,transcrib]'s notes ,v>iable spell+ has be5 reta9$4 ,m9or punctuation inconsi/5cies h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,a li/ ( o!r corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,footnotes 7 sequ5tially numb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! ,! ,gospel ,n>ratives are pr9t$ side by side across ! page spread4 ,9 ?is e-book v]sion !y are pres5t$ individually4 ,! ,index 0 copi$ f ,volume ,,ii4 ,m>k up3 italics ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus ,illu/ration3 ,,jesus ,,b\nd 7,,munkacsy7 ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus ,,f ,a ,,lawy]',s ,,/&po9t ,,by ,,walt] ,m4 ,,*&l] ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,b> ,,volume ,i ,,! ,,hebrew ,,trial ,,! ,,empire ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #fj ,,wall ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,city #aijh ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,walt] ,m4 ,,*&l] ,all rights res]v$ ,,to ,,my ,,"m ,,) ,,s5tim5ts ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,v5]ation ,,:i* ,,no ,,words ,,c ,,express ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,,jesus ,,b\nd 7,munkacsy7 ,frontispiece ,,/4 ,,mat!w 7,rembr&t7 #b ,,/4 ,,m>k ,,& ,,/4 ,,paul 7,dr]7 #bh ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,/4 ,,pet] 7,dr]7 #eb ,,moses ,,& ,,! ,,law 7,mi*ael ,angelo7 #gb ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp] 7da ,v9ci7 #agd ,,jesus ,,9 ,,ge?semane 7,h(fman7 #bdj ,,! ,,betray+ ,,kiss 7,s*eff]7 #bhb ,,! ,,arre/ ,,( ,,jesus 7,h(fman7 #bhd ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,"o ,,page ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,"o xiii ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives xxx ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,record ,,( ,,fact ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,n>ratives1 ,,judicially ,,consid]$ #c ,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,writ]s1 ,,legally ,,te/$ #i ,,"p ,,ii ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,code ,,& ,,! ,,talmud #gc ,,ii4 ,,hebrew ,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts #ia ,,iii4 ,,hebrew ,,c\rts ,,& ,,judges #ajb ,,iv4 ,,hebrew ,,witnesses ,,& ,,evid5ce #abg ,v4 ,,mode ,,( ,,trial ,,& ,,execution ,,9 ,,hebrew ,,capital ,,cases #aec ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,brief ,,:e!r ,,or ,,n ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r9 ,,exi/$ ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,*ri/ #age ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,jurisdiction ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r91 ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,roman ,,au?ority1 ,,to ,,try ,,capital ,,(f5ses ,,at ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,crucifixion #aha ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,jurisdiction ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r91 ,,"u ,,hebrew ,,law1 ,,to ,,try ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,(f5se ,,) ,,:i* ,,jesus ,,0 ,,*>g$ #ahc ,,:e!r ,,or ,,n ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,regul> ,,legal ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus ,,be=e ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r9 #ahc ,,:e!r ,,or ,,n ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,crim9al ,,proc$ure ,,prescrib$ ,,9 ,,! ,,mi%na ,,7 ,,9 ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,actively ,,9 ,,=ce ,,9 ,,judea ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus #ahf ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,*>ge ,,br\ght ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,at ,,! ,,trial ,,be=e ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r92 ,,& ,,8 ,,guilt ,,or ,,innoc5ce ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,!reto #ahg ,,po9t ,i3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,! ,,arre/ ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,ge?semane #bai ,,po9t ,,ii3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,! ,,private ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,jesus ,,by ,,annas 7,,or ,,caiaphas7 ,,be=e ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,regul> ,,trial #bch ,,po9t ,,iii3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,! ,,indictm5t ,,aga9/ ,,jesus #bdh ,,po9t ,,iv3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,try+ ,,jesus ,,at ,,night #bee ,,po9t ,v3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,try+ ,,jesus ,,be=e ,,! ,,morn+ ,,sacrifice ,,_h ,,be5 ,,(f]$ #bfj ,,po9t ,,vi3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,try+ ,,jesus ,,on ,,! ,,eve ,,( ,a ,,jewi% ,,sabba? ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,celebration ,,( ,,! ,,passov] ,,fea/ #bfc ,,po9t ,,vii3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,conclud+ ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus ,,)9 ,,"o ,,day #bfg ,,po9t ,,viii3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,convict+ ,,jesus ,,^u ,,8 ,,uncorroborat$ ,,confession #bga ,,po9t ,,ix3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,a ,,unanim\s ,,v]dict ,,aga9/ ,,jesus #bgi ,,po9t ,x3 ,,conc]n+ ,,c]ta9 ,,irregul>ities ,,( ,,=m ,,9 ,,try+ ,,& ,,condemn+ ,,jesus #bhg ,,po9t ,,xi3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legal ,,disqualifications ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r91 ,,to ,,try ,,jesus #bie ,,po9t ,,xii3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,legality ,,( ,,! ,,refusal ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r9 ,,to ,,consid] ,,! ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,def5se ,,( ,,jesus #cji ,,preface ,,to ,,volume ,,"o ,_m rem>kable trials h *>act]iz$ ! judicial hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! trial ( ,socrates be=e ! dica/]y ( ,a!ns1 *>g$ ) corrupt+ ,a!nian y\?1 ) blasphem+ ! ,olympic gods1 & ) seek+ to de/roy ! con/itution ( ! ,attic ,republic1 is /ill a sublime & ?rill+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( a wond]ful p1 among ! ru9s & wrecks ( ^: g5ius ! mod]n _w /ill w&]s to contemplate1 admire1 & /udy ! pride ( e ma/] & ! p]fection ( e model4 ,! trial & execution ( ,*>les ! ,fir/ ( ,engl& seal$ ) royal blood a new cov5ant ( ,briti% fre$om1 & erect$ ^u ! highway ( national progress an endur+ l&m>k to civil lib]ty4 ,! entire civiliz$ _w /ood agha/ at ! solemn & awful spectacle ( ! delib]ate behead+ ( a k+4 ,& yet1 to-day1 ! sob]1 s]i\s judgm5t ( mank9d /amps ! act ) approval1 & deems x a legitimate & righte\s /ep 9 ! h]oic m>* ( a brave & spl5did p t[>d a complete realization ( ! inali5able rights ( man4 ,! philosoph] ( hi/ory decl>es ^! condemnatory & executory proce$+s aga9/ a ,/u>t k+ wor?y ( all ! epo* mak+ movem5ts t h glorifi$ ! c5turies ( ,engli% con/itutional gr[?1 & h giv5 to mank9d ! imp]i%able p>*m5ts ( ,magna ,*>ta1 ! ,bill ( ,rights1 ! ,petition ( ,rights1 & ,habeas ,corpus4 ,! trial ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 9 ! hall ( ,william ,rufus has be5 immortaliz$ by ,"l ,macaulay4 ,?is trial is a virtual reproduction 9 ,engli% hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,roman trial ( ,v]res4 ,engl& is sub/itut$ = ,rome2 ,sicily becomes ,india2 ,ha/+s takes ! place ( ,v]res2 & ,burke is ! orator in/ead ( ,cic]o4 ,! indictm5ts are id5tical3 ,maladm9i/ration 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a prov9ce4 ,9 ! impea*m5t ( ,ha/+s1 ,engl& s]v$ notice ^u h] colonial gov]nors & made proclamation to ! _w t ,engli% conque/ 0 n int5d$ to despoil & enslave1 b 0 design$ to c>ry to ! inhabitants ( di/ant l&s h] language1 h] lit]ature1 & h] laws4 ,?is message to humanity 0 fram$ b n inspir$ by ,engl&4 ,x 0 prompt$ by ! success ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 9 :i* ,wa%+ton & 8 ,cont95tals _h e/abli%$ ! immortal pr9ciple1 t ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$ is ! true s\rce ( all j p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! trial ( ,a>on ,burr1 omitt+ ,arnold's treason1 is ! blacke/ *apt] 9 ! annals ( our republic4 ,burr 0 ! mo/ extraord9>y man ( ! fir/ half c5tury ( ,am]ican national hi/ory4 ,8 p[]ful & fasc9at+ p]sonality conqu]$ m5 & enslav$ wom54 ,he 0 ! f9e/ s*ol> ( ! ,revolution except+ ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,he 0 ! greate/ orator ( ! ,revolution except+ ,patrick ,h5ry4 ,8 f>ewell address to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate caus$ 8 invet]ate enemies to weep4 ,8 arraignm5t at ! b> ( public ju/ice on ! *>ge ( high treason--t he _h s\ght to de/roy ! ,c\ntry ( ,wa%+ton1 ! ,republic ( ,jeff]son1 :i* is to-day ! ,union ( ,l9coln--0 ! sad & melan*oly close ( a long & l(ty life4 ,! trial ( ,alfr$ ,dreyfus is /ill fre% 9 ! m9ds & memories ( m54 ,tr\bl$ political seas /ill surge & roll 9 ,france because ( ! hatr$1 prejudice1 & passion t envelope ! my/]i\s bord]eau4 ,! ,fr5* ,republic is /ill r5t by two cont5d+ factions3 ,dreyfus & anti-,dreyfus4 ,8 fri5ds /ill say t ,dreyfus 0 a ,prome!us :o 0 *a9$ to an ocean-girt rock :ile ! vulture ( exile prey$ ^u 8 he>t4 ,8 enemies /ill ass]t t he 0 a ,judas :o betray$ n ,god or ,*ri/1 b ,france & ! ,fa!rl&4 ,8 bani%m5t to ! ,isl& ( ! ,devil2 8 wife's dea?less devotion2 ! implacable hatr$ ( 8 enemies2 ! undy+ loyalty ( fri5ds2 & 8 own suff]+s & woes are ! w>p & wo( ( ! mo/ spl5did & pa!tic epo* ( a c5tury4 ,o!r trials--( ,m>y ,/u>t1 ! beautiful & brilliant ,scotti% que52 ( ,rob]t ,emmet1 ! gr& & gift$ ,iri% patriot m>tyr--?rill$ ! _w 9 _! day4 ,b ^! trials1 "o & all1 7 tame & commonplace1 comp>$ ) ! trial & crucifixion ( ! ,galilean peasant1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,^! 7 e>?ly trials1 on e>?ly issues1 be=e e>?ly c\rts4 ,! trial ( ! ,naz>5e 0 be=e ! high tribunals ( bo? ,heav5 & e>?2 be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r91 ^: judges 7 ! ma/]-spirits ( a div9ely commission$ race2 be=e ! c\rt ( ! ,roman ,empire t controll$ ! legal & political rights ( m5 ?r\gh\t ! kn[n _w1 f ,scotl& to ,judea & f ,dacia to ,abyss9ia4 ,! trial ( ,jesus 0 tw(old3 ,hebrew & ,roman2 or ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil4 ,! ,hebrew trial took place be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r91 consi/+ ( sev5ty-"o memb]s4 ,! ,roman trial 0 held be=e ,pontius ,pilate1 ,roman gov]nor ( ,judea1 & aft]w>ds be=e ,h]od1 ,tetr>* ( ,galilee4 ,^! trials all made "o1 7 l9ks 9 a *a91 & took place )9 a space ( "t v>i\sly e/imat$ f t5 to tw5ty h\rs4 ,! g5]al ord] ( ev5ts may be ?us briefly describ$3 7#a7 ,ab\t elev5 o'clock on ! ev5+ ( ,april #f?1 ,a4,d4 #cj1 ,jesus & elev5 ( ! ,apo/les left ! sc5e ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* _h be5 celebrat$ 7probably 9 ! home ( ,m>k7 on ! outskirts ( ,j]usalem1 to g to ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 7#b7 ,jesus 0 arre/$ ab\t midnight 9 ,ge?semane by a b& ( ,temple (fic]s & ,roman soldi]s guid$ by ,judas4 7#c7 ,he 0 fir/ tak5 to ,annas1 & 0 aft]w>ds s5t by ,annas to ,caiaphas4 ,a private prelim9>y exam9ation ( ,jesus 0 !n _h be=e "o ( ^! *ur* dignit>ies4 ,/4 ,john describes ?is exam9ation1 b does n tell u cle>ly :e!r x 0 ,annas or ,caiaphas :o conduct$ x4 7#d7 ,aft] ,8 prelim9>y exam9ation1 ,jesus 0 arraign$ ab\t two o'clock 9 ! morn+ be=e ! ,sanh$r91 :i* _h conv5$ 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 & 0 =mally tri$ & condemn$ to dea? on ! *>ge ( blasphemy aga9/ ,jehovah4 7#e7 ,aft] a tempor>y adj\rnm5t ( ! fir/ session1 ! ,sanh$r9 reassembl$ at ! break ( day to retry ,jesus1 & to det]m9e h[ ,he %\ld be br\ght be=e ,pilate4 7#f7 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,april #g?1 ,jesus 0 l$ be=e ,pontius ,pilate1 :o 0 !n /opp+ 9 ! palace ( ,h]od on ! hill ( ,zion1 8 cu/om>y resid5ce :5 he came up f ,cs>ea to ,j]usalem to att5d ! ,jewi% national fe/ivals4 ,a brief trial ( ,jesus by ,pilate1 on ! *>ge ( high treason aga9/ ,cs>1 0 !n _h 9 front ( & )9 ! palace ( ,h]od4 ,! result 0 an acquittal ( ! prison] by ! ,roman procurator1 :o express$ 8 v]dict 9 ^! words3 ,i f9d 9 him no fault at all4 7#g7 ,in/ead ( releas+ ,jesus aft] hav+ f\nd ,him n guilty1 ,pilate1 be+ intimidat$ by ! rabble1 s5t ! prison] away to ,h]od1 ,tetr>* ( ,galilee1 :o 0 !n 9 att5dance ^u ! ,passov] ,fea/1 & 0 at t mom5t resid+ 9 ! anci5t palace ( ! ,asmoneans 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! resid5ce ( ,pilate4 ,a brief1 in=mal he>+ 0 _h be=e ,h]od1 :o1 hav+ mock$ & brutaliz$ ! prison]1 s5t ,him back to ! ,roman gov]nor4 7#h7 ,aft] ! return ( ,jesus f ! ,c\rt ( ,h]od1 ,pilate assembl$ ! prie/s & eld]s1 ann\nc$ to !m t ,h]od _h f\nd no fault ) ! prison] 9 _! mid/1 rem9d$ !m t he himself _h acquitt$ ,him1 & (f]$ to sc\rge & !n release ,him4 ,?is compromise & subt]fuge 7 scornfully reject$ by ! ,jews :o _h dem&$ ! crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,pilate1 aft] mu* vacillation1 f9ally yield$ to ! dem&s ( ! mob & ord]$ ! prison] to be crucifi$4 ,f ?is brief outl9e ( ! proce$+s aga9/ ,jesus1 ! read] w readily p]ceive t !re 7 two di/9ct trials3 a ,hebrew & a ,roman4 ,he w notice fur!r t ea* trial 0 m>k$ by ?ree di/9ct features or appe>ances4 ,! ,hebrew trial 0 *>act]iz$ by3 7#a7 ,! appe>ance be=e ,annas4 7#b7 ,! trial at ! night session ( ! ,sanh$r94 7#c7 ,! exam9ation at ! morn+ sitt+ ( ! same c\rt4 ,! ,roman trial 0 m>k$ by3 7#a7 ,! appe>ance ( ,jesus be=e ,pilate4 7#b7 ,8 arraignm5t be=e ,h]od4 7#c7 ,8 reappe>ance be=e ,pilate4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is "w has be5 devot$ to ! ,hebrew trial ( ,jesus1 & a di/9ctively ,hebrew impress has be5 giv5 to all its pages4 ,! second volume has be5 devot$ to ! ,roman trial1 & a di/9ctively ,roman impress has be5 giv5 x4 ,ea* exhibits a di/9ct view ( ! subject4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y compreh5d ! mo/ important & fam\s judicial transaction 9 hi/ory4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ! au?or ( ^! volumes to usurp ! functions or ! privileges ( ! ecclesia/ic4 ,to prie/s & prea*]s h be5 left ! discussion & solution ( !ological problems3 ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 ! immortality ( ! s\l & k9dr$ religi\s dogmas4 ,! ,trial ( ,jesus f a ,lawy]'s ,/&po9t is ! exp&$ title ( ?is "w4 ,a /rict adh]5ce to a secul> discussion ( ! !me proclaim$ has be5 /udi\sly obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! pages4 ,! legal rights ( ! man ,jesus at ! b> ( human ju/ice "u ,jewi% & ,roman laws h m>k$ ! limitations ( ! argum5t4 ,any digression f ?is plan has be5 tempor>y & necess>y4 ,a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( any case1 judicially consid]$1 involves a complete analysis ( ! c>d9al legal elem5ts ( ! case3 ! elem5t call$ ,fact & ! elem5t call$ ,law4 ,:e!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 9 a ,jewi% or ,g5tile c\rt1 ( civil or crim9al jurisdiction1 ^! elem5ts h always ent]$ into ! legal conception ( a case4 ,:e!r ! advocate is prep>+ a plead+ at 8 desk1 is summ+ up be=e ! jury1 or address+ himself to ! c\rt1 ^! elem5ts are work+ =ev] 9 8 bra94 ,he is con/antly ask+ himself ^! que/ions3 ,:at are ! facts ( ?is case8 ,:at is ! law applicable to ! facts8 ,d ! facts & law meet & h>monize judicially8 ,d !y bl5d 9 legal unison accord+ to ! late/ decision ( ! c\rt ( la/ resort8 ,if s1 a case is made2 o!rwise1 n4 ,n[ _m s]mons might be diff]5tly prea*$2 _m books might be diff]5tly writt54 ,b an intellig5t discussion ( ! trial & crucifixion ( ,jesus f a lawy]'s po9t ( view mu/ be _h ^u ! basis ( an analytical review ( ! agreem5t or nonagreem5t ( law & fact 9 ! case s\ght to be made aga9/ ! ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ "q t naturally sugge/s itself to ! inquir+ m9d1 9 inve/igat+ ?is !me1 is ?is3 ,^u :at facts 0 ! compla9t aga9/ ,jesus bas$8 ,a second "q !n logically foll[s3 ,:at 7 ! rules & regulations ( ,hebrew & ,roman law directly applicable to ^? facts 9 ! trials ( ,jesus be=e ! ,sanh$r9 & be=e ,pilate8 ,x is respectfully submitt$ t no cle> & compreh5sive treatm5t ( ! subject c be _h )\t prop] answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! facts ( any case1 & hav+ det]m9$ :at rules ( law are applicable to !m 9 reg>d to ! controv]sy 9 h&1 a ?ird /ep 9 ! proce$+s1 9 all matt]s ( review on appeal1 is ?is3 ,to analyze ! record f ! viewpo9t ( ! juri/ic agreem5t or nonagreem5t ( law & fact2 & to det]m9e by a process ( judicial dissection & re=mation ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ess5tial legal elem5ts 9 ! proce$+s1 ) a view to affirmance 9 case ( abs5ce1 or rev]sal ( ! v]dict 9 ! ev5t ( ! discov]y ( ! pres5ce ( error4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is natural intellectual t5d5cy & to ! usual mode ( legal proc$ure 9 review+ & revis+ matt]s on appeal1 ! cont5ts ( ,volume ,i h be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 correspond+1 9 a g5]al way1 to ! successive /eps h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,9 ,"p ,i1 ! ,record ( ,fact 9 ! trial ( ,jesus has be5 au!nticat$2 n1 inde$1 accord+ to ! /rict provisions ( mod]n /atutes :i* regulate ! au!ntication ( legal docum5ts1 b 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w au!ntication4 ,nev]!less1 ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 :i* =m ! record ( fact 9 ! trial ( ,jesus1 & ! cr$ibility ( ! ,evangeli/s :o wrote & publi%$ ^! n>ratives1 h be5 subject$ to ! rigor\s te/s ( rules ( evid5ce laid d[n by ,gre5leaf & by ,/>kie4 ,su* an au!ntication has be5 deem$ necess>y 9 a treatise ( ?is k9d4 ,two ma9 me?ods may be employ$ 9 inve/igat+ & prov+ ! alleg$ occurr5ces ( ,sacr$ ,hi/ory3 7#a7 ,! me?od :i* is bas$ ^u ! evid5ce ( spiritual consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 d]iv$ f religi\s conv]sion & f communion ) ,god2 7#b7 ! me?od t re/s ^u ! application ( hi/oric facts & legal rules to ! te/imony ( ^? :o h ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( su* occurr5ces4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ by _m t ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods is ! supreme te/1 & ! only prop] "o1 9 solv+ religi\s problems & 9 rea*+ full & f9al assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( spiritual tru?s4 ,x is confid5tly ass]t$ by su* p]sons t ! true ,*ri/ian :o has accept$ ,jesus z 8 p]sonal ,r$eem] & has !reby f\nd peace ) ,god1 ne$s no assurance f ,mat!w t ! ,*ri/ 0 ! ,heav5-begott5 & ,virg9-born4 ,su* a ,*ri/ian1 x is said1 has positive pro( f )9 t ,jesus 0 div9e4 ,x is fur!r cont5d$ t all =ms ( religi\s tru? are susceptible ( ! same k9d ( pro(4 ,x is argu$ t f despair+ hope1 born ( ! long+ & ! te>s ( a "m :o1 grief-/rick5 & brok5-he>t$1 kneels 9 pray] beside ! c(f9 ( h] fir/born1 spr+s /rong] evid5ce ( a future life & ( an ev]la/+ reunion ) lov$ ones1 ?an comes f all ! assurances ( immortality h&$ d[n by sa9ts & sages4 ,! advocates ( ?is !ory cont5d t ! fact ( ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus %\ld be prov$ ma9ly by ! me?od ( spiritual consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 & only incid5tally by ! hi/orical te/imony ( ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,!y boldly ma9ta9 t ! ,resurrection 0 a spiritual fact born ( a spiritual tru?2 & t )9 ! s\l ( ea* true believ] is ! image ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 reflect$ f ,heav5 9 z p]fect =m z t se5 by ,paul :ile j\rney+ to ,damascus4 ,x w\ld be decid$ly ung5]\s & unju/ to d5y ! =ce ( ! cont5tion t spiritual consci\sness & religi\s exp]i5ce are conv9c+ =ms ( pro(4 ,to d s w\ld be to (f] gratuit\s insult to ! intellig5ce & s9c]ity ( millions ( consecrat$ m5 & wom5 :o h repeat$ly proclaim$ & are /ill proclaim+ t ! ,_s ( ,god & ,*ri/ )9 !m atte/s ! reality ( religion4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! doctr9e ( religions consci\sness1 z a mode ( pro(1 c]ta9ly has its limitations4 ,spiritual pro(s are obvi\sly ! v be/ means ( e/abli%+ purely spiritual tru?s4 ,b n _m tru?s ( religion are purely spiritual4 ,! mo/ ( !m are encas$ )9 hi/oric facts :i* may !mselves be sep>ately consid]$ z hi/oric tru?s4 ,9 a s5se1 all spiritual tru? is born ( hi/oric tru?2 t is1 hi/oric tru?s1 9 ! ord] ( our acquisition ( a k ( !m1 ant$ate & create spiritual tru?s4 ,! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus w\ld nev] h be5 born 9 our he>ts if we _h nev] read ! hi/orical records ( ! physical ,resurrection4 ,nor c\ld we h ev] _h a religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus if we _h nev] read ! hi/orical acc\nts ( ,8 miracles1 ( ,8 ,virg9 bir?1 ,8 fulfillm5t ( prophecy1 & ,8 ,resurrection f ! dead1 unless ,jesus _h p]sonally communicat$ to u evid5ces ( ,8 div9ity4 ,^! sep>ate & hi/oric facts1 ( :i* spiritual tru?s are born1 _c be prov$ by religi\s consci\sness & exp]i5ce4 ,! di/9ctions h]e9 sugge/$ are v aptly & beautifully express$ by ,pr(essor ,+e 9 8 ,bampton ,lectures on ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 9 :i* he says3 ,! inn] light c only te/ify to spiritual tru?s4 ,x always speaks 9 ! pres5t t5se2 x _c gu>antee any hi/orical ev5t1 pa/ or future4 ,x _c gu>antee ei!r ! ,gospel hi/ory or a future judgm5t4 ,x c tell u t ,*ri/ is ris51 & ,he is alive = ev]more1 b n t ,he rose aga9 ! ?ird day4 ,f ! =ego+1 !n1 x is cle> t 9 deal+ ) ! hi/orical facts & circum/ances ( ! trial & crucifixion ( ,jesus1 we _c remotely employ ! me?od ( pro( :i* is bas$ ^u religi\s consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 s9ce ^! ev5ts are matt]s ( ! pa/ & n ( ! pres5t4 ,we h be5 compell$1 !re=e1 to resort to ! legal & hi/orical me?od ( pro(2 s9ce we c\ld n assume ! correctness ( ! record1 z su* an assumption w\ld h be5 lack+ 9 legal requirem5t & judicial fitness4 ,x has also be5 ?\ght n to be )9 ! scope ( ?is treatise1 or consi/5t ) ! purpose ( ! au?or ( ^! volumes1 to ent] into a discussion ( ! "q ( inspiration 9 ! matt] ( ! orig9 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,gospels1 z ! record ( fact 9 ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,z secul> hi/orians1 r ?an z inspir$ writ]s1 mu/ ! ,evangeli/s be reg>d$ 9 ?is connection2 s9ce ! title ( ?is "w sugge/s & dem&s a /rictly legal treatm5t ( ! !me proclaim$4 ,! au?or w\ld respectfully sugge/1 h[ev]1 t ! day is pa/ = complete reliance ^u ! !ory ( inspiration & a total rejection ( all analysis & inve/igation4 ,t ! ,scriptures are sacr$ & inspir$1 & nei!r ne$ nor p]mit que/ions involv+ d\bt & speculation z to orig9 & au!nticity w no long] meet ! *all5ge or dissipate ! fe>s ( ! intellectual lead]s ( ! human race4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! future mu/ be a religion ( reason z well z ( fai?1 else x _c & w n endure ! %ocks ( "t1 or survive ! onw>d m>* ( ! s\l4 ,if ! tea*+s ( ! ,naz>5e are a fai?ful portrayal & a tru?ful expression ( all ! v]ities ( ,heav5 & e>?1 !n ,*ri/ianity has no?+ to fe> f ! discov]ies ( ,sci5ce1 f ,roman catacombs1 ,arabian hi]oglyphics1 ! s&s ( ,egypt1 or ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,sci5ce is ! ,high ,prie/ess ( ,nature & ,nature's oracles1 & no s+le revelation ( ,sci5ce c disprove or contradict ! simple/ tru? ( ,nature's ,god4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/ianity be fundam5tally & ess5tially false1 ignorance & bigotry w n pres]ve & p]petuate x2 all ! pray]s ( ! fai?ful1 all ! m>tyrdom ( ! c5turies1 w n suffice to save x f dea? & annihilation4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian ne$ h no fe> ( ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation or hi/oric revelation4 ,assyriology1 ar*ology1 & paleontology1 int]pret$ & appli$ by ! f9e/ s*ol>%ip & ! mo/ sup]b intellects ( e>?1 h sp5t all _! /up5d\s & conc5trat$ =ces 9 ! direction ( ! discov]y ( natural & hi/oric facts t w\ld confirm or de/roy ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( ?+s4 ,& yet n "o natural or hi/oric fact has be5 discov]$ t s]i\sly di/urbs ! te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s or impairs ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a few unlett]$ fi%]man1 ca/+ nets = a livelihood 9 ! wat]s ( ,g5nes>et1 fram$ a message to humanity bas$ ^u ! life & m>tyrdom ( a ,galilean peasant1 _! spiritual ,"l & ,ma/]1 & proclaim$ x to ! _w2 & all ! succe$+ c5turies ( sci5tific rese>* & skeptical criticism h n %ak5 mank9d's confid5ce 9 its tru?fulness & its pot5cy4 ,if eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ( sci5tific inve/igation h result$ only 9 pro( & v9dication ( ! hi/oric assev]ations ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 & fur!r inve/igation gives promise ( /ill fur!r pro( & v9dication1 t5d+ to remove all d\bts & de/roy all fe>s1 no?+ b rank /upidity & crass ignorance w place ob/acles 9 ! way ( ultimate analysis & complete revelation4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume1 foll[+ ! plan h]et(ore sugge/$1 ! elem5t ( ,law has be5 consid]$4 ,hebrew crim9al jurisprud5ce1 bas$ ^u ! ,mosaic ,code & ^u ! ,talmud1 has be5 outl9$ & discuss$4 ,a m exhau/ive treatm5t has be5 giv5 ?an ! subject w\ld seem to ju/ify1 b ! writ] is conv9c$ t ! ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews mu/ be ( surpass+ int]e/ to ! g5]al read]1 reg>dless ( :e!r c]ta9 peculi> rules !re9 conta9$ h ref]5ce to ! trial ( ,jesus or n4 ,! bulk ( ?is ,code has be5 ins]t$ 9 ?is "w because x is felt t a compreh5sive view ( any sy/em enables ! /ud5t ( a p>ticul> trial "u t sy/em to grasp m fully & to appreciate m ke5ly ! m]its ( ! proce$+s4 ,9 ,"p ,,iii ! legal aspects ( ! trial ( ,jesus h be5 review$4 ,! elem5ts ( ,law & ,fact h be5 comb9$ 9 ! =m ( a ,brief1 9 :i* ,po9ts h be5 made & errors h be5 discuss$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade1 ! au?or ( ?is "w has deliv]$ occasionally1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 a lecture ^u ! subject1 ,! ,trial ( ,jesus f a ,lawy]'s ,/&po9t4 ,num]\s reque/s h be5 made1 f "t to "t1 = ! lecture 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,to supply ?is dem& is ! purpose ( ! publication ( ^! volumes4 ,! volum9\s treatm5t giv5 has be5 9 response to ! dem&s ( ^? :o h ask$ = a topical treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,_m auditors 9 8 lecture audi5ces h ask$ = special treatm5t1 f a lawy]'s /&po9t1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,gospels4 ,_m h reque/$ an exhau/ive h&l+ ( ,hebrew crim9al law4 ,o!rs h ask$ = ! ins]tion 9 ?is "w ( ! ,apocryphal ,acts ( ,pilate4 ,& /ill o!rs h express$ a desire to h ,grco-,roman ,paganism dealt ) 9 its relation%ip to ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ^! v>i\s dem&s1 c]ta9 *apt]s h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! g5]al "w t may n seem to ! av]age read] to h any direct be>+ ^u ! subject treat$4 ,x is felt1 h[ev]1 t 9 e case at lea/ a p>tial relevancy exi/s1 & t 9 a l>ge majority ( cases ! relevancy is p]fect4 ,! writ] wi%es1 at ?is "t & place1 to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness & to express 8 ?anks1 = valuable assi/ance r5d]$1 to all ^? au?ors m5tion$ "u ! title ,bibliography at ! end ( ,volume ,,ii4 ,,walt] ,m4 ,,*&l]4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,july #a1 #aijh4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>ratives ,,mat!w xxvi4 #dg-fh2 xxvii4 #a-bf ,& :ile he yet spake1 lo1 ,judas1 "o ( ! twelve1 came1 & ) him a great multitude ) swords & /aves1 f ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p4444 ,!n came !y1 & laid h&s on ,jesus1 & took him4444 ,& !y t _h laid hold on ,jesus l$ him away to ,caiaphas ! high prie/1 :]e ! scribes & ! eld]s 7 assembl$4444 ,n[ ! *ief prie/s1 & eld]s1 & all ! c\ncil1 s\ght false witness aga9/ ,jesus1 to put him to dea?2 ,b f\nd none3 yea1 ?\gh _m false witnesses came1 yet f\nd !y none4 ,at ! la/ came two false witnesses1 ,& said1 ,?is fell[ said1 ,i am able to de/roy ! temple ( ,god1 & to build x 9 ?ree days4 ,& ! high prie/ arose1 & said unto him1 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 :at is x :i* ^! witness aga9/ !e8 ,b ,jesus held 8 peace4 ,& ! high prie/ answ]$ & said unto him1 ,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god1 t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,?\ has said3 nev]!less ,i say unto y1 ,h]eaft] %all ye see ! ,son ( man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 say+1 ,he ha? spok5 blasphemy2 :at fur!r ne$ h we ( witnesses8 behold1 n[ ye h he>d 8 blasphemy4 ,:at ?9k ye8 ,!y answ]$ & said1 ,he is guilty ( dea?4 ,!n did !y spit 9 8 face1 & buffet$ him2 & o!rs smote him ) ! palms ( _! h&s1 ,say+1 ,prophesy unto u1 ?\ ,*ri/1 ,:o is he t smote !e8 ,:5 ! morn+ 0 come1 all ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p took c\nsel aga9/ ,jesus to put him to dea?3 ,& :5 !y _h b\nd him1 !y l$ him away1 & deliv]$ him to ,pontius ,pilate ! gov]nor4444 ,& ,jesus /ood be=e ! gov]nor3 & ! gov]nor ask$ him1 say+1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& ,jesus said unto him1 ,?\ saye/4 ,& :5 he 0 accus$ ( ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 he answ]$ no?+4 ,!n said ,pilate unto him1 ,he>e/ ?\ n h[ _m ?+s !y witness aga9/ !e8 ,& he answ]$ him to nev] a ^w2 insomu* t ! gov]nor m>vell$ greatly4 ,n[ at ! fea/ ! gov]nor 0 wont to release unto ! p a prison]1 :om !y w\ld4 ,& !y _h !n a notable prison]1 call$ ,b>abbas4 ,!re=e :5 !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 ,pilate said unto !m1 ,:om w ye t ,i release unto y8 ,b>abbas1 or ,jesus :i* is call$ ,*ri/8 ,= he knew t = envy !y _h deliv]$ him4 ,:5 he 0 set d[n on ! judgem5t seat1 8 wife s5t unto him1 say+1 ,h ?\ no?+ to d ) t j man3 = ,i h suff]$ _m ?+s ?is day 9 a dream because ( him4 ,b ! *ief prie/s & eld]s p]suad$ ! multitude t !y %\ld ask ,b>abbas1 & de/roy ,jesus4 ,! gov]nor answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,:e!r ( ! twa9 w ye t ,i release unto y8 ,!y said1 ,b>abbas4 ,pilate sai? unto !m1 ,:at %all ,i d !n ) ,jesus :i* is call$ ,*ri/8 ,!y all say unto him1 ,let him be crucifi$4 ,& ! gov]nor said1 ,:y1 :at evil ha? he done8 ,b !y cri$ out ! m1 say+1 ,let him be crucifi$4 ,:5 ,pilate saw t he c\ld prevail no?+1 b t r a tumult 0 made1 he took wat]1 & wa%$ 8 h&s be=e ! multitude1 say+1 ,i am innoc5t ( ! blood ( ?is j p]son3 see ye to x4 ,!n answ]$ all ! p1 & said1 ,8 blood be on u1 & on our *ildr54 ,!n releas$ he ,b>abbas unto !m3 & :5 he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1 he deliv]$ him to be crucifi$4 ,,m>k xiv4 #dc-fe2 xv4 #a-ae4 ,& imm$iately1 :ile he yet spake1 come? ,judas1 "o ( ! twelve1 & ) him a great multitude ) swords & /aves1 f ! *ief prie/s & ! scribes & ! eld]s4 ,& he t betray$ him _h giv5 !m a tok51 say+1 ,:omsoev] ,i %all kiss1 t same is he2 take him1 & lead him away safely4 ,& z soon z he 0 come1 he goe? /raightway to him1 & sai?1 ,ma/]1 ,ma/]2 & kiss$ him4 ,& !y laid h&s on him1 & took him4 ,& "o ( !m t /ood by drew a sword1 & smote a s]vant ( ! high prie/1 & cut (f 8 e>4 ,& ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,are ye come out1 z aga9/ a ?ief1 ) swords & /aves to take me8 ,i 0 daily ) y 9 ! temple tea*+1 & ye took me n2 b ! scriptures mu/ be fulfill$4 ,& !y all =sook him1 & fl$4 ,& !re foll[$ him a c]ta9 "y man1 hav+ a l95 clo? ca/ ab\t 8 nak$ body2 & ! "y man laid hold on him3 ,& he left ! l95 clo?1 & fl$ f !m nak$4 ,& !y l$ ,jesus away to ! high prie/3 & ) him 7 assembl$ all ! *ief prie/s & ! eld]s & ! scribes4444 ,& ! *ief prie/s & all ! c\ncil s\ght = witness aga9/ ,jesus to put him to dea?2 & f\nd none4 ,= _m b>e false witness aga9/ him1 b _! witness agre$ n toge!r4 ,& !re arose c]ta91 & b>e false witness aga9/ him1 say+1 ,we he>d him say1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple t is made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s4 ,b nei!r s did _! witness agree toge!r4 ,& ! high prie/ /ood up 9 ! mid/1 & ask$ ,jesus1 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 :at is x :i* ^! witness aga9/ !e8 ,b he held 8 peace1 & answ]$ no?+4 ,aga9 ! high prie/ ask$ him1 & said unto him1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! ,bless$8 ,& ,jesus said1 ,i am3 & ye %all see ! ,son ( man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 & sai?1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witnesses8 ,ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4 ,& "s began to spit on him1 & to cov] 8 face1 & to buffet him1 & to say unto him1 ,prophesy3 & ! s]vants did /rike him ) ! palms ( _! h&s4 ,& /raightway 9 ! morn+ ! *ief prie/s held a consultation ) ! eld]s & scribes & ! :ole c\ncil1 & b\nd ,jesus1 & c>ri$ him away1 & deliv]$ him to ,pilate4 ,& ,pilate ask$ him1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& he answ]+ said unto him1 ,?\ saye/ x4 ,& ! *ief prie/s accus$ him ( _m ?+s3 b he answ]$ no?+4 ,& ,pilate ask$ him aga91 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 behold h[ _m ?+s !y witness aga9/ !e4 ,b ,jesus yet answ]$ no?+2 s t ,pilate m>vell$4 ,n[ at t fea/ he releas$ unto !m "o prison]1 :omsoev] !y desir$4 ,& !re 0 "o nam$ ,b>abbas1 :i* lay b\nd ) !m t _h made insurrection ) him1 :o _h committ$ murd] 9 ! insurrection4 ,& ! multitude cry+ al\d began to desire him to d z he _h ev] done unto !m4 ,b ,pilate answ]$ !m1 say+1 ,w ye t ,i release unto y ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,= he knew t ! *ief prie/s _h deliv]$ him = envy4 ,b ! *ief prie/s mov$ ! p1 t he %\ld r release ,b>abbas unto !m4 ,& ,pilate answ]$ & said aga9 unto !m1 ,:at w ye !n t ,i %all d unto him :om ye call ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& !y cri$ out aga91 ,crucify him4 ,!n ,pilate said unto !m1 ,:y1 :at evil ha? he done8 ,& !y cri$ out ! m exce$+ly1 ,crucify him4 ,& s ,pilate1 will+ to cont5t ! p1 releas$ ,b>abbas unto !m1 & deliv]$ ,jesus1 :5 he _h sc\rg$ him1 to be crucifi$4 ,,luke xxii4 #dg-ga2 xxiii4 #a-bd4 ,& :ile he yet spake1 behold a multitude1 & he t 0 call$ ,judas1 "o ( ! twelve1 w5t be=e !m1 & drew ne> unto ,jesus to kiss him4 ,b ,jesus said unto him1 ,judas1 betraye/ ?\ ! ,son ( man ) a kiss8 ,:5 !y :i* 7 ab\t him saw :at w\ld foll[1 !y said unto him1 ,"l1 %all we smite ) ! sword8 ,& "o ( !m smote ! s]vant ( ! high prie/1 & cut (f 8 "r e>4 ,& ,jesus answ]$ & said1 ,suff] ye ?us f>4 ,& he t\*$ 8 e>1 & heal$ him4 ,!n ,jesus said unto ! *ief prie/s1 & capta9s ( ! temple1 & ! eld]s1 :i* 7 come to him1 ,be ye come out1 z aga9/ a ?ief1 ) swords & /aves8 ,:5 ,i 0 daily ) y 9 ! temple1 ye /ret*$ =? no h&s aga9/ me2 b ?is is y\r h\r1 & ! p[] ( d>kness4 ,!n took !y him1 & l$ him1 & br\ght him into ! high prie/'s h\se4 ,& ,pet] foll[$ af> (f4444 ,& z soon z x 0 day1 ! eld]s ( ! p & ! *ief prie/s & ! scribes came toge!r1 & l$ him into _! c\ncil1 say+1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/8 tell u4 ,& he said unto !m1 ,if ,i tell y1 ye w n believe3 ,& if ,i also ask y1 ye w n answ] me1 nor let me g4 ,h]eaft] %all ! ,son ( man sit on ! "r h& ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,!n said !y all1 ,art ?\ !n ! ,son ( ,god8 ,& he said unto !m1 ,ye say t ,i am4 ,& !y said1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witness8 = we ourselves h he>d ( 8 own m\?4 ,& ! :ole multitude ( !m arose1 & l$ him unto ,pilate4 ,& !y began to accuse him1 say+1 ,we f\nd ?is fell[ p]v]t+ ! nation1 & =bidd+ to give tribute to ,cs>1 say+ t he himself is ,*ri/ a ,k+4 ,& ,pilate ask$ him1 say+1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& he answ]$ him & said1 ,?\ saye/ x4 ,!n said ,pilate to ! *ief prie/s & to ! p1 ,i f9d no fault 9 ?is man4 ,& !y 7 ! m fi]ce1 say+1 ,he /irre? up ! p1 tea*+ ?r\gh\t all ,jewry1 beg9n+ f ,galilee to ?is place4 ,:5 ,pilate he>d ( ,galilee1 he ask$ :e!r ! man 7 a ,galilan4 ,& z soon z he knew t he belong$ unto ,h]od's jurisdiction1 he s5t him to ,h]od1 :o himself also 0 at ,j]usalem at t "t4 ,& :5 ,h]od saw ,jesus1 he 0 exce$+ glad3 = he 0 desir\s to see him ( a long season1 because he _h he>d _m ?+s ( him2 & he hop$ to h se5 "s miracle done by him4 ,!n he que/ion$ ) him 9 _m words2 b he answ]$ him no?+4 ,& ! *ief prie/s & scribes /ood & vehem5tly accus$ him4 ,& ,h]od ) 8 m5 ( w> set him at n\ght1 & mock$ him1 & array$ him 9 a gorge\s robe1 & s5t him aga9 to ,pilate4 ,& ! same day ,pilate & ,h]od 7 made fri5ds toge!r3 = be=e !y 7 at enmity betwe5 !mselves4 ,& ,pilate1 :5 he _h call$ toge!r ! *ief prie/s & ! rul]s & ! p1 ,said unto !m1 ,ye h br\ght ?is man unto me1 z "o t p]v]te? ! p3 &1 behold1 ,i1 hav+ exam9$ him be=e y1 h f\nd no fault 9 ?is man t\*+ ^? ?+s :]e( ye accuse him3 ,no1 nor yet ,h]od3 = ,i s5t y to him2 &1 lo1 no?+ wor?y ( dea? is done unto him4 ,i w !re=e *a/ise him1 & release him4444 ,& !y cri$ out all at once1 say+1 ,away ) ?is man1 & release unto u ,b>abbas4444 ,pilate !re=e1 will+ to release ,jesus1 spake aga9 to !m4 ,b !y cri$1 say+1 ,crucify him1 crucify him4 ,& he said unto !m ! ?ird "t1 ,:y1 :at evil ha? he done8 ,i h f\nd no cause ( dea? 9 him3 ,i w !re=e *a/ise him1 & let him g4 ,& !y 7 in/ant ) l\d voices1 requir+ t he might be crucifi$4 ,& ! voices ( !m & ( ! *ief prie/s prevail$4 ,& ,pilate gave s5t5ce t x %\ld be z !y requir$4 ,,john xviii4 #c-ch2 xix4 #a-af4 ,judas !n1 hav+ receiv$ a b& ( m5 & (fic]s f ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 come? ?i!r ) lant]ns & tor*es & weapons4444 ,!n ! b& & ! capta9 & (fic]s ( ! ,jews took ,jesus1 & b\nd him1 ,& l$ him away to ,annas fir/2 = he 0 fa!r 9 law to ,caiaphas1 :i* 0 ! high prie/ t same ye>4444 ,! high prie/ !n ask$ ,jesus ( 8 disciples1 & ( 8 doctr9e4 ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,i spake op5ly to ! _w2 ,i ev] taught 9 ! synagogue1 & 9 ! temple1 :i!r ! ,jews always resort2 & 9 secret h ,i said no?+4 ,:y aske/ ?\ me8 ask !m :i* he>d me1 :at ,i h said unto !m3 behold1 !y "k :at ,i said4 ,& :5 he _h ?us spok51 "o ( ! (fic]s :i* /ood by /ruck ,jesus ) ! palm ( 8 h&1 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ ! high prie/ s8 ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,if ,i h spok5 evil1 be> witness ( ! evil3 b if well1 :y smite/ ?\ me8 ,n[ ,annas _h s5t him b\nd unto ,caiaphas ! high prie/4444 ,!n l$ !y ,jesus f ,caiaphas unto ! hall ( judgm5t3 & x 0 e>ly2 & !y !mselves w5t n into ! judgm5t hall1 le/ !y %\ld be defil$2 b t !y might eat ! passov]4 ,pilate !n w5t out unto !m1 & said1 ,:at accusation br+ ye aga9/ ?is man8 ,!y answ]$ & said unto him1 ,if he 7 n a malefactor1 we w\ld n h deliv]$ him up unto !e4 ,!n said ,pilate unto !m1 ,take ye him1 & judge him accord+ to y\r law4 ,! ,jews !re=e said unto him1 ,x is n lawful = u to put any man to dea?4444 ,!n ,pilate ent]$ into ! judgm5t hall aga91 & call$ ,jesus1 & said unto him1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,saye/ ?\ ?is ?+ ( ?yself1 or did o!rs tell x !e ( me8 ,pilate answ]$1 ,am ,i a ,jew8 ,?9e own nation & ! *ief prie/s h deliv]$ !e unto me3 :at ha/ ?\ done8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w3 if my k+dom 7 ( ?is _w1 !n w\ld my s]vants fight1 t ,i %\ld n be deliv]$ to ! ,jews3 b n[ is my k+dom n f h5ce4 ,pilate !re=e said unto him1 ,art ?\ a k+ !n8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,?\ saye/ t ,i am a k+4 ,to ?is end 0 ,i born1 & = ?is cause came ,i into ! _w1 t ,i %\ld be> witness unto ! tru?4 ,ev]yone t is ( ! tru? he>e? my voice4 ,pilate sai? unto him1 ,:at is tru?8 ,& :5 he _h said ?is1 he w5t out aga9 unto ! ,jews1 & sai? unto !m1 ,i f9d 9 him no fault at all4 ,!n ,pilate !re=e took ,jesus1 & sc\rg$ him4 ,& ! soldi]s platt$ a cr[n ( ?orns1 & put x on 8 head1 & !y put on him a purple robe1 ,& said1 ,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6 & !y smote him ) _! h&s4 ,pilate !re=e w5t =? aga91 & sai? unto !m1 ,behold1 ,i br+ him =? to y1 t ye may "k t ,i f9d no fault 9 him4444 ,! ,jews answ]$ him1 ,we h a law1 & by our law he ought to die1 because he made himself ! ,son ( ,god4 ,:5 ,pilate !re=e he>d t say+1 he 0 ! m afraid2 ,& w5t aga9 into ! judgm5t hall1 & sai? unto ,jesus1 ,:5ce art ?\8 ,b ,jesus gave him no answ]4444 ,& f !nce=? ,pilate s\ght to release him3 b ! ,jews cri$ out1 say+1 ,if ?\ let ?is man g1 ?\ art n ,cs>'s fri5d3 :osoev] make? himself a k+ speake? aga9/ ,cs>4 ,:5 ,pilate !re=e he>d t say+1 he br\ght ,jesus =?1 & sat d[n 9 ! judgm5t seat 9 a place t is call$ ! ,pavem5t1 b 9 ! ,hebrew1 ,gabba?a4 ,& x 0 ! prep>ation ( ! passov]1 & ab\t ! six? h\r3 & he sai? unto ! ,jews1 ,behold y\r ,k+6 ,b !y cri$ out1 ,away ) him1 away ) him1 crucify him4 ,pilate sai? unto !m1 ,%all ,i crucify y\r ,k+8 ,! *ief prie/s answ]$1 ,we h no k+ b ,cs>4 ,!n deliv]$ he him !re=e unto !m to be crucifi$4 ,& !y took ,jesus1 & l$ him away4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,record ,,( ,,fact ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,mat!w 7,,rembr&t7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,record ,,( ,,fact ,! ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t =m ! record ( fact 9 ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,!re is n a l9e ( au!ntic hi/ory 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 sacr$ or pr(ane1 deal+ orig9ally & au?oritatively ) ! facts & circum/ances ( ! trial & crucifixion ( ! ,*ri/1 except+ ^! ,gospels4 ,a l9e f ,philo--a dubi\s passage f ,josephus--a m]e m5tion by ,tacitus--a few scatt]+ fragm5ts f ! ,talmud--all else is d>kness1 save ! light t /reams d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies f ,calv>y & ! ,cross ?r\gh ! books ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 deal+ ) ! record ( fact conta9$ 9 ! ,gospels1 9 ! trial ( ,jesus two que/ions naturally sugge/ !mselves3 7#a7 ,are ! ,gospel n>ratives1 su* z we h !m to-day1 id5tical ) ^? t 7 giv5 to ! _w by ! ,evangeli/s 9 ,apo/olic times8 ,t is1 h ^! biographies ( ! ,*ri/ by ! ,evangelical writ]s be5 h&$ d[n to u ?r\gh all ! ages sub/antially uncorrupt$ & unimpair$8 7#b7 ,are ! ,gospel writ]s--,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john--cr$ible witnesses ( ! facts & circum/ances record$ by !m 9 ! ,gospel hi/ories8 ,t is1 did !y tell ! tru? :5 !y wrote & publi%$ ^! n>ratives to ! _w8 ,satisfactory affirmative answ]s to ^! que/ions w e/abli% & au!nticate a p]fect record ( fact4 ,! pages ( ,"p ,i ( ?is volume w be devot$ to giv+ affirmative & satisfactory answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,&1 9 accompli%+ ?is purpose1 academic reason+ & metaphysical speculation w be reject$4 ,well-e/abli%$ rules ( evid5ce1 z employ$ 9 mod]n c\rts ( law1 w be rigor\sly appli$4 ,s-call$ ,high] ,criticism has no place 9 a treatise ( ?is k9d1 s9ce ! critical niceties & dialectic quibbles ( m5 l ,/rauss1 ,r5an1 & ,baur w\ld n be s]i\sly consid]$ 9 a mod]n judicial proce$+4 ,reasonable probability1 & n ma!matical c]ta9ty1 is ! legal te/ ( adequacy 9 weigh+ human te/imony ) a view to a judicial det]m9ation4 ,! read] may ask3 ,:y %\ld n a ,*ri/ian writ]1 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 assume1 )\t argum5t1 t ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ian sacr$ writ]s is true8 ,! answ] is t su* conduct w\ld conv]t a purely legal treatise into a religi\s "o1 & sub/itute fai? = logic4 ,! writ] ( ^! volumes1 z a ,*ri/ian1 believes t ! ,gospels relate ! tru?4 ,z a lawy]1 he is compell$ to respect ! op9ions ( a l>ge proportion ( mank9d :o diff] ) him1 & to employ judicial me?ods 9 treat+ a legal !me4 ,! two que/ions above m5tion$ involve two di/9ct pr9ciples or features 9 ! ,law ( ,evid5ce3 7#a7 ,admissibility or relevancy ( evid5ce2 7#b7 ,cr$ibility ( witnesses :o h r5d]$ te/imony4 ,all ! pages ( ,"p ,i w be devot$ to a consid]ation ( ^! features 9 _! relation%ip to ! te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! fir/ "q t naturally arises is ?is3 ,is !re a well-e/abli%$ rule ( ! mod]n ,law ( ,evid5ce "u :i* ! ,gospels c\ld be introduc$ z evid5ce 9 a mod]n judicial proce$+8 ,suppose t ! "q ( ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus--t is1 ! fact ( ! tru?fulness or falsity ( ! ,resurrection--%\ld become a mat]ial fact 9 issue 9 a suit 9 a mod]n c\rt ( law2 c\ld ! te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s relat+ to ! ,resurrection be introduc$ 9 evid5ce8 ,x w\ld probably be object$ t _! te/imony 0 he>say2 t !y _h n be5 prop]ly subject$ to ! c>d9al te/s ( tru?3 an oa?1 a cross-exam9ation1 & p]sonal demeanor :ile te/ify+4 ,^! objections might prevail if ano!r rule ( law c\ld n be successfully invok$4 ,su* a rule exi/s1 & ) x we h n[ to deal4 ,! au?or c conceive ( no m satisfactory way ( e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple ( ! admissibility ( ! ,gospels 9 evid5ce "u mod]n law ?an by quot+ at l5g? f ! celebrat$ treatise on ! ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 by ,mr4 ,simon ,gre5leaf1 ! greate/ ( all writ]s on ! ,law ( ,evid5ce4 ,! op9ion ( ,gre5leaf on a subject ( ?is k9d is some:at 9 ! nature ( a decision ( a c\rt ( la/ resort1 & 8 au?ority 9 matt]s ( ?is import is unque/ion$ 9 e l& :]e ,engli% law is practic$4 ,! ,london ,law ,magaz9e1 a few ye>s ago1 paid him ! foll[+ spl5did tribute3 ,x is no mean honor to ,am]ica t h] s*ools ( jurisprud5ce h produc$ two ( ! fir/ writ]s & be/ e/eem$ legal au?orities ( ?is c5tury--! great & good man1 ,judge ,/ory1 & 8 wor?y & em95t associate1 ,pr(essor ,gre5leaf4 ,^u ! exi/+ ,law ( ,evid5ce 7by ,gre5leaf7 m light has %one f ! ,new ,_w ?an f all ! lawy]s :o adorn ! c\rts ( ,europe4 ,conc]n+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures & _! admissibility 9 evid5ce1 ,gre5leaf has ?us writt53 ,t ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z we n[ h !m1 are g5u9e2 t !y exi/$ 9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r1 & 7 commonly receiv$ & ref]r$ to among ! ,jews z ! sacr$ books ( _! religion2 & t ! text ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally writt51 t is1 )\t hav+ be5 mat]ially corrupt$ or falsifi$1 ei!r by h]etics or ,*ri/ians1 are facts :i* we are entitl$ to assume z true1 until ! contr>y is %[n4 ,! g5u95ess ( ^! writ+s really admits ( z little d\bt1 & is susceptible ( z ready pro(1 z t ( any anci5t writ+s :atev]4 ,! rule ( municipal law on ?is subject is famili>1 & applies ) equal =ce to all anci5t writ+s1 :e!r docum5t>y or o!rwise2 & z x comes fir/ 9 ord]1 9 ! prosecution ( ^! inquiries1 x may1 = ! sake ( m]e conv5i5ce1 be designat$ z our fir/ rule4 ,e docum5t1 app>5tly anci5t1 com+ f ! prop] repository or cu/ody1 & be>+ on its face no evid5t m>ks ( =g]y1 ! law presumes to be g5u9e1 & devolves on ! oppos+ p>ty ! burd5 ( prov+ x to be o!rwise4 ,an anci5t docum5t1 (f]$ 9 evid5ce 9 our c\rts1 is said to come f ! prop] repository1 :5 x is f\nd 9 ! place :]e1 & "u ! c>e ( p]sons ) :om1 su* writ+s might naturally & reasonably be expect$ to be f\nd2 = x is ?is cu/ody :i* gives au!nticity to docum5ts f\nd )9 x4 ,if !y come f su* a place1 & be> no evid5t m>ks ( =g]y1 ! law presumes t !y are g5u9e1 & !y are p]mitt$ to be read 9 evid5ce1 unless ! oppos+ p>ty is able successfully to impea* !m4 ,! burd5 ( %[+ !m to be false & unwor?y ( cr$it is devolv$ on ! p>ty :o makes t objection4 ,! presumption ( law is ! judgm5t ( *>ity4 ,x presumes t e man is innoc5t until he is prov$ guilty2 t ev]y?+ has be5 done fairly & legally until x is prov$ to h be5 o!rwise2 & t e docum5t f\nd 9 its prop] repository1 & n be>+ m>ks ( =g]y1 is g5u9e4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! case ) ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s4 ,!y h be5 us$ 9 ! *ur* f "t immemorial1 & are ?us f\nd 9 ! place :]e alone !y ought to be look$ =4 ,!y come to u1 & *all5ge our reception ( !m z g5u9e writ+s1 precisely z ,domesday ,book1 ! ,anci5t ,/atutes ( ,wales1 or any o!r ( ! anci5t docum5ts :i* h rec5tly be5 publi%$ "u ! ,briti% ,record ,commission are receiv$4 ,!y are f\nd 9 famili> use 9 all ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom1 z ! sacr$ books to :i* all d5om9ations ( ,*ri/ians ref]1 z ! /&>d ( _! fai?4 ,!re is no pret5se t !y 7 engrav5 on plates ( gold & discov]$ 9 a cave1 nor t !y 7 br\ght f heav5 by angels2 b !y are receiv$ z ! pla9 n>ratives & writ+s ( ! m5 ^: names !y respectively be>1 made public at ! "t !y 7 writt52 & ?\gh !re are "s slight discrepancies among ! copies subsequ5tly made1 !re is no pret5se t ! orig9als 7 any:]e corrupt$4 ,if x be object$ t ! orig9als are lo/1 & t copies alone are n[ produc$1 ! pr9ciples ( ! municipal law "h also af=d a satisfactory answ]4 ,= ! multiplication ( copies 0 a public fact1 9 ! fai?fulness ( :i* all ! ,*ri/ian community _h an int]e/2 & x is a rule ( law t ,9 matt]s ( public & g5]al int]e/1 all p]sons mu/ be presum$ to be conv]sant1 on ! pr9ciple t individuals are presum$ to be conv]sant ) _! own affairs4 ,!re=e x is t1 9 su* matt]s1 ! prevail+ curr5t ( ass]tion is resort$ to z evid5ce1 = x is to ?is t e memb] ( ! community is suppos$ to be privy4 ,! p]sons1 moreov]1 :o multipli$ ^! copies may be reg>d$1 9 "s mann]1 z ! ag5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian public1 = ^: use & b5efit ! copies 7 made2 & on ! gr\nd ( ! cr$it due to su* ag5ts1 & ( ! public nature ( ! facts !mselves1 ! copies ?us made are entitl$ to an extraord9>y degree ( confid5ce1 &1 z 9 ! case ( (ficial regi/]s & o!r public books1 x is n necess>y t !y %\ld be confirm$ & sanction$ by ! ord9>y te/s ( tru?4 ,if any anci5t docum5t conc]n+ our public rights 7 lo/1 copies :i* _h be5 z univ]sally receiv$ & act$ ^u z ! ,f\r ,gospels h be51 w\ld h be5 receiv$ 9 evid5ce 9 any ( our c\rts ( ju/ice1 )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,! entire text ( ! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis is receiv$ z au?ority 9 all ! c\rts ( cont95tal ,europe1 ^u mu* weak] evid5ce ( its g5u95ess2 = ! integrity ( ! ,sacr$ ,text has be5 pres]v$ by ! jeal\sy ( oppos+ sects1 beyond any moral possibility ( corruption2 :ile t ( ! ,roman ,civil ,law has be5 pres]v$ by tacit cons5t1 )\t ! int]e/ ( any oppos+ s*ool1 to wat* ov] & pres]ve x f alt]ation4 ,^! copies ( ! ,holy ,scriptures hav+ ?us be5 9 famili> use 9 ! *ur*es f ! "t :5 ! text 0 committ$ to writ+2 hav+ be5 wat*$ ) vigilance by s _m sects1 oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 doctr9e1 yet all appeal+ to ^! ,scriptures = ! correctness ( _! fai?2 & hav+ 9 all ages1 d[n to ?is day1 be5 respect$ z ! au?oritative s\rce ( all ecclesia/ical p[] & gov]nm5t1 & submitt$ to1 & act$ "u 9 reg>d to s _m claims ( "r1 on ! "o h&1 & s _m obligations ( duty1 on ! o!r2 x is q errone\s to suppose t ! ,*ri/ian is b\nd to (f] any fur!r pro( ( _! g5u95ess or au!nticity4 ,x is = ! objector to %[ !m spuri\s2 = on him1 by ! pla9e/ rules ( law1 lies ! burd5 ( pro(4 ,if x 7 ! case ( a claim to a fran*ise1 & a copy ( an anci5t de$ or *>t] 7 produc$ 9 support ( ! title1 "u p>allel circum/ances on :i* to presume its g5u95ess1 no lawy]1 x is believ$1 w\ld v5ture to d5y ei!r its admissibility 9 evid5ce or ! satisfactory "* ( ! pro(4 ,9 a rec5t case 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 precisely su* a docum5t1 be+ an old manuscript copy1 purport+ to h be5 extract$ f anci5t ,j\rnals ( ! ,h\se1 :i* 7 lo/1 & to h be5 made by an (fic] ^: duty x 0 to prep>e li/s ( ! pe]s1 0 held admissible 9 a claim ( pe]age4#a ,hav+ secur$ ! ,gospel writ+s to be admitt$ 9 evid5ce "u ! rule laid d[n by ,mr4 ,gre5leaf1 we are n[ ready to consid] m at l5g? ! "q ( ! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses4 ,! read] %\ld be> 9 m9d t !re is a v important diff]5ce betwe5 ! admission ( te/imony 9 evid5ce & belief 9 its tru?fulness by ! c\rt or jury4 ,evid5ce is frequ5tly deem$ relevant & admissible1 & goes to ! jury = :at x is wor?4 ,!y may or may n believe x4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] ! cr$it t %\ld be accord$ ! te/imony ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john conc]n+ ! trial & crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,& at ! outset x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !re is a legal presumption t !y told ! tru?4 ,?is presumption op]ates 9 _! favor f ! v mom5t t _! te/imony is admitt$ 9 evid5ce4 ,"h1 aga91 ! op9ion ( ,gre5leaf--) all ! weight & au?ority t su* an op9ion c>ries--is directly 9 po9t4 ,9 ! ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s he says3 ,proce$+ fur!r1 to inquire :e!r ! facts relat$ by ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s are prov$ by compet5t & satisfactory evid5ce1 we are l$1 fir/1 to consid] on :i* side lies ! burd5 ( e/abli%+ ! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses4 ,on ?is po9t ! municipal law furni%es a rule :i* is ( con/ant application 9 all trials by jury1 & is inde$ ! dictate ( t *>ity :i* ?9ke? no evil4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( circum/ances :i* g5]ate suspicion1 e witness is to be presum$ cr$ible1 until ! contr>y is %[n1 ! burd5 ( impea*+ 8 cr$ibility ly+ on ! objector4 ,?is rule s]ves to %[ ! inju/ice ) :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels h ev] be5 treat$ by infidels2 an inju/ice sil5tly acquiesc$ 9 ev5 by ,*ri/ians2 9 requir+ ! ,*ri/ian affirmatively1 & by positive evid5ce1 aliunde to e/abli% ! cr$ibility ( 8 witnesses above all o!rs1 be=e _! te/imony is entitl$ to be consid]$1 & 9 p]mitt+ ! te/imony ( a s+le pr(ane writ]1 alone & uncorroborat$1 to outweigh t ( any s+le ,*ri/ian4 ,?is is n ! c\rse 9 c\rts ( *anc]y1 :]e ! te/imony ( a s+le witness is nev] p]mitt$ to outweigh ! oa? ev5 ( ! def5dant himself1 int]e/$ z he is 9 ! case2 b1 on ! contr>y1 if ! pla9tiff1 aft] hav+ requir$ ! oa? ( 8 adv]s>y1 _c ov]?r[ x by some?+ m ?an ! oa? ( "o witness1 h[ev] cr$ible1 x mu/ /& z evid5ce aga9/ him4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian writ] seems1 by ! usual c\rse ( ! argum5t1 to h be5 depriv$ ( ! common presumption ( *>ity 9 8 favor2 & rev]s+ ! ord9>y rule ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice 9 human tribunals1 8 te/imony is unju/ly presum$ to be false1 until x is prov$ to be true4 ,?is treatm5t1 moreov]1 has be5 appli$ to !m all 9 a body2 & )\t due reg>d to ! fact1 t1 be+ indep5d5t hi/orians1 writ+ at diff]5t p]iods1 !y are entitl$ to ! support ( ea* o!r2 !y h be5 treat$1 9 ! argum5t1 almo/ z if ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 ! entire production1 at once1 ( a body ( m51 conspir+ by a jo9t fabrication1 to impose a false religion ^u ! _w4 ,x is "t t ?is inju/ice %\ld cease2 t ! te/imony ( ! evangeli/s %\ld be admitt$ to be true1 until x c be disprov$ by ^? :o w\ld impugn x2 t ! sil5ce ( "o sacr$ writ] on any po9t %\ld no m detract f 8 own v]acity or t ( o!r hi/orians1 t ! l circum/ance is p]mitt$ to d among pr(ane writ]s2 & t ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s %\ld be admitt$ 9 corroboration ( ea* o!r1 z readily z ,josephus & ,tacitus1 or ,polybius & ,livy4#b ,! read] w notice f ! la/ extract t ! em95t writ] quot$ has s\ght to e/abli% ! cr$ibility ( ! ,evangeli/s by a legal presumption 9 favor ( _! v]acity4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is presumption is a disputable "o1 & may be ov]turn$ by oppos+ evid5ce2 t objections may be rais$ :i* w de/roy ! =ce ( ! presumption & %ift ! burd5 aga9 to him :o ass]ts ! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses4 ,n[1 let u suppose t su* objections h be5 made1 & t suffici5t oppos+ evid5ce has be5 (f]$ to accompli% ?is result2 :at has ! ,*ri/ian !n to say 9 support ( ! cr$ibility ( ! fir/ hi/orians ( 8 fai?8 ,:at pro(s has he to (f]1 indep5d5t ( legal presumption1 t ! fir/ biograph]s ( ! ,ma/] 7 tru?ful m58 ,c he %[ t ! application ( legal te/s to _! cr$ibility w save !m 9 ! eyes ( a critical & unbeliev+ _w8 ,! writ] believes t ! ,*ri/ian c d x1 & w at once assume ! task4 ,9 ,/>kie on ,evid5ce we f9d elaborat$ a rule ( municipal law1 at once concise & compreh5sive1 :i* furni%es a complete te/ ( ! cr$ibility ( witnesses4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts ( ?is rule are con/antly op]at+ 9 ! m9d ( ! successful cross-exam9] 9 ! c\rse ( any ext5sive cross-exam9ation4 ,! cr$it due to ! te/imony ( witnesses dep5ds ^u1 fir/ly1 _! hone/y2 secondly1 _! ability2 ?irdly1 _! numb] & ! consi/5cy ( _! te/imony2 f\r?ly1 ! con=mity ( _! te/imony ) exp]i5ce2 & fif?ly1 ! co9cid5ce ( _! te/imony ) collat]al circum/ances4#c ,let u apply ^! successive te/s1 9 ! ord] above enum]at$1 to ! ,evangeli/s4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u consid] ! "q ( _! hone/y4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w hone/y1 us$ 9 ?is connection1 is peculi>4 ,x relates r to p]sonal s9c]ity ?an to p]sonal integrity1 & sugge/s ! idea ( p]jury r ?an !ft 9 crim9al law4 ,7 ! witnesses hone/8 ,t is1 7 !y s9c]e8 ,did !y int5d to tell ! tru?8 ,t is1 did !y !mselves believe :at !y te/ifi$8 ,if s1 !y 7 hone/ witnesses1 ?\gh _! te/imony 0 false1 z a result ( error 9 judgm5t or mi/ake ( fact4 ,9 ! s5se1 !n1 ( s9c]ity is ! te/ ( hone/y to be appli$ to ! ,evangeli/s z witnesses ( ! facts :i* !y relate 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,& 9 mak+ ?is te/ let u be> 9 m9d ! nature & scope ( ?is "w2 t x is n a religi\s treatise1 & t ! "q ( inspiration mu/ n be all[$ to confuse a purely legal & hi/orical discussion4 ,z secul> hi/orians1 & n z inspir$ writ]s1 mu/ ! ,evangeli/s be consid]$4 ,& 9 te/+ _! cr$ibility1 ! cu/om>y /&>ds employ$ 9 analyz+ ! motives & conduct ( ord9>y m5 9 ! usual exp]i5ces & ev]yday affairs ( life mu/ be appli$4 ,to reg>d !m z /range or sup]natural be+s1 subject to "s awful influ5ce1 & act+ "u ! guidance & protection ( "s god or h]o1 is decid$ly =eign to ! pres5t purpose4 ,x is felt t only two consid]ations are ne$$ 9 apply+ ! te/ ( s9c]ity to ! ,evangeli/s3 7#a7 ,"*2 7#b7 ,motive4 ,& ?is = ! reason t hone/ "* & righte\s motive are ! legitimate p>5tage ( p]fect s9c]ity4 ,!n1 z a prim>y consid]ation1 9 discuss+ _! s9c]ity1 x may be reasonably cont5d$ t ! ,gospel writ]s 7 ei!r good m5 or bad4 ,a middle gr\nd is n possible 9 _! case1 s9ce ! issues jo9$ & ! results atta9$ 7 too t]rible & /up5d\s to h be5 produc$ by negative or indiff]5t =ces4 ,7 !y good m51 !n !y believ$ :at !y taught & wrote1 & 7 s9c]e1 else !y delib]ately palm$ (f an impo/ure on ! _w1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis t !y 7 good4 ,7 !y bad m51 !n _! lives & tea*+s furni% a contradiction 9 pr9ciple & an inv]sion 9 ! nature & ord] ( cause & effect :i* hi/ory has n else:]e record$1 ei!r be=e or s9ce2 =1 9 _! disc\rses & _! writ+s1 !y portray$ ! div9e/ "* & proclaim$ ! sublime/ tru?s kn[n to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,e s]i\s1 ?\ghtful m9d at once inquires3 ,c\ld bad m51 conspirators & hypocrites1 h pa9t$ su* a "*--"o ^: p]fect purity & s9less beauty mock & %ame ! m5tal & spiritual attributes ( e false prophet & ( all hea!n gods8 ,! ,olympian ,zeus1 ! sov]eign creation ( ! sup]b ,greek intellect1 0 a fi]ce & v9dictive deity--at times a fai?less sp\se & a drunk5 debau*ee4 ,mahomet1 :om two hundr$ millions ( ! human race wor%ip z ! ,inspir$ ( ,allah1 0 cruel & trea*]\s 9 w>f>e1 & base & s5sual 9 private life4 ,! ,great ,_s ( ! ,indian grant$ immortality to dogs1 b d5i$ x to wom54 ,o!r hide\s & mon/r\s attributes de=m$ ! images & blurr$ ! *>act]s ( pagan prophets & hea!n div9ities4 ,b ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 a pure & p]fect be+ :o claim$ to be s9less1#d & ^: claims h be5 admitt$ by all ! _w1 believ]s & unbeliev]s alike4 ,! great tru?s taught by ! g5tle ,naz>5e & transmitt$ by ! ,evangeli/s h br\ght balm & heal+ to ! nations1 h proclaim$ & e/abli%$ univ]sal bro!rhood among m54 ,is x probable t su* a "* 0 pa9t$ & su* tru?s proclaim$ by di%one/ & ins9c]e m58 ,c ,vice be ! "m ( ,virtue8 ,d m5 ga!r grapes ( ?orns or figs ( ?i/les8 ,if ,jesus 0 n really ! pure & holy be+ portray$ by ! ,gospels1 !n ! ,evangeli/s h creat$ a sublime "* 9 a sup]b fiction :i* surpasses any?+ to be f\nd 9 pr(ane lit]ature1 & t evil-m9d$ m5 c\ld nei!r h conceiv$ nor execut$4 ,x is impossible to d]ive f ^! reflections any o!r conclusion ?an ! absolute hone/y & p]fect s9c]ity ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,besides1 ! m]e p]usal ( _! writ+s leaves a deep impression t !y 7 pure & pi\s m54 ,aga91 a second & m s]i\s consid]ation ?an t ( "*1 z affect+ ! s9c]ity ( ! ,gospel writ]s1 is ! "q ( motive4 ,if ! ,evangeli/s 7 ins9c]e & did n believe _! own /ory1 :at motive prompt$ !m to tell x1 to prea* x & to die = x8 ,x is n believ$ t all m5 are n[ or h ev] be5 :olly selfi%1 b x is cont5d$ t desire = comp5sation is ! ma9 inducem5t to human action1 m5tal & manual4 ,rew>d is ! great gold5 key t op5s ! door ( ! ,temple ( ,labor1 & "s =m ( recomp5se1 "h or h]eaft]1 expla9s all ! bu/l+ activity ( m54 ,! ,apo/les !mselves act$ 9 ob$i5ce to ?is law1 = we f9d !m qu>rel+ among !mselves z to place & prec$5ce 9 ! ,new ,k+dom4 ,!y ev5 dem&$ ( ! ,ma/] ! exact nature ( _! rew>d = labors p]=m$ & sacrifices endur$4 ,to :i* reply 0 made t !y %\ld sit on twelve ?rones & judge ! ,twelve ,tribes ( ,israel4 ,n[ let u apply ?is pr9ciple ( expectation ( rew>d to ! conduct ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 prea*+ & publi%+ ! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5e1 & let u note p>ticul>ly ! result z x affects ! "q ( motive 9 human conduct4 ,b fir/ let u review1 = a mom5t1 ! political & religi\s situation at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,apo/olic m9i/ry4 ,! ,ma/] & ,savior ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians _h j p]i%$ z a malefactor on ! cross4 ,! religion :i* ! ,apo/les began to prea* 0 f\nd$ 9 ! doctr9e ( rep5tance f s9s1 fai? 9 ! ,crucifi$ ,"o1 & belief 9 ,8 resurrection f ! dead4 ,*ri/ianity1 ( :i* ^! elem5ts 7 ! ess5tials1 s\ght to de/roy & supplant all o!r religions4 ,no compromises 7 propos$1 no treaties 7 conclud$4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,naz>5e rais$ a black flag aga9/ paganism & e hea!n god4 ,no qu>t] 0 ask$ & none 0 giv54 ,?is /range fai? n only defi$ all o!r religions1 b mock$ all e>?ly gov]nm5t n built ^u x4 ,! small1 b devot$1 b&1 ?us array$ aga9/ !mselves 9 ! v beg9n+ all ! oppos+ religi\s & secul> =ces ( ! e>?4 ,judaism br&$ ! new cre$ z a disob$i5t & rebelli\s daught]4 ,paganism d5\nc$ x z a %am & a fraud1 because its doctr9es 7 unkn[n to ! ,portico & ! ,academy1 & because its tea*+s 7 ridicul$ by bo? ,/oics & ,epicureans4 ,! ,roman ,/ate ca/ a jeal\s & wat*ful eye ^u ! haughty pret5sions ( a religi\s sy/em t taught ! impot5ce ( k+s & s\ght to degrade e>?ly royalty4 ,9 seek+1 !n1 to e/abli% ! new fai? & to inculcate its doctr9es1 :at c\ld & did ! ,evangeli/s expect b ! bitt] opposition :i* !y met8 ,did !y s]i\sly hope to see ! pr\d & haughty ,sadducee1 :o despis$ ! common p1 or ! k+ly ari/ocracy ( ,rome1 t vaunt$ a sup]human excell5ce1 complac5tly accept a religion t taught ! absolute equality & ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( m58 ,did !y n expect :at !y actually receiv$--bitt] p]secution1 horrible torture1 & cruel dea?8 ,!n we are l$ to ask3 ,0 ?is ! recomp5se :i* !y s\ght8 ,aga91 we pose ! "q3 ,:at 0 ! motive ( ^! m5 9 ?us act+1 if !y 7 di%one/ & ins9c]e8 ,if !y knew t !y 7 prea*+ a falsehood1 :at rew>d did !y expect8 ,0 x ( an e>?ly or a heav5ly k9d8 ,x is unreasonable to suppose t !y look$ =w>d to e>?ly recomp5se :5 _! tea*+s array$ aga9/ !m e spiritual & temporal pot5tate :o _h honors to grant or favors to conf]4 ,7 !y look+ = heav5ly rew>d8 ,x is ridicul\s to imag9e t !y hop$ to ga9 ?is by prea*+ a falsehood 9 ?is _w4 ,no?+ c\ld be1 !re=e1 m absurd ?an ! proposition t a numb] ( m5 b&$ !mselves toge!r1 repudiat$ ! anci5t fai? ( _! fa!rs1 *ang$ completely _! mode ( life1 became au/]e 9 pr(ess+ & practic+ pr9ciples ( virtue1 sp5t _! entire lives proclaim+ c]ta9 tru?s to mank9d1 & !n suff]$ ! dea?s ( m>tyrs--all = ! sake ( a religion :i* !y knew to be false4 ,if !y did n believe x to be false1 !y 7 s9c]e1 & "o elem5t ( _! cr$ibility is e/abli%$4 ,x is n a "q at ?is "t z to ! absolute correctness ( _! /atem5ts4 ,^! /atem5ts might h be5 false1 ?\gh _! au?ors believ$ !m to be true--x is a "q ( s9c]ity at ?is po9t2 & ! te/ ( s9c]ity1 z an elem5t ( cr$ibility1 re/s ^u ! simple basis t m5 are m dispos$ to believe ! /atem5t ( a witness if x is ?\ght t ! witness himself believes x4 7#b7 ,9 ! second place1 let u consid] ! ability ( ! ,evangeli/s z a te/ ( _! cr$ibility z witnesses4 ,! text writ]s on ! ,law ( ,evid5ce are g5]ally agre$ t ! ability ( a witness to speak tru?fully & accurately dep5ds ^u two consid]ations3 7#a7 ,8 natural p[]s ( obs]vation1 :i* enable him to cle>ly p]ceive1 & 8 /r5g? ( memory1 :i* enables him to fully reta9 ! matt]s ( fact to :i* 8 te/imony relates2 7#b7 8 opportunities = obs]v+ ! ?+s ab\t :i* he te/ifies4 ,to :at ext5t ! ,gospel writ]s possess$ ! fir/ ( ^! qualifications--t is1 p[] ( obs]vation & /r5g? ( memory--we are n in=m$ by ei!r hi/ory or tradition4 ,b we are c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ to be true :at ! law actually presumes3 t !y 7 at lea/ m5 ( s\nd m9d & av]age intellig5ce4 ,?is presumption1 x may be rem>k$1 cont9ues to exi/ 9 favor ( ! witness until an objector appe>s :o proves ! contr>y by compet5t & satisfactory evid5ce4 ,x is n believ$ t ?is pro( has ev] be5 or c ev] be successfully e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,aside f ?is legal presumption 9 _! favor1 !re are c]ta9 consid]ations :i* lead u to believe t !y 7 well qualifi$ to speak tru?fully & au?oritatively ab\t ! matt]s relat+ to ,gospel hi/ory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! writ+s !mselves indicate extraord9>y m5tal vigor1 z well z cultivat$ intellig5ce4 ,! ,gospels ( ,luke & ,john1 moreov]1 reveal t ! elegance ( /yle & l(ty imag]y :i* are ! inv>iable *>act]i/ics ( intellectual dep? & culture4 ,! ignorant fi%]m5 idea is c]ta9ly n applicable to ! ,gospel writ]s4 ,if !y 7 ev] v ignorant1 at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,evangelical writ+s !y _h outgr[n ! affliction4 ,! fact t ! ,gospels 7 writt5 9 ,greek by ,hebrews indicates t !y 7 n entirely illit]ate4 ,aga91 ! occupations ( two ( !m are v sugge/ive4 ,mat!w 0 a collector at ! seat ( cu/oms1#e & ,luke 0 a physician4#f ,bo? ^! call+s requir$ m ?an ord9>y k ( m51 z well z accurate p[]s ( obs]vation1 discrim9ation1 & analysis4 ,b x has be5 frequ5tly urg$ t1 reg>dless ( _! natural end[m5ts1 ! ,evangeli/s 7 bias$ 9 favor ( ,jesus & ,8 tea*+s1 & bitt]ly prejudic$ aga9/ all oppos+ fai?s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 at ! same mom5t bo? en?usia/s & fanatics4 ,= ?is reason1 x is cont5d$1 _! te/imony is unreliable4 ,?is is )\t d\bt ! weake/ assault ev] made ^u ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,t ! ,gospel writ]s 7 nei!r fanatics nor en?usia/s is evid5t f ! v tone & /yle ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s !mselves4 ,! language ( fanaticism & en?usiasm is ! language ( rant & rage1 ( vitup]ation & ( c5sure1 on ! "o h&1 & ( eulogy & adulation on ! o!r4 ,! en?usia/ kn[s no limit to ! praise ( ^? ^: cause he advocates4 ,! fanatic places no b\nds to 8 d5unciation ( ^? :om he opposes4 ,n[1 ! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories is ! _s ( quiet dignity & simple c&or :i* ev]y:]e p]vades !m4 ,!re is n[h]e ! slighte/ trace ( bitt]ness or res5tm5t4 ,!re is en?usiasm ev]y:]e 9 ! s5se ( religi\s f]vor1 b n[h]e 9 ! s5se ( unbecom+ heat or impati5t cavil+4 ,! ?ree ev5tful ye>s ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus af=d$ _m opportunities = ! display ( temp] & = ! use ( invective 9 ! ,evangelical writ+s4 ,! murd] ( ! ,bapti/ by ,h]od2 8 cunn+ designs aga9/ ,jesus2 ! con/ant dogg+ ( ! foot/eps ( ! ,ma/] by ! spies ( ! ,sanh$r92 & ,8 crucifixion by ! ord] ( ,pontius ,pilate--:at m c\ld be desir$ to make ! he>t rage & ! blood boil8 ,b n[h]e is !re ! slighte/ exhibition ( viol5t feel+ or extravagant emotion4 ,a g5tle =be>ance1 a mild equanimity1 a becom+ dignity1 m>k e ?\ght & utt]ance4 ,! "* ( ,pilate1 z portray$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is a supreme illu/ration ( ! fairness & magnanimity ( ! ,gospel writ]s4 ,philo & ,josephus describe ! ,roman procurator z /ubborn1 cruel1 & v9dictive4 ,! only k9dly sugge/ion t\*+ ! "* ( ,pilate t has come d[n f ! anci5t _w1 is t conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( m5 :o1 above all o!rs1 w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ him z c[>dly & crav54 ,in/ead ( pa9t+ him z a mon/]1 !y h l9k$ consci5ce to 8 "* & /or$ m]cy 9 8 he>t1 by _! acc\nts ( 8 repeat$ attempts to release ,jesus4 ,fanatics & en?usia/s w\ld n h done ?is4 ,aga91 ! abs5ce ( bo? bias & prejudice 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! ,evangeli/s is %[n by ! fact t !y did n hesitate to record _! own ludicr\s foibles & blund]s1 & to proclaim !m to ! _w4 ,a disposition to d ?is is "o ( ! sure/ indications ( a tru?ful m9d4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( a decl>ation aga9/ int]e/1 9 ! phraseology ( ! law2 & su* decl>ations are believ$ because x has be5 univ]sally obs]v$ t m5 are n likely to inv5t anecdotes to _! own discr$it4 ,:5 we f9d !m 9 any au?or1 says ,pr(essor ,fi%] 9 8 ,gr\nds ( ,!i/ic & ,*ri/ian ,belief1 a /rong presumption is rais$ 9 favor ( 8 g5]al tru?fulness4 ,_m passages ( ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures place ,jesus & ! ,apo/les 9 a mo/ unfavorable light be=e ! _w4 ,! d5ial ( ! ,ma/] by ,pet]#g & ,8 betrayal by ,judas2#h ! flight ( ! ,elev5 f ! ,g>d5 at ! "t ( ! arre/2#i ! ridicul\s attempt ( ,pet] to walk ^u ! sea & 8 failure because ( lack ( fai?2#aj ! frequ5t *ildi% cont5tions among ! disciples = place & prec$5ce 9 ! affections ( ,jesus & 9 ! ,new ,k+dom2#aa ! embassy f ,john ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus ask+ if ,he1 ,jesus1 0 ! ,messiah1 aft] ! latt] _h already visit$ ! =m]1 & _h be5 baptiz$ by him2#ab ! belief ( ! family ( ,jesus t ,he 0 mad2#ac & ! fact t ,8 neighbors at ,naz>e? ?reat5$ to kill ,him by hurl+ ,him f a cliff#ad--^! v>i\s recitals h furni%$ a h&le to skeptical criticism 9 e age4 ,!y might z well h be5 omitt$ f ! ,gospel hi/ories2 & !y w\ld h be5 omitt$ by design+ & untru?ful m54 ,aga91 t\*+ ! "q ( bias & prejudice1 x is wor?y ( obs]vation t skeptics fail to apply ! same rules ( criticism to sacr$ t !y employ 9 pr(ane lit]ature4 ,x is cont5d$ by !m t ! ,evangeli/s are unwor?y ( belief because _! writ+s record ! words & de$s ( _! own ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,x is ass]t$ t ?is sacr$ & t5d] relation%ip w>p$ & bl9d$ _! ,judgm5t1 & disqualifi$ !m to write tru?fully ! facts & circum/ances connect$ ) ! life & m9i/ry ( ! f\nd] ( _! fai?4 ,b ^! same critics d n apply ! same te/s ( cr$ibility to secul> writ]s su/a9+ simil> relation%ips4 ,! ,comm5t>ies ( ,cs> & ! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon record ! mighty de$s & brilliant a*ievem5ts ( _! au?ors2 b ?is fact does n de/roy _! reliability z hi/orical records 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o insi/ t ! ,gospel writ]s %all be reject$ on gr\nds ( bias & p>tiality4 ,! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 ,recollections ( ,socrates1 is ! tribute ( an affectionate & admir+ disciple2 & yet1 all ! colleges & univ]sities ( ! _w employ ?is "w z a text-book 9 tea*+ ! life & /yle ( conv]sation ( ! great ,a!nian philosoph]4 ,x is nev] argu$ t ! intimate relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,x5ophon & ,socrates %\ld affect ! cr$ibility ( ! au?or ( ! ,memorabilia4 ,! be/ biography 9 ! ,engli% language is ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,boswell's admiration = ,dr4 ,johnson 0 idolatr\s4 ,at times1 8 s]vile flatt]y ( ! great ,engli%man am\nt$ to disgu/+ sycophancy4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 8 "w is a monum5tal contribution to hi/orical lit]ature4 ,! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica says t ,boswell has produc$ ! be/ biography ! _w has yet se52 b :y n reject ?is book because ( its au?or's spaniel-l devotion to ! man ^: life he has writt58 ,if ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john are to be repudiat$ on ! gr\nd ( bias1 :y n repudiate ,cs>1 ,x5ophon1 & ,boswell8 ,x is respectfully submitt$ t !re is no real diff]5ce 9 logic betwe5 ! te/s ( cr$ibility applicable to sacr$1 & ^? requir$ 9 ! case ( pr(ane writ]s4 ,a j & exact criticism w apply ! same rules to bo?4 ,z to ! second qualification above m5tion$1 "u ! second legal te/ ( cr$ibility laid d[n by ,/>kie1 t is1 ! opportunity ( obs]v+ facts & circum/ances ab\t :i* te/imony is giv51 x may safely be said t ! majority ( ! ,evangeli/s possess$ x 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ te/imony t c possibly be (f]$ 9 a c\rt ( law is t ( an eyewitness :o has se5 or he>d :at he te/ifies4 ,n[1 x is reasonably c]ta9 t all ( ! ,gospel writ]s 7 eyewitnesses ( mo/ ( ! ev5ts record$ by !m 9 ! ,gospel hi/ories4 ,bo? ,mat!w & ,john 7 numb]$ among ! ,twelve :o con/antly att5d$ ! ,ma/] 9 all ,8 w&]+s1 he>d ,8 disc\rses1 witness$ ! p]=mance ( ,8 miracles1 & proclaim$ ,8 fai? aft] ,he 0 gone4 ,x is v probable t ,m>k 0 ano!r eyewitness ( ! ev5ts 9 ! life & m9i/ry ( ! ,savior4 ,x is n[ v g5]ally agre$ t ! au?or ( ! ,second ,gospel 0 ! "y man :o ?rew away 8 g>m5t & fl$ at ! "t ( ! arre/ 9 ! ,g>d54#ae ,if ,m>k 0 actually pres5t at midnight 9 ,ge?semane pe]+ ?r\gh ! %ad[s to see :at w\ld be done to ! ,naz>5e by ! mob1 x is m ?an probable t he 0 also a witness ( _m o!r ev5ts 9 ! life & m9i/ry ( ! great ,tea*]4 ,b1 :e!r ?is be true or n1 x is v well settl$ t ! ,second ,gospel 0 dictat$ to ,m>k by ,pet]1 :o 0 z famili> ) all ! acts & words ( ,jesus z 0 ,mat!w or ,john4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( antiquity unanim\sly te/ify t ,m>k wrote ! ,gospel ascrib$ to him1 at ! dictation ( ,pet]4 ,if _! te/imony is true1 ,pet] is ! real au?or ( ! ,second ,gospel4 ,t ! ,gospel ( ,m>k 0 writt5 by an eyewitness is ! op9ion ( ,r5an1 ! skeptic1 :o says3 ,9 ,m>k1 ! facts are relat$ ) a cle>ness = :i* we seek 9 va9 among/ ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,he likes to report c]ta9 words ( ,jesus 9 ,syro-,*aldean4 ,he is full ( m9ute obs]vations1 com+ d\btless f an eye-witness4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t our agree+ ) ,papias 9 reg>d+ ?is eye-witness1 :o evid5tly _h foll[$ ,jesus1 :o _h lov$ ,him & obs]v$ ,him v closely1 & :o _h pres]v$ a lively image ( ,him1 z ! ,apo/le ,pet] himself4#af ,! same writ] decl>es ,mat!w to h be5 an eyewitness ( ! ev5ts describ$ by him4 ,he says3 ,on ! :ole1 ,i admit z au!ntic ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,all1 9 my op9ion1 date f ! fir/ c5tury1 & ! au?ors are1 g5]ally speak+1 ^? to :om !y are attribut$2 b _! hi/oric value is div]se4 ,mat!w evid5tly m]its an unlimit$ confid5ce z to ! disc\rses2 !y are ! ,logia1 ! id5tical notes tak5 f a cle> & lively remembrance ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4#af ,t ,luke 0 an eyewitness ( _m ( ! ?+s record$ by him1 & t ! o!rs 7 relat$ to him by eyewitnesses1 is p]fectly cle> f ! introductory v]ses ( 8 ,gospel4 ,9 address+ 8 royal patron1 ,!ophilus1 he assures him t ^? :o communicat$ ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel to him 7 eyewitnesses2 & foll[s by say+ t he himself _h _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! v fir/4#ag ,! evid5t mean+ ( ?is is t1 desir+ full in=mation = ,!ophilus1 he _h supplem5t$ 8 own p]sonal k by additional facts secur$ f eyewitnesses to ^? ?+s :i*1 n be+ ( ! ,twelve1 he himself _h n se54 ,/4 ,john 0 peculi>ly well qualifi$ to record ! say+s & do+s ( ! ,*ri/4 ,he 0 call$ ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,he 0 admitt$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,savior1 at all times1 on t]ms ( ! utmo/ intimacy & fri5d%ip4 ,at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 8 head repos$ confid+ly & lov+ly ^u ! bosom ( ! ,ma/]4 ,toge!r ) ,pet] & ,james1 he witness$ ! resurrection ( ,jairus' daught]2 0 pres5t at ! ,transfiguration on ! ,m\nt1 & at ! agony ( ! ,savior 9 ! ,g>d54 ,f ! cross1 ,jesus plac$ ^u him ! t5d] & pa!tic burd5 ( c>+ = ,8 "m2 &1 runn+ ahead ( ,pet]1 he 0 ! fir/ among ! ,twelve to arrive at ! op5 sepul*]4 ,by means ( a favorable acqua9tance%ip ) ! ,high ,prie/1 he 0 enabl$ to ga9 access to ! palace & to be pres5t at ! trial ( ,jesus1 z well z to introduce ,pet]1 8 fri5d4 ,x is ?us cle>ly evid5t t ! ,evangeli/s 7 amply able1 f any po9t ( view1 to tru?fully & accurately record ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ! ,gospel hi/ories4 ,z eyewitnesses1 be+ on ! gr\nd & hav+ ! situation well 9 h&1 !y 7 c]ta9ly bett] qualifi$ to write tru?ful hi/ory ( ! ev5ts !n occurr+ ?an hi/orians & critics :o liv$ c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,b x is frequ5tly cont5d$ t1 if ! ,evangeli/s 7 eyewitnesses ( ! lead+ ev5ts :i* !y record$1 !y committ$ !m to writ+ s long aft]w>ds t !y _h =gott5 !m1 or _h confus$ !m ) v>i\s traditions t _h 9 ! meantime gr[n up4 ,!re may be "s little tru? 9 ?is cont5tion1 b n en\gh to de/roy ! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses z to ev5ts su* z ! ,crucifixion & ,resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,^! are n matt]s to be easily =gott5 or confus$ ) o!r ?+s4 ,! date ( ! composition & publication ( ! diff]5t ,gospels is n kn[n4 ,b ,pr(essor ,holtzmann1 ( ,heidelb]g 7a man :o _c be said to be favorable to ,*ri/ianity1 s9ce he 0 = sev]al ye>s ! lead] ( ! free?9k]s 9 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,bad571 aft] _m ye>s ( c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 decl>$ t ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! fir/ ?ree1 7 committ$ to writ+ betwe5 ! ye>s #fj & #hj ( our era4#ah ,?is 0 only f ?irty to fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,c\ld m5 ( av]age memory & intellig5ce :o _h be5 almo/ daily prea*+ ! life & de$s ( ,jesus dur+ ^! ?irty or fifty ye>s h =gott5 !m8 ,! te/imony ( ,pr9cipal ,drummond1 ( ,ox=d1 is v p]t95t at ?is po9t4 ,he says3 ,if we suppose t ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7 writt5 f =ty to sixty ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,*ri/1 /ill !y 7 bas$ on e>li] mat]ial1 & ev5 aft] =ty ye>s ! memory ( *>act]i/ic say+s may be p]fectly cle>4444 ,i h n a p>ticul>ly good memory1 b ,i c recall _m say+s t 7 utt]$ =ty1 or ev5 fifty1 ye>s ago1 & 9 "s cases c vividly recollect ! sc5e4#ai ,if ! ,evangeli/s 7 eyewitnesses1 :i* ! records seem cle>ly to indicate1 !y possess$ "o ( ! /ronge/ te/s ( cr$ibility4 7#c7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 z to _! numb] & ! consi/5cy ( _! te/imony4 ,! cr$ibility ( a witness is greatly /r5g!n$ if 8 te/imony is corroborat$ by o!r witnesses :o te/ify to sub/antially ! same ?+4 ,! great] ! numb] ( support+ witnesses1 fraud & collusion be+ b>r$1 ! great] ! cr$ibility ( ! witness corroborat$4 ,b corroboration implies ! pres5ce 9 evid5ce ( due & reasonable consi/5cy betwe5 ! te/imony ( ! witness te/ify+ & t ( ^? corroborat+4 ,a radical discrepancy on a mat]ial po9t n only fails to /r5g!n1 b t5ds to de/roy ! cr$ibility ( "o or bo? ! witnesses4 ,n[1 ! fi]ce fire ( skeptical criticism dur+ all ! ages has be5 c5t]$ ^u ! s-call$ discrepancies ( ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,x is ass]t$ by _m critics t ^! inconsi/5cies are s num]\s & s palpable1 t ! ,gospel records are wor?less1 ev5 z secul> hi/ories4 ,! au?ors ( ^! writ+s1 accord+ to ! skeptics1 mutually de/roy ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,m>k ,,& ,,/4 ,,paul 7,d,,r]7 ,9 consid]+ ?is phase ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel writ]s1 x mu/ aga9 be rememb]$ t ! "q ( inspiration has no place 9 ?is discussion2 & t ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john mu/ be reg>d$ simply z secul> hi/orians4 ,! read] is urg$ to consid] ! biograph]s ( ! ,*ri/ z he w\ld consid] ord9>y witnesses 9 a c\rt ( law2 to apply to !m ! same te/s ( cr$ibility2 to sift & weigh _! te/imony 9 ! same mann]2 & to subject !m to ! same rules ( cross-exam9ation4 ,if ?is is done1 x is felt t ! result w be entirely favorable to ! v]acity & integrity ( ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( discrepancies x %\ld be con/antly kept 9 m9d t contradictions 9 te/imony d n necess>ily mean t !re has be5 falsehood or bad fai? on ! "p ( ! witnesses4 ,e lawy] ( exp]i5ce & e adult citiz5 ( av]age intellig5ce kn[s t ?is is true4 ,m5 ( unque/ion$ v]acity & incorruptible integrity are frequ5tly array$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 bo? civil & crim9al trials1 & ! record reveals irreconcilable contradictions 9 _! te/imony4 ,n only d prosecutions = p]jury n foll[1 b1 9 _m in/ances1 ! witnesses are n ev5 suspect$ ( bad fai? or an int5tion to falsify4 ,defects 9 sight1 he>+1 or memory2 sup]ior advantage 9 ! matt] ( obs]vation2 or a sudd5 *ange 9 ! position ( "o or bo? ! p>ties1 caus+ di/raction ( att5tion1 at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5ts involv$ 9 litigation--all or any ( ^! conditions1 z well z _m o!rs1 may create discrepancies & contradictions :]e !re is a total abs5ce ( any int5tion to misrepres5t4 ,a ?or\gh appreciation ( ?is fact w greatly aid 9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ?is phase ( ! discussion4 ,aga91 an inve/igation ( ! *>ge ( discrepancy aga9/ ! ,gospel writ]s %[s t ! critics & skeptics h classifi$ m]e omissions z contradictions4 ,no?+ c\ld be m absurd ?an to consid] an omission a contradiction1 unless ! requirem5ts ( ! case %[ t ! facts & circum/ances omitt$ 7 ess5tial to be /at$1 or t ! omission 0 evid5tly int5d$ to mislead or deceive4 ,any o!r cont5tion w\ld turn hi/orical lit]ature topsy-turvy & load x d[n ) contradictions4 ,dion ,cassius1 ,tacitus1 & ,suetonius h all writt5 elaborately ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,_m ?+s are m5tion$ by ea* t are n record$ by ! o!r two4 ,are we to reject all ?ree z unreliable hi/orians because ( ?is fact8 ,abbott1 ,hazlitt1 ,b\rri5ne1 & ,walt] ,scott h writt5 biographies ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,no "o ( !m has recit$ all ! facts record$ by ! o!rs4 ,are ^! omissions to de/roy ! m]its ( all ^! writ]s & cause !m to be suspect$ & reject$8 ,grafton's ,*ronicles rank high 9 ,engli% hi/orical lit]ature4 ,!y comprise ! reign ( ,k+ ,john2 & yet make no m5tion ( ! grant+ ( ,magna ,*>ta4 ,?is is z if ! life ( ,jeff]son _h be5 writt5 )\t m5tion ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 or a biography ( ,l9coln )\t call+ att5tion to ! ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,not)/&+ ?is /range omission1 ,engli%m5 /ill pres]ve ,grafton's ,*ronicles z valuable records among _! ar*ives4 ,& ! same _s ( g5]\s criticism is ev]y:]e display$ 9 matt]s ( pr(ane lit]ature4 ,! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity are nev] emb>rass$ 9 excus+ or expla9+ away omissions or contradictions1 provid$ ! writ] is a layman & 8 subject secul>4 ,b let ! !me be a sacr$ "o1 & ! au?or an ecclesia/ic--prea*]1 prie/1 or prophet--& imm$iately incr$ulity rises to high tide1 engulfs ! reason1 & de/roys all dispassionate criticism4 ,c\ld x be =gott5 = a mom5t t ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john 7 biograph]s ( ! ,*ri/1 a sacr$ p]son1 no difficulties w\ld arise 9 ! matt] ( inconsi/5cies1 no objections w\ld be made to _! cr$ibility4 ,! slight discrepancies t und\bt$ly exi/ w\ld pass unnotic$1 or be =ev] buri$ "u ! weight ( an ov]:elm+ conviction t !y are1 9 ! ma91 accurate & tru?ful4 ,b ! ,evangeli/s 7 guid$ by inspiration1 ! skeptics say2 & discrepancies are inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( inspiration4 ,god w\ld n h inspir$ !m to write contradictory /ories4 ,b ! assumption is false t !y claim$ to be guid$ by inspiration2 =1 z ,m>cus ,dods tru?fully says1 none ( our ,gospels pret5ds to be infallible or ev5 inspir$4 ,only "o ( !m tells u h[ its writ] obta9$ 8 in=mation1 & t 0 by c>eful inquiry at ! prop] s\rces4#bj ,b :e!r ! ,gospel writ]s 7 inspir$ or n is immat]ial s f> z ! purpose ( ?is *apt] is conc]n$4 ,! rules ( evid5ce te/+ _! cr$ibility w\ld be ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,a m p]t95t obs]vation ^u ! ,gospel discrepancies has n be5 made ?an t by ,paley 9 8 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]e he says3 ,i "k n a m ra% or m unphilosophical conduct ( ! und]/&+ ?an to reject ! sub/ance ( a /ory by reason ( "s div]sity 9 ! circum/ances ) :i* x is relat$4 ,! usual "* ( human te/imony is sub/antial tru? "u circum/antial v>iety4 ,?is is :at ! daily exp]i5ce ( c\rts ( ju/ice tea*es4 ,:5 acc\nts ( a transaction come f ! m\?s ( diff]5t witnesses x is seldom t x is n possible to pick out app>5t or real inconsi/5cies betwe5 !m4 ,^! inconsi/5cies are /udi\sly display$ by an adv]se plead]1 b (t5times ) little impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! judges4 ,on ! contr>y1 a close & m9ute agreem5t induces ! suspicion ( conf$]acy & fraud4 ,:5 writt5 hi/ories t\* ^u ! same sc5es ( action1 ! comp>ison almo/ always af=ds gr\nd = a l reflection4 ,num]\s1 & sometimes important1 v>iations pres5t !mselves2 n seldom1 also1 absolute & f9al contradictions2 yet nei!r "o nor ! o!r are deem$ suffici5t to %ake ! cr$ibility ( ! ma9 fact4 ,! embassy ( ! ,jews to deprecate ! execution ( ,claudian's ord] to place 8 /atue 9 _! temple1 ,philo places 9 ! h>ve/1 ,josephus 9 se$-"t2 bo? contempor>y writ]s4 ,no read] is l$ by ?is inconsi/5cy to d\bt :e!r su* an embassy 0 s5t1 or :e!r su* an ord] 0 giv54 ,our own hi/ory supplies examples ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,m>quis ( ,argyll's dea?1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii1 we h v rem>kable contradiction4 ,"l ,cl>5don relates t he 0 condemn$ to be hang$1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ! same day2 on ! contr>y1 ,burnet1 ,woodr[1 ,hea?1 ,e*>d1 concur 9 /at+ t he 0 condemn$ ^u ! ,saturday & execut$ ^u a ,monday4 ,0 any read] ( ,engli% hi/ory ev] skeptic en\gh to raise f h5ce a "q1 :e!r ! ,m>quis ( ,argyll 0 execut$ or n8 ,yet ?is ought to be left 9 unc]ta9ty1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory has sometimes be5 attack$4#ba ,! read] %\ld mo/ c>efully consid] ! useful z well z ! damag+ effect ( ,gospel inconsi/5cies 9 ! matt] ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,a c]ta9 class ( p]sons h imag9$ ! ,gospel writ]s to be common conspirators :o met toge!r at ! same "t & place to devise ways & means ( publi%+ a false report to ! _w4 ,?is is a silly supposition1 s9ce x is positively kn[n t ! au?ors ( ! ,evangelical n>ratives wrote & publi%$ !m at diff]5t times & places4 ,moreov]1 ! /yle & cont5ts ( ! books !mselves negative ! idea ( a conc]t$ purpose to deceive4 ,&1 besides1 ! v inconsi/5cies !mselves %[ t !re 0 no conf$]acy & fraud2 s9ce intellig5t conspirators w\ld h fabricat$ exactly ! same /ory 9 sub/antially ! same language4 ,fur!rmore1 a j & imp>tial criticism w consid] n only ! discrepant b also ! corroborative elem5ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels 7 indep5d5t hi/orians :o wrote at diff]5t times & places4 ,!n1 9 all matt]s ( fact 9 :i* !re is a common agreem5t1 !y may be said to fully corroborate ea* o!r4 ,& x may be cont5d$ )\t fe> ( successful contradiction t1 :5 s consid]$1 !re w be f\nd num]\s cases ( corroboration :]e !re is "o ( discord or inconsi/5cy4 ,! corroborative elem5ts or features 9 ! ,evangelical n>ratives may be classifi$ "u ?ree head+s3 7#a7 ,in/ances 9 :i* c]ta9 hi/orical ev5ts relat$ by "o ( ! ,gospel writ]s are also told by "o or m ( ! o!rs4 ,^! are cases ( ord9>y corroboration4 7#b7 ,in/ances 9 :i* ! recital ( a c]ta9 fact by "o ( ! ,evangeli/s w\ld be obscure or mean+less unless expla9$ or supplem5t$ by ano!r4 ,^! may be reg>d$ z examples ( int]nal confirmation4 7#c7 ,in/ances 9 :i* ! fact relat$ by "o ,evangeli/ mu/ be true f ! nature ( ! case1 reg>dless ( :at ! o!rs h said4 ,?is is ! simple confirmation ( logic or reason4 ,a few illu/rations w s]ve to make cle> ?is classification4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ ( ord9>y corroboration may be m5tion$ ! acc\nts ( ! miracle ( fe$+ ! five ?\s&4 ,all ! ,evangeli/s tell u ( ?is ev5t1 & ea* records ! fact t ! fragm5ts tak5 up 7 twelve baskets full4#bb ,"u ! second head+ ( int]nal confirmation ! foll[+ in/ances may be cit$3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fg1 #fh3 ,& o!rs smote him ) ! palms ( _! h&s1 say+1 ,prophesy unto u1 ?\ ,*ri/1 ,:o is he t smote !e8 ,a cavil+ criticism w\ld dem&3 ,:y ask ( ! ,*ri/ to prophesy to ^? 9 ,8 pres5ce8 ,& ! obscurity w\ld be damag+1 7 x n = an additional s5t5ce 9 ,luke1 :o records ! same circum/ance4 ,& :5 !y _h bl9dfold$ him1 !y /ruck him on ! face1 & ask$ him1 say+1 ,prophesy1 ,:o is x t smote !e8#bc ,! fact t ,jesus 0 bl9dfold$1 :i* is told by ,luke1 expla9s ! use ( ! ^w prophesy by ,mat!w1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be absurd4 ,aga91 ,matt4 xiii4 #b3 ,& great multitudes 7 ga!r$ toge!r ) him1 s t he w5t into ! %ip1 & sat4 ,"h1 ! def9ite article po9ts to a p>ticul> %ip :i* ,mat!w fails to m5tion4 ,b ,m>k comes to 8 aid & cle>ly expla9s ! /atem5t3 ,& he spake to 8 disciples1 t a small vessel %\ld wait ^u him because ( ! multitude1 le/ !y %\ld ?rong him4 ,^! two passages tak5 toge!r id5tify ! %ip4 ,aga91 ,john vi4 #e3 ,:5 ,jesus lift$ up 8 eyes1 & saw a great company come to him1 he sai? unto ,philip1 ,:5ce %all we buy bread t ^! may eat8 ,?is is "o ( ! only two places 9 ! ,gospel :]e ,jesus address$ ?is ,apo/le4 ,b :y ask ,philip in/ead ( "o ( ! o!rs8 ,two o!r passages1 "o f ,john & "o f ,luke1 furni% an explanation4 ,9 ,john i4 #dd we read t ,philip 0 ( ,be?saida4 ,9 ,luke ix4 #aj we le>n t ! sc5e ( ! ev5t1 ! miracle ( fe$+ ! five ?\s&1 0 a des]t place belong+ to ! city call$ ,be?saida4 ,! reason1 !n1 = address+ ,philip1 in/ead ( "o ( ! o!r ,apo/les1 is cle>4 ,be?saida 0 ! home ( ,philip2 & he w\ld naturally1 !re=e1 be m famili> ) ! location ( ! bread %ops ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ,john vi41 :]e ! "q is ask$1 nei!r ! place ( ! fe$+ nor ! apo/le que/ion$ is ev5 remotely connect$ ) ! city ( ,be?saida2 & 9 ,luke ! acc\nt ( ! miracle says no?+ ( ,philip or ! "q put to him4 ,b :5 ! passages are connect$ ! /rik+ co9cid5ce appe>s1 & ! explanation is complete4 ,aga91 ,john xviii4 #aj3 ,!n ,simon ,pet]1 hav+ a sword1 drew x & smote ! high prie/'s s]vant1 & cut (f 8 "r e>4 ,! s]vant's "n 0 ,mal*us4 ,x has be5 object$ t !re is n[h]e an acc\nt ( ! arre/ or puni%m5t ( ,pet] = ?is assault & resi/ance to arm$ au?ority2 & t1 !re=e1 !re 0 no su* occurr5ce4 ,a passage f ,luke expla9s ! failure to arre/4 ,& ,jesus answ]$ & said1 ,suff] ye ?us f>1 & he t\*$ 8 e> & heal$ him4#bd ,! heal+ ( ! e> expla9s :y no arre/ foll[$2 =1 if *>ges _h be5 made1 !re w\ld h be5 no evid5ce ( ! gravity ( ! (f5se4 ,inde$1 witnesses aga9/ ,pet] w\ld h be5 completely conf\nd$ & humiliat$ by ! result ( ! miracle2 & might h be5 driv5 f c\rt z malici\s accus]s4 ,!n1 ! failure to arre/ is a sil5t corroboration ( ! /atem5t t ! ev5t occurr$ & t ! miracle 0 p]=m$4 ,"u ! ?ird head+1 ( ! confirmation ( logic or reason1 a s+le in/ance w suffice4 ,john xx4 #d3 ,& ! o!r disciple did outrun ,pet] & came fir/ to ! sepul*re4 ,! o!r disciple 0 ,/4 ,john1 :o is g5]ally conc$$ to h be5 ! y\nge/ ( ! ,apo/les4 ,& ,/4 ,pet]1 we may judge f ,john xxi4 #ah1 0 already pa/ ! m]idian ( life4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an t ! y\ng] man %\ld outrun ! old] & arrive fir/ at ! sepul*]8 ,:at bett] pro( c\ld be expect$ ( ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( t sweetness & mode/y 9 y\? :i* respects old age1 & t ende>$ ,john to ,jesus above all o!rs1 ?an we h "h1 :]e ! y\ng] man awaits ! arrival ( ! old] be=e beg9n+ to explore ! des]t$ tomb8 ,examples simil> to ^! might be multipli$ at l5g?1 s9ce ! ,gospel hi/ories are fill$ ) !m2 b ^? above m5tion$ are deem$ suffici5t to illu/rate ! !ory ( corroboration4 ,! in/ances ( int]nal confirmation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives are especially conv9c+4 ,!y are argum5ts & pro(s 9 ! nature ( undesign$ co9cid5ces :i*1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 %ut out all possibility ( collusion or fraud4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are express$ 9 a s+le phrase & repres5t an isolat$ ?\ght corroborative ( "s o!r else:]e express$4 ,?\gh small1 deta*$1 & fragm5t>y1 l p>ticles ( dynamite1 !y op]ate ) resi/less =ce :5 collect$ & comb9$4 ,once m att5tion is call$ to ! fact t ^! discrepancies negative completely ! idea t ! ,gospel writ]s 7 conspirators1 b5t ^u ! common purpose ( deceiv+ mank9d by publi%+ a false hi/ory to ! _w4 ,no?+ c\ld be m absurd ?an to suppose t m5 conspir+ to p]petrate a fraud1 w\ld neglect a fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ all successful conspiracy2 t is1 ! creation & ma9t5ance ( a due & reasonable consi/5cy betwe5 ! words & de$s ( ! conspirators 9 =mulat+ plans = c>ry+ out ! common purpose4 ,!n1 if !re 0 no previ\s conc]t1 ! fact t f\r m51 writ+ at diff]5t times & places1 concurr$ 9 fram+ sub/antially ! same hi/ory1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! cr$ibility ( ! writ]s & ! tru?fulness ( _! n>ratives4 ,& on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( a v great writ] may be quot$3 t 9 a numb] ( concurr5t te/imonies1 :]e !re has be5 no previ\s conc]t1 !re is a probability di/9ct f t :i* may be t]m$ ! sum ( ! probabilities result+ f ! te/imonies ( ! witnesses2 a probability :i* w\ld rema91 ev5 ?\gh ! witnesses 7 ( su* a "* z to m]it no fai? at all4 ,?is probability arises f ! concurr5ce itself4 ,t su* a concurr5ce %\ld spr+ f *ance is z "o to inf9ite2 t is1 9 o!r words1 morally impossible4 ,if1 !re=e1 conc]t be exclud$1 !re rema9s no cause b ! reality ( ! fact4#be ,apply ! !ory ( probability1 aris+ f concurr5t te/imonies1 :]e !re has be5 no previ\s conc]t1 to ! case ( ! ,evangeli/s1 & we are at once conv9c$ t !y 7 tru?ful & t _! hi/ories are true4 7#d7 ,let u n[ consid] ! con=mity ( ! te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s ) human exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! f\r? legal te/ ( ! cr$ibility ( witnesses prescrib$ by ,/>kie4 ,! con=mity ( te/imony ) exp]i5ce is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t & univ]sally appli$ te/s ( ! cr$ibility ( witnesses4 ,& x may be rem>k$ t its application is n conf9$ to judicial proce$+s or to c\rts ( law4 ,x requires no pr(essional atta9m5ts to make x effective4 ,! blacksmi? & c>p5t]1 z well z ! judge & jury1 employ x 9 e m5tal op]ation :]e ! /atem5ts ( o!rs are submitt$ to analysis & inve/igation4 ,a new !ory be+ propos$1 ! correctness ( :i* is que/ion$1 ! te/ ( exp]i5ce is at once appli$4 ,if x is n 9 h>mony ) :at we h se5 & he>d & felt1 we usually reject x2 or1 at lea/1 d\bt x4 ,if an explor] %\ld return f ! ,arctic regions & tell u t he _h se5 oranges1 su* z we import f ,florida1 gr[+ on trees ne> ! ,nor? ,pole1 we w\ld n believe him4 ,nei!r w\ld we cr$it ! /atem5t ( a travel] f ,s\? ,am]ica t he _h se5 ,pol> be>s br[s+ on ! banks ( ! ,amazon4 ,^! repres5tations w\ld be utt]ly inconsi/5t ) :at we "k to be ! ess5tial conditions ( orange culture1 & ) ! well-kn[n habits & climatic nature ( ! ,pol> be>4 ,an anci5t docum5t1 purport+ to date f ! "t ( ,wa%+ton & ! ,revolution1 & conta9+ recitals ab\t railways1 telegraphs1 telephones1 & electric lights1 w\ld be recogniz$ at once z spuri\s1 because our own exp]i5ce z well z facts ( hi/ory w\ld tell u t !re 7 no su* ?+s 9 ! days ( ,wa%+ton & ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,^! are simple illu/rations ( ! application ( ! te/ ( exp]i5ce 9 ! m5tal processes ( weigh+ & sift+ ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,n[1 no s]i\s objection to ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel writ]s has be5 made "u ! te/ ( ! con=mity ( _! /atem5ts ) exp]i5ce1 except 9 ! matt] ( miracles4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 ev5 by skeptics1 t ! facts /at$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives might h happ5$ 9 ! due c\rse ( nature & 9 h>mony ) human exp]i5ce1 except :]e miracles are relat$4 ,a few skeptics h decl>$ t a miracle is an impossibility & t ! ,evangeli/s 7 ei!r deceiv]s or deceiv$ :5 !y wrote _! acc\nts ( ! miracul\s p]=mances ( ! ,*ri/2 & t1 :e!r deceiv]s or deceiv$1 !y are unwor?y ( belief4 ,! great antagoni/ ( ! !ory ( miracles among ^? :o ass]t _! impossibility is ,sp9oza1 :o has ?us writt53 ,a miracle1 :e!r contr>y to or above nature1 is a %e] absurdity4 ,no?+ happ5s 9 nature :i* does n foll[ f its laws2 ^! laws ext5d to all :i* ent]s ! ,div9e m9d2 &1 la/ly1 nature proce$s 9 a fix$ & *angeless c\rse--:5ce x foll[s t ! ^w 'miracle' c only be und]/ood 9 relation to ! op9ions ( mank9d1 & signifies no?+ m ?an an ev5t1 a ph5om5on1 ! cause ( :i* _c be expla9$ by ano!r famili> in/ance4444 ,i might say1 inde$1 t a miracle 0 t1 ! cause ( :i* _c be expla9$ by our natural und]/&+ f ! kn[n pr9ciples ( natural ?+s4 ,! radical antagonism ( ,sp9oza to ! doctr9e ( miracles1 z taught 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures1 0 ! legitimate (fspr+ ( 8 peculi> philosophy4 ,he 0 a pan!i/ & id5tifi$ ,god ) nature4 ,he did n believe 9 a p]sonal ,god1 sep>ate f & sup]ior to nature4 ,he repudiat$ ! !ory ( a spiritual k+dom hav+ a spiritual sov]eign to :om e>? & nature are subject & ob$i5t4 ,!re=e1 e manife/ation ( p[] :i* he c\ld n id5tify ) a natural =ce he believ$ 0 unreal1 if n actually deceptive & fraudul5t2 s9ce he c\ld n imag9e any?+ sup]ior to nature t c\ld h creat$ ! ph5om5on4 ,8 d5ial ( miracles 01 !n1 really no?+ less ?an a d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god :o spoke ! e>? into be+ 9 ! v beg9n+2 & has s9ce1 ) a wat*ful pat]nal eye1 foll[$ its movem5ts & controll$ its de/9y4 ,! "q ( miracles is really a matt] ( fai? & n a problem ( sci5ce4 ,x is impossible to ei!r prove or disprove ! nature ( a miracle by physical demon/ration4 ,9 o!r words1 x is impossible to analyze a miracle f ! /&po9t ( *emi/ry or physics4 ,! p]=mance ( a miracle1 nev]!less1 may be prov$ by ord9>y human te/imony1 z any o!r ev5t may be prov$4 ,we may te/ify to ! fact )\t be+ able to und]/& or to demon/rate ! cause4 ,^? :o believe t !re are di/9ct spiritual z well z physical =ces 9 ! univ]se2 t !re is some:]e an omnisci5t & omnipot5t ,spiritual ,be+ :o has b to w ! creation ( a planet or ! de/ruction ( matt] 9 ord] to accompli% ! result desir$1 c easily believe 9 ! ex]cise ( miracul\s p[]4 ,^? :o believe ! ,bible acc\nt ( ! creation1 t ,god said 9 ! beg9n+1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light--su* p]sons f9d no difficulty 9 believ+ t ,jesus conv]t$ wat] into w9e or caus$ ! lame to walk1 if !y believe t ,he 0 ?is same ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,a div9ity :o1 9 ! morn+ ( creation1 spoke some?+ out ( no?+1 w\ld c]ta9ly n be impot5t to re/ore life to ,laz>us or sight to ! bl9d ,b>timeus4 ,! tr\ble ) ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza is t 8 own high prie/ess--,nature--seems to be con/antly work+ miracles "u 8 own def9ition2 & miracles1 too1 t v closely resemble ! wond]s said to h be5 wr\ght by ! ,*ri/4 ,milk is tak5 into ! /oma*1 subject$ to v>i\s processes ( dige/ion1 is !n ?r[n into ! blood & f9ally becomes fle% & bone4 ,! ultimate /ep 9 ?is process ( trans=mation is unkn[n &1 p]haps1 unkn[able to sci5ti/s4 ,no deep] my/]y is sugge/$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures4 ,! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e is no /rang]1 no m incompreh5sible ?an ! trans=mation ( milk into fle% & bone4 ,x may be admitt$ t ! *emical elem5ts are ! same ?r\gh\t 9 "o process & diff]5t 9 ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ! results ( bo? are p]fectly describ$ by ,sp9oza's def9ition1 t a miracle 0 t1 ! cause ( :i* _c be expla9$ by our natural und]/&+ f ! kn[n pr9ciples ( natural ?+s4 ,x may be tru?fully rem>k$ t nature is ev]y:]e & at all times work+ wond]s 9 h>mony ) & p>allel to ! miracles wr\ght by ! spiritual =ces ( ! univ]se4 ,god's sov]eign miracle may be describ$ z ! *ang+ ( a man1 ) all 8 s9s & imp]fections1 into a w+$ _s1 ?us fitt+ him to leave ! co>se & vulg> e>? = life among ! />s4 ,nature1 9 h] feeble way1 tries to imitate ! wond] by trans=m+ ! cat]pill> into a butt]fly1 ?us fitt+ x to leave ! dunghill = life among ! fl[]s4 ,sp9oza insi/s t miracles are impossible because nature proce$s 9 a fix$ & *angeless c\rse4 ,b is ?is really true8 ,are ! laws ( nature inv>iably uni=m8 ,does n nature seem at times tir$ ( uni=mity & resolv$ to rise to lib]ty by ! creation ( :at we call a miracle1 or m vulg>ly1 a freak8 ,mov+ 9 :at ,sp9oza is pleas$ to call a fix$ & *angeless c\rse1 nature ord9>ily provides a *ick5 ) two legs & a snake ) "o head4 ,b :at ab\t *ick5s ) ?ree legs & snakes ) two heads1 su* z are frequ5tly se58 ,0 nature mov+ 9 a fix$ & *angeless c\rse :5 ^! ?+s 7 creat$8 ,c\ld ,sp9oza h expla9$ su* ph5om5a by 8 natural und]/&+ f ! kn[n pr9ciples ( natural ?+s8 ,w\ld he h cont5t$ himself ) call+ !m natural accid5ts or freaks8 ,nev]!less1 !y are miracles "u 8 def9ition2 & ! entire subject mu/ be discuss$ & debat$ ) ref]5ce to "s /&>d or def9ition ( a miracle4 ,if nature occasionally1 9 mom5ts ( sportiv5ess or digression1 upsets h] own laws & creates :at we call freaks1 :y is x unreasonable to suppose t ! great ,god :o creat$ nature %\ld n1 at times1 tempor>ily susp5d ! laws :i* ,he has made = ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 or ev5 devote !m to /range & novel purposes 9 ! creation ( ^? noble ph5om5a :i* we call miracles8 ,o!r skeptics1 l ,r5an1 d n d5y ! possibility ( miracles1 b simply cont5t !mselves ) ass]t+ t !re is no suffici5t pro( t su* ?+s ev] happ5$4 ,!y ?us repudiate ! te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is n1 says ,r5an1 !n1 9 ! "n ( ?is or t philosophy1 b 9 ! "n ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 t we bani% miracle f hi/ory4 ,we d n say t miracles are impossible4 ,we d say t up to ?is "t a miracle has nev] be5 prov$4 ,!n ! ,breton biograph] & philosoph] gives u 8 idea ( ! te/s t %\ld be made 9 ord] to furni% adequate pro( t a miracle has be5 p]=m$4 ,if to-morr[1 he says1 a ?aumaturgus pres5ts himself ) cr$5tials suffici5tly important to be discuss$ & ann\nces himself z able1 say1 to raise ! dead1 :at w\ld be done8 ,a commission compos$ ( physiologi/s1 physici/s1 *emi/s1 p]sons accu/om$ to hi/orical criticism w\ld be nam$4 ,?is commission w\ld *oose a corpse1 w\ld assure itself t ! dea? 0 real1 w\ld select a room 9 :i* ! exp]im5t %\ld be made1 w\ld arrange ! :ole sy/em ( precautions1 s z to leave no *ance ( d\bt4 ,if1 "u su* conditions1 ! resurrection 7 effect$1 a probability almo/ equal to c]ta9ty w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x ought to be possible always to repeat an exp]im5t--to d ov] aga9 t :i* has be5 done once2 & z1 9 ! ord] ( miracle1 !re c be no "q ( ease or difficulty1 ! ?aumaturgus w\ld be invit$ to reproduce 8 m>vel\s act "u o!r circum/ances1 ^u o!r corpses1 9 ano!r place4 ,if ! miracle %\ld succe$ ea* "t1 two ?+s w\ld be prov$3 fir/1 t sup]natural ev5ts happ5 9 ! _w2 second1 t ! p[] ( produc+ !m belongs or is delegat$ 9 c]ta9 p]sons4 ,b :o does n see t no miracle ev] took place "u ^! conditions8 ,b t always hi!rto ! ?aumaturgus has *os5 ! subject ( ! exp]im5t1 *os5 ! spot1 *os5 ! public8#bf ,?is is an extract f ! celebrat$ ,life ( ,jesus by ,r5an1 & is int5d$ to demoli% ! ,gospel acc\nt ( ! miracles ( ! ,*ri/4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! great skeptic has fail$ to exhibit 8 usual fairness 9 argum5t4 ,he has indirectly comp>$ ,jesus to a ?aumaturgus1 & has inf]5tially /at$ t 9 ! p]=mance ( ,8 miracles ,he *ose ! subject ( 8 exp]im5t1 *ose ! spot1 *ose ! public4 ,e /ud5t ( ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory kn[s t ?is is n true ( ! facts & circum/ances surr\nd+ ! p]=mance ( miracles by ,*ri/4 ,x is true t vulg> curiosity & cavil+ incr$ulity 7 n gratifi$ by ! pres5ce ( specially summon$ physiologi/s1 physici/s1 & *emi/s4 ,b x is equally true t su* p]sons 7 n prev5t$ f be+ pres5t2 t !re 0 no attempt at secrecy or concealm5t2 & t no subject ( exp]im5t1 p>ticul> spot1 or special audi5ce 0 ev] *os54 ,! ,new ,te/am5t miracles 7 wr\ght1 z a g5]al ?+1 "u ! op5 sky1 9 ! /reet1 by ! wayside1 on ! m\nta9 slope1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( _m p1 bo? fri5ds & enemies ( ,jesus4 ,!re 0 no se>*+ or adv]tis+ = subjects = exp]im5t4 ,f> f *oos+ ! subject1 ! spot1 & ! public1 ,jesus ex]cis$ ,8 miracul\s p[]s ^u ^? :o came volunt>ily to ,him suff]+ ) "s dreadful malady & ask+ to be cur$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! case ( affliction 0 ( long /&+ & well kn[n to ! community4 ,! heal+ 0 done publicly & witness$ by _m p4 ,r5an sugge/s t ! ?aumaturgus m5tion$ 9 8 illu/ration w\ld be requir$ to repeat 8 p]=mance 9 ! matt] ( rais+ ! dead be=e he w\ld be fully believ$4 ,?is rem9ds u t ,jesus wr\ght _m miracles4 ,m ?an =ty are record$ 9 ! ,gospel n>ratives2 & 9 ! clos+ v]se ( ,/4 ,john1 !re is a /rong intimation t ,he p]=m$ _m t 7 nev] record$4 ,^!1 x is respectfully submitt$1 7 amply suffici5t to demon/rate ,8 miracul\s p[]s4 ,:atev] =m infidelity may assume 9 its antagonism to ! doctr9e ( miracles1 x w be f\nd t ! c5tral idea is t su* ?+s are n f\nd$ 9 exp]i5ce2 & t ?is te/ ( cr$ibility fails 9 ! case ( ! ,gospel writ]s1 because !y kn[+ly record$ impossible ev5ts4 ,x w\ld be idle to attempt to depreciate ! value ( ?is p>ticul> te/2 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t no?+ is m fallaci\s1 unless prop]ly def9$ & limit$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! exp]i5ce ( "o man1 nation1 or g5]ation is n necess>ily t ( ano!r man1 nation1 or g5]ation4 ,! exact me*anical processes employ$ by ! ,egyptians 9 rais+ ! pyramids are z mu* a my/]y to mod]n sci5ti/s z a ,m>conigram w\ld be to a savage ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t pres5t to ea* o!r almo/ miracul\s =ms ( div]sity 9 mann]s1 habits1 & cu/oms1 9 modes ( ?\ght & life4 ,! ,fr5*man says1 ',i am ! be/ dy] 9 ,europe3 nobody c equal me1 & nobody c surpass ,lyons4' ,yet 9 ,ca%m]e1 :]e ! girls make %awls wor? #cj1jjj1 !y w %[ him ?ree hundr$ di/9ct colors1 :i* he n only _c make1 b _c ev5 di/+ui%4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 ,tales ( ! ,crusad]s1 ?rill+ly describes a meet+ betwe5 ! ,turki% ,salad9 & ! ,engli% ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion4 ,salad9 ask$ ,ri*>d to give him an exhibition ( 8 m>vel\s /r5g?4 ,! ,norman mon>* pick$ up an iron b> f ! floor ( ! t5t & sev]$ x4 ,! ,mahometan crusad] 0 amaz$4 ,ri*>d !n ask$ him :at he c\ld d4 ,salad9 repli$ t he c\ld n pull iron ap>t l t1 b t he c\ld d some?+ equally z wond]ful4 ,!reupon1 he took an eid]-d[n pill[ f ! s(a1 & drew 8 ke51 ,damascus-temp]$ blade across x1 :i* caus$ x to fall into two pieces4 ,ri*>d cri$ 9 a/oni%m5t3 ,?is is ! black art2 x is magic2 x is ! devil3 y _c cut t :i* has no resi/ance6 ,"h ,occid5tal /r5g? & ,ori5tal magic met & wr\ght seem+ miracles 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,9 8 great lecture on ,! ,lo/ ,arts1 ,w5dell ,phillips says t "o ,george ,?ompson told him t he saw a man 9 ,calcutta ?r[ a h&ful ( floss silk into ! air1 & t a ,h9doo sev]$ x into pieces ) 8 sab]4 ,a ,we/]n swordsman c\ld n d ?is4 ,objectors to miracles frequ5tly ask :y !y are n p]=m$ to-day1 :y we nev] see !m4 ,to :i* reply may be made t1 "u ,sp9oza's def9ition1 miracles are be+ wr\ght e day n only by nature1 b by man4 ,:y call ,edison ! magician & ! wiz>d1 unless ! public believes ?is8 ,b is x any argum5t aga9/ ! miracles ( ,jesus t simil> ones are n se5 to-day8 ,h ?+s n be5 done 9 ! pa/ t w nev] be repeat$8 ,we h ref]r$ to ! pyramids ( ,egypt & to ! lo/ art involv$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,a fur!r illu/ration may be f\nd 9 ! orig9 ( man4 ,"o ( two !ories is und\bt$ly true3 t ! fir/ man & woman came into ! _w )\t be+ born2 or t man & woman are ! products ( evolution f l[] ord]s ( animals4 ,no o!r !ories h ev] be5 advanc$ z to ! orig9 ( ! human race4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9 t mod]n g5]ations h nev] exp]i5c$ ei!r ( ^! ?+s1 = all ! human be+s ( to-day 7 und\bt$ly born ( o!r human be+s1 & x is c]ta9 t ! process ( evolution /opp$ long ago1 s9ce m5 & wom5 7 z p]fect physically & m5tally f\r ?\s& ye>s ago z !y are to-day4 ,9 o!r words1 ! processes :i* orig9at$ man are ?+s ( ! pa/1 s9ce we h no ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 exp]i5ces to-day1 nor is !re any univ]sal metamorphosis ( monkeys go+ on4 ,!re=e1 to argue t ! miracles ( ,jesus did n happ51 because we d n see su* ?+s to-day1 is to d5y ! und\bt$ occurr5ces ( hi/ory & developm5ts ( human life1 because su* occurr5ces & developm5ts are no long] famili> to u & our g5]ation4 ,to d5\nce ev]y?+ z false t we h n individually se51 he>d1 & felt1 w\ld be to limit mo/ pa9fully ! range ( ! m5tal vision4 ,! intellectual horizon w\ld n be greatly ext5d$ %\ld we jo9 ) our own ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs t we h se5 & kn[n4 ,mu* in=mation is report$ by telegraphic despat* & _m ?+s are told u by travel]s t we %\ld accept z true2 al?\gh su* matt]s may h no relation to :at we h ev] se5 or he>d4 ,else1 we %\ld be z fooli% z ! k+ ( ,siam :o reject$ ! /ory ( ! ,dut* ambassador1 t 9 ,holl& wat] 0 frequ5tly froz5 into a solid mass4 ,9 ! w>m climate ( ! ,ea/ ,indian tropics ! k+ _h nev] se5 wat] s congeal$ &1 !re=e1 he refus$ to believe t su* a ?+ _h ev] happ5$ any:]e4 ,exp]i5ce is a mo/ logical & reasonable te/ if x is suffici5tly ext5d$ to t\* all ! mat]ial phases ( ! subject "u inve/igation4 ,x is a mo/ dang]\s "o if we insi/ ^u judg+ ! mat]ial & spiritual univ]se1 ) its inf9ite v>iety ( =ms & *anges1 by ! limit$ exp]i5ce ( a simple & isolat$ life1 or by ! p>ticul> /&>ds ( any "o age or race4 ,a progressive civilization1 "u su* an application ( ! te/1 w\ld be impossible1 s9ce ea* g5]ation ( m5 w\ld h to beg9 de novo1 & be re/rict$ to ! results ( its own exp]i5ce4 ,! en=cem5t ( su* a doctr9e w\ld prev5t1 fur!rmore1 ! acceptance ( ! tru?s ( nature discov]$ by inv5tive g5ius or develop$ by physical or *emical rese>*1 until su* tru?s _h become matt]s ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,e man w\ld !n be 9 ! position ( ! incr$ul\s citiz5 :o1 hav+ be5 told t a message _h be5 s5t by wire f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton ann\nc+ ! nom9ation ( ,james ,k4 ,polk = ! presid5cy1 refus$ to believe 9 telegraphic messages until he c\ld be at bo? ends ( ! l9e at once4 ,! art ( telegraphy 0 a reality1 nev]!less1 9 spite ( 8 incr$ulity & inexp]i5ce4 ,! ,am]ican savages :o fir/ beheld ! %ips ( ,columbus are said to h reg>d$ !m z huge birds f heav5 & to h refus$ to believe t !y 7 boats1 because1 9 _! exp]i5ce1 !y _h nev] se5 su* imm5se canoes ) w+s4 ,h]odotus tells u ( "s d>+ sailors :o crept along ! coa/ ( ,africa beyond ! limits usually visit$ at t "t4 ,!y came back home ) a wond]ful acc\nt ( _! trip & told ! /ory t !y _h actually rea*$ a c\ntry :]e _! %ad[s fell t[>d ! s\? at midday4 ,!y 7 n believ$1 & _! report 0 reject$ ) scorn & incr$ulity by ! inhabitants ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 because _! only exp]i5ce 0 t a man's %ad[ always po9t$ t[>d ! nor?2 & !y did n believe x possible t %ad[s c\ld be ca/ o!rwise4 ,b ! report ( ! sailors 0 true1 nev]!less4#bg ,^! simple illu/rations tea* u t be+s o!r ?an ourselves h _h exp]i5ces :i* are n only diff]5t f any t we h ev] _h1 b are also ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly beyond our compreh5sion4 ,& ! moral ( ?is tru?1 :5 appli$ to ! /atem5ts ( ! ,evangeli/s reg>d+ miracles1 is t ! =tunate subjects & witnesses ( ! miracul\s p[]s ( ,jesus might h _h exp]i5ces :i* we h nev] _h & t we _c n[ cle>ly compreh5d4 7#e7 ,9 ! fif? & la/ place1 z to ! co9cid5ce ( _! te/imony ) collat]al circum/ances4 ,?is is ! *ief te/ ( cr$ibility 9 all ^? cases :]e ! witness1 ^: te/imony has be5 r$uc$ to writ+1 is dead1 abs5t1 or insane4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is impossible to apply :at may be t]m$ p]sonal te/s on cross-exam9ation2 t is1 to develop ! impea*+ or corroborat+ features ( bias1 prejudice1 & p]sonal demeanor to ! same ext5t z :5 ! witness is /ill liv+ & te/ifies orally4 ,:5 a writt5 n>rative is all t we h1 its reliability c only be asc]ta9$ by a close inspection ( its p>ts1 comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 & !n ) collat]al & contemporane\s facts & circum/ances4 ,! value ( ?is te/ _c be ov]-e/imat$1 & ,gre5leaf has /at$ v fully & concisely ! basis ^u :i* x re/s4 ,e ev5t1 he says1 :i* actually transpires1 has its appropriate relation & place 9 ! va/ complication ( circum/ances ( :i* ! affairs ( m5 consi/2 x owes its orig9 to ! ev5ts :i* h prec$$ x1 is intimately connect$ ) all o!rs :i* occur at ! same "t & place1 & (t5 ) ^? ( remote regions1 & 9 its turn gives bir? to numb]less o!rs :i* succe$4 ,9 all ?is almo/ inconceivable contexture & seem+ discord1 !re is p]fect h>mony2 & :ile ! fact :i* really happ5$ tallies exactly ) e o!r contemporane\s incid5t relat$ to x 9 ! remote/ degree1 x is n possible = ! wit ( man to inv5t a /ory1 :i*1 if closely comp>$ ) ! actual occurr5ces ( ! same "t & place1 may n be %[n to be false4#bh ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,/4 ,,pet] 7,d,,r]7 ,?is pr9ciple (f]s a wide field to ! skill ( ! cross-exam9]1 & enables him frequ5tly to elicit tru? or e/abli% falsehood :5 all o!r te/s h fail$4 ,x is a pr9ciple also p]fectly well kn[n to ! p]jur] & to ! suborn] ( witnesses4 ,multiplicity ( details is /udi\sly avoid$ by ! false witness1 :o dreads p>ticul>ity & feels t safety lies 9 conf9+ 8 te/imony z ne>ly z possible to a s+le fact1 ^: att5dant facts & circum/ances are few & simple4 ,:5 ! witness is too ignorant to und]/& ! pr9ciple & appreciate ! dang]1 8 attorney1 if he cons5ts to di%onor 8 pr(ession & pollute ! wat]s ( ju/ice ) corrupt te/imony1 may be dep5d$ ^u to adm9i/] prop] w>n+4 ,! witness w be told to "k z few ?+s & to rememb] z little z possible conc]n+ matt]s ab\t :i* he has n be5 previ\sly in/ruct$4 ,! result w be t 8 te/imony1 especially 9 matt]s 9 :i* he is compell$ by ! c\rt to te/ify1 w be hesitat+1 re/ra9$1 unequal1 & unnatural4 ,he w be s]v$ at e turn by a mo/ conv5i5t memory :i* w enable him to =get _m important & to rememb] _m unimportant facts & circum/ances4 ,he w betray a pa9ful hesitancy 9 ! matt] ( committ+ himself ^u any p>ticul> po9t ^u :i* he has n be5 already drill$4 ,! tru?ful witness1 on ! o!r h&1 is usually c&id1 +5u\s1 & copi\s 9 8 /atem5ts4 ,he %[s a will+ness to answ] all que/ions1 ev5 ^? involv+ ! m9ute/ details1 & seems totally indiff]5t to ! "q ( v]ification or contradiction4 ,! texture ( 8 te/imony is1 !re=e1 equal1 natural1 & unre/ra9$4 ,n[ ^! latt] *>act]i/ics m>k e page ( ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories4 ,! ,gospel writ]s wrote ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 & record$ 9 detail & ) ! utmo/ p>ticul>ity1 ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 habits1 & hi/oric facts contemporane\s ) _! lives4 ,! naturalness & +5u\sness ( _! writ+s are simply m>vel\s4 ,!re is n[h]e any evid5ce ( an attempt to conceal1 pat* up1 or reconcile4 ,no introductory exclamations or subsequ5t explanations :i* usually *>act]ize false te/imony appe> any:]e 9 _! writ+s4 ,!y 7 seem+ly absolutely indiff]5t to :e!r !y 7 believ$ or n4 ,_! n>ratives seem to say3 ,^! are records ( tru?2 & if ! _w rejects !m x rejects ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,su* c&or & assurance are always ov]:elm+ly impressive2 & 9 e =um ( debate are reg>d$ z unmi/akable signs ( tru?4 ,! ,evangeli/s1 x mu/ be assum$1 7 fully aw>e ( ! dang] ( too great p>ticul>ity 9 ! matt] ( false te/imony1 & w\ld h hesitat$ to commit !mselves on s _m po9ts if _! /atem5ts _h be5 untrue4 ,we h already not$ ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,holtzmann1 ( ,heidelb]g1 t ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7 committ$ to writ+ betwe5 ! ye>s #fj & #hj ( our era4 ,at t "t x is c]ta9 t !re 7 /ill liv+ _m p]sons :o 7 famili> ) ! ev5ts 9 ! life & tea*+s ( ! ,savior1 z well z ) ! num]\s o!r facts & circum/ances relat$ by ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 ,i ,cor4 xv4 #f1 speaks ( five hundr$ bre?r5 to :om ! ris5 ,jesus appe>$ at "o "t2 & he adds1 ( :om ! great] "p rema9 unto ?is pres5t1 b "s are fall5 asleep4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is p>ticul> gr\p ( two hundr$ & fifty or m 7 c]ta9ly n ! only p]sons !n liv+ :o _h a di/9ct remembrance ( ! ,ma/]1 ,8 tea*+s1 & ,8 miracles4 ,_m :o _h be5 heal$ by ,him1 *ildr5 :o _h sat ^u ,8 knee & be5 bless$ by ,him1 & _m memb]s ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty & ( ! ,sadducean ari/ocracy :o _h p]secut$ ,him & _h !n sla9 ,him1 7 d\btless /ill liv+ & _h a lively recollection ( ! ev5ts ( ! m9i/ry ( ! ,naz>5e4 ,su* p]sons 7 9 a position to disprove f _! p]sonal k false /atem5ts made by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,a consci\sness ( ?is fact w\ld h be51 )9 itself1 a /rong inducem5t to tell ! tru?4 ,b n only are ! ,gospels n contradict$ by contemporane\s writ]s2 !y are also n impea*$ or disprov$ by lat] sci5tific rese>* & hi/orical inve/igation4 ,& at ?is po9t we come to make a direct application ( ! te/ ( ! co9cid5ce ( _! te/imony ) collat]al & contemporane\s hi/ory4 ,= ?is purpose1 z a matt] ( illu/ration1 only facts 9 pr(ane hi/ory corroborative ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! trial & crucifixion ( ! ,ma/] w be cit$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,evangeli/s tell u t ,pontius ,pilate sat 9 judgm5t on ! ,*ri/4 ,bo? ,josephus & ,tacitus tell u t ,pilate 0 gov]nor ( ,judea at t "t4#bi ,9 ,john xviii4 #ca we read3 ,!n said ,pilate unto !m1 ,take ye him1 & judge him accord+ to y\r law4 ,! ,jews !re=e said unto him1 ,x is n lawful = u to put any man to dea?4 ,f _m pr(ane hi/orians1 anci5t & mod]n1 we le>n t ! p[] ( life & dea? _h be5 tak5 f ! ,jews & ve/$ 9 ! ,roman gov]nor4#cj ,9 ,john xix4 #af1 #ag occurs ?is passage3 ,& !y took ,jesus1 & l$ him away2 & he1 be>+ 8 cross1 w5t =?4 ,?is corroborative s5t5ce is f\nd 9 ,plut>*3 ,e k9d ( wick$ness produces its own p>ticul> torm5t2 j z e malefactor1 :5 he is br\ght =? to execution1 c>ries 8 own cross4#ca ,9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #bf we read3 ,:5 he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1 he deliv]$ him to be crucifi$4 ,t sc\rg+ 0 a prelim9>y to crucifixion among ! ,romans is atte/$ by _m anci5t writ]s1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,josephus & ,livy4 ,! foll[+ passages are tak5 f ,josephus3 ,:om1 hav+ fir/ sc\rg$ ) :ips1 he crucifi$4#cb ,be+ beat51 !y 7 crucifi$ opposite to ! citadel4#cc ,he 0 burn$ alive1 hav+ be5 fir/ beat54#cd ,f ,livy1 a s+le s5t5ce w suffice3 ,all 7 l$ out1 beat5 ) rods1 & behead$4#ce ,9 ,john xix4 #ai1 #bj we read3 ,& ,pilate wrote a title & put x on ! cross2 & x 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & ,greek1 & ,lat94 ,t x 0 a cu/om among ! ,romans to affix ! accusation aga9/ ! crim9al to ! in/rum5t ( 8 puni%m5t appe>s f sev]al anci5t writ]s1 among !m ,suetonius & ,dion ,cassius4 ,9 ,suetonius occurs ?is s5t5ce3 ,he expos$ ! fa!r ( ! family to ! dogs1 ) ?is title1 ',a gladiator1 impi\s 9 spee*4'#cf ,& 9 ,dion ,cassius occurs ! foll[+3 ,hav+ l$ him ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! c\rt or assembly1 ) a writ+ signify+ ! cause ( 8 dea?1 & aft]w>ds crucify+ him4#cg ,& f9ally1 we read 9 ,john xix4 #cb3 ,!n came ! soldi]s & brake ! legs ( ! fir/1 & ( ! o!r :i* 0 crucifi$ ) him4 ,by an edict ( ,con/ant9e1 ! puni%m5t ( crucifixion 0 aboli%$4 ,speak+ 9 comm5dation ( ?is edict1 a celebrat$ hea!n writ] m5tions ! circum/ances ( break+ ! legs4 ,he 0 pi\s to su* a degree1 says ?is writ]1 t he 0 ! fir/ to set aside t v anci5t puni%m5t1 ! cross1 ) ! break+ ( legs4#ch ,if we leave ! n>r[ circle ( facts att5dant ^u ! trial & crucifixion ( ,jesus ) its corroborative features ( contempor>y hi/ory1 & consid] ! ,gospel n>ratives z a :ole1 we %all f9d t !y are confirm$ & corroborat$ by ! facts & tea*+s ( univ]sal hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! n>ratives w also reveal a div9e elem5t 9 !m :i* furni%es conclusive pro( ( _! tru?fulness & reliability4 ,a discussion ( ! div9e or spiritual elem5t 9 ! ,gospel hi/ories w\ld be =eign to ! purpose ( ?is treatise4 ,! clos+ pages ( ,"p ,i w be devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! human elem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,?is w be no?+ m ?an an elaboration ( ! fif? legal te/ ( cr$ibility m5tion$ by ,/>kie4 ,by ! human or hi/orical elem5t ( cr$ibility 9 ! ,gospel hi/ories is meant t lik5ess or resemblance 9 matt]s ( repres5tation ( fact to o!r matt]s ( repres5tation ( fact :i* we f9d record$ 9 secul> hi/ories ( /&>d au?ority ^: /atem5ts we are accu/om$ to accept z true4 ,! relations ( hi/oric facts to ea* o!r1 & ! connections & co9cid5ces ( ?+s kn[n or believ$ to be true ) /ill o!rs s\ght to be prov$1 =m a fundam5tal gr\nd ( belief1 & are1 !re=e1 reliable modes ( pro(4 ,! mo/ casual p]usal ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives sugge/s c]ta9 /rik+ resemblances betwe5 ! ev5ts !re9 n>rat$ & well-kn[n hi/orical occurr5ces relat$ by secul> hi/orians ^: /atem5ts are implicitly believ$4 ,let u draw a few p>allels & call att5tion to a few ( ^! resemblances4 ,describ+ ! angui% ( ! ,savior 9 ! ,g>d51 ,/4 ,luke says3 ,& be+ 9 an agony1 ,he pray$ m e>ne/ly3 ,& 8 sweat 0 z x 7 great drops ( blood fall+ d[n to ! gr\nd4#ci ,?is /range ph5om5on ( ! bloody sweat has be5 ( su* r>e occurr5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t its happ5+ 9 ,ge?semane has be5 frequ5tly d5i$4 ,! acc\nt ( x has be5 ascrib$ to ! ov]wr\ght imag9ation ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ 9 record+ ! errors ( tradition4 ,& yet simil> cases are well au!nticat$ 9 ! works ( secul> writ]s4 ,tissot reports a case ( a sailor :o 0 s al>m$ by a /orm1 t ?r\gh fe> he fell d[n1 & 8 face sweat$ blood :i*1 dur+ ! :ole cont9uance ( ! /orm1 return$ l ord9>y sweat1 z fa/ z x 0 wip$ away4#dj ,s*5ck cites ! case ( a nun :o fell into ! h&s ( soldi]s2 &1 on see+ h]self encompass$ ) swords & dagg]s ?reat5+ in/ant dea?1 0 s t]rifi$ & agitat$ t %e dis*>g$ blood f e "p ( h] body1 & di$ ( hemorrhage 9 ! sight ( h] assailants4#da ,writ+ ( ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ix ( ,france1 ,voltaire says3 ,! disease :i* c>ri$ him (f is v uncommon2 8 blood fl[$ f all 8 pores4 ,?is malady1 ( :i* !re are "s examples1 is ! result ei!r ( excessive fe>1 furi\s passion1 or ( a viol5t & melan*olic temp]am5t4#db ,! same ev5t is ?us graphically describ$ by ! old ,fr5* hi/orian1 ,de ,mez]ay3 ,aft] ! vigor ( 8 y\? & ! en]gy ( 8 c\rage _h long /ruggl$ aga9/ 8 disease1 he 0 at l5g? r$uc$ by x to 8 b$ at ! ca/le ( ,v9c5nes1 ab\t ! #h? ( ,may1 #aegd4 ,dur+ ! la/ two weeks ( 8 life 8 con/itution made /range ef=ts4 ,he 0 affect$ ) spasms & convulsions ( extreme viol5ce4 ,he toss$ & agitat$ himself cont9ually & 8 blood gu%$ f all ! outlets ( 8 body1 ev5 f ! pores ( 8 sk91 s t on "o occasion he 0 f\nd ba!d 9 a bloody sweat4#dc ,if ! sailor1 ! nun1 & ! k+ ( ,france 7 afflict$ ) ! bloody sweat1 :y %\ld x seem incr$ible t ! man ,jesus1 ! c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?1 %\ld h be5 simil>ly afflict$8 ,if ,tissot1 ,s*5ck1 & ,voltaire are to be believ$1 :y %\ld we refuse to believe ,/4 ,luke8 ,if ,/4 ,luke told ! tru? 9 ?is reg>d1 :y %\ld we d\bt 8 /atem5ts conc]n+ o!r matt]s relat+ to ! life1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ! ,son ( ,god8 ,does n ,voltaire1 ! mo/ brilliant & p[]ful skeptic t ev] liv$1 corroborate 9 ?is p>ticul> ! biograph] ( ! ,*ri/8 ,let u pass to ano!r in/ance ( resemblance & corroboration4 ,:ile describ+ ! crucifixion1 ,/4 ,john wrote ! foll[+3 ,b "o ( ! soldi]s ) a spe> pi]c$ 8 side1 & =?) came !re out blood & wat]4#dd ,e>ly skeptical criticism d5i$ ! acc\nt ( ! fl[+ ( blood & wat] f ! side ( ! ,savior because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! o!r ,evangeli/s did n m5tion ! circum/ance2 &1 9 ! second place1 x 0 an unsci5tific fact /at$4 ,b mod]n m$ical sci5ce has v clev]ly demon/rat$ t ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ,gospel acc\nts1 di$ ( rupture ( ! he>t4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 a celebrat$ ,engli% physician & surgeon1 ,dr4 ,/r\d1 wrote a treatise entitl$1 ,physical ,cause ( ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is book1 he prov$ v cle>ly t c>diac rupture 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! dea? ( ,jesus on ! cross4 ,_m argum5ts 7 adduc$ to e/abli% ?is fact4 ,among o!rs1 x 0 urg$ t ! %ortness ( "t dur+ :i* ! suff]] rema9$ ^u ! cross & ,8 l\d cry j be=e ,he gave up ! gho/1 t5d$ to prove t a brok5 he>t 0 ! cause ( ! dea? ( ! ,man ( ,sorr[s4 ,b ! /ronge/ pro(1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ?is "w1 0 ! fact t blood & wat] fl[$ f ! dead man :5 a spe> 0 ?ru/ into ,8 side4 ,?is1 says ,dr4 ,/r\d1 has happ5$ frequ5tly :5 ! he>t 0 sudd5ly & viol5tly p]=at$ aft] dea? f c>diac rupture4 ,)9 a few h\rs aft] dea? f ?is cause1 he says1 ! blood frequ5tly sep>ates into its con/itu5t p>ts or ess5tial elem5ts3 crassam5tum1 a s(t clott$ sub/ance ( deep-r$ color1 & s]um1 a pale1 wat]y liquid--popul>ly call$ blood & wat]1 :i* w fl[ out sep>ately1 if ! p]ic>dium & he>t be viol5tly torn or punctur$4 ,9 ?is treatise num]\s m$ical au?orities are cit$ & ! f9i%$ "w is indors$ by sev]al ( ! mo/ fam\s physicians & surgeons ( ,engl&4 ,x is v probable t ,/4 ,john did n "k ! physical cause ( ! /range fl[ ( blood & wat] f ! side ( ,jesus4 ,x seems t he 0 afraid t he w\ld n be believ$2 =1 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 he 0 c>eful to tell ! _w t he himself _h p]sonally se5 x4 ,& he t saw x b>e record1 & 8 record is true3 ,& he kn[e? t he sai? true t ye might believe4#de ,"h aga9 mod]n m$ical sci5ce has corroborat$1 9 ! matt] ( ! fl[+ ( blood & wat] f ! side ( ,jesus1 ! simple n>rative ( ! g5tle & lov+ ,evangeli/4 ,/ill ano!r illu/ration ( resemblance1 co9cid5ce1 & corroboration is furni%$ by ! incid5t ( ! arre/ ( ,jesus 9 ! ,g>d54 ,/4 ,john says3 ,z soon1 !n1 z he _h said unto !m1 ,i am he1 !y w5t backw>d & fell to ! gr\nd4#df ,?is is only "o ( sev]al cases m5tion$ 9 hi/ory :]e ord9>y m5 h be5 daz$ & p>alyz$ 9 ! pres5ce ( illu/ri\s m5 aga9/ :om !y 7 design+ evil4 ,:5 a ,gallic troop] 0 s5t by ,sulla to ,m9turn to put ,m>ius to dea?1 ! old ,roman lion1 8 great eyes fla%+ fire1 arose & advanc$ t[>d ! slave1 :o fl$ 9 utt] t]ror f ! place1 exclaim+1 ,i _c kill ,caius ,m>ius6#dg ,aga91 we le>n f ,/4 ,mat!w t at ! mom5t ( ! arre/ 9 ! ,g>d51 all ! disciples =sook him & fl$4 ,?is is no isolat$ case ( c[>dice & des]tion4 ,x is m]ely an illu/ration ( a univ]sal tru?3 t ! multitude w foll[ bl9dly & adore insanely ! h]o or prophet 9 8 h\r ( triumph & coronation1 b w des]t & de/roy him at ! mom5t ( 8 humiliation & crucifixion4 ,note ! burn+ ( ,savon>ola4 ,! patriot-prie/ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic believ$ himself inspir$ ( ,god2 8 h]oic life & m>tyr dea? seem$ to ju/ify 8 claim4 ,f ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,m>k's he became ! h]ald & evangel ( ! ,re=mation1 & 8 devot$ foll[]s hung ^u 8 words z if inspiration clo!d !m ) messages f ! skies4 ,& yet :5 a wick$ ,inquisition _h nail$ him to ! cross & fagots 7 flam+ ab\t him1 ?is same multitude :o ador$ him1 n[ revil$ him & je]$ & mock$ 8 m>tyrdom4 ,note ! c>e] ( ,napoleon4 ,:5 ! sun ( ,au/]litz rose ^u ! _w ! :ole ,fr5* nation grew deliri\s ) love & homage = _! emp]or1 :o 0 once a subalt]n ( ,corsica4 ,b :5 ! ,allies ent]$ ,p>is aft] ! battle ( ,leipsic1 ?is same ,fr5* nation repudiat$ _! imp]ial idol1 ca/ d[n 8 images1 cancel$ 8 decrees1 & unit$ ) all ,europe 9 dem&+ 8 et]nal bani%m5t f ,france4 ,! voyage to ,elba foll[$4 ,b ! hi/oric melodrama ( popul> fidelity & fickl5ess 0 n yet completely play$4 ,:5 ?is same ,napoleon1 a few mon?s lat]1 escap$ f 8 islet prison 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & l&$ on ! %ores ( ,france1 ?is same ,fr5* nation aga9 grew deliri\s1 welcom$ ! royal exile ) op5 arms1 %[]$ him ) 8 eagles1 & almo/ smo!r$ him ) kisses4 ,a hundr$ days pass$4 ,on ! frightful field ( ,wat]loo1 ,*ance & ,fate comb9$ to wreck ! =tunes ( _! =m] k+4 ,aga9 ! fickle ,fr5* multitude heap$ execrations ^u _! fall5 mon>*1 decl>$ ! ,napoleonic dyna/y at an end & welcom$ ) acclamations ( joy ! return ( ! exil$ ,b\rbon ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,& :5 ! ,evangeli/ wrote ^! words3 ,all ! disciples =sook him & fl$1 he simply gave expression to a =m ( tru? :i* all hi/ory reflects & corroborates4 ,aga91 ! p>allels & resemblances ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory d n seem to /op ) m]e n>ratives ( facts4 ,secul> hi/ory seems to h produc$ at times *>act]s 9 ! exact lik5ess ( ^? 9 sacr$ hi/ory4 ,! resemblance is (t5 s /rik+ z to create a/oni%m5t4 ,= in/ance1 :o 0 ,/4 ,pet] b ,m>%al ,ney by anticipation8 ,pet] 0 ! lead] ( ! ,apo/olic ,twelve2 ,ney 0 ! *ief ( ! ,twelve ,m>%als ( ,napoleon4 ,pet] 0 impulsive & impetu\s2 s 0 ,ney4 ,pet] 0 ! fir/ to speak & act 9 all ! em]g5cies ( ! ,apo/olic m9i/ry2 ,ney1 s ,dumas tells u1 0 always impati5t to op5 ! battle & lead ! fir/ *>ge4 ,pet] 0 probably ! la/ to leave ! g>d5 9 :i* ! great trag$y ( 8 ,ma/] _h begun2 ,ney 0 ! la/ to leave ! horrors ( a ,russian w9t] 9 :i* ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ! c>e] ( 8 mon>* 0 pla9ly se54 ,pet] d5i$ ,jesus2 ,ney repudiat$ ,napoleon1 & ev5 (f]$ to br+ him1 at ! "t ( 8 escape f ,elba1 9 a cage to ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,pet] 0 aft]w>ds crucifi$ = 8 devotion to ,jesus :om he _h d5i$2 ,ney 0 aft]w>ds %ot = loyalty to ,napoleon :om he _h once repudiat$4 ,! examples h]et(ore giv5 involve ! idea ( comp>ison & are bas$ ^u resemblance4 ,^! illu/rations c\ld be greatly ext5d$1 b x is believ$ t en\gh has be5 said 9 ?is connection4 ,h[ev]1 9 clos+ ?is brief discussion ( ! human elem5t 9 ! sacr$ writ+s z evid5c$ by ! co9cid5ces & resemblances ( _! n>ratives to ^? ( pr(ane hi/ory1 slight m5tion may be made ( ano!r te/ ( tru? :i* may be appli$ to ! hi/ories ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,?is te/ is n d]iv$ f a comp>ison :i* is focus$ ^u any p>ticul> gr\p ( hi/oric facts4 ,x spr+s f an in/antane\sly recogniz$ & insep>able connection betwe5 ! /atem5ts made by ! ,gospel writ]s & ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race4 ,a s+le illu/ration w suffice to elucidate ?is po9t4 ,:5 ,jesus 0 nail$ ^u ! cross1 ! sad & pa!tic spectacle 0 pres5t$ ( ! abs5ce ( ! ,apo/olic b&1 ) ! exception ( ,/4 ,john1 :o 0 ! only ,apo/le pres5t at ! crucifixion4 ,! male memb]s ( ! foll[+ ( ! ,naz>5e did n su/a9 & soo! _! ,ma/] 9 ! supreme mom5t ( ,8 angui%4 ,b ! wom5 ( ,8 company 7 ) ,him to ! end4 ,m>y1 8 "m1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,cleophas1 ,salome1 ! "m ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & o!rs1 d\btless among ! wom5 t foll[$ him f ,galilee1 m9i/]$ to ,8 suff]+s & consol$ ,him ) _! pres5ce4 ,!y 7 ! la/ to cl+ to ,8 cross & ! fir/ to greet ,him on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day2 = :5 ! resurrection morn dawn$ ^u ! _w1 ^! same wom5 7 se5 ha/5+ t[>d ! sepul*] be>+ spices--fragrant (f]+s ( dea?less love4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! loyalty & devotion ( ! wom5 & ! fickle1 falt]+ adh]5ce ( ! m5 :o att5d$ ! foot/eps ( ! ,man ( ,sorr[s 9 ,8 la/ days6 ,"o ( ,8 ,apo/les d5i$ ,him1 ano!r betray$ ,him1 & all1 except+ "o1 des]t$ ,him 9 ,8 dea? /ruggle4 ,8 c\ntrym5 crucifi$ ,him ignom9i\sly4 ,b n "o woman m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ev] lift$ h] voice aga9/ ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is revelation f ! sacr$ pages ( ! devotion ( woman is reflect$ 9 univ]sal hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,x is ne$less to give examples4 ,suffice x to say t :5 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john tell u ( ?is devotion1 we simply answ]3 yes1 ?is has be5 ev] true 9 all c\ntries & 9 e age4 ,we h le>n$ x n only f hi/ory b f our own exp]i5ce 9 all ! affairs ( life1 ext5d+ f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,! night ( sorr[ nev] gr[s s d>k t a "m's love w n irradiate ! gloom4 ,! crim9al guilt ( a wayw>d son c nev] become s black t h] arms w n be f\nd ab\t him4 ,if we pass f lov+ loyalty to ! individual1 to patriotic devotion to ! causes ( ! nations1 woman's fidelity is /ill undy+4 ,! wom5 ( ,france are said to h paid ! ,g]man w> debt4 ,! message ( ! ,sp>tan "m to h] soldi] son is too well kn[n to be repeat$4 ,:5 ! legions ( ,scipio engirdl$ ! walls ( ,c>?age & desp]ation seiz$ ! inhabitants ( ! ,punic city1 ,c>?ag9ian wom5 cut _! long black hair to furni% b[/r+s to ! ,c>?ag9ian ar*]s4 ,illu/rations might be multipli$2 b ^! w suffice to %[ t ,m>y & ,m>?a & ,salome1 ! wom5 ( ! ,gospels1 are simply types ( ! consecrat$ wom5 ( ! _w4 ,:5 we come to summ>ize1 we are l$ to decl>e t if ! ,gospel hi/orians be n wor?y ( belief we are )\t f\ndation = rational fai? 9 ! secul> annals ( ! human race4 ,no o!r lit]ature be>s hi/oric scrut9y s well z ! ,new ,te/am5t biographies4 ,n by a s+le *a91 b by ?ree great *a9s c we l9k our ,bible ( to-day ) ! ,apo/olic ,bible4 ,! great manuscripts3 ! ,vatican1 ! ,alex&rian1 & ! ,s9aitic1 dat+ f ! middle ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 mu/ h be5 copies ( orig9als1 or at lea/ ( fir/ copies4 ,! ,bible is complete 9 ^! manuscripts to-day4 ,! ,v]sions1 translations ( ! orig9al ,scriptures f ! language 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ writt5 into o!r languages1 =m a p]fect connection betwe5 ! days ( ! ,apo/les & our own4 ,! ,vulgate1 ! celebrat$ ,lat9 v]sion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 0 complet$ ,a4,d4 #che4 ,9 mak+ ?is translation ! great s*ol> has himself said t he us$ anci5t 7,greek7 copies4 ,manuscripts t 7 anci5t1 ,a4,d4 #che1 mu/ h be5 ! orig9al writ+s1 or1 at lea/1 fir/ copies4 ,! ,vulgate1 !n1 is alone a p]fect hi/oric connection betwe5 ! ,bible t we read to-day & t /udi$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,aga91 ! ,writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs furni% a *a91 )\t a s+le miss+ l9k1 betwe5 ! ,bible ( ?is g5]ation & t ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,*ri/4 ,x has be5 tru?fully said t if all ! ,bibles 9 ! _w 7 de/roy$ an almo/ p]fect ,bible c\ld be recon/ruct$ f quotations f ^! writ+s1 s num]\s & s exact are !y4 ,beg9n+ ) ,b>nabas & ,clem5t1 companions ( ,/4 ,paul1 & com+ d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 !re is n a s+le g5]ation 9 :i* "s pr9ce or pot5tate ( ! ,*ur* has n left conv9c+ evid5ce 9 writ+ t ! ,books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t :i* we read to-day are id5tical ) ^? read by ! fir/ propagators ( our fai?4 ,! *a9 ( pro( =g$ f ! ,writ+s ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs is made up ( a hundr$ l9ks1 ea* p]fect )9 itself & yet rel9k$ & weld$ ) a hundr$ o!rs t make ea* & all d\bly /rong4 ,if ^! v>i\s te/imonies1 ! ,manuscripts1 ! ,v]sions1 & ! ,writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 be tak51 n s+ly1 b collectively1 9 support & corroboration ( ea* o!r1 we h1 !n1 n m]ely a *a9 b r a huge spiritual cable ( _m wires1 /ret*+ across ! great sea ( "t & l9k+ our ,bible ( to-day insep>ably ) t ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,if x be object$ t ^! v>i\s writ+s might h be5 & probably 7 corrupt$ 9 com+ d[n to u ?r\gh ! c5turies1 reply may be made t ! facts ( hi/ory repel su* sugge/ions4 ,z ,mr4 ,gre5leaf has sugge/$1 ! jeal\sy ( oppos+ sects pres]v$ !m f =g]y & mutilation4 ,besides ^! sects1 x may be add$1 !re 71 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times1 op5 & av[$ infidels :o assault$ ! c>d9al t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & made ! ,gospel hi/ories ! t>gets = _! attacks4 ,!y1 too1 w\ld h detect$ & d5\nc$ any attempt f any s\rce to corrupt ^! writ+s4 ,ano!r & f9al1 & probably ! mo/ cog5t reason = ! rem>kable pres]vation ( ! books ( ! ,bible1 is ! rev]5tial c>e be/[$ ^u !m by _! cu/odians 9 e age4 ,x is difficult = ! mod]n _w to fully appreciate ! mean+ & ext5t ( ?is rev]5ce & c>e4 ,be=e ! age ( pr9t+1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ! masses ( ! p c\ld n & did n possess ,bibles4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x requir$ a small =tune to own a s+le copy4 ,! extreme sc>city enhanc$ n only ! comm]cial value b add$ to ! awful sanctity t atta*$ to ! preci\s volume2 on ! pr9ciple t ! p]son ( a k+ becomes m sacr$ & my/]i\s :5 lea/ se5 9 public4 ,synagogues & mona/]ies 71 = _m c5turies1 ! sole repositories ( ! ,holy ,books1 & ! delib]ate mutilation ( any portion ( ! ,bible w\ld h be5 reg>d$ l ! blasphem+ ( ! ,deity or ! desecration ( a %r9e4 ,^! consid]ations alone are suffici5t reason :y ! ,holy ,scriptures h come d[n to u uncorrupt$ & unimpair$4 ,^! v>i\s consid]ations are ! logical basis ( t rule ( law laid d[n by ,mr4 ,gre5leaf1 "u :i* ! ,gospel hi/ories w\ld be admitt$ into a mod]n c\rt ( law 9 a mod]n judicial proce$+4 ,"u legal te/s laid d[n by ,/>kie1 we h se5 t ! ,evangeli/s %\ld be believ$1 because3 7#a7 ,!y 7 hone/ & s9c]e1 t is1 !y believ$ t !y 7 tell+ ! tru?2 7#b7 !y 7 und\bt$ly m5 ( good intellig5ce & 7 eyewitnesses ( ! facts n>rat$ by !m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories2 7#c7 !y 7 indep5d5t hi/orians1 :o wrote at diff]5t times & places &1 9 all ess5tial details1 fully corroborate ea* o!r2 7#d7 except+ 9 ! matt] ( miracles1 :i* skepticism has nev] be5 able to fully disprove1 _! te/imony is 9 full con=mity ) human exp]i5ce2 7#e7 _! te/imony co9cides fully & accurately ) all ! collat]al1 social1 hi/orical1 & religi\s circum/ances ( _! "t1 z well z ) ! tea*+s & exp]i5ce ( univ]sal hi/ory 9 e age4 ,hav+ receiv$ f antiquity an uncorrupt$ message1 born ( tru?1 we h1 x is believ$1 a p]fect record ( fact ) :i* to discuss ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law ,illu/ration3 ,,moses ,,& ,,! ,,law 7,,mi*ael ,,angelo7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law--,,mosaic ,,& ,,talmudic ,! ,p5tateu* & ! ,talmud =m ! d\ble basis ( ,hebrew jurisprud5ce4 ,! wisdom ( ! lawgiv]1 says ,bacon1 consi/s n only 9 a plat=m ( ju/ice1 b 9 ! application !re(4 ,! ,mosaic ,code1 embodi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 furni%$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ! necess>y plat=m ( ju/ice2 anci5t tradition & ,rabb9ic int]pretation conta9$ 9 ! ,talmud1 suppli$ ne$$ rules ( practical application4 ,employ+ classic t]m9ology1 x may be said t ! ord9ances ( ,moses 7 ! sub/antive & ! provisions ( ! ,talmud 7 ! adjective laws ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,^! t]ms are n /rictly accurate1 h[ev]1 s9ce _m absolute rights are decl>$ & def9$ 9 ! ,talmud z well z 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,ano!r def9ition1 foll[+ ! classification ( ,roman legi/s1 describes ,mosaic injunction z ! lex scripta & ,talmudic provision z ! lex non scripta ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,p5tateu* 0 ! f\ndation1 ! corn]/one2 ! ,talmud 0 ! sup]/ructure1 ! gild$ dome ( ! great temple ( ,hebrew ju/ice4 ,bible /ud5ts ?r\gh\t ! _w are famili> ) ! provisions ( ! ,mosaic ,code2 b ! cont5ts ( ! ,talmud are kn[n to few1 ev5 among s*ol>s & lit]>y m54 ,! mo/ appall+ ignorance has exi/$ 9 e age among ! ,g5tile un9itiat$ z to ! nature & id5tity ( ?is gigantic lit]>y compilation4 ,h5ricus ,segn5sis1 a pi\s monk ( ! ,middle ,ages1 hav+ he>d & read _m ?+s ab\t ! despis$ h]etical ,talmud1 conceiv$ x to be a p]son &1 9 a transport ( religi\s fr5zy1 decl>$ t he w\ld soon] or lat] h him1 ! ,talmud1 put to dea? by ! hangman6#dh ,= ! b5efit ( ! av]age read] z well z to illum9ate ! g5]al subject1 a %ort description ( ! ,talmud w be giv54 ,def9ition4--,_m attempts h be5 made to def9e ! ,talmud1 b all def9ition ( ?is monum5tal lit]>y production is necess>ily inaccurate & incomplete because ( ! va/ness & peculi>ity ( ! matt] treat$4 ,to describe x z an encyclop$ia ( ! life & lit]ature1 law & religion1 art & sci5ce ( ! ,hebrew p dur+ a ?\s& ye>s w\ld convey only an approximately correct idea ( its true mean+1 = x is ev5 m ?an ! =ego+ descriptive t]ms w\ld indicate4 ,emanuel ,deuts* 9 8 brilliant essay on ! ,talmud def9es x z a ,corpus ,juris1 an encyclop$ia ( law1 civil & p5al1 ecclesia/ical & int]national1 human & div9e4 ,x is a microcosm1 embrac+1 ev5 z does ! ,bible1 heav5 & e>?4 ,x is z if all ! prose & poetry1 ! sci5ce1 ! fai? & speculation ( ! ,old ,_w 71 ?\gh only 9 fa9t reflections1 b\nd up 9 x 9 nuce4 ,b5ny describes x z ! ,talmud--t mu* malign$ & ev5 m misund]/ood compilation ( ! rabb9s2 t dige/ ( :at ,c>lyle w\ld t]m all]lei-wiss5s*aft52 :i* is at once ! comp5dium ( _! lit]ature1 ! /oreh\se ( _! tradition1 ! expon5t ( _! fai?1 ! record ( _! acquirem5ts1 ! h&book ( _! c]emonials & ! summ>y ( _! legal code1 civil & p5al4 ,to speak ( ! ,talmud z a book w\ld be inaccurate4 ,x is a small libr>y1 or collection ( books4 ,mod]n editions ( ! ,talmud1 includ+ ! mo/ important comm5t>ies1 consi/ ( ab\t #c1jjj folio %eets1 or #ab1jjj folio pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]1 g5]ally divid$ into twelve or tw5ty volumes4 ,"o page ( ,talmudic ,hebrew intelligibly translat$ into ,engli% w\ld cov] ?ree pages2 ! translation ( ! :ole ,talmud ) its comm5t>ies w\ld accord+ly make a libr>y ( #djj volumes1 ea* numb]+ #cfj octavo pages4#di ,x w\ld be well to be> 9 m9d t ! cont5ts ( ! ,talmud 7 n proclaim$ to ! _w by any executive1 legislative1 or judicial body2 t !y 7 n ! result ( any resolution or m&ate ( any congregation1 college1 or ,sanh$r92 t !y 7 n1 9 any case1 =mal or /atutory4 ,!y 7 simply a great mass ( tradition>y matt] & comm5t>y transmitt$ orally ?r\gh _m c5turies be=e be+ f9ally r$uc$ to writ+4 ,rabb9ism claims = ^! traditions a remote antiquity1 decl>+ !m to be coeval ) ! proclamation ( ! ,decalogue4 ,_m le>n$ doctors among ! ,jews ascribe ?is antiquity to ! :ole mass ( traditional laws4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t only ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,rabb9ic int]pretation & discussion are bas$1 c be trac$ back s f>4 ,b x is c]ta9 t di/9ct traditions are to be f\nd at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & t on _! return f ,babylonian captivity ^! traditions 7 deliv]$ to !m by ,ezra & 8 coadjutors ( ! ,great ,assembly4 ,?is developm5t ( ,hebrew jurisprud5ce along l9es ( writt5 & oral law1 ,p5tateu* & ,talmud1 ,mosaic ord9ance & "t-honor$ tradition1 seems to h foll[$ 9 ob$i5ce to a g5]al pr9ciple ( juri/ic gr[?4 ,lex scripta & lex non scripta are classical ,roman t]ms ( univ]sal application 9 sy/ems ( enlight5$ jurisprud5ce4 ,a *>t]1 a p>*m5t1 a m>ble column1 a table ( /one1 a sacr$ book1 conta9+ writt5 maxims def9+ legal rights & wrongs are ! beg9n+s ( all civiliz$ s*emes ( ju/ice4 ,ar\nd ^! writt51 fundam5tal laws gr[ & clu/] ! race traditions ( a p :i* atta* !mselves to & become insep>able f ! prime organic /ructure4 ,^! oral traditions are ! natural & necess>y products ( a nation's gr[? & progress4 ,! laws ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 at once unalt]able & irrevocable1 repres5t a /range & pa9ful anomaly 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( mank9d4 ,no writt5 con/itution1 incapable ( am5dm5t & subject to /rict con/ruction1 c long survive ! gr[? & expansion ( a great & progressive p4 ,! ev]-*ang+1 p]petually evolv+ =ms ( social1 comm]cial1 political1 & religi\s life ( a re/less1 m>*+1 ambiti\s race1 necessitate correspond+ *anges & evolutions 9 laws & con/itutions4 ,^! necess>y legal supplem5ts are z v>i$ 9 orig9 z are ! nations t produce !m4 ,magna ,*>ta1 wrung f ,john at ,runnym$e1 became ! writt5 basis ( ,engli% law & fre$om1 & ar\nd x grew up ^? cu/oms & traditions t--born on ! %ores ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 transplant$ to ! ,isles ( ,brita91 nurtur$ & develop$ ?r\gh a ?\s& ye>s ( judicial int]pretation & application--became ! great basic /ructure ( ! ,common ,law ( ,engl&4 ,:at ! ,mosaic ,code 0 to ! anci5t ,hebrews1 :at ,magna ,*>ta is to ,engli%m51 ! ,koran is to ,mahometans3 ! writt5 *>t] ( _! fai? & law4 ,surr\nd+ ! ,koran are _m volumes ( tradition1 made up ( ! say+s ( ,mahomet1 :i* are reg>d$ z equally sacr$ & au?oritative z ! ,koran itself4 ,^! volumes ( ,mahometan tradition are call$ ! ,sonna & correspond to ! ,talmud ( ! ,hebrews4 ,an analysis ( any great sy/em ( jurisprud5ce w reveal ! same natural arrangem5t ( writt5 & oral law z t repres5t$ by ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,talmud ( ! ,jews4 ,! ^w ,talmud has v>i\s mean+s1 z x appe>s 9 ,hebrew traditional lit]ature4 ,x is an old s*ola/ic t]m1 & is a n\n =m$ f ! v]b 'limm$''to tea*4' ,x !re=e means1 prim>ily1 'tea*+1' al?\gh x d5otes also 'le>n+'2 x is employ$ 9 ?is latt] s5se ) special ref]5ce to ! ,torah1 ! t]ms ',talmud' & ',torah' be+ usually comb9$ to indicate ! /udy ( ! ,law1 bo? 9 its wid] & its m re/rict$ s5se4#ej ,x is ?us frequ5tly us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w exegesis1 mean+ ,biblical exposition or int]pretation4 ,b ) ! etymological & re/rict$1 we are n s mu* int]e/$ z ) ! popul> & g5]al signification ( ! t]m ,talmud4 ,popul>ly us$1 x means simply a small collection ( books repres5t$ by two di/9ct editions h&$ d[n to po/]ity by ! ,pale/9ian & ,babylonian s*ools dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,divisions ( ! ,talmud4--,! ,talmud is divid$ into two compon5t p>ts3 ! ,mi%na1 :i* may be describ$ z ! text2 & ! ,gem>a1 :i* may be t]m$ ! comm5t>y4#ea ,! ,mi%na1 mean+ tradition1 is almo/ :olly law4 ,x 01 inde$1 ( old1 translat$ z ! ,second or ,oral ,law--! ,greek3 deut]sis--to di/+ui% x f ! ,writt5 ,law deliv]$ by ,god to ,moses4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,mi%na1 mean+ oral law1 & ! ,gem>a1 mean+ comm5t>y1 may be illu/rat$ by a bill introduc$ into ,congress & ! debates :i* foll[4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! bill corresponds to ! ,mi%na1 & ! debates to ! ,gem>a4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is t ! law result+ f ! passage ( ! bill is ! effect & culm9ation ( ! debate2 :ile ! ,mi%na 0 already law :5 ! ,gem>a or comm5t>y 0 made4 ,z we h se5 above1 ,hebrew jurisprud5ce 9 its pr9ciples & 9 ! mann] ( _! int]pretation 0 *iefly transmitt$ by ! liv+ voice ( tradition4 ,^! laws 7 easily & safely h&$ d[n f fa!r to son ?r\gh successive g5]ations z long z ,jewi% nationality cont9u$ & ! ,temple at ,j]usalem /ill /ood4 ,b1 ) ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple & ! bani%m5t ( ! ,jews f ,pale/9e 7,a4,d4 #gj71 ! dang] became imm95t t 9 ! loss ( _! nationality w\ld also be buri$ ! remembrance ( _! laws4 ,mov$ ) pity & compassion = ! sad condition ( 8 p1 ,judah ! ,holy1 call$ ,rabbi = prem95ce1 resolv$ to collect & p]petuate = !m 9 writ+ _! "t-honor$ traditions4 ,8 "w receiv$ ! "n ,mi%na1 ! same :i* we h discuss$ above4 ,b x mu/ n be imag9$ t ?is "w 0 ! sudd5 or exclusive ef=t ( ,rabbi ,judah4 ,8 a*ievem5t 0 m]ely ! sum total & culm9ation ( ! labors ( a long l9e ( celebrat$ ,hebrew sages4 ,! ,oral ,law _h be5 recogniz$ by ,ezra2 _h become important 9 ! days ( ! ,maccabees2 _h be5 support$ by ,ph>isaism2 n>r[$ by ! s*ool ( ,%ammai1 codifi$ by ! s*ool ( ,hillel1 sy/ematiz$ by ,r4 ,akiba1 plac$ on a logical basis by ,r4 ,i%mael1 exegetically amplifi$ by ,r4 ,eliez]1 & con/antly enri*$ by successive rabbis & _! s*ools4 ,rabbi ,judah put ! cop+-/one to ! imm5se /ructure4#eb ,emanuel ,deuts* gives ! foll[+ subdivisions ( ! ,mi%na3 ,! ,mi%na is divid$ into six sections4 ,^! are subdivid$ aga9 into #aa1 #ab1 #g1 #i 7or #aj71 #aa1 & #ab *apt]s1 respectively1 :i* are fur!r brok5 up into #ebd p>agraphs4 ,we %all briefly describe _! cont5ts3 ,section ,i4 ,se$s3 ( ,agr>ian ,laws1 comm5c+ ) a *apt] on ,pray]s4 ,9 ?is section1 ! v>i\s ti!s & donations due to ! ,prie/s1 ! ,levites1 & ! poor1 f ! products ( ! l&s1 & fur!r ! ,sabbatical ye> & ! prohibit$ mixtures 9 plants1 animals1 g>m5ts1 are treat$ (4 ,section ,,ii4 ,fea/s3 ( ,sabba?s1 ,fea/1 & ,fa/ days1 ! "w prohibit$1 ! c]emonies orda9$1 ! sacrifices to be (f]$1 on !m4 ,special *apt]s are devot$ to ! ,fea/ ( ! ,exodus f ,egypt1 to ! ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 to ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7"o ( ! mo/ impressive portions ( ! :ole book71 to ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles & to t ( ,haman4 ,section ,,iii4 ,wom53 ( betro?al1 m>riage1 divorce1 etc41 also ( v[s4 ,section ,,iv4 ,damages3 includ+ a great "p ( ! civil & crim9al law4 ,x treats ( ! law ( trov]1 ( buy+ & sell+1 & ! ord9>y monet>y transactions4 ,fur!r1 ( ! greate/ crime kn[n to ! law1 viz41 idolatry4 ,next ( witnesses1 ( oa?s1 ( legal puni%m5ts1 & ( ! ,sanh$r9 itself4 ,?is section concludes ) ! s-call$ ,s5t5ces ( ! ,fa!rs1 conta9+ "s ( ! sublime/ e?ical dicta kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s philosophy4 ,section ,v4 ,sacr$ ,?+s3 ( sacrifices1 ! fir/-born1 etc42 also ( ! measurem5ts ( ! ,temple 7,middo?74 ,section ,,vi4 ,purifications3 ( ! v>i\s levitical & o!r hygi5ic laws1 ( impure ?+s & p]sons1 _! purification1 etc4#ec ,rec5sions4--,! ,talmud exi/s 9 two rec5sions3 ! ,j]usalem & ! ,babylonian4 ,^! two editions repres5t a d\ble ,gem>a2 ! fir/ 7,j]usalem7 be+ an expression ( ! s*ools 9 ,pale/9e & r$act$ at ,tib]ias ab\t #cij ,a4,d42 ! second 7,babylonian7 be+ an expression ( ! s*ools 9 ,babylonia & r$act$ ab\t #cfe-dbg ,a4,d4 ,! ,mi%na1 hav+ be5 =m$ into a code1 became 9 its turn :at ! ,p5tateu* _h be5 be=e x1 a basis ( discussion & developm5t4 ,! ,gem>a ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud embodies ! critical discussions & disquisitions on ! ,mi%na by hundr$s ( le>n$ doctors :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 *iefly 9 ,galilee1 f ! end ( ! second till ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,gem>a ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud embodies ! criticisms & diss]tations on ! same ,mi%na ( num]\s le>n$ doctors liv+ 9 v>i\s places 9 ,babylonia1 b *iefly ^? ( ! two great s*ools ( ,sura & ,pumbadi?a4#ed ,! ,babylonian ,talmud is writt5 9 ,we/ ,araman1 is ! product ( six or sev5 g5]ations ( con/ant developm5t1 & is ab\t f\r times z l>ge z t ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud1 :i* is writt5 9 ,ea/ ,araman4#ee ,x %\ld be kept cle>ly be=e ! m9d t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two rec5sions is 9 ! matt] ( comm5t>y4 ,! two sets ( doctors ^: diff]5t comm5t>ies di/+ui% ! two ,talmuds dealt ) ! same ,mi%na z a basis ( criticism4 ,b decid$ diff]5ces are noticeable 9 ! subject matt] & /yle ( ! two ,gem>as repres5t$ by ! two rec5sions ( ! ,talmud4 ,! discussions & comm5t>ies 9 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud are simple1 brief1 & po9t$2 :ile ^? ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud are g5]ally subtle1 ab/ruse1 & prolix4 ,! diss]tations 9 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud are fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) ar*ology1 geography1 & hi/ory1 :ile ! ,babylonian ,talmud is m m>k$ by legal & religi\s developm5t4 ,b ! read] %\ld n =m a wrong impression ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,talmud4 ,!y are a bl5d+ ( ! oral law ( ! ,mi%na & ! notes & comm5ts ( ! sages4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! editions are legal & religi\s1 b a multitude ( ref]5ces are made 9 ea* to ?+s t h no connection ) ei!r religion or law4 ,! ,talmud does1 inde$1 (f] u a p]fect picture ( ! cosmopolitanism & luxury ( ^? f9al days ( ,rome1 su* z b few classical or po/classical writ+s conta94 ,we f9d m5tion made ( ,spani% fi%1 ( ,cretan apples1 ,bi?ynian *eese1 ,egyptian l5tils & beans1 ,greek & ,egyptian pumpk9s1 ,italian w9e1 ,m$ian be]1 ,egyptian ,zyphus2 g>m5ts import$ f ,pelusium & ,india1 %irts f ,cilicia1 & veils f ,arabia4 ,to ! ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 & ,indian mat]ials conta9$1 9 addition to ^!1 9 ! ,gem>a1 a b>e allusion may suffice4 ,s mu* we v5ture to pr$ict1 t :5 once ar*ological & l+ui/ic sci5ce %all turn to ?is field1 !y w n leave x aga9 soon4 ,relation ( ,talmud to ,mi%na4--,! relation ( ! ,talmud1 us$ 9 ! popul> s5se1 to ! ,mi%na1 raises ! "q ( ! relation ( ! :ole to "o ( its p>ts4 ,! v>y+ mean+s ( ,mi%na1 ,gem>a1 & ,talmud v easily confuse ! ord9>y read]4 ,if ^! t]ms are consid]$ sep>ately 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 simple ma!matical addition w greatly aid 9 elucidat+ matt]s4 ,! ,mi%na is a va/ mass ( tradition or oral law :i* 0 f9ally r$uc$ to writ+ ab\t ! close ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,gem>a is ! ,rabb9ical exposition ( ! mean+ ( ! ,mi%na4 ,! ,talmud is ! sum ( ! ,mi%na plus ! ,gem>a4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,talmud is ! elaboration or amplification ( ! ,mi%na by manifold comm5t>ies1 designat$ z ! ,gem>a4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! ,talmud & ! ,mi%na appe> 9 ! same s5t5ce z t]ms designat+ entirely diff]5t ?+s4 ,?is association 9 a diff]5t s5se inevitably bre$s confusion1 unless we pause to consid] t ! ,mi%na has a sep>ate exi/5ce f ! ,talmud & a di/9ct rec5sion ( its own4 ,9 ?is /ate x is simply a nak$ code ( laws4 ,b :5 ! ,gem>a has be5 add$ to x ! ,talmud is ! result1 :i*1 9 its turn1 becomes a di/9ct entity & may be ref]r$ to z su* 9 ! same s5t5ce ) ! ,mi%na4 ,relation ( ,talmud to ,p5tateu*4--,z be=e sugge/$1 ! ,p5tateu*1 or ,mosaic ,code1 0 ! ,writt5 ,law & ! v f\ndation ( anci5t ,hebrew jurisprud5ce4 ,! ,talmud1 compos$ ( ! ,mi%na1 i4e41 ,tradition1 & ! ,gem>a1 i4e41 ,comm5t>y1 0 ! ,oral ,law1 connect$ )1 d]iv$ f1 & built ^u ! ,writt5 ,law4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! commonweal? ( ! ,jews 0 a pure !ocracy & t all law z well z all religion emanat$ directly or indirectly f ,jehovah4 ,?is 0 z true ( ,talmudic tradition z ( ,mosaic ord9ance4 ,hillel1 :o int]pret$ tradition1 0 z mu* inspir$ ( ,god z 0 ,moses :5 he receiv$ ! ,writt5 ,law on ,s9ai4 ,emanuel ,deuts* is ( ! op9ion t f ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,mosaic law !re mu/ h exi/$ a numb] ( coroll>y laws :i* 7 us$ to int]pret & expla9 ! writt5 rules2 t1 besides1 !re 7 c]ta9 enactm5ts ( ! primitive ,c\ncil ( ! ,des]t1 & c]ta9 v]dicts issu$ by ! lat] judges )9 ! gates--all ( :i* ent]$ into ! g5]al body ( ! ,oral ,law & 7 transmitt$ side by side ) ! ,writt5 ,law ?r\gh ! ages4#ef ,! f\r? book ( ,ezra1 z well z o!r ,apocryphal writ+s1 toge!r ) ,philo & c]ta9 ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 tells u ( great numb]s ( books t 7 giv5 to ,moses at ! same "t t he receiv$ ! ,p5tateu*4 ,^! writ+s are d\btless ! s\rce ( ! popul> belief among ! ,jews t ! traditional laws ( ! ,mi%na _h exi/$ f "t immemorial & 7 ( div9e orig94 ,jewi% tradition traces ! bulk ( ! oral injunctions1 ?r\gh a *a9 ( di/9ctly nam$ au?orities1 to ',s9ai itself4' ,x m5tions 9 detail h[ ,moses communicat$ ^? m9uti ( 8 legislation1 9 :i* he _h be5 in/ruct$ dur+ ! my/]i\s =ty days & nights on ! ,m\nt1 to ! *os5 guides ( ! p1 9 su* a mann] t !y %\ld =ev] rema9 engrav5 on ! tablets ( _! he>ts4#eg ,?is direct desc5t ( ! ,oral ,law f ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt itself w\ld indicate an indep5d5t "* & au?ority4 ,nev]!less1 ,talmudic int]pretation ( tradition pr(ess$ to rema9 always subject to ! ,mosaic ,code2 to be built ^u1 & to d]ive its highe/ inspiration f x4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 :ile claim+ !oretically to be subord9ate to x1 ! ,talmud f9ally sup]s$$ & virtually displac$ ! ,p5tateu* z a legal & adm9i/rative code4 ,?is 0 ! inevitable consequ5ce & effect ( ! laws ( gr[? & progress 9 national exi/5ce4 ,alt]$ conditions ( life1 at home & 9 exile1 necessitat$ new rules ( action 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,jewi% commonweal?4 ,! ,mosaic ,code 0 f\nd inadequate to ! ev]-*ang+ exig5cies ( ,hebrew life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,moses laid d[n only g5]al pr9ciples = ! guidance ( ,hebrew judges4 ,he furni%$ ! body ( ! law1 b a sy/em ( legal proc$ure 0 :olly want+4 ,! ,talmud suppli$ ! defici5cy & complet$ a p]fect :ole4 ,:ile yet 9 ! ,wild]ness1 ,moses comm&$ ! ,israelites to e/abli% c\rts & appo9t judges = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice z soon z !y 7 settl$ 9 ,pale/9e4#eh ,?is cle>ly indicates t ! great lawgiv] did n int5d 8 ord9ances & injunctions to be f9al & exclusive4 ,hav+ furni%$ a f\ndation = ! s*eme1 he anticipat$ t ! piety1 judgm5t1 & le>n+ ( subsequ5t ages w\ld d ! re/4 ,8 expectations 7 fulfill$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! traditions aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 ! ,mi%na1 :i* is ! pr9cipal compon5t "p ( ! ,talmud4 ,z be=e sugge/$1 ) ! gr[? 9 population & ! ev]-increas+ complications 9 social1 political1 & religi\s life1 & ) ! g5]al advance 9 ,hebrew civilization1 ,mosaic injunction began to prove entirely inadequate to ! national wants4 ,9 ! "t int]v5+ betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ & second ,temples1 a numb] ( ,mosaic laws _h become utt] ana*ronisms2 o!rs 7 p]fectly impracticable1 & sev]al 7 no long] ev5 und]/ood4 ,! exig5cies ( an alt]$ mode ( life & ! *ang$ conditions & circum/ances ( ! p r5d]$ imp]ative ! enactm5t ( new laws unkn[n to ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,hebrew sy/em ( law 0 nev] = a mom5t =gott51 :atev] ! *ange & :]ev] made4 ,! ,rabb9s nev] =mally repeal$ or aboli%$ any ,mosaic enactm5t4 ,!y simply decl>$ t x _h fall5 into desuetude4 ,&1 9 devis+ new laws r5d]$ necess>y by *ang$ conditions ( life !y inv>iably invok$ "s pr9ciple or int]pretation ( ! ,writt5 ,law4 ,9 ! decl9+ ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality1 _m *>act]i/ic laws ( ! ,p5tateu* _h become obsolete4 ,! ord9ance :i* det]m9$ ! puni%m5t ( a /ubborn & rebelli\s son2 ! enactm5t :i* comm&$ ! de/ruction ( a city giv5 to idolatry2 &1 above all1 ! lex talionis _h become purely matt]s ( leg5d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m new laws appe> 9 ! ,talmud ( :i* no trace :atev] c be discov]$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! ,ph>isees1 says ,josephus1 h impos$ ^u ! p _m laws tak5 f ! tradition ( ! ,fa!rs1 :i* are n writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses4#ei ,! mo/ significant ( ^! is ! "o provid+ = ,antec$5t ,w>n+ 9 crim9al prosecutions1 ! mean+ & purpose ( :i* w be fully discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,vicissitudes ( ! ,talmud4--,an old ,lat9 adage runs3 ,hab5t sua fata libelli4#fj 7,ev5 books are victims ( fate74 ,?is say+ is peculi>ly applicable to ! ,talmud1 :i* has _h1 9 a g5]al way1 ! same fateful hi/ory z ! race t creat$ x4 ,proscription1 exile1 imprisonm5t1 confiscation1 & burn+ 0 its lot ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,dur+ a ?\s& ye>s1 popes & k+s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 pron\nc+ edicts & hurl+ ana!mas aga9/ x4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 burn$ n few] ?an six diff]5t times by royal or papal decree4 ,:ole wagonloads 7 consign$ to ! flames at a s+le burn+4 ,9 #abhf1 9 a lett] to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,honorius ,,iv describ$ ! ,talmud z a damnable book 7lib] damnabilis71 & vehem5tly urg$ t nobody 9 ,engl& be p]mitt$ to read x1 s9ce all o!r evils fl[ out ( x4#fa ,on ,new ,ye>'s day1 #aeec1 num]\s copies ( ! ,talmud 7 burn$ at ,rome 9 compliance ) a decree ( ! ,inquisition4 ,&1 z late z #ageg1 9 ,pol&1 ,bi%op ,demb[ski1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,franki/s1 conv5$ a public assembly at ,kam5etz-,podolsk1 :i* decre$ t all copies ( ! ,talmud f\nd 9 ! bi%opric %\ld be confiscat$ & burn$ by ! hangman4#fb ,( ! two rec5sions1 ! ,babylonian ,talmud bore ! brunt ( p]secution dur+ all ! ages4 ,?is result$ f ! fact t ! ,j]usalem ,talmud 0 little read aft] ! clos+ ( ! ,jewi% academies 9 ,pale/9e1 :ile ! ,babylonian ,talmud 0 ! popul> edition ( em95t ,jewi% s*ol>s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! treatm5t accord$ ! v5]able lit]>y compilation 0 due to bitt] prejudice & crass ignorance4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! circum/ance t :51 9 #acjg1 ,clem5t ,v 0 ask$ to issue a bull aga9/ ! ,talmud1 he decl9$ to d s1 until he _h le>n$ some?+ ab\t x4 ,to 8 amazem5t & *agr91 he c\ld f9d no "o :o c\ld ?r[ any light ^u ! subject4 ,^? :o wi%$ x condemn$ & burn$ 7 totally ignorant ( its mean+ & cont5ts4 ,! surprise & disgu/ ( ,clem5t 7 s great t he resolv$ to f\nd ?ree *airs 9 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 & ,*aldee1 ! ?ree tongues ne>e/ ! idiom ( ! ,talmud4 ,he designat$ ! ,univ]sities ( ,p>is1 ,salamanca1 ,bologna1 & ,ox=d z places :]e ^! languages %\ld be taught1 & express$ ! hope t1 9 "t1 "o ( ^! univ]sities might be able to produce a translation ( ?is my/]i\s book4#fc ,x may be add$ t ^! plans ( ! ,pope 7 nev] consummat$4 ,! ,message & ,mission ( ! ,talmud4--,to appreciate ! message & mission ( ! ,talmud1 its cont5ts mu/ be view$ & contemplat$ 9 ! light ( bo? lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,z a lit]>y production x is a ma/]piece--/range1 weird1 & unique--b a ma/]piece1 nev]!less4 ,x is a sort ( spiritual & intellectual cosmos 9 :i* ! bra9 gr[? & s\l bur/ ( a great race f\nd expression dur+ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,z an encyclop$ia ( fai? & s*ol>%ip x reveals ! noble/ ?\ghts & highe/ aspirations ( a div9ely commission$ race4 ,:atev] ! ma/] spirits ( ,judaism 9 ,pale/9e & ,babylon e/eem$ wor?y ( ?\ght & devotion 0 devot$ to its pages4 ,x ?us became a great tw9 mess5g]1 ) ! ,bible1 ( ,hebrew civilization to all ! races ( mank9d & to all ! c5turies yet to come4 ,to ,hebrews x is /ill ! great /oreh\se ( in=mation t\*+ ! legal1 political1 & religi\s traditions ( _! fa!rs 9 _m l&s & ages4 ,to ! ,biblical critic ( any fai? x is an invaluable help to ,bible exegesis4 ,& to all ! _w :o c>e = ! sacr$ & ! solemn x is a priceless lit]>y treasure4 ,z an hi/orical factor ! ,talmud has only remotely affect$ ! great curr5ts ( ,g5tile hi/ory4 ,b to ,judaism x has be5 ! cem5t+ bond 9 e "t ( p]secution & ?reat5$ dissolution4 ,x 0 c>ri$ f ,babylon to ,egypt1 nor!rn ,africa1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,pol&4 ,& :5 ?reat5$ ) national & race de/ruction1 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham 9 e l& b[$ !mselves above its sacr$ pages & caught !refrom inspiration to r5ew$ life & high] ef=t4 ,! ,hebrews ( e age h held ! ,talmud 9 extravagant rev]5ce z ! greate/ sacr$ heirloom ( _! race4 ,_! supreme affection = x has plac$ x above ev5 ! ,bible4 ,x is an adage ) !m t1 ,! ,bible is salt1 ! ,mis*na pepp]1 ! ,gem>a balmy spice1 & ,rabbi ,solomon b5 ,joseph s+s3 ,! ,kabbala & ,talmud ho> ,?an all ! ,prophets prize ,i m2 ,= wat] is all ,bible lore1 ,b ,mis*na is pure w9e4 ,m ?an any o!r human ag5cy has ! ,talmud be5 in/rum5tal 9 creat+ t /range/ ( all political ph5om5a--a nation )\t a c\ntry1 a race )\t a fa!rl&4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law--,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts ,capital crimes1 "u ,hebrew law1 7 classifi$ by ,maimonides accord+ to _! respective p5alties4 ,8 arrangem5t w be foll[$ 9 ?is *apt]4#fd ,hebrew jurisprud5ce provid$ f\r me?ods ( capital puni%m5t3 7#a7 ,behead+2 7#b7 ,/rangl+2 7#c7 ,burn+2 7#d7 ,/on+4 ,crucifixion 0 unkn[n to ,hebrew law4 ,?is cruel & loa?some =m ( puni%m5t w be fully discuss$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w4 ,?irty-six capital crimes are m5tion$ by ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,talmud4 ,behead+ 0 ! puni%m5t = only two crimes3 7#a7 ,murd]4 7#b7 ,communal apo/asy f ,judaism to idolatry4 ,/rangl+ 0 prescrib$ = six (f5ses3 7#a7 ,adult]y4 7#b7 ,kidnap+4 7#c7 ,false prophecy4 7#d7 ,bruis+ a p>5t4 7#e7 ,prophesy+ 9 ! "n ( hea!n deities4 7#f7 ,maladm9i/ration 7! ,rebelli\s ,eld]74 ,burn+ 0 ! dea? p5alty = t5 =ms ( ince/--crim9al comm]ce3 7#a7 ,) "o's own daught]4 7#b7 ,) "o's own son's daught]4 7#c7 ,) "o's own daught]'s daught]4 7#d7 ,) "o's own /epdaught]4 7#e7 ,) "o's own /epson's daught]4 7#f7 ,) "o's own /epdaught]'s daught]4 7#g7 ,) "o's own "m-9-law4 7#h7 ,) "o's own "m-9-law's "m4 7#i7 ,) "o's own fa!r-9-law's "m4 7#aj7 ,) a prie/'s daught]4#fe ,/on+ 0 ! p5alty = eighte5 capital (f5ses3 7#a7 ,magic4 7#b7 ,idolatry4 7#c7 ,blasphemy4 7#d7 ,py?onism4 7#e7 ,p$]a/y4 7#f7 ,necromancy4 7#g7 ,curs+ a p>5t4 7#h7 ,violat+ ! ,sabba?4 7#i7 ,be/iality1 practic$ by a man4 7#aj7 ,be/iality1 practic$ by a woman4 7#aa7 ,sacrific+ "o's own *ildr5 to ,molo*4 7#ab7 ,in/igat+ individuals to embrace idolatry4 7#ac7 ,in/igat+ communities to embrace idolatry4 7#ad7 ,crim9al conv]sation ) "o's own "m4 7#ae7 ,crim9al conv]sation ) a betro!d virg94 7#af7 ,crim9al conv]sation ) "o's own /epmo!r4 7#ag7 ,crim9al conv]sation ) "o's own daught]-9-law4 7#ah7 ,violation ( filial duty 7mak+ ! ,prodigal ,son74#ff ,! crime ( false swe>+ requires special notice4 ,?is (f5se c\ld n be classifi$ "u any ( ! above subdivisions because ( its peculi> nature4 ,! ,mosaic ,code orda9s 9 ,deut4 xix4 #af-ba3 ,if a false witness rise up aga9/ any man to te/ify aga9/ him t :i* is wrong 444 &1 behold1 if ! witness be a false witness1 & ha? te/ifi$ falsely aga9/ 8 bro!r2 !n %all ye d unto him1 z he _h ?\ght to h done unto 8 bro!r 444 & ?9e eye %all n pity1 b life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4 ,talmudic con/ruction ( ?is law aw>d$ ! same k9d ( dea? to him :o _h sworn falsely aga9/ 8 bro!r t w\ld h be5 met$ out to ! alleg$ crim9al1 if ! te/imony ( ! false swe>] _h be5 true4 ,imprisonm5t1 z a me?od ( puni%m5t1 0 unkn[n to ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ab & ,numb]s xv4 #cd seem to indicate ! contr>y2 b ! imprisonm5t !re9 m5tion$ und\bt$ly ref]s to ! m]e det5tion ( ! prison] until s5t5ce c\ld be pron\nc$ aga9/ him4 ,imprisonm5t z a =m ( puni%m5t 0 a creation ( ! ,talmudi/s :o legaliz$ its application among ! ,hebrews4 ,accord+ to ,m5delsohn1 five diff]5t classes ( (f5d]s 7 puni%$ by imprisonm5t3 7#a7 ,homicides2 ^: crime c\ld n be legally puni%$ ) dea?1 because "s condition or o!r1 necess>y to produce a legal conviction1 _h n be5 compli$ )4 7#b7 ,in/igators to or procur]s ( murd]2 su*1 = in/ance1 z _h ! de$ committ$ by ! h&s ( a hirel+4 7#c7 ,accessories to loss ( life1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 sev]al p]sons _h clubb$ "o to dea?1 & ! c\rt c\ld n det]m9e ! "o :o gave ! dea? bl[4 7#d7 ,p]sons :o hav+ be5 twice duly condemn$ to & puni%$ ) flagellation = z _m transgressions ( "o & ! same negative precept1 committ$ x a ?ird "t4 7#e7 ,incorrigible (f5d]s1 :o1 on ea* ( ?ree occasions1 _h fail$ to ackn[l$ge z _m w>n+s antec$5t to ! commission ( "o & ! same crime1 ! orig9al p5alty = :i* 0 excision4#fg ,flagellation is ! only corporal puni%m5t m5tion$ by ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! numb] ( /ripes adm9i/]$ 7 n to exce$ =ty & 7 to be impos$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! judges4#fh ,:]ev] ! ,mosaic ,code =bade an act1 or1 9 ! language ( ! sages1 said ,?\ %alt n1 & prescrib$ no o!r puni%m5t or alt]native1 a ,c\rt ( ,?ree might impose /ripes z ! p5alty = wrongdo+4 ,m5delsohn gives ! foll[+ classification3 ,flagellation is ! p5alty ( ?ree classes ( (f5ses3 7#a7 ,! violation ( a negative precept1 deadly 9 ! sight ( heav54 7#b7 ,! violation ( any negative precept1 :5 accompli%$ by means ( a positive act4 7#c7 ,! violation ( any "o ( ! prohibitive ord9ances puni%able1 accord+ to ! ,mosaic law ) excision1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 no capital puni%m5t at ! in/ance ( a human tribunal is atta*$4#fi ,! ,mi%na enum]ates fifty (f5ses puni%able by /ripes1 b ?is enum]ation is evid5tly incomplete4 ,maimonides gives a full classification ( all ! (f5ses puni%able by flagellation1 ! numb] ( :i* he e/imates to be two hundr$ & sev54 ,! la/ ?ree 9 8 li/ are cases 9 :i* ! k+ takes too _m wives1 accumulates too mu* silv] or gold1 or collects too _m horses4#gj ,slav]y 0 ! p5alty = !ft "u anci5t ,hebrew law4 ,?is is ! only case :]e ! ,mosaic law impos$ slav]y ^u ! culprit z a puni%m5t = 8 crime2 & a loss ( lib]ty foll[$ only :]e ! ?ief 0 unable to make ! prescrib$ re/itution4 ,exodus xxii4 #a-c says3 ,if a man %all /eal an ox1 or a %eep1 & kill x1 or sell x1 he %all re/ore five ox5 = an ox1 & f\r %eep = a %eep 444 if he h no?+1 !n he %all be sold = 8 !ft4 ,p5al s]vitude1 or slav]y1 0 impos$ only on m51 nev] on wom54 ,slav]y1 z a p5alty = !ft1 0 limit$ to a p]iod ( six ye>s 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,mosaic ord9ance laid d[n 9 ,exodus xxi4 #b4 ,if ?\ buy a ,hebrew s]vant1 six ye>s he %all s]ve3 & 9 ! sev5?1 he %all g free = no?+4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 9 ?is connection1 t slav]y1 z a puni%m5t = crime1 c>ri$ ) x none ( ! odium & h>d%ip usually borne by ! slave4 ,! humanity ( ,hebrew law provid$ t ! culprit1 ?ief ?\gh he 01 %\ld n be degrad$ or humiliat$4 ,he c\ld be compell$ to d "w = 8 ma/]1 su* z he _h be5 accu/om$ to d :ile free1 b 0 reliev$ by ! law f all degrad+ employm5t1 su* z att5d+ ! ma/] to ! ba?1 fa/5+ or unfa/5+ 8 s&als1 wa%+ 8 feet1 or any o!r labor usually p]=m$ by ! regul> slave4 ,hebrew law requir$ su* k9dly treatm5t ( ! convict ?ief by 8 ma/] t ?is maxim 0 ! result3 ,he :o buys a ,hebrew slave1 buys himself a ma/]4 ,int]nm5t 9 a city ( refuge 0 ! puni%m5t = accid5tal homicide4 ,mis*ance or misadv5ture1 result+ 9 ! slay+ ( a fell[-man1 0 n1 prop]ly speak+1 a crime2 nor 0 exile 9 a city ( refuge consid]$ by ! ,talmudi/s a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,b !y are s classifi$ by mo/ writ]s on ,hebrew crim9al law4 ,among ne>ly all anci5t nations !re 0 a place ( refuge = ! un=tunate & d[ntrodd5 ( ! e>?2 debtors1 slaves1 crim9als1 & political (f5d]s2 "s sacr$ spot--an alt>1 a grave1 or a sanctu>y d$icat$ & devot$ to "s div9ity :o ?rew ab\t ! hall[$ place div9e protection & inviolability4 ,su* 0 at ,a!ns ! ,temple ( ,!seus1 ! sanctu>y ( slaves4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! orator ,demo/h5es took refuge 9 ! ,temple ( ,poseidon z a sanctu>y1 :5 pursu$ by emiss>ies ( ,antipat] & ! ,mac$onians4#ga ,among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 !re 7 six cities ( refuge2 ?ree on ei!r side ( ! ,jordan4 ,!y 7 s locat$ z to be ne>ly opposite ea* o!r4 ,bez] 9 ,reub5 0 opposite ,hebron 9 ,judah2 ,s*e*em 9 ,ephraim 0 opposite to ,ramo? 9 ,gad2 & ,golan 9 ,manasseh 0 opposite to ,k$e% 9 ,naphtali4#gb ,highways 9 excell5t condition l$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,signpo/s 7 plac$ at regul> int]vals to indicate ! way to ! ne>e/ city ( refuge4 ,^! cities 7 designat$ by ! law z asylums or sanctu>ies = ! protection ( innoc5t slay]s ( _! fell[-m5 f ! av5g] ( blood4 ,among ne>ly all primitive peoples ( crude political developm5t1 su* z ! e>ly ,g]mans1 ! anci5t ,greeks & ,slavs1 c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican savage tribes & ! mod]n ,arabs1 ,corsicans & ,sicilians1 ! "r ( private v5geance 0 & is taught & tol]at$4 ,^u ! next ( k91 ! av5g] ( blood1 devolv$ ! duty ( hunt+ d[n & slay+ ! guilty man4 ,cities ( refuge 7 provid$ by ,mosaic law = su* an em]g5cy among ! ,hebrews4 ,?is provision ( ! ,mosaic ,code d\btless sprang f a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( its f\nd]4 ,bible /ud5ts w rememb] t ,moses slew an ,egyptian & 0 compell$ to flee 9 consequ5ce4#gc ,rememb]+ 8 dire di/ress on ?is occasion1 ! great lawgiv] 0 naturally dispos$ to provide sanctu>ies = o!rs simil>ly di/ress$4 ,b ! popul> notion ( ! rights ( sanctu>y "u ! ,mosaic law is f> f "r4 ,t a common murd]] c\ld1 by precipitate flight1 rea* "o ( ! designat$ places & be safe f 8 pursu]s & ! v5geance ( ! law1 is ?\ght by _m4 ,! obs]vation ( ,b5ny on ?is po9t is apt & lucid3 ,int]nm5t 9 "o ( ! cities ( refuge 0 n ! scamp]+ process depict$ 9 ! popul> engrav+3 a man 9 ! la/ /age ( exhau/ion at ! gate ( an ,ea/]n t[n2 8 pursu]s close ^u him1 arr[s fix$ & b[s drawn2 8 arms /ret*$ implor+ly t[>ds a fair ,jewi% damsel1 ) a pit*] gracefully pois$ ^u h] head4 ,?is may be extremely picturesque1 b x is mis]ably unlike ! cu/om 9 vogue among ! lat] ,hebrews4 ,int]nm5t 9 a city ( refuge 0 a sob] & judicial proce$+4 ,he :o claim$ ! privilege 0 tri$ be=e ! ,sanh$r9 l any ord9>y crim9al4 ,he 0 requir$ to und]go exam9ation2 to confront witnesses1 to produce evid5ce1 precisely z 9 ! case ( o!r (f5d]s4 ,he _h to prove t ! homicide 0 purely accid5tal2 t he _h borne no malice aga9/ 8 neighbor2 t he _h n la9 9 wait = him to slay him4 ,only :5 ! judges 7 conv9c$ t ! crime 0 homicide by misadv5ture 0 ! culprit adjudg$ to be int]n$ 9 "o ( ! %elt]+ cities4 ,!re 0 no scurry+ 9 ! matt]2 no abrupt flight2 no hot pursuit1 & no appeal = %elt]4 ,z soon z judgm5t 0 pron\nc$ ! crim9al 0 conduct$ to "o ( ! appo9t$ places4 ,he 0 accompani$ ! :ole di/ance by two talmide-*a*am9-disciples ( ! ,rabb9s4 ,! av5g]s ( ! blood d>$ n int]f]e ) ! (f5d] on ! way4 ,to slay him w\ld h be5 murd]1 puni%able ) dea?4 ,execution ( ,capital ,s5t5ces4 7#a7 ,behead+4--,! ,hebrews consid]$ behead+ ! mo/ awful & ignom9i\s ( all =ms ( puni%m5t4 ,x 0 ! p5alty = delib]ate murd] & = communal apo/asy f ,judaism to idolatry1 ! mo/ he9\s (f5ses aga9/ ! ,hebrew !ocracy4 ,behead+ 0 accompli%$ by fa/5+ ! culprit securely to a po/ & !n sev]+ 8 head f 8 body by a /roke ) a sword4#gd 7#b7 ,/rangl+4--,! capital puni%m5t ( /rangl+ 0 effect$ by bury+ ! culprit to 8 wai/ 9 s(t mud1 & !n tight5+ a cord wrapp$ 9 a s(t clo? ar\nd 8 neck1 until suffocation ensu$4#ge 7#c7 ,burn+4--,! execution ( crim9als by burn+ 0 n done by consum+ ! liv+ p]son ) fire1 z 0 practic$ 9 ! case ( h]etics by prelates 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! case ( :ite captives by savages 9 colonial days 9 ,am]ica4 ,inde$1 ! t]m burn+ seems to be a misnom] 9 ?is connection1 = ! culprit 0 n really burn$ to dea?4 ,he 0 simply suffocat$ by /rangl+4 ,z 9 ! case ( /rangl+1 ! condemn$ man 0 plac$ 9 a pit dug 9 ! gr\nd4 ,s(t dirt 0 !n ?r[n 9 & batt]$ d[n1 until no?+ b 8 head & *e/ protrud$4 ,a cord1 wrapp$ 9 a s(t clo?1 0 !n pass$ once ar\nd 8 neck4 ,two /rong m5 came =w>d1 grasp$ ea* an end1 & drew ! cord s h>d t suffocation imm$iately foll[$4 ,z ! l[] jaw dropp$ f ins5sibility & relaxation1 a light$ wick 0 quickly ?r[n into 8 m\?4 ,?is con/itut$ ! burn+4#gf ,!re is au?ority = ! /atem5t t in/ead ( a light$ wick1 molt5 lead 0 p\r$ d[n ! culprit's ?roat4#gg 7#d7 ,/on+4--,dea? by /on+ 0 accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! culprit 0 tak5 to "s l(ty hill or em95ce1 made to undress completely1 if a man1 & 0 !n precipitat$ viol5tly to ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,! fall usually broke ! neck or dislocat$ ! sp9al cord4 ,if dea? did n foll[ in/antane\sly ! witnesses hurl$ ^u 8 pro/rate body heavy /ones until he 0 dead4 ,if ! fir/ /one1 s heavy z to require two p]sons to c>ry x1 did n produce dea?1 !n by/&]s ?rew /ones ^u him until dea? ensu$4 ,"h1 aga91 /on+ to dea? is n /rictly accurate4 ,dea? usually result$ f ! fall ( ! man f ! plat=m1 scaffold1 hill1 or o!r elevation f :i* he 0 hurl$4 ,x 0 really a process ( neck-break+1 in/ead ( /on+1 z burn+ 0 a process ( suffocation1 in/ead ( consum+ ) fire4 ,^! f\r me?ods ( execution--behead+1 /rangl+1 burn+1 & /on+--7 ! only =ms ( capital puni%m5t kn[n to ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,crucifixion 0 nev] practic$ by !m2 b a po/hum\s indignity1 resembl+ crucifixion1 0 employ$ z an insult to ! crim9al1 9 ! crimes ( idolatry & blasphemy4 ,9 addition to be+ /on$ to dea?1 z a puni%m5t = ei!r ( ^! crimes1 ! dead body ( ! culprit 0 !n hang$ 9 public view z a means ( r5d]+ ! (f5se m hide\s & ! dea? m ignom9i\s4 ,?is hang+ to a tree 0 9 ob$i5ce to a ,mosaic ord9ance conta9$ 9 ,deut4 xxi4 #bb4 ,! corpse 0 n p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to rema9 hang+ dur+ ! night4 ,! burial ( ! dead body ( ! crim9al imm$iately foll[$ execution1 b int]m5t c\ld n take place 9 ! family burial gr\nd4 ,ne> ea* t[n 9 anci5t ,pale/9e 7 two cemet]ies2 9 "o ( !m 7 buri$ ^? crim9als :o _h be5 execut$ by behead+ or /rangl+2 9 ! o!r 7 int]r$ ^? :o _h be5 put to dea? by /on+ or burn+4 ,! bodies 7 requir$ to rema91 ?us buri$1 until ! fle% _h completely decay$ & fall5 f ! bone4 ,! relatives 7 !n p]mitt$ to dig up ! skeletons & place !m 9 ! family sepul*]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law--,,c\rts ,,& ,,judges ,! ,hebrew tribunals 7 ?ree 9 k9d3 ! ,great ,sanh$r92 ! ,m9or ,sanh$r92 & ! ,l[] ,tribunal1 or ! ,c\rt ( ,?ree4 ,! ,great ,sanh$r91 or ,gr& ,c\ncil1 0 ! high c\rt ( ju/ice & ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews4 ,x sat at ,j]usalem4 ,x numb]$ sev5ty-"o memb]s4 ,its p[]s 7 legislative1 executive1 & judicial4 ,x ex]cis$ all ! functions ( education1 ( gov]nm5t1 & ( religion4 ,x 0 ! national p>liam5t ( ! ,hebrew ,!ocracy1 ! human adm9i/rator ( ! div9e w4 ,x 0 ! mo/ augu/ tribunal t ev] int]pret$ or adm9i/]$ religion to man4 ,! ,"n4--,! ^w ,sanh$r9 is d]iv$ f ! ,greek 7,greek3 syn$rion7 & d5otes a legislative assembly or an ecclesia/ical c\ncil delib]at+ 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,x sugge/s also ! gravity & solemnity ( an ,ori5tal synod1 transact+ bus9ess ( great importance4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w indicates t x 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality4 ,sev]al o!r names are also f\nd 9 hi/ory to designate ! ,great ,sanh$r9 ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts is a famili> designation ( e>ly ,jewi% writ]s4 ,x is call$ ,g]usia1 or ,s5ate1 9 ! second book ( ,maccabees4#gh ,concilium1 or ,gr& ,c\ncil1 is ! "n f\nd 9 ! ,vulgate4#gi ,! ,talmud designates x sometimes z ! ,tribunal ( ! ,maccabees1 b usually t]ms x ,sanh$r91 ! "n mo/ frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! ,greek text ( ! ,gospels1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,rabb9s1 & 9 ! works ( ,josephus4#hj ,orig9 ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,! hi/orians are at logg]heads z to ! orig9 ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,_m cont5d t x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,wild]ness by ,moses1 :o act$ "u div9e commission record$ 9 ,numb]s xi4 #af1 #ag3 ,ga!r unto me sev5ty ( ! eld]s ( ,israel1 :om ?\ kn[e/ to be ! eld]s ( ! p1 & (fic]s ( !m2 & br+ !m unto ! tab]nacle ( ! congregation1 t !y may /& ) !e2 & ,i w take ( ! ,_s t is ^u !e & w put x ^u !m2 & !y %all be> ! burd5 ( ! p ) !e1 t ?\ be>e/ x n alone4 ,ov] ! sev5ty eld]s1 ,moses is said to h presid$1 mak+ sev5ty-"o1 ! hi/oric numb] ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,sev]al ,*ri/ian hi/orians1 among !m ,grotius & ,seld51 h ent]ta9$ ?is view2 o!rs equally celebrat$ h ma9ta9$ contr>y op9ions4 ,^! latt] cont5d t ! c\ncil ( sev5ty orda9$ by ,moses exi/$ only a %ort "t1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ to assi/ ! great lawgiv] 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 & t1 ^u ! entrance ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel into ! ,promis$ ,l&1 x disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,! writ]s :o hold ?is view cont5d t if ! great assembly organiz$ 9 ! ,wild]ness 0 p]petuat$ side by side ) ! royal p[]1 ?r\gh\t ! ages1 z ! ,rabbis ma9ta9$1 "s m5tion ( ?is fact w\ld1 9 reason1 h be5 made by ! ,bible1 ,josephus1 or ,philo4 ,! pages ( ,jewi% hi/ory disclose ! greate/ div]sity ( op9ion z to ! orig9 ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,! ,maccabean era is ?\ght by "s to be ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance4 ,o!rs cont5d t ! reign ( ,john ,hyrcanus1 & /ill o!rs t ! days ( ,judas ,maccabeus1 m>k$ its bir? & beg9n+4 ,raphall1 hav+ /udi$ ) c>e its orig9 & progress1 wrote3 ,we h ?us trac$ ! exi/5ce ( a c\ncil ( ,zek5im or ,eld]s f\nd$ by ,moses1 exi/+ 9 ! days ( ,ezekiel1 re/or$ "u ! "n ( ,sabay ,yeh\dai1 or ,eld]s ( ! ,jews1 "u ,p]sian dom9ion2 ,g]usia1 "u ! supremacy ( ! ,greeks2 & ,sanh$r9 "u ! ,asmonean k+s & "u ! ,romans4#ha ,bru%+ aside m]e !ory & speculation1 "o hi/orical fact is cle> & uncontradict$1 t ! fir/ ,sanh$r9 ,c\ncil clo!d ) ! g5]al judicial & religi\s attributes ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 ( ! times ( ,jesus1 0 e/abli%$ at ,j]usalem betwe5 #agj & #ajf ,b4,c4 ,organization ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,! sev5ty-"o memb]s compos+ ! ,great ,sanh$r9 7 divid$ into ?ree *amb]s3 ,! *amb] ( prie/s2 ,! *amb] ( scribes2 ,! *amb] ( eld]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ord]s repres5t$ ! religi\s or sac]dotal2 ! second1 ! lit]>y or legal2 ! ?ird1 ! patri>*al1 ! democratic or popul> elem5t ( ! ,hebrew population4 ,?us ! pr9cipal ,e/ates ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel 7 pres5t1 by repres5tation1 9 ! great c\rt & p>liam5t ( ! nation4 ,mat!w ref]s to ^! ?ree ord]s & id5tifies ! tribunal t pass$ judgm5t ^u ,*ri/3 ,f t "t =?1 began ,jesus to %ew unto 8 disciples1 h[ t he mu/ g unto ,j]usalem1 & suff] _m ?+s ( ! eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes1 & be kill$ & rais$ aga9 ! ?ird day4#hb ,!oretically1 "u ! ,hebrew con/itution1 ! sev5ty-"o ( ! ?ree *amb]s 7 to be equally divid$3 ,tw5ty-?ree 9 ! *amb] ( prie/s1 ,tw5ty-?ree 9 ! *amb] ( scribes1 ,tw5ty-?ree 9 ! *amb] ( eld]s4 ,a total ( sixty-n9e1 toge!r ) ! two presid+ (fic]s1 w\ld con/itute ! requisite numb]1 sev5ty-"o4 ,b1 practically1 ?is arrangem5t 0 r>ely ev] obs]v$4 ,! !ocratic /ructure ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,israel & ! pi\s reg>d ( ! p = ! gu>dians ( ! ,temple1 gave ! prie/ly elem5t a pr$om9at+ influ5ce f "t to "t4 ,! scribes1 too1 7 a mo/ vigor\s & aggressive sect & frequ5tly encroa*$ ^u ! rights & privileges ( ! o!r ord]s4 ,ab>banel1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,hebrew writ]s1 has (f]$ ?is explanation3 ,! prie/s & scribes naturally pr$om9at$ 9 ! ,sanh$r9 because1 n hav+ l ! o!r ,israelites receiv$ l&s to cultivate & improve1 !y _h abundant "t to consecrate to ! /udy ( law & ju/ice1 & ?us became bett] qualifi$ to act z judges4#hc ,qualifications ( ,memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,! foll[+ qualifications 7 requisite to entitle an applicant to memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r93 7#a7 ,he mu/ h be5 a ,hebrew & a l9eal desc5dant ( ,hebrew p>5ts4#hd 7#b7 ,he mu/ h be5 le>n$ 9 ! law2 bo? writt5 & unwritt54 ,8 legal atta9m5t mu/ h includ$ an intimate acqua9tance ) all ! enactm5ts ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 ) traditional practices1 ) ! precepts & prec$5ts ( ! colleges1 ) ! adjudications ( =m] c\rts & ! op9ions ( =m] judges4 ,he mu/ h be5 famili> n only ) ! laws !n actively 9 =ce1 b also ) ^? t _h become obsolete4#he 7#c7 ,he mu/ h _h judicial exp]i5ce2 t is1 he mu/ h already fill$ ?ree (fices ( gradually increas+ dignity1 beg9n+ ) "o ( ! local c\rts1 & pass+ successively ?r\gh two magi/racies at ,j]usalem4#hf 7#d7 ,he mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly pr(ici5t 9 sci5tific k4 ,! anci5t ,sanh$ri/s 7 requir$ to be especially well gr\nd$ 9 a/ronomy & m$ic9e4 ,!y 7 also expect$ to be famili> ) ! arts ( ! necromanc]4#hg ,we are also l$ to believe f ! revelations ( ! ,talmud t ! judges ( ,israel 7 well v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( physiology & *emi/ry1 z f> z ^! sci5ces 7 develop$ & und]/ood 9 ^? days4 ,hi/ory records t ,rabbi ,ismael & 8 disciples once engag$ 9 exp]im5tal dissection 9 ord] to le>n ! anatomy ( ! human frame4 ,on "o occasion a deceitful witness tri$ to impose ^u a ,hebrew c\rt by repres5t+ sp]matic fluid to be ! album5 ( an egg4 ,baba b> ,b\tah 0 enabl$1 f 8 k ( ! elem5ts ( *emi/ry1 to demon/rate ! fact ( fraud 9 ! te/imony ( ! witness4 ,eighty disciples ( ! fam\s ,academy ( ,hillel are said to h be5 acqua9t$ ) e bran* ( sci5ce kn[n 9 ^? days4#hh 7#e7 ,he mu/ h be5 an accompli%$ l+ui/2 t is1 he mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! languages ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,int]pret]s 7 n all[$ 9 ,hebrew c\rts4 ,a k ( sev]al languages 01 !re=e1 indisp5sable to ! c&idate :o s\ght memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,9 ! case ( a =eign] be+ call$ z a witness be=e a tribunal1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t two memb]s %\ld und]/& ! language 9 :i* ! /rang]'s evid5ce 0 giv52 t two o!rs %\ld speak to him2 :ile ano!r 0 requir$ to be bo? able to und]/& & to conv]se ) ! witness4 ,a majority ( ?ree judges c\ld always be obta9$ on any d\btful po9t 9 ! int]pretation ( ! te/imony submitt$ to ! c\rt4 ,at ,bi!r !re 7 ?ree ,rabb9s acqua9t$ ) e language !n kn[n1 :ile at ,jabneh !re 7 said to be f\r simil>ly end[$ ) ! gift ( 'all ! tongues4'#hi 7#f7 ,he mu/ h be5 mode/1 popul>1 ( good appe>ance1 & free f haught9ess4#ij ,! ,hebrew m9d conceiv$ mode/y to be ! natural result ( t le>n+1 dignity1 & piety :i* e judge 0 suppos$ to possess4 ,! qualification ( popul>ity did n convey ! notion ( electione]+1 hobnobb+ & famili>ity4 ,x meant simply t ! reputation ( ! applicant = judicial honors 0 s f> above reproa* t 8 c\ntrym5 c\ld & w\ld will+ly commit all _! int]e/s ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty to 8 keep+4 ,by good appe>ance 0 meant t fre$om f physical blemi%es & defects1 & t possession ( physical end[m5ts t w\ld inspire respect & rev]5ce 9 ! behold]4 ,! haughty judge 0 suppos$ to be lack+ 9 ! elem5ts ( piety & humility :i* qualifi$ him = communion ) ,god4 ,haught9ess1 !re=e1 disqualifi$ = admission to ! ,great ,sanh$r94 7#g7 ,he mu/ h be5 pi\s1 /rong1 & c\rage\s4#ia ,piety 0 ! prem95t qualification ( a judge ( ,israel4 ,impiety 0 ! negation ( ev]y?+ ,israeliti%4 ,/r5g? & c\rage are attributes t all judges 9 all ages & among all races h be5 suppos$ to possess 9 ord] to be j & righte\s 9 _! judgm5ts4 ,disqualifications4--,disqualifications ( applicants = memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 are n less int]e/+ ?an qualifications4 ,!y are 9 ! ma9 m]e negatives ( affirmatives :i* h already be5 giv51 & w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be sup]flu\s4 ,b !y are /rongly acc5tuat$ 9 ,hebrew law1 & are !re=e repeat$ "h4 7#a7 ,a man 0 disqualifi$ to act z judge :o _h n1 or _h nev] _h1 any regul> trade1 occupation1 or pr(ession by :i* he ga9$ 8 livelihood4 ,! reason = ?is disqualification 0 bas$ ^u a /r+5t maxim ( ! ,rabb9s3 ,he :o neglects to tea* 8 son a trade1 is z ?\gh he taught him to /eal6 ,a man :o did n "w & _h nev] labor$ 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[ = an hone/ livelihood1 0 n qualifi$1 reason$ ! ,hebrew p1 to give prop] consid]ation or ext5d due sympa?y to ! cause ( litigants ^: diff]5ces arose out ( ! /ruggles ( ev]yday life4 7#b7 ,9 trials :]e ! dea? p5alty might be inflict$1 an ag$ man1 a p]son :o _h nev] _h any *ildr5 ( 8 own1 & a ba/>d 7 disqualifi$ to act z judge4 ,a p]son ( advanc$ ye>s 0 disqualifi$ because accord+ to ! ,rabb9s old age is frequ5tly m>k$ by bad temp]2 & because 8 ye>s & infirmities 7 likely to r5d] him h>%1 p]haps ob/9ate & unyield+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y\? 0 also a disqualification to sit 9 ! ,sanh$r94 ,accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 tw5ty-five ye>s 0 ! age :i* entitl$ a p]son to be call$ a ,man2#ib b no "o 0 eligible to a seat 9 ! ,sanh$r9 until he _h rea*$ ! age ( =ty ye>s4#ic ,! anci5t ,hebrews reg>d$ t p]iod z ! beg9n+ ( discretion & und]/&+4 ,a p]son )\t *ildr5 0 n suppos$ to possess ^? t5d] pat]nal feel+s :i* %\ld w>m him on behalf ( ! son ( ,israel :o 0 9 p]il ( 8 life4 ,! /a9 ( bir? & ! degradation 9 "* ( a ba/>d 7 :olly inconsi/5t ) ! high ideals ( ! qualifications ( a ,hebrew judge4 7#c7 ,gambl]s1 dice play]s1 bettors on pigeon mat*es1 usur]s1 & slave deal]s 7 disqualifi$ to act z judges4 ,! ,hebrews reg>d$ gambl+1 dice play+1 bett+ on pigeon mat*es1 & o!r su* practices z =ms ( ?iev]y2 & ?ieves 7 n eligible to sit z judges 9 _! c\rts4 ,no man :o 0 9 ! habit ( l5d+ money 9 an usuri\s mann] c\ld be a judge4 ,x 0 immat]ial :e!r ! money 0 l5t to a c\ntryman or a /rang]4 ,slave deal]s 7 disqualifi$ to act z judges because !y 7 reg>d$ z inhuman & unsympa!tic4 7#d7 ,no man 0 qualifi$ to be a judge :o _h dealt 9 ! fruits ( ! sev5? ye>4 ,su* a p]son 0 deem$ lack+ 9 consci5ce & unfitt$ to p]=m judicial functions4 7#e7 ,no man :o 0 conc]n$ or int]e/$ 9 a matt] to be adjudicat$ 0 qualifi$ to sit 9 judgm5t !reon4 ,?is is a univ]sal disqualification ( judges "u all enlight5$ sy/ems ( ju/ice4 ,! weakness & selfi%ness ( human nature are su* t few m5 are qualifi$ to judge imp>tially :]e _! own int]e/s are involv$4 7#f7 ,all relatives ( ! accus$ man1 ( :atev] degree ( consangu9ity1 7 disqualifi$ f sitt+ 9 judgm5t on 8 case4 ,?is is only a v>iation ( ! disqualification ( int]e/4 7#g7 ,no p]son :o w\ld be b5efit$1 z heir1 or o!rwise1 by ! dea? or condemnation ( an accus$ man1 0 qualifi$ to be 8 judge4 ,?is1 too1 is a v>iation ( ! disqualification ( int]e/4 7#h7 ,! k+ c\ld n be a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,royalty disqualifi$ f hold+ ! place ( judge because ( ! high /ation ( ! k+ & because 8 ex]cis+ judicial functions might hamp] ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 clos+ ! enum]ation ( disqualifications1 x may be add$ t an election to a seat obta9$ by fraud or any unfair means 0 null & void4 ,no respect 0 %[n = ! piety or le>n+ ( su* a judge2 8 judicial mantle 0 spat ^u ) scorn1 & 8 fell[ judges fl$ f him z f a plague or pe/4 ,hebrew contempt = su* a judge 0 express$ 9 ! maxim3 ,! robe ( ! unfairly elect$ judge is to be respect$ n m ?an ! blanket ( an ass4 ,(fic]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,two presid+ (fic]s direct$ ! proce$+s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,"o ( ^!1 /yl$ pr9ce 7nasi71 0 ! *ief & ! presid5t ( ! c\rt4 ,! o!r1 kn[n z ! fa!r ( ! ,tribunal 7ab-be?-d971 0 ! vice-presid5t4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion among ! hi/orians z to ! p>ticul> *amb] f :i* ! presid5t 0 *os54 ,"s h cont5d$ t ! presid5cy ( ! ,sanh$r9 belong$ by "r to ! high prie/4 ,b ! facts ( hi/ory d n su/a9 ?is cont5tion4 ,a>on 0 high prie/ at ! "t :5 ,moses 0 presid5t ( ! fir/ ,sanh$r9 9 ! ,wild]ness2 &1 besides1 ! li/ ( presid5ts pres]v$ by ! ,talmud reveals ! names ( _m :o did n belong to ! prie/hood4 ,maimonides has made ! foll[+ v apt obs]vation on ! subject3 ,:oev] surpass$ 8 colleagues 9 wisdom 0 made by !m *ief ( ! ,sanh$r94#id ,accord+ to mo/ ,jewi% writ]s1 !re 7 two scribes or secret>ies ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,b sev]al o!rs cont5d t !re 7 ?ree4 ,b5ny says3 ,?ree scribes 7 pres5t2 "o 0 seat$ on ! "r1 "o on ! left1 ! ?ird 9 ! c5t] ( ! hall4 ,! fir/ record$ ! names ( ! judges :o vot$ = ! acquittal ( ! accus$1 & ! argum5ts ^u :i* ! acquittal 0 gr\nd$4 ,! second not$ ! names ( su* z decid$ to condemn ! prison] & ! reasons ^u :i* ! conviction 0 bas$4 ,! ?ird kept an acc\nt ( bo? ! prec$+ s z to be able at any "t to supply omissions or *eck inaccuracies 9 ! memor&a ( 8 bro!r report]s4#ie ,9 addition to ^! (fic]s1 !re 7 /ill o!rs :o execut$ s5t5ces & att5d$ to all ! police "w ( legal proc$ure4 ,!y 7 call$ %ot]im4#if ,!re 0 no su* (fic] z a public prosecutor or ,/ate's attorney kn[n to ! laws ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! witnesses to ! crime 7 ! only prosecutors recogniz$ by ,hebrew crim9al jurisprud5ce2 & 9 capital cases !y 7 ! legal execution]s z well4 ,!re 0 also no su* body z ! mod]n ,gr& ,jury kn[n to anci5t ,hebrew crim9al law4 ,& no simil> body ( committee ( ! ,sanh$r9 p]=m$ ! accusatory functions ( ! mod]n ,gr& ,jury4 ,! witnesses 7 ! only accus]s1 & _! te/imony 0 bo? ! indictm5t & ! evid5ce4 ,until !y te/ifi$1 ! man suspect$ 0 deem$ n only innoc5t b unaccus$4 ,! pr(ession ( ! law1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 0 no "p ( ! judicial sy/em ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,!re 7 no advocates z we "k !m4 ,!re 71 inde$1 m5 le>n$ 9 ! law--,ph>isees & ,sadducees--:o knew all ! law4 ,!re 7 doctors ( ! law3 m5 :om ,jesus conf\nd$ :5 a y\? 9 ! ,temple at ! age ( twelve4#ig ,b !re 7 no lawy]s 9 ! mod]n s5se3 pr(essional *>act]s :o accept fees & prosecute cases4 ,! judges & disciples p]=m$ all ! duties ( ! mod]n attorney & c\nselor-at-law4 ,! prophets 7 ! sole orators ( ,hebrew life1 b !y 7 nev] all[$ to appe> z def5dants ( accus$ p]sons4 ,inde$1 !y !mselves 7 at times compell$ to play ! role ( def5dants4 ,j]emiah is an illu/ri\s example4#ih ,bo? ,keim#ii & ,geikie#ajj speak ( a ,baal ,rib1 a c\nsel appo9t$ to see t ev]y?+ possible 0 done to secure ! rights ( an accus$ p]son at a ,hebrew crim9al trial4 ,b ^! /atem5ts are n 9 accord ) /&>d works on anci5t ,hebrew jurisprud5ce4 ,inde$1 ,fri$lieb emphatically d5ies t !re 0 any su* p]son z a ,baal ,rib or ,dom9us ,litis among ! anci5t ,hebrews4#aja ,x seems t 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality1 specially reta9$ advocates 7 kn[n1 = ,/4 ,luke tells u t ! ,jews employ$ ,t]tullus1 a c]ta9 orator1 to prosecute ,/4 ,paul4#ajb ,b ?is 0 c]ta9ly an exceptional case4 ,x is hi/orically c]ta9 t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,jewi% ,commonweal? litigants plead$ _! own causes4 ,?is we le>n f ! case ( ! two wom5 :o appe>$ be=e ,k+ ,solomon1 & laid be=e him _! respective claims to a *ild4#ajc ,comp5sation ( ,(fic]s4--,! judges ( ,israel 7 orig9ally n paid any?+ = _! s]vices4 ,! honor ( ! (fice itself 0 consid]$ suffici5t emolum5t = labors p]=m$4 ,inde$1 ! (fice ( tea*] & judge 9 ,israel 0 s highly priz$ t ! /ruggles & sacrifices ( a lifetime 7 n consid]$ too great to pay = a place 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,su* high /ation 0 reg>d$ z a sacr$ sph]e into :i* ! idea ( mat]ial ga9 %\ld n ent]4 ,! regul> c\rt days 71 !re=e1 sp5t by ! judge on ! b5*1 )\t any expectation ( rew>d = 8 s]vices4 ,! o!r days ( ! week he sp5t 9 e>n+ a livelihood4 ,b 9 lat] ye>s ( ! national life a *ange seems to h tak5 place4 ,! anci5t rule 0 s f> modifi$ t :5 ! s]vices ( ! judge 7 requir$ on days :5 he 0 engag$ 9 8 private pursuits1 cu/om & ! law gave him ! "r to claim a sub/itute dur+ ! "t he 0 occupi$ on ! b5*2 or1 9 default ( a sub/itute1 to claim remun]ation = ! "t :i* he _h lo/4 ,ano!r modification 0 t if 8 legal duties requir$ 8 entire "t1 ! judge 9 ,israel 0 entitl$ to support f ! communal treasury1 & 0 ev5 p]mitt$ to accept fees f litigants4 ,?is practice 0 disc\rag$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,rabbis1 :o look$ ) disfavor ^u ! appo9tm5t ( judges :o 7 n entirely able to support !mselves4 ,! secret>ies & o!r (fic]s ( subord9ate dignity 7 paid = _! s]vices4#ajd ,sessions ( ! ,c\rts4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,hebrew ,commonweal? ! laws provid$ = no regul> c\rt days4 ,! ,sanh$r9 conv5$ z occasion requir$1 to transact su* bus9ess & dispose ( su* cases z came be=e x4 ,b ?is practice 0 (t5times f\nd to be exp5sive & annoy+ to litigants :o came into ,j]usalem f ! c\ntry & f\nd no c\rts 9 session4 ,to accommodate ! c\ntry folk1 ! f>m]s1 & %eph]ds1 ,ezra & 8 coadjutors ( ! ,great ,assembly designat$ ,mondays & ,?ursdays z regul> c\rt days4 ,?is enactm5t 0 n prohibitive1 h[ev]4 ,c\rt might be held on any day ( ! week t necessity requir$4 ,! reason assign$ by ! ,rabb9s = ! selection ( ,mondays & ,?ursdays z c\rt days 0 t on ^? days p f ! c\ntry usually congregat$ 9 popul\s places1 9 _! h\ses ( wor%ip1 to he> ! law read & int]pret$4 ,:ile 9 att5dance ^u ^! sacr$ s]vices1 x 0 ?\ght t ! "t 0 bo? conv5i5t & propiti\s = ! settlem5t ( _! legal difficulties4#aje ,! au?orities are divid$ z to ! exact (ficial h\rs ( ! day = hold+ c\rt4 ,! ,sanh$r9 sat f ! close ( ! morn+ sacrifice to ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice1 is ! language ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud4#ajf ,m5delsohn says3 ,! (ficial h\rs = hold+ c\rt 7 betwe5 ! morn+ s]vice & noon2 b a suit ent]$ ^u dur+ ! legal h\rs c\ld be c>ri$ on until ev5+1 & civil cases c\ld be cont9u$ ev5 aft] nightfall4#ajg ,b 9 no case ( a crim9al nature c\ld ! c\rt cont9ue its session dur+ ! night4#ajh ,! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s 9 ! prov9ces1 z well z ! local ,c\rts ( ,?ree1 usually held _! sessions 9 ! mo/ public place1 t is1 at ! city gate4 ,! two ,m9or ,sanh$r9s ( ,j]usalem held _! sessions at ! entrance to ! ,temple-m\nd & to ! woman's dep>tm5t respectively4 ,! ,great ,sanh$r9 conv5$ 9 an ap>tm5t ( ! national temple at ,j]usalem1 kn[n z ! ,li%ka? haggazi?4 ,?is ap>tm5t 0 ! celebrat$ ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones4#aji ,recruitm5ts4--,! "y ,hebrew disciple :o possess$ ! necess>y m5tal1 spiritual1 & p]sonal qualifications = judicial honors 0 /yl$ ,hab]1 :i* means associate1 fell[4#aaj ,su* a disciple 0 fir/ solemnly orda9$ & receiv$ ! title ( ,zak5 7eld]7 or ,rabbi4 ,?is title r5d]$ him eligible to memb]%ip 9 ! diff]5t c\rts4 ,b t he might acquire necess>y exp]i5ce = memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 & became a sage wor?y ( ,israel1 he 0 requir$ to beg9 at ! l[e/ rung ( ! judicial ladd] & "w gradually to ! top4 ,he 0 fir/ appo9t$ by ! ,great ,sanh$r9 to a place 9 "o ( ! local c\rts1 consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s2 he !n s]v$ z a memb] ( "o ( ! prov9cial ,sanh$r9s2 0 !n promot$ to ! fir/1 & aft]w>ds to ! second ,m9or ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem2 & 0 elevat$ f9ally to ! ,great ,sanh$r9 itself4#aaa ,aft] ?is mann]1 all ! c\rts ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 7 recruit$ & repl5i%$ f "t to "t2 ! "y aspirant to judicial favors beg9n+ 9 ! local ,c\rt ( ,?ree & ris+ by successive /eps to ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem4 ,! exact me?od ( fill+ vacancies & ?us repl5i%+ ! memb]%ip ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 is n c]ta9ly kn[n4#aab ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,talmud1 h[ev]1 is ?\ght to be au?oritative3 ,9 front ( !m 7! judges ( ! ,great ,sanh$r97 sat ?ree r[s ( le>n$ disciples2 ea* ( !m _h 8 own special place4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to promote "o ( !m to ! (fice ( judge1 "o ( ^? 9 ! =emo/ r[ 0 select$4 ,8 place 0 !n suppli$ by "o 9 ! second r[1 :ile "o f ! ?ird 0 9 turn advanc$ to ! second4 ,?is be+ done1 someone 0 !n *os5 f ! congregation to supply ! vacancy ?us creat$ 9 ! ?ird r[4 ,b ! p]son s appo9t$ did n /ep directly into ! place occupi$ by ! "o la/ promot$ f ! ?ird r[1 b into ! place t beseem$ "o :o 0 only newly admitt$4#aac ,quorum ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,tw5ty-?ree memb]s con/itut$ a quorum ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,?is 0 ! full numb] ( ! memb]%ip ( a ,m9or ,sanh$r94 ,numb] ( ,votes ,requir$ to ,convict4--,9 crim9al trials a majority ( "o vote is suffici5t = an acquittal2 b = a condemnation a majority ( two is necess>y1 is ! language ( ! ,mi%na4#aad ,! full memb]%ip ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 0 sev5ty-"o4 ,a condemnation by ?irty-five acquitt$ ! accus$2 a condemnation by ?irty-six also acquitt$4 ,at lea/ ?irty-sev5 votes 7 ne$$ to convict4 ,if a b>e quorum 0 pres5t1 at lea/ ?irte5 votes 7 necess>y to condemn4 ,a v peculi> rule ( ,hebrew law provid$ t a simultane\s & unanim\s v]dict ( guilty r5d]$ on ! day ( trial1 _h ! effect ( an acquittal4#aae ,su* a v]dict 0 consid]$ to be lack+ 9 ! elem5t ( m]cy1 & 0 ?\ght to result m f conspiracy & mob viol5ce ?an f mature judicial delib]ation4 ,jurisdiction ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94--,! jurisdiction ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 is briefly & concisely /at$ 9 ! ,mi%na3 ,! judgem5t ( ! sev5ty-"o is bes\ght :5 ! affair conc]ns a :ole tribe or is reg>d+ a false prophet or ! high-prie/2 :5 x is a "q :e!r w> %all be decl>$ or n2 :5 x has = its object ! enl>gem5t ( ,j]usalem or its suburbs2 :e!r tribunals ( tw5ty-?ree %all be in/itut$ 9 ! prov9ces1 or to decl>e t a t[n has become defil$1 & to place x "u ban ( excommunication4#aaf ,edw>d ,gibbon has also def9$ ! jurisdiction ( ! same c\rt z foll[s3 ,) reg>d to civil objects1 x 0 ! supreme c\rt ( appeal2 ) reg>d to crim9al matt]s1 a tribunal con/itut$ = ! trial ( all (f5ces t 7 committ$ by m5 9 any public /ation1 or t affect$ ! peace & maje/y ( ! p4 ,its mo/ frequ5t & s]i\s occupation 0 ! ex]cise ( judicial p[]4 ,z a c\ncil ( /ate & z a c\rt ( ju/ice1 x possess$ _m pr]ogatives4 ,e p[] 0 d]iv$ f its au?ority1 e law 0 ratifi$ by its sanction4 ,! ,great ,sanh$r9 possess$ all ! p[]s & attributes ( a national p>liam5t & a supreme c\rt ( judicature4 ,x correspond$ to ! ,areopagus ( ,a!ns & to ! s5ate ( ,rome4 ,x took cognizance ( ! misconduct ( prie/s & k+s4 ,josephus tells u t ,h]od ! ,great 0 arraign$ z a crim9al be=e its judges1 & t ,k+ ,hyrcanus himself obey$ its m&ates & decrees4 ,appeals4--,appeals 7 all[$ f a ,m9or ,sanh$r9 to ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,b !re 0 no appeal f a m&ate1 judgm5t1 or decree ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,its au?ority 0 supreme 9 all matt]s2 civil & political1 social1 religi\s1 & crim9al4 ,x is believ$ t en\gh has be5 said t\*+ ! "*1 organization1 & jurisdiction ( ! supreme tribunal ( ! anci5t ,hebrews to satisfy ! av]age read]4 ,inde$1 x may be t ?is limit has be5 exce$$4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] w be devot$ to a %ort review ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s & ! ,c\rts ( ,?ree4 ,m9or ,sanh$r9s4--,!re 0 no fix$ numb] ( ,m9or ,sanh$r9s = ! adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice 9 ! ,hebrew ,commonweal?4 ,:]ev] & :5ev]1 9 any t[n or city inhabit$ by at lea/ "o hundr$ & tw5ty families1 ! p desir$ a ,sanh$r9 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s1 su* a tribunal 0 e/abli%$4 ,= ?is purpose1 an application 0 made to ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem1 :i* dispat*$ a m&ate to ! t[n ord]+ ! resid5ts to assemble & to nom9ate f among !mselves p]sons qualifi$ to act z judges4 ,! electors 7 expect$ to be> 9 m9d ! qualifications t w\ld fit a judge = memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r91 to :i* all local judges might ev5tually be elevat$4 ,accord+ly1 only good m5 & true 7 *os5 at ! t[n mass meet+4 ,imm$iately ^u receipt ( ! return to ! m&ate1 an au?orization 0 s5t back f ,j]usalem to ! t[n or city :i* confirm$ ! election & con/itut$ ! judges select$ a ,sanh$r9 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s4#aag ,jurisdiction ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s4--,! jurisdiction ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s ext5d$ to ne>ly all crim9al cases involv+ imprisonm5t or seclusion = life1 int]nm5t 9 a city ( refuge1 & capital puni%m5t4 ,adult]y1 s$uction1 blasphemy1 ince/1 manslaught]1 & murd] belong$ to ^! diff]5t classes4 ,?is c\rt condemn$ an ox to be but*]$ t _h gor$ a man to dea?4 ,! condemnation proce$+s 7 some?+ 9 ! nature ( a trial ( ! bea/2 & ! own] 0 sev]ely f9$ :]e ! evid5ce prov$ t he knew ! vici\s disposition & habits ( ! animal4 ,! delib]ations at ! trial ( ! bull 7 mo/ c>eful & solemn1 s9ce ! value ( a human life 0 involv$ 9 ! proce$+s & _h to be e/imat$ 9 ! judgm5t4 ,besides jurisdiction 9 crim9al matt]s1 ! ,sanh$r9s ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s p]=m$ c]ta9 civil functions4 ,!y 7 ! tax bo>ds ( ! v>i\s prov9ces4 ,!y con/itut$ ! regul> ag5cies ( gov]nm5t = ! di/ribution ( public *>ity4 ,! managem5t & adm9i/ration ( public elem5t>y s*ools 7 "u _! control4 ,! legal /&>ds ( weights & measures 7 inspect$ by !m & receiv$ _! seals4 ,sanit>y regulations1 repair+ ! def5ses ( wall$ cities1 & ma9ta9+ ! public highways 9 good condition1 7 among ! duties ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s4 ,! qualifications ( judges ( ^! c\rts 7 ! same z ^? requir$ = memb]%ip 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,?is 0 true because ! judges ( ! prov9cial c\rts might be promot$ to ! supreme tribunal at ,j]usalem4 ,! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s might be v aptly describ$ z ! nisi prius c\rts ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel4 ,x 0 9 ^! c\rts ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s t ! bulk ( ,hebrew litigation 0 dispos$ (4 ,x seems t1 ?\gh equal 9 numb]1 !y 7 n all reg>d$ z equal 9 le>n+ or au?ority4 ,x is di/9ctly /at$ t appeals c\ld be tak5 f "o ,m9or ,sanh$r9 to ano!r deem$ ( sup]ior au?ority4#aah ,! diff]5ce 0 probably due to ! fact t 9 ! l>g] t[ns 7 locat$ colleges & s*ools1 "s ( ^: pr(essors 7 d\btless ei!r advis]s or memb]s ( ! local ,sanh$r94 ,at any rate1 :5 a difficult "q1 civil or crim9al1 c\ld n be det]m9$1 = want ( an au?oritative & regi/]$ decision1 by an ord9>y ,sanh$r9 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty judges1 ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! ne>e/ neighbor+ ,sanh$r9 ?\ght to be ( great] repute4 ,if no au!ntic tradition (f]+ a solution ( ! litigat$ "q 0 9 ! possession ( ! ,sanh$r9 to :i* appeal _h be5 tak51 ! matt] 0 !n ref]r$ to ! fir/ ,m9or ,sanh$r9 9 ,j]usalem :i* sat 9 ! ,h>-habai?4 ,if ! judges ( ?is c\rt 7 !mselves )\t prec$5t t\*+ ^u ! litigat$ proposition1 x 0 /ill fur!r ref]r$ to ! second ,m9or ,sanh$r9 ( ,j]usalem1 locat$ 9 ! ,az>ah4 ,if1 aga91 ?is ,c\rt 0 )\t ! necess>y tradition t w\ld enable x to decide ! "q1 ! matt] 0 f9ally br\ght be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,if ?is augu/ tribunal 0 )\t prec$5t & tradition t w\ld enable its memb]s to dispose ( ! "q accord+ to adjudicat$ cases1 !y !n decid$1 nev]!less1 9 accordance ) ! s5tim5ts & pr9ciples ( natural ju/ice4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s to :i* e t[n ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty families 0 entitl$1 two sat at ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 left optional ) a litigant f ! prov9ces to appeal to ! local ,sanh$r9 or to "o ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,local bias or prejudice 0 ?us avoid$4 ,l[] ,tribunals4--,! l[e/ ord] ( ,hebrew tribunal 0 ! ,c\rt ( ,?ree1 compos$ ( judges select$ by ! litigants !mselves4 ,! pla9tiff *ose "o memb]1 ! def5dant select$ ano!r1 & ^! two *ose a ?ird4 ,a majority op9ion decid$ all que/ions4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to h at lea/ "o au?oriz$ juri/ 7mum*a7 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,?ree4 ,?is p>ticul> judge 0 probably an appo9tee ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 f among ! "y disciples 7,zak5 or ,rabbis74 ,?is appo9tm5t 0 d\btless int5d$ to give repute to ! local c\rt & exp]i5ce to ! legal aspirant1 z well z to furni% a possible recruit to ! ,great ,sanh$r94#aai ,^! c\rts correspond$ v ne>ly to ! mod]n c\rts ( ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace4 ,_! jurisdiction ext5d$ to civil matt]s ( small importance & to petty crim9al (f5ses4 ,!y 7 n p]man5t1 be+ m 9 ! nature ( ref]ees or arbitrators1 & sat only :5 occasion requir$4 ,_! sessions 7 public & 7 held 9 ! op5 air "u trees1 or at ! city gate4 ,?us mu* = ! judicial sy/em ( c\rts & judges among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,x 0 simple 9 ! extreme1 democratic to ! core1 & seems to h be5 ?or\ghly reliable & effective4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ^u univ]sal suffrage1 subject only to ! g5]al sup]vision & occasional appo9tm5ts ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,! judges 7 ev] 9 t\* ) ! sympa?ies & ! be/ int]e/s ( ! p4 ,peculi>ities ( ! ,hebrew ,sy/em4--,c]ta9 v /rik+ peculi>ities m>k$ ! ,hebrew sy/em3 7#a7 ,!re 7 no lawy]s or advocates4 ,^! judicial disputants h be5 kn[n to e o!r sy/em ( enlight5$ jurisprud5ce4 ,b !re 7 no ,cic]os1 ,ersk9es1 ,*oates among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! judges 7 ! def5d]s z well z ! judges ( ! accus$4 ,x may be easily read betwe5 ! l9es t ! fram]s & build]s ( ! ,hebrew judicial sy/em reg>d$ paid advocates z an abom9ation & a nuisance4 ,k+ ,f]d9&1 ( ,spa91 seems to h _h ! ,hebrew notion :51 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,j]usalem fell1 he s5t out coloni/s to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ) special in/ructions t no lawy]s %\ld be c>ri$ along1 le/ lawsuits %\ld become ord9>y occurr5ces 9 ! ,new ,_w4#abj ,f]d9& evid5tly agre$ ) ,plato t lawy]s are ! plague ( ! community4#aba 7#b7 ,!re 0 no secret body1 ) ! accusatory functions ( ! mod]n ,gr& ,jury1 connect$ ) ! anci5t ,hebrew judicial sy/em4 ,! witnesses 7 ! accus]s1 & _! te/imony con/itut$ bo? ! indictm5t & ! evid5ce4 7#c7 ,!re 7 no public prosecutors or ,/ate's attorneys kn[n to ! ,hebrew sy/em4 ,"h1 aga91 ! witnesses 7 ! in=mants1 prosecutors1 &1 9 capital cases1 execution]s ( ! accus$4 7#d7 ,no c\rt1 among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 c\ld consi/ ( a s+le judge4 ,?ree 0 ! numb] ( ! l[e/ c\rt2 ?ree-&-tw5ty1 ( ! next highe/2 & sev5ty-"o1 ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem4 ,a s+le intellig5ce act+ judicially w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a usurpation ( div9e pr]ogative4 ,! basis ( ?is peculi> ,hebrew notion is a s+le s5t5ce f ! ,pirke ,abo?1 iv4 #h3 ,be n a sole judge1 = !re is no sole judge b ,"o4#abb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law--,,witnesses ,,& ,,evid5ce ,compet5cy4--,! qualifications ( a compet5t witness1 "u ,hebrew law1 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( a qualifi$ judge1 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,self-evid5tly1 all p]sons :o 7 n incompet5t1 7 compet5t4 ,incompet5cy4--,! foll[+ p]sons 7 incompet5t to be witnesses3 ,g5tiles1 wom51#abc m9ors1 slaves1#abd idiots & lunatics1 deaf mutes1 bl9d m51 gambl]s1 usur]s1 illit]ate or immode/ p]sons1 p]sons :o _h be5 convict$ ( irreligion or immorality1 relatives by aff9ity or consangu9ity1 & all p]sons directly int]e/$ 9 ! case4 ,! witness mu/ h be5 a ,hebrew1 ?\gh ! ,talmud m5tions cases 9 :i* c]ta9 facts 7 all[$ to /& prov$ ^u /atem5ts made innoc5tly by a ,g5tile2 t is1 n z a witness 9 c\rt4 ,wom5 7 n p]mitt$ to be witnesses ord9>ily1 because ( ! levity & boldness ( ! sex4#abe ,9 capital cases1 !y 7 n all[$ to te/ify aga9/ ! accus$1 because ! law requir$ ! witnesses to become ! execution]s ( ! condemn$ man1 & x 0 n deem$ prop] to impose ?is solemn & awful duty ^u ! weak] sex4 ,pub]ty or adolesc5ce m>k$ ! age :i* qualifi$ a p]son to be a witness 9 crim9al cases2 t is1 ! ?irte5? ye> mu/ h be5 pass$4 ,immoral & irreligi\s p]sons 7 incompet5t to te/ify4 ,su* m5 7 t]m$ wick$ 9 ref]5ce to ! law z laid d[n 9 ,exodus xxiii4 #a3 ,?\ %alt n raise a false report3 put n ?9e h& ) ! wick$ to be an unrighte\s witness4 ,"u ! /igma ( ! immoral & irreligi\s came dic]s1 usur]s1 pigeon fli]s1 & ^? :o trad$ 9 ! fruits ( ! ,sabbatical ye>4 ,maimonides also m5tions z incompet5t m5 :o %[$ lack ( self-respect by eat+ on ! /reet1 walk+ ab\t nak$ at _! "w1 or liv+ op5ly on ! *>ity ( ,g5tiles4#abf ,publicans--tax-ga!r]s--7 usually class$ ) hea!ns & s9n]s z be+ among ! immoral & irreligi\s4 ,?is class ( p]sons 7 suspect$ by ! ,jews1 n only because !y 7 reg>d$ z ! (ficial repres5tatives ( ! ,roman oppressors ( ,judea1 b also because extortion & cruelty 7 frequ5tly practic$ by !m4 ,!ocritus be+ ask$ :i* 0 ! mo/ cruel ( all bea/s1 repli$3 ,among ! bea/s ( ! wild]ness1 ! be> & ! lion are ! mo/ cruel1 b among ! bea/s ( ! city1 ! ,publican & ! ,p>asite4#abg ,! doctr9e ( int]e/ z a disqualification to te/ify 0 c>ri$ to ! limit ( decl>+ a p]son incompet5t to be a witness :5 he 0 ! citiz5 ( a t[n :]e claim ( title to ! public ba? h\se or ! squ>e 0 made1 until he _h fir/ dive/$ himself ( all %>e 9 ! title to ! litigat$ prop]ty4#abh ,numb] ,requir$ to ,convict4--,"u ,hebrew law1 bo? ,mosaic & ,talmudic1 at lea/ two witnesses 7 requir$ to convict an accus$ p]son4 ,! prosecut+ witness be+ includ$1 ?ree 7 necess>y4 ,conc]n+ capital puni%m5t1 ! ,mosaic ord9ance1 ref]r+ to ?is rule1 runs ?us3 ,at ! m\? ( two witnesses1 or ?ree witnesses1 %all he t is wor?y ( dea? be put to dea?2 b at ! m\? ( "o witness he %all n be put to dea?4#abi ,:oso kille? any p]son1 ! murd]] %all be put to dea? by ! m\? ( witnesses2 b "o witness %all n te/ify aga9/ any p]son to cause him to die4#acj ,f ! ,talmud we le>n t ?is ,mosaic provision 0 ma9ta9$ ) scrupul\s fidelity 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice ?r\gh\t all ! ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality4 ,x 0 a requirem5t ( prud5ce & safety :i* comm5ds itself to e logician & legi/4 ,x is n necess>y to be a crim9al lawy] ( l>ge exp]i5ce to "k t ! blacke/ falsehood c almo/ always secure at lea/ "o *ampion4 ,pl9y1 ! hi/orian1 knew ?is :5 he wrote3 ,nullum tam impud5s m5dacium e/ quod te/e c>eat4#aca ,! requirem5t ( two witnesses 0 n1 h[ev]1 peculi> to ! jurisprud5ce ( ! ,hebrews4 ,ne>ly e anci5t code conta9$ a simil> enactm5t4 ,x 0 especially prom95t 9 ,roman law4#acb ,b x c sc>cely be f\nd to-day 9 any mod]n legislation4 ,9 prosecutions = ! crimes ( treason & p]jury "u ! ,common ,law ( ,engl&1 two witnesses 7 requir$2 9 almo/ all o!r cases1 "o positive witness 0 suffici5t4#acc ,! ,am]ican ,con/itution requires two witnesses to ! same ov]t act1 to convict ( treason4#acd ,& ! p5al laws ( ! majority ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates h provisions requir+ at lea/ two witnesses1 or "o witness corroborat$ by circum/antial evid5ce1 to e/abli% guilt 9 ! prosecution ( c]ta9 crimes2 notably1 ! sexual crimes ( rape & s$uction1 ! crime ( p]jury1 z well z all crimes :]e x is s\ght to convict ^u ! te/imony ( an accomplice4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,montesquieu boa/$ ( su* a requirem5t 9 ,fr5* law & decl>$ t ^? laws :i* condemn a man to dea? on ! te/imony ( a s+le witness are fatal to lib]ty4#ace ,! reason ( ! rule proclaim$ by ! great ,fr5* writ] is ! same z t put =? by ! anci5t ,rabb9s4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! def5dant 9 a crim9al case w\ld plead n guilty & d5y ! facts ( ! crime4 ,8 plea & d5ial w\ld simply c\nt]balance & de/roy ! te/imony ( a s+le witness swe>+ = ! commonweal?4 ,! te/imony ( a ?ird witness 01 !re=e1 indisp5sable to a decision4 ,x may be object$ t ?is rule 0 absurd1 s9ce a conviction 0 impossible unless ! ,/ate c\ld produce m witnesses ?an ! accus$4 ,b we %all le>n lat] t ! doctr9e ( sift+ te/imony & weigh+ ! cr$ibility ( witnesses did n obta9 s /rictly among ! anci5t ,hebrew judges z x does 9 cases ( mod]n trial by jury "u ,engli% & ,am]ican law4 ,agreem5t ( ,witnesses4--,! witnesses 7 requir$ to agree 9 all ess5tial details2 else1 _! te/imony 0 invalid & _h to be reject$4 ,! ,talmudic provision is3 ,if "o witness contradicts ano!r1 ! te/imony is n accept$4#acf ,! illu/ration ( ! rule giv5 by ,maimonides1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is provision1 is3 ,= in/ance1 if "o witness 7 to te/ify to hav+ se5 an ,israelite 9 ! act ( wor%ip+ ! sun1 & ano!r to hav+ se5 ! same man wor%ip+ ! moon1 yet1 al?\gh ea* ( ! two facts proves cle>ly t ! man _h committ$ ! horrible crime ( idolatry1 ! discrepancy 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! witnesses invalidates _! te/imony & ! accus$ is free4#acg ,?is rule ( /rict agreem5t1 x is suppos$1 ext5d$1 at fir/1 only to crim9al cases1 b x 0 und\bt$ly aft]w>ds appli$ to civil causes z well4 ,an em95t contributor to ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia says3 ,9 civil cases1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y t ! two witnesses %\ld agree v closely z to ! "t & place4 ,?us1 if ( two witnesses to a loan "o %\ld say1 ,a l5t ,b a j> ( oil1 ! o!r1 ,he l5t him a j> ( w9e2 or1 if "o %\ld say1 ,i 0 pres5t :5 ! money 0 paid at ,j]usalem1 ! o!r1 ,i saw x paid at ,hebron2 or1 if "o %\ld say1 ,i saw x paid 9 ! mon? ( ,nisan1 ! o!r1 ,i saw x paid 9 ,iyy>1 _! te/imony w\ld be void4 ,b if "o says he saw x paid 9 ! upp] & ! o!r 9 ! l[] /ory2 or if he says on ! fir/ ( ! mon? & ! o!r on ! second ( ! mon?1 su* evid5ce is )9 ! limit ( fair mi/ake & ! te/imony /&s4 ,ev5 less does a disagreem5t z to circum/ances o!r ?an "t & place affect ! te/imony2 = in/ance1 if "o say ! money is black f usage1 ! o!r t x 0 new1 ?is w\ld be reg>d$ z an immat]ial circum/ance1 & ! te/imony w\ld /&4 ,:]e ! two witnesses v>y only 9 ! matt] ( quantity1 ! less] quantity is suffici5tly prov$4#ach ,"o ( ! /range/ provisions ( ,hebrew law 0 ! requirem5t t ! te/imony ( ea* witness to ! transaction %\ld cov] ! entire case4 ,?is 0 a ,talmudic rule result+ f ,rabb9ic con/ruction ( ! ,mosaic ord9ance1 requir+ at lea/ two witnesses to e/abli% a crime4 ,! doctors ( ! law con/ru$ ! rule to mean t ! te/imony ( ea* witness 0 to be complete )9 itself & to ext5d to ! :ole case4 ,hebrew law did n p]mit ! use ( circum/antial evid5ce 9 crim9al prosecutions4 ,only eyewitnesses ( ! crime 7 compet5t4 ,"u ,engli% & ,am]ican law a crime may be prov5 by any numb] ( witnesses1 ea* ( :om te/ifies to a sep>ate fact :i* con/itutes a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( circum/antial evid5ce4 ,b ?is me?od ( pro( 0 =bidd5 by bo? ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,talmud4 ,"u ,hebrew law ! capital crime ( kidnap+ 0 made up ( ! two elem5ts ( ,abduction & ,sell+4 ,! te/imony ( two witnesses--"o to ! fact ( ,abduction1 ! o!r to ! fact ( ,sell+--0 insuffici5t to convict4 ,ea* _h to te/ify to ! facts ( bo? ,abduction & ,sell+4 ,?is ,talmudic rule ( crim9al proc$ure 0 und\bt$ly bas$ ^u a supreme reg>d = ! sanctity ( human life & ^u ! fact t ! ,hebrews reject$ circum/antial evid5ce altoge!r 9 prov+ crime4 ,! extreme ( ! rule is decl>$ by ,m5delsohn :5 he says3 ,& ev5 :]e !re appe>$ a legal numb] ( duly qualifi$ witnesses1 ! te/imony 0 insuffici5t to convict1 unless !y agre$ n only ) reg>d to ! prison]'s (f5se1 b also ) reg>d to ! mode ( committ+ x4 ,rabb9ic law does n subject a p]son to capital1 nor ev5 to corporal puni%m5t1 unless all witnesses *>ge him ) "o & ! same crim9al act1 _! /atem5ts fully agree+ 9 ! ma9 circum/ances1 & decl>+ t !y saw "o ano!r1 :ile see+ him engag$ 9 ! crime4#aci ,no ,oa? ,requir$4--,an oa?1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 0 nev] adm9i/]$ to a ,hebrew witness4 ,te/imony 0 giv5 "u ! sanction ( ! ,n9? ,comm&m5t3 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y neighbor4 ,?is solemn prohibition ( be>+ false witness 0 reg>d$ by bo? ,moses & ! ,talmudi/s z a suffici5t safegu>d aga9/ p]jury4 ,x 0 a settl$ maxim ( ,talmudic law t3 ,:osoev] w n tell ! tru? )\t an oa?1 w\ld n scruple to ass]t falsehood ) an oa?4 ,! doctr9e 0 c>ri$ /ill fur!r by "s ( ! ,jewi% philosoph]s :o decl>$ t swe>+ 0 injuri\s 9 itself2 & t he :o cons5ts to swe> %\ld ipso facto be suspect$ ( lack+ cr$ibility4#adj ,9 ! place ( an oa?1 ! foll[+ solemn w>n+ or adjuration 0 adm9i/]$ to ea* witness 9 ! pres5ce ( ! entire c\rt3 ,=get n1 ,o witness1 t x is "o ?+ to give evid5ce 9 a trial z to money & ano!r 9 a trial = life4 ,9 a money suit1 if ?y witness-be>+ %all d wrong1 money may repair t wrong4 ,b 9 ?is trial = life1 if ?\ s9ne/1 ! blood ( ! accus$ & ! blood ( 8 se$ to ! end ( "t %all be imput$ unto !e4444 ,!re=e 0 ,adam creat$ "o man & alone1 to tea* !e t if any witness %all de/roy "o s\l out ( ,israel1 he is held by ! ,scripture to be z if he _h de/roy$ ! _w2 & he :o saves "o su* s\l to be z if he _h sav$ ! _w4444 ,= a man f "o signet r+ may /rike (f _m impressions1 & all ( !m %all be exactly alike4 ,b ,he1 ! ,k+ ( ! k+s ( k+s1 ,he ! ,holy & ! ,bless$1 has /ruck (f f ,8 type ( ! fir/ man ! =ms ( all m5 t %all live1 yet s t no "o human be+ is :olly alike to any o!r4 ,:]e=e let u ?9k & believe t ! :ole _w is creat$ = a man su* z he ^: life hangs on ?y words4 ,b ^! ideas mu/ n det] !e f te/ify+ to :at ?\ actually kn[e/4 ,scripture decl>es3 ,! witness :o ha? se5 or kn[n1 & do? n tell1 %all be> 8 iniquity4 ,nor mu/ ye scruple ab\t becom+ ! in/rum5t ( ! alleg$ crim9al's dea?4 ,rememb] ! ,scriptural maxim3 ,9 ! de/ruction ( ! wick$1 !re is joy4#ada ,x w be obs]v$ t ! two elem5ts ( ?is prelim9>y caution 71 fir/1 a solemn w>n+ aga9/ inju/ice to ! accus$ ?r\gh false swe>+ & a rem9d] ( ! inevitable retribution ( ,heav5 ^u ! p]jur$ swe>] & 8 remote desc5dants2 second1 a po9t$ admonition aga9/ timidity or fe> 9 te/ify+4 ,b\nd by ?is trem5d\s sanction1 ! ,hebrew witness 0 prep>$ to te/ify4 ,! me?od 0 unique1 b seems to h be5 ?or\ghly effective4 ,/ud5ts ( law w n be /ruck by its peculi>ity4 ,!y are well aw>e t any plan or mode is legal & effective t b9ds ! consci5ce ( ! witness4 ,ev5 "u mod]n codes t impose an oa?1 no fix$ =m is imp]atively dem&$4 ,9 ,k+ v4 ,morgan1 ,i ,lea* ,c4 ,l4 #ed1 a ,mahometan 0 sworn ^u ! ,koran2 9 ,omy*und v4 ,bak]1 ,i ,atk4 #ba1 a ,g5too 0 sworn by t\*+ ! foot ( a ,brahm92 9 ,reg4 v4 ,entrehman1 ,i ,c>4 ,m4 #bdh1 a ,*9ese witness took an oa? by kneel+ d[n & break+ a sauc]1 ! oa? be+ adm9i/]$ ?r\gh an int]pret] 9 ^! words3 ,y %all tell ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?2 ! sauc] is crack$1 & if y d n tell ! tru?1 y\r s\l w be crack$ l ! sauc]4 ,exam9ation ( ,witnesses4--,z an act ( caution aga9/ ! admission ( irrelevant te/imony1 & z a means ( plac+ be=e ! entire c\rt1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only su* evid5ce z 0 deem$ /rictly legal1 a prelim9>y exam9ation ( witnesses 0 conduct$ 9 private by a special committee ( ! ,sanh$r9 appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,all irrelevant te/imony develop$ at ?is private exam9ation 0 imm$iately decl>$ inadmissible & 0 ca/ aside4 ,! necess>y result ( ?is mo/ s5sible proce$+ 0 ! discov]y1 9 advance1 ( discrepancies 9 ! /atem5ts ( witnesses & ! eradication ( all illegal te/imony4 ,! full c\rt sitt+ 9 regul> session 7 n1 !re=e1 expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ prejudic$ by ! recital ( facts t _h no legal connection ) ! case4 ,mod]n juri/s might easily le>n some?+ f ! anci5t ,hebrews 9 ?is reg>d4 ,e s5sible lawy] is p]fectly well aw>e ( ! absurdity & inju/ice ( ! mod]n me?od ( crim9al proc$ure 9 all[+ skill$ & design+ attorneys to propose c]ta9 k9ds ( irrelevant te/imony 9 ! pres5ce ( ! jury1 kn[+ v well t x w be ov]rul$ by ! c\rt4 ,^! attorneys frequ5tly delib]ately draw out su* te/imony f ! witness ) ! expectation & und]/&+ t x w be ord]$ /rick5 out4 ,! rule ( practice t all[s incompet5t te/imony to be tempor>ily introduc$ ^u a promise t a f\ndation w be laid or relevancy %[n1 is abortive in/ead ( productive ( ju/ice4 ,! m]e cl]ical act ( /rik+ out incompet5t te/imony does n1 z a matt] ( fact1 remove ! impression ( prejudice f ! bra9 ( ! judge or juror4 ,! anci5t ,sanh$ri/s 7 m5 ( brilliant education & sup]ior natural end[m5ts4 ,!y 7 tra9$ 9 p[]s ( logical analysis1 & yet !y 7 unwill+ to tru/ !mselves ) ! possession ( prejudicial facts aris+ f incompet5t te/imony4 ,x is respectfully submitt$ t ! mod]n av]age juror1 ^: m9d is usually undiscipl9$ 9 logic & legal matt]s1 is n able to sift & dis5tangle ! relevant f ! irrelevant 9 ! record ( a civil or crim9al trial ( two or m weeks' duration4 ,!oretically1 he is2 b practically1 he is n4 ,e impression1 good or bad1 legal or illegal1 receiv$ at ! trial1 affects 8 judgm5t & ent]s into ! g5]al summ>y ( ! case 9 rea*+ a v]dict4 ,sep>ation ( ,witnesses4--,! witnesses 7 requir$ to give _! te/imony sep>ately & always 9 ! pres5ce ( ! accus$4 ,daniel said to ! p conc]n+ ! two old m5 :o te/ifi$ aga9/ ,susanna3 ,sep>ate !m1 & ,i w exam9e !m4#adb ,by ?is 0 meant t witnesses c\ld n be exam9$ until !y _h be5 sep>at$ 9 con=mity ) law4 ,"u mod]n practice 9 mo/ jurisdictions1 witnesses may be sep>at$ & exam9$ "o at a "t out ( ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,! rule ( sep>ation is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally optional ) ! litigant & discretion>y ) ! c\rt2 ! rul+ ( ! c\rt be+ usually rev]s$ only 9 case ( abuse ( discretion4 ,b among ! ,hebrews ! requirem5t 0 m&atory & imp]ative4 ,x _h to be obs]v$ 9 e case4 ,mode ( ,exam9ation ( ,witnesses4--,! mode employ$ by ! ,hebrew judges 9 exam9+ witnesses is )\t a prec$5t or p>allel 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! _w4 ,two di/9ct sets ( que/ions con/itut$ ! exam9ation4 ,! fir/ set consi/$ ( a s]ies ( int]rogations relat+ to ! "t & place ( ! alleg$ crime4 ,^! que/ions 7 prescrib$ by law & c\ld n be v>i$ 9 ! slighte/4 ,! te*nical "n appli$ to ! fir/ set ( que/ions 0 ,hakiro?4 ,! second set 0 t]m$ ,b$iko?#adc & includ$ all int]rogations t\*+ ! inve/igation ( relevant circum/ances & corroborative facts surr\nd+ ! case4 ,! foll[+ sev5 que/ions1 con/itut+ ! ,hakiro?1 ! fir/ set ( que/ions1 7 prop\nd$ to ea* witness3 ,0 x dur+ a ye> ( jubilee8 ,0 x 9 an ord9>y ye>8 ,9 :at mon?8 ,on :at day ( ! mon?8 ,at :at h\r8 ,9 :at place8 ,d y id5tify ?is p]son8#add ,^! sev5 que/ions 7 fram$ & appli$ 9 con=mity ) a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,hebrew law ( evid5ce t ! te/imony ( any witness1 if false1 %\ld admit ( be+ impea*$ & ov]?r[n by pro( ( an alibi aga9/ ! witness4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t pro( ( an alibi aga9/ ! witness 0 ! only me?od ( impea*m5t kn[n to ,hebrew law4 ,x may be readily se5 t ! only /atem5ts capable ( be+ ?us contradict$ 7 conf9$ to ^? relat+ to ! details ( "t & place4 ,to illu/rate3 ,suppose t two witnesses _h te/ifi$ t ! alleg$ crime 0 committ$ 9 a c]ta9 t[n at a c]ta9 h\r2 suppose t x subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 evid5ce t1 at ! /at$ "t1 "o or bo? ^! witnesses 7 9 a neighbor+ t[n4 ,9 su* a case1 ! witness or witnesses /ood impea*$1 _! te/imony 0 ov]?r[n & !y1 !mselves1 became subject to ! pa9s & p5alties ( p]jury4 ,! failure ( any witness to answ] satisfactorily any ( ! sev5 que/ions above m5tion$ entitl$ ! accus$ to imm$iate acquittal4 ,any mat]ial disagreem5t betwe5 two or m witnesses requir$ by ! law 9 answ] to any "o ( ^! que/ions1 likewise entitl$ ! prison] to imm$iate dis*>ge4 ,^! sev5 que/ions seem to h be5 fram$ n s mu* to develop tru?ful te/imony & to promote ! ends ( ju/ice f ! /&po9t ( ! ,/ate z to enable ! def5dant to attack & de/roy ! te/imony ( ho/ile witnesses4 ,! rule & ! reason !re( are ?us cle>ly & succ9ctly /at$ by ,m5delsohn3 ,! sev]al p>ticul>s ref]r+ to "t & place mu/ be furni%$ ) ! greate/ possible precision & c]ta9ty1 & t by ! :ole p>ty ( witnesses4 ,! slighte/ disagreem5t on ! "p ( ! witnesses 9 reg>d to any "o ( ^! p>ticul>s invalidates ! entire te/imony4 ,ev5 :]e a numb] ( witnesses great] ?an t requir$ by law1 z ?ree1 appe>1 & two agree on e po9t1 b ! ?ird diff]s f !m z to m ?an "o day1 or m ?an "o h\r 9 ! day1 ! :ole te/imony is invalidat$4 ,= "t & place are ! only po9ts :i* affect ! p]son ( ! witness himself2 he n be+ able to be at m ?an "o spot at any "o "t2 "t & place are1 accord+ly1 ! only gr\nds on :i* ! witness may be confut$ & duly puni%$4 ,! second set ( que/ions1 t]m$ ! ,b$iko?1 embrac$ all matt]s n br\ght out by ! ,hakiro?1 su* z w\ld =m ! basis ( legitimate mod]n direct or cross exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 7 n admissible "u ei!r set ( que/ions3 ,evid5ce ( "*1 good or bad2 previ\s convictions ( ! accus$2 & evid5ce z to ! prison]'s antec$5ts4 ,su* matt]s 7 n relevant1 "u ,hebrew law1 & c\ld n be urg$ aga9/ ! prison]4#ade ,false ,witnesses4--,hebrew law provid$ t false witnesses %\ld suff] ! p5alty provid$ = ! commission ( ! crime :i* !y s\ght by _! te/imony to fix ^u ! accus$4 ,! ,scriptural au?ority = ?is rule is ! foll[+3 ,& ! judges %all make dilig5t inquisition2 &1 behold1 if ! witness be a false witness & ha? te/ifi$ falsely aga9/ 8 bro!r1 !n %all ye d unto him z he _h ?\ght to d unto 8 bro!r4 444 ,& ?9e eye %all n pity1 b life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4#adf ,& !y arose aga9/ ! two eld]s1 = ,daniel _h convict$ !m ( false witness1 by _! own m\?2 & accord+ to ! law ( ,moses1 !y did unto !m 9 su* a sort z !y malici\sly int5d$ to d _! neighbor2 & !y put !m to dea?4#adg ,! ,accus$ z ,witness4--,! accus$ 0 nev] compell$1 "u ,hebrew law1 to te/ify aga9/ himself2 b 0 p]mitt$ & enc\rag$ to (f] te/imony 9 8 own behalf4 ,8 confession ( guilt 0 accept$ 9 evid5ce & consid]$ 9 connection ) o!r facts ( ! case1 b 0 nev] p]mitt$1 /&+ alone1 to =m ! basis ( a conviction4 ,! foll[+ is ! comm5t>y ( ,maimonides on ?is rule ( law3 ,we h x z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our jurisprud5ce t no "o c br+ an accusation aga9/ himself4 ,%\ld a man make a confession ( guilt be=e a legally con/itut$ tribunal1 su* confession is n to be us$ aga9/ him1 unless prop]ly atte/$ by two o!r witnesses4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to rem>k t ! dea? s5t5ce issu$ aga9/ ,a*an 0 an exceptional case1 br\ght ab\t by ! nature ( ! circum/ances att5d+ x1 = our law nev] condemns on ! s+le confession ( an accus$ p>ty4#adh ,x is ne$less to sugge/ t ! accus$ 0 nev] put "u oa?4 ,8 position 9 ?is reg>d 0 exactly ! same z t ( any o!r ,hebrew witness4 ,a special reason assign$ = n swe>+ ! accus$ is t (f]$ 9 ! celebrat$ maxim3 ,9 mo/ m5 religion is sil5t :5 int]e/ speaks4 ,aga91 ! inducem5t to p]jury 0 s great t x 0 ?\ght imprud5t to all[ ! accus$ to confess "u ! solemnity ( an oa?4 ,! pr9ciple ( law :i* rejects a b>e confession ( guilt z a basis ( crim9al conviction is "o ( ! mo/ m]ciful & b5ign kn[n to jurisprud5ce4 ,x is int5d$ to protect ! commonweal? aga9/ p]jury & deception on ! "p ( ! accus$4 ,x is also int5d$ to protect ! prison] aga9/ ignorance & ra%ness4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! masses ( mank9d are ignorant ( law1 bo? civil & crim9al4 ,n "o 9 a ?\s& 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ commonweal?s c def9e successfully ! elem5ts ( ! crimes ( ! /ate ( :i* he is a citiz54 ,by refus+ to all[ an uncorroborat$ confession to be made ! basis ( a conviction1 ! ,/ate simply ?r[s ! mantle ( *>ity & protection ar\nd ! ignorance ( ! prison] :o confesses4 ,x is also well kn[n t m5 w frequ5tly confess guilt :5 !y are n guilty2 sometimes1 :5 !y are ev5 ignorant ( ! facts con/itut+ ! (f5se4 ,?is is "o ( ! /range/ ?+s kn[n to psy*ology & m5tal philosophy4#adi ,x is d]iv$ f ! well-kn[n & univ]sally recogniz$ weakness ( ! human w :5 confront$ ) a *>ge t ?reat5s to blight & de/roy life & "* at a s+le bl[4 ,a celebrat$ mod]n writ]1 :ile discuss+ ?is rule ( ,hebrew law1 wrote ! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ! orig9 & motive ( confession ( guilt "u crim9al *>ges3 ,! confession ( ! accus$ made no exception to ! rule1 %[+ h[ a confession c\ld be made ! result ( weakness1 or folly1 or ( int]e/--yes1 ev5 ( int]e/4 ,"s homicide on "o occasion confess$ himself to be guilty ( robb]y or arson 9 ord] to obta9 pro( ( 8 innoc5ce ( "s great] crime :i* he _h committ$ at ! same "t2 a husb& p]si/$ 9 decl>+ himself guilty ( outrage ^u a woman1 really committ$ by "s unkn[n p]son1 9 ord] t1 by be+ s5t5c$ on ?is acc\nt1 he might prove 8 m>ital effici5cy1 :i* _h be5 disput$ by 8 wife1 :o 0 contemplat+ /eps to annul h] m>riage4 ,"s weak-m9d$ p1 unable to support ! torture ( a h>ass+ exam9ation1 & eag] to rega9 _! lib]ty1 make a full confession1 accus+ !mselves 9 ord] n to be indict$1 l ^? p]sons :o1 cross+ a riv] on a plank bridge1 ?r[ !mselves1 ?r\gh n]v\sness1 into ! ru%+ wat]1 9 ord] n to fall 94 ,fools1 f want ( responsibility1 or ?r\gh a boa/ful nature1 accept1 affirm1 or confess ev]y?+ ( :i* !y "k no?+4#aej ,! reasons above /at$ lie at ! f\ndation ( all mod]n provisions fram$ = ! protection ( ! accus$ aga9/ precipitate self-condemnation4 ,b1 /range to say1 ^! reasons 7 n urg$ by ! fram]s or int]pret]s ( ,hebrew law4 ,! explanation (f]$ by ! ,talmud 0 simply ?is3 ,he is 8 own k92 &1 z we h se51 relatives 7 nev] p]mitt$ to be witnesses4 ,a mod]n ,jewi% writ] has assign$ ! foll[+ reason = ! rule =bidd+ a confession to =m ! basis ( a conviction3 t1 if ! prison] 7 innoc5t1 he %\ld n be p]mitt$ to incrim9ate himself by a false confession2 if he 7 guilty1 he 0 a wick$ p]son1 &1 !re=e1 incompet5t to te/ify "u ,hebrew law4#aea ,?is rule 0 n en=c$1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! def5dant :5 te/ify+ 9 8 own behalf2 an additional pro( ( ! m]ciful reg>d ( ,hebrew law = ! un=tunate position ( a human be+ *>g$ ) crime4 ,8 te/imony1 ?\gh self-s]v+1 0 giv5 due weight :5 urg$ 9 8 own def5se4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to x :5 he te/ifi$ aga9/ himself4 ,relevancy ( ,hebrew ,evid5ce4--,he>say evid5ce 0 irrelevant "u ,hebrew law4 ,he>say evid5ce 0 b>r$ equally 9 civil z 9 crim9al cases1 no matt] h[ /rongly ! witness might believe 9 :at he he>d & h[ev] wor?y & num]\s 7 8 in=mants4#aeb ,circum/antial evid5ce 0 irrelevant "u ,hebrew law4 ,! sages _h v little m confid5ce 9 circum/antial evid5ce giv5 = ! purpose ( 'tak+ money out (' ! def5dant's pocket1 ?an 9 t giv5 = ! purpose ( inflict+ ! p5alty ( dea? or /ripes4 ,ket4 ii4 #aj has be5 cit$1 accord+ to :i* a witness may te/ify t1 :5 a boy1 he saw a woman walk ab\t 9 maid5ly attire2 ! object be+ to prove t %e m>ri$ z a maid51 n z a wid[1 & is !re=e entitl$ to a great] sum = h] jo9ture4 ,9 discuss+ ?is clause1 ! ,talmud rem>ks t ?is is only argu+ f ! majority ( cases2 = ?\gh 9 mo/ cases ^? we>+ maid5s' attire are n wid[s1 occasionally !y are2 & money ought n to be tak5 out ( a man's pocket on reason+ f ! great] numb] ( cases4 ,9 fact1 circum/antial evid5ce 0 g5]ally reject$4#aec ,!re 7 occasional exceptions to ! rule 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,hebrew civil law1 b none 9 crim9al law4 ,9 crim9al cases no ,hebrew prison] c\ld be convict$ ^u circum/antial evid5ce4 ,e l9k 9 ! *a9 ( te/imony _h to be =g$ by ! direct evid5ce ( at lea/ two compet5t witnesses2 else ! accus$ 0 acquitt$ & dis*>g$4 ,writt51 or docum5t>y evid5ce1 0 n relevant1 "u ,hebrew law1 9 crim9al prosecution4 ,! reason ( ?is rule 0 d]iv$ f a lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic ord9ance3 ,:oso kille? any p]son1 ! murd]] %all be put to dea? by ! m\? ( witnesses4#aed ,! expression1 m\? ( witnesses1 0 con/ru$ by ! int]pret]s ( ! law to require oral te/imony & to exclude writ+ 9 all crim9al prosecutions4 ,k9ds ( ,oral ,te/imony4--,hebrew oral te/imony is divid$ by ! ,mi%na into ?ree lead+ classes3#aee 7#a7 ,va9 te/imony4 7#b7 ,/&+ te/imony4 7#c7 ,adequate te/imony4 ,va9 te/imony seems to h be5 :olly immat]ial & irrelevant4 ,x 0 n ev5 conditionally admitt$1 b 0 in/antly & p]man5tly reject$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t seems to indicate t su* te/imony 0 r5d]$ aga9/ ,jesus by ! _m false witnesses :o fir/ came1 & t te/imony 0 reject$4 ,/&+ te/imony seems to h be5 conditionally admitt$ & to h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 evid5ce until x 0 prop]ly confirm$ by & jo9$ to o!r evid5ce :i* ! law requir$4 ,x 0 n valid1 h[ev]1 until s connect$ & confirm$4 ,we mu/ rememb] t at lea/ two witnesses1 agree+ 9 all ess5tial details1 7 ne$$1 "u ,hebrew law1 to convict a prison]4 ,x is evid5t !n t ! te/imony ( ! fir/ witness aga9/ ! accus$ 0 necess>ily reg>d$ z /&+ te/imony1 until ! second or confirm+ witness1 :i* ! law requir$1 _h te/ifi$4 ,?is te/imony is also ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :5 x is said t3 ,at ! la/1 came two false witnesses1 ,& said1 ,?is fell[ said1 ,i am able to de/roy ! temple ( ,god & to build x 9 ?ree days4#aef ,! te/imony ( ! fir/ ( ^! witnesses 0 d\btless all[$ to /& until x 0 %[n t ! second witness did n r5d] te/imony 9 agreem5t ) x4 ,contradictory te/imony 0 ?r[n out "u ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure2 & ?is 0 done reg>dless ( ! numb] ( witnesses :o te/ifi$ aga9/ ! accus$4 ,x seems t a rigid application ( ! pr9ciple ( exclusion bas$ ^u contradictory /atem5ts w\ld h %ut out ! te/imony ( any numb] ( agree+ witnesses1 if said te/imony _h be5 contradict$ 9 a radical & mat]ial way by ev5 a s+le witness4 ,! sift+ ( evid5ce & ! weigh+ ( ! cr$ibility ( witnesses1 :i* is ! peculi> pr]ogative ( ! mod]n jury1 7 no "p ( ! duties ( ! anci5t ,sanh$ri/s4 ,! te/imony ( all ! witnesses aga9/ ! accus$ _h to agree 9 all mat]ial respects1 else x 0 :olly reject$4 ,n[ x necess>ily foll[s t all te/imony aga9/ a prison] 0 ( ! /&+ or provisional k9d until ! la/ witness _h te/ifi$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! evid5ce 9 its entirety 0 9 legal agreem5t4 ,m>k1 us+ ! almo/ exact te*nical expression ( ! law1 tells u1 conc]n+ ! false te/imony aga9/ ,jesus1 t _! witness agre$ n toge!r4#aeg ,?is disagreem5t caus$ ! /&+ te/imony ( ! fir/ witness to fall & ! *>ge ( ?reat5+ or attempt+ to de/roy ! ,temple 0 ab&on$1 z we %all see 9 a lat] "p ( ?is "w4 ,adequate te/imony1 "u ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure1 0 evid5ce t 0 compet5t1 mat]ial1 & 9 legal agreem5t4 ,:5 two or m witnesses1 be+ ! entire numb]1 aga9/ ! accus$ agre$ 9 all ess5tial details1 _! te/imony 0 consid]$ adequate1 & if ! judges believ$ x to be true !y bas$ a conviction ^u x4 ,antec$5t ,w>n+4--,x is deem$ appropriate 9 ?is *apt] to call att5tion to & briefly discuss a v /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! law ( evid5ce "u ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,mosaic & ,talmudic law1 ref]5ce 0 made to ! celebrat$ proviso1 call$ ,antec$5t ,w>n+4 ,?is proviso 0 unkn[n to ! ,mosaic ,code1 be+ a creation ( ,talmudic law1 & is )\t a p>allel 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! _w4 ,briefly /at$1 ,antec$5t ,w>n+1 "u ,hebrew law1 meant simply ?is3 ,t no p]son *>g$ ) crime involv+ life & dea?1 or ev5 corporal puni%m5t1 c\ld be convict$1 unless x 0 %[n by compet5t te/imony t imm$iately be=e ! commission ( ! crime ! (f5d] 0 w>n$ t :at he 0 ab\t to d 0 a crime1 & t a c]ta9 p5alty 0 atta*$ !reto4 ,! w>n+ 0 n effective if any "t elaps$ betwe5 ! admonition & ! commission ( ! (f5se4 ,fur!rmore1 ! w>n+ 0 ( no =ce unless x 0 %[n t ! alleg$ crim9al _h duly ackn[l$g$ x & _h express$ a will+ness to suff] corporal puni%m5t or to die = ! act4 ,x mu/ h be5 %[n t1 hav+ receiv$ ! w>n+1 ! w\ld-be (f5d] turn$ to 8 monitor & said1 ,i am v well aw>e ( ! nature ( ! act ,i am ab\t to commit1 ( ! rules ( law applicable !reto1 & ( ! inevitable consequ5ces ( my misde$--else ! c\rt c\ld n consid] ! condition compli$ )4 ,?is peculi> proviso seems to h be5 int5d$ to s]ve ?ree di/9ct purposes3 7#a7 ,to protect ! w\ld-be (f5d] aga9/ 8 own ignorance & ra%ness & to prev5t ! commission ( crime by a timely w>n+2 7#b7 to aid 9 e/abli%+ guilty int5tion1 t is1 crim9al int5t1 at ! trial ( ! prison]1 aft] ! commission ( ! (f5se2 7#c7 to enable ! judges to det]m9e ! exact p5alty to assess4 ,! fir/ two purposes are self-evid5t4 ,! ?ird m]its a brief consid]ation4 ,to complete ! w>n+1 x 0 ess5tial t ! (f5d] be told ! exact p5alty atta*$ to ! crime :i* he 0 ab\t to commit2 :e!r ! puni%m5t 0 capital or corporal1 & ! exact k9d1 if capital2 t is1 :e!r behead+1 burn+1 /on+1 or /rangl+4 ,n[1 x (t5 happ5$ t two crimes 7 committ$ by ! same p]son 9 "o day2 ! p5alty = "o ( :i* be+ flagellation & ! o!r dea?4 ,& x sometimes happ5$ t two diff]5t crimes 7 ! result ( "o crim9al transaction4 ,9 su* a case1 ! nature ( ! ,antec$5t ,w>n+ w\ld guide ! judges 9 decree+ puni%m5t4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! ,mosaic ,code =bids ! kill+ ( ei!r a c[ or a ewe & h] "y bo? 9 "o day2#aeh & a violation ( ?is prohibition1 accord+ to ,rabb9ic law1 entails ! puni%m5t ( flagellation4 ,ano!r ,mosaic ord9ance imposes ! p5alty ( dea? on ! ,jewi% idolat]4#aei ,n[1 x might h happ5$ t ! la/ two (f5ses m5tion$ 7 committ$ by ! same p]son at ! same "t1 z :5 an ,israelite slaught]$ a ewe & h] "y & sacrific$ !m z an (f]+ to an idol4 ,! "q w\ld at once arise3 ,:i* p5alty %\ld be assess$1 dea? = idolatry1 or flagellation = kill+ ! ewe & h] "y bo? on ! same day8 ,"h1 ! nature ( ! ,w>n+ w\ld det]m9e4 ,if ! prison] _h be5 told t flagellation w\ld be ! puni%m5t1 !n /ripes 7 adm9i/]$4 ,if he _h be5 w>n$ t dea? 0 ! p5alty1 !n capital puni%m5t 0 met$ out to him4 ,if ! caution _h includ$ bo? dea? & flagellation1 !n dea? w\ld h be5 adm9i/]$1 because ( ! enormity ( ! crime ( idolatry & = ! reason t all less] puni%m5ts are m]g$ 9 dea?4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! ?ird purpose above m5tion$1 t is1 to enable ! judges to det]m9e ! exact puni%m5t to adm9i/]1 is ?is3 ,! anci5t ,naz>ites made solemn v[s ( ab/emi\sness4#afj ,& :5 any ,israelite took ! ,naz>ite v[ & violat$ x1 he subject$ himself to ! p5alty ( flagellation if he drank a c]ta9 measure 7 log7 ( w9e4 ,if he drank sev]al su* measures 9 succession1 ! "q w\ld arise h[ he 0 to be puni%$4 ,aga91 ! antec$5t caution w\ld decide4 ,if ! te/imony %[$ t he _h receiv$ due w>n+ be=e ea* dr9k1 !n he 0 puni%$ = ea* dr9k sep>ately4 ,if he _h be5 admoni%$ only once1 he 0 puni%$ only once = ! :ole debau*4#afa ,! en=cem5t ( ?is proviso e/abli%$ a rule ( crim9al proc$ure peculi> to ! ,hebrews1 & recogniz$ by no o!r nation4 ,su* a requirem5t seems to be utt]ly subv]sive ( ! celebrat$ maxim t has f\nd place 9 e o!r enlight5$ sy/em ( law3 ,ignorantia juris1 quod quisque t5etur scire1 nem9em excusat4 ,among mod]n civiliz$ nations1 ignorance or mi/ake ( fact 9 crim9al law1 z well z ignorance or mi/ake ( ! mean+ & effect ( civil or private law1 has sometimes be5 p]mitt$ to op]ate z an excuse 9 favor ( ! victim ( ! ignorance or mi/ake2 b ignorance ( ! crim9al or public law has nev] be5 p]mitt$ to be plead$ z a def5se to an indictm5t = crime4 ,su* a plea w\ld ?reat5 ! v exi/5ce ( ! /ate by r5d]+ ! pro( ( crime & ! conviction ( crim9als impossible4 ,o!r reasons besides ^? assign$ above h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! inv5tion ( su* a proviso by ! ,talmudi/s4 ,none ( !m is entirely satisfactory4 ,rabb9[icz has urg$ ) great =ce t ! enactm5t 0 ! (fspr+ ( a con/antly increas+ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! fram]s ( ! ,talmud to mitigate ! rigors ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 & to aboli% altoge!r ! puni%m5t ( dea? by mak+ ! conviction ( crim9als practically impossible4#afb ,b ?is view has be5 ably & probably successfully combat$ by ,b5ny & o!rs4 ,to say ! lea/1 x 0 a s5seless provision :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! /ate 9 ma9ta9+ ord] & pres]v+ ! commonweal?4 ,! ,rabb9s fram$ sev]al exceptions to its op]ation :i* 7 d\btless design$ to /ay ! progress ( c]ta9 =ms ( crime & to pres]ve ! /ate4 ,! false witness 0 exclud$ f ! b5efit ( ?is proviso1 z 7 also ! in/igator to idolatry & ! burgl>4 ,! false witness 0 d5i$ ! b5efit because ( ! impossibility ( =esee+ t he w\ld swe> falsely & ( =ew>n+ him2 ! idolat] 0 except$ because ( ! he9\sness ( ! crime ( idolatry "u a !ocratic commonweal?2 & ! burgl> 0 d5i$ ! b5efit ( ! caution = ! v peculi> reason t ! break+ 91 :ile committ+ ! crime ( burgl>y1 0 suffici5t w>n+4#afc ,su* a rule is utt]ly )\t f\ndation 9 logic or reason f ! simple fact t crime 9 e age has be5 committ$ ) e circum/ance ( caution & concealm5t t crim9al +5uity c\ld devise2 usually "u ! cov] ( night1 (t5 ) a mask1 frequ5tly by ! aid ( accomplices to give notice ( ! appe>ance ( ! (fic]s ( ! law1 & ne>ly always ) subsequ5t attempts to wipe out evid5ces ( ! commission ( ! (f5se4 ,to require a prelim9>y caution1 su* z ! ,antec$5t ,w>n+ ( ! ,jews1 0 to h&icap ! /ate mo/ s]i\sly & to r5d] almo/ impossible ! appreh5sion & puni%m5t ( public malefactors4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,hebrew ,,crim9al ,,law--,,mode ,,( ,,trial ,,& ,,execution ,,9 ,,capital ,,cases ,! adm9i/ration ( ,hebrew crim9al law 0 m>k$ by l(ty conception ( "r & wrong1 & 0 p]vad$ by a noble s5tim5t ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,f ! fram+ ( ! ,decalogue to ! late/ ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality1 ea* succe$+ g5]ation witness$ "s humane & m]ciful modification ( exi/+ rules4 ,talmudic int]pretation inv5t$ a s]ies or collection ( say+s t gave =m & "* to ! :ole body ( lat] ,hebrew law4 ,^! maxims 7 int5d$ to mitigate ! rigors ( ! ,mosaic ,code & to e/abli% safegu>ds aga9/ neglig5ce or inju/ice to ! def5dant 9 crim9al trials4 ,inde$1 e possible precaution 0 tak5 to r5d] impossible ! wrongful conviction ( an accus$ p]son4 ,! /ud5t ( ,hebrew law is at times a/oni%$ by ! excessive caution inculcat$ 9 crim9al proc$ure4 ,c]ta9 caution>y rules are no less ?an p$antic1 & may be ju/ly & aptly /yl$ ,judaical4 ,! judges lean$ always to ! side ( ! def5dant & gave him ! advantage ( e possible d\bt4 ,!y w5t a /ep f>!r & s\ght pretext aft] pretext t w\ld result 9 an acquittal4 ,a s5se ( awful responsibility weigh$ ^u ! he>ts & consci5ces ( ! judges4 ,! s]vices ( ! synagogue 7 n conduct$ ) deep] f]vor or great] religi\s solemnity ?an 7 ! proce$+s ( a capital trial 9 ! great ,judgm5t ,hall ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,c]ta9 sacr$ maxims flam$ =ev] l beacon lights along ! pa?way ( ! memb]s ( ! c\rt dur+ ! solemn delib]ations4 ,a judge1 says ! ,talmud1 %\ld always consid] t a sword ?reat5s him f above1 & de/ruction yawns at 8 feet4 ,! anci5t adage1 ! p5 ( ! law fe>s ! ?und] ( ,heav51 ?\gh ( ,*9ese orig91 is ,hebraic 9 _s4 ,?\ %alt d no unrighte\sness 9 judgm5t 0 ! lead+ aphorism ( ,hebrew jurisprud5ce4 ,among ! e>lie/ traditions ( ! ,fa!rs1 we read ?is maxim3 ,:5 a judge decides n accord+ to tru?1 he makes ! maje/y ( ,god to dep>t f ,israel4 ,b if he judges accord+ to ! tru?1 7 x only = "o h\r1 x is z if he e/abli%$ ! :ole _w1 = x is 9 judgm5t t ! div9e pres5ce 9 ,israel has its habitation4 ,hebrew horror ( capital puni%m5t & dread ( tak+ human life are well express$ 9 ! celebrat$ maxim ( ! ,mi%na3 ,! ,sanh$r91 :i* s (t5 z once 9 sev5 ye>s1 condemns a man to dea?1 is a slaught]-h\se4#afd ,& m /rik+ & />tl+ /ill is ! t]rible s5t5ce ( ,rabbi ,meir3 ,:at do? ,god say 7if "o may speak ( ,god aft] ! mann] ( m57 :5 a malefactor suff]s ! angui% due to 8 crime8 ,he says1 ,my head & my limbs are pa9$4 ,& if he s speaks ( ! suff]+ ev5 ( ! guilty1 :at mu/ he utt] :5 ! righte\s is condemn$8 ,! :ole _s ( ,talmudic caution is well illu/rat$ by ! pr9cipal rule ( ! ,pirke ,abo?1 :i* says3 ,be cauti\s & sl[ 9 judgm5t1 s5d =? _m disciples1 & make a f5ce r\nd ! law4#afe ,9 addition to ! maxims above m5tion$1 :i* 7 m religi\s ?an legal1 f\r c>d9al rules ( crim9al proc$ure--/rictness 9 ! accusation1 publicity 9 ! discussion1 full fre$om grant$ to ! accus$1 & assurance aga9/ all dang]s or errors ( te/imony#aff--mold$ ! judgm5t & guid$ ! consci5ces ( ,hebrew judges4 ,^! say+s ( ! ,fa!rs & maxims ( ! law 7 ! t\*/ones ( all _! judicial inquiries & m$itations at ! trial ( capital cases4 ,) pray] 9 _! he>ts & ^! maxims ^u _! lips1 !y appli$ !mselves to ! solemn duties ( _! (fice4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ passage 9 ! ,mi%na draws a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 capital trials & ^? involv+ que/ions ( money only4 ,! relevancy ( ! passage to ?is *apt] is s great t x is deem$ be/ to quote x entire3 ,money trials & trials = life h ! same rule ( inquiry & inve/igation4 ,b !y diff] 9 proc$ure 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! =m] require only ?ree1 ! latt] ?ree-&-tw5ty judges4 ,9 ! =m] x matt]s n on :i* side ! judges speak :o give ! fir/ op9ions2 9 ! latt]1 ^? :o are 9 favor ( acquittal mu/ speak fir/4 ,9 ! =m]1 a majority ( "o is always en\gh2 9 ! latt]1 a majority ( "o is en\gh to acquit1 b x requires a majority ( two to condemn4 ,9 ! =m]1 a decision may be qua%$ on review 7= error71 no matt] :i* way x has gone2 9 ! latt]1 a condemnation may be qua%$1 b n an acquittal4 ,9 ! =m]1 disciples ( ! law pres5t 9 ! c\rt may speak 7z assessors7 on ei!r side2 9 ! latt]1 !y may speak 9 favor ( ! accus$1 b n aga9/ him4 ,9 ! =m]1 a judge :o has indicat$ 8 op9ion1 no matt] on :i* side1 may *ange 8 m9d2 9 ! latt]1 he :o has giv5 8 voice = acquittal may n *ange4 ,! =m] 7money trials7 are comm5c$ only 9 ! daytime1 b may be conclud$ aft] nightfall2 ! latt] 7capital trials7 are comm5c$ only 9 ! daytime1 & mu/ also be conclud$ dur+ ! day4 ,! =m] may be conclud$ by acquittal or condemnation on ! day on :i* !y h begun2 ! latt] may be conclud$ on t day if !re is a s5t5ce ( acquittal1 b mu/ be po/pon$ to a second day if !re is to be a condemnation4 ,& = ?is reason capital trials are n held on ! day be=e a ,sabba? or a fea/ day4#afg ,! pr9cipal features ( a ,hebrew capital trial be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r9 73 7#a7 ,! ,morn+ ,sacrifice2 7#b7 ! ,assembl+ ( ! ,judges 9 ! ,li%ka? haggazi?1 or ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones2 7#c7 ! ,exam9ation ( ,witnesses2 7#d7 ! ,debates & ,ballot+ ( ! ,judges on ! guilt or ! innoc5ce ( ! accus$4 ,^! successive /eps w be briefly consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! ,morn+ ,sacrifice4--,x is n positively kn[n :at legal connection1 if any1 ! morn+ sacrifice _h ) ! trial ( a capital case be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem4 ,sev]al writ]s cont5d t !re 0 no ess5tial legal connection2 t ! sacrifice 0 (f]$ at ! break ( day :e!r a capital case 0 to be tri$ or n2 & t ! c\rt 0 n dep5d5t ^u ?is religi\s obs]vance = jurisdiction 9 ! trial ( crim9al cases4 ,o!r writ]s hold opposite views1 & cont5d t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 ess5tial to give jurisdiction to ! c\rt4 ,,mm4 ,lmann consid] x an error 9 ! trial ( ,jesus t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 n (f]$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( proce$+s4#afh ,c]ta9 passages f ! ,mi%na v /rongly support ?is second view3 t ! c\rt c\ld n legally conv5e until ! morn+ sacrifice _h be5 (f]$4 ,! ,sanh$r9 sat f ! close ( ! morn+ sacrifice to ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice4#afi 444 ,s9ce ! morn+ sacrifice 0 (f]$ at ! break ( day1 x 0 h>dly possible = ! ,sanh$r9 to assemble until an h\r aft] t "t4#agj ,^! passages seem to indicate t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 necess>y be=e ! c\rt c\ld legally conv5e4 ,?is "q w be f\nd m fully discuss$ "u ,po9t ,v ( ! ,brief 9 ?is volume4 ,! me?od ( (f]+ ! morn+ sacrifice 0 z judicial 9 its precision z x 0 religi\s 9 its solemnity4 ,! ,assembl+ ( ! ,judges4--,at ! close ( ! morn+ sacrifice1 ! memb]s ( ! c\rt ent]$ ! judgm5t hall 9 solemn procession4 ,!y took _! seats1 turban$1 on cu%ions or pill[s1 9 ori5tal fa%ion1 ) cross$ legs1 & un%od feet1 9 a half-circle4#aga ,! high prie/ sat 9 ! c5t] ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! c\rt to ! "r & left ( him4 ,8 head 0 cr[n$ ) a turban ( blue inwr\ght ) gold4 ,on 8 bosom hung ! prie/ly brea/plate1 9 :i* glitt]$ twelve preci\s /ones1 emblems ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,a fl[+ robe ( blue1 ga!r$ ab\t 8 wai/ by a girdle ( purple1 sc>let1 & gold embroid]y1 envelop$ 8 p]son & set (f ! pure :ite l95 ( 8 capaci\s sleeves4 ,! buttons ( ?is co/ly robe 7 onyx /ones4 ,8 slipp]$ feet 7 half conceal$ b5ea? ! long fr+e ( 8 pontifical ve/m5ts1 :i* 7 curi\sly embroid]$ ) pomegranates 9 gold & sc>let & crimson4 ,no ,roman ,ca?olic pontiff ev] wore robes m respl5d5t ?an ^? 9 :i* ! high prie/ 0 attir$ on public & /ate occasions4 ,imm$iately be=e him sat ! scribes or cl]ks ( ! c\rt4 ,! "o on 8 left h& wrote d[n :atev] te/imony 0 adduc$ aga9/ ! accus$2 :at votes 7 ca/ = 8 condemnation4 ,! "o on ! "r transcrib$ :at appe>$ 9 8 favor4#agb ,accord+ to mo/ writ]s1 includ+ ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 only two scribes 7 pres5t hav+ seats at ea* end ( ! semicircle4 ,accord+ to ,b5ny1 h[ev]1 ?ree scribes 7 pres5t2 "o 0 seat$ on ! "r1 "o on ! left1 ! ?ird 9 ! c5t] ( ! hall4 ,! fir/ record$ ! names ( ! judges :o vot$ = ! acquittal ( ! accus$ & ! argum5ts ^u :i* ! acquittal 0 gr\nd$4 ,! second not$ ! names ( su* z decid$ to condemn ! prison] & ! reasons ^u :i* ! conviction 0 bas$4 ,! ?ird kept an acc\nt ( bo? ! prec$+1 s z to be able at any "t to supply omissions or *eck inaccuracies 9 ! memor&a ( 8 bro!r report]s4 ,! prison] 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! high prie/1 9 a conspicu\s position1 :]e he c\ld see all & c\ld be se5 by all4 ,?us organiz$ & arrang$1 ! ,sanh$r9 began ! "w ( ! day4 ,exam9ation ( ,witnesses4--,! exam9ation ( witnesses1 :o 7 also accus]s1 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( proce$+s4 ,x is d\btful if ! indictm5t aga9/ crim9als 0 9 writ+4 ,! fir/ witness :o 0 to te/ify 0 l$ into an adjo9+ room & solemnly w>n$4 ,he 0 ask$ que/ions simil> to ! foll[+3 ,is x n probable t y\r belief 9 ! prison]'s guilt is d]iv$ f he>say or circum/antial evid5ce8 ,9 =m+ y\r op9ions conc]n+ ! guilt ( ! accus$1 h y or n be5 influ5c$ by ! rem>ks ( p]sons :om y reg>d z reputable & tru/wor?y8 ,are y aw>e t y w be submitt$ to a mo/ se>*+ exam9ation8 ,are y acqua9t$ ) ! p5alty atta*$ to ! crime ( p]jury8 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y w>n+1 convey$ 9 ^! que/ions1 _h be5 giv51 ! mo/ le>n$ & v5]able ( ! judges adm9i/]$ to ! witness ! foll[+ impressive adjuration3 ,=get n1 ,o witness1 t x is "o ?+ to give evid5ce 9 a trial z to money1 & ano!r 9 a trial = life4 ,9 a money suit1 if ?y witness-be>+ %all d wrong1 money may repair t wrong4 ,b 9 ?is trial = life1 if ?\ s9ne/1 ! blood ( ! accus$1 & ! blood ( 8 se$ to ! end ( "t1 %all be imput$ unto !e4444 ,!re=e 0 ,adam creat$ "o man & alone1 to tea* !e t if any witness %all de/roy "o s\l out ( ,israel1 he is held by ! ,scripture to be z if he _h de/roy$ ! _w2 & he :o saves "o su* s\l to be z if he _h sav$ ! _w4444 ,= a man f "o signet-r+ may /rike (f _m impressions1 & all ( !m %all be exactly alike4 ,b ,he1 ! ,k+ ( ! k+s ( k+s1 ,he ! ,holy & ! ,bless$1 has /ruck (f f ,8 type ( ! fir/ man ! =ms ( all m5 t %all live2 yet s1 t no "o human be+ is :olly alike to any o!r4 ,:]e=e let u ?9k & believe t ! :ole _w is creat$ = a man su* z he ^: life hangs on ?y words4 ,b ^! ideas mu/ n det] y f te/ify+ f :at y actually "k4 ,scripture decl>es3 ,! witness :o ha? se5 or kn[n1 & do? n tell1 %all be> 8 iniquity4 ,nor mu/ ye scruple ab\t becom+ ! in/rum5t ( ! alleg$ crim9al's dea?4 ,rememb] ! ,scriptural maxim3 ,9 ! de/ruction ( ! wick$1 !re is joy4 ,at ! close ( ?is solemn exhortation1 ! exam9ation ( ! witness comm5c$4 ,! ,hakiro?1 sev5 que/ions prescrib$ by law1 t\*+ ! id5tity ( ! prison] & fix+ ! elem5ts ( "t & place1 7 ask$4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3 ,0 x dur+ a ye> ( jubilee8 ,0 x an ord9>y ye>8 ,9 :at mon?8 ,on :at day ( ! mon?8 ,at :at h\r8 ,9 :at place8 ,d y id5tify ?is p]son8 ,^! que/ions be+ satisfactorily answ]$1 ! next /ep 0 a rigid exam9ation into ! facts & circum/ances att5d+ ! commission ( ! crime & ! connection ( ! accus$ !re)4 ,?is process ( exam9ation & cross-exam9ation 0 t]m$ ! ,b$iko? & embrac$ all que/ions n includ$ 9 ! ,hakiro? :i* t5d$ to e/abli% ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! prison] at ! b>4 ,:5 ! witnesses = ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel _h be5 exam9$1 witnesses = ! def5dant 7 he>d4 ,! accus$ 0 also urg$ to say any?+ he wi%$ 9 8 own behalf4 ,z we h be=e po9t$ out1 ! ,hakiro? que/ions z to "t & place c\ld be rebutt$ only by e/abli%+ an alibi aga9/ ! witnesses = ! /ate4 ,if su* an alibi 0 prov$1 ! def5dant 0 acquitt$ & at once dis*>g$4 ,a contributor to ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 discuss+ ?is po9t ( proc$ure1 says3 ,x has be5 %[n "u ,alibi h[ a 'set' ( witnesses may be convict$ z 'plott]s' by ano!r set or sets prov+ an alibi on !m4 ,b ! opposite p>ty may prove an alibi on ! convict+ set or 9 "s o!r way %[ t ! facts te/ifi$ to by ! fir/ set 7 impossible or untrue4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 a mod]n judge or jury w\ld weigh ! cr$ibility ( ! witnesses & ! probability ( _! /ories & decide betwe5 !m accord+ly4 ,! sages did n tru/ !mselves or _! successors ) ?is discretion4 ,if !re 7 no indicia or fraud1 !y held t z "s "o 0 evid5tly ly+ !y c\ld n decide :i* ( !m x 01 & t !re 0 no evid5ce on ! po9t4#agc ,! result 0 an acquittal4 ,if mat]ial contradictions 9 ! te/imony ( ! witnesses 7 %[n by ! ,b$iko?1 ! trial 0 at once t]m9at$ & ! accus$ 0 free4 ,! failure ( any witness to answ] satisfactorily any ( ! sev5 que/ions above m5tion$ entitl$ ! accus$ to imm$iate acquittal4 ,any mat]ial disagreem5t betwe5 ! two or m witnesses requir$ by ! law 9 answ] to any ( ^! que/ions likewise entitl$ ! prison] to an imm$iate dis*>ge4 ,if ! prosecut+ witnesses reli$ ^u docum5t>y1 circum/antial or he>say evid5ce to convict1 _! te/imony 0 at once reject$ & ! def5dant 0 releas$4 ,b if ! accus$ fail$ to e/abli% an alibi aga9/ ! prosecut+ witnesses 9 ! matt] ( ! ,hakiro?2 & if ! ,b$iko? develop$ evid5ce fairly consi/5t & uncontradictory2 & if ! te/imony ( ! witnesses 0 purely oral1 t is1 0 n docum5t>y1 he>say or circum/antial1 !n !re 0 legally admissible evid5ce to lay be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,! compet5t witnesses :o c\ld r5d] relevant te/imony 7 !n l$1 "o at a "t1 be=e ! g5]al body & requir$ to te/ify4 ,! ,debates & ,ballot+ ( ! ,judges4--,all ! evid5ce1 pro & con1 hav+ be5 adduc$1 ! tribunal began a full discussion ( ! case1 prelim9>y to ca/+ ballots4 ,argum5ts c\ld be begun only on behalf ( ! accus$4 ,no?+ 0 p]mitt$ to be said aga9/ him until "o ( ! judges _h urg$ some?+ 9 8 behalf1 & _h said3 ,z ,i view ! matt]1 & accord+ to su* & su* evid5ce1 x seems to me t ! prison] %\ld be acquitt$4 ,! discussion became g5]al = & aga9/ ! accus$4 ,! entire record 0 !n ov]haul$4 ,ea* item ( evid5ce 0 c>efully consid]$ & subject$ to ! m9ute/ criticism4 ,contradictions 7 not$ & ext5uat+ facts plead$4 ,if "o ( ! disciples occupy+ "o ( ! ?ree r[s ( seats c\ld (f] any cog5t or valid reason :y ! prison] %\ld n be convict$1 he 0 invit$ to take 8 seat among ! judges1 & 0 reg>d$ z a memb] ( ! c\rt dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,if 8 argum5t result$ 9 ! acquittal ( ! accus$ & sav$ a human life he 0 made a p]man5t memb] ( ! c\rt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o ( ! disciples _h any?+ to say t w\ld t5d to injure ! def5dant he 0 n p]mitt$ to raise 8 voice4 ,:5 ! entire case _h be5 exhau/ively discuss$1 ! argum5t 0 clos$ & ! ballot+ on ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! accus$ comm5c$4 ,! scribes 7 9 read9ess to record ! votes & note ! reasons assign$ !re=4 ,! y\nge/ memb]s ( ! tribunal 7 requir$ to vote fir/1 9 ord] t !y might n be unduly influ5c$ by ! example ( _! s5iors 9 age & au?ority4 ,! high prie/1 :o 0 g5]ally presid5t ( ! ,sanh$r91 address$ a g5tle admonition to ! y\nge/ memb]1 :o 0 nev] less ?an =ty ye>s ( age1 to r5d] a free & untrammel$ v]dict1 & n to be aw$ or influ5c$ by ! patri>*s ( ! c\rt4 ,?is admonition 0 repeat$ 9 ! case ( ea* y\?ful memb] ( ! tribunal4 ,:5 ! ballot+ comm5c$1 ea* judge arose 9 8 place & vot$2 at ! same "t mak+ a %ort spee* explanatory ( 8 ballot4 ,to secure a conviction x 0 n necess>y t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 %\ld be unanim\s4 ,inde$ a peculi> rule ( ,hebrew law provid$ t if ! v]dict 0 in/antane\s & unanim\s x 0 invalid & c\ld n /&4 ,if ! prison] _h n a s+le fri5d 9 c\rt1 ! elem5t ( m]cy 0 want+ 9 ! v]dict1 said ! anci5t ,hebrews1 & ! proce$+s 7 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( conspiracy & mob viol5ce4 ,a majority vote ( at lea/ two memb]s 0 necess>y to convict4 ,a majority vote ( "o 9 8 favor w\ld acquit4 ,any majority am\nt+ to two or m t did n rea* unanimity 0 suffici5t to condemn4 ,if ! accus$ 0 tri$ be=e a ,m9or ,sanh$r9 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s or be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r9 ) a b>e quorum 7tw5ty-?ree memb]s1 ! same numb] z ! full memb]%ip ( a ,m9or ,sanh$r971 a vote ( ?irte5 memb]s 0 necess>y1 9 ei!r case1 to convict4 ,if elev5 judges 7 = conviction & twelve = acquittal1 ! prison] 0 dis*>g$ at once2 a majority ( "o vote be+ suffici5t = t purpose4 ,if twelve 7 9 favor ( conviction & elev5 = acquittal1 ! condemnation ( ! accus$ 0 impossible2 a majority ( at lea/ two be+ requir$ to condemn4 ,accord+ to "s writ]s1 an acquittal 0 ! result 9 su* a case4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 9 su* a cont+5cy ! foll[+ novel exp$i5t 0 employ$ to rea* a v]dict3 ,f ! fir/ r[ ( disciples two additional judges 7 select$ & add$ to ! orig9al tw5ty-?ree memb]s4 ,ballot+ !n comm5c$ anew4 ,if ! vote result$ 9 a majority ( at lea/ two aga9/ ! prison]1 he /ood convict$4 ,if n1 two m disciples 7 add$ f ! fir/ r[ 9 front & ?is process ( increas+ by twos ! numb] ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 cont9u$ until ! requisite majority 0 secur$4 ,if x happ5$ t ! con/ant additions f9ally rais$ ! numb] to sev5ty-"o1 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,great ,sanh$r91 ! process ( increas+ by twos 0 discont9u$1 & f9al ballot+ !n began4 ,if ?irty-six vot$ = conviction & ?irty-five = acquittal1 ! :ole case 0 re>gu$ = a reasonable "t until "o ( ! ?irty-six yield$ & decl>$ 9 favor ( acquittal4 ,9 case ! ?irty-six memb]s p]sev]$ 9 _! det]m9ation to convict1 ! prison] 0 dis*>g$4 ,at any /age ( ! trial1 f ! beg9n+ ) ! ?ree-&-tw5ty judges ?r\gh all ! successive additions ( new memb]s1 a majority vote ( "o or m 9 favor ( ! accus$ w\ld acquit2 a majority ( two or m1 n am\nt+ to unanimity1 w\ld convict4 ,9 case ( an acquittal ! prison] 0 imm$iately releas$ & ! trial 0 clos$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( conviction s5t5ce c\ld n be pron\nc$ until ! next aft]noon & ! session ( ! c\rt 0 accord+ly adj\rn$ until ! foll[+ day4 ,^u adj\rnm5t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 ) measur$ /ep & solemn mi5 left ! *amb] 9 :i* ! trial _h be5 conduct$4 ,outside ! judgm5t hall1 9 ! op5 /reet1 ! judges =m$ !mselves into gr\ps or knots ( five or six to discuss ! trial & to lam5t ! awful mis=tune imp5d+ ov] ,j]usalem2 = su* 0 ! ,hebrew conception ( ! execution ( a son ( ,israel4 ,! nucleus ( ea* gr\p 0 =m$ ( eld]s ( ! ,sanh$r92 ! y\ng] memb]s came up f beh9d1 lean$ ov] betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ! patri>*s1 & li/5$ att5tively & dev\tly to :at !y 7 say+ ab\t ! case4 ,gradually ! gr\ps broke up & ! judges l9k$ arm 9 arm1 by twos1 walk$ sl[ly homew>d1 /ill discuss+ ! facts & argum5ts adduc$ at ! trial4 ,f9ally !y p>t$ & retir$ to _! respective homes4 ,no heavy food1 l meat1 & no intoxicat+ bev]age1 7 tak5 = ! rema9d] ( ! day or dur+ ! night4 ,no?+ 0 done t w\ld incapacitate !m = correct ?9k+4 ,at sunset !y began to make calls ^u ea* o!r = ! purpose ( exam9+ m c>efully & debat+ m fully ! issues ( ! case4 ,:5 ^! visits 7 conclud$1 9 ! e>ly ev5+1 ea* judge retir$ to ! privacy ( 8 own home to sleep1 m$itate1 & pray4 ,at ! dawn ( day1 !y arose & prep>$ to resume aga9 ! solemn responsibilities ( _! (fice4 ,! morn+ sacrifice 0 (f]$ & ! judges aga9 assembl$ at sunrise 9 ! hall ( ju/ice4 ,!y reseat$ !mselves 9 ! =m ( a semicircle2 ! prison] 0 aga9 l$ to ! b> ( ! c\rt2 ! witnesses 7 aga9 produc$2 & ! scribes1 br++ ) !m ! m9utes ( ! =m] meet+1 aga9 took seats 9 _! accu/om$ places4 ,! second "p ( ! trial !n began4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re 7 two trials ( e ,hebrew capital case4 ,! second day 0 n a trial de novo2 b 0 a proce$+ 9 ! nature ( an appeal & 0 int5d$ to accompli% a review ( ! proce$+s ( ! previ\s day4 ,additional te/imony1 h[ev]1 :i* _h be5 discov]$ aft] ! close ( ! fir/ trial1 might be introduc$4 ,b ! record ( facts seems n to h be5 consid]$ s important z ! "q ( ! fix$ op9ions ( ! judges4 ,ea* memb] ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 requir$1 on ! second day1 to vote aga9 & to decl>e anew 8 notions conc]n+ ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! accus$4 ,! /atem5ts ( ea* judge 7 c>efully not$ by ! scribes & comp>$ ) 8 /atem5ts at ! previ\s day4 ,if any judge vot$ = conviction at ! second trial & f\nd$ 8 judgm5t on reasons & argum5ts radically diff]5t f ^? ( ! fir/ day1 8 v]dict 0 reject$4 ,a memb] :o _h vot$ = acquittal on ! fir/ day 0 n p]mitt$ to *ange 8 vote = conviction on ! second day4 ,b "o :o _h vot$ = condemnation at ! fir/ trial1 might1 by giv+ valid reasons1 vote on ! second day = acquittal4#agd ,a mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity ( ,hebrew law is to be not$ 9 _! me?od ( c\nt+ votes & arriv+ at sums total 9 favor ( or aga9/ ! accus$4 ,c]ta9 peculi> rules 7 to be /rictly appli$ 9 det]m9+ ! ultimate result4 ,:5 ^u exam9ation ( ! record x 0 discov]$ t two or m judges _h advanc$ id5tical argum5ts1 ?\gh ea* support$ 8 cont5tion by diff]5t ,biblical citations1 _! collective op9ions 7 reg>d$ z ! common expression ( a s+le m9d & all _! votes 7 c\nt$ only z "o4 ,fa!r & son1 tea*] & pupil1 be+ memb]s ( ! same c\rt1 c\nt$ also z "o1 provid$ _! votes & op9ions 7 array$ on ! same side1 b n :5 !y 7 plac$ 9 antagonism4#age ,:5 ! ballot+ 0 complete ! numb] = & aga9/ ! prison] 0 aga9 ann\nc$4 ,if a majority ( at lea/ two votes 7 regi/]$ aga9/ him he /ood convict$ a second "t4 ,b ! humane & indulg5t _s ( ,hebrew law cont9u$ to op]ate & def]r$ imm$iate s5t5ce4 ,! judges cont9u$ to delib]ate4 ,no "o ?\ght ( quitt+ ! judgm5t hall on ! second day ( ! trial4 ,no "o ate any?+1 no "o drank any?+ on ?is second day2 = ! day t 0 to condemn an ,israelite to dea? 0 to be a fa/ day = ^? :o condemn$ him4 ,x 0 to be a day ( pray]ful m$itation4 ,anci5t maxims ( ! ,fa!rs1 fram$ = ! protection ( ! accus$1 7 reconsid]$4 ,all ! m]ciful t5d5cies ( ,talmudic int]pretation 7 invok$ & plead$ by ! judges1 ! def5d]s ( ! accus$4 ,x 0 hop$ t a few h\rs' "t w\ld discov] facts favorable to ! doom$ man4 ,new argum5ts1 x 0 ?\ght1 might be (f]$ & new witnesses might be =?com+ 9 8 behalf4 ,z !y cont9u$ to delib]ate1 ! fatal h\r approa*$4 ,!re 0 to be no ?irty or sixty days1 z 9 ,am]ica1 betwe5 s5t5ce & execution1 dur+ :i* "t ! condemn$ man c\ld make peace ) ,god4 ,! mom5t t saw ! judgm5t f9ally pron\nc$ witness$ ! beg9n+ ( its execution4 ,sunset1 ,nature's symbol ( ! ext+ui%m5t ( ! light ( life1 0 ! "t fix$ = bo?4 ,! dea? m>* & ! f9al circum/ances att5d+ ! execution ( a ,hebrew prison] are )\t p>allel 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! _w4 ,z ! culprit 0 l$ away to 8 doom1 a man1 c>ry+ 9 8 h& a flag1 0 /ation$ at ! entrance ( ! ,sanh$r9 ,hall4 ,a m\nt$ (fic] ( ! c\rt foll[$ ! procession at a conv5i5t di/ance & kept 8 eyes con/antly turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! flag be>] on ! hill4 ,a h]ald1 c>ry+ al(t a /aff f :i* flutt]$ a crimson bann]1 made proclamation to ! gaz+ multitude along ! way t a human be+ 0 ab\t to be execut$4 ,he cri$ al\d3 ,,ab is to be put to dea? on ! te/imony ( ,,cd & ,,xy1 on su* & su* a *>ge4 ,if any man kn[s any?+ favorable to ! accus$1 9 ! "n ( ,god let him come =? & speak1 9 ord] t ! prison] may be l$ back to ! ,sanh$r9 ,hall to be aga9 confront$ & tri$ by 8 judges4 ,if any witness1 fri5d or /rang]1 came =? to furni% new evid5ce 9 favor ( ! condemn$ man1 ! procession 0 halt$ & ! accus$ 0 l$ back to ! ,sanh$r9 ,*amb]4 ,if any memb] ( ! c\rt /ill sitt+ 9 ! hall ( judgm5t be?\ght himself ( any new argum5t 9 behalf ( ! accus$ t _h n be5 (f]$ at ! trial1 he arose quickly 9 8 place & /at$ x to 8 fell[-judges4 ,! flag at ! gate 0 !n wav$ & ! m\nt$ mess5g]1 *os5 = su* an em]g5cy1 saw x wav+ & gallop$ =w>d to /op ! execution4 ,! culprit himself c\ld delay or prev5t ! accompli%m5t ( ! dea? s5t5ce if he c\ld give to ! ,rabb9s :o escort$ him any valid reason :y he %\ld n be put to dea?4 ,he 0 l$ back z (t5 z he gave any good excuse1 n exce$+ five times1 ! numb] prescrib$ by law4 ,if no new witnesses appe>$ & if ! prison] made no fur!r plea = life1 ! procession proce$$ to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! place ( execution4 ,! convict 0 !n exhort$ to decl>e himself guilty ( ! crime ( :i* he 0 *>g$ & to make full confession ( all 8 s9s4 ,he 0 told t a full confession w\ld entitle him to a happy exi/5ce beyond ?is life1 s9ce ! flood ( dea? w\ld wa% away all /a9s ( s9 & cleanse ! s\l ( all ! iniquities ( exi/5ce 9 ?is _w4 ,if ! condemn$ man /ill refus$ to confess t he 0 guilty ( ! crime ) :i* he 0 *>g$1 he 0 !n urg$ to say3 ,may my dea? prove an atonem5t = all my transgressions4 ,he 0 !n l$ to ! gr\nd ( execution4 ,! dea? draught1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( frank9c5se & myrrh1 p\r$ into a cup ( v9eg> or light w9e1 0 !n giv5 him4 ,/upefaction foll[$1 r5d]+ ! culprit unconsci\s ( 8 imp5d+ doom & ins5sible to ! agonies ( dea?4 ,9 ,j]usalem1 ?is b5umb+ & /upefy+ mixture 0 furni%$ by ! ,hebrew wom51 ^: t5d] & m]ciful reg>d = ! wret*$ & un=tunate ( e>? has 9 all ages be5 a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! sex4 ,z soon z ! draught _h be5 adm9i/]$ ! execution took place4 ,! prison] 0 ei!r /on$1 /rangl$1 burn$1 or behead$1 accord+ to ! nature ( 8 crime4 ,9 case ( blasphemy or idolatry ! dead body 0 aft]w>ds hung ^u a gall[s until dusk4 ,b ord9>ily ! corpse 0 imm$iately int]r$ aft] execution4 ,on ! outskirts ( e t[n !re 7 two gravey>ds = crim9als2 9 "o ( ^! ^? :o _h be5 burn$ or /on$ 7 buri$2 9 ! o!r 7 int]r$ ^? :o _h be5 hang$ or behead$4 ,z soon z decomposition _h tak5 place--t is1 :5 ! fle% _h decay$ & fall5 f ! bones--! relatives 7 all[$ to remove ! skeleton & to deposit x 9 ! family burial gr\nd4 ,soon aft] ! execution ! fri5ds & relatives ( ! dead man made fri5dly calls ^u ! judges :o _h tri$ & s5t5c$ him4 ,^! visits 7 int5d$ to %[ t ! visitors h>bor$ no feel+s ( bitt]ness or rev5ge aga9/ ^? :o1 9 condemn+ "o ( _! lov$ ones to dea?1 _h only p]=m$ ! high & righte\s duties ( j & honorable judges ( ,israel4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,brief ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp] 7,,da ,,v9ci7 ,,! ,,brief ,a numb] ( difficult & confus+ que/ions pres5t !mselves at ! v beg9n+ ( any ext5sive & imp>tial inve/igation ( ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,did ! ,great ,sanh$r9 exi/ at ! "t ( ,*ri/8 ,if x exi/$1 0 x /ill a legally con/itut$ c\rt1 hav+ jurisdiction to try capital (f5ses8 ,did x h jurisdiction ( ! p>ticul> (f5se ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$8 ,if ! ,great ,sanh$r9 0 actually 9 exi/5ce1 _h crim9al jurisdiction 9 capital cases1 & 0 judicially emp[]$ to try ! (f5se ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$1 did x actually try ,him8 ,7 ! rules ( crim9al proc$ure1 prescrib$ 9 ! ,mi%na & cit$ 9 ?is ,brief1 9 exi/5ce & actively 9 =ce 9 ,judea at ! "t ( ! trial ( ,jesus8 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/8 ,0 ,he guilty z *>g$8 ,7 =ms ( law duly obs]v$ 9 ! trial ( ! accusation aga9/ ,him8 ,answ]s to ^! que/ions1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! ,brief 9 ! ord] above enum]at$1 w cov] ! legal aspects ( ! ,hebrew trial ( ,jesus4 ,did ! ,great ,sanh$r9 exi/ at ! "t ( ,*ri/8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is ( prime importance1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( a c\rt hav+ jurisdiction ( ! p]son & subject matt] ( ! suit is a fundam5tal consid]ation 9 all litigation4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! ,hebrew trial ( ,jesus took place be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r9 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b _m able writ]s1 bo? ,jewi% & ,g5tile1 d5y t ?is c\rt _h any exi/5ce at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 ,rabbi ,wise says3 ,b ?is body did positively n exi/ at ! "t :5 ,jesus 0 crucifi$1 hav+ be5 dissolv$ #cj ,a4,c4 ,9 n[ise1 !n1 any passages ( ! ,gospels mu/ be und]/ood to ref] to ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,_m ,jewi% & sev]al em95t ,g5tile au?ors agree ) ?is cont5tion1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u a passage 9 ,josephus 9 :i* x is decl>$ t ,k+ ,h]od _h all ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 put to dea?4#agf ,x is cont5d$ by ^! writ]s t ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews 0 !n aboli%$ & 0 n re/or$ until subsequ5t to ! crucifixion4 ,oppos$ to ?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 is ! weight ( bo? reason & au?ority4 ,s*r] is ( ! op9ion t ,josephus did n mean lit]ally all 7,greek3 pantas7 :5 he wrote t ,h]od _h de/roy$ all ! memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r92 s9ce 9 ! foll[+ book he relates t ! same k+ caus$ to be put to dea? ! =ty-five mo/ prom95t memb]s ( ! p>ty ( ,antigonus1 :o mu/ !mselves h be5 memb]s ( ?is c\rt2 & =ty-five are tw5ty-six few] ?an sev5ty-"o1 ! full memb]%ip ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94#agg ,! same au?or ass]ts ! exi/5ce & discusses ! jurisdiction ( ?is c\rt 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,z reg>ds ! area ov] :i* ! jurisdiction ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 ext5d$1 x has already be5 rem>k$ above t its civil au?ority 0 re/rict$1 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 to ! elev5 top>*ies ( ,judea prop]4 ,&1 accord+ly1 = ?is reason x _h no judicial au?ority ov] ,jesus ,*ri/ s long z ,he rema9$ 9 ,galilee4 ,x 0 only z soon z ,he ent]$ ,judea t ,he came directly "u its jurisdiction4#agh ,aga91 ,salvador1 :o may be ju/ly /yl$ ! ,jewi% ,black/one1 wrote conc]n+ ! condemnation ( ,jesus3 ,! s5ate decl>$ t ,jesus1 son ( ,joseph1 born at ,be?lehem1 _h pr(an$ ! "n ( ,god 9 usurp+ x = himself1 a simple citiz54 ,! capital s5t5ce 0 !n pron\nc$4 ,n[1 ! ^w s5ate is prop]ly appli$ n[h]e 9 lit]ature to any o!r ,hebrew c\rt ?an ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,?is ,high ,c\rt ( ! ,jews has be5 frequ5tly comp>$ to ! s5ate ( ,rome1 to ! ,areopagus ( ! ,greek & to ! p>liam5t ( ,engl&4 ,x %\ld be not$ 9 ?is connection t ! great ,jewi% writ] n only /yl$ ! body t tri$ ,jesus s5ate 7,great ,sanh$r97 b /at$ t x pron\nc$ a capital s5t5ce1 ?us decl>+ t ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews n only exi/$ at ! "t ( ,jesus b _h ! "r to decree capital puni%m5t4 ,ed]%eim1 discuss+ ! alleg$ abolition ( ! ,sanh$r9 by ,h]od1 says3 ,! ,sanh$r9 did exi/ dur+ 8 reign1 ?\gh x mu/ h be5 %orn ( all real p[]1 & its activity conf9$ to ecclesia/ical or semi-ecclesia/ical causes4 ,we c well believe t nei!r ,h]od nor ! procurators w\ld wi% to aboli% ! ,sanh$r91 b w\ld leave to !m ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 especially 9 all t might 9 any way be connect$ ) purely religi\s que/ions4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,sanh$r9 w\ld be accord$ full jurisdiction 9 inf]ior & 9 religi\s matt]s2 ) ! greate/ %[1 b ) ! lea/ am\nt ( real rule or ( supreme au?ority4#agi ,?is is a p[]ful voice 9 favor ( ! exi/5ce ( ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,*ri/2 = ,ed]%eim's ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah is ! be/ & mo/ reliable biography ( ! ,savior 9 any language4 ,keim bases 8 advocacy ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ,*ri/ on ,new ,te/am5t au?ority4 ,n only1 he says1 does ! ,new ,te/am5t speak ( ,syn$ria 9 ! "t ( ,jesus & ! ,apo/les1 b ,jesus ,himself1 9 a well-e/abli%$ utt]ance1 m5tions ! ,syn$rion 7,sanh$r97 z ! highe/ legally con/itut$ tribunal & z hav+ ! "r to pass ! s5t5ce ( dea?4#ahj ,! /ronge/ passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t support+ ! cont5tion ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ! crucifixion is conta9$ 9 ,acts v4 #ba3 ,b ! high prie/ came1 & !y t 7 ) him1 & call$ ! c\ncil toge!r1 & all ! s5ate ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & s5t to ! prison to h !m br\ght4 ,"h1 ! use ( ! words high prie/1 c\ncil1 & s5ate 9 ! same connection1 /rongly sugge/s1 almo/ accurately describes1 ! presid5t & memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r92 & besides1 ! words1 s5t to ! prison to h !m br\ght1 indicate t ?is body 0 ex]cis+ judicial functions4 ,aga91 ! utt]ance ( ,jesus above ref]r$ to by ,keim is f\nd 9 two passages ( ,mat!w4 ,! fir/ is 9 ,*ap4 xvi4 #ba3 ,f t "t =? began ,jesus to %ew unto ,8 disciples1 h[ t ,he mu/ g unto ,j]usalem1 & suff] _m ?+s ( ! eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes1 & be kill$ & be rais$ aga9 ! ?ird day4 ,! second is 9 ,*ap4 xx4 #ah3 ,behold1 we g up to ,j]usalem2 & ! ,son ( man %all be betray$ unto ! *ief prie/s & unto ! scribes1 & !y %all condemn him to dea?4 ,! eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes 7 ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! ,great ,sanh$r92 & ! prophecy1 !y %all condemn him to dea?1 ascrib$ to !m ! highe/ judicial pr]ogative1 ! "r ( pass+ ! dea? s5t5ce4 ,9 8 brilliant essay on ! ,talmud1 ,emanuel ,deuts* emphatically says3 ,:5ev] ! ,new ,te/am5t m5tions ! ',prie/s1 ! ,eld]s1 & ! ,scribes' toge!r1 x means ! ,great ,sanh$r94#aha ,x is impossible to refra9 f contra/+ ?is /atem5t ( a mo/ em95t & le>n$ ,jewi% writ] ) t ( ,rabbi ,wise1 also v s*ol>ly & pi\s1 ,9 no wise1 !n1 any passages ( ! ,gospels mu/ be consid]$ to ref] to ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,suffice x to say t ! weight ( au?ority is ) ,emanuel ,deuts*4 ,& t :i* seems to conclusively disprove ! :ole !ory ( ! nonexi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! date ( ! crucifixion1 is ! fact t ,josephus--^: acc\nt ( ! alleg$ kill+ ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 by ,h]od is ! v basis ( ! !ory--9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 relat+ to a subsequ5t ev5t1 describes ! summon+ ( ,hyrcanus1 =m] k+ & high prie/1 be=e ! ,sanh$r9 to be tri$ by !m4 ,z a result ( ! trial1 ,hyrcanus 0 put to dea?4#ahb ,su* a p]sonage c\ld h be5 tri$ & condemn$ only by ! ,great ,sanh$r91 :i* 0 9 exi/5ce subsequ5t to ! alleg$ de/ruction ( all its memb]s by ,h]od4 ,x is believ$ t en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! cont5tion t ! ,great ,sanh$r9 did n exi/ at ! "t ( ,*ri/ is n well f\nd$4 ,z a matt] ( reason1 ! m]e de/ruction ( ! memb]s ( ! c\rt by ,h]od did n1 ( necessity1 aboli% ! c\rt itself4 ,f :at we "k ( ! "* & policy ( ,h]od1 he simply _h ! memb]s ( an old & unfri5dly ari/ocracy put to dea? 9 ord] t he might make room 9 ! c\rt = an entirely new body fri5dly to him & devot$ to 8 int]e/s4 ,aga91 x is entirely improbable t ! ,roman ma/]s1 ( :om ,h]od 0 b a subject pr9ce & tool1 w\ld h p]mitt$ ! de/ruction ( ! mo/ important local in/itution ( a conqu]$ /ate4 ,! policy ( ! ,romans 9 ?is reg>d is well kn[n4 ,:5ev] x 0 consi/5t ) ! dignity & safety ( ! ,roman empire1 local in/itutions 7 all[$ to rema9 intact & undi/urb$4 ,we are n aw>e ( any good hi/orical reason :y ! ,great ,sanh$r91 ! national p>liam5t1 & ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews1 %\ld h be5 aboli%$ ?irty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 z ,rabbi ,wise & o!r em95t s*ol>s & !ologians h cont5d$4 ,aft] all1 x seems to be m a matt] ( dogma ?an ( hi/ory4 ,! majority ( ,jewi% writ]s re/ _! case ^u ,josephus1 ) _! peculi> con/ruction ( ! passage2 ! majority ( ,*ri/ian writ]s q naturally pref] ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ! l9e is n closely drawn4 ,dr4 ,geikie1 ! em95t ,g5tile au?or1 supports ! ,jewi% op9ion1 )\t ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! passage 9 ,josephus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,salvador1 ,ed]%eim1 & ,deuts*1 all writ]s ( ,jewi% blood1 support ! ,*ri/ian cont5tion4 ,! ass]tion ( ,graetz t ,jesus 0 arraign$ be=e "o ( ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9s1#ahc ( :i* !re 7 two 9 ,j]usalem1 is n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 s9ce ^! m9or c\rts _h no jurisdiction ( ! crime ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$4#ahd ,x is v evid5t f ! weight ( au?ority t ,jesus 0 tri$ be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r91 & t ?is c\rt _h au?ority to pass s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,^u ?is !ory1 ! au?or w proce$ 9 fram+ ! ,brief4 ,did ! ,great ,sanh$r9 h jurisdiction to try capital (f5ses at ! "t ( ! crucifixion8 ,?is "q1 involv+ great difficulty & mu* confusion 9 discuss+ ! trial ( ,jesus1 arises f ! div]g5t op9ions ( ,bible s*ol>s z to ! exact legal & political /atus ( ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,_m conc$e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ?is "t1 b insi/ t x _h be5 %orn ( its mo/ important judicial attributes2 t ! "r to try capital cases _h be5 :olly tak5 f x2 & t x reta9$ ! legal "r to try only petty crimes & religi\s (f5ses n involv+ ! dea? p5alty4 ,! ,jews cont5d1 & inde$ ! ,talmud /ates t =ty ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple ! judgm5t ( capital causes 0 tak5 away f ,israel4 ,! great weight ( au?ority1 h[ev]1 is regi/]$ aga9/ ?is view4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+s on ! subject h j be5 discuss$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,brief4 ,! op9ion g5]ally held by ,bible s*ol>s is t ! ,great ,sanh$r9 cont9u$ to exi/ aft] ! ,roman conque/ ( ,judea & aft] ! "t ( ,h]od2 t its legislative1 executive1 & judicial p[]s rema9$ sub/antially unimpair$ 9 local matt]s p]ta9+ to ! int]nal affairs ( ! ,jews2 & t ! ,roman repres5tatives int]v5$ only :5 ,roman int]e/s requir$ & ! sov]eignty ( ! ,roman ,/ate dem&$4 ,! "q ( sov]eignty pres5t$ itself1 inde$1 :5ev] ! "q ( life & dea? arose2 & ,rome res]v$ to h]self1 9 su* cases1 ! pr]ogative ( f9al judicial det]m9ation4 ,bo? ,r5an & ,salvador hold ! view t ! ,sanh$r9 _h ! "r ( initiative1 ! cognitio caus2 t is1 ! "r to try ! case4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! acquittal ( ! accus$ ! matt] 0 f9ally end$ )\t ,roman int]f]5ce1 b 9 case ( conviction ! ,roman legate or procurator c]ta9ly might review & probably 0 requir$ to review ! matt]1 & ei!r affirm or rev]se ! s5t5ce4 ,?is is ! preval5t op9ion among ! be/ writ]s2 & is plausible because x is at once consi/5t ) ! idea ( ! ma9t5ance ( ,roman sov]eignty & ( ! pres]vation ( ! local gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews4 ,h[ev]1 _m able writ]s1 among !m ,rosadi & ,dup91 ass]t t ! ,jews _h lo/ ! "r1 by virtue ( ,roman conque/1 ev5 to try capital cases4 ,& x mu/ be admitt$ t ! logic ( law is 9 _! favor1 ?\gh ! facts ( hi/ory & ! weight ( au?ority are aga9/ !m4 ,did ! ,great ,sanh$r9 h jurisdiction ( ! p>ticul> (f5se ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$8 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & its "r to initiate & try proce$+s 9 capital cases ) ref]5ce to ,roman au?ority1 _h x jurisdiction1 "u ,hebrew law1 ( ! special accusation aga9/ ,*ri/8 ,on ?is po9t !re is little diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,jesus 0 br\ght be=e ! ,sanh$r9 on ! *>ges ( s$ition & blasphemy1 bo? ( :i* crimes came )9 ! cognizance ( ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews4#ahe ,0 !re a regul> legal trial ( ,jesus be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r98 ,admitt+ t ?is c\rt 0 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 t x _h compet5ce1 ) ref]5ce to ,roman au?ority1 to try capital cases1 & t x _h jurisdiction "u ,hebrew law ( ! crime ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$1 did x actually conduct a regul>1 =mal trial ( ! ,*ri/8 ,_m able critics give a negative answ] to ?is inquiry4 ,jo/1 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ imp>tial ( ,jewi% hi/orians1 designates ! crucifixion ( ,jesus a private murd] 7,privat-,mord7 committ$ by burn+ enemies1 n ! s5t5ce ( a regul>ly con/itut$ ,sanh$r94#ahf ,ed]%eim supports ?is view z to ! nature ( ! trial4#ahg ,a c]ta9 class ( writ]s base _! objection to a regul> trial on ! gr\nd ( ! nonexi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,if ?is c\rt did n exi/1 !y say1 !re c\ld n h be5 any regul> judicial proce$+1 s9ce ?is body 0 ! only ,hebrew tribunal t _h jurisdiction to try ! (f5se ) :i* ,jesus 0 *>g$4 ,o!rs1 :o hold simil> views1 ma9ta9 t ! errors 7 s num]\s & ! proce$+s s flagrant1 accord+ to ! ,gospel acc\nt1 t !re c\ld h be5 no trial at all1 & t x 0 simply ! action ( a mob4 ,^! writ]s cont5d t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 act$ m l a vigilance committee ?an a regul>ly organiz$ tribunal4 ,( ?is op9ion is ,dr4 ,cunn+ham ,geikie4 ,/ill ano!r class ( critics insi/ t ! ,hebrew judges ex]cis$ only accusatory functions1 & t ! exam9ation ( ,jesus at night 0 m]ely prep>atory to *>ges to be pres5t$ to ,pilate4 ,o!rs /ill app>5tly rev]se ! ord]1 & insi/ t ! ,hebrew trial 0 ! only "o2 t ! duty ( ,pilate 0 m]ely to review1 sanction1 & c\nt]sign ! v]dict ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,( ?is class is ,r5an1 :o says3 ,! c\rse :i* ! prie/s _h resolv$ to pursue 9 reg>d to ,jesus 0 q 9 con=mity ) ! e/abli%$ law4 ,! plan ( ! enemies ( ,jesus 0 to convict him1 by ! te/imony ( witnesses & by 8 own av[als1 ( blasphemy & ( outrage aga9/ ! ,mosaic religion1 to condemn him to dea? accord+ to law1 & !n to get ! condemnation sanction$ by ,pilate4#ahh ,salvador & ,/apf] agree ) ,r5an t ! ,hebrew trial 0 regul> & t ! proce$+s 7 legal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,rosadi1 ,dup91 ,keim & _m o!rs d5\nce ! proce$+s 9 ! trial ( ,jesus z outrage\sly illegal4 ,z to ! numb] ( trials1 ! au?orities above cit$ seem to be exceptions to ! rule4 ,by f> ! great] numb] cont5d t !re 7 two di/9ct trials3 a ,hebrew & a ,roman1 sep>ate & yet dep5d5t4 ,! op9ion ( ?is class ( writ]s is mo/ cle>ly express$ by ,innes1 :o says3 ,:e!r x 0 legitimate or n = ! ,jews to condemn = a capital crime on ?is occasion1 !y did s4 ,:e!r x 0 legitimate or n = ,pilate to try ov] aga9 an accus$ :om !y _h condemn$1 on ?is occasion1 he did s4 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly two trials4#ahi ,?is is ! view ( ! writ] ( ^! pages2 & he has1 accord+ly1 divid$ ! g5]al subject into two trials1 devot+ a volume ( ! "w to ea*4 ,x may be answ]$1 !n1 t !re 0 a regul> trial ( ,jesus be=e ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,! relation ( ?is trial to ! ,roman proce$+ w be m fully discuss$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is treatise4 ,7 ! rules ( crim9al proc$ure prescrib$ 9 ! ,mi%na & cit$ 9 ?is ,brief1 9 exi/5ce & actively 9 =ce 9 ,judea at ! "t ( ! trial ( ,jesus8 ,?is "q has be5 answ]$ 9 ! negative by sev]al writ]s ( repute4 ,o!rs h answ]$ t ! matt] is 9 d\bt4 ,b x is v g5]ally agre$ t an affirmative answ] is ! prop] "o4 ,out ( ?is "q1 two o!rs arise3 7#a7 ,7 ! rules ( crim9al law1 h]e9 cit$1 obsolete at ! "t ( ! crucifixion8 7#b7 ,7 !y ! legal developm5ts ( an age subsequ5t to t great ev5t8 ,9 ei!r case1 _! citation1 9 ?is connection1 is )\t reason or ju/ification4 ,x is a suffici5t answ] to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions t none ( ! /&>d works on ,hebrew crim9al law classes any ( ! rules h]e9 /at$ z obsolete at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,9 support ( a negative answ] to ?is "q1 x may be urg$ t all ( ! a=esaid rules 7 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( an enlight5$ & humane crim9al proc$ure 9 capital cases at ! date ( ! crucifixion4 ,! answ] to ! second "q above sugge/$ is a m s]i\s matt]4 ,x is hi/orically true t ! ,mi%na 0 n r$uc$ to writ+ until two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! ,j]usalem ,talmud 0 n r$act$ until #cij ,a4,d42 & ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 ab\t #cfe-dbg ,a4,d4 ,! "q at once arises3 ,7 ! rules ( crim9al proc$ure1 :i* we h h]e9 invok$ 9 ! discussion ( ?is case1 ! gr[? ( ! p]iods int]v5+ betwe5 ! crucifixion ( ,jesus & ^! dates8 ,two valid reasons give a negative answ] to ?is "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! crim9al rules appli$ 9 ! ,brief are 9 ne>ly e case traceable to ,mosaic provisions :i* 7 fram$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! second place1 !y c\ld n h be5 ! developm5ts ( a "t subsequ5t to ! crucifixion1 because less ?an =ty ye>s1 a s+le g5]ation1 int]v5$ betwe5 t ev5t & ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! de/ruction ( ,jewi% nationality & ! disp]sion ( ! ,jews4 ,?is %ort int]val 0 a p]iod ( national decay & dis9tegration ( ! ,jewi% p & c\ld n h be51 "u ,roman dom9ation1 a =mative p]iod 9 legal matt]s4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ! additions & developm5ts 9 ,hebrew law 7 m a matt] ( comm5t>y ?an ( organic =mation--m ( ,gem>a ?an ( ,mosaic or ,mi%nic gr[?4 ,! decid$ weight ( au?ority1 !n1 z well z ! great] reason1 is 9 favor ( ! proposition t ! ,hebrew crim9al law _h rea*$ its full developm5t & 0 /ill 9 active =ce at ! "t ( :i* we write4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ at ! trial be=e ! ,sanh$r98 ,0 ,he guilty z *>g$8 ,! que/ions prec$+ ^! 7 second>y1 ?\gh important4 ,if ! ,great ,sanh$r9 did n exi/ at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 we are =c$ to believe & admit t ! m5 :o arre/$ & exam9$ ,jesus at night 7 no?+ m ?an an irresponsible rabble1 act+ )\t judicial au?ority or legal excuse4 ,if x 0 )\t crim9al jurisdiction1 ?\gh 9 exi/5ce1 we h errone\sly spok5 ( a ,hebrew trial4 ,if ! rules ( crim9al proc$ure :i* we h invok$ 7 n 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! crucifixion1 we h proce$$ ^u a false hypo!sis4 ,=tunately1 ! weight ( au?ority1 9 e case1 is s ov]:elm+ly 9 our favor1 & our cont5tion is1 9 ea* case1 s well f\nd$ 9 reason1 t we feel ju/ifi$ 9 n[ proce$+ to a discussion ( ! real m]its ( ! case1 involv$ 9 answ]s to ! que/ions3 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ! *>ge or *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,jesus at ! ,hebrew trial8 ,0 ,he guilty z *>g$8 ,! accusations aga9/ ,*ri/ 7 num]\s1 bo? 9 & out ( c\rt2 & x w help to simplify matt]s & to arrive at a cle> und]/&+1 if1 9 ! v beg9n+1 ! di/9ction be made & held 9 m9d betwe5 judicial & extra-judicial *>ges4 ,by judicial *>ges are meant ^? made at ! "t ( ! exam9ation ( ,jesus by ! ,sanh$r91 assembl$ at night 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas4 ,by extra-judicial *>ges are meant ^? made out ( c\rt at div]s times & places 9 ,j]usalem1 ,galilee1 & else:]e by ! accus]s ( ! ,*ri/1 & especially by ! spies :o dogg$ ,8 foot/eps dur+ ! la/ days ( ,8 m9i/ry on e>?4 ,ord9>ily1 x w\ld be prop]1 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 to consid] only *>ges made aft] ! trial ( ! accus$ _h begun1 & jeop>dy _h atta*$4 ,all o!rs are extra-judicial & are entitl$ to only pass+ notice4 ,x w\ld be prop] to omit !m altoge!r1 if !y did n s]ve to ?r[ mu* light ^u ! specific *>ges at ! trial4 ,an excell5t summ>y ( ! extra-judicial *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,jesus at v>i\s times 9 ,8 c>e]1 is giv5 9 ,abbott's ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 p4 #ddh3 ,x 0 *>g$ t ,he 0 a prea*] ( turbul5ce & faction2 t ,he flatt]$ ! poor & inveigh$ aga9/ ! ri*2 t ,he d5\nc$ :ole cities1 z ,cap]naum1 ,be?saida1 ,*oraz92 t ,he ga!r$ ab\t ,him a rabble ( publicans1 h>lots1 & drunk>ds1 "u a m]e pret5se ( re=m+ !m2 t ,he subv]t$ ! laws & in/itutions ( ! ,mosaic commonweal?1 & sub/itut$ an unau?oriz$ legislation ( ,8 own2 t ,he disreg>d$ n only all di/9ctions ( society1 b ev5 ^? ( religion1 & comm5d$ ! idolatr\s ,sam>itan z ( great] wor? ?an ! holy prie/ & pi\s ,levite2 t1 ?\gh ,he pret5d$ to "w miracles1 ,he _h inv>iably refus$ to p]=m !m 9 ! pres5ce & at ! reque/ ( ! ,rabbis ( ! ,*ur*2 t ,he _h contemn$ ! solemn sanctions ( _! holy religion1 _h sat d[n to eat ) publicans & s9n]s ) unwa%5 h&s1 _h disreg>d$ ! obligations ( ! ,sabba?1 _h att5d$ ! ,jewi% fea/s ) great irregul>ity or n at all1 _h decl>$ t ,god c\ld be wor%ip$ 9 any o!r place z well z 9 ,8 ,holy ,temple1 _h op5ly & viol5tly int]f]$ ) its sacr$ s]vices by driv+ away ! cattle ga!r$ !re = sacrifice4 ,^! diff]5t *>ges 7 d\btless pres5t 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ! trial1 & probably influ5c$ _! conduct & ent]$ into _! v]dict4 ,b only "o or two ( ^! accusations c be said to h any direct connection ) ! record 9 ?is case1 &1 consequ5tly1 c be only indirectly consid]$ 9 discuss+ its m]its4 ,we come n[ to exam9e ! actual *>ges made at ! night trial be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,! subsequ5t *>ges be=e ,pilate h no place 9 ?is volume4 ,a review ( ! proce$+s at ! "t ( ! exam9ation 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas reveals two di/9ct *>ges3 "o pref]r$ by witnesses :o _h be5 summon$ by ! ,sanh$r91 ! o!r pref]r$ by ,caiaphas himself4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,at ! la/ came two false witnesses1 & said1 ,?is fell[ said1 ,i am able to de/roy ! temple ( ,god1 & to build x 9 ?ree days4#aij ,! same te/imony is ?us report$ by ,m>k3 ,& !re arose c]ta91 & b>e false witness aga9/ him1 say+1 ,we he>d him say1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple t is made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days1 ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s4#aia ,luke & ,john d n discuss ! night trial be=e ! ,sanh$r91 & !re=e make no ref]5ce to ! *>ges br\ght =w>d by ! false witnesses4 ,! second accusation made aga9/ ,jesus is t by ,caiaphas himself1 :o embodies 8 *>ge 9 ! =m ( an oa? or adjuration :i* he adm9i/]$ to ! accus$3 ,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!n came ! confession & condemnation4 ,jesus said unto him1 ,?\ ha/ said3 nev]!less ,i say unto y1 ,h]eaft] %all ye see ! ,son ( man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 say+1 ,he ha? spok5 blasphemy2 :at fur!r ne$ h we ( witnesses8 behold1 n[ ye h he>d 8 blasphemy4 ,:at ?9k ye8 ,!y answ]$ & said1 ,he is guilty ( dea?4#aib ,^! few words ( ,scripture are ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! record ( fact ( ! mo/ awful trial 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,an analysis ( ! evid5ce %[s ! exi/5ce ( two di/9ct *>ges3 t pref]r$ by ! false witnesses1 accus+ ,jesus ( s$ition2 & t ( blasphemy made by ,caiaphas himself4 ,conc]n+ ! te/imony adduc$ 9 support ( ! fir/ *>ge1 ,m>k says3 ,= _m b>e false witness aga9/ him1 b _! witness agre$ n toge!r4#aic ,n[1 we h se5 t ! concurr5t te/imony ( at lea/ two witnesses1 agree+ 9 all ess5tial details1 0 necess>y to su/a9 a conviction "u ,hebrew law4 ,if "o witness aga9/ ! accus$ contradict$ any o!r witness aga9/ ! accus$1 all 7 reject$4 ,"u ?is rule ( law1 :5 _! witness agre$ n toge!r1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ! *>ge ( s$ition 0 ab&on$1 & ! accusation ( blasphemy !n foll[$1 :i* result$ 9 a confession & condemnation4 ,lat] on1 9 ano!r place1 we %all discuss ! illegality ( a d\ble accusation1 9 ! same brea? & at ! same trial4 ,b at ?is po9t we h no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! ab&on$ *>ge1 except to say t ! false witnesses1 9 _! ignorance & bl9dness1 fail$ to grasp ! ,ma/]'s allegorical language 9 ref]5ce to ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,_! worldly-m9d$ness & purely physical conception ( ?+s c5t]$ _! ?\ghts ^u ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 & gave a purely temporal & mat]ial int]pretation to ,8 words4 ,=ty & six ye>s 0 ?is temple 9 build+1 & wilt ?\ re> x aga9 9 ?ree days8#aid ,?is "q ask$ by ! orig9al auditors1 %[s a total misconception ( ! true mean+ ( ! language ( ,jesus4 ,! spiritual allusion to ! resurrection ( ,8 own body seems nev] to h p5etrat$ _! ?\ghts4 ,!n1 aga91 _! g5]al /atem5t 01 9 effect1 an absolute misrepres5tation4 ,by p]v]t+ ,8 language1 ,he 0 made to utt] a delib]ate ?reat aga9/ a national in/itution1 ar\nd :i* clu/]$ all ! p[]1 sanctity1 & glory ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,he 0 made to ?reat5 ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,b x is mo/ reasonable to inf] f ! entire evid5ce z conta9$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s t ! words imput$ to ,jesus by ! false witnesses 7 n ^? :i* ,he actually us$4 ,9 reality1 ,he did n say3 ,i c de/roy1 or ,i w de/roy2 b1 simply1 ,de/roy4 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up4#aie ,?is is evid5tly a purely hypo!tical expression & is equival5t to ,suppos+ y de/roy ?is temple4 ,/4 ,john1 9 ^: pres5ce1 x seems1 ?is language 0 us$1 correctly int]prets ! ,savior's mean+ :5 he says3 ,he spake ( ! temple ( 8 body4#aif ,! evid5ce ( ! false witnesses 0 s contradictory t ev5 wick$ judges 7 =c$ to reject x & to conduct ! prosecution on ano!r *>ge4 ,we come n[ to consid] m closely ! real accusation ^u :i* ,jesus 0 condemn$ to dea?4 ,at fir/ glance1 !re seems to be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at ?is accusation 01 s9ce ! ,gospel record specifically m5tions ! crime ( blasphemy4 ,x 0 = ?is (f5se t ,caiaphas pron\nc$ judgm5t aga9/ ,jesus ) ! unanim\s approval ( 8 fell[-judges4 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s & sai?1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witnesses8 ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 & !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4 ,b :at _h !y he>d t con/itut$ blasphemy8 ,no?+ m ?an ,8 own confession t ,he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is seems simple en\gh ^u its face2 b a va/ mass ( acrimoni\s discussion has result$ f ^! few passages ( ! ,scripture4 ,! ma9 difficulty turns ^u ! mean+ ( ! ^w blasphemy1 z us$ by ! high prie/ 9 pass+ condemnation ^u ,jesus4 ,! facts adduc$ at ! trial1 or r ! facts sugge/$ by ! oa? or adjuration address$ to ,jesus1 z to :e!r or n ,he 0 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 did n1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 con/itute blasphemy "u ! def9ition ( t t]m giv5 9 ! ,mosaic ,code & int]pret$ by ! ,rabb9ic writ]s ^: op9ions h be5 embodi$ 9 comm5t>ies ^u ! ,mi%na4 ,em95t ,jewi% writ]s h ridicul$ ! idea ( attempt+ to make a case ( blasphemy out ( a m]e claim ( be+ a ,son ( ,god4 ,rabbi ,wise1 9 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 has v t]sely /at$ ! ,jewi% position on ! subject4 ,_h ,jesus ma9ta9$1 he says1 be=e a body ( ,jewi% lawy]s to be ! ,son ( ,god1 !y c\ld n h f\nd him guilty ( blasphemy1 because e ,israelite _h a p]fect "r to call himself a son ( ,god1 ! law 7,deut4 xiv4 #a7 /at+ 9 unmi/akable words1 ',ye are sons ( ! ,"l1 y\r ,god4' ,:5 ,rabbi ,judah advanc$ ! op9ion1 ',if ye conduct y\rselves l ! sons ( ,god1 ye are2 if n1 n1' !re 0 ,rabbi ,mair on h& to contradict him3 ',9 ?is or 9 t case1 ye are ! sons ( ! ,"l y\r ,god4' ,no law1 no prec$5t1 & no fictiti\s case 9 ! ,bible or ! rabb9ical lit]ature c be cit$ to make ( ?is expression a case ( blasphemy4 ,! blasphemy law is 9 ,leviticus 7xxiv4 #ae-bj71 :i* orda9s1 ',if any man %all curse 8 ,god 7i4e41 by :atev] "n he may call 8 ,god71 he %all be> 8 s91' b ! law has no?+ to d ) x1 dictates no puni%m5t1 takes no cognizance !re(4 ',b he :o %all curse ! "n ( ,jehovah1 he %all surely be put to dea?1' be ! curs] native or ali54 ,ano!r blasphemy law exi/s n 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews exp\nd$ ?is law1 t none is guilty ( blasphemy 9 ! fir/ degree1 unless he curses ,god himself by ! "n ( ,jehovah2 or1 z ,maimonides ma9ta9s1 by ! "n ,adonai4 ,! p5alty ( dea? is only ?reat5$ 9 ! fir/ degree4 ,! ,mi%na /ates expressly z ! g5]al law1 ',! blasphem] is n guilty1 unless he 79 curs+ ! ,deity7 has m5tion$ ! "n itself' 7( ,jehovah or ,adonai71 s t !re c be no d\bt :atev] t su* 0 ! law 9 ,israel4 ,x is cle> t ! /atem5ts made by ,m>k1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 _h no?+ 9 ! _w to d ) ! blasphemy laws ( ! ,jews4#aig ,rabbi ,wise 0 conc$$ly an able & accompli%$ !ologian2 & 9 a g5]al way ! above extract /ates ! tru?4 ,b x does n /ate ! :ole tru?1 & 9 "o or two places is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ae-bj is und\bt$ly ! blasphemy /atute ( ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,b ,mr4 ,wise 0 assur$ly wrong :5 he /at$ t ano!r blasphemy ,law exi/s n 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,=1 if ?is 7 a correct /atem5t1 o!r em95t ,jewi% au?orities1 z well z _m ,g5tile au?ors1 w\ld be all at sea4 ,besides1 ! ,new ,te/am5t use ( ! ^w blasphemy1 9 _m places1 w\ld only s]ve to illu/rate ! d5se ignorance ( ! ,jews ( ! "t ( ,jesus z to ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 if ! au?or ( ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus 7 "r4 ,9 ?is connection1 let u n[ consid] ano!r ,jewi% au?ority1 z able & ev5 m fam\s ?an ! "o j cit$4 ,9 ,salvador's celebrat$ treatise entitl$ ,hi/oire des ,in/itutions de ,mose1 he devotes a *apt] to ! "q ( ! judgm5t & condemnation ( ,jesus4 ,t\*+ ! nature ( ! *>ge aga9/ ,*ri/ & ! real cause ( ,8 conviction1 he says3 ,b ,jesus1 9 pres5t+ new !ories & 9 giv+ new =ms to ^? already promulgat$1 speaks ( himself z ,god2 8 disciples repeat x2 & ! subsequ5t ev5ts prove 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann] t !y ?us und]/ood him4 ,?is 0 %ock+ blasphemy 9 ! eyes ( ! citiz5s3 ! law comm&s !m to foll[ ,jehovah alone1 ! only true ,god2 n to believe 9 gods ( fle% & bones1 resembl+ m5 or wom52 nei!r to sp>e or li/5 to a prophet :o1 ev5 do+ miracles1 %\ld proclaim a new god1 a god nei!r !y nor _! fa!rs _h kn[n4 ,! "q already rais$ among ! p 0 ?is3 ,has ,jesus become ,god8 ,b ! ,s5ate hav+ adjudg$ t ,jesus1 son ( ,joseph1 born 9 ,be?lehem1 _h pr(an$ ! "n ( ,god by usurp+ x to himself1 a m]e citiz51 appli$ to him ! law 9 ! #ac? ,*apt] ( ,deut]onomy & ! #bj? v]se 9 ,*apt] #ah1 accord+ to :i* e prophet1 ev5 he :o works miracles1 mu/ be puni%$ :5 he speaks ( a god unkn[n to ! ,jews & _! fa!rs3 ! capital s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$4 ,"h we h ! doctors divid$2 ,wise say+ t ano!r blasphemy law exi/s n 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 & ,salvador cont5d+ t ,jesus 0 legally convict$ ( blasphemy "u ! ,mosaic ,law z x 0 laid d[n1 n 9 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ae-bj1 b 9 ,deut]onomy xiii4 ,! law 9 ,deut]onomy is peculi>ly impressive 9 its relation%ip to ! *>ges aga9/ ,jesus4 ,if !re arise among y a prophet1 or a dream] ( dreams1 & give? !e a sign or a wond]1 ,& ! sign or ! wond] come to pass1 :]e( he spake unto !e1 say+1 ,let u g aft] o!r gods1 :i* ?\ ha/ n kn[n1 & let u s]ve !m2 ,?\ %alt n he>k5 unto ! words ( t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams3 = ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y1 to "k :e!r ye love ! ,"l y\r ,god ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r s\l4 ,ye %all walk aft] ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & fe> ,him1 & keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 & obey ,8 voice1 & ye %all s]ve ,him1 & cleave unto ,him4 ,& t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams1 %all be put to dea?2 because he ha? spok5 to turn y away f ! ,"l y\r ,god1 :i* br\ght y out ( ! l& ( ,egypt & r$eem$ y out ( ! h\se ( bondage1 to ?ru/ !e out ( ! way :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e to walk 94#aih ,! position ( ,rabbi ,wise _c be def5d$ by try+ to id5tify ?is passage ) ! "o 9 ,leviticus4 ,! law 9 ,deut]onomy has ref]5ce to t =m ( blasphemy :i* is ne>ly id5tical ) idolatry1 t is1 s$uc+ ! p f _! allegiance to ,jehovah1 & induc+ !m to g (f aft] /range gods4 ,! law 9 ,leviticus applies peculi>ly to pr(ane epi!ts & to curses hurl$ at ,jehovah ,himself4 ,aga91 ,rabbi ,wise ridicules ! notion t ,caiaphas & ! ,sanh$ri/s attempt$ to twi/ ! use ( ! words ,son ( ,god into a crime4 ,he is "r :51 quot+ ,deut]onomy xiv4 #a1 he says t e ,israelite _h a p]fect "r to call himself a son ( ,god4 ,b "h aga9 ! em95t !ologian has /opp$ %ort ( ! entire tru?4 ,x is n at all probable t he w\ld h cont5d$ t e ,israelite _h a p]fect "r to call himself ! son ( ,god 9 ! s5se ( be+ equal ) ,god ,himself4 ,%\ld reply be made t su* w\ld be an unw>rant$ con/ruction ( ,*ri/'s confession t he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 !n ! op9ion ( ,salvador w\ld be aga9 invok$4 ,9 a note to ! ,jugem5t de ,jesus1 he says3 ,i repeat t ! expression ',son ( ,god' includes "h ! idea ( ,god ,himself4 ,we are n 9 a position1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s aft] ! ev5t occurr$1 to tell exactly :at 0 9 ! m9d ( ,caiaphas at ! "t4 ,b1 9 view ( ! condemnation :i* he pass$1 & ( ! language :i* he us$ 9 pass+ x1 we are c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t he delib]ately & design$ly connect$ ! two titles--! ,*ri/ & ! ,son ( ,god--to see if ,jesus w\ld assume responsibility = bo?1 or if ,he w\ld cont5t himself ) ! simple appellation1 son ( ,god1 to :i* e pi\s ,israelite 0 entitl$4 ,! reply ( ,jesus1 ,?\ ha/ said1 mean+ ,i am ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 an affirmation ( ,8 id5tity ) ! ,fa!r4 ,! condemnation = blasphemy imm$iately foll[$4 ,su* a s5t5ce w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) any o!r !ory ?an ! assumption t ,jesus _h claim$ equality ) ,god1 or _h arrogat$ to ,himself p[] & au?ority :i* belong$ alone to ,jehovah4 ,?is def9ition ( blasphemy is c]ta9ly diff]5t f t laid d[n 9 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ae-bj4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 x is really true t bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts reveal n only ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o blasphemy /atute 9 ! ,mosaic ,code1 b also m ?an "o conception & def9ition ( blasphemy at diff]5t p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,9 ,,ii ,samuel xii4 #ad ! ^w blaspheme is us$ 9 ! s5se to despise ,judaism4 ,9 ,i ,macc4 ii4 #f blasphemy means idolatry4 ,9 ,job ii4 #e2 ,,ii ,k+s xix4 #d-f2 ,hosea vii4 #af1 ! t]m indicates reproa*1 d]ision4 ,n only might ,god be blasphem$1 b ! k+ also1 z 8 repres5tative4 ,! indictm5t aga9/ ,nabo? 03 ,?\ did/ blaspheme ,god & ! k+4#aii ,! p ( ,jehovah & 8 ,holy ,l& might also become victims ( blasphemy4#bjj ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s frequ5tly *>ge ! ,jews ) blasphem+ ,jesus1 :5 !y use insult+ language t[>d ,him1 or d5y to ,him ! cr$it t is ,8 due4#bja ,9 ,revelation1 ,/4 ,john tells t he saw a bea/ rise up out ( ! sea1 hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & ^u 8 horns t5 cr[ns1 & ^u 8 heads ! "n ( blasphemy4 ,& he op5$ 8 m\? 9 blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 to blaspheme 8 "n1 & 8 tab]nacles1 & !m t dwell 9 heav54#bjb ,?is bea/ 0 ! symbolical ,anti*ri/1 & 8 blasphemy 0 simply ! treasonable opposition ( ! anti*ri/ian _w to ,god & ,8 k+dom4 ,a compreh5sive mean+ ( blasphemy1 9 ! v>i\s s5ses above sugge/$1 is convey$ by ! def9ition ( ! t]m treason "u ! gov]nm5ts ( ,g5tile commonweal?s4 ,a s+le /atute1 #be ,edw4 iii4 c4 #b1 def9es sev5 diff]5t ways ( committ+ treason aga9/ ! k+ ( ,engl&4#bjc ,! lex ,julia maje/atis1 promulgat$ by ,augu/us ,cs>1 0 a s+le /atute :i* compreh5d$ all ! anci5t laws t _h previ\sly be5 enact$ to puni% transgressors aga9/ ! ,roman ,/ate4#bjd ,!re 0 no p>ticul> /atute1 z ,rabbi ,wise w\ld h u believe1 among ! anci5t ,hebrews1 t def9$ all =ms ( blasphemy aga9/ ,jehovah4 ,b a v cle> notion ( ! v>i\s phases ( blasphemy may be _h if we w keep 9 m9d ! v>i\s def9itions ( treason "u mod]n law4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! anci5t ,hebrew ,commonweal? 0 a pure !ocracy2 t ,jehovah 0 k+2 t prie/s1 prophets1 & p 7 m]ely ! subjects & s]vants ( ?is k+2 t its gov]nm5t & its in/itutions 7 ! products ( 8 bra92 & t ! de/9ies ( ! p ( ,israel1 ! *os5 se$1 7 absolutely 9 8 keep+ & subject to 8 div9e direction & control4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! ,god ( ,israel 0 a mo/ jeal\s ,god2 t ! greate/ irritant ( ,8 wra? 0 any encroa*m5t ^u ,8 rights z rul] ( m5 & creator ( ! univ]se2 t = ! protection ( ,8 sov]eignty1 ,he _h proclaim$ to ,8 p ?r\gh ,8 s]vant ,moses ! mo/ /r+5t /atutes aga9/ any pr(anation ( ,8 "n or disloyalty to ,8 p]son4 ,! ,decalogue 0 ! great *>t] ( ,jehovah = ! gov]nm5t ( ,8 *ildr54 ,! fir/ ?ree comm&m5ts 7 special /atutes int5d$ to excite _! gratitude & insure _! atta*m5t4 ,he rem9ds !m ( ! circum/ances ( _! deliv]ance1 & w>ns !m1 "u sev]e p5alty1 aga9/ go+ (f aft] /range gods4 ,b1 n cont5t ) ^!1 ,he _h /ill o!r /atutes proclaim$1 furni%+ safegu>ds aga9/ idolatry & insur+ loyalty to ,8 p]son4#bje ,at ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hebrew !ocracy1 idolatry 0 ev]y:]e to be f\nd4 ,n only 7 ! neighbor+ peoples wor%ip]s ( idols1 b ! ,israelites !mselves 7 prone to idolatry & to runn+ (f aft] /range gods4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,gold5 ,calf is a famili> illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,?us ! ,commonweal? ( ,jehovah 0 ?reat5$ n only ) idolatr\s invasion f )\t b ) idolatr\s insurrection f )94 ,h5ce ! sev]ity ( ! measures adopt$ = ! protection ( ,8 k+dom1 ,8 p]son1 & ,8 "n1 n only aga9/ idolat]s b aga9/ necromanc]s1 wit*es1 sorc]]s1 & all p]sons :o pret5d$ to sup]natural p[]s t did n proce$ directly f ,jehovah ,himself4 ,! en=cem5t ( & ob$i5ce to ^! v>i\s /atutes requir$ an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p[] & au?ority ( ,jehovah 9 e case :]e prophecies 7 =etold1 wond]s work$1 & sup]natural p[]s ( any k9d exhibit$4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 we f9d traces ( ! op]ation ( ?is law4 ,sometimes x is an in/ance ( ob$i5ce1 z :5 ,ph>aoh want$ to cr$it ,joseph ) ! p[] ( int]pret+ dreams4 ,& ,joseph answ]$ ,ph>aoh1 say+1 ,x is n 9 me3 ,god %all give ,ph>aoh an answ] ( peace4#bjf ,at o!r times1 x is an act ( disob$i5ce4 ,to satisfy ! ?ir/y multitude ,moses smote ! rock & br\ght =? wat] at ,m]ibah4 ,b in/ead ( giv+ ! ,"l cr$it = ! act1 ,moses claim$ x = ,a>on & himself1 say+1 ,he> n[1 ye rebels3 mu/ we fet* y wat] out ( ?is rock8 ,:]eupon ,jehovah grew v angry & said to ,moses & ,a>on3 ,because ye believe me n1 to sanctify me 9 ! eyes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 !re=e ye %all n br+ ?is congregation into ! l& :i* ,i h giv5 !m4#bjg ,z puni%m5t = ?is blasphem\s conduct1 nei!r ,moses nor ,a>on 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ! ,promis$ ,l&4#bjh ,& t ?is omission to give due ackn[l$gm5t to ! ,"l = ! miracul\s fl[ ( wat] 0 treasonable or blasphem\s "u ! wid] int]pretation ( ! t]m1 _c be d\bt$4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks x is cle> t blasphemy among ! anci5t ,hebrews 0 subject to a tw(old classification3 7#a7 ,a v]bal r5unciation & pr(ane speak+ ( ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,to ?is k9d ( blasphemy ! provision 9 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ae-bj 0 applicable4 ,?is 0 blasphemy 9 its g5]ally accept$ b n>r[] & m re/rict$ s5se4 ,?is k9d ( blasphemy indicat$ a mo/ deprav$ & malignant /ate ( m9d1 & to secure a conviction x 0 necess>y to %[ t ! ^w ,jehovah or ,adonai _h be5 pron\nc$4 7#b7 ,e ^w or act1 directly 9 d]ogation ( ! sov]eignty ( ,jehovah1 su* z speak+ 9 ! "n ( ano!r god1 or omitt+1 on any occasion t requir$ x1 to give to ,jehovah ! honor due to ,8 own "n4#bji ,?is =m ( blasphemy 0 ne>ly ! same z treason "u mod]n gov]nm5ts1 & includ$ all (f5ses t ?reat5$ ! usurpation ( ! ?rone ( ,jehovah1 ! de/ruction ( ,8 in/itutions1 & t )held f ,him due ackn[l$gm5t ( ,8 au?ority & au?or%ip 9 all matt]s ( miracle & prophecy4 ,return+ to ! trial 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 let u aga9 consid] ! "q3 ,0 ,jesus guilty ( blasphemy "u any ( ! def9itions above giv58 ,_h ,he ev] curs$ ! "n ( ,jehovah & !reby br\ght ,himself )9 ! condemnation ( ! law1 z laid d[n 9 ,leviticus xxiv4 #ae-bj8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,e ^w utt]$ by ,him at ! trial1 z well z e o!r expression else:]e utt]$ at any "t or place1 0 said ) rev]5ce & awe & love 9 praise & glorification ( ! "n & p]son ( ,jehovah4 ,rabbi ,wise ridicules ! notion t ,jesus 0 ev] tri$ ^u ! *>ge ( blasphemy1 because x is n record$ any:]e t ,he ev] us$ any b t5d] & affectionate language 9 speak+ ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,_h ,jesus blasphem$1 9 ! s5se ( despis+ ,judaism1 & !reby br\ght ,himself )9 ! purview ( ! rule z exemplifi$ 9 ,,ii ,sam4 xii4 #ad8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re is no record any:]e t ,he despis$ ,judaism4 ,jesus rev]$ bo? ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,he claim$ t ,he came to fulfill1 n to de/roy !m4#baj ,he frequ5tly d5\nc$ ,ph>isaic =malism & hypocrisy1 b at ! same "t ,he 0 a mo/ loyal ,jew & a devot$ son ( ,israel4 ,_h ,he blasphem$ by work+ wond]s 9 ,8 own "n1 & omitt+ to give ,jehovah cr$it = !m2 & did ,he !reby br+ ,himself )9 ! condemnation ( ! rule exemplifi$ by ,moses & ,a>on 9 ! matt] ( /rik+ wat] f ! rock at ,m]ibah8 ,we are =c$ to answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,if we reg>d ,jesus z a m]e man1 a pla9 citiz51 l ,moses1 ! ,new ,te/am5t discloses _m infractions ( ! ,law 9 ,8 prophecies & miracles4 ,x is true t 9 ,john v4 #ai x is said1 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,! ,son c d no?+ ( himself1 b :at he see? ! ,fa!r d4 ,"h ,he affirm$ t ! p[] 0 f ,god & n f ,himself4 ,aga91 hav+ rais$ ,laz>us f ! dead1 ,jesus said1 ,fa!r1 ,i ?ank !e t ?\ ha/ he>d me1#baa ?us ackn[l$g+ ! int]v5tion ( ,jehovah 9 ! p]=mance ( ! miracle4 ,9 sev]al o!r places ,he gave ! ,fa!r cr$it = ! act ( ! ,son4 ,b ^! 7 exceptions1 isolat$ cases4 ,! law requir$ an express ackn[l$gm5t 9 e case ( prophesy or miracle work+4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l 0 ei!r ! prologue or epilogue ( e wond]-work+ p]=mance4 ,9 all ! miracles wr\ght by him 9 ,egypt ,moses _h giv5 due cr$it to ,jehovah4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh4 ,he 0 made an example = all "t :5 he fail$ to make ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! matt] ( /rik+ ! wat] f ! rock4 ,n[ ,jesus work$ _m miracles 9 no o!r "n ?an ,8 own1 & 9 s do+ br\ght ,himself )9 ! op]ation ( ! rule & ( ! prec$5t e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( ,moses & ,a>on4 ,! cur+ ( ! bloody issue1#bab ! /ill+ ( ! tempe/1#bac ! *as+ ( ! devils into ! sea1#bad ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1#bae & ( ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na9#baf f ! dead1 7 done )\t any m5tion ( ! p[] & guidance ( ,jehovah4 ,b ^! transgressions 7 extra-judicial (f5ses & h be5 discuss$ m]ely z an introduction ?r[+ light ^u ! specific *>ge at ! trial1 t ,jesus _h claim$ to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! "q ( ! high prie/ is mean+less1 unless int]pret$ 9 ! light ( k :i* we "k ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 _h reg>d+ ! wond]-work+ p]=mances ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! failure ( ,jesus to ackn[l$ge ! p[] ( ,jehovah 9 work+ miracles might be int]pret$ z a tacit av[al t ,he ,himself 0 ,jehovah1 & t !re=e no ackn[l$gm5ts 7 necess>y4 ,! sil5ce itself 0 a proclamation ( ! div9ity t 0 9 ,him1 :i* plac$ ,him above a law int5d$ to gov]n ! conduct ( m5 l ,moses & ,a>on4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! f9al "q3 ,_h ,jesus blasphem$1 :5 ,he confess$ to ! high prie/ t ,he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god8 ,_h ,he blasphem$ 9 t wid] s5se :i* ,salvador has int]pret$ z be+ ! ,jewi% notion ( blasphemy at ! "t ( ,*ri/2 t is1 by claim+ at once ! attributes ( ! ,messiah & ! ,son ( ,god8 ,_h ,he ass]t$ an equality ) ,god :i* look$ to a usurpation ( ,8 p[] & ! de/ruction ( ,8 ?rone2 t is1 did ! confession ( ,jesus t ,he 0 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 sugge/ a rivalry betwe5 ,him & ,jehovah :i* might result 9 ! de?ronem5t ( ! latt] & ! sub/itution ( ! =m] z ! ,"l & ,k+ & ,rul] ( ,israel8 ,reg>d+ ,jesus z a m]e man1 a pla9 citiz51 an affirmative answ] to any "o ( ^! que/ions w\ld convict ,him ( blasphemy1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% int]pretation ( t t]m at ! "t ( ,*ri/2 = ! ,hebrew ,jehovah _h repeat$ly proclaim$ t ,he 0 a jeal\s ,god1 & t ,he w\ld brook nei!r rivals nor associates 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,8 k+dom4 ,t ,jesus _h m ?an once id5tifi$ ,himself ) ,jehovah1 & _h claim$ div9e attributes & p[]s2 & t ! ,jews reg>d$ all ^! pret5ses z blasphem\s1 is evid5t1 & c be asc]ta9$ f m ?an "o passage ( ,new ,te/am5t ,scripture4 ,on "o occasion ! ,savior said to "o sick ( palsy3 ,son1 be ( good *e]2 ?y s9s be =giv5 !e4 ,&1 behold1 c]ta9 ( ! ,scribes said )9 !mselves1 ,?is man blaspheme?4#bag ,accord+ to ,luke1 !y said3 ,:o is ?is man :i* speake? blasphemies8 ,:o c =give s9s b ,god alone8#bah ,"h1 accord+ to ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 ,jesus _h blasphem$ by claim+ ! p[] :i* alone belong$ to ,jehovah1 t ( =giv+ s9s2 or1 at lea/1 by ex]cis+ a sup]natural p[] )\t ackn[l$g+ ! au?or%ip & guidance ( ! ,almighty4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ?is in/ance ( alleg$ blasphemy ,jesus _h n remotely curs$ or pr(an$ ! "n ( ,jehovah2 b1 accord+ to ,jewi% notions ( ! times1 _h ex]cis$ a pr]ogative1 t ( =giv+ s9s1 :i* belong$ solely to ,jehovah1 )\t giv+ cr$it4 ,aga91 we read ?is passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,!re=e ,jews s\ght ! m to kill him1 because he n only _h brok5 ! ,sabba?1 b said also t ,god 0 8 fa!r1 mak+ himself equal ) ,god4#bai ,"h we see t ! ,jews ( ! days ( ,jesus1 z well z ,salvador 9 our own day1 con/ru$ ! claims ( ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 z an ass]tion ( equality ) ,jehovah4 ,aga91 on ano!r occasion1 ,jesus said emphatically3 ,i & my ,fa!r are "o4 ,!n ! ,jews took up /ones aga9 to /one him4 ,jesus answ]$ !m1 ,_m good works h ,i %ew$ y f my ,fa!r2 = :i* ( ^? works d ye /one me8 ,! ,jews answ]$ him1 say+1 ,= a good "w1 we /one !e n2 b = blasphemy2 & because t ?\1 be+ a man1 make/ ?yself ,god4#bbj ,ev5 be=e ?is bold decl>ation ( ,8 id5tity ) ,jehovah1 ,he _h intimat$ t ,he 0 ( ,heav5ly orig9 & _h enjoy$ a div9e prexi/5ce4 ,he _h decl>$ t ,he 0 ! ,bread :i* came d[n f ,heav51#bba & t ,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am4#bbb ,! ,jews reg>d$ ,8 /atem5t t ,he _h liv$ be=e ,abraham z blasphemy1 & took up /ones to ca/ at him1 ?is be+ ! usual puni%m5t = blasphem\s conduct4 ,we h said en\gh to emphasize ! po9t t !re 0 ano!r k9d ( blasphemy kn[n to ! ,jews ( ! days ( ,jesus ?an t prescrib$ 9 ,leviticus2 & t ! confession ( be+ ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 z ! ,jews & ,caiaphas int]pret$ ! t]m1 br\ght ,jesus )9 ! mean+ ( blasphemy1 9 its wid] signification--t ( assum+ equality ) ,god4 ,! num]\s illu/rations above furni%$ 7 giv5 to provide means ( cle> int]pretation ( ! t]m blasphemy1 z us$ 9 ! condemnatory s5t5ce ( ! high prie/4 ,= x is cle>ly evid5t t he & ! o!r judges mu/ h _h _m *>ges aga9/ ,jesus 9 m9d o!r ?an ^? t appe> 9 ! record ( ! trial4 ,b we repeat1 ^! extra-judicial *>ges mu/ be consid]$ only = purposes ( correct int]pretation & z a means ( ?r[+ light ^u ! actual proce$+s 9 ! night trial be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,we fur!r repeat t ! ,new ,te/am5t furni%es abundant evid5ce t ,jesus ! man1 ! ,jewi% citiz51 _h1 at div]s times & places1 committ$ blasphemy aga9/ ,jehovah1 "u a /rict int]pretation ( ! law ( ,god4 ,mr4 ,simon ,gre5leaf1 ! great ,*ri/ian writ] on ! ,law ( ,evid5ce & ! ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 has ?us t]sely & admirably summ>iz$ ! matt] f ! lawy]'s po9t ( view3 ,if we reg>d ,jesus simply z a ,jewi% citiz51 & ) no high] "*1 ?is conviction seems sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law1 ?\gh ! trial 7 n legal 9 all its =ms4 ,=1 :e!r ! accusation 7 f\nd$ on ! fir/ or ! second comm& 9 ! ,decalogue1 or on ! law laid d[n 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 or on t 9 ! eighte5? *apt] & ! tw5tie? v]se1 he _h violat$ !m all by assum+ to himself p[]s belong+ alone to ,jehovah4 ,x is n easy to p]ceive on :at gr\nd 8 conduct c\ld h be5 def5d$ be=e any tribunal1 unless ^u t ( 8 sup]human "*4 ,no lawy]1 x is conceiv$1 w\ld ?9k ( plac+ 8 def5se ^u any o!r basis4#bbc ,b1 at ?is po9t1 ! read] w\ld d well to discrim9ate v c>efully betwe5 c]ta9 matt]s t\*+ ! mo/ vital features ( ! controv]sy4 ,c]ta9 well-def9$ di/9ctions mu/ be obs]v$1 else an errone\s conclusion w inevitably foll[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 prop] limitations mu/ be appli$ to ! p]son & "* ( ,jesus be=e x c be tru?fully said t ,8 conviction by ! ,sanh$r9 0 sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 ?is connection1 ,jesus is reg>d$ m]ely z a man1 a ,jewi% citiz51 to use ,gre5leaf's phrase4 ,8 div9e "*1 z ! only-begott5 ,son ( ,god1 z ! ,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 z ! ,savior ( ! human race1 is n consid]$4 ,b ! read] may object1 & ) reason1 t ?is is begg+ ! "q2 & is !re=e an inexcusable evasion2 s9ce ! real issue be=e ! ,sanh$r9 0 ?is3 ,is ,jesus ,god8 ,& to /rike ! ,godhead ( ,jesus f ! discussion is to de/roy ! real issue1 & to place ! judgm5t ( ! ,sanh$r9 ^u an irrelevant & immat]ial basis4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is cont5tion1 s9ce x is cle>ly evid5t t if ,jesus 0 actually ,god1 manife/ 9 ! fle%1 ,he 0 n guilty2 if ,he 0 n ,god1 ,he 0 guilty4 ,=tunately = ! purposes ( ?is treatise1 ! legality or ! illegality ( ! proce$+s 9 ! trial ( ,*ri/ is n s mu* relat$ to ! "q ( sub/ance z to t ( =m4 ,:e!r ,jesus 7 ,god or n is a "q involv+ ,8 div9ity1 & is a problem peculi>ly )9 ! doma9 ( ! !ologian4 ,:e!r legal rules 7 duly obs]v$ 9 ! trial ( ,*ri/1 7 ,he man or ,god1 is a "q involv+ ,8 civil rights1 & belongs to ! doma9 ( ! lawy]4 ,unless ?is di/9ction be recogniz$ & held 9 m9d1 ! treatm5t ( ?is !me f a legal /&po9t has no ju/ification4 ,?is cont5tion is all ! m c]ta9ly true1 s9ce pro( ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 a spiritual problem1 w\ld re/ m ^u ! basis ( religi\s consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 ?an ^u hi/orical facts & logical inf]5ces4 ,! au?or ( ^! volumes believes t ,jesus 0 div9e1 & t if ,he 0 n div9e1 ,div9ity has n t\*$ ?is globe4 ,! writ] bases 8 conviction ( ?is fact ^u ! p]fect purity1 beauty1 & s9lessness ( ,jesus2 ^u ! ov]:elm+ hi/orical evid5ce ( ,8 resurrection f ! dead1 :i* ev5t may unhesitat+ly be pron\nc$ t be/ e/abli%$ 9 hi/ory2#bbd z well z ^u ! evid5t impress ( a div9e h& ^u g5u9e ,*ri/ian civilization 9 e age4 ,b ! hi/oric pro(s ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ t h come d[n to u ?r\gh tw5ty c5turies 7 n be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,a *>itable ,*ri/ian criticism w be sl[ 9 pass+ unm]ciful judgm5t ^u ! memb]s ( t c\rt = d5y+ ! claims ( ,jesus to id5tify ) ,god1 :5 ,8 own disciples evid5tly fail$ to recognize !m4 ,! incid5ts ( ! ,la/ ,supp] cle>ly prove t ^? :o _h be5 intimately associat$ ) ,him dur+ ?ree ev5tful ye>s did n1 at ! close ( ,8 m9i/ry1 fully compreh5d ,8 "* & appreciate ,8 message & ,8 mission4#bbe ,7 comp>ative /rang]s to ,him & ,8 tea*+s expect$ to be m ke5ly disc]n+8 ,aft] ,john _h baptiz$ ,jesus 9 ! ,jordan & ! ,_s ( ,god1 9 ! =m ( a dove1 _h desc5d$ ^u ,him1 ! ,bapti/ seems to h _h "s d\bts ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,*ri/ & s5t an embassy to ,him to ask1 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come1 or d we look = ano!r8#bbf ,if ! ,=]unn] ( ! ,messiah did n "k1 are we ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ p]fect presci5ce & absolute infallibility ( ,caiaphas8 ,! mo/ p]fect pro( ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus is ! fact ( ,8 resurrection f ! dead1 atte/$ by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 ,john1 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,paul4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ,he _h frequ5tly =etold to !m t ,he w\ld rise aga91 ,jesus _h to p]sonally appe> be=e !m & submit to physical te/s be=e !y w\ld believe t ,8 prophecies _h be5 fulfill$4#bbg ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! great pro( ( ,8 div9ity1 ,8 resurrection f ! dead1 0 n be=e ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues at ! "t ( ! trial4 ,! prec$+ sugge/ions & obs]vations h n be5 made 9 ord] to excuse or palliate ! conduct ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 = _! illegal conduct ( ! proce$+s aga9/ ,jesus4 ,"u ,po9t ,,xi ( ! ,brief we %all prove by ,jewi% te/imony alone ! utt]ly wick$ & wor?less "* ( ^! judges4 ,"u ,po9t ,,xii we %all elaborate ! pro(s 9 favor ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus & ( ,8 div9e ,son%ip ( ! ,fa!r1 z f> z ! scope ( ?is "w w p]mit4 ,we h sugge/$ above ! p]plexity ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 & ( ! disciples ( ,jesus1 conc]n+ ! div9ity ( ! ,naz>5e1 to illu/rate to ! read] h[ futile w\ld be ! task ( attempt+ 9 a treatise ( ?is k9d to settle ! "q ( ! id5tity ( ,jesus ) ,god1 & !reby fix ^u ,8 judges 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas ! odium ( an unrighte\s judgm5t4 ,! "q1 aft] all1 is "o to be settl$ 9 ! =um ( consci5ce1 illum9at$ by ! light ( hi/ory1 & n at ! b> ( legal ju/ice4 ,b :e!r ,jesus 7 man or ,god1 or man-,god1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ ^u ! "q ( ! violation ( =ms ( law :i* ,he 0 entitl$ to h obs]v$ 9 ! trial ( ,8 claims4 ,& at ?is po9t we return to a consid]ation ( ! phrase1 sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law4 ,?is language is n int5d$ to convey ! notion t ,jesus 0 legally convict$4 ,x means simply t ! claim ( equality ) ,god by a pla9 ,jewi% citiz5 01 "u ,hebrew law1 blasphemy2 ! crime :i* ,caiaphas & ! ,sanh$r9 believ$ t ,jesus _h confess$1 & = :i* !y condemn$ ,him4 ,ano!r di/9ction t mu/ be made is t relat+ to ! k9d ( law t is meant1 :5 x is said t ! conviction ( ,jesus 0 sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law4 ,anci5t ,hebrew law is meant1 & z t law 0 int]pret$ f ! /&po9t ( anci5t ,judaism4 ,! policy & precepts ( ! ,new ,disp5sation inaugurat$ by ,jesus c h>dly be consid]$1 9 a legal s5se1 to h be5 b9d+ ^u ,caiaphas & ! ,sanh$r91 s9ce ! v claims ( ,jesus to ,messiah%ip & id5tity ) ,god 7 to be te/$ by ! provisions ( ! ,mosaic ,code & 9 ! light ( ,hebrew prophecy4 ,! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,talmud 7 ! legal guides1 !n1 ( ! judges ( ,israel 9 judicial proce$+s at ?is "t1 & furni%$ rules = det]m9+ ! g5u95ess ( ,8 pret5sions4 ,mr4 ,gre5leaf1 ! au?or ( ! phrase1 sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law1 ass]ts t ! trial 0 n legal 9 all its =ms1 b he fails to enum]ate ! errors4 ,! purpose ( ! ,brief 9 ?is "w is to "n & discuss ! errors & irregul>ities ( ! ,hebrew trial1 t is1 ! trial be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,b ! "q may be ask$3 ,:y be guilty ( ! inconsi/5cy ( discuss+ illegalities1 :5 admission has already be5 made t ! decision 0 sub/antially "r 9 po9t ( law8 ,! answ] is t a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 t :i* is popul>ly & hi/orically kn[n or believ$ to be true1 & t :i* has n be5 or _c be prov$ 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,e lawy] is famili> ) ?is di/9ction4 ,! c\rt may "k t ! accus$ is guilty1 ! jury may "k x1 ! attorneys may be p]fectly sure ( x1 b if ! v]dict ( guilt return$ by ! jury into c\rt is n bas$ ^u te/imony t came f ! witness /& f witnesses :o 7 "u oa?1 & t _h submitt$ to cross-exam9ation1 su* v]dict w\ld h>dly be su/a9$ on appeal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! lives & lib]ties ( alleg$ crim9als mu/ n be endang]$ by extra-judicial & incompet5t te/imony4 ,a legal v]dict c be r5d]$ only :5 a regul> trial has be5 _h be=e a compet5t c\rt1 hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime *>g$1 & aft] all legal rules h be5 obs]v$ :i* ! con/itution & ! laws h provid$ z safegu>ds = ! protection ( ! rights ( bo? ! p & ! prison]4 ,h[ev] he9\s ! (f5se committ$1 no man is1 legally speak+1 a crim9al1 until he has be5 legally tri$ & decl>$ a crim9al4 ,! presumption ( innoc5ce1 a sub/antial legal "r1 is ?r[n ar\nd him f ! v beg9n+1 & cont9ues 9 8 favor until x is ov]?r[n by compet5t & satisfactory evid5ce4 ,unless su* evid5ce is furni%$1 "u legal =ms1 no man1 h[ev] morally guilty1 c be d5om9at$ a crim9al1 9 a juri/ic s5se1 9 ! face ( ! p]petual cont9uance ( ?is presumption ( innoc5ce4 ,if ^! rules & pr9ciples be appli$ to ! trial ( ,jesus1 ei!r be=e ! ,sanh$r9 or be=e ,pilate1 x c be easily demon/rat$ t :ile ,he might h be5 ab/ractly & hi/orically guilty ( ! crime ( blasphemy1 9 ! wid] acceptation ( t t]m1 ,he 0 n remotely a crim9al1 because ,he 0 nev] legally tri$ & convict$4 ,9 o!r words1 8 condemnation 0 n bas$ ^u a legal proc$ure t 0 9 h>mony ) ei!r ! ,mosaic ,code or ! ,mi%na4 ,! pages ( human hi/ory pres5t no /rong] case ( judicial murd] ?an ! trial & crucifixion ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 = ! simple reason t all =ms ( law 7 outrag$ & trampl$ "u foot 9 ! proce$+s in/itut$ aga9/ ,him4 ,! errors 7 s num]\s & ! proce$+s s flagrant t _m h d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( a trial4 ,o!rs h s\ght to attack ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel n>ratives & ! v]acity ( ! ,gospel writ]s by po9t+ to ! numb] ( errors committ$ z evid5ce t no su* proce$+s ev] took place4 ,z ,r5an w\ld say1 ?is is a species ( nave impud5ce1 to ass]t t a trial 0 n _h1 because num]\s errors are alleg$2 z if a ,hebrew c\rt c\ld n ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally commit blund]s & _m ( !m4 ,e lawy] ( ext5sive practice any:]e kn[s f exp]i5ce t judges ( great ability & exalt$ "* conduct l5g?y trials1 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases1 ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e1 & are aid$ by em95t c\nsel & good & hone/ jurors2 ! :ole purpose ( ! proce$+s be+ to rea* a j & righte\s v]dict2 & yet1 on appeal1 x is frequ5tly held t n "o b _m errors h be5 committ$4 ,at ?is po9t1 a few prelim9>y obs]vations are necess>y z a means ( introduction to ! discussion ( errors4 ,c]ta9 elem5t>y pr9ciples %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood at ! outset4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an analysis ( ! ^w case1 us$ 9 a juri/ic s5se1 %[s ! exi/5ce ( two c>d9al judicial elem5ts3 ! elem5t call$ ,fact1 & ! elem5t call$ ,law4 ,& :e!r ! advocate is prep>+ a plead+ at 8 desk1 is mak+ a spee* to ! jury1 or address+ himself to ! c\rt1 ^! elem5ts are ev] pres5t 9 8 m9d4 ,he is cont9ually ask+ ^! que/ions3 ,:at are ! facts ( ?is case8 ,:at is ! law applicable to ^! facts8 ,d ! facts & law meet1 h>monize1 bl5d1 accord+ to ! late/ decision ( ! c\rt ( la/ resort8 ,if s1 a case is made2 o!rwise1 n4 ,x is impossible to frame any legal argum5t ^u any o!r basis ?an t ( ! agreem5t or nonagreem5t ( law & fact1 9 a juri/ic s5se2 & ^u ?is plan errors w be discuss$ & ! ,brief w be fram$4 ,9 ! second place1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 9 matt]s ( review on appeal1 errors w n be presum$2 t is1 errors w n be consid]$ t d n appeal affirmatively ^u ! record4 ,! law w r presume & ! c\rt w assume t :at %\ld h be5 done1 has be5 done4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 only su* errors w be discuss$ 9 ^! pages t affirmatively appe> 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,gospels :i* =m ! record 9 ?is case4 ,by affirmatively appe> is meant t ! error is cle>ly app>5t or may be reasonably inf]r$4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii ( ! prec$+ pages ( ?is volume1 ,hebrew crim9al law1 :i* 0 actively 9 =ce at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 0 outl9$ & discuss$4 ,9 ,"p ,i ! ,record ( ,fact 0 review$ 9 ! light ( judicial rules4 ,x is ! pres5t purpose1 9 ,"p ,,iii1 to enum]ate1 9 ! =m ( a ,brief1 ! errors committ$ by ! ,hebrew judges ( ,jesus1 z ! result ( _! failure to make ! facts ( _! trial con=m ) ! legal rules by :i* !y 7 b\nd 9 all crim9al proce$+s :]e human life 0 at /ake4 ,! plan propos$ is to ann\nce successive errors 9 brief /atem5ts :i* w be designat$ ,po9ts1 9 imitation ( ! ,new ,york me?od on appeal4 ,foll[+ ! /atem5t ( error w be giv5 a %ort synopsis ( ! law applicable to ! po9t sugge/$4 ,!n1 f9ally1 w foll[ ! fact & argum5t necess>y to elaboration & pro(4 ,accord+ly1 9 pursuance ( ?is me?od1 let u consid] ! po9ts 9 ord]4 ,,po9t ,i ,,! ,,arre/ ,,( ,,jesus ,,0 ,,illegal ,,law ,n[ ! ,jewi% law prohibit$ all proce$+s by night4--,,dup91 ,jesus ,devant ,caphe et ,pilate4 ,! te/imony ( an accomplice is n p]missible by ,rabb9ic law bo? propt] affectum & propt] delictum1 & no man's life1 nor 8 lib]ty1 nor 8 reputation c be endang]$ by ! malice ( "o :o has confess$ himself a crim9al4--,,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 n4 #bgd4 ,?\ %alt n g up & d[n z a talebe>] among ?y p3 nei!r %alt ?\ /& aga9/ ! blood ( ?y neighbor4 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?9e he>t3 ,?\ %alt n av5ge or be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p1 b ?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4--,,leviticus xix4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,! ,bible record discloses ?ree di/9ct elem5ts ( illegality 9 ! arre/ ( ,jesus3 7#a7 ,! arre/ took place at night 9 violation ( ,hebrew law2 7#b7 x 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a traitor & in=m]1 9 violation ( a provision 9 ! ,mosaic ,code & ( a ,rabb9ic rule bas$ !reon2 7#c7 x 0 n ! result ( a legal m&ate f a c\rt ^: int5tions 7 to conduct a legal trial = ! purpose ( rea*+ a righte\s judgm5t4 ,^! elem5ts ( illegality w be app>5t :5 ! facts ( ! arre/ are briefly /at$4 ,x 0 ! #ad? ,nisan1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% cal5d>2 or ,april #f?1 ,a4,d4 #cj1 accord+ to our cal5d>4 ,! ,pas*al ,fea/ 0 at h&4 ,! eyes ( all ,israel 7 c5t]$ ^u ! ,metropolis ( ,judaism4 ,f ,judea1 f ,sam>ia1 f ,galilee & ,p]ea1 f all p>ts ( ! _w :]e ,jews 7 resid5t1 pilgrims came /ream+ into ! ,holy ,city to be pres5t at ! great national fe/ival4 ,x 0 to be an occasion ( pray] & ?anksgiv+1 ( sweet memories & happy reunions4 ,!n & !re (f]+s w\ld be made & purifications obta9$4 ,9 ! great ,temple1 ) its gorge\s ritual1 ,judaism 0 to (f] its s\l to ,jehovah4 ,! national & religi\s feel+s ( a div9ely commission$ race 7 to be deeply /irr$ by memories t rem9d$ !m ( ! fir/1 & by hopes t look$ =w>d to ! f9al great deliv]ance4 ,x 0 probably 9 ! home ( ,m>k1 on ! outskirts ( ,j]usalem1 t ,jesus ga!r$ ) ! ,twelve1 on ! ev5+ ( ?is day1 to eat ! ,pas*al lamb4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,room1 ! sacr$ fea/ 0 spread & ! little b& 7 ga!r$4 ,only ! g5ius ( a da ,v9ci c\ld d ju/ice to t sc5e4 ,!re 0 ,pet]1 hot-head$1 impetu\s1 bravado-l4 ,!re 0 ,john1 z g5tle1 pure-m9d$1 & lov+ z a woman4 ,!re 0 ,judas1 m]c5>y1 l[-br[$1 & crav5-he>t$4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o1 ) ,pet] & ,john1 7 to h temples d$icat$ 9 _! names4 ,9 _! mid/ 0 ! ,ma/] ( !m all1 ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%1 :o ) ,8 pi]c$ h&s 0 to lift empires (f _! h+es1 & turn ! /ream ( c5turies f its *annel4 ,no mom5t ( hi/ory 0 s fraught ) tragic int]e/ = ! human race4 ,!re ! seal ( ! ,new ,cov5ant 0 affix$1 ! bond ( ! new human spiritual alliance 0 made4 ,! great law ( love 0 proclaim$ :i* 0 to reg5]ate & sanctify ! _w4 ,^! ?+s ,i comm& y1 t ye love "o ano!r4 ,& ,i h decl>$ unto !m ?y "n1 & w decl>e x2 t ! love :]e) ?\ ha/ lov$ me1 may be 9 !m1 & ,i 9 !m4 ,?us ! great law ( love 0 to be ! b9d+ tie1 n only among ! little bro!rhood !re assembl$ b 0 to be ! cem5t+ bond betwe5 ! reg5]ate ( e>?1 ! ,m$iator1 & ! great ,fa!r ( love1 ,himself4 ,!re1 too1 0 giv5 ! great example ( humility :i* 0 to *>act]ize true ,*ri/ian piety ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,! pages ( hi/ory record no o!r spectacle s ?rill+ & sublime1 & at ! same "t t5d] & pa!tic1 z t af=d$ by ! ,pas*al ,meal1 :5 ,jesus1 ! ,savior ( m51 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,mak] ( all ! %9+ worlds1 sank ^u ,8 knees to wa% ! feet ( ignorant1 simple-m9d$ ,galilean fi%]m51 9 ord] t future ages might h at once a lesson & an example ( t g5u9e humility :i* is ! v life & s\l ( true religion4 ,dur+ ! ev5+1 a bitt] anxiety1 an awful melan*oly1 seiz$ ! devot$ b&1 ^: numb]1 ?irte51 ev5 to-day inspires sup]/iti\s dread4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! appreh5sion ! he>t ( ! ,ma/] 0 s deeply wrung ) agony t ,he turn$ to ^? ab\t ,him & said3 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y t "o ( y %all betray me4 ,?is pr$iction only int5sifi$ ! sadness t _h already begun to fall ov] ! ,sacr$ ,meal & ! lov+ disciples began to ask3 ,"l1 is x ,i8 ,ev5 ! betray] himself jo9$ ) ! o!rs1 &1 ) inconceivable he>tlessness & effront]y1 ask$3 ,"l1 is x ,i8 ,at ! mom5t ( greate/ dread & con/]nation1 ,pet]1 bold] ?an ! re/1 lean$ across ! table & :isp]$ to ,john1 :o 0 re/+ ^u ! bosom ( ,jesus1 & sugge/$ t he ask ! ,ma/] :o x 04 ,accord+ly1 ,john :isp]$ & ask$ ! ,savior3 ,"l1 :o is x8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,he x is1 to :om ,i %all give a sop1 :5 ,i h dipp$ x4 ,& :5 he _h dipp$ ! sop1 he gave x to ,judas ,isc>iot1 ! son ( ,simon4 ,& aft] ! sop ,satan ent]$ into him4 ,!n said ,jesus unto him1 ,t ?\ doe/1 d quickly4 ,judas !n arose f ! fea/ & vani%$ f ! room4 ,:5 he 0 gone1 ! ,ma/] began to deliv] to ,8 little *ildr51#bbh to ^? :o _h lov$ & foll[$ ,him1 ^? f>ewell words :i* ,/4 ,john alone records1 & t are s r>ely mix$ ( sadness & joys1 & /udd$ ) my/]ies z ) em]alds4 ,!re1 too1 d\bts & fe>s began to bur/ f ! he>ts & lips ( ! memb]s ( ! little company4 ,! k t ! g5tle ,jesus1 ^: m9i/ry _h ?rill$ & glorifi$ _! simple peasant lives1 & promis$ to !m cr[ns ( glory 9 ! _w to come1 0 ab\t to leave !m1 & 9 a mo/ tragic way1 fill$ !m ) solicitude & dread4 ,_! anxiety manife/$ itself by frequ5t que/ion+ :i* excites our wond] t m5 :o _h be5 ) ,him s long 9 ! ,apo/olic m9i/ry %\ld h be5 s simple-m9d$ & incr$ul\s4 ,!y said1 !re=e1 ,:at is ?is t he sai?1 ,a little :ile8 ,we _c tell :at he sai?4 ,?is v]se is a simple illu/ration ( ! cont9u$ misappreh5sion1 on ?is night1 ^u ! "p ( ! ,apo/les1 ( ev]y?+ said by ! ,ma/]4 ,pet] 0 anxi\s to "k :y he c\ld n foll[ ! ,"l4 ,?omas want$ to "k ! exact way1 evid5tly fail+ to compreh5d ! figurative language ( ! ,*ri/4 ,judas ,lebbu also _h 8 d\bts4 ,he became muddl$ by mix+ ! purely spiritual ) ! physical p[]s ( sight4 ,"l1 h[ is x1 he ask$1 t ?\ wilt manife/ ?yself to u & n to ! _w8 ,philip ( ,be?saida desir$ to see ! ,fa!r4 ,"l1 %[ u ! ,fa!r1 he said1 & x suffice? u4 ,philip seems to h be5 s d5se t he _h no appreciation ( ! spiritual attributes & invisible exi/5ce ( ! ,fa!r4 ,x 0 ?us t sev]al h\rs 7 sp5t 9 celebrat+ ! great ,fea/2 9 dr9k+ w9e2 9 eat+ ! ,pas*al lamb1 ! unleav5$ bread1 & ! bitt] h]bs2 9 s++ hymns1 (f]+ pray]s1 & p]=m+ ! sacr$ rites2 9 deliv]+ disc\rses :i* 9 e age h be5 ! mo/ preci\s treasures ( ,*ri/ians1 & 9 express+ d\bts & fe>s t h excit$ ! a/oni%m5t & ev5 ! ridicule ( ! exact+ & sup]cili\s ( all ! c5turies4 ,at ! approa* ( midnight1 ,jesus & ! ,elev5 left ! ,upp] ,*amb] ( ! little h\se & /epp$ out into ! moonlight ( a solemn ,passov] night4 ,!y began to w5d _! way t[>d ! ,k$ron t sep>at$ !m f ! olive or*>d on ! ,m\nt4 ,less ?an an h\r's j\rney br\ght !m to ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,! ^w ,ge?semane means oil press4 ,& ?is place d\btless d]iv$ its "n f ! fact t 9 x 0 locat$ an oil press :i* 0 us$ to cru% olives t grew abundantly on ! trees t cr[n$ ! slopes4 ,:e!r x 0 a public g>d5 or belong$ to "s fri5d ( ,jesus1 we d n "k1 b c]ta9 x is t x 0 a holy place1 a sanctu>y ( pray]1 :]e ! ,man ( ,sorr[s frequ5tly retir$ to pray & commune ) ,8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,at ! gateway ,jesus left eight ( ! ,apo/les & took ) ,him ! o!r ?ree3 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john4 ,^! m5 seem to h be5 ! be/ belov$ ( ! ,ma/]4 ,!y 7 ) ,him at ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1 at ! ,transfiguration on ! ,m\nt1 & 7 n[ select$ to be ne>e/ ,him 9 ! h\r ( ,8 agony4 ,proce$+ ) !m a %ort di/ance1 ,he sudd5ly /opp$ & exclaim$3 ,my s\l is exce$+ly sorr[ful1 ev5 unto dea?3 t>ry ye "h1 & wat* ) me4 ,!n1 )draw+ ,himself f !m a /one's ca/1 ,he sank ^u ,8 knees & pray$2 & 9 ! agony ( pray] great drops ( sweat resembl+ blood roll$ f ,8 face & fell ^u ! gr\nd4 ,ris+ f pray]1 ,he return$ to ,8 disciples to f9d !m asleep4 ,sorr[ _h ov]came !m & !y 7 m]cifully sp>$ ! tortures ( ! place & h\r4 ,?ree times did ,he g away to pray1 & z _m times1 ^u ,8 return1 !y 7 f\nd asleep4 ,! la/ "t ,he came ,he said to !m3 ,rise1 let u be go+2 behold he is at h& t do? betray me4 ,at ?is mom5t 7 he>d ! noise & tramp ( an advanc+ multitude4 ,judas !n1 hav+ receiv$ a b& ( m5 & (fic]s f ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 come? ?i!r ) lant]ns & tor*es & weapons4 ,?is midnight mob1 l$ by ,judas1 0 made up ( ,roman soldi]s1 ! ,temple gu>d1 & /raggl]s f along ! way4 ,x is probable t ! traitor walk$ ahead ( ! mob by sev]al paces4 ,& =?) he came to ,jesus1 & said1 ,hail1 ma/]1 & kiss$ him & ,jesus said unto him1 ,fri5d1 :]e=e art ?\ come8 ,!n came !y & laid h&s on ,jesus & took him4 ,b ! arre/ 0 n accompli%$ )\t incid5ts ( pa?os & ( passion4 ,:om seek ye8 ask$ ! ,ma/]4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 !y answ]$4 ,i am he1 repli$ ! ,savior4 ,!n1 daz$ & bewild]$1 !y fell backw>d ^u ! gr\nd4 ,!n ask$ he !m aga91 :om seek ye8 & !y said1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,jesus answ]$1 ,i h told y t ,i am he3 if1 !re=e1 ye seek me1 let ^! g _! way4 ,john says t ?is int]cession = ! disciples 0 to ! end t prophecy might be fulfill$4#bbi ,d\btless s2 b ?is 0 n all4 ,n[h]e 9 sacr$ lit]ature d we f9d su* po9t$ te/imony to ! c\rage & manl9ess ( ,jesus4 ,8 t5d] solicitude = ! memb]s ( ! little b&1 = ^? :o _h quit _! homes & call+s to l9k _! de/9ies ) ,81 0 "h sup]bly illu/rat$4 ,he knew t ,he 0 go+ to imm$iate condemnation & !n to dea?1 b ,he ard5tly desir$ t !y %\ld be sp>$ to live4 ,& = !m ,he ?rew ,himself into ! brea*4 ,! furi\s & ! passionate1 z well z ! t5d] & pa!tic1 m>k ! arre/ 9 ! g>d54 ,!n ,simon ,pet] hav+ a sword drew x1 & smote ! high prie/'s s]vant1 & cut (f 8 "r e>4 ,! s]vant's "n 0 ,mal*us4 ,?is 0 bloody pro( ( t fidelity :i* ,pet] l\dly proclaim$ at ! banquet bo>d1 b :i* 0 soon to be swall[$ up 9 crav5 flight & pusillanim\s d5ial4 ,!n ! b& & ! capta9 & (fic]s ( ! ,jews took ,jesus1 & b\nd him4 ,at ?is po9t ! arre/ 0 complete1 & we n[ return to ! discussion ( ! illegalities connect$ ) x4 ,x 0 a well-e/abli%$ & inflexible rule ( ,hebrew law t proce$+s 9 capital trials c\ld n be _h at night4 ,?is provision did n apply simply to ! proce$+s ( ! trial aft] ! prison] _h be5 arraign$ & ! exam9ation _h be5 begun4 ,we h x ^u ! au?ority ( ,dup9 t x appli$ to ! entire proce$+s1 f ! arre/ to ! execution4 ,! great ,fr5* advocate explicitly /ates t ! arre/ 0 illegal because x 0 made at night4#bcj ,def]5ce to ?is rule seems to h be5 %[n 9 ! arre/ ( ,pet] & ,john on ano!r occasion4 ,& !y laid h&s ^u !m & put !m 9 hold unto ! next day3 = x 0 n[ ev5tide4#bca ,t ,jesus 0 arre/$ at night is cle>ly evid5t f ! fact t ^? :o captur$ ,him bore lant]ns & tor*es & weapons4 ,! employm5t ( ,judas by ! ,sanh$r9 au?orities con/itutes ! second elem5t ( illegality 9 ! arre/4 ,?is wret*$ creature _h be5 numb]$ among ! ,twelve1 _h be5 bless$ & honor$1 n m]ely ) disciple%ip b ) apo/le%ip1 _h himself be5 s5t on holy missions by ! ,ma/]1 _h be5 giv5 ! p[] to ca/ out devils1 _h be5 appo9t$ by 8 ,"l ! keep] ( ! moneys ( ! ,apo/olic company1 &1 if ,ed]%eim is to be believ$1 _h occupi$ ! seat ( honor by ! ,ma/] at ! ,la/ ,supp]4#bcb ,?is crav5 & c[>dly ,apo/ate 0 employ$ by ! ,sanh$r9 ,c\ncil to betray ! ,*ri/4 ,x is cle>ly evid5t f ! ,scriptures t ! arre/ ( ,jesus w\ld n h tak5 place on ! occasion ( ! ,passov]1 & !re=e probably n at all1 if ,judas _h n des]t$ & betray$ ,him4 ,! ,savior _h appe>$ & prea*$ daily 9 ! ,temple1 & e opportunity 0 (f]$ to effect a legal arre/ on legal *>ges ) a view to a legal det]m9ation4 ,b ! enemies ( ,jesus did n want ?is4 ,!y 7 wait+ to effect ,8 capture 9 "s out-(-!-way place1 at ! dead ( night1 :5 ,8 fri5ds c\ld n def5d ,him & _! murd]\s proce$+s w\ld n rea* ! eye & e> ( ! public4 ,?is c\ld n be accompli%$ z long z ,8 intimates 7 fai?ful to ,him4 ,x 01 !n1 a joyful surprise to ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 :5 !y le>n$ t ,judas 0 will+ to betray 8 ,ma/]4 ,& :5 !y he>d x1 !y 7 glad1 & promis$ to give him money4 ,9 mod]n jurisdictions1 accomplice te/imony has be5 & is all[$4 ,! judicial au?orities1 h[ev]1 h always reg>d$ x ) di/ru/1 & we might say ) deep-seat$ suspicion4 ,at ! common law 9 ,engl& a conviction = crime might re/ ^u ! uncorroborat$ te/imony ( an accomplice1 aft] ! jury _h be5 w>n$ t su* te/imony 0 to be closely scrut9iz$4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,/ates ! te/imony ( an accomplice is admissible1 b mu/ be corroborat$ 9 ord] to su/a9 a conviction4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule4 ,! weakness ( su* evid5ce is %[n by ! nature ( ! corroboration requir$ by sev]al /ates4 ,9 "s ( !m ! corroborat+ te/imony mu/ n only t5d to prove ! commission ( ! crime b mu/ also t5d to connect ! def5dant ) su* commission4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! untru/wor?9ess ( su* te/imony is t 9 sev]al /ates an accomplice is n p]mitt$ to corroborate ano!r accomplice1 s z to satisfy ! /atutes4#bcc ,! admission ( su* te/imony seems to re/1 9 great measure1 ^u ! supreme necessity ( ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 :i* is only possible :5 ! puni%m5t ( crime is possible2 & 9 v _m in/ances x w\ld be impossible to puni% crime if guilty conf$]ates 7 n all[$ & ev5 enc\rag$ to give /ate's evid5ce4 ,b not)/&+ ?is supreme consid]ation ( ! necessity ( ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 ! anci5t ,hebrews =bade ! use ( accomplice te/imony1 z we h se5 f ! extract f ,! ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 by ,m5delsohn1 cit$ on page #bai4 ,! arre/ ( ,jesus 0 ord]$ ^u ! supposition t ,he 0 a crim9al2 ?is same supposition w\ld h made ,judas1 :o _h aid$1 enc\rag$1 & abett$ ,jesus 9 ! propagation ( ,8 fai?1 an accomplice4 ,if ,judas 0 n an accomplice1 ,jesus 0 innoc5t1 & ,8 arre/ 0 an outrage1 & !re=e illegal4 ,! ,hebrew law aga9/ accomplice te/imony mu/ h be5 d]iv$1 9 "p at lea/1 f ! foll[+ rule laid d[n 9 ,leviticus xix4 #af-ah3 ,?\ %alt n g up & d[n z a talebe>] among ?y p3 nei!r %all ?\ /& aga9/ ! blood ( ?y neighbor4 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?9e he>t3 ,?\ %alt n av5ge1 or be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p1 b ?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,x may be object$ t ?is is only a moral injunction & n a legal rule2 to :i* reply mu/ be made t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 morality & law among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,_! religion 0 f\nd$ ^u law1 & _! law ^u religion4 ,! two ideas ( morality & law 7 insep>able4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew religion 0 f\nd$ ^u a contract ( ! /ricte/ legal k9d4 ,! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 :5 prop]ly int]pret$1 meant simply t ,jehovah _h agre$ ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t if !y w\ld obey ! law z ,he gave x1 !y w\ld be rew>d$ by ,him4 ,! =ce ( ?is cont5tion w be readily p]ceiv$ :5 x is reflect$ t ! ,decalogue is no?+ b t5 moral injunctions1 :i* are nev]!less said to be ! law :i* ,god gave to ,moses4 ,e provision 9 ! rule laid d[n 9 ,leviticus is1 moreov]1 directly applicable to ! "* & conduct ( ,judas1 & seems to h be5 int5d$ z a prophetic w>n+ to him4 ,let u consid] ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ?is rule 9 ord]4 ,?\ %alt n g up & d[n z a talebe>] among ?y p4 ,0 n ,judas a talebe>] among 8 p8 ,did he n g to ! *ief prie/s to betray 8 ,ma/] unto !m8 ,0 he n a talebe>] if he did no?+ m ?an communicate to ! *ief prie/s ! :]eab\ts ( ! ,savior1 t ,ge?semane 0 ,8 accu/om$ place ( pray] & t ,he might be f\nd & arre/$ !re at midnight8 ,are we n ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ,judas told ! enemies ( ,jesus mu* m ?an ?is8 ,is x n reasonable to inf] t ! blood-money 0 paid to secure m evid5ce ?an t :i* w\ld m]ely lead to ! arre/ ( ! ,naz>5e8 ,is x n probable t ,judas detail$ to ! *ief prie/s _m ev5ts 9 ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus :i*1 x is kn[n1 ,he communicat$ only to ! ,twelve8 ,if he did ^! ?+s1 0 he n a talebe>] )9 ! mean+ ( ! rule8 ,nei!r %alt ?\ /& aga9/ ! blood ( ?y neighbor4 ,did n ,judas /& aga9/ ! blood ( 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ neighbor :5 he cons5t$ to be ! *ief in/rum5t ( an arre/ :i* he knew w\ld result 9 dea?8 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y bro!r 9 ?y he>t4 ,is x possible to suppose t any?+ less ?an hatr$ c\ld h induc$ ,judas to betray ! ,*ri/8 ,?is "q is important1 = x involves a consid]ation ( ! real "* ( ! betray] & ! ma9 motive = ! betrayal4 ,judas 0 f ,k]io? 9 ,judea & 0 ! only ,judean among ! ,twelve4 ,:y ,judas 0 select$ z a memb] ( ! ,apo/olic company is too deep a my/]y to be solv$ by ! au?or ( ^! pages4 ,besides1 ! consid]ation ( ! elem5ts ( pr$e/9ation 9 8 case is =eign to ! purpose ( ?is "w4 ,8 "* z a purely human ag5cy is suffici5t to answ] ! pres5t design4 ,judas _h und\bt$ly demon/rat$ bus9ess capacity 9 "s way be=e 8 appo9tm5t to ! treasury portfolio ( ! little b&4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t gre$ 0 8 besett+ s94 ,?is trait1 c\pl$ ) political ambition1 und\bt$ly acc\nts = 8 d[nfall & de/ruction4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? simple-m9d$1 %ort-sight$ individuals ( 8 day :o believ$ t a political upheaval 0 at h& :i* w\ld result 9 ! re/oration ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,israel z a sep>ate k+dom4 ,he believ$ t ?is result w\ld be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a temporal ,messiah1 an e>?ly deliv]] ( almo/ div9e qualities4 ,he ?\ght at fir/ t he saw 9 ,jesus ! p]son ( ! ,messiah1 & 9 ! ,apo/olic b& ! nucleus ( a revolution4 ,he 0 gratifi$ beyond measure at 8 appo9tm5t to ! treasury position1 = he felt sure t f x promotion 0 9 sight4 ,he 0 p]fectly cont5t$ to c>ry = a :ile ! little bag1 provid$ !re 0 reasonable assurance t lat] on he w\ld be p]mitt$ to c>ry a l>g] "o4 ,z ! mon?s & ye>s roll$ by1 heavy scales began to fall f 8 /upid eyes & he began to be deceiv$ n by b 9 ,jesus4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ,judas nev] ev5 remotely appreciat$ ! spiritual gr&eur ( ! ,*ri/4 ,he probably _h intellect & s\l en\gh to be *>m$ & fasc9at$ by ! l(ty be>+ & eloqu5t disc\rse ( ,jesus1 b aft] all he p]ceiv$ only ! necess>y qualifications ( a great republican lead] & successful revolutioni/4 ,& aft] a :ile he d\btless began to tire ( all ?is :5 he saw t ! revolution 0 n progress+ & t !re 0 no possibility ( actual & solid results4 ,x is probable t disaffection & trea*]y 7 born & began to gr[ 9 8 m9d & he>t at ,cap]naum1 :5 ,jesus 0 des]t$ by _m ( ,8 foll[]s & 0 =c$ to effect a realignm5t along spiritual l9es4 ,judas 0 n equal to ! spiritual te/1 & x 0 d\btless !n t ! dis9tegration ( 8 moral nature began1 :i* /opp$ only ) betrayal1 infamy1 & dea?4 ,b by :at process1 we may ask1 0 ! m]c5>y disposition ( ,judas conv]t$ into hatr$ aga9/ ,jesus8 ,! process 0 t ( disappo9tm5t4 ,:5 ,judas became conv9c$ t all ! ye>s ( 8 connection ) ! ,apo/olic company _h be5 lo/1 8 w became embitt]$ & 8 res5tm5t 0 ar\s$4 ,9 ! d5s5ess ( 8 ignorance & 9 ! bas5ess ( 8 s\l he probably ?\ght t ,jesus _h deceiv$ ,8 foll[]s z to ,8 true mission & he felt enrag$ because he _h be5 dup$4 ,he _h look$ =w>d to worldly promotion & success4 ,he _h fondly hop$ t ! eloqu5ce ( ,jesus w\ld f9ally call ar\nd ,him an inv9cible ho/ ( en?usia/ic adh]5ts :o w\ld raise ! /&>d ( revolt1 drive ! ,romans f ,judea1 & e/abli% ! long-look$-= k+dom ( ! ,jews4 ,he _h not$ ) deep disappo9tm5t & unutt]able *agr9 ! failure ( ,jesus to proclaim ,himself k+ :51 at ,be?phage1 ! multitude _h greet$ ,8 entrance into ,j]usalem ) ,hosannas & acclamations4 ,& n[1 at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 he became conv9c$ f ! conduct & disc\rses ( ! ,ma/] t 8 wor/ fe>s 7 true1 t ,jesus 0 s9c]e 9 ,8 resolution to (f] ,himself z a sacrifice = ! sake ( a pr9ciple :i* he1 ,judas1 did n approve because he c\ld n und]/&4 ,9 o!r words1 he witness$ 9 ! resolve ( ,jesus to die at once ! %ipwreck ( 8 hopes1 & he made ha/e to v5t 8 wra? ^u ! au?or ( 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,! writ] agrees ) ,r5an t ! ?irty pieces ( silv] 7 n ! real or lead+ inducem5t to ?is black & monum5tal betrayal4 ,hav+ tak5 ! fatal /ep1 by leav+ ! ,upp] ,room 9 ! home ( ,m>k1 to deliv] 8 ,"l & ,ma/] into ! h&s ( enemies1 a bitt] hatr$ 0 =m$ at once aga9/ ! innoc5t victim ( 8 f\l designs1 on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( human nature t we hate ^? :o h induc$ u to d t :i* causes u to despise & hate ourselves4 ,?\ %alt n av5ge or be> any grudge aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ?y p4 ,:]e1 9 ! annals ( ! univ]se1 d we f9d ano!r su* case ( v5geance & grudge z ?is ( ,judas aga9/ ,jesus8 ,b ?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,?is comm&m5t ( ! ,mosaic law 0 also ! great comm&m5t ( ! ,ma/] ( ,galilee1 & 9 violat+ x by cons5t+ to betray & sacrifice ,jesus1 ,judas assault$ & de/roy$ 9 8 own s\l ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ! two great religi\s disp5sations ( 8 race4 ,& yet ?is in=m]1 conspirator1 & malefactor 0 employ$ by ! *ief prie/s 9 effect+ ! arre/ ( ,jesus4 ,0 n a fundam5tal rule ( ,mosaic law violat$8 ,w x be urg$ t ! rule op]at$ aga9/ ,judas b n aga9/ ! *ief prie/s8 ,if s1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t no wick$ in/rum5t c\ld be us$ 9 promot+ ,hebrew ju/ice4 ,(fic]s ( ! law 7 n p]mitt$ to require a citiz5 to d an act :i* 0 =bidd5 by law4 ,if ,jesus 0 innoc5t1 !n ! arre/ 0 illegal4 ,if ,he 0 guilty1 !n ,judas1 8 ,apo/le & fell[-work]1 0 an accomplice2 & no accomplice c\ld be utiliz$ 9 fur!rance ( ju/ice1 "u ,hebrew law1 ei!r 9 ! matt] ( arre/ or 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( guilt z a witness at ! trial4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 !re 0 at lea/ "o seem+ exception to ?is rule4 ,r5an describes x ) peculi> cle>ness & succ9ctness4 ,! proc$ure1 he says1 aga9/ ! 'corrupt]' 7mesi?71 :o s\ght to atta9t ! purity ( religion1 is expla9$ 9 ! ,talmud1 ) details1 ! nave impud5ce ( :i* provokes a smile4 ,a judicial ambu% is !re9 erect$ into an ess5tial "p ( ! exam9ation ( crim9als4 ,:5 a man 0 accus$ ( be+ a 'corrupt]1' two witnesses 7 suborn$ :o 7 conceal$ beh9d a p>tition4 ,x 0 arrang$ to br+ ! accus$ into a contigu\s room1 :]e he c\ld be he>d by ^! two witnesses )\t 8 p]ceiv+ !m4 ,two c&les 7 light$ ne> him1 9 ord] t x might be satisfactorily prov$ t ! witnesses 'saw him4' 7,9 crim9al matt]s1 eyewitnesses alone 7 admitt$4 ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,vi1 #e47 ,he 0 !n made to repeat 8 blasphemy2 next urg$ to retract x4 ,if he p]si/$1 ! witnesses :o _h he>d him conduct$ him to ! ,tribunal & he 0 /on$ to dea?4 ,! ,talmud adds t ?is 0 ! mann] 9 :i* !y treat$ ,jesus2 t he 0 condemn$ on ! fai? ( two witnesses :o _h be5 suborn$1 & t ! crime ( 'corruption' is1 moreov]1 ! only "o = :i* ! witnesses are ?us prep>$4#bcd ,mo/ ,g5tile writ]s ridicule ?is /atem5t ( ! ,talmud1 & ma9ta9 t x 0 a ,rabb9ic inv5tion ( po/-,apo/olic days1 & 0 int5d$ to (f] an excuse = ! outrage\s proce$+s aga9/ ! ,*ri/4 ,s*r] dismisses ! :ole proposition ) contempt4 ,_m ,jewi% s*ol>s also refuse x ! sanction ( _! au?ority4 ,b ev5 if x 0 a ,talmudic rule ( law 9 =ce at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 its con/itutionality1 s to speak1 might be que/ion$1 9 ! fir/ place2 s9ce x 01 9 _s at lea/1 repugnant to & subv]sive ( ! ,mosaic provision 9 ,leviticus cit$ above4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,mosaic ,code 0 ! con/itution1 ! fundam5tal law ( ,judaism1 by :i* e ,rabb9ic int]pretation & e legal innovation 0 to be te/$4 ,aga91 su* a law w\ld h be5 no protection to ! *ief prie/s & to ,judas aga9/ ! op]ation ( ?is ,mosaic injunction4 ,if su* a rule ( proc$ure c\ld be ju/ifi$ ^u any gr\nd1 x w\ld require dis9t]e/$ m5 act+ f honorable motives1 9 promot+ ! ma9t5ance ( law & ord]4 ,(fic]s ( ! law h sometimes1 z pret5d$ accomplices1 act$ 9 conc]t ) crim9als 9 ord] to secure & furni% evid5ce aga9/ !m4 ,b !y 7 (fic]s ( ! law1 & ! c\rts h held t _! evid5ce 0 n accomplice te/imony requir+ corroboration4 ,x is v cle> t ,judas 0 n su* a dis9t]e/$ witness1 act+ 9 ! int]e/ ( public ju/ice4 ,he 0 a fugitive f ! ,la/ ,supp] ( 8 ,ma/]1 a talebe>] )9 ! mean+ ( ! provision 9 ,leviticus2 & 8 employm5t by ! ,sanh$r9 0 a violation ( a fundam5tal provision 9 ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,! ?ird illegality 9 ! arre/ ( ,jesus 0 t ,8 capture 0 n ! result ( a legal m&ate f a c\rt ^: int5tions 7 to conduct a legal trial = ! purpose ( rea*+ a righte\s judgm5t4 ,?is arre/1 says ,rosadi1 effect$ 9 ! night betwe5 ,?ursday & ,friday1 ! la/ day ( ! life ( ,jesus1 on ,nisan #ad1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew cal5d>1 0 ! execution ( an illegal & facti\s resolution ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,!re 0 no idea ( appreh5d+ a citiz5 9 ord] to try him ^u a *>ge :i* aft] s9c]e & regul> judgm5t might be f\nd j or unf\nd$2 ! int5tion 0 simply to seize a man & d away ) him4 ,! arre/ 0 n a prev5tive measure su* z might lawfully prec$e trial & condemnation2 x 0 an executive act1 accompli%$ 9 view ( a s5t5ce to be pron\nc$ )\t legal ju/ification4 ,,po9t ,,ii ,,! ,,private ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,jesus ,,be=e ,,annas 7,,or ,,caiaphas7 ,,0 ,,illegal ,,law ,n[ ! ,jewi% law prohibit$ all proce$+s by night4--,,dup91 ,jesus ,devant ,caphe et ,pilate4 ,be n a sole judge1 = !re is no sole judge b ,"o4--,,mi%na1 ,pirke ,abo? ,,iv4 #h4 ,a pr9ciple p]petually reproduc$ 9 ! ,hebrew scriptures relates to ! two conditions ( publicity & lib]ty4 ,an accus$ man 0 nev] subject$ to private or secret exam9ation1 le/1 9 8 p]plexity1 he furni% damag+ te/imony aga9/ himself4--,,salvador1 ,in/itutions de ,mose1 pp4 #cfe1 #cff4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,! private exam9ation be=e ,annas 7or ,caiaphas7 0 illegal = ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,! exam9ation 0 conduct$ at night 9 violation ( ,hebrew law2 7#b7 no judge or magi/rate1 sitt+ alone1 c\ld int]rogate an accus$ judicially or sit 9 judgm5t ^u 8 legal rights2 7#c7 private prelim9>y exam9ations ( accus$ p]sons 7 n all[$ by ,hebrew law4 ,! g5]al ord] ( ev5ts foll[+ ! arre/ 9 ! g>d5 0 ?is3 7#a7 ,jesus 0 fir/ tak5 to ! h\se ( ,annas2 7#b7 aft] a brief delay ,he 0 s5t by ,annas to ,caiaphas1 ! high prie/1 9 ^: palace ! ,sanh$r91 or a "p !re(1 _h already assembl$2 7#c7 ,he 0 !n br\ght be=e ?is body1 tri$ & condemn$2 7#d7 ,he rema9$1 dur+ ! re/ ( ! night1 9 ! high prie/'s palace1 expos$ to ! insults & outrages ( ,8 keep]s2 & 0 f9ally & =mally s5t5c$ to dea? by ! ,sanh$r9 :i* reconv5$ at ! break ( day4 ,t ,jesus 0 privately exam9$ be=e ,8 regul> trial by ! ,sanh$r9 is q cle>4 ,b :e!r ?is prelim9>y exam9ation took place be=e ,annas or ,caiaphas is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,john alone records ! private int]rogation ( ,jesus & he alone ref]s to ,annas 9 a way to connect him ) x4 ,?is ,evangeli/ m5tions t !y l$ him away to ,annas fir/4#bce ,mat!w says t aft] ! arre/ ( ,jesus1 !y l$ him away to ,caiaphas ! high prie/1#bcf )\t m5tion+ ! "n ( ,annas4 ,m>k tells u t !y l$ ,jesus away to ! high prie/2#bcg b he does n m5tion ei!r ,annas or ,caiaphas4 ,luke records t !y took him1 & l$ him1 & br\ght him into ! high prie/'s h\se1#bch )\t tell+ u ! "n ( ! high prie/4 ,! high prie/ !n ask$ ,jesus ( 8 disciples & ( 8 doctr9e4#bci ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! exam9ation4 ,b :o 0 ! exam9]--,annas or ,caiaphas8 ,at fir/ view we are incl9$ to decl>e t ,caiaphas is meant1 because he 0 und\bt$ly high prie/ 9 t ye>4 ,b ,annas is also designat$ z high prie/ by ,luke 9 sev]al places4#bdj ,9 ,acts iv4 #f he m5tions ,caiaphas )\t an (ficial title1 b calls ,annas high prie/4 ,x is !re=e n kn[n to :om ,john ref]s :5 he says t ! high prie/ ask$ ,jesus ( 8 disciples & ( 8 doctr9e4 ,= a l5g?y discussion ( ?is po9t1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,&rews's ,life ( ,our ,"l1 pp4 #eje-eaj4 ,b x is absolutely immat]ial1 f a legal po9t ( view1 :e!r x 0 ,annas or ,caiaphas :o exam9$ ,jesus1 z ! proce$+s w\ld be illegal 9 ei!r case4 ,= :e!r x 0 ! "o or ! o!r1 nei!r _h ! "r to sit alone z judge2 nei!r _h ! "r to conduct any judicial proce$+ at night2 nei!r _h ! "r to in/itute a secret prelim9>y exam9ation by day or night4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! matt] z involv+ a "q ( hi/orical r ?an ( legal consequ5ce4 ,a k ( ! true facts ( ! case might1 h[ev]1 ?r[ light ^u ! ord] & connection ( ! proce$+s :i* foll[$ ! same night4 ,= if ! private exam9ation record$ by ,john 0 _h be=e ,annas1 x 0 d\btless sep>at$ by a c]ta9 int]val ( place & "t f ! lat] proce$+s be=e ,caiaphas4 ,!n x is reasonable to suppose t ! exam9ation ( witnesses1 ! confession & condemnation :i* took place at ! regul> trial be=e ! ,sanh$r9 ov] :i* ,caiaphas presid$1 happ5$ lat] 9 ! night1 or ev5 t[>d morn+1 & 7 ( ! nature ( a regul> public trial4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,annas s5t ,jesus )\t delay to ,caiaphas1 :o exam9$ ,him1 x is reasonable to conclude t witnesses 7 at once produc$1 & t ! adjuration & condemnation imm$iately foll[$4 ,if su* 7 ! case1 a consid]able int]val ( "t mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ^! proce$+s & ! meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 :i* 0 _h 9 ! morn+ to confirm ! judgm5t :i* _h be5 pron\nc$ at ! night session4 ,b ^! consid]ations are really =eign to ! "q ( legal errors involv$1 :i* we come n[ to discuss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jesus ,,9 ,,ge?semane 7,,h(fman7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! private exam9ation ( ,jesus1 :e!r by ,annas or ,caiaphas1 took place at night2 & we h le>n$ f ,dup9 t all proce$+s at night 9 capital cases 7 =bidd54 ,9 ! second place1 no judge or magi/rate1 sitt+ alone1 c\ld int]rogate an accus$ p]son judicially or sit 9 judgm5t ^u 8 legal rights4 ,we h se5 9 ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume t ! ,hebrew sy/em ( c\rts & judges provid$ no s+le magi/rates :o1 sitt+ alone1 c\ld adjudicate causes4 ,! l[e/ ,hebrew c\rt consi/$ ( ?ree judges1 sometimes call$ ! ,c\rt ( ,?ree4 ,! next highe/ tribunal 0 ! ,m9or ,sanh$r9 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty memb]s4 ,! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews 0 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 ( sev5ty-"o memb]s4 ,!re 0 no su* ?+ among ! anci5t ,hebrews z a c\rt ) a s+le judge4 ,be n a sole judge1 = !re is no sole judge b ,"o1 is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s aphorisms ( ! ,pirke ,abo?4 ,! reason ( ?is rule is f\nd$ n only 9 a religi\s exaction born ( ! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah1 b 9 ! pr9ciple ( publicity :i* provides = ! accus$1 9 ! v numb] ( judges1 a public he>+4 ,! same pr9ciple is sugge/$ by ! numb] ( witnesses requir$ by bo? ! ,mi%na & ,mosaic ,code = ! conviction ( a prison]4 ,at lea/ two or ?ree witnesses 7 requir$ to appe> publicly & give te/imony aga9/ ! accus$1 else a conviction c\ld n foll[4 ,aga91 prelim9>y exam9ations ( accus$ p]sons 7 n all[$ by ,hebrew law4 ,9 ! ,am]ican /ates & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 a man suspect$ ( crime & aga9/ :om an in=mation or compla9t has be5 lodg$1 is frequ5tly tak5 be=e an exam9+ magi/rate to det]m9e :e!r he %\ld be dis*>g$1 admitt$ to bail1 or s5t to prison to await ! action ( a ,gr& ,jury4 ,at su* he>+1 ! prison] is usually notifi$ t he is at lib]ty to make a /atem5t reg>d+ ! *>ge aga9/ him2 t he ne$ n d s unless he desires2 b t if he does1 8 te/imony may be subsequ5tly us$ aga9/ him at ! regul> trial ( ! case4 ,b su* proce$+s1 accord+ to ,salvador1 7 =bidd5 by anci5t ,hebrew law4 ,! prelim9>y exam9ation1 !re=e1 by ,annas or ,caiaphas 0 illegal4 ,! reason ( ! rule1 z above /at$1 0 to protect ! prison] aga9/ furni%+ evid5ce t might be us$ aga9/ him at ! regul> trial ( 8 case4 ,! private exam9ation ( ,jesus illu/rates ! ju/ice ( ! rule & ! necessity ( its exi/5ce1 = x 0 und\bt$ly ! purpose ( ,annas or ,caiaphas to ga!r mat]ial 9 advance to lay be=e ! regul>ly assembl$ ,sanh$r9 & !reby exp$ite ! proce$+s at ! exp5se ( ju/ice4 ,if x be cont5d$ t ! lead+ ( ,jesus to ,annas fir/1 :i* ,/4 ,john alone relates1 0 m]ely int5d$ to give ! ag$ ,sanh$ri/ an opportunity to see ! prison] :o _h be5 caus+ su* commotion 9 ! l& = sev]al ye>s2 & t !re 0 no exam9ation ( ,jesus be=e ,annas--! int]rogation by ! high prie/ conc]n+ ! disciples & ! doctr9e ( ,jesus be+ con/ru$ to ref] to an exam9ation by ,caiaphas1 & be+ id5tical ) ! night trial ref]r$ to by ,mat!w & ,m>k--reply may be made t1 "u any con/ruction ( ! case1 !re 0 at lea/ an illegal appe>ance be=e ,annas1 z m]e vulg> curiosity to see a celebrat$ prison] 0 no excuse = ! violation ( ! _s if n ! lett] ( ! law4 ,x is inconceivable1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ,annas did n actually int]rogate ,jesus conc]n+ ,8 disciples1 ,8 doctr9e1 & ,8 p]sonal pret5sions4 ,to suppose t he dem&$ to see ,jesus = no o!r reason ?an to get an impression ( ,8 looks1 is to insult common s5se4 ,if ,annas exam9$ ! prison]1 ?\gh only slightly1 conc]n+ matt]s affect+ ! *>ges aga9/ ,him t might endang] ,8 life or lib]ty1 he _h violat$ a v important rule ( ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure4 ,! "q ( ! am\nt ( exam9ation ( ! accus$ is immat]ial4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ,annas at ?is "t sat 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 z a judge4 ,he _h be5 depos$ f ! high prie/hood ne>ly tw5ty ye>s be=e by ! procurator ,val]ius ,gratus1 = impos+ & execut+ capital s5t5ces4 ,b he 01 nev]!less1 /ill all-p[]ful 9 ! great ,c\ncil ( ! ,jews4 ,ed]%eim says t ?\gh depriv$ ( ! ,pontificate1 he /ill cont9u$ to preside ov] ! ,sanh$r94#bda ,&rews is ( ! op9ion t he did 9 fact hold "s high (ficial position1 & ?is probably 9 connection ) ! ,sanh$r91 p]haps z occasional presid5t4#bdb ,bas+ 8 criticism ^u ! words 9 ,luke1 ,annas & ,caiaphus be+ ! high prie/s1#bdc ,dr4 ,plumm] believes t betwe5 !m !y dis*>g$ ! duties1 or t ea* ( !m 9 diff]5t s5ses 0 reg>d$ high prie/1 ,annas de jure1 & ,caiaphas de facto4#bdd ,?is is a m]e supposition1 h[ev]1 s9ce !re is no hi/orical evid5ce t ,annas 0 re/or$ to ! pontificate aft] 8 deposition by ,val]ius ,gratus1 ,a4,d4 #ad4bde ,! phrase1 ,annas & ,caiaphas be+ high prie/s1 ref]s to ! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,cs>1 :i* 0 ,a4,d4 #bf4 ,aft] all1 x is "h aga9 an hi/orical m ?an a legal "q1 :e!r ,annas 0 an (ficial or n at ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus be=e him4 ,9 ei!r case 8 prelim9>y exam9ation ( ! ,*ri/ 0 illegal4 ,if he 0 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r91 ! law =bade him to hold an in=mal prelim9>y exam9ation at night4 ,he c]ta9ly c\ld n d ?is :ile sitt+ alone4 ,if he 0 n a magi/rate1 z ,dup9 v prop]ly cont5ds1 ?is fact only add$ to ! s]i\sness ( ! illegality ( subject+ a prison] to ! :imsical exam9ation ( a private citiz54 ,:e!r a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r9 or n1 ,annas 0 at ! "t ( ,*ri/ & _h be5 = _m ye>s its dom9at+ _s4 ,he himself _h be5 high prie/4 ,caiaphas 0 8 son-9-law1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! high prie/hood by f\r sons ( ,annas4 ,! writ] does n believe t ,annas _h any legal connection ) ! ,sanh$r91 b1 l _m ,am]ican political bosses1 ex]cis$ m au?ority ?an ! man t held ! (fice4 ,he 0 simply ! political tool ( ! ,roman ma/]s ( ,judea1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 simply figureheads "u 8 control4 ,aga91 ! private exam9ation ( ,jesus 0 m>k$ by an act ( brutality :i* ,hebrew jurisprud5ce did n tol]ate4 ,?is 0 n enum]at$ above z an error1 because x 0 n probably a violation ( any specific rule ( law4 ,b x 0 an outrage ^u ! ,hebrew s5se ( ju/ice & humanity :i* 9 its normal /ate 0 v pure & l(ty4 ,! high prie/ !n ask$ ,jesus ( 8 disciples & ( 8 doctr9e4 ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,i spake op5ly to ! _w2 ,i ev] taught 9 ! ,synagogue1 & 9 ! ,temple1 :i!r ! ,jews always resort2 & 9 secret h ,i said no?+4 ,:y aske/ ?\ me8 ask !m :i* he>d me1 :at ,i h said unto !m3 behold1 !y "k :at ,i said4 ,9 ?is reply ,jesus plant$ ,himself squ>ely ^u ,8 legal rights z a ,jewi% citiz54 ,x 0 9 e ^w ! voice ( pure ,hebrew ju/ice1 f\nd$ ^u ! broad pr9ciple ( _! judicial proc$ure & recall+ an unju/ judge to ! fir/ duty ( 8 great (fice4 ,& :5 he _h ?us spok51 "o ( ! (fic]s :i* /ood by /ruck ,jesus ) ! palm ( 8 h&1 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ ! high prie/ s8 ,aga9 ! ,naz>5e appeal$ = protection to ! proc$ure design$ to safegu>d ! rights ( ! ,hebrew prison]4 ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,if ,i h spok5 evil1 be> witness ( ! evil3 b if well1 :y smite/ ?\ me8#bdf ,we h se5 t1 "u ,hebrew law1 ! witnesses 7 ! accus]s1 & _! te/imony 0 at once ! indictm5t & ! evid5ce4 ,we h also se5 t a ,hebrew prison] c\ld n be compell$ to te/ify aga9/ himself1 & t 8 uncorroborat$ confession c\ld n be made ! basis ( a conviction4 ,:y aske/ ?\ me8 ask !m t he>d me1 :at ,i h said unto !m4 ,?is 0 equival5t to ask+3 ,d y dem& t ,i incrim9ate myself :5 our law =bids su* a ?+8 ,:y n call witnesses z ! law requires8 ,if ,i am an evil-do]1 be> witness ( ! evil1 t is1 let witnesses te/ify to ! wrongdo+1 t ,i may be legally convict$4 ,if ,i am n guilty ( a crime1 :y am ,i ?us maltreat$8 ,is x possible to imag9e a m po9t$ & pa!tic appeal = ju/ice & = ! protection ( ! law aga9/ illegality & brutal treatm5t8 ,?is appeal = ! production ( legal te/imony 0 n )\t its effect4 ,witnesses 7 soon =?com+--n tru?ful witnesses1 inde$--b witnesses nev]!less4 ,& ) ! com+ ( ^! witnesses began ! =mal trial ( ! ,*ri/1 & a =mal trial1 "u ,hebrew law1 c\ld be comm5c$ only by witnesses4 ,,po9t ,,iii ,,! ,,indictm5t ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,01 ,,9 ,,=m1 ,,illegal ,,law ,! entire crim9al proc$ure ( ! ,mosaic ,code re/s ^u f\r rules3 c]ta9ty 9 ! indictm5t2 publicity 9 ! discussion2 full fre$om grant$ to ! accus$2 & assurance aga9/ all dang]s or errors ( te/imony4--,,salvador1 ,in/itutions de ,mose1 p4 #cfe4 ,! ,sanh$r9 did n & c\ld n orig9ate *>ges2 x only inve/igat$ ^? br\ght be=e x4--,,ed]%eim1 ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 i4 p4 #cji4 ,! evid5ce ( ! lead+ witnesses con/itut$ ! *>ge4 ,!re 0 no o!r *>ge3 no m =mal indictm5t4 ,until !y spoke1 & spoke 9 ! public assembly1 ! prison] 0 sc>cely an accus$ man4 ,:5 !y spoke1 & ! evid5ce ( ! two agre$ toge!r1 x =m$ ! legal *>ge1 libel1 or indictm5t1 z well z ! evid5ce = its tru?4--,,innes1 ,! ,trial ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 p4 #da4 ,! only prosecutors kn[n to ,talmudic crim9al jurisprud5ce are ! witnesses to ! crime4 ,_! duty is to br+ ! matt] to ! cognizance ( ! c\rt1 & to be> witness aga9/ ! crim9al4 ,9 capital cases1 !y are ! legal execution]s also4 ,( an (ficial accus] or prosecutor !re is n[h]e any trace 9 ! laws ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4--,,m5delsohn1 ,! ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #aaj4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,! ,gospel records disclose two di/9ct elem5ts ( illegality 9 ! indictm5t aga9/ ,jesus3 7#a7 ,! accusation1 at ! trial1 0 tw(old1 vague1 & indef9ite1 :i* ,mosaic law =bade2 7#b7 x 0 made1 9 "p1 by ,caiaphas1 ! high prie/1 :o 0 "o ( ! judges ( ,jesus2 :ile ,hebrew law =bade any b lead+ witnesses to pres5t ! *>ge4 ,a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ,po9t ,,iii dep5ds ^u keep+ cle>ly 9 m9d c]ta9 well-def9$ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( law4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 mo/ mod]n jurisdictions an indictm5t is simply an accusation1 c>ries ) x no presumption ( guilt1 & has no evid5ti>y =ce4 ,its only function is to br+ ! *>ge aga9/ ! prison] be=e ! c\rt & jury1 & to notify ! accus$ ( ! nature ( ! accusation aga9/ him4 ,b n s "u ! anci5t ,hebrew s*eme ( ju/ice4 ,"u t sy/em !re 0 no su* body z ! mod]n ,gr& ,jury1 & no committee ( ! ,sanh$r9 ex]cis$ simil> accusatory functions4 ,! lead+ witnesses1 & !y alone1 pres5t$ *>ges4 ,x foll[s !n1 ( necessity1 t ! anci5t ,hebrew indictm5t1 unlike ! mod]n indictm5t1 c>ri$ ) x a c]ta9 presumption ( guilt & _h c]ta9 evid5ti>y =ce4 ,?is c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce ! te/imony ( ! lead+ witnesses 0 at once ! indictm5t & ! evid5ce (f]$ to prove x4 ,aga91 9 ! v nature ( ?+s an indictm5t %\ld1 & "u any enlight5$ sy/em ( jurisprud5ce1 does cle>ly advise ! accus$ ( ! exact nature ( ! *>ge aga9/ him4 ,"u no o!r conditions w\ld x be possible = a prison] to prep>e 8 def5se4 ,mo/ mod]n codes h s\ght to promote cle>ness & c]ta9ty 9 indictm5ts by requir+ ! *>g+ ( only "o crime 9 "o indictm5t1 & 9 language s cle> & simple t ! nature ( ! (f5se *>g$ may be easily und]/ood4 ,n[ ,salvador says t c]ta9ty 9 ! indictm5t 0 "o ( ! c>d9al rules ^u :i* re/$ ! entire crim9al proc$ure ( ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,0 ?is rule obs]v$ 9 fram+ ! accusation aga9/ ,jesus at ! night trial be=e ! ,sanh$r98 ,if s1 ! ,gospel records d n disclose ! fact4 ,x is v c]ta91 inde$1 t ! le>n$ ( no age ( ! _w s9ce ! crucifixion h be5 able to agree among !mselves z to ! exact nature ( ! indictm5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/4 ,?is subject 0 too exhau/ively discuss$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,brief to w>rant l5g?y treatm5t "h4 ,suffice x to say t ! record ( ! night trial be=e ,caiaphas discloses two di/9ct *>ges3 ! *>ge ( s$ition--! ?reat to de/roy a national in/itution & to s$uce ! p f _! anci5t allegiance1 9 ! matt] ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple2 & ! *>ge ( blasphemy pref]r$ by ,caiaphas himself 9 ! adjuration :i* he adm9i/]$ to ,jesus4 ,:5 ! false witnesses fail$ to agree1 _! contradictory te/imony 0 reject$ & ! *>ge ( s$ition 0 ab&on$4 ,& be=e ,jesus _h "t to answ] ! "q conc]n+ s$ition1 ano!r di/9ct *>ge1 t ( blasphemy1 0 made 9 almo/ ! same brea?4#bdg ,did ?is proc$ure t5d to promote c]ta9ty 9 ! indictm5t8 ,did x n result 9 ! complete de/ruction ( all cle>ness & c]ta9ty8 ,are we n ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t ! sil5ce ( ,jesus 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 accus]s 0 at lea/ p>tially attributable to ,8 failure to compreh5d ! exact nature ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,him8 ,aga91 ! accusation 01 9 "p1 by ,caiaphas1 ! high prie/1 :o 0 also "o ( ! judges ( ,jesus2#bdh :ile ,hebrew law =bade any b lead+ witnesses to pres5t ! *>ge4 ,ed]%eim tells u t ! ,sanh$r9 did n & c\ld n orig9ate *>ges2 x only inve/igat$ ^? br\ght be=e x4 ,if ! ,sanh$r9 z a :ole c\ld n orig9ate *>ges1 because its memb]s 7 judges1 nei!r c\ld any individual ,sanh$ri/ d s4 ,:5 ! witnesses agre$ n toge!r 9 ! matt] ( ! *>ge ( s$ition1 ?is accusation 0 ab&on$4 ,caiaphas !n delib]ately assum$ ! rle ( accus]1 9 violation ( ! law1 & *>g$ ,jesus1 9 ! =m ( an adjuration1 ) blasphemy1 9 claim+ to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,confession & condemnation !n foll[$4 ,only lead+ witnesses c\ld pref] crim9al *>ges "u ,hebrew law4 ,caiaphas1 be+ a judge1 c\ld n possibly be a witness2 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 be an accus]4 ,!re=e1 ! indictm5t aga9/ ,jesus 0 illegally pres5t$4 ,! writ] believes t ! above is a correct int]pretation ( ! nature & numb] ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/1 & t ! legal aspects ( ! case are z above /at$4 ,b c&or & imp>tiality require consid]ation ( ano!r view4 ,sev]al excell5t writ]s h cont5d$ t !re 71 9 fact1 n two *>ges pref]r$ aga9/ ,jesus b only "o "u diff]5t =ms4 ,^! writ]s cont5d t ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues und]/ood t ,jesus claim$ sup]natural p[] & id5tity ) ,god :5 ,he decl>$ t ,he 0 able to de/roy ! ,temple & to build x aga9 9 ?ree days1#bdi & t ! "q ( ! high prie/1 ,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god1 t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 fl[$ naturally f & _h direct ref]5ce to ! *>ge ( be+ able to de/roy ! ,temple4 ,! advocates ( ?is view appeal to ! language ( ! orig9al auditors to su/a9 _! cont5tion4 ,=ty-&-six ye>s 0 ?is temple 9 build+1 & wilt ?\ re> x aga9 9 ?ree days8 ,x is insi/$ t ^! words convey ! idea t ^? :o he>d ,jesus und]/ood ,him to mean t ,he _h sup]natural p[]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly mu* =ce 9 ! cont5tion b x fails to meet o!r difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n cle> t a ?reat to de/roy ! ,temple impli$ a claim to sup]natural p[]2 9 :i* case !re w\ld be no connection betwe5 ! fir/ *>ge & t 9 :i* x 0 sugge/$ t ,jesus _h claim$ to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,9 ! second place1 ! cont5tion t ! two *>ges are sub/antially ! same ignores ! language ( ,m>k1 ,b nei!r s did _! witness agree toge!r1#bej :i* 0 c]ta9ly n inject$ by ! au?or ( ! second ,gospel z a matt] ( m]e caprice or pa/ime4 ,?is language1 legally int]pret$1 means t ! te/imony ( ! false witnesses1 be+ contradictory1 0 ?r[n aside1 & t ! *>ge conc]n+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 0 ab&on$4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,signor ,rosadi & is v weighty4 ,^? writ]s :o ma9ta9 t !re 0 only "o *>ge1 t ( blasphemy1 "u diff]5t =ms1 rely ^u ! passage 9 ,mat!w1 ,i am able to de/roy ! temple ( ,god & to build x aga9 9 ?ree days1 & int]pret x z a claim to sup]natural p[] 9 ! light ( ! language us$ by ^? :o he>d x3 ,=ty-&-six ye>s 0 ?is temple 9 build+1 & wilt ?\ re> x aga9 9 ?ree days8 ,^? :o hold ! opposite view1 t !re 7 two di/9ct *>ges1 rely ^u ! passage 9 ,m>k1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple t is made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s1 & int]pret x 9 ! light ( a simil> accusation aga9/ ,/eph5 a few mon?s aft]w>ds3 ,= we h he>d him say1 t ?is ,jesus ( ,naz>e? %all de/roy ?is place1 & %all *ange ! cu/oms :i* ,moses deliv]$ u4#bea ,?is second int]pretation1 :i* we believe to be ! bett]1 e/abli%es ! exi/5ce at ! trial ( ,*ri/ ( two di/9ct *>ges3 t ( s$ition1 bas$ ^u a ?reat to assault exi/+ in/itutions2 & t ( blasphemy1 f\nd$ ^u ! claim ( equality ) ,god4 ,&1 9 ! light ( ?is int]pretation1 ! illegality 9 ! =m ( ! indictm5t aga9/ ,jesus has be5 urg$4 ,if ! fir/ con/ruction be ! true "o1 !n ! error alleg$ 9 ,po9t ,,iii is n well f\nd$1 s9ce ! accusation 0 pres5t$ by witnesses1 z ! law requir$2 unless x c\ld be successfully urg$ t ! witnesses1 be+ false witnesses1 7 no m compet5t to accuse a prison] ?an to convict him ^u _! false te/imony4 ,9 su* a case ! sub/ance z well z ! =m ( ! indictm5t w\ld be wor?less1 & ! :ole case w\ld fall1 ?r\gh failure n only ( compet5t te/imony to convict b also ( a legal indictm5t "u :i* to prosecute4 ,nei!r ! ,mi%na nor ! ,gem>a m5tions writt5 indictm5ts among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia says t accusations 7 probably 9 writ+1 b t x is n c]ta94#beb ,a passage 9 ,salvador seems to indicate t !y 7 9 writ+4 ,! pap]s 9 ! case1 he says1 7 read1 & ! accus+ witnesses 7 !n call$4 ,! pap]s 7 probably none o!r ?an ! indictm5t4 ,b ( ?is we are n sure1 & _c1 !re=e1 pr$icate ! allegation ( an error ^u x4 ,f ! :ole context ( ! ,scriptures1 h[ev]1 we are l$ to believe t only oral *>ges 7 pref]r$ aga9/ ,jesus4 ,,po9t ,,iv ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,sanh$r9 ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,7 ,,illegal ,,because ,,!y ,,7 ,,conduct$ ,,at ,,night ,,law ,let a capital (f5ce be tri$ dur+ ! day1 b susp5d x at night4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #a4 ,crim9al cases c be act$ ^u by ! v>i\s c\rts dur+ day "t only1 by ! ,less] ,synh$rions f ! close ( ! morn+ s]vice till noon1 & by ! ,great ,synh$rion till ev5+4--,,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #aab4 ,! reason :y ! trial ( a capital (f5se c\ld n be held at night is because1 z oral tradition says1 ! exam9ation ( su* a *>ge is l ! diagnos+ ( a w\nd--9 ei!r case a m ?or\gh & se>*+ exam9ation c be made by daylight4--,,maimonides1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iii4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,hebrew jurisprud5ce positively =bade ! trial ( a capital case at night4 ,! infraction ( ?is rule involves ! "q ( jurisdiction4 ,a c\rt )\t jurisdiction c pron\nce no valid v]dict or judgm5t4 ,a c\rt has no jurisdiction if x conv5es & acts at a "t =bidd5 by law4 ,"o is naturally dispos$ to d]ide ! reason assign$ by ,maimonides = ! exi/5ce ( ! law aga9/ crim9al proce$+s at night4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t 9 ! old5 days surg]y _h no su* aids z are at h& to-day4 ,mod]n surgical app>atus _h n be5 inv5t$ & electric lights & ! ,ro5tg5 ,rays 7 unkn[n4 ,9 ! light ( ?is explanation ( ! great ,jewi% philosoph] ! curi\s inquir] aft] ! real mean+ ( ?+s naturally asks :y ! ,areopagus ( ,a!ns always held its sessions 9 ! night & 9 ! d>k4#bec ,we h se5 t ,jesus 0 arre/$ 9 ,ge?semane ab\t midnight & t ,8 fir/ ecclesia/ical trial took place betwe5 two & ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+4#bed ,/4 ,luke tells u t !re 0 a daybreak meet+1#bee :i* 0 evid5tly int5d$ to give a semblance ( legality & regul>ity to t rule ( ,hebrew law t requir$ two trials ( ! case4 ,! exact "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! night session ( ! ,sanh$r9 is n kn[n4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! arre/ took place 9 ! g>d5 betwe5 midnight & "o o'clock4 ,! j\rney to ! h\se ( ,annas mu/ h requir$ "s little "t4 ,:]e ?is h\se 0 locat$ nobody kn[s4 ,accord+ to "o tradition ,annas own$ a h\se on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives close to ! boo?s or baza>s "u ! ,two ,c$>s4 ,/apf] believes t ,jesus 0 tak5 to t place4 ,accord+ to ano!r tradition ! h\se ( ,annas 0 locat$ on ! ,hill ( ,evil ,c\nsel4 ,b>clay believes t ?is 0 ! place to :i* ,jesus 0 conduct$4 ,b ! tradition :i* is mo/ g5]ally accept$ is t :i* places ! palace ( ,annas on ,m\nt ,zion ne> ! palace ( ,caiaphas4 ,x is believ$ by _m t ^! two m51 :o 7 relat$1 ,annas be+ ! fa!r-9-law ( ,caiaphas1 occupi$ diff]5t ap>tm5ts 9 ! same place4 ,b ^! que/ions are m]e matt]s ( conjecture & h no real be>+ ^u ! pres5t discussion1 except to %[1 9 a g5]al way1 ! l5g? ( "t probably requir$ to conduct ,jesus f ,ge?semane to ,annas2 f ,annas to ,caiaphas1 if ! latt] 0 ! "o :o privately exam9$ ,jesus2 & !nce to ! meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,x is reasonable to suppose t at lea/ two h\rs 7 ?us consum$1 :i* w\ld br+ ,jesus to ! palace ( ,caiaphas betwe5 two & ?ree o'clock1 if ! arre/ 9 ! g>d5 took place betwe5 twelve & "o o'clock4 ,b "h1 aga91 a diff]5ce ( "o or two h\rs w\ld n affect ! m]it ( ! proposition /at$ 9 ,po9t ,,iv4 ,= x is beyond dispute t ! fir/ trial be=e ! ,sanh$r9 0 _h at night1 :i* 0 =bidd5 by law4 ,! "q has be5 frequ5tly ask$3 ,:y did ! ,sanh$r9 meet at night 9 violation ( law8 ,! answ] to ?is is ref]able to ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 to ! fact t he s\ght opportunity to betray him unto !m 9 ! abs5ce ( ! multitude1 & to ! ?\ght ( ! ,ma/]3 ,b ?is is y\r h\r1 & ! p[] ( ,god4 ,luke tells u t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 fe>$ ! p4#bef ,m>k in=ms u t !y _h resolv$ n to attempt ! arre/ & execution ( ,jesus at ! "t ( ! ,passov]1 le/ !re be an upro> ( ! p4#beg ,jesus _h taught daily 9 ! ,temple1 & _h furni%$ ample opportunity = a legal arre/ ) a view to a legal trial4 ,b ,8 enemies did n desire ?is4 ,! *ief prie/s & scribes s\ght h[ !y might take him by craft1 & put him to dea?4#beh ,! arrival ( ,judas f ! sc5e ( ! ,la/ ,supp] ) a proposition ( imm$iate betrayal ( ! ,*ri/ 0 a glad surprise to ,caiaphas & 8 fri5ds4 ,imm$iate & decisive action 0 necess>y4 ,n only ! arre/ b ! trial & execution ( ,jesus mu/ be accompli%$ ) secrecy & dispat*4 ,! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ,jews _h j comm5c$4 ,pilgrims to ! fea/ 7 arriv+ f all p>ts ( ! ,jewi% k+dom4 ,! fri5ds & foll[]s ( ,jesus 7 among !m4 ,8 enemies _h witness$ ! rem>kable demon/ration 9 ,8 honor :i* m>k$ ,8 entrance into ,j]usalem only a few days be=e4 ,x is n /range1 !n1 t !y fe>$ ! p 9 ! matt] ( ! summ>y & illegal proce$+s :i* !y _h resolv$ to in/itute aga9/ ,him4 ,!y knew t ! daylight trial1 "u prop] legal =ms1 ) ! fri5ds ( ,jesus z witnesses1 w\ld upset _! plans by result+ 9 ,8 acquittal4 ,!y resolv$1 !re=e1 to act at once1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( all =ms ( ju/ice4 ,& x w be se5 t ?is det]m9ation to arre/ & try ,jesus at night1 9 violation ( law1 became ! p>5t ( ne>ly e legal outrage t 0 committ$ aga9/ ,him4 ,! selection ( ! midnight h\r = su* a purpose result$ n m]ely 9 a te*nical infraction ( law1 b r5d]$ x impossible to d ju/ice ei!r =mally or sub/antially "u rules ( ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure4 ,,po9t ,v ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,sanh$r9 ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,7 ,,illegal ,,because ,,! ,,c\rt ,,conv5$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,(f]+ ,,( ,,! ,,morn+ ,,sacrifice ,,law ,! ,sanh$r9 sat f ! close ( ! morn+ sacrifice to ! "t ( ! ev5+ sacrifice4--,,talmud1 ,j]us41 ,sanh$r9 ,i4 fol4 #ai4 ,no session ( ! c\rt c\ld take place be=e ! (f]+ ( ! morn+ sacrifice4--,,mm4 ,l,,mann1 ,jesus ,be=e ! ,sanh$r91 p4 #aji4 ,s9ce ! morn+ sacrifice 0 (f]$ at ! dawn ( day1 x 0 h>dly possible = ! ,sanh$r9 to assemble until ! h\r aft] t "t4--,,mi%na1 ,tamid1 or ( ! ,p]petual ,sacrifice1 ,c4 ,,iii4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,! fact t ! ,sanh$r9 conv5$ be=e ! (f]+ ( ! morn+ sacrifice con/itutes ! fif? illegality4 ,?is error is alleg$ ^u ! au?ority ( ,,mm4 ,lmann1 :o1 9 _! admirable little "w entitl$ ,jesus ,be=e ! ,sanh$r91 h call$ att5tion to x4 ,x is v difficult1 h[ev]1 to det]m9e :e!r ?is 0 a m]e irregul>ity1 or 0 :at mod]n juri/s w\ld call a mat]ial error4 ,f "o po9t ( view x seems to be m]ely a repetition ( ! rule =bidd+ ! ,sanh$r9 to meet at night4 ,! morn+ sacrifice 0 (f]$ at ! break ( day & la/$ ab\t an h\r4 ,a session ( ! c\rt be=e ! morn+ sacrifice w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 a meet+ at night1 :i* w\ld h be5 an infr+em5t ( ! law4 ,b ?is 0 probably n ! real reason ( ! rule4 ,its true mean+ is d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! close connection t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,hebrew law & ! ,hebrew religion4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,hebrew ,commonweal? 0 an emanation ( ! m9d ( ,jehovah1 ! ,temple 9 :i* ! c\rt met 0 ,8 resid5ce on e>?1 & ! judges :o =m$ ! ,great ,sanh$r9 7 ! adm9i/rators ( ,8 w4 ,x is mo/ reasonable1 !n1 to suppose t an invocation1 9 sacrifice & pray]1 ( ,8 guidance & au?ority w\ld be ! fir/ /ep 9 any judicial proce$+s conduct$ 9 ,8 "n4 ,x is hi/orically true t a session ( ! ,sanh$r9 9 ! palmie/ days ( ! ,jewi% ,commonweal? 0 *>act]iz$ by all ! religi\s solemnity ( a s]vice 9 ! synagogue or ! ,temple4 ,x is entirely probable1 !re=e1 t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 made by law an indisp5sable pr]equisite to ! assembl+ ( ! supreme tribunal ( ! ,jews = ! transaction ( any s]i\s bus9ess4 ,on any o!r supposition ! rules ( law cit$ above w\ld h no mean+4 ,we h reason to believe1 !n1 t ! (f]+ ( ! morn+ sacrifice 0 a condition prec$5t to ! atta*m5t ( jurisdiction1 & )\t jurisdiction ! c\rt _h no au?ority to act4 ,t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 (f]$ ea* day1 :e!r ! c\rt assembl$ or n1 z a religi\s requirem5t1 does n alt] ! pr9ciple ( law above enunciat$4 ,b x may be ask$3 ,h[ d we "k t ! morn+ sacrifice 0 n (f]$8 ,! answ] is t ! :ole context ( ! ,scriptures relat+ to ! trial %[s t x c\ld n h be5 (f]$4 ,fur!rmore1 a simple & specific reason is t ! "t prescrib$ by law = conduct+ ! morn+ s]vice 0 betwe5 ! dawn ( day & sunrise4 ,!n1 if ! c\rt conv5$ betwe5 two & ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 x is v c]ta9 t ! sacrifice _h n be5 (f]$4 ,x is true t !re 0 a morn+ session ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,b ?is 0 held simply to confirm ! action ( ! night session at :i* ,jesus _h be5 condemn$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! real trial 0 at night & 0 held be=e ! p]=mance ( ! religi\s c]emony1 :i* 01 9 all probability1 a pr]equisite to ! atta*m5t ( jurisdiction4 ,,po9t ,,vi ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,7 ,,illegal ,,because ,,!y ,,7 ,,conduct$ ,,on ,,! ,,day ,,prec$+ ,a ,,jewi% ,,sabba?2 ,,also ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,day ,,( ,,! ,,fea/ ,,( ,,unleav5$ ,,bread ,,& ,,! ,,eve ,,( ,,! ,,passov] ,,law ,c\rt mu/ n be held on ! ,sabba?1 or any holy day4--,betza1 or ( ! ,egg1 ,*ap4 ,v4 ,no4 #b4 ,!y %all n judge on ! eve ( ! ,sabba?1 nor on t ( any fe/ival4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #a4 ,no c\rt ( ju/ice 9 ,israel 0 p]mitt$ to hold sessions on ! ,sabba? or any ( ! sev5 ,biblical holidays4 ,9 cases ( capital crime1 no trial c\ld be comm5c$ on ,friday or ! day previ\s to any holiday1 because x 0 n lawful ei!r to adj\rn su* cases long] ?an ov] night1 or to cont9ue !m on ! ,sabba? or holiday4--,,rabbi ,,wise1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #fg4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,no ,hebrew c\rt c\ld lawfully meet on a ,sabba? or a fea/ day1 or on a day prec$+ a ,sabba? or a fea/ day4 ,conc]n+ ! ,sabba? day provision ,maimonides (f]s ! foll[+ reason = ! rule3 ,z x is requir$ to execute ! crim9al imm$iately aft] ! pass+ ( ! s5t5ce1 x w\ld sometimes happ5 t ! k9dl+ ( a fire w\ld be necess>y1 z 9 ! case ( "o condemn$ to be burn$2 & ?is act w\ld be a violation ( ! law ( ! ,sabba?1 = x is writt5 ',ye %all k9dle no fire 9 y\r habitations on ! ,sabba? day4'#bei 7,exodus xxxv4 #c47 ,"u mod]n practice1 sessions ( c\rt may be adj\rn$ f day to day1 or1 if ne$ be1 f week to week4 ,b "u ! ,hebrew sy/em ( crim9al proc$ure ! c\rt c\ld n adj\rn = a long] "t ?an a s+le night4 ,its proce$+s 71 s to speak1 cont9u\s until f9al judgm5t4 ,z ! law =bade sessions ( c\rt on ,sabba? & fea/ days1 x became necess>y to provide t c\rts %\ld n conv5e on ! day prec$+ a ,sabba? or a fea/ day1 9 ord] to avoid ei!r an illegal adj\rnm5t or an infr+em5t ( ! rule relat+ to ! ,sabba? & fea/ days4 ,n[ ,jesus 0 tri$ by ! ,sanh$r9 on bo? a fea/ day & a day prec$+ ! ,sabba?4 ,&1 at ?is po9t1 a cle> conception ( ! anci5t ,jewi% mode ( reckon+ "t %\ld be _h4 ,! ,jewi% day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs began at "o sunset & end$ ) ! next4 ,b ?is int]val 0 n divid$ into tw5ty-f\r p>ts or h\rs ( equal & inv>iable l5g?4 ,_! day prop] 0 an integral "p ( "t & 0 reckon$ f sunrise to sunset4 ,_! night prop] 0 likewise a di/9ct division ( "t & 0 measur$ f sunset to sunrise4 ,an h\r ( "t1 accord+ to mod]n reckon+1 is inv>iably sixty m9utes4 ,b ! anci5t ,jewi% h\r 0 n a fix$ measure ( "t4 ,x v>i$ 9 l5g? z ea* successive day & night v>i$ 9 !irs at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,nei!r did ! ,jews beg9 _! days & nights z we d4 ,our day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs always beg9s at midnight4 ,_! day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs always began at "o sunset & end$ ) ! next4 ,n[ ,jesus 0 tri$ by ! ,sanh$r9 on ! #ad? ,nisan1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% cal5d>2 or betwe5 ! ev5+ ( ,?ursday1 ,april #f?1 & ! aft]noon ( ,friday1 ,april #g?1 ,a4,d4 #cj1 accord+ to our cal5d>4 ,! #ad? ,nisan began at sunset on ,april #f? & la/$ until sunset on ,april #g?4 ,?is 0 a s+le ,jewi% day1 & )9 ?is "t ,jesus 0 tri$ & execut$4 ,accord+ to our cal5d>1 ! trial & execution ( ,jesus took place on ,friday1 ,april #g?4 ,?is 0 ! day prec$+ ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 :i* came on ,saturday1 accord+ to our reckon+4 ,& on a day prec$+ ! ,sabba? no ,jewi% c\rt c\ld lawfully conv5e4 ,?is is ! fir/ error sugge/$ "u ,po9t ,,vi4 ,aga91 x is beyond dispute t ! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread _h begun & t ! ,passov] 0 at h& :5 ,jesus 0 tri$ by ! ,sanh$r94#bfj ,?is 0 9 violation ( a specific provision ( ,hebrew law1 & con/itutes ! second error alleg$ "u ,po9t ,,vi4 ,!re seems to be "s conflict among ! au?orities z to :e!r ,jesus 0 tri$ on ! fir/ day ( ! celebration ( ! fea/ ( ! ,passov] or on ! day prec$+4 ,b ! "q is immat]ial f a legal po9t ( view1 z ! law =bade a trial ei!r on a fea/ day or on ! day prec$+1 = reasons above /at$4 ,?is violation ( ! law relat+ to ! ,sabba?s & fea/ days1 l t relat+ to night sessions ( ! ,sanh$r91 result$ 9 /ill o!r errors4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion only "o ( ^! at ?is po9t4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 record$ by two scribes or cl]ks4 ,_! records 7 to be us$ on ! second day ( ! trial 9 review+ ! proce$+s ( ! fir/4 ,b ,hebrew law =bade any writ+ on a ,sabba? or a holy day4 ,h[ 0 x possible1 !n1 to keep a record ( ! proce$+s1 if ,jesus 0 tri$ on a ,sabba? & also on a fea/ day1 )\t violat+ a rule ( law8 ,if no m9utes ( ! meet+ 7 kept1 a mo/ gl>+ irregul>ity is app>5t4 ,,po9t ,,vii ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus ,,0 ,,illegal ,,because ,,x ,,0 ,,conclud$ ,,)9 ,,"o ,,day ,,law ,a crim9al case result+ 9 ! acquittal ( ! accus$ may t]m9ate ! same day on :i* ! trial began4 ,b if a s5t5ce ( dea? is to be pron\nc$1 x c n be conclud$ be=e ! foll[+ day4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #a4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,c>e & cons]vatism1 precaution & delay1 7 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! crim9al proc$ure ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! pr9cipal aphorism ( ! ,pirke ,abo? is ?is3 ,be cauti\s & sl[ 9 judgm5t1 s5d =? _m disciples1 & make a f5ce ar\nd ! law4#bfa ,! l5g? & s]i\sness ( _! delib]ations 9 crim9al proce$+s ( a capital nature 7 due to _! supreme reg>d = human life4 ,man's life belongs to ,god1 & only accord+ to ! law ( ,god may x be dispos$ (4 ,:osoev] pres]ves "o wor?y life is z m]itori\s z if he _h pres]v$ ! _w4 ,^! & simil> maxims guid$ & controll$ ,hebrew judges 9 e capital trial4 ,_! horror ( dea? z ! result ( a judicial decree is %[n by ! celebrat$ say+3 ,! ,sanh$r9 :i* s (t5 z once 9 sev5 ye>s condemns a man to dea?1 is a slaught]-h\se4#bfb ,to assure due delib]ation & reflection 9 a case :]e a human life 0 at /ake1 ,hebrew law requir$ t ! trial %\ld la/ at lea/ two days1 9 case ( ! conviction ( ! accus$4 ,9 case ( an acquittal ! trial might t]m9ate )9 a s+le day4 ,be=e condemnation c\ld be f9ally decre$ a night _h to int]v5e1 dur+ :i* "t ! judges c\ld sleep1 fa/1 m$itate1 & pray4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ day's trial !y left ! judgm5t hall & walk$ homew>d1 arm 9 arm1 discuss+ ! m]its ( ! case4 ,at sunset !y began to make calls ^u ea* o!r1 aga9 review+ among !mselves ! facts 9 evid5ce4 ,!y !n retir$ to _! homes = fur!r m$itation4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ night !y ab/a9$ f eat+ heavy food & f dr9k+ w9e4 ,!y c>efully avoid$ do+ any?+ t w\ld incapacitate !m = correct ?9k+4 ,on ! foll[+ day !y return$ to ! judgm5t hall & retri$ ! case4 ,! second trial 0 9 ! nature ( a review & 0 int5d$ to detect errors1 if !re 7 any1 9 ! fir/ trial4#bfc ,x 0 n until ! aft]noon ( ?is day t a f9al decree c\ld be made & t a capital s5t5ce c\ld foll[4 ,n[ ! ,gospel record v cle>ly discloses ! fact t ,jesus 0 arre/$1 tri$1 & execut$ )9 ! limits ( a s+le day4 ,nei!r ! exact h\r ( ,8 arre/1 nor ( ,8 trial1 nor ( ,8 execution is kn[n4 ,b x is positively c]ta9 t all took place betwe5 sunset1 ! beg9n+ ( ,nisan #ad1 & sunset1 ! beg9n+ ( ,nisan #ae4 ,?is 0 ! int]val ( a s+le ,jewi% day1 ,nisan #ad4 ,& )9 su* an int]val ( "t x 0 illegal to f9ally condemn a man to dea? "u ,hebrew law4 ,ev5 ,/apf]1 :o cont5ds t ! trial 0 legal & t =ms ( law 7 g5]ally obs]v$1 admits ?is error4 ,he ass]ts t ! precipitate conduct ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 n only oppos$ to ! _s ( ,hebrew cons]vatism 9 ! matt] ( crim9al proc$ure b 0 a brea* ( a specific provision ( ! crim9al code4#bfd ,x is true t !re 7 two di/9ct trials3 "o betwe5 #b & #c ,a4,m41 ,friday1 ,april #g?1 :i* is record$ by ,mat!w#bfe & ,m>k1#bff & a second ab\t daybreak ( ! same day1 record$ by ,mat!w1#bfg ,m>k1#bfh & ,luke4#bfi ,b bo? ^! trials 7 _h )9 "o day--inde$1 )9 six h\rs ( ea* o!r4 ,! judges did n try ! case & !n retire to _! homes = sleep1 pray]1 & m$itation until ! foll[+ day1 z ! law requir$4 ,ev5 if !y _h done s1 !y w\ld n h avoid$ an illegal proc$ure1 inasmu* z ! trial _h be5 illegally begun on a fea/ day & ! eve ( ! ,sabba?1 & x w\ld h be5 impossible to avoid ! error alleg$ 9 ,po9t ,,vii4 ,= if !y _h def]r$ ! s5t5c+ & execution ( ,jesus until ! foll[+ day x w\ld /ill h be5 illegal1 s9ce ! next day 0 bo? a ,sabba? & a holy day 7! ,passov]74 ,sev]al writ]s :o cont5d t !re 0 a regul> trial ( ,jesus ass]t t ! morn+ meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 int5d$ to give a semblance ( legality & regul>ity to t rule ( ,hebrew law :i* requir$ at lea/ two trials4 ,b x w readily be se5 t ?is 0 a subt]fuge & evasion1 s9ce bo? trials 7 _h on ! same day1 :]eas ! law requir$ !m to be held on diff]5t days4 ,,po9t ,,viii ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,( ,,condemnation ,,pron\nc$ ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,by ,,! ,,sanh$r9 ,,0 ,,illegal ,,because ,,x ,,0 ,,f\nd$ ,,^u ,,8 ,,uncorroborat$ ,,confession ,,law ,we h x z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our jurisprud5ce t no "o c br+ an accusation aga9/ himself4 ,%\ld a man make confession ( guilt be=e a legally con/itut$ tribunal1 su* confession is n to be us$ aga9/ him unless prop]ly atte/$ by two o!r witnesses4--,,maimonides1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #b4 ,n only is self-condemnation nev] extort$ f ! def5dant by means ( torture1 b no attempt is ev] made to lead him on to self-incrim9ation4 ,moreov]1 a volunt>y confession on 8 "p is n admitt$ 9 evid5ce1 & !re=e n compet5t to convict him1 unless a legal numb] ( witnesses m9utely corroborate 8 self-accusation4--,,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #acc4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,m ?an "o sy/em ( jurisprud5ce has refus$ to p]mit a conviction = crime to re/ ^u an uncorroborat$ confession4 ,b x rema9$ = ! anci5t ,hebrews to discov] ! peculi> reason = ! rule1 t ! witness :o confess$ 0 8 own relative2 & relatives 7 n compet5t witnesses "u ,hebrew law4 ,mod]n ,jewi% writ]s1 h[ev]1 h assign$ o!r reasons = ! rule4 ,rabbi ,wise says3 ,self-accusation 9 cases ( capital crime 0 wor?less4 ,= if n guilty he accuses himself ( a falsehood2 if guilty he is a wick$ man1 & no wick$ man1 accord+ to ,hebrew law1 is p]mitt$ to te/ify1 especially n 9 p5al cases4#bgj ,m5delsohn says t ! reason assign$ = ?is enactm5t is ! wi% to avoid ! possibility ( p]mitt+ judicial homicide on self-accus+ lunatics1 or on p]sons :o1 9 desp]ation1 wi% to cut %ort _! e>?ly exi/5ce1 & to effect ?is falsely accuse !mselves ( "s capital crime4#bga ,mod]n juri/s h assign$ /ill o!r reasons = ! rule z x has exi/$ 9 mod]n law4#bgb ,m5 h be5 kn[n to confess t !y 7 guilty ( "o crime to avoid puni%m5t = ano!r4 ,morbid & vulg> s5tim5tality1 su* z love ( newspap] notoriety1 h induc$ p]sons ( inf]ior intellig5ce1 :o 7 innoc5t1 to assume responsibility = crim9al acts4 ,b :atev] ! reason ( ! rule1 ,jesus 0 condemn$ to dea? ^u ,8 uncorroborat$ confession1 9 violation ( ,hebrew law4 ,= _m b>e false witness aga9/ him1 b _! witness agre$ n toge!r4 ,& !re arose c]ta91 & b>e false witness aga9/ him1 say+1 ,we he>d him say1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple t is made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s4 ,b nei!r s did _! witness agree toge!r4 ,& ! high prie/ /ood up 9 ! mid/1 & ask$ ,jesus1 say+1 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 :at is x :i* ^! witness aga9/ !e8 ,b he held 8 peace1 & answ]$ no?+4 ,aga9 ! high prie/ ask$ him1 & said unto him1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! ,bless$8 ,& ,jesus said1 ,i am3 & ye %all see ! ,son ( ,man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( ,heav54 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 & sai?1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witnesses8 ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4 ,& "s began to spit on him1 & to cov] 8 face1 & to buffet him1 & to say unto him1 ,prophesy4#bgc ,x w be se5 f a p]usal ( ?is report ( ! trial t x 0 s\ght to condemn ,jesus fir/ on ! *>ge ( s$ition1 t is1 t ,he _h ?reat5$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple & !reby endeavor$ to s$uce ! p f _! national allegiance4 ,b _! witness agre$ n toge!r2 & "u ,hebrew law !y 7 requir$ to reject contradictory te/imony & dis*>ge ! prison]1 if ! /ate 0 unable to prove its case4 ,?is is :at %\ld h be5 done at ?is po9t 9 ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,b1 in/ead1 ! judges1 9 _! total disreg>d at law1 turn$ to ! accus$ & said3 ,answ]e/ ?\ no?+8 :at is x :i* ^! witness aga9/ !e8 ,b he held 8 peace1 & answ]$ no?+4 ,by rema9+ sil5t1 ,jesus only ex]cis$ ! ord9>y privilege ( a ,jewi% prison] to refuse to incrim9ate himself4 ,! mod]n rule t ! accus$ _c be made to te/ify aga9/ himself1 unless he fir/ volunt>ily takes ! witness /& 9 8 own behalf1 0 sub/antially true among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,b "h we f9d ,caiaphas insi/+ t ,jesus incrim9ate ,himself4 ,& he cont9ues to insi/ 9 ! matt] ( ! second *>ge1 t ( blasphemy4 ,& ! high prie/ ask$ him1 & said unto him1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! ,bless$8 ,t "q 0 illegal1 because x involv$ an irregul> mode ( crim9al proc$ure1 & because x ask$ = a confession ( guilt to be made ! basis ( a conviction4 ,! false witnesses _h fail$ to agree & _h evid5tly be5 reject$ & dismiss$4 ,! judges 7 !n )\t witnesses to =mulate a *>ge & furni% pro( ( its tru?4 ,!y 7 ?us =c$ to ! despicable & illegal me?od ( ask+ ! accus$ to condemn ,himself1 :5 !y knew t no confession c\ld be made ! basis ( a conviction4 ,!y 7 also guilty ( ! illegality ( =mulat+ a *>ge )\t witnesses4 ,we h se5 t only lead+ witnesses c\ld pres5t an indictm5t1 b "h ! judges became ! accus]s1 9 violation ( law4 ,9 answ] to ! high prie/'s "q1 ,jesus1 feel+ t ,he c\ld n af=d at su* an h\r & 9 su* a place to long] conceal ,8 ,messiah%ip1 answ]$ boldly & emphatically3 ,i am4#bgd ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ^u ,8 own confession & n ^u ! te/imony ( at lea/ two compet5t witnesses agree+ 9 all ess5tial details1 z ! law requir$1 0 ! ,naz>5e condemn$ to dea?4 ,if x be argu$1 z x has be51 t ! two *>ges ( ?reat5+ to de/roy ! ,temple & ( pret5d+ to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 7 9 fact b diff]5t phases ( ! same *>ge ( blasphemy1 & t ! two witnesses 7 ! corroborators ( ! confession ( ,jesus1 !n reply mu/ be made t ! witnesses 7 n compet5t1 be+ false witnesses1 nor 0 _! te/imony legally corroborat$1 because x 0 false & contradictory4 ,aga91 x 0 ! rule ( ,hebrew law t bo? witnesses _h to te/ify to all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a complete crime4 ,"o c\ld n furni% "o l9k1 & ano!r ano!r l9k1 9 ord] to con/ruct a *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,ea* _h to te/ify to all ! ess5tial elem5ts necess>y to con/itute ! legal def9ition ( a crime4 ,b ! false witnesses did n d ?is4 ,"u any view ( ! case1 !n1 ! te/imony ( ^! witnesses 0 :olly wor?less1 & ! confession ( ,jesus 0 ! solit>y & illegal basis ( ,8 conviction4 ,! failure ( ! ,sanh$r9 to secure suffici5t & compet5t evid5ce to convict ,jesus mu/ n be reg>d$ z accid5tal1 or z attributable to ! h\r & to ! surr\nd+s4 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,naz>5e1 outside ! n>r[ circle ( ! ,temple au?orities1 0 imm5se4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a is pro( t ,he _h /&+ ev5 9 ! ,sanh$r9 itself4 ,x 0 !re=e difficult to f9d witnesses :o 7 will+ to te/ify aga9/ ,him4 ,besides1 ! acts ( ,8 m9i/ry1 :ile 9 no s5se c[>dly or hypocritical1 _h be51 9 g5]al1 v cauti\s & diplomatic4 ,he seems to h retir$1 at times1 into ! des]t or ! wild]ness to avoid disagreeable & ev5 dang]\s complications ) ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities4#bge ,jesus 0 9 no s5se a politician1 b ,he 0 n lack+ 9 "m wit & practical res\rces4 ,he saw ?r\gh ! designs ( ,h]od ,antipas1 :o wi%$ to get ,him out ( 8 dom9ions4 ,x w be rememb]$ t c]ta9 ,ph>isees1 pret5d+ fri5d%ip = ,him1 w>n$ ,him to flee f ,galilee to avoid be+ kill$ by ,h]od4 ,! c\rage & manl9ess ( ,jesus are %[n by ! fact t ,he rema9$ 9 ,8 native prov9ce1 & ev5 s5t a contemptu\s message to ! ,tetr>*1 :om ,he /yl$ t fox4#bgf ,at o!r times1 ,*ri/ 0 compell$ to def5d ,himself aga9/ ! sw>m ( spies t hov]$ ov] ,8 pa?way ?r\gh ,sam>ia1 along ! ,jordan1 & ar\nd ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,9 ,8 discussions ) ,8 enemies :o s\ght to entrap ,him1 ,he display$ consummate skill 9 debate4 ,8 pi?y say+s & incomp>able illu/rations usually left ,8 que/ion]s def5seless & *agr9$4 ,(t5times 9 ^! enc\nt]s ,he proclaim$ et]nal & univ]sal tru?s :i* o!r nations & lat] ages 7 to develop & enjoy4 ,:51 hold+ 9 ,8 h& a p5ny ) ,cs>'s image ^u x1 ,he said1 ,r5d] !re=e unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's1 he =etold & /amp$ ) approval ! immortal pr9ciple t 0 to be embodi$ 9 ! ,am]ican con/itution & to rema9 ! corn]/one ( ! ,am]ican ,commonweal?2 a tru? repeat$ by ,rog] ,williams :5 9 ! =e/s ( ,rhode ,isl& he decl>$ t ! magi/rate %\ld rule 9 civil matt]s only & t man 0 answ]able = 8 religi\s fai? to ,god alone4 ,?is decl>ation ( ! ,naz>5e is ! spiritual & intellectual basis ( ! sublime doctr9e ( civil lib]ty & religi\s fre$om t f9ds its highe/ expression 9 t sep>ation ( ! ,*ur* & ,/ate :i* enables m5 ( diff]5t cre$s & diff]5t p>ties to live side by side z patriots & religioni/s & z comrades1 ?\gh antagoni/s4 ,! replies ( ,jesus to ^? :o came to entangle him 9 8 talk usually left !m disconc]t$ & defeat$1 & little dispos$ to r5ew _! attacks ^u ,him4#bgg ,! ef=ts ( ! ,ph>isees to entrap ,him seem to h result$ 9 failure ev]y:]e & at all times4 ,& at ! trial ! ,sanh$r9 f\nd itself 9 possession ( a prison] b ) no compet5t evid5ce to e/abli% ,8 guilt4 ,x 0 lea/ ( all prep>$ to convict ,him ( ! crime ( blasphemy z f\nd$ ^u ! claim ( ,messiah%ip1 = ,jesus _h be5 exce$+ly cauti\s1 dur+ ,8 m9i/ry1 9 decl>+ ,himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,except 9 ! pres5ce ( ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 :o came to draw wat] f ! well1 !re is no record$ in/ance ( an av[al ( ,8 ,messiah%ip outside ! imm$iate circle ( ! disciples4#bgh ,he =bade ! devils :om ,he _h ca/ out1 & t recogniz$ ,him1 to proclaim ,8 ,messiah%ip4#bgi ,:5 ! ,jews said to ,him1 ,h[ long do/ ?\ make u d\bt8 if ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 tell u pla9ly1 ,jesus simply ref]r$ !m to ,8 works1 & made no fur!r answ] t c\ld be us$ z te/imony aga9/ ,him4#bhj ,he reveal$ ,himself to ,8 foll[]s z ! ,messiah1 & p]mitt$ !m to confess ,him z su*1 b =bade !m to make ! matt] public4 ,!n *>g$ he 8 disciples t !y %\ld tell no man t he 0 ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/4#bha ,x w ?us be se5 t probably no two witnesses :o 7 legally compet5t to te/ify c\ld h be5 secur$ to condemn ,jesus ^u ! *>ge pref]r$ at ! trial4 ,9 _! desp]ation1 !n1 ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 compell$ to employ false te/imony & a confession :i* 0 equally illegal4 ,,po9t ,,ix ,,! ,,condemnation ,,( ,,jesus ,,0 ,,illegal ,,because ,,! ,,v]dict ,,( ,,! ,,sanh$r9 ,,0 ,,unanim\s ,,law ,a simultane\s & unanim\s v]dict ( guilt r5d]$ on ! day ( ! trial has ! effect ( an acquittal4--,,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #ada4 ,if none ( ! judges def5d ! culprit1 i4e41 all pron\nce him guilty1 hav+ no def5d] 9 ! c\rt1 ! v]dict ( guilty 0 invalid & ! s5t5ce ( dea? c\ld n be execut$4--,,rabbi ,,wise1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #gd4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,few /rang] rules c be f\nd 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( ! _w ?an t provision ( ,hebrew law :i* =bade a conviction to re/ ^u ! unanim\s vote ( ! judges4 ,a comp>ison in/antane\sly & almo/ inevitably arises 9 ! m9d betwe5 ! ,saxon & ,hebrew requirem5t 9 ! matt] ( unanimity 9 ! v]dict4 ,! f9e/ =m ( m9d ( antiquity1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,greek & ,roman1 0 ! ,hebrew4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ types ( intellect ( ! mod]n _w is t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,! ,hebrew organiz$ ! ,sanh$r91 &1 "u ,god1 end[$ x ) judicial & spiritual attributes4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon1 on ! %ores ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 orig9at$ ! mod]n jury & inve/$ x ) its di/9ctive legal traits4 ,) ! ,anglo-,saxon jury a unanim\s v]dict is necess>y to convict1 b ) ! ,hebrew ,sanh$r9 unanimity 0 fatal1 & result$ 9 an acquittal4 ,a great mod]n writ]#bhb has decl>$ t law is ! p]fection ( reason4 ,b :5 we contemplate ! diff]5ces 9 ,hebrew & ,saxon laws we are incl9$ to ask1 9 seek+ ! degree ( p]fection1 ^: law & ^: reason8 ,b1 aft] all1 ! ,jewi% rule is n s unreasonable z x fir/ appe>s1 :5 we come to consid] ! reason ( its orig94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we h se5 9 ,"p ,,ii1 !re 7 no lawy]s or advocates1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! judges 7 8 def5d]s4 ,n[ if ! v]dict 0 unanim\s 9 favor ( condemnation x 0 evid5t t ! prison] _h _h no fri5d or def5d] 9 c\rt4 ,to ! ,jewi% m9d ?is 0 almo/ equival5t to mob viol5ce4 ,x argu$ conspiracy1 at lea/4 ,! elem5t ( m]cy1 :i* 0 requir$ to ent] into e ,hebrew v]dict1 0 abs5t 9 su* a case4 ,aga91 ?is rule ( unanimity 0 only ano!r =m or /atem5t ( ! requirem5t t ! c\rt def] f9al action1 9 case ( conviction1 to ! next day 9 ord] t "t = delib]ation & reflection might int]v5e4 ,9 o!r words1 ,hebrew law =bade precipitancy 9 capital proce$+s4 ,& :at c\ld be m precipitate ?an an in/antane\s & unanim\s v]dict8 ,b :]e all sudd5ly agree on conviction1 does x n seem1 asks a mod]n ,jewi% writ]1 t ! convict is a victim ( conspiracy & t ! v]dict is n ! result ( sob] reason & calm delib]ation8 ,b h[ did !y convict "u ,hebrew law8 ,by a majority vote ( at lea/ two4 ,a majority ( "o w\ld acquit4 ,a majority ( two1 or any majority less ?an unanimity1 w\ld convict4#bhc ,if ! accus$ _h "o fri5d 9 c\rt1 ! v]dict ( condemnation w\ld /&1 s9ce ! elem5t ( m]cy 0 pres5t & ! _s ( conspiracy or mob viol5ce 0 abs5t4 ,sev5ty-"o con/itut$ ! memb]%ip ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,if all ! memb]s 7 pres5t & vot$1 at lea/ ?irty-sev5 7 requir$ to convict4 ,?irty-six w\ld acquit4 ,if a b>e quorum1 tw5ty-?ree memb]s1 0 pres5t1 at lea/ ?irte5 7 requir$ to convict4 ,twelve w\ld acquit4 ,?is rule seems ridicul\s & absurd1 :5 view$ 9 ! light ( a brutal & und5iable crime4 ,if ! facts con/itut+ su* a crime _h be5 prov$ aga9/ a ,jewi% prison] beyond any possibility ( d\bt1 if su* facts 7 app>5t to ev]ybody1 /ill x seems t ! rule above /at$ requir$ t ! def5dant h at lea/ "o advocate & "o vote among ! judges2 else1 ! v]dict 0 invalid & c\ld n /&4 ,su* a proc$ure c\ld be ju/ifi$ on no o!r gr\nd ?an t exceptional cases %\ld n be p]mitt$ to de/roy a rule ( action t 9 its g5]al op]ation _h be5 f\nd to be bo? g5]\s & j4 ,n[ ! condemnation ( ,jesus 0 illegal because ! v]dict ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 unanim\s4 ,we le>n ?is f ,m>k1 :o says3 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s & sai?1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witnesses8 ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4#bhd ,if !y all condemn$ ,him1 ! v]dict 0 unanim\s & !re=e illegal4 ,! o!r ,evangeli/s d n tell u t ! v]dict 0 unanim\s2 nei!r d !y d5y x4 ,m>k's te/imony /&s alone & uncontradict$2 !re=e we mu/ assume t x is true4 ,rabbi ,wise#bhe & ,signor ,rosadi#bhf call att5tion to ! fact t ! v]dict 0 unanim\s4 ,! =m] seeks to ridicule ,m>k z an au?ority because a unanim\s v]dict 0 illegal "u ,hebrew law1 & ! di/+ui%$ ,hebrew writ] does n conceive t ,hebrew judges c\ld h made su* a mi/ake4 ,su* argum5t1 r$uc$ to ultimate analysis1 means1 accord+ to ,rabbi ,wise1 t !re 7 c]ta9 rules ( ,hebrew law t c\ld n be & 7 nev] violat$4 ,9 ?is connection1 x has be5 frequ5tly ask$3 ,0 ! entire ,sanh$r9 pres5t at ! night trial ( ,jesus8 ,7 ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a pres5t8 ,if !y 7 pres5t1 did !y vote aga9/ ,jesus8 ,^! que/ions c be answ]$ only 9 ! light ( ! au?orities4 ,only two ( ! ,gospel writ]s1 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 tell u ( ! night trial4 ,bo? decl>e t all ! c\ncil 7 pres5t4#bhg ,! c\ncil 7concilium7 is ! ,vulgate1 ! ,lat9 ,new ,te/am5t designation ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,!n1 if all ! c\ncil 7 pres5t1 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 7 all pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,betray+ ,,kiss 7,,s*eff]7 ,conc]n+ ! numb] ( judges at ! second or daybreak meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r91 bo? ,mat!w & ,m>k aga9 decl>e t ! full memb]%ip 0 pres5t4 ,mat!w says3 ,:5 ! morn+ 0 come1 all ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p took c\nsel aga9/ ,jesus to put him to dea?4#bhh ,m>k says3 ,& /raightway 9 ! morn+ ! *ief prie/s held a consultation ) ! eld]s & scribes & ! :ole c\ncil1 & b\nd ,jesus1 & c>ri$ him away1 & deliv]$ him to ,pilate4#bhi ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t nei!r ,luke nor ,john contradicts ev5 remotely ! /atem5ts ( ,mat!w & ,m>k conc]n+ ! full att5dance ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 at ei!r ! night or morn+ trial4 ,! fir/ & second ,gospel writ]s !re=e corroborate ea* o!r1 & ! presumption ( ! law is t ea* told ! tru?4 ,& yet mo/ comm5tators & writ]s seem to be ( ! op9ion t all ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 n pres5t at ! night trial ( ,jesus4 ,!y insi/ t bo? ,mat!w & ,m>k 7 employ+ a figure ( spee*1 synecdo*e1 :5 !y said t all ! c\ncil 7 pres5t4 ,b ^! same writ]s seem to ?9k t ^! same ,evangeli/s 7 9 e>ne/ & speak+ lit]ally :5 !y decl>$ t all ! *ief prie/s & eld]s & ! :ole c\ncil 7 pres5t at ! morn+ trial4 ,we %all n attempt to settle ! "q b w leave x to ! read] to draw 8 own inf]5ces4 ,suffice x to say t z f> z ! rule /at$ 9 connection ) ,po9t ,,ix is conc]n$1 x 0 immat]ial :e!r ! full c\ncil 0 pres5t at ei!r meet+4 ,! rule aga9/ unanimity appli$ to a b>e quorum or to any numb] less ?an ! full ,sanh$r94 ,x 0 ! unanimity itself1 ( h[ev] few memb]s1 t c>ri$ ) x ! _s & sugge/ion ( mob viol5ce & conspiracy aga9/ :i* ,hebrew law prote/$4 ,! "q ( ! numb] ( memb]s t 7 pres5t at ! diff]5t meet+s ( ! ,sanh$r9 has be5 discuss$ 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 & z be>+ ^u ! conduct ( ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 :o 7 fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,nicodemus 0 c]ta9ly a memb] ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,?is we le>n f two passages ( ,new ,te/am5t scripture4#bij ,x is also believ$ t ,joseph ( ,arima!a 0 a memb] f a m]e sugge/ion 9 ano!r passage4#bia ,did ^! fri5ds ( ! ,*ri/ vote aga9/ ,him8 ,if !y 7 memb]s ( ! c\rt2 if ,mat!w & ,m>k wrote lit]ally :5 !y said t all ! c\ncil 7 pres5t2 & if ,m>k wrote lit]ally & tru?fully :5 he said t !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?2 !n x naturally & inevitably foll[s t bo? ,nicodemus & ,joseph vot$ aga9/ ,jesus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arre/ ,,( ,,jesus 7,,h(fman7 ,a numb] ( argum5ts h be5 (f]$ aga9/ ?is cont5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said t at a previ\s meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 ,nicodemus def5d$ ,jesus by ask+ 8 fell[-judges ?is "q3 ,do? our law judge any man be=e x he> him & "k :at he doe?8#bib ,x is ass]t$ t !re is no good reason to believe t ,nicodemus def5d$ ,jesus at ?is meet+ & turn$ aga9/ ,him at a subsequ5t "o1 t !re is a presumption ( a cont9uance ( fidelity4 ,b is ?is good reason+8 ,did n ,pet] cut (f ! e> ( ! high prie/'s s]vant1 ,mal*us1 9 def5se ( ,jesus at midnight1 9 ! g>d51 & !n )9 ?ree h\rs aft]w>ds d5y t he knew ,jesus8 ,!re is no good reason to believe t ,nicodemus 0 brav] or m con/ant ?an ,pet]1 = ! =m] seems to h be5 ei!r a%am$ or afraid to express 8 affection = ! ,ma/] dur+ ! daytime1 b pref]r$ to d x at night4#bic ,conc]n+ ! "p tak5 by ,nicodemus 9 ! f9al proce$+s1 ,rosadi says3 ,! v]dict 0 unanim\s4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 :o 7 secretly favorable to ! ,accus$ 7 ei!r abs5t or else !y vot$ aga9/ him4 ,nicodemus 0 among/ ! abs5tees1 or among/ ^? t vot$ aga9/ him4 ,at all ev5ts1 he did n raise 8 voice aga9/ ! pron\ncem5t express$ by acclamation4 ,if ,joseph ( ,arima!a 0 a memb] ( ! ,great ,sanh$r91 x seems t he _h n cons5t$ to ! c\nsel & ! de$ ( !m4#bid ,b x is impossible to tell c]ta9ly to :i* "o ( ! ?ree meet+s ( ! ,sanh$r91 held )9 ! six mon?s prec$+ ! crucifixion1 ?is language ref]s4 ,! def5se ( ,jesus (f]$ by ,nicodemus 0 c]ta9ly n at ! f9al meet+ :i* condemn$ ,jesus4 ,x may be t ! ref]5ce to ! prote/ ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a also ref]r$ to a prior meet+4 ,its connection 9 ,luke seems to make x ref] to ! la/ trial1 b ?is is n c]ta94 ,nei!r is x c]ta9 t ,joseph 0 a memb] ( ! ,great ,sanh$r91 & 8 failure to cons5t1 if he 7 n a memb]1 w\ld n di/urb ! cont5tion made 9 ,po9t ,,ix ( ! ,brief4 ,ev5 if he 7 a memb]1 8 failure to cons5t w\ld n de/roy ! cont5tion1 s9ce anci5t ,hebrew judges1 l mod]n ,am]ican jurors1 c\ld h fir/ prote/$ aga9/ _! action & !n h vot$ ) !m4 ,! poll+ ( ! jury1 "u mod]n law1 has ref]5ce1 among o!r ?+s1 to ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,b we may admit t bo? ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 z well z _m o!rs1 7 abs5t1 z ,rosadi sugge/s1 & /ill cont5d t ! v]dict aga9/ ,jesus 0 illegal because x 0 unanim\s1 z ,m>k assures u1 s9ce ! numb] ( judges pres5t 0 immat]ial1 provid$ !re 0 a quorum ( at lea/ tw5ty-?ree & _! v]dict 0 unanim\s aga9/ ! accus$4 ,accord+ to ! second ,gospel writ]1 !re seems to be no d\bt t ?is 0 ! case 9 ! judgm5t pron\nc$ aga9/ ,jesus4 ,,po9t ,x ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,aga9/ ,,jesus ,,7 ,,illegal ,,9 ,,t3 7#a7 ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,( ,,condemnation ,,0 ,,pron\nc$ ,,9 ,a ,,place ,,=bidd5 ,,by ,,law2 7#b7 ,,! ,,high ,,prie/ ,,r5t ,,8 ,,clo!s2 7#c7 ,,! ,,ballot+ ,,0 ,,irregul> ,,law ,aft] leav+ ! hall ,gazi? no s5t5ce ( dea? c be pass$ ^u anyone soev]4--,,talmud1 ,bab41 ,abodah ,z>ah1 or ( ,idolatry1 ,*ap4 ,i4 fol4 #h4 ,a s5t5ce ( dea? c be pron\nc$ only s long z ! ,sanh$r9 holds its sessions 9 ! appo9t$ place4--,,maimonides1 ,sanh$r9 ,,xiv4 ,& he t is ! high prie/ among 8 bre?r51 ^u ^: head ! ano9t+ oil 0 p\r$1 & t is consecrat$ to put on ! g>m5ts1 %all n uncov] 8 head1 nor r5d 8 clo!s4--,,leviticus xxi4 #aj4 ,& ,moses said unto ,a>on1 & unto ,eleaz>1 & unto ,i?am>1 8 sons1 ,uncov] n y\r heads1 nei!r r5d y\r clo!s2 le/ ye die1 & le/ wra? come ^u all ! p4--,,leviticus x4 #f4 ,let ! judges ea* 9 8 turn absolve or condemn4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,xv4 #e4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 seat$ 9 ! =m ( a semicircle at ! extremity ( :i* a secret>y 0 plac$1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to record ! votes4 ,"o ( ^! secret>ies record$ ! votes 9 favor ( ! accus$1 ! o!r ^? aga9/ him4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #c4 ,9 ord9>y cases ! judges vot$ accord+ to s5iority1 ! olde/ comm5c+2 9 a capital trial1 ! rev]se ord] 0 foll[$4 ,t ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 %\ld n be influ5c$ by ! views or argum5ts ( _! m mature1 m exp]i5c$ colleagues1 ! junior judge 0 9 ^! cases always ! fir/ to pron\nce = or aga9/ a conviction4--,,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 pp4 #gc1 #gd4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,9 ! trial ( capital cases1 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 0 requir$ to meet 9 an ap>tm5t ( ! ,national ,temple at ,j]usalem1 kn[n z ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones 7,li%kha? haggazi?74 ,outside ( ?is hall no capital trial c\ld be conduct$ & no capital s5t5ce c\ld be pron\nc$4#bie ,?is place 0 select$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,mosaic injunction3 ,?\ %alt d accord+ to ! t5or ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* !y may po9t out to !e f ! place :i* ! ,"l %all *oose4#bif ,! ,rabbis argu$ t ! ,great ,c\ncil c\ld n try a capital case or pron\nce a dea? s5t5ce1 unless x met & rema9$ 9 ! place *os5 by ,god1 :i*1 !y cont5d$1 %\ld be an ap>tm5t ( ! ,great ,temple4 ,! ,li%kha? haggazi? 0 *os51 & cont9u$ = _m ye>s to be ! meet+ place ( ! supreme tribunal4 ,b ,jesus 0 n tri$ or condemn$ to dea? 9 ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones1 z ,hebrew law requir$4 ,x is cle>ly evid5t1 f ! ,gospels1 t ,he 0 tri$ & s5t5c$ 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 probably on ,m\nt ,zion4 ,x is cont5d$ by ! ,jews1 h[ev]1 t soon aft] ! ,roman conque/ ( ,judea ! ,great ,sanh$r9 remov$ f ! sacr$ place to ,be?any1 & f !re to o!r places1 z occasion requir$4 ,& !re is a ,jewi% tradition t ! c\rt return$ to ! accu/om$ place on ! occasion ( ! trial & condemnation ( ,jesus4#big ,9 opposition to ?is1 ,ed]%eim says3 ,!re is truly n a tittle ( evid5ce = ! assumption ( comm5tators t ,*ri/ 0 l$ f ! palace ( ,caiaphas into ! ,c\ncil ,*amb] 7,li%kha? haggazi?74 ,! :ole proce$+s took place 9 ! =m]1 & f x ,*ri/ 0 br\ght to ,pilate4#bih ,/4 ,john emphatically decl>es3 ,!n l$ !y ,jesus f ,caiaphas into ! hall ( judgm5t4#bii ,?is ,hall ( ,judgm5t 0 ! ,prtorium ( ,pilate4 ,! fir/ irregul>ity1 !n1 not$ "u ,po9t ,x is t ,jesus 0 tri$ & condemn$ 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas in/ead ( ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones1 ! regul> legal meet+ place ( ! ,great ,sanh$r94 ,! second error not$ "u ,po9t ,x is t :i* relates to ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts by ! high prie/4 ,an ord9>y ,israelite c\ld1 z an emblem ( b]eavem5t1 te> 8 g>m5ts1 b to ! high prie/ x 0 =bidd51 because 8 ve/m5ts1 be+ made aft] ! express ord]s ( ,god1 7 figurative ( 8 (fice4#cjj ,:5 ,jesus confess$ t ,he 0 ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god1 ,caiaphas seems to h lo/ 8 balance & to h committ$ errors ) all ! rapidity ( spee*4 ,!n ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 & sai?1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witnesses8 ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4#cja ,9 ?is language & conduct ( ! son-9-law ( ,annas !re 7 sev]al irregul>ities 9 proc$ure4 ,! fir/ 0 ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts report$ by ,mat!w & ,m>k1 :i* act 0 =bidd5 by ! provisions ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 record$ 9 ,leviticus & cit$ above4 ,b x is only fair to /ate ! diss5t+ op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! times ( ,*ri/ x seems to h be5 ! cu/om among ! ,jews to r5d ! g>m5ts z a sign ( horror & execration1 :5ev] blasphem\s language 0 he>d4 ,ed]%eim /ates ! rule3 ,!y all he>d x--&1 z ! law direct$1 :5 blasphemy 0 spok51 ! high prie/ r5t bo? 8 out] & inn] g>m5t1 ) a r5t t might nev] be repair$4#cjb ,! law "h ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 is ! ,rabb9ic or ,talmudic & n ! ,mosaic law4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,mosaic ,code 0 ! con/itution or fundam5tal law ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! ,talmudic law embodi$ 9 ! ,mi%na 01 9 a s5se1 a m]e comm5t>y ^u ! ,mosaic law4 ,we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,i ( ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume t ! traditional law 0 bas$ ^u1 d]iv$ f1 & inspir$ by ! writt5 law conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is true t ! ,talmud1 :ile pr(ess+ subord9ation to ! ,p5tateu*1 f9ally virtually sup]s$$ x z an adm9i/rative code4 ,b ! doctors nev] repeal$ a ,mosaic injunction1 s9ce x 0 an emanation ( ! m9d ( ,jehovah & c\ld n be abrogat$ by human intellig5ce4 ,:5 an anci5t ord9ance ceas$ to be ( practical value ! ,jewi% legi/s simply decl>$ t x _h fall5 into desuetude4 ,& :5ev] a new law 0 proclaim$ to meet an em]g5cy 9 ! life ( ! ,hebrew p ! ,rabb9s decl>$ t x 0 d]iv$ f & inspir$ by "s decree :i* ,god _h h&$ d[n to ,moses = ! b5efit ( ! nation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,mosaic ,code 0 ,israel's div9e con/itution :i* 0 to s]ve z a /&>d = all future legislation4 ,& z ! ,jewi% lawmak]s 7 n p]mitt$ to repeal a ,mosaic ord9ance1 nei!r 7 !y all[$ to e/abli% a rule 9 contrav5tion ( x4 ,n[ ! ,p5tateu* =bade ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts4 ,!n did ! ,talmudi/s h a "r to decl>e t ! law might be *ang$ or brok5 9 ! case ( blasphemy8 ,t !y did is d5i$ by _m writ]s4 ,b admitt+ ! validity ( ! ,talmudic rule1 x is nev]!less beyond dispute t ! high prie/ 0 =bidd5 to r5d 8 clo!s on ,sabba?s & holidays4 ,& z ,jesus 0 condemn$ on bo? a ,sabba? & a fe/ival day1 ! high prie/'s action 9 r5d+ 8 clo!s on t day 0 illegal4#cjc ,aga91 ! proce$+s aga9/ ,jesus 7 illegal because ! ballot+ 0 irregul>4 ,?is is ! ?ird error not$ "u ,po9t ,x4 ,! ,hebrew law requir$ t ea* judge1 :5 8 "t came to vote ^u ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! accus$1 %\ld rise 9 8 place1 decl>e 8 vote1 & /ate 8 reasons = s vot+4 ,9 capital cases ! y\nge/ judge 0 requir$ to vote fir/1 9 ord] t he might n be unduly influ5c$ by ! example ( 8 s5iors 9 age & au?ority4 ,! ballot+ cont9u$ 9 ?is mann] f ! y\nge/ memb] to ! high prie/1 :o 0 g5]ally among ! olde/4 ,two scribes--accord+ to "s writ]s1 ?ree--7 pres5t to record ! votes & to note ! reasons /at$4 ,^! records 7 to be us$ on ! second day ( ! trial 9 comp>+ ! argum5ts ( ! judges on t day ) ^? (f]$ on ! fir/ day4 ,judges :o _h vot$ = acquittal on ! fir/ day c\ld n *ange _! votes on ! second day4 ,^? :o _h vot$ = conviction on ! fir/ day might *ange _! votes on ! second day1 by assign+ good reasons4 ,^? :o _h vot$ = conviction on ! fir/ day c\ld n vote = conviction on ! second day1 if ! reasons assign$ on ! second day 7 radically diff]5t f ^? assign$ on ! fir/ day4#cjd ,x w ?us be se5 h[ v ess5tial 7 ! records ( ! scribes & h[ important x 0 t !y %\ld be correctly kept4 ,h5ce ! necessity1 accord+ to ,b5ny1 ( a ?ird scribe ^: notes might be us$ to correct any discrepancies 9 ! reports ( ! o!r two4 ,n[ are we ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ?is 0 ! me?od employ$ 9 c\nt+ votes at ! trial ( ,jesus8 ,! law w n p]mit u to presume errors4 ,we mu/ r assume t ?is 0 ! me?od employ$1 unless ! ,gospel record indicates1 ei!r by pla9 /atem5t or by reasonable con/ruction1 t x 0 n ! me?od us$4 ,9 ?is connection1 let u review ! language ( ! ,scriptures4 ,ye h he>d ! blasphemy3 :at ?9k ye8 ,& !y all condemn$ him to be guilty ( dea?4 ,is x n cle>ly evid5t1 f ?is passage1 t ! ballot+ 0 n done s+ly1 ! y\nge/ vot+ fir/1 z ,hebrew law requir$8 ,c x n be se5 at a glance t ! judges vot$ en masse8 ,if !y did1 0 x possible = ! scribes to record ! votes & make a note ( ! reasons assign$1 z ! law requir$8 ,if ^! ?+s 7 n done1 7 ! proce$+s regul>8 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,caiaphas1 be=e call+ = ! votes exclaim$3 ,he ha? spok5 blasphemy4#cje ,in/ead ( do+ ?is %\ld he n1 "u ! law1 h c>efully conceal$ 8 op9ion until ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! c\rt _h vot$8 ,is x n a matt] ( hi/ory t ! op9ion ( ! high prie/ 0 reg>d$ z almo/ infallible au?ority among ! anci5t ,hebrews8 ,did n ?is premature decl>ation ( guilt on ! "p ( ! high prie/ rob ! subord9ate judges ( fre$om ( suffrage8 ,! conduct ( ! case at ! close1 :5 ! ballot+ took place1 seems to ju/ify ! view ( ^? writ]s :o ass]t t !re 0 no regul> trial ( ,jesus1 b r ! action ( a mob4 ,,po9t ,,xi ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sanh$r9 ,,7 ,,legally ,,disqualifi$ ,,to ,,try ,,jesus ,,law ,! robe ( ! unfairly elect$ judge is to be respect$ n m ?an ! blanket ( ! ass4--,,m5delsohn1 ,hebrew ,maxims & ,rules1 p4 #ahb4 ,z ,moses sat 9 judgm5t )\t ! expectation ( mat]ial rew>d1 s also mu/ e judge act f a s5se ( duty only4--,,m5delsohn1 ,hebrew ,maxims & ,rules1 p4 #agg4 ,nor mu/ !re be on ! judicial b5* ei!r a relation1 or a p>ticul> fri5d1 or an enemy ( ei!r ! accus$ or ( ! accus]4--,,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #ajh4 ,he 7! ,hebrew judge7 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be mode/1 ( good repute among 8 neighbors1 & g5]ally lik$4--,,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ch4 ,nor "u any circum/ances1 0 a man kn[n to be at enmity ) ! accus$ p]son p]mitt$ to occupy a position among 8 judges4--,,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #cg4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,! ,gospel records disclose ! fact t ! memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 7 legally disqualifi$ to try ,jesus4 ,?is disqualification 0 ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,a g5]al disqualification1 "u ,hebrew law1 to act z judges 9 any case2 7#b7 a special disqualification to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! life ( ,jesus4 ,among all ! great sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce ( ! _w ! anci5t ,hebrew sy/em 0 ! mo/ exact+ 9 ! matt] ( judicial fitness4 ,9 ! palmie/ days ( ! ,hebrew ,commonweal? ! memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 repres5t$ ! mo/ p]fect m5tal1 moral1 & physical developm5t ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,a man c\ld n be a memb] ( ?is c\rt :o _h any s]i\s m5tal1 moral1 or physical defect4 ,he mu/ h be5 le>n$ 9 ! law1 bo? writt5 & unwritt54 ,he mu/ h _h judicial exp]i5ce2 t is1 he mu/ h fill$ ?ree (fices ( gradually increas+ dignity1 beg9n+ ) "o ( ! local c\rts & pass+ successively ?r\gh two magi/racies at ,j]usalem4 ,he mu/ h be5 an accompli%$ l+ui/2 t is1 he mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! languages ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,he mu/ h be5 mode/1 popul>1 ( good appe>ance1 & free f haught9ess4 ,he mu/ h be5 pi\s1 /rong1 & c\rage\s4 ,& above all1 he mu/ h be5 fri5dly 9 8 attitude t[>d ! accus$4#cjf ,^! 7 ! qualifications ( ,israel's judges be=e ,roman politics _h corrupt$ !m4 ,b at ! "t ( ,*ri/ !y _h gr[n to be "t-s]v+1 deg5]ate1 & corrupt4 ,judea 0 !n pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( religi\s & political revolution4 ,at su* a "t 9 any /ate1 z all hi/ory tea*es u1 ! wor/ elem5ts ( society g5]ally get ! upp] h& & control ! political curr5ts ( ! day4 ,_m memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 _h !mselves be5 guilty ( crim9al acts 9 bo? public & private life4 ,_m ( !m held (fice by pur*ase--!y _h b\ght _! seats4 ,!y 7 ?us unfitt$ to be judges 9 any case2 especially 9 "o involv+ ! great "q ( life & dea?4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! g5]al disqualification1 "u ! te/ ( ,hebrew law1 ( ! memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r91 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 to ex]cise judicial functions1 x is necess>y to quote only ,jewi% au?orities4 ,9 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 ,rabbi ,wise says3 ,! *ief prie/s1 "u ! iron rule ( ,pilate & 8 wick$ ma/]1 ,sejan1 7 ! tools ( ! ,roman soldi]s :o held ,judea & ,sam>ia 9 subjection4 ,l ! high prie/1 !y 7 appo9t$ to & remov$ f (fice by ! ,roman gov]nor ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,!y pur*as$ _! commissions = high prices &1 l almo/ all ,roman appo9tees1 us$ !m = m]c5>y purposes4 ,!y 7 consid]$ wick$ m5 by ! anci5t writ]s & mu/ h /ood v l[ 9 ! e/imation ( ! p ov] :om !y tyranniz$4 ,! patriots mu/ h look$ ^u !m z hirel+s ( ! =eign despot ^: rule 0 abhorr$4 ,al?\gh !re 01 "h & !re1 a good1 pi\s & patriotic man among !m1 he 0 an exception4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 & "u ! rule ( ,pilate1 especially1 !y 7 ! corrupt tools ( a milit>y despotism :i* ,rome impos$ ^u enslav$ ,pale/9e4 ,aga91 ! ,talmud1 9 :i* we nev] look = slurs ^u ! ,hebrew p1 :]e slurs are n des]v$1 conta9s ?is bitt] d5unciation ( ! high-prie/ly families ( ! times ( ,*ri/3 ,:at a plague is ! family ( ,simon ,boe?us2 curs$ be _! lances6 ,:at a plague is ! family ( ,ananos2 curs$ be _! hiss+ ( vip]s6 ,:at a plague is ! family ( ,can?>us2 curs$ be _! p5s6 ,:at a plague is ! family ( ,ismael b5 ,phabi2 curs$ be _! fi/s6 ,!y are high prie/s !mselves1 _! sons are treasur]s1 _! sons-9-law are comm&]s1 & _! s]vants /rike ! p ) /aves4 ,9 l mann] ! ,talmud1 9 )]+ rebuke & s>casm1 aga9 decl>es t ,! por* ( ! sanctu>y cri$ out f\r times4 ,! fir/ "t1 ,dep>t f "h1 desc5dants ( ,eli2 ye pollute ! ,temple ( ! ,et]nal6 ,! second "t1 ,let ,issa*> b5 ,keif> ,b>*i dep>t f "h1 :o pollut$ himself & pr(ane? ! victims consecrat$ to ,god6 ,! ?ird "t1 ,wid5 y\rselves1 ye gates ( ! sanctu>y & let ,israel b5 ,phabi1 ! wilful1 ent] t he may dis*>ge ! functions ( ! prie/hood6 ,yet ano!r cry 0 he>d1 ,wid5 y\rselves1 ye gates1 & let ,ananias b5 ,neb$eus1 ! g\rm&1 ent]1 t he may glut himself on ! victims4#cjg ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! high-prie/ly families s sca?+ly dealt ) by ! ,talmud 7 ! controll+ spirits 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,7 !y legally qualifi$1 !n1 "u ! anci5t & honorable te/s ( ,hebrew law1 to be memb]s ( ! highe/ c\rt 9 ! l&8 ,if !y b\ght _! (fices & us$ !m = m]c5>y purposes1 z ,wise ass]ts1 7 !y wor?y ( ! great exempl>1 ,moses1 :o sat 9 judgm5t )\t ! expectation ( mat]ial rew>d8 ,if !y ?us secur$ _! places & pro/itut$ !m to selfi% purposes1 7 _! robes to be respect$ any m ?an ! blanket ( ! ass8 ,! anci5t ,hebrew judges1 9 ! days ( ,israel's purity & glory1 submitt$ _! claims to judicial pref]m5t to ! suffrage ( a lov+ & confid+ p4#cjh ,!y climb$ ! rungs ( ! judicial ladd] by sl[ & pa9ful degrees4 ,integrity & ability m>k$ ea* advance t[>d ! top4 ,0 ?is ! process ( promotion 9 ! case ( ,caiaphas & 8 fell[-judges8 ,did _! b\ght & corrupt$ places n br& !m ) ! ana!ma ( ! law8 ,we come n[ to consid] ! special disqualifications ( memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! reasons = ^! disqualifications 7 two3 7#a7 ,! memb]s ( ?is c\rt 71 9 ! language ( ,jo/1 burn+ enemies ( ,jesus1 & 7 !re=e disqualifi$1 "u ,hebrew law1 to act z ,8 judges2 7#b7 !y _h det]m9$ ^u ,8 guilt1 & _h s5t5c$ ,him to dea? be=e ! trial began2 & _h ?us outrag$ n only a specific provision ( ,hebrew law b also a pr9ciple ( univ]sal ju/ice4 ,! v>i\s causes ( ! hatr$ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 = ,jesus are too num]\s & pr(\nd to admit ( exhau/ive treatm5t "h4 ,a ?or\gh analysis ( ^! causes w\ld necessitate a review ( ! life ( ,*ri/ f ! mang] to ! sepul*]4 ,a few reasons w suffice4 ,b at ?is po9t a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 t p]sonal hatr$ :i* disqualifies & ! hatr$ & loa?+ ( ! crime t d n disqualify4 ,e j & righte\s judge %\ld loa! & hate ! crime itself2 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( loa?+ & dislike = ! crim9al is mo/ natural & almo/ inevitable4 ,b no judge is qualifi$ to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! rights ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty ( ano!r :om he hates z ! result ( a p]sonal grudge1 born ( p]sonal exp]i5ce ) ! prison] at ! b>4 ,! hatr$ t disqualifi$ ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r91 "u ,hebrew law1 0 t k9d ( hatr$ t _h be5 g5]at$ by p]sonal int]e/ & exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ m]ciless invective1 b>b$ ) incomp>able wit1 ridicule1 & satire1 _h be5 daily hurl$ at !m by ,jesus ) )]+ effect4 ,) a t\* m pot5t ?an t ( ,i?uriel's spe> ,he _h unmask$ _! wick$ hypocrisy & _h blazon$ x to ! skies4 ,e day ( ,8 active m9i/ry1 :i* la/$ ab\t ?ree ye>s1 _h be5 sp5t 9 d5\nc+ _! %ameless practices & _! guilty lives4 ,! ,scribes & ,ph>isees 7 pr\d1 haughty1 & conceit$ beyond description4 ,!y believ$ implicitly 9 ! infallibility ( _! au?ority & 9 ! p]fection ( _! s\ls4 ,h[ gall+1 !n1 to su* m5 mu/ h be5 ?is decl>ation ( an obscure & l[ly ,naz>5e3 ,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,t ! publicans & ! h>lots g into ! k+dom ( ,god be=e y4#cji ,:at impetu\s invective ?is3 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye dev\r wid[s' h\ses1 & = a pret5se make long pray]3 !re=e ye %all receive ! great] damnation4 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte1 & :5 he is made1 ye make him tw(old m ! *ild ( hell ?an y\rselves4#caj ,we c well imag9e h[ ^! fi]y d>ts pi]c$ & tore ! vanity ( a haughty & contemptu\s prie/hood4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! diff]5ce 9 ! sph]es ( ,jesus & ( ,8 enemies4 ,he1 an obscure prophet f ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee2 !y1 ! lead]s ( ,israel & ! gu>dians ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,he1 ! s+le advocate ( ! ,new ,disp5sation2 !y1 ! manifold uphold]s ( ! ,old4 ,he1 )\t e>?ly au?ority 9 ! propagation ( ,8 fai?2 !y1 clo!d ) ! sanction ( ! law & ! pre/ige ( a mighty pa/4 ,imag9e1 !n1 if y c1 ! int5sity ( ! hatr$ eng5d]$ by ! language & ! conduct ( ,jesus4 ,t we may fully appreciate ! t5sion ( ! situation let u ca/ a s+le glance at ! "* ( ! ,scribes4 ,ed]%eim has writt5 ^! wond]fully graphic l9es ab\t !m3 ,he pu%es to ! front1 ! cr[d respectfully giv+ way1 & eag]ly hang+ on 8 utt]ances1 z ^? ( a recogniz$ au?ority4 ,he has be5 solemnly orda9$ by ! lay+ on ( h&s2 & is ! ,rabbi1 my great "o1 ,ma/]1 amplitudo4 ,inde$1 8 hyp]-+5uity 9 que/ion+ has become a prov]b4 ,!re is n measure ( 8 dignity1 nor yet limit to 8 importance4 ,he is ! lawy]1 ! well-pla/]$ pit1 fill$ ) ! wat] ( k1 out ( :i* n a drop c escape1 9 opposition to ! we$s ( untill$ soil ( ignorance4 ,he is ! div9e ari/ocrat1 among ! vulg> h]d ( rude & pr(ane c\ntry p1 :o "k n ! law1 & are curs$4 ,ea* scribe outweigh$ all ! common p1 :o mu/ accord+ly pay him e honor4444 ,su* 0 to be ! respect paid to _! say+s t !y 7 to be absolutely believ$1 ev5 if !y 7 to decl>e t to be at ! "r h& :i* 0 at ! left1 or vice-v]sa4#caa ,:at c\ld1 !n1 be m t]rific ?an ! hatr$ ( su* a "* = an unlett]$ ,galilean :o desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s ( ,8 native prov9ce to rebuke & in/ruct ! div9e ari/ocrats 9 religi\s matt]s & heav5ly affairs8 ,imag9e 8 rage & *agr9 :5 he he>d ^! words3 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye are l unto :it$ sepul*res1 :i* inde$ appe> beautiful outw>d1 b are )9 full ( dead m5's bones1 & all uncleanness4444 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 because ye build ! tombs ( ! prophets1 & g>ni% ! sepul*res ( ! righte\s1 ,& say1 ,if we _h be5 9 ! days ( our fa!rs1 we w\ld n h be5 p>tak]s ) !m 9 ! blood ( ! prophets4 ,:]e=e ye be witnesses unto y\rselves1 t ye are ! *ildr5 ( !m :i* kill$ ! prophets4 ,fill ye up !n ! measure ( y\r fa!rs4 ,ye s]p5ts1 ye g5]ation ( vip]s1 h[ c ye escape ! damnation ( hell8#cab ,8 exquisite irony1 says ,r5an1 ,8 /++ rem>ks1 always w5t to ! he>t4 ,!y 7 ev]la/+ /+s1 & h rema9$ fe/]+ 9 ! w\nd4 ,?is ,nessus-%irt ( ridicule :i* ! ,jew1 son ( ! ,ph>isees1 has dragg$ 9 tatt]s aft] him dur+ eighte5 c5turies1 0 wov5 by ,jesus ) a div9e skill4 ,ma/]pieces ( f9e raill]y1 _! features are writt5 9 l9es ( fire ^u ! fle% ( ! hypocrite & ! false devotee4 ,incomp>able traits wor?y ( a ,son ( ,god6 ,a god alone kn[s h[ to kill 9 ?is way4 ,socrates & ,molire only graz$ ! sk94 ,! =m] c>ri$ fire & rage to ! v m>r[4#cac ,are we n n[ ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+1 ) ,jo/1 t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r91 :o 7 none o!r ?an ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees above describ$ by ,jesus1 7 ! burn+ enemies ( ! prison] at ! b>8 ,if !y 71 7 !y legally qualifi$ to be ,8 judges8 ,b x may be argu$ t _! hatr$ 0 simply a =m ( righte\s indignation provok$ by ,8 repeat$ assaults ^u ! national religion & ! national in/itutions2 t x 0 _! duty z gu>dians ( bo? to bo? hate & try ,him2 & t !y w\ld h be5 d]elict 9 duty if !y _h n done s4 ,b x is app>5t f ! record & is evid5t to any fair-m9d$ read] t ! enmity ( ! judges t[>d ,jesus 0 m p]sonal ?an political1 m a private ?an a public affair4 ,9 support ( ?is cont5tion1 9 addition to ! )]+ language address$ to !m1 ! matt] ( ! purification ( ! ,temple may be m5tion$4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ ,jesus1 ) a scorpion la%1 sc\rg$ ! money-*ang]s & trad]s f ! ,sanctu>y4 ,n[ x is hi/orically true t ,annas & ,caiaphas & _! fri5ds own$ & controll$ ! /alls1 boo?s1 & baza>s connect$ ) ! ,temple & f :i* fl[$ a mo/ lucrative trade4 ,! pr(its f ! sale ( lambs & doves1 sold = sacrifice1 alone 7 enorm\s4 ,:5 ,jesus ?reat5$ ! de/ruction ( ?is trade ,he assault$ ! int]e/s ( ,annas & 8 associates 9 ! ,sanh$r9 9 a vital place4 ,?is grievance 0 c]ta9ly n s religi\s z x 0 p]sonal4 ,! driv+ ( ! cattle f ! /alls 0 probably m effective 9 compass+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ ?an any miracle t ,he p]=m$ or any disc\rse t ,he deliv]$4 ,b :atev] ! cause ! fact is hi/oric & indisputable t ! ,sanh$ri/s 7 enemies ( ,jesus1 & !re=e disqualifi$ "u ,hebrew law to try ,him4 ,a second reason = ! special disqualification ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 to sit z judges at ! trial ( ,*ri/ 0 ! fact t !y _h det]m9$ ^u ,8 guilt & _h s5t5c$ ,him to dea? be=e ! trial began4 ,?is po9t ne$s no ext5sive argum5t or illu/ration4 ,"u e enlight5$ sy/em ( ju/ice ! fir/ great qualification ( judges has be5 t !y %\ld be unbias$ & unprejudic$4 ,judicial proce$+s are murd]\s & no bett] ?an mob viol5ce :5 judges & jurors ent] ^u ! trial ( ! case ) a det]m9ation to convict ! accus$1 reg>dless ( ! te/imony4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ?is proposition are fundam5tal & self-evid5t4 ,n[ ! ,gospel n>ratives disclose ! fact t ?ree diff]5t meet+s ( ! ,sanh$r9 7 held 9 ! six mon?s prec$+ ! crucifixion1 to discuss ! miracles & disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & to devise ways & means to entrap ,him & put ,him to dea?4 ,! fir/ meet+ 0 held 9 ! latt] "p ( ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 ,a4,d4 #bi1 ab\t six mon?s be=e ! night trial 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas4 ,?is meet+ is record$ by ,/4 ,john 9 ,*ap4 vii41 v]ses #cg-ec4 ,! occasion 0 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :5 ,jesus made _m conv]ts by ,8 prea*+1 & at ! same "t caus$ mu* appreh5sion among ! ,ph>isees1 :o assembl$ ! ,sanh$r9 to adopt plans to *eck ,8 c>e]4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ,nicodemus def5d$ ,*ri/ & ask$ ! "q t %[s ! nature ( ! proce$+s at t "t4 ,do? our law judge any man be=e x he> him & "k :at he doe?8 ,?is 0 ! voice1 n only ( ,hebrew b ( univ]sal ju/ice dem&+ a he>+ be=e a condemnation4 ,no?+ def9ite seems to h be5 accompli%$ at ?is meet+4 ,! second session ( ! ,sanh$r9 took place 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 ,a4,d4 #cj1 ab\t six weeks be=e ! crucifixion4 ,! occasion ( ?is meet+ 0 ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 9 ,john xi4 #da-ec4 ,! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees seem to h be5 seiz$ ) con/]nation by ! reports ( ! progress ( ! propag&a ( ,jesus4 ,!y _h (t5 li/5$ contemptu\sly & 9 sull5 sil5ce to ! acc\nts ( ,8 miracul\s p]=mances4 ,b :5 ,he began to raise ! dead to life1 !y decid$ t x 0 ab\t "t to act4 ,at ?is meet+ ,caiaphas appeal$ to 8 associates 9 ! "n ( ! common weal4 ,ye "k no?+ at all1 he said1 nor consid] t x is exp$i5t = u1 t "o man %\ld die = ! p1 & t ! :ole nation p]i% n4#cad ,?is seems to h be5 a =m ( condemnation 9 :i* ! o!r judges jo9$4 ,!n f t day =? !y took c\nsel toge!r = to put him to dea?4#cae ,at ?is second session ( ! ,sanh$r9 ! dea? ( ,jesus seems to h be5 decre$ 9 an in=mal way & an opportunity 0 await$ = its accompli%m5t4 ,! ?ird meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 took place j a few days be=e ! ,pas*al ,fea/4 ,n[ ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread drew nigh1 :i* is call$ ! ,passov]4 ,& ! *ief prie/s & scribes s\ght h[ !y might kill him2 = !y fe>$ ! p4#caf ,!n assembl$ toge!r ! *ief prie/s1 & ! scribes1 & ! eld]s ( ! p1 unto ! palace ( ! high prie/1 :o 0 call$ ,caiaphas1 & consult$ t !y might take ,jesus by subtilty1 & kill him4 ,b !y said1 ,n on ! fea/ day1 le/ !re be an upro> among ! p4#cag ,at ?is ?ird session ( ! c\rt x 0 agre$ t ! arre/ & execution ( ,jesus %\ld be accompli%$ at ! e>lie/ possible date4 ,x w be se5 t at ^! diff]5t sessions ( ! ,sanh$r9 9 ! six mon?s prec$+ ! regul> trial ! judges _h resolv$ t ,jesus %\ld be done away ) at ! fir/ conv5i5t opportunity4 ,9 %ort1 & 9 fact1 _! hatr$ 0 =m$ & _! det]m9ation fix$ 9 ! matt] ( ! proce$+s to be in/itut$ aga9/ ,him4 ,7 !y1 !n1 legally qualifi$ to act z ,8 judges8 ,aga91 besides prejudg+ ,him to dea? _h !y n demon/rat$ _! total unfitness = any righte\s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by seek+ false witnesses aga9/ ,him8 ,hebrew law =bade !m to seek = witnesses ( any k9d4 ,!y 7 ! def5d]s ( ! accus$ &1 "u ! ,hebrew sy/em1 7 requir$ to se>* = pretexts to acquit & n = witnesses to condemn4#cah ,x 0 a maxim t ! ,sanh$r9 0 to save1 n to de/roy life4#cai ,mu* m 7 !y =bidd5 to seek = false witnesses4 ,hebrew law d5\nc$ false witnesses & condemn$ !m to ! v puni%m5t prescrib$ = ^? :om !y s\ght to convict4 ,& ! judges %all make dilig5t inquisition2 &1 behold1 if ! witness be a false witness1 & ha? te/ifi$ falsely aga9/ 8 bro!r2 !n %all ye d unto him1 z he _h ?\ght to d unto 8 bro!r4444 ,& ?9e eye %all n pity2 b life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4#cbj ,b "h we f9d ! judges actually seek+ te/imony :i* ! law po9t$ly prohibit$4 ,?is matt] alone e/abli%es _! utt] unfitness to try ,jesus1 & is explicable only on ! gr\nd ( ! degradation into :i* !y _h fall5 at ! "t ( ,*ri/ & on ! hypo!sis t _! burn+ hatr$ _h ov]:elm$ _! judgm5t & s5se ( ju/ice4 ,if x be object$ t ! po9ts ( disqualification above alleg$ 7 n applicable to all ! judges1 a s+le s5t5ce ( ,scripture meets ! objection3 ,& ! *ief prie/s & all ! c\ncil s\ght = witness aga9/ ,jesus to put ,him to dea?4#cba ,! fact t all ! c\ncil 7 will+ to outrage a provision ( ! fundam5tal law is suffici5t pro( t !y 7 all disqualifi$ to try ,*ri/4 ,ano!r conclusive pro( ( ! total unfitness ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 to try ,jesus is ! fact t !y s f> =got !mselves t !y ab&on$ all s5se ( self-respect & judicial dignity by brutally /rik+ ,him & spitt+ 9 ,8 face4 ,we w\ld l to believe t ?is outrage\s conduct 0 limit$ to ! s]vants ( ! prie/s1 b ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ,*ap4 xiv41 v]se #fe1 cle>ly indicates t ! judges !mselves 7 also guilty4 ,,po9t ,,xii ,,! ,,condemnation ,,( ,,jesus ,,0 ,,illegal ,,because ,,! ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,def5se ,,7 ,,n ,,consid]$ ,,law ,!n %alt ?\ inquire1 & make se>*1 & ask dilig5tly4--,,deut]onomy xiii4 #ad4 ,! judges %all weigh ! matt] 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce4--,,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,,iv4 #e4 ,! prim>y object ( ! ,hebrew judicial sy/em 0 to r5d] ! conviction ( an innoc5t p]son impossible4 ,all ! +5uity ( ! ,jewi% legi/s 0 direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( ?is end4--,,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ef4 ,,fact ,,& ,,argum5t ,,! actual trial ( any crim9al case %[s1 ^u ! record1 two ess5tial p>ts3 7#a7 ,! accusation2 7#b7 ! def5se4 ,! abs5ce ( ! elem5ts ( def5se makes ! proce$+ ex p>te2 & !re is really no trial4 ,& x is impossible to conceive a prop] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :]e a def5se is n all[$1 s9ce ! "r to combat ! allegations ( ! indictm5t is ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( lib]ty "u ! law4 ,! de/ruction ( ?is "r is ! annihilation ( fre$om by subject+ ! individual citiz5 to ! :ims & caprices ( ! gov]n+ p[]4 ,an ideal code ( crim9al proc$ure w\ld embody rules ( evid5ce & practice p]fectly adapt$ to e/abli% tru? 9 ! matt] at issue betwe5 ! commonweal? & ! prison]4 ,nei!r ! p nor ! accus$ w\ld be favor$ or prejudic$ by ! admission or exclusion ( any k9d ( evid5ce4 ,an exact int]pretation & adm9i/ration ( ?is code w\ld result 9 a p]fect intellectual balance betwe5 ! rights ( ! /ate & ! def5dant4 ,b su* a code has nev] be5 fram$1 & if "o 7 9 exi/5ce1 x w\ld be impossible to en=ce x1 z long z c]ta9 judges insi/$ on aid+ ! prosecution & o!rs on help+ ! accus$1 9 violation ( /&>d rules ( evid5ce4 ,n[1 ! anci5t ,hebrew sy/em ( crim9al proc$ure 0 no su* ideal "o z t above describ$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re 0 no body1 "u t sy/em1 correspond+ to our mod]n ,gr& ,jury1 to pres5t indictm5ts4 ,!re 7 no prosecut+ (fic]s & no c\nselors-at-law1 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,! lead+ witnesses pref]r$ *>ges & ! judges did ! re/4 ,!y exam9$ & cross-exam9$ witnesses1 did ! summ+ up & 71 above all1 ! def5d]s ( ! accus$4 ,! rights ( ! def5dant seem to h alone be5 s]i\sly consid]$4 ,?is />tl+ maxim 0 a con/ant m5ace to ! integrity ( ! gov]nm5t & to ! rights ( ! commonweal?3 ,! ,sanh$r9 :i* s (t5 z once 9 sev5 ye>s condemns a man to dea?1 is a slaught]-h\se4#cbb ,lightfoot is ( ! op9ion t ! ,jews did n lose ! p[] ( capital puni%m5t z ! result ( ! ,roman conque/1 b t !y volunt>ily ab&on$ x because ! rules ( crim9al proc$ure :i* !y _h f "t to "t adopt$ f9ally became :olly unfitt$ = convict+ anyone4 ,?is view is unsupport$ by hi/oric fact1 b x is nev]!less true t ! legal safegu>ds = ! protection ( ! rights ( ! accus$ _h1 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,jewi% nationality1 become s num]\s & /r+5t t a condemnation 0 practically impossible4 ,! a/oni%+ provision ( ,hebrew law to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 ,"p ,,ii kn[n z ,antec$5t ,w>n+ _h ! effect ( secur+ an acquittal 9 ne>ly e case4 ,x is cont5d$ by _m t ?is peculi> provision 0 int5d$ to aboli% capital puni%m5t by r5d]+ conviction impossible4 ,9 ! light ( ! pr9ciples above sugge/$ let u review ! action ( ! ,sanh$r9 9 condemn+ ,jesus to dea? ^u ,8 uncorroborat$ confession4 ,! /&>d ( ?or\ghness 9 inve/igat+ crim9al matt]s is ?us prescrib$ 9 ! ,mosaic ,code3 ,!n %alt ?\ inquire1 & make se>*1 & ask dilig5tly4 ,! ,mi%na supplem5ts ! fundam5tal law by ?is direction3 ,! judges %all weigh ! matt] 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce4 ,f :at we "k ( ! peculi> t5d5cy ( ! ,hebrew sy/em to favor ! accus$ we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! two rules j cit$ 7 fram$ = ! protection ( ! prison] m ?an = ! security ( ! commonweal?4 ,n[ at ?is po9t we are l$ to ask3 ,7 ^! rules appli$ 9 ! trial ( ,jesus 9 any s5se ei!r = or aga9/ ! accus$8 ,did ,caiaphas & ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 inquire1 & make se>* & ask dilig5tly conc]n+ ! facts involv$ 9 ! issue betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,hebrew p8 ,did !y weigh ! :ole matt] 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce8 ,is x n cle>ly evid5t f ! record t ! false witnesses contradict$ !mselves1 7 reject$ & dismiss$1 & t ,jesus 0 !n condemn$ ^u ,8 uncorroborat$ confession t ,he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god8 ,! usual & natural proce$+ 9 a ,jewi% crim9al trial 0 to call witnesses = ! def5dant1 aft] ! lead+ witnesses _h te/ifi$ = ! p4 ,0 ?is done 9 ! case ( ,jesus8 ,8 own apo/les des]t$ ,him 9 ! g>d51 al?\gh two ( !m seem to h return$ to ! sc5e ( ! trial4 ,is x probable1 9 ! light ( ! record1 t witnesses 7 call$ = ! def5dant8 ,we h se5 t !y c\ld n legally convict ,him ^u ,8 own confession4 ,& !re is n[h]e ! fa9te/ sugge/ion t witnesses o!r ?an ! false ones 7 call$ to te/ify aga9/ ,him4 ,! record is cle> & unequivocal t ! conviction ( ,jesus 0 ^u ,8 uncorroborat$ confession4 ,?is 0 illegal4 ,:5 ,caiaphas said1 ,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ,jesus answ]$1 ,?\ ha/ said2 t is1 ,i am1 accord+ to ,m>k4 ,"h 0 an issue squ>ely jo9$ betwe5 ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel & ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,x 0 incumb5t ^u ! /ate to e/abli% ,8 guilt by two compet5t witnesses :o agre$ 9 all ess5tial details4 ,if ^! witnesses 7 n pres5t1 or c\ld n be secur$1 x 0 ! duty ( ! c\rt to dis*>ge ,*ri/ at once4 ,?is ! law provid$ & dem&$4 ,b ?is 0 n done4 ,if1 z has be5 cont5d$1 ! false witnesses 7 reli$ ^u by ! ,sanh$r9 to corroborate ! confession ( ,jesus1 !n "u ,hebrew law ! judges %\ld at lea/ h s\ght witnesses 9 ,8 behalf1 or %\ld h all[$ ,8 fri5ds "t to f9d !m & br+ !m 94 ,9 o!r words1 ,8 def5se %\ld h be5 consid]$4 ,h[ev] ov]:elm+ ! conviction ( ! judges ( ! ,sanh$r9 t ! claims ( ,jesus 7 false & blasphem\s1 !y 7 n ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to consid] ! m]its ( ,8 pret5sions4 ,if a midnight assass9 %\ld /eal?ily creep into ! room ( a sleep+ man & %oot him to dea?1 a judge w\ld n be legally ju/ifi$ 9 in/ruct+ ! jury1 at ! close ( ! p's case1 to br+ 9 a v]dict ( guilty1 on ! gr\nd t no?+ t ! def5dant c\ld prove w\ld help 8 case4 ,h[ev] weak & ridicul\s 8 def5se1 ! prison] %\ld at lea/ be he>d2 & a failure to accord him a he>+ w\ld c]ta9ly result 9 rev]sal on appeal4 ,a refusal to consid] ! def5se ( a prison] "u anci5t ,hebrew law 0 no?+ less ?an an abrogation ( ! =ms ( gov]nm5t & a proclamation ( mob viol5ce 9 ! p>ticul> case1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,hebrew crim9al law 0 fram$ especially = ! protection ( ! accus$4 ,x %\ld also be kept 9 m9d t x w\ld n h be5 incumb5t ^u ,caiaphas & 8 fell[-judges to acquit ,jesus simply because a def5se _h be5 made4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 n b\nd to accept ,8 explanations & argum5ts4 ,if !y _h he>d ,him & ,8 witnesses1 !y c\ld h reject$ ,8 pret5sions z false & blasphem\s1 al?\gh !y 7 tru?ful & righte\s1 )\t incurr+ ! c5sure ( mank9d & ! curse ( ,heav51 = x w\ld be prepo/]\s to require infallible judgm5t ( judicial (fic]s4 ,all t c be dem&$ ( judges ( ! law is t !y act consci5ti\sly ) ! lights t are 9 front ( !m4 ,! mal$ictions ( ! human race h be5 hurl$ at ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues dur+ n9ete5 c5turies1 n because !y pron\nc$ an illegal judgm5t1 b because !y outrag$ rules ( law 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/2 n because !y mis9t]pret$ ,8 def5se1 b because !y d5i$ ,him all def5se4 ,we %\ld con/antly keep 9 m9d t ,jesus 0 entitl$ to h ! two requirem5ts1 ,!n %alt ?\ inquire1 & make se>*1 & ask dilig5tly1 & ,! judges %all weigh ! matt] 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce1 appli$ n only = b aga9/ ,him4 ,t is1 be=e ! ,hebrew ,commonweal? re/$ its case aga9/ ,him1 ,he _h a "r to dem& t a prima facie case be made1 or 9 case ( failure to d s1 t ,he be at once dis*>g$4 ,?is rule 0 z po9t$ & imp]ative "u anci5t z "u mod]n law1 & be=e ! m]its ( ! def5se 7 requir$ to be consid]$ ! /ate _h to close its case aga9/ ! def5dant1 ) a presumption ( guilt aga9/ ,him1 z a result ( ! introduction ( compet5t & satisfactory evid5ce4 ,if rules ( law _h be5 prop]ly obs]v$ 9 ! trial ( ,jesus ! "q ( ! m]its ( ,8 def5se w\ld nev] h be5 rais$2 = x 0 practically impossible to convict ,him "u ! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! night trial 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas4 ,z has be5 be=e sugge/$1 ,jesus 0 v popul> outside ! circle ( ! ,temple au?orities4 ,s great 0 ,8 popul>ity t x is almo/ c]ta9 t two compet5t witnesses c\ld n h be5 secur$ to convict ,him ( blasphemy 9 ! s5se t ,he _h claim$ to be ! ,messiah4 ,we h se51 "u ,po9t ,,viii1 t ,jesus _h confess$ ,8 ,messiah%ip to no "o except+ ! ,sam>itan woman1 outside ! ,apo/olic company4 ,judas1 !n1 0 probably ! only witness :o _h he>d ,him decl>e ,himself to be ! ,messiah t c\ld h be5 secur$2 & 8 te/imony 0 incompet5t1 "u ,hebrew law1 because1 "u ! supposition t ,jesus 0 a crim9al1 ,judas1 ,8 apo/le1 0 an accomplice4 ,z to ! *>ge ( blasphemy 9 ! broad] s5se ( hav+ claim$ equality ) ,god1 ^u :i*1 accord+ to ,salvador1 ,jesus 0 convict$1 x seems f ! ,gospel record t !re w\ld h be5 no difficulty 9 legally convict+ ,him1 if ! ,sanh$r9 _h met regul>ly & _h tak5 "t to summon witnesses 9 legal mann]4 ,= on _m occasions ,jesus _h said & done ?+s 9 ! pres5ce ( bo? fri5ds & enemies t ! ,jews reg>d$ z blasphem\s2 su* z claim+ t ,he & ,8 ,fa!r 7 "o2 t ,he _h exi/$ be=e ,abraham2 & t ,he _h p[] to =give s9s4 ,b ^! *>ges 7 n made at ! trial1 & we h no "r to consid] !m except z means ( int]pret+ ! m9d ( ,caiaphas 9 connection ) ! mean+ ( ! claim ( ,jesus t ,he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,if ,caiaphas 0 ju/ifi$ 9 con/ru+ ^! words to mean t ,jesus claim$ id5tity ) ,jehovah1 !n he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t ,jesus _h spok5 blasphemy1 = f ! /&po9t ( anci5t ,judaism & consid]+ ,jesus simply z a ,jewi% citiz51 blasphemy 0 ! crime t result$ f su* a claim4 ,b ev5 f ?is po9t ( view ,caiaphas 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ ,jesus ample opportunity to prove ,8 equality ) ,jehovah1 or at lea/ t ,he 0 gift$ ) div9e p[]4 ,?is 0 all ! m true because ! claim ( ,jesus 0 t ( ,messiah%ip1 & accord+ to "o l9e ( au?orities 9 ,hebrew ,messianic !ology ! ,messiah 0 to be clo!d ) div9e au?ority & p[] z ! mess5g] & viceg]5t ( ,jehovah on e>?4 ,b x is cle>ly c]ta9 t a prima facie case ( guilt 0 n made by ! ,sanh$r9 aga9/ ,jesus2 &1 z a matt] ( law1 ,he 0 n call$ ^u to make any def5se4 ,he c\ld h refus$ to say a ^w 9 answ] to ! accusation4 ,he c\ld h ass]t$ ,8 legal rights by object+ t a case aga9/ ,him _h n be5 made1 by dem&+ t ! *>ges aga9/ ,him be dismiss$ & t ,he be set at lib]ty at once4 ,b ,jesus did n d ?is4 ,he simply confess$ ,8 ,messiah%ip & ,son%ip ( ! ,fa!r4 ,?is confession 0 n legal evid5ce ^u :i* ,he c\ld h be5 convict$1 b x did help to create an issue1 ! tru? or falsity ( :i* %\ld h be5 inve/igat$ by ! c\rt4 ,n[1 let u suppose1 = argum5t's sake1 t a prima facie case ( guilt aga9/ ,jesus 0 made be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,:at 0 ! next legal /ep "u ,hebrew law8 ,:at %\ld ! judges h done aft] he>+ ! witnesses aga9/ ,him8 ,x is beyond dispute t !y %\ld h begun at once to inquire1 & make se>*1 & ask dilig5tly conc]n+ all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! tru?fulness & righte\sness ( ,8 claims to ,messiah%ip4 ,!y %\ld h assi/$ ,him 9 secur+ witnesses ^: te/imony w\ld h help$ to e/abli% ^? claims4 ,hav+ secur$ su* te/imony1 !y %\ld h weigh$ x 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce4 ,b ?is !y did n d4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:at pro(s c\ld h be5 (f]$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 if complete rights ( def5se _h be5 accord$8 ,t "q is difficult to answ]1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s aft] ! trial4 ,b if a prima facie case ( guilt _h be5 made aga9/ ,him1 %ift+ ! burd5 ( pro(1 & requir+ t ,8 claims be prov$1 x may be reasonably cont5d$ t a complete def5se w\ld h necessitat$ pro(s3 7#a7 ,t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 t is1 t ,he 0 ! ,messiah2 7#b7 t ,he 0 also ! ,son ( ,god1 t is1 t ,he 0 id5tical ) ,god ,himself4 ,let u consid] ^! two phases ( ! subject & _! att5dant pro(s 9 ord]4 ,& fir/1 :at evid5ce c\ld h be5 (f]$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 t is1 ! ,messiah8 ,:at me?od ( proc$ure %\ld h be5 employ$ by ! ,sanh$r9 9 inve/igat+ ,8 claims8 ,let u suppose t ,caiaphas und]/ood t ,jesus claim$ to be ! long-look$-= ,messiah :o _h come f ,jehovah ) div9e au?ority to r$eem mank9d & to reg5]ate & rule ! _w4 ,let u n =get t ! ,jews 7 expect+ a ,messiah1 & t ! m]e claim ( ,messiah%ip 0 n illegal4 ,su* a claim m]ely rais$ an issue z to its tru? or falsity :i* 0 to be inve/igat$ l any o!r proposition ( !ology or law4 ,x 0 n "o to be ei!r accept$ or reject$ )\t demon/ration4 ,!n :5 ,jesus ackn[l$g$ ,8 ,messiah%ip 9 answ] to ! high prie/'s "q x 0 ! duty ( ! c\rt ei!r to admit ,8 claim & dis*>ge ,him at once1 or to summon compet5t witnesses1 by daylight1 to prove t ,8 pret5sions 7 false & blasphem\s4 ,hav+ re/$ _! case1 x 0 _! duty to aid ! prison] 9 secur+ witnesses to sub/antiate ,8 claims1 & accord+ to ! _s ( ,hebrew law to view r favorably ?an unfavorably su* claims4 ,x 0 also incumb5t ^u !m to apply to ,jesus all ! ,messianic te/s ( ea* & e s*ool4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t at ! "t ( ,*ri/ !re 7 radically diff]5t views ( ! attributes ( ! expect$ ,messiah4 ,no two s*ools agre$ ^u all ! signs by :i* ! future ,deliv]] w\ld be recogniz$4 ,only "o sign 0 agre$ ^u by all--t ,he w\ld be a scion ( ! ,h\se ( ,david4 ,! foll[]s ( ,judas ( ,galilee believ$ t ! ,messiah w\ld be an e>?ly h]o ( giant /ature--a ,william ,tell1 a ,rob]t ,bruce1 an ,abraham ,l9coln--:o w\ld emancipate ! ,jews by driv+ out ! ,romans & p]man5tly re/or+ ! k+dom ( ,david on ! e>?4 ,! s*ool ( ,%ammai believ$ t he w\ld be n only a great /atesman & w>rior1 b a religi\s zealot z well2 & t to spl5did victories on ! battlefield1 he w\ld add ! glori\s triumphs ( religion4 ,radically diff]5t f bo? ^! views1 7 ! tea*+s ( ! g5tle ,hillel & 8 disciples4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ! ,messiah 0 to be a pr9ce ( peace ^: sublime & holy _s w\ld impress itself ^u all fle%1 w\ld bani% all w>s1 & make ( ,j]usalem ! gr& c5t] ( int]national bro!rhood & love4 ,b ev5 ^! conceptions 7 n exhau/ive ( ! v>i\s ,messianic ideas t 7 preval5t 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! days ( ,jesus4 ,"s ( ! ,messianic notions 7 n only contradictory b diametrically opposite 9 mean+4 ,a pr9ce ( peace & a gigantic w>rior c\ld n well be "o & ! same p]son4 ,& = ?is reason x is app>5t t1 _h an exam9ation be5 made1 ! claims ( ,jesus to ! ,messiah%ip c\ld n h be5 reject$ by ,caiaphas & ! ,sanh$r91 simply because ?is or t attribute did n meet ! approval ( ?is or t sect or s*ool4 ,in/ead ( condemn+ ,him to dea? = blasphemy1 :5 ,jesus answ]$ t ,he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ,caiaphas %\ld h ask$ a second "q3 ,:at sign %ewe/ ?\ !n1 t we may see & believe !e8 ,x has be5 cont5d$ by ,jewi% writ]s t1 f> f d5y+ ,jesus ! privilege ( prov+ ,8 ,messiah%ip1 ,he 0 frequ5tly ask$ to give signs & p]=m wond]s4 ,! reply to ?is is t z f> z ! legal m]its ( ! case are conc]n$ ,jesus 0 n invit$ at ! trial 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas to %[ signs or give pro(s ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,& z to ! *ances af=d$ ,him at o!r times & places1 !y 7 extra-judicial & 7 m]e /reet affairs 9 :i* ,jesus probably refus$ to gratify vulg> curiosity & by :i* ,he 0 n remotely b\nd legally or religi\sly4 ,x is only :5 prop]ly arraign$ & accus$ t a citiz5 "u mod]n law c be compell$ to answ] a *>ge ( crime4 ,! rule 0 m /r+5t "u ! anci5t ,hebrew disp5sation4 ,private prelim9>y exam9ations1 ev5 by judicial (fic]s1 7 n p]mitt$ by ,hebrew law1 z ,salvador explicitly /ates4 ,x 0 only :5 confront$ by prop] *>ges be=e a legally con/itut$ tribunal 9 regul> session1 t a ,hebrew prison] 0 compell$ to answ]4 ,& at ! regul> trial be=e ! full ,sanh$r9 ,jesus 0 n ask$ to give evid5ce t w\ld s]ve to exculpate ,him4 ,:at ,caiaphas %\ld h done 0 to notify ,jesus1 at ! "t ( ! arraignm5t 9 8 own h\se1 t ,8 life 0 at /ake & t n[ 0 ! "t to produce te/imony 9 ,8 own behalf4 ,x 0 ! duty1 fur!rmore1 ( ! high prie/ & 8 associates to consult ! sacr$ books to see if ! ,messianic prophecies !re9 conta9$ 7 fulfill$ 9 ! bir?1 life1 & p]=mances ( ,jesus1 z ^! matt]s 7 develop$ at ! trial by witnesses duly summon$ 9 ,8 behalf4 ,x 0 a matt] p]sonally )9 ! k ( ! judges t ! "t 0 ripe = ! appe>ance ( ! ,deliv]]4 ,n only ! p ( ,israel1 b all ! surr\nd+ nations 7 expect+ ! com+ ( a great r5ovator ( ! _w4 ,( su* an arrival ,virgil _h already sung at ,rome4#cbc ,a great national mis=tune _h already =e%ad[$ ! day ( ! ,messiah m pot5tly ?an _h any individual ev5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,:5 ,jacob lay dy+ ^u 8 dea?b$1 he call$ ar\nd him 8 twelve sons & began to pron\nce ^u ea* 9 turn ! pat]nal & prophetic bless+4 ,:5 ! turn ( ,judah came1 ! acc5ts ( ! dy+ patri>* became m cle> & animat$1 z he said3 ,judah1 ?\ art he :om ?y bre?r5 %all praise3 ?y h& %all be 9 ! neck ( ?9e enemies2 ?y fa!r's *ildr5 %all b[ d[n be=e !e4 ,judah is a lion's :elp3 f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up3 he /oop$ d[n1 he c\*$ z a lion1 & z an old lion2 :o %all r\se him up8 ,! sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah1 nor a lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 until ,%iloh come2 & unto him %all ! ga!r+ ( ! p be4#cbd ,! ,jewi% ,rabb9ical comm5tators ( antiquity 7 unanim\sly ( ! op9ion t ?is prophecy ( ,jacob ref]r$ to ! day ( ! ,messiah4 ,& = ages ! p _h be5 told to wat* = two special signs :i* w\ld h]ald ! com+ ( ! great ,deliv]]3 7#a7 ,! dep>ture ( ! scept] f ,judah2 7#b7 ! loss ( ! judicial p[]4 ,! ,talmudi/s1 comm5t+ on ! above passage f ,g5esis1 say3 ,! son ( ,david %all n come unless ! royal p[] has be5 tak5 f ,judah2 & 9 ano!r passage3 ,! son ( ,david %all n come unless ! judges h ceas$ 9 ,israel4#cbe ,n[ bo? ^! signs _h appe>$ at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/1 %ortly be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,at ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus1 ,a4,d4 #f1 ,judea became a ,roman prov9ce ) a ,roman procurator z gov]nor4 ,sov]eignty !n pass$ away =ev] f ! ,jews4 ,& n only 0 sov]eignty tak5 f !m1 b its *ief attribute1 ! p[] ( life & dea? 9 judicial matt]s1 0 de/roy$4 ,?us ! legal & hi/orical situation 0 produc$ t _h be5 prophesi$ by ,jacob4 ,! scept] _h pass$ f ,judah & ! lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 :5 ,jesus /ood be=e ! ,sanh$r9 claim+ to be ! ,messiah4 ,a fair trial 9 full daylight1 x is believ$1 w\ld h call$ be=e ,8 judges a ho/ ( witnesses fri5dly to ,jesus1 ^: te/imony w\ld h e/abli%$ an exact fulfilm5t ( anci5t ,messianic prophecy 9 ,8 bir?1 life1 arre/1 & trial4 ,a judicial record w\ld h be5 made ( :i* ! foll[+ might be reg>d$ z an approximately correct transcript3 7#a7 ,t ! ,messiah 0 to be born 9 ,be?lehem3 ,,prophecy--,b ?\1 ,be?-lehem ,ephratah1 ?\gh ?\ be little among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 yet out ( !e %all he come =? unto me t is to be rul] 9 ,israel2 ^: go+s =? h be5 f ( old1 f ev]la/+4--,,micah v4 #b4 ,,fulfillm5t--,n[ :5 ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem ( ,judea 9 ! days ( ,h]od ! k+1 behold1 !re came wise m5 f ! ea/ to ,j]usalem4--,,matt4 ii4 #a4 ,& ,joseph also w5t up f ,galilee1 out ( ! city ( ,naz>e?1 into ,judea1 unto ! city ( ,david1 :i* is call$ ,be?lehem 7because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david71 ,to be tax$ ) ,m>y 8 esp\s$ wife1 be+ great ) *ild4 ,& s x 01 t1 :ile !y 7 !re1 ! days 7 accompli%$ t %e %\ld be deliv]$4 ,& %e br\ght =? h] fir/born son1 & wrapp$ him 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 & laid him 9 a mang]2 because !re 0 no room = !m 9 ! inn4--,,luke ii4 #d-g4 7#b7 ,t ! ,messiah 0 to be born ( a virg93 ,,prophecy--,!re=e ! ,"l himself %all give y a sign2 ,behold1 a virg9 %all conceive1 & be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel4--,,isa4 vii4 #ad4 ,,fulfillm5t--,& 9 ! six? mon? ! angel ,gabriel 0 s5t f ,god unto a city ( ,galilee1 nam$ ,naz>e?1 ,to a virg9 esp\s$ to a man ^: "n 0 ,joseph1 ( ! h\se ( ,david2 & ! virg9's "n 0 ,m>y4444 ,& ! angel said unto h]1 ,fe> n1 ,m>y3 = ?\ ha/ f\nd favor ) ,god4 ,&1 behold1 ?\ %alt conceive 9 ?y womb1 & br+ =? a son1 & %alt call 8 "n ,jesus4--,,luke i4 #bf-cj4 ,!n ,joseph be+ rais$ f sleep did z ! angel ( ! ,"l _h bidd5 him1 & took unto him 8 wife3 & knew h] n till %e _h br\ght =? h] fir/born son3 & he call$ 8 "n ,jesus--,,matt4 i4 #bd1 #be4 7#c7 ,t ! ,messiah 0 to spr+ f ! h\se ( ,david3 ,,prophecy--,behold1 ! days come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i w raise unto ,david a righte\s ,bran*1 & a ,k+ %all reign & prosp]1 & %all execute judgm5t & ju/ice 9 ! e>?4 ,9 8 days ,judah %all be sav$1 & ,israel %all dwell safely3 & ?is is 8 "n :]eby he %all be call$1 ,,! ,,"l ,,our ,,righte\sness4--,,j]4 xxiii4 #e1 #f4 ,,fulfillm5t--,he %all be great1 & %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/2 & ! ,"l ,god %all give unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david4--,,luke i4 #cb4 ,b :ile he ?\ght on ^! ?+s1 behold1 ! angel ( ! ,"l appe>$ unto him 9 a dream1 say+1 ,joseph1 ?\ son ( ,david1 fe> n to take unto !e ,m>y ?y wife3 = t :i* is conceiv$ 9 h] is ( ! ,holy ,gho/4--,,matt4 i4 #bj4 7#d7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld n come until ! scept] _h dep>t$ f ,judah & ! lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet3 ,,prophecy--,! ,sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah1 nor a lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 until ,%iloh come4--,,g54 xlix4 #aj4 ,,fulfillm5t--,& he sai? unto !m1 ,^: is ?is image & sup]scription8 ,!y say unto him1 ,cs>'s4 ,!n sai? he unto !m1 ,r5d] !re=e unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s2 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4--,,matt4 xxii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,!n said ,pilate unto !m1 ,take ye him1 & judge him accord+ to y\r law4 ,! ,jews !re=e said unto him1 ,x is n lawful = u to put any man to dea?4--,,john xviii4 #ca4 7#e7 ,t a =]unn] l unto ,elijah %\ld prep>e ! way ( ! ,messiah3 ,,prophecy--,behold1 ,i w s5d my mess5g]1 & he %all prep>e ! way be=e me3 & ! ,"l1 :om ye seek1 %all sudd5ly come to 8 temple1 ev5 ! mess5g] ( ! cov5ant1 :om ye delight 93 behold1 he %all come1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4--,,mal4 iii4 #a4 ,! voice ( him t crie? 9 ! wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our ,god4--,,isa4 xl4 #c4 ,,fulfillm5t--,9 ^? days came ,john ! ,bapti/1 prea*+ 9 ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 ,& say+1 ,rep5t ye3 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,= ?is is he t 0 spok5 ( by ! prophet ,esaias1 say+1 ,! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make 8 pa?s /raight4--,,matt4 iii4 #a-c4 ,?is is he1 ( :om x is writt51 ,behold1 ,i s5d my mess5g] be=e ?y face1 :i* %all prep>e ?y way be=e !e4 ,= ,i say unto y1 ,among ^? t are born ( wom5 !re is n a great] prophet ?an ,john ! ,bapti/4--,,luke vii4 #bg1 #bh4 7#f7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld beg9 to prea* 9 ,galilee3 ,,prophecy--,9 ,galilee ( ! nations1 ! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light4--,,isa4 ix4 #a1 #b4 ,,fulfillm5t--,n[ :5 ,jesus _h he>d t ,john 0 ca/ into prison1 ,he dep>t$ into ,galilee4444 ,! p :i* sat 9 d>kness1 saw great light2 & to !m :i* sat 9 ! region & %ad[ ( dea? light is sprung up4 ,f t "t1 ,jesus began to prea*1 & to say1 ,rep5t3 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4--,,matt4 iv4 #ab-ag4 7#g7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld p]=m _m miracles3 ,,prophecy--,!n ! eyes ( ! bl9d %all be op5$1 & ! e>s ( ! deaf %all be un/opp$4 ,!n %all ! lame man leap z a h>t1 & ! tongue ( ! dumb s+3 = 9 ! wild]ness %all wat]s break out1 & /reams 9 ! des]t4--,,isa4 xxxv4 #e1 #f4 ,,fulfillm5t--,!n 0 br\ght unto him "o possess$ ) a devil1 bl9d1 & dumb1 & he heal$ him1 insomu* t ! bl9d & dumb bo? spake & saw4--,,matt4 xii4 #bb4 ,b t ye may "k t ! ,son ( man ha? p[] ^u e>? to =give s9s 7he said unto ! sick ( ! palsy71 ,i say unto !e1 ,arise1 & take up ?y c\*1 & g into ?9e h\se4 ,& imm$iately he rose up be=e !m1 & took up t :]eon he lay1 & dep>t$ to 8 own h\se1 glorify+ ,god4--,,luke v4 #bd1 #be4 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,g & %ew ,john aga9 ^? ?+s :i* ye d he> & see3 ,! bl9d receive _! sight1 & ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1 & ! deaf he>1 ! dead are rais$ up1 & ! poor h ! gospel prea*$ to !m4--,,matt4 xi4 #d1 #e4 7#h7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld make 8 public entry into ,j]usalem rid+ ^u an ass3 ,,prophecy--,rejoice greatly1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 %\t1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem3 behold1 ?y ,k+ come? unto !e3 he is j1 & hav+ salvation2 l[ly1 & rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a colt ! foal ( an ass4--,,ze*4 ix4 #i4 ,,fulfillm5t--,& ! disciples w5t1 & did z ,jesus comm&$ !m1 ,& br\ght ! ass1 & ! colt1 & put on !m _! clo!s1 & !y set him !reon4 ,& a v great multitude spread _! g>m5ts 9 ! way2 o!rs cut d[n bran*es f ! trees1 & /rew$ !m 9 ! way4 ,& ! multitudes t w5t be=e1 & t foll[$1 cri$1 say+1 ,hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david3 ,bless$ is he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 ,hosanna 9 ! highe/4--,,matt4 xxi4 #f-i4 7#i7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld be betray$ by "o ( 8 foll[]s = ?irty pieces ( silv] :i* w\ld f9ally be ?r[n into ! pott]'s field3 ,,prophecy--,yea1 m9e own famili> fri5d1 9 :om ,i tru/$1 :i* did eat ( my bread1 ha? lift$ up 8 heel aga9/ me4--,,psa4 xli4 #i4 ,& ,i said unto !m1 ,if ye ?9k good1 give me my price2 & if n1 =be>4 ,s !y weigh$ = my price ?irty pieces ( silv]4 ,& ! ,"l said unto me1 ,ca/ x unto ! pott]3 a goodly price t ,i 0 priz$ at ( !m4 ,& ,i took ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 & ca/ !m to ! pott] 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l4--,,ze*4 xi4 #ab1 #ac4 ,,fulfillm5t--,!n "o ( ! twelve1 call$ ,judas ,isc>iot1 w5t unto ! *ief prie/s1 ,& said unto !m1 ,:at w ye give me1 & ,i w deliv] him unto y8 ,& !y cov5ant$ ) him = ?irty pieces ( silv]4--,,matt4 xxvi4 #ad1 #ae4 ,!n ,judas1 :i* _h betray$ him1 :5 he saw t he 0 condemn$1 rep5t$ himself1 & br\ght aga9 ! ?irty pieces ( silv] to ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 ,say+1 ,i h s9n$ 9 t ,i h betray$ ! innoc5t blood4 ,& !y said1 ,:at is t to u8 see ?\ to t4 ,& he ca/ d[n ! pieces ( silv] 9 ! temple1 & dep>t$1 & w5t & hang$ himself4 ,& ! *ief prie/s took ! silv] pieces1 & said1 ,x is n lawful = to put !m into ! treasury1 because x is ! price ( blood4 ,& !y took c\nsel1 & b\ght ) !m ! pott]'s field1 to bury /rang]s 94--,,matt4 xxvii4 #c-h4 7#aj7 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld be a man ( pov]ty & ( suff]+2 & %\ld be despis$ & reject$ ( m53 ,,prophecy--,he is despis$ & reject$ ( m52 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief3 & we hid z x 7 our faces f him2 he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4--,,isa4 liii4 #c4 ,,fulfillm5t--,& ,jesus said unto him1 ,foxes h holes1 & birds ( ! air h ne/s2 b ! ,son ( man ha? n :]e to lay 8 head4--,,luke ix4 #eh4 ,& !y smote him on ! head ) a re$1 & did spit ^u him1 & b[+ _! knees wor%ipp$ him4 ,& :5 !y _h mock$ him1 !y took (f ! purple f him1 & put 8 own clo!s on him1 & l$ him out to crucify him4--,,m>k xv4 #ai1 #bj4 ,?r\gh reasonable dilig5ce1 witnesses might h be5 secur$ to te/ify to a majority1 at lea/1 ( ! po9ts above enum]at$1 t\*+ ,messianic prophecy & fulfillm5t4 ,besides ^! are _m o!rs too num]\s to m5tion 9 a treatise ( ?is k9d4 ,! "q !n arises at once3 ,admitt+ t all ! evid5ce above sugge/$1 m>k$ ,prophecy & ,fulfillm5t1 c\ld h be5 introduc$ 9 evid5ce at ! trial be=e ! ,sanh$r92 7 ! judges morally & legally b\nd to acquit & release ,jesus1 if !y believ$ ?is te/imony to be true8 ,we answ] unhesitat+ly1 yes2 z f> z ! c\nt 9 ! accusation relat+ to ,messiah%ip 0 conc]n$4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! *>ge aga9/ ,jesus 0 n limit$ to ,8 claims to ,messiah%ip4 ,! indictm5t aga9/ ,him 0 t ,he claim$ to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,*ri/ is ! ,engli% =m ( ! ,greek translation ( ! ^w mean+ ,messiah4 ,! real nature ( ! *>ge aga9/ ! prison]1 !n1 0 t ,he claim$ to be n only ! ,messiah b also ! ,son ( ,god4 ,we h se5 t ,son ( ,god convey$ to ! ,sanh$r9 ! notion ( div9e orig9 & ( equality ) ,jehovah4 ,ev5 to-day !re is no dispute betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 reg>d to ?is con/ruction4 ,jews *>ge t ,jesus made su* a claim & ,*ri/ians agree ) !m4 ,!y are compell$ to d s1 inde$1 or else abjure ! fundam5tal dogma ( _! fai?--! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,n[ we approa* ! consid]ation ( a phase ( ! subject :]e !ology & law meet & bl5d4 ,x has be5 s\ght to ridicule ! cont5tion t ,jesus %\ld h be5 he>d on ! *>ge ( be+ ! ,son ( ,god1 9 ! s5se t ,he 0 ,god ,himself1 because su* a claim 0 n only ridicul\s & frivol\s z a plea1 b because x 0 blasphem\s ^u its face2 z be+ oppos$1 by b>e ass]tion1 to ! mo/ fundam5tal & sacr$ precept ( ! ,mosaic ,code & ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,prophets3 t ,god 0 purely & :olly spiritual2 t ,he 0 n only incorporeal b invisible1 indivisible1 & incompreh5sible4 ,! advocates ( ?is !ory decl>e t ,jesus ass]t$1 9 ! face ( ?is prim>y belief ( ! ,hebrews1 a plurality ( gods ( :i* ,he 0 a memb]1 & t ?is ass]tion de/roy$ ! v corn]/one ( ,judaism1 f\nd$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! celebrat$ passage3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel3 ,! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l4 ,!y fur!r decl>e t :5 ,jesus pres5t$ ,himself 9 ! fle%1 & decl>$ t ,he 0 ,god1 ,he insult$ bo? ! intellig5ce & religi\s consci\sness ( ,8 judges by a complete an?ropomorphism2 & t :5 ,he did ?is1 ,he 0 n entitl$ to be he>d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ radical ( ?is class is ,rabbi ,wise :o1 9 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 says3 ,_h ,jesus ma9ta9$ be=e a ,jewi% c\rt to be ! ,son ( ,god1 9 ! tr9it>ian s5se ( ! t]ms1 viz41 t ,he 0 "p1 p]son1 or inc>nation ( ! ,deity1 ,he mu/ h said x 9 t]ms to be und]/ood to t effect1 z ambigu\s words am\nt to no?+4 ,b if ev5 cle>ly und]/ood1 ! c\rt c\ld only h f\nd ,him insane1 b n guilty ( any crime4 ,?is is /rong language1 inde$1 & des]ves s]i\s consid]ation4 ,x means no?+ less ?an t ,jesus1 ^u ,8 confession ( equality & id5tity ) ,god1 %\ld h be5 committ$ z a lunatic1 & n tri$ z a crim9al4 ,& ! real mean+ ( ?is too extreme view is t ! claims ( ,jesus1 be+ a man 9 ! fle%1 to memb]%ip 9 a plurality ( gods 0 su* an outrage\s & unhe>d-( ?+ t x am\nt$ to insanity2 & t an insane p]son 0 n "o to be li/5$ to1 b to be committ$ & protect$4 ,! purpose ( ! di/+ui%$ ,hebrew !ologian 0 to %[ by ! absurdity ( ! ?+ t ,jesus 0 nev] tri$ be=e a ,hebrew c\rt2 t ,he nev] claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,god1 & t ! ,evangelical n>ratives are simply false4 ,! same writ] ?us cont9ues 9 ! same connection3 ,m>k reports fur!rmore1 t ,jesus did n simply affirm ! high prie/'s "q b add$3 ',& ye %all see ! ,son ( ,man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54' ,jesus _c h said ^! words4 ,our reasons are3 !y are n true2 none ( ! judges & witnesses pres5t ev] did see him ei!r sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[] or com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,^! words c\ld h orig9at$ only aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :5 ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians expect$ 8 imm$iate return z ! ,messiah & re/or] ( ! k+dom ( heav51 s t ^? v m5 c\ld see him com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,besides1 ,jesus1 ! ,ph>isean ,jew1 c\ld n h ent]ta9$ ! an?ropomorphism t ,god _h a "r h&4#cbf ,x is only necess>y to add t ,rabbi ,wise may be "r1 if ! ,gospel writ]s 7 untru?ful m54 ,suffice x to say t we h said en\gh 9 support ( ! v]acity ( ! ,evangeli/s 9 ,"p ,i ( ?is volume4 ,if we are "r t !y 7 tru?ful hi/orians :5 !y publi%$ ^! biographies to ! _w1 ,rabbi ,wise is wrong2 = accord+ to ^! writ]s ! ,sanh$r9 did n take ! view t ,jesus 0 a crazy man1 b t ,he 0 a crim9al4 ,!y accord+ly tri$ ,him to ! ext5t ( br++ an accusation aga9/ ,him & ( support+ x ) a c]ta9 k9d & am\nt ( te/imony1 & by !n lead+ ,him away to be crucifi$ by ! ,romans4 ,our cont5tion is t ! trial 0 n complete1 9 t ,8 judges did n consid] ! m]its ( ! def5se ( ,jesus 9 ! proce$+s :i* !y conduct$ aga9/ ,him4 ,x w\ld be entirely consi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is treatise & ( ! special treatm5t ( ?is !me to ignore completely ! "q ( ! div9ity ( ,jesus2 s9ce we h ann\nc$ a legal & n a !ological consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,b we repeat t ! !ological & ! legal are insep>ably int]wov5 9 a prop] h&l+ ( ,po9t ,,xii4 ,if ,rabbi ,wise & o!rs are "r t ! an?ropomorphic pret5sions ( ,jesus robb$ ,him ( ! protection ( ! law1 9 ! s5se t ,8 claims to be ,god 9 ! fle% 7 n wor?y ( consid]ation by a ,hebrew c\rt1 !n we are wrong 9 mak+ ! po9t t ! m]its ( ,8 def5se %\ld h be5 consid]$4 ,our cont5tion is t ! claims ( ,jesus 7 n s /range & %ock+ z to place ,him )\t ! pale ( ! law & to d5y ,him its ord9>y protection2 t ,8 pret5sions 7 n ^? ( an insane man2 t if ,he 0 n ! ,son ( ,god ,he 0 guilty ( blasphemy2 & t if ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god ,he 0 innoc5t4 ,we fur!r cont5d t all ^! ?+s 7 subjects ( legitimate judicial exam9ation by ,hebrew judges "u ,hebrew law1 & t ,jesus %\ld h _h ,8 day 9 c\rt4 ,a v brief exam9ation ( ! "q ( an?ropomorphism 9 its connection ) ! claims ( ,jesus w demon/rate ! fallacy ( ! argum5ts ( ,rabbi ,wise & ( ^? :o agree ) him4 ,c&or compels u to admit t ! ,jewi% conception ( ,jehovah at ! "t ( ! crucifixion 0 v =eign to ! notion ( a ,god ( fle% & bone4 ,hebrew mono!ism taught ! doctr9e ( "o ,god :o 0 purely spiritual1 & !re=e invisible1 intangible1 & unapproa*able4 ,judaism delight$ to lift its deity above ! s5sual1 mat]ial1 & corporeal ?+s ( e>?1 & to repres5t ,him z a pure & s9less _s 9 a /ate ( awful & supreme transc5d5ce4 ,our fir/ impression1 !n1 is t ?is dogma ( div9e unity & spirituality mu/ h receiv$ a dreadful %ock :5 ,jesus1 a c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?1 ^: "m1 fa!r1 bro!rs1 & si/]s 7 kn[n1 confront$ ! high prie/ & decl>$ to him t ,he 0 ,god4 ,b ! %ock 0 c]ta9ly n s great t ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues1 aft] a mom5t's composure & reflection1 c\ld n h conclud$ t ! pret5sions ( ,jesus 7 n :olly at v>iance ) ! revelations ( ,hebrew !ology 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel4 ,!y might h judg$ ,8 claims to be unf\nd$1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly n ju/ifi$ 9 pron\nc+ ,him insane1 or 9 ignor+ ,8 rights "u ! law to be he>d & to h ,8 def5se consid]$4 ,_! arre/ & trial ( ! prison] 0 ! consummation ( a numb] ( secret meet+s 9 :i* ! a/\nd+ p]sonality & m>vel\s p]=mances ( ,jesus 7 debat$ & discuss$ ) fe> & trembl+4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead _h creat$ a frightful panic among ! ,sadducean olig>*y4 ,f> f reg>d+ ,him z an obscure p]son ^: claims 7 ridicul\s & ^: m9d 0 unbalanc$1 ! prie/s fe>$ le/ all m5 might believe on ,him1 & boldly decl>$ t su* 0 ! influ5ce ( ,8 de$s t ,8 s+le life might be balanc$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a :ole nation4#cbg ,:at ! judges ( ! ,sanh$r9 %\ld h done 9 exam9+ ! m]its ( ! def5se ( ,jesus 03 7#a7 ,to consid] :e!r1 9 ! light ( ,hebrew scripture & tradition1 a god ( fle% & bone1 repres5t+ ! second p]son ( a ,duality or a ,tr9ity ( gods1 0 possible2 7#b7 to weigh ?or\ghly ! claims ( ,jesus1 9 ! light ( te/imony prop]ly adduc$ at ! trial1 t ,he 0 ?is second p]son ( a ,duality or ,tr9ity ( gods4 ,9 mak+ ?is exam9ation1 let u be> 9 m9d1 ! memb]s ( ! c\rt 7 n to look =w>d1 b backw>d4 ,!y 7 to exam9e ! pa/1 n ! future1 9 ref]5ce to ! pres5t4 ,fur!rmore1 !y 7 n to consid] s mu* a ,tr9ity z a ,duality ( gods2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 n a feature ( ! trial4 ,! ,a?anasian cre$ & ! proce$+s ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil 7 n b9d+ ^u ,caiaphas & 8 fell[-judges4 ,nor 7 ! tea*+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures publi%$ to ! _w m ?an a g5]ation aft] ! trial4 ,!y 7 to consid] ! div9e pret5sions ( ,jesus 9 ! light ( ! tea*+s & revelations ( ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,!y 7 to measure ,8 claims by ^! /&>ds 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce adduc$ be=e !m4 ,) a view to a ?or\gh & sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! m]its ( ! def5se ( ,jesus1 ,caiaphas1 z presid+ (fic] ( ! ,sanh$r91 %\ld h prop\nd$ to 8 fell[-judges ! foll[+ initial que/ions3 7#a7 ,d ! ,law & ! ,prophets reveal ! doctr9e ( a plurality ( gods among ! ,israelites8 ,t is1 has ,jehovah ev] begott51 or has ,he ev] promis$ to beget1 a ,son ( equal div9ity ) ,himself8 ,0 ?is ,son to be1 or is ,he to be born ( a woman2 & to h1 !re=e1 ! =m ( a man & ! attributes ( a human be+8 ,0 ?is ,son to be1 or is ,he to be at any "t id5tical ) ! ,fa!r8 ,d ! ,law & ! ,prophets tell u unmi/akably t ,jehovah ev] appe>$ ^u ! e>? 9 human =m & exhibit$ human attributes8 ,d !y conta9 a promise f ! ,fa!r t ,he w\ld s5d ,8 ,son to ! e>? to be ! ,r$eem] ( m5 & ! ,reg5]ator ( ! _w8 7#b7 ,d ! cr$5tials ( ,jesus1 ! prison] at ! b>1 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce be=e u1 entitle ,him to be consid]$ ?is ,son & ,ambassador ( ,god1 s5t f ! ,fa!r to r$eem mank9d8 ,x foll[s logically & necess>ily t if affirmative answ]s 7 n giv5 to ! fir/ set ( que/ions an exam9ation ( ! second w\ld be useless4 ,let u conceive1 !n1 t ! judges ( ! ,sanh$r9 _h employ$ ?is me?od4 ,:at answ]s1 we may ask1 w\ld !y h develop$ to ^! que/ions f ! ,sacr$ ,books8 ,at ! outset x is safe to say t negative answ]s w\ld h be5 giv51 if ! judges _h consid]$ ! claims ( ,jesus ) ref]5ce alone to ! prevail+ ,ph>isaic tea*+s ( ! days ( ,jesus4 ,& 9 ?is connection let u note t ! ,hebrew conception ( ,jehovah _h mat]ially *ang$ 9 ! "t int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,mosaic disp5sation & ! com+ ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! spiritual gr[? ( ! nation _h be5 *>act]iz$ at e /ep by m>k$ av]sion to an?ropomorphism--! ascription to ,god ( human =m & attributes4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* !re is a prevail+ an?ropomorphic idea ( ,jehovah4 ,he is frequ5tly talk$ ab\t z if ,he 7 a man4 ,human passions & emotions are repeat$ly ascrib$ to ,him4 ,?is 0 inevitable among a primitive p ^: crude religi\s consci\sness s\ght to frame f ! analogy ( human nature a visible symbol ( ! ,deity & a s5sible emblem ( religi\s fai?4 ,all e>ly religions h manife/$ ! same an?ropomorphic t5d5cies4 ,bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity h long s9ce plant$ !mselves ^u ! fundam5tal proposition t ,god is a _s4 ,b bo? ^! sy/ems ( religion h 9 all ages be5 compell$ to run ! gantlet ( two oppos+ t5d5cies3 "o ( :i* s\ght by a liv+1 p]sonal communion ) ,god ?r\gh ,moses & ?r\gh ,*ri/1 by means ( human attributes & symbols1 an intimate k & imm$iate b5efit ( ! div9e nature2 ! o!r1 f a horror ( an?ropomorphism1 t5d+ to make ,god purely passionless & imp]sonal1 ?us r$uc+ ,him to a b>e conception )\t =m or quality1 ?us mak+ ,him a blank negation4 ,! successive /eps 9 ! progress ( we$+ out an?ropomorphisms f ! ,p5tateu* may be cle>ly trac$ 9 lat] ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! ,prophets !mselves 7 at times repell$ by ! s5su\s conceptions ( ,god reveal$ by ! writ+s ( ,moses4 ,! great lawgiv] _h attribut$ to ,jehovah ! quality ( rep5tance1 a human attribute4 ,& x rep5t$ ! ,"l t he _h made man on ! e>?1 & x griev$ him at 8 he>t1 says ,g5esis vi4 #f4 ,b a lat] writ]1 ! prophet ,samuel1 d5i$ t ,god _h su* a quality4 ,& also ! ,/r5g? ( ,israel w n lie nor rep5t3 = he is n a man1 t he %\ld rep5t4#cbh ,& ! prophet ,hosea affirms ?is decl>ation :5 he places 9 ! m\? ( ,jehovah ! affirmation3 ,= ,i am ,god & n man4#cbi ,at a /ill lat] age1 :5 ! notion ( ! supreme transc5d5ce ( ,jehovah _h become preval5t1 x 0 consid]$ objectionable to make ,god say1 ,i w dwell 9 y\r mid/2 z a sub/itute1 ,i %all cause y to dwell 0 adopt$4 ,to behold ! face ( ,god 0 n a repulsive phrase 9 ! anci5t days ( ,hebrew pla9ness & simplicity1 b lat] times s\ght to eradicate ! an?ropomorphism by say+ in/ead1 to appe> be=e ,god4 ,! ,septuag9t1 ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 use at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 reveals ! same t5d5cy t[>d p>aphras+ or spiritualiz+ ! an?ropomorphic phrases ( ! old] ,bible4 ,9 ?is translation ! image ( ,god ( ! old] ,hebrew lit]ature becomes ! glory ( ,god1 & ! m\? ( ,god is express$ by ! voice ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,septuag9t 0 writt5 m ?an a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus1 & we may safely ass]t t at ! beg9n+ ( our era ! ,jews n only affirmatively proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( div9e unity & pure spirituality1 9 relation to ! p]son & "* ( ,jehovah1 b t !y boldly & indignantly d5i$ & d5\nc$ any attempt to make ( ,god a man or to attribute to ,him human qualities4 ,b :5 we say ! ,jews1 we mean ! dom9ant religi\s sect ( ! nation1 ! ,ph>isees4 ,we %\ld n =get1 9 ?is connection1 t ! prim>y diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ! ,ph>isees 0 9 ! v>y+ int5sity ) :i* !y lov$ ! ,law ( ,moses & adh]$ to its tea*+s4 ,we h se5 9 ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume t ! ,mi%na1 ! oral law1 0 really m highly e/eem$ by ! ,ph>isaic ,jews ?an 0 ! ,mosaic ,code4 ,b ! ,sadducees plant$ !mselves squ>ely ^u ! ,p5tateu* & d5i$ t ! traditions ( ! ,scribes 7 ( b9d+ =ce4 ,! ,sadducees 7 a body ( ari/ocrats oppos$ to ! oral law & ! lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism4 ,n[ :at views1 we may ask1 did ! ,sadducees ent]ta9 ( ! possibility ( ,god appe>+ to m5 9 ! fle%8 ,9 o!r words1 :at 0 _! notion1 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ( ! an?ropomorphisms ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* 0 _! ultimate guide & /&>d 9 all matt]s ( legal & religi\s int]pretation8 ,^! que/ions are important 9 ?is connection1 s9ce ,caiaphas & ! l>ge majority ( 8 colleagues 9 ! ,great ,sanh$r9 7 ,sadducees & held ! fate ( ,jesus 9 _! h&s4 ,c&or compels u to admit t we believe t ! ,sadducees agre$ ) ! ,ph>isees t ,jehovah 0 a pure & s9less _s4 ,b we feel equally sure t _! k ( ! ,p5tateu*1 9 :i* at times an?ropomorphism is /rongly acc5tuat$1 taught !m t ,jehovah _h n only appe>$ 9 ! fle% among m5 9 old5 times1 b t x 0 n at all impossible or unreasonable t ,he %\ld come aga9 9 ! same =m4 ,b ?is mu* is c]ta93 t 9 det]m9+ :e!r ,jesus c\ld be bo? man & ,god ! ,sadducees w\ld be dispos$ to ignore ! traditions ( ! ,ph>isees & ! lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism1 & appeal direct to ! law ( ,moses4 ,jesus ,himself1 if ,he _h be5 dispos$ to make a def5se ( ,8 claims1 & ,8 judges _h be5 dispos$ to he> ,him1 w\ld h appeal$ to ! same legal /&>d4 ,*ri/ m ?an once manife/$ a disposition to appeal to ! ,mosaic ,code1 z a mod]n citiz5 w\ld appeal f m]e /atutes & ! decisions ( ! c\rts1 to ! con/itution1 z ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&4 ,m>k tells u t 9 d5\nc+ ! ,ph>isees1 ,he us$ ?is language3 ,& he said unto !m1 ,full well ye reject ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 t ye may keep y\r own tradition4444 ,mak+ ! ^w ( ,god ( none effect ?r\gh y\r tradition1 :i* ye h deliv]$3 & _m su* l ?+s d ye4#ccj ,hebrew sacr$ lit]ature is fill$ ) anecdotes1 (t5 *>act]iz$ by raill]y & je/s1 ( h[ ! ,sadducces d5\nc$ ! ,ph>isees = _! attempts to nullify ,mosaic injunction by _! peculi> int]pretation4 ,n[ 9 view ( :at we h j said1 are we n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t if ! judges _h accord$ ,jesus full lib]ty ( def5se ,he w\ld h appeal$ to ! ,p5tateu*1 ) ! approbation ( ,8 judges1 to %[ t ,god _h appe>$ among m5 9 ! fle%1 & t a plurality 9 ! ,godhead 0 pla9ly taught8 ,w\ld ,he n !n h appeal$ to ! ,prophets to %[ t ,jehovah _h spok5 ( a begott5 ,son :o 0 none o!r ?an ,almighty ,god ,himself8 ,w\ld ,he n h %[n f bo? ! ,law & ! ,prophets t ! angel ( ,jehovah1 :o 0 none o!r ?an ,himself1 _h frequ5tly1 9 ages pa/1 act$ z ! ambassador ( ,god 9 num]\s visits to ! e>?1 on missions ( love & m]cy among m58 ,w\ld ,he n h prov$ to !m t ?is angel ( ,jehovah _h be5 at c]ta9 times 9 ! pa/ none o!r ?an ,jehovah ,himself8 ,c\ld ,he n h po9t$ out to !m t _! :ole sacr$ lit]ature 0 fill$ ) prophecies =etell+ ! com+ ( ?is ,son & ,ambassador ( ,god to ! e>? to r$eem fall5 man8 ,c\ld ,he n !n h summon$ a hundr$ witnesses to prove ,8 own connection ) ^! prophecies1 to %[ ,8 virg9 bir?1 & to give an acc\nt ( ! num]\s miracles :i* ,he _h wr\ght1 & t 7 ! be/ evid5ce ( ,8 div9e "*8 ,let u imag9e t ,caiaphas1 z judge1 _h dem&$ ( ,jesus1 ! prison]1 to produce ,biblical evid5ce t ,god _h ev] begott5 or _h promis$ to beget a ,son :o 0 equal ) ,himself4 ,! foll[+ passages might h be5 produc$3 ,psa4 ii4 #g3 ,?\ art my son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,isa4 ix4 #f3 ,= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv53 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nselor1 ,! mighty ,god1 ,! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,:at clos] id5tity1 we may ask1 c\ld be dem&$ betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son ?an is reveal$ by ?is language ( ,isaiah1 & 8 7! son's7 "n %all be call$ ,! mighty ,god1 ,! ev]la/+ ,fa!r8 ,:at m exact equality c\ld be ask$ ?an ! same words sugge/8 ,:at /rong] pro( ( plurality 9 ! ,godhead c\ld be dem&$8 ,aga91 let u suppose t ,8 judges _h dem&$ ( ,jesus scriptural pro( t ! div9e ,son ( ,god 0 to be born ( a woman1 & 0 to h1 !re=e1 ! =m ( a man & ! attributes ( a human be+4 ,! foll[+ passages might h be5 produc$3 ,isa4 vii4 #ad3 ,!re=e ! ,"l himself %all give y a sign2 ,behold1 a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel4 ,g54 iii4 #ae3 ,& ,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] se$2 x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise 8 heel4 ,eno* lxii4 #e3 ,& "o ,portion ( !m w look on ! o!r1 & !y w be t]rifi$1 & _! c\nt5ance w fall1 & !y w seize !m :5 !y see t ,son ( ,woman sitt+ on ! ?rone ( 8 glory4 ,! fir/ ( ^! passages ne$s no comm5t4 ,x is p]fectly cle> & speaks = itself4 ,reg>d+ ! second1 x may be obs]v$ t aft] ! fall ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 x 0 ann\nc$ t ! se$ ( ! woman %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head4 ,?is ann\ncem5t conta9$1 :5 view$ 9 ! light ( subsequ5t revelations1 bo? a promise & a prophecy2 a promise ( a ,r$eem] ( fall5 man1 & a prophecy t ,he w\ld f9ally triumph ov] all ! p[]s ( s9 & d>kness ^: fa!r 0 ,satan1 :o _h ent]$ into ! s]p5t4 ,! se$ ( ! woman =etold t ! ,r$eem] w\ld h a human nature2 ,8 triumph ov] ,satan sugge/$ ,8 div9e orig9 & p[]4 ,aga91 cont9u+ ! exam9ation1 let u suppose t ,caiaphas _h in=m$ ,jesus t ,8 pret5sions to be ,god 9 ! fle% 7 n only n sanction$ by b 7 (f5sive to ! curr5t tea*+s ( ,judaism 9 relation to ! p]son & "* ( ,jehovah4 ,let u suppose1 fur!r1 t ! high prie/ _h in=m$ ! prison] t he & 8 fell[-judges1 :o 7 ,sadducees 9 fai? & a majority 9 numb] ( ! ,sanh$r91 did n feel !mselves b\nd by ,ph>isaic tradition & ! lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism2 t !y pref]r$ ! ,mosaic ,code z a /&>d ( legal & religi\s judgm5t2 t ! an?ropomorphisms ( ! ,p5tateu* 7 n p>ticul>ly (f5sive to !m1 = ! reason t !y _h n be5 to ,moses2 & t if ,he1 ! prison] at ! b>1 c\ld cite in/ances relat$ by ,moses :]e ,jehovah _h appe>$ among m51 hav+ ! =m ( a human be+1 ,8 case w\ld be greatly /r5g!n$2 on ! gr\nd t if ,god _h ev] appe>$ 9 ! fle% on "o occasion x 0 n unreasonable1 or at lea/ impossible1 t ,he %\ld s appe> aga94 ,9 pro( t ,god _h appe>$ 9 ! fle%1 or at lea/ 9 human =m1 among m51 ! foll[+ passages might h be5 adduc$3 ,g54 xviii4 #a-h3 ,& ! ,"l appe>$ unto him 9 ! pla9s ( ,mamre3 & he sat 9 ! t5t door 9 ! heat ( ! day2 ,& he lift$ up 8 eyes & look$1 &1 lo1 ?ree m5 /ood by him3 & :5 he saw !m1 he ran to meet !m f ! t5t door1 & b[$ himself t[>d ! gr\nd1 ,& said1 ,my ,"l1 if n[ ,i h f\nd fav\r 9 ?y sight1 pass n away1 ,i pray !e1 f ?y s]vant3 444 ,& ,abraham ran unto ! h]d1 & fet*$ a calf t5d] & good1 & gave x unto a "y man2 & he ha/$ to dress x4 ,& he took butt]1 & milk1 & ! calf :i* he _h dress$1 & set x be=e !m2 & he /ood by !m "u ! tree1 & !y did eat4 ,g54 xvi4 #aj-ac3 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]1 ,i w multiply ?y se$ exce$+ly1 t x %all n be numb]$ = multitude4 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]1 ,behold1 ?\ art ) *ild1 & %alt be> a son1 & %alt call 8 "n ,i%mael2 because ! ,"l ha? he>d ?y affliction4444 ,& %e call$ ! "n ( ! ,"l t spake unto h]1 ,?\ ,god see/ me3 = %e said1 ,h ,i also "h look$ aft] him t see? me8 ,g54 xxii4 #aa1 #ab3 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l call$ unto him out ( heav51 & said1 ,abraham1 ,abraham3 & he said1 ,"h am ,i4 ,& he said1 ,lay n ?9e h& ^u ! lad1 nei!r d ?\ any ?+ unto him3 = n[ ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/ ,god1 see+ ?\ ha/ n )held ?y son1 ?9e only son1 f me4 ,ex4 iii4 #b-f3 ,& ! ,angel ( ! ,"l appe>$ unto him 9 a flame ( fire out ( ! mid/ ( a bu%3 & he look$1 &1 behold1 ! bu% burn$ ) fire1 & ! bu% 0 n consum$4 ,& ,moses said1 ,i w n turn aside1 & see ?is great sight1 :y ! bu% is n burnt4 ,& :5 ! ,"l saw t he turn$ aside to see1 ,god call$ unto him out ( ! mid/ ( ! bu%1 & said1 ,moses1 ,moses4 ,& he said1 ,"h am ,i4 ,& he said1 ,draw n nigh hi!r3 put (f ?y %oes f (f ?y feet2 = ! place :]eon ?\ /&e/ is holy gr\nd4 ,moreov] he said1 ,i am ! ,god ( ?y fa!r1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,& ,moses hid 8 face2 = he 0 afraid to look ^u ,god4 ,f ! fir/ passage above cit$ x is cle> t ,jehovah1 9 ! =m ( a man1 appe>$ to ,abraham 9 ! pla9s ( ,mamre4 ,a contributor to ,! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia decl>es t ^! ?ree m5 7 angels 9 ! %ape ( human be+s ( extraord9>y beauty b t !y 7 n at once recogniz$ z angels4#cca ,! ,*ri/ian comm5tators are g5]ally agre$ t x 0 ,jehovah :o 0 pres5t 9 human =m4#ccb ,! o!r memb]s ( ! company are decl>$ by "s ( !m to be ! second & ?ird p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,plausibility is giv5 to ?is cont5tion by ! fact t ,abraham fir/ saw "o p]son1 ! ,"l2 !n he look$ up & saw ?ree2 he !n advanc$ to meet ! ?ree1 &1 address+ !m1 us$ a s+ul> epi!t1 ,my ,"l4 ,! =m ( ! address1 toge!r ) ! movem5ts ( ,abraham1 seem to sugge/ ?ree 9 "o & "o 9 ?ree4 ,b ) ?is !ory we are n s]i\sly conc]n$1 z our pres5t purpose is to %[ t ,jehovah occasionally appe>$ 9 human =m ^u ! e>? 9 ! old5 days4 ,a plurality ( gods is sugge/$1 h[ev]1 by ! passage1 if ,*ri/ian int]pretation be appli$2 = if "o ( ^! m5 0 ,jehovah1 z ,abraham's language seems to indicate1 & z mod]n ,*ri/ian int]pretation g5]ally ma9ta9s1 :y c\ld n ! o!r two m5 h also be5 gods 9 ! =m ( ! ,son & ! ,holy ,_s8 ,if ! ,jewi% comm5tator's op9ion1 to :i* we h ref]r$ h]et(ore1 be plausible--t ! ?ree m5 7 angels 9 human =m--:y is x n equally z plausible to suppose t a god or gods %\ld also appe> 9 human =m8 ,b at all ev5ts ^! ?ree m5 7 n ord9>y human be+s4 ,he :o ma9ta9s t !y 7 assaults ! intellig5ce ( ei!r ! translators ( ! ,bible or ( ,abraham1 or bo?2 = ! ,hebrew patri>* believ$ t ,jehovah 0 pres5t z a gue/ 9 8 h\se1 & he spread a hospitable meal = him4 ,! language ( ,g5esis v cle>ly indicates z mu*4 ,& ! "q may be ask$3 ,if ,abraham c\ld n recognize ,jehovah1 :o c\ld or c8 ,9 ! second ( ! above extracts f ,g5esis ! angel ( ! ,"l appe>$ unto ,hag> & said to h]3 ,i w multiply ?y se$ exce$+ly1 t x %all n be numb]$ = multitude4 ,& ,hag> made reply3 ,& %e call$ ! "n ( ! ,"l t spake unto h]1 ,?\ ,god see/ me4 ,?is passage pla9ly tea*es t ! angel ( ! ,"l & ,jehovah 7 sometimes id5tical4 ,! ?ird passage h]et(ore cit$ f ,g5esis also tea*es ! id5tity ( ! angel ( ! ,"l & ( ,god ,himself1 9 ! matt] ( ! attempt$ sacrifice ( ,isaac by ,abraham4 ,x 0 ! same voice1 t ( ! angel ( ! ,"l1 t said3 ,= n[ ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/ ,god1 see+ ?\ ha/ n )held ?y son1 ?9e only son f me4 ,aga91 ! id5tity ( ! angel ( ! ,"l & ( ,jehovah is unmi/akably %[n f ! acc\nt ( ! voice t cri$ f ! burn+ bu%3 ,i am ! ,god ( ?y fa!r1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob4 ,& ,moses hid 8 face1 = he 0 afraid to look ^u ,god4 ,conc]n+ ! manife/ation ( ,jehovah to m5 9 angelic & human =m a mod]n writ] says3 ,mu* has be5 writt5 conc]n+ a c]ta9 ,mal'akh ,yaweh 7mess5g] ( ,jehovah7 :o appe>s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i say 'a c]ta9' ,mal'akh ,yaweh1 because x is n e ,mal'akh ,yaweh t appe>s to :i* ,i ref]4 ,9 mo/ passages ! ,mal'akh ,yaweh is simply an angel s5t by ! ,almighty to communicate 8 w or purposes to m54 ,^! angels are di/9ctly appreh5d$ z creat$ intellig5ces1 :olly sep>ate & div]se f ,god4 ,b !re is a class ( passages 9 :i* ! ,mal'akh ,yaweh appe>s z a self-manife/ation ( ,god4 ,he appe>s inde$ 9 human =m & speaks ( ,god 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,b ^? to :om he appe>s are oppress$ by ! consci\sness t !y h se5 ,god & mu/ die4 ,!y see 9 him an imp]sonation ( ,deity su* z is f\nd 9 no o!r angel4 ,he is to _! m9ds n m]ely a mess5g] f ,god b ! revelation ( ! be+ ( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ian fa!rs = ! mo/ "p id5tify him ) ! ,logos ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b !re is z mu* reason to adopt ! op9ion ( _m mod]n writ]s :o hold t he is ,jehovah himself appe>+ 9 human =m1 = he is explicitly address$ z ,jehovah 7,judges vi4 #aa-bd74ccc ,! id5tity ( ! angel ( ,jehovah & ( ,jehovah ,himself c\ld n be m conclusively prov$ ?an 9 ! appe>ance to ,gideon1 relat$ 9 ! passage above cit$1 ,judges vi4 #aa-bd4 ,! absolute id5tity is reveal$ 9 v]ses #bb1 #bc3 ,& :5 ,gideon p]ceiv$ t he 0 an angel ( ! ,"l1 ,gideon said1 ,alas1 ,o ,"l ,god6 = because ,i h se5 an angel ( ! ,"l face to face4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him1 ,peace be unto !e2 fe> n3 ?\ %alt n die4 ,n[ let u suppose t ,caiaphas & ! ,sanh$r9 _h receiv$ ^! passages favorably2 t !y _h become conv9c$ t ,jehovah _h appe>$ 9 ! old5 days 9 ! =m ( angels & ( m52 t at "o "t ,he 0 id5tical ) a man1 & at ano!r ) an angel :om ,he _h s5t4 ,let u suppose fur!r t ! judges ( ,jesus _h dem&$ ( ,him a passage ( anci5t ,scriptures connect+ ,him ev5 remotely ) ?is mess5g] ( ,god4 ,! foll[+ passage might h be5 produc$3 ,ex4 xxiii4 #bj1 #ba3 ,behold1 ,i s5d an ,angel be=e !e1 to keep !e 9 ! way1 & to br+ !e into ! place :i* ,i h prep>$4 ,bew>e ( him1 & obey 8 voice1 provoke him n2 = he w n p>don y\r transgressions3 = my "n is 9 him4 ,! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! la/ cit$ passage1 ,my "n is 9 him1 is equival5t to ,i am 9 him4 ,! m]e "n ( ,god is (t5 us$ to d5ote ,god ,himself z manife/$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,i ,k+s viii4 #bi is conta9$ ! /atem5t1 ,my "n %all be !re2 t is1 ,!re w ,i dwell4 ,& :5 x is said t ! "n ( ,jehovah w\ld be 9 ! angel ( ,jehovah x is equival5t to say+ t ,jehovah ,himself w\ld be pres5t 9 ,8 mess5g] :i* ,he _h s5t be=e ,him4 ,! passage fur!r tea*es t ! mess5g] ( ,jehovah to ! e>? bore a commission to p>don s91 or n to1 accord+ to 8 pleasure4 ,! ,sanh$r9 7 und\bt$ly aw>e t ,jesus claim$ ! same p[] by virtue ( au?ority ve/$ 9 ,him by ,8 ,fa!r4 ,b x may be imag9$ t ,caiaphas 0 p]fectly will+ to conc$e t ,jehovah _h appe>$ 9 human =m ^u ! e>?1 b 0 n incl9$ to believe t ,he _h ev] manife/$ human passions & emotions1 z ,jesus _h done :5 ,he d5\nc$ on sev]al occasions ! hypocrisy ( ! ,ph>isees2 &1 above all1 :5 ,he ov]?rew ! tables 9 ! ,temple1 &1 apply+ a la% to _! backs1 drove out ! money-*ang]s4#ccd ,let u imag9e t ! high prie/ dem&$ ( ! prison] pro( f ! anci5t ,scriptures t ,jehovah 0 possess$ ( ord9>y human attributes2 & p>ticul>ly t ,he 0 at times dispos$ to fight4 ,jesus might h produc$ ! foll[+ passages to %[ t ,jehovah1 ,8 ,fa!r1 _h manife/$ 9 times pa/ ! ord9>y human passions & emotions ( rep5tance1 grief1 jeal\sy1 ang]1 graci\sness1 love1 & hate3 ,ex4 xv4 #c1 #f3 ,! ,"l is a man ( w>4444 ,?y "r h&1 ,o ,"l1 is become glori\s 9 p[]3 ?y "r h&1 ,o ,"l1 ha? da%$ 9 pieces ! enemy4 ,g54 vi4 #f3 ,& x rep5t$ ! ,"l t he _h made man on ! e>?1 & x griev$ him at 8 he>t4 ,deut4 vi4 #ae3 ,= ! ,"l ?y ,god is a jeal\s ,god among y1 le/ ! ang] ( ! ,"l ?y ,god be k9dl$ aga9/ !e1 & de/roy !e f (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,psa4 cxi4 #d3 ,he ha? made 8 wond]ful works to be rememb]$3 ! ,"l is graci\s & full ( compassion4 ,i ,k+s x4 #i3 ,because ! ,"l lov$ ,israel =ev]1 !re=e made he !e k+1 to d judgm5t & ju/ice4 ,prov4 vi4 #af3 ,^! six ?+s do? ! ,"l hate3 yea1 sev5 are an abom9ation unto him4 ,& z a f9al /ep 9 ! exam9ation let u imag9e t ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues _h /at$ to ,jesus t !y 7 satisfi$1 f ! au?orities cit$1 t ,jehovah _h1 9 anci5t days1 appe>$ ^u ! e>? 9 human =m & _h exhibit$ human attributes2 t ,jehovah _h begott5 a ,son :o 0 equal 9 p[] & maje/y ) ,himself2 t ?is ,son _h be5 begott5 ( a woman & possess$1 !re=e1 human =m & attributes2 t ?is ,jehovah _h s5t an angel mess5g] to ! e>? ) a commission to p>don s9s4 ,let u imag9e fur!r t ! judges _h dem&$ ( ! prison] t ,he pres5t & prove ,8 cr$5tials z ! div9e ambassador ( ,god f heav5 to m5 on e>?2 t ,he con=m ,8 p]sonal claims to heav5ly ,messiah%ip to anci5t prophecy by produc+ evid5ce be=e !m 9 c\rt4 ,:at facts1 we may ask1 c\ld ,jesus h %[n to e/abli% ,8 claims to ,messiah%ip & to ,son%ip ( ! ,fa!r8 ,to attempt to orig9ate a def5se = ,jesus w\ld be unnecess>y1 if n actually imp]t95t & sacrilegi\s4 ,we are fully ju/ifi$1 h[ev]1 9 assum+ t if call$ ^u to prove ,8 claims to ,messiah%ip ,he w\ld h made ! same reply to ! ,sanh$r9 t ,he _h already made to ! ,jews out ( c\rt :o ask$ ,him3 ,:at sign %ewe/ ?\1 !n1 t we may see1 & believe !e8 :at do/ ?\ "w8#cce ,h[ long do/ ?\ make u to d\bt8 ,if ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 tell u pla9ly4 ,jesus answ]$ !m1 ,i told y1 & ye believ$ n3 ! works t ,i d 9 my ,fa!r's "n1 !y be> witness ( me4#ccf ,aga91 ,he w\ld h d\btless made ! same reply to ,caiaphas t ,he did to ! embassy f ,john ! ,bapti/ :o came to inquire if ,he 0 really ! ,messiah4 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,g & %ew ,john aga9 ^? ?+s :i* ye d he> & see3 ,! bl9d receive _! sight1 & ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1 & ! deaf he>1 ! dead are rais$ up1 & ! poor h ! gospel prea*$ to !m4#ccg ,"u a fair trial1 9 daylight1 ) full fre$om ( def5se to ! accus$1 abundant evid5ce c\ld h be5 secur$ ( ! miracul\s p[]s ( ,jesus & ( ! tru?fulness ( ,8 pret5sions to a div9e orig94 ,te/imony c\ld h be5 introduc$ t w\ld h be5 n only compet5t b entirely satisfactory4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives tell u ( ab\t =ty miracles t ,jesus p]=m$ dur+ ,8 life4 ,! clos+ v]se ( ,/4 ,john intimates t ,he p]=m$ _m t 7 nev] report$4 ,! circum/ances surr\nd+ ! work+ ( ^! wond]s 7 su* z to make !m peculi>ly compet5t z evid5ce & to c>ry conviction ( _! g5u95ess1 :5 !y 7 once introduc$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 miracles 7 entirely capable ( be+ prov$ by te/imony4 ,if ^? p]sons :o _h kn[n ,laz>us intimately dur+ 8 lifetime saw him dead on "o day1 & on ! f\r? day aft]w>ds saw him alive & walk+ ! /reets1 ! s5ses w\ld be p]fectly compet5t to decide & ! fact t a miracle _h be5 p]=m$ w\ld be conclusively prov$4 ,& x may be add$ t a doz5 witnesses :o 7 entirely compet5t to te/ify c\ld h be5 summon$ to ! def5se ( ,jesus 9 ! matt] ( rais+ ,laz>us f ! dead4 ,aga91 we mu/ rememb] t ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 p]=m$ 9 ! mo/ public mann]1 9 ! /reet1 on ! highway1 9 f>-away ,galilee1 & at ! v gates ( ,j]usalem4 ,bo? ,8 fri5ds & enemies1 m5 & wom51 7 witnesses ( _! p]=mance4 ,! numb] & publicity ( ^! wond]-work+ p]=mances r5d]$ x possible = ! ,sanh$r9 to call be=e !m hundr$s & ?\s&s ( compet5t witnesses :o _h se5 & felt ! manife/ation ( ! div9e p[] ( ! prison] 9 _! pres5ce4 ,aga91 ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 su* z to r5d] !m subject to ! te/ ( ! s5ses1 :5 submitt$ to exam9ation4 ,if ,caiaphas & 8 fell[-judges _h decid$ t !re 0 fraud 9 ! matt] ( ! alleg$ rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead1 because ! bro!r ( ,m>?a & ,m>y 0 n really dead1 b simply swoon$ or slept2 if !y _h decid$ t ! man sick ( ! palsy 0 n cur$ by miracle1 b by fai?2 nev]!less1 !y c\ld n h *>g$ fraud & fai? cure 9 ! matt] ( ! /ill+ ( ! tempe/ or ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& or ! walk+ on ! sea4 ,!y w\ld h be5 =c$ to conclude t ! witnesses _h li$ or t miracles _h be5 wr\ght4 ,9 ! case ( ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ! witnesses w\ld h be5 too num]\s to br& ) falsehood4 ,b1 we may ask1 0 ! p]=mance ( miracles by ,jesus1 if believ$ by ! ,sanh$r91 suffici5t evid5ce ( ! div9e orig9 ( ,jesus8 ,?is "q we are n prep>$ to answ] positively1 ei!r yes or no4 ,we c only v5ture ! p]sonal op9ion t ! act ( rais+ a p]son indisputably dead1 to life aga91 w\ld be an a/\nd+ miracle1 an a*ievem5t t c\ld be wr\ght by ! h& ( a ,god alone4 ,! tr\ble ) ! "q is t m5 l ,elijah rais$ ! dead4#cch ,x is true t !re is no pret5sion t ,elijah 0 div9e or t he wr\ght ! miracle by virtue ( any peculi> p[] )9 himself4 ,! ,scriptures pla9ly /ate t he ask$ ,god to raise ! dead to life ?r\gh him4 ,! same is true ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us by ,jesus4#cci ,b ,*ri/ seems to h rais$ ! daught] ( ,jairus#cdj & ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na9#cda f ! dead by virtue ( ! /r5g? ( ,8 own div9ity2 = !re is no sugge/ion t ! p[] ( ,god 0 ei!r previ\sly invok$ or subsequ5tly ackn[l$g$4 ,z to ! weight :i* ! te/imony ( ! miracles ( ,jesus %\ld h _h ) ,caiaphas & ! o!r memb]s ( ! c\rt1 we h a valuable indication 9 ! op9ion express$ by ,nicodemus1 :o 0 himself a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r91 :5 he said to ,jesus3 ,we "k t ?\ art a tea*] come f ,god3 = no man c d ^! miracles t ?\ doe/1 except ,god be ) him4#cdb ,if ,nicodemus1 a rul] ( ! ,jews & "o ( ! lead+ memb]s ( _! highe/ tribunal1 believ$ t ,jesus 0 div9e because ( ! wond]s t ,he _h wr\ght1 :y %\ld n a k ( ^! miracles by ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,sanh$r9 h produc$ ! same impression8 ,nicodemus1 x is true1 0 a fri5d ( ,jesus1 b he 0 n a disciple4 ,& ! v timidity ) :i* he express$ 8 fri5d%ip1 hav+ come at night to pay 8 complim5ts to ! ,ma/]1 demon/rates ! deep impression t ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! ,*ri/ _h made ^u him4 ,b ! judges ( ,jesus 7 n limit$ to ! evid5ce ( miracles z a pro( ( ! div9ity ( ! prison] 9 _! mid/4 ,!y %\ld h weigh$ 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce ! fact t ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem 9 fulfillm5t ( ! prophecy conta9$ 9 ,micah v4 #b2 t ,he 0 sprung f ! ,h\se ( ,david 9 con=mity ) ! tea*+s 9 ,j]emiah xxiii4 #e1 #f2 t ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ,8 =]unn] l unto ,elijah1 :o _h come to prep>e ! way accord+ to ! prophecy 9 ,mala*i iii4 #a2 t ,he _h begun to prea* 9 ,galilee1 z =etold 9 ,isaiah ix4 #a1 #b2 t ! scept] _h dep>t$ f ,judah & ! lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 z prophesi$ 9 ,g5esis xlix4 #aj1 :i* fact x 0 believ$ w\ld h]ald ! approa* ( ! ,messiah2 t ,he _h made ,8 public entry into ,j]usalem rid+ ^u an ass1 z =etold 9 ,ze*>iah ix4 #i2 & t ,he _h be5 betray$ into _! h&s by "o ( ,8 own fri5ds1 9 fulfillm5t ( prophecies conta9$ 9 ,psalms xli4 #i & ,ze*>iah xi4 #ab1 #ac4 ,?is cumulative evid5ce1 ?is collective pro(1 mu/ h c>ri$ ov]:elm+ conviction to ! m9ds & ! he>ts ( fair & imp>tial judges4 ,m ?an "o ,nicodemus w\ld h aris5 to plead ! cause ( ,jesus if ?is te/imony _h be5 adduc$ be=e a free-m9d$1 op5-he>t$1 dis9t]e/$ tribunal4 ,m ?an "o ,joseph ( ,arima!a w\ld h refus$ ass5t 9 a ho/ile v]dict aga9/ a prison] 9 ^: favor ! record ( fact 0 s pron\nc$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! weight t ?is evid5ce %\ld h _h 9 affect+ ! decision ( ! judges we mu/ n =get t a ,jewi% prison] 0 n requir$ to prove 8 innoc5ce4 ,x 0 incumb5t ^u ! ,commonweal? ( ,israel to e/abli% guilt beyond all d\bt4 ,we %\ld also rememb] t ! peculi> t5d5cy ( ! ,hebrew sy/em ( crim9al proc$ure 0 9 ! direction ( complete protection to ! accus$4 ,n reasonable d\bt m]ely1 b all d\bt 0 resolv$ 9 8 favor4 ,x 0 a maxim ( ! ,hebrew law t ! ,sanh$r9 0 to save1 n to de/roy life4 ,pretext aft] pretext 0 s\ght to acquit4 ,! prim>y object ( ! ,hebrew judicial sy/em1 says ,b5ny1 0 to r5d] ! conviction ( an innoc5t p]son impossible4 ,all ! +5uity ( ! ,jewi% legi/s 0 direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( ?is end4 ,if ?is g5]\s & m]ciful t5d5cy ( ,hebrew law _h be5 duly obs]v$1 w\ld n ! production ( ! evid5ce above not$ h result$ 9 ! acquittal ( ,jesus8 ,b1 at ?is po9t1 let u return to ! consid]ation ( ! real mean+ ( ! objection urg$ 9 ,po9t ,,xii4 ,! irregul>ity !re9 alleg$ is t ! ,sanh$r9 paid no att5tion :atev] to ! def5se ( ,jesus4 ,& h]e9 0 ! real error4 ,! memb]s ( t c\rt might h reject$ z false ! claims ( ! ,naz>5e to ,messiah%ip4 ,!y might h d5\nc$ z fraudul5t 8 pret5sions to miracul\s p[]s4 ,!y c\ld n = ?is reason h be5 *>g$ ) judicial unfairness1 if !y _h fir/ he>d 8 def5se & _h !n weigh$ x 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! consci5ce4 ,infallibility ( judgm5t _c be dem&$ ( judicial (fic]s4 ,9 clos+ ! discussion ( errors committ$ at ! night trial 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 ! read] %\ld be rem9d$ t ! twelve ,po9ts above m5tion$ are n exhau/ive ( ! irregul>ities4 ,o!rs might be m5tion$4 ,x seems t ,jesus1 be+ ! accus$1 %\ld n h be5 put "u oa?4#cdc ,on ! days on :i* capital v]dicts 7 pron\nc$ ,hebrew judges 7 requir$ to m\rn & fa/4#cdd ,b !re 0 evid5tly no m\rn+ & fa/+ by ,caiaphas & 8 colleagues at ! "t ( ! condemnation ( ,jesus4 ,aga91 !re is no evid5ce t ,antec$5t ,w>n+ 0 prop]ly adm9i/]$4 ,/ill o!r errors might be not$1 if a legal presumption 9 favor ( ! correctness ( ! record did n prev5t4 ,! irregul>ities :i* we h h]et(ore discuss$1 x is believ$1 exhau/ all ! mat]ial errors committ$ at ! fir/ session ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,at lea/1 no o!rs are reveal$ by ! ,gospel records4 ,! ,morn+ ,session ( ! ,sanh$r94--,ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! close ( ! night session 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 t is ab\t six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! ,sanh$r9 reconv5$ 9 a second session4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! sitt+s ,jesus 0 brutaliz$ by ,8 keep]s4 ,exactly :at ! prie/s 7 do+ we d n "k4 ,!y 7 probably busily engag$ 9 p]fect+ plans = ! de/ruction ( ! prison] 9 _! *>ge4 ,! daylight meet+ is ?us report$ 9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #a3 ,:5 ! morn+ 0 come1 all ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p took c\nsel aga9/ ,jesus to put him to dea?4 ,9 ,m>k xv4 #a ! same session is ?us record$3 ,& /raightway 9 ! morn+ ! *ief prie/s held a consultation ) ! eld]s & scribes & ! :ole c\ncil1 & b\nd ,jesus1 & c>ri$ him away1 & deliv]$ him to ,pilate4 ,! exact nature ( ?is morn+ sitt+1 :e!r a regul> trial or an in=mal ga!r+1 is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,mey]1 ,ellicott1 & ,li*t5/e9 ma9ta9 t ?is second session 0 no?+ m ?an a prolongation ( ! night trial1 p]haps ) a brief recess1 & t its special object 0 to conv5e = consultation conc]n+ ! c>ry+ out ( ! s5t5ce :i* _h already be5 pron\nc$ aga9/ ,jesus4#cde ,b ?is view is entirely exceptional4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by ! great] numb] ( reputable au?orities t ! second sitt+ 0 9 ! nature ( a second trial4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty seems to turn ^u ! acc\nt giv5 by ,/4 ,luke1 = ,/4 ,john records ! details ( nei!r ! night nor ! morn+ session4 ,/4 ,luke describes a regul> trial1 b x is n positively kn[n :e!r 8 acc\nt ref]s to ! night or to ! morn+ meet+4 ,if 8 report ref]s to ! same trial z t describ$ 9 ,mat!w xxvi4 #eg-fh & 9 ,m>k xiv4 #ec-fe1 !n we h only ! brief notices 9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #a & 9 ,m>k xv4 #a conc]n+ ! morn+ session1 :i* indicate only a v brief & in=mal meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 at daybreak4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! report ( ,/4 ,luke ref]s to ! daylight meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 ref]r$ to by ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k !n we h receiv$ f ! ?ird ,evangeli/ a description ( a regul> trial at ! second session ( ! ,sanh$r94 ,&rews has ?us express$ himself v cog5tly conc]n+ ?is matt]3 ,our decision z to a second & di/9ct session ( ! ,sanh$r9 w ma9ly dep5d ^u ! place we give to ! acc\nt 9 ,luke xxii4 #ff-ga4 ,is ?is exam9ation ( ,jesus id5tical ) t fir/ session ( ,mat!w xxvi4 #eg-fh1 & ( ,m>k xiv4 #ec-fe8 ,aga9/ ?is id5tity are "s /rong objections3 ,fir/1 ,! m5tion ( "t by ,luke3 ,z soon z x 0 day4 ,?is corresponds well to ! "t ( ! morn+ session ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 b n to ! "t :5 ,jesus 0 fir/ l$ be=e ! ,sanh$r91 :i* mu/ h be5 two or ?ree h\rs be=e day4 ,second1 ,! place ( ! meet+3 ,!y l$ ,him into _! c\ncil1 ,greek3 angagon auton eis to syn$rion heautn4 ,?is is r5d]$ by "s3 ,!y l$ ,him up into _! c\ncil *amb]1 or ! place :]e !y usually held _! sessions4 ,:e!r ?is c\ncil *amb] 0 ! room ,gazi? at ! ea/ corn] ( ! c\rt ( ! temple1 is n c]ta94 ,lightfoot 7on ,mat!w xxvi4 #c7 conjectures t ! ,sanh$r9 0 driv5 f ?is its accu/om$ seat half a ye> or !reab\t be=e ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,b if ?is 7 s1 /ill ! ,tab]n1 :]e x e/abli%$ its sessions1 7 %ops ne> ! gate ,%usan1 & s connect$ ) ! temple4 ,!y w5t up to t room :]e !y usually met4 ,?ird1 ,! dissimil>ity ( ! proce$+s1 z /at$ by ,luke1 :i* %[s t ?is 0 no =mal trial4 ,!re is "h no m5tion ( witnesses--no *>ges br\ght to be prov$ aga9/ ,him4 ,he is simply ask$ to tell !m if ,he is ! ,*ri/ 7,if ?\ art ! ,*ri/1 tell u1 ,r4 ,v472 & ?is seems pla9ly to po9t to ! result ( ! =m] session4 ,!n1 hav+ confess$ ,himself to be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ,he 0 condemn$ to dea? = blasphemy4 ,x 0 only necess>y n[ t ,he repeat ,8 confession1 & h5ce ?is "q is put directly to ,him3 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/8 tell u4 ,8 reply1 ,if ,i tell y1 ye w n believe2 & if ,i also ask y1 ye w n answ] me1 nor let me g1 po9ts backw>d to 8 =m] confession4 ,to ,8 reply !y only answ] by ask+1 ,art ?\ !n ! ,son ( ,god8 ,! r5ew$ av[al t ,he is ! ,son ( ,god1 he>d by !m all f ,8 own lips1 op5s ! way = ,8 imm$iate deliv]y into ,pilate's h&s4 ,f\r?1 ,! position :i* ,luke gives 7xxii4 #fc-fe7 to ! insults & abuse heap$ ^u ,jesus4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !y are ! same m5tion$ by ,mat!w & ,m>k z occurr+ imm$iately aft] ! s5t5ce _h be5 fir/ pron\nc$4 ,f all ?is x is a probable1 ?\gh n a c]ta9 conclusion1 t ,luke 7xxii4 #ff-ga7 ref]s to ! same meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r9 m5tion$ by ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #a7 & ,m>k 7xv4 #a71 & relates1 9 "p1 :at !n took place4 7,al=d ?9ks t ,luke has confus$ ?+s & relates z happ5+ at ! second session :at really happ5$ at ! fir/47 ,?is meet+ 01 !n1 a morn+ session conv5$ to ratify =mally :at _h be5 done be=e ) ha/e & in=mality4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* its memb]s _h be5 e>li] conv5$1 at ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 suffici5tly %[ t ! legal =ms1 :i* !y 7 s scrupul\s 9 obs]v+1 _h n be5 compli$ )4#cdf ,if !n ! second session ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 9 ! nature ( a regul> trial1 :at 7 ! facts ( ! proce$+s8 ,/4 ,luke says3 ,& z soon z x 0 day1 ! eld]s ( ! p & ! *ief prie/s & ! scribes came toge!r1 & l$ him into _! c\ncil1 say+1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/8 tell u4 ,& he said unto !m1 ,if ,i tell y1 ye w n believe3 ,& if ,i also ask y1 ye w n answ] me1 nor let me g4 ,h]eaft] %all ! ,son ( man sit on ! "r h& ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,!n said !y all1 ,art ?\ !n ! ,son ( ,god8 ,& he said unto !m1 ,ye say t ,i am4 ,& !y said1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witness8 = we ourselves h he>d ( 8 own m\?4#cdg ,! read] w readily p]ceive ! s\rce ( ! difficulty :i* we h j discuss$4 ,?is report ( ,/4 ,luke po9ts bo? ways1 t[>d bo? ! night & morn+ sessions4 ,& z soon z x 0 day cle>ly indicates a daybreak meet+1 b ! rema9d] ( ! acc\nt be>s a mo/ /rik+ resemblance to ! reports ( ! night trial giv5 by ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k4 ,?is seem+ discrepancy is v easily reconcil$1 h[ev]1 :5 we reflect t ! second trial requir$ by ,hebrew law to be held 9 e case :]e a v]dict ( guilt _h be5 pron\nc$1 0 virtually a repetition ( ! fir/ trial4 ,b5ny tells u t ! second trial 0 a critical exam9ation ( ! trial ( ! fir/ day1 9 :i* ! que/ions & answ]s orig9ally ask$ & made 7 c>efully review$ & rexam9$4#cdh ,is x v /range1 !n1 t at ! morn+ trial describ$ by ,/4 ,luke sub/antially ! same que/ions are ask$ & answ]s giv5 z are f\nd 9 ! reports ( ! night trial by ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k8 ,we may n[ ask3 ,:at 0 ! purpose ( ?is second trial8 ,:y did n ! fir/ trial suffice8 ,accord+ to ! mo/ reliable au?orities1 ! answ] to ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 t provision ( ! ,hebrew law :i* requir$ two trials in/ead ( "o1 9 e case :]e ! prison] _h be5 f\nd guilty at ! fir/ trial4 ,n only 7 !re to be two trials1 b !y 7 to be held on diff]5t days4 ,! morn+ session ( ! ,sanh$r9 0 int5d$1 !re=e1 to give a semblance ( legality & regul>ity to ?is requirem5t ( ,hebrew law4 ,b we %all see h[ completely ! ,sanh$r9 fail$ 9 ?is design4 ,:at legitimacy1 says ,keim1 might be lack+ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! nocturnal sitt+ ( ! ,sanh$r91 0 to be completely made up by ! morn+ sitt+1 )\t prejudice to ! au?ority & !--9 ! ma9 po9t--decisive action ( ! =m]4444 ,!re nev]!less 0 no lack ( illegality4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 0 ! fact t ?\gh !y wi%$ to br+ ab\t an ext5sion ( ! proc$ure ov] two days !y _h 9 fact only two sitt+s1 & n two sep>ate days4 ,b contempt ( ! legal ord9ances 0 mu* m s]i\sly %[n by ! abs5ce ( any inve/igation into ! circum/ances ( ! case at ! second sitt+1 al?\gh bo? law & tradition dem&$ su* an inve/igation4#cdi ,if bo? law & tradition dem&$ su* an inve/igation1 t is1 if ! second trial ( ! case on ! second day ( ! proce$+s 0 requir$ to be =mal & 9 ! nature ( an action de novo2 if ! second trial 0 requir$ by law to be *>act]iz$ by all ! =mality1 solemnity1 & legality ( ! fir/ trial2 :at errors1 we may ask1 are disclos$ by ! reports ( ,/4 ,luke1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ,/4 ,m>k 9 ! proce$+s aga9/ ,jesus conduct$ by ! ,sanh$r9 at ! morn+ session8 ,to be brief1 reply may be made t ! irregul>ities 7 virtually ! same z ^? t occurr$ at ! night trial4 ,! same precipitancy t 0 =bidd5 by ,hebrew law is app>5t4 ,?is ha/e prev5t$1 ( c\rse1 t c>eful delib]ation & pa9/ak+ inve/igation ( ! case :i* ! ,mosaic ,code z well z ! rules ( ! ,mi%na imp]atively dem&$4 ,x is true t ! second trial 0 n conduct$ at night4 ,b ! ,passov] ,fea/ 0 /ill 9 progress1 & no c\rt c\ld legally sit at su* a "t4 ,! ,sanh$r9 at ! second session seems to h be5 /ill sitt+ 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas in/ead ( ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones1 ! legal meet+ place ( ! c\rt4 ,?is we le>n f a passage 9 ,/4 ,john4#cej ,aga91 no witnesses seem to h be5 summon$1 & ! accus$ 0 convict$ ^u 8 uncorroborat$ confession4 ,& f9ally1 ! v]dict at ! second trial1 z 0 ! case 9 t ( ! fir/1 seems to h be5 unanim\s1 & !re=e illegal4 ,?is unanimity is indicat$ by ! comb9$ reports ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 & ,/4 ,luke4 ,/4 ,mat!w says3 ,:5 ! morn+ 0 come1 all ! *ief prie/s & eld]s ( ! p took c\nsel aga9/ ,jesus to put ,him to dea?4 ,/4 ,m>k says3 ,& /raightway 9 ! morn+1 ! *ief prie/s held a consultation ) ! eld]s & scribes & ! :ole c\ncil1 & b\nd ,jesus1 & c>ri$ him away1 & deliv]$ him to ,pilate4 ,^! acc\nts ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s v cle>ly /ate t ! full ,sanh$r9 0 pres5t at ! morn+ trial4 ,!n ,/4 ,luke v explicitly expla9s ! nature & mann] ( ! v]dict3 ,!n said !y all1 ,art ?\ !n ! ,son ( ,god8 ,& he said unto !m1 ,ye say t ,i am4 ,& !y said1 ,:at ne$ we any fur!r witness8 = we ourselves h he>d ( 8 own m\?4 ,x may be object$ t no =mal v]dict 0 pron\nc$ at ! second trial4 ,su* a v]dict w\ld h be5 express$ 9 ^! words3 ,?\1 ,jesus1 art guilty4#cea ,:ile su* words are n expressly report$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 ! acc\nt ( ,/4 ,luke tak5 9 connection ) ! report ( ,/4 ,m>k ( ! night trial1 :i* ! morn+ session 0 int5d$ to confirm1 cle>ly indicates t su* a v]dict mu/ h be5 pron\nc$4 ,a reasonable inf]5ce f ! :ole context ( ! synoptic writ]s 9 describ+ bo? trials c]ta9ly ju/ifies su* a conclusion4 ,! "q aga9 arises3 ,if ! full ,sanh$r9 0 pres5t at ! morn+ session & if all ! memb]s condemn$ ,jesus1 ei!r ) or )\t a =mal v]dict1 is x n true t bo? ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 :o 7 d\btless memb]s ( ! c\rt1 7 array$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/8 ,if !y 7 ho/ile 9 _! attitude t[>d ,him1 ei!r op5ly or by acquiesc5ce at ! morn+ session1 does ?is fact n help to support ! cont5tion made "u ,po9t ,,ix t !y vot$ aga9/ ,him at ! night trial8 ,we are well aw>e t !re is mu* opposition to ?is view1 b we are1 nev]!less1 compell$ to agree r reluctantly ) ,keim t x is a pure supposition t memb]s ( ! c\ncil :o 7 secret fri5ds ( ,jesus--^: exi/5ce1 moreov]1 _c be e/abli%$--ei!r rais$ an opposition 9 "o ( ! sessions1 or ab/a9$ f vot+1 or 7 n pres5t4#ceb ,! pla9 language ( ! ,scriptures indicates3 7#a7 ,t bo? ,nicodemus#cec & ,joseph ( ,arima!a#ced 7 memb]s ( ! ,great ,sanh$r92 7#b7 t !y 7 bo? pres5t at bo? trials2#cee & 7#c7 t !y bo? ei!r vot$ aga9/ ,him or tacitly acquiesc$ 9 ! judgm5ts pron\nc$ aga9/ ,him4#cef ,we h already discuss$ "u ,po9t ,,ix ! passage 9 ,luke xxiii4 #ea ref]r+ to ! fact t ,joseph ( ,arima!a _h n cons5t$ to ! c\nsel & de$ ( !m1 :i* seems to furni% refutation ( ! cont5tion :i* we h made1 z f> z su* cont5tion relates to ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,suffice x to note ! op9ion ( ,keim t ! passage 9 itself c be held to ref] to abs5ce or to diss5t 9 vot+4#ceg ,& ! :ole multitude ( !m arose1 & l$ him unto ,pilate4 ,! read] may ask3 ,:y did ! ,jews lead ,jesus away to ,pilate8 ,:5 !y _h condemn$ ,him to dea? on ! *>ge ( blasphemy1 :y did !y !mselves n put ,him to dea?8 ,:y did !y invoke ,roman int]f]5ce 9 ! matt]8 ,:y did !y n /one ,jesus to dea?1 z ,hebrew law requir$ 9 ! case ( culprits convict$ ( blasphemy8 ,/eph5 0 /on$ to dea? = blasphemy4#ceh ,:at 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 case & t ( ,jesus8 ,:y 0 ,jesus crucifi$ in/ead ( be+ put to dea? by /on+8 ,! /on+ ( ,/eph5 z a blasphem] by ! ,jews has be5 expla9$ z an irregul> outbreak ( fanatical prie/s1 a sort ( mob viol5ce4 ,x has also be5 cont5d$ t ! case ( ,/eph5 0 "o ( ! r>e in/ances 9 :i* ,roman procurators p]mitt$ ! ,jews to execute ! dea? s5t5ce4 ,9 any ev5t x 0 an exceptional proce$+4 ,at ! "t ( ! crucifixion ( ,jesus & ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 ! ,jews _h lo/ ! "r ( en=c+ ! dea? p5alty4 ,judea 0 a subject prov9ce ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! ,jews 7 p]mitt$ by ! ,romans to try capital cases4 ,if an acquittal 0 ! result1 ! ,romans did n int]f]e4 ,if a v]dict ( guilty 0 f\nd1 ! ,jews 7 compell$ to lead ! prison] away to ! ,roman gov]nor1 :o review$ or retri$ ! case z he saw fit4 ,accord+ly1 hav+ condemn$ ,him to dea? !mselves1 ! ,jews 7 compell$ to lead ,jesus away to ! palace ( ,h]od on ! hill ( ,zion 9 :i* ,pilate 0 /opp+ on ! occasion ( ! ,pas*al ,fea/1 to see :at he _h to say ab\t ! matt]1 :e!r he w\ld rev]se or affirm ! s5t5ce :i* !y _h pron\nc$4 ,! ,roman trial ( ,jesus w be treat$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i ,,footnotes3 #a ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 pp4 #g-aa4 #b ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #c ,i ,/>kie on ,evid5ce1 pp4 #dhj-ede4 #d ,john x4 #cj3 ,i & my ,fa!r are "o4 #e ,matt4 ix4 #i4 #f ,col4 iv4 #ad3 ,luke1 ! belov$ physician4 #g ,matt4 xxvi4 #gj-gb4 #h ,matt4 xxvi4 #df-ej4 #i ,matt4 xxvi4 #ef4 #aj ,matt4 xiv4 #bh-ca4 #aa ,m>k x4 #ce-db2 ,matt4 xx4 #bj-be4 #ab ,matt4 xi4 #b1 #c4 #ac ,m>k iii4 #ba4 #ad ,luke iv4 #bh1 #bi4 #ae ,m>k xiv4 #ea1 #eb4 #af ,intro4 ,vie de ,jesus4 #ag ,luke i4 #b1 #c4 #ah ,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 pp4 #dab-ad4 #ai ,m>cus ,dods1 ,! ,bible1 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature1 p4 #ahd4 #bj ,an opposite doctr9e seems to be taught 9 ,luke xii4 #aa1 #ab2 xxiv4 #dh1 #di4 #ba ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #cai4 #bb ,matt4 xiv4 #ab-bj2 ,m>k vi4 #cd-dc2 ,luke ix4 #ab-ag2 ,john vi4 #e-ac4 #bc ,luke xxii4 #fd4 #bd ,luke xxii4 #ea4 #be ,campbell's ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric1 c4 v4 b4 #a1 ,"p ,,iii1 p4 #abe4 #bf ,intro4 ,vie de ,jesus1 p4 #fb4 #bg ,d4 ,l4 ,moody1 ,s]mon on ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus4 #bh ,see also ,i ,/>kie on ,evid5ce1 pp4 #dif-ii4 #bi ,ant41 ,,xviii4 #c1 ,i4 #cj ,see au?orities cit$ 9 ,! ,brief4 #ca ,de iis qui s]o puniuntur1 p4 #eed4 #cb ,p4 #ajhj1 edit4 #de4 #cc ,p4 #abdg1 edit4 #bd1 ,huds4 #cd ,p4 #acbg1 edit4 #dc4 #ce ,productique omnes1 virgisque csi1 ac securi p]cussi1 ,lib4 ,,xi4 c4 #e4 #cf ,domit4 ,cap4 ,x4 ,patremfamilias--canibus objecit1 cum hoc titulo1 ,impie locutus1 p>mul>ius4 #cg ,book ,,liv4 #ch ,aur4 ,vict4 ,ces41 ,cap4 ,,xli4 ,eo pius1 ut etiam vetus vet]rimumque supplicium1 patibulum1 et cruribus suffr+5dis1 primus remov]it4 ,also see ,paley's ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #bff-fh4 #ci ,luke xxii4 #dd4 #dj ,tissot1 ,trait des ,n]fs1 pp4 #bgi1 #bhj4 #da ,joannes ,s*5ck ,graf5b]g1 ,obs]v4 ,m$ic41 ,lib4 ,,iii4 p4 #deh4 #db ,voltaire1 ,oeuvres compltes1 vol4 xviii4 pp4 #eca1 #ecb4 #dc ,de ,mez]ay1 ,hi/oire de ,france1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjf4 #dd ,john xix4 #cd4 #de ,john xix4 #ce4 #df ,john xviii4 #f4 #dg ,encyc4 ,brit41 vol4 xv4 p4 #eej4 #dh ,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #aia4 #di ,m5delsohn1 p4 #ahi1 n4 #a4 #ej ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 xii4 p4 #a4 #ea ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #bf4 #eb ,f>r>1 ,hi/4 ( ,int]pretation4 #ec ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #dg4 #ed ,encyc4 ,brit41 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #ce4 #ee ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #eh4 #ef ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #bg4 #eg ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #bg4 #eh ,deut4 xvi4 #ah4 #ei ,ant41 ,,xiii4 #aj1 #f4 #fj ,horace4 #fa ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,! ,talmud1 p4 #ab4 #fb ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 xii4 p4 #bb4 #fc ,emanuel ,deuts*1 ,talmud1 p4 #ab4 #fd ,maimon41 ,h4 ,sanh4 xv4 #aj-ac4 #fe ,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 pp4 #de-ej4 #ff ,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 pp4 #de-ej4 #fg ,m5delsohn1 p4 #dc4 #fh ,m5delsohn1 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #fi ,m5delsohn1 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #gj ,maimonides 7,yad71 ,sanh$r9 xix4 #ga ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 p4 #eeg4 #gb ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #beg4 #gc ,ex4 ii4 #ab-af4 #gd ,sanh4 #eb;b2 ,maim41 ,h4 ,sanh4 xv4 #d4 #ge ,h4 ,sanh4 xv4 #e4 #gf ,b5ny1 ,crim4 ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ij4 #gg ,m5delsohn1 p4 #aei4 #gh ,*ap4 ,i4 #aj2 ,x4 i1 #b4 #gi ,matt4 xxvi4 #ei4 #hj ,ant41 ,,xiv4 ,*ap4 ,v4 #d2 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,i4 ,,viii4 #e2 ,talmud1 ,sanh$r94 #ha ,po/ ,bibl4 ,hi/41 vol4 i4 p4 #ajf4 #hb ,matt4 xvi4 #ba4 #hc ,comm5t>y on ! ,law1 vol4 ccclxvi4 recto4 #hd ,sanh$r9 #cb4 #he ,b5ny4 #hf ,jose b4 ,halafta1 ,i4 c4 #hg ,r4 ,johanan1 ,sanh$r9 #ai;a4 #hh ,b5ny4 #hi ,b5ny4 #ij ,sanh$r9 #ag;a2 ,m5aho? #fe;a4 #ia ,sifre1 ,num4 #ib 7ed4 ,fri$mann1 p4 #be;b74 #ib ,yalkut1 ,exodus1 ,sec4 #afg4 #ic ,sotah #bb;b4 #id ,con/4 ( ! ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,i4 #ie ,b5ny1 ,! ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ga4 #if ,saals*tz1 ,das ,mosais*e ,re*t1 p4 #eh2 ,deut4 xx4 #e1 #f4 #ig ,luke ii4 #df-ea4 #ih ,j]4 xxxvii41 xxxviii4 #ii ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 vi4 p4 #de4 #ajj ,! ,life & ,words ( ,*ri/1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eag4 #aja ,ar*ol4 #hg4 #ajb ,acts xxiv4 #a1 #b4 #ajc ,i ,k+s iii4 #af-bh4 #ajd ,m5delsohn1 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc4 #aje ,m5delsohn1 pp4 #if-ih4 #ajf ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,i4 fol4 #ai4 #ajg ,m5delsohn1 p4 #ig4 #ajh ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #a4 #aji ,m5delsohn1 p4 #ih4 #aaj ,sanh$r91 #h;b1 #da;a1 et al4 #aaa ,m5delsohn1 p4 #aja4 #aab ,s*r]1 ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 #b;d ,div41 #a4 #aac ,sanh$r91 ,,iv4 #d4 #aad ,sanh$r91 ,,iv4 #a4 #aae ,sanh$r91 #ag;a1 p4 #agf4 #aaf ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,i4 #e4 #aag ,b5ny4 #aah ,b5ny4 #aai ,b5ny4 #abj ,m5delsohn1 p4 #adj1 n4 #cbg4 #aba ,montaigne1 ,essays1 ,,iii4 ,c4 ,,xiii4 #abb ,un homme ne jug]a jamais seul2 cela n'app>ti5t qu'a ,dieu4 ,ne sis judex unus2 non e/ enim unicus judex1 nisi unus4--,salvador1 ,in/itutions de ,mose1 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #ceg4 #abc ,b let n ! te/imony ( wom5 be admitt$1 on acc\nt ( ! levity & boldness ( _! sex4--,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,iv4 #h1 #ae4 #abd ,nor let s]vants be admitt$ to give te/imony1 on acc\nt ( ! ignobility ( _! s\ls4--,ant41 ,,iv4 #h1 #ae4 #abe ,ant41 ,,iv4 #h1 #ae4 #abf ,maimonides1 ,i4 ,c4 ,,xi4 #f1 bas$ on ,sanh4 #bf;b4 #abg ,m5delsohn1 p4 #aah4 #abh ,talmud1 ,b4 ,b4 #dc;a4 #abi ,deut4 xvii4 #f4 #acj ,num4 xxxv4 #cj4 #aca ,hi/4 ,nat41 ,lib4 ,,viii4 ,cap4 ,,xxii4 #acb ,l4 #bj1 ,dig4 ,de qu/ionibus1 xlviii4 #ah4 #acc ,black/one1 iv4 #ceg4 #acd ,con4 ,u4 ,s41 ,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #c4 #ace ,les lois qui font prir un homme sur la dposition d'un seul tmo91 sont fatales la lib]t4 ,la raison en exige deux2 p>ce qu'un tmo9 qui affirme1 et un accus qui nie1 font un p>tage2 et il faut un ti]s p\r le vid]4 ,les ,grecs & les ,roma9s exigeai5t une voix de plus p\r condamn]4 ,nos lois franaises en dem&5t deux4 ,les ,grecs prt5dai5t que leur usage avait t tabli p> les dieux2 mais c'e/ le notre4--,de ,l',esprit ,des ,lois1 ,l4 ,,xii4 ,c4 ,,iii4 #acf ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,c4 ,v4 #b4 #acg ,maimonides1 ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,,xx4 #ach ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 v4 p4 #bgg4 #aci ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #bi4 #adj ,philo ,judu1 ,de ,decalogo1 ,,iii4 #ada ,prov4 xi4 #aj2 ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,,iv4 #e4 #adb ,apocrypha4 #adc ,b5ny4 #add ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,v4 #a4 #ade ,b5ny4 #adf ,deut4 xix4 #ah-ba4 #adg ,apocrypha4 #adh ,maimonides1 ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #b4 #adi ,mn/]b]g1 ,on ! ,witness ,/&1 ,untrue ,confessions1 pp4 #acg-aga4 #aej ,rosadi4 #aea ,rabbi ,wise1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus4 #aeb ,yad1 ,edut1 xvii4 #a4 #aec ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 v4 p4 #bgi4 #aed ,num4 xxxv4 #cj4 #aee ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r9 ,v4 #c1 #d4 #aef ,matt4 xxvi4 #fj4 #aeg ,m>k xiv4 #ef4 #aeh ,lev4 xxii4 #bh4 #aei ,deut4 xvii4 #e2 ,sanh$r9 ,,vii4 #d4 #afj ,num4 vi4 #b-d4 #afa ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 vi4 p4 #bfj4 #afb ,e9leitung 9 d] ,gesetzgebung1 p4 #d4 #afc ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 vi4 p4 #bfj2 ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ig2 ,saals*tz1 ,das ,mosais*e ,re*t1 n4 #efj4 #afd ,mi%na1 treatise ,makho?4 #afe ,mi%na1 ,capita ,patrum1 ,i4 #a4 #aff ,salvador1 ,in/itutions de ,mose4 #afg ,mi%na1 ,sanh$r91 ,,iv4 #a4 #afh ,jesus ,be=e ! ,sanh$r91 p4 #aji4 #afi ,talmud1 ,j]us41 ,sanh41 ,c4 ,i4 fol4 #ai4 #agj ,mi%na1 ,tamid1 ,c4 ,,iii4 #aga ,geikie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eag4 #agb ,lyman ,abbott1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 pp4 #ddf1 #ddg4 #agc ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 v4 pp4 #bgi1 #bhj4 #agd ,b5ny4 #age ,m5delsohn1 p4 #add4 #agf ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xiv4 #i1 #d4 #agg ,s*r]1 #b;d div41 vol4 i4 p4 #age4 #agh ,s*r]1 #b;d div41 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd4 #agi ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eef4 #ahj ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cg4 #aha ,! ,talmud1 p4 #cb4 #ahb ,ant41 xv4 #f1 #b4 #ahc ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afc4 #ahd ,tribus1 pseudo-propheta1 sac]dos magnus1 non nisi a septuag9ta et unius judicum consessu judicantur4--,mi%na1 ,de ,syn$riis1 i4 #e4 #ahe ,among ! (f5ses ( :i* x took cognizance 7 false claims to prophetic inspiration & blasphemy4--,&rews1 ,! ,life ( ,our ,"l1 p4 #eaj4 #ahf ,ges*4 d4 ,jud5?4 vol4 i4 pp4 #djb-dji4 #ahg ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eec4 #ahh ,vie de ,jesus1 pp4 #cjc1 #cjd4 #ahi ,trial ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 p4 #ha4 #aij ,matt4 xxvi4 #fj1 #fa4 #aia ,m>k xiv4 #eg1 #eh4 #aib ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd-ff4 #aic ,m>k xiv4 #ef4 #aid ,john ii4 #bj4 #aie ,john ii4 #ai4 #aif ,john ii4 #ba4 #aig ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 pp4 #ge-gg4 #aih ,deut4 xiii4 #a-e4 #aii ,i ,k+s xxi4 #aj4 #bjj ,isa4 lii1 #e2 ,ezek4 xxxv4 #ab4 #bja ,luke xxii4 #fe2 ,acts xiii4 #de2 xviii4 #f4 #bjb ,revelation xiii4 #a-f4 #bjc ,black/one1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ge-hd4 #bjd ,gre5idge1 ,legal ,proc$ure ( ,cic]o's ,"t1 pp4 #dbg1 #ejg1 #eah4 #bje ,deut4 iv4 #ae1 #af2 ,deut4 xiii4 #bjf ,g54 xli4 #af4 #bjg ,num4 xx4 #aj-ab4 #bjh ,num4 xx4 #bj-bd4 #bji ,gre5leaf1 ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 p4 #eee4 #baj ,matt4 v4 #ag4 #baa ,john xi4 #da4 #bab ,matt4 ix4 #bj-bb2 ,m>k v4 #be-cd2 ,luke viii4 #dc-dh4 #bac ,matt4 viii4 #bd-bf2 ,m>k iv4 #cg-ci2 ,luke viii4 #bc-be4 #bad ,matt4 viii4 #bh-cb2 ,m>k v4 #a-ac2 ,luke viii4 #bf-cc4 #bae ,matt4 ix4 #ah-bf2 ,m>k v4 #bb-db2 ,luke viii4 #da-ee4 #baf ,luke vii4 #ab-ae4 #bag ,matt4 ix4 #b1 #c4 #bah ,luke v4 #ba4 #bai ,john v4 #ah4 #bbj ,john x4 #cj-cc4 #bba ,john vi4 #da4 #bbb ,john viii4 #eh4 #bbc ,te/imony ( ! ,evangeli/s1 p4 #efb4 #bbd ,ed]%eim1 ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbi4 #bbe ,john xiii4-xvii4 #bbf ,matt4 xi4 #c4 #bbg ,luke xxiv4 #ci-dc2 ,john xx4 #bd-bh4 #bbh ,john xiii4 #cc4 #bbi ,john xviii4 #i4 #bcj ,jesus ,devant ,caphe et ,pilate4 #bca ,acts iv4 #c4 #bcb ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #did4 #bcc ,see ,cooley's ,black/one1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccj1 n4 #f2 also ,gre5leaf1 ,on ,evid5ce1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eca-ce 7#aj? edition74 #bcd ,vie de ,jesus1 p4 #cjc4 #bce ,john xviii4 #ac4 #bcf ,matt4 xxvi4 #eg4 #bcg ,m>k xiv4 #ec4 #bch ,luke xxii4 #ed4 #bci ,john xviii4 #ai4 #bdj ,luke iii4 #b2 ,acts iv4 #f4 #bda ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfd4 #bdb ,! ,life ( ,our ,"l1 p4 #adb4 #bdc ,luke iii4 #b4 #bdd ,plumm]1 ,/4 ,luke1 9 ,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y1 pp4 #hd1 #eae4 #bde ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 *ap4 ii4 #b4 #bdf ,john xviii4 #ai-bc4 #bdg ,m>k xiv4 #eh-fa4 #bdh ,matt4 xxvi4 #fj-fc4 #bdi ,matt4 xxvi4 #fc4 #bej ,m>k xiv4 #ei4 #bea ,acts vi4 #ad4 #beb ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 i4 p4 #afc4 #bec ,fiske1 ,manual ( ,classical ,lit]ature1 iii4 ,sec4 #ajh2 ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 #hi;a4 #bed ,see discussion ( ,po9t ,i4 #bee ,luke xxii4 #ff4 #bef ,luke xxii4 #b4 #beg ,m>k xiv4 #b4 #beh ,m>k xiv4 i2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #d 7,consilium fec]unt ut ,jesum dolo t5]5t et occid]5t74 #bei ,maimonides1 ,sanh$r9 ,,ii4 #bfj ,john xviii4 #bh2 ,luke xxii4 #a2 ,m>k xiv4 #a2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #b4 #bfa ,mi%na1 ,capita ,patrum1 ,i1 #a4 #bfb ,mi%na1 ,treatise ,makho?4 #bfc ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #bfd ,edmund ,/apf]1 ,life ( ,jesus4 #bfe ,matt4 xxvi4 #eg-ff4 #bff ,m>k xiv4 #ee-fd4 #bfg ,matt4 xxvii4 #a4 #bfh ,m>k xv4 #a4 #bfi ,luke xxii4 #ff-ga4 #bgj ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #gd4 #bga ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 p4 #acc1 n4 #caa4 #bgb ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #bgc ,m>k xiv4 #ef-fe4 #bgd ,m>k xiv4 #fb4 #bge ,matt4 xii4 #ad-af2 ,m>k iii4 #g2 ix4 #bi1 #cj4 #bgf ,luke xiii4 #ca1 #cb4 #bgg ,matt4 xxii4 #ae4 #bgh ,john iv4 #bf4 #bgi ,m>k i4 #cd4 #bhj ,john x4 #bd4 #bha ,matt4 xvi4 #bj4 #bhb ,black/one4 #bhc ,m5delsohn1 p4 #adc4 #bhd ,m>k xiv4 #fc1 #fd4 #bhe ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #gd4 #bhf ,! ,trial ( ,jesus1 p4 #bjj4 #bhg ,matt4 xxvi4 #ei2 ,m>k xiv4 #ee4 #bhh ,matt4 xxvii4 #a4 #bhi ,m>k xv4 #a4 #bij ,john iii4 #a2 vii4 #ej4 #bia ,luke xxiii4 #ea4 #bib ,john vii4 #ea4 #bic ,john vii4 #ej2 xix4 #ci4 #bid ,luke xxiii4 #ea4 #bie ,m5delsohn1 p4 #ih4 #bif ,deut4 xvii4 #g1 #h4 #big ,x is important to notice t e "t ! necessities ( ! case requir$ ! ,sanh$r9 return$ to ! ,hall ,gazi?1 or ( ,hewn ,/ones1 z 9 ! case ( ,jesus & o!rs4--,?oseph?o?1 or ,additions to ! ,talmud1 ,bab41 ,sanh$r91 ,c4 ,,iv4 fol4 #cg1 recto4 #bih ,ed]%eim1 ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eef1 n4 #a4 #bii ,john xviii4 #bh4 #cjj ,,mm4 ,lmann1 ,jesus ,be=e ! ,sanh$r91 p4 #adj4 #cja ,m>k xiv4 #fc1 #fd4 #cjb ,ed]%eim1 ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #efa4 #cjc ,rabbi ,wise1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #gd4 #cjd ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ha4 #cje ,matt4 xxvi4 #fe4 #cjf ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,qualifications ( ,judges4 #cjg ,talmud1 ,pesa*im1 or ! ,passov]1 fol4 #eg1 v]so2 see also ,jesus ,be=e ! ,sanh$r91 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #cjh ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 pp4 #bh-da4 #cji ,matt4 xxi4 #ca4 #caj ,matt4 xxiii4 #ad1 #ae4 #caa ,life & ,times ( ,jesus ! ,messiah1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ic1 #id4 #cab ,matt4 xxiii4 #bg1 #bi-cc4 #cac ,vie de ,jesus1 p4 #bfg4 #cad ,john xi4 #di1 #ej4 #cae ,john xi4 #ec4 #caf ,luke xxii4 #a-c4 #cag ,matt4 xxvi4 #c-e4 #cah ,b5ny1 ,crim9al ,code ( ! ,jews1 p4 #ef4 #cai ,geikie1 ,! ,life & ,words ( ,*ri/1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eag4 #cbj ,deut4 xix4 #ah-ba4 #cba ,m>k xiv4 #ee4 #cbb ,mi%na1 ,treatise ,makho?4 #cbc ,afre% ! mighty l9e ( ye>s unroll'd1 ,! ,virg9 n[1 n[ ,saturn's sway returns2 ,n[ ! ble/ globe a heav5-sprung ,*ild adorns1 ,^: g5ial p[] %all :elm e>?'s iron race1 ,& plant once m ! gold5 9 its place4--,virgil1 ,eclogue ,,iv4 #cbd ,g54 xlix4 #h-aj4 #cbe ,sanh$r91 fol4 #ig1 v]so4 #cbf ,m>tyrdom ( ,jesus1 p4 #gf4 #cbg ,john xi4 #dh-ej4 #cbh ,i ,sam4 xv4 #bi4 #cbi ,hosea xi4 #i4 #ccj ,m>k vii4 #i-ac4 #cca ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 i4 p4 #ehc4 #ccb ,hodge1 ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe4 #ccc ,/e5/ra1 ,! ,be+ ( ,god z ,unity & ,tr9ity1 pp4 #aib1 #aic4 #ccd ,john ii4 #ae4 #cce ,john vi4 #cj4 #ccf ,john x4 #bd1 #be4 #ccg ,matt4 xi4 #d1 #e4 #cch ,i ,k+s xvii4 #ag-bb4 #cci ,john xi4 #da4 #cdj ,matt4 ix4 #ah-bf2 ,m>k v4 #bb-db2 ,luke viii4 #da-ee4 #cda ,luke vii4 #ab-ae4 #cdb ,john iii4 #b4 #cdc ,see ,fri$lieb1 ,ar*ol41 #hg2 ,dup91 #ge2 ,keim1 vol4 iii4 #cbg4 #cdd ,bab4 ,sanh4 f4 #fc1 #a3 ,cum syn$rium quemquam moti adjudicavit1 ne quidquam degu/5t illi i/o die4 #cde ,&rews1 ,! ,life ( ,our ,"l1 p4 #ebb4 #cdf ,! ,life ( ,our ,"l1 pp4 #ebc1 #ebd4 #cdg ,luke xxii4 #ff-ga4 #cdh ,see ,"p ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,v42 also ,b5ny1 ,crim4 ,code ( ! ,jews1 pp4 #ha-hc4 #cdi ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 #cej ,john xviii4 #bh4 #cea ,?\1 ,reub51 art guilty6 ,?\1 ,simon1 art acquitt$1 art n guilty6 7 /]eotyp$ =ms ( v]dicts "u ,hebrew crim9al proc$ure4 ,sanh4 9 ,fri$l41 p4 #hi4 #ceb ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 vi4 p4 #gd4 #cec ,john iii4 #a2 vii4 #ej4 #ced ,luke xxiii4 #ej1 #ea4 #cee ,matt4 xxvi4 #ei2 ,m>k xiv4 #ee2 ,matt4 xxvii4 #a2 ,m>k xv4 #a4 #cef ,m>k xiv4 #fc1 #fd2 ,luke xxii4 #gj1 #ga4 #ceg ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 vi4 p4 #gd1 n4 #b4 #ceh ,acts vi4 #aa2 vii4 #ei4 ,,index ,a ,ab>banel1 ,isaac1 on ! 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(1 ,i1 #fa1 #fb wat]y issue (1 ,i1 #fj-fb devotion ( wom5 to1 ,i1 #ff resurrection (1 ,i1 #baa2 ,,ii1 #cfh div9ity (1 ,i1 #baa1 #bab celebrates ! ,pas*al fea/1 ,i1 #bbj-bbd at ,ge?semane1 ,i1 #bbd-bbf arre/ (1 ,i1 #bbe private exam9ation (1 be=e high prie/1 ,i1 #bch-bdg *>g$ ) s$ition & blasphemy ,i1 #bej annn\nces 8 ,messiah%ip be=e ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #bgc1 #bgd ,messianic prophecies fulfill$ 9 ,him1 ,i1 #cbc-cbh1 #cda1 #cdb miracles (1 ,i1 #cej-cee at morn+ session ( ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #cef-cfb condemn$ to dea? by ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #cfe ,8 tea*+s treasonable "u ,roman law1 ,,ii1 #gb be=e ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #if seq4 *>g$ ) high treason be=e ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #ajf1 #ceb indictm5t (1 be=e ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #ajg-aji acquitt$ by ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #aaf s5t by ,pilate to ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #aah be=e ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #aai seq4 mock$1 & s5t back to ,pilate by ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #abg second appe>ance (1 be=e ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #abi seq4 deliv]$ to ,jews by ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #ach mock$ by mob1 ,,ii1 #aci tributes ( skeptics to1 ,,ii1 #ahg ,napoleon's tribute to1 ,,ii1 #ahi1 #aij *>g$ by ,jews ) illegitimacy1 ,,ii1 #cef crucifixion (1 ,,ii1 #cfe ,see also trial ( ,jesus1 ,hebrew1 & trial ( ,jesus1 ,roman ,jesus b5 ,sie1 ,jewi% high prie/1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #bih ,jews1 ! political /ate (1 at "t ( ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #aa-bc discussion ( _! responsibility = ,*ri/'s dea?1 ,,ii1 #agd-ahj prejudices aga9/1 ,,ii1 #ahj-ahg di/+ui%$1 ,,ii1 #ahe1 #ahf ,joaz>1 ,jewi% high prie/1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #bif ,jo*anan b5 ,zakai1 ,jewi% scribe1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #caa ,john1 ,/41 at ! sepul*]1 ,i1 #cg at ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #fe ,john1 ,/41 ,gospel (1 /yle (1 ,i1 #ai ,john1 ,jewi% prie/1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #bii ,jona?an1 son ( ,annas1 ,jewi% high prie/1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #bie ,jona?an b5 ,uziel1 ,jewi% scribe1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cjf ,john1 son ( ,john1 ,jewi% eld]1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cba ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 pres5ce (1 at trials ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #bhb-bhf1 #cfd biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cah receives body ( ,jesus f ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #cff apocryphal acc\nt ( escape (1 f ,jews1 ,,ii1 #cfg1 #cgc-cgf ,josephus1 ,flavius1 on ! "* ( ,pilate1 ,i1 #ba on sc\rg+ ,i1 #ef on ! ,ph>isees1 ,i1 #hg on ! exi/5ce ( ! great ,sanh$r9 at "t ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #agf on ! loss1 by ,jews1 ( p[] ( life & dea?1 ,,ii1 #ai on ! rapacity ( ! high prie/s1 ,,ii1 #cja ,j[ett1 ,b5jam91 ^u ! corruption ( ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bdj ,judah1 ! ,holy1 ,jewi% rabbi1 & ! composition ( ! ,mi%na1 ,i1 #gi1 #hj ,judas1 son ( ,hezekiah1 ,jewi% rebel1 put to dea? by ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #aji ,judas ,isc>iot1 8 betrayal ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #bbg-bce ,julia1 daught] ( ,augu/us1 pr(ligacy (1 ,,ii1 #hb m>riages (1 ,,ii1 #hc ,julian1 ,roman emp]or1 8 defiance ( ,m>s1 ,,ii1 #bbb ,juno1 ,roman div9ity1 sacrifices to1 ,,ii1 #bjh ,jupit]1 ,roman deity1 multitud9\s =ms (1 ,,ii1 #bjc sacrifices to1 ,,ii1 #bjh ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ref]5ce (1 to ,acts ( ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #cca1 #cdf1 #cdh ,juv5al1 ,satires (1 on ,roman social depravity1 ,,ii1 #bdj1 #bdd1 #bdh ,k ,keim1 ,!odor1 on ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #agh on ! "* ( ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #ahh1 #ahi ,knight1 ,r4 ,p41 on ! symbolism ( ! ,cross1 ,,ii1 #fe ,koran1 !1 ,i1 #gg ,l ,lam>t9e1 ,alphonse1 on ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #c ,lampon1 ,greek div9]1 expos$ by ,anaxagoras1 ,,ii1 #bbf ,l>dn]1 on ! au!nticity ( ! ,acts ( ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #cbh seq4 ,law1 ,hebrew ,crim9al1 adm9i/ration (1 ,i1 #aec1 #aed basis (1 ,i1 #gc1 #hd1 #he burial ( bodies aft] execution "u1 ,i1 #aja1 #aga capital puni%m5ts "u1 ,i1 #ia-ic1 #ii-aja circum/antial evid5ce "u1 ,i1 #add ,cities ( ,refuge "u1 ,i1 #if c\rts & judges1 ,i1 #ajb-abf execution "u1 ,i1 #agj1 #aga false swe>+ "u1 ,i1 #ic flagellation "u1 ,i1 #id imprisonm5t "u1 ,i1 #ic peculi>ities (1 ,i1 #abe1 #acb1 #adg1 #afg1 #afh slav]y "u1 ,i1 #ie t5d]ness (1 = human life1 ,i1 #aed1 #aee1 #caj te/imony "u1 ,i1 #add-adg witnesses "u1 ,i1 #abg-add writt5 & docum5t>y evid5ce irrelevant1 ,i1 #acc1 #ade ,laws1 ,roman1 lex ,appuleia1 ,,ii1 #fi ,cornelia1 ,,ii1 #fi ,julia ,maje/atis1 ,,ii1 #fi1 #hj ,memmia1 ,,ii1 #df ,porcia1 ,,ii1 #ed ,remmia1 ,,ii1 #di ,talionis1 ,,ii1 #ec ,val]ia1 ,,ii1 #cg1 #ed ,v>ia1 ,,ii1 #fi ,laz>us1 rais+ (1 f ! dead1 ,i1 #ceb ,lecti/]nia1 ,roman banquets to ! gods1 slaves releas$ at1 ,,ii1 #acj indec5cies (1 ,,ii1 #bah ,lmann1 extract f "w (1 on ,sanh$r91 ,,ii1 #bia ,lepidus1 ,m>cus1 ,roman patrician1 magnific5ce (1 ,,ii1 #bdf ,livy1 on sc\rg+1 ,i1 #eg acc\nt ( ,bac*analian orgies1 ,,ii1 #bgj-bhc ,long9us1 leg5d>y "n ( soldi] :o pi]c$ ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #cgi ,lucullus1 ,roman patrician1 luxury (1 ,,ii1 #bdd ,luke1 ,/41 occupation (1 ,i1 #ai ,luke1 ,/41 ,gospel (1 /yle (1 ,i1 #ai ,lup]cals1 ,roman prie/s1 ,,ii1 #bjd ,luxury ( ! ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bdd ,lycurgus1 code (1 ,,ii1 #bda ,m ,mac>ius1 id5tification ( true cross by1 ,,ii1 #fc ,macaulay1 ,"l1 spee* (1 on ,jewi% disabilities1 ,,ii1 #ahd ,mahomet1 "* (1 ,i1 #ad ,mal*us1 e> (1 cut (f by ,pet]1 ,i1 #cf1 #bbf ,maga?1 ,julius1 extract f "w (1 ,,ii1 #bia ,maimonides1 on ,hebrew ,capital ,crimes1 ,i1 #ia on ! prohibition ( nocturnal trials1 ,i1 #bee1 #bef ,manlius1 ,m>cus1 trial (1 be=e ! ,comitia ,c5turiata1 ,,ii1 #dj ,m>ius1 ,caius1 assass9 c[$ by1 ,i1 #fb ,m>k1 ,/41 ,jesus arre/$ at home (1 ,i1 #bbj ,m>riage1 among ! ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bcf among ! ,greeks1 ,,ii1 #bdj-bdc ,m>cius1 ,qu9tus1 ,roman consul1 motion (1 on ! suppression ( ! ,bac*analian orgies1 ,,ii1 #bhb ,m>s1 ,roman deity1 ,,ii1 #bjh ,messiah1 !1 prophecies reg>d+1 & _! fulfillm5t 9 ,jesus1 ,i1 #cbb-cbh v>y+ expectations ( ,jews reg>d+1 ,i1 #cai-cbb2 ,,ii1 #aaj conception ( ,ph>isees (1 ,,ii1 #cbd conception ( ,sadducees (1 ,,ii1 #cbe ,mat!w1 ,/41 occupation (1 ,i1 #ai ,mat?ias1 son ( ,annas1 ,jewi% high prie/1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #bif ,m5delssohn1 on ! ,talmud1 ,i1 #ge ,messal9a1 ,roman empress1 lewdness (1 ,,ii1 #bdd ,messal9us1 ,cotta1 prosecut$ = treason1 ,,ii1 #gj ,metrodorus on ! ,greek gods1 ,,ii1 #bbf ,mez]ay1 de1 on ! bloody sweat ( ,*>les ,,ix1 ,i1 #fj ,m9]va1 ,roman deity1 ,,ii1 #bjh ,miracles1 probability (1 ,i1 #dj-ea ,sp9oza on1 ,i1 #dj-dc ,r5an on1 ,i1 #dd ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #cea-ced ,mi%na1 !1 ,e4 ,deuts* on1 ,i1 #hj subdivisions (1 ,i1 #hj relation ( ,talmud to1 ,i1 #hc traditional view (1 ,i1 #hd on capital & pecuni>y cases1 ,i1 #aee1 #aef4 ,see also ,gem>a & ,talmud4 ,momms51 ,!odor1 on ! jurisdiction ( native c\rts ( ,roman subject peoples1 ,,ii1 #ae on ,roman m>ital loos5ess1 ,,ii1 #bdc on ,roman extravagance1 ,,ii1 #bdg ,montefiore1 ,sir ,moses1 anecdote (1 ,,ii1 #ahj ,mosaic ,code1 !1 a basis ( ,hebrew ,crim9al ,law1 ,i1 #gc1 #hd1 #he ,mll]1 ,johannes1 explodes leg5d ( ,pilate & ,lake ,luc]ne1 ,,ii1 #ie ,n ,na*um ,halbal>1 ,jewi% scribe1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cad ,nvius1 ,m>cus1 accusation ( ,scipio ,africanus by1 ,,ii1 #da ,napoleon ,i1 fickl5ess ( populace t[>d1 ,i1 #fc1 #fd tribute (1 to ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #ahi religi\s fai? (1 ,,ii1 #aij1 #aia ,nasi1 pr9ce ( ! ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #aab ,na?an1 ,jewi% rabbi1 note on1 ,,ii1 #cae1 note ,neptune1 ,roman deity1 ,,ii1 #bjh ,n]o1 ,roman emp]or1 deification (1 ,,ii1 #bcd ,gold5 ,h\se (1 ,,ii1 #bdf ,ney1 ,mi*el1 ,fr5* m>%al1 comp>$ ) ,/4 ,pet]1 ,i1 #fd ,nicodemus1 ,jewi% eld]1 pres5ce (1 at trial ( ,*ri/1 ,i1 #bhb-bhf def5se ( ,*ri/ be=e ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #cje pres5ce & conduct (1 at second trial ( ,jesus by ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #cfd biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cai apocryphal acc\nt ( plead+ (1 = ,jesus be=e ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #cfj ,gospel (4 ,see ,acts ( ,pilate ,nordau1 ,max1 on ,jewi% pride 9 ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #ahh ,o ,oa?s1 n adm9i/]$ to witnesses1 "u ,jewi% law1 ,i1 #acd ,octavian4 ,see ,augu/us ,om5s1 belief ( ,romans 91 ,,ii1 #bae ,onkelos1 ,jewi% scribe1 biographical note on1 ,,ii1 #cje ,oracle1 ,delphic1 consult$ by ,romans1 ,,ii1 #baj ,osiris1 ,egyptian deity1 ! cross a symbol (1 ,,ii1 #ff ,ovid1 ,roman poet1 on unnatural practices 9 temples1 ,,ii1 #bfi ,p ,paganism1 ,grco-,roman1 conflict (1 ) ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 #af2 ,,ii1 #gf-gi ,hell5ization ( ,roman religion1 ,,ii1 #aii importation ( =eign gods1 ,,ii1 #bjj orig9 & multiplicity ( ,roman gods1 ,,ii1 #aih-bjd ,roman prie/hood1 ,,ii1 #bjd1 #bje ,roman =ms ( wor%ip1 ,,ii1 #bje-bji p]plexity ( wor%ip]s reg>d+ deities1 ,,ii1 #bjg pray]1 ,,ii1 #bjg1 #bjh-baj augury & div9ation1 ,,ii1 #baj-bae om5s1 ,,ii1 #bae1 #baf decay ( ,roman fai?1 ,,ii1 #bag-bbj ,roman skepticism1 ,,ii1 #bbj-bbi sacrilege among ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bba disbelief ( ,romans 9 immortality1 ,,ii1 #bbh1 #bbi ,epicureanism among ! ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bbi-bca /oicism1 ,,ii1 #bca-bcc deification ( ,roman emp]ors1 ,,ii1 #bcc-bce base deities ( ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bfe effect ( religion 9 ,greek & ,roman social corruption1 ,,ii1 #bfi ,palace ( ,h]od1 description (1 ,,ii1 #if1 #ig ,paley1 ,william1 on ! discrepancies ( ! ,gospels1 ,i1 #cb1 #cc ,pan1 ,grco-,roman div9ity1 fea/s (1 ,,ii1 #bfe ,paul1 ,/41 on ! depravity ( ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bhd deliv]y (1 to ,felix1 ,,ii1 #bii ,p]icles1 ,greek tyrant1 & ! div9ation ( ,lampon1 ,,ii1 #bbf ,p5tateu*1 !1 a basis ( ,hebrew jurisprud5ce1 ,i1 #gc ,p]man5t ,tribunals 7qu/iones p]petu71 mode ( trials be=e1 at ,rome1 ,,ii1 #dc-eb ,pet]1 ,/41 at ! sepul*]1 ,i1 #cg comp>$ ) ,m>%al ,ney1 ,i1 #fd & ,mal*us1 ,i1 #cf1 #bbf ,ph>isees1 & ! ,talmud1 ,i1 #hg attitude (1 t[>d ! law1 ,i1 #cch dom9ant 9 prie/ly ord]1 ,,ii1 #cjb _! conception ( ! ,messiah1 ,,ii1 #cbd *>act]i/ics (1 ,,ii1 #cbd ,philip1 ,/41 & ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ,i1 #ce ,phillips1 ,w5dell1 on ,h9du swordsman%ip1 ,i1 #dh ,philo1 ,jewi% philosoph]1 on ! "* ( ,pilate1 ,i1 #ba2 ,,ii1 #hi-ia ,phryne1 mi/ress ( ,praxiteles anecdote (1 ,,ii1 #bdb ,pilate1 ,pontius1 p[]s (1 z procurator ( ,judea1 ,,ii1 #bg-ca "n & orig9 (1 ,,ii1 #ha1 #hb m>riage (1 ,,ii1 #hb becomes procurator ( ,judea1 ,,ii1 #hd provokes ! ,jews1 ,,ii1 #he appropriates funds f ,corban1 ,,ii1 #hf hangs %ields 9 ,h]od's palace1 ,,ii1 #hh slays ,galileans1 ,,ii1 #hh "* (1 ,i1 #ba2 ,,ii1 #hh canonization (1 ,,ii1 #hi ord]$ to ,rome by ,vitellius1 ,,ii1 #ib leg5ds reg>d+ dea? (1 ,,ii1 #ib-id int]rogation ( ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #aab-aae tal5ts (1 ,,ii1 #aae 8 op9ion ( ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #aae acquits ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #aaf s5ds ,jesus to ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #aag reconcil$ ) ,h]od1 ,,ii1 #abh (f]s to release ,b>abbas1 ,,ii1 #acj w>n$ by wife's dream ( ,jesus1 ,,ii1 #acc1 #cee wa%es 8 h&s ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 ,,ii1 #acg1 #cfd releases ,b>abbas1 ,,ii1 #ach1 #cfc summ>y ( 8 conduct ( ,*ri/'s trial1 ,,ii1 #afh conduct (1 comp>$ ) ,cs>1 ,,ii1 #afi2 ) ,sir ,edw>d ,coke1 ,,ii1 #agj-agb ,p9d>1 ,greek poet1 d5unciation (1 ( vulg> sup]/itions1 ,,ii1 #bbd ,plato1 ,greek philosoph]1 unnatural love (1 ,,ii1 #bfc reprobation ( ,hom]ic my?s1 ,,ii1 #bfd ,pl9y1 ! ,y\ng]1 correspond5ce (1 ) ,trajan1 ,,ii1 #gh disbelief (1 9 immortality1 ,,ii1 #bbi on slav]y1 ,,ii1 #bjc ,plut>*1 on crucifixion1 ,i1 #ef anecdotes ( ,lucullus1 ,,ii1 #bdd-bdf ,polybius1 on ,roman p$]a/y1 ,,ii1 #bfc ,pompeia divorc$ by ,cs>1 ,,ii1 #bch ,pompey1 ,cneius1 ! ,great1 conque/ ( ,pale/9e by1 ,,ii1 #aa defeat$ at ,ph>salia1 ,,ii1 #be divorce ( 8 wife ,mucia1 ,,ii1 #bch ,pontiffs1 ,roman1 ,,ii1 #bjd ,poppa1 wife ( ,n]o1 deification (1 ,,ii1 #gg ,po/umius1 ,spurius1 ,roman consul1 suppression ( ,bac*analians by1 ,,ii1 #bgj-bhc ,prtor1 ,roman1 judicial p[]s (1 ,,ii1 #cf ,prie/hood1 ,roman4 ,see ,roman religion ,prie/s1 ,jewi% ,*amb] (4 ,see ,sanh$r9 ,procurator1 ,roman1 jurisdiction (1 ,,ii1 #bg1 #bh ,prov9ces1 ,roman1 classification (1 by ,augu/us1 ,,ii1 #bg ,q ,quetzalcoatle1 crucifi$ ,savior1 wor%ip$ by ,mexicans1 ,,ii1 #ff ,r ,rabbi1 orig9 ( ,jewi% title (1 ,,ii1 #cae ,rabbis1 ,jewi%1 arrogance (1 ,,ii1 #caf ,raphall1 ,morris1 on ! orig9 ( ! ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #ajd ,rawl9son1 ,george1 on ! political /ate ( ,judea at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #aa ,religions1 policy ( ,romans t[>d =eign1 & ( conqu]$ peoples1 ,,ii1 #gb-gd ,r5an1 ,erne/1 on miracles1 ,i1 #dd-dg on ! judicial ambu% ( blasphem]s1 ,i1 #bce on ! "* ( ,pilate1 ,,ii1 #ij on ! "* ( ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #ahg1 #ahh ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 conte/ (1 ) ,salad91 ,i1 #dh ,ri*t] on ! pa?ology ( crucifixion1 ,,ii1 #eh1 #ei ,rosadi1 on ! confession ( ! accus$ "u ,hebrew law1 ,i1 #adc on ! hatr$ ( ,pilate t[>d ! ,jews1 ,,ii1 #ih on ! ord] ( crim9al trials 9 ,roman prov9ces1 ,,ii1 #cb ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 on ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,,ii1 #ahg ,romans1 laws (1 ! basis ( mod]n jurisprud5ce1 ,,ii1 #e policy (1 t[>d subject peoples1 ,,ii1 #ac-ae responsibility (1 = ,*ri/'s dea?1 ,,ii1 #agd-agf religion (4 ,see ,paganism ,ruga1 ,c>vilius1 fir/ ,roman to procure a divorce1 ,,ii1 #bcf ,s ,sacrifice1 human1 among ! ,romans1 ,,ii1 #bji ,sadducees1 attitude (1 t[>d ! law1 ,i1 #cch attitude (1 t[>d an?ropomorphism ( ,p5tateu*1 ,i1 #cch dom9ant 9 ! ,sanh$r91 ,i1 #cci disbelief (1 9 immortality1 ,,ii1 #cbb weal? & rank (1 ,,ii1 #cbb ,salad91 ,s>ac5 ,sultan1 conte/ (1 ) ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,i1 #dh ,salians1 ,roman prie/s1 ,,ii1 #bjd ,sallu/1 ,roman hi/orian1 on ! conspiracy ( ,catal9e1 ,,ii1 #bbi ,salvador1 ,joseph1 on ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,sanh$r9 at ! 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