,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,jones1 ,,inigo3 444 & 9 ! capacity ( design] ( ! masques he came into collision ) ,b5 ,jonson1 :o frequ5tly made him ! butt ( 8 satire4 'collision' am5d$ f 'collison'4 ,,article ,,jopl93 ,jopl9 is ! trade c5tre ( a ri* agricultural & fruit-gr[+ di/rict1 b its gr[? has be5 *iefly due to its situation 9 "o ( ! mo/ productive z9c & lead regions 9 ! c\ntry1 = :i* x is ! comm]cial c5tre4 'mo/' am5d$ f 'mu/'4 ,,article ,,jordanes3 444 & _! diff]5tiation into ,visigo?s & ,o/rogo?s1 are next describ$4 ,*s4 v4-xiii4 conta9 an acc\nt ( ! intrusive ,geto-,scy?ian elem5t be=e allud$ to4 'next' am5d$ f 'ne/'4 ,,article ,,jurassic3 444 simil>ly at ! top ( ! sy/em !re is a passage f ! ,jurassic to ! ,cretace\s rocks 7,alps74 'sy/em' am5d$ f 'sytsem'4 ,,article ,,jury3 444 'copi$ f ?is or t k9dr$ in/itution to be f\nd 9 ?is or t ,g]man or ,sc&9avian l&1' or br\ght ov] ready made by ,h5gi/ or by ,william4 'or' am5d$ f '('4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xv1 ,,slice ,v ,jo9ts to ,ju/9ian ,i4 ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,jo9ts 7anatomy7 ,,jubilees1 ,,book ,,( ,,jo9ts 7eng9e]+7 ,,jubilee ,,ye> ,,jo9ts 7geology7 ,j,,c> ,,jo9ture ,,jud1 ,,leo ,,jo9ville ,,judaea ,,jo9ville1 ,,fran,,ois ,,l\is ,,m>ie ,,judah ,,jo9ville1 ,,jean ,,judas ,,isc>iot ,,joi/ ,,judas-,,tree ,j,,kai1 ,,maurus ,,judd1 ,,sylve/] ,,jokjak>ta ,,jude1 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,( ,,joliet ,,judge ,,jolly ,,judge-,,advocate-,,g5]al ,,joly ,,de ,,lotb9i,,re1 ,,gu/ave ,,judges1 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jom9i1 ,,anto9e ,,h5ri ,,judgm5t ,,jommelli1 ,,niccola ,,judgm5t ,,debtor ,,jonah 7prophet7 ,,judgm5t ,,summons ,,jonah1 ,,rabbi ,,judicature ,,acts ,,jonas1 ,,ju/us ,,judi?1 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jona?an ,,judson1 ,,adoniram ,,jonci,,res1 ,,victor9 ,,juel1 ,,j5s ,,jones1 ,,alfr$ ,,gilp9 ,,juel1 ,,niels ,,jones1 ,,sir ,,alfr$ ,,lewis ,,jug ,,jones1 ,,eb5ez] ,,juge1 ,,b(fille ,,de ,,jones1 ,,erne/ ,,*>les ,,jugg]naut ,,jones1 ,,h5ry ,,juggl] ,,jones1 ,,h5ry ,,ar?ur ,,jugur?a ,,jones1 ,,inigo ,,juju ,,jones1 ,,john ,,jujube ,,jones1 ,,john ,,paul ,,ju-,,jutsu or ,,jiu-,,jitsu ,,jones1 ,,mi*ael ,,jujuy ,,jones1 ,,ow5 7,wel% antiqu>y7 ,,jukes1 ,,joseph ,,beete ,,jones1 ,,ow5 7,briti% ar*itect7 ,,julian ,,jones1 ,,ri*>d ,j,,li* ,,jones1 ,,?omas ,,rup]t ,,juli51 ,,/anislas ,,jones1 ,,william ,,julius ,,jones1 ,,sir ,,william ,,julli51 ,,l\is ,,anto9e ,j,,nk,,p+ ,,jullundur ,,jonson1 ,,b5 ,,july ,,jopl9 ,,jumala ,,joppa ,,jumi,,ges ,,jorda5s1 ,,jacob ,,jumilla ,,jordan1 ,,camille ,,jumna ,,jordan1 ,,doro!a ,,jump+ ,,jordan1 ,,?omas ,,jump+-,,h>e ,,jordan1 ,,wilhelm ,,jump+-,,m\se ,,jordan 7riv]7 ,,jump+-,,%rew ,,jordanes ,,junag>h ,,jordanus ,,juncaceae ,,joris1 ,,david ,,junction ,,city ,,jort91 ,,john ,,june ,,joseph 7,old ,te/am5t7 ,,juneau ,,joseph 7,new ,te/am5t7 ,,jung1 ,,johann ,,he9ri* ,,joseph ,,( ,,arima?aea ,,jung ,,bahadur1 ,,sir ,,joseph ,i4 ,,jung-,,bunzlau ,,joseph ,,ii4 ,,jungfrau ,,joseph1 ,,fa!r ,,jungle ,,joseph9e ,,jun9 ,,josephus1 ,,flavius ,,junip] ,,jo%ekan ,,junius ,,jo%ua1 ,,book ,,( ,,junius1 ,,franz ,,jo%ua ,,! ,,/ylite ,,junk ,,josiah ,,junk]1 ,,wilhelm ,j,,sika1 ,,miklos ,,ni*olas ,,junket ,,josippon ,,juno ,,joss ,,junot1 ,,&o*e ,,jo/1 ,,isaak ,,m>kus ,,junot1 ,,laure ,,jotunheim ,,junta ,,j\b]t1 ,,b>?,,lemy ,,ca!r9e ,,jupit] 7,roman deity7 ,,j\b]t1 ,,joseph ,,jupit] 7planet7 ,,j\b]t1 ,,petrus ,,jacobus ,,jur ,,j\ffroy1 ,,jean ,,jura 7dep>tm5t ( ,france7 ,,j\ffroy1 ,,?,,odore ,,simon ,,jura 7isl&7 ,,j\gs ,,jura 7m\nta9s7 ,,j\le1 ,,james ,,prescott ,,jurassic ,,j\rdan1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,jurat ,,j\rnal ,,juri5 ,,de ,,la ,,gravi,,re1 ,,jean ,,edmond ,,j\rney ,,jurieu1 ,,pi]re ,,j\v5et1 ,,jean ,,juris ,,j\y1 ,,victor ,,joseph ,,ti5ne ,,de ,,jurisdiction ,,jovellanos1 ,,gasp> ,,mel*or ,,de ,,jurisprud5ce ,,jovell> ,y ,,sol]1 ,,joaqu9 ,,jurisprud5ce1 ,,comp>ative ,,jovian ,,jurjani ,,jov9ianus ,,jury ,,jovius1 ,,paulus ,,jus ,,primae ,,noctis ,,j[ett1 ,,b5jam9 ,,jus ,,relictae ,,joyeuse ,,juss]&1 ,,jean ,,adri5 ,,anto9e ,,jules ,,joyeuse ,,entr,e ,,jussieu1 ,,de ,,juan ,,f]n&ez ,,isl&s ,,ju/ice ,,juangs ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,! ,,peace ,,juan ,,manuel1 ,,don ,,ju/ici> ,,ju>ez1 ,,b5ito ,,pablo ,,ju/ici>y1 ,,high ,,c\rt ,,( ,,juba 7k+s ( ,numidia7 ,,ju/ification ,,juba 7,african riv]7 ,,ju/9 ,i4 ,,jubbulpore ,,ju/9 ,,ii4 ,,jub ,,ju/9 7,roman hi/orian7 ,,jubilee 7or ,jubile71 ,,ye> ,,( ,,ju/9ian ,i4 ,,jo9ts1 9 anatomy4 ,! /udy ( jo9ts1 or articulations1 is kn[n z ,ar?rology 7,gr4 ,greek3 ar?ron71 & naturally beg9s ) ! def9ition ( a jo9t4 ,anatomically ! t]m is us$ = any connexion betwe5 two or m adjac5t p>ts ( ! skeleton1 :e!r !y be bone or c>tilage4 ,jo9ts may be immovable1 l ^? ( ! skull1 or movable1 l ! knee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a syn*ondrosis4 b1 b1 ! two bones2 ,sc1 ! int]pos$ c>tilage2 l1 ! fibr\s membrane :i* plays ! "p ( a ligam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a cranial suture1 b1 b1 ! two bones2 s1 opposite ! suture2 l1 ! fibr\s membrane1 or p]io/eum1 pass+ betwe5 ! two bones1 :i* plays ! "p ( a ligam5t1 & :i* is cont9u\s ) ! int]pos$ fibr\s membrane4 ,immovable jo9ts1 or syn>?roses1 are usually adaptations to gr[? r ?an mobility1 & are always betwe5 bones4 ,:5 gr[? ceases ! bones (t5 unite1 & ! jo9t is !n oblit]at$ by a process kn[n z syno/osis1 ?\gh :e!r ! union ( ! bones is ! cause or ! effect ( ! /oppage ( gr[? is obscure4 ,immovable jo9ts nev] h a cavity betwe5 ! two bones2 !re is simply a lay] ( ! sub/ance 9 :i* ! bone has be5 laid d[n1 & ?is rema9s unalt]$4 ,if ! bone is be+ deposit$ 9 c>tilage a lay] ( c>tilage int]v5es1 & ! jo9t is call$ syn*ondrosis 7fig4 #a71 b if 9 membrane a ?9 lay] ( fibr\s tissue p]si/s1 & ! jo9t is !n kn[n z a suture 7fig4 #b74 ,good examples ( syn*ondroses are ! epiphysial l9es :i* sep>ate ! epiphyses f ! %afts ( develop+ long bones1 or ! occipito-sph5oid syn*ondrosis 9 ! base ( ! skull4 ,examples ( sutures are pl5tiful 9 ! vault ( ! skull1 & are giv5 special names1 su* z sutura d5tata1 s4 s]rata1 s4 squamosa1 accord+ to ! plan ( _! outl9e4 ,!re are two k9ds ( fibr\s syn>?roses1 :i* diff] f sutures 9 t !y d n syno/ose4 ,"o ( ^! is a s*9dylesis1 9 :i* a ?9 plate ( "o bone is receiv$ into a slot 9 ano!r1 z 9 ! jo9t betwe5 ! sph5oid & vom]4 ,! o!r is a peg & socket jo9t1 or gomphosis1 f\nd :]e ! fangs ( ! tee? fit into ! alveoli or too? sockets 9 ! jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,v]tical section ?r\gh an amphi>?rodial jo9t4 b1 b1 ! two bones2 c1 c1 ! plate ( c>tilage on ! articul> surface ( ea* bone2 ,fc1 ! int]m$iate fibro-c>tilage2 l1 l1 ! ext]nal ligam5ts4 ,movable jo9ts1 or di>?roses1 are divid$ into ^? 9 :i* !re is mu* & little movem5t4 ,:5 !re is little movem5t ! t]m half-jo9t or amphi>?rosis is us$4 ,! simple/ k9d ( amphi>?rosis is t 9 :i* two bones are connect$ by bundles ( fibr\s tissue :i* pass at "r angles f ! "o to ! o!r2 su* a jo9t only diff]s f a suture 9 ! fact t ! int]v5+ fibr\s tissue is m pl5tiful & is organiz$ into def9ite bundles1 to :i* ! "n ( int]osse\s ligam5ts is giv51 & also t x does n syno/ose :5 gr[? /ops4 ,a jo9t ( ?is k9d is call$ a syndesmosis1 ?\gh probably ! di/9ction is a v arbitr>y "o1 & dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( movem5t :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! muscles on ! two bones4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is ! inf]ior tibio-fibul> jo9t ( mammals may be cit$4 ,9 man ?is is an excell5t example ( a syndesmosis1 & !re is only a slight play betwe5 ! two bones4 ,9 ! m\se !re is no movem5t1 & ! two bones =m a syn*ondrosis betwe5 !m :i* spe$ily becomes a syno/osis1 :ile 9 _m ,m>supials !re is free mobility betwe5 ! tibia & fibula1 & a def9ite synovial cavity is e/abli%$4 ,! o!r v>iety ( amphi>?rosis or half-jo9t is ! symphysis1 :i* diff]s f ! syndesmosis 9 hav+ bo? bony surfaces l9$ ) c>tilage & betwe5 ! two c>tilages a lay] ( fibro-c>tilage1 ! c5tre ( :i* (t5 s(t5s & =ms a small synovial cavity4 ,examples ( ?is are ! symphysis pubis1 ! meso/]nal jo9t1 & ! jo9ts betwe5 ! bodies ( ! v]tebrae 7fig4 #c74 ,! true di>?roses are jo9ts 9 :i* !re is ei!r fairly free or v free movem5t4 ,! oppos+ surfaces ( ! bones are l9$ ) articul> c>tilage1 :i* is ! unossifi$ remnant ( ! c>tilag9\s model 9 :i* !y are =m$ & is call$ ! c>tilage ( encru/m5t 7fig4 #d1 c74 ,betwe5 ! two c>tilages is ! jo9t cavity1 :ile surr\nd+ ! jo9t is ! capsule 7fig4 #d1 l71 :i* is =m$ *iefly by ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! orig9al p]io/eum or p]i*ondrium1 b x may be /r5g!n$ ext]nally by surr\nd+ fibr\s /ructures1 su* z ! t5dons ( muscles1 :i* become modifi$ & acquire fre% atta*m5ts = ! purpose4 ,x may be said g5]ally t ! great] ! int]mitt5t /ra9 on any "p ( ! capsule ! m x responds by increas+ 9 ?ickness4 ,l9+ ! int]ior ( ! capsule1 & all o!r p>ts ( ! jo9t cavity except :]e ! articul> c>tilage is pres5t1 is ! synovial membrane 7fig4 #d1 dott$ l9e72 ?is is a lay] ( endo!lial cells :i* secrete ! synovial fluid to lubricate ! int]ior ( ! jo9t by means ( a small p]c5tage ( muc91 album9 & fatty matt] :i* x conta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a di>?rodial jo9t4 b1 b1 ! two bones2 c1 c1 ! plate ( c>tilage on ! articul> surface ( ea* bone2 l1 l1 ! inve/+ ligam5t1 ! dott$ l9e )9 :i* repres5ts ! synovial membrane4 ,! lett] s is plac$ 9 ! cavity ( ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a di>?rodial jo9t1 9 :i* ! cavity is subdivid$ into two by an int]pos$ fibro-c>tilage or m5iscus1 ,fc4 ,! o!r lett]s z 9 fig4 #d4 ,a comp\nd di>?rodial jo9t is "o 9 :i* ! jo9t cavity is divid$ p>tly or :olly into two by a m5iscus or int]>ticul> fibro-c>tilage 7fig4 #e1 ,fc74 ,! %ape ( ! jo9t cavity v>ies greatly1 & ! diff]5t divisions ( movable jo9ts dep5d ^u x4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t ! /ructure ( a jo9t det]m9es its movem5t1 b !re is some?+ to be said = ! view t ! movem5ts to :i* a jo9t is subject det]m9e its %ape4 ,z an example ( ?is x has be5 f\nd t ! mobility ( ! metac>po-phalangeal jo9t ( ! ?umb 9 a l>ge numb] ( work+ m5 is less ?an x is 9 a l>ge numb] ( wom5 :o use ne$les & ?read1 or 9 a l>ge numb] ( m$ical /ud5ts :o use p5s & scalpels1 & t ! slightly movable ?umb has q a diff]5tly %ap$ articul> surface f ! freely movable "o 7see ,j4 ,anat4 & ,phys4 xxix4 #ddf74 ,r4 ,fick1 too1 has demon/rat$ t ! concavity or convexity ( ! jo9t surface dep5ds on ! position ( ! *ief muscles :i* move ! jo9t1 & has enunciat$ ! law t :5 ! *ief muscle or muscles are atta*$ close to ! articul> end ( ! skeletal elem5t t end becomes concave1 :ile1 :5 !y are atta*$ f> (f or are n atta*$ at all1 z 9 ! case ( ! phalanges1 ! articul> end is convex4 ,8 me*anical explanation is +5i\s & to ! pres5t writ] conv9c+ 7see ,h&bu* d] ,gel5ke1 by ,r4 ,fick1 ,j5a1 #aijd74 ,b]nays1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t ! articul> ends 7 m\ld$ be=e ! muscul> tissue 0 diff]5tiat$ 7,morph4 ,jahrb4 iv4 #djc71 b to ?is ,fick replies by po9t+ out t muscul> movem5ts beg9 be=e ! muscle fibres are =m$1 & may be se5 9 ! *ick z e>ly z ! second day ( incubation4 ,! freely movable jo9ts 7true di>?rosis7 are classifi$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,glid+ jo9ts 7,ar?rodia71 9 :i* ! articul> surfaces are flat1 z 9 ! c>pal & t>sal bones4 7#b7 ,h+e jo9ts 7,g+lymus71 su* z ! elb[ & int]phalangeal jo9ts4 7#c7 ,condyloid jo9ts 7,condyl>?rosis71 all[+ flexion & ext5sion z well z lat]al movem5t1 b no rotation4 ,! metac>po-phalangeal & wri/ jo9ts are examples ( ?is4 7#d7 ,saddle-%ap$ jo9ts 7,articulus sell>is71 all[+ ! same movem5ts z ! la/ ) great] /r5g?4 ,! c>po-metac>pal jo9t ( ! ?umb is an example4 7#e7 ,ball & socket jo9ts 7,en>?rosis71 all[+ free movem5t 9 any direction1 z 9 ! %\ld] & hip4 7#f7 ,pivot-jo9t 7,tro*oides71 all[+ only rotation r\nd a longitud9al axis1 z 9 ! radio-uln> jo9ts4 ,embryology4 ,jo9ts are develop$ 9 ! mes5*yme1 or t "p ( ! mesod]m :i* is n conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( ! s]\s cavities4 ,! syn>?roses may be look$ ^u m]ely z a delay 9 developm5t1 because1 z ! embryonic tissue ( ! mes5*yme passes f a fibr\s to a bony /ate1 ! fibr\s tissue may rema9 along a c]ta9 l9e & s =m a suture1 or1 :5 *ondrification has prec$$ ossification1 ! c>tilage may rema9 at a c]ta9 place & s =m a syn*ondrosis4 ,! di>?roses repres5t an arre/ ( developm5t at an e>li] /age1 = a "p ( ! orig9al embryonic tissue rema9s z a plate ( r\nd cells1 :ile ! neighb\r+ two rods *ondrify & ossify4 ,?is plate may become conv]t$ into fibro-c>tilage1 9 :i* case an amphi>?rodial jo9t results1 or x may become absorb$ 9 ! c5tre to =m a jo9t cavity1 or1 if ?is absorption occurs 9 two places1 two jo9t cavities ) an int]v5+ m5iscus may result4 ,al?\gh1 ontog5etically1 !re is little d\bt t m5isci arise 9 ! way j m5tion$1 ! tea*+ ( comp>ative anatomy sugge/s t1 phylog5etically1 !y orig9ate z an +r[? f ! capsule pu%+ ! synovial membrane 9 front ( !m4 ,! subject w be return$ to :5 ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! individual jo9ts is review$4 ,9 ! human foetus ! jo9t cavities are all =m$ by ! t5? week ( intra-ut]9e life4 ,,anatomy ,jo9ts ( ! ,axial ,skeleton4 ,! bodies ( ! v]tebrae except ^? ( ! sacrum & coccyx are sep>at$1 & at ! same "t connect$1 by ! int]v]tebral disks4 ,^! are =m$ ( alt]nat+ conc5tric r+s ( fibr\s tissue & fibro-c>tilage1 ) an ela/ic mass 9 ! c5tre kn[n z ! nucleus pulposus4 ,! bodies are also b\nd toge!r by ant]ior & po/]ior common ligam5ts4 ,! odontoid process ( ! axis fits into a pivot jo9t =m$ by ! ant]ior ar* ( ! atlas 9 front & ! transv]se ligam5t beh9d2 x is atta*$ to ! basioccipital bone by two /rong lat]al *eck ligam5ts1 &1 9 ! mid l9e1 by a feebl] middle *eck ligam5t :i* is reg>d$ morphologically z conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! noto*ord4 ,?is atlanto-axial jo9t is ! "o :i* all[s ! head to be %ak5 f side to side4 ,nodd+ ! head occurs at ! occipito-atlantal jo9t1 :i* consi/s ( ! two occipital condyles receiv$ into ! cup-%ap$ articul> facets on ! atlas & surr\nd$ by capsul> ligam5ts4 ,! neural ar*es ( ! v]tebrae articulate "o ) ano!r by ! articul> facets1 ea* ( :i* has a capsul> ligam5t4 ,9 addition to ^! ! lam9ae are connect$ by ! v ela/ic ligam5ta subflava4 ,! sp9\s processes are jo9$ by int]sp9\s ligam5ts1 & _! tips by a suprasp9\s ligam5t1 :i* 9 ! neck is cont9u$ f ! sp9e ( ! sev5? c]vical v]tebra to ! ext]nal occipital cre/ & protub]ance z ! ligam5tum nu*ae1 a ?91 fibr\s1 m$ian septum betwe5 ! muscles ( ! back ( ! neck4 ,! comb9$ effect ( all ^! jo9ts & ligam5ts is to all[ ! sp9al column to be b5t 9 any direction or to be rotat$1 ?\gh only a small am\nt ( movem5t occurs betwe5 any two v]tebrae4 ,! heads ( ! ribs articulate ) ! bodies ( two contigu\s ?oracic v]tebrae & ! disk betwe54 ,! ligam5ts :i* connect !m are call$ co/o-c5tral1 & are two 9 numb]4 ,! ant]ior ( ^! is ! /ellate ligam5t1 :i* has ?ree b&s radiat+ f ! head ( ! rib to ! two v]tebrae & ! int]v5+ disk4 ,! o!r "o is ! int]>ticul> ligam5t1 :i* connects ! ridge1 divid+ ! two articul> cavities on ! head ( ! rib1 to ! disk2 x is abs5t 9 ! fir/ & ?ree l[e/ ribs4 ,! co/o-transv]se ligam5ts b9d ! ribs to ! transv]se processes ( ! ?oracic v]tebrae4 ,! sup]ior co/o-transv]se ligam5t b9ds ! neck ( ! rib to ! transv]se process ( ! v]tebra above2 ! middle or int]osse\s connects ! back ( ! neck to ! front ( its own transv]se process2 :ile ! po/]ior runs f ! tip ( ! transv]se process to ! out] "p ( ! tub]cle ( ! rib4 ,! inn] & l[] "p ( ea* tub]cle =ms a di>?rodial jo9t ) ! upp] & =e "p ( its own transv]se process1 except 9 ! elev5? & twelf? ribs4 ,at ! junction ( ! ribs ) _! c>tilages no di>?rodial jo9t is =m$2 ! p]io/eum simply becomes p]i*ondrium & b9ds ! two /ructures toge!r4 ,:]e ! c>tilages1 h[ev]1 jo9 ! /]num1 or :]e !y jo9 "o ano!r1 di>?rodial jo9ts ) synovial cavities are e/abli%$4 ,9 ! case ( ! second rib ?is is d\ble1 & 9 t ( ! fir/ usually want+4 ,! meso/]nal jo9t1 betwe5 ! pre- & meso/]num1 has already be5 giv5 z an example ( a symphysis4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,= ! convexity or concavity ( ! v]tebral c5tra 9 diff]5t classes ( v]tebrates1 see ,,skeleton3 axial4 ,! int]v]tebral disks fir/ appe> 9 ! ,crocodilia1 ! highe/ exi/+ ord] ( reptilia4 ,9 _m ,mammals ! middle fasciculus ( ! /ellate ligam5t is cont9u$ "r across ! v5tral surface ( ! disk into ! ligam5t ( ! opposite side1 & is probably s]ially homolog\s ) ! v5tral ar* ( ! atlas4 ,a simil> ligam5t jo9s ! heads ( ! ribs dorsal to ! disk4 ,to ^! b&s ! names ( ant]ior 7v5tral7 & po/]ior 7dorsal7 conjugal ligam5ts h be5 giv51 & !y may be demon/rat$ 9 a sev5 mon?s' human foetus 7see ,b4 ,sutton1 ,ligam5ts1 ,london1 #aijb74 ,! ligam5tum nu*ae is a /rong ela/ic b& 9 ! ,ungulata :i* supports ! weight ( ! head4 ,9 ! ,c>nivora x only rea*es z f> =w>d z ! sp9e ( ! axis4 ,! ,,jaw ,,jo9t1 or temporo-m&ibul> articulation1 occurs betwe5 ! sigmoid cavity ( ! temporal bone & ! condyle ( ! jaw4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is an int]>ticul> fibro-c>tilage or m5iscus1 & ! jo9t is surr\nd$ by a capsule ( :i* ! out] "p is ! ?icke/4 ,on fir/ op5+ ! m\?1 ! jo9t acts z a h+e1 b v soon ! condyle beg9s to glide =w>d on to ! em95tia articul>is 7see ,,skull7 & takes ! m5iscus ) x4 ,?is glid+ movem5t betwe5 ! m5iscus & temporal bone may be sep>ately br\ght ab\t by protrud+ ! l[] tee? 9 front ( ! upp]1 or1 on "o side only1 by mov+ ! jaw across to ! opposite side4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,! jo9t betwe5 ! temporal & m&ibul> bones is only f\nd 9 ,mammals2 9 ! l[] v]tebrates ! jaw op5s betwe5 ! quadrate & articul> bones4 ,9 ! ,c>nivora x is a p]fect h+e2 9 _m ,rod5ts only ! ant]o-po/]ior glid+ movem5t is pres5t2 :ile 9 ! ,rum9ants ! lat]aliz+ movem5t is ! *ief "o4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,orni?orhyn*us1 ! m5iscus is abs5t4 ,jo9ts ( ! ,upp] ,extremity4 ,! /]no-clavicul> articulation1 betwe5 ! pre/]num & clavicle1 is a glid+ jo9t1 & all[s slight upw>d & d[nw>d & =w>d & backw>d movem5ts4 ,! two bony surfaces are sep>at$ by a m5iscus1 ! v]tical movem5ts tak+ place outside & ! ant]o-po/]ior inside ?is4 ,!re is a well-m>k$ capsule1 ( :i* ! ant]ior "p is /ronge/4 ,! two clavicles are jo9$ across ! top ( ! pre/]num by an int]clavicul> ligam5t4 ,! acromio-clavicul> articulation is also a glid+ jo9t1 b all[s a sw++ or p5dulum movem5t ( ! scapula on ! clavicle4 ,! upp] "p ( ! capsule is /ronge/1 & f x hangs d[n a p>tial m5iscus into ! cavity4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,bl& ,sutton reg>ds ! int]clavicul> ligam5t z a ve/ige ( ! int]clavicle ( ,reptiles & ,monotremes4 ,! m5isci are only f\nd 9 ! ,primates1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t _m ,mammals h no clavicle1 or a v rudim5t>y "o4 ,by "s ! m5iscus ( ! /]no-clavicul> jo9t is reg>d$ z ! homologue ( ! lat]al "p ( ! int]clavicle1 b ! fact t x only occurs 9 ! ,primates :]e movem5ts 9 diff]5t planes are fairly free is sugge/ive ( a physiological r ?an a morphological orig9 = x4 ,! ,,%\ld] ,,jo9t is a good example ( ! ball & socket or en>?rodial v>iety4 ,its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is mobility at ! exp5se ( /r5g?4 ,! small size ( ! gl5oid cavity 9 comp>ison ) ! head ( ! hum]us1 & ! great laxity ( ! capsule1 fav\r ?is1 al?\gh ! gl5oid cavity is slightly deep5$ by a fibr\s lip1 call$ ! gl5oid ligam5t1 r\nd its m>g94 ,! pres5ce ( ! coracoid & acromial processes ( ! scapula1 ) ! coraco-acromial ligam5t betwe5 !m1 s]ves z an ov]hang+ protection to ! jo9t1 :ile ! biceps t5don runs ov] ! head ( ! hum]us1 inside ! capsule1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by a %ea? ( synovial membrane4 ,7 x n = ^! two extra safegu>ds ! %\ld] w\ld be ev5 m liable to dislocation ?an x is4 ,! upp] "p ( ! capsule1 :i* is atta*$ to ! base ( ! coracoid process1 is ?ick5$1 & kn[n z ! coracohum]al ligam5t1 :ile inside ! front ( ! capsule are ?ree folds ( synovial membrane1 call$ gl5o-hum]al folds4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,9 ! l[] ,v]tebrates ! %\ld] is adapt$ to support r ?an preh5sion & is n s freely movable z 9 ! ,primates4 ,! t5don ( ! biceps has evid5tly sunk ?r\gh ! capsule into ! jo9t1 & ev5 :5 x is intra-capsul> !re is usually a d\ble fold connect+ its %ea? ( synovial membrane ) t l9+ ! capsule4 ,9 ,man ?is has be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 b rema9s ( x p]si/ 9 ! sup]ior gl5o-hum]al fold4 ,! middle gl5o-hum]al fold is ! ve/ige ( a /rong ligam5t :i* /eadies & limits ! range ( movem5t ( ! jo9t 9 _m l[] ,mammals4 ,! ,,elb[ ,,jo9t is an excell5t example ( ! g+lymus or h+e1 ?\gh its transv]se axis ( movem5t is n q at "r angles to ! c5tral axis ( ! limb1 b is l[] int]nally ?an ext]nally4 ,?is t5ds to br+ ! =e>m t[>ds ! body :5 ! elb[ is b5t4 ,! elb[ is a great contra/ to ! %\ld]1 z ! tro*lea & capitellum ( ! hum]us are closely adapt$ to ! sigmoid cavity ( ! ulna & head ( ! radius 7see ,,skeleton3 app5dicul>72 consequ5tly movem5t 9 "o plane only is all[$1 & ! jo9t is a /rong "o4 ,! capsule is divid$ into ant]ior1 po/]ior1 & two lat]al ligam5ts1 ?\gh ^! are all really cont9u\s4 ,! jo9t cavity communicates freely ) t ( ! sup]ior radio-uln> articulation4 ,! radio-uln> jo9ts are ?ree3 ! upp] "o is an example ( a pivot jo9t1 & 9 x ! disk-%ap$ head ( ! radius rotates 9 a circle =m$ by ! less] sigmoid cavity ( ! ulna int]nally & ! orbicul> ligam5t 9 ! o!r ?ree qu>t]s4 ,! middle radio-uln> articulation is simply an int]osse\s membrane1 ! fibres ( :i* run d[nw>d & inw>d f ! radius to ! ulna4 ,! inf]ior radio-uln> jo9t is =m$ by ! disk-%ap$ l[] end ( ! ulna fitt+ into ! slightly concave sigmoid cavity ( ! radius4 ,bel[1 ! cavity ( ?is jo9t is %ut (f f t ( ! wri/ by a triangul> fibro-c>tilage4 ,! movem5ts all[$ at ^! ?ree articulations are call$ pronation & sup9ation ( ! radius4 ,! head ( t bone twi/s1 9 ! orbicul> ligam5t1 r\nd its c5tral v]tical axis = ab\t half a circle4 ,bel[1 h[ev]1 ! :ole l[] end ( ! radius circles r\nd ! l[] end ( ! ulna1 ! c5tre ( rotation be+ close to ! /yloid process ( ! ulna4 ,! radius1 !re=e1 9 its pronation1 describes half a cone1 ! base ( :i* is bel[1 & ! h& foll[s ! radius4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,9 pronograde ,mammals ! =e>m is usually p]man5tly pronat$1 & ! head ( ! radius1 in/ead ( be+ circul> & at ! side ( ! upp] end ( ! ulna1 is transv]sely oval & 9 front ( t bone1 occupy+ ! same place t ! coronoid process ( ! ulna does 9 ,man4 ,?is type ( elb[1 :i* is adapt$ simply to support & progression1 is be/ se5 9 ! ,ungulata2 9 !m bo? lat]al ligam5ts are atta*$ to ! head ( ! radius1 & !re is no orbicul> ligam5t1 s9ce ! %ape ( ! head ( ! radius does n all[ ( any sup9ation4 ,! olecranon process ( ! ulna =ms m]ely a po/]ior guide or gu>d to ! jo9t1 b transmits no weight4 ,no bett] example ( ! maximum *anges :i* ! uses ( support & preh5sion br+ ab\t c be f\nd ?an 9 contra/+ ! elb[ ( ! ,%eep or o!r ,ungulate ) t ( ,man4 ,t[>ds "o or o!r ( ^! types ! elb[s ( all ,mammals t5d4 ,x may be r\ghly /at$ t1 :5 pronation & sup9ation to ! ext5t ( a qu>t] ( a circle are possible1 an orbicul> ligam5t appe>s4 ,! ,,wri/ ,,jo9t1 or radio-c>pal articulation1 lies betwe5 ! radius & triangul> fibro-c>tilage above1 & ! scaphoid1 semilun>1 & cunei=m bones bel[4 ,x is a condyloid jo9t all[+ flexion & ext5sion r\nd "o axis1 & slight lat]al movem5t 7abduction & adduction7 r\nd ! o!r4 ,!re is a well-m>k$ capsule1 divid$ into ant]ior1 po/]ior1 & lat]al ligam5ts4 ,! jo9t cavity is %ut (f f ! inf]ior radio-uln> jo9t above1 & ! int]c>pal jo9ts bel[4 ,! int]c>pal jo9ts are glid+ articulations1 ! v>i\s bones be+ connect$ by palm>1 dorsal1 & a few int]osse\s ligam5ts1 b only ^? connect+ ! fir/ r[ ( bones are complete1 & s isolate "o jo9t cavity f ano!r4 ,t "p ( ! int]c>pal jo9ts :i* lies betwe5 ! fir/ & second r[s ( c>pal bones is call$ ! transv]se c>pal jo9t1 & at ?is a good deal ( ! movem5t :i* seems to take place at ! wri/ really occurs4 ,! c>po-metac>pal articulations are1 ) ! exception ( t ( ! ?umb1 glid+ jo9ts1 & cont9u\s ) ! great int]c>pal jo9t cavity4 ,! c>po-metac>pal jo9t ( ! ?umb is ! be/ example ( a saddle-%ap$ jo9t 9 ,man4 ,x all[s =w>d & backw>d & lat]al movem5t1 & is v /rong4 ,! metac>po-phalangeal jo9ts are condyloid jo9ts l ! wri/1 & are rem>kable = ! great ?ickness ( ! palm> ligam5ts ( _! capsules4 ,9 ! f\r inn] f+]s ^! gl5oid ligam5ts1 z !y are call$1 are jo9$ toge!r by ! transv]se metac>pal ligam5t4 ,! int]phalangeal articulations are simple h+es surr\nd$ by a capsule1 ( :i* ! dorsal "p is v ?94 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,! wri/ jo9t ( ! l[] ,mammals all[s less lat]al movem5t ?an does t ( ,man1 :ile ! l[] end ( ! ulna is bett] develop$ & is receiv$ into a cup-%ap$ socket =m$ by ! cunei=m & pisi=m bones4 ,at ! same "t1 unless !re is pretty free pronation & sup9ation1 ! triangul> fibro-c>tilage is only repres5t$ by an int]osse\s ligam5t1 :i* may be cont9u\s above ) ! int]osse\s membrane betwe5 ! radius & ulna1 & sugge/s ! possibility t ! fibro-c>tilage is l>gely a d]ivative ( ?is membrane4 ,9 mo/ ,mammals ! wri/ is divid$ into two lat]al p>ts1 z x is 9 ! human foetus1 b free pronation & sup9ation seem to cause ! disappe>ance ( ! septum4 ,jo9ts ( ! ,l[] ,extremity4 ,! sacro-innom9ate articulation consi/s ( ! sacro-iliac jo9t & ! sacro-sciatic ligam5ts4 ,! =m] is "o ( ! amphi>?roses or half-jo9ts by :i* ! sacrum is b\nd to ! ilium4 ,! me*anism ( ! human sacrum is t ( a susp5sion bridge slung betwe5 ! two pill>s or ilia by ! v /rong po/]ior sacro-iliac ligam5ts :i* repres5t ! *a9s4 ,! axis ( ! jo9t passes ?r\gh ! second sacral v]tebra1 b ! sacrum is s ne>ly horizontal t ! weight ( ! body1 :i* is transmitt$ to ! fir/ sacral v]tebra1 t5ds to tilt t "p d[n4 ,?is t5d5cy is correct$ by ! great & small sacro-sciatic ligam5ts1 :i* fa/5 ! l[] "p ( ! sacrum to ! tub]osity & sp9e ( ! is*ium respectively1 s t1 al?\gh ! sacrum is a susp5sion bridge :5 look$ at f beh9d1 x is a lev] ( ! fir/ k9d :5 se5 f ! side or 9 sagittal section4 ,! pubic symphysis is ! union betwe5 ! two pubic bones4 ,x has all ! *>act]i/ics ( a symphysis1 already describ$1 & may h a small m$ian cavity4 ,illu/ration3 7,f ,david ,hepburn1 ,cunn+ham's ,text-book ( ,anatomy47 ,,fig4 #f4--;,dissection ( ! ,hip ,jo9t f ! front4 ,! ,,hip ,,jo9t1 l ! %\ld]1 is a ball & socket1 b does n all[ su* free movem5t2 ?is is due to ! fact t ! socket or acetabulum is deep] ?an ! gl5oid cavity & t ! capsule is n s lax4 ,at ! same "t ! loss ( mobility is made up = by increas$ /r5g?4 ,! capsule has ?ree ?ick5$ b&s1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! ilio-femoral or ,y-%ap$ ligam5t ( ,bigel[4 ,! /alk ( ! ,y is atta*$ to ! ant]ior inf]ior sp9e ( ! ilium1 :ile ! two limbs are fa/5$ to ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! spiral l9e ( ! femur4 ,! ligam5t is s /rong t x h>dly ev] ruptures 9 a dislocation ( ! hip4 ,z a plumb-l9e1 dropp$ f ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! body1 passes beh9d ! c5tre ( ! hip jo9t1 ?is ligam5t1 ly+ z x does 9 front ( ! jo9t1 takes ! /ra9 9 ,man's erect position4 ,! o!r two ?ick5$ p>ts ( ! capsule are kn[n z pubo-femoral & is*io-femoral1 f _! atta*m5ts4 ,inside ! capsule1 & deep5+ ! m>g9 ( ! acetabulum1 is a fibr\s rim kn[n z ! cotyloid ligam5t1 :i* grips ! sph]ical head ( ! femur & is cont9u$ across ! cotyloid not* z ! transv]se ligam5t4 ,! floor ( ! acetabulum has a horse%oe-%ap$ surface ( articul> c>tilage1 concave d[nw>d1 &1 occupy+ ! frog ( ! horse's ho(1 is a mass ( fat call$ ! ,hav]sian pad4 ,atta*$ to ! inn] m>g9 ( ! horse%oe1 & to ! transv]se ligam5t :]e t is defici5t1 is a reflexion ( synovial membrane :i* =ms a cov]+ = ! pad & is cont9u$ z a tube to ! depression on ! head ( ! femur call$ ! fossa capitis4 ,?is reflexion c>ries blood-vessels & n]ves to ! femur1 & also conta9s fibr\s tissue f outside ! jo9t4 ,x is kn[n z ! ligam5tum t]es4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,bl& ,sutton reg>ds ! ilio-femoral ligam5t z an alt]$ muscle1 ! scansorius1 ?\gh aga9/ ?is is ! fact t1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* a scansorius is pres5t 9 ,man1 ! ligam5t is z /rong z usual1 & inde$1 if x 7 n !re 9 ^! cases1 ! erect position w\ld be difficult to ma9ta94 ,he also looks ^u ! ligam5tum t]es z ! divorc$ t5don ( ! pect9eus muscle4 ,! subject requires mu* m inve/igation1 b !re is e reason to believe t x is a t5don :i* has sunk into ! jo9t1 ?\gh :e!r t ( ! pect9eus is d\btful1 s9ce ! intra-capsul> t5don comes f ! is*ium 9 ,reptiles4 ,9 _m ,mammals1 & among !m ! ,orang1 !re is no ligam5tum t]es4 ,9 o!rs1 su* z ! ,armadillo1 ! /ructure has n sunk "r into ! jo9t1 b is connect$ ) ! pubo-femoral "p ( ! capsule4 ,! ,,knee ,,jo9t is a h+e =m$ by ! condyles & tro*lea ( ! femur1 ! patella1 & ! head ( ! tibia4 ,! capsule is =m$ 9 front by ! ligam5tum patellae1 & on ea* side special b&s =m ! lat]al ligam5ts4 ,on ! out] side !re are two ( ^!3 ! ant]ior or long ext]nal lat]al ligam5t is a r\nd cord runn+ f ! ext]nal condyle to ! head ( ! fibula1 :ile ! po/]ior is slight] & passes f ! same place to ! /yloid process ( ! fibula4 ,! int]nal lat]al ligam5t is a flat b& :i* runs f ! inn] condyle ( ! femur to ! int]nal surface ( ! tibia "s two in*es bel[ ! level ( ! knee jo9t4 ,! po/]ior "p ( ! capsule is /r5g!n$ by an oblique bundle ( fibres runn+ upw>d & outw>d f ! semimembranosus t5don1 & call$ ! po/]ior ligam5t ( ,w9sl[4 ,! intra-articul> /ructures are num]\s & int]e/+4 ,pass+ f ! head ( ! tibia1 9 front & beh9d ! sp9e1 are ! ant]ior & po/]ior crucial ligam5ts2 ! =m] is atta*$ to ! out] side ( ! int]condyl> not* above1 & ! latt] to ! inn] side4 ,^! two ligam5ts cross l an ,x4 ,! semilun> fibro-c>tilages--ext]nal & int]nal--are p>tial m5isci1 ea* ( :i* has an ant]ior & a po/]ior cornu by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! head ( ! tibia 9 front & beh9d ! sp9e4 ,!y are also atta*$ r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! tibial head by a coron>y ligam5t1 b ! ext]nal "o is m movable ?an ! int]nal1 & ?is p]haps acc\nts = its coron>y ligam5t be+ less (t5 ruptur$ & ! c>tilage displac$ ?an ! inn] "o is4 ,9 addition to ^! ! ext]nal c>tilage has a fibr\s b&1 call$ ! ligam5t ( ,wrisb]g1 :i* runs up to ! femur j beh9d ! po/]ior crucial ligam5t4 ,! ext]nal c>tilage is broad]1 & =ms m ( a circle ?an ! int]nal4 ,! synovial cavity ( ! knee runs up1 deep to ! ext5sor muscles ( ! ?igh1 = ab\t two in*es above ! top ( ! patella1 =m+ ! bursa suprapatell>is4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! patella x cov]s a pad ( fat1 :i* lies betwe5 ! ligam5tum patellae & ! front ( ! head ( ! tibia1 & is c>ri$ up z a n>r[ tube to ! l[] m>g9 ( ! tro*le> surface ( ! femur4 ,?is prolongation is kn[n z ! ligam5tum mucosum1 & f ! sides ( its base spr+ two lat]al folds call$ ! ligam5ta al>ia4 ,! t5don ( ! popliteus muscle is an intra-capsul> /ructure1 & is !re=e cov]$ ) a synovial %ea?4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( bursae ne> ! knee jo9t1 "o ( :i*1 common to ! inn] head ( ! ga/rocnemius & ! semimembranosus1 (t5 communicates ) ! jo9t4 ,! h+e movem5t ( ! knee is accompani$ by a small am\nt ( ext]nal rotation at ! end ( ext5sion1 & a comp5satory int]nal rotation dur+ flexion4 ,?is slight twi/ is en\gh to tight5 up almo/ all ! ligam5ts s t !y may take a %>e 9 resi/+ ov]-ext5sion1 because1 9 ! erect position1 a v]tical l9e f ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! body passes 9 front ( ! knee4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,9 "s ,mammals1 e4g4 ,bradypus & ,orni?orhyn*us1 ! knee is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 two condylo-tibial & "o tro*leo-patell>1 by synovial folds :i* 9 ,man are repres5t$ by ! ligam5tum mucosum4 ,9 a typical ,mammal ! ext]nal semilun> c>tilage is atta*$ by its po/]ior horn to ! int]nal condyle ( ! femur only1 & ?is expla9s ! ligam5t ( ,wrisb]g already m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,monkeys & an?ropoid ,apes ?is c>tilage is circul>4 ,! semilun> c>tilages fir/ appe> 9 ! ,amphibia1 &1 accord+ to ,b4 ,sutton1 are d]iv$ f muscles :i* are drawn into ! jo9t4 ,:5 only "o k9d ( movem5t 7h+e7 is all[$1 z 9 ! fruit bat1 ! c>tilages are n f\nd4 ,9 mo/ ,mammals ! sup]ior tibio-fibul> jo9t communicates ) ! knee4 ,! tibio-fibul> articulations resemble ! radio-uln> 9 position b are mu* less movable4 ,! sup]ior 9 ,man is usually cut (f i f ! knee & is a glid+ jo9t2 ! middle is ! int]osse\s membrane1 :ile ! l[] has be5 already us$ z an example ( a syndesmosis or fibr\s half jo9t4 ,! ,,ankle ,,jo9t is a h+e1 ! a/ragalus be+ receiv$ into a lat]al ar* =m$ by ! l[] ends ( ! tibia & fibula4 ,backw>d dislocation is prev5t$ by ! articul> surface ( ! a/ragalus be+ broad] 9 front ?an beh9d4 ,! ant]ior & po/]ior p>ts ( ! capsule are feeble1 b ! lat]al ligam5ts are v /rong1 ! ext]nal consi/+ ( ?ree sep>ate fasciculi :i* b9d ! fibula to ! a/ragalus & calcaneum4 ,to avoid confusion x is be/ to speak ( ! movem5ts ( ! ankle z dorsal & plant> flexion4 ,illu/ration3 7,f ,d4 ,hepburn1 ,cunn+ham's ,text-book ( ,anatomy47 ,,fig4 #g4--;,dissection ( ! ,knee-jo9t f ! front3 ,patella ?r[n d[n4 ,! t>sal jo9ts resemble ! c>pal 9 be+ glid+ articulations4 ,!re are two betwe5 ! a/ragalus & calcaneum1 & at ^! inv]sion & ev]sion ( ! foot l>gely occur4 ,! inn] ar* ( ! foot is ma9ta9$ by a v important ligam5t call$ ! calcaneo-navicul> or spr+ ligam5t2 x connects ! su/5taculum tali ( ! calcaneum ) ! navicul>1 & ^u x ! head ( ! a/ragalus re/s4 ,:5 x becomes /ret*$1 flat-foot results4 ,! t>sal bones are connect$ by dorsal1 plant> & int]osse\s ligam5ts4 ,! long & %ort calcaneocuboid are plant> ligam5ts ( special importance1 & ma9ta9 ! out] ar* ( ! foot4 ,! t>so-metat>sal1 metat>so-phalangeal & int]phalangeal jo9ts closely resemble ^? ( ! h&1 except t ! t>so-metat>sal jo9t ( ! great toe is n saddle-%ap$4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,! ant]ior fasciculus ( ! ext]nal lat]al ligam5t ( ! ankle is only f\nd 9 ,man1 & is probably an adaptation to ! erect position4 ,9 animals ) a long foot1 su* z ! ,ungulates & ! ,kang>oo1 ! lat]al ligam5ts ( ! ankle are 9 ! =m ( an ,x1 to give great] protection aga9/ lat]al movem5t4 ,9 c]ta9 m>supials a fibro-c>tilage is develop$ betwe5 ! ext]nal malleolus & ! a/ragalus1 & its orig9 f ! deep] fibres ( ! ext]nal lat]al ligam5t ( ! ankle c be trac$4 ,^! animals h a rotatory movem5t ( ! fibula on its long axis1 9 addition to ! h+e movem5t ( ! ankle4 ,= fur!r details ( jo9ts see ,r4 ,fick1 ,h&bu* d] ,gel5ke 7,j5a1 #aijd72 ,h4 ,morris1 ,anatomy ( ! ,jo9ts 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,qua9's1 ,gray's & ,cunn+ham's ,text-books ( ,anatomy2 ,j4 ,bl& ,sutton1 ,ligam5ts1 _! ,nature & ,morphology 7,london1 #aijb72 ,f4 ,g4 ,p>sons1 ,hunt]ian ,lectures on ! ,jo9ts ( ,mammals1 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 ,phys41 xxxiv4 #da & #cja4 7,f4 ,g4 ,p47 ,,diseases ,,& ,,injuries ,,( ,,jo9ts ,! affection ( ! jo9ts ( ! human body by specific diseases is dealt ) "u v>i\s head+s 7,,rheumatism1 c472 9 ! pres5t article ! m direct =ms ( ailm5t are discuss$4 ,9 mo/ jo9t-diseases ! tr\ble />ts ei!r 9 ! synovial l9+ or 9 ! bone--r>ely 9 ! articul> c>tilage or ligam5ts4 ,z a rule1 ! disease beg9s aft] an injury4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal types ( injury3 7#a7 spra9 or /ra91 9 :i* ! ligam5t\s & t5d9\s /ructures are /ret*$ or lac]at$2 7#b7 contusion1 9 :i* ! oppos+ bones are driv5 =cibly toge!r2 7#c7 dislocation1 9 :i* ! articul> surfaces are sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,a spra9 or /ra9 ( a jo9t means t z ! result ( viol5ce ! ligam5ts hold+ ! bones toge!r h be5 sudd5ly /ret*$ or ev5 torn4 ,on ! inn] aspect ! ligam5ts are l9$ by a synovial membrane1 s :5 ! ligam5ts are /ret*$ ! synovial membrane is necess>ily damag$4 ,small blood-vessels are also torn1 & ble$+ occurs into ! jo9t1 :i* may become full & di/5d$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ble$+ does n take place1 ! swell+ is n imm$iate1 b synovitis hav+ be5 set up1 s]\s effusion comes on soon] or lat]4 ,!re is (t5 a good deal ( heat ( ! surr\nd+ sk9 & ( pa9 accompany+ ! synovitis4 ,9 ! case ( a heal?y individual ! effects ( a spra9 may quickly pass (f1 b 9 a rheumatic or g\ty p]son *ronic synovitis may ob/9ately rema94 ,9 a p]son ) a tub]cul\s hi/ory1 or ( tub]cul\s desc5t1 a spra9 is apt to be ! beg9n+ ( s]i\s disease ( ! jo9t1 & x %\ld1 !re=e1 be treat$ ) cont9u\s re/ & prolong$ sup]vision4 ,9 a p]son ( heal? & vig\r1 a spra9$ jo9t %\ld be at once b&ag$4 ,?is may be ! only treatm5t ne$$4 ,x gives support & com=t1 & ! ev5 pressure ar\nd ! jo9t *ecks effusion into x4 ,wide pieces ( adhesive /rapp+1 lay] on lay]1 =m a /ill m useful support1 & ) ! jo9t s treat$ ! p]son may be able at once to use ! limb4 ,if /rapp+ is n employ$1 ! b&age may be tak5 (f f "t to "t 9 ord] t ! limb & ! jo9t may be massag$4 ,if ! spra9 is foll[$ by mu* synovitis a pla/] ( ,p>is or lea!r spl9t may be appli$1 complete re/ be+ secur$ = ! limb4 ,lat] on1 bli/]+ or ev5 fir+ may be f\nd advisable4 ,synovitis4--,:5 a jo9t has be5 injur$1 inflammation occurs 9 ! damag$ tissue2 t is inevitable4 ,b sometimes ! attack ( inflammation is s slight & transitory z to be sc>cely noticeable4 ,?is is specially likely to occur if ! jo9t-tissues 7 9 a /ate ( p]fect nutrition at ! "t ( ! hurt4 ,b if ! individual or ! jo9t 7 at t "t 9 a /ate ( imp]fect nutrition1 ! effects are likely to be m s]i\s4 ,z a rule1 x is ! synovial membrane l9+ ! fibr\s capsule ( ! jo9t :i* fir/ & *iefly suff]s2 ! condition is t]m$ synovitis4 ,synovitis may1 h[ev]1 be due to o!r causes ?an me*anical injury1 z :5 ! int]ior ( ! jo9t is attack$ by ! micro-organisms ( pymia 7blood-poison+71 typhoid fev]1 pneumonia1 rheumatism1 gonorrhoea or syphilis4 ,"u judici\s treatm5t ! synovitis g5]ally cle>s up1 b x may l+] on & cause ! =mation ( adhesions :i* may tempor>ily /iff5 ! jo9t2 or x may1 especially 9 tub]cul\s1 septic or pymic infections1 involve ! c>tilages1 ligam5ts & bones 9 su* s]i\s *anges z to de/roy ! jo9t1 & possibly call = resection or amputation4 ,! symptoms ( synovitis include /iffness & t5d]ness 9 ! jo9t4 ,! pati5t notices t movem5ts cause pa94 ,effusion ( fluid takes place1 & !re is m>k$ fullness 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,if ! inflammation is advanc+1 ! sk9 ov] ! jo9t may be flu%$1 & if ! h& is plac$ on ! sk9 x feels hot4 ,especially is ?is ! case if ! jo9t is ne> ! surface1 z at ! knee1 wri/ or ankle4 ,! treatm5t ( an inflam$ jo9t dem&s re/4 ,?is may be conv5i5tly obta9$ by ! use ( a light wood5 spl9t1 padd+ & b&ages4 ,slight compression ( ! jo9t by a b&age is useful 9 promot+ absorption ( ! fluid4 ,if ! inflam$ jo9t is 9 ! l[] extremity1 ! pati5t _h be/ rema9 9 b$1 or on ! s(a2 if 9 ! upp] extremity1 he %\ld we> 8 arm 9 a sl+4 ,! muscles act+ on ! jo9t mu/ be kept 9 complete control4 ,if ! inflammation is extremely acute a few lee*es1 foll[$ by a fom5tation1 w give relief2 or an icebag or an evaporat+ lotion may1 by caus+ con/riction ( ! blood-vessels1 less5 ! conge/ion ( ! "p & ! associat$ pa94 ,z ! inflammation is pass+ (f1 massage ( ! limb & ( ! jo9t w prove useful4 ,if ! inflammation is long cont9u$1 ! limb mu/ /ill be kept at re/4 ,by ?is "t x may be f\nd t "s o!r mat]ial = ! ret5tive app>atus is m conv5i5t & com=table1 z1 = in/ance1 undress$ lea!r :i* has be5 m\ld$ on wet & all[$ to dry & h>d52 poro-pla/ic felt1 :i* has be5 s(t5$ by heat & appli$ limp1 or h\se-flannel :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 a creamy mixture ( pla/]-(-,p>is & wat]1 & secur$ by a b&age4 ,*ronic ,disease ( a ,jo9t may be ! tail+ (f ( an acute affection1 & "u ! influ5ce ( alt]nate d\*+s ( hot & cold wat]1 ( c\nt]-irritation by bli/]+ or fir+1 & ( massage1 x may ev5tually cle> up1 especially if ! g5]al heal? ( ! individual is look$ aft]4 ,b if *ronic disease l+]s 9 ! jo9t ( a *ild or "y p]son1 ! probability ( its be+ "u ! influ5ce ( tub]cul\s infection mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 su* a case prolong$ & absolute re/ is ! "o ?+ necess>y4 ,if ! disease be 9 ! hip1 knee1 ankle or foot1 ! pati5t may be fitt$ ) an appropriate ,?omas's spl9t & all[$ to walk ab\t1 = x is highly important to h ^! pati5ts out 9 ! fre% air4 ,if ! disease be 9 ! %\ld]1 elb[1 wri/ or h&1 a lea!r or poro-pla/ic spl9t %\ld be m\ld$ on1 & ! arm worn 9 a sl+4 ,!re mu/ be no hurry2 convalesc5ce w ne$s be sl[4 ,& if ! *ild c be s5t to a brac+ sea-side place x w be mu* 9 8 fav\r4 ,z ! disease cle>s up1 ! surface heat1 ! pa9s & ! t5d]ness hav+ disappe>$1 & ! jo9t hav+ s dim9i%$ 9 size z to be sc>cely l>g] ?an its fell[--?\gh ! wa/+ ( ! muscles ( ! limb may cause x /ill to appe> consid]ably enl>g$--! spl9t may be gradually left (f4 ,?is remission may be = an h\r or two e o!r day2 !n e o!r night2 !n e o!r day1 & s on1 ! fre$om be+ ga9$ little by little1 & ! surgeon wat*+ ! case c>efully4 ,on ! slighte/ indication ( return ( tr\ble1 ! =m] re/rictive measures mu/ be aga9 resort$ to4 ,massage & g5tle ex]cises may be giv5 day by day1 b !re mu/ be no ?\ght ( break+ d[n ! /iffness4 ,_m a jo9t has 9 su* circum/ances be5 wreck$ by ! manipulations ( a bone-sett]4 ,p]man5t ,/iffness4--,dur+ ! treatm5t ( a case ( *ronic disease ( a jo9t1 ! "q naturally arises z to :e!r ! jo9t w be left p]man5tly /iff4 ,p h ! idea t if an inflam$ jo9t is kept long on a spl9t1 x may ev5tually be f\nd p]man5tly /iff4 ,& ?is is q correct4 ,b x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t x is n ! re/ ( ! inflam$ jo9t :i* causes ! /iffness4 ,! matt] %\ld be put ?us3 9 tub]cul\s & o!r =ms ( *ronic disease /iffness may ensue 9 spite ( long-cont9u$ re/4 ,x is ! de/ructive disease1 n ! en=c$ re/ :i* causes x2 = inflammation ( a jo9t re/ is absolutely necess>y4 ,! ,causes ( p]man5t ,/iffness are ! de/ructive *anges wr\ght by ! inflammation4 ,9 "o case x may be t ! synovial membrane is s f> de/roy$ by ! tub]cul\s or septic invasion t its future usefulness is lo/1 & ! jo9t ev] aft]w>ds creaks at its "w & easily becomes tir$ & pa9ful4 ,?us ! jo9t is crippl$ b n de/roy$4 ,9 ano!r case ! ligam5ts & ! c>tilages are implicat$ z well z ! synovial membrane1 & :5 ! disease cle>s up1 ! bones are m or less lock$1 only a small range ( motion be+ left1 :i* =cible flexion & o!r me?ods ( vigor\s treatm5t are unable mat]ially to improve4 ,9 ano!r set ( cases ! inflammatory g]ms quickly de/roy ! s(t tissues ( ! jo9t1 & !n invade ! bones1 &1 ! disease hav+ at la/ come to an end1 ! s(t5$ ends ( ! bones solidly jo9 toge!r l ! brok5 fragm5ts 9 simple fracture4 ,z a result1 osse\s solidification ( ! jo9t 7syno/osis7 ensues )\t1 ( c\rse1 ! possibility ( any movem5t4 ,&1 inasmu* z ! surgeon _c tell 9 any case :e!r ! disease may n advance 9 ?is direction1 he is c>eful to place ! limb 9 t position 9 :i* x w be mo/ useful if ! bony union %\ld occur4 ,?us1 ! leg is kept /raight1 & ! elb[ b5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a tub]cul\s or o!r *ronic disease ( a jo9t1 ! g]ms ( septic disease may f9d access to ! inflam$ area1 ?r\gh a w\nd or ulc]ation into ! jo9t1 or by ! g]ms be+ c>ri$ ?i!r by ! blood-/ream4 ,a jo9t-abscess results1 :i* has to be treat$ by incision & fom5tations4 ,if *ronic suppuration cont9ues1 x may become necess>y to scrape out or to excise ! jo9t1 or ev5 to amputate ! limb4 ,& if tub]cul\s disease ( ! jo9t is /eadily progress+ 9 spite ( treatm5t1 vigor\s measures may be ne$$ to prev5t ! fluid f quietly ulc]at+ its way out & ?us invit+ ! entrance ( septic g]ms4 ,! fluid may ne$ to be drawn (f by aspiration1 & direct treatm5t ( ! diseas$ synovial membrane may be und]tak5 by injections ( *loride ( z9c or "s o!r reag5t4 ,or ! jo9t may ne$ scrap+ out ) a %>p spoon ) ! view ( gett+ rid ( ! tub]cul\s mat]ial4 ,lat]1 excision may be deem$ necess>y1 or 9 extreme cases1 amputation4 ,b be=e ^! measures are consid]$1 ,a4 ,c4 ,g4 ,bi]'s me?od ( treatm5t by passive conge/ion1 & ! treatm5t by s]um injection1 w probably h be5 tri$4 ,if a jo9t is left p]man5tly /iff 9 an awkw>d & useless position1 ! limb may be greatly improv$ by excision ( ! jo9t4 ,?us1 if ! knee is left b5t & ! jo9t is excis$ a useful1 /raight limb may be obta9$1 some:at %ort5$1 &1 ( c\rse1 p]man5tly /iff4 ,if aft] disease ( ! hip-jo9t ! ?igh rema9s fix$ 9 a faulty position1 x may be br\ght d[n /raight by divid+ ! bone ne> ! upp] end4 ,a /iff %\ld] or elb[ may be conv]t$ into a useful1 movable jo9t by excision ( ! articul> ends ( ! bones4 ,a /iff jo9t may rema9 z ! result ( long cont9u$ inflammation2 ! unus$ muscles are wa/$ & ! jo9t 9 consequ5ce looks l>ge4 ,c>eful measurem5t1 h[ev]1 may %[ t x is n mat]ially l>g] ?an its fell[4 ,& ?\gh all t5d]ness may h pass$ away1 & ?\gh ! neighb\r+ sk9 is no long] hot1 /ill ! jo9t rema9s /iff & useless4 ,no progress be+ made "u ! influ5ce ( massage1 or ( g5tle ex]cises1 ! surgeon may advise t ! l+]+ adhesion be brok5 d[n "u an anae/hetic1 aft] :i* ! function ( ! jo9t may quickly return4 ,!re are ! cases ov] :i* ! bone-sett] secures 8 greate/ triumphs4 ,a qualifi$ practition] may h be5 = mon?s judici\sly treat+ an inflam$ jo9t by re/1 & !n feels a hesitation ) reg>d to sudd5ly flex+ ! /iff5$ limb4 ,! bone-sett]1 h[ev]1 has no su* qualms1 & :5 ! case passes out ( ! h&s ( ! p]haps ov]-c>eful surgeon1 ! unqualifi$ practition] 7because he1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 kn[s no?+7 fe>s no?+1 &1 break+ d[n inflammatory adhesions1 sets ! jo9t free4 ,& 8 manipulations prove triumphantly successful4 ,b1 kn[+ no?+ & fe>+ no?+1 he is apt to d griev\s h>m 9 c>ry+ out 8 r\gh treatm5t 9 o!r cases4 ,malignant disease at ! end ( a bone 7s>coma71 tub]culosis ( a jo9t1 & a jo9t /iff5$ by old inflammation are to him ! same ?+4 ,a small bone is out ( place1 or1 ,! bone is out ( its socket2 x has nev] be5 put 91 & a break+ d[n ( ev]y?+ t resi/s 8 =ce is ! result ( ! case be+ tak5 to him4 ,= ! bone-sett] has only "o l9e ( treatm5t4 ,( ! improvem5t :i* he (t5 effects z if by magic ! public are told mu*4 ,( ! cases ov] :i* ! doctor has be5 too long devot+ skill & c>e1 & :i* are set free by ! bone-sett]1 ev]ybody he>s--& sometimes to ! discomfiture ( ! m$ical man4 ,b ( ! cases 9 :i* irrep>able damage foll[s 8 vigor\s manipulation no?+ is said--( 8 r\gh usage ( a tub]cul\s hip1 or ( a s>comat\s %\ld]-jo9t1 & ( ! inevitable disa/] & disappo9tm5t1 ^? mo/ conc]n$ are lea/ incl9$ to talk6 ,a practical surgeon ) common-s5se has no?+ to le>n f ! bone-sett]4 ,rheumatoid ,ar?ritis1 or *ronic ,o/eo-ar?ritis1 is g5]ally f\nd 9 p]sons beyond middle age2 b x is n r>e 9 "y p1 ?\gh ) !m x ne$ n be ! progressive disease :i* x too (t5 is 9 _! eld]s4 ,x is an obscure affection ( ! c>tilage cov]+ ! jo9t surfaces ( ! bones1 & x ev5tually involves ! bones & ! ligam5ts4 ,a fav\rite jo9t = x is ! knee or hip1 & :5 "o l>ge jo9t is ?us affect$ ! o!r jo9ts may escape4 ,b :5 ! h&s or feet are implicat$ pretty ne>ly all ! small jo9ts are apt to suff]4 ,:e!r ! jo9t is l>ge or small1 ! c>tilages we> away & new bone is develop$ ab\t ! ends ( ! bones1 s t ! jo9t is l>ge & mis-%ap51 ! f+]s be+ knott$ & ! h&s de=m$4 ,:5 ! sp9e is affect$ x becomes b[$ & /iff4 ,?is is ! disease :i* has crippl$ ! old p 9 ! workh\ses & alm%\ses1 & ) !m x is /eadily progressive4 ,its e>ly signs are /iffness & creak+ or crack+ 9 ! jo9ts1 ) discom=t & pa9 aft] ex]cise1 & ) a little effusion into ! capsule ( ! jo9t4 ,z reg>ds treatm5t1 m$ic9es are ( no great value4 ,wet1 cold & damp be+ bad = ! pati5t1 he %\ld be1 if possible1 got into a dry1 bright1 sunny place1 & he %\ld dress w>mly4 ,p]haps !re is no bett] place = him 9 ! w9t] ?an ,assuan4 ,cairo is n s suitable z x us$ to be be=e ! dam 0 made1 :5 its climate 0 dri]4 ,= ! spr+ & summ] c]ta9 ,briti% & ,cont95tal wat]+-places s]ve well4 ,b if ?is luxury _c be af=d$1 ! pati5t mu/ make himself z happy z he c ) su* hot d\*+s & massage z he c obta91 keep+ himself w>m1 & 8 jo9ts cov]$ by flannel b&ages & rubb$ ) /imulat+ l9im5ts4 ,9 p advanc$ or advanc+ 9 ye>s1 ! disease1 z a rule1 gets sl[ly worse1 sometimes v sl[ly1 b sometimes rapidly1 especially :5 its makes its appe>ance 9 ! hip1 %\ld] or knee z ! result ( an injury4 ,9 "y p1 h[ev]1 its c\rse may be cut %ort by att5tion be+ giv5 to ! pr9ciples /at$ above4 ,*>cot's ,disease resembles o/eo-ar?ritis 9 t x causes de/ruction ( a jo9t & greatly de=ms x4 ,! de=mity1 h[ev]1 comes on rapidly & )\t pa9 or t5d]ness4 ,x is usually associat$ ) ! symptoms ( locomotor ataxy1 & dep5ds ^u disease ( ! n]ves :i* preside ov] ! nutrition ( ! jo9ts4 ,x is incurable4 ,a ,loose ,c>tilage1 or a ,displac$ ,c>tilage 9 ! ,knee ,jo9t is apt to become caught 9 ! h+e betwe5 ! ?igh bone & ! leg bone1 & by caus+ a sudd5 /ret*+ ( ! ligam5ts ( ! jo9t to give rise to int5se pa94 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! individual is apt to be ?r[n d[n z he walks1 = x comes on ) great sudd5ness4 ,& ?us he feels himself to be 9 a condition ( p]petual insecurity4 ,aft] ! jo9t has ?us gone wrong1 ble$+ & s]\s effusion take place into x1 & x becomes greatly swoll54 ,& if ! c>tilage /ill rema9s 9 ! grip ( ! bones he is unable to /raight5 or b5d 8 knee4 ,b ! surgeon by sudd5ly flex+ & twi/+ ! leg may manage to unhit* ! c>tilage & re/ore com=t & usefulness to ! limb4 ,z a rule1 ! slipp+ ( a c>tilage fir/ occurs z ! result ( a s]i\s fall or ( a sudd5 & viol5t action--(t5 x happ5s :5 ! man is dodg+ at football1 ! foot be+ firmly fix$ on ! gr\nd & ! body be+ viol5tly twi/$ at ! knee4 ,aft] ! slipp+ has occurr$ _m times1 ! am\nt ( swell+1 di/ress & lam5ess may dim9i% ) ea* subsequ5t slipp+1 & ! individual may become some:at reconcil$ to 8 condition4 ,z reg>ds treatm5t1 a tightly fitt+ /eel cage-l spl9t1 :i*1 gripp+ ! ?igh & leg1 limits ! movem5ts ( ! knee to flexion & ext5sion1 may prove useful4 ,b = a muscul>1 a?letic individual ! we>+ ( ?is app>atus may prove vexati\s & disappo9t+4 ,! only alt]native is to op5 ! jo9t & remove ! loose c>tilage4 ,! c>tilage may be f\nd on op]ation to be split1 torn or crumpl$1 & ly+ "r across betwe5 ! jo9t-surfaces ( ! bones1 f :i* no?+ b an op]ation c\ld possibly h remov$ x4 ,! op]ation is almo/ sure to give complete & p]man5t relief to ! condition1 ! individual be+ able to resume 8 old ex]cises & amusem5ts )\t fe> ( ! knee play+ him false4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o t %\ld n be und]tak5 )\t due consid]ation & circumspection1 & ! details ( ! op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out ) ! utmo/ c>e & cleanl9ess4 ,an accid5tal w\nd ( a jo9t1 z f ! blade ( a knife1 or a spike1 ent]+ ! knee is a v s]i\s affair1 because ( ! risk ( septic g]ms ent]+ ! synovial cavity ei!r at ! "t ( ! injury or lat]4 ,if ! jo9t becomes ?us infect$ !re is great swell+ ( ! "p1 ) r$ness ( ! sk91 & ) ! escape ( blood-/a9$ or purul5t synovia4 ,absorption takes place ( ! poison\s sub/ances produc$ by ! action ( ! g]ms1 &1 z a result1 great con/itutional di/urbance arises4 ,blood-poison+ may ?us ?reat5 life1 & 9 _m cases life is sav$ only by amputation4 ,! be/ treatm5t is freely to op5 ! jo9t1 to wa% x out ) a /rong antiseptic fluid1 & to make arrangem5t = ?or\gh dra9age1 ! limb be+ fix$ on a spl9t4 ,help may also be obta9$ by increas+ ! pati5t's p[] ( resi/ance to ! effect ( ! poison+ by injections ( a s]um prep>$ by cultivation ( ! septic g]ms 9 "q4 ,if ! limb is sav$1 !re is a great *ance ( ! knee be+ p]man5tly /iff4 ,dislocation4--,! ease ) :i* ! jo9t-end ( a bone is dislocat$ v>ies ) its =m & /ructure1 & ) ! position 9 :i* x happ5s to be plac$ :5 ! viol5ce is appli$4 ,! relative frequ5cy ( fracture ( ! bone & dislocation ( ! jo9t dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! bones above & bel[ ! jo9t relatively to ! /r5g? ( ! jo9t itself4 ,! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s jo9ts 9 ! body is dep5d5t ^u ei!r ligam5t or muscle1 or ^u ! %ape ( ! bones4 ,9 ! hip1 = in/ance1 all ?ree s\rces ( /r5g? are pres5t2 !re=e1 consid]+ ! great lev]age ( ! long ?igh bone1 ! hip is r>ely dislocat$4 ,! %\ld]1 9 ord] to all[ ( ext5sive movem5t1 has no osseus or ligam5t\s /r5g?2 x is1 !re=e1 frequ5tly dislocat$4 ,! wri/ & ankle are r>ely dislocat$2 z ! result ( viol5ce at ! wri/ ! radius gives way1 at ! ankle ! fibula1 ^! bones be+ relatively weak] ?an ! respective jo9ts4 ,! wri/ owes its /r5g? to ligam5ts1 ! elb[ & ! ankle to ! %ape ( ! bones4 ,! symptoms ( a dislocation are di/ortion & limit$ movem5t1 ) abs5ce ( ! grat+ s5sation felt 9 fracture :5 ! brok5 ends ( ! bone are rubb$ toge!r4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! dislocation1 & ! soon] ?is replacem5t is effect$ ! bett]--! long] ! delay ! m difficult x becomes to put ?+s "r4 ,aft] a v>iable p]iod1 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! jo9t & ! age ( ! p]son1 x may be impossible to replace ! bones4 ,! result w be a m or less useless jo9t4 ,! adm9i/ration ( an anae/hetic1 by relax+ ! muscles1 greatly assi/s ! op]ation ( r$uction4 ,! l5g? ( "t t a jo9t has to be kept quiet aft] x has be5 re/or$ to its normal %ape dep5ds on its =m1 b1 z a rule1 e>ly movem5t is advisable4 ,b :5 by ! =mation ( ! bones a jo9t is weak1 z at ! out] end ( ! coll>-bone1 & at ! elb[-end ( ! radius1 prolong$ re/ = ! jo9t is necess>y or dislocation may recur4 ,cong5ital ,dislocation at ! ,hip4--,possibly z a result ( faulty position ( ! subject dur+ intra-ut]9e life1 ! head ( ! ?igh-bone leaves1 or fails ?r\gh\t to occupy1 its normal situation on ! haun*-bone4 ,! defect1 :i* is a v s]i\s "o1 is probably n discov]$ until ! *ild beg9s to walk1 :5 its peculi> roll+ gait attracts att5tion4 ,! want ( fixation at ! jo9t p]mits ( ! surgeon ?ru/+ up ! ?igh-bone1 or draw+ x d[n 9 a pa9less1 *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to f9d out by means ( ! ,x-rays :e!r a socket exi/s into :i*1 "u an anae/hetic1 ! surgeon may =tunately be enabl$ to lodge ! end ( ! ?igh-bone4 ,if ?is (f]s no prospect ( success1 !re are ?ree c\rses op53 ,fir/1 to try "u an anae/hetic to manipulate ! limb until ! head ( ! ?igh-bone re/s z ne>ly z possible 9 its normal position1 & !n to endeav\r to fix x !re by spl9ts1 weights & b&ag+ until a new jo9t is =m$2 second1 to cut d[n ^u ! site ( ! jo9t1 to scoop out a new socket 9 ! haun*-bone1 & ?ru/ ! end ( ! ?igh-bone into x1 keep+ x fix$ !re z j describ$2 & ?ird1 to all[ ! *ild to run ab\t z x pleases1 m]ely rais+ ! sole ( ! foot ( ! %ort leg by a ?ick boot1 s z to keep ! l[] "p ( ! trunk fairly level1 le/ second>y curvature ( ! sp9e ensue4 ,! fir/ & second me?ods dem& _m mon?s ( c>eful treatm5t 9 b$4 ,! ultimate result ( ! second is s (t5 disappo9t+ t ! surgeon n[ r>ely advises its adoption4 ,b1 if "u an anae/hetic1 z ! result ( skilful manipulation ! head ( ! ?igh-bone c be made to ent] a m or less rudim5t>y socket1 ! case is wor? all ! "t1 c>e & att5tion be/[$ ^u x4 ,sometimes ! results ( prolong$ treatm5t are s good t ! *ild ev5tually is able to walk ) sc>ce a limp4 ,b a vigor\s attempt at plac+ ! head ( ! bone 9 its prop] position %\ld be made 9 e case4 7,e4 ,o4997 ,,jo9ts1 9 eng9e]+1 may be class$ ei!r 7a7 accord+ to _! mat]ial1 z 9 /one or brick1 wood or metal2 or 7b7 accord+ to _! object1 to prev5t leakage ( air1 /eam or wat]1 or to transmit =ce1 :i* may be ?ru/1 pull or %e>2 or 7c7 accord+ z !y are /ation>y or mov+ 7work+ 9 te*nical language74 ,_m jo9ts1 l ^? ( %ip-plates & boil]-plates1 h simultane\sly to fulfil bo? objects m5tion$ "u 7b74 ,all /one jo9ts ( any consequ5ce are /ation>y4 ,x be+ uneconomical to dress ! surfaces ( ! /ones re/+ on ea* o!r smoo?ly & s z to be accurately flat1 a lay] ( mort> or o!r cem5t+ mat]ial is laid betwe5 !m4 ,?is h>d5s & s]ves to transmit ! pressure f /one to /one )\t its be+ conc5trat$ at ! high places4 ,if ! +r$i5ts ( ! cem5t are *os5 s t :5 h>d ! cem5t has ab\t ! same coeffici5t ( compressibility z ! /one or brick1 ! pressure w be ne>ly uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,! cem5t also adh]es to ! surfaces ( ! /one or brick1 & all[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( t5sion to be borne by ! jo9t4 ,x likewise prev5ts ! /ones f slipp+ "o on ! o!r1 i4e4 x gives ! jo9t v consid]able %e>+ /r5g?4 ,! composition ( ! cem5t is *os5 accord+ z x has to set 9 air or wat]4 ,! jo9ts are made imp]vi\s to air or wat] by po9t+ _! out] edges ) a sup]ior quality ( cem5t4 ,wood jo9ts are also ne>ly all /ation>y4 ,!y are made p>tially fluid-tight by groov+ & t5on+1 & by caulk+ ) oakum or simil> mat]ial4 ,if ! wood is saturat$ ) wat]1 x swells1 ! edges ( ! jo9ts press clos] toge!r1 & ! jo9ts become tight] ! great] ! wat]-pressure is :i* t5ds to produce leakage4 ,relatively to its weak] g5]al /r5g?1 wood is a bett] mat]ial ?an iron s f> z reg>ds ! transmission ( a ?ru/ pa/ a jo9t4 ,s soon z a heavy pressure comes on ! jo9t all ! small irregul>ities ( ! surfaces 9 contact are cru%$ up1 & !re results an approximately uni=m di/ribution ( ! pressure ov] ! :ole area 7i4e4 if !re be no b5d+ =ces71 s t no "p ( ! mat]ial is unduly /ress$4 ,to atta9 ?is result ! abutt+ surfaces %\ld be well fitt$ toge!r1 & ! bolts b9d+ ! pieces toge!r %\ld be arrang$ s z to ensure t !y w n int]f]e ) ! timb] surfaces com+ into ?is close contact4 ,ow+ to its weak %e>+ /r5g? on sections p>allel to ! fibre1 timb] is peculi>ly unfitt$ = t5sion jo9ts4 ,if ! pieces ex]t+ ! pull are simply bolt$ toge!r ) wood5 or iron bolts1 ! jo9t _c be tru/$ to transmit any consid]able =ce ) safety4 ,! /resses become int5sely localiz$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! bolts4 ,a tol]ably /rong timb] t5sion-jo9t c1 h[ev]1 be made by mak+ ! two pieces abut1 & connect+ !m by means ( iron plates cov]+ ! jo9t & bolt$ to ! sides ( ! timb]s by bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! wood4 ,^! plates %\ld h _! surfaces :i* lie aga9/ ! wood ribb$ 9 a direction transv]se to ! pull4 ,! bolts %\ld fit _! holes slackly1 & %\ld be well tight5$ up s z to make ! ribs s9k into ! surface ( ! timb]4 ,!re w !n be v little localiz$ %e>+ /ress br\ght ^u ! int]ior portions ( ! wood4 ,iron & ! o!r commonly us$ metals possess 9 v>i\sly high degrees ! qualities desirable 9 sub/ances out ( :i* jo9ts are to be made4 ,! jo9t ends ( metal pieces c easily be fa%ion$ to any advantage\s =m & size )\t wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,also ^! metals (f] peculi> facilities = ! cutt+ ( _! surfaces at a comp>atively small co/ s smoo?ly & ev5ly z to ensure ! close contact ov] _! :ole areas ( surfaces plac$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is is ( ! highe/ importance1 especially 9 jo9ts design$ to transmit =ce4 ,wr\ght iron & mild /eel are above all o!r metals suitable = t5sion jo9ts :]e !re is n cont9u\s rapid motion4 ,:]e su* motion occurs1 a lay]1 or1 z x is te*nically t]m$1 a bu%1 ( brass is ins]t$ und]nea? ! iron4 ,! jo9t !n possesses ! high /r5g? ( a wr\ght-iron "o & at ! same "t ! good frictional qualities ( a brass surface4 ,leakage pa/ mov+ metal jo9ts c be prev5t$ by cutt+ ! surfaces v accurately to fit ea* o!r4 ,/eam-eng9e slide-valves & _! seats1 & pi/on pack+-r+s & ! cyl9d]s !y "w to & fro 91 may be cit$ z examples4 ,a subsidi>y compressible pack+ is 9 o!r situations employ$1 an in/ance ( :i* may be se5 9 ! /uff+ boxes :i* prev5t ! escape ( /eam f /eam-eng9e cyl9d]s ?r\gh ! pi/on-rod hole 9 ! cyl9d] cov]4 ,fix$ metal jo9ts are made fluid tight--7a7 by caulk+ a rivet$ jo9t1 i4e4 by hamm]+ 9 ! edge ( ! metal ) a squ>e-edg$ *isel 7! tight] ! jo9t requires to be aga9/ leakage ! clos] mu/ be ! spac+ ( ! rivets--comp>e ! rivet-spac+ 9 bridge1 %ip & boil]-plate jo9ts72 7b7 by ! ins]tion betwe5 ! surfaces ( a lay] ( "o or o!r ( v>i\s k9ds ( cem5t1 ! lay] be+ ?ick or ?9 accord+ to circum/ances2 7c7 by ! ins]tion ( a lay] ( s(t solid sub/ance call$ pack+ or ins]tion4 ,ap>t f cem5t$ & glu$ jo9ts1 mo/ jo9ts are =m$ by cutt+ "o or m holes 9 ! ends ( ! pieces to be jo9$1 & ins]t+ 9 ^! holes a correspond+ numb] ( p9s4 ,! ^w p9 is te*nically re/rict$ to mean a cyl9drical p9 9 a movable jo9t4 ,! ^w bolt is us$ :5 ! cyl9drical p9 is screw$ up tight ) a nut s z to be immovable4 ,:5 ! p9 is n screw$1 b is fa/5$ by be+ beat5 d[n on ei!r end1 x is call$ a rivet4 ,! p9 is sometimes rectangul> 9 section1 & tap]$ or p>allel l5g?wise4 ,gibs & cott>s are examples ( ! latt]4 ,x is v r>ely ! case t fix$ jo9ts h _! p9s subject to simple compression 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 ?\gh !y are frequ5tly subject to simple t5sion 9 t direction4 ,a good example is ! jo9t betwe5 a /eam cyl9d] & its cov]1 :]e ! bolts h to resi/ ! :ole ?ru/ ( ! /eam1 & at ! same "t to keep ! jo9t /eam-tight4 ,,jo9ts1 9 geology4 ,all rocks are trav]s$ m or less completely by v]tical or highly incl9$ divisional planes t]m$ jo9ts4 ,s(t rocks1 inde$1 su* z loose s& & uncompact$ clay1 d n %[ ^! planes2 b ev5 a s(t loam aft] /&+ = "s "t1 consolidat$ by its own weight1 w usually be f\nd to h acquir$ !m4 ,jo9ts v>y 9 %>pness ( def9ition1 9 ! regul>ity ( _! p]p5dicul> or horizontal c\rse1 9 _! lat]al p]si/5ce1 9 numb] & 9 ! directions ( _! int]sections4 ,z a rule1 !y are mo/ %>ply def9$ 9 proportion to ! f95ess ( gra9 ( ! rock4 ,!y are (t5 q invisible1 be+ m]ely planes ( pot5tial weakness1 until reveal$ by ! sl[ dis9tegrat+ effects ( ! wea!r1 :i* induces fracture along _! planes 9 pref]5ce to o!r directions 9 ! rock2 x is along ! same planes t a rock breaks mo/ readily "u ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,9 co>se-textur$ rocks1 on ! o!r h&1 jo9ts are apt to %[ !mselves z irregul> r5ts along :i* ! rock has be5 %att]$1 s t !y pres5t an unev5 s9u\s c\rse1 bran*+ (f 9 diff]5t directions4 ,9 _m rocks !y desc5d v]tically at n v unequal di/ances1 s t ! spaces betwe5 !m are m>k$ (f into s _m wall-l masses4 ,b ?is symmetry (t5 gives place to a m or less tortu\s c\rse ) lat]al jo9ts 9 v>i\s app>5tly r&om directions1 m especially :]e 9 /ratifi$ rocks ! b$s h div]se li?ological *>act]s4 ,a s+le jo9t may be trac$ sometimes = _m y>ds or ev5 = sev]al miles1 m p>ticul>ly :5 ! rock is f9e-gra9$ & fairly rigid1 z 9 lime/one4 ,:]e ! texture is co>se & unequal1 ! jo9ts1 ?\gh abundant1 run into ea* o!r 9 su* a way t no "o 9 p>ticul> c be id5tifi$ = s great a di/ance4 ,! numb] ( jo9ts 9 a mass ( rock v>ies )9 wide limits4 ,among rocks :i* h und]gone little di/urbance ! jo9ts may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]vals ( sev]al y>ds4 ,9 o!r cases :]e ! t]re/rial movem5t appe>s to h be5 consid]able1 ! rocks are s jo9t$ z to h acquir$ !refrom a fissile "* t has almo/ oblit]at$ _! t5d5cy to split along ! l9es ( b$d+4 ,! ,cause ( ,jo9t+ 9 ,rocks4--,! cont9ual /ate ( movem5t 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? is ! prim>y cause ( ! majority ( jo9ts4 ,x is to ! out]mo/ lay]s ( ! li?osph]e t jo9ts are conf9$2 9 :at van ,hise has describ$ z ! zone ( fracture1 :i* he e/imates may ext5d to a dep? ( #ab1jjj metres 9 ! case ( rigid rocks4 ,bel[ ! zone ( fracture1 jo9ts _c be =m$1 = !re ! rocks t5d to fl[ r ?an break4 ,! rocky cru/1 z x sl[ly accommodates itself to ! %r9k+ int]ior ( ! e>?1 is subject$ unceas+ly to /resses :i* induce jo9t+ by t5sion1 compression & torsion4 ,?us jo9ts are produc$ dur+ ! sl[ cyclical movem5ts ( elevation & depression z well z by ! m vigor\s movem5ts ( e>?quakes4 ,t5sion-jo9ts are ! mo/ widely spread2 !y are naturally mo/ num]\s ov] areas ( upheaval4 ,compression-jo9ts are g5]ally associat$ ) ! m int5se movem5ts :i* h involv$ %e>+1 m9or-fault+ & slaty cleavage4 ,a m9or cause ( t5sion-jo9t+ is %r9kage1 due ei!r to cool+ or to desiccation4 ,! mo/ /rik+ type ( jo9t+ is t produc$ by ! cool+ ( igne\s rocks1 :]eby a regul>ly column> /ructure is develop$1 (t5 call$ basaltic /ructure1 su* z is f\nd at ! ,giant's ,causeway4 ,?is /ructure is describ$ 9 connexion ) mod]n volcanic rocks1 b x is met ) 9 igne\s rocks ( all ages4 ,x is z well display$ among ! felsites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ! basalts ( ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one age z among ! ,t]ti>y lavas ( ,auv]gne & ,viv>ais4 ,?is type ( jo9t+ may cause ! rock to split up into r\ghly hexagonal prisms no ?ick] ?an a lead p5cil2 on ! o!r h&1 9 _m dol]ites & diorites ! prisms are mu* co>s]1 hav+ a diamet] ( #c ft4 or m1 & !y are m irregul> 9 =m2 !y may be s long z to ext5d up ! face ( a cliff = #cjj or #djj ft4 ,a column> jo9t+ has (t5 be5 sup]9duc$ ^u /ratifi$ rocks by contact ) intrusive igne\s masses4 ,s&/ones1 %ales & coal may be obs]v$ 9 ?is condition4 ,! columns div]ge p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface ( ! inject$ alt]+ sub/ance1 s t :5 ! latt] is v]tical1 ! columns are horizontal2 or :5 x undulates ! columns foll[ its curvatures4 ,beautiful examples ( ?is "* occur among ! coal-seams ( ,ayr%ire4 ,occasionally a prismatic =m ( jo9t+ may be obs]v$ 9 unalt]$ /rata2 9 ?is case x is usually among ^? :i* h be5 *emically =m$1 z 9 gypsum1 :]e1 z notic$ by ,jukes 9 ! ,p>is ,bas91 "s b$s are divid$ f top to bottom by v]tical hexagonal prisms4 ,desiccation1 z %[n by ! cracks =m$ 9 mud :5 x dries1 has probably be5 in/rum5tal 9 caus+ jo9t+ 9 a limit$ numb] ( cases among /ratifi$ rocks4 ,movem5t along ,jo9t ,planes4--,9 "s conglom]ates ! jo9ts may be se5 trav]s+ ! enclos$ pebbles z well z ! surr\nd+ matrix2 l>ge blocks ( h>d qu>tz are cut ?r\gh by !m z %>ply z if !y _h be5 slic$ by a lapid>y's ma*9e4 ,a simil> ph5om5on may be obs]v$ 9 fl9ts z !y lie emb$d$ 9 ! *alk1 & ! same jo9ts may be trac$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh _m y>ds ( rock4 ,su* facts %[ t ! ag5cy to :i* ! jo9t+ ( rocks 0 due mu/ h op]at$ ) consid]able =ce4 ,fur!r indication ( movem5t is suppli$ by ! rubb$ & /riat$ surfaces ( "s jo9ts4 ,^! surfaces1 t]m$ slick5sides1 h evid5tly be5 gr\nd aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,influ5ce ( ,jo9ts on ,wat]-fl[ & ,sc5]y4--,jo9ts =m natural pa?s = ! passage d[nw>d & upw>d ( subt]ranean wat] & h an important be>+ ^u wat] supply4 ,wat] obta9$ directly f highly jo9t$ rock is m liable to become contam9at$ by surface impurities ?an t f a m compact rock ?r\gh :i* x has _h to soak its way2 = ?is reason _m lime/ones are object$ to z s\rces ( potable wat]4 ,on expos$ surfaces jo9ts h great influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! rate & type ( wea!r+4 ,!y furni% an effective lodgm5t = surface wat]1 :i*1 froz5 by l[]+ ( temp]ature1 exp&s into ice & w$ges (f blocks ( ! rock2 & ! m num]\s ! jo9ts ! m rapidly does ! action proce$4 ,z !y s]ve1 9 conjunction ) b$d+1 to divide /ratifi$ rocks into l>ge quadrangul> blocks1 _! effect on cliffs & o!r expos$ places is se5 9 ! spl9t]$ & dislocat$ aspect s famili> 9 m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,n infrequ5tly1 by direct+ ! initial activity ( wea!r+ ag5ts1 jo9ts h be5 responsible = ! c\rse tak5 by l>ge /reams z well z = ! type ( sc5]y on _! banks4 ,9 lime/ones1 :i* succumb readily to ! solv5t action ( wat]1 ! jo9ts are liable to be gradually enl>g$ along ! c\rse ( ! und]gr\nd wat]fl[ until caves are =m$ ( great size & intricacy4 ,infill$ ,jo9ts4--,jo9ts :i* h be5 s enl>g$ by solution are sometimes fill$ aga9 completely or p>tially by m9]als br\ght ?i!r 9 solution by ! wat] trav]s+ ! rock2 calcite1 b>ytes & ores ( lead & copp] may be s deposit$4 ,9 ?is way _m valuable m9]al ve9s h be5 =m$4 ,wid5$ jo9ts may also be fill$ 9 by detritus f ! surface1 or1 9 deep-seat$ portions ( ! cru/1 by heat$ igne\s rock1 =c$ f bel[ along ! planes ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,occasionally ev5 s$im5t>y rocks may be =c$ up jo9ts f bel[1 z 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ s&/one dykes4 ,illu/ration3 ,jo9ts 9 ,lime/one ,qu>ry ne> ,mall[1 co4 ,cork4 7,g4 ,v4 ,du ,noy]47 ,practical ,utility ( ,jo9ts4--,an important feature 9 ! jo9ts ( /ratifi$ rocks is ! direction 9 :i* !y int]sect ea* o!r4 ,z ! result ( obs]vations we le>n t !y possess two dom9ant tr5ds1 "o co9cid5t 9 a g5]al way ) ! direction 9 :i* ! /rata are incl9$ to ! horizon1 ! o!r runn+ transv]sely approximately at "r angles4 ,! =m] set is kn[n z dip-jo9ts1 because !y run ) ! dip or incl9ation ( ! rocks1 ! latt] is t]m$ /rike-jo9ts1 inasmu* z !y con=m to ! g5]al /rike or mean outcrop4 ,x is ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( ?is d\ble s]ies ( jo9ts t ord9>y qu>ry+ op]ations c be c>ri$ on4 ,l>ge quadrangul> blocks c be w$g$ (f t w\ld be %att]$ if expos$ to ! risk ( bla/+4 ,a qu>ry is usually work$ on ! dip ( ! rock1 h5ce /rike-jo9ts =m clean-cut faces 9 front ( ! workm5 z !y advance4 ,^! are kn[n z backs1 & ! dip-jo9ts :i* trav]se !m z cutt]s4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is d\ble set ( jo9ts occurs 9 a qu>ry may be se5 9 ! figure1 :]e ! p>allel l9es :i* trav]se ! %ad$ & un%ad$ faces m>k ! successive /rata4 ,! broad :ite spaces runn+ along ! l5g? ( ! qu>ry beh9d ! seat$ figure are /rike-jo9ts or backs1 trav]s$ by "s highly incl9$ l9es :i* m>k ! position ( ! dip-jo9ts or cutt]s4 ,! %ad$ ends look+ t[>ds ! spectator are cutt]s f :i* ! rock has be5 qu>ri$ away on "o side4 ,9 cry/all9e 7igne\s7 rocks1 b$d+ is abs5t & v (t5 !re is no horizontal jo9t+ to take its place2 ! jo9t planes break up ! mass m irregul>ly ?an 9 /ratifi$ rocks4 ,granite1 = example1 is usually trav]s$ by two sets ( *ief or ma/]-jo9ts cutt+ ea* o!r some:at obliquely4 ,_! effect is to divide ! rock into long quadrangul>1 rhomboidal1 or ev5 polygonal columns4 ,b a ?ird set may (t5 be notic$ cutt+ across ! columns1 ?\gh less cont9u\s & dom9ant ?an ! o!rs4 ,:5 ^! transv]se jo9ts are few 9 numb]1 columns _m feet 9 l5g? c be qu>ri$ out entire4 ,su* monoli?s h be5 f e>ly times employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( obelisks & pill>s4 7,j4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,jo9ture1 9 law1 a provision = a wife aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&4 ,z def9$ by ,sir ,e4 ,coke1 x is a compet5t livelihood ( freehold = ! wife1 ( l&s or t5em5ts1 to take effect pres5tly 9 possession or pr(it aft] ! dea? ( h] husb&1 = ! life ( ! wife at lea/1 if %e h]self be n ! cause ( det]m9ation or =feiture ( x 7,co4 ,litt4 #cf;b74 ,a jo9ture is ( two k9ds1 legal & equitable4 ,a legal jo9ture 0 fir/ au?oriz$ by ! ,/atute ( ,uses4 ,be=e ?is /atute a husb& _h no legal seis9 9 su* l&s z 7 ve/$ 9 ano!r to 8 use1 b m]ely an equitable e/ate4 ,consequ5tly x 0 usual to make settlem5ts on m>riage1 ! mo/ g5]al =m be+ ! settlem5t by de$ ( an e/ate to ! use ( ! husb& & wife = _! lives 9 jo9t t5ancy 7or jo9ture71 s t ! :ole w\ld g to ! survivor4 ,al?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 a jo9ture is a jo9t e/ate limit$ to bo? husb& & wife1 9 common acceptation ! ^w ext5ds also to a sole e/ate limit$ to ! wife only4 ,! requisites ( a legal jo9ture are3 7#a7 ! jo9ture mu/ take effect imm$iately aft] ! husb&'s dea?2 7#b7 x mu/ be = ! wife's life or = a great] e/ate1 or be det]m9able by h] own act2 7#c7 x mu/ be made be=e m>riage--if aft]1 x is voidable at ! wife's election1 on ! dea? ( ! husb&2 7#d7 x mu/ be express$ to be 9 satisfaction ( d[] & n ( "p ( x4 ,9 equity1 any provision made = a wife be=e m>riage & accept$ by h] 7n be+ an infant7 9 lieu ( d[] 0 a b> to su*4 ,if ! provision 0 made aft] m>riage1 ! wife 0 n b>r$ by su* provision1 ?\gh expressly /at$ to be 9 lieu ( d[]2 %e 0 put to h] election betwe5 jo9ture & d[] 7see ,,d[]74 ,,jo9ville1 ! "n ( a ,fr5* noble family ( ,*ampagne1 :i* trac$ its desc5t f ti5ne de ,vaux1 :o liv$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,ge(froi ,,iii4 7d4 #aahd71 sire de ,jo9ville1 :o accompani$ ,h5ry ! ,lib]al1 c\nt ( ,*ampagne1 to ! ,holy ,l& 9 #aadg1 receiv$ f him ! (fice ( s5es*al1 & ?is (fice became h]$it>y 9 ! h\se ( ,jo9ville4 ,9 #abjc ,ge(froi ,v41 sire de ,jo9ville1 di$ :ile on a crusade1 leav+ no *ildr54 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,simon1 :o m>ri$ ,beatrice ( ,burgundy1 daught] ( ! c\nt ( ,auxonne1 & _h z 8 son ,jean 7q4v471 ! hi/orian & fri5d ( ,/ ,l\is4 ,h5ri 7d4 #acgd71 sire de ,jo9ville1 ! gr&son ( ,jean1 became c\nt ( ,vaudmont1 ?r\gh 8 "m1 ,m>gu]ite de ,vaudmont4 ,8 daught]1 ,m>gu]ite de ,jo9ville1 m>ri$ 9 #acic ,f]ry ( ,lorra9e 7d4 #adae71 to :om %e br\ght ! l&s ( ,jo9ville4 ,9 #aeeb1 ,jo9ville 0 made into a pr9cipality = ! h\se ( ,lorra9e4 ,mlle de ,montp5si]1 ! heiress ( ,mlle de ,guise1 bequea!d ! pr9cipality ( ,jo9ville to ,philip1 duke ( ,orleans 7#afic74 ,! ca/le1 :i* ov]hung ! ,m>ne1 0 sold 9 #agia to be demoli%$4 ,! title ( pr9ce de ,jo9ville 7q4v47 0 giv5 lat] to ! ?ird son ( ,k+ ,l\is ,philippe4 ,two bran*es ( ! h\se ( ,jo9ville h settl$ 9 o!r c\ntries3 "o 9 ,engl&1 desc5d$ f ,ge(froi de ,jo9ville1 sire de ,vauc\leurs1 & bro!r ( ! hi/orian1 :o s]v$ "u ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,edw>d ,i42 ! o!r1 desc5d$ f ,ge(froi de ,jo9ville1 sire de ,briqu5ay1 & son ( ,jean1 settl$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,see ,j4 ,simonnet1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire et la gnalogie des seigneurs de ,jo9ville 7#ahge72 ,h4 ,f4 ,delaborde1 ,jean de ,jo9ville et les seigneurs de ,jo9ville 7#ahid74 7,m4 ,p4997 ,,jo9ville1 ,,fran,,ois ,,f]d9& ,,philippe ,,l\is ,,m>ie1 ,,pr9ce ,,de 7#ahah-aijj71 ?ird son ( ,l\is ,phllippe1 duc d',orlans1 aft]w>ds k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 0 born at ,neuilly on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #ahah4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! navy1 & became lieut5ant 9 #ahcf4 ,8 fir/ conspicu\s s]vice 0 at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,san ,juan de ,ulloa1 9 ,novemb] #ahch1 :5 he head$ a l&+ p>ty & took ! ,mexican g5]al ,ari/a prison] ) 8 own h& at ,v]a ,cruz4 ,he 0 promot$ capta91 & 9 #ahdj 0 entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( br++ ! rema9s ( ,napoleon f ,/ ,hel5a to ,france4 ,9 #ahdd he conduct$ naval op]ations on ! coa/ ( ,morocco1 bomb>d+ ,tangi] & occupy+ ,mogador1 & 0 recomp5s$ ) ! grade ( vice-admiral4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ 9 ! ,revue des deux mondes an article on ! defici5cies ( ! ,fr5* navy :i* attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & by 8 ho/ility to ! ,guizot m9i/ry1 z well z by an affectation ( ill-w t[>ds ,great ,brita91 he ga9$ consid]able popul>ity4 ,! revolution ( #ahdh nev]!less swept him away ) ! o!r ,orleans pr9ces4 ,he ha/5$ to quit ,alg]ia1 :]e he 0 !n s]v+1 & took refuge at ,cl>emont1 9 ,surrey1 ) ! re/ ( 8 family4 ,9 #ahfa1 ^u ! break+ out ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 he proce$$ to ,wa%+ton1 & plac$ ! s]vices ( 8 son & two ( 8 nephews at ! disposal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,o!rwise1 he 0 little he>d ( until ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,empire 9 #ahgj1 :5 he re-ent]$ ,france1 only to be promptly expell$ by ! gov]nm5t ( national def5ce4 ,return+ incognito1 he jo9$ ! army ( ,g5]al d',aurelle de ,palad9es1 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,colonel ,lu!rod1 f\ght bravely be=e ,orleans1 & aft]w>ds1 divulg+ 8 id5tity1 =mally s\ght p]mission to s]ve4 ,gambretta1 h[ev]1 arre/$ him & s5t him back to ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,national ,assembly1 elect$ 9 ,febru>y #ahga1 ! pr9ce 0 return$ by two dep>tm5ts & elect$ to sit = ! ,haute ,m>ne1 b1 by an arrangem5t ) ,?i]s1 did n take 8 seat until ! latt] _h be5 *os5 presid5t ( ! prov9cial republic4 ,8 deafness prev5t$ him f mak+ any figure 9 ! assembly1 & he resign$ 8 seat 9 #ahgf4 ,9 #ahhf ! provisions ( ! law aga9/ pret5d]s to ! ?rone depriv$ him ( 8 rank z vice-admiral1 b he cont9u$ to live 9 ,france1 & di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #af? ( ,june #aijj4 ,he _h m>ri$ 9 #ahdc ! pr9cess ,francisca1 si/] ( ,p$ro ,,ii41 emp]or ( ,brazil1 & _h a son1 ! duc de ,p5?ivre 7born 9 #ahde71 also br\ght up to ! navy1 & a daught] ,franoise 7#ahdd- 7 :o m>ri$ ! duc de ,*>tres 9 #ahfc4 ,! pr9ce de ,jo9ville 0 ! au?or ( sev]al essays & pamphlets on naval affairs & o!r matt]s ( public int]e/1 :i* 7 orig9ally publi%$ = ! mo/ "p ei!r unsign$ or pseudonym\sly1 & subsequ5tly republi%$ "u 8 own "n aft] ! fall ( ! ,empire4 ,!y include ,essais sur la m>9e franaise 7#ahec72 tudes sur la m>9e 7#ahei & #ahgj72 ,la ,gu]re d',amrique1 campagne du ,potomac 7#ahfb & #ahgb72 ,encore un mot sur ,sad[a 7,brussels1 #ahfh72 & ,vieux s\v5irs 7#ahid74 ,,jo9ville1 ,,jean1 ,,sire ,,de 7#abbd-acai71 0 ! second great writ] ( hi/ory 9 ,old ,fr5*1 & 9 a mann] occupies ! int]val betwe5 ,villeh>d\9 & ,froiss>t4 ,num]\s m9or *ronicl]s fill up ! gaps1 b no "o ( !m has ! idiosyncrasy :i* di/+ui%es ^! ?ree writ]s1 :o illu/rate ! ?ree p]iods ( ! middle ages--adolesc5ce1 complete manhood1 & decad5ce4 ,jo9ville 0 ! head ( a noble family ( ! prov9ce ( ,*ampagne 7see ,,jo9ville1 above74 ,! prov9cial c\rt ( ! c\nts ( ,*ampagne _h long be5 a di/+ui%$ "o1 & ! action ( ,?ibaut ! poet1 toge!r ) ! proximity ( ! di/rict to ,p>is1 made ! prov9ce less rebelli\s ?an mo/ ( ! great feudal divisions ( ,france to ! royal au?ority4 ,jo9ville's fir/ appe>ance at ! k+'s c\rt 0 9 #abda1 on ! occasion ( ! knight+ ( ,l\is ,,ix4's y\ng] bro!r ,alphonse4 ,sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds he took ! cross1 !reby giv+ ,/ ,l\is a valuable foll[]1 & supply+ himself ) ! occasion ( an et]nal memory4 ,! crusade1 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ himself equally by wisdom & pr[ess1 taught 8 practical _s sev]al lessons4 ,he return$ ) ! k+ 9 #abed4 ,b1 ?\gh 8 rev]5ce = ! p]sonal "* ( 8 pr9ce seems to h kn[n no b\nds1 he _h probably gaug$ ! /rategic faculties ( ! sa9tly k+1 & he c]ta9ly _h imbib$ ! _s ( ! dictum t a man's fir/ duties are ^? to 8 own h\se4 ,he 0 9 ! int]vals ( resid5ce on 8 own fief a con/ant att5dant on ! c\rt1 b he decl9$ to accompany ! k+ on 8 la/ & fatal exp$ition4 ,9 #abhb he 0 "o ( ! witnesses ^: te/imony 0 =mally giv5 at ,/ ,d5is 9 ! matt] ( ! canonization ( ,l\is1 & 9 #abih he 0 pres5t at ! exhumation ( ! sa9t's body4 ,x 0 n till ev5 lat] t he began 8 lit]>y "w1 ! occasion be+ a reque/ f ,jeanne ( ,nav>re1 ! wife ( ,philippe le ,bel & ! "m ( ,l\is le ,hut94 ,! great int]val betwe5 8 exp]i5ces & ! p]iod ( ! composition ( 8 hi/ory is important = ! due compreh5sion ( ! latt]4 ,"s ye>s pass$ be=e ! task 0 complet$1 on its own %[+1 9 ,octob] #acji4 ,jeanne 0 by ?is "t dead1 & ,jo9ville pres5t$ 8 book to h] son ,l\is ! ,qu>rell]4 ,?is orig9al manuscript is n[ lo/1 :]eby hangs a tale4 ,great z 0 8 age1 ,jo9ville _h n ceas$ to be actively loyal1 & 9 #acae he compli$ ) ! royal summons to be> arms aga9/ ! ,flem+s4 ,he 0 at ,jo9ville aga9 9 #acag1 & on ! #aa? ( ,july #acai he di$ at ! age ( n9ety-five1 leav+ 8 possessions & 8 position z s5es*al ( ,*ampagne to 8 second son ,anselm4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur* ( ,/ ,laur5t1 :]e dur+ ! ,revolution 8 bones und]w5t pr(anation4 ,besides 8 ,hi/oire de ,sa9t ,l\is & 8 ,cr$o or ,confession ( ,fai? writt5 mu* e>li]1 a consid]able numb]1 relatively speak+1 ( lett]s & bus9ess docum5ts conc]n+ ! fief ( ,jo9ville & s =? are extant4 ,^! h an importance :i* we %all consid] fur!r on2 b ,jo9ville owes 8 place 9 g5]al e/imation only to 8 hi/ory ( 8 crusad+ exp]i5ces & ( ! subsequ5t fate ( ,/ ,l\is4 ,( ! fam\s ,fr5* hi/ory books ( ! middle ages ,jo9ville's be>s ! mo/ vivid impress ( ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( its compos]4 ,x does n1 l ,villeh>d\91 give u a picture ( ! temp] & habits ( a :ole ord] or ca/ ( m5 dur+ a h]oic p]iod ( human hi/ory2 x falls f> %ort ( ,froiss>t 9 vivid portray+ ( ! picturesque & ext]nal aspects ( social life2 b x is a m p]sonal book ?an ei!r4 ,! age & circum/ances ( ! writ] mu/ n be =gott5 9 read+ x4 ,he is a v old man tell+ ( circum/ances :i* occurr$ 9 8 y\?4 ,he evid5tly ?9ks t ! times h n *ang$ = ! bett]--:at ) ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! devil is invok$ 9 mod]n ,france1 & ! s9ful exp5diture common 9 ! matt] ( embroid]$ silk coats4 ,b ?is laudation ( times pa/ conc5trates itself almo/ :olly on ! p]son ( ! sa9t$ k+ :om1 :ile ) feudal indep5d5ce he _h decl9$ to swe> fealty to him1 because ,i 0 n 8 man1 he evid5tly reg>d$ ) an unlimit$ rev]5ce4 ,8 age1 too1 :ile g>rul\s to a degree1 seems to h be5 free f ! slighte/ ta9t ( boa/+4 ,no "o p]haps ev] took less tr\ble to make himself out a h]o ?an ,jo9ville4 ,he is con/antly admitt+ t on su* & su* an occasion he 0 t]ribly afraid2 he confesses )\t ! lea/ %ame t1 :5 "o ( 8 foll[]s sugge/$ defiance ( ! ,s>ac5s & volunt>y dea?1 he 7,jo9ville7 paid n ! lea/ att5tion to him2 nor does he attempt to gloss 9 any way 8 refusal to accompany ,/ ,l\is on 8 unlucky second crusade1 or 8 inv9cible conviction t x 0 bett] to be 9 mortal s9 ?an to h ! leprosy1 or 8 decid$ pref]5ce = w9e z little wat]$ z might be1 or any o!r weakness4 ,yet he 0 a s9c]ely religi\s man1 z ! curi\s ,cr$o1 writt5 at ,acre & =m+ a k9d ( anticipatory app5dix to ! hi/ory1 suffici5tly %[s4 ,he pres5ts himself z an altoge!r human p]son1 brave en\gh 9 ! field1 &1 at lea/ :5 "y1 capable ( extravagant devotion to an ideal1 provid$ ! ideal 0 fa%ionable1 b hav+ at bottom a suffici5t respect = 8 own sk9 & a full consci\sness ( ! side on :i* 8 bread is butt]$4 ,nor c he be said to be 9 all respects an intellig5t travell]4 ,!re 7 9 him :at may be call$ glimm]+s ( delib]ate lit]ature1 b !y 7 h>dly m ?an glimm]+s4 ,8 fam\s description ( ,greek fire has a mo/ provok+ mixture ( circum/antial detail ) abs5ce ( v]ify+ p>ticul>s4 ,x is z matt]-(-fact & comp>ative z ,dante1 )\t a t\* ( ,dante's g5ius4 ,! fa%ion ( ,greek fire 0 su* t x came to u z great z a tun ( v]juice1 & ! fi]y tail ( x 0 z big z a mighty lance2 x made su* noise 9 ! com+ t x seem$ l ! ?und] f heav51 & look$ l a dragon fly+ ?r\gh ! air2 s great a light did x ?r[ t ?r\gh\t ! ho/ m5 saw z ?\gh x 7 day = ! light x ?rew4 ,c]ta9ly ! excell5t s5es*al has n /9t$ himself ( comp>isons "h1 yet !y c h>dly be said to be lum9\s4 ,t ! ?+ made a great flame1 a great noise1 & /ruck t]ror into ! behold] is ab\t ! sum ( x all4 ,e n[ & !n inde$ a /rik+ circum/ance1 /rik+ly told1 occurs 9 ,jo9ville1 su* z ! fam\s incid5t ( ! woman :o c>ri$ 9 "o h& a *af+ di% ( fire1 9 ! o!r a phial ( wat]1 t %e might burn heav5 & qu5* hell1 le/ 9 future any man %\ld s]ve ,god m]ely = hope ( ! "o or fe> ( ! o!r4 ,b 9 ^! cases ! au?or only repeats :at he has he>d f o!rs4 ,on 8 own acc\nt he is mu* m int]e/$ 9 small p]sonal details ?an 9 great] ?+s4 ,h[ ! ,s>ac5s1 :5 !y took him prison]1 he be+ half dead ) a complication ( diseases1 k9dly left him un mi5 c\v]ture d'c>late :i* 8 "m _h giv5 him1 & :i* he put ov] him1 hav+ made a hole !re9 & b\nd x r\nd him ) a cord2 h[ :5 he came to ,acre 9 a pitiable condition an old s]vant ( 8 h\se pres5t$ himself1 & br\ght me clean :ite hoods & comb$ my hair mo/ com=tably1 h[ he b\ght a hundr$ tuns ( w9e & s]v$ x--! be/ fir/1 accord+ to high au?ority--well-wat]$ to 8 private soldi]s1 some:at less wat]$ to ! squires1 & to ! knights neat1 b ) a sugge/ive phial ( ! weak] liquid to mix si comme ils v\loi5t--^! are ! details 9 :i* he seems to take greate/ pleasure1 & = read]s six hundr$ ye>s aft] date p]haps !y are n ! lea/ int]e/+ details4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to imag9e t ,jo9ville's book is exclusively or ev5 ma9ly a *ronicle ( small be]4 ,if he is n a ,villeh>d\9 or a ,c>lyle1 8 battlepieces are vivid & tru?ful1 & he has occasional passages ( no small episodic importance1 su* z t deal+ ) ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta94 ,b1 above all1 ! c5tral figure ( 8 book r$eems x f ! possibility ( ! *>ge ( be+ commonplace or ignoble4 ,to ,/ ,l\is ,jo9ville is a nobl] ,boswell2 & h]o-wor%ipp]1 h]o1 & h]oic ideal all h some?+ ( ! sublime ab\t !m4 ,! v pett9ess ( ! details 9 :i* ! good s5es*al indulges z to 8 own weakness only s]ves to enhance ! sublime unworldl9ess ( ! k+4 ,jo9ville is a bett] w>rior ?an ,l\is1 b1 :ile ! =m] frankly prays = 8 own safety1 ! latt] only ?9ks ( 8 army's :5 !y h escap$ f ! h&s ( ! ali5s4 ,"o ( ! k+'s knights boa/s t t5 ?\s& pieces h be5 =conts 7c\nt$ %ort7 to ! ,s>ac5s2 & x is ) ! utmo/ tr\ble t ,jo9ville & ! re/ c p]suade ! k+ t ?is is a joke1 & t ! ,s>ac5s are mu* m likely to h got ! advantage4 ,he w>ns ,jo9ville aga9/ w9e-bibb+1 aga9/ bad language1 aga9/ all mann] ( foibles small & great2 & ! pupil ackn[l$ges t ?is physician at any rate _h heal$ himself 9 ^! respects4 ,x is true t he is sev]e t[>ds infidels2 & 8 approval ( ! knight :o1 f9d+ a ,jew likely to get ! bett] ( a !ological argum5t1 resort$ to ! bacul9e v>iety ( logic1 does n meet ! views ( ! #bj? c5tury4 ,b ,l\is 0 n ( ! #bj? c5tury b ( ! #ac?1 & aft] 8 k9d he c]ta9ly des]v$ ,jo9ville's admiration4 ,side by side ) 8 indignation at ! idea ( *eat+ 8 ,s>ac5 enemies may be m5tion$ 8 answ] to ^? :o aft] ,tailleb\rg compla9$ t he _h let (f ,h5ry ,,iii4 too easily4 ,he is my man n[1 & he 0 n be=e1 said ! k+1 a mo/ unpractical p]son c]ta9ly1 & 9 "s ways a sore sa9t = ,france4 ,b x is easy to und]/& ! half-despair+ adoration ) :i* a %rewd & some:at prosaic p]son l ,jo9ville mu/ h reg>d$ ?is fl[] ( *ivalry born out ( due "t4 ,he has _h 8 rew>d1 = assur$ly ! portrait ( ,/ ,l\is1 f ! e>ly collection ( anecdotes to ! la/ he>say sket* ( ! woeful end at ,tunis1 ) ! fam\s enseignem5t :i* is /ill ! be/ summ>y ( ! !oretical duties ( a ,*ri/ian k+ 9 m$ieval times1 is su* z to take away all *>ge ( vulg>ity or m]e commrage f ,jo9ville1 a *>ge to :i* o!rwise he might p]haps h be5 expos$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! book is1 consid]+ its circum/ances & ! date ( its composition1 suffici5tly me?odical4 ,accord+ to its own acc\nt x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! fir/ deal+ g5]ally ) ! "* & conduct ( ! h]o2 ! second ) 8 acts & de$s 9 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 c41 z ,jo9ville knew !m2 ! ?ird ) 8 subsequ5t life & dea?4 ,( ^! ! la/ is v brief1 ! fir/ n long2 ! middle con/itutes ! bulk ( ! "w4 ,! cont5ts ( ! fir/ "p are1 z might be expect$1 miscellane\s en\gh1 & consi/ *iefly ( /ories *os5 to %[ ! val\r ( ,l\is1 8 piety1 8 ju/ice1 8 p]sonal temp]ance1 & s =?4 ,! second "p ent]s ^u ! hi/ory ( ! crusade itself1 & tells h[ ,jo9ville pl$g$ all 8 l& save s mu* z w\ld br+ 9 a ?\s& livres a ye>1 & />t$ ) a brave ret9ue ( n9e knights 7two ( :om besides himself wore bann]ets71 & %>$ a %ip ) ! sire d',aspremont1 leav+ ,jo9ville )\t rais+ 8 eyes1 p\r ce que le cu] ne me att5drisi/ du biau *a/el que je lessoie et de mes deux enfans2 h[ !y c\ld n get out ( sight ( a high m\nta9\s isl& 7,lamp$usa or ,pantell>ia7 till !y _h made a procession r\nd ! ma/s 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg92 h[ !y rea*$ fir/ ,cyprus & !n ,egypt2 h[ !y took ,damietta1 & !n entangl$ !mselves 9 ! ,delta4 ,bad g5]al%ip1 :i* is suffici5tly obvi\s1 un:olesome food--x 0 ,l5t1 & !y ate ! ,nile fi% :i* _h be5 fea/+ on ! c>cases ( ! sla9--& ,greek fire did ! re/1 & p]sonal val\r 0 ( little avail1 n m]ely aga9/ sup]ior numb]s & bett] g5]als1 b aga9/ dys5t]y & a c]ta9 mal de l'o/ :i* attack$ ! m\? & ! legs1 a curi\s human v]sion ( a well-kn[n be/ial malady4 ,aft] ransom ,acre 0 ! *ief sc5e ( ,l\is's /ay 9 ! ,ea/1 & "h ,jo9ville liv$ 9 "s /ate1 & saw n a few int]e/+ ?+s1 he>+ besides mu* gossip z to ! inf]ior affairs ( ,asia f ambassadors1 m]*ants & o!rs4 ,at la/ !y j\rney$ back aga9 to ,france1 n )\t consid]able exp]i5ces ( ! p]ils ( ! deep1 :i* ,jo9ville tells ) a good deal ( _s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book is v brief4 ,"s anecdotes ( ! k+'s ju/ice1 8 fav\rite & di/+ui%+ attribute dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! two crusades1 are giv52 !n comes ! /ory ( ,jo9ville's own refusal to jo9 ! second exp$ition1 a refusal :i* bluntly alleg$ ! h>m done by ! k+'s m5 :o /ay$ at home to ! vassals ( ^? :o w5t abroad z ! reason ( ,jo9ville's resolution to rema9 beh9d4 ,! dea? ( ! k+ at ,tunis1 8 enseignem5t to 8 son1 & ! /ory ( 8 canonization complete ! "w4 ,! book 9 :i* ?is int]e/+ /ory is told has _h a lit]>y hi/ory :i* less affects its matt] ?an ! vicissitudes to :i* ,froiss>t has be5 subject$1 b :i* is h>dly less curi\s 9 its way4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ,jo9ville indulg$ 9 v>i\s editions1 su* z ^? :i* h giv5 ,k]vyn de ,lett5hove & ,simon ,luce s mu* tr\ble1 & :i* make s va/ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ r$action ( ! *ronicl] ( ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,inde$ ! great age ( ! s5es*al ( ,*ampagne1 & 8 intimate fir/-h& acqua9tance ) 8 subject1 made su* v>iations extremely improbable4 ,b1 :]eas !re is no great difficulty 7?\gh mu* lab\r7 9 asc]ta9+ ! orig9al & all subsequ5t texts ( ,froiss>t1 ! orig9al text ( ,jo9ville 0 until rec5tly unkn[n1 & ev5 n[ may be said to be 9 ! /ate ( a conjectural re/oration4 ,x has be5 said t ! book 0 pres5t$ to ,l\is le ,hut94 ,n[ we h a catalogue ( ,l\is le ,hut9's libr>y1 &1 /range to say1 ,jo9ville does n figure 9 x4 ,8 book seems to h und]gone v mu* ! same fate z t :i* befell ! orig9als ( ! fir/ two volumes ( ! ,pa/on ,lett]s :i* ,sir ,john ,f5n pres5t$ to ,george ! ,?ird4 ,sev]al royal libr>y catalogues ( ! #ad? c5tury are kn[n1 b 9 none ( ^! does ! ,hi/oire de ,/ ,l\is appe>4 ,x does appe> 9 t ( ,*>les ,v4 7#adaa71 b app>5tly no copy ev5 ( ?is survives4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 h[ev]1 books c\ld be & 7 multipli$ by ! process ( copy+ tol]ably freely1 & a copy at fir/ or second h& :i* belong$ to ! fiddl] k+ ,r5 ( ,prov5ce 9 ! #ae? c5tury 0 us$ = ! fir/ pr9t$ edition 9 #aedg4 ,o!r editions 7 pr9t$ f o!r v]sions1 all evid5tly po/]ior to ! orig9al4 ,b 9 #agda ! well-kn[n m$ievali/ ,la ,curne de ,/ ,palaye f\nd at ,lucca a manuscript ( ! #af? c5tury1 evid5tly repres5t+ an old] text ?an any yet pr9t$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] a #ad?-c5tury copy 0 f\nd at ,brussels1 & ?is is ! /&>d manuscript au?ority = ! text ( ,jo9ville4 ,^? :o pref] to re/ on ,,ms4 au?ority w probably hold to ?is text1 :i* appe>s 9 ! well-kn[n collection ( ,mi*aud & ,p\j\lat z well z t ( ,bu*on1 & 9 a c>eful & useful sep>ate edition by ,francisque ,mi*el4 ,! mod]n sci5ce ( critical edit+1 h[ev]1 :i* applies to m$ieval texts ! pr9ciples long recogniz$ 9 edit+ ! classics1 has discov]$ 9 ! #af?-c5tury manuscript1 & /ill m 9 ! orig9al miscellane\s works ( ,jo9ville1 ! lett]s1 de$s1 c41 already allud$ to1 ! mat]ials = :at we h already call$ a conjectural re/oration1 :i* is n )\t its int]e/1 ?\gh p]haps x is possible = t int]e/ to be exagg]at$4 ,= m]ely g5]al read]s ,bu*on's or ,mi*aud's editions ( ,jo9ville w amply suffice4 ,bo? include translations into mod]n ,fr5*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are h>dly necess>y1 = ! language is v easy4 ,natalis de ,wailly's editions ( #ahfh & p>ticul>ly #ahgd are critical editions1 embody+ ! mod]n rese>* connect$ ) ! text1 ! value ( :i* is consid]able1 b conte/able4 ,!y are accompani$ by ample annotations & app5dices1 ) illu/rations ( great m]it & value4 ,mu* valuable in=mation appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! edition ( ,f4 ,mi*el 7#ahei74 ,to ^! may be add$ ,a4 ,f4 ,didot's tudes sur ,jo9ville 7#ahgj7 & ,h4 ,f4 ,delaborde's ,jean de ,jo9ville 7#ahid74 ,a good sket* ( ! :ole subject w be f\nd 9 ,aub]t9's ,hi/oire de la langue et de la littrature franaises au moy5 ge1 ii4 #aif-baa2 see also ,ga/on ,p>is1 ,litt4 franaise au moy5 ge 7#ahic71 & ,a4 ,debid\r1 ,les ,*roniqueurs 7#ahhh74 ,!re are ,engli% translations by ,t4 ,johnes 7#ahjg71 ,j4 ,hutton 7#ahfh71 ,e!l ,w$gwood 7#aijf71 & 7m lit]ally7 ,sir ,f4 ,t4 ,m>zials 7,ev]yman's ,libr>y1 #aijh74 7,g4 ,sa47 ,,joi/1 9 build+1 "o ( a r[ or ti] ( beams set edgewise f "o wall or p>tition to ano!r & c>ry+ ! floor+ bo>ds on ! upp] edge & ! la?s ( ! ceil+ on ! l[]4 ,9 d\ble floor+ !re are ?ree s]ies ( joi/s1 b9d+1 bridg+1 & ceil+ joi/s4 ,! b9d+ joi/s are ! real support ( ! floor1 runn+ f wall to wall1 & c>ry+ ! bridg+ joi/s above & ! ceil+ joi/s bel[ 7see ,,c>p5try71 ,! ,mid4 ,eng4 =m ( ! ^w 0 gi/e or gy/e1 & 0 adapt$ f ,o4 ,fr4 gi/e1 mod]n gte1 a beam support+ ! plat=m ( a gun4 ,by orig9 ! ^w meant t on :i* any?+ lies or re/s 7gsir1 to lie2 ,lat4 jac]e74 ,! ,engli% ^w gi/1 9 su* phrases z ! gi/ ( ! matt]1 ! ma9 or c5tral po9t 9 an argum5t1 is a d\blet ( joi/4 ,accord+ to ,skeat1 ! orig9 ( ?is mean+ is an ,o4 ,fr4 prov]bial expression1 ,je say bi5 o gi/ le livre1 ,i "k well :]e ! h>e lies1 i4e4 ,i "k ! real po9t ( ! matt]4 ,j,,kai1 ,,maurus 7#ahbe-aijd71 ,hung>ian noveli/1 0 born at ,rv-,komrom on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y #ahbe4 ,8 fa!r1 ,joseph1 0 a memb] ( ! ,asva bran* ( ! anci5t ,jkay family2 8 "m 0 a scion ( ! noble ,pulays4 ,! lad 0 timid & delicate1 & !re=e educat$ at home till 8 t5? ye>1 :5 he 0 s5t to ,pressburg1 subsequ5tly complet+ 8 education at ! ,calv9i/ college at ,pp1 :]e he fir/ met ,petfi1 ,alex&] ,kozma1 & sev]al o!r brilliant "y m5 :o subsequ5tly became fam\s4 ,8 family _h meant him to foll[ ! law1 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 & accord+ly ! y\?1 always s+ul>ly assidu\s1 plodd$ consci5ti\sly ?r\gh ! usual curriculum at ,kecskemet & ,pe/1 & z a full-bl[n advocate actually succe$$ 9 w9n+ 8 fir/ case4 ,b ! drudg]y ( a lawy]'s (fice 0 uncong5ial to ! ard5tly poetical y\?1 &1 enc\rag$ by ! encomiums pron\nc$ by ! ,hung>ian ,academy ^u 8 fir/ play1 ,zsid fiu 7,! ,jew ,boy71 he flitt$1 :5 b>ely tw5ty1 to ,pe/ 9 #ahde ) a ,,ms4 romance 9 8 pocket2 he 0 introduc$ by ,petfi to ! lit]>y notabilities ( ! ,hung>ian capital1 & ! same ye> 8 fir/ notable romance ,htkznapok 7,work+ ,days71 appe>$1 fir/ 9 ! columns ( ! ,pe/i ,dievatlap1 & subsequ5tly1 9 #ahdf1 9 book =m4 ,htkznapok1 despite its manife/ crudities & extravagances1 0 in/antly recogniz$ by all ! lead+ critics z a "w ( orig9al g5ius1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,jkai 0 appo9t$ ! editor ( letkpek1 ! lead+ ,hung>ian lit]>y j\rnal1 & ga!r$ r\nd him all ! ris+ tal5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! revolution ( #ahdh ! "y editor en?usia/ically adopt$ ! national cause1 & s]v$ x ) bo? p5 & sword4 ,n[1 z ev]1 he 0 a mod]ate ,lib]al1 sett+ 8 face /eadily aga9/ all excesses2 b1 c>ri$ away by ! ,hung>ian triumphs ( ,april & ,may #ahdi1 he support$ ,kossu?'s fatal blund] ( depos+ ! ,hapsburg dyna/y1 & ?\gh1 aft] ! w> 0 ov]1 8 life 0 sav$ by an +5i\s /ratagem ( 8 wife1 ! great tragic actress1 ,roza ,b5ke ,laborfalvi1 :om he _h m>ri$ on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #ahdh1 he liv$ = ! next f\rte5 ye>s ! life ( a political suspect4 ,yet ?is 0 p]haps ! mo/ glori\s p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce1 = dur+ x he devot$ himself to ! rehabilitation ( ! proscrib$ & humiliat$ ,magy> language1 compos+ 9 x no few] ?an ?irty great romances1 besides innum]able volumes ( tales1 essays1 criticisms & faceti4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( su* ma/]pieces z ,erdly ,arany ,kord 7,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,transylvania71 ) its sequel ,trkvilg ,magy>orszgon 7,! ,turks 9 ,hung>y71 ,egy ,magy> ,nbob 7,a ,hung>ian ,nabob71 ,k>p?y ,zoltn1 ,janicsrok vgnapjai 7,! ,la/ ,days ( ! ,janiss>ies71 ,szomor napok 7,sad ,days74 ,on ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,hung>ian con/itution by ! ,composition ( #ahfg1 ,jkai took an active "p 9 politics4 ,z a con/ant support] ( ! ,tisza adm9i/ration1 n only 9 p>liam5t1 :]e he sat cont9u\sly = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 b also z ! editor ( ! gov]nm5t organ1 ,hon1 f\nd$ by him 9 #ahfc1 he became a p[] 9 ! /ate1 &1 ?\gh he nev] took (fice himself1 frequ5tly extricat$ ! gov]nm5t f difficult places4 ,9 #ahig ! emp]or appo9t$ him a memb] ( ! upp] h\se4 ,z a suave1 practical & witty debat] he 0 p>ticul>ly successful4 ,yet x 0 to lit]ature t he cont9u$ to devote mo/ ( 8 "t1 & 8 productiv5ess aft] #ahgj 0 /up5d\s1 am\nt+ to "s hundr$s ( volumes4 ,/rang] /ill1 none ( ?is "w is slip%od1 & ! be/ ( x des]ves to endure4 ,among/ ! f9e/ ( 8 lat] works may be m5tion$ ! unique & incomp>able ,az arany emb] 7,a ,man ( ,gold7--translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title ( ,tim>'s ,two ,worlds--& ,a tng]zem hlgy 7,eyes l ! ,sea71 ! latt] ( :i* won ! ,academy's prize 9 #ahij4 ,he di$ at ,budape/ on ! #e? ( ,may #aijd2 8 wife hav+ pr$eceas$ him 9 #ahhf4 ,jkai 0 an ar*-romantic1 ) a p]f]vid ,ori5tal imag9ation1 & hum\r ( ! pure/1 r>e/ description4 ,if "o c imag9e a comb9ation1 9 almo/ equal p>ts1 ( ,walt] ,scott1 ,william ,beck=d1 ,dumas pre1 & ,*>les ,dick5s1 toge!r ) ! native orig9ality ( an ard5t ,magy>1 "o may p]haps =m a fair idea ( ! great ,hung>ian romanc]'s indisputable g5ius4 ,see ,nvy ,lszl1 ,jkai ,mr2 ,heg$sis ,sndor1 ,jkai ,mrrl2 ,h4 ,w4 ,temp]ley1 ,maurus ,jokai & ! ,hi/orical ,novel1 ,contempor>y ,review 7,july #aijd74 ,,jokjak>ta1 or ,,jokjok>ta 7m correctly ,,jokyak>ta2 ,du4 ,djokjak>ta71 a resid5cy ( ! isl& ( ,java1 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,k$u & ,surak>ta1 ,e4 by ,surak>ta1 ,s4 by ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,w4 by ,bagel54 ,pop4 7#ahig71 #heh1cib4 ,! c\ntry is m\nta9\s ) ! exception ( a w$ge-l /rip 9 ! middle betwe5 ! riv]s ,progo & ,upak4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ are ! s\!rn slopes ( ! volcano ,m]api1 & 9 ! ea/ ! ,kidul hills & ! plateau ( ,sewu4 ,! la/-nam$ is an arid & scantily populat$ *alk range1 ) num]\s small summits1 :5ce x is also kn[n z ! ,?\s& ,hills4 ,! rema9d] ( ! resid5cy is well-wat]$ & f]tile1 important irrigation works hav+ be5 c>ri$ out4 ,sug>1 rice & indigo are cultivat$2 salt-mak+ is practis$ on ! coa/4 ,! m9]als include coal-b$s 9 ! ,kidul hills & ne> ,nangulan1 m>ble & gold 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kalasan4 ,! natives are poor1 ow+ *iefly to maladm9i/ration1 ! use ( opium & ! usury practis$ by =eign]s 7,*9ese1 ,arabs1 c474 ,! pr9cipality is divid$ betwe5 ! sultan 7vassal ( ! ,dut* gov]nm5t7 & ! s-call$ indep5d5t pr9ce ,paku ,alam2 ,ngaw5 & ,imogiri are enclaves ( ,surak>ta4 ,!re are good roads1 & railways connect ! *ief t[n ) ,batavia1 ,sam>ang1 ,surak>ta1 c4 ,! t[n ( ,jokjak>ta 7see ,,java7 ! seat ( ! resid5t1 ! sultan & ! ,paku ,alam pr9ces2 its mo/ rem>kable section is ! kraton or citadel ( ! sultan4 ,imogiri1 ,s4,w4 ( ! capital1 ! burial-place ( ! pr9ces ( ,surak>ta & ,jokjak>ta1 is gu>d$ by prie/s & (ficials4 ,s5tolo1 ,nangulan1 ,brosot1 ,kalasan1 ,tempel1 ,wonos>i are consid]able villages4 ,!re are num]\s rema9s ( ,h9du temples1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kalasan ne> ! bord] ( ,surak>ta & ,prambanan1 :i* is j across x4 ,rem>kable sacr$ grottoes are f\nd on ! coa/1 namely1 ! s-call$ ,nyabi ,kidul & ,rongkob1 & at ,sel>ong1 s\?-ea/ ( ,jokjak>ta4 ,,joliet1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,w c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,joliet1 9 ! ,n4,e4 "p ( ! /ate1 on ! ,des ,pla9es riv]1 #dj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,*icago4 ,pop4 7#ahij71 #bc1bfd2 7#aijj71 #bi1cec1 ( :om #hecf 7 =eign-born1 #ahhi be+ ,g]man1 #aegi ,au/rian1 #abjf ,iri% & #iea ,sw$i%2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #cd1fgj4 ,9 addition !re is a l>ge population 9 ! imm$iate suburbs3 t ( ! t[n%ip includ+ ! city 0 #bg1dch 9 #ahij1 & #ej1fdj 9 #aiaj4 ,joliet is s]v$ by ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,f1 ! ,*icago ,alton1 ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,pacific1 ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral1 ! ,ill9ois1 ,i[a ,m9nesota1 & ! ,elg91 ,joliet ,ea/]n railways1 by int]urban electric l9es1 & is on ! ,ill9ois ,mi*igan canal & ! ,*icago ,sanit>y 7%ip7 canal4 ,! city is situat$ 9 a n>r[ valley1 on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,x is ! seat ( ! nor!rn ,ill9ois p5it5ti>y1 & has a public libr>y 79 front ( :i* is a /atue1 by ,s4 ,asbjorns51 ( ,l\is ,joliet71 ! t[n%ip high s*ool1 two hospitals1 two ,ca?olic academies & a club-h\se1 erect$ by ! ,ill9ois ,/eel ,company = ! use ( its employees4 ,!re are two municipal p>ks1 ,we/ ,p>k & ,highl& ,p>k2 ,dellwood ,p>k is an amusem5t resort1 own$ by ! ,*icago ,joliet ,electric ,railway ,company4 ,9 ! vic9ity are l>ge deposits ( calc>e\s build+ /one1 cem5t & fireclay1 & !re are coal m9es #bj m4 di/ant4 ,m9]al res\rces & wat]-p[] h facilitat$ ! developm5t ( manufactures4 ,! factory product 9 #aije 0 valu$ at #cc1ghh1gjj 7#bj4c m ?an 9 #aijj71 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 repres5t$ by iron & /eel goods4 ,!re are l>ge indu/rial e/abli%m5ts j outside ! city limits4 ,! fir/ settlem5t on ! site ( ,joliet 7#ahcc7 0 call$ ,juliet1 9 hon\r ( ! daught] ( ,james ,b4 ,campbell1 "o ( ! settl]s4 ,! pres5t "n 0 adopt$ 9 #ahde1 9 memory ( ,l\is ,joliet 7#afde-agjj71 ! ,fr5* ,canadian explor] ( ! ,mississippi1 & 9 #aheb a city *>t] 0 secur$4 ,,jolly 7f ,o4 ,fr4 jolif2 ,fr4 joli1 ! ,fr5* ^w is obscure 9 orig92 x may be f late ,lat4 gaudivus1 f gaud]e1 to rejoice1 ! *ange ( d to l be+ p>allel$ by cigada & cigale1 or f ,o4 ,norse jol1 ,eng4 yule1 ! nor!rn fe/ival ( midw9t]71 & adjective mean+ gay1 *e]ful1 jovial1 high-spirit$4 ,! colloquial use ( ! t]m z an int5sive adv]b1 mean+ extremely1 v1 0 9 e>ly usage q lit]>y2 ?us ,john ,trapp 7#afja-affi71 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,mat!w 7#afdg71 writes1 ,all 0 jolly quiet at ,ephesus be=e ,/ ,paul came hi!r4 ,9 ! royal navy jolly us$ z a sub/antive1 is ! slang "n = a m>9e4 ,to jolly is a slang synonym = *aff4 ,! ^w jolly-boat1 ! "n ( a %ip's small broad boat1 usually cl9k]-built1 is ( d\btful etymology4 ,x occurs 9 ,engli% 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 & is usually connect$ ) ,dan4 or ,sw$4 jolle1 ,dut* jol1 a small %ip's boat2 ^! words are prop]ly repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by yawl orig9ally a %ip's small boat1 n[ *iefly us$ ( a rig ( sail+ vessels1 ) a cutt]-rigg$ =ema/ & a small mizz5 /epp$ f> aft1 ) a spank] sail 7see ,,rigg+74 ,a connexion has be5 sugge/$ ) a ^w ( mu* e>li] appe>ance 9 ,engli%1 jolywat1 or gellywatte4 ,?is occurs at ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury & is us$ ( a small] type ( %ip's boat4 ,?is is suppos$ to be a corruption ( ! ,fr5* galiote or ,dut* galjoot1 galliot 7see ,,galley74 ,! galliot 01 h[ev]1 a l>ge vessel4 ,,joly ,,de ,,lotb9i,,re1 ,,sir ,,h5ri ,,gu/ave 7#ahbi-aijh71 ,canadian politician1 0 born at ,ep]nay 9 ,france on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #ahbi4 ,8 fa!r1 ,gasp>d ,pi]re ,gu/ave ,joly1 ! own] ( fam\s v9ey>ds at ,ep]nay1 0 ( ,hugu5ot desc5t1 & m>ri$ ,julie ,*ri/9e1 gr&-daught] ( ,eu/a*e ,gasp>d ,mi*el ,*>ti] de ,lotb9ire1 m>quis de ,lotb9ire 7"o ( ,montcalm's eng9e]s at ,quebec72 he ?us became seigneur de ,lotb9ire4 ,h5ri ,gu/ave adopt$ ! "n ( de ,lotb9ire 9 #ahhh1 "u a /atute ( ! prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ,p>is1 & call$ to ! b> ( l[] ,canada 9 #aheh4 ,on ! #f? ( ,may #ahef he m>ri$ ,m>g>etta ,josepha 7d4 #aijd71 daught] ( ,hammond ,g[51 ( ,quebec4 ,at ! g5]al election ( #ahfa he 0 elect$ to ! h\se ( assembly ( ! prov9ce ( ,canada z ,lib]al memb] = ! c\nty ( ,lotb9ire1 & f #ahfg to #ahgd he repres5t$ ! same c\nty 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,ottawa1 & 9 ! legislative assembly1 ,quebec4 ,joly 0 oppos$ to conf$]ation & support$ ,dorion 9 ! /& :i* he took on ?is "q4 ,9 #ahgh he 0 call$ by ,luc ,letelli] de ,/ ,j1 lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ,quebec1 to =m an adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 defeat$ 9 #ahgi1 & until #ahhc he 0 lead] ( ! opposition4 ,dur+ 8 brief adm9i/ration he adopt$ a policy ( retr5*m5t1 & endeav\r$ to aboli% ! legislative c\ncil4 ,9 #ahhe1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! attitude ( 8 p>ty t[>ds ,l\is ,riel1 :o 0 tri$ & execut$ = high treason1 he retir$ f public life4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahie he 0 induc$ aga9 to take an active "p 9 ! campaign ( 8 p>ty1 & at ! g5]al election ( #ahif he 0 return$ z memb] = ! c\nty ( ,portneuf4 ,he _h already 9 #ahie be5 creat$ ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,on ! =mation ( ,sir ,wilfrid ,lauri]'s adm9i/ration he accept$ ! (fice ( controll] ( inl& rev5ue1 & a ye> lat] he became a privy c\ncillor1 z m9i/] ( inl& rev5ue4 ,f #aijj to #aijf he 0 lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,he twice decl9$ a seat 9 ! s5ate1 b r5d]$ em95t s]vice to ,canada by promot+ ! int]e/ ( agriculture1 horticulture & ( =e/ry4 ,he di$ on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #aijh4 7,a4 ,g4 ,d47 ,,jom9i1 ,,anto9e ,,h5ri1 ,,b>on 7#aggi-ahfi71 g5]al 9 ! ,fr5* & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,russian s]vice1 & "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s on ! art ( w>1 0 born on ! #f? ( ,m>* #aggi at ,pay]ne 9 ! canton ( ,vaud1 ,switz]l&1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 syndic4 ,8 y\?ful pref]5ce = a milit>y life 0 disappo9t$ by ! dissolution ( ! ,swiss regim5ts ( ,france at ! ,revolution4 ,= "s "t he 0 a cl]k 9 a ,p>is bank+-h\se1 until ! outbreak ( ! ,swiss revolution4 ,at ! age ( n9ete5 he 0 appo9t$ to a po/ on ! ,swiss headqu>t]s /aff1 & :5 sc>cely tw5ty-"o to ! comm& ( a battalion4 ,at ! peace ( ,lunville 9 #ahja he return$ to bus9ess life 9 ,p>is1 b devot$ himself *iefly to prep>+ ! celebrat$ ,trait des gr&es oprations militaires1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjd-ahje4 ,introduc$ to ,m>%al ,ney1 he s]v$ 9 ! campaign ( ,au/]litz z a volunte] aide-de-camp on ,ney's p]sonal /aff4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahje ,napoleon1 be+ mu* impress$ by a *apt] 9 ,jom9i's treatise1 made him a colonel 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,ney !reupon made him 8 pr9cipal aide-de-camp4 ,9 #ahjf ,jom9i publi%$ 8 views z to ! conduct ( ! imp5d+ w> ) ,prussia1 & ?is1 along ) 8 k ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great's campaigns1 :i* he _h describ$ 9 ! ,trait1 l$ ,napoleon to atta* him to 8 own headqu>t]s4 ,he 0 pres5t ) ,napoleon at ! battle ( ,j5a1 & at ,eylau won ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,aft] ! peace ( ,tilsit he 0 made *ief ( ! /aff to ,ney1 & creat$ a b>on4 ,9 ! ,spani% campaign ( #ahjh 8 advice 0 (t5 ( ! highe/ value to ! m>%al1 b ,jom9i qu>rell$ ) 8 *ief1 & 0 left almo/ at ! m]cy ( 8 num]\s enemies1 especially ,b]?i]1 ! emp]or's *ief ( /aff4 ,ov]tures _h be5 made to him1 z e>ly z #ahjg1 to ent] ! ,russian s]vice1 b ,napoleon1 he>+ ( 8 int5tion to leave ! ,fr5* army1 compell$ him to rema9 9 ! s]vice ) ! rank ( g5]al ( brigade4 ,= "s ye>s !reaft] ,jom9i held bo? a ,fr5* & a ,russian commission1 ) ! cons5t ( bo? sov]eigns4 ,b :5 w> betwe5 ,france & ,russia broke out1 he 0 9 a difficult position1 :i* he end$ by tak+ a comm& on ! l9e ( communication4 ,he 0 ?us engag$ :5 ! retreat f ,mosc[ & ! upris+ ( ,prussia transf]r$ ! seat ( w> to c5tral ,g]many4 ,he promptly rejo9$ ,ney1 took "p 9 ! battle ( ,ltz5 &1 z *ief ( ! /aff ( ,ney's gr\p ( corps1 r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vices be=e & at ! battle ( ,bautz51 & 0 recomm5d$ = ! rank ( g5]al ( division4 ,b]?i]1 h[ev]1 n only eras$ ,jom9i's "n f ! li/1 b put him "u arre/ & c5sur$ him 9 army ord]s = fail+ to supply c]ta9 returns t _h be5 call$ =4 ,h[ f> ,jom9i 0 held responsible = c]ta9 misund]/&+s :i* prev5t$ ! atta9m5t ( all ! results hop$ = f ,ney's attack 7see ,,bautz57 !re is no means ( kn[+4 ,b ! pretext = c5sure 0 trivial & baseless1 & dur+ ! armi/ice ,jom9i did z he _h int5d$ to d 9 #ahji-aj1 & w5t into ! ,russian s]vice4 ,z ?+s !n 71 ?is 0 tantam\nt to des]t+ to ! enemy1 & s x 0 reg>d$ by ,napoleon & by ! ,fr5* army1 & by n a few ( 8 new comrades4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 9 ,jom9i's def5ce1 t he _h = ye>s held a dormant commission 9 ! ,russian army1 t he _h decl9$ to take "p 9 ! invasion ( ,russia 9 #ahab1 & t he 0 a ,swiss & n a ,fr5*man4 ,8 patriotism 0 inde$ unque/ion$1 & he )drew f ! ,alli$ ,army 9 #ahad :5 he f\nd t he c\ld n prev5t ! violation ( ,swiss neutrality4 ,ap>t f love ( 8 own c\ntry1 ! desire to /udy1 to tea* & to practise ! art ( w> 0 8 rul+ motive4 ,at ! critical mom5t ( ! battle ( ,eylau he exclaim$1 ,if ,i 7 ! ,russian comm&] = two h\rs6 ,on jo9+ ! allies he receiv$ ! rank ( lieut5ant-g5]al & ! appo9tm5t ( aide-de-camp f ! ts>1 & r5d]$ important assi/ance dur+ ! ,g]man campaign1 ?\gh ! *>ge t he betray$ ! numb]s1 positions & int5tions ( ! ,fr5* to ! enemy 0 lat] ackn[l$g$ by ,napoleon to be )\t f\ndation4 ,he decl9$ z a ,swiss patriot & z a ,fr5* (fic] to take "p 9 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e at ,basel & ! subsequ5t invasion ( ,france4 ,9 #ahae he 0 ) ! emp]or ,alex&] 9 ,p>is1 & attempt$ 9 va9 to save ! life ( 8 old comm&] ,ney4 ,?is almo/ co/ him 8 position 9 ! ,russian s]vice1 b he succe$$ 9 mak+ head aga9/ 8 enemies1 & took "p 9 ! congress ( ,vi5na4 ,resum+1 aft] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s ( retirem5t & lit]>y "w1 8 po/ 9 ! ,russian army1 he 0 ab\t #ahbc made a full g5]al1 & !nce=w>d until 8 retirem5t 9 #ahbi he 0 pr9cipally employ$ 9 ! milit>y education ( ! ts>evi* ,ni*olas 7aft]w>ds emp]or7 & 9 ! organization ( ! ,russian /aff college1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #ahcb & /ill be>s its orig9al "n ( ! ,ni*olas academy4 ,9 #ahbh he 0 employ$ 9 ! field 9 ! ,russo-,turki% ,w>1 & at ! siege ( ,v>na he 0 giv5 ! gr& cordon ( ! ,alex&] ord]4 ,?is 0 8 la/ active s]vice4 ,9 #ahbi he settl$ at ,brussels :]e he *iefly liv$ = ! next ?irty ye>s4 ,9 #ahec1 aft] try+ )\t success to br+ ab\t a political und]/&+ betwe5 ,france & ,russia1 ,jom9i 0 call$ to ,/ ,pet]sburg to act z a milit>y advis] to ! ts> dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,he return$ to ,brussels on ! conclusion ( peace 9 #ahef & "s ye>s aft]w>ds settl$ at ,passy ne> ,p>is4 ,he 0 busily employ$ up to ! end ( 8 life 9 writ+ treatises1 pamphlets & op5 lett]s on subjects ( milit>y art & hi/ory1 & 9 #ahei he 0 ask$ by ,napoleon ,,iii4 to furni% a plan ( campaign 9 ! ,italian ,w>4 ,"o ( 8 la/ essays dealt ) ! w> ( #ahff & ! influ5ce ( ! bree*-load+ rifle1 & he di$ at ,passy on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #ahfi only a ye> be=e ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! great milit>y !ori/s liv$ to speculate on ! tactics ( ! pres5t day4 ,among/ 8 num]\s works ! pr9cipal1 besides ! ,trait1 are3 ,hi/oire critique et militaire des campagnes de la ,rvolution 7#ahjf2 new ed4 #ahai-ahbd72 ,vie politique et militaire de ,napolon raconte p> lui-mme 7#ahbg7 &1 p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all 8 publications1 ! !oretical ,prcis de l'art de la gu]re 7#ahcf74 ,see ,f]d9& ,lecomte1 ,le ,gnral ,jom9i1 sa vie et ses crits 7#ahfa2 new ed4 #ahhh72 ,c4 ,a4 ,sa9t-,beuve1 ,le ,gnral ,jom9i 7#ahfi72 ,a4 ,pascal1 ,obs]vations hi/oriques sur la vie1 c41 du gnral ,jom9i 7#ahdb74 ,,jommelli1 ,,niccola 7#agad-aggd71 ,italian compos]1 0 born at ,av]sa ne> ,naples on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #agad4 ,he receiv$ 8 musical education at two ( ! fam\s music s*ools ( t capital1 be+ a pupil ( ! ,cons]vatorio de' pov]i di ,ges ,cri/o "u ,feo1 & also ( ! ,cons]vatorio della piet dei ,tur*9i "u ,prota1 ,manc9i & ,leo4 ,8 fir/ op]a1 ,l',errore amoroso1 0 successfully produc$ at ,naples 7"u a pseudonym7 :5 ,jommelli 0 only tw5ty-?ree4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds he w5t to ,rome to br+ out two new op]as1 & !nce to ,bologna1 :]e he pr(it$ by ! advice ( ,padre ,m>t9i1 ! greate/ contrapunti/ ( 8 age4 ,9 ! meantime ,jommelli's fame began to spread beyond ! limits ( 8 c\ntry1 & 9 #agdh he w5t = ! fir/ "t to ,vi5na1 :]e "o ( 8 f9e/ op]as1 ,didone1 0 produc$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he return$ to ,italy1 & 9 #agec he obta9$ ! po/ ( *apel-ma/] to ! duke ( ,wrttemb]g at ,/uttg>t1 :i* city he made 8 home = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 ! same ye> he _h t5 commissions to write op]as = pr9cely c\rts4 ,9 ,/uttg>t he p]mitt$ no op]as b 8 own to be produc$1 & he modifi$ 8 /yle 9 accordance ) ,g]man ta/e1 s mu* t1 :5 aft] an abs5ce ( fifte5 ye>s he return$ to ,naples1 8 c\ntrym5 hiss$ two ( 8 op]as (f ! /age4 ,he retir$ 9 consequ5ce to 8 native village1 & only occasionally em]g$ f 8 solitude to take "p 9 ! musical life ( ! capital4 ,8 dea? took place on ! #be? ( ,augu/ #aggd1 8 la/ composition be+ ! celebrat$ ,mis]]e1 a sett+ = two female voices ( ,sav]io ,mattei's ,italian p>aphrase ( ,psalm li4 ,jommelli is ! mo/ repres5tative compos] ( ! g5]ation foll[+ ,leo & ,durante4 ,he approa*es v closely to ,moz>t 9 8 /yle1 & is important z "o ( ! compos]s :o1 by weld+ toge!r ,g]man & ,italian *>act]i/ics1 help$ to =m ! musical language ( ! great compos]s ( ! classical p]iod ( ,vi5na4 ,,jonah1 9 ! ,bible1 a prophet born at ,ga?-heph] 9 ,zebulun1 p]haps "u ,j]oboam 7#b7 7#gha-gda ,b4,c4871 :o =etold ! deliv]ance ( ,israel f ! ,aramaeans 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #be74 ,?is prophet may also be ! h]o ( ! mu* lat] book ( ,jonah1 b h[ diff]5t a man is he6 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! lat] ,jonah :o *iefly int]e/s u4 ,new problems h aris5 out ( ! book :i* relates to him1 b "h we c only attempt to consid] :at1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 may be call$ ! surface mean+ ( ! text4 ,?is1 !n is :at we appe> to be told4 ,! prophet ,jonah is summon$ to g to ,n9eveh1 a great & wick$ city 7cf4 #d ,esdras ii4 #h1 #i71 & prophesy aga9/ x4 ,jonah1 h[ev]1 is afraid 7iv4 #b7 t ! ,n9evites may rep5t1 s1 in/ead ( go+ to ,n9eveh1 he proce$s to ,joppa1 & takes 8 passage 9 a %ip b\nd = ,t>%i%4 ,b soon a /orm arises1 &1 supplication to ! gods fail+1 ! sailors ca/ lots to discov] ! guilty man :o has br\ght ?is great tr\ble4 ,! lot falls on ,jonah1 :o has be5 r\ghly awak5$ by ! capta91 & :5 que/ion$ frankly owns t he is a ,hebrew & a wor%ipp] ( ! div9e creator ,yahweh1 f :om he has s\ght to flee 7z if ,he 7 only ! god ( ,canaan74 ,jonah advises ! sailors to ?r[ him into ! sea4 ,?is1 aft] pray+ to ,yahweh1 !y actually d2 at once ! sea becomes calm & !y sacrifice to ,yahweh4 ,meantime ,god has appo9t$ a great fi% :i* swall[s up ,jonah4 ,?ree days & ?ree nights he is 9 ! fi%'s belly1 till1 at a ^w f ,yahweh1 x vomits ,jonah on to ! dry gr\nd4 ,aga9 ,jonah receives ! div9e call4 ,?is "t he obeys4 ,aft] deliv]+ 8 message to ,n9eveh he makes himself a boo? outside ! walls & waits 9 va9 = ! de/ruction ( ! city 7probably iv4 #e is misplac$ & %\ld /& aft] iii4 #d74 ,!reupon ,jonah besee*es ,yahweh to take away 8 wor?less life4 ,z an answ] ,yahweh appo9ts a small quickly-gr[+ tree ) l>ge leaves 7! ca/or-oil plant7 to come up ov] ! angry prophet & %elt] him f ! sun4 ,b ! next day ! b5efic5t tree p]i%es by ,god's appo9tm5t f a worm-bite4 ,once m ,god appo9ts some?+2 x is ! ea/ w9d1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! fi]ce heat1 br+s ,jonah aga9 to desp]ation4 ,! close is f9e1 & rem9ds u ( ,job4 ,god himself gives %ort-sight$ man a lesson4 ,jonah has piti$ ! tree1 & %\ld n ,god h pity on s great a city8 ,two results ( criticism are widely accept$4 ,"o relates to ! psalm 9 *4 ii41 :i* has be5 transf]r$ f "s o!r place2 x is 9 fact an anticipatory ?anksgiv+ = ! deliv]ance ( ,israel1 mo/ly compos$ ( phrases f o!r psalms4 ,! o!r is t ! n>rative be=e u is n hi/orical b an imag9ative /ory 7su* z 0 call$ a ,midra%7 bas$ ^u ,biblical data & t5d+ to edification4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a /ory ( high type4 ,! n>rator consid]$ t ,israel _h to be a prophet to ! nations at l>ge1 t ,israel _h1 l ,jonah1 neglect$ its duty & = its puni%m5t 0 swall[$ up 9 =eign l&s4 ,god _h wat*$ ov] ,8 p & prep>$ its *oic] memb]s to fulfil ,8 purpose4 ,?is company ( fai?ful b n always suffici5tly *>itable m5 repres5t$ _! p1 s t x might be said t ,israel itself 7! second ,isaiah's ,s]vant ( ,yahweh--see ,,isaiah7 _h tak5 up its duty1 b 9 an ung5ial _s :i* griev$ ! ,all-m]ciful ,"o4 ,! book1 :i* is po/-exilic1 may !re=e be gr\p$ ) ano!r ,midra%1 ! ,book ( ,ru?1 :i* also appe>s to repres5t a curr5t ( ?\ght oppos$ to ! exclusive _s ( ,jewi% legalism4 ,"s critics1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ! key ( symbolism ne$s to be supplem5t$ by t ( my?ology4 ,! great fi% especially has a v my?ological appe>ance4 ,! ,babylonian dragon my? 7see ,,cosmogony7 is (t5 allud$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 e4g4 9 ,j]4 li4 #dd1 :i*1 z ! pres5t writ] long s9ce po9t$ out1 may supply ! miss+ l9k betwe5 ,jonah i4 #ag & ! orig9al my?4 ,= ! great fi% is ultimately ,tiamat1 ! dragon ( *aos1 repres5t$ hi/orically by ,nebu*adrezz>1 by :om = a "t ,god p]mitt$ or appo9t$ ,israel to be swall[$ up4 ,= fur!r details see ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,ency4 ,bib41 ,jonah2 & 8 article ,jonah1 a ,/udy 9 ,jewi% ,folklore & ,religion1 ,!ological ,review 7#ahgg71 pp4 #baa-bai4 ,knig1 ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ,bible1 ,jonah1 is full b n lucid2 ,c4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wright1 ,biblical ,/udies 7#ahhf7 argues ably = ! symbolic !ory4 ,aga9/ ,*eyne1 see ,m>ti's "w on ! ,m9or ,prophets 7#ahid72 ! great fi% & ! ?ree days & ?ree nights rema9 unexpla9$ by ?is writ]4 ,on ^! po9ts see ,zimm]n1 ,k4,a4,t4 7#c71 pp4 #cff1 #chi1 #ejh4 ,! difficulties ( ! mission ( a ,hebrew prophet to ,as%ur are dim9i%$ by ,*eyne's lat] !ory1 ,critica ,biblica 7#aijd71 pp4 #aej-aeb4 7,t4 ,k4 ,c47 ,,jonah1 ,,rabbi 7,,abulwalid ,,m]wan ,,ibn ,,janah1 also ,r4 ,,m>9us7 7c4 #iij-;c4 #ajej71 ! greate/ ,hebrew gramm>ian & lexicograph] ( ! middle ages4 ,he 0 born be=e ! ye> #iij1 9 ,cordova1 /udi$ 9 ,luc5a1 left 8 native city 9 #ajab1 &1 aft] some:at protract$ w&]+s1 settl$ 9 ,s>agossa1 :]e he di$ be=e #ajej4 ,he 0 a physician1 & ,ibn ,abi ,usaibia1 9 8 treatise on ,arabian doctors1 m5tions him z ! au?or ( a m$ical "w4 ,b ,rabbi ,jonah saw ! true vocation ( 8 life 9 ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! ,hebrew language & 9 a rational biblical exegesis bas$ ^u s\nd l+ui/ic k4 ,x is true1 he wrote no actual comm5t>y on ! ,bible1 b 8 philological works ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on ,judaic exegesis4 ,8 fir/ "w--compos$1 l all ! re/1 9 ,arabic--be>s ! title ,almu/alha1 & =ms1 z is indicat$ by ! ^w1 a criticism & at ! same "t a supplem5t to ! two works ( ,yehuda ',hayyuj on ! v]bs ) weak-s\nd+ & d\ble-s\nd+ roots4 ,^! two tractates1 ) :i* ',hayyuj _h laid ! f\ndations ( sci5tific ,hebrew gramm>1 7 recogniz$ by ,abulwalid z ! basis ( 8 own grammatical inve/igations1 & ,abraham ,ibn ,daud1 :5 enum]at+ ! great ,spani% ,jews 9 8 hi/ory1 sums up ! significance ( ,r4 ,jonah 9 ! words3 ,he complet$ :at ',hayyuj _h begun4 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ,r4 ,jonah is ! ,kitab al ,tankih 7,book ( ,exact ,inve/igation71 :i* consi/s ( two p>ts1 reg>d$ z two di/9ct books--! ,kitab al-,luma 7,book ( ,_m-col\r$ ,fl[]-b$s7 & ! ,kitab al-usul 7,book ( ,roots74 ,! =m] 7ed4 ,j4 ,d]5b\rg1 ,p>is1 #ahhf7 conta9s ! gramm>1 ! latt] 7ed4 ,ad4 ,neubau]1 ,ox=d1 #ahge7 ! lexicon ( ! ,hebrew language4 ,bo? works are also publi%$ 9 ! ,hebrew translation ( ,yehuda ,ibn ,tibbon 7,sef] ,ha-,rikmah1 ed4 ,b4 ,goldb]g1 ,frankfurt am ,ma91 #ahee2 ,sef] ,ha-,s*oras*im1 ed4 ,w4 ,ba*]1 ,b]l91 #ahig74 ,! o!r writ+s ( ,rabbi ,jonah1 s f> z extant1 h appe>$ 9 an edition ( ! ,arabic orig9al accompani$ by a ,fr5* translation 7,opuscules et traits d',ab\'l ,walid1 ed4 ,joseph & ,h>twig ,d]5b\rg1 ,p>is #ahhj74 ,a few fragm5ts & num]\s quotations 9 8 pr9cipal book =m our only k ( ! ,kitab al-,ta%wir 7,book ( ,refutation7 a controv]sial "w 9 f\r p>ts1 9 :i* ,rabbi ,jonah successfully repell$ ! attacks ( ! oppon5ts ( 8 fir/ treatise4 ,at ! head ( ?is opposition /ood ! fam\s ,samuel ,ibn ,nagdela 7,s4 ,ha-,nagid7 a disciple ( ',hayyuj4 ,! grammatical "w ( ,rabbi ,jonah ext5d$1 moreov]1 to ! doma9 ( rhetoric & biblical h]m5eutics1 & 8 lexicon conta9s _m exegetical excursuses4 ,?is lexicon is ( especial importance by reason ( its ample contribution to ! comp>ative philology ( ! ,semitic languages--,hebrew & ,arabic1 9 p>ticul>4 ,abulwalid's works m>k ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,hebrew s*ol>%ip dur+ ! middle ages1 & he atta9$ a level :i* 0 n surpass$ till ! mod]n developm5t ( philological sci5ce 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,see ,s4 ,munk1 ,notice sur ,ab\'l ,walid 7,p>is1 #ahea72 ,w4 ,ba*]1 ,leb5 und ,w]ke des ,abulwalid und die ,quell5 se9] ,s*rift]klrung 7,leipzig1 #ahhe72 id41 ,aus d] ,s*rift]klrung des ,abulwalid 7,leipzig1 #ahhi72 id41 ,die hebr4-arabis*e ,spra*v]glei*ung des ,abulwalid 7,vi5na1 #ahhd72 id41 ,die hebris*-neuhebris*e und hebr4-aramis*e ,spra*v]glei*ung des ,abulwalid 7,vi5na1 #ahhe74 7,w4 ,ba47 ,,jonas1 ,,ju/us 7#adic-aeee71 ,g]man ,prote/ant re=m]1 0 born at ,nordhaus5 9 ,?ur+ia1 on ! #e? ( ,june #adic4 ,8 real "n 0 ,jodokus 7,job/7 ,ko*1 :i* he *ang$ accord+ to ! common cu/om ( ,g]man s*ol>s 9 ! #af? c5tury1 :5 at ! univ]sity ( ,erfurt4 ,he ent]$ t univ]sity 9 #aejf1 /udi$ law & ! humanities1 & became ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 #aeaj4 ,9 #aeaa he w5t to ,witt5b]g1 :]e he took 8 ba*elor's degree 9 law4 ,he return$ to ,erfurt 9 #aead or #aeae1 0 orda9$ prie/1 & 9 #aeah 0 promot$ doctor 9 bo? faculties & appo9t$ to a well-end[$ canonry 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,sev]us1 to :i* a pr(essor%ip ( law 0 atta*$4 ,8 great admiration = ,erasmus fir/ l$ him to ,greek & biblical /udies1 & 8 election 9 ,may #aeai z rector ( ! univ]sity 0 reg>d$ z a triumph = ! p>tisans ( ! ,new ,le>n+4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until aft] ! ,leipzig disputation ) ,eck t ,lu!r won 8 allegiance4 ,he accompani$ ,lu!r to ,worms 9 #aeba1 & !re 0 appo9t$ by ! elector ( ,saxony pr(essor ( canon law at ,witt5b]g4 ,dur+ ,lu!r's /ay 9 ! ,w>tburg ,jonas 0 "o ( ! mo/ active ( ! ,witt5b]g re=m]s4 ,giv+ himself up to prea*+ & polemics1 he aid$ ! ,re=mation by 8 gift z a translator1 turn+ ,lu!r's & ,melan*?on's works into ,g]man or ,lat9 z ! case might be1 ?us becom+ a sort ( d\ble ( bo?4 ,he 0 busi$ 9 conf]5ces & visitations dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s1 & 9 diplomatic "w ) ! pr9ces4 ,9 #aeda he began a successful prea*+ crusade 9 ,halle2 he became sup]9t5d5t ( its *ur*es 9 #aedb4 ,9 #aedf he 0 pres5t at ,lu!r's dea?b$ at ,eisleb51 & prea*$ ! fun]al s]mon2 b 9 ! same ye> 0 bani%$ f ! du*y by ,maurice1 duke 7lat] elector7 ( ,saxony4 ,f t "t until 8 dea?1 ,jonas 0 unable to secure a satisfactory liv+4 ,he w&]$ f place to place prea*+1 & f9ally w5t to ,eisfeld 7#aeec71 :]e he di$4 ,he _h be5 m>ri$ ?ree times4 ,see ,briefswe*sel des ,ju/us ,jonas1 gesammelt und be>beitet von ,g4 ,kaw]au 7#b vols41 ,halle1 #ahhd-ahhe72 ,kaw]au's article 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyklopdie1 ed4 #c1 ) bibliography4 ,,jona?an 7,heb4 ,yah weh gives74 ,( ! _m ,jewi% be>]s ( ?is "n1 ?ree are well kn[n3 7#a7 ! gr&son ( ,moses1 :o 0 prie/ at ,dan 7,judg4 xviii4 #cj74 ,! read+ ,manasseh 7see ,r4,v4 mg42 obta9$ by ins]t+ n above ! consonantal text 9 ! ,hebrew7 is app>5tly int5d$ to sugge/ t he 0 ! son ( t idolatr\s k+4 7#b7 ,! elde/ son ( ,saul1 :o1 toge!r ) 8 fa!r1 fre$ ,israel f ! cru%+ oppression ( ! ,phili/9es 7#a ,sam4 xiii4 seq474 ,bo? are laud$ 9 an elegy quot$ f ! ,book ( ,ja%> 7#b ,sam4 i47 = _! w>m mutual love1 _! h]oism1 & _! lab\rs on behalf ( ! p4 ,jona?an's "n is mo/ famili> = ! firm fri5d%ip :i* subsi/$ betwe5 him & ,david 7#a ,sam4 xviii4 #a-d2 xix4 #a-g2 xx41 xxii4 #h2 xxiii4 #af-ah71 & :5 he fell at ! battle ( ,gilboa & left beh9d him a "y *ild 7#a ,sam4 xxxi42 #b ,sam4 iv4 #d71 ,david took *>ge ( ! y\? & gave him a place at 8 c\rt 7#b ,sam4 ix474 ,see fur!r ,,david1 ,,saul4 7#c7 ,! ,maccabee 7see ,,jews2 ,,maccabees74 ,,jonci,,res1 ,,victor9 7#ahci-aijc71 ,fr5* compos]1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #ab? ( ,april #ahci4 ,he fir/ devot$ 8 att5tion to pa9t+1 b aft]w>ds took up ! s]i\s /udy ( music4 ,he ent]$ ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 b did n rema9 !re long1 because he _h esp\s$ too w>mly ! cause ( ,wagn] aga9/ 8 pr(essor4 ,he compos$ ! foll[+ op]as3 ,s>danapale 7#ahfg71 ,le ,d]ni] j\r de ,pompi 7#ahfi71 ,dimitri 7#ahgf71 ,la ,re9e ,b]! 7#ahgh71 ,le ,*evali] ,jean 7#ahhe71 ,lancelot 7#aijj74 ,he also wrote incid5tal music to ,hamlet1 a symphony1 & o!r works4 ,joncires' admiration = ,wagn] ass]t$ itself r 9 a musical ?an a dramatic s5se4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man ma/]'s e>li] /yle c be trac$ 9 8 op]as4 ,joncires1 h[ev]1 adh]$ to ! recogniz$ =ms ( ! ,fr5* op]a & did n model 8 works accord+ to ! lat] developm5ts ( ! ,wagn]ian music drama4 ,he may inde$ be said to h be5 at lea/ z mu* influ5c$ by ,g\nod z by ,wagn]4 ,f #ahga he 0 musical critic = ,la ,lib]t4 ,he di$ on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #aijc4 ,,jones1 ,,alfr$ ,,gilp9 7#ahbd-aijf71 ,canadian politician1 0 born at ,weym\?1 ,nova ,scotia1 9 ,septemb] #ahbd1 ! son ( ,guy ,c4 ,jones ( ,y>m\?1 & gr&son ( a ,unit$ ,empire ,loyali/4 ,9 #ahfe he oppos$ ! f$]ation ( ! ,briti% ,am]ican prov9ces1 &1 9 8 ang] at ! refusal ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to repeal su* portions ( ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica ,act z ref]r$ to ,nova ,scotia1 made a spee* :i* won = him ! "n ( ,haul-d[n-!-flag ,jones4 ,he 0 = _m ye>s a memb] ( ! ,f$]al ,p>liam5t1 & = a few mon?s 9 #ahgh 0 m9i/] ( militia "u ! ,lib]al gov]nm5t4 ,l>gely ow+ to 8 influ5ce ! ,lib]al p>ty refus$ 9 #ahgh to ab&on its ,free ,trade policy1 an ob/9acy :i* l$ to its defeat 9 t ye>4 ,9 #aijj he 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant-gov]nor ( 8 native prov9ce1 & held ?is position till 8 dea? on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #aijf4 ,,jones1 ,,sir ,,alfr$ ,,lewis 7#ahde-aiji71 ,briti% %ip[n]1 0 born 9 ,c>m>!n%ire1 9 #ahde4 ,at ! age ( twelve he 0 appr5tic$ to ! manag]s ( ! ,african ,/eam%ip ,company at ,liv]pool1 mak+ sev]al voyages to ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,by ! "t he 0 tw5ty-six he _h ris5 to be manag] ( ! bus9ess4 ,n f9d+ suffici5t scope 9 ?is po/1 he borr[$ money to pur*ase two or ?ree small sail+ vessels1 & />t$ 9 ! %ipp+ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt4 ,! v5ture succe$$1 & he made additions to 8 fleet1 b aft] a few ye>s' successful trad+1 realiz+ t sail+ %ips 7 ab\t to be sup]s$$ by /eam]s1 he sold 8 vessels4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#ahia7 ,messrs4 ,eld]1 ,demp/] ,co41 :o pur*as$ ! bus9ess ( ! old ,african ,/eam%ip ,company1 (f]$ him a manag]ial po/4 ,?is (f] he accept$1 subject to ,messrs4 ,eld]1 ,demp/] sell+ him a numb] ( _! %>es1 & he ?us acquir$ an int]e/ 9 ! bus9ess1 & subsequ5tly1 by fur!r %>e pur*ases1 its control4 ,see fur!r ,,/eam%ip ,,l9es4 ,9 #aija he 0 knight$4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,jones took a ke5 int]e/ 9 imp]ial affairs1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ ! ,liv]pool s*ool ( tropical m$ic9e4 ,he acquir$ consid]able t]ritorial int]e/s 9 ,we/ ,africa1 & f9ancial int]e/s 9 _m ( ! companies engag$ 9 op5+ up & develop+ t "p ( ! _w4 ,he also took ! lead+ "p 9 op5+ up a new l9e ( communication ) ! ,we/ ,indies1 & /imulat+ ! ,jamaica fruit trade & t\ri/ traffic4 ,he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #aiji1 leav+ l>ge *>itable beque/s4 ,,jones1 ,,eb5ez] 7#ahbj-ahfj71 ,briti% poet1 0 born 9 ,isl+ton1 ,london1 on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #ahbj4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 ( ,wel% extraction1 0 a /rict ,calv9i/1 & ,eb5ez] 0 educat$ at a dull1 middle-class s*ool4 ,! dea? ( 8 fa!r oblig$ him to become a cl]k 9 ! (fice ( a tea m]*ant4 ,%elley & ,c>lyle 7 8 spiritual ma/]s1 & he sp5t all 8 sp>e "t 9 read+ & writ+2 b he develop$ an exagg]at$ /yle ( ?\ght & expression1 due p>tly to a defective education4 ,! unk9d reception ( 8 ,/udies ( ,s5sation & ,ev5t 7#ahdc7 seem$ to be ! la/ drop 9 8 bitt] cup ( life4 ,baffl$ & di%e>t5$1 he de/roy$ 8 manuscripts4 ,he e>n$ 8 liv+ z an acc\ntant & by lit]>y hack "w1 & x 0 n until he 0 rapidly dy+ ( consumption t he wrote 8 ?ree rem>kable poems1 ,w9t] ,hymn to ! ,sn[1 ,:5 ! ,_w is ,burn+ & ,to ,dea?4 ,! fame t ^! & "s ( ! pieces 9 ! e>ly volume br\ght to _! au?or came too late4 ,he di$ on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] #ahfj4 ,x 0 n till #ahgj t ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti prais$ 8 "w 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,rossetti's example 0 foll[$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,scott1 ,!odore ,watts-,dunton1 :o contribut$ "s pap]s on ! subject to ! ,a!naeum 7,septemb] & ,octob] #ahgh71 & ,r4 ,h4 ,%epp>d1 :o edit$ ,/udies ( ,s5sation & ,ev5t 9 #ahgi4 ,,jones1 ,,erne/ ,,*>les 7#ahai-ahfi71 ,engli% ,*>ti/1 0 born at ,b]l9 on ! #be? ( ,janu>y #ahai1 & educat$ 9 ,g]many4 ,8 fa!r1 an (fic] 9 ! ,briti% army1 0 !n equ]ry to ! duke ( ,cumb]l&--aft]w>ds k+ ( ,hanov]4 ,9 #ahch ,jones came to ,engl&1 & 9 #ahda publi%$ anonym\sly ,! ,wood ,_s1 a romantic novel4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by "s songs & poems4 ,9 #ahdd he 0 call$ to ! b> at ! ,middle ,temple4 ,9 #ahde he jo9$ ! ,*>ti/ agitation1 quickly becom+ its mo/ prom95t figure1 & vigor\sly c>ry+ on ! p>ty's campaign on ! plat=m & 9 ! press4 ,8 spee*es1 9 :i* he op5ly advocat$ physical =ce1 l$ to 8 prosecution1 & he 0 s5t5c$ 9 #ahdh to two ye>s' imprisonm5t = s$ition4 ,:ile 9 prison he wrote1 x is said 9 8 own blood on leaves torn f a pray]-book1 ,! ,revolt ( ,h9do/an1 an epic poem4 ,on 8 release he aga9 became ! lead] ( :at rema9$ ( ! ,*>ti/ p>ty & editor ( its organ4 ,b he 0 almo/ its only public speak]2 he 0 out ( sympa?y ) ! o!r lead+ ,*>ti/s1 & soon jo9$ ! advanc$ ,radical p>ty4 ,!nce=w>d he devot$ himself to law & lit]ature1 writ+ novels1 tales & political songs4 ,he made sev]al unsuccessful attempts to ent] p>liam5t1 & 0 ab\t to conte/ ,man*e/]1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( be+ return$1 :5 he di$ !re on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahfi4 ,he is believ$ to h sacrific$ a consid]able =tune r ?an ab&on 8 ,*>ti/ pr9ciples4 ,8 wife 0 ,jane ,a!rley2 & 8 son1 ,llewellyn ,a!rley-,jones1 ,k4,c4 7b4 #ahea71 became a well-kn[n b>ri/] & ,lib]al memb] ( p>liam5t4 ,,jones1 ,,h5ry 7#ahca-ahii71 ,engli% au?or1 well kn[n z a writ] on :i/ "u 8 nom de gu]re ,cav5di%1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] #ahca1 be+ ! elde/ son ( ,h5ry ,d4 ,jones1 a m$ical practition]4 ,he adopt$ 8 fa!r's pr(ession1 e/abli%$ himself 9 #aheb & cont9u$ = sixte5 ye>s 9 practice 9 ,london4 ,! fa!r 0 a ke5 devotee ( :i/1 & "u 8 eye ! son became e>ly 9 life a good play]4 ,he 0 a memb] ( sev]al :i/ clubs1 among !m ! ,cav5di%1 & 9 #ahfb appe>$ 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,:i/1 /at$ & expla9$ by ,cav5di%1 :i* 0 de/9$ to become ! lead+ au?ority z to ! practice ( ! game4 ,?is "w 0 foll[$ by treatises on ! laws ( piquet & c>t4 ,cav5di% also wrote on billi>ds1 lawn t5nis & croquet1 & contribut$ articles on :i/ & o!r games to ! n9? edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ',cav5di%' 0 n a law-mak]1 b he codifi$ & comm5t$ ^u ! laws :i* _h be5 made dur+ _m g5]ations ( c>d-play+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y po9ts 9 8 "* 0 ! mann] 9 :i* he kept himself abrea/ ( improvem5ts 9 8 fav\rite game4 ,he di$ on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y #ahii4 ,,jones1 ,,h5ry ,,ar?ur 7#ahea- 71 ,engli% dramati/1 0 born at ,gr&bor\gh1 ,buck+ham%ire1 on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #ahea ! son ( ,silvanus ,jones1 a f>m]4 ,he began to e>n 8 liv+ e>ly1 8 sp>e "t be+ giv5 to lit]>y pursuits4 ,he 0 tw5ty-sev5 be=e 8 fir/ piece1 ,only ,r\nd ! ,corn]1 0 produc$ at ! ,exet] ,!atre1 b )9 f\r ye>s ( 8 db z a dramati/ he scor$ a great success by ,! ,silv] ,k+ 7,novemb] #ahhb71 writt5 ) ,h5ry ,h]man1 a melodrama produc$ by ,wilson ,b>rett at ! ,pr9cess's ,!atre4 ,its f9ancial success enabl$ ! au?or to write a play to please himself4 ,sa9ts & ,s9n]s 7#ahhd71 :i* ran = two hundr$ nights1 plac$ on ! /age a picture ( middle-class life & religion 9 a c\ntry t[n1 & ! introduction ( ! religi\s elem5t rais$ consid]able outcry4 ,! au?or def5d$ himself 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7,janu>y #ahhe71 tak+ = 8 />t+-po9t a quotation f ! preface to ,molire's ,t>tuffe4 ,8 next s]i\s piece 0 ,! ,middleman 7#ahhi71 foll[$ by ,judah 7#ahij71 bo? p[]ful plays1 :i* e/abli%$ 8 reputation4 ,lat] plays 7 ,! ,danc+ ,girl 7#ahia71 ,! ,crusad]s 7#ahia71 ,! ,bauble ,%op 7#ahic71 ,! ,tempt] 7#ahic71 ,! ,masqu]ad]s 7#ahid71 ,! ,case ( ,rebelli\s ,susan 7#ahid71 ,! ,triumph ( ! ,phili/9es 7#ahie71 ,mi*ael & 8 ,lo/ ,angel 7#ahif71 ,! ,rogue's ,com$y 7#ahif71 ,! ,physician 7#ahig71 ,! ,li>s 7#ahig71 ,c>nac ,sahib 7#ahii71 ,! ,manoeuvres ( ,jane 7#ahii71 ,! ,lackeys' ,c>nival 7#aijj71 ,mrs ,dane's ,def5ce 7#aijj71 ,! ,pr9cess's ,nose 7#aijb71 ,*ance ! ,idol 7#aijb71 ,:itewa%+ ,julia 7#aijc71 ,joseph ,entangl$ 7#aijd71 ,! ,*evali] 7#aijd71 c4 ,a uni=m edition ( 8 plays began to be issu$ 9 #ahia2 & 8 own views ( dramatic art h be5 express$ f "t to "t 9 lectures & essays1 collect$ 9 #ahie z ,! ,r5asc5ce ( ! ,engli% ,drama4 ,,jones1 ,,inigo 7#aegc-afea71 ,engli% ar*itect1 sometimes call$ ! ,engli% ,palladio1 ! son ( a clo?-work]1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #ae? ( ,july #aegc4 ,x is /at$ t he 0 appr5tic$ to a jo9]1 b at any rate 8 tal5t = draw+ attract$ ! att5tion ( ,?omas ,h[>d1 e>l ( ,arundel 7"s say ,william1 #crd e>l ( ,pembroke71 ?r\gh ^: help he w5t to /udy l&scape-pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,8 pref]5ce soon transf]r$ itself to ar*itecture1 &1 foll[+ *iefly ! /yle ( ,palladio1 he acquir$ at ,v5ice su* a reputation t 9 #afjd he 0 invit$ by ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 to ,d5m>k1 :]e he is said to h design$ ! two great royal palaces ( ,ros5borg & ,fr$]iksborg4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he accompani$ ,anne ( ,d5m>k to ! c\rt ( ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&1 :]e1 besides be+ appo9t$ ar*itect to ! que5 & ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 he 0 employ$ 9 supply+ ! designs & decorations ( ! c\rt masques4 ,aft] a second visit to ,italy 9 #afab1 ,jones 0 appo9t$ surveyor-g5]al ( royal build+s by ,james ,i41 & 0 engag$ to prep>e designs = a new palace at ,:itehall4 ,9 #afbj he 0 employ$ by ! k+ to inve/igate ! orig9 ( ,/oneh5ge1 :5 he came to ! absurd conclusion t x _h be5 a ,roman temple4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he 0 appo9t$ "o ( ! commission]s = ! repair ( ,/ ,paul's1 b ! "w 0 n begun till #afcc4 ,"u ,*>les ,i4 he enjoy$ ! same (fices z "u 8 pr$ecessor1 & 9 ! capacity ( design] ( ! masques he came into collision ) ,b5 ,jonson1 :o frequ5tly made him ! butt ( 8 satire4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w> ,jones 0 =c$ to pay heavy f9es z a c\rti] & malignant4 ,he di$ 9 pov]ty on ! #e? ( ,july #afea4 ,a li/ ( ! pr9cipal build+s design$ by ,jones is giv5 9 ,dallaway's edition ( ,walpole's ,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+1 & = an e/imate ( him z an ar*itect see ,f]gusson's ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture4 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,palladio1 9 #d books1 by ,inigo ,jones1 appe>$ 9 #agae2 ,! ,mo/ ,notable ,antiquity ( ,great ,brita91 call$ ,/oneh5ge1 re/or$ by ,inigo ,jones1 9 #afee 7ed4 ) memoir1 #agbe72 ! ,designs ( ,inigo ,jones1 by ,w4 ,k5t1 9 #agbg2 & ,! ,designs ( ,inigo ,jones1 by ,j4 ,w>e1 9 #ageg4 ,see also ,g4 ,h4 ,bir*1 ,london ,*ur*es ( ! ,x,v,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith ,c5turies 7#ahif72 ,w4 ,j4 ,l(tie1 ,inigo ,jones & ,wr51 or ! ,rise & ,decl9e ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl& 7#ahic74 ,,jones1 ,,john 7c4 #ahjj-ahhb71 ,engli% art collector1 0 born ab\t #ahjj 9 or ne> ,london4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to a tailor1 & ab\t #ahbe op5$ a %op ( 8 own 9 ! we/-end ( ,london4 ,9 #ahej he 0 able to retire f active managem5t ) a l>ge =tune4 ,:5 q a "y man he _h begun to collect articles ( v]tu4 ,! rooms ov] 8 %op 9 :i* he at fir/ liv$ 7 soon cr[d$1 & ev5 ! b$rooms ( 8 new h\se 9 ,piccadilly 7 fill$ ) art treasures4 ,8 collection 0 valu$ at approximately #bej1jjj4 ,jones di$ 9 ,london on ! #g? ( ,janu>y #ahhb1 leav+ 8 pictures1 furniture & objects ( art to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,jones ,beque/ 0 publi%$ by ! ,museum 9 #ahhb1 & a ,h&book1 ) memoir1 9 #ahhc4 ,,jones1 ,,john ,,paul 7#agdg-agib71 ,am]ican naval (fic]1 0 born on ! #f? ( ,july #agdg1 on ! e/ate ( ,arbigl&1 9 ! p>i% ( ,kirkbean & ! /ew>try ( ,kirkcudbright1 ,scotl&4 ,8 fa!r1 ,john ,paul1 0 g>d5] to ,rob]t ,craik1 a memb] ( p>liam5t2 & 8 "m1 ,jean ,macduff1 0 ! daught] ( a ,highl&]4 ,"y ,john ,paul1 at ! age ( twelve1 became %ipma/]'s appr5tice to a m]*ant ( ,:itehav51 nam$ ,y\ng]4 ,at sev5te5 he %ipp$ z second mate & 9 ! next ye> z fir/ mate 9 "o ( 8 ma/]'s vessels2 on be+ releas$ f 8 ind5tures1 he acquir$ an int]e/ 9 a %ip1 & z fir/ mate made two voyages betwe5 ,jamaica & ! ,gu9ea coa/1 trad+ 9 slaves4 ,becom+ dissatisfi$ ) ?is k9d ( employm5t1 he sold 8 %>e 9 ! %ip & emb>k$ = ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! voyage bo? ! capta9 & ! mate di$ ( fev]1 & ,john ,paul took comm& & br\ght ! %ip safely to port4 ,! own]s gave him & ! crew #aj ( ! c>go2 aft] #agfh1 z capta9 ( "o ( _! m]*antm51 ,john ,paul made sev]al voyages to ,am]ica2 b = unkn[n reasons he sudd5ly gave up 8 comm& to live 9 ,am]ica 9 pov]ty & obscurity until #agge4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he assum$ ! "n ( ,jones1 app>5tly out ( reg>d = ,willie ,jones1 a weal?y plant] & prom95t political lead] ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :o _h befri5d$ ,john ,paul 9 8 days ( pov]ty4 ,:5 w> broke out betwe5 ,engl& & h] ,am]ican colonies1 ,john ,paul ,jones 0 commission$ z a fir/ lieut5ant by ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] #agge4 ,9 #aggf he p>ticipat$ 9 ! unsuccessful attack on ! isl& ( ,new ,provid5ce1 & z comm&] fir/ ( ! ,provid5ce & !n ( ! ,alfr$ he cruis$ betwe5 ,b]muda & ,nova ,scotia1 inflict+ mu* damage on ,briti% %ipp+ & fi%]ies4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,octob] #aggf he 0 promot$ capta94 ,on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #aggg he sail$ 9 ! sloop-(-w> ,rang] = ,france ) despat*es = ! ,am]ican commission]s1 ann\nc+ ! surr5d] ( ,burgoyne & ask+ t ,jones %\ld be suppli$ ) a swift frigate = h>ass+ ! coa/s ( ,engl&4 ,fail+ to secure a frigate1 ,jones sail$ f ,bre/ 9 ! ,rang] on ! #aj? ( ,april #aggh4 ,a few days lat] he surpris$ ! g>risons ( ! two =ts comm&+ ! h>b\r ( ,:itehav51 a port ) :i* he 0 famili> f boyhood1 spik$ ! guns & made an unsuccessful attempt to fire ! %ipp+4 ,f\r days !reaft] he enc\nt]$ ! ,briti% sloop-(-w> ,drake1 a vessel slightly sup]ior to 8 9 fight+ capacity1 & aft] an h\r's engagem5t ! ,briti% %ip /ruck h] col\rs & 0 tak5 to ,bre/4 ,by ?is exploit ,jones became a great h]o 9 ! eyes ( ! ,fr5*1 j beg9n+ a w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,) ! rank ( commodore he 0 n[ put at ! head ( a squadron ( five %ips4 ,8 flag%ip1 ! ,duras1 a re-fitt$ ,ea/ ,indiaman1 0 re-nam$ by him ! ,bonhomme ,ri*>d1 z a complim5t to ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ^: ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac 0 !n popul> 9 ,france4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ ! five %ips sail$ f ,l',ori5t1 accompani$ by two ,fr5* private]s4 ,sev]al ( ! ,fr5* comm&]s "u ,jones prov$ insubord9ate1 & ! private]s & ?ree ( ! m5-(-w> soon des]t$ him4 ,) ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 he cont9u$ to take prizes1 & ev5 plann$ to attack ! port ( ,lei?1 b 0 prev5t$ by unfav\rable w9ds4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] ! ?ree m5-(-w> sight$ two ,briti% m5-(-w>1 ! ,s]apis & ! ,c\ntess ( ,sc>br\gh1 (f ,flambor\gh ,head4 ,! ,alliance1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,l&ais1 made (f1 leav+ ! ,bonhomme ,ri*>d & ! ,pallas to engage ! ,engli%m54 ,jones engag$ ! greatly sup]ior ,s]apis1 & aft] a desp]ate battle ( ?ree & a half h\rs compell$ ! ,engli% %ip to surr5d]4 ,! ,c\ntess ( ,sc>br\gh _h mean:ile /ruck to ! m =midable ,pallas4 ,jones transf]r$ 8 m5 & supplies to ! ,s]apis1 & ! next day ! ,bonhomme ,ri*>d sank4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> ,jones sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 ,p>is4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 gave him a gold-hilt$ sword & ! royal ord] ( milit>y m]it1 & made him *evali] ( ,france4 ,e>ly 9 #agha ,jones return$ to ,am]ica to secure a new comm&4 ,congress (f]$ him ! comm& ( ! ,am]ica1 a frigate !n build+1 b ! vessel 0 %ortly aft]w>ds giv5 to ,france4 ,9 ,novemb] #aghc he 0 s5t to ,p>is z ag5t = ! prizes captur$ 9 ,european wat]s "u 8 own comm&1 & al?\gh he gave mu* att5tion to social affairs & engag$ 9 sev]al private bus9ess ent]prises1 he 0 v successful 9 collect+ ! prize money4 ,e>ly 9 #aghg he return$ to ,am]ica & receiv$ a gold m$al f ,congress 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices4 ,9 #aghh ,jones ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! empress ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 av[+ 8 int5tion1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve ! condition ( an ,am]ican citiz5 & (fic]4 ,z a re>-admiral he took "p 9 ! naval campaign 9 ! ,liman 7an arm ( ! ,black ,sea1 into :i* fl[ ! ,bug & ,dniep] riv]s7 aga9/ ! ,turks1 b ! jeal\s intrigues ( ,russian (fic]s caus$ him to be recall$ to ,/ ,pet]sburg = ! pret5d$ purpose ( be+ transf]r$ to a comm& 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,"h he 0 compell$ to rema9 9 idl5ess1 :ile rival (fic]s plott$ aga9/ him & ev5 malici\sly assail$ 8 private "*4 ,9 ,augu/ #aghi he left ,/ ,pet]sburg a bitt]ly disappo9t$ man4 ,9 ,may #agij he arriv$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he rema9$ 9 retirem5t dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life1 al?\gh he made sev]al ef=ts to re-ent] ! ,russian s]vice4 ,undue ex]tion & exposure _h wa/$ 8 /r5g? be=e he rea*$ ! prime ( life1 & aft] an illness1 9 :i* he 0 att5d$ by ! que5's physician1 he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,july #agib4 ,8 body 0 int]r$ 9 ! ,/ ,l\is cemet]y = =eign ,prote/ants1 ! fun]al exp5ses be+ paid f ! private purse ( ,pi]rot ,franois ,simmoneau1 ! k+'s commiss>y4 ,9 ! confusion dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s ! burial place ( ,paul ,jones 0 =gott52 b 9 ,june #ahii ,g5]al ,horace ,port]1 ,am]ican ambassador to ,france1 began a sy/ematic se>* = ! body1 & aft] excavations on ! site ( ! old ,prote/ant cemet]y1 n[ cov]$ ) h\ses1 a lead5 c(f9 0 discov]$1 :i* conta9$ ! body 9 a rem>kable /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 ,july #aije a fleet ( ,am]ican w>-%ips c>ri$ ! body to ,annapolis1 :]e x n[ re/s 9 "o ( ! build+s ( ! naval academy4 ,jones 0 a seaman ( great brav]y & te*nical ability1 b ov]-jeal\s ( 8 reputation & incl9$ to be qu]ul\s & boa/ful4 ,! *>ges by ! ,engli% t he 0 a pirate 7 p>ticul>ly gall+ to him4 ,al?\gh ( unprepossess+ appe>ance1 #e ft4 #g 94 9 height & slightly r\nd-%\ld]$1 he 0 not$ = 8 pleasant mann]s & 0 welcom$ into ! mo/ brilliant c\rts ( ,europe4 ,romance has play$ ) ! memory ( ,paul ,jones to su* an ext5t t few acc\nts ( 8 life are correct4 ,( ! e>ly biographies ! be/ are ,%]burne's 7,london1 #ahbe71 *iefly a collection ( ,jones's correspond5ce2 ! ,janette-,taylor ,collection 7,new ,york1 #ahcj71 conta9+ num]\s extracts f 8 lett]s & j\rnals2 & ! life by ,a4 ,s4 ,mac,kenzie 7#b vols41 ,new ,york1 #ahdf74 ,9 rec5t ye>s a numb] ( new biographies h appe>$1 includ+ ,a4 ,c4 ,buell's 7#b vols41 #aijj71 ! tru/wor?9ess ( :i* has be5 discr$it$1 & ,hut*9s ,hapgood's 9 ! ,riv]side ,biographical ,s]ies 7#aija74 ,! life by ,cyrus ,t[ns5d ,brady 9 ! ,great ,comm&]s ,s]ies 7#aijj7 is p]haps ! be/4 ,,jones1 ,,mi*ael 7d4 #afdi71 ,briti% soldi]4 ,8 fa!r 0 bi%op ( ,killaloe 9 ,irel&4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,engli% ,civil ,w> he 0 /udy+ law1 b he soon took s]vice 9 ! army ( ! k+ 9 ,irel&4 ,he 0 pres5t ) ,ormonde's army 9 _m ( ! exp$itions & combats ( ! deva/at+ ,iri% ,w>1 b ^u ! conclusion ( ! ,iri% ,cessation 7see ,,ormonde1 ,,james ,,butl]1 ,,duke ,,(7 he resolv$ to leave ! k+'s s]vice = t ( ! p>liam5t1 9 :i* he soon di/+ui%$ himself by 8 activity & skill4 ,9 ! ,wel% ,w>1 & especially at ! la/ great victory at ,r[ton ,hea?1 ,jones's cavalry 0 always f> sup]ior to t ( ! ,royali/s1 & 9 rew>d = 8 s]vices he 0 made gov]nor ( ,*e/] :5 t city fell into ! h&s ( ! p>liam5t4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,jones 0 s5t aga9 to ! ,iri% ,w>1 9 ! capacity ( comm&]-9-*ief4 ,he began 8 "w by reorganiz+ ! army 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dubl91 & = "s "t he c>ri$ on a desultory w> ( po/s1 necess>ily m conc]n$ = 8 supplies ?an = a victory4 ,b at ,dungan ,hill he obta9$ a complete success ov] ! army ( ,g5]al ,pre/on1 & ?\gh ! w> 0 by no means end$1 ,jones 0 able to hold a l>ge tract ( c\ntry = ! p>liam5t4 ,b on ! execution ( ,*>les ,i41 ! w> ent]$ ^u a new phase1 & g>rison aft] g>rison fell to ,ormonde's ,royali/s4 ,soon ,jones 0 %ut up 9 ,dubl91 & !n foll[$ a siege :i* 0 reg>d$ bo? 9 ,engl& & ,irel& ) ! mo/ int5se int]e/4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #afdi ! ,dubl9 g>rison reliev$ itself by ! brilliant action ( ,ra?m9es1 9 :i* ! royal army 0 practically de/roy$4 ,a =tnight lat] ,cromwell l&$ ) heavy re9=cem5ts f ,engl&4 ,jones1 8 lieut5ant-g5]al1 took ! field2 b on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #afdi he di$1 worn out by ! fatigues ( ! campaign4 ,,jones1 ,,ow5 7#agda-ahad71 ,wel% antiqu>y1 0 born on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #agda at ,llanvihangel ,glyn y ,myvyr 9 ,d5bigh%ire4 ,9 #agfj he ent]$ ! s]vice ( a ,london firm ( furri]s1 to ^: bus9ess he ultimately succe$$4 ,he _h f boyhood /udi$ ,wel% lit]ature1 & lat] devot$ "t & money to its collection4 ,assi/$ by ,edw>d ,william ( ,glamorgan 7,iolo ,morganwg7 & ,dr4 ,ow5 ,pughe1 he publi%$1 at a co/ ( m ?an #ajjj1 ! well-kn[n ,myvyrian ,ar*aiology ( ,wales 7#ahja-ahjg71 a collection ( pieces dat+ f ! #f? to ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! manuscripts :i* he _h br\ght toge!r are deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! mat]ial n utiliz$ 9 ! ,myvyrian ,ar*aiology am\nts to #ajj volumes1 conta9+ #af1jjj pages ( v]se & #ae1cjj pages ( prose4 ,jones 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,gwyn$digion ,society 7#aggb7 9 ,london = ! enc\ragem5t ( ,wel% /udies & lit]ature2 & he began 9 #ahje a miscellany--! ,greal--( :i* only "o volume appe>$4 ,an edition ( ! poems ( ,davydd ab ,gwilym 0 also issu$ at 8 exp5se4 ,he di$ on ! #bf? ( ,decemb] #ahad at 8 bus9ess premises 9 ,upp] ,?ames ,/reet1 ,london4 ,,jones1 ,,ow5 7#ahji-ahgd71 ,briti% ar*itect & art decorator1 son ( ,ow5 ,jones1 a ,wel% antiqu>y1 0 born 9 ,london4 ,aft] an appr5tice%ip ( six ye>s 9 an ar*itect's (fice1 he travell$ = f\r ye>s 9 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,egypt & ,spa91 mak+ a special /udy ( ! ,alhambra4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& 9 #ahcf he busi$ himself 9 8 pr(essional "w4 ,8 =te 0 int]ior decoration1 = :i* 8 =mula 03 ,=m )\t col\r is l a body )\t a s\l4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sup]9t5d5ts ( works = ! ,exhibition ( #ahea & 0 responsible = ! g5]al decoration ( ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham4 ,along ) ,digby ,wyatt1 ,jones collect$ ! ca/s ( works ( art ) :i* ! palace 0 fill$4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #ai? ( ,april #ahgd4 ,ow5 ,jones 0 describ$ 9 ! ,build] = #ahgd z ! mo/ pot5t apo/le ( col\r t ar*itectural ,engl& has _h 9 ^! days4 ,8 range ( activity is to be trac$ 9 8 works3 ,plans1 ,elevations & ,details ( ! ,alhambra 7#ahce-ahde71 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by ,,mm4 ,g\ry & ,gayangos2 ,designs = ,mosaic & ,tesselat$ ,pavem5ts 7#ahdb72 ,poly*romatic ,ornam5t ( ,italy 7#ahde72 ,an ,attempt to ,def9e ! ,pr9ciples :i* regulate ! ,employm5t ( ,col\r 9 ,decorative ,arts 7#aheb72 ,h&book to ! ,alhambra ,c\rt 7#ahed72 ,gramm> ( ,ornam5t 7#ahef71 a v important "w2 ,"o ,?\s& & ,"o ,initial ,lett]s 7#ahfd72 ,sev5 ,hundr$ & ,two ,monograms 7#ahfd72 & ,examples ( ,*9ese ,ornam5t 7#ahfg74 ,,jones1 ,,ri*>d 7#agij-ahee71 ,engli% economi/1 0 born at ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,! son ( a solicitor1 he 0 int5d$ = ! legal pr(ession1 & 0 educat$ at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,ow+ to ill-heal?1 he ab&on$ ! idea ( ! law & took ord]s soon aft] leav+ ,cambridge4 ,= sev]al ye>s he held curacies 9 ,sussex & ,k5t4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( political economy at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 resign+ ?is po/ 9 #ahce to succe$ ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us 9 ! *air ( political economy & hi/ory at ! ,ea/ ,india ,college at ,haileybury4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! commutation ( ti!s 9 #ahcf & %[$ great ability z a ti! commission]1 an (fice :i* he fill$ till #ahea4 ,he 0 = "s "t1 also1 a *>ity commission]4 ,he di$ at ,haileybury1 %ortly aft] he _h resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip1 on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahee4 ,9 #ahca ,jones publi%$ 8 ,essay on ! ,di/ribution ( ,weal? & on ! ,s\rces ( ,taxation1 8 mo/ important "w4 ,9 x he %[$ himself a ?or\gh-go+ critic ( ! ,ric>dian sy/em4 ,jones's me?od is inductive2 8 conclusions are f\nd$ on a wide obs]vation ( contempor>y facts1 aid$ by ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,! _w he pr(ess$ to /udy 0 n an imag9>y _w1 inhabit$ by ab/ract economic m51 b ! real _w ) ! diff]5t =ms :i* ! own]%ip & cultivation ( l&1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! conditions ( production & di/ribution1 assume at diff]5t times & places4 ,8 recognition ( su* diff]5t sy/ems ( life 9 communities occupy+ diff]5t /ages 9 ! progress ( civilization l$ to 8 proposal ( :at he call$ a political economy ( nations4 ,?is 0 a prote/ aga9/ ! practice ( tak+ ! exceptional /ate ( facts :i* exi/s1 & is inde$ only p>tially realiz$1 9 a small corn] ( our planet z repres5t+ ! uni=m type ( human societies1 & ignor+ ! effects ( ! e>ly hi/ory & special developm5t ( ea* community z influ5c+ its economic ph5om5a4 ,jones is rem>kable = 8 fre$om f exagg]ation & "o-sid$ /atem5t2 ?us1 :il/ hold+ ,mal?us 91 p]haps1 undue e/eem1 he decl9es to accept ! proposition t an increase ( ! means ( subsi/5ce is necess>ily foll[$ by an increase ( population2 & he ma9ta9s :at is und\bt$ly true1 t ) ! gr[? ( population1 9 all well-gov]n$ & prosp]\s /ates1 ! comm& ov] food1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 increases4 ,a collect$ edition ( ,jones's works1 ) a preface by ,w4 ,:ewell1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,,jones1 ,,?omas ,,rup]t 7#ahai- 71 ,engli% geologi/ & palaeontologi/1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahai4 ,:ile at a private s*ool at ,ilm9/]1 8 att5tion 0 attract$ to geology by ! fossils t are s abundant 9 ! ,lias qu>ries4 ,9 #ahce he 0 appr5tic$ to a surgeon at ,taunton1 & he complet$ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 #ahdb at ,newbury 9 ,b]k%ire4 ,he 0 !n engag$ 9 practice ma9ly 9 ,london1 till 9 #ahdi he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant secret>y to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 made pr(essor ( geology at ! ,royal ,milit>y ,college1 ,s&hur/4 ,hav+ devot$ 8 especial att5tion to fossil microzoa1 he n[ became ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,engl& on ! ,=am9if]a & ,entomo/raca4 ,he edit$ ! #bnd edition ( ,mantell's ,m$als ( ,creation 7#ahed71 ! #crd edition ( ,mantell's ,geological ,excursions r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight 7#ahed71 & ! #g? edition ( ,mantell's ,wond]s ( ,geology 7#aheg72 he also edit$ ! #bnd edition ( ,dixon's ,geology ( ,sussex 7#ahgh74 ,he 0 elect$ ,f4,r4,s4 9 #ahgb & 0 aw>d$ ! ,lyell m$al by ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahij4 ,= _m ye>s he 0 specially int]e/$ 9 ! geology ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,8 publications include ,a ,monograph ( ! ,entomo/raca ( ! ,cretace\s ,=mation ( ,engl& 7,palaeontograph4 ,soc41 #ahdi72 ,a ,monograph ( ! ,t]ti>y ,entomo/raca ( ,engl& 7ibid4 #aheg72 ,a ,monograph ( ! ,fossil ,e/h]iae 7ibid4 #ahfb72 ,a ,monograph ( ! ,=am9if]a ( ! ,crag 7ibid4 #ahff1 c41 ) ,h4 ,b4 ,brady72 & num]\s articles 9 ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geologi/s' ,association1 & o!r j\rnals4 ,,jones1 ,,william 7#agbf-ahjj71 ,engli% div9e1 0 born at ,l[ick1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire on ! #cj? ( ,july #agbf4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f an old ,wel% family & "o ( 8 prog5itors 0 ,colonel ,john ,jones1 bro!r-9-law ( ,cromwell4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,*>t]h\se ,s*ool1 & at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,!re a k9dr$ ta/e = music1 z well z a simil>ity 9 reg>d to o!r po9ts ( "*1 l$ to 8 close intimacy ) ,george ,horne 7q4v471 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,norwi*1 :om he induc$ to /udy ,hut*9sonian doctr9es4 ,aft] obta9+ 8 ba*elor's degree 9 #agdi1 ,jones held v>i\s pref]m5ts4 ,9 #aggg he obta9$ ! p]petual curacy ( ,nayl&1 ,suffolk1 & on ,horne's appo9tm5t to ,norwi* became 8 *apla91 aft]w>ds writ+ 8 life4 ,8 vic>age became ! c5tre ( a ,high ,*ur* cot]ie1 & ,jones himself 0 a l9k betwe5 ! non-jurors & ! ,ox=d movem5t4 ,he c\ld write intelligibly on ab/ruse topics4 ,he di$ on ! #f? ( ,janu>y #ahjj4 ,9 #agef ,jones publi%$ 8 tractate ,on ! ,ca?olic ,doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 a /atem5t ( ! doctr9e f ! ,hut*9sonian po9t ( view1 ) a succ9ct & able summ>y ( biblical pro(s4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #agfb by an ,essay on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ ! !ories ( ,hut*9son 9 opposition to ^? ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & 9 #agha he dealt ) ! same subject 9 ,physiological ,disquisitions4 ,jones 0 also ! orig9ator ( ! ,briti% ,critic 7,may #agic74 ,8 collect$ works1 ) a life by ,william ,/ev5s1 appe>$ 9 #ahja1 9 #ab vols41 & 7 cond5s$ into #f vols4 9 #ahaj4 ,a life ( ,jones1 =m+ pt4 #e ( ! ,biography ( ,engli% ,div9es1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi4 ,,jones1 ,,sir ,,william 7#agdf-agid71 ,briti% ,ori5tali/ & juri/1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #agdf4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself at ,h>r[1 & dur+ 8 la/ ?ree ye>s !re appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ,ori5tal languages1 tea*+ himself ! rudim5ts ( ,arabic1 & read+ ,hebrew ) tol]able ease4 ,9 8 vacations he improv$ 8 acqua9tance ) ,fr5* & ,italian4 ,9 #agfd ,jones ent]$ ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he cont9u$ to /udy ,ori5tal lit]ature1 & p]fect$ himself 9 ,p]sian & ,arabic by ! aid ( a ,syrian ,mirza1 :om he _h discov]$ & br\ght f ,london4 ,he add$ to 8 k ( ,hebrew & made consid]able progress 9 ,italian1 ,spani% & ,portuguese4 ,he began ! /udy ( ,*9ese1 & made himself ma/] ( ! radical *>act]s ( t language4 ,dur+ five ye>s he p>tly support$ himself by act+ z tutor to ,"l ,al?orpe1 aft]w>ds ! second ,e>l ,sp5c]1 & 9 #agff he obta9$ a fell[%ip4 ,?\gh b tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 he 0 already becom+ fam\s z an ,ori5tali/1 & :5 ,*ri/ian ,,vii4 ( ,d5m>k visit$ ,engl& 9 #agfh1 br++ ) him a life ( ,nadir ,%ah 9 ,p]sian1 ,jones 0 reque/$ to translate ! ,,ms4 into ,fr5*4 ,! translation appe>$ 9 #aggj1 ) an introduction conta9+ a description ( ,asia & a %ort hi/ory ( ,p]sia4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 ! same ye> by a ,trait sur la posie ori5tale1 & by a ,fr5* metrical translation ( ! odes ( ,hafiz4 ,9 #agga he publi%$ a ,diss]tation sur la littrature ori5tale1 def5d+ ,ox=d s*ol>s aga9/ ! criticisms made by ,anquetil ,du ,p]ron 9 ! introduction to 8 translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,p]sian ,language4 ,9 #aggb ,jones publi%$ a volume ( ,poems1 ,*iefly ,translations f ,asiatick ,languages1 toge!r ) ,two ,essays on ! ,poetry ( ,ea/]n ,nations & on ! ,arts commonly call$ ,imitative1 & 9 #aggd a treatise entitl$ ,poeseos ,asiaticae comm5tatorium libri sex1 :i* def9itely confirm$ 8 au?ority z an ,ori5tal s*ol>4 ,f9d+ t "s m f9ancially pr(itable occupation 0 necess>y1 ,jones devot$ himself ) 8 cu/om>y en]gy to ! /udy ( ! law1 & 0 call$ to ! b> at ! ,middle ,temple 9 #aggd4 ,he /udi$ n m]ely ! te*nicalities1 b ! philosophy1 ( law1 & )9 two ye>s _h acquir$ s consid]able a reputation t he 0 9 #aggf appo9t$ commission] 9 bankruptcy4 ,besides writ+ an ,essay on ! ,law ( ,bailm5ts1 :i* enjoy$ a high reputation bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ,jones translat$1 9 #aggh1 ! spee*es ( ,isaeus on ! ,a!nian "r ( inh]itance4 ,9 #aghj he 0 a p>liam5t>y c&idate = ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 b )drew f ! conte/ be=e ! day ( election1 z he f\nd he _h no *ance ( success ow+ to 8 ,lib]al op9ions1 especially on ! que/ions ( ! ,am]ican ,w> & ( ! slave trade4 ,9 #aghc 0 publi%$ 8 translation ( ! sev5 anci5t ,arabic poems call$ ,moallakt4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 appo9t$ judge ( ! supreme c\rt ( judicature at ,calcutta1 !n ,=t ,william1 & 0 knight$4 ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,india he f\nd$1 9 ,janu>y #aghd1 ! ,b5gal ,asiatic ,society1 ( :i* he rema9$ presid5t till 8 dea?4 ,conv9c$ z he 0 ( ! great importance ( consult+ ! ,h9du legal au?orities 9 ! orig9al1 he at once began ! /udy ( ,sanskrit1 & und]took1 9 #aghh1 ! colossal task ( compil+ a dige/ ( ,h9du & ,mahomm$an law4 ,?is he did n live to complete1 b he publi%$ ! admirable beg9n+s ( x 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ,h9du ,law1 or ! ,ord9ances ( ,manu 7#agid72 8 ,mohamm$an ,law ( ,succession to ,prop]ty ( ,inte/ates2 & 8 ,mohamm$an ,law ( ,inh]itance 7#agib74 ,9 #aghi ,jones _h complet$ 8 translation ( ,kalidasa's mo/ fam\s drama1 ,sakuntala4 ,he also translat$ ! collection ( fables entitl$ ! ,hitopadesa1 ! ,gitagov9da1 & consid]able portions ( ! ,v$as1 besides edit+ ! text ( ,kalidasa's poem ,ritusamh>a4 ,he 0 a l>ge contributor also to 8 society's volumes ( ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 ,8 unremitt+ lit]>y lab\rs1 toge!r ) 8 heavy judicial "w1 told on 8 heal? aft] a t5 ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,b5gal2 & he di$ at ,calcutta on ! #bg? ( ,april #agid4 ,an extraord9>y l+ui/1 kn[+ ?irte5 languages well1 & hav+ a mod]ate acqua9tance ) tw5ty-eight o!rs1 8 range ( k 0 enorm\s4 ,z a pione] 9 ,sanskrit le>n+ & z f\nd] ( ! ,asiatic ,society he r5d]$ ! language & lit]ature ( ! anci5t ,h9dus accessible to ,european s*ol>s1 & ?us became ! indirect cause ( lat] a*ievem5ts 9 ! field ( ,sanskrit & comp>ative philology4 ,a monum5t to 8 memory 0 erect$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,/ ,paul's1 ,london1 & a /atue 9 ,calcutta4 ,see ! ,memoir 7#ahjd7 by ,"l ,teignm\?1 publi%$ 9 ! collect$ edition ( ,sir ,w4 ,jones's works4 ,j,,nk,,p+1 a t[n ( ,sw$51 capital ( ! di/rict 7ln7 ( ,jnkp+1 #bcj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,/ockholm by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #bc1adc4 ,x occupies a beautiful b some:at unheal?y position betwe5 ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,vett] & two small lakes1 ,roksj & ,munksj4 ,two qu>t]s ( ! t[n1 ,sv5ska ,mad & ,tyska ,mad1 recall ! "t :5 ! site 0 a m>% 7mad71 & build+s 7 con/ruct$ on piles4 ,! resid5tial suburbs among ! hills1 especially ,dunkehall>1 are attractive & heal?i] ?an ! t[n4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,kri/9e 7c4 #afej71 ! c\rt-h\ses1 t[n-hall1 gov]nm5t build+s1 & high s*ool1 are notewor?y4 ,! t[n is "o ( ! lead+ indu/rial c5tres 9 ,sw$54 ,! mat* manufacture1 = :i* x is pr9cipally fam\s1 0 f\nd$ by ,johan ,edv>d ,lund/rm 9 #ahdd4 ,! well-kn[n br& ( sk]hets-tnd/ickor 7safety-mat*es7 0 introduc$ lat]4 ,!re are also textile manufactures1 pap]-factories 7on ,munksj71 & me*anical works4 ,!re is a l>ge fire-arms factory at ,huskv>na1 #e m4 ,e4 ,wat]-p[] is suppli$ "h by a f9e s]ies ( falls4 ,! hill ,tab]g1 #h m4 ,s41 is a mass ( magnetic iron ore1 ris+ #daj ft4 above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 #biej ft4 long & #adge ft4 broad1 b ! p]c5tage ( iron is l[ z comp>$ ) ! ri* ores ( o!r p>ts1 & ! deposit is little work$4 ,jnkp+ is ! seat ( "o ( ! ?ree c\rts ( appeal 9 ,sw$54 ,jnkp+ receiv$ ! e>lie/ extant ,sw$i% *>t] 9 #abhd f ,magnus ,i4 ,! ca/le is m5tion$ 9 #abfc1 :5 ,waldem> ,birg]sson m>ri$ ! ,dani% pr9cess ,sophia4 ,jnkp+ 0 aft]w>ds ! sc5e ( _m ev5ts ( mom5t 9 ,sc&9avian hi/ory--( p>liam5ts 9 #aceg1 #adci1 & #aeii2 ( ! meet+ ( ! ,dani% & ,sw$i% pl5ipot5ti>ies 9 #addh2 & ( ! dea? ( ,/5 ,/ure1 ! eld]1 9 #aejc4 ,9 #afab ,gu/avus ,adolphus caus$ ! inhabitants to de/roy _! t[n le/ x %\ld fall into ! h&s ( ! ,danes2 b x 0 rebuilt soon aft]1 & 9 #afbj receiv$ special privileges f ! k+4 ,at ?is p]iod a textile indu/ry 0 />t$ "h1 ! fir/ ( any importance 9 ,sw$54 ,x 0 f ! ,dut* & ,g]man workm51 introduc$ at ?is "t1 t ! qu>t] ,tyska ,mad receiv$ its "n4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #ahji ! pl5ipot5ti>ies ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k conclud$ peace 9 ! t[n4 ,,jonson1 ,,b5#a 7#aegc-afcg71 ,engli% dramati/1 0 born1 probably 9 ,we/m9/]1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aegc 7or possibly1 if he reckon$ by ! unadopt$ mod]n cal5d>1 #aegb2 see ,ca/ela91 p4 #d1 note #a74 ,by ! poet's acc\nt 8 gr&fa!r _h be5 a g5tleman :o came f ,c>lisle1 & orig9ally1 ! gr&son ?\ght1 f ,ann&ale4 ,8 arms1 ?ree sp9dles or rhombi1 are ! family device ( ! ,john/ones ( ,ann&ale1 a fact :i* confirms 8 ass]tion ( ,bord] desc5t4 ,b5 ,jonson fur!r relat$ t he 0 born a mon? aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 :o1 aft] suff]+ 9 e/ate & p]son "u ,que5 ,m>y1 _h 9 ! end turn$ m9i/]4 ,two ye>s aft] ! bir? ( h] son ! wid[ m>ri$ aga92 %e may be suppos$ to h lov$ him 9 a passionate way peculi> to h]self1 s9ce on "o occasion we f9d h] reveal+ an almo/ f]oci\s det]m9ation to save 8 hon\r at ! co/ ( bo? 8 life & h] own4 ,jonson's /epfa!r 0 a ma/] bricklay]1 liv+ 9 ,h>t%orn ,lane1 ne> ,*>+ ,cross1 :o provid$ 8 /epson ) ! f\ndations ( a good education4 ,aft] att5d+ a private s*ool 9 ,/ ,m>t9's ,lane1 ! boy 0 s5t to ,we/m9/] ,s*ool at ! exp5se1 x is said1 ( ,william ,camd54 ,jonson's gratitude = an education to :i* 9 tru? he ow$ an almo/ ine/imable debt conc5trat$ itself ^u ! mo/ rev]5d head ( 8 b5efactor1 !n second & aft]w>ds head ma/] ( ! fam\s s*ool1 & ! firm fri5d ( 8 pupil 9 lat] life4 ,aft] rea*+ ! highe/ =m at ,we/m9/]1 ,jonson is /at$1 b on unsatisfactory evid5ce1 to h proce$$ to ,cambridge--accord+ to ,full]1 to ,/ ,john's ,college4 7,= reasons 9 support ( ! tradition t he 0 a memb] ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 see ,j4 ,b4 ,mull+]1 ! ,eagle1 ,no4 xxv47 ,he says1 h[ev]1 himself t he /udi$ at nei!r univ]sity1 b 0 put to a trade imm$iately on leav+ s*ool4 ,he soon _h en\gh ( ! trade1 :i* 0 no d\bt 8 fa!r's bricklay+1 = ,h5sl[e 9 writ+ to ,edw>d ,alleyne ( 8 affair ) ,gabriel ,sp5s] calls him b]gem5 sic ,jonson1 bricklay]4 ,ei!r be=e or aft] 8 m>riage--m probably be=e1 z ,sir ,francis ,v]e's ?ree ,engli% regim5ts 7 n remov$ f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries till #aeib--;he sp5t "s "t 9 t c\ntry soldi]+1 mu* to 8 own subsequ5t satisfaction :5 ! days ( self-consci\s retrospect arriv$1 b to no fur!r purpose beyond t ( see+ some?+ ( ! _w4 ,b5 ,jonson m>ri$ n lat] ?an #aeib4 ,! regi/]s ( ,/ ,m>t9's ,*ur* /ate t 8 elde/ daught] ,m>ia di$ 9 ,novemb] #aeic :5 %e 01 ,jonson tells u 7epigram #bb71 only six mon?s old4 ,8 elde/ son ,b5jam9 di$ ( ! plague t5 ye>s lat] 7epigram #de74 7,a y\ng] ,b5jam9 di$ 9 #afce47 ,8 wife ,jonson *>act]iz$ to ,drummond z a %rew1 b hone/2 & = a p]iod 7undat$7 ( five ye>s he pref]r$ to live )\t h]1 enjoy+ ! hospitality ( ,"l ,aubigny 7aft]w>ds duke ( ,l5nox74 ,long burn+s ( oil among 8 books1 & long spells ( recreation at ! tav]n1 su* z ,jonson lov$1 are n ! mo/ fav\r$ accompanim5ts ( family life4 ,b ,jonson 0 no /rang] to ! t5d]e/ ( affections3 two at lea/ ( ! sev]al *ildr5 :om 8 wife bore to him he commemorat$ 9 t\*+ little tributes ( v]se2 nor 9 speak+ ( 8 lo/ elde/ daught] did he =get h] "m's te>s4 ,by ! middle ( #aeig we come across fur!r docum5t>y evid5ce ( him at home 9 ,london 9 ! %ape ( an entry 9 ,philip ,h5sl[e's di>y 7,july #bh7 ( #cs4 #f;d4 receiv$ ( ,b5gem5es ,johnsones %>e4 ,he 0 !re=e by ?is "t--:5 ,%akespe>e1 8 s5ior by ne>ly n9e ye>s1 0 already 9 prosp]\s circum/ances & good e/eem--at lea/ a regul> memb] ( ! act+ pr(ession1 ) a fix$ engagem5t 9 ! "l admiral's company1 !n p]=m+ "u ,h5sl[e's managem5t at ! ,rose4 ,p]haps he _h previ\sly act$ at ! ,curta9 7a =m] h\se ( ! "l admiral's m571 & tak5 mad ,j]onimo's "p on a play-wagon 9 ! highway4 ,?is latt] appe>ance1 if x ev] took place1 w\ld1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,gif=d1 probably h be5 9 ,?omas ,kyd's ,spani% ,trag$y1 s9ce 9 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,j]onimo ,jonson w\ld h _h1 mo/ inappropriately1 to dwell on ! smallness ( 8 bulk4 ,he 0 at a subsequ5t date 7#afja7 employ$ by ,h5sl[e to write up ,! ,spani% ,trag$y1 & ?is fact may h giv5 rise to ,wood's /ory ( 8 p]=mance z a /roll] 7see1 h[ev]1 ,fleay1 ,! ,engli% ,drama1 ii4 #bi1 #cj74 ,jonson's additions1 :i* 7 n ! fir/ *anges made 9 ! play1 are usually suppos$ to be ^? pr9t$ ) ,! ,spani% ,trag$y 9 ! edition ( #afjb2 ,*>les ,lamb's d\bts on ! subject1 :i* 7 %>$ by ,col]idge1 seem an in/ance ( t subjective k9d ( criticism :i* x is unsafe to foll[ :5 ! ext]nal evid5ce to ! contr>y is s /rong4 ,accord+ to ,aubrey1 ^: /atem5t mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 ,jonson 0 nev] a good actor1 b an excell5t in/ructor4 ,8 physique 0 c]ta9ly n well adapt$ to ! hi/rionic conditions ( 8--p]haps ( any--day2 b1 9 any case1 x 0 n long be=e he f\nd 8 place 9 ! organism ( 8 company4 ,9 #aeig1 z we "k f ,h5sl[e1 ,jonson und]took to write a play = ! "l admiral's m52 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 m5tion$ by ,m]s 9 8 ,palladis ,tamia z "o ( ! be/ = trag$y1 )\t any ref]5ce to a connexion on 8 "p ) ! o!r bran* ( ! drama4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a criticism bas$ on mat]ial evid5ce or an unconsci\s slip1 ,b5 ,jonson 9 ! same ye> #aeih produc$ "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,engli% com$ies1 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 :i* 0 fir/ act$--probably 9 ! e>li] "p ( ,septemb]--by ! "l *amb]la9's company at ! ,curta94 ,%akespe>e 0 "o ( ! actors 9 ,jonson's com$y1 & x is 9 ! "* ( ,old ,kn[ell 9 ?is v play t1 accord+ to a bold b +5i\s guess1 he is repres5t$ 9 ! half-l5g? portrait ( him 9 ! folio ( #afbc1 b5ea? :i* 7 pr9t$ ,jonson's l9es conc]n+ ! picture4 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r 0 publi%$ 9 #afja2 ! critical prologue fir/ appe>s 9 ! folio ( #afaf1 & !re are o!r div]g5ces 7see ,ca/ela91 app5dix ,a74 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! play 0 reviv$ 9 #agea by ,g>rick 7:o act$ ,kitely7 ) alt]ations1 & long cont9u$ to be kn[n on ! /age4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 ! same ye> by ,! ,case is ,alt]$1 act$ by ! *ildr5 ( ! que5's revels1 :i* conta9s a satirical attack ^u ! pageant poet1 ,an?ony ,munday4 ,?is com$y1 :i* 0 n includ$ 9 ! folio editions1 is "o ( intrigue r ?an ( "*2 x conta9s obvi\s rem9isc5ces ( ,%ylock & 8 daught]4 ,! e>li] ( ^! two com$ies 0 indisputably successful4 ,be=e ! ye> #aeih 0 out1 h[ev]1 ,jonson f\nd himself 9 prison & 9 dang] ( ! gall[s4 ,9 a duel1 f\ght on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb] 9 ,hogsd5 ,fields1 he _h kill$ an actor ( ,h5sl[e's company nam$ ,gabriel ,sp5s]4 ,! qu>rel ) ,h5sl[e consequ5t on ?is ev5t may acc\nt = ! production ( ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r by ! rival company4 ,9 prison ,jonson 0 visit$ by a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 & ! result 7c]ta9ly /range1 if ,jonson's p>5tage is consid]$7 0 8 conv]sion to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 to :i* he adh]$ = twelve ye>s4 ,jonson 0 aft]w>ds a dilig5t /ud5t ( div9ity2 b1 ?\gh 8 m9d 0 religi\s1 x is n probable t its natural bias mu* incl9$ x to dwell ^u cre$s & _! controv]sies4 ,he plead$ guilty to ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ him1 z ! rolls ( ,middlesex sessions %[2 b1 aft] a %ort imprisonm5t1 he 0 releas$ by b5efit ( cl]gy1 =feit+ 8 goods & *attels1 & be+ br&$ on 8 left ?umb4 ,! affair does n seem to h affect$ 8 reputation2 9 #aeii he is f\nd back aga9 at "w = ,h5sl[e1 receiv+ toge!r ) ,dekk]1 ,*ettle & ano!r g5tleman1 e>ne/-money = a trag$y 7undiscov]$7 call$ ,rob]t ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,scots4 ,9 ! same ye> he br\ght out ?r\gh ! "l *amb]la9's company 7possibly already at ! ,globe1 !n newly built or build+7 ! elaborate com$y ( ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r 7qu>to #afjj2 fol4 #afaf7--;a play subsequ5tly pres5t$ be=e ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,! sun%9e ( c\rt fav\r1 r>ely diffus$ dur+ h] reign 9 rays o!rwise ?an figuratively gold51 0 n to br+ any mat]ial com=t to ! mo/ le>n$ ( h] dramati/s1 be=e !re 0 laid ^u h] ! inevitable h& ( :i* 8 c\rtly epilogue _h bes\ght dea? to =get ! use4 ,inde$1 ( 8 ,cyn?ia's ,revels1 p]=m$ by ! *apel *ildr5 9 #afjj & pr9t$ ) ! fir/ title ( ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,self-,love 9 #afja1 ?\gh x 0 no d\bt prim>ily design$ z a complim5t to ! que51 ! mo/ m>k$ result _h be5 to (f5d two playwrights ( note--,dekk]1 ) :om he _h =m]ly work$ 9 company1 & :o _h a heal?y if r\gh grip ( 8 own2 & ,m>/on1 :o 0 p]haps less dang]\s by 8 /r5g? ?an by 8 v]satility4 ,accord+ to ,jonson1 8 qu>rel ) ,m>/on _h begun by ! latt] attack+ 8 morals1 & 9 ! c\rse ( x !y came to bl[s1 & might h come to worse4 ,9 ,cyn?ia's ,revels1 ,dekk] is g5]ally held to be satiriz$ z ,h$on1 & ,m>/on z ,anaides 7,fleay1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ,anaides is ,dekk]1 & ,h$on ,daniel71 :ile ! "* ( ,crites mo/ assur$ly has "s features ( ,jonson himself4 ,le>n+ ! int5tion ( ! two writ]s :om he _h satiriz$1 or at all ev5ts ( ,dekk]1 to wreak lit]>y v5geance ^u him1 he anticipat$ !m 9 ,! ,poeta/] 7#afja71 aga9 play$ by ! *ildr5 ( ! que5's *apel at ! ,blackfri>s & pr9t$ 9 #afjb2 ,m>/on & ,dekk] are "h ridicul$ respectively z ! ari/ocratic ,crisp9us & ! vulg> ,demetrius4 ,! play 0 complet$ fifte5 weeks aft] its plot 0 fir/ conceiv$4 ,x is n c]ta9 to :at ! proce$+s aga9/ au?or & play be=e ! "l *ief ju/ice1 ref]r$ to 9 ! d$ication ( ! edition ( #afaf1 _h ref]5ce1 or :5 !y 7 in/itut$4 ,fleay's supposition t ! purge1 said 9 ! ,returne f ,p>nassus 7,pt4 ,,ii4 act iv4 sc4 iii47 to h be5 adm9i/]$ by ,%akespe>e to ,jonson 9 return = ,horace's pill to ! poets 9 ?is piece1 consi/$ ( ,troilus & ,cressida is supremely +5i\s1 b _c be exam9$ "h4 ,z = ,dekk]1 he retaliat$ on ,! ,poeta/] by ! ,satiroma/ix1 or ,! ,untruss+ ( ! ,humor\s ,poet 7#afjb74 ,"s m la/ words 7 inde$ attempt$ on ,jonson's "p1 b 9 ! ,apologetic ,dialogue add$ to ,! ,poeta/] 9 ! edition ( #afaf1 ?\gh exclud$ f t ( #afjb1 he says he int5ds to turn 8 att5tion to trag$y4 ,?is int5tion he app>5tly c>ri$ out imm$iately1 = 9 #afjb he receiv$ #aj f ,h5sl[e = a play1 entitl$ ,ri*>d ,crookbacke1 n[ lo/--un=tunately s1 = purposes ( comp>ison 9 p>ticul>1 ev5 if x 0 only1 z ,fleay conjectures1 an alt]ation ( ,m>l[e's play4 ,accord+ to a /atem5t by ,ov]bury1 e>ly 9 #afjc1 ,b5 ,johnson1 ! poet1 n[ lives ^u "o ,t[nes5d1 suppos$ to h be5 ! poet & masque-writ] ,aurelian ,t[n%5d1 at "o "t /ew>d to ! #a/ e>l ( ,salisbury1 & scornes ! _w4 ,to 8 o!r e>ly patron1 ,"l ,aubigny1 ,jonson d$icat$ ! fir/ ( 8 two extant trag$ies1 ,sejanus1 produc$ by ! k+'s s]vants at ! ,globe late 9 #afjc1 ,%akespe>e once m tak+ a "p 9 ! p]=mance4 ,ei!r on its p]=mance or on its appe>+ 9 pr9t 9 #afje1 ,jonson 0 call$ be=e ! privy c\ncil by ! ,e>l ( ,nor?ampton4 ,b x is op5 to "q :e!r ?is 0 ! occasion on :i*1 accord+ to ,jonson's /atem5t to ,drummond1 ,nor?ampton accus$ him bo? ( pop]y & treason 7see ,ca/ela91 ,app5dix ,c74 ,?\gh1 = "o reason or ano!r1 unsuccessful at fir/1 ! endurance ( its reputation is atte/$ by its p]=mance1 9 a ,g]man v]sion by an ,engli%man1 ,john ,mi*ael ,giri%1 at ! c\rt ( ! gr&son ( ,james ,i4 at ,heidelb]g4 ,:5 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 op5$ 9 ,engl& & an adulatory loyalty seem$ int5t on %[+ t x _h n exhau/$ itself at ! feet ( ,gloriana1 ,jonson's well-/or$ bra9 & ready p5 _h _! %>e 9 devis+ & execut+ +5i\s v>iations on ! !me ,welcome--s9ce we _c d )\t !e6 ,) extraord9>y promptitude 8 g5ius1 :i*1 f> f be+ pond]\s 9 its op]ations1 0 s+ul>ly swift & flexible 9 adapt+ itself to ! dem&s made ^u x1 met ! new ta/e = masques & ent]ta9m5ts--new ( c\rse 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d--introduc$ ) ! new reign & fo/]$ by bo? ! k+ & 8 consort4 ,! pageant :i* on ! #g? ( ,may #afjc bade ! k+ welcome to a capital dissolv$ 9 joy 0 p>tly ( ,jonson's1 p>tly ( ,dekk]'s1 devis+2 & he 0 able to deep5 & div]sify ! impression by ! composition ( masques pres5t$ to ,james ,i4 :5 ent]ta9$ at h\ses ( ! nobility4 ,! ,satyr 7#afjc7 0 produc$ on "o ( ^! occasions1 ,que5 ,anne's soj\rn at ,al?orpe1 ! seat ( ,sir ,rob]t ,sp5c]1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,al?orpe1 :o seems to h previ\sly be/[$ "s patronage ^u him4 ,! ,p5ates foll[$ on ,may-day #afjd at ! h\se ( ,sir ,william ,cornwallis at ,highgate1 & ! que5 h]self ) h] ladies play$ 8 ,masque ( ,blackness at ,:itehall 9 #afje4 ,he 0 soon occasionally employ$ by ! c\rt itself--already 9 #afjf 9 conjunction ) ,inigo ,jones1 z responsible = ! pa9t+ & c>p5try--& ?us spe$ily %[$ himself ma/] 9 a species ( composition = :i*1 m ?an any o!r ,engli% poet be=e ,milton1 he secur$ an endur+ place 9 ! national poetic lit]ature4 ,p]sonally1 no d\bt1 he d]iv$ consid]able mat]ial b5efit f ! new fa%ion--m especially if 8 /atem5t to ,drummond 0 any?+ l correct1 t out ( 8 plays 7:i* may be presum$ to mean 8 orig9al plays7 he _h nev] ga9$ a c\ple ( hundr$ p\nds4 ,good hum\r seems to h come back ) good =tune4 ,jo9t employm5t 9 ,! ,k+'s ,ent]ta9m5t 7#afjd7 _h reconcil$ him ) ,dekk]2 & ) ,m>/on also1 :o 9 #afjd d$icat$ to him 8 ,malcont5t1 he 0 aga9 on pleasant t]ms4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 #afjd ,m>/on & ,*apman 7:o1 ,jonson told ,drummond1 0 lov$ ( him1 & :om he _h probably hon\r$ z ,virgil 9 ,! ,poeta/]1 & :o has1 ?\gh on d\btful gr\nds1 be5 suppos$ to h collaborat$ 9 ! orig9al ,sejanus7 produc$ ! excell5t com$y ( ,ea/w>d ,ho1 x appe>s to h conta9$ "s contributions by ,jonson4 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 ! au?ors 7 arre/$ on acc\nt ( "o or m passages 9 ! play :i* 7 deem$ insult+ to ! ,scots1 he volunt>ily imprison$ himself ) !m4 ,!y 7 soon releas$1 & a banquet at 8 exp5se1 att5d$ by ,camd5 & ,seld51 t]m9at$ ! incid5t4 ,if ,jonson is to be believ$1 !re _h be5 a report t ! prison]s 7 to h _! e>s & noses cut1 &1 ) ref]5ce app>5tly to ?is p]il1 at ! mid/ ( ! fea/ 8 old "m drank to him1 & %[$ him a pap] :i* %e _h int5d$ 7if ! s5t5ce _h tak5 execution7 to h mix$ 9 ! prison among 8 dr9k1 :i* 0 full ( lu/y /rong poison2 & t %e 0 no *url1 %e told him1 %e m9d$ fir/ to h drunk ( x h]self4 ,/range to say1 9 #afje ,jonson & ,*apman1 ?\gh ! =m]1 z he av]r$1 _h s attemp]$ 8 /yle z to h giv5 no cause to any good man ( grief1 7 aga9 9 prison on acc\nt ( a play2 b !y appe> to h be5 once m spe$ily set free1 9 consequ5ce ( a v manly & dignifi$ lett] address$ by ,jonson to ! ,e>l ( ,salisbury4 ,z to ! relations betwe5 ,*apman & ,jonson1 illu/rat$ by newly discov]$ lett]s1 see ,b]tram ,dobell 9 ! ,a!naeum ,no4 #chca 7,m>* #cj1 #aija71 & ! comm5ts ( ,ca/ela94 ,he ?9ks t ! play 9 "q1 9 :i* bo? ,*apman & ,jonson took "p1 0 ,sir ,gyles ,goosecappe1 & t ! la/ imprisonm5t ( ! two poets 0 %ortly aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,gunp[d] ,plot4 ,9 ! my/]i\s hi/ory ( ! ,gunp[d] ,plot ,jonson c]ta9ly _h "s obscure "p4 ,on ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 v soon aft] ! discov]y ( ! conspiracy1 ! c\ncil appe>s to h s5t = him & to h ask$ him1 z a loyal ,roman ,ca?olic1 to use 8 good (fices 9 induc+ ! prie/s to d some?+ requir$ by ! c\ncil--"o h>dly likes to conjecture x to h be5 "s tamp]+ ) ! secrets ( confession4 ,9 any case1 ! negotiations fell ?r\gh1 because ! prie/s decl9$ to come =? out ( _! hid+-places to be negotiat$ )--greatly to ! wra? ( ,b5 ,jonson1 :o decl>es 9 a lett] to ,"l ,salisbury t !y are all s enweav$ 9 x t x w make #ejj g5tlem5 less ( ! religion )9 ?is week1 if !y c>ry _! und]/&+ ab\t !m4 ,jonson himself1 h[ev]1 did n decl>e 8 sep>ation f ! ,*ur* ( ,rome = five ye>s long]1 h[ev] mu* x might h be5 to 8 advantage to d s4 ,8 p[]s z a dramati/ 7 at _! height dur+ ! e>li] half ( ! reign ( ,james ,i42 & by ! ye> #afaf he _h produc$ ne>ly all ! plays :i* are wor?y ( 8 g5ius4 ,!y include ! trag$y ( ,catil9e 7act$ & pr9t$ #afaa71 :i* a*iev$ only a d\btful success1 & ! com$ies ( ,volpone1 or ! ,fox 7act$ #afje & pr9t$ 9 #afjg ) a d$ication f my h\se 9 ! ,blackfri>s71 ,epico5e1 or ! ,sil5t ,woman 7#afji2 ent]$ 9 ! ,/ation]s' ,regi/] #afaj71 ! ,al*emi/ 7#afaj2 pr9t$ 9 #afaj71 ,b>?olomew ,fair & ,! ,devil is an ,ass 7act$ respectively 9 #afad & #afaf74 ,dur+ ! same p]iod he produc$ sev]al masques1 usually 9 connexion ) ,inigo ,jones1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 he seems to h qu>rell$ already 9 ?is reign1 ?\gh x is v d\btful :e!r ! ar*itect is really int5d$ to be ridicul$ 9 ,b>?olomew ,fair "u ! "* ( ,lan?orn ,lea!rhead4 ,littlewit1 accord+ to ,fleay1 is ,daniel4 ,among ! mo/ attractive ( 8 masques may be m5tion$ ! ,masque ( ,blackness 7#afjf71 ! ,masque ( ,beauty 7#afjh71 & ! ,masque ( ,que5s 7#afji71 describ$ by ,sw9burne z ! mo/ spl5did ( all masques & z "o ( ! typically spl5did monum5ts or trophies ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,9 #afaf a mode/ p5sion ( #ajj m>ks a ye> 0 conf]r$ ^u him2 & possibly ?is sign ( royal fav\r may h enc\rag$ him to ! publication ( ! fir/ volume ( ! folio collect$ edition ( 8 works 7#afaf71 ?\gh !re are indications t he _h contemplat$ its production1 an exceptional task = a playwright ( 8 times to take 9 h&1 z e>ly z #afab4 ,he _h o!r patrons m b\ntiful ?an ! ,cr[n1 & = a brief space ( "t 79 #afac7 _h travell$ to ,france z gov]nor 7)\t app>5tly mu* moral au?ority7 to ! elde/ son ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 !n a /ate prison] 9 ! ,t[]1 = ^: society ,jonson may h ga9$ a lik+ at ! ,m]maid ,tav]n 9 ,*eapside1 b = ^: p]sonal "* he1 l s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 seems to h _h b small e/eem4 ,by ! ye> #afaf ,jonson seems to h made up 8 m9d to cease writ+ = ! /age1 :]e nei!r 8 success nor 8 pr(its _h equall$ 8 m]its & expectations4 ,he cont9u$ to produce masques & ent]ta9m5ts :5 call$ ^u2 b he 0 attract$ by _m o!r lit]>y pursuits1 & _h already accompli%$ en\gh to furni% pl5tiful mat]ials = retrospective disc\rse ov] pipe or cup4 ,he 0 already entitl$ to "l x at ! ,m]maid1 :]e 8 quick antagoni/ 9 e>li] wit-combats 7if ,full]'s fam\s description be au!ntic7 no long] appe>$ ev5 on a visit f 8 com=table retreat at ,/rat=d4 ,t on ! o!r h& ,b5 c>ri$ 8 wick$ t[n habits into ,w>wick%ire1 & !re1 toge!r ) ,drayton1 made ,%akespe>e dr9k s h>d ) !m z to br+ ^u himself ! fatal fev] :i* end$ 8 days1 is a sc&al ) :i* we may fairly refuse to load ,jonson's memory4 ,t he _h a %>e 9 ! prep>+ = ! press ( ! fir/ folio ( ,%akespe>e1 or 9 ! composition ( its preface1 is ( c\rse a m]e conjecture4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #afah t1 l ,dr ,samuel ,johnson a c5tury & a half aft]w>ds1 ,b5 resolv$ to h a real holiday = once1 & ab\t midsumm] />t$ = 8 ance/ral c\ntry1 ,scotl&4 ,he _h 7v h]oically = a man ( 8 habits7 det]m9$ to make ! j\rney on foot2 & he 0 spe$ily foll[$ by ,john ,taylor1 ! wat]-poet1 :o /ill fur!r h&icapp$ himself by ! condition t he w\ld accompli% ! pilgrimage )\t a p5ny 9 8 pocket4 ,jonson1 :o put money 9 8 good fri5d's purse :5 he came up ) him at ,lei?1 sp5t m ?an a ye> & a half 9 ! hospitable ,l[l&s1 be+ solemnly elect$ a burgess ( ,ed9burgh1 & on ano!r occasion ent]ta9$ at a public banquet !re4 ,b ! be/-rememb]$ hospitality :i* he enjoy$ 0 t ( ! le>n$ ,scotti% poet1 ,william ,drummond ( ,haw?ornd51 to :i* we owe ! s-call$ ,conv]sations4 ,9 ^! fam\s jott+s1 ! "w ( no ext5uat+ h&1 ,jonson lives = u to ?is day1 deliv]+ 8 c5sures1 t]se z !y are1 9 an expansive mood :e!r ( praise or ( blame2 nor is he at all g5]\sly describ$ 9 ! po/script add$ by 8 fatigu$ & at times irritat$ ho/ z a great lov] & prais] ( himself1 a contemn] & scorn] ( o!rs4 ,a poetical acc\nt ( ?is j\rney1 ) all ! adv5tures1 0 burnt ) ,jonson's libr>y4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& ,jonson appe>s to h resum$ 8 =m] c\rse ( life4 ,among 8 noble patrons & patronesses 7 ! c\ntess ( ,rutl& 7,sidney's daught]7 & h] c\s9 ,lady ,wro?2 & 9 #afai 8 visits to ! c\ntry seats ( ! nobility 7 v>i$ by a soj\rn at ,ox=d ) ,ri*>d ,corbet1 ! poet1 at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 on :i* occasion he took up ! ma/]'s degree grant$ to him by ! univ]sity2 :e!r he actually proce$$ to ! same degree grant$ to him at ,cambridge seems unkn[n4 ,he confess$ ab\t ?is "t t he 0 or seem$ gr[+ re/ive1 i4e4 lazy1 ?\gh x 0 n long be=e he return$ to ! occasional composition ( masques4 ,! extremely spirit$ ,gipsies ,metamorphos$ 7#afba7 0 ?rice pres5t$ be=e ! k+1 :o 0 s pleas$ ) x z to grant to ! poet ! rev]sion ( ! (fice ( ma/] ( ! revels1 besides propos+ to conf] ^u him ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,?is hon\r ,jonson 7h>dly 9 def]5ce to ! memory ( ,sir ,petronel ,fla%7 decl9$2 b !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld n gratefully accept ! increase ( 8 p5sion 9 ! same ye> 7#afba7 to #bjj--;a tempor>y increase only1 inasmu* z x /ill /ood at #ajj m>ks :5 aft]w>ds augm5t$ by ,*>les ,i4 ,! close ( ,k+ ,james ,i4's reign f\nd ! =emo/ ( its poets 9 any?+ b a prosp]\s condition4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to hold ! ,sun1 ! ,dog1 ! ,triple ,tun1 or ! ,old ,devil ) its ,apollo club-room1 :]e ,b5's supremacy mu/ by ?is "t h become e/abli%$1 responsible = ?is result2 tav]ns 7 ! clubs ( t day1 & a man ( lett]s is n consid]$ lo/ 9 our own because he haunts a smok+-room 9 ,pall ,mall4 ,disease _h weak5$ ! poet's /r5g?1 & ! burn+ ( 8 libr>y1 z 8 ,execration ^u ,vulcan suffici5tly %[s1 mu/ h be5 no m]e transitory tr\ble to a poor poet & s*ol>4 ,moreov] he _c b h felt1 f ! "t ( ! accession ( ,*>les ,i4 e>ly 9 #afbe onw>ds1 t ! royal patronage w\ld no long] be due 9 "p to any?+ l intellectual sympa?y4 ,he ?us ?\ght x be/ to recur to ! sur] way ( writ+ = ! /age1 & 9 #afbe produc$1 ) no fa9t he>t1 b ) a v cle> anticipation ( ! comm5ts :i* w\ld be made ^u ! reappe>ance ( ! huge1 ov]gr[n play-mak]1 ,! ,/aple ( ,news1 a com$y excell5t 9 "s respects1 b little calculat$ to become popul>4 ,x 0 n pr9t$ till #afca4 ,jonson1 ^: habit ( body 0 n m conducive ?an 7 8 ways ( life to a heal?y old age1 _h a p>alytic /roke 9 #afbf1 & a second 9 #afbh4 ,9 ! latt] ye>1 on ! dea? ( ,middleton1 ! appo9tm5t ( city *ronolog]1 ) a sal>y ( #ajj nobles a ye>1 0 be/[$ ^u him4 ,he appe>s to h consid]$ ! duties ( ?is (fice z purely ornam5tal2 b 9 #afca 8 sal>y 0 susp5d$ until he %\ld h pres5t$ "s fruits ( 8 lab\rs 9 8 place1 or--z he m succ9ctly phras$ x--ye/]day ! b>b>\s c\rt ( ald]m5 h )drawn _! *&l]ly p5sion = v]juice & mu/>d1 #cc1 #fs4 #h;d4 ,aft] be+ 9 #afbh arre/$ by mi/ake on ! utt]ly false *>ge ( hav+ writt5 c]ta9 v]ses 9 approval ( ! assass9ation ( ,buck+ham1 he 0 soon all[$ to return to ,we/m9/]1 :]e x w\ld appe> f a lett] ( 8 son & contigu\s neighb\r1 ,james ,h[ell1 he 0 liv+ 9 #afbi1 & ab\t ?is "t n>r[ly escap$ ano!r conflagration4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#afbi7 he once m essay$ ! /age ) ! com$y ( ,! ,new ,inn1 :i* 0 actually1 & on its own m]its n unju/ly1 damn$ on ! fir/ p]=mance4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 #afca1 z x 0 nev] act$ b mo/ neglig5tly play$2 & ,jonson def5d$ himself aga9/ 8 critics 9 8 spirit$ ,ode to ,himself4 ,! epilogue to ,! ,new ,inn hav+ dwelt n )\t dignity ^u ! neglect :i* ! poet _h exp]i5c$ at ! h&s ( k+ & que51 ,k+ ,*>les imm$iately s5t ! unlucky au?or a gift ( #ajj1 & 9 response to a fur!r appeal increas$ 8 /&+ sal>y to ! same sum1 ) ! addition ( an annual ti]ce ( can>y--! poet-laureate's cu/om>y royal gift1 ?\gh ?is designation ( an (fice1 ( :i* ,jonson dis*>g$ "s ( :at became ! ord9>y functions1 is n m5tion$ 9 ! w>rant dat$ ! #bf? ( ,m>* #afcj4 ,9 #afcd1 by ! k+'s desire1 ,jonson's sal>y z *ronolog] to ! city 0 aga9 paid4 ,to 8 lat] ye>s belong ! com$ies1 ,! ,magnetic ,lady 7#afcb7 & ,! ,tale ( a ,tub 7#afcc71 bo? pr9t$ 9 #afdj1 & "s masques1 none ( :i* met ) great success4 ,! patronage ( lib]al-m9d$ m51 su* z ! e>l1 aft]w>ds duke1 ( ,newca/le--by :om he mu/ h be5 commission$ to write 8 la/ two masques ,love's ,welcome at ,welbeck 7#afcc7 & ,love's ,welcome at ,bolsov] 7#afcd7--;& ,visc\nt ,falkl&1 0 n want+1 & 8 0 h>dly an in/ance 9 :i* ! fickl5ess ( "t & ta/e c\ld h all[$ a lit]>y vet]an to end 8 c>e] 9 neglect4 ,he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ *ief ( ! ,engli% _w ( lett]s1 bo? at ! fe/ive meet+s :]e he rul$ ! roa/ among ! y\ng] au?ors ^: pride x 0 to be seal$ ( ! tribe ( ,b51 & by ! av[al ( grave writ]s1 old or "y1 n "o ( :om w\ld h v5tur$ to dispute 8 titul> pre-em95ce4 ,nor 0 he to ! la/ unconsci\s ( ! claims ^u him :i* 8 position br\ght ) x4 ,:51 ne>ly two ye>s aft] he _h lo/ 8 surviv+ son1 dea? came ^u ! sick old man on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #afcg1 he left beh9d him an unf9i%$ "w ( great beauty1 ! pa/oral drama ( ,! ,sad ,%eph]d 7pr9t$ 9 #afda74 ,= =ty ye>s1 he said 9 ! prologue1 he _h fea/$ ! public2 at fir/ he c\ld sc>ce hit its ta/e1 b pati5ce _h at la/ enabl$ x to id5tify itself ) ! work+ ( 8 p54 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k ( ,b5 ,jonson presid+1 att5tive to 8 own applause1 ov] a circle ( y\ng] foll[]s & admir]s t we are apt to =get ! h>d /ruggle :i* he _h pass$ ?r\gh be=e ga9+ ! cr[n n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be 84 ,h[ell records1 9 ! ye> be=e ,b5's dea?1 t a solemn supp] at ! poet's own h\se1 :]e ! ho/ _h almo/ spoil$ ! reli% ( ! fea/ by vilify+ o!rs & magnify+ himself1 ,t4 ,ca4 7,?omas ,c>ew7 buzz$ 9 ! writ]'s e> t1 ?\gh ,b5 _h b>rell$ up a great deal ( k1 yet x seem$ he _h n read ! ,e?ics1 :i*1 among o!r precepts ( morality1 =bid self-comm5dation4 ,self-reliance is b too frequ5tly c\pl$ ) self-consci\sness1 & = good & = evil self-confid5ce 0 no d\bt ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ! "* ( ,b5 ,jonson4 ,h5ce ! combativ5ess :i* involv$ him 9 s _m qu>rels 9 8 e>li] days1 & :i* j>r$ s h>%ly ^u ! less militant & 9 "s respects m p$antic nature ( ,drummond4 ,b 8 qu>rels d n appe> to h ent]$ deeply into 8 s\l1 or inde$ usually to h la/$ long4#b ,he 0 too exub]ant 9 8 vitup]ations to be bitt]1 & too outspok5 to be malici\s4 ,he lov$ ( all ?+s to be call$ hone/1 & !re is e reason to suppose t he des]v$ ! epi!t4 ,! old sup]/ition t ,jonson 0 fill$ ) malignant envy ( ! greate/ ( 8 fell[-dramati/s1 & lo/ no opportunity ( giv+ expression to x1 h>dly ne$s notice4 ,^? :o consid] t ,%akespe>e 0 beyond criticism may f9d blasphemy 9 ! say+ ( ,jonson t ,%akespe>e want$ art4 ,occasional je/+ allusions to p>ticul> plays ( ,%akespe>e may be f\nd 9 ,jonson1 among :i* %\ld h>dly be includ$ ! sne] at m\ldy ,p]icles 9 8 ,ode to ,himself4 ,b ^! am\nt to no?+ collectively1 & to v little individually2 & aga9/ !m h to be set1 n only ! _m pleasant traditions conc]n+ ! long intimacy betwe5 ! pair1 b also ! l9es1 prefix$ to ! fir/ ,%akespe>e folio1 z noble z !y are judici\s1 d$icat$ by ! survivor to ! /> ( poets1 & ! adaptation1 cle>ly sympa!tic not)/&+ all its buts1 de ,%akespe>e no/rat4 9 ! ,discov]ies4 ,b if ,gif=d _h r5d]$ no o!r s]vice to ,jonson's fame he mu/ be all[$ to h once = all v9dicat$ x f ! cruelle/ asp]sion :i* has ev] be5 ca/ ^u x4 ,t 9 g5]al ,b5 ,jonson 0 a man ( /rong likes & dislikes1 & 0 wont to manife/ ! latt] z vehem5tly z ! =m]1 x w\ld be idle to d5y4 ,he 0 at lea/ imp>tial 9 8 c5sures1 deal+ !m out freely to ,puritan poets l ,)] & 7suppos+ him n to h exagg]at$ 8 free-spok5ness7 to pr9ces ( 8 *ur* l ,c>d9al du ,p]ron4 ,&1 if s5sitive to attack1 he seems to h be5 imp]vi\s to flatt]y--to judge f ! c&\r ) :i* he condemn$ ! foibles ev5 ( s en?usia/ic an admir] z ,beaumont4 ,! p]sonage t he dislik$ ! mo/1 & op5ly abus$ 9 ! r\nde/ t]ms1 0 un=tunately "o ) _m heads & a tongue to hiss 9 ea*--no o!r ?an t g5]al public :i* x 0 ! fundam5tal mi/ake ( 8 life to fancy he c\ld rail into approbation be=e he _h effectively secur$ its goodwill4 ,& ^u ! :ole x may be said t ! admiration ( ! few1 r ?an ! fav\r ( ! _m1 has kept gre5 ! fame ( ! mo/ indep5d5t among all ! ma/]s ( an art :i*1 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 mu/ please to live4 ,jonson's le>n+ & indu/ry1 :i* 7 alike exceptional1 by no means exhau/$ !mselves 9 furni%+ & elaborat+ ! mat]ials ( 8 dramatic works4 ,8 enemies sne]$ at him z a translator--a title :i* ! prec$+ g5]ation 0 incl9$ to e/eem ! mo/ hon\rable 9 lit]ature4 ,b 8 classical s*ol>%ip %[s itself 9 o!r directions besides 8 translations f ! ,lat9 poets 7! ,ars poetica 9 p>ticul>71 9 addition to :i* he appe>s to h writt5 a v]sion ( ,b>clay's ,arg5is2 x 0 likewise ! basis ( 8 ,engli% ,gramm>1 ( :i* no?+ b ! r\gh draft rema9s 7! ,,ms4 itself hav+ p]i%$ 9 ! fire 9 8 libr>y71 & 9 connexion ) ! subject ( :i* he appe>s to h pursu$ o!r l+ui/ic /udies 7,h[ell 9 #afbi 0 try+ to procure him a ,wel% gramm>74 ,& its effects are v visible 9 "s ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( 8 non-dramatic poems1 :i* (t5 display t comb9ation ( poli% & simplicity h>dly to be rea*$--or ev5 to be appreciat$--)\t "s measure ( classical tra9+4 ,exclusively ( ! few lyrics 9 ,jonson's dramas 7:i*1 ) ! exception ( ! /ately *oruses 9 ,catil9e1 *>m1 & p]haps may surprise1 by _! lightness ( t\*71 8 non-dramatic works are compris$ 9 ! foll[+ collections4 ,! book ( ,epigrams 7publi%$ 9 ! fir/ folio ( #afaf7 conta9$1 9 ! poet's own words1 ! ripe/ ( 8 /udies4 ,8 notion ( an epigram 0 ! anci5t1 n ! re/rict$ mod]n "o--/ill less t ( ! critic 7,r4 ,c41 ! au?or ( ,! ,times' ,:i/le7 9 ^: language1 accord+ to ,jonson1 witty 0 obsc5e4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! epigrams excel m 9 encomia/ic ?an 9 satiric t\*es1 :ile ! pa?os ( "o or two epitaphs 9 ! collection is ( ! true/ k9d4 ,9 ! lyrics & epi/les conta9$ 9 ! ,=e/ 7also 9 ! fir/ folio71 ,jonson %[s great] v>iety 9 ! poetic /yles adopt$ by him2 b ! subject ( love1 :i* ,dryd5 consid]$ conspicu\s by its abs5ce 9 ! au?or's dramas1 is simil>ly es*ew$ "h4 ,! ,und]woods 7n publi%$ collectively till ! second & surreptiti\s folio7 are a miscellane\s s]ies1 compris+1 toge!r ) a few religi\s & a few amatory poems1 a l>ge numb] ( epigrams1 epitaphs1 elegies & odes1 includ+ bo? ! tributes to ,%akespe>e & sev]al to royal & o!r patrons & fri5ds1 besides ! ,execration ^u ,vulcan1 & ! *>act]i/ic ode address$ by ! poet to himself4 ,to ^! pieces 9 v]se %\ld be add$ ! ,discov]ies--,timb]1 or ,discov]ies made ^u ,m5 & ,matt]s1 av[$ly a commonplace book ( aphorisms not$ by ! poet 9 8 dally read+s--?\ghts adopt$ & adapt$ 9 m tranquil & p]haps m sob] moods ?an ^? :i* gave rise to ! outp\r+s ( ! ,conv]sations at ,haw?ornd54 ,z to ! critical value ( ^! ,conv]sations x is f> f be+ only negative2 he knew h[ to admire z well z h[ to disda94 ,= ^! ?\ghts1 ?\gh ab\nd+ ) biographical z well z g5]al int]e/1 ,jonson 0 almo/ entirely indebt$ to anci5t writ]s1 or 7z has be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,sp+>n & by ,p]cy ,simpson7 indebt$ to ! humani/s ( ! ,r5aissance 7see ,mod]n ,language ,review1 ii4 #c1 ,april #aijg74 ,! extant dramatic works ( ,b5 ,jonson fall into ?ree or1 if 8 fragm5t>y pa/oral drama be consid]$ to /& by itself1 into f\r di/9ct divisions4 ,! trag$ies are only two 9 numb]--,sejanus 8 ,fall & ,catil9e 8 ,conspiracy4#c ,( ^! ! e>li]1 z is wor? not+1 0 produc$ at ,%akespe>e's !atre1 9 all probability be=e ! fir/ ( ,%akespe>e's ,roman dramas1 & /ill conta9s a consid]able admixture ( rhyme 9 ! dialogue4 ,?\gh p]haps less c>efully elaborat$ 9 diction ?an its successor1 ,sejanus is at lea/ equally impressive z a highly wr\ght dramatic treatm5t ( a complex hi/oric !me4 ,! "* ( ,tib]ius adds an elem5t ( curi\s psy*ological int]e/ on :i* speculation has nev] q exhau/$ itself & :i*1 9 ,jonson's day at lea/1 0 want+ to ! figures ( ,catil9e & 8 associates4 ,b 9 bo? plays ! action is p[]fully conduct$1 & ! c>e be/[$ by ! dramati/ ^u ! great v>iety ( *>act]s introduc$ _c1 z 9 "s ( 8 com$ies1 be said to di/ract ! int]e/ ( ! read]4 ,bo? ^! trag$ies are noble works1 ?\gh ! relative popul>ity ( ! subject 7= conspiracies are 9 ! long run m int]e/+ ?an cam>illas7 has p]haps secur$ ! pref]5ce to ,catil9e4 ,yet ?is play & its pr$ecessor 7 alike too manife/ly int5d$ by _! au?or to c\rt ! goodwill ( :at he calls ! extraord9>y read]4 ,x is difficult to imag9e t 7) ! aid ( judici\s %ort5+s7 ei!r c\ld altoge!r miss its effect on ! /age2 b1 :ile ,%akespe>e causes u to =get1 ,jonson seems to wi% u to rememb]1 8 au?orities4 ,! half is (t5 great] ?an ! :ole2 & ,jonson1 l all dramati/s &1 x might be add$1 all noveli/s 9 simil> cases1 has _h to pay ! p5alty incurr$ by too obvi\s a desire to und]l9e ! le>n+ ( ! au?or4 ,p]v]sity--or w\ld-be orig9ality--alone c\ld decl>e ,jonson's trag$y pref]able to 8 com$y4 ,ev5 if ! revolution :i* he creat$ 9 ! comic bran* ( ! drama _h be5 mi/ak5 9 its pr9ciples or unsatisfactory 9 its results1 x w\ld be cle> t ! /r5g? ( 8 dramatic g5ius lay 9 ! p[] ( depict+ a great v>iety ( *>act]s1 & t 9 com$y alone he succe$$ 9 f9d+ a wide field = ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 ,!re may h be5 no v orig9al or v pr(\nd discov]y 9 ! idea :i* he illu/rat$ 9 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 &1 z x 71 te*nically elaborat$ 9 ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r--t 9 _m m5 "o quality is obs]vable :i* s possesses !m z to draw ! :ole ( _! individualities "o way1 & t ?is ph5om5on may be truly said to be a hum\r4 ,! idea ( ! ma/] quality or t5d5cy 01 z has be5 well obs]v$1 a v consid]able "o = dramati/ or noveli/4 ,nor did ,jonson 7happily7 attempt to "w out ?is idea ) any excessive sci5tific consi/5cy z a comic dramati/4 ,b1 by refus+ to apply ! t]m hum\r 7q4v47 to a m]e peculi>ity or affectation ( mann]s1 & re/rict+ its use to actual or impli$ diff]5ces or di/9ctions ( "*1 he broad5$ ! :ole basis ( ,engli% com$y aft] 8 fa%ion1 z ,molire at a lat] date1 keep+ 9 clos] t\* ) ! common exp]i5ce ( human life1 ) a light] h& broad5$ ! basis ( ,fr5* & ( mod]n ,we/]n com$y at l>ge4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t ,jonson's disciples1 ! ,bromes & ! ,c>twrights1 always adequately reproduc$ ! ma/]'s conception ( humor\s com$y4 ,jonson's wide & v>i\s read+ help$ him to div]sify ! application ( 8 !ory1 :ile p]haps at times x l$ him into too remote illu/rations ( x4 ,/ill1 ,capta9 ,bobadil & ,capta9 ,tucca1 ,macil5te & ,fungoso1 ,volpone & ,mosca1 & a goodly numb] ( o!r *>act]s impress !mselves p]man5tly ^u ! memory ( ^? ^: att5tion !y h z a matt] ( c\rse comm&$4 ,x is a v futile criticism to condemn ,jonson's *>act]s z a m]e s]ies ( types ( g5]al ideas2 on ! o!r h&1 x is a v s\nd criticism to object1 ) ,b>ry ,cornwall1 to ! multitude ( *>act]s :o ?r[ no light ^u ! /ory1 & l5d no int]e/ to x1 occupy+ space t _h bett] h be5 be/[$ ^u ! pr9cipal ag5ts ( ! plot4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( plots1 z 9 mo/ o!r respects1 ,jonson's at once consci5ti\s & vigor\s m9d l$ him 9 ! direction ( orig9ality2 he dep5d$ to a f> less degree ?an ! great] "p ( 8 contempor>ies 7,%akespe>e ) ! re/7 ^u borr[$ plots4 ,b ei!r 8 inv5tive "* 0 occasionally at fault 9 ?is respect1 or 8 devotion to 8 *>act]s (t5 div]t$ 8 att5tion f a brisk conduct ( 8 plot4 ,b>ry ,cornwall has direct$ att5tion to ! ess5tial lik5ess 9 ! plot ( two ( ,jonson's be/ com$ies1 ,volpone & ,! ,al*emi/2 & ano!r critic1 ,w4 ,bodham ,donne1 has dwelt on ! difficulty :i*1 9 ,! ,poeta/] & else:]e1 ,b5 ,jonson seems to exp]i5ce 9 su/a9+ ! promise ( 8 actions4 ,! ,poeta/] is1 h[ev]1 a play sui g5]is1 9 :i* ! real bus9ess c h>dly be said to beg9 till ! la/ act4 ,dryd51 :5 criticiz+ ,b5 ,jonson's com$ies1 ?\ght fit1 :ile all[+ ! old ma/] hum\r & inconte/able pleasantness1 to d5y him wit & ^? ornam5ts !re( :i* ,qu9tilian reckons up "u ! t]ms urbana1 salsa1 faceta & s =?4 ,su* wit z ,dryd5 has 9 view is ! m]e outw>d fa%ion or /yle ( ! day1 ! euphuism or %e]wit or *ic :i* is ! cre$ ( ,fa/idi\s ,brisks & ( _! a/ute purveyors at any giv5 mom5t4 ,9 ?is ,b5 ,jonson 0 no d\bt defective2 b x w\ld be an error to suppose him1 z a comic dramati/1 to h ma9ta9$ t[>ds ! _w ar\nd him ! attitude ( a philosoph]1 c>eless ( m]e transi5t ext]nalisms4 ,x is said t ! sc5e ( 8 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r 0 orig9ally laid ne> ,flor5ce2 & 8 ,volpone1 :i* is p]haps ! d>ke/ social picture ev] drawn by him1 plays at ,v5ice4 ,nei!r locality 0 ill-*os51 b ! real atmosph]e ( 8 com$ies is t ( ! native surr\nd+s amid/ :i* !y 7 produc$2 & ,b5 ,jonson's times live = u 9 8 m5 & wom51 8 c\ntry gulls & t[n gulls1 8 al*emi/s & exorci/s1 8 skeldr+ capta9s & :9+ ,puritans1 & ! :ole ragamuff9 r\t ( 8 ,b>?olomew ,fair1 ! com$y p> excell5ce ( ,elizabe?an l[ life4 ,aft] he _h describ$ ! pa/imes1 fa%ionable & unfa%ionable1 ( 8 age1 its feeble sup]/itions & its flaunt+ naught9esses1 its vap\r+ affectations & its ly+ effront]ies1 ) an od\r z ( div9e tabacco p]vad+ ! :ole1 little might seem to be left to describe = 8 sons & successors4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 rema9$2 only t 8 foll[]s spe$ily aga9 ?rew mann]s & hum\rs into an undi/+ui%able m$ley4 ,! gift :i* bo? 9 8 art & 9 8 life ,jonson lack$ 0 t ( ex]cis+ ! influ5ce or creat+ ! effects :i* he wi%$ to ex]cise or create )\t ! appe>ance ( consci\sness4 ,concealm5t nev] crept ov] 8 ef=ts1 & he scorn$ ins9uation4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 influ5c$ no d\bt by ! example ( ! free relations betwe5 au?or & public p]mitt$ by ,attic com$y1 he resort$ aga9 & aga91 f ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r to ,! ,magnetic ,lady1 to inductions & comm5tatory int]mezzos & app5dices1 :i*1 ?\gh occasionally effective by ! excell5ce ( _! execution1 are to be regrett$ z introduc+ into 8 dramas an exotic & (t5 vexati\s elem5t4 ,a man ( lett]s to ! v core1 he nev] q und]/ood t !re is & ought to be a wide diff]5ce ( me?ods betwe5 ! _w ( lett]s & ! _w ( ! !atre4 ,! ri*ness & v]satility ( ,jonson's g5ius w nev] be fully appreciat$ by ^? :o fail to acqua9t !mselves ) :at is pres]v$ to u ( 8 masques & cognate ent]ta9m5ts4 ,he 0 consci\s en\gh ( 8 success 9 ?is direction--next himself1 he said1 only ,flet*] & ,*apman c\ld write a masque4 ,he introduc$1 or at lea/ e/abli%$1 ! +5i\s innovation ( ! anti-masque1 :i* ,s*legel has describ$1 z a species ( p>ody add$ by ! poet to 8 device1 & usually prefix$ to ! s]i\s entry1 & :i* accord+ly supplies a grotesque antidote to ! (t5 extravagantly imag9ative ma9 conception4 ,jonson's le>n+1 creative p[] & humor\s +5uity--comb9$1 x %\ld n be =gott51 ) a g5u9e lyrical gift--all f\nd abundant opportunities = display+ !mselves 9 ^! productions4 ,?\gh a gr[? ( =eign orig91 ! masque 0 by him ?or\ghly dome/icat$ 9 ! high places ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,he liv$ long en\gh to see ! species produce its poetic ma/]piece 9 ,comus4 ,! ,sad ,%eph]d1 ( :i* ,jonson left beh9d him ?ree acts & a prologue1 is di/+ui%$ among ,engli% pa/oral dramas by its fre%ness ( tone2 x brea!s some?+ ( ! _s ( ! gre5wood1 & is n unnatural ev5 9 its sup]natural elem5t4 ,:ile ?is piece1 ) its *>m+ love-sc5es betwe5 ,rob9 ,hood & ,maid ,m>ion1 rema9s a fragm5t1 ano!r pa/oral by ,jonson1 ! ,may ,"l 7:i* ,f4 ,g4 ,fleay & ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds s\ght to id5tify ) ,! ,sad ,%eph]d2 see1 h[ev]1 ,w4 ,w4 ,greg 9 introduction to ! ,l\va9 repr9t71 has be5 lo/1 & a ?ird1 ( :i* ,lo* ,lomond 0 int5d$ to be ! sc5e1 probably rema9$ unwritt54 ,?\gh ,b5 ,jonson nev] altoge!r recogniz$ ! tru? ( ! maxim t ! dramatic art has prop]ly speak+ no didactic purpose1 8 long & labori\s life 0 n wa/$ ^u a b>r5 endeav\r4 ,9 trag$y he add$ two works ( uncommon m]it to our dramatic lit]ature4 ,9 com$y 8 aim 0 high]1 8 ef=t m su/a9$1 & 8 success m solid ?an 7 ^? ( any ( 8 fell[s4 ,9 ! subsidi>y & hybrid species ( ! masque1 he help$ to op5 a new & attractive ?\gh und\bt$ly devi\s pa? 9 ! field ( dramatic lit]ature4 ,8 intellectual end[m5ts surpass$ ^? ( mo/ ( ! great ,engli% dramati/s 9 ri*ness & bread?2 & 9 en]gy ( application he probably left !m all beh9d4 ,inf]ior to m ?an "o ( 8 fell[-dramati/s 9 ! p[] ( imag9ative sympa?y1 he 0 fir/ among ! ,elizabe?ans 9 ! p[] ( obs]vation2 & !re is po9t 9 ,b>rett ,w5dell's p>adox1 t z a dramati/ he 0 n really a poet b a pa9t]4 ,yet x is less by ^! gifts1 or ev5 by 8 unexcell$ capacity = h>d "w1 ?an by ! true r+ ( manl9ess t he w always rema9 di/+ui%$ among 8 pe]s4 ,jonson 0 buri$ on ! nor? side ( ! nave 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & ! inscription1 ,o ,r>e ,b5 ,jonson1 0 cut 9 ! slab ov] 8 grave4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury a portrait bu/ 0 put up to 8 memory 9 ! ,poets' ,corn] by ,h>ley1 e>l ( ,ox=d4 ,( ,hon?or/'s portrait ( ,jonson at ,knole ,p>k !re is a copy 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y2 ano!r 0 engrav$ by ,w4 ,m>%all = ! #afdj edition ( 8 ,poems4 ,,bibliography4--,! date ( ! fir/ folio volume ( ,jonson's ,works 7( :i* title 8 novel b *>act]i/ic use 9 apply+ x to plays 0 at ! "t mu* ridicul$7 has already be5 m5tion$ z #afaf2 ! second1 pr(ess$ly publi%$ 9 #afdj1 is describ$ by ,gif=d z a wret*$ cont9uation ( ! fir/1 pr9t$ f ,,mss4 surreptiti\sly obta9$ dur+ 8 life1 or ignorantly hurri$ ?r\gh ! press aft] 8 dea?1 & be>+ a v>iety ( dates f #afca to #afda inclusive4 ,! works 7 repr9t$ 9 a s+le folio volume 9 #afib1 9 :i* ,! ,new ,inn & ,! ,case is ,alt]$ 7 includ$ = ! fir/ "t1 & aga9 9 #f vols4 #hvo 9 #agae4 ,pet] ,:alley's edition 9 #g vols41 ) a life1 appe>$ 9 #agef1 b 0 sup]s$$ 9 #ahaf by ,william ,gif=d's1 9 #i vols4 7( :i* ! fir/ includes a biographical memoir1 & ! fam\s essay on ! ,pro(s ( ,b5 ,jonson's ,malignity1 f ! ,comm5tators on ,%akespe>e74 ,a new edition ( ,gif=d's 0 publi%$ 9 #i vols4 9 #ahge by ,colonel ,f4 ,cunn+ham1 z well z a *eap repr9t 9 #c vols4 9 #ahgj4 ,bo? conta9 ! ,conv]sations ) ,drummond1 :i* 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 full by ,david ,la+ 9 ! ,%akespe>e ,society's ,publications 7#ahdb7 & ! ,jonsonus ,virbius1 a collection 7unp>allel$ 9 numb] & v>iety ( au?ors7 ( poetical tributes1 publi%$ ab\t six mon?s aft] ,jonson's dea? by 8 fri5ds & admir]s4 ,!re is also a s+le-volume edition1 ) a v readable memoir1 by ,b>ry ,cornwall 7#ahch74 ,an edition ( ,b5 ,jonson's works f ! orig9al texts 0 rec5tly und]tak5 by ,c4 ,h4 ,h]=d & ,p]cy ,simpson4 ,a selection f 8 plays1 edit$ = ! ,m]maid s]ies 9 #ahic-ahie by ,b4 ,ni*olson1 ) an introduction by ,c4 ,h4 ,h]=d1 0 reissu$ 9 #aijd4 ,w4 ,w4 ,bang 9 8 ,mat]iali5 zur ,kunde des alt5 englis*5 ,dramas has repr9t$ f ! folio ( #afaf ^? ( ,b5 ,jonson's plays :i* are conta9$ 9 x 7,l\va91 #aije-aijf74 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r & ,e ,man out ( 8 ,hum\r h be5 edit$ = ! same s]ies 7#af & #ag1 #aije & #aijg7 by ,w4 ,w4 ,bang & ,w4 ,w4 ,greg4 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r has also be5 edit$1 ) a brief biographical z well z special introduction1 to :i* ! pres5t sket* owes "s details1 by ,h4 ,b4 ,:eatley 7#ahgg74 ,"s valuable editions ( plays by ,b5 ,jonson h be5 rec5tly publi%$ by ,am]ican s*ol>s 9 ! ,yale ,/udies 9 ,engli%1 edit$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,cook--,! ,poeta/]1 ed4 ,h4 ,s4 ,mallory 7#aije72 ,! ,al*emi/1 ed4 ,c4 ,m4 ,ha?away 7#aijc72 ,! ,devil is an ,ass1 ed4 ,w4 ,s4 ,johnson 7#aije72 ,! ,/aple ( ,news1 ed4 ,de ,w9t] 7#aije72 ,! ,new ,inn1 ed4 by ,g4 ,bremn] 7#aijh72 ,! ,sad ,%eph]d 7) ,waldron's cont9uation7 has be5 edit$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,greg = ,bang's ,mat]iali5 zur ,kunde des alt5 englis*5 ,dramas 7,l\va91 #aije74 ,! criticisms ( ,b5 ,jonson are too num]\s = catalogu+ "h2 among ^? by em95t ,engli%m5 %\ld be specially m5tion$ ,john ,dryd5's1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 8 ,essay on ,dramatic ,posy 7#affg-affh2 revis$ #afhd71 & 9 ! preface to ,an ,ev5+'s ,love1 or ! ,mock ,a/rolog] 7#affh71 & ,a4 ,c4 ,sw9burne's ,/udy ( ,b5 ,jonson 7#ahhi71 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! significance ( ! ,discov]ies is misappreh5d$4 ,see also ,f4 ,g4 ,fleay1 ,biographical ,*ronicle ( ! ,engli% ,drama 7#ahia71 i4 #caa-chg1 ii4 #a-ah2 ,c4 ,h4 ,h]=d1 ,b5 ,jonson 7art4 9 ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog41 vol4 xxx41 #ahjb72 ,a4 ,w4 ,w>d1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,dramatic ,lit]ature1 #bnd ed4 7#ahii71 ii4 #bif-djg2 & = a li/ ( e>ly impressions1 ,w4 ,w4 ,greg1 ,li/ ( ,engli% ,plays writt5 be=e #afdc & pr9t$ be=e #agjj 7,bibliographical ,society1 #aijj71 pp4 #ee-eh & supplem5t #aa-ae4 ,an important ,fr5* "w on ,b5 ,jonson1 bo? biographical & critical1 & conta9+1 besides _m translations ( sc5es & passages1 "s valuable app5dices1 to m ?an "o ( :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above1 is ,maurice ,ca/ela9's ,b5 ,jonson1 l'homme et l'oeuvre 7#aijg74 ,among treatises or essays on p>ticul> aspects ( 8 lit]>y "w may be m5tion$ ,emil ,koeppel's ,quell5/udi5 zu d5 ,dram5 ,b5 ,jonson's1 c4 7#ahie72 ! same writ]'s ,b5 ,jonson's ,wirkung auf zeitg5ssis*e ,dramatik]1 c41 9 ,anglici/is*e ,=s*ung51 #bj 7#aijf72 ,f4 ,e4 ,s*ell+'s ,b5 ,jonson & ! ,classical ,s*ool 7#ahih72 & z to 8 masques1 ,a4 ,so]gel1 ,die englis*5 ,mask5spiele 7#ahhb7 & ,j4 ,s*midt1 b] ,b5 ,jonson's ,mask5spiele1 9 ,h]rig's ,ar*iv1 c41 xxvii4 #ea-ia4 ,see also ,h4 ,re9s*1 ,b5 ,jonson's ,poetik und se9e ,beziehung5 zu ,horaz1 9 ,mn*5] ,beitrge1 #af 7#ahii74 7,a4 ,w4 ,w47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,8 ,*ri/ian "n ( ,b5jam9 0 usually abbreviat$ by himself & 8 contempor>ies2 & ?us1 9 accordance ) 8 fam\s epitaph1 x w always cont9ue to be abbreviat$4 #b ,) ,inigo ,jones1 h[ev]1 9 qu>rell+ ) :om1 z ,h[ell rem9ds ,jonson1 ! poet 0 virtually qu>rell+ ) 8 bread & butt]1 he seems to h f\nd x impossible to live p]man5tly at peace2 8 satirical ,expo/ulation aga9/ ! ar*itect 0 publi%$ z late z #afce4 ,*apman's satire aga9/ 8 old associate1 p]haps due to ?is qu>rel1 0 left unf9i%$ & unpubli%$4 #c ,( ,! ,fall ( ,mortim] ,jonson left only a few l9es beh9d him2 b1 z he also left ! argum5t ( ! play1 facti\s +5uity contriv$ to furbi% up ! relic into a libel aga9/ ,que5 ,c>ol9e & ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole 9 #agca1 & to revive ! contrivance by way ( an insult to ! pr9cess d[ag] ( ,wales & ,"l ,bute 9 #agfb4 ,,jopl91 a city ( ,jasp] c\nty1 ,miss\ri1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,jopl9 creek1 ab\t #adj m4 ,s4 ( ,kansas ,city4 ,pop4 7#ahij71 #iidc2 7#aijj71 #bf1jbc1 ( :om #hic 7 =eign-born & #ggc 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #cb1jgc4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,miss\ri ,pacific1 ! ,/ ,l\is ,san ,francisco1 ! ,miss\ri1 ,kansas ,texas1 & ! ,kansas ,city ,s\!rn railways1 & by int]urban electric l9es4 ,! city has a f9e c\rt-h\se1 a ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t build+1 a ,c>negie libr>y & a l>ge auditorium4 ,jopl9 is ! trade c5tre ( a ri* agricultural & fruit-gr[+ di/rict1 b its gr[? has be5 *iefly due to its situation 9 "o ( ! mo/ productive z9c & lead regions 9 ! c\ntry1 = :i* x is ! comm]cial c5tre4 ,9 #aijf ! value ( z9c-ore %ipm5ts f ?is ,miss\ri-,kansas 7or ,jopl97 di/rict 0 #ab1jgd1aje1 & ( %ipm5ts ( lead ore1 #c1jdh1eeh4 ,! value ( ,jopl9's factory product 9 #aije 0 #c1jjf1bjc1 an increase ( #bi4c s9ce #aijj4 ,natural gas1 pip$ f ! ,kansas fields1 is us$ = light & p[]1 & electricity = comm]cial light+ & p[] is d]iv$ f plants on ,spr+ ,riv]1 ne> ,v>k1 ,kansas1 & on ,%oal creek4 ,! municipality owns its electric-light+ plant2 ! wat]-works are "u private own]%ip4 ,! fir/ settlem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 made 9 #ahch4 ,9 #ahga ,jopl9 0 laid out & incorporat$ z a t[n2 9 #ahgb x & a rival t[n on ! o!r side ( ,jopl9 creek 7 unit$ "u ! "n ,union ,city2 9 #ahgc ,union ,city 0 *>t]$ z a city "u ! "n ,jopl92 & 9 #ahhh ,jopl9 0 *>t]$ z a city ( ! ?ird class4 ,! city d]ives its "n f ! creek1 :i* 0 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,rev4 ,h>ris ,g4 ,jopl9 7c4 #ahaj-ahdg71 a native ( ,t5nessee4 ,,joppa1 less correctly ,,jaffa 7,arab4 ,yafa71 a seaport on ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,x is ( great antiquity1 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! tribute li/s ( ,te?mosis 7,?o?mes7 ,,iii42 b z x nev] 0 9 ! t]ritory ( ! pre-exilic ,israelites x 0 to !m a place ( no importance4 ,its ascription to ! tribe ( ,dan 7,jo%4 xix4 #df7 is purely !oretical4 ,accord+ to ! au?ors ( ,*ronicles 7#b ,*ron4 ii4 #af71 ,ezra 7iii4 #g7 & ,jonah 7i4 #c7 x 0 a seaport = importation ( ! ,lebanon timb] float$ d[n ! coa/s or = %ips ply+ ev5 to di/ant ,t>%i%4 ,ab\t #adh ,b4,c4 x 0 captur$ f ! ,syrians by ,jona?an ,maccabaeus 7#a ,macc4 x4 #ge7 & lat] x 0 retak5 & g>rison$ by ,simon 8 bro!r 7xii4 #cc1 xiii4 #aa74 ,x 0 re/or$ to ! ,syrians by ,pompey 7,jos41 ,ant4 xiv4 #d1 #d7 b aga9 giv5 back to ! ,jews 7ib4 xiv4 #aj1 #f7 ) an exemption f tax4 ,/ ,pet] = a :ile lodg$ at ,joppa1 :]e he re/or$ ! b5evol5t wid[ ,tabi?a to life1 & _h ! vision :i* taught him ! univ]sality ( ! plan ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ,/rabo 7xvi4 ii471 :o makes ! /range mi/ake ( say+ t ,j]usalem is visible f ,joppa1 ! place 0 a resort ( pirates4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by ,vespasian 9 ! ,jewi% ,w> 7#fh74 ,tradition connects ! /ory ( ,&rom$a & ! sea-mon/] ) ! sea-coa/ ( ,joppa1 & 9 e>ly times h] *a9s 7 %[n z well z ! skeleton ( ! mon/] itself 7,jos4 ,w>s1 iii4 #i1 #c74 ,! site seems to h be5 %[n ev5 to "s m$ieval pilgrims1 & curi\s traces ( x h be5 detect$ 9 mod]n ,moslem leg5ds4 ,9 ! #e? & #aa? c5turies we he> f "t to "t ( bi%ops ( ,joppa1 "u ! metropolitan ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 #aabf ! di/rict 0 captur$ by ! knights ( ,/ ,john1 b lo/ to ,salad9 9 #aahg4 ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion retook x 9 #aaia1 b x 0 f9ally retak5 by ,malek el ',adil 9 #aaif4 ,x langui%$ = a "t2 9 ! #af? c5tury x 0 an almo/ un9habit$ ru92 b t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury x began anew to develop z a seaport4 ,9 #agii x 0 /orm$ by ,napoleon2 ! =tifications 7 repair$ & /r5g!n$ by ! ,briti%4 ,! mod]n t[n ( ,joppa d]ives its importance1 fir/1 z a seaport = ,j]usalem & ! :ole ( s\!rn ,pale/9e1 & secondly z a c5tre ( ! fruit-gr[+ indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury x greatly increas$ 9 size4 ,! old city walls h be5 entirely remov$4 ,its population is ab\t #ce1jjj 7,moslems #bc1jjj1 ,*ri/ians #ejjj1 ,jews #gjjj2 ) ! ,*ri/ians are includ$ ! ,templ>s1 a semi-religi\s1 semi-agricultural ,g]man colony ( ab\t #cbj s\ls74 ,! t[n1 :i* rises ov] a r\nd$ hillock on ! coa/1 ab\t #ajj ft4 high1 has a v picturesque appe>ance f ! sea4 ,! h>b\r 7s-call$7 is "o ( ! wor/ exi/+1 be+ simply a natural breakwat] =m$ by a l$ge ( reefs1 safe en\gh = small ,ori5tal craft1 b v dang]\s = l>ge vessels1 :i* c only make use ( ! seaport 9 calm wea!r2 ^! nev] come ne>] ?an ab\t a mile f ! %ore4 ,a railway & a bad c>riage-road connect ,joppa ) ,j]usalem4 ,! wat] ( ! t[n is d]iv$ f wells1 _m ( :i* h a bracki% ta/e4 ,! export trade ( ! t[n consi/s ( soap ( olive oil1 sesame1 b>ley1 wat] melons1 w9e & especially oranges 7commonly kn[n z ,jaffa oranges71 gr[n 9 ! fam\s & ev]-increas+ g>d5s t lie nor? & ea/ ( ! t[n4 ,! *ief imports are timb]1 cotton & o!r textile goods1 tiles1 iron1 rice1 c(fee1 sug> & petroleum4 ,! value ( ! exports 9 #aijj 0 e/imat$ at #bfd1iej1 ! imports #chb1dje4 ,ov] #aj1jjj pilgrims1 *iefly ,russians1 & "s ?ree or f\r ?\s& t\ri/s l& annually at ,joppa4 ,! t[n is ! seat ( a kaimakam or lieut5ant-gov]nor1 subord9ate to ! gov]nor ( ,j]usalem1 & conta9s vice-consulates ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,am]ica & o!r p[]s4 ,!re are ,lat91 ,greek1 ,arm5ian & ,coptic mona/]ies2 & hospitals & s*ools "u ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man auspices4 7,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m47 ,,jorda5s1 ,,jacob 7#aeic-afgh71 ,flemi% pa9t]1 0 born & di$ at ,antw]p4 ,he /udi$1 l ,rub5s1 "u ,adam van ,noort1 & 8 m>riage ) 8 ma/]'s daught] 9 #afaf1 ! ye> aft] 8 admission to ! gild ( pa9t]s1 prev5t$ him f visit+ ,rome4 ,he 0 =c$ to cont5t himself ) /udy+ su* examples ( ! ,italian ma/]s z he f\nd at home2 b a f> m pot5t influ5ce 0 ex]t$ ^u 8 /yle by ,rub5s1 :o employ$ him sometimes to reproduce small sket*es 9 l>ge4 ,jorda5s is second to ,rub5s alone 9 _! special dep>tm5t ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,9 bo? !re is ! same w>m? ( col\r1 tru? to nature1 ma/]y ( *i>oscuro & en]gy ( expression2 b ,jorda5s is want+ 9 dignity ( conception1 & is inf]ior 9 *oice ( =ms1 9 ! "* ( 8 heads1 & 9 correctness ( draw+4 ,n seldom he s9s aga9/ good ta/e1 & 9 "s ( 8 humor\s pieces ! co>s5ess is only aton$ = by ! animation4 ,( ^! la/ he seems 9 "s cases to h pa9t$ sev]al replicas4 ,he employ$ 8 p5cil also 9 biblical1 my?ological1 hi/orical & allegorical subjects1 & is well-kn[n z a portrait pa9t]4 ,he also et*$ "s plates4 ,see ! elaborate "w on ! pa9t]1 by ,max ,rooses 7#aijh74 ,,jordan1 ,,camille 7#agga-ahba71 ,fr5* politician1 0 born 9 ,lyons on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #agga ( a well-to-d m]cantile family4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ,lyons1 & f an e>ly age 0 imbu$ ) royali/ pr9ciples4 ,he actively support$ by voice1 p5 & musket 8 native t[n 9 its resi/ance to ! ,conv5tion2 & :5 ,lyons fell1 9 ,octob] #agic1 ,jordan fl$4 ,f ,switz]l& he pass$ 9 six mon?s to ,engl&1 :]e he =m$ acqua9tances ) o!r ,fr5* exiles & ) prom95t ,briti% /atesm51 & imbib$ a la/+ admiration = ! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,9 #agif he return$ to ,france1 & next ye> he 0 s5t by ,lyons z a deputy to ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$4 ,!re 8 eloqu5ce won him consid]ation4 ,he e>ne/ly support$ :at he felt to be true fre$om1 especially 9 matt]s ( religi\s wor%ip1 ?\gh ! en]getic appeal on behalf ( *ur* bells 9 8 ,rapport sur la lib]t des cultes procur$ him ! sobriquet ( ,jordan-,clo*e4 ,proscrib$ at ! c\p d'tat ( ! #ah? ,fructidor 7#d? ( ,septemb] #agig7 he escap$ to ,basel4 ,!nce he w5t to ,g]many1 :]e he met ,goe!4 ,back aga9 9 ,france by #ahjj1 he boldly publi%$ 9 #ahjb 8 ,vrai s5s du vote national p\r le consulat vie1 9 :i* he expos$ ! ambiti\s s*emes ( ,bonap>te4 ,he 0 unmole/$1 h[ev]1 & dur+ ! ,fir/ ,empire liv$ 9 lit]>y retirem5t at ,lyons ) 8 wife & family1 produc+ = ! ,lyons academy occasional pap]s on ! ,influ5ce rciproque de l'loqu5ce sur la ,rvolution et de la ,rvolution sur l'loqu5ce2 tudes sur ,klop/ock1 c4 ,at ! re/oration 9 #ahad he aga9 em]g$ into public life4 ,by ,l\is ,,xviii4 he 0 ennobl$ & nam$ a c\ncillor ( /ate2 & f #ahaf he sat 9 ! *amb] ( deputies z repres5tative ( ,a94 ,at fir/ he support$ ! m9i/ry1 b :5 !y began to %[ signs ( reaction he sep>at$ f !m1 & gradually came to be at ! head ( ! con/itutional opposition4 ,8 spee*es 9 ! *amb] 7 always eloqu5t & p[]ful4 ,?\gh w>n$ by fail+ heal? to resign1 ,camille ,jordan rema9$ at 8 po/ till 8 dea? at ,p>is1 on ! #ai? ( ,may #ahba4 ,to 8 p5 we owe ,lettre ,m4 ,lam\rette 7#agia72 ,hi/oire de la conv]sion d'une dame ,p>isi5ne 7#agib72 ,la ,loi et la religion v5ges 7#agib72 ,adresse ses commettants sur la rvolution du #d ,septembre #agig 7#agig72 ,sur les tr\bles de ,lyon 7#ahah72 ,la ,session de #ahag 7#ahah74 ,8 ,disc\rs 7 collect$ 9 #ahah4 ,! ,fragm5ts *oisis1 & translations f ! ,g]man1 7 publi%$ 9 ,l',abeille franaise4 ,besides ! v>i\s hi/ories ( ! "t1 see fur!r details vol4 x4 ( ! ,revue encyclopdique2 a pap] on ,jordan & ,madame de ,/al1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 9 ! ,revue des deux mondes = ,m>* #ahfh & ,r4 ,b\be1 ,camille ,jordan ,weim>1 9 ! ,correspondant 7#aija71 ccv4 #gah-gch & #idh-igj4 ,,jordan1 ,,doro!a 7#agfb-ahaf71 ,iri% actress1 0 born ne> ,wat]=d1 ,irel&1 9 #agfb4 ,h] "m1 ,grace ,phillips1 at "o "t kn[n z ,mrs ,frances1 0 a ,dubl9 actress4 ,h] fa!r1 ^: "n 0 ,bl&1 0 accord+ to "o acc\nt an army capta91 b m probably a /age h&4 ,doro?y ,jordan made h] fir/ appe>ance on ! /age 9 #aggg 9 ,dubl9 z ,phoebe 9 ,z ,y ,l ,x4 ,aft] act+ else:]e 9 ,irel& %e appe>$ 9 #aghb at ,le$s1 & subsequ5tly at o!r ,york%ire t[ns1 9 a v>iety ( p>ts1 includ+ ,lady ,teazle4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t %e began call+ h]self ,mrs ,jordan4 ,9 #aghe %e made h] fir/ ,london appe>ance at ,drury ,lane z ,peggy 9 ,a ,c\ntry ,girl4 ,be=e ! end ( h] fir/ season %e _h become an e/abli%$ public fav\rite1 h] act+ 9 com$y be+ decl>$ second only to t ( ,kitty ,clive4 ,h] engagem5t at ,drury ,lane la/$ till #ahji1 & %e play$ a l>ge v>iety ( p>ts4 ,b gradually x came to be recogniz$ t h] special tal5t lay 9 com$y1 h] ,lady ,teazle1 ,rosal9d & ,imog5 be+ specially lik$1 & su* bree*es p>ts z ,william 9 ,ros9a4 ,dur+ ! rebuild+ ( ,drury ,lane %e play$ at ! ,haym>ket2 %e transf]r$ h] s]vices 9 #ahaa to ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,"h1 9 #ahad1 %e made h] la/ appe>ance on ! ,london /age1 & ! foll[+ ye>1 at ,m>gate1 retir$ altoge!r4 ,mrs ,jordan's private life 0 "o ( ! sc&als ( ! p]iod4 ,%e _h a daught] by h] fir/ manag]1 9 ,irel&1 & f\r *ildr5 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,=d1 ^: "n %e bore = "s ye>s4 ,9 #agij %e became ! mi/ress ( ! duke ( ,cl>5ce 7aft]w>ds ,william ,,iv471 & bore him t5 *ildr51 :o 7 ennobl$ "u ! "n ( ,fitz ,cl>5ce1 ! elde/ be+ creat$ e>l ( ,mun/]4 ,9 #ahaa !y sep>at$ by mutual cons5t1 ,mrs ,jordan be+ grant$ a lib]al all[ance4 ,9 #ahae %e w5t abroad4 ,accord+ to "o /ory %e 0 9 dang] ( imprisonm5t = debt4 ,if s1 ! debt mu/ h be5 incurr$ on behalf ( o!rs--probably h] relations1 :o appe> to h be5 cont9ually borr[+ f h]--= h] own p]sonal debts 7 v mu* m ?an cov]$ by h] sav+s4 ,%e is g5]ally und]/ood to h di$ at ,/ ,cl\d1 ne> ,p>is1 on ! #crd ( ,july #ahaf1 b ! /ory t "u an assum$ "n %e liv$ = sev5 ye>s aft] t date 9 ,engl& f9ds "s cr$5ce4 ,see ,james ,boad51 ,life ( ,mrs ,jordan 7#ahca72 ,! ,great ,illegitimates 7#ahcj72 ,john ,g5e/1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,/age2 ,tate ,wilk9son1 ,! ,w&]+ ,pat5tee2 ,memoirs & ,amor\s ,adv5tures by ,sea & ,l& ( ,k+ ,william ,,iv4 7#ahcj72 ,! ,georgian ,era 7#ahch74 ,,jordan1 ,,?omas 7#afab8-afhe71 ,engli% poet & pamphlete]1 0 born 9 ,london & />t$ life z an actor at ! ,r$ ,bull !atre 9 ,cl]k5well4 ,he publi%$ 9 #afcg 8 fir/ volume ( poems1 entitl$ ,poeticall ,v>ieties1 & 9 ! same ye> appe>$ ,a ,pill to ,purge ,melan*oly4 ,9 #afci he recit$ "o ( 8 poems be=e ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 & f ?is "t =w>d ,jordan's output 9 v]se & prose 0 cont9u\s & prolific4 ,he freely borr[$ f o!r au?ors1 & frequ5tly re-issu$ 8 own writ+s "u new names4 ,dur+ ! tr\bles betwe5 ! k+ & ! p>liam5t he wrote a numb] ( ,royali/ pamphlets1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ,a ,m$ic9e = ! ,times1 or an ,antidote aga9/ ,faction1 appe>$ 9 #afda4 ,d$ications1 occasional v]ses1 prologues & epilogues to plays p\r$ f 8 p54 ,_m volumes ( 8 poems be> no date1 & !y 7 probably writt5 dur+ ! ,commonweal?4 ,at ! ,re/oration he eulogiz$ ,monk1 produc$ a masque at ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! g5]al 9 ! city ( ,london & wrote pamphlets 9 8 support4 ,he !n = "s ye>s devot$ 8 *ief att5tion to writ+ plays1 9 at lea/ "o ( :i*1 ,money is an ,ass1 he himself play$ a "p :5 x 0 produc$ 9 #affh4 ,9 #afga he 0 appo9t$ laureate to ! city ( ,london2 f ?is date till 8 dea? 9 #afhe he annually compos$ a panegyric on ! "l mayor1 & arrang$ ! pageantry ( ! "l mayor's %[s1 :i* he celebrat$ 9 v]se "u su* titles z ,london ,triumphant1 or ! ,city 9 ,jollity & ,spl5d\r 7#afgb71 or ,london 9 ,lu/]1 ,project+ _m ,bright ,beams ( ,triumph 7#afgi74 ,_m volumes ( ^! curi\s productions are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 addition to 8 num]\s pr9t$ works1 ( :i* p]haps ,a ,royal ,arb\r ( ,loyall ,poesie 7#affd7 & ,a ,nurs]y ( ,novelties 9 ,v>iety ( ,poetry are mo/ des]v+ ( m5tion1 sev]al volumes ( 8 poems exi/ 9 manuscript4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt & o!r #ai?-c5tury critics f\nd m m]it 9 ,jordan's writ+s ?an 0 all[$ by 8 contempor>ies1 :o = ! mo/ "p scornfully ref]r$ to 8 volum9\s productions z commonplace & dull4 ,see ,g]>d ,langba9e1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,dramatic ,poets 7#afia72 ,david ,ersk9e ,bak]1 ,biographia ,dramatica 7#d vols41 #ahab72 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt1 ,h&book to ! ,popul>1 ,poetical & ,dramatic ,lit]ature ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahfg72 ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt1 ,"l ,mayors ,pageants 7,p]cy ,society1 #ahdc71 conta9+ a memoir ( ,?omas ,jordan2 ,john ,g\gh ,ni*ols1 ,london ,pageants 7#ahca74 ,,jordan1 ,,wilhelm 7#ahai-aijd71 ,g]man poet & noveli/1 0 born at ,in/]burg 9 ,ea/ ,prussia on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahai4 ,he /udi$1 fir/ !ology & !n philosophy & natural sci5ce1 at ! univ]sities ( ,konigsb]g & ,b]l94 ,he settl$ 9 ,leipzig z a j\rnali/2 b ! democratic views express$ 9 "s essays & ! volumes ( poems ,glocke und ,kanone 7#adha7 & ,irdis*e ,phantasi5 7#ahdb7 l$ to 8 expulsion f ,saxony 9 #ahdf4 ,he next engag$ 9 lit]>y & tutorial "w 9 ,brem51 & on ! outbreak ( ! revolution1 9 ,febru>y #ahdh1 0 s5t to ,p>is1 z correspond5t ( ! ,brem] ,zeitung4 ,he almo/ imm$iately1 h[ev]1 return$ to ,g]many &1 ?r[+ himself into ! political fray 9 ,b]l91 0 elect$ memb] = ,frei5walde1 9 ! fir/ ,g]man p>liam5t at ,frank=t-on-,ma94 ,= a %ort :ile he sid$ ) ! ,left1 b soon jo9$ ! p>ty ( von ,gag]n4 ,on a vote hav+ be5 pass$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,g]man navy1 he 0 appo9t$ secret>y ( ! committee to deal ) ! :ole "q1 & 0 subsequ5tly made m9i/]ial c\ncillor 7,m9i/]ialrat7 9 ! naval dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! naval project 0 ab&on$1 ,jordan 0 p5sion$ & aft]w>ds resid$ at ,frank=t-on-,ma9 until 8 dea? on ! #be? ( ,june #aijd1 devot+ himself to lit]>y "w1 act+ z 8 own publi%]1 & produc+ num]\s poems1 novels1 dramas & translations4 ,among 8 be/ kn[n works are3 ,demiurgos 7#c vols41 #aheb-ahed71 a ,my/]ium1 9 :i* he attempt$ to deal ) ! problems ( human exi/5ce1 b ! "w f\nd little fav\r2 ,nibelunge1 an epic poem 9 allit]ative v]se1 9 two p>ts1 7#a7 ,sigfn$sage 7#ahfg-ahfh2 #ac? ed4 #ahhi7 & 7#b7 ,hildebrants ,heimkehr 7#ahgd2 #aj? ed4 #ahib7--;9 ! fir/ "p he is reg>d$ z hav+ be5 rem>kably successful2 a trag$y1 ,die ,wittwe des ,agis 7#aheh72 ! com$ies1 ,die ,liebesleugn] 7#ahee7 & ,dur*s ,ohr 7#ahgj2 #f? ed4 #ahhe72 & ! novels ,die ,sebalds 7#ahhe7 & ,zwei ,wieg5 7#ahhg74 ,jordan also publi%$ num]\s translations1 notably ,hom]s ,odyssee 7#ahgf2 #bnd ed4 #ahhi7 & ,hom]s ,ilias 7#ahha2 #bnd ed4 #ahid72 ,die ,edda 7#ahhi74 ,he 0 also di/+ui%$ z a recit]1 & on a visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahga read extracts f 8 works be=e l>ge audi5ces4 ,,jordan 7! d[n-com]2 ,arab4 e%-,%]i'a1 ! wat]+-place71 ! only riv] ( ,pale/9e & "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! _w4 ,x fl[s f nor? to s\? 9 a deep tr\gh-l valley1 ! ,aulon ( ! ,greeks & ,ghor ( ! ,arabs1 :i* is usually believ$ to foll[ ! l9e ( a fault or fracture ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,mo/ geologi/s hold t ! valley is "p ( an old sea-b$1 traces ( :i* rema9 9 num]\s %+le-banks & bea*-levels4 ,?is1 !y say1 once ext5d$ to ! ,r$ ,sea & ev5 ov] ,n4,e4 ,africa4 ,%r9kage caus$ ! pelagic lime/one bottom to be upheav$ 9 two ridges1 betwe5 :i* occurr$ a long fracture1 :i* c n[ be trac$ f ,coelesyria d[n ! ,wadi ,araba to ! ,gulf ( ,akaba4 ,! ,jordan valley 9 its l[] "p keeps ab\t ! old level ( ! sea-bottom & is !re=e a remnant ( ! ,mioc5e _w4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is n univ]sally accept$1 "s au?orities pref]r+ to assume a succession ( m /rictly local elevations & depressions1 connect$ ) ! rec5t volcanic activity ( ! ,jaulan & ,lija di/ricts on ! ea/ bank1 :i* br\ght ! cont\rs f9ally to _! actual =m4 ,9 any case ! numb] ( di/9ct sea-bea*es seems to imply a succession ( convulsive *anges1 m rec5t ?an ! great ,mioc5e upheaval1 :i* are responsible = ! %r9kage ( ! wat] into ! ?ree isolat$ pans n[ f\nd4 ,= m ?an two-?irds ( its c\rse ! ,jordan lies bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,x has nev] be5 navigable1 no important t[n has ev] be5 built on its banks1 & x runs into an inl& sea :i* has no port & is de/itute ( aquatic life4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory x has ex]t$ a sep>ati/ influ5ce1 r\ghly divid+ ! settl$ f ! nomadic populations2 & ! cross+ ( ,jordan1 "o way or ! o!r1 0 always an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,9 ,hebrew times its valley 0 reg>d$ z a wild]ness &1 except 9 ! ,roman era1 seems always to h be5 z sp>sely inhabit$ z n[4 ,f its s\rces to ! ,dead ,sea x ru%es d[n a cont9u\s incl9$ plane1 brok5 "h & !re by rapids & small falls2 betwe5 ! ,sea ( ,galilee & ! ,dead ,sea its s9uosity is s great t 9 a direct di/ance ( #fe m4 x trav]ses at lea/ #bjj m4 ,! mean fall is ab\t #i ft4 9 ! mile4 ,! ,jordan has two great s\rces1 "o 9 ,tell el-,kadi 7,dan7 :5ce spr+s ! ,nahr ,l$dan1 a /ream #ab ft4 broad at its bir?2 ! o!r at ,banias 7anc4 ,paneas1 ,caes>ea-,philippi71 "s #d m4 ,n41 :]e ! ,nahr ,banias issues f a cave1 ab\t #cj ft4 broad4 ,b two long] /reams ) less wat] conte/ _! claim1 ! ,nahr ,b>righit f ,coelesyria1 :i* rises ne> ! spr+s ( ! ,litany1 & ! ,nahr ,hasbany f ,h]mon4 ,! f\r /reams unite bel[ ! =tress ( ,banias1 :i* once held ! gate ( ! valley1 & fl[ into a m>%y tract n[ call$ ,huleh 7,seme*onitis1 & p]haps ,m]om ( ,jo%ua74 ,!re ! ,jordan beg9s to fall bel[ sea-level1 ru%+ d[n #fhj ft4 9 #i m4 to a delta1 :i* op5s into ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,!reaft] x foll[s a valley :i* is usually n above #d m4 broad1 b op5s out twice into ! small pla9s ( ,be?%an & ,j]i*o4 ,! riv] actually fl[s 9 a depression1 ! ,zor1 f a qu>t] to #b m4 wide1 :i* x has holl[$ out = itself 9 ! b$ ( ! ,ghor4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season 7,janu>y & ,febru>y71 :5 ! ,jordan ov]fl[s its banks1 ! ,zor is flood$1 b :5 ! wat] falls x produces ri* crops4 ,! floor ( ! ,ghor falls g5tly to ! ,zor1 & is int]sect$ by deep *annels1 :i* h be5 cut by ! small /reams & w9t] torr5ts t trav]se x on _! way to ! ,jordan4 ,z f> s\? z ,kurn ,surtabeh mo/ ( ! valley is f]tile1 & ev5 betwe5 t po9t & ! ,dead ,sea !re are sev]al well-wat]$ oases4 ,9 summ] ! heat 9 ! ,ghor is int5se1 #aaj ,f4 9 ! %ade1 b 9 w9t] ! temp]ature falls to #dj1 & sometimes to #cb at night4 ,dur+ ! seasons ( ra9 & melt+ sn[ ! riv] is v full1 & liable to fre%ets4 ,aft] twelve h\rs' ra9 x has be5 kn[n to rise f #d to #e ft41 & to fall z rapidly4 ,9 #abeg ! ,jordan 0 damm$ up = sev]al h\rs by a l&slip1 probably due to heavy ra94 ,on leav+ ! ,sea ( ,galilee ! wat] is q cle>1 b x soon assumes a tawny col\r f ! s(t m>l :i* x wa%es away f its banks & deposits 9 ! ,dead ,sea4 ,on ! :ole x is an unpleasant f\l /ream runn+ betwe5 poison\s banks1 & z su* x seems to h be5 reg>d$ by ! ,jews & o!r ,syrians4 ,! ,hebrew poets did n s+ its praises1 & o!rs comp>$ x unfav\rably ) ! cle> riv]s ( ,damascus4 ,! clay ( ! valley 0 us$ = brickmak+1 & ,solomon e/abli%$ brass f\ndries !re4 ,f crusad+ times to ?is day x has gr[n sug>-cane4 ,9 ,roman times x _h ext5sive palm-groves & "s small t[ns 7e4g4 ,livias or ,julias opposite ,j]i*o7 & villages4 ,! ,jordan is cross$ by two /one bridges--"o nor? ( ,lake ,huleh1 ! o!r betwe5 t lake & ! ,sea ( ,galilee--& by a wood5 bridge on ! road f ,j]usalem to ,gilead & ,moab4 ,dur+ ! ,roman p]iod1 & almo/ to ! end ( ! ,arab supremacy1 !re 7 bridges on all ! great l9es ( communication betwe5 ea/]n & we/]n ,pale/9e1 & f]ries at o!r places4 ,! dep? ( wat] v>ies greatly ) ! season4 ,:5 n 9 flood ! riv] is (t5 =dable1 & betwe5 ! ,sea ( ,galilee & ! ,dead ,sea !re are !n m ?an fifty =ds--"s ( !m ( hi/oric int]e/4 ,! only difficulty is occasion$ by ! erratic zigzag curr5t4 ,! natural products ( ! ,jordan valley--a tropical oasis sunk 9 ! temp]ate zone1 & ov]hung by ,alp9e ,h]mon--are unique4 ,papyrus gr[s 9 ,lake ,huleh1 & rice & c]eals ?rive on its %ores1 :il/ bel[ ! ,sea ( ,galilee ! vegetation is almo/ tropical4 ,! flora & fauna pres5t a l>ge infusion ( ,e?iopian types2 & ! fi%1 ) :i* ! riv] is abundantly /ock$1 h a great aff9ity ) ^? ( ! riv]s & lakes ( ea/ ,africa4 ,ere ! ,jordan ent]s ! ,dead ,sea1 its valley has become v b>r5 & =bidd+4 ,x rea*es ! lake at a m9us level ( #abij ft41 ! depression cont9u+ d[nw>ds to twice t dep? 9 ! b$ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,x receives two afflu5ts1 ) p]5nial wat]s1 on ! left1 ! ,y>muk 7,hi]omax7 :i* fl[s 9 f ! volcanic ,jaulan a little s\? ( ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & ! ,z]ka 7,jabbok7 :i* comes f ! ,belka di/rict to a po9t m ?an half-way d[n ! l[] c\rse4 ,on ! "r ! ,jalud desc5ds f ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon to ne> ,beisan1 & ! ,f>'a f ne> ,nablus4 ,v>i\s salt spr+s rise 9 ! l[] valley4 ,! re/ ( ! tribut>ies are wadis1 dry except aft] ra9s4 ,su* human life z may be f\nd 9 ! valley n[ is ma9ly migratory4 ,! ,sam>itan villag]s use x 9 w9t] z pa/ure-gr\nd1 &1 ) ! ,circassians & ,arabs ( ! ea/ bank1 cultivate plots "h & !re4 ,!y retire on ! approa* ( summ]4 ,j]i*o is ! only consid]able settlem5t 9 ! l[] valley1 & x lies "s di/ance we/ ( ! /ream on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,judaean heights4 ,see ,w4 ,f4 ,lyn*1 ,n>rative ( ! ,u4,s4 ,exp$ition1 c4 7#ahdi72 ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,l& ( ,israel 7#ahfe72 ,j4 ,macgregor1 ,rob ,roy on ! ,jordan 7#ahgj72 ,a4 ,neubau]1 ,la ,gographie du ,talmud 7#ahfh72 ,e4 ,rob9son1 ,physical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l& 7#ahfe72 ,e4 ,hull1 ,m\nt ,seir1 c4 7#ahhe71 & ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,arabia ,petraea1 c4 7#ahhf72 ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,hi/4 ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l& 7#ahid72 ,w4 ,libbey & ,f4 ,e4 ,hosk9s1 ,! ,jordan ,valley1 c4 7#aije74 ,see also ,,pale/9e4 7,c4 ,w4 ,w42 ,d4 ,g4 ,h47 ,,jordanes1#a ! hi/orian ( ! ,go?ic nation1 fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #f? c5tury4 ,all t we c]ta9ly "k ab\t 8 life is conta9$ 9 ?ree s5t5ces ( 8 hi/ory ( ! ,go?s 7cap4 #ej71 f :i*1 among o!r p>ticul>s z to ! hi/ory ( 8 family1 we le>n t 8 gr&fa!r ,p>ia 0 not>y to ,c&ac1 ! *ief ( a conf$]ation ( ,alans & o!r tribes settl$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #e? c5tury on ! s\? ( ! ,danube 9 ! prov9ces :i* are n[ ,bulg>ia & ! ,dobruds*a4 ,jordanes himself 0 ! not>y ( ,c&ac's nephew1 ! ,go?ic *ief ,gun?igis1 until he took ! v[s ( a monk4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! mann] ( speak+ ( t day1 is ! mean+ ( 8 words ante conv]sionem meam1 ?\gh x is q possible t he may at ! same "t h r5\nc$ ! ,arian cre$ ( 8 =efa!rs1 :i* x is cle> t he no long] held :5 he wrote 8 ,go?ic hi/ory4 ,! ,getica ( ,jordanes %[s ,go?ic sympa?ies2 b ^! are probably due to an imitation ( ! tone ( ,cassiodorus1 f :om he draws practically all 8 mat]ial4 ,he 0 n himself a ,go?1 belong+ to a conf$]ation ( ,g]manic tribes1 embrac+ ,alans & ,scyrians1 :i* _h come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,o/rogo?s settl$ on ! l[] ,danube2 & 8 own sympa?ies are ^? ( a memb] ( ?is conf$]ation4 ,he is accord+ly fri5dly to ! ,go?s1 ev5 ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ,cassiodorus2 b he is also prepossess$ 9 fav\r ( ! ea/]n emp]ors 9 ^: t]ritories ?is conf$]ation liv$ & ^: subject he himself 04 ,?is makes him an imp>tial au?ority on ! la/ days ( ! ,o/rogo?s4 ,at ! same "t1 liv+ 9 ,moesia1 he is re/rict$ 9 8 outlook to ,danubian affairs4 ,he has little to say ( ! inn] hi/ory & policy ( ! k+dom ( ,!odoric3 8 int]e/s lie1 z ,momms5 says1 )9 a triangle ( :i* ! ?ree po9ts are ,sirmium1 ,l>issa & ,con/ant9ople4 ,f9ally1 connect$ z he 0 ) ! ,alans1 he %[s himself fri5dly to !m1 :5ev] !y ent] into 8 n>rative4 ,we pass f ! extremely %ad[y p]sonality ( ,jordanes to ! m int]e/+ "q ( 8 works4 #a4 ,! ,romana1 or1 z he himself calls x1 ,de summa temporum vel orig9e actibusque g5tis ,romanorum1 0 compos$ 9 #eea4 ,x 0 begun be=e1 b publi%$ aft]1 ! ,getica4 ,x is a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w f ! creation1 bas$ on ,j]ome1 ! epitome ( ,florus1 ,orosius & ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ,socrates4 ,!re is a curi\s ref]5ce to ,iambli*us1 app>5tly ! neo-platoni/ philosoph]1 ^: "n ,jordanes1 be+1 z he says himself1 agrammatus1 ins]ts by way ( a fl\ri%4 ,! "w is only ( any value = ! c5tury #dej-eej1 :5 ,jordanes is deal+ ) rec5t hi/ory4 ,x is m]ely a ha/y compilation int5d$ to /& side by side ) ! ,getica4#b #b4 ,! o!r "w ( ,jordanes commonly call$ ,de rebus ,geticis or ,getica1 0 /yl$ by himself ,de orig9e actibusque ,get>um1 & 0 also writt5 9 #eea4 ,he in=ms u t :ile he 0 engag$ ^u ! ,romana a fri5d nam$ ,ca/alius invit$ him to compress into "o small treatise ! twelve books--n[ lo/--( ! s5ator ,cassiodorus1 on ,! ,orig9 & ,actions ( ! ,go?s4 ,jordanes pr(esses to h _h ! "w ( ,cassiodorus 9 8 h&s = b ?ree days1 & to reproduce ! s5se n ! words2 b 8 book1 %ort z x is1 evid5tly conta9s long v]batim extracts f ! e>li] au?or1 & x may be suspect$ t ! /ory ( ! triduana lectio & ! apology quamvis v]ba non recolo1 possibly ev5 ! fri5dly invitation ( ,ca/alius1 are m]e bl9ds to cov] 8 own entire want ( orig9ality4 ,?is suspicion is /r5g!n$ by ! fact 7discov]$ by von ,sybel7 t ev5 ! v preface to 8 book is tak5 almo/ ^w = ^w f ,ruf9us's translation ( ,orig5's comm5t>y on ! epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,!re is no d\bt1 ev5 on ,jordanes' own /atem5ts1 t 8 "w is bas$ ^u t ( ,cassiodorus1 & t any hi/orical wor? :i* x possesses is due to t fact4 ,cassiodorus 0 "o ( ! v few m5 :o1 ,roman by bir? & sympa?ies1 c\ld yet appreciate ! greatness ( ! b>b>ians by :om ! empire 0 ov]?r[n4 ,! *ief advis] ( ,!odoric1 ! ,ea/ ,go?ic k+ 9 ,italy1 he accept$ ) ard\r t mon>*'s great s*eme1 if inde$1 he did n himself orig9ally sugge/ x1 ( weld+ ,roman & ,go? toge!r into "o h>moni\s /ate :i* %\ld pres]ve ! social ref9em5t & ! intellectual culture ( ! ,lat9-speak+ races )\t los+ ! h>dy virtues ( _! ,teutonic conqu]ors4 ,to ?is aim ev]y?+ 9 ! political life ( ,cassiodorus 0 subs]vi5t1 & ?is aim he evid5tly kept be=e him 9 8 ,go?ic hi/ory4 ,b 9 writ+ t hi/ory ,cassiodorus 0 himself indebt$ to ! "w ( a c]ta9 ,ablabius4 ,x 0 ,ablabius1 app>5tly1 :o _h fir/ us$ ! ,go?ic sagas 7prisca c>m9a72 x 0 he :o _h con/ruct$ ! /em ( ! ,amals4 ,:e!r he 0 a ,greek1 a ,roman or a ,go? we d n "k2 nor c we say :5 he wrote1 ?\gh 8 "w may be dat$ conjecturally 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,!odoric ! ,great4 ,we c only say t he wrote on ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,go?s1 us+ bo? ,go?ic saga & ,greek s\rces2 & t if ,jordanes us$ ,cassiodorus1 ,cassiodorus us$1 if to a less ext5t1 ! "w ( ,ablabius4 ,cassiodorus began 8 "w1 at ! reque/ ( ,!odoric1 & !re=e be=e #ebf3 x 0 f9i%$ by #ecc4 ,at ! root ( ! "w lies a !ory1 :5cesoev] d]iv$1 :i* id5tifi$ ! ,go?s ) ! ,scy?ians1 ^: c\ntry ,d>ius ,hy/aspes invad$1 & ) ! ,getae ( ,dacia1 :om ,trajan conqu]$4 ,?is d\ble id5tification enabl$ ,cassiodorus to br+ ! fav\r$ race into l9e ) ! peoples ( classical antiquity1 to int]weave ) _! hi/ory /ories ab\t ,h]cules & ! ,amazons1 to make !m invade ,egypt1 to claim = !m a %>e 9 ! wisdom ( ! semi-my?ical ,scy?ian philosoph] ,zamolxis4 ,he 0 ?us able ) "s %[ ( plausibility to repres5t ! ,go?s z wis] ?an all ! o!r b>b>ians & almo/ l ! ,greeks 7,jord41 ,de reb4 ,get41 cap4 v471 & to s5d a son ( ! ,go?ic k+ ,telephus to fight at ! siege ( ,troy1 ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,romans4 ,all ?is we c n[ p]ceive to h no relation to hi/ory1 b at ! "t x may h made ! subjugation ( ! ,roman less bitt] to feel t he 0 n aft] all b[+ d[n be=e a race ( b>b>ian up/>ts1 b t 8 ,amal sov]eign 0 z firmly root$ 9 classical antiquity z any ,julius or ,claudius :o ev] wore ! purple4 ,9 ! eighte5 ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 #ecc & ! composition ( ! ,getica ( ,jordanes1 great ev5ts1 mo/ disa/r\s = ! ,romano-,go?ic mon>*y ( ,!odoric1 _h tak5 place4 ,x 0 no long] possible to write z if ! :ole civilization ( ! ,we/]n _w w\ld sit d[n cont5t$ly "u ! %ad[ ( ,ea/ ,go?ic dom9ion & ,amal sov]eignty4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! in/9cts ( ,jordanes1 z a subject ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 pr$ispos$ him to flatt] ! sacr$ maje/y ( ,ju/9ian1 by ^: victori\s arms ! ov]?r[ ( ! b>b>ian k+dom 9 ,italy _h be5 effect$4 ,h5ce we p]ceive two curr5ts ( t5d5cy 9 ! ,getica4 ,on ! "o h&1 z a transcrib] ( ! philo-,go? ,cassiodorus1 he magnifies ! race ( ,al>ic & ,!odoric1 & claims = !m _! full %>e1 p]haps m ?an _! full %>e1 ( glory 9 ! pa/4 ,on ! o!r h& he speaks ( ! great anti-,teuton emp]or ,ju/9ian1 & ( 8 rev]sal ( ! ,g]man conque/s ( ! #e? c5tury1 9 language :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h grat$ on ! e>s ( ,totila & 8 h]oes4 ,:5 ,rav5na is tak51 & ,vitigis c>ri$ into captivity1 ,jordanes almo/ exults 9 ! fact t ! nobility ( ! ,amals & ! illu/ri\s (fspr+ ( s _m mighty m5 h surr5d]$ to a yet m illu/ri\s pr9ce & a yet mighti] g5]al1 ^: fame %all n gr[ dim ?r\gh all ! c5turies4 7,getica1 lx4 #cae74 ,?is laudation1 bo? ( ! ,go?s & ( _! ,byzant9e conqu]ors1 may p]haps help u to und]/& ! motive ) :i* ! ,getica 0 writt54 ,9 ! ye> #eea ,g]manus1 nephew ( ,ju/9ian1 accompani$ by 8 bride1 ,matasun?a1 gr&-daught] ( ,!odoric1 set =? to reconqu] ,italy = ! empire4 ,8 e>ly dea? prev5t$ any s*emes = a reviv$ ,romano-,go?ic k+dom :i* may h be5 bas$ on 8 p]sonality4 ,8 wid[1 h[ev]1 bore a po/hum\s *ild1 also nam$ ,g]manus1 ( :om ,jordanes speaks 7cap4 #fj7 z bl5d+ ! blood ( ! ,anicii & ! ,amals1 & furni%+ a hope "u ! div9e bless+ ( "o day unit+ _! glories4 ,?is y\ng] ,g]manus did no?+ 9 aft] life to realize ^! anticipations2 b ! some:at po9t$ way 9 :i* 8 "n & 8 "m's "n are m5tion$ by ,jordanes l5ds "s probability to ! view t he hop$ = ! *ild's succession to ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 & ! f9al reconciliation ( ! ,go?s & ,romans 9 ! p]son ( a ,go?o-,roman emp]or4 ,! ,de rebus ,geticis falls naturally into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/ 7*s4 i4-xiii47 comm5ces ) a geographical description ( ! ?ree qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & 9 m detail ( ,brita9 & ,scanzia 7,sw$571 f :i* ! ,go?s "u _! k+ ,b]ig migrat$ to ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,baltic4 ,_! migration across :at has s9ce be5 call$ ,li?uania to ! %ores ( ! ,eux9e1 & _! diff]5tiation into ,visigo?s & ,o/rogo?s1 are next describ$4 ,*s4 v4-xiii4 conta9 an acc\nt ( ! intrusive ,geto-,scy?ian elem5t be=e allud$ to4 ,! second section 7*s4 xiv4-xxiv47 returns to ! true hi/ory ( ! ,go?ic nation1 sets =? ! g5ealogy ( ! ,amal k+s1 & describes ! inroads ( ! ,go?s into ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! #crd c5tury1 ) ! f\ndation & ! ov]?r[ ( ! great b some:at %ad[y k+dom ( ,h]manric4 ,! ?ird section 7*s4 xxv4-xlvii47 traces ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ ,go?s f ! ,hunni% invasion to ! d[nfall ( ! ,go?ic k+dom 9 ,gaul "u ,al>ic ,,ii4 7#cgf-ejg74 ,! be/ "p ( ?is section1 & inde$ ( ! :ole book1 is ! sev5 *apt]s devot$ to ,attila's invasion ( ,gaul & ! battle ( ! ,mauriac pla9s4 ,"h we h 9 all probability a v]batim extract f ,cassiodorus1 :o 7possibly re/+ on ,ablabius7 int]wove ) 8 n>rative l>ge portions ( ! ,go?ic sagas4 ,! celebrat$ expression c]tam9is gaudia assur$ly came at fir/ nei!r f ! suave m9i/] ,cassiodorus nor f ! small-s\l$ not>y ,jordanes1 b is ! translation ( "s ?\ght :i* fir/ f\nd utt]ance ?r\gh ! lips ( a ,go?ic m9/rel4 ,! f\r? section 7*s4 xlviii4-lx47 traces ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ ,go?s f ! same ,hunni% invasion to ! fir/ ov]?r[ ( ! ,go?ic mon>*y 9 ,italy 7#cgf-eci74 ,9 ?is f\r? section are ins]t$1 some:at out ( _! prop] place1 "s valuable details z to ! ,go?i ,m9ores1 an imm5se p dwell+ 9 ! region ( ,nicopolis1 ) _! high prie/ & primate ,vulfilas1 :o is said also to h taught !m lett]s4 ,! book closes ) ! allusion to ,g]manus & ! panegyric on ,ju/9ian z ! conqu]or ( ! ,go?s ref]r$ to above4 ,jordanes ref]s 9 ! ,getica to a numb] ( au?ors besides ,cassiodorus2 b he owes 8 k ( !m to ,cassiodorus4 ,x is p]haps only :5 he is us+ ,orosius t we c hold ,jordanes to h borr[$ directly4 ,o!rwise1 z ,momms5 says1 ! ,getica is a m]a epitome1 laxata ea et p]v]sa1 hi/oriae ,go?icae ,cassiodorianae4 ,z to ! /yle & lit]>y "* ( ,jordanes1 e au?or :o has us$ him speaks 9 t]ms ( sev]e c5sure4 ,:5 he is left to himself & n m]ely transcrib+1 he is sometimes sc>cely grammatical4 ,!re are awkw>d gaps 9 8 n>rative & /atem5ts inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,he quotes1 z if he 7 famili>ly acqua9t$ ) _! writ+s1 a numb] ( ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 ( :om x is almo/ c]ta9 t he _h n read m ?an "o or two4 ,at ! same "t he does n quote ! *ronicl] ,m>cell9us1 f :om he has copi$ v]batim ! hi/ory ( ! deposition ( ,augu/ulus4 ,all ^! faults make him a peculi>ly unsatisfactory au?ority :]e we _c *eck 8 /atem5ts by ^? ( o!r au?ors4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be plead$ 9 ext5uation t he is pr(ess$ly a transcrib]1 &1 if 8 /ory be correct1 a transcrib] 9 peculi>ly unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,he has also himself suff]$ mu* f ! inaccuracy ( copyi/s4 ,b no?+ has really be5 m un=tunate = ! reputation ( ,jordanes z a writ] ?an ! extreme preci\sness ( ! in=mation :i* he has pres]v$ to u4 ,! ,teutonic tribes ^: dim orig9s he records h 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies atta9$ to _w-wide dom9ion4 ,! battle 9 ! ,mauriac pla9s ( :i* he is really ! sole hi/orian1 is n[ se5 to h _h important be>+s on ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,& ?us ! ha/y pamphlet ( a half-educat$ ,go?ic monk has be5 =c$ into prom95ce1 almo/ into rivalry ) ! f9i%$ productions ( ! great writ]s ( classical antiquity4 ,no wond] t x /&s ! comp>ison badly2 b ) all its faults ! ,getica ( ,jordanes w probably ev] reta9 its place side by side ) ! ,de moribus ,g]manorum ( ,tacitus z a *ief s\rce ( in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory1 in/itutions & modes ( ?\ght ( our ,teutonic =efa!rs4 ,,editions4--,! classical edition is t ( ,momms5 79 ,mon4 ,g]m4 hi/4 auct4 antiq41 v41 ii471 :i* sup]s$es ! old] editions1 su* z t 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,muratori's ,scriptt4 r]4 ,ital4 ,! be/ ,,ms4 is ! ,heidelb]g ,,ms41 writt5 9 ,g]many1 probably 9 ! #h? c5tury2 b ?is p]i%$ 9 ! fire at ,momms5's h\se4 ,! next ( ! ,,mss4 9 value are ! ,vaticanus ,palat9us ( ! #aj? c5tury1 & ! ,val5ci5nes ,,ms4 ( ! #i?4 ,,au?orities4--,von ,sybel's essay1 ,de fontibus ,jordanis 7#ahch72 ,s*irr5's ,de ratione quae int] ,jordanem et ,cassiodorum int]c$at ,comm5tatio 7,dorpat1 #aheh72 ,kopke's ,die ,anfnge des ,knig?ums beid5 ,go!n 7,b]l91 #ahei72 ,dahn's ,die ,knige d] ,g]man51 vol4 ii4 7,muni*1 #ahfa72 ,eb]t's ,ges*i*te d] ,*ri/li*-,late9is*5 ,lit]atur 7,leipsic1 #ahgd72 ,watt5ba*'s ,deuts*l&s ,ges*i*tsquell5 im ,mittelalt] 7,b]l91 #ahgg72 & ! introduction ( ,momms5 to 8 edition4 7,t4 ,h42 ,e4 ,br47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! evid5ce ( ,,mss4 is ov]:elm+ aga9/ ! =m ,jorn&es4 ,! ,,mss4 exhibit ,jordanis or ,jordannis2 b ^! are only ,vulg>-,lat9 spell+s ( ,jordanes4 #b ,! t]ms ( ! d$ication ( ?is book to a c]ta9 ,vigilius make x impossible t ! pope 7#ech-eee7 ( t "n is meant4 ,,jordanus 7,,jordan ,,catalani7 7fl4 #acba-accj71 ,fr5* ,dom9ican mission>y & explor] 9 ,asia1 0 p]haps born at ,sv]ac 9 ,aveyron1 nor?-ea/ ( ,t\l\se4 ,9 #acjb he may h accompani$ ! fam\s ,?omas ( ,tol5t9o1 via ,negropont1 to ! ,ea/2 b x is only 9 #acba t we def9itely discov] him 9 we/]n ,india1 9 ! company ( ! same ,?omas & c]ta9 o!r ,franciscan mission>ies on _! way to ,*9a4 ,ill-luck deta9$ !m at ,tana 9 ,salsette isl&1 ne> ,bombay2 & "h ,jordanus' companions 7! f\r m>tyrs ( ,tana7 fell victims to ,moslem fanaticism 7,april #g1 #acba74 ,jordanus1 escap+1 work$ "s "t at ,b>u* 9 ,guj>at1 ne> ! ,n]budda e/u>y1 & at ,suali 787 ne> ,surat2 to 8 fell[-,dom9icans 9 nor? ,p]sia he wrote two lett]s--! fir/ f ,gogo 9 ,guj>at 7,octob] #ab1 #acba71 ! second f ,tana 7,janu>y #bd1 #acbc_/d7--;describ+ ! progress ( ?is new mission4 ,f ^! lett]s we le>n t ,roman att5tion _h already be5 direct$1 n only to ! ,bombay region1 b also to ! extreme s\? ( ! ,indian p59sula1 especially to ,columbum1 ,quilon1 or ,kulam 9 ,travancore2 ,jordanus' words may imply t he _h already />t$ a mission !re be=e ,octob] #acba4 ,f ,ca?olic trad]s he _h le>nt t ,e?iopia 7i4e4 ,abyss9ia & ,nubia7 0 accessible to ,we/]n ,europeans2 at ?is v "t1 z we "k f o!r s\rces1 ! e>lie/ ,lat9 mission>ies p5etrat$ ?i!r4 ,f9ally1 ! ,epi/les ( ,jordanus1 l ! contempor>y ,secreta ( ,m>9o ,sanuto 7#acjf-acba71 urge ! pope to e/abli% a ,*ri/ian fleet ^u ! ,indian seas4 ,jordanus1 betwe5 #acbd & #acbh 7if n e>li]71 probably visit$ ,kulam & select$ x z ! be/ c5tre = 8 future "w2 x w\ld also appe> t he revisit$ ,europe ab\t #acbh1 pass+ ?r\gh ,p]sia1 & p]haps t\*+ at ! great ,crimean port ( ,soldaia or ,sudak4 ,he 0 appo9t$ a bi%op 9 #acbh & nom9at$ by ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 to ! see ( ,columbum 9 #accj4 ,toge!r ) ! new bi%op ( ,sam>k&1 ,?omas ( ,mancasola1 ,jordanus 0 commission$ to take ! pall to ,john de ,cora1 ar*bi%op ( ,sultaniyah 9 ,p]sia1 )9 ^: prov9ce ,kulam 0 reckon$2 he 0 also comm5d$ to ! ,*ri/ians ( s\? ,india1 bo? ea/ & we/ ( ,cape ,comor91 by ,pope ,john4 ,ei!r be=e go+ out to ,malab> z bi%op1 or dur+ a lat] visit to ! we/1 ,jordanus probably wrote 8 ,mirabilia1 :i* f int]nal evid5ce c only be fix$ )9 ! p]iod #acbi-acch2 9 ?is "w he furni%$ ! be/ acc\nt ( ,indian regions1 products1 climate1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 fauna & flora giv5 by any ,european 9 ! ,middle ,ages--sup]ior ev5 to ,m>co ,polo's4 ,9 8 triple division ( ! ,indies1 ,india ,major comprises ! %orel&s f ,malab> to ,co*9 ,*9a2 :ile ,india ,m9or /ret*es f ,s9d 7or p]haps f ,balu*i/an7 to ,malab>2 & ,india ,t]tia 7evid5tly dom9at$ by ,african conceptions 9 8 m9d7 includes a va/ undef9$ coa/-region we/ ( ,balu*i/an1 rea*+ into ! neighb\rhood (1 b n includ+1 ,e?iopia & ,pre/] ,john's doma94 ,jordanus' ,mirabilia conta9s ! e>lie/ cle> ,african id5tification ( ,pre/] ,john1 & :at is p]haps ! fir/ notice ( ! ,black ,sea "u t "n2 x ref]s to ! au?or's resid5ce 9 ,india ,major & especially at ,kulam1 z well z to 8 travels 9 ,arm5ia1 nor?-we/ ,p]sia1 ! ,lake ,van region1 & ,*aldaea2 & x supplies excell5t descriptions ( ,p>see doctr9es & burial cu/oms1 ( ,h9du ox-wor%ip1 idol-ritual1 & suttee1 & ( ,indian fruits1 birds1 animals & insects4 ,aft] ! #h? ( ,april #accj we h no m k ( ,bi%op ,jordanus4 ,( ,jordanus' ,epi/les !re is only "o ,,ms41 viz4 ,p>is1 ,national ,libr>y1 #ejjf ,lat41 fol4 #ahb1 r4 & v42 ( ! ,mirabilia also "o ,,ms4 only1 viz4 ,london1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,additional ,,mss41 #ai1eac1 fols4 #c1 r4-#ab r4 ,! text ( ! ,epi/les is 9 ,qutif & ,e*>d1 ,scriptores ord9is pra$icatorum1 i4 #edi-eej 7,epi/le ,i472 & 9 ,wadd+1 ,annales m9orum1 vi4 #cei-cfa 7,epi/le ,,ii472 ! text ( ! ,mirabilia 9 ! ,p>is ,geog4 ,soc4's ,recueil de voyages1 iv4 #a-fh 7#ahci74 ,! ,papal lett]s ref]r+ to ,jordanus are 9 ,raynaldus1 ,annales ecclesia/ici1 #accj1 lv4 & lvii4 7,april #h2 ,feb4 #ad74 ,see also ,sir ,h4 ,yule's ,jordanus1 a v]sion ( ! ,mirabilia ) a comm5t>y 7,hakluyt ,soc41 #ahfc7 & ! same editor's ,ca?ay1 giv+ a v]sion ( ! ,epi/les1 ) a comm5t>y1 c4 7,hak4 ,soc41 #ahff7 pp4 #ahd-ahe1 #aib-aif1 #bbe-bcj2 ,f4 ,kun/mann1 ,die ,mission 9 ,meliapor und ,tana & ,die ,mission 9 ,columbo 9 ! ,hi/oris*-politis*e ,bltt] ( ,phillips & ,grres1 xxxvii4 #be-ch1 #ace-aeb 7,muni*1 #ahef71 c42 ,c4 ,r4 ,beazley1 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography1 iii4 #bae-bce4 7,c4 ,r4 ,b47 ,,joris1 ,,david1 ! common "n ( ,,jan ,,jorisz or ,,joriszoon 7c4 #aeja-aeef71 ,anabapti/ h]esi>* :o call$ himself lat] ,,jan ,,van ,,brugge2 0 born 9 #aeja or #aejb1 probably 9 ,fl&]s1 at ,gh5t or ,bruges4 ,8 fa!r1 ,georgius ,joris de ,koman1 o!rwise ,joris van ,am]sfoordt1 probably a native ( ,bruges1 0 a %opkeep] & amateur actor at ,delft2 f ! circum/ance t he play$ ! "p ( ,k+ ,david1 8 son receiv$ ! "n ( ,david1 b probably n 9 baptism4 ,8 "m 0 ,m>ytje1 daught] ( ,jan de ,gort]1 ( a good family 9 ,delft4 ,z a *ild he 0 clev] & delicate4 ,he seems !n or lat] to h acquir$ "s t9cture ( le>n+4 ,8 fir/ kn[n occupation 0 t ( a glass-pa9t]2 9 #aebb he pa9t$ w9d[s = ! *ur* at ,enkhuiz51 ,nor? ,holl& 7! bir?place ( ,paul ,pott]74 ,9 pursuit ( 8 art he travell$1 & is said to h rea*$ ,engl&2 ill-heal? drove him homew>ds 9 #aebd1 9 :i* ye> he m>ri$ ,dirckg5 ,willems at ,delft4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,lu!ran re=mation took hold ( him1 & he began to issue appeals 9 prose & v]se aga9/ ! ,mass & aga9/ ! pope z anti*ri/4 ,on ,asc5sion ,day #aebh he committ$ an outrage on ! sacram5t c>ri$ 9 procession2 he 0 plac$ 9 ! pillory1 _h 8 tongue bor$1 & 0 bani%$ f ,delft = ?ree ye>s4 ,he turn$ to ! ,anabapti/s1 0 rebaptiz$ 9 #aecc1 & = "s ye>s l$ a w&]+ life4 ,he came into relations ) ,john ,lasco1 & ) ,m5no ,simons4 ,mu* influ5c$ by ,mel*ior ,h(man1 he _h no sympa?y ) ! fanatic viol5ce ( ! ,mn/] faction4 ,at ! ,buckholdt conf]5ce 9 ,augu/ #aecf he play$ a m$iat+ "p4 ,8 "m1 9 #aecg1 suff]$ m>tyrdom z an ,anabapti/4 ,soon aft] he took up a rle ( 8 own1 hav+ visions & a gift ( prophecy4 ,he adapt$ 9 8 own int]e/ ! !ory 7con/antly recurr5t among my/ics & innovators1 f ! "t ( ,abbot ,joa*im to ! pres5t day7 ( ?ree disp5sations1 ! old1 ) its revelation ( ! ,fa!r1 ! new] ) its revelation ( ! ,son1 & ! f9al or era ( ! ,_s4 ,( ?is newe/ revelation ,*ri/us ,david 0 ! m\?piece1 sup]v5+ on ,*ri/us ,jesus4 ,f ! #a/ ( ,april #aedd1 br++ ) him "s ( 8 foll[]s1 he took up 8 abode 9 ,basel1 :i* 0 to be ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,"h he /yl$ himself ,jan van ,brugge4 ,8 id5tity 0 unkn[n to ! au?orities ( ,basel1 :o _h no suspicion ( 8 h]esies4 ,by 8 writ+s he ma9ta9$ 8 hold on 8 num]\s foll[]s 9 ,holl& & ,friesl&4 ,^! monoton\s writ+s1 all 9 ,dut*1 fl[$ 9 a cont9ual /ream f #aebd 7?\gh none is extant be=e #aebi7 & am\nt$ to ov] #bjj 9 numb]4 ,8 magnum opus 0 ',t ,wond] ,boeck 7n4d4 #aedb1 divid$ into two p>ts2 #aeea1 h&somely repr9t$1 divid$ into f\r p>ts2 bo? editions anonym\s74 ,its *ief claim to recognition is its use1 9 ! latt] "p1 ( ! phrase ,re/itutio ,*ri/i1 :i* app>5tly sugge/$ to ,s]vetus 8 title ,*ri/ianismi ,re/itutio 7#aeec74 ,9 ! #a/ edition is a figure ( ! new man1 sign$ ) ! au?or's monogram1 & probably drawn z a lik5ess ( himself2 x fairly corresponds ) ! alleg$ portrait1 engrav$ 9 #afjg1 reproduc$ 9 ! app5dix to ,a4 ,ross's ,pansebeia 7#afee71 & idealiz$ by ,p4 ,burckh>dt 9 #aijj4 ,ano!r "w1 ,v]kl>+e d] ,s*epp5iss5 7#aeec7 treats my/ically ! book ( ,g5esis1 a fav\rite !me ) ,boehme1 ,sw$5borg & o!rs4 ,8 rema9+ writ+s exhibit all t easy dribble ( triumphant mudd9ess :i* disciples take z dep?4 ,8 wife di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/1 & 8 own dea? foll[$ on ! #be? ( ,augu/ #aeef4 ,he 0 buri$1 ) all religi\s hon\rs1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,leon>d1 ,basel4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ,nicolas ,blesdijk1 :o _h m>ri$ 8 elde/ daught] ,jannecke 7,susanna71 b _h lo/ confid5ce 9 ,jorisz "s "t be=e 8 dea?1 d5\nc$ ! dead man to ! au?orities ( ,basel4 ,an inve/igation 0 begun 9 ,m>* #aeei1 & z ! result ( a conviction = h]esy ! exhum$ body ( ,jorisz 0 burn$1 toge!r ) 8 portrait1 on ! #ac? ( ,may #aeei4 ,blesdijk's ,hi/oria 7n pr9t$ till #afdb7 accuses ,jorisz ( hav+ plures uxores4 ,( ?is !re is no confirmation4 ,!oretically ,jorisz reg>d$ polygamy z lawful2 !re is no pro( t 8 !ory affect$ 8 own practice4 ,! fir/ attempt at a true acc\nt ( ,jorisz 0 by ,gottfri$ ,arnold1 9 8 anonym\s ,hi/oria 7#agac71 pursu$ ) mu* full] mat]ial 9 8 ,kir*5 und ,ketz] ,hi/orie 7be/ ed4 #agdj-agdb74 ,see also ,f4 ,nippold1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die hi/oris*e ,!ologie 7#ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfh72 ,a4 van d] ,l9de1 9 ,allgeme9e ,deuts*e ,biographie 7#ahha72 ,p4 ,burckh>dt1 ,basl] ,biographi5 7#aijj72 ,hegl]1 9 ,hauck's ,real5cyklopdie 7#aija71 & ! bibliography by ,a4 van d] ,l9de1 #ahfg1 supplem5t$ by ,e4 ,well]1 #ahfi4 7,a4 ,g4997 ,,jort91 ,,john 7#afih-aggj71 ,engli% !ologian1 ! son ( a ,prote/ant refugee f ,brittany1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bcrd ( ,octob] #afih4 ,he w5t to ,*>t]h\se ,s*ool1 & 9 #agae became a p5sion] ( ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e 8 reputation z a ,greek s*ol> l$ to 8 be+ select$ to translate c]ta9 passages f ,eu/a?ius = ! notes to ,pope's ,hom]4 ,9 #agbb he publi%$ a small volume ( ,lat9 v]se entitl$ ,lusus poetici4 ,hav+ tak5 ord]s 9 #agbd1 he 0 9 #agbf pres5t$ by 8 college to ! vic>age ( ,swavesey 9 ,cambridge%ire1 :i* he resign$ 9 #agcj to become prea*] at a *apel-(-ease 9 ,new ,/reet1 ,london4 ,9 #agca1 along ) "s fri5ds1 he began a publication entitl$ ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations on ,au?ors ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 :i* appe>$ at int]vals dur+ two ye>s4 ,he 0 ,boyle lectur] 9 #agdi4 ,%ortly aft] becom+ *apla9 to ! bi%op ( ,london 9 #agfb he 0 appo9t$ to a preb5dal /all ( ,/ ,paul's & to ! vic>age ( ,k5s+ton1 & 9 #agfd he 0 made ar*deacon ( ,london4 ,he di$ at ,k5s+ton on ! #e? ( ,septemb] #aggj4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,jort9 are3 ,discussions ,conc]n+ ! ,tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7#agdf72 ,rem>ks on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 7#c vols4 #agea-b-d72 ,life ( ,erasmus 7#b vols4 #agej1 #agfj7 f\nd$ on ! ,life by ,jean ,le ,cl]c2 & ,tracts ,philological ,critical & ,miscellane\s 7#agij74 ,a collection ( 8 ,v>i\s ,works appe>$ 9 #ahje-ahaj4 ,all 8 writ+s display wide le>n+ & acut5ess4 ,he writes on !ological subjects ) ! deta*m5t ( a ?\ghtful layman1 & is witty )\t be+ flippant4 ,see ,john ,disney's ,life ( ,jort9 7#agib74 ,,joseph1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! son ( ! patri>* ,jacob by ,ra*el2 ! "n ( a tribe ( ,israel4 ,two explanations ( ! "n are giv5 by ! ,biblical n>rator 7,g54 xxx4 #bc ,e1 #bd ,j72 a ?ird1 ,he 7,god7 increases1 seems pref]able4 ,unlike ! o!r sons ( ,jacob1 ,joseph is usually reckon$ z two tribes 7viz4 8 sons ,ephraim & ,manasseh71 & closely associat$ ) x is ! small tribe ( ,b5jam9 7q4v471 :i* lay imm$iately to ! s\?4 ,^! ?ree con/itut$ ! sons ( ,ra*el 7! ewe71 & ) ! sons ( ,leah 7! antelope87 are ?us on a high] level ?an ! sons ( ,jacob's concub9es4 ,! h\se ( ,joseph & its (f%oots occupi$ ! c5tre ( ,pale/9e f ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon to ! m\nta9 c\ntry ( ,b5jam91 ) dep5d5cies 9 ,ba%an & nor!rn ,gilead 7see ,,manasseh74 ,practically x compris$ ! nor!rn k+dom1 & ! "n is us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 #b ,sam4 xix4 #bj2 ,amos v4 #f2 vi4 #f 7note ! prom95ce ( ,joseph 9 ! bless+s ( ,jacob & ,moses1 ,g54 xlix41 ,deut4 xxxiii474 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 ,joseph 0 m re/rict$1 possibly to ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,%e*em1 its lat] ext5sion be+ p>allel to ! developm5t ( ! "n ,jacob4 ,! dramatic /ory ( ! tribal ance/or is rec\nt$ 9 ,g54 xxxvii4-l4 7see ,,g5esis74 ,joseph1 ! y\ng] & envi$ son1 is seiz$ by 8 bro!rs at ,do?an nor? ( ,%e*em1 & is sold to a p>ty ( ,i%maelites or ,midianites1 :o c>ry him d[n to ,egypt4 ,aft] v>i\s vicissitudes he ga9s ! fav\r ( ! k+ ( ,egypt by ! int]pretation ( a dream1 & obta9s a high place 9 ! k+dom4#a ,=c$ by a fam9e 8 bro!rs come to buy food1 & 9 ! incid5ts t foll[ ,joseph %[s 8 pref]5ce = 8 "y bro!r ,b5jam9 7cf4 ! tribal data above74 ,8 fa!r ,jacob is invit$ to come to ,go%51 :]e a settlem5t is provid$ = ! family & _! flocks4 ,?is is foll[$ _m ye>s lat] by ! exodus1 ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e1 & ! burial ( ,joseph's body 9 ! grave at ,%e*em :i* 8 fa!r _h b\ght4 ,! hi/ory ( ,joseph 9 ,egypt displays "s famili>ity ) ! circum/ances & usages ( t c\ntry2 see ,driv] 7,ha/+s's ,d4,b47 & ,*eyne 7,ency4 ,bib41 col4 #behi seq472 al?\gh ,abre* 7xli4 #dc71 possibly ! ,egyptian ib rk 7,crum1 9 ,ha/+s's ,d4,b41 i4 #ffe71 has be5 o!rwise connect$ ) ! ,assyrian ab>akku 7a high (fic]74 ,an int]e/+ p>allel to ! /ory ( ,joseph 9 ,g54 xxxix4 is f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian tale ( ,! ,two ,bro!rs 7,petrie1 ,eg4 ,tales1 #bnd s]ies1 p4 #cf seq41 #ahie71 :i* dates f ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 b ! diff]5ces are n inconsid]able comp>$ ) ! po9ts ( resemblance1 & ! tale has features :i* are almo/ univ]sal 7,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed41 vol4 iii4 #cea seq474 ,on ! !ory t ! hi/orical elem5ts ( ,joseph's hi/ory ref] to an (ficial 7,yanhamu7 ( ! "t ( ,am5ophis ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 see ,*eyne1 op4 cit41 & ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #aijc4 ,t ! pres5t =m ( ! n>rative has be5 influ5c$ by curr5t my?ological lore is n improbable2 on ?is "q see 7) caution7 ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*4 ,israels1 ii4 #fg-gg 7#aijj72 ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,alte ,te/41 pp4 #chc sqq4 7#aijf74 ,x may be add$ t ! ,egyptian names 9 ! /ory ( ,joseph are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,,xxii4 & subsequ5t dyna/ies4 ,see1 also ,mey] & ,lu!r1 ,die ,israelit5 7#aijf71 ,index1 s4v4 7,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnote3 #a ,joseph's m>riage ) ! daught] ( ! prie/ ( ,on might %[ t ! tribes ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh 7 believ$ to be half-,egyptian by desc5t1 b x is notori\sly difficult to det]m9e h[ mu* is ( e?nological value & h[ mu* belongs to romance 7viz4 t ( ! individual ,joseph74 ,,joseph1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! husb& ( ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus4 ,he is repres5t$ z a desc5dant ( ! h\se ( ,david1 & 8 g5ealogy appe>s 9 two div]g5t =ms 9 ,matt4 i4 #a-ag & ,luke iii4 #bc-ch4 ,! latt] is probably mu* m complete & accurate 9 details4 ,! =m]1 obvi\sly artificial 9 /ructure 7notice #c #ad g5]ations71 traces ! ,davidic desc5t ?r\gh k+s1 & is gov]n$ by an apologetic purpose4 ,( ,joseph's p]sonal hi/ory practically no?+ is record$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! facts conc]n+ him common to ! two bir?-n>ratives 7,matt4 i4-ii42 ,luke i4-ii47 are3 7a7 t he 0 a desc5dant ( ,david1 7b7 t ,m>y 0 already betro!d to him :5 %e 0 f\nd ) *ild ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & 7c7 t he liv$ at ,naz>e? aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 b ^! facts are h&l$ diff]5tly 9 ea* case4 ,x is noticeable t1 9 ,mat!w1 ,joseph is prom95t 7e4g4 he receives an annunciation f an angel71 :ile 9 ,luke's n>rative he is completely subord9at$4 ,bp ,gore 7,! ,inc>nation1 ,bampton lecture = #ahia1 p4 #gh7 po9ts out t ,mat!w n>rates ev]y?+ f ,joseph's side1 ,luke f ,m>y's1 & inf]s t ! n>rative ( ! =m] may ultimately be bas$ on ,joseph's acc\nt1 t ( ! latt] on ,m>y's4 ,! n>ratives seem to h be5 curr5t 79 a poetical =m7 among ! e>ly ,jewi%-,*ri/ian community ( ,pale/9e4 ,at ,naz>e? ,joseph foll[$ ! trade ( a c>p5t] 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee74 ,x is probable t he _h di$ be=e ! public m9i/ry ( ,*ri/2 = no m5tion is made ( him 9 passages relat+ to ?is p]iod :]e ! "m & bre?r5 ( ,jesus are introduc$2 & f ,john xix4 #bf x is cle> t he 0 n alive at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,joseph 0 ! fa!r ( sev]al *ildr5 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee71 b accord+ to ecclesia/ical tradition by a =m] m>riage4 ,! read+ ( ,matt4 i4 #af1 9 ! ,s9aitic ,palimpse/ 7,joseph 444 begat ,jesus1 :o is call$ ! ,*ri/7 also makes him ! natural fa!r ( ,jesus1 & ?is 0 ! view ( c]ta9 e>ly h]etical sects1 b x seems nev] to h be5 held 9 or?odox ,*ri/ian circles4 ,accord+ to v>i\s apocryphal gospels 7conv5i5tly collect$ 9 ,b4 ,h4 ,c[p]'s ,! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ahha71 :5 m>ri$ to ,m>y he 0 a wid[] already #hj ye>s ( age1 & ! fa!r ( f\r sons & two daught]s2 8 fir/ wife's "n 0 ,salome & %e 0 a connexion ( ! family ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! #ai? ( ,m>* has s9ce #afdb be5 a fea/ 9 ,joseph's hon\r4 ,two o!r fe/ivals 9 8 hon\r h also be5 e/abli%$ 7! ,patronage ( ,/ ,joseph1 #crd ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 & ! ,betro?al ( ,m>y & ,joseph1 #bcrd ( ,janu>y74 ,9 ,decemb] #ahgj ,/ ,joseph 0 proclaim$ ,patron ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 7,g4 ,h4 ,bo47 ,,joseph ,,( ,,arima?aea1#a 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a weal?y ,jew :o _h be5 conv]t$ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he is m5tion$ by ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 :o are 9 sub/antial agreem5t conc]n+ him3 aft] ! ,crucifixion he w5t to ,pilate & ask$ = ! body ( ,jesus1 subsequ5tly prep>$ x = burial & laid x 9 a tomb4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 m9or diff]5ces 9 ! acc\nts1 :i* h giv5 rise to controv]sy4 ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #fj7 says t ! tomb 0 ,joseph's own2 ,m>k 7xv4 #dc seq471 ,luke 7xxiii4 #ej seq47 say no?+ ( ?is1 :ile ,john 7xix4 #da7 simply says t ! body 0 laid 9 a sepul*re nigh at h&4 ,bo? ,m>k & ,luke say t ,joseph 0 a c\ncillor 7,greek3 eus*mn b\leuts1 ,m>k xv4 #dc71 & ! ,gospel ( ,pet] describes him z a fri5d ( ,pilate & ( ! ,"l4 ,?is la/ /atem5t is probably a late inv5tion1 & !re is consid]able difficulty z to c\ncillor4 ,t ,joseph 0 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$r9 is improbable4 ,luke inde$1 reg>d+ him z su*1 says t he _h n cons5t$ to _! c\nsel & de$1 b ,m>k 7xiv4 #fd7 says t all ! ,sanh$r9 condemn$ him to be wor?y ( dea?4 ,p]haps ! phrase noble c\ncillor is int5d$ to imply m]ely a man ( weal? & position4 ,aga9 ,mat!w says t ,joseph 0 a disciple1 :ile ,m>k implies t he 0 n yet among ! def9ite adh]5ts ( ,*ri/1 & ,john describes him z an adh]5t secretly = fe> ( ! ,jews4 ,mo/ likely he 0 a disciple1 b belong$ only to ! wid] circle ( adh]5ts4 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel sugge/s t ! writ]1 fac$ ) ^! v>i\s difficulties1 assum$ a d\ble tradition3 7#a7 t ,joseph ( ,arima?aea1 a weal?y disciple1 buri$ ! body ( ,*ri/2 7#b7 t ! p]son 9 "q 0 ,joseph ( ,arima?aea a c\ncillor1 & solv$ ! problem by sub/itut+ ,nicodemus z ! c\ncillor2 h5ce he describes bo? ,joseph & ,nicodemus 7xix4 #ci7 z co-op]at+ 9 ! burial4 ,"s critics 7e4g4 ,/rauss1 ,new ,life ( ,jesus1 *4 #if7 h ?r[n d\bt ^u ! /ory1 reg>d+ "s ( ! details z inv5t$ to suit ! prophecy 9 ,isa4 liii4 #i1 !y made 8 grave ) ! wick$1 & ) ! ri* 9 8 dea? 7= v>i\s translations1 see ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ,bible1 ii4 #ggh74 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ?is prophecy 9 ! ,gospels1 ?is view is unconv9c+1 ?\gh ! correspond5ce is rem>kable4 ,! /rik+ "* ( ?is s+le appe>ance ( ,joseph ( ,arima?aea l$ to ! rise ( num]\s leg5ds4 ,?us ,william ( ,malmesbury says t he 0 s5t to ,brita9 by ,/ ,philip1 &1 hav+ receiv$ a small isl& 9 ,som]set%ire1 !re con/ruct$ ) twi/$ twigs ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,brita9--aft]w>ds to become ! ,abbey ( ,gla/onbury4 ,! leg5d says t 8 /aff1 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 became a ?orn fl[]+ twice a ye> 7see ,,gla/onbury74 ,?is tradition--:i* is giv5 only z su* by ,malmesbury himself--is n confirm$1 & !re is no m5tion ( x 9 ei!r ,gildas or ,b$e4 ,joseph also plays a l>ge "p 9 ! v>i\s v]sions ( ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail 7see ,,grail1 ,,! ,,holy74 ,,footnote3 #a ,g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ,rama?aim-,zophim1 ! city ( ,elkanah 9 ! hilly di/rict ( ,ephraim 7#a ,sam4 i4 #a71 ne> ,diospolis 7,lydda74 ,see ,euseb41 ,onoma/icon1 #bbe4 #ab4 ,,joseph ,i4 7#afgh-agaa71 ,roman emp]or1 0 ! eld] son ( ! emp]or ,leopold ,i4 & 8 ?ird wife1 ,eleanora1 c\ntess palat9e1 daught] ( ,philip ,william ( ,neuburg4 ,born 9 ,vi5na on ! #bf? ( ,july #afgh1 he 0 educat$ /rictly by ,pr9ce ,dietri* ,otto von ,salm1 & became a good l+ui/4 ,9 #afhg he receiv$ ! cr[n ( ,hung>y1 & he 0 elect$ k+ ( ! ,romans 9 #afij4 ,9 #afii he m>ri$ ,wilhelm9a ,amalia1 daught] ( ,duke ,fr$]ick ( ,brunswick-,lneburg1 by :om he _h two daught]s4 ,9 #agjb1 on ! outbreak ( ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 he saw 8 only milit>y s]vice4 ,he jo9$ ! imp]ial g5]al ,l\is ( ,bad5 9 ! siege ( ,l&au4 ,x is said t :5 he 0 advis$ n to g into a place ( dang] he repli$ t ^? :o 7 afraid might retire4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r z emp]or 9 #agje1 & x 0 8 good =tune to gov]n ! ,au/rian dom9ions1 & to be head ( ! ,empire dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* 8 tru/$ g5]al ,pr9ce ,eugne1 ei!r act+ alone 9 ,italy or ) ! duke ( ,m>lbor\gh 9 ,g]many & ,fl&]s1 0 beat+ ! armies ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( 8 reign ,hung>y 0 di/urb$ by ! conflict ) ,francis ,rckczy ,,ii41 :o ev5tually took refuge 9 ,france4 ,! emp]or did n himself take ! field aga9/ ! rebels1 b he is entitl$ to a l>ge %>e ( ! cr$it = ! re/oration ( 8 au?ority4 ,he rev]s$ _m ( ! p$antically au?oritative measures ( 8 fa!r1 ?us placat+ all oppon5ts :o c\ld be pacifi$1 & he f\ght /\tly = :at he believ$ to be 8 rights4 ,joseph %[$ himself v indep5d5t t[>ds ! pope1 & ho/ile to ! ,jesuits1 by :om 8 fa!r _h be5 mu* influ5c$4 ,he _h ! ta/es = art & music :i* 7 almo/ h]$it>y 9 8 family1 & 0 an active hunt]4 ,he began ! attempts to settle ! "q ( ! ,au/rian inh]itance by a pragmatic sanction1 :i* 7 cont9u$ by 8 bro!r ,*>les ,,vi4 ,joseph di$ 9 ,vi5na on ! #ag? ( ,april #agaa1 ( small-pox4 ,see ,f4 ,krones von ,m>*l&1 ,grundriss d] ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,ges*i*te 7#ahhb72 ,f4 ,wagn]1 ,hi/oria ,josephi ,caes>is 7#agdf72 ,j4 ,c4 ,h]*5hahn1 ,ges*i*te d] ,regi]ung ,kais] ,josephs ,i4 7#aghf-aghi72 ,c4 van ,noord51 ,europis*e ,ges*i*te im #ah4 ,jahrhund]t 7#ahgj-ahhb74 ,,joseph ,,ii4 7#agda-agij71 ,roman emp]or1 elde/ son ( ! empress ,m>ia ,!resa & h] husb& ,francis ,i41 0 born on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #agda1 9 ! fir/ /ress ( ! ,w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession4 ,m>ia ,!resa gave ord]s t he 0 only to be taught z if he 7 amus+ himself2 ! result 0 t he acquir$ a habit ( crude & sup]ficial /udy4 ,8 real education 0 giv5 him by ! writ+s ( ,voltaire & ! encyclopa$i/s1 & by ! example ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,8 useful tra9+ 0 conf]r$ by gov]nm5t (ficials1 :o 7 direct$ to in/ruct him 9 ! me*anical details ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! num]\s /ates compos+ ! ,au/rian dom9ions & ! ,empire4 ,9 #agfa he 0 made a memb] ( ! newly con/itut$ c\ncil ( /ate 7,/aatsra?7 & began to draw up m9utes1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( rev]ies1 = 8 "m to read4 ,^! pap]s conta9 ! g]ms ( 8 lat] policy1 & ( all ! disa/]s :i* f9ally ov]took him4 ,he 0 a fri5d to religi\s tol]ation1 anxi\s to r$uce ! p[] ( ! *ur*1 to relieve ! peasantry ( feudal burd5s1 & to remove re/rictions on trade & on k4 ,s f> he did n diff] f ,fr$]ick1 ,ca!r9e ( ,russia or 8 own bro!r & successor ,leopold ,,ii41 all enlight5$ rul]s ( ! #ah?-c5tury /amp4 ,:]e ,joseph diff]$ f great contempor>y rul]s1 & :]e he 0 v close ak9 to ! ,jacob9s1 0 9 ! fanatical int5sity ( 8 belief 9 ! p[] ( ! /ate :5 direct$ by reason1 ( 8 "r to speak = ! /ate uncontroll$ by laws1 & ( ! reasonabl5ess ( 8 own reasons4 ,also he _h inh]it$ f 8 "m all ! belief ( ! h\se ( ,au/ria 9 its augu/ quality1 & its claim to acquire :atev] x f\nd desirable = its p[] or its pr(it4 ,he 0 unable to und]/& t 8 philosophical plans = ! m\ld+ ( mank9d c\ld meet ) p>donable opposition4 ,! ov]we5+ "* ( ! man 0 obvi\s to ,fr$]ick1 :o1 aft] _! fir/ int]view 9 #agfi1 describ$ him z ambiti\s1 & z capable ( sett+ ! _w on fire4 ,! ,fr5* m9i/] ,v]g5nes1 :o met ,joseph :5 he 0 travell+ incognito 9 #aggg1 judg$ him to be ambiti\s & despotic4 ,until ! dea? ( 8 "m 9 #aghj ,joseph 0 nev] q free to foll[ 8 own in/9cts4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #agfe he became emp]or & 0 made co-reg5t by 8 "m 9 ! ,au/rian dom9ions4 ,z emp]or he _h no real p[]1 & 8 "m 0 resolv$ t nei!r husb& nor son %\ld ev] deprive h] ( sov]eign control 9 h] h]$it>y dom9ions4 ,joseph1 by ?reat5+ to resign 8 place z co-reg5t1 c\ld induce 8 "m to abate h] dislike to religi\s tol]ation4 ,he c\ld1 & he did1 place a great /ra9 on h] pati5ce & temp]1 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ p>tition ( ,pol& & ! ,bav>ian ,w> ( #aggh1 b 9 ! la/ resort ! empress spoke ! f9al ^w4 ,dur+ ^! w>s ,joseph travell$ mu*4 ,he met ,fr$]ick ! ,great privately at ,neisse 9 #agfi1 & aga9 at ,mhris*-,neu/adt 9 #aggj4 ,on ! second occasion he 0 accompani$ by ,pr9ce ,kaunitz1 ^: conv]sation ) ,fr$]ick may be said to m>k ! />t+-po9t ( ! fir/ p>tition ( ,pol&4 ,to ?is & to e o!r measure :i* promis$ to ext5d ! dom9ions ( 8 h\se ,joseph gave he>ty approval4 ,?us he 0 eag] to en=ce its claim on ,bav>ia ^u ! dea? ( ! elector ,maximilian ,joseph 9 #aggg4 ,9 ,april ( t ye> he paid a visit to 8 si/] ! que5 ( ,france 7see ,,m>ie ,,anto9ette71 travell+ "u ! "n ( ,c\nt ,falk5/e94 ,he 0 well receiv$1 & mu* flatt]$ by ! encyclopa$i/s1 b 8 obs]vations l$ him to pr$ict ! approa*+ d[nfall ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y1 & he 0 n impress$ fav\rably by ! army or navy4 ,9 #aggh he comm&$ ! troops collect$ to oppose ,fr$]ick1 :o support$ ! rival claimant to ,bav>ia4 ,real fight+ 0 av]t$ by ! unwill+ness ( ,fr$]ick to emb>k on a new w> & by ,m>ia ,!resa's det]m9ation to ma9ta9 peace4 ,9 ,april #aghj he paid a visit to ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 aga9/ ! wi% ( 8 "m4 ,! dea? ( ,m>ia ,!resa on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #aghj left ,joseph free4 ,he imm$iately direct$ 8 gov]nm5t on a new c\rse1 full spe$ ahead4 ,he proce$$ to attempt to realize 8 ideal ( a wise despotism act+ on a def9ite sy/em = ! good ( all4 ,! measures ( emancipation ( ! peasantry :i* 8 "m _h begun 7 c>ri$ on by him ) fev]i% activity4 ,! spread ( education1 ! secul>ization ( *ur* l&s1 ! r$uction ( ! religi\s ord]s & ! cl]gy 9 g5]al to complete submission to ! lay /ate1 ! promotion ( unity by ! compulsory use ( ! ,g]man language1 ev]y?+ :i* f ! po9t ( view ( #ah?-c5tury philosophy appe>$ reasonable 0 und]tak5 at once4 ,he /rove = adm9i/rative unity ) *>act]i/ic ha/e to rea* results )\t prep>ation4 ,8 anti-cl]ical innovations induc$ ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 to pay him a visit 9 ,july #aghb4 ,joseph receiv$ ! pope politely1 & %[$ himself a good ,ca?olic1 b refus$ to be influ5c$4 ,s _m int]f]5ces ) old cu/oms began to produce unre/ 9 all p>ts ( 8 dom9ions4 ,mean:ile he ?rew himself into a succession ( =eign policies all aim$ at aggr&isem5t1 & all equally calculat$ to (f5d 8 neighb\rs--all tak5 up ) zeal1 & dropp$ 9 disc\ragem5t4 ,he endeav\r$ to get rid ( ! ,b>ri] ,treaty1 :i* deb>r$ 8 ,flemi% subjects f ! navigation ( ! ,s*eldt2 :5 he 0 oppos$ by ,france he turn$ to o!r s*emes ( alliance ) ,russia = ! p>tition ( ,turkey & ,v5ice4 ,!y also _h to be giv5 up 9 ! face ( ! opposition ( neighb\rs1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ,france4 ,!n he resum$ 8 attempts to obta9 ,bav>ia--?is "t by ex*ang+ x = ,belgium--& only provok$ ! =mation ( ! ,fr/5bund organiz$ by ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,f9ally he jo9$ ,russia 9 an attempt to pillage ,turkey4 ,x began on 8 "p by an unsuccessful & discr$itable attempt to surprise ,belgrade 9 "t ( peace1 & 0 foll[$ by ! ill-manag$ campaign ( #aghh4 ,he accompani$ 8 army1 b %[$ no capacity = w>4 ,9 ,novemb] he return$ to ,vi5na ) ru9$ heal?1 & dur+ #aghi 0 a dy+ man4 ,! conc5tration ( 8 troops 9 ! ea/ gave ! malcont5ts ( ,belgium an opportunity to revolt4 ,9 ,hung>y ! nobles 7 all b 9 op5 rebellion1 & 9 8 o!r /ates !re 7 peasant ris+s1 & a revival ( p>ticul>i/ s5tim5ts4 ,joseph 0 left entirely alone4 ,8 m9i/] ,kaunitz refus$ to visit 8 sick-room1 & did n see him = two ye>s4 ,8 bro!r ,leopold rema9$ at ,flor5ce4 ,at la/ ,joseph1 worn out & brok5-he>t$1 recogniz$ t 8 s]vants c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 c>ry out 8 plans4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #agij he =mally )drew all 8 re=ms1 & he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y4 ,joseph ,,ii4 0 twice m>ri$1 fir/ to ,isabella1 daught] ( ,philip1 duke ( ,p>ma1 to :om he 0 atta*$4 ,aft] h] dea? on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #agfc1 a political m>riage 0 arrang$ ) ,josepha 7d4 #agfg71 daught] ( ,*>les ,alb]t1 elector ( ,bav>ia 7! emp]or ,*>les ,,vii474 ,x prov$ extremely unhappy4 ,joseph left no *ildr51 & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,leopold ,,ii4 ,_m volumes ( ! emp]or's correspond5ce h be5 publi%$4 ,among !m are ,m>ia ,!resia und ,joseph ,,ii4 ,ihre ,korrespond5z samt ,brief5 ,josephs an se95 ,brud] ,leopold 7#ahfg-ahfh72 ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,leopold von ,toskana4 ,ihr ,briefwe*sel #agha-agij 7#ahgb72 ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,ka?>9a von ,russl&4 ,ihr ,briefwe*sel 7#ahfi72 & ,m>ia ,anto9ette1 ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,leopold ,,ii4 ,ihr ,briefwe*sel 7#ahff72 all edit$ by ,a4 ,ritt] von ,arne?4 ,o!r collections are3 ,joseph ,,ii41 ,leopold ,,ii4 und ,kaunitz4 ,ihr ,briefwe*sel1 edit$ by ,a4 ,be] 7#ahgc72 ,correspondances intimes de l'emp]eur ,joseph ,,ii4 avec son ami1 le comte de ,cob5zl et son premi] m9i/re1 le pr9ce de ,kaunitz1 edit$ by ,s4 ,brunn] 7#ahga72 ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,graf ,ludwig ,cob5zl4 ,ihr ,briefwe*sel1 edit$ by ,a4 ,be] & ,j4 von ,fi$l] 7#aija72 & ! ,geheime ,korrespond5z ,josephs ,,ii4 mit se9em ,m9i/] 9 d5 ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,ni$]l&51 ,f]d9& ,graf ,trauttmannsdorff #aghg-aghi1 edit$ by ,h4 ,s*litt] 7#aijb74 ,among ! lives ( ,joseph may be m5tion$3 ,a4 ,j4 ,gross-,h(f+]1 ,ges*i*te ,josephs ,,ii4 7#ahdg72 ,c4 ,paganel1 ,hi/oire de ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahdc2 ,g]man translation by ,f4 ,khl]1 #ahdd72 ,h4 ,meyn]t1 ,kais] ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahfb72 ,a4 ,be]1 ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahhb72 ,a4 ,jg]1 ,kais] ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,leopold ,,ii4 7#ahfg72 ,a4 ,f\rni]1 ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahhe72 & ,j4 ,w5dr9ski1 ,kais] ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahhj74 ,!re is a useful small volume on ! emp]or by ,j4 ,franck ,bright 7#ahig74 ,o!r books :i* may be consult$ are3 ,g4 ,wolf1 ,das ,unt]ri*tswes5 9 ,oe/]rei* unt] ,joseph ,,ii4 7#ahhj71 & ,oe/]rei* und ,preuss5 #aghj-agij 7#ahhj71 ,a4 ,wolf & ,h4 von ,zwi$5eck-,sd5hor/1 ,oe/]rei* unt] ,m>ia ,!resia1 ,joseph ,,ii4 und ,leopold ,,ii4 7#ahhb-ahhd72 ,h4 ,s*litt]1 ,die ,regi]ung ,josephs ,,ii4 9 d5 ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,ni$]l&5 7#aijj72 & ,pius ,,vi4 und ,joseph ,,ii4 #aghb-aghd 7#ahid72 ,o4 ,lor5z1 ,joseph ,,ii4 und die ,belgis*e ,revolution 7#ahfb72 & ,l4 ,delplace1 ,joseph ,,ii4 et la rvolution brabanonne 7#ahij74 ,,joseph1 ,,fa!r 7,,fran,,ois ,,lecl]c ,,du ,,tremblay7 7#aegg-afch71 ,fr5* ,capu*9 monk1 ! confidant ( ,ri*elieu1 0 ! elde/ son ( ,jean ,lecl]c du ,tremblay1 presid5t ( ! *amb] ( reque/s ( ! p>lem5t ( ,p>is1 & ( ,m>ie ,moti] de ,lafayette4 ,z a boy he receiv$ a c>eful classical tra9+1 & 9 #aeie made an ext5d$ j\rney ?r\gh ,italy1 return+ to take up ! c>e] ( arms4 ,he s]v$ at ! siege ( ,ami5s 9 #aeig1 & !n accompani$ a special embassy to ,london4 ,9 #aeii ,b>on de ,maffli]1 by :i* "n he 0 kn[n at c\rt1 r5\nc$ ! _w & ent]$ ! ,capu*9 mona/]y ( ,orleans4 ,he embrac$ ! religi\s life ) great ard\r1 & became a notable prea*] & re=m]4 ,9 #afjf he aid$ ,anto9ette d',orlans1 a nun ( ,fontevrault1 to f\nd ! re=m$ ord] ( ! ,filles du ,calvaire1 & wrote a manual ( devotion = ! nuns4 ,8 proselytiz+ zeal l$ him to s5d mission>ies ?r\gh\t ! ,hugu5ot c5tres--he _h become prov9cial ( ,t\ra9e 9 #afac4 ,he ent]$ politics at ! conf]5ces ( ,l\dun1 :51 z ! confidant ( ! que5 & ! papal envoy1 he oppos$ ! ,gallican claims advanc$ by ! p>lem5t1 :i* ! pr9ces 7 uphold+1 & succe$$ 9 conv9c+ !m ( ! s*ismatic t5d5cy ( ,gallicanism4 ,9 #afab he began ^? p]sonal relations ) ,ri*elieu :i* h indissolubly jo9$ 9 hi/ory & leg5d ! c>d9al & ! ,em95ce grise1 relations :i* rese>* has n altoge!r made cle>4 ,9 #afbg ! monk assi/$ at ! siege ( ,la ,ro*elle4 ,a purely religi\s reason also made him ,ri*elieu's ally aga9/ ! ,habsburgs4 ,he _h a dream ( ar\s+ ,europe to ano!r crusade aga9/ ! ,turks1 & believ$ t ! h\se ( ,au/ria 0 ! ob/acle to t univ]sal ,european peace :i* w\ld make ?is possible4 ,z ,ri*elieu's ag5t1 !re=e1 ?is mod]n ,pet] ! ,h]mit manoeuvr$ at ! diet ( ,reg5sburg 7#afcj7 to ?w>t ! aggression ( ! emp]or1 & !n advis$ ! int]v5tion ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 reconcil+ himself to ! use ( ,prote/ant armies by ! !ory t "o poison w\ld c\nt]act ano!r4 ,?us ! monk became a w> m9i/]1 &1 ?\gh ma9ta9+ a p]sonal au/]ity ( life1 gave himself up to diplomacy & politics4 ,he di$ 9 #afch1 j z ! c>d9alate 0 to be conf]r$ ^u him4 ,! /ory t ,ri*elieu visit$ him :5 on 8 dea?b$ & r\s$ ! dy+ man by ! words1 ,c\rage1 ,fa!r ,joseph1 we h won ,breisa*1 is apocryphal4 ,see ,fagniez1 ,le ,pre ,joseph et ,ri*elieu 7#ahid71 a "w bas$ l>gely on orig9al & unpubli%$ s\rces4 ,fa!r ,joseph1 accord+ to ?is biography1 w\ld seem n to h lectur$ ,ri*elieu 9 ! fa%ion ( ! leg5ds1 :atev] 8 moral influ5ce may h be5 9 /r5g!n+ ,ri*elieu's h&s4 ,,joseph9e 7,,m>ie ,,rose ,,joseph9e ,,tas*] ,,de ,,la ,,pag]ie7 7#agfc-ahad71 empress ( ! ,fr5*1 0 born 9 ! isl& ( ,m>t9ique on ! #bcrd ( ,june #agfc1 be+ ! elde/ ( ?ree daught]s ( ,joseph ,tas*] de la ,pag]ie1 lieut5ant ( artill]y4 ,h] beauty & grace1 ?\gh ( a languid ,creole /yle1 won ! affections ( ! "y (fic] ! vicomte de ,beauh>nais1 &1 aft] "s family complications1 %e 0 m>ri$ to him4 ,_! m>ri$ life 0 n :olly happy1 ! frivolity ( ,joseph9e occasion+ h] husb& anxiety & jeal\sy4 ,two *ildr51 ,eugne & ,hort5se1 7 ! fruit ( ! union4 ,dur+ ,joseph9e's second resid5ce 9 ,m>t9ique1 :i!r %e proce$$ to t5d h] "m1 occurr$ ! fir/ tr\bles ) ! slaves1 :i* result$ f ! precipitate action ( ! con/itu5t assembly 9 emancipat+ !m4 ,%e return$ to h] husb&1 :o at t "t ent]$ into political life at ,p>is4 ,h] beauty & vivacity won h] _m admir]s 9 ! salons ( ! capital4 ,z ! ,revolution ran its c\rse h] husb&1 z an ex-noble1 incurr$ ! suspicion & ho/ility ( ! ,jacob9s2 & 8 ill-success at ! head ( a ,fr5* army on ! ,rh9e l$ to 8 arre/ & execution4 ,!reaft] ,joseph9e 0 9 a position ( mu* p]plexity & "s h>d%ip1 b ! fri5d%ip ( ,b>ras & ( ,madame ,talli51 to bo? ( :om %e 0 !n mu* atta*$1 br\ght h] into notice1 & %e 0 "o ( ! que5s ( ,p>isian society 9 ! ye> #agie1 :5 ,napoleon ,bonap>te's s]vices to ! ,fr5* conv5tion 9 scatt]+ ! malcont5ts ( ! capital 7#ac ,v5dmiaire1 or ,octob] #e1 #agie7 br\ght him to ! front4 ,!re is a /ory t %e became kn[n to ,napoleon ?r\gh a visit paid to him by h] son ,eugne 9 ord] to beg 8 help 9 procur+ ! re/oration ( 8 fa!r's sword1 b x re/s on sl5d] f\ndations4 ,9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t ,bonap>te1 h[ev] he came to "k h]1 0 spe$ily captivat$ by h] *>ms4 ,%e1 on h] side1 felt v little affection = ! ?91 impecuni\s & irrepressible suitor2 b by degrees %e came to acquiesce 9 ! ?\ght ( m>riage1 h] hesitations1 x is said1 be+ remov$ by ! influ5ce ( ,b>ras & by ! nom9ation ( ,bonap>te to ! comm& ( ! army ( ,italy4 ,! civil m>riage took place on ! #i? ( ,m>* #agif1 two days be=e ! bridegroom set out = 8 comm&4 ,he fail$ to induce h] to g ) him to ,nice & ,italy4 ,bonap>te's lett]s to ,joseph9e dur+ ! campaign reveal ! ard\r ( 8 love1 :ile %e r>ely answ]$ !m4 ,z he came to realize h] %all[ness & frivolity 8 passion cool$2 b at ! "t :5 he resid$ at ,montebello 7ne> ,milan7 9 #agig he /ill %[$ great reg>d = h]4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,egypt 9 #agih-agii1 h] relations to an (fic]1 ,m4 ,*>les1 7 mo/ compromis+2 & ,bonap>te on 8 return ?\ght ( divorc+ h]4 ,h] te>s & ! entreaties ( ,eugne & ,hort5se avail$ to br+ ab\t a reconciliation2 & dur+ ! p]iod ( ! consulate 7#agii-ahjd7 _! relations 7 on ! :ole happy1 ?\gh ,napoleon's conduct n[ gave 8 consort grave cause = conc]n4 ,8 bro!rs & si/]s m ?an once begg$ him to divorce ,joseph9e1 & x is kn[n t1 f ! "t :5 he became fir/ consul = life 7,augu/ #ahjb7 ) l>ge p[]s ov] ! *oice ( a successor1 he kept op5 ! alt]native ( a divorce4 ,joseph9e's anxieties increas$ on ! proclamation ( ! ,empire 7,may #ah1 #ahjd72 & on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahjd1 ! eve ( ! coronation at ,notre ,dame1 %e ga9$ h] wi% t %e %\ld be m>ri$ anew to ,napoleon ) religi\s rites4 ,despite h] c>e1 ! emp]or procur$ ! omission ( "o =mality1 ! pres5ce ( ! p>i% prie/2 b at ! coronation sc5e ,joseph9e appe>$ radiant ) triumph ov] h] envi\s relatives4 ,! augu/ m>riages contract$ by h] *ildr5 ,eugne & ,hort5se seem$ to e/abli% h] position2 b h] ceaseless extravagance &1 above all1 ! impossibility t %e %\ld be> a son /ra9$ ! relations betwe5 ,napoleon & ,joseph9e4 ,%e compla9$ ( 8 infidelities & gr[+ call\sness4 ,! end came 9 sight aft] ! campaign ( #ahji1 :5 ,napoleon caus$ ! ann\ncem5t to be made to h] t reasons ( /ate compell$ him to divorce h]4 ,despite all h] plead+s he held to 8 resolve4 ,! mo/ 0 made ( ! slight te*nical irregul>ity at ! m>riage c]emony ( ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahjd2 & ! m>riage 0 decl>$ null & void4 ,at h] private retreat1 ,la ,malmaison1 ne> ,p>is1 :i* %e _h beautifi$ ) curios & r>e plants & fl[]s1 ,joseph9e clos$ h] life 9 dignifi$ retirem5t4 ,napoleon m ?an once came to consult h] ^u matt]s 9 :i* he valu$ h] tact & good s5se4 ,h] heal? decl9$ e>ly 9 #ahad1 & aft] 8 fir/ abdication 7,april #aa1 #ahad7 x 0 cle> t h] end 0 n f> (f4 ,! emp]or ,alex&] ( ,russia & ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 ( ,prussia1 !n 9 ,p>is1 reque/$ an int]view ) h]4 ,%e di$ on ! #bd? ( ,may #ahad4 ,h] fri5ds1 ,mme de ,rmusat & o!rs1 po9t$ out t ,napoleon's good =tune des]t$ him aft] ! divorce2 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,au/rian m>riage clogg$ him 9 sev]al ways4 ,joseph9e's influ5ce 0 us$ on behalf ( peace & mod]ation bo? 9 int]nal & 9 =eign affairs4 ,?us %e begg$ ,napoleon n to execute ! duc d',enghi5 & n to embroil himself 9 ,spani% affairs 9 #ahjh4 ,see ,m4 ,a4 ,le ,norm&1 ,mmoires hi/oriques et secrets de ,josph9e 7#b vols41 #ahbj72 ,lettres de ,napolon ,josph9e 7#ahcc72 ,j4 ,a4 ,aub5as1 ,hi/4 de l'impratrice ,josph9e 7#b vols41 #aheh-ahei72 ,j4 ,turquan1 ,l',impratrice ,josph9e 7#b vols41 #ahie-ahif72 ,f4 ,masson1 ,josph9e 7#c vols41 #ahii-aijb72 ,napoleon's ,lett]s to ,joseph9e 7#agif-ahab71 translat$ & edit$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,hall 7#aijc74 ,also ! ,memoirs ( ,mme4 de ,rmusat & ( ,bausset1 & ,p4 ,w4 ,s]geant1 ,! ,empress ,joseph9e 7#aijh74 7,j4 ,hl4 ,r47 ,,josephus1 ,,flavius 7c4 #cg-;c4 #ie871 ,jewi% hi/orian & milit>y comm&]1 0 born 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,caligula 7#cg-ch74 ,8 fa!r belong$ to "o ( ! noble/ prie/ly families1 & ?r\gh 8 "m he claim$ desc5t f ! ,asmonaean high prie/ ,jona?an4 ,a precoci\s /ud5t ( ! ,law1 he made trial ( ! ?ree sects ( ,judaism--,ph>isees1 ,sadducees & ,ess5es--be=e he rea*$ ! age ( n9ete54 ,!n1 hav+ sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ! des]t ) ! h]mit ,banus1 :o 0 presumably an ,ess5e1 he became a ,ph>isee4 ,9 #fd he w5t to ,rome to int]c$e on behalf ( "s prie/s1 8 fri5ds1 :om ! procurator ,felix _h s5t to r5d] acc\nt to ,caes> = "s insignificant (f5ce4 ,mak+ fri5ds ) ,alityrus1 a ,jewi% actor1 :o 0 a fav\rite ( ,n]o1 ,josephus obta9$ an introduction to ! empress ,poppaea & effect$ 8 purpose by h] help4 ,8 visit to ,rome enabl$ him to speak f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! p[] ( ! ,empire1 :5 he expo/ulat$ ) ! revolution>y ,jews on 8 return to ,pale/9e4 ,b !y refus$ to li/52 & he1 ) all ! ,jews :o did n fly ! c\ntry1 0 dragg$ into ! great rebellion ( #ff4 ,9 company ) two o!r prie/s1 ,josephus 0 s5t to ,galilee "u ord]s 7he says7 to p]suade ! ill-affect$ to lay d[n _! arms & return to ! ,roman allegiance1 :i* ! ,jewi% ari/ocracy _h n yet r5\nc$4 ,hav+ s5t 8 two companions back to ,j]usalem1 he organiz$ ! =ces at 8 disposal1 & made arrangem5ts = ! gov]nm5t ( 8 prov9ce4 ,8 obvi\s desire to pres]ve law & ord] excit$ ! ho/ility ( ,john ( ,giscala1 :o endeav\r$ va9ly to remove him z a traitor to ! national cause by incit+ ! ,galileans to kill him & by p]suad+ ! ,sanh$r9 at ,j]usalem to recall him4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #fg ! ,jewi% troops1 :om ,josephus _h drill$ s s$ul\sly1 fl$ be=e ! ,roman =ces ( ,vespasian & ,titus4 ,he s5t to ,j]usalem = re9=cem5ts1 b none came4 ,) ! /raggl]s :o rema9$1 he held a /ronghold aga9/ ! ,romans by d9t ( 8 native cunn+1 & f9ally1 :5 ! place 0 tak51 p]suad$ =ty m51 :o %>$ 8 hid+-place1 to kill "o ano!r 9 turn r ?an commit suicide4 ,!y agre$ to ca/ lots1 on ! und]/&+ t ! second %\ld kill ! fir/ & s on4 ,josephus provid5tially drew ! la/ lot & prevail$ ^u 8 de/9$ victim to live4 ,_! companions 7 all dead 9 accordance ) ! compact2 b ,josephus at any rate surviv$ & surr5d]$4 ,be+ l$ be=e ,vespasian1 he 0 inspir$ to prophesy t ,vespasian w\ld become emp]or4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! prophecy 8 life 0 sp>$1 b he 0 kept close prison] = two ye>s4 ,:5 8 prophecy 0 fulfill$ he 0 lib]at$1 assum$ ! "n ( ,flavius1 ! family "n ( ,vespasian1 & accompani$ 8 patron to ,alex&ria4 ,!re he took ano!r wife1 z ! ,jewess allott$ him by ,vespasian aft] ! fall ( ,caes>ea _h =sak5 him1 & return$ to att5d ,titus & to act z int]m$i>y betwe5 him & ! ,jews :o /ill held ,j]usalem4 ,8 ef=ts 9 ?is capacity fail$2 b :5 ! city 0 /orm$ 7#gj7 ,titus grant$ him :atev] boon he might ask4 ,s he secur$ ! lives ( "s free m5 :o _h be5 tak5 & 7by ! gift ( ,titus7 c]ta9 sacr$ books4 ,aft] ?is he repair$ to ,rome & receiv$ "o ( ! p5sions1 :i* ,vespasian 7accord+ to ,suetonius7 0 ! fir/ to be/[ ^u ,lat9 & ,greek writ]s4 ,he 0 also made a ,roman citiz5 & receiv$ an e/ate 9 ,judaea4 ,!nce=w>d he devot$ himself to lit]>y "w "u ! patronage ( ,vespasian1 ,titus & ,domitian4 ,z he m5tions ! dea? ( ,agrippa ,,ii4 x is probable t he liv$ into ! #bnd c5tury2 b ! date ( ,agrippa's dea? has be5 *all5g$ &1 if 8 patron ,epaphroditus may be id5tifi$ ) ,n]o's fre$man1 x is possible t ,josephus may h be5 involv$ 9 8 fall & p]i%$ "u ,domitian 9 #ie4 ,,works4--#a4 ,! ,jewi% ,w> 7,greek3 ,p]i t\ ,i\dak\ polem\71 ! olde/ ( ,josephus' extant writ+s1 0 writt5 t[>ds ! end ( ,vespasian's reign 7#fi-gi74 ,! ,aramaic orig9al has n be5 pres]v$2 b ! ,greek v]sion 0 prep>$ by ,josephus himself 9 conjunction ) compet5t ,greek s*ol>s4 ,its purpose 9 all probability 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to exhibit to ! ,babylonian ,jews ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( ,rome & s to det] !m f repeat+ ! futile revolt ( ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,( its sev5 books1 ! fir/ two survey ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews f ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,antio*us ,epiphanes to ! outbreak ( w> 9 #fg1 & "h ,josephus relies ^u "s su* g5]al hi/ory z t ( ,nicolaus ( ,damascus4 ,! re/ deals ) ! ev5ts ( ! w> 7#fg-gc7 :i* fell m or less )9 8 own k4 ,vespasian1 ,titus & ,agrippa ,,ii4 te/ifi$ 7he tells u7 to 8 accuracy4 ,repres5tatives ( ! ,zealots w\ld probably h prote/$ aga9/ 8 pro-,roman prejudices4 #b4 ,! ,jewi% ,antiquities 7,greek3 ,i\dak ,ar*aiologia7 cov]s 9 tw5ty books ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews f ! creation ( ! _w to ! outbreak ( ! w> ) ,rome4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,domitian 7#ic74 ,its purpose 0 to glorify ! ,jewi% nation 9 ! eyes ( ! ,roman _w4 ,9 ! "p cov]$ by ! books ( ! ,bible ,josephus foll[s !m1 & t ma9ly1 if n entirely z !y are translat$ into ,greek by ! ,sev5ty 7! ,septuag9t v]sion74 ,be+ a ,ph>isee1 he sometimes introduces traditions ( ! ,eld]s1 :i* are ei!r inf]5ces f1 or embroid]ies (1 ! biblical n>rative4 ,sometimes1 also1 he gives pro( ( "s k ( ,hebrew & supplem5ts 8 scriptural au?orities1 :i* include #a ,esdras1 f g5]al ,greek hi/ories4 ,= ! lat] p]iod he uses ! ,greek ,e/h]1 ) its additions1 #a ,maccabees1 ,polybius1 ,/rabo & ,nicolaus ( ,damascus4 ,b t[>ds ! end he confesses t he has gr[n we>y ( 8 task1 & 8 hi/ory becomes meagre4 ,! "w conta9s acc\nts ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus1 :i* may acc\nt = ! fact t ,josephus' writ+s 7 rescu$ f oblivion by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b ! description ( ,jesus z a wise man1 if inde$ "o %\ld call him a man1 c h>dly be g5u9e1 & ! ass]tion ?is 0 ! ,*ri/ is equally d\btful1 unless x be assum$ t ! ,greek ^w ,*ri/os _h become te*nical 9 ! s5se ( false-,*ri/ or false-prophet among non-,*ri/ian ,jews4 #c4 ,josephus wrote a n>rative ( 8 own ,life 9 ord] to def5d himself aga9/ ! accusation br\ght by 8 enemy ,ju/us ( ,tib]ias to ! effect t he _h really be5 ! cause ( ! ,jewi% rebellion4 ,9 8 def5ce ,josephus dep>ts f ! facts z n>rat$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,w> & repres5ts himself z a p>tisan ( ,rome &1 !re=e1 z a traitor to 8 own p f ! beg9n+4 #d4 ,! two books ,aga9/ ,apion are a def5ce or apology direct$ aga9/ curr5t misrepres5tations ( ! ,jews4 ,e>li] titles are ,conc]n+ ! ,antiquity ( ! ,jews or ,aga9/ ! ,greeks4 ,apion 0 ! lead] ( ! ,alex&r9e embassy :i* oppos$ ,philo & 8 companions :5 !y appe>$ 9 behalf ( ! ,alex&r9e ,jews be=e ,caligula4 ,! def5ce :i* ,josephus puts =w>d has a p]man5t value & %[s him at 8 be/4 ,! ,greek text ( ,josephus' works has be5 edit$ ) full collection ( diff]5t read+s by ,b4 ,niese 7,b]l91 #ahhg-ahie74 ,! ,teubn] text by ,nab] is bas$ on ?is4 ,! translation into ,engli% ( ,w4 ,:i/on has be5 7sup]ficially7 revis$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,%illeto 7#ahhi-ahij74 ,s*r] 7,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p7 gives a full bibliography4 7,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,jo%ekan1 a small prov9ce ( ,p]sia cov]+ ab\t #ajjj sq4 m4 ,pop4 ab\t #ejjj4 ,x has a ye>ly rev5ue ( ab\t #abjj1 & is held 9 fief by ! family ( ,bahram ,mirza1 ,muizz ed ,d[leh 7d4 #ahhb74 ,its *ief t[n & ! resid5ce ( ! gov]nor us$ to be ,jo%ekan-,kali1 a l>ge village ) f9e g>d5s1 =m]ly fam\s = its c>pets 7kali71 b n[ ! *ief place is ,maimeh1 a little city ) a population ( #bejj1 situat$ at an elevation ( #ffgj ft41 ab\t #fc m4 f ,isfahan 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction & #ac m4 s\?-we/ ( ,jo%ekan-,kali4 ,,jo%ua1 ,,book ,,(1 ! six? book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! fir/ ( ! gr\p kn[n z ! ,=m] ,prophets4 ,x takes its "n f ,jo%ua#a ! son ( ,nun1 an ,ephraimite :o1 on ! dea? ( ,moses1 assum$ ! lead]%ip to :i* he _h previ\sly be5 designat$ by 8 *ief 7,deut4 xxxi4 #ad seq41 #bc71 & proce$$ to ! conque/ ( ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,! book diff]s f ! ,p5tateu* or ,torah 9 ! abs5ce ( legal matt]1 & 9 its intimate connexion ) ! n>rative 9 ! books :i* foll[4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! prop] sequel to ! orig9s ( ! p z relat$ 9 ,g5esis1 to ! exodus ( ! ,israelite tribes f ,egypt1 & _! j\rney+s 9 ! wild]ness4 ,on ^! & also on lit]>y gr\nds x is (t5 conv5i5t to class ! fir/ six books ( ! ,bible z a unit "u ! t]m ,hexateu*4 ,= an exhau/ive detail$ /udy has reveal$ _m signs ( div]sity ( au?or%ip :i* comb9e to %[ t ! book is due to ! incorporation ( old] mat]ial 9 two ma9 r$actions2 "o deeply imbu$ ) ! language & ?\ght ( ,deut]onomy itself 7,d71 ! o!r ( ! po/-exilic prie/ly circle 7,p7 :i* gave ! ,p5tateu* its pres5t =m4 ,t ! old] s\rces 7:i* (t5 prove to be composite7 are actually id5tical ) ! ,yahwi/ or ,judaean 7,j7 & ! ,elohi/ or ,ephraimite 7,e7 n>ratives 7on :i* see ,,g5esis7 is n improbable1 ?\gh1 especially z reg>ds ! =m]1 /ill v unc]ta94 ,9 g5]al ! lit]>y problems are exce$+ly intricate1 & no attempt c be made "h to deal ) !m z fully z !y des]ve4 ,! ,invasion4--,! book falls naturally into two ma9 p>ts1 ( :i* ! fir/1 ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan & ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e 7i4-xii47 is ma9ly due to ,deut]onomic compil]s4 ,x op5s ) ! prep>ations = ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan & ! capture ( ! p[]ful city ,j]i*o4 ,ai1 ne> ,be!l1 is tak5 aft] a tempor>y repulse1 & ,jo%ua proce$s to erect an alt> ^u ,mt ,ebal 7nor? ( ,%e*em74 ,= ! fullness ) :i* ! ev5ts are record$ ! writ]s 7 probably indebt$ to local /ories4 ,! ,israelites are at ,abel-,%ittim 7already rea*$ 9 ,num4 xxv4 #a74 ,moses is dead1 & ,jo%ua ent]s ^u 8 task ) ! help ( ! ,transjordanic tribes :o h already receiv$ _! t]ritory 7i74 ,! n>rative is ( ! lat] prophetic /amp 7,d2 cf4 ,deut4 iii4 #ah-bb1 xi4 #bd1 :]e ,moses is ! speak]2 xxxi4 #a-h71 b may be bas$ ^u an e>li] & %ort] record 7,e2 vv4 #a seq41 #aj1 #aa;a74 ,( ! mission ( ! spies to ,j]i*o1 two v]sions 7 curr5t 7duplicates ii4 #c1 #ab1 #ah2 v4 #ae seq4 breaks ! connexion betwe5 vv4 #ac & #ah1 b is resum$ 9 vv4 #bb-bd72 ,d's addition is to be recogniz$ 9 ii4 #i;b-#aa4 ,! incid5t occupies at lea/ f\r days1 b ! ma9 n>rative reckons ?ree days betwe5 i4 #aa & iii4 #b4 ,next foll[ ! passage ( ! ,jordan 7commemorat$ by ! erection ( twelve /ones71 ! encampm5t at ,gilgal1 & ! obs]vance ( ! rite ( circumcision & ( ! passov] 7iii4-v474 ,! complicat$ n>rative 9 iii4-iv4 is ( composite orig9 7contra/ iii4 #ag ) iv4 #aj seq41 #ai2 iv4 #c1 #h ) vv4 #i1 #bj2 & cf4 iii4 #ab ) ! sup]flu\s iv4 #b1 c474 ,z 9 ii41 ,d has amplifi$ 7iii4 #d;b1 #g1 #aj;b1 iv4 #i-aj;a1 #ab1 #ad2 m prom95tly 9 iv4 #ba-v4 #a1 v4 #d-h71 & subsequ5tly ,p 7or a h& ak9 to ,p7 has work$ ov] ! :ole 7iii4 #d1 note ! numb] & ! prohibition1 cf4 ,num4 i4 #ea2 iii4 #h1 #ae seq42 iv4 #ac1 #ai2 v4 #aj-ab74 ,circumcision1 already famili> f ,exod4 iv4 #bf1 ,deut4 x4 #af1 is "h reg>d$ z a new rite 7v4 #b1 #i1 supplem5t$ by vv4 #a1 #d-h71 b ! conflict+ views h be5 h>moniz$ by ! words ! second "t 7v4 #b74 ,gilgal is ?us nam$ f ! roll+ away ( ! reproa* ( ,egypt 7v4 #i71 b iv4 #bj sugge/s a diff]5t orig91 viz4 ! sacr$ /one-circle 7cf4 ,judges iii4 #ai1 ,r4,v4 m>g474 ,an old] acc\nt ( ! div9e commission to ,jo%ua appe>s 9 ! ar*aic passage v4 #ac-ae 7cf4 ,moses 9 ,exod4 iii474 ,fusion ( s\rces is obvi\s 9 ! /ory ( ! fall ( ,j]i*o 7contra/ vi4 #e & v4 #aj1 vv4 #ba & #bd1 vv4 #bb & #be72 accord+ to "o 7,e87 ! p m>* sev5 times r\nd ! city on "o day1 ! ark & ! prie/s occupy+ a prom95t position 7vi4 #d-f1 #g;b-#i1 #ab seq41 #af;a1 #bj "p1 #bb-bd72 b 9 ! o!r !y m>* e day = sev5 days4 ,bo? "h & 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ! ,septuag9t has sev]al v>iations & omissions1 due ei!r to an 7unsuccessful7 attempt to simplify ! pres5t difficulties1 or to ! use ( ano!r rec5sion4 ,! curse pron\nc$ by ,jo%ua ^u ! de/roy$ city ( ,j]i*o 7vi4 #bf7 %\ld be associat$ ) an incid5t 9 ! reign ( ,ahab :i* is acqua9t$ ) ! /ory 7#a ,k+s xvi4 #cd72 ! city1 h[ev]1 reappe>s 9 ,jo%ua xviii4 #ba2 #b ,sam4 x4 #e4 ,a*an's sacrilege1 ! cause ( ! repulse at ,ai & ( ! nam+ ( ! valley ( ,a*or 7vii471 is introduc$ by vi4 #ah seq41 #bd;b1 &1 z its _s %[s1 is ( relatively lat] date4 ,x conta9s "s probable traces ( ,d 79 vii4 #e1 #g1 #aa seq41 #ae1 #be7 & ,p 79 vv4 #a1 #ah1 #bd seq474 ,! capture ( ,ai has m>ks ( ! same dual orig9 z ! prec$+ *apt]s 7cf4 viii4 #c;a ) #aj1 & contra/ viii4 #c-i ) v4 #ab2 vv4 #e-g ) #ah1 #bf2 v4 #ai ) #bh74 ,! g5]al resemblance betwe5 *s4 vii4-viii4 & ! w> ) ,b5jam9 7,judges xx47 %\ld be notic$4 ,conque/s 9 ,pale/9e4--,! erection ( ! alt>1 n at ! sc5e ( battle 7cf4 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ce7 b on ,mt ,ebal 7viii4 #cj-ce1 ,d71 presupposes ! conque/ ( c5tral ,pale/9e & ! removal ( ! ark f ,gilgal4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n n>rat$1 &1 unless "s acc\nt ( !m has be5 replac$ by ! pres5t passage1 ?is portion ( ! conque/ 0 ignor$4 ,possibly ! passage is n 9 its orig9al position3 9 ! ,septuag9t x appe>s aft] ix4 #b1 :ile ,josephus 7,ant4 v4 #a1 #ai7 & ! ,sam>itan book ( ,jo%ua read x be=e *4 xiii42 ,dillmann1 h[ev]1 w\ld place x aft] xi4 #bc4 ,! capture ( ,j]i*o & ,ai is foll[$ by ! successful /ratagem ( ! ,gibeonites to make peace ) ,israel 7ix474 ,?is involves !m 9 a w> ) ! s\!rn ,canaanites2 ,jo%ua int]v5es & obta9s a cr[n+ victory 7x474 ,! camp is /ill at ,gilgal4 ,a simil> conque/ ( ! nor!rn ,canaanites foll[s 7xi471 & ! fir/ "p ( ! book concludes ) a summ>y ( ! results ( ! ,israelite invasion 7xii474 ,no satisfactory explanation ( viii4 #cj-ce has be5 f\nd1 yet ix4 #a seq4 seems to %[ t x 0 ! prelude to ! ,canaanite w>s4 ,9 contra/ to ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! occupation ( c5tral ,pale/9e1 ! conque/ ( ! s\? 0 curr5t 9 sev]al div]g5t traditions4 ,two records are bl5d$ 9 ix42 "o n>rates ! cov5ant ) ! ,gibeonites1 ! o!r t ) ! ,hivites 7prop]ly ,hivvites72 & 9 ! latt] ,jo%ua has no place 7vv4 #d seq41 #f;b1 #g1 #aa-ad1 c474 ,! =m] has additions by ,d 7vv4 #i;b1 #aj1 #bd seq47 & by ,p 7v4 #ae la/ clause1 #ag-ba72 ! latt]1 9 accordance ) ! legislation ( its day 7po/]ior to ,ezek4 xliv4 #f sqq471 does n all[ ! ,gibeonites to m9i/] to ! temple or alt>1 b m]ely to ! congregation1 a *>act]i/ic po/-exilic t]m 7contra/ vv4 #ba & #bc2 & on #bg see ,sept4 & comm5t>ies74 ,! /ory ( ! cov5ant conflicts ) ! notice t ,gibeon 0 /ill an indep5d5t ,canaanite city 9 ,david's "t 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #b74 ,! defeat ( ! s\!rn coalition is bas$1 z ! d\blets %[1 ^u two s\rces2 ! w> arises f two causes 7v5geance ^u ! ,gibeonites1 & ! attempt to ov]?r[ ,israel71 & concludes ) a tw(old victory3 9 x4 #af-bd ! k+s are pursu$ to ,makk$ah & sla91 9 v4 #aa !y are smitt5 by a great hail/orm 9 _! flight to ,azekah 7cf4 #a ,sam4 vii4 #aj1 xiv4 #ae1 9 ! same di/rict74 ,r$actional l9ks h be5 add$1 app>5tly by ,d1 to :om is possibly due ! /anza quot$ f ! book ( ,ja%> 7v4 #ab seq471 a poetical address to ! sun & moon1 ( ! nature ( a pray] or spell = _! aid 7cf4 ,judges v4 #bj1 & see ,ecclus4 xlvi4 #d74 ,! lit]al int]pretation ( ?is picturesque quotation has be5 influ5c$ by ! prosaic comm5ts at ! end ( v4 #ac & beg9n+ ( v4 #ad4 ,v]se #ae1 :i* closes ! acc\nt1 anticipates v4 #dc2 ! ,septuag9t omits bo?4 ,! g5]aliz+ n>rative 7x4 #bh-dc71 :i* is due to ,d 9 its pres5t =m1 is p>tly bas$ ^u old matt] 7e4g4 ! capture ( ,makk$ah71 b is inconsi/5t ) :at prec$es 7v4 #cg1 see v4 #bc sqq47 & foll[s 7capture ( ,debir1 v4 #ch seq41 see xv4 #ae2 ,judges i4 #aa74 ,! description ( ! conque/ ( ! nor!rn ,canaanites is v simil> to t ( ! s\?4 ,! ma9 "p is f an old] s\rce 7xi4 #a1 #d-i2 see ,,deborah71 ! amplifications 7v4 #b seq47 are due to ,d1 z also are ! summ>y 7vv4 #aj-bc1 cf4 /yle ( x4 #bh-dc71 & ! enum]ation ( ! total results ( ! invasion 7xii471 :i* includes names n previ\sly m5tion$4 ,division ( ! ,l&4--,! result ( ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book is to ascribe ! entire subjugation ( ,canaan to ,jo%ua1 ^: c5tre 0 at ,gilgal 7x4 #ae1 #dc74 ,he is n[ old & advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & al?\gh mu* outly+ l& rema9$ to be possess$1 he is in/ruct$ to divide ! conqu]$ di/ricts among ! we/]n tribes 7xiii4 #a sqq474 ,?is is detail$ at l5g? 9 ! second "p ( ! book4 ,) ! completion ( ! division 8 mission is accompli%$4 ,! ma9 body ( ?is "p 7xiii4 #ae-xiv4 #e2 xv4-xvii42 xviii4 #aa-xxi4 #db2 xxii4 #g-cd7 is 9 its pres5t =m almo/ entirely due to ,p4 ,9 reg>d to details1 xiii4 #b-f 7n[ ,d7 expresses ! view t ! conque/ 0 incomplete1 & numb]s di/ricts *iefly 9 ! s\?-we/ & 9 ! ,lebanon4 ,two s\rces deal ) ! inh]itance ( ! ea/ ,jordan tribes 9 t]ms :i* are--7a7 g5]al 7xiii4 #h-ab1 ,d71 & 7b7 precise 7vv4 #ae-cb1 ,p74 ,! latt] /&s betwe5 ! duplicate passages xiii4 #ad & #cb seq4 7see ! ,sept474 ,) ! int]e/ tak5 9 ^! tribes1 cf4 = 7a7 i4 #ab-ah2 ,deut4 iii4 #ab-bb1 & ! sequel 9 ,jo%ua xxii4 #a-f2 & = 7b7 xxii4 #i seq42 ,num4 xxxii4 ,p's acc\nt ( ! division op5s ) an introductory notice ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,eleaz> ! prie/ & ,jo%ua 7note ! ord]7 prep>e to complete ! "w :i* ,moses _h begun 7xiv4 #a-e74 ,x op5s ) ,judah1 its bord]s 7xv4 #a-ab7 & cities 7vv4 #bj-fb71 & cont9ues ) ! two ,joseph tribes1 ,ephraim 7xvi4 #d-i1 contra/ details 9 vv4 #a-c7 & ,manasseh 7xvii4 #a-aj1 cf4 ,num4 xxvi4 #cj-cb1 xxvii4 #a-aa2 ,p74 ,!re is n[ a break 9 ! n>rative 7xviii4 #b-aj1 s\rce unc]ta972 sev5 tribes h n yet receiv$ an inh]itance1 & ,jo%ua 7alone7 enc\rages !m to s5d ?ree m5 f ea* tribe to walk ?r\gh ! l&--exclud+ ! t]ritory ( ,judah & ,joseph--& to br+ a description ( x to him1 aft] :i* he divides x among !m by lot4 ,p#b n[ resumes ) an acc\nt ( ! bord]s & cities ( ,b5jam9 7xviii4 #aa-bh71 ,simeon1 ,zebulun1 ,issa*>1 ,a%]1 ,naphtali & ,dan 7xix42 on v4 #dg1 see bel[72 &1 aft] ! subscription 7xix4 #ea71 concludes ) ! in/itution ( ! cities ( refuge 7xx41 cf4 ,num4 xxxv471 & ( ! ,levitical cities 7xxi41 contra/ ! e>li] brief notice1 xiii4 #ad1 #cc74 ,*apt] xx41 belong+ to ! ,pr$action1 has c]ta9 po9ts ( contact ) ,deut4 xix4 :i*1 x is v important to obs]ve1 are want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t2 & xxi4 #dc-de closes ,d's acc\nt ( ! division1 & 9 ! ,septuag9t conta9s matt] mo/ ( :i* is n[ giv5 by ,p 9 xix4 #di seq4 ,two n>ratives describe ! dismissal ( ! trans-,jordanic tribes aft] _! co-op]ation 9 ! conque/1 viz4 xxii4 #a-f 7,d71 & xxii4 #i seq4 7,p72 cf4 above1 on xiii4 #h seq4 ,p1 ) ! description ( ! erection ( ! alt> 7v4 #cd1 ,gilead82 cf4 ,g54 xxxi4 #dg seq471 is app>5tly a late re-writ+ ( "s n[ obscure incid5t to emphasize ! unity ( wor%ip4 ,p's acc\nt ( ! di/ribution ( l& among ! n9e & a half tribes by ,eleaz> & ,jo%ua 7f xiv4 #a-e to xix4 #ea7 appe>s to h be5 on ! l9es laid d[n 9 ,num4 xxxiv4 7,p74 ,! sc5e1 accord+ to xviii4 #a1 is ,%iloh1 & ?is v]se1 :i* does n belong to ! context1 %\ld app>5tly prec$e ,p's n>rative 9 xiv4 #a4 ,b ( ! occupation ( ,%iloh1 ! fam\s ,ephraimite sanctu>y & ! seat ( ! ark1 we h no in=mation4 ,! old] s\rce1 h[ev]1 presupposes t ,judah & ! two ,joseph tribes h acquir$ _! t]ritory2 ! rema9+ sev5 are blam$ = _! indiff]5ce 7xviii4 #b-aj1 see above71 & receive _! lot conjo9tly at ! camp at ,%iloh4 ,b if ! location is an attempt to h>monize ) xviii4 #a1 ,gilgal %\ld probably be re/or$4 ,! section xviii4 #b-aj is foll[$ by xxi4 #dc seq4 7above71 & may h be5 prec$$ orig9ally by xiii4 #a1 #g 7:]e read3 inh]itance = ! sev5 tribes72 9 its pres5t =m x appe>s to be due to ,d4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! exploits ( ,judah & ,joseph c be trac$ "h & !re2 e4g4 9 xiv4 #f-ae 7:]e ,caleb receives ,hebron z 8 inh]itance & ! l& _h re/ f w>71 & xvii4 #ad-ah 7:]e ,joseph receives an additional lot72 b :]e ^! traditions h n be5 work$ into lat] n>ratives1 !y exi/ only 9 fragm5t>y =m & are *iefly recognizable by _! /&po9t4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by ! view t ! conque/ 0 only a p>tial "o1 & "o :i* 0 nei!r ! "w ( a s+le man nor at 8 in/igation1 b due entirely to individual or tribal a*ievem5ts4 ,?is view c be trac$ 9 xiii4 #ac1 xv4 #fc 7cf4 ! p>allel ,judges i4 #ba 9 contra/ to v4 #h71 xvi4 #aj 7,judges i4 #bi71 xvii4 #aa-ac 7,judges i4 #bg seq471 & 9 ! ref]5ces to sep>ate tribal or family exploits3 xv4 #ac-ai1 xix4 #dg 7cf4 ,judges i4 #cd seq41 xviii474 ,two clos+ addresses are ascrib$ to ,jo%ua1 "o an exhortation simil> to ! homilies 9 second>y portions ( ,deut]onomy 7xxiii42 cf4 ,moses 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 seq41 & ,samuel's la/ address 9 #a ,sam4 xii471 :i* virtually excludes ! o!r 7xxiv471 :]e ,jo%ua assembles ! tribes at ,%e*em 7,%iloh1 9 ! ,septuag9t7 & passes "u review ! hi/ory ( ,israel f ! days ( hea!nism 7be=e ,abraham 0 br\ght into ,canaan7 d[n ?r\gh ! oppression 9 ,egypt1 ! exodus1 ! conque/ 9 ,ea/ ,jordan & ! occupation ( ,canaan4 ,a few o!rwise unkn[n details are to be f\nd 7xxiv4 #b1 #aa seq4 #ad74 ,! address 7:i* is extremely important = its repres5tation ( ! religi\s conditions7 is made ! occasion = a solemn cov5ant :]eby ! p agree to cleave to ,yahweh alone4 ,?is is commemorat$ by ! erection ( a /one "u ! oak by ! sanctu>y ( ,yahweh 7= ! tree ) its sacr$ pill>1 see ,g54 xxxv4 #d2 ,judges ix4 #f74 ,! p are !n dismiss$1 & ! book closes 9 ord9>y n>rative /yle ) ! dea? ( ,jo%ua & 8 burial 9 8 inh]itance at ,timna?-s]ah 9 ,mt ,ephraim 7cf4 xix4 #di seq472 ! burial ( ,joseph 9 ,%e*em2 & ! dea? & burial ( ,eleaz> ! son ( ,a>on 9 ! hill ( ,ph9ehas4 ,*apt] xxiv4 presupposes ! complete subjection ( ! ,canaanites & is ( a late prophetic /amp4 ,"s signs ( amplification 7e4g4 vv4 #aa;b1 #ac1 #ca7 sugge/ t x 0 ins]t$ by a ,deut]onomic h&1 evid5tly di/9ct f ! au?or ( xxiii4 ,b else:]e !re are traces ( second>y ,deut]onomic expansion & ( int]nal incongruities 9 ,deut]onomic n>ratives2 contra/ xiv4 #f-ae ) ,jo%ua's ext]m9ation ( ! ,anakim 9 xi4 #ba seq42 ! use ( ?is "n ) ! ,phili/9es ( xiii4 #b 7see ,,phili/9es71 or ! conque/s 9 xi4 #af-bb ) ! names 9 x4 #cf-dc4 ,all ^! passages are n[ due to ,d2 b n only is ,deut]onomy itself composite1 a tw(old r$action c be trac$ 9 ,judges1 ,samuel & ,k+s1 ?us involv+ ! deep] lit]>y problems ( ,jo%ua ) ! hi/orical books g5]ally4#c ,bo? ,jo%ua xxiii4 & xxiv4 are closely connect$ ) ! v complicat$ introduction to ! era ( ! judges 9 ,judges ii4 #f sqq41 & ii4 #f-i actually resume ,jo%ua xxiv4 #bh sqq41 :ile ! ,septuag9t app5ds to ! close ( ,jo%ua ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory ( ,ehud 7,judges iii4 #ab seq474 ,bo? ,judges i4-ii4 #e & *ap4 xvii4-xxi4 are ( po/-,deut]onomic ins]tion1 & !y repres5t conditions analog\s to ! old] notices imb$d$ 9 ! lat] "w ( ,p 7,judges i4 #ba1 xix4 #aj-ab1 cf4 ,jo%ua xv4 #fc2 see ,,judges ad f9474 ,moreov]1 ,p 9 its turn %[s else:]e def9ite indications ( diff]5t p]iods & /&po9ts1 & ! fluid /ate ( ! book at a late age is %[n by ! pres5ce ( ,deut]onomic elem5ts 9 ,jo%ua xx41 n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & by ! num]\s & (t5 /rik+ read+s :i* ! latt] rec5sion pres5ts4 ,value ( ! ,book4--,! value ( ! book ( ,jo%ua is prim>ily religi\s2 its f]v5cy1 its conviction ( ! de/9y ( ,israel & its inculcation ( ! unity & greatness ( ! ,god ( ,israel give expression to ! philosophy ( ,israelite hi/orians4 ,z an hi/orical record its value mu/ dep5d ^u a c>eful criticism ( its cont5ts 9 ! light ( biblical hi/ory & ext]nal in=mation4 ,its description ( ! conque/ ( ,canaan comes f an age :5 ! ev5t 0 a %ad[ ( ! pa/4 ,x is an ideal view ( ! mann] 9 :i* a div9ely appo9t$ lead] guid$ a unit$ p into ! promis$ l& ( _! ance/ors1 &1 aft] a few brief w>s ( ext]m9ation 7x4-xii471 di$ leav+ ! p 9 quiet possession ( _! new inh]itance 7xi4 #bc2 xxi4 #dd seq42 xxiii4 #a74d ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e>li] inhabitants 7 n f9ally subjugat$ until ,solomon's reign 7#a ,k+s ix4 #bj72 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ,david f ! ,jebusites 7#b ,sam4 v472 & sev]al sites 9 its neighb\rhood1 toge!r ) important =tresses l ,gez]1 ,megiddo & ,taana*1 7 n held by ,israel at ! fir/4 ,!re are traces ( o!r conflict+ traditions repres5t+ indep5d5t tribal ef=ts :i* 7 n successful1 & ! ,israelites are ev5 said to live 9 ! mid/ ( ,canaanites1 int]m>ry+ ) !m & adopt+ _! cult 7,judges i4-iii4 #f74 ,f a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! evid5ce1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 biblical s*ol>s are n[ almo/ unanim\s t ! m f9i%$ picture ( ! ,israelite invasion & settlem5t _c be accept$ z a hi/orical record = ! age4 ,x accords ) ?is t ! elaborate tribal-li/s & b\nd>ies prove to be ( great] value = ! geography ?an = ! hi/ory ( ,pale/9e1 & ! attempts to use !m z evid5ce = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel h involv$ num]\s additional difficulties & confusion4#e ,! book ( ,jo%ua has ascrib$ to "o man conque/s :i* are n confirm$ by subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,! capture ( ,be!l1 impli$ r ?an describ$ 9 ,jo%ua viii41 is else:]e ! "w ( ! ,joseph tribes 7,judges i4 #bb sqq41 cf4 features 9 ! conque/ ( ,j]i*o1 ,jo%ua vi4 #be74 ,jo%ua's victory 9 nor? ,pale/9e has its p>allel 9 ,judges iv4 at ano!r p]iod 7see ,,deborah71 & ,adoni-z$ek ( ,j]usalem 7,jo%ua x47 c sc>cely be sev]$ f ! ,adoni-bezek tak5 by ! tribes ( ,judah & ,simeon 7,judges i4 #e-g74 ,! prom95ce ( ,jo%ua z milit>y & religi\s lead]1 & especially 8 connexion ) ,%e*em & ,%iloh1 h sugge/$ t he 0 a h]o ( ! ,joseph tribes ( c5tral ,pale/9e 7viz4 ,ephraim & ,manasseh74 ,moreov]1 ! traditions 9 ,jo%ua viii4 #cj-;ix4 #b1 & ,deut4 xxvii4 #a-h seem to place ! arrival at ,mt ,ebal imm$iately aft] ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan4 ,?is implies t ,israel 7l ,jacob 9 ,g54 xxxii47 cross$ by ! ,jabbok1 & 9 fact ! ,wadi ,f>i'a provides an easy road to ,%e*em1 to ! s\?-ea/ ( :i* lies ,juleijil2 & :ile ?is is ! ,gilgal ( ,deut4 xi4 #cj1 ! battles at ,j]i*o & ,ai 7,jo%ua ii4 seq47 occur naturally aft] ! encampm5t at ! s\!rn ,gilgal 7ne> ,j]i*o74 ,! alt]native view 7see especially ,/ade1 ,ges*4 ,isr4 #a4 #acc sqq47 connects itself p>tly ) ! ance/or ( all ! tribes 7,jacob1 i4e4 ,israel71 & p>tly ) ! eponym ( ! ,joseph tribes ^: e>ly days 7 sp5t ar\nd ,%e*em1 ! removal ( ^: bones f ,egypt mu/ h f\nd a prom95t place 9 ! traditions ( ! tribes conc]n$ 7,g54 l4 #be2 ,exod4 xiii4 #ai2 ,jo%ua xxiv4 #cb74 ,accord+ to "o view 7,/ade1 ,wellhaus51 ,gu!1 c47 only ! ,joseph tribes 7 9 ,egypt1 & sep>ate tribal movem5ts 7see ,,judah7 h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! tradition2 ! probability t ! specific traditions ( ! ,joseph tribes h be5 excis$ or subord9at$ f9ds support 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,judaean ,p has abridg$ & confus$ ! tribal li/s ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh4 ,! s]i\s "* ( ! problems ( e>ly ,israelite hi/ory c be p]ceiv$ f ! r5ew$ endeav\rs to pres5t an adequate outl9e ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 = a criticism ( ! mo/ prom95t hypo!ses see ,*eyne1 ,ency4 ,bib4 art4 ,tribes 7col4 #ebji seq472 a new !ory has be5 m rec5tly advanc$ by ,e4 ,mey] 7,die ,israelit5 u4 ihre ,na*b>/mme1 #aijf74 ,b ,jo%ua z a tribal h]o does n belong to ! e>lie/ phase 9 ! surviv+ traditions4 ,he has no place 9 ! olde/ surviv+ n>ratives ( ! exodus 7,wellhaus51 ,/eu]nagel72 & only lat] s\rces add him to ,caleb 7,num4 xiv4 #cj2 ! ref]5ce 9 ,deut4 i4 #ch is "p ( an ins]tion71 or reg>d him z ! lead] ( all ! tribes 7,deut4 iii4 #ba1 #bh74 ,z an att5dant ( ,moses at ! t5t ( meet+ he appe>s 9 q second>y passages 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #g-aa2 ,num4 xi4 #bh74 ,8 defeat ( ! ,amalekites is 9 a n>rative 7,exod4 xvii4 #h-af7 :i* belongs m naturally to ! wild]ness ( ,%ur1 & x associates him ) traditions ( a movem5t direct into s\? ,pale/9e :i* f9ds its c\nt]p>t :5 ! clan ,caleb 7q4v47 is artificially treat$ z possess+ its seats ) ,jo%ua's p]mission4 ,b po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ,jo%ua ! invad] & ,saul ! f\nd] ( ! 7nor?7 ,israelite mon>*y ga9 9 weight :5 ! traditions ( bo? recognize ! inclusion or possession ( ,judah1 & ?us /& ^u q ano!r plane z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,david ! f\nd] ( ! ,judaean dyna/y4 ,in/ead ( reject+ ! old] /ories ( ,jo%ua's conque/s x may be pref]able to inf] t !re 7 radical div]g5ces 9 ! hi/orical views ( ! pa/4 ,consequ5tly1 ! p>allels betwe5 ,jo%ua & ,jacob 7see ,/eu]nagel's ,comm5t>y1 p4 #aej7 are m significant :5 ! occupation ( c5tral ,pale/9e1 already impli$ 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua1 is view$ 9 ! light ( ,g54 xlviii4 #bb1 :]e ,jacob z conqu]or 7cf4 ! v late =m ( ! tradition 9 ,jubilees xxxiv47 agrees ) features 9 ! patri>*al n>ratives :i*1 9 imply+ a settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 are entirely di/9ct f ^? :i* belong to ! desc5t into ,egypt 7see especially1 ,mey]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbg seq41 #dad seq41 #dcc2 ,lu!r1 ib4 #ajh seq474 ,! elaborate acc\nt ( ! exodus gives ! prevail+ views :i* sup]s$e o!r traditions ( ! orig9 bo? ( ! ,israelites & ( ! wor%ip ( ,yahweh 7,g54 iv4 #bf74 ,sev]al motives h influ5c$ its gr[?1#f & ! k]nel--! revelation ( ,yahweh to ,moses--has be5 develop$ until all ! tribes ( ,israel are includ$ & _! hi/ory z a p n[ beg9s4 ,! old traditions ( conque/ 9 c5tral ,pale/9e h simil>ly be5 ext5d$1 & h be5 adapt$ to ! n[ famili> view ( ,israelite orig9s4 ,x is ?is subord9ation ( e>li] tradition to o!r & m pr$om9at+ repres5tations :i* probably expla9s ! intricacy ( a book ^: pres5t text may n h be5 f9ally fix$ until1 z ,dillmann held1 z late z ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,,bibliography4--,see ! comm5t>ies ( ,dillmann1 ,/eu]nagel ,holz+] 7,g]man71 or ! concise edition by ,h4 ,w4 ,rob9son 9 ! ,c5tury ,bible2 also articles on ,jo%ua by ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,ha/+s's ,d4 ,b41 & ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,ency4 ,bib42 ,kittel 9 ,hi/4 ( ! ,hebrews1 i4 #bfb sqq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,b5nett1 9 ,haupt's ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,c>p5t] & ,h>=d-,batt]sby1 ,comp4 ( ,hexateu*1 *4 xvii2 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,lit4 ( ! ,o4 ,t4 7#h? ed41 #aiji74 ,^! give fur!r bibliographical in=mation1 = :i* see also ! articles on ! books ( ! ,p5tateu*4 7,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,heb4 ,jeho%ua2 lat] ,je%ua2 ,gr4 ,greek3 ,is\s1 :5ce ,jesus 9 ! ,a4,v4 ( ,heb4 iv4 #h2 ano!r =m ( ! "n is ,ho%ea 7,num4 xiii4 #h1 #af74 ,! "n may mean ,yah7weh7 is weal?1 or is 7our7 w>-cry1 or saves4 ,! only extra-biblical notice ( ,jo%ua is ! inscription ( m ?an d\btful g5u95ess giv5 by ,procopius 7,v&4 ii4 #bj71 & m5tion$ also by ,moses ( ,*or5e 7,hi/4 ,arm4 i4 #ah74 ,x is said to h /ood at ,t+is 9 ,mauretania1 & to h borne t ^? :o erect$ x _h fl$ be=e ,greek3 ,is\s ho l/s4 ,= ! m$ieval ,sam>itan ,book ( ,jo%ua1 see ,t4 ,juynboll1 ,*ronicum ,sam>itanum 7#ahdf72 ,j4 ,a4 ,montgom]y1 ,! ,sam>itans 7#aijg71 pp4 #cja sqq4 #b ,traces ( composite mat]ial may be recogniz$--7a7 :]e1 9 place ( b\nd>ies1 ,p has giv5 li/s ( cities :i* appe> to be tak5 f o!r s\rces 7cf4 ! in/ructions 9 xviii4 #i71 & 7b7 9 ! d\ble head+s 7see ,addis1 ,! ,hexateu*1 i4 #bcj1 note #a1 & ! comm5t>ies74 #c ,! close relation betwe5 :at may be call$ ! ,deut]onomic hi/ory 7,jo%ua-,k+s7 & its introduction 7! legal book ( ,deut]onomy7 indep5d5tly %[ ! difficulty ( support+ ! traditional date ascrib$ to ! latt]4 #d ,g4 ,f4 ,moore 7,ency4 ,bib41 col4 #bfjh1 note #b7 draws att5tion to ! in/ructive p>allel furni%$ by ! ,greek leg5ds ( ! ,dorian invasion ( ! ,peloponnesus 7! return ( ! ,h]acleidae1 ! p>tition ( ! l& by lot1 c474 #e ,! hi/orical problems are notic$ 9 all biblical hi/ories1 & 9 ! comm5t>ies on ,jo%ua & ,judges4 ,aga9/ ! ord9>y critical view1 see ,j4 ,orr1 ,problem ( ! ,o4,t4 7#aije7 pp4 #bdj seq4 ,?is writ] 7on :om see ,a4 ,s4 ,peake1 ,! ,int]pret]1 #aijh1 pp4 #beb seq47 takes ! book z a :ole1 all[ance be+ made = ! g5]aliz+ t5d5cy peculi> to all summ>ies4 ,8 argum5t t ! circum/antiality1 local k & evid5tly full recollection ( ! n>ratives 79 ,jo%ua7 give confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( _! /atem5ts is "o :i* hi/orical criticism 9 no field w\ld reg>d z conclusive1 & 8 cont5tion t a r$actor w\ld h>dly incorporate conflict+ traditions 9 8 n>rative if he believ$ !y contradict$ x begs ! "q & ignores ,ori5tal lit]ature4 #f ,e4g4 ! vicissitudes ( ,levitical families1 o!r migrations into ,pale/9e1 c4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph has probably be5 us$ z a l9k 7see ,lu!r1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adb seq474 ,,jo%ua ,,! ,,/ylite1 ! reput$ au?or ( a *ronicle :i* n>rates ! hi/ory ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,p]sians 9 #ejb-ejf1 & :i* is "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ hi/orical docum5ts pres]v$ to u 9 ,syriac4 ,! "w owes its pres]vation to hav+ be5 incorporat$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! hi/ory ( pseudo-,dionysius ( ,tell-,mahre1 & may probably h _h a place 9 ! second "p ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,john ( ,asia1 f :om 7z ,nau has %[n7 pseudo-,dionysius copi$ all or mo/ ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 8 ?ird "p4 ,! *ronicle 9 "q is anonym\s1 & ,nau has %[n t ! note ( a copyi/1 :i* 0 ?\ght to assign x to ! monk ,jo%ua ( ,zukn9 ne> ,amid1 m probably ref]s to ! compil] ( ! :ole "w 9 :i* x 0 incorporat$4 ,anyh[ ! au?or 0 an eye-witness ( _m ( ! ev5ts :i* he describes1 & mu/ h be5 liv+ at ,edessa dur+ ! ye>s :5 x suff]$ s sev]ely f ! ,p]sian ,w>4 ,8 view ( ev5ts is ev]y:]e *>act]iz$ by 8 belief 9 ov]rul+ ,provid5ce2 & z he eulogizes ,flavian ,,ii41 ! ,*alc$onian patri>* ( ,antio*1 9 w>m] t]ms ?an ^? 9 :i* he praises 8 great ,monophysite contempor>ies1 ,jacob ( ,s]ugh & ,philox5us ( ,mabbog1 he 0 probably an or?odox ,ca?olic4 ,! *ronicle 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,assemani's abridg$ ,lat9 v]sion 7,b4 ,o4 i4 #bfj-bhc7 & 0 edit$ 9 #ahgf by ! abb ,m>t9 & 7) an ,engli% translation7 by ,w4 ,wright 9 #ahhb4 ,aft] an elaborate d$ication to a fri5d--! prie/ & abbot ,s]gius--a brief recapitulation ( ev5ts f ! dea? ( ,julian 9 #cfc & a full] acc\nt ( ! reigns ( ! ,p]sian k+s ,p]oz 7#deg-dhd7 & ,bala% 7#dhd-dhh71 ! writ] ent]s ^u 8 ma9 !me--! hi/ory ( ! di/urb$ relations betwe5 ! ,p]sian & ,greek ,empires f ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,kawad ,i4 7#dhi-eca71 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! great w> ( #ejb-ejf4 ,f ,octob] #did to ! conclusion ( peace ne> ! end ( #ejf1 ! au?or gives an annali/ic acc\nt1 ) c>eful specification ( dates1 ( ! ma9 ev5ts 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! !atre ( conflict--su* z ! siege & capture ( ,amid by ! ,p]sians 7#ejb-ejc71 _! unsuccessful siege ( ,edessa 7#ejc71 & ! abortive attempt ( ! ,greeks to recov] ,amid 7#ejd-eje74 ,! "w 0 probably writt5 a few ye>s aft] ! conclusion ( ! w>4 ,! /yle is graphic & /raight=w>d1 & ! au?or 0 evid5tly a man ( good education & ( a simple1 hone/ m9d4 7,n4 ,m47 ,,josiah 7,heb4 yo' %iyyahu1 p]haps ,yahweh supports71 9 ! ,bible1 ! gr&son ( ,manasseh1 & k+ ( ,judah4 ,he came to ! ?rone at ! age ( eight1 aft] ! murd] ( 8 pr$ecessor ,amon4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 m9ority are n record$1 nor is any?+ relat$ ( ! ,scy?ian inroads :i* occurr$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c41 al?\gh "s passages 9 ! books ( ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah are suppos$ to ref] to ! ev5ts4 ,! /orm :i* %ook ! ext]nal /ates 0 fav\rable to ! peace ( ,judah2 ! ,assyrian p[] 0 practically brok51 & t ( ! ,*aldeans _h sc>cely develop$ into an aggressive =m4 ,sam>ia ?us lay )9 ! grasp ( ,josiah1 :o may h ent]ta9$ hopes ( =m+ an indep5d5t p[] ( 8 own4 ,o!rwise1 x is n cle> :y we f9d him oppos+ himself to ! ,egyptian k+ ,ne*o1 s9ce ! assumption t he f\ght z an ,assyrian vassal sc>cely agrees ) ! pr(\nd re=m+ policy ascrib$ to him4 ,at all ev5ts1 at ! battle ( ,megiddo#a he lo/ bo? 8 k+dom & 8 life 7#fjh ,b4,c471 & = a few ye>s ,judah 0 9 ! h&s ( ,egypt 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi seq474 ,! *ronicl] gives a r diff]5t acc\nt ( ! battle1 & 8 allusion to ! dirge utt]$ by ,j]emiah ov] 8 dea? 7#b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #bj-be2 #a ,esd4 i4 #cb7 repres5ts ! tradition :i* makes ?is prophet ! au?or ( ! book ( ,lam5tations4 ,! reign ( ,josiah is important = ! biblical acc\nt ( ! great religi\s re=ms :i* began 9 8 eighte5? ye>1 :5 he manife/$ int]e/ 9 ! repair ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ! high prie/ ,hilkiah discov]$ a law-book :i* gave rise to ! livelie/ conc]n4 ,! reasons = believ+ t ?is roll 0 sub/antially id5tical ) ! book ( ,deut]onomy 7 already appreciat$ by ,j]ome1 ,*ryso/om1 ,!odoret & o!rs1#b & a c>eful exam9ation %[s t ! "* ( ! re=mation :i* foll[$ agrees 9 all its ess5tial features ) ! prescriptions & exhortations ( t book4 7,see ,,deut]onomy47 ,b ! detail$ records 9 #b ,k+s xxii4 seq4 are evid5tly writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! re=ms !mselves1 & are n contempor>y 7see ,,k+s1 ,,book ,,(74 ,!y are fur!r exp&$1 to agree ) /ill lat] ideals1 9 #b ,*ron4 xxxiv4 seq4 ,! orig9al roll 0 %ort en\gh to be read at lea/ twice 9 a day 7xxii4 #h1 #aj71 & h5ce only "s portions ( ,deut]onomy 7or ( an alli$ production7 may be int5d$4 ,al?\gh ! "* ( ! re=ms ?r[s rem>kable light ^u ! condition ( religion 9 ,judah 9 ! "t ( ,josiah1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! writ+s ( ! contempor>y prophets 7,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel7 make x v que/ionable :e!r ! n>ratives are ?or\ghly tru/wor?y = ! hi/ory ( ! k+'s measures4 7,see fur!r ,,jews1 #af47 7,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,or ,magdolos 7,h]od1 ii4 #aei71 i4e4 "s ,migdal 7t[]7 ( ,judaea1 n ! ,migdol ( ,exod4 xiv4 #b2 ,j]4 xliv4 #a4 #b ,see ,zeit4 f4 ,altte/4 ,wiss5s*aft 7#aijb71 pp4 #agj seq41 #cab seq42 ,j\rn ,bib4 ,lit4 7#aijc71 p4 #ej4 ,j,,sika1 ,,miklos ,,ni*olas1 ,,b>on 7#agid-ahfe71 ,hung>ian noveli/1 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,april #agid at ,torda 9 ,transylvania1 ( ari/ocratic & weal?y p>5ts4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! usual c\rse ( legal /udies at ,kolozsvr 7,klaus5burg71 he 9 #ahaa ent]$ ! army1 jo9+ a cavalry regim5t1 ) :i* he subsequ5tly took "p 9 ! ,italian campaign4 ,on ! battlefield ( ,m9cio 7,febru>y #h1 #ahad7 he 0 promot$ to ! grade ( lieut5ant4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! campaign aga9/ ,napoleon1 & 0 pres5t at ! entry ( ! ,alli$ ,troops into ,p>is 7,m>* #ca1 #ahad74 ,9 #ahah ,jsika resign$ 8 commission1 return$ to ,hung>y1 & m>ri$ 8 fir/ wife ,elizabe? ,kallai4 ,! union prov+ an unhappy "o1 ,jsika p>t$ f 8 wife1 settl$ on 8 e/ate at ,szurdok 9 ,transylvania1 & devot$ himself to agricultural & lit]>y pursuits4 ,drawn into ! sph]e ( politics1 he took "p 9 ! memorable ,transylvanian diet ( #ahcd4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,jsika fir/ began to attract att5tion z a writ] ( fiction4 ,9 #ahcf 8 ,abafi laid ! f\ndation ( 8 lit]>y reputation4 ,?is novel gives a vivid picture ( ,transylvania 9 ! "t ( ,sigismund ,btori4 ,jsika 0 soon aft]w>ds elect$ memb] ( ! ,hung>ian ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ( ! ,kisfaludy ,society2 ( ! latt] he became1 9 #ahda1 director1 & 9 #ahdb vice-presid5t4 ,9 #ahdg he appe>$ at ! ,transylvanian diet z second deputy = ! c\nty ( ,szolnok1 & zeal\sly support$ ! movem5t = ! union ( ,transylvania ) ,hung>y prop]4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 conv]t$ to ,prote/antism1 0 =mally divorc$ f 8 wife1 & m>ri$ ,b>oness ,julia ,podmaniczky1 h]self a writ] ( consid]able m]it1 ) :om he liv$ happily until 8 dea?4 ,s great 0 ,jsika's lit]>y activity t by ! "t ( ! revolution 7#ahdh7 he _h already produc$ ab\t sixty volumes ( romances & novels1 besides num]\s contributions to p]iodicals4 ,bo? z magnate ( ! upp] h\se ( ! ,hung>ian diet & by 8 writ+s ,jsika aid$ ! revolution>y movem5t1 ) :i* he 0 soon p]sonally id5tifi$1 be+ *os5 "o ( ! memb]s ( ! committee ( national def5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 aft] ! capitulation at ,vilgos 7,aug4 #ac1 #ahdi7 he f\nd x necess>y to flee ! c\ntry1 & settl$ fir/ at ,dresd5 & !n1 9 #ahej1 at ,brussels1 :]e he resum$ 8 lit]>y pursuits anonym\sly4 ,9 #ahfd he remov$ to ,dresd51 9 :i* city he di$ on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #ahfe4 ,! romances ( ,jsika1 writt5 some:at aft] ! /yle ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 are *iefly ( an hi/orical & social-political "*1 8 mat]ials be+ drawn almo/ entirely f ! annals ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,among 8 m important works may be specially m5tion$1 besides ,abafi--,! ,poet ,zr9yi 7#ahdc72 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,btoris 7#ahcg72 ,! ,bohemians 9 ,hung>y 7#ahci72 ,e/h] 7#ahec72 ,francis ,rkczy ,,ii4 7#ahfa72 & ,a ,vgvriak1 a tale ( ! "t ( ! ,transylvanian pr9ce ,be?l5 ,gbor1 #ahfd4 ,_m ( ,jsika's novels h be5 translat$ into ,g]man4 ,see ,k4 ,mo5i* & ,s4 ,vutkovi*1 ,magy> ,irk ,nvtra 7#ahgf72 ,m4 ,jkai1 ,jsika ,mikls ,emlkezete1 ,a ,kisfaludy-,trsasg ,evlapjai1 j folyam1 vol4 iii4 7#ahfi72 ,g4 ,w4 ,/e9ack]1 ,ung>is*e ,lyrik] 7#ahgd74 ,cf4 also ,jsika's autobiography--,emlkirat1 vol4 iv4 7#ahfe74 ,,josippon1 ! "n usually giv5 to a popul> *ronicle ( ,jewi% hi/ory f ,adam to ! age ( ,titus1 attribut$ to an au?or ,josippon or ,joseph b5 ,gorion4#a ,! "n1 ?\gh at "o "t id5tifi$ ) t ( ! hi/orian ,josephus1 is p]haps a corruption ( ,hegesippus1 f :om 7accord+ to ,trieb]7 ! au?or d]iv$ mu* ( 8 mat]ial4 ,! *ronicle 0 probably compil$ 9 ,hebrew e>ly 9 ! #aj? c5tury1 by a ,jewi% native ( s\? ,italy4 ,! fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ 9 ,mantua 9 #adgf4 ,josippon subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 _m =ms1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> be+ 9 ,yiddi% 7,judaeo-,g]man71 ) qua9t illu/rations4 ,?\gh ! *ronicle is m leg5d>y ?an hi/orical1 x is n unlikely t "s good & ev5 anci5t s\rces 7 us$ by ! fir/ compil]1 ! ,josippon kn[n to u hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( _m int]polators4 ,! book enjoy$ mu* vogue 9 ,engl&4 ,pet] ,morvyn 9 #aeeh translat$ an abbreviat$ v]sion into ,engli%1 & edition aft] edition 0 call$ =4 ,luci5 ,wolf has %[n t ! ,engli% translations ( ! ,bible ar\s$ s mu* int]e/ 9 ! ,jews t !re 0 a widespread desire to "k m ab\t !m4 ,?is l$ to ! circulation ( _m editions ( ,josippon1 :i* ?us =m$ a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ev5ts :i* culm9at$ 9 ! readmission ( ! ,jews to ,engl& by ,cromwell4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,footnote3 #a ,a prefect ( ,j]usalem ( ?is "n is m5tion$ by ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud4 ii4 #bj4 ,,joss1 9 ! pidg9-,engli% ( ! ,*9ese seaports1 ! "n giv5 to idols & deities4 ,x is us$ adjectivally 9 reg>d to _m ?+s connect$ ) religi\s rites1 su* z joss-h\se1 a temple2 joss-/ick1 a /ick :i* :5 burn$ gives =? a fragrant od\r & is us$ z inc5se2 joss-pap]1 pap] cut to resemble money 7& sometimes ) pray]s writt5 ^u x7 burn$ 9 fun]al & o!r c]emonies4 ,joss is n a ,*9ese ^w1 & is probably a corruption ( ,port4 deos1 god1 appli$ by ,portuguese navigators 9 ! #af? c5tury to ! idols wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,dut* =m is joosge 7dim9utive ( joos71 :5ce ! ,javanese dejos1 & ! ,engli% yos1 lat] joss4 ,! ^w seems to h be5 c>ri$ to ,*9a by ,engli% seam5 f ,batavia4 ,,jo/1 ,,isaak ,,m>kus 7#agic-ahfj71 ,jewi% hi/orical writ]1 0 born on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #agic at ,b]nburg1 & /udi$ at ! univ]sities ( ,gtt+5 & ,b]l94 ,9 ,b]l9 he began to tea*1 & 9 #ahce receiv$ ! appo9tm5t ( upp] ma/] 9 ! ,jewi% comm]cial s*ool 7call$ ! ,philan?rop97 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,"h he rema9$ until 8 dea?1 on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #ahfj4 ,! "w by :i* he is *iefly kn[n is ,ges*i*te d] ,israelit5 seit d] ,zeit d] ,maccaber1 9 #i vols4 7#ahbj-ahbi71 :i* 0 aft]w>ds supplem5t$ by ,neu]e ,ges*i*te d] ,israelit5 von #ahae-ahde 7#ahdf-ahdg71 & ,ges*i*te des ,jud5?ums und se9] ,sekt5 7#aheg-ahei74 ,he also publi%$ an abridgm5t "u ! title ,allgeme9e ,ges*i*te des israelitis*5 ,volkes 7#ahca-ahcb71 & an edition ( ! ,mi%na ) a ,g]man translation & notes 7#f vols41 #ahcb-ahcd74 ,! ,israelitis*e ,annal5 7 edit$ by him f #ahci to #ahda1 & he contribut$ ext5sively to p]iodicals4 ,see ,zirndorf1 ,isaak ,m>kus ,jo/ und se9e ,freunde 7,c9c9nati1 #ahhf74 ,,jotunheim1 or ,,jotun ,,fjelde1 a m\nta9\s region ( s\!rn ,norway1 ly+ betwe5 ,gudbr&sdal on ! ea/ & ,jo/$alsbrae & ! head ( ! ,sogne fjord on ! we/4 ,)9 an area ( ab\t #iej sq4 m4 x conta9s ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula--,galdhpigg5 7#hcii ft47--& sev]al o!rs b little inf]ior4 ,su* are ,glitt]t9d or ,glitret9d 7#hchj71 & ,memurut9d 7#giff71 :i* face ,galdhpigg5 across ! nor?w>d-slop+ ,visdal2 ,knut%ul/9d 7#ghab7 & sev]al o!r peaks exce$+ #gjjj ft41 to ! s\?1 betwe5 lakes ,gj5de & ,bygd91 & ,skaga/l/9d 7#ggbc7 9 ! we/ ( ! region1 above ! ,utladal1 ! *ief summit ( ! magnific5t ,horung]4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! ma9 valleys are ( *>act]i/ic =m1 n end+ 9 l(ty m\nta9-walls b comp>atively l[ & level1 & be>+ lakes4 ,! "n ,jotunheim 7giants' home7 is a mod]n memorial ( ! m\nta9-dwell+ giants ( ,norse fable2 ! alt]native "n ,jotun ,fjelde 0 ! fir/ be/[$ on ! region1 :5 x 0 explor$ 9 #ahbj by ! geologi/ ,bal?as> ,mat?ias ,keilhau 7#agig-aheh74 ,9 mod]n times ! region has attract$ m\nta9e]s & _m visitors accu/om$ to r\gh lodg+ & difficult travell+4 ,,j\b]t1 ,,b>?,,lemy ,,ca!r9e 7#agfi-agii71 ,fr5* g5]al1 ! son ( an advocate1 0 born at ,pont de ,vaux 7,a97 on ! #ad? ( ,april #agfi4 ,9 #aghd he ran away f s*ool to enli/ 9 ! artill]y1 b 0 br\ght back & s5t to /udy law at ,lyons & ,dijon4 ,9 #agia he jo9$ ! volunte]s ( ! ,a91 & 0 elect$ by 8 comrades successively corporal & s]geant4 ,9 ,janu>y #agib he became sub-lieut5ant1 & 9 ,novemb] lieut5ant1 hav+ 9 ! meantime made 8 fir/ campaign ) ! army ( ,italy4 ,9 #agic he di/+ui%$ himself by ! brilliant def5ce ( a r$\bt at ! ,col di ,t5da1 ) only ?irty m5 aga9/ a battalion ( ! enemy4 ,w\nd$ & made prison] 9 ?is affair1 ,j\b]t 0 releas$ on p>ole by ! ,au/rian comm&]-9-*ief1 ,dev9s1 soon aft]w>ds4 ,9 #agid he 0 aga9 actively engag$1 & 9 #agie he r5d]$ su* conspicu\s s]vice z to be made g5]al ( brigade4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agif ! "y g5]al comm&$ a brigade "u ,aug]eau1 & soon attract$ ! special att5tion ( ,bonap>te1 :o caus$ him to be made a g5]al ( division 9 ,decemb]1 & repeat$ly select$ him = ! comm& ( important deta*m5ts4 ,?us he 0 9 *>ge ( ! reta9+ =ce at ! battle ( ,rivoli1 & 9 ! campaign ( #agii 7invasion ( ,au/ria7 he comm&$ ! deta*$ left w+ ( ,bonap>te's army 9 ,tirol1 & f\ght 8 way ?r\gh ! m\nta9s to rejo9 8 *ief 9 ,/yria4 ,he subsequ5tly held v>i\s comm&s 9 ,holl&1 on ! ,rh9e & 9 ,italy1 :]e up to ,janu>y #agii he comm&$ 9 *ief4 ,resign+ ! po/ 9 consequ5ce ( a dispute ) ! civil au?orities1 ,j\b]t return$ to ,france & m>ri$ 7,june7 ,mlle de ,mon?olon4 ,b he 0 almo/ imm$iately summon$ to ! field aga94 ,he took ov] ! comm& 9 ,italy f ,moreau ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 b he p]suad$ 8 pr$ecessor to rema9 at ! front & 0 l>gely guid$ by 8 advice4 ,! odds aga9/ ! ,fr5* troops 9 ! disa/r\s campaign ( #agii 7see ,,fr5* ,,revolution>y ,,w>s7 7 too heavy4 ,j\b]t & ,moreau 7 quickly compell$ to give battle by _! great antagoni/ ,suvorov4 ,! battle ( ,novi 0 disa/r\s to ! ,fr5* arms1 n m]ely because x 0 a defeat1 b above all because ,j\b]t himself 0 among/ ! fir/ to fall 7,aug4 #ae1 #agii74 ,j\b]t di$ be=e x c\ld be %[n :e!r 8 g5ius 0 ( ! fir/ rank1 b he 0 at any rate m>k$ out z a future great capta9 by ! greate/ capta9 ( all ages1 & 8 c\ntrym5 intuitively associat$ him ) ,ho*e & ,m>ceau z a great lead] ^: e>ly dea? disappo9t$ _! highe/ hopes4 ,aft] ! battle 8 rema9s 7 br\ght to ,t\lon & buri$ 9 ,=t ,la ,malgue1 & ! revolution>y gov]nm5t paid tribute to 8 memory by a c]emony ( public m\rn+ 7,sept4 #af74 ,a monum5t to ,j\b]t at ,b\rg 0 raz$ by ord] ( ,l\is ,,xviii41 b ano!r memorial 0 aft]w>ds erect$ at ,pont de ,vaux4 ,see ,guilb]t1 ,notice sur la vie de ,b4 ,c4 ,j\b]t2 ,*evri]1 ,le ,gnral ,j\b]t d'aprs sa correspondance 7#bnd ed4 #ahhd74 ,,j\b]t1 ,,joseph 7#aged-ahbd71 ,fr5* morali/1 0 born at ,montignac 7,corrze7 on ! #f? ( ,may #aged4 ,aft] complet+ 8 /udies at ,t\l\se he sp5t "s ye>s !re z a tea*]4 ,8 delicate heal? prov$ unequal to ! task1 & aft] two ye>s sp5t at home 9 /udy ,j\b]t w5t to ,p>is at ! beg9n+ ( #aggh4 ,he alli$ himself ) ! *iefs ( ! philosophic p>ty1 especially ) ,did]ot1 ( :om he 0 9 "s sort a disciple1 b 8 close/ fri5d%ip 0 ) ! abb de ,fontanes4 ,9 #agij he 0 recall$ to 8 native place to act z juge de paix1 & c>ri$ out ! duties ( 8 (fice ) great fidelity4 ,he _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,mme de ,beaumont 9 a ,burgundian cottage :]e %e _h tak5 refuge f ! ,t]ror1 & x 0 "u h] inspiration t ,j\b]t's g5ius 0 at its be/4 ,! atmosph]e ( s]5ity & affection ) :i* %e surr\nd$ him seem$ necess>y to ! developm5t ( :at ,sa9te-,beuve calls 8 esprit ail1 ami du ciel et des hauteurs4 ,h] dea? 9 #ahjc 0 a great bl[ to him1 & 8 lit]>y activity1 nev] great1 decl9$ f t "t4 ,9 #ahji1 at ! solicitation ( ,joseph de ,bonald1 he 0 made an inspector-g5]al ( education1 & 8 pr(essional duties practically absorb$ 8 int]e/s dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he di$ on ! #crd ( ,may #ahbd4 ,8 manuscripts 7 entru/$ by 8 wid[ to ,*ateaubri&1 :o publi%$ a selection ( ,p5ses f !m 9 #ahch = private circulation4 ,a m complete edition 0 publi%$ by ,j\b]t's nephew1 ,paul de ,raynal1 "u ! title ,p5ses1 essais1 maximes et correspondance 7#b vols4 #ahdb74 ,a selection ( lett]s address$ to ,j\b]t 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhc4 ,j\b]t con/antly /rove aft] p]fection1 & ! small quantity ( 8 "w 0 p>tly due to 8 desire to f9d adequate & lum9\s expression = 8 discrim9at+ criticism ( lit]ature & morals4 ,if ,j\b]t's read]s 9 ,engl& are n num]\s1 he is well kn[n at second h& ?r\gh ! sympa!tic essay devot$ to him 9 ,mat!w ,arnold's ,essays 9 ,criticism 7#a/ s]ies74 ,see ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,caus]ies du lundi1 vol4 i42 ,portraits littraires1 vol4 ii42 & a notice by ,paul de ,raynal1 prefix$ to ! edition ( #ahdb4 ,,j\b]t1 ,,petrus ,,jacobus 7#ahcd-aijj71 comm&ant-g5]al ( ! ,s\? ,african ,republic f #ahhj to #aijj1 0 born at ,cango1 9 ! di/rict ( ,oudt%oorn1 ,cape ,colony1 on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y #ahcd1 a desc5dant ( a ,fr5* ,hugu5ot :o fl$ to ,s\? ,africa soon aft] ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,left an orphan at an e>ly age1 ,j\b]t migrat$ to ! ,transvaal1 :]e he settl$ 9 ! ,wakk]/room di/rict ne> ,la+'s ,nek & ! nor?-ea/ angle ( ,natal4 ,!re he n only f>m$ ) great success1 b turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ! law4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* 8 %rewdness 9 bo? f>m+ & legal affairs 0 held l$ to 8 election to ! ,volksraad z memb] = ,wakk]/room e>ly 9 ! sixties1 ,m>?9us ,pretorius be+ !n 9 8 second t]m ( (fice z presid5t4 ,9 #ahgj ,j\b]t 0 aga9 elect$1 & ! use to :i* he put 8 sl5d] /ock ( legal k secur$ him ! appo9tm5t ( attorney-g5]al ( ! republic1 :ile 9 #ahge he act$ z presid5t dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,t4 ,f4 ,burg]s 9 ,europe4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ,briti% annexation ( ! ,transvaal1 ,j\b]t e>n$ = himself ! reputation ( a consi/5t irreconcilable by refus+ to hold (fice "u ! gov]nm5t1 z ,paul ,krug] & o!r prom95t ,bo]s 7 do+4 ,in/ead ( accept+ ! lucrative po/ (f]$ him1 he took a lead+ "p 9 creat+ & direct+ ! agitation :i* l$ to ! w> ( #ahhj-ahha1 ev5tually becom+1 z comm&ant-g5]al ( ! ,bo] =ces1 a memb] ( ! triumvirate t adm9i/]$ ! provisional ,bo] gov]nm5t set up 9 ,decemb] #ahhj at ,heidelb]g4 ,he 0 9 comm& ( ! ,bo] =ces at ,la+'s ,nek1 ,+ogo1 & ,majuba ,hill1 subsequ5tly conduct+ ! e>li] peace negotiations t l$ to ! conclusion ( ! ,pretoria ,conv5tion4 ,9 #ahhc he 0 a c&idate = ! presid5cy ( ! ,transvaal1 b receiv$ only #aaga votes z aga9/ #cdca ca/ = ,krug]4 ,9 #ahic he aga9 oppos$ ,krug] 9 ! conte/ = ! presid5cy1 /&+ z ! repres5tative ( ! comp>atively progressive section ( ! ,bo]s1 :o wi%$ 9 "s measure to r$ress ! grievances ( ! ,uitl&] population :i* _h gr[n up on ! ,r&4 ,! poll 7?\gh !re is good reason = believ+ t ! vot+ li/s _h be5 manipulat$ by ,krug]'s ag5ts7 0 decl>$ to h result$ 9 #giaa votes be+ ca/ = ,krug] & #gbdf = ,j\b]t4 ,aft] a prote/ ,j\b]t acquiesc$ 9 ,krug]'s cont9u$ presid5cy4 ,he /ood aga9 9 #ahih1 b ! ,jameson raid _h occurr$ meantime & ! vot+ 0 #ab1heh = ,krug] & #bjja = ,j\b]t4 ,j\b]t's position _h !n become mu* weak5$ by accusations ( trea*]y & ( sympa?y ) ! ,uitl&] agitation4 ,he took little "p 9 ! negotiations t culm9at$ 9 ! ultimatum s5t to ,great ,brita9 by ,krug] 9 #ahii1 & ?\gh he imm$iately assum$ nom9al comm& ( ! op]ations on ! outbreak ( ho/ilities1 he gave up to o!rs ! *ief %>e 9 ! direction ( ! w>1 ?r\gh 8 inability or neglect to impose ^u !m 8 own w4 ,8 cauti\s nature1 :i* _h 9 e>ly life ga9$ him ! sobriquet ( ,slim ,piet1 jo9$ to a lack ( det]m9ation & ass]tiv5ess t *>act]iz$ 8 :ole c>e]1 l$ him to act ma9ly on ! def5sive2 & ! /rategically (f5sive movem5ts ( ! ,bo] =ces1 su* z ,el&slaagte & ,will[ ,grange1 appe> to h be5 nei!r plann$ nor execut$ by him4 ,z ! w> w5t on1 physical weakness l$ to ,j\b]t's virtual retirem5t1 &1 ?\gh two days e>li] he 0 /ill report$ z be+ 9 supreme comm&1 he di$ at ,pretoria f p]itonitis on ! #bh? ( ,m>* #aijj4 ,sir ,george ,:ite1 ! def5d] ( ,ladysmi?1 summ$ up ,j\b]t's "* :5 he call$ him a soldi] & a g5tleman1 & a brave & hon\rable oppon5t4 ,,j\ffroy1 ,,jean 7c4 #adab-adgc71 ,fr5* prelate & diplomati/1 0 born at ,luxeuil 7,haute-,sane74 ,aft] ent]+ ! ,b5$ict9e ord] & tea*+ at ! univ]sity ( ,p>is f #adce to #adch1 he became almon] to ,philip ! ,good1 duke ( ,burgundy1 :o entru/$ him ) diplomatic missions 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,portugal & ,ca/ile4 ,j\ffroy 0 appo9t$ abbot ( ,luxeuil 7#adea87 bi%op ( ,arras 7#adec71 & papal legate 7#adei74 ,at ! ,fr5* c\rt 8 diplomatic duties br\ght him to ! notice ( ! dauph9 7aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xi474 ,j\ffroy ent]$ ,l\is's s]vice1 & obta9$ a c>d9al's hat 7#adfa71 ! bi%opric ( ,albi 7#adfb71 & ! abbacy ( ,/ ,d5is 7#adfd74 ,on sev]al occasions he 0 s5t to ,rome to negotiate ! abolition ( ! ,pragmatic ,sanction & to def5d ! int]e/s ( ! ,angev9s at ,naples4 ,atta*$ by ,k+ ,l\is to ! sieur de ,beaujeu 9 ! exp$ition aga9/ ,john ,v41 c\nt ( ,armagnac1 ,j\ffroy 0 accus$ ( tak+ ! t[n ( ,lect\re by trea*]y1 & ( be+ a p>ty to ! murd] ( ! c\nt ( ,armagnac 7#adgc74 ,he di$ at ,reuilly ! same ye>4 ,see ,c4 ,fi]rille1 ,le ,c>d9al ,jean ,j\ffroy et son temps 7#adab-adgc7 7,c\tances1 ,p>is1 #ahgd74 ,,j\ffroy1 ,,?,,odore ,,simon 7#agjf-ahdb71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 0 born at ,pontets1 ne> ,m\!1 dep>tm5t ( ,d\bs4 ,9 8 t5? ye>1 8 fa!r1 a tax-ga!r]1 s5t him to an uncle at ,pont>li]1 "u :om he comm5c$ 8 classical /udies4 ,at ,dijon 8 compositions attract$ ! att5tion ( an inspector1 :o _h him plac$ 7#ahad7 9 ! normal s*ool1 ,p>is4 ,he !re came "u ! influ5ce ( ,victor ,c\s91 & 9 #ahag he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant pr(essor ( philosophy at ! normal & ,b\rbon s*ools4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 be+ ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces1 he began a c\rse ( lectures 9 8 own h\se1 & =m$ lit]>y connexions ) ,le ,c\rri] franais1 ,le ,globe1 ,l',encyclopdie mod]ne1 & ,la ,revue europenne4 ,! v>iety ( 8 pursuits at ?is "t c>ri$ him ov] ! :ole field ( anci5t & mod]n lit]ature4 ,b he 0 *iefly attract$ to ! philosophical sy/em repres5t$ by ,reid & ,/ew>t4 ,! application ( common s5se to ! problem ( sub/ance suppli$ a m satisfactory analytic = him ?an ! scepticism ( ,hume :i* rea*$ him ?r\gh a /udy ( ,kant4 ,he ?us ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! ,scotti% philosophy1 & 8 fir/ diss]tations are1 9 _! lead+ position1 adaptations f ,reid's ,inquiry4 ,9 #ahbf he wrote a preface to a translation ( ! ,moral ,philosophy ( ,/ew>t1 demon/rat+ ! possibility ( a sci5tific /atem5t ( ! laws ( consci\sness2 9 #ahbh he began a translation ( ! works ( ,reid1 & 9 8 preface e/imat$ ! influ5ce ( ,scotti% criticism ^u philosophy1 giv+ a biographical acc\nt ( ! movem5t f ,hut*eson onw>ds4 ,next ye> he 0 return$ to p>lem5t by ! arrondissem5t ( ,pont>li]2 b ! "w ( legislation 0 ill-suit$ to him4 ,yet he att5d$ to 8 duties consci5ti\sly1 & ultimately broke 8 heal? 9 _! dis*>ge4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ,greek & ,roman philosophy at ! college ( ,france & a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 he !n publi%$ ! ,mlanges philosophiques 7#d? ed4 #ahff2 ,eng4 trans4 ,g4 ,ripley1 ,bo/on1 #ahce & #ahch71 a collection ( fugitive pap]s 9 criticism & philosophy & hi/ory4 ,9 !m is =e%ad[$ all t he aft]w>ds work$ out 9 metaphysics1 psy*ology1 e?ics & ae/hetics4 ,he _h already demon/rat$ 9 8 prefaces ! possibility ( a psy*ology ap>t f physiology1 ( ! sci5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness di/9ct f ! p]ceptions ( s5se4 ,he n[ classifi$ ! m5tal faculties1 premis+ t !y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) capacities or prop]ties ( m9d4 ,!y 71 accord+ to 8 analysis1 p]sonal w1 primitive in/9cts1 volunt>y movem5t1 natural & artificial signs1 s5sibility & ! faculties ( intellect2 on ?is analytic he f\nd$ 8 s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,9 #ahce he publi%$ a ,c\rs de droit naturel 7#d? ed4 #ahff71 :i*1 = precision ( /atem5t & logical coh]5ce1 is ! mo/ important ( 8 works4 ,f ! conception ( a univ]sal ord] 9 ! univ]se he reasons to a ,supreme ,be+1 :o has creat$ x & :o has conf]r$ ^u e man 9 h>mony ) x ! aim ( 8 exi/5ce1 lead+ to 8 highe/ good4 ,good1 he says1 is ! fulfilm5t ( man's de/9y1 evil ! ?w>t+ ( x4 ,e man be+ organiz$ 9 a p>ticul> way has1 ( necessity1 an aim1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is good2 & he has faculties = accompli%+ x1 direct$ by reason4 ,! aim is good1 h[ev]1 only :5 reason guides x = ! b5efit ( ! majority1 b t is n absolute good4 ,:5 reason rises to ! conception ( univ]sal ord]1 :5 actions are submitt$1 by ! ex]cise ( a sympa?y work+ necess>ily & intuitively to ! idea ( ! univ]sal ord]1 ! good has be5 rea*$1 ! true good1 good 9 itself1 absolute good4 ,b he does n foll[ 8 idea into ! details ( human duty1 ?\gh he passes 9 review fatalism1 my/icism1 pan!ism1 scepticism1 egotism1 s5tim5talism & rationalism4 ,9 #ahce ,j\ffroy's heal? fail$ & he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he cont9u$ to translate ! ,scotti% philosoph]s4 ,on 8 return he became libr>ian to ! univ]sity1 & took ! *air ( rec5t philosophy at ! faculty ( lett]s4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #ahdb4 ,aft] 8 dea? 7 publi%$ ,n\veaux mlanges philosophiques 7#crd ed4 #ahgb7 & ,c\rs d'e/htique 7#crd ed4 #ahge74 ,! =m] contribut$ no?+ new to ! sy/em except a m emphatic /atem5t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 psy*ology & physiology4 ,! latt] =mulat$ 8 !ory ( beauty4 ,j\ffroy's claim to di/9ction re/s ^u 8 ability z an expositor ( o!r m5's ideas4 ,he f\nd$ no sy/em2 he contribut$ no?+ ( importance to philosophical sci5ce2 he initiat$ no?+ :i* has surviv$ him4 ,b 8 en?usiasm = m5tal sci5ce1 & 8 comm& ov] ! language ( popul> exposition1 made him a great int]national m$ium = ! transfusion ( ideas4 ,he /ood betwe5 ,scotl& & ,france & ,g]many & ,france2 &1 ?\gh 8 expositions are vitiat$ by loose read+ ( ! philosoph]s he int]pret$1 he did s]viceable1 ev5 memorable "w4 ,see ,l4 ,lvy ,bruhl1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philos4 9 ,france 7#ahii71 pp4 #cdi-ceg2 ,c4 ,j4 ,tissot1 ,?4 ,j\ffroy3 sa vie et ses crits 7#ahgf72 ,j4 ,p4 ,damiron1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de la philos4 en ,france au xixe sicle 7#ahdf74 ,,j\gs1 ,,juggs1 or ,,joggs 7,o4 ,fr4 j\g1 f ,lat4 jugum1 a yoke71 an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t =m]ly 9 use 9 ,scotl&1 ,holl& & possibly o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 an iron coll> fa/5$ by a %ort *a9 to a wall1 (t5 ( ! p>i% *ur*1 or to a tree4 ,! coll> 0 plac$ r\nd ! (f5d]'s neck & fa/5$ by a padlock4 ,! j\gs 0 practically a pillory4 ,x 0 us$ = ecclesia/ical z well z civil (f5ces4 ,examples may /ill be se5 9 ,scotl&4 ,,j\le1 ,,james ,,prescott 7#ahah-ahhi71 ,engli% physici/1 0 born on ! #bd? ( ,decemb] #ahah1 at ,sal=d1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,al?\gh he receiv$ "s in/ruction f ,john ,dalton 9 *emi/ry1 mo/ ( 8 sci5tific k 0 self-taught1 & ?is 0 especially ! case ) reg>d to electricity & electro-magnetism1 ! subjects 9 :i* 8 e>lie/ rese>*es 7 c>ri$ out4 ,f ! fir/ he appreciat$ ! importance ( accurate measurem5t1 & all ?r\gh 8 life ! atta9m5t ( exact quantitative data 0 "o ( 8 *ief consid]ations4 ,at ! age ( n9ete5 he inv5t$ an electro-magnetic eng9e1 & 9 ! c\rse ( exam9+ its p]=mance dissatisfaction ) vague & arbitr>y me?ods ( specify+ electrical quantities caus$ him to adopt a conv5i5t & sci5tific unit1 :i* he took to be ! am\nt ( electricity requir$ to decompose n9e gra9s ( wat] 9 "o h\r4 ,9 #ahdj he 0 ?us enabl$ to give a quantitative /atem5t ( ! law accord+ to :i* heat is produc$ 9 a conductor by ! passage ( an electric curr5t1 & 9 succe$+ ye>s he publi%$ a s]ies ( valuable rese>*es on ! ag5cy ( electricity 9 trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,"o ( ^! conta9$ ! fir/ intimation ( ! a*ievem5t ) :i* 8 "n is mo/ widely associat$1 = x 0 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,cork 9 #ahdc1 & entitl$ ,! ,calorific ,effects ( ,magneto-electricity & ! ,me*anical ,value ( ,heat1 t he express$ ! conviction t :5ev] me*anical =ce is exp5d$ an exact equival5t ( heat is always obta9$4 ,by rotat+ a small electro-magnet 9 wat]1 betwe5 ! poles ( ano!r magnet1 & !n measur+ ! heat develop$ 9 ! wat] & o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! coils1 & ! en]gy requir$ to ma9ta9 rotation1 he calculat$ t ! quantity ( heat capable ( w>m+ "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,f4 0 equival5t to ! me*anical =ce :i* c\ld raise #hch lb4 ?r\gh ! di/ance ( "o foot4 ,at ! same "t he br\ght =w>d ano!r det]m9ation bas$ on ! heat+ effects obs]vable :5 wat] is =c$ ?r\gh capill>y tubes2 ! numb] obta9$ 9 ?is way 0 #ggj4 ,a ?ird me?od1 dep5d+ on ! obs]vation ( ! heat evolv$ by ! me*anical compression ( air1 0 employ$ a ye> or two lat]1 & yield$ ! numb] #gih2 & a f\r?--! well-kn[n frictional "o ( /irr+ wat] ) a sort ( paddle-:eel--yield$ ! result #hij 7see ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahde71 ?\gh #gha4e 0 obta9$ by subsequ5t repetitions ( ! exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahdi he pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society a memoir :i*1 toge!r ) a hi/ory ( ! subject1 conta9$ details ( a long s]ies ( det]m9ations1 ! result ( :i* 0 #ggb4 ,a good _m ye>s lat] he 0 entru/$ by ! committee ( ! ,briti% ,association on /&>ds ( electric resi/ance ) ! task ( d$uc+ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat f ! !rmal effects ( electric curr5ts4 ,?is inquiry yield$ 79 #ahfg7 ! result #ghc1 & ?is ,j\le himself 0 incl9$ to reg>d z m accurate ?an 8 old det]m9ation by ! frictional me?od2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 repeat$ ) e precaution1 & aga9 indicat$ #ggb4ee foot-p\nds z ! quantity ( "w t mu/ be exp5d$ at sea-level 9 ! latitude ( ,gre5wi* 9 ord] to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat]1 weigh$ 9 vacuo1 f #fj to #fa ,f4 ,ultimately ! discrepancy 0 trac$ to an error :i*1 n by ,j\le's fault1 vitiat$ ! det]m9ation by ! electrical me?od1 = x 0 f\nd t ! /&>d ohm1 z actually def9$ by ! ,briti% ,association committee & z us$ by him1 0 slightly small] ?an 0 int5d$2 :5 ! necess>y corrections 7 made ! results ( ! two me?ods 7 almo/ precisely congru5t1 & ?us ! figure #ggb4ee 0 v9dicat$4 ,9 addition1 num]\s o!r rese>*es /& to ,j\le's cr$it--! "w done 9 compress+ gases & ! !rmal *anges !y und]go :5 =c$ "u pressure ?r\gh small ap]tures 7) ,"l ,kelv971 ! *ange ( volume on solution1 ! *ange ( temp]ature produc$ by ! longitud9al ext5sion & compression ( solids1 c4 ,x 0 dur+ ! exp]im5ts involv$ by ! fir/ ( ^! inquiries t ,j\le 0 incid5tally l$ to appreciate ! value ( surface cond5sation 9 increas+ ! effici5cy ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,a new =m ( cond5s] 0 te/$ on ! small eng9e employ$1 & ! results x yield$ =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( a s]ies ( inve/igations :i* 7 aid$ by a special grant f ! ,royal ,society1 & 7 describ$ 9 an elaborate memoir pres5t$ to x on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #ahfj4 ,8 results1 accord+ to ,kelv91 l$ directly & spe$ily to ! pres5t practical me?od ( surface-cond5sation1 "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e1 especially = m>9e use1 s9ce ! days ( ,james ,watt4 ,j\le di$ at ,sale on ! #aa? ( ,octob] #ahhi4 ,8 sci5tific pap]s 7 collect$ & publi%$ by ! ,physical ,society ( ,london3 ! fir/ volume1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahhd1 conta9$ ! rese>*es = :i* he 0 alone responsible1 & ! second1 dat$ #ahhg1 ^? :i* he c>ri$ out 9 association ) o!r work]s4 ,,j\rdan1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e1 ,,c\nt 7#agfb-ahcc71 m>%al ( ,france1 0 born at ,limoges on ! #bi? ( ,april #agfb1 & 9 8 boyhood 0 appr5tic$ to a silk m]*ant ( ,lyons4 ,9 #aggf he enli/$ 9 a ,fr5* regim5t to s]ve 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & aft] be+ invalid$ 9 #aghd he m>ri$ & set up 9 bus9ess at ,limoges4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! revolution>y w>s he volunte]$1 & z a subalt]n took "p 9 ! fir/ campaigns 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,8 rise 0 ev5 m rapid ?an t ( ,ho*e & ,m>ceau4 ,by #agic he _h become a g5]al ( division1 & 0 select$ by ,c>not to succe$ ,h\*>d z comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,army ( ! ,nor?2 & on ! #ae?-#af? ( ,octob] #agic he won ! brilliant & important victory ( ,wattignies 7see ,,fr5* ,,revolution>y ,,w>s74 ,soon aft]w>ds he became a suspect1 ! mod]ation ( 8 political op9ions & 8 misgiv+s z to ! future conduct ( ! w> be+ equally di/a/eful to ! trucul5t & en?usia/ic ,committee ( ,public ,safety4 ,w>n$ 9 "t by 8 fri5d ,c>not & by ,b>re1 he avoid$ arre/ & resum$ 8 bus9ess z a silk-m]c] 9 ,limoges4 ,he 0 soon re9/at$1 & e>ly 9 #agid 0 appo9t$ comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,army ( ,sambre-et-,meuse4 ,aft] repeat$ attempts to =ce ! passage ( ! ,sambre _h fail$ & sev]al sev]e g5]al actions _h be5 f\ght )\t result1 ,j\rdan & 8 army 7 disc\rag$1 b ,c>not & ! civil commission]s urg$ ! g5]al1 ev5 ) ?reats1 to a la/ ef=t1 & ?is "t he 0 successful n only 9 cross+ ! ,sambre b 9 w9n+ a brilliant victory at ,fleurus 7,june #bf1 #agid71 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 ! ext5sion ( ! ,fr5* sph]e ( influ5ce to ! ,rh9e1 on :i* riv] he wag$ an indecisive campaign 9 #agie4 ,9 #agif 8 army =m$ ! left w+ ( ! advance into ,bav>ia4 ,! :ole ( ! ,fr5* =ces 7 ord]$ to advance on ,vi5na1 ,j\rdan on ! extreme left & ,moreau 9 ! c5tre by ! ,danube valley1 ,bonap>te on ! "r by ,italy & ,/yria4 ,! campaign began brilliantly1 ! ,au/rians "u ! ,ar*duke ,*>les be+ driv5 back by ,moreau & ,j\rdan almo/ to ! ,au/rian fronti]4 ,b ! ar*duke1 slipp+ away f ,moreau1 ?rew 8 :ole weight on ,j\rdan1 :o 0 defeat$ at ,amb]g & ,wrzburg1 & =c$ ov] ! ,rh9e aft] a sev]e re>gu>d action1 :i* co/ ! life ( ,m>ceau4 ,moreau _h to fall back 9 turn1 &1 ap>t f ,bonap>te's m>vell\s campaign 9 ,italy1 ! op]ations ( ! ye> 7 disa/r\s4 ,! *ief cause ( failure 0 ! vici\s plan ( campaign impos$ ^u ! g5]als by _! gov]nm5t4 ,j\rdan 0 nev]!less made ! scapegoat ( ! gov]nm5t's mi/akes & 0 n employ$ = two ye>s4 ,9 ^? ye>s he became prom95t z a politician & above all z ! fram] ( ! fam\s conscription law ( #agih4 ,:5 ! w> 0 r5ew$ 9 #agii ,j\rdan 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! army on ! ,rh9e1 b aga9 und]w5t defeat at ! h&s ( ! ar*duke ,*>les at ,/ocka* 7,m>* #be71 &1 disappo9t$ & brok5 9 heal?1 h&$ ov] ! comm& to ,massna4 ,he at once resum$ 8 political duties1 & 0 a prom95t oppon5t ( ! c\p d'tat ( #ah ,brumaire1 aft] :i* he 0 expell$ f ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,five ,hundr$4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 he became =mally reconcil$ to ! new rgime1 & accept$ f ,napoleon fre% milit>y & civil employm5t4 ,9 #ahjj he became inspector-g5]al ( cavalry & infantry & repres5tative ( ,fr5* int]e/s 9 ! ,cisalp9e ,republic1 & 9 #ahjd he 0 made a m>%al ( ,france4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! new k+dom ( ,italy until #ahjf1 :5 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 :om 8 bro!r made k+ ( ,naples 9 t ye>1 select$ ,j\rdan z 8 milit>y advis]4 ,he foll[$ ,joseph into ,spa9 9 ! same capacity 9 #ahjh4 ,b ,joseph's ?rone _h to be ma9ta9$ by ! ,fr5* army1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,p59sul> ,w> ! o!r m>%als1 :o dep5d$ directly ^u ,napoleon1 paid little he$ ei!r to ,joseph or to ,j\rdan4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,vitoria he held no important comm& up to ! fall ( ! ,empire4 ,j\rdan gave 9 8 adhesion to ! re/oration gov]nm5t ( #ahad1 & ?\gh he rejo9$ ,napoleon 9 ! ,hundr$ ,days & comm&$ a m9or army1 he submitt$ to ! ,b\rbons aga9 aft] ,wat]loo4 ,he refus$1 h[ev]1 to be a memb] ( ! c\rt :i* tri$ ,m>%al ,ney4 ,he 0 made a c\nt1 a pe] ( ,france 7#ahai71 & gov]nor ( ,gr5oble 7#ahaf74 ,9 politics he 0 a prom95t oppon5t ( ! royali/ reaction>ies & support$ ! revolution ( #ahcj4 ,aft] ?is ev5t he held ! portfolio ( =eign affairs = a few days1 & !n became gov]nor ( ! ,invalides1 :]e 8 la/ ye>s 7 sp5t4 ,m>%al ,j\rdan di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,novemb] #ahcc1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,invalides4 ,he wrote ,oprations de l'arme du ,danube 7#agii72 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l'hi/oire sur la campagne de #agif 7#ahai72 & unpubli%$ p]sonal memoirs4 ,,j\rnal 7?r\gh ,fr4 f late ,lat4 diurnalis1 daily71 a daily record ( ev5ts or bus9ess4 ,a private j\rnal is usually an elaborat$ di>y4 ,:5 appli$ to a newspap] or o!r p]iodical ! ^w is /rictly us$ ( "o publi%$ ea* day2 b any publication issu$ at /at$ int]vals1 su* z a magaz9e or ! record ( ! transactions ( a le>n$ society1 is commonly call$ a j\rnal4 ,! ^w j\rnali/ = "o ^: bus9ess is writ+ = ! public press 7see ,,newspap]s7 seems to be z old z ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,j\rnal is p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! record1 day by day1 ( ! bus9ess & proce$+s ( a public body4 ,! j\rnals ( ! ,briti% h\ses ( p>liam5t conta9 an (ficial record ( ! bus9ess transact$ day by day 9 ei!r h\se4 ,! record does n take note ( spee*es1 ?\gh "s ( ! e>li] volumes conta9 ref]5ces to !m4 ,! j\rnals are a l5g!n$ acc\nt writt5 f ! votes & proce$+s 79 ! ,h\se ( ,lords call$ m9utes ( ! proce$+s71 made day by day by ! assi/ant cl]ks1 & pr9t$ on ! responsibility ( ! cl]k to ! h\se1 aft] submission to ! subcommittee on ! j\rnals4 ,9 ! ,commons ! j\rnal is pass$ by ! ,speak] be=e publication4 ,! j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons beg9 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 7#aedg71 & are complete1 except = a %ort int]val "u ,elizabe?4 ,^? ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords date f ! fir/ ye> ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 7#aeji74 ,be=e t date ! proce$+s 9 p>liam5t 7 ent]$ 9 ! rolls ( p>liam5t1 :i* ext5d f #abgh to #aejc4 ,! j\rnals ( ! ,lords are records 9 ! judicial s5se1 ^? ( ! ,commons are n 7see ,ersk9e ,may1 ,p>liam5t>y ,practice1 #aijf1 pp4 #bja-bjb74 ,! t]m j\rnal is us$1 9 bus9ess1 = a book 9 :i* an acc\nt ( transactions is kept previ\s to a transf] to ! l$g] 7see ,,book-,,keep+71 & also z an equival5t to a %ip's log1 z a record ( ! daily run1 obs]vations1 wea!r *anges1 c4 ,9 m9+1 a j\rnal is a record describ+ ! v>i\s /rata pass$ ?r\gh 9 s9k+ a %aft4 ,a p>ticul> use ( ! ^w is t1 9 ma*9]y1 = ! p>ts ( a %aft :i* are 9 contact ) ! be>+s2 ! orig9 ( ?is mean+1 :i* is firmly e/abli%$1 has n be5 expla9$4 ,,j\rney 7?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 jornee or j\rnee1 mod4 ,fr4 j\rne1 f m$4 ,lat4 diurnata1 ,lat4 diurnus1 ( or belong+ to dies1 day71 prop]ly t :i* occupies a day 9 its p]=mance1 & s a day's "w1 p>ticul>ly a day's travel1 & ! di/ance cov]$ by su*1 usually reckon$ 9 ! middle ages z tw5ty miles4 ,! ^w is n[ us$ ( travel cov]+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( di/ance or la/+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t1 frequ5tly def9$ by qualify+ words4 ,j\rney is usually appli$ to travel by l&1 z oppos$ to voyage1 travel by sea4 ,! e>ly use ( j\rney = a day's "w1 or ! am\nt produc$ by a day's "w1 is /ill f\nd 9 glassmak+1 & also at ! ,briti% ,m9t1 :]e a j\rney is tak5 z equival5t to ! co9age ( #ae lb4 ( /&>d gold1 #gja sov]eigns1 & ( #fj lb4 ( silv]4 ,! t]m j\rneyman also pres]ves ! orig9al significance ( ! ^w4 ,x di/+ui%es a qualifi$ workman or me*anic f an appr5tice on ! "o h& & a ma/] on ! o!r1 & is appli$ to "o :o is employ$ by ano!r p]son to "w at 8 trade or occupation at a day's wage4 ,,j\v5et1 ,,jean 7#afdg-agag71 ,fr5* pa9t]1 born at ,r\51 came ( a family ( arti/s1 "o ( :om _h taught ,p\ss94 ,he e>ly %[$ rem>kable aptitude = 8 pr(ession1 &1 on arriv+ 9 ,p>is1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ,le ,brun1 by :om he 0 employ$ at ,v]sailles1 & "u ^: auspices1 9 #afge1 he became a memb] ( ! ,acadmie ,royale1 ( :i* he 0 elect$ pr(essor 9 #afha1 & "o ( ! f\r p]petual rectors 9 #agjg4 ,! great mass ( works t he execut$1 *iefly 9 ,p>is1 _m ( :i*1 includ+ 8 celebrat$ ,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es 7engrav$ by ,audran2 also ,l&on1 ,annales1 i4 #db71 are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 %[ 8 f]tility 9 inv5tion & execution1 & also t he possess$ 9 a high degree t g5]al dignity ( arrangem5t & /yle :i* di/+ui%$ ! s*ool ( ,le ,brun4 ,j\v5et di$ on ! #e? ( ,april #agag1 hav+ be5 =c$ by p>alysis dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s ( 8 life to "w ) 8 left h&4 ,see ,mm4 9d4 acad4 roy4 de p4 et de sc41 #ahed1 & ,d',arg5ville1 ,vies des pe9tres4 ,,j\y1 ,,victor ,,joseph ,,ti5ne ,,de 7#agfd-ahdf71 ,fr5* dramati/1 0 born at ,j\y1 ne> ,v]sailles1 on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #agfd4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he receiv$ a commission 9 ! army1 & sail$ = ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! company ( ! gov]nor ( ,guiana4 ,he return$ almo/ imm$iately to ,france to complete 8 /udies1 & re-ent]$ ! s]vice two ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 s5t to ,india1 :]e he met ) _m romantic adv5tures :i* 7 aft]w>ds turn$ to lit]>y acc\nt4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution he return$ to ,france & s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! e>ly campaigns1 atta9+ ! rank ( adjutant-g5]al4 ,he drew suspicion on himself1 h[ev]1 by refus+ to hon\r ! toa/ ( ,m>at1 & _h to fly = 8 life4 ,at ! fall ( ! ,t]ror he resum$ 8 commission b aga9 fell "u suspicion1 be+ accus$ ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ! ,engli% envoy1 ,james ,h>ris1 #a/ e>l ( ,malmesbury :o _h be5 s5t to ,france to negotiate t]ms ( peace4 ,he 0 acquitt$ ( ?is *>ge1 b1 we>y ( repeat$ attacks1 resign$ 8 position on ! pretext ( 8 num]\s w\nds4 ,j\y n[ turn$ 8 att5tion to lit]ature1 & produc$ 9 #ahjg ) imm5se success 8 op]a ,la ve/ale 7music by ,spont9i74 ,! piece ran = a hundr$ nights1 & 0 *>act]iz$ by ! ,in/itute ( ,france z ! be/ lyric drama ( ! day4 ,o!r op]as foll[$1 b none obta9$ s great a success4 ,he publi%$ 9 ! ,gazette de ,france a s]ies ( satirical sket*es ( ,p>isian life1 collect$ "u ! title ( ,l',ermite de la ,*ausse d',ant91 ou obs]vations sur les moeurs et les usages franais au comm5cem5t du xixe sicle 7#ahab-ahad1 #e vols471 :i* 0 w>mly receiv$4 ,9 #ahba 8 trag$y ( ,sylla ga9$ a triumph due 9 "p to ! g5ius ( ,talma1 :o _h /udi$ ! title-rle f ,napoleon4 ,"u ! ,re/oration ,j\y consi/5tly f\ght = ! cause ( fre$om1 & if 8 "w 0 ov]rat$ by 8 contempor>ies1 !y 7 probably influ5c$ by _! respect = ! au?or himself4 ,he di$ 9 rooms set ap>t = 8 use 9 ! palace ( ,/ ,g]ma9-en-,laye on ! #d? ( ,septemb] #ahdf4 ,out ( ! long li/ ( 8 op]as1 trag$ies & miscellane\s writ+s may be m5tion$1 ,f]n& ,cortez 7#ahji71 op]a1 9 collaboration ) ,j4 ,e4 ,esmn>d1 music by ,spont9i2 ,tippo ,sab1 trag$y 7#ahac72 ,blisaire1 trag$y 7#ahah72 ,les ,h]mites en prison 7#ahbc71 writt5 9 collaboration ) ,anto9e ,jay1 l himself a political prison]2 ,guillaume ,tell 7#ahbi71 ) ,hippolyte ,bis1 = ! music ( ,ross9i4 ,j\y 0 also "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,biographie n\velle des contempora9s4 ,,jovellanos 7or ,,jove ,,llanos71 ,,gasp> ,,mel*or ,,de 7#agdd-ahaa71 ,spani% /atesman & au?or1 0 born at ,gijon 9 ,a/urias1 ,spa91 on ! #e? ( ,janu>y #agdd4 ,select+ law z 8 pr(ession1 he /udi$ at ,ovi$o1 ,avila1 & ,alcal1 & 9 #agfg became crim9al judge at ,seville4 ,8 integrity & ability 7 rew>d$ 9 #aggh by a judge%ip 9 ,madrid1 & 9 #aghj by appo9tm5t to ! c\ncil ( milit>y ord]s4 ,9 ! capital ,jovellanos took a good place 9 ! lit]>y & sci5tific societies2 = ! society ( fri5ds ( ! c\ntry he wrote 9 #aghg 8 mo/ valuable "w1 ,in=me sobre un proyecto de ley agr>ia4 ,involv$ 9 ! disgrace ( 8 fri5d1 ,franois ,cab>rus1 ,jovellanos sp5t ! ye>s #agij to #agig 9 a sort ( bani%m5t at ,gijon1 engag$ 9 lit]>y "w & 9 f\nd+ ! ,a/urian in/itution = agricultural1 indu/rial1 social & educational re=m ?r\gh\t 8 native prov9ce4 ,?is in/itution cont9u$ 8 d>l+ project up to ! late/ h\rs ( 8 life4 ,summon$ aga9 to public life 9 #agig1 ,jovellanos refus$ ! po/ ( ambassador to ,russia1 b accept$ t ( m9i/] ( grace & ju/ice1 "u ! pr9ce ( ! peace1 ^: att5tion _h be5 direct$ to him by ,cab>rus1 !n a fav\rite ( ,godoy4 ,displeas$ ) ,godoy's policy & conduct ,jovellanos comb9$ ) 8 colleague ,saav$ra to procure 8 dismissal4 ,godoy return$ to p[] 9 #agih2 ,jovellanos 0 aga9 s5t to ,gijon1 b 9 #ahja 0 ?r[n into prison 9 ,majorca4 ,! revolution ( #ahjh1 & ! advance ( ! ,fr5* into ,spa91 set him once m at lib]ty4 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 on m\nt+ ! ,spani% ?rone1 made ,jovellanos ! mo/ brilliant (f]s2 b ! latt]1 /]nly refus+ !m all1 jo9$ ! patriotic p>ty1 became a memb] ( ! c5tral junta1 & contribut$ to reorganize ! cortes4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! junta at once fell "u suspicion1 & ,jovellanos 0 involv$ 9 its fall4 ,to expose ! conduct ( ! cortes1 & to def5d ! junta & himself 7 ! la/ lab\rs ( 8 p54 ,9 #ahaa he 0 en?usia/ically welcom$ to ,gijon2 b ! approa* ( ! ,fr5* drove him =? aga94 ,! vessel 9 :i* he sail$ 0 compell$ by /ress ( wea!r to put 9 at ,vega 9 ,a/urias1 & !re he di$ on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #ahaa4 ,! poetical works ( ,jovellanos comprise a trag$y ,el pelayo1 ! com$y ,el del9cu5te honrado1 satires1 & miscellane\s pieces1 includ+ a translation ( ! fir/ book ( ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,8 prose works1 especially ^? on political & legislative economy1 con/itute 8 real title to lit]>y fame4 ,9 !m dep? ( ?\ght & cle>-sight$ sagacity are c\*$ 9 a c]ta9 ,cic]onian elegance & classical purity ( /yle4 ,besides ! ,ley agr>ia he wrote ,elogios2 v>i\s political & o!r essays2 & ,memorias politicas 7#ahja71 suppress$ 9 ,spa91 & translat$ into ,fr5*1 #ahbe4 ,an edition ( 8 complete works 0 publi%$ at ,madrid 7#ahca-ahcb7 9 #g vols41 & ano!r at ,b>celona 7#ahci74 ,see ,noticias hi/oricas de ,don ,g4 ,m4 de ,jovellanos 7#ahab71 & ,memorias p>a la vida del ,seor 444 ,jovellanos1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,c4 ,b]mudez 7#ahad74 ,,jovell> ,y ,,sol]1 ,,joaqu9 7#ahai-ahib71 capta9-g5]al ( ,spa91 0 born at ,palma de ,mallorca1 on ! #bh? ( ,decemb] #ahai4 ,at ! close ( 8 /udies at ! milit>y academy he 0 appo9t$ sub-lieut5ant1 w5t to ,cuba z capta9 9 #ahdb1 return$ to ! ,w> ,(fice 9 #ahea1 0 promot$ major 9 #ahec1 & w5t to ,morocco z private secret>y to ,m>%al ,o',donnell1 :o made him colonel 9 #ahfj aft] ,jovell> _h be5 w\nd$ at ! battle ( ,wad el ,ras4 ,9 #ahfc ,jovell> became a brigadi]-g5]al1 9 #ahfd "u-secret>y = w>2 he 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 fight+ ! insurg5ts 9 ! /reets ( ,madrid1 & rose to ! rank ( g5]al ( division 9 #ahff4 ,jovell> adh]$ to ! revolution1 & ,k+ ,amadeus made him a lieut5ant-g5]al 9 #ahgb4 ,he abs5t$ himself f ,spa9 :5 ! f$]al republic 0 proclaim$1 & return$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahgc1 :5 ,ca/elr s5t him to ,cuba z gov]nor-g5]al4 ,9 #ahgd ,jovell> came back to ! ,p59sula1 & 0 9 comm& ( ! ,army ( ! ,c5tre aga9/ ! ,c>li/s :5 ,m>%al ,campos w5t to ,sagunto to proclaim ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,g5]al ,jovell> became w> m9i/] 9 ! fir/ cab9et ( ! re/oration "u ,canovas1 :o s5t him to ,cuba aga9 z gov]nor-g5]al1 :]e he rema9$ until ! #ah? ( ,june #ahgh1 :5 ! t5 ye>s' insurrection clos$ ) ! peace ( ,zaujon4 ,alfonso ,,xii4 made him a capta9-g5]al1 presid5t ( ! c\ncil1 life-s5ator1 & gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,jovell> di$ 9 ,madrid on ! #ag? ( ,april #ahib4 ,,jovian 7,,flavius ,,jovianus7 7c4 #ccb-cfd71 ,roman emp]or f ,june #cfc to ,febru>y #cfd1 0 born at ,s+idunum 9 ,moesia ab\t #ccb4 ,z capta9 ( ! imp]ial bodygu>d he accompani$ ,julian 9 8 ,p]sian exp$ition2 & on ! day aft] t emp]or's dea?1 :5 ! ag$ ,sallu/1 prefect ( ! ,ea/1 decl9$ ! purple1 ! *oice ( ! army fell ^u ,jovian4 ,8 election caus$ consid]able surprise1 & x is sugge/$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us t he 0 wrongly id5tifi$ ) ano!r ,jovian1 *ief not>y1 ^: "n also _h be5 put =w>d1 or t1 dur+ ! acclamations1 ! soldi]s mi/ook ! "n ,jovianus = ,julianus1 & imag9$ t ! latt] _h recov]$ f 8 illness4 ,jovian at once cont9u$ ! retreat begun by ,julian1 &1 cont9ually h>ass$ by ! ,p]sians1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 :]e a humiliat+ treaty 0 conclud$ ) ! ,p]sian k+1 ,%apur ,,ii4 7q4v474 ,five prov9ces :i* _h be5 conqu]$ by ,gal]ius 9 #bih 7 surr5d]$1 toge!r ) ,nisibis & o!r cities4 ,! ,romans also gave up all _! int]e/s 9 ! k+dom ( ,arm5ia1 & ab&on$ its ,*ri/ian pr9ce ,arsaces to ! ,p]sians4 ,dur+ 8 return to ,con/ant9ople ,jovian 0 f\nd dead 9 8 b$ at ,dada/ana1 halfway betwe5 ,ancyra & ,nicaea4 ,a surfeit ( mu%rooms or ! fumes ( a *>coal fire h be5 assign$ z ! cause ( dea?4 ,"u ,jovian1 ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ z ! /ate religion1 & ! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e aga9 became ! /&>d ( ! army4 ,! /atem5t t he issu$ an edict ( tol]ation1 to ! effect t1 :ile ! ex]cise ( magical rites w\ld be sev]ely puni%$1 8 subjects %\ld enjoy full lib]ty ( consci5ce1 re/s on insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,jovian ent]ta9$ a great reg>d = ,a?anasius1 :om he re9/at$ on ! ar*iepiscopal ?rone1 desir+ him to draw up a /atem5t ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,9 ,syriac lit]ature ,jovian became ! h]o ( a ,*ri/ian romance 7,g4 ,h(fmann1 ,julianus d] ,abtrnnige1 #ahhj74 ,see ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxv4 #e-aj2 ,j4 ,p4 de la ,blt]ie1 ,hi/oire de ,jovi5 7#agdj72 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *s4 xxiv41 xxv42 ,j4 ,wordswor? 9 ,smi? & ,wace's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography2 ,h4 ,s*ill]1 ,ges*i*te d] rmis*5 ,kais]zeit1 vol4 ii4 7#ahhg72 ,a4 de ,broglie1 ,l'glise et l'empire roma9 au ive sicle 7#d? ed4 #ahhb74 ,= ! relations ( ,rome & ,p]sia see ,,p]sia3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,,jov9ianus1 or ,,jovianus1 a ,roman monk ( het]odox views1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,all our k ( him is d]iv$ f a passionately ho/ile polemic ( ,j]ome 7,adv4 ,jov9ianum1 ,libri ,,ii471 writt5 at ,be?lehem 9 #cic1 & )\t any p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! man assail$4 ,accord+ to ?is au?ority ,jov9ian 9 #chh 0 liv+ at ,rome ! celibate life ( an ascetic monk1 possess$ a good acqua9tance ) ! ,bible1 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al m9or works1 b1 und]go+ an h]etical *ange ( view1 aft]w>ds became a self-indulg5t ,epicurean & unref9$ s5suali/4 ,! views :i* excit$ ?is d5unciation 7 ma9ly ^!3 7#a7 ,jov9ian held t 9 po9t ( m]it1 s f> z _! dome/ic /ate 0 conc]n$1 virg9s1 wid[s & m>ri$ p]sons :o _h be5 baptiz$ into ,*ri/ 7 on a precisely equal foot+2 7#b7 ^? :o ) full fai? h be5 reg5]at$ 9 baptism _c be ov]?r[n 7or1 accord+ to ano!r read+1 tempt$7 ( ! devil2 7#c7 to ab/a9 f meats is n m praisewor?y ?an ?ankfully to enjoy !m2 7#d7 all :o h pres]v$ _! baptismal grace %all receive ! same rew>d 9 ! k+dom ( heav54#a ,jov9ian ?us indicates a natural & vigor\s reaction aga9/ ! exagg]at$ asceticism ( ! #d? c5tury1 a prote/ %>$ by ,helvidius & ,vigilantius4 ,he 0 condemn$ by a ,roman synod "u ,bi%op ,siricius 9 #cij1 & aft]w>ds excommunicat$ by ano!r at ,milan "u ! presid5cy ( ,ambrose4 ,! ye> ( 8 dea? is unkn[n1 b he is ref]r$ to z no long] alive 9 ,j]ome's ,contra ,vigilantium 7#djf74 ,,footnote3 #a ,see1 m fully1 ,h>nack1 ,hi/4 ( ,dogma1 v4 #eg4 ,,jovius1 ,,paulus1 or ,,paolo ,,giovio 7#adhc-aeeb71 ,italian hi/orian & biograph]1 0 born ( an anci5t & noble family at ,como on ! #ai? ( ,april #adhc4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 a *ild1 & ,giovio ow$ 8 education to 8 bro!r ,b5$etto4 ,aft] /udy+ ! humanities1 he appli$ himself to m$ic9e & philosophy at 8 bro!r's reque/4 ,he 0 ,pomponazzi's pupil at ,padua2 & aft]w>ds he took a m$ical degree 9 ! univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,he ex]cis$ ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ,rome1 b ! attraction ( lit]ature prov$ irresi/ible = ,giovio1 & he 0 b5t ^u becom+ ! hi/orian ( 8 age4 ,he pres5t$ a portion ( 8 hi/ory to ,leo ,x41 :o read ! ,,ms41 & pron\nc$ x sup]ior 9 elegance to any?+ s9ce ,livy4 ,?us enc\rag$1 ,giovio took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome1 & atta*$ himself to ,c>d9al ,giulio de' ,m$ici1 ! pope's nephew4 ,! next pope1 ,adrian ,,vi41 gave him a canonry 9 ,como1 on ! condition1 x is said1 t ,giovio %\ld m5tion him ) hon\r 9 8 hi/ory4 ,?is patronage f a pontiff :o 0 av]se f ! curr5t tone ( ,italian humanism proves t ,giovio at ?is p]iod pass$ = a man ( s\nd le>n+ & sob] mann]s4 ,aft] ,adrian's dea?1 ,giulio de' ,m$ici became pope z ,clem5t ,,vii4 & assign$ him *amb]s 9 ! ,vatican1 ) ma9t5ance = s]vants befitt+ a c\rti] ( rank4 ,9 addition to o!r b5efices1 he f9ally1 9 #aebh1 be/[$ on him ! bi%opric ( ,noc]a4 ,giovio _h n[ become 9 a special s5se dep5d5t on ! ,m$ici4 ,he 0 employ$ by t family on sev]al missions--z :5 he accompani$ ,ippolito to ,bologna on ! occasion ( ,*>les ,v4's coronation1 & ,cat]9a to ,m>seilles be=e h] m>riage to ! duke ( ,orleans4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,rome 9 #aebg he att5d$ ,clem5t 9 8 flight f ! ,vatican4 ,:ile cross+ ! bridge :i* connect$ ! palace ) ! ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo1 ,giovio ?rew 8 mantle ov] ! pope's %\ld]s 9 ord] to disguise 8 ma/]4 ,9 ! sack he suff]$ a s]i\s pecuni>y & lit]>y loss1 if we may cr$it 8 own /atem5t4 ,! /ory runs t he deposit$ ! ,,ms4 ( 8 hi/ory1 toge!r ) "s silv]1 9 a box at ,s4 ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va = safety4 ,?is box 0 discov]$ by two ,spani>ds1 "o ( :om secur$ ! silv]1 :ile ! o!r1 nam$ ,h]r]a1 kn[+ :o ,giovio 01 pref]r$ to hold ! ,,mss4 = ransom4 ,h]r]a 0 s c>eless1 h[ev]1 z to ?r[ away ! %eets he f\nd 9 pap]1 res]v+ only t portion ( ! "w :i* 0 transcrib$ on p>*m5t4 ,?is he subsequ5tly sold to ,giovo 9 ex*ange = a b5ifice at ,cordova1 :i* ,clem5t ,,vii4 conc$$ to ! ,spani>d4 ,six books ( ! hi/ory 7 lo/ 9 ?is transaction4 ,giovo cont5t$ himself ) indicat+ _! sub/ance 9 a summ>y4 ,p]haps he 0 n unwill+ t 8 "w %\ld resemble t ( ,livy1 ev5 9 its imp]fection4 ,b d\bt re/s ^u ! :ole ( ?is /ory4 ,apo/olo ,z5o affirms t 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ?ree ( ! miss+ books turn$ up among family pap]s 9 ! possession ( ,c\nt ,giov4 ,batt4 ,giovio1 :o wrote a panegyric on 8 ance/or4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t ,giovio possess$ 8 hi/ory intact1 b pref]r$ to )hold f publication ^? portions :i* might h involv$ him 9 difficulties ) liv+ p]sons ( importance4 ,! omissions 7 aft]w>ds made good by ,curtio ,m>9ello 9 ! ,italian edition1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aeha4 ,b :e!r ,m>9ello 0 ! au?or ( ^! additions is n kn[n4 ,aft] ,clem5t's dea? ,giovio f\nd himself out ( fav\r ) ! next pope1 ,paul ,,iii4 ,! failure ( 8 c>e] is usually ascrib$ to ! irregul>ity ( ! life he l$ 9 ! lit]>y society ( ,rome4 ,we may also rememb] t ,paul _h special causes = animosity aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 ^: s]vant ,giovio _h be54 ,despair+ ( a c>d9al's hat1 ,giovio retir$ to 8 villa on ! lake ( ,como1 :]e he sp5t ! weal? he _h acquir$ f donations & b5efices 9 adorn+ 8 villa ) curiosities1 antiquities & pictures1 includ+ a v important collection ( portraits ( fam\s soldi]s & m5 ( lett]s1 n[ almo/ entirely disp]s$4 ,he di$ ^u a visit to ,flor5ce 9 #aeeb4 ,giovio's pr9cipal "w 0 ! ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,own ,times1 f ! invasion ( ,*>les ,,viii4 to ! ye> #aedg4 ,x 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 conta9+ altoge!r =ty-five books4 ,( ^!1 books v4-xi4 ( "p i4 7 said by him to h be5 lo/ 9 ! sack ( ,rome1 :ile books xix4-xxiv4 ( "p ii41 :i* %\ld h embrac$ ! p]iod f ! dea? ( ,leo to ! sack1 7 nev] writt54 ,giovio suppli$ ! want ( ! latt] six books by 8 lives ( ,leo1 ,adrian1 ,alphonso ,i4 ( ,f]r>a1 & sev]al o!r p]sonages ( importance4 ,b he alleg$ t ! hi/ory ( t p]iod 0 too pa9ful to be writt5 9 full4 ,8 fir/ publi%$ "w1 pr9t$ 9 #aebd at ,rome1 0 a treatise ,de piscibus romanis4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t to ,como he produc$ a valuable s]ies ( biographies1 entitl$ ,elogia virorum illu/rium4 ,!y commemorate m5 di/+ui%$ = lett]s & arms1 select$ f all p]iods1 & are said to h be5 writt5 9 illu/ration ( portraits collect$ by him = ! museum ( 8 villa at ,como4 ,besides ^! books1 we may m5tion a biographical hi/ory ( ! ,visconti1 lords ( ,milan2 an essay on mottoes & badges2 a diss]tation on ! /ate ( ,turkey2 a l>ge collection ( famili> epi/les2 toge!r ) descriptions ( ,brita91 ,muscovy1 ! ,lake ( ,como & ,giovio's own villa4 ,! titles ( ^! miscellanies w be f\nd 9 ! bibliographical note app5d$ to ?is article4 ,giovio pref]r$ ,lat9 9 ! composition ( 8 m important works4 ,?\gh contempor>y ) ,ma*iavelli1 ,guicci>d9i & ,v>*i1 he adh]$ to humani/ic usages1 & c>$ m = ! ,lat9ity ?an = ! matt] ( 8 hi/ories4 ,8 /yle is flu5t & sonor\s r ?an po9t$ or grave4 ,p>tly ow+ to ! rhetorical defects inh]5t 9 ?is *oice ( ,lat91 :5 ,italian _h ga9$ ! day1 b m to 8 own untru/wor?y & %all[ "*1 ,giovio takes a l[] rank z hi/orian ?an ! bulk & pre/ige ( 8 writ+s w\ld seem to w>rant4 ,he pr(ess$ himself a flatt]] & a lampoon]1 writ+ fulsome eulogies on ! pr9ces :o paid him well1 :ile he ignor$ or criticiz$ ^? :o prov$ less g5]\s4 ,! old /ory t he said he kept a gold5 & an iron p51 to use accord+ z p paid him1 cond5ses ! tru? 9 epigram4 ,8 private morals 7 ( a dubi\s "*1 & z a writ] he _h ! faults ( ! eld] humani/s1 9 comb9ation ) t lit]>y cynicism :i* rea*$ its height 9 ,aret9o2 & !re=e 8 hi/ories & biographical essays are n to be us$ z au?orities1 )\t corroboration4 ,yet ,giovio's works1 tak5 9 _! entirety & ) prop] res]vation1 h real value4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ,italy !y yield a lively picture ( ! mann]s & ! feel+ ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$1 & 9 :i* he play$ no obscure "p4 ,!y ab\nd 9 vivid sket*es1 tell+ anecdotes1 fugitive comm5ts1 :i* unite a c]ta9 *>m ( autobiographical romance ) ! worldly wisdom ( an exp]i5c$ c\rti]4 ,a flav\r ( p]sonality makes !m n unpleasant read+4 ,:ile we le>n to despise & mi/ru/ ! man 9 ,giovio1 we appreciate ! au?or4 ,x w\ld n be too f>-fet*$ to describe him z a sort ( #af?-c5tury ,horace ,walpole4 ,,bibliography4--,! s\rces ( ,giovio's biography are3 8 own works2 ,tirabos*i's ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature2 ,litta's ,g5ealogy ( ,illu/ri\s ,italian ,families2 & ,giov4 ,batt4 ,giovio's ,uom9i illu/ri della diocesi ,comasca1 ,mod5a 7#aghd74 ,cicogna1 9 8 ,delle inscrizioni ,v5eziane raccolta 7,v5ice1 #ahcj71 gives a li/ ( ,giovio's works1 f :i* ! foll[+ notices are extract$3 #a4 ,works 9 ,lat93 7#a7 ,pauli ,jovii hi/ori>um sui temporis1 ab anno #adid ad an4 #aedg 7,flor5ce #aeej-aeeb71 ! same translat$ into ,italian by ,l4 ,dom5i*i1 & fir/ publi%$ at ,flor5ce 7#aeea71 aft]w>ds at ,v5ice2 7#b7 ,leonis ,x41 ,hadriani ,,vi41 ,pompeii ,columnae ,c>d41 vitae 7,flor5ce1 #aedh71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7,flor5ce1 #aedi72 7#c7 ,vitae ,,xii4 vicecomitum ,m$iolani pr9cipum 7,p>is1 #aedi71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7,v5ice1 #aedi72 7#d7 ,vita ,s=tiae cl>iss4 ducis 7,rome1 #aedi71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7,flor5ce1 #aedi72 7#e7 ,vita ,fr4 ,f]d4 ,davali 7,flor5ce1 #aedi71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7ibid4 #aeea72 7#f7 ,vita magni ,consalvi 7ibid4 #aedi71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7ibid4 #aeej72 7#g7 ,alfonsi ,ate/5si1 c4 7ibid4 #aeej71 ,italian translation by ,giov4 ,batt4 ,gelli 7,flor5ce1 #aeec72 7#h7 ,elogia virorum bellica virtute illu/rium 7ibid4 #aeea71 translat$ by ,dom5i*i 7ibid4 #aeed72 7#i7 ,elogia cl>orum virorum1 c4 7,v5ice1 #aedf7 7^! are biographies ( m5 ( lett]s71 translat$ by ,hippolito ,orio ( ,f]r>a 7,flor5ce1 #aeeb72 7#aj7 ,libellus de legatione ,basilii ,magni pr9cipis ,moscoviae 7,rome1 #aebe72 7#aa7 ,descriptio ,l>ii ,lacus 7,v5ice1 #aeei72 7#ab7 ,descriptio ,britanniae1 c4 7,v5ice1 #aedh72 7#ac7 ,de piscibus romanis 7,rome1 #aebd72 7#ad7 ,descriptiones quotquot extant regionum atque locorum 7,basel1 #aega74 #b4 ,works 9 ,italian3 7#a7 ,dialogo delle imprese milit>i et amorose 7,rome1 #aeee72 7#b7 ,comm5t> delle cose dei ,tur*i 7,v5ice1 #aeda72 7#c7 ,lett]e volg>i 7,v5ice1 #aefj74 ,"s m9or works & num]\s repr9ts ( ^? cit$ h be5 omitt$ f ?is li/2 & x %\ld also be m5tion$ t "s ( ! lives ) additional matt]1 are includ$ 9 ! ,vitae illu/rium virorum 7,basel1 #aegf74 7,j4 ,a4 ,s47 ,! be/ & mo/ complete edition ( ,giovio's works is t ( ,basel 7#afgh74 ,= 8 life see ,giuseppe ,sanesi1 ,alcuni oss]vazioni e notizie intorno a tre /orici m9ori del c9quec5to--,giovio2 ,n]li1 ,segni 79 ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano1 #e? s]ies1 vol4 xxiii472 ,eug4 ,mntz1 ,sul museo di ritratti compo/o da ,paolo ,giovio 7ibid41 vol4 xix474 ,,j[ett1 ,,b5jam9 7#ahag-ahic71 ,engli% s*ol> & !ologian1 ma/] ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 0 born 9 ,camb]well on ! #ae? ( ,april #ahag4 ,8 fa!r 0 "o ( a ,york%ire family :o1 = ?ree g5]ations1 _h be5 support]s ( ! ,evangelical movem5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,8 "m 0 a ,langhorne1 9 "s way relat$ to ! poet & translator ( ,plut>*4 ,at twelve ! boy 0 plac$ on ! f\ndation ( ,/ ,paul's ,s*ool 7!n 9 ,/ ,paul's ,*ur*y>d71 & 9 8 n9ete5? ye> he obta9$ an op5 s*ol>%ip at ,balliol4 ,9 #ahch he ga9$ a fell[%ip1 & graduat$ ) fir/-class hon\rs 9 #ahci4 ,br\ght up among/ pi\s ,evangelicals1 he came to ,ox=d at ! height ( ! ,tract>ian movem5t1 & ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ,w4 ,g4 ,w>d 0 drawn = a "t 9 ! direction ( ,high ,anglicanism2 b a /rong] & m la/+ influ5ce 0 t ( ! ,arnold s*ool1 repres5t$ by ,a4 ,p4 ,/anley4 ,j[ett 0 ?us l$ to conc5trate 8 att5tion on !ology1 & 9 ! summ]s ( #ahde & #ahdf1 sp5t 9 ,g]many ) ,/anley1 he became an eag] /ud5t ( ,g]man criticism & speculation4 ,among/ ! writ+s ( t p]iod he 0 mo/ impress$ by ^? ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur4 ,b he nev] ceas$ to ex]cise an indep5d5t judgm5t1 & 8 "w on ,/ ,paul1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahee1 0 ! result ( mu* orig9al reflection & inquiry4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to ! ,greek pr(essor%ip 9 ! autumn ( t ye>4 ,he _h be5 a tutor ( ,balliol & a cl]gyman s9ce #ahdb1 & _h devot$ himself to ! "w ( tuition ) unexampl$ zeal4 ,8 pupils became 8 fri5ds = life4 ,he disc]n$ _! capabilities1 /udi$ _! *>act]s1 & s\ght to rem$y _! defects by frank & se>*+ criticism4 ,l ano!r ,socrates1 he taught !m to "k !mselves1 repress+ vanity1 enc\rag+ ! despond5t1 & atta*+ all alike by 8 unobtrusive sympa?y4 ,?is "w gradually made a /rong impression1 & ^? :o c>$ = ,ox=d began to speak ( him z ! great tutor4 ,z e>ly z #ahci ,/anley _h jo9$ ) ,tait1 ! future ar*bi%op1 9 advocat+ c]ta9 univ]sity re=ms4 ,f #ahdf onw>ds ,j[ett ?rew himself into ?is movem5t1 :i* 9 #ahdh became g5]al among/ ! y\ng] & m ?\ghtful fell[s1 until x took effect 9 ! commission ( #ahej & ! act ( #ahed4 ,ano!r educational re=m1 ! op5+ ( ! ,indian civil s]vice to competition1 took place at ! same "t1 & ,j[ett 0 "o ( ! commission4 ,he _h two bro!rs :o s]v$ & di$ 9 ,india1 & he nev] ceas$ to take a deep & practical int]e/ 9 ,indian affairs4 ,a great disappo9tm5t1 8 repulse = ! ma/]%ip ( ,balliol1 also 9 #ahed1 appe>s to h r\s$ him into ! completion ( 8 book on ,! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 ,?is "w1 describ$ by "o ( 8 fri5ds z a miracle ( boldness1 is full ( orig9ality & sugge/iv5ess1 b its publication awak5$ aga9/ him a /orm ( !ological prejudice1 :i* foll[$ him m or less ?r\gh life4 ,in/ead ( yield+ to ?is1 he jo9$ ) ,h5ry ,bri/[e ,wilson & ,r[l& ,williams1 :o _h be5 simil>ly attack$1 9 ! production ( ! volume kn[n z ,essays & ,reviews4 ,?is appe>$ 9 #ahfj & gave rise to a /range outbreak ( fanaticism4 ,j[ett's loyalty to ^? :o 7 prosecut$ on ?is acc\nt 0 no less *>act]i/ic ?an 8 p]si/5t sil5ce :ile ! augm5tation ( 8 sal>y z ,greek pr(essor 0 )held4 ,?is petty p]secution 0 cont9u$ until #ahfe1 :5 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman & ,*>les ,elton discov]$ by hi/orical rese>* t a brea* ( ! conditions ( ! pr(essor%ip _h occurr$1 & ,*ri/ ,*ur* rais$ ! end[m5t f #dj a ye> to #ejj4 ,mean:ile ,j[ett's influ5ce at ,ox=d _h /eadily increas$4 ,x culm9at$ 9 #ahfd1 :5 ! c\ntry cl]gy1 provok$ by ! f9al acquittal ( ! essayi/s1 _h vot$ 9 convocation aga9/ ! end[m5t ( ! ,greek *air4 ,j[ett's pupils1 :o 7 n[ drawn f ! univ]sity at l>ge1 support$ him ) ! en?usiasm :i* "y m5 feel = ! victim ( inju/ice4 ,9 ! mid/ ( o!r lab\rs ,j[ett _h be5 quietly ex]t+ 8 influ5ce s z to conciliate all %ades ( lib]al op9ion1 & br+ !m to be> ^u ! abolition ( ! !ological te/1 :i* 0 /ill requir$ = ! ,m4,a4 & o!r degrees1 & = univ]sity & college (fices4 ,he spoke at an important meet+ ^u ?is "q 9 ,london on ! #aj? ( ,june #ahfd1 :i* laid ! gr\nd = ! ,univ]sity ,te/s ,act ( #ahga4 ,9 connexion ) ! ,greek pr(essor%ip ,j[ett _h und]tak5 a "w on ,plato :i* grew into a complete translation ( ! ,dialogues1 ) introductory essays4 ,at ?is he lab\r$ 9 vacation "t = at lea/ t5 ye>s4 ,b 8 int]e/ 9 !ology _h n abat$1 & 8 ?\ghts f\nd an outlet 9 occasional prea*+4 ,! univ]sity pulpit1 inde$1 0 clos$ to him1 b sev]al congregations 9 ,london delight$ 9 8 s]mons1 & f #ahff until ! ye> ( 8 dea? he prea*$ annually 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e ,/anley _h become dean 9 #ahfc4 ,?ree volumes ( select$ s]mons h be5 publi%$ s9ce 8 dea?4 ,! ye>s #ahfe-ahgj 7 occupi$ ) assidu\s lab\r4 ,among/ 8 pupils at ,balliol 7 m5 de/9$ to high positions 9 ! /ate1 ^: p>5ts _h ?us %[n _! confid5ce 9 ! suppos$ h]etic1 & gratitude on ?is acc\nt 0 add$ to o!r motives = 8 unsp>+ ef=ts 9 tuition4 ,9 #ahgj1 by an arrangem5t :i* he attribut$ to 8 fri5d ,rob]t ,l[e1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,%]brooke 7at t "t a memb] ( ,glad/one's m9i/ry71 ,scott 0 promot$ to ! dean]y ( ,ro*e/] & ,j[ett 0 elect$ to ! vacant ma/]%ip by ! fell[s ( ,balliol4 ,f ! vantage-gr\nd ( ?is long-covet$ position ! ,plato 0 publi%$ 9 #ahga4 ,x _h a great & well-des]v$ success4 ,:ile s*ol>s criticiz$ p>ticul> r5d]+s 7& !re 7 _m small errors to be remov$ 9 subsequ5t editions71 x 0 g5]ally agre$ t he _h succe$$ 9 mak+ ,plato an ,engli% classic4 ,if ev] !re 0 a b5efic5t despotism1 x 0 ,j[ett's rule z ma/]4 ,s9ce #ahff 8 au?ority 9 ,balliol _h be5 really p>am\nt1 & v>i\s re=ms 9 college _h be5 due to 8 initiative4 ,! oppos+ m9ority 7 n[ p[]less1 & ! y\ng] fell[s :o _h be5 8 pupils 7 m incl9$ to foll[ him ?an o!rs w\ld h be54 ,!re 0 no ob/acle to ! cont9u$ ex]cise ( 8 firm & reasonable w4 ,he /ill knew ! und]graduates individually1 & wat*$ _! progress ) a vigilant eye4 ,8 influ5ce 9 ! univ]sity 0 less assur$4 ,! pulpit ( ,/ ,m>y's 0 no long] clos$ to him1 b ! success ( ,balliol 9 ! s*ools gave rise to jeal\sy 9 o!r colleges1 & old prejudices did n sudd5ly give way2 :ile a new movem5t 9 fav\r ( ! end[m5t ( rese>* ran c\nt] to 8 imm$iate purposes4 ,mean:ile1 ! tutor%ips 9 o!r colleges1 & "s ( ! head%ips also1 7 be+ fill$ ) ,balliol m51 & ,j[ett's =m] pupils 7 prom95t 9 bo? h\ses ( p>liam5t & at ! b>4 ,he cont9u$ ! practice1 :i* he _h comm5c$ 9 #ahdh1 ( tak+ ) him a small p>ty ( und]graduates 9 vacation "t1 & work+ ) !m 9 "o ( 8 fav\rite haunts1 at ,askrigg 9 ,w5sleydale1 or ,tummel ,bridge1 or lat] at ,we/ ,malv]n4 ,! new hall 7#ahgf71 ! organ !re1 entirely 8 gift 7#ahhe71 & ! cricket gr\nd 7#ahhi71 rema9 z ext]nal monum5ts ( ! ma/]'s activity4 ,nei!r bus9ess nor ! _m claims ( fri5d%ip int]rupt$ lit]>y "w4 ,! six or sev5 weeks ( ! long vacation1 dur+ :i* he _h pupils ) him1 7 ma9ly employ$ 9 writ+4 ,! translation ( ,ari/otle's ,politics1 ! revision ( ,plato1 &1 above all1 ! translation ( ,?ucydides _m times revis$1 occupi$ sev]al ye>s4 ,! edition ( ! ,republic1 und]tak5 9 #ahef1 rema9$ unf9i%$1 b 0 cont9u$ ) ! help ( ,pr(essor ,lewis ,campbell4 ,o!r lit]>y s*emes ( l>g] scope & deep] int]e/ 7 long 9 contemplation1 b 7 n de/9$ to take effect--an ,essay on ! ,religions ( ! ,_w1 a ,comm5t>y on ! ,gospels1 a ,life ( ,*ri/1 a volume on ,moral ,ideas4 ,su* plans 7 fru/rat$1 n only by 8 practical avocations1 b by 8 det]m9ation to f9i% :at he _h begun1 & ! fa/idi\s self-criticism :i* x took s long to satisfy4 ,! book on ,morals might1 h[ev]1 h be5 writt5 b = ! heavy burd5 ( ! vice-*ancellor%ip1 :i* he 0 induc$ to accept 9 #ahhb1 by ! hope1 only p>tially fulfill$1 ( secur+ _m improvem5ts = ! univ]sity4 ,! vice-*ancellor 0 ex (ficio a delegate ( ! press1 :]e he hop$ to effect mu*2 & a plan = dra9+ ! ,?ames ,valley1 :i* he _h n[ ! p[] ( initiat+1 0 "o on :i* 8 m9d _h dwelt = _m ye>s4 ,! exhau/+ lab\rs ( ! vice-*ancellor%ip 7 foll[$ by an illness 7#ahhg72 & aft] ?is he rel9qui%$ ! hope ( produc+ any great orig9al writ+4 ,8 lit]>y indu/ry 0 !nce=? conf9$ to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,republic ( ,plato1 & "s essays on ,ari/otle :i* 7 to h =m$ a companion volume to ! translation ( ! ,politics4 ,! essays :i* %\ld h accompani$ ! translation ( ,?ucydides 7 nev] writt54 ,j[ett1 :o nev] m>ri$1 di$ on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahic4 ,! fun]al 0 "o ( ! mo/ impressive ev] se5 9 ,ox=d4 ,! pall-be>]s 7 sev5 heads ( colleges & ! provo/ ( ,eton1 all old pupils4 ,!ologian1 tutor1 univ]sity re=m]1 a great ma/] ( a college1 ,j[ett's be/ claim to ! remembrance ( succe$+ g5]ations 0 8 greatness z a moral tea*]4 ,_m ( ! mo/ prom95t ,engli%m5 ( ! day 7 8 pupils & ow$ mu* ( :at !y 7 to 8 precept & example1 8 p5etrative sympa?y1 8 insi/5t criticism1 & 8 unwe>y+ fri5d%ip4 ,seldom h ideal aims be5 s /eadily pursu$ ) s cle> a recognition ( practical limitations4 ,j[ett's !ological "w 0 transitional1 & yet has an elem5t ( p]man5ce4 ,z has be5 said ( ano!r ?9k]1 he 0 "o ( ^? deeply religi\s m5 :o1 :5 crude !ological notions are be+ revis$ & call$ 9 "q seek to put new life into !ology by wid] & m humane ideas4 ,9 e>li] life he _h be5 a zeal\s /ud5t ( ,kant & ,hegel1 & to ! end he nev] ceas$ to cultivate ! philosophic _s2 b he _h little confid5ce 9 metaphysical sy/ems1 & s\ght r to translate philosophy into ! wisdom ( life4 ,z a classical s*ol>1 8 scorn ( littl5esses sometimes l$ him into ! neglect ( m9utiae1 b he _h ! high] m]it ( int]pret+ ideas4 ,8 place 9 lit]ature re/s really on ! essays 9 8 ,plato4 ,:5 _! m]its are fully recogniz$1 x w be f\nd t 8 wor?1 z a tea*] ( 8 c\ntrym51 ext5ds f> beyond 8 own g5]ation4 ,see ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,b5jam9 ,j[ett1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,abbott & ,lewis ,campbell 7#ahig72 ,b5jam9 ,j[ett1 by ,lionel ,tollema*e 7#ahie74 7,l4 ,c47 ,,joyeuse1 a small t[n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ard*e1 ,france1 situat$ on ! ,baume1 a tribut>y ( ! ,ard*e1 is hi/orically important z hav+ be5 ! seat ( a noble ,fr5* family :i* d]iv$ its "n f x4 ,! lord%ip ( ,joyeuse came1 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 into ! possession ( ! h\se ( ,*teauneuf-,r&on1 & 0 made into a visc\nt%ip 9 #adcb4 ,guillaume1 visc\nt ( ,joyeuse1 0 bi%op ( ,alet1 b aft]w>ds left ! *ur*1 & became a m>%al ( ,france2 he di$ 9 #aeib4 ,8 elde/ son ,anne de ,joyeuse 7#aefa-aehg71 0 "o ( ! fav\rites ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,france1 :o creat$ him duke & pe] 7#aeha71 admiral ( ,france 7#aehb71 & gov]nor ( ,norm&y 7#aehf71 & m>ri$ him to ,m>gu]ite de ,lorra9e-,vaudmont1 y\ng] si/] ( ! que54 ,he ga9$ sev]al successes aga9/ ! ,hugu5ots1 b 0 recall$ by c\rt intrigues at an inopportune mom5t1 & :5 he m>*$ a second "t aga9/ ,h5ry ( ,nav>re he 0 defeat$ & kill$ at ,c\tras4 ,guillaume _h ?ree o!r sons3 ,franois de ,joyeuse 7d4 #afae71 c>d9al & ar*bi%op ( ,n>bonne1 ,t\l\se & ,r\51 :o br\ght ab\t ! reconciliation ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ) ! pope2 ,h5ri1 c\nt ( ,b\*age1 & lat] duke ( ,joyeuse1 :o fir/ ent]$ ! army1 !n became a ,capu*9 "u ! "n ( ,pre ,ange1 left ! *ur* & became a m>%al ( ,france1 & f9ally re-ent]$ ! *ur*1 dy+ 9 #afjh2 ,anto9e ,scipion1 gr& prior ( ,t\l\se 9 ! ord] ( ! knights ( ,malta1 :o 0 "o ( ! lead]s 9 ! ,league1 & di$ 9 ! retreat ( ,villemur 7#aeib74 ,h5riette ,ca!r9e de ,joyeuse1 daught] ( ,h5ri1 m>ri$ 9 #afaa ,*>les ( ,lorra9e1 duke ( ,guise1 to :om %e br\ght ! du*y ( ,joyeuse4 ,on ! dea? ( h] great-gr&son1 ,franois ,joseph de ,lorra9e1 duke ( ,guise1 9 #afge1 )\t issue1 ! du*y ( ,joyeuse 0 decl>$ ext9ct1 b x 0 reviv$ 9 #agad1 9 fav\r ( ,l\is de ,melun1 pr9ce ( p9oy4 7,m4 ,p4997 ,,joyeuse ,,entr,e1 a fam\s *>t] ( lib]ty grant$ to ,brabant by ,duke ,john ,,iii4 9 #aced4 ,john summon$ ! repres5tatives ( ! cities ( ! du*y to ,l\va9 to ann\nce to !m ! m>riage ( 8 daught] & heiress ,jeanne ( ,brabant to ,w5ceslaus duke ( ,luxemburg1 & he (f]$ !m lib]al concessions 9 ord] to secure _! ass5t to ! *ange ( dyna/y4 ,john ,,iii4 di$ 9 #acee1 & ,w5ceslaus & ,jeanne on ! occasion ( _! /ate entry into ,brussels solemnly swore to obs]ve all ! provisions ( ! *>t]1 :i* _h be5 drawn up4 ,f ! occasion on :i* x 0 fir/ proclaim$ ?is *>t] has s9ce be5 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,la ,joyeuse ,entre4 ,by ?is docum5t ! dukes ( ,brabant und]took to ma9ta9 ! integrity ( ! du*y1 & n to wage w>1 make treaties1 or impose taxes )\t ! cons5t ( _! subjects1 z repres5t$ by ! municipalities4 ,all memb]s ( ! duke's c\ncil 7 to be native-born ,brabant]s4 ,?is *>t] became ! model = o!r prov9ces & ! bulw>k ( ! lib]ties ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,its provisions 7 modifi$ f "t to "t1 b rema9$ practically un*ang$ f ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 onw>ds4 ,! ill-advis$ attempt ( ! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 9 8 re=m+ zeal to abrogate ! ,joyeuse ,entre caus$ a revolt 9 ,brabant1 be=e :i* he _h to yield4 ,see ,e4 ,p\llet1 ,la ,joyeuse entre1 ou con/itution ,brabanonne 7#ahfb74 ,,juan ,,f]n&ez ,,isl&s1 a small gr\p 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 betwe5 #cc & #cd ,s41 #hj ,w41 belong+ to ,*ile & includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,valp>aiso4 ,! ma9 isl& is call$ ,mas-a-,ti]ra 7,span4 m to l&7 to di/+ui% x f a small] isl&1 ,mas-a-,fu]a 7m to sea71 #ajj m4 f>!r we/4 ,(f ! ,s4,w4 ( ,mas-a-,ti]ra lies ! islet ( ,santa ,cl>a4 ,! aspect ( ,mas-a-,ti]ra is beautiful2 only #ac m4 9 l5g? by #d 9 wid?1 x consi/s ( a s]ies ( precipit\s rocks rudely pil$ into irregul> blocks & p9nacles1 & /rongly contra/+ ) a ri* vegetation4 ,! highe/ ( ^!1 #cbbe ft41 is call$1 f its massive =m1 ,el ,yunque 7! anvil74 ,! rocks are volcanic4 ,cumb]l& ,bay on ! nor? side is ! only fair an*orage1 & ev5 !re1 f ! great dep? ( wat]1 !re is "s risk4 ,a wide valley collect+ /reams f sev]al ( ! rav9es on ! nor? side ( ! isl& op5s into ,cumb]l& ,bay1 & is p>tially enclos$ & cultivat$4 ,! inhabitants numb] only "s tw5ty4 ,! flora & fauna ( ,juan ,f]n&ez are 9 mo/ respects ,*ilean4 ,!re are few trees on ! isl&1 = mo/ ( ! valuable indig5\s trees h be5 practically ext]m9at$1 su* z ! s&alwood1 :i* ! e>li] navigators f\nd "o ( ! mo/ valuable products ( ! isl&4 ,f]ns are prom95t among ! flora1 ab\t "o-?ird ( :i* consi/s ( endemic species4 ,!re are no indig5\s l& mammals4 ,pigs & goats1 h[ev]1 ) cattle1 horses1 asses & dogs1 h be5 introduc$1 h multipli$1 & 9 consid]able numb]s run wild4 ,sea-elephants & fur-seals 7 =m]ly pl5tiful4 ,( birds1 a tyrant & a humm+-bird 7,eu/ephanus f]n&5sis7 are peculi> to ! gr\p1 :ile ano!r humm+ bird 7,e4 gal]ites71 a ?ru%1 & "s birds ( prey also occur 9 ,*ile4 ,e4 f]n&5sis has ! peculi>ity t ! male is ( a bright c9namon col\r1 :ile ! female is gre54 ,bo? sexes are gre5 9 ,e4 gal]ites4 ,juan ,f]n&ez 0 discov]$ by a ,spani% pilot ( t "n 9 #aefc4 ,f]n&ez obta9$ f ! ,spani% gov]nm5t a grant ( ! isl&s1 :]e he resid$ = "s "t1 /ock+ !m ) goats & pigs4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h ab&on$ 8 possessions1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds = _m ye>s only visit$ occasionally by fi%]m5 f ! coa/s ( ,*ile & ,p]u4 ,9 #afaf ,jacob le ,maire & ,willem ,cornelis ,s*\t5 call$ at ,juan ,f]n&ez = wat] & fre% provisions4 ,pigs & goats 7 !n abundant on ! isl&s4 ,9 ,febru>y #agjj ,dampi] call$ at ,juan ,f]n&ez & :ile !re ,capta9 ,/raddl+ ( ! ,c9que ,porte galley qu>rell$ ) 8 m51 =ty-two ( :om des]t$ b 7 aft]w>ds tak5 on bo>d by ,dampi]2 five seam51 h[ev]1 rema9$ on %ore4 ,o!r p>ties _h previ\sly coloniz$ ! isl&s b none _h rema9$ p]man5tly4 ,9 ,octob] #agjd ! ,c9que ,porte return$ & f\nd two ( ^! m51 ! o!rs hav+ be5 app>5tly captur$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,on ?is occasion ,/raddl+ qu>rell$ ) ,alex&] ,selkirk 7q4v471 :o1 at 8 own reque/1 became ! isl&'s mo/ fam\s coloni/1 = 8 adv5tures are commonly believ$ to h inspir$ ,daniel ,defoe's ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,among lat] visits1 t ( ,commodore ,anson1 9 ! ,c5turion 7,june #agda7 l$1 on 8 return home1 to a proposal to =m an ,engli% settlem5t on ,juan ,f]n&ez2 b ! ,spani>ds1 he>+ t ! matt] _h be5 moot$ 9 ,engl&1 gave ord]s to occupy ! isl&1 & x 0 g>rison$ accord+ly 9 #agej4 ,philip ,c>t]et fir/ obs]v$ ?is settlem5t 9 ,may #agfg1 & on acc\nt ( ! ho/ility ( ! ,spani>ds pref]r$ to put 9 at ,masa-,fu]a4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,*ile at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,juan ,f]n&ez pass$ into ! possession ( t c\ntry4 ,on m ?an "o occasion be=e #ahdj ,mas-a-,ti]ra 0 us$ z a /ate prison by ! ,*ilean gov]nm5t4 ,,juangs 7,patuas1 lit]ally leaf-we>]s71 a jungle tribe ( ,orissa1 ,india4 ,!y are f\nd 9 only two ( ! tribut>y /ates1 ,dh5kanal & ,keonjh>1 mo/ ( !m 9 ! latt]4 ,!y are e/imat$ to am\nt 9 all to ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,_! language belongs to ! ,munda family4 ,!y h no traditions :i* connect !m ) any o!r race1 & !y repudiate all connexion ) ! ,hos or ! ,santals1 decl>+ !mselves ! aborig9es4 ,!y say ! headqu>t]s ( ! tribe is ! ,gonasika4 ,9 mann]s !y are among ! mo/ primitive p ( ! _w1 repres5t+ ! ,/one age 9 our own day4 ,!y d n till ! l&1 b live on ! game !y kill or on snakes & v]m94 ,_! huts measure ab\t #f ft4 by #h ft41 ) v l[ doorways4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ! fa!r & all ! females ( a family huddle toge!r2 ! second is us$ z a /ore-room4 ,! boys h a sep>ate hut at ! entrance to ! village1 :i* s]ves z a gue/-h\se & g5]al assembly place :]e ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! village are kept4 ,physically !y are small & weak-look+1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 ) flat faces1 broad noses ) wide no/rils1 l>ge m\?s & ?ick lips1 ! hair co>se & frizzly4 ,! wom5 until rec5tly wore no?+ b girdles ( leaves1 ! m51 a dim9utive b&age ( clo?4 ,! ,juangs decl>e t ! riv] goddess1 em]g+ = ! fir/ "t f ! ,gonasika rock1 surpris$ a p>ty ( nak$ ,juangs danc+1 & ord]$ !m to we> leaves1 ) ! ?reat t !y %\ld die if !y ev] gave up ! cu/om4 ,! ,juangs' weapons are ! b[ & arr[ & a primitive sl+ made entirely ( cord4 ,_! religion is a vague belief 9 =e/ spirits4 ,!y (f] f[ls to ! sun :5 9 tr\ble & to ! e>? = a b\ntiful h>ve/4 ,polygamy is r>e4 ,!y burn _! dead & ?r[ ! a%es into any runn+ /ream4 ,! mo/ sacr$ oa?s a ,juang c take are ^? on an ant-hill or a tig]-sk94 ,see ,e4 ,w4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7#ahgb74 ,,juan ,,manuel1 ,,don 7#abhb-acdi71 infante ( ,ca/ile1 son ( ! infante ,don ,manuel & ,beatrix ( ,savoy1 & gr&son ( ,/ ,f]d9&1 0 born at ,escalona on ! #e? ( ,may #abhb4 ,8 fa!r di$ 9 #abhd1 & ! "y pr9ce 0 educat$ at ! c\rt ( 8 c\s91 ,san*o ,,iv41 ) :om 8 precoci\s ability made him a fav\rite4 ,9 #abid he 0 appo9t$ adelantado ( ,murcia & 9 8 f\rte5? ye> s]v$ aga9/ ! ,moors at ,granada4 ,9 #acjd he 0 entru/$ by ! que5-"m1 ,da ,m>ia de ,mol9a1 to conduct political negotiations ) ,james ,,ii4 ( ,aragon on behalf ( h] son1 ,f]d9& ,,iv41 !n "u age4 ,8 diplomacy 0 successful & 8 m>riage to ,james ,,ii4's daught]1 ,con/ant9a1 add$ to 8 pre/ige4 ,on ! dea? ( ,f]d9& ,,iv4 & ( ! reg5ts :o gov]n$ 9 ! "n ( ,alphonso ,,xi41 ,don ,juan ,manuel act$ z gu>dian ( ! k+ :o 0 proclaim$ ( age 9 #acbe4 ,8 ambiti\s design ( cont9u+ to ex]cise ! royal p[] 0 defeat$ by ,alphonso ,,xi41 :o m>ri$ ! ex-reg5t's daught] ,con/anza1 & remov$ 8 fa!r-9-law f ! sc5e by nom9at+ him adelantado mayor de la front]a4 ,alphonso ,,xi4's repudiation ( ,con/anza1 :om he imprison$ at ,toro1 drove ,don ,juan ,manuel into opposition1 & a long p]iod ( civil w> foll[$4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 wife ,con/ant9a 9 #acbg1 ,don ,juan ,manuel /r5g!n$ 8 position by m>ry+ ,da ,blanca de la ,c]da2 he secur$ ! support ( ,juan ,nuez1 alfrez ( ,ca/ile1 by arrang+ a m>riage betwe5 him & ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,don ,juan el ,tu]to2 he won ov] ,portugal by promis+ ! h& ( 8 daught]1 ! ex-que5 ,con/anza1 to ! infante ( t k+dom1 & he ent]$ into alliance ) ,mahomet ,,iii4 ( ,granada4 ,?is =midable coalition compell$ ,alphonso ,,xi4 to sue = t]ms1 :i* he accept$ 9 #acbh )\t any s]i\s int5tion ( comply+ ) !m2 b he 0 compell$ to release ,da ,con/anza4 ,w> spe$ily broke out anew1 & la/$ till #acca :5 ,alphonso ,,xi4 invit$ ,juan ,manuel & ,juan ,nuez to a banquet at ,villahumbrales ) ! int5tion1 x 0 believ$1 ( assass9at+ !m2 ! plot fail$1 & ,don ,juan ,manuel jo9$ =ces ) ,pet] ,,iv4 ( ,aragon4 ,he 0 besieg$ by ,alphonso ,,xi4 at ,g>ci-,nuez1 :5ce he escap$ on ! #cj? ( ,july #accf1 fl$ into exile1 & kept ! rebellion alive till #acch1 :5 he made 8 peace ) ! k+4 ,he prov$ 8 loyalty by s]v+ 9 fur!r exp$itions aga9/ ! ,moors ( ,granada & ,africa1 & di$ a tranquil dea? 9 ! fir/ half ( #acdi4 ,di/+ui%$ z an a/ute politician1 ,don ,juan ,manuel is an au?or ( ! highe/ em95ce1 &1 consid]+ ! circum/ances ( 8 /ormy life1 8 volum9\sness is rem>kable4 ,! ,libro de los sabios1 a treatise call$ ,engeos de ,gu]ra & ! ,libro de cant>es1 a collection ( v]ses1 7 compos$ betwe5 #acbj & #acbg2 b !y h disappe>$ toge!r ) ! ,libro de la caball]a 7writt5 dur+ ! w9t] ( #acbf71 & ! ,reglas como se debe trov>1 a metrical treatise assign$ to #acbh-accd4 ,( 8 surviv+ writ+s1 ,juan ,manuel's ,crnica abreviada 0 compil$ betwe5 #acai & #acbe1 :ile ! ,libro de la caza mu/ h be5 writt5 betwe5 #acbj & #acbi2 & dur+ ?is p]iod ( n9e ye>s ! ,crnica de ,espaa1 ! ,crnica complida1 & ! ,tratado sobre las armas 7 produc$4 ,! ,libro del caball]o et del escud]o 0 f9i%$ be=e ! end ( #acbf2 ! fir/ book ( ! ,libro de los e/ados 0 f9i%$ on ! #bbnd ( ,may #accj1 :ile ! second 0 begun five days lat]2 ! fir/ book ( ,el ,conde ,lucanor 0 writt5 9 #acbh1 ! second 9 #accj1 & ! f\r? is dat$ #ab? ( ,june #acce4 ,we are unable to assign to any precise date ! dev\t ,tractado on ! ,virg91 d$icat$ to ! prior ( ! mona/]y at ,peafiel1 to :i* ,don ,juan ,manuel bequea!d 8 manuscripts2 b x seems probable t ! ,libro de los frailes pr$icadores is slightly lat] ?an ! ,libro de los e/ados2 t ! ,libro de los ca/igos 7left unf9i%$1 & !re=e kn[n by ! alt]native title ( ,libro inf9ido7 0 writt5 n lat] ?an #accc1 & t ! treatise ,de las man]as de amor 0 compos$ betwe5 #accd & #accg4 ,! hi/orical summ>ies1 pi\s diss]tations & miscellane\s writ+s are ( second>y int]e/4 ,! ,libro del caball]o et del escud]o is on ano!r plane2 x is no d\bt sugge/$ by ,lull's ,libre del orde de cavall]ia1 b ! po9ts ( resemblance h be5 exagg]at$2 ! morbid my/icism ( ,lull is reject$1 & ! c>efully f9i%$ /yle ju/ifies ! special pride :i* ! au?or took 9 ?is p]=mance4 ,! influ5ce ( ,lull's ,blanqu]na is likewise visible 9 ! ,libro de los e/ados2 b !re are m>k$ div]g5ces ( sub/ance :i* g to prove ,don ,juan ,manuel's acqua9tance ) "s v]sion 7n yet id5tifi$7 ( ! ,b>laam & ,josaphat leg5d4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! curi\s & v>i$ erudition ( ! turbul5t pr9ce :o weaves 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces ) hi/orical or leg5d>y incid5ts1 ) rem9isc5ces ( ,aesop & ,pha$rus1 ) ! ,discipl9a cl]icalis1 ) ,kalilah & ,dimnah1 ) c\ntless ,ori5tal traditions1 & ) all ! mat]ial ( anecdotic lit]ature :i* he embodies 9 ! ,libro de patronio1 be/ kn[n by ! title ( ,el ,conde ,lucanor 7! "n ,lucanor be+ tak5 f ! prose ,tri/an74 ,?is "w 7also entitl$ ! ,libro de enxemplos7 0 fir/ pr9t$ by ,gonzalo ,argote de ,mol9a at ,seville 9 #aege1 & x reveal$ ,don ,juan ,manuel z a ma/] 9 ! art ( prose composition1 & z ! pr$ecessor ( ,boccaccio 9 ! prov9ce ( romantic n>rative4 ,! ,c5to novelle anti*e are e>li] 9 date1 b ^! anonym\s tales1 d]iv$ f popul> /ories diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 lack ! p]sonal "* :i* ,don ,juan l5ds to all he t\*es4 ,!y are simple1 unadorn$ v>iants ( folk-lore items2 ,el ,conde ,lucanor is ess5tially ! production ( a consci\s arti/1 delib]ative & selective 9 8 me?ods4 ,don ,juan ,manuel has n ,boccaccio's fe/ive fancy nor 8 con/ructive skill2 he is too p]si/5tly didactic & conc]n$ to po9t a moral2 b he excels 9 k ( human nature1 9 ! faculty ( ironical pres5tation1 9 tol]ant wisdom & 9 lum9\s concis5ess4 ,he naturalizes ! ,ea/]n apologue 9 ,spa91 & by ! laconic picturesqu5ess ( 8 expression imports a new quality into ,spani% prose :i* atta9s its full developm5t 9 ! h&s ( ,juan de ,valds & ,c]vantes4 ,"s ( 8 !mes are utiliz$ = dramatic purposes by ,lope de ,vega 9 ,la ,pobreza e/imada1 by ,ruiz de ,al>cn 9 ,la ,prueba de las promesas1 by ,cald]n 9 ,la ,vida es sueo1 & by ,caiz>es 9 ,don ,juan de ,esp9a en ,miln3 !re is an evid5t1 ?\gh remote1 relation betwe5 ! tale ( ! mancebo que cas con una muj] muy fu]te y muy brava & ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew2 & a m direct connexion exi/s betwe5 "s ( ,don ,juan ,manuel's enxemplos & "s ( ,&]son's fairy tales4 ,,bibliography4--,obras1 edit$ by ,p4 de ,gayangos 9 ! ,biblioteca de autores ,espaoles1 vol4 li42 ,el ,conde ,lucanor 7,leipzig1 #aijj71 edit$ by ,h4 ,knu/ & ,a4 ,hirs*feld2 ,libro de la caza 7,halle1 #ahhj71 edit$ by ,g4 ,bai/2 ,el ,libro del caball]o et del escud]o1 edit$ by ,s4 ,grf5b]g 9 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung51 vol4 vi42 ,la crnica complida1 edit$ by ,g4 ,bai/ 9 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung51 vol4 vi42 ,g4 ,bai/1 ,alt] und ,textueb]lief]ung d] ,s*rift5 ,don ,juan ,manuels 7,halle1 #ahhj72 ,f4 ,hanss51 ,notas la v]sificacin de ,d4 ,juan ,manuel 7,santiago de ,*ile1 #aijb74 ,! ,conde ,lucanor has be5 translat$ by ,j4 ,ei*5dorff into ,g]man 7#ahdj71 by ,a4 ,puibusque into ,fr5* 7#ahed7 & by ,j4 ,york into ,engli% 7#ahfh74 7,j4 ,f4 ,k47 ,,ju>ez1 ,,b5ito ,,pablo 7#ahjf-ahgb71 presid5t ( ,mexico1 0 born ne> ,ixtlan1 9 ! /ate ( ,oajaca1 ,mexico1 on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #ahjf1 ( full ,indian blood4 ,e>ly left 9 pov]ty by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 he receiv$ f a *>itable fri> a good g5]al education1 & aft]w>ds ! means ( /udy+ law4 ,beg9n+ to practise 9 #ahcd1 ,ju>ez spe$ily rose to pr(essional di/9ction1 & 9 ! /ormy political life ( 8 "t took a prom95t "p z an expon5t ( lib]al views4 ,9 #ahcb he sat 9 ! /ate legislature2 9 #ahdf he 0 "o ( a legislative triumvirate = 8 native /ate & a deputy to ! republican congress1 & f #ahdg to #aheb he 0 gov]nor ( ,oajaca4 ,bani%$ 9 #ahec by ,santa ,anna1 he return$ to ,mexico 9 #ahee1 & jo9$ ,alv>ez1 :o1 aft] ,santa ,anna's defeat1 made him m9i/] ( ju/ice4 ,"u ,comon=t1 :o !n succe$$ ,alv>ez1 ,ju>ez 0 gov]nor ( ,oajaca 7#ahee-eg71 & 9 #aheg *ief ju/ice & secret>y ( ! int]ior2 &1 :5 ,comon=t 0 uncon/itutionally replac$ by ,zuloaga 9 #aheh1 ! *ief ju/ice1 9 virtue ( 8 (fice1 claim$ to be legal presid5t ( ! republic4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! beg9n+ ( #ahfa t he succe$$ 9 f9ally defeat+ ! uncon/itutional p>ty & 9 be+ duly elect$ presid5t by congress4 ,8 decree ( ,july #ahfa1 susp5d+ = two ye>s all paym5ts on public debts ( e k9d1 l$ to ! l&+ 9 ,mexico ( ,engli%1 ,spani% & ,fr5* troops4 ,! fir/ two p[]s 7 soon induc$ to )draw _! =ces2 b ! ,fr5* rema9$1 decl>$ w> 9 #ahfb1 plac$ ,maximilian ^u ! ?rone z emp]or1 & drove ,ju>ez & 8 adh]5ts to ! nor!rn limits ( ! republic4 ,ju>ez ma9ta9$ an ob/9ate resi/ance1 :i* result$ 9 f9al success4 ,9 #ahfg ,maximilian 0 tak5 at ,qu]t>o1 & %ot2 & 9 ,augu/ ,ju>ez 0 once m elect$ presid5t4 ,8 t]m ( (fice 0 f> f tranquil2 discont5t$ g5]als /irr$ up ceaseless revolts & insurrections2 &1 ?\gh he 0 re-elect$ 9 #ahga1 8 popul>ity seem$ to be on ! wane4 ,he di$ ( apoplexy 9 ! city ( ,mexico on ! #ah? ( ,july #ahgb4 ,he 0 a /atesman ( integrity1 ability & det]m9ation1 ^: good qualities are too apt to be ov]look$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 connexion ) ! unhappy fate ( ,maximilian4 ,,juba1 ! "n ( two k+s ( ,numidia4 ,,juba ,i4 7#a/ c5tury ,b4,c471 son & successor ( ,hiempsal1 k+ ( ,numidia4 ,dur+ ! civil w>s at ,rome he sid$ ) ,pompey1 p>tly f gratitude because he _h re9/at$ 8 fa!r on 8 ?rone 7,appian1 ,b4,c41 i4 #hj71 & p>tly f enmity to ,caes>1 :o _h insult$ him at ,rome by pull+ 8 be>d 7,suet41 ,caes>1 #ga74 ,fur!r1 ,c4 ,scribonius ,curio1 ,caes>'s g5]al 9 ,africa1 _h op5ly propos$1 #ej ,b4,c41 :5 tribune ( ! plebs1 t ,numidia %\ld be sold to coloni/s1 & ! k+ r$uc$ to a private /ation4 ,9 #di ,juba inflict$ on ! ,caes>ean army a cru%+ defeat1 9 :i* ,curio 0 sla9 7,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #ed2 ,caes>1 ,b4,c4 ii4 #dj74 ,juba's att5tion 0 di/ract$ by a c\nt] invasion ( 8 t]ritories by ,boc*us ! y\ng] & ,sittius2 b1 f9d+ t 8 lieut5ant ,sabura 0 able to def5d 8 int]e/s1 he rejo9$ ! ,pompeians ) a l>ge =ce1 & %>$ ! defeat at ,?apsus4 ,flee+ f ! field ) ! ,roman g5]al ,m4 ,petreius1 he w&]$ ab\t z a fugitive4 ,at l5g?1 9 despair1 ,juba kill$ ,petreius1 & s\ght ! aid ( a slave 9 despat*+ himself 7#df74 ,juba 0 a ?or\gh savage2 brave1 trea*]\s1 insol5t & cruel4 7,see ,,numidia47 ,,juba ,,ii41 son ( ! above4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #df ,b4,c4 he 0 c>ri$ to ,rome to grace ,caes>'s triumph4 ,he seems to h receiv$ a good education "u ! c>e ( ,augu/us :o1 9 #bi1 aft] ,m>k ,antony's dea?1 gave him ! h& ( ,cleopatra ,sel5e1 daught] ( ,antony & ,cleopatra1 & plac$ him on 8 fa!r's ?rone4 ,9 #be1 h[ev]1 he transf]r$ him f ,numidia to ,mauretania1 to :i* 0 add$ a "p ( ,gaetulia 7see ,,numidia74 ,juba seems to h reign$ 9 consid]able prosp]ity1 ?\gh 9 ,a4,d4 #f ! ,gaetulians rose 9 a revolt ( suffici5t importance to af=d ! surname ,gaetulicus to ,cornelius ,l5tulus ,cossus1 ! ,roman g5]al :o help$ to suppress x4 ,! date ( ,juba's dea? is by no means c]ta92 x has be5 put betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ai & #bd 7,/rabo1 xvii4 #hbh2 ,dio ,cassius1 li4 #ae2 liii4 #bf2 ,plut>*1 ,ant4 #hg2 ,caes>1 #ee74 ,juba1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 :o con/antly ref]s to him1 is ma9ly memorable = 8 writ+s4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,african ,v>ro4 ,he wrote _m hi/orical & geographical works1 ( :i* "s seem to h be5 volum9\s & ( consid]able value on acc\nt ( ! s\rces to :i* _! au?or _h access3 7#a7 ,greek3 ,rhmaik hi/oria2 7#b7 ,greek3 ,assyriaka2 7#c7 ,greek3 ,libyka2 7#d7 ,de ,arabia sive ,de exp$itione arabica2 7#e7 ,physiologa2 7#f7 ,de ,euphorbia h]ba2 7#g7 ,greek3 ,p]i op\2 7#h7 ,greek3 ,p]i graphiks 7,greek3 ,p]i zgraphn72 7#i7 ,greek3 ,!atrik hi/oria2 7#aj7 ,greek3 ,homoiottes2 7#aa7 ,greek3 ,p]i ph?oras lexes2 7#ab7 ,greek3 ,epigramma4 ,fragm5ts & life 9 ,mll]1 ,frag4 ,hi/4 ,graec41 vol4 iii42 see also ,sev91 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,inscriptions1 vol4 iv42 ,hullemann1 ,de vita et scriptis ,jubae 7#ahdf74 ,= ! d5>ii ( ,juba ,,ii4 f\nd 9 #aijh at ,el ,ks> on ! coa/ ( ,morocco see ,dieudonn 9 ,revue ,numism4 7#aijh71 pp4 #cej seq4 ,!y are int]e/+ ma9ly z ?r[+ light on ! *ronology ( ! reign4 ,,juba1 or ,,jub1 a riv] ( ,ea/ ,africa1 exce$+ #ajjj m4 9 l5g?1 ris+ on ! ,s4,e4 bord] ( ! ,abyss9ian highl&s & fl[+ ,s4 across ! ,galla & ,somali c\ntries to ! sea4 ,x is =m$ by ! junction ( ?ree /reams1 all hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! m\nta9 range ,n4,e4 ( ,lake ,rudolf :i* is ! wat]-p>t+ betwe5 ! ,nile bas9 & ! riv]s fl[+ to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,( ! ?ree head/reams1 ! ,web1 ! ,ganale & ! ,daua1 ! ,ganale 7or ,ganana7 is ! c5tral riv] & ! true upp] c\rse ( ! ,juba4 ,x has two *ief bran*es1 ! ,black & ! ,great ,ganale4 ,! la/-nam$1 ! mo/ remote s\rce ( ! riv]1 rises 9 #g #cj ,n41 #ch ,e4 at an altitude ( ab\t #gejj ft41 ! cre/ ( ! m\nta9s rea*+ ano!r #bejj ft4 ,9 its upp] c\rse x fl[s ov] a rocky b$ ) a swift curr5t & _m rapids4 ,! banks are clo!d ) d5se jungle & ! hills beyond ) ?orn-bu%4 ,l[] d[n ! riv] has =m$ a n>r[ valley1 #aejj to #bjjj ft4 bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry4 ,leav+ ! high] m\nta9s 9 ab\t #e #ae ,n41 #dj ,e41 ! ,ganale ent]s a l>ge slightly undulat+ grass pla9 :i* ext5ds s\? ( ! valley ( ! ,daua & occupies all ! c\ntry ea/w>d to ! junction ( ! two riv]s4 ,9 ?is pla9 ! ,ganale makes a semicircul> sweep nor?w>d be=e resum+ its g5]al ,s4-,e4 c\rse4 ,ea/ ( #db ,e4 9 #d #ab ,n4 x is jo9$ by ! ,web on ! left or ea/]n bank1 & ab\t #aj m4 l[] d[n ! ,daua ent]s on ! "r bank4 ,! ,web rises 9 ! m\nta9 *a9 a little ,s4 & ,e4 ( ! s\rces ( ! ,ganale1 & "s #dj m4 f its s\rce passes1 fir/1 ?r\gh a caon #ejj ft4 deep1 & !n ?r\gh a s]ies ( rem>kable und]gr\nd caves holl[$ out ( a qu>tz m\nta9 &1 ) _! ar*es & :ite columns1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a pill>$ temple4 ,! ,daua 7or ,dawa7 is =m$ by ! m\nta9 torr5ts :i* h _! rise ,s4 & ,w4 ( ! ,ganale & is ( simil> "* to t riv]4 ,x has few fe$]s & none ( any size4 ,! desc5t to ! op5 c\ntry is some:at abrupt4 ,9 its middle c\rse ! ,daua has cut a deep n>r[ valley ?r\gh ! pla92 l[] d[n x b5ds ,n4,e4 to its junction ) ! ,ganale4 ,! riv] is n deep & c be =d$ 9 _m places2 ! banks are fr+$ ) ?ick bu% & dom-palms4 ,at ! junction ( ! ,ganale & ! ,web ! riv] is swift-fl[+ & #he y>ds across2 j bel[ ! ,daua conflu5ce x is #bjj yds4 wide1 ! altitude "h--#cjj m4 9 a direct l9e f ! s\rce ( ! ,ganale--be+ only #eij ft4 ,bel[ ! ,daua ! riv]1 n[ kn[n z ! ,juba1 receives no tribut>y ( importance4 ,x fir/ fl[s 9 a valley b\nd$1 especially t[>ds ! we/1 by ! esc>pm5ts ( a high plateau1 & conta9+ ! t[ns ( ,lugh 79 #c #ej ,n41 ! c5tre ( active trade71 ,b>d]a1 #chg m4 above ! m\?1 & ,s>anli--! la/ two on opposite sides ( ! /ream1 9 #b #bj ,n41 a cross+-place = c>avans4 ,beyond #a #de ,n4 ! c\ntry becomes m level & ! c\rse ( ! riv] v tortu\s4 ,on ! we/ a s]ies ( small lakes & backwat]s receives wat] f ! ,juba dur+ ! ra9s4 ,j s\? ( ! equator *annels f ! long1 bran*+ ,lake ,de%ekwama or ,h>d+e1 f$ by ! ,lakd]a riv]1 ent] f ! we/1 & 9 #j #ae ,s4 ! ,juba ent]s ! sea across a dang]\s b>1 :i* has only "o fa?om ( wat] at high tide4 ,f its m\? to #bj m4 above ,b>d]a1 :]e at #b #ce ,n4 rapids occur1 ! ,juba is navigable by %all[-draught /eam]s1 hav+ a g5]al dep? ( f #d to #ab ft41 ?\gh %all[] 9 places4 ,j above its m\? x is a f9e /ream #bej yds4 wide1 ) a curr5t ( #b knots4 ,bel[ ! m\nta9\s region ( ! head/reams ! ,juba & its tribut>ies fl[ ?r\gh a c\ntry g5]ally arid away f ! banks ( ! /reams4 ,! soil is s&y1 cov]$ ei!r ) ?orn-scrub or rank grass1 :i* 9 ! ra9y season af=ds h]bage = ! h]ds ( cattle1 %eep & camels own$ by ! ,boran ,gallas & ! ,somali :o inhabit ! di/rict4 ,b by ! banks ( ! l[] riv] ! "* ( ! c\ntry *anges4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 kn[n z ,go%a1 are consid]able tracts ( =e/1 & ! level ( flood wat] is high] ?an mu* ( ! surr\nd+ l&4 ,?is l[-ly+ f]tile belt /ret*es along ! riv] = ab\t #cjj m41 b is n m ?an a mile or two wide4 ,9 ! riv] valley maize1 rice1 cotton & o!r crops are cultivat$4 ,f ,gobw51 a trad+ settlem5t ab\t #c m4 above ! m\? ( ! ,juba1 a road runs ,s4,w4 to ! seaport ( ,kismayu1 #aj m4 di/ant4 ,! l[] ,juba 0 asc5d$ 9 #ahfe 9 a /eam] by ,b>on ,k>l von d] ,deck51 :o 0 murd]$ by ,somali at ,b>d]a1 b ! riv] sy/em rema9$ o!rwise almo/ unkn[n until aft] #ahij4 ,9 #ahia a survey ( its l[] c\rse 0 execut$ by ,capta9 ,f4 ,g4 ,dundas ( ! ,briti% navy1 :ile 9 #ahib-ahic its head/reams 7 explor$ by ! ,italian (fic]s1 ,capta9s ,vittorio1 ,bottego & ,grixoni1 ! =m] ( :om disprov$ ! suppos$ connexion ( ! ,omo 7see ,,rudolf1 ,,lake7 ) ! ,juba sy/em4 ,x has s9ce be5 fur!r explor$ by ,pr9ce ,eug5io ,ruspoli1 by ,bottego's second exp$ition 7#ahie71 by ,donaldson ,smi?1 ,a4 ,e4 ,butt]1 ,capta9 ,p4 ,maud ( ! ,briti% army1 & o!rs4 ,! riv]1 f its m\? to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,daua & ,ganale1 =ms ! fronti] betwe5 ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa protectorate & ,italian ,somalil&2 & f t po9t to ab\t #d #bj ,n4 ! ,daua is ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,briti% & ,abyss9ian t]ritory4 ,,jubbulpore1 or ,,jabalpur1 a city1 di/rict1 & division ( ,briti% ,india 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! city is #faf m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,bombay by rail1 & #bbj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,allahabad4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #ij1caf4 ,! num]\s gorges 9 ! neighb\r+ rocks h be5 tak5 advantage ( to surr\nd ! city ) a s]ies ( lakes1 :i*1 %ad$ by f9e trees & bord]$ by fanta/ic crags1 add mu* beauty to ! suburbs4 ,! city itself is mod]n1 & is laid out 9 wide & regul> /reets4 ,a /reamlet sep>ates ! civil /ation & cantonm5t f ! native qu>t]2 b1 ?\gh ! climate is mild1 a swampy holl[ b5ea? r5d]s ! site unheal?y = ,europeans4 ,=m]ly ! capital ( ! ,saugor & ,n]budda t]ritories1 ,jubbulpore is n[ ! headqu>t]s ( a brigade 9 ! #e? division ( ! s\!rn army4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ important railway c5tres 9 ,india1 be+ ! junction ( ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula & ! ,ea/ ,indian sy/ems4 ,x has a /eam cotton-mill4 ,! gov]nm5t college educates = ! sci5ce c\rse ( ! ,allahabad ,univ]sity1 & also conta9s law & eng9e]+ classes2 !re are ?ree aid$ high s*ools1 a law class1 an eng9e]+ class & normal s*ools = male & female tea*]s4 ,a native association1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfi1 supports an orphanage1 ) help f gov]nm5t4 ,a z5ana mission manages #ac s*ools = girls4 ,wat]works 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahhb4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,jubbulpore lies on ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,n]budda & ! ,son1 b mo/ly )9 ! valley ( ! =m] riv]1 :i* "h runs ?r\gh ! fam\s gorge kn[n z ! ,m>ble rocks1 & falls #cj ft4 ov] a rocky l$ge 7! ,dhuan dh>1 or mi/y %oot74 ,area1 #ciab sq4 m4 ,x consi/s ( a long n>r[ pla9 runn+ nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 & %ut 9 on all sides by highl&s4 ,?is pla91 :i* =ms an (f%oot f ! great valley ( ! ,n]budda1 is cov]$ 9 its we/]n & s\!rn portions by a ri* alluvial deposit ( black cotton-soil4 ,at ,jubbulpore city ! soil is s&y1 & wat] pl5tiful ne> ! surface4 ,! nor? & ea/ belong to ! ,ganges & ,jumna bas9s1 ! s\? & we/ to ! ,n]budda bas94 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #fhj1ehe1 %[+ a decrease ( #i s9ce #ahia1 due to ! results ( fam9e4 ,! pr9cipal crops are :eat1 rice1 pulse & oil-se$s4 ,a good deal ( iron-smelt+ ) *>coal is c>ri$ on 9 ! =e/s1 manganese ore is f\nd1 & lime/one is ext5sively qu>ri$4 ,! di/rict is trav]s$ by ! ma9 railway f ,bombay to ,calcutta1 & by new bran*es ( two o!r l9es :i* meet at ,katni junction4 ,jubbulpore suff]$ sev]ely 9 ! fam9e ( #ahif-ahig1 ! di/ress be+ aggravat$ by immigration f ! adjo9+ native /ates4 ,=tunately ! fam9e ( #aijj 0 less sev]ely felt4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,jubbulpore is unkn[n2 b inscriptions record ! exi/5ce dur+ ! #aa? & #ab? c5turies ( a local l9e ( pr9ces ( t ,haihai race :i* is closely connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,gondwana4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! ,gond raja ( ,g>ha ,m&la ext5d$ 8 p[] ov] fifty-two di/ricts1 includ+ ! pres5t ,jubbulpore4 ,dur+ ! m9ority ( 8 gr&son1 ,asaf ,khan1 ! vic]oy ( ,k>a ,manikpur1 conqu]$ ! ,g>ha pr9cipality & held x at fir/ z an indep5d5t *ief4 ,ev5tually he submitt$ to ! emp]or ,akb>4 ,! ,delhi p[]1 h[ev]1 enjoy$ little m ?an a nom9al supremacy2 & ! pr9ces ( ,g>ha ,m&la ma9ta9$ a practical indep5d5ce until _! subjugation by ! ,mahratta gov]nors ( ,saugor 9 #agha4 ,9 #agih ! pe%wa grant$ ! ,n]budda valley to ! ,bhonsla pr9ces ( ,nagpur1 :o cont9u$ to hold ! di/rict until ! ,briti% occupi$ x 9 #ahah4 ,! ,,division ,,( ,,jubbulpore lies ma9ly among ! ,v9dhyan & ,satpura hill sy/ems4 ,x comprises ! five foll[+ di/ricts3 ,jubbulpore1 ,saugor1 ,damoh1 ,seoni & ,m&la4 ,area1 #ah1iej sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #b1jha1dii4 ,,jub1 ! ,fr5* ar*itectural t]m 7tak5 f ! imp]ative ( ,lat4 jub]e1 to ord]7 = ! *ancel or *oir scre51 :i* 9 ,engl& is kn[n z ! rood-scre5 7see ,,rood74 ,above ! scre5 0 a gall]y or l(t1 f :i* ! words ,jube ,dom9e b5$ic]e 7 spok5 by ! deacon be=e ! read+ ( ! ,gospel1 & h5ce probably ! "n4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ jubs 9 ,france is t ( ! *ur* ( ! ,madele9e at ,troyes1 9 ri* flamboyant ,go?ic4 ,a lat] example1 ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 c4 #afjj1 is 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ti5ne du ,mont1 ,p>is4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries !re are _m f9e examples 9 m>ble1 ( :i* "o ( ! mo/ p]fect f ,bois-le-,duc is n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,,jubilee 7or ,,jubile71 ,,ye> ,,(1 9 ! ,bible1 ! "n appli$ 9 ! ,hol9ess section ( ! ,prie/ly ,code ( ! ,hexateu* 7,lev4 xxv47 to ! obs]vance ( e #ej? ye>1 det]m9$ by ! lapse ( sev5 sev5-ye> p]iods z a ye> ( p]fect re/1 :5 !re 0 to be no s[+1 nor ev5 ga!r+ ( ! natural products ( ! field & ! v9e4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! jubilee-ye> ! lib]ation ( all ,israeliti% slaves & ! re/oration ( ance/ral possessions 0 to be proclaim$4 ,z reg>ds ! mean+ ( ! "n jubilee 7,heb4 yobel7 mod]n s*ol>s are agre$ t x signifies ram or ram's horn4 ,ye> ( jubilee w\ld !n mean ! ye> t is inaugurat$ by ! bl[+ ( ! ram's horn 7,lev4 xxv4 #i74 ,accord+ to ,lev4 xxv4 #h-ab1 at ! completion ( sev5 sabba?s ( ye>s 7i4e4 #g #g #di ye>s7 ! trumpet ( ! jubilee is to be s\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! l& on ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon? 7,tisri #aj71 ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! #ej? ye> ?us ann\nc$ is to be hall[$1 i4e4 lib]ty#a is to be proclaim$ ev]y:]e to ev]yone1 & ! p are to return e man unto 8 possession & unto 8 family4 ,z 9 ! sabbatical ye>1 !re is to be no s[+1 nor reap+ t :i* gr[s ( itself1 nor ga!r+ ( grapes4 ,z reg>ds real prop]ty 7,lev4 xxv4 #ac-cd7 ! law is t if any ,hebrew "u pressure ( necessity %all ali5ate 8 prop]ty he is to get = x a sum ( money reckon$ accord+ to ! numb] ( h>ve/s to be reap$ betwe5 ! date ( ali5ation & ! fir/ jubilee-ye>3 %\ld he or any relation desire to r$eem ! prop]ty be=e ! jubilee ?is c always be done be repay+ ! value ( ! h>ve/s betwe5 ! r$emption & ! jubilee4 ,?is legal enactm5t1 ?\gh x is n f\nd 7nor any?+ l x7 9 ! e>li] collections ( laws1 is evid5tly bas$ on 7or modifi$ f7 an anci5t cu/om :i* conf]r$ on a ne> k9sman ! "r ( pre-emption z well z ( buy+ back 7cf4 ,j]4 xxxii4 #f sqq474 ,! t5d5cy to impose *ecks ^u ! ali5ation ( l&$ prop]ty 0 exceptionally /rong 9 ,israel4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple is t ! l& is a sacr$ possession belong+ to ,yahweh4 ,z su* x is n to be ali5at$ f ,yahweh's p1 to :om x 0 orig9ally assign$4 ,9 ,ezekiel's re/oration programme cr[n l&s pres5t$ by ! 'pr9ce' to any ( 8 (ficials rev]t to ! cr[n 9 ! ye> ( lib]ty 78 jubilee ye>72 only to 8 sons may any portion ( 8 inh]itance be ali5at$ 9 p]petuity 7,ezek4 xlvi4 #af-ah2 cf4 ,code ( ,hammurabi1 #ch seq474 ,! same rule applies to dwell+-h\ses ( unwall$ villages2 ! case is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds dwell+-h\ses 9 wall$ cities4 ,^! may be r$eem$ )9 a ye> aft] transf]1 b if n r$eem$ )9 t p]iod !y cont9ue p]man5tly 9 possession ( ! pur*as]1 & ?is may well be an e*o ( anci5t practice4 ,an exception to ?is la/ rule is made = ! h\ses ( ! ,levites 9 ! ,levitical cities4 ,z reg>ds prop]ty 9 slaves 7,lev4 xxv4 #ce-ee7 ! ,hebrew :om necessity has compell$ to sell himself into ! s]vice ( 8 bro!r ,hebrew is to be treat$ z a hir$ s]vant & soj\rn]1 & to be releas$ absolutely at ! jubilee2 non-,hebrew bondm51 on ! o!r h&1 are to be bondm5 = ev]4 ,b ! ,hebrew :o has sold himself to a /rang] or soj\rn] is entitl$ to fre$om at ! ye> ( jubilee1 & fur!r is at any "t r$eemable by any ( 8 k9dr$--! r$emption price be+ regulat$ by ! numb] ( ye>s to run betwe5 ! r$emption & ! jubilee1 accord+ to ! ord9>y wage ( hir$ s]vants4 ,su* 7 ! enactm5ts ( ! ,prie/ly ,code--:i*1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts ! late/ legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* 7po/-exilic74 ,^! enactm5ts1 9 ord] to be und]/ood rightly1 mu/ be view$ 9 relation to ! e>li] simil> provisions 9 connexion ) ! sabbatical 7sev5?7 ye>4 ,! f\ndations ( ,lev4 xxv4 are laid 9 ! anci5t provisions ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxi4 #b seq42 xxiii4 #aj seq47 & 9 ,deut]onomy 7xv474 ,! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant enjo9$ t ! l& %\ld lie fall[ & ,hebrew slaves be lib]at$ 9 ! sev5? ye>2 ,deut]onomy requir$ 9 addition ! remission ( debts 7,b5z+]74 ,deut]onomy1 x w be notic$1 9 accordance ) its humanit>ian t5d5cy1 n only lib]ates ! slave b remits ! debt4 ,x is evid5t t ^! enactm5ts prov$ impracticable 9 real life 7cf4 ,j]4 xxxiv4 #h seq471 & s x became necess>y 9 ! lat] legislation ( ,p1 repres5t$ 9 ! pres5t =m ( ,lev4 xxv41 to relegate !m to ! #ej? ye>1 ! ye> ( jubilee4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 a purely !oretic developm5t ( ! ,sabba? idea1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 r$uc$ to practice 7its actual obs]vance w\ld h necessitat$ t = two consecutive ye>s--! #di? & #ej?--absolutely no?+ c\ld be reap$1 :ile 9 ! #ea/ only summ] fruits c\ld be obta9$1 s[+ be+ prohibit$ 9 ! #ej? ye>74 ,t 9 practice ! enactm5ts = ! jubilee-ye> 7 disreg>d$ is evid5c$ by ! fact t1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! ,talmudi/s & ,rabb9s1 al?\gh ! jubilee-ye>s 7 reckon$ !y 7 n obs]v$4 ,! conjecture ( ,ku551 support$ by ,wellhaus51 t orig9ally ,lev4 xxv4 #h seq4 _h ref]5ce to ! sev5? ye> is a highly probable "o4 ,?is may be ! case also ) ,ezek4 xlvi4 #af-ah 7cf4 ,j]4 xxxiv4 #ad74 ,a lat] ,rabb9ical device = evad+ ! provisions ( ! law 0 ! prosbul 7ascrib$ to ,hillel7--i4e4 a condition made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! judge secur+ to ! cr$itor ! "r ( dem&+ repaym5t at any "t1 irrespective ( ! ye> ( remission4 ,fur!r enactm5ts reg>d+ ! jubilee are f\nd 9 ,lev4 xxvii4 #ag-be & ,num4 xxxvi4 #d4 7,w4 ,r4 ,s42 ,g4 ,h4 ,bo47 ,,footnote3 #a ,heb4 d]or4 ,! same ^w 7dur>u7 is us$ 9 ! ,code ( ,hammurabi 9 ! simil> enactm5t t wife1 son or daught] sold into slav]y = debt are to be re/or$ to lib]ty 9 ! f\r? ye> 7 #aag74 ,,jubilees1 ,,book ,,(1 an apocryphal "w ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees is ! mo/ advanc$ pre-,*ri/ian repres5tative ( ! ,midra%ic t5d5cy1 :i* _h already be5 at "w 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,*ronicles4 ,z ! *ronicl] _h rewritt5 ! hi/ory ( ,israel & ,judah f ! /&po9t ( ! ,prie/s' ,code1 s our au?or re-edit$ f ! ,ph>isaic /&po9t ( 8 "t ! hi/ory ( ! _w f ! creation to ! publication ( ! ,law on ,s9ai4 ,8 "w con/itutes ! olde/ comm5t>y 9 ! _w on ,g5esis & "p ( ,exodus1 an enl>g$ ,t>gum on ^! books1 9 :i* difficulties 9 ! biblical n>ration are solv$1 gaps suppli$1 dogmatically (f5sive elem5ts remov$ & ! g5u9e _s ( lat] ,judaism infus$ into ! primitive hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,titles ( ! ,book4--,! book is v>i\sly entitl$4 ,fir/1 x is kn[n z ,greek3 ta ,iblaia1 hoi ,iblaioi1 ,heb4 ,hebrew3 haiuvalim4 ,?is "n is admirably adapt$ to our book1 z x divides into jubilee p]iods ( =ty-n9e ye>s ea* ! hi/ory ( ! _w f ! creation to ! legislation on ,s9ai4 ,secondly1 x is frequ5tly designat$ ,! ,little ,g5esis1 ,greek3 h lept ,g5esis or ,greek3 h ,mikrog5esis1 ,heb4 ,hebrew3 b]e%it zutta4 ,?is title may h aris5 f its deal+ m fully ) details & m9utiae ?an ! biblical "w4 ,= ! o!r names by :i* x is ref]r$ to1 su* z ,! ,apocalypse ( ,moses1 ,! ,te/am5t ( ,moses1 ,! ,book ( ,adam's ,daught]s & ! ,life ( ,adam1 ! read] may consult ,*>les's ,! ,book ( ,jubilees1 pp4 xvii4-xx4 ,object4--,! object ( our au?or 0 ! def5ce & exposition ( ,judaism f ! ,ph>isaic /&po9t ( ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4 aga9/ ! dis9tegrat+ effects ( ,hell5ism4 ,9 8 elaborate def5ce ( ,judaism our au?or glorifies circumcision & ! sabba?1 ! bulw>ks ( ,judaism1 z heav5ly ord9ances1 ! sph]e ( :i* 0 s f> ext5d$ z to embrace ,israel on e>?4 ,! ,law1 z a :ole1 0 to our au?or ! realization 9 "t ( :at 0 9 a s5se timeless & et]nal4 ,?\gh reveal$ 9 "t x 0 sup]ior to "t4 ,be=e x _h be5 made kn[n 9 sundry portions to ! fa!rs1 x _h be5 kept 9 heav5 by ! angels1 & to its obs]vance !re 0 no limit 9 "t or 9 et]nity4 ,our au?or next def5ds ,judaism by 8 glorification ( ,israel4 ,:]eas ! v>i\s nations ( ! ,g5tiles 7 subject to angels1 ,israel 0 subject to ,god alone4 ,israel 0 ,god's son1 & n only did ! nation /& 9 ?is relation to ,god1 b also its individual memb]s4 ,israel receiv$ circumcision z a sign t !y 7 ! ,"l's1 & ?is privilege ( circumcision !y enjoy$ 9 common ) ! two highe/ ord]s ( angels4 ,h5ce ,israel 0 to unite ) ,god & ^! two ord]s 9 ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?4 ,f9ally ! de/9ies ( ! _w 7 b\nd up ) ,israel4 ,! _w 0 r5ew$ 9 ! creation ( ! true man ,jacob1 & its f9al r5ewal 0 to syn*ronize ) ! sett+-up ( ,god's sanctu>y 9 ,zion & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,9 ?is k+dom ! ,g5tiles _h nei!r "p nor lot4 ,v]sions3 ,greek1 ,syriac1 ,e?iopic & ,lat94--,num]\s fragm5ts ( ! ,greek ,v]sion h come d[n to u 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,orig51 ,diodorus ( ,antio*1 ,isidore ( ,alex&ria1 ,epiphanius1 ,john ( ,malala1 ,syncellus & o!rs4 ,?is v]sion 0 ! p>5t ( ! ,e?iopic & ,lat94 ,! ,e?iopic ,v]sion is mo/ accurate & tru/wor?y1 & inde$1 z a rule1 slavi%ly lit]al4 ,x has naturally suff]$ f ! corruptions incid5t to transmission ?r\gh ,,mss4 ,?us dittographies are frequ5t & lacunae ( occasional occurr5ce1 b ! v]sion is s+ul>ly free f ! glosses & corrections ( unscrupul\s scribes4 ,! ,lat9 ,v]sion1 ( :i* ab\t "o-f\r? has be5 pres]v$1 is :]e x exi/s ( almo/ equal value ) ! ,e?iopic4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 suff]$ m at ! h&s ( correctors4 ,not)/&+1 x atte/s a long array ( passages 9 :i* x pres]ves ! true text ov] aga9/ corruptions or omissions 9 ! ,e?iopic ,v]sion4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds ! ,syriac ,v]sion1 ! evid5ce = its exi/5ce is n conclusive4 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t a ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 conta9s a ,syriac fragm5t entitl$ ,names ( ! wives ( ! ,patri>*s accord+ to ! ,hebrew ,book ( ,jubilees4 ,! ,e?iopic & ,lat9 ,v]sions3 ,translations f ! ,greek4--,! ,e?iopic ,v]sion is translat$ f ! ,greek1 = ,greek words su* z ,greek3 drys1 balanos1 lips1 c41 are translit]at$ 9 ! ,greek4 ,secondly1 _m passages mu/ be retranslat$ into ,greek be=e we c discov] ! s\rce ( ! v>i\s corruptions4 ,& f9ally1 prop] names are translit]at$ z !y appe> 9 ,greek & n 9 ,hebrew4 ,t ! ,lat9 is also a translation f ! ,greek is no less obvi\s4 ,?us 9 xxxix4 #ab timoris ,greek3 deilias1 corrupt = ,greek3 d\leias2 9 xxxviii4 #ac honorem ,greek3 timn1 b ,greek3 timn %\ld "h h be5 r5d]$ by tributum1 z ! ,e?iopic & ! context require2 9 xxxii4 #bf1 celavit ,greek3 ekrypse1 corrupt = ,greek3 egrapse 7s ,e?iopic74 ,! ,greek a ,translation f ! ,hebrew4--,! e>ly date ( our book--! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4--& its place ( composition speak = a ,semitic orig9al1 & ! evid5ce be>+ on ?is subject is conclusive4 ,b ! "q at once arises1 0 ! orig9al ,aramaic or ,hebrew8 ,c]ta9 prop] names 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion end+ 9 -9 seem to bespeak an ,aramaic orig9al1 z ,cett91 ,fili/91 c4 ,b s9ce 9 all ^! cases ! ,e?iopic translit]ations end 9 -m & n 9 -n1 x is n improbable t ! ,aramaism 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion is due to ! translator1 :o1 x has be5 conclud$ on o!r gr\nds1 0 a ,pale/9ian ,jew4#a ,! gr\nds1 on ! o!r h&1 = a ,hebrew orig9al are weighty & num]\s4 7#a7 ,a "w :i* claims to be f ! h& ( ,moses w\ld naturally be 9 ,hebrew1 = ,hebrew accord+ to our au?or 0 ! sacr$ & national language4 7#b7 ,! revival ( ! national _s ( a nation is univ]sally1 s f> z we "k1 accompani$ by a revival ( ! national language4 7#c7 ,! text mu/ be retranslat$ into ,hebrew 9 ord] to expla9 un9telligible expressions & re/ore ! true text4 ,"o in/ance w suffici5tly illu/rate ?is /atem5t4 ,9 xliii4 #aa a c]ta9 ,e?iopic expression ,greek3 en emoi1 :i* is a mi/ranslation ( ,hebrew3 bi2 = ,hebrew3 bi 9 ?is context1 z we "k f ! p>allel passage 9 ,g54 xliv4 #ah1 :i* our text reproduces almo/ v]bally1 ,greek3 deomai4 ,we might obs]ve "h t our text atte/s ! pres5ce ( dittographies already exi/+ 9 ! ,hebrew text4 7#d7 ,hebraisms survive 9 ! ,e?iopic & ,lat9 ,v]sions4 ,9 ! =m] nha 9 iv4 #d1 is a corrupt translit]ation ( ,hebrew3 na4 ,9 ! ,lat9 elig]e 9 te 9 xxii4 #aj is a reproduction ( ,hebrew3 beh> be & 9 qua 444 9 ipsa 9 xix4 #h ,hebrew3 ba 444 a%]4 ,?is idiom c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( an ,aramaic orig9al4 7#e7 ,_m p>onomasiae discov] !mselves on retranslation into ,hebrew4 ,textual ,aff9ities4--,a m9ute /udy ( ! text %[s t x atte/s an indep5d5t =m ( ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?us x agrees at times ) ! ,sam>itan1 or ,septuag9t1 or ,syriac1 or ,vulgate1 or ev5 ) ,onkelos aga9/ all ! re/4 ,to be m exact1 our book repres5ts "s =m ( ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,p5tateu* midway betwe5 ! =ms presuppos$ by ! ,septuag9t & ! ,syriac2 = x agrees m frequ5tly ) ! ,septuag9t1 or ) comb9ations into :i* ! ,septuag9t ent]s1 ?an ) any o!r s+le au?ority1 or ) any comb9ation exclud+ ! ,septuag9t4 ,next to ! ,septuag9t x agrees mo/ (t5 ) ! ,syriac or ) comb9ations into :i* ! ,syriac ent]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its indep5d5ce ( ! ,septuag9t is %[n 9 a l>ge numb] ( passages1 :]e x has ! support ( ! ,sam>itan & ,massoretic1 or ( ^! ) v>i\s comb9ations ( ! ,syriac ,vulgate & ,onkelos4 ,f ^! & o!r consid]ations we may conclude t ! textual evid5ce po9ts to ! composition ( our book at "s p]iod betwe5 #bej ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 #ajj1 & at a "t ne>] ! e>li] date ?an ! lat]4 ,date4--,! book 0 writt5 betwe5 #ace ,b4,c4 & ! ye> ( ,hyrcanus's brea* ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,?is conclusion is drawn f ! foll[+ facts3--7#a7 ,! book 0 writt5 dur+ ! pontificate ( ! ,maccabean family1 & n e>li] ?an #ace ,b4,c4 ,= 9 xxxii4 #a ,levi is call$ a prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,n[ ! only high prie/s :o bore ?is title 7 ! ,maccabean1 :o appe> to h assum$ x z reviv+ ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek :5 !y displac$ ! ,zadokite ord] ( ,a>on4 ,jewi% tradition ascribes ! assumption ( ?is title to ,john ,hyrcanus4 ,x 0 reta9$ by 8 successors d[n to ,hyrcanus ,,ii4 7#b7 ,x 0 writt5 be=e #if ,b4,c4 or "s ye>s e>li] 9 ! reign ( ,john ,hyrcanus2 = s9ce our au?or is ( ! /ricte/ sect a ,ph>isee & at ! same "t an uphold] ( ! ,maccabean pontificate1 ,jubilees _c h be5 writt5 aft] #if :5 ! ,ph>isees & ,alex&] ,jannaeus came to op5 /rife4 ,nay m1 x _c h be5 writt5 aft] ! op5 brea* betwe5 ,hyrcanus & ! ,ph>isees1 :5 ! =m] jo9$ ! ,sadducean p>ty4 ,! above conclusions are confirm$ by a l>ge mass ( o!r evid5ce po/ulat+ ! same date4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t our book po9ts to ! p]iod already pa/--( /ress & p]secution t prec$$ ! recov]y ( national indep5d5ce "u ! ,maccabees1 & presupposes z its hi/orical backgr\nd ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,maccabean hegemony4 ,au?or4--,our au?or 0 a ,ph>isee ( ! /raite/ sect4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! ev]la/+ validity ( ! law1 he held ! /ricte/ views on circumcision1 ! sabba?1 & ! duty ( %unn+ all int]c\rse ) ! ,g5tiles2 he believ$ 9 angels & 9 a bless$ immortality4 ,9 ! next place he 0 an uphold] ( ! ,maccabean pontificate4 ,he glorifies ,levi's successors z high-prie/s & civil rul]s1 & applies to !m ! title assum$ by ! ,maccabean pr9ces1 ?\gh he does n1 l ! au?or ( ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 expect ! ,messiah to come =? f among !m4 ,he may h be5 a prie/4 ,! ,views ( ! ,au?or on ! ,messianic ,k+dom & ! ,future ,life4--,accord+ to our au?or ! ,messianic k+dom 0 to be br\ght ab\t gradually by ! progressive spiritual developm5t ( man & a correspond+ trans=mation ( nature4 ,its memb]s 7 to rea* ! limit ( #ajjj ye>s 9 happ9ess & peace4 ,dur+ its cont9uance ! p[]s ( evil 7 to be re/ra9$1 & ! la/ judgm5t 0 app>5tly to take place at its close4 ,z reg>ds ! doctr9e ( a future life1 our au?or adopts a position novel = a ,pale/9ian writ]4 ,he ab&ons ! hope ( a resurrection ( ! body4 ,! s\ls ( ! righte\s are to enjoy a bless$ immortality aft] dea?4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ atte/$ in/ance ( ?is expectation 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,,lit]ature4--,e?iopic ,text & ,translations3 ,?is text 0 fir/ edit$ by ,dillmann f two ,,mss4 9 #ahei1 & 9 #ahie by ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les f f\r 7,! ,e?iopic ,v]sion ( ! ,hebrew ,book ( ,jubilees 444 ) ! ,hebrew1 ,syriac1 ,greek & ,lat9 fragm5ts74 ,9 ! latt] edition1 ! ,greek & ,lat9 fragm5ts are pr9t$ toge!r ) ! ,e?iopic4 ,! book 0 translat$ into ,g]man by ,dillmann f "o ,,ms4 9 ,ewald's ,jahrb*]1 vols4 ii4 & iii4 7#ahej1 #ahea71 & by ,littmann 79 ,kautzs*'s ,apok4 und ,pseud4 ii4 #ci-aai7 f ,*>les's ,e?iopic text2 into ,engli% by ,s*odde 7,bibl4 ,sacr4 #ahhe7 f ,dillmann's text1 & by ,*>les 7,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 vols4 v41 vi41 vii4 7#ahic-ahie7 f ! text aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 #ahie1 & f9ally 9 8 comm5t>y1 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees 7#aijb74 ,critical ,inquiries3 ,dillmann1 ,das ,bu* d] ,jubilen 7,ewald's ,jahrb*] d4 bibl4 ,wiss5s*4 7#ahea71 iii4 #gb-if72 ,pseudepig4 des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts1 ,h]zog's ,real5cyk4#b xii4 #cfd-cfe2 ,beitrge aus dem ,bu*e d] ,jubilen zur ,kritik des ,p5tateu* ,textes 7,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,kgl4 ,preussis*5 ,akad41 #ahhc72 ,be]1 ,das ,bu* d] ,jubilen 7#ahef72 ,rns*1 ,das ,bu* d] ,jubilen 7#ahgd72 ,s+]1 ,das ,bu* d] ,jubilen 7#ahih72 ,bohn1 ,die ,b$eutung des ,bu*es d] ,jubilen 7,!ol4 ,/ud4 und ,kritik5 7#aijj71 pp4 #afg-ahd74 ,a full bibliography w be f\nd 9 ,s*r] or 9 ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les's comm5t>y1 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees or ! ,little ,g5esis 7#aijb71 :i* deals exhau/ively ) all ! que/ions treat$ 9 ?is article4 7,r4 ,h4 ,c47 ,,footnote3 #a ,9 ! ,e?iopic ,v]sion 9 xxi4 #ab x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! li/ ( ! twelve trees suitable = burn+ on ! alt> sev]al are translit]at$ ,aramaic names ( trees4 ,b 9 a late ,hebrew "w 7#bnd c5tury ,b4,c47 ! popul> names ( su* objects w\ld naturally be us$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! ,hebrew may h be5 =gott51 or1 :]e ! tree 0 ( late introduction1 be5 non-exi/5t4 ,,jubilee ,,ye>1 an in/itution 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 obs]v$ e tw5ty-fif? ye>1 f ,*ri/mas to ,*ri/mas4 ,dur+ its cont9uance pl5>y indulg5ce is obta9able by all ! fai?ful1 on condition ( _! p5it5tly confess+ _! s9s & visit+ c]ta9 *ur*es a /at$ numb] ( times1 or do+ an equival5t am\nt ( m]itori\s "w4 ,! in/itution dates f ! "t ( ,boniface ,,viii41 ^: bull ,antiquorum habet fidem is dat$ ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #acjj4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 promulgat$ are relat$ by a contempor>y au?ority1 ,jacobus ,cajetanus1 accord+ to ^: acc\nt 7,relatio de c5tesimo s4 jubilaeo anno 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,patrum7 a rum\r spread ?r\gh ,rome at ! close ( #abii t e "o visit+ ,/ ,pet]'s on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #acjj w\ld receive full absolution4 ,! result 0 an enorm\s influx ( pilgrims to ,rome1 :i* /irr$ ! pope's att5tion4 ,no?+ 0 f\nd 9 ! ar*ives1 b an old peasant #ajg ye>s ( age av[$ t 8 fa!r _h be5 simil>ly b5efit$ a c5tury previ\sly4 ,! bull 0 !n issu$1 & ! pilgrims became ev5 m num]\s1 to ! pr(it ( bo? cl]gy & citiz5s4 ,orig9ally ! *ur*es ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul 9 ,rome 7 ! only jubilee *ur*es1 b ! privilege 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ to ! ,lat]an ,*ur* & t ( ,/a ,m>ia ,maggiore1 & x is n[ %>$ also = ! ye> imm$iately foll[+ t ( ! ,roman jubilee by a numb] ( specifi$ prov9cial *ur*es4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,roman p1 :i* 0 support$ by ,/ ,bridget ( ,sw$5 & by ,petr>*1 ,clem5t ,,vi4 9 #acdc appo9t$1 by ! bull ,unig5itus ,dei filius1 t ! jubilee %\ld recur e fifty ye>s in/ead ( e hundr$ ye>s z _h be5 orig9ally contemplat$ 9 ! con/itution ( ,boniface2 ,urban ,,vi41 :o 0 badly 9 ne$ ( money1 by ! bull ,salvator no/] 9 #achi r$uc$ ! int]val /ill fur!r to ?irty-?ree ye>s 7! suppos$ duration ( ! e>?ly life ( ,*ri/72 & ,paul ,,ii4 by ! bull ,ineffabilis 7,april #ai1 #adgj7 f9ally fix$ x at tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,paul ,,ii4 also p]mitt$ =eign]s to sub/itute = ! pilgrimage to ,rome a visit to "s specifi$ *ur* 9 _! own c\ntry & a contribution t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! ,holy ,w>s4 ,accord+ to ! special ritual prep>$ by ,alex&] ,,vi4 9 #aejj1 ! pope on ! ,*ri/mas ,eve ) :i* ! jubilee beg9s goes 9 solemn procession to a p>ticul> wall$-up door 7,porta aurea7 ( ,/ ,pet]'s & knocks ?ree times1 us+ at ! same "t ! words ( ,ps4 cxviii4 #ai 7,ap]ite mihi portas ju/itiae74 ,! doors are !n op5$ & spr9kl$ ) holy wat]1 & ! pope passes ?r\gh4 ,a simil> c]emony is conduct$ by c>d9als at ! o!r jubilee *ur*es ( ! city4 ,at ! close ( ! jubilee1 ! special doorway is aga9 built up ) appropriate solemnities4 ,! la/ ord9>y jubilee 0 obs]v$ 9 #aijj4 ,extraord9>y jubilees are sometimes appo9t$ on special occasions1 e4g4 ! accession ( a new pope1 or t proclaim$ by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 = ! #ab? ( ,m>* #ahha1 9 ord] to obta9 f ! m]cy ( ,almighty ,god help & succ\r 9 ! weighty necessities ( ! ,*ur*1 & com=t & /r5g? 9 ! battle aga9/ h] num]\s & mighty foes4 ,^! are n s mu* jubilees 9 ! ord9>y s5se z special grants ( pl5>y indulg5ces = p>ticul> purposes 7,indulg5tiae pl5>iae 9 =ma jubilaei74 ,j,,c>1 a riv] ( ea/]n ,spa94 ,x rises 9 ! nor? ( ! prov9ce ( ,cu5ca1 at ! foot ( ! ,c]ro de ,san ,felipe 7#eijf ft471 & fl[s s\? pa/ ,cu5ca to ! bord]s ( ,albacete2 "h x b5ds t[>ds ! ea/1 & ma9ta9s ?is direction = ! great] "p ( its rema9+ c\rse4 ,on ! "r x is connect$ ) ! city ( ,albacete by ! ,m>ia ,cri/9a canal4 ,aft] ent]+ ,val5cia1 x receives on ! left its *ief tribut>y ! ,cabriel1 :i* also rises ne> ! ,c]ro de ,san ,felipe1 9 ! ,montes ,univ]sales4 ,ne> ,alcira ! ,jc> turns s\?-ea/w>d1 & !n %>ply nor?1 curv+ aga9 to ! s\?-ea/ be=e x ent]s ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea at ,cull]a1 aft] a total c\rse ( #cad m4 ,its e/u>y =ms ! h>b\r ( ,cull]a1 & its l[] wat]s are freely utiliz$ = purposes ( irrigation4 ,,jud1 ,,leo 7#adhb-aedb71 kn[n to 8 contempor>ies z ,mei/] ,leu1 ,swiss re=m]1 0 born 9 ,alsace & educat$ at ,basel1 :]e aft] a c\rse 9 m$ic9e he turn$ to ! /udy ( !ology4 ,?is *ange 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,zw+li ^: colleague at ,zri* ,jud became aft] s]v+ = f\r ye>s 7#aeah-aebb7 z pa/or ( ,e9si$eln4 ,8 *ief activity 0 z a translator2 he 0 ! lead+ _s 9 ! translation ( ! ,zri* ,bible & also made a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he di$ at ,zri* on ! #ai? ( ,june #aedb4 ,see ,life by ,c4 ,pe/alozzi 7#ahfj72 art4 9 ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopdie1 vol4 ix4 7#aija74 ,,judaea1 ! "n giv5 to ! s\!rn "p ( ,pale/9e z occupi$ by ! ,jewi% community 9 po/-exilic days "u ,p]sian1 ,greek & ,roman ov]lord%ip4 ,9 ,luke & ,acts ! t]m is sometimes us$ loosely to d5ote ! :ole ( we/]n ,pale/9e4 ,! limits ( ,judaea 7 nev] v precisely def9$ &--especially on ! nor!rn fronti]--v>i$ f "t to "t4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 ,ar*elaus became e?n>* ( ,sam>ia1 ,idumea & ,judaea1 & :5 he 0 depos$ ,judaea 0 m]g$ 9 ,syria1 be+ gov]n$ by a procurator ^: headqu>t]s 7 9 ,caes>ea4 ,= a description ( ! natural features ( ! c\ntry see ,,pale/9e2 = its hi/ory see ,,jews & ,,judah4 ,cf4 ,t4 ,momms51 ,! ,prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *4 xi4 ,,judah1 a di/rict ( anci5t ,pale/9e1 to ! s\? ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 betwe5 ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,phili/9e pla94 ,x falls physically into ?ree p>ts3 ! hill-c\ntry f ,hebron nor?w>ds ?r\gh ,j]usalem2 ! l[l& 7,heb4 ,%ephelah7 on ! we/2 & ! /eppes or dry l& 7,heb4 ,negeb7 on ! s\?4 ,! di/rict is "o ( /rik+ contra/s1 ) a l(ty & /ony table-l& 9 ! c5tre 7:i* rea*es a height ( #ccjj ft4 j nor? ( ,hebron71 ) a /rategically important valley divid+ ! c5tral m\nta9s f ! l[l&1 & ) ! mo/ desolate ( tracts to ! ea/ 7by ! ,dead ,sea7 & s\?4 ,"s p>ts1 especially ar\nd ,hebron1 are extremely f]tile1 b ! l& z a :ole has ! *>act]i/ics ( ! s\!rn wild]ness--! s-call$ des]t is n a /]ile ,sah>a--& 0 m fitt$ = pa/oral occupations2 see fur!r ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,hi/4 ,geog4 ,holy ,l&1 *s4 x4-xv4 ,life 9 anci5t ,judah is frequ5tly depict$ 9 ! ,bible1 b mu* ( ! ,judaean hi/ory is obscure4 ,9 ! days ( ! old ,hebrew mon>*y !re 7 p]iods ( conflict & rivalry betwe5 ,judah & ,israel--ev5 times :5 ! latt] incorporat$1 or at lea/ claim$ supremacy ov]1 ! =m]4 ,lat]1 f ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 !re 0 a brea* betwe5 ! ,jews 7! "n is d]iv$ f ,judah7 & ! ,sam>itans 7q4v474 ,! int]v5+ ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,sam>ia 7#gbb ,b4,c471 & aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7#ehf ,b4,c471 7 probably m>k$ by clos] int]c\rse1 simil> to ! p]iod ( union 9 ! popul> traditions relat+ to ! pre-mon>*ical age4 ,! c\rse ( ,judaean hi/ory 0 condition$1 also1 by ! proximity ( ! ,phili/9es 9 ! we/1 ,moab 9 ! ea/1 & by ,edom & o!r s\!rn peoples ext5d+ f ,nor? ,arabia to ! delta ( ! ,nile4 ,judah's /ormy hi/ory1 cont9u$ "u ,greek & ,roman dom9ation1 rea*$ its climax 9 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & end$ ) ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj 7see ,,jews1 ,,pale/9e74 ,9 con=mity ) anci5t me?ods ( g5ealogy 7q4v471 ,judah is trac$ back to a son ( ,jacob or ,israel by ,leah & along ) o!r tribes 7,dan1 ,levi1 ,simeon1 c47 is includ$ "u ! collective t]m ,israel4 ,?us x %>es ! g5]al traditions ( ! ,israelites1 al?\gh ,judah appe>s z an individual 9 ! /ory ( 8 bro!r ,joseph 7on *4 xxxvii4 seq41 see ,,g5esis74 ,its b\nd>ies 9 ,jo%ua xv4 are manife/ly artificial or imag9>y2 !y include ! ,phili/9es & numb] places :i* are else:]e ascrib$ to ,simeon or ,dan4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n 7,yehudah7 is q unc]ta92 ! int]pretation prais$ is sugge/$ 9 ,g54 xxix4 #ce 7cf2 xlix4 #h seq471 b "s connexion ) alli$ names1 z ,yehud 7,yahudiya1 ,e4 ( ,jaffa71 or ,ehud 7a ,b5jamite clan7 seems m probable4 ,t ,judah1 :atev] its orig9al connotation1 und]w5t developm5t ?r\gh ! incorporation ( o!r clans appe>s f #a ,*ron4 ii41 iv41 :]e x is f\nd to conta9 a l>ge elem5t ( non-,israelite population ^: names f9d analogies or p>allels 9 ,simeonite1 ,edomite & o!r s\!rn li/s4#a ,inde$1 und]ly+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,israelite exodus 7q4v47 !re are traces ( a sep>ate movem5t ( c]ta9 clans--ap>t f ! ,israelite invasion ( ,pale/9e--:o are ultimately f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,judah2 & ! traditions 9 ,*ronicles !mselves all[ ! view t ! incorporation ( ^! elem5ts began "u ,david1 :5 ,judah fir/ occupies a prom95t position 9 biblical hi/ory 7cf4 ,*eyne1 ,ency4 ,bib41 col4 #bfah seq41 & see ,,caleb1 ,,j]ahmeel1 ,,k5ites74 ,b su* movem5ts 7 n necess>ily limit$ to "o s+le p]iod1 & ! evid5ce connect+ 7a7 ! non-,israelite clans ( ,judah ) ,levites1 & 7b7 bo? ) ! s\?1 is f\nd 9 n>ratives ref]r+ to sev]al diff]5t ages & might po9t to an unceas+ relation%ip ) ! s\?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 clans1 :i* 9 ! traditions ( ,david's "t 7 9 ! s\? ( ,judah1 ab\t five hundr$ ye>s lat] 79 ! exile7 are f\nd ne> ,j]usalem 7e4g4 ,caleb71 s t ei!r ^! surviv$ ! /r5u\s vicissitudes ( half a mill5nium or all p]spective ( _! e>ly hi/ory has be5 lo/4 ,9 ,g54 xxxviii4 a curi\s n>rative po9ts to ! sep>ation ( ,judah f 8 bre?r5 & 8 m>riage ) ,%ua ! ,canaanite2 two sons ,er & ,onan p]i% & ! ?ird ,%elah survives4 ,f ,judah & ,er's wid[ ,tam> are d]iv$ ,p]ez & ,z]ah1 & ^! ) ,%elah appe> 9 po/-exilic times z ! ?ree repres5tative families ( ,judah 7,neh4 xi4 #d-f2 #a ,*ron4 ix4 #d-f74 ,?is /ory1 amid a numb] ( o!r motives1 appe>s to reflect ! gr[? ( ! tribe ( ,judah & its fluctuations1 b t ! ref]5ce is to any v e>ly p]iod is unlikely1 p>tly because ! int]e/ ( ! /ory is 9 po/-exilic families1 & p>tly because ! sc5es 7,adullam1 ,*ezib & ,timnah7 ov]lap ) ,david's own fights betwe5 ,hebron & ,j]usalem 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 xxiii42 see ,,david1 ad f9474#b ,ev5 ,david's conque/ ( ,j]usalem 7#b ,sam4 v47 conflicts bo? ) ! /atem5t ( its capture by ,judah _m ye>s previ\sly 7,judges i4 #h71 & ) ! traditions ( ! ,israelite h]oes ,jo%ua & ,saul4 ,consequ5tly1 ! few surviv+ data are too unc]ta9 = any decisive conclusions reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,judah z a k+dom may h tak5 its "n f a limit$ di/rict1 9 :i* case its gr[? f9ds a p>allel 9 ! ext5sion ( ! "n ,sam>ia f ! city to ! prov9ce4 ,! location ( ,yehud & ,ehud 9 ! light ( #a ,k+s iv4 #h-ai 7p]haps ! subdivisions ( ! ,israelite k+dom1 see ,,solomon71 w\ld necessitate ! assumption ( a viol5t sep>ation f ! nor?2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is q conceivable 7see ,,jews1 #aa-ac74 ,on ! be>+ ( ,s\? ,judah ^u ! hi/orical criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 see especially ,n4 ,s*midt1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 7#aijh71 pp4 #cbb-cdb1 ,! ,j]ahmeel ,!ory & ! ,hi/oric ,importance ( ! ,negeb1 ) "s acc\nt ( p]sonal exploration ( ! c\ntry2 also ,,jews1 #bj4 7,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see especially ,wellhaus51 ,de g5tibus et familiis ,judaeorum 7,gtt+51 #ahfi71 ! articles on ! relative prop] names 9 ! ,ency4 ,bib41 & ,e4 ,mey]1 ,die ,israelit5 u4 ihre ,na*b>/mme1 pp4 #bii-dga 7mu* valuable matt]74 #b ,= ! pr9ciple ( ! ,levirate illu/rat$ 9 ,g54 xxxviii41 see ,,ru?4 ,lag>de 7,ori5talia1 ii47 +5i\sly conjectur$ t ! *apt] typifi$ ! suppression ( ,pho5ician 7viz4 ,tam>1 ! date-palm7 & ! old ,canaanite elem5ts 7,z]ah indig5a7 by ! y\ng] ,israelite invad]s 7,p]ez bran*74 ,= o!r discussions1 ap>t f comm5t>ies on ,g5esis1 see ,b4 ,lu!r 9 ,mey]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bjj sqq4 ,,judas ,,isc>iot 7,greek3 ,i\das ,isk>its or ,greek3 ,isk>i?71 9 ! ,bible1 ! son ( ,simon ,isc>iot 7,john vi4 #ga1 xiii4 #bf71 & "o ( ! twelve apo/les4 ,he is always enum]at$ la/ ) ! special m5tion ( ! fact t he 0 ! betray] ( ,jesus4 ,if ! g5]ally accept$ explanation ( 8 surname 7man ( ,k]io?2 see ,jo%4 xv4 #be7 be correct1 he 0 ! only orig9al memb] ( ! apo/olic b& :o 0 n a ,galilean4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to 8 admission into ! apo/olic circle are n /at$2 :ile ! motives by :i* he 0 actuat$ 9 enabl+ ! ,jewi% au?orities to arre/ ,jesus )\t tumult h be5 v>i\sly analys$ by s*ol>s4 ,accord+ to "s 7z ,de ,qu9cey 9 8 fam\s ,essay7 ! sole object ( ,judas 0 to place ,jesus 9 a position 9 :i* ,he %\ld be compell$ to make :at _h seem$ to ,8 foll[]s ! too t>dy display ( ,8 ,messianic p[]3 accord+ to o!rs 7& ?is view seems m 9 h>mony ) ! ,gospel n>ratives7 ,judas 0 an av>ici\s & di%one/ man1 :o _h already abus$ ! confid5ce plac$ 9 him 7,john xii4 #f71 & :o 0 n[ conc]n$ only ) fur!r+ 8 own ends4 ,z reg>ds ! effects ( 8 subsequ5t remorse & ! use to :i* 8 ill-gott5 ga9s 7 put1 ! /rik+ly app>5t discrepancies betwe5 ! n>ratives ( ,matt4 xxvii4 #c1 #aj & ,acts i4 #ah1 #ai h attract$ ! att5tion ( biblical s*ol>s1 ev] s9ce ,papias1 9 8 f\r? book1 ( :i* a fragm5t has be5 pres]v$1 discuss$ ! subject4 ,! simple/ explanation is t !y repres5t diff]5t traditions1 ! ,gospel n>rative be+ compos$ ) m special ref]5ce to prophetic fulfilm5ts1 & be+ probably ne>] ! tru? ?an ! %ort explanatory note ins]t$ by ! au?or ( ! ,acts 7see ,b]n>d1 ,expositor1 ,june #aijd1 p4 #dbb seq474 ,9 ecclesia/ical leg5d & 9 sacr$ art ,judas ,isc>iot is g5]ally treat$ z ! v inc>nation ( trea*]y1 +ratitude & impiety4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 aft] _! fa%ion1 suppli$ ! lacunae 9 :at !y deem$ 8 too meagre biography4 ,accord+ to ! common =m ( _! /ory1 he belong$ to ! tribe ( ,reub54#a ,be=e he 0 born 8 "m ,cyborea _h a dream t he 0 de/9$ to murd] 8 fa!r1 commit ince/ ) 8 "m1 & sell 8 ,god4 ,! attempts made by h] & h] husb& to av]t ?is curse simply l$ to its accompli%m5t4 ,at 8 bir? ,judas 0 enclos$ 9 a *e/ & flung into ! sea2 pick$ up on a =eign %ore1 he 0 educat$ at ! c\rt until a murd] committ$ 9 a mom5t ( passion compell$ 8 flight4 ,com+ to ,judaea1 he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,pontius ,pilate z page1 & dur+ ?is p]iod committ$ ! fir/ two ( ! crimes :i* _h be5 expressly =etold4 ,le>n+ ! secret ( 8 bir?1 he1 full ( remorse1 s\ght ! prophet :o1 he _h he>d1 _h p[] on e>? to =give s9s4 ,he 0 accept$ z a disciple & promot$ to a position ( tru/1 :]e av>ice1 ! only vice 9 :i* he _h hi!rto be5 unpractis$1 gradually took possession ( 8 s\l1 & l$ to ! complete fulfilm5t ( 8 evil de/9y4 ,?is ,judas leg5d1 z giv5 by ,jacobus de ,vorag9e1 obta9$ no small popul>ity2 & x is to be f\nd 9 v>i\s %apes 9 e important lit]ature ( ,europe4 ,= ! hi/ory ( its g5esis & its diffusion ! read] may consult ,d',ancona1 ,la legg5da di ,v]gogna e la legg5da di ,giuda 7#ahfi71 & pap]s by ,w4 ,creiz5a* 9 ,paul & ,braune's ,beitr4 zur ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,spra*e und ,litt]atur1 vol4 ii4 7#ahge71 & ,victor ,di$]i* 9 ,russi*e ,revue 7#ahhj74 ,*olevius1 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,poesie na* ihr5 antik5 ,elem5t5 7#ahed71 po9t$ out ! connexion ( ! leg5d ) ! ,o$ipus /ory4 ,accord+ to ,daub 7,judas ,is*>iot1 od] ,betra*tung5 b] das ,bse im ,v]hltniss zum ,gut51 #ahaf1 #ahah7 ,judas 0 an inc>nation ( ! devil1 to :om m]cy & bless$ness are alike impossible4 ,! popul> hatr$ ( ,judas has f\nd /range symbolical expression 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ,corfu1 = in/ance1 ! p at a giv5 signal on ,ea/] ,eve ?r[ va/ quantities ( crock]y f _! w9d[s & ro(s into ! /reets1 & ?us execute an imag9>y /on+ ( ,judas 7see ,kirkwall1 ,ionian ,isl&s1 ii4 #dg74 ,at "o "t 7accord+ to ,mu/oxidi1 ,delle cose corciresi7 ! tradition prevail$ t ! traitor's h\se & c\ntry villa exi/$ 9 ! isl&1 & t 8 desc5dants 7 to be f\nd among ! local ,jews4 ,details 9 reg>d to "s ,judas leg5ds & sup]/itions are giv5 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #bnd s]ies1 v41 vi4 & vii42 #crd s]ies1 vii42 #d? s]ies1 i42 #e? s]ies1 vi4 ,see also a pap] by ,pr(essor ,r5del ,h>ris entitl$ ,did ,judas really commit suicide8 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,philology 7,july #aijj74 ,mat!w ,arnold's poem ,/ ,br&an gives f9e expression to ! old /ory t1 on acc\nt ( an act ( *>ity done to a lep] at ,joppa1 ,judas 0 all[$ an h\r's respite f hell once a ye>4 7,g4 ,mi47 ,,footnote3 #a ,o!r =ms make him a ,danite1 & consid] ! passage 9 ,g5esis 7xlix4 #ag7 a prophecy ( ! traitor4 ,,judas-,,tree1 ! ,c]cis siliqua/rum ( botani/s1 belong+ to ! section ,caesalp9eae ( ! natural ord] ,legum9osae4 ,x is a native ( ! s\? ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 & =ms a h&some l[ tree ) a flat spread+ head4 ,9 ,spr+ x is cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( purpli%-p9k fl[]s1 :i* appe> be=e ! leaves4 ,! fl[]s h an agreeable acid ta/e1 & are eat5 mix$ ) salad or made into fritt]s4 ,! tree 0 frequ5tly figur$ by ! old] h]bali/s4 ,"o woodcut by ,ca/or ,durante has ! figure ( ,judas ,isc>iot susp5d$ f "o ( ! bran*es1 illu/rat+ ! popul> tradition reg>d+ ?is tree4 ,a second species1 ,c4 canad5sis1 is common 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f ,canada to ,alabama & ea/]n ,texas1 & diff]s f ! ,european species 9 its small] size & po9t$ leaves4 ,! fl[]s are also us$ 9 salads & = mak+ pickles1 :ile ! bran*es are us$ to dye wool a nanke5 col\r4 ,,judd1 ,,sylve/] 7#ahac-ahec7 ,am]ican ,unit>ian cl]gyman & au?or1 0 born 9 ,we/hampton1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #bcrd ( ,july #ahac4 ,he bore ! same "n z 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r2 ! =m] 7#aghi-ahfj7 made an especial /udy ( local hi/ory ( ! t[ns ( ! ,connecticut valley1 & wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,hadley 7#ahfc74 ,! son liv$ 9 ,nor?ampton aft] 8 t5? ye>1 0 conv]t$ 9 a revival !re 9 #ahbf1 graduat$ f ,yale 9 #ahcf1 & taught 9 #ahcf at ,templeton1 ,mass41 :]e he fir/ met ,unit>ians & soon f\nd ! solution ( 8 !ological difficulties 9 _! views4 ,he ent]$ ! ,h>v>d div9ity s*ool1 f :i* he graduat$ 9 #ahdj4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 orda9$ pa/or ( ! ,unit>ian *ur* ( ,augu/a1 ,ma9e1 :]e he di$ on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y #ahec4 ,8 wide/ reputation 0 z ! au?or ( ,m>g>et1 a ,tale ( ! ,real & ! ,ideal1 includ+ ,sket*es ( a place n be=e describ$1 call$ ,mons ,*ri/i 7#ahde2 revis$ #ahea71 writt5 to exhibit ! errors ( ,calv9i/ic & all tr9it>ian !ology1 & ! evils ( w>1 intemp]ance1 capital puni%m5t1 ! prison sy/em ( ! "t1 & ! national treatm5t ( ! ,indians4 ,?is /ory1 publi%$ anonym\sly1 attract$ mu* att5tion by its true descriptions ( ,new ,engl& life & sc5]y z well z by its au?or's e>ne/ purpose4 ,ri*>d ,edney & ! ,gov]nor's ,family 7#ahej7 is 9 mu* ! same ve9 z ,m>g>et4 ,a poem entitl$ ,philo1 an ,evangeliad 7#ahej7 is a v]sifi$ def5ce ( ,unit>ianism4 ,he publi%$1 besides1 ,! ,*ur*1 9 a ,s]ies ( ,disc\rses 7#ahed74 ,z a prea*] & pa/or he urg$ ! desirability ( infant baptism4 ,he lectur$ frequ5tly on int]national peace & oppos$ slav]y4 ,see ,are?usa ,hall1 ,life & ,"* ( ! ,rev4 ,sylve/] ,judd 7,bo/on1 #aheg7 publi%$ anonym\sly4 ,,jude1 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,epi/le ,,(1 a book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,z ) ! epi/le ( ,james1 ! problems ( ! writ+ c5tre ^u ! sup]scription1 :i* addresses 9 ,paul9e phraseology 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #d2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #ac2 ,rom4 i4 #g2 #a ,cor4 #a4 #b7 ! ,*ri/ian _w 9 g5]al 9 ! "n ( ,jude1 ! bro!r ( ,james 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k vi4 #c74 ,! hi/orical situation depict$ mu/ !n fall )9 ! lifetime ( ?is ,judas1 ^: two gr&*ildr5 ,zok] & ,james 7,hegesippus ap4 ,phil4 ,sidetes7 by _! te/imony be=e ! au?orities br\ght to an end ! 7,pale/9ian7 p]secution ( ,domitian 7,hegesippus ap4 ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bj1 #g74 ,^! two gr&sons ( ,judas !reaft] liv$ until ! "t ( ,trajan1 rul+ ! *ur*es because !y _h 7?us7 be5 witnesses 7m>tyrs7 & 7 also relatives ( ! ,"l4 ,b 9 t case we mu/ ei!r reject ! te/imony ( ! same ,hegesippus t up to _! dea?1 & t ( ,symeon son ( ,clopas1 successor 9 ! ,j]usalem see ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom at ! age ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s :ile ,trajan 0 emp]or & ,atticus gov]nor1 ! *ur* 7univ]sal7 _h rema9$ a pure & uncorrupt$ virg9 free f ! folly ( h]etical tea*]s2 or else we mu/ reject ! sup]scription1 :i* pres5ts ! gr&fa!r 9 vehem5t conflict ) ! v h]esies 9 "q4 ,= ! te/imony ( ,hegesippus is explicit t at ! "t ( ! arre/ ( ,zok] & ,james !y 7 all :o surviv$ ( ! k9dr$ ( ! ,"l4 ,true1 !re is confusion 9 ! n>rative ( ,hegesippus1 & ev5 a probability t ! m>tyrdom ( ,symeon dat$ "u ,trajan really took place 9 ! p]secution ( ,domitian1 be=e ! arre/ ( ! gr&sons ( ,jude1 = ap>t f ! alleg$ age ( ,symeon 7! traditional ,jewi% limit ( human life1 ,g54 vi4 #c1 ,deut4 xxxiv4 #g71 ! cause ( 8 appreh5sion on ! gr\nd t he 0 a desc5dant ( ,david & a ,*ri/ian 7,hegesippus ap4 ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #cb1 #c7 is inconsi/5t ) bo? ! previ\s /atem5ts reg>d+ ! m>tyrdom ( ,zok] & ,james1 t !y 7 cit$ z ! only surviv+ ,*ri/ian ,davididae1 & t ! p]secution on ?is gr\nd collaps$ ?r\gh ! manife/ absurdity ( ! accusation4 ,b ev5 if we date ! rise ( h]esies 9 ! reign ( ,domitian in/ead ( ,trajan1#a ! attribut+ ( ?is epi/le aga9/ corrupt+ h]esy to ,jude ! bro!r ( ,james w /ill be incompatible ) ! /atem5ts ( ,hegesippus1 our only in=mant reg>d+ 8 lat] hi/ory4 ,! ,greek ( ,jude is also su* z to exclude ! idea ( au?or%ip 9 ,pale/9e by an uns*ool$ ,galilean1 at an e>ly date 9 *ur* hi/ory4 ,z ,f4 ,h4 ,*ase has po9t$ out3 7#a7 ! t]ms ,greek3 kltoi1 stria1 pi/is1 h atta9$ _! lat] te*nical s5se2 7#b7 ! writ] is /eep$ 9 ! language ( ! ,,lxx41 employ+ its phraseology indep5d5tly ( o!r ,n4,t4 writ]s1 & n t ( ! canonical books alone1 b ( ! broad] non-,pale/9ian canon2 7#c7 he has at 8 comm& a l>ge /ock ( /ately1 sonor\s1 sometimes poetical words1 prov+ him a man ( "s culture1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 n )\t acqua9tance ) ,greek writ]s4 ,if ! sup]scription be n f ! h& ( ! actual bro!r ( ,jesus1 ! "q may well be ask$ :y "s apo/olic "n 0 n *os5 :i* might convey great] au?ority8 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! direction t[>d :i* ! pr9cipal def5d]s ( or?odoxy 9 #ajj-aej turn$ = ! deposit ( ! fai? 7,jude #c7 9 its purity4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les po9t to ! patt]n ( s\nd words1 ev5 ! say+s ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #c1 c471 z ! ars5al ( or?odoxy aga9/ ! same foe 7) #a ,tim4 vi4 #c-aj2 cf4 ,jude #d1 #aa1 #af1 #ah seq474 ,ignatius's motto is to be insep>able f ,jesus ,*ri/ & f y\r bi%op 7ad ,trall4 vii471 ,polyc>p's1 to turn unto ! ^w deliv]$ unto u f ! beg9n+ 7cf4 ,jude #c2 #a ,john ii4 #g1 iii4 #bc1 iv4 #ba71 ! oracles ( ! ,"l1 :i* ! false tea*]s p]v]t to _! own lu/s4 ,papias1 8 ,greek3 hetairos 7,ir5aeus71 turns 9 fact f ! va9 talk ( ! _m1 & f ! ali5 comm&m5ts to su* z 7 deliv]$ by ! ,"l to ! fai?1 (f]+ to ! ,*ri/ian _w 8 ,int]pretation ( ! ,"l's ,oracles bas$ ^u p]sonal inquiry f ^? :o came 8 way1 :o c\ld te/ify z to apo/olic tradition4 ,hegesippus1 aft] a j\rney to all ! pr9cipal seats ( ,*ri/ian tradition1 te/ifies t all are hold+ to ! true doctr9e z transmitt$ at ! orig9al seat1 :]e x 0 witness$ fir/ by ! apo/les & aft]w>ds by ! k9dr$ ( ! ,"l & witnesses ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,all ^! writ]s 9 "o =m or o!r rev]t to ! hi/oric tradition aga9/ ! lic5ce ( innovators4 ,hegesippus indicates pla9ly ! seat ( its au?ority4 ,= ! p]iod be=e ! adoption ( a writt5 /&>d ! resort 0 n s mu* to apo/les z to disciples & witnesses4 ,! appeal 0 to ^? :o f ! beg9n+ _h be5 eyewitnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w 7,luke i4 #b72 & ^! 7 to be f\nd prim>ily 7until ! complete de/ruction ( t *ur* dur+ ! revolt ( ,b>co*ebas & its suppression by ,hadrian7 9 ! "m community 9 ,j]usalem 7cf4 ,acts xv4 #b74 ,its life is ! measure ( ! p]iod ( oral tradition1 ^: requiem is sung by ,papias4 ,hegesippus 7ap4 ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #cb1 #g seq47 looks back to x z ! safe gu>dian ( ! deposit ( ! fai? aga9/ all ! depr$ations ( h]esy :i* :5 ! sacr$ college ( apo/les _h suff]$ dea? 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ! g5]ation ( ^? t _h be5 deem$ wor?y to he> ! inspir$ wisdom ) _! own e>s _h pass$ away 444 attempt$ !nce=? ) a bold face1 to proclaim1 9 opposition to ! prea*+ ( ! tru?1 '! k :i* is falsely s-call$ 7,greek3 pseudnymos gnsis74' ,= an appeal l t ( our epi/le to ! au?ority ( ! pa/ aga9/ ! moral laxity & ant9omian tea*+ ( deg5]ate ,paul9e *ur*es 9 ! ,greek _w1 ! natural resort aft] ,paul himself 7,pa/oral ,epp47 w\ld be ! k9dr$ ( ! ,"l :o 7 ! lead]s & witnesses 9 e *ur* 9 ,pale/9e4 ,d\btless ! fram] ( ,jude #a w\ld h pref]r$ ! aegis ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 if ?is1 l t ( ,paul1 _h n be5 already appropriat$4 ,fail+ ?is1 ! next mo/ impos+ 0 ,judas1 ! bro!r ( ,james4 ,! sup]scription 9 ! case ( ,jude1 unlike t ( ,james1 takes hold ( ! sub/ance ( ! book4 ,v]se #c & ! f>ewell 7v4 #bd seq47 %[ t ,jude 0 compos$ f ! />t z an epi/le4 ,if ?is appe>ance be n fallaci\s1 ! obvi\s relation betwe5 ! two sup]scriptions w be be/ expla9$ by ! supposition t ! au?or ( ,jude gave curr5cy to ! exi/+ homily 7,james7 be=e compos+ "u ! pseudonym ( ,jude4 ,on ! int]connexion ( ! two see ,sieff]t1 s4v4 ,judasbrief 9 ,hauck1 ,real5cykl4 vol4 ix4 ,judas is conceiv$ z *]i%+ ! int5tion ( discuss+ = ! b5efit ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 7= no m]e local *ur* is address$7 ! subject ( our common salvation 7! mu* desid]at$ au?oritative def9ition ( ! or?odox fai?71 b div]t$ f ?is purpose by ! gr[? ( h]esy4 ,few writ+s ( ?is compass af=d m copi\s evid5ce ( date 9 _! lit]>y aff9ities4 ,! ref]5ces to ,eno* 7pr9cipally v]4 #ad seq4 ,e?4 ,en4 i4 #i1 b cf4 ,f4 ,h4 ,*ase1 s4v4 ,jude 9 ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ,bible7 & ! ,assumption ( ,moses 7v4 #i7 h m a geographical ?an a *ronological be>+1 ! /rict] canon ( ,pale/9e exclud+ ^! apocryphal books ( #ij ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #dj2 b ! ,paul9e writ+s are freely employ$1 especially #a ,cor4 x4 #a-ac1 ,rom4 xvi4 #be seq41 & probably ,eph4 & ,col4 ,moreov]1 ! au?or explicitly ref]s to ! apo/olic age z already pa/1 & to ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,paul9e pr$iction 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #a sqq47 ( ! adv5t ( h]esy 7v4 #ag seq474 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( grace has be5 p]v]t$ to lascivi\sness1 z by ! h]etics :om ,polyc>p opposes 7,ep4 ,polyc4 vii471 & ?is doctr9e is taught = hire 7vv4 #aa1 #ab1 #af2 cf4 #a ,tim4 vi4 #e74 ,! unwor?y %eph]ds 7v4 #ab2 cf4 ,ezek4 xxxiv4 #h2 ,john x4 #ab seq47 live at ! exp5se ( _! flocks1 pollut+ ! love-fea/s1 corrupt+ ! true disciples4 ,accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ?is 0 writt5 prophetically to apply to ! ,c>pocratians1 an ant9omian ,gno/ic sect ( c4 #aej2 b hyp]-,paul9i/s _h giv5 occasion to simil> compla9ts already 9 ,rev4 ii4 #ad1 #bj 7#ie74 ,?us ,paul9ism & its p]v]sion alike are 9 ! pa/4 ,z reg>ds ! und5iable contact ( ,dida*e ii4 #g ) ,jude #bb seq4 7cf4 ,dida*e1 iv4 #a1 ,jude #h7 priority _c be det]m9$2 & ! use ( #a ,john iii4 #ab 9 ,jude #aa is d\btful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 practically ! :ole ( ,jude is tak5 up into #b ,pet41 ! au?or m]ely avoid+1 s f> z he discov]s !m1 ! quotations f apocryphal writ+s1 & prefix+ & affix+ sections ( 8 own to refute ! h]etical es*atology4 ,on ! priority ( ,jude see especially aga9/ ,spitta ,zur ,ges*4 u4 ,litt4 d4 ,ur*ri/5?ums1 ii4 #dji-daa1 ,f4 ,h4 ,*ase1 loc4 cit4 p4 #hjc4 7,on #b ,pet4 see ,,pet] ,,epi/les ,,(47 ,un=tunately1 ! date ( #b ,pet4 _c be det]m9$ z e>li] ?an late 9 ! second c5tury1 s t we are ?r[n back ^u int]nal evid5ce = ! inf]ior limit4 ,! treatm5t ( ! h]esy z ! anti-,*ri/ :o prec$es ! la/ h\r 7v4 #ah71 rem9ds u ( #a ,john ii4 #ah1 b x is indicative ( conditions some:at less advanc$ t ! h]etics h n yet gone out f ! *ur*4 ,! treatm5t ( ! apo/olic age z pa/1 & ! deposit ( ! fai? z a regula fidei 7cf4 ,ign4 ad ,trall4 ix471 ! pres5ce ( ant9omian ,gno/icism1 d5y+ ! doctr9e ( lord%ip & glories 7v4 #h71 ) discrim9ations betwe5 psy*ic & pneumatic 7v4 #ai71 /rongly oppose a date e>li] ?an #ajj4 ,sieff]t1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]scription1 w\ld date z e>ly z #gj-hj1 b ackn[l$ges ! hyp]-,paul9e aff9ity ( ! h]esy1 its propagation z a doctr9e1 & close relation to ! ,nicolaitan ( ,rev4 ii4 #ad4 ,to ^! ph5om5a he gives accord+ly a correspond+ly e>ly date4 ,! nature ( ! h]esy1 oppos$1 h[ev]1 & ! resort to ! au?ority ( ,jude ! bro!r ( ,james aga9/ x1 fav\r r ! p]iod ( ,polyc>p & ,papias 7#aag-aej74 ,! hi/ory ( ! reception ( ! epi/le into *ur* canons is simil> to t ( ,james1 beg9n+ ) a quotation ( x z ! "w ( ,jude by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,pa$4 iii4 #h71 a ref]5ce by ,t]tullian 7,de cult4 fem4 i4 #c71 & a m or less hesitant endorsem5t by ,orig5 7if "o might adduce ! epi/le ( ,jude1 ,9 ,matt4 tom4 xvii4 #cj7 & by ! ,muratorianum 7c4 #bjj71 :i* excepts ,jude & #b & #c ,john f its condemnation ( apocryphal lit]ature1 plac+ x on a p> ) ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon :i* 0 writt5 by fri5ds ( 8 9 8 hon\r4 ,! use ( apocryphal lit]ature 9 ,jude itself may acc\nt = mu* ( ! critical disposition t[>d x ( _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,eusebius class$ x among ! disput$ books1 decl>+ t z ) ,james n _m ( ! anci5ts h m5tion$ x 7,h4 ,e4 ii4 #bc1 #be74 ,! ,introd4 to ! ,new ,te/4 by ,holtzmann1 ,jli*]1 ,weiss1 ,zahn1 ,davidson1 ,salmon1 ,bacon & ! /&>d ,comm5t>ies ( ,mey] & ,holtzmann1 ! ,int]national 7,bigg7 & o!r s]ies1 conta9 discussions ( au?or%ip & date4 ,! articles s4v4 9 ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ,bible 7,*ase7 & ! ,ency4 ,bib4 7,cone7 are full & s*ol>ly4 ,9 addition ! ,hi/ories ( ! ,apo/olic ,age1 by ,hausra?1 ,weizsck]1 ,mc,giffert1 ,b>tlet1 ,ropes & o!rs1 & ! k9dr$ works ( ,baur1 ,s*wegl] & ,pfleid]] %\ld be consult$4 ,m(fat's ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t1 #bnd ed41 p4 #ehi1 conta9s a conv5i5t summ>y ( ! evid5ce ) copi\s bibliography4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh ( cons]vative treatm5ts is ! ,comm5t>y on ,jude & ,second ,pet] by ,j4 ,b4 ,mayor 7#aijg74 7,b4 ,w4 ,b47 ,,footnote3 #a ,on ?is po9t 7date ( ! outbreak ( h]esy7 !re is "s inconsi/5cy 9 ! report$ fragm5ts ( ,hegesippus4 ,9 t quot$ bel[ f ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #cb4 #g seq41 x is expressly dat$ aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,symeon & dea? ( ! gr&sons ( ,jude "u ,trajan4 ,9 iii4 #ai ! anci5t tradition attribut+ ! d5unciation ( ^! to "s ( ! h]etics is p]haps n f ,hegesippus2 b 9 iv4 #bb ! beg9n+ ( h]esy is trac$ to a c]ta9 ,!bu?is1 a c&idate = ! bi%opric aft] ! dea? ( ,james1 z rival to ,symeon4 ,! same figure ( ! *ur* z a pure virg9 is also us$ z 9 iii4 #cb4 ,b z x is only ! envi\s feel+ ( ,!bu?is :i* is trac$ to ?is e>ly date1 ,hegesippus d\btless means to place ! outbreak lat]4 ,,judge 7,lat4 judex1 ,fr4 juge71 9 ! wide/ legal s5se an (fic] appo9t$ by ! sov]eign p[] 9 a /ate to adm9i/] ! law2 9 ,engli% practice1 h[ev]1 ju/ices ( ! peace & magi/rates are n usually reg>d$ z judges 9 ! titul> s5se4 ,! duties ( ! judge1 :e!r 9 a civil or a crim9al matt]1 are to he> ! /atem5ts on bo? sides 9 op5 c\rt1 to arrive at a conclusion z to ! tru? ( ! facts submitt$ to him or1 :5 a jury is engag$1 to direct ! jury to f9d su* a conclusion1 to apply to ! facts s f\nd ! appropriate rules ( law1 & to c]tify by 8 judgm5t ! relief to :i* ! p>ties are entitl$ or ! obligations or p5alties :i* !y h incurr$4 ,) ! judgm5t ! (fice ( ! judge is at an end1 b ! judgm5t sets 9 motion ! executive =ces ( ! /ate1 ^: duty x is to c>ry x into execution4 ,su* is ! type ( a judicial (fic] recogniz$ by mature sy/ems ( law1 b x is n to be accept$ z ! univ]sal type1 & ! foll[+ qualify+ circum/ances %\ld be notic$3 7#a7 9 primitive sy/ems ( law ! judicial is n sep>at$ f ! legislative & o!r gov]n+ functions2 7#b7 al?\gh ! judge is assum$ to take ! law f ! legislative au?ority1 yet1 z ! exi/+ law nev] at any "t conta9s provision = all cases1 ! judge may be oblig$ to inv5t or create pr9ciples applicable to ! case--?is is call$ by ,b5?am & ! ,engli% juri/s judge-made & judici>y law2 7#c7 ! sep>ation ( ! function ( judge & jury1 & ! exclusive *>ge ( que/ions ( law giv5 to ! judge1 are m p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% judicial sy/em4 ,dur+ a consid]able p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman law an entirely diff]5t di/ribution ( p>ts 0 obs]v$4 ,! adjudication ( a case 0 divid$ betwe5 ! magi/ratus & ! judex1 nei!r ( :om corresponds to ! ,engli% judge4 ,! =m] 0 a public (fic] *>g$ ) ! execution ( ! law2 ! latt] 0 an arbitrator :om ! magi/rates commission$ to he> & report ^u a p>ticul> case4 ,! foll[+ are po9ts m specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% sy/em & its k9dr$ judicial sy/ems3 7#a7 ,judges are absolutely protect$ f action = any?+ t !y may d 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! judicial duties4 ,?is is true 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( judges ( ! supreme c\rts4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( ,engli% law t no action w lie aga9/ a judge ( "o ( ! sup]ior c\rts = a judicial act1 ?\gh x be alleg$ to h be5 done malici\sly & corruptly4 ,o!r judicial (fic]s are also protect$1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t1 aga9/ actions4 7#b7 ,! highe/ class ( judges are irremovable except by :at is 9 effect a special act ( p>liam5t1 viz4 a resolution pass$ by bo? h\ses & ass5t$ to by ! sov]eign4 ,! inf]ior judges & magi/rates are removable = misconduct by ! "l *ancellor4 7#c7 ,! judici>y 9 ,engl& is n a sep>ate pr(ession4 ,! judges are *os5 f ! class ( advocates1 & almo/ entirely accord+ to _! em95ce at ! b>4 7#d7 ,judges are 9 ,engl& appo9t$ = ! mo/ "p by ! cr[n4 ,9 a few cases municipal corporations may appo9t _! own judicial (fic]4 ,see also ,,"l ,,high ,,*ancellor2 ,,"l ,,*ief ,,ju/ice2 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,rolls1 c41 c41 & ! acc\nts ( judicial sy/ems "u c\ntry head+s4 ,,judge-,,advocate-,,g5]al1 an (fic] appo9t$ 9 ,engl& to assi/ ! ,cr[n ) advice 9 matt]s relat+ to milit>y law1 & m p>ticul>ly z to c\rts-m>tial4 ,9 ! army ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice z p]ta9+ to discipl9e is c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( milit>y law1 & x is ! function ( ! judge-advocate-g5]al to ensure t ^! discipl9>y p[]s are ex]cis$ 9 /rict con=mity ) t law4 ,d[n to #agic ! judge-advocate-g5]al act$ z secret>y & legal advis] to ! bo>d ( g5]al (fic]s1 b on ! recon/itution ( ! (fice ( comm&]-9-*ief 9 t ye> he ceas$ to p]=m secret>ial duties1 b rema9$ *ief legal advis]4 ,he reta9$ 8 seat 9 p>liam5t & 9 #ahjf he 0 made a memb] ( ! gov]nm5t & a privy c\ncillor4 ,! (fice ceas$ to be political 9 #ahib1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! select committee ( #ahhh on army e/imates1 & 0 conf]r$ on ,sir ,f4 ,jeune 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,/ ,heli]74 ,!re 0 no sal>y atta*$ to ! (fice :5 held by ,"l ,/ ,heli]1 & ! duties 7 = ! mo/ "p p]=m$ by deputy4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #aije1 ,?omas ,milva91 ,k4,c41 0 appo9t$1 & ! t]ms & conditions ( ! po/ 7 re>rang$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a sal>y ( #bjjj a ye>2 7#b7 ! hold] to devote 8 :ole "t to ! duties ( ! po/2 7#c7 ! ret5tion ( ! po/ until ! age ( sev5ty1 subject to cont9u$ effici5cy--b ) claim to gratuity or p5sion on retirem5t4 ,! hold] 0 to be subord9ate to ! secret>y ( /ate = w>1 )\t direct access to ! sov]eign4 ,! appo9tm5t is conf]r$ by lett]s-pat5t1 :i* def9e ! exact functions atta*+ to ! (fice1 :i* practically are ! review+ ( ! proce$+s ( all field-g5]al1 g5]al & di/rict c\rts-m>tial held 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & advis+ ! sov]eign z to ! confirmation ( ! f9d+ & s5t5ce4 ,! deputy judge-advocate is a sal>i$ (ficial 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! judge-advocate-g5]al & acts "u 8 lett]s-pat5t4 ,a sep>ate judge-advocate-g5]al's dep>tm5t is ma9ta9$ 9 ,india1 :]e at "o "t deputy judge-advocates 7 atta*$ to e important comm&4 ,all g5]al c\rts-m>tial held 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are s5t to ! judge-advocate-g5]al1 to be by him submitt$ to ! sov]eign = confirmation2 & all di/rict c\rts-m>tial1 aft] hav+ be5 confirm$ & promulgat$1 are s5t to 8 (fice = exam9ation & cu/ody4 ,! judge-advocate-g5]al & 8 deputy1 be+ judges 9 ! la/ resort ( ! validity ( ! proce$+s ( c\rts-m>tial1 take no "p 9 _! conduct2 b ! deputy judge-advocates frame & revise *>ges & att5d at c\rts-m>tial1 swe> ! c\rt1 advise bo? sides on law1 look aft] ! int]e/s ( ! prison] & record ! proce$+s4 ,9 ! ,engli% navy !re is an (ficial ^: functions are some:at simil> to ^? ( ! judge-advocate-g5]al4 ,he is call$ c\nsel & judge-advocate ( ! fleet4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is also a judge-advocate-g5]al's dep>tm5t4 ,9 addition to be+ a bureau ( milit>y ju/ice1 & keep+ ! records ( c\rts-m>tial1 c\rts ( inquiry & milit>y commissions1 x has ! cu/ody ( all pap]s relat+ to ! title ( l&s "u ! control ( ! w> dep>tm5t4 ,! (fic]s ( ! dep>tm5t1 9 addition to act+ z prosecutors 9 all milit>y trials1 sometimes repres5t ! gov]nm5t :5 cases affect+ ! army come up 9 civil c\rts4 ,see fur!r ,,milit>y ,,law1 & consult ,c4 ,m4 ,clode1 ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice "u ,milit>y & ,m>tial ,law 7#ahgb72 ,milit>y ,=ces ( ! ,cr[n 7#b vols41 #ahfi74 ,,judges1 ,,! ,,book ,,(1 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i*1 z we n[ read x1 con/itutes a sequel to ! book ( ,jo%ua1 cov]+ ! p]iod ( hi/ory betwe5 ! dea? ( ?is conqu]or & ! bir? ( ,samuel1 is s call$ because x conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mon>*y1 :5 ! gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( c]ta9 lead]s :o appe> to h =m$ a cont9u\s succession1 al?\gh ! (fice 0 n h]$it>y4 ,! only o!r biblical s\rce ascrib$ to ?is p]iod is ,ru?1 ^: pres5t position z an app5dix to ,judges is n orig9al 7see ,,bible & ,,ru?74 ,/ructure4--,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ! pres5t adju/m5t ( ! old] hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to =m a cont9u\s record ( ev5ts f ! creation to ! ,babylonian exile is due to an editor1 or r to successive r$actors1 :o piec$ toge!r & r$uc$ to a c]ta9 unity old] memoirs ( v diff]5t dates2 & clos] exam9ation %[s t ! cont9uity ( _m p>ts ( ! n>rative is m app>5t ?an real4 ,?is is v cle>ly ! case 9 ! book ( ,judges4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree ma9 portions3 7#a7 an introduction1 pres5t+ "o view ( ! occupation ( ,pale/9e by ! ,israelites 7i4 #a-;ii4 #e72 7#b7 ! hi/ory ( ! sev]al judges 7ii4 #f-xvi472 & 7#c7 an app5dix conta9+ two n>ratives ( ! p]iod4 #a4 ,! fir/ section relates ev5ts :i* are said to h tak5 place aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 b 9 reality x cov]s ! same gr\nd ) ! book ( ,jo%ua1 giv+ a brief acc\nt ( ! occupation ( ,canaan1 :i* 9 "s p>ticul>s repeats ! /atem5ts ( ! previ\s book1 :ile 9 o!rs x is q indep5d5t 7see ,,jo%ua74 ,x is impossible to reg>d ! w>like exp$itions describ$ 9 ?is section z supplem5t>y campaigns und]tak5 aft] ,jo%ua's dea?2 !y are pla9ly repres5t$ z ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! ,israelites to ga9 a firm foot+ 9 ! l& 7at ,hebron1 ,debir1 ,be!l71 9 ! v cities :i* ,jo%ua is relat$ to h subdu$ 7,jo%4 x4 #ci74a ,"h !n we h an acc\nt ( ! settlem5t ( ,israel we/ ( ! ,jordan :i* is p>allel to ! book ( ,jo%ua1 b makes no m5tion ( ,jo%ua himself1 & places ! tribe ( ,judah 9 ! front4 ,! au?or ( ! *apt] _c h _h ,jo%ua or 8 hi/ory 9 8 eye at all1 & ! words & x came to pass aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua 9 ,judg4 i4 #a are f ! h& ( ! la/ editor1 :o desir$ to make ! :ole book ( ,judges1 includ+ *4 i41 read cont9u\sly ) t :i* n[ prec$es x 9 ! canon ( ! e>li] prophets4#b #b4 ,! second & ma9 section 7ii4 #f-xvi47 /&s on q ano!r foot+4 ,accord+ to ,jo%4 xxiv4 #ca ! p s]v$ ,yahweh dur+ ! lifetime ( ! great conqu]or & 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ,judg4 ii4 #g ?is /atem5t is repeat$1 & ! writ] proce$s to expla9 t subsequ5t g5]ations fell away f ! fai?1 & s]v$ ! gods ( ! nations among :i* !y dwelt 7ii4 #f-;iii4 #f74 ,! wor%ip ( o!r gods is repres5t$1 n z some?+ :i* w5t on side by side ) ,yahweh-wor%ip 7cf4 x4 #f71 b z a revolt aga9/ ,yahweh1 p]iodically repeat$ & regul>ly *a/is$ by =eign invasion4 ,! hi/ory1 !re=e1 falls into recurr+ cycles1 ea* ( :i* beg9s ) religi\s corruption1 foll[$ by *a/isem5t1 :i* cont9ues until ,yahweh1 9 answ] to ! groans ( 8 oppress$ p1 raises up a judge to deliv] ,israel1 & recall !m to ! true fai?4 ,on ! dea? ( ! judge1 if n soon]1 ! corruption spreads anew & ! same vicissitudes foll[4 ,?is religi\s explanation ( ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory1 =mally exp\nd$ at ! outset & repeat$ 9 m or less detail f *apt] to *apt] 7especially vi4 #a-aj1 x4 #f-ah71 det]m9es ! =m ( ! :ole n>rative4 ,x is 9 g5]al agreem5t ) ! _s z also ) ! language ( ,deut]onomy1 & on ?is acc\nt ?is section may be conv5i5tly call$ ! ,deut]onomic ,book ( ,judges4 ,b ! ma9 religi\s ideas are n s late & are r ak9 to ^? ( ,jo%4 xxiv2 9 p>ticul> ! wor%ip ( ! high places is n condemn$1 nor is x excus$ z 9 #a ,k+s iii4 #b4 ,! s\rces ( ! n>rative are obvi\sly old] ?an ! !ological exposition ( its lessons1 & h]e9 lies ! value & int]e/ ( ,judges4 ,! importance ( su* docum5ts = ! sci5tific hi/orian lies n s mu* 9 ! ev5ts !y record z 9 ! unconsci\s witness !y be> to ! /ate ( society 9 :i* ! n>rator or poet liv$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! p>ts ( ! book are by no means all ( equal value2 critical analysis %[s t (t5 p>allel or di/9ct n>ratives h be5 fus$ toge!r1 & t1 :il/ ! old] /ories gave m prom95ce to ord9>y human motives & comb9ations1 ! lat] are col\r$ by religi\s reflection & %[ ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to re-tell ! =tunes ( ,israel 9 a =m t lays ev]-increas+ weight on ! "w ( ,yahweh = 8 p4 ,t ! pre-,deut]onomic s\rces are to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,judaean 7,j1 or ,yahwi/7 & ,ephraimite 7,e1 or ,elohi/7 /r&s ( ! ,hexateu* is1 h[ev]1 n c]ta94 ,to ! unity ( religi\s pragmatism 9 ! ma9 /ock ( ! book ( ,judges corresponds a unity ( *ronological s*eme4 ,! judges1 9 spite ( ! fact t mo/ ( !m _h cle>ly no m ?an a local influ5ce1 are all repres5t$ z successive rul]s 9 ,israel1 & ! hi/ory is dat$ by ! ye>s ( ea* judge%ip & ^? ( ! int]v5+ p]iods ( oppression4 ,b x is impossible to reconcile ! numb]s ) ! /atem5t else:]e t ! f\r? ye> ( ,solomon 0 ! #dhj? f ! exodus 7#a ,k+s vi4 #a74 ,see ,,bible3 ,*ronology4 ,! g5]al introduction 7ii4 #f-;iii4 #f7 is a bl5d ( ,deut]onomic & o!r s\rces4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 x & ! sep>ate n>ratives 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #a-bg1 a late ,ephraimite record ins]t$ by a second ,deut]onomic h&1 & xxiii41 ,d7 appe>s bo? f _! cont5ts & f ! fact t ,judg4 ii4 #f-aj is almo/ id5tical ) ! n>rative app5d$ to ,jo%ua's address 7,jo%ua xxiv4 #bh-ca74 ,judg4 i4-ii4 #e1 h[ev]1 is n t\*$ by ,d1 & h5ce 0 probably ins]t$ 9 its pres5t position at a lat] date4 ,accord+ to ! highly intricate introduction ! ,hebrews 7 oppress$3 7a7 to famili>ize !m ) w>f>e--x is assum$ t !y _h int]m>ri$ ) ! ,canaanites & wor%ipp$ _! gods 7iii4 #b1 #f72 7b7 to te/ _! loyalty to ,yahweh 7ii4 #bb2 iii4 #a72 or 7c7 to puni% !m = _! m>riage ) ! hea!n & _! apo/asy 7,d 9 ii4 #ab2 cf4 ,jo%4 xxiii41 & ibid4 v4 #ab74 ,to ?is succe$s a notewor?y example ( ! ,deut]onomic treatm5t ( tradition 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ,o?niel 7q4v47 ! only ,judaean judge4 ,! b>5ess ( detail1 n to speak ( ! improbability ( ! situation1 r5d]s its g5u95ess d\btful1 & ! passage is "o ( ! indications ( a second>y ,deut]onomic r$action4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is exceptional2 ! /ories ( ! o!r great judges 7 n rewritt5 or to any great ext5t revis$ by ! ,deut]onomic r$actor1 & 8 h& appe>s *iefly 9 ! framework4#c ,?us1 9 ! /ory ( ,ehud & ! defeat ( ,moab only iii4 #ab-ae1 #bi-cj are ,deut]onomic4 ,b ! re/ is n homog5e\s1 vv4 #ai & #bj appe> to be v>iants1 & ! m5tion ( ,israel 7v4 #bg;b7 is *>act]i/ic ( ! t5d5cy to treat local tr\bles z national oppressions1 :]eas o!r records repres5t little national unity at ?is p]iod 7i41 v474 ,see fur!r ,,ehud4 ,accord+ to ! ,septuag9t addition to ,jo%4 xxiv4 #cc1 ,moab 0 ! fir/ ( ,israel's oppressors4 ,! brief notice ( ,%amg>1 :o deliv]$ ,israel f ! ,phili/9es 7iii4 #ca71 is "o ( ! lat] ins]tions1 & 9 "s ,,mss4 ( ! ,,lxx4 x /&s aft] xvi4 #ca4 ,! /ory ( ! defeat ( ,sis]a appe>s 9 two di/9ct =ms1 an e>li]1 9 poetical =m 7v471 & a lat]1 9 prose 7iv474 ,d's framework is to be recogniz$ 9 iv4 #a-d1 #bc seq41 v4 #a 7probably71 #ca 7la/ clause72 see fur!r ,,deborah4 ,! ,midianite oppression 7vi4-viii47 is conta9$ 9 ! usual frame 7vi4 #a-f2 viii4 #bg seq471 b is n homog5e\s1 s9ce viii4 #d1 ! pursuit ( ! k+s1 _c be ! sequel ( viii4 #c 7:]e !y h be5 sla971 & viii4 #cc-ce ignores ix4 ,! /ructure ( vi4 #a-viii4 #c is p>ticul>ly intricate3 vi4 #be-cb does n cont9ue vi4 #aa-bd 7!re are two acc\nts ( ,gideon's introduction & div]g5t repres5tations ( ,yahweh-wor%ip72 vi4 #cd =ms ! sequel ( ! latt]1 & vi4 #cf-dj 7) ,god7 is /range aft] ! description ( ! miracle 9 vv4 #ba seq4 7) ,yahweh74 ,fur!r1 !re are difficulties 9 vi4 #cd1 vii4 #bc seq41 viii4 #a1 :5 comp>$ ) vii4 #b-h1 & 9 vii4 #af-bb two /ratagems are comb9$4 ,!re are two sequels3 vii4 #bc seq4 & viii4 #d2 ) ! =m] contra/ vi4 #ce2 ) viii4 #a-c cf4 xii4 #a-f1 & see bel[4 ,*apt] viii4 #bb seq4 comes unexpect$ly1 & ! refusal ( ! (f] ( ! k+%ip reflects lat] ideas 7cf4 #a ,sam4 viii4 #g2 x4 #ai2 xii4 #ab1 #ag74 ,! conclusion1 h[ev]1 %[s t ,j]ubbaal _h only a local reputation4 ,f9ally1 ! condemnation ( ! ephod z "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,yahweh 7viii4 #bg7 agrees ) ! ?\ght 9 vi4 #be-cb z aga9/ t 9 vi4 #aa-bd4 7,see ,,ephod2 ,,gideon47 ,*apt] ix4 7see ,,abimele*7 appe>s to h be5 want+ 9 ! ,deut]onomic book ( ,judges1 b ins]t$ lat] p]haps by means ( ! introduction1 viii4 #cj-cb 7po/-exilic74 ,x has two acc\nts ( ! attack ^u ,%e*em 7lx4 #bf-da & #db-di74 ,aft] a brief notice ( two m9or judges 7see bel[71 foll[s ! /ory ( ,jeph?ah4 ,x concludes ) ! usual ,deut]onomic =mula 7xii4 #g71 b is prefac$ by a detail$ introduction to ! oppression ( ,israel 7x4 #f sqq474 ,by ! inclusion ( ! ,phili/9es among ! oppressors1 & ( ,judah1 ,b5jam9 & ,ephraim among ! oppress$ 7x4 #g1 #i71 x appe>s to h 9 view n m]ely ! /ory ( ,samson1 a h]o ( local int]e/1 b ! e>ly *apt]s 9 #a ,samuel4 ,?is introduction is ( composite orig9 7z also ii4 #f-ba2 ,jo%4 xxiii4-xxiv4 #be71 b a satisfactory analysis seems impossible4 ,z x /&s1 x has lit]>y connexions ) ! late n>rative 9 #a ,sam4 7vii4 seq41 xii471 & appe>s to =m ! preface to t p]iod ( hi/ory :i* end$ ) ,samuel's great victory & ! in/itution ( ! mon>*y4 ,b ?is belongs to a lat] s*eme 7see ,,samuel71 & ! introduction 9 its e>li] =m mu/ h be5 ! prelude to e>li] n>ratives4#d ,! /ory ( ,jeph?ah's fight ) ,ammon is l9k$ to ! prec$+ introduction by x4 #ag seq42 = ! framework see x4 #f 7above71 xii4 #g4 ,*apt] xi4 #ab-bh 7cf4 ,num4 xx4 seq47 is applicable only to ,moab1 vv4 #bi & #cb are v>iants1 & ,jeph?ah's home is plac$ v>i\sly 9 ,tob4 7xi4 #c7 & ,mizpeh 7v4 #cd74 ,9 xi4 #a-aj ! outlaw /ipulates t he %all be *ief ( ,gilead if successful1 b 9 vv4 #ab-bh a rul] speaks on behalf ( ,israel4 ,bo? ,moab & ,ammon _h good reason to be ho/ile to ,gilead 7,num4 xxi471 b ! sc5e ( ! victory po9ts r to ! =m] 7v4 #cc1 possibly conflate74 ,!re is a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! victories ( ,gideon & ,jeph?ah1 :i* is emphasiz$ by ! close relation betwe5 viii4 #a-c & xii4 #a-f1 ! explanation ( :i* 9 its pres5t context is difficult4 ,see fur!r ,,jeph?ah4 ,! old /ories ( ,samson ! ,danite h be5 sc>cely t\*$ by ! r$action 7xiii4 #a2 xv4 #bj2 xvi4 #ca;b1 :]e he is a judge72 only xiii4 appe>s to be r lat] 7v4 #e repres5ts him z a =]unn] ( ,samuel & ,saul71 & gives a r diff]5t impression ( ! h]o ( ! folk-tales4 ,! cycle illu/rates "s int]e/+ cu/oms & is 9 e way valuable z a specim5 ( popul> n>rative4 ,see ,,samson4 ,gr\p$ among ^! n>ratives are ! five s-call$ m9or judges 7x4 #a-e2 xii4 #h-ae74 ,by ! addition ( ,%amg> 7iii4 #ca7 ! numb] is made to agree ) ! six m important names4 ,!y are n repres5t$ z hav+ any imm$iate religi\s importance2 !y really lie outside ( ! *ronological s*eme1 & _! hi/ory is pla9ly n relat$ f su* lively & detail$ rem9isc5ce z gives *>m to ! long] episodes ( ! book4 ,! notices are drawn up 9 set phraseology1 & "s ( ! names1 9 h>mony ) a *>act]i/ic feature ( e>ly ,hebrew hi/ory1 are ^? ( p]sonifi$ families ( communities r ?an ( families4#e #c4 ,! ?ird & la/ section ( ! book embraces *apt]s xvii4-xxi41 & consi/s ( two n>ratives indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & ( ! ma9 /ock ( ! book1 ) :i* !y are n br\ght into any *ronological connexion4 ,!y appe> to owe _! position to ! late/ r$actor 7ak9 to ! late/ /ratum 9 ! ,hexateu*7 :o has heavily work$ ov] xix-xxi41 & put ! book into its pres5t =m by ! addition ( i4-ii4 #e1 ix4 & possibly ( v4#f ,! fir/ n>rative1 t ( ,micah & ! ,danites1 is ( ! highe/ int]e/ bo? z a record ( ! /ate ( religion & = ! picture x gives ( ! way 9 :i* "o clan pass$ f ! condition ( an invad+ b& into settl$ possession ( l& & city4 ,its int]e/ 7xvii4 seq47 lies 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,ephraimite sanctu>y by ,micah z also 9 t ( ,dan4 ,!re are "s repetitions 9 ! acc\nt1 b !re is n en\gh evid5ce to re/ore two complete /ories4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,levite & ! ,b5jamites is ( q ano!r "*1 & presupposes a degree ( unity ( feel+ & action among ! tribes ( ,israel :i* x is n easy to reconcile ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,9 its pres5t =m ?is episode appe>s to be n v anci5t2 x resembles ,ru? 9 giv+ a good deal ( curi\s ar*aeological detail 7! fea/ at ,%iloh7 9 a =m :i* sugge/s t ! usages ref]r$ to 7 already obsolete :5 ! n>rative 0 compos$4 ,x appe>s to consi/ ( an old /ory :i* has be5 heavily revis$ to =m an edify+ piece ( exposition4 ,! old] p>ts are pres]v$ 9 xix43 ! acc\nt ( ! ,levite ( ,mt ,ephraim ^: concub9e f ,be?lehem 9 ,judah 0 outrag$1 n by ! non-,israelite ,jebusites ( ,j]usalem1 b by ! ,b5jamites ( ,gibeah2 !re are traces ( ano!r s\rce 9 vv4 #f-h1 #aj1 #ac1 #ae4 ,! old] portions ( xx4 seq4 include3 ! v5geance tak5 by ,israel 7e4g4 xx4 #c-h1 #ad1 #ai1 #bi1 #cf-da1 #dg71 & ! recon/ruction ( ! tribe by int]m>riage ) ! wom5 ( ,%iloh 7xxi4 #a1 #ae1 #ag-ai1 #ba-bc74 ,! po/-exilic expansions 7f\nd *iefly 9 xx41 xxi4 #b-ad1 #af1 #bd seq47 describe ! puni%m5t ( ,b5jam9 by ! religi\s assembly & ! massacre ( ,jabe%-,gilead = its refusal to jo9 ,israel1 f\r hundr$ virg9s ( ! ,gileadites be+ sav$ = ,b5jam94 ,h[ mu* old tradition und]lies ^! /ories is que/ionable4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ,hosea's allusion to ! depravity ( ,gibeah 7ix4 #i2 x4 #i7 is to be ref]r$ hi!r1 b x is notewor?y t :il/ ,gibeah & ,jabe%-,gilead1 :i* appe> "h 9 a bad light1 are kn[n to be associat$ ) ,saul1 ! suff]] is a ,levite ( ,be?lehem1 ! traditional home ( ,david4 ,! acc\nt ( ! great fight 9 xx4 is rem9isc5t ( ,jo%ua's battle at ,ai 7,jo%4 vii4-viii474 ,hi/orical ,value4--,! book ( ,judges consi/s ( a numb] ( n>ratives collect$ by ,deut]onomic editors2 to ! same circles are due acc\nts ( ! invasions ( ,pale/9e & settlem5t 9 ,jo%ua1 & ( ! f\ndation ( ! mon>*y 9 #a ,samuel4 ,! connexion has be5 brok5 by ! lat] ins]tion ( matt] 7n necess>ily ( late date itself71 & ! :ole 0 f9ally =m$ into a di/9ct book by a po/-exilic h&4 ,! dates ( ! old] /ories pres]v$ 9 ii4 #f-xvi4 #f are q unkn[n4 ,if !y are tru/wor?y = ! p]iod to :i* !y are relegat$ 7approximately #ad?-#ab? c5t4 ,b4,c47 !y are presumably ( v great antiquity1 b if !y belong to ! s\rces ,j & ,e ( ! ,hexateu* 7at lea/ "s f\r or five c5turies lat]7 _! value is s]i\sly weak5$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! belief t ! mon>*y _h be5 prec$$ by national judges may h l$ to ! =mation ( ! collection4 ,x is evid5t t !re 0 m ?an "o p]iod 9 ,israelite hi/ory 9 :i* "o or o!r ( ^! /ories ( local h]oes w\ld be equally suitable4 ,!y reflect tribal rivalry & jeal\sy 7cf4 ,isa4 ix4 #ba1 & ! successors ( ,j]oboam #b71 attacks by nomads & w>s ) ,ammon & ,moab2 conflicts betwe5 newly settl$ ,israelites & indig5\s ,canaanites h be5 suspect$ 9 ! /ory ( ,abimele*1 & x is n impossible t ! po/-,deut]onomic writ] :o ins]t$ *4 ix4 s und]/ood ! record4 ,a /rik+ exception to ! lack ( unity among ! tribes is af=d$ by ! acc\nt ( ! defeat ( ,sis]a1 & "h ! old poem repres5ts a comb9$ ef=t to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( a =eign oppressor1 :ile ! lat] prose v]sion approximates ! /&po9t ( ,jo%4 xi4 #a-ae1 ) its defeat ( ! ,canaanites4 ,! g5]al /&po9t ( ! /ories 7esp4 ,judg4 v47 is t ( c5tral ,pale/9e2 ! exceptions are ,o?niel & ,samson--! latt] int]rupt+ ! introduction 9 x41 & its sequel1 ! =m] n[ entirely due to ! ,deut]onomic editor4 ,( ! n>ratives :i* prec$e & foll[1 *4 i4 repres5ts c5tral ,pale/9e sep>at$ by ,canaanite cities f tribes to ! s\? & nor?2 x is ! situation recogniz$ 9 ,judg4 xix4 #aj-ab1 z well z 9 passages imb$d$ 9 ! late/ portions ( ! book ( ,jo%ua1 ?\gh x is 9 contradiction to ! old] traditions ( ,jo%ua himself4 ,*apt]s xvii4 seq4 7l ! prec$+ /ory ( ,samson7 deal ) ,danites1 b ! migration c h>dly be e>li] ?an ,david's "t2 & xix4-xxi41 by describ+ ! ext]m9ation ( ,b5jam91 =m a l9k betwe5 ! pres5ce ( ! tribe 9 ! late n>ratives ( ! exodus & its new prom95ce 9 ! traditions ( ,saul 7q4v474 ,z an hi/orical s\rce1 !re=e1 ! value ( ,judges w dep5d l>gely ^u ! "q :e!r ! ,deut]onomic editor 7ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 at ! e>lie/7 w\ld h access to tru/wor?y docum5ts relat+ to a p]iod "s six or sev5 c5turies previ\sly4 ,see fur!r ,,jews1 #f1 #h2 & ,,samuel1 ,,books ,,(4 ,,lit]ature4--,biblical s*ol>s are 9 agreem5t reg>d+ ! prelim9>y lit]>y que/ions ( ! book1 b !re is div]g5ce ( op9ion on po9ts ( detail1 & on ! precise gr[? ( ! book 7e4g4 ! tw(old ,deut]onomic r$action74 ,see fur!r ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,ency4 ,brit4 #i? ed4 7^u :i* ! pres5t article is bas$72 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,int]national ,critical ,comm4 7#ahie72 ,ency4 ,bib41 art4 ,judges2 ,k4 ,budde1 ,kurz] ,h&comm5t> 7#ahig72 ,lagrange1 ,livres des juges 7#aijc72 ,g4 ,w4 ,?at*] 7,c5tury ,bible72 also ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,lit4 ( ,old ,te/am5t 7#aiji72 ,moore1 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,old ,te/am5t 7#ahih72 ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t1 ,! ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t1 vol4 i4 7#aijd74 7,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is is confirm$ by ! circum/ance t 9 ,judg4 ii4 #a ! angel ( ,yahweh1 :o1 accord+ to ,exod4 xiv4 #bd1 xxiii4 #bj1 xxxii4 #cd1 xxxiii4 #b1 #g seq41 mu/ be view$ z hav+ 8 local manife/ation at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ho/ ( ,israel1 is /ill f\nd at ,gilgal & n at ,%iloh4 #b ,! *apt] 0 writt5 aft] ,israel _h become /rong en\gh to make ! ,canaanite cities tribut>y 7v4 #bh71 t is1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mon>*y 7see #a ,k+s ix4 #bj-ba74 #c ,h5ce1 x is to be inf]r$ t ! revis] _h old] writt5 records be=e him4 ,_h ^! be5 9 ! oral /age he w\ld sc>cely incorporate traditions :i* did n agree ) 8 views2 at all ev5ts !y w\ld h>dly h be5 writt5 d[n by him 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y h surviv$4 ,! n>ratives ( ! mon>*y :i* are pres]v$ only 9 ,*ronicles1 on ! o!r h&1 illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* tradition 0 re%ap$ & rewritt5 "u ! influ5ce ( a lat] religi\s /&po9t4 #d ,x may be conjectur$ t ! introduction orig9ally =m$ ! prelude to ! rise ( ,saul3 ! int]v5+ n>ratives1 ?\gh n necess>ily ( late orig9 !mselves1 hav+ be5 subsequ5tly ins]t$4 ,see ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 ,crit4 ,notes ,o4 ,t4 ,hi/41 p4 #abg seq4 #e ,tola & ,puah 7x4 #a7 are clans ( ,issa*> 7,g54 xlvi4 #ac71 = ,jair 7v4 #c71 see ,num4 xxxii4 #da1 & = ,elon 7xii4 #aa71 see ,g54 xlvi4 #ad4 ,see ,,g5ealogy3 ,biblical4 #f ,to ! same po/-exilic h& may also be ascrib$ ! introduction ( ! m9or judges 7s sev]al critics71 & small] additions "h & !re 7*4 i4 #a op5+ words1 vv4 #d1 #h seq4 contra/ #ba #ah2 viii4 #cj-cb3 xi4 #b1 c474 ,,judgm5t1 9 law1 a t]m us$ to describe 7#a7 ! adjudication by a c\rt ( ju/ice ^u a controv]sy submitt$ to x int] p>tes 7po/ litem conte/atam7 & det]m9+ ! rights ( ! p>ties & ! relief to be aw>d$ by ! c\rt z betwe5 !m2 7#b7 ! =mal docum5t issu+ f ! c\rt 9 :i* t adjudication is express$2 7#c7 ! op9ions ( ! judges express$ 9 a review ( ! facts & law applicable to ! controv]sy lead+ up to ! adjudication express$ 9 ! =mal docum5t4 ,:5 ! judgm5t has be5 pass$ & ent]$ & record$ x b9ds ! p>ties3 ! controv]sy comes to an end 7transit 9 rem judicatam71 & ! p]son 9 ^: fav\r ! judgm5t is ent]$ is entitl$ to en=ce x by ! appropriate me?od ( execution4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy among lawy]s z to ! mean+ ( ! expressions f9al & int]locutory z appli$ to judgm5ts1 & z to ! di/9ction betwe5 a judgm5t1 a decree1 & an ord]4 ,^! disputes arise ^u ! word+ ( /atutes or rules ( c\rt & ) ref]5ce to ! appropriate times or modes ( appeal or ( execution4 ,! judgm5ts ( "o c\ntry are n z a rule directly en=ceable 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,9 ,europe1 by treaty or arrangem5t1 =eign judgm5ts are 9 c]ta9 cases & on compliance ) c]ta9 =malities made executory 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,a simil> provision is made z betwe5 ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 = ! regi/ry & execution 9 ea* c\ntry ( c]ta9 classes ( judgm5ts giv5 9 ! o!rs4 ,b z reg>ds ! re/ ( ! k+'s dom9ions & =eign /ates1 a =eign judgm5t is 9 ,engl& recogniz$ only z con/itut+ a cause ( action :i* may be su$ ^u 9 ,engl&4 ,if giv5 by a c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction x is treat$ z creat+ a legal obligation to pay ! sum adjudg$ to be due4 ,summ>y judgm5t may be ent]$ 9 an ,engli% action bas$ on a =eign judgm5t unless ! def5dant c %[ t ! =eign c\rt _h n jurisdiction ov] ! p>ties or ! subject matt] ( ! action1 or t !re 0 fraud on ! "p ( ! =eign c\rt or ! successful p>ty1 or t ! =eign proce$+s 7 contr>y to natural ju/ice1 e4g4 conclud$ )\t due notice to ! p>ties affect$4 ,engli% c\rts w n en=ce =eign judgm5ts z to =eign crim9al or p5al or rev5ue laws4 ,,judgm5t ,,debtor1 9 ,engli% law1 a p]son aga9/ :om a judgm5t ord]+ him to pay a sum ( money has be5 obta9$ & rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,su* a p]son may be exam9$ z to :e!r any & :at debts are ow+ to him1 & if ! judgm5t debt is ( ! necess>y am\nt he may be made bankrupt if he fails to comply ) a bankruptcy notice s]v$ on him by ! judgm5t cr$itors1 or he may be committ$ to prison or h a receiv+ ord] made aga9/ him 9 a judgm5t summons "u ! ,debtors ,act #ahfi4 ,,judgm5t ,,summons1 9 ,engli% law1 a summons issu$ "u ! ,debtors ,act #ahfi1 on ! application ( a cr$itor :o has obta9$ a judgm5t = ! paym5t ( a sum ( money by in/alm5ts or o!rwise1 :]e ! ord] = paym5t has n be5 compli$ )4 ,! judgm5t summons cites ! def5dant to appe> p]sonally 9 c\rt1 & be exam9$ on oa? z to ! means he has1 or has _h1 s9ce ! date ( ! ord] or judgm5t made aga9/ him1 to pay ! same1 & to %[ cause :y he %\ld n be committ$ to prison = 8 default4 ,an ord] ( commitm5t obta9$ 9 a judgm5t summons rema9s 9 =ce = a ye> only1 & ! extreme t]m ( imprisonm5t is six weeks1 dat+ f ! "t ( lodg+ 9 prison4 ,:5 a debtor has once be5 imprison$1 al?\gh = a p]iod ( less ?an six weeks1 no second ord] ( commitm5t c be made aga9/ him 9 respect ( ! same debt4 ,b if ! judgm5t be = paym5t by in/alm5ts a p[] ( committal arises on default ( paym5t = ea* in/alm5t4 ,if an ord] ( commitm5t has nev] be5 execut$1 or becomes inop]ative ?r\gh lapse ( "t1 a fre% commitm5t may be made4 ,imprisonm5t does n op]ate z a satisfaction or ext+ui%m5t ( a debt1 or deprive a p]son ( a "r ( execution aga9/ ! l& or goods ( ! p]son imprison$ 9 ! same mann] z if !re _h be5 no imprisonm5t4 ,,judicature ,,acts1 an important s]ies ( ,engli% /atutes hav+ = _! object ! simplification ( ! sy/em ( judicature 9 its high] bran*es4 ,!y are ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,judicature ,act #ahgc 7#cf #cg ,vict4 c4 #ff7 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,judicature ,act #ahge 7#ch #ci ,vict4 c4 #gg71 ) v>i\s am5d+ acts1 ! twelf? ( ^! be+ 9 #ahii4 ,by ! act ( #ahgc ! c\rt ( *anc]y1 ! c\rt ( que5's 7k+'s7 b5*1 ! c\rt ( common pleas1 ! c\rt ( ex*equ]1 ! high c\rt ( admiralty1 ! c\rt ( probate & ! c\rt ( divorce & matrimonial causes 7 consolidat$ into "o ,supreme#a ,c\rt ( ,judicature 7sec4 #c71 divid$ into two p]man5t divisions1 call$ ! high c\rt1 ) 7speak+ broadly7 orig9al jurisdiction1 & ! c\rt ( appeal 7sec4 #d74 ,! objects ( ! act 7 ?reefold--fir/1 to r$uce ! hi/orically indep5d5t c\rts ( common law & equity into "o supreme c\rt2 secondly1 to e/abli% = all divisions ( ! c\rt a uni=m sy/em ( plead+ & proc$ure2 & ?irdly1 to provide = ! en=cem5t ( ! same rule ( law 9 ^? cases :]e *anc]y & common law recogniz$ diff]5t rules4 ,x c be se5 at once h[ bold & revolution>y 0 ?is new enactm5t4 ,by "o section ! augu/ k+'s b5*1 ! common pleas1 9 :i* s]jeants only _h =m]ly ! "r ( audi5ce1 & ! ex*equ]1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 & all _! jurisdiction1 crim9al1 legal & equitable1 7 ve/$ 9 ! new c\rt4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t law & equity 7 n fus$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t phrase has g5]ally be5 employ$4 ,! *anc]y division /ill rema9s di/9ct f ! common law division1 hav+ a c]ta9 range ( legal que/ions "u its exclusive control1 & possess+ to a c]ta9 ext5t a peculi> ma*9]y ( its own = c>ry+ its decrees into execution4 ,b all actions may n[ be br\ght 9 ! high c\rt ( ju/ice1 &1 subject to su* special assignm5ts ( bus9ess z t allud$ to1 may be tri$ 9 any division !re(4 ,!re 7 orig9ally ?ree common law divisions ( ! ,high ,c\rt correspond+ ) ! ?ree =m] c\rts ( common law4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,"l ,*ief ,b>on ,kelly on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] #ahhj1 & ( ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,cockburn on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ahhj1 ! common pleas & ex*equ] divisions 7 7by ord] 9 c\ncil1 #aj? ,decemb] #ahhj7 consolidat$ ) ! k+'s b5* division into "o division "u ! presid5cy ( ! "l *ief ju/ice ( ,engl&1 to :om1 by ! #be? section ( ! ,judicature ,act #ahha1 all ! /atutory jurisdiction ( ! *ief b>on & ! *ief ju/ice ( ! common pleas 0 transf]r$4 ,! high c\rt1 !re=e1 n[ consi/s ( ! *anc]y division1 ! common law division1 "u ! "n ( ! k+'s b5* division2 & ! probate1 divorce & admiralty division4 ,to ! k+'s b5* division is also atta*$1 by ord] ( ! "l *ancellor 7,jan4 #a1 #ahhd71 ! bus9ess ( ! ,london c\rt ( bankruptcy4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! composition ( ! v>i\s c\rts1 see ,,*anc]y2 ,,k+',s ,,b5*2 & ,,probate1 ,,divorce ,,& ,,admiralty ,,c\rt4 ,! key/one ( ! /ructure creat$ by ! ,judicature ,acts 0 a /rong c\rt ( appeal4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords rema9$ ! la/ c\rt ( appeal1 z be=e ! acts1 b its judicial functions 7 virtually transf]r$ to an appeal committee1 consi/+ ( ! "l *ancellor & o!r pe]s :o h held high judicial (fice1 & c]ta9 lords ( appeal 9 ord9>y creat$ by ! act ( #ahgc 7see ,,appeal74 ,! practice & proc$ure ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt are regulat$ by rules made by a committee ( judges1 to :i* h be5 add$ ! presid5t ( ! incorporat$ law society & a practis+ b>ri/] & "o o!r p]son nom9at$ by ! "l *ancellor4 ,! rules n[ 9 =ce are ^? ( #ahhc1 ) "s subsequ5t am5dm5ts4 ,) ! app5dices !y fill a mod]ate-siz$ volume4 ,compla9ts are made t !y g into too mu* detail1 & place a burd5 on ! "t & temp] ( ! busy practition] :i* he c ill af=d to be>4 ,x is possible t ! au?ors ( ! rules attempt$ too mu*1 & x might h be5 bett] to provide a simpl] & m ela/ic code ( proc$ure4 ,rules h sometimes be5 made to meet individual cases ( h>d%ip1 & rules ( proc$ure h be5 pil$ up f "t to "t1 sometimes embody+ a new exp]im5t1 & n always consi/5t ) =m] rules4 ,! mo/ important matt] dealt ) by ! rules is ! mode ( plead+4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,judicature ,act _h be=e !m two sy/ems ( plead+1 bo? ( :i* 7 op5 to criticism4 ,! common law plead+s 7x 0 said7 did n /ate ! facts on :i* ! plead] reli$1 b only ! legal aspect ( ! facts or ! inf]5ces f !m1 :ile ! *anc]y plead+s 7 l5g?y1 t$i\s & to a l>ge ext5t irrelevant & useless4 ,!re 0 "s exagg]ation 9 bo? /atem5ts4 ,9 pursu+ ! fusion ( law & equity :i* 0 ! dom9ant legal idea ( law re=m]s ( t p]iod1 ! fram]s ( ! fir/ set ( rules devis$ a sy/em :i* !y ?\ght w\ld meet ! defects ( bo? sy/ems1 & be appropriate = bo? ! common-law & ! *anc]y divisions4 ,9 a normal case1 ! pla9tiff deliv]$ 8 /atem5t ( claim1 9 :i* he 0 to set =? concisely ! facts on :i* he reli$1 & ! relief :i* he ask$4 ,! def5dant !n deliv]$ 8 /atem5t ( def5ce1 9 :i* he 0 to say :e!r he admitt$ or d5i$ ! pla9tiff's facts 7e av]m5t n trav]s$ be+ tak5 to be admitt$71 & any additional facts & legal def5ces on :i* he reli$4 ,! pla9tiff might !n reply1 & ! def5dant rejo91 & s on until ! plead]s _h exhau/$ !mselves4 ,?is sy/em ( plead+ 0 n a bad "o if accompani$ by ! "r ( ei!r p>ty to demur to 8 oppon5t's plead+1 i4e4 to say1 admitt+ all y\r av]m5ts ( fact to be true1 y /ill h no cause ( action1 or def5ce 7z ! case may be74 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ! au?ors ( ! new sy/em 7 too int5t on uni=mity :5 !y aboli%$ ! common-law plead+1 :i*1 %orn ( its abuses 7z x _h be5 by ! ,common ,law ,proc$ure ,acts71 0 an admirable in/rum5t = def9+ ! issue betwe5 ! p>ties ?\gh unsuit$ = ! m complicat$ cases :i* are tri$ 9 *anc]y1 & x might possibly h be5 bett] to try ! new sy/em 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ! *anc]y division only4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! rules conta9 provisions = actions be+ tri$ )\t plead+s if ! def5dant does n require a /atem5t ( claim1 & = ! pla9tiff 9 an action ( debt obta9+ imm$iate judgm5t unless ! def5dant gets leave to def5d4 ,9 ! *anc]y division !re are ( c\rse no plead+s 9 ^? matt]s :i* by ! rules c be dispos$ ( by summons 9 *amb]s in/ead ( by ord9>y suit z =m]ly4 ,! judges seem to h be5 dissatisfi$ ) ! effect ( _! =m] rules1 = 9 #ahhc !y issu$ a fre% set ( consolidat$ rules1 :i*1 ) subsequ5t am5dm5ts1 are ^? n[ 9 =ce4 ,by ^! rules a fur!r attempt 0 made to prune ! exub]ance ( plead+4 ,concise =ms ( /atem5t ( claim & def5ce 7 giv5 9 ! app5dix = adoption by ! plead]4 ,x is true t ^! =ms d n display a high /&>d ( excell5ce 9 draftsman%ip1 & x 0 said t _m ( !m 7 und\bt$ly demurrable1 b t 0 n ( mu* importance4 ,demurr]s 7 aboli%$1 & in/ead !re( x 0 provid$ t any po9t ( law rais$ by ! plead+s %\ld be dispos$ ( at or aft] ! trial1 provid$ t by cons5t or ord] ( ! c\rt ! same might be set d[n & dispos$ ( be=e ! trial 7,ord] xxv4 rules #a1 #b74 ,?is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,"l ,davey 9 #aijb 7,ency4 ,brit41 #aj? ed41 xxx4 #adf71 0 a disa/r\s *ange4 ,! "r ( ei!r p>ty to *all5ge 8 oppon5t 9 lim9e1 ei!r :]e ! "q betwe5 !m 0 purely "o ( law1 or :]e ev5 ! view ( ! facts tak5 & alleg$ by 8 oppon5t did n con/itute a cause ( action or def5ce1 0 a mo/ valuable "o1 & t5d$ to ! curtailm5t ( bo? ! delay & ! exp5se ( litigation4 ,any possibility ( abuse by frivol\s or te*nical demurr]s 7z und\bt$ly 0 =m]ly ! case7 _h be5 met by p[]s ( am5dm5t & ! infliction ( co/s4 ,_m ( ! mo/ important que/ions ( law _h be5 decid$ on demurr] bo? 9 common law & *anc]y4 ,"l ,davey consid]$ t demurr] 0 a useful & satisfactory mode ( try+ que/ions 9 *anc]y 7on bill & demurr]71 & x 0 frequ5tly adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to a special case1 :i* requires ! /atem5t ( facts to be agre$ to by bo? p>ties & 0 consequ5tly m difficult & exp5sive4 ,x is obvi\s t a rule :i* makes ! normal "t = decision ( que/ions at law ! trial or subsequ5tly1 & a prelim9>y decision ! exception1 & su* exception dep5d5t on ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties or an ord] ( ! c\rt1 is a poor sub/itute = a demurr] z ( "r1 & x has prov$ s 9 practice4 ,! editors ( ! ,ye>ly ,practice = #aija 7,muir ,mack5zie1 ,lu%+ton & ,fox7 said 7p4 #bgb73 ,po9ts ( law rais$ by ! plead+s are usually dispos$ ( at ! trial or on fur!r consid]ation aft] ! trial ( ! issues ( fact1 t is to say1 aft] ! delay1 worry & exp5se ( a trial ( disput$ que/ions ( fact :i* aft] all may turn out to be unnecess>y4 ,! abolition ( demurr]s has also 7x is believ$7 _h a prejudicial effect on ! /&>d ( legal accuracy & k requir$ 9 practition]s4 ,=m]ly ! plead] _h ! fe> ( a demurr] be=e him4 ,n[adays he ne$ n /op to ?9k :e!r 8 cause ( action or def5ce w hold wat] or n1 & any?+ :i* is n obvi\sly frivol\s or vexati\s w d by way ( plead+ = ! purpose ( ! trial & = gett+ ! opposite p>ty into ! box4 ,ano!r *ange 0 made by ! rules ( #ahhc1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by "s common law lawy]s z revolution>y4 ,=m]ly e issue ( fact 9 a common law action1 includ+ ! am\nt ( damage1 _h to be decid$ by ! v]dict ( a jury4 ,! effect ( ! rules ( #ahhc1 said ,"l ,l9dley1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! rule committee1 0 to make trial )\t a jury ! normal mode ( trial1 except :]e trial ) a jury is ord]$ "u rules #f or #g;a1 or may be _h )\t an ord] "u rule #b 7,timson v4 ,wilson1 #ch ,*4 ,d4 #gb1 at p4 #gf74 ,! effect ( ! rules may be ?us summ>iz$3 7#a7 ,9 ! *anc]y division no trial by jury unless ord]$ by ! judge4 7#b7 ,g5]ally ! judge may ord] trial )\t a jury ( any cause or issue1 :i* be=e ! ,judicature ,act might h be5 s tri$ )\t cons5t ( p>ties1 or :i* involves prolong$ inve/igation ( docum5ts or acc\nts1 or sci5tific or local inve/igation4 7#c7 ,ei!r p>ty has a "r to a jury 9 actions ( sl&]1 libel1 false imprisonm5t1 malici\s prosecution1 s$uction or brea* ( promise ( m>riage1 ^u notice )\t ord]2 7#d7 or 9 any o!r action1 by ord]4 7#e7 ,subject z above1 actions are to be tri$ )\t a jury unless ! judge1 ( 8 own motion1 o!rwise ord]s4 ,fur!r /eps h be5 tak5 ) a view to simplification ( proc$ure4 ,by ,ord] xxx4 rule #a 7z am5d$ 9 #ahig71 a summons1 call$ a summons = directions1 has to be tak5 out by a pla9tiff imm$iately aft] ! appe>ance ( ! def5dant1 & ^u su* summons an ord] is to be made respect+ plead+s1 & a numb] ( int]locutory proce$+s4 ,to make su* an ord] at t e>ly /age w\ld seem to dem& a presci5ce & intellig5t anticipation ( future ev5ts :i* c h>dly be expect$ ( a ma/]1 or ev5 a judge 9 *amb]s1 except 9 simple cases1 involv+ a s+le issue ( law or fact :i* ! p>ties are agre$ 9 pres5t+ to ! c\rt4 ,! effect ( ! rule is t ! pla9tiff _c deliv] 8 /atem5t ( claim1 or take any /ep 9 ! action )\t ! leave ( ! judge4 ,9 *anc]y cases ! ord] usually made is t ! pla9tiff deliv] 8 /atem5t ( claim1 & ! re/ ( ! summons /& ov]1 & ! practical effect is m]ely to add a few p\nds to ! co/s4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 z appli$ to ! majority ( actions1 ! rule does n proce$ on wrong l9es1 & :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to leave ! p>ties1 :o "k ! exig5cies ( _! case bett] ev5 ?an a judge 9 *amb]s1 to proce$ 9 _! own way1 subject to /r+5t provisions = imm$iate paym5t ( ! co/s occasion$ by unnecess>y1 vexati\s1 or dilatory proce$+s4 ,! ord] does n apply to admiralty cases or to proce$+s "u ! ord] next m5tion$4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,judicature ,act 7,irel&7 #ahgg foll[s ! same l9es z ! ,engli% acts4 ,! pre-exi/+ c\rts 7 consolidat$ into a supreme c\rt ( judicature1 consi/+ ( a high c\rt ( ju/ice & a c\rt ( appeal4 ,! judicature acts did n affect ,scotti% judicature1 b ! ,appellate ,jurisdiction ,act includ$ ! c\rt ( session among ! c\rts f :i* an appeal lies to ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! comte de ,franqueville 9 8 int]e/+ "w1 ,le ,sy/me judiciaire de la ,gr&e ,bretagne1 criticizes ! use ( ! ^w supreme z a designation ( ?is c\rt1 inasmu* z its judgm5ts are subject to appeal to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 b 9 ! act ( #ahgc ! appeal to ! ,h\se ( ,lords 0 aboli%$4 ,he is also sev]e on ! illogical use ( ! words division & c\rt 9 _m diff]5t s5ses 7i4 #ahj-aha74 ,,judi?1 ,,! ,,book ,,(1 "o ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x takes its "n f ! h]o9e ,judi? 7,greek3 ,i\di?1 ,i\d?1 i4e4 ,hebrew3 yehudit1 ,jewess71 to :om ! la/ n9e ( its sixte5 *apt]s relate4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t & ,vulgate x imm$iately prec$es ,e/h]1 & along ) ,tobit comes aft] ,nehemiah2 9 ! ,engli% ,apocrypha x is plac$ betwe5 ,tobit & ! apocryphal additions to ,e/h]4 ,argum5t4--,9 ! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign ,nebu*adrezz>1 :o is describ$ z k+ ( ,assyria1 hav+ 8 capital 9 ,n9eveh1 makes w> aga9/ ,arphaxad1 k+ ( ,m$ia1 & ov]comes him 9 8 sev5te5? ye>4 ,he !n despat*es 8 *ief g5]al ,hol(]nes to take v5geance on ! nations ( ! we/ :o _h )held _! assi/ance4 ,?is exp$ition has already succe$$ 9 its ma9 objects :5 ,hol(]nes proce$s to attack ,judaea4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :o are describ$ z hav+ newly return$ f captivity1 are appreh5sive ( a desecration ( _! sanctu>y1 & resolve on resi/ance to ! utt]mo/4 ,! inhabitants ( ,be?ulia 7,betylua7 & ,betome/ham 9 p>ticul> 7nei!r place c be id5tifi$71 direct$ by ,joa*im ! high prie/1 gu>d ! m\nta9 passes ne> ,do?aim1 & place !mselves "u ,god's protection4 ,hol(]nes n[ inquires ( ! *iefs :o are ) him ab\t ! ,israelites1 & is answ]$ by ,a*ior ! lead] ( ! ,ammonites1 :o ent]s ^u a long hi/orical n>rative %[+ ! ,israelites to be inv9cible except :5 !y h (f5d$ ,god4 ,= ?is ,a*ior is puni%$ by be+ h&$ ov] to ! ,israelites1 :o lead him to ! gov]nor ( ,be?ulia4 ,next day ! siege beg9s1 & aft] =ty days ! fami%$ inhabitants urge ! gov]nor ,ozias to surr5d]1 :i* he cons5ts to d unless reliev$ 9 five days4 ,judi?1 a beautiful & pi\s wid[ ( ! tribe ( ,simeon1 n[ appe>s on ! sc5e ) a plan ( deliv]ance4 ,we>+ h] ri* attire1 & accompani$ by h] maid1 :o c>ries a bag ( provisions1 %e goes ov] to ! ho/ile camp1 :]e %e is at once conduct$ to ! g5]al1 ^: suspicions are dis>m$ by ! tales %e inv5ts4 ,aft] f\r days ,hol(]nes1 smitt5 ) h] *>ms1 at ! close ( a sumptu\s ent]ta9m5t invites h] to rema9 )9 8 t5t ov] night4 ,no soon] is he ov]come ) sleep ?an ,judi?1 seiz+ 8 sword1 /rikes (f 8 head & gives x to h] maid2 bo? n[ leave ! camp 7z !y _h previ\sly be5 accu/om$ to d1 o/5sibly = pray]7 & return to ,be?ulia1 :]e ! trophy is display$ amid great rejoic+s & ?anksgiv+s4 ,a*ior n[ publicly pr(esses ,judaism1 & at ! in/ance ( ,judi? ! ,israelites make a sudd5 victori\s onslaught on ! enemy4 ,judi? n[ s+s a song ( praise1 & all g up to ,j]usalem to wor%ip ) sacrifice & rejoic+4 ,! book concludes ) a brief notice ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ! h]o9e4 ,v]sions4--,judi? 0 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,hebrew4 ,?is is %[n n only by ! num]\s ,hebraisms1 b also by mi/ranslations ( ! ,greek translation1 z 9 ii4 #b1 iii4 #i1 & o!r passages 7see ,fritzs*e & ,ball 9 loc471 despite ! /atem5t ( ,orig5 7,ep4 ad ,afric4 #ac7 t ! book 0 n receiv$ by ! ,jews among _! apocryphal writ+s4 ,9 8 preface to ,judi?1 ,j]ome says t he bas$ 8 ,lat9 v]sion on ! ,*aldee1 :i* ! ,jews reckon$ among _! ,hagiographa4 ,ball 7,speak]'s ,apocrypha1 i4 #bdc7 holds t ! ,*aldee text us$ by ,j]ome 0 a free translation or adaptation ( ! ,hebrew4 ,! book exi/s 9 two =ms3 ! %ort]1 :i* is pres]v$ only 9 ,hebrew 7see "u ,hebrew ,midra%im bel[71 is1 accord+ to ,s*olz1 ,lipsius1 ,ball & ,ga/]1 ! old]2 ! long] =m is t conta9$ 9 ! v]sions4 ,greek ,v]sion4--,?is is f\nd 9 ?ree rec5sions3 7#a7 9 ,a ,b1 ,hebrew3 a2 7#b7 9 codices #ai1 #ajh 7,lucian's text72 7#c7 9 codex #eh1 ! s\rce ( ! old ,lat9 & ,syriac4 ,syriac & ,lat9 ,v]sions4--,two ,syriac v]sions 7 made f ! ,greek--! fir/1 t ( ! ,pe%ito2 & ! second1 t ( ,paul ( ,tella1 ! s-call$ ,hexapl>ic4 ,! ,old ,lat9 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 z we h rem>k$ above1 & ,j]ome's f ! ,old ,lat91 "u ! control ( a ,*aldee v]sion4 ,lat] ,hebrew ,midra%im4--,^! are pr9t$ 9 ,jell9ek's ,bet ha-,midras*1 i4 #acj-aca2 ii4 #ab-bb2 & by ,ga/] 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology 7#ahid71 pp4 #aef-afc4 ,date4--,! book 9 its full] =m 0 mo/ probably writt5 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! writ] places 8 romance two c5turies e>li]1 9 ! "t ( ,o*us1 z we may reasonably inf] f ! attack made by ,hol(]nes & ,bagoas on ,judaea2 = ,artax]xes ,o*us made an exp$ition aga9/ ,pho5icia & ,egypt 9 #cej ,b4,c41 9 :i* 8 *ief g5]als 7 ,hol(]nes & ,bagoas4 ,,rec5t ,,lit]ature4--,ball1 ,speak]'s ,apocrypha 7#ahhh71 an excell5t piece ( "w2 ,s*olz1 ,das ,bu* ,judi? 7#ahif72 ,lhr1 ,apok4 und ,pseud4 7#aijj71 ii4 #adg-afd2 ,port] 9 ,ha/+s's ,dict4 ,bible1 ii4 #hbb-hbd2 ,ga/]1 ,ency4 ,bib41 ii4 #bfdb-bfdf4 ,see ,ball1 pp4 #bfj-bfa1 & ,s*r] 9 loc41 = a full bibliography4 7,r4 ,h4 ,c47 ,,judson1 ,,adoniram 7#aghh-ahej71 ,am]ican mission>y1 0 born at ,mald51 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #i? ( ,augu/ #aghh1 ! son ( a ,congregational m9i/]4 ,he graduat$ at ,br[n ,univ]sity 9 #ahjg1 0 successively a s*ool tea*] & an actor1 complet$ a c\rse at ! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,septemb] #ahaj1 & 0 at once lic5s$ to prea* z a ,congregational cl]gyman4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahaj he ) sev]al ( 8 fell[s /ud5ts at ,&ov] _h petition$ ! g5]al association ( m9i/]s to be s5t to ,asiatic mission>y fields4 ,?is application result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican bo>d ( commission]s = =eign missions1 :i* s5t ,judson to ,engl& to secure1 if possible1 ! co-op]ation ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society4 ,8 %ip fell into ! h&s ( a ,fr5* private] & he 0 = "s "t a prison] 9 ,france1 b f9ally proce$$ to ,london1 :]e 8 proposal 0 consid]$ )\t any?+ be+ decid$4 ,he !n return$ to ,am]ica1 :]e he f\nd ! bo>d ready to act indep5d5tly4 ,8 appo9tm5t to ,burma foll[$1 & 9 #ahab1 accompani$ by 8 wife1 ,ann ,hasselt9e ,judson 7#aghi-ahbf71 he w5t to ,calcutta4 ,on ! voyage bo? became advocates ( baptism by imm]sion1 & be+ ?us cut (f f ,congregationalism1 !y began indep5d5t "w4 ,9 #ahad !y began to receive support f ! ,am]ican ,bapti/ mission>y union1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ ) ! prim>y object ( keep+ !m 9 ! field4 ,aft] a few mon?s at ,madras1 !y settl$ at ,rangoon4 ,!re ,judson ma/]$ ,burmese1 into :i* he translat$ "p ( ! ,gospels ) 8 wife's help4 ,9 #ahbd he remov$ to ,ava1 :]e dur+ ! w> betwe5 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company & ,burma he 0 imprison$ = almo/ two ye>s4 ,aft] peace _h be5 br\ght ab\t 7l>gely1 x is said1 ?r\gh 8 ex]tions7 ,mrs ,judson di$4 ,9 #ahbg ,judson remov$ 8 headqu>t]s to ,maulma91 :]e s*ool build+s & a *ur* 7 erect$1 & :]e 9 #ahcd he m>ri$ ,s>ah ,hall ,bo>dman 7#ahjc-ahde74 ,9 #ahcc he complet$ 8 translation ( ! ,bible2 9 succe$+ ye>s he compil$ a ,burmese gramm>1 a ,burmese diction>y1 & a ,pali diction>y4 ,9 #ahde 8 wife's fail+ heal? decid$ ,judson to return to ,am]ica1 b %e di$ dur+ ! voyage1 & 0 buri$ at ,/ ,hel5a4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,judson m>ri$ ,emily ,*ubbuck 7#ahag-ahed71 well-kn[n z a poet & noveli/ "u ! "n ( ,fanny ,=re/]1 :o 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ advocates 9 ,am]ica ( ! high] education ( wom54 ,%e return$ ) him 9 #ahdf to ,burma1 :]e ! re/ ( 8 life 0 devot$ l>gely to ! rewrit+ ( 8 ,burmese diction>y4 ,he di$ at sea on ! #ab? ( ,april #ahej1 :ile on 8 way to ,m>t9ique1 9 se>* ( heal?4 ,judson 0 p]haps ! greate/1 z he 0 practically ! fir/1 ( ! _m mission>ies s5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates into =eign fields2 8 f]v\r1 8 devotion to duty1 & 8 =titude 9 ! face ( dang] m>k him z ! prototype ( ! ,am]ican mission>y4 ,! ,judson ,memorial1 an in/itutional *ur*1 0 erect$ on ,wa%+ton ,squ>e ,s\?1 ,new ,york ,city1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( 8 son1 ,rev4 ,edw>d ,judson 7b4 #ahdd71 :o became its pa/or & director1 & :o prep>$ a life ( ,dr ,judson 7#ahhc2 new ed4 #ahih74 ,ano!r biography is by ,francis ,wayl& 7#b vols41 #ahed74 ,see also ,rob]t ,t4 ,middl$it*'s ,life ( ,adoniram ,judson1 ,burmah's ,great ,mission>y 7,new ,york1 #ahei74 ,= ! ?ree ,mrs4 ,judsons1 see ,kn[les1 ,life ( ,ann ,hasselt9e ,judson 7#ahbi72 ,emily ,c4 ,judson1 ,life ( ,s>ah ,hall ,bo>dman ,judson 7#ahdi72 ,asahel ,c4 ,k5drick1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,emily ,*ubbuck ,judson 7#ahfa74 ,,juel1 ,,j5s 7#afca-agjj71 ,dani% /atesman1 born on ! #ae? ( ,july #afca1 began 8 diplomatic c>e] 9 ! suite ( ,c\nt ,*ri/ian ,rantzau1 :om he accompani$ to ,vi5na & ,reg5sburg 9 #afeb4 ,9 ,augu/ #afeg ,juel 0 accr$it$ to ! c\rt ( ,pol&1 & ?\gh he fail$ to prev5t ,k+ ,john ,casimir f negotiat+ sep>ately ) ,sw$5 he 0 made a privy c\ncillor on 8 return home4 ,b x 0 ! reconciliation ( ,juel's uncle ,hannibal ,sehe/$ ) ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 :i* secur$ ,juel's future4 ,z ,sehe/$'s repres5tative1 he conclud$ ! peace ( ,cop5hag5 ) ,*>les ,x41 & aft] ! ,dani% revolution ( #affj 0 appo9t$ ,dani% m9i/] at ,/ockholm1 :]e he rema9$ = eight ye>s4 ,subsequ5tly ! *ancellor ,griff5feldt1 :o _h become w>mly atta*$ to him1 s5t him 9 #afgb1 & aga9 9 #afgd1 z ambassador extraord9>y to ,sw$51 o/5sibly to br+ ab\t a clos] union betwe5 ! two nor!rn k+doms1 b really to give "t to consolidate ,griff5feldt's f>-rea*+ sy/em ( alliances4 ,juel completely sympa?iz$ ) ,griff5feldt's ,sc&9avian policy1 :i* aim$ at weak5+ ,sw$5 suffici5tly to re-e/abli% some?+ l an equilibrium betwe5 ! two /ates4 ,l ,griff5feldt1 ,juel also fe>$1 above all ?+s1 a ,sw$o-,dani% w>4 ,aft] ! unlucky ,seaman ,w> ( #afge-gi1 ,juel 0 "o ( ! ,dani% pl5ipot5ti>ies :o negotiat$ ! peace ( ,lund4 ,ev5 !n he 0 = an alliance ) ,sw$5 till we c d bett]4 ,?is policy he consi/5tly foll[$1 & 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ! m>riage ( ,*>les ,,xi4 ) ,*ri/ian ,v4's daught] ,ulrica ,leonora4 ,b = ! dea? ( ! l-m9d$ ,sw$i% /atesman ,johan ,gyll5/j]na 9 ,june #afhj1 ,juel's ,sc&9avian policy might h succe$$1 to ! inf9ite advantage ( bo? k+doms4 ,he repres5t$ ,d5m>k at ! coronation ( ,*>les ,,xii4 7,decemb] #afig71 :5 he conclud$ a new treaty ( alliance ) ,sw$54 ,he di$ 9 #agjj4 ,juel1 a man ( v few words & a sworn enemy ( phrase-mak+1 0 p]haps ! %rewde/ & mo/ cynical diplomati/ ( 8 day4 ,8 motto 03 ,we %\ld wi% = :at we c get4 ,?r\gh\t life he reg>d$ ! political situation ( ,d5m>k ) absolute pessimism4 ,%e 01 he (t5 said1 ! cat's-paw ( ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,:ile ,griff5feldt w\ld h obviat$ ?is dang] by an ela/ic political sy/em1 adaptable to all circum/ances1 ,juel pref]r$ seiz+ :atev] he c\ld get 9 fav\rable conjunctures4 ,9 dome/ic affairs ,juel 0 an adh]5t ( ! m]cantile sy/em1 & lab\r$ vigor\sly = ! indu/rial developm5t ( ,d5m>k & ,norway4 ,= an ari/ocrat ( ! old s*ool he 0 lib]ally incl9$1 b only fav\r$ petty re=ms1 especially 9 agriculture1 :ile he reg>d$ emancipation ( ! s]fs z q impracticable4 ,juel made no secret ( 8 pref]5ce = absolutism1 & 0 "o ( ! few patricians :o accept$ ! title ( b>on4 ,he saw "s milit>y s]vice dur+ ! ,scanian ,w>1 di/+ui%+ himself at ! siege ( ,v5]sborg1 & by 8 swift decision at ! critical mom5t mat]ially contribut+ to 8 bro!r ,niels's naval victory 9 ! ,bay ( ,kjge4 ,to 8 great hon\r he rema9$ fai?ful to ,griff5feldt aft] 8 fall1 enabl$ 8 daught] to m>ry h&somely1 & did 8 utmo/1 ?\gh 9 va91 to obta9 ! ex-*ancellor's release f 8 dungeon4 ,see ,c>l ,fr$]ik ,bricka1 ,dansk biografisk lex41 art4 ,juel 7#ahhg1 c472 ,adolf ,ditlev ,jrg5s51 ,p4 ,s*uma*] ,griff5feldt 7#ahic-ahid74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,juel1 ,,niels 7#afbi-afig71 ,dani% admiral1 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 0 born on ! #h? ( ,may #afbi1 at ,*ri/iania4 ,he s]v$ 8 naval appr5tice%ip "u ,van ,tromp & ,de ,ruyt]1 tak+ "p 9 all ! *ief engagem5ts ( ! w> ( #afeb-ed betwe5 ,engl& & ,holl&4 ,dur+ a long indisposition at ,am/]dam 9 #afee-afef he acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( %ip-build+1 & return$ to ,d5m>k 9 #afef a ?or\ghly equipp$ seaman4 ,he s]v$ ) di/9ction dur+ ! ,sw$o-,dani% w>s ( #afeh-fj & took a prom95t "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,cop5hag5 aga9/ ,*>les ,x4 ,dur+ fifte5 ye>s ( peace1 ,juel1 z admiral ( ! fleet1 lab\r$ assidu\sly to develop & improve ! ,dani% navy1 ?\gh he bitt]ly res5t$ ! sett+ ov] 8 head 9 #affc ( ,cort ,adela> on 8 return f ! ,turki% w>s4 ,9 #affa ,juel m>ri$ ,m>gre! ,ulfeldt4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,scanian ,w> he s]v$ at fir/ "u ,adela>1 b on ! dea? ( ! latt] 9 ,novemb] #afge he 0 appo9t$ to ! supreme comm&4 ,he !n won a ,european reputation1 & rais$ ,dani% sea-p[] to unprec$5t$ em95ce1 by ! sy/em ( naval tactics1 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,nelson1 :i* consi/s 9 cutt+ (f a "p ( ! enemy's =ce & conc5trat+ ! :ole attack on x4 ,he fir/ employ$ ?is manoeuvre at ! battle ( ,jasmund (f ,rg5 7,may #be1 #afgf7 :5 he broke ?r\gh ! enemy's l9e 9 close column & cut (f five ( _! %ips1 :i*1 h[ev]1 nightfall prev5t$ him f pursu+4 ,juel's op]ations 7 consid]ably hamp]$ at ?is p]iod by ! ov]be>+ conduct ( 8 ,dut* auxili>y1 ,philip ,almonde1 :o falsely accus$ ! ,dani% admiral ( c[>dice4 ,a few days aft] ! battle ( ,jasmund1 ,cornelius ,van ,tromp ! y\ng]1 ) #ag fre% ,dani% & ,dut* %ips ( ! l9e1 sup]s$$ ,juel 9 ! supreme comm&4 ,juel took a lead+ "p 9 ,van ,tromp's great victory (f l& 7,june #a1 #afgf71 :i* enabl$ ! ,danes to invade ,scania unoppos$4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,june #afgg ,juel defeat$ ! ,sw$i% admiral ,sjblad (f ,men2 on ! #cj? ( ,june #afgg he won 8 greate/ victory1 9 ! ,bay ( ,kjge1 :]e1 ) #be %ips ( ! l9e & #abfg guns1 he r\t$ ! ,sw$i% admiral ,ev]t ,horn ) #cf %ips ( ! l9e & #ahjj guns4 ,= ?is great triumph1 ! j rew>d ( sup]ior seaman%ip & /rategy--at an e>ly /age ( ! engagem5t ,juel's exp]i5c$ eye told him t ! w9d 9 ! c\rse ( ! day w\ld %ift f ,s4,w4 to ,w4 & he took extraord9>y risks accord+ly--he 0 made lieut5ant admiral g5]al & a privy c\ncillor4 ,?is victory1 besides p]man5tly crippl+ ! ,sw$i% navy1 gave ! ,danes a self-confid5ce :i* enabl$ !m to keep _! ,dut* allies 9 _! prop] place4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,van ,tromp1 ^: high-h&$ness _h become unbe>able1 0 dis*>g$ by ,*ri/ian ,v41 :o gave ! supreme comm& to ,juel4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #afgh ,juel put to sea ) #hd %ips c>ry+ #bdjj cannon1 b z ! ,sw$es 7 no long] /rong en\gh to enc\nt] su* a =midable armam5t on ! op5 sea1 8 op]ations 7 limit$ to blockad+ ! ,sw$i% ports & transport+ troops to ,rg54 ,aft] ! peace ( ,lund ,juel %[$ himself an adm9i/rator & re=m] ( ! fir/ ord]1 & "u 8 en]getic sup]vision ! ,dani% navy ultimately rea*$ impos+ dim5sions1 especially aft] ,juel became *ief ( ! admiralty 9 #afhc4 ,p]sonally ,juel 0 ! noble/ & mo/ amiable ( m51 equally belov$ & respect$ by 8 sailors1 simple1 /raight=w>d & unpret5ti\s 9 all 8 ways4 ,dur+ 8 latt] ye>s he 0 popul>ly kn[n 9 ,cop5hag5 z ! good old knight4 ,he di$ on ! #h? ( ,april #afig4 ,see ,g>de1 ,niels ,juel 7#ahdb71 & ,d5 dansk4 norske ,smagts ,hi/orie1 #aece-agjj 7#ahfa74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,jug1 a vessel = hold+ liquid1 usually ) "o h&le & a lip1 made ( e>!nw>e1 glass or metal4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w 9 ?is s5se is unc]ta91 b x is probably id5tical ) a %ort5$ =m ( ! fem99e "n ,joan or ,joanna2 cf4 ! simil> use ( ,jack & ,jill or ,gill = a dr9k+-vessel or a liquor measure4 ,x has also be5 us$ z a common expression = a homely woman1 a s]vant-girl1 a swee!>t1 sometimes 9 a s5se ( disp>agem5t4 ,9 slang1 jug or /one-jug is us$ to d5ote a prison2 ?is may possibly be an adaptation ( ,fr4 j\g1 yoke1 ,lat4 jugum4 ,! ^w jug is probably onomatopoeic :5 us$ to repres5t a p>ticul> note ( ! night+ale's song1 or appli$ locally to v>i\s small birds1 z ! h$ge-jug1 c4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a rem>kable bronze jug :i* 0 f\nd at ,kumasi dur+ ! ,a%anti ,exp$ition ( #ahif4 ,x dates f ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & is decorat$ 9 relief ) ! arms ( ,engl& & ! badge ( ! k+4 ,x has a lid1 sp\t & h&le1 :i* ends 9 a quatrefoil4 ,an inscription1 on ?ree rais$ b&s r\nd ! body ( ! vessel1 mod]niz$ runs3--,he t w n sp>e :5 he may %all n sp5d :5 he w\ld4 ,deem ! be/ 9 e d\bt till ! tru? be tri$ out4 ,! ,briti% ,museum ,guide to ! ,m$ieval ,room conta9s an illu/ration ( ?is vessel4 ,a p>ticul> =m ( jug is ! ew]1 ! precursor ( ! ord9>y b$room jug 7an adaptation ( ,o4 ,fr4 ewaire1 m$4 ,lat4 aqu>ia1 wat]-pit*]1 f aqua1 wat]74 ,! ew] 0 a jug ) a wide sp\t1 & 0 pr9cipally us$ at table = p\r+ wat] ov] ! h&s aft] eat+1 a matt] ( "s necessity be=e ! introduction ( =ks4 ,e>ly ew]s are sometimes m\nt$ on ?ree feet1 & be> inscriptions su* z ,v5ez lav]4 ,a bas9 ( simil> mat]ial & design accompani$ ! ew]4 ,9 ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies a special type ( metal ew] takes ! =m ( animals1 m5 on horseback1 c42 ^! are g5]ally kn[n z aquamaniles1 f m$4 ,lat4 aqua manile or aqua manale 7aqua1 wat]1 & man>e1 to trickle1 p\r1 drip74 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s sev]al examples4 ,9 ! #ah? & e>ly #ai? c5turies 7 made ! dr9k+-vessels ( pott]y kn[n z ,toby jugs1 prop]ly ,toby ,fillpots or ,philpots4 ,^! take ! =m ( a /\t old man1 sometimes seat$1 ) a ?ree-corn]$ hat1 ! corn]s ( :i* act z sp\ts4 ,simil> dr9k+-vessels 7 also made repres5t+ *>act]s popul> at ! "t1 su* z ,nelson jugs1 c4 ,,juge1 ,,b(fille ,,de 7d4 #aejb71 ,fr5*-,italian adv5tur] & /atesman1 belong$ to ! family ( del ,giudice1 :i* came f ,amalfi1 & foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! ,angev9 dyna/y4 ,:5 ,john ( ,anj\1 duke ( ,calabria1 0 conqu]$ 9 ,italy 7#adfa7 & fl$ to ,prov5ce1 ,b(fille foll[$ him4 ,he 0 giv5 by ,duke ,john & 8 fa!r1 ,k+ ,r51 ! *>ge ( uphold+ by =ce ( arms _! claims on ,catalonia4 ,l\is ,,xi41 :o _h jo9$ 8 troops to ^? ( ! pr9ces ( ,anj\1 atta*$ ,b(fille to 8 own p]son1 made him 8 *amb]la9 & conf]r$ on him ! vice-royalty ( ,r\ssillon & ,c]dagne 7#adga71 toge!r ) c]ta9 important lord%ips1 among o!rs ! c\nt%ip ( ,ca/res1 confiscat$ f ,james ( ,armagnac1 duke ( ,nem\rs 7#adgf71 & ! temporalities ( ! bi%opric ( ,ca/res1 confiscat$ f ,john ( ,armagnac4 ,he also entru/$ him ) diplomatic negotiations ) ,fl&]s & ,engl&4 ,9 #adhj ,b(fille m>ri$ ,m>ie d',albret1 si/] ( ,ala9 ! ,great1 ?us confirm+ ! feudal position :i* ! k+ _h giv5 him 9 ! s\?4 ,he 0 appo9t$ z "o ( ! judges 9 ! trial ( ,r5 ( ,al5on1 & %[$ su* zeal 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 functions t ,l\is ,,xi4 rew>d$ him by fre% gifts4 ,h[ev]1 ! bi%op ( ,ca/res recov]$ 8 diocese 7#adhc71 & ! heirs ( ! duke ( ,nem\rs took legal proce$+s = ! recov]y ( ! c\nt%ip ( ,ca/res4 ,b(fille1 ) ! object ( escap+ f 8 enemies1 appli$ = ! comm& ( ! armies ( ! republic ( ,v5ice4 ,8 application 0 refus$1 & he fur!r lo/ ! vice-royalty ( ,r\ssillon 7#adia74 ,8 daught] ,l\ise m>ri$ aga9/ 8 w a g5tleman ( no rank1 & ?is l$ to t]rible family diss5sions4 ,9 ord] to dis9h]it 8 own family1 ,b(fille de ,juge gave up ! c\nt%ip ( ,ca/res to 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,ala9 d',albret 7#adid74 ,he di$ 9 #aejb4 ,see ,p4 ,m4 ,p]ret1 ,b(fille de ,juge1 comte de ,ca/res1 et la rpublique de ,v5ise 7#ahia72 ,f4 ,pasqui]1 ,inv5taire des docum5ts conc]nant ,b(fille de ,juge 7#aije74 7,m4 ,p4997 ,,jugg]naut1 a corruption ( ,sans4 ,,jaganna?a1 ,"l ( ! ,_w1 ! "n "u :i* ! ,h9du god ,vi%nu is wor%ipp$ at ,puri 9 ,orissa4 ,! leg5d runs t ! sacr$ blue-/one image ( ,jaganna?a 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! solitude ( ! jungle by an outca/1 a ,sav>a m\nta9e]1 call$ ,basu4 ,! k+ ( ,malwa1 ,indradyumna1 _h despat*$ ,brahmans to all qu>t]s ( ! p59sula1 & at la/ discov]$ ,basu4 ,!reaft] ! image 0 tak5 to ,puri1 & a temple1 begun 9 #aagd1 0 complet$ f\rte5 ye>s lat] at a co/ ( upw>ds ( half a million /]l+4 ,! site _h be5 associat$ = c5turies be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era ) ,buddhism1 & ! fam\s ,c> fe/ival is probably bas$ on ! ,too? fe/ival ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ( :i* ! ,*9ese pilgrim ,fa-,hi5 gives an acc\nt4 ,! pres5t temple is a pyramidal build+1 #aib ft4 high1 cr[n$ ) ! my/ic :eel & flag ( ,vi%nu4 ,its inn] enclosure1 ne>ly #djj ft4 by #cjj ft41 conta9s a numb] ( small temples & %r9es4 ,! ma9 temple has f\r ma9 rooms--! hall ( (f]+s1 ! danc+ hall1 ! audi5ce *amb]1 & ! %r9e itself--! two latt] be+ ea* #hj ft4 squ>e4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal images are ^? ( ,vi%nu1 8 bro!r & 8 si/]1 grotesque wood5 figures r\ghly hewn4 ,elaborate s]vices are daily celebrat$ all ! ye> r\nd1 ! images are dress$ & r$ress$1 & f\r meals a day are s]v$ to !m4 ,! att5dants on ! god are divid$ into #cf ord]s & #ig classes4 ,special s]vants are assign$ ! tasks ( putt+ ! god to b$1 ( dress+ & ba?+ him4 ,! annual r5t-roll ( ! temple 0 put at #fh1jjj by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]2 b ! pilgrims' (f]+s1 :i* =m ! bulk ( ! income1 are q unkn[n & h be5 said to rea* z mu* z #ajj1jjj 9 "o ye>4 ,ranjit ,s+h bequea!d ! ,koh-i-nor to ,jaganna?4 ,!re are f\r *ief fe/ivals1 ( :i* ! fam\s ,c> fe/ival is ! mo/ important4 ,! t]rible /ories ( pilgrims cru%$ to dea? 9 ! god's hon\r h made ! phrase ,c> ( ,jugg]naut synonym\s ) ! m]ciless sacrifice ( human lives1 b ^! h be5 %[n to be baseless calumnies4 ,! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu is innoc5t ( all bloody rites1 & a drop ( blood ev5 accid5tally spilt 9 ! god's pres5ce is held to pollute ! (ficiat+ prie/s1 ! p1 & ! consecrat$ food4 ,! ,c> fe/ival takes place 9 ,june or ,july1 & ! feature ( its celebration is ! draw+ ( ! god f ! temple to 8 c\ntry-h\se1 a di/ance ( less ?an a mile4 ,! c> is #de ft4 9 height & #ce ft4 squ>e1 & is support$ on #af :eels ( #g ft4 9 diamet]4 ,vi%nu's bro!r & si/] h sep>ate c>s1 slightly small]4 ,to ^! c>s ropes are atta*$1 & ?\s&s ( eag] pilgrims vie ) ea* o!r to h ! hon\r ( dragg+ ! god4 ,?\gh ! di/ance is s %ort ! j\rney la/s sev]al days1 ow+ to ! deep s& 9 :i* ! :eels s9k4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival s]i\s accid5ts h (t5 happ5$4 ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt] 9 ! ,gazette] ( ,india writes3 ,9 a closely pack$1 eag] ?rong ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 & wom5 "u ! blaz+ tropical sun1 dea?s mu/ occasionally occur4 ,!re h d\btless be5 in/ances ( pilgrims ?r[+ !mselves "u ! :eels 9 a fr5zy ( religi\s excitem5t1 b su* in/ances h always be5 r>e1 & are n[ unkn[n4 ,! few suicides t did occur 71 = ! mo/ "p1 cases ( diseas$ & mis]able objects :o took ?is means to put !mselves out ( pa94 ,! (ficial returns n[ place ?is beyond d\bt4 ,no?+ c\ld be m oppos$ to ! _s ( ,vi%nu-wor%ip ?an self-immolation4 ,accid5tal dea? )9 ! temple r5d]s ! :ole place unclean4 ,accord+ to ,*aitanya1 ! apo/le ( ,jaganna?1 ! de/ruction ( ! lea/ ( ,god's creatures is a s9 aga9/ ! ,creator4 ,see also ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]'s ,orissa 7#ahgb72 & ,di/rict ,gazette] ( ,puri 7#aijh74 ,,juggl] 7,lat4 joculator1 je/]71 9 ! mod]n s5se a p]=m] ( sleight-(-h& tricks & dext]\s feats ( skill 9 toss+ balls1 plates1 knives1 c4 ,! t]m is practically synonym\s ) conjur] 7see ,,conjur+74 ,! joculatores 7 ! mimes ( ! middle ages 7see ,,drama72 ! ,fr5* use ( ! ^w jongleurs 7an errone\s =m ( j\gleur7 includ$ ! s+]s kn[n z tr\vres2 & ! humbl] ,engli% m9/rels ( ! same type gradually pass$ into ! /roll+ juggl]s1 f ^: exhibitions ! t]m came to cov] loosely any acrobatic1 pantomimic & sleight-(-h& p]=mances4 ,9 anci5t ,rome v>i\s names 7 giv5 to :at we call juggl]s1 e4g4 v5tilatores 7knife-?r[]s71 & pil>ii 7ball-play]s74 ,,jugur?a 7,gr4 ,greek3 ,iogor?as71 k+ ( ,numidia1 an illegitimate son ( ,ma/anabal1 & gr&son ( ,mass9issa4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dea? he 0 br\ght up by 8 uncle ,micipsa toge!r ) 8 c\s9s ,adh]bal & ,hiempsal4 ,jugur?a grew up /rong1 h&some & intellig5t1 a skilful rid]1 & an adept 9 w>like ex]cises4 ,he inh]it$ mu* ( ,mass9issa's political ability4 ,micipsa1 naturally afraid ( him1 s5t him to ,spa9 7#acd ,b4,c47 9 comm& ( a ,numidian =ce1 to s]ve "u ,p4 ,cornelius ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or4 ,he became a fav\rite ) ,scipio & ! ,roman nobles1 "s ( :om put into 8 head ! idea ( mak+ himself sole k+ ( ,numidia1 ) ! help ( ,roman money4 ,9 #aah ,b4,c4 ,micipsa di$4 ,by 8 w1 ,jugur?a 0 associat$ ) ,adh]bal & ,hiempsal 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,numidia4 ,scipio _h writt5 to ,micipsa a /rong lett] ( recomm5dation 9 fav\r ( ,jugur?a2 & to ,scipio1 accord+ly1 ,micipsa entru/$ ! execution ( 8 w4 ,none ! less1 8 te/am5t>y arrangem5ts utt]ly fail$4 ,! pr9ces soon qu>rell$1 & ,jugur?a claim$ ! entire k+dom4 ,hiempsal he contriv$ to h assass9at$2 ,adh]bal he quickly drove out ( ,numidia4 ,he !n s5t envoys to ,rome to def5d 8 usurpation on ! gr\nd t he 0 ! injur$ p>ty4 ,! s5ate decid$ t ,numidia 0 to be divid$1 & gave ! we/]n1 ! ri*] & m popul\s half1 to ,jugur?a1 :ile ! s&s & des]ts ( ! ea/]n half 7 left to ,adh]bal4 ,jugur?a's envoys appe> to h f\nd sev]al ( ! ,roman nobles & s5ators accessible to brib]y4 ,hav+ secur$ ! be/ ( ! b>ga91 ,jugur?a at once began to provoke ,adh]bal to a w> ( self-def5ce4 ,he completely defeat$ him ne> ! mod]n ,philippeville1 & ,adh]bal s\ght safety 9 ! =tress ( ,cirta 7,con/ant9e74 ,"h he 0 besieg$ by ,jugur?a1 :o1 not)/&+ ! int]position ( a ,roman embassy1 =c$ ! place to capitulate1 & trea*]\sly massacr$ all ! inhabitants1 among !m 8 c\s9 ,adh]bal & a numb] ( ,italian m]*ants resid5t 9 ! t[n4 ,!re 0 great wra? at ,rome & ?r\gh\t ,italy2 & ! s5ate1 a majority ( :i* /ill clung to ,jugur?a1 7 p]suad$ 9 ! same ye> 7#aaa7 to decl>e w>4 ,an army 0 despat*$ to ,africa "u ! consul ,l4 ,calpurnius ,be/ia1 sev]al ( ! ,numidian t[ns volunt>ily surr5d]$1 & ,boc*us1 ! k+ ( ,mauretania1 & ,jugur?a's fa!r-9-law1 (f]$ ! ,romans 8 alliance4 ,jugur?a 0 al>m$1 b hav+ at 8 comm& ! accumulat$ treasures ( ,mass9issa1 he 0 successful 9 arrang+ ) ! ,roman g5]al a peace :i* left him 9 possession ( ! :ole ( ,numidia4 ,:5 ! facts 7 kn[n at ,rome1 ! tribune ,memmius insi/$ t ,jugur?a %\ld appe> 9 p]son & be que/ion$ z to ! negotiations4 ,jugur?a appe>$ "u a safe conduct1 b he _h p>tisans1 su* z ! tribune ,c4 ,baebius1 :o took c>e t 8 m\? %\ld be clos$4 ,soon aft]w>ds he caus$ 8 c\s9 ,massiva1 !n resid5t at ,rome & a claimant to ! ?rone ( ,numidia1 to be assass9at$4 ,! treaty 0 !reupon set aside1 & ,jugur?a 0 ord]$ to quit ,rome4 ,on ?is occasion he utt]$ ! well-kn[n words1 ,a city = sale1 & doom$ to p]i% z soon z x f9ds a pur*as]6 7,livy1 ,epit4 #fd74 ,! w> 0 r5ew$1 & ! consul ,spurius ,alb9us entru/$ ) ! comm&4 ,! ,roman army 9 ,africa 0 ?or\ghly demoraliz$4 ,an unsuccessful attempt 0 made on a =tifi$ t[n1 ,su?ul1 9 :i* ! royal treasures 7 deposit$4 ,! army 0 surpris$ by ! enemy 9 a night attack1 & ! camp 0 tak5 & plund]$4 ,e ,roman 0 driv5 out ( ,numidia1 & a disgraceful peace 0 conclud$ 7#aji74 ,by ?is "t ! feel+ at ,rome & 9 ,italy aga9/ ! corruption & incapacity ( ! nobles _h become s /rong t a numb] ( s5ators 7 prosecut$ & ,be/ia & ,alb9us s5t5c$ to exile4 ,! w> 0 n[ entru/$ to ,qu9tus ,metellus1 an able soldi] & /]n discipl9>ian1 & f ! ye> #aji to its close 9 #ajf ! conte/ 0 c>ri$ on ) cr$it to ! ,roman arms4 ,jugur?a 0 defeat$ on ! riv] ,mu?ul1 aft] an ob/9ate & skilful resi/ance4 ,once aga91 h[ev]1 he succe$$ 9 surpris+ ! ,roman camp & =c+ ,metellus into w9t] qu>t]s4 ,!re 7 fre% negotiations1 b ,metellus insi/$ on ! surr5d] ( ! k+'s p]son1 & ?is ,jugur?a refus$4 ,numidia on ! :ole seem$ dispos$ to ass]t its indep5d5ce1 & ,rome _h be=e h] ! prospect ( a tr\blesome gu]rilla w>4 ,negotiations1 reflect+ little cr$it on ! ,romans1 7 set on foot ) ,boc*us 7q4v47 :o = a "t play$ fa/ & loose ) bo? p>ties4 ,9 #ajf1 ,m>ius 0 call$ on by ! vote ( ! ,roman p to sup]s$e ,metellus1 b x 0 ?r\gh ! p]fidy ( ,boc*us & ! diplomacy ( ,l4 ,cornelius ,sulla1 ,m>ius's quae/or1 t ! w> 0 end$4 ,jugur?a fell into an ambu%1 & 0 convey$ a prison] to ,rome4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #ajd1 he figur$ ) 8 two sons 9 ,m>ius's triumph1 & 9 ! subt]ranean prison b5ea? ! ,capitol--! ba? ( ice1 z he call$ x--he 0 ei!r /rangl$ or />v$ to dea?4 ,?\gh d\btless = a "t reg>d$ by 8 c\ntrym5 z _! deliv]] f ! yoke ( ,rome1 ,jugur?a ma9ly owes 8 hi/orical importance to ! full & m9ute acc\nt ( him :i* we h f ! h& ( ,sallu/1 himself aft]w>ds gov]nor ( ,numidia4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,gre5idge1 ,hi/4 ( ,rome 7#aijd72 ,t4 ,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 book iv4 *4 v42 ! *ief anci5t au?orities 7besides ,sallu/7 are ,livy1 ,epit41 lxii4-lxvii42 ,plut>*1 ,m>ius & ,sulla2 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 ii42 ,diod4 ,sic41 ,exc]pta1 xxxiv42 ,florus1 iii4 #a4 ,see also ,,m>ius1 ,,sulla1 ,,numidia4 ,,juju1 a ,we/ ,african ^w held by "s au?orities to be a corruption ( ,m&+o gru-gru1 a *>m4 ,x is m g5]ally believ$ to h be5 adapt$ by ! ,m&+os directly f ,fr4 j\j\1 a toy or play?+4 ,! ^w1 z us$ by ,europeans on ! ,gu9ea coa/1 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! objects :i* x 0 suppos$ ! negroes wor%ipp$1 & 0 transf]r$ f ! objects !mselves to ! spirits or gods :o dwelt 9 !m1 & f9ally to ! :ole religi\s beliefs ( ! ,we/ ,africans4 ,x is curr5tly us$ 9 ea* ( ^! s5ses1 & m loosely to indicate all ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! negroes ( ! ,gu9ea coa/1 p>ticul>ly ! p[] ( int]diction ex]cis$ 9 ! "n ( spirits 7see ,,feti%ism & ,,taboo74 ,,jujube4 ,"u ?is "n ! fruits ( at lea/ two species ( ,zizyphus are usually describ$1 namely1 ,z4 vulg>is & ,z4 ,jujuba4#a ,! g5us is a memb] ( ! natural ord] ,anac>diaceae4 ,! species are small trees or %rubs1 arm$ ) %>p1 /raight1 or hook$ sp9es1 hav+ alt]nate leaves1 & fruits :i* are 9 mo/ ( ! species edible1 & h an agreeable acid ta/e2 ?is is especially ! case ) ^? ( ! two species m5tion$ above4 ,z4 vulg>is is a tree ab\t #bj feet high1 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 also 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ,india x ext5ds f ! ,punjab to ! nor?-we/]n fronti]1 asc5d+ 9 ! ,punjab ,himalaya to a height ( #fejj feet1 & is f\nd bo? 9 ! wild & cultivat$ /ate4 ,! plant is gr[n almo/ exclusively = ! sake ( its fruit1 :i* bo? 9 size & %ape resembles a mod]ate-siz$ plum2 at fir/ ! fruits are gre51 b z !y rip5 !y become ( a r$di%-br[n col\r on ! outside & yell[ )94 ,!y rip5 9 ,septemb]1 :5 !y are ga!r$ & pres]v$ by /or+ 9 a dry place2 aft] a "t ! pulp becomes mu* s(t] & sweet] ?an :5 fre%4 ,jujube fruits :5 c>efully dri$ w keep = a long "t1 & reta9 _! refre%+ acid flav\r1 on acc\nt ( :i* !y are mu* valu$ 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,m$it]ranean region z a w9t] dess]t fruit2 &1 besides1 !y are nutritive & demulc5t4 ,at "o "t a decoction 0 prep>$ f !m & recomm5d$ 9 pectoral compla9ts4 ,a k9d ( ?ick pa/e1 kn[n z jujube pa/e1 0 also made ( a composition ( gum arabic & sug> dissolv$ 9 a decoction ( jujube fruit evaporat$ to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,z4 ,jujuba is a tree av]ag+ f #cj to #ej ft4 high1 f\nd bo? wild & cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,ceylon1 ,india1 tropical ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,_m v>ieties are cultivat$ by ! ,*9ese1 :o di/+ui% !m by ! %ape & size ( _! fruits1 :i* are n only mu* valu$ z dess]t fruit 9 ,*9a1 b are also occasionally export$ to ,engl&4 ,z se5 9 comm]ce jujube fruits are ab\t ! size ( a small filb]t1 hav+ a r$di%-br[n1 %9+1 some:at wr9kl$ ext]ior1 & a yell[ or g+]bread col\r$ pulp enclos+ a h>d elongat$ /one4 ,! fruits ( ,zizyphus d n ent] into ! composition ( ! loz5ges n[ kn[n z jujubes :i* are usually made ( gum-arabic1 gelat91 c41 & v>i\sly flav\r$4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! m$4 ,lat4 jujuba is a mu* alt]$ =m ( ! ,gr4 ,greek3 zizuphon ,,ju-,,jutsu or ,,jiu-,,jitsu 7a ,*9o-,japanese t]m1 mean+ muscle-sci5ce71 ! ,japanese me?od ( (f5ce & def5ce )\t weapons 9 p]sonal enc\nt]1 ^u :i* is f\nd$ ! sy/em ( physical culture univ]sal 9 ,japan4 ,"s hi/orians ass]t t x 0 f\nd$ by a ,japanese physician :o le>n$ its rudim5ts :ile /udy+ 9 ,*9a1 b mo/ writ]s ma9ta9 t ju-jutsu 0 9 common use 9 ,japan c5turies e>li]1 & t x 0 kn[n 9 ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,orig9ally x 0 an art practis$ solely by ! nobility1 & p>ticul>ly by ! samurai :o1 possess+ ! "r1 d5i$ to common]s1 ( c>ry+ swords1 7 ?us enabl$ to %[ _! sup]iority ov] common p ev5 :5 )\t weapons4 ,x 0 a secret art1 jeal\sly gu>d$ f ^? n privileg$ to use x1 until ! feudal sy/em 0 ab&on$ 9 ,japan1 & n[ ju-jutsu is taught 9 ! s*ools1 z well z 9 public & private gymnasia4 ,9 ! army1 navy & police x receives p>ticul> att5tion4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury1 ma/]s ( ! art began to attract att5tion 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 & s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,ju-jutsu may be briefly def9$ z an application ( anatomical k to ! purpose ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,x diff]s f wre/l+ 9 t x does n dep5d ^u muscul> /r5g?4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r =ms ( attack 9 t x uses no weapon4 ,its feat consi/s 9 clut*+ or /rik+ su* "p ( an enemy's body z w make him numb & incapable ( resi/ance4 ,its object is n to kill1 b to incapacitate "o = action = ! "t be+ 7,inazo ,nitobe1 ,bu%ido3 ! ,s\l ( ,japan74 ,_m writ]s translate ! t]m ju-jutsu to conqu] by yield+ 7,jap4 ju1 pliant71 & ?is phrase well expresses a sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ! art1 s9ce ! weight & /r5g? ( ! oppon5t are employ$ to 8 own undo+4 ,:51 = example1 a big man ru%es at a small] oppon5t1 ! small] man1 in/ead ( seek+ to oppose /r5g? to /r5g?1 falls backw>ds or sidewise1 pull+ 8 heavy adv]s>y aft] him & tak+ advantage ( 8 loss ( balance to ga9 "s lock or hold kn[n to ! sci5ce4 ,?is elem5t ( yield+ 9 ord] to conqu] is ?us ref]r$ to 9 ,lafcadio ,he>n's ,out ( ! ,ea/3 ,9 jiu-jitsu !re is a sort ( c\nt] = e twi/1 wr5*1 pull1 pu% or b5d3 only ! jiu-jitsu exp]t does n oppose su* movem5ts4 ,no2 he yields to !m4 ,b he does mu* m ?an t4 ,he aids !m ) a wick$ sleight t causes ! assailant to put out 8 own %\ld]1 to fracture 8 own arm1 or1 9 a desp]ate case1 ev5 to break 8 own neck or back4 ,! k ( anatomy m5tion$ by ,nitobe is acquir$ 9 ord] t ! combatant may "k ! weak p>ts ( 8 adv]s>y's body & attack !m4 ,sev]al ( ^! s5sitive places1 = in/ance ! p>tially expos$ n]ve 9 ! elb[ popul>ly kn[n z ! funny-bone & ! complex ( n]ves ov] ! /oma* call$ ! sol> plexus1 are famili> to ! ,european1 b ! ju-jutsu exp]t is acqua9t$ ) _m o!rs :i*1 :5 compress$1 /ruck1 or p9*$1 cause tempor>y p>alysis ( a m or less complete nature4 ,su* places are ! arm-pit1 ! ankle & wri/ bones1 ! t5don runn+ d[nw>d f ! e>1 ! ,adam's apple1 & ! n]ves ( ! upp] arm4 ,9 s]i\s fight+ almo/ any hold or attack is resort$ to1 & a brok5 or badly spra9$ limb is ! lea/ t c befall ! victim2 b 9 ! practice ( ! art z a means ( physical culture ! k ( ! diff]5t grips is assum$ on bo? sides1 z well z ! dang] ( resi/+ too long4 ,= ?is reason ! combatant1 :5 he feels himself on ! po9t ( be+ disabl$1 is in/ruct$ to signal 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( defeat by /rik+ ! floor ) h& or foot4 ,! b\t !n ends & bo? combatants rise & beg9 afre%4 ,x w be se5 t a victory 9 ju-jutsu does n mean t ! oppon5t %all be plac$ 9 "s p>ticul> position1 z 9 wre/l+1 b 9 any position 9 :i* 8 judgm5t or k tells him t1 unless he yields1 he w suff] a disabl+ injury4 ,?is diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 ! wre/l+ & ! pancratium ( ! ,olympic games4 ,9 ! pancratium ! fight w5t on until "o combatant ackn[l$g$ defeat1 b1 al?\gh _m a man all[$ himself to be beat5 into ins5sibility r ?an suff] ?is humiliation1 x 0 nev]!less held to be a disgrace to kill an oppon5t4 ,a mod]n b\t at ju-jutsu usually beg9s by ! combatants tak+ hold ) bo? h&s ^u ! coll>s ( ea* o!r's jackets or kimonos1 aft] :i*1 ^u ! ^w to />t be+ giv51 ! manoeuvr+ = an advantage\s grip beg9s by pu%es1 pulls1 j]ks1 falls1 grips or o!r movem5ts4 ,once ! wri/1 ankle1 neck1 arm or leg ( an assailant is firmly grasp$ s t add$ =ce w dislocate x1 !re is no?+ = ! seiz$ man to d1 9 case he is /ill on 8 feet1 b g to ! floor1 (t5 be+ ?r[n clean ov] 8 oppon5t's head4 ,a fall ( ?is k9d does n necess>ily mean defeat1 = ! /ruggle proce$s ^u ! floor1 :]e inde$ mo/ ( ! combat takes place1 & ! ju-jutsu exp]t receives a long tra9+ 9 ! art ( fall+ )\t injury4 ,bl[s are deliv]$1 n ) ! fi/1 b ) ! op5 h&1 ! ext]ior edge ( :i* is h>d5$ by ex]cises4 ,! physical tra9+ necess>y to produce exp]tness is ! mo/ valuable feature ( ju-jutsu4 ,! sy/em includes a light & n\ri%+ diet1 pl5ty ( sleep1 deep-brea?+ ex]cises1 an abundance ( fre% air & g5]al mod]ation 9 habits1 9 addition to ! actual gymna/ic ex]cises = ! purpose ( muscle-build+ & ! cultivation ( agility ( eye & m9d z well z ( body4 ,x is practis$ by bo? sexes 9 ,japan4 ,_m attempts h be5 made 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica to mat* ju-jutsu exp]ts aga9/ wre/l]s1 mo/ly ( ! cat*-z-cat* c s*ool1 b ^! trials h1 almo/ )\t exception1 prov$ unsatisfactory1 s9ce _m ( ! mo/ efficaci\s tricks ( ju-jutsu1 su* z ! /rangle holds & twi/s ( wri/s & ankles1 are acc\nt$ f\l 9 wre/l+4 ,nev]!less ! ,japanese a?letes1 ev5 :5 oblig$ to =go ^!1 h usually prov$ m ?an a mat* = ,european wre/l]s ( _! own weight4 ,see ,h4 ,irv+ ,hancock's ,japanese ,physical ,tra9+ 7#aijd72 ,physical ,tra9+ = ,wom5 by ,japanese ,me?ods 7#aijd72 ,! ,complete ,kano ,jiu-jitsu 7,jiudo7 7#aije72 ,m4 ,oha%i1 ,japanese ,physical ,culture 7#aijd72 ,k4 ,saito1 ,jiu-jitsu ,tricks 7#aije74 ,,jujuy1 a nor!rn prov9ce ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 b\nd$ ,n4 & ,n4,w4 by ,bolivia1 ,n4,e41 ,e41 ,s4 & ,s4,w4 by ,salta1 & ,w4 by ! ,los ,&es t]ritory4 ,pop4 7#ahie71 #di1gac2 7#aije1 e/imate71 #ee1dej1 includ+ _m me/izos4 ,area1 #ah1igg sq4 m41 ! great] "p be+ m\nta9\s4 ,! prov9ce is trav]s$ f ,n4 to ,s4 by ?ree di/9ct ranges belong+ to ! great c5tral ,&ean plateau3 ! ,si]ra de ,santa ,catal9a1 ! ,si]ra de ,humahuaca1 & ! ,si]ras de ,z5ta & ,santa ,victoria4 ,9 ! ,s4,e4 angle ( ! prov9ce are ! l[1 isolat$ ranges ( ,alumbre & ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,betwe5 ! m ea/]n ( ^! ranges are valleys ( surpass+ f]tility1 wat]$ by ! ,rio ,gr&e de ,jujuy1 a l>ge tribut>y ( ! ,b]mejo4 ,! we/]n "p1 h[ev]1 is a high plateau 7p>ts ( :i* are #aa1ejj ft4 above sea-level71 ^: g5]al *>act]i/ics are ^? ( ! puna regions f>!r we/4 ,! surface ( ?is high plateau is brok51 semi-arid & desolate1 hav+ a v scanty population & no important indu/ry beyond ! bre$+ ( a few goats & ! fur-be>+ *9*illa4 ,!re are two l>ge sal9e lagoons3 ,toro1 or ,pozuelos1 9 ! ,n41 & ,casab9do1 or ,guayatayoc1 9 ! ,s4 ,! climate is cool1 dry & heal?y1 ) viol5t tempe/s 9 ! summ] season4 7,= a vivid description ( ?is int]e/+ region1 see ,f4 ,o',driscoll1 ,a ,j\rney to ! ,nor? ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ,geogr4 ,j\r4 xxiv4 #aijd47 ,! agricultural productions ( ,jujuy include sug> cane1 :eat1 ,indian corn1 alfalfa & grapes4 ,! bre$+ ( cattle & mules = ! ,bolivian & ,*ilean m>kets is an old indu/ry4 ,c(fee has be5 gr[n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,l$esma1 b only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,!re are also valuable =e/ areas & undevelop$ m9]al deposits4 ,l>ge borax deposits are work$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce1 ! output 9 #aija hav+ be5 #hjjj tons4 ,! prov9ce is trav]s$ f ,s4 to ,n4 by ! ,c5tral ,nor!rn railway1 a national gov]nm5t l9e1 :i* has be5 ext5d$ to ! ,bolivian fronti]4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! capital & up ! picturesque ,humahuaca valley1 & promises1 "u capable managem5t1 to be an important int]national l9e1 af=d+ an outlet = s\!rn ,bolivia4 ,! climate ( ! l[] agricultural di/ricts is tropical1 & irrigation is employ$ 9 "s places 9 ! long dry season4 ,! capital1 ,jujuy 7e/imat$ pop4 #aije1 #ejjj71 is situat$ on ! ,rio ,gr&e at ! l[] end ( ! ,humahuaca valley1 #idb m4 f ,bu5os ,aires by rail4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeic & is #djce ft4 above sea-level4 ,x has a mild1 temp]ate climate & picturesque natural surr\nd+s1 & is situat$ on ! old r\te betwe5 ,bolivia & ,tucuman1 b its gr[? has be5 sl[4 ,,jukes1 ,,joseph ,,beete 7#ahaa-ahfi71 ,engli% geologi/1 0 born at ,summ] ,hill1 ne> ,birm+ham1 on ! #aj? ( ,octob] #ahaa4 ,he took 8 degree at ,cambridge 9 #ahcf4 ,he began ! /udy ( geology "u ,s$gwick1 & 9 #ahci 0 appo9t$ geological surveyor ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,he return$ to ,engl& at ! end ( #ahdj1 & 9 #ahdb sail$ z naturali/ on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,fly1 despat*$ to survey ,torres ,/rait1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,jukes l&$ 9 ,engl& aga9 9 ,june #ahdf1 & 9 ,augu/ receiv$ an appo9tm5t on ! geological survey ( ,great ,brita94 ,! di/rict to :i* he 0 fir/ s5t 0 ,nor? ,wales4 ,9 #ahdg he comm5c$ ! survey ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coal-field & cont9u$ ?is "w dur+ successive ye>s aft] ! close ( field-"w 9 ,wales4 ,! results 7 publi%$ 9 8 ,geology ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,coal-field 7#ahec2 #bnd ed4 #ahei71 a "w rem>kable = its accuracy & philosophic treatm5t4 ,9 #ahej he accept$ ! po/ ( local director ( ! geological survey ( ,irel&4 ,! exhau/+ nature ( ?is "w sl[ly b surely wore out ev5 8 robu/ con/itution & on ! #bi? ( ,july #ahfi he di$4 ,= _m ye>s he lectur$ z pr(essor ( geology1 fir/ at ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society's ,museum ( ,iri% ,indu/ry1 & aft]w>ds at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce 9 ,dubl94 ,he 0 an admirable tea*]1 & 8 ,/ud5t's ,manual 0 ! fav\r$ textbook ( ,briti% /ud5ts = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,irel& he wrote an article ,on ! ,mode ( ,=mation ( "s ( ! ,riv]-valleys 9 ! ,s\? ( ,irel& 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahfb71 & 9 ?is n[ classic essay he fir/ cle>ly sket*$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( riv]s4 ,9 lat] ye>s he devot$ mu* att5tion to ! relations betwe5 ! ,devonian sy/em & ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,jukes wrote _m pap]s t 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,london & ,dubl9 geological j\rnals & o!r p]iodicals4 ,he edit$1 & 9 great measure wrote1 =ty-two memoirs explanatory ( ! maps ( ! s\?1 ea/ & we/ ( ,irel&1 & prep>$ a geological map ( ,irel& on a scale ( #h m4 to an in*4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( ,excursions 9 & ab\t ,newf\ndl& 7#b vols41 #ahdb72 ,n>rative ( ! ,survey+ ,voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,fly 7#b vols41 #ahdg72 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,/ructure ( ,au/ralia 7#ahej72 ,popul> ,physical ,geology 7#ahec72 ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,geology 7#aheg2 #bnd ed4 #ahfb2 a lat] edition 0 revis$ by ,a4 ,geikie1 #ahgb72 ! article ,geology 9 ! ,ency4 ,brit4 #h? ed4 7#aheh7 & ,s*ool ,manual ( ,geology 7#ahfc74 ,see ,lett]s1 c41 ( ,j4 ,beete ,jukes1 edit$1 ) ,connect+ ,memorial ,notes1 by 8 ,si/] 7,c4 ,a4 ,br[ne7 7#ahga71 to :i* is add$ a *ronological li/ ( ,jukes's writ+s4 ,,julian 7,,flavius ,,claudius ,,julianus7 7#cca-cfc71 commonly call$ ,,julian ,,! ,,apo/ate1 ,roman emp]or1 0 born 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #cca1a ! son ( ,julius ,con/antius & 8 wife ,basil9a1 & nephew ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,he 0 ?us a memb] ( ! dyna/y "u ^: auspices ,*ri/ianity became ! e/abli%$ religion ( ,rome4 ,! "n ,flavius he inh]it$ f 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r ,con/antius ,*lorus2 ,julianus came f 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r2 ,claudius _h be5 assum$ by ,con/ant9e's family 9 ord] to ass]t a connexion ) ,claudius ,go?icus4 ,julian lo/ 8 "m n _m mon?s aft] he 0 born4 ,he 0 only six :5 8 imp]ial uncle di$2 & "o ( 8 e>lie/ memories mu/ h be5 ! fe>ful massacre ( 8 fa!r & k9sfolk1 9 ! int]e/ & m or less at ! in/igation ( ! sons ( ,con/ant9e4 ,only ,julian & 8 eld] half-bro!r ,gallus 7 sp>$1 ,gallus be+ too ill & ,julian too "y to excite ! fe> or ju/ify ! cruelty ( ! murd]]s4 ,gallus 0 bani%$1 b ,julian 0 all[$ to rema9 9 ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he 0 c>efully educat$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! family eunu* ,m>donius1 & ( ,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,nicom$ia4 ,ab\t #cdd ,gallus 0 recall$1 & ! two bro!rs 7 remov$ to ,macellum1 a remote & lonely ca/le 9 ,cappadocia4 ,julian 0 tra9$ to ! pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b he became e>ly attract$ to ! old fai?1 or r to ! idealiz$ amalgam ( paganism & philosophy :i* 0 curr5t among 8 tea*]s1 ! rhetoricians4 ,cut (f f all sympa?y ) ! reign+ belief by ! t]rible fate ( 8 family1 & ) no prospect ( a public c>e]1 he turn$ ) all ! eag]ness ( an en?usia/ic temp]am5t to ! lit]>y & philosophic /udies ( ! "t4 ,! old ,hell5ic _w _h an irresi/ible attraction = him4 ,love = its culture 0 9 ,julian's m9d intimately associat$ ) loyalty to its religion4 ,9 ! meantime ! c\rse ( ev5ts _h left z sole autocrat ( ! ,roman ,empire 8 c\s9 ,con/antius1 :o1 feel+ himself unequal to ! enorm\s task1 call$ ,julian's bro!r ,gallus to a %>e ( p[]1 & 9 ,m>* #cea appo9t$ him ,caes>4 ,at ! same "t ,julian 0 p]mitt$ to return to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he /udi$ gramm> "u ,nicocles & rhetoric "u ! ,*ri/ian sophi/ ,hecebolius4 ,aft] a %ort /ay 9 ! capital ,julian 0 ord]$ to remove to ,nicom$ia1 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t rhetoricians ( ! "t1 & became confirm$ 9 8 secret devotion to ! pagan fai?4 ,he promis$ n to att5d ! lectures ( ,libanius1 b b\ght & read !m4 ,b 8 def9ite conv]sion to paganism 0 attribut$ to ! neo-platoni/ ,maximus ( ,ephesus1 :o may h visit$ him at ,nicom$ia4 ,! d[nfall ( ,gallus 7#ced71 :o _h be5 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ! ,ea/1 aga9 expos$ ,julian to ! greate/ dang]4 ,by 8 ra% & head/rong conduct ,gallus _h incurr$ ! enmity ( ,con/antius & ! eunu*s1 8 confid5tial m9i/]s1 & 0 put to dea?4 ,julian fell "u a l suspicion1 & n>r[ly escap$ ! same fate4 ,= "s mon?s he 0 conf9$ at ,milan 7,m$iolanum7 till at ! int]cession ( ! empress ,eusebia1 :o always felt k9dly t[>ds him1 p]mission 0 giv5 him to retire to a small prop]ty 9 ,bi?ynia4 ,:ile he 0 on 8 way1 ,con/antius recall$ him1 b all[$--or r ord]$--him to take up 8 resid5ce at ,a!ns4 ,! few mon?s he sp5t !re 7,july-,octob] #cee7 7 probably ! happie/ ( 8 life4 ,! emp]or ,con/antius & ,julian 7 n[ ! sole surviv+ male memb]s ( ! family ( ,con/ant9e2 &1 z ! emp]or aga9 felt himself oppress$ by ! c>es ( gov]nm5t1 !re 0 no alt]native b to call ,julian to 8 assi/ance4 ,at ! in/ance ( ! empress he 0 summon$ to ,milan1 :]e ,con/antius be/[$ ^u him ! h& ( 8 si/] ,hel5a1 toge!r ) ! title ( ,caes> & ! gov]nm5t ( ,gaul4 ,a task ( extreme difficulty await$ him beyond ! ,alps4 ,dur+ rec5t tr\bles ! ,alamanni & o!r ,g]man tribes _h cross$ ! ,rh9e2 !y _h burn$ _m fl\ri%+ cities1 & ext5d$ _! ravages f> into ! int]ior ( ,gaul4 ,! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ! prov9ce _h also fall5 into great confusion4 ,9 spite ( 8 inexp]i5ce1 ,julian quickly br\ght affairs into ord]4 ,he completely ov]?rew ! ,alamanni 9 ! great battle ( ,/rassburg 7,augu/ #ceg74 ,! ,franki% tribes :i* _h settl$ on ! we/]n bank ( ! l[] ,rh9e 7 r$uc$ to submission4 ,9 ,gaul he rebuilt ! cities :i* _h be5 laid wa/e1 re-e/abli%$ ! adm9i/ration on a j & secure foot+1 & z f> z possible light5$ ! taxes1 :i* weigh$ s heavily on ! poor prov9cials4 ,p>is 0 ! usual resid5ce ( ,julian dur+ 8 gov]nm5t ( ,gaul1 & 8 "n has become insep>ably associat$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! city4 ,julian's reputation 0 n[ e/abli%$4 ,he 0 g5]al ( a victori\s army en?usia/ically atta*$ to him & gov]nor ( a prov9ce :i* he _h sav$ f ru92 b he _h also become an object ( fe> & jeal\sy at ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,con/antius accord+ly resolv$ to weak5 8 p[]4 ,a ?reat5$ invasion ( ! ,p]sians 0 made an excuse = )draw+ "s ( ! be/ legions f ! ,gallic army4 ,julian recogniz$ ! cov]t purpose ( ?is1 yet proce$$ to fulfil ! comm&s ( ! emp]or4 ,a sudd5 movem5t ( ! legions !mselves decid$ o!rwise4 ,at ,p>is1 on ! night ( ! p>t+ banquet1 !y =c$ _! way into ,julian's t5t1 &1 proclaim+ him emp]or1 (f]$ him ! alt]native ei!r ( accept+ ! l(ty title or ( an in/ant dea?4 ,julian accept$ ! empire1 & s5t an embassy ) a def]5tial message to ,con/antius4 ,! message be+ contemptu\sly disreg>d$1 bo? sides prep>$ = a decisive /ruggle4 ,aft] a m>* ( unexampl$ rapidity ?r\gh ! ,black ,=e/ & d[n ! ,danube1 ,julian rea*$ ,sirmium1 & 0 on ! way to ,con/ant9ople1 :5 he receiv$ news ( ! dea? ( ,con/antius1 :o _h set out f ,syria to meet him1 at ,mopsucr5e 9 ,cilicia 7,nov4 #c1 #cfa74 ,)\t fur!r tr\ble ,julian f\nd himself ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$ ! sole rul] ( ! ,roman ,empire2 x is ev5 ass]t$ t ,con/antius himself on 8 dea?-b$ _h designat$ him 8 successor4 ,julian ent]$ ,con/ant9ople on ! #aa? ( ,decemb] #cfa4 ,julian _h already made a public av[al ( paganism1 ( :i* he _h be5 a secret adh]5t f ! age ( tw5ty4 ,x 0 no ord9>y pr(ession1 b ! expression ( a /rong & ev5 en?usia/ic conviction2 ! re/oration ( ! pagan wor%ip 0 to be ! great aim & controll+ pr9ciple ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,8 reign 0 too %ort to %[ :at precise =m ! pagan revival might ultimately h tak51 h[ f> 8 feel+s might h become embitt]$ by 8 conflict ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :e!r p]secution1 viol5ce & civil w> might n h tak5 ! place ( ! moral suasion :i* 0 ! me?od he orig9ally affect$4 ,he issu$ an edict ( univ]sal tol]ation2 b 9 _m respects he us$ 8 imp]ial influ5ce unfairly to advance ! "w ( re/oration4 ,9 ord] to deprive ! ,*ri/ians ( ! advantages ( culture1 & discr$it !m z an ignorant sect1 he =bade !m to tea* rhetoric4 ,! symbols ( paganism & ( ! imp]ial dignity 7 s artfully int]wov5 on ! /&>ds ( ! legions t !y c\ld n pay ! usual homage to ! emp]or )\t seem+ to (f] wor%ip to ! gods2 &1 :5 ! soldi]s came =w>d to receive ! cu/om>y donative1 !y 7 requir$ to ?r[ a h&ful ( inc5se on ! alt>4 ,)\t directly exclud+ ,*ri/ians f ! high (fices ( /ate1 he held t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! gods ought to h ! pref]5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh !re 0 no direct p]secution1 he ex]t$ mu* m ?an a moral pressure to re/ore ! p[] & pre/ige ( ! old fai?4 ,hav+ sp5t ! w9t] ( #cfa-cfb at ,con/ant9ople1 ,julian proce$$ to ,antio* to prep>e = 8 great exp$ition aga9/ ,p]sia4 ,8 /ay !re 0 a curi\s episode 9 8 life4 ,x is d\btful :e!r 8 pagan convictions or 8 ascetic life1 aft] ! fa%ion ( an antique philosoph]1 gave mo/ (f5ce to ! s-call$ ,*ri/ians ( ! dissolute city4 ,!y soon grew he>tily tir$ ( ea* o!r1 & ,julian took up 8 w9t] qu>t]s at ,t>sus1 f :i* 9 e>ly spr+ he m>*$ aga9/ ,p]sia4 ,at ! head ( a p[]ful & well-appo9t$ army he advanc$ ?r\gh ,mesopotamia & ,assyria z f> z ,ctesiphon1 ne> :i* he cross$ ! ,tigris1 9 face ( a ,p]sian army :i* he defeat$4 ,misl$ by ! trea*]\s advice ( a ,p]sian nobleman1 he desi/$ f ! siege1 & set out to seek ! ma9 army ( ! enemy "u ,%apur ,,ii4 7q4v474 ,aft] a long1 useless m>* he 0 =c$ to retreat1 & f\nd himself envelop$ by ! :ole ,p]sian army1 9 a wat]less & desolate c\ntry1 at ! hotte/ season ( ! ye>4 ,! ,romans repuls$ ! enemy 9 _m an ob/9ate battle1 b on ! #bf? ( ,june #cfc ,julian1 :o 0 ev] 9 ! front1 0 mortally w\nd$4 ,! same night he di$ 9 8 t5t4 ,9 ! mo/ au!ntic hi/orian ( 8 reign1 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 we f9d a noble spee*1 :i* he is said to h address$ to 8 afflict$ (fic]s4 ,soon aft] 8 dea? ! rum\r spread t ! fatal w\nd _h be5 inflict$ by a ,*ri/ian 9 ! ,roman army4 ,! well-kn[n /atem5t1 fir/ f\nd 9 ,!odoret 7fl4 #e? c5tury71 t ,julian ?rew 8 blood t[>ds heav51 exclaim+1 ,?\ ha/ conqu]$1 ,o ,galilean6 is probably a developm5t ( ! acc\nt ( 8 dea? 9 ! poems ( ,ephraem ,syrus4 ,f ,julian's unique position z ! la/ *ampion ( a dy+ poly!ism1 8 "* has always excit$ int]e/4 ,au?ors su* z ,gregory ( ,nazianzus h heap$ ! fi]ce/ ana!mas ^u him2 b a j & sympa!tic criticism f9ds _m noble qualities 9 8 "*4 ,9 *ildhood & y\? he _h le>n$ to reg>d ,*ri/ianity z a p]secut+ =ce4 ,! only sympa!tic fri5ds he met 7 among ! pagan rhetoricians & philosoph]s2 & he f\nd a suitable outlet = 8 re/less & inquir+ m9d only 9 ! /udies ( anci5t ,greece4 ,9 ?is way he 0 attract$ to ! old paganism2 b x 0 a paganism idealiz$ by ! philosophy ( ! "t4 ,9 o!r respects ,julian 0 no unwor?y successor ( ! ,anton9es4 ,?\gh br\ght up 9 a /udi\s & p$antic solitude1 he 0 no soon] call$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,gaul ?an he display$ all ! en]gy1 ! h>dihood & ! practical sagacity ( an old ,roman4 ,9 temp]ance1 self-control & zeal = ! public good1 z he und]/ood x1 he 0 unsurpass$4 ,to ^! ,roman qualities he add$ ! culture1 lit]>y in/9cts & speculative curiosity ( a ,greek4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( 8 public life 0 ! p]fect ease & ma/]y ) :i* he associat$ ! c>es ( w> & /atesman%ip ) ! assidu\s cultivation ( lit]ature & philosophy4 ,yet ev5 8 devotion to culture 0 n free f p$antry & dilettantism4 ,8 contempor>ies obs]v$ 9 him a want ( naturalness4 ,he _h n ! moral heal? or ! compos$ & retic5t manhood ( a ,roman1 or ! spontaneity ( a ,greek4 ,he 0 nev] at re/2 9 ! rapid torr5t ( 8 conv]sation he 0 apt to run himself out ( brea?2 8 mann] 0 j]ky & spasmodic4 ,he %[$ q a def]5tial reg>d = ! sophi/s & rhetoricians ( ! "t1 & advanc$ !m to high (fices ( /ate2 !re 0 real cause = fe> t he w\ld introduce ! gov]nm5t ( p$ants 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,la/ ( all1 8 love = ! old philosophy 0 sadly disfigur$ by 8 devotion to ! old sup]/itions4 ,he 0 greatly giv5 to div9ation2 he 0 not$ = ! numb] ( 8 sacrificial victims4 ,wits appli$ to him ! joke t _h be5 pass$ on ,m>cus ,aurelius3 ,! :ite cattle to ,m>cus ,caes>1 greet+4 ,if y conqu]1 !re is an end ( u4 ,,bibliography4--,! works ( ,julian1 ( :i* !re are complete editions by ,e4 ,spanheim 7,leipzig1 #afif7 & ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle9 7,teubn] s]ies1 #ahge-ahgf71 consi/ ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,lett]s1 ( :i* m ?an eighty h be5 pres]v$ "u 8 "n1 al?\gh ! g5u95ess ( sev]al has be5 disput$4 ,= 8 views on religi\s tol]ation & 8 attitude t[>ds ,*ri/ians & ,jews ! mo/ important are #be-bg1 #ea1 #eb1 & ! fragm5t 9 ,h]tle91 i4 #cga4 ,! lett] ( ,gallus to ,julian1 w>n+ him aga9/ rev]t+ to hea!nism1 is probably a ,*ri/ian =g]y4 ,six new lett]s 7 discov]$ 9 #ahhd by ,a4 ,papadopulos ,k]ameus 9 a mona/]y on ! isl& ( ,*alcis ne> ,con/ant9ople 7see ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 xlii41 #ahhg74 ,sep>ate edition ( ! lett]s by ,l4 ,h4 ,heyl] 7#ahbh72 see also ,j4 ,bidez & ,f4 ,cumont1 ,re*]*es sur la tradition ,,ms4 des lettres de l'emp]eur ,julian 9 ,mmoires c\ronns 444 publis p> l',acad4 royale de ,belgique1 lvii4 7#ahih7 & ,f4 ,cumont1 ,sur l'au!nticit de quelques lettres de ,juli5 7#ahhi74 7#b7 ,orations1 eight 9 numb]--two panegyrics on ,con/antius1 "o on ! empress ,eusebia1 two !osophical declamations on ,k+ ,helios & ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 two essays on true & false cynicism1 & a consolatory address to himself on ! dep>ture ( 8 fri5d ,salu/ius to ! ,ea/4 7#c7 ,caes>es or ,symposium1 a satirical composition aft] ! mann] ( ,s5eca's ,apocolocyntosis1 9 :i* ! deifi$ ,caes>s appe> 9 succession at a banquet giv5 9 ,olympus1 to be c5sur$ = _! vices & crimes by old ,sil5us4 7#d7 ,misopogon 7! be>d-hat]71 writt5 at ,antio*1 a satire on ! lic5ti\sness ( its inhabitants2 :ile at ! same "t 8 own p]son & mann] ( life are treat$ 9 a :imsical _s4 ,x also conta9s a *>m+ description ( ,lutetia 7,p>is74 ,x owes its "n to ! ridicule heap$ ^u 8 be>d by ! ,antio*eans1 :o 7 9 ! habit ( %av+4 7#e7 ,five epigrams1 two ( :i* 7,an?4 ,pal41 ix4 #cfe1 #cfh7 are ( "s int]e/4 7#f7 ,greek3 ,k> ,*ri/iann 7,adv]sus ,*ri/ianos7 9 ?ree books1 an attack on ,*ri/ianity writt5 dur+ ! ,p]sian campaign1 is lo/4 ,!odosius ,,ii4 ord]$ all copies ( x to be de/roy$1 & our k ( its cont5ts is d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! ,contra ,julianum ( ,cyril1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 writt5 sixty ye>s lat] 7see ,juliani librorum contra ,*ri/ianos quae sup]sunt1 ed4 ,c4 ,j4 ,neumann #ahhj74 ,engli% ,translations3 ,select works by ,j4 ,duncombe 7#aghd7 conta9+ all except ! fir/ sev5 orations 7viii4 & ! fable f vii4 are includ$73 ! !osophical addresses to ,k+ ,helios & ! ,"m ( ! ,gods by ,?omas ,taylor 7#agic7 & ,c4 ,w4 ,k+ 9 ,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y 7#ahhh72 ! public lett]s1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,*9nock 7#aija74 ,,au?orities4--#a4 ,anci5t3 7a7 ,pagan writ]s4 ,( ^! ! mo/ tru/wor?y & imp>tial is ! hi/orian ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7xv4 #h-xxv471 a contempor>y & 9 "p an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts he describes 7o!r hi/orians are ,zosimus & ,eutropius72 ! sophi/ ,libanius1 :o 9 speak+ ( 8 imp]ial fri5d %[s himself cr$itably free f exagg]ation & s]vility2 ,eunapius 79 8 lives ( ,maximus1 ,oribasius1 ! physician & fri5d ( ,julian1 & ,proha]esius7 & ,claudius ,mam]t9us1 ! panegyri/1 are less tru/wor?y4 7b7 ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus1 ! au?or ( two viol5t invectives aga9/ ,julian2 ,ruf9us2 ,socrates2 ,sozom52 ,!odoret2 ,philo/orgius2 ! poems ( ,ephraem ,syrus writt5 9 #cfc2 ,zon>as2 ,c$r5us2 & lat] ,byzant9e *ronograph]s4 ,! impression :i* ,julian produc$ on ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/ is reflect$ 9 two ,syriac romances publi%$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,e4 ,h(fmann1 ,julianos d] ,abtrnnige 7#ahhj2 see also ,?4 ,nldeke 9 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft #ahgd1 xxviii4 #bfc74 #b4 ,mod]n4 ,= works be=e #ahgh see ,r4 ,engelmann1 ,scriptores ,graeci 7#h? ed41 by ,e4 ,preuss1 #ahhj74 ,( lat] works ! mo/ important are ,g4 ,h4 ,r5dall1 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahgi72 ,alice ,g>dn]1 ,julian1 ,philosoph] & ,emp]or 7#ahie72 ,g4 ,negri1 ,julian ! ,apo/ate 7,eng4 trans41 #aije72 ,e4 ,mll]1 ,kais] ,flavius ,claudius ,julianus 7#aija72 ,p4 ,all>d1 ,juli5 l'apo/at 7#aijj-aijc72 ,g4 ,mau1 ,die ,religionsphilosophie ,kais] ,julians 9 se95 ,r$5 auf ,knig ,helios und die ,gtt]mutt] 7#aijg72 ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/4 ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip 7#aijf71 p4 #cef2 ,w4 ,*ri/1 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,litt]atur 7#ahih71 #fjc2 ,j4 ,geffck51 ,kais] ,julianus und die ,/reits*rift5 se9] ,gegn]1 9 ,neue ,jahrb4 f4 das klassis*e ,alt]tum 7#aijh71 pp4 #afa-aie4 ,! sket* by ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall1 *s4 xix41 xxii4-xxiv47 & ! articles by ,j4 ,wordswor? 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography & ,a4 ,h>nack 9 ,h]zog-,hauck's ,real5cyklopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie ix4 7#aija7 are valuable1 ! la/ especially = ! bibliography4 7,t4 ,k42 ,j4 ,h4 ,f47 ,,footnote3 #a ,= ! date ( ,julian's bir? see ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall 7ed4 ,bury71 ii4 #bdg1 note #aa4 ,! *oice seems to lie betwe5 ,may #cca & ,may #ccb4 ,if ! =m] be adopt$1 ,julian mu/ h di$ 9 ! ?irty-?ird1 n ! ?irty-second1 ye> ( 8 age 7z /at$ 9 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxv4 #c1 #bc74 ,j,,li* 7,fr4 ,juli]s71 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian ,rh9e prov9ce1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,ro]1 #af m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #edei4 ,x conta9s an ,evangelical & two ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 a gymnasium1 a s*ool = non-commission$ (fic]s1 :i* occupies ! =m] ducal palace1 & a museum ( local antiquities4 ,its manufactures include sug>1 lea!r & pap]4 ,jli* 7=m]ly also ,gl*1 ,guli*e7 ! capital ( ! =m] du*y ( t "n1 is ! ,juliacum ( ! ,anton9i ,it9]>ium2 "s h attribut$ its orig9 to ,julius ,caes>4 ,x became a =tress 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 & 0 captur$ by ! ar*duke ,leopold 9 #afji1 by ! ,dut* "u ,maurice ( ,orange 9 #afaj1 & by ! ,spani>ds 9 #afbb4 ,9 #agid x 0 tak5 by ! ,fr5*1 :o held x until ! peace ( ,p>is 9 #ahad4 ,till #ahfj1 :5 its works 7 demoli%$1 ,jli* rank$ z a =tress ( ! second class4 ,j,,li*1 or ,,juli]s1 ,,du*y ,,(4 ,9 ! #i? c5tury a c]ta9 ,matfri$ 0 c\nt ( ,jli* 7pagus ,juliac5sis71 & t[>ds ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury "o ,g]h>d held ?is dignity4 ,?is ,g]h>d f\nd$ a family ( h]$it>y c\nts1 :o held ,jli* z imm$iate vassals ( ! emp]or1 & 9 #acef ! c\nty 0 rais$ to ! rank ( a du*y4 ,! old] & reign+ bran* ( ! family di$ 9 #adbc1 :5 ,jli* pass$ to ,adolph1 duke ( ,b]g 7d4 #adcg71 :o belong$ to a y\ng] bran*1 & :o _h obta9$ ,b]g by virtue ( ! m>riage ( "o ( 8 ance/ors4 ,ne>ly a c5tury lat] ,m>y 7d4 #aedc7 ! heiress ( ^! two du*ies1 m>ri$ ,john1 ! heir ( ! du*y ( ,cleves1 & 9 #aeba ! ?ree du*ies1 ,jli*1 ,b]g & ,cleves1 toge!r ) ! c\nties ( ,rav5sb]g & ,la ,m>ck1 7 unit$ "u ,john's sway4 ,john di$ 9 #aeci & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,william :o reign$ until #aeib4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury ! du*ies became v prom95t 9 ,european politics4 ,! reign+ duke1 ,john ,william1 0 *ildless & insane1 & sev]al pr9ces 7 only wait+ = 8 demise 9 ord] to seize 8 l&s4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! pr9ces 7 two ,prote/ant pr9ces1 ,philip ,l\is1 c\nt palat9e ( ,neuburg1 :o 0 m>ri$ to ! duke's si/] ,anna1 & ,john ,sigismund1 elector ( ,br&5burg1 ^: wife 0 ! daught] ( ano!r si/]4 ,two o!r si/]s 7 m>ri$ to pr9ces ( m9or importance4 ,moreov]1 by virtue ( an imp]ial promise made 9 #adhe & r5ew$ 9 #adie1 ! elector ( ,saxony claim$ ! du*ies ( ,jli* & ,b]g1 :ile ! proximity ( ! covet$ l&s to ! ,ne!rl&s made _! fate a matt] ( great mom5t to ! ,dut*4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t at ?is "t !re 0 a great deal ( t5sion betwe5 ! ,roman ,ca?olics & ! ,prote/ants1 :o 7 fairly ev5ly mat*$ 9 ! du*ies1 & t ! rivalry betwe5 ,france & ! ,empire 0 v ke51 x w be se5 t ! situation lack$ no elem5t ( discord4 ,9 ,m>* #afji ,duke ,john ,william di$4 ,hav+ assur$ !mselves ( ! support ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france & ( ! ,evangelical ,union1 ,br&5burg & ,neuburg at once occupi$ ! du*ies4 ,to c\nt] ?is /roke & to support ! ,saxon claim1 ! emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 ord]$ "s imp]iali/ & ,spani% troops to seize ! disput$ l&s1 & x 0 probably only ! murd] ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 ,may #afaj & ! dea? ( ! head ( ! ,evangelical ,union1 ! elector palat9e1 ,fr$]ick ,,iv41 9 ! foll[+ ,septemb]1 :i* prev5t$1 or r delay$1 a great ,european w>4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! emp]or adjudg$ ! du*ies to ,saxony1 :ile ! ,dut* captur$ ! =tress ( ,jli*2 b = all practical purposes victory rema9$ ) ! possess+ pr9ces1 z ,br&5burg & ,neuburg 7 call$1 :o cont9u$ to occupy & to adm9i/] ! l&s4 ,^! two pr9ces _h made a compact at ,dortmund 9 #afji to act toge!r 9 def5ce ( _! rights1 b proposals = a m>riage alliance betwe5 ! two h\ses broke d[n & diff]5ces soon arose betwe5 !m4 ,! next important /ep 0 ! timely conv]sion ( ! c\nt palat9e's heir1 ,wolfgang ,william ( ,neuburg1 to ,roman ,ca?olicism1 & 8 m>riage ) a daught] ( ! p[]ful ,roman ,ca?olic pr9ce1 ,duke ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia4 ,! rupture betwe5 ! possess+ pr9ces 0 n[ complete4 ,ea* invit$ =eign aid4 ,dut* troops m>*$ to assi/ ! elector ( ,br&5burg & ,spani% ones came to aid ! c\nt palat9e1 b ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,engl& & ,france peace 0 made & ! treaty ( ,xant5 0 sign$ 9 ,novemb] #afad4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ,br&5burg obta9$ ,jli* & ,b]g1 ! re/ ( ! l&s fall+ to ! c\nt palat9e4 ,9 #afff ! great elector1 ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,br&5burg1 made ) ,william1 c\nt palat9e ( ,neuburg1 a treaty ( mutual succession to ! du*ies1 provid+ t 9 case ! male l9e ( ei!r h\se became ext9ct ! o!r %\ld inh]it its l&s4 ,! succession to ! du*y ( ,jli* 0 aga9 a matt] ( int]e/ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! family ( ! c\nts palat9e ( ,neuburg 0 ?reat5$ ) ext9ction & ! emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 promis$ ! succession to ,jli* to ! ,prussian k+1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 9 return = a gu>antee ( ! pragmatic sanction4 ,a little lat]1 h[ev]1 he promis$ ! same du*y to ! c\nt palat9e ( ,sulzba*1 a k9sman ( ! c\nt palat9e ( ,neuburg4 ,!n ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 hav+ secur$ ,silesia1 ab&on$ 8 claim to ,jli*1 :i* ?us pass$ to ,sulzba* :51 9 #agdb1 ! family ( ,neuburg became ext9ct4 ,f ,sulzba* ! du*y came to ! electors palat9e ( ! ,rh9e1 &1 :5 ?is family di$ out 9 #agii1 to ! elector ( ,bav>ia1 ! head ( ! o!r bran* ( ! h\se ( ,wittelsba*4 ,9 #ahja ,jli* 0 seiz$ by ,france1 & by ! settlem5t ( #ahae x came into ! h&s ( ,prussia4 ,its area 0 j ov] #afjj sq4 m4 & its population ab\t #djj1jjj4 ,see ,kuhl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,jli*2 ,m4 ,ritt]1 ,sa*s5 und d] ,jli*] ,erbfolge/reit 7#ahgc71 & ,d] ,jli*] ,erbfolgekrieg1 #afaj und #afaa 7#ahgg72 ,a4 ,mll]1 ,d] ,jli*-,kleves*e ,erbfolge/reit im ,jahre #afad 7#aijj7 & ,h4 ,h4 ,ko*1 ,die ,re=mation im ,h]zogtum ,jli* 7#ahhc-ahhh74 ,,juli51 ,,/anislas 7#agig8-ahgc71 ,fr5* ori5tali/1 0 born at ,orleans1 probably on ! #ac? ( ,april #agig4 ,/anislas ,juli51 a me*anic ( ,orleans1 _h two sons1 ,nol1 born on ! #ac? ( ,april #agig1 & ,/anislas1 born on ! #bj? ( ,septemb] #agii4 ,x appe>s t ! y\ng] son di$ 9 ,am]ica1 & t ,nol !n adopt$ 8 bro!r's "n4 ,he /udi$ classics at ! collge de ,france1 & 9 #ahba 0 appo9t$ assi/ant pr(essor ( ,greek4 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ an edition ( ! ,greek3 ,hel5s h>pag ( ,colu?us1 ) v]sions 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian & ,spani%4 ,he att5d$ ! lectures ( ,abel ,rmusat on ,*9ese1 & 8 progress 0 z rapid z x _h be5 9 o!r languages4 ,f ! fir/1 z if by intuition1 he ma/]$ ! g5ius ( ! language2 & 9 #ahbd he publi%$ a ,lat9 translation ( a "p ( ! works ( ,m5cius 7,mang-tse71 "o ( ! n9e classical books ( ! ,*9ese4 ,soon aft]w>ds he translat$ ! mod]n ,greek odes ( ,kalvos "u ! title ( ,la ,lyre patriotique de la ,grce4 ,b su* works 7 n pr(itable 9 a comm]cial s5se1 &1 be+ )\t any patrimony1 ,juli5 0 glad to accept ! assi/ance ( ,sir ,william ,drummond & o!rs1 until 9 #ahbg he 0 appo9t$ sublibr>ian to ! ,fr5* in/itute4 ,9 #ahcb he succe$$ ,rmusat z pr(essor ( ,*9ese at ! collge de ,france4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,acadmie des ,inscriptions 9 ! place ( ! ori5tali/1 ,anto9e ,jean ,sa9t-,m>t94 ,= "s ye>s 8 /udies _h be5 direct$ t[>ds ! dramatic & light] lit]ature ( ! ,*9ese1 & 9 rapid succession he n[ br\ght out translations ( ! ,hoei-lan-ki 7,l',hi/oire du c]cle de craie71 a drama 9 :i* occurs a sc5e curi\sly analog\s to ! judgm5t ( ,solomon2 ! ,pih %ay ts+ ki2 & ! ,t*ao-*i k\ eul1 ^u :i* ,voltaire _h f\nd$ 8 ,orphel9 de la ,*9e 7#agee74 ,) ! v]satility :i* belong$ to 8 g5ius1 he next turn$1 app>5tly )\t difficulty1 to ! v diff]5t /yle common to ,taoi/ writ+s1 & translat$ 9 #ahce ,le ,livre des rcomp5ses et des pe9es ( ,lao-tsze4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! cultivation ( silkworms 0 beg9n+ to attract att5tion 9 ,france1 & by ord] ( ! m9i/] ( agriculture ,juli5 compil$1 9 #ahcg1 a ,rsum des pr9cipaux traits *9ois sur la culture des mri]s1 et l'ducation des v]s--soie1 :i* 0 spe$ily translat$ into ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian & ,russian4 ,no?+ 0 m *>act]i/ic ( 8 me?od ( /udy+ ,*9ese ?an 8 habit ( collect+ e peculi>ity ( idiom & expression :i* he met ) 9 8 read+2 &1 9 ord] t o!rs might reap ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ces1 he publi%$ 9 #ahda ,discussions grammaticales sur c]ta9es rgles de position qui1 en *9ois1 j\5t le mme rle que les inflexions dans les autres langues1 :i* he foll[$ 9 #ahdb by ,ex]cices pratiques d'analyse1 de syntaxe1 et de lexigraphie *9oise4 ,mean:ile 9 #ahci1 he _h be5 appo9t$ jo9t keep] ( ! ,biblio?que royale1 ) ! especial sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,*9ese books1 & %ortly aft]w>ds he 0 made adm9i/rator ( ! collge de ,france4 ,! facility ) :i* he _h le>n$ ,*9ese1 & ! success :i* 8 pr(ici5cy comm&$1 naturally incl9$ less gift$ s*ol>s to res5t ! impati5ce ) :i* he reg>d$ _! mi/akes1 & at diff]5t times bitt] controv]sies arose betwe5 ,juli5 & 8 fell[ s9ologues on ! "o subject :i* !y _h 9 common4 ,9 #ahdb appe>$ f 8 busy p5 a translation ( ! ,tao te ,k+1 ! celebrat$ "w 9 :i* ,lao-tsze attempt$ to expla9 8 idea ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! univ]se & some?+ :i* he call$ ,tao1 & on :i* ! religion ( ,taoism is bas$4 ,f ,taoism to ,buddhism 0 a natural transition1 & ab\t ?is "t ,juli5 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,*9a1 & m especially to ! travels ( ,buddhi/ pilgrims to ,india4 ,9 ord] t he might bett] und]/& ! ref]5ces to ,indian in/itutions1 & ! transcriptions 9 ,*9ese ( ,sanskrit words & prop] names1 he began ! /udy ( ,sanskrit1 & 9 #ahec br\ght out 8 ,voyages du plr9 ,hi\5-tsang1 :i* is reg>d$ by "s critics z 8 mo/ valuable "w4 ,six ye>s lat] he publi%$ ,les ,avadnas1 contes et apologues ,indi5s inconnus jusqu' ce j\r1 suivis de posies et de n\velles *9oises4 ,= ! b5efit ( future /ud5ts he disclos$ 8 sy/em ( deciph]+ ,sanskrit words occurr+ 9 ,*9ese books 9 8 ,m?ode p\r d*iffr] et transcrire les noms sanscrits qui se r5contr5t dans les livres *9ois 7#ahfa74 ,?is "w1 :i* conta9s mu* ( int]e/ & importance1 falls %ort ( ! value :i* its au?or 0 accu/om$ to atta* to x4 ,x _h escap$ 8 obs]vation t1 s9ce ! translations ( ,sanskrit works into ,*9ese 7 und]tak5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire1 ! same ,sanskrit words 7 ( necessity diff]5tly repres5t$ 9 ,*9ese *>act]s 9 accordance ) ! dialectical v>iations4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c !re=e possibly be laid d[n = ! deciph]m5t ( ,*9ese transcriptions ( ,sanskrit words1 & ! effect ( ?is impossibility 0 felt ?\gh n recogniz$ by ,juli51 :o 9 ord] to make good 8 rule 0 occasionally oblig$ to suppose t wrong *>act]s _h by mi/ake be5 introduc$ into ! texts4 ,8 ,indian /udies l$ to a controv]sy ) ,joseph ,t\ssa9t ,re9aud1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n free f ! gall ( bitt]ness4 ,among ! _m subjects to :i* he turn$ 8 att5tion 7 ! native indu/ries ( ,*9a1 & 8 "w on ! ,hi/oire et fabrication de la porcela9e *9oise is likely to rema9 a /&>d "w on ! subject4 ,9 ano!r volume he also publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! ,indu/ries anci5nes et mod]nes de l'empire *9ois 7#ahfi71 translat$ f native au?orities4 ,9 ! int]vals ( m s]i\s und]tak+s he translat$ ! ,san tseu ,k+ 7,le ,livre des trois mots72 ,?si5 tseu w5 7,le ,livre de mille mots72 ,les ,deux c\s9es2 ,n\velles *9oises2 ! ,p+ *an l+ y5 7,les ,deux jeunes filles lettres72 & ! ,dialoghi ,c9esi1 ,ji-t*'ang k' e\-t' e\-koa4 ,8 la/ "w ( importance 0 ,syntaxe n\velle de la langue *9oise 7#ahfi71 9 :i* he gave ! result ( 8 /udy ( ! language1 & collect$ a va/ array ( facts & ( idiomatic expressions4 ,a m sci5tific arrangem5t & treatm5t ( 8 subject w\ld h add$ mu* to ! value ( ?is "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9s a m9e ( mat]ial :i* amply repays exploration4 ,"o great secret by :i* ,juli5 acquir$ 8 grasp ( ,*9ese1 01 z we h said1 8 me?odical collection ( phrases & idiomatic expressions4 ,:5ev] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ he met ) a new phrase or expression1 he ent]$ x on a c>d :i* took its place 9 regul> ord] 9 a long s]ies ( boxes4 ,at 8 dea?1 :i* took place on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #ahgc1 he left1 x is said1 #bej1jjj ( su* c>ds1 ab\t ! fate ( :i*1 h[ev]1 little seems to be kn[n4 ,9 politics ,juli5 0 imp]iali/1 & 9 #ahfc he 0 made a comm&] ( ! legion ( hon\r 9 recognition ( ! s]vices he _h r5d]$ to lit]ature dur+ ! second empire4 ,see notice & bibliography by ,wallon1 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,inscr4 7#ahhd71 xxxi4 #dji-deh4 7,r4 ,k4 ,d47 ,,julius1 ! "n ( ?ree popes4 ,,julius ,i41 pope f #ccg to #ceb1 0 *os5 z successor ( ,m>cus aft] ! ,roman see _h be5 vacant f\r mon?s4 ,he is *iefly kn[n by ! "p :i* he took 9 ! ,arian controv]sy4 ,aft] ! ,eusebians _h1 at a synod held 9 ,antio*1 r5ew$ _! deposition ( ,a?anasius !y resolv$ to s5d delegates to ,con/ans1 emp]or ( ! ,we/1 & also to ,julius1 sett+ =? ! gr\nds on :i* !y _h proce$$4 ,! latt]1 aft] express+ an op9ion fav\rable to ,a?anasius1 adroitly invit$ bo? p>ties to lay ! case be=e a synod to be presid$ ov] by himself4 ,?is proposal1 h[ev]1 ! ,ea/]n bi%ops decl9$ to accept4 ,on 8 second bani%m5t f ,alex&ria1 ,a?anasius came to ,rome1 & 0 recogniz$ z a regul> bi%op by ! synod held 9 #cdj4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,julius t1 at a lat] date1 ! c\ncil ( ,s>dica 9 ,illyria 0 held1 :i* 0 att5d$ only by sev5ty-six ,ea/]n bi%ops1 :o spe$ily )drew to ,philippopolis & depos$ ,julius1 along ) ,a?anasius & o!rs4 ,! ,we/]n bi%ops :o rema9$ confirm$ ! previ\s decisions ( ! ,roman synod2 & by its #crd1 #d? & #e? decrees relat+ to ! rights ( revision1 ! c\ncil ( ,s>dica endeav\r$ to settle ! proc$ure ( ecclesia/ical appeals4 ,julius on 8 dea? 9 ,april #ceb 0 succe$$ by ,lib]ius4 7,l4 ,d4997 ,,julius ,,ii4 7,giuliano della ,rov]e71 pope f ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #aejc to ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #aeac1 0 born at ,savona 9 #addc4 ,he 0 at fir/ int5d$ = a comm]cial c>e]1 b lat] 0 s5t by 8 uncle1 subsequ5tly ,sixtus ,,iv41 to be educat$ among ! ,franciscans1 al?\gh he does n appe> to h jo9$ t ord]4 ,he 0 load$ ) fav\rs dur+ 8 uncle's pontificate1 be+ made bi%op ( ,c>p5tras1 bi%op ( ,bologna1 bi%op ( ,v]celli1 ar*bi%op ( ,avignon1 c>d9al-prie/ ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli & ( ,/i ,dodici ,apo/oli1 & c>d9al-bi%op ( ,sab9a1 ( ,frascati1 & f9ally ( ,o/ia & ,velletri4 ,9 #adhj he 0 made legate to ,france1 ma9ly to settle ! "q ( ! ,burgundian inh]itance1 & acquitt$ himself ) su* ability dur+ 8 two ye>s' /ay t he acquir$ an influ5ce 9 ! college ( c>d9als :i* became p>am\nt dur+ ! pontificate ( ,innoc5t ,,viii4 ,a rivalry1 h[ev]1 gr[+ up betwe5 him & ,rod]igo ,borgia1 he took refuge at ,o/ia aft] ! latt]'s election z ,alex&] ,,vi41 & 9 #adid w5t to ,france1 :]e he incit$ ,*>les ,,viii4 to und]take ! conque/ ( ,naples4 ,he accompani$ ! "y k+ on 8 campaign1 & s\ght to convoke a c\ncil to inquire into ! conduct ( ! pope ) a view to 8 deposition1 b 0 defeat$ 9 ?is ?r\gh ,alex&]'s ma*9ations4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( t pontificate ,della ,rov]e rema9$ 9 ,france1 nom9ally 9 support ( ! pope1 = :om he negotiat$ ! treaty ( #adih ) ,l\is ,,xii41 b 9 reality bitt]ly ho/ile to him4 ,on ! dea? ( ,alex&] 7#aejc7 he return$ to ,italy & support$ ! election ( ,pius ,,iii41 :o 0 !n suff]+ f an incurable malady1 ( :i* he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,della ,rov]e !n won ! support ( ,ces>e ,borgia & 0 unanim\sly elect$ pope4 ,julius ,,ii4 f ! beg9n+ repudiat$ ! sy/em ( nepotism :i* _h fl\ri%$ "u ,sixtus ,,iv41 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 & ,alex&] ,,vi41 & set himself ) c\rage & det]m9ation to re/ore1 consolidate & ext5d ! temporal possessions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by dext]\s diplomacy he fir/ succe$$ 7#aejd7 9 r5d]+ x impossible = ,ces>e ,borgia to rema9 9 ,italy4 ,he !n pacifi$ ,rome & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry by reconcil+ ! p[]ful h\ses ( ,ors9i & ,colonna & by w9n+ ! o!r nobles to 8 own cause4 ,9 #aejd he arbitrat$ on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 & conclud$ an alliance ) !m 9 ord] to ou/ ! ,v5etians f ,fa5za1 ,rim9i & o!r t[ns :i* !y occupi$4 ,! alliance at fir/ result$ only 9 compell+ ! surr5d] ( a few unimportant =tresses 9 ! ,romagna2 b ,julius fre$ ,p]ugia & ,bologna 9 ! brilliant campaign ( #aejf4 ,9 #aejh he conclud$ aga9/ ,v5ice ! fam\s league ( ,cambray ) ! emp]or ,maximilian1 ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france & ,f]d9& ( ,aragon1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> plac$ ! city ( ,v5ice "u an int]dict4 ,by ! s+le battle ( ,agnadello ! ,italian dom9ion ( ,v5ice 0 practically lo/2 b z ! allies 7 n satisfi$ ) m]ely effect+ 8 purposes1 ! pope ent]$ into a comb9ation ) ! ,v5etians aga9/ ^? :o imm$iately be=e _h be5 engag$ 9 8 behalf4 ,he absolv$ ! ,v5etians 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aeaj1 & %ortly aft]w>ds plac$ ! ban on ,france4 ,at a synod conv5$ by ,l\is ,,xii4 at ,t\rs 9 ,septemb]1 ! ,fr5* bi%ops ann\nc$ _! )drawal f ! papal ob$i5ce & resolv$1 ) ,maximilian's co-op]ation1 to seek ! deposition ( ,julius4 ,9 ,novemb] #aeaa a c\ncil actually met at ,pisa = ?is object1 b its ef=ts 7 fruitless4 ,julius =?) =m$ ! ,holy league ) ,f]d9& ( ,aragon & ) ,v5ice aga9/ ,france1 9 :i* bo? ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! emp]or ultimately jo9$4 ,! ,fr5* 7 driv5 out ( ,italy 9 #aeab & papal au?ority 0 once m securely e/abli%$ 9 ! /ates imm$iately ar\nd ,rome4 ,julius _h already issu$1 on ! #ah? ( ,july #aeaa1 ! summons = a g5]al c\ncil to deal ) ,france1 ) ! re=m ( ! ,*ur*1 & ) a w> aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,?is c\ncil1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,fif? ,lat]an1 assembl$ on ! #crd ( ,may #aeab1 condemn$ ! celebrat$ pragmatic sanction ( ! ,fr5* *ur*1 & 0 /ill 9 session :5 ,julius di$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 combats1 ,julius nev] neglect$ 8 ecclesia/ical duties4 ,8 bull ( ! #ad? ( ,janu>y #aeje aga9/ simony 9 papal elections 0 re-enact$ by ! ,lat]an c\ncil 7,febru>y #af1 #aeac74 ,he condemn$ duell+ by bull ( ! #bd? ( ,febru>y #aeji4 ,he effect$ "s re=ms 9 ! mona/ic ord]s2 urg$ ! conv]sion ( ! sect>ies 9 ,bohemia2 & s5t mission>ies to ,am]ica1 ,india1 ,abyss9ia & ! ,congo4 ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! ,papal ,/ates 0 excell5t4 ,julius is des]v+ ( p>ticul> hon\r = 8 patronage ( art & lit]ature4 ,he did mu* to improve & beautify ,rome2 he laid ! f\ndation-/one ( ,/ ,pet]'s 7,april #ah1 #aejf72 he f\nd$ ! ,vatican museum2 & he 0 a fri5d & patron ( ,bramante1 ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo4 ,:ile mod]ate 9 p]sonal exp5diture1 ,julius resort$ to objectionable means ( repl5i%+ ! papal treasury1 :i* _h be5 exhau/$ by ,alex&] ,,vi41 & ( provid+ funds = 8 num]\s ent]prises2 simony & traffic 9 indulg5ces 7 increas+ly preval5t4 ,julius 0 und\bt$ly 9 en]gy & g5ius "o ( ! greate/ popes s9ce ,innoc5t ,,iii41 & x is a mis=tune ( ! ,*ur* t 8 temporal policy eclips$ 8 spiritual (fice4 ,?\gh n despis+ ! ,ma*iavellian arts ( /atecraft s univ]sally practis$ 9 8 day1 he 0 nev]!less by nature pla9-spok5 & s9c]e1 & 9 8 la/ ye>s grew viol5t & crabb$4 ,he di$ ( a fev] on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #aeac1 & 0 succe$$ by ,leo ,x4 ,see ,l4 ,pa/or1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 vol4 vi41 trans4 by ,f4 ,i4 ,antrobus 7#ahih72 ,m4 ,creighton1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,papacy1 vol4 v4 7#aija72 ,f4 ,gregorovius1 ,rome 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 viii41 trans4 by ,mrs ,g4 ,w4 ,hamilton 7#aijj-aijb72 ,hefele-,h]g5r!r1 ,concili5ges*i*te1 vol4 viii41 #bnd ed42 ,j4 ,klaczko1 ,rome et la r5aissance 444 ,jules ,,ii4 7#ahih71 trans4 into ,engli% by ,j4 ,d5nie 7,new ,york1 #aijc72 ,m4 ,bros*1 ,pap/ ,julius ,,ii4 u4 die ,grndung des ,kir*5/aates 7#ahgh72 ,a4 ,j4 ,dumesnil1 ,hi/oire de ,jules ,,ii4 7#ahgc72 ,j4 ,j4 ,i4 von ,dll+]1 ,beitrge zur polit41 kir*l41 u4 ,cultur-,ges*i*te d] se*s letzt5 ,jahrhund]te1 vol4 iii4 7#ahhb72 ,a4 ,s*ulte1 ,die ,fugg] 9 ,rom #adie-aebc1 mit ,/udi5 zur ,ges*4 des kir*li*5 ,f9anzwes5s j5] ,zeit 7#aijd74 7,c4 ,h4 ,ha47 ,,julius ,,iii4 7,giovanni ,m>ia del ,monte71 pope f #aeej to #aeee1 0 born on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #adhg4 ,he 0 creat$ c>d9al by ,paul ,,iii4 9 #aecf1 fill$ sev]al important legations1 & 0 elect$ pope on ! #g? ( ,febru>y #aeej1 despite ! opposition ( ,*>les ,v41 ^: enmity he _h incurr$ z presid5t ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,love ( ease & desire = peace mov$ him1 h[ev]1 to adopt a conciliatory attitude1 & to yield to ! emp]or's desire = ! reassembl+ ( ! c\ncil 7,septemb] #aeea71 susp5d$ s9ce #aedi4 ,b deem+ ,*>les's fur!r dem&s inconv5i5t1 he soon f\nd occasion 9 ! r5ewal ( ho/ilities to susp5d ! c\ncil once m 7,april #aeeb74 ,z an adh]5t ( ! emp]or he suff]$ 9 consequ5ce ( imp]ial rev]ses1 & 0 =c$ to confirm ,p>ma to ,ottavio ,f>nese1 ! ally ( ,france 7#aeeb74 ,we>y ( politics1 & obey+ a natural incl9ation to pleasure1 ,julius !n virtually abdicat$ ! managem5t ( affairs1 & gave himself up to enjoym5t1 amus+ himself ) ! adornm5t ( 8 villa1 ne> ! ,porta del ,popolo1 & (t5 s f> =gett+ ! proprieties ( 8 (fice z to p>ticipate 9 ent]ta9m5ts ( a que/ionable "*4 ,8 nepotism 0 ( a less ambiti\s ord] ?an t ( ,paul ,,iii42 b he provid$ = 8 family out ( ! (fices & rev5ues ( ! ,*ur*1 & advanc$ unwor?y fav\rites to ! c>d9alate4 ,:at progress re=m made dur+ 8 pontificate 0 due to its acquir$ mom5tum1 r ?an to ! zeal ( ! pope4 ,yet "u ,julius /eps 7 tak5 to aboli% plurality ( b5efices & to re/ore mona/ic discipl9e2 ! ,collegium ,g]manicum1 = ! conv]sion ( ,g]mans1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome1 #aeeb2 & ,engl& 0 absolv$ by ! c>d9al-legate ,pole1 & receiv$ aga9 into ! ,roman communion 7#aeed74 ,julius di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #aeee1 & 0 succe$$ by ,m>cellus ,,ii4 ,see ,panv9io1 cont9uator ( ,plat9a1 ,de ,vitis ,pontiff4 ,rom42 ,ciaconius1 ,vitae et res ge/ae summorum ,pontiff4 ,rom4 7,rome1 #afja-afjb7 7bo? contempor>ies ( ,julius ,,iii472 ,ranke1 ,popes 7,eng4 trans41 ,au/971 i4 #bgf seq42 v4 ,reumont1 ,ges*4 d] ,/adt ,rom41 iii4 #b1 #ejc seq42 ,bros*1 ,ges*4 des ,kir*5/aates 7#ahhj71 i4 #ahi seq42 & ext5d$ bibliography 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyklopdie1 s4v4 ,julius ,,iii4 7,t4 ,f4 ,c47 ,,julli51 ,,l\is ,,anto9e 7#ahab-ahfj71 musical conductor1 0 born at ,si/]on1 ,basses ,alpes1 ,france1 on ! #bcrd ( ,april #ahab1 & /udi$ at ! ,p>is cons]vatoire4 ,8 fondness = ! lighte/ =ms ( music co/ him 8 position 9 ! s*ool1 & aft] conduct+ ! b& ( ! ,j>d9 ,turc he 0 compell$ to leave ,p>is to escape 8 cr$itors1 & came to ,london1 :]e he =m$ a good or*e/ra & e/abli%$ prom5ade conc]ts4 ,subsequ5tly he travell$ to ,scotl&1 ,irel& & ,am]ica ) 8 or*e/ra4 ,= _m ye>s he 0 a famili> figure 9 ! _w ( popul> music 9 ,engl&1 & 8 portly =m ) its gorge\s wai/coats occurs v (t5 9 ! e>ly volumes ( ,pun*4 ,he br\ght out an op]a1 ,pietro il ,gr&e1 at ,cov5t ,g>d5 7#aheb7 on a scale ( magnific5ce t ru9$ him1 = ! piece 0 a complete failure4 ,he 0 9 ,am]ica until #ahed1 :5 he return$ to ,london = a %ort "t2 ultimately he w5t back to ,p>is1 :]e1 9 #ahei1 he 0 arre/$ = debt & put into prison4 ,he lo/ 8 reason soon aft]w>ds1 & di$ on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #ahfj4 ,,jullundur1 or ,,jal&h>1 a city ( ,briti% ,india1 giv+ its "n to a di/rict & a division 9 ! ,punjab4 ,! city is #bfj m4 by rail ,n4,w4 ( ,delhi4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #fg1gce4 ,x is ! headqu>t]s ( a brigade 9 ! #crd division ( ! nor!rn army4 ,!re are an ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian mission1 a gov]nm5t normal s*ool1 & high s*ools support$ by ,h9du bodies4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,jullundur occupies ! l[] "p ( ! tract kn[n z ! ,jullundur ,doab1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,sutlej & ,beas1 except t x is sep>at$ f ! ,beas by ! /ate ( ,kapur?ala4 ,area1 #adca sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #iag1ehg1 %[+ an increase ( #a 9 ! decade2 ! av]age d5sity is #fda p]sons p] squ>e mile1 be+ ! highe/ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,cotton-weav+ & sug> manufacture are ! pr9cipal indu/ries = export trade1 & silk goods & :eat are also export$4 ,! di/rict is cross$ by ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n railway f ,phillaur t[>ds ,amrits>4 ,! ,jullundur ,doab 9 e>ly times =m$ ! ,h9du k+dom ( ,kato*1 rul$ by a family ( ,rajputs ^: desc5dants /ill exi/ 9 ! petty pr9ces ( ! ,kangra hills4 ,"u ,mahomm$an rule ! ,doab 0 g5]ally atta*$ to ! prov9ce ( ,lahore1 9 :i* x is includ$ z a circ> or gov]nor%ip 9 ! great rev5ue survey ( ,akb>4 ,its gov]nors seem to h held an autonom\s position1 subject to ! paym5t ( a fix$ tribute into ! imp]ial treasury4 ,! ,sikh revival ext5d$ to ,jullundur at an e>ly p]iod1 & a numb] ( petty *iefta9s made !mselves indep5d5t ?r\gh\t ! ,doab4 ,9 #agff ! t[n ( ,jullundur fell into ! h&s ( ! ,sikh conf$]acy ( ,faiz-ulla-puria1 !n presid$ ov] by ,khu%al ,s+h4 ,8 son & successor built a masonry =t 9 ! t[n1 :ile sev]al o!r lead]s simil>ly =tifi$ !mselves 9 ! suburbs4 ,mean:ile1 ,ranjit ,s+h 0 consolidat+ 8 p[] 9 ! s\?1 & 9 #ahaa he annex$ ! ,faiz-ulla-puria dom9ions4 ,!nce=? ,jullundur became ! capital ( ! ,lahore possessions 9 ! ,doab until ! ,briti% annexation at ! close ( ! fir/ ,sikh w> 7#ahdf74 ,! ,,division ,,( ,,jullundur comprises ! five di/ricts ( ,kangra1 ,ho%i>pur1 ,jullundur1 ,ludhiana & ,f]ozepore1 all ly+ along ! riv] ,sutlej4 ,area1 #ai1daj sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #d1cjf1ffb4 ,see ,jullundur ,di/rict ,gazette] 7,lahore1 #aijh74 ,,july1 ! sev5? mon? 9 ! ,*ri/ian cal5d>1 consi/+ ( ?irty-"o days4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! fif? mon? ( ! ye>1 & z su* 0 call$ by ! ,romans ,qu9tilis4 ,! lat] "n ( ,julius 0 giv5 9 hon\r ( ,julius ,caes> 7:o 0 born 9 ! mon?72 x came into use 9 ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons call$ ,july ,hegmna?1 hay-mon?1 or ,ma$-mna?1 mead-mon?1 ! mead[s be+ !n 9 bloom4 ,ano!r "n 0 aft]a la1 ! latt] mild mon?1 9 contradi/9ction to ,june1 :i* 0 nam$ ! =m] mild mon?4 ,*ief dates ( ! mon?3 #crd ,july1 ,dog ,days beg92 #ae? ,july1 ,/ ,s)92 #be? ,july1 ,/ ,james4 ,,jumala1 ! supreme god ( ! anci5t ,f9ns & ,lapps4 ,among "s tribes he is call$ ,num or ,jilibeamba]tje1 z protector ( ! flocks4 ,jumala indicates r godhead ?an a div9e be+4 ,9 ! runes ,ukko1 ! gr&fa!r1 ! s5d] ( ! ?und]1 takes ! place ( ,jumala4 ,,jumi,,ges1 a village ( nor?-we/]n ,france1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,se9e-,infrieure1 #ag m4 ,w4 ( ,r\5 by road1 on a p59sula =m$ by a b5d ( ! ,se9e4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 #bdd4 ,jumiges is fam\s = ! impos+ ru9s ( its abbey1 "o ( ! great e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,b5$ict9e ord]4 ,! pr9cipal rema9s are ^? ( ! abbey-*ur*1 built f #ajdj to #ajfg2 ^! comprise ! faade ) two t[]s1 ! walls ( ! nave1 a wall & su/a9+ ar* ( ! great c5tral t[] & dbris ( ! *oir 7re/or$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury74 ,among ! m9or relics1 pres]v$ 9 a small museum 9 a build+ ( ! #ad? c5tury1 are ! /one :i* once cov]$ ! grave ( ,agnes ,sorel1 & two recumb5t figures ( ! #ac? c5tury1 commonly kn[n z ! n]vs1 & repres5t+1 accord+ to "o leg5d1 two sons ( ,clovis ,,ii41 :o1 z a puni%m5t = revolt aga9/ _! fa!r1 _h ! t5dons ( _! arms & legs cut1 & 7 set adrift 9 a boat on ! ,se9e4 ,ano!r tradition /ates t ! /atues repres5t ,?assilo1 duke ( ,bav>ia1 & ,!odo 8 son1 relegat$ to ,jumiges by ,*>lemagne4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,pi]re1 :i* adjo9s ! s\? side ( ! abbey-*ur*1 0 built 9 ! #ad? c5tury z a cont9uation ( a previ\s *ur* ( ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 ( :i* a fragm5t /ill survives4 ,among ! o!r ru9s1 ^? ( ! *apt]-h\se 7#ac? c5tury7 & refectory 7#ab? & #ae? c5turies7 also survive4 ,! abbey ( ,jumiges 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #g? c5tury by ,/ ,philib]t1 ^: "n is /ill to be read on gold & silv] co9s obta9$ f ! site4 ,! abbey 0 de/roy$ by ! ,normans1 b 0 rebuilt 9 #ibh by ,william ,longsword1 duke ( ,norm&y1 & cont9u$ to exi/ till #agij4 ,*>les ,,vii4 (t5 resid$ !re ) ,agnes ,sorel1 :o _h a manor at ,mesnil-s\s-,jumiges 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & di$ 9 ! mona/]y 9 #adej4 ,,jumilla1 a t[n ( ea/]n ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,murcia1 #dj m4 ,n4 by ,w4 ( ,murcia by road1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,arroyo del ,jua1 a left-bank tribut>y ( ! ,segura4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #af1ddf4 ,jumilla occupies "p ( a n>r[ valley1 enclos$ by m\nta9s4 ,an anci5t citadel1 sev]al *ur*es1 a ,franciscan conv5t1 & a hospital are ! pr9cipal build+s4 ,! *ur* ( ,santiago is notewor?y = its f9e pa9t+s & frescoes1 "s ( :i* h be5 attribut$1 ?\gh on d\btful au?ority1 to ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s & o!r illu/ri\s arti/s4 ,! local trade is *iefly 9 co>se clo?1 esp>to fabrics1 w9e & f>m produce4 ,,jumna1 or ,,jamuna1 a riv] ( nor!rn ,india4 ,ris+ 9 ! ,himalayas 9 ,tehri /ate1 ab\t #e m4 ,n4 ( ! ,jamnotri hot spr+s1 9 #ca #c ,n4 & #gh #cj ,e41 ! /ream fir/ fl[s ,s4 = #g m41 !n ,s4,w4 = #cb m41 & aft]w>ds due ,s4 = #bf m41 receiv+ sev]al small tribut>ies 9 its c\rse4 ,x aft]w>ds turns %>ply to ! ,w4 = #ad m41 :5 x is jo9$ by ! l>ge riv] ,tons f ! nor?4 ,! ,jumna "h em]ges f ! ,himalayas into ! valley ( ! ,dun1 & fl[s 9 a ,s4,w4 direction = #bb m41 divid+ ! ,ki>da ,dun on ! ,w4 f ! ,dehra ,dun on ! ,e4 ,x !n1 at ! #ie? mile ( its c\rse1 =ces its way ?r\gh ! ,siwalik hills1 & deb\*es ^u ! pla9s ( ,india at ,fyzabad 9 ,sah>anpur di/rict4 ,by ?is "t a l>ge riv]1 x gives (f1 ne> ,fyzabad1 ! ea/]n & we/]n ,jumna canals4 ,f ,fyzabad ! riv] fl[s = #fe m4 9 a ,s4,s4,w4 direction1 receiv+ ! ,mask>ra /ream f ! ea/4 ,ne> ,bidhauli1 9 ,muzaff>nag> di/rict1 x turns due ,s4 = #hj m4 to ,delhi city1 !nce ,s4,e4 = #bg m4 to ne> ,dankaur1 receiv+ ! wat]s ( ! ,h9dan riv] on ! ea/4 ,f ,dankaur x resumes its s\!rly c\rse = #ajj m4 to ,mahaban ne> ,muttra1 :]e x turns ,e4 = ne>ly #bjj m41 pass+ ! t[ns ( ,agra1 ,f]ozabad & ,etawah1 receiv+ on its left bank ! ,k>wan-nadi1 & on its "r ! ,banganga 7,utanghan74 ,f ,etawah x fl[s #adj m4 ,s4,e4 to ,hamirpur1 be+ jo9$ by ! ,s5g> on its nor? bank1 & on ! s\? by ! great riv] ,*ambal f ! we/1 & by ! ,s9d4 ,f ,hamirpur1 ! ,jumna fl[s ne>ly due ,e41 until x ent]s ,allahabad di/rict & passes ,allahabad city1 bel[ :i* x falls into ! ,ganges 9 #be #be ,n4 & #ha #ee ,e4 ,9 ?is la/ "p ( its c\rse x receives ! wat]s ( ! ,betwa & ! ,k54 ,:]e ! ,jumna & ! ,ganges unite is ! prayag1 or place ( pilgrimage1 :]e dev\t ,h9dus resort 9 ?\s&s to wa% & be sanctifi$4 ,! ,jumna1 aft] issu+ f ! hills1 has a long] c\rse ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ?an ! ,ganges1 b is n s l>ge nor s important a riv]2 & above ,agra 9 ! hot season x dw9dles to a small /ream4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly caus$ by ! ea/]n & we/]n ,jumna canals1 ( :i* ! =m]1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahbc-ahcj1 irrigates #cjj1jjj acres 9 ! di/ricts ( ,sah>anpur1 ,muzaff>nag> & ,me]ut1 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 :ile ! latt]1 consi/+ ( ! reop5$ *annels ( two canals dat+ f ab\t #acej & #afbh respectively1 ext5ds ?r\gh ! di/ricts ( ,umballa1 ,k>nal1 ,hiss>1 ,rohtak & ,delhi1 & ! native /ates ( ,patiala & ,j9d 9 ! ,punjab1 irrigat+ #fjj1jjj acres4 ,! headworks ( ! two canals are situat$ ne> ! po9t :]e ! riv] issues f ! ,siwaliks4 ,! traffic on ! ,jumna is n v consid]able2 9 its upp] portion timb]1 & 9 ! l[] /one1 gra9 & cotton are ! *ief articles ( comm]ce1 c>ri$ 9 ! clumsy b>ges :i* navigate its /ream4 ,its wat]s are cle> & blue1 :ile ^? ( ! ,ganges are yell[ & muddy2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /reams c be disc]n$ = "s di/ance bel[ ! po9t at :i* !y unite4 ,its banks are high & rugg$1 (t5 atta9+ ! proportions ( cliffs1 & ! rav9es :i* run into x are deep] & l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,ganges4 ,x trav]ses ! extreme edge ( ! alluvial pla9 ( ,h9du/an1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( its c\rse x almo/ t\*es ! ,bundelkh& (f%oots ( ! ,v9dhya range ( m\nta9s4 ,its passage is !re=e m tortu\s1 & ! sc5]y along its banks m v>i$ & pleas+1 ?an is ! case ) ! ,ganges4 ,! ,jumna at its s\rce ne> ,jamnotri is #aj1hdi ft4 above ! sea-level2 at ,kotnur1 #af m4 l[]1 x is only #ejcf ft42 s t1 betwe5 ^! two places1 x falls at ! rate ( #cad ft4 9 a mile4 ,at its junction ) ! ,tons x is #afhf ft4 above ! sea2 at its junction ) ! ,asan1 #adgj ft42 & at ! po9t :]e x issues f ! ,siwalik hills into ! pla9s1 #abgf ft4 ,! cat*m5t area ( ! riv] is #aah1jjj sq4 m42 its flood dis*>ge at ,allahabad is e/imat$ at #a1ccc1jjj cub4 ft4 p] second4 ,! ,jumna is cross$ by railway bridges at ,delhi1 ,muttra1 ,agra & ,allahabad1 :ile bridges ( boats are /ation$ at _m places4 ,,jump+1#a a bran* ( a?letics :i* has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times 7see ,,a?letic ,,sports74 ,leap+ competitions =m$ a "p ( ! p5ta?lon1 or qu9tuple games1 ( ! ,olympian fe/ivals1 & ,greek *ronicles record t ! a?lete ,phayllus jump$ a di/ance ( #ee ,olympian1 or m ?an #cj ,engli%1 feet4 ,su* a leap c\ld n h be5 made )\t weights c>ri$ 9 ! h&s & ?r[n backw>ds at ! mom5t ( spr++4 ,^! 7 9 fact employ$ by ,greek jump]s & 7 call$ halt]es4 ,!y 7 masses ( /one or metal1 ne>ly semicircul>1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 & ! f+]s grasp$ !m l ! h&les ( a %ield4 ,halt]es 7 also us$ = g5]al ex]cise1 l mod]n dumb-bells4 ,! ,olympian jump+ took place to ! music ( lutes4 ,jump+ has always be5 popul> ) ,briti% a?letes1 & tradition has h&$ d[n ! record ( c]ta9 leaps t bord] on ! incr$ible4 ,two =ms ( jump+ are includ$ 9 mod]n a?letic conte/s1 ! runn+ long jump & ! runn+ high jump2 b ! same jumps1 made f a /&+ position1 are also common =ms ( competition1 z well z ! hop /ep & jump1 two hops & jump1 two jumps1 ?ree jumps1 five jumps & t5 jumps1 ei!r ) a run or f a /&+ position4 ,^! ev5ts are aga9 divid$ into two categories by ! use ( weights1 :i* are n all[$ 9 *ampion%ip conte/s4 ,9 ! runn+ long jump any?+ ov] #ah ft4 0 once consid]$ good1 :ile ,pet] ,o',connor's _w's record 7#aija7 is #bd ft4 #aa 94 ,! jump is made1 aft] a %ort fa/ run on a c9d] pa?1 f a joi/ sunk into ! gr\nd flu% ) ! pa?1 ! jump] l&+ 9 a pit fill$ ) loose e>?1 its level a few in*es bel[ t ( ! pa?4 ,! joi/1 call$ ! take-(f1 is pa9t$ :ite1 & all jumps are measur$ f its edge to ! ne>e/ m>k made by any "p ( ! jump]'s p]son 9 l&+4 ,9 ! /&+ long jump1 well spik$ %oes %\ld be worn1 = x is 9 reality no?+ b a pu% aga9/ ! gr\nd1 & a p]fect pur*ase is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,weights held 9 ! h&s ( c\rse greatly aid ! jump]4 ,)\t weights ,j4 ,d>by 7pr(essional7 jump$ #ab ft4 #a 94 & ,r4 ,c4 ,ewry 7,am]ican amateur7 #aa ft4 #d7g_/h7 94 ,) weights ,j4 ,d>by cov]$ #ad ft4 #i 94 at ,liv]pool 9 #ahij1 :ile ! amateur record is #ab ft4 #i 941 made by ,j4 ,*&l] & ,g4 ,l4 ,hellwig 7,u4,s4,a474 ,! /&+ two1 ?ree1 five & t5 jumps are m]ely repetitions ( ! s+le jump1 c>e be+ tak5 to l& ) ! prop] balance to beg9 ! next leap4 ,! record = two jumps )\t weights is #bb ft4 #b 941 made by ,h4 ,m4 ,johnson 7,u4,s4,a472 = ?ree jumps )\t weights1 ,r4 ,c4 ,ewry1 #ce ft4 #g 942 ) weights ,j4 ,d>by1 #da ft4 #g 94 ,! hop /ep & jump is popul> 9 ,irel& & (t5 includ$ 9 ! programmes ( m9or meet+s1 & s is ! two hops & a jump4 ,! record = ! fir/1 made by ,w4 ,mc,manus1 is #di ft4 #b 94 ) a run & )\t weights2 = ! latt]1 also ) a run & )\t weights1 #di ft4 941 made by ,j4 ,b4 ,conolly4 ,9 ! runn+ high jump also ! /&>d has improv$4 ,9 #ahfd a jump ( #e ft4 #f 94 0 consid]$ excell5t4 ,! ,scot* pr(essional ,donald ,d9nie1 on he>+ t ,m4 ,j4 ,brooks ( ,ox=d _h jump$ #f ft4 #b 94 9 #ahgf1 wrote to ! newspap]s to %[ t ^u a priori gr\nds su* an a*ievem5t 0 impossible4 ,s9ce !n _m jump]s :o c cle> ov] #f ft4 h appe>$4 ,9 #ahie ,m4 ,f4 ,swe5ey ( ,new ,york accompli%$ a jump ( #f ft4 #e7e_/h7 94 ,irel& has produc$ _m fir/-class high jump]s1 ne>ly all tall m51 ,p4 ,leahy w9n+ ! ,briti% amateur record 9 ,dubl9 9 #ahih ) a jump ( #f ft4 #d 94 ,! ,am]ican ,a4 ,bird ,page1 h[ev]1 al?\gh only #e ft4 #f 94 9 height1 jump$ #f ft4 #d 94 ,high jump+ is done ov] a light /aff or la? re/+ ^u p9s fix$ 9 two uprights ^u :i* a scale is m>k$4 ,! take-(f1 or gr\nd imm$iately 9 front ( ! uprights f :i* ! spr+ is made1 is usually grass 9 ,great ,brita9 & c9d]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,"s jump]s run /raight at ! b> & cle> x ) body fac+ =w>d1 ! knees be+ drawn up almo/ to ! *9 z ! body cle>s ! b>2 o!rs run & spr+ sideways1 ! feet be+ ?r[n upw>ds & ov] ! b> fir/1 to act z a k9d ( lev] 9 gett+ ! body ov]4 ,!re %\ld be a %all[ pit ( loose e>? or a mattress to break ! fall4 ,! /&+ high jump is r>ely se5 9 regul> a?letic meet+s4 ,! jump] /&s sideways to ! b> ) 8 arms ext5d$ upw>ds4 ,he !n sw+s 8 arms d[n sl[ly1 b5d+ 8 knees at ! same "t1 &1 giv+ 8 arms a viol5t upw>d sw+1 spr+s f ! gr\nd4 ,z ! body rises ! arms are br\ght d[n1 "o leg is ?r[n ov] ! b>1 & ! o!r pull$1 almo/ j]k$1 aft] x4 ,! record = ! /&+ high jump )\t weights is #f ft41 by ,j4 ,d>by 9 #ahib4 ,by ! use ( a spr+-bo>d _m extraord9>y jumps h be5 made1 b ?is k9d ( leap+ is done only by circus gymna/s & is n recogniz$ by a?letic au?orities4 ,= pole-jump+ see ,,pole-,,vault+4 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ( ,sport2 ,m4 ,w4 ,=d1 ,runn+ ,high ,jump1 ,out+1 vol4 xviii42 ,runn+ ,broad ,jump1 ,out+1 vol4 xix42 ,/&+ ,jump+1 ,out+1 vol4 xix42 ,miscellane\s ,jump+1 ,out+1 vol4 xx4 ,also ,sport+ & ,a?letic ,regi/] 7annual74 ,,footnote3 #a ,! v]b to jump only dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y takes x to be ( onomatopoeic orig9 & does n consid] a connexion ) ,dan4 gumpe1 ,icel4 goppa1 c41 possible4 ,! e>li] ,engli% ^w is leap 7,o4,e4 hlapan1 to run1 jump1 cf4 ,g]4 lauf574 ,,jump+-,,h>e1 ! ,engli% equival5t ( spr+haas1 ! ,bo] "n ( a l>ge leap+ s\? & ea/ ,african rod5t mammal1 ,p$etes caff]1 typify+ a family by itself1 ! ,p$etidae4 ,orig9ally class$ ) ! j]boas1 to :i* x has no aff9ity1 ?is rem>kable rod5t approximates 9 ! /ructure ( its skull to ! porcup9e-gr\p1 ne> :i* x is plac$ by "s naturali/s1 al?\gh o!rs consid] t its true position is ) ! ,african scaly-tail$ fly+ squirrels 7,anomaluridae74 ,! col\r ( ! creature is bright ruf\s fawn2 ! eyes are l>ge2 & ! bri/les r\nd ! muzzle v long1 ! =m] hav+ a fr+e ( long hairs4 ,! front limbs are %ort1 & ! h9d ones v long2 & al?\gh ! =e-feet h five toes1 ^? ( ! h9d-feet are r$uc$ to f\r4 ,! bones ( ! l[] "p ( ! h9d leg 7tibia & fibula7 are unit$ = a great "p ( _! l5g?4 ,!re are f\r pairs ( *eek-tee? 9 ea* jaw1 :i* d n develop roots4 ,! jump+-h>e is f\nd 9 op5 or m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & has habits v l a j]boa4 ,x is nocturnal1 & dwells 9 composite burr[s excavat$ & t5ant$ by sev]al families4 ,:5 fe$+ x progresses on all f\r legs1 b if fright5$ takes gigantic leaps on ! h9d-pair alone2 ! l5g? ( su* leaps frequ5tly rea*es tw5ty feet1 or ev5 m4 ,! "y are g5]ally ?ree or f\r 9 numb]1 & are born 9 ! summ]4 ,a second small] species has be5 nam$4 7,see ,,rod5tia47 ,,jump+-,,m\se1 ! "n ( a ,nor? ,am]ican m\se-l rod5t1 ,zapus hudsonius1 belong+ to ! family ,jaculidae 7,dipodidae71 & ! o!r memb]s ( ! same g5us4 ,al?\gh m\se-l 9 g5]al appe>ance1 ^! rod5ts are di/+ui%$ by _! elongat$ h9d limbs1 &1 typically1 by ! pres5ce ( f\r pairs ( *eek-tee? 9 ea* jaw4 ,!re are five toes to all ! feet1 b ! fir/ 9 ! =e-feet is rudim5t>y1 & furni%$ ) a flat nail4 ,! *eeks are provid$ ) p\*es4 ,jump+-mice 7 long suppos$ to be conf9$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 b a species is n[ kn[n f ,n4,w4 ,*9a4 ,x is notewor?y t :]eas ,e4 ,c\es 9 #ahgg recogniz$ b a s+le repres5tative ( ?is g5us1 rang+ ov] a l>ge area 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,a4 ,preble di/+ui%es no few] ?an tw5ty ,nor? ,am]ican species & sub-species1 9 addition to ! "o f ,sze*u54 ,among ^!1 x may be not$ t ,z4 insignis diff]s f ! typical ,z4 hudsonius by ! loss ( ! premol>1 & has accord+ly be5 ref]r$ to a sub-g5us ap>t4 ,moreov]1 ! ,sze*u5 jump+-m\se diff]s f ! typical ,zapus by ! clos] enamel-folds ( ! mol>s1 ! %ort] e>s1 & ! :ite tail-tip1 & is !re=e made ! type ( ano!r sub-g5us4 ,9 ,am]ica ^! rod5ts inhabit =e/1 pa/ure1 cultivat$ fields or swamps1 b are n[h]e num]\s4 ,:5 di/urb$1 !y />t (f ) enorm\s b\nds ( eight or t5 feet 9 l5g?1 :i* soon dim9i% to ?ree or f\r2 & 9 leap+ ! feet sc>cely seem to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! ne/ is plac$ 9 clefts ( rocks1 among timb] or 9 holl[ trees1 & !re are g5]ally ?ree litt]s 9 a season4 7,see ,,rod5tia47 ,,jump+-,,%rew1 a popul> "n = any ( ! t]re/rial insectivora ( ! ,african family ,macroscelididae1 ( :i* !re are a numb] ( species rang+ ov] ! ,african cont95t1 repres5t+ ! tree-%rews ( ,asia4 ,!y are small long-sn\t$ g]bil-l animals1 ma9ly nocturnal1 fe$+ on insects1 & *>act]iz$ by ! great l5g? ( ! metat>sal bones1 :i* h be5 modifi$ 9 accordance ) _! leap+ mode ( progression4 ,9 "s 7con/itut+ ! g5us ,rhyncocyon7 ! muzzle is s mu* prolong$ z to resemble a proboscis1 :5ce ! "n elephant-%rews is sometimes appli$ to ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,,junag>h1 or ,,junagadh1 a native /ate ( ,india1 )9 ! ,guj>at division ( ,bombay1 ext5d+ inl& f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,ka?iaw>4 ,area1 #cbhd sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #cie1dbh1 %[+ a decrease ( #ai 9 ! decade1 ow+ to fam9e2 e/imat$ gross rev5ue1 #agd1jjj2 tribute to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t & ! gaekw> ( ,b>oda1 #dbjj2 a consid]able sum is also receiv$ z tribute f m9or /ates 9 ,ka?iaw>4 ,! /ate is trav]s$ by a railway f ,rajkot1 to ! seaport ( ,v]awal4 ,x includes ! sacr$ m\nta9 ( ,girn> & ! ru9$ temple ( ,somna?1 & also ! =e/ ( ,gir1 ! only place 9 ,india :]e ! lion survives4 ,junag>h ranks z a fir/-class /ate among ! _m *ief%ips ( ,ka?iaw>1 & its rul] fir/ ent]$ into engagem5ts ) ! ,briti% 9 #ahjg4 ,nawab ,sir ,rasul ,khanji1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 0 born 9 #aheh & succe$$ 8 bro!r 9 #ahib4 ,! mod]n t[n ( ,,junag>h 7#cd1bea71 #fj m4 by rail ,s4 ( ,rajkot1 is h&somely built & laid out4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahig ! f\ndation-/ones ( a hospital1 libr>y & museum 7 laid1 & an arts college has rec5tly be5 op5$4 ,,juncaceae 7ru% family71 9 botany1 a natural ord] ( fl[]+ plants belong+ to ! s]ies ,liliiflorae ( ! class ,monocotyl$ons1 conta9+ ab\t two hundr$ species 9 sev5 g5]a1 widely di/ribut$ 9 temp]ate & cold regions4 ,x is well repres5t$ 9 ,brita9 by ! two g5]a :i* comprise ne>ly ! :ole ord]--,juncus1 ru%1 & ,luzula1 woodru%4 ,!y are g5]ally p]5nial h]bs ) a creep+ und]gr\nd /em & erect1 unbran*$1 a]ial /ems1 be>+ sl5d] leaves :i* are grass-l or cyl9drical or r$uc$ to membran\s %ea?s4 ,! small inconspicu\s fl[]s are g5]ally m or less cr[d$ 9 t]m9al or lat]al clu/]s1 ! =m ( ! infloresc5ce v>y+ widely accord+ to ! mann] ( bran*+ & ! l5g? ( ! p$icels4 ,! fl[]s are h]maphrodite & regul>1 ) ! same numb] & arrangem5t ( p>ts z 9 ! ord] ,liliaceae1 f :i* !y diff] 9 ! inconspicu\s membran\s "* ( ! p]ian?1 ! abs5ce ( honey or smell1 & ! bru%like /igmas ) long papillae-adaptations to w9d-poll9ation z contra/$ ) ! me?ods ( poll9ation by insect ag5cy1 :i* *>act]ize ! ,liliaceae4 ,juncaceae are1 9 fact1 a less elaborat$ gr\p ( ! same s]ies z ,liliaceae1 b adapt$ to a simpl] & m uni=m environm5t ?an t l>g] & mu* m highly develop$ family4 ,illu/ration3 ,juncus effusus1 common ru%4 #a4 ,plant4 #b4 ,infloresc5ce4 #c4 ,end ( bran* ( infloresc5ce1 slightly enl>g$4 #d4 ,fl[]1 enl>g$4 #e4 ,fruit1 enl>g$4 #f4 ,se$4 #g4 ,se$1 mu* enl>g$4 ,,junction ,,city1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,ge>y c\nty1 ,kansas1 ,u4,s4,a41 betwe5 ,smoky ,hill & ,republican riv]s1 ab\t #c m4 above _! conflu5ce to =m ! ,kansas1 & #gb m4 by rail ,w4 ( ,topeka4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #dfie1 ( :om #ede 7 =eign-born & #bib 7 negroes2 7#aije71 #edid2 7#aiaj71 #eeih4 ,junction ,city is s]v$ by ! ,union ,pacific & ! ,miss\ri1 ,kansas ,texas railways4 ,x is ! comm]cial c5tre ( a region 9 ^: f]tile valleys great quantities ( :eat1 ,indian corn1 oats & hay are gr[n & live /ock is rais$1 & ^: upl&s conta9 ext5sive b$s ( lime/one1 :i* is qu>ri$ = build+ purposes4 ,excell5t wat]-p[] is available & is p>tly utiliz$ by fl\r mills4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! wat]-works4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( ,smoky ,hill & ,republican riv]s & connect$ ) ! city by an electric railway is ,=t ,riley1 a ,u4,s4 milit>y po/1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahec z ,camp ,c5tre b 0 r5am$ 9 ! same ye> 9 hon\r ( ,g5]al ,b5nett ,riley 7#aghg-ahec72 9 #ahhg ! m\nt$ s]vice s*ool ( ! ,u4,s4 army 0 e/abli%$ "h4 ,nor?w>d f ! po/ is a rugg$ c\ntry ov] :i* ext5ds a milit>y res]vation ( ab\t #ai1jjj acres4 ,adjo9+ ! res]vation & ab\t #e m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,junction ,city is ! site ( ! %ort-liv$ settlem5t ( ,pawnee1 :]e f ! #bnd to ! #f? ( ,july #ahee ! fir/ ,kansas legislature met1 9 a build+ ! ru9s ( :i* /ill rema92 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,pawnee 79 ,decemb] #ahed7 0 a speculative pro-slav]y ent]prise conduct$ by ! comm&ant ( ,=t ,riley1 o!r army (fic]s & c]ta9 t]ritorial (ficials1 & :5 a gov]nm5t survey %[$ t ! site lay )9 ! ,=t ,riley res]vation1 ! settl]s 7 ord]$ 7,augu/ #ahee7 to leave1 & ! comm&ant ( ,=t ,riley 0 dismiss$ f ! army2 "o ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,gov]nor ,a4 ,h4 ,re$] 0 t he _h fav\r$ ! ent]prise4 ,junction ,city 0 f\nd$ 9 #aheg & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahei4 ,,june1 ! six? mon? 9 ! ,*ri/ian cal5d>1 consi/+ ( ?irty days4 ,ovid 7,fa/i1 vi4 #be7 makes ,juno ass]t t ! "n 0 expressly giv5 9 h] hon\r4 ,else:]e 7,fa/i1 vi4 #hg7 he gives ! d]ivation a junioribus1 z ,may _h be5 d]iv$ f majores1 :i* may be expla9$ z 9 allusion ei!r to ! two mon?s be+ d$icat$ respectively to y\? & age 9 g5]al1 or to ! s5iors & juniors ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 ! s5ate & ! comitia curiata 9 p>ticul>4 ,o!rs connect ! t]m ) ! g5tile "n ,junius1 or ) ! consulate ( ,junius ,brutus4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 x orig9ally d5ot$ ! mon? 9 :i* crops gr[ to rip5ess4 ,9 ! old ,lat9 cal5d> ,june 0 ! f\r? mon?1 & 9 ! s-call$ ye> ( ,romulus x is said to h _h ?irty days2 b at ! "t ( ! ,julian re=m ( ! cal5d> its days 7 only tw5ty-n9e4 ,to ^! ,caes> add$ ! ?irtie?4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons call$ ,june ! dry mon?1 midsumm] mon?1 &1 9 contradi/9ction to ,july1 ! e>li] mild mon?4 ,! summ] sol/ice occurs 9 ,june4 ,pr9cipal fe/ival days 9 ?is mon?3 #aa? ,june1 ,/ ,b>nabas2 #bd? ,june1 ,midsumm] ,day 7,nativity ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/72 #bi? ,june1 ,/ ,pet]4 ,,juneau1 =m]ly ,,h>risburg1 a m9+ & trad+ t[n picturesquely situat$ at ! m\? ( ,gold ,creek on ! cont95tal %ore ( ,ga/9eau *annel1 s\?-ea/ ,alaska1 & ! capital ( ,alaska4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #ahfd 7#dej ,indians72 7#aiaj71 #afdd4 ,x has a ,unit$ ,/ates cu/om-h\se & c\rt-h\se4 ,! city has fi%+1 manufactur+ & trad+ int]e/s1 b its prosp]ity is *iefly due to ! gold m9es 9 ! adjac5t ,silv] ,b[ bas91 ! s\rce ( ,gold ,creek1 & ! site ( ! great ,p]sev]ance m9e1 & to ^? on ! ,treadwell lode on ,d\glas ,isl&1 #b m4 f ,juneau4 ,plac] gold 0 f\nd at ! m\? ( ! creek 9 #ahgi1 & ! city 0 settl$ 9 #ahhj by two prospectors nam$ ,joseph ,juneau & ,ri*>d ,h>ris4 ,! di/rict 0 call$ ,juneau & ! camp ,h>risburg by ! fir/ settl]s2 explor+ naval (fic]s nam$ ! camp ,rockwell1 9 hon\r ( ,comm&] ,*>les ,h5ry ,rockwell1 ,u4,s4,n4 7b4 #ahdj74 ,a t[n meet+ !n adopt$ ! "n ( ,juneau4 ,! t[n 0 incorporat$ 9 #aijj4 ,9 ,octob] #aijf ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ,alaska 0 remov$ f ,sitka to ,juneau4 ,,jung1 ,,johann ,,he9ri* 7#agdj-ahag71 be/ kn[n by 8 assum$ "n ( ,,he9ri* ,,/ill+1 ,g]man au?or1 0 born 9 ! vlllage ( ,grund ne> ,hil*5ba* 9 ,we/phalia on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #agdj4 ,8 fa!r1 ,wilhelm ,jung1 s*oolma/] & tailor1 0 ! son ( ,eb]h>d ,jung1 *>coal-burn]1 & 8 "m 0 ,dort*5 ,moritz1 daught] ( a poor cl]gyman4 ,jung became1 by 8 fa!r's desire1 s*oolma/] & tailor1 b f\nd bo? pursuits equally we>isome4 ,aft] v>i\s tea*+ appo9tm5ts he w5t 9 #agfh ) half a ,fr5* doll> to /udy m$ic9e at ! univ]sity ( ,/rassburg4 ,!re he met ,goe!1 :o introduc$ him to ,h]d]4 ,! acqua9tance ) ,goe! rip5$ into fri5d%ip2 & x 0 by 8 influ5ce t ,jung's fir/ & be/ "w1 ,he9ri* ,/ill+s ,jug5d 0 writt54 ,9 #aggb he settl$ at ,elb]feld z physician & oculi/1 & soon became celebrat$ = op]ations 9 cases ( cat>act4 ,surg]y1 h[ev]1 0 n mu* m to 8 ta/e ?an tailor+ or tea*+2 & 9 #aggh he 0 glad to accept ! appo9tm5t ( lectur] on agriculture1 te*nology1 comm]ce & ! vet]9>y art 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,kam]als*ule at ,kais]slaut]n1 a po/ :i* he cont9u$ to hold :5 ! s*ool 0 absorb$ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,9 #aghg he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( economical1 f9ancial & /ati/ical sci5ce 9 ! univ]sity ( ,m>burg4 ,9 #ahjc he resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip & return$ to ,heidelb]g1 :]e he rema9$ until #ahjf1 :5 he receiv$ a p5sion f ! gr&-duke ,*>les ,fr$]ick ( ,bad51 & remov$ to ,k>lsruhe1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea? on ! #bnd ( ,april #ahag4 ,he 0 m>ri$ ?ree times1 & left a num]\s family4 ,( 8 works 8 autobiography ,he9ri* ,/ill+s ,leb51 f :i* he came to be kn[n z ,/ill+1 is ! only "o n[ ( any int]e/1 & is ! *ief au?ority = 8 life4 ,8 e>ly novels reflect ! piety ( 8 e>ly surr\nd+s4 ,a complete edition ( 8 num]\s works1 9 #ad vols4 #hvo1 0 publi%$ at ,/uttg>t 9 #ahce-ahch4 ,!re are ,engli% translations by ,sam4 ,jackson ( ! ,leb5 7#ahce7 & ( ! ,!orie d] ,gei/]kunde 7,london1 #ahcd1 & ,new ,york1 #ahea72 & ( ,!obald1 or ! ,fanatic1 a religi\s romance1 by ! ,rev4 ,sam4 ,s*aeff] 7#ahdf74 ,see biographies by ,f4 ,w4 ,bodemann 7#ahfh71 ,j4 v4 ,ewald 7#ahag71 ,pet]son 7#ahij74 ,,jung ,,bahadur1 ,,sir1 ,,mah>ajah 7#ahaf-ahgg71 prime m9i/] ( ,nepal1 0 a gr&-nephew ( ,bhim s5a ,?apa 7,bhim s5 ,?appa71 ! fam\s milit>y m9i/] ( ,nepal1 :o f #ahjd to #ahci 0 de facto rul] ( ! /ate "u ! rani ,tripuri & h] successor4 ,bhims5a's supremacy 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,kala ,p&ry1 & _m ( 8 relations1 includ+ ,jung ,bahadur1 w5t into exile 9 #ahch1 ?us escap+ ! cruel fate :i* ov]took ,bhims5a 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,p&ry lead]s1 :o !n rev]t$ to p[]1 7 9 turn assass9at$ 9 #ahdc1 & ,matab> ,s+h1 uncle ( ,jung ,bahadur1 0 creat$ prime m9i/]4 ,he appo9t$ 8 nephew g5]al & *ief judge1 b %ortly aft]w>ds he 0 himself put to dea?4 ,fateh ,jung !reon =m$ a m9i/ry1 ( :i* ,jung ,bahadur 0 made milit>y memb]4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahdf1 a qu>rel 0 fom5t$1 9 :i* ,fateh ,jung & ?irty-two o!r *iefs 7 assass9at$1 & ! rani appo9t$ ,jung ,bahadur sole m9i/]4 ,! rani quickly *ang$ h] m9d1 & plann$ ! dea? ( h] new m9i/]1 :o at once appeal$ to ! mah>aja4 ,b ! plot fail$4 ,! raja & ! rani wisely s\ght safety 9 ,india1 & ,jung ,bahadur firmly e/abli%$ 8 own position by ! removal ( all dang]\s rivals4 ,he succe$$ s well t 9 ,janu>y #ahej he 0 able to leave = a visit to ,engl&1 f :i* he did n return to ,nepal until ! #f? ( ,febru>y #ahea4 ,on 8 return1 & frequ5tly on subsequ5t dates1 he fru/rat$ conspiracies = 8 assass9ation4 ,! re=m ( ! p5al code1 & a desultory w> ) ,tibet1 occupi$ 8 att5tion until news ( ! ,indian ,mut9y rea*$ ,nepal4 ,jung ,bahadur resi/$ all ov]tures f ! rebels1 & s5t a column to ,gorakpur 9 ,july #aheg4 ,9 ,decemb] he furni%$ a =ce ( #hjjj ,gurkhas1 :i* rea*$ ,luckn[ on ! #aa? ( ,m>* #aheh1 & took "p 9 ! siege4 ,! moral support ( ! ,nepalese 0 m valuable ev5 ?an ! milit>y s]vices r5d]$ by !m4 ,jung ,bahadur 0 made a ,g4,c4,b41 & a tract ( c\ntry annex$ 9 #ahae 0 re/or$ to ,nepal4 ,v>i\s fronti] disputes 7 settl$1 & 9 #ahge ,sir ,jung ,bahadur 0 on 8 way to ,engl& :5 he _h a fall f 8 horse 9 ,bombay & return$ home4 ,he receiv$ a visit f ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9 #ahgf4 ,on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #ahgg he di$1 hav+ rea*$ ! age ( sixty-"o4 ,?ree ( 8 wid[s immolat$ !mselves on 8 fun]al pyre4 7,w4 ,l4-,w47 ,,jung-,,bunzlau 7,cze*1 ,mlad ,boleslav71 a t[n ( ,bohemia1 #dd m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,prague by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #ac1dgi1 mo/ly ,cze*4 ,! t[n conta9s sev]al old build+s ( hi/orical int]e/1 notably ! ca/le1 built t[>ds ! end ( ! #aj? c5tury1 & n[ us$ z b>racks4 ,!re are sev]al old *ur*es4 ,9 t ( ,/ ,m>ia ! celebrat$ bi%op ( ! ,bohemian bre?r51 ,johann ,augu/1 0 buri$ 9 #aeie2 b 8 tomb 0 de/roy$ 9 #afba4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,bonav5tura ) ! conv5t1 orig9ally belong+ to ! fri>s m9or & lat] to ! ,bohemian bre?r51 is n[ a ,pi>i/ic college4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,w5ceslaus1 once a conv5t ( ! bro!rhood1 is n[ us$ = milit>y /ores4 ,jung-,bunzlau 0 built 9 #iie1 "u ,boleslaus ,,ii41 z ! seat ( a gaugraf or royal c\nt4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ac? c5tury x 0 giv5 ! privileges ( a t[n & pl$g$ to ! lords ( ,mi*alovic4 ,9 ! ,hussite w>s ,jung-,bunzlau adh]$ to ! ,taborites & became lat] ! metropolis ( ! ,bohemian ,bre?r54 ,9 #aeie ,bohuslav ( ,lobkovic sold 8 rights z ov]-"l to ! t[n1 :i* 0 made a royal city by ,rudolf ,,ii4 ,dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> x 0 twice burn$1 9 #afca by ! imp]iali/s1 & 9 #afdj by ! ,sw$es4 ,,jungfrau1 a well-kn[n ,swiss m\nta9 7#ac1ffi ft471 admirably se5 f ,int]lak54 ,x rises on ! fronti] betwe5 ! cantons ( ,b]n & ( ! ,valais1 & is reckon$ among ! peaks ( ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 two ( :i* 7! ,f9/]a>horn1 #ad1jbf ft41 & ! ,alets*horn1 #ac1gba ft47 surpass x 9 height4 ,x 0 fir/ asc5d$ 9 #ahaa by ! bro!rs ,mey]1 & aga9 9 #ahab by ,gottlieb ,mey] 7son ( ,j4 ,r4 ,mey]71 9 bo? cases by ! ea/]n or ,valais side1 ! foot ( :i* 7! f9al asc5t be+ made by ! #ahaa-ahab r\te7 0 rea*$ 9 #ahbh ov] ! ,mn*jo* by six peasants f ,gr9delwald4 ,9 #ahda ,pr9cipal ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ) ,agassiz1 ,desor & ,du ,*teli]1 made ! f\r? asc5t by ! #ahab r\te4 ,x 0 n till #ahfe t ,sir ,george ,"y & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,george succe$$ 9 mak+ ! fir/ asc5t f ! we/ or ,int]lak5 side4 ,?is is a f> m difficult r\te ?an t f ! ea/1 ! latt] be+ n[ frequ5tly tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,jungle 7,sans4 jangala71 an ,anglo-,indian t]m = a =e/1 a ?icket1 a tangl$ wild]ness4 ,! ,h9du/ani ^w means /rictly wa/e1 uncultivat$ gr\nd2 !n su* gr\nd cov]$ ) trees or long grass2 & !nce aga9 ! ,anglo-,indian application is to =e/ or o!r wild gr[?1 r ?an to ! fact t x is n cultivat$4 ,,jun91 an int]ior dep>tm5t ( c5tral ,p]u1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,huanuco1 ,e4 by ,loreto & ,cuzco1 ,s4 by ,huancavelica1 & ,w4 by ,lima & ,anca*s4 ,pop4 7#aijf e/imate71 #cje1gjj4 ,x lies :olly )9 ! ,&ean zone & has an area ( #bc1cec sq4 m4 ,x is ri* 9 m9]als1 includ+ silv]1 copp]1 m]cury1 bismu?1 molybd5um1 lead & coal4 ,! ,huallaga & ,mant>o riv]s h _! s\rces 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ! latt] 9 ,lake ,jun91 or ,*an*ayco*a1 #ac1bcj ft4 above sea-level4 ,! capital ( ,jun9 is ,c]ro de ,pasco1 & its two pr9cipal t[ns are ,jauja & ,t>ma 7pop41 #aijf1 ab\t #ab1jjj & #ejjj respectively74 ,,junip]4 ,! junip]s1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty-five or m species1 are ev]gre5 bu%y %rubs or l[ column> trees1 ) a m or less aromatic od\r1 inhabit+ ! :ole ( ! cold & temp]ate nor!rn hemisph]e1 b atta9+ _! maximum developm5t 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 ! ,nor? ,atlantic isl&s1 & ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! leaves are usually articulat$ at ! base1 spread+1 %>p-po9t$ & ne$le-l 9 =m1 de/itute ( oil-gl&s1 & arrang$ 9 alt]nat+ :orls ( ?ree2 b 9 "s ! leaves are m9ute & scale-l1 closely adh]+ to ! bran*es1 ! apex only be+ free1 & furni%$ ) an oil-gl& on ! back4 ,sometimes ! same plant produces bo? k9ds ( leaves on diff]5t bran*es1 or ! "y plants produce acicul> leaves1 :ile ^? ( ! old] plants are squami=m4 ,! male & female fl[]s are usually produc$ on sep>ate plants4 ,! male fl[]s are develop$ at ! ends ( %ort lat]al bran*es1 are r\nd$ or oblong 9 =m1 & consi/ ( sev]al an!rif]\s scales 9 two or ?ree r[s1 ea* scale be>+ ?ree or six almo/ sph]ical poll5-sacs on its "u side4 ,! female fl[] is a small bud-l cone situat$ at ! apex ( a small bran*1 & consi/s ( two or ?ree :orls ( two or ?ree scales4 ,! scales ( ! upp] or middle s]ies ea* be> "o or two erect ovules4 ,! mature cone is fle%y1 ) ! succul5t scales fus$ toge!r & =m+ ! fruit-l /ructure kn[n to ! old] botani/s z ! galbulus1 or b]ry ( ! junip]4 ,! b]ries are r$ or purple 9 col\r1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( a pea to a nut4 ,!y ?us diff] consid]ably f ! cones ( o!r memb]s ( ! ord] ,conif]ae1 ( ,gymnosp]ms 7q4v471 to :i* ! junip]s belong4 ,! se$s are usually ?ree 9 numb]1 sometimes few] 7#a71 r>ely m 7#h71 & h ! surface ne> ! middle or base m>k$ ) l>ge gl&s conta9+ oil4 ,! g5us occurs 9 a fossil /ate1 f\r species hav+ be5 describ$ f rocks ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,! g5us is divid$ into ?ree sections1 ,sab9a1 ,oxyc$rus & ,c>yoc$rus4 ,junip]us ,sab9a is ! sav91 abundant on ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,europe1 an irregul>ly spread+ mu*-bran*$ %rub ) scale-l gl&ul> leaves1 & emitt+ a disagreeable od\r :5 bruis$4 ,! plant is poison\s1 act+ z a p[]ful local & g5]al /imulant1 diaphoretic1 emm5agogue & an!lm9tic2 x 0 =m]ly employ$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,! oil ( sav9 is n[ occasionally us$ crim9ally z an abortifaci5t4 ,j4 b]mudiana1 a tree ab\t #dj or #ej ft4 9 height1 yields a fragrant r$ wood1 :i* 0 us$ = ! manufacture ( c$> p5cils4 ,! tree is n[ v sc>ce 9 ,b]muda1 & ! r$ c$>1 ,j4 virg9iana1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica is employ$ in/ead = p5cils & cig>-boxes4 ,! r$ c$> is abundant 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,virg9ia is a tree #ej ft4 9 height4 ,x is v widely di/ribut$ f ! ,great ,lakes to ,florida & r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ext5ds z f> we/ z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & beyond to ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,! wood is appli$ to _m uses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f9e r$ fragrant he>t-wood takes a high poli%1 & is mu* us$ 9 cab9et-"w & inlay+1 b ! small size ( ! planks prev5ts its m ext5d$ use4 ,! galls produc$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es h be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & ! wood yields c$>-camphor & oil ( c$>-wood4 ,j4 ?urif]a is ! inc5se junip] ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & ,j4 pho5icea 7,j4 lycia7 f ! ,m$it]ranean di/rict is /at$ by ,l\don to be burn$ z inc5se4 ,j4 communis1 ! common junip] 7see fig471 & sev]al o!r species1 belong to ! section ,oxyc$rus4 ,! common junip] is a v widely di/ribut$ plant1 occurr+ 9 ! :ole ( nor!rn ,europe1 c5tral & nor!rn ,asia to ,kam*atka1 & ea/ & we/ ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x gr[s at consid]able elevations 9 s\!rn ,europe1 9 ! ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 ,pyr5ees & ,si]ra ,nevada 7#djjj to #hjjj ft474 ,x also gr[s 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 & at great elevations on ! ,himalayas4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x is usually a %rub ) spread+ bran*es1 less frequ5tly a l[ tree4 ,9 =m] times ! junip] seems to h be5 a v well-kn[n plant1 ! "n occurr+ almo/ unalt]$ 9 _m languages4 ,! ,lat4 junip]us1 probably =m$ f juni--crude =m ( juv5is1 fre%1 "y1 & p>]e1 to produce1 is repres5t$ by ,fr4 g5ivre1 ,sp4 enebro1 ,ital4 g9epito1 c4 ,! dialectical names1 *iefly 9 ,european languages1 7 collect$ by ,pr9ce ,l4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,academy 7,july #ag1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #dbh1 p4 #de74 ,! common junip] is (ficial 9 ! ,briti% ph>macopoeia & 9 t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yield+ ! oil ( junip]1 a p[]ful diuretic1 di/ill$ f ! unripe fruits4 ,?is oil is closely alli$ 9 composition to oil ( turp5t9e & is giv5 9 doses ( a half to ?ree m9ims4 ,! ,spiritus junip]i ( ! ,briti% ph>macopoeia is giv5 9 doses up to "o dra*m4 ,mu* saf] & m p[]ful diuretics are n[ 9 use4 ,! wood is v aromatic & is us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,9 ,lapl& ! b>k is made into ropes4 ,! fruits are us$ = flav\r+ g9 7a "n d]iv$ f junip]1 ?r\gh ,fr4 g5ivre72 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,france a k9d ( be] call$ g5vrette 0 made f !m by ! peasants4 ,j4 ,oxyc$rus1 f ! ,m$it]ranean di/rict & ,madeira1 yields c$>-oil :i* is (ficial 9 mo/ ( ! ,european ph>macopoeias1 b n 9 t ( ,brita94 ,?is oil is l>gely us$ by microscopi/s 9 :at is kn[n z ! oil-imm]sion l5s4 ,! ?ird section1 ,c>yoc$rus1 consi/s ( a s+le species1 ,j4 drupacea ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! fruits are l>ge & edible3 !y are kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ by ! "n habhel4 ,illu/ration3 7,f ,b5tley & ,trim5's ,m$ic9al ,plants1 by p]mission ( ,j4 ,a4 ,*ur*ill47 ,junip] 7,junip]us communis74 #a4 ,v]tical section ( fruit4 #b4 ,male catk94 ,,junius1 ! pseudonym ( a writ] :o contribut$ a s]ies ( lett]s to ! ,london ,public ,adv]tis]1 f ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #agfi to ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #aggb4 ,! signature _h be5 already us$ by him 9 a lett] ( ! #ba/ ( ,novemb] #agfh1 :i* he did n include 9 8 collection ( ! ,lett]s ( ,junius publi%$ 9 #aggb4 ,! "n 0 *os5 9 all probability because he _h already sign$ ,lucius & ,brutus1 & wi%$ to exhau/ ! "n ( ,lucius ,junius ,brutus ! ,roman patriot4 ,:oev] ! writ] 01 he wrote "u o!r pseudonyms be=e1 dur+ & aft] ! p]iod betwe5 ,janu>y #agfi & ,janu>y #aggb4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t he _h writt5 z ,philo-,junius1 & !re is evid5ce t he 0 id5tical ) ,vet]an1 ,nemesis & o!r anonym\s correspond5ts ( ! ,public ,adv]tis]4 ,!re is a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! lett]s ( ,junius & 8 s-call$ miscellane\s lett]s4 ,! second deal ) a v>iety ( subjects1 "s ( a purely p]sonal "*1 z = in/ance ! alleg$ inju/ice ( ,visc\nt ,b>r+ton ! secret>y at w> to ! (ficials ( 8 dep>tm5t4 ,b ! lett]s ( ,junius _h a def9ite object--to discr$it ! m9i/ry ( ! duke ( ,grafton4 ,?is adm9i/ration _h be5 =m$ 9 ,octob] #agfh1 :5 ! e>l ( ,*a?am 0 compell$ by ill heal? to retire f (fice1 & 0 a recon/ruction ( 8 cab9et ( ,july #agff4 ,junius f\ght = ! return to p[] ( ,*a?am1 :o _h recov]$ & 0 n on good t]ms ) 8 successors4 ,he communicat$ ) ,*a?am1 ) ,george ,gr5ville1 ) ,wilkes1 all enemies ( ! duke ( ,grafton1 & also ) ,h5ry ,sampson ,woodfall1 pr9t] & "p own] ( ! ,public ,adv]tis]4 ,?is private correspond5ce has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is writt5 9 ! disguis$ h& us$ by ,junius4 ,! lett]s are ( int]e/ on ?ree gr\nds--_! political significance1 _! /yle1 & ! my/]y :i* long surr\nd$ _! au?or%ip4 ,z political writ+s !y possess no intr9sic value4 ,junius 0 :olly de/itute ( insight1 & ( ! p[] to dis5tangle1 def9e & advocate pr9ciples4 ,! matt] ( 8 lett]s is always invective4 ,he began by a g5]al attack on ! m9i/ry = _! p]sonal immorality or meanness4 ,an ill-judg$ def5ce ( "o ( ! body--! m>quess ( ,granby1 comm&]-9-*ief--volunte]$ by ,sir ,william ,drap]1 gave him an easy victory ov] a vuln]able oppon5t4 ,he !n w5t on to p\r acrimoni\s abuse on ,grafton1 on ! duke ( ,b$=d1 on ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 himself 9 ! lett] ( ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #agfi1 & end$ ) a mo/ malignant & ignorant assault on ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,mansfield4 ,sev]al ( 8 accusations 7 %[n to be unf\nd$4 ,! practical effect ( ! lett]s 0 insignificant4 ,!y 7 notic$ & talk$ ab\t4 ,!y provok$ ang] & retorts4 ,b ! lett] to ! k+ ar\s$ indignation1 & ?\gh ,grafton's adm9i/ration fell 9 ,janu>y #aggj1 x 0 succe$$ by ! long-liv$ cab9et ( ,"l ,nor?4 ,junius confess$ himself beat51 9 8 private lett] to ,woodfall ( ! #ai? ( ,janu>y #aggc4 ,he _h mat]ially contribut$ to 8 own defeat by 8 brutal viol5ce4 ,he s9n$ inde$ 9 a l>ge company4 ,! employm5t ( p]sonal abuse _h be5 habitual 9 ,engli% political controv]sy = g5]ations1 & 9 ! #ah? c5tury !re 0 a /rong ta/e = satire4 ,lat9 lit]ature1 :i* 0 n only /udi$ b imitat$1 suppli$ ! inspiration & ! models1 9 ! satires ( ,juv5al1 & ! spee*es ( ,cic]o aga9/ ,v]res & ,catil9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,junius 0 do+ :at o!rs did1 he did x bett] ?an anybody else--a fact :i* suffici5tly expla9s 8 rapid popul>ity4 ,8 sup]iority lay 9 8 /yle4 ,"h also he 0 by no means orig9al1 & he 0 unequal4 ,!re are passages 9 8 writ+s :i* c be be/ describ$ 9 ! words :i* ,burke appli$ to ano!r writ]3 ,a m]e mixture ( v9eg> & wat]1 at once vapid & s\r4 ,b at 8 be/ ,junius atta9s to a high degree ( artificial elegance & vig\r4 ,he %[s ! influ5ce ( ,bol+broke1 ( ,swift1 & above all ( ,tacitus1 :o appe>s to h be5 8 fav\rite au?or4 ,! imitation is nev] slavi%4 ,junius adapts1 & does n only repeat4 ,! :ite heat ( 8 malignity animates ! :ole4 ,no s+le s5t5ce w %[ ! quality ( a /yle :i* produces its effect by p]si/5ce & repetition1 b su* a typical passage z foll[s displays at once ! me?od & ! _s4 ,x is tak5 f ,lett] ,,xlix4 to ! duke ( ,grafton1 ,june #bb1 #agga3-- ,! pr(\nd respect ,i be> to ! graci\s pr9ce :o gov]ns ?is c\ntry ) no less hon\r to himself ?an satisfaction to 8 subjects1 & :o re/ores y to y\r rank "u 8 /&>d1 w save y f a multitude ( reproa*es4 ,! att5tion ,i %\ld h paid to y\r fail+s is involunt>ily attract$ to ! h& :i* rew>ds !m2 & ?\gh ,i am n s p>tial to ! royal judgm5t z to affirm t ! fav\r ( a k+ c remove m\nta9s ( infamy1 x s]ves to less5 at lea/1 = und\bt$ly x divides1 ! burd54 ,:ile ,i rememb] h[ mu* is due to 8 sacr$ "*1 ,i _c1 ) any dec5t appe>ance ( propriety1 call y ! meane/ & ! base/ fell[ 9 ! k+dom4 ,i prote/1 my ,"l1 ,i d n ?9k y s4 ,y w h a dang]\s rival 9 t k9d ( fame to :i* y h hi!rto s happily direct$ y\r ambition1 z long z !re is "o man liv+ :o ?9ks y wor?y ( 8 confid5ce1 & fit to be tru/$ ) any %>e 9 8 gov]nm5t4444 ,) any o!r pr9ce1 ! %ameful des]tion ( him 9 ! mid/ ( t di/ress1 :i* y alone _h creat$1 9 ! v crisis ( dang]1 :5 he fanci$ he saw ! ?rone already surr\nd$ by m5 ( virtue & abilities1 w\ld h outweigh$ ! memory ( y\r =m] s]vices4 ,b 8 maje/y is full ( ju/ice1 & und]/&s ! doctr9e ( comp5sations2 he rememb]s ) gratitude h[ soon y _h accommodat$ y\r morals to ! necessities ( 8 s]vice1 h[ *e]fully y _h ab&on$ ! engagem5ts ( private fri5d%ip1 & r5\nc$ ! mo/ solemn pr(essions to ! public4 ,! sacrifice ( ,"l ,*a?am 0 n lo/ on him4 ,ev5 ! c[>dice & p]fidy ( des]t+ him may h done y no diss]vice 9 8 e/eem4 ,! in/ance 0 pa9ful1 b ! pr9ciple might please4 ,:at is artificial & /ilt$ 9 ?is /yle did n (f5d ! w\ld-be classic ta/e ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & does n n[ conceal ! fact t ! labori\sly arrang$ words1 & artfully c\nt]balanc$ clauses1 convey a v5om\s hate & scorn4 ,! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ,junius & 8 read]s acc\nts = ! rapidity ( 8 success1 & = ! importance attribut$ to him by ,burke & ,johnson1 f> bett] writ]s ?an himself4 ,be=e #aggb !re appe>$ at lea/ twelve unau?oriz$ republications ( 8 lett]s1 made by speculative pr9t]s4 ,9 t ye> he revis$ ! collection nam$ ,junius3 ,/at nom9is umbra1 ) a d$ication to ! ,engli% p & a preface4 ,o!r indep5d5t editions foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,9 #ahja "o 0 publi%$ ) annotations by ,rob]t ,h]on4 ,9 #ahjf ano!r appe>$ ) notes by ,john ,almon4 ,! fir/ new edition ( real importance 0 issu$ by ! ,woodfall family 9 #ahab4 ,x conta9$ ! correspond5ce ( ,junius ) ,h4 ,s4 ,woodfall1 a selection ( ! miscellane\s lett]s attribut$ to ,junius1 facsimiles ( 8 h&writ+1 & notes by ,dr ,mason ,good4 ,curiosity z to ! my/]y ( ! au?or%ip began to replace political & lit]>y int]e/ 9 ! writ+s4 ,junius himself _h be5 e>ly aw>e ( ! advantage he secur$ by concealm5t4 ,! my/]y ( ,junius increases 8 importance is 8 confession 9 a lett] to ,wilkes dat$ ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #agga4 ,! calculation 0 a s\nd "o4 ,= two g5]ations aft] ! appe>ance ( ! lett] ( ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #agfi1 speculations z to ! au?or%ip ( ,junius 7 rife1 & discussion _h h>dly ceas$ 9 #aiaj4 ,joseph ,p>kes1 au?or ) ,h]man ,m]ivale ( ! ,memoirs ( ,sir ,philip ,francis 7#ahfg71 gives a li/ ( m ?an =ty p]sons :o _h be5 suppos$ to be ,junius4 ,!y are3 ,edmund ,burke1 ,"l ,george ,sackville1 ,"l ,*a?am1 ,colonel ,b>r1 ,hugh ,macaulay ,boyd1 ,dr ,butl]1 ,john ,wilkes1 ,"l ,*e/]field1 ,h5ry ,flood1 ,william ,burke1 ,gibbon1 ,w4 ,e4 ,hamilton1 ,*>les ,lloyd1 ,*>les ,lee 7g5]al 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce71 ,john ,rob]ts1 ,george ,gr5ville1 ,james ,gr5ville1 ,"l ,temple1 ,duke ( ,portl&1 ,william ,greatrakes1 ,ri*>d ,glov]1 ,sir ,william ,jones1 ,james ,hollis1 ,laughl9 ,maclean1 ,philip ,ros5hag51 ,horne ,tooke1 ,john ,k5t1 ,h5ry ,grattan1 ,daniel ,wray1 ,horace ,walpole1 ,alex&] ,w$d]burn 7,"l ,l\ghbor\gh71 ,dunn+ 7,"l ,a%burton71 ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,r4 ,ri*1 ,dr ,philip ,francis1 a junto or committee ( writ]s :o us$ a common "n1 ,de ,lolme1 ,mrs ,ca!r9e ,macaulay 7#agcc-ia71 ,sir ,philip ,francis1 ,"l ,littleton1 ,wolfram ,cornwall & ,gov4 ,?omas ,p[nall4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! attribution is bas$ on no?+ m ?an a vague guess4 ,edmund ,burke d5i$ t he c\ld h writt5 ! lett]s ( ,junius if he w\ld1 or w\ld h writt5 !m if he c\ld4 ,grattan po9t$ out t he 0 "y :5 !y appe>$4 ,m plausible claims1 su* z ^? made = ,"l ,temple & ,"l ,george ,sackville1 c\ld n /& ! te/ ( exam9ation4 ,inde$ aft] #ahaf ! "q 0 n s mu* ,:o wrote ,junius8 z ,0 ,junius ,sir ,philip ,francis1 or "s undiscov]able man8 ,9 t ye> ,john ,taylor 0 l$ by a c>eful /udy ( ,woodfall's edition ( #ahab to publi% ,! id5tity ( ,junius ) a di/+ui%$ liv+ "* e/abli%$1 9 :i* he claim$ ! lett]s = ,sir ,philip ,francis4 ,he _h at fir/ be5 incl9$ to attribute !m to ,sir ,philip's fa!r1 ,dr ,francis1 ! au?or ( translations ( ,horace & ,demo/h5es4 ,taylor appli$ to ,sir ,philip1 :o did n die till #ahah1 = leave to publi%1 & receiv$ f him answ]s :i* to an unw>y p]son might appe> to con/itute d5ials ( ! au?or%ip1 b 7 9 fact evasions4 ,! reasons = believ+ t ,sir ,philip ,francis 7q4v47 0 ,junius are v /rong4 ,8 evasions 7 only to be expect$4 ,sev]al ( ! m5 he attack$ liv$ ne>ly z long z himself1 ! sons ( o!rs 7 conspicu\s 9 society1 & ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 surviv$ him4 ,sir ,philip1 :o _h held (fice1 :o _h be5 decorat$1 & :o 9 8 lat] ye>s 0 ambiti\s to obta9 ! gov]nor-g5]al%ip ( ,india1 d>$ n confess t he 0 ,junius4 ,! simil>ity ( 8 h&writ+ to ! disguis$ h& us$ by ! writ] ( ! lett]s is v close4 ,if ,sir ,philip ,francis did1 z 8 family ma9ta91 address a copy ( v]ses to a ,miss ,giles 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,junius 7& ! evid5ce t he did is weighty7 !re c be no fur!r "q z to ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,! simil>ity ( ,junius & ,francis 9 reg>d to _! op9ions1 _! likes & dislikes1 _! k & _! kn[n movem5ts1 am\nt1 ap>t f ! h&writ+1 almo/ to pro(4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m felons h be5 condemn$ on circum/antial evid5ce less complete4 ,! opposition to 8 claim is bas$ on su* ass]tions z t 8 kn[n h&writ+ 0 inf]ior to ! feign$ h& ( ,junius1 & t no man c make a disguis$ h& bett] ?an 8 own4 ,b ! fir/ ass]tion is unf\nd$1 & ! second is a m]e expression ( op9ion4 ,x is also said t ,francis mu/ h be5 guilty ( bas5ess if he wrote ,junius1 b if t expla9s :y he did n av[ ! au?or%ip x c be %[n to con/itute a moral impossibility only by an exam9ation ( 8 life4 ,,au?orities4--,! be/ edition ( ! ,lett]s ( ,junius1 prop]ly s call$1 ) ! ,miscellane\s ,lett]s1 is t ( ,j4 ,w>d 7#ahed74 ,! mo/ valuable contributions to ! controv]sy z to ! au?or%ip are3 ,! ,h&writ+ ( ,junius inve/igat$ by ,*>les ,*abot1 exp]t1 ) preface & collat]al evid5ce by ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,twisleton 7#ahga72 ,memoirs ( ,sir ,philip ,francis1 ,k4,c4,b41 by ,p>kes & ,m]ivale 7#ahfg72 ,junius ,reveal$ by 8 ,surviv+ ,gr&son1 by ,h4 ,r4 ,francis 7#ahid72 ,! ,francis ,lett]s1 edit$ by ,beata ,francis & ,eliza ,ke>y1 ) a note on ! ,junius controv]sy by ,c4 ,f4 ,ke>y 7#aija72 & ,francis1 ,sir ,philip1 by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog4 ,! case = ^? :o decl9e to accept ! claim ( ,sir ,philip ,francis is /at$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,dilke1 ,pap]s ( a ,critic 7#ahge71 & ,abraham ,hayw>d1 ,m ab\t ,junius1 ,franciscan ,!ory ,uns\nd 7#ahfh74 7,d4 ,h47 ,,junius1 ,,franz 79 ,fr5*1 ,franois du ,jon71 ! "n ( two ,hugu5ot s*ol>s4 7#a7 ,,franz ,,junius 7#aede-afjb7 0 born at ,b\rges 9 ,france on ! #a/ ( ,may #aede4 ,he _h /udi$ law = two ye>s "u ,hugo ,donellus 7#aebg-aeia7 :5 he 0 giv5 a place 9 ! ret9ue ( ! ,fr5* ambassador to ,con/ant9ople1 b be=e he rea*$ ,lyons ! ambassador _h dep>t$4 ,junius f\nd ample consolation 9 ! opportunities = /udy at ! gymnasium at ,lyons4 ,a religi\s tumult w>n$ him back to ,b\rges1 :]e he 0 cur$ ( c]ta9 rationali/ic pr9ciples t he _h imbib$ at ,lyons1 & he det]m9$ to ent] ! re=m$ *ur*4 ,he w5t 9 #aefb to /udy at ,g5eva1 :]e he 0 r$uc$ to ! dire/ pov]ty by ! failure ( remittances f home1 ow+ to civil w> 9 ,france4 ,he w\ld accept only ! b>e/ su/5ance f a humble fri5d :o _h himself be5 a protg ( ,junius's family at ,b\rges1 & 8 heal? 0 p]man5tly injur$4 ,! long-expect$ remittance f home 0 closely foll[$ by ! news ( ! brutal murd] ( 8 fa!r by a ,ca?olic fanatic at ,iss\dun2 & ,junius resolv$ to rema9 at ,g5eva1 :]e 8 reputation enabl$ him to live by tea*+4 ,9 #aefe1 h[ev]1 he 0 appo9t$ m9i/] ( ! ,walloon *ur* at ,antw]p4 ,8 =eign bir? exclud$ him f ! privileges ( ! native re=m$ pa/ors1 & expos$ him to p]secution4 ,sev]al times he b>ely escap$ arre/1 & f9ally1 aft] sp5d+ six mon?s 9 prea*+ at ,limburg1 he 0 =c$ to retire to ,heidelb]g 9 #aefg4 ,!re he 0 welcom$ by ! elector ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 & tempor>ily settl$ 9 *>ge ( ! ,walloon *ur* at ,s*nau2 b 9 #aefh 8 patron s5t him z *apla9 ) ,pr9ce ,william ( ,orange 9 8 un=tunate exp$ition to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,junius escap$ z soon z he c\ld f t po/1 & return+ to 8 *ur* rema9$ !re till #aegc4 ,f #aegc till #aegh he 0 at ,heidelb]g1 assi/+ ,emmanuel ,tremellius 7#aeaj-aehj71 ^: daught] he m>ri$1 9 8 ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,frank=t1 #aegi72 9 #aeha he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( div9ity at ,heidelb]g4 ,!nce he 0 tak5 to ,france by ! duke ( ,b\illon1 & aft] an int]view ) ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 s5t aga9 to ,g]many on a mission4 ,z he 0 return+ to ,france he 0 nam$ pr(essor ( !ology at ,leid51 :]e he di$ on ! #ac? ( ,octob] #afjb4 ,he 0 a volum9\s writ] on !ological subjects1 & translat$ & compos$ _m exegetical works4 ,he is be/ kn[n f 8 own edition ( ! ,lat9 ,old ,te/am5t1 slightly alt]$ f ! =m] jo9t edition1 & ) a v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t add$ 7,g5eva1 #aeij2 ,hanov]1 #afbd74 ,! ,op]a ,!ologica ,francisci ,junii ,biturigis 7 publi%$ at ,g5eva 7#b vols41 #afac71 to :i* is prefix$ 8 autobiography1 writt5 ab\t #aeib 7new ed41 edit$ by ,abraham ,kuyp]s1 #ahhb seq474 ,! autobiography _h be5 publi%$ at ,leid5 7#aeie71 & is repr9t$ 9 ! ,miscellanea ,gron+ana1 vol4 i41 along ) a li/ ( ! au?or's o!r writ+s4 7#b7 ,,franz ,,junius 7#aehi-afgg71 son ( ! above1 0 born at ,heidelb]g1 & br\ght up at ,leid54 ,8 att5tion 0 div]t$ f milit>y to !ological /udies by ! peace ( #afji betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #afag he became pa/or at ,hillegondsb]g1 b 9 #afbj w5t to ,engl&1 :]e he became libr>ian to ,?omas ,h[>d1 e>l ( ,arundel1 & tutor to 8 son4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,engl& ?irty ye>s1 devot+ himself to ! /udy ( ,anglo-,saxon1 & aft]w>ds ( ! cognate old ,teutonic languages4 ,8 "w1 intr9sically valuable1 is important z hav+ ar\s$ int]e/ 9 a frequ5tly neglect$ subject4 ,9 #afea he return$ to ,holl&2 & = two ye>s liv$ 9 ,friesl& 9 ord] to /udy ! old dialect4 ,9 #afge he return$ to ,engl&1 & dur+ ! next ye> resid$ 9 ,ox=d2 9 #afgg he w5t to live at ,w9dsor ) 8 nephew1 ,isaac ,vossius1 9 ^: h\se he di$ on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #afgg4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,w9dsor 9 ,/ ,george's ,*apel4 ,he 0 pre-em95tly a /ud5t4 ,he publi%$ ,de pictura vet]um 7#afcg7 79 ,engli% by ! au?or1 #afch2 enl>g$ & improv$ edition1 edit$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,graevius1 :o prefix$ a life ( ,junius1 ) a catalogue ( ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 c41 & _! works1 ,rott]dam1 #afid72 ,obs]vationes 9 ,will]ami ,abbatis francicam p>aphras9 cantici canticorum 7,am/]dam1 #afee72 ,annotationes 9 h>moniam lat9o-francicam quatuor evangeli/>um1 lat9e a ,tatiano confectam 7,am/]dam1 #afee72 ,ca$monis mona*i p>aphrasis poetica g5eseos 7,am/]dam1 #afee7 7see criticism "u ,,ca$mon72 ,quatuor ,d4,n4,i4,c4 evangeliorum v]siones p]antiquae duae1 go?ica scilicet et anglo-saxonica 7,dort1 #b vols41 #affe7 7! ,go?ic v]sion 9 ?is book ,junius transcrib$ f ! ,silv] ,codex ( ,ulfilas2 ! ,anglo-,saxon v]sion is f an edition by ,?omas ,m>%all1 ^: notes to bo? v]sions are giv51 & a ,go?ic gloss>y by ,junius72 ,etymologicum anglicanum1 edit$ by ,edw>d ,lye1 & prec$$ by a life ( ,junius & ,george ,hickes's ,anglo-,saxon gramm> 7,ox=d1 #agdc7 7its results require c>eful v]ification 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*74 ,8 ri* collection ( anci5t ,,mss41 edit$ & annotat$ by him1 ,junius bequea!d to ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,graevius gives a li/ ( !m2 ! mo/ important are a v]sion ( ! ,ormulum1 ! v]sion ( ,ca$mon1 & #i volumes conta9+ ,gloss>ium v4 l+u>um sept5trionalium4 ,,junk4 7#a7 7,?r\gh ,port4 junco1 adapt$ f ,javanese djong1 or ,malayan adjong1 %ip71 ! "n ( ! native sail+ vessel1 common to ! f> ea/]n seas1 & especially us$ by ! ,*9ese & ,javanese4 ,x is a flat-bottom$1 high-/]n$ vessel ) squ>e b[s & ma/s c>ry+ lug-sails1 (t5 made ( matt+4 7#b7 ,a nautical t]m = small pieces ( disus$ rope or cable1 cut up to make f5d]s1 oakum1 c41 h5ce appli$ colloquially by sailors to ! salt beef & pork us$ on bo>d %ip4 ,! ^w is ( d\btful orig91 b may be connect$ ) junk 7,lat4 juncus71 a re$1 or ru%4 ,?is ^w is n[ obsolete except z appli$ to a =m ( surgical appliance1 us$ z a support 9 cases ( fracture :]e imm$iate sett+ is impossible1 & consi/+ ( a %ap$ pill[ or cu%ion /uff$ ) /raw or horsehair1 =m]ly ) ru%es or re$s4 ,,junk]1 ,,wilhelm 7#ahdj-ahib71 ,g]man explor] ( ,africa1 0 born at ,mosc[ on ! #f? ( ,april #ahdj4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,dorpat1 ,gtt+51 ,b]l9 & ,prague1 b did n practise = long4 ,aft] a s]ies ( %ort j\rneys to ,icel&1 ,tunis & ,l[] ,egypt1 he rema9$ almo/ cont9u\sly 9 ea/]n ,equatorial ,africa f #ahge to #ahhf1 mak+ fir/ ,kh>tum & aft]w>ds ,lado ! base ( 8 exp$itions1 ,junk] 0 a leisurely travell] & a c>eful obs]v]2 8 ma9 object 0 to /udy ! peoples ) :om he came into contact1 & to collect specim5s ( plants & animals1 & ! result ( 8 inve/igations 9 ^! p>ticul>s is giv5 9 8 ,reis5 9 ,afrika 7#c vols41 ,vi5na1 #ahhi-ahia71 a "w ( high m]it4 ,an ,engli% translation by ,a4 ,h4 ,keane 0 publi%$ 9 #ahij-ahib4 ,p]haps ! greate/ s]vice he r5d]$ to geographical sci5ce 0 8 inve/igation ( ! ,nile-,congo wat]%$1 :5 he successfully combat$ ,georg ,s*we9fur?'s hydrographical !ories & e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ! ,welle & ,ubangi4 ,! ,mahdi/ ris+ prev5t$ 8 return to ,europe ?r\gh ! ,sudan1 z he _h plann$ to d1 9 #ahhd1 & an exp$ition1 fitt$ out 9 #ahhe by 8 bro!r 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 fail$ to rea* him4 ,junk] !n det]m9$ to g s\?4 ,leav+ ,wadelai on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #ahhf he travell$ by way ( ,ug&a & ,tabora & rea*$ ,zanzib> 9 ,decemb] #ahhf4 ,9 #ahhg he receiv$ ! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,z an explor] ,junk] is entitl$ to high rank1 8 e?nographical obs]vations 9 ! ,niam-,niam 7,az&eh7 c\ntry be+ especially valuable4 ,he di$ at ,/ ,pet]sburg on ! #ac? ( ,febru>y #ahib4 ,see ! biographical notice by ,e4 ,g4 ,rav5/e9 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 7#ahib71 pp4 #ahe-ahg4 ,,junket1 a di% ( milk curdl$ by r5net1 s]v$ ) clott$ cream & flav\r$ ) nutmeg1 :i* is p>ticul>ly associat$ 9 ,engl& ) ,devon%ire & ,cornwall4 ,! ^w is ( some:at obscure hi/ory4 ,x appe>s to come ?r\gh ,o4 ,fr4 jonquette1 a ru%-basket1 f ,lat4 juncus1 ru%4 ,9 ,norman dialect ?is ^w is us$ ( a cream *eese4 ,! commonly accept$ orig9 is t x ref]s to ! ru%-basket on :i* su* cream *eeses or curds 7 s]v$4 ,juncade appe>s 9 ,rabelais1 & is expla9$ by ,cotgrave z spoon-meat1 rose-wat] & sug>4 ,ni*olas ,udall 79 8 translation ( ,erasmus's ,apoph!gms1 #aedb7 speaks ( m>*epa9es or waf]s ) o!r l junk]ie4 ,! ^w junket is also us$ = a fe/ivity or picnic4 ,,juno1 ! *ief ,roman & ,lat9 goddess1 & ! special object ( wor%ip by wom5 at all ! critical mom5ts ( life4 ,! etymology ( ! "n is n c]ta91 b x is usually tak5 z a %ort5$ =m ( ,jov9o1 answ]+ to ,jovis1 f a root div1 %9+4 ,"u ,greek influ5ce ,juno 0 e>ly id5tifi$ ) ! ,greek ,h]a1 ) ^: cult & *>act]i/ics %e has mu* 9 common2 ?us ! ,juno ) :om we are famili> 9 ,lat9 lit]ature is n ! true ,roman deity4 ,9 ! ,a5eid1 = example1 h] policy is antagoni/ic to ! plans ( ,jupit] = ! conque/ ( ,latium & ! future greatness ( ,rome2 ?\gh 9 ! f\r? ,eclogue1 z ,luc9a1 %e appe>s 9 h] prop] rle z assi/+ at *ildbir?4 ,x 0 "u ,greek influ5ce aga9 t %e became ! wife ( ,jupit]1 ! "m ( ,m>s2 ! true ,roman _h no su* p]sonal int]e/ 9 8 deities z to inv5t family relations = !m4 ,t ,juno 0 especially a deity ( wom51 & repres5ts 9 a s5se ! female pr9ciple ( life1 is se5 9 ! fact t z e man _h 8 g5ius1 s e woman _h h] ,juno2 & ! goddess h]self may h be5 a developm5t ( ?is conception4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( h] cult all %[ h] 9 close connexion ) wom54 ,z ,juno ,luc9a %e 0 invok$ 9 *ildbir?1 & on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 ! old ,roman ,new ,ye>'s day1 ! matrons met & made (f]+s at h] temple 9 a grove on ! ,esquil9e2 h5ce ! day 0 kn[n z ! ,matronalia4 ,z ,caprot9a %e 0 especially wor%ipp$ by female slaves on ! #g? ( ,july 7,nonae ,caprot9ae72 z ,sospita %e 0 invok$ all ov] ,latium z ! savi\r ( wom5 9 _! p]ils1 & lat] z ! savi\r ( ! /ate2 & "u a numb] ( o!r titles1 ,c9xia1 ,unxia1 ,pronuba1 c41 we f9d h] tak+ a lead+ "p 9 ! ritual ( m>riage4 ,h] real or suppos$ connexion ) ! moon is expla9$ by ! alleg$ influ5ce ( ! moon on ! lives ( wom52 ?us %e became ! deity ( ! ,kal5ds1 or day ( ! new moon1 :5 ! reg9a sacrorum (f]$ a lamb to h] 9 ! regia1 & h] husb& ! rex made kn[n to ! p ! day on :i* ! ,nones w\ld fall4 ,?us %e is br\ght into close relation ) ,janus1 :o also 0 wor%ipp$ on ! ,kal5ds by ! rex sacrorum1 & x may be t 9 ! olde/ ,roman religion ^! two 7 m closely connect$ ?an ,juno & ,jupit]4 ,b 9 hi/orical times %e 0 associat$ ) ,jupit] 9 ! great temple on ! ,capitol9e hill z ,juno ,reg9a1 ! que5 ( all ,junones or que5 ( heav51 z ,jupit] !re 0 ,optimus ,maximus 7see ,,jupit]71 & "u ! same title %e 0 entic$ f ,veii aft] its capture 9 #cib ,b4,c41 & settl$ 9 a temple on ! ,av5t9e4 ,?us exalt$ above all o!r female deities1 %e 0 prep>$ = t id5tification ) ,h]a :i* 0 allud$ to above4 ,t %e 0 9 "s s5se a deity ( light seems c]ta92 z ,luc9a1 e4g41 %e introduc$ new-born infants 9 lum9is oras4 ,see ,ros*]'s article ,juno 9 8 ,lexicon ( ,my?ology1 & 8 e>li] treatise on ,juno & ,h]a2 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 #aac foll42 also a fre% discussion by ,walt] ,otto 9 ,philologus = #aije 7p4 #afa foll474 7,w4 ,w4 ,f4997 ,,junot1 ,,&o*e1 ,,duke ,,( ,,abrabantes 7#agga-ahac71 ,fr5* g5]al1 0 born at ,bussy-le-,gr& 7,cte d',or71 on ! #bcrd ( ,octob] #agga4 ,he w5t to s*ool at ,*atillon1 & 0 kn[n among 8 comrades z a blu/]+ b lovable creature1 ) a pugnaci\s disposition4 ,he 0 /udy+ law 9 ,p>is at ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution & jo9$ a volunte] battalion4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself by 8 val\r 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,revolution>y w>s1 & came "u ! special notice ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te dur+ ! siege ( ,t\lon1 :ile s]v+ z 8 secret>y4 ,x is relat$ t z he 0 tak+ d[n a despat*1 a %ell bur/ h>d by & cov]$ ! pap] ) s&1 :]eupon he exclaim$1 ,bi56 n\s n'avions pas de sable p\r s*] l'encre6 en voici6 ,he rema9$ ! fai?ful companion ( 8 *ief dur+ ! latt]'s tempor>y disgrace1 & w5t ) him to ,italy z aide-de-camp4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself s mu* at ! battle ( ,millesimo t he 0 select$ to c>ry back ! captur$ col\rs to ,p>is2 return+ to ,italy he w5t ?r\gh ! campaign ) hon\r1 b 0 badly w\nd$ 9 ! head at ,lonato4 ,_m ra% incid5ts 9 8 c>e] may be trac$ to ?is w\nd1 f :i* he nev] completely recov]$4 ,dur+ ! exp$ition to ,egypt he became a g5]al ( brigade4 ,8 devotion to ,bonap>te involv$ him 9 a duel ) ,g5]al ,lanusse1 9 :i* he 0 aga9 w\nd$4 ,he _h to be left 9 ,egypt to recov]1 & 9 cross+ to ,france 0 captur$ by ,engli% cruis]s4 ,on 8 return to ,france he 0 made comm&ant ( ,p>is1 & aft]w>ds promot$ g5]al ( division4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t he m>ri$ ,laure ,p]mon 7see ,,junot1 ,,laure74 ,he next s]v$ at ,arras 9 comm& ( ! gr5adi]s ( ! army de/9$ = ! invasion ( ,engl&1 & made "s alt]ations 9 ! equipm5t ( ! troops :i* receiv$ ! praise ( ! emp]or4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a bitt] mortification t he 0 n appo9t$ a m>%al ( ,france :5 he receiv$ ! gr& cross ( ! legion ( hon\r4 ,he 0 made colonel-g5]al ( huss>s in/ead & s5t z ambassador to ,lisbon1 8 entry into :i* city resembl$ a royal progress4 ,b he 0 s re/less & dissatisfi$ 9 ! ,portuguese capital t he set out1 )\t leave1 = ! army ( ,napoleon1 ) :i* he took "p 9 ! battle ( ,au/]litz1 behav+ ) 8 usual c\rage & zeal4 ,b he soon gave fre% (f5ce4 ,al?\gh 8 e>ly devotion 0 nev] =gott5 by ! emp]or1 8 unc]ta9 temp] & want ( self-control made x dang]\s to employ him at c\rt or headqu>t]s1 & he 0 s5t to ,p>ma to put d[n an insurrection & to be out ( ! way4 ,9 #ahjf he 0 recall$ & became gov]nor ( ,p>is4 ,8 extravagance & prodigality %ock$ ! gov]nm5t1 & "s rum\rs ( an intrigue ) a lady ( ! imp]ial family--x is said ,paul9e ,bonap>te--made x desirable aga9 to s5d him away4 ,he 0 !re=e appo9t$ to lead an invad+ =ce into ,portugal4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,junot _h a great task to p]=m1 & only 8 own res\rces to fall back ^u = its a*ievem5t4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] #ahjg he set out f ,salamanca1 cross$ ! m\nta9s ( ,beira1 ralli$ 8 we>i$ =ces at ,abrantes1 &1 ) #aejj m51 da%$ ^u ,lisbon1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to seize ! ,portuguese fleet1 :i* _h1 h[ev]1 j sail$ away ) ! reg5t & c\rt to ,brazil4 ,! :ole movem5t only took a mon?2 x 0 und\bt$ly bold & well-conduct$1 & ,junot 0 made duke ( ,abrantes & inve/$ ) ! gov]nor%ip ( ,portugal4 ,b adm9i/ration 0 8 weak po9t4 ,he 0 n a civil gov]nor1 b a sabreur1 brave1 trucul5t1 & also dissipat$ & rapaci\s1 ?\gh 9 ! la/ respect he 0 f> f be+ ! wor/ (f5d] among/ ! ,fr5* g5]als 9 ,spa94 ,8 hold on ,portugal 0 nev] support$ by a really adequate =ce1 & 8 own conduct1 :i* resembl$ t ( an ea/]n mon>*1 did no?+ to consolidate 8 conque/4 ,aft] ,wellesley enc\nt]$ him at ,vimi]a 7see ,p59sul> ,w>7 he 0 oblig$ to conclude ! s-call$ conv5tion ( ,c9tra1 & to )draw f ,portugal ) all 8 =ces4 ,napoleon 0 furi\s1 b1 z he said1 0 sp>$ ! necessity ( s5d+ 8 old fri5d be=e a c\rt m>tial by ! fact t ! ,engli% put _! own g5]als on _! trial4 ,junot 0 s5t back to ,spa91 :]e1 9 #ahaj-ahaa1 act+ "u ,massna1 he 0 once m s]i\sly w\nd$4 ,8 la/ campaign 0 made 9 ,russia1 & he receiv$ m ?an a j %>e ( discr$it = x4 ,napoleon next appo9t$ him to gov]n ,illyria4 ,b ,junot's m9d _h become d]ang$ "u ! weight ( 8 mis=tunes1 & on ! #bi? ( ,july #ahac1 at ,montb>d1 he ?rew himself f a w9d[ 9 a fit ( insanity4 ,,junot1 ,,laure1 ,,du*ess ,,( ,,abrantes 7#aghc-ahcd71 wife ( ! prec$+1 0 born at ,montpelli]4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,mme4 ,p]mon1 to :om dur+ h] wid[hood ! "y ,bonap>te made an (f] ( m>riage--su* at lea/ is ! v]sion pres5t$ by ! daught] 9 h] celebrat$ ,memoirs4 ,! ,p]mon family1 aft] v>i\s vicissitudes1 settl$ at ,p>is1 & ,bonap>te c]ta9ly frequ5t$ _! h\se a good deal aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,jacob9 p>ty 9 ,!rmidor #agid4 ,mlle4 ,p]mon 0 m>ri$ to ,junot e>ly 9 ! consulate1 & at once ent]$ eag]ly into all ! gaieties ( ,p>is1 & became not$ = h] beauty1 h] cau/ic wit1 & h] extravagance4 ,! fir/ consul nicknam$ h] petite pe/e1 b treat$ h] & ,junot ) ! utmo/ g5]osity1 a fact :i* did n re/ra9 h] s>casms & sl&]s 9 h] portrayal ( him 9 h] ,memoirs4 ,dur+ ,junot's diplomatic mission to ,lisbon1 8 wife display$ h] prodigality s t on 8 return to ,p>is 9 #ahjf he 0 burd5$ ) debts1 :i* 8 own intrigues did n less54 ,%e jo9$ him aga9 at ,lisbon aft] he _h ent]$ t city z conqu]or at ! close ( #ahjg2 b ev5 ! pres5ts & spoils won at ,lisbon did n satisfy h] dem&s2 %e accompani$ ,junot ?r\gh "p ( ! ,p59sul> ,w>4 ,on h] return to ,france %e displeas$ ! emp]or by h] vivaci\s rem>ks & by receiv+ gue/s :om he dislik$4 ,! m5tal malady ( ,junot !reaft] ?reat5$ h] ) ru92 ?is p]haps expla9s :y %e took "s "p 9 ! intrigues = br++ back ! ,b\rbons 9 #ahad4 ,%e did n side ) ,napoleon dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,days4 ,aft] #ahae %e sp5t mo/ ( h] "t at ,rome amid/ arti/ic society1 :i* %e enliv5$ ) h] sprightly conv]se4 ,%e also compil$ h] spirit$ b some:at spiteful ,memoirs1 :i* 7 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #ahca-ahcd 9 #ah volumes4 ,_m editions h s9ce appe>$4 ,( h] o!r books ! mo/ notewor?y are ,hi/oires contempora9es 7#b vols41 #ahce72 ,scnes de la vie espagnole 7#b vols41 #ahcf72 ,hi/oire des salons de ,p>is 7#f vols41 #ahcg-ahch72 ,s\v5irs d'une ambassade et d'un sj\r en ,espagne et en ,portugal1 de #ahjh #ahaa 7#b vols41 #ahcg74 7,j4 ,hl4 ,r47 ,,junta 7f junt>1 to jo971 a ,spani% ^w mean+ 7#a7 any meet+ = a common purpose2 7#b7 a committee2 7#c7 an adm9i/rative c\ncil or bo>d4 ,! orig9al mean+ is n[ r lo/ 9 ! two d]ivative significations4 ,! ,spani>ds h ev5 begun to make use ( ! b>b>ism mt91 corrupt$ f ! ,engli% meet+4 ,! ^w junta has always be5 & /ill is us$ 9 ! o!r s5ses4 ,"s ( ! bo>ds by :i* ! ,spani% adm9i/ration 0 conduct$ "u ! ,habsburg & ! e>li] ,b\rbon k+s 7 /yl$ juntas4 ,! sup]ior gov]n+ body ( ! ,inquisition 0 ! junta suprema4 ,! prov9cial committees =m$ to organize resi/ance to ,napoleon's invasion 9 #ahjh 7 s call$1 & s 0 ! g5]al committee *os5 f among !m to repres5t ! nation4 ,9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 7#ahjh-ahad71 & 9 all subsequ5t civil w>s or revolution>y di/urbances 9 ,spa9 or ,spani% ,am]ica1 ! local executive bodies1 elect$1 or 9 "s cases self-*os51 to appo9t (fic]s1 raise money & soldi]s1 look aft] ! w\nd$1 & dis*>ge ! functions ( an adm9i/ration1 h be5 kn[n z juntas4 ,! =m ,junto1 a corruption due to o!r ,spani% words end+ 9 -o1 came into use 9 ,engli% 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 (t5 9 a disp>ag+ s5se1 ( a p>ty unit$ = a political purpose1 a faction or cabal2 x 0 p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! advis]s ( ,*>les ,i41 to ! ,rump "u ,cromwell1 & to ! lead+ memb]s ( ! great ,:ig h\ses :o controll$ ! gov]nm5t 9 ! reigns ( ,william ,,iii4 & ,anne4 ,,jupit]1 ! *ief deity ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,! great & con/antly gr[+ influ5ce ex]t$ f a v e>ly p]iod on ,rome by ! sup]ior civilization ( ,greece n only caus$ a modification ( ! ,roman god on ! analogy ( ,zeus1 ! supreme deity ( ! ,greeks1 b l$ ! ,lat9 writ]s to id5tify ! "o ) ! o!r1 & to attribute to ,jupit] my?s & family relations :i* 7 purely ,greek & nev] belong$ to ! real ,roman religion4 ,! ,jupit] ( actual wor%ip 0 a ,roman god2 ! ,jupit] ( ,lat9 lit]ature 0 m ?an half ,greek4 ,?is id5tification 0 facilitat$ by ! community ( "* :i* really belong$ to ,jupit] & ,zeus z ! ,roman & ,greek developm5ts ( a common orig9al conception ( ! god ( ! light & ! heav54 ,t ?is 0 ! orig9al idea ( ,jupit]1 n only 9 ,rome1 b among all ,italian peoples1 admits ( no d\bt4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( 8 "n 0 ,diovis pat]1 or ,diespit]1 & 8 special prie/ 0 ! flam5 dialis2 all ^! words po9t to a root div1 %9+1 & ! connexion ) dies1 day1 is obvi\s 7cf4 ,,juno74 ,"o ( 8 mo/ anci5t epi!ts is ,lucetius1 ! light-br+]2 & lat] lit]ature has pres]v$ ! same idea 9 su* phrases z sub ,jove1 "u ! op5 sky4 ,all days ( ! full moon 7idus7 7 sacr$ to him2 all emanations f ! sky 7 due to him & 9 ! olde/ =m ( religi\s ?\ght 7 probably believ$ to be manife/ations ( ! god himself4 ,z ,jupit] ,elicius he 0 propitiat$1 ) a peculi> ritual1 to s5d ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght2 z ,jupit] ,fulgur he _h an alt> 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & all places /ruck by lightn+ 7 made 8 prop]ty & gu>d$ f ! pr(ane by a circul> wall4 ,! v9tage1 :i* ne$s especially ! light & heat ( ! sun1 0 "u 8 p>ticul> c>e1 & 9 ! fe/ivals connect$ ) x 7,v9alia urbana7 & ,m$itr9alia1 he 0 ! deity invok$1 & 8 flam5 ! prie/ employ$4 ,?r\gh\t ,italy we f9d him wor%ipp$ on ! summits ( hills1 :]e no?+ int]v5$ betwe5 e>? & heav51 & :]e all ! ph5om5a ( ! sky c\ld be conv5i5tly obs]v$4 ,?us on ! ,alban hill s\? ( ,rome 0 an anci5t seat ( 8 wor%ip z ,jupit] ,lati>is1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( ! league ( ?irty ,lat9 cities ( :i* ,rome 0 orig9ally an ord9>y memb]4 ,at ,rome itself x is on ! ,capitol9e hill t we f9d 8 olde/ temple1 describ$ by ,livy 7i4 #aj72 "h we h a tradition ( 8 sacr$ tree1 ! oak1 common to ! wor%ip bo? ( ,zeus & ,jupit]1 & "h too 0 kept ! lapis silex1 p]haps a celt1 believ$ to h be5 a ?und]bolt1 :i* 0 us$ symbolically by ! fetiales :5 (ficially decl>+ w> & mak+ treaties on behalf ( ! ,roman /ate4 ,h5ce ! curi\s =m ( oa?1 ,jovem lapid5t jur>e1 us$ bo? 9 public & private life at ,rome4 ,9 ?is olde/ ,jupit] ( ! ,lat9s & ,romans1 ! god ( ! light & ! heav51 & ! god invok$ 9 tak+ ! mo/ solemn oa?s1 we may und\bt$ly see n only ! great protect+ deity ( ! race1 b "o1 & p]haps ! only "o1 ^: wor%ip embodies a di/9ct moral conception4 ,he is specially conc]n$ ) oa?s1 treaties & leagues1 & x 0 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 prie/ t ! mo/ anci5t & sacr$ =m ( m>riage1 conf>reatio1 took place4 ,! less] deities1 ,dius ,fidius & ,fides1 7 probably orig9ally id5tical ) him1 & only ga9$ a sep>ate exi/5ce 9 c\rse ( "t by a process famili> to /ud5ts ( anci5t religion4 ,?is connexion ) ! consci5ce1 ) ! s5se ( obligation & "r deal+1 0 nev] q lo/ ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory4 ,9 ,virgil's great poem1 ?\gh ,jupit] is 9 _m ways z mu* ,greek z ,roman1 he is /ill ! great protect+ deity :o keeps ! h]o 9 ! pa? ( duty 7pietas7 t[>ds gods1 /ate & family4 ,b ?is aspect ( ,jupit] ga9$ a new =ce & mean+ at ! close ( ! mon>*y ) ! build+ ( ! fam\s temple on ! ,capitol1 ( :i* ! f\ndations are /ill to be se54 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus1 i4e4 ! be/ & greate/ ( all ! ,jupit]s1 & ) him 7 associat$ ,juno & ,m9]va1 9 a fa%ion :i* cle>ly indicates a ,graeco-,etruscan orig92 = ! comb9ation ( ?ree deities 9 "o temple 0 =eign to ! anci5t ,roman religion1 :ile x is f\nd bo? 9 ,greece & ,etruria4 ,?is temple 0 built on a scale ( magnific5ce q unkn[n to primitive ,rome1 & 0 beyond d\bt ! "w ( ,etruscan ar*itects employ$1 we may presume1 by ! ,t>qu9ii4 ,its ?ree cellae conta9$ ! /atues ( ! ?ree deities1 ) ,jupit] 9 ! middle hold+ 8 ?und]bolt4 ,h5ce=w>d x 0 ! c5tre ( ! religi\s life ( ! /ate1 & symboliz$ its unity & /r5g?4 ,its d$ication fe/ival fell on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 on :i* day ! consuls orig9ally succe$$ to (fice2 accompani$ by ! s5ate & o!r magi/rates & prie/s1 & 9 fulfilm5t ( a v[ made by _! pr$ecessors1 !y (f]$ to ! great god a :ite heif]1 8 fav\rite sacrifice1 & aft] r5d]+ ?anks = ! pres]vation ( ! /ate dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 made ! same v[ z t by :i* !y !mselves _h be5 b\nd4 ,!n foll[$ ! epulum ,jovis or fea/ ( ,jupit]1 9 :i* ! ?ree deities seem to h be5 visibly pres5t 9 ! =m ( _! /atues1 ,jupit] hav+ a c\* & ea* goddess a sella1 & %>$ ! meal ) s5ate & magi/rates4 ,9 lat] times ?is day became ! c5tral po9t ( ! great ,roman games 7ludi ,romani71 orig9ally games v[$ 9 hon\r ( ! god if he br\ght a w> to a successful issue4 ,:5 a victori\s army return$ home1 x 0 to ?is temple t ! triumphal procession pass$1 & ! triumph ( :i* we he> s (t5 9 ,roman hi/ory may be tak5 z a religi\s c]emonial 9 hon\r ( ,jupit]4 ,! g5]al 0 dress$ & pa9t$ to resemble ! /atue ( ,jupit] himself1 & 0 drawn on a gild$ *>iot by f\r :ite horses ?r\gh ! ,porta ,triumphalis to ! ,capitol1 :]e he (f]$ a solemn sacrifice to ! god1 & laid on 8 knees ! victor's laurels 7see ,,triumph74 ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ! ,republic ! great god ( ! ,capitol 9 8 temple look+ d[n on ! ,=um cont9u$ to ov]%ad[ all o!r wor%ips z ! "o 9 :i* ! :ole /ate 0 conc]n$1 9 all its l5g? & bread?1 r ?an any "o g5s or family4 ,"u ,augu/us & ! new mon>*y x is sometimes said t ! ,capitol9e wor%ip suff]$ to "s ext5t an eclipse 7,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]1 ,! ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #afj seq472 & x is true t z x 0 ! policy ( ,augu/us to id5tify ! /ate ) ! int]e/s ( 8 own family1 he did :at 0 feasible to direct ! att5tion ( ! p to ! wor%ips 9 :i* he & 8 family 7 specially conc]n$2 ?us 8 temple ( ,apollo on ! ,palat9e1 & t ( ,m>s ,ultor 9 ! ,=um ,augu/i1 took ov] a few ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! cult on ! ,capitol4 ,b ,augu/us 0 f> too %rewd to attempt to ou/ ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus f 8 p>am\nt position2 & he became ! protect+ deity ( ! reign+ emp]or z repres5t+ ! /ate1 z he _h be5 ! protect+ deity ( ! free republic4 ,8 wor%ip spread ov] ! :ole empire2 x is probable t e city _h its temple to ! ?ree deities ( ! ,roman ,capitol1 & ! fact t ! ,romans *ose ! "n ( ,jupit] 9 almo/ e case1 by :i* to indicate ! *ief deity ( ! subject peoples1 proves t !y cont9u$ to reg>d him1 s long z 8 wor%ip exi/$ at all1 z ! god :om !y !mselves look$ ^u z greate/4 ,see ,,zeus1 ,,roman ,,religion4 ,excell5t acc\nts ( ,jupit] may be f\nd 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?ological ,lexicon1 & 9 ,wiss[a's ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm] 7p4 #ajj seq474 7,w4 ,m4 ,ra42 ,w4 ,w4 ,f4997 ,,jupit]1 9 a/ronomy1 ! l>ge/ planet ( ! sol> sy/em2 8 size is s great t x exce$s ! collective mass ( all ! o!rs 9 ! proportion ( #e to #b4 ,he travels 9 8 orbit at a mean di/ance f ! sun exce$+ t ( ! e>? #e4b times1 or #dhc1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! ecc5tricity ( ?is orbit is consid]able1 am\nt+ to #j4jdh1 s t 8 maximum & m9imum di/ances are #ejd1jjj1jjj & #dfb1jjj1jjj miles respectively4 ,:5 9 opposition & at 8 mean di/ance1 he is situat$ #cij1jjj1jjj miles f ! e>?4 ,8 orbit is incl9$ ab\t #a #ah #dj to ! ecliptic4 ,8 sid]eal revolution is complet$ 9 #dccb4ehe days or #aa ye>s #cad4i days1 & 8 synodical p]iod1 or ! mean int]val sep>at+ 8 returns to opposition1 am\nts to #cih4hg days4 ,8 real pol> & equatorial diamet]s measure #hd1egj & #ij1aij miles respectively1 s t ! mean is #hg1chj miles4 ,8 app>5t diamet] 7equatorial7 z se5 f ! e>? v>ies f ab\t #cb1 :5 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 to #ej 9 opposition to t lum9>y4 ,! oblat5ess1 or compression1 ( 8 globe am\nts to ab\t #a_/af2 8 volume exce$s t ( ! e>? #acij times1 :ile 8 mass is ab\t #cjj times great]4 ,^! values are believ$ to be z accurate z ! be/ mod]n det]m9ations all[1 b !re are "s diff]5ces among/ v>i\s obs]v]s & absolute exactness _c be obta9$4 ,! discov]y ( telescopic con/ruction e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury & ! practical use ( ! telescope by ,galileo & o!rs greatly enri*$ our k ( ,jupit] & 8 sy/em4 ,f\r ( ! satellites 7 detect$ 9 #afaj1 b ! d>k b&s or belts on ! globe ( ! planet d n appe> to h be5 notic$ until tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,?\gh ,galileo fir/ sight$ ! satellites & p]sev]+ly /udi$ ! ,jovian orb1 he fail$ to di/+ui% ! belts1 & we h to conclude ei!r t ^! features 7 unusually fa9t at ! p]iod ( 8 obs]vations1 or t 8 telescopes 7 insuffici5tly p[]ful to r5d] !m visible4 ,! belts 7 fir/ recogniz$ by ,nicolas ,zuc*i & ,daniel ,b>toli on ! #ag? ( ,may #afcj4 ,!y 7 se5 also by ,francesco ,fontana 9 ! same & imm$iately succe$+ ye>s1 & by o!r obs]v]s ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 includ+ ,zuppi1 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,riccioli & ,francesco ,m>ia ,grimaldi4 ,improvem5ts 9 telescopes 7 quickly introduc$1 & betwe5 #afee & #afff ,c4 ,huyg5s1 ,r4 ,hooke & ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i made m effective obs]vations4 ,hooke discov]$ a l>ge d>k spot 9 ! planet's s\!rn hemisph]e on ! #ai? ( ,may #affd1 & f ?is object ,cass9i det]m9$ ! rotation p]iod1 9 #affe & lat] ye>s1 z #i h\rs #ef m9utes4 ,! belts1 spots & irregul> m>k+s on ,jupit] h n[ be5 assidu\sly /udi$ dur+ ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,^! m>k+s are extremely v>iable 9 _! tones1 t9ts & relative velocities1 & !re is little reason to d\bt t !y are atmosph]ic =mations float+ above ! surface ( ! planet 9 a s]ies ( diff]5t curr5ts4 ,c]ta9 ( ! m>k+s appe> to be fairly durable1 ?\gh _! rates ( motion exhibit consid]able anomalies & prove t !y mu/ be q deta*$ f ! actual sph]e ( ,jupit]4 ,at v>i\s times det]m9ations ( ! rotation p]iod 7 made z foll[s3-- ,date4 ,obs]v]4 ,p]iod4 ,place ( ,spot4 #afgb ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i #i h4 #ee m4 #ej s4 ,lat4 #af ,s4 #afib #i h4 #ej m4 ,equator4 #agjh ,j4 ,p4 ,m>aldi #i h4 #ee m4 #dh s4 ,s4 tropical zone #aggc ,j4 ,sylvabelle #i h4 #ef m4 #aghh ,j4 ,h4 ,s*rt] #i h4 #ee m4 #cc4f s4 ,lat4 #ab ,n4 #aghh #i h4 #ee m4 #ag4f s4 ,lat4 #bj ,s4 #ahce ,j4 ,h4 ,mdl] #i h4 #ee m4 #bf4e s4 ,lat4 #e ,n4 #ahce ,g4 ,b4 ,airy #i h4 #ee m4 #ba4c s4 ,n4 tropical zone4 ,a great numb] ( ,jovian features h be5 trac$ 9 m rec5t ye>s & _! rotation p]iods asc]ta9$4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,/anley ,williams ! rates ( motion = diff]5t latitudes ( ! planet are approximately z "u3-- ,latitude4 ,rotation ,p]iod4 #he to #bh #i h4 #ee m4 #cg4e s4 #bh to #bd #i h4 #ed m4 to #i h4 #ef m4 #bd to #bj #i h4 #dh m4 to #i h4 #di m4 #bj to #aj #i h4 #ee m4 #cc4i s4 #aj to -#ab #i h4 #ej m4 #bj s4 -#ab to -#ah #i h4 #ee m4 #dj s4 -#ah to -#cg #i h4 #ee m4 #ah4a s4 -#cg to -#ee #i h4 #ee m4 #e s4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+ gives ! foll[+ relative p]iods = ! ye>s #ahih to #aije3-- ,latitude4 ,rotation ,p]iod4 ,n4,n4 temp]ate #i h4 #ee m4 #da4e s4 ,n4 temp]ate #i h4 #ee m4 #ec4h s4 ,n4 tropical #i h4 #ee m4 #cj s4 ,equatorial #i h4 #ej m4 #bg s4 ,s4 temp]ate #i h4 #ee m4 #ai4e s4 ,s4,s4 temp]ate #i h4 #ee m4 #g s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,inv]t$ disk ( ,jupit]1 %[+ ! diff]5t curr5ts & _! rates ( rotation4 ,! above are ! mean p]iods d]iv$ f a l>ge numb] ( m>k+s4 ,! bay or holl[ 9 ! great s\!rn equatorial belt nor? ( ! r$ spot has p]haps be5 obs]v$ = a long] p]iod ?an any o!r feature on ,jupit] except ! r$ spot itself4 ,h4 ,s*wabe saw ! holl[ 9 ! belt on ! #e? ( ,septemb] #ahca & on _m subsequ5t dates4 ,! rotation p]iod ( ?is object dur+ ! sev5ty ye>s to ! #e? ( ,septemb] #aija 0 #i h4 #ee m4 #cf s4 f #fa1hac rotations4 ,s9ce #aija ! mean p]iod has be5 #i h4 #ee m4 #dj s41 b x has fluctuat$ betwe5 #i h4 #ee m4 #ch s4 & #i h4 #ee m4 #db s4 ,! motion ( ! v>i\s features is n !re=e dep5d5t ^u _! latitude1 ?\gh at ! equator ! rate seems swift] z a rule ?an 9 o!r zones4 ,b exceptions occur1 = 9 #ahhj "s spots appe>$ 9 ab\t #bc ,n4 :i* rotat$ 9 #i h4 #dh m4 ?\gh 9 ! region imm$iately ,n4 ( ?is ! spot motion is ord9>ily ! sl[e/ ( all & av]ages #i h4 #ee m4 #ec4h s4 7f tw5ty det]m9ations74 ,^! diff]5ces ( spe$ rem9d u ( ! sun-spots & _! prop] motions4 ,! sol> envelope1 h[ev]1 appe>s to %[ a pretty regul> ret>dation t[>ds ! poles1 = accord+ to ,gu/av ,spr]'s =mula1 :ile ! equatorial p]iod is #be d4 #b h4 #ae m4 ! latitudes #df ,n4 & ,s4 give a p]iod ( #bh d4 #ae h4 #j m4 ,! ,jovian curr5ts fl[ 9 a due ea/ & we/ direction z ?\gh ma9ly influ5c$ by ! swift rotatory movem5t ( ! globe1 & exhibit little sign ( deviation ei!r to ,n4 or ,s4 ,^! curr5ts d n bl5d & pass gradually into ea* o!r1 b seem to be def9itely b\nd$ & controll$ by sep>ate1 ph5om5a well capable ( pres]v+ _! individuality4 ,occasionally1 x is true1 !re h be5 slant+ belts on ,jupit] 7a prom95t example occurr$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfa71 z ?\gh ! mat]ials 7 evolv$ ) "s =ce 9 a pol> direction1 b ^! oblique =mations h usually spread out 9 longitude & ultimately =m$ b&s p>allel ) ! equator4 ,! longitud9al curr5ts d n individually pres5t u ) an equable rate ( motion4 ,9 fact !y display "s curi\s irregul>ities1 ! spots c>ri$ along 9 !m app>5tly oscillat+ to & fro )\t any ref]5ce to fix$ p]iods or cyclical v>iations4 ,?us ! equatorial curr5t 9 #ahhj mov$ at ! rate ( #i h4 #ej m4 #f s4 :]eas 9 #aije x 0 #i h4 #ej m4 #cc s4 ,! r$ spot 9 ! ,s4 tropical zone gave #i h4 #ee m4 #cd s4 9 #ahgi-ahhj1 :]eas dur+ #aijj-aijh x has v>i$ a little on ei!r side ( #i h4 #ee m4 #dj4f s4 ,cle>ly !re=e no fix$ p]iod ( rotation c be appli$ = any spot s9ce x is subject to drifts ,e4 or ,w4 & ^! drifts sometimes come into op]ation sudd5ly1 & may be ei!r tempor>y or durable4 ,betwe5 #ahgh & #aijj ! r$ spot 9 ! planet's ,s4 hemisph]e %[$ a cont9u\s ret>dation ( spe$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 speak+ ( ! rotation ( ^! m>k+s1 we are simply allud+ to ! irregul>ities 9 ! vapor\s envelope ( ,jupit]4 ,! rotation ( ! planet itself is ano!r matt] & its value is n yet exactly kn[n1 ?\gh x is probably little diff]5t f t ( ! m>k+s1 & especially f ^? ( ! mo/ durable "*1 :i* indicate a p]iod ( ab\t #i h4 #ef m4 ,we nev] disc]n ! actual l&scape ( ,jupit] or any ( ! individual =ms really div]sify+ x4 ,possibly ! r$ spot :i* became s /rik+ an object 9 #ahgh1 & :i* /ill rema9s fa9tly visible on ! planet1 is ! same feature z t discov]$ by ,r4 ,hooke 9 #affd & wat*$ by ,cass9i 9 foll[+ ye>s4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 approximately ! same latitude ( ! planet & appe>s to h be5 hidd5 tempor>ily dur+ sev]al p]iods up to #agac4 ,b ! lack ( fairly cont9u\s obs]vations ( ?is p>ticul> m>k+ makes its id5tity ) ! pres5t spot extremely d\btful4 ,! latt] 0 se5 by ,w4 ,r4 ,dawes 9 #aheg1 by ,sir ,w4 ,hugg9s 9 #aheh1 by ,j4 ,bax5dell 9 #ahei1 by ,"l ,rosse & ,r4 ,copel& 9 #ahgc1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,russell 9 #ahgf-ahgg1 & 9 lat] ye>s x has =m$ an object ( g5]al obs]vation4 ,9 fact x may safely be said t no planet>y m>k+ has ev] ar\s$ su* widespread int]e/ & attract$ su* frequ5t obs]vation z ! great r$ spot on ,jupit]4 ,! slight incl9ation ( ! equator ( ?is planet to ! plane ( 8 orbit sugge/s t he exp]i5ces few seasonal *anges4 ,f ! conditions we are1 9 fact1 l$ to expect a prevail+ calm 9 8 atmosph]e1 ! m s f ! circum/ance t ! am\nt ( ! sun's heat p\r$ ^u ea* squ>e mile ( x is 7on ! av]age7 less ?an ! #bg? "p ( t receiv$ by ea* squ>e mile ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,moreov]1 ! seasons ( ,jupit] h ne>ly twelve times ! duration ( ours1 s t x w\ld be naturally expect$ t *anges 9 8 atmosph]e produc$ by sol> action take place ) extreme sl[ness4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,telescopes reveal ! indications ( rapid *anges & ext5sive di/urbances 9 ! aspect & mat]ial =m+ ! belts4 ,new spots cov]+ l>ge areas frequ5tly appe> & z frequ5tly decay & vani%1 imply+ an agitat$ condition ( ! ,jovian atmosph]e1 & lead+ u to admit ! op]ation ( causes mu* m active ?an ! heat+ influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,jupit]1 #aijc1 ,july #aj1 #b4ej a4m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,jupit]1 #aijf1 ,april #ae1 #e4ej p4m4 ,:5 we in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ,jupit] & ! e>? on ! basis t ! atmosph]e ( ! =m] planet be>s ! same relation to 8 mass z ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? be>s to h] mass1 we f9d t a /ate ( ?+s mu/ prevail on ,jupit] v dissimil> to t affect+ our own globe4 ,! d5sity ( ! ,jovian atmosph]e we %\ld expect to be fully six times z great z ! d5sity ( our air at sea-level1 :ile x w\ld be comp>atively %all[4 ,b ! telescopic aspect ( ,jupit] app>5tly negatives ! latt] supposition4 ,! belts & spots gr[ fa9t z !y approa* ! limb1 & disappe> z !y ne> ! edge ( ! disk1 ?us indicat+ a d5se & deep atmosph]e4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor consid]$ t ! obs]v$ features sugge/$ inh]5t heat1 & adopt$ ?is conclusion z be/ expla9+ ! surface ph5om5a ( ! planet4 ,he reg>d$ ,jupit] z belong+1 on acc\nt ( 8 imm5se size1 to a diff]5t class ( bodies f ! e>?1 & 0 l$ to believe t !re exi/$ great] analogy betwe5 ,jupit] & ! sun ?an betwe5 ,jupit] & ! e>?4 ,?us ! d5sity ( ! sun1 l t ( ,jupit]1 is small comp>$ ) ! e>?'s2 9 fact1 ! mean d5sity ( ! sun is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,jupit]1 & ! belts ( ! latt] planet may be mu* m aptly comp>$ ) ! spot zones ( ! sun ?an ) ! trade zones ( ! e>?4 ,9 support ( ! !ory ( inh]5t heat on ,jupit] x has be5 said t 8 alb$o 7or light reflect$ f 8 surface7 is mu* great] ?an ! am\nt w\ld be 7 8 surface simil> to t ( ! moon1 ,m]cury or ,m>s1 & ! reason+ has be5 appli$ to ! l>ge out] planets1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 z well z to ,jupit]4 ,! av]age reflect+ capacity ( ! moon & five out] planets w\ld seem to be 7on ! assumption t !y possess no inh]5t light7 z foll[s3-- ,moon #j4agcf ,jupit] #j4fbch ,uranus #j4fdjj ,m>s #j4bfgb ,saturn #j4diha ,neptune #j4dhdh ,^! values 7 consid]$ to support ! view t ! f\r l>g] & m di/ant orbs %9e p>tly by inh]5t lu/re1 & ! m s z spectroscopic analysis indicates t !y are ea* involv$ 9 a deep vap\r-lad5 atmosph]e4 ,b c]ta9 obs]vations furni% a contradiction to ,proctor's views4 ,! absolute ext9ction ( ! satellites1 ev5 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 :ile 9 ! %ad[ ( ,jupit]1 %[s t !y _c receive suffici5t light f _! prim>y to r5d] !m visible1 & ! d>kness ( ! %ad[s ( ! satellites :5 project$ on ! planet's disk proves t ! latt] _c be self-lum9\s except 9 an ins5sible degree4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t1 7 x only mod]ately self-lum9\s1 ! col\r ( ! light :i* x s5ds to u w\ld be r$1 su* light be+ at fir/ emitt$ f a heat$ body :5 its temp]ature is rais$4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ! great r$ spot1 :5 ! col\r+ 0 int5se 9 #ahgh & sev]al foll[+ ye>s1 may h repres5t$ an op5+ 9 ! ,jovian atmosph]e1 & ! ruddy belts may be ext5sive rifts 9 ! same envelope4 ,if ,jupit]'s actual globe emitt$ a good deal ( heat & light we %\ld probably di/+ui% little ( x1 ow+ to ! obscur+ vap\rs float+ above ! surface4 ,v5us reflects relatively m light ?an ,jupit]1 & !re is little d\bt t ! alb$o ( a planet is dep5d5t ^u atmosph]ic *>act]i/ics1 & is 9 no case a direct indication ( inh]5t light & heat4 ,! col\r+ ( ! belts appe>s to be due to seasonal v>iations1 = ,/anley ,williams has %[n t _! *anges h a cycle ( twelve ye>s1 & correspond z ne>ly z possible ) a sid]eal revolution ( ,jupit]4 ,! v>iations are ( su* "* t ! two great equatorial belts are alt]nately affect$2 :5 ! ,s4 equatorial belt displays maximum r$ness ! ,n4 equatorial is at a m9imum & vice v]sa4 ,! mo/ plausible hypo!sis ) reg>d to ! r$ spot is t x is ( ! nature ( an isl& float+ ^u a liquid surface1 ?\gh its great duration does n fav\r ?is idea4 ,b x is an op5 "q :e!r ! belts ( ,jupit] indicate a liquid or gase\s condition ( ! visible surface4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way ( ! liquid hypo!sis is ! great diff]5ce 9 ! times ( rotation betwe5 ! equatorial portions ( ! planet & ! spots 9 temp]ate latitudes4 ,! latt] usually rotate 9 p]iods betwe5 #i h4 #ee m4 & #i h4 #ef m41 :ile ! equatorial m>k+s make a revolution 9 ab\t five m9utes less1 #i h4 #ej m4 to #i h4 #ea m4 ,! diff]5ce am\nts to #g4e 9 a t]re/rial day & proves t an equatorial spot w circulate "r r\nd ! enorm\s sph]e ( ,jupit] 7circumf]5ce #bhc1jjj m47 9 #dh days4 ,! motion is equival5t to ab\t #fjjj m4 p] day & #bej m4 p] h\r4 7,w4 ,f4 ,d47 ,satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,jupit] is att5d$ by eight kn[n satellites1 resolvable z reg>ds _! visibility into two widely diff]5t classes4 ,f\r satellites 7 discov]$ by ,galileo & 7 ! only ones kn[n until #ahib4 ,9 ,septemb] ( t ye> ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 discov]$ a fif? extremely fa9t satellite1 p]=m+ a revolution 9 some:at less ?an twelve h\rs4 ,9 #aijd two yet fa9t] satellites1 f> outside ! o!r five1 7 photographically discov]$ by ,c4 ,d4 ,p]r9e at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,! eigh? satellite 0 discov]$ by ,p4 ,j4 ,melotte ( ,gre5wi* on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y #aijh4 ,x is ( ! #ag? magnitude & appe>s to be v di/ant f ,jupit]2 a re-obs]vation on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #aiji prov$ x to be retrograde1 & to h a v ecc5tric orbit4 ,^! bodies are usually numb]$ 9 ! ord] ( _! discov]y1 ! ne>e/ to ! sun be+ ,v4 ,9 app>5t brightness ea* ( ! f\r ,galilean satellites may be r\ghly class$ z ( ! six? magnitude2 !y w\ld !re=e be visible to a ke5 eye if ! brilliancy ( ! planet did n obscure !m4 ,"s obs]v]s pr(ess to h se5 "o or m ( ^! bodies ) ! nak$ eye not)/&+ ?is drawback1 b ! evid5ce c sc>cely be reg>d$ z conclusive4 ,x does n h[ev] seem unlikely t ! ?ird1 :i* is ! brighte/1 might be visible :5 9 conjunction ) "o ( ! o!rs4 ,"u good conditions & suffici5t telescopic p[] ! satellites are visible z disks1 & n m]e po9ts ( light4 ,measures ( ! app>5t diamet] ( objects s fa9t are1 h[ev]1 difficult & unc]ta94 ,! results = ! ,galilean satellites range betwe5 #j4i & #a4e1 correspond+ to diamet]s ( betwe5 #cjjj & #ejjj kilometres4 ,! smalle/ is !re=e ab\t ! size ( our moon4 ,satellite ,i4 has be5 f\nd to exhibit m>k$ v>iations 9 its brightness & aspect1 b ! law gov]n+ !m has n be5 satisfactorily work$ out4 ,x seems probable t "o hemisph]e ( ?is satellite is bright] ?an ! o!r1 or t !re is a l>ge d>k region ^u x4 ,a revolution on its axis correspond+ ) t ( ! orbital revolution ar\nd ! planet has also be5 suspect$1 b is n yet e/abli%$4 ,v>iations ( light some:at simil>1 b less 9 am\nt1 h be5 notic$ 9 ! second & ?ird satellites4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & easily obs]v$ ph5om5a ( ^! bodies are _! eclipses & _! transits across ! disk ( ,jupit]4 ,! f\r inn] satellites pass ?r\gh ! %ad[ ( ,jupit] at e sup]ior conjunction1 & across 8 disk at e inf]ior conjunction4 ,! out] ,galilean satellite does ! same :5 ! conjunctions are n too ne> ! l9e ( nodes ( ! satellites' orbit4 ,:5 mo/ di/ant f ! nodes1 ! satellites pass above or bel[ ! %ad[ & bel[ or above ! disk4 ,^! ph5om5a = ! f\r ,galilean satellites are pr$ict$ 9 ! nautical almanacs4 ,:5 "o ( ! f\r ,galilean satellites is 9 transit across ! disk ( ,jupit] x c g5]ally be se5 project$ on ! face ( ! planet4 ,x is commonly bright] ?an ,jupit] :5 x fir/ ent]s ^u ! limb b sometimes d>k] ne> ! c5tre ( ! disk4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t ! planet is mu* d>k] at ! limb4 ,dur+ ^! transits ! %ad[ ( ! satellites c also be se5 project$ on ! planet z a d>k po9t4 ,! !ories ( ! motion ( ^! bodies =m "o ( ! m int]e/+ problems ( cele/ial me*anics4 ,ow+ to ! great ellipticity ( ,jupit]1 gr[+ out ( 8 rapid rotation1 ! influ5ce ( ?is ellipticity ^u ! motions ( ! five inn] satellites is mu* great] ?an t ( ! sun1 or ( ! satellites on ea* o!r4 ,! incl9ation ( ! orbits to ! equator ( ,jupit] is q small & almo/ con/ant1 & ! motion ( ea* node is ne>ly uni=m ar\nd ! plane ( ! planet's equator4 ,! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ^! bodies is a relation betwe5 ! mean longitudes ( ,satellites ,i41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,! mean longitude ( ,i4 plus twice t ( ,,iii4 m9us ?ree times t ( ,,ii4 is con/antly ne> to #ahj4 ,x foll[s t ! same relations subsi/ among ! mean motions4 ,! cause ( ?is 0 po9t$ out by ,laplace4 ,if we put ,l#a ,l#b & ,l#c = ! mean longitudes1 & def9e an angle ,u z foll[s3-- ,u ,l#a - #c ,l#b #b ,l#c4 x 0 %[n ma!matically by ,laplace t if ! longitudes & mean motions 7 su* t ! angle ,u diff]$ a little f #ahj1 !re 0 a m9ute residual =ce aris+ f ! mutual actions ( ! sev]al bodies t5d+ to br+ ?is angle t[>ds ! value #ahj4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! mean motions 7 su* t ?is angle increas$ only ) great sl[ness1 x w\ld aft] a c]ta9 p]iod t5d back t[>d ! value #ahj1 & !n beyond x1 exactly z a p5dulum drawn out ( ! p]p5dicul> oscillates t[>ds & beyond x4 ,?us an oscillation w\ld be eng5d]$ 9 virtue ( :i* ! angle w\ld oscillate v sl[ly on ea* side ( ! c5tral value4 ,computation ( ! mean longitude f obs]vations has indicat$ t ! angle does diff] f #ahj1 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is deviation is great] ?an ! possible result ( ! errors ( obs]vation4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! exi/5ce ( ! libration1 & its p]iod if x does exi/1 are /ill unkn[n4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! orbits ( ! five inn] satellites1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( di/ance f ,jupit]4 ,! mean longitudes are = #ahia1 #bj? ( ,octob]1 ,g4,m4,t41 & are ref]r$ to ! equ9ox ( ! epo*1 #ahia1 #bnd ( ,octob]3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,satellite ,v4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,mean ,long4 #bfd4bi #cac4gaic #ci4aahg #aga4bddh #fb4bjjj ,synodic ,p]iod #aa h4 #eh m4#a d4 #ah h4 4#dh #c;d4 #ac;h4 4#cjg;d4 #c;h4 4#iiaf;d4 #ahm4 4#ji ,mean ,di/ance #ajf1djj m4 #bfj1jjj m4 #dad1jjj m4 #ffa1jjj m4 #a1afb1jjj m4 ,mass ,mass ( ,jup4 787 4#jjjjbhca 4#jjjjbcbd 4#jjjjhabe 4#jjjjbadi ,/ell> ,mag4 #ac #f4j #f4a #e4f #f4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,! foll[+ numb]s relat+ to ! planet itself h be5 suppli$ mo/ly by ,pr(essor ,h]mann ,/ruve4 ,fil> ,mic4 ,heliom4 ,equatorial diamet] ( ,jupit] 7,di/4 #e4bjbh7 #ch4ej #cg4ej ,pol> diamet] ( ,jupit] #cf4jb #ce4bc ,ellipticity #a #ae4e #a #af4e ,!oretical ellipticity f motion ( #ijj 9 ! p]ic5tre( ,sat4 ,v #a #ae4c ,c5trifugal =ce gravity at equator #j4jijj ,mass ( ,jupit] ,mass ( ,sun1 n[ us$ 9 tables #a #ajdg4cd ,incl9ation ( planet's equator to ecliptic #b #i4jg #j4jjft orbit #c #d4hj ,long4 ( ,node ( equator on ecliptic #ccf #ba4dg #j4gfbt orbit #acebe4ha #j4gbit ,! longitudes are ref]r$ to ! mean t]re/rial equ9ox1 & t is ! "t 9 ye>s f #aijj4j4 ,= ! elem5ts ( ,jupit]'s orbit1 see ,,sol> ,,sy/em2 & = physical con/ants1 see ,,planet4 7,s4 ,n47 ,,jur 7,,diur71 ! ,d9ka "n = a tribe ( negroes ( ! upp] ,nile valley1 ^: real "n is ,luoh1 or ,lwo4 ,!y appe> to be immigrants1 & tradition places _! home 9 ! s\?2 !y n[ occupy a di/rict ( ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal betwe5 ! ,bongo & ,d9ka tribes4 ,( a r$di% black col\r1 fair] ?an ! ,d9ka1 !y are well proportion$1 ) ! hair %ort4 ,tattoo+ is n common1 b :5 f\nd is simil> to t ( ! ,d9ka2 !y pi]ce ! e>s & nose1 & 9 addition to ! ornam5ts f\nd among ! ,d9ka 7q4v47 we> a s]ies ( iron r+s on ! =e>m cov]+ x f wri/ to elb[4 ,!y are ma9ly agricultural1 b hunt & fi% to a consid]able ext5t2 !y are also skilful smi?s1 smelt+ _! own iron1 ( :i* !y supply quantities to ! ,d9ka4 ,!y are a prosp]\s tribe & 9 consequ5ce sp9/]s are unkn[n among !m4 ,_! *ief curr5cy is spe>s & hoe-blades1 & c[rie %ells are us$ 9 ! pur*ase ( wives4 ,_! *ief weapons are spe>s & b[s4 ,see ,g4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,! ,he>t ( ,africa3 ,travels #ahfh-ahga1 trans4 ,g4 ,e4 ,e4 ,frew] 7#bnd ed41 #ahgd72 ,w4 ,junk]1 ,travels 9 ,africa 7,eng4 ed41 #ahij-ahib74 ,,jura1 a dep>tm5t ( ,france1 on ! ea/]n fronti]1 =m$ f ! s\!rn portion ( ! old prov9ce ( ,fran*e-,comt4 ,x is b\nd$ ,n by ! dep>tm5t ( ,haute-,sane1 ,n4,e4 by ,d\bs1 ,e4 by ,switz]l&1 ,s4 by ,a91 & ,w4 by ,sane-et-,loire & ,cte d',or4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 #beg1gbe4 ,area1 #aiea sq4 m4 ,jura comprises f\r di/9ct zones ) a g5]al direction f nor? to s\?4 ,9 ! ,s4,e4 lie high ea/]n *a9s ( ! c5tral ,jura1 conta9+ ! ,crt ,pela 7#diae ft471 ! highe/ po9t 9 ! dep>tm5t4 ,m to ! we/ !re is a *a9 ( =e/-clad plateaus bord]$ on ! ,e4 by ! riv] ,a94 ,we/w>d ( ^! runs a range ( hills1 ! slopes ( :i* are cov]$ ) v9ey>ds4 ,! nor?-we/ region ( ! dep>tm5t is occupi$ by a pla9 :i* includes ! f]tile ,f9age1 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,bresse1 & is trav]s$ by ! ,d\bs & its left afflu5t ! ,l\e1 betwe5 :i* lies ! f9e =e/ ( ,*aux1 #gf sq4 m4 9 area4 ,jura falls almo/ :olly )9 ! bas9 ( ! ,rhone4 ,besides ^? m5tion$1 ! *ief riv]s are ! ,val\ze & ! ,bi5ne1 :i* wat] ! s\? ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,!re are sev]al lakes1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is t ( ,*al91 ab\t #ab m4 ,e4 ( ,lons-le-,sauni]4 ,! climate is1 on ! :ole1 cold2 ! temp]ature is subject to sudd5 & viol5t *anges1 & among ! m\nta9s w9t] sometimes l+]s = eight mon?s4 ,! ra9fall is mu* above ! av]age ( ,france4 ,jura is an agricultural dep>tm5t3 :eat1 oats1 maize & b>ley are ! *ief c]eals1 ! culture ( potatoes & rape be+ also ( importance4 ,v9es are gr[n ma9ly 9 ! cantons ( ,arbois1 ,poligny1 ,sal9s & ,voiteur4 ,woodl&s occupy ab\t a fif? ( ! area3 ! oak1 hornbeam & bee*1 &1 9 ! m\nta9s1 ! spruce & fir1 are ! pr9cipal v>ieties4 ,natural pa/ure is abundant on ! m\nta9s4 ,=e/s1 gorges1 torr5ts & cascades are *>act]i/ic features ( ! sc5]y4 ,its m9]als include iron & salt & !re are /one-qu>ries4 ,peat is also work$4 ,lons-le-,sauni] & ,sal9s h m9]al spr+s4 ,indu/ries include ! manufacture ( ,gruyre1 ,septmoncel & o!r *eeses 7made 9 co-op]ative *eese factories or fruitires71 metal f\nd+ & =g+1 saw-mill+1 fl\r-mill+1 ! cutt+ ( preci\s /ones 7at ,septmoncel & else:]e71 ! manufacture ( nails1 tools & o!r iron goods1 pap]1 lea!r1 bri]-pipes1 toys & fancy wood5-w>e & basket-"w4 ,! mak+ ( clocks1 wat*es1 spectacles & measures1 :i* are l>gely export$1 employs mu* lab\r 9 & ar\nd ,morez4 ,imports consi/ ( gra91 cattle1 w9e1 leaf-copp]1 horn1 ivory1 fancy-wood2 exports ( manufactur$ articles1 w9e1 *eese1 /one1 timb] & salt4 ,! dep>tm5t is s]v$ *iefly by ! ,p>is-,lyon-,mdit]rane railway1 ! ma9 l9e f ,p>is to ,neu*tel trav]s+ its nor!rn region4 ,! canal f ! ,rhone to ! ,rh9e1 :i* utilizes ! *annel ( ! ,d\bs ov] portions ( its c\rse1 trav]ses x = #be m4 ,lons-le-,sauni] is ! *ief t[n ( ,jura1 :i* embraces f\r arrondissem5ts nam$ aft] ! t[ns ( ,lons-le-,sauni]1 ,dle1 ,poligny & ,/ ,claude1 ) #cb cantons & #ehd communes4 ,! dep>tm5t =ms ! diocese ( ,/ ,claude & "p ( ! ecclesia/ical prov9ce ( ,besanon2 x comes )9 ! region ( ! ,v,i,ith army corps & ! educational circumscription 7acadmie7 ( ,besanon1 :]e is its c\rt ( appeal4 ,lons-le-,sauni]1 ,dle1 ,arbois1 ,poligny1 ,/ ,claude & ,sal9s1 ! m notewor?y t[ns1 receive sep>ate notices4 ,at ,baume-les-,messieurs1 #h m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,lons-le-,sauni]1 !re is an anci5t abbey ) a f9e *ur* ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,,jura 7de] isl&71 an isl& ( ! inn] ,hebrides1 ! f\r? l>ge/ ( ! gr\p1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,argyll%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #efj4 ,on ! ,n4 x is sep>at$ f ! isl& ( ,sc>ba by ! :irlpool ( ,corrievreckan1 caus$ by ! ru% ( ! tides1 (t5 runn+ ov] #ac m4 an h\r1 & sometimes accel]at$ by gales1 on ! ,e4 f ! ma9l& by ! s\nd ( ,jura1 & on ! ,s4 & ,s4,w4 f ,islay by ! s\nd ( ,islay4 ,at ,k9ua*dra* !re is a f]ry to ,aird 9 ,lorne1 9 ,argyll%ire1 & at ,faol9 !re is a f]ry to ,port ,askaig 9 ,islay4 ,its area is ab\t #afj sq4 m41 ! greate/ l5g? is ab\t #bg m41 & ! bread? v>ies f #b m4 to #h m4 ,! surface is m\nta9\s & ! isl& is ! mo/ rugg$ ( ! ,hebrides4 ,a *a9 ( hills culm9at+ 9 ! ,paps ( ,jura--,be9n-an-,oir 7#bega ft47 & ,be9n ,*aolais 7#bdjg ft47--runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! isl&1 int]rupt$ only by ,t>b]t lo*1 an arm ( ! sea1 :i* =ms an ind5tation ne>ly #f m4 deep & almo/ cuts ! isl& 9 two4 ,jura d]iv$ its "n f ! r$ de] :i* once ab\nd$ on x4 ,cattle & %eep are rais$2 oats1 b>ley & potatoes are cultivat$ along ! ea/]n %ore1 & !re is "s fi%+4 ,granite is qu>ri$ & silici\s s&1 employ$ 9 glass-mak+ is f\nd4 ,! p>i% ( ,jura comprises ! isl&s ( ,balnahua1 ,fladda1 ,g>vello*1 ,jura1 ,lunga1 ,sc>ba & ,sk]vuile4 ,,jura1 a range :i* may be r\ghly describ$ z ! block ( m\nta9s ris+ betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,rhone1 & =m+ ! fronti] betwe5 ,france & ,switz]l&4 ,! gorges by :i* ^! two riv]s =ce _! way to ! pla9s cut (f ! ,jura f ! ,swabian & ,franconian ranges to ! nor? & ^? ( ,dauph9 to ! s\?4 ,b 9 v e>ly days1 be=e ^! gorges _h be5 c>v$ out1 !re 7 no op5+s 9 ! ,jura at all1 & ev5 n[ its ?ree *ief riv]s--! ,d\bs1 ! ,l\e & ! ,a9--fl[ d[n ! we/]n slope1 :i* is bo? mu* long] & b half z /eep z ! ea/]n4 ,"s geograph]s ext5d ! "n ,jura to ! ,swabian & ,franconian ranges betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,neck> & ! ,ma92 b1 ?\gh ^! are simil> 9 po9t ( composition & direction to ! range to ! s\?1 x is mo/ conv5i5t to limit ! "n to ! m\nta9 ridges ly+ betwe5 ,france & ,switz]l&1 & ?is n>r[] s5se w be adopt$ "h4 ,! ,jura has be5 aptly describ$ z a huge plateau ab\t #aef m4 long & #ch m4 broad1 hewn into an oblong %ape1 & rais$ by int]nal =ces to an av]age height ( f #aiej to #bfjj ft4 above ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,! %ock by :i* x 0 rais$ & ! vibration caus$ by ! elevation ( ! great *a9 ( ! ,alps1 produc$ _m transv]se gorges or cluses1 :ile on ! plateaus betwe5 ^! suba]ial ag5cies h ex]cis$ _! ord9>y influ5ce4 ,geologically ! ,jura ,m\nta9s belong to ! ,alp9e sy/em2 & ! same =ces :i* crumpl$ & tore ! /rata ( ! "o produc$ ! folds & faults 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? *a9s owe _! orig9 to ! mass ( cry/all9e & unyield+ rock :i* =ms ! c5tral plateau ( ,france1 ! ,vosges & ! ,black ,=e/1 & :i*1 betwe5 ! ,vosges & ! c5tral plateau1 lies at no great dep? b5ea? ! surface4 ,aga9/ ?is mass ! m yield+ /rata :i* lay to ! s\? & we/ 7 cru%$ & fold$1 & ! ,alps & ! ,jura 7 c>v$ f ! ridges :i* 7 rais$4 ,b ! fold+ decreases 9 int5sity t[>ds ! nor?2 ! fold+ 9 ! ,alps is mu* m viol5t ?an ! fold+ 9 ! ,jura1 & 9 ! ,jura itself ! fold+ is mo/ m>k$ along its s\!rn flanks4 ,! ,jura is compos$ *iefly ( ,jurassic rocks--x is f ?is *a9 t ! ,jurassic sy/em d]ives its "n--b ,triassic1 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y b$s take "p 9 its =mation4 ,x may be divid$ into ?ree zones :i* run p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! *a9 & diff] f "o ano!r 9 _! /ructure4 ,! inn]mo/ zone1 :i* rises directly f ! pla9 ( ,switz]l&1 is ! fold$ ,jura 7,jura pliss1 ,kett5jura71 =m$ ( n>r[ p>allel undulations :i* dim9i% 9 int5sity t[>ds ! ,fr5* bord]4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! ,jura plateau 7,jura tabulaire1 ,tafeljura71 9 :i* ! b$s are approximately horizontal b are brok5 up into blocks by fractures or faults4 ,f9ally1 along its we/]n face !re is a zone ( num]\s dislocations1 & ! range desc5ds abruptly to ! pla9 ( ! ,sane4 ,?is is ! ,rgion du vignoble & is well %[n at ,arbois4 ,ow+ to ! conv]g5ce ( ! faults :i* b\nd x1 ! plateau zone decreases 9 wid? t[>ds ! s\?1 :ile t[>ds ! nor? x =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! *a94 ,! fold$ zone is m con/ant4 ,along its inn] m>g9 ! folds are frequ5tly ov]?r[n1 lean+ t[>ds ,france1 b else:]e !y are simple anticl9als & syncl9als1 p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! *a91 & z a rule !re is a rem>kable fre$om f dislocations ( any importance1 except t[>ds ,neu*tel & ,bi5ne4 ,! c\ntless blocks ( gneiss1 granite & o!r cry/all9e =mations :i* are f\nd 9 su* numb]s on ! slopes ( ! ,jura1 & g by ! "n ( erratic blocks 7( :i* ! be/ kn[n in/ance--! ,pi]re ,bot--is #dj ft4 9 diamet]1 & re/s on ! side ( a hill #hjj ft4 above ! ,lake ( ,neu*tel71 h be5 transport$ ?i!r f ! ,alps by anci5t glaci]s1 :i* h left _! m>k on ! ,jura range itself 9 ! %ape ( /riations & mora9es4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! *a9 is f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 b a c>eful /udy reveals ! fact t !re 7 9 reality two ma9 l9es ( upheaval1 viz4 nor? to s\? & ea/ to we/1 ! =m] be/ se5 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! range & ! latt] 9 ! nor!rn2 & x 0 by ! union ( ^! two =ces t ! l9es nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/ 7se5 9 ! great] "p ( ! *a971 & nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/ 7se5 9 ! ,villebois range at ! s\?-we/ extremity ( ! *a971 7 produc$4 ,?is is be/ realiz$ if we take ,besanon z a c5tre2 to ! nor? ! ridges run ea/ & we/1 to ! s\?1 nor? & s\?1 :ile to ! ea/ ! direction is nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,be=e consid]+ ! topography ( ! int]ior ( ! ,jura1 x may be conv5i5t to take a brief survey ( its out] slopes4 #a4 ,! nor!rn face dom9ates on "o side ! fam\s ,tr\e 7or ,tr5*7 ( ,bel=t1 "o ( ! great geographical c5tres ( ,europe1 :5ce r\tes run nor? d[n ! ,rh9e to ! ,nor? ,sea1 s\?-ea/ to ! ,danube bas9 & ,black ,sea1 & s\?-we/ into ,france1 & s to ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,x is n[ s /rongly =tifi$ t x becomes a "q ( great /rategical importance to prev5t its be+ turn$ by means ( ! great c5tral plateau ( ! ,jura1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is a network ( roads & railways4 ,on ! o!r side x ov]hangs ! ,tr\e ( ! ,black ,=e/ t[ns on ! ,rh9e 7,rhe9feld51 ,sck+51 ,lauf5burg & ,wald%ut71 ?r\gh :i* ! c5tral pla9 ( ,switz]l& is easily ga9$4 ,on ?is nor? slope two op5+s (f] r\tes into ! int]ior ( ! *a9--! valley ( ! ,d\bs belong+ to ,france1 & ! valley ( ! ,birse belong+ to ,switz]l&4 ,bel=t is ! milit>y1 ,mlhaus5 ! indu/rial1 & ,basel ! comm]cial c5tre ( ?is slope4 #b4 ,! ea/]n & we/]n faces (f] _m /rik+ p>allels4 ,! pla9s ?r\gh :i* fl[ ! ,a> & ! ,sane h ea* be5 ! b$ ( an anci5t lake1 traces ( :i* rema9 9 ! lakes ( ,neu*tel1 ,bi5ne & ,morat4 ,! we/ face runs ma9ly nor? & s\? l its great riv]1 & = a simil> reason ! ea/ face runs nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,aga91 bo? slopes are pi]c$ by _m transv]se gorges or cluses 7due to fracture & n to erosion71 by :i* access is ga9$ to ! great c5tral plateau ( ,pont>li]1 ?\gh ^! are se5 m pla9ly on ! ea/ face ?an on ! we/2 ?us ! gorges at ! exit f :i* ,lons-le-,sauni]1 ,poligny1 ,arbois & ,sal9s are built balance ^? ( ! ,suze1 ( ! ,val de ,ruz1 ( ! ,val de ,trav]s1 & ( ! ,val d',orbe1 ?\gh on ! ea/ face !re is b "o city :i* comm&s all ^! important r\tes--,neu*tel4 ,?is t[n is ?us m>k$ out by nature z a great milit>y & indu/rial c5tre1 j z is ,besanon on ! we/1 :i* has besides to def5d ! r\te f ,bel=t d[n ! ,d\bs4 ,^! easy means ( communicat+ ) ! ,free ,c\nty ( ,burgundy or ,fran*e-,comt acc\nt = ! fact t ! dialect ( ,neu*tel is ,burgundian1 & t x 0 held g5]ally by ,burgundian nobles1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! c\ntry ne> x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! h\se ( ,savoy until gradually annex$ by ,b]n4 ,! ,*ass]on 7#ebhf ft47 is ! c5tral po9t ( ! ea/]n face1 comm&+ ! two great railways :i* jo9 ,neu*tel & ,pont>li]4 ,?is ridge is 9 a c]ta9 s5se p>allel to ! valley ( ! ,l\e on ! we/ face1 :i* fl[s into ! ,d\bs a little to ! s\? ( ,dle1 ! only important t[n ( ! c5tral portion ( ! ,sane bas94 ,! ,*ass]on is :olly ,swiss1 z are ! l[] summits ( ! ,*ass]al 7#ebgi ft471 ! ,mont ,su*et 7#ebbj ft471 ! ,aiguille de ,baulmes 7#eabh ft471 ! ,d5t de ,vaulion 7#dhgi ft471 ! ,weiss5/e9 7#dbbc ft471 & ! ,*aumont 7#chde ft471 ! two la/-nam$ po9ts be+ probably ! be/-kn[n po9ts 9 ! ,jura1 z !y are accessible by c>riage road f ,soleure & ,neu*tel respectively4 ,s\? ( ! ,orbe valley ! ea/ face becomes a rocky wall :i* is cr[n$ by all ! highe/ summits 7! fir/ & second ,swiss1 ! re/ ,fr5*7 ( ! *a9--! ,mont ,t5dre 7#eeab ft471 ! ,dle 7#eeje ft471 ! ,reculet 7#efdc ft471 ! ,crt de la ,neige 7#efec ft47 & ! ,gr& ,crd 7#ecbh ft471 ! uni=mity ( level be+ z /rik+ z on ! we/ edge ( ! ,jura1 ?\gh !re ! absolute height is f> less4 ,! position ( ! ,dle is simil> to t ( ! ,*ass]on1 z along ! sides ( x run ! great roads ( ! ,col de ,/ ,c]gues 7#cigc ft47 & ! ,col de la ,faucille 7#dcda ft471 ! latt] lead+ ?r\gh ! ,valle des ,dappes1 :i* 0 divid$ 9 #ahfb betwe5 ,france & ,switz]l&1 aft] _m negotiations4 ,! height ( ^! roads %[s t !y are passages across ! *a91 r ?an ?r\gh natural depressions4 #c4 ,! s\!rn face is support$ by two great pill>s--on ! ea/ by ! ,gr& ,crd & on ! we/ by ! ridge ( ,rev]mont 7#bebi ft47 above ,b\rg en ,bresse2 betwe5 ^! a huge ba/ion 7! di/rict ( ,bugey7 /ret*es away to ! s\?1 =c+ ! ,rhone to make a long dt\r4 ,on ! two sides ( ?is ba/ion ! pla9s 9 :i* ,ambrieu & ,culoz /& balance "o ano!r1 & are ! meet+ po9ts ( ! r\tes :i* cut ?r\gh ! ba/ion by means ( deep gorges4 ,on ! ea/]n side ?is great w$ge is /eep & rugg$1 end+ 9 ! ,gr& ,colombi] 7#ejcc ft47 above ,culoz1 & x s9ks on ! we/]n side to ! valley ( ! ,a91 ! di/rict ( ,bresse1 & ! plateau ( ,dombes4 ,! junction ( ! ,a9 & ! ,sur& at ,pont d',a9 on ! we/ balances t ( ! ,vals]9e & ! ,rhone at ,belleg>de on ! ea/4 ,! ,jura ?us dom9ates on ! nor? "o ( ! great highways ( ,europe1 on ! ea/ & we/ divides ! valleys ( ! ,sane & ! ,a>1 & /ret*es out to ! s\? s z ne>ly to jo9 h&s ) ! great mass ( ! ,dauph9 ,alps4 ,x !re=e comm&s ! r\tes f ,france into ,g]many1 ,switz]l& & ,italy1 & h5ce its enorm\s hi/orical importance4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! topography ( ! int]ior ( ! range4 ,?is naturally falls into ?ree divisions1 ea* trav]s$ by "o ( ! ?ree great riv]s ( ! ,jura--! ,d\bs1 ! ,l\e & ! ,a94 #a4 ,9 ! nor!rn division x is ! ea/ & we/ l9e :i* prevails--! ,lomont1 ! ,mont ,t]rible1 ! defile ( ! ,d\bs f ,/ ,ursanne to ,/ ,hippolyte1 & ! ,tr\e ( ! ,black ,=e/ t[ns4 ,x ?us b>s access to ! c5tral plateau f ! nor?1 & ?is natural wall does away ) ! necessity ( artificial =tifications4 ,?is division falls aga9 into two di/9ct portions4 7a7 ,! fir/ is ! "p ea/ ( ! deep gorge ( ! ,d\bs aft] x turns s\? at ,/ ,hippolyte2 x is ?us q cut (f on ?is side1 & is naturally ,swiss t]ritory4 ,x includes ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,birse1 & ! great plateau betwe5 ! ,d\bs & ! ,a>1 on :i*1 at an av]age height ( #bfjj ft41 are situat$ a numb] ( t[ns1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! ,jura4 ,^! include ,le ,locle 7q4v47 & ,la ,*aux de ,fonds 7q4v471 & are ma9ly occupi$ ) wat*-mak+1 an indu/ry :i* does n require bulky ma*9]y1 & is !re=e well fitt$ = a m\nta9 di/rict4 7b7 ,! "p we/ ( ! cluse ( ! ,d\bs3 ( ?is1 ! di/rict ea/ ( ! riv] ,dess\bre1 isolat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! range 7unlike ! ,le ,locle plateau71 is call$ ! ,haute ,montagne1 & is giv5 up to *eese-mak+1 cur+ ( hams1 saw-mills1 c4 ,b little wat*-mak+ is c>ri$ on !re1 ,besanon be+ ! *ief ,fr5* c5tre ( ?is indu/ry1 & be+ connect$ ) ,g5eva by a *a9 ( places simil>ly occupi$1 :i* fr+e ! we/ plateau ( ! ,jura4 ,! "p we/ ( ! ,dess\bre1 or ! ,moy5ne ,montagne1 a huge plateau nor? ( ! ,l\e1 is m especially devot$ to agriculture1 :ile along its nor? edge metal-work+ & manufacture ( h>dw>e are c>ri$ on1 p>ticul>ly at ,besanon & ,aud9c\rt4 #b4 ,! c5tral division is rem>kable = be+ )\t ! deep gorges :i* are f\nd s frequ5tly 9 o!r p>ts ( ! range4 ,x consi/s ( ! bas9 ( :i* ,pont>li] is ! c5tre1 ?r\gh not*es 9 ! rim ( :i* r\tes conv]ge f e direction2 ?is is ! great *>act]i/ic ( ! middle region ( ! ,jura4 ,h5ce its imm5se /rategical & comm]cial importance4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ roads run to ,morteau & ,le ,locle1 on ! nor?-we/ to ,besanon1 on ! we/ to ,sal9s1 on ! s\?-we/ to ,dle & ,lons-le-,sauni]1 on ! ea/ to ! ,swiss pla94 ,! ,pont>li] plateau is ne>ly horizontal1 ! slight ind5tations 9 x be+ due to erosion1 e4g4 by ! riv] ,drugeon4 ,! keys to ?is important plateau are to ! ea/ ! ,=t de ,j\x1 "u ! walls ( :i* meet ! two l9es ( railway f ,neu*tel1 & to ! we/ ,sal9s1 ! meet+ place ( ! r\tes f ! ,col de la ,faucille1 f ,besanon1 & f ! ,fr5* pla94 ,! ,a9 rises on ! s\? edge ( ?is plateau1 & on a l[] %elf or /ep1 :i* x wat]s1 are situat$ two po9ts ( great milit>y importance--,noz]oy & ,*ampagnole4 ,! latt] is specially important1 s9ce ! road lead+ !nce to ,g5eva trav]ses "o aft] ano!r1 n f> f _! head1 ! *ief valleys :i* run d[n into ! ,s\? ,jura1 & ?us comm&s ! s\!rn r\tes z well z ^? by ,/ ,c]gues & ! ,col de la ,faucille f ! ,g5eva region1 & a bran* r\te along ! ,orbe riv] f ,j\gne4 ,! =t ( ,les ,r\sses1 ne> ! foot ( ! ,dle1 s]ves z an advanc$ po/ to ,*ampagnole1 j z ! ,=t de ,j\x does to ,pont>li]4 ,! above sket* w s]ve to %[ ! "* ( ! c5tral ,jura z ! meet+ place ( r\tes f all sides1 & ! importance to ,france ( its be+ /rongly =tifi$1 le/ an enemy approa*+ f ! nor?-ea/ %\ld try to turn ! =tresses ( ! ,tr\e de ,bel=t4 ,x is 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! c5tral ,jura t ! nor? & s\? l9es fir/ appe> /rongly m>k$4 ,!re are said to be 9 ?is di/rict no less ?an fifte5 ridges runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & x is ^! :i* =ce ! ,l\e to ! nor?1 & !reby occasion its v ecc5tric c\rse4 ,! cultivation ( wormwood :]e) to make ! tonic abs9! has its headqu>t]s at ,pont>li]4 #c4 ,! s\!rn division is by f> ! mo/ complicat$ & entangl$ "p ( ! ,jura4 ,! l(ty ridge :i* b\nds x to ! ea/ =ces all its dra9age to ! we/1 & ! result is a numb] ( valleys ( erosion 7( :i* t ( ! ,a9 is ! *ief in/ance71 q di/9ct f ! natural cluses or fissures ( ^? ( ! ,d\bs & ( ! ,l\e4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ is ! numb] ( roads :i* int]sect x1 despite its extreme irregul>ity4 ,?is is due to ! great cluses ( ,nantua & ,virieu1 :i* trav]se x f ea/ to we/4 ,! nor? & s\? l9e is v cle>ly se5 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ?is division2 ! nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/ is entirely want+1 b 9 ! ,villebois range s\? ( ,ambrieu we h ! pr9cipal example ( ! nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/ l9e4 ,! plateaus we/ ( ! ,a9 are cut ?r\gh by ! valleys ( ! ,val\se & ( ! ,sur&1 & l all ! l[e/ t]races on ! we/ slope d n possess any consid]able t[ns4 ,! ,a9 receives ?ree tribut>ies f ! ea/3-- 7a7 ,! ,bi5ne1 :i* fl[s f ! =t ( ,les ,r\sses by ,/ ,claude1 ! indu/rial c5tre ( ! s\? ,jura1 fam\s = ! manufacture ( wood5 toys1 ow+ to ! l>ge quantity ( boxwood 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,septmoncel is busi$ ) cutt+ ( gems1 & ,morez ) wat* & spectacle mak+4 ,cut (f to ! ea/ by ! great *a91 ! indu/rial prosp]ity ( ?is valley is ( rec5t orig94 7b7 ,! ,oign91 :i* fl[s f s\? to nor?4 ,x receives ! dra9age ( ! lake ( ,nantua1 a t[n not$ = combs & silk weav+1 & :i* communicates by ! cluse ( ! ,lac de ,silan ) ! ,vals]9e valley1 & s ) ! ,rhone at ,belleg>de1 & aga9 ) ! v>i\s r\tes :i* meet "u ! walls ( ! =t ( ,les ,r\sses1 :ile by ! ,val ,romey & ! ,sran ,culoz is easily ga9$4 7c7 ,! ,alb>9e1 connect$ ) ,culoz by ! cluse ( ,virieu1 & by ! ,furan fl[+ s\? ) ,belley1 ! capital ( ! di/rict ( ,bugey 7! old "n = ! ,s\? ,jura74 ,! cluses ( ,nantua & ,virieu are n[ bo? trav]s$ by important railways2 & x is ev5 tru] ?an ( old t ! keys ( ! s\? ,jura are ,lyons & ,g5eva4 ,b ( c\rse ! /rategic importance ( ^! gorges is less ?an appe>s at fir/ sight1 because !y c be turn$ by foll[+ ! ,rhone 9 its great b5d to ! s\?4 ,! range is m5tion$ by ,caes> 7,bell4 ,gall4 i4 #b-c1 #f 7#a71 & #h 7#a771 ,/rabo 7iv4 #c1 #d1 & #f1 #aa71 ,pl9y 7iii4 #ca2 iv4 #aje2 xvi4 #aig7 & ,ptolemy 7ii4 ix4 #e71 its "n be+ a ^w :i* appe>s "u _m =ms 7e4g4 ,j\x1 ,jorat1 ,jorasse1 ,juri5s71 & is a synonym = a wood or =e/4 ,! ,g]man "n is ,leb]b]g1 ,leb] be+ a prov9cial ^w = a hill4 ,politically ! ,jura is ,fr5* 7dep>tm5ts ( ! ,d\bs1 ,jura & ,a97 & ,swiss 7p>ts ( ! cantons ( ,g5eva1 ,vaud1 ,neu*tel1 ,b]n1 ,soleure & ,basel72 b at its nor? extremity x takes 9 a small bit ( ,alsace 7,pfirt or ,f]rette74 ,9 ! middle ages ! s\!rn1 we/]n & nor!rn sides 7 p>cell$ out into a numb] ( di/ricts1 all ( :i* 7 gradually absorb$ by ! ,fr5* cr[n1 viz41 ,gex1 ,val ,romey1 ,bresse & ,bugey 7ex*ang$ 9 #afja by ,savoy = ! m>quisate ( ,saluzzo71 ,fran*e-,comt1 or ! ,free ,c\nty ( ,burgundy1 an imp]ial fief till annex$ 9 #afgd1 ! c\nty ( ,montbli>d 7,mmpelg>d7 acquir$ 9 #agic1 & ! c\nty ( ,f]rette 7,fr5* #afdh-ahga74 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! ea/]n side 0 held till #agib 7"p till #agig7 by ! bi%op ( ,basel z a fief ( ! empire1 & !n belong$ to ,france till #ahad1 b 0 giv5 to ,b]n 9 #ahae 7z a recomp5se = its loss ( ,vaud71 & n[ =ms ! ,b]nese ,jura1 a ,fr5*-speak+ di/rict4 ,! c5tre ( ! ea/]n slope =m$ ! pr9cipality ( ,neu*tel 7q4v47 & ! c\nty ( ,valang91 :i* 7 g5]ally held by ,burgundian nobles1 came by succession to ! k+s ( ,prussia 9 #agjg1 & 7 =m$ into a ,swiss canton 9 #ahae1 ?\gh !y did n become free f =mal ,prussian claims until #aheg4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! ea/]n slope orig9ally belong$ to ! h\se ( ,savoy1 b 0 conqu]$ bit by bit by ,b]n1 :i* 0 =c$ 9 #ahae to accept its subject di/rict ,vaud z a colleague & equal 9 ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation4 ,x 0 ,*>les ! ,bold's defeats at ,gr&son & ,morat :i* l$ to ! annexation by ! conf$]ates ( ^! portions ( ,savoy>d t]ritory4 ,,au?orities4--,e4 ,f4 ,b]li\x1 ,le ,jura 7,p>is1 #ahhj72 ,f4 ,ma*acek1 ,d] ,s*weiz] ,jura 7,go?a1 #aije72 ,a4 ,magn91 ,les lacs du ,jura 7,p>is1 #ahie72 ,j4 ,zimm]li1 ,die ,spra*gr5ze im ,jura 7vol4 i4 ( 8 ,die ,deuts*-franzsis*e ,spra*gr5ze 9 d] ,s*weiz 7,basel1 #ahia74 ,= ! ,fr5* slope see ,joanne's l>ge ,it9raire to ! ,jura1 & ! small] volumes relat+ to ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,a91 ,d\bs & ,jura1 9 8 ,gographies dp>tem5tales4 ,= ! ,swiss slope see #c vols4 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,guides ,monod 7,g5eva72 ,a4 ,monni]1 ,la ,*aux de ,fonds et le ,haut-,jura ,neu*telois2 ,j4 ,monod1 ,le ,jura ,b]nois2 & ,e4 ,j4 ,p4 de la ,h>pe1 ,le ,jura ,vaudois4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,jurassic1 9 geology1 ! middle p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic era1 t is to say1 succe$+ ! ,triassic & prec$+ ! ,cretace\s p]iods4 ,! "n ,jurassic 7,fr5* jurassique2 ,g]man ,jura=mation or ,jura7 0 fir/ employ$ by ,a4 ,brongni>t & ,a4 von ,humboldt = ! rocks ( ?is age 9 ! we/]n ,jura m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&1 :]e !y are well develop$4 ,x 0 9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 fir/ /udi$ by ,william ,smi?1 9 ^: h&s !y 7 made to lay ! f\ndations ( /ratigraphical geology4 ,! names adopt$ by him = ! subdivisions he trac$ across ! c\ntry h pass$ into univ]sal use1 & ?\gh "s ( !m are unc\? ,engli% prov9cial names1 !y are z famili> to ! geologi/s ( ,france1 ,switz]l& & ,g]many z to ^? ( ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ?ree decades ,smi?'s "w 0 elaborat$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,conybe>e & ,w4 ,phillips4 ,! ,jurassic rocks ( fossils ( ! ,european cont95t 7 describ$ by d',orbigny1 #ahdj-ahdf2 by ,l4 von ,bu*1 #ahci2 by ,f4 ,a4 ,qu5/$t1 #ahdc-ahhh2 by ,a4 ,oppel1 #ahef-aheh2 & s9ce !n by _m o!r work]s3 ,e4 ,b5ecke1 ,e4 ,hb]t1 ,w4 ,waag51 & o!rs4 ,! /udy ( ,jurassic rocks has cont9u$ to attract ! att5tion ( geologi/s1 p>tly because ! b$d+ is s well def9$ & regul>--! /rata are little di/urb$ any:]e outside ! ,swiss ,jura & ! ,alps--& p>tly because ! fossils are num]\s & usually well-pres]v$4 ,! result has be5 t no o!r sy/em ( rocks has be5 s c>efully exam9$ ?r\gh\t its entire ?ickness2 _m zones h be5 e/abli%$ by means ( ! fossils--pr9cipally by ammonites--& ^! zones are n re/rict$ to limit$ di/ricts1 b _m ( !m hold good ov] wide areas4 ,oppel di/+ui%$ no few] ?an ?irty-?ree zonal horizons1 & s9ce !n _m m sub-zonal divisions h be5 not$ locally4 ,! exi/5ce ( faunal regions 9 ,jurassic times 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,j4 ,m>c\2 lat] ,m4 ,neumayr greatly ext5d$ obs]vations 9 ?is direction4 ,accord+ to ,neumayr1 ?ree di/9ct geographical regions ( deposit c be made out among ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,europe3 7#a7 ,! ,m$it]ranean prov9ce1 embrac+ ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps & ,c>pa?ians1 ) all ! tracts ly+ to ! s\?4 ,"o ( ! biological *>act]s ( ?is area 0 ! great abundance ( ammonites belong+ to ! gr\ps ( ,het]ophylli 7,phylloc]as7 & ,fimbriati 7,lytoc]as74 7#b7 ,! c5tral ,european prov9ce1 compris+ ! tracts ly+ to ! nor? ( ! ,alp9e ridge1 & m>k$ by ! comp>ative r>ity ( ! ammonites j m5tion$1 :i* are replac$ by o!rs ( ! gr\ps ,inflati 7,aspidoc]as7 & ,oppelia1 & by abundant reefs & masses ( coral4 7#c7 ,! boreal or ,russian prov9ce1 compris+ ! middle & nor? ( ,russia1 ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l&4 ,! life 9 ?is area 0 mu* less v>i$ ?an 9 ! o!rs1 %[+ t 9 ,jurassic times !re 0 a p]ceptible dim9ution ( temp]ature t[>ds ! nor?4 ,! ammonites ( ! m s\!rn tracts "h disappe>1 toge!r ) ! corals4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ! probable di/ribution ( ,l& ,sea 9 ! ,jurassic ,p]iod4 ,! cause ( ^! faunal regions ,neumayr attribut$ to climatic belts--su* z exi/ to-day--& 9 "p1 at lea/1 he 0 probably correct4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ,neumayr 0 able to trace a broad1 w>m belt1 "s #fj 9 wid?1 "r r\nd ! e>?1 ) a n>r[] mild belt to ! nor? & an arctic or boreal belt beyond1 & c]ta9 indications ( a repetition ( ! climatic zones on ! s\!rn side ( ! !rmal equator1 m rec5t discov]ies ( fossils seem to %[ t o!r influ5ces mu/ h be5 at "w 9 det]m9+ _! di/ribution2 9 %ort1 ! id5tity ( ! ,neumayrian climatic b\nd>ies becomes increas+ly obscur$ by ! advance ( our k4 ,! ,jurassic p]iod 0 m>k$ by a great ext5sion ( ! sea1 :i* comm5c$ aft] ! close ( ! ,trias & rea*$ its maximum dur+ ! ,callovian & ,ox=dian /ages2 consequ5tly1 ! ,middle ,jurassic rocks are mu* m widely spread ?an ! ,lias4 ,9 ,europe & else:]e ,triassic b$s pass gradually up into ! ,jurassic1 s t !re is difficulty sometimes 9 agreem5t z to ! be/ l9e = ! base ( ! latt]2 simil>ly at ! top ( ! sy/em !re is a passage f ! ,jurassic to ! ,cretace\s rocks 7,alps74 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! p]iod elevation began 9 c]ta9 regions2 ?us1 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,si]ras1 ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 ,klama? ,m\nta9s1 & ,humboldt ,range probably began to em]ge4 ,9 ,engl& ! e/u>9e ,portl&ian result$ p>tly f elevation1 b 9 ! ,alps m>9e conditions /eadily p]si/$ 79 ! ,ti?onian /age74 ,!re appe>s to h be5 v little cru/al di/urbance or volcanic activity2 tuffs are kn[n 9 ,arg5t9a & ,cali=nia2 volcanic rocks ( ?is age occur also 9 ,skye & ,mull4 ,! rocks ( ! ,jurassic sy/em pres5t great petrological div]sity4 ,9 ,engl& ! "n ,oolites 0 giv5 to ! middle & high] memb]s ( ! sy/em on acc\nt ( ! preval5ce ( oolitic /ructure 9 ! lime/ones & iron/ones2 ! same "* is a common feature 9 ! rocks ( nor!rn ,europe & else:]e1 b x mu/ n be ov]look$ t clays & s&/ones toge!r bulk m l>gely 9 ! aggregate ?an ! oolites4 ,! ?ickness ( ,jurassic rocks 9 ,engl& is #djjj to #ejjj ft41 & 9 ,g]many #bjjj to #cjjj ft4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks repres5t ! deposits ( %all[ seas1 b e/u>9e conditions & l& deposits occur z 9 ! ,purbeck b$s ( ,dorset & ! coals ( ,york%ire4 ,coal is a v important feature among ,jurassic rocks1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,liassic division2 x is f\nd 9 ,hung>y1 :]e !re are tw5ty-five workable b$s2 9 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 ,caucasus1 s\? ,sib]ia1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,fur!r ,india1 ,new ,zeal& & 9 _m ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,be+ %all[ wat] =mations1 petrological *anges come 9 rapidly z _m ( ! b$s are trac$ out2 s&/ones pass lat]ally into clays1 & ! latt] into lime/ones1 & s on1 b a reliable guide to ! classification & correlation is f\nd 9 ! fossil cont5ts ( ! rocks4 ,9 ! accompany+ table a li/ is giv5 ( "s ( ! zonal fossils :i* regul>ly occur 9 ! ord] indicat$2 o!r =ms are kn[n t are equally useful4 ,x w be notic$ t :ile !re is g5]al agreem5t z to ! ord] 9 :i* ! zonal =ms occur1 ! l9e ( division betwe5 "o =mation & ano!r is liable to v>y accord+ to factors 9 ! p]sonal equation ( ! au?ors4 ,! ,jurassic =mations /ret* across ,engl& 9 a v>y+ b& f ! m\? ( ! ,tees to ! coa/ ( ,dorset%ire4 ,!y consi/ ( h>d] s&/ones & lime/ones int]/ratifi$ ) s(t] clays & %ales4 ,h5ce !y give rise to a *>act]i/ic type ( sc5]y--! m durable b$s /&+ out z long ridges1 sometimes ev5 ) l[ cliffs1 :ile ! clays und]lie ! level spaces betwe54 ,jurassic rocks cov] a va/ area 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,!y rise f "u ! ,cretace\s =mations 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,france1 :5ce !y range s\?w>ds d[n ! valleys ( ! ,sane & ,rhone to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y appe> z a brok5 bord] r\nd ! old cry/all9e nucleus ( ,auv]gne4 ,ea/w>ds !y range ?r\gh ! ,jura ,m\nta9s up to ! high gr\nds ( ,bohemia4 ,!y appe> 9 ! out] *a9s ( ! ,alps on bo? sides1 & on ! s\? !y rise along ! c5tre ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & "h & !re ov] ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,cov]$ by m rec5t =mations !y und]lie ! great pla9 ( nor!rn ,g]many1 :5ce !y range ea/w>ds & occupy l>ge tracts 9 c5tral & ea/]n ,russia4 ,l[] ,jurassic rocks are abs5t f mu* ( nor!rn ,russia1 ! /ages repres5t$ be+ ! ,callovian1 ,ox=dian & ,volgian 7( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,nikit972 ! fauna diff]s consid]ably f t ( we/]n ,europe1 & ! m>9e equival5ts ( ! ,purbeck b$s are f\nd 9 ?is region4 ,9 s\? ,russia1 ! ,crimea & ,caucasus1 ,lias & ,l[] ,jurassic rocks are pres5t4 ,9 ! ,alps1 ! ,l[] ,jurassic rocks are intimately associat$ ) ! und]ly+ ,triassic =mations1 & resemble !m 9 consi/+ l>gely ( r$di% lime/ones & m>bles2 ! ammonites 9 ?is region diff] 9 c]ta9 respects f ^? ( we/]n & c5tral ,europe4 ,! ,ox=dian1 ,callovian1 ,corallian & ,a/>tian /ages are also pres5t4 ,! ,upp] ,jurassic is ma9ly repres5t$ by a uni=m s]ies ( lime/ones1 ) a peculi> & *>act]i/ic fauna1 to :i* ,oppel gave ! "n ,ti?onian4 ,?is includes mo/ ( ! horizons f ,kim]idgian to ,cretace\s2 x is develop$ on ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,alps1 ,c>pa?ians1 ,ap5n9es1 z well z 9 s\? ,france & o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,a *>act]i/ic =mation on ?is horizon is ! ,diphya lime/one1 s-call$ f ! fossil ,t]ebratula diphya 7,pygope janitor7 se5 9 ! well-kn[n esc>pm5ts 7,ho*gebirge ,kalk74 ,above ! ,diphya lime/one comes ! ,/ramb]g lime/one 7,/ramb]g 9 ,moravia71 ) ,apty*us b$s & coral reefs4 ,! rocks ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 are on ! :ole m calc>e\s ?an ^? ( correspond+ age 9 nor?-we/ ,europe2 ?us ! ,lias is repres5t$ by #aejj ft4 ( :ite cry/all9e lime/one 9 ,calabria & a simil> rock occurs 9 ,sicily1 ,bosnia1 ,epirus1 ,corfu2 9 ,spa9 ! ,liassic /rata are frequ5tly dolomitic2 9 ! ,ap5n9es !y are v>iegat$ lime/ones & m>ls4 ,! ,high] ,jurassic b$s ( ,portugal %[ traces ( ! proximity ( l& 9 ! abundant plant rema9s t are f\nd 9 !m4 ,9 ,scania ! ,lias succe$s ! ,rhaetic b$s 9 a regul> mann]1 & ,jurassic rocks h be5 trac$ nor?w>d well )9 ! pol> circle2 !y are kn[n 9 ! ,l(ot5 ,isles1 ,spitzb]g51 ea/ ,gre5l&1 ,k+ ,*>les's ,isl&1 ,cape ,/ew>t 9 ,scoresby ,s\nd1 ,gr9nell ,l&1 ,pr9ce ,patrick ,l&1 ,ba?ur/ & ,exm\? ,isl&2 9 _m cases ! fossils d5ote a climate consid]ably mild] ?an n[ obta9s 9 ^! latitudes4 ,9 ! ,am]ican cont95t ,jurassic rocks are n well develop$4 ,m>9e ,l[] & ,middle ,jurassic b$s occur on ! ,pacific coa/ 7,cali=nia & ,oregon71 & 9 ,wyom+1 ! ,dakotas1 ,colorado1 ea/ ,mexico & ,texas4 ,above ! m>9e b$s 9 ! int]ior are bracki% & fre%-wat] deposits1 ! ,morrison & ,como b$s 7,atlantosaurus & ,baptanodon b$s ( ,m>%74 ,lat] ,jurassic rocks are f\nd 9 nor!rn ,briti% ,columbia & p]haps 9 ,alaska1 ,wyom+1 ,utah1 ,montana1 ,colorado1 ! ,dakotas1 c4 ,9 ,cali=nia "s ( ! gold-be>+1 metamorphic slates are ( ?is age4 ,m>9e ,jurassic rocks h n be5 cle>ly id5tifi$ on ! ,atlantic side ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,patux5t & ,arundel =mations 7non-m>9e7 are d\btfully ref]r$ to ?is p]iod4 ,l[] & ,middle ,jurassic =mations occur 9 ,arg5t9a & ,bolivia4 ,jurassic rocks h be5 recogniz$ 9 ,asia1 includ+ ,india1 ,afghani/an1 ,p]sia1 ,kurdi/an1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,caspian region1 ,japan & ,borneo4 ,! be/ m>9e developm5t is 9 ,cut*1 :]e ! foll[+ gr\ps are di/+ui%$ f above d[nw>ds3 ! ,umia s]ies ,portl&ian & ,ti?onian ( s\? ,europe1 pass+ upw>ds into ! ,neocomian2 ! ,katrol s]ies ,ox=dian 7"p7 & ,kim]idgian2 ! ,*>i s]ies ,callovian & "p ( ! ,ox=dian2 ! ,pat*am s]ies ,ba?onian4 ,9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,salt ,range & ! ,himalayas1 ,spiti %ales are ! equival5ts ( ! ,european ,callovian & ,kim]idgian4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,gondwana s]ies is n improbably ,jurassic4 ,on ! ,african cont95t1 ,liassic /rata are f\nd 9 ,alg]ia1 & ,ba?onian =mations occur 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,somalil&1 ,cape ,colony & we/]n ,madagasc>4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s =mations are succe$$ 9 ,que5sl& & ,we/]n ,au/ralia by :at may be t]m$ ! ,jura-,trias1 :i* include ! coal-be>+ ,ipswi* & ,burrum =mations ( ,que5sl&4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& !re is a ?ick s]ies ( m>9e b$s ) t]re/rial plants1 ! ,mataura s]ies 9 ! upp] "p ( ,hutton's ,hokanui sy/em4 ,sir ,j4 ,hector includ$ also ! ,putakaka s]ies 7z ,middle ,jurassic7 & ! ,flag s]ies ) ! ,catl9's ,riv] & ,ba/ion s]ies bel[4 ,jurassic rocks h be5 record$ f ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,,jurassic ,,sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,o ,sub- p /ages ,von ,a4 de ,lapp>5t1 ,/ages#a ,ammonite ,zones p ( ,bu* ,trait1 #e? ed4 ,alp9e e ,qu5- l /$t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,u ,p]isph9ctes ,purbecki5 p ,purbeckian transitorius ,u or p p ,aquiloni5 e ------------- p ------------ ,port- r ,p]isph9ctes e l&i5 ,n ,portl&ian giganteus zeta r ,bononi5 ,diphya-,kalke ,o ,olco/ephanus o o gigas o j ,ammonitico l ------------- r ---------------------- u rosso ( ,acan?icus i ,re9eckia epsilon ,virguli5 r ,ti?oni51 ,b$s t ,kim]idgian eudoxus delta ,w ,kim]id- a s\!rn e ,oppelia gamma h ------------ gi5 s ,alps s t5uilobata ,m i ,pt]oc]an s ---------------- a t ---------------------- i ,m ,corallian ,peltoc]as l beta e ,a/>ti5 ,sequa- q i bimammatum m ,rauraci5 ni5 u d ------------- ,j ---------------------- e d ,peltoc]as u ,argovi5 l ,ox=dian transv]s>ium alpha r ------------ ,ox=- _/ ,apty*5- ,o e ,aspidoc]as a ,neuvizi5 di5 ,kalke & ,o p]>matum ,radiol>i5ge/e9e ,l ,o ------------- ---------------------------- ,i o ,peltoc]as ,t l a?leta zeta ,upp] ,e i ,callovian ,cosmoc]as ,divesi5 ,callovi5 ,s t ,jason ,m ,l[] e ,macrocephalites i ,divesi5 s macrocephalus d ---------------- --- d ---------------------- ,posidoni5 ,b$s ,oppelia epsilon l 7,s4 ,alps7 ,l ,ba?onian aspidoides e ,ba?oni5 ,klauss ,b$s o ,p>k9sonia 7,n4 ,alps7 w f]rug9ea o _/ e ------------- r ------------ r ,p>k9sonia ,m ,p>k9soni ,d ,b ,o ,coeloc]as o r s ,sauzei-,kalke o ,bajocian ,humphresianus g o o l 7,inf]ior ,sphroc]as g w ,bajoci5 j i ,oolite7 ,sauzei e n u t ,sonn9ia r delta r e ,s[]byi gamma ,j a s ,h>poc]as beta u s ,mur*isonae r s ,oolite ( ,san ----------------------------------- a ------------ i ,vigilio ,h>poc]as alpha q 7passage b$s7 7,lioc]as7 u opal9um e ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,lytoc]as zeta ,upp] ,lias jur5se ,posidonia epsilon ,to>ci5 ,bronni ----------------- ------------ ,amal!us beta sp9atus ,amal!us ,l m>g>itatus o ,middle ,lias ,dactylioc]as w ,*>m\- ,davoi e ?i5 ,adne- ,phylloc]as gamma r t] ibex ,l ,kalke ,aegoc]as i o o ,jamesoni a r j ,bra*io- ,algu ,l ----------------- s ------------ u pod or ,b$s ,i ,arietites beta ,b ,s r ,hi]latz ,a r>ico/atus l y a _/ facies ,s ,oxynotic]as a s s ,flec- oxynotum c t s _/ k5- ,arietites k i m]gel ,l[] ,lias obtusus m q ,arietites ,j e u ,buckl&i u e ,gres- ,s*lo!imia r ,l t5] angulata a ,s9e- i ,b$s ,psiloc]as alpha m\ri5 a 7,coal7 _/ planorbis ,hettangi5 s ---------------------------------------- ----- 7"p7 s _/ ,hettangi5 i 7"p7 q ,rhti5 u ,infra- e ,lias _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,life 9 ! ,jurassic ,p]iod4--,! expansion ( ! sea dur+ ?is p]iod1 ) ! =mation ( broad %eets ( %all[ & probably w>mi% wat]1 appe>s to h be5 fav\rable to _m =ms ( m>9e life4 ,"u ^! conditions sev]al gr\ps ( organisms develop$ rapidly along new directions1 s t ! ,jurassic p]iod z a :ole came to h a fauna diff]+ cle>ly & di/9ctly f ! prec$+ ,palaeozoic or succe$+ ,t]ti>y faunas4 ,9 ! seas1 all ! ma9 gr\ps 7 repres5t$ z !y are to-day4 ,corals 7 abundant1 & 9 lat] portions ( ! p]iod cov]$ l>ge areas 9 ,europe2 ! mod]n type ( coral became dom9ant2 besides reef-build+ =ms su* z ,?amna/rea1 ,isa/rea1 ,!cosmilia1 !re 7 num]\s s+le =ms l ,montivaltia4 ,cr9oids exi/$ 9 great numb]s 9 "s ( ! %all[ seas2 comp>$ ) ,palaeozoic =ms !re is a m>k$ r$uction 9 ! size ( ! calyx ) a great ext5sion 9 ! numb] ( arms & p9nules2 ,p5tacr9us1 ,eug5iacr9us1 ,apiocr9us are all well kn[n2 ,ant$on 0 a /alkless g5us4 ,e*9oids 7ur*9s7 7 gradually develop+ ! s-call$ irregul> type1 ,e*9obrissus1 ,holectypus1 ,collyrites1 ,clypeus1 b ! regul> =ms prevail$1 ,cid>is1 ,hemicid>is1 ,acrosal5ia4 ,sponges 7 important rock-build]s 9 ,upp] ,jurassic times 7,spongit5 ,kalk72 !y include li?i/ids su* z ,cnem$ia/rum1 ,hyalotragus1 ,p]onidella2 hexact9ellids1 ,tremadictyon1 ,craticul>ia2 & horny sponges h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,lias & ,middle ,jurassic4 ,polyzoa are f\nd abundantly 9 "s ( ! b$s1 ,/omatopora1 ,b]5icia1 c4 ,bra*iopods 7 repres5t$ pr9cipally by t]ebratulids 7,t]ebratula1 ,waldheimia1 ,meg]lea71 & by rhyn*onellids2 ,!cae1 ,l+ula & ,crania 7 also pres5t4 ,! ,palaeozoic spirifirids & a?yrids /ill l+]$ into ! ,lias4 ,m important ?an ! bra*iopods 7 ! pelecypods2 ,o/rea1 ,exogyra1 ,gryphaea 7 v abundant 7,gryphite lime/one1 ,gryphite grit72 ! g5us ,trigonia1 n[ re/rict$ to ,au/ralian wat]s1 0 pres5t 9 great v>iety2 ,aucella1 ,lima1 ,pect51 ,pseudomonotis ,g]villia1 ,a/>te1 ,dic]as1 ,isoc>dia1 ,pleuromya may be m5tion$ out ( _m o!rs4 ,among/ ! ga/]opods ! ,pleurotom>iidae & ,turb9idae rea*$ _! maximum developm5t2 ! ,palaeozoic ,conul>ia liv$ to see ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod 7,pleurotom>ia1 ,n]9ea1 ,pt]oc]as1 ,c]i?ium1 ,turritella74 ,cephalopods fl\ri%$ ev]y:]e2 fir/ 9 importance 7 ! ammonites2 ! ,triassic g5]a ,phylloc]as & ,lytoc]as 7 /ill f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic wat]s1 b all ! o!r num]\s g5]a 7 new1 & _! %ells are f\nd ) e v>iation ( size & ornam5tation4 ,"s are *>act]i/ic ( ! old] ,jurassic rocks1 ,arietites1 ,aegoc]as1 ,amal!us1 ,h>poc]as1 ,oxynotic]as1 ,/epheoc]as1 & ! two g5]a m5tion$ above2 9 ! middle /ages are f\nd ,cosmoc]as1 ,p]isph9ctes1 ,c>dioc]as1 ,keppl]ites ,aspidoc]as2 9 ! upp] /ages ,olco/ephanus1 ,p]isph9ctes1 ,re9eckia1 ,oppelia4 ,s regul>ly d c]ta9 =ms *>act]ize def9ite horizons 9 ! rocks t "s ?irty zones h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 ,europe1 & _m ( !m c be trac$ ev5 z f> z ,india4 ,ano!r cephalopod gr\p1 ! belemnites1 t _h be5 dimly outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ ,trias1 n[ advanc$ rapidly 9 numb]s & 9 v>iety ( =m1 & !y1 l ! ammonites1 h prov$ ( great value z zone-indicators4 ,! ,sepioids or cuttlefi% made _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is p]iod 7,beloteu?is1 ,geoteu?is17 & _! ink-bags c /ill be trac$ 9 examples f ! ,lias & li?ographic lime/one4 ,nautiloids exi/$ b !y 7 some:at r>e4 ,a great *ange _h come ov] ! cru/aceans2 9 place ( ! ,palaeozoic trilobites we f9d long-tail$ lob/]-l =ms1 ,p5aeus1 ,eryon1 ,magila1 & ! broad crab-l type fir/ appe>$ 9 ,prosopon4 ,isopods 7 repres5t$ by ,ar*aeoniscus & o!rs4 ,insects h left fairly abundant rema9s 9 ! ,lias ( ,engl&1 ,s*ambel5 7,switz]l&7 & ,dobb]t9 7,meckl5burg71 & also 9 ! ,engli% ,purbeck4 ,neuropt]\s =ms pr$om9ate1 b hemipt]a occur f ! ,lias upw>ds2 ! e>lie/ kn[n flies 7,dipt]a7 & ants 7,hym5opt]a7 appe>$2 or?opt]a1 cockroa*es1 crickets1 beetles1 c41 are f\nd 9 ! ,lias1 ,/onesfield slate & ,purbeck b$s4 ,fi%es 7 approa*+ ! mod]n =ms dur+ ?is p]iod1 het]oc]cal ganoids becom+ sc>ce 7! ,coelacan?idae rea*$ _! maximum developm5t71 :ile ! homoc]cal =ms 7 abundant 7,gyrodus1 ,microdon1 ,lepido/eus1 ,lepidotus1 ,dap$ius74 ,! ,*ima]idae1 sea-cats1 made _! appe>ance 7,squaloraja74 ,! ance/ors ( ! mod]n /urgeons1 g>pikes & sela*ians1 ,hybodus1 ,acrodus 7 num]\s4 ,bony-fi% 7 repres5t$ by ! small ,leptolepis4 ,s important a place 0 occupi$ by reptiles dur+ ?is p]iod t x has be5 well describ$ z ! age ( reptiles4 ,9 ! seas ! fi%-%ap$ ,i*?yosaurs & long-neck$ ,plesiosaurs dwelt 9 great numb]s & rea*$ _! maximum developm5t2 ! latt] rang$ 9 size f #f to #dj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! ,pt]osaurs1 ) bat-l w+s & pneumatic bones & keel$ brea/-bone1 flew ov] ! l&2 ,pt]odactyl ) %ort tail & ,rhamphorhyncus ) long tail are ! be/ kn[n4 ,curi\sly modifi$ crocodilians appe>$ late 9 ! p]iod 7,my/riosaurus1 ,geosaurus1 ,/5eosaurus1 ,teleosaurus74 ,b ev5 m /rik+ ?an any ( ! above 7 ! ,d9osaurs2 ^! rang$ 9 size f a creature no l>g] ?an a rabbit up to ! gigantic ,atlantosaurus1 #ajj ft4 long1 9 ! ,jurassic ( ,wyom+4 ,bo? h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s =ms 7 pres5t2 ,brontosaurus1 ,megalosaurus1 ,/egosaurus1 ,cetiosaurus1 ,diplodocus1 ,c]atosaurus & ,campsogna?us are a few ( ! g5]a4 ,by comp>ison ) ! ,d9osaurs ! mammals took a v subord9ate position 9 ,jurassic times2 only a few jaws h be5 f\nd1 belong+ to q small creatures2 !y appe> to h be5 m>supials & 7 probably insectivor\s 7,plagiaulax ,bolodon1 ,triconodon1 ,phascolo!rium1 ,/ylacodon74 ,( great int]e/ are ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/ kn[n bird 7,ar*aeopt]yx7 f ! ,sol5h(5 slates ( ,bav>ia4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 a great advance beyond ! ,pt]odactyls 9 avian *>act]s1 yet _m reptilian features 7 reta9$4 ,comp>atively little *ange took place 9 ! vegetation 9 ! "t t elaps$ betwe5 ! close ( ! ,triassic & ! middle ( ! ,jurassic p]iods4 ,cycads1 ,zamites1 ,podozamites1 c41 appe>$ to rea* _! maximum2 ,equisetums 7 /ill f\nd gr[+ to a great size & ,g9kgos occupi$ a prom95t place2 f]ns 7 common2 s too 7 p9es1 yews1 cypresses & o!r conif]s1 :i* :ile !y outw>dly resembl$ _! mod]n repres5tatives1 7 q di/9ct 9 species4 ,no fl[]+ plants _h yet appe>$1 al?\gh a primitive =m ( angiosp]m has be5 report$ f ! ,upp] ,jurassic ( ,portugal4 ,! economic products ( ! ,jurassic sy/em are ( consid]able importance2 ! valuable coals h already be5 notic$2 ! well-kn[n iron ores ( ! ,clevel& di/rict 9 ,york%ire & ^? ( ! ,nor?ampton s&s occur respectively 9 ! ,lias & ,inf]ior ,oolites4 ,oil %ales are f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & sev]al ( ! ,jurassic =mations 9 ,engl& conta9 "s petroleum4 ,build+ /ones ( great value are obta9$ f ! ,great ,oolite1 ! ,portl&ian & ! ,inf]ior ,oolite2 l>ge quantities ( hydraulic cem5t & lime h be5 made f ! ,lias4 ,! celebrat$ li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia belongs to ! upp] portion ( ?is sy/em4 ,see ,d',orbigny1 ,palontologie franaise1 ,t]ra9 ,jurassique 7#ahdj1 #ahdf72 ,l4 von ,bu*1 b] d5 ,jura 9 ,deuts*l& 7,abh&4 d4 ,b]l9 ,akad41 #ahci72 ,f4 ,a4 ,qu5/$t1 ,fltzgebirge ,wrttemb]gs 7#ahdc7 & o!r pap]s1 also ,d] ,jura 7#ahhc-ahhh72 ,a4 ,oppel1 ,die ,jura=mation ,engl&s1 ,frankrei*s und s4w4 ,deuts*l&s 7#ahef-aheh74 ,= a good g5]al acc\nt ( ! =mations ) _m ref]5ces to orig9al pap]s1 see ,a4 de ,lapp>5t1 ,trait de gologie1 vol4 ii4 #e? ed4 7#aijf74 ,! /&>d "w = ,great ,brita9 is ! s]ies ( ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey entitl$ ,! ,jurassic ,rocks ( ,brita91 i & ii4 ,york%ire 7#ahib72 iii4 ,! ,lias ( ,engl& & ,wales 7#ahic72 iv4 ,! ,l[] ,oolite ,rocks ( ,engl& 7,york%ire except$7 7#ahid72 v4 ,! ,middle & ,upp] ,oolitic ,rocks ( ,engl& 7,york%ire except$7 7#ahie74 ,! map is aft] t ( ,m4 ,neumayr1 ,die geographis*e ,v]breitung d] ,jura=mation1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss41 ,wi51 ,ma?4 u4 ,naturwiss41 cl4 ,l41 ,ab?4 i1 ,k>te #a4 7#ahhe74 7,j4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,footnote3 #a ,purbeckian f ! ,isle ( ,purbeck4 ,aquiloni5 f ,aquilo 7,nord74 ,bononi5 f ,bononia 7,b\logne74 ,virguli5 f ,exogyra virgula4 ,pt]oc]an f ,pt]oc]as oceani4 ,a/>ti5 f ,a/>te supracoroll9a4 ,rauraci5 f ,rauracia 7,jura74 ,argovi5 f ,argovie 7,switz]l&74 ,neuvizi5 f ,neuvizy 7,ard5nes74 ,divesi5 f ,dives 7,calvados74 ,ba?oni5 f ,ba? 7,engl&74 ,bajoci5 f ,bayeux 7,calvados74 ,to>ci5 f ,to>cium 7,t\rs74 ,*>m\?i5 f ,*>m\? 7,engl&74 ,s9em\ri5 f ,s9emurum1 ,semur 7,cte d',or74 ,hettangi5 f ,hettange 7,lorra9e74 ,,jurat 7?r\gh ,fr4 f m$4 ,lat4 juratus1 "o sworn1 ,lat4 jur>e1 to swe>71 a "n giv5 to ! sworn hold]s ( c]ta9 (fices4 ,"u ! anci5 rgime 9 ,france1 9 sev]al t[ns1 ( ! s\?-we/1 su* z ,ro*elle & ,bordeaux1 ! jurats 7 memb]s ( ! municipal body4 ,! title 0 also borne by (ficials1 correspond+ to ald]m51 9 ! ,c9que ,ports1 b is n[ *iefly us$ z a title ( (fice 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,!re are two bodies1 consi/+ ea* ( twelve jurats1 = ,j]sey & ! bailiwick ( ,gu]nsey respectively4 ,!y are elect$ = life1 9 ,j]sey by ! ratepay]s1 9 ,gu]nsey by ! elective /ates4 ,!y =m1 ) ! bailiff z presid+ judge1 ! royal c\rt ( ju/ice1 & are a con/itu5t "p ( ! legislative bodies4 ,9 ,engli% law1 ! ^w jurat 7juratum7 is appli$ to t "p ( an affidavit :i* conta9s ! names ( ! p>ties swe>+ ! affidavit & ! p]son be=e :om x 0 sworn1 ! date1 place & o!r necess>y p>ticul>s4 ,,juri5 ,,de ,,la ,,gravi,,re1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,edmond 7#ahab-ahib71 ,fr5* admiral1 son ( ,admiral ,juri51 :o s]v$ ?r\gh ! ,revolution>y & ,napoleonic w>s & 0 a pe] ( ,france "u ,l\is ,philippe1 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #ahab4 ,he ent]$ ! navy 9 #ahbh1 0 made a comm&] 9 #ahda1 & capta9 9 #ahej4 ,dur+ ! ,russian ,w> he comm&$ a %ip 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,he 0 promot$ to be re>-admiral on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahee1 & appo9t$ to ! comm& ( a squadron 9 ! ,adriatic 9 #ahei1 :5 he absolutely seal$ ! ,au/rian ports ) a close blockade4 ,9 ,octob] #ahfa he 0 appo9t$ to comm& ! squadron 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & two mon?s lat] ! exp$ition aga9/ ,mexico4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,janu>y #ahfb he 0 promot$ to be vice-admiral4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man ,w> ( #ahgj he _h comm& ( ! ,fr5* ,m$it]ranean fleet1 & 9 #ahga he 0 appo9t$ director ( *>ts4 ,z hav+ comm&$ 9 *ief be=e ! enemy1 ! age-limit 0 waiv$ 9 8 fav\r1 & he 0 cont9u$ on ! active li/4 ,juri5 di$ on ! #d? ( ,m>* #ahib4 ,he 0 a volum9\s au?or ( works on naval hi/ory & biography1 mo/ ( :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,revue des deux mondes4 ,among ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! are ,gu]res m>itimes s\s la rpublique et l'empire1 :i* 0 translat$ by ,"l ,dunsany "u ! title ( ,sket*es ( ! ,la/ ,naval ,w> 7#ahdh72 ,s\v5irs d'un amiral 7#ahfj71 t is1 ( 8 fa!r1 ,admiral ,juri52 ,la ,m>9e d'autrefois 7#ahfe71 l>gely autobiographical2 & ,la ,m>9e d'auj\rd'hui 7#ahgb74 ,9 #ahff he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,,jurieu1 ,,pi]re 7#afcg-agac71 ,fr5* ,prote/ant div9e1 0 born at ,m]1 9 ,orlanais1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a ,prote/ant pa/or4 ,he /udi$ at ,saumur & ,s$an "u 8 gr&fa!r1 ,pi]re ,dum\l91 & "u ,leblanc de ,beaulieu4 ,aft] complet+ 8 /udies 9 ,holl& & ,engl&1 ,jurieu receiv$ ,anglican ord9ation2 return+ to ,france he 0 orda9$ aga9 & succe$$ 8 fa!r z pa/or ( ! *ur* at ,m]4 ,soon aft] ?is he publi%$ 8 fir/ "w1 ,exam5 de livre de la runion du ,*ri/ianisme 7#afga74 ,9 #afgd 8 ,trait de la dvotion l$ to 8 appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( !ology & ,hebrew at ,s$an1 :]e he soon became also pa/or4 ,a ye> lat] he publi%$ 8 ,apologie p\r la morale des ,r=ms4 ,he obta9$ a high reputation1 b 8 "w 0 impair$ by 8 controv]sial temp]1 :i* frequ5tly develop$ into an irritat$ fanaticism1 ?\gh he 0 always entirely s9c]e4 ,he 0 call$ by 8 adv]s>ies ! ,golia? ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,on ! suppression ( ! academy ( ,s$an 9 #afha1 ,jurieu receiv$ an invitation to a *ur* at ,r\51 b1 afraid to rema9 9 ,france on acc\nt ( 8 =?com+ "w1 ,la ,politique du cl]g de ,france1 he w5t to ,holl& & 0 pa/or ( ! ,walloon *ur* ( ,rott]dam till 8 dea? on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #agac4 ,he 0 also pr(essor at ! cole illu/re4 ,jurieu did mu* to help ^? :o suff]$ by ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 7#afhe74 ,he himself turn$ = consolation to ! ,apocalypse1 & succe$$ 9 p]suad+ himself 7,accomplissem5t des prophties1 #afhf7 t ! ov]?r[ ( ,anti*ri/ 7i4e4 ! papal *ur*7 w\ld take place 9 #afhi4 ,h4 ,m4 ,baird says t ?is p]suasion1 h[ev] fanciful ! gr\nds on :i* x 0 bas$1 ex]cis$ no small influ5ce 9 =w>d+ ! success ( ! designs ( ,william ( ,orange 9 ! invasion ( ,engl&4 ,jurieu def5d$ ! doctr9es ( ,prote/antism ) great ability aga9/ ! attacks ( ,anto9e ,arnauld1 ,pi]re ,nicole & ,bossuet1 b 0 equally ready to ent] into dispute ) 8 fell[ ,prote/ant div9es 7) ,l\is ,du ,m\l9 & ,claude ,payon1 = in/ance7 :5 _! op9ions diff]$ f 8 own ev5 on m9or matt]s4 ,! bitt]ness & p]si/5cy ( 8 attacks on 8 colleague ,pi]re ,bayle l$ to ! latt] be+ depriv$ ( 8 *air 9 #afic4 ,"o ( ,jurieu's *ief works is ,lettres pa/orales adresses aux fidles de ,france 7#c vols41 ,rott]dam1 #afhf-afhg2 ,eng4 trans41 #afhi71 :i*1 not)/&+ ! vigilance ( ! police1 f\nd its way into ,france & produc$ a deep impression on ! ,prote/ant population4 ,8 la/ important "w 0 ! ,hi/oire critique des dogmes et des cultes 7#agjd2 ,eng4 trans41 #agae74 ,he wrote a great numb] ( controv]sial works4 ,see ! article 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyklopdie2 also ,h4 ,m4 ,baird1 ,! ,hugu5ots & ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 7#ahie74 ,,juris1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 =m]ly occupy+ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! riv]s ,ia 7l[] ,putumayo7 & ,japura1 nor?-we/]n ,brazil4 ,9 anci5t days !y 7 ! mo/ p[]ful tribe ( ! di/rict1 b 9 #ahbj _! numb]s did n exce$ #bjjj4 ,ow+ to int]-m>ry+1 ! ,juris are believ$ to h be5 ext9ct = half a c5tury4 ,!y 7 closely relat$ to ! ,passes1 & 7 l !m a fair-sk9n$1 f9ely built p ) q ,european features4 ,,jurisdiction1 9 g5]al1 ! ex]cise ( lawful au?ority1 especially by a c\rt or a judge2 & s ! ext5t or limits )9 :i* su* au?ority is ex]cisable4 ,?us ea* c\rt has its appropriate jurisdiction2 9 ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice 9 ,engl& adm9i/ration actions are br\ght 9 ! *anc]y division1 salvage actions 9 ! admiralty1 c4 ,! jurisdiction ( a p>ticul> c\rt is (t5 limit$ by /atute1 z t ( a c\nty c\rt1 :i* is local & is also limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,9 int]national law jurisdiction has a wid] mean+1 namely1 ! rights ex]cisable by a /ate )9 ! b\nds ( a giv5 space4 ,?is is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z ! t]ritorial !ory ( jurisdiction4 7,see ,,int]national ,,law2 ,,int]national ,,law1 ,,private47 ,,jurisprud5ce 7,lat4 jurisprud5tia1 k ( law1 f jus1 "r1 & prud5tia1 f provid]e1 to =esee71 ! g5]al t]m = ! =mal sci5ce ( positive law 7,t4 ,e4 ,holl&72 see ,,law4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples involv$ are discuss$ bel[ & 9 ,,jurisprud5ce1 ,,comp>ative2 ! details ( p>ticul> laws or sorts ( law 7,,contract1 c47 & ( individual national sy/ems ( law 7,,engli% ,,law1 c47 be+ dealt ) 9 sep>ate articles4 ,! human race may be conceiv$ z p>cell$ out into a numb] ( di/9ct gr\ps or societies1 diff]+ greatly 9 size & circum/ances1 9 physical & moral *>act]i/ics ( all k9ds4 ,b !y all resemble ea* o!r 9 t !y reveal on exam9ation c]ta9 rules ( conduct 9 accordance ) :i* ! relations ( ! memb]s int] se are gov]n$4 ,ea* society has its own sy/em ( laws1 & all ! sy/ems1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 con/itute ! appropriate subject matt] ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! juri/ may deal ) x 9 ! foll[+ ways4 ,he may fir/ ( all exam9e ! lead+ conceptions common to all ! sy/ems1 or 9 o!r words def9e ! lead+ t]ms common to !m all4 ,su* are ! t]ms law itself1 "r1 duty1 prop]ty1 crime1 & s =?1 :i*1 or _! equival5ts1 may1 not)/&+ delicate diff]5ces ( connotation1 be reg>d$ z common t]ms 9 all sy/ems4 ,t k9d ( inquiry is kn[n 9 ,engl& z analytical jurisprud5ce4 ,x reg>ds ! conceptions ) :i* x deals z fix$ or /ation>y1 & aims at express+ !m di/9ctly & exhibit+ _! logical relations ) ea* o!r4 ,:at is really meant by a "r & by a duty1 & :at is ! true connexion betwe5 a "r & a duty1 are types ( ! que/ions prop] to ?is inquiry4 ,%ift+ our po9t ( view1 b /ill reg>d+ sy/ems ( law 9 ! mass1 we may consid] !m1 n z /ation>y1 b z *angeable & *ang+1 we may ask :at g5]al features are exhibit$ by ! record ( ! *ange4 ,?is1 some:at crudely put1 may s]ve to indicate ! field ( hi/orical or comp>ative jurisprud5ce4 ,9 its ideal condition x w\ld require an accurate record ( ! hi/ory ( all legal sy/ems z its mat]ial4 ,b :e!r ! mat]ial be abundant or scanty ! me?od is ! same4 ,x seeks ! explanation ( in/itutions & legal pr9ciples 9 ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,its aim is to %[ h[ a giv5 rule came to be :at x is4 ,! legislative s\rce--! emanation ( ! rule f a sov]eign au?ority--is ( no importance "h2 :at is important is ! moral s\rce--! connexion ( ! rule ) ! ideas preval5t dur+ contempor>y p]iods4 ,?is me?od1 x is evid5t1 involves n only a comp>ison ( successive /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! same sy/em1 b a comp>ison ( diff]5t sy/ems1 ( ! ,roman ) ! ,engli%1 ( ! ,h9du ) ! ,iri%1 & s on4 ,! hi/orical me?od z appli$ to law may be reg>d$ z a special example ( ! me?od ( comp>ison4 ,! comp>ative me?od is really employ$ 9 all g5]alizations ab\t law2 =1 al?\gh ! analysis ( legal t]ms might be conduct$ ) exclusive ref]5ce to "o sy/em1 ! advantage ( te/+ ! result by ref]5ce to o!r sy/ems is obvi\s4 ,b1 besides ! use ( comp>ison = purposes ( analysis & 9 trac+ ! ph5om5a ( ! gr[? ( laws1 x is evid5t t = ! purposes ( practical legislation ! comp>ison ( diff]5t sy/ems may yield important results4 ,laws are contrivances = br++ ab\t c]ta9 def9ite ends1 ! l>g] ( :i* are id5tical 9 all sy/ems4 ,! comp>ison ( ^! contrivances n only s]ves to br+ _! real object1 (t5 obscur$ z x is 9 details1 into cle>] view1 b enables legislators to see :]e ! contrivances are defici5t1 & h[ !y may be improv$4 ,! sci5ce ( law1 z ! expression is g5]ally us$1 means ! exam9ation ( laws 9 g5]al 9 "o or o!r ( ! ways j indicat$4 ,x means an inve/igation ( laws :i* exi/ or h exi/$ 9 "s giv5 society 9 fact--9 o!r words1 positive laws2 & x means an exam9ation n limit$ to ! exposition ( p>ticul> sy/ems4 ,analytical jurisprud5ce is 9 ,engl& associat$ *iefly ) ! "n ( ,john ,au/9 7q4v471 ^: ,prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce ,det]m9$ sy/ematiz$ & complet$ ! "w begun 9 ,engl& by ,hobbes1 & cont9u$ at a lat] date & f a diff]5t po9t ( view by ,b5?am4 ,au/9's fir/ position is to di/+ui% betwe5 laws prop]ly s call$ & laws improp]ly s call$4 ,9 any ( ! old] writ]s on law1 we f9d ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ gr\p$ toge!r z v>iations ( "o common mean+4 ,?us ,black/one advances to 8 prop] subject1 municipal laws1 ?r\gh 7#a7 ! laws ( inanimate matt]1 7#b7 ! laws ( animal nutrition1 dige/ion1 c41 7#c7 ! laws ( nature1 :i* are rules impos$ by ,god on m5 & discov]able by reason alone1 & 7#d7 ! reveal$ or div9e law :i* is "p ( ! law ( nature directly exp\nd$ by ,god4 ,all ( ^! are connect$ by ?is common elem5t t !y are rules ( action dictat$ by "s sup]ior be+4 ,& "s su* g5]alization z ?is is to be f\nd at ! basis ( mo/ treatises on jurisprud5ce :i* h n be5 compos$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! analytical s*ool4 ,au/9 disposes ( x by ! di/9ction t "s ( ^? laws are comm&s1 :ile o!rs are n comm&s4 ,! s-call$ laws ( nature are n comm&s2 !y are uni=mities :i* resemble comm&s only 9 s f> z !y may be suppos$ to h be5 ord]$ by "s intellig5t be+4 ,b !y are n comm&s 9 ! only prop] s5se ( t ^w--!y are n address$ to reasonable be+s1 :o may or may n w ob$i5ce to !m4 ,laws ( nature are n address$ to anybody1 & !re is no possible "q ( ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce to !m4 ,au/9 accord+ly pron\nces !m laws improp]ly s call$1 & conf9es 8 att5tion to laws prop]ly s call$1 :i* are comm&s address$ by a human sup]ior to a human inf]ior4 ,?is di/9ction seems s simple & obvi\s t ! en]gy & ev5 bitt]ness ) :i* ,au/9 insi/s ^u x n[ seem sup]flu\s4 ,b ! indiscrim9ate id5tification ( ev]y?+ to :i* common spee* gives ! "n ( a law 01 & /ill is1 a fruitful s\rce ( confusion4 ,black/one's /atem5t t :5 ,god put matt] into motion ,he e/abli%$ c]ta9 laws ( motion1 to :i* all movable matt] mu/ con=m1 & t 9 ^? creatures t h nei!r ! p[] to ?9k nor to w su* laws mu/ be inv>iably obey$1 s long z ! creature itself subsi/s1 = its exi/5ce dep5ds on t ob$i5ce1 imputes to ! law ( gravitation 9 respect ( bo? its orig9 & its execution ! qualities ( an act ( p>liam5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! qualities ( ! law ( gravitation are imput$ to c]ta9 legal pr9ciples :i*1 "u ! "n ( ! law ( nature1 are ass]t$ to be b9d+ all ov] ! globe1 s t no human laws are ( any validity if contr>y to ?is4 ,au/9 nev] fails to /igmatize ! use ( natural laws 9 ! s5se ( sci5tific facts z improp]1 or z metaphorical4 ,hav+ elim9at$ metaphorical or figurative laws1 we re/rict ourselves to ^? laws :i* are comm&s4 ,?is ^w is ! key to ! analysis ( law1 & accord+ly a l>ge portion ( ,au/9's "w is occupi$ ) ! det]m9ation ( its mean+4 ,a comm& is an ord] issu$ by a sup]ior to an inf]ior4 ,x is a signification ( desire di/+ui%$ by ?is peculi>ity t ! p>ty to :om x is direct$ is liable to evil f ! o!r1 9 case he comply n ) ! desire4 ,if y are able & will+ to h>m me 9 case ,i comply n ) y\r wi%1 ! expression ( y\r wi% am\nts to a comm&4 ,be+ liable to evil 9 case ,i comply n ) ! wi% :i* y signify1 ,i am b\nd or oblig$ by x1 or ,i lie "u a duty to obey x4 ,! evil is call$ a sanction1 & ! comm& or duty is said to be sanction$ by ! *ance ( incurr+ ! evil4 ,! ?ree t]ms comm&1 duty & sanction are ?us insep>ably connect$4 ,z ,au/9 expresses x 9 ! language ( =mal logic1 ea* ( ! ?ree t]ms signifies ! same notion1 b ea* d5otes a diff]5t "p ( t notion & connotes ! residue4 ,all comm&s1 h[ev]1 are n laws4 ,t t]m is res]v$ = ^? comm&s :i* oblige g5]ally to ! p]=mance ( acts ( a class4 ,a comm& to y\r s]vant to rise at su* an h\r on su* a morn+ is a p>ticul> comm&1 b n a law or rule2 a comm& to rise always at t h\r is a law or rule4 ,( ?is di/9ction x is suffici5t to say 9 ! meantime t x involves1 :5 we come to deal ) positive laws1 ! rejection ( p>ticul> enactm5ts to :i* by invet]ate usage ! t]m law w\ld c]ta9ly be appli$4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n1 accord+ to ,au/91 necess>y t a true law %\ld b9d p]sons z a class4 ,obligations impos$ on ! grantee ( an (fice specially creat$ by p>liam5t w\ld imply a law2 a g5]al ord] to g into m\rn+ address$ to ! :ole nation = a p>ticul> occasion w\ld n be a law4 ,s f> we h arriv$ at a def9ition ( laws prop]ly s call$4 ,au/9 holds sup]iority & inf]iority to be necess>ily impli$ 9 comm&1 & su* /atem5ts z t laws emanate f sup]iors to be ! m]e/ tautology & trifl+4 ,else:]e he sums up ! *>act]i/ics ( true laws z asc]ta9$ by ! analysis ?us3 7#a7 laws1 be+ comm&s1 emanate f a det]m9ate s\rce2 7#b7 e sanction is an evil annex$ to a comm&2 & 7#c7 e duty implies a comm&1 & *iefly means obnoxi\sness to ! evils annex$ to comm&s4 ,( true laws1 ^? only are ! subject ( jurisprud5ce :i* are laws /rictly s call$1 or positive laws4 ,au/9 accord+ly proce$s to di/+ui% positive f o!r true laws1 :i* are ei!r laws set by ,god to m5 or laws set by m5 to m51 n1 h[ev]1 z political sup]iors nor 9 pursuance ( a legal "r4 ,! discussion ( ! fir/ ( ^! true b n positive laws leads ,au/9 to 8 celebrat$ discussion ( ! utilit>ian !ory4 ,! laws set by ,god are ei!r reveal$ or unreveal$1 i4e4 ei!r express$ 9 direct comm&1 or made kn[n to m5 9 "o or o!r ( ! ways d5ot$ by su* phrases z ! light ( nature1 natural reason1 dictates ( nature1 & s =?4 ,au/9 ma9ta9s t ! pr9ciple ( g5]al utility1 bas$ ultimately on ! assum$ b5evol5ce ( ,god1 is ! true index to su* ( ,8 comm&s z ,he has n *os5 to reveal4 ,au/9's exposition ( ! mean+ ( ! pr9ciple is a mo/ valuable contribution to moral sci5ce1 ?\gh he re/s its claims ultimately on a basis :i* _m ( its support]s w\ld disav[4 ,& ! :ole discussion is n[ g5]ally condemn$ z ly+ outside ! prop] scope ( ! treatise1 al?\gh ! reason = s condemn+ x is n always correctly /at$4 ,x is f\nd 9 su* assumptions ( fact z t !re is a ,god1 t ,he has issu$ comm&s to m5 9 :at ,au/9 calls ! tru?s ( revelation1 t ,he designs ! happ9ess ( all ,8 creatures1 t !re is a pr$om9ance ( good 9 ! ord] ( ! _w--:i* d n n[ comm& univ]sal ass5t4 ,x is impossible to place ^! propositions on ! same sci5tific foot+ z ! assumptions ( fact ) ref]5ce to human society on :i* jurisprud5ce re/s4 ,if ! div9e laws 7 facts l acts ( p>liam5t1 x is conceiv$ t ! discussion ( _! *>act]i/ics w\ld n be out ( place 9 a s*eme ( jurisprud5ce4 ,! second set ( laws prop]ly s call$1 :i* are n positive laws1 consi/s ( ?ree classes3 7#a7 ^? :i* are set by m5 liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature2 7#b7 ^? :i* are set by sov]eigns b n z political sup]iors1 e4g4 :5 "o sov]eign comm&s ano!r to act accord+ to a pr9ciple ( int]national law2 & 7#c7 ^? set by subjects b n 9 pursuance ( legal rights4 ,?is gr\p1 to :i* ,au/9 gives ! "n ( positive morality1 helps to expla9 8 conception ( positive law4 ,m5 are liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 or a /ate ( an>*y1 :5 !y are n liv+ 9 a /ate ( gov]nm5t or z memb]s ( a political society4 ,political society ?us becomes ! c5tral fact ( ! !ory1 & "s ( ! objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ x arise f its be+ appli$ to conditions ( life 9 :i* ,au/9 w\ld n h admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( a political society4 ,aga91 ! ?ird set 9 ! gr\p is intimately connect$ ) positive laws on ! "o h& & rules ( positive morality :i* are n ev5 laws prop]ly s call$ on ! o!r4 ,?us laws set by subjects 9 consequ5ce ( a legal "r are clo!d ) legal sanctions1 & are laws positive4 ,a law set by gu>dian to w>d1 9 pursuance ( a "r :i* ! gu>dian is b\nd to ex]cise1 is a positive law pure & simple2 a law set by ma/] to slave1 9 pursuance ( a legal "r1 :i* he is n b\nd to ex]cise1 is1 9 ,au/9's phraseology1 to be reg>d$ bo? z a positive moral rule & z a positive law4#a ,on ! o!r h& ! rules set by a club or society1 & en=c$ ^u its memb]s by exclusion f ! society1 b n 9 pursuance ( any legal "r1 are laws1 b n positive laws4 ,!y are imp]ative & proce$ f a det]m9ate s\rce1 b !y h no legal or political sanction4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is positive morality1 consi/+ ( true b n positive laws1 is ! positive morality ^: rules are n laws prop]ly s call$ at all1 ?\gh !y are g5]ally d5om9at$ laws4 ,su* are ! laws ( hon\r1 ! laws ( fa%ion1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 int]national law4 ,n[h]e does ,au/9's phraseology come m bluntly into conflict ) common usage ?an 9 pron\nc+ ! law ( nations 7:i* 9 sub/ance is a compact body ( well-def9$ rules resembl+ no?+ s mu* z ! ord9>y rules ( law7 to be n laws at all1 ev5 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,t ! rules ( a private club %\ld be law prop]ly s call$1 :ile ! :ole mass ( int]national jurisprud5ce is m]e op9ion1 %ocks our s5se ( ! proprieties ( expression4 ,yet no man 0 m c>eful ?an ,au/9 to obs]ve ^! prop]ties4 ,he recognizes fully ! futility ( def9itions :i* involve a pa9ful /ruggle ) ! curr5t ( ord9>y spee*4 ,b 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! app>5t p>alogism _c be avoid$ if we accept ! limitation ( laws prop]ly s call$ to comm&s proce$+ f a det]m9ate s\rce4 ,& t limitation is s g5]ally pres5t 9 our conception ( law t to ignore x w\ld be a worse anomaly ?an ?is4 ,no "o f9ds fault ) ! /atem5t t ! s-call$ code ( hon\r or ! dictates ( fa%ion are n1 prop]ly speak+1 laws4 ,we repel ! same /atem5t appli$ to ! law ( nature1 because x resembles 9 s _m ( its mo/ /rik+ features--9 ! c]ta9ty ( a l>ge portion ( x1 9 its t]m9ology1 9 its sub/antial pr9ciples--! mo/ univ]sal elem5ts ( actual sy/ems ( law1 & because1 moreov]1 ! assumption t br\ght x into exi/5ce 0 no?+ else ?an ?is1 t x consi/$ ( ^? abid+ portions ( legal sy/ems :i* prevail ev]y:]e by _! own au?ority4 ,b1 ?\gh positive morality may n be ! be/ phrase to describe su* a code ( rules1 ! di/9ction insi/$ on by ,au/9 is unimpea*able4 ,! elim9ation ( ^? laws prop]ly & improp]ly s call$ :i* are n positive laws br+s u to ! def9ition ( positive law1 :i* is ! key/one ( ! sy/em4 ,e positive law is set by a sov]eign p]son1 or sov]eign body ( p]sons1 to a memb] or memb]s ( ! indep5d5t political society :]e9 t p]son or body is sov]eign or sup]ior4 ,?\gh possibly sprung directly f ano!r s\rce1 x is a positive law1 by ! in/itution ( t pres5t sov]eign 9 ! "* ( a political sup]ior4 ,! "q is n z to ! hi/orical orig9 ( ! pr9ciple1 b z to its pres5t au?ority4 ,! legislator is he1 n by ^: au?ority ! law 0 fir/ made1 b by ^: au?ority x cont9ues to be law4 ,?is def9ition involves ! analysis ( ! connect$ expressions sov]eignty1 subjection & indep5d5t political society1 & ( det]m9ate body--:i* la/ analysis ,au/9 p]=ms 9 connexion ) t ( comm&s4 ,^! are all excell5t examples ( ! logical me?od ( :i* he 0 s great a ma/]4 ,! broad results alone ne$ be notic$ "h4 ,9 ord] t a giv5 society may =m a society political & indep5d5t1 ! g5]ality or bulk ( its memb]s mu/ be 9 a habit ( ob$i5ce to a c]ta9 & common sup]ior2 :il/ t c]ta9 p]son or body ( p]sons mu/ n be habitually ob$i5t to a c]ta9 p]son or body4 ,all ! italiciz$ words po9t to circum/ances 9 :i* x might be difficult to say :e!r a giv5 society is political & indep5d5t or n4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,au/9 has discuss$--e4g4 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* a political society yields ob$i5ce :i* may or may n be call$ habitual to "s ext]nal p[]1 & ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* a political society is divid$ betwe5 cont5d+ claimants = sov]eign p[]1 & x is unc]ta9 :i* %all prevail1 & ov] h[ mu* ( ! society4 ,s long z t unc]ta9ty rema9s we h a /ate ( an>*y4 ,fur!r1 an indep5d5t society to be political mu/ n fall bel[ a numb] :i* c only be call$ consid]able4 ,nei!r !n 9 a /ate ( an>*y1 nor 9 inconsid]able communities1 nor among m5 liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 h we ! prop] ph5om5a ( a political society4 ,! la/ limitation goes "s way to meet ! mo/ s]i\s criticism to :i* ,au/9's sy/em has be5 expos$1 & x ought to be /at$ 9 8 own words4 ,he supposes a society :i* may be /yl$ indep5d5t1 :i* is consid]able 9 numb]s1 & :i* is 9 a savage or extremely b>b>\s condition4 ,9 su* a society1 ! bulk ( its memb]s is n 9 ! habit ( ob$i5ce to "o & ! same sup]ior4 ,= ! purpose ( attack+ an ext]nal enemy1 or = ! purpose ( repell+ an attack1 ! bulk ( its memb]s :o are capable ( be>+ arms submits to "o lead] or "o body ( lead]s4 ,b z soon z t em]g5cy passes ! transi5t submission ceases1 & ! society rev]ts to ! /ate :i* may be deem$ its ord9>y /ate4 ,! bulk ( ea* ( ! families :i* compose ! giv5 society r5d]s habitual ob$i5ce to its own peculi> *ief1 b ^? dome/ic societies are !mselves indep5d5t societies1 or are n unit$ & compact$ into "o political society by habitual & g5]al ob$i5ce to "o common sup]ior1 & !re is no law 7simply or /rictly s /yl$7 :i* c be call$ ! law ( t society4 ,! s-call$ laws :i* are common to ! bulk ( ! community are purely & prop]ly cu/om>y laws--t is to say1 laws :i* are set or impos$ by ! g5]al op9ion ( ! community1 b are n en=c$ by legal or political sanctions4 ,su*1 he says1 are ! savage societies ( hunt]s & fi%]s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & su* 7 ! ,g]mans z describ$ by ,tacitus4 ,he takes no acc\nt ( societies 9 an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ?is & ! condition :i* con/itutes political society4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! analysis 9 detail4 ,mu* +5uity is display$ 9 gr\p+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 9 detect+ ! sov]eign au?ority "u ! disguises :i* x we>s 9 ! complicat$ /ate sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or "u ! fictions ( ,engli% law1 9 elucidat+ ! precise mean+ ( ab/ract political t]ms4 ,incid5tally ! s\rce ( _m celebrat$ fallacies 9 political ?\ght is laid b>e4 ,t ! "q :o is sov]eign 9 a giv5 /ate is a "q ( fact & n ( law or morals or religion1 t ! sov]eign is incapable ( legal limitation1 t law is su* by ! sov]eign's comm&1 t no real or assum$ compact c limit 8 action--are positions :i* ,au/9 has be5 accus$ ( en=c+ ) ne$less it]ation4 ,he cle>$ !m1 h[ev]1 f ! air ( p>adox ) :i* !y _h be5 previ\sly encumb]$1 & 8 influ5ce 0 9 no direction m widely felt ?an 9 mak+ !m ! commonplaces ( educat$ op9ion 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,pass+ f ^!1 we may n[ consid] :at has be5 said aga9/ ! !ory1 :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,laws1 no matt] 9 :at =m !y be express$1 are 9 ! la/ resort r$ucible to comm&s set by ! p]son or body ( p]sons :o are 9 fact sov]eigns 9 any indep5d5t political society4 ,! sov]eign is ! p]son or p]sons ^: comm&s are habitually obey$ by ! great bulk ( ! community2 & by an indep5d5t society we mean t su* sov]eign head is n himself habitually ob$i5t to any o!r det]m9ate body ( p]sons4 ,! society mu/ be suffici5tly num]\s to be consid]able be=e we c speak ( x z a political society4 ,f comm&1 ) its insep>able incid5t ( sanction1 come ! duties & rights 9 t]ms ( :i* laws are = ! mo/ "p express$4 ,duty means t ! p]son ( :om x is pr$icat$ is liable to ! sanction 9 case he fails to obey ! comm&4 ,"r means t ! p]son ( :om x is pr$icat$ may set ! sanction 9 op]ation 9 case ! comm& be disobey$4 ,we may "h int]polate a d\bt :e!r ! condition ( indep5d5ce on ! "p ( ! head ( a community is ess5tial to ! legal analysis4 ,x seems to u t we h all ! elem5ts ( a true law pres5t :5 we po9t to a community habitually ob$i5t to ! au?ority ( a p]son or det]m9ate body ( p]sons1 no matt] :at ! relations ( t sup]ior may be to any ext]nal or sup]ior p[]4 ,provid$ t 9 fact ! comm&s ( ! lawgiv] are ^? beyond :i* ! community nev] looks1 x seems immat]ial to inquire :e!r ?is lawgiv] 9 turn takes 8 ord]s f somebody else or is habitually ob$i5t to su* ord]s :5 giv54 ,"o may imag9e a community gov]n$ by a dep5d5t legislatorial body or p]son1 :ile ! supreme sov]eign ^: repres5tative & nom9ee su* body or p]son may be nev] directly addresses ! community at all4 ,we d n see t 9 su* a case any?+ is ga9$ 9 cle>ness by repres5t+ ! law ( ! community z set by ! suz]a91 r ?an ! dep5d5t legislator4 ,nor is ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! ultimate seat ( p[] necess>y to def9e political societies4 ,t we get :5 we suppose a community to be 9 ! habit ( ob$i5ce to a s+le p]son or to a det]m9ate comb9ation ( p]sons4 ,! use ( ! ^w comm& is n unlikely to lead to a misconception ( ,au/9's mean+4 ,:5 we say t a law is a comm& ( ! sov]eign1 we are apt to ?9k ( ! sov]eign z enunciat+ ! rule 9 "q = ! fir/ "t4 ,_m laws are n traceable to ! sov]eign at all 9 ?is s5se4 ,"s are bas$ ^u immemorial practices1 "s c be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( private citiz5s1 :e!r practis+ lawy]s or writ]s on law1 & 9 mo/ c\ntries a va/ body ( law owes its exi/5ce z su* to ! fact t x has be5 obs]v$ z law 9 "s o!r society4 ,! great bulk ( mod]n law owes its exi/5ce & its %ape ultimately to ! lab\rs ( ! ,roman lawy]s ( ! empire4 ,au/9's def9ition has no?+ to d ) ?is1 ! hi/orical orig9 ( laws4 ,mo/ books deal+ ) law 9 ! ab/ract g5]alize ! modes 9 :i* laws may be orig9at$ "u ! "n ( ! s\rces ( law1 & "o ( ^! is legislation1 or ! direct comm& ( ! sov]eign body4 ,! connexion ( laws ) ea* o!r z pr9ciples is prop]ly ! subject matt] ( hi/orical jurisprud5ce1 ! ideal p]fection ( :i* w\ld be ! e/abli%m5t ( ! g5]al laws gov]n+ ! evolution ( law 9 ! te*nical s5se4 ,au/9's def9ition looks1 n to ! au?or%ip ( ! law z a pr9ciple1 n to its inv5tor or orig9ator1 b to ! p]son or p]sons :o 9 ! la/ resort cause x to be obey$4 ,if a giv5 rule is en=c$ by ! sov]eign x is a law4 ,x may be conv5i5t to notice "h :at is usually said ab\t ! s\rces ( law1 z ! expression sometimes proves a /umbl+-block to ! appreciation ( ,au/9's sy/em4 ,9 ! corpus juris ( any giv5 c\ntry only a portion ( ! laws is traceable to ! direct expression ( 8 comm&s by ! sov]eign4 ,legislation is "o1 b only "o1 ( ! s\rces ( law4 ,o!r portions ( ! law may be traceable to o!r s\rces1 :i* may v>y 9 effect 9 diff]5t sy/ems4 ,! li/ giv5 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian ( ! ways 9 :i* law may be made--lex1 plebiscitum1 pr9cipis placita1 edicta magi/ratuum1 & s on--is a li/ ( s\rces4 ,among ! s\rces ( law o!r ?an legislation :i* are mo/ commonly exemplifi$ are ! laws made by judges 9 ! c\rse ( judicial decisions1 & law orig9at+ z cu/om4 ,! s\rce ( ! law 9 ! "o case is ! judicial decision1 9 ! o!r ! cu/om4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! decisions & 9 consequ5ce ( ! cu/om ! rule has prevail$4 ,engli% law is l>gely made up ( pr9ciples d]iv$ 9 ea* ( ^? ways1 :ile x is defici5t 9 pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( indep5d5t tea*]s1 su* z h 9 o!r sy/ems ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! developm5t ( law4 ,! responsa prud5tum1 ! op9ions ( le>n$ m51 publi%$ z su*1 did und\bt$ly orig9ate an imm5se portion ( ,roman law4 ,no su* influ5ce has affect$ ,engli% law to any appreciable ext5t--a result ow+ to ! activity ( ! c\rts ( ! legislature4 ,?is diff]5ce has pr(\ndly affect$ ! =m ( ,engli% law z comp>$ ) t ( sy/ems :i* h be5 develop$ by ! play ( free discussion4 ,^! are ! mo/ def9ite ( ! influ5ces to :i* ! beg9n+ ( laws may be trac$4 ,! law once e/abli%$1 no matt] h[1 is nev]!less law 9 ! s5se ( ,au/9's def9ition4 ,x is en=c$ by ! sov]eign au?ority4 ,x 0 orig9at$ by some?+ v diff]5t4 ,b :5 we speak ( x z a comm& we ?9k only ( ! way 9 :i* x is to-day pres5t$ to ! subject4 ,! newe/ ord] ( an act ( p>liam5t is n m positively pres5t$ to ! p z a comm& to be obey$ ?an are ! elem5t>y rules ( ! common law = :i* no legislative orig9 c be trac$4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y to resort to ! figure ( spee* by :i* alone1 accord+ to ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 7,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #cad71 ! common law c be reg>d$ z ! comm&s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! common law1 he says1 consi/s ( _! comm&s because !y c repeal or alt] or re/ate x at pleasure4 ,!y comm& because1 be+ by ! assumption possess$ ( uncontrollable =ce1 !y c\ld innovate )\t limit at any mom5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be said t !y comm& because !y d z a matt] ( fact en=ce ! rules laid d[n 9 ! common law4 ,x is n because !y c\ld innovate if !y pleas$ 9 ! common law t !y are said to comm& x1 b because x is kn[n t !y w en=ce x z x /&s4 ,! criticism ( ,au/9's analysis resolv$ itself into two diff]5t sets ( objections4 ,"o relates to ! !ory ( sov]eignty :i* und]lies x2 ! o!r to its alleg$ failure to include rules :i* 9 common p>lance are laws1 & :i* x is felt ought to be includ$ 9 any satisfactory def9ition ( law4 ,z ! latt] is to "s ext5t anticipat$ & admitt$ by ,au/9 himself1 we may deal ) x fir/4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison 7,=tnightly ,review1 vols4 xxx41 xxxi47 0 at great pa9s to collect a numb] ( laws or rules ( law :i* d n squ>e ) ! ,au/9ian def9ition ( law z a comm& creat+ rights & duties4 ,take ! rule t e w mu/ be 9 writ+4 ,x is a v circuit\s way ( look+ at ?+s1 accord+ to ,h>rison1 to say t su* a rule creates a specific "r 9 any det]m9ate p]son ( a def9ite description4 ,s1 aga91 ! rule t a legacy to ! witness ( a w is void4 ,su* a rule is n design$ to give any "o any rights1 b simply to protect ! public aga9/ wills made "u undue influ5ce4 ,aga91 ! te*nical rule 9 ,%elley's case t a gift to ,a = life1 foll[$ by a gift to ! heirs ( ,a1 is a gift to ,a 9 fee simple1 is pron\nc$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! def9ition4 ,x is an idle wa/e ( +5uity to =ce any ( ^! rules into a =m 9 :i* !y might be said to create rights4 ,?is w\ld be a p]fectly correct description ( any attempt to take any ( ^! rules sep>ately & analyse x into a complete comm& creat+ specific rights & duties4 ,b !re is no occasion = do+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is n cont5d$ t e grammatically complete s5t5ce 9 a textbook or a /atute is p] se a comm& creat+ rights & duties4 ,a law1 l any o!r comm&1 mu/ be express$ 9 words1 & w require ! use ( ! usual aids to expression4 ,! gi/ ( x may be express$ 9 a s5t5ce :i*1 /&+ by itself1 is n intelligible2 o!r s5t5ces locally sep>ate f ! pr9cipal "o may conta9 ! exceptions & ! modifications & ! int]pretations to :i* t is subject4 ,9 no "o ( ^! tak5 by itself1 b 9 ! sub/ance ( !m all tak5 toge!r1 is ! true law1 9 ,au/9's s5se1 to be f\nd4 ,?us ! rule t e w mu/ be 9 writ+ is a m]e fragm5t--only ! limb ( a law4 ,x belongs to ! rule :i* fixes ! rights ( devisees or legatees "u a w4 ,t rule 9 :atev] =m x may be express$ is1 )\t any /ra9+ ( language1 a comm& ( ! legislator4 ,t e p]son nam$ by a te/ator 9 8 la/ w & te/am5t %all be entitl$ to ! prop]ty !reby giv5 him is surely a comm& creat+ rights & duties4 ,aft] te/am5t add express$ 9 writ+2 x is /ill a comm&4 ,add fur!r1 provid$ he be n "o ( ! witnesses to ! w1 & ! comm&1 ) its product ( rights & duties1 is /ill !re4 ,ea* ( ! additions limits ! op]ation ( ! comm& /at$ imp]atively 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,s ) ! rule 9 ,%elley's case4 ,x is resolvable into ! rule t e p]son to :om an e/ate is giv5 by a conveyance express$ 9 su* & su* a way %all take su* & su* rights4 ,to take ano!r example f lat] legislation4 ,an ,engli% /atute pass$ 9 #ahha enacts no?+ m ?an ?is1 t an act ( a previ\s session %all be con/ru$ z if t meant ?is4 ,x w\ld be futile inde$ to =ce ?is into con=mity ) ,au/9's def9ition by treat+ x z a comm& address$ to ! judges1 & z indirectly creat+ rights to h su* a con/ruction respect$4 ,z x happ5s1 ! section ( ! previ\s act ref]r$ to 7! ,burials ,act #ahhj7 0 an und5iable comm& address$ to ! cl]gy1 & impos$ ^u !m a specific duty4 ,! true comm&--! law--is to be f\nd 9 ! two sections tak5 toge!r4 ,all ?is confusion arises f ! fact t laws are n habitually express$ 9 imp]ative t]ms4 ,ev5 9 a mature sy/em l t ( ,engl& ! great bulk ( legal rules is hidd5 "u =ms :i* disguise _! imp]ative quality4 ,!y appe> z pr9ciples1 maxims1 propositions ( fact1 g5]alizations1 po9ts ( plead+ & proc$ure1 & s =?4 ,ev5 9 ! /atutes ! imp]ative =m is n uni=mly obs]v$4 ,x might be said t ! m mature a legal sy/em is ! less d its individual rules take ! =m ( comm&s4 ,! great] portion ( ,roman law is express$ 9 t]ms :i* w\ld n misbecome sci5tific or speculative treatises4 ,! in/itutional works ab\nd 9 propositions :i* h no legal significance at all1 b :i* are n di/+ui%$ f ! true law 9 :i* !y are emb$d$ by any diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( expression4 ,ass]tions ab\t matt]s ( hi/ory1 dubi\s speculations 9 philology1 & reflections on human conduct are mix$ up 9 ! same n>rative ) g5u9e rules ( law4 ,words ( description are us$1 n words ( comm&1 & rules ( law assimilate !mselves 9 =m to ! extrane\s matt] ) :i* !y are mix$ up4 ,x has be5 said t ,au/9 himself admitt$ to "s ext5t ! =ce ( ^! objections4 ,he includes among laws :i* are n imp]ative decl>atory laws1 or laws expla9+ ! import ( exi/+ positive law1 & laws abrogat+ or repeal+ exi/+ positive law4 ,he ?us associates !m ) rules ( positive morality & ) laws :i* are only metaphorically s call$4 ,?is collocation is un=tunate & out ( keep+ ) ,au/9's me?od4 ,decl>atory & repeal+ laws are z completely unlike positive morality & metaphorical laws z are ! laws :i* he describes z prop]ly s call$4 ,& if we avoid ! error ( treat+ ea* sep>ate proposition enunciat$ by ! lawgiv] z a law1 ! cases 9 "q ne$ give u no tr\ble4 ,read ! decl>atory & ! repeal+ /atutes along ) ! pr9cipal laws :i* !y affect1 & ! result is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! proposition t all law is to be resolv$ into a species ( comm&4 ,9 ! "o case we h 9 ! pr9cipal tak5 toge!r ) ! int]pretative /atute a law1 & :e!r x diff]s or n f ! law z x exi/$ be=e ! int]pretative /atute 0 pass$ makes no diff]5ce to ! true "* ( ! latt]4 ,x contributes along ) ! =m] to ! expression ( a comm& :i* is a true law4 ,9 ! same way repeal+ /atutes are to be tak5 toge!r ) ! laws :i* !y repeal--! result be+ t !re is no law1 no comm&1 at all4 ,x is :olly unnecess>y to class !m z laws :i* are n truly imp]ative1 or z exceptions to ! rule t laws are a species ( comm&s4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two s5t5ces 9 :i* ! lawgiv] has express$ himself1 yields ! result ( sil5ce--abs5ce ( law--:i* is 9 no way incompatible ) ! ass]tion t a law1 :5 x exi/s1 is a k9d ( comm&4 ,au/9's !ory does n logically require u to treat e act ( p>liam5t z be+ a complete law 9 itself1 & !re=e to set aside a c]ta9 numb] ( acts ( p>liam5t z be+ exceptions to ! great g5]alization :i* is ! basis ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,rules ( proc$ure aga9 h be5 alleg$ to con/itute ano!r exception4 ,!y _c1 x is said1 be reg>d$ z comm&s involv+ puni%m5t if !y be disobey$4 ,nor is any?+ ga9$ by consid]+ !m z comm&s address$ to ! judge & o!r m9i/]s ( ! law4 ,!re may be no d\bt 9 ! law ( proc$ure a great deal t is resolvable into law 9 ?is s5se1 b ! great bulk ( x is to be reg>d$ l ! rules ( int]pretation z ent]+ into ! sub/antive comm&s :i* are laws4 ,!y are descriptions ( ! sanction & its mode ( work+4 ,! b>e prohibition ( murd] )\t any p5alty to en=ce x w\ld n be a law4 ,to prohibit x "u p5alty ( dea? implies a ref]5ce to ! :ole ma*9]y ( crim9al ju/ice by :i* ! p5alty is en=c$4 ,tak5 by !mselves ! rules ( proc$ure are n1 any m ?an canons ( int]pretation1 complete laws 9 ,au/9's s5se ( ! t]m4 ,b !y =m "p ( ! complete expression ( true laws4 ,!y imply a comm&1 & !y describe ! sanction & ! mode 9 :i* x op]ates4 ,a m =midable criticism ( ,au/9's position is t :i* attacks ! def9ition ( sov]eignty4 ,!re are c\ntries1 x is said1 :]e ! sov]eign au?ority _c by any /ret* ( language be said to comm& ! laws1 & yet :]e law manife/ly exi/s4 ,! able/ & ! mo/ mod]ate /atem5t ( ?is view is giv5 by ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 9 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 p4 #chj3-- ,x is f no special love ( ,indian examples t ,i take "o f ,india1 b because x happ5s to be ! mo/ mod]n prec$5t 9 po9t4 ,my in/ance is ! ,indian prov9ce call$ ! ,punjaub1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,five ,riv]s1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 = ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e its annexation to ! ,briti% ,indian ,empire4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh e conceivable phase ( an>*y & dormant an>*y1 x fell "u ! tol]ably consolidat$ dom9ion ( a half-milit>y half-religi\s olig>*y kn[n z ! ,sikhs4 ,! ,sikhs !mselves 7 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to subjection by a s+le *iefta9 belong+ to _! ord]1 ,runjeet ,s+h4 ,at fir/ sight !re c\ld be no m p]fect embodim5t ?an ,runjeet ,s+h ( sov]eignty z conceiv$ by ,au/94 ,he 0 absolutely despotic4 ,except occasionally on 8 wild fronti] he kept ! mo/ p]fect ord]4 ,he c\ld h comm&$ any?+2 ! smalle/ disob$i5ce to 8 comm&s w\ld h be5 foll[$ by dea? or mutilation2 & ?is 0 p]fectly well kn[n to ! enorm\s majority ( 8 subjects4 ,yet ,i d\bt :e!r once 9 all 8 life he issu$ a comm& :i* ,au/9 w\ld call a law4 ,he took z 8 rev5ue a prodigi\s %>e ( ! produce ( ! soil4 ,he h>ri$ villages :i* recalcitrat$ at 8 exactions1 & he execut$ great numb]s ( m54 ,he levi$ great armies2 he _h all mat]ial ( p[]1 & he ex]cis$ x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,b he nev] made a law4 ,! rules :i* regulat$ ! lives ( 8 subjects 7 d]iv$ f _! immemorial usages1 & ^? rules 7 adm9i/]$ by dome/ic tribunals 9 families or village communities--t is1 9 gr\ps no l>g] or little l>g] ?an ^? to :i* ! application ( ,au/9's pr9ciples _c be effect$ on 8 own admission )\t absurdity4 ,s f> z ! m]e size ( ! community is conc]n$1 !re is no difficulty 9 apply+ ! ,au/9ian !ory4 ,9 po/ulat+ a consid]ably num]\s community ,au/9 0 ?9k+ evid5tly ( small isolat$ gr\ps :i* c\ld n )\t provok+ a s5se ( ! ridicul\s be t]m$ nations4 ,two or ?ree families1 let u suppose1 occupy+ a small isl&1 totally disconnect$ ) any great p[]1 w\ld n claim to be & w\ld n be treat$ z an indep5d5t political community4 ,b x does n foll[ t ,au/9 w\ld h reg>d$ ! village communities spok5 ( by ,ma9e 9 ! same light4 ,"h we h a great community1 consi/+ ( a va/ numb] ( small communities1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & disconnect$ ) all ! o!rs1 s f> z ! adm9i/ration ( any?+ l law is conc]n$4 ,suppose 9 ea* case t ! headman or c\ncil takes 8 ord]s f ,runjeet ,s+h1 & en=ces !m1 ea* 9 8 own sph]e1 rely+ z ! la/ resort on ! =ce at ! disposal ( ! suz]a94 ,! m]e size ( ! sep>ate communities w\ld make no sort ( diff]5ce to ,au/9's !ory4 ,he w\ld probably reg>d ! empire ( ,runjeet ,s+h z divid$ into small di/ricts--an assumption :i* inv]ts no d\bt ! true hi/orical ord]1 ! small] gr\p be+ g5]ally m anci5t ?an ! l>g]4 ,b provid$ t ! o!r conditions prevail1 ! m]e fact t ! law is adm9i/]$ by local tribunals = m9ute areas %\ld make no diff]5ce to ! !ory4 ,! case describ$ by ,ma9e is t ( ! und\bt$ possession ( supreme p[] by a sov]eign1 c\pl$ ) ! total abs5ce ( any attempt on 8 "p to orig9ate a law4 ,t no d\bt is1 z we are told by ! same au?ority1 ! type ( all ,ori5tal communities 9 _! native /ate dur+ _! r>e int]vals ( peace & ord]4 ,! empire 0 9 ! ma9 9 ea* case a tax-ga!r+ empire4 ,! unalt]able law ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians 0 n a law at all b an occasional comm&4 ,s aga9 ,ma9e puts 8 position cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! ,a!nian assembly made true laws = resid5ts on ,attic t]ritory1 b ! dom9ion ( ,a!ns ov] h] subject cities & isl&s 0 cle>ly a tax-tak+ z di/+ui%$ f a legislat+ empire4 ,ma9e1 x w be obs]v$1 does n say t ! sov]eign assembly did n comm& ! laws 9 ! subject isl&s--only t x did n legislate4 ,9 ! same category may be plac$ )\t mu* sub/antial diff]5ce all ! societies t h ev] exi/$ on ! face ( ! e>? previ\s to ! po9t at :i* legislation becomes active4 ,ma9e is und\bt$ly "r 9 connect+ ! !ories ( ,b5?am & ,au/9 ) ! ov]:elm+ activity ( legislatures 9 mod]n times4 ,& =mal legislation1 z he else:]e %[s1 comes late 9 ! hi/ory ( mo/ legal sy/ems4 ,law is g5]at$ 9 o!r ways1 :i* seem irreconcilable ) any?+ l legislation4 ,n only ! tax-ga!r+ emp]ors ( ! ,ea/1 indiff]5t to ! condition ( _! subjects1 b ev5 actively b5evol5t gov]nm5ts h up to a c]ta9 po9t left ! law to gr[ by o!r means ?an =mal enactm5ts4 ,:at is ex facie m oppos$ to ! idea ( a sov]eign's comm&s ?an ! conception ( s*ools ( law8 ,does x n /+ u ) a s5se ( ! ridicul\s to he> pr9ciples :i* are ! outcome ( long debates betwe5 ,proculians & ,sab9ians describ$ z comm&s ( ! emp]or8 ,h[ is sect>ianism 9 law possible if ! sov]eign's comm& is really all t is meant by a law8 ,no m5tal attitude is m common ?an t :i* reg>ds law z a natural product--discov]able by a dilig5t inve/igator1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! facts ( sci5ce or ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics4 ,! introductory portions ( ,ju/9ian's ,in/itutes are c]ta9ly writt5 f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* may also be describ$ )\t mu* unfairness z ! po9t ( view ( ,g]man jurisprud5ce4 ,& yet ! ,engli% juri/ :o accepts ,au/9's po/ulate z true = ! ,engli% sy/em ( our own day w\ld h no difficulty 9 apply+ x to ,g]man or ,roman law g5]at$ "u ! influ5ce ( su* ideas z ^!4 ,aga91 ref]r+ to ! in/ance ( ,runjeet ,s+h1 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e says no d\bt rightly t he nev] did or c\ld h dream$ ( *ang+ ! civil rules "u :i* 8 subjects liv$4 ,probably he 0 z /rong a believ] 9 ! indep5d5t obligatory =ce ( su* rules z ! eld]s !mselves :o appli$ !m4 ,t too might be said ) tru? ( /ates to :i* ! application ( ,au/9's sy/em w\ld be f> f difficult4 ,! sov]eign body or p]son en=c+ ! rules by all ! ord9>y me?ods ( ju/ice might conceivably believe t ! rules :i* he en=c$ _h an obligatory au?ority ( _! own1 j z mo/ lawy]s at "o "t1 & possibly "s lawy]s n[1 believe 9 ! natural obligator9ess1 indep5d5tly ( c\rts or p>liam5ts1 ( portions ( ! law ( ,engl&4 ,b nev]!less1 :atev] ideas ! sov]eign or 8 delegates might ent]ta9 z to ! indep5d5t obligatory =ce ( ! rules :i* !y en=ce1 ! fact t !y d en=ce !m di/+ui%es !m f all o!r rules4 ,au/9 seizes ^u ?is peculi>ity & fixes x z ! det]m9+ *>act]i/ic ( positive law4 ,:5 ! rule is en=c$ by a sov]eign au?ority z he def9es x1 x is 8 comm&1 ev5 if he %\ld nev] s reg>d x himself1 or %\ld suppose himself to be unable to alt] x 9 a s+le p>ticul>4 ,x may be in/ructive to add to ^! examples ( dubi\s cases "o tak5 f :at is call$ ecclesia/ical law4 ,9 s f> z ?is has n be5 adopt$ & en=c$ by ! /ate1 x w\ld1 on ,au/9's !ory1 be1 n positive law1 b ei!r positive morality or possibly a portion ( ! ,div9e law4 ,no juri/ w\ld d5y t !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 s mu* ( ecclesia/ical law z is adopt$ by ! /ate & all ! re/ ( x1 & t = sci5tific purposes ?is di/9ction ought to be recogniz$4 ,h[ ne> ?is k9d ( law approa*es to ! positive or political law may be se5 f ! sanctions on :i* x dep5d$4 ,! !ory ( p5it5tial discipl9e 0 ?is3 t ! *ur* 0 an organiz$ body ) an outw>d & visible =m ( gov]nm5t2 t all :o 7 outside h] b\nd>ies 7 outside ! means ( div9e grace2 t %e _h a comm& laid ^u h]1 & au?ority giv5 to h]1 to ga!r m5 into h] fell[%ip by ! c]emony ( baptism1 b1 z "s ( ^? :o 7 admitt$ prov$ unwor?y ( _! call+1 %e also _h ! "r by ! p[] ( ! keys to deprive !m tempor>ily or absolutely ( ! privilege ( communion ) h]1 & on _! am5dm5t to re/ore !m once m to *ur* memb]%ip4 ,on ?is p[] ( exclusion & re/oration 0 f\nd$ ! sy/em ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,x 0 a purely spiritual jurisdiction4 ,x obta9$ its hold ov] ! m9ds ( m5 f ! belief1 univ]sal 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* ( ! e>ly ages1 t he :o 0 expell$ f h] pale 0 expell$ also f ! way ( salvation1 & t ! s5t5ce :i* 0 pron\nc$ by ,god's *ur* on e>? 0 ratifi$ by ,him 9 heav54 7,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 art4 ,p5it5ce1 p4 #aehg47 ,^! laws are n ! laws ( ! juri/s1 ?\gh !y resemble !m closely 9 _m po9ts--inde$ 9 all po9ts except t ( ! sanction by :i* !y are en=c$4 ,x is a spiritual n a political sanction4 ,! =ce :i* lies beh9d !m is n t ( ! sov]eign or ! /ate4 ,:5 physical =ce is us$ to compel ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ! *ur* !y become positive laws4 ,b s long z ! belief 9 future puni%m5ts or ! fe> ( ! purely spiritual puni%m5ts ( ! *ur* is suffici5t to procure ob$i5ce to !m1 !y are to be reg>d$ z comm&s1 n by ! /ate1 b by ! *ur*4 ,t diff]5ce ,au/9 makes ess5tial4 ,9 reject+ spiritual laws f ! field ( positive law 8 example w\ld be foll[$ by juri/s :o w\ld nev]!less include o!r laws1 n ecclesia/ical 9 purpose1 b en=c$ by v simil> me?ods4 ,au/9's !ory 9 ! end comes to ?is1 t true laws are 9 all cases obey$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! application ( regulat$ physical =ce by "s portion ( ! community4 ,t is a fair p>aphrase ( ! position t laws are ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign1 & is p]haps less objectionable inasmu* z x does n imply or sugge/ any?+ ab\t ! =ms 9 :i* laws are enunciat$4 ,all rules1 cu/oms1 practices & laws--or by :atev] "n ^! uni=mities ( human conduct may be call$--h ei!r ?is k9d ( =ce at _! back or !y h n4 ,is x wor? :ile to make ?is diff]5ce ! basis ( a sci5tific sy/em or n8 ,app>5tly x is4 ,if x 7 a "q ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! law ( ! law c\rts & ! laws ( fa%ion no "o w\ld hesitate4 ,:y %\ld laws or rules hav+ no support f any political au?ority be t]m$ laws positive m]ely because !re are no o!r rules 9 ! society hav+ su* support8 ,! "q may p]haps be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,au/9's def9itions are 9 /rict accordance ) ! facts ( gov]nm5t 9 civiliz$ /ates2 &1 z x is put by ,ma9e1 c]ta9 assumptions or po/ulates hav+ be5 made1 ! great majority ( ,au/9's positions foll[ z ( c\rse or by ord9>y logical process4 ,b at ! o!r extreme end ( ! scale ( civilization are societies to :i* ,au/9 himself refuses to apply 8 sy/em1 & :]e1 x w\ld be conc$$ on all sides1 !re is nei!r political community nor sov]eign nor law--none ( ! facts :i* jurisprud5ce assumes to exi/4 ,!re is an int]m$iate /age ( society 9 :i*1 :ile ! rules ( conduct might & g5]ally w\ld be spok5 ( z laws1 x is difficult to trace ! connexion betwe5 !m & ! sov]eign au?ority ^: exi/5ce is necess>y to ,au/9's sy/em4 ,are su* societies to be ?r[n out ( acc\nt 9 analytical jurisprud5ce1 or is ,au/9's sy/em to be reg>d$ z only a p>tial explanation ( ! field ( true law1 & 8 def9itions good only = ! laws ( a portion ( ! _w8 ,! true answ] to ?is "q appe>s to be t :5 ! rules 9 any giv5 case are habitually en=c$ by physical p5alties1 adm9i/]$ by a det]m9ate p]son or portion ( ! community1 !y %\ld be reg>d$ z positive laws & ! appropriate subject matt] ( jurisprud5ce4 ,rules :i* are n s en=c$1 b are en=c$ 9 any o!r way1 :e!r by :at is call$ public op9ion1 or spiritual appreh5sions1 or natural in/9ct1 are rightly exclud$ f t subject matt]4 ,9 all /ages ( society1 savage or civiliz$1 a l>ge body ( rules ( conduct1 habitually obey$1 are nev]!less n en=c$ by any /ate sanction ( any k9d4 ,au/9's me?od assimilates su* rules 9 primitive society1 :]e !y subs]ve ! same purpose z positive laws 9 an advanc$ society1 n to ! positive laws :i* !y resemble 9 purpose b to ! moral or o!r rules :i* !y resemble 9 op]ation4 ,if we refuse to accept ?is position we mu/ ab&on ! attempt to frame a g5]al def9ition ( law & its dep5d5t t]ms1 or we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) say+ t law is "o ?+ 9 "o /ate ( society & ano!r ?+ 9 ano!r4 ,on ! gr\nd ( cle>ness & conv5i5ce ,au/9's me?od is1 we believe1 sub/antially "r1 b none ! less %\ld ! /ud5t ( jurisprud5ce be on 8 gu>d aga9/ su* assumptions z t legislation is a univ]sal ph5om5on1 or t ! relation ( sov]eign & subject is disc]nible 9 all /ates ( human society4 ,& a c>eful exam9ation ( ,ma9e's criticism w %[ t x is devot$ n s mu* to a rectification ( ,au/9's position z to correction ( ! misconceptions into :i* "s ( 8 disciples may h fall54 ,x is a misconception ( ! analysis to suppose t x involves a diff]5ce 9 juridical "* betwe5 cu/om n yet recogniz$ by any judicial decision & cu/om aft] su* recognition4 ,!re is no su* diff]5ce except 9 ! case ( :at is prop]ly call$ judicial legislation--:]e9 an absolutely new rule is add$ = ! fir/ "t to ! law4 ,! recognition ( a cu/om or law is n necess>ily ! beg9n+ ( ! cu/om or law4 ,:]e a cu/om possesses ! m>ks by :i* its legality is det]m9$ accord+ to well und]/ood pr9ciples1 ! c\rts pron\nce x to h be5 law at ! "t ( ! happ5+ ( ! facts z to :i* _! jurisdiction is invok$4 ,! fact t no previ\s in/ance ( its recognition by a c\rt ( ju/ice c be produc$ is n mat]ial4 ,a lawy] be=e any su* decision 0 giv5 w\ld nev]!less pron\nce ! cu/om to be law--) m or less hesitation accord+ z ! m>ks ( a legal cu/om 7 obvi\s or n4 ,! "* ( ! cu/om is n *ang$ :5 x is = ! fir/ "t en=c$ by a c\rt ( ju/ice1 & h5ce ! language us$ by ,ma9e mu/ be und]/ood 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,until cu/oms are en=c$ by c\rts ( ju/ice--s he puts ! position ( ,au/9--!y are m]ely positive morality1 rules en=c$ by op9ion2 b z soon z c\rts ( ju/ice en=ce !m !y become comm&s ( ! sov]eign1 convey$ ?r\gh ! judges :o are 8 delegates or deputies4 ,?is proposition1 on ,au/9's !ory1 w\ld only be true ( cu/oms z to :i* ^! m>ks 7 abs5t4 ,x is ( c\rse true t :5 a rule en=c$ only by op9ion becomes = ! fir/ "t en=ceable by a c\rt ( ju/ice--:i* is ! same ?+ z ! fir/ "t ( its be+ actually en=c$--its juridical "* is *ang$4 ,x 0 positive morality2 x is n[ law4 ,s x is :5 t :i* 0 be=e ! op9ion ( ! judge only becomes by 8 decision a rule en=ceable by c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,x 0 n ev5 positive morality b ! op9ion ( an individual2 x is n[ law4 ,! mo/ difficult ( ! common t]ms ( law to def9e is "r2 &1 z "r r ?an duty is ! basis ( classification1 x is a po9t ( "s importance4 ,assum+ ! tru? ( ! analysis above discuss$1 we may g on to say t 9 ! notion ( law is involv$ an obligation on ! "p ( "s "o1 or on ! "p ( e "o1 to d or =be> f do+4 ,t obligation is duty2 :at is "r8 ,dropp+ ! negative ( =be>ance1 & tak+ duty to mean an obligation to d some?+1 ) ! alt]native ( puni%m5t 9 default1 we f9d t duties are ( two k9ds4 ,! ?+ to be done may h exclusive ref]5ce to a det]m9ate p]son or class ( p]sons1 on ^: motion or compla9t ! sov]eign p[] w execute ! puni%m5t or sanction on del9qu5ts2 or x may h no su* ref]5ce1 ! ?+ be+ comm&$1 & ! puni%m5t foll[+ on disob$i5ce1 )\t ref]5ce to ! wi% or compla9t ( individuals4 ,! la/ are absolute duties1 & ! omission to d1 or =be> f do+1 ! ?+ specifi$ 9 ! comm& is 9 g5]al :at is meant by a crime4 ,! o!rs are relative duties1 ea* ( !m imply+ & relat+ to a "r 9 "s "o else4 ,a p]son has a "r :o may 9 ?is way set 9 op]ation ! sanction provid$ by ! /ate4 ,9 common ?\ght & spee*1 h[ev]1 "r appe>s z some?+ a good deal m positive & def9ite ?an ?is--z a p[] or faculty resid+ 9 individuals1 & sugge/+ n s mu* ! relative obligation z ! advantage or enjoym5t secur$ !reby to ! p]son hav+ ! "r4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 a valuable criticism ( ,au/91 sugge/s t ! def9ition %\ld be s modifi$ z to introduce ! elem5t ( advantage to ! p]son ex]cis+ ! "r4 ,b x is exce$+ly difficult to frame a positive def9ition ( "r :i* %all n introduce "s t]m at lea/ z ambigu\s z ! ^w to be def9$4 ,t4 ,e4 ,holl& def9es "r 9 g5]al z a man's capacity ( influ5c+ ! acts ( ano!r by means1 n ( 8 own /r5g?1 b ( ! op9ion or ! =ce ( society4 ,direct influ5ce ex]cis$ by virtue ( "o's own /r5g?1 physical or o!rwise1 ov] ano!r's acts1 is might z di/+ui%$ f "r4 ,:5 ! indirect influ5ce is ! op9ion ( society1 we h a moral "r4 ,:5 x is ! =ce ex]cis$ by ! sov]eign1 we h a legal "r4 ,x w\ld be m easy1 no d\bt1 to pick holes 9 ?is def9ition ?an to frame a bett] "o4#b ,! di/9ction betwe5 rights available aga9/ det]m9ate p]sons & rights available aga9/ all ! _w1 jura 9 p]sonam & jura 9 rem1 is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,! phrases are borr[$ f ! classical juri/s1 :o us$ !m orig9ally to di/+ui% actions accord+ z !y 7 br\ght to en=ce a p]sonal obligation or to v9dicate rights ( prop]ty4 ,! own] ( prop]ty has a "r to ! exclusive enjoym5t !re(1 :i* avails aga9/ all & sundry1 b n aga9/ "o p]son m ?an ano!r4 ,! p>ties to a contract h rights available aga9/ ea* o!r1 & aga9/ no o!r p]sons4 ,! jus 9 rem is ! badge ( prop]ty2 ! jus 9 p]sonam is a m]e p]sonal claim4 ,t di/9ction 9 rights :i* appe>s 9 ! division ( law into ! law ( p]sons & ! law ( ?+s is ?us /at$ by ,au/94 ,!re are c]ta9 rights & duties1 ) c]ta9 capacities & incapacities1 by :i* p]sons are det]m9$ to v>i\s classes4 ,! rights1 duties1 c41 are ! condition or /atus ( ! p]son2 & "o p]son may be inve/$ ) _m /atus or conditions4 ,! law ( p]sons consi/s ( ! rights1 duties1 c41 con/itut+ conditions or /atus2 ! re/ ( ! law is ! law ( ?+s4 ,! sep>ation is a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce1 b ( conv5i5ce s great t ! di/9ction is univ]sal4 ,?us any giv5 "r may be ex]cis$ by p]sons belong+ to innum]able classes4 ,! p]son :o has ! "r may be "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 may h be5 born 9 a =eign /ate1 may h be5 convict$ ( crime1 may be a native ( a p>ticul> c\nty1 or a memb] ( a p>ticul> pr(ession or trade1 c42 & x might v well happ51 ) ref]5ce to any giv5 "r1 t1 :ile p]sons 9 g5]al1 "u ! circum/ances ( ! case1 w\ld enjoy x 9 ! same way1 a p]son belong+ to any "o ( ^! classes w\ld n4 ,if belong+ to any "o ( ^? classes makes a diff]5ce n to "o "r m]ely b to _m1 ! class may conv5i5tly be ab/ract$1 & ! v>iations 9 rights & duties dep5d5t !reon may be sep>ately treat$ "u ! law ( p]sons4 ,! p]sonality recogniz$ 9 ! law ( p]sons is su* z modifies indef9itely ! legal relations into :i* ! individual clo!d ) ! p]sonality may ent]4 ,t4 ,e4 ,holl& disapproves ( ! prom95ce giv5 by ,au/9 to ?is di/9ction1 in/ead ( t betwe5 public & private law4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,holl&1 is bas$ on ! public or private "* ( ! p]sons ) :om ! "r is connect$1 public p]sons be+ ! /ate or its delegates4 ,au/91 hold+ t ! /ate _c be said to h legal rights or duties1 recognizes no su* di/9ction4 ,! t]m public law he conf9es /rictly to t portion ( ! law :i* is conc]n$ ) political conditions1 & :i* ought n to be oppos$ to ! re/ ( ! law1 b ought to be ins]t$ 9 ! law ( p]sons z "o ( ! limbs or memb]s ( t supplem5tal dep>tm5t4 ,la/ly1 foll[+ ,au/91 ! ma9 division ( ! law ( ?+s is into 7#a7 prim>y rights ) prim>y relative duties1 7#b7 sanction+ rights ) sanction+ duties 7relative or absolute74 ,! =m] exi/1 z x has be5 put1 = _! own sake1 ! latt] = ! sake ( ! =m]4 ,rights & duties arise f facts & ev5ts2 & facts or ev5ts :i* are violations ( rights & duties are delicts or injuries4 ,rights & duties :i* arise f delicts are rem$ial or sanction+1 _! object be+ to prev5t ! violation ( rights :i* d n arise f delicts4 ,!re is mu* to be said = ,fr$]ic ,h>rison's view 7fir/ express$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 xxxi471 t ! re>rangem5t ( ,engli% law on ! basis ( a sci5tific classification1 :e!r ,au/9's or any o!r1 w\ld n result 9 advantages at all comp5sat+ = its difficulties4 ,if any?+ l a real code 7 to be attempt$1 ! sci5tific classification w\ld be ! be/2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( t1 & inde$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any habit on ! "p ( ,engli% lawy]s ( /udy+ ! sy/em z a :ole1 ! arrangem5t ( facts does n v mu* matt]4 ,x is ess5tial1 h[ev]1 to ! ab/ract /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( law4 ,sci5tific arrangem5t might also be obs]v$ ) advantage 9 treatises affect+ to give a view ( ! :ole law1 especially ^? :i* are meant = educational r ?an pr(essional uses4 ,z an example ( ! practical application ( a sci5tific sy/em ( classification to a complete body ( law1 we may po9t to ,w4 ,a4 ,hunt]'s elaborate ,exposition ( ,roman ,law 7#ahgf74 ,x is impossible to pres5t ! conclusions ( hi/orical jurisprud5ce 9 any?+ l ! same %ape z ^? :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,"u ! head+ ,,jurisprud5ce1 ,,comp>ative1 an acc\nt w be f\nd ( ! me?od & results ( :at is practically a new sci5ce4 ,! inquiry is 9 t /age :i* is indicat$ 9 "o way by describ+ x z a philosophy4 ,x resembles1 & is inde$ only "p (1 ! /udy :i* is describ$ z ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,its *ief int]e/ has be5 9 ! light :i* x has ?r[n ^u rules ( law & legal in/itutions :i* _h be5 & are g5]ally contemplat$ z positive facts m]ely1 )\t ref]5ce to _! hi/ory1 or h be5 associat$ hi/orically ) pr9ciples & in/itutions n really connect$ ) !m4 ,! hi/orical treatm5t ( law displaces "s v rem>kable misconceptions4 ,peculi>ities & anomalies ab\nd 9 e legal sy/em2 &1 z soon z laws become ! special /udy ( a pr(essional class1 "s mode ( expla9+ or reconcil+ !m w be resort$ to4 ,"o ( ! prehi/orical ways ( philosophiz+ ab\t law 0 to acc\nt = :at want$ explanation by "s !ory ab\t ! orig9 ( te*nical words4 ,?is impli$ "s previ\s /udy ( words & _! hi/ory1 & is an in/ance ( ! deep-seat$ & p]si/5t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to id5tify names ) ! ?+s !y repres5t4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian ab\nd 9 explanations1 f\nd$ on a suppos$ d]ivation ( "s lead+ t]m4 ,te/am5tum1 we are told1 ex eo appellatur quod te/atio m5tis e/4 ,a te/am5t 0 no d\bt1 9 effect1 a decl>ation ( int5tion on ! "p ( ! te/ator :5 ?is 0 writt54 ,b ! -m5tum is a m]e t]m9ation1 & has no?+ to d ) m5s at all4 ,! hi/ory ( te/am5ts1 :i*1 x may be not$ incid5tally1 has be5 develop$ ) conspicu\s success1 gives a totally diff]5t mean+ to ! in/itution f t :i* 0 express$ by ?is fanciful d]ivation4 ,s ! p]plex+ subject ( possessio 0 suppos$ 9 "s way to be expla9$ by ! d]ivation f pono & s$eo--quasi s$ibus positio4 ,po/humi 0 suppos$ to be a comp\nd ( po/ & humus4 ,^! examples belong to ! class ( rationaliz+ d]ivations ) :i* /ud5ts ( philosophy are famili>4 ,_! *>act]i/ic is t !y are sugge/$ by "s prom95t feature ( ! ?+ z x !n appe>$ to obs]v]s--:i* feature !reupon becomes id5tifi$ ) ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ at all times & places4 ,ano!r prehi/orical mode ( expla9+ law may be describ$ z metaphysical4 ,x conceives ( a rule or pr9ciple ( law z exi/+ by virtue ( "s m g5]al rule or pr9ciple 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,engli% law ( inh]itance1 until ! pass+ ( ! ,inh]itance ,act #ahcc1 an e/ate belong+ to a deceas$ inte/ate w\ld pass to 8 uncle or aunt1 to ! exclusion ( 8 fa!r or o!r l9eal ance/or4 ,?is anomaly f an e>ly "t excit$ ! curiosity ( lawy]s1 & ! explanation accept$ 9 ! "t ( ,bracton 0 t x 0 an example ( ! g5]al law ( nature3 ,desc5dit itaque jus quasi pond]osum quid cad5s deorsum recta l9ea vel transv]sali1 et nunquam reasc5dit ea via qua desc5dit4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! rule really results f ! associations involv$ 9 ! ^w desc5t4 ,x seems m likely1 h[ev]1 t ^! associations expla9$ r ?an t !y sugge/$ ! rule--t ! omission ( ! l9eal ance/or exi/$ 9 cu/om be=e x 0 discov]$ to be 9 h>mony ) ! law ( nature4 ,x w\ld imply m influ5ce ?an ! reason+ ( lawy]s is likely to h ex]cis$ ov] ! developm5t ( law at t "t to believe t a purely artificial inf]5ce ( ?is k9d %\ld h e/abli%$ s v rem>kable a rule4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! explanation is typical ( a way ( look+ at law :i* 0 common en\gh be=e ! dawn ( ! hi/orical me?od4 ,m9ds capable ( reason+ 9 ?is way 71 if possible1 f>!r remov$ f ! conceptions impli$ 9 ! reason+ ( ! analytical juri/s ?an !y 7 f ! hi/orical me?od itself4 ,9 ?is connexion x may be notic$ t ! great "w ( ,black/one m>ks an era 9 ! developm5t ( legal ideas 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! fir/1 z x /ill rema9s ! only1 adequate attempt to exp\nd ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! :ole body ( law1 b x 0 di/9ctly inspir$ by a rationaliz+ me?od4 ,black/one tri$ n m]ely to express b to illu/rate legal rules1 & he _h a ke5 s5se ( ! value ( hi/orical illu/rations4 ,he work$ ( c\rse ) ! mat]ials at 8 comm&4 ,8 mann] & 8 "w are obnoxi\s alike to ! mod]n juri/ & to ! mod]n hi/orian4 ,he is accus$ by ! "o ( p]v]t+ hi/ory1 & by ! o!r ( confus+ ! law4 ,b 8 s*eme is a great advance on any?+ t _h be5 attempt$ be=e2 &1 if 8 "w has be5 prolific 9 popul> fallacies1 at all ev5ts x enri*$ ,engli% lit]ature by a conspectus ( ! law1 9 :i* ! logical connexion ( its pr9ciples int] se1 & its relations to hi/orical facts1 7 di/9ctly if errone\sly recogniz$4 ,:ile ! hi/orical me?od has sup]s$$ ! v]bal & metaphysical explanation ( legal pr9ciples1 x _h app>5tly1 9 "s cases1 come into conflict ) ! conclusions ( ! analytical s*ool4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems comes out mo/ conspicu\sly 9 relation to cu/oms4 ,!re is an unavoidable break 9 ! analytical me?od betwe5 societies 9 :i* rules are back$ by regulat$ physical =ce & ^? 9 :i* no su* =ce exi/s4 ,at :at po9t 9 its developm5t a giv5 society passes into ! condition ( an indep5d5t political society x may n be easy to det]m9e1 = ! evid5ce is obscure & conflict+4 ,to ! hi/orical juri/ !re is no su* brea*4 ,! rule :i* 9 "o /age ( society is a law1 9 ano!r m]ely a rule ( positive morality1 is ! same ?+ to him ?r\gh\t4 ,by ! ,iri% ,l& ,act #ahha ! ,ul/] cu/om ( t5ant-"r & o!r analog\s cu/oms 7 legaliz$4 ,= ! purposes ( analytical jurisprud5ce !re is no ne$ to g beyond ! act ( p>liam5t4 ,! laws kn[n z ! ,ul/] cu/om are laws solely 9 virtue ( ! sov]eign gov]nm5t4 ,betwe5 ! law z x n[ is & ! cu/om z x exi/$ be=e ! act !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,to ! hi/orical juri/ no su* sep>ation is possible4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! law w\ld n only be incomplete )\t embrac+ ! prec$5t cu/om1 b ! act :i* made ! cu/om law is only "o ( ! facts1 & by no means ! mo/ significant or important1 9 ! hi/ory ( its developm5t4 ,an exactly p>allel case is ! legalization 9 ,engl& ( t cu/om>y t5ant-"r kn[n z copyhold4 ,x is to ! hi/orical juri/ exactly ! same ?+ z ! legalization ( ! ,ul/] t5ant "r4 ,9 ! "o case a practice 0 made law by =mal legislation1 & 9 ! o!r )\t =mal legislation4 ,& !re c be v little d\bt t 9 an e>li] /age ( society1 :5 =mal legislation _h n become ! rule1 ! cu/om w\ld h be5 legaliz$ relatively mu* soon] ?an x actually 04 ,cu/oms !n are ! same ?+ z laws to ! hi/orical juri/1 & 8 bus9ess is to trace ! influ5ces "u :i* !y h gr[n up1 fl\ri%$ & decay$1 _! dep5d5ce on ! intellectual & moral conditions ( society at diff]5t times1 & _! reaction ^u !m4 ,! recogniz$ sci5ce--& su* x may n[ be consid]$ to be--) :i* hi/orical1 or m prop]ly comp>ative1 jurisprud5ce has mo/ analogy is ! sci5ce ( language4 ,laws & cu/oms are to ! "o :at words are to ! o!r1 & ea* sep>ate municipal sy/em has its analogue 9 a language4 ,legal sy/ems are relat$ toge!r l languages & dialects1 & ! inve/igation 9 bo? cases br+s u back at la/ to ! meagre & obscure records ( savage cu/om & spee*4 ,a great ma/] ( ! sci5ce ( language 7,max ,mll]7 has inde$ di/+ui%$ x f jurisprud5ce1 z belong+ to a totally diff]5t class ( sci5ces4 ,x is p]fectly true1 he says1 t if language be ! "w ( man 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* a /atue1 or a temple1 or a poem1 or a law are prop]ly call$ ! works ( man1 ! sci5ce ( language w\ld h to be class$ z an hi/orical sci5ce4 ,we %\ld h a hi/ory ( language z we h a hi/ory ( art1 ( poetry & ( jurisprud5ce2 b we c\ld n claim = x a place side by side ) ! v>i\s bran*es ( natural hi/ory4 ,:atev] be ! prop] position ( ei!r philology or jurisprud5ce 9 relation to ! natural sci5ces1 x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t laws & cu/oms on ! :ole are equally indep5d5t ( ! ef=ts ( individual human wills--:i* appe>s to be :at is meant by language n be+ ! "w ( man4 ,! mo/ complete acceptance ( ,au/9's !ory t law ev]y:]e & always is ! comm& ( ! sov]eign does n involve any )drawal ( laws f ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce1 does n 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) ! sci5tific /udy ( _! aff9ities & relation%ips4 ,max ,mll] else:]e illu/rates 8 conception ( ! diff]5t relations ( words & laws to ! individual w by ! /ory ( ! emp]or ,tib]ius1 :o 0 reprov$ = a grammatical mi/ake by ,m>cellus1 :]eupon ,capito1 ano!r gramm>ian1 obs]v$ t1 if :at ! emp]or said 0 n good ,lat91 x w\ld soon be s4 ,capito1 said ,m>cellus1 is a li>2 =1 ,caes>1 ?\ can/ give ! ,roman citiz5%ip to m51 b n to words4 ,! m]e impulse ( a s+le m9d1 ev5 t ( a ,roman emp]or1 h[ev]1 probably c\nts = little m 9 law ?an x does 9 language4 ,ev5 9 language "o p[]ful intellect or "o influ5tial academy may1 by its own decree1 give a b5t to modes ( spee* :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise h tak54 ,b :e!r law or language be conv5tional or natural is really an obsolete "q1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/orical & natural sci5ces 9 ! la/ result is "o ( names4 ,! application ( ! hi/orical me?od to law has n result$ 9 any?+ l ! discov]ies :i* h made comp>ative philology a sci5ce4 ,!re is no ,grimm's law = jurisprud5ce2 b some?+ has be5 done 9 t direction by ! discov]y ( ! analog\s processes & pr9ciples :i* und]lie legal sy/ems hav+ no ext]nal resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,b ! hi/orical me?od has be5 appli$ ) special success to a s+le sy/em--! ,roman law4 ,! ,roman law pres5ts itself to ! hi/orical /ud5t 9 two diff]5t aspects4 ,x is1 reg>d$ z ! law ( ! ,roman ,republic & ,empire1 a sy/em ^: hi/ory c be trac$ ?r\gh\t a great "p ( its duration ) c]ta9ty1 & 9 p>ts ) great detail4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a body ( rationaliz$ legal pr9ciples :i* may be consid]$ ap>t f ! /ate sy/em 9 :i* !y 7 develop$1 & :i* h1 9 fact1 ent]$ into ! jurisprud5ce ( ! :ole ( mod]n ,europe on ! /r5g? ( _! own ab/ract au?ority--s mu* s t ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! civil law1 aft] ! fall ( ! ,empire1 is entitl$ to be consid]$ "o ( ! fir/ discov]ies ( ! hi/orical me?od4 ,alike1 !re=e1 9 its orig9al hi/ory1 z ! law ( ! ,roman /ate1 & z ! s\rce f :i* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n laws h be5 tak51 ! ,roman law pres5t$ ! mo/ obvi\s & attractive subject ( hi/orical /udy4 ,an imm5se impulse 0 giv5 to ! hi/ory ( ,roman law by ! discov]y ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,gaius 9 #ahaf4 ,a complete view ( ,roman law1 z x exi/$ ?ree c5turies & a half be=e ,ju/9ian1 0 !n obta9$1 & z ! lat] ,in/itutes 71 9 po9t ( =m1 a rec5sion ( ^? ( ,gaius1 ! comp>ison ( ! two /ages 9 legal hi/ory 0 at once easy & fruitful4 ,moreov]1 ,gaius dealt ) antiquities ( ! law :i* _h become obsolete 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 & 7 pass$ ov] by him )\t notice4 ,n[h]e did ,roman law 9 its mod]n aspect give a /rong] impulse to ! /udy ( legal hi/ory ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,! hi/orical s*ool ( ,g]man juri/s l$ ! reaction ( national s5tim5t aga9/ ! proposals = a g5]al code made by ,?ibaut4 ,!y 7 accus$ by _! oppon5ts ( sett+ up ! law ( pa/ times z intr9sically entitl$ to be obs]v$1 & !y 7 no d\bt /rongly inspir$ by rev]5ce = cu/oms & traditions4 ,?r\gh ! exam9ation ( _! own cu/om>y laws1 & ?r\gh ! elim9ation & sep>ate /udy ( ! ,roman elem5t !re91 !y 7 l$ to =m g5]al views ( ! hi/ory ( legal pr9ciples4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,savigny1 ! greate/ ma/] ( ! s*ool1 ! hi/orical !ory 0 develop$ into a univ]sal philosophy ( law1 cov]+ ! gr\nd :i* we %\ld assign sep>ately to jurisprud5ce1 analytical & hi/orical1 & to !ories ( legislation4 ,!re is n 9 ,savigny's sy/em ! fa9te/ approa* to ! ,au/9ian analysis4 ,! range ( x is n ! analysis ( law z a comm&1 b t ( a ,re*tsv]hltniss or legal relation4 ,f> f reg>d+ law z ! creation ( ! w ( individuals1 he ma9ta9s x to be ! natural outcome ( ! consci\sness ( ! p1 l _! social habits or _! language4 ,& he assimilates *anges 9 law to *anges 9 language4 ,z 9 ! life ( individual m5 no mom5t ( complete /illness is exp]i5c$1 b a con/ant organic developm5t1 su* also is ! case 9 ! life ( nations1 & 9 e individual elem5t 9 :i* ?is collective life consi/s2 s we f9d 9 language a con/ant =mation & developm5t1 & 9 ! same way 9 law4 ,g]man jurisprud5ce is d>k5$ by metaphysical ?\ght1 & weak5$1 z we believe1 by defective analysis ( positive law4 ,b its conception ( laws is exce$+ly fav\rable to ! gr[? ( a hi/orical philosophy1 ! results ( :i* h a value ( _! own1 ap>t altoge!r f ! "* ( ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ,savigny's fam\s exam9ation ( ! law ( possession4 ,!re is only "o o!r sy/em ( law :i* is wor?y ( be+ plac$ by ! side ( ,roman law1 & t is ! law ( ,engl&4 ,no o!r ,european sy/em c be comp>$ ) t :i* is ! orig9 & sub/ratum ( !m all2 b ,engl&1 z x happ5s1 is isolat$ 9 jurisprud5ce4 ,%e has solv$ h] legal problems = h]self4 ,:atev] elem5t ( ,roman law may exi/ 9 ! ,engli% sy/em has come 91 :e!r by consci\s adaptation or o!rwise1 ab extra2 x is n ( ! ess5ce ( ! sy/em1 nor does x =m a l>ge portion ( ! sy/em4 ,&1 :ile ,engli% law is ?us hi/orically indep5d5t ( ,roman law1 x is 9 all respects wor?y ( be+ associat$ ) x on its own m]its4 ,its orig9ality1 or1 if ! phrase be pref]r$1 its peculi>ity1 is n m rem>kable ?an ! intellectual qualities :i* h gone to its =mation--! +5uity1 ! rigid logic1 ! reasonabl5ess1 ( ! g5]ations ( lawy]s & judges :o h built x up4 ,?is may seem extravagant praise = a legal sy/em1 ! faults ( :i* are & always h be5 matt] ( daily compla9t1 b x w\ld be endors$ by all unprejudic$ /ud5ts4 ,:at m5 compla9 ( is ! practical h>d%ip & inconv5i5ce ( "s rule or process ( law4 ,!y "k1 = example1 t ! law ( real prop]ty is exce$+ly complicat$1 & t1 among o!r ?+s1 x makes ! conveyance ( l& exp5sive4 ,b ! te*nical law ( real prop]ty1 :i* re/s to ?is day on ideas t h be5 buri$ = c5turies1 has nev]!less ! qualities we h nam$4 ,s too ) ! law ( proc$ure z x exi/$ "u ! sci5ce ( special plead+4 ,! greate/ practical law re=m]1 & ! sev]e/ critic ( exi/+ sy/ems t has ev] appe>$ 9 any age or c\ntry1 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 has admitt$ ?is3 ,confus$1 indet]m9ate1 inadequate1 ill-adapt$1 & inconsi/5t z to a va/ ext5t ! provision or no provision w\ld be f\nd to be t has be5 made by x = ! v>i\s cases t h happ5$ to pres5t !mselves = decision1 yet 9 ! "* ( a repository ( su* cases x af=ds1 = ! manufactory ( real law1 a /ock ( mat]ials :i* is beyond all price4 ,trav]se ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe1 ransack all ! libr>ies belong+ to all ! jurisprud5tial sy/ems ( ! sev]al political /ates1 add ! cont5ts toge!r1 y w\ld n be able to compose a collection ( cases equal 9 v>iety1 9 amplitude1 9 cle>ness ( /atem5t--9 a ^w1 all po9ts tak5 toge!r1 9 con/ructiv5ess--to t :i* may be se5 to be af=d$ by ! collection ( ,engli% reports ( adjudg$ cases 7,b5?am's ,works1 iv4 #dfj74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =tunes ( ,engli% jurisprud5ce are n unwor?y ( comp>ison ev5 ) ! ca?olic position ( ,roman law4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,india1 & 9 ! va/ ,colonial ,empire1 ! common law ( ,engl& con/itutes mo/ ( ! legal sy/em 9 actual use1 or is gradually be+ sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,x w\ld h>dly be too mu* to say t ,engli% law ( indig5\s gr[?1 & ,roman law1 betwe5 !m gov]n ! legal relations ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,nor has ! influ5ce ( ! =m] on ! intellectual habits & ! ideas ( m5 be5 mu* if at all inf]ior4 ,^? :o set any /ore by ! analytical jurisprud5ce ( ! s*ool ( ,au/9 w be glad to ackn[l$ge t x is pure outcome ( ,engli% law4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e associat$ its rise ) ! activity ( mod]n legislatures1 :i* is ( c\rse a *>act]i/ic ( ! societies 9 :i* ,engli% laws prevail4 ,& x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ! g]ms ( ,au/9's pr9ciples are to be f\nd 9 legal writ]s :o nev] dream$ ( analys+ a law4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable1 at all ev5ts1 t ! acceptance ( ,au/9's sy/em is z yet conf9$ /rictly to ! doma9 ( ,engli% law4 ,ma9e f\nd no trace ( its be+ ev5 kn[n to ! juri/s ( ! ,cont95t1 & x w\ld appe> t x has be5 equally )\t influ5ce 9 ,scotl&1 :i*1 l ! cont95t ( ,europe1 is ess5tially ,roman 9 ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( its jurisprud5ce4 ,! sub/ance ( ! above article is repeat$ f ,pr(essor ,e4 ,rob]tson's 7,"l ,lo*ee's7 article ,law1 9 ! #i? ed4 ( ?is "w4 ,among num]\s ,engli% textbooks1 ^? specially wor? m5tion are3 ,t4 ,e4 ,holl&1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,jurisprud5ce 7#ahhj2 #aj? ed41 #aijf72 ,j4 ,au/91 ,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce 7#d? ed41 #ahgc72 ,w4 ,je?ro ,br[n1 ,! ,au/9ian ,!ory ( ,law 7#aijf72 ,sir ,f4 ,pollock1 ,a ,fir/ ,book on ,jurisprud5ce 7#ahif2 #bnd ed41 #aijd74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is appe>s to be an unnecess>y complication4 ,! sov]eign has au?oriz$ ! ma/] to set ! law1 al?\gh n compell+ him to d s1 & en=ces ! law :5 set4 ,!re seems no good reason :y ! law %\ld be call$ a rule ( positive morality at all4 #b ,9 ,engli% spee* ano!r ambiguity is happily want+ :i* 9 _m languages besets ! phrase express+ a "r4 ,! ,lat9 jus1 ! ,g]man ,re*t1 ! ,italian diritto1 & ! ,fr5* droit express1 n only a "r1 b also law 9 ! ab/ract4 ,to indicate ! di/9ction betwe5 law & a "r ! ,g]mans are !re=e oblig$ to resort to su* phrases z objectives & subjectives ,re*t1 mean+ by ! =m] law 9 ! ab/ract1 & by ! latt] a concrete "r4 ,& ,black/one1 p>aphras+ ! di/9ction drawn by ,roman law betwe5 ! jus quod ad res & ! jus quod ad p]sonas att9et1 devotes ! fir/ two volumes ( 8 ,comm5t>ies to ! ,rights ( ,p]sons & ! ,rights ( ,?+s4 ,see ,holl&'s ,elem5ts ( ,jurisprud5ce1 #aj? ed41 #gh seq4 ,,jurisprud5ce1 ,,comp>ative4 ,! object ( ?is article is to give a g5]al survey ( ! /udy ( ! evolution ( law4 ,x is n conc]n$ ) analytical jurisprud5ce z a !ory ( legal ?\ght1 or an encyclopa$ic introduction to legal tea*+4 ,jurisprud5ce 9 su* a philosophic or p$agogical s5se has c]ta9ly to reckon ) ! me?ods & results ( a comp>ative /udy ( law1 b its aims are di/9ct f ^? ( ! latt]3 x deals ) m g5]al problems4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comp>ative /udy ( law may itself be treat$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 x may be direct$ to a comp>ison ( exi/+ sy/ems ( legislation & law1 ) a view to trac+ analogies & contra/s 9 ! treatm5t ( practical problems & tak+ note ( exp$i5ts & ( possible solutions4 ,or else x may aim at discov]+ ! pr9ciples regulat+ ! developm5t ( legal sy/ems1 ) a view to expla9 ! orig9 ( in/itutions & to /udy ! conditions ( _! life4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 comp>ative jurisprud5ce resolves itself into a /udy ( home & =eign law 7cf4 ,h(mann 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr das private und ff5tli*e ,re*t d] ,geg5w>t1 #ahgh74 ,9 ! second s5se1 comp>ative jurisprud5ce is "o ( ! aspects ( s-call$ sociology1 be+ ! /udy ( social evolution 9 ! special doma9 ( law4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is1 9 sub/ance1 immat]ial :e!r ! legal ph5om5a subject$ to inve/igation are anci5t or mod]n1 are drawn f civiliz$ or f primitive communities4 ,! fact t !y are be+ obs]v$ & expla9$ z features ( social evolution *>act]izes ! inquiry & =ms ! di/9ctive attribute sep>at+ ^! /udies f k9dr$ subjects4 ,x is only natural1 h[ev]1 t e>ly p]iods & primitive conditions h attract$ inve/igators 9 ?is field m ?an rec5t developm5ts4 ,! int]e/ ( /ud5ts seems to h /ood 9 inv]se ratio to ! *ronological vic9ity ( ! facts "u consid]ation--! f>!r f ! obs]v]1 ! m sugge/ive & wor?y ( att5tion ! facts 7 f\nd to be4 ,?is peculi>ity is easily expla9$ if we take into acc\nt ! t5d5cy ( all evolution>y inve/igations to obta9 a view ( orig9s 9 ord] to foll[ up ! ?reads ( developm5t f _! initial />t+-po9t4 ,besides1 x has be5 urg$ ov] & ov] aga9 t ! simpl] ph5om5a ( anci5t & primitive society af=d m conv5i5t mat]ial = g5]alizations z to legal evolution ?an ! extremely complex legal in/itutions ( civiliz$ nations4 ,b !re is no det]m9$ l9e ( division betwe5 anci5t & mod]n comp>ative jurisprud5ce 9 s f> z bo? are aim+ at ! /udy ( legal developm5t4 ,! law ( ,islam or1 = t matt]1 ! ,g]man civil code1 may be tak5 up z a subject ( /udy q z mu* z ! code ( ,hammurabi or ! m>riage cu/oms ( ,au/ralian tribes4 ,! fact t ! comp>ative /udy ( legal evolution is *iefly repres5t$ by inve/igations ( e>ly in/itutions is !re=e a *>act]i/ic1 b n a necess>y feature 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,b x is ess5tial to ?is treatm5t t x %\ld be hi/orical & comp>ative4 ,hi/orical1 because x is only z hi/ory1 i4e4 a sequ5ce ( /ages & ev5ts1 t developm5t c be ?\ght (4 ,comp>ative1 because x is n ! casual notices ab\t "o or ! o!r *a9 ( hi/orical facts t c supply ! basis = any sci5tific induction4 ,comp>isons ( k9dr$ processes h to be made 9 ord] to arrive at any conception ( _! g5]al mean+ & sci5tific regul>ity4 ,z l+ui/ic sci5ce diff]s f philology 9 s f> z x treats ( ! g5]al evolution ( language & n ( p>ticul> languages1 ev5 s comp>ative jurisprud5ce diff]s f ! hi/ory ( law z a /udy ( g5]al legal evolution di/9ct f ! developm5t ( "o or ! o!r national bran* ( legal enactm5t4 ,ne$less to say t !re are int]m$iate %ades betwe5 ^! gr\ps1 b x is n to ^! %ades we h to att5d1 b to ! ma9 di/9ctions & divisions4 #a4 ,! idea t ! legal enactm5ts & cu/oms ( diff]5t c\ntries %\ld be comp>$ = ! purpose ( d$uc+ g5]al pr9ciples f !m is z old z political sci5ce itself4 ,x 0 realiz$ ) especial vividness 9 epo*s :5 a consid]able mat]ial ( obs]vations 0 ga!r$ f diff]5t s\rces & 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,! weal? ( v>ieties & ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 lead+ views 9 !m l$ to comp>ison & to g5]alizations bas$ on comp>ison4 ,ari/otle1 :o liv$ at ! close ( a p]iod m>k$ by ! gr[? ( free ,greek cities1 summ>iz$1 z x 71 _! political exp]i5ce 9 8 ,con/itutions & ,politics2 /ud5ts ( ^! "k t ! ,greek philosoph] _h to deal ) n only public law & political in/itutions1 b also to "s ext5t private1 crim9al law1 equity1 ! relations betwe5 law & morals1 c4 ,ano!r great attempt at comp>ative obs]vation 0 made at ! close ( ! pre-revolution>y p]iod ( mod]n ,europe4 ,montesquieu took /ock ( ! analogies & contra/s ( law 9 ! commonweal?s ( 8 "t & tri$ to %[ to :at ext5t p>ticul> enactm5ts & rules 7 dep5d5t on c]ta9 g5]al curr5ts 9 ! life ( societies--on =ms ( gov]nm5t1 on moral conditions correspond+ to ^!1 & ultimately on ! geographical facts ) :i* v>i\s nationalities & /ates h to reckon 9 _! developm5t4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 only slight beg9n+s1 g5]al =eca/s ( a com+ l9e ( ?\ght1 & ,montesquieu's rem>ks on laws & legal cu/oms read n[ almo/ z if !y 7 meant to s]ve z mat]ials = social ,utopias1 al?\gh !y 7 by no means conceiv$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t we _c help p]ceiv+ h[ fragm5t>y1 incomplete & uncritical 8 notions ( ! facts ( legal hi/ory 71 & h[ /rongly 8 ?\ght 0 bias$ by didactic consid]ations1 by ! wi% to tea* 8 contempor>ies :at politics & law %\ld be4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! #ai? c5tury to come =w>d ) connect$ & f>-rea*+ inve/igations 9 ?is field z 9 _m o!rs4 ,we are n deceiv$ by proximity & self-consci\sness :5 we affirm t comp>ative jurisprud5ce1 z und]/ood 9 ^! introductory rem>ks1 dates f ! #ai? c5tury & especially f its second half4 ,!re 7 _m reasons = su* a new dep>ture3 two ( ^! reasons h be5 especially manife/ & decisive4 ,! #ai? c5tury 0 an em95tly hi/orical & an em95tly sci5tific age4 ,9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory x may be said t x op5$ an entirely new vi/a4 ,:ile1 speak+ r\ghly1 be=e t "t hi/ory 0 conceiv$ z a n>rative ( memorable ev5ts1 m or less skilful1 m or less s5sational1 b appeal+ prim>ily to ! lit]>y s5se ( ! read]1 x became 9 ! c\rse ( ! #ai? c5tury an encyclopa$ia ( reason$ k1 a means ( und]/&+ social life by obs]v+ its ph5om5a 9 ! pa/4 ,! imm5se gr[? ( hi/orical s*ol>%ip 9 t s5se1 & ! trans=mation ( its aims1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,ap>t f ! p]sonal ef=ts ( em95t writ]s1 a great & g5]al movem5t has to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ord] to expla9 ?is rem>kable /age ( human ?\ght4 ,! hi/oric b5t ( m9d ( #ai?-c5tury ?9k]s 0 to a great ext5t ! result ( height5$ political & cultural self-consci\sness4 ,x 0 ! reflection 9 ! _w ( lett]s ( ! trem5d\s upheaval 9 ! /ates ( ,europe & ,am]ica :i* took place f ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury onw>ds4 ,z "o ( ! greate/ lead]s ( ! movem5t1 ,niebuhr1 po9t$ out1 ! fact ( be+ a witness ( su* /ruggles & cata/rophes z ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! ,napoleonic ,empire & ! national reaction aga9/ x1 taught e "o to ?9k hi/orically1 to appreciate ! importance ( hi/orical factors1 to measure ! =ce n only ( logical argum5t & moral impulse1 b also ( in/9ctive habits & traditional cu/oms4 ,x is n a matt] ( *ance t ! hi/orical s*ool ( jurisprud5ce1 ,savigny's doctr9e ( ! organic gr[? ( law1 0 =m$ & matur$ :ile ,europe collect$ its =ces aft] ! mo/ viol5t revolution>y crisis x _h ev] exp]i5c$1 & 9 mo/ intimate connexion ) ! romantic movem5t1 a movem5t animat$ by en?usia/ic belief 9 ! hi/orical1 traditional life ( social gr\ps z oppos$ to ! intellectual conceptions ( individuali/ic radicalism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! #ai? c5tury 0 a sci5tific age & especially an age ( biological sci5ce4 ,=m] p]iods--! #af? & #ag? c5turies especially--_h bequea!d to x high /&>ds ( sci5tific inve/igation1 an ev]-increas+ weight ( au?ority 9 ! direction ( an exact /udy ( natural ph5om5a & a conception ( ! _w z rul$ by laws & n by caprici\s int]f]5ce4 ,b ^! sci5tific views _h be5 *iefly appli$ 9 ! doma9 ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy & physics2 al?\gh great discov]ies _h already be5 made 9 physiology & o!r bran*es ( biology1 yet ! a*ievem5ts ( #ai?-c5tury /ud5ts 9 ?is respect f> surpass$ ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,& ! doctr9e ( trans=mation :i* came to occupy ! c5tral place 9 sci5tific ?\ght 0 em95tly fitt$ to co-ord9ate & sugge/ inve/igations ( social facts4 ,z ,f4 ,york ,p[ell put x1 ,d>w9 is ! greate/ hi/orian ( mod]n times1 & c]ta9ly an hi/orian n 9 ! s5se ( a read] ( annals1 b 9 t ( a guide 9 ! und]/&+ ( organic evolution4 ,?\gh mu* is express$ 9 ! "o "n ( ,d>w91 x is p]haps ev5 m mom5t\s z a symbol ( ! t5d5cy ( a great age ?an z a m>k ( p]sonal "w4 ,to ?is t5d5cy we are indebt$ = ! rise ( an?ropology & ( sociology1 ( ! sci5tific /udy ( man & ( ! sci5tific /udy ( society4 ,( c\rse x ought n to be disreg>d$ t ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples & me?ods to human & social facts 0 made possible by ! gr[? ( k 9 reg>d to savage & half-civiliz$ nations call$ =? by ! increas$ activity ( ,european & ,am]ican bus9ess m51 adm9i/rators & explor]s4 ,e?nography & e?nology h br\ght "s ord] into ! weal? ( mat]ials accumulat$ by g5]ations ( work]s 9 ?is direction1 & x is ) _! help t ! f>-rea*+ g5]alizations ( mod]n inquir]s z to man & society h be5 a*iev$4 #b4 ,x is n difficult to see t ! comp>ative /udy ( legal evolution f9ds its def9ite place 9 a sci5tific s*eme elaborat$ f su* po9ts ( view4 ,let u see h[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! /udy 9 "q arose & :at its progress has be54 ,! imm$iate incitem5t = ! =mation ( comp>ative jurisprud5ce 0 giv5 by ! great discov]ies ( comp>ative philology4 ,:5 ! lab\rs ( ,franz ,bopp1 ,augu/ ,s*lei*]1 ,max ,mll]1 ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney & o!rs reveal$ ! pr(\nd connexion betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,indo-,european race 9 reg>d to _! languages1 & %[$ t ! developm5t ( ^! languages proce$$ on l9es :i* might be /udi$ 9 a /rictly sci5tific mann]1 on ! basis ( comp>ative obs]vation & ) ! object ( trac+ ! uni=mities ( ! process1 x 0 natural t /ud5ts ( religion1 ( folk-lore & ( legal in/itutions took up ! same me?od & tri$ to w9 simil> results 7,sir ,h4 ,ma9e1 ,r$e lecture 9 ,village ,communities1 #crd ed474 ,x is int]e/+ to note t "o ( ! lead+ s*ol>s ( ! ,g]mani/ic revival 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,jacob ,grimm1 a compe] ( ,savigny 9 8 own l9e1 took up ) f]v5t zeal & rem>kable results n only ! sci5tific /udy ( ! ,g]man language1 b also t ( ,g]manic my?ology & popul> law4 ,8 ,re*tsalt]?m] are /ill unrivall$ z a collection ( data z to ! legal lore ( ,teutonic tribes4 ,_! basis is und\bt$ly a n>r[ "o3 !y treat ( ! v>ieties ( legal cu/om among ! cont95tal ,g]mans1 ! ,sc&9avians & ! ,g]manic tribes ( ,great ,brita91 b ! me?od ( treatm5t is already a comp>ative "o4 ,grimm takes up ! diff]5t subjects--prop]ty1 contract1 proc$ure1 succession1 crime1 c4--& exam9es !m 9 ! light ( national1 prov9cial & local cu/oms1 sometimes notic+ expressly aff9ities ) ,roman & ,greek law 7e4g4 ! subject ( imprisonm5t = debt1 ,re*tsalt]?m]1 #d? ed41 vol4 ii41 p4 #afe74 ,a broad] basis 0 tak5 up by a l+ui/ :o tri$ to trace ! primitive in/itutions & cu/oms ( ! e>ly ,aryans be=e _! sep>ation into div]s bran*es4 ,adolphe ,pictet 7,les ,orig9es indo-europennes1 i4 #ahei2 ii4 #ahfc7 _h to t\* con/antly on que/ions ( family law1 m>riage1 prop]ty1 public au?ority1 9 8 attempt to recon/ruct ! common civilization ( ! ,aryan race1 & he did s on ! /r5g? ( a comp>ative /udy ( t]ms us$ 9 ! diff]5t ,indo-,european languages4 ,he %[$1 = in/ance1 h[ ! idea ( protection 0 ! pr$om9ant elem5t 9 ! position ( ! fa!r 9 ! ,aryan h\sehold4 ,! names pt>1 pat]1 ,greek3 patr1 fa!r1 :i* recur 9 mo/ bran*es ( ! ,aryan race1 g back to a root pa-1 po9t+ to gu>dian%ip or protection4 ,?us we are l$ to consid] ! patria pote/as1 s /r+5tly =mulat$ 9 ,roman law1 z an expression ( a common ,aryan notion1 :i* 0 already 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,aryan tribes p>t$ company & w5t _! diff]5t ways4 ,descriptions ( ,aryan e>ly culture h be5 giv5 sev]al times s9ce 9 connexion ) l+ui/ic obs]vations4 ,an example is ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n's ,aryan ,h\sehold 7#ahgi74 ,fu/el de ,c\langes' fam\s volume on ! anci5t city & ,rudolf von ,jh]+'s /udies ( primitive ,indo-,european in/itutions 7,vorges*i*te d] ,indoeuroper7 />t f simil> obs]vations1 al?\gh ! fir/ ( ^! s*ol>s is *iefly int]e/$ 9 trac+ ! influ5ce ( religion on ! mat]ial arrangem5ts ( life1 :ile ! latt] draws l>gely on pr9ciples ( public & private law1 /udi$ m especially 9 ,roman antiquity4 #c4 ,! *ief "w 9 t direction has be5 a*iev$ 9 "o s5se by a ,g]man s*ol>1 ,b4 ,w4 ,lei/4 ,8 ,graeco-,roman legal hi/ory1 8 ,jus ,g5tium ( ,primitive ,aryans1 & 8 ,jus ,civile ( ,primitive ,aryans1 =m ! mo/ complete & le>n$ attempt n only to recon/itute ! fundam5tal rules ( common ,aryan law be=e ! sep>ation ( tongues & nations1 b also to trace ! influ5ce ( ?is orig9al /ock ( juridical ideas 9 ! lat] developm5t ( diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,aryan race4 ,^! ?ree books pres5t ?ree /ages ( comp>ison1 m>k$ by a successive wid5+ ( ! horizon4 ,he began 8 legal hi/ory by putt+ toge!r ! data z to ,roman & ,greek legal orig9s2 9 ! ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium ! mat]ial ( ,h9du law is n only drawn into ! range ( obs]vation1 b becomes its v c5tre2 9 ! ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile ! legal cu/oms ( ! ,z5d bran*1 ( ,celts1 ,g]mans & ,slavs1 are tak5 into acc\nt1 al?\gh ! mo/ important "p ( ! inquiry is /ill direct$ to ! comb9ation ( ,h9du1 ,greek & ,roman law4 ,9 ?is way ,lei/ builds up 8 !ories by ! comp>ative me?od1 b he re/ricts its use consci\sly & consi/5tly to a def9ite range4 ,he does n want to plunge into haphaz>d analogies1 b seeks common gr\nd be=e all ?+s 9 ord] to be able to wat* = ! appe>ance ( ramifications & to expla9 !m4 ,accord+ to 8 view comp>ison is ( use only betwe5 coh]5t l9es ( facts4 ,common orig91 n simil>ity ( features1 appe>s to him z ! fundam5tal basis = fruitful comp>ison4 ,x may be said t ,lei/'s "w is *>act]iz$ by ! attempt to draw up a cont9u\s hi/ory ( a suppos$ ar*aic common law ( ! ,aryan race r ?an to put diff]5t solutions ( k9dr$ legal problems by ! side ( ea* o!r4 ,= him ,aryan tribal organization ) its d\ble-sid$ relation%ip--cognatic & agnatic--?r\gh m5 & ?r\gh wom5--is "o1 & al?\gh he does n draw its picture z ,fu/el de ,c\langes does by ! help ( traits tak5 indiscrim9ately f ,h9du1 ,roman & ,greek mat]ial1 al?\gh he notices divisions1 degrees & v>iations1 at bottom he writes ! hi/ory ( "o set ( pr9ciples exemplifi$ & modulat$1 z x 71 9 ! six or sev5 ma9 v>ieties ( ! race4 ,ev5 s ! n9e rules ( conduct prescrib$ by ,h9du sacral law are1 accord+ to 8 view1 ! direct+ rules ( ,roman1 ,greek1 ,g]manic1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic legal cu/om--! duties 9 reg>d to gods1 p>5ts & fa!rl&1 gue/s1 p]sonal purity1 ! prohibitions aga9/ homicide1 adult]y & !ft--are v>iations ( "o & ! same religi\s1 moral & legal sy/em1 & _! orig9al unity is reflect$ & prov$ by ! unity ( legal t]m9ology itself4 ,! same lead+ idea is embodi$ 9 ! books ( ,otto ,s*rd]--,urges*i*te und ,spra*v]glei*ung 7#a/ ed41 #ahhc2 #bnd ed41 #ahij7 & ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7#aija74 ,9 ?is case we h to d n ) a juri/ b ) a l+ui/ & a /ud5t ( cultural hi/ory4 ,8 tra9+ made him especially fit to trace ! national aff9ities 9 ! data ( language1 & ! s5se ( ! intimate connexion betwe5 ! gr[? ( in/itutions on "o side1 ( words & l+ui/ic =ms on ! o!r1 und]lies all 8 inve/igations4 ,b ,s*rad] te/ifies also to ano!r p[]ful influ5ce--to t ( ,victor ,hehn1 ! au?or ( a rem>kable book on e>ly civilization1 ,kulturpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e 9 ihrem b]gang aus ,asi5 9 ,europa 7#a/ ed41 #ahgj2 #g? ed41 #aijb71 deal+ ) ! migrations ( tribes & _! modes ( acquir+ mat]ial civilization4 ,al?\gh ! l+ui/ic & ar*aeological sides naturally pr$om9ate 9 ,s*rad]'s works1 he has con/antly to consid] legal subjects1 & he /rives consci5ti\sly to obta9 a cle> & common-s5se view ( ! e>ly legal notions ( ! ,aryans4 ,speak+ ( ! ordeals1 ! wag+ ( ,god's law1 = example1 he traces ! cu/oms ( purification by fire1 wat]1 iron1 c41 to ! practice ( oa?s 7,sans4 am2 ,gr4 ,greek3 omnymi2 ,o4 ,ital4 omr fir/ gr\p2 ,o4 ,g]4 ais1 ,ir4 e? second gr\p2 ,o4 ,norse rota1 ,arm4 erdnum ,i swe> ?ird gr\p74 ,! c5tral idea ( ! ordeal is ?us %[n to be ! imprecation--,let him be curs$ ^: ass]tion is false4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! ,aryan gr\p assum$ ano!r aspect 9 ! works ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e4 ,he did n rely on l+ui/ic aff9ities1 b made great use ( ano!r elem5t ( inve/igation :i* plays h>dly any "p 9 ! books ( ! writ]s m5tion$ hi!rto4 ,8 be/ p]sonal prep>ation = ! task 0 t he _h n only taught law 9 ,engl&1 b _h come into contact ) liv+ legal cu/oms 9 ,india4 ,= him ! comp>ison betwe5 ! legal lore ( ,rome & t ( ,india did n dep5d on l+ui/ic roots or on ! philological /udy ( ! laws ( ,manu1 b 0 ! result ( recogniz+ aga9 & aga91 9 actual mod]n cu/om1 ! views1 rules & in/itutions ( :i* he _h read 9 ,gaius or 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,! s5se ( hi/orical analogy & evolution :i* _h %[n itself already 9 ! lectures on ,anci5t ,law1 :i*1 aft] all1 7 ma9ly a pres5tm5t ( ,roman legal hi/ory mapp$ out by a man ( ! _w1 av]se f p$antic disquisitions4 ,b :at appe>s z ! expression ( ,ma9e's p]sonal aptitude & intellig5t read+ 9 ,anci5t ,law gets to be ! int]pretation ( popul> legal pr9ciples by mod]n z well z by anci5t in/ances ( _! application 9 ,village ,communities1 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om4 ,! evolution ( prop]ty 9 l& out ( ar*aic collectivism1 anci5t =ms ( contract & compulsion1 rudim5t>y =ms ( feudalism & ! l1 7 treat$ 9 a new light 9 consequ5ce ( sy/ematic comp>isons ) ! conditions n only ( ,india b ( s\!rn ,slavonic nations1 m$ieval celts & ,teutons4 ,?is bread? ( view seem$ />tl+ :5 ! lectures appe>$1 & ! orig9al treatm5t ( ! subject 0 hail$ on all sides z a mo/ welcome new dep>ture 9 ! /udy ( legal cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,& yet ,ma9e set v def9ite b\nd>ies to 8 comp>ative surveys4 ,he r5\nc$ ! *ronological limitation conf9+ su* inquiries to ! doma9 ( antiqu>ies1 b he upheld ! e?nographical limitation conf9+ !m to laws ( ! same race4 ,9 8 case x 0 ! ,aryan race1 & 9 8 ,law & ,cu/om he oppos$ 9 a det]m9$ mann] ! attempts ( m d>+ /ud5ts to ext5d to ! ,aryans g5]alizations drawn f ! life ( savage tribes unconnect$ ) ! ,aryans by blood4 ,?us1 not)/&+ all div]sities 9 ! treatm5t ( p>ticul> problems1 "o lead+ me?odical pr9ciple runs ?r\gh ! works ( all ! above-m5tion$ expon5ts ( comp>ative /udy4 ,x 0 to proce$ on ! basis ( common orig9 & on ! assumption ( a c]ta9 common /ock ( language1 religion1 mat]ial culture1 & law to />t )4 ,:at ,pictet1 ,lei/1 ,s*rad]1 & ,ma9e 7 do+ = ! ,aryans1 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,rob]tson ,smi? & o!rs did 9 a less] degree = ! ,semitic race4 #d4 ,! lit]>y gr\p :i* />t$ f ! discov]ies ( comp>ative philology & hi/ory 0 met on ! way by :at may be call$ ! e?nological s*ool ( inquir]s4 ,! orig9al impetus 0 giv51 9 ?is case1 by juri/s & hi/orians :o took up ! /udy 9 ! field ( anci5t hi/ory1 b treat$ x f ! beg9n+ 9 su* a way z to break up ! subdivisions ( hi/oric races & to direct ! inquiry to a /ate ( culture be/ illu/rat$ by savage cu/oms4 ,! fir/ impulse may be said to h come f ,j4 ,j4 ,ba*(5 7,mutt]re*t1 #ahfa2 ,antiqu>is*e ,briefe1 #ahhj2 ,die ,sage von ,tanaquil74 ,all ! repres5tatives ( ,aryan antiquities are at "o 9 lay+ /ress on ! patri>*al & agnatic sy/em ( ! k9dr$s 9 ! diff]5t ,aryan nations2 ev5 ,lei/1 al?\gh dwell+ on ! importance ( cognatic ties1 looks to agnatic relation%ip = ! explanation ( milit>y organization & political au?ority4 ,& und\bt$ly1 if we argue f ! pr$om9ant facts & f ! l+ui/ic evid5ce ( p>allel t]ms1 we are l$ to assume t already be=e _! sep>ation ! ,aryans liv$ 9 a patri>*al /ate ( society4 ,n[1 ,ba*(5 discov]$ 9 ! v tradition ( classical antiquity traces ( a fundam5tally diff]5t /ate ( ?+s1 ! c5tral conception ( :i* 0 n patri>*al p[]1 b mat]nity1 relation%ip be+ trac$ ?r\gh mo!rs1 ! wife pres5t+ ! con/ant & direct+ elem5t ( ! h\sehold1 :ile ! husb& 7& p]haps sev]al husb&s7 jo9$ h] f "t to "t 9 m or less incon/ant unions4 ,su* a /ate ( society is def9itely describ$ by ,h]odotus 9 ! case ( ! ,lycians1 x is cle>ly noticeable ev5 9 lat] hi/orical times 9 ,sp>ta2 ! passage f ?is matri>*al conception to ! recognition ( ! claims ( ! fa!r is reflect$ 9 poetical fiction 9 ! fam\s ,ore/es my?1 bas$ on ! /ruggle betwe5 ! moral incitem5t :i* prompt$ ! son to av5ge 8 fa!r & ! absolute rev]5ce = ! "m requir$ by anci5t law4 ,al?\gh *iefly draw+ 8 mat]ials f classical lit]ature1 ,ba*(5 includ$ 9 8 ,antiqu>ian ,lett]s an int]e/+ /udy ( ! m>riage cu/om & sy/ems ( relation%ip ( ! ,malab> ,coa/ 9 ,india2 !y attract$ 8 att5tion by ! contra/s betwe5 diff]5t lay]s ( legal tradition--! ,brahmans liv+ 9 patri>*al ord]1 :ile ! class next to !m1 ! ,nayirs 7,nairs71 foll[ rules ( matri>*y4 ,simil> ideas 7 put =w>d 9 a m compreh5sive =m by ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan4 ,8 e>ly volume 7,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahgf7 conta9s sev]al essays publi%$ "s "t be=e t date4 ,he />ts f ! wide occurr5ce ( m>riage by capture 9 primitive societies1 & gr\ps ! tribes ( :i* we h def9ite k into endogam\s & exogam\s societies accord+ z !y take _! wives f among ! k9dr$ or outside x4 ,m>riage by capture & by pur*ase are signs ( exogamy1 connect$ ) ! cu/om 9 _m tribes ( kill+ female (fspr+4 ,! developm5t ( m>riage by capture & pur*ase is a p[]ful ag5t 9 br++ ab\t patri>*al rule1 agnatic relation%ip1 & ! =mation ( clans or g5tes1 b ! m primitive =ms ( relation%ip appe> z v>iations ( sy/ems bas$ on "m-"r4 ,^! views are support$ by e?nological obs]vations & us$ z a clue to ! hi/ory ( relation%ip & family law 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,9 fur!r contributions publi%$ aft] ,mc,lennan's dea? ^! rese>*es are supplem5t$ & develop$ 9 _m ways4 ,! peculi>ities ( exogam\s societies1 = in/ance1 are trac$ back to ! ev5 m primitive practice ( ,totemism1 ! gr\p+ ( m5 accord+ to _! conceptions ( animal wor%ip & to _! symbols4 ,mc,lennan's l9e ( inquiry 0 tak5 up 9 a v effective mann] n only by an?ropologi/s l ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor or ,a4 ,lang1 b also 9 a m special mann] by /ud5ts ( primitive family law4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant monographs 9 ?is direction is ,rob]tson ,smi?'s /udy ( ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,arabia4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ decisive influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ on ! developm5t ( ! e?nological /udy ( law by ! discov]ies ( an ,am]ican1 ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan4 ,9 8 epo*-mak+ works on ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity 7#ahfi7 & on ,anci5t ,society 7#ahgg7 he drew att5tion to ! rem>kable fact t 9 ! case ( a numb] ( tribes--! ,r$ ,indians ( ,am]ica1 ! ,au/ralian black tribes1 "s ( ! pol> races1 & sev]al ,asiatic tribes1 mo/ly ( ,turanian race--degrees ( relation%ip are reckon$ & di/+ui%$ by names1 n z ties betwe5 individuals1 b z ties betwe5 entire gr\ps1 classes or g5]ations4 ,in/ead ( a "m & a fa!r a man speaks ( fa!rs & mo!rs2 all ! individuals ( a c]ta9 gr\p are deem$ husb&s or wives ( correspond+ individuals ( ano!r gr\p2 si/]s & bro!rs h to be s\ght 9 entire g5]ations1 & n among ! desc5dants ( a def9ite & common p>5t1 & s =?4 ,!re are v>iations & types 9 ^! =ms ( organization1 & int]m$iate l9ks may be trac$ betwe5 unions ( consangu9e p--bro!rs & si/]s ( ! same blood--on ! "o h&1 & ! monogamic m>riage prevail+ n[adays1 on ! o!r2 b ! c5tral & mo/ /rik+ fact seems to be t 9 e>ly civilizations1 9 conditions :i* we %\ld attribute to savage & b>b>ian life1 m>riage appe>s z a tie1 n betwe5 s+le pairs1 b betwe5 classes1 all ! m5 ( a class be+ reg>d$ z pot5tial or actual husb&s ( ! wom5 ( a correspond+ class4 ,facts ( ?is k9d produce v peculi> & elaborate sy/ems ( relation%ip1 :i* h be5 copi\sly illu/rat$ by ,morgan 9 8 tables4 ,9 8 ,anci5t ,society he attempt$ to r$uce all ! kn[n =ms & facts ( m>riage & k9%ip arrangem5ts to a compreh5sive view ( evolution lead+ up to ! ,aryan1 ,semitic & ,uralian family1 z exhibit+ ! mo/ mod]n type ( relation%ip4 ,^! obs]vations1 9 conjunction ) ,ba*(5's & ,mc,lennan's tea*+ on "m-"r1 br\ght ab\t a complete *ange ( p]spective 9 ! comp>ative /udy ( man & society4 ,! rights ( e?nologi/s to h _! say 9 reg>d to legal1 political & social developm5t 0 =cibly illu/rat$ f bo? ends1 z x 74 ,on ! "o h&1 classical antiquity itself prov$ to be a r ?9 lay] ( human civilization h>dly suffici5t to conceal ! long p]iods ( b>b>ism & primitive evolution :i* _h gone to its mak+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unexpect$ comb9ations 9 reg>d to family1 prop]ty1 social ord]1 7 discov]$ 9 e corn] ( ! inhabit$ _w1 & our trite notions z to ! "* ( laws & in/itutions 7 r$uc$ to ! rank ( v>iations on !mes :i* recur ov] & ov] aga91 b may be & h be5 treat$ 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,!re is no ne$ to speak ( ! use made ( e?nological mat]ial 9 ! wid] range ( an?ropological & sociological /udies--! works ( ,tylor1 ,lubbock1 ,lipp]t1 ,sp5c] are 9 ev]ybody's h&s--b att5tion mu/ be call$ to ! fur!r influ5ce ( ! e?nological po9t ( view 9 comp>ative jurisprud5ce4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! passage f "o l9e ( inve/igation to ano!r1 f ! hi/orical to ! an?ropological l9e1 if ! expression may be us$ = ! sake ( brevity1 is pres5t$ 9 ! works ( "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,zeits*rift fr vgl4 ,re*tswiss5s*aft--,franz ,b]nhft4 ,he appe>s 9 8 e>li] books z an expon5t ( ! comp>ative /udy ( ,greek & ,roman antiquities1 m or less 9 ! /yle ( ,lei/4 ,l ! latt] he 0 gradually incit$ to draw ,india into ! range ( 8 obs]vations1 b unlike ,lei/1 he end$ by fully recogniz+ ! importance ( e?nological evid5ce1 & al?\gh he did n d mu* orig9al rese>* 9 t direction himself1 ! influ5ce ( ,ba*(5 & ( ! e?nologi/s made itself felt 9 ,b]nhft's treatm5t ( classical antiquity itself3 9 8 ,/ate & ,law 9 ,rome at ! ,"t ( ! ,k+s he />ts f ! view t patricians & plebeians repres5t two e?nological lay]s ( society--a patri>*al ,aryan & a matri>*al pre-,aryan "o4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! utmo/ use 0 made ( e?nological evid5ce by writ]s :o cut !mselves entirely free f ! special /udy ( classical or ,european antiquities4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! explor]s ( new t]ritory l$ !m naturally to disreg>d ! peculi> claims ( ,european developm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( high] civilization4 ,!y want$ mat]ial = a /udy ( ! g5us homo 9 all its v>ieties1 & !y _h no "t to look aft] ! m9ute que/ions ( philological & antiqu>ian rese>* :i* _h s long con/itut$ ! daily bread ( inquir]s into ! hi/ory ( laws4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic repres5tative ( ! new me?ods ( ext5sive comp>ison 0 und\bt$ly ,a4 ,h4 ,po/ 7#ahci-ahie7--! au?or ( _m works1 9 :i* he ranges ov] ! :ole doma9 ( mank9d--,hovas1 ,zulus1 ,maoris1 ,tunguses1 alt]nat+ 9 a kaleidoscopic fa%ion ) ,h9dus1 ,teutons1 ,jews1 ,egyptians4 ,! ord] ( 8 compositions is sy/ematic1 n *ronological or ev5 e?nographical 9 ! s5se ( gr\p+ k9dr$ races toge!r4 ,he takes up ! diff]5t subdivisions ( law & traces !m ?r\gh all ! v>i\s tribes :i* pres5t any data 9 reg>d to !m4 ,8 me?od is n only n b\nd by hi/ory1 x is oppos$ to x4 ,he writes3-- ,! me?od ( comp>ative e?nology is diff]5t f ! hi/orical me?od1 inasmu* z x collects ! giv5 mat]ial f an entirely di/9ct po9t ( view4 ,hi/orical inve/igation tries to get at ! causes ( ! facts ( rational life by obs]v+ ! developm5t ( ^! facts f su* z prec$$ !m )9 ! range ( sep>ate k9dr$s1 tribes & peoples4 ,! inve/igation ( comp>ative e?nology inquires aft] ! causes ( facts 9 national life by collect+ id5tical or simil> e?nological data :]ev] !y may be f\nd 9 ! _w1 & by draw+ inf]5ces f ^! mat]ials to id5tical or simil> causes4 ,?is me?od is !re=e q unhi/orical4 ,x sev]s ?+s t h be5 hi!rto reg>d$ z closely jo9$ & arranges ^! %r$s into new comb9ations 7,grundriss1 i4 #ad74 ,?is is n a m]e p>adox1 b ! necess>y outcome ( ! situation 9 respect ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,:at is be+ s\ght is n common orig9 or a common /ock ( ideas1 b rec\rse to simil> exp$i5ts 9 simil> situations1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ results ( e?nology t x c %[ h[ peoples entirely cut (f f ea* o!r & ev5 plac$ 9 v diff]5t planes ( developm5t c resort to analog\s solutions 9 analog\s em]g5cies4 ,is n ! cu/om ( ! s-call$ ,c\vade--! pret5d$ conf9em5t ( ! husb& :5 a *ild is born to 8 wife--a mo/ qua9t & seem+ly recondite c]emony8 ,yet we f9d x practis$ 9 ! same way by ,basques1 ,cali=nian ,indians1 & "s ,sib]ian tribes4 ,!y h surely n borr[$ f ea* o!r1 nor h !y kept ! c]emony z a remnant ( ! "t :5 !y =m$ "o race3 9 ea* case1 evid5tly ! passage f a matri>*al /ate to a patri>*al has sugge/$ x1 & a v appropriate me?od x seems to e/abli% ! fact ( fa!rhood 9 a solemn & graphic ?\gh artificial mann]4 ,aga91 an inscription f ! ,cretan t[n ( ,gortyn1 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology 7#bnd s]ies1 vol4 i41 #ahig7 by ,halbh]r1 tells u t ! weapons ( a w>rior1 ! wool ( a woman1 ! pl\gh ( a peasant1 c\ld n be tak5 f !m z pl$ges4 ,we f9d a simil> idea 9 ! prohibition to take f a knight 8 weapons1 f a ville9 8 pl\gh1 9 paym5t ( f9es1 :i* obta9$ 9 m$ieval ,engl& & 0 actually ins]t$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,"h also ! simil>ity ext5ds to details1 & is c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f direct borr[+ or common orig9 b f analogies ( situations translat+ !mselves into analogies ( legal ?\ght4 ,x may be said 9 a s5se t = ! e?nological s*ool ! less relation%ip !re is betwe5 ! comp>$ gr\ps ! m in/ructive ! comp>ison turns out to be4 ,! collection ( e?nological p>allels = ! use ( sociology & comp>ative jurisprud5ce has proce$$ 9 a mo/ fruitful mann]4 ,by ! side ( special monographs ab\t s+le tribes or geographical gr\ps ( tribes1 su* z ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 by ,l4 ,fison ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt 7#ahhj71 & ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,au/ralia1 by ,baldw9 ,sp5c] ,f4 ,g4 ,gill5 7#ahii71 ! :ole range ( e?nological jurisprud5ce 0 gone ?r\gh by ,wilk5 9 reg>d to ! inhabitants ( ! ,dut* possessions 9 ,asia1 by ,m4 ,m4 ,kovalevsky 9 reg>d to ,caucasians1 c4 ,z a rule ! special monographs turn$ out to be m successful ?an ! g5]al surveys1 b ! int]e/ ( ! special monographs !mselves dep5d$ p>tly on ! fact t p's eyes _h be5 op5$ to ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 widespread ph5om5a & types ( developm5t4 #e4 ,e?nologi/s ( ,po/'s s*ool h n _h x entirely _! own way1 h[ev]4 ,n only did _! natural oppon5ts1 ! philologi/s1 hi/orians & juri/s1 reproa* !m ) lack ( critical discrim9ation1 ) a t5d5cy to disreg>d fundam5tal di/9ctions1 to wipe out *>act]i/ic features1 to ?r[ ! mo/ disp>ate elem5ts into ! same pot4 ,9 _! own ranks a numb] ( consci5ti\s & sci5tifically tra9$ inve/igators prote/$ aga9/ ! haphaz>d mann] 9 :i* ! mo/ intricate problems 7 treat$1 & s\ght to evolve m def9ite me?odical rules4 ,p4 & ,f4 ,s>ras9 9 _! description ( ! ,ceylon ,v$dahs %[$ a mo/ primitive race scatt]$ 9 small clu/]s1 monogam\s & patri>*al 9 _! m>riage cu/oms & sy/ems ( relation%ip4 ,e4 ,a4 ,we/]m>ck *all5g$ ! sweep+ g5]alizations indulg$ 9 by _m e?nologi/s ab\t primitive promiscuity 9 sexual relations & ! necess>y passage ( all human tribes ?r\gh ! /ages ( matri>*y & gr\p m>riage4 ,a v int]e/+ dep>ture 0 attempt$ by ,d>gun 9 8 /udies on ! orig9 & developm5t ( prop]ty & 8 treatise on "m-"r & m>riage by capture4 ,8 lead 0 foll[$ by ,r4 ,hildebr& 9 ! monograph on law & cu/om4 ,! pr9cipal idea ( ^! inquir]s may be /at$ z foll[s4 ,we mu/ utilize e?nological z well z hi/orical mat]ials f ! :ole _w1 b x is no use do+ ?is indiscrim9ately4 ,fruitful comp>isons may be in/itut$ ma9ly 9 ! case ( tribes on ! same level 9 _! g5]al culture & especially _! economic pursuits4 ,hunt+ tribes mu/ be prim>ily comp>$ ) o!r hunt]s1 fi%]s ) fi%]s1 pa/oral nations ) pa/oral nations1 agriculturi/s ) agriculturi/s2 nations 9 transitional /ages f "o type ( culture to ! o!r h to be gr\p$ & exam9$ by !mselves4 ,! result w\ld be to e/abli% c]ta9 p>allel l9es 9 ! developm5t ( in/itutions & cu/oms4 ,f ?is po9t ( view bo? ,d>gun & ,hildebr& attack$ ! prevail+ !ory ( primitive communism & insi/$ on ! atomi/ic individualism ( ! rudim5t>y civilization ( hunt+ tribes4 ,collectivism 9 ! treatm5t ( own]%ip1 common field husb&ry1 practices ( jo9t hold+s1 co-aration1 common /ores1 c41 make _! appe>ance accord+ to ,d>gun 9 consequ5ce ( ! draw+ toge!r ( scatt]$ gr\ps & small] indep5d5t settlem5ts4 ,an evolution ( ! same k9d lead+ f loose unions ar\nd mo!rs ?r\gh m>riage by capture to patri>*al k9dr$s 0 trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( relation%ip4 ,grosse 7,die ,=m5 d] ,familie und d] ,wirts*aft1 #ahif7 foll[$ 9 a simil> /ra94 ,ano!r l9e ( criticism 0 op5$ up f ! side ( exact sociological /udy4 ,its be/ expon5t is ,/e9metz1 :o repres5ts ) ,wilk5 ! ,dut* gr\p ( inve/igators ( social ph5om5a4 ,he takes up a /&po9t :i* sev]s him entirely f ! l+ui/ic & hi/oric s*ool4 ,9 a disc\rse on ! ,mean+ ( ,sociology 7p4 #aj7 he expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,"o :o judges ( ! social /ate ( ! ,h9dus by ! book ( ,manu takes ! ideal notions ( "o portion ( ! p = ! actual conditions ( all its p>ts4 ,9 reg>d to jurisprud5ce he di/+ui%es c>efully betwe5 art & sci5ce4 ,jurisprud5ce 9 ! wid] s5se is an art1 ! art ( fram+ rules = social int]c\rse 9 s f> z ^! rules c be put into execution by ! /ate & its organs1 z well z ! art ( int]pret+ & apply+ ^! rules4 ,9 ano!r s5se x is pure sci5ce1 ! inve/igation ( all consci\sly =mulat$ & actually practis$ rules1 & ( _! conditions & f\ndations1 9 fact ( ! entire social life ( exi/+ & bygone nations1 )\t a k & und]/&+ ( :i* a k & und]/&+ ( law z its outcome is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,9 ?is s5se jurisprud5ce is a "p ( e?nology & ( ! comp>ative hi/ory ( culture4 ,b 9 ord] to grapple ) su* a trem5d\s task comp>ative jurisprud5ce has n only to call to help ! /udy ( scatt]$ e?nological facts4 ,?is is n suffici5t to wid5 ! frame ( obs]vation & to realize ! relative "* ( ! pr9ciples ) :i* practical lawy]s op]ate1 )\t ev] putt+ 9 "q _! g5]al acceptance or logical d]ivations4 ,e?nological /udies !mselves h to look = guidance to psy*ology1 especially to ! psy*ology ( emotional life & ( "*4 ,al?\gh ^! bran*es ( psy*ological sci5ce h be5 mu* less inve/igat$ ?an ! /udy ( intellectual processes1 !y /ill af=d mat]ial help to ! e?nologi/ & ! comp>ative juri/2 & ,/e9metz himself made a rem>kable attempt to utilize a psy*ological analysis ( ! feel+s ( rev5ge 9 8 ,orig9s ( ,puni%m5t4 #f4 ,! necessity ( employ+ m /r+5t /&>ds ( criticisms & m exact me?ods is n[ recogniz$1 & x is *>act]i/ic t ! =emo/ contempor>y repres5tative ( comp>ative jurisprud5ce1 ,joseph ,kohl] ( ,b]l91 pr9cipal editor ( ! ,zeits*rift fr vgl4 ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 (t5 gives expression to ?is view4 ,beg9n+ ) /udies ( proc$ure & private law 9 ! prov9ces ( ,g]many :]e ! ,fr5* law ( ! ,code ,napolon 0 /ill appli$1 he has ?r[n 8 :ole en]gy into monographic surveys & inve/igations 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( hi/orical & e?nological jurisprud5ce4 ,! code ( ,khammurabi & ! ,babylonian contracts1 ! anci5t ,h9du codes & juridical comm5t>ies on !m1 ! legal cu/oms ( ! diff]5t tribes & prov9ces ( ,india1 ! collection & sift+ ( ! legal cu/oms ( aborig9es 9 ! ,g]man colonies 9 ,africa1 ! mat]ials suppli$ by inve/igators ( ,au/ralian & ,am]ican tribes1 ! hi/ory ( legal cu/oms ( ! ,mahomm$ans1 & numb]less o!r po9ts ( e?nological rese>*1 h be5 treat$ by him 9 articles 9 8 ,zeits*rift & 9 o!r publications4 ,compreh5sive attempts h also be5 made by him at a syn!tic treatm5t ( c]ta9 sides ( ! law--l ! law ( debt 9 8 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z 7#ahhc7 or 8 ,primitive ,hi/ory ( ,m>riage4 ,und\bt$ly we h n to deal 9 ?is case ) m]e accumulation ( mat]ial or ) rem>ks on casual analogies4 ,& yet ! importance ( ^! works consi/s ma9ly 9 _! ext5sive range ( obs]vation4 ,! critical side is /ill on ! second plane1 al?\gh n conspicu\sly abs5t z 9 ! case ( ,po/ & "s ( 8 foll[]s4 ,we may sympa?ize cordially ) ,kohl]'s exhortation to "w = a univ]sal hi/ory ( law )\t yet p]ceiv+ cle>ly :at ! /ages ( ?is univ]sal hi/ory are go+ to be4 ,we may ackn[l$ge ! enorm\s importance ( ,morgan's & ,ba*(5's discov]ies )\t feel+ b\nd to recognize t all tribes & nations ( ! e>? h gone sub/antially ?r\gh ! same =ms ( developm5t 9 respect ( m>riage cu/om1 & )\t admitt+ t ! evid5ce = a univ]sal spread ( gr\p-m>riage has be5 produc$4 ,altoge!r ! reproa* seems n entirely unf\nd$ t inve/igations ( ?is k9d are c>ri$ on too mu* "u ! sway ( a preconceiv$ notion t "s highly peculi> arrangem5t entirely diff]5t f :at we are practis+ n[adays--say sexual promiscuity or communism 9 ! treatm5t ( prop]ty--mu/ be made out z a univ]sal clue to e>li] /ages ( developm5t4 ,kohl]'s occasional rem>ks on matt]s ( me?od 7e4g4 ,zeits*ift fr vgl4 ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 xii4 #aic seq47 seem h>dly adequate to dispel ?is impression4 ,b 9 8 own "w & 9 t ( "s ( 8 compe]s & foll[]s1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hitzig1 ,hellwig1 ,max ,hub]1 ,r4 ,d>e/e1 m exact =ms & means ( inquiry are gradually put into practice1 & ! results te/ify to a di/9ct height5+ ( ! sci5tific /&>d 9 ?is gr\p ( /udies on comp>ative jurisprud5ce4 ,especially conspicu\s 9 ?is respect are ?ree t5d5cies3 7a7 ! gr[+ dis9cl9ation to accept sup]ficial analysis betwe5 ph5om5a belong+ to widely diff]5t sph]es ( culture z necess>ily produc$ by id5tical causes 7e4g4 ,d>9sky's review ( ,kovalevsky's assumptions z to gr\p m>riage among ! ,caucasian tribes1 ,z4 fr vgl4 ,rw41 xiv4 #aea seq472 7b7 ! selection ( def9ite hi/orical or e?nological t]ritories = monographic inquiries1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* arrangem5ts obs]v$ else:]e are treat$ z sugge/ive mat]ial = supply+ gaps & />t+ possible explanations3 ,kohl]'s own contributions h be5 ma9ly ( ?is k9d2 7c7 ! treatm5t ( select$ subjects by an int5sive legal analysis1 br++ out ! pr9ciples und]ly+ "o or ! o!r rule1 its possible diff]5tiation1 ! means ( its application 9 practice1 c43 ,hellwig's monograph on ! "r ( sanctu>y 9 savage communities 7,das ,asylre*t d] ,naturvlk]7 may be nam$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is analytical t5d5cy4 ,altoge!r1 !re c be no d\bt t ! /age has be5 rea*$ by comp>ative jurisprud5ce :51 aft] a ha/y1 "o might almo/ say a voraci\s consumption ( mat]ials1 inve/igators beg9 to /rive t[>ds c>eful sift+ ( evid5ce & a consci\s exam9ation ( me?ods & critical rules :i* h to be foll[$ 9 ord] to make ! inve/igations und]tak5 9 ?is l9e wor?y ( _! sci5tific aims4 ,until ! latt] has be5 done _m /ud5ts1 ^: tr5d ( ?\ght w\ld seem to lead !m naturally into ?is doma91 may be repell$ by ! uncritical indi/9ctness ) :i* m]e analogies are treat$ z elusive pro(s by "s ( ! repres5tatives ( ! comp>ative s*ool4 ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&1 = in/ance1 0 always kept back by su* consid]ations4 #g4 ,x is desirable1 9 conclusion1 to review ! entire doma9 ( comp>ative jurisprud5ce1 & to =mulate ! *ief pr9ciples ( me?od :i* h to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! c\rse ( ?is /udy4 ,x is evid5t1 to beg9 )1 t a sci5tific comp>ison ( facts mu/ be direct$ t[>ds two aims--t[>ds e/abli%+ & expla9+ simil>ity1 & t[>ds enum]at+ & expla9+ diff]5ces4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! same mat]ial may be /udi$ f bo? po9ts ( view1 ?\gh logically ^! are two di/9ct processes4 7a7 ,n[ at ?is initial /age we h already to meet a difficulty & to gu>d aga9/ a misconception3 we h namely to reckon ) ! plurality ( causes1 & are !re=e deb>r$ f assum+ t :]ev] simil> ph5om5a are =?com+ !y are always produc$ by id5tical causes4 ,dea? may be produc$ by v>i\s ag5ts--by sickness1 by poison1 by a bl[4 ,! habit ( we>+ m\rn+ ^u ! dea? ( a relation is a widespread habit1 & yet x is n always to be ascrib$ to real or suppos$ grief & ! wi% to express x 9 "o's outw>d get-up4 ,savage p are kn[n to g into m\rn+ 9 ord] to conceal !mselves f ! t]rible _s ( ! dead :i* w\ld recognize !m 9 _! ev]yday co/ume 7,jh]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 #bnd ed41 #ahhd-ahhf74 ,?is is c]ta9ly a mom5t\s difficulty at ! />t1 b x c be greatly r$uc$ & gu>d$ aga9/ 9 actual inve/igation4 ,9 ! example tak5 we are l$ to suppose diff]5t orig9 because we are in=m$ z to ! motives ( ! ext]nal c]emony1 & ?us we are taught to look n only to b>e facts1 b to ! psy*ological environm5t 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,& x is evid5t t ! great] ! complexity ( obs]v$ ph5om5a1 ! m !y are made up ( diff]5t elem5ts weld$ into "o sum1 ! less probability !re is t we h to d ) consequ5ces d]iv$ f diff]5t causes4 ,! recurr5ce ( gr\p-m>riage 9 ,au/ralia & among ! ,r$ ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica c 9 no way be expla9$ by ! work+ ( entirely diff]5t ag5cies4 ,& x may be add$ t 9 mo/ cases ( an analysis ( social in/itutions ! limits ( human probability & reasonable assumption d n co9cide ) ma!matical possibility 9 any s5se4 ,:5 we regi/] our facts & causes 9 algebraic =ms1 m>k+ ! fir/ ) a1 b1 c1 & ! latt] ) x1 y1 z1 we are apt to dem& a degree ( precision :i* is h>dly ev] to be met ) 9 deal+ ) social facts & causes4 ,let u re/ cont5t ) reasonable inf]5ces & probable explanations4 7b7 ,! easie/ way ( expla9+ a giv5 simil>ity is by attribut+ x to a direct loan4 ,! process ( reception1 ( ! borr[+ ( "o p f ! o!r1 plays a mo/ notable "p 9 ! hi/ory ( in/itutions & ideas4 ,! ,japanese h 9 our days engraft$ _m ,european in/itutions on _! p]fectly di/9ct civilization2 ! ,g]mans h us$ = c5turies :at 0 t]m$ euphemi/ically ! ,roman law ( ! pres5t "t 7heutiges rmis*es ,re*t72 ! ,romans absorb$ an enorm\s am\nt ( ,greek & ,ori5tal law 9 _! fam\s jurisprud5ce4 ,a *eck ^u explanation by direct loan w1 ( c\rse1 lie 9 ! fact t two societies are entirely disconnect$1 s t x comes to be v improbable t "o drew its laws f ! o!r4 ,al?\gh migrations ( words1 leg5ds1 beliefs1 *>ms1 h be5 %[n by ,!odor ,b5fey & 8 s*ool to range ov] mu* wid] areas ?an might be suppos$ on ! face ( x1 /ill1 9 ! case ( law1 9 s f> z x has to regulate mat]ial conditions1 ! limits h p]haps to be drawn r n>r[ly4 ,9 any case we %all n look to ,india 9 ord] to expla9 ! burn+ ( wid[s among ! negroes ( ,africa2 ! suttee may be ! example ( ?is cu/om :i* happ5s to be mo/ famili> to u1 b x is c]ta9ly n ! only root ( x on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is mu* m difficult to make out ! %>e ( direct borr[+ 9 ! case ( peoples :o might conceivably h influ5c$ "o ano!r4 ,a h>d & fa/ rule _c be laid d[n 9 su* cases1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! weigh+ ( evid5ce & sometimes on almo/ in/9ctive e/imates4 ,! use ( a wag] = ! b5efit ( ! tribunal 9 ! e>ly proc$ure ( ! ,romans & ,greeks1 ! sacram5tum & ! ,greek3 prutaneia1 ) a simil> gr[? ( ! sum laid d[n by ! p>ties 9 proportion to ! int]e/s at /ake1 has be5 expla9$ by a direct borr[+ by ! ,romans f ! ,greeks at ! "t ( ! ,twelve ,tables legislation 7,h(mann1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,re*ts74 ,no direct pro( is available = ?is hypo!sis1 & ! "q 9 dispute might h la9 = ev] betwe5 ?is explanation & t bas$ on ! analog\s developm5t 9 ! two closely relat$ bran*es ( law4 ,! fur!r /udy ( ! legal antiquities ( o!r bran*es ( ! ,aryan race leads "o to suppose1 h[ev]1 t we h actually to d ) ! latt] & n ) ! =m] ev5tuality4 ,:y %\ld ! popul> cu/om ( ! ,vzdn 9 ,bohemia 7,kapras1 ,das ,pf&re*t 9 altbhmis*5 ,l&re*t1 ,z4 fr vgl4 ,r4-wiss5s*aft1 xvii4 #dbd seq471 regulat+ ! wag] ( litigation 9 ! case ( two p>ties submitt+ _! dispute to ! decision ( a public tribunal1 turn out to be s simil> to ! ,greek & ! ,roman process8 ,& ! ,teutonic ,w$de w\ld fur!r c\nt5ance ! view t we h to d 9 ?is case ) analog\s exp$i5cy or1 possibly1 common orig91 n loans4 ,b :ile dwell+ on consid]ations :i* may disprove ! assumption ( direct loans1 we mu/ n omit to m5tion circum/ances t may r5d] su* an assumption ! be/ available explanation = c]ta9 po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,we mean especially ! recurr5ce ( special second>y traits n d$ucible f ! nature ( ! relations comp>$4 ,t]m9ological p>allels are especially conv9c+ 9 su* cases4 ,an example ( mo/ c>eful l+ui/ic inve/igation att5d$ by important results is pres5t$ by ,w4 ,?oms5's treatm5t ( ! aff9ities betwe5 ! languages & cultures ( ! peoples ( nor!rn & ea/]n ,europe4 ,tak+ ! indications 9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ,g]manic tribes on ,f9ns & ,lapps1 we f9d1 = in/ance1 t ! ,f9ni% race has /ood = "s #aejj or #bjjj ye>s "u ! influ5ce ( sev]al ,g]manic languages--p>tly ( a m anci5t =m ( ,go?ic ?an t repres5t$ by ,ulfilas1 p>tly ( a nor!rn 7,sc&9avian7 tongue & ev5 possibly ( a common ,go?ic-nor!rn "o4 ,! importance ( ^! l+ui/ic inve/igations = our subject becomes app>5t :5 we f9d t a s]ies ( mo/ important legal & political t]ms has be5 import$ f ,teutonic into ,f9ni%4 ,= example1 ! ,f9ni% ,kun+as1 k+1 comes f a ,g]manic root illu/rat$ by ,o4 ,norse konung1 ,o4 ,h4 ,g]4 *un+1 ,a4-,s4 cyn+1 ,go?4 ?iudans4 ,! ,f9ni% valta1 p[]1 au?ority1 is ( ,g]manic orig91 z %[n by ,o4 ,n4 vald1 ,go?4 valdan4 ,! ,f9ni% kihla1 a compact secur$ by solemn promise1 is ak9 ) ,o4 ,n4 gisl1 ,a4-,s4 gisel1 ,o4 ,h4 ,g]4 gisal1 ho/age4 ,! explanation = ,f9ni% vuokra1 int]e/1 usury1 is to be f\nd 9 ,go?ic vokrs1 ,o4 ,n4 okr1 ,g]4 ,wu*]1 c4 7,w4 ,?oms51 b] d5 ,e9fluss d] g]manis*5 ,spra*5 auf die ,f9nis*-lappis*51 trans4 ,e4 ,siev]s1 #ahgj1 p4 #aff seq42 cf4 ,w4 ,?oms51 ,! ,relations betwe5 ,anci5t ,russia & ,sc&9avia & ! ,orig9 ( ! ,russian ,/ate1 p4 #abg seq42 ,miklosi*1 ,die ,fremdwrt] 9 d5 slavis*5 ,spra*51 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 ,ph4 hi/4 ,klasse1 ,,xv474 7c7 ,! next gr\p ( analogies is =m$ by cases :i* may be r$uc$ to common orig94 ,9 addition to :at has already be5 said on ! subject 9 connexion ) ! lit]ature ( ! hi/orical s*ool1 we mu/ po9t out t 9 ! case ( k9dr$ peoples ?is =m ( d]ivation has1 ( c\rse1 to be prim>ily consid]$4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 we h to deal ) ! orig9al /ock ( cultural notions ( a race1 & :5 analogies 9 ! fram+ & work+ ( in/itutions & legal rules are support$ by l+ui/ic aff9ities4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,aryan languages 9 reg>d to t]ms d5ot+ family organization & relation%ip c 9 no way be disreg>d$1 :atev] our view may be ab\t ! mo/ primitive /ages ( developm5t 9 ?is respect4 ,! fact t ! common /ock ( ,aryan languages & ( ,aryan legal cu/oms po9ts to a patri>*al organization ( ! family may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$1 & x is c]ta9ly an important fact drawn f a v anci5t /age ( human hi/ory1 al?\gh !re are indications t /ill m primitive =mations may be discov]$4 ,inf]5ces 9 ! direction ( common orig9 become m d\btful :5 we argue1 n t c]ta9 facts proce$ f a common /ock ( notions embodi$ 9 ! e>ly culture ( a race be=e x 0 brok5 up into sev]al bran*es1 b t !y h to be acc\nt$ = z in/ances ( a simil> treatm5t ( legal problems by diff]5t peoples ( ! same e?nic family4 ,! only ?+ t c be said 9 su* a case is t1 me?odically1 ! cu/oms ( k9dr$ nations h ! fir/ claim to comp>ison4 ,x is evid5t t 9 deal+ ) blood feud1 composition = homicide1 & ! l1 among ! ,g]mans or ,slavs1 ! evid5ce ( o!r ,aryan tribes has to be prim>ily /udi$4 ,b x is by no means useless = ! inve/igator ( ^! problems to in=m himself ab\t ! aspect ( su* cu/oms 9 ! life ( nations ( o!r desc5t1 & especially ( savage tribes4 ,! motives und]ly+ legal rules 9 ?is respect are to a l>ge ext5t sugge/$ by feel+s & consid]ations :i* are n 9 any way peculi>ly ,aryan1 & may be fully illu/rat$ f o!r s\rces1 z has be5 done e4g4 9 ,/e9metz's ,orig9s ( ,puni%m5t4 7d7 ,?is leads to ! consid]ation ( :at maybe call$ disconnect$ analogies4 ,!y are in/ructive 9 s f> z !y g back1 n to any cont9u\s developm5t1 b to ! fundam5tal1 psy*ological & logical unity ( human nature4 ,9 simil> circum/ances human be+s are likely to solve ! same problems 9 ! same way4 ,take a r late & special case4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon laws ( ,ine1 a k+ :o liv$ 9 ! #g? c5tury1 x is enact$ t no l&[n] %\ld be all[$ to claim p]sonal lab\r s]vice f 8 t5ants unless he provides !m n m]ely ) l&1 b ) _! home/eads4 ,n[ an exactly simil> rule is f\nd 9 ! /atem5t ( rural by-laws to be en=c$ on great doma9s 9 ,africa1 :i* _h be5 tak5 ov] by ! imp]ial fiscus--! ,lex ,manciana 7cf4 ,s*ult51 ,lex manciana74 ,!re is absolutely no reason = assum+ a direct transf]5ce ( ! rule f "o place to ! o!r3 x reflects consid]ations ( natural equity :i* 9 bo? cases 7 direct$ aga9/ simil> encroa*m5ts ( p[]ful l&[n]s on a dep5d5t peasant population4 ,9 bo? in/ances gov]nm5t int]f]$ to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! paym5t ( r5t & ! p]=mance ( lab\r1 & fa/5$ on ! same feature to fix ! limit1 namely1 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 peasants liv+ 9 _! own homes & ^? :o _h be5 settl$ by ! l&[n] on 8 f>ms4 ,( su* analogies1 ! /udy ( savage life pres5ts a great numb]1 e4g4 ! widely spread practices ( purification by ordeal 7,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce74 7e7 ,organiz+ ?\ght always seeks to sub/itute ord] = *aotic v>iety4 ,obs]vations z to disconnect$ analogies lead to attempts to sy/ematize !m f "s compreh5sive po9t ( view4 ,^! attempts may take ! %ape ( a !ory ( consecutive /ages ( developm5t4 ,simil> facts appe> ov] & ov] aga9 9 e?nological & antiqu>ian evid5ce1 because all peoples & tribes1 no matt] :at _! race & geographical position1 g ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( social arrangem5ts4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal idea :i* direct$ ! rese>*es ( ,ma9e1 ,mc,lennan1 ,morgan1 ,po/1 ,kohl]1 al?\gh ea* ( ^! s*ol>s =mulat$ 8 sequ5ce ( /ages 9 a peculi> way4 ,mc,lennan1 = in/ance1 puts ! idea ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,9 %ort1 x is sugge/$ to u1 t ! hi/ory ( human society is t ( a developm5t foll[+ v sl[ly "o g5]al law1 & t ! v>iety ( =ms ( life--( dome/ic & civil in/itution--is ascribable ma9ly to ! unequal developm5t ( ! diff]5t sections ( mank9d4444 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to in=m ourselves ( ! facts relat+ to ! lea/ develop$ races4 ,to beg9 ) !m is to beg9 ) hi/ory at ! f>!/-back po9t ( "t to :i*1 except by argum5t & inf]5ce1 we c rea*4 ,_! condition1 z x may to-day be obs]v$1 is truly ! mo/ anci5t condition ( man 7,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #bnd s]ies1 #i1 #ae74 ,on ?is basis we might draw up tables ( consecutive /ages1 ( :i* ! simple/ may be tak5 f ,po/3-- ,f\r types ( organization3 ! tribal1 ! t]ritorial1 ! seignorial1 & ! social4 ,! fir/ has z its basis m>riage & relation%ip by blood2 ! second1 neighb\r+ occupation ( a di/rict2 ! ?ird1 patronage relations betwe5 "l & dep5dants2 ! f\r?1 social int]c\rse & contractual relations betwe5 individual p]sonalities 7,po/1 ,grundriss1 i4 #ad74 ,?is may be supplem5t$ f ,fri$ri*s 9 reg>d to initial /ages ( family organization4 ,he reckons f\r /ages ( ?is k9d3 promiscuity1 loose relations1 matri>*al family1 patri>*al family1 mod]n1 bilat]al family 7,z4 f4 vgl4 ,r4 wiss5s*aft74 ,?is mode ( gr\p+ simil> ph5om5a z a sequ5ce ( /ages leads to a conception ( univ]sal hi/ory ( a peculi> k9d4 ,& z su* x has be5 realiz$ & advocat$ by ,kohl] 7see e4g4 8 article 9 ,helmolt's ,_w's ,hi/ory1 ,eng4 trans4 i474 ,prompt$ by ?is conception sev]al repres5tatives ( comp>ative jurisprud5ce h f\nd no difficulty to ins]t su* a peculi> in/itution z gr\p-m>riage into ! g5]al & obligatory c\rse ( legal evolution4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ,kohl] himself has ent]$ a di/9ct prote/ aga9/ ,mc,lennan's & ,po/'s view t ! m rudim5t>y a p's culture is1 ! m ar*aic x is1 & ! e>li] x has to be plac$ 9 ! natural sequ5ce ( evolution4 ,?is w\ld create difficulties 9 ! case ( tribes ( exce$+ly l[ culture1 l ! ,ceylon ,v$dahs1 :o live 9 monogam\s & patri>*al gr\ps4 ,accord+ to ,kohl]'s view1 nei!r ! m]e fact ( a l[ /&>d ( culture1 nor ! fact t a c]ta9 legal cu/om prec$es ano!r 9 "s cases 9 po9t ( "t1 settles ! natural sequ5ce ( developm5t4 ,! process ( developm5t mu/ be /udi$ 9 cases :5 x is suffici5tly cle>1 gaps 9 o!r cases h to be suppli$ accord+ly1 & ! work+ toge!r ( di/9ct in/itutions1 especially 9 cases :5 !re is no e?nic connexion has to be especially notic$4 ,^! are c\nsels ( p]fection1 b ,kohl]'s own example %[s suffici5tly t x is n easy to foll[ !m to ! lett]4 ,"o ?+ is1 h[ev]1 cle>ly indicat$ by ^! & simil> criticisms2 x is1 at ! lea/1 premature to sket* any?+ l a c\rse ( univ]sal developm5t = legal hi/ory4 ,we h grave d\bts :e!r ! "t w ev] come = lay+ d[n any s+le c\rse ( t k9d4 ,! attempts made hi!rto h g5]ally l$ to ov]/at+ ! value ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! evid5ce & to squeez+ special traits into a suppos$ g5]al c\rse ( evolution4 7f7 ,ano!r gr\p ( ?9k]s is !re=e cont5t to sy/ematize & expla9 ! mat]ial f ! po9t ( view1 n ( univ]sal hi/ory1 b ( correspond5ce to economic /ages & types4 ,?is is1 z we h se51 ! lead+ idea 9 ,d>gun's or ,hildebr&'s inve/igations4 ,x is ne$less to g into ! "q ( ! "r or wrong ( p>ticul> sugge/ions made by ^! writ]s4 ,! place assign$ to individualism & collectivism may be adequate or n2 h[ f> c be settl$ only by special inquiries4 ,b ! g5]al tr5d ( /udy initiat$ 9 ?is direction is c]ta9ly a promis+ "o1 if only "o consid]ation ( me?od is well kept 9 view4 ,inve/igators ought to be v *>y ( lay+ d[n c]ta9 comb9ations z ! necess>y outcome ( c]ta9 economic situations4 ,su* comb9ations or consequ5ces c]ta9ly exi/2 pa/oral husb&ry1 ! life ( scatt]$ hunt+ gr\ps1 ! conditions ( agriculturi/s "u feudal rule1 c]ta9ly conta9 elem5ts :i* w recur 9 div]s e?nical surr\nd+s4 ,b we mu/ n =get a feature :i* is con/antly be=e our eyes 9 real life3 namely1 t diff]5t m9ds & *>act]s w draw diff]5t & p]haps opposite conclusions 9 exactly simil> outw>d conditions4 ,?is may happ5 9 id5tical or simil> geographical environm5t2 let u only ?9k ( anci5t ,greeks & ,turks on ! ,balkan p59sula1 or ( anci5t ,greeks & mod]n ,greeks = t matt]4 ,b ev5 ! same hi/orical m$ium leaves1 z a rule1 scope = treatm5t ( legal problems on div]s l9es4 ,take sy/ems ( succession4 ,!y ex]cise ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce on ! /ructure & life ( society4 ,undivid$ succession1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( primog5iture or 9 t ( junior "r1 sacrifices equity & natural affection to ! economic effici5cy ( e/ates4 ,equal-p>tition rules1 l gavelk9d or p>age1 lead 9 an exactly opposite direction4 ,& yet bo? sets ( rules coexi/$ among ! agriculturi/s ( feudal ,engl&2 communities plac$ 9 ne>ly id5tical hi/orical positions foll[$ "o or ! o!r ( ^! rules4 ,! same may be said ( types ( dwell+ & =ms ( settlem5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n en\gh to />t f a giv5 economic condition z if x 7 b\nd to regulate ) fatali/ic precision all ! incid5ts ( legal cu/om & social int]c\rse4 ,we h to />t f actual facts z complex results ( _m causes1 & to try to r$uce z mu* z we c ( ?is mat]ial to ! action ( economic =ces 9 a p>ticul> /age or type ( developm5t4 7g7 ,! psy*ological div]sities ( mank9d 9 deal+ ) ! same or simil> problems ( food & prop]ty1 ( procreation & m>riage1 ( common def5ce & relation%ip1 ( int]c\rse & contra/1 c41 op5 ano!r possibility = ! gr\p+ ( facts & ! explanation ( _! evolution4 ,x may be difficult or impossible to trace ! reasons & causes ( syn!tic comb9ations 9 ! hi/ory ( society4 ,t is1 we c h>dly g beyond not+ t c]ta9 disconnect$ features ( social life appe> toge!r & react on ea* o!r4 ,b x is easi] & m promis+ to approa* ! mass ( our mat]ial f ! analytical side1 tak+ hold ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 or rules1 or in/itutions1 & trac+ !m to _! natural consequ5ces ei!r ?r\gh a direct sy/ematization ( record$ facts or1 :5 ^! fail1 ?r\gh logical inf]5ces4 ,"s ( ! mo/ brilliant & useful "w 9 ! hi/orical /udy ( law has be5 effect$ on ^! l9es4 ,momms5's !ory ( ,roman magi/racy1 ,jh]+'s !ory ( ! /ruggle = "r1 ,kohl]'s view ( ! evolution ( contract1 c41 h be5 evolv$ by su* a process ( legal analysis2 &1 ev5 :5 su* g5]alizations h to be curtail$ or complicat$ lat] on1 !y s]ve _! turn z a p[]ful means ( organiz+ evid5ce & sugge/+ reasonable explanations4 ,! attribute ( reasonabl5ess has to be reckon$ ) l>gely 9 su* cases4 ,analytical explanations are attractive to /ud5ts because !y sub/itute logical cle>ness = irrational accumulation ( traits & facts4 ,!y d s to a l>ge ext5t ?r\gh appeals to ! logic & to ! reason common to u & to ! p we are /udy+4 ,?is d$uctive elem5t has to be closely wat*$ & te/$ f ! side ( a concrete /udy ( ! evid5ce1 b x seems de/9$ to play a v prom95t "p 9 ! comp>ative hi/ory ( law1 because legal analysis & con/ruction h at all times /riv5 to embody logic & equity 9 ! doma9 ( actual int]e/s & =ces4 ,&1 z we h se5 9 our survey ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 rec5t comp>ative /udies t5d to make ! %>e ( juridical analysis 9 giv5 relative surr\nd+s l>g] & l>g]4 ,:at is s difficult ( atta9m5t to s+le work]s--a h>moni\s appreciation ( ! comb9$ influ5ces ( common orig91 reception ( =eign cu/om1 recurr+ psy*ological comb9ations1 ! driv+ =ces ( economic culture & ( ! dialectical process ( legal ?\ght1 w be a*iev$1 x may be hop$1 by ! en?usia/ic & bro!rly ex]tions ( all ! work]s 9 ! field4 ,,bibliography4--,( ! pr9cipal works ( ref]5ce may be m5tion$3 ,zeits*rift fr v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 edit$ by ,b]nhft1 ,cohn & ,kohl] 7#ahgh- 72 ,n\velle revue hi/orique de droit franais et trang]1 edit$ by ,d>e/e1 ,esme91 ,app]t1 ,f\rni]1 ,t>diff & ,pr\ 7#ahgg- 72 ,a4 ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es indo-europennes 7i4 #ahei1 ii4 #ahfc72 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique 7#ahij72 ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold 7#ahgi72 ,r4 v4 ,jh]+1 ,vorges*i*te d] ,indoeuroper 7#ahid72 ,b4 ,w4 ,lei/1 ,graekoitalis*e ,re*tsges*i*te 7#ahhd71 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,g5tium 7#ahhi71 ,alt-aris*es ,jus ,civile 7#ahib-ahif72 ,hruza1 ,ges*i*te des grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,famili5re*tes 7#ahic72 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,urges*i*te und ,spra*v]glei*ung 7#ahij71 ,reallexikon des indo-g]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7#aija72 ,b4 ,delbrck1 ,die indo-g]manis*5 ,v]w&ts*aftsnam5 7#ahhi71 ,das ,mutt]re*t bei d5 ,indog]man52 ,sir ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 ) notes by ,sir ,f4 ,pollock 7#aijf71 ,village ,communities 7#ahga71 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions 7#ahge71 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om 7#ahhc72 ,m4 ,h4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 tudes de droit celtique 7#ahie71 ,la ,famille celtique 7#aije72 ,j4 ,j4 ,ba*(51 ,das ,mutt]re*t 7#ahfa71 ,antiqu>is*e ,briefe 7#ahhj72 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7#ahgf71 ,patri>*al ,!ory 7#ahhe71 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 7#bnd s]ies1 #ahif72 ,giraud ,teulon1 ,orig9es de la famille et du m>iage 7#ahhd72 ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity 9 ! publications ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 vol4 xvii4 7#ahfi72 ,anci5t ,society 7#ahgg72 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture 7#ahga72 ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,j4 ,lubbock71 ,orig9 ( ,civilization 7#ahgj72 ,j4 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit 7#ahhg72 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,arabia 7#ahhe72 ,f4 ,b]nhft1 ,/aat und ,re*t d] rmis*5 ,knigszeit im ,v]hltniss zu v]w&t5 ,re*t5 7#ahhb72 ,a4 ,h4 ,po/1 ,aufgab5 e9] allgeme95 ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7#ahia71 ,die ,anfnge des ,/aatsund ,re*tsleb5s 7#ahgh71 ,bau/e9e e9] allgeme95 ,re*tsges*i*te auf v]glei*5d-e?nologis*] ,basis 7#ahha71 ,e9leitung 9 das ,/udium d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z 7#ahhf71 ,grundlag5 des ,re*ts und ,grundzge se9] ,entwickelungsges*i*te 7#ahhb71 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,famili5re*ts 7#ahhi71 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z 7#ahhg71 ,grundriss d] e?nologis*5 ,jurisprud5z 7#ahid72 ,wilk51 ,das ,matri>*at im alt5 ,arabi5 7#ahhd72 ,m4 ,m4 ,kovalevsky1 ,c\tume contempora9e et loi anci5ne 7#ahic71 ,gesetz und ,gewohnheit im ,kaukasus 7#ahij71 ,tableau du dveloppem5t de la famille et de la proprit 7#ahhi72 ,d>gun1 ,mutt]re*t und ,raubehe1 9 ,otto ,gi]ke's ,unt]su*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,/aats- und ,re*tsges*i*te 7#ahhc72 ,r4 ,hildebr&1 ,das ,problem e9] allgeme95 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,re*ts und d] ,sitte 7#ahid71 ,re*t und ,sitte auf d5 v]s*i$55 wirts*aftli*5 ,kultur/uf5 7#ahif72 ,e4 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie und d] ,wirts*aft 7#ahif72 ,e4 ,a4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage 7#ahid71 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7#aijf72 ,c4 ,n4 ,/>cke1 ,die primitive ,familie 7#ahhh72 ,g4 ,t>de1 ,les ,trans=mations du droit 7#bnd ed41 #ahid72 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe 7#ahid72 ,j4 ,kohl]1 ,das ,re*t als ,kultur]s*e9ung3 ,e9leitung 9 die v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7#ahhe71 ,%akespe>e vor dem ,=um d] ,jurisprud5z 7#ahhd71 ,das *9esis*e ,/rafre*t1 ,beitrag zur ,univ]salges*i*te des ,/rafre*ts 7#ahhf71 ,re*tsv]glei*5de ,/udi5 b] islamitis*es ,re*t1 ,re*t d] ,b]b]n1 *9esis*es ,re*t und ,re*t auf ,ceylon 7#ahhi71 ,alt9dis*es ,prozessre*t 7#ahib71 ,zur ,urges*i*te d] ,ehe 7#ahig71 ,kulturre*te des ,alt5 ,am]ikas1 das ,re*t d] ,aztek5 7#ahib71 ,das ,neg]re*t 7#ahie72 ,kohl] & ,peisk]1 ,aus dem babylonis*5 ,re*tsleb5 7#ahij71 ,hammurubi's ,gesetz 7#aijd72 ,a4 ,lang1 ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem 7#aije72 ,p4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gri]son1 ,! ,sil5t ,trade 7#aijc72 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip 7#aije72 ,r4 ,d>e/e1 tudes d'hi/oire de droit 7#ahhi71 ,n\velles tudes d'hi/oire de droit 7#ahif72 ,lamb]t1 ,la ,fonction du droit civil comp> 7#aijc72 ,fritz ,hommel1 ,semitis*e ,alt]?umskunde 7,eng4 trans41 ,! ,anci5t ,hebrew ,tradition z illu/rat$ by ! ,monum5ts1 #ahig72 ,h4 ,c4 ,lea1 ,sup]/ition & ,=ce 7#ahff72 ,a4 ,hellwig1 ,das ,asylre*t d] ,naturvlk] 7,b]l9] juri/is*e ,beitrge1 #ahic72 ,f4 ,seebohm1 ,tribal ,cu/om 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,law 7#aijb74 7,p4 ,vi47 ,,jurjani1 ! "n ( two ,arabic s*ol>s4 #a4 ,,abu ,,bakr ',,abdu-,l-,,qahir ,,ibn ',,abdur-,,rahman ,,ul-,,jurjani 7d4 #ajgh17 ,arabian gramm>ian1 belong$ to ! ,p]sian s*ool & wrote a fam\s gramm>1 ! ,kitab ul-',awamil ul-,mi'a or ,kitab ,mi'at ',amil1 :i* 0 edit$ by ,erp5ius 7,leid51 #afag71 by ,baillie 7,calcutta1 #ahjc71 & by ,a4 ,lockett 7,calcutta1 #ahad74 ,t5 ,arabic comm5t>ies on ?is "w exi/ 9 ,,ms41 also two ,turki%4 ,x has be5 v]sifi$ five times & translat$ into ,p]sian4 ,ano!r ( 8 grammatical works on :i* sev]al comm5t>ies h be5 writt5 is ! ,kitab ,jumal f9-,nahw4 ,= o!r works see ,c4 ,brockelmann's ,ges*4 d] ,arabis*5 ,litt]atur 7#ahih71 i4 #bhh4 #b4 ',,ali ,,ibn ,,mahomm$ ,,ul-,,jurjani 7#acci-adad71 ,arabian encyclopa$ic writ]1 0 born ne> ,a/>abad & became pr(essor 9 ,%iraz4 ,:5 ?is city 0 plund]$ by ,timur 7#achg7 he remov$ to ,sam>k&1 b return$ to ,%iraz 9 #adje1 & rema9$ !re until 8 dea?4 ,( 8 ?irty-"o extant works1 _m be+ comm5t>ies on o!r works1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n is ! ,ta'rifat 7,def9itions71 :i* 0 edit$ by ,g4 ,flgel 7,leipzig1 #ahde71 publi%$ also 9 ,con/ant9ople 7#ahcg71 ,cairo 7#ahff1 c471 & ,/ ,pet]sburg 7#ahig74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,jury1 9 ,engli% law1 a body ( laym5 summon$ & sworn 7jurati7 to asc]ta91 "u ! guidance ( a judge1 ! tru? z to que/ions ( fact rais$ 9 legal proce$+s :e!r civil or crim9al4 ,! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( trial by jury has be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ,engli% jurisprud5ce2 x has ev5 be5 said t ! ultimate aim ( ! ,engli% con/itution is to get twelve good m5 into a box4#a ,9 mod]n times ! ,engli% sy/em ( trial by jury has be5 adopt$ 9 _m c\ntries 9 :i* jury trial 0 n native or _h be5 /rangl$ or imp]fectly develop$ "u local conditions4 ,! orig9 ( ! sy/em 9 ,engl& has be5 mu* inve/igat$ by lawy]s & hi/orians4 ,! result ( ^! inve/igations is a fairly g5]al agreem5t t ! g]m ( jury trial is to be f\nd 9 ! ,franki% inque/ 7recognitio or inquisitio7 transplant$ into ,engl& by ! ,norman k+s4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is inque/ 0 ! summon+ ( a body ( neighb\rs by a public (fic] to give answ] ^u oa? 7recognosc]e v]itatem7 on "s "q ( fact or law 7jus71 or ( mix$ fact & law4 ,at ! outset ! object ( ! inquiry 0 usually to obta9 in=mation = ! k+1 e4g4 to asc]ta9 facts ne$$ = assess+ taxation4 ,inde$ ,domesday ,book appe>s to be made up by record+ ! answ]s ( inque/s4 ,! orig9 ( juries is v fully discuss$ 9 ,w4 ,=sy?'s ,hi/ory ( ,trial by ,jury 7#aheb71 & ! v>i\s !ories advanc$ are m concisely /at$ 9 ,w4 ,/ubbs's ,con/itutional ,hi/ory 7vol4 i47 & 9 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman's ,norman ,conque/ 7vol4 v474 ,until ! mod]n exam9ation ( hi/orical docum5ts prov$ ! contr>y1 ! jury sy/em1 l all o!r in/itutions1 0 popul>ly reg>d$ z ! "w ( a s+le legislator1 & 9 ,engl& x has be5 usually assign$ to ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,?is supposition is )\t hi/orical f\ndation1 nor is x correct to reg>d ! jury z copi$ f ?is or t k9dr$ in/itution to be f\nd 9 ?is or t ,g]man or ,sc&9avian l&1 or br\ght ov] ready made by ,h5gi/ or by ,william4#b ,_m writ]s ( au?ority1 says ,/ubbs1 h ma9ta9$ t ! entire jury sy/em is indig5\s 9 ,engl&1 "s d]iv+ x f ,celtic tradition bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,roman law1 & adopt$ by ! ,anglo-,saxons & ,normans f ! p !y _h conqu]$4 ,o!rs h reg>d$ x z a product ( t legal g5ius ( ! ,anglo-,saxons ( :i* ,alfr$ is ! my?ical imp]sonation1 or z d]iv$ by t nation f ! cu/oms ( primitive ,g]many or f _! int]c\rse ) ! ,danes4 ,nor ev5 :5 x is admitt$ t ! sy/em ( 'recognition' 0 introduc$ f ,norm&y h legal writ]s agre$ z to ! s\rce f :i* ! ,normans !mselves d]iv$ x4 ,"o s*ol> ma9ta9s t x 0 br\ght by ! ,norsem5 f ,sc&9avia2 ano!r t x 0 d]iv$ f ! processes ( ! canon law2 ano!r t x 0 develop$ on ,gallic soil f ,roman pr9ciples2 ano!r t x came f ,asia ?r\gh ! crusades1 or 0 borr[$ by ! ,angles & ,saxons f _! ,slavonic neighb\rs 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,! true answ] is t =ms ( trial resembl+ ! jury sy/em 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s are to be f\nd 9 ! primitive in/itutions ( all nations4 ,t :i* comes ne>e/ 9 "t & "* to trial by jury is ! sy/em ( recognition by sworn inque/1 introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,t inque/1 says ,/ubbs1 is directly d]iv$ f ! ,frank capitul>ies1 into :i* x may h be5 adopt$ f ! fiscal regulations ( ! ,!odosian code1 & ?us own "s di/ant relation%ip ) ! ,roman jurisprud5ce4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! sy/em ( recognition consi/$ 9 que/ions ( fact1 relat+ to fiscal or judicial bus9ess1 be+ submitt$ by ! (fic]s ( ! cr[n to sworn witnesses 9 ! local c\rts4 ,freeman po9ts out t ! ,norman rul]s ( ,engl& 7 oblig$1 m ?an native rul]s w\ld h be51 to rely on ?is sy/em = accurate in=mation4 ,!y ne$$ to h a cle> & tru?ful acc\nt ( disput$ po9ts set be=e !m1 & su* an acc\nt 0 s\ght = 9 ! oa?s ( ! recognitors4#c ,! ,norman conque/1 !re=e1 fo/]$ ! gr[? ( ^? native g]ms common to ,engl& ) o!r c\ntries out ( :i* ! in/itution ( juries grew4 ,recognition1 z introduc$ by ! ,normans1 is only1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ano!r =m ( ! same pr9ciple :i* %[s itself 9 ! compurgators1 9 ! fri?-borh 7frank-pl$ge71 9 e detail ( ! action ( ! popul> c\rts be=e ! conque/4 ,admitt+ ) ,/ubbs t ! ,norman recognition 0 ! in/rum5t :i* ! lawy]s 9 ,engl& ultimately %ap$ into trial by jury1 ,freeman ma9ta9s none ! less t ! latt] is di/9ctively ,engli%4 ,=sy? comes to sub/antially ! same conclusion4 ,not+ ! jury g]ms ( ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 he %[s h[ out ( ^? elem5ts1 :i* cont9u$ 9 full =ce "u ! ,anglo-,normans1 0 produc$ at la/ ! in/itution ( ! jury4 ,z yet x 0 only impli$ 9 ! requirem5t t disput$ que/ions %\ld be det]m9$ by ! voice ( sworn witnesses tak5 f ! neighb\rhood1 & depos+ to ! tru? ( :at !y _h se5 or he>d4 ,! conclusions ( ,sir ,f4 ,pollock & ,f4,w4 ,maitl&1 express$ 9 _! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law1 & bas$ on a clos] /udy1 are to ! same effect4 ,?is inque/ !n 0 a royal in/itution & n a survival f ,anglo-,saxon law or popul> cu/om1 "u :i* compurgation & ! ordeal 7 ! accept$ modes ( try+ issues ( fact4 ,! inque/ by recognition1 =m]ly an inque/ ( (fice1 i4e4 to asc]ta9 facts 9 ! int]e/s ( ! cr[n or ! ex*equ]1 0 gradually all[$ betwe5 subjects z a mode ( settl+ disputes ( fact4 ,?is ext5sion began ) ! assize ( novel disseis91 :]eby ! k+ protect$ by royal writ & inque/ ( neighb\rs e seis9 ( a freehold4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! gr& assize1 applicable to que/ions affect+ freehold or /atus4 ,a def5dant 9 su* an action 0 enabl$ by an enactm5t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 to decl9e trial by combat & *oose trial by assize1 :i* 0 conduct$ z foll[s4 ,! %]iff summon$ f\r knights ( ! neighb\rhood1 :o be+ sworn *ose ! twelve lawful knights mo/ cognisant ( ! facts1 to det]m9e on _! oa?s :i* _h ! bett] "r to ! l&4 ,if !y all knew ! facts & 7 agre$ z to _! v]dict1 well & good2 if "s or all 7 ignorant1 ! fact 0 c]tifi$ 9 c\rt1 & new knights 7 nam$1 until twelve 7 f\nd to be agre$4 ,! same c\rse 0 foll[$ :5 ! twelve 7 n unanim\s4 ,new knights 7 add$ until ! twelve 7 agre$4 ,?is 0 call$ af=c+ ! assize4 ,at ?is "t ! k on :i* ! jurors act$ 0 _! own p]sonal k1 acquir$ indep5d5tly ( ! trial4 ,s entirely1 says ,=sy?1 did !y proce$ ^u _! own previ\sly =m$ view ( ! facts 9 dispute t !y seem to h consid]$ !mselves at lib]ty to pay no att5tion to evid5ce (f]$ 9 c\rt1 h[ev] cle>ly x might disprove ! case :i* !y 7 prep>$ to support4 ,! use ( recognition is prescrib$ by ! con/itutions ( ,cl>5don 7#aaff7 = cases ( dispute z to lay or cl]ical t5ure4 ,see ,=sy?1 p4 #aca2 ,/ubbs1 i4 #fag4 ,?is proc$ure by ! assize 0 conf9$ to real actions1 & :ile x prec$$1 x is n id5tical ) ! mod]n jury trial 9 civil cases1 :i* 0 gradually introduc$ by cons5t ( ! p>ties & on pressure f ! judges4 ,jury trial prop] diff]s f ! gr& & petty assizes 9 t ! assizes 7 summon$ at ! same "t z ! def5dant to answ] a "q =mulat$ 9 ! writ2 :]eas 9 ! ord9>y jury trial no ord] = a jury c\ld be made till ! p>ties by _! plead+s _h come to an issue ( fact & _h put !mselves on ! c\ntry1 posu]unt se sup] patriam 7,pollock & ,maitl&1 i4 #aai-abh2 ii4 #fja1 #fae1 #fba74 ,! ,gr& ,jury4--,9 ,anglo-,saxon times !re 0 an in/itution analog\s to ! gr& jury 9 crim9al cases1 viz4 ! twelve s5ior !gns1 :o1 accord+ to an ord9ance ( !lr$ ,,ii41 7 sworn 9 ! c\nty c\rt t !y w\ld accuse no innoc5t man & acquit no guilty "o4 ,! twelve !gns 7 a jury ( pres5tm5t or accusation1 l ! gr& jury ( lat] times1 & ! absolute guilt or innoc5ce ( ^? accus$ by !m _h to be det]m9$ by subsequ5t proce$+s--by compurgation or ordeal4 ,:e!r ?is is ! actual orig9 ( ! gr& jury or n1 ! assizes ( ,cl>5don 7#aaff7 & ,nor?ampton 7#aagf7 e/abli% ! crim9al jury on a def9ite basis4 ,9 ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor & ! e>li] ,anglo-,saxon k+s are f\nd _m traces ( a public duty to br+ (f5d]s to ju/ice1 by hue & cry1 or by action ( ! fri?-borh1 t[n%ip1 ti?+ or hundr$4 ,by ! assize ( ,cl>5don x is direct$ t inquiry be made 9 ea* c\nty & 9 ea* hundr$ by twelve lawful 7legaliores7 m5 ( ! hundr$1 & by f\r lawful m5 f ea* ( ! f\r vills ne>e/ to ! sc5e ( ! alleg$ crime1 on oa? to tell ! tru? if 9 ! hundr$ or vill !re is any man accus$ 7rettatus aut publicatus7 z a robb] or murd]] or ?ief1 or receiv] ( su*4 ,! assize ( ,nor?ampton add$ =g]y ( co9 or *>t]s 7falson>ia7 & arson4 ,! inquiry is to be held by ! ju/ices 9 eyre1 & by ! %]iffs 9 _! c\nty c\rts4 ,on a f9d+ on ! oa? a=esaid1 ! accus$ 0 to be tak5 & to g to ! ordeal4 ,by ! articles ( visitation ( #aaid1 f\r knights are to be *os5 f ! c\nty :o by _! oa? %all *oose two lawful knights ( ea* hundr$ or wap5take1 or1 if knights be want+1 free & legal m51 s t ! twelve may answ] = all matt]s )9 ! hundr$1 includ+1 says ,/ubbs1 all ! pleas ( ! cr[n1 ! trial ( malefactors & _! receiv]s1 z well z a va/ am\nt ( civil bus9ess4 ,! process ?us describ$ is n[ reg>d$ z an employm5t ( ! ,franki% inque/ = ! collection ( fama publica4 ,x 0 alt]native to ! rights ( a private accus] by appeal1 & ! inque/ 7 n exactly ei!r accus]s or witnesses1 b gave voice to public repute z to ! crim9ality ( ! p]sons :om !y pres5t$4 ,f ?is =m ( inque/ has develop$ ! gr& jury ( pres5tm5t or accusation1 & ! coron]'s inque/1 :i* works p>tly z a gr& jury z to homicide cases1 & p>tly z an inque/ ( (fice z to treasure trove1 c4 ,! numb] ( ! gr& jury is fix$ by usage at n less ?an twelve nor m ?an tw5ty-?ree jurors4 ,unanimity is n requir$1 b twelve mu/ concur 9 ! pres5tm5t or indictm5t4#d ,?is jury reta9s s mu* ( its anci5t "* t x may pres5t ( its own k or in=mation1 & is n ti$ d[n by rules ( evid5ce4 ,aft] a g5]al *>ge by ! judge z to ! bills ( indictm5t on ! file ( ! c\rt1 ! gr& jury consid]s ! bills 9 private & he>s ^u oa? 9 ! gr& jury *amb] "s or all ! witnesses call$ 9 support ( an indictm5t ^: names are endors$ ^u ! bill4 ,x does n z a rule he> c\nsel or solicitors = ! prosecution1 nor does x see or he> ! accus$ or 8 witnesses1 & x is n conc]n$ ) ! nature ( ! def5ce1 its functions be+ to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is a prima facie case aga9/ ! accus$ ju/ify+ 8 trial4 ,if x ?9ks t !re is su* a case1 ! indictm5t is return$ into c\rt z a true bill2 if x ?9ks t !re is n1 ! bill is ignor$ & return$ into c\rt torn up or m>k$ no bill1 or ignoramus4 ,inasmu* z no man c be put on trial = treason or felony1 & few are tri$ = misdemean\r1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! gr& jury1 ! latt] has a k9d ( veto ) respect to crim9al prosecutions4 ,! gr& jurors are describ$ 9 ! indictm5t z ! jurors = our "l ! k+4 ,z su* prosecutions 9 respect ( indictable (f5ces are n[ 9 almo/ all cases begun by a full prelim9>y inquiry be=e ju/ices1 & inasmu* z cases r>ely come be=e a gr& jury until aft] committal ( ! accus$ = trial1 ! pres5t utility ( ! gr& jury dep5ds v mu* on ! "* ( ! ju/ices' c\rts4 ,z a review ( ! discretion ( /ip5di>y magi/rates 9 committ+ cases = trial1 ! int]v5tion ( ! gr& jury is 9 mo/ cases sup]flu\s2 & ev5 :5 ! committ+ ju/ices are n lawy]s1 x is n[ a common op9ion t _! views z to ! exi/5ce ( a case to be submitt$ to a jury = trial %\ld n be ov]-ridd5 by a lay tribunal sitt+ 9 private1 & 9 ?is op9ion _m gr& jurors concur4 ,b ! abolition ( ! gr& jury w\ld involve great *anges 9 crim9al proc$ure = :i* p>liam5t seems to h no appetite4 ,=sy? ?9ks t ! gr& jury w (t5 baffle ! attempts ( malevol5ce by ignor+ a malici\s & unf\nd$ prosecution2 b x may also defeat ! ends ( ju/ice by %ield+ a crim9al ) :om x has /rong political or social sympa?ies4 ,! qualification ( ! gr& jurym5 is t !y %\ld be freehold]s ( ! c\nty--to :at am\nt appe>s to be unc]ta9--& !y are summon$ by ! %]iff1 or fail+ him by ! coron]4 ,! coron]'s jury mu/ by /atute 7#ahhg7 consi/ ( n m ?an tw5ty-?ree nor less ?an twelve jurors4 ,x is summon$ by ! coron] to hold an inque/ sup] visum corporis 9 cases ( sudd5 or viol5t dea?1 & ( dea? 9 prisons or lunatic asylums1 & to deal ) treasure trove4 ,! qualification ( ! coron]'s jurors does n dep5d on ! ,juries ,acts #ahbe & #ahgj1 & 9 practice !y are drawn f h\sehold]s 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! place :]e ! inque/ is held4 ,unanimity is n requir$ ( a coron]'s jury2 b twelve mu/ concur 9 ! v]dict4 ,if x *>ges anyone ) murd] or manslaught]1 x is duly record$ & transmitt$ to a c\rt ( assize1 & has ! same effect z an indictm5t by a gr& jury1 i4e4 x is accusatory only & is n conclusive1 & is trav]sable1 & ! issue ( guilt or innoc5ce is tri$ by a petty jury4 ,! ,petty ,jury4--,! ordeal by wat] or fire 0 us$ z ! f9al te/ ( guilt or innoc5ce until its abolition by decree ( ! ,lat]an c\ncil 7#abai74 ,on its abolition x became necess>y to devise a new mode ( det]m9+ guilt z di/+ui%$ f ill fame z *>g$ by ! gr& jury4 ,s e>ly z #abba accus$ p]sons _h begun to put !mselves on ! c\ntry1 or to pay to h a v]dict = good or ill2 & ! trial seems to h be5 by call+ = ! op9ions ( ! twelve m5 & ! f\r t[n%ips1 :o may h be5 reg>d$ z a second body ( witnesses :o c\ld trav]se ! op9ion ( ! hundr$ jury4 7,see ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ii4 #fdf47 ,! ref]5ce to judicium p>ium 9 ,magna ,c>ta is usually tak5 to ref] to ! jury1 b x is cle> t :at is n[ kn[n z ! petty jury 0 n !n develop$ 9 its pres5t =m4 ,! hi/ory ( t in/itution is /ill 9 manuscript1 says ,maitl&4 ,x is n at all cle> t at ! outset ! trial by ! c\ntry 79 pais2 9 patria7 0 be=e ano!r & diff]5t jury4 ,! e>lie/ in/ances look z if ! twelve m5 & ! f\r vills 7 ! patria & _h to agree4 ,b by ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i4 ! accus$ seems to h be5 all[$ to call 9 a second jury4 ,a p]son accus$ by ! inque/ ( ! hundr$ 0 all[$ to h ! tru? ( ! *>ge tri$ by ano!r & diff]5t jury4#e ,!re is1 says ,=sy?1 no possibility ( assign+ a date to ?is alt]ation4 ,9 ! "t ( ,bracton 7middle ( ! #ac? c5tury7 ! usual mode ( det]m9+ innoc5ce or guilt 0 by combat or appeal4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! appellant _h ! option ( ei!r fight+ ) 8 adv]s>y or putt+ himself on 8 c\ntry = trial--! exceptions be+ murd] by secret poison+1 & c]ta9 circum/ances presum$ by ! law to be conclusive ( guilt4#f ,b ! sep>ation mu/ h be5 complete by #aceb1 9 :i* ye> x 0 enact$ t no indictor %all be put 9 inque/s ^u deliv]ance ( ! indictees ( felonies or trespass if he be *all5g$ = t same cause by ! indictee4 ,! jurors1 :atev] _! orig91 diff]$ f ! ,saxon doomsm5 & ! jurats ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s 9 t !y adjudg$ no?+2 & f compurgators or oa?-help]s 9 t !y 7 n witnesses call$ by a litigant to support 8 case 7,pollock & ,maitl&1 i4 #aah74 ,once e/abli%$1 ! jury ( trial :e!r ( actions or indictm5ts develop$ on ! same l9es4 ,b at ! outset ?is jury diff]$ 9 "o mat]ial respect f ! mod]n trial jury4 ,! anci5t trial jury c]tify to ! tru? f _! k ( ! facts1 h[ev] acquir$4 ,9 o!r words1 !y resemble witnesses or collectors ( local evid5ce or gossip r ?an jurors4 ,! complete )drawal ( ! witness "* f ! jury is connect$ by ,=sy? ) ! anci5t rules ( law z to pro( ( writt5 in/rum5ts1 & a peculi> mode ( trial p] sectam4 ,:5 a de$ is atte/$ by witnesses1 y h a diff]5ce betwe5 ! te/imony ( ! witness1 :o deposes to ! execution ( ! de$1 & ! v]dict ( ! jury z to ! fact ( execution4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ ) mu* plausibility t 9 su* cases ! atte/+ witnesses =m$ "p ( ! jury4 ,=sy? d\bts t conclusion1 al?\gh he admits t1 z ! jurors !mselves 7 orig9ally m]e witnesses1 !re 0 no di/9ction 9 pr9ciple betwe5 !m & ! atte/+ witnesses1 & t ! atte/+ witnesses might be associat$ ) ! jury 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! function ( giv+ a v]dict4 ,h[ev] t may be1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 al?\gh ! witnesses are spok5 ( z jo9$ to ! assize1 !y are di/+ui%$ f ! jurors4 ,! trial p] sectam 0 us$ z an alt]native to ! assize or jury1 & resembl$ 9 pr9ciple ! sy/em ( compurgation4 ,! claimant prov$ 8 case by v\*+ a c]ta9 numb] ( witnesses 7secta71 :o _h se5 ! transaction 9 "q1 & ! def5dant rebutt$ ! presumption ?us creat$ by v\*+ a l>g] numb] ( witnesses on 8 own side4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ?is 0 all[$1 ! jury did n int]pose at all1 b 9 c\rse ( "t ! practice arose ( ! witnesses ( ! secta tell+ _! /ory to ! jury4 ,9 ^! two in/ances we h ! jury z judges ( ! facts %>ply contra/$ ) ! witnesses :o te/ify to ! facts2 &1 ) ! increas+ use ( juries & ! developm5t ( rules ( evid5ce1 ?is 0 gradually e/abli%$ z ! true pr9ciple ( ! sy/em4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 we f9d ! judges decl>+ t ! jury aft] !y h be5 sworn %\ld n see or take ) !m any o!r evid5ce ?an t :i* has be5 (f]$ 9 op5 c\rt4 ,b ! p]sonal k ( ! jurors 0 n z yet reg>d$ z outside ! evid5ce on :i* !y might f\nd a v]dict1 & ! /ress laid ^u ! selection ( jurym5 f ! neighb\rhood ( ! cause ( ! action %[s t ?is elem5t 0 c\nt$ on1 &1 9 fact1 deem$ ess5tial to a j consid]ation ( ! case4 ,o!r examples ( ! same !ory ( ! duties ( ! jury may be f\nd 9 ! language us$ by legal writ]s4 ,?us x has be5 said t ! jury may return a v]dict al?\gh no evid5ce at all be (f]$1 & aga91 t ! evid5ce giv5 9 c\rt is n b9d+ on ! jury1 because !y are assum$ f _! local connexion to be suffici5tly in=m$ ( ! facts to give a v]dict )\t or 9 opposition to ! oral evid5ce4 ,a record] ( ,london1 temp4 ,edw>d ,,vi41 says t1 if ! witnesses at a trial d n agree ) ! jurors1 ! v]dict ( ! twelve %all be tak5 & ! witnesses %all be reject$4 ,=sy? sugge/s z a reason = ! cont9uance ( ?is !ory t x all[$ ! jury an escape f ! atta9t1 by :i* p5alties might be impos$ on !m = deliv]+ a false v]dict 9 a civil case4 ,!y c\ld sugge/ t ! v]dict 0 accord+ to ! fact1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! evid5ce4 ,9 ,engl& ! trial jury 7also call$ petty jury or trav]se jury7 consi/s ( twelve jurors1 except 9 ! c\nty c\rt1 :]e ! numb] is eight4 ,9 civil b n 9 crim9al cases ! trial may by cons5t be by few] ?an twelve jurors1 & ! v]dict may by cons5t be t ( ! majority4 ,! rule requir+ a unanim\s v]dict has be5 v>i\sly expla9$4 ,=sy? reg>ds ! rule z intimately connect$ ) ! orig9al "* ( ! jury z a body ( witnesses1 & ) ! conception common 9 primitive society t safety is to be f\nd 9 ! numb] ( witnesses1 r ?an ! "* ( _! te/imony4 ,! old notion seems to h be5 t to ju/ify an accusation1 or to f9d a fact1 twelve sworn m5 mu/ be agre$4 ,! af=c+ ( ! jury1 already describ$1 m>ks an int]m$iate /age 9 ! developm5t4 ,:]e ! juries 7 n unanim\s new jurors 7 add$ until twelve 7 f\nd to be ( ! same op9ion4 ,f ! unanim\s twelve select$ out ( a l>ge numb] to ! unanim\s twelve con/itut+ ! :ole jury 0 a natural /ep1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n tak5 )\t hesitation4 ,9 "s old cases ! v]dict ( elev5 jurors out ( twelve 0 accept$1 b x 0 decid$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 t ! v]dict mu/ be ! unanim\s op9ion ( ! :ole jury4 ,div]sity ( op9ion 0 tak5 to imply p]v]sity ( judgm5t1 & ! law sanction$ ! application ( ! h>%e/ me?ods to produce unanimity4 ,! jurors :ile consid]+ _! v]dict 7 n all[$ a fire nor any refre%m5t1 & x is said 9 "s ( ! old books t1 if !y fail$ to agree1 !y c\ld be put 9 a c>t & drawn aft] ! ju/ices to ! bord] ( ! c\nty1 & !n upset into a dit*4 ,^! rude modes ( en=c+ unanimity has be5 s(t5$ 9 lat] practice1 b 9 crim9al cases ! rule ( unanimity is /ill absolutely fix$4 ,9 civil cases & 9 trials = misdemean\r1 ! jurors are all[$ to sep>ate dur+ adj\rnm5ts & to return to _! homes2 9 trials = treason1 treason-felony & murd]1 ! jurors1 once sworn1 mu/ n sep>ate until dis*>g$4 ,b by an act ( #ahig jurors on trials = o!r felonies may be all[$ by ! c\rt to sep>ate 9 ! same way z on trials = misdemean\r4 ,^! rules d n apply to a jury :i* has retir$ to consid] its v]dict4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( retirem5t x is "u ! keep+ ( an (fic] ( ! c\rt4 ,at common law ali5s 7 entitl$ to be tri$ by a jury de m$ietate l+uae--half ,engli%m51 half =eign]s1 n necess>ily compatriots ( ! accus$4 ,?is privilege 0 aboli%$ by ! ,naturalization ,act #ahgj2 b by ! ,juries ,act #ahgj ali5s :o h be5 domicil$ 9 ,engl& or ,wales = t5 ye>s or upw>ds1 if 9 o!r respects duly qualifi$1 are liable to jury s]vice z if !y 7 natural-born subjects 7s4 #h74 ,a jury ( matrons is occasionally summon$1 viz4 on a writ de v5tre inspici5do1 or :]e a female condemn$ to dea? pleads pregnancy 9 /ay ( execution4 ,! jurors are select$ f ! inhabitants ( ! c\nty1 bor\gh or o!r area = :i* ! c\rt to :i* !y are summon$ is commission$ to act4 ,9 crim9al cases1 ow+ to ! rules z to v5ue & t crime is to be tri$ 9 ! neighb\rhood :]e x is committ$1 ! mode ( selection involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5t local k on ! "p ( ! jurors4 ,:]e local prejudice has be5 ar\s$ = or aga9/ ! accus$1 :i* is likely to affect ! *ance ( a fair trial1 ! proce$+s may be remov$ to ano!r jurisdiction1 & !re are a good _m (f5ces 9 :i* by legislation ! accus$ may be tri$ :]e he is caught1 irrespective ( ! place :]e he is alleg$ to h brok5 ! law4 ,z reg>ds civil cases1 a di/9ction 0 at an e>ly date drawn betwe5 local actions :i* mu/ be tri$ 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 & transitory actions :i* c\ld be tri$ 9 any c\nty4 ,^! di/9ctions are n[ ( no importance1 z ! place ( trial ( a civil action is decid$ z a matt] ( proc$ure & conv5i5ce1 & reg>d is n necess>ily paid to ! place at :i* a wrong 0 done or a contract brok54 ,! qualifications =1 & exemptions f1 s]vice z a petty juror are 9 ! ma9 conta9$ 9 ! ,juries ,acts #ahbe & #ahgj1 ?\gh a numb] ( fur!r exemptions are add$ by scatt]$ enactm5ts4 ,! exemptions include memb]s ( ! legislature & judges1 m9i/]s ( v>i\s d5om9ations1 & practis+ b>ri/]s & solicitors1 regi/]$ m$ical practition]s & d5ti/s1 & (fic]s & soldi]s ( ! regul> army4 ,p]sons ov] sixty are exempt b n disqualifi$4 ,li/s ( ! jurors are prep>$ by ! ov]se]s 9 rural p>i%es & by ! t[n cl]ks 9 bor\ghs1 & are submitt$ to ju/ices = revision4 ,:5 jurors are requir$ = a civil or crim9al trial !y are summon$ by ! %]iff or1 if he _c act1 by ! coron]4 ,special & ,common ,juries4--,= ! purpose ( civil trials 9 ! sup]ior c\rts !re are two li/s ( jurors1 special & common4 ,! practice ( select+ special jurors to try important civil cases appe>s to h sprung up1 )\t legislative enactm5t1 9 ! proc$ure ( ! c\rts4 ,=sy? says t ! fir/ /atutory recognition ( x is s late z #c ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 #be1 & t 9 ! olde/ book ( practice 9 exi/5ce 7,p[ell's ,att\rney's ,academy1 #afbc7 !re is no allusion to two classes ( jurym54 ,! acts1 h[ev]1 :i* regulate ! practice allude to x z well e/abli%$4 ,! ,juries ,act #ahgj 7#cc #cd ,vict4 c4 #gg7 def9es ! class ( p]sons entitl$ & liable to s]ve on special juries ?us3 ,e man ^: "n %all be on ! jurors' book = any c\nty1 c41 & :o %all be legally entitl$ to be call$ an esquire1 or %all be a p]son ( high] degree1 or a bank] or m]*ant1 or :o %all occupy a h\se ( a c]ta9 rateable value 7e4g4 #ajj 9 a t[n ( #bj1jjj inhabitants1 #ej else:]e71 or a f>m ( #cjj or o!r premises at #ajj4 ,a special juryman receives a fee ( a gu9ea = ea* cause4 ,ei!r p>ty may obta9 an ord] = a special jury1 b mu/ pay ! additional exp5ses creat$ !reby unless ! judge c]tifies t x 0 a prop] case to be s tri$4 ,= ! common jury any man is qualifi$ & liable to s]ve :o has #aj by ! ye> 9 l& or t5em5ts ( freehold1 copyhold or cu/om>y t5ure2 or #bj on l&s or t5em5t held by lease = tw5ty-"o ye>s or long]1 or :o be+ a h\sehold] is rat$ at #cj 9 ! c\nties ( ,london & ,middlesex1 or #bj 9 any o!r c\nty4 ,a special jury _c be ord]$ 9 cases ( treason or felony1 & may be ord]$ 9 cases ( misdemean\r only :5 ! trial is 9 ! k+'s b5* division ( ! ,high ,c\rt1 or ! civil side at assizes4 ,*all5ge4--,x has always be5 p]missible = ! p>ties to *all5ge ! jurors summon$ to consid] indictm5ts or to try cases4 ,bo? 9 civil & crim9al cases a *all5ge = cause is all[$2 9 crim9al cases a p]emptory *all5ge is also all[$4 ,*all5ge = cause may be ei!r to ! array1 i4e4 to ! :ole numb] ( jurors return$1 or to ! polls1 i4e4 to ! jurors individually4 ,a *all5ge to ! array is ei!r a pr9cipal *all5ge 7on ! gr\nd t ! %]iff is a p>ty to ! cause1 or relat$ to "o ( ! p>ties71 or a *all5ge = fav\r 7on ! gr\nd ( circum/ances imply+ at lea/ a probability ( bias or fav\r 9 ! %]iff74 ,a *all5ge to ! polls is an exception to "o or m jurym5 on ei!r ( ! foll[+ gr\nds3 7#a7 propt] honoris respectum1 z :5 a "l ( p>liam5t is summon$2 7#b7 propt] defectum1 = want ( qualification2 7#c7 propt] affectum1 on suspicion ( bias or p>tiality2 & 7#d7 propt] delictum1 :5 ! juror has be5 convict$ ( an infam\s (f5ce4 ,! *all5ge propt] affectum is1 l ! *all5ge to ! array1 ei!r pr9cipal *all5ge or to ! fav\r4 ,9 ,engl& z a g5]al rule ! juror may be int]rogat$ to %[ want ( qualification2 b 9 o!r cases ! p]son mak+ ! *all5ge mu/ prove x )\t que/ion+ ! juror1 & ! c\rts d n all[ ! protract$ exam9ation on ! voir dire :i* prec$es e cause clbre 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on indictm5ts = treason ! accus$ has a "r p]emptorily to *all5ge ?irty-five ( ! jurors on ! panel2 9 cases ( felony ! numb] is limit$ to tw5ty1 & 9 cases ( misdemean\r !re is no "r ( p]emptory *all5ge4 ,! ,cr[n has n n[ ! "r ( p]emptory *all5ge & may *all5ge only = cause c]ta9 7,juries ,act #ahbe1 s4 #bi74 ,9 ! case ( felony1 on ! fir/ call ( ! li/ jurors object$ to by ! ,cr[n are ask$ to /& by1 & ! cause ( *all5ge ne$ n be assign$ by ! ,cr[n until ! :ole li/ has be5 p]us$ or gone ?r\gh1 or unless !re rema9 no long] twelve jurors left to try ! case1 exclusive ( ^? *all5g$4 ,?is arrangem5t practically am\nts to giv+ ! ,cr[n ! b5efit ( a p]emptory *all5ge4 ,function ( ,jury4--,! jurors 7 orig9ally ! m\?piece ( local op9ion on ! que/ions submitt$ to !m1 or witnesses to fact z to su* que/ions4 ,!y h n[ become ! judges ( fact ^u ! evid5ce laid be=e !m4 ,_! prov9ce is /rictly limit$ to que/ions ( fact1 & )9 t prov9ce !y are /ill fur!r re/rict$ to matt]s prov$ by evid5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial & 9 !ory mu/ n act ^u _! own p]sonal k & obs]vation except s f> z x proce$s f :at is call$ a view ( ! subject matt] ( ! litigation4 ,inde$ x is n[ well e/abli%$ t if a juror is acqua9t$ ) facts mat]ial to ! case1 he %\ld in=m ! c\rt s t he may be dismiss$ f ! jury & call$ z a witness2 & ,"l ,ell5bor\gh rul$ t a judge w\ld misdirect ! jury if he told !m t !y might reject ! evid5ce & g by _! own k4 ,! old decantatum assigns to judge & jury _! own indep5d5t functions3 ,ad quae/ionem legis respond5t judices3 ad quae/ionem facti juratores 7,pl[d51 #aad74 ,b ! indep5d5ce ( ! jurors z to matt]s ( fact 0 f an e>ly "t n absolute4 ,9 c]ta9 civil cases a litigant dissatisfi$ by ! v]dict c\ld adopt ! proc$ure by atta9t1 & if ! atta9t jury ( tw5ty-f\r f\nd t ! fir/ jury _h giv5 a false v]dict1 !y 7 f9$ & suff]$ ! villa9\s judgm5t4 ,atta9ts fell into disuse on ! introduction ab\t #affe ( ! practice ( grant+ new trials :5 ! jury f\nd aga9/ ! weight ( ! evid5ce1 or ^u a wrong direction z to ! law ( ! case4 ,9 crim9al cases ! c\rts attempt$ to control ! v]dicts by f9+ ! jurors = return+ a v]dict contra pl5am et manife/am evid5tiam4 ,b ?is practice 0 decl>$ illegal 9 ,bu%ell's case 7#afgj72 & s f> z crim9al cases are conc]n$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! jury z sole judges ( fact is almo/ absolute4 ,if !y acquit1 _! action _c be review$ nor puni%$1 except on pro( ( wilful & corrupt cons5t to embrac]y 7,juries ,act #ahbe1 s4 #fa74 ,if !y convict no new trial c be ord]$ except 9 ! r>e in/ances ( misdemean\rs tri$ z civil cases 9 ! ,high ,c\rt4 ,9 trials = v>i\s =ms ( libel dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 ! judges re/rict$ ! p[]s ( juries by rul+ t _! function 0 limit$ to f9d+ :e!r ! libel _h 9 fact be5 publi%$1 & t x 0 = ! c\rt to decide :e!r ! words publi%$ con/itut$ an (f5ce4#g ,by ,fox's ,libel ,act #agib ! jurors 9 su* cases 7 expressly emp[]$ to br+ 9 a g5]al v]dict ( libel or no libel1 i4e4 to deal ) ! :ole "q ( ! mean+ & ext5t ( ! incrim9at$ publication4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 giv5 ! same indep5d5ce 9 cases ( libel z 9 o!r crim9al cases4 ,?is indep5d5ce has 9 times ( public excitem5t op]at$ z a k9d ( local option aga9/ ! exi/+ law & z an aid to procur+ its am5dm5t4 ,juries 9 ,irel& 9 agr>ian cases (t5 acquit 9 ! tee? ( ! evid5ce4 ,9 ,engl& ! indep5d5ce ( ! jury 9 crim9al trials is to "s ext5t m5ac$ by ! provisions ( ! ,crim9al ,appeal ,act #aijg4 ,:ile ! jury is 9 legal !ory absolute z to matt]s ( fact1 x is 9 practice l>gely controll$ by ! judges4 ,n only does ! judge at ! trial decide z to ! relevancy ( ! evid5ce t5d]$ to ! issues to be prov$1 & z to ! admissibility ( que/ions put to a witness1 b he also advises ! jury z to ! logical be>+ ( ! evid5ce admitt$ ^u ! matt]s to be f\nd by ! jury4 ,! rules z to admissibility ( evid5ce1 l>gely bas$ ^u s*ola/ic logic1 sometimes difficult to apply1 & almo/ unkn[n 9 cont95tal jurisprud5ce1 c\pl$ ) ! "r ( an ,engli% judge to sum up ! evid5ce 7d5i$ to ,fr5* judges7 & to express 8 own op9ion z to its value 7d5i$ to ,am]ican judges71 fett] to "s ext5t ! indep5d5ce or limit ! *ances ( error ( ! jury4 ,! :ole !ory ( ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts to int]f]e ) ! v]dict ( ! con/itutional tribunal is t ! c\rt is satisfi$ t ! jury h n act$ reasonably ^u ! evid5ce b h be5 misl$ by prejudice or passion 7,watt v4 ,watt 7#aije71 ,app4 ,cas4 #aah1 p] ,"l ,halsbury74 ,9 civil cases ! v]dict may be *all5g$ on ! gr\nd t x is aga9/ ! evid5ce or aga9/ ! weight ( ! evid5ce1 or unsupport$ by any evid5ce4 ,x is said to be aga9/ ! evid5ce :5 ! jury h completely misappreh5d$ ! facts prov$ & h drawn an inf]5ce s wrong z to be 9 sub/ance p]v]se4 ,! dissatisfaction ( ! trial judge ) ! v]dict is a pot5t b n conclusive elem5t 9 det]m9+ z to ! p]v]sity ( a v]dict1 because ( 8 special opportunity ( appreciat+ ! evid5ce & ! demean\r ( ! witnesses4 ,b 8 op9ion is less reg>d$ n[ t new trials are grant$ by ! c\rt ( appeal ?an "u ! old sy/em :5 ! new trial 0 s\ght 9 ! c\rt ( :i* he 0 a memb]4 ,! appellate c\rt w n upset a v]dict :5 !re is sub/antial & conflict+ evid5ce be=e ! jury4 ,9 su* cases x is = ! jury to say :i* side is to be believ$1 & ! c\rt w n int]f]e ) ! v]dict4 ,to upset a v]dict on ! gr\nd t !re is no evid5ce to g to ! jury implies t ! judge at ! trial ought to h )drawn ! case f ! jury4 ,"u mod]n proc$ure1 9 ord] to avoid ! risk ( a new trial1 x is n uncommon to take ! v]dict ( a jury on ! hypo!sis t !re 0 evid5ce = _! consid]ation1 & to leave ! unsuccessful p>ty to apply = judgm5t not)/&+ ! v]dict4 ,! "q :e!r !re 0 any evid5ce prop] to be submitt$ to ! jury arises (t5e/ 9 cases involv+ an imputation ( neglig5ce--e4g4 9 an action ( damages aga9/ a railway company = injuries su/a9$ 9 a collision4 ,juries are some:at ready to inf] neglig5ce1 & ! c\rt has to say :e!r1 on ! facts prov$1 !re 0 any evid5ce ( neglig5ce by ! def5dant4 ,?is is by no means ! same ?+ z say+ :e!r1 9 ! op9ion ( ! c\rt1 !re 0 neglig5ce4 ,! c\rt may be ( op9ion t on ! facts !re 0 none1 yet ! facts !mselves may be ( su* a nature z to be evid5ce ( neglig5ce to g be=e a jury4 ,:5 ! facts prov$ are su* t a reasonable man might h come to ! conclusion t !re 0 neglig5ce1 !n1 al?\gh ! c\rt w\ld n h come to ! same conclusion1 x mu/ admit t !re is evid5ce to g be=e ! jury4 ,?is /atem5t indicates exi/+ practice b sc>cely det]m9es :at relation betwe5 ! facts prov$ & ! conclusion to be e/abli%$ is necess>y to make ! facts evid5ce f :i* a jury may inf] ! conclusion4 ,! true explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! pr9ciple ( relevancy4 ,any fact :i* is relevant to ! issue con/itutes evid5ce to g be=e ! jury1 & any fact1 r\ghly speak+1 is relevant betwe5 :i* & ! fact to be prov$ !re may be a connexion z cause & effect 7see ,,evid5ce74 ,z reg>ds damages ! c\rt has always _h wide p[]s1 z damages are (t5 a "q ( law4 ,b :5 ! am\nt ( ! damages aw>d$ by a jury is *all5g$ z excessive or inadequate1 ! appellate c\rt1 if x consid]s ! am\nt unreasonably l>ge or unreasonably small1 mu/ ord] a new trial unless bo? p>ties cons5t to a r$uction or increase ( ! damages to a figure fix$ by ! c\rt2 see ,watt v4 ,watt 7#aije71 ,app4 ,cas4 #aae4 ,value ( ,jury ,sy/em4--,! value ( ! jury 9 pa/ hi/ory z a bulw>k aga9/ aggression by ! ,cr[n or executive _c be ov]-rat$1 b ! work+ ( ! in/itution has n escap$ criticism4 ,its use protracts civil trials4 ,! jurors are usually unwill+ & are insuffici5tly remun]at$2 & jury trials 9 civil cases (t5 drag out mu* long] & at great] exp5se ?an trials by a judge alone1 & ! proce$+s are occasionally r5d]$ ineffective by ! failure ( ! jurors to agree4 ,!re is mu* =ce 9 ! argum5ts ( ,b5?am & o!rs aga9/ ! ne$ ( unanimity--! application ( pressure to =ce conviction on ! m9ds ( jurors1 ! indiff]5ce to v]acity :i* ! concurr5ce ( unconv9c$ m9ds mu/ produce 9 ! public m9d1 ! probability t jurors w disagree & trials be r5d]$ abortive1 & ! abs5ce ( any reasonable security 9 ! unanim\s v]dict t w\ld n exi/ 9 ! v]dict ( a majority4 ,all ?is is und5iably true1 b disagreem5ts are happily n frequ5t1 & :atev] may happ5 9 ! jury room no compulsion is n[ us$ by ! c\rt to induce agreem5t4 ,b1 ap>t f any incid5tal defects1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 z an in/rum5t = ! inve/igation ( tru?1 ! jury sy/em des]ves all ! encomiums :i* h be5 pass$ ^u x4 ,9 crim9al cases1 especially ( ! grav] k9d1 x is p]haps ! be/ tribunal t c\ld be devis$4 ,!re ! elem5t ( moral d\bt ent]s l>gely into ! consid]ation ( ! case1 & t c be/ be measur$ by a popul> tribunal4 ,op9ion 9 ,engl& has hi!rto be5 aga9/ subject+ a man to s]i\s puni%m5t z a result ( conviction be=e a judge sitt+ )\t a jury1 & ! judges !mselves w\ld be ! fir/ to deprecate s great a responsibility1 & ! ,crim9al ,appeal ,act #aijg1 :i* con/itut$ ! c\rt ( crim9al appeal1 recogniz$ ! responsibility by requir+ a quorum ( ?ree judges 9 ord] to con/itute a c\rt4 ,! same act1 by p]mitt+ an appeal to p]sons convict$ on indictm5t bo? on que/ions ( fact & ( law1 remov$ to a great ext5t any possibility ( error by a jury4 ,b 9 civil causes1 :]e ! issue mu/ be det]m9$ "o way or ! o!r on ! balance ( probabilities1 a s+le judge w\ld probably be a bett] tribunal ?an ! pres5t comb9ation ( judge & jury4 ,ev5 if x be assum$ t he w\ld on ! :ole come to ! same conclusion z a jury delib]at+ "u 8 directions1 he w\ld come to x m quickly4 ,"t w\ld be sav$ 9 tak+ evid5ce1 summ+ up w\ld be unnecess>y1 & ! addresses ( c\nsel w\ld inevitably be %ort5$ & conc5trat$ on ! real po9ts at issue4 ,mod]n legislation & practice 9 ,engl& h v mu* r$uc$ ! use ( ! jury bo? 9 civil & crim9al cases4 ,9 ! c\nty c\rts trial by jury is ! exception & n ! rule4 ,9 ! c\rt ( *anc]y & ! admiralty c\rt x 0 nev] us$4 ,"u ! ,judicature ,acts _m cases :i* 9 ! c\rts ( common law w\ld h be5 tri$ ) a jury are n[ tri$ be=e a judge alone1 or 7r>ely7 ) assessors1 or be=e an (ficial ref]ee4 ,inde$ cynics say t a jury is insi/$ on *iefly 9 cases :5 a jury1 f prejudice or o!r causes1 is likely to be m fav\rable ?an a judge alone4 ,9 crim9al cases1 by reason ( ! enorm\s numb] ( (f5ces puni%able on summ>y conviction & ( ! provisions made = try+ c]ta9 indictable (f5ces summ>ily if ! (f5d] is "y or elects = summ>y trial1 juries are less call$ on 9 proportion to ! numb] ( (f5ces committ$ ?an 0 ! practice 9 =m] ye>s4 ,scotl&4--,accord+ to ! ,regiam ,maje/atem1 :i* is id5tical ) ! treatise ( ,glanvill on ! law ( ,engl& 7b :e!r ! orig9al or only a copy ( t "w is disput$71 trial by jury exi/$ 9 ,scotl& = civil & crim9al cases f z e>ly a date z 9 ,engl&1 & !re is reason to believe t at all ev5ts ! sy/em became e/abli%$ at a v e>ly date4 ,its hi/ory 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! ,engli% jury sy/em4 ,!re 0 no gr& jury "u ,scots law1 b x 0 introduc$ 9 #agjh = ! purpose ( high treason 7#g ,anne c4 #ba74 ,= ! trial ( crim9al cases ! petty jury is repres5t$ by ! crim9al assize4 ,?is jury has always consi/$ ( fifte5 p]sons & ! jurors are *os5 by ballot by ! cl]k ( ! c\rt f ! li/ conta9+ ! names ( ! special & common jurors1 five f ! special1 t5 f ! common4 ,prosecutor & accus$ ea* h five p]emptory *all5ges1 ( :i* two only may be direct$ aga9/ ! special jurors2 b !re is no limit to *all5ges = cause4 ,! jury is n seclud$ dur+ ! trial except 9 capital cases or on special ord] ( ! c\rt made proprio motu or on ! application ( prosecutor or accus$4 ,! v]dict ne$ n be unanim\s1 nor is enclosure a necess>y prelim9>y to a majority v]dict4 ,x is return$ viva voce by ! *ancellor or =eman1 & ent]$ on ! record by ! cl]k ( ! c\rt1 & ! entry read to ! jury4 ,besides ! v]dicts ( guilty & n guilty1 a ,scots jury may return a v]dict ( n prov51 :i* has legally ! same effect z n guilty 9 releas+ ! accus$ f fur!r proce$+s on ! p>ticul> *>ge1 b inflicts on him ! /igma ( moral guilt4 ,jury trial 9 civil cases 0 at "o "t 9 g5]al if n prevail+ use1 b 0 gradually sup]s$$ = mo/ purposes on ! in/itution ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session 7#a ,mackay1 ,ct4 ,sess4 ,pr4 #cc74 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r matt]s1 ,scots law & proc$ure t5d to foll[ cont95tal r ?an insul> models4 ,! civil jury 0 re9troduc$ 9 #ahae 7#ee ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #db71 ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 deal+ ) que/ions ( fact rais$ on ,scotti% appeals4 ,at ! outset a special c\rt 0 in/itut$ 9 ! nature ( a judicial commission to asc]ta9 by means ( a jury facts deem$ relevant to ! issues 9 a cause & s5t = su* det]m9ation at ! discretion ( ! c\rt 9 :i* ! cause 0 p5d+4 ,! process 0 analog\s to ! s5d+ ( an issue out ( *anc]y = trial 9 a sup]ior c\rt ( common law1 or 9 a c\rt ( assize4 ,9 #ahcj ! jury c\rt ceas$ to exi/ z a sep>ate tribunal & 0 m]g$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,session4 ,by legislation ( #ahai & #ahbc c]ta9 classes ( cases 7 indicat$ z appropriate to be tri$ by a jury2 b 9 #ahej ! cases s to be tri$ 7 limit$ to actions = defamation & nuisance1 or prop]ly & 9 sub/ance actions = damages1 & "u an act ( #ahff ev5 9 ^! cases ! jury may be disp5s$ ) by cons5t ( p>ties4 ,! civil jury consi/s z 9 ,engl& ( twelve jurors *os5 by ballot f ! names on ! li/ ( ^? summon$4 ,!re is a "r ( p]emptory *all5ge limit$ to f\r1 & also a "r to *all5ge = cause4 ,unanimity 0 at fir/ b is n n[ requir$4 ,! jury if unanim\s may return a v]dict imm$iately on ! close ( ! case4 ,if !y are n unanim\s !y are enclos$ & may at any "t n less ?an ?ree h\rs aft] be+ enclos$ return a v]dict by a b>e majority4 ,if aft] six h\rs !y d n agree by ! requisite majority1 i4e4 are equally divid$1 !y mu/ be dis*>g$4 ,x 0 /at$ by ,commission] ,adam1 "u :om ! ,scots civil jury 0 orig9at$1 t 9 tw5ty ye>s he knew ( only "o case 9 :i* ! jury disagre$4 ,jury trial 9 civil cases 9 ,scotl& has n fl\ri%$ or giv5 g5]al satisfaction1 & is resort$ to only 9 a small proportion ( cases4 ,?is is p>tly due to its be+ transplant$ f ,engl&4 ,irel&4--,! jury laws ( ,irel& d n diff] 9 sub/ance f ^? ( ,engl&4 ,! qualifications ( jurors are regulat$ by ,o',hagan's ,acts #ahga & #ahgb1 & ! ,juries ,acts #ahgh & #ahid4 ,9 crim9al cases mu* fre] use is made ?an 9 ,engl& ( ! rights ( ! accus$ to *all5ge1 & ( ! ,cr[n to ord] jurors to /& by1 & :at is call$ jury-pack+ seems to be ! object ( bo? sides :5 "s political or agr>ian issue is involv$ 9 ! trial4 ,until ! pass+ ( ! ,iri% ,local ,gov]nm5t ,act #ahih1 ! gr& jury1 besides its functions z a jury ( accusation1 _h l>ge duties ) respect to local gov]nm5t :i* are n[ transf]r$ to ! c\nty c\ncils & o!r elective bodies4 ,briti% ,empire4--,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire ! jury sy/em is 9 =ce z "p ( ! orig9al law ( ! coloni/s or "u ! colonial *>t]s ( ju/ice or by local legislation4 ,! gr& jury is n 9 use 9 ,india2 0 introduc$ b lat] aboli%$ 9 ! ,cape ,colony2 & 9 ,au/ralia has be5 = mo/ purposes sup]s$$ by ! public prosecutor4 ,! ord9>y trial jury = crim9al cases is twelve1 b 9 ,india may be n9e1 sev51 five or ?ree1 accord+ to c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,crim9al ,proc$ure ,code #ahih4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! ,briti% ,cr[n has =eign jurisdiction ! jury = crim9al trials has 9 "s cases be5 fix$ at a less numb] ?an twelve & ! "r ( ! ,cr[n to fix ! numb] is e/abli%$2 see ex p4 ,c>ew1 #ahig1 ,a4,c4 #gai4 ,9 civil cases ! numb] ( ! jury is r$uc$ 9 "s colonies1 e4g4 to sev5 9 ,tasmania & ,tr9idad4 ,european ,c\ntries4--,9 ,france !re is no civil jury4 ,9 crim9al cases ! place ( ! gr& jury is tak5 by ! *ambre des mises en accusation1 & ! m s]i\s crimes are tri$ be=e a jury ( twelve :i* f9ds its v]dict by a majority1 ! exact numb] ( :i* may n be disclos$4 ,9 ,belgium1 ,spa91 ,italy & ,g]many1 c]ta9 classes ( crime are tri$ ) ! aid ( a jury4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,! ,engli% jury sy/em 0 "p ( ! law ( ! ,am]ican colonies be=e ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce2 & gr& jury1 coron]'s jury & petty jury cont9ue 9 full use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"u ! ,f$]al ,con/itution 7,article iii47 !re is a "r to trial by jury 9 all crim9al cases 7except on impea*m5t7 & 9 all civil actions at common law 9 :i* ! subject matt] exce$s #bj 9 value 7am5dm5ts vi4 & vii474 ,! trial jury mu/ be ( twelve & its v]dict mu/ be unanim\s2 see ,cooley1 ,con/itutional ,limitations 7#f? ed471 #chi4 ,! respective prov9ces ( judge & jury h be5 mu* discuss$ & !re has be5 a disposition to decl>e ! jury supreme z to law z well z fact4 ,! :ole subject is fully treat$ by ref]5ce to ,engli% & ,am]ican au?orities1 & ! conflict+ views are /at$ 9 ,sp>f v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahie1 #aef ,u4,s4 #fa4 ,! view ( ! majority ( ! c\rt 9 t case 0 t x is ! duty ( ! jury 9 a crim9al case to receive ! law f ! c\rt & to apply x z laid d[n by ! c\rt1 subject to ! condition t 9 giv+ a g5]al v]dict ! jury may incid5tally det]m9e bo? law & fact z comp\nd$ 9 ! issues submitt$ to !m 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,! p[] to give a g5]al v]dict r5d]s ! duty "o ( imp]fect obligation & enables ! jury to take its own view ( ! t]ms & m]its ( ! law involv$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! jury sy/em is 9 =ce 9 ! /ates ( ! union dep5ds on ! con/itution & legislation ( ea* /ate4 ,9 "s ! use ( juries 9 civil & ev5 9 crim9al cases is r$uc$ or made subject to ! election ( ! accus$4 ,9 o!rs unanim\s v]dicts are n requir$1 :ile ! con/itutions ( o!rs require ! unanim\s v]dict ( ! common law doz54 7,w4 ,f4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i4e4 ! jury-box1 or enclos$ space 9 :i* ! jurors sit 9 c\rt4 #b ,freeman1 ,norman ,conque/1 v4 #dea4 #c ,?is fact w\ld acc\nt = ! rem>kable developm5t ( ! sy/em on ,engli% gr\nd1 z contra/$ ) its decay & ext9ction 9 ,france4 #d ,black/one puts ! pr9ciple z be+ t no man %all be convict$ except by ! unanim\s voice ( tw5ty-f\r ( 8 equals or neighb\rs--twelve on ! gr&1 & twelve on ! petty jury4 #e ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! functions ( ! gr& jury1 :i* pres5ts or accuses crim9als1 & ! petty jury1 :i* tries !m1 has sugge/$ ! !ory t ! sy/em ( compurgation is ! orig9 ( ! jury sy/em--! fir/ jury repres5t+ ! compurgators ( ! accus]1 ! second ! compurgators ( ! accus$4 #f ,=sy?1 #bjf4 ,! numb] ( ! jury 7twelve7 is responsible = "s unf\nd$ !ories ( ! orig9 ( ! sy/em4 ,?is use ( twelve is n conf9$ to ,engl&1 nor 9 ,engl& or else:]e to judicial in/itutions4 ,its g5]al preval5ce1 says ,hallam 7,middle ,ages1 *4 viii471 %[s t 9 se>*+ = ! orig9 ( trial by jury we _c rely = a mom5t ^u any analogy :i* ! m]e numb] af=ds4 ,9 a ,guide to ,engli% ,juries 7#afhb71 by a p]son ( quality 7attribut$ to ,"l ,som]s71 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 ,9 analogy ( late ! jury is r$uc$ to ! numb] ( twelve1 l z ! prophets 7 twelve to =etell ! tru?2 ! apo/les twelve to prea* ! tru?2 ! discov]]s twelve1 s5t into ,canaan to seek & report ! tru?2 & ! /ones twelve t ! heav5ly ,hi]usalem is built on4 ,"l ,coke indulg$ 9 simil> speculations4 #g ,see ,r4 v4 ,dean ( ,/4 ,asaph 7#aghi71 #c ,t4,r4 #dah4 ,,jus ,,primae ,,noctis1 or ,,droit ,,du ,,seigneur1 a cu/om alleg$ to h exi/$ 9 m$ieval ,europe1 giv+ ! ov]lord a "r to ! virg9ity ( 8 vassals' daught]s on _! w$d+ night4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om 9 a legaliz$ =m !re is no tru/wor?y evid5ce4 ,t "s su* abuse ( p[] may h be5 occasionally ex]cis$ by brutal nobles 9 ! lawless days ( ! e>ly middle ages is only too likely1 b ! jus1 x seems1 is a my?1 inv5t$ no e>li] ?an ! #af? or #ag? c5tury4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 an entirely religi\s cu/om e/abli%$ by ! c\ncil ( ,c>?age 9 #cih1 :]eby ! ,*ur* requir$ f ! fai?ful cont95ce on ! w$d+-night1 & ?is may h be51 & !re is evid5ce t x 01 kn[n z ,droit du ,seigneur1 or ,god's "r4 ,lat] ! cl]ical admonition 0 ext5d$ to ! fir/ ?ree days ( m>riage4 ,?is religi\s ab/5tion1 add$ to ! und\bt$ fact t ! feudal "l extort$ f9es on ! m>riages ( 8 vassals & _! *ildr51 d\btless gave rise to ! belief t ! jus 0 once an e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,! :ole subject has be5 exhau/ively treat$ by ,l\is ,veuillot 9 ,le ,droit du seigneur au moy5 ge 7#ahed74 ,,jus ,,relictae1 9 ,scots law1 ! wid['s "r 9 ! movable prop]ty ( h] deceas$ husb&4 ,! deceas$ mu/ h be5 domicil$ 9 ,scotl&1 b ! "r accrues f movable prop]ty1 :]ev] situat$4 ,! wid['s provision am\nts to "o-?ird :]e !re are *ildr5 surviv+1 & to "o-half :]e !re are no surviv+ *ildr54 ,! wid['s "r ve/s by survivance1 & is indep5d5t ( ! husb&'s te/am5t>y provisions2 x may h[ev] be r5\nc$ by contract1 or be dis*>g$ by satisfaction4 ,x is subject to ali5ation ( ! husb&'s movable e/ate dur+ 8 lifetime or by its conv]sion into h]itage4 ,see also ,,w4 ,,juss]&1 ,,jean ,,adri5 ,,anto9e ,,jules 7#ahee- 71 ,fr5* au?or & diplomati/1 0 born at ,lyons on ! #ah? ( ,febru>y #ahee4 ,ent]+ ! diplomatic s]vice 9 #ahgf1 he became 9 #ahgh consul 9 ,london4 ,aft] an int]val sp5t 9 ,tunis he return$ to ,london 9 #ahhg z a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,embassy4 ,9 #ahij he became ,fr5* m9i/] at ,cop5hag51 & 9 #aijb 0 transf]r$ to ,wa%+ton4 ,a close /ud5t ( ,engli% lit]ature1 he produc$ "s v lucid & vivaci\s monographs on comp>atively little-kn[n subjects3 ,le ,?tre en ,anglet]re depuis la conqute jusqu' aux prdcesseurs immdiats de ,%akespe>e 7#ahgh72 ,le ,roman au temps de ,%akespe>e 7#ahhg2 ,eng4 trans4 by ,miss ,e4 ,lee1 #ahij72 ,les ,anglais au moy5 ge3 la vie nomade et les r\tes d',anglet]re au ,,xive sicle 7#ahhd2 ,eng4 trans41 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,l4 ,t4 ,smi?1 #ahhi72 & ,l'pope de ,langl& 7#ahic2 ,eng4 trans41 ,pi]s ,pl[man1 by ,m4 ,c4 ,r41 #ahid74 ,8 ,hi/oire littraire du peuple anglais1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahie1 0 complet$ 9 ?ree volumes 9 #aiji4 ,9 ,engli% he wrote ,a ,fr5* ,ambassador at ! ,c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii4 7#ahib71 f ! unpubli%$ pap]s ( ! c\nt de ,com+es4 ,,jussieu1 ,,de1 ! "n ( a ,fr5* family :i* came into prom95t notice t[>ds ! close ( ! #af? c5tury1 & = a c5tury & a half 0 di/+ui%$ = ! botani/s x produc$4 ,! foll[+ are its m em95t memb]s3-- #a4 ,,anto9e ,,de ,,jussieu 7#afhf-ageh71 born at ,lyons on ! #f? ( ,july #afhf1 0 ! son ( ,*ri/ophe de ,jussieu 7or ,dejussieu71 an apo!c>y ( "s repute1 :o publi%$ a ,n\veau trait de la ?riaque 7#agjh74 ,anto9e /udi$ at ! univ]sity ( ,montpelli]1 & travell$ ) 8 bro!r ,b]n>d ?r\gh ,spa91 ,portugal & s\!rn ,france4 ,he w5t to ,p>is 9 #agjh1 ,j4 ,p4 de ,t\rne=t1 :om he succe$$ at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 dy+ 9 t ye>4 ,8 own orig9al publications are n ( m>k$ importance1 b he edit$ an edition ( ,t\rne=t's ,in/itutiones rei h]b>iae 7#c vols41 #agai71 & also a po/hum\s "w ( ,jacques ,b>reli]1 ,plantae p] ,galliam1 ,hispaniam1 et ,italiam obs]vatae1 c4 7#agad74 ,he practis$ m$ic9e1 *iefly devot+ himself to ! v poor4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #bbnd ( ,april #ageh4 #b4 ,,b]n>d ,,de ,,jussieu 7#afii-aggg71 a y\ng] bro!r ( ! above1 0 born at ,lyons on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #afii4 ,he took a m$ical degree at ,montpelli] & began practice 9 #agbj1 b f9d+ ! "w uncong5ial he gladly accept$ 8 bro!r's invitation to ,p>is 9 #agbb1 :5 he succe$$ ,sba/i5 ,vaillant z sub-demon/rator ( plants 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,roi4 ,9 #agbe he br\ght out a new edition ( ,t\rne=t's ,hi/oire des plantes qui naiss5t aux environs de ,p>is1 #b vols41 :i* 0 aft]w>ds translat$ into ,engli% by ,john ,m>tyn1 ! orig9al "w be+ incomplete4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 admitt$ into ! acadmie des sci5ces1 & communicat$ sev]al pap]s to t body4 ,long be=e ,abraham ,trembley 7#agjj-aghd7 publi%$ 8 ,hi/oire des polypes d'eau d\ce1 ,jussieu ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e t ^! organisms 7 animals1 & n ! fl[]s ( m>9e plants1 !n ! curr5t notion2 & to confirm 8 views he made ?ree j\rneys to ! coa/ ( ,norm&y4 ,s+ul>ly mode/ & retir+1 he publi%$ v little1 b 9 #agei he arrang$ ! plants 9 ! royal g>d5 ( ! ,trianon at ,v]sailles1 accord+ to 8 own s*eme ( classification4 ,?is arrangem5t is pr9t$ 9 8 nephew's ,g5]a1 pp4 lxiii4-lxx41 & =m$ ! basis ( t "w4 ,he c>$ little = ! cr$it ( enunciat+ new discov]ies1 s long z ! facts 7 made public4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,anto9e1 he c\ld n be induc$ to succe$ him 9 8 (fice1 b prevail$ ^u ,l4 ,g4 ,lemonni] to assume ! high] position4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #f? ( ,novemb] #aggg4 #c4 ,,joseph ,,de ,,jussieu 7#agjd-aggi71 bro!r ( ,anto9e & ,b]n>d1 0 born at ,lyons on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #agjd4 ,educat$ l ! re/ ( ! family = ! m$ical pr(ession1 he accompani$ ,c4 ,m4 de la ,condam9e to ,p]u1 9 ! exp$ition = measur+ an arc ( m]idian1 & rema9$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica = ?irty-six ye>s1 return+ to ,france 9 #agga4 ,among/ ! se$s he s5t to 8 bro!r ,b]n>d 7 ^? ( ,heliotropium p]uvianum1 ,l9n41 !n fir/ introduc$ into ,europe4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #aa? ( ,april #aggi4 #d4 ,,anto9e ,,laur5t ,,de ,,jussieu 7#agdh-ahcf71 nephew ( ! ?ree prec$+1 0 born at ,lyons on ! #ab? ( ,april #agdh4 ,call$ to ,p>is by 8 uncle ,b]n>d1 & c>efully tra9$ by him = ! pursuits ( m$ic9e & botany1 he l>gely pr(it$ by ! opportunities af=d$ him4 ,gift$ ) a t5aci\s memory1 & ! p[] ( quickly grasp+ ! sali5t po9ts ( subjects "u obs]vation1 he /eadily work$ at ! improvem5t ( t sy/em ( plant arrangem5t :i* _h be5 sket*$ out by 8 uncle4 ,9 #aghi 0 issu$ 8 ,g5]a plant>um secundum ord9es naturales disposita1 juxta me?odum 9 horto regio ,p>isi5si ex>atam1 anno ,,mdcclxxiv4 ,?is volume =m$ ! basis ( mod]n classification2 m ?an ?is1 x is c]ta9 t ,cuvi] d]iv$ mu* help 9 8 zoological classification f its p]usal4 ,h>dly _h ! la/ %eet pass$ ?r\gh ! press1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out1 & ! au?or 0 in/all$ 9 *>ge ( ! hospitals ( ,p>is4 ,! musum d'hi/oire naturelle 0 organiz$ on its pres5t foot+ ma9ly by him 9 #agic1 & he select$ = its libr>y ev]y?+ relat+ to natural hi/ory f ! va/ mat]ials obta9$ f ! conv5ts !n brok5 up4 ,he cont9u$ z pr(essor ( botany !re f #aggj to #ahbf1 :5 8 son ,adri5 succe$$ him4 ,besides ! ,g5]a1 he produc$ ne>ly sixty memoirs on botanical topics4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] #ahcf4 #e4 ,,adri5 ,,laur5t ,,h5ri ,,de ,,jussieu 7#agig-ahec71 son ( ,anto9e ,laur5t1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #agig4 ,he display$ ! qualities ( 8 family 9 8 !sis = ! degree ( ,m4,d41 ,de ,euphorbiace>um g5]ibus m$icisque e>undem viribus t5tam51 ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( valuable contributions to botanical lit]ature on ! ,rutaceae1 ,meliaceae & ,malpighiaceae respectively1 ( ,taxonomie 9 ! ,dictionnaire univ]selle d'hi/oire naturelle1 & ( an introductory "w /yl$ simply ,botanique1 :i* rea*$ n9e editions1 & 0 translat$ into ! pr9cipal languages ( ,europe4 ,he also edit$ 8 fa!r's ,introductio 9 hi/oriam plant>um1 issu$ at ,p>is1 )\t impr9t or date1 x be+ a fragm5t ( ! int5d$ second edition ( ! ,g5]a1 :i* ,anto9e ,laur5t did n live to complete4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #bi? ( ,june #ahec1 leav+ two daught]s1 b no son1 s t ) him clos$ ! brilliant botanical dyna/y4 #f4 ,,laur5t ,,pi]re ,,de ,,jussieu 7#agib-ahff71 miscellane\s writ]1 nephew ( ,anto9e ,laur5t1 0 born at ,villeurbanne on ! #g? ( ,febru>y #agib4 ,8 ,simon de ,nantua1 ou le m>*& =a9 7#ahah71 rea*$ fifte5 editions1 & 0 translat$ into sev5 languages4 ,he also wrote ,simples notions de physique et d'hi/oire naturelle 7#aheg71 & a few geological pap]s4 ,he di$ at ,passy on ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y #ahff4 ,,ju/ice 7,lat4 ju/itia71 a t]m us$ bo? 9 ! ab/ract1 = ! quality ( be+ or do+ :at is j1 i4e4 "r 9 law & equity1 & 9 ! concrete = an (fic] deput$ by ! sov]eign to adm9i/] ju/ice1 & d "r by way ( judgm5t4 ,x has long be5 ! (ficial title ( ! judges ( two ( ! ,engli% sup]ior c\rts ( common law1 & x is n[ ext5d$ to all ! judges 9 ! supreme c\rt ( judicature--a judge 9 ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice be+ /yl$ ,mr ,ju/ice1 & 9 ! c\rt ( appeal ,"l ,ju/ice4 ,! presid5t ( ! k+'s b5* division ( ! ,high ,c\rt is /yl$ ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7q4v474 ,! ^w is also appli$1 & p]haps m usually1 to c]ta9 subord9ate magi/rates :o adm9i/] ju/ice 9 m9or matt]s1 & :o are usually call$ ju/ices ( ! peace 7q4v474 ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,! ,,peace1 an inf]ior magi/rate appo9t$ 9 ,engl& by special commission "u ! great seal to keep ! peace )9 ! jurisdiction = :i* he is appo9t$4 ,! title is commonly abbreviat$ to ,j4,p4 & is us$ aft] ! "n4 ,! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 said ,coke1 ha? n ! l (fice z ju/ice ( ! peace if duly execut$4 ,"l ,c[p]1 on ! o!r h&1 describ$ !m z m5 sometimes illit]ate & frequ5tly bigot$ & prejudic$4 ,! tru? is t ! ju/ices ( ! peace p]=m )\t any o!r rew>d ?an ! consequ5ce !y acquire f _! (fice a l>ge am\nt ( "w indisp5sable to ! adm9i/ration ( ! law1 & 7?\gh usually n pr(essional lawy]s1 & !re=e apt to be ill-in=m$ 9 "s ( _! decisions7 = ! mo/ "p !y dis*>ge _! duties ) becom+ good s5se & imp>tiality4 ,= c5turies !y h necess>ily be5 *os5 ma9ly f ! l&$ class ( c\ntry g5tlem51 usually ,cons]vative 9 politics2 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! attempt has be5 made by ! ,lib]al p>ty to r$uce ! balance by appo9t+ o!rs ?an ^? belong+ to ! l&$ g5try1 su* z tradesm51 ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]s1 & work+-m54 ,b x has be5 recogniz$ t ! appo9tm5t ( ju/ices accord+ to _! political views is undesirable1 & 9 #aiji a royal commission 0 appo9t$ to consid] & report :e!r any & :at /eps %\ld be tak5 to facilitate ! selection ( ! mo/ suitable p]sons to be ju/ices ( ! peace irrespective ( cre$ & political op9ion4 ,9 great c5tres ( population1 :5 ! judicial bus9ess ( ju/ices is heavy1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to appo9t paid ju/ices or /ip5di>y magi/rates#a to d ! "w1 & an ext5sion ( ! sy/em to ! c\ntry di/ricts has be5 (t5 advocat$4 ,! commission ( ! peace assigns to ju/ices ! duty ( keep+ & caus+ to be kept all ord9ances & /atutes = ! good ( ! peace & = pres]vation ( ! same1 & = ! quiet rule & gov]nm5t ( ! p1 & fur!r assigns to y & e two or m ( y 7( :om any "o ( ! a=esaid ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 we w1 %all be "o7 to inquire ! tru? m fully by ! oa? ( good & lawful m5 ( ! c\nty ( all & all mann] ( felonies1 poison+s1 en*antm5ts1 sorc]ies1 arts1 magic1 trespasses1 =e/all+s1 regrat+s1 engross+s1 & extortions :atev]4 ,?is "p ( ! commission is ! au?ority = ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices 9 sessions4 ,ju/ices nam$ specially 9 ! p>5!tical clause are said to be on ! quorum4 ,ju/ices = c\nties are appo9t$ by ! ,cr[n on ! advice ( ! "l *ancellor1 & usually ) ! recomm5dation ( ! "l lieut5ant ( ! c\nty4 ,ju/ices = bor\ghs hav+ municipal corporations & sep>ate commissions ( ! peace are appo9t$ by ! cr[n1 ! "l *ancellor ei!r adopt+ ! recomm5dation ( ! t[n c\ncil or act+ indep5d5tly4 ,ju/ices _c act z su* until !y h tak5 ! oa? ( allegiance & ! judicial oa?4 ,a ju/ice = a bor\gh :ile act+ z su* mu/ reside 9 or )9 sev5 miles ( ! bor\gh or occupy a h\se1 w>eh\se or o!r prop]ty 9 ! bor\gh1 b he ne$ n be a burgess4 ,! mayor ( a bor\gh is ex (ficio a ju/ice dur+ 8 ye> ( (fice & ! succe$+ ye>4 ,he takes prec$5ce ov] all bor\gh ju/ices1 b n ov] ju/ices act+ 9 & = ! c\nty 9 :i* ! bor\gh or any "p !re( is situat$1 unless :5 act+ 9 relation to ! bus9ess ( ! bor\gh4 ,! *airman ( a c\nty c\ncil is ex (ficio a ju/ice ( ! peace = ! c\nty1 & ! *airman ( an urban or rural di/rict c\ncil = ! c\nty 9 :i* ! di/rict is situat$4 ,ju/ices _c act beyond ! limits ( ! jurisdiction = :i* !y are appo9t$1 & ! w>rant ( a ju/ice _c be execut$ out ( 8 jurisdiction unless x be back$1 t is1 endors$ by a ju/ice ( ! jurisdiction 9 :i* x is to be c>ri$ into execution4 ,a ju/ice improp]ly refus+ to act on 8 (fice1 or act+ p>tially & corruptly1 may be proce$$ aga9/ by a crim9al in=mation1 & a ju/ice refus+ to act may be compell$ to d s by ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice4 ,an action w lie aga9/ a ju/ice = any act done by him 9 excess ( 8 jurisdiction1 & = any act )9 8 jurisdiction :i* has be5 done wrongfully & ) malice1 & )\t reasonable or probable cause4 ,b no action c be br\ght aga9/ a ju/ice = a wrongful conviction until x has be5 qua%$4 ,by ! ,ju/ices' ,qualification ,act #agdd1 e ju/ice = a c\nty 0 requir$ to h an e/ate ( freehold1 copyhold1 or cu/om>y t5ure 9 fee1 = life or a giv5 t]m1 ( ! ye>ly value ( #ajj4 ,by an act ( #ahge ! occupation ( a h\se rat$ at #ajj 0 made a qualification4 ,no su* qualifications 7 ev] requir$ = a bor\gh ju/ice1 & x 0 n until #aijf t c\nty ju/ices 7 put on ! same foot+ 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace ,act #aijf did away ) all qualification by e/ate4 ,x also remov$ ! necessity = resid5ce )9 ! c\nty1 p]mitt+ ! same resid5tial qualification z = bor\gh ju/ices1 )9 sev5 miles !re(4 ,! same act remov$ ! disqualification ( solicitors to be c\nty ju/ices & assimilat$ to ! exi/+ p[] to remove o!r ju/ices f ! commission ( ! peace ! p[] to exclude ex (ficio ju/ices4 ,! ju/ices = e petty sessional division ( a c\nty or = a bor\gh hav+ a sep>ate commission ( ! peace mu/ appo9t a fit p]son to be _! sal>i$ cl]k4 ,he mu/ be ei!r a b>ri/] ( n less ?an f\rte5 ye>s' /&+1 or a solicitor ( ! supreme c\rt1 or h s]v$ = n less ?an sev5 ye>s z a cl]k to a police or /ip5di>y magi/rate or to a metropolitan police c\rt4 ,an ald]man or c\ncillor ( a bor\gh mu/ n be appo9t$ z cl]k1 nor c a cl]k ( ! peace = ! bor\gh or = ! c\nty 9 :i* ! bor\gh is situat$ be appo9t$4 ,a bor\gh cl]k is n all[$ to prosecute4 ,! sal>y ( a ju/ice's cl]k comes1 9 ,london1 out ( ! police fund2 9 c\nties out ( ! c\nty fund2 9 c\nty bor\ghs out ( ! bor\gh fund1 & 9 o!r bor\ghs out ( ! c\nty fund4 ,! va/ & multif>i\s duties ( ! ju/ices cov] "s portion ( e important head ( ! crim9al law1 & ext5d to a consid]able numb] ( matt]s relat+ to ! civil law4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! (fic]s are sometimes appo9t$ by ! executive1 sometimes elect$4 ,9 "s /ates1 ju/ices ( ! peace h jurisdiction 9 civil cases giv5 to !m by local regulations4 ,,footnote3 #a ,:]e a bor\gh c\ncil desire ! appo9tm5t ( a /ip5di>y magi/rate !y may pres5t a petition = ! same to ! secret>y ( /ate & x is !reupon lawful = ! k+ to appo9t to t (fice a b>ri/] ( sev5 ye>s' /&+4 ,he is by virtue ( 8 (fice a ju/ice = ! bor\gh1 & receives a ye>ly sal>y1 payable 9 f\r equal qu>t]ly in/alm5ts4 ,on a vacancy1 application mu/ aga9 be made z = a fir/ appo9tm5t4 ,!re may be m ?an "o /ip5di>y magi/rate = a bor\gh4 ,,ju/ici> 7m$4 ,lat4 ju/ici>ius or ju/iti>ius1 a judge71 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 ! title ( ! *ief m9i/] ( ! ,norman & e>li] ,angev9 k+s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! title 9 ?is connotation is some:at obscure4 ,ju/ici>ius meant simply judge1 & 0 orig9ally appli$1 z ,/ubbs po9ts out 7,con/4 ,hi/4 i4 #chi1 note71 to any (fic] ( ! k+'s c\rt1 to ! *ief ju/ice1 or 9 a v g5]al way to all & sundry :o possess$ c\rts ( _! own or 7 qualifi$ to act z judices 9 ! %ire-c\rts1 ev5 ! /yle capitalis ju/ici>ius be+ us$ ( judges ( ! royal c\rt o!r ?an ! *ief4 ,x 0 n till ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 t ! title summus or capitalis ju/ici>ius1 or ju/ici>ius totius ,angliae 0 exclusively appli$ to ! k+'s *ief m9i/]4 ,! (fice1 h[ev]1 exi/$ be=e ! /yle ( its hold] 0 fix$2 &1 :atev] _! contempor>y title 7e4g4 ,cu/os ,angliae71 lat] writ]s ref] to !m z ju/ici>ii1 ) or )\t ! prefix summus or capitalis 7ibid4 p4 #cdf74 ,?us ,ranulf ,flamb>d1 ! m9i/] ( ,william ,,ii41 :o 0 probably ! fir/ to ex]cise ! p[]s ( a ju/ici>1 is call$ ju/ici>ius by ,ord]icus ,vitalis4 ,! orig9 ( ! ju/ici>%ip is ?us giv5 by ,/ubbs 7ibid4 p4 #bgf74 ,! %]iff 0 ! k+'s repres5tative 9 all matt]s judicial1 milit>y & f9ancial 9 ! %ire4 ,f him1 or f ! c\rts ( :i* he 0 ! presid+ (fic]1 appeal lay to ! k+ alone2 b ! k+ 0 (t5 abs5t f ,engl& & did n und]/& ! language ( 8 subjects4 ,9 8 abs5ce ! adm9i/ration 0 entru/$ to a ju/ici>1 a reg5t or lieut5ant ( ! k+dom2 & ! conv5i5ce be+ once asc]ta9$ ( hav+ a m9i/] :o c\ld 9 ! :ole k+dom repres5t ! k+1 z ! %]iff did 9 ! %ire1 ! ju/ici> became a p]man5t function>y4 ,! fact t ! k+s 7 (t5 abs5t f ,engl&1 & t ! ju/ici>%ip 0 held by great nobles or *ur*m51 made ?is (fice ( an importance :i* at times ?reat5$ to ov]%ad[ t ( ! ,cr[n4 ,x 0 ?is latt] circum/ance :i* ultimately l$ to its abolition4 ,hub]t de ,burgh 7q4v47 0 ! la/ ( ! great ju/ici>s2 aft] 8 fall 7#abca7 ! ju/ici>%ip 0 n aga9 committ$ to a great b>on1 & ! *ancellor soon took ! position =m]ly occupi$ by ! ju/ici> z second to ! k+ 9 dignity1 z well z 9 p[] & influ5ce4 ,f9ally1 "u ,edw>d ,i4 & 8 successor1 9 place ( ! ju/ici>--:o _h presid$ ov] all causes vice regis--sep>ate heads 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ?ree bran*es into :i* ! curia regis z a judicial body _h be5 divid$3 ju/ices ( common pleas1 ju/ices ( ! k+'s b5* & b>ons ( ! ex*equ]4 ,outside ,engl& ! title ju/ici> 0 giv5 "u ,h5ry ,,ii4 to ! s5es*al ( ,norm&y4 ,9 ,scotl& ! title ( ju/ici> 0 borne1 "u ! e>li] k+s1 by two high (ficials1 "o hav+ 8 jurisdiction to ! nor?1 ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! ,=?4 ,!y 7 ! k+'s lieut5ants = judicial & adm9i/rative purposes & 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 ei!r by ,alex&] ,i4 or by 8 successor ,david ,i4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury a magi/] ju/iti>ius also appe>s 9 ! ,norman k+dom ( ,sicily1 title & (fice be+ probably borr[$ f ,engl&2 he presid$ ov] ! royal c\rt 7,magna curia7 & 01 ) 8 assi/ants1 emp[]$ to decide1 int] alia1 all cases res]v$ to ! ,cr[n 7see ,du ,cange1 s4v4 ,magi/] ,ju/iti>ius74 ,see ,w4 ,/ubbs1 ,con/4 ,hi/4 ( ,engl&2 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium 7,niort1 #ahhe7 s4v4 ,ju/iti>ius4 ,,ju/ici>y1 ,,high ,,c\rt ,,(1 9 ,scotl&1 ! supreme crim9al c\rt1 consi/+ ( five ( ! lords ( session toge!r ) ! "l ju/ice-g5]al & ! "l ju/ice-cl]k z presid5t & vice-presid5t respectively4 ,! con/itution ( ! c\rt is settl$ by ! ,act #afgb c4 #af4 ,! lords ( ju/ici>y hold circuits regul>ly twice a ye> accord+ to ! anci5t practice1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h be5 all[$ to fall into disuse until reviv$ 9 #agdh4 ,= circuit purposes ,scotl& is divid$ into nor!rn1 s\!rn & we/]n di/ricts 7see ,,circuit74 ,two judges g5]ally g on a circuit1 & 9 ,glasg[ !y are by special /atute au?oriz$ to sit 9 sep>ate c\rts4 ,by ! ,crim9al ,proc$ure 7,scotl&7 ,act #ahhg all ! s5ators ( ! college ( ju/ice are lords commission]s ( ju/ici>y4 ,! high c\rt1 sitt+ 9 ,ed9burgh1 has1 9 addition to its g5]al jurisdiction1 an exclusive jurisdiction = di/ricts n )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! circuits--! ?ree ,lo?ians1 & ,orkney & ,%etl&4 ,! high c\rt also takes up po9ts ( difficulty aris+ be=e ! special c\rts1 l ! c\rt = cr[n cases res]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! c\rt ( ju/ici>y has au?ority to try all crimes1 unless :5 its jurisdiction has be5 exclud$ by special enactm5t ( ! legislature4 ,x is also /at$ to h an inh]5t jurisdiction to puni% all crim9al acts1 ev5 if !y h nev] be=e be5 treat$ z crimes4 ,its judgm5ts are believ$ to be n subject to any appeal or review1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r an appeal on a po9t ( law w\ld n lie to ! h\se ( lords4 ,! foll[+ crimes mu/ be prosecut$ 9 ! c\rt ( ju/ici>y3 treason1 murd]1 robb]y1 rape1 fire-rais+1 de=cem5t ( mess5g]s1 brea* ( duty by magi/rates1 & all (f5ces = :i* a /atutory puni%m5t high] ?an imprisonm5t is impos$4 ,,ju/ification1 9 law1 ! %[+ by a def5dant 9 a suit ( suffici5t reason :y he did :at he 0 call$ ^u to answ]1 ,= example1 9 an action = assault & batt]y1 ! def5dant may prove 9 ju/ification t ! prosecutor assault$ or beat him fir/1 & t he act$ m]ely 9 self-def5ce4 ,! ^w is employ$ p>ticul>ly 9 actions = defamation1 & has 9 ?is connexion a some:at special mean+4 ,:5 a libel consi/s ( a specific *>ge a plea ( ju/ification is a plea t ! words are true 9 sub/ance & 9 fact 7see ,,libel ,,& ,,sl&]74 ,,ju/9 ,i4 7#dej-ebg71 ,ea/ ,roman emp]or 7#eah-ebg71 0 born 9 #dej z a peasant 9 ,asia1 b enli/+ "u ,leo ,i4 he rose to be comm&] ( ! imp]ial gu>ds ( ,ana/asius4 ,on ! latt]'s dea? 9 #eah ,ju/9 us$ = 8 own election to ! ?rone money t he _h receiv$ = ! support ( ano!r c&idate4 ,be+ ignorant ev5 ( ! rudim5ts ( lett]s1 ,ju/9 entru/$ ! adm9i/ration ( /ate to 8 wise & fai?ful quae/or ,proclus & to 8 nephew ,ju/9ian1 ?\gh 8 own exp]i5ce dictat$ sev]al improvem5ts 9 milit>y affairs4 ,an or?odox *ur*man himself1 he effect$ 9 #eai a reconciliation ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 aft] a s*ism ( ?irty-five ye>s 7see ,,hormisdas74 ,9 #ebb he ent]$ ^u a desultory w> ) ,p]sia1 9 :i* he co-op]at$ ) ! ,arabs4 ,9 #ebb also ,ju/9 c$$ to ,!odoric1 ! ,go?ic k+ ( ,italy1 ! "r ( nam+ ! consuls4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,april #ebg ,ju/91 enfeebl$ by an incurable w\nd1 yield$ to ! reque/ ( ! s5ate & assum$ ,ju/9ian at 8 colleague2 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ he di$4 ,ju/9 be/[$ mu* c>e on ! repair+ ( public build+s ?r\gh\t 8 empire1 & contribut$ l>ge sums to repair ! damage caus$ by a de/ructive e>?quake at ,antio*4 ,see ,e4 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7ed4 ,bury1 #ahif71 iv4 #bjf-bji4 ,,ju/9 ,,ii4 7d4 #egh71 ,ea/ ,roman emp]or 7#efe-egh71 0 ! nephew & successor ( ,ju/9ian ,i4 ,he avail$ himself ( 8 influ5ce z ma/] ( ! palace1 & z husb& ( ,sophia1 ! niece ( ! late empress ,!odora1 to secure a peaceful election4 ,! fir/ few days ( 8 reign--:5 he paid 8 uncle's debts1 adm9i/]$ ju/ice 9 p]son1 & proclaim$ univ]sal religi\s tol]ation--gave bright promise1 b 9 ! face ( ! lawless ari/ocracy & defiant gov]nors ( prov9ces he effect$ few subsequ5t re=ms4 ,! mo/ important ev5t ( 8 reign 0 ! invasion ( ,italy by ! ,lomb>ds 7q4v471 :o1 ent]+ 9 #efh1 "u ,albo91 9 a few ye>s made !mselves ma/]s ( ne>ly ! entire c\ntry4 ,ju/9's att5tion 0 di/ract$ f ,italy t[>ds ! ,n4 & ,e4 fronti]s4 ,aft] refus+ to pay ! ,av>s tribute1 he f\ght sev]al unsuccessful campaigns aga9/ !m4 ,9 #egb 8 ov]tures to ! ,turks l$ to a w> ) ,p]sia4 ,aft] two disa/r\s campaigns1 9 :i* 8 enemies ov]ran ,syria1 ,ju/9 b\ght a prec>i\s peace by paym5t ( a ye>ly tribute4 ,! tempor>y fits ( insanity into :i* he fell w>n$ him to "n a colleague4 ,pass+ ov] 8 own relatives1 he rais$1 on ! advice ( ,sophia1 ! g5]al ,tib]ius 7q4v47 to be ,caes> 9 ,decemb] #egd & )drew = 8 rema9+ ye>s into retirem5t4 ,see ,e4 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7ed4 ,bury1 #ahif71 v4 #b-ag2 ,g4 ,f9lay1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7ed4 #ahgg71 i4 #bia-big2 ,j4 ,bury1 ,! ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#ahhi71 ii4 #fg-gi4 7,m4 ,o4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,ju/9 7,,junianus ,,ju/9us71 ,roman hi/orian1 probably liv$ dur+ ! age ( ! ,anton9es4 ,( 8 p]sonal hi/ory no?+ is kn[n4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,hi/ori>um ,philippic>um libri ,,xliv41 a "w describ$ by himself 9 8 preface z a collection ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ passages f ! volum9\s ,hi/oriae philippicae et totius mundi orig9es et t]rae situs1 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us by ,pompeius ,trogus 7q4v474 ,! "w ( ,trogus is lo/2 b ! prologi or argum5ts ( ! text are pres]v$ by ,pl9y & o!r writ]s4 ,al?\gh ! ma9 !me ( ,trogus 0 ! rise & hi/ory ( ! ,mac$onian mon>*y1 ,ju/9 yet p]mitt$ himself consid]able fre$om ( digression1 & ?us produc$ a caprici\s an?ology in/ead ( a regul> epitome ( ! "w4 ,z x /&s1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory conta9s mu* valuable in=mation4 ,! /yle1 ?\gh f> f p]fect1 is cle> & occasionally elegant4 ,! book 0 mu* us$ 9 ! middle ages1 :5 ! au?or 0 sometimes conf\nd$ ) ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,ed4 pr9ceps 7#adgj72 ,j4 ,g4 ,graevius 7#affh72 ,j4 ,f4 ,gronovius 7#agai72 ,c4 ,h4 ,frots*] 7#ahbg-ahcj72 ,j4 ,jeep 7#ahei72 ,f4 ,rhl 7#ahhf1 ) prologues72 see also ,j4 ,f4 ,fis*]1 ,de elocutione ,ju/9i 7#ahfh72 ,f4 ,rhl1 ,die ,v]breitung des ,j4 im ,mittelalt] 7#ahga72 ,o4 ,ei*]t1 ,wrt]bu* zu ,j4 7#ahha72 ,khl] & ,rhl 9 ,neue ,jahrb*] fr ,philologie1 xci41 ci41 cxxxiii4 ,!re are translations 9 ! *ief ,european languages2 9 ,engli% by ,a4 ,goldyng 7#aefd72 ,r4 ,codr+ton 7#afhb72 ,br[n-,dykes 7#agab72 ,g4 ,turnbull 7#agdf72 ,j4 ,cl>ke 7#agij72 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson 7#ahec74 ,,ju/9ian ,i4 7#dhc-efe74 ,flavius ,anicius ,ju/9ianus1 surnam$ ! ,great1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/]n ,roman ,empire1 0 by bir? a b>b>ian1 native ( a place call$ ,tauresium 9 ! di/rict ( ,d>dania1 a region ( ,illyricum1#a & 0 born1 mo/ probably1 on ! #aa? ( ,may #dhc4 ,8 family has be5 v>i\sly conjectur$1 on ! /r5g? ( ! prop] names :i* its memb]s are /at$ to h borne1 to h be5 ,teutonic or ,slavonic4 ,! latt] seems ! m probable view4 ,8 own "n 0 orig9ally ,uprauda4#b ,ju/9ianus 0 a ,roman "n :i* he took f 8 uncle ,ju/9 ,i41 :o adopt$ him1 & to :om 8 advancem5t 9 life 0 due4 ,( 8 e>ly life we "k no?+ except t he w5t to ,con/ant9ople :ile /ill a "y man1 & receiv$ !re an excell5t education4 ,d\btless he knew ,lat9 be=e ,greek2 x is alleg$ t he always spoke ,greek ) a b>b>ian acc5t4 ,:5 ,ju/9 asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #eah1 ,ju/9ian became at once a p]son ( ! fir/ consequ5ce1 guid+1 especially 9 *ur* matt]s1 ! policy ( 8 ag$1 *ildless & ignorant uncle1 receiv+ high rank & (fice at 8 h&s1 & soon com+ to be reg>d$ z 8 de/9$ successor4 ,on ,ju/9's dea? 9 #ebg1 hav+ be5 a few mon?s e>li] associat$ ) him z co-emp]or1 ,ju/9ian succe$$ )\t opposition to ! ?rone4 ,ab\t #ebc he _h m>ri$ ! fam\s ,!odora 7q4v471 :o1 z empress regnant1 0 closely associat$ 9 all 8 actions till h] dea? 9 #edg4 ,ju/9ian's reign 0 fill$ ) great ev5ts1 bo? at home & abroad1 bo? 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,!y may be class$ "u f\r heads3 7#a7 8 legal re=ms2 7#b7 8 adm9i/ration ( ! empire2 7#c7 8 ecclesia/ical policy2 & 7#d7 8 w>s & =eign policy g5]ally4 #a4 ,x is z a legislator & codifi] ( ! law t ,ju/9ian's "n is mo/ famili> to ! mod]n _w2 & x is !re=e ?is dep>tm5t ( 8 action t requires to be mo/ fully dealt ) "h4 ,he f\nd ! law ( ! ,roman empire 9 a /ate ( great confusion4 ,x consi/$ ( two masses1 :i* 7 usually di/+ui%$ z old law 7jus vetus7 & new law 7jus novum74 ,! fir/ ( ^! compris$3 7i47 all su* ( ! /atutes 7leges7 pass$ "u ! republic & e>ly empire z _h n become obsolete2 7ii47 ! decrees ( ! s5ate 7s5atus consulta7 pass$ at ! end ( ! republic & dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! empire2 7iii47 ! writ+s ( ! juri/s ( ! lat] republic & ( ! empire1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ^? juri/s to :om ! "r ( decl>+ ! law ) au?ority 7jus respond5di7 _h be5 committ$ by ! emp]ors4 ,z ^! juri/s _h 9 _! comm5t>ies ^u ! leges1 s5atus consulta & edicts ( ! magi/rates practically incorporat$ all t 0 ( importance 9 ^? docum5ts1 ! books ( ! juri/s may sub/antially be tak5 z includ+ 7i47 & 7ii474 ,^! writ+s 7 ( c\rse v num]\s1 & =m$ a va/ mass ( lit]ature4 ,_m ( !m _h become exce$+ly sc>ce--_m _h be5 altoge!r lo/4 ,"s 7 ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,!y 7 s co/ly t no p]son ( mod]ate means c\ld hope to possess any l>ge numb]2 ev5 ! public libr>ies _h no?+ approa*+ to a complete collection4 ,moreov]1 z !y proce$$ f a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t au?ors1 :o wrote express+ _! own op9ions1 !y conta9$ _m discrepancies & contradictions1 ! dicta ( "o writ] be+ controv]t$ by ano!r1 :ile yet bo? writ]s might enjoy ! same =mal au?ority4 ,a rem$y _h be5 attempt$ to be appli$ to ?is evil by a law ( ! emp]ors ,!odosius ,,ii4 & ,val5t9ian ,,iii41 :i* gave special weight to ! writ+s ( five em95t juri/s 7,pap9ian1 ,paulus1 ,ulpian1 ,mode/9us1 ,gaius72 b x 0 v f> f remov+ x4 ,z reg>ds ! jus vetus1 !re=e1 ! judges & practition]s ( ,ju/9ian's "t _h two t]rible difficulties to cont5d )--fir/1 ! bulk ( ! law1 :i* made x impossible = any "o to be sure t he possess$ any?+ l ! :ole ( ! au?orities be>+ on ! po9t 9 "q1 s t he 0 always liable to f9d 8 oppon5t quot+ aga9/ him "s au?ority = :i* he c\ld n be prep>$2 &1 secondly1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! law1 !re be+ a great _m important po9ts on :i* diff]+ op9ions ( equal legal validity might be cit$1 s t ! practis+ c\nsel c\ld n advise1 nor ! judge decide1 ) any confid5ce t he 0 "r1 or t a sup]ior c\rt w\ld uphold 8 view4 ,! new law 7jus novum71 :i* consi/$ ( ! ord9ances ( ! emp]ors promulgat$ dur+ ! middle & lat] empires 7edicta1 rescripta1 m&ata1 decreta1 usually call$ by ! g5]al "n ( con/itutiones71 0 9 a condition n mu* bett]4 ,^! ord9ances or con/itutions 7 extremely num]\s4 ,no complete collection ( !m exi/$1 = al?\gh two collections 7,codex gregorianus & ,codex h]mog5ianus7 _h be5 made by two juri/s 9 ! #d? c5tury1 & a l>ge supplem5t>y collection publi%$ by ! emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii4 9 #dch 7,codex !odosianus71 ^! collections did n include all ! con/itutions2 !re 7 o!rs :i* x 0 necess>y to obta9 sep>ately1 b _m :]e( x mu/ h be5 impossible = a private p]son to procure4 ,9 ?is bran* too ( ! law !re exi/$ "s1 ?\gh a less =midable1 unc]ta9ty2 = !re 7 con/itutions :i* practically1 if n =mally1 repeal$ or sup]s$$ o!rs )\t expressly m5tion+ !m1 s t a man :o reli$ on "o con/itution might f9d t x _h be5 v>i$ or abrogat$ by ano!r he _h nev] he>d ( or on ^: s5se he _h n put su* a con/ruction4 ,x 0 !re=e cle>ly necess>y ) reg>d to bo? ! old] & ! new] law to take "s /eps to collect into "o or m bodies or masses s mu* ( ! law z 0 to be reg>d$ z b9d+1 r$uc+ x )9 a reasonable compass1 & purg+ away ! contradictions or inconsi/5cies :i* x conta9$4 ,! evil _h be5 long felt1 & re=ms app>5tly (t5 propos$1 b no?+ 7except by ! compilation ( ! ,codex !odosianus7 _h be5 done till ,ju/9ian's "t4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 accession1 9 #ebh1 he appo9t$ a commission to deal ) ! imp]ial con/itutions 7jus novum71 ?is be+ ! easi] "p ( ! problem4 ,! commission]s1 t5 9 numb]1 7 direct$ to g ?r\gh all ! con/itutions ( :i* copies exi/$1 to select su* z 7 ( practical value1 to cut ^! d[n by retr5*+ all unnecess>y matt]1 & ga!r !m1 arrang$ 9 ord] ( date1 into "o volume1 gett+ rid ( any contradictions by omitt+ "o or o!r ( ! conflict+ passages4#c ,^! /atute law commission]s1 z "o may call !m1 set to "w =?)1 & complet$ _! task 9 f\rte5 mon?s1 di/ribut+ ! con/itutions :i* !y plac$ 9 ! new collection into t5 books1 9 g5]al con=mity ) ! ord] ( ! ,p]petual ,edict z settl$ by ,salvius ,julianus & enact$ by ,hadrian4 ,by ?is means ! bulk ( ! /atute law 0 imm5sely r$uc$1 its obscurities & int]nal discrepancies 9 great measure remov$1 its provisions adapt$1 by ! abrogation ( :at 0 obsolete1 to ! circum/ances ( ,ju/9ian's own "t4 ,?is ,codex con/itutionum 0 =mally promulgat$ & enact$ z "o great consolidat+ /atute 9 #ebi1 all imp]ial ord9ances n includ$ 9 x be+ repeal$ at "o /roke4 ,! success ( ?is fir/ exp]im5t enc\rag$ ! emp]or to attempt ! m difficult ent]prise ( simplify+ & dige/+ ! old] law conta9$ 9 ! treatises ( ! juri/s4 ,be=e ent]+ on ?is1 h[ev]1 he wisely took ! prelim9>y /ep ( settl+ ! m important ( ! legal que/ions z to :i* ! old] juri/s _h be5 divid$ 9 op9ion1 & :i* _h !re=e rema9$ s\rces ( difficulty1 a difficulty aggravat$ by ! g5]al decl9e1 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 ( ! level ( =5sic & judicial le>n+4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by a s]ies ( con/itutions kn[n z ! ,fifty ,decisions 7,qu9quag9ta decisiones71 along ) :i* !re 7 publi%$ o!r ord9ances am5d+ ! law 9 a v>iety ( po9ts1 9 :i* old & n[ inconv5i5t rules _h be5 suff]$ to subsi/4 ,!n 9 ,decemb] #ecj a new commission 0 appo9t$1 consi/+ ( sixte5 em95t lawy]s1 ( :om ! presid5t1 ! fam\s ,tribonian 7:o _h already s]v$ on ! previ\s commission71 0 an exalt$ (ficial 7quae/or71 f\r 7 pr(essors ( law1 & ! rema9+ elev5 practis+ advocates4 ,! in/ructions giv5 to !m by ! emp]or 7 z foll[s3--!y 7 to procure & p]use all ! writ+s ( all ! au?oriz$ juri/s 7^? :o _h enjoy$ ! jus respond5di72 7 to extract f ^! writ+s :atev] 0 ( mo/ p]man5t & sub/antial value1 ) p[] to *ange ! expressions ( ! au?or :]ev] concis5ess or cle>ness w\ld be !reby promot$1 or :]ev] su* a *ange 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to adapt 8 language to ! condition ( ! law z x /ood 9 ,ju/9ian's "t2 7 to avoid repetitions & contradictions by giv+ only "o /atem5t ( ! law ^u ea* po9t2 7 to ins]t no?+ at v>iance ) any provision conta9$ 9 ! ,codex con/itutionum2 & 7 to di/ribute ! results ( _! lab\rs into fifty books1 subdivid+ ea* book into titles1 & foll[+ g5]ally ! ord] ( ! ,p]petual ,edict4#d ,^! directions 7 c>ri$ out ) a spe$ :i* is surpris+ :5 we rememb] n only t ! "w 0 int]rupt$ by ! t]rible insurrection :i* broke out 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ,janu>y #ecb1 & :i* l$ to ! tempor>y retirem5t f (fice ( ,tribonian1 b also t ! mass ( lit]ature :i* _h to be read ?r\gh consi/$ ( no less ?an two ?\s& treatises1 compris+ ?ree millions ( s5t5ces4 ,! commission]s1 :o _h = great] despat* divid$ !mselves into sev]al committees1 pres5t$ _! selection ( extracts to ! emp]or 9 #ecc1 & he publi%$ x z an imp]ial /atute on ,decemb] #af? ( t ye>1 ) two prefatory con/itutions 7^? kn[n z ,omnem reipublicae & ,d$it nobis74 ,x is ! ,lat9 volume :i* we n[ call ! ,dige/ 7,dige/a7 or ,p&ects 7,greek3 ,p&ektai7 & :i* is by f> ! mo/ preci\s monum5t ( ! legal g5ius ( ! ,romans1 & inde$1 :e!r "o reg>ds ! intr9sic m]its ( its sub/ance or ! prodigi\s influ5ce x has ex]t$ & /ill ex]ts1 ! mo/ rem>kable law-book t ! _w has se54 ,! extracts compris$ 9 x are #iabc 9 numb]1 tak5 f ?irty-n9e au?ors1 & are ( greatly v>y+ l5g?1 mo/ly only a few l9es long4 ,ab\t "o-?ird 79 quantity7 come f ,ulpian1 a v copi\s writ]2 ,paulus /&s next4 ,to ea* extract !re is prefix$ ! "n ( ! au?or1 & ( ! treatise :5ce x is tak54#e ,! wor/ ?+ ab\t ! ,dige/ is its highly unsci5tific arrangem5t4 ,! ord] ( ! ,p]petual ,edict1 :i* appe>s to h be5 tak5 z a sort ( model = ! g5]al s*eme ( books & titles1 0 d\btless conv5i5t to ! ,roman lawy]s f _! famili>ity ) x1 b 0 9 itself r accid5tal & hi/orical ?an logical4 ,! disposition ( ! extracts inside ea* title 0 /ill less rational2 x has be5 %[n by a mod]n juri/ to h be5 ! result ( ! way 9 :i* ! committees ( ! commission]s work$ ?r\gh ! books !y _h to p]use4#f ,9 enact+ ! ,dige/ z a law book1 ,ju/9ian repeal$ all ! o!r law conta9$ 9 ! treatises ( ! juri/s 7t jus vetus :i* has be5 already m5tion$71 & direct$ t ^? treatises %\ld nev] be cit$ 9 future ev5 by way ( illu/ration2 & he ( c\rse at ! same "t abrogat$ all ! old] /atutes1 f ! ,twelve ,tables d[nw>ds1 :i* _h =m$ a "p ( ! jus vetus4 ,?is 0 a necess>y incid5t ( 8 s*eme ( re=m4 ,b he w5t too f>1 & inde$ attempt$ :at 0 impossible1 :5 he =bade all comm5t>ies ^u ! ,dige/4 ,he 0 oblig$ to all[ a ,greek translation to be made ( x1 b direct$ ?is translation to be exactly lit]al4 ,^! two great ent]prises _h sub/antially despat*$ ,ju/9ian's "w2 h[ev]1 he1 or r ,tribonian1 :o seems to h act$ bo? z 8 advis] & z 8 *ief executive (fic] 9 all legal affairs1 conceiv$ t a ?ird book 0 ne$$1 viz4 an elem5t>y manual = beg9n]s :i* %\ld pres5t an outl9e ( ! law 9 a cle> & simple =m4 ,! little "w ( ,gaius1 mo/ ( :i* we n[ possess "u ! title ( ,comm5t>ii in/itutionum1 _h s]v$ ?is purpose = ne>ly f\r c5turies2 b mu* ( x _h1 ow+ to *anges 9 ! law1 become inapplicable1 s t a new manual seem$ to be requir$4 ,ju/9ian accord+ly direct$ ,tribonian1 ) two coadjutors1 ,!ophilus1 pr(essor ( law 9 ! univ]sity ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ,doro!us1 pr(essor 9 ! great law s*ool at ,beyr\t1 to prep>e an elem5t>y textbook on ! l9es ( ,gaius4 ,?is !y did :ile ! ,dige/ 0 9 progress1 & produc$ ! useful little treatise :i* has ev] s9ce be5 ! book ) :i* /ud5ts commonly beg9 _! /udies ( ,roman law1 ! ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian4 ,x 0 publi%$ z a /atute ) full legal validity %ortly be=e ! ,dige/4 ,su* m]its z x possesses--simplicity ( arrangem5t1 cle>ness & concis5ess ( expression--belong less to ,tribonian ?an to ,gaius1 :o 0 closely foll[$ :]ev] ! alt]ations 9 ! law _h n made him obsolete4 ,h[ev]1 ! _s ( t great legal classic seems to h 9 a measure dwelt ) & inspir$ ! inf]ior m5 :o 7 reca/+ 8 "w2 ! ,in/itutes is bett] bo? 9 ,lat9ity & 9 sub/ance ?an we %\ld h expect$ f ! condition ( ,lat9 lett]s at t epo*1 bett] ?an ! o!r laws :i* emanate f ,ju/9ian4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s & a half :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! ,codex & t ( ! ,dige/1 _m important *anges _h be5 made 9 ! law1 notably by ! publication ( ! ,fifty ,decisions1 :i* settl$ _m que/ions t _h ex]cis$ ! legal m9d & giv5 occasion to intricate /atutory provisions4 ,x 0 !re=e natural t ! idea %\ld pres5t itself ( revis+ ! ,codex1 s z to introduce ^! *anges into x1 = by s do+1 n only w\ld x be simplifi$1 b ! "o volume w\ld aga9 be made to conta9 ! :ole /atute law1 :]eas n[ x 0 necess>y to read along ) x ! ord9ances issu$ s9ce its publication4 ,accord+ly ano!r commission 0 appo9t$1 consi/+ ( ,tribonian ) f\r o!r coadjutors1 full p[] be+ giv5 !m n only to incorporate ! new con/itutions ) ! ,codex & make 9 x ! requisite *anges1 b also to revise ! ,codex g5]ally1 cutt+ d[n or fill+ 9 :]ev] !y ?\ght x necess>y to d s4 ,?is "w 0 complet$ 9 a few mon?s2 & 9 ,novemb] #ecd ! revis$ ,codex 7,codex repetitae praelectionis7 0 promulgat$ ) ! =ce ( law1 prefac$ by a con/itution 7,cordi nobis7 :i* sets =? its hi/ory1 & decl>es x to be alone au?oritative1 ! =m] ,codex be+ abrogat$4 ,x is ?is revis$ ,codex :i* has come d[n to ! mod]n _w1 all copies ( ! e>li] edition hav+ disappe>$4 ,! con/itutions conta9$ 9 x numb] #dfeb1 ! e>lie/ dat+ f ,hadrian1 ! late/ be+ ( c\rse ,ju/9ian's own4 ,a few ?us belong to ! p]iod to :i* ! great] "p ( ! ,dige/ belongs1 i4e4 ! s-call$ classical p]iod ( ,roman law d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ,sev]us 7#bdd72 b ! great majority are lat]1 & belong to "o or o!r ( ! f\r great eras ( imp]ial legislation1 ! eras ( ,diocletian1 ( ,con/ant9e1 ( ,!odosius ,,ii41 & ( ,ju/9ian himself4 ,al?\gh ?is ,codex is said to h ! same g5]al ord] z t ( ! ,dige/1 viz4 ! ord] ( ! ,p]petual ,edict1 !re are consid]able diff]5ces ( arrangem5t betwe5 ! two4 ,x is divid$ into twelve books4 ,its cont5ts1 al?\gh ( c\rse ( ! utmo/ practical importance to ! lawy]s ( t "t1 & ( mu* value /ill1 hi/orical z well z legal1 are f> less int]e/+ & sci5tifically admirable ?an ! extracts pres]v$ 9 ! ,dige/4 ,! diff]5ce is ev5 great] ?an t betwe5 ! ,engli% reports ( cases decid$ s9ce ! days ( ,"l ,holt & ! ,engli% acts ( p>liam5t = ! same two c5turies4 ,! emp]or's s*eme 0 n[ complete4 ,all ! ,roman law _h be5 ga!r$ into two volumes ( n excessive size1 & a satisfactory manual = beg9n]s add$4 ,b ,ju/9ian & ,tribonian _h gr[n s fond ( legislat+ t !y f\nd x h>d to leave (f4 ,moreov]1 ! v simplifications t _h be5 s f> effect$ br\ght into view ) m cle>ness su* anomalies or pieces ( inju/ice z /ill cont9u$ to de=m ! law4 ,?us no soon] _h ! "w be5 r\nd$ (f ?an fre% excresc5ces began to be creat$ by ! publication ( new laws4 ,betwe5 #ecd & #efe ,ju/9ian issu$ a great numb] ( ord9ances1 deal+ ) all sorts ( subjects & s]i\sly alt]+ ! law on _m po9ts--! majority appe>+ be=e ! dea? ( ,tribonian1 :i* happ5$ 9 #ede4 ,^! ord9ances are call$1 by way ( di/9ction1 new con/itutions1 ,novellae con/itutiones po/ codicem 7,greek3 ne>ai diataxeis71 ,novels4 ,al?\gh ! emp]or _h /at$ 9 publi%+ ! ,codex t all fur!r /atutes 7if any7 w\ld be (ficially collect$1 ?is promise does n seem to h be5 r$eem$4 ,! ?ree collections ( ! ,novels :i* we possess are app>5tly private collections1 nor d we ev5 "k h[ _m su* con/itutions 7 promulgat$4 ,"o ( ! ?ree conta9s #afh 7toge!r ) #ac ,edicts71 b "s ( ^! are by ! emp]ors ,ju/9 ,,ii4 & ,tib]ius ,,ii4 ,ano!r1 ! s-call$ ,epitome ( ,julian1 conta9s #abe ,novels 9 ,lat92 & ! ?ird1 ! ,lib] au!ntic>um or vulgata v]sio1 has #acd1 also 9 ,lat94 ,?is la/ 0 ! collection fir/ kn[n & *iefly us$ 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! middle ages2 & ( its #acd only #ig h be5 writt5 on by ! glossatores or m$ieval comm5tators2 ^! !re=e alone h be5 receiv$ z b9d+ 9 ^? c\ntries :i* recognize & obey ! ,roman law1--accord+ to ! maxim ,quicquid non agnoscit glossa1 nec agnoscit curia4 ,&1 :]eas ,ju/9ian's con/itutions conta9$ 9 ! ,codex 7 all issu$ 9 ,lat91 ! re/ ( ! book be+ 9 t tongue1 ^! ,novels 7 ne>ly all publi%$ 9 ,greek1 ,lat9 translations be+ ( c\rse made = ! use ( ! we/]n prov9ces4 ,!y are v bulky1 & ) ! exception ( a few1 p>ticul>ly ! #aaf? & #aah?1 :i* introduce ! mo/ sweep+ & laudable re=ms into ! law ( inte/ate succession1 are mu* m int]e/+1 z supply+ mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( ! "t1 social1 economical & ecclesia/ical1 ?an 9 respect ( any purely legal m]its4 ,!y may be f\nd pr9t$ 9 any edition ( ! ,corpus juris civilis4 ,?is ,corpus juris1 :i* be>s & immortalizes ,ju/9ian's "n1 consi/s ( ! f\r books describ$ above3 7#a7 ,! au?oriz$ collection ( imp]ial ord9ances 7,codex con/itutionum72 7#b7 ! au?oriz$ collection ( extracts f ! great juri/s 7,dige/a or ,p&ectae72 7#c7 ! elem5t>y h&book 7,in/itutiones72 7#d7 ! unau?oriz$ collection ( con/itutions subsequ5t to ! ,codex 7,novellae74 ,f :at has be5 already /at$1 ! read] w p]ceive t ,ju/9ian did n1 accord+ to a /rict use ( t]ms1 codify ! ,roman law4 ,by a codification we und]/& ! r$uction ( ! :ole pre-exi/+ body ( law to a new =m1 ! re-/at+ x 9 a s]ies ( propositions1 sci5tifically ord]$1 :i* may or may n conta9 "s new sub/ance1 b are at any rate new 9 =m4 ,if he _h1 s to speak1 ?r[n into "o furnace all ! law conta9$ 9 ! treatises ( ! juri/s & 9 ! imp]ial ord9ances1 fus$ !m d[n1 ! gold ( ! "o & ! silv] ( ! o!r1 & run !m out into new m\lds1 ?is w\ld h be5 codification4 ,:at he did d 0 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x 0 n codification b consolidation1 n rem\ld+ b abridg+4 ,he made extracts f ! exi/+ law1 pres]v+ ! old words1 & m]ely cutt+ out repetitions1 remov+ contradictions1 retr5*+ sup]fluities1 s z imm5sely to r$uce ! bulk ( ! :ole4 ,& he made n "o set ( su* extracts b two1 "o = ! juri/ law1 ! o!r = ! /atute law4 ,he gave to po/]ity n "o code b two dige/s or collections ( extracts1 :i* are new only to ?is ext5t t !y are arrang$ 9 a new ord]1 hav+ be5 previ\sly altoge!r unconnect$ ) "o ano!r1 & t "h & !re _! words h be5 modifi$ 9 ord] to br+ "o extract into h>mony ) "s o!r4 ,except = ?is1 ! matt] is old 9 expression z well z 9 sub/ance4 ,?us reg>d$1 ev5 )\t rem>k+ t ! ,novels1 nev] hav+ be5 (ficially collect$1 mu* less incorporat$ ) ! ,codex1 m> ! symmetry ( ! /ructure1 ,ju/9ian's "w may appe> to entitle him & ,tribonian to mu* less cr$it ?an !y h usually receiv$ = x4 ,b let x be obs]v$1 fir/1 t to r$uce ! huge & confus$ mass ( pre-exi/+ law into ! compass ( ^! two collections 0 an imm5se practical b5efit to ! empire2 secondly1 t1 :]eas ! "w :i* he und]took 0 accompli%$ 9 sev5 ye>s1 ! inf9itely m difficult task ( codification might probably h be5 left unf9i%$ at ,tribonian's dea?1 or ev5 at ,ju/9ian's own1 & be5 ab&on$ by 8 successor2 ?irdly1 t 9 ! extracts pres]v$ 9 ! ,dige/ we h ! op9ions ( ! greate/ legal lum9>ies giv5 9 _! own admirably lucid1 philosophical & concise language1 :ile 9 ! extracts ( :i* ! ,codex is compos$ we f9d valuable hi/orical evid5ce be>+ on ! adm9i/ration & social condition ( ! lat] ,pagan & e>li] ,*ri/ian empire2 f\r?ly1 t ,ju/9ian's age1 t is to say1 ! intellect ( ! m5 ^: s]vices he comm&$1 0 q unequal to s va/ an und]tak+ z ! fus+ ^u sci5tific pr9ciples into "o new organic :ole ( ! entire law ( ! empire4 ,) suffici5t "t & lab\r ! "w might no d\bt h be5 done2 b :at we possess ( ,ju/9ian's own legislation1 & /ill m :at we "k ( ! g5]al condition ( lit]>y & legal capacity 9 8 "t1 makes x c]ta9 t x w\ld n h be5 well done1 & t ! result w\ld h be5 n m valuable to ! ,romans ( t age1 & mu* less valuable to ! mod]n _w1 ?an are ! results1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,dige/ & ! ,codex1 ( :at he & ,tribonian actually did4 ,to ! m]its ( ! "w z actually p]=m$ "s ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! *ief defect ( ! ,dige/ is 9 po9t ( sci5tific arrangem5t1 a matt] ab\t :i* ! ,roman lawy]s1 p]haps "o may say ! anci5ts g5]ally1 c>$ v little4 ,!re are "s repetitions & "s inconsi/5cies1 b n m ?an may fairly be all[$ = 9 a compilation ( su* magnitude execut$ s rapidly4 ,tribonian has be5 blam$ = ! ins]tions ! compil]s made 9 ! s5t5ces ( ! old juri/s 7! s-call$ ,emblemata ,triboniani72 b x 0 a "p ( ,ju/9ian's plan t su* ins]tions %\ld be made1 s z to adapt ^? s5t5ces to ! law z settl$ 9 ! emp]or's "t4 ,on ,ju/9ian's own laws1 conta9$ 9 ! ,codex & 9 8 ,novels1 a some:at less fav\rable judgm5t mu/ be pron\nc$4 ,!y1 & especially ! latt]1 are diffuse & (t5 lax 9 expression1 ne$lessly prolix1 & pomp\sly rhetorical4 ,! policy ( _m1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* deal ) ecclesia/ical matt]s1 may also be condemn$2 yet "s gratitude is due to ! legislator :o put ! law ( inte/ate succession on t pla9 & rational foot+ :]eon x has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to /&4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t1 al?\gh ,ju/9ian is s mu* m famili> to u by 8 legislation ?an by any?+ else1 ?is sph]e ( 8 imp]ial lab\r is h>dly ref]r$ to by any ( ! contempor>y hi/orians1 & !n only ) c5sure4 ,procopius compla9s t he & ,tribonian 7 always repeal+ old laws & enact+ new ones1 & accuses !m ( v5al motives = do+ s4 ,! ,corpus ,juris ( ,ju/9ian cont9u$ to be1 ) naturally a few additions 9 ! ord9ances ( succe$+ emp]ors1 ! *ief law-book ( ! ,roman _w till ! "t ( ! ,mac$onian dyna/y :51 t[>ds ! end ( ! #i? c5tury1 a new sy/em 0 prep>$ & issu$ by ^? sov]eigns1 :i* we "k z ! ,basilica4 ,x is ( c\rse writt5 9 ,greek1 & consi/s ( p>ts ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,codex & ! ,dige/1 ?r[n toge!r & (t5 alt]$ 9 expression1 toge!r ) "s matt] f ! ,novels & imp]ial ord9ances po/]ior to ,ju/9ian4 ,9 ! we/]n prov9ces1 :i* _h be5 :olly sev]$ f ! empire be=e ! publication ( ! ,basilica1 ! law z settl$ by ,ju/9ian held its gr\nd2 b copies ( ! ,corpus ,juris 7 extremely r>e1 nor did ! /udy ( x revive until ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury4 ,! be/ edition ( ! ,dige/ is t ( ,momms5 7,b]l9 #ahfh-ahgj71 & ( ! ,codex t ( ,krg] 7,b]l9 #ahge-ahgg74 #b4 ,9 8 f9ancial adm9i/ration ( ! empire1 ,ju/9ian is repres5t$ to u z be+ at once rapaci\s & extravagant4 ,8 unwe>i$ activity & inord9ate vanity l$ him to und]take a great _m co/ly public works1 _m ( !m1 su* z ! erection ( palaces & *ur*es1 unremun]ative4 ,! money ne$$ = ^!1 = 8 w>s1 & = buy+ (f ! b>b>ians :o ?reat5$ ! fronti]s1 _h to be obta9$ by increas+ ! burd5s ( ! p4 ,!y suff]$1 n only f ! regul> taxes1 :i* 7 seldom remitt$ ev5 aft] bad seasons1 b also f monopolies2 & ,procopius goes s f> z to allege t ! emp]or made a practice ( fur!r recruit+ 8 treasury by confiscat+ on slight or fictiti\s pretexts ! prop]ty ( p]sons :o _h displeas$ ,!odora or himself4 ,fiscal sev]ities 7 no d\bt "o cause ( ! insurrections :i* n[ & !n broke out1 & 9 ! grave/ ( :i*1 7#ecb7 ?irty ?\s& p]sons are said to h p]i%$ 9 ! capital4 ,x is n always easy to discov]1 putt+ toge!r ! tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ,ju/9ian's own laws & ! angry compla9ts ( ,procopius1 :at 0 ! nature & ju/ification ( ! *anges made 9 ! civil adm9i/ration4 ,b ! g5]al conclusion seems to be t ^! *anges 7 always 9 ! direction ( fur!r c5tralization1 increas+ ! p[] ( ! *ief m9i/]s & _! (fices1 br++ all m directly "u ! control ( ! ,cr[n1 & 9 "s cases limit+ ! p[]s & appropriat+ ! funds ( local municipalities4 ,f9ancial necessities compell$ retr5*m5t1 s t a c]ta9 numb] ( (fices 7 suppress$ altoge!r1 mu* to ! disgu/ ( ! (fice-hold+ class1 :i* 0 num]\s & weal?y1 & _h almo/ come to look on ! civil s]vice z its h]$it>y possession4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ?is policy 0 ! discont9uance ( ! consul%ip4 ,?is great (fice _h rema9$ a dignity c5turies aft] x _h ceas$ to be a p[]2 b x 0 a v co/ly dignity1 ! hold] be+ expect$ to sp5d l>ge sums 9 public displays4 ,z ^! sums 7 provid$ by ! /ate1 ,ju/9ian sav$ some?+ consid]able by /opp+ ! paym5t4 ,he nam$ no consul aft] ,basilius1 :o 0 ! "n-giv+ consul ( #eda4 ,9 a bureaucratic despotism ! greate/ m]it ( a sov]eign is to *oose capable & hone/ m9i/]s4 ,ju/9ian's selections 7 usually capable1 b n s (t5 hone/2 probably x 0 h>d to f9d ?or\ghly upright (ficials2 possibly !y w\ld n h be5 mo/ s]viceable 9 c>ry+ out ! imp]ial w1 & especially 9 repl5i%+ ! imp]ial treasury4 ,ev5 ! great ,tribonian lab\rs "u ! reproa* ( corruption1 :ile ! fact t ,ju/9ian ma9ta9$ ,john ( ,cappadocia 9 p[] long aft] 8 gre$1 8 unscrupul\sness1 & ! excesses ( 8 private life _h excit$ ! ang] ( ! :ole empire1 reflects little cr$it on 8 own pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & s5se ( duty to 8 subjects4 ,! dep>tm5t ( adm9i/ration 9 :i* he seems to h felt mo/ p]sonal int]e/ 0 t ( public works4 ,he sp5t imm5se sums on build+s ( all sorts1 on quays & h>b\rs1 on =tifications1 repair+ ! walls ( cities & erect+ ca/les 9 ,?race to *eck ! inroads ( ! b>b>ians1 on aqu$ucts1 on mona/]ies1 above all1 ^u *ur*es4 ,( ^! works only two rema9 p]fect1 ,/ ,sophia 9 ,con/ant9ople1 n[ a mosque1 & "o ( ! ar*itectural wond]s ( ! _w1 & ! *ur* ( ,,ss ,s]gius & ,bac*us1 n[ commonly call$ ,little ,/ ,sophia1 :i* /&s ab\t half a mile f ! great *ur*1 & is 9 its way a v delicate & beautiful piece ( "w4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 ?\gh built 9 ,ju/9ian's reign1 & conta9+ mosaic pictures ( him & ,!odora1 does n appe> to h ow$ any?+ to 8 m9d or purse4 #c4 ,ju/9ian's ecclesia/ical policy 0 s complex & v>y+ t x is impossible )9 ! limits ( ?is article to d m ?an indicate its b>e outl9es4 ,= _m ye>s be=e ! accession ( 8 uncle ,ju/91 ! ,ea/]n _w _h be5 vex$ by ! /ruggles ( ! ,monophysite p>ty1 :o recogniz$ only "o nature 9 ,*ri/1 aga9/ ! view :i* !n & ev] s9ce has ma9ta9$ itself z or?odox1 t ! div9e & human natures coexi/$ 9 ,him4 ,! latt] doctr9e _h triumph$ at ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 & 0 held by ! :ole ,we/]n ,*ur*1 b ,egypt1 great "p ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 & a consid]able m9ority ev5 9 ,con/ant9ople clung to ,monophysitism4 ,! emp]ors ,z5o & ,ana/asius _h be5 /rongly suspect$ ( x1 & ! ,roman bi%ops _h refus$ to communicate ) ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople s9ce #dhd1 :5 !y _h condemn$ ,acacius = accept+ ! =mula ( conciliation issu$ by ,z5o4 ,"o ( ,ju/9ian's fir/ public acts 0 to put an end to ?is s*ism by induc+ ,ju/9 to make ! !n patri>* r5\nce ?is =mula & decl>e 8 full adhesion to ! cre$ ( ,*alc$on4 ,:5 he himself came to ! ?rone he endeav\r$ to p]suade ! ,monophysites to come 9 by summon+ "s ( _! lead]s to a conf]5ce4 ,?is fail+1 he eject$ suspect$ prelates1 & occasionally p]secut$ !m1 ?\gh ) f> less sev]ity ?an t appli$ to ! h]etics ( a deep] dye1 su* z ,montani/s or ev5 ,arians4 ,n long aft]w>ds1 8 att5tion hav+ be5 call$ to ! spread ( ,orig5i/ic op9ions 9 ,syria1 he issu$ an edict condemn+ f\rte5 propositions drawn f ! writ+s ( ! great ,alex&rian1 & caus$ a synod to be held "u ! presid5cy ( ,m5nas 7:om he _h nam$ patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople71 :i* r5ew$ ! condemnation ( ! impugn$ doctr9es & ana!matiz$ ,orig5 himself4 ,/ill lat]1 he 0 induc$ by ! ma*9ations ( "s ( ! prelates :o haunt$ 8 c\rt1 & by ! influ5ce ( ,!odora1 h]self mu* int]e/$ 9 !ological que/ions1 & m ?an suspect$ ( ,monophysitism1 to raise a ne$less1 mis*iev\s1 & protract$ controv]sy4 ,! ,monophysites sometimes alleg$ t !y c\ld n accept ! decrees ( ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on because t c\ncil _h n condemn$1 b 7z !y argu$7 virtually approv$1 ?ree writ]s ta9t$ ) ,ne/orian pr9ciples1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 ,!odoret1 & ,ibas1 bi%op ( ,edessa4 ,x 0 repres5t$ to ! emp]or1 :o 0 /ill pursu$ by ! desire to br+ back ! s*ismatics1 t a great /ep w\ld h be5 tak5 t[>ds reconciliation if a condemnation ( ^! tea*]s1 or r ( su* ( _! books z 7 compla9$ (1 c\ld be br\ght ab\t1 s9ce !n ! ,*alc$onian p>ty w\ld be purg$ f any appe>ance ( sympa?y ) ! errors ( ,ne/orius4 ,n /opp+ to reflect t 9 ! angry & suspici\s /ate ( m5's m9ds he 0 sure to lose z mu* 9 "o direction z he w\ld ga9 9 ! o!r1 ,ju/9ian ent]$ into ! idea1 & put =? an edict expos+ & d5\nc+ ! errors conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,!odore g5]ally1 9 ! treatise ( ,!odoret aga9/ ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 & 9 a lett] ( ,bi%op ,ibas 7a lett] ^: au!nticity 0 d\bt$1 b :i* pass$ "u 8 "n7 to ! ,p]sian bi%op ,m>is4 ,?is edict 0 circulat$ ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian _w to be subscrib$ by ! bi%ops4 ,! f\r ,ea/]n patri>*s1 & ! great majority ( ! ,ea/]n prelates g5]ally1 subscrib$1 ?\gh reluctantly1 = x 0 felt t a dang]\s prec$5t 0 be+ set :5 dead au?ors 7 ana!matiz$1 & t ?is new movem5t c\ld h>dly fail to weak5 ! au?ority ( ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on4 ,among ! ,we/]n bi%ops1 :o 7 less dispos$ bo? to ,monophysitism & to subs]vi5ce1 & especially by ^? ( ,africa1 ! edict 0 e>ne/ly resi/$4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ,pope ,vigilius did n =?) comply1 he 0 summon$ to ,con/ant9ople4 ,ev5 !re he resi/$1 n s mu*1 x w\ld seem1 f any scruples ( 8 own1 = he 0 n a high-m9d$ man1 z because he knew t he d>$ n return to ,italy if he gave way4 ,long disputes & negotiations foll[$1 ! end ( :i* 0 t ,ju/9ian summon$ a g5]al c\ncil ( ! *ur*1 t :i* we reckon ! ,fif?1 :i* condemn$ ! impugn$ writ+s1 & ana!matiz$ sev]al o!r h]etical au?ors4 ,its decrees 7 receiv$ 9 ! ,ea/ b long conte/$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 :]e a s*ism arose t la/$ = sev5ty ye>s4 ,?is is ! controv]sy kn[n z t ( ! ,?ree ,*apt]s 7,tria capitula1 ,greek3 tria kephalaia71 app>5tly f ! ?ree propositions or condemnations conta9$ 9 ,ju/9ian's orig9al edict1 "o relat+ to ,!odore's writ+s & p]son1 ! second to ! incrim9at$ treatise ( ,!odoret 7^: p]son 0 n attack$71 ! ?ird to ! lett] 7if g5u9e7 ( ,ibas 7see ,hefele1 ,concili5ges*i*te1 ii4 #ggg74 ,at ! v end ( 8 long c>e] ( !ological discussion1 ,ju/9ian himself laps$ into h]esy1 by accept+ ! doctr9e t ! e>?ly body ( ,*ri/ 0 incorruptible1 ins5sible to ! weaknesses ( ! fle%1 a doctr9e :i* _h be5 advanc$ by ,julian1 bi%op ( ,halic>nassus1 & w5t by ! "n ( ,aph?>todocetism4 ,accord+ to 8 usual practice1 he issu$ an edict en=c+ ?is view1 & requir+ all patri>*s1 metropolitans1 & bi%ops to subscribe to x4 ,"s1 :o n unnaturally held t x 0 rank ,monophysitism1 refus$ at once1 & 7 depriv$ ( _! sees1 among !m ,euty*ius ! em95t patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,o!rs submitt$ or temporiz$2 b be=e !re _h be5 "t en\gh = ! matt] to be c>ri$ ?r\gh1 ! emp]or di$1 hav+ t>ni%$ if n utt]ly =feit$ by ?is la/ error ! reputation won by a life devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,or?odoxy4 ,z no prec$+ sov]eign _h be5 s mu* int]e/$ 9 *ur* affairs1 s none seems to h %[n s mu* activity z a p]secutor bo? ( pagans & ( h]etics4 ,he r5ew$ ) additional /r+5cy ! laws aga9/ bo? ^! classes4 ,! =m] embrac$ a l>ge "p ( ! rural population 9 c]ta9 seclud$ di/ricts1 su* z p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or & ,peloponnesus2 & we are told t ! ef=ts direct$ aga9/ !m result$ 9 ! =cible baptism ( #gj1jjj p]sons 9 ,asia ,m9or alone4 ,paganism1 h[ev]1 surviv$2 we f9d x 9 ,laconia 9 ! end ( ! #i? c5tury1 & 9 nor!rn ,syria x has la/$ till our own times4 ,!re 7 also a good _m crypto-pagans among ! educat$ population ( ! capital4 ,procopius1 = in/ance1 if he 0 n actually a ,pagan1 0 c]ta9ly v little ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,inquiries made 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,ju/9ian's reign drove ne>ly all ( ^! p]sons into an outw>d con=mity1 & _! (fspr+ seem to h become ord9>y ,*ri/ians4 ,at ,a!ns1 ! philosoph]s :o taught 9 ! s*ools hall[$ by memories ( ,plato /ill op5ly pr(ess$ :at pass$ = ,paganism1 ?\gh x 0 really a body ( moral doctr9e1 /rongly t+$ ) my/icism1 9 :i* !re 0 f> m ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ! speculative metaphysics ( ! ,ea/ ?an ( ! old ,olympian religion4 ,ju/9ian1 p>tly f religi\s motives1 p>tly because he disc\nt5anc$ all rivals to ! imp]ial univ]sity ( ,con/ant9ople1 clos$ ^! ,a!nian s*ools 7#ebi74 ,! pr(essors s\ght refuge at ! c\rt ( ,*osroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 b 7 soon s mu* disgu/$ by ! ideas & practices ( ! fire-wor%ipp]s t !y return$ to ! empire1 ,*osroes hav+ magnanim\sly obta9$ f ,ju/9ian a promise t !y %\ld be suff]$ to pass ! re/ ( _! days unmole/$4 ,h]esy prov$ m ob/9ate4 ,! sev]ities direct$ aga9/ ! ,montani/s ( ,phrygia l$ to a furi\s w>1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! sect>ies p]i%$1 :ile ! doctr9e 0 n ext+ui%$4 ,h>% laws provok$ ! ,sam>itans to a revolt1 f ^: effects ,pale/9e _h n recov]$ :5 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,! ,ne/orians & ! ,euty*ian ,monophysites 7 n ?reat5$ ) su* sev]e civil p5alties1 al?\gh _! wor%ip 0 int]dict$1 & _! bi%ops 7 sometimes bani%$2 b ?is vexati\s treatm5t 0 q en\gh to keep !m disaffect$1 & ! rapidity ( ! ,mahomm$an conque/s may be p>tly trac$ to t ali5ation ( ! bulk ( ! ,egyptian & a l>ge "p ( ! ,syrian population :i* dates f ,ju/9ian's p]secutions4 #d4 ,ju/9ian 0 engag$ 9 ?ree great =eign w>s1 two ( !m ( 8 own seek+1 ! ?ird a legacy :i* ne>ly e emp]or _h come into = ?ree c5turies1 ! secul> /rife ( ,rome & ,p]sia4 ,! ,sassanid k+s ( ,p]sia rul$ a dom9ion :i* ext5d$ f ! conf9es ( ,syria to ^? ( ,india1 & f ! /raits ( ,oman to ! ,caucasus4 ,! m>tial "* ( _! population made !m =midable enemies to ! ,romans1 ^: troops 7 at ?is epo* ma9ly b>b>ians1 ! settl$ & civiliz$ subjects ( ! empire be+ z a rule av]se f w>4 ,:5 ,ju/9ian came to ! ?rone1 8 troops 7 ma9ta9+ an unequal /ruggle on ! ,euphrates aga9/ ! armies ( ,kavadh ,i4 7q4v474 ,aft] "s campaigns1 9 :i* ! skill ( ,belis>ius obta9$ consid]able successes1 a peace 0 conclud$ 9 #ecc ) ,*osroes ,i4 7q4v474 ,?is la/$ till #eci1 :5 ,*osroes decl>$ w>1 alleg+ t ,ju/9ian _h be5 secretly intrigu+ aga9/ him ) ! ,heph?alite ,huns1 & d\btless mov$ by al>m & envy at ! victories :i* ! ,romans _h be5 ga9+ 9 ,italy4 ,! emp]or 0 too mu* occupi$ 9 ! ,we/ to be able adequately to def5d 8 ea/]n fronti]4 ,*osroes advanc$ into ,syria ) little resi/ance1 & 9 #edj captur$ ,antio*1 !n ! greate/ city 9 ,asia1 c>ry+ (f its inhabitants into captivity4 ,! w> cont9u$ ) v>y+ =tunes = f\r ye>s m 9 ?is qu>t]2 :ile 9 ! meantime an ev5 fi]c] /ruggle _h begun 9 ! m\nta9\s region inhabit$ by ! ,lazi at ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! ,black ,sea 7see ,,col*is74 ,:5 aft] two-&-tw5ty ye>s ( fight+ no sub/antial advantage _h be5 ga9$ by ei!r p>ty1 ,*osroes agre$ 9 #efb to a peace :i* left ,lazica to ! ,romans1 b "u ! di%on\rable condition ( _! pay+ #cj1jjj pieces ( gold annually to ! ,p]sian k+4 ,?us no result ( p]man5t importance fl[$ f ^! ,p]sian w>s1 except t !y greatly weak5$ ! ,roman ,empire1 increas$ ,ju/9ian's f9ancial emb>rassm5ts1 & prev5t$ him f prosecut+ ) suffici5t vig\r 8 ent]prises 9 ! ,we/4 7,see fur!r ,,p]sia3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,! ,sassanid ,dyna/y47 ,^! ent]prises _h begun 9 #ecc ) an attack on ! ,v&als1 :o 7 !n reign+ 9 ,africa4 ,belis>ius1 despat*$ f ,con/ant9ople ) a l>ge fleet & army1 l&$ )\t opposition1 & de/roy$ ! b>b>ian p[] 9 two engagem5ts4 ,nor? ,africa f beyond ! /raits ( ,gibralt> to ! ,syrtes became aga9 a ,roman prov9ce1 al?\gh ! ,moori% tribes ( ! int]ior ma9ta9$ a species ( indep5d5ce2 & "p ( s\!rn ,spa9 0 also recov]$ = ! empire4 ,! ease ) :i* s important a conque/ _h be5 effect$ enc\rag$ ,ju/9ian to attack ! ,o/rogo?s ( ,italy1 ^: k+dom1 ?\gh va/ 9 ext5t1 = x includ$ "p ( s\?-ea/]n ,gaul1 ,raetia1 ,dalmatia & "p ( ,pannonia1 z well z ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 _h be5 griev\sly weak5$ by ! dea? fir/ ( ! great ,!odoric1 & "s ye>s lat] ( 8 gr&son ,a?al>ic1 s t ! ,go?ic nation 0 practically )\t a head4 ,ju/9ian began ! w> 9 #ece1 tak+ z 8 pretext ! murd] ( ,que5 ,amalasun?a1 daught] ( ,!odoric1 :o _h plac$ h]self "u 8 protection1 & alleg+ t ! ,o/rogo?ic k+dom _h always own$ a species ( allegiance to ! emp]or at ,con/ant9ople4 ,!re 0 "s f\ndation = ?is claim1 al?\gh ( c\rse x c\ld n h be5 made effective aga9/ ,!odoric1 :o 0 m p[]ful ?an 8 suppos$ suz]a94 ,belis>ius1 :o _h be5 made comm&] ( ! ,italian exp$ition1 ov]ran ,sicily1 r$uc$ s\!rn ,italy1 & 9 #ecf occupi$ ,rome4 ,"h he 0 attack$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ,vitiges1 :o _h be5 *os5 k+ by ! ,go?s1 ) a greatly sup]ior =ce4 ,aft] a siege ( ov] a ye>1 ! en]gy1 skill1 & c\rage ( ,belis>ius1 & ! sickness :i* 0 prey+ on ! ,go?ic troops1 oblig$ ,vitiges to retire4 ,belis>ius pursu$ 8 dim9i%$ army nor?w>ds1 %ut him up 9 ,rav5na1 & ultimately receiv$ ! surr5d] ( t impregnable city4 ,vitiges 0 s5t prison] to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ,ju/9ian treat$ him1 z he _h previ\sly treat$ ! captive ,v&al k+1 ) clem5cy4 ,! imp]ial adm9i/ration 0 e/abli%$ ?r\gh ,italy1 b its rapacity soon began to excite discont5t1 & ! k]nel ( ! ,go?ic nation _h n submitt$4 ,aft] two %ort & un=tunate reigns1 ! cr[n _h be5 be/[$ on ,totila or ,baduila1 a w>rior ( di/+ui%$ abilities1 :o by degrees drove ! imp]ial g5]als & gov]nors out ( ,italy4 ,belis>ius 0 s5t aga9/ him1 b ) =ces too small = ! gravity ( ! situation4 ,he mov$ f place to place dur+ sev]al ye>s1 b saw city aft] city captur$ by or op5 its gates to ,totila1 till only ,rav5na1 ,otranto & ,ancona rema9$4 ,ju/9ian 0 occupi$ by ! ecclesia/ical controv]sy ( ! ,?ree ,*apt]s1 & _h n ! money to fit out a prop] army & fleet2 inde$1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r he w\ld ev] h r\s$ himself to ! necess>y ex]tions b = ! pres5ce at ,con/ant9ople ( a knot ( ,roman exiles1 :o kept urg+ him to reconqu] ,italy1 repres5t+ t ) _! help & ! sympa?y ( ! p x w\ld n be a difficult ent]prise4 ,! emp]or at la/ compli$1 & 9 #eeb a p[]ful army 0 despat*$ "u ,n>ses1 an ,arm5ian eunu* n[ advanc$ 9 life1 b reput$ ! mo/ skilful g5]al ( ! age1 z ,belis>ius 0 ! hotte/ soldi]4 ,he m>*$ along ! coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice1 & enc\nt]$ ! army ( ,totila at ,tag9ae n f> f ,ces5a4 ,totila 0 sla91 & ! ,go?ic cause irretrievably lo/4 ,! valiant rema9s ( ! nation made ano!r /& "u ,teias on ! ,lact>ian ,hill 9 ,campania2 aft] t !y disappe> f hi/ory4 ,italy 0 recov]$ = ! empire1 b x 0 an ,italy t]ribly impov]i%$ & depopulat$1 ^: possession c>ri$ little /r5g? ) x4 ,ju/9ian's policy bo? 9 ! ,v&alic & 9 ! ,go?ic ,w> /&s condemn$ by ! result4 ,! res\rces ( ! /ate1 :i* might bett] h be5 sp5t 9 def5d+ ! nor!rn fronti] aga9/ ,slavs & ,huns & ! ea/]n fronti] aga9/ ,p]sians1 7 consum$ 9 ! conque/ ( two c\ntries :i* _h suff]$ too mu* to be ( any sub/antial value1 & :i*1 sep>at$ by language z well z by int]v5+ seas1 c\ld n be p]man5tly reta9$4 ,h[ev]1 ,ju/9ian mu/ h be5 almo/ pret]naturally wise to h =ese5 ?is3 8 conduct 0 9 ! circum/ances only :at might h be5 expect$ f an ambiti\s pr9ce :o p]ceiv$ an opportunity ( recov]+ t]ritories t _h =m]ly belong$ to ! empire1 & ov] :i* its rights 7 conceiv$ to be only susp5d$4 ,besides ^! ?ree great =eign w>s1 ,ju/9ian's reign 0 tr\bl$ by a con/ant succession ( bord] inroads1 especially on ! nor!rn fronti]1 :]e ! v>i\s ,slavonic & ,hunni% tribes :o 7 e/abli%$ along ! l[] ,danube & on ! nor? coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea made frequ5t m>aud+ exp$itions into ,?race & ,mac$onia1 sometimes p5etrat+ z f> z ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople 9 "o direction & ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9? 9 ano!r4 ,imm5se damage 0 inflict$ by ^! m>aud]s on ! subjects ( ! empire1 :o seem to h be5 mo/ly too peaceable to def5d !mselves1 & :om ! emp]or c\ld n sp>e troops en\gh to protect4 ,fields 7 laid wa/e1 villages burnt1 l>ge numb]s ( p c>ri$ into captivity2 & on "o occasion ! capital 0 itself 9 dang]4 #e4 ,x only rema9s to say some?+ reg>d+ ,ju/9ian's p]sonal "* & capacities1 ) reg>d to :i* a great div]sity ( op9ion has exi/$ among hi/orians4 ,! civilians1 look+ on him z a patri>* ( _! sci5ce1 h z a rule extoll$ 8 wisdom & virtues2 :ile ecclesia/ics ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 f ,c>d9al ,b>onius d[nw>ds1 h be5 (f5d$ by 8 arbitr>y conduct t[>ds ! popes1 & by 8 la/ lapse into h]esy1 & h !re=e be5 dispos$ to accept ! /ories :i* ascribe to him p]fidy1 cruelty1 rapacity & extravagance4 ,! difficulty ( arriv+ at a fair conclusion is increas$ by ! fact t ,procopius1 :o is our *ief au?ority = ! ev5ts ( 8 reign1 speaks ) a v diff]5t voice 9 8 secret memoirs 7! ,anecdota7 f t :i* he has us$ 9 8 publi%$ hi/ory1 & t "s ( ! accusations conta9$ 9 ! =m] "w are s rancor\s & improbable t a c]ta9 measure ( discr$it atta*es to ev]y?+ :i* x conta9s4 ,! tru? seems to be t ,ju/9ian 0 n a great rul] 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say1 a man ( l>ge views1 deep insight1 a capacity = =m+ j su* plans z ! circum/ances ne$$1 & c>ry+ !m out by a skilful adaptation ( means to ends4 ,b he 0 a man ( consid]able abilities1 wond]ful activity ( m9d1 & admirable indu/ry4 ,he 0 int]e/$ 9 _m ?+s1 & ?rew himself ) ard\r into :atev] he took up2 he contriv$ s*emes quickly1 & pu%$ !m on ) an en]gy :i* usually made !m succe$ :5 no long "t 0 ne$$1 =1 if a project 0 delay$1 !re 0 a risk ( 8 tir+ ( x & dropp+ x4 ,al?\gh va9 & full ( self-confid5ce1 he 0 easily l$ by ^? :o knew h[ to get at him1 & p>ticul>ly by 8 wife4 ,%e ex]cis$ ov] him t influ5ce :i* a /rong] "* always ex]cises ov] a weak]1 :atev] _! respective positions2 & un=tunately x 0 seldom a good influ5ce1 = ,!odora 7q4v47 seems to h be5 a woman :o1 ) all h] brilliant gifts ( intellig5ce & mann]1 _h no pr9ciples & no pity4 ,ju/9ian 0 r quick ?an /rong or pr(\nd2 8 policy does n /rike "o z ! result ( delib]ate & well-consid]$ views1 b dictat$ by ! hopes & fancies ( ! mom5t4 ,8 activity 0 9 s f> a mis=tune z x l$ him to attempt too _m ?+s at once1 & engage 9 und]tak+s s co/ly t oppression became necess>y to provide ! funds = !m4 ,ev5 8 devotion to "w1 :i* excites our admiration1 9 ! c5tre ( a luxuri\s c\rt1 0 to a great ext5t unpr(itable1 = x 0 ma9ly giv5 to !ological controv]sies :i* nei!r he nor any "o else c\ld settle4 ,/ill1 aft] mak+ all d$uctions1 x is pla9 t ! man :o accompli%$ s mu*1 & kept ! :ole _w s occupi$1 z ,ju/9ian did dur+ ! ?irty-eight ye>s ( 8 reign1 mu/ h possess$ no common abilities4 ,he 0 affable & easy ( approa* to all 8 subjects1 ) a pleasant address2 nor does he seem to h be51 l 8 wife1 ei!r cruel or rev5geful4 ,we he> sev]al times ( 8 sp>+ ^? :o _h conspir$ aga9/ him4 ,b he 0 n scrupul\s 9 ! means he employ$1 & he 0 will+ to ma9ta9 9 p[] dete/able m9i/]s if only !y s]v$ him effici5tly & fill$ 8 c(f]s4 ,8 *ief passion1 aft] t = 8 own fame & glory1 seems to h be5 = !ology & religion2 x 0 9 ?is field t 8 lit]>y p[]s ex]t$ !mselves 7= he wrote controv]sial treatises & hymns71 & 8 ta/e also1 = among 8 num]\s build+s ! *ur*es are ^? on :i* he sp5t mo/ ?\ght & money4 ,consid]+ t 8 legal re=ms are ^? by :i* 8 "n is ma9ly kn[n to po/]ity1 x is curi\s t we %\ld h h>dly any in=mation z to 8 legal k1 or ! %>e :i* he took 9 ^? re=ms4 ,9 p]son he 0 some:at above ! middle height1 well-%ap$1 ) pl5ty ( fre% col\r 9 8 *eeks1 & an extraord9>y p[] ( do+ )\t food & sleep4 ,he sp5t mo/ ( ! night 9 read+ or writ+1 & w\ld sometimes g = a day ) no food b a few gre5 h]bs4 ,two mosaic figures ( him exi/ at ,rav5na1 "o 9 ! apse ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,vitale1 ! o!r 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,urbe2 b ( c\rse "o _c be sure h[ f> 9 su* a mat]ial ! portrait fairly repres5ts ! orig9al4 ,he _h no *ildr5 by 8 m>riage ) ,!odora1 & did n m>ry aft] h] decease4 ,on 8 dea?1 :i* took place on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #efe1 ! cr[n pass$ to 8 nephew ,ju/9 ,,ii4 ,,au?orities4--,= ! life ( ,ju/9ian ! *ief au?orities are ,procopius 7,hi/oriae1 ,de a$ificiis1 ,anecdota7 & 7f #eeb ,a4,d47 ! ,hi/ory ( ,aga?ias2 ! ,*ronicle ( ,johannes ,malalas is also ( value4 ,occasional ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! writ+s ( ,jordanes & ,m>cell9us1 & ev5 to ! late compilations ( ,c$r5us & ,zon>as4 ,! ,vita ,ju/9iani ( ,ludewig or ,ludwig 7,halle1 #agca71 a "w ( pati5t rese>*1 is frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ,gibbon 9 8 important *apt]s relat+ to ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 9 ! ,decl9e & ,fall 7see ,bury's edition1 #aijj74 ,!re is a ,vie de ,ju/9i5 by ,isamb]t 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahef74 ,see also ,hutton's ,*ur* ( ! ,six? ,c5tury 7#ahig72 ,j4 ,b4 ,bury's ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#ahhi72 ,hodgk9's ,italy & h] ,invad]s 7#ahhj74 7,j4 ,br47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is commonly id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ,k/5dil1 b ,uskb 7! anci5t ,skupi7 has also be5 sugge/$4 ,see ,toz]1 ,highl&s ( ,european ,turkey1 ii4 #cgj4 #b ,! "n ,uprauda is said to be d]iv$ f ! ^w prauda1 :i* 9 ,old ,slavic means jus1 ju/itia1 ! prefix be+ simply a brea?+ frequ5tly atta*$ to ,slavonic names4 #c ,see1 = an acc\nt ( ! in/ructions giv5 to ! commission1 ! con/itution ,haec quae1 prefix$ to ! revis$ ,codex 9 ! ,corpus juris civilis4 #d ,see ! con/itution ,deo auctore 7,cod4 i4 #ag1 #a74 #e ,9 ! middle ages p us$ to cite passages by ! initial words2 & ! ,g]mans d s /ill1 giv+1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( ! p>agraph 9 ! extract 7if !re are m p>agraphs ?an "o71 & app5d+ ! numb] ( ! book & title4 ,we 9 ,brita9 & ,am]ica usually cite by ! numb]s ( ! book1 ! title & ! p>agraph1 )\t ref]r+ to ! initial words4 #f ,see ,bluhme1 ,die ,ordnung d] ,fragm5te 9 d5 ,p&ekt5titeln1 9 ,savigny's ,zeits*r4 f4 ges*4 ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 vol4 iv4