,v]4#aj_/jd_/ja99;,,end99 ,?is etext 0 produc$ by ,alfr$ ,j4 ,drake1 ,ph4,d4 ,,plato ,,& ,,platonism 7#aiaj7 ,,walt] ,,horatio ,,pat] ,,cont5ts #a4 ,plato & ! ,doctr9e ( ,motion3 #e-bf #b4 ,plato & ! ,doctr9e ( ,re/3 #bg-ej #c4 ,plato & ! ,doctr9e ( ,numb]3 #ea-gd #d4 ,plato & ,socrates3 #ge-ih #e4 ,plato & ! ,sophi/s3 #ii-abc #f4 ,! ,g5ius ( ,plato3 #abd-adi #g4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,plato-- ,i4 ,! ,!ory ( ,ideas3 #aej-agc ,,ii4 ,dialectic3 #agd-aif #h4 ,lac$aemon3 #aig-bcd #i4 ,! ,republic3 #bce-bff #aj4 ,plato's ,ae/hetics3 #bfg-bhc1 end ,,*apt] #a3 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,motion #e ,,) ! _w ( intellectual production1 z ) t ( organic g5]ation1 nature makes no sudd5 />ts4 ,natura nihil facit p] saltum2 & 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy !re are no absolute beg9n+s4 ,fix :]e we may ! orig9 ( ?is or t doctr9e or idea1 ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce1 = in/ance1 or ( ! p]petual flux1 ! !ory ( induction1 or ! philosophic view ( ?+s g5]ally1 ! speciali/ w /ill be able to f9d u "s e>li] anticipation ( t doctr9e1 t m5tal t5d5cy4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y act ( m5tal analysis takes "t to d2 ! mo/ rudim5t>y sort ( speculative k1 ab/ractions s simple t we c h>dly conceive ! human m9d )\t !m1 mu/ gr[1 & ) difficulty4 ,philosophy itself1 m5tal & moral1 has its prep>ation1 its =e?\ghts1 9 ! poetry t prec$$ x4 ,a p[]ful g5]alisation ?r[n into "s sali5t phrase1 su* z #f t ( ,h]aclitus--,panta rhei1 all ?+s fleet away--may />tle a p>ticul> age by its novelty1 b takes possession only because all along its root 0 some:]e among ! natural ?\gh b half- develop$ in/9cts ( ! human m9d itself4 ,plato has seem$ to _m to h be5 sc>cely less ?an ! creator ( philosophy2 & x is an imm5se advance he makes1 f ! crude or turbid beg9n+s ( sci5tific enquiry ) ! ,ionians or ! ,eleatics1 to t wide range ( p]fectly f9i%$ philosophical lit]ature4 ,8 encyclopa$ic view ( ! :ole doma9 ( k is m ?an a m]e /ep 9 a progress4 ,no?+ t w5t be=e x1 = compass & p[] & *>m1 _h be5 really comp>able to x4 ,plato's a*ievem5t may well seem an absolutely fre% ?+ 9 ! morn+ ( ! m9d's hi/ory4 ,yet 9 tru? ! _w ,plato _h ent]$ into 0 already almo/ we>y ( philosophical debate1 bewild]$ by ! oppositions ( sects1 ! claims ( rival s*ools4 ,language & ! processes ( ?\ght 7 already become sophi/icat$1 ! v air he brea!d sickly ) (f-ca/ speculative atoms4 ,9 ! ,timaeus1 deal+ ) ! orig9 ( ! univ]se he figures less z ! au?or ( a new !ory1 ?an z already an eclectic critic ( old] ones1 himself some:at p]plex$ by !ory & c\nt]-!ory4 ,& z we f9d !re a #g sort ( /oreh\se ( all physical !ories1 s 9 read+ ! ,p>m5ides we might ?9k t all metaphysical que/ions :atev] _h already pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ,plato4 ,"s ( ! results ( pati5t e>li] ?9k]s1 ev5 !n dead & gone1 are ( ! /ructure ( 8 philosophy4 ,!y are ev]y:]e 9 x1 n z ! /ray c>v$ corn] ( "s old] edifice1 to be f\nd "h or !re amid ! new1 b r l m9ute relics ( e>li] organic life 9 ! v /one he builds )4 ,! c5tral & mo/ intimate pr9ciples ( 8 tea*+ *all5ge u to g back beyond !m1 n m]ely to 8 own imm$iate1 some:at enigmatic ma/]--to ,socrates1 :o survives *iefly 9 8 pages--b to v>i\s prec$5t s*ools ( speculative ?\ght1 9 ,greece1 9 ,ionia1 9 ,italy2 beyond ^! into t age ( poetry1 9 :i* ! fir/ ef=ts ( philosophic appreh5sion _h h>dly und]/ood !mselves2 beyond t unconsci\s philosophy1 aga91 to c]ta9 con/itutional t5d5cies1 p]suasions1 =eca/s ( ! intellect itself1 su* z _h giv5 bir?1 x w\ld seem1 to ?\ghts ak9 to ,plato's 9 ! old] civilisations ( ,india & ( ,egypt1 z !y /ill ex]cise _! au?ority ov] ourselves4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,plato1 l ! language he has to use 7we f9d x s aga91 9 turn1 ) ^? pr$ecessors ( 81 :5 we pass f him to !m7 are cov]$ ) ! traces ( previ\s lab\r & h _h _! e>li] #h proprietors4 ,if at times we become aw>e 9 read+ him ( c]ta9 anticipations ( mod]n k1 we are also q obvi\sly among ! relics ( an old]1 a poetic or half-vision>y _w4 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t 9 ,plato1 9 spite ( 8 wond]ful sav\r ( lit]>y fre%ness1 !re is no?+ absolutely new3 or r1 z 9 _m o!r v orig9al products ( human g5ius1 ! seem+ly new is old also1 a palimpse/1 a tape/ry ( :i* ! actual ?reads h s]v$ be=e1 or l ! animal frame itself1 e p>ticle ( :i* has already liv$ & di$ _m times ov]4 ,no?+ b ! life-giv+ pr9ciple ( cohesion is new2 ! new p]spective1 ! resultant complexion1 ! expressiv5ess :i* famili> ?\ghts atta9 by novel juxtaposition4 ,9 o!r words1 ! =m is new4 ,b !n1 9 ! creation ( philosophical lit]ature1 z 9 all o!r products ( art1 =m1 9 ! full signification ( t ^w1 is ev]y?+1 & ! m]e matt] is no?+4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! criticism ( philosophic1 ( all speculative op9ion :atev]1 may be conduct$4 ,! doctr9es ( ,plato's ,republic1 = in/ance1 may be reg>d$ z s mu* tru? or falsehood1 to be accept$ or reject$ z su* by ! /ud5t ( to-day4 ,t is ! dogmatic me?od ( criticism2 judg+ e product ( human ?\ght1 h[ev] ali5 #i or di/ant f "o's self1 by its congruity ) ! assumptions ( ,bacon or ,sp9oza1 ( ,mill or ,hegel1 accord+ to ! m5tal pref]5ce ( ! p>ticul> critic4 ,!re is1 secondly1 ! m g5]\s1 eclectic or syncretic me?od1 :i* aims at a selection f cont5d+ s*ools ( ! v>i\s gra9s ( tru? disp]s$ among !m4 ,x is ! me?od :i* has prevail$ 9 p]iods ( l>ge read+ b ) little inceptive =ce ( _! own1 l t ( ! ,alex&rian ,neo-,platonism 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 or ! ,neo- ,platonism ( ,flor5ce 9 ! fifte5?4 ,its natural defect is 9 ! t5d5cy to misrepres5t ! true "* ( ! doctr9e x pr(esses to expla91 t x may h>monise ?us ! bett] ) ! o!r elem5ts ( a pre-conceiv$ sy/em4 ,dogmatic & eclectic criticism alike h 9 our own c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,hegel & 8 pr$om9ant !ory ( ! ev]-*ang+ ,"t-_s or ,zeit-gei/1 giv5 way to a ?ird me?od ( criticism1 ! hi/oric me?od1 :i* bids u replace ! doctr9e1 or ! sy/em1 we are busy )1 or su* an anci5t monum5t ( philosophic ?\ght z ,! ,republic1 z f> z possible 9 ! gr\p ( conditions1 intellectual1 social1 mat]ial1 amid :i* x 0 actually produc$1 if we w\ld really und]/& x4 ,t ages h _! g5ius z well z ! individual2 t 9 e age !re is a peculi> ensemble ( conditions :i* det]m9es #aj a common "* 9 e product ( t age1 9 bus9ess & art1 9 fa%ion & speculation1 9 religion & mann]s1 9 m5's v faces2 t no?+ man has project$ f himself is really intelligible except at its own date1 & f its prop] po9t ( view 9 ! nev]-re/+ secul> process2 ! solid>ity ( philosophy1 ( ! intellectual life1 ) common or g5]al hi/ory2 t :at x behoves ! /ud5t ( philosophic sy/ems to cultivate is ! hi/oric s5se3 by =ce ( ^! convictions _m a normal1 or at fir/ sight abnormal1 phase ( speculation has f\nd a reasonable mean+ = u4 ,z ! /rangely twi/$ p9e-tree1 :i* w\ld be a freak ( nature on an ,engli% lawn1 is se51 if we replace x1 9 ?\ght1 amid ! cont5d+ =ces ( ! ,alp9e torr5t t actually %ap$ its gr[?1 to h be5 ! creature ( necessity1 ( ! logic ( c]ta9 facts2 s1 beliefs ! mo/ fanta/ic1 ! communism ( ,plato1 = in/ance1 h _! natural propriety :5 duly correlat$ ) ^? facts1 ^? conditions r\nd ab\t !m1 ( :i* !y are 9 tru? a "p4 ,9 ! intellectual z 9 ! organic _w ! giv5 product1 its normal or abnormal *>act]i/ics1 are det]m9$1 z p say1 by ! environm5t4 ,! bus9ess ( ! "y s*ol> !re=e1 9 read+ ,plato1 is n to take 8 side 9 a controv]sy1 to adopt or refute ,plato's op9ions1 to modify1 or make apology =1 #aa :at may seem erratic or impossible 9 him2 /ill less1 to furni% himself ) argum5ts on behalf ( "s !ory or conviction ( 8 own4 ,8 duty is r to foll[ intellig5tly1 b ) /rict indiff]5ce1 ! m5tal process !re1 z he might witness a game ( skill2 bett] /ill1 z 9 read+ ,hamlet or ,! ,div9e ,com$y1 s 9 read+ ,! ,republic1 to wat*1 = its dramatic int]e/1 ! spectacle ( a p[]ful1 ( a sov]eign intellect1 translat+ itself1 amid a complex gr\p ( conditions :i* c nev] 9 ! nature ( ?+s occur aga91 at once pliant & resi/ant to !m1 into a great lit]>y monum5t4 ,to put ,plato into 8 natural place1 z a result f antec$5t & contempor>y movem5ts ( ,greek speculation1 ( ,greek life g5]ally3 su* is ! prop] aim ( ! hi/oric1 t is to say1 ( ! really critical /udy ( him4 ,at ! ?re%old1 !n1 ( ,! ,republic ( ,plato1 ! hi/oric _s impresses ^u u ! fact t "s ( its lead+ ?\ghts are p>tly d]ivative f e>li] ?9k]s1 ( :om we happ5 to possess indep5d5t in=mation4 ,f t brilliant & busy1 yet s unconc]n$ press ( e>ly ,greek life1 "o "h ano!r !re /&s aside to make ! initial act ( consci\s philosophic reflexion4 ,x is done ) some?+ ( ! simplicity1 ! imm$iate & visible effectiv5ess1 ( ! visible _w 9 action all ar\nd4 ,among ,plato's _m intellectual #ab pr$ecessors1 on :om 9 rec5t ye>s mu* att5tion has be5 be/[$ by a ho/ ( comm5tators aft] ! m9d ( ,hegel1 ?ree1 ^: ideas1 ^: words ev51 we really f9d 9 ! v texture ( ,plato's "w1 em]ge di/9ctly 9 close connexion ) ,! ,republic3 ,py?agoras1 ! dim1 half-leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( numb] & music2 ,p>m5ides1 ,my fa!r ,p>m5ides1 ! c5tre ( ! s*ool ( ,elea2 ,h]aclitus1 ?irdly1 au?or ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,p]petual ,flux3 ?ree tea*]s1 x mu/ be admitt$ aft] all1 ( :om :at k we h is to ! utmo/ degree fragm5t>y & vague4 ,b !n1 "o way ( giv+ t k great] def9it5ess is by not+ _! direct & actual influ5ce 9 ,plato's writ+s4 ,h]aclitus1 a writ] ( philosophy 9 prose1 yet ( a philosophy :i* 0 half poetic figure1 half g5]alis$ fact1 9 /yle crabb$ & obscure1 b /imulant1 invasive1 n to be =gott5--he too might be ?\ght1 z a writ] ( prose1 "o ( ! fa!rs ( ,plato4 ,8 influ5ce1 h[ev]1 on ,plato1 ?\gh himself a ,h]aclitean 9 e>ly life1 0 by way ( antagonism or reaction2 ,plato's /& aga9/ any philosophy ( motion becom+1 z we say1 some?+ ( a fix$ idea ) him4 ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus 7:at ,ephesus mu/ h be5 j !n is d5ot$ by ! fact t x 0 "o ( ! twelve cities ( ! ,ionian ,league7 di$ ab\t =ty ye>s be=e #ac ,plato 0 born4 ,"h !n at ,ephesus1 ! mu* frequ5t$ c5tre ( ! religi\s life ( ,ionia1 itself s lately emancipat$ f its tyrants1 ,h]aclitus1 ( anci5t h]$it>y rank1 an ari/ocrat by bir? & temp]1 amid all ! bu/le ( /ill undiscr$it$ ,greek democracy1 _h reflect$1 n to 8 peace ( m9d1 on ! mutable "* ( political z well z ( physical exi/5ce2 p]haps1 e>ly z x 01 on ! mutability ( intellectual sy/ems also1 t modes ( ?\ght & practice _h already be5 9 & out ( fa%ion4 ,empires c]ta9ly _h liv$ & di$ ar\nd2 & 9 ,ephesus z else:]e1 ! privileg$ class _h gone to ! wall4 ,9 ?is era ( unre/ra9$ y\?fulness1 ( ,greek y\?fulness1 "o ( ! haughtie/ ( t class1 z be+ also ( nature's ari/ocracy1 & a man ( p[]ful intellectual gifts1 ,h]aclitus1 ass]ts ! native lib]ty ( ?\ght at all ev5ts2 becomes1 we might truly say1 sickly ) ! pale ca/ ( 8 philosophical que/ion+4 ,amid ! irreflective actors 9 t rapidly mov+ %[1 s entirely imm]s$ 9 x sup]ficial z x is t !y h no feel+ ( !mselves1 he becomes self-consci\s4 ,he reflects2 & 8 reflexion has ! *>act]i/ic melan*oly ( y\? :5 x is =c$ sudd5ly to be?9k itself1 & = a mom5t feels already old1 feels ! temp]ature ( ! _w ab\t x s5sibly cold]4 ,its v +5u\sness1 its s9c]ity1 w make ! utt]ance ( :at comes #ad to m9d j !n some:at %rill or ov]emphatic4 ,yet ,h]aclitus1 ?us sup]bly turn+ aside f ! vulg> to ?9k1 s e>ly 9 ! impetu\s spr+-tide ( ,greek hi/ory1 does b reflect aft] all ! aspect ( :at actually surr\nds him1 :5 he cries out--8 philosophy 0 no matt] ( =mal treatise or sy/em1 b ( h>%1 prote/+ cries--,panta *rei kai oud5 m5ei4 ,all ?+s give way3 no?+ rema9e?4 ,!re _h be5 enquir]s be=e him ( ano!r sort1 purely physical enquir]s1 ^: bold1 contradictory1 seem+ly impi\s guesses h[ & ( :at prim>y elem5ts ! _w ( visible ?+s1 ! sun1 ! />s1 ! brutes1 _! own s\ls & bodies1 _h be5 compos$1 7 !mselves a "p ( ! bold ent]prise ( t romantic age2 a s]ies ( intellectual adv5tures1 ( a piece ) its adv5tures 9 unkn[n l&s or ^u ! sea4 ,! resultant intellectual *aos express$ ! v _s ( gift$ & sangu9e b insubord9ate y\? 7rememb]1 t ! ^w neots1 y\?1 came to mean ra%ness1 insol5ce67 que/ion+1 decid+1 reject+1 on m]e rags & tatt]s ( evid5ce1 unb5t to discipl9e1 unme?odical1 irresponsible4 ,^? op9ions too1 com+ & go+1 ^? conjectures z to :at "u-lay ! s5sible _w1 7 !mselves b fluid elem5ts on ! *ang+ surface ( exi/5ce4 #ae ,surface1 we say2 b 0 !re really any?+ b5ea? x8 ,t 0 :at to ! majority ( 8 he>]s1 8 read]s1 ,h]aclitus1 ) an eye p]haps on practice1 seem$ to d5y4 ,p]petual motion1 alike 9 ?+s & 9 m5's ?\ghts ab\t !m1--! sad1 self-consci\s1 philosophy ( ,h]aclitus1 l "o1 kn[+ beyond 8 ye>s1 9 ?is b>ely adolesc5t _w :i* he is s eag] to in/ruct1 makes no pret5ce to be able to re/ra9 t4 ,0 n ! v ess5ce ( ?\ght itself also su* p]petual motion8 a baffl+ transition f ! dead pa/1 alive "o mom5t s9ce1 to a pres5t1 itself deceas$ 9 turn ere we c say1 ,x is "h8 ,a ke5 analy/ ( ! facts ( nature & m9d1 a ma/] presumably ( all ! k t !n !re 01 a vigor\s def9] ( ?\ghts1 he does b ref] ! sup]ficial movem5t ( all p]sons & ?+s ar\nd him to deep] & /ill m ma/]ful curr5ts ( univ]sal *ange1 /eal?ily )draw+ ! app>5tly solid e>? itself f b5ea? "o's feet4 ,! pr9ciple ( dis9tegration1 ! incoh]5cy ( fire or flood 7= ,h]aclitus ^! are b v lively in/ances ( movem5ts1 subtl] yet m wa/eful /ill7 are inh]5t 9 ! prim>y elem5ts alike ( matt] & ( ! s\l4 ,legei p\ ,hrakleitos1 says ,socrates 9 ! ,cratylus1 hoti panta *rei kai oud5 m5ei4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( lapse1 ( wa/e1 01 9 fact1 9 "o's self4 ,no "o has ev] pass$ #af twice ov] ! same /ream4 ,nay1 ! pass5g] himself is )\t id5tity4 ,^u ! same /ream at ! same mom5t we d1 & d n1 emb>k3 = we are1 & are n3 eim5 te kai ouk eim54 ,& ?is rapid *ange1 if x did n make all k impossible1 made x :olly relative1 ( a k9d1 t is to say1 valueless 9 ! judgm5t ( ,plato4 ,man1 ! individual1 at ?is p>ticul> vani%+-po9t ( "t & place1 becomes ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,to "k aft] :at mann] 7says ,socrates1 aft] discuss+ ! "q 9 :at proportion names1 fleet+ names1 contribute to our k ( ?+s7 to "k aft] :at mann] we mu/ be taught1 or discov] = ourselves1 ! ?+s t really are 7ta onta7 is p]haps beyond ! measure ( y\r p[]s & m9e4 ,we mu/ ev5 cont5t ourselves ) ! admission ( ?is1 t n f _! names1 b mu* r !mselves f !mselves1 !y mu/ be le>n$ & look$ =4 4 4 4 ,= consid]1 ,cratylus1 a po9t ,i (t-times dream on--:e!r or no we may affirm t :at is beautiful & good 9 itself1 & :atev] is1 respectively1 9 itself1 is some?+8 ,cratylus4 ,to me at lea/1 ,socrates1 x seems to be some?+4 ,socrates4 ,let u consid]1 !n1 t '9-itself'2 n :e!r a face1 or any?+ ( t k9d1 is beautiful1 & :e!r all ^! ?+s seem to fl[ l wat]4 ,b1 :at is beautiful 9 itself--may we say8--has n ?is ! qualities t def9e x1 always8 ,cratylus4 ,x mu/ be s4 ,socrates4 ,c we !n1 if x is ev] pass+ out bel[1 pr$icate ab\t x2 fir/1 t x is t2 next1 t x has ?is or t quality2 or mu/ x n be t1 ev5 z we speak1 x %\ld /raightway become "s o!r ?+1 & g out "u on its way1 & be no long] z x is8 ,n[1 h[ c\ld t :i* is nev] 9 ! same /ate be a ?+ at all8 4 4 4 #ag ,socrates4 ,nor1 9 tru?1 c\ld x be an object ( k to any "o2 =1 ev5 z he :o %all "k comes ^u x1 x w\ld become ano!r ?+ ) o!r qualities2 s t x w\ld be no long] matt] ( k :at sort ( a ?+ x is1 or 9 :at condition4 ,n[1 no =m ( kn[+1 me?9ks1 has k ( t :i* x kn[s to be no-h[4 ,cratylus4 ,x is z y say4 ,socrates4 ,b if1 ,cratylus1 all ?+s *ange sides1 & no?+ /ays1 x is n fitt+ to say t !re is any kn[+ at all4 4 4 4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is argum5t w\ld be1 t !re is nei!r any "o to "k1 nor any?+ to be kn[n4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re be always t :i* kn[s1 & t :i* is kn[n2 & if ! ,beautiful is1 & ! ,good is1 & ea* "o ( ^? ?+s t really are1 is1 !n1 to my ?9k+1 ^? ?+s 9 no way resemble t mov+ /ream ( :i* we are n[ speak+4 ,:e!r1 !n1 ^! matt]s be ?us1 or 9 t o!r way z ! foll[]s ( ,h]aclitus affirm & _m besides1 ,i fe> may be no easy ?+ to se>* out4 ,b c]ta9ly x is n l a s5sible man1 committ+ "o's self1 & "o's own s\l1 to ! rule ( names1 to s]ve !m1 &1 ) fai? 9 names & ^? :o impos$ !m1 z if "o knew some?+ !reby1 to ma9ta9 7damag+ ?us ! "* ( t :i* is1 & our own7 t !re is no s\nd r+ 9 any "o ( !m1 b t all1 l e>!n pots1 let wat]4 ,cratylus1 #dci4 ,yet f c]ta9 fragm5ts 9 :i* ! ,logos is already nam$ we may und]/& t !re _h be5 ano!r side to ! doctr9e ( ,h]aclitus2 an attempt on 8 "p1 aft] all1 to r$uce t _w ( *aotic mutation to cosmos1 to ! unity ( a reasonable ord]1 by ! se>* = & ! notation1 if !re be su*1 ( an antiphonal rhy?m1 or logic1 :i*1 proce$+ uni=mly f movem5t to movem5t1 z 9 "s intricate musical !me1 might l9k toge!r 9 "o ^? cont5d+1 inf9itely div]se #ah impulses4 ,x 0 an act ( recognition1 ev5 on ! "p ( a philosophy ( ! inconsecutive1 ! incoh]5t1 ! insane1 ( t ,wisdom :i*1 rea*e? f end to end1 sweetly & /rongly ord]+ all ?+s4 ,b if ! weep+ philosoph]1 ! fir/ ( ! pessimi/s1 f9ds ! gr\nd ( 8 melan*oly 9 ! s5se ( univ]sal *ange1 /ill m mu/ he weep at ! dulness ( m5's e>s to t cont9u\s /ra9 ( melody ?r\gh\t x4 ,9 tru?1 :at 0 sympa!tic ) ! h\r & ! sc5e 9 ! ,h]aclitean doctr9e1 0 ! boldly aggressive1 ! p>adoxical & negative t5d5cy !re1 9 natural collusion1 z x 01 ) ! de/ructiv5ess ( undiscipl9$ y\?2 t s5se ( rapid dissolution1 :i*1 accord+ to "o's temp]am5t & "o's luck 9 ?+s1 might ext+ui%1 or k9dle all ! m eag]ly1 an int]e/ 9 ! m]e ph5om5a ( exi/5ce1 ( "o's s ha/y passage ?r\gh ! _w4 ,! !ory ( ! p]petual flux 0 inde$ an appreh5sion ( :i* ! full scope 0 only to be realis$ by a lat] age1 9 alliance ) a l>g] k ( ! natural _w1 a clos] obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 ?an 0 possible1 ev5 = ,h]aclitus1 at t e>ly day4 ,s1 ! se$s ( almo/ all sci5tific ideas might seem to h be5 dimly enfold$ 9 ! m9d ( antiquity2 b fecundat$1 admitt$ to _! full work+ pr]ogative1 "o by "o1 9 aft] ages1 by good fav\r ( ! special #ai intellectual conditions belong+ to a p>ticul> g5]ation1 :i*1 on a sudd51 f9ds itself preoccupi$ by a =mula1 n s mu* new1 z r5ovat$ by new application4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! mo/ mod]n metaphysical1 & ! mo/ mod]n empirical philosophies alike h illu/rat$ emphatically1 ju/ifi$1 exp&$1 ! div9ation 7s we may make bold to call x "u ! new light n[ ?r[n ^u x7 ( ! anci5t !ori/ ( ,ephesus4 ,! entire mod]n !ory ( developm5t1 9 all its v>i\s phases1 prov$ or unprovable1--:at is x b old ,h]acliteanism awake once m 9 a new _w1 & gr[n to full proportions8 ,panta *rei1 panta rhei--,x is ! burd5 ( ,hegel on ! "o h&1 to :om nature1 & art1 & polity1 & philosophy1 aye1 & religion too1 ea* 9 its long hi/oric s]ies1 are b s _m consci\s movem5ts 9 ! secul> process ( ! et]nal m9d2 & on ! o!r h& ( ,d>w9 & ,d>w9ism1 = :i* type itself prop]ly is n b is only always becom+4 ,! bold p>adox ( ,h]aclitus is1 9 effect1 repeat$ on all sides1 z ! vital p]suasion j n[ ( a cauti\sly reason$ exp]i5ce1 &1 9 illu/ration ( ! v law ( *ange :i* x ass]ts1 may itself pres5tly be sup]s$$ z a commonplace4 ,?9k ( all t subtly disguis$ movem5t1 lat5s processus1 ,bacon calls x 7aga9 z if by a k9d ( anticipation7 :i* #bj mod]n rese>* has detect$1 measur$1 hopes to r$uce to m9ut] or ally to /ill l>g] curr5ts1 9 :at _h seem$ mo/ sub/antial to ! nak$ eye1 ! inatt5tive m9d4 ,to ! obs]vation & exp]im5t ( ! physical enquir] ( to-day1 ! eye & ! sun x lives by reveal !mselves1 aft] all1 z ,h]aclitus _h decl>$ 7sc>cely s]i\s1 he seem$ to ^? ar\nd him7 z lit]ally 9 con/ant ext9ction & r5ewal2 ! sun only go+ out m gradually ?an ! human eye2 ! sy/em mean:ile1 ( :i* x is ! c5tre1 9 ceaseless movem5t n[hi!r4 ,our t]re/rial planet is 9 con/ant increase by meteoric du/1 mov+ to x ?r\gh endless "t out ( inf9ite space4 ,! ,alps drift d[n ! riv]s into ! pla9s1 z /ill l(ti] m\nta9s f\nd _! level !re ages ago4 ,! granite k]nel ( ! e>?1 x is said1 is ev] *ang+ 9 its v sub/ance1 its molecul> con/itution1 by ! passage ?r\gh x ( electric curr5ts4 ,& ! ,d>w9ian !ory--t species1 ! id5tify+ =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 immutable ?\gh !y seem n[1 z ( old 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 are fa%ion$ by sl[ developm5t1 :ile p]haps millions ( ye>s g by3 well6 e mon? is add+ to its evid5ce4 ,nay1 ! idea ( developm5t 7t1 too1 a ?+ ( gr[?1 develop$ 9 ! progress ( reflexion7 is at la/ invad+ "o by "o1 z ! secret ( _! explanation1 all ! products ( m9d1 ! v #ba m9d itself1 ! ab/ract reason2 our c]ta9ty1 = in/ance1 t two & two make f\r4 ,gradually we h come to ?9k1 or to feel1 t prim>y c]titude4 ,political con/itutions1 aga91 z we n[ see s cle>ly1 are n made1 _c be made1 b gr[4 ,races1 laws1 arts1 h _! orig9s & end1 are !mselves ripples only on ! great riv] ( organic life2 & language is *ang+ on our v lips4 ,9 ,plato's day1 ! ,h]aclitean flux1 s deep d[n 9 nature itself-- ! flood1 ! fire--seem$ to h laid hold on man1 on ! social & moral _w1 dissolv+ or dis9tegrat+ op9ion1 fir/ pr9ciples1 fai?1 e/abli%+ amorphism1 s to call x1 !re also4 ,all along inde$ ! g5ius1 ! good gifts ( ,greece to ! _w _h _h mu* to d ) ! mobility ( its temp]am5t4 ,only1 :5 ,plato came into pot5t contact ) 8 c\ntrym5 7,p]icles1 ,phidias1 ,socrates be+ n[ gone7 9 politics1 9 lit]ature & art1 9 m5's *>act]s1 ! defect naturally incid5t to t f9e quality _h come to h un*eck$ sway4 ,f ! lifeless backgr\nd ( an unprogressive _w--,egypt1 ,syria1 froz5 ,scy?ia--a _w 9 :i* ! unconsci\s social aggregate _h be5 ev]y?+1 ! consci\s individual1 8 capacity & rights1 almo/ no?+1 ! ,greek _h /epp$ =?1 l ! "y pr9ce 9 ! fable1 to set ?+s go+4 ,to ! philosophic eye h[ev]1 #bb ab\t ! "t :5 ! hi/ory ( ,?ucydides leaves (f1 !y might seem to ne$ a regulator1 ere ! v :eels wore !mselves out4 ,mobility6 ,we d n ?9k t a necess>ily undesirable condition ( life1 ( m9d1 ( ! physical _w ab\t u4 ',tis ! dead ?+s1 we may rem9d ourselves1 t aft] all are mo/ entirely at re/1 & might reasonably hold t motion 7vici\s1 fallaci\s1 infecti\s motion1 z ,plato incl9es to ?9k7 cov]s all t is be/ wor? be+4 ,& z = philosophy--mobility1 v]satility1 ! habit ( ?\ght t c mo/ adequately foll[ ! subtle movem5t ( ?+s1 t1 surely1 7 ! secret ( wisdom1 ( ! true k ( !m4 ,x means susceptibility1 sympa!tic intellig5ce1 capacity1 9 %ort4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ,god t mov$1 moves /ill1 9 e =m ( real p[]1 ev]y:]e4 ,yet to ,plato motion becomes ! tok5 ( unreality 9 ?+s1 ( falsity 9 our ?\ghts ab\t !m4 ,x is j ?is pr9ciple ( mobility1 9 itself s welcome to all ( u1 t1 ) all 8 contriv+ c>e = ! future1 he desires to )/&4 ,ev]y:]e he displays himself z an advocate ( ! immutable4 ,! ,republic is a proposal to e/abli% x indefectibly 9 a v precisely regulat$1 a v exclusive community1 :i* %all be a refuge = elect s\ls f an ill-made _w4 ,t f\r p[]ful influ5ces made = ! political unity ( ,greece 0 po9t$ out by #bc ,grote3 common blood1 common language1 a common religi\s c5tre1 ! great games 9 :i* all alike communicat$4 ,he adds t !y fail$ to make ! ,greeks "o p4 ,panhell5ism 0 realis$ = ! fir/ "t1 & !n b imp]fectly1 by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! c5trifugal t5d5cy _h ev] be5 too mu* = ! c5tripetal t5d5cy 9 !m1 ! progressive elem5ts = ! elem5t ( ord]4 ,_! b\ndless impati5ce1 t passion = novelty not$ 9 !m by ,sa9t ,paul1 _h be5 a matt] ( radical "*4 ,_! v>i$ natural gifts did b conc5trate !mselves n[ & !n to an effective c5tre1 t !y might be dissipat$ aga91 t[>ds e side1 9 d>+ adv5ture alike ( action & ( ?\ght4 ,v>iety & novelty ( exp]i5ce1 fur!r quick5$ by a consci\sness tra9$ to an equally nimble p[] ( movem5t1 individualism1 ! capacities1 ! claim1 ( ! individual1 =c$ into _! utmo/ play by a ready s5se & dext]\s appliance ( opportunity1--h]e91 c]ta9ly1 lay at lea/ "o half ( _! vocation 9 hi/ory4 ,! mat]ial con=mation ( ,greece1 a l& ( isl&s & p59sulas1 ) a range ( sea-coa/ imm5se z comp>$ ) its area1 & brok5 up by repell5t l9es ( m\nta9 ?is way & t1 nurs+ jeal\sly a little t[n%ip ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& s\ls into an indep5d5t type ( its own1 conspir$ to ! same effect4 ,indep5d5ce1 local & p]sonal1--x 0 ! ,greek ideal6 #bd ,yet ( "o side only ( t ideal1 z we may see1 ( ! /ill half-,asiatic r ?an ! full ,hell5ic ideal1 ( ! ,ionian ideal z conceiv$ by ! ,a!nian p 9 p>ticul>1 p ( ! coa/ :o h ! roam+ ?\ghts ( sailors1 ev] ready to float away any:i!r amid _! walls ( wood4 ,& = _m ( its admir]s c]ta9ly ! :ole ,greek p has be5 a p ( ! sea-coa/4 ,9 ,lac$aemon1 h[ev]1 z ,plato & o!rs ?\ght1 ho/ile1 inaccessible 9 its m\nta9 holl[ :]e x _h no ne$ ( any walls at all1 !re 7 res\rces = t discipl9e & ord] :i* con/itute ! o!r +r$i5t 9 a true ,hell5ism1 ! sav+ ,dorian s\l 9 x4 ,"r away ?i!r1 to t solemn old m\nta9 village1 n[ mi/ress ( ,greece1 he looks (t51 9 depict+ ! ,p]fect ,city1 ! ideal /ate4 ,p]fection1 9 e case1 z we may conceive1 is atta9able only ?r\gh a c]ta9 comb9ation ( opposites1 ,attic aleipha ) ! ,doric oxos2 & 9 ! ,a!ns ( ,plato's day1 z he saw ) acute prevision1 ^? c5trifugal =ces _h come to be ru9\sly 9 excess ( ! c5tripetal4 ,its rapid1 empiric1 con/itutional *anges1 its re/less developm5t ( political exp]im5t1 ! subdivisions ( p>ty !re1 ! dom9ance ( faction1 z we see x1 /eadily increas+1 bre$+ on itself1 9 ! pages ( ,?ucydides1 ju/ify ,plato's long-drawn p>adox t x is easi] to wre/le aga9/ _m ?an aga9/ "o4 ,! s\l1 #be moreov]1 ! inw>d polity ( ! individual1 0 ! !atre ( a simil> dissolution2 & truly /ability ( "* _h nev] be5 a prom95t feature 9 ,greek life4 ,?9k ( ! end ( ,pausanias fail+ 9 8 patriotism1 ( ,!mi/ocles1 ( ,miltiades1 ! savi\rs ( ,greece1 actually sell+ ! c\ntry !y _h s de>ly b\ght to its old enemies4 ,x is some?+ 9 ?is way t1 = ,plato1 motion & ! philosophy ( motion id5tify !mselves ) ! vici\s t5d5cy 9 ?+s & ?\ght4 ,*ange is ! irresi/ible law ( our be+1 says ! ,philosophy ( ,motion4 ,*ange1 he prote/s1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( a true philosophy1 %all n be ! law ( our be+2 & x is curi\s to note ! way 9 :i*1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 t philosophic purpose %apes 8 treatm5t1 ev5 9 m9ute detail1 ( education1 ( art1 ( daily life1 8 v vocabul>y1 9 :i* su* pleasant or innoc5t words1 z manifold1 embroid]$1 *angeful1 become ! synonyms ( :at is evil4 ,he1 fir/1 notes some?+ l a fix$ cycle ( political *ange2 b conceives x 7be+ *ange7 z1 f ! v fir/1 backw>d t[>ds decad5ce4 ,! ideal city1 aga91 w n be an art-less place3 x is by irresi/ible influ5ce ( art1 t he means to %ape m5 anew2 by a sev]ely monoton\s art h[ev]1 su* art z %all speak to y\?1 all day long1 f ye> to ye>1 almo/ exclusively1 ( ! lo9s gird$ ab\t4 #bf ,/imulus1 or correction1--"o h>dly kn[s :i* to ask = fir/1 z m salut>y = our own slumb]some1 yet s self-will$1 nor!rn temp]am5ts4 ,p]haps all g5u9e fire1 ev5 ! ,h]aclitean fire1 has a p[] = bo?4 ,a!ns1 says ,dante1 --,a!ns1 aye & ,sp>ta's /ate ,t 7 9 policy s great1 ,& fram$ ! laws ( old1 ,h[ small a place !y hold1 ,h[ poor _! art ( noble liv+ ,%ews by ?y delicate contriv+1 ,:]e :at ,octob] spun ,novemb] sees outrun6 ,?9k 9 ! "t ?\ can/ recall1 ,laws1 co9age1 cu/oms1 places all1 ,h[ ?\ ha/ re>rang$1 ,h[ (t ?y memb]s *ang$6 ,c\ld/ ?\ b see ?yself aright1 ,& turn ?y vision to ! light1 ,?y lik5ess ?\ w\ld'/ f9d ,9 "s sick man recl9$2 ,on c\* ( d[n ?\gh he be press$1 ,he seeks & f9ds n any re/1 ,b turns & turns aga91 ,to ease him ( 8 pa94 ,purgatory3 ,canto ,,vi3 ,%adwell's ,translation4 ,n[ :at ,dante says to ,flor5ce1 contra/+ x ) ,a!ns & ,sp>ta z he conceives !m1 ,plato might h said to ,a!ns1 9 contra/ ) ,sp>ta1 ) ,lac$aemon1 at lea/ z he conceiv$ x4 ,,notes #f4 ,translit]ation3 ,panta rhei4 ,translation3 ,all ?+s give way or fl[4 ,plato1 ,cratylus #djb ,a1 cites ,h]aclitus' fragm5t m fully-- ,legei p\ ,hrakleitos hoti panta *rei kai oud5 m5ei1 or ,h]acleitus says some:]e t all ?+s give way1 & no?+ rema9s4 ,pat] cites ! same fragm5t 9 ,! ,r5aissance1 ,conclusion4 ,! v]b rhe means fl[1 :ile ! v]b *ore means give way4 #ad4 ,translit]ation3 ,panta *rei kai oud5 m5ei4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,all ?+s give way3 no?+ rema9e?4 ,plato1 ,cratylus #djb;,a4 #ad4 ,translit]ation3 neots4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 y\?3 also 444 y\?ful _s1 ra%ness4 #ae4 ,translit]ation3 ,legei p\ ,hrakleitos hoti panta *rei kai oud5 m5ei4 ,pat]'s translation 9 ,! ,r5aissance1 ,conclusion3 ,h]akleitos says some:]e t ,all ?+s give way2 no?+ rema9s4 ,plato1 ,cratylus #djb;a4 #af4 ,translit]ation3 eim5 te kai ouk eim54 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,we are & are n4 ,h]aclitus1 ,fragm5ts4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #cbf4 ,ed4 ,f4,w4,a4 ,mulla*4 ,d>m/adt3 ,sci5tia ,v]lag ,aal51 #aifg 7repr9t ( ! ,p>is1 #ahfj edition74 ,9 ! same fragm5t1 ,h]aclitus is describ$ z hav+ said1 ,potamois tois autois emba9om5 te kai ouk emba9om51 :i* translates z we g into ! same riv]1 & yet we d n g into ! same riv]4 ,plato cites t ?\ght 9 ! passage allud$ to above1 ,cratylus #djb;a4 #af4 ,translit]ation3 ta onta4 ,def9ition3 ! ?+s t are4 #ag4 ,r ?an reta9 ! orig9al's v small pr9t = su* quotations1 ,i h ind5t$ !m ?r\gh\t ,plato & ,platonism4 ,z ,pat] indicates1 ! s\rce ( 8 quotation is ! ,cratylus1 #dci4 #ai4 ,translit]ation3 ,panta *rei1 panta rhei4 ,see above1 notes = pages #f1 #ad1 #ae1 & #af4 ,! v]b rhe means fl[1 :ile ! v]b *ore means give way4 #bd4 ,translit]ation3 aleipha 4 4 4 oxos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ungu5t1 oil 4 4 4 s\r w9e1 v9eg>4 ,,*apt] #b3 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re/ #bg ,,ov] aga9/ t _w ( flux1 ,:]e no?+ is1 b all ?+s seem1 x is ! vocation ( ,plato to set up a /&>d ( un*angeable reality1 :i* 9 its highe/ !oretic developm5t becomes ! _w ( et]nal & immutable ideas1 indefectible outl9es ( ?\ght1 yet also ! v]itable ?+s ( exp]i5ce3 ! p]fect ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 :i* if ev5 ! gods mi/ake x = p]fect ,inju/ice is n mov$ out ( its place2 ! ,beauty :i* is ! same1 ye/]day1 to-day & = ev]4 ,9 su* ideas or ideals1 et]nal z p>ticipat+ 9 ! ess5tial "* ( ! facts !y repres5t to u1 we come 9 contact1 z he supposes1 ) ! insoluble1 immovable granite b5ea? & amid ! wa/+ torr5t ( m]e ph5om5a4 ,& 9 ?us rul+ ! delib]ate aim ( 8 philosophy to be a survey ( ?+s sub specie et]nitatis1 ! reception ( a k9d ( absolute & indep5d5t k #bh 7indep5d5t1 t is1 ( "t & position1 ! accid5ts & peculi> po9t ( view ( ! receiv]7 ,plato is consci\sly "u ! influ5ce ( ano!r great ma/] ( ! ,pre- ,socratic ?\ght1 ,p>m5ides1 ! c5tre ( ! ,s*ool ( ,elea4 ,ab\t half a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,plato1 ,socrates be+ !n 9 all ! impressibility ( e>ly manhood1 ,p>m5ides1 accord+ to ! witness ( ,plato himself--,p>m5ides at ! age ( sixty-five--_h visit$ ,a!ns at ! great fe/ival ( ! ,pana!naea1 9 company ) ,z5o ! ,eleatic1 a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ,greek clev]ness1 ( ! acute und]/&+1 p]sonally v attractive4 ,?\gh =ty ye>s old1 ! reputation ?is ,z5o n[ enjoy$ seems to h be5 v mu* ! a*ievem5t ( 8 y\?1 & came ( a ma/]y ( ! sort ( p>adox y\? always delights 94 ,x may be said t no "o has ev] really answ]$ him2 ! difficulties ) :i* he play$ s nicely be+ really connect$ ) ^? ant9omies1 or contradictions1 or inconsi/5cies1 ( our ?\ghts1 :i* m ?an two ?\s& ye>s aft]w>ds ,kant not$ z actually inh]5t 9 ! m9d itself--a c]ta9 con/itutional weakness or limitation !re1 9 deal+ by way ( cold-blood$ reflexion ) ! direct pres5tations ( its exp]i5ce4 ,! ,eleatic ,palam$es1 ,plato calls him1 ^: dialectic art causes "o & ! same ?+ to appe> bo? l & #bi unlike1 "o & _m1 at re/ & 9 motion4 ,ah6 y he> already ! sort ( words t seem sometimes s b>r5 & unpr(itable ev5 9 ,plato4 ,x is f extant fragm5ts ( a "w ( 81 n a poem1 b1 appropriately1 ,to ,syngramma1 ,! ,prose1 ( ,z5o1 t su* k z we h ( 8 doctr9e1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,p>m5ides ( ,plato1 is d]iv$4 ,! active pr9ciple ( t doctr9e !n lies 9 ! acut5ess ) :i* he unfolds ! contradictions :i* make aga9/ ! v conceivability ( ! fundam5tal ph5om5a ( s5se1 9 s f> z ^? ph5om5a are suppos$ to be really exi/5t indep5d5tly ( ourselves4 ,! tru? ( exp]i5ce1 ( a s5sible exp]i5ce1 he seems to prote/3--,:y6 s5sible exp]i5ce z su* is logically inconceivable4 ,he prov$ x1 or ?\ght1 or pr(ess$ to ?9k1 he prov$ x1 9 ! ph5om5on :i* cov]s all ! mo/ vivid1 ! seem+ly irresi/ible facts1 ( su* exp]i5ce4 ,motion 0 inde$1 z ! ,h]acliteans said1 ev]y:]e3 0 ! mo/ incisive ( all facts 9 ! realm ( suppos$ s5sible fact4 ,?9k ( ! pr[ ( ! trireme cleav+ ! wat]4 ,= a mom5t ,z5o himself might h seem$ b a foll[] ( ,h]aclitus4 ,he goes beyond him4 ,all is motion3 he admits4--,yes3 only1 motion is 7,i c %[ x67 a nons5sical t]m4 ,foll[ x1 or r /ay by x1 & x trans=ms itself1 agreeably en\gh = ! #cj curi\s obs]v]1 into re/4 ,motion mu/ be motion 9 space1 ( c\rse2 f po9t to po9t 9 x1--& aga91 m closely1 f po9t to po9t )9 su* int]val2 & s on1 inf9itely2 'tis re/ !re3 p]petual motion is p]petual re/3--! hurricane1 ! fall+ t[]1 ! deadly arr[ f ! b[ at ^: com+ y %ake !re s wret*$ly1 ,z5o's own rapid ^w-f5ce--all alike at re/1 to ! re/ful eye ( ! pure reason6 ,! tortoise1 ! creature t moves mo/ sl[ly1 _c be ov]tak5 by ,a*illes1 ! swifte/ ( u all2 or at lea/ y c give no rational explanation h[ x comes to be ov]tak54 ,z5o _h an arm\ry ( su* enigmas4 ,c a bu%el ( corn fall+ make a noise if a s+le gra9 makes none8 ,aga91 t motion %\ld cease1 we f9d inconceivable3 b c y conceive h[ x %\ld s mu* z beg98 at :at po9t precisely1 9 ! mov+ body8 ,ubiquit\s1 tyrann\s1 irresi/ible1 z x may seem1 motion1 ) ! :ole s dazzl+ _w x cov]s1 is-- no?+6 ,himself s /rik+ an in/ance ( mobile hum\r 9 8 exposure ( ! unreality ( all movem5t1 ,z5o might be tak5 s f> only = a ma/]1 or a slave1 ( p>adox2 su* p>adox inde$ z is f ! v fir/ inh]5t 9 e philosophy :i* 7l t ( ,plato himself1 accept+ ev5 ,z5o z "o ( its in/itutors7 opposes ! se5 to ! unse5 z #ca falsehood to tru?4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( s*ola/icism2 & ! philosophic m9d w p]haps nev] be q 9 heal?1 q sane or natural1 aga94 ,! objective1 unconsci\s1 pleasantly s5su\s m9d ( ! ,greek1 becom+ a man1 z he ?9ks1 & putt+ away *ildi% ?\ghts1 is come ) ,z5o "o /ep t[>ds ,ari/otle1 t[>ds ,aqu9as1 or %all we say into ! rude s*ola/icism ( ! p$antic ,middle ,age8 ,& we mu/ h our regrets4 ,!re is always some?+ lo/ 9 gr[+ up4 ,! :olesome scepticism ( ,hume or ,mill = in/ance1 ! scepticism ( ! mod]n _w1 beset n[ ) insane speculative figm5ts1 has be5 an appeal f ! preconceptions ( ! und]/&+ to ! au?ority ( ! s5ses4 ,) ! ,greeks1 ^: metaphysic bus9ess 0 !n /ill all to d1 ! sceptical action ( ! m9d lay r 9 ! direction ( an appeal f ! affirmations ( s5se to ! au?ority ( newly-awak5$ reason4 ,j !n all ^? real & v]bal difficulties :i* haunt p]v]sely ! human m9d always1 all ^? unpr(itable qu]ies :i* hang ab\t ! notions ( matt] & "t & space1 _! divisibility & ! l1 seem$ to be /irr+ toge!r1 "u ! utt]ance ( ?is brilliant1 ph5om5ally clev]1 p]haps insol5t1 "y man1 8 ma/]'s fav\rite4 ,to ! "w ( t grave ma/]1 nev]!less--( ,p>m5ides--a v diff]5t p]son c]ta9ly f 8 rattl+ disciple1 ,z5o's #cb seem+ly s fanta/ic doctr9e 0 s9c]ely 9 s]vice4 ,by its de/ructive criticism1 its dissipation ( ! v conceivability ( ! c5tral & mo/ incisive ( s5sible ph5om5a1 x 0 a real support to ,p>m5ides 9 8 ass]tion ( ! nullity ( all t is b ph5om5al1 leav+ op5 & unoccupi$ space 7empt9ess1 we might say7 to t :i* really is4 ,t :i* is1 s purely1 or absolutely1 t x is no?+ at all to our mix$ p[]s ( appreh5sion3--,p>m5ides & ! ,eleatic ,s*ool 7 mu* occupi$ ) ! det]m9ation ( ! ?\ghts1 or ( ! m]e phrases & words1 t belong to t4 ,motion discr$it$1 motion gone1 all 0 gone t belong$ to an outw>d & concrete exp]i5ce1 ?us secur+ exclusive validity to ! sort ( k1 if k x is to be call$1 :i* corresponds to ! ,pure ,be+1 t aft] all is only def9able z ,pure ,no?+1 t col\rless1 =mless1 impalpable exi/5ce 7ousia a*rmatos1 as*mati/os1 anaphs7 to use ! words ( ,plato1 = :om ,p>m5ides became a sort ( inspir$ voice4 ,note at times1 9 read+ him1 9 ! clos+ pages ( ! fif? book ( ,! ,republic = in/ance1 ! /range accumulation ( t]ms d]ivative f ! ab/ract v]b ,to be4 ,z "s m mod]n metaphysicians h done1 ev5 ,plato seems to pack su* t]ms toge!r almo/ by rote4 ,c]ta9ly some?+ ( p>adox may always be felt ev5 9 8 #cc exposition ( ,be+1 or p]haps a k9d ( p>alysis ( spee*--aphasia4 ,p>m5ides himself _h borr[$ ! ?\ght f ano!r1 ?\gh he made x 8 own4 ,plato1 9 ,! ,republic1 z a critic ( ,hom]1 by way ( fitt+ ,hom] ! bett] = ! use ( ! s*oolboys ( ! ideal city1 is ready to sacrifice mu* ( t graceful poly!ism 9 :i* ! ,greeks anticipat$ ! dulia ( sa9ts & angels 9 ! ca?olic *ur*4 ,he does ?is to ! advantage ( a v ab/ract1 & z x may seem dis9t]e/$1 c]ta9ly an un9t]e/+1 notion ( deity1 :i* is 9 tru?3--well6 "o ( ! dry /icks ( m]e natural !ology1 z x is call$4 ,9 ?is he 0 b foll[+ ! fir/1 ! orig9al1 f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic ,s*ool1 ,x5ophanes1 :o 9 a some:at scornful _s _h urg$ on m5's att5tion t1 9 _! pray]s & sacrifices to ! gods1 9 all _! v>i\s ?\ghts & /atem5ts1 graceful or hide\s1 ab\t !m1 !y _h only all along ) mu* fallacy be5 mak+ gods aft] _! own lik5ess1 z horse or dog too1 if p]*ance x ca/ a glance t[>ds heav51 w\ld aft] ! same mann] project ?i!r ! lik5ess ( horse or dog3 t to ?9k ( deity y mu/ ?9k ( x z nei!r "h nor !re1 !n nor n[2 y mu/ away ) all limitations ( "t & space & matt]1 nay1 ) ! v conditions1 ! limitation1 ( ?\ght itself2 app>5tly n #cd obs]v+ t to ?9k ( x 9 ?is way 0 9 reality n to ?9k ( x at all3--,t 9 %ort ,be+ s pure z ?is is pure ,no?+4 ,9 opposition !n to ! an?ropomorphic religi\s poetry ( ,hom]1 ,x5ophanes elaborates ! notion1 or r ! ab/ract or purely v]bal def9ition1 ( t :i* really is 7to on7 z inconclusive ( all "t1 & space1 & mode2 yet s t all :i* c be id5tifi$ concretely ) mode & space & "t is b anti!tic to x1 z f9ite to inf9ite1 seem+ to be+1 cont+5t to necess>y1 ! temporal1 9 a ^w1 to ! et]nal4 ,once = all1 9 h>%e/ dualism1 ! only true yet s b>r5 exi/5ce is oppos$ to ! _w ( ph5om5a--( col\r & =m & s\nd & imag9ation & love1 ( empirical k4 ,objects1 real objects1 z we "k1 gr[ 9 reality t[>ds u 9 proportion z we def9e _! v>i\s qualities4 ,& yet1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 def9ition1 qualification1 is a negative process3 x is z if ea* add$ quality took f ! object we are def9+ "o or m pot5tial qualities4 ,! m def9ite ?+s become z objects ( s5sible or o!r empirical appreh5sion1 ! m1 x might be said f ! logician's po9t ( view1 h we d5i$ ab\t !m4 ,x might seem t _! increas+ reality z objects ( s5se 0 9 direct proportion to ! increase ( _! di/ance f t p]fect ,be+ :i* is ev]y:]e & at all times 9 e possible mode ( be+4 ,a #ce ?+ visibly :ite is f\nd z "o approa*es x to be also smoo? to ! t\*2 & ?is add$ quality1 says ! =mal logician1 does b deprive x ( all o!r possible modes ( texture2 ,omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio4 ,va9 pu]ilities6 y may exclaim3--) ju/ice4 ,yet su* are ! consid]ations :i* await ! m9d t suff]s itself to dwell a:ile on ! ab/ract =mula to :i* ! rational !ology ( ,x5ophanes leads him4 ,x involv$ ! ass]tion ( an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al & all t is or c be d]iv$ f x2 t ! =m] annuls1 or is exclusive (1 ! latt]1 :i* has 9 tru? no real or legitimate /&+-gr\nd z matt] ( k2 t1 9 opposite yet equally unansw]able s5ses1 at bo? ends ( exp]i5ce !re is-- no?+6 ,( ! mo/ concrete object1 z ( ! mo/ ab/ract1 x might be said1 t x m prop]ly is n ?an is4 ,f ,x5ophanes1 z a critic ( ! poly!ism ( ! ,greek religi\s poets1 t mo/ ab/ract & arid ( =mulae1 ,pure ,be+1 clos$ 9 indiff]5tly on e side ^u itself1 & susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( no?+1 l a h>d transp>5t cry/al ball1 z he says2 ,! ,absolute2 ,! ,"o2 pass$ to 8 fell[-citiz5 ,p>m5ides1 seek+1 d\btless 9 ! true _s ( philosophy1 = ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ( 8 own exp]i5ce ( x1 = "s common measure ( ! exp]i5ce ( all m54 ,to en=ce a reasonable unity & ord]1 to impress "s l>g] lik5ess ( reason1 #cf z "o kn[s x 9 "o's self1 ^u ! *aotic inf9itude ( ! impressions t rea* u f e side1 is :at all philosophy z su* proposes4 ,kosmos2 ord]2 reasonable1 delightful1 ord]2 is a ^w t became v de>1 z we "k1 to ! ,greek s\l1 to :at 0 p]haps mo/ ess5tially ,greek 9 x1 to ! ,dorian elem5t !re4 ,apollo1 ! ,dorian god1 0 b its visible consecration4 ,x 0 :at1 "u 8 bless+1 art sup]9duc$ ^u ! r\gh /one1 ! yield+ clay1 ! j>r+ metallic /r+s1 ! common spee* ( e day4 ,philosophy1 9 its turn1 ) enl>g+ purpose1 w\ld project a simil> light ( intellig5ce ^u ! at fir/ sight some:at unmean+ _w we f9d actually ar\nd u3--project x2 or r discov] x1 z be+ really pre-exi/5t !re1 if "o 7 happy en\gh to get "o's self into ! "r po9t ( view4 ,to c]ta9 =tunate m9ds ! efficaci\s mom5t ( insight w\ld come1 :51 ) delightful adaptation ( means to ends1 ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 ! entire sc5e ab\t "o1 bewild]+1 unsympa!tic1 unreasonable1 on a sup]ficial view1 w\ld put on1 = !m at lea/1 kosmiots1 t s welcome expression ( fitness1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! f9e arts to convey into mat]ial ?+s1 ( ! art ( discipl9e to en=ce ^u ! lives ( m54 ,! primitive ,ionian philosoph]s _h f\nd1 or ?\ght !y f\nd1 su* a pr9ciple 7ar*7 9 ! =ce ( "s omnipres5t physical elem5t1 #cg air1 wat]1 fire2 or 9 "s common law1 motion1 attraction1 repulsion2 z ,plato w\ld f9d x 9 an et]nally appo9t$ hi]>*y ( g5us & species2 z ! sci5ce ( our day embraces x 7p]haps aft] all only 9 fancy7 9 ! expansion ( a l>ge body ( obs]v$ facts into "s all-compreh5sive hypo!sis1 su* z evolution4 ,= ,p>m5ides1 at 8 e>ly day1 himself1 z "s remnants ( 8 "w 9 t direction be> witness1 an acute & curi\s obs]v] ( ! concrete & s5sible ph5om5a ( nature1 t pr9ciple ( reasonable unity seem$ atta9able only by a virtual negation1 by ! oblit]ation1 ( all su* ph5om5a4 ,:5 we h le>n$ z exactly z we c all ! curi\s processes at "w 9 our own bodies or s\ls1 9 ! />s1 9 or "u ! e>?1 _! v def9it5ess1 _! limitation1 w b make !m ! m antagoni/ic to t :i* alone really is1 because x is always & ev]y:]e itself1 id5tical exclusively ) itself4 ,ph5om5a6--by ! =ce ( su* argum5ts z ,z5o's1 ! in/ruct$ w\ld make a clean sweep ( !m1 = ! e/abli%m5t1 9 ! resultant void1 ( ! ,"o1 ) :i* x is impossible 7p>a panta legom5a7 9 spite ( common language1 & ( :at seems common s5se1 = ! ,_m--! hills & cities ( ,greece1 y & me1 ,p>m5ides himself1 really to co-exi/ at all4 ,p>m5ides1 says "o1 _h /umbl$ ^u #ch ! mod]n !sis t ?\ght & be+ are ! same4 ,some?+ l ?is--?is impossibly ab/ract doctr9e--is :at ,plato's fa!r 9 philosophy _h _h to proclaim1 9 ! mid/ ( ! busy1 brilliant1 already complicat$ life ( ! rec5tly f\nd$ colonial t[n ( ,elea4 ,x 0 l ! revelation to ,israel 9 ! mid/ ( picturesque idolatries1 ,! ,"l ?y ,god is "o ,"l2 only t "h x made no claim to t\* ! affections1 or ev5 to w>m ! imag9ation4 ,israel's ,greek c\s9 0 to und]go a h>d]1 a m di/ant & repressive discipl9e 9 ^? matt]s1 to :i* a peculi>ly au/]e moral beauty1 at once self-reliant & submissive1 ! ae/hetic expression ( :i* has a peculi>1 an irresi/ible *>m1 w\ld 9 due "t correspond4 ,x 0 9 difficult hexamet] v]se1 9 a poem :i* f himself or f o!rs _h receiv$ ! title--,p]i physes 7,de ,natur ,r]um7 t ,p>m5ides set =? 8 ideas4 ,f ! writ+s ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & o!r lat] writ]s l>ge 9 quotation1 dilig5t mod]n s*ol>%ip has collect$ fragm5ts ( x1 :i* af=d suffici5t indep5d5t evid5ce ( 8 mann] ( ?\ght1 & supplem5t conv5i5tly ,plato's1 ( c\rse highly subjective1 pres5tm5t 9 8 ,p>m5ides ( :at _h s deeply influ5c$ him4-- #ci ,n[ come6 7?is fragm5t ( ,p>m5ides is 9 ,proclus1 :o happ5$ to quote x 9 comm5t+ on ! ,timaeus ( ,plato7 ,come6 d y li/51 & take home :at ,i %all tell y3 :at are ! two pa?s ( se>* aft] "r und]/&+4 ,! "o1 h m5 hops e/9 te kai hs ouk e/i m e9ai8 t :at is1 is2 & t :at is n1 is n2 or1 9 ! ,lat9 ( s*ola/icism1 "h inaugurat$ by ,p>m5ides1 esse ens3 non esse non ens-- pei?\s e/i keleu?os2 al!i g> opdei8 ?is is ! pa? to p]suasion1 = tru? goes along ) x4 ,! o!r--t :at is1 is n2 & by consequ5ce t :at is n1 is3-- ,i tell y t is ! way :i* goes c\nt] to p]suasion3 tn d toi phraz panapei!a emm5 at>pon8 oute g> an gnois to ge m eon ou g> ephikton8 ,t :i* is n1 nev] c\ld y "k3 !re is no way ( gett+ at t2 nor c\ld y expla9 x to ano!r2 = ,?\ght & ,be+ are id5tical4--,fam\s utt]ance1 yet ( s dubi\s om56--,to g> auto voe9 e/9 te kai e9ai ---idem e/ enim cogit>e et esse4 ,x is "o to me1 he proce$s1 at :at po9t ,i beg92 = ?i!r ,i %all come back ov] aga93 to?i g> pal9 hixomai au?is4 ,yes1 truly6 aga9 & aga91 9 an empty circle1 we may say2 & c]ta9ly1 ) ^? #dj dry & difficult words 9 our e>s1 may ?9k = a mom5t t philosophic reflexion has already done t delightfully sup]ficial ,greek _w an ill turn1 tr\bl+ s e>ly its +5u\s s\l2 t ! ,european m9d1 z 0 said1 w nev] be q sane aga94 ,x has be5 put on a que/ 7va9 que/ x may prove to be7 aft] a k9d ( k p]haps n prop]ly atta9able4 ,h]eaft]1 9 e age1 "s w be f\nd to />t afre% quixotically1 ?r\gh :at wa/es ( words6 9 se>* ( t true ,sub/ance1 ! ,"o1 ! ,absolute1 :i* to ! majority ( acute p is aft] all b z]o1 & a m]e algebraic symbol = no?+ness4 ,9 !mselves1 by ! way1 su* se>* may br+ out f9e intellectual qualities2 & ?us1 9 turn1 be ( s]vice to ^? :o c pr(it by ! spectacle ( an en?usiasm n meant = !m2 mu/ nev]!less be admitt$ to h _h all along some?+ ( disease ab\t x2 z inde$ to ,plato himself ! philosophic in/9ct z su* is a =m ( mania4 ,an infecti\s mania1 x might seem1--t /range passion = non5tity1 to :i* ! ,greek 0 s oddly liable1 to :i* ! human m9d g5]ally might be ?\ght to h be5 con/itutionally pr$ispos$2 = ! doctr9e ( ,! ,"o _h come to ! surface be=e 9 old ,indian dreams ( self-annihilation1 :i* _h be5 reviv$1 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 9 ! ec/asies 7ec/asies ( ! pure #da _s1 leav+ ! body beh9d x7 recomm5d$ by ! ,neo-,platoni/s2 & aga91 9 ! ,middle ,age1 z a f9] %ade ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 9 ! my/ic doctr9es ( ,eckh>t & ,taul] conc]n+ t union ) ,god :i* c only be atta9$ by ! lit]al negation ( self1 by a k9d ( moral suicide2 ( :i* some?+ also may be f\nd1 "u ! c[l ( ! monk1 9 ! cle>1 cold1 inaccessible1 impossible heights ( ! book ( ! ,imitation4 ,x pres5ts itself once m1 n[ altoge!r beyond ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 9 ! h>d & ambiti\s intellectualism ( ,sp9oza2 a doctr9e ( pure repell5t sub/ance--sub/ance 9 vacuo1 to be lo/ 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ! prop] consummation ( ! transitory individual life4 ,sp9oza's own absolutely col\rless exi/5ce 0 a practical comm5t ^u x4 ,desc>tes2 ,malebran*e1 "u ! monk's c[l aga92 ,leibnitz2 ,b]keley ) 8 !ory ( ! ,vision ( all ?+s 9 ,god2 d b pres5t v>iations on ! same !me ?r\gh ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,by "o & all x is assum$1 9 ! words ( ,plato1 t to be col\rless1 =mless1 impalpable is ! note ( ! sup]ior grade ( k & exi/5ce1 evanesc+ /eadily1 z "o asc5ds t[>ds t p]fect 7p]haps n q atta9able7 condition ( ei!r1 :i* 9 tru? c only be atta9$ by ! suppression ( all ! rule & outl9e ( "o's own actual exp]i5ce & ?\ght4 #db ,some?+ l t c]ta9ly !re _h be5 already 9 ! doctr9e ( ,p>m5ides1 to :om ,plato 0 s will+ to g to s*ool4 ,& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z on ! "o h& ! philosophy ( motion1 ( ! p]petual flux1 receives its %>e ( v]ification f t !ory ( developm5t ) :i* 9 v>i\s =ms all mod]n sci5ce is prepossess$2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophy ( re/ also1 ( ! p]petual le?>gy1 ! ,p>m5idean ass]tion ( ! exclusive reign ( ,! ,"o1 receives an unlook$-= te/imony f ! mod]n physical philosoph]1 h9t+ t ! ph5om5a he deals )--matt]1 organism1 consci\sness--began 9 a /ate ( indet]m9ate1 ab/ract indiff]5ce1 ) a s+le uneasy />t 9 a sort ( et]nal sleep1 a ripple on ! dead1 level surface4 ,increas+ inde$ = a :ile 9 radius & dep?1 "u ! =ce ( me*anic law1 ! _w ( motion & life is h[ev] de/9$1 by =ce ( its own friction1 to be re/or$ soon] or lat] to equilibrium2 nay1 is already gone back "s noticeable degrees 7h[ desirably67 to ! primeval indiff]5ce1 z may be und]/ood by ^? :o c reckon ! "t x w take = our worn-out planet1 surviv+ all ! fret ( ! humanity x h\s$ = a :ile1 to be drawn into ! sun4 ,b x is ( ,plato aft] all we %\ld be ?9k+2 ( ! comp>atively temp]ate ?\ghts1 ! axiomata m$ia1 he 0 able to d]ive1 by a #dc sort ( compromise1 f ! impossible p>adox ( 8 anci5t ma/]4 ,:at 0 x1 among ?+s inevitably manife/ on 8 pages z we read him1 t ,plato borr[$ & kept f ! ,eleatic ,s*ool6 ,two ess5tial judgm5ts ( 8 philosophy3 ,! opposition ( :at is1 to :at appe>s2 & ! p>allel opposition ( k to op9ion2 7het]on epi/ms doxa2 eph' het] ara het]on ti dynam5 hekat]a autn pephyke8 ouk en*rei gn/on kai doxa/on tauton e9ai87 & ?irdly1 to illu/rate t opposition1 ! figurative use1 s impress$ on ?\ght & spee* by ,plato t x has come to seem h>dly a figure ( spee* at all b appropriate philosophic language1 ( ! opposition ( light to d>kness4-- ,well1 !n 7,socrates is made to say 9 ! fif? book ( ,! ,republic7 if :at is1 is ! object ( k1 w\ld n some?+ o!r ?an :at is1 be ! object ( op9ion8 ,yes6 some?+ else4 ,does op9ion !n op9e :at is n2 or is x impossible to h ev5 op9ion conc]n+ :at is n8 ,consid]6 does n he :o has op9ion direct 8 op9ion ^u some?+8 or is x impossible1 aga91 to h an op9ion1 yet an op9ion ab\t no?+8 ,impossible6 ,b he :o has an op9ion has op9ion at lea/ ab\t some?+2 hasn't he8 ,yet aft] all :at is n1 is n a ?+2 b w\ld mo/ prop]ly be d5om9at$ no?+4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,n[ to :at is n1 we assign$ ( necessity ignorance3 to :at is1 k4 ,rightly3 he said4 #dd ,nei!r :at is1 !n1 nor :at is n1 is ! object ( op9ion4 ,no6 ,op9ion !re=e w\ld be nei!r ignorance nor k4 ,x seems n4 ,is x1 !n1 beyond ^!2 go+ beyond k 9 cle>ness1 beyond ignorance 9 obscurity8 ,nei!r ! "o1 nor ! o!r4 ,b1 ,i ask$1 op9ion seems to y 7doesn't x87 to be a d>k] ?+ ?an k1 yet light] ?an ignorance4 ,v mu* s2 he answ]$4 ,does x lie )9 ^? two8 ,yes4 ,op9ion1 !n1 w\ld be midway1 betwe5 ^! two conditions8 ,und\bt$ly s4 ,n[ didn't we say 9 :at w5t be=e t if any?+ became app>5t su* t x is1 & is n1 at ! same "t1 a ?+ ( t k9d w\ld lie betwe5 t :i* is 9 unmix$ cle>ness1 & t :i* :olly is n2 & t !re w\ld be1 9 reg>d to t1 nei!r k nor ignorance2 b1 aga91 a condition reveal+ itself betwe5 ignorance & k8 ,rightly4 ,& n[1 betwe5 ^! two1 :at we call 'op9ion' has 9 fact reveal$ itself4 ,cle>ly s4 ,x w\ld rema9 = u !re=e1 z x seems1 to f9d t :i* p>takes ( bo?--bo? ( ,be+ & ,n-be+1 & :i* c\ld rightly be call$ by nei!r t]m di/9ctly2 9 ord] t1 if x appe>1 we may 9 ju/ice det]m9e x to be ! object ( op9ion2 assign+ ! extremes to ! extremes1 ! int]m$iate to :at comes betwe5 !m4 ,or is x n ?us8 ,?us x is4 ,^! po9ts !n be+ assum$1 let him tell me6 let him speak & give 8 answ]--t excell5t p]son1 :o on ! "o h& ?9ks !re is no ,beauty itself1 nor any idea ( ,beauty itself1 ev] 9 ! same condition 9 reg>d to ! same ?+s 7aei kata tauta hsauts e*\san7 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 holds #de t !re are ! _m beautiful objects3--t lov] ( sight 7ho philo!amn7 :o c by no means be> x if any "o says t ! beautiful is "o2 ! j also2 & ! re/1 aft] ! same way4 ,= good ,sir6 we %all say1 pray tell u1 is !re any "o ( ^! _m beautiful ?+s :i* w n appe> ugly 7"u c]ta9 conditions7 ( ! _m j or pi\s actions :i* w n seem unju/ or impi\s8 ,no6 he answ]$4 ,r x mu/ be t !y %all seem1 9 a mann]1 bo? beautiful & ugly2 & all ! re/ y ask (4 ,well6 ,! _m d\ble ?+s3--,d !y seem to be at all less half ?an d\ble8 ,n at all4 ,& great1 9 tru?1 & little1 & light1 & heavy--w !y at all m truly be call$ by ^! names :i* we may give !m1 ?an by ! opposite names8 ,no6 he said2 b ea* ( !m w always hold ( bo?4 ,e sev]al in/ance ( ',! ,_m1' !n--is x1 m truly ?an x is n1 t :i* "o may affirm x to be8 ,x is l p at supp]-p>ties he said 7v ,attic supp]- p>ties67 play+ on words1 & ! *ildr5's riddle ab\t ! eunu* & 8 fl+ r\nd ! bat--) :at1 & on :at1 ! riddle says he hit x2 = ^! ?+s also seem to set bo? ways1 & x is n possible1 fix$ly1 to conceive any "o ( !m ei!r to be1 or n to be2 nei!r bo?1 nor ! "o1 nor ! o!r4 ,h y any?+ !n y c d ) !m2 or any:]e y c place !m ) fair] effect ?an 9 t position betwe5 be+ & ! be+ n8 ,= presumably !y w n appe> m obscure ?an :at is n1 s z n to be1 /ill m2 nor m lum9\s ?an :at is1 s z to be1 ev5 m ?an t4 ,we h f\nd !n t ! _m cu/om>y notions ( ! _m1 ab\t ,beauty & ! re/ are revolv$ some:]e betwe5 n-be+ & be+ unmix$ly4 ,s we h4 ,& agre$1 at lea/1 at ! outset1 t if any?+ ( ?is sort pres5t$ itself1 x mu/ be decl>$ matt] n ( k1 b ( op9ion2 to be appreh5d$ by ! int]m$iate faculty2 z x w&]s unfix$1 !re1 betwe54 ,republic1 #dgh4 #df ,_m a tra9 ( ?\ght1 _m a turn ( expression1 only too famili>1 "s may ?9k1 to ! read] ( ,plato1 are summ>is$ 9 t tr\blesome yet p]haps attractive passage4 ,! influ5ce !n ( ,p>m5ides on ,plato _h made him1 incurably 7%all we say87 a duali/4 ,only1 practically1 ,plato's ri*ly col\r$ g5ius w f9d a compromise betwe5 ! ,"o :i* alone really is1 is yet s empty a ?\ght = f9ite m9ds2 & ! ,_m1 :i* mo/ prop]ly is n1 yet presses s closely on eye & e> & he>t & fancy & w1 at e mom5t4 ,t :i* really is 7to on7 ! ,"o1 if he is really to ?9k ab\t x at all1 mu/ admit )9 x a c]ta9 v>iety ( memb]s2 &1 9 effect1 = ,plato ! true ,be+1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,"o1 does become delightfully multiple1 z ! _w ( ideas-- appreciable1 ?r\gh ye>s ( lov+ /udy1 m & m cle>ly1 "o by "o1 z ! p]fectly concrete1 mutually adju/$1 p]man5t =ms ( our v]itable exp]i5ce3 ! ,brav]y1 = in/ance1 t _c be confus$1 n m]ely ) ,c[>dice1 b ) ,wisdom1 or ,humility4 ,"o aft] ano!r !y em]ge aga9 f ! dead level1 ! ,p>m5idean tabula rasa1 ) no?+ less ?an ! reality ( p]sons face to face ) u1 ( a p]sonal id5tity4 ,x 0 z if ! firm pla/ic outl9es ( ! delightful old ,greek poly!ism _h f\nd _! way back aft] all into a repell5t mono!ism4 ,pref] z he may 9 !ory t #dg blank :ite light ( ! ,"o--its /]ile1 =mless1 col\rless1 impalpable1 et]nal id5tity ) itself--! _w1 & ?is *iefly is :y ! _w has n =gott5 him1 w be = him1 z he is by no means col\r-bl9d1 by no means a col\rless place4 ,he w suff] x to come to him1 z 8 pages convey x 9 turn to u1 ) ! livelie/ v>iety ( hue1 z 9 t conspicu\sly visual emblem ( x1 ! outl9e ( :i* 7ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( himself z x seems7 he _h really borr[$ f ! old ,eleatic tea*] :o _h tri$ s h>d to close ! bodily eye t he might ! bett] appreh5d ! _w unse54-- ,& n[ 7he writes 9 ! sev5? book ( ,! ,republic7 take = a figure ( human nature1 z reg>ds education & ! lack !re(1 "s su* condition z ?is4 ,?9k y see p z x 7 9 "s abode bel[-gr\nd1 l a cave1 hav+ its entrance spread out upw>ds t[>ds ! light1 broad1 across ! :ole cav]n4 ,suppose !m "h f *ildhood2 _! legs & necks *a9$2 s t !re !y /ay1 & c see only :at is 9 front ( !m1 be+ unable by reason ( ! *a9 to move _! heads r\nd ab\t3 & ! light ( a fire ^u !m1 blaz+ f f> above1 beh9d _! backs3 betwe5 ! fire & ! prison]s away up al(t3 & see beside x a l[ wall built along1 z ) ! %[m51 9 front ( ! p lie ! scre5s above :i* !y exhibit _! wond]s4 ,i see3 he said4 ,see1 !n1 along ?is l[ wall1 m51 be>+ vessels ( all sorts wr\ght 9 /one & wood2 &1 naturally1 "s ( ! be>]s talk+1 o!r sil5t4 ,x is a /range figure y describe3 said he3 & /range prison]s4-- ,!y are l ourselves3 ,i answ]$6 ,republic1 #ead4 #dh ,metaphysical =mulae h always _! practical equival5ts4 ,! e?ical alliance ( ,h]aclitus is ) ! ,sophi/s1 & ! ,cyr5aics or ! ,epicureans2 t ( ,p>m5ides1 ) ,socrates1 & ! ,cynics or ! ,/oics4 ,! ,cynic or ,/oic ideal ( a /atic calm is z truly ! moral or practical equival5t ( ! ,p>m5idean doctr9e ( ! ,"o1 z ! ,cyr5aic mono*ronos hdon--! pleasure ( ! ideal n[--is ! practical equival5t ( ! doctr9e ( motion2 &1 z sometimes happ5s1 :at seems hopelessly p]v]se z a metaphysic = ! und]/&+ is f\nd to be realisable en\gh z "o ( _m phases ( our s flexible human feel+4 ,! ab/ract philosophy ( ! ,"o might seem inde$ to h be5 translat$ into ! t]ms ( a human w 9 ! rigid1 dis9t]e/$1 r5unciant c>e] ( ! emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 its mortal coldness4 ,let me h[ev] conclude ) a docum5t ( ! ,eleatic temp]1 ne>] 9 its orig9 to ! age ( ,plato3 an anci5t fragm5t ( ,clean!s ! ,/oic1 :i* has ju/ly /irr$ ! admiration ( ,/oical m9ds2 ?\gh truly1 s h>d is x n to lapse f ^? au/]e heights1 ! ,"o1 ! ,absolute1 has become 9 x aft] all1 ) mu* v>i$ col\r & detail 9 8 relations to concrete ?+s & p]sons1 our fa!r ,zeus4 ,an illu/ri\s a?lete2 !n a m5dicant deal] 9 wat]-melons2 *ief pontiff la/ly ( ! sect ( ! ,/oics2 ,clean!s1 z we see him 9 anecdote #di at lea/1 is always a loyal1 sometimes a v qua9tly loyal1 foll[] ( ! ,p>m5idean or ,/oic doctr9e ( deta*m5t f all mat]ial ?+s4 ,x 0 at ! mo/ critical po9ts p]haps ( su* deta*m5t1 t some:]e ab\t ! ye> ?ree hundr$ be=e ,*ri/1 he put toge!r ! v]ses ( 8 fam\s ,hymn4 ,by its practical indiff]5ce1 its resignation1 its passive submission to ! ,"o1 ! undivid$ ,intellig5ce1 :i* dia pantn phoita--goes to & fro ?r\gh all ?+s1 ! ,/oic pontiff is true to ! ,p>m5idean s*ool+ ( 8 flock2 yet dep>ts f x also 9 a measure by a c]ta9 expansion ( phrase1 inevitable1 x may be1 if "o has to speak at all ab\t t *illy ab/raction1 /ill m make a hymn to x4 ,he is f> f ! cold precept ( ,sp9oza1 t great re-ass]tor ( ! ,p>m5idean tradition3 ,t :oso loves ,god truly mu/ n expect to be lov$ by ,him 9 return4 ,9 tru?1 !re are e*oes "h f _m v>i\s s\rces4 ,ek s\ g> g5os esm53--t is quot$1 z y rememb]1 by ,sa9t ,paul1 s j aft] all to ! pagan _w1 z its te/imony to "s deep] ,gnsis ?an its own4 ,c]ta9ly ,clean!s has conceiv$ 8 ab/ract mono!ism a little m w9n+ly1 some:at bett]1 ?an dry1 p$antic ,x5ophanes2 p]haps because ,socrates & ,plato h liv$ mean:ile4 ,y might ev5 fancy :at he says an e*o f ,israel's dev\t response to ! ann\ncem5t3 ,! ,"l ?y ,god is "o ,"l4 ,! ,greek #ej c]ta9ly is come v ne> to 8 unkn[n c\s9 at ,sion 9 :at foll[s3-- kydi/'1 a?anatn1 polynyme1 pankrates aiei ,zeu1 physeos ar*ge1 nom\ meta panta kyb]nn1 *aire se g> pantessi !mis ?ntoisi prosaudan1 k4t4l4 ,mulla*1 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,i4 p4 #aea4 ,?\ ,o ,zeus art prais$ above all gods3 _m are ,?y names & ,?9e is all p[] = ev]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! _w 0 f ,!e3 & ) law ,?\ rule/ ov] all ?+s4 ,unto ,!e may all fle% speak3 = we are ,?y (fspr+4 ,!re=e w ,i raise a hymn unto ,!e3 & w ev] s+ ( ,?y p[]4 ,! :ole ord] ( ! heav5s obeye? ,?y ^w3 z x move? ar\nd ! e>?3 ,) little & great lights mix$ toge!r3 h[ great art ,?\1 ,k+ above all = ev]6 ,nor is any?+ done ^u e>? ap>t f ,!e3 nor 9 ! firmam5t1 nor 9 ! seas3 ,save t :i* ! wick$ d3 by _! own folly4 ,b ,?9e is ! skill to set ev5 ! crook$ /raight3 :at is )\t fa%ion is fa%ion$ & ! ali5 ak9 be=e ,!e4 ,?us ha/ ,?\ fitt$ toge!r all ?+s 9 "o3 ! good ) ! evil3 ,t ,?y ^w %\ld be "o 9 all ?+s3 abid+ = ev]4 ,let folly be disp]s$ f our s\ls3 t we may repay ,!e ! hon\r1 :]e) ,?\ ha/ hon\r$ u3 ,s++ praise ( ,?y works = ev]3 z become? ! sons ( m54 ,,notes #bi4 ,translit]ation3 ,to ,syngramma4 ,translation3 ,! ,prose4 #cb4 ,translit]ation3 ousia a*rmatos1 as*mati/os1 anaphs4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! colorless1 utt]ly =mless1 intangible ess5ce4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;c4 ,see also ,appreciations1 ,col]idge1 :]e ,pat] uses ! same quotation4 #cc4 ,translit]ation3 aphasia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 spee*lessness4 #cd4 ,translit]ation3 to on4 ,translation3 t :i* is4 #ce4 ,! pr9ciple is t ( ,b>u* ,sp9oza4 #cf4 ,translit]ation3 ,kosmos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 #a4 ord]2 #b4 good ord]1 good behavi\r1 dec5cy2 #c4 a set =m or ord]3 ( /ates1 gov]nm5t2 #d4 ! mode or fa%ion ( a ?+2 ,,ii4 an ornam5t4442 ,,iii4 ! _w or univ]se1 f its p]fect arrangem5t4 #cf4 ,translit]ation3 kosmiots4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 propriety1 decorum1 ord]ly behavi\r4 #cf4 ,translit]ation3 ar*4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 beg9n+1 fir/ cause1 orig94 ,,ii4 #a4 supreme p[]1 sov]eignty1 dom9ion2 #b4 (fice4 #cg4 ,translit]ation3 p>a panta legom5a4 ,pat]'s translation3 9 spite ( common language4 #ch4 ,! ,"l ?y ,god4 4 4 4 ,deut]onomy #f3d4 ,he>1 ,o ,israel3 ,! ,,"l our ,god is "o ,,"l3 4 4 4 ,see also ,m>k #ab3bi3 ,& ,jesus answ]$ him1 ,! fir/ ( all ! comm&m5ts is1 ,he>1 ,o ,israel2 ,! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l3 4 4 4 #ch4 ,translit]ation3 ,p]i physes4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,reg>d+ ,nature--i4e4 ! title ,de ,natur ,r]um4 #ci4 ,translit]ation3 h m5 hops e/9 te kai hs ouk e/i m e9ai4 ,pat]'s translation3 t :at is1 is2 & t :at is n1 is n4 ,p>m5ides1 ,epen ,leipsana ,fragm5t>y ,song or ,poem1 l9e #ce4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aag4 ,ed4 ,f4,w4,a4 ,mulla*4 ,d>m/adt3 ,sci5tia ,v]lag ,aal51 #aifg 7repr9t ( ! ,p>is1 #ahfj edition74 #ci4 ,translit]ation3 pei?\s e/i keleu?os2 al!i g> opdei4 ,pat]'s translation3 ?is is ! pa? to p]suasion1 = tru? goes along ) x4 ,p>m5ides1 ,epen ,leipsana ,fragm5t>y ,song or ,poem1 l9e #cf4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aah4 ,al?\gh ,i h left ! quotation z ,pat] r5d]s x1 ! semicolon %\ld be a comma1 z 9 ! ,mulla* collection ,pat] us$--o!rwise ! fir/ half ( ! s5t5ce w\ld be a "q1 & t is n h[ ,pat] himself translates ! v]se4 #ci4 ,translit]ation3 tn d toi phraz panapei!a emm5 at>pon2 oute g> an gnois to ge m eon ou g> ephikton4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,i tell y t is ! way :i* goes c\nt] to p]suasion3 ,t :i* is n1 nev] c\ld y "k3 !re is no way ( gett+ at t4 ,p>m5ides1 ,epen ,leipsana1 l9es #ch-i4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aah4 #ci4 ,translit]ation3 ,to g> auto voe9 e/9 te kai e9ai4 ,pat]'s translation 9 ,lat93 idem e/ enim cogit>e et esse2 9 ,engli%1 t may be translat$1 ,?9k+ & be+ are id5tical4 ,p>m5ides1 ,epen ,leipsana1 l9e #dj4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aah4 #ci4 ,translit]ation3 to?i g> pal9 hixomai au?is4 ,pat]'s translation3 at :at po9t ,i beg92 = ?i!r ,i %all come back ov] aga94 ,p>m5ides1 ,epen ,leipsana1 l9e #db4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aah4 #dc4 ,translit]ation3 het]on epi/ms doxa2 eph' het] ara het]on ti dynam5 hekat]a autn pephyke2 ouk en*rei gn/on kai doxa/on tauton e9ai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 op9ion diff]s f sci5tific k444,to ea* ( !m belongs a diff]5t p[]1 s to ea* falls a diff]5t sph]e444x is n possible = k & op9ion to be "o & ! same4 ,plato1 ,republic1 #dgh;a-b4 #dd4 ,translit]ation3 aei kata tauta hsauts e*\san4 ,pat]'s translation3 ev] 9 ! same condition 9 reg>d to ! same ?+s4 ,plato1 ,republic #dgh4 #de4 ,translit]ation3 ho philo!amn4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition fond ( see+1 fond ( spectacles or %[s4 ,?is ^w is f ! same passage j cit$1 note = page #dd4 #df4 ,translit]ation3 to on4 ,translation3 t :i* is4 #dh4 ,translit]ation3 mono*ronos hdon4 ,pat]'s def9ition ! pleasure ( ! ideal n[4 ,! adjective mono*ronos means1 lit]ally1 s+le or unit>y "t4 ,see also ,m>ius ! ,epicurean1 ,vol4 #a1 ,cyr5aicism1 & ,vol4 #b1 ,second ,?\ghts1 :]e ,pat] quotes ! same key ,cyr5aic language4 #di4 ,translit]ation3 dia pantn phoita4 ,e-text editor's translation3 :i* c\rses ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,clean!s 7#cjj-bbj ,b4,c471 ,hymn to ,zeus1 l9es #ab-ac4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aea4 ,ed4 ,f4,w4,a4 ,mulla*4 ,d>m/adt3 ,sci5tia ,v]lag ,aal51 #aifg 7repr9t ( ! ,p>is1 #ahfj edition74 ,pat] has translat$ ,clean!s' phrase ko9os logos z undivid$ ,intellig5ce4 ,! relevant v]se reads1 su kateu?yns ko9on logon1 hos dia pantn phoita1 :i* may be translat$1 ,y guide ! ,univ]sal ,?\ght t c\rses ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,b ! ^w logos is multival5t & subject to philosophical nuance1 s any translation ( x is b\nd to be limit$4 #di4 ,translit]ation3 ,ek s\ g> g5os esm54 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,= we are born ( y4 ,clean!s 7#cjj-bbj ,b4,c471 ,hymn to ,zeus1 l9e #d4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aea4 ,pat] alludes also to ,sa9t ,paul's words 9 ,acts #ag3bh3 ,= 9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 #ej4 ,"h ,pat] provides a some:at abbreviat$ translation ( ! ,hymn to ,zeus4 ,z above1 ! ,greek is f ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,vol4 #a1 #aea4 ,,*apt] #c3 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,numb] #ea ,8 devotion to ! au/]e & ab/ract philosophy ( ,p>m5ides1 its passivity or indiff]5ce1 c\ld n repress ! opul5t g5ius ( ,plato1 or trans=m him into a cynic4 ,ano!r anci5t philosoph]1 ,py?agoras1 set ! froz5 waves 9 motion aga91 br\ght back to ,plato's recognition all t multiplicity 9 m5's exp]i5ce to :i* ,h]aclitus _h borne su* emphatic witness2 b z rhy?m or melody n[--9 movem5t truly1 b mov+ z discipl9$ s\nd & ) ! reasonable s\l ( music 9 x4 ,py?agoras1 or ! f\nd] ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy1 is ! ?ird ( ^? e>li] ma/]s1 :o expla9 ! intellectual confirmation ( ,plato by way ( antec$5t4 ,:at he said1 or 0 believ$ to h said1 is almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! v texture ( ,platonic philosophy1 z v]a vox1 an au?ority ) prescript claim on sympa!tic or at lea/ rev]5t consid]ation1 to be develop$ g5]\sly 9 ! natural gr[? ( ,plato's own ?\ghts4 #eb ,no?+ rema9s ( 8 writ+s3 d>k /atem5ts only1 z occasion s]v$1 9 lat] au?ors4 ,plato himself attributes ^? doctr9es ( 8 n to ,py?agoras b to ! ,py?agoreans4 ,b if no su* "n _h come d[n to u we might h und]/ood h[1 9 ! se>* = ! philosophic unity ( exp]i5ce1 a common measure ( ?+s1 = a cosmical hypo!sis1 numb] & ! tru?s ( numb] w\ld come to fill ! place occupi$ by "s omnipres5t physical elem5t1 air1 fire1 wat]1 9 ! philosophies ( ,ionia2 by ! ab/ract & exclusive idea ( ! unity ( ,be+ itself 9 ! sy/em ( ,p>m5ides4 ,to realise unity 9 v>iety1 to discov] cosmos--an ord] t %all satisfy "o's reasonable s\l--bel[ & )9 app>5t *aos3 is f fir/ to la/ ! cont9u\s purpose ( :at we call philosophy4 ,well6 ,py?agoras seems to h f\nd t unity ( pr9ciple 7ar*7 9 ! dom9ion ( numb] ev]y:]e1 ! proportion1 ! h>mony1 ! music1 into :i* numb] z su* exp&s4 ,tru?s ( numb]3 ! ess5tial laws ( measure 9 "t & space3--,yes1 ^! are inde$ ev]y:]e 9 our exp]i5ce3 mu/1 z ,kant c expla9 to u1 be an elem5t 9 any?+ we are able s mu* z to conceive at all4 ,& music1 cov]+ all x does1 = ,py?agoras1 = ,plato & ,platonism--music1 :i* ?\gh x is ( c\rse mu* besides1 is c]ta9ly a =mal developm5t ( purely num]ical laws3 t too surely is some?+1 #ec indep5d5tly ( ourselves1 9 ! real _w )\t u1 l a p]sonal intelligible s\l durably resid5t !re = ^? :o br+ intellig5ce ( x1 ( music1 ) !m2 to be kn[n on ! fav\rite ,platonic pr9ciple ( l by l 7homoion homoi7 ?\gh ! incapable or un9/ruct$ e>1 9 v>i\s degrees ( dulness1 may fail to appreh5d x4 ,! ,gold5 ,v]ses ( ,py?agoras p>t$ e>ly into du/ 7t seems /range1 if !y 7 ev] really writt5 9 a book7 & antiquity itself kn[s little directly ab\t 8 doctr9e4 ,yet ,py?agoras is mu* m ?an a m]e "n1 a t]m1 = locat+ z well z may be a philosophical ab/raction4 ,py?agoras1 8 p]son1 8 memory1 attract$ f ! fir/ a k9d ( fairy-tale ( my/ic sci5ce4 ,! philosophy ( numb]1 ( music & proportion1 came1 & has rema9$1 9 a cl\d ( leg5d>y glory2 ! gradual accumulation ( :i* ,porphyry & ,iambli*us1 ! fanta/ic ma/]s ( ,neo-,platonism1 or ,neo-,py?agoreanism1 h embodi$ 9 _! s-call$ ,lives ( him1 l "s antique fable ri*ly emboss$ ) />ry wond]s4 ,9 ?is _s !re _h be5 mu* writ+ ab\t him3 t he 0 a son ( ,apollo1 nay1 ,apollo himself--! twilight1 attemp]$1 ,hyp]borean ,apollo1 l ! sun 9 ,lapl&3 t 8 p]son gleam$ at times ) a sup]natural brightness3 t he _h expos$ to ^? :o lov$ him a gold5 ?igh3 h[ ,ab>is1 ! m9i/] ( t god1 #ed _h come fly+ to him on a gold5 arr[3 ( 8 almo/ impossible j\rneys3 h[ he 0 se51 _h lectur$ inde$1 9 diff]5t places at ! same "t4 ,z he walk$ on ! banks ( ! ,nessus ! riv] _h :isp]$ 8 "n3 he _h be51 9 ! second>y s5se1 v>i\s p]sons 9 ! c\rse ( ages2 a c\rtesan once1 = "s anci5t s9 9 him2 & !n a h]o1 ,euphorbus1 son ( ,pan?us2 c\ld rememb] v di/9ctly s rec5t a matt] z ! ,trojan w>1 & _h recognis$ 9 a mom5t 8 own old arm\r1 hang+ on ! wall1 above "o ( 8 old dead bodies1 9 ! temple ( ,a!ne at ,argos2 %[+ out all along only by h9ts & fla%es ! abysses ( div9e k )9 him1 sometimes by miracle4 ,= if ! philosoph] really is all t ,py?agoras or ! ,py?agoreans suppose2 if ! mat]ial _w is s p]fect a musical in/rum5t1 & he kn[s its !ory s well1 he might surely give practical & s5sible pro( ( t on occasion1 by himself improvis+ music ^u x 9 direct miracle4 ,& s !re1 9 ,porphyry & ,iambli*us1 ! appropriate miracles are4 ,if ! mi/ak5 affection ( ! disciples ( dreamy ,neo-,platonic ,gnsis at ,alex&ria1 9 ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ( our era1 has ?us made x impossible to sep>ate lat] leg5d f orig9al evid5ce z to :at he 01 & said1 & h[ he said x1 yet t !re 0 a brilliant1 p]haps a %[y1 p]sonality !re1 infus+ ! #ee mo/ ab/ract tru?s ) :at w\ld tell on ! fancy1 seems m ?an probable1 &1 ?\gh he w\ld appe> really to h _h f ! fir/ mu* ( my/]y or my/icism ab\t him1 ! ?aumaturge ( ,samos1 :om ev5 ! vulg> might foll[ z a conjuror1 mu/ h be5 v unlike ! lonely weep+ philosoph] ( ,ephesus1 or ! almo/ disembodi$ philosoph] ( ,elea4 ,9 ! v p]son & do+s ( ?is e>lie/ ma/] ( ! doctr9e ( h>mony1 p saw t philosophy is ,n h>% & crabb$1 z dull fools suppose1 ,b musical z is ,apollo's lute4 ,& 9 turn he ab\nd$ 9 influ5ce on ! de$s1 ! p]sons1 ( o!rs1 z if he _h really c>ri$ a magic lute 9 8 h&s to *>m !m4 ,z 8 fell[-citiz5s _h all b id5tifi$ ,py?agoras ) him1 s ,apollo rema9$ ! peculi> patron ( ! ,py?agoreans2 & we may note1 9 connexion ) _! influ5ce on ,plato1 t z ,apollo 0 ! *os5 ance/ral deity1 s ,py?agoreanism became especially ! philosophy1 ( ! sev]ely musical ,dorian ,greeks4 ,if1 z ,plato 0 aw>e1 or fanci$1 true ,sp>tans knew m ( philosophy ?an !y let /rang]s suppose--turn$ !m all out f "t to "t & fea/$ on x 9 secret1 = ! /r5g!n+ ( _! s\ls--x 0 #ef precisely ! ,py?agorean philosophy ( music1 ( au/]e music1 ma/]+1 rem\ld+1 m5's v bodies1 !y w\ld !n h discuss$ ) "o ano!r4 ,a native ( ,ionia1 x is 9 "o ( ! ,dorian cities ( ,magna ,graecia1 at ,crotona1 t ,py?agoras f9ds ! fitt+ sc5e ( 8 my/]i\s influ5ce4 ,he f\nds !re some?+ l an ideal republic1 or r a religi\s bro!rhood1 "u a rule outw>dly expressive ( t inw>d idea ( ord] or h>mony1 s de> to ! ,dorian s\l1 &1 = x1 z = him1 ev] ! peculi> pl$ge ( ! pres5ce ( philosophic tru?4 ,al!ian de ametria hgei syng5 e9ai1 emmetria2 asks "o 9 ,! ,republic2 & ,emmetria8 ( c\rse1 is ! answ]4 ,recall+ ! /ud5t ( ,plato to p5etrate z f> z he c into t my/]i\s community1 !re1 long be=e1 9 ! imag9ation ( ,py?agoras is ! fir/ dream ( ! ,p]fect ,city1 ) all ^? peculi> e?ical sympa?ies :i* ! ,platonic ,republic en=ces already well def9$--! p]fect my/ic body ( ! ,dorian s\l1 built1 z ,plato requires1 to ! /ra9s ( music4 ,z a :ole1 & 9 its memb]s sev]ally1 x w\ld reproduce & visibly reflect to o!rs t inw>d ord] & h>mony ( :i* ea* "o 0 a "p4 ,z su*1 ! ,py?agorean ord] 7x 0 itself an ord]7 exp&$ & 0 long ma9ta9$ 9 ^? cities ( ,magna ,graecia :i* _h be5 ! sc5e ( ! practical #eg no less ?an ( ! speculative activity ( its f\nd]2 & 9 "o ( :i*1 ,metapontum1 s late z ! days ( ,cic]o :at 0 believ$ to be ! tomb ( ,py?agoras 0 /ill %[n4 ,ord]1 h>mony1 ! temp]ance1 :i*1 z ,plato w expla9 to u1 w conv9ce u by ! visible pres5tm5t ( x 9 ! faultless p]son ( ! y\?ful ,*>mides1 is l a musical h>mony1--t 0 ! *ief ?+ ,py?agoras exact$ f 8 foll[]s1 at lea/ at fir/1 ?\gh !y 7 ma9ly ( ! noble & weal?y class :o c\ld h done :at !y lik$--temp]ance 9 a religi\s int5tion1 ) _m s+ul> scruples conc]n+ bodily purification1 diet1 & ! l4 ,= if1 accord+ to 8 philosophy1 ! s\l _h come f heav51 to use ! phrase ( ,wordswor? reproduc+ ! c5tral ,py?agorean doctr9e1 f heav51 z he says1 trail+ cl\ds ( glory1 s ! argum5ts ( ,py?agoras 7 always m or less explicitly involv+ "o 9 consid]ation ( ! means by :i* "o might get back ?i!r1 ( :i* means1 surely1 ab/95ce1 ! repression ( "o's c>nal elem5ts1 mu/ be "o2 9 consid]ation also1 9 curi\s que/ions1 z to ! relation%ip ( ^? c>nal elem5ts 9 u to ! pilgrim s\l1 be=e & aft]1 = :i* he 0 s anxi\s to secure full use ( all ! opportunities ( fur!r p]fect+ :i* might yet await x1 9 ! _m revolutions ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! mid/ ( t ae/hetically #eh s brilliant _w ( ,great] ,greece1 z if anticipat+ ,plato1 he has1 l ! philosophic k+s ( ! ,platonic ,republic1 already some?+ ( ! monk1 ( mona/ic ascsis1 ab\t him4 ,its purpose is to fit him =1 duly to ref9e 8 nature t[>ds1 t clos] vision ( tru? to :i* p]*ance he may be ev5 n[ ^u 8 way4 ,! secrecy aga91 t *>act]i/ic sil5ce ( :i* ! philosoph] ( music 01 p]haps n inconsi/5tly1 a lov]1 :i* envelop$ ! entire action ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & _h inde$ kept ,py?agoras himself1 z "s h ?\ght1 f committ+ 8 ?\ghts to writ+ at all1 0 congru\s ) su* monki% discipl9e4 ,my/icism--! condition ( ! initiat$--is a ^w d]iv$1 z we "k1 f a ,greek v]b :i* may p]haps mean to close ! eye t "o may bett] p]ceive ! invisible1 b m probably means to close ! lips :ile ! s\l is brood+ ov] :at _c be utt]$4 ,lat] ,*ri/ian admir]s said ( him1 t he _h hidd5 ! words ( ,god 9 8 he>t4 ,! du/ ( 8 gold5 v]ses p]haps1 b c]ta9ly ! gold-du/ ( 8 ?\ghts1 lies scatt]$ all along ,greek lit]ature f ,plato to ! late/ ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,y may f9d x s]viceably work$ out 9 ! notes ( ,zell]'s excell5t "w on ,greek philosophy1 &1 ) m sp>+ comm5t1 9 ,mulla*'s ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum4 ,no "o ( ^? ,pre-,socratic philosoph]s has #ei be5 ! subject ( a m en?usia/ic erudition4 ,= 8 m9d's heal? h[ev]1 if 9 do+ s he is n mak+ a disproportionate use ( 8 "t1 inconsi/5t c]ta9ly ) ! ess5tial temp] ( ! doctr9e he seeks =1 & su* z a true ,py?agorean w\ld in/antly condemn1 ! "y s*ol> might be recomm5d$ to g /raight to ! pages ( ,ari/otle--^? discreet1 unromantic pages1 salut>y !re=e to li/5 to1 conc]n+ doctr9es 9 !mselves s fanta/ic499 ,9 ! ,e?ics1 z y may "k1 9 ! ,metaphysics1 & else:]e1 ,ari/otle gives _m n unsympa!tic notices at lea/ ( ! disciples1 :i*1 by way ( sob] contra/ on a matt] f ! fir/ pr(usely1 p]haps *eaply1 embroid]$1 is l quiet in=mation f ,py?agoras himself4 ,only1 rememb] always 9 read+ ,plato--,plato1 z a s9c]e le>n] 9 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras--t ! ess5ce1 ! active pr9ciple ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e1 resides1 n z ) ! anci5t ,eleatics1 nor z ) our mod]n selves too (t51 9 ! inf9ite1 ^? et]nities1 inf9itudes1 abysses1 ,c>lyle invokes = u s (t5--9 no cultus ( ! inf9ite 7to apeiron7 b 9 ! f9ite 7to p]as74 ,x is s inde$1 ) t exception ( ! ,p>m5idean sect1 ?r\gh all ,greek philosophy1 congru\sly ) ! prop] vocation ( ! #fj p ( art1 ( art z be+ itself ! f9ite1 ev] controll+ ! inf9ite1 ! =mless4 ,^? fam\s sy/oi*iai tn enantin1 or p>allel columns ( contr>ies3 ! ,"o & ! ,_m3 ,odd & ,ev51 & ! l3 ,good & ,evil3 are inde$ all r$ucible ultimately to t]ms ( art1 z ! expressive & ! inexpressive4 ,n[ obs]ve t ,plato's !ory ( ideas is b an ef=t to en=ce ! ,py?agorean p]as1 ) all ! unity-9-v>iety ( conc]t$ music1--et]nal def9ition ( ! f9ite1 ^u to apeiron1 ! inf9ite1 ! indef9ite1 =mless1 brute matt]1 ( our exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,= x is ( ,plato aga9 we %\ld be ?9k+1 & ( ,py?agoras or ! ,py?agoreans1 only s f> z !y expla9 ! actual con=mation ( ,plato's ?\ghts z we f9d !m1 especially 9 ,! ,republic4 ,let u see1 z mu* z possible 9 8 own words1 :at ,plato receiv$ f t old] philosophy1 ( :i* ! two lead+ p]suasions 72 fir/1 ! univ]sality1 ! ultimate tru?1 ( num]ical1 ( musical law2 & secondly1 ! pre-exi/5ce1 ! d\ble et]nity1 ( ! s\l4 ,9 _s1 !n1 we are c]ta9ly ( ! ,py?agorean company 9 t mo/ *>act]i/ic dialogue1 ! ,m5o1 9 :i* ,plato discusses ! nature1 ! true idea1 ( ,virtue1 or r h[ "o may atta9 !reto2 compell$ to ?is subord9ate & accessory "q by ! intellectual #fa c[>dice ( 8 disciple1 ?\gh aft] 8 mann] he fla%es irrepressible light on t o!r prim>y & really indisp5sable "q by ! way4 ,py?agoras1 :o _h f\nd$ 8 fam\s bro!rhood by way ( turn+ !ory into practice1 mu/ h _h1 ( c\rse1 def9ite views on t mo/ practical "q1 h[ virtue is to be atta9$ by u2 & ,plato is c]ta9ly fai?ful to him 9 assign+ ! causation ( virtue p>tly to discipl9e1 =m+ habit 7asksis7 z en=c$ on ! monk1 ! soldi]1 ! s*oolboy1 z he is true to 8 own exp]i5ce 9 assign+ x p>tly also to a good natural disposition 7physei7 & he sugge/s aft]w>ds1 z ,i suppose "s ( u w\ld be ready to d1 t virtue is due also 9 "p 7!ia moira7 to ! good pleasure ( heav51 to un-m]it$ grace4 ,:atev] else1 h[ev]1 may be held ab\t x1 x is c]ta9 7he admits7 t virtue comes 9 great measure ?r\gh le>n+4 ,b is !re 9 v de$ su* a ?+ z le>n+8 asks ! eri/ic ,m5o1 :o is s y\?fully fond ( argum5t = its own sake1 & mu/ ex]cise by display 8 already well-tra9$ intellectual muscle4 ,is n t fav\rite1 t *>act]i/ic1 ,greek p>adox1 t x is impossible to be taught1 & !re=e useless to seek1 :at "o does n "k already1 aft] all ! expression ( an empirical tru?8-- ,m5o4 ,aft] :at mann] ,socrates w y seek = t :i* y d n "k at all--:at x is8 ,= :at sort ( ?+1 among ! ?+s y "k n1 w y propose z y\r #fb object ( se>*8 ,or ev5 if y %\ld h light$ full ^u x1 h[ w y "k t x is ?is ?+ :i* y knew n8 ,socrates4 ,ah6 ,i und]/& ! k9d ( ?+ y mean to say1 ,m5o4 ,d y see :at a cont5ti\s argum5t ?is is y are br++ d[n on our heads8--t =soo? x is n possible = a man to seek ei!r = :at he kn[s1 or = :at he kn[s n2 inasmu* z he w\ld n seek :at he kn[s1 at lea/2 because he kn[s x1 & to "o 9 su* case !re is no ne$ ( seek+4 ,nor w\ld he seek aft] :at he kn[s n2 = he kn[s n :at he %all seek =4 ,m5o1 #hj4 ,well6 t is true 9 a s5se1 z ,socrates admits2 n h[ev] 9 any s5se :i* enc\rages idle acquiesc5ce 9 :at accord+ to common language is our ignorance4 ,!re is a s5se 7x is exemplifi$ 9 reg>d to s\nd & col\r1 p]haps 9 "s f> m important ?+s7 9 :i* x is matt] ( exp]i5ce t x is impossible to seek =1 or be taught1 :at "o does n "k already4 ,he :o is 9 total ignorance ( musical notes1 :o has no e>1 w c]ta9ly be unaw>e ( !m :5 !y light on him1 or he lights ^u !m4 ,:]e c\ld "o beg98 we ask1 9 c]ta9 cases :]e n to "k at all means incapacity = receiv+ k4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 ! ,py?agoreans are "r 9 say+ t :at we call le>n+ is 9 fact rem9isc5ce- -3 anamnsis fam\s ^w6 & ,socrates proce$s to %[ 9 :at precise way x is impossible or possible to f9d out :at y don't "k3 h[ t happ5s4 ,9 full use ( ! dialogue1 z itself ! in/rum5t mo/ #fc fit = him ( :atev] :at we call tea*+ & le>n+ may really be1 ,plato1 dramatic always1 br+s 9 "o ( ,m5o's slaves1 a boy :o speaks ,greek nicely1 b kn[s no?+ ( geometry3 introduces him1 we may fancy1 into a ma!matical lecture-room :]e diagrams are to be se5 on ! walls1 cubes & ! l ly+ on ! table--p>ticul> objects1 ! m]e sight ( :i* w r\se him :5 subject$ to ! dialectical treatm5t1 to univ]sal tru?s conc]n+ !m4 ,! problem requir$ ( him is to describe a squ>e ( a p>ticul> size3 to f9d ! l9e :i* mu/ be ! side ( su* a squ>e2 & he is to f9d x = himself4 ,m5o1 c>efully on 8 gu>d1 is to wat* :e!r ! boy is taught by ,socrates 9 any ( 8 answ]s2 :e!r he answ]s any?+ at any po9t o!rwise ?an by way ( rem9isc5ce & really out ( 8 own m9d1 z ! reasonable que/ions ( ,socrates fall l wat] on ! se$-gr\nd1 or l sunlight on ! photograph]'s negative4 ,see him n[6 he cries triumphantly1 ,h[ he rememb]s2 9 ! logical ord]2 z he ought to rememb]6 ,! read]1 9 tru?1 foll[+ closely1 scrupul\sly1 ?is pretty process1 _c help see+ t aft] all ! boy does n discov] ! ess5tial po9t ( ! problem = himself1 t he is m ?an j guid$ on 8 way by ! que/ion+ ( ,socrates1 t ,plato has *os5 an in/ance 9 itself illusively cle> z be+ conc]n$ ) elem5t>y space4 ,x is #fd once = all1 h[ev]1 t he recognises1 "u su* que/ion+1 ! immovable1 indefectible c]ta9ty ( ?is or t tru? ( space4 ,s mu*1 ! c&id read] mu/ conc$e1 is cle>ly to ! advantage ( ! ,py?agorean !ory3 t ev5 8 false guesses h a plausibility1 a k9%ip to1 a k9d ( claim ^u1 tru?1 ab\t !m3 t z he rememb]s1 9 logical ord] 7hs dei7 s he makes ! mi/akes also :i* he ought to make--! "r sort ( mi/akes1 su* z are natural & ought to occur 9 ord] to ! awak5+ m9d1 a k9d ( prop]ly innate errors4 ,nyn aut hsp] on> arti anakek9tai hai doxai autai4--,j n[1 z 9 a dream1 ^! op9ions h be5 /irr$ up )9 him2 & he w p]=m1 ,socrates assures u1 simil> acts ( rem9isc5ce on dem&1 ) o!r geometrical problems1 ) any & e problem :atev]4 ,if !n1 obs]ves ,socrates 9 ! ,pha$o1 wi/fully pond]+1 = su* consolation z !re may be 9 x1 9 8 la/ h\rs1 ! l>g] outlook sugge/$ by ?is hopeful doctr9e3-- ,if1 hav+ appreh5d$ x 7hav+ appreh5d$ a c]ta9 ma!- matical pr9ciple1 t is7 be=e bir?1 we 7 born already possess$ ( ?is pr9ciple1 _h we n k1 bo? be=e & imm$iately ^u our begett+ "h1 n m]ely ab\t ! equal & ! great] & ! less1 b ab\t all o!r ?+s ( ! k9d8 ,= our !ory 7( an innate k1 t is to say1 indep5d5t ( our exp]i5ce "h7 our !ory holds n a bit m ab\t two equal l9es1 ?an ab\t ! absolute ,beauty 70 he go+ n[ to see its v face aga91 aft] ! dim int]m$iate life "h87 & ab\t :at is absolutely j & good1 & ab\t all ?+s :atev]1 ^u #fe :i*1 9 all our pa/ que/ion+ & answ]+1 we set ?is seal--hois episphragizome?a t\to --,t1 :i* really is4 ,pha$o1 #ge4 ,b to return to ! *e]ful pages ( ! ,m5o--f ! prison-cell to ! old ma!matical lecture-room & t psy*ological exp]im5t ^u ! "y boy ) ! squ>e3-- ,ouk\n oud5os didaxantos1 all' ertsantos1 epi/setai1 analabn1 autos ex haut\1 epi/mn2 ,?r\gh no "o's tea*+1 !n1 b by a process ( m]e que/ion+1 w he atta9 a true sci5ce1 k 9 ! fulle/ s5se 7epi/m7 by ! recov]y ( su* sci5ce out ( himself8--,yes6 & t recov]y is an act ( rem9isc5ce4 ,^! op9ions !re=e1 ! boy's discov]able "r notions ab\t side & squ>e & diagonal1 7 innate 9 him 7ensan de ge aut autai hai doxai7 & surely1 z ,socrates 0 obs]v+ lat]1 "r op9ions also conc]n+ o!r ?+s m important1 :i* too1 :5 /irr$ up by a process ( que/ion+1 w be e/abli%$ 9 him z consci\sly reason$ k 7ertsei epeg]!isai1 epi/mai gignontai74 ,t at lea/ is :at ,plato is q c]ta9 ab\t3 n q s confid5t1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ ano!r doctr9e1 fasc9at+ z he f9ds x1 :i* seem$ to af=d an explanation ( ?is lead+ psy*ological fact ( an antec$5t k )9 u--! doctr9e namely ( metempsy*sis1 ( ! transmigration ( s\ls ?r\gh v>i\s =ms ( ! bodily life1 #ff "u a law ( moral retribution1 some:at oracul>ly sugge/$ 9 ! anci5t poets1 by ,hesiod & ,p9d>1 b a matt] ( =mal consci\sness ) ! ,py?agoreans1 & at la/ insep>ably connect$ ) ! au?ority ( ,socrates1 :o 9 ! ,pha$o disc\rses at great l5g? on t s com=table !ory1 v5tur+ to draw f x1 z we saw j n[1 a p]sonal hope 9 ! imm$iate prospect ( dea?4 ,! s\l1 !n1 w\ld be immortal 7a?anatos an h psy* ei7 prospectively z well z 9 retrospect1 & is n unlikely to atta9 to cle>] levels ( tru? ov] ! way1 !re1 z1 9 ! ,m5o1 ,socrates drew f x an enc\ragem5t to ! se>* = tru?1 "h4 ,retrospectively1 at all ev5ts1 x seem$ pla9 t ! s\l is et]nal4 ,x is "r !re=e to make an ef=t to f9d out ?+s "o may n "k1 t is to say1 "o does n rememb]1 j n[4 ,^? notions 7 9 ! boy1 !y & ! l ( !m1 9 all boys & m52 & he did n come by !m 9 ?is life1 a "y slave 9 ,a!ns4 ,anci5t1 half- oblit]at$ inscriptions on ! m5tal walls1 ! m5tal tablet1 se$s ( k to come1 %$ by "s fl[] ( x long ago1 x 0 9 an e>li] p]iod ( "t !y _h be5 laid up 9 him1 to blossom aga9 n[1 s k9dly1 s firmly6 ,^u a s\l ?us provid$1 puzzl$ z t se$ swells )9 x "u ! spr+-tide influ5ces ( ?is untri$ atmosph]e1 x w\ld be ! prop] vocation ( ! philosophic tea*] #fg to sup]v5e ) 8 enc\rag+ que/ions4 ,& !re 0 ano!r doctr9e--a p]suasion /ill m poetical or vision>y1 x might seem1 yet ) a /rong presumption ( lit]al tru? ab\t x1 :5 se5 9 connexion ) t great fact ( our consci\sness :i* x s conv5i5tly expla9s-- rem9isc5ce4 ,socrates _h he>d x1 he tells u 9 ! ,m5o1 9 ! locus classicus on ?is matt]1 f ! v5]able lips ( c]ta9 religi\s p]sons1 prie/s & prie/esses1 --:o _h made x _! bus9ess to be able to give an acc\nt conc]n+ _! sacr$ functions4 ,p9d> too ass]ts ?is1 & _m o!r ( ! poets1 s _m z 7 div9ely inspir$4 ,& :at !y say is z foll[s4 ,b d y obs]ve1 :e!r !y seem to y to speak ! tru?4 ,= !y say t ! s\l ( man is immortal2 & t at "o "t x comes to a pause1 :i* inde$ !y call dy+1 & !n is born aga92 b t x is nev] de/roy$4 ,t on ?is acc\nt inde$ x is our duty to pass ?r\gh life z religi\sly z possible 7because !re's 'ano!r _w1' namely74 ',= ^?1' says ,p9d>1 'f :om ,p]sephone %all h receiv$ a recomp5se ( anci5t wrong--%e gives back _! s\l aga9 to ! sun above 9 ! n9? ye>1 ( :om are begott5 k+s1 illu/ri\s & swift 9 /r5g?1 & m5 greate/ 9 wisdom2 & = rema9+ "t !y are call$ holy h]oes among u4' ,inasmu* !n z ! s\l is immortal1 & has be5 born _m times1 & has se5 bo? ?+s "h & ?+s 9 ,hades1 & all ?+s1 !re is no?+ t x has n le>n$2 s t x is by no means surpris+ t x %\ld be able to rememb] bo? ab\t virtue & ab\t o!r matt]s :at x knew at lea/ ev5 a=etime4 ,= inasmu* z ! :ole ( nature is ak9 to itself 7homog5e\s7 & ! s\l has le>n$ all ?+s1 no?+ h9d]s "o1 by rememb]+ "o ?+ only1 :i* inde$ p call 'le>n+' 7?\gh x is some?+ else 9 fact1 y see67 f f9d+ out all o!r ?+s = himself1 if he be brave & fail n ?r\gh we>9ess 9 8 se>*4 ,= 9 tru? to #fh seek & to le>n is :olly ,recollection4 ,!re=e "o mu/ n be p]suad$ by t eri/ic doctr9e 7namely t if ignorant 9 ignorance y mu/ rema97 = t on ! "o h& w\ld make u idle & is a pleasant doctr9e = ! weak among mank9d to he>2 :ile ?is o!r doctr9e makes u indu/ri\s & apt to seek4 ,tru/+ 9 :i* t x is true1 ,i am will+ along ) y to seek out virtue3--:at x is4 ,m5o1 #ha4 ,^! /range !ories !n are mu* ) ,socrates on 8 la/ sad day- -sad to 8 fri5ds--z ju/ify+ m or less1 on anci5t religi\s au?ority1 ! in/9ctive confid5ce1 *eck+ sadness 9 himself1 t he w survive--survive ! effects ( ! poison1 ( ! fun]al fire2 t some:]e1 ) "s o!rs1 ) ,m9os p]haps & o!r righte\s s\ls ( ! national religion1 he w be hold+ disc\rses1 dialogues1 q simil> to ^!1 only a little bett] z mu/ naturally happ5 ) s dilig5t a s*ol>1 ?is "t to-morr[4 ,& t wild ?\ght ( metempsy*sis 0 connect$ ) a !ory1 yet m fanta/ic1 ( ! visible heav5 above u4 ,= ,py?agoras1 ! ,py?agoreans1 _h _h _! views also1 z became ! possessors ( a fir/ pr9ciple--( a philosophy !re=e :i* ne$ leave no problem unt\*$--on purely mat]ial ?+s1 above all on ! /ructure ( ! planets1 ! me*anical contrivances by :i* _! motion 0 effect$ 7x came to j t67 on ! relation ( ! e>? to its atmosph]e & ! l4 ,! doctr9e ( ! transmigration1 #fi ! pilgrimage or m5tal j\rneys1 ( ! s\l l9k$ itself readily ) a fanciful1 guess-"w a/ronomy1 :i* provid$ />ry places1 wide areas1 ho/elries1 = t w&]] to move or re/ 94 ,a matt] ( v lively & pres5table =m & col\r1 z if mak+ ! invisible %[ ?r\gh1 ?is too pleas$ ! extremely visual fancy ( ,plato2 z we may see1 9 _m places ( ! ,pha$o1 ! ,pha$rus1 ! ,timaeus1 & mo/ conspicu\sly 9 ! t5? book ( ,! ,republic1 :]e he relates ! vision ( ,er--:at he saw ( ! o!r _w dur+ a k9d ( tempor>y dea?4 ,hell1 ,purgatory1 ,p>adise1 are briefly depict$ 9 x2 ,p>adise especially ) a q ,dantesque s5sibility to col\r$ light--physical light or spiritual1 y c h>dly tell :i*1 s p]fectly is ! inw>d s5se bl5t ) its visible c\nt]-"p1 rem9d+ "o =cibly ( ! ,div9e ,com$y1 ( :i* ^? clos+ pages ( ,! ,republic sugge/ an e>ly outl9e4 ,t !n is ! ?ird elem5t 9 ,plato d]ivative f 8 ,py?agorean ma/]s3 an a/ronomy ( infant m9ds1 we might call x1 9 :i* ! cele/ial _w is ! sc5e1 n z yet ( ^? ab/ract reasonable laws ( numb] & motion & space1 ^u :i*1 z ,plato himself prote/s 9 ! sev5? book ( ,! ,republic1 x is ! bus9ess ( a v]itable sci5ce ( ! />s to ex]cise our m9ds1 b r ( a ma*9]y1 :i* ! m]e />-gaz] may peep into z be/ he c1 ) its lev]s1 its sp9dles & revolv+ #gj :eels1 its sph]es1 he says1--l ^? boxes :i* fit into "o ano!r1 & ! lit]al doors op5$ 9 heav51 ?r\gh :i*1 at ! due po9t ( asc5sion1 ! revolv+ pilgrim s\l w glide =? & h a *ance ( gaz+ into ! wide spaces beyond1 z he /&s outside on ! back ( ! sky--t holl[ p>tly transp>5t sph]e :i* surr\nds & closes 9 our t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,mo/ difficult to foll[ 9 detail$ description1 p]haps n to be tak5 q s]i\sly1 "o ?+ at lea/ is cle> ab\t ! planet>y movem5ts z ,plato & 8 ,py?agorean tea*]s conceive !m4 ,!y produce1 naturally en\gh1 s\nds1 t fam\s music ( ! sph]es1 :i* ! undiscipl9$ e> fails to recognise1 to delight 91 only because x is nev] sil5t4 ,t x really is impossible aft] all to le>n1 to be taught :at y are entirely ignorant (1 0 & /ill is a fact ( exp]i5ce1 manife/ especially 9 reg>d to music4 ,n[ t music ( ! sph]es 9 its l>ge/ s5se1 its complete/ or*e/ration1 ! h>moni\s ord] ( ! :ole univ]se 7kosmos7 0 :at s\ls _h he>d ( old2 f\nd e*oes ( "h2 might recov] 9 its entirety1 amid ! influ5ces ( ! melodi\s col\r1 s\nds1 mann]s1 ! en=c$ modulat+ discipl9e1 :i* w\ld make ! :ole life ( a citiz5 ( ! ,p]fect ,city an education 9 music4 ,we are n[ ) ,plato1 y see6 9 8 reproduction1 s fully detail$ = u 9 ,! #ga ,republic1 ( ! e>li] & vagu] ,py?agorean bro!rhood4 ,musical imag]y1 ! notions ( proportion & ! l1 h ev] s9ce ,plato wrote play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! !ory ( morals2 h come to seem almo/ a natural "p ( language conc]n+ !m4 ,only1 :]ev] 9 ,plato himself y f9d su* imag]y1 y may note ,py?agorean influ5ce4 ,! /ud5t ( ,! ,republic h>dly ne$s to be rem9d$ h[ all- p]vasive 9 x t imag]y is2 h[ emphatic1 9 all its speculative !ory1 9 all its practical provisions1 is ! desire = h>mony2 h[ ! :ole bus9ess ( education 7( gymna/ic ev51 ! seem+ rival ( music7 is br\ght "u x2 h[ l>ge a "p ( ! claims ( duty1 ( "r conduct1 = ! p]fectly initiat$1 comes ) him to be ?is1 t x s\nds s well4 ,plmmeleia1 discordancy1--all fault9ess resolves itself into t4 ,can/ play on ?is flute8 asks ,hamlet3-- on human nature1 ) all its /ops1 ( ^: caprici\s tuneabl5ess1 or want ( tune1 he is himself ! repres5tative4 ,well6 ! p]fect /ate1 ?9ks ,plato1 c4 ,= him1 music is /ill ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 & ! :ole bus9ess ( philosophy only z x 7 ! correct edit+ ( x3 z x w be ! :ole bus9ess ( ! /ate to repress1 9 ! great conc]t1 ! j>r+ self-ass]tion 7pleonexia7 ( ^? ^: voices h l>ge natural p[] 9 !m4 ,h[1 9 detail1 rhy?m1 ! limit 7p]as7 is en=c$ 9 ,plato's ,republic !re is no "t to #gb %[4 ,call to m9d only t ! p]fect visible equival5t ( su* rhy?m is 9 ^? portrait-/atues ( ! actual y\? ( ,greece--legacy ( ,greek sculpture m preci\s by f> ?an its fanci$ =ms ( deity--! quoit-play]1 ! diadum5us1 ! apoxyom5us2 & h[ ! mo/ beautiful type ( su* y\?1 by ! univ]sal admission ( ! ,greeks !mselves1 _h issu$ f ! sev]e s*ools ( ,sp>ta1 t highe/ civic embodim5t ( ! ,dorian temp]1 l "s p]fect musical in/rum5t1 p]fectly responsive to ! int5tion1 to ! lighte/ t\*1 ( ! f+] ( law4--,yet ) a fre% sett+ ( ! old music 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,= 9 tru? we come into ! _w1 ea* "o ( u1 n 9 nak$ness1 b by ! natural c\rse ( organic developm5t clo!d f> m completely ?an ev5 ,py?agoras suppos$ 9 a ve/ure ( ! pa/1 nay1 fatally %r\d$1 x might seem1 9 ^? laws or tricks ( h]$ity :i* we mi/ake = our volitions2 9 ! language :i* is m ?an "o half ( our ?\ghts2 9 ! moral & m5tal habits1 ! cu/oms1 ! lit]ature1 ! v h\ses1 :i* we did n make = ourselves2 9 ! ve/ure ( a pa/1 :i* is 7s sci5ce w\ld assure u7 n ours1 b ( ! race1 ! species3 t ,zeit-gei/1 or ab/ract secul> process1 9 :i*1 z we c\ld h _h no direct consci\sness ( x1 s we c pret5d to no future p]sonal int]e/4 ,x is humanity itself n[--ab/ract humanity--t #gc figures z ! transmigrat+ s\l1 accumulat+ into its colossal manhood ! exp]i5ce ( ages2 mak+ use (1 & ca/+ aside 9 its m>*1 ! s\ls ( c\ntless individuals1 z ,py?agoras suppos$ ! individual s\l to ca/ aside aga9 & aga9 its outworn body4 ,s x may be4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( all t1 h[ev]1 9 ! m9d ( ! great ,engli% poet at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ^: fam\s ,ode on ,! ,intimations ( ,immortality f ,recollections ( ,*ildhood1 9 :i* he made metempsy*sis 8 own1 mu/ /ill express = "s m9ds some?+ m ?an m]ely poetic tru?4 ,= ,py?agoreanism too1 l all ! grav] utt]ances ( primitive ,greek philosophy1 is an in/9ct ( ! human m9d itself1 & !re=e also a con/ant tradition 9 its hi/ory1 :i* w recur2 =tify+ ?is or t s\l "h or !re 9 a "p at lea/ ( t old sangu9e assurance ab\t itself1 :i* possess$ ,socrates s immovably1 8 ma/]s1 8 disciples4 ,^? :o d n already "k ,wordswor?'s ,ode ought soon to read x = !mselves4 ,li/5 in/ead to ! l9es :i* p]haps sugge/$ ,wordswor?'s3 ,! ,retreat1 by ,h5ry ,vaughan1 "o ( ! s- call$ ,platoni/ poets ( ab\t two c5turies ago1 :o 0 able to bl5d ^? ,py?agorean doctr9es ) ! ,*ri/ian belief1 amid :i* inde$1 f ! unsanction$ dreams ( ,orig5 onw>ds1 ^? doctr9es h %[n !mselves n o!rwise ?an at home4 #gd ,happy1 ^? days1 he decl>es1 ,be=e ,i und]/ood ?is place1 ,appo9t$ = my second race2 ,or taught my s\l to fancy ought ,b a :ite cele/ial ?\ght2 ,:5 yet ,i _h n walk$ above ,a mile or two f my fir/ love2 ,b felt ?r\gh all ?is fle%ly dress ,bright %oots ( ev]la/+ness4 ,o6 h[ ,i long to travel back ,& tread aga9 t anci5t track6 ,t ,i might once m rea* t pla91 ,:]e fir/ ,i left my glori\s tra94-- ,b ,ah6 my s\l ) too mu* /ay ,is drunk2 & /agg]s 9 ! way4 ,"s m5 a =w>d motion love1 ,b ,i backw>d /eps w\ld move2 ,& :5 ?is du/ falls to ! urn ,9 t /ate ,i came return4 ,summ+ up ^? ?ree philosophies antec$5t to ,plato1 we might say1 t if ,h]aclitus taught ! doctr9e ( progress1 & ! ,eleatics t ( re/1 s1 9 su* qua9t phrase z ,vaughan's1 ,py?agoreanism is ! philosophy ( re-action4 ,,notes #eb4 ,translit]ation3 ar*4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 beg9n+1 fir/ cause1 orig94 ,,ii4 #a4 supreme p[]1 sov]eignty1 dom9ion2 #b4 (fice4 #ec4 ,translit]ation3 homoion homoi4 ,translation3 l by l4 #ef4 ,translit]ation3 ,al!ian de ametria hgei syng5 e9ai1 emmetria4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,& d y suppose t tru? is close k9 to measure & proportion1 or to disproportion8 ,plato1 ,! ,republic1 ,book ,,vi1 #dhf;d4 #ef4 ,translit]ation3 ,emmetria4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,to measure & proportion4 ,plato1 ,! ,republic1 ,book ,,vi1 #dhf;d4 #ei4 99,or to ,mr4 ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy2 :i* ,i h read s9ce ^! pages w5t to press1 ) mu* admiration = its le>n+ & lucidity1 & its unconv5tionality ( view4 #ei4 ,translit]ation3 to apeiron 4 4 4 to p]as4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 )\t trial or exp]i5ce ( a ?+ 4 4 4 ,,ii4 b\ndless1 endless1 c\ntless _/ an end1 extremity4 ,z ,pat] indicates1 9 ,plato ! t]ms mean some?+ l inf9ite & f9ite1 or b\nd$ & unb\nd$4 #fj4 ,translit]ation3 sy/oi*iai tn enantin4 ,co-ord9ates consi/+ ( opposites4 #fj4 ,translit]ation3 p]as4 ,see above1 second note = page #ei4 #fj4 ,translit]ation3 to apeiron4 ,see above1 second note = page #ei4 #fa4 ,translit]ation3 asksis4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 exc]cise1 tra9+4 #fa4 ,translit]ation3 physei4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition ( physis3 ! nature1 inborn quality1 prop]ty or con/itution ( a p]son or ?+4 ,?us1 ! dative =m cit$ by ,pat] means1 ) reg>d to nature4 #fa4 ,translit]ation3 !ia moira4 ,translation3 "o's lot by div9e appo9tm5t4 #fb4 ,translit]ation3 anamnsis4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a call+ to m9d1 recollection4 #fd4 ,translit]ation3 hs dei4 ,e-text editor's translation3 z is necess>y4 #fd4 ,translit]ation3 ,nyn aut hsp] on> arti anakek9tai hai doxai autai4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,j n[1 z 9 a dream1 ^! op9ions h be5 /irr$ up )9 him4 ,plato1 ,m5o1 #he;c4 #fe4 ,translit]ation3 hois episphragizome?a t\to4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ^! ?+s ^u :i* we set ?is seal4 ,plato1 ,pha$o1 #ge;d4 #fe4 ,translit]ation3 ,ouk\n oud5os didaxantos1 all' ertsantos1 epi/setai1 analabn1 autos ex haut\1 epi/mn4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,no-"o hav+ taught him a ?+1 b r ?r\gh que/ion+ alone1 he w und]/& = c]ta91 retriev+ ! k out ( himself8 ,plato1 ,m5o1 #he;d4 #fe4 ,translit]ation3 epi/m4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition #a4 k1 und]/&+1 skill1 exp]i5ce1 wisdom2 #b4 sci5tific k4 #fe4 ,translit]ation3 ensan de ge aut autai hai doxai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,yet ^! notions 7 already implant$ 9 him1 w]5't !y8 ,plato1 ,m5o #he;c4 ,s\rce1 if any4 #fe4 ,translit]ation3 enesontai auti al!is doxai1 ertsei epeg]!isai1 epi/mai gignontai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,he holds )9 himself true op9ions1 :i* a que/ion+ process may awak5 into c]ta9 k4 ,plato1 ,m5o #hf;a4 #ff4 ,translit]ation3 a?anatos an h psy* ei4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,! s\l1 !n1 w\ld be immortal4 ,plato1 ,m5o #hf;b4 #gj4 ,translit]ation3 kosmos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 #a4 ord]2 #b4 good ord]1 good behavi\r1 dec5cy2 #c4 a set =m or ord]3 ( /ates1 gov]nm5t2 #d4 ! mode or fa%ion ( a ?+2 ,,ii4 an ornam5t4442 ,,iii4 ! _w or univ]se1 f its p]fect arrangem5t4 #ga4 ,translit]ation3 ,plmmeleia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a false note 4 4 4 error1 (f5se4 #ga4 ,translit]ation3 pleonexia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a disposition to take m ?an "o's %>e4 #ga4 ,translit]ation3 p]as4 ,see above1 note two1 page #ei4 ,,*apt] #d3 ,,plato ,,& ,,socrates #ge ,,plato1 we say habitually :5 we talk ( our tea*] 9 ,! ,republic1 ! ,pha$rus1 cutt+ a knot2 = ,plato speaks to u indirectly only1 9 8 ,dialogues1 by ! voice ( ! ,platonic ,socrates1 a figure mo/ ambigu\sly compact$ ( ! real ,socrates & ,plato himself2 a purely dramatic inv5tion1 x might p]haps h be5 fanci$1 or1 s to speak1 an idolon !atri--,plato's self1 b pres5t$1 ) ! res]ve appropriate to 8 fa/idi\s g5ius1 9 a k9d ( /age disguise4 ,s we might fancy b = c]ta9 indep5d5t in=mation we possess ab\t ,socrates1 9 ,ari/otle1 & 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon4 ,! ,socrates ( ,x5ophon is "o ( ! simple/ figures 9 ! _w4 ,f ! p]sonal memories ( t s+ul>ly limpid writ] ! outl9e ( ! great tea*] deta*es itself1 z an embodim5t ( all t 0 cle>e/ 9 ! n[ adult ,greek und]/&+1 ! adult ,greek consci5ce4 ,all t ,socrates is se5 to be 9 #gf ^? unaffect$ pages may be expla9$ by ! s+le desire to be useful to ord9>y "y m51 ^: bus9ess 9 life w\ld be ma9ly ) practical ?+s2 & at fir/ sight1 z del9eators ( _! common ma/]1 ,plato & ,x5ophon might seem sc>cely reconcilable4 ,b !n1 z ,alcibiades alleges ( him 9 ! ,symposium1 ,socrates _h be5 ev] 9 all respects a two-sid$ be+2 l "s rude figure ( ,sil5us1 he sugge/s1 by way ( an out] case = ! image ( a god )94 ,by a m9d1 ( ! compass ,plato himself supposes1 two q diff]5t impressions may well h be5 made on two typically diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,! speak]1 to ,x5ophon s simple1 almo/ homely1 e>?y1 v]nacul>1 becomes ) ,plato ! m\?-piece ( high & difficult & extraord9>y ?\ghts4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 !n1 ( a s+le writt5 ^w f ,socrates himself1 ! "q is =c$ ^u u3 _h ! true ,socrates be5 really ,socrates accord+ to ,x5ophon1 & all besides only a g5]\s loan f ! ri* treasury ( ,plato's q orig9al & indep5d5t g5ius3 or1 _h ! ma/] be5 inde$ some?+ l>g] & m _m-sid$ ?an ,x5ophon c\ld h ?or\ghly und]/ood1 pres5t+ to 8 simpl] disciple only :at 0 ( simpl] /amp 9 himself1 to ! my/ic & susceptible ,plato all t f>-rea*+ & f]vid intellectuality1 ) :i* ! ,platonic ,dialogues cr$it him4 ,x is a problem ab\t :i* probably no read] ( #gg ,plato ev] q satisfies himself3--h[ mu* precisely he mu/ d$uct f ,socrates1 z we f9d him 9 ^? ,dialogues1 by way ( def9+ to himself ! ,socrates ( fact4 ,9 ,plato's own writ+ ab\t ,socrates !re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce4 ,! ,apology1 m>k$ z be+ ! s+le writ+ f ,plato's h& n 9 dialogue =m1 we may naturally take = a s9c]e v]sion ( ! actual words ( ,socrates2 clos] to !m1 we may ?9k1 ?an ! ,greek record ( spok5 words h[ev] important1 ! spee*es 9 ,?ucydides1 = in/ance1 by ! admission ( ,?ucydides himself1 0 wont to be4 ,& ?is assumption is support$ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,9 t unadorn$ language1 9 ^? h>% grammatic 7or r q ungrammatic7 con/ructions we h surely ! natural acc5t ( "o speak+ "u /rong excitem5t4 ,we might ?9k1 aga91 t ! ,pha$o1 purport+ to record 8 subsequ5t disc\rse1 is really no m ?an su* a record1 b = a lurk+ suspicion1 :i* hangs by ! fact t ,plato1 not$ z an assi/ant at ! trial1 is expressly /at$ by "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! ,dialogue to h be5 abs5t f ! dy+ sc5e ( ,socrates4 ,t speak] h[ev] 0 himself p]haps ! v]aci\s report] ( ^? la/ words & acts2 = !re are details 9 ! ,pha$o too p$e/rian & common-place to be tak5 = ?+s ( m]e lit]>y inv5tion3 ! rubb+ ( ! legs1 = in/ance1 n[ releas$ f ! *a92 ! r #gh uneasy det]m9ation to be indiff]5t2 ! some:at h>% committal ( ! crudely lam5t+ wife & 8 *ild to any "o :o w take ! tr\ble--details1 z "o _c b obs]ve 9 pass+1 :i* leave ^? fam\s h\rs1 ev5 = purely human1 or say6 pagan dignity & t5d]ness1 :olly incomp>able to "o sacr$ sc5e to :i* !y h sometimes be5 comp>$4 ,we %all be ju/ifi$ !n1 9 ! ef=t to give reality or tru? to our m5tal picture ( ,socrates1 if we foll[ ! lead ( 8 own suppos$ retrospect ( 8 c>e] 9 ! ,apology1 z complet$1 & expla9$ to :olly sympa!tic spirits1 by ! m intimate disc\rses ( ! ,pha$o4 ,he pleads to be excus$ if 9 mak+ 8 def5ce he speaks aft] 8 accu/om$ mann]3 n m]ely 9 home-spun phrase1 t is to say1 v diff]5t f :at is usually he>d at lea/ 9 ^? sophi/icat$ law-c\rts ( ,a!ns1 nor m]ely ) c]ta9 laps+ into 8 famili> habit ( dialogue1 b ) a tacit assumption1 ?r\gh\t 8 argum5ts1 ( t logical realism :i* sugge/$ ! fir/ outl9e ( ,plato's doctr9e ( ! ideas4 ,ev]y:]e1 ) :at is l a physical passion = :at is1 :at is true--z "o engag$ 9 a sort ( religi\s or prie/ly conc5tration ( s\l on :at ,god really made & meant u to "k--he is driv+ e>ne/ly1 yet ) me?od1 at ^? univ]sal conceptions or def9itions :i* s]ve to e/abli% #gi firmly ! di/9ction1 atta9$ by s mu* intellectual lab\r1 betwe5 :at is absolute & abid+1 ( v]itable import !re=e to our reason1 to ! div9e reason really resid5t 9 ea* "o ( u1 resid5t 91 yet sep>able f1 ^! our h\ses ( clay--betwe5 t1 & :at is only ph5om5al & transitory1 z be+ ess5tially implicate ) !m4 ,he a*iev$ ?is end1 z we le>n f ,ari/otle1 ?is p[]1 lit]ally1 ( a criticism ( life1 by induction 7epagg7 by t c>eful process ( enquiry into ! facts ( ! matt] conc]n$1 "o by "o 7facts mo/ (t5 ( consci5ce1 ( moral action z condition$ by motive1 & result1 & ! v>y+ degrees ( inw>d light ^u x7 = :i* ! fitt+ me?od is in=mal ?\gh n unme?odical "q & answ]1 face to face ) av]age mank9d1 z 9 ^? fam\s ,socratic conv]sations1 :i* aga9 are ! fir/ r\gh natural gr[? ( ,plato's s arti/ic writt5 ,dialogues4 ,! exclusive preoccupation ( ,socrates ) practical matt] !re91 8 anxi\s fix+ ( ! s5se ( su* famili> t]ms z j & good1 = in/ance1 0 "p ( t humble be>+ ( himself by :i* he 0 to au!nticate a claim to sup]ior wisdom1 =c$ ^u him by no?+ less ?an div9e au?ority1 :ile !re 0 some?+ also 9 x ( a natural reaction aga9/ ! intellectual ambition ( 8 y\?4 ,he _h gone to s*ool eag]ly1 z he tells 8 fri5ds 9 ! #hj ,pha$o1 9 8 la/ disc\rse1 to a physical philosoph]1 !n ( great repute1 b to 8 own great disappo9tm5t4-- ,9 my y\? he says ,i _h a wond]ful desire = ! wisdom :i* p call natural sci5ce--p]i physes hi/orian4 ,x seem$ to me a pr\d ?+ to "k ! causes ( e matt]3 h[ x comes to be2 ceases to be2 :y x is4 ,i lo/ my sight 9 ?is enquiry to ! degree ( un-le>n+ :at ,i _h hi!rto seem$ to myself & o!rs to "k cle>ly en\gh4 ,b hav+ he>d "o read+ f a book writt51 z he said1 by ,anaxagoras1 :i* said t x is ,reason t arranges & is ! cause ( all ?+s1 ,i 0 delight$ ) ?is cause2 & ?\ght to myself1 if ?is be s1 !n x does ) ea* :at may be be/ = x4 ,?us consid]+1 x 0 ) joy ,i fanci$ ,i _h f\nd me a tea*] ab\t ! cause--,anaxagoras3 t he w\ld %[ me = in/ance1 fir/1 :e!r ! e>? 0 r\nd or flat2 & !n t x 0 be/ = x to be s3 & if he made ^! po9ts cle> ,i 0 prep>$ to ask = no o!r sort ( causes4 ,pha$o1 #if4 ,well6 ,socrates proce$s to ! great natural philosoph]1 & is imm5sely disc\rag$ to f9d him aft] all mak+ v little use ( ,reason 9 8 explanation :y natural ?+s are ?us & n o!rwise2 expla9+ ev]y?+1 r1 by second>y & me*anical causes4 ,x 0 z if1 he concludes1 "s "o _h und]tak5 to prove t ,socrates does ev]y?+ ?r\gh ,reason2 & _h gone on to %[ t x 0 because my body is con/ruct$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 ( c]ta9 bones & muscles1 t ,socrates is n[ sitt+ "h 9 ! prison1 volunt>ily await+ dea?4 ,! disappo9tm5t ( ,socrates ) ! #ha _s 9 :i* ,anaxagoras actually h&l$ & appli$ t s welcome sapi5tial proposition t ,reason panta diakosmei1 kai pantn aitios e/9 --arranges & is ! cause ( all ?+s--is b an example ( :at (t5 happ5s :5 m5 seek an a po/]iori ju/ification ( _! in/9ctive prepossessions4 ,once = all he turns f useless1 p]haps impi\s1 enquiries1 into ! mat]ial /ructure ( ! />s above him1 or ! e>? b5ea? 8 feet1 f all physical enquiry into mat]ial ?+s1 to ! direct k ( man ! cosmical ord] 9 man1 z x may be f\nd by any "o :o1 9 good fai? ) himself1 & ) dev\t att5tion1 looks )94 ,9 ?is precise s5se x 0 t1 accord+ to ! old say+1 ,socrates br\ght philosophy d[n f heav5 to e>?4 ,montaigne1 ! great humani/1 exp&s x4--',twas he :o br\ght aga9 f heav51 :]e %e lo/ h] "t1 human wisdom1 to re/ore h] to man ) :om h] mo/ j & greate/ bus9ess lies4 ,he has done human nature a great s]vice1 he adds1 9 %[+ x h[ mu* x c d ( itself4 ,& a s+ul> incid5t gave t pi]c+ /udy1 t rel5tless exposure1 ( himself1 & ( o!rs1 = ! mo/ "p s unwelcome to !m1 a religi\s or my/ic "*4 ,he has a vocation ?us to proce$1 has be5 lit]ally call$1 z he und]/&s1 by ! c5tral religi\s au?ority ( ,greece4 ,8 seem+ly invidi\s te/+ ( m5's pret5sions #hb to "k1 is a sacr$ s]vice to ! ,god ( ,delphi1 :i* he d>es n neglect4 ,& 8 fidelity h]e9 _h 9 turn ! effect ( re9=c+ = him1 & br++ to a focus1 all ! o!r rays ( religi\s light ca/ at r&om 9 ! _w ab\t him1 or 9 himself4 ,y "k ,*a]ephon1 he says1 8 eag]ness ab\t any matt] he takes up4 ,well6 once ^u a "t he w5t to ,delphi1 & v5tur$ to ask ( ! oracle :e!r any man liv+ 0 wis] ?an ,i2 &1 amaz+ z x seems1 ! ,py?ia answ]$ t !re 0 no "o wis] ?an ,i4 ,socrates mu/ g 9 ord]1 !n1 to e class ( p]sons pre-em95t = k2 to e "o :o seems to "k m ?an he4 ,he f\nd !m--! ,a!nian poets1 = in/ance1 ! pott]s :o made ! vases we admire1 und5iably 9 possession ( mu* delightful k unatta9$ by him4 ,b "o & all !y 7 ignorant ( ! limitations ( _! k2 & at la/ he concludes t ! oracle _h b meant to say3 ,he inde$ is ! wise/ ( all m5 :o l ,socrates is aw>e t he is really wor? little or no?+ 9 respect ( k4 ,su* consci\sness ( ignorance 0 ! prop] wisdom ( man4 ,t c sc>cely be a fiction4 ,8 :olesome appeal !n1 ev]y:]e1 f :at seems1 to :at really is1 is a s]vice to ! ,delphic god1 ! god ( sanity4 ,to prove t ! oracle _h #hc be5 "r aft] all1 improbable z x seem$1 9 ! signal hon\r x _h put ^u him1 w\ld be h5ce=w>d 8 prop] bus9ess4 ,committ+ him to a sort ( ironical humility t[>ds o!rs1 at times seem+ly petty & prosaic1 c]ta9ly v irritat+1 9 reg>d to himself1 9 its s\rce & motive1 8 bus9ess 9 life z he conceiv$ x 0 no?+ less ?an a div9e possession4 ,he becomes !re=e lit]ally an en?usia/ = k1 = ! k ( man2 su* k z by a "r me?od ( que/ion+1 ( self-que/ion+ 7! ma/]'s que/ion+ be+ aft] all only a k9d ( mid-wife's assi/ance1 accord+ to 8 own homely figure7 may be br\ght to bir? 9 e human s\l1 conc]n+ itself & its exp]i5ce2 :at is real1 & /able1 9 its appreh5sions ( ,piety1 ,beauty1 ,ju/ice1 & ! l1 :at is ( dynamic quality 9 !m1 z convey+ =ce into :at "o does or creates1 build+ "*1 g5]at+ virtue4 ,auto ka?' hauto zte9 ti pot' e/9 aret--to seek out :at virtue is1 itself1 9 & by itself--!re's ! task4 ,& :5 we h f\nd t1 we %all "k already1 or easily get to "k1 ev]y?+ else ab\t & ab\t x3 h[ we are to come by virtue1 = in/ance4 ,well6 l>gely by kn[+1 says naturally ! en?usia/ = k4 ,!re is no good ?+ :i* k does n compreh5d--,md5 e/9 aga?on ho ouk epi/m p]ie*ei --a /r5u\sly #hd asc]ta9$ k h[ev]1 pa9fully adju/$ to o!r =ms ( k :i* may seem inconsi/5t ) x1 & imp5etrably di/9ct f any k9d ( complaisant or only half-att5tive conjecture4 ,"o & ! same species 9 e place3 :ole & s\nd3 "o1 9 reg>d to1 & ?r\gh1 & ^u1 all p>ticul> in/ances ( x3 ca?olic993 x w be all ?is--! ,virtue1 = in/ance1 :i* we mu/ seek1 z a hunt] 8 su/5ance1 seek & f9d & nev] lose aga91 ?r\gh a survey ( all ! _m v>iable & m]ely relative virtues1 :i* are b relative1 t is to say1 to e sev]al act1 & to ea* p]iod ( life1 9 reg>d to ea* ?+ we h to d1 9 ea* "o ( u--ka?' heka/n tn praxen1 kai tn hlikin pros heka/on ergon1 heka/ hmn -- ,t1 ab\t :i* ,i don't "k :at x is1 h[ %\ld ,i "k :at sort ( a ?+ x is--ho m oida ti e/i1 ps an hopoion ge ti eidein2 :at its poiottes1 its qualities1 are8 ,d y suppose t "o :o does n "k ,m5o1 = example1 at all1 :o he is1 c "k :e!r he is fair & ri* & well-born1 or ! rev]se ( all t8 ,yes6 already = ,socrates1 we might say1 to "k :at ju/ice or ,piety or ,beauty really is1 w be l ! k ( a p]son2 only t1 z ,ari/otle c>efully notes1 8 scrupul\s habit ( se>* = univ]sal1 or ca?olic1 def9itions 7ka?' hol\7 0 aft] all b #he an in/rum5t = ! pla9 k ( facts4 ,/range6 out ( ! practical cautions ( ,socrates = ! secur+ ( cle> & correct & suffici5t conceptions ab\t "o's actual exp]i5ce1 = ! atta9m5t ( a sort ( ?or\ghly educat$ common-s5se1 came ! my/ic intellectualism ( ,plato--,platonism1 ) all its haz>d\s flights ( s\l4 ,a ri* contributor to ! philosophic consci\sness ( ,plato1 ,socrates 0 p]haps ( l>g] influ5ce /ill on ! religi\s s\l 9 him4 ,z ,plato accept$ f ! ma/]s ( ,elea ! !oretic pr9ciples ( all natural religion--! pr9ciples ( a reasonable mono!ism1 s f ,socrates he d]iv$ its indisp5sable morality4 ,x 0 ,socrates :o fir/ ( pagans compris$ 9 "o cle> consci\sness ! au!ntic rudim5ts ( su* natural religion1 & gave !m cle> utt]ance4 ,?r\gh him1 ,p>m5ides _h convey$ to ,plato ! notion ( a ,p]fect ,be+1 to brace & satisfy ! ab/ract+ intellect2 b x 0 f ,socrates himself ,plato _h le>n$ ^? correspond5t practical pieties1 :i* tranquillise & re-assure ! s\l1 toge!r ) ! g5ial hopes :i* *e] ! great tea*] on ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,loyal to ! anci5t beliefs1 ! anci5t usages1 ( ! religion ( _m gods :i* he _h f\nd all ar\nd him1 ,socrates pi]ces ?r\gh x to "o unmi/akable p]son1 ( p]fect intellig5ce1 p[] & goodness1 :o takes note #hf ( him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 sev5ty ye>s he has adju/$ t ?\ght ( ! invisible to ! g5]al facts & to _m ( ! subtl] complexities ( man's exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( sight4 ,sitivit anima mea1 ! ,a!nian philosoph] might say1 9 ,deum1 9 ,deum vivum1 z he 0 kn[n at ,sion4 ,he has at lea/ measur$ dev\tly ! place1 ?is way & t1 :i* a religion ( infallible au?ority mu/ fill2 has already by implication concurr$ 9 x2 & 9 fact has 8 rew>d at ?is depress+ h\r1 z ! action ( ! poison m\nts sl[ly to ! c5tre ( 8 mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,he is m ?an ready to dep>t to :at be=e "o has really cross$ _! ?re%old mu/ necess>ily seem ! cold & empty spaces ( ! _w no bodily eye c ev] look on4 ,b1 he is ask$1 if ! prospect be inde$ s *e]ful1 at all ev5ts = ! j1 :y is x =bidd5 to seize su* an advantage z dea? mu/ be by self-de/ruction8--,tois an?rpois1 m hosion e9ai1 aut\s heat\s eupoie91 all' allon dei m5e9 eu]getn4 ,8 consi/5t piety /raightway sugge/s ! solution ( t p>adox3 we are ! prop]ty1 slaves1 ( ! gods4 ,n[ no slave has any sort ( "r to de/roy himself2 to take a life t does n really belong to him4 ,com=t himself & 8 fri5ds1 h[ev]1 z he may1 x does tax all 8 res\rces ( moral & physical c\rage to d :at is at la/ requir$ ( him3 & x 0 some?+ q new1 unse5 #hg be=e 9 ,greece1 inspir+ a new note 9 lit]ature--?is attitude ( ,socrates 9 ! condemn$ cell1 :]e1 fulfill+ 8 own pr$iction1 multitudes1 ( a wisdom & piety1 aft] all1 s diff]5t f 81 h ev] s9ce assi/$ s admir+ly1 ?is anticipation ( ! ,*ri/ian way ( dy+ = an op9ion1 :51 z ,plato says simply1 he consum$ ! poison 9 ! prison--to ph>makon epi5 en t desmtri4 ,x 0 amid l>g] consolations1 we mu/ admit1 t ,*ri/ian h]oes did t k9d ( ?+4 ,b brav]y1 y ne$ h>dly be rem9d$1 0 ev] "o ( ! specially *>act]i/ic virtues ( ! pagan _w-- loyalty ev5 unto dea?4 ,x _h be5 loyalty h[ev] hi!rto to "o's c\ntry1 "o's home 9 ! _w1 "o's visible companions2 n to a :olly invisible claimant1 9 ?is way1 ^u "o1 ^u "o's self4 ,socrates1 ) all 8 s+l5ess ( purpose1 _h be51 z ,alcibiades sugge/$1 by natural con/itution a tw(old p[]1 an embodi$ p>adox4 ,! inf9itely significant ,socrates ( ,plato1 & ! q simple ,socrates ( ,x5ophon1 may h be5 inde$ ! n incompatible oppositions ( a nature1 f ! influ5ce ( :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re em]g$ on "o h& ! ,cynic1 on ! o!r ! ,cyr5aic ,s*ool1 embody+ respectively ^? oppos$ au/]ities & am5ities ( "*1 :i*1 accord+ to ! temp] ( ?is or t disciple1 _h seem$ to pr$om9ate 9 _! common ma/]4 ,& s ! c\rage :i* decl9$ to act z almo/ #hh any "o else w\ld h act$ 9 t matt] ( ! legal appeal :i* might h mitigat$ ! p5alty ( dea?1 br++ to its appropriate end a life ^: ma9 p[] _h be5 an unrivall$ indep5d5ce1 0 contra/$ 9 ,socrates1 p>adoxically1 ) a g5u9e diffid5ce ab\t 8 own convictions :i* expla9s "s peculi>ities 9 8 mann] ( tea*+4 ,! irony1 ! hum\r1 = :i* he 0 fam\s--! unfail+ hum\r :i* "s h f\nd 9 8 v la/ words--7 n m]ely spontane\s p]sonal traits1 or tricks ( mann]2 b an ess5tial "p ( ! dialectical app>atus1 z af=d+ a means ( escape f responsibility1 conv5i5t = "o :o has scruples ab\t ! fitness ( 8 own ?\ghts = ! reception ( ano!r1 d\bts z to ! p[] ( words to convey ?\ghts1 su* z he ?9ks _c aft] all be prop]ly convey$ to ano!r1 b only awak5$1 or br\ght to bir? 9 him1 out ( himself1--:o c tell ) :at di/ortions 9 t secret place8 ,= we judge tru? n by ! intellect exclusively1 & on reasons t c be adequately embodi$ 9 propositions2 b ) ! :ole complex man4 ,obs]vant !re=e ( ! caprici\s results ( m]e tea*+1 to ! la/ he prote/s1 dissembl+ly1 & ) t irony :i* is really "o phase ( ! ,socratic hum\r1 t 9 8 peculi> function !re h be5 9 v de$ nei!r tea*] nor le>n]s4 #hi ,! voice1 ! sign f heav51 t new deity he 0 accus$ ( fabricat+ 78 s+ul>ly pr(\nd s5se ( a m5tal ph5om5on :i* is probably n uncommon7 held p]haps ( ! same *>act]i/ic habit ( m9d4 ,x 0 nei!r ! playful pret5ce :i* "s h suppos$2 nor yet an insoluble my/]y2 b only :at happ5s naturally to a really diffid5t _s 9 great & /ill m 9 small matt]s :i* at ?is or t tax+ mom5t seem to usurp ! det]m9ation ( great issues4 ,su* a _s may f9d itself beset by an inexplicable reluctance to d :at w\ld be mo/ natural 9 ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,& = a religi\s nature1 apt to trace ! div9e assi/ance ev]y:]e1 x 0 z if1 9 ^? p]il\s mom5ts--well6 z if "o's gu>dian angel held "o back4 ,a q natural exp]i5ce took ! sup]natural hue ( religion2 :i*1 h[ev]1 z be+ conc]n$ n[ & !n ) "s circum/ance 9 itself trifl+1 might seem to lapse at times into sup]/ition4 ,& z he 0 ?us ess5tially tw(old 9 "*1 s ,socrates _h to cont5d aga9/ two classes ( enemies4 ,an (f5ce to ! :ole tribe ( ,sophi/s1 he 0 hat$ also by ^? :o hat$ !m1 by ! good old m5 ( ,a!ns1 ^: cons]vatism f9ds its repres5tative 9 ,ari/ophanes1 & :o saw 9 ! ,socratic *all5ge ( fir/ pr9ciples1 9 t ceaseless te/+ ( ! orig9 & claims ( :at all #ij hone/ p might seem to take = grant$1 only a fur!r developm5t ( ! p]nici\s function ( ! ,sophi/s !mselves1 by ! mo/ subtly influ5tial ( !m all4 ,if 9 ! ,apology he proves t ! fa!rs ( sons _h no prop] locus /&i aga9/ him1 /ill1 9 ! actual conduct ( 8 def5ce1 z (t5 9 ,plato's ,dialogues1 !re is 7! c&id read] _c b admit x7 some?+ ( sophi/ry1 ( ! casui/4 ,claim+ to be b a simple argum5t1 ! ,apology ( ,socrates moves sometimes circuit\sly1 aft] ! mann] ( "o :o really has to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason 7ton htt logon kreitt poie97 & mu/ ne$s use a c]ta9 k9d ( artificial1 or +5i\s1 or ad capt&um argum5ts1 su* z w\ld be/ h be5 le>n$ 9 ! sophi/ic s*ool4 ,^? "y ,a!nians :om he 0 ?\ght to h corrupt$ ( set purpose1 he _h n only admir$ b really lov$ & und]/ood2 & z a consequ5ce _h long$ to d !m real good1 *iefly by giv+ !m t int]e/ 9 !mselves :i* is ! fir/ condition ( any real p[] ov] o!rs4 ,to make ,m5o1 ,polus1 ,*>mides1 really int]e/$ 9 himself1 to help him to ! discov]y ( t wond]ful new _w "h at home--9 ?is ef=t1 ev5 m ?an 9 mak+ !m int]e/$ 9 o!r p & ?+s1 lay & /ill lies 7x is no sophi/ical p>adox67 ! c5tral bus9ess ( education4 ,only1 ! v ?or\ghness ( ! sort ( self-k he #ia promot$ _h 9 x some?+ sacram5tal1 s to speak2 if x did n d !m good1 mu/ d !m consid]able h>m2 c\ld n leave !m j z !y 74 ,he _h n be5 able 9 all cases to exp& ! bett] self1 z p say1 9 ^? he influ5c$4 ,"s ( !m _h really become v insol5t que/ion]s ( o!rs1 z also ( a :olly legitimate au?ority )9 !mselves2 & _h b pass$ f bad to worse4 ,t fatal necessity _h be5 involv$ ( com+ to ye>s ( discretion4 ,8 claim to h be5 no tea*] at all1 to be irresponsible 9 reg>d to ^? :o _h 9 tru? be5 8 v will+ disciples1 0 b humor\s or ironical2 & z a consequ5ce !re 0 aft] all a sort ( hi/oric ju/ice 9 8 dea?4 ,! fate ( ,socrates 7says ,hegel1 9 8 peculi> mann]7 is tragic 9 ! ess5tial s5se1 & n m]ely 9 t sup]- ficial s5se ( ! ^w accord+ to :i* e mis=tune is call$ 'tragic4' ,9 ! latt] s5se1 "o might say ( ,socrates t because he 0 condemn$ to dea? unju/ly 8 fate 0 tragic4 ,b 9 tru? innoc5t suff]+ ( t sort is m]ely pa!tic1 n tragic2 inasmu* z x is n )9 ! sph]e ( reason4 ,n[ suff]+--mis=tune--comes )9 ! sph]e ( reason1 only if x is br\ght ab\t by ! free- w ( ! subject1 :o mu/ be entirely moral & ju/ifiable2 z mu/ be also ! p[] aga9/ :i* t subject proce$s4 ,?is p[] mu/ be no m]ely natural "o1 nor ! m]e w ( a tyrant2 because x is only 9 su* case t ! man is himself1 s to speak1 guilty ( 8 mis=tune4 ,9 g5u9e trag$y1 !n1 !y mu/ be p[]s bo? alike moral & ju/ifiable1 :i*1 f ?is side & f t1 come into collision2 & su* 0 ! fate ( ,socrates4 ,8 fate !re=e is n m]ely p]sonal1 & z x 7 "p ( ! romance ( an individual3 #ib x is ! g5]al fate1 9 all its trag$y--! trag$y ( ,a!ns1 ( ,greece1 :i* is !re9 c>ri$ out4 ,two oppos$ ,rights come =?3 ! "o breaks itself to pieces aga9/ ! o!r3 9 ?is way1 bo? alike suff] loss2 :ile bo? alike are ju/ifi$ ! "o t[>ds ! o!r3 n z if ?is 7 "r2 t o!r wrong4 ,on ! "o side is ! religi\s claim1 ! unconsci\s moral habit3 ! o!r pr9ciple1 ov] aga9/ x1 is ! equally religi\s claim--! claim ( ! consci\sness1 ( ! reason1 creat+ a _w out ( itself1 ! claim to eat ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,! latt] rema9s ! common pr9ciple ( philosophy = all "t to come4 ,& ^! are ! two pr9ciples :i* come =? ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 ! life & 9 ! philosophy ( ,socrates4 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,i c easily conceive ,socrates 9 ! place ( ,alex&]1 says ,montaigne1 aga91 b ,alex&] 9 ! place ( ,socrates ,i _c2 & we may take t z typical ( ! imm5se cr$it ( ,socrates1 ev5 ) a va/ numb] ( p :o h n really kn[n mu* ab\t him4 ,= ! sake ( no long p]iod ( ye>s1 says ,socrates himself1 n[ condemn$ to dea?--! few ye>s = :i* a man ( sev5ty is likely to rema9 "h-- ,y w h a "n1 ,m5 ( ,a!ns6 & liability to reproa* f ^? :o desire to malign ! city ( ,a!ns--t ye put ,socrates to dea?1 a wise man4 ,= 9 v tru? !y w decl>e me to h be5 wise--^? :o wi% to discr$it y-- ev5 ?\gh ,i be n4 ,n[ _h y wait$ a little :ile ?is ?+ w\ld h happ5$ = y 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,= ye see my e/ate3 t x is n[ f> onw>d on ! road ( life1 h>d by dea?4 ,apology1 #ch4 ,plato1 ?\gh pres5t at ! trial1 0 abs5t :5 ,socrates consum$ ! poison 9 ! #ic prison4 ,prev5t$ by sickness1 z ,cebes tells u 9 ! ,pha$o1 ,plato w\ld h[ev] almo/ c]ta9ly h he>d f him1 or f "s o!r ( t b& ( disciples :o assi/$ at ! la/ utt]ances ( _! ma/]1 ! s9c]e/ possible acc\nt ( all t 0 !n said & done4 ,socrates _h us$ ! brief space :i* elaps$ be=e ! (fic]s remov$ him to ! place1 :i!r he mu/ g1 to die 7hoi el?onta me dei te?nanai7 to disc\rse ) ^? :o /ill l+]$ 9 ! c\rt precisely on :at are call$ ,! f\r la/ ?+s4 ,arriv$ at ! prison a fur!r delay await$ him1 9 consequ5ce 7x 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,a!nian p67 ( a religi\s scruple4 ,! %ip ( sacr$ annual embassy to ,apollo at ,delos 0 n yet return$ to ,a!ns2 & ! consequ5t int]val ( "t might n be pr(an$ by ! dea? ( a crim9al4 ,socrates himself c]ta9ly occupies x religi\sly en\gh by a cont9uation ( 8 accu/om$ disc\rses1 t\*$ n[ ) ! deep5+ solemnity ( ! mom5t4 ,! ,pha$o ( ,plato has impress$ mo/ read]s z a v]itable record ( ^? la/ disc\rses ( ,socrates2 :ile 9 ! details ( :at !n happ5$1 ! some:at prosaic acc\nt !re giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* ! "w ( dea? 0 done1 we f9d :at !re w\ld h be5 no lit]>y satisfaction 9 inv5t+2 8 indiff]5t treatm5t1 = in/ance1 ( ! wife1 :o _h n be5 v dutiful b 0 n[ 9 viol5t #id di/ress--treatm5t 9 m>k$ contra/1 x mu/ be obs]v$ aga91 ) ! dignifi$ t5d]ness ( a lat] sc5e1 z record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,an inv5tor1 ) m]e lit]>y effect 9 view1 at ?is & o!r po9ts w\ld h inv5t$ diff]5tly4 ,! prison1 says ,cebes1 ! *ief disciple 9 ! ,pha$o1 0 n f> f ! c\rt-h\se2 & !re we 7 us$ to wait e day till we might be admitt$ to our ma/]4 ,"o morn+ we 7 assembl$ e>li] ?an usual2 = on ! ev5+ be=e we he>d t ! %ip 0 return$ f ,delos4 ,! port] com+ out bade u t>ry till he %\ld call u4 ,=1 he said1 ! ,elev5 are n[ free+ ,socrates f 8 bonds1 ann\nc+ to him t he mu/ die to-day4 ,!y 7 v "y m51 we are told1 :o 7 ) ,socrates1 & h[ sweetly1 k9dly1 approv+ly1 he li/5$ to _! s y\?fully sangu9e discussion on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,= _! sakes r ?an 8 own he is ready to treat fur!r1 by way ( a po/]iori argum5ts1 a belief :i* 9 himself is matt] ( inv9cible natural prepossession4 ,9 ! c\rt he _h plead$ at ! mo/ = susp5d$ judgm5t on t "q3--,if ,i claim$ on any po9t to be wis] ?an any "o else x w\ld be 9 ?is1 t hav+ no adequate k ( ?+s 9 ,hades s ,i d n fancy ,i "k4 ,b1 9 ! privacy ( ^! la/ h\rs1 he is confid5t 9 8 utt]ance on ! #ie subject :i* is s mu* 9 ! m9ds ( ! y\?s ar\nd him2 8 argum5ts l !irs be+ 9 fact v mu* ( ! nature ( ! ?+s poets write 7poimata7 or almo/ l ^? m$ic9able fictions 7pseud en ph>mak\ eidei7 su* z are ( legitimate use by ! exp]t4 ,t ! s\l 7beautiful ,py?agorean ?\ght67 is a h>mony2 t !re are reasons :y ?is p>ticul> h>mony %\ld n cease1 l t ( ! lyre or ! h>p1 ) ! de/ruction ( ! in/rum5t :i* produc$ x2 :y ?is sort ( flame %\ld n g out ) ! upsett+ ( ! lamp3--su* are ! argum5ts1 sometimes little bett] ?an v]bal ones1 :i* pass ?is way & t ar\nd ! dea?-b$ ( ,socrates1 z !y /ill occur to m5's m9ds4 ,= himself1 :i*ev] way !y t5d1 !y come & g h>mlessly1 ab\t an immovable p]sonal conviction1 :i*1 z he says1 came to me ap>t f demon/ration1 ) a sort ( natural likelihood & fitness3 7,moi gegon5 aneu apodeixes1 meta eikotos t9os1 kai euprepeias74 ,! =mula ( probability c\ld n h be5 m aptly put4 ,x is "o ( ^? convictions :i* await1 x may be1 /rong]1 bett]1 argum5ts ?an are =?com+2 b w wait = !m ) unfail+ pati5ce4--,! s\l !re=e ,cebes1 s9ce su* provisional argum5ts mu/ be all[$ to pass1 is some?+ /urdy & /rong 7is*uron ti e/97 imp]i%able by accid5t or we>2 & we %all really exi/ 9 ,hades4 ,indulg+ a little #if fur!r ! poetry turn$ logic ( ^? y\?ful assi/ants1 ,socrates too1 ev5 ,socrates1 :o _h always turn$ away s p]si/5tly f :at he ?\ght ! vanity ( ! eye1 j be=e ! bodily eye f9ally closes1 & 8 la/ mom5t be+ n[ at h&1 asc5ds to1 or decl9es ^u1 ! fancy ( a q visible p>adise await+ him4-- ,x is said t ! _w1 if "o gaze d[n on x f above1 is to look on l ^? lea!rn balls ( twelve pieces1 v>iegat$ 9 div]s col\rs1 ( :i* ! col\rs "h--^? our pa9t]s use--are z x 7 samples4 ,!re1 ! :ole _w is =m$ ( su*1 & f> bright] & pur] ?an !y2 "p sea-purple ( a wond]ful beauty2 a "p l gold2 a "p :it] ?an alaba/] or sn[2 aye1 compos$ ?us ( o!r col\rs also ( l quality1 ( great] lovel9ess ?an ours-- col\rs we h nev] se54 ,= ev5 ^? holl[s 9 x1 be+ fill$ ) air & wat]1 pres5t a c]ta9 species ( col\r gleam+ amid ! div]sity ( ! o!rs2 s t x pres5ts "o cont9u\s aspect ( v>i$ hues4 ,?us x is3 & con=m- ably tree & fl[] & fruit are put =? & gr[4 ,! m\nta9s aga9 & ! rocks1 aft] ! same mann]1 h a smoo?ness & transp>5cy & col\rs loveli] ?an "h4 ,! t9y preci\s /ones we prize s greatly are b morsels ( !m--s>ds & jasp] & em]ald & ! re/4 ,no bas] k9d ( ?+ is to be f\nd 9 t _w1 b f9] r4 ,! cause ( :i* is t ! rocks !re are pure1 n gnaw$ away & corrupt$ l ours by rot & br9e1 ?r\gh ! moi/ures :i* dra9 toge!r "h1 br++ disease & de=mity to rocks & e>? z well z to liv+ ?+s4 ,!re are _m liv+ creatures 9 ! l& besides m5 & wom51 "s abid+ inl&1 & "s on ! coa/s ( ! air1 z we by ! sea1 o!rs 9 ! isl&s amid/ its waves2 =1 9 a ^w1 :at ! wat] ( ! sea is to u = our uses1 t ! air is to !m4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! seasons !re is su* t !y h no sickness & come to ye>s m num]\s f> ?an ours3 :ile #ig = sight & sc5t & he>+ & ! l !y /& z f> f u1 z air f wat]1 9 respect ( purity1 & ! ae!r f air4 ,!re are ?rones moreov] & temples ( ! gods among !m1 :]e9 9 v de$ ! gods abide2 voices & oracles & s5sible appreh5sions ( !m2 & occasions ( int]c\rse ) _! v selves4 ,! sun1 ! moon & ! />s !y see z !y really are2 & are bless$ 9 all o!r matt]s agreeably !reto4 ,pha$o1 #aaj4 ,! great ass]tor ( ! ab/ract1 ! impalpable1 ! unse51 at any co/1 %[s !re a ma/]y ( visual expression equal to t ( 8 greate/ disciple4--,ah1 good ma/]6 0 ! eye s contemptible an organ ( k aft] all8 ,plato 0 !n ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s old2 a ri* "y man1 ri* also 9 intellectual gifts2 & :at he saw & he>d f & ab\t ,socrates af=d$ ! correction 8 opul5t g5ius ne$$1 & made him ! mo/ s]i\s ( writ]s4 ,9 _m ?+s he 0 z unlike z possible to ! tea*]--rude & r\gh z "s failure ( 8 own old sculptor's work%op--:o might seem 9 8 own p]son to h brok5 up ! h>moni\s grace ( ! ,greek type1 & c>ri$ p "o /ep into a _w already 9 reaction aga9/ ! easy ,attic temp]1 a _w 9 :i* x might be necess>y to g f> bel[ ! surface = ! beauty ( :i* ^? homely lips _h disc\rs$ s mu*4 ,p]haps he act$ all ! m surely z a corrective =ce on ,plato1 h5ce=w>d an oppon5t ( ! #ih obvi\sly successful m5tal habits ( ! day1 ) an unworldl9ess :i*1 a p]sonal trait 9 ,plato himself !re acquir$1 w ev] be ( ! v ess5ce ( ,platonism4--,_m are call$1 b few *os53 ,n>?kophoroi m5 polloi1 bak*oi de te pauroi4 ,he w h1 z read]s ( ,! ,republic "k1 a hundr$ precepts ( self-repression = o!rs--! self-repression ( e really tuneable memb] ( a *orus2 & he beg9s by almo/ effac+ himself4 ,all t is be/ & l>ge/ 9 8 own matur$ g5ius he id5tifies ) 8 ma/]2 & :5 we speak ( ,plato g5]ally :at we are really ?9k+ ( is ! ,platonic ,socrates4 ,,notes #gi4 ,translit]ation3 epagg4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a br++ on1 to1 or 9 4 4 4 argum5t f induction4 #hj4 ,translit]ation3 p]i physes hi/orian4 ,e-text editor's translation3 inquiry into nature4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #if;a4 #ha4 ,translit]ation3 panta diakosmei1 kai pantn aitios e/94 ,pat]'s translation3 arranges & is ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #ig;c1 (f]s a close p>aphrase ( ,anaxagoras' say+4 #hc4 ,translit]ation3 ,auto ka?' hauto zte9 ti pot' e/9 aret4 ,pat]'s translation3 to seek out :at virtue is1 itself1 9 & by itself4 ,plato1 ,m5o #ajj;b4 #hc4 ,translit]ation3 ,md5 e/9 aga?on ho ouk epi/m p]ie*ei4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,!re is no good ?+ :i* k does n compreh5d4 ,plato1 ,m5o #hg;d4 #hd4 99,tauton panta*\ eidos--holon kai hygies--h5 kata pantn1 dia pantn1 epi pasi-ka?' hol\4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,"o & ! same species 9 e place3 :ole & s\nd3 "o1 9 reg>d to1 & ?r\gh1 & ^u1 all p>ticul> in/ances ( x3 ca?olic4 ,p]haps ,pat] is comb9+ phrases "h2 only ! fir/ phrase 0 locatable4 ,plato1 ,m5o #gb;d4 #hd4 ,translit]ation3 ka?' heka/n tn praxen1 kai tn hlikin pros heka/on ergon1 heka/ hmn4 ,pat]'s translation3 to e sev]al act1 & to ea* p]iod ( life1 9 reg>d to ea* ?+ we h to d1 9 ea* "o ( u4 ,plato1 ,m5o #gb;a4 #hd4 ,translit]ation3 ho m oida ti e/i1 ps an hopoion ge ti eidein4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,t1 ab\t :i* ,i don't "k :at x is1 h[ %\ld ,i "k :at sort ( a ?+ x is4 ,plato1 ,m5o #ga;b4 #hd4 ,translit]ation3 poiottes4 ,pat]'s translation3 qualities4 #hd4 ,translit]ation3 ka?' hol\4 ,pat]'s translation3 univ]sal1 or ca?olic1 def9itions2 ! phrase might be translat$1 9 accordance ) ! :ole4 #hf4 ,translit]ation3 ,tois an?rpois1 m hosion e9ai1 aut\s heat\s eupoie91 all' allon dei m5e9 eu]getn4 ,pat]'s translation3 :y is x =bidd5 to seize su* an advantage z dea? mu/ be by self- de/ruction4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #fb;a4 #hg4 ,translit]ation3 to ph>makon epi5 en t desmtri4 ,pat]'s translation3 he consum$ ! poison 9 ! prison4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #eg;a4 #ij4 ,translit]ation3 ton htt logon kreitt poie94 ,pat]'s translation3 to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason4 ,plato1 ,apology #bc;d4 #ic4 ,translit]ation3 hoi el?onta me dei te?nanai4 ,pat]'s translation3 :i!r he mu/ g1 to die4 ,! pron\n %\ld be fir/ p]son--:i!r ,i mu/ g4 ,plato1 ,apology #ci;e4 #ie4 ,translit]ation3 poimata4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 any?+ made or done 4 4 4 a poetical "w4 #ie4 ,translit]ation3 pseud en ph>mak\ eidei4 ,pat]'s translation3 m$ic9able fictions4 ,plato1 ,republic #chi;b conta9s a simil> phrase4 #ie4 ,translit]ation3 ,moi gegon5 aneu apodeixes1 meta eikotos t9os1 kai euprepeias4 ,pat]'s translation3 came to me ap>t f demon/ration1 ) a sort ( natural likelihood & fitness4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #ib;c4 #ie4 ,translit]ation3 is*uron ti e/94 ,pat]'s translation3 is some?+ /urdy & /rong4 ,plato1 ,pha$o #ie;c4 #ih4 ,translit]ation3 ,n>?kophoroi m5 polloi1 bak*oi de te pauroi4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,_m are call$1 b few *os54 ,plato1 ,pha$o1 #fi;c4 ,,*apt] #e3 ,,plato ,,& ,,! ,,sophi/s #ii ,,sophi/1 pr(essional enemy ( ,socrates3--x became1 *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,plato1 inh]it+1 exp&+1 ! pref]5ces & antipa?ies ( 8 ma/]1 a bad "n4 ,yet x _h b indicat$1 by a q natural v]bal =mation1 ! class ( p]sons ?r\gh :om1 9 ! mo/ effectual mann]1 supply met dem&1 ! dem& = education1 ass]t$ by t m>vell\sly ready ,greek p1 :5 ! y\?ful m9d 9 !m became sudd5ly aw>e ( ! com+ ( virile capacity1 & !y desir$ to be made by rules ( art bett] speak]s1 bett] writ]s & acc\ntants1 ?an any m]ely natural1 unassi/$ gifts1 h[ev] =tunate1 c\ld make !m4 ,:ile ! peculi> religi\sness ( ,socrates _h induc$ 9 him ! conviction t he 0 some?+ less ?an a wise man1 a philosoph] only1 a m]e seek] aft] su* wisdom z he might aft] all nev] atta91 "h 7 ! sophi/ai1 ! exp]ts--wise m51 :o propos$ to make o!r p z wise z !mselves1 wise 9 t sort ( wisdom #ajj reg>d+ :i* we c really te/ o!rs1 & let !m te/ u1 n ) ! m]ely approximate results ( ! ,socratic me?od1 b ) ! exactness we may apply to processes und]/ood to be me*anical1 or to ! pr(ici5cy ( q "y /ud5ts 7su* z 9 fact ! ,sophi/s 7 deal+ )7 by ^? exam9ations :i* are s suffici5t 9 _! prop] place4 ,x _h be5 z delightful z le>n+ a new game1 t in/ruction1 9 :i* y c\ld measure y\r daily progress by brilliant feats ( skill4 ,n only did ! p>5ts ( ^? "y /ud5ts pay readily l>ge sums = _! in/ruction 9 :at x 0 f\nd s useful to "k1 above all 9 ! art ( public speak+1 ( self-def5ce1 t is to say1 9 democratic ,a!ns :]e "o's p]sonal /atus 0 become s insecure2 b ! "y /ud5ts !mselves felt grateful = _! in/itution 9 :at told s imm$iately on _! fell[s2 = help 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! difficult s5t5ces ( ano!r1 or ! improvem5t ( "o's own2 = ! accompli%m5ts :i* enabl$ !m 9 t busy competitive _w to pu% _! =tunes ea* "o = himself a little fur!r1 & q innoc5tly4 ,( c\rse !y li/5$4 ,love n ! _w6--t1 on ! o!r h&1 0 :at ,socrates _h said1 or seem$ to say2 ?\gh 9 tru? he too meant only to tea* !m h[ by a m circuit\s b sur] way to #aja possess !mselves ( x4 ,& y\?1 naturally curi\s & = ! mo/ "p g5]\s1 will+ to und]go mu* = ! m]e promise ( "s good ?+ x c sc>cely ev5 imag9e1 _h be5 ready to li/5 to him too2 ! sons ( ri* m5 mo/ (t51 by no means to ! dissatisfaction ( ,socrates himself1 ?\gh he nev] t\*$ _! money2 "y m5 :o _h ample/ leisure = ! task ( p]fect+ _! s\ls1 9 a condition ( religi\s luxury1 z we %\ld p]haps say4 ,z 0 evid5t 9 ! c\rt-h\se at ! trial ( ! great tea*]1 to ! eyes ( old] citiz5s :o _h n come "u 8 p]sonal influ5ce1 !re _h be5 little to di/+ui% betwe5 ,socrates & 8 pr(essional rivals4 ,socrates 9 tru? 0 a ,sophi/2 b m ?an a ,sophi/4 ,bo? alike h&l$ freely matt]s t to ! fa!rs _h seem$ beyond "q2 enc\rag$ :at seem$ impi\s que/ion+ 9 ! sons2 _h set ! he>ts ( ! sons aga9/ ! fa!rs2 & "s in/ances !re 7 9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ,socrates _h be5 m conspicu\sly ru9\s ?an !irs4 ,if y ask p at ,a!ns1 says ,socrates 9 ! ,m5o1 h[ virtue is to be atta9$1 !y w laugh 9 y\r face & say !y don't s mu* z "k :at virtue is4 ,& :o 0 responsible = t8 ,c]ta9ly t ,dialogue1 propos+ to discov] ! ess5tial nature ( virtue1 by no means re-e/abli%es "o's old prepossessions ab\t x 9 ! ve9 ( #ajb ,simonides1 or ,p9d>1 or "o's eld]s4 ,sophi/1 & philosoph]2 ,protagoras1 & ,socrates2 s f>1 _! effect 0 ! same3--to ! horror ( fa!rs1 to put ! m9ds ( ! sons 9 motion reg>d+ matt]s x 7 surely be/ to take z settl$ once & = ev]4 ,:at !n aft] all 0 ! insup]able diff]5ce betwe5 ,socrates & ^? rival tea*]s1 ) :om he _h nev]!less s mu* 9 common1 b5t l him s effectively1 s zeal\sly1 on t new /udy ( man1 ( human nature & ! moral _w1 to ! exclusion ( all useless meteoric or subt]ranean enquiries into ?+s4 ,z attractive z himself to +5u\s y\?1 uncorrupt surely 9 its e>ly int5tions1 :y did ! ,sophi/s seem to ,socrates to be s manife/ly an in/rum5t ( its corruption8 ,! citiz5 ( ,a!ns1 obs]v$ t great ,a!nian /atesman ( ! prec$+ age1 9 :om1 z a ,g]man philosoph] might say1 ! mobile s\l ( ,a!ns became consci\s1--,! citiz5 ( ,a!ns seems to me to pres5t himself 9 8 s+le p]son to ! greate/ possible v>iety 7plei/a eid7 ( ?\ght & action1 ) ! utmo/ degree ( v]satility4 ,z we saw1 ! example ( t mobility1 t d>+ mobility1 ( "* has seem$ to _m ! special contribution ( ! ,greek p to advanc+ humanity4 ,x 0 n h[ev] ( ! ,greek p 9 g5]al t ,p]icles 0 speak+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,peloponnesian #ajc w>1 b ( ,a!ns 9 p>ticul>2 ( ,a!ns1 t p]fect fl[] ( ,ionian g5ius1 9 direct contra/ to1 & n[ 9 bitt] rivalry )1 ,sp>ta1 ! p]fect fl[] ( ! ,dorian g5ius4 ,all ?r\gh ,greek hi/ory1 z we also saw1 9 connexion ) ,plato's opposition to ! philosophy ( motion1 !re may be trac$1 9 e sph]e ( ! activity ( ! ,greek m9d1 ! influ5ce ( ^? two oppos+ t5d5cies3--! c5trifugal & ! c5tripetal t5d5cies1 z we may p]haps n too fancifully call !m4 ,!re is ! c5trifugal1 ! irresponsible1 ! ,ionian or ,asiatic1 t5d5cy2 fly+ f ! c5tre1 work+ ) little =e?\ght /raight be=e x 9 ! developm5t ( e ?\ght & fancy2 ?r[+ itself =? 9 endless play ( undirect$ imag9ation2 delight+ 9 col\r & brightness1 moral or physical2 9 beautiful mat]ial1 9 *angeful =m ev]y:]e1 9 poetry1 9 music1 9 ar*itecture & its subord9ate crafts1 9 philosophy itself4 ,9 ! social & political ord] x rejoices 9 ! free/ action ( local & p]sonal influ5ces3 its re/less v]satility drives x t[>ds ! ass]tion ( ! pr9ciples ( individualism1 ( sep>atism--! sep>ation ( /ate f /ate1 ! ma9t5ance ( local religions1 ! developm5t ( ! individual 9 t :i* is mo/ peculi> & individual 9 him4 ,%ut (f l&-w>ds f ! primitive s\rces ( ^? _m elem5ts x 0 to compose anew1 %ut (f f all ! re/ ( ! _w1 to #ajd :i* x pres5t$ b "o n>r[ entrance pi]c$ ?r\gh t rock ( ,tempe1 s n>r[ t 9 ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts x might be def5d$ by a doz5 m5 aga9/ all com]s1 x did recompose or fuse ^? _m div]se elem5ts into "o absolutely orig9al type4 ,b :at v>iety )96 ,its v claim 0 9 its grace ( movem5t1 its fre$om & easy happ9ess1 its lively int]e/s1 ! v>iety ( its gifts to civilisation2 b its weakness is self-evid5t1 & 0 :at _h made ! political unity ( ,greece impossible4 ,! ,greek _s6--x might h become a hydra1 to use ,plato's own figure1 a mon/]2 ! h& develop+ hide\sly into a hundr$ h&s1 or heads4 ,?is inorganic1 ?is c5trifugal1 t5d5cy1 ,plato 0 desir\s to cure by ma9ta9+ ov] aga9/ x ! ,dorian influ5ce ( a sev]e simplification ev]y:]e1 9 society1 9 culture1 9 ! v physical nature ( man4 ,an enemy ev]y:]e1 ?\gh ?r\gh acquir$ pr9ciple inde$ r ?an by in/9ct1 to v>iegation1 to :at is cunn+1 or myriad-m9d$ 7z we say ( ,%akespe>e1 z ,plato ?9ks ( ,hom]7 he sets himself 9 my?ology1 9 lit]ature1 9 e k9d ( art1 9 ! art ( life1 z if ) consci\s metaphysical opposition to ! metaphysic ( ,h]aclitus1 to en=ce ! ideal ( a sort ( ,p>m5idean ab/ractness1 & monotony or calm4 ,?is1 p]haps exagg]at$1 ideal ( ,plato is #aje h[ev] only ! exagg]ation ( t salut>y1 /rictly ,european t5d5cy1 :i*1 f9d+ human m9d1 ! human reason cool & sane1 to be ! mo/ absolutely real & preci\s ?+ 9 ! _w1 en=ces ev]y:]e ! impress ( its reasonable sanity2 its c&id reflexions ^u ?+s z !y really are2 its s5se ( logical proportion4 ,x is t c5tripetal t5d5cy1 aga91 :i* l9ks ! individual units toge!r1 /ates to /ates1 "o p]iod ( organic gr[? to ano!r1 "u ! reign ( a /rictly compos$1 self-consci\s ord]1 9 ! univ]sal light ( ! und]/&+4 ,:e!r or n ?is temp]1 s cle>ly traceable z a di/9ct rival influ5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ,greek developm5t1 0 inde$ ! peculi> gift ( ! ,dorian race1 c]ta9ly t race1 z made kn[n to u especially 9 ,lac$aemon1 is ! be/ illu/ration ( x1 9 its love ( ord]1 ( t sev]e composition ev]y:]e1 ( :i* ! ,dorian /yle ( ar*itecture is z x 7 a mat]ial symbol1 9 its con/ant aspiration aft] :at is dignifi$ & e>ne/1 z exemplifi$ mo/ evid5tly 9 ! religion ( its pref]5ce1 ! religion ( ,apollo4 ,n[ ! key to ,plato's view ( ! ,sophi/s1 ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 ,hippias1 ,prodicus1 ) _! less brilliant foll[]s--*os5 educators ( ! public--is t !y d b fan & add fuel to ! fire 9 :i* ,greece1 z !y w&] #ajf l ard5t mission>ies ab\t x1 is flam+ itself away4 ,tea*+ 9 _! l>ge1 fa%ionable1 exp5sive s*ools1 s triumphantly well1 ! arts "o ne$$ mo/ 9 s busy an age1 !y 7 really develop+ fur!r & re9=c+ ! ru9\s fluidity ( ! ,greek1 & especially ( ! ,a!nian p1 by turn+ x v adroitly into a consci\s me?od1 a practical philosophy1 an art ( life itself1 9 :i* all ^? specific arts w\ld be b subsidi>y--an all-supplem5t+ ars artium1 a ma/]-art1 or1 9 depreciatory ,platonic mood "o might say1 an artifice1 or1 cynically1 a trick4 ,! great sophi/ 0 inde$ ! ,a!nian public itself1 ,a!ns1 z ! will+ victim ( its own gifts1 its own flamboyancy1 well-nigh worn out n[ by ! mutual friction ( its own p>ts1 giv5 ov] completely to haz>d\s political exp]im5t ) ! irresponsibility :i* is ev] ! great vice ( democracy1 ev] ready to float away any:i!r1 to misund]/&1 or =get1 or discr$it1 its own pa/4-- ,or d y too hold l ! _m 7asks ,socrates 9 ! six? book ( ,! ,republic7 t a c]ta9 numb] are corrupt$ by sophi/s 9 _! y\?2 & t c]ta9 sophi/s1 irresponsible p]sons1 corrupt !m to any ext5t wor? not+2 & n r t ^? :o say ^! ?+s are ! greate/ sophi/s2 t !y tra9 to p]fection1 & turn out bo? old & "y1 m5 & wom51 j z !y *oose !m to be8--,:51 pray8 ,he ask$4--,:5 seat$ toge!r 9 _! ?\s&s at ! great assemblies1 or 9 ! law-c\rts1 or ! !atres1 or ! camp1 or any o!r common ga!r+ ( ! public1 ) mu* noise ! majority praise ?is & blame #ajg t 9 :at is said & done1 bo? alike 9 excess1 %\t+ & clapp+2 & ! v rocks too & ! place 9 :i* !y are1 e*o+ ar\nd1 s5d back r$\bl$ t clam\r ( praise & blame4 ,9 su* case1 :at he>t z !y say1 :at he>t1 ?9k y1 c ! "y man keep8 or :at private education he may h _h hold out = him t x be n ov]-flood$ by praise or blame l t1 & dep>t away1 borne d[n ! /ream1 :i!rsoev] t may c>ry x1 & t he pron\nce n ! same ?+ z !y fair or f\l2 & foll[ ! same ways z !y2 & become l !m8 ,republic1 #dib4 ,! v]itable sophi/ !n1 ! dynamic sophi/1 0 ! ,a!nian public ( ! day2 ^? o/5sible or pr(essional ,sophi/s be+ n s mu* its intellectual directors z ! pupils or foll[]s ( x4 ,!y did b make x1 z ! ,fr5* say1 ab\nd ! m 9 its own s5se1 l ! keep] 7x is ,plato's own image7 ( "s wild bea/1 :i* he kn[s h[ to comm& by a well-consid]$ ob$i5ce to all its v>y+ hum\rs4 ,if ! ,sophi/s are p>tly ! cause !y are /ill m ! effect ( ! social environm5t4 ,!y _h discov]$1 _h asc]ta9$ ) mu* acut5ess1 ! actual mom5tum ( ! society :i* ma9ta9$ !m1 & !y meant only1 by regulat+1 to ma9ta9 x4 ,protagoras1 ! *ief ( ,sophi/s1 _h av[$ly appli$ to e?ics ! physics or metaphysics ( ,h]aclitus4 ,& n[ x 0 z if ! dis9tegrat+ ,h]aclitean fire _h tak5 hold on actual life1 on m5's v ?\ghts1 on ! emotions & ! w4 ,t s faulty natural t5d5cy1 z ,plato holds #ajh x to be1 9 ! _w ar\nd !m1 !y =mulate c>efully z its prop] consci\s !ory3 a !ory h[ ?+s mu/1 nay1 ought1 to be4 ,j t1 !y seem to say--,j t v]satility1 t mutable _s1 %all become by adoption ! *ild ( k1 %all be c>efully nurtur$1 br\ght to great =tune4 ,we'll make y1 & y\r ?\ghts1 z fluid1 z %ifty1 z ?+s !mselves3 w br+ y1 l "s p]fectly accompli%$ implem5t1 to ?is c>rire ouv]te1 ?is op5 qu>ry1 = ! fur!rance ( y\r p]sonal int]e/s 9 ! _w4 ,& if old- fa%ion$ pr9ciple or prejudice be f\nd 9 ! way1 :o bett] ?an !y c\ld in/ruct "o1 n h[ to m9imise1 or violate x--t 0 n ne$$1 nor p]haps desirable1 reg>d+ :at 0 s useful = ! control ( o!rs--n t2 b1 to apply ! intellectual solv5t to x1 9 reg>d to "o's self8 ,x w break up1--?is or t e?ical deposit 9 y\r m9d1 ,ah6 v neatly1 v prettily1 & disappe>1 :5 expos$ to ! action ( our p]fect$ me?od4 ,( cr$it ) ! vulg> z su*1 9 ! solit>y *amb] ( ! ari/ocratic m9d su* presuppositions1 prejudices or pr9ciples1 may be made v soon to "k _! place4 ,yes6 says ,plato 7= a mom5t we may anticipate :at is at lea/ ! _s ( 8 answ]7 b !re are "s presuppositions aft] all1 :i* x w make u v vulg> to h dismiss$ f u4 ,!re are moreov]1 #aji ^? o!rs proce$ to say1 tea*]s ( p]suasion 7pei?\s didaskaloi7 :o imp>t skill 9 popul> & =5sic oratory2 & s by fair means or by unfair we %all ga9 our ends4 ,x is ) ! dmos1 ) ! vulg>1 insubord9ate1 tag-rag ( "o's own nature--h[ to rule t1 by obey+ x--t ^! pr(essors ( rhetoric beg94 ,!y are /ill not)/&+ ! only tea*]s ( morals +5u\s ,greece is aw>e (2 & wisdom1 z seems likely1 mu/ die ) !m6-- ,"s v small numb] !n 7says ! ,platonic ,socrates7 is left1 ( ^? :o 9 wor?y fa%ion hold conv]se ) philosophy3 ei!r1 x may be1 "s s\l ( 9-born wor? & well br\ght up1 to :i* x has happ5$ to be exil$ 9 a =eign l&1 hold+ to philosophy by a tie ( nature1 & ?r\gh lack ( ^? :o w corrupt x2 or :5 x may *ance t a great s\l comes to bir? 9 an insignificant /ate1 to ! politics ( :i* x gives no he$1 because x ?9ks !m despicable3 p]haps a c]ta9 fraction also1 ( good p>ts1 may come to philosophy f "s o!r craft1 ?r\gh a j contempt ( t4 ,! bridle too ( our companion ,!ages has a re/ra9+ p[]4 ,= 9 ! case ( ,!ages also1 all ! o!r conditions 7 9 read9ess to 8 fall+ away f philosophy2 b ! nurs+ ( 8 sickly body1 exclud+ him f politics1 keeps him back4 ,our own peculi>ity is n wor? speak+ (--! sign f heav56 = ,i suppose x has occurr$ to sc>ce anyone be=e4 ,& s1 ^? :o h be5 ( ?is numb]1 & h ta/$ h[ sweet & bless$ ! possession is2 & aga91 hav+ a full view ( ! folly ( ! _m1 & t no "o1 ,i might say1 effects any s\nd result 9 :at conc]ns ! /ate1 or is an ally 9 ^: company "o might proce$ safe & s\nd to ! help ( ! j1 b t1 l a man fall+ among wild bea/s1 nei!r will+ to %>e _! evil de$s1 nor suffici5t by himself to resi/ ! :ole fi]ce b&1 flung away be=e he %all h done any s]vice #aaj to ! city or to 8 own fri5ds1 he w\ld become useless bo? to himself & to o!rs3 tak+ all ?is into consid]ation1 keep+ sil5ce & do+ 8 own bus9ess1 z "o /&+ aside "u a h$ge 9 "s /orm ( du/ & spray b5ea? a driv5 w9d1 see+ ^? ab\t him replete ) lawlessness1 he is cont5t if by any means1 pure f inju/ice & unholy de$s1 himself %all live ?r\gh 8 life "h1 & 9 turn make 8 escape ) good hope1 9 *e]ful & k9dly mood4 7,:at long s5t5ces ,plato writes67 ,yet 9 tru?1 he said1 he w\ld make 8 escape aft] n ! lea/ ( a*ievem5ts4--,nor yet ! greate/1 ,i obs]v$1 because he did n light ^u ! polity fitt$ = him3 =1 9 t fitt+ polity1 himself w gr[ to complet] /ature1 &1 toge!r ) :at belongs to him1 he w be ! savi\r also ( ! commonweal?4 ,republic1 #dif4 ,ov] aga9/ ! ,sophi/s1 & ! age :i* has sophi/icat$ !m1 ( :i* !y are ! natural product1 ,plato1 be+ himself ( a g5ius naturally ri*1 florid1 complex1 excitable1 b add+ to ! utmo/ degree ( ,ionian s5sibility an effectual desire t[>ds ! ,dorian ord] & asksis1 ass]ts ev]y:]e ! pr9ciple ( outl9e1 9 political & moral life2 9 ! education :i* is to fit m5 = x2 9 ! music :i* is "o half ( t education1 9 ! philosophy :i* is its o!r half--! philosophy ( ! ideas1 ( ^? et]nally fix$ outl9es ( our ?\ght1 :i* correspond to1 nay1 are actually id5tical )1 ! et]nally fix$ outl9es ( ?+s !mselves4 ,:at ! diff]5ce 7diff]5ce 9 reg>d to cont9uity & cle>ness7 really is betwe5 ! conditions ( m9d1 9 :i* respectively ! sophi/ic process1 & ! g5u9ely philosophical or dialectic process1 z #aaa conceiv$ by ,plato1 leave u1 is well illu/rat$ by ! peculi> treatm5t ( ,ju/ice1 its prop] def9ition or idea1 9 ,! ,republic4 ,ju/ice 7or ,righte\sness1 z we say1 m l>gely7 "u ! light ( a compreh5sive exp]i5ce ( x1 c>efully1 dilig5tly1 adju/$ to ! nature ( man on ! "o h&1 ( society on ! o!r1 becomes 9 ! f\r? book ( ,! ,republic1 to ta haut\ pratte9--to ta haut\ pratte94 ,!re1 !n1 is ! et]nal outl9e ( ,righte\sness or ,ju/ice z x really is1 equally cle> & indefectible at e po9t2 a def9ition ( x :i* c by no supposition become a def9ition ( any?+ else2 imp5etrable1 n to be trav]s$1 by any possible def9ition ( ,inju/ice2 secur+ an ess5tial value to its possessor1 indep5d5tly ( all falsities ( appe>ance2 & leav+ ju/ice1 z x really is 9 itself1 unaffect$ ev5 by ph5om5a s misrepres5tative ( x z to deceive ! v gods1 or _m good m51 z happ5$ pre-em95tly 9 ! case ( ,socrates4 #aab ,"h !n is ! reply ( ! ,platonic ,socrates to ! *all5ge t he %\ld prove himself ma/] ( a m c]ta9 philosophy ?an t ( ! p1 z repres5t$ by ! old gnomic poet ,simonides1 :om x is h>d to disbelieve1 7sophos g> kai !ios anr7 on ! "o h&2 ?an t ( ! ,sophi/s on ! o!r1 z repres5t$ by ,?rasyma*us4 ,%[ u n only t ju/ice is a bett] ?+ ?an ,inju/ice2 b1 by do+ :at 7alla ti poi\sa7 to ! s\l ( its possessor1 ea* ( !m respectively1 9 & by itself 7haut di' hautn7 ev5 if m5 & gods alike mi/ake x = its contr>y1 is /ill ! "o a good ?+1 ! o!r a bad "o4 ,b note = a few mom5ts ! precise treatm5t ( ! idea ( ,ju/ice 9 ! fir/ book ( ,! ,republic4 ,sophi/ry & common s5se are try+ _! be/ to appreh5d1 to cov] or occupy1 a c]ta9 space1 z ! exact area ( ,ju/ice4 ,& :at happ5s ) ea* propos$ def9ition 9 turn is1 t x becomes1 "u conceivable circum/ances1 a def9ition ( ,inju/ice3 n t1 9 practice1 a confusion betwe5 ! two is !re=e likely2 b t ! intellect rema9s unsatisfi$ ( ! !oretic validity ( ! di/9ction4 ,n[ t intellectual situation illu/rates ! s5se 9 :i* sophi/ry is a reproduction ( ! ,h]aclitean flux4 ,! old ,h]aclitean physical !ory pres5ts itself z a natural basis = ! moral1 ! social1 dissolution1 :i* ! sophi/ical #aac movem5t promotes4 ,b :at a contra/ to x1 9 ! treatm5t ( ,ju/ice1 ( ! "q1 ,:at ,ju/ice is8 9 t introductory book ( ,! ,republic4 ,! fir/ book =ms 9 tru? an eri/ic1 a de/ructive or negative1 ,dialogue 7su* z we h o!r examples (7 9 :i* ! :ole bus9ess might h conclud$1 prematurely1 ) an exposure ( ! inadequacy1 alike ( common-s5se z repres5t$ by ,simonides1 & ( a sophi/icat$ philosophy z repres5t$ by ,?rasyma*us1 to def9e ,ju/ice4 ,note1 h[ev]1 9 :at way1 precisely4 ,t x is ,j1 = in/ance1 to re/ore :at "o owes 7to ta opheilom5a apodidonai7 might pass well en\gh = a g5]al guide to "r conduct2 & ! sophi/ical judgm5t t ,ju/ice is ,! int]e/ ( ! /rong] is n m untrue ?an ! contr>y p>adox t ,ju/ice is a plot ( ! weak aga9/ ! /rong4 ,x is1 !n1 9 reg>d to ! claims ( ,ju/ice1 n s mu* on practice1 z on ! intellect1 9 its dem& = a cle> !ory ( practice1 t ^? def9itions fail4 ,!y are failures because !y fail to di/+ui% absolutely1 ideally1 z t[>ds ! intellect1 :at is1 f :at is n4 ,to ,plato1 = :om1 con/itutionally1 & ex hypo!si1 :at c be cle>ly ?\ght is ! precise measure ( :at really is1 if su* a ?\ght ab\t ,ju/ice--absolutely inclusive & exclusive--is1 aft] all our ef=ts1 n to be asc]ta9$1 ?is c only be1 because ,ju/ice is n #aad a real ?+1 b only an empty or confus$ "n4 ,n[ ! ,sophi/ & ! popul> morali/1 9 t prelim9>y attempt to def9e ! nature ( ,ju/ice--:at is "r1 are bo? alike try+1 fir/ 9 ?is =mula1 !n 9 t1 to occupy1 by a ?\ght1 & by a def9ition :i* may convey t ?\ght into ! m9d ( ano!r--to occupy1 or cov]1 a c]ta9 area ( ! ph5om5a ( exp]i5ce1 z ! ,j4 ,& :at happ5s !reupon is ?is1 t by means ( a c]ta9 k9d ( casui/ry1 by ! allegation ( c]ta9 possible cases ( conduct1 ! :ole ( t suppos$ area ( ! ,j is occupi$ by def9itions ( ,inju/ice1 f ?is c5tre or t4 ,ju/ice !re=e- -its area1 ! space ( exp]i5ce :i* x cov]s1 dissolves away1 lit]ally1 z ! eye is fix$ ^u x1 l ,h]aclitean wat]3 x is & is n4 ,& if ?is1 & ! l ( ?is1 is to ! la/ all t c be kn[n or said ( x1 ,ju/ice w be no curr5t co91 at lea/ to ! acute philosophic m9d4 ,b has "s l>g] philosophy p]haps some?+ m to say ( x8 & ! p[] ( def9+ an area1 ^u :i* no def9ition ( ,inju/ice1 9 any conceivable case ( act or feel+1 c infr+e8 ,t is ! "q ^u :i* ! ess5tial argum5t ( ,! ,republic />ts--^u a voyage ( discov]y4 ,x is ,plato's own figure4 ,!re1 cle>ly en\gh1 may be se5 :at ! diff]5ce1 ! diff]5ce ( aim1 betwe5 ,socrates #aae & ! ,sophi/s really 01 amid mu* t !y _h 9 common1 z be+ bo? alike di/+ui%$ f t old] _w ( op9ion ( :i* ,simonides is ! m\?piece4 ,! qu>rel ( ,socrates ) ! ,sophi/s 0 9 "p "o ( ^? antagonisms :i* are involv$ necess>ily 9 ! v conditions ( an age t has n yet made up its m9d2 0 9 "p also a m]e rivalry ( individuals2 & x might h rema9$ 9 memory only z a matt] ( hi/orical int]e/4 ,x has be5 o!rwise4 ,t innoc5t ^w ,sophi/ has surviv$ 9 common language1 to indicate "s con/antly recurr+ vici\sness1 9 ! treatm5t ( "o's own & ( o!r m9ds1 :i* is always at v>iance ) su* habits ( ?\ght z are really wor? :ile4 ,!re is an e-day sophi/ry1 ( c\rse1 aga9/ :i* we h all ( u to be on our gu>d--t ins9c]ity ( reason+ on behalf ( s9c]e convictions1 true or false 9 !mselves z ! case may be1 to :i*1 if we are unwise en\gh to argue at all ) ea* o!r1 we mu/ all be tempt$ at times4 ,su* ins9c]ity h[ev] is = ! mo/ "p apt to expose itself4 ,b !re is a m insidi\s sophi/ry ( :i* ,plato is aw>e2 & aga9/ :i* he cont5ds 9 ! ,protagoras1 & aga9 /ill m effectively 9 ! ,pha$rus2 ! clos+ pages ( :i* discov] ! ess5tial po9t ( t fam\s qu>rel betwe5 ! ,sophi/s & ,socrates or ,plato1 9 reg>d to a matt] :i* is #aaf ( p]man5t int]e/ 9 itself1 & z be+ n directly connect$ ) practical morals is unaffect$ by ! peculi> prejudices ( t age4 ,art1 ! art ( oratory1 9 p>ticul>1 & ( lit]>y composition1--9 ?is case1 h[ "o %\ld write or speak really inflammatory disc\rses ab\t love1 write love- lett]s1 s to speak1 t %all really get at ! he>t !y're meant =--t 0 a matt] on :i* ! ,sophi/s _h ?\ght mu* pr(essionally4 ,& ! debate introduc$ 9 ! ,pha$rus reg>d+ ! secret ( success 9 proposals ( love or fri5d%ip turns prop]ly on ?is3 :e!r x is necess>y1 or ev5 advantage\s1 = "o :o w\ld be a good orator1 or writ]1 a poet1 a good arti/ g5]ally1 to "k1 & consci\sly to keep himself 9 contact )1 ! tru? ( 8 subject z he kn[s or feels x2 or only ) :at o!r p1 p]haps q indol5tly1 ?9k1 or suppose o!rs to ?9k1 ab\t x4 ,& "h ! *>ge ( ,socrates aga9/ ^? pr(essional tea*]s ( ! art ( rhetoric comes to be1 t1 ) mu* sup]ficial aptitude 9 ! conduct ( ! matt]1 !y nei!r rea*1 nor put o!rs 9 ! way ( rea*+1 t intellectual gr\nd ( ?+s 7( ! consci\sness ( love = in/ance1 :5 !y are to op5 _! lips1 & presumably _! s\ls1 ab\t t7 9 true contact ) :i* alone c !re be a real ma/]y 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,t y y\rself mu/ h an inw>d1 c>efully asc]ta9$1 measur$1 in/itut$ hold #aag ov] any?+ y are to convey ) any real p[] to o!rs1 is ! tru? :i* ! ,platonic ,socrates1 9 /rongly conv9c$ words1 always reasonable ab\t x1 =mulates1 9 opposition to ! ,sophi/s' impud5tly av[$ !ory & practice ( ! sup]ficial1 z su*4 ,well6 we all always ne$ to be set on our gu>d aga9/ !ories :i* flatt] ! natural indol5ce ( our m9ds4 ,we propos$ !n j n[1 says ,socrates 9 ! ,pha$rus1 to consid] ! !ory ( ! way 9 :i* "o w\ld or w\ld n write or speak well4--,c]ta9ly6--,well !n1 mu/ !re n be 9 ^? :o are to speak m]itori\sly1 an und]/&+ well acqua9t$ ) ! tru? ( ! ?+s !y are to speak ab\t8--,nay6 answ]s ,pha$rus1 9 t age ( sophi/ry1 ,x is 9 ?is way ,i h he>d ab\t x3-- t x is n necess>y = "o :o w\ld be a ma/] ( rhetoric to le>n :at really is j1 = in/ance2 b r :at seems j to ! multitude :o are to give judgm5t3 nor aga9 :at is good or beautiful2 b only :at seems s to !m4 ,= p]suasion comes ( ! latt]2 by no means ( a hold ^u ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,:e!r or n ! ,sophi/s 7 q fairly *>geable ) t sort ( inw>d lie1 j ?is1 at all ev5ts1 0 9 ! judgm5t ( ,plato ! ess5ce ( sophi/ic vice4 ,) !m #aah art began too precipitately1 z m]e =m )\t matt]2 a ?+ ( disconnect$ empiric rules1 caught f ! m]e surface ( o!r p's productions1 9 congruity ) a g5]al me?od :i* ev]y:]e ru?lessly sev]$ bran* & fl[] f its natural root--art f "o's own vivid s5sation or belief4 ,! ,lac$aemonian 7ho ,lakn7 ,plato's fav\rite s*ol> always1 z hav+ t inf9ite pati5ce :i* is ! note ( a s9c]e1 a really impassion$ lov] ( any?+1 says1 9 8 conv9c$ ,lac$aemonian way1 t a g5u9e art ( spee* 7t\ lege9 etumos te*n7 unless "o be 9 contact ) tru?1 !re nei!r is nor c be4 ,we are rem9d$ ( t diff]5ce betwe5 g5u9e memory1 & m]e haphaz>d recollection1 not$ by ,plato 9 ! /ory he tells s well ( ! inv5tion ( writ+ 9 anci5t ,egypt4-- ,x might be d\bt$1 he ?9ks1 :e!r g5u9e memory 0 enc\rag$ by t inv5tion4 ,! note on ! m>g9 by ! inatt5tive read] to rem9d himself1 is1 z we "k1 (t5 8 f9al good-bye to :at x %\ld rem9d him (4 ,n[ ?is is true ( all art3 ,logn ara te*nn1 ho tn al!ian m eids1 doxas te te?reuks1 geloion t9a kai atexnon p>exetai4 --,x is b a k9d ( ba/>d art ( m]e words 7texn atexnos7 t he w h :o does n "k ! tru? ( ?+s1 b has tri$ to hunt out :at o!r p ?9k ab\t x4 ,conception1 obs]v$ an int5sely p]sonal1 deeply /irr$1 poet & arti/ ( our own g5]ation3 #aai ,conception1 fundam5tal bra9work1- -t is :at makes ! diff]5ce1 9 all art4 ,aga9/ all pret5d$1 me*anically communicable rules ( art !n1 aga9/ any rule ( lit]>y composition1 = in/ance1 unsanction$ by ! facts1 by a cle> appreh5sion ( ! facts1 ( t exp]i5ce1 :i* to ea* "o ( u sev]ally is ! beg9n+1 if x be n also ! end1 ( all k1 aga9/ e m]ely =mal dictate 7_! "n is legion ) practis+ ,sophi/s ( all ages7 ,p]i bra*ylogias1 kai elee9ologias1 kai de9ses1 conc]n+ fre$om or precision1 figure1 emphasis1 proportion ( p>ts & ! l1 exordium & conclusion3--aga9/ all su* ! ,platonic ,socrates /ill prote/s1 ,y "k :at mu/ be kn[n be=e h>mony c be atta9$1 b n yet ! laws ( h>mony itself1--ta pro tragdias1 ,sophocles w\ld object 9 l case1 ta pro tragdias1 all' ou tragika4 ,giv5 ! dynamic ,sophoclean int5tion or conviction1 & ! irresi/ible law ( "r utt]ance1 7anank logographik7 h[ "o mu/ write or speak1 w make itself felt2 w assur$ly also r5ew _m an old precept1 z to h[ "o %all write or speak1 le>n$ at s*ool4 ,to speak pros doxan only1 z t[>ds m]e unreason$ op9ion1 might d well en\gh 9 ! law-c\rts ) p1 :o 7z is und]/ood 9 t case7 d n really c>e v mu* ab\t ju/ice itself1 desire only t a fri5d %\ld be acquitt$1 or an enemy convict$1 irrespectively ( x2 b #abj ,= ! ess5ce ( all arti/ic beauty is expression1 :i* _c be :]e !re's really no?+ to be express$2 ! l9e1 ! col\r1 ! ^w1 foll[+ ob$i5tly1 & ) m9ute scruple1 ! consci\s motions ( a conv9c$ intelligible s\l4 ,to make m5 int]e/$ 9 !mselves1 z be+ ! v gr\nd ( all reality = !m1 la vraie vrit1 z ! ,fr5* say3--t 0 ! ess5tial function ( ! ,socratic me?od3 to fla% light into ! h\se )91 its _m *amb]s1 its memories & associations1 ^u its inscrib$ & pictur$ walls4 ,fully occupi$ !re1 z ) 8 own ess5tial bus9ess 9 8 own home1 ! "y man w\ld become1 ( c\rse1 proportionately less int]e/$1 less meanly int]e/$1 9 :at 0 sup]ficial1 9 ! m]e outsides1 ( o!r p & _! occupations4 ,) ! true arti/ inde$1 ) almo/ e exp]t1 all k1 ( almo/ e k9d1 tells1 is attract$ into1 & duly *>g$ )1 ! =ce ( :at #aba may be 8 lead+ appreh5sion4 ,& z ! special function ( all spee* z a f9e art is ! control ( m9ds 7psy*aggia7 x is 9 g5]al ) k ( ! s\l ( man--) a v]itable psy*ology1 ) z mu* z possible z we c get ( t--t ! writ]1 ! speak]1 mu/ be *iefly conc]n$1 if he is to h&le m9ds n by m]e empiric r\t9e1 trib monon1 kai empeiria alla te*n1 b by ! p[] ( v]itable f9e art4 ,n[ su* art1 su* !ory1 is n to be caught ) ! left h&1 z ! ,greek phrase w5t2 & aga91 *alepa ta kala4 ,we h no "t to he> 9 ,engli% ,plato's clev] specim5s ( ! way 9 :i* p w\ld write ab\t love )\t success4 ,let u r he> himself on t subject1 9 8 own *>act]i/ic mood ( conviction4-- ,try6 %e said 7a c]ta9 ,sibyll9e woman namely1 f ^: lips ,socrates 9 ! ,symposium is suppos$ to quote :at foll[s7 ,try to apply y\r m9d z closely z possible to :at ,i am go+ to say4 ,= he :o has be5 l$ ?us f> 9 ! discipl9e ( love1 behold+ beautiful objects 9 ! "r ord]1 com+ n[ t[>ds ! end ( ! doctr9e ( love1 w on a sudd5 behold a beauty wond]ful 9 its nature3--t1 ,socrates6 t[>ds :i* inde$ ! =m] ex]cises 7 all design$2 be+ fir/ ( all ev] exi/5t2 hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 nei!r gr[+ or fad+ away2 & !n1 n beautiful 9 "o way1 unbeautiful 9 ano!r2 beautiful n[1 b n !n2 beautiful 9 ?is relation1 unlovely 9 t2 to "s1 b n to o!rs4 ,nor aga9 w t beauty appe> to him to be beautiful z a face or h&s or any?+ else t belongs to ! body2 nor z any k9d ( reason+ or sci5ce2 nor z be+ resid5t 9 any?+ else1 z 9 a liv+ creature or ! e>? or ! sky or any o!r #abb ?+2 b z be+ itself by itself1 ev] 9 a s+le =m ) itself2 all o!r beautiful ?+s s p>ticipat+ 9 x1 t :ile !y beg9 & cease to be1 t nei!r becomes m nor less nor suff]s any o!r *ange4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 anyone1 beg9n+ f ?+s "h bel[1 ?r\gh a "r practice ( love1 asc5d+1 beg9s to disc]n t o!r beauty1 he w almo/ h rea*$ ! end4 ,= ?is 9 tru? is ! "r me?od ( proce$+ t[>ds ! doctr9e ( love1 or ( be+ conduct$ !re9 by ano!r1--beg9n+ f ^! beautiful objects "h bel[ ev] to be go+ up high]1 ) t o!r beauty 9 view2 us+ !m z /eps ( a ladd]2 m\nt+ f ! love ( "o fair p]son to ! love ( two2 & f ! love ( two to ! love ( all2 & f ! love ( beautiful p]sons to ! love ( beautiful employm5ts--kala epitdeumata 7t means be+ a soldi]1 or a prie/1 or a s*ol>7 & f ! love ( beautiful employm5ts to ! love ( beautiful k9ds ( k2 till he passes f degrees ( k to t k :i* is ! k ( no?+ else save ! absolute ,beauty itself1 & kn[s x at l5g? z 9 itself x really is4 ,at ?is mom5t ( life1 de> ,socrates6 said ! ,mant9ean ,sibyl1 if at any mom5t1 man truly lives1 behold+ ! absolute beauty--! :i*1 s y h once se5 x1 w appe> beyond ! comp>ison ( gold1 or raim5t1 or ^? beautiful "y p]sons1 see+ :om n[1 l _m ano!r1 y are s ov]come t y are ready1 behold+ ^? beautiful p]sons & associat+ ev] ) !m1 if x 7 possible1 nei!r to eat nor dr9k b only to look into _! eyes & sit beside !m4 ,:at !n1 %e ask$1 suppose we8 if x 7 giv5 to any "o to behold ! absolute beauty1 9 its cle>ness1 its pur5ess1 its unmix$ ess5ce2 n replete ) fle% & blood & col\rs & o!r manifold vanity ( ?is mortal life2 b if he 7 able to behold t div9e beauty 7monoeides7 simply z x is4 ,d y ?9k1 %e said1 t life w\ld be a poor ?+ to "o ^: eyes 7 fix$ on t2 see+ t1 7h dei7 ) ! organ ?r\gh :i* x mu/ be se51 & commun+ ) t8 ,d y n ?9k r1 %e ask$1 t "h alone x w be 81 see+ ! beautiful ) t ?r\gh :i* x may be se5 7namely ) ! imag9ative reason1 ho n\s7 to beget no m]e phantasms ( virtue1 z x is no phantom he #abc appreh5ds1 b ! true virtue1 z he embraces :at is true8 ,& hav+ begott5 virtue 7virtue is ! *ild t w be born ( ?is my/ic intellectual comm]ce1 or connubium1 ( ! imag9ative reason ) ideal beauty7 & re>$ x1 he w become de> to ,god1 & if any man may be immortal he w be4 ,symposium1 #baj4 ,! ess5tial vice ( sophi/ry1 z ,plato conceiv$ x1 0 t = x no real ?+s exi/$4 ,real ?+s did exi/ = ,plato1 ?+s t 7 an end 9 !mselves2 & ! ,platonic ,socrates 0 "r3-- ,plato has writt5 s well !re1 because he 0 no s*ol> ( ! ,sophi/s z he und]/ood !m1 b is writ+ ( :at he really kn[s4 ,,notes #ii4 ,translit]ation3 sophi/ai4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 at ,a!ns1 "o :o pr(ess$ to make m5 wise4 #ajb4 ,translit]ation3 plei/a eid4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! greate/ possible v>iety4 ,pat] ref]s to ! ,fun]al ,oration giv5 by ,p]icles to commemorate ! ,a!nians :o1 to date1 _h di$ 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,?ucydides1 ,! ,peloponnesian ,w> #b4da4a4 #ajg4 ,plato1 ,republic #dib4 #aji4 ,translit]ation3 pei?\s didaskaloi4 ,pat]'s translation3 tea*]s ( p]suasion4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfe;d4 #aji4 ,translit]ation3 dmos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ! common p4 #aaj4 ,plato1 ,republic #dif4 #aaa4 ,translit]ation3 to ta haut\ pratte94 ,pat]'s translation3 ,! do+1 by e "p 4 4 4 ( its own prop] bus9ess !re94 ,! translation elaborates on ! orig9al1 b captures its mean+ accurately4 ,plato1 ,republic #dcc;a-b4 #aaa4 ,translit]ation3 to ta haut\ pratte94 ,pat]'s translation3 ,! do+1 by e "p 4 4 4 ( its own prop] bus9ess !re94 ,plato1 ,republic #dcc;a-b4 #aab4 ,translit]ation3 sophos g> kai !ios anr4 ,e-text editor's translation3 = he 0 a wise & excell5t man4 ,plato1 ,republic #cca;e4 #aab4 ,translit]ation3 alla ti poi\sa4 ,pat]'s translation3 b1 by do+ :at4 4 4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfg;b4 #aab4 ,translit]ation3 haut di' hautn4 ,pat]'s translation3 9 & by itself4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfg;e4 #aac4 ,translit]ation3 to ta opheilom5a apodidonai4 ,pat]'s translation3 to re/ore :at "o owes4 ,plato1 ,republic #cca;e & #ccb;a4 #aah4 ,translit]ation3 ho ,lakn4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,! ,lac$aemonian i4e41 ,sp>tan4 #aah4 ,translit]ation3 t\ lege9 etumos te*n4 ,pat]'s translation3 a g5u9e art ( spee*4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfj;e4 #aah4 ,translit]ation3 ,logn ara te*nn1 ho tn al!ian m eids1 doxas te te?reuks1 geloion t9a kai atexnon p>exetai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,9 ! art ( speak+1 !re=e1 ! p]son :o does n "k ! tru?1 :o has s\ght out only ! op9ions ( o!rs1 w come by no?+ bett] ?an a k9d ( unskill$ je/+4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfb;c4 #aah4 ,translit]ation3 texn atexnos4 ,pat]'s translation3 a ba/>d art ( m]e words4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfj;e4 #aai4 ,translit]ation3 ,p]i bra*ylogias1 kai elee9ologias1 kai de9ses4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,conc]n+ brevity1 & spee* t moves to pity1 & exagg]ation4 4 4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bgb;a4 #aai4 ,translit]ation3 ta pro tragdias4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! ?+s be=e trag$y4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfi;a4 #aai4 ,translit]ation3 ta pro tragdias1 all' ou tragika4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! ?+s be=e trag$y1 b n trag$y itself4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfi;a4 #aai4 ,translit]ation3 anank logographik4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! mann] requir$ 9 prose-writ+ or spee*- mak+4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfd;b conta9s simil> language4 #aai4 ,translit]ation3 pros doxan4 ,e-text editor's translation3 9 accordance ) receiv$ op9ion4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfb;a1 among o!r passages4 #aba4 ,translit]ation3 psy*aggia4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! control ( m9ds4 ,! v]b ag means lead or drive4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bfa;a & #bga;c4 #aba4 ,translit]ation3 trib monon1 kai empeiria alla te*n4 ,pat]'s translation3 n by m]e empiric r\t9e1 b by ! p[] ( v]itable f9e art4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bgj;b4 #aba4 ,translit]ation3 *alepa ta kala4 ,e-text editor's translation3 f9e ?+s are h>d to obta94 ,plato1 ,republic #dce;c4 #abb4 ,translit]ation3 kala epitdeumata4 ,pat]'s translation3 beautiful employm5ts4 ,plato1 ,symposium #baa;c4 #abb4 ,translit]ation3 monoeides4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ( "o k9d1 simple4 ,plato1 ,symposium #baa;a & #baa;e4 #abb4 ,translit]ation3 h dei4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ) :at is necess>y4 ,plato1 ,symposium #bab;a4 #abb4 ,translit]ation3 ho n\s4 ,pat]'s translation3 imag9ative reason4 ,! ^w n\s or noos g5]ally means m9d4 ,plato1 ,symposium #baj-bab4 #abc4 ,! passage ,pat] cites--,diotima's spee* ab\t love--runs f #baj-bab;a ( ! ,symposium4 ,,*apt] #f3 ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,plato #abd ,,all true criticism ( philosophic doctr9e1 z ( e o!r product ( human m9d1 mu/ beg9 ) an hi/oric e/imate ( ! conditions1 antec$5t & contempor>y1 :i* help$ to make x precisely :at x 04 ,b a complete criticism does n end !re4 ,9 ! evolution ( ab/ract doctr9e z we f9d x writt5 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 if !re is always1 on "o side1 ! fatal1 irresi/ible1 me*anic play ( circum/ance--! circum/ances ( a p>ticul> age1 :i* may be analys$ & expla9$2 !re is always also1 z if act+ f ! opposite side1 ! comp>atively inexplicable =ce ( a p]sonality1 resi/ant to1 :ile x is m\ld$ by1 !m4 ,x might ev5 be said t ! trial-task ( criticism1 9 reg>d to lit]ature & art no less ?an to philosophy1 beg9s exactly :]e ! e/imate ( g5]al conditions1 ( ! conditions common to all ! products ( ?is or t p>ticul> age--( ! environm5t-- leaves (f1 & we t\* :at is unique 9 ! individual g5ius #abe :i* contriv$ aft] all1 by =ce ( w1 to h its own ma/]ful way ) t environm5t4 ,if 9 read+ ,plato1 = in/ance1 ! philosophic /ud5t has to re-con/ruct = himself1 z f> z possible1 ! g5]al "* ( an age1 he mu/ also1 s f> z he may1 reproduce ! portrait ( a p]son4 ,! ,sophi/s1 ! ,sophi/ical _w1 ar\nd him2 8 ma/]1 ,socrates2 ! ,pre-,socratic philosophies2 ! me*anic influ5ce1 t is to say1 ( pa/ & pres5t3--( c\rse we c "k no?+ at all ( ! ,platonic doctr9e except s f> z we see x 9 well-asc]ta9$ contact ) all t2 b !re is also ,plato himself 9 x4 --,a p]sonality1 we may notice at ! outset1 ( a c]ta9 complication4 ,! great ma/]s ( philosophy h be5 = ! mo/ "p its noticeably s+le-m9d$ s]vants4 ,z if 9 emulation ( ,ari/otle's simplicity ( "*1 8 absorb+ intellectualism-- impressive c]ta9ly1 h]oic en\gh1 9 its way--!y h s]v$ sci5ce1 sci5ce 9 vacuo1 z if no?+ beside1 fai?1 imag9ation1 love1 ! bodily s5se1 c\ld deta* !m f x = an h\r4 ,x is n m]ely t we "k little ( _! lives 7!re 0 s little to tell67 b t we "k no?+ at all ( _! temp]am5ts2 ( :i*1 t "o lead+ ab/ract or sci5tific =ce 9 !m 0 9 fact /rictly exclusive4 ,little m ?an intellectual ab/ractions !mselves1 9 !m #abf philosophy 0 :olly fai?ful to its col\rs1 or its col\rlessness2 r5d]+ n grey only1 z ,hegel said ( x1 b all col\rs alike1 9 grey4 ,) ,plato x 0 o!rwise4 ,9 him1 ! passion = tru? did b b5d1 or take ! b5t (1 c]ta9 in]adicable pr$ispositions ( 8 nature1 9 !mselves p]haps some:at oppos$ to t4 ,x is h[ev] 9 ! bl5d+ ( div]se elem5ts 9 ! m5tal con/itution ( ,plato t ! peculi> ,platonic quality resides4 ,platonism is 9 "o s5se an emphatic witness to ! unse51 ! transc5d5tal1 ! non- exp]i5c$1 ! beauty1 = in/ance1 :i* is n = ! bodily eye4 ,yet ! au?or ( ?is philosophy ( ! unse5 01--,:o c d\bt x :o has read b a page ( him8 ?is1 9 fact1 is :at has l$ & kept to 8 pages _m :o h little or no turn = ! sort ( que/ions ,plato actually discusses3--,! au?or ( ?is philosophy ( ! unse5 0 "o1 = :om1 z 0 said ( a v diff]5t ,fr5* writ]1 ! visible _w really exi/$4 ,au/]e z he seems1 & on well- consid]$ pr9ciple really is1 8 temp]ance or au/]ity1 ae/hetically s w9n+1 is atta9$ only by ! *a/isem5t1 ! control1 ( a v>i\sly int]e/$1 a ri*ly s5su\s nature4 ,yes1 ! visible _w1 s pre-em95tly wor? eye-sight at ,a!ns j !n1 really exi/$ = him3 exi/s /ill--!re's ! po9t6--is active /ill ev]y:]e1 :5 he seems to h turn$ away f x to invisible ?+s4 #abg ,to ! some:at sad-col\r$ s*ool ( ,socrates1 & its discipl9e t[>ds apa?y or contempt 9 su* matt]s1 he _h br\ght capacities ( bodily s5se ) ! mak+ 9 !m ( an ,odyssey2 or 7%all we say87 ( a poet aft] ! ord] ( ,sappho or ,catullus2 z inde$ also a practical intellig5ce1 a popul> managem5t ( 8 own p[]s1 a skill 9 philosophic yet mundane ,greek prose1 :i* might h con/itut$ him ! mo/ successful ( ,sophi/s4 ,y _c help see+ t 8 m9d is a /oreh\se ( all ! livelie/ imag]ies ( m5 & ?+s4 ,no?+1 if x really arre/s eye or e> at all1 is too trivial to note4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! cr[d ( human be+s1 he notes ! s\nds alike ( _! solemn hymns & ( _! pettie/ h&icraft4 ,a conv5tional philosoph] might speak ( dumb matt]1 = in/ance2 b ,plato has l+]$ too long 9 brazi]s' work%ops to lapse into s /upid an epi!t4 ,& if ! p]si/5t hold ( s5sible ?+s ^u him ?us reveals itself 9 trifles1 x is manife/ no less 9 ! way 9 :i* he c tell a long /ory1--no "o m effectively6 & aga91 9 8 graphic pres5tm5t ( :ole sc5es f actual life1 l t ) :i* ,! ,republic op5s4 ,8 ,socrates1 l o!r p1 is curi\s to witness a new religi\s function3 h[ !y w d x4 ,z 9 mod]n times1 x w\ld be a pleasant occasion also = meet+ ! acqua9tance "o likes be/-- ,synesome?a pollois #abh tn nen auto?i4 ,we %all meet a numb] ( our y\? !re3 we %all h a dialogue3 !re w be a tor*light procession 9 hon\r ( ! goddess1 an eque/rian procession3 a novel feature6--,:at8 ,tor*es 9 _! h&s1 pass$ on z !y race8 ,aye1 & an illum9ation1 ?r\gh ! entire night4 ,x w be wor? see+6-- t old midnight h\r1 z ,c>lyle says ( ano!r vivid sc5e1 %9+ yet on u1 ruddy-bright ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,put alongside ( t1 &1 = life-l *>m1 side by side ) ,murillo's ,begg>- boys 7y cat* !m1 if y look at 8 canvas on ! sudd51 actually mov+ _! m\?s1 to laugh & speak & mun* _! cru/s1 all at once7 ! sc5e 9 ! ,lysis ( ! dice-play]s4 ,!re ! boys are6 9 full dress1 to take "p 9 a religi\s c]emony4 ,x is sc>cely ov]2 b !y are already busy ) ! knuckle-bones1 "s j outside ! door1 o!rs 9 a corn]4 ,?\gh ,plato nev] tells "o )\t due motive1 yet he loves a /ory = its own sake1 c make "o ( fact or fancy at a mom5t's notice1 or re-tell o!r p's bett]3 h[ ^? de> sk9ny gras%opp]s ( ,attica1 = in/ance1 _h once be5 human creatures1 :o1 :5 ! ,muses fir/ came on e>?1 7 s absorb$ by _! music t !y =got ev5 to eat & dr9k1 till !y di$ ( x4 ,& !n ! /ory ( ,gyges 9 ,! ,republic1 & ! r+ t c make its we>] invisible3 #abi --x goes z easily1 z ! r+ itself r\nd ! f+]4 ,l all ma/]s ( lit]ature1 ,plato has ( c\rse v>i$ excell5ces2 b p]haps none ( !m has won = him a l>g] numb] ( fri5dly read]s ?an ?is impress ( visible reality4 ,= him1 truly 7z he suppos$ ! highe/ sort ( k mu/ ( necessity be7 all k 0 l kn[+ a p]son4 ,! ,dialogue itself1 be+1 z x is1 ! special creation ( 8 lit]>y art1 becomes 9 8 h&s1 & by 8 ma/]ly conduct ( x1 l a s+le liv+ p]son2 s compreh5sive a s5se does he br+ to be> ^u x ( ! sl[ly- develop+ physiognomy ( ! ?+--its organic /ructure1 its symmetry & expression--comb9+ all ! v>i\s1 disp>ate subjects ( ,! ,republic1 = example1 into a manageable :ole1 s entirely t1 look+ back1 "o fancies ?is long dialogue ( at lea/ ?ree hundr$ pages might h occupi$1 p]haps an aft]noon4 ,& ^? :o take "p 9 x6 ,if ,plato did n create ! ,socrates ( 8 ,dialogues1 he has creat$ o!r *>act]s h>dly less life- l4 ,! "y ,*>mides1 ! inc>nation ( natural1 z ! ag$ ,cephalus ( acquir$1 temp]ance2 8 ,sophoclean am5ity z he sits !re pontifically at ! alt>1 9 ! c\rt ( 8 peaceful h\se2 ! l>ge company1 ( v>i$ "* & ( e age1 :i* moves 9 ^? ,dialogues1 ?\gh /ill (t5e/ ! "y #acj 9 all _! y\?ful livel9ess3--:o t kn[s !m at all c d\bt ,plato's hold on p]sons1 t ( p]sons on him8 ,sometimes1 ev5 :5 !y are n =mally introduc$ into 8 "w1 *>act]s t _h int]e/$1 impress$1 or t\*$ him1 in=m & col\r x1 z if ) _! p]sonal influ5ce1 %[+ ?r\gh :at purports to be ! :olly ab/ract analysis ( "s :olly ab/ract moral situation4 ,?us1 ! =m ( ! dy+ ,socrates himself is visible pa!tically 9 ! description ( ! suff]+ righte\s man1 actually put into 8 own m\? 9 ! second book ( ,! ,republic2 z ! w9n+ brilliancy ( ! lo/ _s ( ,alcibiades infuses ^? pages ( ! six?1 :i* discuss ! nature ( "o by bir? & end[m5ts an ari/ocrat1 amid ! dang]s to :i* x is expos$ 9 ! ,a!ns ( t day--! qualities :i* mu/ make him1 if n ! savi\r1 ! de/roy]1 ( a society :i* _c rema9 unaffect$ by 8 %[y pres5ce4 ,corruptio optimi pessima6 ,yet ev5 "h1 :5 ,plato is deal+ ) ! inmo/ elem5ts ( p]sonality1 8 eye is /ill on its object1 on "* z se5 9 *>act]i/ics1 ?r\gh ^? details1 :i* make "* a s5sible fact1 ! *anges ( col\r 9 ! face z ( tone 9 ! voice1 ! ge/ures1 ! really physiognomic value1 or ! m]e tricks1 ( ge/ure & glance & spee*4 ,:at is visibly expressive 91 or ^u1 p]sons2 ^? fla%es ( temp] :i* *eck yet give #aca r5ew$ int]e/ to ! c\rse ( a conv]sation2 ! delicate t\*es ( int]c\rse1 :i* convey to ! v s5ses all ! subtleties ( ! he>t or ( ! intellig5ce3--x is always m ?an wor? 8 :ile to make note ( ^!4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 ! %>p little pygmy bit ( a s\l t cat*es sight ( any little ?+ s ke5ly1 & makes a v prop] lawy]4 ,we see1 z well z he>1 ! rhapsodi/1 ^: s5sitive p]=mance ( 8 "p is no?+ less ?an an int]pretation ( x1 arti/ & critic at once3 ! p]sonal vanities ( ! v>i\s speak]s 9 8 ,dialogues1 z ?\gh ,plato _h obs]v$1 or ov]he>d !m1 alone2 & ! inevitable prom95ce ( y\? :]ev] x is pres5t at all1 not)/&+ ! real sweetness ( mann] & mode/y ( s\l he records ( x s affectionately4 ,x is ?is he loves be/ to l+] by2 to feel himself 9 contact ) a condition ( life1 :i* translates all x is1 s imm$iately1 into delightful col\r1 & movem5t1 & s\nd4 ,! eigh? & n9? books ( ,! ,republic are a grave contribution1 z y "k1 to ab/ract moral & political !ory1 a g5]alisation ( weighty *anges ( "* 9 m5 & /ates4 ,b 8 obs]vations on ! concrete traits ( individuals1 "y or old1 :i* enliv5 u on ! way2 ! diff]5ce 9 sam5ess ( sons & fa!rs1 = in/ance2 ! influ5ce ( s]vants on _! ma/]s2 h[ ! m9ute ambiguities ( rank1 z a family becomes #acb impov]i%$1 tell on mann]s1 on temp]2 all ! play ( moral col\r 9 ! reflex ( m]e circum/ance on :at m5 really are3--! *>act]isation ( all ?is has ) ,plato a t\* ( ! peculi> f95ess ( ,?ack]ay1 "o might say4 ,plato enjoys x = its own sake1 & w\ld h be5 an excell5t writ] ( fiction4 ,!re is pl5ty ( hum\r 9 him also ( c\rse1 & some?+ ( irony--salt1 to keep ! exce$+ ri*ness & sweetness ( 8 disc\rse f cloy+ ! palate4 ,! affectations ( sophi/s1 or pr(essors1 _! /ag9ess or _! inelegance1 ! h>% laugh1 ! swagg]+ ways1 ( ,?rasyma*us1 ^: det]m9ation to make ! g5]al company %>e 9 a private conv]sation1 is significant ( 8 :ole "*1 he notes ) a f9ely-po9t$ p5cil1 ) some?+ ( ! f95ess ( malice1--mal91 z ! ,fr5* say4 ,once ,?rasyma*us _h be5 actually se5 to blu%4 ,x is ) a v diff]5t sort ( f95ess ,plato notes ! blu%es ( ! "y2 ( ,hippocrates1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,! great ,sophi/ 0 said to be 9 ,a!ns1 at ! h\se ( ,callicles1 & ! dilig5t "y s*ol> is up betimes1 eag] to he> him4 ,he r\ses ,socrates be=e daylight4 ,z !y l+] 9 ! c\rt1 ! lad speaks ( 8 own intellectual aspirations2 blu%es at 8 confid5ce4 ,x 0 j !n t ! morn+ sun blu%$ ) 8 fir/ beam1 z if to reveal ! lad's #acc blu%+ face4--,kai hos eip5 ery?riasas1 d g> hypepha9e ti m]as /e kataphan auton g5e/hai4 ,he :o not$ t s precisely _h1 surely1 ! delicacy ( ! arti/1 a fa/idi\s eye = ! subtleties ( col\r z s\l made visibly expressive4 ,poor creature z ,i am1 says ! ,platonic ,socrates1 9 ! ,lysis1 conc]n+ ano!r y\?ful blu%1 ,poor creature z ,i am1 ,i h "o tal5t3 ,i c recognise1 at fir/ sight1 ! lov] & ! belov$4 ,s x is ) ! audible _w also4 ,! exquisite monotony ( ! voice ( ! great sophi/1 = example1 once set 9 motion1 goes r++ on l a braz5 pot1 :i* if y /rike x cont9ues to s\nd till "s "o lays 8 h& ^u x4 ,& if ! delicacy ( eye & e>1 s also ! ke5ness & con/ancy ( 8 obs]vation1 are manife/ 9 ^? elaborately wr\ght images = :i* ! c>eful read] lies 9 wait3 ! mut9y ( ! sailors 9 ! %ip--%ip ( ! /ate1 or ( "o's own s\l3 ! e*oes & beams & %ad[s ( t half-illum9at$ cav]n1 ! human m9d3 ! cag$ birds 9 ! ,!atetus1 :i* are l ! flighty1 half-conta9$ notions ( an imp]fectly educat$ und]/&+4 ,real notions are to be +ra9$ by p]si/5t ?or\ghness ( ! dialectic me?od1 z if by consci5ti\s dy]s4 ,he makes u /ay to wat* su* dy]s busy ) _! purple /uff1 z he _h done2 add+ z x 7 e?ic col\r to :at he sees ) ! eye1 & #acd pa9t+ :ile he goes1 z if on ! m>g9 ( 8 high philosophical disc\rse1 himself sc>cely aw>e2 z ! monki% scribe set bird or fl[]1 ) s mu* tru? ( e>?1 9 ! blank spaces ( 8 heav5ly m$itation4 ,n[ ,plato is "o = :om ! visible _w ?us really exi/s because he is by nature & be=e all ?+s1 f fir/ to la/1 unalt]ably a lov]4 ,9 t1 precisely1 lies ! secret ( ! susceptible & dilig5t eye1 ! s s5sitive e>4 ,! c5tral int]e/ ( 8 own y\?--( 8 pr(\ndly impressible y\?--z happ5s always ) natures ( real capacity1 gives law & patt]n to all t succe$s x4 ,ta ertika1 z he says1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! discipl9e1 ( love1 _h be5 t = ,plato2 &1 z love mu/ ( necessity deal above all ) visible p]sons1 ?is discipl9e involv$ an exquisite culture ( ! s5ses4 ,x is z lov]s use1 t he is ev] on ! wat* = ^? da9ty messages1 ^? f9] intimations1 to eye & e>4 ,if 9 ! lat] developm5t ( 8 philosophy ! highe/ sort ( k comes to seem l ! k ( a p]son1 ! relation ( ! reason to tru? l ! comm]ce ( "o p]son ) ano!r1 ! peculi>ities ( p]sonal relation%ip ?us m\ld+ 8 conception ( ! prop]ly invisible _w ( ideas1 ?is is p>tly because1 = a lov]1 ! entire visible _w1 its hues & outl9e1 its attractiv5ess1 its p[] & bloom1 mu/ h associat$ !mselves pre-em95tly #ace ) ! p[] & bloom ( visible liv+ p]sons4 ,) ^!1 z !y made !mselves kn[n by ^w & glance & t\*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses1 lay ! =ces1 :i*1 9 t inexplicable tyranny ( "o p]son ov] ano!r1 %ap$ ! s\l4 ,j !re1 !n1 is ! secret ( ,plato's intimate conc]n )1 8 p[] ov]1 ! s5sible _w1 ! appreh5sions ( ! s5su\s faculty3 he is a lov]1 a great lov]1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,dante4 ,= him1 z = ,dante1 9 ! impassion$ gl[ ( 8 conceptions1 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual are bl5t & fus$ toge!r4 ,:ile1 9 t fire & heat1 :at is spiritual atta9s ! def9ite visibility ( a cry/al1 :at is mat]ial1 on ! o!r h&1 w lose its e>?9ess & impurity4 ,x is ( ! amor\s temp]1 !re=e1 y mu/ ?9k 9 connexion ) ,plato's y\?--( ?is1 amid all ! /r5g? ( ! g5ius 9 :i* x is s l>ge a con/itu5t1--indulg+1 develop+1 ref9+1 ! s5su\s capacities1 ! p[]s ( eye & e>1 ( ! fancy also :i* c re-fa%ion1 ( ! spee* :i* c be/ respond to & reproduce1 _! livelie/ pres5tm5ts4 ,t is :y :5 ,plato speaks ( visible ?+s x is z if y saw !m4 ,he :o 9 ! ,symposium describes s vividly ! pa?way1 ! ladd]1 ( love1 its joyful asc5t t[>ds a m p]fect beauty ?an we h ev] yet actually se51 by way ( a p>allel to ! gradual elevation ( m9d t[>ds p]fect #acf k1 knew all t1 we may be sure--ta ertika --httn tn kaln --subject to ! influ5ce ( fair p]sons4 ,a c]ta9 p5it5tial col\r amid t gl[ ( fancy & expression1 h9ts t ! f9al h>mony ( 8 nature _h be5 b gradually beat5 out1 & inve/s ! temp]ance1 actually s conspicu\s 9 8 own nature1 ) ! *>ms ( a pati5tly elaborat$ effect ( art4 ,= we mu/ rem9d ourselves j "h1 t1 q naturally also1 in/9ctively1 & ap>t f ! au/]e influ5ces :i* claim$ & kept 8 allegiance lat]1 ,plato1 ) a k9d ( unimpassion$ passion1 0 a lov] 9 p>ticul> ( temp]ance2 ( temp]ance too1 z x may be se51 z a visible ?+--se5 9 ,*>mides1 say6 9 t subdu$ & grey-ey$ lovel9ess1 clad 9 sob] grey2 or 9 ^? y\?ful a?letes :i*1 9 anci5t m>ble1 reproduce him & ! l ( him ) s\nd1 firm outl9es1 su* z temp]ance secures4 ,/ill1 t "s m luxuri\s s5se ( physical beauty _h at "o "t greatly di/urb$ him1 divid$ him aga9/ himself1 we may judge f 8 own words 9 a fam\s passage ( ! ,pha$rus conc]n+ ! managem5t1 ! s difficult managem5t1 ( #acg ^? w+$ /e$s ( ! body1 :i* is ! *>iot ( ! s\l4 ,puzzl$1 9 "s degree1 ,plato seems to rema91 n m]ely 9 reg>d to ! high] love & ! l[]1 ,aphrodite ,urania & ,aphrodite ,p&emus1 z he di/+ui%es !m 9 ! ,symposium2 nor m]ely ) ! difficulty ( arbitrat+ betwe5 "s inw>d beauty1 & t :i* is outw>d2 ) ! odd mixture ev]y:]e1 save 9 its /ill unappreh5d$ b et]nal ess5ce1 ( ! beautiful ) :at is o!rwise2 b he is yet m h>ass$ by ! exp]i5ce 7x is 9 ?is %ape t ! _w-old puzzle ( ! exi/5ce ( evil comes to him7 t ev5 to ! true/ eyesight1 to ! be/ tra9$ faculty ( s\l1 ! beautiful w\ld nev] come to seem /rictly conc5tric ) ! good4 ,t seems to h tax$ 8 und]/&+ z gravely z x _h tri$ 8 w1--& he 0 glad :5 9 ! m]e natural c\rse ( ye>s he 0 become at all ev5ts less ard5t a lov]4 ',tis he is ! au?ority = :at ,sophocles _h said on ! happy decay ( ! passions z age advanc$3 x 0 l be+ set free f s]vice to a b& ( madm54 ,8 own di/+ui%+ note is tranquil aft]?\ght ^u ?is conflict1 ) a k9d ( envy ( ! almo/ disembodi$ old age ( ,cephalus1 :o quotes t say+ ( ,sophocles amid 8 placid sacrificial do+s4 ,connect ) ?is quiet sc5e1 & contra/ ) ! luxuriant p[] ( ! ,pha$rus & ! ,symposium1 :at1 #ach = a c]ta9 t\* ( lat] my/icism 9 x1 we might call ,plato's ev5+ pray]1 9 ! n9? book ( ,! ,republic4-- ,:5 any "o1 be+ heal?fully & temp]ately dispos$ t[>ds himself1 turns to sleep1 hav+ /irr$ ! reasonable "p ( him ) a fea/ ( fair ?\ghts & high problems1 be+ come to full consci\sness1 himself ) himself2 & has1 on ! o!r h&1 committ$ ! elem5t ( desire nei!r to appetite1 nor to surfeit+1 to ! end t ?is may slumb] well1 &1 by its pa9 or pleasure1 cause no tr\ble to t "p :i* is be/ 9 him1 b may suff] x1 alone by itself1 9 its pure ess5ce1 to behold & aspire t[>ds "s object1 & appreh5d :at x kn[s n--"s ev5t1 ( ! pa/1 x may be1 or some?+ t n[ is1 or w be h]eaft]2 & 9 l mann] has soo!d ho/ile impulse1 s t1 fall+ to no angry ?\ghts aga9/ any1 he goes n to re/ ) a tr\bl$ _s1 b ) ^? two p>ts at peace )91 & ) t ?ird "p1 :]e9 reason is eng5d]$1 on ! move3--y "k1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 sleep ( ?is sort he lays special hold on tru?1 & !n lea/ ( all is !re lawlessness 9 ! visions ( 8 dreams4 ,republic1 #ega4 ,= ,plato1 be+ !n ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 _h li/5$ to ! ,apology ( ,socrates2 _h he>d f !m all t o!rs _h he>d or se5 ( 8 la/ h\rs2 himself p]haps actually witness$ ^? la/ h\rs4 ,ju/ice itself --! absolute ,ju/ice--_h !n become almo/ a visible object1 & _h greatly solemnis$ him4 ,! ri* "y man1 ri* also 9 intellectual gifts1 :o might h become 7we see ?is 9 ! adroit managem5t ( 8 writt5 "w7 ! mo/ brilliant & effective ( ,sophi/s2 :o might h develop$ dialogues into plays1 trag$y1 p]haps com$y1 z he c>$2 #aci ^: s5su\s or graphic capacity might h made him ! poet ( an ,odyssey1 a ,sappho1 or a ,catullus1 or1 say6 j su* a poet z1 j because he 0 s attractive1 w\ld h be5 disfran*is$ 9 ! ,p]fect ,city2 0 become ! creature ( an imm5se s]i\sness1 ( a fully adult s5se1 unusual 9 ,greek p]haps ev5 m ?an 9 ,roman writ]s1 ( ! weight9ess ( ! matt]s conc]n+ :i* he has to disc\rse1 & ( ! frailty ( man4 ,he inh]its1 ali5 z !y might be to c]ta9 p[]ful influ5ces 9 8 own temp]1 alike ! sympa?ies & ! antipa?ies ( t /range1 delightful tea*]1 :o _h giv5 him 7mo/ preci\s ( gifts67 an inexhau/ible int]e/ 9 himself4 ,x is 9 ?is way he inh]its a pref]5ce = ^? try+ sev]ities ( ?\ght :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,eleatic s*ool2 an antagonism to ! successful ,sophi/s ( ! day1 9 :om ! old sceptical philosophy ( motion seem$ to be r5ew$ z a !ory ( morals2 & h5ce=?1 9 %ort1 ?is ma/] ( visible ?+s1 ?is s ard5t lov]1 w be a lov] ( ! invisible1 )--,yes6 !re x is con/antly1 9 ! ,platonic dialogues1 n to be expla9$ away--) a c]ta9 asceticism1 amid all ! v>i$ opul5ce1 ( s5se1 ( spee* & fancy1 natural to ,plato's g5ius4 ,! lov]1 :o is become a lov] ( ! invisible1 b /ill a lov]1 & !re=e1 lit]ally1 a se]1 ( x1 c>ry+ an elaborate cultivation ( ! bodily s5ses1 ( eye & e>1 _! natural #adj =ce & acquir$ f95ess--gifts ak9 prop]ly to ta ertika1 z he says1 to ! discipl9e ( s5su\s love--into ! _w ( intellectual ab/ractions2 see+ & he>+ !re too1 associat+ = ev] all ! imag]y ( ?+s se5 ) ! conditions ( :at prim>ily exi/s only = ! m9d1 fill+ t holl[ l& ) delightful col\r & =m1 z if n[ at la/ ! m9d 7 v]itably deal+ ) liv+ p !re1 liv+ p :o play ^u u ?r\gh ! aff9ities1 ! repulsion & attraction1 ( p]sons t[>ds "o ano!r1 all ! magnetism1 z we call x1 ( actual human fri5d%ip or love3--,!re1 is ! =mula ( ,plato's g5ius1 ! ess5tial condition ( ! specially ,platonic temp]1 ( ,platonism4 ,& 8 /yle1 because x really is ,plato's /yle1 con=ms to1 & 9 its turn promotes 9 o!rs1 t m5tal situation4 ,he breaks z x 7 visible col\r into ! v texture ( 8 "w3 8 vocabul>y1 ! v /uff he manipulates1 has its delightful ae/hetic qualities2 almo/ e ^w1 "o might say1 its figurative value4 ,& yet no "o p]haps has ) equal p[] lit]ally s\nd$ ! unse5 dep?s ( ?\ght1 &1 ) :at may be truly call$ sub/antial ^w & phrase1 giv5 locality !re to ! m]e adumbrations1 ! dim h9ts & surmise1 ( ! speculative m9d4 ,= him1 all gifts ( s5se & intellig5ce conv]ge 9 "o supreme faculty ( !oretic vision1 !ria1 ! imag9ative reason4 #ada ,to trace t ?read ( physical col\r1 entw9$ ?r\gh\t1 & multipli$ sometimes into l>ge tape/ri$ figures1 is ! bus9ess1 ! enjoym5t1 ( ! /ud5t ( ! ,dialogues1 z he reads !m4 ,= ?is or t special lit]>y quality inde$ we may g safely by pref]5ce to ?is or t p>ticul> ,dialogue2 to ! ,gorgias1 = in/ance1 = ! readie/ ,attic wit1 & a manly practical s5se 9 ! h&l+ ( philosophy2 to ! ,*>mides1 = some?+ l ! effect ( sculpture 9 modell+ a p]son2 to ! ,timaeus1 = c]ta9 brilliant *romatic effects4 ,yet :o t reads ! ,!aetetus1 or ! ,pha$rus1 or ! sev5? book ( ,! ,republic1 c d\bt ,plato's gift 9 precisely ! opposite direction2 t gift ( s\nd+ by words ! dep?s ( ?\ght1 a pla/ic p[] lit]ally1 m\ld+ to t]m & phrase :at might h seem$ 9 its v nature too impalpable & ab/ruse to l5d itself1 9 any case1 to language8 ,he gives names to ! invisible acts1 processes1 creations1 ( ab/ract m9d1 z ma/]ly1 z effici5tly1 z ,adam himself to ! visible liv+ creations ( old4 ,z ,plato speaks ( !m1 we might say1 ^? ab/ractions too become visible liv+ creatures4 ,we read ! speculative poetry ( ,wordswor?1 or ,t5nyson2 & we may obs]ve t a great metaphysical =ce has come into language :i* is by no means purely te*nical or s*ola/ic2 :at a help su* language is to ! und]/&+1 to a real hold ov] ! ?+s1 ! ?\ghts1 ! #adb m5tal processes1 ^? words d5ote2 a vocabul>y to :i* ?\ght freely commits itself1 tra9$1 /imulat$1 rais$1 !reby1 t[>ds a high level ( ab/ract conception1 surely to ! increase ( our g5]al intellectual p[]s4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 is l>gely due to ,plato's successor1 to ,ari/otle's life-long lab\r ( analysis & def9ition1 & to 8 successors ! ,s*oolm51 ) _! sy/ematic culture ( a precise in/rum5t = ! regi/ration1 by ! analytic intellect1 ( its own subtle/ movem5ts4 ,b !n1 ,ari/otle1 himself ! fir/ ( ! ,s*oolm51 _h succe$$ ,plato1 & did b =mulate1 z a t]m9ology ( art1 z te*nical language1 :at = ,plato is /ill v]nacul>1 orig9al1 p]sonal1 ! product 9 him ( an in/9ctive imag9ative p[]--a sort ( visual p[]1 b caus+ o!rs also to see :at is matt] ( orig9al intuition = him4 ,f fir/ to la/ our faculty ( ?9k+ is limit$ by our comm& ( spee*4 ,n[ x is /raight f ,plato's lips1 z if 9 natural conv]sation1 t ! language came1 9 :i* ! m9d has ev] s9ce be5 disc\rs+ ) itself conc]n+ itself1 9 t inw>d dialogue1 :i* is ! active pr9ciple ( ! dialectic me?od z an in/rum5t = ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,=1 ! ess5tial1 or dynamic1 dialogue1 is ev] t dialogue ( ! m9d ) itself1 :i* any conv]se ) ,socrates or ,plato does b promote4 ,! v words ( ,plato1 !n1 #adc *all5ge u /raightway to l>g] & f9] appreh5sion ( ! processes ( our own m9ds2 are !mselves a discov]y 9 ! sph]e ( m9d4 ,x 0 he made u freem5 ( ^? solit>y places1 s try+ yet s attractive3 s remote & high1 !y seem1 yet are naturally s close to u3 he peopl$ !m ) intelligible =ms4 ,nay m6 ,by 8 peculi> gift ( v]bal articulation he div9$ ! m]e holl[ spaces :i* a k1 !n m]ely pot5tial1 & an exp]i5ce /ill to come1 w\ld "o day occupy4 ,& s1 ^? :o _c admit 8 actual speculative results1 precisely 8 report on ! invisible !oretic _w1 h be5 to ! po9t sometimes1 9 _! objection1 t by %e] effectiv5ess ( ab/ract language1 he gave an illusive air ( reality or sub/ance to ! m]e non5tities ( metaphysic hypo!sis--( a m9d try+ to fe$ itself on its own empt9ess4 ,j !re--9 ! situation ( "o1 %ap$1 by comb9+ nature & circum/ance1 into a se] :o has a sort ( s5su\s love ( ! unse5--is ! p>adox ( ,plato's g5ius1 & !re=e1 always1 ( ,platonism1 ( ! ,platonic temp]4 ,8 aptitude = ?+s visible1 ) ! gift ( words1 emp[]s him to express1 z if = ! eyes1 :at except to ! eye ( ! m9d is /rictly invisible1 :at an acquir$ asceticism induces him to rank above1 & sometimes1 9 t]ms ( h>%e/ dualism1 oppose to1 ! s5sible _w4 ,plato is to be int]pret$ #add n m]ely by 8 antec$5ts1 by ! influ5ce ^u him ( ^? :o prec$$ him1 b by 8 successors1 by ! temp]1 ! intellectual alliances1 ( ^? :o directly or indirectly h be5 sympa!tic ) him4 ,n[ x is noticeable t1 at fir/ sight some:at incongru\sly1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ,mani*eans h always be5 ( 8 company2 p :o held t matt] 0 evil4 ,po9t+ significantly to an unmi/akable ve9 ( ,mani*ean1 or ,puritan s5tim5t actually !re 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ^! rude companions or successors ( 81 c>ry u back to 8 great pr$ecessor1 to ,socrates1 ^: p]sonal influ5ce _h s /rongly en=c$ on ,plato ! sev]ities1 moral & intellectual1 alike ( ,p>m5ides & ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! cold brea? ( a h>%ly ab/ract1 a too incorporeal philosophy1 _h bl[n1 l an ea/ w9d1 on t la/ depress+ day 9 ! prison-cell ( ,socrates2 & ! v5]able commonplaces !n put =?1 9 :i* an ov]/ra9$ pagan s5suality seems to be react+1 to be tak+ v5geance1 on itself1 turn$ n[ sick & suicidal1 w lose none ( _! weight ) ,plato3--,t all :o rightly t\* philosophy1 /udy no?+ else ?an to die1 & to be dead1--t ! s\l reasons be/1 :51 z mu* z possible1 x comes to be alone ) itself1 bidd+ good-bye to ! body1 &1 to ! utmo/ ( its p[]1 reject+ communion ) x1 ) ! v t\* ( x1 aim+ at :at is4 #ade ,x 01 9 %ort1 z if = ! s\l to h come into a human body at all1 _h be5 ! se$ ( disease 9 x1 ! beg9n+ ( its own prop] dea?4 ,z = any adornm5ts or provision = ?is body1 ! ma/] _h decl>$ t a true philosoph] z su* w\ld make z little ( !m z possible4 ,to ^? "y he>]s1 ! words ( ,socrates may well h seem$ to anticipate1 n ! visible _w he _h !n del9eat$ 9 gl[+ col\r z if = ! bodily eye1 b only ! *ill+ influ5ce ( ! hemlock2 & x 0 because ,plato 0 only half conv9c$ ( ! ,mani*ean or ,puritan elem5t 9 8 ma/]'s doctr9e1 or r 0 9 contact ) x on "o side only ( 8 complex & g5ial nature1 t ,platonism became possible1 z a temp] = :i*1 9 /rictness1 ! opposition ( matt] to _s has no ultimate or real exi/5ce4 ,n to be pure f ! body1 b to id5tify x1 9 its utmo/ fairness1 ) ! fair s\l1 by a gymna/ic fus$ 9 music1 became1 f fir/ to la/1 ! aim ( education z he conceiv$ x4 ,t ! body is b a h9drance to ! atta9m5t ( philosophy1 if "o takes x along ) "o z a companion 9 "o's se>* 7a notion :i* ,*ri/ianity1 at lea/ 9 its lat] ?\gh :olly legitimate developm5ts1 w correct7 c h>dly h be5 ! la/ ?\ght ( ,plato himself on quitt+ x4 ,he op5s 8 door inde$ to ^? au/]e monitors4 ,!y correct ! s5su\s ri*ness ( 8 g5ius1 b c\ld #adf n suppress x4 ,! s5su\s lov] becomes a lov] ( ! invisible1 b /ill a lov]1 aft] 8 e>li] patt]n1 c>ry+ into ! _w ( intellectual vision1 ( !ria1 all ! associations ( ! actual _w ( sight4 ,"s ( its invisible realities he c all b see ) ! bodily eye3 ! absolute ,temp]ance1 9 ! p]son ( ! y\?ful ,*>mides2 ! absolute ,righte\sness1 9 ! p]son ( ! dy+ ,socrates4 ,yes1 truly6 all true k w be l ! k ( a p]son1 ( liv+ p]sons1 & tru?1 = ,plato1 9 spite ( 8 ,socratic asceticism1 to ! la/1 some?+ to look at4 ,! eyes :i* _h not$ physical ?+s1 s f9ely1 vividly1 cont9u\sly1 w\ld be /ill at "w2 &1 ,plato ?us qualify+ ! ,mani*ean or ,puritan elem5t 9 ,socrates by 8 own capacity = ! _w ( s5se1 ,platonism has contribut$ l>gely1 has be5 an imm5se enc\ragem5t t[>ds1 ! r$emption ( matt]1 ( ! _w ( s5se1 by art1 by all "r education1 by ! cre$s & wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--t[>ds ! v9dication ( ! dignity ( ! body4 ,x 0 d\btless because ,plato 0 an excell5t s*ol> t he did n beg9 to tea* o!rs till he 0 m ?an =ty ye>s old--"o ( ! great s*ol>s ( ! _w1 ) ,virgil & ,milton3 by :i* is impli$ t1 possess$ ( ! inborn g5ius1 ( ^? natural p[]s1 #adg :i* sometimes br+ ) !m a c]ta9 defiance ( rule1 ( ! intellectual habits ( o!rs1 he acquires1 by way ( habit & rule1 all t c be taught & le>n$2 & :at is ?us d]iv$ f o!rs by docility & discipl9e1 :at is rang1 comes to h 9 him1 & 9 8 "w1 an equival5t weight ) :at is unique1 impulsive1 und]ivable4 ,raphael--,raphael1 z y see him 9 ! ,bl5heim ,madonna1 is a supreme example ( su* s*ol>%ip 9 ! sph]e ( art4 ,born ( a romantically anci5t family1 und]/ood to be ! desc5dant ( ,solon himself1 ,plato _h be5 9 e>ly y\? a writ] ( v]se4 ,t he turn$ to a m vigor\s1 ?\gh p$e/rian mode ( writ+1 0 p]haps an effect ( 8 corrective int]c\rse ) ,socrates1 ?r\gh "s ( ! mo/ important ye>s ( 8 life1--f tw5ty to tw5ty- eight4 ,he belong$ to :at 0 j !n ! discont5t$ class1 & might well h tak5 refuge f active political life 9 political ideals1 or 9 a k9d ( self-impos$ exile4 ,a travell]1 adv5tur\s = t age1 he c]ta9ly became4 ,aft] ! ,lehr-jahre1 ! ,w&]-jahre6--all r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s z f> we/ z ,sicily4 ,?9k ( :at all t mu/ h meant j !n1 = eyes :i* c\ld see4 ,if ^? j\rneys _h begun 9 angry flight f home1 x 0 = purposes ( self-improvem5t !y 7 cont9u$3 ! delightful fruit ( !m is evid5t 9 :at he writes2 & f9d+ him #adh 9 fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,dionysius ! eld]1 ) ,dio1 & ,dionysius ! y\ng]1 at ! poli%$ c\rt ( ,syracuse1 we may und]/& t !y 7 a se>* also = ! philosophic k+1 p]haps = ! opportune mom5t ( realis+ ! ideal /ate4 ,9 t case1 8 qu>rels ) ^? caprici\s tyrants %[ t he 0 disappo9t$4 ,= ! future he s\ght no m to pass beyond ! *>m$ !oretic circle1 speak+ wisdom1 z 0 said ( ,py?agoras1 only among ! p]fect4 ,he returns f9ally to ,a!ns2 & !re1 9 ! quiet prec9cts ( ! ,acadmus1 :i* has left a some:at dubi\s "n to places :]e p come to be taught or to tea*1 f\nds1 n a /ate1 nor ev5 a bro!rhood1 b only ! fir/ college1 ) some?+ ( a common life1 ( communism on t small scale1 ) ,ari/otle = "o ( its s*ol>s1 ) its *apel1 its g>d5s1 its libr>y ) ! au!ntic text ( 8 ,dialogues ^u ! %elves3 we may j disc]n ! sort ( place ?r\gh ! scantie/ notices4 ,8 reign 0 aft] all to be 9 8 writ+s4 ,plato himself does no?+ 9 !m to ret>d ! effacem5t :i* m]e "t br+s to p]sons & _! abodes2 & !re _h be5 t1 moreov]1 9 8 own temp]1 :i* promotes self-effacem5t4 ,yet z he left x1 ! place rema9$ = c5turies1 accord+ to 8 w1 to its orig9al use4 ,:at he taught ?r\gh ! rema9+ =ty ye>s ( 8 life1 ! me?od ( t tea*+1 :e!r x #adi 0 less or m esot]ic ?an ! tea*+ ( ! extant ,dialogues1 is b matt] ( surmise4 ,writ]s1 :o 9 _! day might /ill h said mu* we %\ld h lik$ to he>1 give u little b old1 quasi-sup]natural /ories1 told z if !y _h be5 new ones1 ab\t him4 ,! ye> ( 8 bir? fell1 accord+ to "s1 9 ! v ye> ( ! dea? ( ,p]icles 7a significant date67 b is n precisely asc]ta9able3 nor is ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 nor its mann]4 ,scrib5s e/ mortuus1 says ,cic]o3--aft] ! mann] ( a true s*ol>1 he di$ p5 9 h&4 ,,notes #abg-bh4 ,translit]ation3 ,synesome?a pollois tn nen auto?i4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,we %all meet a numb] ( our y\? !re4 ,plato1 ,republic #cbh;a4 #acc4 ,translit]ation3 ,kai hos eip5 ery?riasas1 d g> hypepha9e ti m]as /e kataphan auton g5e/hai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,& he blu%$ z he spoke1 = pres5tly ! day began to break1 s z to make him visible4 ,plato1 ,protagoras #cab;a4 #acd4 ,translit]ation3 ,ta ertika4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! discipl9e ( s5su\s love2 m lit]ally1 ! phrase means ?+s p]ta9+ to love4 ,plato1 ,symposium #agg;d4 #acf4 ,translit]ation3 ta ertika4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! discipl9e ( s5su\s love2 m lit]ally1 ! phrase means ?+s p]ta9+ to love4 ,plato1 ,symposium #agg;d4 #acf4 ,translit]ation3 httn tn kaln4 ,pat]'s translation3 subject to ! influ5ce ( fair p]sons2 m lit]ally1 yield+ to beauty4 ,plato1 ,m5o #gf;c4 #adj4 ,translit]ation3 ta ertika4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! discipl9e ( s5su\s love2 m lit]ally1 ! phrase means ?+s p]ta9+ to love4 ,plato1 ,symposium #agg;d4 #adj4 ,translit]ation3 !ria4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a look+ at1 view+1 behold+ 4 4 4 contemplation1 reflection4 ,plato1 ,republic #dhf;a4 #adf4 ,translit]ation3 !ria4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a look+ at1 view+1 behold+ 4 4 4 contemplation1 reflection4 ,plato1 ,republic #dhf;a4 ,,*apt] #g3 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,plato ,i4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,ideas #aej ,,platonism is n a =mal !ory or body ( !ories1 b a t5d5cy1 a gr\p ( t5d5cies--a t5d5cy to ?9k or feel1 & to speak1 ab\t c]ta9 ?+s 9 a p>ticul> way1 disc]nible 9 ,plato's dialogues z reflect+ ! peculi>ities1 ! m>k$ peculi>ities1 ( himself & 8 own m5tal complexion4 ,^? t5d5cies comb9e & f9d _! complete expression 9 :at ,plato's comm5tators1 r ?an ,plato1 h call$ ! !ory ( ideas1 itself inde$ n s mu* a doctr9e or !ory1 z a way ( reg>d+ & speak+ ( g5]al t]ms1 su* z ,useful or ,j2 ( ab/ract notions1 l ,equality2 ( ideals1 su* z ,beauty1 or ,! ,p]fect ,city2 ( all ^? t]ms or notions1 9 %ort1 :i* repres5t "u g5]al =ms ! p>ticul> pres5tations ( our individual exp]i5ce2 or1 to use ,plato's own frequ5t expression1 borr[$ #aea f 8 old ,eleatic tea*]s1 :i* r$uce ! ,_m to ! ,"o4 ,:at ! nature ( su* repres5tative t]ms & notions1 g5us & species1 class-^w1 & ab/ract idea or ideal1 may be2 :at _! relation%ip to ! individual1 ! unit1 ! p>ticul>s :i* !y include2 is1 z we "k1 "o ( ! con/ant problems ( logic4 ,realism1 :i* supposes ! ab/raction1 ,animal = in/ance1 or ,! ,j1 to be n a m]e "n1 nom51 z ) ! nom9ali/s1 nor a m]e subjective ?\ght z ) ! conceptuali/s1 b to be res1 a ?+ 9 itself1 indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> in/ances :i* come into & pass out ( x1 z also ( ! p>ticul> m9d :i* ent]ta9s x3-- t is "o ( ! fix$ & =mal answ]s to ?is "q2 & ,plato is ! fa!r ( all reali/s4 ,realism1 z su*1 9 ! s5se j indicat$1 is n 9 itself a v difficult or transc5d5tal !ory2 b rises1 aga9 & aga91 at lea/ 9 a p>ticul> class ( m9ds1 q naturally1 z ! answ] to a natural "q4 ,tak+ our own /& z to ?is matt] some:]e betwe5 ! reali/ & ! conceptuali/3--,see6 we might say1 !re is a g5]al consci\sness1 a p]man5t common s5se1 indep5d5t inde$ ( ea* "o ( u1 b ) :i* we are1 ea* "o ( u1 9 communication4 ,x is 9 t1 ^? common or g5]al ideas really reside4 ,& we might add j "h 7giv+ 8 due to ! nom9ali/ also7 t ^? ab/ract or common #aeb notions come to ! individual m9d ?r\gh language1 ?r\gh common or g5]al names1 ,animal1 ,ju/ice1 ,equality1 into :i* "o's individual exp]i5ce1 little by little1 drop by drop1 conveys _! full mean+ or cont5t2 &1 by ! in/rum5tality ( su* t]ms & notions1 ?us locat+ ! p>ticul> 9 ! g5]al1 m$iat+ betwe5 g5]al & p>ticul>1 betwe5 our individual exp]i5ce & ! common exp]i5ce ( our k9d1 we come to und]/& ea* o!r1 & to assi/ ea* o!r's ?\ghts1 z 9 a common m5tal atmosph]e1 an intellectual _w1 z ,plato calls x1 a true notos topos 4 ,s mu* = ! mod]n view2 = :at common s5se might n[ sugge/ z to ! nature ( logical univ]sals4 ,plato's realism h[ev]--:at is call$ ,! ,!ory ( ,ideas--8 way ( reg>d+ ab/ract t]m & g5]al notion1 :at ,plato has to say ab\t ! ,_m & ! ,"o1 is (t5 v difficult2 ?\gh ( v>i\s degrees ( difficulty1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 to v>i\s m9ds4 ,f ! simple & easily intelligible sort ( realism attribut$ by ,ari/otle to ,socrates1 seek+ 9 univ]sal def9itions1 or ideas1 only a s]viceable in/rum5t = ! di/+ui%+ ( :at is ess5tial f :at is uness5tial 9 ! actual ?+s ab\t him1 ,plato passes by successive /ages1 :i* we %\ld try to keep di/9ct z we read him1 to :at may be rightly call$ a transc5d5tal1 :at to _m m9ds has #aec seem$ a fanta/ic & un9telligible habit ( ?\ght1 reg>d+ ^? ab/ractions1 :i* inde$ seem to become = him n m]ely sub/antial ?+s-9-!mselves1 b little %ort ( liv+ p]sons1 to be kn[n z p]sons are made kn[n to ea* o!r1 by a sy/em ( aff9ities1 on ! old ,eleatic rule1 homoion homoi 1 l to l--^! p]sons con/itut+ toge!r t common1 et]nal1 intellectual _w1 a sort ( div9e family or hi]>*y1 ) :i* ! m9d ( ! individual1 s f> z x is reasonable1 or really kn[s1 is 9 communion or correspond5ce4 ,& "h c]ta9ly is a !ory1 a t5d5cy to ?9k or feel1 & to speak1 ab\t :i* ! difficulties are _m4 ,yet z happ5s always ) ! metaphysical que/ions1 or answ]s1 :i* f age to age preoccupy acut] m9ds1 ^? difficulties ab\t ! ,_m & ! ,"o actually _h _! attractiv5ess = "s 9 ! days ( ,plato4-- ,our doctr9e 7says ! ,platonic ,socrates 9 ! ,philebus7 is1 t "o & ! same ?+ 7! "o common notion1 namely1 embodi$ 9 "o g5]al t]m7 :i*--hypo logn --"u ! influ5ce ( our ?\ghts & words1 ( ?\ght & language1 become "o & _m1 circulates ev]y:]e1 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ ( :i* exi/5ce is ass]t$ f "t to "t4 ,?is law nei!r w cease to be1 nor has x j n[ begun2 b some?+ ( ! k9d is1 ,i ?9k1 an et]nal & in]adicable affection ( our reason itself 9 u4 ,& :5ev] a "y man gets 8 fir/ ta/e ( ?is he is delight$ z hav+ f\nd ! priceless pe>l ( philosophy2 he becomes an en?usia/ 9 8 delight2 & eag]ly sets 9 motion-- k9ei --e def9ition #aed --logos--e conception or m5tal def9ition 7x look$ s fix$ & firm till !n67 at "o "t w9d+ ?+s r\nd ea* o!r & weld+ !m into "o 7t is1 he drops all p>ticul>i- ties out ( view1 & ?9ks only ( ! "o common =m7 & !n aga9 unw9d+ !m1 & divid+ !m into p>ts 7he becomes int5t n[ ^u ! p>ticul>ities ( ! p>ticul>1 till ! "o common t]m seems inapplicable7 puzzl+ fir/1 & mo/ ( all1 himself2 & !n any "o :o comes nigh him1 old] or y\ng]1 or ( :atev] age he may be2 sp>+ nei!r fa!r nor "m1 nor any "o else :o w li/52 sc>cely ev5 ! dumb creatures1 to say no?+ ( m52 = he w\ld h>dly sp>e a b>b>ian1 c\ld he b f9d an int]pret]4 ,philebus1 #ae4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! ,_m & ! ,"o--! problem ) :i* we are br\ght face to face 9 ?is *oice specim5 ( ! hum\r z well z ( ! metaphysical p[] ( ,plato--is n precisely ! "q ) :i* ! speculative "y man ( our own day is likely to puzzle himself1 or ex]cise ! pati5ce ( 8 neighb\r 9 a railway c>riage1 ( 8 dog1 or ev5 ( a ,*9ese2 ?\gh ! que/ions we are apt to te> to pieces1 organism & environm5t1 or protoplasm p]haps1 or evolution1 or ! ,zeit-gei/ & its do+s1 may1 9 _! turn1 come to seem q z lifeless & un5durable4 ,z ! !ological h]esy ( "o age sometimes becomes ! m]e commonplace ( ! next1 s1 9 matt]s ( philosophic enquiry1 x might appe> t ! all-absorb+ novelty ( "o g5]ation becomes no?+ less ?an ! /&>d ( :at is un9t]e/+1 z su*1 to its successor4 ,/ill 9 ! discussion ev5 ( ab/ract tru?s x is n s mu* #aee :at he ?9ks z ! p]son :o is ?9k+1 t aft] all really tells4 ,plato & ,platonism we %all nev] und]/& unless we are pati5t ) him 9 :at he has to tell u ab\t ! ,_m & ! ,"o4 ,plato's peculi> view ( ! matt]1 !n1 passes ) him into a phase ( poetic ?\ght2 z inde$ all t ,plato's g5ius t\*$ came 9 contact ) poetry4 ,( c\rse we are n naturally =m$ to love1 or be int]e/$ 91 or attract$ t[>ds1 ! ab/ract z su*2 to notions1 we might ?9k1 c>efully depriv$ ( all ! incid5t1 ! col\r & v>iety1 :i* fits ?+s--?is or t--to ! con/itution & natural habit ( our m9ds1 fits !m = atta*m5t to :at we really are4 ,we _c love or live ^u g5us & species1 accid5t or sub/ance1 b = our m9ds1 z = our bodies1 ne$ an or*>d or a g>d51 ) fruit & roses4 ,take a se$ f ! g>d54 ,:at int]e/ x has = u all lies 9 our s5se ( pot5tial diff]5tiation to come3 ! leaves1 leaf ^u leaf1 ! fl[]s1 a ?\s& new se$s 9 turn4 ,x is s ) animal se$2 & ) humanity1 individually1 or z a :ole1 its expansion into a detail$1 ev]-*ang+1 p>ti-col\r$ hi/ory ( p>ticul> facts & p]sons4 ,ab/raction1 ! introduction ( g5]al ideas1 seems to close x up aga92 to r$uce fl[] & fruit1 od\r & sav\r1 back aga9 into ! dry & wor?less se$4 ,we might z well be col\r-bl9d at once1 & !re #aef is n a prop] "n left6 ,we may contra/ g5]ally ! m5tal _w we actually live 91 :]e classification1 ! r$uction ( all ?+s to common types1 has come s f>1 & :]e ! p>ticul>1 to a great ext5t1 is kn[n only z ! memb] ( a class1 ) t o!r _w1 on ! o!r side ( ! g5]alis+ movem5t to :i* ,plato & 8 ma/] s l>gely contribut$--a _w we might describe z be+ "u ,hom]ic conditions1 su* z we picture to ourselves ) regret1 = :i* exp]i5ce 0 intuition1 & life a cont9u\s surprise1 & e object unique1 :]e all k 0 /ill ( ! concrete & ! p>ticul>1 face to face delightfully4 ,to t gaudy tangle ( :at g>d5s1 aft] all1 are meant to produce1 9 ! decay ( "t1 z we may ?9k at fir/ sight1 ! sy/ematic1 logical g>d5] put 8 m$dlesome h&1 & /raightway all ran to se$2 to g5us & species & diff]5tia1 into =mal classes1 "u g5]al notions1 & )--yes6 ) writt5 labels flutt]+ on ! /alks1 in/ead ( blossoms--a botanic or physic g>d51 z !y us$ to say1 in/ead ( our fl[]-g>d5 & or*>d4 ,& yet 7x mu/ be confess$ on ! o!r h&7 :at we actually see1 see & he>1 is m int]e/+ ?an ev]2 ! n9ete5? c5tury z comp>$ ) ! fir/1 ) ,plato's days or ,hom]'s2 ! faces1 ! p]sons beh9d ^? masks :i* yet express s mu*1 ! fl[]s1 or :atev] x may happ5 to be !y c>ry or #aeg t\*4 ,! concrete1 & t ev5 z a visible ?+1 has ga9$ immeasurably 9 ri*ness & compass1 9 f95ess1 & int]e/ t[>ds u1 by ! process1 ( :i* ^? acts ( g5]alisation1 ( r$uction to class & g5]ic type1 h c]ta9ly be5 a "p4 ,& hold+ /ill to ! concrete1 ! p>ticul>1 to ! visible or s5su\s1 if y w1 la/ z fir/1 ?9k+ ( t z ess5tially ! "o vital & lively ?+1 really wor? our :ile 9 a %ort life1 we may recognise s9c]ely :at g5]alisation & ab/raction h done or may d1 are def5sible z do+1 j = t--= ! p>ticul> gem or fl[]--:at its prop] s]vice is to a m9d 9 se>*1 precisely1 ( a concrete & intuitive k su* z t4 ,?9k1 = a mom5t1 ( ! diff]5ce1 z reg>ds m5tal attitude1 betwe5 ! naturali/ :o deals ) ?+s ?r\gh ideas1 & ! layman 7s to call him7 9 pick+ up a %ell on ! sea-%ore2 :at x is t ! subsumption ( ! individual into ! species1 its subsequ5t alliance to & co-ord9ation ) o!r species1 really does = ! furni%+ ( ! m9d ( ! =m]4 ,! layman1 ?\gh we ne$ n suppose him inatt5tive1 or unapt to reta9 impressions1 is 9 fact /ill b a *ild2 & ! %ell1 its col\rs & convolution1 no m ?an a da9ty1 v easily de/ructible toy to him4 ,let him become a s*oolboy ab\t x1 s to speak4 ,! toy he puts aside2 8 m9d is #aeh drill$ p]=ce1 to le>n ab\t x2 & !reby is ex]cis$1 he may ?9k1 ) ev]y?+ except j ! ?+ itself1 z he c>es = x2 ) o!r %ells1 ) "s g5]al laws ( life1 & = a :ile x might seem t1 turn+ away 8 eyes f ! vanity ( ! p>ticul>1 he has be5 made to sacrifice ! concrete1 ! real & liv+ product ( nature1 to a m]e dry & ab/ract product ( ! m9d4 ,b :5 he comes out ( s*ool1 & on ! sea- %ore aga9 f9ds a fell[ to 8 toy1 p]haps a f9] specim5 ( x1 he may see :at ! s]vice ( t conv]se ) ! g5]al has really be5 t[>ds ! concrete1 t[>ds :at he sees--9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> ?+ he actually sees4 ,by its juxtaposition & co- ord9ation ) :at is ev] m & m n x1 by ! contra/ ( its v imp]fection1 at ?is po9t or t1 ) its own prop] & p]fect type1 ?is concrete & p>ticul> ?+ has1 9 fact1 be5 enri*$ by ! :ole col\r & expression ( ! :ole circumjac5t _w1 conc5trat$ ^u1 or z x 7 at focus 91 x4 ,by a k9d ( %ort-h& n[1 & z if 9 a s+le mom5t ( vision1 all t1 :i* only a long exp]i5ce1 mov+ pati5tly f "p to "p1 c\ld exhau/1 its manifold alliance ) ! entire _w ( nature1 is legible ^u x1 z x lies !re 9 "o's h&4 ,s x is ) ! %ell1 ! gem1 ) a glance ( ! eye2 s x may be ) ! moral act1 #aei ) a condition ( ! m9d1 or a feel+4 ,y may draw1 by use ( ?is co9age 7x is ,hobbes's figure7 ?is co9age ( repres5tative words & ?\ghts1 at y\r pleasure1 ^u ! accumulative capital ( ! :ole exp]i5ce ( humanity4 ,g5]alisation1 :atev] ,platoni/s1 or ,plato himself at mi/ak5 mom5ts1 may h to say ab\t x1 is a me?od1 n ( oblit]at+ ! concrete ph5om5on1 b ( enri*+ x1 ) ! jo9t p]spective1 ! significance1 ! expressiv5ess1 ( all o!r ?+s beside4 ,:at broad-ca/ light he enjoys6--t s*ol>1 confront$ ) ! sea- %ell1 = in/ance1 or ) "s enigma ( h]$ity 9 himself or ano!r1 ) "s condition ( a p>ticul> s\l1 9 circum/ances :i* may nev] precisely s occur aga92 9 ! contemplation ( t s+le ph5om5on1 or object1 or situation4 ,he n only sees1 b und]/&s 7!reby only see+ ! m7 & w1 !re=e1 also rememb]4 ,! significance ( ! p>ticul> object he w reta91 by use ( 8 intellectual app>atus ( notion & g5]al law1 z1 to use ,plato's own figure1 fluid matt] may be reta9$ 9 vessels1 n inde$ ( unbak$ clay1 b ( alaba/] or bronze4 ,s mu* by way ( apology = g5]al ideas--ab/ruse1 or intangible1 or dry & se$y & wood51 z we may sometimes ?9k !m4 ,two ?+s1 says ,ari/otle1 might rightly be attribut$ to ,socrates3 inductive reason+1 #afj & univ]sal def9itions4 ,n[ :5 ,ari/otle says ?is ( ,socrates1 he is record+ ! in/itution ( a me?od1 :i* might be appli$ 9 ! way j indicat$1 to natural objects1 to su* a sub/ance z c>bon1 or to su* natural processes z heat or motion2 b :i*1 by ,socrates himself1 z by ,plato aft] him1 0 appli$ almo/ exclusively to moral ph5om5a1 to ! g5]alisation ( ae/hetic1 political1 e?ical ideas1 ( ! laws ( op]ation 7= ! ess5ce ( e true conception1 or def9ition1 or idea1 is a law ( op]ation7 ( ! feel+s & ! w4 ,to get a notion1 a def9ition1 or idea1 ( motion1 = example1 :i* %all n exclude ! subtl] =ms ( x1 heat = in/ance--to get a notion ( c>bon1 :i* %all include n common *>coal only1 b ! diamond1 a ?+ sup]ficially s unlike x1 & :i* %all also exclude1 p]haps1 "s o!r sub/ance1 sup]ficially almo/ indi/+ui%able f x3 su* is ! bus9ess ( physical sci5ce1 9 ob$i5ce to rules1 outl9$ by ,bacon 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,novum ,organum1 = secur+ ^? acts ( inclusion & exclusion1 inclusiones1 exclusiones1 naturae1 debitae1 z he says1 :i* ! nature ( ?+s requires1 if our ?\ghts are n to misrepres5t !m4 ,x 0 a p>allel process1 a process ( inclusion1 t "o's resultant idea %\ld be adequate1 ( rejection or exclusion1 t ?is idea %\ld be n r$undant1 :i* ,socrates appli$ #afa to practice2 ex]cis+1 z we see 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! two oppos$ functions ( synagg & diairesis1 = ! =mation ( j ideas ( ,temp]ance1 ,wisdom1 ,brav]y1 ,ju/ice itself--a classification ( ! ph5om5a ( ! entire _w ( feel+ & action4 ,ideas1 if !y fulfil _! prop] purpose1 repres5t to ! m9d su* ph5om5a1 = its conv5i5ce1 b may easily also misrepres5t !m4 ,9 ! transition f ! p>ticul>s to ! g5]al1 & aga9 9 ! transition f ! g5]al idea1 ! m5tal ^w1 to ! spok5 or writt5 ^w1 to :at we call ! def9ition1 a door lies op51 bo? = ! adult]ation & ! dim9ution ( ! prop] cont5t1 ( our conception1 our def9ition4 ,! fir/ gr[? ( ! ,platonic ideas1 z we see x 9 ,socrates1 accord+ to ! report ( ,ari/otle1 provid$ aga9/ ?is tw(old misrepres5tation4 ,its aim is to secure1 9 ! t]ms ( our disc\rse ) o!rs & ) ourselves1 precise equival5ce to :at !y d5ote4 ,x 0 a mission to g ab\t ,a!ns & *all5ge p to gu>d ! inlets ( error1 9 ! passage f facts to _! ?\ghts ab\t !m1 9 ! passage f ?\ghts to words4 ,x 0 an intellectual gymna/ic1 to te/1 m exactly ?an !y 7 9 ! habit ( do+1 ! equival5ce ( words !y us$ s con/antly z ,j1 ,brave1 ,beautiful1 to ! ?\ghts !y _h2 ( ^? ?\ghts to ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 :i* x 0 ! bus9ess ( ^? #afb ?\ghts precisely to repres5t2 to cle> ! m5tal air2 to arrange ! litt]$ "w-*amb] ( ! m9d4 ,9 _m ( ,plato's ,dialogues we see no m ?an ! ord]$ reflex ( ?is process1 in=mal z x 0 9 ! actual practice ( ,socrates4 ,out ( ! accid5ts ( a conv]sation1 z f ! confus$ curr5ts ( life & action1 ! typical =ms ( ! vices & virtues em]ge 9 def9ite outl9e4 ,! fir/ cont5tion ( ,! ,republic1 = in/ance1 is to e/abli% 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ,ju/ice1 t]ms z exactly cont]m9\s ) ?\ghts1 ?\ghts z exactly cont]m9\s ) moral facts1 z ! notion ( c>bon is = ! naturali/1 :5 x has come to include bo? *>coal & ! diamond1 on ! basis ( ! ess5tial law ( _! op]ation z exp]i5ce reveals x4 ,%[ u1 n m]ely accid5tal tru?s ab\t x2 b1 by ! do+ ( :at 7,ti poi\sa7 9 ! v s\l ( its possessor1 itself by itself1 ,ju/ice is a good1 & ,inju/ice a bad ?+4 ,t illu/rates exactly :at is meant by an idea1 ! =ce ( k ?r\gh ideas1 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ( ,ju/ice4 ,x w include p]haps1 on ! "o h&1 =ms ( ,ju/ice s remote f ! ,ju/ice ( our ev]yday exp]i5ce z to seem inv]sions ( x2 x w cle>ly exclude1 on ! o!r h&1 acts & ?\ghts1 n x1 yet1 ph5om5ally1 s l x1 z to deceive ! v gods2 & its area w be exp&$ suffici5tly to include1 n ! individual #afc only1 b ! /ate4 ,& y1 ! philosophic /ud5t1 7 to d t1 n = "o virtue only1 b = ,piety1 & ,beauty1 & ! ,/ate itself1 & ,k1 & ,op9ion1 & ! ,good4 ,nay1 y might g on & d ! same ?+ = ! physical1 :5 y came to ! end ( ! moral1 _w1 7 life long en\gh1 & if y _h ! hum\r = x3--= ,motion1 ,numb]1 ,col\r1 ,s\nd4 ,t1 !n1 0 ! fir/ gr[? ( ! ,platonic ideas1 z d]iv$ imm$iately f ,socrates1 ^: =mal contribution to philosophy _h be5 univ]sal def9itions1 develop$ inductively1 by ! tw(old me?od ( inclusion & exclusion4 ,ari/otle adds1 h[ev]1 t ,socrates _h /opp$ at ! po9t "h indicat$3 he _h n gone on1 l "s o!rs1 to make ^? univ]sal notions or def9itions sep>able--sep>able1 t is to say1 f ! p>ticul> & concrete in/ances1 f :i* he _h ga!r$ !m4 ,sep>able3 *ri/os 7fam\s ^w67 t is precisely :at g5]al notions become 9 :at is specially call$ ! ,platonic ,!ory ( ,ideas4 ,! ,ideas ( ,plato are1 9 tru?1 nei!r m nor less ?an ^? univ]sal def9itions1 ^? univ]sal conceptions1 z !y look1 z !y c\ld n b look1 amid ! peculi> lights & %ad[s1 9 ! s+ul>ly con/itut$ atmosph]e1 "u ! /range laws ( refraction1 & 9 ! prop] p]spective1 ( ,plato's h\se ( ?\ght4 ,by its peculi>ities1 subsequ5t ?\ght--philosophic1 #afd poetic1 !ological--has be5 greatly influ5c$2 by ! int5se subjectivities1 ! accid5ts1 s to speak1 ( ,plato's g5ius1 ( ,plato himself2 ! ways con/itutional ) him1 ! magic or trick ( 8 p]sonality1 9 reg>d+ ! intellectual mat]ial he 0 occupi$ )--by ,plato's psy*ology4 ,& x is *>act]i/ic ( him1 aga91 t ^? peculi>ities ( 8 m5tal attitude are evid5c$ in=mally2 by a t5d5cy1 z we said1 by ! m]e g5]al tone 9 :i* he speaks ( ,beauty1 = in/ance1 z x really is1 ( all t really is1 "u its v>i\s =ms2 a mann] ( speak+1 n explicit1 b veil$1 9 v>i\s degrees1 "u figures1 z at ! end ( ! six? book ( ,! ,republic1 or "u my?ological fantasies1 l ^? ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,he seems to h no incl9ation = ! responsibilities ( def9ite !ory2 = a sy/em su* z t ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s = in/ance1 8 own lat] foll[]s1 :o1 9 a k9d ( prosaic & cold-blood$ transc5d5talism1 develop$ z def9ite philosophic dogma1 h>d en\gh 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 :at 9 ,plato is to ! la/ r poetry ?an metaphysical reason+--! irrepressible because almo/ unconsci\s poetry1 :i* nev] des]ts him1 ev5 :5 treat+ ( :at is nei!r m nor less ?an a *apt] 9 ! rudim5ts ( logic4 ,! peculi> developm5t ( ! ,socratic realism by ,plato c !n only be und]/ood #afe by a consid]ation ( ! peculi>ities ( ,plato's g5ius2 h[ x react$ ^u ^? ab/ractions2 :at !y came to seem 9 its peculi> atmosph]e4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( ,ideas1 z 0 said1 is n s mu* a doctr9e1 z a way ( speak+ or feel+ ab\t c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! m9d2 & ?is temp]1 ?is peculi> way ( feel+1 ( speak+1 :i* = mo/ ( u w h _m difficulties1 is n uni=mly noticeable 9 ,plato's ,dialogues1 b is to be f\nd m especially 9 ! ,pha$o1 ! ,symposium1 & 9 c]ta9 books ( ,! ,republic1 above all 9 ! ,pha$rus4 ,"h is a fam\s passage f x3-- ,!re 7t is to say1 at a p>ticul> po9t 9 a sort ( ,py?agorean m5tal pilgrimage ?r\gh "t & space7 !re1 at la/1 its utmo/ travail & conte/ awaits ! s\l4 ,= ! immortal s\ls1 s-call$1 :5 !y 7 ^u ! highe/ po9t1 pass$ out & /ood 7z y might /& ^u ! outside ( a great holl[ sph]e7 ^u ! back ( ! sky4 ,& z !y /& !re1 ! revolution ( ! sph]es c>ries !m r\nd2 & !y behold ! ?+s t are beyond ! sky4 ,t sup]cele/ial place none ( our poets on e>? has ev] yet sung (1 nor w ev] s+1 wor?ily4 ,& ?us x is3 = ,i mu/ make bold to /ate ! tru?1 at any rate1 especially z x is ab\t tru?1 t ,i am speak+4 ,= ! col\rless1 & =mless1 & impalpable ,be+1 be+ 9 v tru? ( 7t is1 relative to7 ! s\l1 is visible by reason alone z "o's guide4 ,c5t]$ ab\t t1 ! g5]ation1 or se$1 g5os1--! p1 ( true k inhabits ?is place4 ,z1 !n1 ! intellig5ce ( ,god1 :i* is n\ri%$ by pure or unmix$ reason & k 7akrat1 unmix$ ) s5se7 s1 ! intellig5ce ( e o!r s\l also1 :i* is ab\t to receive t :i* prop]ly belongs to x1 behold+1 aft] long int]val1 t :i* is1 loves #aff x 7t's ! po9t67 & by ! vision ( tru? is f$2 & f>es well2 until1 9 cycle1 ! revolv+ movem5t br+s x r\nd aga9 to ! same place4 ,& 9 t j\rney r\nd x looks ^u ju/ice itself2 x looks ^u ,temp]ance1 ^u ,k2 n t k to :i* ! process ( becom+ 7! law ( *ange1 namely1 ( bir? & dea? & decay7 atta*es2 nor t :i* is1 z x 71 "o 9 "o ?+1 ano!r 9 ano!r1 ( ^? ?+s :i* n[ we speak ( z be+2 b ! k :i* is 9 t :i* 9 v de$ is 7tn en t ho e/9 on ontos epi/mn ousan7 & hav+ beheld1 aft] ! same mann]1 all o!r ?+s t really are1 & fea/$ ^u !m1 be+ pass$ back aga9 to ! int]ior ( ! sky1 ! s\l return$ home4 ,pha$rus1 #bdg4 ,only1 z ,plato ?9ks1 t return 01 9 fact1 an exile4 ,!re1 9 t attractive1 b p]haps n :olly acceptable1 sort ( disc\rse1 9 "s o!r passages l x1 ,plato has gone beyond 8 ma/] ,socrates1 on two planes or levels1 s to speak1 ( speculative asc5t1 :i* we may di/+ui% f ea* o!r1 by way ( mak+ a little cle>] :at is 9 itself c]ta9ly s difficult4 ,= ,plato1 !n1 n by way ( =mal !ory1 we mu/ rememb]1 b by a turn ( ?\ght & spee* 7:ile he speaks ( !m1 9 fact7 ! ,socratic univ]sals1 ! notions ( ,ju/ice & ! l1 are become1 fir/1 ?+s 9 !mselves--! real ?+s2 & secondly1 p]sons1 to be kn[n z p]sons mu/ be2 & to be lov$1 = ! p]fections1 ! visible p]fections1 we might say--intellectually visible--( #afg _! be+4 ,x looks ^u ,ju/ice itself2 x looks ^u ,temp]ance2 ^u ,k4 ,hi!rto1 9 ! ,socratic disputations1 ! ideas _h be5 creations1 s]viceable creations1 ( m5's ?\ght1 ( our reason4 ,) ,plato1 !y are ! creators ( our reason--^? treasures ( exp]i5ce1 /ack$ & /or$1 :i*1 to ea* "o ( u1 come z by inh]itance1 or ) no proportionate ef=t on our "p1 to direct1 to enl>ge & rationalise1 f ! fir/ use ( language by u1 our mann] ( tak+ ?+s4 ,= ,plato1 !y are no long]1 z ) ,socrates1 ! in/rum5ts by :i* we tabulate & classify & record our exp]i5ce--m]e m>ks ( ! real ?+s ( exp]i5ce1 ( :at is ess5tial 9 ?is or t1 & common to e p>ticul> t goes by a c]ta9 common "n2 b are !mselves r ! prop] objects ( all true k1 & a passage f all m]ely relative exp]i5ce to ! absolute4 ,9 proportion z !y l5d !mselves to ! individual1 9 8 ef=t to ?9k1 !y create reason 9 him2 !y reproduce ! et]nal reason = him4 ,= ,socrates1 z ,ari/otle und]/&s him1 !y 7 /ill 9 s]vice to1 & valid only 9 & by1 ! exp]i5ce !y record$1 ) no locus /&i beyond4 ,= ,plato1 = ,platoni/s1 !y are become--,ju/ice & ,beauty1 & ! p]fect ,/ate1 or aga9 ,equality 7t :i* we mu/ br+ ) u1 if we are to appreh5d s5sible #afh in/ances !re(1 b :i* no two equal ?+s "h1 two co9s1 ev] really atta97 nay1 ,c\*1 or ,tree1 e g5]al ?\ght1 or "n ( a ?+1 :atev]--sep>ate 7*ri/os7 sep>able f1 z be+ ess5tially indep5d5t (1 ! individual m9d :i* conceives !m2 z also ( ! p>ticul> tempor>y in/ances :i* come "u !m1 come & g1 :ile !y rema9 = ev]--^? et]nal =ms1 ( ,tree1 ,equality1 ,ju/ice1 & s =?4 ,t1 !n1 is ! fir/ /age1 or plane1 ( ,platonic transc5d5talism4 ,our common ideas1 )\t :i*1 9 fact1 we none ( u c\ld ?9k at all1 are n ! consequ5ce1 n ! products1 b ! cause ( our reason 9 u3 we did n make !m2 b !y make u :at we are1 z reasonable be+s4 ,! et]nal ,be+1 ( ,p>m5ides1 "o & indivisible1 has be5 diffus$1 divid$1 resolv$1 refract$1 diff]5tiat$1 into ! et]nal ,ideas1 a multiple1 num]\s1 /ell> _w1 s to call x--ab/ract light into />s3 ,ju/ice1 ,temp]ance z x is1 ,brav]y z x is4 ,p]man5ce1 indep5d5cy1 indefectible id5tity ) itself--all ^? qualities :i* ,p>m5ides suppos$ 9 ! "o & indivisible reality--belong to e "o ( ^? ideas sev]ally4 ,x 0 l a recrudesc5ce ( poly!ism 9 t ab/ract _w2 a return ( ! _m gods ( ,hom]1 veil$ n[ z ab/ract notions1 ,love1 #afi ,fe>1 ,confid5ce1 & ! l2 & z su*1 ! mod]n an?ropologi/1 our /ud5t ( ! natural hi/ory ( man1 w\ld rank ! ,platonic !ory z b a =m ( :at he calls animism4 ,animism1 t t5d5cy to locate ! movem5ts ( a s\l l our own 9 e object1 almo/ 9 e circum/ance1 :i* impresses "o ) a s5se ( p[]1 is a condition ( m9d1 ( :i* ! simple/ illu/ration is primitive man ador+1 z a div9e be+ end[$ ) w1 ! meteoric /one t came ru%+ f ! sky4 ,t condition survives h[ev]1 9 ! negro1 :o ?9ks ! dis*>g+ gun a liv+ creature2 z x survives also1 m subtly1 9 ! culture ( ,wordswor? & ,%elley1 = :om cl\ds & peaks are k9dr$ spirits2 9 ! pan!ism ( ,goe!2 & 9 ,s*ell+1 :o =mulates t pan!ism z a philosophic1 a ,platonic1 !ory4 ,su* animi/ic in/9ct 01 c]ta9ly1 a natural elem5t 9 ,plato's m5tal con/itution1--! in/9ctive ef=t to f9d anima1 ! conditions ( p]sonality1 9 :atev] pre-occupi$ 8 m9d1 a m9d1 be x rememb]$1 ( :i* ! v>i\s functions1 z we reckon !m1 imag9ation1 reason1 intuition1 7 /ill by no means cle>ly analys$ & diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r1 b p>ticipat$1 all alike & all toge!r1 9 e s+le act ( m9d4 ,& "h is ! second /age ( ! ,platonic idealism1 ! second grade ( ,plato's dep>ture #agj f ! simpl] realism ( 8 ma/]1 z not$ by ,ari/otle1 t[>ds t intelligible _w1 oppos$ by him s con/antly to ! visible _w1 into :i* _m f9d x s h>d to foll[ him at all1 & 9 :i* ! ideas become v]itable p]sons4 ,to speak1 to ?9k1 to feel1 ab\t ab/ract ideas z if !y 7 liv+ p]sons2 t1 is ! second /age ( ,plato's speculative asc5t4 ,) ! lov]1 :o _h graduat$1 0 become a ma/]1 9 ! s*ool ( love1 b _h turn$ n[ to ! love ( intellectual & /rictly invisible ?+s1 x 0 z if ! faculty ( physical vision1 ( ! bodily eye1 7 /ill at "w at ! v c5tre ( intellectual ab/raction4 ,ab/ract ideas !mselves became animat$1 liv+ p]sons1 almo/ corporeal1 z if ) h&s & eyes4 ,& x is1 z a consequ5ce1 b p>tly also z a second>y re9=c+ cause1 ( ?is m5tal condition1 t ! idea ( ,beauty becomes = ,plato ! c5tral idea2 ! p]man5tly typical in/ance ( :at an idea means2 ( its relation to p>ticul> ?+s1 & to ! action ( our ?\ghts ^u !m4 ,x 0 to ! lov] deal+ ) physical beauty1 a ?+ se51 yet unse5--se5 by all1 9 "s s5se1 & yet1 truly1 by "o & n by ano!r1 z if ?r\gh "s caprici\s1 p]sonal self- discov]y1 by "s law ( aff9ity betwe5 ! se] & :at is se51 ! kn[+ & ! kn[n--t ! nature & function ( an idea1 z su*1 w\ld come home mo/ cle>ly4 #agj ,& !n1 :ile visible beauty is ! cle>e/1 ! mo/ c]ta9 ?+1 9 ! _w 7lov]s w always tell y s7 real ) ! reality ( some?+ hot or cold 9 "o's h&1 x also comes ne>e/ ( all ?+s1 s ,plato assures u1 to its et]nal patt]n or prototype4 ,= "s reason1 ! et]nal idea ( beauty _h left visible copies ( itself1 %ad[s1 antitypes1 out ( all proportion1 9 _! tru?fulness & adequacy1 to any copy1 left "h ) u1 ( ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 or ,equality1 or ! ,p]fect ,/ate4 ,! typical in/ance ( an ab/ract idea1 yet pre- occupy+ ! m9d ) all ! col\r & circum/ance ( ! relation%ip ( p]son to p]son1 ! idea ( ,beauty1 convey$ into ! entire !ory ( ideas1 ! associations :i* belong prop]ly to su* relation%ips only4 ,a c]ta9 measure ( caprice1 ( caprici\s pref]5ce or repulsion1 w\ld ?us be naturally incid5tal to ! comm]ce ( m5's m9ds ) :at really is1 ) ! _w 9 :i* ?+s really are1 only s f> z !y are truly kn[n4 ,philosoph]s are lov]s ( tru? & ( t :i* is--impassion$ lov]s3 ,t\ ontos te kai al!ias era/as t\s philosoph\s4 ,!y are ! corn]/one1 z read]s ( ,! ,republic "k1 ( ! ideal /ate--^? impassion$ lov]s1 era/as1 ( t :i* really is1 & 9 comp>ison :]e)1 (fice1 weal?1 hon\r1 ! love ( :i* has r5t ,a!ns1 ! _w1 to pieces1 w be ( no m ?an second>y importance4 #agb ,he is 9 tru?1 9 ! p[]1 9 ! h&s1 ( ano!r1 ( ano!r w--?is lov] ( ! ,ideas--attract$1 correct$1 guid$1 rew>d$1 satiat$1 9 a long discipl9e1 t asc5t ( ! s\l into ! intelligible _w1 ( :i* ! ways ( e>?ly love 7ta ertika7 are a true p>allel4 ,8 en?usiasm ( k is lit]ally an en?usiasm3 has ab\t x t "* ( possession ( "o p]son by ano!r1 by :i* ^? animi/ic old ,greeks expla9$ natural madness4 ,t philosophic en?usiasm1 t impassion$ desire = true k1 is a k9d ( madness 7mania7 ! madness to :i* "s h decl>$ great wit1 all great gifts1 to be always alli$--! f\r? species ( mania1 z ,plato himself expla9s 9 ! ,pha$rus4 ,to natural madness1 to poetry & ! o!r gifts alli$ to x1 to prophecy l t ( ! ,delphic py?oness1 he has to add1 f\r?ly1 ! en?usiasm ( ! ideas4 ,! :ole c\rse ( our !ory hi!rto 7he !re tells u7 relates to t f\r? =m ( madness2 :]e91 :5 any "o1 see+ ! beauty t is "h bel[1 & hav+ a rem9isc5ce ( ! true1 feels1 or f9ds1 8 w+s 7pt]tai7 flutt]+ upw>ds1 9 8 eag]ness to so> above1 b unable1 l a bird look+ t[>ds ! sky1 he$less ( ?+s bel[1 he is *>g$ ) uns\ndness ( m9d4 ,i h told h[ ?is is ! mo/ excell5t ( all =ms ( en?usiasm 7or possession7 bo? to its possessor & to him :o p>ticipates 9 x2 h[ x comes ( ! noble/ causes2 & t ! lov] :o has a %>e ( ?is madness is call$ a lov] ( ! beautiful4 ,=1 z has be5 said1 e s\l ( man1 by its v nature1 has se5 ! ?+s t really are1 o!rwise x w\ld n h come into ?is =m ( life 7into a human body74 ,b to rise f ?+s "h to ! recollection ( ^?1 is n an easy matt] #agc = e s\l2 nei!r = ^? :i* !n _h b a brief view ( ?+s !re2 nor = su* z 7 unlucky 9 _! desc5t hi!r1 s t1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 associations1 turn+ !mselves to :at is n "r1 !y h =gott5 ! sacr$ =ms :i* !n !y saw4 ,few s\ls1 9 tru?1 rema91 to :i* ! gift ( rem9isc5ce adequately p]ta9s4 ,^!1 :5 !y see "s lik5ess ( ?+s !re1 are lo/ 9 amazem5t1 & belong no long] to !mselves2 only1 !y und]/& n ! true nature ( _! affection1 because !y lack disc]nm5t4 ,n[1 ( ,ju/ice1 & ( ,temp]ance1 & ( all ^? o!r qualities :i* are preci\s to s\ls1 !re is no cle> light 9 _! semblances "h bel[2 b1 ?r\gh obscure organs1 ) difficulty1 v few1 com+ to _! figures1 behold ! g5]ation 7g5os1 ! p7 ( t :i* is figur$4 ,at t mom5t x 0 possible to behold ,beauty 9 its cle>ness1 :51 ) ! *oir ( ! bless$ foll[+ on1 ourselves ) ,zeus1 "s ) "o1 "s ) ano!r1 ( ! gods1 !y look$ ^u a blissful vision & view1 & 7 made p>tak]s 9 :at x is meet & "r to call ! mo/ bless$ ( all my/]ies2 ! :i* we celebrat$1 s\nd & :ole !n1 & unt\*$ by ! evil ?+s t await$ u 9 "t to come1 z be+ admitt$ to my/ic sights1 :ole & s\nd & at unity ) !mselves1 9 pure light gaz+ on !m1 be+ ourselves pure1 & unimpress$ by ?is we c>ry ab\t n[ & call our body1 imprison$ l a fi% 9 its %ell4 ,let memory be indulg$ ?us f>2 = ^: sake1 9 regret = :at 0 !n1 ,i h n[ spok5 some:at at l5g?4 ,z reg>ds ,beauty1 z ,i said1 x bo? %one out1 9 its true be+1 among ^? o!r et]nal =ms2 & :5 we came d[n hi!r we appreh5d$ x ?r\gh ! cle>e/ ( all our bodily s5ses1 gleam+ ) utmo/ brightness4 ,= sight comes to u ke5e/ ( all our bodily s5ses1 ?\gh ,wisdom is n se5 by x4 ,m>vell\s loves1 9 tru?1 w\ld t 7namely1 ,wisdom7 h af=d$1 _h x pres5t$ any manife/ image ( itself1 su* z t ( ,beauty1 _h x rea*$ our bodily vision--t1 & all ^? o!r amiable =ms4 ,b n[ ,beauty alone has _h ?is =tune2 s t x is ! cle>e/1 ! mo/ c]ta91 ( all ?+s2 & ! mo/ lovable4 ,pha$rus1 #bdi4 ,,notes #aeb4 ,translit]ation3 notos topos4 ,pat]'s translation3 intellectual _w4 ,plato1 ,republic #ejh;b & #eag;b4 #aec4 ,translit]ation3 homoion homoi4 ,pat]'s translation3 l to l4 ,v>iants ( ! phrase occur 9 _m ( ,plato's dialogues2 see1 = example1 ,p>m5ides #acb;d4 #aec4 ,translit]ation3 hypo logn4 ,pat]'s translation3 "u ! influ5ce ( 4 4 4 ?\ght & language4 ,plato1 ,philebus #ae;d4 #aec4 ,translit]ation3 k9ei4 ,pat]'s translation3 sets 9 motion4 ,plato1 ,philebus #ae;e4 #aed4 ,translit]ation3 logos4 ,pat]'s contextual translation3 def9ition4 ,plato1 ,philebus #ae;e4 #aed4 ,! passage beg9s at ,philebus #ae;d4 #afa4 ,translit]ation3 synagg 4 4 4 diairesis4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition _/ ,e-text editor's translation3 4 ,= example1 ,pha$rus #bff;b4 #afb4 ,translit]ation3 ,ti poi\sa4 ,pat]'s translation3 by ! do+ ( :at4 #afc4 ,translit]ation3 *ri/os4 ,pat]'s translation3 sep>able4 ,! t]m occurs (t5 9 ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics4 ,= example1 see ,metaphysics #ajij;a4 #afe4 ,translit]ation3 g5os4 ,pat]'s translation3 se$1 g5]ation4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 race1 desc5t4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;a4 #afe4 ,translit]ation3 akrat4 ,pat]'s translation3 unmix$ ) s5se4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;a4 #aff4 ,translit]ation3 tn en t ho e/9 on ontos epi/mn ousan4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! k :i* is 9 t :i* 9 v de$ is4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;e4 #aff4 ,see ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;b ff4 #afh4 ,translit]ation3 *ri/os4 ,pat]'s translation3 sep>able4 ,! t]m occurs (t5 9 ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics4 ,= example1 see ,metaphysics #ajij;a4 #aga4 ,translit]ation3 ,t\ ontos te kai al!ias era/as t\s philosoph\s4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition _/ ,e-text editor's translation3 ,philosoph]s are lov]s ( tru? & ( t :i* is 4 4 4 ,plato1 ,republic #eja;d4 #aga4 ,translit]ation3 era/as4 ,see previ\s note4 #agb4 ,translit]ation3 ta ertika4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! discipl9e ( s5su\s love2 m lit]ally1 ! phrase means ?+s p]ta9+ to love4 ,= "o in/ance1 see ,plato1 ,symposium #agg;d4 #agb4 ,translit]ation3 mania4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 madness1 fr5zy4 ,see1 = example1 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdi;d4 #agb4 ,translit]ation3 pt]tai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 he is furni%$ ) w+s4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdi;d4 #agc4 ,translit]ation3 g5os4 ,pat]'s translation3 se$1 g5]ation4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 race1 desc5t4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bdg;a4 #agc4 ,?is passage beg9s at ,pha$rus #bdi;d4 ,,*apt] #g3 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,plato ,,ii4 ,,dialectic #agd ,?ree diff]5t =ms ( composition h1 "u ! intellectual conditions ( diff]5t ages1 prevail$--?ree di/9ct lit]>y me?ods1 9 ! pres5tation ( philosophic ?\ght2 ! metrical =m e>lie/1 :5 philosophy 0 /ill a matt] ( intuition1 imag9ative1 sangu9e1 (t5 turbid or obscure1 & became a ,poem1 ,p]i ,physes1 ,conc]n+ ,nature2 accord+ to ! mann] ( ,py?agoras1 8 gold5 v]ses1 ( ,p>m5ides or ,emp$okles1 aft] :om ,lucretius 9 8 turn modell$ ! f9e/ extant illu/ration ( t mann] ( writ+1 ( ?9k+4 ,x 0 succe$$ by precisely ! opposite mann]1 :5 native intuition _h %runk into dogmatic sy/em1 ! dry bones ( :i* rattle 9 "o's e>s1 ) ,ari/otle1 or ,aqu9as1 or ,sp9oza1 z a =mal treatise2 ! p]fect$ philosophic temp] be+ situat$ midway betwe5 ^? opposites1 9 ! ?ird ess5tial =m ( ! lit]ature ( philosophy1 namely ! essay2 t *>act]i/ic lit]>y type ( our own "t1 a "t s ri* & v>i\s 9 special appreh5sions ( tru?1 s t5tative & dubi\s 9 its s5se ( _! ensemble1 & issues4 ,/rictly appropriate =m ( our mod]n philosophic lit]ature1 ! essay came into use at :at 0 really ! inv5tion ( ! relative1 #age or mod]n _s1 9 ! ,r5aissance ( ! sixte5? c5tury499 ,! poem1 ! treatise1 ! essay3 y see already t ^! ?ree me?ods ( writ+ are no m]e lit]>y accid5ts1 dep5d5t on ! p]sonal *oice ( ?is or t p>ticul> writ]1 b necessities ( lit]>y =m1 det]m9$ directly by matt]1 z correspond+ to ?ree ess5tially diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! human m9d relates itself to tru?4 ,if oracul> v]se1 /imulant b enigmatic1 is ! prop] vehicle ( en?usia/ic intuitions2 if ! treatise1 ) its ambiti\s array ( premiss & conclusion1 is ! natural out-put ( s*ola/ic all-suffici5cy2 s1 ! =m ( ! essay1 z we h x t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 mo/ significantly 9 ,montaigne1 repres5tative essayi/ because ! repres5tative d\bt]1 inv5tor ( ! "n z1 9 ess5ce1 ( ! ?+--( ! essay1 9 its seem+ly mode/ aim1 its really l>ge & adv5tur\s possibilities--is indicative ( ,montaigne's peculi> function 9 reg>d to 8 age1 z 9 tru? ! comm5cem5t ( our own4 ,x provid$ him ) precisely ! lit]>y =m necess>y to a m9d = :i* tru? itself is b a possibility1 realisable n z g5]al conclusion1 b r z ! elusive effect ( a p>ticul> p]sonal exp]i5ce2 to a m9d :i*1 not+ #agf fai?fully ^? r&om lights t meet x by ! way1 mu/ ne$s cont5t itself ) susp5sion ( judgm5t1 at ! end ( ! intellectual j\rney1 to ! v la/ ask+3 ,que scais-je8 ,:o kn[s8--9 ! v _s ( t old ,socratic cont5tion1 t all true philosophy is b a ref9$ s5se ( "o's ignorance4 ,& z ,ari/otle is ! inv5tor ( ! treatise1 s ! ,platonic ,dialogue1 9 its conception1 its peculi> opportunities1 is ess5tially an essay--an essay1 n[ & !n pass+ into ! e>li] =m ( philosophic poetry1 ! prose-poem ( ,h]aclitus4 ,!re h be5 effective writ]s ( dialogue s9ce1 ,bruno1 = in/ance1 ,b]keley1 ,l&or1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 t lit]>y =m has _h no /rictly con/itutional propriety to ! k9d ( matt] x convey$1 z l5d+ itself 7t is to say7 /ructurally to a _m-sid$ b hesitant consci\sness ( ! tru?4 ,?us1 ) ,b]keley1 its purpose is b to give a popul> turn to c]ta9 v dogmatic op9ions1 ab\t :i* !re is no diffid5ce1 !re are no half-lights1 9 ! writ]'s own m9d4 ,) ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ,plato lea/ ( all is ! dialogue--t peculi> modification ( ! essay--any?+ less ?an ess5tial1 necess>y1 organic3 ! v =m belongs to1 is ( ! organism (1 ! matt] :i* x embodies4 ,= ,plato's ,dialogues1 9 fact1 reflect1 !y ref9e #agg ^u :ile !y fulfil1 !y idealise1 ! actual me?od1 9 :i*1 by pref]5ce to any?+ l =mal lectur+ 7! lecture be+1 s to speak1 a treatise 9 embryo7 ,socrates convey$ 8 doctr9e to o!rs4 ,we see him 9 ^? ,dialogues ( ,plato1 /ill loit]+ 9 ! public places1 ! op5 h\ses1 ! suburban roads1 ( ,a!ns1 z if seek+ tru? f o!rs2 seek+ x1 d\btless1 f himself1 b along )1 & by ! help (1 8 suppos$ s*ol>s1 = :om1 inde$1 he c b br+ _! own native conceptions ( tru? to ! bir?2 b always fai?fully regi/]+ j s mu* light z is giv51 &1 s to speak1 nev] conclud+4 ,! ,platonic ,dialogue is ! lit]>y trans=mation1 9 a ^w1 ( :at 0 ! intimately home-gr[n me?od ( ,socrates1 n only ( convey+ tru? to o!rs1 b ( com+ by x = himself4 ,! ess5ce ( t me?od1 ( dialectic 9 all its =ms1 z its v "n d5otes1 is dialogue1 ! habit ( seek+ tru? by means ( "q & answ]1 prim>ily ) "o's self4 ,j !re1 lies ! validity ( ! me?od--9 a dialogue1 an endless dialogue1 ) "o's self2 a dialogue conc]n+ ^? fir/ pr9ciples1 or univ]sal def9itions1 or notions1 ^? ideas1 :i*1 accord+ to ,plato1 are ! prop] objects ( all real k2 conc]n+ ! adequacy ( "o's hold ^u !m2 ! relation%ip to !m ( o!r notions2 ! plausible conjectures 9 our own or o!r m9ds1 #agh :i* come %ort ( !m2 ! elim9ation1 by _! m]e pres5ce 9 ! m9d1 ( positive ignorance or error4 ,ju/ice1 ,beauty1 ,p]fect ,polity1 & ! l1 9 outl9es ( et]nal & absolute c]ta9ty3--!y 7 to be appreh5d$ by dialectic1 lit]ally1 by a me?od 7me?odos7 a circuit\s j\rney1 pres5t$ by ! ,platonic dialogues 9 its mo/ accompli%$ lit]>y =m4 ,= ! c]ta9ty1 ! absolute & et]nal "*1 ( su* ideas involv$1 ) mu* lab\r & scruple1 repeat$ acts ( qualification & correction2 _m readju/m5ts to exp]i5ce2 expansion1 by l>g] lights f x2 ^? exclusions & inclusions1 debitae naturae 7to repeat ,bacon's phrase7 dem&$1 t is to say1 by ! v]itable nature ( ! facts :i* ^? ideas are design$ to repres5t4 ,repres5tation 01 9 fact1 tw(old1 & compreh5d$ _m successive /eps "u ea* ( its divisions4 ,! ?\ght 0 to be adju/$1 fir/1 to ! ph5om5a1 to ! facts1 da9tily1 to ! end t ! said ?\ght might j cov] ^? facts1 & no m4 ,to ! ?\ght1 secondly1 to ! conception1 ?us articulat$1 x 0 necess>y to adju/ ! t]m2 ! t]m1 or def9ition1 by :i* x might be convey$ into ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,! dialogue--! fre$om1 ! v>iety & ela/icity1 ( dialogue1 in=mal1 easy1 natural1 alone af=d$ ! room necess>y = t long & complex process4 ,if "o1 if ,socrates1 seem$ to become #agi ! tea*] ( ano!r1 x 0 b by ?9k+ al\d = a few mom5ts ov] 8 own lesson1 or lean+ ^u t o!r z he w5t along t difficult way :i* ea* "o mu/ really prosecute = himself1 h[ev] full su* comrade%ip might be ( happy occasions = ! awak5+ ( ! lat5t k1 ) :i* m9d is by nature s ri*ly /or$4 ,! ,platonic ,socrates1 9 fact1 does n propose to tea* any?+3 is b will+1 along ) y1 & if y concur1 to consid]1 to seek out1 :at ! ?+ may be4 ,p]*ance us+ our eyes 9 common1 rubb+ away1 we might cause ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 to gl9t =?1 z f fire-/icks499 ,&1 aga91 is n ! road to ,a!ns made = conv]sation8 ,yes6 ,x might seem t movem5t1 aft] all1 & any habit t promot$ movem5t1 promot$ ! p[]1 ! successes1 ! =tunate p>turition1 ( ! m9d4 ,a me?od su* z ?is1 a process 7processus7 a movem5t ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! v conv]se ( ma!matical or demon/rative reason+1 & incapable !re=e ( conv5tional or s*ola/ic =m1 ( exactness1 9 fact2 :i* proce$$ to tru?1 n by ! analysis & application ( an axiom1 b by a gradual suppression ( error1 ( error 9 ! =m ( p>tial or exagg]at$ tru?s on ! subject- matt] propos$1 f\nd its prop] #ahj lit]>y vehicle 9 a dialogue1 ! m flexible ! bett]4 ,x 0 l a j\rney inde$1 t essay t[>ds ,ju/ice1 = example1 or ! true ,polity2 a j\rney1 n along ! simple road to ,a!ns1 b to a m\nta9's top4 ,! proportions1 ! outl9e1 ! relation ( ! ?+ to its neighb\rs1--h[ d ! inexp]i5c$ 9 su* j\rneys mi/ake !m1 z !y climb6 ,:at repeat$ misconceptions1 embody+1 "o by "o1 "s m]e p>ticul>ity ( view1 ! p]spective ( ?is or t po9t ( view1 =?) ab&on$1 "s appreh5sion ( m\nta9 =m & /ructure1 j a little %ort1 or1 x may be1 immeasurably %ort1 ( :at ,plato w\ld call ! synoptic view ( ! m\nta9 z a :ole4 ,f ?is or t po9t1 "s insignificant peak pres5t$ itself z ! m\nta9's v]itable cre/3 inexp]i5ce w\ld h sworn to ! tru? ( a :olly illusive p]spective1 z ! next turn 9 ! j\rney assur$ "o4 ,x is only ^u ! f9al /ep1 ) free view at la/ on e side1 unit+ toge!r & ju/ify+ all ^? v>i\s1 successive1 p>tial appreh5sions ( ! difficult way--only on ! summit1 comes ! intuitive compreh5sion ( :at ! true =m ( ! m\nta9 really is2 ) a m5tal1 or r an imag9ative hold ^u :i*1 = ! future1 we c f9d our way securely ab\t x2 obs]v+ p]haps t1 next to t f9al intuition1 ! fir/ view1 ! fir/ impression1 _h be5 true/ ab\t x4 #aha ,su*1 9 its full scope1 is ! j\rney or pilgrimage1 ! me?od 7hodos1 k9sis1 me?odos7 ( ! ,socratic1 ( ! p]fect$ ,platonic dialectic1 t[>ds ! tru?1 ! true k1 ( ,brav]y or ,fri5d%ip1 = in/ance2 ( ,space or ,motion1 aga91 z sugge/$ 9 ! sev5? book ( ,! ,republic2 ( ! ideal ,city1 ( ! immaculate ,beauty4 ,y are go+ ab\t ,ju/ice1 = example--t great complex elevation on ! level surface ( life1 ^: top1 x may be1 rea*es to heav54 ,y fancy y h grasp$ its outl9e4 ,alla meta?me?a4 ,y are =c$ on1 p]haps by y\r companion1 a /ep fur!r1 & ! view has already *ang$4 ,p]sev]e1 ,plato might say1 & a /ep may be made1 ^u :i*1 aga91 ! :ole _w ar\nd may *ange1 ! entire horizon & its relation to ! po9t y /& on--a *ange f ! half-light ( conjecture to ! full light ( indefectible c]titude4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 c only happ5 by a summ>y act ( intuition ^u ! entire p]spective1 :]e9 all ^? p>tial appreh5sions1 :i* "o by "o may h seem$ inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 f9d _! due place1 or 7to return to ! ,platonic ,dialogue aga91 to ! actual process ( dialectic z !re expos$7 by t f9al impression ( a subject1 a !orem1 9 :i* ! m9d atta9s a hold1 z if by a s+le imag9ative act1 ?r\gh all ! transitions ( a long conv]sation1 ^u all ! seem+ly opposite cont5tions ( all ! v>i\s speak]s at once4 ,we see already :y #ahb ,platonic dialectic--! ladd]1 z ,plato ?9ks1 by :i* alone we c asc5d into ! entirely reasonable _w 7notos topos7 beg9n+ ) ! boyi% difficulties & crudities ( ,m5o1 = in/ance1 is a process :i* may g on1 at lea/ ) ^? gift$ by nature & opportunity1 z 9 ! ,p]fect ,city1--may g on to ! close ( life1 &1 z ,py?agorean !ory sugge/s1 p]haps does n end ev5 !n4 ,! process ( dialectic1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 may seem1 !re=e1 inconsi/5t ) itself1 if y isolate ?is or t p>ticul> movem5t1 9 :at is a v complex process1 ) _m phases ( developm5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly difficult1 & t n m]ely on a fir/ read+1 to grasp ! unity ( ! v>i\s /atem5ts ,plato has made ab\t x4 ,n[ x may seem to diff] f ord9>y reason+ by a c]ta9 plausibility only3 x is logic1 plus p]suasion2 help+1 g5tly entic+1 a *ild out ( 8 natural errors2 c>efully expla9+ difficulties by ! way1 z "o c be/ d1 by "q & answ] ) him2 above all1 nev] fall+ into ! mi/ake ( ! obscurum p] obscurius4 ,at ano!r "t x may seem to aim at plausibility ( ano!r sort2 at mutual complaisance1 z ,?rasyma*us compla9s4 ,x w\ld be possible1 ( c\rse1 to pres5t an ins9c]e dialogue1 9 :i* c]ta9 ( ! disputants %all be m]e m5 ( /raw4 ,9 ! ,philebus aga91 dialectic is only ! "n ( ! process 7describ$ !re #ahc z exactly1 almo/ z te*nically1 z ,ari/otle1 or "s mod]n ma/] ( appli$ logic1 might describe x7 ( ! resolution ( a g5us into its species4 ,or x lapses into eri/ic--into an argum5t = its own sake2 or s9ks into logoma*y1 a m]e dispute ab\t words4 ,or yet aga91 an imm5se1 a b\ndless promise is made = x1 z 9 ! sev5? book ( ,! ,republic4 ,x is a life1 a sy/ematis$1 b compreh5sive & f>-rea*+1 intellectual life1 9 :i* ! reason1 nay1 ! :ole nature ( man1 realises all x 0 design$ to be1 by ! beatific vision ( all "t & all exi/5ce4 ,n[ all ^! v>y+ s5ses ( ! ^w dialectic fall )9 compass1 if we rememb] t = ,plato1 z = e o!r really philosophic ?9k]1 me?od mu/ be "o2 t x mu/ cov]1 or be und]/ood to cov]1 ! entire process1 all ! v>i\s processes1 ( ! m9d1 9 pursuit ( prop]ly repres5tative ideas1 ( a reason$ reflex ( exp]i5ce2 & t = ,plato1 ?is process is ess5tially a long disc\rse or reason+ ( ! m9d ) itself4 ,x is t dynamic1 or ess5tial1 dialogue ( ! m9d ) itself1 :i* l5ds1 or imputes1 its active pr9ciple to ! writt5 or spok5 dialogue1 :i*1 9 return1 l5ds its "n to ! me?od x figures-- dialectic4 ,well6 9 t long & complex dialogue ( ! m9d ) itself1 _m p]sons1 s to speak1 w necess>ily take "p2 s _m p]sons z !re are possible contra/s or %ades #ahd 9 ! appreh5sion ( "s complex subject4 ,! advocatus diaboli w be he>d f "t to "t4 ,! dog also1 or1 z ! ,greeks said1 ! wolf1 w out ) 8 /ory aga9/ ! man2 & "o ( ! int]locutors w always be a *ild1 turn+ r\nd ^u u innoc5tly1 c&idly1 ) our own admissions1 or surpris+ u1 p]haps at ! la/ mom5t1 by :at seems 8 inv9cible ignorance1 :5 we ?\ght x root$ out ( him4 ,!re w be a y\?1 inexp]i5c$ 9 ! capacities ( language1 :o w compel u to all[ mu* "t to ! discussion ( words & phrases1 ?\gh n always unpr(itably4 ,& to ! la/1 let u hope1 refre%+ ) 8 en?usiasm1 ! we>y or di%e>t5$ enquir] 7:o is always also ( ! company7 ! rightly sangu9e y\?1 +5u\s & docile1 to :om1 surely1 ^? fri5dly liv+ ideas w be will+1 long+1 to come1 aft] t ,platonic law ( aff9ity1 s effectual 9 ^! matt]s--homoion homoi4 ,) su* a nature above all1 br++ ) x its felicities ( temp]am5t1 ) ! sort ( natures 7z we may ?9k7 :i* intellectually c b ?rive1 a me?od l t1 ! dialectic me?od1 w also h its felicities1 its s+ul> good =tunes4 ,a voyage ( discov]y1 prosecut$ almo/ z if at r&om1 ! ,socratic or ,platonic dialogue ( enquiry1 seems at times to be 9 *>ge ( a k9d ( ,provid5ce4 ,or aga91 x w be z :5 hunt]s or bird- cat*]s beat #ahe ! bu%1 z we say3 ,plato elaborates t figure 9 ,! ,republic4 ,only1 if !y be kn[+ 9 ! process1 a fair p]c5tage ( birds w be f\nd & tak54 ,all ! *ances1 or graces1 ( su* a me?od1 z actually foll[$ 9 a :ole life ( free enquiry1 ,! ,republic1 = a wat*ful read]1 repres5ts 9 little4 ,& :51 us+ /ill ano!r figure1 ,socrates says3 ,i d n yet "k1 myself2 b1 we mu/ j g :]e ! argum5t c>ries u1 z a vessel runs be=e ! w9d1 he brea!s ! v s\l ( ! dialectic me?od3--hop an ho logos1 hsp] pneuma1 ph]1 taut iteon4 ,?is dialectic me?od1 ?is cont9u\s disc\rse ) "o's self1 be+1 = ^? :o prosecute x ) ?or\ghness1 co-ext5sive ) life itself--a "p ( ! cont9u\s company we keep ) ourselves ?r\gh life--w h its inequalities2 its infelicities2 above all1 its f9al insecurity4 ,we argue ra%ly & adv5tur\sly1 writes ,plato1 mo/ truly1 9 ! ,timaeus--aye1 we1 ! ,platoni/s1 z su*1 sometimes--by reason t1 l ourselves1 our disc\rses 7our ,platonic disc\rses1 z su*7 h mu* p>ticipation 9 ! tem]ity ( *ance4 ,( c\rse1 z 9 any o!r occasional conv]sation1 ) its dep5d5ce on ! h\r & ! sc5e1 ! p]sons we are )1 ! hum\rs ( ! mom5t1 !re w always be mu* ( accid5t 9 ?is ess5tially in=mal1 ?is un-me?odical1 #ahf me?od2 &1 !re=e1 opportunities = misuse1 sometimes consci\sly4 ,! c&id read] notes in/ances ( su*1 ev5 9 ,! ,republic1 n always on ! "p ( ,?rasyma*us3--9 ?is new game ( *ess1 play$1 z ,plato puts x1 n ) c\nt]s1 b ) words1 & n necess>ily = ! prize ( tru?1 b1 x may be1 = ! m]e enjoym5t ( move & c\nt]-move1 ( *eck-mat+4 ,s9ce ,z5o's p>adoxes1 9 fact1 ! v air ( ,a!ns 0 become sophi/icat$1 infect$ ) que/ion+s1 (t5 va9 en\gh2 & ! ,platonic me?od _h be51 9 its measure1 det]m9$ by 7! unfri5dly might say1 0 9 tru? only a deposit f7 t infect$ air4 ,socrates1 z he admits1 is easily refut$4 ,say r1 de> ,aga?on1 t y _c refute ! tru?4 ,t is reassur+1 c]ta9ly6 ,= y might ?9k sometimes1 uneasily1 ( ! ,platonic ,socrates1 t1 z he says ( ! ,sophi/1 or ( himself p]haps en c>icature1 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ,su* is 8 skill 9 ! w> ( words1 t he c refute any proposition :atev]1 :e!r true or false2 t1 9 %ort1 !re is a dang]\s facility abroad = prov+ all ?+s :atev]1 equally well1 ( :i* ,socrates1 & 8 presumable allotm5t ( tru?1 has b ! g5]al allotm5t4 ,! fri5dly1 on ! o!r h&1 might rejo9 ev5 !n1 t1 z ,less+ sugge/s1 ! se>* = tru? is a bett] ?+ = u ?an its possession4 #ahg ,plato1 :o supposes any k wor? ! "n to be absolute & et]nal2 ^: con/ant cont5tion x is1 to sep>ate longo int]vallo1 by ! longe/ possible int]val1 sci5ce 7epi/m7 z ! possession ( irresi/ible tru?1 f any & e sort ( k :i* falls %ort ( t2 w\ld h>dly h accept$ ! sugge/ion ( ,less+4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all t1 9 spite ( ! dem& he makes = c]ta9ty & exactness & :at is absolute1 9 all real k1 he does ?9k1 or incl9es 8 read] to ?9k1 t tru?1 precisely because x resembles "s high k9d ( relation%ip ( p]sons to p]sons1 dep5ds a good deal on ! receiv]2 & mu/ be1 9 t degree1 elusive1 provisional1 cont+5t1 a matt] ( v>i\s approximation1 & ( an economy1 z is said2 t x is p>tly a subjective attitude ( m9d3--t philosophic tru? consi/s 9 ! philosophic temp]4 ,socrates 9 ,plato1 rem>ks ,montaigne acutely1 disputes1 r to ! pr(it ( ! disputants1 ?an ( ! dispute4 ,he takes hold ( ! fir/ subject1 l "o :o has a m pr(itable end 9 view ?an to expla9 x2 namely1 to cle> ! und]/&+s t he takes ^u him to in/ruct & ex]cise4 ,j !re1 9 fact1 is ! ju/ification ( ,plato's peculi> dialectical me?od1 ( its inexactness1 its hesitancy1 its scruples & res]ve1 z if he fe>$ to obtrude k on an unwor?y receiv]4 ,! treatise1 z ! prop] in/rum5t ( dogma #ahh --! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 ! ,e?ics ( ,sp9oza--beg9s ) a tru?1 or ) a cle> conviction ( tru?1 9 ! axiom or def9ition1 :i* x does b propose fur!r to expla9 & apply4--,! treatise1 z ! in/rum5t ( a dogmatic philosophy beg9s ) an axiom or def9ition3 ! essay or dialogue1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! in/rum5t ( dialectic1 does n necess>ily s mu* z conclude 9 "o2 l t long dialogue ) oneself1 t dialectic process1 :i* may be co-ext5sive ) life4 ,x does 9 tru? little m ?an cle> ! gr\nd1 z we say1 or ! atmosph]e1 or ! m5tal tablet1 t "o may h a fair *ance ( kn[+1 or see+1 p]haps3 x does b put "o into a duly receptive attitude t[>ds su* possible tru?1 discov]y1 or revelation1 z may "o day occupy ! gr\nd1 ! tablet1--%$ itself on ! purifi$ air2 x does n provide a proposition1 nor a sy/em ( propositions1 b =ms a temp]4 ,:at ,plato pres5ts to 8 read]s is !n1 aga91 a p>adox1 or a reconciliation ( oppos$ t5d5cies3 on "o side1 ! l>ge/ possible dem& = infallible c]ta9ty 9 k 7x 0 he fix$ t ideal ( absolute tru?1 to :i*1 va9ly p]haps1 ! human m9d1 z su*1 aspires7 yet1 on ! o!r side1 ! utmo/ possible inexactness1 or cont+5cy1 9 ! me?od by :i* actually he proposes to atta9 x4 ,x has be5 said t ! hum\r ( ,socrates1 ( :i* ! #ahi fam\s ,socratic irony--! pret5ce to h a bad memory1 to dislike or di/ru/ long & =mal disc\rse1 to h taught no?+1 to be b a mid-wife 9 relation to o!r p's ?\ghts--0 an elem5t1 is m ?an a m]e p]sonal trait2 t x 0 welcome z af=d+ a means ( escape f ! full responsibilities ( 8 tea*+4 ,x belong$1 9 tru?1 to ! t5tative "* ( dialectic1 ( "q & answ] z ! me?od ( discov]y1 ( tea*+ & le>n+1 to ! position1 9 a ^w1 ( ! philosophic essayi/4 ,t x 0 ?us1 might be illu/rat$ abundantly f ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,! irony1 ! ,socratic hum\r1 s s]viceable to a diffid5t tea*]1 are1 9 fact1 ,plato's own4 ,k9dyneuei1 x may *ance to be1 is1 we may notice1 a fav\rite cat*word ( 84 ,! philosoph] ( ,be+1 or1 ( ! v]b1 ,to be1 is aft] all afraid ( say+1 ,x is4 ,=1 aga91 p]son deal+ ) p]son--) possible caprice1 !re=e1 at lea/ on "o side--or intellig5ce ) intellig5ce1 is :at ,plato supposes 9 ! reception ( tru?3--t1 & n an exact me*anism1 a precise ma*9e1 op]at+ on1 or )1 an exactly pond]able matt]4 ,he has fe>s = tru?1 h[ev] c>efully consid]$4 ,to ! v la/ falsehood w lurk1 if n ab\t tru? itself1 ab\t ?is or t ass5t to x4 ,! receiv] may add ! falsities ( 8 own nature to ! tru? he receives4 ,! proposition :i* embodies x v #aij imp]fectly1 may n look to him1 9 ^? d>k *amb]s ( 8 individuality1 ( himself1 into :i* none b he c ev] get1 to te/ ! matt]1 :at x looks to me1 or to y4 ,we may n ev5 be ?9k+ (1 n look+ at1 ! same ?+1 :5 we talk ( ,beauty1 & ! l2 objects :i*1 aft] all1 to ! ,platoni/ are matt]s ( !ria1 ( imm$iate intuition1 ( imm$iate vision1 or1 z ,plato sometimes fanci$1 ( an e>li] p]sonal exp]i5ce2 & :i*1 z matt] ( su* intuition1 are incapable ( analysis1 & !re=e1 prop]ly1 incommunicable by words4 ,place1 !n1 mu/ be left to ! la/ 9 any legitimate dialectic process = possible aft]-?\ghts2 = ! introduction1 s to speak1 ( yet ano!r int]locutor 9 ! dialogue1 :i* has1 9 fact1 no necess>y conclusion1 & leaves (f only because "t is up1 or :51 z he says1 "o leaves (f seek+ ?r\gh we>9ess 7apokamnn74 ,:at ?\ght c ?9k1 ano!r ?\ght c m5d4 ,ano!r turn 9 ! endless road may *ange ! :ole "* ( ! p]spective4 ,y _c1 z ! ,sophi/ propos$ to d 7t 0 "p ( 8 fooli%ness7 take & put tru? into ! s\l4 ,if y c\ld1 x might be e/abli%$ !re1 only z an inw>d lie1 z a mi/ake4 ,mu/ ,i take ! argum5t1 & lit]ally ins]t x into y\r m9d8 asks ,?rasyma*us4 ,heav5 =bid3 answ]s ,socrates4 ,t is precisely :at he fe>s mo/1 = himself1 & = o!rs2 & f fir/ to la/1 dem&s1 z ! fir/ condition ( comrade%ip #aia 9 t long j\rney 9 :i* he conceives tea*] & le>n] to be b fell[- travell]s1 pilgrims side by side1 s9c]ity1 above all s9c]ity ) "o's self--t1 & also fre$om 9 reply4 ,answ] :at y ?9k1 megalopreps --lib]ally4 ,= x is impossible to make way o!rwise1 9 a me?od :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 ! developm5t ( k by "q & answ]4 ,misuse1 aga91 is ( c\rse possible 9 a me?od :i* admits ( no objective sanction or /&>d2 ! success ( :i* dep5ds on a loyalty to "o's self1 9 ! prosecution ( x1 ( :i* no "o else c be cognisant4 ,& if we c misuse x ) ourselves1 h[ mu* m c]ta9ly c ! exp]t abuse x ) ano!r4 ,at e turn ( ! conv]sation1 a door lies op5 to sophi/ry4 ,sophi/ry1 logoma*y1 eri/ic3 we may le>n :at ^! are1 sometimes1 f ,plato's own practice4 ,t ju/ice is only useful z appli$ to ?+s useless2 t ! j man is a k9d ( ?ief2 & ! l2 is h>dly s mu* z sophi/ry4 ,& ?is too 0 possible 9 a me?od1 :i*1 ) all its l>ge outlook1 has some?+ ( ! irregul>ity1 ! accid5t1 ! heats & confusion1 ( life itself--a me?od ( reason+ :i* c only 9 a c]ta9 measure be reason$ ^u4 ,h[ diff]5t ! exactness :i* ,ari/otle supposes1 & does 8 be/ to secure1 9 sci5tific proc$ure6 ,= him1 dialectic1 ,platonic dialectic1 is1 at be/1 a "p ( eri/ic #aib --( ! art1 or trick1 ( m]ely popul> & approximate debate1 9 matt]s :]e sci5ce is out ( ! "q1 & rhetoric has its (fice1 n 9 provid+ = ! intellig5ce1 b 9 m\ld+ ! s5tim5ts & ! w4 ,conv]sely to t absolut5ess & necessity :i* ,plato himself supposes 9 all real k1 z ! spectacle ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 x might seem t ! only sort ( tru? atta9able by 8 actual me?od1 mu/ be ! tru? ( a p>ticul> "t & place1 = "o & n = ano!r4 ,dialogos peira/ikos1 a ,dialogue ( se>*3--e "o ( ,plato's ,dialogues is 9 ess5ce su* l t :ole1 life-long1 endless dialogue :i* dialectic1 9 its l>ge/ scope1 does b =mulate1 & 9 :i* truly ! la/1 ! infallible ^w1 aft] all1 nev] gets spok54 ,our pilgrimage is meant inde$ to end 9 no?+ less ?an ! vision ( :at we seek4 ,b c we ev] be q sure t we are really come to t8 ,by :at sign or te/8 ,n[ oppose all ?is1 all ^! peculi>ities ( ! ,platonic me?od1 z we f9d x1 to ! exact & =mal me?od ( ,ari/otle1 ( ,aqu9as1 ( ,sp9oza1 or ,hegel2 & !n suppose "o tra9$ exclusively on ,plato's dialogues4 ,is x ! et]nal c]ta9ty1 aft] all1 ! immutable & absolute "* ( tru?1 z ,plato conceiv$ x1 t he w\ld be likely to appreh5d8 ,we h "h ano!r ( ^? contra/s ( t5d5cy1 con/itutional #aic 9 ! g5ius ( ,plato1 & :i* may add to our int]e/ 9 him4 ,plato is to be expla9$1 z we say1 or int]pret$1 p>tly ?r\gh 8 pr$ecessors1 & 8 contempor>ies2 b 9 "p also by 8 foll[]s1 by ! light 8 lat] m5tal k9sm5 ?r[ back on ! consci\s or unconsci\s drift ( 8 tea*+4 ,n[ !re are 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy two opposite ,platonic traditions2 two legitimate yet div]g5t /reams ( influ5ce f him4 ,two v diff]5t yet equally repres5tative s*ol>s we may see 9 ?\ght em]g+ f 8 s*ool4 ,! !ory ( ! ,ideas1 ! high ideal1 ! uncompromis+ dem& = absolute c]ta9ty1 9 any tru? or k wor?y ( ! "n2 ! imm$iate or intuitive "* ( ! highe/ acts ( k2 t all true !ory is inde$ vision3--= ! ma9t5ance ( t side ( ! ,platonic position we mu/ look onw>d to ,ari/otle1 & ! ,s*oolm5 ( all ages1 to ,sp9oza1 to ,hegel2 to ^? my/ic aspirants to vision also1 ! s-call$ ,neo-,platoni/s ( all ages1 f ,proclus to ,s*ell+4 ,f ! ab/ract1 metaphysical sy/ems ( ^?1 ! ec/asy & illum9ism ( ^!1 we may m\nt up to ! actual words ( ,plato 9 ! ,symposium1 ! fif? book ( ,! ,republic1 ! ,pha$rus4 ,b x is 9 q diff]5t company we mu/ look = ! tradition1 ! developm5t1 ( ,plato's actual me?od ( le>n+ & tea*+4 ,! ,academy ( ,plato1 ! e/abli%$ seat ( 8 #aid philosophy1 gave "n to a s*ool1 ( :i* ,lucian1 9 ,greek1 & 9 ,lat91 ,cic]o1 are ! prop] repres5tatives1--,cic]o1 ! p]fect embodim5t ( :at is /ill sometimes und]/ood to be ! academic _s1 survey+ all sides1 array+ evid5ce1 asc]ta9+1 measur+1 balanc+1 t5d5cies1 b end+ 9 susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,if ,platonism f age to age has meant1 = "s1 ontology1 a doctr9e ( be+1 or ! ne>e/ atta9able approa* to or sub/itution = t2 = o!rs1 ,platonism has be5 9 fact only ano!r "n = scepticism1 9 a recognisable philosophic tradition4 ,?us1 9 ! ,middle ,age1 x qualifies 9 ! ,sic et ,non ! confid5t s*ola/icism ( ,abel>d4 ,x is l ! v trick & impress ( ! ,platonic ,socrates himself aga91 9 ^? endless conv]sations ( ,montaigne--t typical sceptic ( ! age ( ! ,r5aissance--conv]sations ) himself1 ) ! liv+1 ) ! dead ?r\gh _! writ+s1 :i* 8 ,essays d b reflect4 ,typical ,platoni/ or sceptic1 he is !re=e also ! typical essayi/4 ,& ! sceptical philosoph] ( ,bordeaux does b comm5ce ! mod]n _w1 :i*1 side by side ) its metaphysical reass]tions1 f ,desc>tes to ,hegel1 side by side also ) a con/ant accumulation ( ! sort ( c]ta9ty :i* is af=d$ by empirical sci5ce1 has _h assur$ly1 to *eck :olesomely ! pret5sions ( "o & ( ! o!r alike1 its d\bts4--,_! "n is legion1 says a mod]n writ]4 ,rev]5t #aie & irrev]5t1 reasonable & unreasonable1 manly & unmanly1 morbid & heal?y1 guilty & hone/1 wilful1 inevitable--!y h be5 call$1 indiff]5tly1 9 an age :i* ?ir/s = intellectual security1 b _c make up its m9d4 ,q'ue scais-je8 x cries1 9 ! words ( ,montaigne2 b 9 ! _s also ( ! ,platonic ,socrates1 ) :om su* dubitation _h be5 no?+ less ?an a religi\s duty or s]vice4 ,sangu9e ab\t any =m ( absolute k1 ( et]nal1 or indefectible1 or immutable tru?1 ) our mod]n temp]am5t z x is1 we %all h>dly become1 ev5 "u ! direction ( ,plato1 & by ! read+ ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues4 ,b if we are little likely to realise 9 8 s*ool1 ! promise ( ontological sci5ce1 ( a doctr9e ( ,be+1 or any increase 9 our consci\sness ( metaphysical security1 are likely1 r1 to acquire !re t o!r sort ( ,platonism1 a habit1 namely1 ( t5tative ?9k+ & susp5d$ judgm5t1 if we are n likely to enjoy ! vision ( 8 et]nal & immutable ideas1 ,plato may yet promote 9 u :at we call ideals-- ! aspiration t[>ds a m p]fect ,ju/ice1 a m p]fect ,beauty1 physical & intellectual1 a m p]fect condition ( human affairs1 ?an any "o has ev] yet se52 t kosmos1 9 :i* ?+s are only z !y are ?\ght by a p]fect m9d1 to :i* exp]i5ce is con/antly approximat+ u1 b :i* x does n provide4 ,!re !y /&1 ! two #aif great l&m>ks ( ! intellectual or spiritual life z ,plato conceiv$ x3 ! ideal1 ! _w ( ideas1 ! great p]haps1 = :i* x is 8 m]it s effectively to h op5$ room 9 ! m5tal s*eme1 to be kn[n by u1 if at all1 ?r\gh our aff9ities ( nature ) x1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 our deal+s ) ourselves & o!rs we may assume to be objective or real3--& !n1 ov] aga9/ our imp]fect realisation ( t ideal1 9 ourselves1 9 nature & hi/ory1 amid ! p]sonal caprices 7x might almo/ seem7 ( its discov]y ( itself to u1 z ! appropriate attitude on our "p1 ! dialectical _s1 :i* to ! la/ w h its diffid5ce & res]ve1 its scruples & second ?\ghts4 ,su* condition ( susp5d$ judgm5t inde$1 9 its m g5ial developm5t & "u felicit\s culture1 is b ! expectation1 ! receptivity1 ( ! fai?ful s*ol>1 det]m9$ n to =eclose :at is /ill a "q--! philosophic temp]1 9 %ort1 = :i* a survival ( qu]y w be /ill ! salt ( tru?1 ev5 9 ! mo/ absolutely asc]ta9$ k4 ,,notes #agd4 ,translit]ation3 ,p]i ,physes4 ,pat]'s translation3 ,conc]n+ ,nature4 #agd4 ,sic4 ,?is =m1 situate1 may be ,pat]'s ar*aism = situat$1 or x may simply be a typographic error 9 ! orig9al publi%$ edition4 #age4 99,essay--,a loose sally ( ! m9d1 says ,johnson's ,diction>y4 ,bailey's e>li] ,diction>y gives ano!r sugge/ive use ( ! ^w among m9]s--,a little tr5* or hole1 :i* !y dig to se>* = ore4 #agh4 ,translit]ation3 me?odos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 me?od4 ,plato1 ,republic #eca;c4 #agi4 99,skepsa/hai kai syztsai hoti pote e/92 kai1 ta*' an1 p>' allla skop\ntes1 kai tribontes1 hsp] ek purein1 eklampsai poisaim5 tn dikaiosynn4 ,pat]'s translation3 to consid]1 to seek out1 :at ! ?+ may be4 ,p]*ance us+ our eyes 9 common1 rubb+ away1 we might cause ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 to gl9t =?1 z f fire-/icks4 ,plato1 ,m5o #hj;d = ! fir/ l9e &1 = ! rema9d]1 ,republic #dce;a4 #aha4 ,translit]ation3 hodos1 k9sis1 me?odos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9itions3 pa?1 motion1 me?od4 #aha4 ,translit]ation3 ,alla meta?me?a4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,b let u foll[ out a diff]5t pa? ( ?\ght1 or let's exam9e ?is f a diff]5t p]spective4 ,= example1 ,plato1 ,republic #ccd;e4 #ahb4 ,translit]ation3 notos topos4 ,pat]'s translation3 reasonable _w4 ,plato1 ,republic #ejh;b4 #ahd4 ,translit]ation3 homoion homoi4 ,pat]'s translation3 l to l4 ,v>iants ( ! phrase occur 9 _m ( ,plato's dialogues2 see1 = example1 ,p>m5ides #acb;d4 #ahe4 ,translit]ation3 hop an ho logos1 hsp] pneuma1 ph]1 taut iteon4 ,pat]'s translation3 we mu/ j g :]e ! argum5t c>ries u1 z a vessel runs be=e ! w9d4 ,plato1 ,republic #cid;d4 #ahg4 ,translit]ation3 epi/m4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition #a4 k1 und]/&+1 skill1 exp]i5ce1 wisdom2 #b4 sci5tific k4 #ahi4 ,translit]ation3 ,k9dyneuei4 ,pat]'s translation3 x may *ance to be4 #aij4 ,translit]ation3 !ria4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a look+ at1 view+1 behold+ 4 4 4 contemplation1 reflection4 ,pat] def9es x 9 ,platonic t]ms z imm$iate intuition4 ,= example1 ,plato1 ,republic #dhf;a4 #aij4 ,translit]ation3 apokamnn4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 gr[+ q we>y4 ,see1 = example1 ,plato1 ,protagoras #ccc;b4 #aia4 ,translit]ation3 megalopreps4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition _/ ,e- text editor's translation3 lib]ally4 ,! ex*ange betwe5 ,?rasyma*us & ,socrates to :i* ,pat] ref]s beg9s at ,republic #cde;b4 #aib4 ,translit]ation3 ,dialogos peira/ikos4 ,pat]'s translation3 a ,dialogue ( se>*4 #aie4 ,translit]ation3 kosmos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ,i4 #a4 ord]2 #b4 good ord]1 good behavi\r1 dec5cy2 #c4 a set =m or ord]3 ( /ates1 gov]nm5t2 #d4 ! mode or fa%ion ( a ?+2 ,,ii4 an ornam5t4 4 42 ,,iii4 ! _w or univ]se1 f its p]fect arrangem5t4 ,,*apt] #h3 ,,lac$aemon #aig ,,among ! ,greeks1 philosophy has fl\ri%$ longe/1 & is /ill mo/ abundant1 at ,crete & ,lac$aemon2 & !re !re are m tea*]s ( philosophy ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,b ! ,lac$aemonians d5y ?is1 & pret5d to be unle>n$ p1 le/ x %\ld become manife/ t x is ?r\gh philosophy !y are supreme 9 ,greece2 t !y may be ?\ght to owe _! supremacy to _! fight+ & manly _s1 = !y ?9k t if ! means ( _! sup]iority 7 made kn[n all ! ,greeks w\ld practise ?is4 ,b n[1 by keep+ x a secret1 !y h succe$$ 9 mislead+ ! ,laconis]s 9 ! v>i\s cities ( ,greece2 & 9 imitation ( !m ^! p buffet !mselves1 & practise gymna/ics1 & put on box+-gloves1 & we> %ort cloaks1 z if x 7 by su* ?+s t ! ,lac$aemonians excel all o!r ,greeks4 ,b ! ,lac$aemonians1 :5 !y wi% to h int]c\rse ) _! philosoph]s )\t res]ve1 & are we>y ( go+ to !m by /eal?1 make legal proclamation t ^? ,laconis]s %\ld dep>t1 ) any o!r ali5s :o may be soj\rn+ among !m1 & !reupon betake !mselves to _! sophi/s unobs]v$ by /rang]s4 ,& y may "k t :at ,i say is true1 & t ! ,lac$aemonians are bett] in/ruct$ ?an all o!r p 9 philosophy & ! art ( discussion 9 ?is way4 ,if any "o w conv]se ) ev5 ! mo/ insignificant ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 he may f9d him inde$ 9 ! great] "p ( :at he says seem+ly b a poor creature2 b !n at "s *ance po9t 9 ! conv]sation he w ?r[ 9 "s brief compact say+1 wor?y ( rem>k1 l a clev] ar*]1 s t 8 int]locutor %all seem no bett] ?an a *ild4 ,( #aih ?is fact "s bo? ( ^? n[ liv+ & ( ! anci5ts h be5 aw>e1 & t to ,laconise consi/s 9 ! /udy ( philosophy f> r ?an 9 ! pursuit ( gymna/ic1 = !y saw t to utt] su* say+s z ^? 0 only possible = a p]fectly educat$ man4 ,( ^! 0 ,?ales ( ,miletus1 ,pittacus ( ,mytil5e1 ,bias ! ,pri5ean1 & our own ,solon1 ,cleobulus ! ,l9dian1 & ,myson ( ,*51 & ! sev5? among !m 0 call$ ,*ilon1 a ,lac$aemonian4 ,^! 7 all zeal\s lov]s & disciples ( ! culture ( ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,& any "o may und]/& t _! philosophy 0 some?+ ( ?is k9d1 %ort rememb]able say+s utt]$ by ea* ( !m4 ,!y met toge!r & (f]$ ^! 9 common1 z ! fir/ fruits ( philosophy1 to ,apollo 9 8 temple at ,delphi1 & !y wrote ^u ! walls ^! say+s kn[n & read ( all m53 ,gn?i sauton & ,md5 agan4 ,protagoras1 #cdc4 ,( c\rse !re is some?+ 9 t ( ! romance to :i* ! g5ius ( ,plato readily incl9$ him2 some?+ also ( ! ,platonic hum\r or irony1 :i* sugge/s1 = example1 to ,m5o1 s anxi\s to be in/ruct$ 9 ! !ory ( virtue1 t ! philosophic temp] mu/ be dep>t$ f ,attica1 its natural home1 to ,!ssaly--to ! rude nor!rn capital :5ce t +5u\s y\? 0 fre%ly arriv$4 ,p>tly romantic1 p>tly humor\s1 9 8 ,laconism1 ,plato is h[ev] q s]i\s 9 locat+ a c]ta9 _s at ,lac$aemon ( :i* 8 own ideal ,republic w\ld h be5 ! complet] developm5t2 :ile ! picture he draws ( x pres5ts _m a detail tak5 /raight f ,lac$aemon z x really 01 z if by an admir+ visitor1 :o _h 9 p]son pac$ ! /reets ( ! ,dorian metropolis x 0 s difficult = any #aii ali5 to ent]4 ,:at 0 actually kn[n ( t /]n place1 ( ! ,lac$aemonians at home1 at s*ool1 _h *>m$ into fancies ab\t x o!r philosophic !ori/s2 ,x5ophon = in/ance1 :o _h little or no?+ ( romantic t5d5cy ab\t !m4 ,& !re 0 ano!r sort ( romanc+ also1 q opposite to ?is ( ,plato1 conc]n+ ! h>d ways among !mselves ( ^? ,lac$aemonians :o 7 s inv9cible 9 ! field4 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 says ,pausanias1 appe> to h admir$ lea/ ( all p poetry & ! praise :i* x be/[s4 ,at ,lac$aemon !re is m philosophy ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w1 is :at ,plato1 or ! ,platonic ,socrates1 _h said4 ,yet1 on ! contr>y1 !re 7 "s :o alleg$ t true ,lac$aemonians--,lac$aemonian nobles--= _! protection aga9/ ! effem9acies ( culture1 7 d5i$ all k ( read+ & writ+4 ,b !n we "k t writt5 books are prop]ly a m]e assi/ant1 sometimes1 z ,plato himself sugge/s1 a trea*]\s assi/ant1 to memory2 ^? cons]vative ,lac$aemonians be+1 s to speak1 ! p ( memory pre-em95tly1 & v appropriately1 =1 :e!r or n !y 7 taught to read & write1 !y 7 ackn[l$g$ adepts 9 ! ,py?agorean philosophy1 a philosophy :i* attributes to memory s prepond]at+ a function 9 ! m5tal life4 ,writ+1 says ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] 9 8 labori\s1 #bjj yet1 9 spite ( its air ( coldness1 passably romantic "w on ,! ,dorians--an au?or ^: quiet en?usiasm = 8 subject result$ inde$ 9 a pati5t s*ol>%ip :i* well befits x3 ,writ+1 he says1 0 n ess5tial 9 a nation :]e laws1 hymns1 & ! praises ( illu/ri\s m5--t is1 jurisprud5ce & hi/ory--7 taught 9 _! s*ools ( music4 ,music1 :i* is or ought to be1 z we "k1 accord+ to ^? ,py?agorean doctr9es1 itself ! ess5ce ( all ?+s1 0 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,p]fect ,city ( ,plato2 & among ! ,lac$aemonians also1 :o may be ?\ght to h come )9 measurable di/ance ( t ,p]fect ,city1 ?\gh ) no consci\s !ories ab\t x1 music 7m\sik7 9 ! l>g] s5se ( ! ^w1 0 ev]y:]e1 n to alleviate only b actually to promote & in=m1 to be ! v sub/ance ( _! s /r5u\s & tax+ habit ( life4 ,:at 0 ?is music1 ?is s]vice or culture ( ! ,muses1 ?is h>mony1 p>tly moral1 d\btless1 b also ?r\gh\t a matt] ( elaborate movem5t ( ! voice1 ( musical in/rum5ts1 ( all beside t c\ld 9 any way be associat$ to su* ?+s--?is music1 = ! ma9t5ance1 ! p]petual s5se ( :i* ^? vigor\s s\ls 7 ready to sacrifice s _m opportunities1 privileges1 enjoym5ts ( a diff]5t sort1 s mu* ( _! ease1 ( !mselves1 ( "o ano!r8 ,platonism is a highly consci\s reass]tion #bja ( "o ( ! two con/itu5t elem5ts 9 ! ,hell5ic g5ius1 ( ! _s ( ! highl&s namely 9 :i* ! e>ly ,dorian =efa!rs ( ! ,lac$aemonians _h secret$ _! peculi> disposition1 9 contra/ ) ! mobile1 ! m>9e & fluid temp] ( ! littoral ,ionian p4 ,! ,republic ( ,plato is an embodim5t ( t ,platonic reass]tion or pref]5ce1 ( ,platonism1 z ! pr9ciple ( a society1 ideal en\gh inde$1 yet 9 v>i\s degrees practicable4 ,x is n und]/ood by ,plato to be an erection de novo1 & !re=e only on pap]4 ,its f\ndations might be laid 9 c]ta9 practicable *anges to be en=c$ 9 ! old s*ools1 9 a c]ta9 re=m$ music :i* mu/ be taught !re1 & w\ld float !nce into ! exi/+ homes ( ,greece1 "u ! %ad[ ( its old temples1 ! sanction ( its old religion1 its old memories1 ! old names ( ?+s4 ,giv5 ! c5tral idea1 ) its ess5tially r5ovat+ p[]1 ! well-worn elem5ts ( society z x is w\ld rebuild !mselves1 & a new col\r come gradually ov] all ?+s z ! prop] expression ( a c]ta9 new m9d 9 !m4 ,& 9 fact su* embodim5ts ( ! specially ,hell5ic elem5t 9 ,hell5ism1 compact$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( political developm5t1 !re _h be51 ?\gh 9 a less ideal =m1 9 ^? _m ,dorian con/itutions to :i* ,ari/otle ref]s4 ,to ,lac$aemon1 9 ,! ,republic itself1 admir+ allusions ab\nd1 cov]t1 yet bold #bjb en\gh1 if we rememb] ! exi/+ rivalry betwe5 ,a!ns & h] neighb\r2 & x becomes !re=e a help 9 ! /udy ( ,plato's political ideal to approa* z ne> z we may to t e>li] actual embodim5t ( its pr9ciples1 :i* is also v int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,! ,platonic ,city ( ! ,p]fect w\ld n h be5 cut clean away f ! old roots ( national life3 w\ld h _h _m l9ks ) ! beautiful & v5]able ,greek cities ( pa/ & pres5t4 ,! ideal1 poetic or romantic z x might seem1 w\ld b h begun :]e !y _h left (f1 :]e ,lac$aemon1 9 p>ticul>1 _h left (f4 ,let u !n1 by way ( realis+ ! bett] ! physiognomy ( ,plato's !oretic build+1 suppose "s contempor>y /ud5t ( ,! ,republic1 a pupil1 say6 9 ! ,a!nian ,academy1 det]m9$ to gaze on ! actual face ( :at has s /rong a family lik5ess to x4 ,/imulat$ by 8 ma/]'s unconceal$ ,laconism1 8 approval ( contempor>y ,lac$aemon1 he is at ! pa9s to j\rney ?i!r1 & make p]sonal inspection ( a place1 9 ,plato's g5]al comm5dations ( :i* he may suspect "s hum\r or irony1 b :i* has unmi/akably l5t _m a detail to 8 ideal ,republic1 on pap]1 or 9 ?\ght4 ,he w\ld h f\nd x1 ?is y\?ful ,ana*>sis1 h>d to get !re1 p>tly ?r\gh ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 9 "p because ! p ( ,lac$aemon 7x 0 a po9t ( sy/em ) !m1 z we he>d j n[7 7 suspici\s ( #bjc =eign]s4 ,romantic deal]s 9 political !ory at ,a!ns 7 safe 9 say+ pretty mu* :at !y pleas$ ab\t its dome/ic do+s4 ,/ill1 n s f> away1 made1 n 9 idea & by ! movem5ts ( an ab/ract argum5t1 ! m]e /rokes ( a philosophic p51 b solidifi$ by con/ancy ( "*1 =tifi$ anew on em]g5cy by h]oic de$s1 = itself1 = ! :ole ( ,greece1 ?\gh ) su* p]si/5t hold ?r\gh\t on an idea1 or sy/em ( ideas1 t x might seem actually to h come ready-made f ! m9d ( "s half-div9e ,lycurgus1 or ?r\gh him f ,apollo himself1 creator ( t music ( :i* x 0 an example3--!re1 9 ! hidd5 valley ( ! ,eurotas1 x 0 to be f\nd1 z a visible c5tre ( actual human life1 ! place :i* 0 alleg$ to h come1 h>% p>adox z x might s\nd to ,a!nian e>s1 )9 measurable di/ance ( civic p]fection1 ( ! political & social ideal4 ,our y\?ful academic adv5tur] !n1 mak+ 8 way along ^? difficult roads1 betwe5 ! ridges ( ! ,ea/]n ,acadian ,m\nta9s1 & em]g+ at la/ into holl[ ,laconia1 w\ld h f\nd himself 9 a c\ntry c>efully made ! mo/ ( by ! lab\r ( s]fs2 a l& ( slav]y1 f> m rel5tlessly organis$ accord+ to law ?an any:]e else 9 ,greece1 :]e1 9 tru?1 = ! mo/ "p slav]y 0 a k9d ( accid5t4 ,b :atev] rig\rs ^! slaves ( ,laconia 7 o!rwise subject$ to1 !y #bjd enjoy$ c]ta9ly t k9d ( well- be+ :i* does come ( organisation1 f ! ord] & regul>ity ( sy/em1 liv+ "u c5tral milit>y au?ority1 & b\nd !mselves to milit>y s]vice2 to furni% 7z "u lat] feudal in/itutions7 s _m effici5t m5-at-arms on dem&1 & ma9ta9 !mselves 9 read9ess = w> z !y lab\r$ 9 ^? di/antly-scatt]$ f>ms1 seldom visit$ by _! true ma/]s f ,lac$aemon1 :i!r ye> by ye> !y s5t 9 k9d _! heavy tribute ( oil1 b>ley & w9e4 ,! v g5ius ( cons]vatism "h en?ron$1 secur$1 we may be sure1 to ?is old-fa%ion$ c\ntry life some?+ ( ! p]sonal dignity1 ( ! enjoym5ts also1 natural to x2 some:at liveli] religi\s fea/s1 = example1 ?an _! lords all[$ !mselves4 ,/ray e*oes ( _! boi/]\s plebeian mir? on su* occasions h rea*$ u 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,b if ! travell] _h p5etrat$ a little m closely he w\ld h be5 told c]ta9 />tl+ /ories1 ) at lea/ a basis ( tru? 9 !m1 ev5 z reg>ds ! age ( ,plato4 ,^! slaves 7 ,greeks3 no rude ,scy?ians1 nor cr\*+1 decrepit ,asiatics1 l ord9>y prison]s ( w>1 ! sort ( slaves y c\ld buy1 b g5u9e ,greeks1 speak+ _! native tongue1 if ) less ( muscul> t5sion & en]gy1 yet probably ) pleasant] voice & acc5t ?an _! ess5tially highl& ma/]s4 ,physically !y ?rove1 "u some?+ ( ! same discipl9e :i* _h made #bje ^? ma/]s ! ma/]s also ( all ,greece4 ,!y saw !m n[ & !n--_! y\ng] lords1 br\ght1 "u /rict tutelage1 on ^? long hunt+ exp$itions1 "o ( _! s r>e enjoym5ts1 prescrib$ = !m1 z 0 believ$1 by ! f\nd] ( _! polity4 ,b sometimes 7"h 0 ! report :i* made "o %udd] ev5 9 broad daylight1 9 ^? seem+ly reposeful places7 sometimes ^? "y nobles ( ,lac$aemon rea*$ !m on a diff]5t k9d ( pursuit3 came by night1 secretly1 ?\gh by no means contr>ily to ! laws ( a /ate crafty z x 0 det]m9$1 to murd] !m at home1 or a c]ta9 moiety ( !m2 "o "h or !re p]haps :o1 ) good ,a*aean blood 9 8 ve9s1 & "u a :olesome mode ( life1 0 gr[n too tall1 or too h&some1 or too fruitful a fa!r1 to feel q l a slave4 ,"u a sort ( slav]y t makes him /rong & beautiful1 :]e p]sonal beauty 0 s greatly priz$1 8 ma/]s are 9 fact jeal\s ( him4 ,b ma/]s ?us h>d to o!rs1 ^! ,lac$aemonians1 z we "k1 7 ! rev]se ( indulg5t to !mselves4 ,:ile1 z a matt] ( !ory1 p[] & privilege belong$ exclusively to ! old1 to ! s5iors 7hoi g]ontes1 h g]\sia7 rul+ by a c\ncil :]e9 no "q might be discuss$1 "o might only deliv] "o's ,aye6 or ,no6 ,lac$aemon 0 9 tru? be=e all ?+s an organis$ place ( discipl9e1 an organis$ #bjf opportunity also1 = y\?1 = ! sort ( y\? t knew h[ to comm& by s]v+--a con/ant exhibition ( y\?ful c\rage1 y\?ful self-respect1 yet above all ( true y\?ful docility2 y\? ?us committ+ itself absolutely1 s\l & body1 to a corporate s5tim5t 9 its v sports4 ,!re 0 a ?ird sort ( regulation visits ! lads ( ,lac$aemon 7 driv5 to pay to ^? c\ntry places1 ! vales1 ! upl&s1 :51 to brace y\?ful /oma*s & develope res\rce1 !y came at /at$ int]vals z a k9d ( m5dicants or ?ieves1 feet & head uncov]$ ?r\gh fro/ & heat1 to /eal _! su/5ance1 "u p5alties if detect$--a survival1 z an?ropologi/s w\ld d\btless prove1 po9t+ out collat]al illu/rations ( ! same1 f a _w ( purely animal c\rage & ke5ness4 ,:ips & rods us$ 9 a k9d ( monitorial sy/em by !mselves _h a great "p 9 ! education ( ^! "y ari/ocrats1 &1 z pa9 surely mu/ d1 pa9 n ( bodily disease or wret*$ accid5ts1 b z x 7 by dignifi$ rules ( art1 seem to h ref9$ !m1 to h made !m obs]vant ( ! m9ute/ direction 9 ^? musical ex]cises1 :]e9 eye & e> & voice & foot all alike comb9$4 ,!re c\ld be no?+ p>aleipom5on1 z ,plato says1 no ov]sights1 "h4 ,no6 e "o1 at e mom5t1 q at 8 be/2 &1 obs]ve especially1 ) no sup]fluities2 see+ t :5 we h to d ) music ( any k9d1 ) matt]s ( art1 9 /one1 9 words1 #bjg 9 ! actions ( life1 all sup]fluities are 9 v tru? sup]fluities ( naught9ess1 su* z annihilate music4 ,! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* our "y travell] f 8 lax] s*ool ( ,a!ns seeks 8 way to ,lac$aemon1 ?is l& ( a noble slav]y1 s peacefully occupi$ b = ^? irregul> nocturnal t]rors1 0 p]haps ! lovelie/ 9 ,greece1 ) t peculi>ly bl5t lovel9ess1 9 :i*1 z at ,flor5ce1 ! expression ( a luxuri\s l[l& is duly *eck$ by ! sev]ity ( its m\nta9 b>ri]s4 ,x 0 a type ( ! ,dorian purpose 9 life--/]nness1 l sea-wat] infus$ into w9e1 ov]tak+ a matt] naturally ri*1 at ! mom5t :5 fulness may lose its sav\r & expression4 ,amid ! corn & ole&]s--corn s tall1 close1 & luxuriant1 z ! mod]n travell] !re /ill f9ds--x 0 visible at la/1 ,lac$aemon1 koil ,sp>t1 holl[ ,sp>ta1 "u ! %elt]+ walls ( ,taygetus1 ! brok5 & rugg$ =ms ( :i* 7 attribut$ to e>?quake1 b )\t prop] walls ( its own4 ,9 t natural fa/ness1 or trap1 or falcon's ne/1 x _h no ne$ ( !m1 ! falcon ( ! l&1 ) ! hamlets 7poli*nia7 a hundr$ & m1 disp]s$ ov] x1 9 jeal\sly en=c$ seclusion f "o ano!r4 ,f ! fir/ he notes ! antiquat$ appe>ance ( ,lac$aemon1 by no means a gr[+ place1 always rebuild+1 remodell+ itself1 aft] ! newe/ fa%ion1 ) %apeless suburbs #bjh /ret*+ f>!r & f>!r on e side ( x1 gr[n too l>ge p]haps1 z ,plato ?reat5s1 to be a body1 a corporate unity1 at all3 n t1 b /ill1 & to ! la/1 itself only a great village1 a solemn1 anci5t1 m\nta9 village4 ,ev5 "h ( c\rse !re _h be5 movem5t1 "s sort ( progress1 if s x is to be call$1 l9k+ limb to limb2 b long ago4 ,orig9ally a union1 aft] ! mann] ( e>ly ,rome1 ( p]haps ?ree or f\r neighb\r+ villages :i* _h nev] lo/ _! physiognomy1 l ,rome x occupi$ a gr\p ( irregul> heights1 ! out]mo/ roots ( ,taygetus1 on ! bank ( a riv] or m\nta9 torr5t1 impetu\s en\gh 9 w9t]1 a s]ies ( wide %all[s & deep pools 9 ! blaz+ summ]4 ,x 0 e day h[ev]1 all ! ye> r\nd1 t ,lac$aemonian y\? plung$ itself 9 ! ,eurotas4 ,h5ce1 f ?is circum/ance ( ! union !re ( orig9ally disp>ate p>ts1 ! picturesque & expressive irregul>ity1 _h !y _h "t to ?9k x su*1 ( ! city prop]ly s t]m$1 ! "o op5 place or /reet1 ,high ,/reet1 or ,corso--,aphetais by "n1 l9$1 irregul>ly aga91 ) v>i\s religi\s & o!r monum5ts4 ,x radiat$ on all sides into a mazy coil1 an ambu%1 ( n>r[ crook$ lanes1 up & d[n1 9 :i* attack & def5ce w\ld necess>ily be a matt] ( h&-to-h& fight+4 ,9 ! outskirts lay ! citiz5s' h\ses1 roomi] f> ?an ^? ( ,a!ns1 ) spaci\s1 wall$ c\rts1 almo/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"h1 9 contra/ #bji to ! homes ( ,a!ns1 ! legitimate wife _h a real dignity1 ! unm>ri$ woman a s+ul> fre$om4 ,!re 7 no door-knock]s3 y %\t$ at ! out] gate to be let 94 ,betwe5 ! high walls lanes pass$ into c\ntry roads1 sacr$ ways to anci5t sacro-sanct localities1 ,!rapnae1 ,amyclae1 on ?is side or t1 "u ! %ade ( mighty plane-trees4 ,plato1 z y may rememb]1 gives a h9t t1 l all o!r visible ?+s1 ! v trees--h[ !y gr[--ex]cise an ae/hetic influ5ce on "*4 ,! dilig5t legislator !re=e w\ld h 8 pref]5ces1 ev5 9 ?is matt] ( ! trees "u :i* ! citiz5s ( ! ,p]fect ,city might sit d[n to re/4 ,:at trees8 y wond]4 ,! olive8 ! laurel1 z if wr\ght 9 gr&iose metal8 ! cypress8 t came to a wond]ful height 9 ,dorian ,crete3 ! oak8 we ?9k x v expressive ( /r5u\s national "*4 ,well6 c]ta9ly ! plane-tree = "o1 *>act]i/ic tree ( ,lac$aemon !n & n[2 a v tranquil & tranquillis+ object1 spread+ its level or gravely curv$ masses on ! air z regally z ! tree ( ,lebanon itself4 ,a va/ grove ( su* 0 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,lac$aemon 9 any di/ant view ( x2 t1 &1 z at ,a!ns1 a colossal image1 old] ?an ! days ( ,phidias--! ,demos ( ,lac$aemon1 x w\ld seem1 t[]+ visibly above ! p x protect$4 ,bel[ ^? mighty trees1 on an isl& 9 _! national riv]1 #baj 7 ! play+- fields1 :]e ,lac$aemonian y\? aft] sacrifice 9 ! ,ephebeum delight$ o!rs r ?an itself 7no %irk+ 0 all[$7 ) a sort ( football1 "u rigor\s self-impos$ rules--te>+1 bit+--a sport1 r\gh] ev5 ?an our own1 et mme trs dang]eux1 z our ,attic neighb\rs1 ! ,fr5*1 say ( ! ,engli% game4 ,!y 7 ord]ly en\gh p]=ce1 ! boys1 ! "y m51 )9 ! city--se51 b n he>d1 except "u regulations1 :5 !y made ! be/ music 9 ! _w4 ,our visitor f ,a!ns :5 he saw ^? y\?ful soldi]s1 or milit>y /ud5ts1 z ,x5ophon 9 8 pretty treatise on ! polity ( ,lac$aemon describes1 walk+ ) d[nca/ eyes1 _! h&s meekly hidd5 9 _! cloaks1 might h ?\ght !m "y monks1 _h he kn[n ( su*4 ,a little m\nta9 t[n1 h[ev] ambiti\s1 h[ev] successful 9 its ambition1 w\ld h>dly be expect$ to compete ) ,a!ns1 or ,cor9?1 itself a ,dorian /ate1 9 art-production1 yet _h n only its *>act]i/ic pref]5ces 9 ?is matt]1 9 pla/ic & lit]>y art1 b _h also _m v5]able & beautiful build+s to %[4 ,! ,a!nian visitor1 :o is /&+ n[ 9 ! c5tral space ( ,lac$aemon1 notes "h1 z be+ a trait also ( ! ,p]fect ,city ( academic !ory1 t precisely because ^! p f9d !mselves v susceptible to ! #baa influ5ces ( =m & col\r & s\nd1 to ext]nal ae/hetic influ5ce1 b h )al a special purpose1 a c]ta9 /rongly conceiv$ discipl9>y or e?ic ideal1 t !re=e a peculi> hum\r prevails among !m1 a self-d5y+ hum\r1 9 reg>d to ^! ?+s4 ,^? anci5t ,pelopid pr9ces1 f :om ! h]$it>y k+s ( hi/oric ,lac$aemon1 come back f exile into _! old home1 claim to be desc5d$1 _h _h _! palaces1 ) a c]ta9 ,hom]ic1 ,asiatic spl5d\r1 ( wr\ght metal & ! l2 consid]able relics ( :i* /ill rema9$1 b z public or sacr$ prop]ty n[4 ,at ! "t :5 ,plato's s*ol> /&s be=e !m1 ! h\ses ( ^! lat] hi/oric k+s--two k+s1 z y rememb]1 always reign+ toge!r1 9 "s n q cle>ly evolv$ diff]5tiation ( ! temporal & spiritual functions--7 pla9 en\gh2 ! royal doors1 :5 begg> or c\rti] approa*$ !m1 no da9ti] ?an ,lycurgus _h prescrib$ = all true ,lac$aemonian citiz5s2 rude1 /range ?+s to look at1 fa%ion$ only1 l ! ceil+s )91 ) axe & saw1 ( old m\nta9 oak or p9e f ^? great ,taygetan =e/s1 :5ce came also ! abundant iron1 :i* ?is /]n p ( iron & /eel _h sup]-induc$ on t e>li] dreamy age ( silv] & gold--/eel1 h[ev]1 admirably temp]$ & wr\ght 9 its application to milit>y use1 & mu* s\ght aft] ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,lay] ^u lay]1 ! relics ( ^? e>li] #bab g5]ations1 a :ole succession ( rem>kable races1 lay b5ea? ! /r5u\s foot/eps ( ! pres5t occupants1 z !re 0 old poetic leg5d 9 ! dep?s ( _! seem+ly s practical or prosaic s\ls4 ,nor b5ea? _! feet only3 ! relics ( _! wor%ip1 _! sanctu>ies1 _! tombs1 _! v h\ses1 7 "p ( ! sc5]y ( actual life4 ,our "y ,platonic visitor f ,a!ns1 climb+ ?r\gh ^? n>r[ w9d+ lanes1 & /&+ at l5g? on ! op5 plat=m ( ! ,aphetais1 f9ds himself surr\nd$ by treasures1 mode/ treasures ( anci5t ar*itecture1 dott$ irregul>ly "h & !re ab\t him1 z if ) consci\s design ^u picturesque effect1 su* irregul>ities sometimes c>ry+ 9 !m ! secret ( expression1 an acc5t4 ,old ,alcman = "o _h be5 alive to ! poetic opportunities ( ! place2 boa/s t he belongs to ,lac$aemon1 ab\nd+ 9 sacr$ tripods2 t x 0 "h ! ,heliconian ,muses _h reveal$ !mselves to him4 ,if ! private abodes ev5 ( royalty 7 rude x 0 only t ! spl5d\r ( places d$icat$ to religion & ! /ate might ! m ab\nd4 ,mo/ spl5did ( !m all1 ! ,/oa ,poekile1 a cloi/] or portico ) pa9t$ walls1 to :i* ! spoils ( ! ,p]sian w> _h be5 devot$1 rang$ its pill>s ( :ite m>ble on "o side ( ! c5tral space3 on ! o!r1 connect+ ^? high memories ) ! task ( ! liv+1 lay ! ,*oros1 :]e1 at ! ,gymnopa$ia1 ! ,sp>tan y\? danc$ 9 hon\r ( ,apollo4 #bac ,scatt]$ up & d[n among ! monum5ts ( victory 9 battle 7 ! h]oa1 tombs or *apels ( ! h]oes :o _h pur*as$ x ) _! blood--,pausanias1 ,leonidas1 br\ght home f ,!rmopylae =ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,a pill> too1 says ,pausanias1 is erect$ "h1 on :i* ! pat]nal names are inscrib$ ( ^? :o at ,!rmopylae su/a9$ ! attack ( ! ,m$es4 ,"h 9 tru? all deities put on a m>tial habit--,aphrodite1 ! ,muses1 ,eros himself1 ,a!ne ,*alcioecus1 ,a!ne ( ! ,braz5 ,h\se1 an antique temple t[]+ above ! re/1 built f ! spoils ( "s victory long s9ce =gott54 ,! "n ( ! arti/ :o made ! image ( ! tutel>y goddess 0 rememb]$ 9 ! annals ( e>ly ,greek art1 ,gitiades1 a native ( ,lac$aemon4 ,he _h compos$ a hymn also 9 h] praise4 ,c\ld we h se5 ! place he _h re/or$ r ?an con/ruct$1 ) its cov]+ ( my?ological reliefs 9 brass or bronze1 p]haps ,hom]'s descriptions ( a seem+ly impossible sort ( metallic ar*itecture w\ld h be5 less tax+ to 8 read]'s imag9ation4 ,^? :o 9 o!r places _h lo/ _! ta/e amid ! facile spl5d\rs ( a lat] day1 might "h g to s*ool aga94 ,?r\gh\t ,greece1 9 fact1 x 0 ! ,doric /yle :i* came to prevail z ! religi\s or hi]atic mann]1 nev] to be surpass$ = t purpose1 z ! ,go?ic /yle seems likely to d ) u4 ,?\gh x is n exclusively ! inv5tion #bad ( ,dorian m51 yet1 says ,mll]1 ! ,dorian "* creat$ ! ,doric ar*itecture1 & he notes 9 x1 especially1 ! sev]ity ( ! p]fectly /raight1 sm>tly tap]+ l9e ( its column2 ! bold projection ( ! capital2 ! alt]nation ( long unornam5t$ pla9 surfaces ) n>r[] b&s ( decorat$ "w2 ! pr(\nd %ad[s2 ! expression ( security1 ( h>mony1 infus$ ?r\gh\t2 ! magnific5t p$im5t cr[n+ ! :ole1 l ! cornice ( m\nta9 wall beyond1 ar\nd1 & above x4 ,/&+ !re 9 ! ,aphetais1 amid ^! v5]able works ( art1 ! visitor c\ld n =get ! natural ar*itecture ab\t him4 ,z ! ,dorian g5ius _h diff]5tiat$ itself f ! common ,hell5ic type 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s ( ,epirus1 s "h at la/1 9 its f9al & mo/ *>act]i/ic home1 x 0 /ill surr\nd$ by !m3--ophrya te kai koila9etai4 ,we "k1 "s ( u1 :at su* m\nta9 neighb\rhood means4 ,! :olesome vig\r1 ! cle>ness & purity !y ma9ta9 9 matt]s su* z air1 light1 wat]2 h[ _! pres5ce multiplies ! contra/s1 ! elem5t ( light & %ad[1 9 ?+s2 ! unt\*$ p]fection ( ! m9ut] ornam5t1 fl[] or cry/al1 !y p]mit "o sp>+ly2 _! reproa*ful alo(ness1 ?\gh s close to u1 keep+ s5sitive m9ds at lea/ 9 a sort ( moral alliance ) _! remot] solitudes4 ,! :ole life ( ! ,lac$aemonian community1 says ,mll]1 #bae _h a seclud$1 imp5etrable1 & secret "*4 ,y c\ldn't really "k x unless y 7 ( x4 ,a sy/em :i* conceiv$ ! :ole ( life z matt] ( att5tion1 pati5ce1 a fidelity to detail1 l t ( good soldi]s & musicians1 c\ld n b tell also on ! m]e/ h&icrafts1 con/itut+ !m 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( a craft4 ,if ! money ( ,sp>ta 01 or _h rec5tly be51 ( cumbr\s iron1 t 0 because its trade _h a suffici5t v>iety ( /ock to be ma9ly by b>t]1 & we may suppose ! m>ket 7into :i*1 l our own academic y\? at ,ox=d1 "y ,sp>tans 7 =bidd5 to g7 full en\gh ( bus9ess-- _m a busy work%op 9 ^? w9d+ lanes4 ,! l[] arts c]ta9ly no true ,sp>tan might practise2 b ev5 ,helots1 artisan ,helots1 w\ld h m ?an 0 usual else:]e ( t %>p5$ intellig5ce & ! discipl9$ h& 9 su* lab\r :i* really dignify ^? :o foll[ x4 ,9 ,a!ns itself c]ta9 ,lac$aemonian commodities 7 mu* 9 dem&1 ?+s ( milit>y s]vice or = e-day use1 turn$ out ) flawless adaptation to _! purpose4 ,! ,helots1 !n1 to :om ?is bus9ess exclusively belong$1 a race ( slaves1 di/+ui%able h[ev] f ! slaves or s]fs :o till$ ! l&1 h&+ on _! ma/]y 9 ^? matt]s 9 a k9d ( guild1 fa!r to son1 ?r\gh old-e/abli%$ families ( flute- #baf play]s1 w9e-mix]s1 bak]s1 & ! l1 ?us left _! h]$it>y lords1 ,les ,g5s ,fleur-de-liss 7to borr[ an expression f ,fr5* feudalism7 9 unbrok5 leisure1 to p]fect !mselves = ! prop] functions ( g5tlem5--s*ol1 leisure1 9 ! two s5ses ( ! ^w1 :i* 9 tru? involve "o ano!r--_! :ole "t free1 to be told out 9 au/]e s*ools4 ,long easeful nights1 ) m ?an en\gh to eat & dr9k1 ! illib]al pleasures ( appetite1 z ,ari/otle & ,plato agree 9 ?9k+ !m1 are ( c\rse ! appropriate rew>d or rem$y ( ^? :o "w pa9fully ) _! h&s1 & seem to h be5 freely conc$$ to ^? ,helots1 :o by concession ( ! ,/ate1 f fir/ to la/ _! legal own]1 7 9 dome/ic s]vice1 & sometimes mu* pett$ 9 ! h\se1 ?\gh by no means freely conc$$ to ! gold5 y\? ( ,lac$aemon--y\? ( gold1 or gild$ /eel4 ,! traditional ,helot1 drunk p]=ce to disgu/ 8 "y ma/] ) ! co>s5ess ( vice1 is probably a fable2 & !re are o!r /ories full ( a t\*+ _s ( natural s]vice1 ( submissiv5ess1 ( an in/9ctively loyal admiration = ! brilliant qualities ( "o tra9$ p]haps to despise him1 by :i* ! s]vitor mu/ h become1 9 8 measure1 actually a %>] 9 !m4 ,j "h1 = once1 we see t slavi% ?os1 ! s]vile range ( s5tim5t1 :i* ought to accompany ! condition ( slav]y1 if x be inde$1 z ,ari/otle supposes1 "o ( ! #bag natural relation%ips betwe5 man & man1 idealis$1 or ae/hetically "r1 pleasant & prop]2 ! aret1 or be/ possible condition1 ( ! "y s]vitor z su*1 includ+ a sort ( bodily wor%ip1 & a will+ness to %>e ! ke5 discipl9e :i* _h develop$ ! s attractive gallantry ( 8 y\?ful lords4 ,a great wave1 successive waves1 ( invasion1 suffici5tly remote to h lo/ already all hi/oric tru? ( detail1 _h left !m--^! ,helots1 & ! ,p]ioeci1 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t--?us to s]ve among _! own k9sm51 ?\gh s close to !m 9 l9eage1 s mu* on a level ) _! ma/]s 9 ess5tial physical qualities t to ! la/ !y c\ld nev] be entirely subdu$ 9 _s4 ,pati5t mod]n rese>*1 foll[+ ! track ( a deep-root$ national tradition veil$ 9 ! my?ological figm5ts :i* c5tre 9 :at is call$ ,! ,return ( ! ,h]aclidae1 reveals ^? nor!rn immigrants or invad]s1 at v>i\s po9ts on _! way1 dom9ant all along x1 f a c]ta9 deep vale 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s ( ,epirus s\?w>ds1 gradually ?r\gh zone aft] zone ( m temp]ate l[l&1 to rea* _! p]fection1 highl&]s f fir/ to la/1 9 ?is m\nta9 holl[ ( ,lac$aemon4 ,!y claim supremacy1 n z ,dorian invad]s1 b z k9sm5 ( ! old ,a*aean pr9ces ( ! l&2 yet x 0 to ! fact ( conque/1 to ! necessity ( #bah ma9ta9+ a position s /ra9$1 l t1 z ,ari/otle expressly po9t$ out1 ( a beleagu]$ encampm5t 9 an enemy's t]ritory1 t ! s+ul> in/itutions ( ,lac$aemon1 ! half-milit>y1 half-mona/ic _s1 :i* prevail$ 9 ?is s gravely beautiful place1 _h be5 orig9ally due4 ,b obs]ve6--,its moral & political sy/em1 9 :i* t slav]y 0 s significant a factor1 its discipl9e1 its ae/hetic & o!r scruples1 its peculi> moral ?os1 hav+ long be=e our ,platonic /ud5t comes ?i!r atta9$ its orig9al & prop] ends1 surviv$1--!re is ! po9t6 surviv$ z an end 9 itself1 z a matt] ( s5tim5t1 ( public & p]haps /ill m ( p]sonal pride1 ?\gh ( ! f9]1 ! v f9e/ sort1 9 "o ^w z an ideal4 ,p]icles1 z y rememb]1 9 8 fam\s v9dication ( ! ,a!nian sy/em1 makes 8 he>]s und]/& t ! ends ( ! ,lac$aemonian p might h be5 atta9$ ) less self-sacrifice ?an !irs4 ,b /ill1 !re x rema9$1 h diaita ,drik--! g5u9e ,laconism ( ! ,lac$aemonians !mselves1 _! traditional conception ( life1 ) its e>ne/ness1 its precision & /r5g?1 its loyalty to its own type1 its impassion$ complet5ess2 a spectacle1 ae/hetically1 at lea/1 v int]e/+1 l "s p]fect in/rum5t %ap+ to :at !y visibly 71 ! mo/ beautiful ( all p1 9 ,greece1 9 ! _w4 ,gymna/ic1 bodily ex]cise1 ( c\rse1 does #bai n always & necess>ily effect ! l ( t4 ,a c]ta9 p]fectly pres]v$ old ,roman mosaic pavem5t 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum1 pres5ts a t]ribly fre% picture ( ! results ( ano!r sort ( tra9+1 ! mon/r\s developm5t by a cruel art1 by ex]cise1 ( ?is or t muscle1 *ang+ boy or man into a m]ely me*anic in/rum5t ) :i* 8 bre$]s might make money by amus+ ! ,roman p4 ,victor ,hugo's odi\s dream ( ,l'homme qui rit1 mu/ h _h some?+ ( a prototype among ^? old ,roman gladiators4 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 says ,x5ophon on ! o!r h&1 homois apo te tn skeln kai apo *eirn kai apo tra*l\ gymnazontai4 ,"h too1 t is to say1 !y aim$ at1 !y f\nd1 proportion1 ,py?agorean symmetry or music1 & bold z !y c\ld be 9 _! ex]cises 7x 0 a ,lac$aemonian :o1 at ,olympia1 = ! fir/ "t ?rew aside ! heavy girdle & ran nak$ to ! goal7 =bade all t 0 likely to disfigure ! body4 ,?\gh we mu/ n suppose all ties ( nature r5t asund]1 nor all connexion betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 9 ^? g5ial1 retir$ h\ses at an end 9 v e>ly life1 x 0 yet a /rictly public education :i* began ) !m betimes1 & ) a v cle>ly def9$ programme1 cons]vative ( anci5t traditional & unwritt5 rules1 an ari/ocratic education = ! few1 ! lib]ales--lib]als1 z we may say1 9 t ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x made !m1 9 #bbj v de$1 ! lords1 ! ma/]s1 ( ^? !y 7 meant by-&-by to rule2 ma/]s1 ( _! v s\ls1 ( _! imag9ation1 en=c+ on !m an ideal1 by a sort ( spiritual au?ority1 ?us back+1 or back$ by1 a v effective organisation ( ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,9 speak+ ( ,lac$aemon1 y see1 x comes naturally to speak out ( proportion1 x might seem1 ( its y\?1 & ( ! education ( its y\?4 ,b 9 fact if y ent] into ! _s ( ,lac$aemonian y\?1 y may conceive ,lac$aemonian manhood = y\rselves4 ,y div9e already :at ! boy1 ! y\?1 s late 9 obta9+ 8 majority1 9 becom+ a man1 came to be 9 ! action ( life1 & on ! battle-field4 ,9 a ,doric /ate1 says ,mll]1 education 01 on ! :ole1 a matt] ( m importance ?an gov]nm5t4 ,a "y ,lac$aemonian1 !n1 ( ! privileg$ class left 8 home1 8 t5d] nurses 9 ^? l>ge1 quiet old suburban h\ses e>ly1 = a public s*ool1 a s*ool+ all ! /rict] z ye>s w5t on1 to be foll[$1 ev5 s1 by a peculi> k9d ( b>rack-life1 ! temp] ( :i*1 a sort ( milit>y mona/icism 7x mu/ be repeat$7 w\ld beset him to ! end4 ,?\gh 9 ! gymnasia ( ,lac$aemon no idle by- /&]s1 no--well6 ,platonic l\ng]s aft] tru? or :at n--7 p]mitt$1 yet we are told1 nei!r !re nor 9 ,sp>ta g5]ally1 nei!r !re nor any:]e else1 7 ! boys p]mitt$ #bba to be alone4 ,if a c]ta9 love ( res]ve1 ( seclusion1 *>act]is$ ! ,sp>tan citiz5 z su*1 x 0 p]haps ! cicatrice ( t wr5* f a s(t home into ! imp]ative1 inevitable gaze ( 8 fell[s1 broad1 se>*+1 m9ute1 8 regret =1 8 desire to rega91 moral & m5tal ev5 m ?an physical ease4 ,& 8 education cont9u$ late2 he c\ld seldom ?9k ( m>riage till ! age ( ?irty4 ,e?ically x aim$ at ! reality1 ae/hetically at ! expression1 ( res]v$ p[]1 & f ! fir/ set its subject on ! ?\ght ( 8 p]sonal dignity1 ( self-comm&1 9 ! arti/ic way ( a good musician1 a good soldi]4 ,x is not$ t ! g5]al acc5t ( ! ,doric dialect has itself ! "* n ( "q or entreaty1 b ( comm& or dictation4 ,! place ( def]5ce1 ( ob$i5ce1 0 l>ge 9 ! education ( ,lac$aemonian y\?2 & !y nev] compla9$4 ,x involv$ h[ev] = ! mo/ "p1 z ) ourselves1 ! gov]nm5t ( y\? by itself2 an implicit subord9ation ( ! y\ng] to ! old]1 9 _m degrees4 ,q e>ly 9 life1 at s*ool1 !y f\nd t sup]iors & inf]iors1 homoioi & hypomeiones1 !re really 72 & _! education proce$$ ) sy/ematic boldness on t fact4 ,eirn1 melleirn1 sideuns1 & ! l--words1 titles1 :i* indicate an unfl9*+ elaboration ( ! attitudes ( y\?ful subord9ation & comm& ) responsibility--rema9 z a "p ( :at we might #bbb call _! public-s*ool slang4 ,!y ate toge!r 9 _! divisions 7agelai7 on mu* ! same f>e e day at a sort ( messes2 n recl9$1 l ,ionians or ,asiatics1 b l h]oes1 ! pr9cely males1 9 ,hom]1 sitt+ upright on _! wood5 b5*es2 7 inspect$ frequ5tly1 & by free use ( viv voce exam9ation became adepts 9 pres5ce ( m9d1 9 m5tal read9ess & vig\r1 9 ! brief mode ( spee* ,plato comm5ds1 :i* took & has kept its "n f !m2 ) no w>m ba?s all[$2 a daily plunge 9 _! riv] requir$4 ,yes6 ,! beauty ( ^! mo/ beautiful ( all p 0 a male beauty1 f> remote f fem99e t5d]ness2 _h ! expression ( a c]ta9 ascsis 9 x2 0 l un-sweet5$ w9e4 ,9 comp>ison ) x1 beauty ( ano!r type might seem to be want+ 9 edge or acc5t4 ,& !y c\ld be sil5t4 ,( ! positive uses ( ! negation ( spee*1 l g5u9e s*ol>s ( ,py?agoras1 ! ,lac$aemonians 7 well aw>e1 ga9+ /r5g? & int5sity by repression4 ,long spaces ( en=c$ sil5ce _h d\btless some?+ to d ) t expressive brevity ( utt]ance1 :i* c\ld be also1 :5 !y c>$1 s inexpressive ( :at _! int5tions really 7--some?+ to d ) ! habit ( m9d to :i* su* speak+ w\ld come naturally4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ceaseless prattle ( ,a!ns1 ,lac$aemonian assemblies la/$ z %ort a "t z possible1 all /&+4 ,a #bbc ,lac$aemonian ambassador be+ ask$ 9 ^: "n he 0 come1 replies3 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate1 if ,i succe$2 if ,i fail1 9 my own4 ,:at !y lo/ 9 ext5sion !y ga9$ 9 dep?4 ,_h our travell] be5 tempt$ to ask a "y ,lac$aemonian to return 8 visit at ,a!ns1 p]mission w\ld h be5 refus$ him4 ,he belong$ to a community b5t above all ?+s on keep+ indelibly its own prop] col\r4 ,its m /rictly m5tal education c5t]$1 9 fact1 ^u a fai?ful tra9+ ( ! memory1 aga9 9 ! _s ( ,py?agoras1 9 reg>d to :at seem$ be/ wor? rememb]+4 ,h>d & practical z ,lac$aemonians might seem1 !y liv$ nev]!less v mu* by imag9ation2 & to tra9 ! memory1 to preoccupy _! m9ds ) ! pa/1 z 9 our own classic or hi/oric culture ( y\?1 0 9 reality to develope a vigor\s imag9ation4 ,9 music 7m\sik7 z !y conceiv$ x1 !re w\ld be no /rictly selfi% read+1 writ+ or li/5+2 & if !re 0 little a ,lac$aemonian lad _h to read or write at all1 he _h mu* to le>n1 l a true cons]vative1 by he>t3 ^? unwritt5 laws ( :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ,eld]s 0 ! au?oris$ deposit>y1 & on :i* ! :ole public proc$ure ( ! /ate dep5d$2 ! ar*aic =ms ( religi\s wor%ip2 ! names ( _! k+s1 ( victors 9 _! games or 9 battle2 ! brief record ( great ev5ts2 ! oracles !y _h receiv$2 ! rhetrai1 f #bbd ,lycurgus d[nw>ds1 compos$ 9 metrical ,lac$aemonian ,greek2 _! hi/ory & law1 9 %ort1 actually set to music1 by ,t]p&] & o!rs1 z 0 said4 ,:at ! ,lac$aemonian le>n$ by he>t he 0 = ! mo/ "p to s+1 & we cat* a glimpse1 an e*o1 ( _! boys 9 s*ool *ant+2 "o ( ! ?+s 9 old ,greece "o w\ld h lik$ be/ to see & he>--y\?ful beauty & /r5g? 9 p]fect s]vice--a manife/ation ( ! true & g5u9e ,hell5ism1 ?\gh x may make "o ?9k ( ! novices at s*ool 9 "s ,go?ic cloi/]1 ( our own old ,engli% s*ools1 nay1 ( ! "y ,lac$aemonian's c\s9s at ,sion1 s++ !re ! law & its praises4 ,! ,platonic /ud5t ( ! ways ( ! ,lac$aemonians obs]ves !n1 is int]e/$ 9 obs]v+1 t _! education1 :i* inde$ makes no %>p di/9ction betwe5 m5tal & bodily ex]cise1 results z x _h begun 9 music--ends ) body1 m9d1 memory above all1 at _! f9e/1 on great %[-days1 9 ! dance4 ,au/]e1 self-d5y+ ,lac$aemon _h 9 fact "o ( ! l>ge/ !atres 9 ,greece1 9 "p scoop$ out boldly on ! hill-side1 built p>tly ( enorm\s blocks ( /one1 ! f\ndations ( :i* may /ill be se54 ,we read :at ,plato says 9 ,! ,republic ( imitations1 ( ! imitative arts1 imitation rea*+ ( c\rse its l>ge/ developm5t on ! /age1 & are p]haps surpris$ at ! importance he assigns1 9 e dep>tm5t ( #bbe human culture1 to a matt] ( t k9d4 ,b "h z else:]e to see 0 to und]/&4 ,we %\ld h und]/ood ,plato's drift 9 8 long criticism & def5ce ( imitative art1 8 c>eful sy/em ( rules conc]n+ x1 c\ld we h se5 ! fam\s dramatic ,lac$aemonian danc+4 ,!y danc$ a !me1 a subject4 ,a complex & elaborate art ?is mu/ necess>ily h be51 b1 z we may ga!r1 z concise1 direct1 economically expressive1 9 all its v>i$ s\nd & motion1 z ^? swift1 lightly girt1 impromptu ,lac$aemonian say+s4 ,) no movem5t ( voice or h& or foot1 p>aleipom5on1 unconsid]$1 z ,plato =bids1 x 0 ! p]fect fl[] ( _! correction1 ( t m9ute pati5ce & c>e :i* ends 9 a p]fect expressiv5ess2 n a note1 a glance1 a t\*1 b told ob$i5tly 9 ! promotion ( a firmly grasp$ m5tal conception1 z 9 t p]fect poetry or sculpture or pa9t+1 9 :i* ! f+] ( ! ma/] is on e "p ( 8 "w4 ,we h no?+ really l x1 & to compreh5d x mu/ rememb] t1 ?\gh x took place 9 "p at lea/ on ! /age ( a !atre--0 9 fact a ballet-dance1 x _h also ! "* bo? ( a liturgical s]vice & ( a milit>y inspection2 & yet1 9 spite ( its sev]ity ( rule1 0 a natural expression ( ! delight ( all :o took "p 9 x4 ,s p]fect a spectacle ! gods !mselves might be ?\ght pleas$ to witness2 7 9 #bbf consequ5ce pres5t$ ) x z an important elem5t 9 ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 9 ^: life religion _h ev5 a l>g] "p ?an ) ! o!r ,greeks1 conspicu\sly religi\s1 deisidaimones1 involv$ 9 religion or sup]/ition1 z ! ,greeks g5]ally 74 ,m closely ev5 ?an _! s scrupul\s neighb\rs !y associat$ ! /ate1 its acts & (fic]s1 ) a religi\s sanction1 religi\s usages1 !ories1 traditions4 ,:ile ! responsibilities ( secul> gov]nm5t lay ^u ! ,ephors1 ^? my/]i\sly dual1 at fir/ sight useless1 & yet s sanctimoni\sly obs]v$ k+s1 ( ! h\se ( ,h]acles1 ) some?+ ( ! spl5d\r ( ! old ,a*aean or ,hom]ic k+s1 9 life z also 9 dea?1 ! spl5did fun]als1 ! passionate ar*aic lam5ts :i* !n foll[$ !m1 7 9 fact ( spiritual or prie/ly rank1 ! liv+ & active c5tre ( a poetic religi\s sy/em1 b9d+ !m 9 a b5efic5t connexion to ! pa/1 & 9 ! pres5t ) special clos5ess to ! oracle ( ,delphi4 ,( t ca?olic or g5]al c5tre ( ,greek religion ! ,lac$aemonians 7 ! h]$it>y & privileg$ gu>dians1 z also ! peculi> p ( ,apollo1 ! god ( ,delphi2 b1 obs]ve6 ( ,apollo 9 a peculi> developm5t ( 8 deity4 ,9 ! dramatic bus9ess ( ,lac$aemon1 c5t]+ 9 ^! almo/ liturgical dances1 !re 0 little comic act+4 ,! fondness ( ! slaves = buffoon]y & l\d #bbg laught]1 0 to _! ma/]1 :o _h no ta/e = ! l1 a reassur+ note ( 8 sup]iority4 ,he !re=e indulg$ !m 9 x on occasion1 & y might fancy t ! religion ( a p s /r5u\s1 ev] s full ( _! dignity1 mu/ h be5 a religion ( gloom4 ,x 0 o!rwise4 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 l ^? mona/ic p]sons ( :om !y s (t5 rem9d "o1 z a matt] ( fact h[ev] surpris+1 7 a v *e]ful p2 & ! religion ( :i* !y _h s mu*1 deeply imbu$ ev]y:]e ) an optimism z ( hopeful y\?1 enc\rag$ t disposition1 0 above all a religion ( sanity4 ,! obs]vant ,platonic visitor might h tak5 note t some?+ ( t purgation ( religi\s ?\ght & s5tim5t1 ( its expression 9 lit]ature1 recomm5d$ 9 ,plato's ,republic1 _h be5 already quietly effect$ "h1 t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a k9d ( *e]ful daylight 9 m5's temp]s4 ,9 fur!rance !n ( su* a religion ( sanity1 ( t h>mony ( functions1 :i* is ! ,ari/otelian def9ition ( heal?1 ,apollo1 sane/ ( ! national gods1 became also ! tribal or home god ( ,lac$aemon4 ,t common ,greek wor%ip ( ,apollo !y made especially _! own1 b 7j "h is ! noticeable po9t7 ) a m>k$ pref]5ce = ! human elem5t 9 him1 = ! m5tal p[]s ( 8 be+ ov] ^? elem5tal or physical =ces ( production1 :i* he also my/ically repres5ts1 & :i* result$ #bbh sometimes 9 an orgia/ic1 an un9tellectual1 or ev5 an immoral s]vice4 ,he rema9s y\?ful & unm>ri$4 ,9 congruity ) ?is1 x is obs]v$ t1 9 a quasi-,roman wor%ip1 ab/ract qualities & relation%ips1 ideals1 become subsidi>y objects ( religi\s consid]ation ar\nd him1 su* z sleep1 dea?1 fe>1 =tune1 laught] ev54 ,nay1 o!r gods also are1 s to speak1 ,apoll9is$1 adapt$ to ! ,apoll9e pres5ce2 ,aphrodite arm$1 ,enyalius 9 fett]s1 p]haps t he may nev] dep>t !nce4 ,amateurs ev]y:]e ( ! virile elem5t 9 life1 ! ,lac$aemonians1 9 tru?1 imp>t to all ?+s an intellectual "*4 ,add+ a vigor\s logic to seem+ly animal in/9cts1 = !m c\rage itself becomes1 z = ! /rictly philosophic m9d at ,a!ns1 ) ,plato & ,ari/otle1 an intellectual condition1 a =m ( "r k4 ,su* ass]tion ( ! consci\sly human int]e/ 9 a religion bas$ orig9ally on a preoccupation ) ! unconsci\s =ces ( nature1 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! great religi\s fe/ival ( ,lac$aemon4 ,z a spectator ( ! ,hyac9?ia1 our ,platonic /ud5t w\ld h f\nd himself "o ( a l>ge body ( /rang]s1 ga!r$ toge!r f ,lac$aemon & its dep5d5t t[ns & villages1 )9 ! anci5t prec9cts ( ,amyclae1 at ! season betwe5 spr+ & summ] :5 "u ! fir/ fi]ce heat ( ! ye> ! abundant hyac9?s fade f ! fields4 ,blue fl[]s1 #bbi y rememb]1 are ! r>e/1 to _m eyes ! lovelie/2 & ! ,lac$aemonians ) _! gue/s 7 met toge!r to celebrate ! dea? ( ! hapless lad :o _h l5t 8 "n to !m1 ,hyac9?us1 son ( ,apollo1 or son ( an anci5t mortal k+ :o _h reign$ 9 ?is v place2 9 ei!r case1 greatly belov$ ( ! god1 :o _h sla9 him by sad accid5t z !y play$ at quoits toge!r delightfully1 to 8 imm5se sorr[4 ,t ,boreas 7! nor?-w9d7 _h malici\sly misc>ri$ ! discus1 is a circum/ance we h>dly ne$ to rem9d u t we h "h1 ( c\rse1 only "o ( _m transp>5t1 unmi/akable1 p>ables or symbols ( ! great sol> *ange1 s sudd5 9 ! s\?1 l ! /ory ( ,pros]p9e1 ,adonis1 & ! l4 ,b "h1 m completely p]haps ?an 9 any o!r ( ^? /ories1 ! prim>y elem5tal s5se _h obscur$ itself beh9d its really tragic analogue 9 human life1 beh9d ! figure ( ! dy+ y\?4 ,we "k little ( ! details ( ! fea/2 incid5tally1 t ,apollo 0 ve/$ on ! occasion 9 a purple robe1 br\ght 9 c]emony f ,lac$aemon1 wov5 !re1 ,pausanias tells u1 9 a c]ta9 h\se call$ f t circum/ance ,*iton4 ,y may rememb] h[ sp>+ ^! ,lac$aemonians 7 ( su* dy$ raim5t1 ( any b ! natural & virg9 col\r+ ( ! fleece2 t purple or r$1 h[ev]1 0 ! col\r ( _! royal fun]als1 z inde$ ,amyclae itself 0 fam\s = purple /uffs--,amyclaeae ve/es4 ,z #bcj ! g5]al ord] ( ! fea/1 we disc]n cle>ly a s+le day ( some:at %rill gaiety1 betwe5 two days ( significant m\rn+ aft] ! mann] ( ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 direct$ f mimic grief = a my?ic object1 to a really sorr[ful commemoration by ! :ole ,lac$aemonian p--ea* sep>ate family = its own deceas$ memb]s4 ,x 0 s aga9 ) ^? o!r y\?ful demi-gods1 ! ,dioscuri1 !mselves also1 9 old h]oic "t1 resid5t 9 ?is v5]able place3 ,amyclaei fratres1 frat]nal lead]s ( ! ,lac$aemonian p4 ,_! /atues at ?is date 7 num]\s 9 ,laconia1 or ! docana1 primitive symbols ( !m1 ^? two upright beams ( wood1 c>ri$ to battle be=e ! two k+s1 until x happ5$ t ?r\gh _! secret enmity a c]ta9 battle 0 lo/1 aft] :i* "o k+ only proce$$ to ! field1 & "o "p only ( t tok5 ( frat]nity1 ! o!r rema9+ at ,sp>ta4 ,well6 !y 7 two />s1 y "k1 at _! orig9al bir? 9 m5's m9ds1 ,gem9i1 virg9al fre% />s ( dawn1 ris+ & sett+ alt]nately--^? two half-e>?ly1 half-cele/ial bro!rs1 "o ( :om1 ,polydeuces1 0 immortal4 ,! o!r1 ,ca/or1 ! y\ng]1 subject to old age & dea?1 _h fall5 9 battle1 0 f\nd brea?+ 8 la/4 ,polydeuces !reupon1 at 8 own pray]1 0 p]mitt$ to die3 ) undy+ frat]nal affection1 _h =gone "o moiety ( 8 privilege1 & lay 9 ! grave = a day 9 8 #bca bro!r's /ead1 b %one out aga9 on ! morr[2 ! bro!rs ?us ev] com+ & go+1 int]*angeably1 b bo? alike gift$ n[ ) immortal y\?4 ,9 _! orig91 !n1 v obvi\sly elem5tal deities1 !y 7 ?us become almo/ :olly humanis$1 frat]nis$ ) ! ,lac$aemonian p1 _! close/ fri5ds ( ! :ole cele/ial company1 visitors1 z fond leg5d told1 at _! v he>?s1 f\nd w>m+ !mselves 9 ! half-light at _! rude fire-sides4 ,!mselves ?us visible on occasion1 at all times 9 dev\t art1 !y 7 ! />ry patrons ( all t y\? 0 pr\d (1 delight$ 91 horseman%ip1 games1 battle2 & always ) t pr(\nd frat]nal s5tim5t4 ,bro!rs1 comrades1 :o c\ld n live )\t ea* o!r1 !y 7 ! mo/ fitt+ patrons ( a place 9 :i* fri5d%ip1 comrade%ip1 l !irs1 came to s mu*4 ,lov]s ( y\? !y rema9$1 ^? en/>r$ types ( x1 arre/$ ?us at t mom5t ( miracul\s good =tune z a consecration ( ! clean1 y\?ful fri5d%ip1 pass+ ev5 ! love ( woman1 :i*1 by sy/em1 & "u ! sanction ( _! f\nd]'s "n1 elaborat$ into a k9d ( art1 became an elem5t>y "p ( education4 ,a "p ( _! duty & discipl9e1 x 0 also _! great solace & enc\ragem5t4 ,! belov$ & ! lov]1 side by side ?r\gh _! long days ( eag] lab\r1 & above all on ! battlefield1 became respectively1 aits1 ! #bcb he>]1 & eispnlas1 ! inspir]2 ! eld] inspir+ ! y\ng] ) 8 own /r5g? & noble ta/e 9 ?+s4 ,:at1 x has be5 ask$1 :at 0 !re to occupy p]sons ( ! privileg$ class 9 ,lac$aemon f morn+ to night1 ?us cut (f z !y 7 f politics & bus9ess1 & _m ( ! common int]e/s ( m5's lives8 ,our ,platonic visitor w\ld h ask$ r1 ,:y ?is /r5u\s task-"w1 day aft] day2 :y ?is loyalty to a sy/em1 s co/ly to y individually1 ?\gh x may be ?\ght to h surviv$ its orig9al purpose2 ?is labori\s1 endless1 education1 :i* does n propose to give y any?+ v useful or enjoyable 9 itself8 ,an intellig5t "y ,sp>tan might h repli$3 ,to ! end t ,i myself may be a p]fect "w ( art1 issu+ ?us into ! eyes ( all ,greece4 ,he might h obs]v$--we may safely obs]ve = him--t ! in/itutions ( 8 c\ntry1 ^: he 01 _h a beauty 9 !mselves1 z we may obs]ve also ( "s at lea/ ( our own in/itutions1 educational or religi\s3 t !y br+ out1 = in/ance1 ! lights & %ad[s ( human "*1 & relieve ! pres5t by ma9ta9+ 9 x an ideal s5se ( ! pa/4 ,he might h add$ t he _h 8 fri5d%ips to solace him2 & to enc\rage him1 ! s5se ( hon\r4 ,hon\r1 fri5d%ip1 loyalty to ! ideal ( ! #bcc pa/1 himself z a "w ( art6 ,!re 0 mu* ( c\rse 9 8 answ]4 ,yet /ill1 aft] all1 to und]/&1 to be capable (1 su* motives1 0 itself b a result ( t exact+ discipl9e ( "* we are try+ to acc\nt =2 & ! "q /ill recurs1 ,to :at purpose8 ,:y1 ) no prospect ( ,israel's rew>d1 are y z scrupul\s1 m9ute1 self- tax+1 z he8 ,a t9cture ( asceticism 9 ! ,lac$aemonian rule may rem9d u aga9 ( ! mona/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b !n1 mona/ic sev]ity 0 = ! purg+ ( a tr\bl$ consci5ce1 or = ! hope ( an imm5se prize1 nei!r ( :i* conditions is to be suppos$ "h4 ,9 fact ! surprise ( ,sa9t ,paul1 z a practical man1 at ! slightness ( ! rew>d = :i* a ,greek sp5t himself1 natural z x is ab\t all pagan p]fection1 is especially applicable ab\t ^! ,lac$aemonians1 :o inde$ _h actually inv5t$ t s corruptible & ess5tially wor?less p>sley cr[n 9 place ( ! m tangible prizes ( an e>li] age4 ,/range p6 ,:]e1 precisely1 may be ! spr+ ( action 9 y1 :o are s sev]e to y\rselves2 y :o1 9 ! words ( ,plato's suppos$ objector t ! rul]s ( ! ideal /ate are n to be envi$1 h no?+ y c really call y\r own1 b are l hir$ s]vants 9 y\r own h\ses1-- qui m&ucatis panem doloris8 ,ano!r day-dream1 y may say1 ab\t ^? #bcd obscure anci5t p1 x 0 ev] s difficult really to "k1 :o _h hidd5 _! actual life ) s mu* success2 b c]ta9ly a q natural dream ^u ! p>adoxical ?+s we are told ( !m1 on good au?ority4 ,x is because !y make u ask t "q2 puzzle u by a p>adoxical idealism 9 life2 are ?us di/+ui%$ f _! neighb\rs2 t1 l "s ( our old ,engli% places ( education1 ?\gh we might n c>e to live always at s*ool !re1 x is good to visit !m on occasion2 z "s philosophic ,a!nians1 z we h n[ se51 lov$ to d1 at lea/ 9 ?\ght4 ,,notes #aih4 ,translit]ation3 ,gn?i sauton 4 4 4 ,md5 agan4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,"k ?yself 4 4 4 no?+ too mu*4 ,plato1 ,protagoras #cdc;b4 #bjj4 ,translit]ation3 m\sik4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 any art ov] :i* ! ,muses presid$1 esp4 music or lyric poetry set & sung to music4444 #bje4 ,translit]ation3 hoi g]ontes1 h g]\sia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9itions3 ! old 4 4 4 a ,c\ncil ( ,eld]s1 ,s5ate1 esp4 at ,sp>ta1 :]e x consi/$ ( #bh4 #bjf4 ,translit]ation3 p>aleipom5on4 ,pat]'s translation3 ov]sights4 ,! v]b p>aleip means1 to leave on "o side 4 4 4 leave unnotic$4 #bjg4 ,translit]ation3 koil ,sp>t4 ,pat]'s translation3 holl[ ,sp>ta4 #bjg4 ,translit]ation3 poli*nia4 ,pat]'s translation3 hamlets4 #bad4 ,translit]ation3 ophrya te kai koila9etai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 craggy & holl[$ out4 ,/rabo cites ?is prov]b ab\t ,cor9?4 ,/rabo1 ,geography1 ,book #h1 ,*apt] #f1 ,section #bc4 #baf4 ,translit]ation3 s*ol4 ,pat]'s translation3 leisure4 #baf4 ,translit]ation3 ?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 an accu/om$ place 4 4 4 cu/om1 usage1 habit4 #bag4 ,translit]ation3 aret4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 goodness1 excell5ce1 ( any k9d4 #bah4 ,translit]ation3 ?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 an accu/om$ place 4 4 4 cu/om1 usage1 habit4 #bah4 ,translit]ation3 h diaita ,drik4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! ,dorian way ( life4 #bai4 ,translit]ation3 homois apo te tn skeln kai apo *eirn kai apo tra*l\ gymnazontai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,_! ex]cises tra9 ! legs1 arms & neck ) ! same c>e4 ,x5ophon1 ,m9or ,works1 ,con/itution ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 ,*apt] #e1 ,section #i4 #bba4 ,translit]ation3 homoioi 4 4 4 hypomeiones4 ,pat]'s translation3 sup]iors & inf]iors4 #bba4 ,translit]ation3 ,eirn1 melleirn1 sideuns4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition ( ! fir/ t]m3 a ,lac$aemonian y\? f 8 #ah?4 ye>1 :5 he 0 entitl$ to speak 9 ! assembly & to lead an army4 ,i h n come across ! second or ?ird t]ms1 b ! root mean+ ( ! words sugge/s t !y w\ld mean1 r\ghly1 "o :o is ( age1 or ne>ly ( age & a "y man :o is old en\gh to be> a sword4 #bbb4 ,translit]ation3 agelai4 ,pat]'s translation3 9 _! divisions4 #bbc4 ,translit]ation3 m\sik4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 any art ov] :i* ! ,muses presid$1 esp4 music or lyric poetry set & sung to music4444 #bbe4 ,translit]ation3 p>aleipom5on4 ,pat]'s translation3 ov]sights4 ,! v]b p>aleip means1 to leave on "o side 4 4 4 leave unnotic$4 #bbf4 ,translit]ation3 deisidaimones4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 fe>+ ! gods1 9 bo? a good & bad s5se--i4e4 ei!r pi\s or sup]/iti\s4 #bbi4 ,a ,*itn 0 a wooll5 %irt worn next ! body4 7,liddell & ,scott47 #bca4 ,translit]ation3 aits4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! he>]4 #bcb4 ,translit]ation3 eispnlas4 ,pat]'s translation3 ! he>]4 #bcc4 ,psalm #abg1 v]se #b4 ,! ,k+ ,james ,bible translation is to eat ! bread ( sorr[s4 ,,*apt] #i3 ,,! ,,republic #bce ,,! ,republic1 z we may realise x m5tally )9 ! limit$ proportions ( "s q imag9able ,greek city1 is ! prote/ ( ,plato1 9 endur+ /one1 9 law & cu/om m imp]i%able /ill1 aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( flamboyancy or fluidity 9 ?+s1 & 9 m5's ?\ghts ab\t !m4 ,political ideals may provide n only types = new /ates1 b also1 9 humbl] function1 a due corrective ( ! errors1 ?us r5ew+ ! life1 ( old ones4 ,b l o!r m$ic9es ! corrective or critical ideal may come too late1 too ne> ! natural end ( ?+s4 ,! !oretic attempt made by ,plato to arre/ ! process ( dis9tegration 9 ! life ( ,a!ns1 ( ,greece1 by =c+ x back ^u a simpl] & m /rictly ,hell5ic type1 end$1 s f> z !y 7 conc]n$1 9 !ory4 ,x comes ( ,plato's lit]>y skill1 8 really dramatic h&l+ ( a conv]sation1 t "o subject rises naturally out ( ano!r 9 ! #bcf c\rse ( x1 t 9 ! l5g?y span ( ,! ,republic1 ?\gh !y are l9k$ toge!r aft] all ) a true logical coh]5cy1 n[ ju/ice1 n[ ! ideal /ate1 n[ ! analysis ( ! individual s\l1 or ! nature ( a true philosoph]1 or 8 "r education1 or ! law ( political *ange1 may seem to em]ge z ! prop] subject ( ! :ole book4 ,x is ?us incid5tally1 & by way ( sett+ =? ! def9ition ( ,ju/ice or ,rightness1 z if 9 big lett]s1 t ! con/itution ( ! typically ,"r ,/ate is introduc$ into :at1 accord+ to "o ( its traditional titles-- ,p]i ,dikaiosyns --might actually h figur$ z a dialogue on ! nature ( ,ju/ice4 ,b tod' n hs eoike prooimion--! discussion ( ! !ory ( ! ab/ract & invisible rightness 0 b to introduce ! practical ar*itect1 ! creator ( ! "r /ate4 ,plato !n assumes r ?an demon/rates t s facile p>allel betwe5 ! individual consci\sness & ! social aggregate1 passes lightly backw>ds & =w>ds f ! rightness or wrongness1 ! normal or abnormal conditions1 ( ! "o to ^? ( ! o!r1 f y & me to ! colossal man1 ^: good or bad qualities1 be+ writt5 up !re on a l>g] scale1 are easi] to read1 & if "o may say s1 once 9 bricks & mort>1 ?\gh b on pap]1 is lavi% ( a _w z x %\ld be4 ,a /range _w 9 "s ways6 ,let u look f ! small type ( ! individual to ! monum5tal #bcg inscription on ^? high walls1 z he proposes2 :ile 8 fancy w&]+ fur!r & fur!r1 ov] t[] & temple1 its /reets & ! p 9 !m1 z if =getful ( 8 orig9al purpose he tells u all he sees 9 ?\ght ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect4 ,to ! view ( ,plato1 z ( all o!r ,greek citiz5s1 ! /ate1 9 its local habitation "h or !re1 _h be5 9 all cases ! gift or ord9ance ( "o or ano!r real ?\gh half-div9e f\nd]1 "s ,solon or ,lycurgus1 !reaft] a prop] object ( piety1 ( filial piety1 = ev]1 among ^? to :om he _h bequea!d ! bless+s ( civilis$ life4 ,himself actually ( ,solon's l9eage1 ,plato c]ta9ly is less aw>e ?an ^? :o /udy ^! matt]s 9 ! hi/oric _s ( ! mod]n _w t = ! mo/ "p1 l o!r m purely physical ?+s1 /ates are n made1 b gr[4 ,yet 8 own "w z a design] or ar*itect ( :at %all be new is develop$ q naturally out ( ! "q h[ an already exi/+ /ate1 su* z ! actual ,a!ns ( ! day1 might secure its pre-em95ce1 or its v exi/5ce4 ,close always1 by ! concrete turn ( 8 g5ius1 to ! facts ( ! place & ! h\r1 8 fir/ ?\ght is to sugge/ a rem$y = ! peculi> evils ( ! ,a!nians at t mom5t2 & 9 8 del9eation ( ! ideal /ate he does b elevate :at ,a!ns 9 p>ticul>1 a %ip s e>ly go+ to pieces1 might well be =c$ to become = h] salvation1 7 #bch x /ill possible1 into ! et]nal type ( v]itable /atecraft1 ( a city z su*1 a city at unity 9 itself1 defiant ( "t4 ,he seems to be seek+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance a rem$y = ! sick1 a desp]ate political rem$y2 & !reupon1 z happ5s ) really philosophic enquir]s1 ! view enl>ges on all sides ar\nd him4 ,^? evils ( ,a!ns !n1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 v de$ some:at lat] to be ! infirmity ( ,greece z a :ole1 :51 ?\gh its v]satile gifts ( intellect might con/itute x ! tea*] ( its ev5tual ma/]s1 x 0 f\nd too incoh]5t politically to hold its own aga9/ ,rome3--^? evils ( ,a!ns1 ( ,greece1 came f an exagg]at$ ass]tion ( ! fluxional1 flamboyant1 c5trifugal ,ionian elem5t 9 ! ,hell5ic "*4 ,!y c\ld be cur$ only by a c\nt]-ass]tion ( ! c5tripetal ,dorian ideal1 z actually se5 be/ at ,lac$aemon2 by ! way ( simplification1 ( a rigor\s limitation ( all ?+s1 ( art & life1 ( ! s\ls1 aye1 & ( ! v bodies ( m51 z be+ ! integral factors ( all beside4 ,x is 9 ^? simpl]1 correct$ outl9es ( a re=m$ ,a!ns t ,plato f9ds ! et]nal =m ( ! ,/ate1 ( a city z su*1 l a well-knit a?lete1 or "o ( ^? p]fectly discipl9$ ,sp>tan danc]s4 ,8 actual purpose !re=e is at once re=m+ & cons]vative4 ,! drift ( 8 *>ge is1 9 8 own words1 t no political con/itution !n exi/+ is suitable to ! philosophic1 t is to #bci say1 z he conceives x1 to ! ari/ocratic or k+ly nature4 ,h[ mu* t means we %all see by & bye1 :5 he ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect ! k+s w be philosoph]s4 ,x means t ^? call$1 l ! gift$1 lo/ ,alcibiades1 to be ! savi\rs ( ! /ate1 z a matt] ( fact become in/ead its de/roy]s4 ,! prop] soil 9 :i* alone t preci\s exotic se$1 ! k+ly or ari/ocratic se$1 w atta9 its prop] qualities1 9 :i* alone x w n yield w9e inf]ior to its be/1 or r1 in/ead ( be>+ any w9e at all1 become a deadly poison1 is /ill to be laid d[n accord+ to rules ( art1 ! e?ic or political art2 b once provid$ mu/ be jeal\sly kept f innovation4 ,organic unity ) "o's self1 body & s\l1 is ! well-be+1 ! rightness1 or righte\sness1 or ju/ice ( ! individual1 ( ! microcosm2 b is ! ideal also1 x supplies ! true def9ition1 ( ! well-be+ ( ! macrocosm1 ( ! social organism1 ! /ate4 ,on ?is ,plato has to insi/1 to ! disadvantage ( :at we actually see 9 ,greece1 9 ,a!ns1 ) all its intricacies ( disunion1 faction aga9/ faction1 z display$ 9 ! lat] books ( ,?ucydides4 ,rememb]6 ! "q ,plato is ask+ ?r\gh\t ,! ,republic1 ) a t\* p]haps ( ! n>r[ness1 ! fanaticism1 or fix$ idea1 ( ,ma*iavel himself1 is1 n h[ %all ! /ate1 ! place we mu/ live 91 be gay or ri* or popul\s1 b /rong--/rong en\gh to rema9 #bdj itself1 to resi/ solv5t influ5ces )9 or f )\t1 su* z w\ld deprive x n m]ely ( ! accid5tal notes ( prosp]ity b ( its own v be+4 ,n[ :at h9d]s ?is /r5g!n+ macrocosmic unity1 ! on5ess ( ! political organism ) itself1 is t ! unit1 ! individual1 ! microcosm1 fancies itself1 or w\ld fa9 be1 a rival macrocosm1 indep5d5t1 _m-sid$1 all-suffici5t4 ,to make him t1 z y "k1 _h be5 ! consci\s aim ( ! ,a!nian sy/em 9 ! education ( its y\?1 z also 9 its lat] indirect education ( ! citiz5 by ! way ( political life4 ,x 0 ! ideal ( "o side ( ! ,greek "* 9 g5]al1 ( mu* t 0 brilliant 9 x & s$uctive to o!rs4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,p]icles himself int]prets ! educational function ( ! city t[>ds ! citiz53--to take him z he is1 & develope him to ! utmo/ on all 8 v>i\s sides1 ) a v>iety 9 ^? p>ts h[ev]1 z ,plato ?9ks1 by no means likely to promote ! unity ( ! :ole1 ( ! /ate z su*1 :i* mu/ move all toge!r if x is to move at all1 at lea/ aga9/ its foes4 ,) ?is at fir/ sight q limit$ purpose !n1 p>adoxical z x might seem to ^? ^: v ideal lay precisely 9 su* manifold developm5t1 to ,plato himself p]haps1 manifold z 8 own g5ius & culture conspicu\sly 7--p>adoxical #bda z x might seem1 ,plato's dem& is = ! limitation1 ! simplify+1 ( ^? con/itu5t p>ts or units2 t ! unit %\ld be inde$ no m ?an a "p1 x might be a v small "p1 9 a community1 :i* ne$s1 if x is /ill to subsi/1 ! :ol5ess ( an army 9 motion1 ( ! />s 9 _! c\rses1 ( well-conc]t$ music1 if y pref] t figure1 or1 z ! mod]n read] might p]haps object1 ( a ma*9e4 ,! design ( ,plato is to br+ back ! ,a!nian p1 ! ,greeks1 to ?\ghts ( ord]1 to dis9t]e/$ness 9 _! functions1 to t self-conc5tration ( s\l on "o's own "p1 t loyal concession ( _! prop] p>ts to o!rs1 on :i* su* ord] dep5ds1 to a love ( x1 a s5se ( its extreme ae/hetic beauty & fitness1 accord+ to t indefectible def9ition ( ,ju/ice1 ( :at is "r1 to h5 pratte91 to ta haut\ pratte91 9 opposition1 z he ?9ks1 to ^? s fasc9at+ conditions ( ,inju/ice1 poikilia1 pleonexia1 polypragmosyn1 figur+ away1 z !y d sometimes1 s brilliantly4 ,= ,plato w\ld h u und]/& t m5 are 9 tru? aft] all naturally mu* simpl]1 mu* m limit$ 9 "* & capacity1 ?an !y seem4 ,su* div]sity ( p>ts & function z is presuppos$ 9 8 def9ition ( ,ju/ice has be5 fix$ by nature itself on human life4 ,! individual1 z su*1 humble z 8 prop] function may be1 is unique 9 fitness =1 9 a consequ5t call to1 t function4 ,we #bdb "k h[ mu* has be5 done to educate ! _w1 "u ! supposition t man is a creature ( v malleable sub/ance1 indiff]5t 9 himself1 pretty mu* :at influ5ces may make ( him4 ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 assures u t no "o ( u is l ano!r all 9 all4--,prton m5 phyetai heka/os ou pany homoios heka/1 alla diaph]n tn phys91 allos ep all\ erg\ prax9 4--,b = ?is1 social ,ju/ice1 accord+ to its et]nal =m or def9ition1 w\ld 9 fact be n[h]e applicable4 ,once = all he =mulates cle>ly t important notion ( ! function1 7ergon7 ( a ?+1 or ( a p]son4 ,x is t :i* he alone c d1 or he bett] ?an any "o else4 ,t ,plato %\ld exagg]ate ?is def9it5ess 9 m5's natural vocations1 ?us to be read z x 7 9 pla9 figures ^u ea*1 is "o ( ! necessities ( 8 position4 ,effect ( nature itself1 su* inequality betwe5 m51 ?is diff]5tiation ( "o f ano!r1 is to be fur!r promot$ by all ! cunn+ ( ! political art4 ,! c\nt]-ass]tion ( ! natural indiff]5ce ( m51 _! pliability to circum/ance1 :ile x is c]ta9ly tru] to our mod]n exp]i5ce1 is also 9 itself m hopeful1 m congru\s ) all ! processes ( education4 ,b = ,plato ! natural inequality ( m51 if x is ! natural gr\nd ( t v]satility1 7poikilia71 ( ! wrongness or ,inju/ice he mu/ ne$s correct1 w be ! natural gr\nd ( ,ju/ice also1 z ess5tially a unity or h>mony en=c$ on disp>ate #bdc elem5ts1 unity z ( an army1 or an ord] ( monks1 organic1 me*anic1 liturgical1 :i*ev] y please to call x2 b a k9d ( music c]ta9ly1 if ! f\nd]1 ! ma/]1 ( ! /ate1 = 8 prop] "p1 c b compose ! scatt]$ notes4 ,j "h !n is ! orig9al basis ( society--gignetai to9yn hs egmai polis epeid tun*anei hmn heka/os ouk aut>ks --at fir/ 9 its humble/ =m2 simply because "o c dig & ano!r sp92 yet already ) anticipations ( ,! ,republic1 ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 z develop$ by ,plato1 z inde$ also1 beyond x1 ( "s /ill m di/ant sy/em ( ! s]vices ( angels & m5 9 a wond]ful ord]2 = ! some:at vision>y t[]s ( ,plato's ,republic bl5d ( c\rse ) ^? ( ! ,civitas ,dei ( ,augu/9e4 ,only1 ?\gh its top may "o day rea* unto heav51 x by no means came d[n !nce2 b1 z ,plato conceives1 arises out ( ! e>?1 out ( ! humble/ natural wants4 ,grote 0 "r4--,!re is a v %rewd matt]-(-fact utilit>ian among ! dramatis p]sonae :i* toge!r make up ! complex g5ius ( ,plato4 ,poisei hs egmai tn pol9 hmet]a *reia4--,society is produc$ by our physical necessities1 our inequality 9 reg>d to !m3--an inequality 9 ?ree broad divisions ( unalt]able1 incommunicable type1 ( natural species1 among m51 ) correspond+ diff]5tiation ( political & social functions3 ?ree firmly outl9$ ord]s #bdd 9 ! /ate1 l ?ree primitive ca/es1 propagat+1 re9=c+1 _! peculi>ities ( condition1 z ,plato w propose1 by exclusive int]m>riage1 ea* )9 itself4 ,z 9 ! class ( ! artisans 7hoi dmi\rgoi7 "s c make swords be/1 o!rs pit*]s1 s1 on ! l>g] survey1 !re w be f\nd ^? :o c use ^? swords1 or1 aga91 ?9k1 tea*1 pray1 or lead an army1 a :ole body ( swordsm51 be/1 ?us def9+ )9 impassable b>ri]s ?ree ess5tial species ( citiz5%ip--! productive class1 ! milit>y ord]1 ! gov]n+ class ?irdly1 or spiritual ord]4 ,! social sy/em is 9 fact l ! con/itution ( a human be+4 ,!re are ^? :o h capacity1 a vocation1 to conceive ?\ghts1 & rule _! bre?r5 by intellectual p[]4 ,collectively ( c\rse !y are ! m9d or bra91 ! m5tal elem5t1 9 ! social organism4 ,!re are ^? secondly1 :o h by nature executive =ce1 :o w naturally we> arms1 ! sword 9 ! %ea? p]haps1 b :o w also on occasion mo/ c]ta9ly draw x4 ,well1 ^! are l ! active passions & ! ultimately decisive w 9 ! bosom ( man1 mo/ conspicu\s z ang]--ang]1 x may be1 res5tm5t1 aga9/ kn[n wrong 9 ano!r or 9 "o's self1 ! *ampion ( consci5ce1 fl++ away ! scabb>d1 sett+ ! spe> aga9/ ! foe1 l a soldi] ( _s4 ,!y are 9 a ^w ! consci5ce1 ! arm$ consci5ce1 ( ! /ate1 #bde nobly br$1 s5sitive = o!rs & = !mselves1 in=m$ by ! light ( reason 9 _! natural k+s4 ,& !n1 ?irdly1 protect$1 controll$1 by ! ?\ght1 ! w1 above !m1 l ^? appetites 9 y & me1 hung]1 ?ir/1 desire1 :i* h be5 ! motive1 ! actual creators1 ( ! mat]ial ord] all ar\nd u1 !re w be ! productive class1 lab\r+ p]fectly 9 ! cornfields1 9 ! v9ey>ds1 or on ! vessels :i* are to conta9 corn & w9e1 at a ?\s& h&icrafts1 e "o /ill exquisitely diff]5tiat$1 accord+ to ,plato's rule ( "r--eis h5 kata phys9 2 z )9 ! milit>y class also !re w be ^? :o comm& & ^? :o c b obey1 & )9 ! true pr9cely class aga9 ^? :o "k all ?+s & o!rs :o h /ill mu* to le>n2 ^? also :o c le>n & tea* "o sort ( k bett] ?an ano!r4 ,plato h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ /eps ( ! evolution ( ! ,/ate1 _h light$ q naturally on :at turns out to be a mi/ak5 or inadequate ideal ( x1 9 an idyll pretty en\gh1 inde$1 f ,! ,gold5 ,age4--,h[ suffici5t x seems = a mom5t1 t innoc5t _w6 is1 nev]!less1 actually b a false ideal ( human society1 all[+ 9 fact no place at all = ,ju/ice2 ! v t]ms ( :i*1 precisely because !y involve diff]5tiation ( life & its functions1 are inapplicable to a society1 if s x may be call$1 /ill ess5tially inorganic4 ,9 #bdf a condition1 s rudim5t>y z to possess no oppos$ p>ts at all1 ( c\rse !re w be no place = di/urbance ( p>ts1 = proportion or disproportion ( faculty & function4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 to a city :i* has lo/ its fir/ innoc5ce 7polis d tryphsa7 t we mu/ look = ! consci\sness ( ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice2 z "s !ologians or philosoph]s h held t x 0 by ! ,fall man fir/ became a really moral be+4 ,n[ 9 su* a city1 9 ! polis d tryphsa1 !re w be an increase ( population3-- kai h *ra p\ h tote hikan smikra ex hikans e/ai4 ,& 9 an age :i* p]haps _h ! milit>y _s 9 excess ,plato's ?\ghts pass on imm$iately to w>s ( aggression3-- ouk\n ts tn plsion *ras hm9 apotmteon8 ,we mu/ take some?+1 if we c1 f ,meg>a or f ,sp>ta2 :i* d\btless 9 its turn w\ld d ! same by u4 ,z a measure ( relief h[ev] t 0 n necess>ily ! next /ep4 ,! ne$s ( an out-pu%+ population might h sugge/$ to ,plato :at is p]haps ! mo/ brilliant & animat+ episode 9 ! entire hi/ory ( ,greece1 its e>ly colonisation1 ) all ! bright /ories1 full ( ! piety1 ! g5]osity ( a y\?ful p1 t _h ga!r$ ab\t x4 ,no1 ! next /ep 9 social developm5t 0 n necess>ily go+ to w>4 ,9 ei!r case h[ev]1 aggressive action aga9/ our neighb\rs1 or def5ce ( our di/ant bre?r5 beyond ! seas #bdg at ,cyr5e or ,syracuse aga9/ rival adv5tur]s1 we %all require a new class ( p]sons1 m5 ( ! sword1 to fight = u if ne$ be4 ,ah6 ,y he> ! notes ( ! trumpet1 & !re) already ! /ir ( an enl>g+ human life1 its passions1 its manifold int]e/s4 ,phylakes or epik\roi1 wat*m5 or auxili>ies1 our new s]vants compreh5d at fir/ our ma/]s to be1 :om a fur!r act ( diff]5tiation w di/+ui% z philosoph]s & k+s f ! /rictly milit>y ord]4 ,plato nev]!less 9 8 se>* = ! true idea ( ,ju/ice1 ( rightness 9 ?+s1 may be said n[ to h se5 l&4 ,organic relation%ip is come into ! rude social elem5ts & made ( !m a body1 a society4 ,rudim5t>y ?\gh x may /ill be1 ! def9ition ( ,ju/ice1 z also ( ,inju/ice1 is n[ applicable to its processes4 ,!re is a music 9 ! affairs ( m51 9 :i* "o may take "o's due "p1 :i* "o may spoil4 ,criticis+ my?ology ,plato speaks ( c]ta9 fables1 to be made by ^? :o are apt at su* ?+s1 "u prop] spiritual au?ority1 s to t]m x1 hs en ph>mak\ eidei ta pseud ta en deonti g5om5a1 m$ic9able lies or fictions1 ) a provisional or economis$ tru? 9 !m1 set =? "u su* t]ms z simple s\ls c\ld be/ receive4 ,j "h1 at ! end ( ! ?ird book ( ,! ,republic he introduces su* a fable3 pho9ikikon pseudos1 he calls x1 a m9]'s /ory1 ab\t copp] & silv] & gold1 su* z may really #bdh h be5 curr5t among ! primitive inhabitants ( ! isl& f :i* metal & ! art ( work+ x _h be5 introduc$ into ,greece4-- ,& ,i %all try fir/ ( all to p]suade ! rul]s !mselves & our soldi]s1 & aft]w>ds ! re/ ( ! community1 z to ! matt] ( ! re>+ & ! education we gave !m1 t 9 fact x did b seem to happ5 ) !m1 !y seem$ to exp]i5ce all t1 only z 9 dreams4 ,!y 7 !n 9 v tru? n\ri%$ & fa%ion$ b5ea? ! e>? )91 & ! arm\r ^u !m & _! equipm5t put toge!r2 & :5 !y 7 p]fectly wr\ght out ! e>? ev5 _! "m put !m =?4 ,n[1 !re=e1 x is _! duty to ?9k conc]n+ ! l& 9 :i* !y are z ( a "m1 or fo/]-"m1 & to protect x if any foe come aga9/ x1 & to ?9k ( _! fell[-citiz5s z be+ _! bro!rs1 born ( ! e>? z !y4 ,all ye 9 ! city1 !re=e1 are bro!rs1 we %all say to !m proce$+ ) our /ory2 b ,god1 :5 he made y1 mix$ gold 9 ! g5]ation ( ^? among y fit to be our k+s1 = :i* cause !y are ! mo/ preci\s ( all2 & silv] 9 ^? fit to be our gu>ds2 & 9 ! husb&m5 & all o!r h&icraftsm5 iron & brass4 ,=asmu* !n z ye are all ( "o k9dr$1 = ! mo/ "p ye w\ld beget (fspr+ l to y\rselves2 b at times a silv] *ild w come ( "o gold51 & f ! silv] a *ild ( gold1 & s =?1 int]*angeably4 ,to ^? :o rule1 !n1 fir/ & above all ,god enjo9s t ( no?+ %all !y be s c>eful gu>dians1 no?+ %all !y s e>ne/ly reg>d1 z ! "y *ildr5--:at metal has be5 mix$ to _! h&s 9 ! s\ls ( ^!4 ,& if a *ild ( _! own be born ) an alloy ( iron or brass1 !y %all by no means h pity ^u x1 b1 allott+ unto x ! value :i* befits its nature1 !y %all ?ru/ x into ! class ( husb&m5 or artisans4 ,& if1 aga91 ( ^! a *ild be born ) gold or silv] 9 him1 ) due e/imate !y %all promote su* to w>d5%ip or to arms1 inasmu* z an oracul> say+ decl>es t ! city is p]i%$ already :5 x has iron or brass to gu>d x4 ,c y sugge/ a way ( gett+ !m to believe ?is my?us8 ,republic1 #dad4 #bdi ,its application c]ta9ly is on ! surface3 ! ,lac$aemonian details also--! milit>y turn tak51 ! dis9t]e/$ness ( ! p[]ful1 _! mona/ic r5unciation ( :at ! _w prizes mo/1 above all ! doctr9e ( a natural ari/ocracy ) its privileges & also its duties4 ,m5 are ( simpl] /ructure & capacities ?an y h fanci$1 ,plato w\ld assure u1 & m decisively appo9t$ to ?is r ?an to t ord] ( s]vice4 ,nay1 ) ! boldness prop] to an ideali/1 he does n hesitate to repres5t !m 7t is ! =ce ( ! my?us7 z actually made ( diff]5t /uff2 & society1 assum+ a c]ta9 ari/ocratic hum\r 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 has = its bus9ess to sanction1 safegu>d1 fur!r promote x1 by law4 ,! /ate !re=e1 if x is to be really a liv+ creature1 w h1 l ! individual s\l1 ^? s5su\s appetites :i* call ! productive p[]s into action1 & its arm$ consci5ce1 & its f>- rea*+ intellectual light3 its indu/rial class1 t is to say1 its soldi]s1 its k+s--! la/1 a k9d ( milit>y monks1 z y might ?9k1 on a di/ant view1 _! m9ds full ( a k9d ( heav5ly effulg5ce1 yet sup]9t5d+ ! lab\rs ( a l>ge body ( "w- p 9 ! t[n & ! fields ab\t x4 ,( ! indu/rial or productive class1 ! arti/s & artisans1 ,plato speaks only 9 outl9e1 b is significant 9 :at he says2 & en\gh rema9s ( ! actual fruits #bej ( ,greek indu/ry to enable u to complete 8 outl9e = ourselves1 z we may also1 by aid ( ,greek art1 toge!r ) ! words ( ,hom] & ,p9d>1 equip & realise ! full "* ( ! true ,platonic w>-man or knight2 & aga91 ?r\gh "s lat] approximate in/ances1 disc]n some?+ ( ^? extraord9>y1 half-div9e1 philosophic k+s4 ,we mu/ let indu/ry !n mean = ,plato all x meant1 w\ld naturally mean1 = a ,greek1 amid ! busy spectacle ( ,a!nian h&icrafts4 ,! rule ( ,plato1 its precepts ( temp]ance1 proportion1 economy1 ?\gh design$ prim>ily = its soldi]s1 & its k+s or ar*ons1 = ! milit>y & spiritual ord]s1 w\ld probably h be5 incumb5t also 9 relax$ degree ^u ^? :o "w ) _! h&s2 & we h b to walk ?r\gh ! classical dep>tm5t ( ! ,l\vre or ! ,briti% ,museum to be rem9d$ h[ ^? qualities ( temp]ance & ! l did b enhance1 c\ld n *ill or impov]i%1 ! arti/ic g5ius ( ,greek workm54 ,9 proportion to :at we "k ( ! m9or h&icrafts ( ,greece we %all f9d ourselves able to fill up1 z ! condition ( ev]yday life 9 ! /reets ( ,plato's ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 a picture ( happy protect$ lab\r1 skill$ to ! utmo/ degree 9 all its applications4 ,^? :o prosecute x w be all[$1 z we may ga!r1 9 l>g] proportion ?an ^? :o wat*1 9 sil5t ?\ght or sword 9 h&1 su* animal #bea lib]ties z seem natural & "r1 & are n really illib]al1 = ^? :o lab\r all day ) _! bodies1 ?\gh !y too w h on !m 9 _! s]vice "s measure ( ! compulsion :i* %apes ! action ( our k+s & soldi]s to su* effective music4 ,) m or less ( asceticism1 ( a common life1 among !mselves1 !y w be ! peculi> sph]e ( ! virtue ( temp]ance 9 ! ,/ate1 z be+ ! entirely will+ subjects ( :olesome rule4 ,!y repres5t1 z we saw1 9 ! social organism1 ! bodily appetites ( ! individual1 its conv]se ) matt]1 9 a p]fect correspond5ce1 if all be "r !re1 ) ! consci5ce & ) ! reasonable s\l 9 x4 ,lab\r+ by sy/em at ! production ( p]fect swords1 p]fect lamps1 p]fect poems too1 & a p]fect co9age1 su* z we "k1 to enable !m ! m readily to ex*ange _! produce 7nomisma ts allags h5eka7 work+ p]haps 9 guilds & "u rules to insure p]fection 9 ea* specific craft1 ref9+ matt] to ! la/ degree1 !y w\ld con/itute ! beautiful body ( ! ,/ate1 9 rightful s]vice1 l ! copp] & iron1 ! bronze & ! /eel1 !y manipulate s f9ely1 to its beautiful s\l--to its natural ?\gh h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 its gold5 humanity1 its k+s1 9 :om ,wisdom1 ! light1 ( a compreh5sive ,synopsis1 indefectibly resides1 & :o1 z be+ n m]ely its discursive or practical reason1 b its faculty ( contemplation likewise1 w be also its prie/s1 ! #beb m$ium ( its wor%ip1 ( its int]c\rse ) ! gods4 ,betwe5 !m1 betwe5 t intellectual or spiritual ord]1 ^? novel philosophic k+s1 & ! productive class ( ! arti/s & artisans1 moves ! milit>y ord]1 z ! s5sitive arm$ consci5ce1 ! arm$ w1 ( ! ,/ate1 its executive p[] 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( t t]m--a /&+ army1 z ,plato supposes1 recruit$ f a great h]$it>y ca/e born & br$ to su* functions1 & c]ta9ly v diff]5t f ! m]e militia ( actual ,greek /ates1 ha/ily summon$ at ne$ to milit>y s]vice f ! fields & work%ops4 ,rememb] t ! v]itable brav]y also1 z ! philosoph] sees x1 is a =m ( t k1 :i* 9 tru? includes 9 itself all o!r virtues1 all good ?+s :atev]2 t x is a =m ( "r op9ion1 & has a k9d ( insight 9 x1 a real appreh5sion ( ! occasion & its claims on "o's c\rage1 :e!r x is wor? :ile to fight1 & to :at po9t4 ,platonic knigh?ood !n w h 9 x some?+ ( ! philosophy :i* resides 9 pl5itude 9 ! class above x1 by :i* inde$ ?is arm$ consci5ce ( ! ,/ate1 ! milit>y ord]1 is cont9u\sly enlight5$1 z we "k ! consci5ce ( ea* "o ( u sev]ally ne$s to be4 ,& ?\gh ,plato w n expect 8 fight+-m51 l ! ,*ri/ian knight1 l ,sa9t ,rani]i ,gualb]to1 #bec to =give _! enemies1 yet1 mov+ "o degree out ( ! n>r[] circle ( ,greek habits1 he does require !m1 9 con=mity ) a c]ta9 ,pan-,hell5ic1 a n[ fully realis$ national s5se1 :i* fills himself1 to love ! :ole ,greek race1 to sp>e ! foe1 if he be ,greek1 ! la/ horrors ( w>1 to ?9k ( ! soil1 ( ! dead1 ( ! arms & arm\r tak5 f !m1 ) c]ta9 scruples ( a natural piety4 ,z ! knights %>e ! dignity ( ! regal ord]1 are 9 fact ultimately di/+ui%$ f x by degree r ?an 9 k9d1 s !y w be %>]s also 9 its self-d5y+ rule4 ,9 common ) x1 !y w obs]ve a s+ul> precept :i* =bids !m s mu* z to come "u ! same ro( ) vessels or o!r objects wr\ght ( gold or silv]--!y :o are mo/ wor?y ( x1 precisely because :ile _m iniquities h come f ! _w's co9age1 !y h gold 9 !m undefil$4 ,yet aga9 we are n to suppose 9 ,platonic ,greece-- h[ c\ld we inde$ any:]e )9 ! range ( ,greek conceptions8-- any?+ rude1 uncomely1 or unadorn$4 ,no "o :o reads c>efully 9 ?is v book ( ,! ,republic ^? pages ( criticism :i* conc]n art q z mu* z poetry1 a criticism :i* drives ev]y:]e at a consci5ti\s nicety ( workman%ip1 w suppose t4 ,if k+s & knights nev] dr9k f vessels ( silv] or gold1 _! e>!n cups & platt]s1 we may be sure1 w\ld be :at we c #bed /ill see2 & ! iron arm\r on _! bodies exquisitely fitt$ to !m1 to its purpose1 ) t peculi> beauty :i* su* fitness secures4 ,see !m1 !n1 mov+1 9 p]fect ,ju/ice or ,rightness1 to _! ,dorian music1 _! s expressive pla9-song1 "u ! guidance ( _! natural lead]s1 ^? :o c see & =e-see--( ^? :o "k4 ,t !y may be "o6--,if1 l an individual s\l1 ! /ate has atta9$ its normal diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 z ) t also its vitality & effectiv5ess w be proportionate to ! unity ( ^? p>ts 9 _! v>i\s s+le op]ations4 ,! productive1 ! executive1 ! contemplative ord]s1 respectively1 l _! psy*ological analogues1 ! s5ses1 ! w1 & ! intellig5ce1 w be susceptible ea* ( its own prop] virtue or excell5ce1 temp]ance1 brav]y1 spiritual illum9ation4 ,only1 let ea* "w aright 9 its own ord]1 & a f\r? virtue w sup]v5e ^u _! unit$ p]fections1 ! virtue or p]fection ( ! organic :ole z su*4 ,! ,ju/ice :i* ,plato has be5 s long 9 se>* ( w be manife/ at la/--t p]fect oikeiopragia1 :i* w be also p]fect co-op]ation4 ,on5ess1 unity1 community1 an absolute community ( int]e/s among fell[-citiz5s1 philadelphia1 ov] aga9/ ! selfi% ambition ( ^? naturally asc5dant1 l ,alcibiades or ,crito1 9 t competition = (fice1 = weal? & hon\rs1 :i* has r5t ,a!ns into factions ev] bre$+ #bee on !mselves1 ! c5tripetal =ce v]sus all c5trifugal =ces3--on ?is situation1 ,plato1 9 ! c5tral books ( ,! ,republic1 dwells untir$1 9 all its v>iety ( synonym & epi!t1 ! conditions1 ! haz>d & difficulty ( its realisation1 its analogies 9 art1 9 music1 9 practical life1 l ?ree /r+s ( a lyre1 or l "o colossal p]son1 ! pa9t$ dmos or civic g5ius on ! walls ( a ,greek t[n-h\se1 or1 aga91 l ! consummate a?lete ^: body1 ) no sup]fluities1 is ! precise1 ! p]fectly f9i%$1 in/rum5t ( 8 w4 ,h5ce1 at once cause & effect ( su* seamless unity1 8 p>adoxical new law ( prop]ty 9 ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect--m&atum novum1 a new comm&m5t1 we might fairly call x--ta tn philn ko9a4 ,& no "o said t aught ( ! ?+s he possess$ 0 8 own b !y _h all ?+s common4 ,ah1 y see6 ,put y\rself 9 ,plato's company1 & inevitably1 f "t to "t1 he w seem to pass ) y beyond ! utmo/ horizon actually op5$ to him4 ,^u ! ari/ocratic class !re=e1 9 its two divisions1 ! army & ! *ur* or hi]>*y1 s to speak1 ! rule ( ,plato--pov]ty1 ob$i5ce1 contemplation1 w be incumb5t 9 its fulle/ rig\r4 ,l hir$ s]vants 9 _! own h\se1 !y may n seem v enviable p]sons1 on fir/ ?\ghts4 ,b rememb] aga9 t ,plato's *>ge aga9/ ?+s z !y are is p>tly 9 a !oretic int]e/-- ! philosoph]1 #bef ! philosophic s\l1 loves unity1 b f9ds x n[h]e1 nei!r 9 ! ,/ate nor 9 its individual memb]s3 x is p>tly also practical1 & ( ! h\r4 ,divid$ ,a!ns1 divid$ ,greece1 l "s big1 lax1 self-neglectful p]son w\ld be an easy prey to any well-knit adv]s>y really at unity 9 himself4 ,x is by way ( introduc+ a con/r+5t pr9cipal into a mass ( amorphic p>ticles1 t ,plato proclaims t ^! fri5ds w h all ?+s 9 common2 &1 *all5g$ by ! que/ions ( 8 companions 9 ! dialogue to say h[ f> he w be ready to g 9 ! application ( s p>adoxical a rule1 he braces himself to a surpris+ degree ( consi/5cy4 ,h[ f> !n w ,plato1 a some:at ,ma*iavelian !ori/1 z y saw1 & ) some?+ ( fix$ ideas ab\t practical ?+s1 tak+ desp]ate means t[>ds a some:at exclusively conceiv$ ideal ( social well-be+1 be ready to g8 ,n[ we h se5 t ! g5u9e citiz5s ( 8 ,p]fect ,city w h mu* ( mona/icism1 ( ! "* ( milit>y monks1 ab\t !m already1 ) _! pov]ty1 _! ob$i5ce1 _! contemplative habit4 ,& !re is yet ano!r indisp5sable condition ( ! mona/ic life4 ,! great ,pope ,hildebr&1 by ! rule ( celibacy1 by mak+ regul>s to t ext5t ( ! secul> cl]gy1 succe$$1 z _m h ?\ght1 9 8 design ( mak+ !m 9 v de$1 s\l & body1 b p>ts ( ! corporate ord] !y #beg belong$ to2 & :at ,plato is go+ to add to 8 rule ( life1 = ! ar*ontes1 :o are to be philopolides1 to love ! corporate body !y belong to bett] ?an !mselves1 is 9 its actual effects some?+ v l a law ( celibacy4 ,difficult1 p>adoxical1 z he admits x to be1 he is press$ on by 8 he>]s1 & by ! natural =ce ( 8 argum5t1 reluctantly to decl>e t ! rule ( communism w apply to a man's own]%ip ( 8 wife & *ildr54 ,obs]ve6 ,plato proposes ?is s+ul> modification ( m>ri$ life z an elevation or expansion ( ! family1 b1 x may be rightly object$1 is1 9 tru?1 only col\r+ ) names exclusively appropriate to ! family1 arrangem5ts :i* w be a suppression ( all ^? s5tim5ts t naturally p]ta9 to x4 ,! wisdom ( ,plato w\ld c]ta9ly deprive mo!rs ( t privacy ( affection1 reg>d+ :i* ! wisdom ( ,solomon beam$ =?1 by s5d+ all infants soon aft] bir? to be re>$ 9 a common nurs]y1 :]e ! facts ( _! actual p>5tage w\ld be c>efully oblit]at$4 ,! result1 z he supposes1 w be a common & univ]sal p>5tage1 son%ip1 bro!rhood2 b surely ) b a %ad[y realisation ( ! affections1 ! claims1 ( ^! relation%ips4 ,x w involve a loss ( diff]5tiation 9 life1 & be1 z su*1 a movem5t backw>d1 to a b>b>\s or m]ely animal grade ( exi/5ce4 #beh ,ta tn philn ko9a4--,) ?is s(t phrase1 !n1 ,plato w\ld take away all ^? preci\s diff]5ces t come ( our hav+ a little space 9 ?+s to d :at "o w or c )4 ,! ,platonic /ate 9 fact1 ) its extraord9>y common m>riages1 w\ld be deal+ precisely aft] ! mann] ( ^? :o bre$ birds or dogs4 ,a /range =bidd+ exp]im5t1 x seems1 or %\ld seem1 to u1 look+ back on x 9 ! light ( laws n[ irrevocably fix$ on ^! subjects by ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ev]1 9 fairness1 t ,plato 9 ?is matt] ( ! relation ( ! sexes especially1 f\nd himself 9 a _w v diff]5t f ours1 regulat$ & ref9$1 z x already is 9 "s degree1 by ,*ri/ian ideas ab\t wom5 & *ildr54 ,a loose law ( m>riage1 beyond x concub9age 9 "s degree sanction$ by religion1 beyond t aga9 morbid vice3 su* 0 ! condition ( ! ,greek _w4 ,:at ,*ri/ian m>riage1 9 h>moni\s action ) man's true nature1 has done to c\nt]act ?is condition1 t ,plato tri$ to d by a some:at =c$ legislation1 :i* 0 altoge!r out ( h>mony ) ! facts ( man's nature4 ,nei!r ! *ur* nor ! _w has endors$ 8 !ories ab\t x4 ,?9k1 9 contra/1 ( ! place occupi$ 9 ,*ri/ian art by ! "m & h] *ild4 ,:at t repres5ts 9 life ,plato wi%es to take f u1 ?\gh1 z he w\ld h u ?9k1 9 our own behalf4 #bei ,& 8 views ( ! community ( male & female education1 & ( ! functions ( m5 & wom5 9 ! ,/ate1 d b come ( ! relief ( wom5 9 l>ge measure f home-duties4 ,su* duties becom+ a c>efully economis$ dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 ! wom5 w h leisure to %>e ! "w ( m52 & w ne$ a correspond+ education4 ,! details ( _! common life 9 peace & w> he c]ta9ly makes effective & bright4 ,b if we ?9k ( 8 proposal z a re9/atem5t ( ! ,amazon we h 9 effect condemn$ x4 ,= ! ,amazon ( my?ology & art is b a survival f a half-animal _w1 :i* ,!seus1 ! embodim5t ( adult reason1 _h long s9ce ov]come4 ,plato himself divides ?is confess$ly s difficult "q into two3 ,is ! ?+ good8 & 9 ! second place1 ,is x possible8 ,let u admit t at t p>ticul> crisis1 or ev5 g5]ally1 :at he proposes is = ! be/4 ,!reupon ! "q :i* sugge/$ itself 9 reg>d to ! community ( goods recurs ) d\ble =ce3 ,:]e may lie ! secret ( ! magnanimity 7t is ! t]m to hold by7 :i* w make weal? & (fice1 ) all _! opportunities = puissant wills1 no motive 9 life at all8 ,is x possible1 & "u :at conditions--?is dis9t]e/$ness on ! "p ( ^? :o might d :at !y w z ) _! own1 ?is indiff]5ce1 ?is surr5d]1 n ( "o's goods & #bfj "t only1 b ( "o's la/ res\rce1 "o's v home1 = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4-- ,^? are almo/ ! exact words ( ,plato4 ,h[ %all ^? :o might be egoti/s on ! scale ( an ,alcibiades or an ,alex&] be kept to ?is /range new m&ate ( altruism8 ,h[ %all a p>adox s bold be br\ght )9 ! range ( possibilities8 ,well6 by ! realisation ( ano!r p>adox1--if we make philosoph]s our k+s or our k+s philosoph]s4 ,x is ! la/ wave ( p>adox1 f ! advanc+ cre/ ( :i* ,plato /ill %r9ks back1 oddly reluctant1 z we may ?9k1 to utt] 8 :ole m9d4 ,b1 conc$e 8 position1 & all beside1 9 ! /range1 p>adoxical new _w he is con/ruct+1 its extraord9>y rea*es ( philadelphia1 w be f\nd practicable4 ,our k+s mu/ be philosoph]s4 ,b n1 we mu/ c>efully note1 because1 z p are apt to fancy1 philosoph]s z su* necess>ily despise or are unable to feel :at is fasc9at+ 9 ! _w ( action1 are un-=m$ or )]$ on "o side1 &1 z reg>ds ! allurem5ts ( ! _w ( s5se1 are b corpses4 ,= ,plato c]ta9ly !y are no />vel+s4 ,! philosophic1 or ari/ocratic1 or k+ly1 nature1 z he conceives x1 w be ! p]fect fl[] ( ! :ole compass ( natural end[m5ts1 promot$ to ! utmo/ by ! artificial influ5ces ( society--kalokaga?os --capable !re=e 9 ! extreme degree ( success 9 a purely self-reg>d+ policy1 ( an #bfa exploitation1 9 _! own int]e/s1 ( all t m5 9 g5]al value mo/1 to ! surfeit+1 if !y c>$1 ( _! ambition1 _! vanity1 _! love ( lib]ty or lic5se4 ,nor aga9 mu/ our k+s be philosoph]s ma9ly because 9 su* case ! _w w be v wisely1 v kn[+ly1 gov]n$4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be well t wise m5 %\ld rule4 ,ev5 a ,greek1 /ill a y\? 9 ! y\? ( ! _w1 :o inde$ 0 n v f> gone f an ess5tially y\?ful evaluation ( ?+s1 0 /ill apt to ?9k ) ,croesus t ! ri*e/ mu/ ( c\rse be ! happie/ ( m51 & to h a head-a*e :5 compell$ to ?9k1 ev5 he w\ld h tak5 s mu* = grant$4 ,t x w\ld be well t wise m5 %\ld gov]n1 wise aft] ! ,platonic /&>d1 br++1 t is to say1 p>ticul> details "u coh]5t g5]al rules1 able to =esee & influ5ce ! future by _! k ( ! pa/3--!re is no p>adox 9 t3 x belongs r1 y might compla91 to ! range ( platitudes4 ,b1 rememb]6 ! h+e ( ,plato's :ole political argum5t is1 t ! ru9\s divisions ( ,a!ns1 ( ,greece1 ( ! entire social community1 is ! want ( dis9t]e/$ness 9 its rul]s2 n t !y are unfit to rule2 r1 t !y h (t51 x may be1 a natural call to (fice--^? exceptional high natures--b t !y ab\nd !re9 exclusively 9 _! own s5se4 ,& ! precise po9t ( p>adox 9 philosophic k+%ip1 #bfb z ,plato takes x1 is ?is1 t if we h philosoph]s = our k+s1 our ar*ons1 we %all be "u a sort ( rul]s :o z su* h made sacrifice ( !mselves1 & 9 com+ to (fice at all mu/ h tak5 ^u !m ! =m ( a s]vant4-- ,= ?us x is4--,if y c f9d out a life bett] ?an be+ a k+1 = ^? :o %all be k+s1 a well-gov]n$ city w become possible1 & n o!rwise4 ,= 9 t city alone w ^? be k+s :o are 9 v de$ ri*4 ,b if poor m51 hung]+ aft] _! private good1 proce$ to public (fices1 x is n possible2 =1 ! k+ly (fice becom+ an object ( cont5tion1 ! sort ( battle :i* results1 be+ at home & int]nal1 de/roys !m1 along ) ! common- weal?4--,mo/ truly1 he repli$4--,h y !n1 ,i ask$1 any k9d ( life :i* c despise political (fices1 o!r ?an ! life ( true philosoph]s8--,c]ta9ly n4--,yet /ill x is necess>y t ^? :o come to (fice %\ld n be lov]s ( x2 o!rwise ! rival lov]s w fight4--,t mu/ be s4--,:om !n w y compel to proce$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( ! city save ^?1 :o1 be+ wise/ ( all 9 reg>d to ! conditions ( h] highe/ welf>e1 are !mselves possess$ ( privileges ( ano!r ord]1 & a life bett] ?an ! politician's8 ,republic1 #ebj4 ,m capable ?an o!rs ( an adroit application ( all t p[] usually means 9 ! way ( p]sonal advantage1 y\r legitimate1 & really elect royalty or ari/ocracy mu/ be secur$ f ! love ( x2 y mu/ insure _! magnanimity 9 (fice by a c\nt]-*>m4 ,b :]e is su* a *>m1 or c\nt]-*>m1 to be f\nd8 ,?r\gh\t1 z usual 9 s provid5t a writ] z ,plato1 ! answ] to t lead+ #bfc "q has _h its prelude1 ev5 9 ! fir/ book4-- ,!re=e x 01 = my "p1 fri5d ,?rasyma*us1 ,i 0 say+ j n[ t no "o w\ld be will+ ( 8 own motion to rule1 & take 9 h& ! ills ( o!r p to set !m "r1 b t he w\ld ask a rew>d2 because he :o w d fairly by 8 art1 or prosp] by 8 art1 nev] does :at is be/ = himself1 nor orda9s t1 9 orda9+ :at is prop] to 8 art1 b :at is be/ = ! subject ( 8 rule4 ,by reason ( :i* inde$1 z x seems1 !re mu/ ne$s be a rew>d = ^? :o %all be will+ to rule1 ei!r money1 or hon\r1 or a p5alty unless he w rule4--,h[ d y mean ?is ,socrates8 said ,glaucon3 = ! two rew>ds ,i und]/&2 b ! p5alty1 ( :i* y speak1 & h nam$ z 9 ! place ( a rew>d1 ,i d n und]/&4--,!n y d n und]/&1 ,i said1 ! rew>d ( ! be/1 = ! sake ( :i* ! mo/ virtu\s rule1 :5 !y are will+ to rule4 ,or d y n "k t ! be+ fond ( hon\rs1 fond ( money1 is said to be1 & is1 a disgrace8--,= my "p1 ,yes6 he said4--,on ?is gr\nd !n1 nei!r = money are ! good will+ to rule1 nor = hon\r2 = !y *oose nei!r1 9 op5ly exact+ hire z a return = _! rule1 to be call$ hirel+s1 nor1 9 tak+ secretly !refrom1 ?ieves4 ,nor aga9 is x = hon\r !y w rule2 = !y are n ambiti\s4 ,!re=e x is1 t necessity mu/ be on !m1 & a p5alty1 if !y are to be will+ to rule3 :5ce p]haps x has come1 t to proce$ ) ready w to ! (fice ( rul]1 & n to await compulsion1 is acc\nt$ indec5t4 ,z = ! p5alty1--! greate/ p5alty is to be rul$ by "o worse ?an oneself1 unless "o w rule4 ,& x is ?r\gh fe> ( t1 ! good seem to me to rule1 :5 !y rule3 & !n !y proce$ to ! (fice ( rul]1 n z com+ to "s good ?+1 nor z to pr(it !re91 b z to some?+ unavoidable1 & z hav+ none bett] ?an !mselves to :om to entru/ x1 nor ev5 z good4 ,s9ce x seems likely t if a city ( good m5 came to be1 n to rule w\ld be ! matt] ( cont5tion1 z n[adays to rule2 & "h x w\ld become manife/ t a rul] 9 v de$1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 consid]s n :at is pr(itable = himself1 b = ! subject ( 8 rule4 ,s #bfd t e intellig5t p]son w\ld *oose r to be b5efit$ by ano!r1 ?an by b5efit+ ano!r to h tr\ble himself4 ,republic1 #cdf4 ,n[ if philosophy really is :]e ,plato consi/5tly puts x1 & is all he claims = x1 !n1 = ^? capable ( x1 :o are capable also 9 ! region ( practice1 x w be precisely t bett] ?+ ?an be+ a k+ = ^? :o mu/ be our k+s1 our ar*ons4 ,y see t ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ,platonism are int]dep5d5t2 t !y really coh]e4 ,j at ?is po9t !n y mu/ call to memory ! greatness ( ! claim ,plato makes = philosophy--a promise1 y may p]haps ?9k1 l>g] ?an any?+ he has actually pres5t$ to 8 read]s 9 ! way ( a philosophic revelation ju/ifies4 ,he seems1 9 fact1 to promise all1 or almo/ all1 t 9 a lat] age natures great & high h c]ta9ly f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,if philosophy is only />-gaz+1 or only a condition ( d\bt1 if :at ! sophi/ or ! phili/9e says ( x is all t c be said1 x c\ld h>dly compete ) ! rew>ds :i* ! vulg> _w holds out to its s]vants4 ,b = ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 if philosophy is any?+ at all1 x is no?+ less ?an an escape f ! evils ( ! _w1 & homoisis t !1 a be+ made l to ,god4 ,x provides a satisfaction n = ! intellig5ce only b = ! :ole nature ( man1 8 imag9ation & fai?1 8 affections1 8 capacity #bfe = religi\s devotion1 & = "s /ill unimag9$ developm5t ( ! capacities ( s5se4 ,h[ c\ld any?+ :i* belongs to ! _w ( m]e ph5om5al *ange seem great to him :o is ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce8 ,= ! excell5cy ( su* k z t1 we might say1 he mu/ c\nt all ?+s b loss4 ,by fe> ( puni%m5t 9 "s r\ndab\t way1 he might inde$ be compell$ to desc5d into ! cave1 to take 9 h& ! wrongs ( o!r p to set !m "r2 b ( c\rse ! "p he w take 9 y\r sorry exhibition ( pass+ %ad[s1 & dreamy e*oes conc]n+ !m1 w n be = himself4 ,y may ?9k him1 t philosophic ar*on or k+1 :o 9 cons5t+ to be y\r ma/] has really tak5 ^u himself ! =m ( a s]vant--y may ?9k him1 9 our late age ( philosophic disillusion1 a :olly *im]ical be+4 ,yet hi/ory records "o in/ance 9 :i* su* a figure actually f\nd 8 way to an imp]ial ?rone1 & ) a c]ta9 approa* to ! result ,plato promises4 ,x 0 precisely because 8 :ole be+ 0 fill$ ) philosophic vision1 t ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 t fond /ud5t ( philosophy1 ( ?is v philosophy ( ,plato1 s]v$ ! ,roman p s well 9 peace & w>--) s mu* dis9t]e/$ness1 because1 9 fact1 s reluctantly4 ,look onw>d1 & :at is /range & inexplicable 9 8 realisation ( ! ,platonic s*eme--/range1 if we consid] h[ cold & #bff feeble aft] all 7 ! rays ( light on :i* he wait$ s dev\tly--becomes cle> 9 ! p]son ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 :o1 aga91 precisely because 8 :ole be+ 0 full ( heav5ly vision1 9 self-bani%m5t f x = a :ile1 l$ & rul$ ! ,fr5* p s magnanim\sly alike 9 peace & w>4 ,! pres5ce1 !n1 ! asc5dancy amid actual ?+s1 ( ! royal or philosophic nature1 z ,plato ?us conceives x--t1 & no?+ else1 w be ! g5]at+ =ce1 ! se$1 ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 z he conceives x3 ?is place1 9 :i* ! great ?+s ( exi/5ce1 kn[n or div9$1 really fill ! s\l4 ,only1 he = "o w\ld n be surpris$ if no eyes actually see x4 ,l 8 ma/] ,socrates1 z y "k1 he is some?+ ( a humori/2 & if he sometimes surprises u ) p>adox or haz>d\s !ory1 w sometimes also give u to und]/& t he is aft] all n q s]i\s4 ,s ab\t ?is vision ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 ,! ,republic1 ,kallipolis1 ,uranopolis1 ,utopia1 ,civitas ,dei1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav5-- ,suff] me1 he says1 to ent]ta9 myself z m5 ( li/less m9ds are wont to d :5 !y j\rney alone4 ,su* p]sons1 ,i fancy1 be=e !y h f\nd out 9 :at way ought ( :at !y desire may come to be1 pass t "q by le/ !y gr[ we>y 9 consid]+ :e!r ! ?+ be possible or no2 & suppos+ :at !y wi% already a*iev$1 !y proce$ at once to arrange all ! re/1 pleas+ !mselves 9 ! trac+ out all !y w d1 :5 t %all h come to pass--mak+ a m9d already idle idl] /ill4 ,republic1 #add4 ,,notes #bcf4 ,translit]ation3 ,p]i ,dikaiosyns4 ,pat]'s translation3 on ! nature ( ju/ice4 #bcf4 ,translit]ation3 tod' n hs eoike prooimion4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ?is 0 only by way ( introduction4 ,plato1 ,republic #ceg;a4 #bda4 ,translit]ation3 to h5 pratte91 to ta haut\ pratte94 ,e-text editor's translation3 to d "o ?+ only1 to d only ?+s prop] to oneself4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfi;e4 #bda4 ,translit]ation3 poikilia1 pleonexia1 polypragmosyn4 ,liddell & ,scott def9itions3 poikilia metaph3 cunn+2 pleonexia a disposition to take m ?an "o's %>e2 polupragmosun m$dl+4 #bdb4 ,translit]ation3 ,prton m5 phyetai heka/os ou pany homoios heka/1 alla diaph]n tn phys91 allos ep all\ erg\ prax94 ,e- text editor's translation3 ,to beg9 )1 ea* p]son is ( a nature n ! same z ano!r's2 r1 p diff] 9 nature1 & s "o p]son w be be/ fitt$ = "o task1 & ano!r = a diff]5t k9d ( "w4 ,plato1 ,republic #cgj;a-b4 #bdb4 ,translit]ation3 ergon4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 "w 4 4 4 employm5t4 #bdb4 ,translit]ation3 poikilia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 metaph3 cunn+4 #bdc4 ,translit]ation3 gignetai to9yn hs egmai polis epeid tun*anei hmn heka/os ouk aut>ks4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,z ,i see x1 ! city w come into exi/5ce because x s happ5s t z individuals we are n suffici5t to provide = ourselves4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfi;b4 #bdc4 ,translit]ation3 ,poisei hs egmai tn pol9 hmet]a *reia4 ,e- text editor's translation3 ,z ,i see x1 x w be our ne$s t create ! city4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfi;c4 #bdd4 ,translit]ation3 hoi dmi\rgoi4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition ( dmi\rgos3 workman4 #bde4 ,translit]ation3 eis h5 kata phys94 ,e-text editor's translation3 to "o activity 9 accordance ) a giv5 p]son's nature4 ,plato1 ,republic #cgb;e44 #bdf4 ,translit]ation3 polis d tryphsa4 ,e-text editor's translation3 a city already gr[n luxuri\s4 ,! v]b trypha means to live s(tly or delicately1 f>e sumptu\sly1 live 9 luxury4 7,liddell & ,scott47 ,plato1 ,republic #cgb;e4 #bdf4 ,translit]ation3 polis d tryphsa4 ,e-text editor's translation3 a city already gr[n luxuri\s4 ,! v]b trypha means to live s(tly or delicately1 f>e sumptu\sly1 live 9 luxury4 7,liddell & ,scott47 ,plato1 ,republic #cgb;e4 #bdf4 ,translit]ation3 kai h *ra p\ h tote hikan smikra ex hikans e/ai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,& ! l& t us$ to be suffici5t w be insuffici5t4 ,plato1 ,republic #cgc;d4 #bdf4 ,translit]ation3 ouk\n ts tn plsion *ras hm9 apotmteon4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,& s we w appropriate = ourselves "s ( our neighbor's l&4 ,plato1 ,republic #cgc;d4 #bdg4 ,translit]ation3 ,phylakes 4 4 4 epik\roi4 ,pat]'s translation3 wat*m5 or auxili>ies4 #bdg4 ,translit]ation3 hs en ph>mak\ eidei ta pseud ta en deonti g5om5a4 ,e-text editor's translation3 timely falsehoods t take ! =m ( m$ic9e4 ,plato1 ,republic #chi;b & #dad;b conta9 p>ts ( ! quotation4 #bdg4 ,translit]ation3 pho9ikikon pseudos4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,pho5ician /ory4 ,plato1 ,republic #dad;c4 #bea4 ,translit]ation3 nomisma ts allags h5eka4 ,e-text editor's translation3 a common curr5cy = ex*ange4 ,plato1 ,republic #cga;b4 #bed4 ,translit]ation3 oikeiopragia4 ,e-text editor's translation3 function+1 f oikeios 7prop] to a ?+1 fitt+7 & pragos or1 9 ev]yday non-poetic spee*1 pragma7de$74 ,plato1 ,republic #dcd;c4 #bee4 ,translit]ation3 dmos4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ! commons1 common p1 plebeians2 9 ,attica1 t[n%ips or hundr$s4 #bee4 ,translit]ation3 ta tn philn ko9a4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! possessions ( fri5ds are held 9 common4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bgi;c conta9s simil> language4 #beg4 ,translit]ation3 ar*ontes4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition ( ar*on3 rul]4 #beg4 ,translit]ation3 philopolides4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 ^? lov+ _! city1 /ate1 or c\ntry4 #beh4 ,translit]ation3 ,ta tn philn ko9a4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ! possessions ( fri5ds are held 9 common4 ,plato1 ,pha$rus #bgi;c conta9s simil> language4 #bfj4 ,translit]ation3 kalokaga?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 beautiful & good1 noble & good4 #bfd4 ,translit]ation3 homoisis t !4 ,pat]'s translation3 a process or act ( be+ made l to ,god4 ,plato1 ,republic #ded;c4 #bff4 ,translit]ation3 ,kallipolis4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 beautiful city4 ,plato1 ,republic #ebg;c4 ,,*apt] #aj3 ,,plato',s ,,ae/hetics #bfg ,,:5 we rememb] ,plato z ! great lov]1 :at ! visible _w 0 to him1 :at a l>ge place ! idea ( ,beauty1 ) its almo/ adequate realisation 9 t visible _w1 holds 9 8 mo/ ab/ract speculations z ! cle>e/ in/ance ( ! relation ( ! human m9d to reality & tru?1 we might ?9k t art also1 ! f9e arts1 w\ld h be5 mu* = him2 t ! ae/hetic elem5t w\ld be a significant "o 9 8 !ory ( morals & education4 ,ta t]pna en ,helladi 7to use ,p9d>'s phrase7 all ! delightful ?+s 9 ,hellas3-- ,plato lea/ ( all c\ld h be5 unaffect$ by _! pres5ce ar\nd him4 ,& s x is4 ,?9k :at p]fection ( h&icraft1 :at a subtle enjoym5t !re91 is involv$ 9 t specially ,platonic rule1 to m9d "o's bus9ess 7to ta haut\ pratte97 t he :o1 l ,fra ,damiano ( ,b]gamo1 has a gift = poikilia1 int>sia or m>quet]ie1 = example1 %\ld conf9e himself exclusively to t4 ,be=e him1 #bfh y "k1 !re _h be5 no !oris+ ab\t ! beautiful1 its place 9 life1 & ! l2 & z a matt] ( fact he is ! e>lie/ critic ( ! f9e arts4 ,he anticipates ! mod]n notion t art z su* has no end b its own p]fection1--art = art's sake4 ,ar' oun kai heka/ tn te*nn e/i ti symph]on allo hoti mali/a telean e9ai2 ,we h se5 aga9 t n 9 !ory only1 by ! l>ge place he assigns to our exp]i5ces reg>d+ visible beauty 9 ! =mation ( 8 doctr9e ( ideas1 b t 9 ! practical sph]e also1 ?is great fact ( exp]i5ce1 ! reality ( beauty1 has its importance ) him4 ,! lovel9ess ( virtue z a h>mony1 ! w9n+ aspect ( ^? images ( ! absolute & unse5 ,temp]ance1 ,brav]y1 ,ju/ice1 %$ ar\nd u 9 ! visible _w = eyes t c see1 ! claim ( ! virtues z a visible repres5tation by human p]sons & _! acts ( ! et]nal qualities ( ! et]nal1 aft] all f> out-weigh1 z he ?9ks1 ! claim ( _! m]e utility4 ,& accord+ly1 9 education1 all w beg9 & end 9 music1 9 ! promotion ( qualities to :i* no tru] "n c be giv5 ?an symmetry1 ae/hetic fitness1 tone4 ,philosophy itself inde$1 z he conceives x1 is b ! sympa!tic appreciation ( a k9d ( music 9 ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,!re h be5 ,platoni/s )\t ,plato1 & a k9d ( traditional ,platonism 9 ! _w1 indep5d5t (1 yet true 9 _s to1 ! ,platonism #bfi ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues4 ,n[ su* a piece ( traditional ,platonism we f9d 9 ! hypo!sis ( "s close connexion betwe5 :at may be call$ ! ae/hetic qualities ( ! _w ab\t u & ! =mation ( moral "*1 betwe5 ae/hetics & e?ics4 ,:]ev] p h be5 incl9$ to lay /ress on ! col\r+1 = in/ance1 *e]ful or o!rwise1 ( ! walls ( ! room :]e *ildr5 le>n to read1 z ?\gh t _h some?+ to d ) ! col\r+ ( _! m9ds2 on ! possible moral effect ( ! beautiful anci5t build+s ( "s ( our own s*ools & colleges2 on ! build+ ( "*1 9 any way1 ?r\gh ! eye & e>2 !re ! _s ( ,plato has be5 und]/ood to be1 & rightly1 ev5 by ^? :o h p]haps nev] read ,plato's ,republic1 9 :i* h[ev] we d f9d ! connexion betwe5 moral "* & matt]s ( poetry & art /rongly ass]t$4 ,?is is to be obs]v$ especially 9 ! ?ird & t5? books ( ,! ,republic4 ,! ma9 int]e/ ( ^? books lies 9 ! fact1 t 9 !m we read :at ,plato actually said on a subject conc]n+ :i* p h be5 s ready to put !mselves "u 8 au?ority4 ,x is said ) imm$iate ref]5ce to metre & its v>i\s =ms 9 v]se1 z an elem5t 9 ! g5]al treatm5t ( /yle or mann] 7lexis7 z oppos$ to ! matt] 7logoi7 9 ! imag9ative lit]ature1 ) :i* z 9 "t pa/ ! #bgj education ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,p]fect ,city w beg94 ,x is h[ev] at 8 own express sugge/ion t we may apply :at he says1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ab\t metre & v]se1 to all =ms ( art :atev]1 to music 7m\sik7 g5]ally1 to all ^? matt]s ov] :i* ! ,muses ( ,greek my?ology preside1 to all productions 9 :i* ! =m c\nts equally )1 or = m ?an1 ! matt]4 ,assum+ !re=e t we h "h1 9 outl9e & t5d5cy at lea/1 ! m9d ( ,plato 9 reg>d to ! e?ical influ5ce ( ae/hetic qualities1 let u try to di/+ui% cle>ly ! c5tral l9es ( t t5d5cy1 ( ,platonism 9 art1 z x is really to be f\nd 9 ,plato4 ,y h p]ceiv$ h y n1 obs]ves ! ,platonic ,socrates1 t acts ( imitation1 if !y beg9 9 e>ly life1 & cont9ue1 e/abli% !mselves 9 "o's nature & habits1 alike z to ! body1 ! tones ( "o's voice1 ! ways ( "o's m9d4 ,yes1 t might seem a matt] ( common obs]vation2 & :at is /rictly ,platonic "h & 9 :at foll[s is b ! emphasis ( ! /atem5t4 ,let u set x h[ev]1 = ! sake ( decisive effect1 9 imm$iate connexion ) c]ta9 o!r po9ts ( ,plato's ae/hetic doctr9e4 ,imitation !n1 imitation ?r\gh ! eye & e>1 is irresi/ible 9 its influ5ce ov] human nature4 ,& secondly1 we1 ! f\nd]s1 ! p1 ( ! ,republic1 ( ! city t %all be #bga p]fect1 h = our peculi> purpose ! simplification ( human nature3 a purpose some:at co/ly1 = x foll[s1 ?irdly1 t ! only k9d ( music1 ( art & poetry1 we %all p]mit ourselves1 our citiz5s1 w be ( a v au/]e "*1 "u a sort ( self-d5y+ ord9ance4 ,we %all be a f]v5tly ae/hetic community1 if y w2 b !re) also v f]v5t r5unciants1 or ascetics4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m5's s\ls are1 accord+ to ,plato's view1 ! creatures ( :at m5 see & he>4 ,:at w\ld probably be f\nd 9 a limit$ numb] only ( s5sitive p1 a con/ant susceptibility to ! aspects & o!r s5sible qualities ( ?+s & p]sons1 to ! elem5t ( expression or =m 9 !m & _! movem5ts1 to ph5om5a z su*--?is susceptibility ,plato supposes 9 m5 g5]ally4 ,x is n s mu* ! matt] ( a "w ( art1 :at is convey$ 9 & by col\r & =m & s\nd1 t tells ^u u educationally--! subject1 = in/ance1 develop$ by ! words & sc5]y ( a play--z ! =m1 & its qualities1 concision1 simplicity1 rhy?m1 or1 contr>iwise1 abundance1 v>iety1 discord4 ,su* ae/hetic qualities1 by :at we might call 9 logical phrase1 metabasis eis allo g5os1 a d]ivation into ano!r k9d ( matt]1 trans=m !mselves1 9 ! temp] ( ! pati5t ! he>] or spectator1 into t]ms ( e?ics1 into ! sph]e ( ! desires & ! w1 ( ! moral ta/e1 eng5d]+1 nurs+ #bgb !re1 /rictly moral effects1 su* conditions ( s5tim5t & ! w z ,plato requires 9 8 ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 or q ! opposite1 b h>dly 9 any case indiff]5t1 conditions4 ,imitation3--x ent]s into ! v fa/nesses ( "*2 & we1 our s\ls1 ourselves1 are = ev] imitat+ :at we see & he>1 ! =ms1 ! s\nds :i* haunt our memories1 our imag9ation4 ,we imitate n only if we play a "p on ! /age b :5 we sit z spectators1 :ile our ?\ghts foll[ ! act+ ( ano!r1 :5 we read ,hom] & put ourselves1 lightly1 flu5tly1 into ! place ( ^? he describes3 we imitate unconsci\sly ! l9e & col\r ( ! walls ar\nd u1 ! trees by ! wayside1 ! animals we pet or make use (1 ! v dress we we>4 ,only1 ,h9a m ek ts mimses t\ e9ai apolauss94--,let u bew>e h[ m5 atta9 ! v tru? ( :at !y imitate4 ,t !n is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,plato's ae/hetics1 8 fir/ consid]ation reg>d+ ! art ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect4 ,m51 *ildr51 are susceptible be+s1 9 great measure condition$ by ! m]e look ( _! m$ium4 ,l ^? insects1 we might fancy1 ( :i* naturali/s tell u1 tak+ col\r f ! plants !y lodge on1 !y w come to mat* ) mu* s]vility ! aspects ( ! _w ab\t !m4 ,b ! p ( ! ,p]fect ,city w\ld n #bgc be !re at all except by way ( a refuge1 an exp]im5t1 or t\r de =ce1 9 moral & social philosophy2 & ?is circum/ance det]m9es ! second con/itu5t pr9ciple ( ,plato's ae/hetic s*eme4 ,we1 !n1 ! f\nd]s1 ! citiz5s1 ( ! ,republic h a peculi> purpose4 ,we are "h to escape f1 to resi/1 a c]ta9 vici\s c5trifugal t5d5cy 9 life1 9 ,greek & especially 9 ,a!nian life1 :i* does b propagate a l vici\s t5d5cy 9 ourselves4 ,we are to become-- l little pieces 9 a ma*9e6 y may compla94--,no1 l p]=m]s r1 individually1 x may be1 ( m or less importance1 b ea* ) a necess>y & inali5able "p1 9 a p]fect musical ex]cise :i* is well wor? :ile1 or 9 "s sacr$ liturgy2 or l soldi]s 9 an inv9cible army1 inv9cible because x moves z "o man4 ,we are to f9d1 or be put into1 & keep1 e "o 8 natural place2 to cultivate ^? qualities :i* w secure ma/]y ov] ourselves1 ! subord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 musical proportion4 ,to ?is end1 z we saw1 ,plato1 a remorseless ideali/1 is ready ev5 to suppress ! diff]5ces ( male & female "*1 to m]ge1 to lose ! family 9 ! social aggregate4 ,imitation !n1 we may resume1 imitation ?r\gh ! eye & e>1 is irresi/ible 9 its influ5ce on human nature4 ,secondly1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republic are by its v purpose b\nd to ! simplification ( human nature3 #bgd & our practical conclusion foll[s 9 logical ord]4 ,we %all make1 & /]nly keep1 a self-d5y+ ord9ance 9 ?is matt]1 9 ! matt] ( art1 ( poetry1 ( ta/e 9 all its v>ieties2 a rule1 ( :i* ,plato's own words1 appli$ by him 9 ! fir/ in/ance to rhy?m or metre1 b l all he says on t subject fairly applicable to ! :ole range ( musical or ae/hetic effects1 w be ! brief summ>y3 ,alt]nations w be few & f> betwe53-- h[ diff]5tly f ! me?ods ( ! poetry1 ! art1 ! *oruses1 we mo/ ( u love s mu*1 n necess>ily because our s5ses are inapt or untra9$3--,smikrai hai metabolai4 ,we %all all[ no musical innovations1 no ,ari/ophanic cries1 no imitations h[ev] clev] ( ! s\nds ( ! flute or ! lyre1 no free imitation by ! human voice ( be/ial or me*anical s\nds1 no su* arti/s z are l a mirror turn+ all ab\t4 ,!re 7 vulg>ities ( nature1 y see1 9 ! y\? ( ideal ,a!ns ev54 ,"t1 ( c\rse1 z su*1 is itself a k9d ( arti/1 trimm+ pleasantly = u :at survives ( ! rude _w ( ! pa/4 ,n[ ,plato's me?od w\ld promote or anticipate ! "w ( "t 9 t matt] ( vulg>ities ( ta/e4 ,yes1 :5 y read 8 precaution>y rules1 y become fully aw>e t ev5 9 ,a!ns !re 7 "y m5 :o affect$ :at 0 lea/ =tunate 9 ! habits1 ! pleasures1 ! sordid bus9ess ( ! class bel[ !m4 #bge ,b !y w\ld n be all[$ q _! own way 9 ! /reets or else:]e 9 a re=m$ _w1 to ^: *os5 imp]ial y\? 7,basilik phyl7 x w\ld n be p]mitt$ ev5 to ?9k ( any ( ^? ?+s--oud5i prose*e9 ton v\n4 ,to !m1 :at 0 illib]al1 ! illib]al crafts1 w\ld be 7?anks to _! well-tra9$ p[] ( intellectual ab/raction67 z ?\gh x 7 n4 ,& if art1 l law1 be1 z ,plato ?9ks1 a creation ( m9d1 9 accordance ) "r reason1 we %all n wi% our boys to s+ l m]e birds4 ,yet :at price w\ld n ! musical connoisseur pay to h&le ! in/rum5ts we may see 9 fancy pass+ out ?r\gh ! gates ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect1 bani%$1 n because !re is no "o )9 its walls :o kn[s ! use (1 or w\ld receive pleasure f1 !m 7a delicate susceptibility 9 ^! matt]s ,plato1 z 0 said1 presupposes7 b precisely because !y are s s$uctive1 mu/ be convey$ !re=e to "s o!r ess5tially less fav\r$ neighb\rhood1 l poison1 say6 moral poison1 = "o's enemies' wat]-spr+s4 ,a :ole class ( pa9t]s1 sculptors1 skill$ workm5 ( v>i\s k9ds g into l bani%m5t--!y & _! v tools2 n1 obs]ve aga9 c>efully1 because !y are bad arti/s1 b v good ones4--,alla mn1 ,adeimante1 hdys ge kai ho kekram5os4 ,art1 z su*1 z ,plato kn[s1 has no purpose b itself1 its own p]fection4 ,! prop] art ( ! #bgf ,p]fect ,city is 9 fact ! art ( discipl9e4 ,music 7m\sik7 all ! v>i\s =ms ( f9e art1 w be b ! in/rum5ts ( its "o ov]-ma/]+ social or political purpose1 irresi/ibly con=m+ its s imitative subject units to type3 !y w be nei!r m nor less ?an s _m v>iations1 s to speak1 ( ! trumpet-call4 ,or suppose aga9 t a poet f9ds 8 way to u1 able by 8 g5ius1 z he *ooses1 or z 8 audi5ce *ooses1 to become all ?+s1 or all p]sons1 9 turn1 & able to trans=m u too into all ?+s & p]sons 9 turn1 z we li/5 or read1 ) a fluidity1 a v]satility ( hum\r almo/ equal to 8 own1 a poet myriad-m9d$1 z we say1 almo/ 9 ,plato's precise words1 z our f9e/ t\* ( praise1 ( ,%akespe>e = in/ance1 or ( ,hom]1 ( :om he 0 ?9k+3--,well6 we %all h be5 set on our gu>d4 ,we h no room = him4 ,div9e1 delightful1 be+1 if he came to our city ) 8 works1 8 poems1 wi%+ to make an exhibition ( !m1 we %\ld c]ta9ly d him rev]5ce z an object1 sacr$1 wond]ful1 delightful1 b we %\ld n let him /ay4 ,we %\ld tell him t !re nei!r is1 nor may be1 any "o l t among u1 & s s5d him on 8 way to "s o!r city1 hav+ ano9t$ 8 head ) myrrh & cr[n$ him ) a g>l& ( wool1 z some?+ 9 himself half-div9e1 & = ourselves %\ld make use ( "s m au/]e & less pleas+ sort ( poet1 = 8 practical #bgg uses4 ,t au/rot] kai ade/] poit1 phelias h5eka4 ,n1 z ,i said1 t ! ,republic any m ?an ,lac$aemon w be an artless place4 ,plato's ae/hetic s*eme is actually bas$ on a high degree ( s5sibility to su* influ5ces 9 ! p he is deal+ )4-- ,"r spee*1 !n1 & rightness ( h>mony & =m & rhy?m m9i/] to goodness ( nature2 n t good-nature :i* we s call ) a s(t "n1 be+ really sill9ess1 b ! frame ( m9d :i* 9 v tru? is rightly & fairly ord]$ 9 reg>d to ! moral habit4--,mo/ c]ta9ly he said4--,mu/ n ^! qualities1 !n1 be ev]y:]e pursu$ by ! "y m5 if !y are to d ea* 8 own bus9ess8--,pursu$1 c]ta9ly4--,n[ pa9t+1 ,i suppose1 is full ( !m 7^? qualities :i* are p>tly e?ical1 p>tly ae/hetic7 & all h&icraft su* z t2 ! weav]'s art is full ( !m1 & ! inlay]'s art & ! build+ ( h\ses1 & ! work+ ( all ! o!r app>atus ( life2 moreov] ! nature ( our own bodies1 & ( all o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,= 9 all ^!1 rightness or wrongness ( =m is inh]5t4 ,& wrongness ( =m1 & ! lack ( rhy?m1 ! lack ( h>mony1 are frat]nal to fault9ess ( m9d & *>ac- t]1 & ! opposite qualities to ! opposite condition--! temp]ate & good "*3--frat]nal1 aye6 & copies ( !m4--,yes1 entirely s3 he said4-- ,mu/ our poets1 !n1 alone be "u control1 & compell$ to "w ! image ( ! good into _! poetic works1 or n to "w among u at all2 or mu/ ! o!r craftsm5 too be controll$1 & re/ra9$ f work+ ?is fault9ess & intemp]ance & illib]ality & =mlessness ( "* :e!r into ! images ( liv+ creatures1 or ! h\ses !y build1 or any o!r product ( _! craft :atev]2 or mu/ he :o is unable s to d be =bidd5 to practise 8 art among u1 to ! end t our gu>dians may n1 nurtur$ 9 images ( vice z 9 a vici\s pa/ure1 cropp+ & cull+ mu* e day little by little f _m s\rces1 compos+ toge!r "s "o great evil 9 _! own s\ls1 g undetect$8 ,mu/ we n r seek = ^? craftsm5 :o h ! #bgh p[]1 by way ( _! own natural virtue1 to track out ! nature ( ! beautiful & seemly1 to ! end t1 liv+ z 9 "s :olesome place1 ! "y m5 may receive good f e side1 :5cesoev]1 f fair works ( art1 ei!r ^u sight or ^u he>+ any?+ may /rike1 z x 7 a breeze be>+ heal? f k9dly places1 & f *ildhood /raightway br+ !m unaw>e to lik5ess & fri5d%ip & h>mony ) fair reason8--,yes3 he answ]$3 9 ?is way !y w\ld be by f> be/ educat$4--,well !n1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 on ^! gr\nds is n education 9 music ( ! greate/ importance--because1 m ?an any?+ else1 rhy?m & h>mony make _! way d[n into ! inmo/ "p ( ! s\l1 & take hold ^u x ) ! utmo/ =ce1 br++ ) !m rightness ( =m1 & r5d]+ its =m "r1 if "o be correctly tra9$2 if n1 ! opposite8 & aga9 because he :o has be5 tra9$ 9 t dep>tm5t duly1 w\ld h ! %>pe/ s5se ( ov]sights 7tn p>aleipom5n7 & ( ?+s n fairly turn$ out1 :e!r by art or nature 7m kals dmi\rg!ntn m kals phyntn7 & dislik+ !m1 z he %\ld1 w\ld comm5d ?+s beautiful1 &1 by reason ( 8 delight 9 ^!1 receiv+ !m into 8 s\l1 be nurtur$ ( !m1 & become kalokaga?os1 :ile he blam$ ! base1 z he %\ld1 & hat$ x1 :ile /ill "y1 be=e he 0 able to appreh5d a reason1 & :5 reason comes w\ld welcome x1 recognis+ x by its k9%ip to himself--mo/ ( all "o ?us taught8--,yes3 he answ]$3 x seems to me t = reasons su* z ^! _! education %\ld be 9 music4 ,republic1 #djj4 ,und]/&1 !n1 ! poetry & music1 ! arts & crafts1 ( ! ,city ( ! ,p]fect--:at is left ( !m !re1 & rememb] h[ ! ,greeks !mselves 7 us$ to say t ! half is m ?an ! :ole4 ,lik5 its music1 if y w1 to ,gregorian music1 & call to m9d ! k9d ( ar*itecture1 milit>y or mona/ic aga91 t mu/ be built to su* music1 & !n ! k9d ( col\r+ t w fill its #bgi jeal\sly allott$ space ^u ! walls1 ! sort ( c>v+ t w v5ture to display itself on cornice or capital4 ,! walls1 ! pill>s1 ! /reets--y see !m 9 ?\ght6 nay1 ! v trees & animals1 ! attire ( ^? :o move along ! /reets1 _! looks & voices1 _! /yle--! hi]atic ,dorian ar*itecture1 to speak precisely1 ! ,dorian mann] ev]y:]e1 9 possession ( ! :ole ( life4 ,comp>e x1 = fur!r vividness ( effect1 to ,go?ic build+1 to ! ,ci/]cian ,go?ic1 if y w1 :5 ,sa9t ,b]n>d _h purg$ x ( a /ill b>b>ic sup]fluity ( ornam5t4 ,x seems a long way f ! ,p>!non to ,sa9t ,ou5 ( ! aisles & ar*es1 or ,notre-,dame de ,b\rges2 yet !y illu/rate almo/ equally ! direction ( ! ,platonic ae/hetics4 ,^? *ur*es ( ! ,middle ,age h1 z we all feel1 _! lovel9ess1 yet ( a /]n sort1 :i* fasc9ates :ile p]haps x repels u4 ,we may try h>d to l z well or bett] ar*itecture ( a m or less diff]5t k9d1 b com+ back to !m aga9 f9d t ! secret ( f9al success is !irs4 ,! rigid logic ( _! *>m controls our ta/e1 z logic prop] b9ds ! intellig5ce3 we w\ld h some?+ ( t quality1 if we might1 = ourselves1 9 :at we d or make2 feel1 "u its influ5ce1 v diffid5t ( our own loose1 or gaudy1 or lit]ally insignificant1 decorations4 ,/ay !n1 says ! ,platoni/1 too sangu9e p]haps1-- ,abide1 he says to y\?1 9 ^! #bhj places1 & ! l ( !m1 & me*anically1 irresi/ibly1 ! s\l ( !m w impregnate y\rs4 ,) :atev] beside is 9 congruity ) !m 9 ! ord] ( he>+ & sight1 !y w tell 7despite1 x may be1 ( unk9dly nature at y\r fir/ mak+7 ^u y\r v c\nt5ance1 y\r walk & ge/ures1 9 ! c\rse & concat5ation ( y\r inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,& equation be+ duly made ( :at is m]ely p]sonal & tempor>y 9 ,plato's view ( ! arts1 x may be salut>y to return f "t to "t to ! ,platonic ae/hetics1 to f9d ourselves "u ! m exclusive influ5ce ( ^? qualities 9 ! ,hell5ic g5ius he has ?us emphasis$4 ,:at he w\ld promote1 !n1 is ! art1 ! lit]ature1 ( :i* among o!r ?+s x may be said t x solicits a c]ta9 ef=t f ! read] or spectator1 :o is promis$ a great expressiv5ess on ! "p ( ! writ]1 ! arti/1 if he = 8 "p w br+ ) him a great att5tiv5ess4 ,& h[ satisfy+1 h[ reassur+1 h[ flatt]+ to himself aft] all1 su* "w really is--! "w :i* deals ) "o z a s*ol>1 =m$1 mature & manly4 ,brav]y--&reia or manl9ess--manl9ess & temp]ance1 z we "k1 7 ! two *>act]i/ic virtues ( t old pagan _w2 & 9 art c]ta9ly !y seem to be involv$ 9 "o ano!r4 ,manl9ess 9 art1 :at c x be1 z di/9ct f t :i* 9 opposition to x #bha mu/ be call$ ! fem99e quality !re1--:at b a full consci\sness ( :at "o does1 ( art itself 9 ! "w ( art1 t5acity ( intuition & ( consequ5t purpose1 ! _s ( con/ruction z oppos$ to :at is lit]ally incoh]5t or ready to fall to pieces1 &1 9 opposition to :at is hy/]ic or works at r&om1 ! ma9t5ance ( a /&>d4 ,( su* art ?os r ?an pa?os w be ! pr$om9ant mood4 ,to use ,plato's own expression !re w be "h no p>aleipom5a1 no neglig5ces1 no fem99e =getfulness ( "o's self1 no?+ 9 ! "w ( art uncon=m$ to ! lead+ int5tion ( ! arti/1 :o w b increase 8 p[] by res]ve4 ,an arti/ ( t k9d w be apt1 ( c\rse1 to express m ?an he seems actually to say4 ,he economises4 ,he w n spoil good ?+s by exagg]ation4 ,! r\gh1 promiscu\s weal? ( nature he r$uces to grace & ord]3 r$uces1 x may be1 lax v]se to /aid & temp]ate prose4 ,) him1 ! rhy?m1 ! music1 ! notes1 w be felt to foll[1 or r lit]ally accompany z m9i/]s1 ! s5se1--akol\!9 ton logon4 ,we may fairly pref] ! broad daylight ( ,v]onese to ! contra/$ light & %ade ( ,rembr&t ev52 & a pa9t] w tell y t ! =m] is actually m difficult to atta94 ,temp]ance1 ! temp]ance ( ! y\?ful ,*>mides1 sup]-induc$ on a nature orig9ally ri* & impassion$1--,plato's own #bhb native pref]5ce = t is only re9=c$ by ! special ne$s ( 8 "t1 & ! v conditions ( ! ideal /ate4 ,! diamond1 we are told1 if x be a f9e "o1 may ga9 9 value by :at is cut away4 ,x 0 aft] su* fa%ion t ! manly y\? ( ,lac$aemon _h be5 cut & c>v$4 ,l5t5 or mona/ic col\rs1 br[n & black1 :ite & grey1 give _! utmo/ value = ! eye 7s mu* is obvi\s7 to ! sc>let fl[]1 ! light$ c&le1 ! clo? ( gold4 ,& ,platonic ae/hetics1 rememb]6 z su*1 are ev] 9 close connexion ) ,plato's e?ics4 ,x is life itself1 action & "*1 he proposes to col\r2 to get some?+ ( t irrepressible consci5ce ( art1 t _s ( control1 into ! g5]al c\rse ( life1 above all into its en]getic or impassion$ acts4 ,su* ,platonic quality y may trace ( c\rse n only 9 "w ( ,doric1 or1 m l>gely1 ( ,hell5ic l9eage1 b at all times1 z ! v consci5ce ( art1 its sav+ salt1 ev5 9 ages ( decad5ce4 ,y may analyse x1 z a condition ( lit]>y /yle1 9 hi/oric n>rative1 = in/ance2 & !n y h ! /r+5t1 %or?& art ( ,?ucydides at 8 be/1 8 ma/]ly feel+ = ma/]-facts1 & ! half z s mu* m ?an ! :ole4 ,p9d> is 9 a c]ta9 s5se 8 analogue 9 v]se4 ,?9k ( ! am\nt ( att5tion he mu/ h look$ =1 9 ^? :o 71 n to read1 b to s+ him1 or to li/5 :ile he 0 sung1 & to und]/&4 #bhc ,) ^? f9e1 %>p-cut gems or *as+s ( 81 s sp>ely set1 h[ mu* he leaves = a well-drill$ intellig5ce to supply 9 ! way ( connect+ ?\ght4 ,& y may look = ! correlative ( t 9 ,greek clay1 9 ,greek m>ble1 z y walk ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b obs]ve x1 above all1 at "w1 *eck+ yet re9=c+ 8 naturally flu5t & luxuriant g5ius1 9 ,plato himself4 ,8 prose is a practical illu/ration ( ! value ( t capacity = correction1 ( ! ef=t1 ! intellectual a/r+5cy1 :i* he dem&s ( ! poet also1 ! musician1 ( all true citiz5s ( ! ideal ,republic1 enhanc+ ! s5se ( p[] 9 "o's self1 & its effect ^u o!rs1 by a c]ta9 crafty res]ve 9 its ex]cise1 aft] ! mann] ( a true exp]t4 ,*alepa ta kala--he is fai?ful to ! old ,greek say+4 ,pati5ce1--inf9ite pati5ce1 may or may n be1 z 0 said1 ( ! v ess5ce ( g5ius2 b is c]ta9ly1 q z mu* z fire1 ( ! mood ( all true lov]s4 ,iss to legom5on al!s1 hoti *alepa ta kala4 ,h]aclitus _h pref]r$ ! dry s\l1 or ! dry light 9 x1 z ,bacon aft] him ! siccum lum54 ,& ! dry beauty1--let ,plato tea* u1 to love t also1 duly4 #ahia-ahib4 ,,notes #bfg4 ,translit]ation3 ,ta t]pna en ,helladi4 ,pat]'s translation3 all ! delightful ?+s 9 ,hellas4 ,p9d>1 ?\gh ,i h n locat$ ! poem to :i* ,pat] ref]s4 #bfg4 ,translit]ation3 to ta haut\ pratte94 ,e-text editor's translation3 to d only ?+s prop] to oneself4 ,plato1 ,republic #cfi;e4 #bfg4 ,translit]ation3 poikilia4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 metaph3 cunn+4 #bfh4 ,translit]ation3 ,ar' oun kai heka/ tn te*nn e/i ti symph]on allo hoti mali/a telean e9ai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,does !re belong to ea* ( ! arts any advantage o!r ?an p]fection8 ,plato1 ,republic #cda;d4 ,pat]'s read+ is p]haps ana*roni/ic 9 sugge/+ t ,plato anticipat$ mod]n ?9k+ ab\t ! autonomy ( art4 #bfi4 ,translit]ation3 lexis4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 a speak+1 spee* 4 4 4 a way ( speak+1 diction1 /yle4 #bfi4 ,translit]ation3 logoi4 ,pat]'s contextual translation3 matt]4 #bgj4 ,translit]ation3 m\sik4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 any art ov] :i* ! ,muses presid$1 esp4 music or lyric poetry set & sung to music4444 #bga4 ,translit]ation3 metabasis eis allo g5os4 ,pat]'s translation3 a d]ivation into ano!r k9d ( matt]4 #bgb4 ,translit]ation3 ,h9a m ek ts mimses t\ e9ai apolauss94 ,e-text editor's translation3 le/ !y draw ! reality only f _! imitation ( x4 ,plato1 ,republic #cie;c4 #bgd4 ,translit]ation3 ,smikrai hai metabolai4 ,e-text editor's translation3 our s5ses are inapt or untra9$4 ,plato1 ,republic #cig;c4 #bge4 ,translit]ation3 ,basilik phyl4 ,e-text editor's translation3 royal tribe4 #bge4 ,translit]ation3 oud5i prose*e9 ton v\n4 ,pat]'s translation3 !y w\ld n be p]mitt$ ev5 to ?9k ( any ( ^? ?+s4 ,plato1 ,republic #cif;b4 #bge4 ,translit]ation3 ,alla mn1 ,adeimante1 hdys ge kai ho kekram5os4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,b inde$1 ,adeimantus1 ! mix$ k9d ( art also is pleasant4 ,plato1 ,republic #cig;d4 #bgf4 ,translit]ation3 m\sik4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 any art ov] :i* ! ,muses presid$1 esp4 music or lyric poetry set & sung to music4444 #bgg4 ,translit]ation3 ,t au/rot] kai ade/] poit1 phelias h5eka4 ,pat]'s translation3 "s m au/]e & less pleas+ sort ( poet1 = 8 practical uses4 ,plato1 ,republic #cih;a4 #bgh4 ,translit]ation3 tn p>aleipom5n4 ,pat]'s translation3 ov]sights4 ,! v]b p>aleip means1 to leave on "o side 4 4 4 leave unnotic$4 ,plato1 ,republic #dja;e4 #bgh4 ,translit]ation3 m kals dmi\rg!ntn m kals phyntn4 ,pat]'s translation3 n fairly turn$ out1 :e!r by art or nature4 ,plato1 ,republic #dja;e4 #bgh4 ,translit]ation3 kalokaga?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 beautiful & good1 noble & good4 ,plato1 ,republic #dja;e4 #bhj4 ,translit]ation3 &reia4 ,pat]'s translation3 manl9ess4 #bha4 ,translit]ation3 ?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition3 an accu/om$ place 4 4 4 cu/om1 usage1 habit4 #bha4 ,translit]ation3 pa?os4 ,liddell & ,scott def9ition #a4 any?+ t befalls "o1 a suff]+1 mis=tune1 calamity2 #b4 a passive condition3 a passion1 affection2 #c4 an incid5t4 #bha4 ,translit]ation3 p>aleipom5a4 ,pat]'s translation3 ov]sights4 #bha4 ,translit]ation3 akol\!9 ton logon4 ,pat]'s translation3 foll[ ! s5se4 ,plato1 ,republic #cih;d4 #bhc4 ,translit]ation3 ,*alepa ta kala4 ,e-text editor's translation3 f9e ?+s are h>d to obta9 or und]/&4 ,plato1 ,republic #dce;c4 #bhc4 ,translit]ation3 ,iss to legom5on al!s1 hoti *alepa ta kala4 ,e-text editor's translation3 ,p]haps ! say+ is true--namely1 t f9e ?+s are h>d to obta9 or und]/&4 ,plato1 ,republic #dce;c4