,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully aspossible1 includ+ "s inconsi/5cies ( hyph5ation4 ,"s *anges ( spell+ & punctuation h be5 made4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ianity ,,f ,,an ,,es*atological ,,to ,a ,,socializ$ ,,movem5t ,a ,,diss]tation ,,submitt$ ,,to ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,! ,,graduate ,,s*ool ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,c&idacy ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,doctor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,graduate ,,div9ity ,,s*ool ,,by ,,ly=d ,,pat]son ,,edw>ds ,! ,collegiate ,press ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,m5a%a1 ,,wiscons9 #aiai ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians #a ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,e>ly ,*ur* & ,prop]ty ,concepts #bd ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,e>ly ,*ur* & ! ,populace #ej ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,*iliasm & ,patriotism #gj ,*apt] ,v4 ,*iliasm & ,social ,!ory #hc ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,political ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ians ,:5 ,*ri/ianity came into ! _w x f\nd a numb] ( diff]5t political !ories already 9 exi/5ce4 ,^! v>i\s conflict+ concepts2 ,hebrew1 ,greek & ,roman1 influ5c$ ,*ri/ianity 9 v>y+ degrees & 9 v>y+ degrees 7 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity z su* add$ no new ideas to ! curr5t /ock ( political notions4 ,! ,hebrew ,*ri/ian reta9$ 8 ,jewi% !ory2 z did ! ,greek & ! ,roman 9 p]haps a less degree4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! /ate1 ! ,*ur*1 & hi/ory g5]ally is a process ( elim9ation1 selection1 adaptation1 & syn!sis ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( political !ory curr5t 9 contempor>y ,hebrew & pagan ?\ght4 ,! *>act]i/ic mod]n sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! divorce betwe5 religion & gov]nm5t1 exi/$ z a matt] ( fact 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x 0 =c$ ^u ! ,*ri/ians by ! hi/orical situation4 ,z an idea x 0 =eign alike to ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x 0 contr>y to ! :ole body ( contempor>y political !ory4 ,! union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,f\r? c5tury1 :i* has be5 s deplor$ by _m mod]n hi/orians & morali/s 0 9 reality p]fectly inevitable4 ,! social m9d ( ! :ole anci5t _w made any o!r c\rse impossible ei!r to ,*ri/ians or ,pagans once ,*ri/ianity _h develop$ to ! po9t :]e x 0 ! mo/ p[]ful religi\s =ce 9 society4 ,! !ocratic nature ( ,jewi% ?\ght & practice is g5]ally recogniz$ b ! close connection ( religion & gov]nm5t 9 ! pagan educational sy/em is n p]haps s mu* emphasiz$4 ,to quote ,pollock3 ,x co/s u some?+ to realize ! full importance ( philosophy to ! ,greek or ,roman citiz5 :o _h receiv$ a lib]al education4 ,= him x comb9$ 9 "o :ole body ( doctr9e all ! au?ority & influ5ce :i* n[adays are divid$1 n )\t cont5tion1 by sci5ce1 philosophy1 & religion 9 v>y+ %>es4 ,x 0 n an intellectual ex]cise or special /udy1 b a s]i\s endeavor to ga!r up ! results ( all human k 9 _! mo/ g5]al =m1 & make !m available = ! practical conduct ( life4#a ,x 0 ?is fact :i* made ,*ri/ianity's progress among ! educat$ classes s sl[4 ,once x _h made its way1 h[ev]1 ! tak+ ov] ( political control by ! ,*ur* 0 bo? easy & natural4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable *>act]i/ics ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ( all e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 its relation to ! exi/+ political sy/em 0 ! doctr9e ( ob$i5ce to ! con/itut$ au?orities4 ,t a man l ,/4 ,paul %\ld advocate submission to a man l ,n]o seems l ! negation ( elem5t>y morality4 ,! reasons = ?is attitude are _m4 ,9 ?is pap] we are conc]n$ only ) "o ( !m--b possibly ! mo/ important "o4 ,! submissiv5ess ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to tyranny & despotism 0 n due prim>ily to impot5ce nor yet to excessive mildness ( disposition4 ,_m emp]ors be=e ,con/ant9e 7 depos$ & sla9 by political gr\ps small] & feebl] ?an ! ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,ignatius1 to g no f>!r1 7 n by nature pacifi/s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a book ( a m militant tone ?an ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ma9 reason = ! political non-resi/ance ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians is to be s\ght 9 _! philosophy2 _! views ( ! _w4 ,^! views 7 ( a v special & v peculi> k9d4 ,!y 7 9 l>ge "p ei!r directly inh]it$ f ,jewi% ?\ght or adapt$ f x4 ,:ile !y are 9 "s respects inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r1 !y h a common elem5t4 ,!y are all cata/rophic4 ,9 all ( !m ! cata/rophe is m or less imm$iately imm95t4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,prophets taught ! e/abli%m5t1 9 ! indef9ite future1 ( an et]nal ,messianic k+dom on ?is pres5t e>?4 ,= a long "t ?is hope 0 *]i%$ by e ,jew4 ,b "s "t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,c5tury ,b4,c4 a *ange took place4 ,! old conception 0 ab&on$1 sl[ly inde$1 b at la/ absolutely4 ,9 its place arose a belief :i* develop$ into ,*iliasm or ,mill5>ianism4 ,p]haps ! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ?is new idea is to be f\nd 9 ! book kn[n z ,i ,eno*4 ,9 ?is "w :i* dates f #ajd-ie ,b4,c41 ! ,messianic k+dom is = ! fir/ "t conceiv$ ( z ( tempor>y duration4 ,! resurrection & f9al judgm5t :i* 9 ! prec$+ =m ( belief 7 ! prelude to ! ev]la/+ ,messianic k+dom on e>?1 are n[ transpos$ to ! end ( ! transitory1 e>ly k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is tempor>y e>?ly k+dom is no long] ! f9al abode ( ! ris5 righte\s4 ,!y are to enjoy a bless$ immortality 9 ! et]nal heav54#b ,we h 9 ?is au?or a practically complete /atem5t ( lat] ,*ri/ian ,*iliasm4 ,!re is inde$ "o important feature miss+4 ,! specific duration ( ! ,messianic k+dom is n giv54 ,! adv5t ( ! k+dom also is n press+ly imm95t4 ,9 ! ,p>ables #id-fd ,b4,c4 we f9d c]ta9 o!r elem5ts4 ,?is writ] holds to ! et]nal ,messianic k+dom b ! sc5e ( ?is k+dom is n ! e>? z at pres5t exi/+ b a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,! ,messiah is no long] a m]e man b a sup]natural be+4 ,f\r titles *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are = ! fir/ "t appli$ to him3 ,! ,*ri/1 ,! ,righte\s ,"o1 ,! ,elect ,"o1 ,! ,son ( ,man4 ,he executes judgm5t on man & enjoys univ]sal dom9ion4 ,! resurrection is n ( ! old body b ( a body ( glory & light1 ( an angelic nature1 9 %ort a spiritual body1 ?\gh ! specific ^w spiritual is n us$4#c ,9 ! o!r es*atological works ( ?is p]iod3 e4g4 ,psalms ( ,solomon #gj-dj ,b4,c4 ,judi? 7circa #ej ,b4,c47 "o ref]5ce2 ,! ,sibyll9e ,oracles ,,iii #a-fb 7be=e #ca ,b4,c472 ,! ,epitomis] ( ,jason ( ,cyr5e 7betwe5 #ajj-dj ,b4,c47 & ! fragm5t>y ,zadokite ,"w1 #ah ,b4,c41 ! tradition ( ! tempor>y k+dom is c>ri$ on b )\t ! addition ( any concepts ess5tial to our purpose4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 /ill conf9+ ourselves to specifically ,jewi% ,apocalyptic lit]ature we f9d v>i\s *anges tak+ place4 ,! et]nal ,messianic k+dom passes l>gely out4 ,! tempor>y ,messianic k+dom becomes an et]nal national "o4 ,! int]e/ ( ! individual ,jew comes to c5t] on 8 own lot 9 ! future life4#d ,we h to pass a numb] ( writ]s2 ,assumption ( ,moses1 ,philo1 etc41 be=e we come to ! specific /atem5t ( ,*iliasm prop]1 i4e41 ! duration ( ! ,messianic k+dom = #ajjj ye>s4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,! ,secrets ( ,eno* commonly kn[n z ,,ii ,eno* 7#a-ej ,a4,d47 we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! doctr9e :i* 0 tak5 ov] to make ! ,*ri/ian ,mill5nium4 ,! writ] ( ,,ii ,eno* 0 an ,egyptian ,jew4 ,he says t z ! _w 0 made 9 six days1 its c\rse w run = six ?\s& ye>s4 ,! #fjjj ye>s w be foll[$ by a ,messianic k+dom ( re/ & bless$ness la/+ #ajjj ye>s4 ,aft] t foll[s ! f9al judgm5t1 ,! great day ( ! ,"l4 ,pass+ n[ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is only necess>y = our purpose to enum]ate ?ree diff]5t concepts ( ! ,messianic k+dom t are f\nd !re94 ,9 ^! concepts contemporane\s ,jewi% ideas are tak5 ) m or less trans=mation4 ,! fir/ conception p]haps holds ! idea ( a pres5t _w k+dom b puts emphasis on ! futurity ( ! k+dom4 ,its ultimate consumation is n by gradual1 natural developm5t1 b by ! cata/rophic reappe>ance ( ,*ri/4 ,?is ,second ,adv5t is to be prec$$ by trem5d\s port5ts ( ! mo/ t]rible sort4 ,! second conception is t ! k+dom is already pres5t 9 ,*ri/'s appe>ance z ! ,messiah4 ,x is to gr[ by ! natural laws ( spiritual developm5t to its full realization4 ,a consid]able l5g? ( "t is conceiv$ z necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( mature gr[?4 ,! consumation ( ! k+dom 9 ! ,second ,adv5t is to be unexpect$ & sudd5 & none b ! ,fa!r kn[s :5 x w take place4 ,! ?ird conception1 t ( ,*iliasm1 is t ! ,second ,adv5t ( ,*ri/ is close at h&4 ,anti ,*ri/ & 8 conf$]ates are to be de/roy$ at ,megiddo4 ,satan is to be b\nd = #ajjj ye>s dur+ :i* is ! ,mill5nium1 :5 ! m>tyrs are rais$ 9 ! fir/ resurrection & reign ) ,*ri/ at ,j]usalem4 ,?is conception is f\nd 9 ! ,revelation & p]haps ,i ,cor4 ,,xv1 #bd-bg4 ,all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( x are to be f\nd 9 pre-exi/+ s\rces1 e4g41 ! #ajjj ye>s 9 ,,ii ,eno*1 ! reign ( ! sa9ts 9 ,te/am5ts ( ! ,,xii ,patri>*s1 etc4 ,^! ?ree conceptions 7 v>i\sly confus$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s hold1 = in/ance1 to ! imm$iately imm95t ,second ,adv5t4 ,h[ _m ( !m 7 ,*ilia/s we h no way ( kn[+4 ,! e>lie/1 ,*ri/ian writ+ extant outside ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* deals ) ?is subject is p]haps ,papias1 #gj-aee ,a4,d4 ,he is a mo/ mat]iali/ic ,*ilia/ & quotes ,,ii ,b>u* z an au!ntic utt]ance ( ,*ri/ h&$ to himself by apo/olic tradition4#e ,b>nabas is ano!r apo/olic ,*ilia/4 ,he expressly tea*es a mill5nial reign ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,! six days ( creation are ! type ( six p]iods ( #ajjj ye>s ea*4 ,! sev5? day is ! mill5nium1 s9ce ) ,god "o day is z a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! e>?ly1 mill5nial sabba? is to be foll[$ by an eigh? & et]nal day 9 heav54 ,! ,mill5nium is ne> at h&4 ,b>nabas does n quote ,revelation4 ,8 views c be drawn equally well or bett] f ,,ii ,eno*1 ,i ,eno* & o!r ,jewi% s\rces4 ,! fir/ ,*ilia/ we "k ( to get into disrepute 0 ! fam\s h]etic1 ,c]9?us1 7la/ "p ( fir/ c5tury74 ,8 h]esy _h no?+ to d ) 8 ,*iliasm1 z x seems to h be5 a sort ( ,judai/ic ,gno/icism & ,gno/icism 9 g5]al 0 n favorable to ,*iliasm4 ,h[ev] ! fact t s abhorr5t a h]etic held ,*ilia/ic views did n help ^? views 9 ! judgm5t ( lat] ,*ri/ians4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury also ,*iliasm came into r disreputable prom95ce z a lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,ebionites1 a sect ( antitr9it>ian ,judai/ic-,*ri/ian h]etics4 ,?is sect 0 wide spread ?\gh n p>ticul>ly num]\s & ar\s$ ! bitt] antagonism ( ! or?odox4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,c]9?us1 _! h]esy _h no?+ necess>ily to d ) ,*iliasm4 ,b "h aga9 ,*iliasm _h ! mis=tune to get into bad company4 ,9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,*iliasm appe>s to h be5 ! belief ( ! majority ( ,*ri/ians ?\gh x nev] f\nd =mal expression 9 any cre$4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyn1 #aaj-afe ,a4,d41 tells u t ,*ri/ is to reign ) ! patri>*s = #ajjj ye>s 9 a rebuilt ,j]usalem4 ,he bases ?is belief on ,rev4 ,,xx1 #d-e & says he holds ?is doctr9e z "p ( ! body ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t _m good & true ,*ri/ians ?9k o!rwise4 ,?is lat] /atem5t is ! m notable z x is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 or?odox ,*ri/ians :i* he m5tions4 ,he places ! ,ebionites outside ! ,*ri/ian pale4 ,! fir/ non-,*ilia/s we meet ) 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory are ! ,gno/ics4 ,( _! actual position on ,*iliasm we "k practically no?+ except by inf]5ce4 ,!y did n app>5tly fight x4 ,!y simply tacitly ignor$ x4 ,9 ! long & m9ute descriptions ( v>i\s ,gno/ic sy/ems t h come d[n to u no?+ is said on ! subject2 b ! sy/ems z outl9$ leave no place = ! ,*ilia/ic doctr9es4 ,! fir/ op5 enemies ( ,*iliasm t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,*ur* are ! ,alogi1 a sect t fl\ri%$ 9 ,asia ,m9or ab\t #afj-ahj ,a4,d4 ,accord+ to ,h>nack3 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is movem5t 71 z f> z we "k1 ! fir/ 9 ! ,*ur* to und]take a hi/orical criticism1 wor?y ( ! "n1 ( ! ,*ri/ian scriptures & ! ,*ur* tradition4#f ,!y 7 rationali/icly incl9$1 desir$ to keep prophecy out ( ! ,*ur* & d5i$ on ess5tially ! same int]nal gr\nds z mod]n /ud5ts1 ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,revelation & also ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,) less reason !y ascrib$ ! ,revelation to ! h]etic ,c]9?us4 ,un=tunately we "k b little ab\t !m4 ,hippolytus wrote aga9/ !m & def5d$ ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ,revelation & ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 two books n[ lo/4 ,b ! ,alogi are criticis$ only mildly1 & inde$ ,ir5aeus does n class !m z h]etics at all4 ,opposition to ,*iliasm 0 manife/ly n look$ ^u z an important matt] 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury--at lea/ 9 ,rome4#g ,to ?is same p]iod belong ! writ+s ( ,gaius ( ,rome :o ass]ts t ! ,h]etic ,c]9?us wrote ! ,revelation1 & also ^? ( ,bi%op ,melito ( ,s>dis1 a sa9t ( great repute1 :o 0 an ard5t ,*ilia/4 ,s t at ?is p]iod bo? ,*iliasm & non-,*iliasm w\ld seem to be p]haps equally wide spread & c]ta9ly equally p]missable4 ,ir5aeus1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons #abj-bjb ,a4,d41 0 a /rong ,*ilia/4 ,he describes 9 m9ute detail ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! reign ( ,anti-,*ri/ = #abfj days 7?ree & half ye>s7 ! visible adv5t ( ,*ri/1 ! b9d+ ( ,satan1 ! joyful reign ( ,*ri/ 9 ! rebuilt ,j]usalem ) ! ris5 sa9ts & m>tyrs ov] ! nations ( ! _w = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,!n foll[s ! tempor>y rag+ ( ,satan1 ! la/ victory1 ! g5]al resurrection & judgm5t1 & ! consumation ( all ?+s 9 a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,! ascription ( g5u9e div9e inspiration to ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles by ! e>ly ,*ur* writ]s is well kn[n4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! ,*ilia/s#h seem to be mu* m incl9$ to quote ! ,oracles ?an ! non-,*ilia/s4 ,! ,*ri/ians' addiction to ! ,oracles call$ =? ! d]ision ( ,celsus4#i ,orig5 makes no def5se & x is at lea/ possible to conjecture t ! reason is t he disapprov$ ( ! use made ( ! ,oracles by ! ,*ilia/s4 ,! ,oracles 7 ( c\rse made use ( by all sorts ( ag5cies :i* = any reason wi%$ ill to ! ,roman au?ority & yet d>$ n indulge 9 secul> s$ition4 ,"s en?usia/ic ,*ilia/ put =? an ,oracle1 probably 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :i* 0 m def9ite ?an prud5t4 ,accord+ to ?is pr$iction ! end ( ,rome & ! f9al consumation ( all ?+s 0 due 9 ! ye> #aie-aif ,a4,d4#aj ,!re is reason to believe t ?is prophecy repres5t$ ! belief ( a consid]able numb] ( ,*ri/ian ,*ilia/s4 ,:ile !re is no extant evid5ce to t effect1 x is a rational d$uction1 t :5 ! ye> #aie-aif ,a4,d4 pass$ )\t any unusual occurr5ces1 ! pre/ige ( ! p]sons tru/+ ! ,oracle w\ld be damag$4 ,s f> z ^! p]sons 7 ,*ilia/s1 ,*iliasm w\ld suff] 9 repute4 ,t ?is 0 actually ! case is z ne>ly c]ta9 z any logical conclusion ab\t psy*ological reactions well c be4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aef ,a4,d4 !re arose 9 ,phrygia ! movem5t call$ ,montanism4 ,ess5tially x 0 a reaction aga9/ ! gr[+ secul>ization ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x spread to ! re/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ,italy1 ,spa91 & especially ,c>?age & surr\nd+ di/ricts 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,x 0 ! /ronge/ movem5t 9 favor ( a revival ( primitive ,puritanism t occurs 9 e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,x la/$ 9 ! ,ea/ almo/ till ! ,arab ,invasion2 9 ! ,we/ x did n die out until ! "t ( ,augu/9e4 ,! ,montani/s are ! mo/ pron\nc$ ,*ilia/s we meet )4 ,n inde$ 9 _! !ory b 9 _! practice4 ,"o ,syrian ,montani/ bi%op ,p]suad$ _m bre?r5 ) _! wives & *ildr5 to g to meet ,*ri/ 9 ! wild]ness2 ano!r 9 ,pontus induc$ 8 p to sell all _! possessions1 to cease till+ _! l&s1 to conclude no m m>riages1 etc41 because ! com+ ( ! ,"l 0 nigh at h&4#aa ,! ,montani/ prophetess1 ,prisca1 ab\t #afe ,a4,d4 said3 ,aft] me !re w come no o!r prophetess b ! end4 ,a peculi>ity ( ea/]n ,montani/ic ,*iliasm 0 ! idea t ,*ri/ w\ld reign n 9 ,j]usalem b 9 ,pepuza1 a small t[n 9 ,phrygia4 ,9 accord ) ?is idea ,montanus tri$ to get all believ]s to settle 9 ?is t[n to await ! ,"l's com+4 ,! we/]n ,montani/s h[ev]1 ( :om ,t]tullian 0 *ief1 held to ! regul> belief t ! ,messianic k+dom w\ld be c5t]$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,because ( c]ta9 !ological beliefs aside f ,*iliasm1 ! ,montani/s ar\s$ ! antagonism ( ! ,*ur* au?orities4 ,! e>lie/ ,*ur* c\ncils to be met ) aft] ,new ,te/am5t times 7 call$ = ! purpose ( deal+ ) ,montanism :i* 0 f9ally d5\nc$ z a h]esy & aft] ! triumph ( ! ,*ur* "s imp]ial edicts 7 issu$ aga9/ ! sect4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! attack on ,montanism at ! end ( ! second & e>ly "p ( ! ?ird ,c5tury we f9d ,*ilia/ic beliefs ref]r$ to z 'c>nal & ,jewi%4' ,!re is no =mal condemnation ( ,*iliasm z su*1 b once m1 & mu* m s]i\sly ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,ebionites1 ,*iliasm suff]$ f be+ associat$ 9 ! m9ds ( or?odox ,*ri/ians ) h]esy & s*ism4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be v easy to exagg]ate ! effect ( ?is & x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t :ile ! lit]ature ( ,montanism is fairly consid]able1 ,*iliasm is an entirely subord9ate matt] 9 ! controv]sy & inde$ seems sometimes to be m5tion$ m]ely casually4 ,! ,*ilia/ic writ]s are p]haps m incl9$ to view ,montanism l5i5tly4 ,ir5aeus does n include x 9 8 li/ ( h]esies4 ,its association ) ,montanism br\ght ,*iliasm into disrepute & suspicion ) ! ,*ur* hi]>*y & x is n surpris+ t beg9n+ ) ! la/ ye>s ( ! second c5tury we f9d a delib]ate sy/em ( suppression adopt$ by c]ta9 ecclesia/ical au?orities--notably 9 ,egypt4 ,z we %all try to %[ lat]1 ! decl5sion ( ,*iliasm c be only v imp]fectly expla9$ by (ficial antagonism4 ,b s f> z ?is decl5sion c be ascrib$ to individuals1 ! ?ree great ,alex&rian div9es2 ,clem5t1 ,orig51 & ,dionysius h a prom95t "p4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! m5 c\nt$ ! m z x 0 consi/5tly ex]cis$ 9 ! same locality ) increas+ =ce dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an half a c5tury4 ,! fir/ ( ^! writ]s1 ,clem5t 7#aej-baf ,a4,d47 does n specifically ref] to ! ,*ilia/s b !re are a numb] ( passages :]e he evid5tly has !m 9 m9d4#ab ,h[ev] ! probability is t ?is v refra9+ f direct attack made 8 ef=ts ! m successful4 ,he emphasizes ! fact t scriptural /atem5ts--p>ticul>ly scriptural numb]s--are n to be tak5 lit]ally b are to be und]/ood z ( my/ical significance4 ,if ,clem5t consci\sly aim$ at ! extirpation ( ,*iliasm 7:i* is n absolutely c]ta97 he at any rate took ! mo/ effective means = accompli%+ t result4 ,! great presupposition ^u :i* ,*ri/ian ,*iliasm has be5 bas$ is t ( ! lit]al int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,by attack+ t presupposition ,clem5t caus$ ! doctr9e to be que/ion$ by _m p]sons ^: atta*m5t to ,*iliasm w\ld d\btless h only be5 /r5g!n$ by direct attack ^u t t5et 9 p>ticul>4 ,he prep>$ ! way = ! op5 & f> m p[]ful attacks ^u ,*iliasm made by 8 great successor 9 ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool1 ,orig5 7#ahe-bed ,a4,d474 ,! position ( ?is great !ologian is ! mo/ equivocal ( any writ] :o has atta9$ em95ce 9 ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,h[ f> any?+ he wrote is to be consid]$ z or?odox is a mo/ difficult matt] to det]m9e4 ,! fact t ,orig5 oppos$ ,*iliasm1 tak5 by itself1 ap>t f ! subsequ5t fate ( ! doctr9e1 c\ld j z easily be made a comm5dation z a condemnation ( t belief4 ,almo/ alone among ,*ri/ian m5 ,orig5 has be5 remov$ f ! cal5d> ( ,ca?olic sa9ts aft] hav+ be5 duly receiv$ z a sa9t = ! space ( m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,?is unique fact1 :i* is ( c\rse ( f> m importance = !ology ?an = hi/ory1 has nev]!less a be>+ on our subject4 ,! condemnation ( ,orig5 came too late to save ! ,*ilia/ic apologetic 9 ! ,ea/ b x v possibly may h _h an indirect influ5ce 9 ! matt] ( cont9u+ ! repute ( we/]n ,*iliasm4 ,orig5 attack$ ,*iliasm 9 two vital po9ts3 ,fir/ he insi/$ ev5 m /rongly ?an ,clem5t ^u ! figurative or my/ical or 'typical' int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,9 ?is reg>d he specifically quotes a numb] ( ,*ilia/ic passages ( scripture & def9itely says t _! mean+ is to be tak5 figuratively4#ac ,b m important ?an t1 he def9itely sub/itutes ! !ory ( progressive developm5t ( ! intellectual & spiritual elem5t ( man = ! physical & s5su\s e>?ly k+dom ( ! ,*ilia/s4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a great ga9 = ! anti-,*ilia/ic !ory :i* = ! fir/ "t took a logical & compreh5sible if a some:at metaphysical =m4 ,h[ev] x mu/ be admitt$ t ! argum5t ( ,orig5 ?\gh wond]fully cle> head$ & almo/ miracul\sly mod]n#ad is too purely intellectual & ca/ 9 too philosophical a =m to h any direct influ5ce on ord9>y individuals4 ,x 0 d\btless q 9 place 9 ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool & among s*ol>s 9 ! great c5t]s ( anci5t le>n+ b outside ^? limits its influ5ce--at lea/ directly--mu/ h be5 v small4 ,nepos1 an ,egyptian bi%op1 answ]$ ,orig5 9 a book entitl$3 ,refutation ( ,allegori/s4 ,?is book is lo/ b we "k t x 0 consid]$ by ! ,*ilia/s to be a "w ( ! mo/ p[]ful & inde$ irrefutable sort4 ,9 ! ,ars9oite nome 7on ! we/ bank ( ! ,nile s\? ( ,memphis7 ! ,*ilia/ic doctr9es 7 held by :ole villages toge!r & ,dionysius ! ,great 7,bi%op ( ,alex&ria #bdg-bfd ,a4,d47 f\nd x necess>y to visit ?is region & hold a public argum5t & in/ruction 9 ord] to av]t a s*ism4 ,by ! tact & conciliatory attitude ( ! ,bi%op ! ,*ilia/s 7 ei!r won ov] to ! non-,*ilia/ic view or at lea/ express$ _! gratification at ! conf]5ce4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 z if ?is synod or meet+ 0 n suffici5t to de/roy ! influ5ce ( ,nepos' book s ,dionysius wrote 9 refutation ( x two books ,on ! ,promises4 ,except = a few fragm5ts ^! books h p]i%$4 ,we "k m]ely t ! fir/ book conta9$ a /atem5t ( ! non-,*ilia/ic view & ! second a detail$ discussion ( ! ,revelation 9 relation to ,*iliasm & to ! views ( ,nepos4 ,h[ev]1 ,dionysius1 :o 0 well aw>e t z long z ! ',revelation ( ,/4 ,john' 0 receiv$ z a g5u9e "w ( ! ,apo/le x w\ld be difficult to oppose ,*iliasm1 gives a v /rong argum5t aga9/ ! apo/olic au?or%ip :ile diplomatically say+ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 discussion t he is able to agree t ! ,revelation is ! "w ( a holy & inspir$ man4#ae ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ?is refutation ( ,nepos by ,dionysius met ) success :]ev] ,*ri/ian ,hell5i/icism ex]cis$ influ5ce4 ,b x by no means extirpat$ ,*iliasm 9 ,egypt4 ,= _m g5]ations aft] its au?or's dea? ,*iliasm 0 /ill believ$ by ! monks ( ! ,!biad4 ,9 fact a l>ge numb] ( ,jewi% ,apocalypses :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians accept$ z inspir$ are pres]v$ to u b\nd up 9 ,coptic & ,e?iopic copies ( ! scriptures4 ,! ,alex&rians _h1 h[ev]1 succe$$ s well t 9 ! subsequ5t p]iod !re are only two def5d]s ( ,*iliasm 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* t are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,^! two are ,me?odius ( ,tyre & ,apoll9>is ( ,laodicea4 ,me?odius #bfj-cab ,a4,d4 0 bi%op fir/ ( ,olympus & ,pat>a 9 ,lycia & aft]w>ds ( ,tyre 9 ,pho5icia4 ,he is notable = 8 opposition to ,orig5 & = 8 relatively m spiritualiz$ ,*iliasm4 ,he ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,mill5nium1 dea? w be aboli%$ & ! inhabitants ( ! e>? w n m>ry or beget *ildr5 b live 9 all happ9ess l ! angels )\t *ange or decay4 ,he is v c>eful to insi/ ^u ! lit]al resurrection ( ! body1 h[ev]1 & emphasizes ! fact t ! ris5 sa9ts :ile l ! angels d n become angels4#af ,he di$ a m>tyr at ,*alcis 9 ,greece4 ,apoll9>is ( ,laodicea 7#cjj8-cij ,a4,d47 is a notable figure 9 ,*ri/ological controv]sy b un=tunately v little t he wrote has come d[n to u1 & ( t little ! au!nticity is n entirely unimpea*able4 ,we are con/ra9$ to get 8 ,*ilia/ic views f ! writ+s ( 8 !ological oppon5ts & un=tunately !re is n want+ evid5ce to ! effect t ^! oppon5ts1 ,basil ! ,great & ,gregory ,nazianz51 notable ,*ri/ians z !y 71 7 n lack+ 9 bias4 ,gregory#ag calls ! ,*ilia/ic doctr9e ( ! ,apol9>ians 'gross & c>nal1' a 'second ,judaism' & speaks ( '_! silly ?\s& ye>s delight 9 p>adise4' ,basil#ah calls ! ,*iliasm ( ,apol9>is 'my?ical or r ,jewi%1' 'ridicul\s1' & 'contr>y to ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel4' ,?is is1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* any great !ologian goes to su* extremes & ,basil's language1 ?\gh /rong1 is n altoge!r )\t an elem5t ( hesitation & que/ion+4 ,9 %ort x w\ld seem t he ass]t$ m ?an he felt sure ( be+ able to prove--no r>e ph5om5on un=tunately 9 c]ta9 ( ! great contrav]siali/s4 ,if ,basil's /atem5ts are to be tak5 at _! face value ,apoll9>is 0 inde$ ! mo/ ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ian 9 8 ,*iliasm ( any ( :om we h record4 ,he w\ld seem to ju/ify ,basil's jibe 'we are to be altoge!r turn$ f ,*ri/ians into ,jews1' = 9 8 ,messianic k+dom n only is ! ,temple at ,j]usalem to be re/or$ b also ! wor%ip ( ! old ,law1 ) high prie/1 sacrifices1 ! a%es ( a heif]1 ! jeal\sy (f]+1 %ew bread1 burn+ lamps1 circumcision & o!r su* ?+s :i* ,basil indignantly d5\nces z 'figm5ts1' 'm]e old wives' fables' & 'doctr9es ( ,jews4'#ai ,al?\gh ,apoll9>ianism 0 condemn$ by a c\ncil at ,alex&ria z e>ly z #cfb ,a4,d4 & ,roman c\ncils foll[$ suit 9 #cgg & #cgh & ! second ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil 9 #cha & ?\gh ,imp]ial degrees 7 issu$ aga9/ x 9 #chh1 #cig & #dbh x p]si/$ = _m g5]ations4 ,! la/ condemnation on record is t ( ! ,qu9isextum ,synod #fia ,a4,d4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs m5tion$1 we see ! un=tunate fate ( ,*iliasm 9 gett+ mix$ up ) h]esies ) :i* x1 z su*1 _h no?+ to d4 ,! extraord9>y dete/ation :i* ov]took ,apoll9>is z ar*-h]etic p> excell5ce seems to h f9ally disc\rag$ ,*iliasm 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,x 0 reckon$ z a h]esy !reaft] & ?\gh x appe>s sporadically d[n to our own day x is ( no m int]e/ = our purpose4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* ,*iliasm prevail$ until ! "t ( ,augu/9e4 ,x seems to h provok$ v little discussion or controv]sy4 ,hippolytus1 #bce ,a4,d41 c>ries on ! ,*ilia/ic tradition ( ,ir5aeus b ) a c]ta9 degree ( assur$ futurity ab\t ! ,second ,adv5t n f\nd 9 ! e>li] writ]s4 ,?is pu%+ ( ! ,second ,adv5t into ! future is a m>k$ feature ( ,we/]n ,*iliasm4 ,by a weird use ( 'types' ,hippolytus proves ) entire conclusiv5ess to himself t ! ,second ,adv5t is to occur 9 ! ye> #ejj ,a4,d4#bj ,! ov]?r[ ( ,rome has a prom95t "p 9 8 elaborate description ( ! la/ times b he veils 8 /atem5ts ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( transp>5t discretion4#ba ,he has 9 all o!r ess5tial respects ! same ideas z ,ir5aeus b express$ 9 a less nave =m4 ,he is a transition figure4 ,8 ,second ,adv5t is f> en\gh (f to all[ "s consid]able latitude = ! build+ up ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y :i* 0 ! bus9ess ( ,rome & he emphasizes ! po9t t ! gospel mu/ fir/ be prea*$ to all nations4 ,john ! ,bapti/ reappe>s z ! precursor ( ,*ri/4 ,commodianus1 a ,nor? ,african bi%op1 #bdj ,a4,d41 repres5ts ! g5]ation aft] ,hippolytus4 ,8 two poems pres5t r diff]5t v]sions ( ,*iliasm4 ,! fir/ is a simple & r pleas+ v]sion4#bb ,! only notable v>iation x conta9s is t ! ris5 sa9ts 9 ! ,mill5nial ,k+dom are to be s]v$ by ! nobles ( ! conqu]$ anti-,*ri/4 ,! second poem is an apologetic aga9/ ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,! au?or expects ! end ( ! _w w come ) ! sev5? p]secution4 ,! ,go?s w conqu] ,rome & r$eem ! ,*ri/ians2 b !n ,n]o w appe> aga9 z ! hea!n anti-,*ri/1 reconqu] ,rome & rage aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,he w 9 turn be conqu]$ by ! ,jewi% & real anti-,*ri/ f ! ,ea/1 :o1 aft] ! defeat ( ,n]o & ! burn+ ( ,rome1 w return to ,judea1 p]=m false miracles & be wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews4 ,at la/ ,*ri/ appe>s ) ! lo/ tribes1 z 8 army1 :o _h liv$ beyond ,p]sia 9 happy simplicity & virtue4 ,"u a/\nd+ ph5om5a ( nature he w conqu] anti-,*ri/ & 8 ho/1 conv]t all nations & take possession ( ! holy city ( ,j]usalem4#bc ,?is d\ble anti-,*ri/ is p]haps ! mo/ notable v>iation4 ,?is idea reappe>s lat]1 z does ! ,n]o return :i* w\ld seem to h be5 curr5t belief4 ,!re are p]haps only two o!r writ]s be=e ,augu/9e t are wor?y ( m5tion1 ,victor9us & ,lactantius4 ,victor9us1 bi%op ( ,poetovio1 i4e41 ,petair 9 ,au/ria1 m>tyr$ #cjd ,a4,d41 is ! e>lie/ exegete ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,8 ',comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse' has come d[n to u 9 bad %ape4 ,! ,*iliasm is ( a type :i* may be describ$ z =mal & rituali/ic 9 ! s5se t x is express$ 9 a matt] ( fact way z some?+ n ne$+ explanation1 mu* less pro(4 ,!re are only two new ideas3 ,! fir/ resurrection is n[ ( ! s\ls t are by ! fai?1 :i* does n p]mit m5 to pass ov] to ! second dea?#bd & ,^? ye>s :]e9 ,satan is b\nd are 9 ! fir/ adv5t ( ,*ri/ ev5 to ! end ( ! age2 & !y are call$ a ?\s& accord+ to t mode ( speak+ :]e9 a "p is signifi$ by ! :ole--al?\gh !y are n a ?\s&4#be ,lactantius ! preceptor ( ,crispus1 son ( ,con/ant9e1 br+s u to ! ,*iliasm ( ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! end ( ! pres5t age & ! com+ ( ! mill5nial k+dom are at ! late/ #bjj ye>s 9 ! future1 probably ne>]1 b ! ev5t in/ead ( be+ look$ t[>d to1 is dread$4 ,! =?com+ de/ruction ( ,rome is bewail$4 ,! _w is safe z long z ,rome /&s4 ,n]o is to be anti-,*ri/4 ,!y :o %all be alive 9 _! bodies %all n die1 b dur+ ^? ?\s& ye>s %all produce an inf9ite multitude1 & _! (fspr+ %all be holy & belov$ ( ,god2 b !y :o %all be rais$ f ! dead %all preside ov] ! liv+ z judges4 ,! nations %all n be entirely ext+ui%$1 b "s %all be left z a victory = ,god1 t !y may be ! occasion ( triumph to ! righte\s & may be subject$ to p]petual slav]y4#bf ,! ,*iliasm ( ,lactantius is prov$ f ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles & f ! philosoph] ,*rysippus1 a ,/oic4 ,= ! re/ ,lactantius repeats ! traditional ,*ri/ian & pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% ,*ilia/ic concepts ) v little v>iation1 b x is evid5t t ! fact t ! fall ( ,rome is dread$ w "w out a *ange4 ,! ,*iliasm ( ,lactantius is un/able1 n t !re is ! slighte/ brea? ( d\bt ab\t x1 b t ! attitude ( m9d :i* look$ =w>d ) dread to ! ,second ,adv5t c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to f9d a !ory = po/pon+ x4 ,*iliasm is ready = its trans=mation4 ,9 ! c5tury betwe5 ,lactantius & ,augu/9e !re is no ,*ilia/ ( note 9 ! we/4 ,x is abundantly evid5t h[ev]1 f ! works ( ,augu/9e t ,*iliasm 0 common dur+ t p]iod z well z 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e4 ,inde$ ,augu/9e himself 0 a ,*ilia/ ?\gh probably n an exce$+ly lit]al "o1 dur+ 8 e>ly p]iod 9 ! ,*ur*4#bg ,x is c]ta9 t he nev] reg>d$ ! doctr9e z h]etical4 ,ev5 9 ! v book 9 :i* he puts =? ! doctr9e :i* ev5tually sup]s$$ ,*iliasm he says3 ,?is op9ion w\ld n be objectionable if x 7 believ$ t ! joys ( ! sa9ts 9 t ,sabba?#bg %all be spiritual & consequ5t on ! pres5ce ( ,god4#bh ,we h 9 ?is quotation a h9t z to ! reason :y he ab&on$ ,*iliasm4 ,he elaborates ?is 9 ! imm$iately foll[+ passage3 ,z !y say t ^? :o !n rise aga9 %all enjoy ! leisure ( immod]ate c>nal banquets1 furni%$ ) an am\nt ( meat & dr9k su* z n only to %ock ! feel+ ( ! temp]ate1 b ev5 to surpass ! measure ( cr$ulity itself1 su* ass]tions c be believ$ only by ! c>nal4#bi ,disgu/ ) ?is lit]al int]pretation ( ! scripture 0 ?us "o ( ! reasons :i* drew ,augu/9e away f ,*iliasm4 ,a m direct reason 0 t he _h an idea ( 8 own z to h[ ! ,*ilia/ic ,scriptural passage#cj %\ld be int]pret$4 ,! discussion 9 :i* he vanqui%es ! ,*ilia/ic concept is a model ( contrav]sial me?od4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d its sup]ior ei!r 9 sacr$ or pr(ane polemics4 ,p]fectly consci\s ( 8 own p[]s to make ,*iliasm appe> at once absurd & ridicul\s he refra9s f do+ s4 ,abundantly able ?\gh he 0 to refute ! ,mill5nians po9t by po9t he delib]ately =egoes t me?od ( attack4 ,8 argum5t :i* ov]?rew an anci5t1 fam\s1 & widespread doctr9e ( primitive ,*ri/ianity conta9s h>dly a l9e ei!r ( refutation or condemnation4 ,x is p]haps ! f9e/ example 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! 'positive apologetic4' ,! ,*ilia/ic lit]ature1 ev5 t :i* has come d[n to u1 conta9s s mu* t is fanta/ic & ludicr\s t x w\ld h be5 v easy = a man ( f> less p[] ?an ,augu/9e to hold x up to contempt & scorn4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! same k9d ( absurdities & incongruities z ! pagan my?s :i* provok$ s _m /++ pages f ! e>ly apologi/s & f ,augu/9e himself4 ,! fact t ,augu/9e did n yield to ! temptation to make 8 oppon5ts ridicul\s is 9 ! highe/ degree cr$itable to 8 head & 8 he>t4 ,he did n violate ! precepts ( ,*ri/ian *>ity & he obta9$ a victory great] ?an w\ld h be5 )9 ev5 8 p[] _h he yield$ to ! natural temptation ( a great intellect to %[ up ! m5tal inf]iority ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ,augu/9e's treatm5t ( ,*iliasm ) ,orig5's4 ,! two m5 are v comp>able z reg>ds ext5t & v>iety ( k1 intellectual p[]1 & philosophic insight4 ,!y are v unlike h[ev]1 9 _! treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,orig5 simply expla9s away ! :ole ,*ilia/ic concept or r s spiritualizes x t no?+ resembl+ ! orig9al idea is left4 ,8 :ole insi/5ce is t x mu/ be tak5 figuratively1 & )\t ! lea/ w>rant he ass]ts t 8 int]pretation is accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! apo/les4#ca ,he makes ! :ole subject s subjective1 s intellectual1 s metaphysical t !re is left no cont5t = ! ord9>y man to hold to 9 place ( t :i* is demoli%$4 ,9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,ea/]n ,*iliasm ,orig5 holds z conspicu\s a position z ,augu/9e 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,we/]n4 ,he did away ) a doctr9e1 too c>nal p]haps1 b at any rate concrete & com=t+1 & he sub/itut$ an intellectual ab/raction4 ,= in/ance 9 expla9+1 or bett] expla9+ away1 ! ,*ilia/ic fea/s 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem he says3#cb ,! rational nature gr[+ by ea* individual /ep1 enl>g$ 9 und]/&+ & 9 p[] ( p]ception is increas$ 9 intellectual gr[?2 & ev] gaz+ purely on ! causes ( ?+s x atta9s p]fection1 fir/ly1 viz41 t by :i* x asc5ds to ! tru?1 & secondly t by :i* x abides 9 x1 hav+ problems & ! und]/&+ ( ?+s & ! causes ( ?+s z ! food on :i* x may fea/4 ,& 9 all ?+s ?is food is to be und]/ood z ! contemplation & und]/&+ ( ,god1 :i* is ( a measure appropriate & suitable to ?is nature1 :i* 0 made & creat$1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ is ! intellectual equival5t ( ! process 9 physics by :i* ! sci5ti/ takes "s tangible solid body & proce$s fir/ to liquify x1 !n to volitilize x & f9ally to bl[ x entirely away4 ,we /rongly suspect t ! ,ea/]n ,*ilia/s felt t ! :ole ?+ 0 a klepti/ic leg]dema9 by :i* !y 7 depriv$ ( a favorite doctr9e )\t receiv+ any?+ 9 place ( x4 ,augu/9e's me?od diff]s toto caelo f ?is4 ,:ile ,orig5 h&les ! subject l a metaphysician1 ,augu/9e h&les x l a /atesman4 ,8 doctr9e is j z concrete z ! "o he displaces4 ,he takes no?+ away )\t giv+ some?+ equally tangible & ( bett] quality 9 its place4 ,! transition f ,*iliasm to ! ,orig5i/ic conception ( ! future1 w\ld be1 = ! ord9>y p]son1 an incr$ible & almo/ impossible intellectual feat4 ,! transition f ,*iliasm to ! ,augu/9ian conception ( ! future is natural1 easy1 & p]fectly )9 ! p[] ( a v ord9>y & commonplace m5tality4 ,z a matt] ( fact x made its way )\t ! smalle/ difficulty into ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! :ole ( we/]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,any p]son :o aims at *ang+ ! !ological op9ions ( o!rs c f9d no bett] manual ( me?od ?an ! tw5tie? book ( ! ,city ( ,god4 ,augu/9e 0 v c>eful to keep all ! symbols1 cat* words1 & p>aph]nalia ( ,*iliasm4 ,he 0 c>eful n only to keep !m all b to keep !m all 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,he expla9s away none ( !m & allegorizes none ( !m4 ,by c>efully pres]v+ ! anci5t %ibbole?s he 0 easily able to empty !m ( _! =m] cont5t4 ,he holds to ! mill5nium1 ! idea t is1 ( ?\s& ye>s1 z firmly z any ,*ilia/ b he says ! ?\s& ye>s is to be reckon$ z dat+ f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* on e>? i4e41 ! fir/ com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,s he is c>eful to pres]ve ! phrase3 ,! ,reign ( ! ,sa9ts2 he m]ely sub/itutes = ! ,*ilia/ic cont5t ( t phase ! v com=table & plausable doctr9e t ! sa9ts are 8 own ,*ri/ian contempor>ies4 ,he is v skillful1 n to say flatt]+1 9 8 me?od ( 'putt+ ?is across4' ,s he reta9s simil>ly ! old =mula ab\t ! two resurrections--b makes ! fir/ resurrection out to be ! m>vel\s trans=mation & p>ticipation 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ :i* ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ces by virtue ( ! sacram5t ( baptism4 ,m important /ill is 8 new cont5t = ! phrase ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,?is in/ead ( a /ate ( future bless$ness becomes ! already exi/+ *ur* on e>?4 ,f9ally he indulges 9 a long & app>5tly /raight fac$ discussion z to :e!r ! reign ( anti-,*ri/--:i* he pres]ves 9 its mo/ lit]al =m ) ! regulation duration ( ?ree ye>s & a half--:e!r ?is is to be reckon$ z "p ( ! ?\s& ye>s or n4 ,?is inconsequ5tial detail is labor$ at l5g? 9 su* a mann] z to delight ! s\l ( any good ,bible read+ ,*ilia/4 ,by pres]v+ till ! la/ ?is s+le elem5t ( ,*iliasm :i* he leaves unt\*$ & !n treat+ x 9 ! good1 old1 religi\s fa%ion ( ,ir5aeus or "s o!r primitive wor?y1 he v skillfully dis>ms criticism & x is only by a /rong ef=t t ! read] realizes :at a trem5d\s bl[ has be5 /ruck at ! orig9al ,*ilia/ic doctr9e4 ,let u see :at ! *anges ( ,augu/9e am\nt to4 ,x is n less ?an ! total de/ruction ( ,*iliasm1 or at ! v lea/ ! po/ponem5t ( ! end ( ! _w till ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,augu/9e's doctr9e is ess5tially t ( ! ord9>y1 or?odox1 ,bible ,*ri/ian today4 ,sometime 9 ! future--,augu/9e said possibly 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4--,*ri/ 0 to come aga9 to ! e>?4 ,!n foll[s ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! f9al judgm5t1 & heav5 & hell4 ,! que/ions ab\t ! ?ree ye>s & a half ( anti-,*ri/1 toge!r ) ,gog & ,magog--great favorites ) ! ,*ilia/s--are held to be insoluble z to ! "t ( _! appe>ance2 :e!r to be reckon$ z "p ( ! ?\s& ye>s or imm$iately succe$+ x4 ,x is commonly said t ,augu/9e is responsible = ! belief t ! _w 0 to come to an end 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,?is is n /rictly correct4 ,augu/9e n[h]e makes t direct ass]tion4 ,he n[h]e--s f> z ! writ] is aw>e--ev5 implies x4 ,:at he does is to (f] x z a possible alt]native hypo!sis to ! idea t ! ?\s& ye>s1 7s9ce #ajjj is ! cube ( #aj17 is to be tak5 z a /atem5t ( ! total duration ( ! _w4 ,z ! matt] is ( "s int]e/ we give ! orig9al passage 9 ,dod's translation3#cc ,n[ ! ?\s& ye>s may be und]/ood 9 two ways s f> z occurs to me3 ei!r because ^! ?+s happ5 9 ! six? ?\s& ( ye>s or six? mill5nium 7! latt] "p ( :i* is n[ pass+7 z if dur+ ! six? day1 :i* is to be foll[$ by a sabba? :i* has no ev5+1 ! endless re/ ( ! sa9ts1 s t1 speak+ ( a "p "u ! "n ( ! :ole1 he calls ! la/ "p ( ! mill5nium--! "p t is :i* _h yet to expire be=e ! end ( ! _w--a ?\s& ye>s2 or he us$ ! ?\s& ye>s z an equival5t = ! :ole duration ( ?is _w1 employ+ ! numb] ( p]fection to m>k ! fullness ( "t4 ,= a ?\s& is ! cube ( t54444 ,= ! same reason we _c bett] int]pret ! words ( ! psalm4 ,! ^w :i* he comm&$ to a ?\s& g5]ations1 ?an by und]/&+ x to mean1 to all g5]ations4 ,! above sket* summ>izes ess5tially all t has surviv$ ab\t ! ,*iliasm ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ilia/ic passages 9 ! ,*ur* lit]ature up to & includ+ ,augu/9e1 ?\gh r widely scatt]$1 are n great 9 bulk4 ,if pr9t$ toge!r !y w\ld make only a mod]ate siz$ pamphlet4 ,b _! importance is by no means to be measur$ by _! size4 ,*iliasm1 bett] ?an any o!r movem5t ( ! e>ly p]iod1 s]ves z a /&>d = measur+ ! degree ( ! socialization ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x comprises ! only body ( doctr9e :i* pass$ f practically univ]sal acceptance to practically univ]sal repudiation dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,*ur* *ang$ f a small esot]ic cult to a dom9ant factor ( society4 ,consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! causes ( ! decl9e ( ,*iliasm possess a hi/orical importance out ( all proportion to ! importance ( ,*iliasm itself4 ,m ?an any o!r religi\s movem5t ( ! "t ,*iliasm 0 free f ! direct pressure ( di/9ctly religi\s influ5ces4 ,its decl5sion 0 m ne>ly a case ( unconsci\s social & psy*ological det]m9ism ?an any o!r contempor>y !ological ph5om5on4 ,its *ief support]s & oppon5ts are n to be reg>d$ s mu* z factors 9 its hi/ory1 z po9ts :]e ! socializ+ =ces op]at+ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* become = ! mom5t visible4 ,c]ta9 facts /& out ev5 9 ! %ort epitome we h giv54 ,*iliasm nev] became p[]ful 9 ! great cities4 ,x surviv$ longe/ & 0 mo/ popul> 9 regions#cd comp>atively cut (f f ! great c5t]s ( civilization4 ,hell5iz+ influ5ces 7 unfavorable to x1 ,romaniz+ influ5ces indiff]5t to x4 ,! reasons = ?is are num]\s & mo/ ( !m h be5 treat$ suffici5tly by previ\s inve/igators1 b 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t c]ta9 o!r important influ5ces h be5 ei!r slight$ or entirely ignor$4 ,we %all consid] "o or two4 ,! supremely important fact 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory is ! developm5t ( ! concept ( ,! ,*ur* z an indep5d5t1 self-exi/+1 metaphysical entity4 ,?is metaphysical entity 0 conceiv$ z embody+ itself 9 ! :ole body ( believ]s2 liv+1 dead1 & yet to be born4 ,! entity 0 et]nal1 inde/ructible1 & 9 its ess5ce immutable4 ,al?\gh p>tially embodi$ 9 a visible society its ess5tial be+ 0 conceiv$ z indep5d5tly su/a9$ 9 ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 an idea 9 ! /rict ,platonic s5se4 ,no concept l ?is is f\nd 9 ! contempor>y pagan cults4 ,ev5 ! ,jewi% concept ( ! '*os5 p' is e?nic or national r ?an purely religi\s & x has no t+e ( t metaphysical exi/5ce :i* is ! mo/ notable elem5t 9 ! ,ca?olic concept ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! elem5ts out ( :i* '! ,*ur*' concept 0 con/ruct$ 7 f\r3 two ,roman1 "o ,greek & "o ,hebrew4 ,! ,roman lawy]s1 9 ! process ( fitt+ a municipal legal sy/em to a _w empire1 evolv$ ! tw9 legal entities1 '/ate' & 'sov]eignty4' ,^! entities 7 end[$ ) div]s qualities2 et]nity1 immutability1 etc41 b especially ) ! quality ( hav+ exi/5tial reality ap>t f any individual embodim5t !re(4 ,greek philosophy contribut$ ! idea ( ! ,cosmopolis1 ! ideal _w-city 9 :i* ! fulle/ developm5t ( human p]sonality 0 to be atta9$4 ,?is concept 0 z purely metaphysical z ! self-exi/+1 absolute '/ate' ( ! ,roman law1 b unlike ! ,roman concept x _h no concrete exi/5ce4 ,! ,jewi% contribution 0 t ( ! '*os5 p1' '! elect nation4' ,^! f\r concepts 7 transf]r$ f _! orig9al loci to ! ,*ri/ian society4 ,! fact t all ( ^! concepts 7 comb9$ & c5t]$ on ! same social gr\p & ! fur!r fact t ea* ( ^! concepts supplem5t$ ! o!rs 9 a rem>kable way result$ 9 ! =mation ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ideas 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,?is ,*ur* concept1 ?us built up1 _h already become widespread 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e & ?is fact helps u to und]/& ! o!rwise un9telligible success ( t sa9t 9 combatt+ ,*iliasm4 ,! real tru? is se5 to be t ,augu/9e's ideas succe$$ because !y 7 n peculi>ly 8 at all--!y already exi/$1 implicitly b really1 9 ! m9d ( ! g5]ation :i* he address$4 ,! elem5ts ( ! concept '! ,*ur*' be+ :at !y 71 ,augu/9e's explanation (1 or r abolition (1 ,*iliasm foll[s ( inevitable logical & intellectual necessity4 ,x 0 ! g5ius ( ,augu/9e t he recogniz$ & gave =mulat$1 concrete expression to ?is accompli%$ fact & x is no d]ogation ( 8 g5ius to say t _h he nev] exi/$ ! accompli%$ fact w\ld ev5tually h be5 giv5 expression to by "s "o else4 ,ano!r little consid]$ elem5t 9 ,*iliasm is t ( maso*ism1 & sadism1 ! two be+ m]ely ! opposite sides ( ! same psy*ical ph5om5on4 ,?is elem5t is f\nd m or less prom95tly 9 all ! ,*ilia/ic lit]ature f ! e>ly fragm5t ( ,papias to ! elaborate discussions ( ,augu/9e4 ,! maso*i/ic ph5om5a are ! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly m>tyrdoms & if a collection 7 made ( ! maso*i/ic passages ( ! writ+s ( ! ,*ilia/s1 ! bulk ( !m w\ld be z great z t ( ! ,*ilia/ic passages prop]4 ,x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t maso*ism necess>ily1 9 any advanc$ society1 disguises itself "u "s socially acceptable =m ( s5tim5t or emotion1 i4e41 admiration = ! con/ancy ( ! confessors or m>tyrs1 suff]+ z a m>k ( ! true ,*ur*1 etc4 ,x is always associat$ ) ! reality or idea ( /ruggle4 ,x has a high 'survival value' 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by height5+ individual p[] 9 conflict4 ,l o!r human *>act]i/ics x is se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! exagg]at$ =m x assumes 9 its cr[d manife/ations4 ,its mo/ evid5t expression is 9 ! 'mob m9d4' ,our problem1 !n1 is to discov] h[ ! decl5sion ( ,*iliasm is to be expla9$ by ! transf] ( ! maso*i/ic elem5t 9 x to o!r vehicles ( expression4 ,! maso*i/ic elem5t 0 a vital factor 9 ,*iliasm2 )\t x almo/ ! :ole =ce ( '! ?\s& ye>s reign ( ! sa9ts' is lo/4 ,! explanation ( ! transf] is difficult4 ,und\bt$ly "s ( ! maso*i/ic values ( ,*iliasm 7 tak5 ov] by ! v>i\s1 previ\sly m5tion$ concepts t comb9$ to make up ! idea ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ',extra ecclesia nulla salus' acc\nts = "p ( ! ph5om5a previ\sly express$ ,*ilia/ically4 ,x is notable 9 ?is connection t !re is no ^w ( ,*iliasm 9 ,cyprian4 ,b a m important transf] 0 t :i* took place 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( purgatory4 ,x may p]haps seem incongru\s to say t purgatory took ov] ! values ( ! mill5nium & f ! po9t ( view ( =mal !ology x is s4 ,b ! only po9t we are try+ to make "h1 namely1 ! fundam5tal fact ( ! expression ( maso*i/ic impulses1 is z evid5tly %[n 9 ! purgatory z 9 ! mill5nium concept4 ,! desire = a height5$ s5se ( self-realization1 a ri*] cont5t ( exp]i5ce1 is ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( bo? concepts & !y are closely alli$ psy*ologically4 ,?is fact comes out 9 ! l>ge "p play$ by ! ,*ilia/s 9 ! evolution ( ! purgatory concept4#ce ,:at we f9d "h is a concurr5t decl5sion ( ,*iliasm & developm5t ( purgatory4 ,= ab\t two c5turies ! two concepts exi/$ side by side2 !n ! sup]ior social value ( purgatory ass]t+ itself1 t doctr9e gradually took ov] ! maso*i/ic values ( ,*iliasm2 ! sup]session ( ! lat] be+ r5d]$ !reby m rapid & easy4 ,h[ev] x is probably t ! transf] ( ! psy*ological values f ,*iliasm 0 m to be ascrib$ to ! ris+ asceticism ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ?an to ! concept ( ! ,*ur* z su*1 or ev5 to ! rise ( ! purgatory concept4 ,asceticism 9 "s =m is a p]man5t elem5t 9 any wide spread religion & ! values lat] express$ 9 ,*ri/ian asceticism 7 9 ! e>li] p]iod m$iat$ ?r\gh ,*iliasm4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul advocat$ ab/95ce f m>riage 'because ! "t is %ort' he 0 n express+ asceticism4 ,he 0 express+ a s5sible idea bas$ on belief 9 "o ( ! *ief ,*ilia/ic doctr9es1 ! imm$iate imm95ce ( ! ,second ,adv5t4 ,9 ! case ( su* tea*]s z ,t]tullian ! doctr9e ( m>riage is ! result ( a comb9ation ( ,*iliasm & asceticism4 ,at a lat] date asceticism took ov] ! doctr9e ( celibacy z m]itori\s on its own acc\nt b x nev] outgrew ! orig9al ,*ilia/ic view t x 0 a logical prep>ation = ! ,second ,adv5t4 ,9 o!r words re/riction 9 matrimony :e!r ,*ilia/ic or mona/ic is due to ! same inh]5t elem5t 9 human nature1 i4e41 ! maso*i/ic4 ,simil>ly ^? good ,phrygian ,*ilia/s :o ab&on$ all _! possessions & w5t out into ! des]t to meet ! ,"l 7 mov$ by ! same psy*ological impulse t actuat$ ! monks ( ! ,!baid4 ,hi/orically ! "o set ( concepts imp]ceptibly gave way to ! o!r4 ,^? same ,!baid monks are a good illu/ration ( ! fact4 ,"s ( !m1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! movem5t1 7 influ5c$ m by ,*ilia/ic concepts ?an by mona/ic ones4 ,_m 7 influ5c$ by bo?4 ,"h aga9 ! sup]ior value ( ! ascetic concepts = ! ecclesia/ical organization det]m9$ ! ev5tual survival ( ! mona/ic in/itution4 ,b :atev] ! conceptual images employ$ to give expression to ! maso*i/ic impulse1 t impulse 0 psy*ologically ! same4 ,organiz$ mona*ism furni%$ a m conv5i5t outlet = ! /rong] maso*i/ic impulses ?an ,*iliasm & s sup]s$$ x4 ,! fact t mona*ism grew 9 proportion z ,*iliasm decl9$ is 9 ?is respect m]ely a case ( trans-%ipm5t4 ,! vehicle 0 diff]5t b ! goods c>ri$ 7 ! same4 ,!re are num]\s o!r social & psy*ological1 z well z economic causes = ! decl5sion ( ,*iliasm b !y c p]haps be m conv5i5tly consid]$ 9 connection ) ! socialization ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,f4 ,pollock1 ,essays 9 ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics1 p4 #cad4 #b ,cf4 ,i ,eno* ,,xci-,,civ4 #c ,cf4 ,p>ables 9 ,i ,eno* ,,xxxvii-,,lxxi4 #d ,cf4 ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*2 #d ,ezra1 #d ,maccabees4 #e ,ir5aeus ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,v #cc4 ,,ii ,b>u* ,,xxix4 #f ,hi/4 ( ,dogma1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ai4 #g ,ens4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,vi #bg-b4 #h ,ju/9 ,m>tyn1 ,t]tullian1 ,lactantius4 #i ,ad4 ,celsus ,,lxi4 #aj ,sib4 ,orac4 ,,viii1 #adh seq4 #aa ,hippolytus1 ,com4 on ,daniel4 #ab ,/rom4 ,,vii1 #ag2 ,,vi #af2 ,,iv #be2 ,v #f1 #ad4 #ac ,de ,pr9c1 ,,ii1 #aa4 #ad ,cf4 e4g41 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,! ,_w ( ,life4 #ae ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,vii #be4 #af ,disc\rse on ! ,resurrection1 ,i1 #i seq4 ,see also ,conviv4 ,,ix1 #a1 #e4 #ag ,ep4 ,,cii1 #d4 #ah ,ep4 ,,cclxiii1 #d4 #ai ,cp4 ,,cclxv1 #b4 #bj ,frag4 ,dan4 ,i1 #e1 #f4 #ba ,de ,*ri/o et ,antic4 #ej4 #bb ,in/ructions1 ,,lxxx4 #bc ,s*aff ,hi/41 ii1 #hee4 ,sec4 ,,lxvii ( poem4 #bd ,comm4 ,,xx #d4e4 #be ,comm4 ,,xx #a4c4 #bf ,div4 ,ins4 ,bk4 #g ,,xxiv4 #bg ,c4,d4 ,,xx #g4 #bh ,i4e41 ! ,mill5nium4 #bi ,c4,d4 ,,xx #g4 #cj ,rev4 ,,xx4 #ca ,de ,pr94 ,,ii1 #aa1 #c4 #cb ,de ,pr94 ,,ii1 #aa1 #g4 #cc ,city ( ,god 9 ,nic5e & ,po/ ,nic5e ,fa!rs1 #a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dbg4 #cd ,e4g41 ,lydia1 ,phrygia1 ,! ,!baid4 #ce ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pa$41 iii1 ,/rom4 ,,vii4 ,orig51 ,hom4 on ,num41 ,,xxv4 ,hom4 on ,ps4 ,,xxvi4 ,lactantius1 ,,vii1 #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,& ,,prop]ty ,,concepts ,! ,*iliasm ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h a direct be>+ ^u _! attitude t[>d ! prop]ty in/itutions & prop]ty concepts ( ! "t4 ,nei!r ! decl5sion ( ,*iliasm nor ! progressive socialization ( ! ,*ur* c be und]/ood )\t "s consid]ation ( ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ians t[>d prop]ty1 & conv]sely ! effect ( ! exi/+ economic sy/em ^u ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! e>ly ,*ur* made its appe>ance 9 a _w :]e ! in/itution ( private prop]ty 0 supreme 9 fact & v l>gely unque/ion$ 9 !ory4 ,x is recogniz$ ) p]fect cle>ness by all ! anci5t ?9k]s :o ref] to ! subject t _! civilization 0 bas$ ^u ! prop]ty rights ( man 9 man4 ,x is n true t slav]y 0 inv>iably consid]$ "p ( ! unalt]able law ( nature4 ,ari/otle expressly /ates t a suffici5t developm5t ( me*ani/ic te*nology w\ld abrogate slav]y4 ,b su* a te*nological developm5t 0 n expect$ nor inde$ wi%$ =4 ,contempt = me*anical processes ( indu/ry 0 univ]sal1 ) ! dubi\s exception ( ! application ( sci5ce to milit>y eng9es4 ,!re is a simil> unanimity 9 reg>d to comm]cial ent]prise4 ,money obta9$ by ord9>y m]cantile me?ods 0 consid]$ z di%one/ly acquir$4 ,x 0 assum$ z self-evid5t t ! m]*ant _h to be a ?ief4 ,int]e/ on money 0 ( c\rse reprobat$ z contr>y to nature4#a ,return f l&$ prop]ty 0 almo/ ! only socially reputable =m ( income--) ! exception ( spoils ( w>4 ,free wage labor 0 s unimportant t ! ,roman law did n ev5 develop a set ( legal pr9ciples reg>d+ x4 ,! ,jewi% prop]ty sy/em1 :i* orig9ally _h "s notable peculi>ities ( its own1 _h by ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 become ( necessity s l ! ,roman t ! diff]5ces may = our purposes be disreg>d$4 ,! m s z ,*ri/ianity v e>ly came almo/ exclusively "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman in/itutions & concepts 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to add t ,roman practice 9 reg>d to prop]ty 0 widely at v>iance ) ,roman !ory1 ) ! result t s]i\s moral dis9tegration came ov] p]sons engag+ 9 comm]cial ent]prises4 ,! moral lapses ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians are l>gely to be set d[n to ?is cause1 on ! pr9ciple t a de/ruction ( moral integrity 9 "o respect makes o!r del9qu5cies easy4 ,) respect to ! attitude ( ,*ri/ t[>ds contempor>y prop]ty in/itutions1 x is unnecess>y = our purpose to reg>d any conclusions ( mod]n criticism4 ,! synoptic gospels 7 uncritically accept$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* & we are conc]n$ m]ely ) :at 0 commonly accept$ z ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,p]haps z conv5i5t a way z any ( illu/rat+ ! bread? ( view 9 ,*ri/'s attitude t[>d prop]ty in/itutions w\ld be to take a s+le illu/ration & apply to x ! :ole range ( prop]ty concepts f\nd 9 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,no s+le illu/ration is s appli$ 9 ! ,gospels z we h !m1 b ! pr9ciples w be ! cle>] = ! consi/5t use ( ! same illu/ration4 ,we %all take z our type case "o :i* ,*ri/ himself us$2 ! case ( a ?ief :o /eals a coat4 ,! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ ab\t prop]ty c conv5i5tly be put d[n "u f\r heads1 ea* illu/rat+1 by a diff]5t way ( treat+ ! ?ief1 a diff]5t prop]ty concept4 ,fir/3 ,! ord9>y or conv5tional mann] ( treat+ ! ?ief1 bas$ on ! concept ( ! morality & sacr$ness ( private prop]ty2 i4e41 cat*+ ! ?ief1 recov]+ ! /ol5 prop]ty & puni%+ ! crime by f9e or imprisonm5t or torture4 ,?is conv5tional /&>d ( morality & attitude t[>ds prop]ty is illu/rat$1 e4g41 9 ! /ory ( ! man ) "o tal5t 9 ! p>able4 ,x is v concisely summ$ up 9 ! expression3 ,to him t ha? %all be giv5 & he %all h abundance & f him t ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i* he ha?4 ,second3 ,:at may be call$ = conv5i5ce ! sociali/ic mann] ( treat+ ! ?ief--no implications ei!r good or bad be+ int5d$ by ! use ( ! t]m sociali/ic4 ,?is treatm5t w\ld consi/ ( cat*+ ! ?ief1 recov]+ ! /ol5 prop]ty b lett+ ! ?ief g free ) m]ely an admonition to future good behavior4 ,?is treatm5t is bas$ on ! concept t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty has only a p>tial validity & t violations ( private prop]ty rights are to be blam$ n alone ^u ! violator b ^u society at l>ge 9 equal degree4 ,?is attitude is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y3 ,nei!r d ,i condemn !e2 g & s9 no m4 ,! illu/ration is p]haps m apt ?an appe>s at fir/ glance = female *a/ity is & 0 legally possess$ ( tangible economic value i4e41 adult]y 0 view$ z a violation ( a prop]ty "r belong+ to ! husb& ( ! adultress4 ,?ird3 ,:at may be t]m$ ! an>*i/ic mann] ( treat+ ! ?ief--"h aga9 no implications ei!r good or bad are int5d$ by ! employm5t ( ! t]m an>*i/ic4 ,?is treatm5t consi/s ess5tially 9 pacificism1 9 ,tol/oi's non-resi/ance4 ,x is purely negative & all[s ! ?ief to get away ) ! /ol5 coat )\t anyone mak+ any move to recov] ! prop]ty4 ,?is treatm5t is bas$ on ! concept t private prop]ty in/itutions h no validity at all1 b t ! only valid prop]ty arrangem5t is t ( pure communism4 ,?is attitude t[>d prop]ty is illu/rat$ by su* say+s ( ,*ri/ z ,( him t take? away ?y goods ask !m n aga92 ,resi/ n him t is evil1 etc4 ,f\r?3 ,:at may be di/+ui%$ z ! specifically ,*ri/ian mann] ( treat+ ! ?ief--us+ ! ^w ,*ri/ian z app]ta9+ /rictly to ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is treatm5t consi/s ( runn+ aft] ! ?ief n = ! purpose ( captur+ & puni%+ him2 n ev5 = ! purpose ( recov]+ ! /ol5 coat b = ! purpose ( giv+ him a ve/ & an ov]coat 9 addition to :at he has /ol54 ,x am\nts to ! direct enc\ragem5t & rew>d ( ! ?ief = do+ :at is presumably a m]itori\s action by /eal+4 ,?is way ( treat+ a ?ief is n sociali/ic1 or communi/ic2 x is n ev5 an>*i/ic4 ,x is some?+ z f> beyond an>*y1 z an>*y is beyond socialism1 or socialism beyond ord9>y conv5tional individualism4 ,x is specifically & peculi>ly & uniquely ,*ri/ian1 us+ t ^w z above def9$4 ,?is treatm5t is n bas$ on any concept ( any k9d ( prop]ty in/itution4 ,its logical1 intellectual position is ! d5ial ( ! validity or wor? ( any prop]ty in/itutions1 private or communi/ic4 ,x involves inde$ ! de/ruction ( ! v concept prop]ty z imply+ possession by "r ( social agreem5t4 ,?is attitude ( ,*ri/ t[>d prop]ty f9ds expression 9 su* say+s z3 ,f him t take? away ?y cloke )hold n ?y coat also4 ,bless$ are ye poor4 ,woe unto y t are ri*4 ,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 etc4 etc4 ,! great bulk ( ,*ri/'s /atem5ts ab\t prop]ty are to be classifi$ "u ?is f\r? head4 ,! views are probably connect$1 ) j :at degree ( clos5ess x is impossible to say1 to ! belief 9 ! imm$iately imm95t cata/rophe ( ! _w4 ,) some:at less c]ta9ty1 x may be v5tur$ t c]ta9 ( ,*ri/'s say+s :i* we h li/$ z an>*i/ic are p]haps influ5c$ by ! same idea4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t ! above f\r fold division is n exact 9 ! /rict sci5tific s5se1 or t any tea*+ ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ prop]ty c be unhesitat+ly classifi$ "u "o head or ano!r4 ,/ill less is any?+ int5d$ to be impli$ z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( any und]ly+1 univ]sal1 !ological pr9ciple :i* w\ld reconcile app>5t div]g5cies4 ,!ological metaphysics z su*1 lie outside ! scope ( ?is *apt] :i* is int5d$ z an objective /udy ( concepts ( prop]ty4 ,f an objective po9t ( view x is evid5t t ! f\r divisions imp]ceptibly %ade into "o ano!r & =m a cont9u\s s]ies1 nev]!less = ! sake ( conv5i5ce x may be consid]$ z approximat+ a rational organization ( ! mat]ial "u di/9ct heads4 ,imm$iately aft] ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,j]usalem develop$ a communi/ic organization4 ,all t believ$ 7 toge!r & _h all ?+s 9 common & sold _! possessions & goods & p>t$ !m to all m51 z e man _h ne$4 ,nei!r said any ( !m t ought ( ! ?+s :i* he possess$ 0 8 own2 b !y _h all ?+s common4 ,nei!r 0 !re any among !m t lack$2 = z _m z 7 possessors ( l&s or h\ses sold !m1 & br\ght ! prices ( ! ?+s t 7 sold & laid !m at ! apo/les' feet2 & di/ribution 0 made unto e man accord+ z he _h ne$4#b ,x is d\btless true t ! p>ticipants 9 ?is communi/ic society believ$ !mselves to be liv+ accord+ to ! pr9ciples & precepts ( ,*ri/4 ,yet !re is "s evid5ce :i* w\ld lead to ! conclusion t p]haps ?is exp]im5t 0 less a delib]ate & reason$ out endeavor to organize a p]man5t society on a new economic basis1 ?an an in/9ctive movem5t1 ent]$ ^u "u ! influ5ce ( a belief 9 ! imm$iately imm95t second adv5t ( ,*ri/ & !re=e expect$ to be ( only v limit$ duration4 ,! collections subsequ5tly tak5 up 9 o!r ,*ri/ian communities '= ! relief ( ! poor sa9ts 9 ,j]usalem' w\ld seem to l5d color to ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ ab\t prop]ty !re is a fundam5tal inconsi/5cy4 ,he makes /atem5ts :i* tak5 sep>ately are applicable to p>ticul> situations b :i* are n 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,he loyally support$ ! e/abli%$ "r ( private prop]ty1 ev5 9 slaves4 ,b at ano!r "t he pron\nc$ t prop]ty "r dep5d$ ^u s]vice r5d]$4 ,9 "o place we h3 ,slaves obey y\r ma/]s 9 ano!r3 ,if any w n "w nei!r let him eat4 ,b if a man's slaves obey him he c eat )\t work+4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( communism 9 ,/4 ,paul's writ+s4 ,if all ! 'prop]ty passages' 9 ! epi/les are collect$ & read 9 connection ) _! contexts two facts come into prom95ce1 ,fir/3 ,prop]ty in/itutions z su* h only a relative validity4 ,!y are n view$ z ends valuable 9 !mselves b are subord9at$ to religi\s ends1 & ! concept ( an imm$iately imm95t second adv5t lies at ! base ( ?is relative valuation4#c ,second3 ,economic arrangem5ts ( ! exi/+ social ord]1 l simil> political arrangem5ts1 are to be /rictly con=m$ to1 9 spite ( _! m]ely relative validity1 = fe> ( jeop>diz+ ! m important religi\s movem5t4#d ,/4 ,paul :e!r consci\sly or n1 is1 9 reg>d to social in/itutions1 an evolution>y revolutioni/4 ,he w\ld d\btless h be5 ! fir/ to admit t 8 doctr9e ( human bro!rhood1 = example1 w\ld ev5tually ov]?r[ 8 doctr9e ( slav]y1 suppos+--z !re is no gr\nd = ?9k+ he did suppose--t "t en\gh elaps$ = 8 doctr9e ( bro!rhood to p]meate ! g5]al social consci\sness4 ,9 s f> z prop]ty concepts are conc]n$ x w\ld probably be difficult to ma9ta9 t !re is any ess5tial div]g5ce betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,/4 ,paul & "s at lea/ ( ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,/4 ,paul 0 by nature an ecclesia/ical /atesman4 ,he seems to h tak5 su* ( ,*ri/'s prop]ty concepts z s]v$ 8 purposes & ignor$ ! o!rs4 ,9 ! epi/le ( ,/4 ,james are to be f\nd v bitt] compla9ts z to ! work+ ( prop]ty in/itutions4 ,^! compla9ts are s s]i\s z to sugge/ ! inevitable attempt to make ov] ! in/itutions & ! fact t no su* attempt is indicat$ is due to ! manife/ly lively expectation ( ! second adv5t4 ,yet ev5 s x 0 necess>y = ! writ] to c\ncil pati5ce to 8 bre?r54#e ,9 ! ,revelation !re is a passage1 xviii1 #ab seq41 q 9 ! mann] ( ! mo/ viol5t ( ! anci5t prophets or ! mod]n an>*i/s4 ,9 ?is passage prop]ty is conceiv$ z evil & ! de/ruction ( civilization z x !n 01 is conceiv$ z a cause ( rejoic+ to sa9ts1 apo/les1 & prophets4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,new ,j]usalem 9 ! same book#f is a ':olesale jewel]s p>adise' & involves ! prop]ty concepts ( ^? cities ( ,asia ,m9or :o did mo/ ( ! jewelry manufactur+ ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x is v d\btful h[ f> any?+ 9 su* a description c be said to embody prop]ty concepts b ! ideal put =? is ! communi/ic enjoym5t ( incr$ible luxury4 ,! epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome has only incid5tal ref]5ces to prop]ty4 ,!y c be well summ$ up 9 ! quotation3#g ,let ! ri* man provide = ! wants ( ! poor2 & let ! poor man bless ,god1 because ,he ha? giv5 him "o by :om 8 ne$ may be suppli$4 ,!re is manife/ly no "q ( tamp]+ ) receiv$ prop]ty in/itutions & concepts on ! "p ( ! writ] ( su* a s5t5ce4 ,x is equally evid5t t su* an attitude 9 reg>d to prop]ty is em95tly well calculat$ to enable ! hold] to propagate specifically !ological op9ions ) a m9imum ( int]e/$ opposition4 ,! ,dida*e holds a nave & t\*+ communi/ic cre$4#h ,?\ %alt n turn away f him t ha? ne$ b %alt %>e all ?+s ) ?y bro!r & %alt n say t !y are ?9e own4 ,?is passage1 ! only "o on ! subject 9 ! ,dida*e1 w\ld seem to indicate t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty exi/$ z a matt] ( fact 9 ! writ]'s community1 b t ! validity ( x 0 n ackn[l$g$4 ,! position may p]haps be call$ "o ( conceptual & con/ructive communism4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas holds exactly ! same view 9 almo/ exactly ! same words3#i ,?\ %alt communicate to ?y neighbor all t ?\ ha/1 ?\ %alt n call any?+ ?9e own4 ,e>ly 9 ! second c5tury we come ^u ! ,ebionites :o 9 ! matt] ( prop]ty held v /rong views4#aj ,! /rict] ( !m made pov]ty a condition ( salvation4 ,!y refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! validity ( ! concept prop]ty--t is 9 !ory4 ,9 practice "s ( !m seem to h be5 influ5c$ by ! doctr9e & practice ( ! ,ess5es 9 reg>d to communism4 ,all ?r\gh ! second c5tury we f9d a cont9u\s succession ( h]etical sects1 ,gno/ics & o!rs1 :o held ei!r ! doctr9e ( ! wick$ness ( prop]ty-own]%ip z su*1 'holy pov]ty1' or else object$ to individual own]%ip ( prop]ty & prea*$ or practic$ communism 9 su* degree z might be possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,( ^! sects x is suffici5t to "n ! ,m>cionites #aaj ,a4,d4 ,! ,c>pocratians #ace ,a4,d4 ,! ,procidians #afj ,a4,d4787 ,! ,basilidians #ach ,a4,d4 ,x is evid5t t !re 0 9 progress 9 ! second c5tury an ascetic movem5t :i* lat] took on ! =ms ( ,mani*aeism & ,*ri/ian asceticism4 ,! ,*ur* consi/5tly oppos$ all ^! sects & ma9ta9$ ! validity ( private prop]ty )\t condemn+ communism z su*1 except 9 extreme cases1 su* z t ( ,epiphanes ( ,alex&ria1 a ,c>pocriation1 :o 9 a book on ,ju/ice1 #abe ,a4,d41 def9$ virtue z consi/+ 9 absolute communism ( goods & wom54 ,to return to or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 ,h]mas %[s v cle>ly ! inconsi/5cies :i* beset ,*ri/ian !ory & practice 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,all :o are ri* mu/ be depriv$ ( _! weal? 9 ord] to be good ,*ri/ians4#aa ,yet ?is deprivation ( weal? mu/ be only relative2 !re mu/ be weal? en\gh left = ! giv+ ( alms4#ab ,!re is no trace ( communism 9 ,h]mas & no praise ( pov]ty z su*4 ,! *ief ju/ification = ! exi/5ce ( prop]ty in/itutions w\ld seem to be t !y are social /ructures :i* c be utiliz$ = ! giv+ & receiv+ ( alms4 ,p]haps "o p>agraph is wor? quot+ z giv+ possibly ! e>lie/ =mulation extant ( ! prop]ty concepts t f9ally became dom9ant4 ,! ri* man has mu* weal? b is poor 9 matt]s relat+ to ! ,"l because he is di/ract$ ab\t 8 ri*es & he (f]s v few confessions & int]cessions to ! ,"l & ^? :i* he does (f] are small & weak1 & h no p[] above4 ,b :5 ! ri* man refre%es ! poor & assi/s him 9 8 necessities1 believ+ t :i* he does to ! poor man w be able to f9d its rew>d ) ,god--because ! poor man is ri* 9 int]cessions & confession & 8 int]cession has great p[] ) ,god--!n ! ri* man helps ! poor 9 all ?+s )\t hesitation2 & ! poor man1 be+ help$ by ! ri*1 int]c$es = him1 giv+ ?anks to ,god = him :o be/[s gifts ^u him4 ,& he /ill cont9ues e>ne/ly to int]e/ himself = ! poor man1 t 8 want may be con/antly suppli$4 ,= he kn[s t ! int]cession ( ! poor man is acceptable & influ5tial ) ,god4 ,bo? accord+ly accompli% _! "w4 ,! poor man makes int]cession2 a "w 9 :i* he is ri*1 :i* he receiv$ f ! ,"l1 & ) :i* he recomp5ses ! ma/] :o helps him4 ,& ! ri* man 9 l mann]1 unhesitat+ly be/[s ^u ! poor man ! ri*es :i* he receiv$ f ! ,"l4 ,& ?is is a great "w & acceptable be=e ,god1 because he und]/&s ! object ( 8 weal? & has giv5 to ! poor ( ! gifts ( ! ,"l & rightly dis*>g$ 8 s]vice to ,him4#ac ,! inconsi/5t & irreconcilable nature ( ! evid5ce ab\t e>ly ,*ri/ian prop]ty in/itutions is well illu/rat$ 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,two %ort extracts are suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,we :o valu$ above all ?+s ! acquisition ( weal? & possessions1 n[ br+ :at we h into a common /ock & communicate to e "o 9 ne$4#ad ,we c>ry on u all we possess & %>e ev]y?+ ) ! poor4#ae ,! second ( ^! passages w\ld indicate t ! fir/ is n to be tak5 9 a too lit]al & compreh5sive s5se4 ,x may p]haps be v5tur$ z an op9ion t ! tru? ( ! matt]1 z reg>ds ! ,*ri/ians ( :om ,ju/9 wrote1 is t ! concept ( private prop]ty 0 l>gely invalidat$ & t p]sonal possessions 7 ?\ght ( z own$ 9 common :ile ! 'common /ock' consi/$ 9 reality ( contributions--x may be l>ge contributions--giv5 = ! relief ( necessity among ! memb]s4 ,! acc\nt pres]v$ to u 9 ,lucian ( ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ,judea 9 ! lat] half ( ! second ,c5tury w\ld seem to be> out ?is op9ion4 ,lucian says3 ,! activity ( ^! p 9 deal+ ) any matt] t affects _! community is some?+ extraord9>y4 ,!y sp>e no tr\ble1 no exp5se4 ,p]egr9e all ?is "t 0 mak+ q an income on ! /r5g? ( 8 bondage4 ,money came p\r+ 94 ,y see ^! misguid$ creatures />t ) ! g5]al conviction t !y are immortal = all "t1 :i* expla9s ! contempt ( dea? & volunt>y self devotion :i* are s common among !m & !n x 0 impress$ ^u !m by _! orig9al law giv] t !y are all bro!rs f ! mom5t t !y are conv]t$ & d5y ! gods ( ,greece & wor%ip ! crucifi$ sage & live aft] 8 laws4 ,all ?is !y take q on tru/ ) ! result t !y despise all worldly goods alike1 reg>d+ !m m]ely z common prop]ty4#af ,9 ,t]tullian we f9d ! same contradiction z reg>ds private own]%ip & communism :i* has already be5 not$ 9 ,ju/94 ,! contradiction is m gl>+1 b possibly ! explanation ( ! real situation is simil>4 ,! foll[+ two extracts f ! same *apt] br+ ?is contradiction out 9 high relief3 ,family possessions :i* g5]ally de/roy bro!rhood among y1 create frat]nal bonds among u4 ,"o 9 m9d & s\l1 we d n hesitate to %>e our e>?ly goods ) "o ano!r4 ,all ?+s are common among u b our wives4 ,on ! mon?ly collection day1 if he likes1 ea* puts 9 a small donation2 b only if x be 8 pleasure & only if he be able1 = !re is no compulsion1 all is volunt>y4#ag ,t]tullian 0 a ,montani/ & "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s *>ges made aga9/ ! ,montani/s 0 t "s ( _! prophets receiv$ int]e/ on money loan$ by !m4#ah ,t]tullian is above suspicion 9 ?is respect4 ,he demon/rates by quotations f bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts t x is absolutely contradictory to ,*ri/ianity4 ,int]e/ on money is ! only prop]ty in/itution 9 reg>d to :i* ! tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ur* is consi/5t4 ,e ref]5ce we h 9 reg>d to ?is practice condemns x--n mildly z a v5ial (f5se--b fi]cely & savagely z a he9\s crime l ince/ or murd]4 ,f5]>e e/ hom9em occid]e is a favorite =mula4 ,9 ?is respect ! mo/ pron\nc$ apologi/s ( private weal? l ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria are 9 p]fect accord ) ! mo/ pron\nc$ communi/s l ,t]tullian4 ,! only diff]5ce to be not$ is "o ( emphasis4 ,9 ! e>li] writ]s !re are relatively few ref]5ces to int]e/1 :i* may p]haps be due to ! fact t 9 ! e>li] "t !re 7 relatively few ,*ri/ians possess$ ( surplus means requir+ inve/m5t4 ,z might naturally be expect$1 ! writ]s ( ! p]iod aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity z a legal religion make m frequ5t & m bitt] ref]5ce to ! matt]4 ,! vehem5ce ( d5unciation indulg$ 9 by ^! lat] writ]s almo/ exce$s cr$ibility4 ,! mo/ improbable & /ra9$ exegesis is resort$ to 9 an ef=t to expla9 away ! words ( ,*ri/ 9 ! p>ables ( ! p\nds & tal5ts4 ,b ?is vehem5ce is by no means conf9$ to ! ,nic5e & po/-,nic5e fa!rs4 ,s /atesmanlike a bi%op z ,cyprian1 9 a long rail+ accusation aga9/ c]ta9 opposition bi%ops br+s =? z _! f9al s9 t !y _h multipli$ ga9 by usury4#ai ,usury is n to be tak51 ( c\rse1 9 its pres5t s5se ( excessive or burd5some int]e/ & x is evid5t t ,cyprian did n use x 9 su* a s5se4 ,he is simply condemn+ int]e/ z su*4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! diff]5ce betwe5 tak+ five p]c5t int]e/ or fifty p]c5t 0 exactly ! same z ! diff]5ce betwe5 /eal+ "o doll> or t54 ,! s9 0 ess5tially ! same irrespective ( ! p>ticul> am\nt involv$4 ,inde$ ?is comp>ison is sc>cely a valid "o2 = tak+ int]e/ 0 conceiv$ z a mu* worse s9 ?an pla9 robb]y4 ,x is p]haps wor? not+ t ! moral di/9ction betwe5 int]e/ & usury is ( v late developm5t4 ,! cr$it1 if x be su*1 ( mak+ x1 is to be ascrib$ to ,calv9 & is n unconnect$ ) ! pr$ilection ( c]ta9 types ( pecuni>y int]e/ = t re=m]'s sy/em ( ecclesia/ical polity4 ,! ,roman law did inde$ fix a maximum legal rate ( int]e/1 v>y+ at diff]5t times & ev5 at ! same "t = diff]5t =ms ( comm]cial risk4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ,a4,d4 x 01 = example1 consi/5tly twelve p]c5t on %ips & v>i$ f six to twelve p]c5t on o!r =ms ( inve/m5t4 ,b ?is has little moral connotation4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian condemnation ( int]e/ on loans 0 by no means conf9$ to ! expression ( op9ion by *ur* writ]s4 ,c\ncil aft] c\ncil legislat$ aga9/ x ) ev] increas+ sev]ity4 ,! =ty-f\r? ,apo/olic ,canon prohibit$ ! practice to cl]ics4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira #caj ,a4,d4 =bade x to bo? cl]ics & laity4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,arles #cad ,a4,d4 provid$ t cl]ics guilty ( ! practice %\ld be depos$ f ! m9i/ry4 ,! sev5te5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicea #cbe ,a4,d4 provid$ t !y %\ld be excommunicat$4 ,! p5alty is reit]at$ 9 ! twelf? canon ( ! ,fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age #cde ,a4,d4 ,!re is no ne$ to cont9ue ! li/4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ne>ly e c\ncil ^: canons h come d[n to u has legislation aga9/ int]e/4 ,aga9 & aga9 x is absolutely =bidd5 to cl]gy & laity alike "u ! sev]e/ ecclesia/ical p5alties--& x is necess>y to rememb] t aft] #cbe ,a4,d4 ^! p5alties c\ld1 if ne$ be1 be en=c$ by gov]nm5tal au?ority4 ,?is attitude ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t[>d int]e/ on loans is a matt] ( v consid]able hi/orical importance4 ,al?\gh1 z we %all endeavor to %[ lat]1 ! ecclesia/ical laws 7 frequ5tly & l>gely evad$1 !y /ill _h su* influ5ce t _! contribution to ! sum ( economic =ces :i* accompli%$ ! ov]?r[ ( anci5t civilization is by no means an insignificant "o4 ,nor did ! influ5ce ( ?is attitude cease at ! fall ( ,rome4 ,x r increas$ !reaft] & = sev]al c5turies1 ! s-call$ ,d>k ,ages1 civilization 0 /rangl$ by ! p[] ( ?is idea ( ! s9 ( usury4 ,to ?is day ! ,roman ,*ur* reg>ds int]e/ on money z a repreh5sible ?+ :i*1 h[ev]1 is n1 = practical reasons1 to be spok5 ( z s9ful by ! cl]gy4#bj ,?is attitude has be5 no inconsid]able factor 9 ! relatively late indu/rial developm5t 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian concept ( int]e/ 0 n an idea orig9al ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 n d]iv$ f ,*ri/ at all4 ,x 0 tak5 ov] bodily f ,old ,te/am5t ,judaism & contempor>y pagan philosophy4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t ! views ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca on int]e/1 correspond 9 a v a/oni%+ way to ! views ( ,deut]onomy & ,isaiah1 ( ! ,psalms & ,ezekiel4 ,! /r5g? ( ! concept 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 due to ?is fact4 ,9 reg>d to no o!r concept 0 !re su* a unanimity ( op9ion4 ,! ,*ri/ian conv]t f\nd t ! sacr$ scriptures ( 8 new fai? confirm$ 9 ! /ronge/ language ! condemnation ( int]e/ :i* he _h become famili> ) f ! writ+s ( ! noble/ pagan philosoph]s4 ,:5 reason & religion 7 9 accord x is n wond]ful t _! judgm5t 0 accept$--z a !ory4 ,9 spite ( ?is union ( pagan philosoph]s & ,hebrew prophets1 ( ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs & ,ecclesia/ical ,canons1 ! condemnation & prohibition ( int]e/ on money 0 a !ory only4 ,a v ord9>y k ( classical civilization is suffici5t to expla9 ! reason ( ?is4 ,m ne>ly ?an any o!r in/itution1 ! f9ancial ma*9]y ( antiquity corresponds to t ( mod]n life4 ,tru/s & millionaires 7 ph5om5a ( _! economic life z ( ours4 ,banks 7 num]\s & ubiquit\s4 ,!y 7 ( all sizes & degrees2 f ! great metropolitan corporation ) correspond5ts all ov] ! civiliz$ _w1 to ! hat$ money l5d] 9 a %abby (fice on a side /reet4 ,! great bank]s 7 m5 ( ! fir/ importance 9 society4 ,f _! numb] 7 regul>ly recruit$ ! (ficials ( ! imp]ial treasury4 ,!y 7 almo/ )\t exception m5 ( ! /ricte/ f9ancial integrity4 ,! ,roman bank+ laws protect$ ! depositor m securely ?an ! laws ( any mod]n nation1 & ^! ,roman laws 7 rigidly en=c$4 ,e bank+ in/itution _h to obta9 gov]nm5t au?orization 9 ord] to d bus9ess & ?is au?orization 0 )drawn on ! discov]y ( ! smalle/ discrepancy 9 ! acc\nts4 ,! regul> rate ( int]e/ on ord9>y deposits 0 f\r p]c5t2 "u c]ta9 peculi> conditions ! rate w5t z l[ z two & a half & z high z six p]c5t4 ,! rate publi%$ by a bank _h to be paid ev5 ?\gh paym5t swept away ! bank]'s entire private prop]ty4 ,! bank] lo/ ev]y?+ be=e ! depositor lo/ any?+4 ,! banks 7 us$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 c>ry+ out su* fiscal measures z c\ld n be conv5i5tly h&l$ by ! treasury dep>tm5t directly4 ,!y play$ a /ill m important "p 9 ! ord9>y comm]cial life ( ! times4 ,a relatively small volume ( bus9ess 01 or c\ld be1 c>ri$ on by transf]s ( specie4 ,! great bulk ( comm]cial transactions 7 ( necessity c>ri$ on by *ecks1 drafts1 disc\nts1 bills ( ex*ange & simil> in/rum5ts ( cr$it4 ,x 0 a matt] ( simple impossibility = any man 9 ord9>y comm]cial or indu/rial life to c>ry on 8 bus9ess = ev5 a s+le day )\t p>ticipat+ directly or indirectly 9 transactions involv+ loans & int]e/4 ,our excuse = recit+ ^! commonplace details ( ,roman comm]cial life is t _! v commonplac5ess expla9s ! discrepancy betwe5 e>ly ,*ri/ian !ory & practice 9 ! matt] ( int]e/4 ,x w\ld be an easy task to convict ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( hypocritical pret5se 9 ?is reg>d4 ,no?+ m w\ld be necess>y ?an to pr9t _! !ory 9 "o column & _! practice 9 a p>allel "o4 ,yet ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 n hypocrites4 ,z reg>ds s9c]ity ( pr(ession !y comp>e v favorably ) any religioni/s ( any age4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! hi/orians h long ago %[n t x is altoge!r impossible & unju/ to argue f a sect's op9ions to _! feel+s & actions4 ,to quote ,macauley#ba ,only imag9e a man act+ = "o s+le day on ! supposition t all 8 neighbors believe all t !y pr(ess or act up to all t !y believe4 ,imag9e a man act+ on ! supposition t he may safely (f] ! deadlie/ injuries & insults to ev]ybody :o says t rev5ge is s9ful2 or t he may safely intru/ all 8 prop]ty )\t security to any p]son :o says x is wrong to /eal4 ,su* a "* w\ld be too absurd = ! wilde/ f>ce4 ,! law :i* is inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! synagogues prohibits covet\sness4 ,b if we 7 to say t a ,jew mortgagee w\ld n =eclose because ,god _h comm&$ him n to covet 8 neighbor's h\se1 ev]ybody w\ld ?9k u out ( our wits4#bb ,yet t ,jew is no hypocrite 9 8 religion4 ,he is s9c]ely & hone/ly devot$ to 8 fai? & w sacrifice "t & money2 w und]go social obloquy & contempt 9 support ( x4 ,s x 0 ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,by ! process ( ab/ract+ _! !ory & practice ( int]e/ f ! social matrix :i* alone makes ! !ory or practice intelligible1 x is easy to %[ a logical inconsi/5cy4 ,x w\ld be equally fooli% & false to d$uce f ?is inconsi/5cy any conclusions "o way or ! o!r z to e>ly ,*ri/ian morality4 ,x is if c\rse no aim ( ?is !sis to attack or def5d any religi\s or moral op9ions4 ,x is a matt] entirely ap>t f our pres5t conc]n to evaluate int]e/ or non-int]e/ 9 e?ical t]ms4 ,our purpose is n to expla9 away ! inconsi/5cy ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,admitt+ ! inconsi/5cy 9 ! fulle/ degree1 our aim is to expla9 x z natural1 &1 "u ! social conditions !n prevail+1 practically inevitable4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians left funds to c>e 9 p]petuity = ! family burial lot4#bc ,"u any religi\s cre$2 ,pagan1 ,jewi%1 or ,*ri/ian1 dec5t provision = ! c>e ( graves ( relatives 0 n only admissible1 x 0 a positive dem& ( social reputability2 to say no?+ ( ! dem& ( natural affection4 ,simil>ly annual agapes 7 e/abli%$ by beque/s z a *>ity to ! poor bre?r54#bd ,^! agapes 7 no innovation4 ,z an in/itution !y 7 p]fectly famili> & 9 univ]sal obs]vance among ! pagans4 ,! agapes 7 simply ord9>y ,roman silic]nia ) ! "n *ang$4 ,to ! ,romans1 f\nd+ a silic]nium 0 l we>+ a toga or go+ to a ba?4 ,x possess$ ! sanction ( law & ! b5$iction ( religion2 b its real compulsion lay 9 social cu/om4 ,no p]son c\ld escape ?is pressure ( ! mores & reta9 self respect1 to say no?+ ( ! respect ( o!rs4 ,! pagan silic]nium 0 morally respectable2 x p]petuat$ fri5d%ip & promot$ good feel+4 ,!re 0 no reason = avoid+ x1 if avoidance _h be5 possible--z x 0 n4 ,! ,*ri/ians n only pres]v$ ?is pi\s in/itution2 !y improv$ x4 ,_! annual agapes f$ ! poor1 :i* ! silic]nia1 excell5t z !y 71 seldom did4 ,! explanation we h endeavor$ to give ( ! end[m5t ( family burial lots & annual agapes is applicable1 mutis mut&is1 to o!r cases ( int]e/4 ,x !re=e is n surpris+ to le>n t ,callixtus 7pope #bah-bbc ,a4,d47 0 a bank] previ\s to 8 elevation to ! papacy2 t l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ians1 p>ticul>ly wid[s & orphans--entru/$ _! money to 8 bank1 & t he _h l>ge loans out at good int]e/ to ,jewi% bank]s4#be ,! tru? is t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian horror ( int]e/1 :ile absolutely hone/ & ev5 desp]ately s9c]e1 0 a /rictly legali/ic1 c]emonial1 & rituali/ic horror4 ,x 0 purely =mal & 0 n at all conc]n$ ) any economic pr9ciple4 ,! ?+ t 0 wick$1 0 n income f capital inve/$1 b income 9 ! =m ( int]e/ on money4 ,to own a %ip & sail x & make pr(its f own]%ip by freight *>ges 0 p]fectly hone/1 b to inve/ money 9 a %ipp+ corporation & receive divid5ds 0 wick$4 ,s x 0 hone/ to own a build+ & get money z r5t4 ,x 0 immoral to inve/ money 9 ! con/ruction company t erect$ t build+ & receive income 9 ! =m ( int]e/4 ,r5t1 pr(it1 & int]e/ are m]ely ?ree =ms ( ! same ?+1 income f inve/$ capital4 ,any endeavor to di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 ?is respect is entirely devoid ( moral or economic ju/ification4 ,! anci5t ,*ur* fa!rs 7 z well aw>e ( ?is z we are4 ,! real po9t & importance ( _! concept ( int]e/ 0 _! def5se ( t concept4 ,t def5se 0 a curi\s "o & illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n reason+ on economic matt]s--& on o!r matt]s also4 ,! diff]5ce 9 a ^w is t ( mi/ak+ means = ends on ! !ory ( c\rse t we mod]ns are "r & ! prophets1 philosoph]s1 ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 et al4 wrong4 ,accord+ to mod]n social sci5ce1 int]e/ is m]ely a means adopt$ = ! atta9m5t ( c]ta9 ends--economic1 educational1 religi\s or :atev]4 ,! goodness or badness ( int]e/ is to be judg$ /rictly & solely by ! conv5i5ce & economy ) :i* x s]ves ^! ends4 ,if any o!r prop]ty in/itution c1 9 a giv5 situation1 s]ve a giv5 end m easily & m *eaply ?an ! in/itution ( int]e/1 !n1 9 t situation1 ! in/itution ( int]e/--o!r ?+s be+ equal--is immoral & %\ld be aboli%$4 ,if1 9 ! giv5 situation1 no o!r prop]ty in/itution c s]ve ! giv5 end m easily & m *eaply ?an ! in/itution ( int]e/1 !n t in/itution is moral & %\ld be reta9$4 ,t is1 f ! mod]n sociological po9t ( view1 ! in/itution ( int]e/ is inconceivable except z a means to "s end outside itself4 ,z a means x is to be judg$ 9 a purely objective & pragmatic mann] by ! ord9>y /&>ds ( co/ price1 economic1 social1 & o!r4 ,! me?od ( ! anci5ts is entirely o!rwise4 ,assum+ /ill ! correctness ( ! mod]n viewpo9t1 :i* viewpo9t be x said is n unassailable & inde$ is assail$ by div]s radicals1 sociali/s & o!rs1 b = ! mo/ "p p]sons lack+ 9 pecuni>y reputability2 ! mi/ake !n1 t ! ,e>ly ,*ur* fa!rs make is t ( tak+ ! means = an end4 ,!y h _m argum5ts aga9/ int]e/ b all ^! argum5ts c be criticis$ = ?is "o error4 ,! fa!rs elevate int]e/ to ! dignity ( an end 9 itself4 ,int]e/1 qua int]e/1 is condemn$4 ,x is tak+ advantage ( a bro!r's necessity4 ,x is gr9d+ ! face ( ! poor4 ,x is produc+ pride1 luxury1 & vice4 ,z soon z moral value is atta*$ to any?+1 x ( c\rse1 is view$ z an end 9 itself4 ,if x be true t int]e/ is an end 9 itself1 !n ! fi]ce/ diatribes ( ! fa!rs are none too sev]e4 ,assum+ _! premises1 _! conclusions foll[ inevitably4 ,! mod]n man--he is n unkn[n--:o talks ab\t ! sacr$ rights ( private prop]ty is guilty ( ! same error z ! anci5t ,*ri/ians1 ! error ( mi/ak+ means = ends4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians c\ld n see t ! prop]ty in/itution ( int]e/ is nei!r good nor bad except z x is good or bad = some?+4 ,! some?+ det]m9es ! judgm5t4 ,z a matt] ( hi/orical fact ! condemnation ( int]e/ develop$ 9 c]ta9 e>ly /ages ( human civilization & at ^? /ages int]e/ 0 socially detrim5tal4 ,at ^? /ages1 h[ev]1 x 0 exce$+ly r>e & correspond+ly infam\s4 ,9 any c\ntry :]e !re is abundance ( good1 free l& ! ph5om5on ( int]e/ on money w disappe>1 provid$ labor is free4 ,s x disappe>$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates ( ?is ,union 9 ! lat] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,^! ph5om5a caus$ ! s\!rn]s to adopt slav]y ?\gh all _! ,engli% traditions _h decl>$ x immoral = m ?an ?ree c5turies4 ,! relation ( int]e/ to slav]y "u a condition ( free l& is ! relation ( cause & effect1 i4e41 ! requirem5t ( int]e/ w produce slav]y & ! abolition ( int]e/ w aboli% slav]y4#bf ,^! social ph5om5a are ( importance 9 our consid]ation ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( int]e/4 ,t doctr9e 0 l>gely evad$ & disobey$ b x /ill _h great effect & t effect 0 t[>d ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,we d n mean t ?is economic doctr9e alone result$ 9 ! abolition ( slav]y1 or ev5 t x 0 a *ief cause 9 ! abolition ( slav]y1 x 0 n obey$ well en\gh to be su* a *ief cause2 b s f> z x 0 obey$1 x t5d$ 9 t direction4 ,! net result ( all ,*ri/ian tea*+ toge!r 0 to prolong ! exi/5ce ( ! in/itution ( slav]y = two c5turies1 p]haps = ?ree4 ,! doctr9e ( ! s9fulness ( int]e/ h[ev]1 work$ t[>d emancipation & =c$ slav]y 9 its lat] end to become almo/ :olly agricultural1 i4e41 to yield income z r5t4 ,slaves _c be employ$ 9 comm]ce or indu/ry 9 suffici5t numb]s to be pr(itable :]e ! in/itution ( int]e/ is bann$ z x 0 9 ! 'd>k ages4' ,! ,*ri/ian concept ( int]e/ und]m9$ anci5t civilization by abrogat+1 sl[ly b surely1 ! in/itution ( prop]ty by :i* su* gangs ( 'manufactur+ slaves' z made ! =tune ( ,crassus1 c\ld alone be made pr(itable4 ,x is an hi/orical curiosity t x accompli%$ ?is result )\t any attack on ! in/itution ( slav]y itself4 ,z soon z ,*ri/ian doctr9es became widespread en\gh to produce important social results we f9d ,*ri/ian slave own]s manumitt+ _! slaves 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,x is no d]ogation to ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( human bro!rhood or to ! humanity ( ! ,*ri/ian slave own]s to m5tion ! fact t ! doctr9e ( ! s9fulness ( int]e/1 by t5d+ to make slav]y unpr(itable1 aid$ 9 ! process ( br++ to light ! real cont5t ( ! doctr9e ( human bro!rhood1 & ( mak+ ! humane practice ( manumission easi] by ! removal ( c]ta9 economic imp$im5ts4 ,9 ord] to und]/& prop]ly ! work+ ( ! prohibition ( int]e/ & its relation to manumission1 x is necess>y to c>ry ! analysis "o /ep f>!r to its ultimate physical basis1 :i* 0 ! condition+ factor ( actual practice & ev5tually ( !ory also4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! soil ( we/]n ,europe :i* 0 ! result ( anci5t me?ods ( agriculture1 toge!r ) ! ris+ /&>d ( liv+ & ! competition ( o!r m f]tile agricultural regions l ,egypt & ,nor? ,africa result$ 9 ! sub/itution ( ! latifundi = small l&hold+s4#bg ,z ! pressure cont9u$ ! latifundi 9 turn became economically unpr(itable "u =c$ labor 7slav]y7 & l>ge tracts ( l& 7 ab&on$4 ,9 ord] to put ?is l& "u agriculture aga9 ! *>ge ^u x _h to be r$uc$ by ! sub/itution ( 7relatively7 free associat$ labor1 ville9age or s]fdom4 ,b ?is *ange cut (f ! economic m>g9 ^u :i* ! /ructure ( anci5t civilization 0 built & is ! ultimate economic reason assignable = ! fall ( ,rome4 ,( c\rse ! collapse ( ! empire c\ld1 !oretically1 h be5 avoid$ _h ! ,romans ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ,a4,d4 be5 cont5t to live ! toilsome & frugal life ( ! ,romans ( ! e>ly republic4 ,b ?is 0 an utt] impossibility 9 practice4 ,?is sl[ly work+ & h>dly und]/ood decl9e 9 ! relative & actual ability ( anci5t agriculture to su/a9 ! weight impos$ ^u x1 enables u to see :y ! s9fulness ( int]e/ c\ld be /eadily indoctr9$ ev5 ?\gh /eadily evad$1 by ,*ri/ians f ! beg9n+1 :ile manumission 0 n taught at all 9 ! beg9n+ & only work$ up to ! dignity ( a pi\s action relatively late4#bh ,x also expla9s :y manumission ( h\sehold & p]sonal slaves prec$$ t ( agricultural slaves4 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ peculi>ly ,*ri/ian ab\t ?is lat] ph5om5on & ! op]ation ( o!r causes is disc]nable1 b x is important = our purpose to obs]ve t ,*ri/ian practice1 & ,*ri/ian !ory 9 prop]ty matt]s 9 ! long run1 foll[$ ! broad l9es ( ! und]ly+ economic evolution4#bi ,! application ( ?is to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ian mona/icism & to ! revival ( communi/ic !ories by ! lat] ,*ur* fa!rs lies at ! v outside limit ( our /udy b w be briefly t\*$ on aft] we h consid]$ ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! communi/ic prop]ty concept z !y appe> 9 ! e>li] fa!rs up to & includ+ ,t]tullian4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria #aec-bag ,a4,d4 has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian !ological writ] :o cle>ly exp\nds ! concept ( private prop]ty :i* has held sway )\t sub/antial *ange 9 ! ,*ur* until ! pres5t "t4 ,?is /atem5t does n apply to ! doctr9e ( receiv+ int]e/ on money4 ,9 respect to ?is doctr9e ,clem5t is 9 p]fect accord ) all o!r e>ly ,*ri/ians bo? be=e & aft] himself4 ,inde$ he specifically /ates t ! ,mosaic prohibition aga9/ tak+ int]e/ f "o's bro!r ext5ds 9 ! case ( a ,*ri/ian to all mank9d4 ,b 9 reg>d to all o!r prop]ty in/itutions ,clem5t's attitude is ess5tially t ( any mod]n ,*ri/ian ( g5]\s disposition4 ,9 all t ,clem5t has to say ab\t prop]ty1 & ! 'bulk' ( 8 'prop]ty passages' is z great z t ( all previ\s ,*ri/ian writ]s toge!r1 he speaks l a man on ! def5sive4 ,inde$ !re has come d[n to u no o!r ,*ri/ian writ+ e>li] ?an 8 "t :i* pres5ts 8 view1 ) ! dubi\s exception ( "s passages 9 ,h]mas4 ,! fact seems to be t :ile ,clem5t is und\bt$ly pres5t+ an apologetic = ! exi/+ practice 9 ! ,*ur* ( 8 day1 t practice 0 felt to be m or less op5 to attack 9 ! light ( c]ta9 scripture passages4 ,communism z an exi/5tial reality 0 gone by ! "t ( ,clem5t--:atev] may h be5 ! ext5t--probably a limit$ "o--to :i* x _h exi/$ 9 ! e>li] ages4 ,b :ile communism z a fact 0 dead1 communism z an idea or ideal ( ,*ri/ian economy 0 n dead4 ,inde$ ,clem5t's views ab\t ! morality ( weal? 7 s diff]5t f ^? ( previ\s writ]s t a great mod]n economi/#cj 9 treat+ ( ?is subject v5tures ! op9ion1 ?\gh d\btfully1 t ! reason :y ,clem5t1 alone among ! great e>ly !ologians1 0 nev] canoniz$ by ! ,*ur* 0 t he ran c\nt] to popul> belief on ?is subject4 ,?is op9ion is probably errone\s4 ,clem5t's !ological op9ions h a semi-,gno/ic t+e q suffici5t to expla9 ! abs5ce ( 8 "n f ! cal5d> ( sa9ts4 ,clem5t ju/ifies ! in/itution ( private prop]ty4 ,he ju/ifies1 on ! highe/ e?ical & philosophical pr9ciples1 ! possession by ,*ri/ians ( ev5 ! mo/ enorm\s weal?4 ,8 apologetic is n an orig9al "o4 ,he borr[s x bodily f ,plato4 ,inde$ he quotes ,plato v]batim1 invocation to ,pan & ! o!r hea!n gods includ$4#ca ,! orig9ality lies 9 apply+ ?is ,platonic doctr9e to ! exposition ( ,*ri/ian scripture4 ,clem5t's me?od is /rictly t ( ,biblical exegesis4 ,9 ! well kn[n s]mon or essay on3 ,:o is ! ,ri* ,man t %all be sav$ he takes up practically all ( ! scriptural passages :i* seem oppos$ to ! in/itutions ( private prop]ty & expla9s !m 9 s mod]n a _s t ! :ole s]mon might be deliv]$ today 9 any ord9>y ,*ur* & w\ld be readily accept$ z s\nd & reliable doctr9e4 ,8 !sis is t weal? or pov]ty are matt]s 9 !mselves indiff]5t4 ,t ri*es are n to be bodily gott5 rid (1 b are to be wisely cons]v$ & treat$ z a /ew>d%ip intru/$ to ! own] by ,god4 ,t *>ity to ! poor %\ld be 9 proportion to "o's weal? & t a "r use ( weal? w secure salvation to ! upright ,*ri/ian ev5 ?\gh he possesses great ri*es all 8 life & leaves !m to 8 heirs4 ,! weal? t is dang]\s to ! s\l is n physical possessions1 b spiritual qualities ( gre$ & av>ice4 ,8 views c be be/ express$ by himself4 ,we give two *>act]i/ic passages f ! s]mon above ref]r$ to4#cb ,ri* m5 t %all ) difficulty ent] into ! k+dom1 is to be appreh5d$ 9 a s*ol>ly way1 n awkw>dly1 or ru/ically1 or c>nally4 ,= if ! expression is us$ ?us1 salvation does n dep5d ^u ext]nal ?+s1 :e!r !y be _m or few1 small or great1 or illu/ri\s or obscure or e/eem$ or dise/eem$2 b on ! virtue ( ! s\l1 on fai? & hope & love & bro!rl9ess1 & k1 & meekness & humility & tru? ! rew>d ( :i* is salvation4 ,sell ?y possessions4 ,:at is ?is8 ,he does n1 z "s (f h& conceive1 bid him ?r[ away ! sub/ance he possesses & ab&on 8 prop]ty2 b he bids him bani% f 8 s\l 8 notions ab\t weal?1 8 excitem5t & morbid feel+ ab\t x1 ! anxieties1 :i* are ! ?orns ( exi/5ce :i* *oke ! se$ ( life4 ,& :at peculi> ?+ is x t ! new creature1 ! ,son ( ,god intimates & tea*es8 ,x is n ! outw>d act :i* o!rs h done1 b some?+ else indicat$ by x1 great]1 m godlike1 m p]fect1 ! /ripp+ (f ( ! passions f ! s\l itself & f ! disposition1 & ! cutt+ up by ! roots & ca/+ out ( :at is ali5 to ! m9d4 ,"o1 aft] ridd+ himself ( ! burd5 ( weal?1 may none ! less h /ill ! lu/ & desire = money innate & liv+2 & may h ab&on$ ! use ( x1 b be+ at once de/itute ( & desir+ :at he sp5t may d\bly grieve bo? on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( att5dance & ! pres5ce ( regret4#cc ,we h n[ come to ! beg9n+ ( :at is 9 _m respects ! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( prop]ty concepts4 ,x is a p]iod 9 :i* ev]y?+ is upside d[n & wrong end to4 ,9 t /range age we f9d a fam\s ar*bi%op1 "o ( ! _w's noble/ orators1 a man ( ! mo/ spotless integrity & ! mo/ sa9tly life1 publicly prea*+ 9 ! =emo/ pulpit ( ,*ri/5dom doctr9es ( prop]ty1 ! implications ( :i*1 ! mo/ h>d5$ crim9al w\ld sc>cely v5ture to brea! to a gang ( ?ieves4#cd ,we f9d ! mo/ le>n$ s*ol> ( ! c5tury1 9 ! weightie/ expositions ( ,*ri/ian ,scripture1 p5n+ ! mo/ p[]ful apologetic ( an>*y t is to be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w4#ce ,we f9d "o ( ! greate/ ( ! popes1 a man ^: g5ius z a /atesman w g d[n to ! late/ ages ( hi/ory1 sett+ =? 9 a manual = ! in/ruction ( ,*ri/ian bi%ops1 prop]ty concepts m radical ?an ^? ( ! fi]ce/ ,jacob9s 9 ! bloodie/ p]iod ( ! ,t]ror4#cf ,/rang] /ill1 ^! incr$ible p]=mances are ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! wisdom & piety ( ! m5 responsible = !m4 ,^! m5 are today honor$ z ! saviors ( civiliz$ religion & _! images 9 bronze & m>ble & pa9t$ glass adorn ! pr\de/ temples ( ! mo/ cons]vative d5om9ations ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! /range hi/ory ( ^! fam\s m53 ,a?anasius1 ! two ,gregories1 ,basil & ,*ryso/om 9 ! ,ea/2 ,augu/9e1 ,ambrose1 ,j]ome & ,gregory 9 ! ,we/1 lies outside ! limits ( our /udy4 ,b ! explanation ( _! desp]ate & uncompromis+ communism c be giv5 9 a ^w4 ,x 0 ! communism ( crisis3 ! communism ( %ipwreck$ sailors =c$ to tru/ _! lives to a frail lifeboat ) an insuffici5t supply ( provisions4 ,^! great ,*ri/ian s*ol>s1 enri*$ by all ! accumulat$ culture ( _! civilization1 saw t culture fall+ into ru9 all ar\nd !m2 !y felt ! f\ndations ( t civilization trembl+ b5ea? _! feet4 ,to v>y ! figure1 !y beheld ! ris+ tide ( ignorance & b>b>ism rapidly engulf+ ! _w & ) desp]ate ha/e !y set to "w rebuild+ & /r5g!n+ ! ark ( ! ,*ur* t 9 x1 religion1 & s mu* ( civilization z possible1 might be sav$ till ! flood subsid$4 ,_! task1 p]haps ! mo/ important & mo/ urg5t1 t m5 h ev] _h to p]=m1 0 ( su* a nature t !y c>$ n :at !y wreck$ 9 ord] to accompli% x4 ,!y ripp$ up ! floor ( ! bridal *amb] = timb] & took ! doors ( ! bank-safe = iron4 ,^! rhetorical figures are viol5t2 b !y are less viol5t ?an ! reality !y are int5d$ to express4 ,mona/icism 0 ! la/ desp]ate hope ( civiliz$ ,*ri/ianity & ^! m5 knew x4 ,to e/abli% mona/icism !y degrad$ ! sanctity ( m>riage & d5\nc$ ! sacr$ness ( prop]ty4 ,!y conf]r$ ! mo/ sacr$ honors ^u ! l[lie/ drudg]y2#cg !y turn$ pr9ces into pl[m5 & nobles into break]s ( ! soil4 ,"s hi/orians1 judg+ !m by ! diff]5t /&>ds ( a lat] age1 h pron\nc$ !m fanatics l$ a/ray by vulg> sup]/ition4 ,b judg$ by ! ne$s ( _! own age1 judg$ by ! ine/imable s]vices r5d]$ to ! _w by ! mona/ic sy/em !y in/itut$1 !y are entitl$ to a place f> up 9 ! li/ ( ! wise/ & ! able/ ( ! human k9d4 ,sket*y & imp]fect z ! above /udy necess>ily is1 x nev]!less gives ! prim>y facts :i* are ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ! important "p play$ by prop]ty concepts & prop]ty in/itutions 9 ! trans=mation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity f a pr$om9antly es*atological to a practically socializ$ movem5t4 ,we h se51#ch t ! e>lie/ g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians took ov] f contempor>y ,judaism a /rongly ,*ilia/ic es*atology4 ,! logical consequ5ce ( su* an es*atology is an indiff]5ce to1 or und]valuation (1 ! exi/+ social arrangem5ts includ+ ! prop]ty concepts & in/itutions4 ,"o =m easily tak5 by ?is indiff]5ce & und]valuation is t ( practical communism4 ,we accord+ly f9d 9 ! ,acts & 9 su* e>ly writ+s z ! ,dida*e & ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas a di/9ctly communi/ic !ory & ! traces ( m or less ef=t to put ?is !ory into "s degree ( practical effect4 ,*iliasm & communism 9 ^! writ]s g toge!r naturally4 ,p>i passu ) ?is logical1 communi/ic ,*iliasm we c trace ! developm5t ( an illogical1 individuali/ic ,*iliasm 9 ,/4 ,paul1 ,clem5t ( ,rome & ,h]mas4 ,x is already manife/ ev5 at ?is e>ly /age1 t ! weight ( influ5ce & p[] ( control 9 ! ,*ri/ian societies is on ! side ( ! individuali/s4 ,?is is due to two causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! communi/s among ! ,*ri/ians work$ "u a great h&icap4 ,! und]ly+ economic in/itutions ( society c inde$ be *ang$4 ,b !y c be *ang$--on any consid]able scale--only v sl[ly & by enorm\s ef=t4 ,at any attempt to *ange !m a ?\s& int]e/$ & det]m9$ antagoni/s at once arise4 ,x is n too mu* to say t _h all ,*ri/ians insi/$ ^u communism z an ess5tial elem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & practice1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,roman _w c\ld nev] h develop$ into any?+ m ?an an unimportant sect4 ,! v fact t ,*ri/ianity spread z rapidly z x did 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( its exi/5ce is pro( t ! communi/s 9 ! ,*ur* made v little headway4 ,x 0 h>d en\gh to combat pagan religion & philosophy4 ,_h ! prop]ty in/itutions be5 attack$ also1 ! prim>y religi\s objects w\ld h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! conflict4 ,9 ! second place ! m practical m9d$ ,*ri/ian lead]s w\ld be antagoni/ic to a doctr9e & practice :i* ali5at$ _m p]sons :o might o!rwise be won to ! ,*ur*1 & practically m9d$ p]sons outside ! ,*ur* reg>d$ ! individuali/s ) m favor & 7 m easily influ5c$ by !m to become ,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,! e>ly importance atta9$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome is to be l>gely ascrib$ to ! pr$om9ance 9 its c\ncils ( su* practical p]sons4#ci ,communism _h no hold !re at all & ,*iliasm 0 nev] all[$ to int]f]e ) ! practical work+s ( society4 ,by ! "t ( ,ju/9 ! ?ree concepts2 ,*iliasm1 ,communism1 & ,individualism _h arriv$ at a modus viv5di4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ,*iliasm & ,communism held sway z !ories :ile individualism rul$ 9 ! _w ( fact4 ,?is agreem5t prov$ v satisfactory & = m ?an half a c5tury 0 ! accept$ ?+4 ,x is se5 9 full =ce 9 ,t]tullian4 ,!re is a g5]al t5d5cy1 due to ! natural effects ( use & disuse1 = !ories :i* d n correspond to realities to become discr$it$1 ev5 z !ories4 ,conv]sely realities :i* at fir/ lack !oretical ju/ification t5d to accumulate su* ju/ification ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to f9d by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,?ird ,c5tury1 a movem5t to disc>d !oretical ,*iliasm & communism & to validate by !oretical apologetic ! actually exi/+ individualism4 ,^! two processes 9 ! nature ( ! case are closely connect$ ) "o ano!r & x is n by m]e *ance t !y f9d a common expon5t 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,t fam\s oppon5t ( ,*iliasm is equally well kn[n z ! ju/ifi] ( an extreme individualism4 ,he greatly facilitat$ ! spread ( ,*ri/ian !ology by lib]at+ x f ! burd5 ( an es*atological !ory increas+ly h>d to reconcile ) reality & also by br++ ! economic tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity into con=mity ) curr5t practice4 ,z not$ above1 !re 0 "o economic doctr9e :i* nei!r he nor any o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*] ev] attempt$ to reconcile ) ! facts1 & x is und\bt$ly true t ! doctr9e ( ! s9fulness ( int]e/ 0 alike detrim5tal to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity & to ! g5]al well be+ ( society z x !n exi/$4 ,! reasons :y ?is p>ticul> reality i4e41 int]e/ on money1 0 s sl[ 9 receiv+ its !oretical ju/ification are num]\s4 ,! only ones t ne$ conc]n u "h are t ! opposition to be ov]come 9 ?is case 0 mu* m =midable ?an 9 ! cases ( ,*iliasm & communism & ! fact t ?is inconsi/5cy on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ians did n 9 reality (f] any v s]i\s ob/acle to ! gr[? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,communism _h no great body ( ,biblical au?ority at its back4 ,!re are inde$ "s texts 9 its favor b !re are pl5ty ( an opposite nature4 ,! doctr9e _h no great popul> prejudice 9 its favor4 ,9 addition x 0 insup]ably difficult ( realization 9 fact4 ,x 0 o!rwise ) int]e/4 ,! !oretical prejudice aga9/ int]e/ 0 almo/ z great among ! ,jews & ,pagans z among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,! ,scriptures 7 unequivocal 9 _! d5unciation ( x4 ,fur!rmore ! correlative in/itutions ( r5t & pr(it (f]$ s _m opportunities to disguise ! fact ( int]e/ t x 0 exce$+ly easy to reta9 ! !oretical opposition )\t ceas+ ! actual practice4 ,al?\gh ,clem5t's condemnation ( int]e/ 0 probably m]ely an inh]it$ prejudice x is by no means impossible t he consid]$ t an attempt to ju/ify x w\ld endang] 8 def5se ( ! m fundam5tal in/itution ( private prop]ty4 ,at any rate 8 c\rse c be def5d$ z a practical "o "u ! circum/ances4 ,:atev] may be said ( its consi/5cy1 ! ,*ri/ian cu/om ( condemn+ ! !ory & w9k+ at ! practice ( int]e/ work$ well4 ,! inconsi/5cy :i* seems s gl>+ to u1 0 probably v l>gely unp]ceiv$ by ! anci5t pagans--!y _h exactly ! same inconsi/5cy !mselves4 ,9 reg>d to ,*iliasm & prop]ty1 practically ! same attitude prevail$4 ,x work$ inde$ ev5 m easily4 ,9 ! ,we/ !re seems to h be5 a consid]able ,*ilia/ic tradition4 ,s long z ?is tradition did n result 9 any practices :i* int]f]$ ) ! actual progress ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,fa!rs 7 cont5t to let x alone4 ,x did n1 till at lea/ ! ,?ird ,c5tury1 h9d] ! acceptance ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e by ! pagans & may ev5 h aid$ ! process among "s ( ! l[] classes4 ,its long survival c be tak5 z sure pro( t x did n effect ei!r ! developm5t ( ! hi]>*y or ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,z reg>ds prop]ty ( man 9 man1 ! sup]ior p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion to keep slaves 9 subjection acc\nts 9 no small measure = its relatively rapid rise to p[] 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! pagan religion 0 inf]ior 9 usefulness to ! ,*ri/ian religion because x c\ld n keep ! slave cont5t$ ) 8 position4 ,! next _w 9 ! pagan !ology 0 only a worse copy ( ?is _w4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 gl>+ contra/ to paganism1 proclaim$ t ! despis$ & afflict$ 7 to sit on gold5 ?rones 9 ! next life4 ,! m !y 7 exploit$ 9 ?is life1 ! bright] _! cr[n 9 ! next "o4 ,! pagan slave 0 dang]\s4 ,! :ole pre-,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ,classical antiquity %[s ! ev] pres5t fe> ( a s]vile outbreak4 ,!re 7 good gr\nds = t fe>4 ,outbreaks 7 frequ5t & ( a mo/ f]oci\s "*4 ,on m ?an "o occasion !y ?reat5$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! anci5t civilization4 ,*ri/ianity 0 able to make ! slave cont5t$ to be a slave4 ,x 0 economically an enorm\s advance ov] paganism4 ,a ma/] ^: slaves 7 ,*ri/ians 0 n afraid ( be+ murd]$ by !m4 ,n only 0 ! ma/]'s life secure1 8 prop]ty 0 secure also4 ,! pagan slaves 7 notori\s ?ieves4 ,! ,*ri/ian slave did n rob 8 ma/]4 ,^! facts gave ,*ri/ianity an enorm\s lev]age 9 its ef=ts to =ce its way into social recognition4 ,x w5t f> t[>d secur+ a favorable disposition t[>d ! new religion on ! "p ( ! influ5tial1 weal?y1 & cons]vative elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,into ! g5]al economic *anges :i* began to op]ate t[>d ! end ( our p]iod x is n our purpose to ent]1 b x is wor? notice t ! ef=ts made by ! ,*ur* to save itself 9 ! g5]al ru9 :i* ov]took ! anci5t _w1 *iefly ! in/itution ( mona/icism1 7 su* z to secure m firmly ?an ev] ! hold ( ! ,*ur* ^u society4 ,! ,*ur* rapidly became an economic factor ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! only secure basis ( la/+ social influ5ce is economic4 ,*ri/ianity by tea*+ ! virtues ( hone/y1 frugality1 simplicity1 & *>ity laid ! f\ndations ( h] subsequ5t triumph1 & :5 %e _h great societies ( m5 & wom5 work+ h>d & liv+ pla9ly & add+ all _! accumulations to in/itutions belong+ to ! ,*ur* & directly "u ! sup]vision & control ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ! ,*ur* pav$ ! way = h] subsequ5t dom9ation ( ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,mona/ic communism1 be+ economically sup]ior to ,*ilia/ic ,communism1 inevitably sup]s$$ x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cf4 ,plato1 ,laws1 ,v1 #gdb4 ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 #a3,x1 ,,xi4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficus1 ,,ii1 ,,xxv4 ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5eficus1 ,,vii1 ,x4 #b ,acts ,,iv4 #c ,i4 ,cor4 vii #cj4 #d ,rom4 xiii #c4 #e ,jas4 ,*ap4 ,v4 #f ,*aps4 #ba-bb4 #g ,*ap4 xxxviii4 #h ,did4 ,,iv4 #h4 #i ,b>n4 ,,xiv4 #af4 #aj ,s*aff1 ,vol4 #a4 #aa ,pa/4 ,v4 vi4 #f4 #ab ,pa/4 ,s4 ,,ix4 ,,xxx4 #e4 #ac ,pa/ ,,iii4 #b4 #ad ,apol4 ,i4 ,,iv4 #ae ,apol4 ,i4 xiv4 #af ,de ,mort4 ,p]4 ,,xiv4 #ag ,apol4 ,,xxxix4 #ah ,eus41 ,e4 ,h41 ,v4 #ah4 #ai ,de ,lapsis1 ,,vi4 #bj ,see ,pron\ncem5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,p5it5ti>y1 #aa ,feb41 #ahcb4 #ba ,sir ,james ,mac9to%4 #bb ,civil ,disabilities ( ! ,jews4 #bc ,l\rie1 ,monum5ts ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #bd ,l\rie1 ibid4 #be ,cf4 ,hypolytus4 #bf ,a4 ,loria4 ,cf4 ,economic ,basis ( ,society4 7,int47 #bg ,cf4 ,a4 ,loria1 ,economic ,f\ndations ( ,society4 7,int47 #bh ,circa #bjj7874 #bi ,cf4 ,k4 ,m>x1 ,das ,kapital1 ,vol4 #a4 #cj ,f4 ,nitti 9 ,ca?olic ,socialism4 #ca ,pha$us1 ,! ,laws1 9 ,/rom4 ,,ii1 #f4 #cb ,*ap4 ,,xiv4 #cc ,*ap4 ,,xxxi4 #cd ,*ryso/om1 ,s]mons ,ri* ,man & ,laz>us1 etc4 #ce ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>ies4 #cf ,gregory1 ,pa/oralis ,cura4 #cg ,labor>e e/ or>e4 #ch ,*ap4 ,i4 #ci ,e4g41 ,clem5t & ,h]mas4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,populace ,! trans=mation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity f an es*atological to a socializ$ movem5t 0 ! result ( ! int]action ( ?ree social gr\ps--?ree 'publics'--! ,jewi%1 ! ,pagan1 & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x 0 a s+le movem5t1 work+ itself out ?r\gh ^! ?ree 'cr[ds'4 ,*ri/ianity1 l all o!r great religions1 0 9 its fir/ beg9n+s ess5tially a mob ph5om5on--t is to say x 0 a v sl[ movem5t :i* _h a long hi/ory back ( x4 ,p]haps no curr5t op9ion is m unf\nd$ ?an ! notion t mob movem5ts are sudd5 & unpr$ictable4 ,!y are almo/ incr$ibly sl[ ( developm5t4 ,! range ( action f\nd 9 ! mob is m n>r[ly & rigidly circumscrib$ ?an 9 almo/ any o!r social gr\p4 ,a cr[d is op5 to sugge/ions t are 9 l9e ) its previ\s exp]i5ce1 & to no o!rs4 ,! initial success ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,jewi% cr[ds 0 only possible because = g5]ations ! :ole ,jewi% public _h be5 look+ =w>d to a ,messiah & a ,messianic k+dom4 ,9 s f> z ,*ri/ appe>$ to fulfill ?is preconceiv$ expectation he ga9$ popul> support4 ,:5 he disappo9t$ x1 he lo/ 8 popul>ity & 8 life4 ,! e>ly & enorm\s success ( ! apo/les on ! day ( ,p5teco/ & imm$iately aft]w>ds 0 due prim>ily to ! fact t ! ,*ilia/ic expectation prea*$ to ! ,j]usalem cr[ds 0 v closely 9 l9e ) _! inh]it$ beliefs4 ,z soon z ,*ri/ianity began to develop doctr9es & practices ev5 slightly at v>iance ) ^? traditional to ,judaism x lo/ ! support ( ! ,jewi% public4 ,beg9n+ z a /rictly ,jewi% sect1 x ali5at$ practically ! :ole ,jewi% race )9 little m ?an a g5]ation4 ,?is ali5ation 0 ! inevitable effect ( an idea ( univ]salism oppos$ to ! h]$it>y ,jewi% nationalism4 ,?is idea ( univ]salism 0 n a new ?+4 ,x 0 to be f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% scriptures4 ,b x _h nev] become popul>iz$4 ,x =m$ no "p ( ! cont5t ( contempor>y public op9ion among ! ,jews4 ,*ri/ianity met ) success 9 ! great cosmopolitan c5t]s1 l ,antio* & ,alex&ria1 :]e univ]salism 0 a tradition & _h become a "p ( ! cr[d s5tim5t4 ,x succe$$ be/ ( all 9 ,rome :]e univ]salism rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,yet ev5 "h a limitation is to be not$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 univ]sal 9 its will+ness to receive p ( all races & nations4 ,x 0 n univ]sal 9 its will+ness to ackn[l$ge ! validity ( o!r religions4 ,?is v>iation f ! traditional ,greek & ,roman univ]salism _h mom5t\s results4 ,x made ! propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gospel mu* m difficult & involv$ ! *ur*1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 9 ! curr5t syncretism :i* 0 a popul> movem5t4 ,s e4g41 we f9d ,ju/9 call+ ,socrates a ,*ri/ian & ass]t+ t ! /ories ( ,noah & ,deucalion are m]ely v]sions ( ! same ev5t4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( cr[d psy*ology are famili> en\gh4 ,cr[ds d n reason4 ,!y accept or reject ideas z a :ole4 ,!y are gov]n$ by phrases1 symbols1 & %ibbole?s4 ,!y tol]ate nei!r discussion nor contradiction4 ,! sugge/ions br\ght to be> on !m invade ! :ole ( _! und]/&+ & t5d to trans=m !mselves into acts4 ,cr[ds ent]ta9 only viol5t & extreme s5tim5ts & !y unconsci\sly accord a my/]i\s p[] to ! =mula or lead] t = ! mom5t ar\ses _! en?usiasm4 ,any movem5t 9 ord] to become popul>1 9 ord] to 'get ov]' to ! g5]al public1 has to op]ate )9 ! limits set by ?is psy*ology4 ,! am\nt ( *ange1 adaptation1 & developm5t necess>y be=e a movem5t c fit into ^! limitations & express itself p[]fully )9 !m is s consid]able t no hi/orical example c probably be f\nd :]e ! requir$ accommodation has be5 accompli%$ 9 less ?an ?ree g5]ations4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to trace1 s f> z ! surviv+ s\rce mat]ial p]mits1 ! /eps ( ?is accommodation 9 ! case ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,= "s "t be=e ,*ri/ ! ,jewi% p _h be5 re/less4 ,_! desires & aspirations = national & religi\s greatness _h be5 repress$ & inhibit$4 ,! unre/ ?us g5]at$ took v>i\s =ms2 patriotic upris+s1 religi\s revivals1 etc4 ,*ri/ 0 at fir/ consid]$ m]ely z ano!r ,!udas or ,judas ( ,galilee or ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! pagan _w ! pax ,romana produc$ a some:at simil> re/lessness4 ,travel increas$2 w&]+1 mu* ( x aimless1 *>act]iz$ :ole classes ( p2#a !re 0 a m>k$ increase 9 crime1 vice1 insanity1 & suicide :i* al>m$ all ! morali/s4 ,?is condition ( affairs 0 em95tly suitable = ! fir/ beg9n+s ( a cr[d movem5t2 inde$ no great cr[d movem5t c beg9 except "u su* circum/ances4 ,! w&]+s ( ,/4 ,paul & ! o!r ,*ri/ians apo/les--call$ mission>y j\rneys--7 really only p>ticul> cases ( a g5]al condition4 ,! same organic dem& = new /imulation1 ! same s5se ( %att]$ religi\s & philosophic ideals prevail$ 9 ! pagan z 9 ! ,jewi% _w4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a great] contra/ ( "* ?an ,*ri/ & ,lucian4 ,yet ! fi]y e>ne/ness ) :i* ,*ri/ d5\nces contempor>y ,jewi% religiosity & ! cool cynicism ) :i* ,lucian mocks at ! pagan piety ( ! same age h a l cause4 ,economic pressure on ! l[] /rata ( society contribut$ to ! unre/4 ,! slave1 ! small %opkeep]1 & ! free artisan _h a h>d "t ( x 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,economically oppress$ classes are mat]ial ready to ! h& ( ! agitator1 religi\s or o!r4 ,9 ! cr[d movem5ts record$ 9 ! ,acts we c trace ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ,*ri/ian populace4#b ,9 ,iconium a great multitude bo? ( ,jews & ( ,greeks believ$ b ! ,jews t 7 disob$i5t /irr$ up ! s\ls ( ! ,g5tiles & made !m evil affect$ aga9/ ! bre?r54 ,b ! multitude ( ! city 0 divid$ & "p held ) ! ,jews & "p ) ! apo/les4 ,at ,lytra !re 0 a typical case ( mob action :]e ! apo/les 7 fir/ wor%ipp$ & !n /on$4 ,9 ! cases ( ! mobs at ,philippi & ,ephesus we see ! economic motive1 ! ?reat5$ loss ( livelihood1 ent]+ along ) ang] at an attack on ! receiv$ religion4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,j]usalem & ,a!nian cr[ds we see acceptance1 or at lea/ acquiesc5ce1 on ! "p ( ! cr[d up to ! po9t :]e ,*ri/ianity breaks ) _! tradition4 ,9 g5]al we see ang] on ! "p ( ! cr[ds only aft] agitation delib]ately /irr$ up by int]e/$ p>ties2 prie/s1 sorc]]s1 craftsm5 or ! l4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! antipa?y is no "p ( ! cr[d psy*ology1 & on occasion ! cr[d may be on ! side ( ! mission>ies ( ! new religion4 ,9 g5]al also ! ,*ri/ians 7 n suffici5tly num]\s to make a c\nt] cr[d demon/ration ( _! own4 ,9 ,pl9y's lett] to ,trojan1 al?\gh x is a g5]ation lat] ?an ! ,acts & ref]s to a region :]e ,*ri/ianity _h be5 prea*$ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 we f9d a m>k$ in/ability 9 ! attitude ( ! public3 ,_m ( e age1 e rank & ev5 ( bo? sexes are br\ght into dang] & w be 9 ! future4 ,! contagion ( t sup]/ition has p5etrat$ n only ! cities b also ! villages & c\ntry places & yet x seems possible to /op x & set x "r4 ,at any rate x is c]ta9 en\gh t ! temples des]t$ until q rec5tly beg9 to be frequ5t$1 t ! c]emonies ( religion1 long disus$1 are re/or$ & t fodd] = ! victims comes to m>ket1 :]eas buy]s = x 7 until n[ v few4 ,f ?is x may easily be suppos$ t a multitude ( m5 c be reclaim$ if !re be a place ( rep5t5ce4#c ,!re seems no reasonable gr\nd = d\bt+ t ,pl9y's judgm5t 0 correct4 ,:ile ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is d\btless ! se$ ( ! *ur*1 a cont9u\s1 g5]al1 & rel5tless p]secution c extirpate a religion 9 a giv5 nation2 z ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition abundantly proves4 ,/ill m easily c propag&a = ! old] religion w9 back its =m] adh]5ts ( ! fir/ & second g5]ations4 ,x is n1 9 g5]al1 till a g5]ation has gr[n up entirely inside a new religion t su* a religion is well e/abli%$4 ,! g5]ation :i* at maturity makes ! rupture ) ! old] fai? c be br\ght back to x by less exp5diture ( en]gy ?an 0 exp5d$ by !m 9 break+ away 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! success ( ! ,jesuits e4g41 is q inexplicable on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! g5]ation :o are *ildr5 at ! "t _! p>5ts make ! break ) ! old religion are notori\sly undep5dable 9 ! religi\s matt]s4 ,x 0 9 all probability ^! p t ,pl9y _h to deal )4 ,x is at lea/ p]missable to haz>d ! guess t ! ,laodiceans :o ar\s$ ! wra? ( ! au?or ( ! ,revelation 7 ( ?is g5]ation4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! ',lapsi' :o caus$ s mu* tr\ble to ,*ri/ian apologi/s & *ur* c\ncils belong$ 9 ?is *ronological class4 ,9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr we h a h9t ( a fur!r developm5t 9 ! cr[d attitude t[>d ! ,*ri/ians4 ,ju/9 says3 ,:5 y 7,jews7 knew t ,he _h ris5 f ! dead & asc5d$ to heav5 z ! prophets =etold ,he w\ld1 y n only did n rep5t ( ! wick$ness y _h committ$1 b at t "t y select$ & s5t out f ,j]usalem *os5 m5 ?r\gh all ! l& to tell t ! godless h]esy ( ! ,*ri/ians _h sprung up & to publi% ^? ?+s :i* all !y1 :o knew u n1 speak aga9/ u4 ,s t y are ! cause n only ( y\r own unrighte\sness b t ( all o!r m54#d ,irrespective ( ! exact hi/orical accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 x is indicative ( ! process1 te*nically kn[n z 'circul> int]action1' :i* is s ess5tial a /ep 9 ! developm5t ( popul> op9ion & ! build+ up ( cr[d s5tim5t4 ,be=e any gr\p ( p c become ei!r popul> or unpopul> !re mu/ be a focus+ & fixation ( public att5tion ^u !m4 ,ev5 9 ! new ,te/am5t we f9d ! ,jews s5d+ emiss>ies f city to city to call att5tion to ! ,*ri/ian propag&a4 ,prejudice aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 0 ?us ar\s$ 9 p]sons :o _h nev] ei!r se5 or he>d !m4 ,! basis ( 'circul> int]action' is unconsci\s or subconsci\s emotional reaction4 ,a's fr[n br+s a fr[n to ! face ( ,b4 ,b's fr[n 9 turn int5sifies ,a's4 ,?is simple process is ! s\rce ( all expressions ( cr[d emotion4 ,by multiplication ( numb]s & increase 9 ! /imuli employ$ x is capable ( provok+ a vici\s circle ( feel+ :i* ev5tually causes individuals 9 a cr[d to d ?+s & feel ?+s :i* no individual 9 ! cr[d w\ld d or feel :5 outside ! circle4 ,x is to ! cr$it or discr$it ( ! ,jews t !y fir/ set ?is 'vici\s circle' 9 op]ation aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,( c\rse ! same psy*ological pr9ciple op]at$ to produce zeal & en?usiasm & contempt ( pa9 & dea? 9 ! ,*ri/ian 'cr[d'4 ,by ?is process ( 'circul> int]action' ! "n1 ',*ri/ian1' _h already 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9 become a mob %ibbole?4 ,x seems to h op]at$ precisely z ! %ibbole? 'traitor' op]ates on a patriotic cr[d 9 w> "t1 or 'scab' on a labor gr\p4 ,x became a %ibbole? ( exactly opposite significance 9 ! ,*ri/ian 'cr[d'4 ,! way 0 ?us prep>$ = ! next /ep 9 ! process ( develop+ ! ultimate crisis4 ,?is /ep--! disp>ate 'univ]se ( disc\rse'--is exhibit$ 9 process ( =mation 9 ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,! acc\nt1 z we h x1 und\bt$ly conta9s lat] additions1 b ^! additions ev5 ( miracul\s elem5ts1 d n necess>ily invalidate ^? portions ( ! /ory ) :i* we are alone conc]n$4 ,! m>tyrologi/ c]ta9ly _h no int5tion ( writ+ 8 /ory = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! pr9ciples ( gr\p psy*ology & ! undesign$ & incid5tal /atem5ts ( cr[d reactions are precisely ! ones ( value = our purpose4 ,a few brief exc]pts are suffici5t to illu/rate ! /age rea*$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! disp>ate 'univ]se ( disc\rse4' ,! :ole multitude1 m>vell+ at ! nobility ( m9d display$ by ! dev\t & godly race ( ,*ri/ians cri$ out3 ,away ) ! ,a!i/s3 let ,polyc>p be s\ght out4#e ,he w5t eag]ly =w>d ) all ha/e & 0 conduct$ to ! ,/adium :]e ! tumult 0 s great t !re 0 no possibility ( be+ he>d4#f ,polyc>p has confess$ t he is ,*ri/ian4 ,?is proclamation hav+ be5 made by ! h]ald1 ! :ole multitude bo? ( ! hea!n & ,jews :o dwelt 9 ,smyrna cri$ out ) uncontrollable fury & 9 a l\d voice3 ,?is is ! tea*] ( ,asia1 ! fa!r ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! ov]?r[] ( our gods1 he :o has be5 tea*+ _m n to sacrifice or to wor%ip ! gods4 ,speak+ ?us !y cri$ out & bes\ght ,phillip1 ! ,asi>*1 to let loose a lion ^u ,polyc>p4 ,b ,philip answ]$ t x 0 n lawful = him to d s see+ ! %[s ( bea/s 7 already f9i%$4 ,!n x seem$ good to !m to cry out ) "o voice t ,polyc>p %\ld be burn$ alive4#g ,?is !n 0 c>ri$ into effect ) great] spe$ ?an x 0 spok51 ! multitude imm$iately ga!r+ toge!r wood & fagots out ( ! %ops & ba?s1 ! ,jews especially1 accord+ to cu/om eag]ly assi/+ !m 9 x4#h ,we aft]w>ds took up 8 bones1 z be+ m preci\s ?an ! mo/ exquisite jewels & m purifi$ ?an gold & deposit$ !m 9 a fitt+ place1 :i!r1 be+ ga!r$ toge!r z opportunity is all[$ u1 ) joy & rejoic+ ! ,"l %all grant u to celebrate ! anniv]s>y ( 8 m>tyrdom bo? 9 memory ( ^? :o h already f9i%$ _! c\rse & = ! ex]cis+ & prep>ation ( ^? yet to walk 9 _! /eps4#i ,9 ! disp>ate univ]se ( disc\rse 9 its complete =m common %ibbole?s produce entirely diff]5t m5tal reactions--usually antagoni/ic ones4 ,!re is also complete accord z to ! %ibbole?s4 ,! cry "h is at "o "t aga9/ ! ,a!i/s1 !n aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians c\ld & did d5y ! *>ge ( ,a!ism4 ,!y 7 z antagoni/ic to ,a!ism z ! ,pagans4 ,an incomplete developm5t ( cr[d feel+ is evid5t on ! "p ( ! pagans4 ,! ,jews are /ill ! incit]s & lead+ spirits ( ! mob4 ,! v /atem5t t ! ,jews act$ 'accord+ to cu/om' %[s t mobb+ ,*ri/ians 0 /ill look$ ^u z a peculi>ly ,jewi% trait4 ,x 0 n yet entirely spontane\s on ! "p ( ! pagan public4 ,mo/ noticeable ( all is ! indiff]5ce ( ! mob t[>d ! ,*ri/ians' adoration ( relics ( ! m>tyrs4 ,no ef=t 0 made to prev5t ! ,*ri/ians f obta9+ ! bones ( ,polyc>p4 ,ei!r ! cult ( relics 0 n kn[n to ! pagans & ,jews--?\gh x seems to be firmly e/abli%$ among ! ,*ri/ians--or else1 ! effect ( ! cult 9 p]petuat+ ,*ri/ianity _h n yet _h "t to make itself manife/ to ! pagan public--or to ! ,jewi%4 ,9 any case we h "h ! pla9 evid5ce ( ! imp]fectly develop$ condition ( ! cr[d m9d1 ow+ p]haps to a too %ort tradition4 ,our next evid5ce is ! m>tyrdoms ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne pres]v$ 9 a lett] quot$ by ,eusebius4 ,!y 7! ,*ri/ians7 endur$ nobly ! injuries inflict$ ^u !m by ! populace1 clamor & bl[s & dragg+s & robb]ies & /on+s & imprisonm5ts & all ?+s :i* an infuriat$ mob delight 9 inflict+ on enemies & adv]s>ies4#aj ,:5 ^! accusations 7 report$ all ! p rag$ l wild bea/s aga9/ u1 s t ev5 if any _h be=e be5 mod]ate on acc\nt ( fri5d%ip1 !y 7 n[ exce$+ly furi\s & gna%$ _! tee? aga9/ u4 ,:5 he 7,bi%op ,po?9us7 0 br\ght to ! tribunal accompani$ by a multitude :o %\t$ aga9/ him 9 e mann] z if he 7 ,*ri/ himself1 he bore noble witness4 ,!n he 0 dragg$ away h>%ly & receiv$ bl[s ( e k9d4 ,^? m5 ne> him /ruck him ) _! h&s & feet1 reg>dless ( 8 age1 & ^? at a di/ance hurl$ at him :atev] !y c\ld seize1 all ( !m ?9k+ t !y w\ld be guilty ( great wick$ness & impiety if any possible abuse 7 omitt$4 ,= ?us !y ?\ght to av5ge _! own deities4#aa ,b n ev5 ?us 0 _! madness & cruelty t[>d ! sa9ts satisfi$4 ,wild & b>b>\s tribes 7 n easily appeas$ & _! viol5ce f\nd ano!r peculi> opportunity 9 ! dead bodies4 ,= !y ca/ to ! dogs ^? :o _h di$ ( suffocation 9 ! prison & !y expos$ ! rema9s left by ! wild bea/s & by fire mangl$ & *>r$4 ,& "s gna%$ _! tee? aga9/ !m1 b o!rs mock$ at !m4 ,! bodies ( ! m>tyrs hav+ ?us 9 e mann] be5 expos$ = six days 7 aft]w>ds burn$ & r$uc$ to a%es & swept into ! ,rhone s t no trace ( !m might appe> on ! e>?4 ,& ?is !y did z if able to conqu] ,god & prev5t _! new bir?2 't'1 z !y said1 '!y may h no hope ( a resurrection ?r\gh tru/ 9 :i* !y br+ to u ?is =eign & new religion4' #ab ,we h 9 ?is acc\nt a m>k$ advance1 z reg>ds ! developm5t ( ! mob m9d1 ov] :at is f\nd 9 ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 ,_m ( ! 'cr[d' ph5om5a are inde$ ! same b ! diff]5ces are ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! simil>ities4 ,we f9d 9 ,lyons no body ( ,jews or o!r especially int]e/$ p]sons lead+ ! mob on by manife/ations ( peculi> zeal & =w>dness4 ,:5 ! acc\nts are comp>$ 9 _! entirety x becomes at once manife/ t !re is a consi/5cy ( attitude1 a :ole he>t$ness 9 ! actions ( ! ,lyons mob t is lack+ 9 ! case ( ! ,syrmna5s4 ,!re is a degree ( famili>ity ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e--especially ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection--:i* d5otes a mu* m ?or\gh p]meation ( ! public m9d by ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re may be no diff]5ce 9 ! hatr$ ( ! two mobs = ! new fai?1 b x _h m cont5t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,gallic cr[d4 ,! degree ( ?\ght & pa9s tak5 by ! ,lyonese p]secutors--! gu>ds plac$ to prev5t ! ,*ri/ians f /eal+ ! relics ( ! m>tyrs1 ! elaborate ef=ts to nullify ! possibility ( a resurrection--! v ext5t & ?or\ghness & duration ( ! p]secution are diff]5t f any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! o!r m>tyrdom4 ,! difficulty to be expla9$--if x is a difficulty--f ! po9t ( view ( cr[d psy*ology is t !re is diff]5ce ( only elev5 ye>s--tak+ ! ord9>y *ronology--betwe5 ! two p]secutions4 ,x is true t ! ,lyons p]secution is ! lat]1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! mob behavior is su* z might well dem& ! lapse ( a g5]ation _h ! ph5om5a be5 exhibit$ by ! public ( ! same city4 ,!re mu/ unque/ionably h be5 a great diff]5ce 9 ! demotic composition ( ! populations ( ,lyons & ,smyrna2 ! ref]5ce to b>b>ians 9 ,lyons %[s z mu*1 b ! behavior ( mobs z controll$ by ! "t ne$$ = ! focus+ & fixation ( att5tion & ! developm5t ( a disp>ate univ]se ( disc\rse is v little effect$ by diff]5ce ( demotic composition4 ,x has inde$ be5 sugge/$ by "o critic1#ac t ! p]secution at ,lyons belongs 9 ! reign ( ,septimus ,sev]us in/ead ( t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,?is w\ld expla9 away ! difficulty1 b !re seems no necess>y reason = adopt+ ?is op9ion4 ,x w\ld r appe> t !re exi/$ peculi> conditions 9 ,lyons & vic9ity :i* acc\nt = ! fact t ! p]secution1 s f> z we "k1 0 conf9$ to t locality & also = ! fact t ! mob m9d 0 9 a matur] /ate ( antagonism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,j :at ^! peculi> conditions 71 x is impossible to say ) entire c]ta9ty4 ,h[ev] !re is at lea/ a v sugge/ive h9t 9 a p>agraph by ! greate/ mod]n au?ority on ,roman ,gaul#ad conta9$ 9 8 well kn[n volume on ,anci5t ,france4#ae ,! p>agraph is also wor? quot+ z giv+ a valuable insight into ! psy*ology ( ! peoples ( ! anci5t ,roman ,_w4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0 9 no wise ma9ta9$ by =ce b by ! religi\s admiration x inspir$4 ,x w\ld be )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t a =m ( gov]nm5t held 9 popul> dete/ation %\ld h la/$ = five c5turies4 ,x w\ld be inexplicable t ! ?irty legions ( ! ,empire %\ld h con/ra9$ a hundr$ million m5 to ob$i5ce4 ,! reason ( _! ob$i5ce 0 t ! ,emp]or1 :o p]sonifi$ ! greatness ( ,rome 0 wor%ipp$ l a div9ity by unanim\s cons5t4 ,!re 7 alt>s 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or 9 ! smalle/ t[n%ips ( 8 realm4 ,f "o end ( ! ,empire to ! o!r a new religion 0 se5 to arise 9 ^? days :i* _h = its div9ities ! ,emp]ors !mselves4 ,"s ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! :ole ( ,gaul1 repres5t$ by sixty cities1 built 9 common a temple ne> ! city ( ,lyons 9 honor ( ,augu/us4 ,its prie/s1 elect$ by ! unit$ ,gallic cities1 7 ! pr9cipal p]sonages 9 _! c\ntry4 ,x is impossible to attribute all ?is to fe> & s]vility4 ,:ole nations are n s]vile & especially = ?ree c5turies4 ,x 0 n ! c\rti]s :o wor%ipp$ ! pr9ce1 x 0 ,rome1 & x 0 n ,rome m]ely b x 0 ,gaul1 x 0 ,spa94 ,x 0 ,greece & ,asia4 ,:ile no dogmatic ass]tion is ju/ifi$1 x does n1 p]haps1 exce$ ! limits ( reasonable inf]5ce to suppose t ! exi/5ce ( ?is not$ c5t] ( ,emp]or wor%ip 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ,lyons may acc\nt1 9 "p at lea/1 = ! especial hatr$ ( ! populace ( t city = p]sons :o refus$ to sacrifice to ! ,emp]or & also = ! maturity ( _! feel+ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 z f> z we are aw>e1 probably ! only p]sons :o refus$ ?us to sacrifice4 ,?is /ray bit ( evid5ce is admitt$ly n conclusive4 ,x is (f]$ m]ely = :at x may be wor?4 ,!re is evid5ce t by ! middle ( ! second ,c5tury popul> op9ion 0 suffici5tly inflam$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians to r5d] ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice prec>i\s because ( mob viol5ce4 ,edicts ( ,hadrian & ,antonius ,pi\s specifically decl>$ t ! clamor ( ! multitude %\ld n be receiv$ z legal evid5ce to convict or to puni% !m1 z su* tumultu\s accusations 7 repugnant bo? to ! firmness & ! equity ( ! law4#af ,?is attitude seems to h p]si/$ ) relatively little *ange = ab\t a c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! (ficial 'p]secutions' 7 nei!r num]\s nor sev]e4 ,f ! v few scatt]$ & incid5tal ref]5ces :i* h alone surviv$ reg>d+ ! mob feel+ ( ! "t1 we c ass]t no m ?an t x 0 an exasp]at$ "o1 likely to break out ^u provocation b "u ord9>y circum/ances m or less 9 abeyance4 ,on ! :ole x 0 und\bt$ly m viol5t at ! end ( ! p]iod ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,=tunately f ! middle ( ! ?ird ,c5tury onw>ds we h a fairly cont9u\s hi/ory ( a s+le 'public' 7,alex&ria7 :i* is lack+ be=e ?is "t4 ,! ,alex&rian populace 7 not$ = _! tumultu\s disposition1 b we h no reliable acc\nt ( _! behavior t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians until ! "t ( ,sev]us1 #bjb ,a4,d4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,eusebius ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! beautiful virg91 ,potamia5a1 x is /at$ t3 ! p attempt$ to annoy & insult h] ) abusive words4 ,z h[ev] ! int]v5tion ( a s+le (fic] suffic$ to protect h] f ! p on ?is occasion1 ! public s5tim5t _c h be5 inflam$ to any al>m+ ext5t4 ,if we may tru/ ,palladius1 h] m>tyrdom 0 ! result ( a plot ( a w\ld-be ravi%] & 9 any case x 0 n ! product ( any spontane\s popul> movem5t4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 #bjb ,a4,d4 & #bdi ,a4,d4 a well develop$ tradition ( hatr$ & viol5ce grew up 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,we h no record ( ! /eps 9 ! process b ! extant acc\nts ( ! ,decian & ,val]ian p]secutions 9 ,alex&ria leave no d\bt ( ! fact4 ,^! p]secutions c only be call$ 'legal' by a viol5t /ret* ( v]bal usage4 ,!y 7 mob lyn*+s1 sometimes sanction$ by ! =ms ( law1 b q z (t5 )\t ev5 ! b>e/ pret5se ( judicial execution4 ,!y 7 q z frequ5t & z savage 9 ! lat] "p ( ! reign ( ,philip1 z 9 ! "t ( ,decius4 ,!y 7 n call$ =? by any imp]ial edict--!y prec$$ ! edict by at lea/ a ye> & 7 ( a "* su* z no m]ely gov]nm5tal1 legal process w\ld ev]1 or c\ld ev]1 take on4 ,mobb+ ,*ri/ians _h become a =m ( popul> sport1 a g5]ally %>$ sort ( public amusem5t--excit+ & n dang]\s4 ,! lett] ( ,bi%op ,dionysius makes ?is v cle>4 ,to quote3 ,! p]secution among u did n beg9 ) ! royal decree b prec$$ x an entire ye>4 ,! prophet & au?or ( evils to ?is city mov$ & ar\s$ aga9/ u ! masses ( ! hea!n rek9dl+ among !m ! sup]/ition ( _! c\ntry & f9d+ full opportunity = any wick$ness4 ,!y consid]$ ?is ! only pi\s s]vice ( _! demons t !y %\ld slay u4 ,!n foll[s a long li/ ( mob lyn*+s ( :i* we take a s+le specim53 ,!y seiz$ ,s]apion 9 8 own h\se & tortur$ him & hav+ brok5 all 8 limbs1 !y ?rew him headlong f an upp] /ory4#ag ,& !re 0 no /reet1 nor public read1 nor lane op5 to u night or day b always & ev]y:]e all !m cri$ out t if anyone w\ld n repeat _! impi\s words1 he %\ld be imm$iately dragg$ away & burn$4 ,& matt]s cont9u$ ?us = a consid]able "t4 ,b a s$ition & civil w> came ^u ! wret*$ p & turn$ _! cruelty t[>d u aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,s we brea!d = a :ile z !y ceas$ f _! rage aga9/ u4#ah ,! mob broke loose aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians aga9 ! foll[+ ye>1 b !re is no object 9 catalogu+ ! grewsome exhibitions ( cr[d brutality4 ,x is evid5t t :at we h 9 ?is acc\nt is no exhibition ( political oppression by a tyrannical gov]nm5t1 b a g5u9e outbreak ( gr\p animosity :i* _h be5 long incubat+ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,all ! ph5om5a :i* are *>act]i/ic ( fully matur$ public feel+ are f\nd complete2 circul> int]action1 %ibbole?s1 sect isolation devices & ! re/4 ,:5 public feel+ has develop$ to su* a degree ( int5sity z ?is1 ! accumulat$ s5tim5t & social unre/ mu/ ( necessity dis*>ge !mselves 9 "s =m ( direct gr\p action4 ,?is direct action h[ev] may take ! f ei!r ( physical viol5ce or1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( "s sort ( my/ical exp]i5ce2 conv]sion1 danc+1 roll+ on ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,9 exceptional cases ! two =ms are comb9$4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is latt] ph5om5on is giv5 by ,bi%op ,dionysius 9 ?is same lett]2 ,9 ,cephus1 a l>ge assembly ga!r$ ) u & ,god op5$ = u a door = ! ^w4 ,at fir/ we 7 p]secut$ & /on$ b aft]w>d n a few ( ! hea!n =sook _! idols & turn$ to ,god4#ai ,x is necess>y to m5tion p]haps ! l>ge/1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ dignifi$ & respectable cr[d t is to be met ) 9 connection ) ?is p]secution--t ( ,c>?age on ! occasion ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,bi%op ,cyprian4 ,we f9d "h nei!r rage on "o side nor unseemly exaltation on ! o!r4 ,pagans & ,*ri/ians alike behav$ ) dec5t s]i\sness at ! dea? ( t fam\s man :o 0 equally respect$ by all classes ( ! population4 ,b m>tyrs ( ! social em95ce ( ,cyprian 7 v r>e1 & ord]ly behavi\r 9 su* a va/ multitude z witness$ 8 end 0 /ill r>]4 ,to return to ! populace ( ,alex&ria4 ,! long peace ( ! ,*ur* :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! p]secution ( ,val]ian & t ( ,diocletian witness$ 9 ,alex&ria1 z else:]e1 a great gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 numb]s1 influ5ce1 & weal?4 ,x w\ld p]haps be go+ beyond ! evid5ce to say t 9 ?is int]val1 ! majority ( ! population ( ! city 7 won ov] to ! new fai?1 b x is c]ta9 t ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians became s great z to intimidate ! pagan portion ( ! p4 ,! ,alex&rian mob 0 /ill v mu* 9 evid5ce b x gradually ceas$ to h>rass ! ,*ri/ians except "u ! mo/ exceptional circum/ances4 ,! dang]s ( su* action became s consid]able & ! *ances ( success s problematical t we f9d a p]iod :5 a practice ( mutual =be>ance gov]n$ ! behavior ( ! ho/ile gr\ps4 ,! /udy ( cr[d psy*ology pres5ts no m impressive contra/ ?an t exhibit$ by ! p ( ,alex&ria dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution comp>$ ) _! behavior dur+ t ( ,decius4 ,9 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! p]secutions1 9 ! mo/ tumultu\s city ( ! empire1 ! mob took no "p4 ,l ! fam\s image ( ,brutus1 x is m conspicu\s by its abs5ce ?an x w\ld be by its pres5ce4 ,! p]secution 0 a purely gov]nm5tal measure (ficially c>ri$ out by judges & execution]s 9 accordance ) ord]s4 ,9 "o obscure & d\btful in/ance we are told t ! by/&]s beat c]ta9 m>tyrs :5 legal p]mission 0 giv5 to ! p to treat !m s4 ,9 ano!r case we are told t ! cruelty ( ! puni%m5ts fill$ ! spectators ) fe>4 ,^! are ! only ref]5ces to ! public t occur 9 ! long & m9ute acc\nt ( an eye witness ( fam\s ev5ts ext5d+ ov] a consid]able numb] ( ye>s4 ,bo? be=e & aft] ?is p]iod ! mob ( ! ,egyptian metropolis exhibits ! utmo/ extreme ( religi\s fanaticism4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod t mob _h to be mo/ c>efully consid]$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 o!r ?an religi\s matt]s4 ,b z a religi\s p[] x did n exi/4 ,_h ! p]secution ( ,diocletian happ5$ a g5]ation e>li] x c\ld h c\nt$ on a v consid]able degree ( popul> support1 _h x happ5$ a g5]ation lat] x w\ld h caus$ a revolt t c\ld only h be5 put d[n by a l>ge army4 ,happ5+ at ! precise "t x did1 x provok$ no popul> reaction at all4 ,?is /range apa?y is n peculi> to ,alex&ria4 ,practically )\t exception ! au!ntic acts ( ! m>tyrs ( ?is p]secution are c\rt records tak5 d[n by ! (ficial /5ograph]s 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! day's "w4 ,!y are dry1 me*anical1 & repetiti\s to a degree4 ,!y exhibit1 9 g5]al1 h>rass$ & exasp]at$ judges driv5 to ! infliction ( extreme p5alties 9 ! face ( a cold & skeptical public4 ,"o imp]ial decree ord]$ t all m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ev5 infants at ! brea/1 %\ld sacrifice & (f] oblations1 t gu>ds %\ld be plac$ 9 ! m>kets & at ! ba?s 9 ord] to en=ce sacrifices !re4 ,! popul> reaction 9 ,caes>ea is ?us record$3 ,! hea!n blam$ ! sev]ity & exce$+ absurdity ( :at 0 done = ^! ?+s appe>$ to !m extreme & burd5some4#bj ,he 7! ,judge7 ord]$ ! dead to be expos$ 9 ! op5 air z food = wild bea/s2 & bea/s & birds ( prey scatt]$ ! human limbs "h & !re1 s t no?+ appe>$ m horrible ev5 to ^? :o =m]ly hat$ u1 ?\gh !y bewail$ n s mu* ! calamity ( ^? aga9/ :om ^! ?+s 7 done z ! outrage aga9/ !mselves & ! common nature ( man4#ba ,! "o ?+ to be said ( ?is type ( mob m9d is manife/ly t x is transitional4 ,! p5dulum has swung ?r\gh exactly half its arc & = ! brief in/ant pres5ts ! fallaci\s appe>ance ( quiesc5ce4 ,h[ transitory ?is quiet 0 on ! "p ( ! ,alex&rian mob is evid5c$ by ! hi/ory ( ,a?anasius4 ,t great /atesman conciliat$ & consolidat$ public op9ion 9 ,egypt4 ,back$ by ?is op9ion he practically cancell$ ! p[] ( ! civil au?orities ( ! c\ntry & negotiat$ z an equal ) ! emp]ors4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 m ?an ?ree c5turies ! w ( ! common p aga9 became a p[] able to limit ! milit>y despotism :i* dom9at$ ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! re-bir? ( popul> gov]nm5t 9 ! ,f\r? c5tury ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,*ri/ian mobs is ! mo/ important prelim9>y /ep 9 ! gr[? ( ! political p[] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,a /udy ( ! mobs ( ,alex&ria1 ,rome1 ,con/ant9ople & o!r great cities %[s beyond "q t ! political p[] ( ! ,*ur* _h its orig9 9 no alliance ) imp]ial au?ority1 b 0 indep5d5t ( & g5]ally antagoni/ic to t au?ority4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! ,*ri/ian mobs lies outside ! limits ( our /udy b x is wor? :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,alex&rian populace to give two or ?ree brief extracts illu/rat+ ! f9al /eps ( ! process :i* *ang$ a fanatically pagan mob into an equally fanatical ,*ri/ian "o4 ,:at we h to consid] is only ! la/ /age ( an evolution already m ?an half complete at ! "t ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil4 ,"u extreme provocation & c]ta9 ( imp]ial complac5cy at _! excesses1 ! pagan mob dur+ ! reign ( ,julian indulg$ 9 "o la/ outbur/ aga9/ ! exce$+ly unpopul> ,george ( ,cappadocia :o _h be5 =cibly intrud$ into ! seat ( ,a?anasius4 ,to quote ! ,hi/orian ,socrates3 ,! ,*ri/ians on discov]+ ^! abom9ations w5t =? eag]ly to expose !m to ! view & execration ( all & !re=e c>ri$ ! skulls ?r\gh\t ! city 9 a k9d ( triumphal procession = ! inspection ( ! p4 ,:5 ! pagans ( ,alex&ria beheld ?is1 unable to be> ! insult+ "* ( ! act1 !y became s exasp]at$ t !y assail$ ! ,*ri/ians ) :atev] weapons *anc$ to come to h&1 9 _! fury de/roy+ numb]s ( !m 9 a v>iety ( ways &1 z x g5]ally happ5s 9 su* a case1 nei!r fri5ds or relations 7 sp>$ b fri5ds1 bro!rs1 p>5ts1 & *ildr5 imbu$ _! h&s 9 ea* o!rs blood4 ,! pagans hav+ dragg$ ,george out ( ! *ur*1 fa/5$ him to a camel & :5 !y _h torn him to pieces !y burn$ him toge!r ) ! camel4#bb ,9 ?is acc\nt we see ! la/ expir+ ef=ts ( ! pagan mob movem5t4 ,any mob movem5t collapses rapidly :5 x turns 9 ^u itself1 & ! evil results ( its viol5ce react imm$iately ^u ! memb]s ( ! mob4 ,by ?is "t x is evid5t t ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,alex&ria 0 s l>ge t any public p]secution ( !m br\ght s]i\s & un5durable consequ5ces ^u ! populace g5]ally4 ,!n ! movem5t end$4 ,b 9 ! two c5turies or m t ! pagan movem5t la/$1 a contr>y ,*ri/ian mob movem5t _h be5 develop+ along ! same g5]al l9es z ! o!r4 ,?is movem5t1 be+ lat] 9 its inception1 came to a head correspond+ly lat] & rea*$ its crisis "u ! patri>* ,cyril4 ,its viol5ce 0 fir/ direct$ aga9/ ! ,jews :om ! ,*ri/ians appe> to h hat$ ev5 m ?an !y hat$ ! pagans4 ,! ,jews 7 ! weak] & less num]\s faction oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ians & z ! ,pagans seem to h lik$ !m too little to support !m aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,*ri/ian mob1 :i* _h pretty well r$uc$ ! political au?orities to impot5ce1 %\ld v5t its rage aga9/ ! ,jews & _! synagogues4 ,cyril accompani$ by an imm5se cr[d ( p1 go+ to _! synagogues1 took !m away f !m & drove ! ,jews out ( ! city1 p]mitt+ ! multitude to plund] _! goods4 ,?us ! ,jews :o _h inhabit$ ! city f ! "t ( ,alex&] 7 expell$ f x4#bc ,sometime aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,jews1 ! ,*ri/ian mob1 n[ direct+ its spite aga9/ ! rapidly disappe>+ paganism1 p]petrat$ p]haps ! mo/ atroci\s crime t /a9s ! hi/ory ( ,alex&ria--! murd] ( ,hypatia4 ,?is beautiful1 le>n$1 & virtu\s woman1 '! faire/ fl[] ( paganism' is "o ( ! v few memb]s ( h] sex :o has atta9$ high em95ce 9 ! realm philosophical speculation4 ,%e enjoy$ ! des]v$ e/eem ( all ! intellectual lead]s ( h] age--,*ri/ian z well z pagan--& to ! late/ ages h] "n w be m5tion$ ) respect by all ^? speculative ?9k]s ^: respect c conf] honor4 ,socrates describes h] murd] z foll[s3 ,x 0 calumni\sly report$ among ! ,*ri/ian populace t x 0 %e :o prev5t$ ,ore/es f be+ reconcil$ to ! bi%op4 ,"s ( !m !re=e hurri$ away by a fi]ce & bigot$ zeal1 ^: r+lead] 0 a read] nam$ ,pet]1 waylaid h] return+ home & dragg$ h] f h] c>riage2 !y took h] to ! *ur* call$ ,ceas>eum :]e !y completely /ripp$ h] & !n murd]$ h] ) oy/] %ells4 ,aft] te>+ h] body 9 pieces1 !y took h] mangl$ limbs to a place call$ ,c9>on & !re burn$ !m4#bd ,*ri/ian cr[d s5tim5t :5 h>dly yet at its full p[] 0 depriv$ ( its orig9al object ( animosity by ! collapse ( paganism4 ,be+ "u ! psy*ological necessity ( express+ itself1 ?is mob feel+ happ5$ to take z %ibbole?s "s curr5t !ological cat*words4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,alex&ria & o!r great cities pres5ts !re=e ! /range sc5e ( rival sects di/urb+ public ord] & pr(\ndly agitat+ va/ ?rongs ( p 9 a /ruggle ov] ! mo/ ab/ruse & recondite metaphysical concepts4 ,= ! sake ( cle> ?9k+ x is necess>y = u to rem9d ourselves t ^! concepts are m]ely weird g>m5ts =tuit\sly snat*$ up to cov] ! nak$ness ( a pr(\nd social & economic revolution4 ,! above sket*1 imp]fect z x is & full ( lacunae due to ! inadequacy ( ! prim>y s\rce mat]ial1 is yet p]haps complete en\gh to enable u to summ>ize ! *ief /eps 9 ! process ( ! socialization 9 its aspect ( a cr[d movem5t4 ,we h se5 t ?is cr[d movem5t1 l all o!rs1 _h its orig9 9 social unre/ due to %att]$ private & community ideals4 ,! cu/om>y =ms ( expression be+ inhibit$ or repress$1 ! balk$ disposition exp]i5c$ an organic dem& = new /imulation4 ,?is new /imulation 0 s\ght 9 v>i\s ways2 aimless or practically aimless travell+ or local w&]+1 local disord] & agitation1 increase 9 crime--& insanity4 ,gradually ?is unre/ focus$ itself & public att5tion became fix$ on ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! process ( circul> int]action1 ! s-call$ 'vici\s circle'1 public s5tim5t increas$ 9 int5sity1 ! "n ',*ri/ian' became a %ibbole?4 ,:5 appli$ to an individual x let loose ^u him ! p5t up emotion ( ! mob--an emotion or unreflective rage & ang]4 ,by ! fur!r process ( idealization or sublimation1 us+ ! t]ms 9 _! te*nical s5se1 ! populace came to believe t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! great & sup]human 7daemoniac7 s\rce ( all evils2 e>?quakes1 disease epidemics1 fam9e etc4 ,seek+ release = psy*ic t5sions :i* 7 n und]/ood & l>gely subconsci\s1 !y f\nd x 9 a rev]sion to ! olde/ ( ! 'releas+ in/9cts' t ( hunt+4 ,! prim>y ?+ ab\t ! p]secutions is t !y 7 man hunts4 ,! cruelty exhibit$1 :ile also s]v+ z a t5sion release = mob feel+1 is psy*ologically a second>y =m ( su* release--?\gh a v old =m4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! accumulat$ public s5tim5t & ( ! sev]e social t5sions produc$ gr\p action ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,direct action3 te>+ ! victim 9 pieces1 ga!r+ wood to burn him1 /rik+ him ) /icks1 /ones1 etc4 7b7 ,expressive action1 tak+ ! =m ( %\ts1 cries & ejaculations :i* became cu/om>y & traditional1 ',*ri/ianos ad leones4' ,! v me?ods ( lyn*+ became c]emonial & ev5 rituali/ic4 ,! bea/s 7 fir/ *oice1 !n burn+ & !n o!r =ms 9 desc5d+ scale4 ,! n>r[ range ( ! mob m9d is illu/rat$ by ! clos5ess ) :i* x adh]$ to contempor>y judicial me?ods ( puni%m5t4 ,! mo/ obvi\s me?od ( kill+1 & "o :i* _h ! advantage ( enabl+ a great numb] ( p to see :at 0 go+ on1 ! me?od ( hang+1 :i* is 9 su* common use by mobs ( our day1 does n seem to h be5 employ$ by ! anci5t cr[ds--at any rate its use 0 r>e 9 ! mod]n =m1 /rangl+4 ,!re are "s cases ( hang+ nak$ wom5 by "o foot4 ,expressive action also took ! =m ( wild & fanta/ic leg5ds ( cannibalism1 *ild murd] & su* l4 ,! crisis ( ?is pagan mob movem5t came ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,decian p]secution appe>s to h be5 'popul>' 9 ! /rict etymological s5se ( t ^w4 ,! p]secution ( ,diolection1 ?\gh ! mo/ sev]e1 seems to h _h no great =ce ( pagan public s5tim5t beh9d x4 ,t s5tim5t 0 n ho/ile2 x 0 neutral4 ,! populace did no?+ to h9d] ! measures ( ! gov]nm5t & x did no?+ to help !m4 ,9 ano!r g5]ation ! pagan movem5t _h sp5t itself4 ,?is analysis ( ! pagan mob s5tim5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians is applicable mutatis nom9ibus1 to ! ,*ri/ians' mob movem5t aga9/ ! pagans & to ! movem5t ( ! 'or?odox' ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! 'h]etics4' ,p]haps we %\ld say "h1 9 def5se ( human nature1 t ^! mob movem5ts 7 n due to human depravity2 !y 71 9 /rict lit]alness1 diseases1 epidemics ( n]v\s disord] induc$ by pa?ological social conditions4 ,be=e any p]secut+ attitude became habitual to ! pagan populace pagan common s5se _h exhau/$ argum5t1 p]suasion1 expo/ulation & e o!r intellectual device4 ,only aft] reason & religion 79 ! pagan s5se7 _h be5 employ$ 9 va92 only aft] long exasp]ation at a hopeless situation1 :5 absolutely no?+ else c\ld be done1 0 popul> viol5ce ar\s$4 ,social conditions be+ :at !y 71 traditional m5tal attitudes common to pagan & ,*ri/ians alike requir$ t some?+ be done & mob action 0 ! la/ desp]ate alt]native to ! admission ( a new intellectual concept4 ,! function ( ,*iliasm 9 ?is cr[d movem5t is pla9 f its hi/ory z previ\sly sket*$4 ,x 0 a ,*ri/ian %ibbole? peculi>ly valuable = secur+ gr\p cohesion1 & = ar\s+ individual /ay+ p[] 9 times ( p]secution4 ,( ! num]\s *>act]i/ics ( successful 'sect %ibbole?s' ?ree are p]haps especially note wor?y3 7a7 ,satisfaction ( ! dem& = my/ical exp]i5ce4 7b7 ,op]ation z an isolat+ device4 7c7 ,revolt aga9/ ! prevail+ moral ord]4 ,9 ! p]iod ( greate/ ne$ ,*iliasm fulfill$ ^! requirem5ts v well4 ,_m a ,*ri/ian ( little education 0 lift$ out ( himself to endure m>tyrdom by some:at crass imag9ations ( p>ticipation 9 ! reign ( ! sa9ts 9 ! rebuilt ,j]usalem4 ,_m a little b& ( sect>ies ma9ta9$ _! gr\p solid>ity because ( ! belief t !y 7 ! elect p '*os5 ( ,god' = future glory 9 ! mill5nial k+dom4 ,_m a fai?ful "o :o w\ld o!rwise h giv5 up 9 despair1 mu/ h ga9$ /r5g? & c\rage f ! ?\ght ( t happy era1 soon to come1 :5 ! cruel p]secutors ( ! *ur* w\ld be slaves suff]$ to live only t _! s]vitude might augm5t ! dignity & honor ( ! sa9ts 9 ! beatific k+dom4 ,! relation ( ! ,*ilia/ic expectation to t /range ins5sibility to pa9 :i* 0 s rem>kable a *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly m>tyrs _c be /at$ ) exactness4 ,x 0 probably close--at lea/ 9 num]\s cases4 ,we h :at seems to be entirely tru/wor?y evid5ce t n only /rong m5 b ev5 delicate & s5sitive wom5 exhibit$ ! p[] ( inhibit+ ! normal reactions to ! mo/ excruciat+ torm5ts4 ,?is almo/ incr$ible p[] ( inhibition c only be expla9$ z ! result ( ! build+ up ( a pa?ologically int5se1 ec/atic1 m5tal /ate4 ,?is ec/atic m5tal /ate w\ld appe> to h be5 acquir$ by a s]ies ( psy*ic *anges & organic1 neuronic adju/m5ts requir+1 ord9>ily1 a fairly consid]able am\nt ( "t4 ,?is peculi> psy*ological condition _h n m]ely to be built up4 ,x mu/ h atta9$ an extraord9>y degree ( habituation 9 ord] to r5d] its subjects imp]vi\s to su* extreme s5sory excitations4 ,! requisite degree ( imp]vi\sness c h>dly h be5 acquir$ )\t su* p]meation ( consci\sness by imag9ation z con/itut$ a complete subjective univ]se4 ,_m ( ! m>tyrs w\ld seem to h liv$1 m or less habitually1 9 a m5tal _w ( _! own :i* %ut !m (f f susceptibility to ext]nal /imuli4 ,?is condition is frequ5tly f\nd 9 arti/s & ?9k]s1 & ) ! accompany+ ins5sibility to pa91 is a common ph5om5on 9 ! 'trance' /ate z well z 9 "s =ms ( insanity4#be ,x w\ld g beyond ! evid5ce to claim t ,*ilia/ic concepts function$ exclusively1 or ev5 pr$om9antly1 9 ! production ( ! 'm>tyr psy*osis1' b ! evid5ce does po9t to ! conclusion t apocalyptic expectations held a m prom95t place 9 ! consci\sness ( ! m>tyrs ?an 9 t ( ! g5]ality ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,*iliasm became especially manife/ 9 times ( p]secution b ,*iliasm mu/ h op]at$ ev5 9 ord9>y times to produce ! ph5om5a :i* p]secution br\ght into prom95ce4 ,ev5 today1 9 ! entire abs5ce ( p]secution1 ,*ilia/ic excitem5t among c]ta9 gr\ps ( secret>ies produces types ( religi\s psy*osis closely simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! m>tyrs4#bf ,on ! :ole ! conclusion appe>s w>rant$ t ! increas+ p[] & progressive socialization ( ! *ur*1 :i* made p]secution at fir/ hopeless & at la/ impossible1 r5d]$ ,*iliasm1 z a cr[d %ibbole?1 gradually useless & f9ally p]nici\s to ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y4 ,_h fur!r p]secutions be5 possible ,*iliasm w\ld no d\bt h be5 reta9$ long]1 b its usefulness 0 fatally impair$ :5 ! majority ( p nom9ally embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ( little or no value 9 ^? /ruggles ) h]etical ,*ri/ian sects :i* engag$ ! activities ( or?odox mobs f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e onw>ds4 ,o!r %ibbole?s su* z ',! ,*ur*' & ',ca?olicism' 7 m effective 9 ?is conte/4 ,simil>ly = ! l>g] purpose ( ecclesia/ical polity1 ag5cies l mona/icism & mission>y ent]prise 7 employ$1 :i* cons]v$ ! %ibbole? values ( ,*iliasm & 7 free f its defects z an in/rum5t ( hi]>*ical ambition4 ,! aims ( ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* became increas+ly social & political & ) su* aims ,*iliasm 0 fundam5tally incompatible4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,e4g41 ! pagan philosoph]s4 #b ,acts #ad3a-f4 #c ,pl9y1 ,ep4 xcvi4 #d ,dialogue ,,xviii4 #e ,m>t4 ,poly4 ,,iii4 #f ,ibid41 ,,viii4 #g ,ibid41 ,,xii4 #h ,ibid41 ,,xiii4 #i ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 #aj ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,,vi4 #aa ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,v1 ,i4 #ab ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,v1 ,,ii4 #ac ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,?ompson4 #ad ,fu/el de ,c\langes4 #ae ,hi/4 des in/s4 politique de l'anci5ne ,france4 ,p>4 ,,ii4 #af ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,iv1 #bf4 #ag ,eus4 ,84 ,ecc4 ,,vi1 #da4 #ah ,eus4 ,84 ,ecc4 ,,vi1 #da4 #ai ,84 ,ecc4 ,,vii1 #aa4 #bj ,eus4 ,m>t4 ,pal4 ,,ii4 #ba ,ibid41 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #bb ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,,iii1 #a4 #bc ,socrates ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,,iiii1 #ac4 #bd ,hi/4 ,ecc4 ,,vii1 #ae4 #be ,cf4 ,e4 ,und]hill ',my/icism4' #bf ,e4g41 ,! ,dukhab\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,*iliasm ,,& ,,patriotism ,p]haps ! mo/ pron\nc$ *>act]i/ic ( pre-,*ri/ian1 ,judai/ic ,*iliasm is its nationali/ic or e?nic patriotism4 ,( c\rse any attempt to rigidly diff]5tiate ! nationali/ic & religi\s concepts ( ! ,hebrews ( ! two c5turies prec$+ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be =$oom$ to failure4 ,nev] p]haps 7 patriotism & religion m ne>ly synonym\s ?an at ?is p]iod among ?is p4 ,t _! ,*iliasm has a /rongly nationali/ic cont5t is !re=e natural & inevitable4 ,! same patriotic animus is to be f\nd 9 a great numb] ( _! o!r religi\s t5ets & practices4 ,! emphasis is p]petually ^u ! enhancem5t ( ! value ( ! ,jewi% race & nation & ! correspond+ depreciation ( o!r nations & fai?s4 ,b :ile x is true1 t1 ow+ to ! insep>able integration ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ,judea1 9 ! fir/ two c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 we f9d a v consid]able proportion ( ! religi\s beliefs & obs]vances highly *>g$ ) nationali/ic patriotism2 ?is is p]haps m noticeable 9 ! case ( ,*iliasm ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r contempor>y !ological concept4 ,! nature ( ! ,mill5nial belief 0 su* z qualifi$ x to function ) especial ease & success 9 t p>ticul> hi/orical situation4 ,= consid]ably m ?an half a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! dom9ant fact 9 ,hebrew hi/ory is ! increase ( ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! ,roman /ate 9 ! political life ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,?is increase 0 p]fectly natural4 ,inde$ x 0 inevitable4 ,t ! petty ,judean /ate w\ld ev5tually be absorb$ 9 ! _w wide republic 0 a fact pat5t to any reasonably intellig5t /ud5t ( ! situation4#a ,"u ! circum/ances x c\ld h>dly fail to take place ev5 )\t any direct provocation to ov]t action on ! "p ( ei!r ,jews or ,romans4 ,x is n our purpose to foll[ ! long1 hopeless /ruggle ( ! ,jews aga9/ ! inevitable ext9ction ( _! political indep5d5ce4 ,! ,jew 0 fight+ aga9/ fate4 ,f ! fir/ int]f]5ce ( ,rome 9 ! affairs ( ,pale/9e to ! la/ execution ( ,b> ,co*ba rebels1 ! end 0 nev] 9 real d\bt--humanly speak+4 ,! inevitabl5ess ( ! cata/rophe 9 ?is long drawn out trag$y is1 9 ! writ]'s judgm5t1 9 "s measurable degree connect$ bo? ) ! nature & subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,*iliasm4 ,lat] ,hebrew ,*iliasm is a v peculi> =m ( belief4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by :at c only be call$ a crass & exagg]at$ an?ropomorphic sup]naturalism4 ,x w\ld seem z if p>i passu ) ! increas+ conviction ( ! futility ( opposition to ! p[] ( ,rome1 !re 0 an increas+ conviction ( a cata/rophic sup]nal manife/ation1 :i* manife/ation 9 its details became ev] m & m crude & vulg>4 ,! develop+ k & conviction ( ! inv9cible p[] ( ,rome is suffici5t to expla9 ! increas+ dep5d5ce ^u sup]natural aid = deliv]ance--b ! peculi> crassness ( ! sup]naturalism is ! arre/+ elem5t 9 ! lat] ,jewi% ,*ilia/ic writ+s4 ,:5 e all[ance has be5 made = ! natural exub]ance ( ! ,ori5tal imag9ation some?+ /ill rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is at lea/ possible t !1 to our ta/e1 repulsive features ( sup]nali/ic v5geance & glory are ! result ( a long process ( selection4 ,9 no p ( :om we h hi/orical k is ! _s ( nationali/ic patriotism m deeply root$ ?an 9 ! ,jew4 ,we may take x t practically all ! ,hebrews ( ! g5]ations "u discussion believ$ 9 an ev5tually triumphant ,jewi% /ate4 ,diff]5ces ( education1 & religi\s fai?1 h[ev]1 condition$ ! op9ions z to ! "t :5 ?is triumphant /ate w\ld appe> & /ill m ! me?od by :i* x w\ld appe>4 ,! bett] educat$ ,jews1 :o 7 conv]sant ) ! political conditions ( ! contempor>y _w & ^: belief 9 sup]natural aid 0 p]haps weake/1 appe> to h adopt$ a laissez-faire attitude4 ,!y seem to h be5 advocates ( a pro-,roman policy2 to make ! be/ ( ! exi/+ ,roman supremacy wait+ = ! unpr$ictable "t :5 ,rome %\ld foll[ ! pa? ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & o!r _w p[]s :o 9 _! sev]al ages _h subjugat$ ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,?is p>ty w\ld p]haps h be5 will+ to take advantage ( any condition ( affairs :i* (f]$ a reasonably safe opportunity ( successful revolt b "u exi/+ conditions !y 7 oppos$ to arm$ resi/ance to ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale 0 a p>ty ( bigot$ly & fanatically zeal\s patriots obsess$ ) ! idea t imm$iate sup]natural assi/ance w\ld be =?com+ 9 ! ev5t ( arm$ revolt4 ,betwe5 ^! two p>ties 0 ano!r p>ty--if x may be call$ su*--p>tak+ 9 v>i\s degrees ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! two extremi/s p>ties4 ,! ,apocaliptic & ,*ilia/ic lit]ature ( ! p]iod 0 ext5sive4 ,x w\ld be possible to arrange ev5 su* fragm5ts z rema91 accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( sup]nal elem5ts4 ,x w\ld seem to be a rational d$uction t if we possess$ ?is lit]ature 9 its complet5ess we %\ld be able 7be>+ 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) a relatively consid]able p]iod ( "t7 to foll[ ! :ole process ( ! sup]session ( m rational ,*ilia/ic concepts 9 favor ( ! m crudely sup]naturali/ic ones4 ,rome 0 at once /rongly repressive ( movem5ts = political lib]ty & tol]ant ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,^? writ+s 9 :i* ,*ilia/ic expectations took ! =m ( advocat+ ! active prep>+ = & co-op]at+ ) ! expect$ ,messiah w\ld suff] ext9ction4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? ,*ilia/ic beliefs :i* inculcat$ absolute & entire dep5d5ce ^u sup]natural aid = ! a*ievem5t ( national indep5d5ce w\ld be politically h>mless & exub]ance 9 su* imag9+s might fl\ri% unh9d]$4 ,! m fanta/ic & absurd ! expectations ! less likely !y 7 to be suppress$ by ! imp]ial au?orities4 ,:atev] ! measure ( tru? 9 ! above conjecture x is c]ta9 t ,jewi% ,*iliasm develop$ to ! la/ extreme ( extravagance4 ,) ! d\btful exception ( "s ,h9du leg5ds1 !re is no?+1 :i* m exce$s ! b\nds ( reason & common s5se1 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t ,jewi% ,*iliasm di$ ( excess developm5t--a me?od ( ext9ction ( :i* nature makes lib]al use4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,*iliasm does n conc]n u4 ,"u ! con/antly repeat$ bl[s ( disappo9tm5t x *ang$ its =m & cont5t into ! m rational concept ( salvation & glorification ( ! individual human s\l aft] dea?4 ,:at does conc]n u is t ?is ,jewi% ,*iliasm 9 all b its mo/ extreme =m 0 tak5 ov] by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! intellectual backgr\nd ( ,hebrew patriotism ( c\rse p]si/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ g5]ation :o 7 l>gely ,jews or ,proselytes4 ,! imm95t div9e k+dom ( ,*ri/ does inde$ take ! place ( ! l[] concept ( a rigidly nationali/ic k+dom4 ,! k+dom ( ,*ri/ ev5 to ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians mu/ h _h a l>g] cont5t ?an ! previ\s ,jewi% belief :i* x fulfill$ & supplem5t$4 ,yet ! ess5tial ?+ to rememb] is t s f> at lea/ z ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 7 conc]n$ ,*ilia/ic expectations1 ?\gh some:at fur!r ext5d$1 7 /ill a =m ( expression = ! =ces ( ,hebrew nationali/ic patriotism4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,jews _h be5 trans=m$1 or p]haps bett]1 transmogrifi$1 into ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/ & 8 sa9ts#b b its ess5tial cont5t 0 un*ang$ & s long at lea/ z a consid]able proportion ( ,*ri/ians 7 conv]t$ ,jews ?is condition ( affairs p]si/$4 ,! con/ant criticism ( ,*iliasm by ,g5tile ,*ri/ians is t x is ,judaiz+4 ,x is p]haps n exce$+ ! limits ( p]missable hypo!sis to suppose t "o ( ! reasons :y ,*iliasm fail$ to make a p]man5t place = itself 9 ! belief ( ! univ]sal *ur* is to be f\nd 9 ?is v fact t x 0 9 ess5ce a =m ( political1 ,jewi%1 nationali/ic patriotism1 to :i* ! o!r portions ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 b n ! less effectively1 object$4 ,! success ( ,roman imp]ialism 9 d5ationaliz+ conqu]$ peoples 0 truly rem>kable4 ,9 ?is mo/ difficult task ( practical /atesman%ip its accompli%m5ts f> surpass ^? ( any o!r empire1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,b ?is success1 great & unp>allel$ z x 01 nev]!less 0 n absolute4 ,except 9 p>ticul> cases x 0 nev] really complete4 ,! measure ( its accompli%m5t 0 v diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire4 ,9 ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & p]haps ,brita9 its success may fairly be consid]$ complete1 b ^! 7 c\ntries :]e ! proportion ( ,roman settl]s & coloni/s 0 v l>ge4 ,!y 7 c\ntries1 fur!rmore1 :i* 7 e>ly conqu]$--c\ntries1 :i*1 at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/1 _h n advanc$ a great di/ance t[>d ! atta9m5t ( national solid>ity 9 politics1 religion1 art1 lit]ature1 w> or social int]c\rse4 ,?is lack ( developm5t ( local1 national in/itutions & psy*ology left ! gr\nd relatively free = ! developm5t ( di/9ctively ,roman civilization & habits ( ?\ght4 ,! comp>ative fre$om ( ^! ,we/]n prov9ces ( ! empire f religi\s h]esies at ! "t t ! ,ea/]n prov9ces 7 s prolific ( !m1 is commonly ascrib$ to inf]ior aptitude ( ^! ,we/]n peoples = metaphysical speculation4 ,we d n attempt to d5y su* inf]iority1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t developm5t ( metaphysical speculation 9 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! "t t ! reviv+ s5se ( nationality fir/ began to be felt 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ,re=mation ,era1 sugge/s ano!r cause z op]ative4 ,if we consid] ?ree regions :]e ,*iliasm1 & also unque/ionable h]esies1 7 p>ticul>ly rife2 i4e41 ,phrygia1 ,egypt1 & ,roman ,africa we see at once t ^! regions 7 seats ( old1 deeply root$1 & ?or\ghly develop$ civilizations4 ,to g into ! subject m]ely a little way we f9d t a nationali/ic tradition exi/$ 9 ,phrygia at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,iliad4#c ,?is nationali/ic tradition 0 consid]ably m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,roman political p[] _h by ?is "t be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry & !re is no reason to believe t political rebellion 0 contemplat$ at ! "t ( ! rise ( ,*iliasm & ! h]esies4 ,b :ile arm$ revolt may n h be5 consid]$ z practicable1 or ev5 z desirable1 ! fundam5tal1 nationali/ic *>act]i/ics ( ! und]ly+ /rata ( ! population d n seem to h be5 v greatly alt]$4 ,long be=e ! adv5t ei!r ( ! ,roman political p[] or ! ,*ri/ian religion a homog5\s1 national psy*ology _h become *>act]i/ic ( ! ,phrygian population4 ,! ,phrygian seems to h put on ,*ri/ianity v mu* z he put on ! toga4 ,he wore ! toga regul>ly & easily en\gh x may be1 b 9 ge/ures & action1 9 spee* & mann]1 he 0 /ill a ,phrygian4 ,?is typical ,phrygian seems to h be5 commonly reg>d$ 9 ! contempor>y _w z a bucolic sort ( individual1 mu* p]haps z a ,kansan is reg>d$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ) p]haps z mu* or z little reason4 ,! fact is t :ile anci5t ,phrygia )\t "q possess$ a l>ge rural population1 x also possess$ num]\s cities :]e ! graces & am5ities ( life 7 z fully develop$ z 9 any ( ! neighbor+ prov9ces :i* did n suff] f ! attribution ( ru/icity4 ,! human in/9ct to botanize a neighbor+ p :ile d\btless add+ to ! gaiety ( nations has to be tak5 magno cum grano salis by ! hi/orian4 ,:atev] may be said ( _! o!r cultural in/itutions x is a fact t ! ,phrygians at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity _h already develop$ c]ta9 di/9ctively national1 religi\s *>act]i/ics :i* m>k$ !m (f f _! neighbors4 ,! ,phrygian ,my/]ies :ile d\btless 9 c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics simil> to ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies _h peculi>ities ( _! own & 7 *]i%$ by ! p z some?+ p>ticul>ly expressive ( _! especial =m ( ! philosophy ( life4 ,9 spite ( any decay & degradation :i* may h ov]tak5 ^! my/]ies 9 ! c\rse ( a long hi/ory1 x is c]ta9 t _! prim>y object 0 ! elevation & enhancem5t ( life4 ,! national religi\s consci\sness ( ,phrygia 0 peculi> 9 ! prom95t place giv5 to wom54 ,to ?is day x is impossible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r ! sup]ior place 9 _! religi\s sy/em is held by ! male or female concepts ( deity4 ,p]haps on ! :ole ! female concept prepond]ates4#d ,:at is true ( !ology is also true ( cultus4 ,prie/esses & prophetesses held a position ( m>k$ prom95ce & importance4 ,possibly ! mo/ pron\nc$ly di/9ctive m>k ( ,phrygian religion 0 ! emphasis ^u inspiration1 imm$iate div9e revelation1 ex/atic conditions ( religi\s excitation1 ! well kn[n ,phrygian ,fr5zy4 ,if n[1 ) ev5 ?is meagre1 hi/orical1 nationali/ic backgr\nd 9 view1 we exam9e ! expression ( ,*iliasm 9 ,phrygia we see at once h[ x took ! =m & color ( ! national psy*ology4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ ,*ilia/ic expectations are f\nd 9 ,montanism1 :i* 0 s /rongly m>k$ by *>act]i/ics ( its place ( orig9 t x 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ,*ri/ian _w z ! ',phrygian ,h]esy4' ,s /rong 0 ! influ5ce ( national s5tim5t t a v m>k$ *ange 0 introduc$ 9 "o1 mo/ important p>ticul>4 ,*ri/ian ,*iliasm1 orig9at+ z a ,jewi% =m ( nationali/ic patriotism1 emphasiz$ ! fact t 9 ! ,mill5nium ,*ri/ 0 to reign 9 ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 to supplant ,rome z ! c5t] & rul] ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is respect ,phrygian ,*iliasm makes a complete break ) ! ,hebrew tradition4 ,*ri/ 0 to appe> & reign1 n 9 ,j]usalem1 b 9 ,pepuza4 ,an insignificant t[n ( ,phrygia 0 to become ! capital ( ! _w wide k+dom ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 displac+ bo? ,rome & ,j]usalem4 ,nationali/ic patriotism--n to say megalomania--c\ld sc>cely g f>!r4 ,s too ,phrygian ,*iliasm is rem>kable = ! prom95ce & importance ( ! position ( wom5 9 ! movem5t4 ,! wom51 ,prisca & ! o!rs1 seem to h be5 fully z prom95t 9 ! movem5t z ,montanus himself & !y ex]cis$ a degree ( influ5ce to :i* x w\ld be difficult to f9d a p>allel 9 contempor>y ,*ri/ian movem5ts 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,simil>ly1 visions1 revelations1 inspirations1 extraord9>y conditions ( religi\s excitation are a m>k$ feature ( ,phrygian ,*iliasm4 ,!y are ( c\rse ! old ',phrygian ,fr5zy' 9 ,*ri/ian guise4 ,n to pursue ?is phase ( ! subject 9 m detail1 x is evid5t t ,phrygian ,*iliasm bore 9 a m>k$ degree ! impress ( ! national1 religi\s psy*ology4 ,^? bi%ops ( ,pontus & ,syria :o p]suad$ _! p to settle all _! worldly affairs & g out into neighbor+ des]ts to await ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 glory1 exhibit 9 a m nave =m ! p[] ( local gr\p habits ( ?\ght to trans=m concepts intrud$ f outside ! gr\p4 ,9 ! case ( ,egypt x is gratuit\s labor to dwell ^u ! fact t ! native population at ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity _h develop$ a nationali/ic l-m9d$ness4 ,?is nation ev5 9 ! ye> #a ,a4,d4 _h an hi/orical antiquity great] ?an any o!r nation c %[ today--) ! d\btful exception ( ,*9a4 ,9 no o!r nation 9 ! _w has !re be5 su* an opportunity = climatic & geographic influ5ces to "w _! full effect 9 produc+ psy*ological homog5eity among a population on ! :ole rem>kably little di/urb$ 9 demotic composition4 ,x is to be rem>k$ also t ! climatic & geographic environm5ts are !mselves rem>kably homog5e\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! nation4 ,! det]m9i/ic s*ool ( hi/orians h a model made to h& 9 ! hi/ory ( ,egypt--a model ( :i* x mu/ be confess$ !y h made v skillful use4#e ,?is is n ! place1 ev5 if ! writ] _h ! requisite k1 to ent] into any ext5d$ discussion ( ! national psy*ology ( ! ,egyptian populace4 ,x is suffici5t to m5tion "o pr$om9at+ feature ( t psy*ology1 a feature s p]si/5t & ubiquit\s t ! /udy ( x alone1 enables ! inve/igator to obta9 a true insight into mu* t is o!rwise obscure 9 almo/ e v>iety ( social expression among ! ,egyptians2 law1 politics1 gov]nm5t1 art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & religion4 ,?is pr$om9at+ feature c p]haps be be/ def9$ z a c]ta9 l[ e/imate ( ! value ( individuality 9 ! common man1 a *eap appraisal ( ! wor?:il5ess ( ! life ( ! ord9>y p]son4 ,x seems to h a relatively slight e?nic elem5t--if inde$ x c be tru?fully said to h any4 ,x makes its appe>ance sub/antially un*ang$ 9 all subtropical c\ntries situat$ 9 ! same g5]al physical environm5t z ,egypt2 e4g41 ,s\!rn ,*9a1 ,india1 ,mesopotamia1 ,mexico & ,yucatan2 9 all c\ntries t is1 :]e ! natural conditions = su/a9+ & propagat+ human life are relatively easy & :]e ! economic surplus ( productive physical1 z oppos$ to intellectual1 labor is unusually great4 ,nev]!less ! fact t ,egypt is 9 ?is category is due to a highly special geographic ph5om5on1 ! ov]fl[ ( ! riv] ,nile4 ,s t by comp>ison ) ! nations imm$iately contigu\s to ,egypt1 ?is psy*ology may be truly said to be di/9ctively national 9 spite ( its simil>ity to t ( o!r peoples m remote geographically4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to d m ?an m5tion a v few ( ! ways 9 :i* ?is *>act]i/ic ( ,egyptian psy*ology has affect$ ! national life4 ,x has r5d]$ ! population l>gely passive "u ! successive yolks ( ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,engli%m51 to m5tion only "s ( ! m prom95t exploit]s4 ,x has made possible ! erection ( ^? va/ pyramids ( /one1 devoid alike ( necessity or use1 :i* rema9 to ?is day "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,x has enabl$ religions at once sup]/iti\s & debas+ to fl\ri% 9 ! mid/ ( a high degree ( mat]ial civilization4 ,= our purpose x is suffici5t to call att5tion to ! fact t ?is m5tal bias makes any *ange1 ev5 9 ! acquir$ concepts ( ! p1 especially difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,?is is v well illu/rat$1 9 ! /udy ( ,egyptian ,*iliasm4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry 7 ! ef=ts necess>y to ov]?r[ ,*ilia/ic concepts s long drawn out1 s p]si/5t1 s futile ( imm$iate success4 ,inde$ !y did n f9ally succe$ till long aft] ! p]iod embrac$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,:5 ! good bi%op ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria #bdg-bfd ,a4,d41 held 8 conf]5ce ) ! village ,*ilia/s ( ! ,ars9oite nome1 "s ( !m 7 inde$ won ov]1 b we are told t 'o!rs express$ _! gratification at ! conf]5ce'4 ,x is evid5t t !y 7 '( ! same op9ion /ill'1 ,dionysius himself#f 0 n ! fir/ ( ! ,alex&rians to oppose ,*iliasm4 ,!re 0 mu* ef=t1 bo? by him & o!rs1 to eradicate ! concept be=e & aft] ?is ,ars9oite conf]5ce4 ,yet we "k t lat] on1 villag]s f ?is region became monks 9 ! ,!biad1 & manuscripts /ill surviv+ f ! ,!biad1 %[ t apocalyptic & ,*ilia/ic lit]ature 0 popul> ) ! monks1 g5]ations1 & ev5 c5turies1 aft] ! dea? ( ,dionysius4 ,x is a notable example ( ! national "* ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!y let _! aggressive & dom9at+ sup]iors h _! own way 9 appe>ance--b 9 appe>ance only4 ,! und]ly+ curr5ts ( ?\ght rema9$ ess5tially un*ang$ among ! commonality4 ,! resi/ance 0 passive--p]haps almo/ imp]ceptible--b x 0 real & p]si/5t4 ,9 ! case ( ,roman ,africa--! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,sah>a ,des]t & we/ ( ,egypt--! problem is m complicat$4 ,9 ,roman times d[n to ! ,v&al invasion1 ! population ( ?is region1 leav+ out ( acc\nt c]ta9 small & relatively negligible numb]s ( ,greeks1 ,egyptians & o!rs f\nd ma9ly 9 ! l>g] cities1 ! population 0 compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct /rata4 ,at ! top 7 ! dom9ant ,romans1 insignificant 9 po9t ( numb]s b hav+ ! monopoly ( gov]nm5t1 law1 & adm9i/ration4 ,!y 7 practically undisguis$ exploit]s2 gov]nm5t (ficials ^: ma9 bus9ess 0 to =w>d corn & oil to ,rome & incid5tally enri* !mselves2 ag5ts ( ! great ,roman l&lords int5t on transmitt+ r5ts to _! patrician employ]s--already 9 ! "t ( ,n]o ! ,s5atorial ,prov9ce ( ,africa 0 own$ by z few z n9e l&lords--abs5tee l&lords liv+ 9 ,rome1--& f9ally1 ! num]\s body ( inf]ior ag5ts2 lawy]s1 money l5d]s1 & e/ate manag]s ^: s]vices 7 indisp5sable to ! c>ry+ on ( ! va/ sy/em ( economic exploitation4 ,b5ea? ?is ?91 dom9ant1 ,roman upp] cru/ 0 a va/ population ( artisans1 tradesm51 agricultural & o!r labor]s1 s]fs1 & slaves4 ,?is great body ( ! commonality 0 to a rem>kable degree /ill v purely ,punic ev5 9 late ,roman times4 ,!y diff]$ e?nically1 l+ui/ically1 religi\sly1 & o!rwise f _! rul]s4#g ,we f9d ,/4 ,augu/9e1 c5turies aft] ! ,roman conque/1 writ+ a lett] 9 ,lat9 to "o ( 8 cl]gy1 b reque/+ him to translate x into ,punic & communicate x to 8 congregation4 ,x is useful to rem9d ourselves ( ! fact t ! population ( nor? ,africa 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era 0 mu* great] ?an x is n[4 ,c5turies ( ,mohamm$an mis-gov]nm5t acc\nt = ?is 9 "p b ! *ief cause is to be f\nd 9 ^? pr(\nd climatic *anges1 ! orig9s ( :i* are /ill obscure1 t h r$uc$ to desolate & b>r5 wild]ness :ole regions :i* 9 ,roman times ab\nd$ 9 popul\s cities & 9 ri* & f]tile agricultural l&s4 ,?is l>ge population _h ! cohesion :i* results f c5turies ( simil> & ess5tially un*ang$ social habits & x _h also t s5se ( /r5g? :i* comes f l>ge numb]s1 & t pride :i* results f ! inh]itance ( a pr\d hi/ory4 ,!y nev] :olly lo/ t _s :i* _h made _! ance/ors great4 ,!y nev] =got t 9 =m] ages !y _h compet$ z ! equals ( ,rome = ! lord%ip ( ! _w4 ,to ! ,s\? t[>d ! ,des]t & ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s dwelt a ?ird section ( ! population4 ,!y 7 nomads or semi-nomads1 troglodytes1 & m\nta9 peoples4 ,_! mann] ( life rema9s ess5tially ! same today z x 0 9 ,roman times & z x 0 = c5turies be=e ,rome set foot 9 ,africa4 ,! ,romans nev] succe$$ 9 subdu+ ?is population except tempor>ily & = %ort p]iods4 ,! imp]ial gov]nm5t did :at x c\ld1 & by means ( milit>y po/s & patrols kept a k9d ( ord]1 b its success 0 only mod]ate4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,roman ,africa reflects ?is ?reefold division ( ! population1 z is to be expect$4 ,cyprian1 9 spite ( ! s9c]e religi\s fai? & high moral "* :i* elevates him s high above ! social class to :i* he belong$1 is /ill ! mo/ typical hi]>* ( 8 age4 ,9 8 writ+s we f9d ! :ole philosophy ( ! gov]n+ class translat$ into ecclesia/ical language4 ,x is highly significant t 9 all ! num]\s & volum9\s writ+s ( ?is ,fa!r !re is n a l9e ab\t ,*iliasm4 ,ideas ( su* a nature f\nd little reception 9 ! m9ds ( m5 daily engag$ 9 ! practical duties ( mak+ z mu* z possible out ( ! managem5t & control ( a va/ population economically & politically subord9at$ to !m4 ,x w\ld seem t ,*iliasm 0 9 fact v l>gely conf9$ to ! ,punic commonality4 ,t]tullian is ! great repres5tative ( ?is class4 ,! v consid]able success ( 8 views c only be ascrib$ to _! be+ acceptable to ! g5]al body ( 8 local1 ,*ri/ian contempor>ies4 ,x is at lea/ imag9able ?is success 0 due to ! fact t ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ?is great ,african2 8 impetuosity1 8 boldness1 8 /]nness1 8 pride1 8 v5geful _s 7 truly repres5tative ( ! psy*ology ( ! p ^: spokesman he 04 ,x is notable t he 0 p]haps ! greate/ ( ! ,*ilia/s4 ,! read] :o has foll[$ ! argum5t ?us f> may be say+ to himself at ?is po9t3 ,if x be grant$ t ! national *>act]s ( ! peoples ( ,phrygia1 ,egypt1 ,nor? ,africa or else:]e1 condition$ _! acceptance ( ,*ilia/ic beliefs & ! ways 9 :i* ^! beliefs f\nd expression1 :at has t to d ) ! subject ( ?is *apt] :i* is ,*iliasm & ,patriotism8 ,x is to t po9t we %all n[ direct our att5tion1 b :at has be5 said above is necess>y to ! prop] consid]ation ( ! matt]4 ,we h endeavor$ to %[ t 9 ,phrygia1 ,egypt1 & ,nor? ,africa !re exi/$ nationali/ic psy*ologies 9 ! commonality4 ,x w be recall$ t we h %[n 9 an e>li] *apt] ! curi\s fact t ,*iliasm1 ?\gh orig9ally a p]fectly or?odox doctr9e--inde$ "o ( ! mo/ important portions ( ! true fai?1 nev]!less 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/orical developm5t1 became mix$ up ) h]esies to a degree beyond any rational explanation by ! law ( *ance or ! rule ( av]age4 ,x w\ld seem almo/ z ?\gh !re 0 "s natural aff9ity betwe5 ?is p>ticul> or?odox doctr9e & almo/ any h]esy2 :i* f9ally result$ 9 its be+ itself condemn$ z h]etical4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t ,*iliasm1 l ! h]esies1 0 a psy*ic equival5t = patriotism4 ,no /rang] or m unw>rant$ delusion is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( *ur* hi/ory ?an ! "o /ill un=tunately common1 to ! effect t = sev]al c5turies at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! populace ( :ole religions 7 obsess$ ) incr$ible zeal ov] ! mo/ ab/ruse1 metaphysical speculations4 ,x is inde$ true t ! o/5sible objects ( ! conflict 7 philosophical ideas b ! realities beh9d ^! symbols 7 tangibles ( a v g5u9ely mundane ord]2 economic exploitation1 social inequality1 & suppress$ national patriotism4 ,?is is evid5t en\gh 9 cases l ! ,donati/s 9 ,africa1 b a little consid]ation ( ! evid5ce 9 ! light ( ! developm5ts ( ! ,freudian psy*ology1 w make x cle> 9 almo/ all ( ! h]esies1 & 9 ! case ( or?odoxy also1 :5 ! imp]ial gov]nm5t *anc$ to be itself h]etical4 ,s f> z ! writ] is aw>e no /udy ( any great l5g? has be5 made ( ?is matt]1 :i* w\ld ri*ly repay inve/igation2 b our conc]n is m directly ) ,*iliasm & ! l>g] problem mu/ be left to o!rs = solution4 ,freud has %[n beyond reasonable hope ( successful refutation1 t exp]i5ces :i* ! m9d has completely =gott5 leave emotional 'tones' :i* rema9 active & are ! det]m9+ cause ( physical & m5tal conditions4 ,a ?\ght 'complex' is a sy/em ( ideas or associations ) an especially /rong emotional tone4 ,a complex may be ( extreme int]e/ to an individual by reason ( 8 social education & h]$it>y m5tality & yet be out ( h>mony ) e4g41 security ( life & prop]ty3 s a conflict arises 9 ! m9d4 ,?is conflict+ complex is gott5 rid ( 9 v>i\s ways2 rationalization1 repression1 disassociation1 or :at n1 b ! en]gy or int]e/ :i* initiat$ ! complex rema9s none ! less & some?+ mu/ become ( its =ce4 ,?is undirect$ emotional =ce is ! cause ( dreams1 neuroses1 & psy*ic trauma4#h ,su* 9 ! mo/ sket*y outl9e is ,freud's idea4 ,! application to ! case "u consid]ation is obvi\s4 ,patriotism 0 a repress$ 'complex' to ! peoples ( ,phrygia1 ,egypt1 & ,roman ,africa4 ,! m5tal conflict br\ght on by ! repression 0 rationaliz$ easily en\gh1 no d\bt1 s f> z ! consci\s m9d ( ! populace 0 conc]n$1 b ! disassociat$ emotional en]gy 0 let loose on o!r concepts ) :i* x _h no prop] connection orig9ally1 i4e41 problems ( philosophical speculation4 ,*iliasm 0 a speculative concept ( a sort to make an especial appeal "u ! circum/ances4 ,s f> z 8 consci\s m9d 0 conc]n$ ! ,phrygian might be p]fectly reconcil$ to ,roman political supremacy4 ,he might rationally prove to 8 own satisfaction t su* political supremacy 0 really to 8 own advantage 9 ! long run4 ,any idea ( resi/ance 0 sure to be repress$ by ! c]ta9ty ( los+ 8 prop]ty & life4 ,yet ! emotional en]gy ( 8 patriotism rema9$ & x naturally associat$ itself ) any idea t lay at h&4 ,*iliasm happ5$ to be at h&4 ,! glorifi$1 div9e k+dom ( ! ,sa9ts ( ,god on e>? 0 ! psy*ic equival5t ( t ,phrygian k+dom ^: national exi/5ce _h be5 =ev] ext+ui%$ by ,rome4 ,simil>ly t national patriotism :i* "u o!r hi/orical circum/ances might h f\nd satisfaction 9 ! glory ( an indep5d5t ,egypt n[ f\nd expression 9 ! borr[$ phraseology ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian apocalyptical lit]ature4 ,! same is true ( c\rse ( ! ,punic & ,nomadic /rata ( ! population ( ,roman ,africa4 ,to ! new ,j]usalem :i* 0 to come d[n out ( heav5 f ,god1 ^! peoples transf]r$ _! n[ useless & hopeless long+ = ! ,c>?age ( ! days ( ,hannibal & = ,jugur?an ,numidia4 ,if1 z we h endeavor$ to %[1 ,*iliasm repres5t$ ! /riv+s ( repress$1 national patriotisms1 we c readily und]/& ! increas+ opposition x enc\nt]$ on ! "p ( ! great dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z ! ,*ri/ian hi]>*y became increas+ly p]fect$1 ! desire ( ! prelates = unity & cohesion 9 ! ,*ur* became correspond+ly great]4 ,b national patriotism is ess5tially a disrupt+ & dis9tegrat+ =ce to any imp]iali/ic organization1 civil or ecclesia/ical4 ,*iliasm be+ associat$ ) ?is sep>ati/ t5d5cy1 naturally came to be reg>d$ z h]etical1 & z su*1 0 suppress$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cf4 ,r4 ,*>les1 ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 #b ,cf4 ,s4 ,j4 ,case1 ,! ,messianic ,hope4 #c ,cf4 ,il41 ,,iii1 #ahg4 #d ,cf4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay41 ,art4 ,phrygians1 ,enc4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 #e ,cf4 ,buckle1 ,intro4 to ! ,hi/4 ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&4 #f ,cf4 ,eusebius1 ,eccl4 ,hi/41 ,,vii1 #bd seq4 #g ,cf4 ,alex4 ,graham1 ,roman ,africa4 #h ,cf4 ,a4 ,h4 ,r+1 ,psy*oanalysis4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*iliasm ,,& ,,social ,,!ory ,we h se5 t 9 ! fir/ g5]ations ( ! ,*ur*'s exi/5ce ! rapidly approa*+ end ( ! _w 0 a doctr9e firmly held by almo/ all ,*ri/ians4 ,we h se5 h[ by ! fif? c5tury ?is doctr9e1 ?\gh d\btless /ill believ$ by small numb]s ( individuals & isolat$ gr\ps1 0 practically dead4 ,we h endeavor$ to %[ "s ( ! m important political1 economic1 social1 & religi\s effects ( ?is belief & ( its decl5sion4 ,! *anges :i* took place almo/ imp]ceptibly dur+ ! c\rse ( m ?an ?ree c5turies 9 ! /atus ( ?is doctr9e make any evaluation ( its influ5ce v difficult4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probably well )9 ! tru? to say t ! trans=mation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity f an es*atological to a socializ$ movem5t is1 9 "s respects1 "o ( ! mo/ important *anges 9 its hi/ory4 ,! *ange 0 actual & objective r ?an =mal & !oretical4 ,x pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! practical lives ( ,*ri/ians1 b x produc$ no alt]ation :atev] 9 ! cre$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s x is = ^! reasons at once m difficult to inve/igate & m tr\blesome to evaluate4 ,! difficulties ( ! subject itself1 consid]able z !y are2 lack ( adequate s\rce mat]ial1 d\bt z to ! au!nticity & reliability ( su* s\rces z we h2 & ev] pres5t !ological prepossession1 ^! difficulties aft] all d n (f] su* h9drances to fruitful inve/igation z ano!r factor1 ! pres5t condition ( sociological me?odology4 ,! writ] is n le>n$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( sci5tific me?od1 b he d\bts :e!r any o!r sci5ce is1 9 ?is respect1 9 su* a *aotic condition z sociology4 ,x is reasonable to expect ( any sci5ce t x w h "s g5]al rules = ! inve/igation ( ! data 9 its field1 & "s g5]al pr9ciples = ! int]pretation ( ! results ( inve/igation4 ,sociology is no exception 9 ?is respect4 ,9 fact ! numb] ( sociological 'pr9ciples1' s call$1 is almo/ incr$ibly great4 ,a m]e descriptive enum]ation ( !m1 & a by no means exhau/ive "o1 fills a consid]able volume4#a ,b s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no ef=t has be5 made to apply ^! pr9ciples or any consid]able numb] ( !m1 sy/ematically1 to ! elucidation ( any movem5t1 contempor>y or hi/orical4 ,9 g5]al ea* pr9ciple has _h its own advocates :o h appli$ x to v>y+ ranges ( hi/orical ph5om5a--g5]ally to ! total or at lea/ consid]able1 exclusion ( o!r pr9ciples4 ,^! sociological pr9ciples are n only v num]\s--!y are ( v v>i\s value4 ,no successful classification ( !m has ?us f> be5 made4 ,x is v possible t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce no successful classification c be made4 ,yet no /udy ( an hi/orical movem5t c1 )\t loss1 disp5se ) ! aid giv5 by ^! g5]al sociological pr9ciples4 ,! writ] w1 !re=e1 9 ! briefe/ possible mann]1 try to %[ "s ( ! aspects ( e>ly ,*iliasm z !y appe> 9 ! light ( a few ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,! li/ ( pr9ciples employ$ is n an exhau/ive "o4 ,x c n ev5 claim to be compreh5sive ( all ! pr9ciples :i* might fairly be said to be important4 ,on ! o!r h& x p]haps includes "s pr9ciples :i* "s sociologi/s w\ld probably consid] ( m9or importance4 ,!re is z yet1 un=tunately1 no consid]able agreem5t on ?is matt] among sociologi/s ( diff]5t nationalities & s*ools4 ,! reason ( c\rse1 is t ! social reality :i* ^! pr9ciples endeavor to expla9 conta9s facts :i* are intellectually incompatible b :i* nev]!less1 d actually exi/ toge!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important & "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t me?ods ( inve/igat+ social ph5om5a is ! /ati/ical me?od4 ,9 all cases ( social pa?ology ?is me?od is s valuable z to be almo/ indisp5sable4 ,9 o!r cases its use ne$s to be m c>efully gu>d$4 ,9 ! problem we h consid]$ ! use ( ! /ati/ical me?od has be5 evid5tly impossible except 9 ! mo/ incid5tal mann]4 ,we d n "k h[ _m ,*ri/ians expect$ any p>ticul> k9d ( ,second ,adv5t to take place )9 any giv5 l5g? ( "t4 ,if we _h in=mation = ea* decade to ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 ( ! numb] ( 'conv9c$' ,*ilia/s & ! numb] ( 'adh]5ts' :o 7 incl9$ t[>d t belief1 toge!r ) in=mation z to ! numb] ( ye>s )9 :i* ea* ( ^! gr\ps expect$ ! ,second ,adv5t1 x is ne$less to say t su* facts w\ld enable u to judge ! movem5t ) a consid]able approa* to hi/orical c]ta9ty4 ,ev5 su* incid5tal & fragm5t>y in=mation z has come d[n to u 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( ,*ilia/ic believ]s is mo/ valuable & su* use has be5 made ( x z may be4 ,if ! use ( ! /ati/ical me?od has n be5 m ext5sive1 x is because ( lack ( data4 ,p]haps ! mo/ widely kn[n ( all sociological pr9ciples is t call$ ,economic ,det]m9ism1 or ! ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory1 or ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism4 ,m & m1 ( rec5t ye>s1 ?is pr9ciple has be5 employ$ by hi/orians4 ,! classic /atem5t ( ! doctr9e is f\nd 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,! ,introduction to ! second edition /ates3 ,9 e hi/orical epo* ! prevail+ mode ( economic production & ex*ange & ! social organization necess>ily foll[+ f x1 =m ! basis ^u :i* is built up1 & f :i* alone c be expla9$1 ! political & intellectual hi/ory ( t epo*2 t consequ5tly ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d 7s9ce ! dissolution ( primitive tribal society hold+ l& 9 common own]%ip7 has be5 a hi/ory ( class1 /ruggles1 conte/s betwe5 exploit+ & exploit$1 rul+ & oppress$ classes4#b ,9 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to our subject we are lead to expect a g5u9e1 ?\gh n necess>ily direct1 connection betwe5 ! decl5sion ( es*atological expectations1 ! increase ( socialization 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity & su* broad economic movem5ts z result$ f ! soil exhau/ion ( ,we/]n ,europe & ! decreas$ productivity ( compulsory associat$ labor4 ,9 ! sub/itution ( s]fdom = slav]y & 9 ! gr[? ( mona/icism we c]ta9ly h two movem5ts :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! ,*ur*1 & _h a consid]able "p 9 alt]+ ! attitude ( m9d :i* made ,*ilia/ic expectations t5able4 ,x is probably true t :at we h "h is consid]ably m ?an a m]e co9cid5ce ( "t1 i4e41 t ,*iliasm decl9$ z s]fdom develop$ & 0 dead by ! "t ! patronage sy/em 0 e/abli%$ on ! great e/ates4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,we/ at lea/1 ,*iliasm 0 dead be=e ! c\ntry regions 7 to any measurable degree ,*ri/ian at all4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! apologetic us$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e to extirpate primitive1 ,*ilia/ic belief 0 only made plausable1 or ev5 possible1 by pr(\nd *anges1 ( an economic nature1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ,augu/9e's apologetic is t ! ,*ur*1 z actually exi/+ at ! "t1 0 ! promis$ k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ! reign ( ! ,sa9ts on e>?4 ,su* an explanation w\ld h be5 absurd 9 ! days :5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* consi/$ only ( a few1 small companies ( sect>ies1 lo/ among ! l[] /rata ( ! population ( ! cities on ! ,m$it]ranean litoral4 ,b by ,augu/9e's "t ! ,*ur* 0 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x 0 enorm\sly weal?y2 own+ f>ms1 or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 olive y>ds1 m9es1 qu>ries1 timb]l&s1 horses1 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 slaves & s]fs1 to say no?+ ( ! purely ecclesia/ical prop]ties l ,*ur*es1 s*ools1 bi%ops' resid5ces & simil> /ructures1 & ! l& !y occupi$4 ,! possession ( ?is great weal? inevitably br\ght ) x social position1 pre/ige1 & political p[]4 ,! psy*ical reaction produc$ by weal?1 rank1 & p[] 0 naturally unfavorable to ! gr[? ( any lively desire = ! t]m9ation ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,inde$ x 0 an active =ce 9 displac+ & elim9at+ ,*iliasm f ! m9ds ( ! hi]>*y4 ,on ! rev]se side we h se5 t ! times ( p]secution1 :5 ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 0 confiscat$ & ! lives & lib]ty ( ,*ri/ians endang]$ or lo/1 co9cid$ ) ! recrudesc5ce ( ,messianic expectations4 ,s t1 :i*ev] way ! subject is approa*$1 x w\ld seem t ! cont5tions ( ! advocates ( ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory c make out a v good case 9 ! in/ance ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ,*iliasm4 ,)\t rais+ economic det]m9ism to ! rank ( a dogma & :ile admitt+ t x has v real limitations1 x w\ld nev]!less appe> f ! pres5t /udy1 t ! foll[+ cont5tion ( "o ( its lead+ expon5ts conta9s an important degree ( tru?4 ,! relations ( m5 to "o ano!r 9 ! matt] ( mak+ a liv+ are ! ma91 und]ly+ causes ( m5's habits ( ?\ght & feel+1 _! notions ( "r1 propriety1 & legality1 _! in/itutions ( society & gov]nm5t1 _! w>s & revolutions4#c ,a pr9ciple some:at alli$ to ! doctr9e ( ,economic ,det]m9ism1 is t ( progress by ',gr\p ,conflict4' ,p]haps ! mo/ notable expon5t ( ?is pr9ciple is ! ,au/rian sociologi/1 ,ludwig ,gumpl[icz1 :o /ates3 ,:5 two di/9ct 7het]og57 gr\ps come toge!r ! natural t5d5cy ( ea* is to exploit ! o!r to use ! mo/ g5]al expression4 ,?is inde$ is :at gives ! fir/ impulse to ! social process4#d ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple we %\ld expect to f9d ! cause ( ! trans=mation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ! conflicts ( v>i\s gr\ps )9 ! ,*ri/ian community & 9 ! conflicts betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians z a gr\p1 & v>i\s o!r gr\ps 9 ! _w ( t "t4 ,! tru? ( ?is is s obvi\s t x is a m]e wa/e ( words to po9t x out4 ,t ,*ri/ian !ology evolv$ by a s]ies ( conflicts ) v>i\s pagan !ologies on ! "o side1 & ) v>i\s gr\ps )9 ! ,*ur* on ! o!r side1 :i* 7 successively br&$ z h]etical1 is ! mo/ pat5t fact 9 ! !ological hi/ory4 ,:at is true ( ! !ology 9 g5]al is true ( ,*iliasm 9 p>ticul>4 ,x 0 v l>gely dur+ ! conflicts ) a long s]ies ( h]etical gr\ps2 ,gno/ics1 ,ebionites1 ,alogi1 ,montani/s & ,apol9>ians t ! bl[s 7 giv5 :i* f9ally vanqui%$ ,*iliasm4 ,its elim9ation1 or at lea/ ! rapidity ( its elim9ation1 0 v measurably due to ! fact t x 0 involv$ 9 ^! gr\p conflicts1 & z x 0 almo/ inv>iably associat$ ) ! los+ gr\p1 x suff]$ ! natural fate ( ! vanqui%$4 ,:ile ! pr9ciple ( :i* ,gumpl[icz 0 s able a support] leads u to expect *anges 9 ! ,*ilia/ic doctr9e :]ev] x appe>s 9 connection ) ! ph5om5on ( gr\p conflict1 bo? )9 & )\t ! ,*ur*1 ?is pr9ciple does n1 9 itself1 enable u to /ate any?+ def9itely conc]n+ ! nature ( ^! *anges4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r sociological pr9ciple :i* we c call to our aid--! pr9ciple ( ,imitation4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,t>de3 ,! unv>y+ *>act]i/ic ( e social fact :atev] is t x is imitative & ?is *>act]i/ic belongs exclusively to social facts4 ,?is imitation h[ev]1 is n absolute & ! v>i\s degrees ( exactness 9 imitation & ! complexes result+ f ! v>i\s comb9ations & oppositions ( imitations =m ! dynamic ( progress4#e ,by ! help ( ?is pr9ciple we c 9 a c]ta9 measure e/imate ! g5]al nature ( ! *anges :i* took place 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! process ( its socialization4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire to ,*ri/ianity is1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 m]ely half ( ! actual occurr5ce4 ,! o!r half might be call$ ! conv]sion ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! fact t ?is second conv]sion took place2 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* became a hi]>*ic1 bureaucratic1 legali/ic1 mon>*ical imp]ialism is evid5ce en\gh t ! pr9ciple ( ,imitation op]at$ p[]fully 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,:at is true ( ! e>ly ,*ur* z a :ole is true ( ,*iliasm 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re 0 no v p[]ful ,second ,adv5ti/ or o!r ,*ilia/ic influ5ce 9 ! hea!n _w ) :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 9 contact4 ,_! beliefs 71 !re=e accord+ to ?is !ory1 weak5$ by dilution2 vice v]sa ! pagans 7 gradually conv]t$ to an enfeebl$ es*atological belief by imitation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 b ! net result 0 a compromise1 i4e41 a f> (f & indef9ite es*atology4 ,! concrete evid5ce 9 support ( ?is cont5tion is n abundant be+ conf9$ to a few l9es 9 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ,hippolytus1 ,lactantius & ,augu/9e4 ,su* z ! evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 x is entirely on ! side ( ! !ory ( imitation4 ,x is moreov] a v def5sible position t if we 7 n deal+ ) su* a /]eotyp$ lit]>y =m1 ! evid5ce w\ld be mu* /rong]4 ,"o arre/+ feature ( ! ,*ilia/ic passages t h come d[n to u1 is _! uni=mity4 ,!y are repetitions1 v (t5 actual1 v]bal repetitions ( "o ano!r4 ,:at is ( real int]e/ 9 ?is connection h[ev]1 is n ! =m ( words1 us$1 b ! v>y+ degrees ( e>ne/ness1 s9c]ity1 & eag]ness ) :i* ! beliefs1 embodi$ 9 ! =m1 7 held4 ,?is is a ?+ difficult if n impossible ( measurem5t4 ,practically our only means ( arriv+ at ! facts is to comp>e ! relatively slight *anges 9 ! =m ( ! ,*ilia/ic tradition4 ,?is has already be5 done#f & favors ! cont5tion :i* ! !ory ( ,imitation seeks to ma9ta94 ,! passage 9 ! ,oracles1 :ile und\bt$ly ,*ilia/ic1 is d\btfully or?odox & is f\nd 9 a context %[+ ! influ5ce ( paganism 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,simil>ly ,hippolytus & /ill m ,lactantius & ,augu/9e be+ situat$ s z to be peculi>ly susceptible to ! pagan environm5t %[ a m>k$ t5d5cy to make ! ,second ,adv5t a f> (f ev5t4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ^: contact ) ! contempor>y pagan _w 0 m complete at m po9ts ?an t ( any o!r ,*ur* fa!r1 puts ! ,second ,adv5t out ( all connection ) 8 own g5]ation4 ,ano!r sociological pr9ciple ( consid]able importance = our purpose is t sometimes spok5 ( z ! transf] ( ! allegiance ( ! unproductive labor]s4 ,! mo/ prom95t uphold] ( ?is pr9ciple is probably ! ,italian economi/ ,a*ille ,loria4 ,accord+ to ,loria1 ! hi/ory ( civilization is ! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle = ! economic surplus4 ,! exi/5ce ( an economic m>g9 above ! necessities ( subsi/5ce at once divides society into ?ree classes3 exploit]s1 unproductive labor]s1#g & productive labor]s4 ,9 ord] to ex]t moral suasion en\gh to p]v]t ! egoism ( ! oppress$ classes1 ! coop]ation ( unproductive labor]s is requir$4 ,! decomposition ( an e/abli%$ sy/em ( capitali/ic economy c>ri$ ) x a progressive dim9ution ( ! income f prop]ty & consequ5tly involves a correspond+ fall+ (f 9 ! unproductive labor]s' %>e !re94 ,?is 9 turn dissolves _! p>tn]%ip ) capital & puts an end to _! task ( psy*ologically co]c+ ! productive labor]s4 ,! b&age is ?us sudd5ly remov$ f ! eyes ( ! oppress$ & ! sy/ematic p]v]sion ( human egoism up to ?is "t 9 =ce1 is abruptly br\ght to an end4 ,b sc>cely has ! inevitable c\rse ( ev5ts h\nd$ to its grave ! exi/+ ord] ( oppression1 :5 !re arises ano!r4 ,"u ! new sy/em ( suppression ! anci5t alliance betwe5 capital & unproductive labor is ree/abli%$ & at once inaugurates a new process bett] adapt$ to p]v]t ! egoism ( ! productive labor]s4#h ,! importance ( ?is pr9ciple = ! und]/&+ ( our subject _c easily be ov]/at$4 ,! socialization ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity proce$$ 9 almo/ direct ratio to ! numb] ( 'unproductive' labor]s com+ ov] to x4 ,if ,*ri/ianity _h _h 9 ! ,fir/ ,c5tury1 su* an array ( !ologians1 philosoph]s1 apologi/s1 /atesm51 & intellectuals g5]ally1 z x _h 9 ! ,f\r? ,c5tury1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t its triumph w\ld h be5 mu* m rapid & complete4 ,on ! o!r h& _h ! ,pagan cults be5 able to %[ z num]\s & z able a body ( intellectual def5d]s 9 ! ,f\r? ,c5tury z 9 ! ,fir/1 ! success ( ! ,*ur* mu/ h be5 mu* ret>d$4 ,! decl5sion ( ! arti/ic1 lit]>y1 & g5]al intellectual level ( anci5t1 pagan civilization dur+ ! fir/ ?ree or f\r c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era is a fact s well kn[n z to call = no rem>k4 ,:at is n p]haps1 s well recogniz$ is t dur+ ! v "t t ! pagan _w pres5ts an almo/ incr$ible degree ( intellectual feebl5ess & /]ility1 ! actual proportion ( intellectually able m5 9 society 0 rem>kably great4 ,rome1 nev]1 p]haps 9 h] :ole hi/ory1 _h to h] cr$it s _m m5 ( /atesman-l ability z at ! "t h] empire 0 fall+ to pieces4 ,! explanation is simple4 ,! m5 ( g5ius & ability 7 no long] int]e/$ 9 ! political =tunes ( ! pagan empire4 ,!y _h gone ov] to a new allegiance1 & exp5d$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* a degree ( intellig5ce & ability :i*1 _h x be5 plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! ,empire1 might v conceivably h enabl$ t ,empire to survive to ?is day4 ,x is c]ta9 t "o ( ! lead+ causes ( ! collapse ( ! pagan cults 0 _! increas+ inability to comm& ! support ( ! intellectual lead]s 9 society1 & x is no less true t ! increas+ success ( ! ,*ur* 0 to be ascrib$ to ! ev] l>g] numb] ( m5 ( intellectual gifts :o enroll$ !mselves 9 h] support4 ,! fact1 ( c\rse1 is t ,*ri/ianity (f]$ increas+ly an outlet = ! expression ( abilities & capacities ( m9d & s\l su* z no pagan cult c\ld provide4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial comp>ison ( ! intellectual =ces = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 ) ! correspond+ array 9 ! f\r? or fif? c5turies is suffici5t to %[ ! enorm\s progress made by ! process ( socialization 9 ! int]val4 ,our m p>ticul> conc]n is1 h[ev]1 ) ! es*atological concepts4 ,a comp>ison ( ! support]s & oppon5ts ( ,*iliasm at diff]5t p]iods br+s into cle> view ! rate ( its decl9e4 ,)\t repeat+ :at has be5 dealt ) already1#i x is suffici5t to recall t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,*iliasm _h ! support ( m5 l ,/4 ,paul & ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels & o!r ,new ,te/am5t books1 notably ,revelation4 ,inde$1 z f> z we c judge1 e intellectual lead] ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t = ne>ly a c5tury support$ ! apocolyptic concepts4 ,b z "t w5t on ! proportionate numb] & ability ( its def5d]s decl9es4 ,f9ally 9 ! p]son ( ,orig5 9 ! ,ea/ & ,augu/9e 9 ! ,we/ we f9d ! undisput$ intellectual lead]s turn+ ! :ole intellectual class aga9/ x1 & s br++ ab\t its ov]?r[4 ,/ill ano!r sociological pr9ciple ( high importance because ( its p]vasiv5ess & ubiquity is t prop\nd$ by ,pr(4 ,vebl5 9 :at is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( ,am]ican works on sociology4#aj ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* may be summ$ up by ! words ,conspicu\s ,honorific ,consumption1 is t beliefs & cu/oms1 9 ord] to e/abli% !mselves & to survive z socially reputable1 mu/ involve _! hold]s 9 purely honorific consumption ( "t & economic goods4 ,?is consumption may be1 & 9 fact v l>gely is1 vic>i\s4 ,9 ?is case ! function>ies ( ! vic>i\s extravagance mu/ be di/+ui%$ f _! ma/]s by ! introduction ( ! elem5t ( p]sonal inconv5i5ce into ! p]=mance ( _! functions4 ,( ! v>i\s sociological pr9ciples1 s f> br\ght to our att5tion ?is "o ( ,conspicu\s ,honorific ,consumption gives u :at is probably ! mo/ useful clew to foll[ = ! und]/&+ ( ! relatively rapid decl9e & ! imm$iately subsequ5t social disrepute ( ! es*atological elem5ts 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,no set ( !ological concepts c be easily imag9$ :i* are m antagoni/ic to ! canon ( honorific1 conspicu\s consumption ?an are ! es*atological ones4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ! reputability ( wa/e is s int]calat$ into e =m ( social usage2 x plays s l>ge a "p 9 all moral1 religi\s1 lit]>y1 arti/ic1 political1 milit>y1 & o!r judgm5ts1 t 9 a society l t ( ! ,roman ,empire :]e pecuni>y emulation & invidi\s comp>ison 7 ! =ms tak5 by ! 'in/9ct ( workman%ip'--! prop5sity = a*ievem5t--no set ( beliefs or obs]vances :i* ran c\nt] to ?is pr9ciple c\ld1 9 a prolong$ conte/1 /& ! smalle/ *ance ( success4 ,9 ?is respect1 e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 ! m unequal to ! /ruggle 9 s mu* z x 0 ! /ronge/ 9 ! cities4 ,! tr5d ( affairs is obs]vable 9 ! ,*ur* z e>ly z ! appe>ance ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james4 ,"u urban conditions ! law ( conspicu\s consumption works ) peculi> p[] & x t5d$ t[>d ! rapid elim9ation ( ^? doctr9es & obs]vances :i* op]at$ to keep out ( ! ,*ur* ! weal?y1 p[]ful1 & fa%ionable elem5ts ( society4 ,)9 a relatively %ort "t1 by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! orig9ally respectable doctr9e ( ,mill5ananism 0 r5d]$ disreputable & ev5 h]etical4 ,x 0 an important ag5cy 9 br++ into %>p relief ! di/9ction ( cl]gy & laity1 :ile 9 ! appe>ance ( mona/icism we see ! work+ out ( ?is pr9ciple among ! /ronge/ 7!oretical7 oppon5ts4 ,_h ,*ri/ianity 9 ! beg9n+ f\nd a consid]able proportion ( its adh]5ts among ! labor+ classes 9 ! rural regions !re c be v little d\bt t x w\ld h ma9ta9$ ! purity ( its e>ly doctr9es = a mu* m consid]able p]iod ( "t ?an 0 actually ! case4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t1 9 t ev5t1 ,*ilia/ic expectations w\ld h surviv$ 9 ,*ri/ian !ology f> long] ?an !y did4 ,among ! work+ classes 9 a s$5t>y community :i* is at an agricultural /age ( indu/ry 9 :i* !re is a consid]able subdivision ( prop]ty & ^: laws & cu/oms secure to ^! classes a m or less def9ite %>e ( ! product ( _! indu/ry1 pecuni>y emulation t5ds 9 a c]ta9 measure to su* indu/ry & frugality z s]ve to weak5 9 "s degree ! full =ce ( ! pr9ciple ( honorific1 & m especially ( vic>i\sly honorific wa/efulness4 ,t is to say su* conditions t5d to cons]vatism 9 g5]al & possibly to religi\s cons]vatism 9 p>ticul>4 ,b = ?is v reason ,*ri/ianity made its way only v sl[ly into ! rural regions4 ,9 ! ,we/1 inde$1 ,*iliasm 0 already dead be=e ! ,*ur* _h won any great headway among ! agricultural population--:i* 0 n until ! six? & sev5? c5turies4 ,_h ,*iliasm be5 able to hold its own until ! conv]sion ( ! rural regions1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h surviv$ !re = g5]ations if n c5turies--ev5 if x _h di$ out 9 ! urban c5t]s4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ,*ri/ianity made its way among ! rural population1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 consid]ably e>li] ?an 0 ! case 9 ! ,we/1 ,*iliasm did get a hold 9 c]ta9 agricultural regions ( ,phrygia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 & else:]e1 & x 0 9 precisely su* regions1 z we h already se51 t x 0 held mo/ t5aci\sly & ab&on$ mo/ sl[ly4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,gidd+s ( ,columbia ,univ]sity is ! sponsor ( ! la/ sociological pr9ciple :i* w be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,8 pr9ciple is kn[n z ! ,consci\sness ( ,k9d4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,gidd+s3 ,consci\sness ( ,k9d is t pleasurable /ate ( m9d :i* includes organic sympa?y1 ! p]ception ( resemblance consci\s or reflective sympa?y1 affection & ! desire = recognition4#aa ,?is consci\sness is a social & socializ+ =ce1 sometimes exce$+ly delicate & subtle 9 its action1 sometimes turbul5t & all p[]ful4 ,assum+ endlessly v>i$ modes ( prejudice & ( prepossession1 ( lik+ & ( dislik+1 ( love & ( hate1 x t5ds always to recon/ruct & to dom9ate e mode ( association & e social gr\p+4#ab ,by means ( ?is v compreh5sive pr9ciple _m o!rwise m]ely /ray & isolat$ items ( in=mation t h come d[n to use reg>d+ e>ly ,*ri/ianity c be giv5 a place & a mean+ 9 ! graduat$ s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* m>k ! transition f ! es*atological to ! socializ$ movem5t4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! exhibitions ( consci\sness ( k9d accord+ to diff]5ces & simil>ities ( sex1 age1 k9%ip1 language1 political beliefs1 occupations1 rank1 locality1 weal?1 & ! l4 ,! v numb] ( ways 9 :i* consci\sness ( k9d ex]ts influ5ce makes ?is pr9ciple ( v great use :5 ! task is t ( =m+ a g5]al conclusion f ! inve/igation ( s\rces :i* are incomplete1 inconclusive & sometimes contradictory4 ,! diff]5t sociological pr9ciples m5tion$ above are int5d$ z specim5s only4 ,! li/ is n 9 any s5se complete4 ,no att5tion is paid to o!r pr9ciples held z coord9ates or z correlates ( ^? ref]r$ to4 ,:ole classes ( pr9ciples1 ! an?ropological & geographic1 = in/ance1 are consci\sly omitt$4 ,! li/ is 9 ! highe/ degree a hit-&-miss selection & ! m casual x is1 ! bett] = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,?is purpose is to %[ t any giv5 s]ies ( pr9ciples elucidat$ by /ud5ts ( our contempor>y mod]n civilization1 w be f\nd to h be5 op]at+ 9 disc]nable fa%ion 9 ! case ( an obscure =m ( !ological speculation 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,t ,*iliasm 0 ! natural result ( ! h]$ity & environm5t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 or p]haps bett]1 ! natural result ( ! reaction ( inh]it$ elem5ts 9 vital contact ) ! contempor>y _w1 w probably be admitt$ readily en\gh by anyone :o has foll[$ ! discussion ?us f>4 ,b ! aim ( ?is !sis1 p>ticul>ly ( ?is la/ *apt]1 is some?+ m ?an t4 ,its aim is to uphold ! cont5tion t ! =ces n[ op]at+ 9 society to %ape & re%ape beliefs & op9ions are ! v same 9 k9d z op]at$ 9 ! society ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 %ort1 any explanation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*iliasm :i* seeks to br+ 9 ! op]ation ( any social pr9ciples :i* _c be %[n to be objectively op]ative 9 contempor>y society is to be view$ ) a c]ta9 measure ( d\bt1 if n ( suspicion4 ,x may be tak5 z a safe assumption t all attempts to obta9 a complete explanation ( any hi/orical ev5t 9 t]ms ( "o pr9ciple ( "o sci5ce are =$oom$ to failure4 ,! same is true1 9 less degree1 ev5 if we take all ! s f> discov]$ pr9ciples ( any "o sci5ce4 ,9 ord] to give any?+ l a really compreh5sive explanation ( ! hi/orical process :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is !sis !re w\ld be requir$ ! contributions ( ! pr9ciples ( economics1 political sci5ce1 psy*ology1 & ! o!r social sci5ces4 ,su* a syn!sis ( pr9ciples is beyond ! ability ( any "o individual4 ,! application ( !m all to our subject w\ld be a task requir+ ! coop]ation ( _m speciali/s 9 _m l9es = "s n inconsid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,! writ]'s task w n p]haps h be5 utt]ly 9 va91 if he has1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ measure1 help$ to br+ home to a s+le read]1 ?is important fact4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,l4 ,m4 ,bri/ol1 ,social ,adaptation1 ,h>v>d ,economic ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 ,cambridge #aiae4 #b ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,au?oriz$ ,engli% ,translation1 ,*icago1 #ahih4 #c ,w4 ,j4 ,gh5t1 ,mass & ,class1 ,*ap4 #a4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 #d ,grundriss d] ,sociologie2 ,moore's ,translation1 p4 #he4 ,annals ,am4 ,acad4 ,pol4 ,sci4 ,phil4 #ahii4 #e ,g4 ,t>de1 ,social ,laws1 p4 #da4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,! ,laws ( ,imitation1 p4 #bb4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 #f ,see ,*ap4 ,i4 #g i4e41 ,! s-call$1 ,intellectuals4 #h ,economic ,f\ndations ( ,society1 pp4 #ea seq4 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 #i ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,i4 #aj ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #aa ,inductive ,sociology1 p4 #ii1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #ab ,descriptive & ,hi/orical ,sociology1 p4 #bge1 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( *anges made to ! orig9al4 ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4 ,9 all ( !m ! cata/rophy is m or less imm$iately ,9 all ( !m ! cata/rophe is m or less imm$iately & f9al judgem5t :i* 9 ! prec$+ =m ( belief 7 & f9al judgm5t :i* 9 ! prec$+ =m ( belief 7 is to be prece$$ by trem5d\s port5ts ( ! mo/ t]rible sort4 is to be prec$$ by trem5d\s port5ts ( ! mo/ t]rible sort4 ,!biad4 ,9 fact a l>ge numb] ( ,jewi% ,apocalyses :i* ! ,!biad4 ,9 fact a l>ge numb] ( ,jewi% ,apocalypses :i* ! ,he ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,mell5nium1 dea? w be aboli%$ ,he ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,mill5nium1 dea? w be aboli%$ ,apol9>is 0 inde$ ! mo/ ,judais+ ,*ri/ian 9 8 ,*iliasm ,apoll9>is 0 inde$ ! mo/ ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ian 9 8 ,*iliasm indignantly d5\nces z 'figm5ts1' 'm]e old wives fables' & indignantly d5\nces z 'figm5ts1' 'm]e old wives' fables' & 'doctr9es ( ,jews4'#ai ,al?\gh ,apol9>ianism 0 condemn$ 'doctr9es ( ,jews4'#ai ,al?\gh ,apoll9>ianism 0 condemn$ ( note 9 ! we/4 ,x is ab\ndantly evid5t h[ev]1 f ! ( note 9 ! we/4 ,x is abundantly evid5t h[ev]1 f ! & incongruities z ! pagan my?s :i* provik$ s _m & incongruities z ! pagan my?s :i* provok$ s _m ,*ilia/s--are held to be insoluable z to ! "t ( _! appe>ance2 ,*ilia/s--are held to be insoluble z to ! "t ( _! appe>ance2 dead1 & yet to be born4 ,! entity 0 et]nal1 inde/ructable1 dead1 & yet to be born4 ,! entity 0 et]nal1 inde/ructible1 ! o!rwise un9telligible success ( t sa9t 9 combatt+ ! o!rwise un9telligible success ( t sa9t 9 combat+ expression to ?is accompli%$ fact & x is no d]rogation ( 8 expression to ?is accompli%$ fact & x is no d]ogation ( 8 words re/riction 9 matrimony :e!r ,*ila/ic or mona/ic is due words re/riction 9 matrimony :e!r ,*ilia/ic or mona/ic is due ( ! movem5t1 7 influ5c$ m by ,*ila/ic concepts ?an ( ! movem5t1 7 influ5c$ m by ,*ilia/ic concepts ?an #c ,cf4 ,p>ables 9 ,i ,eno* ,,xxxvii-,,ixxi4 #c ,cf4 ,p>ables 9 ,i ,eno* ,,xxxvii-,,lxxi4 #d ,cf4 ,apocalypse ( ,baur*2 #d ,ezra1 #d ,maccabees4 #d ,cf4 ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*2 #d ,ezra1 #d ,maccabees4 ,f\r?3 ,:at may be di/+ui%$ z ! specifically ,*ri/a9 ,f\r?3 ,:at may be di/+ui%$ z ! specifically ,*ri/ian ! pupose ( giv+ him a ve/ & an ov]coat 9 addition to :at ! purpose ( giv+ him a ve/ & an ov]coat 9 addition to :at & rightly dis*>g$ 8 s]vice to ,him4#ac & rightly dis*>g$ 8 s]vice to ,him4#ac ,! inconsi/5t & irreconciliable nature ( ! evid5ce ab\t ,! inconsi/5t & irreconcilable nature ( ! evid5ce ab\t ref]5ces to int]e/1 :i* may p]hpas be due to ! fact t 9 ref]5ces to int]e/1 :i* may p]haps be due to ! fact t 9 condem+ int]e/ z su*4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! condemn+ int]e/ z su*4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! pr$iliction ( c]ta9 types ( pecuni>y int]e/ = t re=m]'s pr$ilection ( c]ta9 types ( pecuni>y int]e/ = t re=m]'s sy/em ( ecclia/ical polity4 ,! ,roman law did inde$ fix a sy/em ( ecclesia/ical polity4 ,! ,roman law did inde$ fix a or act up to all ?ay !y believe4 ,imag9e a man act+ on ! or act up to all t !y believe4 ,imag9e a man act+ on ! in/itution !y 7 p]fectly famil> & 9 univ]sal obs]vance in/itution !y 7 p]fectly famili> & 9 univ]sal obs]vance ,x 0 immoral to inve/ money 9 ! consrtuction company t ,x 0 immoral to inve/ money 9 ! con/ruction company t economic & matt]s--& on o!r matt]s also4 ,! diff]5ce 9 a economic matt]s--& on o!r matt]s also4 ,! diff]5ce 9 a ,z soon z ,*ri/a9 doctr9es became widespread en\gh to ,z soon z ,*ri/ian doctr9es became widespread en\gh to villange or s]fdom4 ,b ?is *ange cut (f ! economic m>g9 ville9age or s]fdom4 ,b ?is *ange cut (f ! economic m>g9 t ( ,bibical exegesis4 ,9 ! well kn[n s]mon or essay on3 t ( ,biblical exegesis4 ,9 ! well kn[n s]mon or essay on3 pyhsical possessions1 b spiritual qualities ( gre$ & av>ice4 physical possessions1 b spiritual qualities ( gre$ & av>ice4 t %all ) difficulty ent] into ! k+dom1 is to be appreh5d$ t %all ) difficulty ent] into ! k+dom1 is to be appreh5d$ ! rew>d ( :i* is salvation4 ,sell ?y possessions4 ,:at is ! rew>d ( :i* is salvation4 ,sell ?y possessions4 ,:at is expositions ( ,*ri/ian ,scripture1 p5n+ ! mo/ p[]ful apologitic expositions ( ,*ri/ian ,scripture1 p5n+ ! mo/ p[]ful apologetic honors ^u ! l[lie/ drug]y2#cg !y turn$ pr9ces into pl[m5 honors ^u ! l[lie/ drudg]y2#cg !y turn$ pr9ces into pl[m5 in/itutions ( society c inde$ be *ang$4 ,b !y c be *ang$--or in/itutions ( society c inde$ be *ang$4 ,b !y c be *ang$--on lack !oritical ju/ification t5d to accumulate su* ju/ification lack !oretical ju/ification t5d to accumulate su* ju/ification ! spread ( ,*riatian !ology by lib]at+ x f ! burd5 ! spread ( ,*ri/ian !ology by lib]at+ x f ! burd5 influ5ce is economic4 ,*ri/ianity by tea*+ ! virtues ( hone/y influ5ce is economic4 ,*ri/ianity by tea*+ ! virtues ( hone/y1 ,p5tico/ & imm$iately aft]w>ds 0 due prim>ily to ! fact ,p5teco/ & imm$iately aft]w>ds 0 due prim>ily to ! fact began to develope doctr9es & practices ev5 slightly at began to develop doctr9es & practices ev5 slightly at motive1 ! ?reat5$ loss ( livlihood1 ent]+ along ) ang] motive1 ! ?reat5$ loss ( livelihood1 ent]+ along ) ang] ( ! cr[ds only aft] agitation dilib]ately /irr$ up by int]e/$ ( ! cr[ds only aft] agitation delib]ately /irr$ up by int]e/$ also ! villages & c\ntry places & yet x sees possible to /op x & also ! villages & c\ntry places & yet x seems possible to /op x & tea*+ _m n to sacrifice or to wor%ip ! gods4 ,speak+ tea*+ _m n to sacrifice or to wor%ip ! gods4 ,speak+ pagan public4 ,mo/ noticable ( all is ! indiff]5ce ( ! mob pagan public4 ,mo/ noticeable ( all is ! indiff]5ce ( ! mob clamor & bl[s & dragg+s & rob]ies & /on+s & clamor & bl[s & dragg+s & robb]ies & /on+s & m ?r\gh p]meation ( ! public m9d by ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re m ?or\gh p]meation ( ! public m9d by ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re v ext5t & ?r\ghness & duration ( ! p]secution v ext5t & ?or\ghness & duration ( ! p]secution belongs 9 ! reign ( ,septimus ,sev]ns in/ead ( t ( ,m>cus belongs 9 ! reign ( ,septimus ,sev]us in/ead ( t ( ,m>cus circum/ances m or less 9 obeyance4 ,on ! :ole x 0 und\bt$ly circum/ances m or less 9 abeyance4 ,on ! :ole x 0 und\bt$ly m viol5t at ! end ( ! p]iod ?am at ! beg9n+4 m viol5t at ! end ( ! p]iod ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,s]v]us1 #bjb ,a4,d4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,eusebius ( ! m>tydom ,sev]us1 #bjb ,a4,d4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,eusebius ( ! m>tyrdom case x 0 n ! product ( any spontani\s popul> movem5t4 case x 0 n ! product ( any spontane\s popul> movem5t4 ,!y 7 n call$ =? by any imp]ial edict--!y prece$$ ! ,!y 7 n call$ =? by any imp]ial edict--!y prec$$ ! gov]nm5tal1 legal precess w\ld ev]1 or c\ld ev]1 take on4 gov]nm5tal1 legal process w\ld ev]1 or c\ld ev]1 take on4 p]secution among u did n beg9 ) ! royal decree b proce$$ p]secution among u did n beg9 ) ! royal decree b prec$$ accumlat$ s5tim5t & social unre/ mu/ ( necessity dis*>ge accumulat$ s5tim5t & social unre/ mu/ ( necessity dis*>ge p]haps be go+ beyong ! evid5ce to say t 9 ?is int]val1 p]haps be go+ beyond ! evid5ce to say t 9 ?is int]val1 away f !m & drove ! ,jews out ( ! city1 p]mit+ ! away f !m & drove ! ,jews out ( ! city1 p]mitt+ ! be+ reconcil$ to ! bi%op4 ,"s ( !m !re=e hurrri$ be+ reconcil$ to ! bi%op4 ,"s ( !m !re=e hurri$ p 9 a /ruggle ov] ! mo/ ob/ruse & recondite metaphysical p 9 a /ruggle ov] ! mo/ ab/ruse & recondite metaphysical to ! ,*ri/ians mob movem5t aga9/ ! pagans & to ! to ! ,*ri/ians' mob movem5t aga9/ ! pagans & to ! exp]i5ce4 7b7 ,op]ation z an isolat+ device 7c7 ,revolt aga9/ exp]i5ce4 7b7 ,op]ation z an isolat+ device4 7c7 ,revolt aga9/ 7 free f its defects z an in/rum5t ( hi]>*ial ambition4 7 free f its defects z an in/rum5t ( hi]>*ical ambition4 t[n ( ,phrygia 0 to become ! capitol ( ! _w wide k+dom t[n ( ,phrygia 0 to become ! capital ( ! _w wide k+dom produc$ no alt]nation :atev] 9 ! cre$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z produc$ no alt]ation :atev] 9 ! cre$s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z ev] possible1 by pr(\nd *anges1 ( an economic nature1 9 ! ev5 possible1 by pr(\nd *anges1 ( an economic nature1 9 ! ( m5 to ane ano!r 9 ! matt] ( mak+ a liv+ are ! ma91 ( m5 to "o ano!r 9 ! matt] ( mak+ a liv+ are ! ma91 associat$ ) ! loos+ gr\p1 x suff]$ ! natural fate ( ! associat$ ) ! los+ gr\p1 x suff]$ ! natural fate ( ! ,b sc>cely has ! inevitable c\rse ( ev5ts h\nd$ to its ,b sc>cely has ! inevitable c\rse ( ev5ts h\nd$ to its