,f ,ritual to ,romance by ,jessie ,l4 ,we/on 8,animus ad amplitud9em ,my/]iorum pro modulo suo dilatetur1 non ,my/]ia ad angu/ias animi con/r+antur40 7,bacon47 8,_m lit]>y critics seem to ?9k t an hypo!sis ab\t obscure & remote que/ions ( hi/ory c be refut$ by a simple dem& = ! production ( m evid5ce ?an 9 fact exi/s4--,b ! true te/ ( an hypo!sis1 if x _c be %ewn to conflict ) kn[n tru?s1 is ! numb] ( facts t x correlaates1 & expla9s40 7,corn=d1 ,orig9s ( ,attic ,com$y47 ,preface ,9 ! introductory ,*apt] ! read] w f9d ! aim & object ( ^! /udies set =? at l5g?4 ,9 view ( ! importance & complexity ( ! problems involv$ x seem$ bett] to incorporate su* a /atem5t 9 ! book itself1 r ?an relegate x to a ,preface :i* all might n tr\ble to read4 ,yet ,i feel t su* a g5]al /atem5t does n adequately express my full debt ( obligation4 ,among ! _m ^: lab\r has be5 laid "u contribution 9 ! foll[+ pages !re are c]ta9 s*ol>s ^: publi%$ "w1 or p]sonal advice1 has be5 specially illum9at+1 & to :om specific ackn[l$gm5t is !re=e due4 ,l _m o!rs ,i owe to ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] ! initial inspiration :i* set me1 z ,i may truly say1 on ! road to ! ,grail ,ca/le4 ,)\t ! guidance ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,i %\ld probably1 z ! late ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is happily express$ x1 /ill be w&]+ 9 ! =e/ ( ,broceli&e6 ,dur+ ! ,bayreu? ,fe/ival ( #aiaa ,i _h frequ5t opportunities ( meet+1 & discussion )1 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]4 ,i owe to him n only ! introduction to 8 own "w1 :i* ,i f\nd mo/ helpful1 b ref]5ces :i* h be5 ( ! greate/ assi/ance2 e4g4 my k ( ,cumont's ,les ,religions ,ori5tales1 & ,s*eftel[itz's valuable /udy on ,fi% ,symbolism1 bo? ( :i* h furni%$ important l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 is due to ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]4 ,! p]usal ( ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison's ,!mis op5$ my eyes to ! ext5d$ importance ( ^! ,vegetation rites4 ,9 view ( ! evid5ce !re adduc$ ,i ask$ myself :e!r beliefs :i* _h f\nd expression n only 9 social in/itution1 & popul> cu/om1 b1 z set =? 9 ,sir ,g4 ,murray's /udy on ,greek ,dramatic ,orig9s1 atta*$ to ! "w1 also 9 ,drama & ,lit]ature1 might n reasonably--ev5 inevitably--be expect$ to h left _! m>k on ,romance8 ,! "o seem$ to me a necess>y coroll>y ( ! o!r1 & ,i felt t ,i _h ga9$1 z ! result ( ,miss ,h>rison's "w1 a wid]1 & m assur$ basis = my own rese>*es4 ,i 0 no long] engag$ m]ely 9 enquir+ into ! s\rces ( a fasc9at+ leg5d1 b on ! id5tification ( ano!r field ( activity = =ces ^: pot5cy z ag5ts ( evolution we 7 only n[ beg9n+ rightly to appreciate4 ,f9ally1 a casual ref]5ce1 9 ,anri*'s "w on ! ,my/]ies1 to ! ,naass5e ,docum5t1 caus$ me to apply to ,mr ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 ( ^: k ( ! my/]i\s bord]-l& betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 & will+ness to place t k at ! disposal ( o!rs1 ,i _h1 = "s ye>s pa/1 _h pleasant exp]i5ce4 ,mr ,mead ref]r$ me to 8 own translation & analysis ( ! text 9 "q1 & !re1 to my satisfaction1 ,i f\nd1 n only ! f9al l9k t complet$ ! *a9 ( evolution f ,pagan ,my/]y to ,*ri/ian ,c]emonial1 b also pro( ( t wid] significance ,i 0 beg9n+ to appreh5d4 ,! problem involv$ 0 n "o ( ,folk-lore1 n ev5 "o ( ,lit]ature1 b ( ,comp>ative ,religion 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,?us1 :ile ,i tru/ t my co-work]s 9 ! field ( ,ar?urian rese>* w accept ^! /udies z a p]man5t contribution to ! elucidation ( ! ,grail problem1 ,i w\ld fa9 hope t ^? s*ol>s :o lab\r 9 a wid] field1 & to ^: works ,i owe s mu*1 may f9d 9 ! results "h set =? elem5ts t may prove ( real value 9 ! /udy ( ! evolution ( religi\s belief4 ,j4 ,l4 ,w4 ,p>is1 ,octob]1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,nature ( ! ,grail problem4 ,unsatisfactory "* ( results a*iev$4 ,objections to ,*ri/ian ,leg5d>y orig92 to ,folk-lore orig94 ,elem5ts 9 bo? !ories s\nd4 ,solution to be s\ght 9 a direction :i* w d ju/ice to bo?4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh indicates possible l9e ( rese>*4 ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway's criticism ( ,vegetation !ory exam9$4 ,dramas & ,dramatic ,dances4 ,! ,liv+ & n ! ,dead ,k+ ! factor ( importance4 ,impossibility ( prov+ human orig9 = ,vegetation ,deities4 ,n ,dea? b ,resurrection ! ess5tial c5tre ( ,ritual4 ,muh>ram too late 9 date & lacks ,resurrection feature4 ,relation betwe5 defunct h]oes & special localities4 ,sanctity possibly antec$5t to connection4 ,mana n necess>ily a case ( relics4 ,self-act+ weapons frequ5t 9 ,m$ieval ,romance4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s !ory holds good4 ,rem>ks on me?od & design ( pres5t ,/udies4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,task ( ! ,h]o ,ess5tial to det]m9e ! orig9al nature ( ! task impos$ ^u ! h]o4 ,v]sions exam9$4 ,! ,gawa9 =ms--,bleh]is1 ,di ,crne4 ,p]ceval v]sions--,g]b]t1 prose ,p]ceval1 ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 ,p]lesvaus1 ,manessi]1 ,p]$ur1 ,p>zival4 ,galahad--,que/e4 ,result1 prim>y task heal+ ( ,fi%] ,k+ & removal ( curse ( ,wa/e ,l&4 ,! two int]-dep5d5t4 ,illness ( ,k+ entails mis=tune on ,l&4 ,enquiry into nature ( ,k+'s disability4 ,sone de ,nansai4 ,= elucidation ( problem necess>y to be> 9 m9d close connection betwe5 ,l& & ,rul]4 ,importance ( ,wa/e ,l& motif = criticism4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,free+ ( ! ,wat]s ,enquiry may comm5ce ) e>ly ,aryan tradition4 ,! ,rig-,v$a4 ,extreme importance assign$ to ,indra's feat ( 8,free+ ! ,wat]s40 ,?is also specific a*ievem5t ( ,grail h]oes4 ,extracts f ,rig-,v$a4 ,dramatic poems & monologues4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s !ory4 ,my/]ium und ,mimus4 i%yaiga drama4 ,p>allels ) ,p]ceval /ory4 ,result1 ! specific task ( ! ,grail h]o n a lit]>y inv5tion b an inh]itance ( ,aryan tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,tammuz & ,adonis ,g5]al objects to be atta9$ by ^! ,nature ,cults4 ,/imulation ( ,f]tility1 ,animal & ,vegetable4 ,pr9ciple ( ,life ultimately conceiv$ ( 9 an?ropomorphic =m4 ,?is process already advanc$ 9 ,rig-,v$a4 ,greek ,my?ology pres]ves int]m$iate /age4 ,! ,eniautos ,daimon4 ,tammuz--e>lie/ kn[n repres5tative ( ,dy+ ,god4 ,"* ( ! wor%ip4 ,orig9 ( ! "n4 ,lam5t = ,tammuz4 ,8 dea? affects n only ,vegetable b ,animal life4 ,lack ( arti/ic repres5tation ( ,my/]ies4 ,mr ,langdon's sugge/ion4 ,ritual possibly dramatic4 ,summ>y ( evid5ce4 ,adonis--,pho5ician-,greek equival5t ( ,tammuz4 ,probably mo/ popul> & be/ kn[n =m ( ,nature ,cult4 ,my?ological tale ( ,adonis4 ,enquiry into nature ( injury4 ,importance ( recogniz+ true nature ( ^! cults & ( ! ritual obs]v$4 ,v>y+ dates ( celebration4 ,adonis probably orig9ally ,eniautos ,daimon4 ,pr9ciple ( ,life 9 g5]al1 h5ce lack ( fixity 9 date4 ,details ( ! ritual4 ,p>allels ) ! ,grail leg5d exam9$4 ,dead ,knight or ,disabl$ ,k+4 ,consequ5t mis=tunes ( ,l&4 ,! ,weep+ ,wom54 ,! ,hairless ,maid54 ,position ( ,ca/le4 ,summ+ up4 ,c incid5ts ( su* remote antiquity be us$ z criticism = a ,m$ieval text8 ,,*apt] ,v ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,=ms ( ,nature ,ritual ,is x possible to e/abli% *a9 ( desc5t connect+ e>ly ,aryan & ,babylonian ,ritual ) ,classic1 ,m$ieval & ,mod]n =ms ( ,nature wor%ip8 ,survival ( ,adonis cult e/abli%$4 ,evid5ce ( ,mannh>dt & ,fraz]4 ,exi/+ ,cont95tal cu/oms recogniz$ z survivals ( anci5t beliefs4 ,in/ances4 #8,directly relat$' to ,attis-,adonis cult4 ,von ,s*ro$] e/abli%es p>allel betwe5 exi/+ ,f]tility procession & ,rig-,v$a poem4 ,id5tification ( ,life ,pr9ciple ) ,k+4 ,prosp]ity ( l& dep5d5t on k+ z repres5tative ( god4 ,celts4 ,greeks4 ,mod]n in/ances1 ! ,%illuk ,k+s4 ,p>allel betwe5 ,%illuk ,k+1 ,grail ,k+ & ,vegetation ,deity4 ,sone de ,nansai & ! ,lam5t = ,tammuz4 ,id5tity ( situation4 ,plea = unprejudic$ criticism4 ,impossibility ( su* p>allels be+ =tuit\s2 ! result ( delib]ate int5tion1 n an accid5t ( lit]>y inv5tion4 ,if id5tity ( c5tral "* be admitt$ 8 relation to ,wa/e ,l& becomes fundam5tal factor 9 criticiz+ v]sions4 ,ano!r ,african survival4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,symbols ,summ>y ( results ( previ\s enquiry4 ,! ,m$ieval ,/age4 ,grail romances probably conta9 record ( secret ritual ( a ,f]tility cult4 ,! ,symbols ( ! cult--,cup1 ,lance1 ,sword1 ,/one1 or ,di%4 ,plea = treat+ ,symbols z a relat$ gr\p n z isolat$ units4 ,failure to d s probably cause ( unsatisfactory result ( long rese>*4 ,ess5tial to recognize ,grail /ory z an orig9al :ole & to treat x 9 its ensemble aspect4 ,we mu/ diff]5tiate betwe5 orig9 & accretion4 ,in/ances4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,long9us4 ,lance & ,cup n associat$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,evid5ce4 ,! ,spe> ( ,ea/]n ,liturgies only a ,knife4 ,! ,ble$+ ,lance4 ,treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann4 ,correspond z a gr\p ) ,grail ,symbols4 ,difficulty ( equat+ ,cauldron-,grail4 ,probably belong to a diff]5t l9e ( tradition4 ,in/ances giv54 ,real significance ( ,lance & ,cup4 ,well kn[n z ,life ,symbols4 ,! ,samurai4 ,f\r ,symbols also pres]v$ z ,suits ( ! ,t>ot4 ,orig9 ( ,t>ot discuss$4 ,probably rea*$ ,europe f ! ,ea/4 ,use ( ! ,symbols 9 ,magic4 ,probable explanation ( ^! v>i\s appe>ances to be f\nd 9 fact t associat$ gr\p 7 at "o "t symbols ( a ,f]tility cult4 ,fur!r evid5ce to be exam9$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,sword ,dance ,relation ( ,sword ,dance1 ,morris ,dance1 & ,mumm+ ,play4 ,_! ,c]emonial orig9 n[ admitt$ by s*ol>s4 ,connect$ ) seasonal ,fe/ivals & ,f]tility ,ritual4 ,e>lie/ ,sword ,danc]s1 ! ,m>uts4 ,von ,s*ro$]1 ,my/]ium und ,mimus4 ,discussion ( _! nature & functions4 ,! ,k\retes4 ,"* ( _! dance4 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,!mis4 ,! ,korybantes4 ,dance probably sacrificial 9 orig94 ,! ,salii4 ,dramatic elem5t 9 _! dance4 ,m>s1 z ,f]tility god4 ,mamurius ,veturius4 ,anna ,p]5na4 ,"* ( dance seasonal4 ,mod]n ,briti% survivals4 ,! ,sword ,dance4 ,mo/ly pres]v$ 9 ,nor?4 ,v>iants4 ,mr ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$ieval ,/age4 ,! ,mumm+ ,plays4 ,description4 ,*>act]s4 ,recogniz$ z repres5t+ ,dea? & ,revival ( ,vegetation ,deity4 ,dr ,jevons1 ,masks & ! ,orig9 ( ! ,greek ,drama4 ,morris ,dances4 ,no dramatic elem5t4 ,co/ume ( "* significant4 ,possible survival ( !riomorphic orig94 ,elaborate "* ( figures 9 ea* gr\p4 ,symbols employ$4 ,! ,p5tangle4 ,! ,*alice4 ,pres5t =m %[s dislocation4 ,probability t ?ree gr\ps 7 once a comb9$ :ole & ,symbols unit$4 ,evid5ce /r5g!ns view advanc$ 9 la/ ,*apt]4 ,symbols orig9ally a gr\p connect$ ) lo/ =m ( ,f]tility ,ritual4 ,possible orig9 ( ,grail ,knights to be f\nd 9 ,sword ,danc]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,m$ic9e ,man ,! rle ( ! ,m$ic9e ,man1 or ,doctor 9 ,f]tility ,ritual4 ,its importance & antiquity4 ,! ,rig-,v$a poem4 ,classical evid5ce1 ,mr ,f4 ,corn=d4 ,traces ( ,m$ic9e ,man 9 ! ,grail romances4 ,gawa9 z ,heal]4 ,p]si/5t tradition4 ,possible survival f pre-lit]>y =m4 ,evid5ce ( ! ,triads4 ,p]$ur z ,heal]4 ,evolution ( !me4 ,le ,di/ de l',erb]ie4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,fi%] ,k+ ,summ>y ( evid5ce pres5t$4 ,ne$ ( a #8te/' elem5t4 ,to be f\nd 9 c5tral figure4 ,my/]y ( 8 title4 ,analysis ( v>iants4 ,gawa9 v]sion4 ,p]ceval v]sion4 ,borron alone attempts explanation ( title4 ,p>zival4 ,p]lesvaus4 ,que/e4 ,gr& ,sa9t ,graal4 ,comp>ison ) surviv+ ritual v>iants4 ,orig9al =m ,k+ dead1 & re/or$ to life4 ,old ,age & ,w\nd+ !mes4 ,legitimate v>iants4 ,d\bl+ ( "* a lit]>y device4 ,title4 ,:y ,fi%] ,k+8 ,exam9ation ( ,fi% ,symbolism4 ,fi% a ,life symbol4 ,examples4 ,indian--,manu1 ,vi%nu1 ,buddha4 ,fi% 9 ,buddhism4 ,evid5ce f ,*9a4 ,orpheus4 ,babylonian evid5ce4 ,tammuz ,"l ( ! ,net4 ,jewi% ,symbolism4 ,! ,messianic ,fi%-meal4 ,adopt$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,evid5ce ( ! catacombs4 ,s\rce ( ,borron's ,fi%-meals4 ,my/]y tradition n ,celtic ,folk-tale4 ,comp>ison ( v]sion ) ,f9n /ory4 ,) ,messianic tradition4 ,epitaph ( ,bi%op ,ab]kios4 ,voyage ( ,sa9t ,br&an4 ,connection ( ,fi% ) goddess ,a/>te4 ,cumont4 ,connection ( ,fi% & ,dove4 ,fi% z ,f]tility ,symbol4 ,its use 9 ,m>riage c]emonies4 ,summ+ up ( evid5ce4 ,fi%] ,k+ inexplicable f ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,folk-lore solution unsatisfactory4 ,z a ,ritual survival completely 9 place4 ,c5tre ( action1 & pro( ( s\ndness ( !ory4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,secret ( ! ,grail 7#a7 ,! ,my/]ies ,! ,grail reg>d$ z an object ( awe4 ,dang] ( speak+ ( ,grail or reveal+ ,its secrets4 ,passages 9 illu/ration4 ,:y1 if survival ( ,nature cults1 popul>1 & op5ly p]=m$8 ,a two-fold elem5t 9 ^! cults1 ,exot]ic1 ,esot]ic4 ,! ,my/]ies4 ,_! influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity to be s\ght 9 ! ,hell5iz$ r ?an ! ,hell5ic cults4 ,cumont4 ,rohde4 ,radical diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & ,ori5tal conceptions4 ,lack ( evid5ce z reg>ds ,my/]ies on ! :ole4 ,be/ atte/$ =m t connect$ ) ,nature cults4 ,attis-,adonis4 ,popul>ity ( ! ,phrygian cult 9 ,rome4 ,evid5ce z to ,attis ,my/]ies4 ,utiliz$ by ,neo-,platoni/s z vehicle = tea*+4 ,close connection ) ,mi?raism4 ,! ,taurobolium4 ,details ( ,attis ,my/]ies4 ,p>allels ) ! ,grail romances4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,secret ( ! ,grail 7#b7 ,! ,naass5e ,docum5t ,relations betwe5 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & pre-,*ri/ian cults4 ,e>ly ,h]esies4 ,hippolytus1 & ,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies4 ,"* ( ! "w4 ,! ,naass5e ,docum5t4 ,mr ,mead's analysis ( text4 ,a syn!sis ( ,my/]ies4 ,id5tification ( ,life ,pr9ciple ) ! ,logos4 ,connection betwe5 ,drama & ,my/]ies ( ,attis4 ,importance ( ! ,phrygian ,my/]ies4 ,naass5e claim to be sole ,*ri/ians4 ,significance ( evid5ce4 ,vegetation cults z vehicle ( high spiritual tea*+4 ,exot]ic & ,esot]ic p>allels ) ! ,grail tradition4 ,process ( evolution sket*$4 ,bleh]is4 ,p]lesvaus4 ,borron & ! ,my/]y tradition4 ,*ri/ian ,leg5d>y1 & ,folk-tale1 second>y1 n prim>y1 features4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,mi?ra & ,attis ,problem ( close connection ( cults4 ,_! app>5t div]g5ce4 ,nature ( deities exam9$4 ,attis4 ,mi?ra4 ,! ,messianic ,fea/4 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! two initiations4 ,l9k betwe5 ,phrygian1 ,mi?raic1 & ,*ri/ian1 ,my/]ies to be f\nd 9 _! high]1 esot]ic1 tea*+4 ,wom5 n admitt$ to ,mi?raic initiation4 ,possible survival 9 ,grail text4 ,jo9t diffusion ?r\gh ! ,roman ,empire4 ,cumont's evid5ce4 ,traces ( cult 9 ,briti% ,isles4 ,possible explanation ( unor?odox "* ( ,grail leg5d4 ,evid5ce ( survival ( cult 9 fif? c5tury4 ,! ,elucidation a possible record ( hi/oric facts4 ,reason = connect+ ,grail ) ,ar?urian tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,! ,p]il\s ,*apel ,! adv5ture ( ! ,p]il\s ,*apel 9 ,grail romances4 ,gawa9 =m4 ,p]ceval v]sions4 ,que/e4 ,p]lesvaus4 ,lancelot4 ,*evali] ,deux ,espes4 ,p]il\s ,cemet]y4 ,e>lie/ ref]5ce 9 ,*a/el ,orguell\s4 tre ,p]illeus4 ,prose ,lancelot4 ,adv5ture "p ( #8,secret ( ! ,grail4' ,! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,au/94 ,hi/oire de ,fulk ,fitz-,w>94 ,g5u9e record ( an initiation4 ,probable locality ,nor? ,brita94 ,site ( rema9s ( ,mi?ra-,attis cults4 ,traces ( ,my/]y tradition 9 ,m$ieval romance4 ,owa9 ,miles4 ,b\sset1 ,himmelfahrt d] ,seele4 ,p>allels ) romance4 ,appeal to ,celtic s*ol>s4 ,o!rworld j\rneys a possible survival ( ,my/]y tradition4 ,! ,templ>s1 7 !y ,naass5es8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,! ,au?or ,prov5ance & au?or%ip ( ,grail romantic tradition4 ,evid5ce po9ts to ,wales1 probably ,pembroke%ire4 ,e>lie/ =m conta9$ 9 gr\p ( ,gawa9 poems assign$ to ,bleh]is4 ,( ,wel% orig94 ,ma/] ,blihis1 ,blihos1 ,blih]is1 ,brri1 ,bl$h]icus4 ,probably all ref]5ces to same p]son4 ,conditions ( id5tity4 ,mr ,e4 ,ow51 & ,bl$ri ap ,cadivor4 ,evid5ce n complete b fulfils conditions ( problem ,pr(essor ,s+] & possible "* ( ,bleh]is' text4 ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt4 ,iri% & ,wel% p>allels4 ,recapitulation ( evolution>y process4 ,summ>y & conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,9 view ( ! ext5sive lit]ature to :i* ! ,grail leg5d has already giv5 bir? x may seem t ! addition ( ano!r volume to ! already exi/+ corpus calls = "s words ( apology & explanation4 ,:5 ! /ud5t ( ! subject contemplates ! c\ntless essays & bro*ures1 ! volumes ( /udies & criticism1 :i* h be5 devot$ to ?is fasc9at+ subject1 ! conflict+ "* ( _! aims1 _! hopelessly contradictory results1 he1 or %e1 may well hesitate be=e add+ ano!r elem5t to su* a v]itable wit*es' cauldron ( app>5tly pr(itless /udy4 ,& inde$1 7 ,i n conv9c$ t ! !ory advocat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages conta9s 9 itself ! elem5t t w resolve ^! conflict+ +r$i5ts into "o h>moni\s comp\nd ,i %\ld h>dly feel ju/ifi$ 9 (f]+ a fur!r contribution to ! subject4 ,b x is precisely because upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s' /eady & p]sev]+ /udy ( ! ,grail texts has br\ght me gradually & inevitably to c]ta9 v def9ite conclusions1 has plac$ me 9 possession ( evid5ce hi!rto ignor$1 or unsuspect$1 t ,i v5ture to (f] ! result 9 ^! /udies1 tru/+ t !y may be accept$ z1 :at ,i believe !m to be1 a g5u9e ,elucidation ( ! ,grail problem4 ,my fell[-work]s 9 ?is field "k all too well ! ess5tial elem5ts ( t problem2 ,i d n ne$ "h to g ov] already well-trodd5 gr\nd2 x w be suffici5t to po9t out c]ta9 sali5t features ( ! position4 ,! ma9 difficulty ( our rese>* lies 9 ! fact t ! ,grail leg5d consi/s ( a cong]ies ( widely diff]+ elem5ts--elem5ts :i* at fir/ sight appe> hopelessly incongru\s1 if n completely contradictory1 yet at ! same "t are pres5t to an ext5t1 & 9 a =m1 :i* no hone/ critic c af=d to ignore4 ,?us x has be5 p]fectly possible = "o gr\p ( s*ol>s1 rely+ ^u ! und5iably ,*ri/ian-,leg5d>y elem5ts1 prepond]ant 9 c]ta9 v]sions1 to ma9ta9 ! !sis t ! ,grail leg5d is ab initio a ,*ri/ian1 & ecclesia/ical1 leg5d1 & to analyse ! lit]ature on t basis alone4 ,ano!r gr\p1 ) equal reason1 h po9t$ to ! /rongly m>k$ ,folk-lore features pres]v$ 9 ! tale1 to its k9%ip ) o!r !mes1 ma9ly ( ,celtic prov5ance1 & h argu$ t1 :ile ! lat] v]sions ( ! cycle h be5 work$ ov] by ecclesia/ical writ]s 9 ! int]e/s ( edification1 ! /ory itself is non-,*ri/ian1 & ,folk-lore 9 orig94 ,bo? gr\ps h a basis ( tru? = _! argum5ts3 ! features ^u :i* !y rely are1 9 ea* case1 und5iably pres5t1 yet at ! same "t ea* l9e ( argum5t is fac$ ) c]ta9 insup]able difficulties1 fatal to ! claims advanc$4 ,?us1 ! !ory ( ,*ri/ian orig9 breaks d[n :5 fac$ ) ! awkw>d fact t !re is no ,*ri/ian leg5d conc]n+ ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ! ,grail4 ,nei!r 9 ,leg5d>y1 nor 9 ,art1 is !re any trace ( ! /ory2 x has no exi/5ce outside ! ,grail lit]ature1 x is ! creation ( romance1 & no g5u9e tradition4 ,on ?is v gr\nd x 0 sev]ely criticiz$ by ! ,dut* writ] ,jacob van ,ma]lant1 9 #abfj4 ,9 8 ,m]l9 he d5\nces ! :ole ,grail hi/ory z lies1 ass]t+ t ! ,*ur* kn[s no?+ ( x--:i* is true4 ,9 ! same way ! advocate ( a ,folk-lore orig9 is met ) ! objection t ! section ( ! cycle = :i* su* a s\rce c be def9itely prov$1 i4e41 ! ,p]ceval /ory1 has orig9ally no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,grail2 & t1 :ile p>allels c be f\nd = ?is or t feature ( ! leg5d1 su* p>allels are isolat$ 9 "* & involve ! break+ up ( ! tale into a composite ( mutually indep5d5t !mes4 ,a prototype1 conta9+ ! ma9 features ( ! ,grail /ory--! ,wa/e ,l&1 ! ,fi%] ,k+1 ! ,hidd5 ,ca/le ) its solemn ,fea/1 & my/]i\s ,fe$+ ,vessel1 ! ,ble$+ ,lance & ,cup--does n1 s f> z we "k1 exi/4 ,none ( ! great collections ( ,folk-tales1 due to ! indu/ry ( a ,cosqu91 a ,h>tl&1 or a ,campbell1 has pres]v$ specim5s ( su* a type2 x is n su* a /ory z1 e4g41 ,! ,?ree ,days ,t\rnam5t1 examples ( :i* are f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,yet nei!r ! advocate ( a ,*ri/ian orig91 nor ! ,folk-lori/1 c af=d to ignore ! argum5ts1 & evid5ce ( ! oppos+ s*ool1 & :ile ! result ( half a c5tury ( pati5t inve/igation has be5 to %[ t ! orig9 ( ! ,grail /ory mu/ be s\ght else:]e ?an 9 ecclesia/ical leg5d1 or popul> tale1 ,i hold t ! result has equally be5 to demon/rate t nei!r ( ^! solutions %\ld be ignor$1 b t ! ultimate s\rce mu/ be s\ght = 9 a direction :i* %all d ju/ice to :at is s\nd 9 ! claims ( bo?4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 fre% f ! /udy ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s epo*-mak+ "w1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,i 0 /ruck by ! resemblance exi/+ betwe5 c]ta9 features ( ! ,grail /ory1 & *>act]i/ic details ( ! ,nature ,cults describ$4 ,! m closely ,i analys$ ! tale1 ! m /rik+ became ! resemblance1 & ,i f9ally ask$ myself :e!r x 7 n possible t 9 ?is my/]i\s leg5d--my/]i\s alike 9 its "*1 its sudd5 appe>ance1 ! importance app>5tly assign$ to x1 foll[$ by z sudd5 & complete a disappe>ance--we might n h ! confus$ record ( a ritual1 once popul>1 lat] surviv+ "u conditions ( /rict secrecy8 ,?is w\ld fully acc\nt = ! atmosph]e ( awe & rev]5ce :i* ev5 "u di/9ctly non-,*ri/ian conditions nev] fails to surr\nd ! ,grail1 ,x may act simply z a fe$+ vessel1 ,x is none ! less t\te sa9te cose2 & also = ! pres5ce 9 ! tale ( di/9ctly popul>1 & ,folk-lore1 elem5ts4 ,su* an int]pretation w\ld also expla9 features irreconcilable ) or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h caus$ "s s*ol>s to po/ulate a het]odox orig9 = ! leg5d1 & ?us expla9 its curi\sly complete disappe>ance z a lit]>y !me4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( my ,p]ceval /udies1 publi%$ 9 #aijf1 ,i h9t$ at ?is possible solution ( ! problem1 a solution work$ out m fully 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,folk-lore ,society 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 & publi%$ 9 ,volume ,,xviii4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,by ! "t my second volume ( /udies 0 ready = publication 9 #aiji1 fur!r evid5ce _h come into my h&s2 ,i 0 !n c]ta9 t ,i 0 ^u ! "r pa?1 & ,i felt ju/ifi$ 9 lay+ be=e ! public ! outl9es ( a !ory ( evolution1 alike ( ! leg5d1 & ( ! lit]ature1 to ! ma9 pr9ciples ( :i* ,i adh]e to-day4 ,b c]ta9 l9ks 7 miss+ 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 & ! "w 0 n complete4 ,no inconsid]able "p ( ! in=mation at my disposal dep5d$ ^u p]sonal te/imony1 ! te/imony ( ^? :o knew ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( su* a ritual1 & _h actually be5 initiat$ into its my/]ies--& = su* evid5ce ! /ud5t ( ! lett] has little respect4 ,he wor%ips ! writt5 ^w2 = ! oral1 liv+1 tradition f :i* ! ^w d]ives =ce & vitality he has little use4 ,!re=e ! writt5 ^w _h to be f\nd4 ,x has tak5 me "s n9e or t5 ye>s long] to complete ! evid5ce1 b ! *a9 is at la/ l9k$ up1 & we c n[ prove by pr9t$ texts ! p>allels exi/+ betwe5 ea* & e feature ( ! ,grail /ory & ! record$ symbolism ( ! ,my/]y cults4 ,fur!r1 we c %[ t betwe5 ^! ,my/]y cults & ,*ri/ianity !re exi/$ at "o "t a close & intimate union1 su* a union z ( itself involv$ ! practical assimilation ( ! c5tral rite1 9 ea* case a #8,eu*>i/icc' ,fea/1 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s p>took ( ! ,food ( ,life f ! sacr$ vessels4 ,9 face ( ! pro(s :i* w be f\nd 9 ^! pages ,i d n ?9k any fair-m9d$ critic w be incl9$ to dispute any long] ! orig9 ( ! #8,holy' ,grail2 aft] all x is z augu/ & anci5t an orig9 z ! mo/ t5aci\s uphold] ( ,its ,*ri/ian "* c\ld desire4 ,b ,i %\ld wi% x cle>ly to be und]/ood t ! aim ( ^! /udies is1 z indicat$ 9 ! title1 to det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! ,grail1 n to discuss ! prov5ance & int]relation ( ! diff]5t v]sions4 ,i d n believe ?is latt] task c be satisfactorily a*iev$ unless & until we are ( "o accord z to ! "* ( ! subject matt]4 ,:5 we h made up our m9ds z to :at ! ,grail really 01 & :at x /ood =1 we %all be able to analyse ! romances2 to decide :i* ( !m conta9s m1 :i* less1 ( ! orig9al matt]1 & to gr\p !m accord+ly4 ,on ?is po9t ,i believe t ! table ( desc5t1 pr9t$ 9 ,volume ,,ii4 ( my ,p]ceval /udies is 9 ! ma9 correct1 b !re is /ill mu* analytical "w to be done1 9 p>ticul> ! e/abli%m5t ( ! orig9al =m ( ! ,p]lesvaus is highly desirable4 ,b ap>t f ! prim>y object ( ^! /udies1 & ! results !re9 obta9$1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* ! evid5ce set =? 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,my/]y cults1 & especially t on ,! ,naass5e ,docum5t1 a text ( extraord9>y value f m ?an "o po9t ( view1 supports & complem5ts ! rese>*es ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 famili> ) ! attacks direct$ aga9/ ! #8,vegetation' !ory1 ! s>casms ( :i* x has be5 ! object1 & ! criticisms ( :at is held 9 "s qu>t]s to be ! exagg]at$ importance atta*$ to ^! ,nature cults4 ,b 9 view ( ! use made ( ^! cults z ! m$ium ( imp>t+ high spiritual tea*+1 a use :i*1 9 face ( ! docum5t above ref]r$ to1 c no long] be ignor$ or evad$1 are we n r ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ if ! true importance ( ! rites has z yet be5 recogniz$8 ,c we possibly exagg]ate _! value z a factor 9 ! evolution ( religi\s consci\sness8 ,su* a developm5t ( 8 rese>*es naturally lay outside ! range ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s "w1 b po/]ity w probably decide t1 l _m ano!r pati5t & hone/ work]1 he #8build$ bett] ?an he knew4' ,i h c>efully read ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway's attack on ! s*ool 9 8 ,dramas & ,dramatic ,dances1 & :ile ! above rem>ks expla9 my position ) reg>d to ! "q z a :ole1 ,i w\ld "h take ! opportunity ( /at+ specifically my gr\nds = diss5t+ f c]ta9 ( ! conclusions at :i* ! le>n$ au?or arrives4 ,i d n wi% x to be said3 8,?is is all v well1 b ,miss ,we/on ignores ! argum5ts on ! o!r side40 ,i d n ignore1 b ,i d n admit _! validity4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway's !ory1 r$uc$ to ab/ract t]ms1 w\ld result 9 ! conclusion t all religion is bas$ ^u ! cult ( ! ,dead1 & t m5 orig9ally knew no gods b _! gr&fa!rs1 a !ory f :i* z a /ud5t ( religion ,i absolutely & entirely diss5t4 ,i c und]/& t su* ,dead ,ance/ors c be look$ ^u z ,protectors1 or z ,b5efactors1 b ,i see no gr\nd = suppos+ t !y h ev] be5 reg>d$ z ,creators1 yet x is precisely z vehicle = ! mo/ l(ty tea*+ z to ! ,cosmic relations exi/+ betwe5 ,god & ,man1 t ^! ,vegetation cults 7 employ$4 ,! m closely "o /udies pre-,*ri/ian ,!ology1 ! m /rongly "o is impress$ ) ! deeply1 & d>+ly1 spiritual "* ( its speculations1 & ! m d\btful x appe>s t su* tea*+ c dep5d ^u ! unaid$ processes ( human ?\ght1 or c h be5 evolv$ f su* g]ms z we f9d among ! suppos$ly #8primitive' peoples1 su* z e4g4 ! ,au/ralian tribes4 ,are !y really primitive8 ,or are we deal+1 n ) ! prim>y elem5ts ( religion1 b ) ! disjecta membra ( a vani%$ civilization8 ,c]ta9 x is t s f> z hi/orical evid5ce goes our e>lie/ records po9t to ! recognition ( a spiritual1 n ( a mat]ial1 orig9 ( ! human race2 ! ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms 7 n compos$ by m5 :o believ$ !mselves ! desc5dants ( #8wit*etty grubs4' ,! ,folk practices & c]emonies /udi$ 9 ^! pages1 ! ,dances1 ! r\gh ,dramas1 ! local & seasonal celebrations1 d n repres5t ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! ,attis-,adonis cult 0 =m$1 b surviv+ fragm5ts ( a wor%ip f :i* ! high] significance has vani%$4 ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway is confid5t t ,osiris1 ,attis1 ,adonis1 7 all at "o "t human be+s1 ^: tragic fate gripp$ hold ( popul> imag9ation1 & l$ to _! ultimate deification4 ,! fir/-nam$ cult /&s on a some:at diff]5t basis f ! o!rs1 ! b5efic5t activities ( ,osiris be+ m widely diffus$1 m univ]sal 9 _! op]ation4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to reg>d ! ,egyptian deity prim>ily z a ,culture ,h]o1 r ?an a ,vegetation ,god4 ,) reg>d to ,attis & ,adonis1 :atev] _! orig9al "* 7& x seems to me highly improbable t !re %\ld h be5 two y\?s ea* belov$ by a goddess1 ea* victim ( a simil> untimely fate71 long be=e we h any trace ( !m bo? h become s intimately id5tifi$ ) ! processes ( ,nature t !y h ceas$ to be m5 & become gods1 & z su* alone c we deal ) !m4 ,x is also p]missible to po9t out t 9 ! case ( ,tammuz1 ,esmun1 & ,adonis1 ! title is n a prop] "n1 b a vague appellative1 d5ot+ an ab/ract r ?an a concrete orig94 ,pro( ( ?is w be f\nd lat]4 ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway ov]looks ! fact t x is n ! tragic dea? ( ,attis-,adonis :i* is ( importance = ^! cults1 b _! subsequ5t re/oration to life1 a feature :i* _c be po/ulat$ ( any ord9>y mortal4 ,& h[ are we to reg>d ,tammuz1 ! prototype ( all ^! deities8 ,is !re any possible gr\nd = ma9ta9+ t he 0 ev] a man8 ,prove x we _c1 z ! records ( 8 cult g back ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e our era4 ,"h1 aga91 we h ! same dom9ant feature2 x is n m]ely ! untimely dea? :i* is lam5t$1 b ! re/oration to life :i* is celebrat$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole /udy ! au?or fails to discrim9ate betwe5 ! activities ( ! liv+1 & ! dead1 k+4 ,! ,dead k+ may1 z ,i h said above1 be reg>d$ z ! ,b5efactor1 z ! ,protector1 ( 8 p1 b x is ! ,liv+ k+ ^u :om _! actual & cont9u$ prosp]ity dep5ds4 ,! detail t ! rul+ sov]eign is sometimes reg>d$ z ! re-inc>nation ( ! orig9al f\nd] ( ! race /r5g!ns ?is po9t--! k+ nev] dies--,le ,roi e/ mort1 ,vive le ,roi is v emphatically ! motto ( ?is ,fai?4 ,x is ! insi/5ce on ,life1 ,life cont9u\s1 & ev]-r5ew+1 :i* is ! abid+ *>act]i/ic ( ^! cults1 a *>act]i/ic :i* diff]5tiates !m utt]ly & entirely f ! ance/ral wor%ip ) :i* ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway w\ld fa9 connect !m4 ,nor are ! argum5ts bas$ ^u ! memorial rites ( def9itely hi/orical h]oes1 ( comp>atively late date1 su* z ,husse9 & ,hosse91 ( any value "h4 ,x is precisely ! dea?1 & n ! resurrection1 ( ! m>tyr :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,muh>ram4 ,no "o cont5ds t ,husse9 rose f ! dead1 b x is precisely ?is po9t :i* is ( prim>y importance 9 ! ,nature cults2 & ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway mu/ surely be aw>e t ,folk-lori/s f9d 9 ?is v ,muh>ram di/9ct traces ( borr[+ f ! e>li] ,vegetation rites4 ,! au?or triumphantly ass]ts t ! fact t c]ta9 ,burmese h]oes & h]o9es are aft] dea? rev]5c$ z tree spirits #8sets at re/ = ev]' ! belief 9 ab/ract deities4 ,b h[ c he be sure t ! process 0 n ! rev]se ( t :i* he po/ulates1 i4e41 t c]ta9 natural objects1 trees1 riv]s1 etc41 7 n reg>d$ z sacr$ be=e ! ,nats became connect$ ) !m8 ,t ! deifi$ human be+s 7 n aft] dea? assign$ to places already held 9 rev]5ce8 ,su* a possibility is obvi\s to any ,folk-lore /ud5t1 & local traditions %\ld 9 ea* case be c>efully exam9$ be=e ! contr>y is def9itely ass]t$4 ,s f> z ! orig9s ( ,drama are conc]n$ ! ,ode quot$ lat] f ! ,naass5e ,docum5t is absolute & def9ite pro( ( ! close connection exi/+ betwe5 ! ,attis ,my/]y ritual1 & dramatic p]=mances1 i4e41 ,attis reg>d$ 9 8 deifi$1 ,creative1 #8,logos1' aspect1 n ,attis1 ! dead y\?4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ! idea ( #8,mana' c be lightly dismiss$ z #8an ord9>y case ( relics4' ,! influ5ce may well be some?+ entirely ap>t f ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! ance/or1 an indep5d5t =ce1 assi/+ him 9 life1 & transf]r+ itself aft] dea? to 8 successor4 ,a #8,magic' ,sword or ,/aff is n necess>ily a relic2 ,m$ieval romance supplies num]\s in/ances ( self-act+ weapons ^: virtue 9 no wise dep5ds ^u _! previ\s own]1 z e4g4 ! ,sword 9 ,le ,*evali] l'pe1 or ! ,flam+ ,lance ( ! ,*evali] de la ,*>rette4 ,d\btless ! cult ( ,ance/ors plays a l>ge rle 9 ! beliefs ( c]ta9 peoples1 b x is n a suffici5tly solid f\ndation to be> ! weight ( ! sup]-/ructure ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway w\ld fa9 re> ^u x1 :ile x diff]s too radically f ! cults he attacks to be us$ z an argum5t aga9/ !m2 ! "o is bas$ ^u ,dea?1 ! o!r on ,life4 ,:]e=e1 9 spite ( all ! le>n+ & +5uity br\ght to be> aga9/ x1 ,i av[ myself an imp5it5t believ] 9 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ma9 !ory1 & z ,i h said above1 ,i hold t !ory to be ( great] & m f>-rea*+ importance ?an has be5 hi!rto suspect$4 ,i w\ld add a few words z to ! =m ( ^! /udies--!y may be f\nd disconnect$4 ,!y h be5 writt5 at int]vals ( "t ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 & my aim has be5 to prove ! ess5tially ar*aic "* ( all ! elem5ts compos+ ! ,grail /ory r ?an to analyse ! /ory z a connect$ :ole4 ,) ?is aim 9 view ,i h devot$ *apt]s to features :i* h n[ ei!r dropp$ out ( ! exi/+ v]sions1 or only survive 9 a subord9ate =m1 e4g4 ! *apt]s on ,! ,m$ic9e ,man1 & ,! ,free+ ( ! ,wat]s4 ,! /udies w1 ,i hope1 & believe1 be accept$ z (f]+ a def9ite contribution t[>ds e/abli%+ ! fundam5tal "* ( our mat]ial2 z /at$ above1 :5 we are all at "o z to :at ! ,holy ,grail really 01 & is1 we c !n proce$ ) "s hope ( success to criticize ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t writ]s h h&l$ ! inspir+ !me1 b su* success seems to be hopeless s long z we all />t f diff]5t1 & (t5 utt]ly irreconcilable1 /&po9ts & proce$ along widely div]g+ roads4 ,"o or ano!r may1 inde$1 arrive at ! goal1 b su* unanimity ( op9ion z w l5d to our criticism au?oritative weight is1 on su* l9es1 impossible ( a*ievem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,task ( ! ,h]o ,z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! successful prosecution ( an inve/igation into ! true nature & "* ( ! my/]i\s object we "k z ! ,grail x w be well to ask ourselves :e!r any light may be ?r[n ^u ! subject by exam9+ m closely ! details ( ! ,que/ 9 its v>y+ =ms2 i4e41 :at 0 ! precise "* ( ! task und]tak5 by1 or impos$ ^u1 ! ,grail h]o1 :e!r t h]o 7 ,gawa91 ,p]ceval1 or ,galahad1 & :at ! results to be expect$ f a successful a*ievem5t ( ! task4 ,we %all f9d at once a uni=mity :i* assures u ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! tradition und]ly+ ! v>y+ =ms1 & a div]sity indicat+ t ! tradition has und]gone a gradual1 b radical1 modification 9 ! process ( lit]>y evolution4 ,tak5 9 _! relative ord] ! v]sions give ! foll[+ result4 ,,gawa9 7,bleh]is74 ,"h ! h]o sets out on 8 j\rney ) no cle> idea ( ! task be=e him4 ,he is tak+ ! place ( a knight my/]i\sly sla9 9 8 company1 b :i!r he rides1 & :y1 he does n "k1 only t ! bus9ess is important & press+4 ,f ! records ( 8 p>tial success we ga!r t he ought to h enquir$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,grail1 & t ?is enquiry w\ld h result$ 9 ! re/oration to fruitfulness ( a ,wa/e ,l&1 ! desolation ( :i* is1 9 "s mann]1 n cle>ly expla9$1 connect$ ) ! dea? ( a knight ^: "n & id5tity are nev] disclos$4 8,great is ! loss t ye lie ?us1 'tis ev5 ! de/ruction ( k+doms1 ,god grant t ye be av5g$1 s t ! folk be once m joyful & ! l& repeopl$ :i* by ye & ?is sword are wa/$ & made void40#a ,! fact t ,gawa9 does ask conc]n+ ! ,lance assures ! p>tial re/oration ( ! l&2 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! special t]ms 9 :i* ?is is describ$3 8= s soon z ,sir ,gawa9 ask$ ( ! ,lance444! wat]s fl[$ aga9 ?ro' _! *annel1 & all ! woods 7 turn$ to v]dure40#b ,di ,crne4 ,"h ! "q is m g5]al 9 "*2 x affects ! m>vels beheld1 n ! ,grail alone2 b n[ ! ,que/] is prep>$1 & kn[s :at is expect$ ( him4 ,! result is to break ! spell :i* reta9s ! ,grail ,k+ 9 a semblance ( life1 & we le>n1 by implication1 t ! l& is re/or$ to fruitfulness3 8yet _h ! l& be5 wa/e1 b by 8 com+ _h folk & l& alike be5 deliv]$40#c ,?us 9 ! e>lie/ pres]v$1 ! ,,gawa9 =m1 ! effect ^u ! l& appe>s to be ! prim>y result ( ! ,que/4 ,,p]ceval4 ,! ,p]ceval v]sions1 :i* =m ! bulk ( ! exi/+ ,grail texts1 diff] consid]ably ! "o f ! o!r1 alike 9 ! task to be a*iev$1 & ! effects result+ f ! h]o's success1 or failure4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,p]ceval v]sion is ! insi/5ce ^u ! sickness1 & disability ( ! rul] ( ! l&1 ! ,fi%] ,k+4 ,reg>d$ fir/ z ! direct cause ( ! wa/+ ( ! l&1 x gradually assumes ov]:elm+ importance1 ! task ( ! ,que/] becomes t ( heal+ ! ,k+1 ! re/oration ( ! l& n only falls into ! backgr\nd b ! op]at+ cause ( its desolation is *ang$1 & f9ally x disappe>s f ! /ory altoge!r4 ,"o v]sion1 alone1 ! s\rce ( :i* is1 at pres5t1 undet]m9$1 l9ks ! ,,p]ceval ) ! ,,gawa9 =m2 ?is is ! v]sion pres]v$ 9 ! ,g]b]t cont9uation ( ! ,p]ceval ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes4 ,"h ! h]o hav+1 l ,gawa91 p>tially a*iev$ ! task1 b aga9 l ,gawa91 hav+ fail$ satisfactorily to resold] ! brok5 sword1 wakes1 l ! e>li] h]o1 to f9d t ! ,grail ,ca/le has disappe>$1 & he is alone 9 a fl[]y mead[4 ,he pursues 8 way ?r\gh a l& f]tile1 & well-peopl$ & m>vels mu*1 = ! day be=e x _h be5 a wa/e des]t4 ,com+ to a ca/le he is receiv$ by a solemn procession1 ) great rejoic+2 ?r\gh him ! folk h rega9$ ! l& & goods :i* !y _h lo/4 ,! mi/ress ( ! ca/le is m explicit4 ,p]ceval _h ask$ conc]n+ ! ,grail3 8p> coi am5d ,somes1 en si faite manire ,qu'en ce/e regne n'avoit rivire ,qui ne fu/ ga/e1 ne fonta9e4 ,e la t]re ga/e et s\ta9e40 ,l ,gawa9 he has #8fre$ ! wat]s' & ?us re/or$ ! l&4#d ,9 ! prose ,p]ceval ! motif ( ! ,wa/e ,l& has disappe>$1 ! task ( ! h]o consi/s 9 ask+ conc]n+ ! ,grail1 & by s do+1 to re/ore ! ,fi%] ,k+1 :o is suff]+ f extreme old age1 to heal?1 & y\?4#e 8,se tu eusses dem& quel'en on faisoit1 que li rois ton aiol fu/ g>iz de l'enf]metez qu'il a1 et fu/ rev5u en sa juv5t40 ,:5 ! "q has be5 ask$3 8,le rois ps*or e/oit g>iz et tot muez de sa nature40 8,li rois pes*ire e/oit mus de se nature et e/oit g>is de se maladie1 et e/oit sa9s comme pissons40#f ,"h we h ! introduction ( a new elem5t1 ! re/oration to y\? ( ! sick ,k+4 ,9 ! ,p]ceval ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( c]ta9 def9ite *anges1 nei!r slight1 nor unimportant1 ^u :i* x seems to me insuffici5t /ress has hi!rto be5 laid4 ,! "q is *ang$2 ! h]o no long] asks :at ! ,grail is1 b 7z 9 ! prose ,p]ceval7 :om x s]ves8 a dep>ture f an ess5tial & primitive simplicity--! motive = :i* is app>5t 9 ,*rti51 b n 9 ! prose =m1 :]e !re is no enigmatic p]sonality to be s]v$ ap>t4 ,a f> m important *ange is t1 :ile ! malady ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ is antec$5t to ! h]o's visit1 & capable ( cure if ! "q be ask$1 ! failure to fulfil ! prescrib$ conditions ( itself entails disa/] ^u ! l&4 ,?us ! sickness ( ! ,k+1 & ! desolation ( ! l&1 are n necess>ily connect$ z cause & effect1 b1 a po9t :i* seems hi!rto unacc\ntably to h be5 ov]look$1 ! latt] is directly attributable to ! ,que/] himself4#g 8,c> se tu dem& l'eusses ,li rice roi qui m\lt s'esmaie ,fu/ or to/ g>is de sa plaie ,et si t5i/ sa tire en pais ,dont il n'en t5ra po9t jamais10 b by ,p]ceval's failure to ask ! "q he has entail$ dire mis=tune ^u ! l&3 8,dames en p]dront lor m>is1 ,tires en s]ont essilis1 ,et pucielles desconsellis ,orf5es1 veves1 en remanront ,et ma9t *evali] en morront40#h ,?is idea1 t ! mis=tunes ( ! l& are n antec$5t to1 b dep5d5t ^u1 ! h]o's abortive visit to ! ,grail ,ca/le1 is c>ri$ /ill fur!r by ! compil] ( ! ,p]lesvaus1 :]e ! failure ( ! pr$e/9$ h]o to ask conc]n+ ! (fice ( ! ,grail is alone responsible = ! illness ( ! ,k+ & ! mis=tunes ( ! c\ntry4 8,une grans dolors e/ av5ue an t]re novelem5t p> un jeune *evali] qui fu h]b]giez an l'o/el au ri*e roi ,pes*or1 si ap>ut lui li sa9times ,graaus1 et la lance de quoi li fi]s seigne p> la poignte2 ne dem&a de quoi ce s]voit1 ou dont ce v5oit1 et por ce qu'il ne dem&a sont t\tes les t]res commues an gu]re1 ne *evali] n'ancontre autre au =e/ qu'il ne li core sus1 et ocie s'il peut40#i 8,li ,roi ,pe*eors de qui e/ grant dolors1 qu> il e/ *ez en une d\leureuse lang\r--ce/e lang\r li e/ v5ue p> celui qui se heb]ga an son o/el1 qui li se9times ,graaus s'ap>ut1 por ce que cil ne vo/ dem&] de qu'il an s]voit1 t\tes les t]res an fur5t commues en g]re40#aj 8,je suis *ez an lang\r ds cele oure que li *evali]s se h]b]ga oianz dont v\s avez o p>l]2 p> un s\le p>ole que il dloia a dire me v9t ce/e lang\r40#aa ,f ?is cause ! ,fi%] ,k+ dies be=e ! h]o has a*iev$ ! task1 & c take 8 place4 8,li bons ,rois ,pes*ires e/ morz40#ab ,!re is "h no cure ( ! ,k+ or re/oration ( ! l&1 ! specific task ( ! ,grail h]o is nev] accompli%$1 he comes into 8 k+dom z ! result ( a numb] ( knightly adv5tures1 nei!r m nor less significant ?an ^? f\nd 9 non-,grail romances4 ,! ,p]lesvaus1 9 its pres5t =m1 appe>s to be a lat]1 & m fully develop$1 treatm5t ( ! motif not$ 9 ,*rti51 i4e41 t ! mis=tunes ( ,k+ & c\ntry are directly due to ! ,que/] himself1 & _h no antec$5t exi/5ce2 ?is1 ,i w\ld submit1 alt]s ! :ole "* ( ! /ory1 & we are at a loss to "k :at1 _h ! h]o put ! "q on ! occasion ( 8 fir/ visit1 c\ld possibly h be5 ! result a*iev$4 ,x w\ld n h be5 ! cure ( ! ,k+3 he 01 app>5tly1 9 p]fect heal?2 x w\ld n h be5 ! re/oration to v]dure ( ! ,l&3 ! ,l& 0 n ,wa/e2 :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ,gawa91 !re is a ,dead ,knight1 ^: dea? is to be av5g$1 some?+ might h be5 a*iev$1 9 ! case ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! ,p]ceval v]sions1 :i* d n conta9 ?is feature1 ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,curse ^u ! ,que/] r$uces ! /ory to incoh]5ce4 ,9 "o ,p]ceval v]sion alone d we f9d a motif analog\s to ! e>li] ,gawa9 ,bleh]is =m4 ,9 ,manessi] ! h]o's task is n re/rict$ to ! simple ask+ ( a "q1 b he mu/ also slay ! enemy ^: trea*]y has caus$ ! dea? ( ! ,fi%] ,k+'s bro!r2 !reby heal+ ! w\nd ( ! ,k+ himself1 & remov+ ! woes ( ! l&4 ,:at ^! may be we are n told1 b1 app>5tly1 ! c\ntry is n #8,wa/e4'#ac ,9 ,p]$ur we h a v]sion closely agree+ ) t ( ,*rti52 ! h]o fails to enquire ! mean+ ( :at he sees 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,wond]s1 & is told 9 consequ5ce3 8,had/ ?\ done s ! ,k+ w\ld h be5 re/or$ to heal?1 & 8 dom9ions to peace1 :]eas f h5ce=? he w h to endure battles & conflicts1 & 8 knights w p]i%1 & wives w be wid[$1 & maid5s w be left portionless1 & all ?is because ( !e40#ad ,?is c]ta9ly seems to imply t1 :ile ! illness ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ may be antec$5t to1 & indep5d5t (1 ! visit & failure ( ! h]o1 ! mis=tunes :i* fall on ! l& h be5 directly caus$ !reby4 ,! conclusion :i* /ates t ! ,ble$+ ,head se5 by ! h]o 80 ?y c\s9's1 & he 0 kill$ by ! ,sorc]esses ( ,gl\ce/]1 :o also lam$ ?9e uncle--& !re is a pr$iction t ?\ art to av5ge ^! ?+s--0 w\ld seem to indicate ! pres5ce 9 ! orig9al ( a #8,v5geance' !me1 su* z t ref]r$ to above4#ae ,9 ,p>zival ! /ress is laid entirely on ! suff]+s ( ! ,k+2 ! "q has be5 modifi$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ?is !me1 & "h assumes ! =m 8,:at aile? !e1 m9e uncle80 ,! blame be/[$ ^u ! h]o is solely on acc\nt ( ! prolong$ sorr[ 8 sil5ce has inflict$ on ,k+ & p2 ( a ,l& laid ,wa/e1 ei!r ?r\gh dr\ght1 or w>1 !re is no m5tion4 8,iu* solt' iur wirt erb>met hn1 ,an dem ,got wund] ht getn1 ,und het gevrget sn] nt1 ,ir lebet1 und st an saeld5 tt40#af 8,d d] trrege vis*a]e ,saz ne frude und ne tr/ ,w> umb' ir5 niht siufz5s ht erl/40#ag ,! puni%m5t falls on ! h]o :o has fail$ to put ! "q1 r ?an on ! l&1 :i*1 inde$1 appe>s to be 9 no way affect$1 ei!r by ! w\nd ( ! ,k+1 or ! sil5ce ( ! h]o4 ,! div]g5ce f ,*rti5's v]sion is "h v m>k$1 &1 s f>1 seems to h be5 neglect$ by critics4 ,! po9t is also ( importance 9 view ( ! curi\s p>allels :i* are o!rwise to be f\nd betwe5 ?is v]sion & ,p]lesvaus2 "h ! two are 9 m>k$ contradiction ) "o ano!r4 ,! "q f9ally ask$1 ! result is1 z indicat$ 9 ! prose v]sion1 ! re/oration ( ! ,k+ n m]ely to heal?1 b also to y\?-- 8,swaz d] ,frnzoys heizet fl'r' ,d] gla/ kom s9em velle b1 ,p>zival's s*o5' 0 nu e9 w9t2 ,und ,absaln ,dvdes k9t1 ,von ,askaln ,v]gulaht ,und al d5 s*o5e 0 geslaht1 ,und des man ,gahmurete ja* ,d man'n 9 zog5 sa* ,ze ,kanvoleis s wnnecl*1 ,ir de*ines s*o5' 0 d] gel*1 ,die ,an=tas z sie*eit truoc4 ,got no* kn/e kan g5uoc40#ah ,,galahad4 ,9 ! f9al =m assum$ by ! /ory1 t pres]v$ 9 ! ,que/e1 ! a*ievem5t ( ! task is n prec$$ by any failure on ! "p ( ! h]o1 & ! advantages d]iv$ !refrom are p]sonal & spiritual1 ?\gh we are incid5tally told t he heals ! ,fi%] ,k+'s fa!r1 & also ! old ,k+1 ,mordra9s1 ^: life has be5 pret]naturally prolong$4 ,9 ! case ( ?is latt] x is to be not$ t ! m]e fact ( ,galahad's be+ ! pr$e/9$ w9n] suffices1 & ! heal+ takes place be=e ! ,que/ is def9itely a*iev$4 ,!re is no ,wa/e ,l&1 & ! w\nd+ ( ! two ,k+s is entirely unconnect$ ) ,galahad4 ,we f9d h9ts1 9 ! /ory ( ,lamb>1 ( a k ( ! e>li] =m1 b = all practical purposes x has disappe>$ f ! /ory4#ai ,analys+ ! above /atem5ts we f9d t ! results may be gr\p$ "u c]ta9 def9ite head+s3 7a7 ,!re is a g5]al cons5sus ( evid5ce to ! effect t ! ma9 object ( ! ,que/ is ! re/oration to heal? & vig\r ( a ,k+ suff]+ f infirmity caus$ by w\nds1 sickness1 or old age2 7b7 & ^: infirmity1 = "s my/]i\s & unexpla9$ reason1 reacts disa/r\sly ^u 8 k+dom1 ei!r depriv+ x ( vegetation1 or expos+ x to ! ravages ( w>4 7c7 ,9 two cases x is def9itely /at$ t ! ,k+ w be re/or$ to y\?ful vig\r & beauty4 7d7 ,9 bo? cases :]e we f9d ,gawa9 z ! h]o ( ! /ory1 & 9 "o connect$ ) ,p]ceval1 ! mis=tune :i* has fall5 ^u ! c\ntry is t ( a prolong$ dr\ght1 :i* has de/roy$ vegetation1 & left ! l& ,wa/e2 ! effect ( ! h]o's "q is to re/ore ! wat]s to _! *annel1 & r5d] ! l& once m f]tile4 7e7 ,9 ?ree cases ! mis=tunes & wa/+ ( ! l& are ! result ( w>1 & directly caus$ by ! h]o's failure to ask ! "q2 we are n deal+ ) an antec$5t condition4 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 con/itutes a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 :i* has n hi!rto receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,"o aim ( our pres5t inve/igation w be to det]m9e :i* ( ^! two =ms %\ld be consid]$ ! eld]4 ,b ?is mu* seems c]ta91 ! aim ( ! ,grail ,que/ is two-fold2 x is to b5efit 7a7 ! ,k+1 7b7 ! l&4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two is ! m important1 z x is ! infirmity ( ! ,k+ :i* entails mis=tune on 8 l&1 ! condition ( ! "o reacts1 = good or ill1 ^u ! o!r2 h[1 or :y1 we are left to discov] = ourselves4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r 9 our inve/igation x may be well to det]m9e ! precise nature ( ! ,k+'s illness1 & see :e!r any light ^u ! problem c be ?us obta9$4 ,9 bo? ! ,gawa9 =ms ! p]son ^u :om ! f]tility ( ! l& dep5ds is dead1 ?\gh1 9 ! v]sion ( ,di ,crne he is1 to all appe>ance1 /ill 9 life4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! ,bleh]is =m ! k+ ( ! ca/le1 :o is n ref]r$ to z ! ,fi%] ,k+1 is himself hale & s\nd2 ! wa/+ ( ! l& 0 br\ght ab\t by ! bl[ :i* slew ! knight ^: body ,gawa9 sees on ! bi]4 ,9 bo? ! ,p]lesvaus1 & ! prose ,p]ceval ! ,k+ has simply #8fall5 into langui%m5t1' 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z not$ above1 on acc\nt ( ! failure ( ! ,que/]1 9 ! second z ! result ( extreme old age4 ,9 ,*rti51 ,manessi]1 ,p]$ur1 & ! ,p>zival1 ! ,k+ is suff]+ f a w\nd ! nature ( :i*1 euphemi/ically disguis$ 9 ! ,fr5* texts1 is q cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! ,g]man4#bj ,b ! :ole position is made absolutely cle> by a passage pres]v$ 9 ,sone de ,nansai & obvi\sly tak5 ov] f an e>li] poem4 ,?is romance conta9s a l5g?y section deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ,joseph #8d',ab>ima?ie1' :o is repres5t$ z ! patron ,sa9t ( ! k+dom ( ,norway2 8 bones1 ) ! sacr$ relics ( :i* he _h ! *>ge1 ! ,grail & ! ,lance1 are pres]v$ 9 a mona/]y on an isl& 9 ! int]ior ( t c\ntry4 ,9 ?is v]sion ,joseph himself is ! ,fi%] ,k+2 ensn>$ by ! beauty ( ! daught] ( ! ,pagan ,k+ ( ,norway1 :om he has sla91 he baptizes h]1 ?\gh %e is /ill an unbeliev] at he>t1 & makes h] 8 wife1 ?us draw+ ! wra? ( ,heav5 ^u himself4 ,god puni%es him = 8 s93 8,es ra9s et des\s l'afola ,de coi grant dolor endura40#ba ,!n1 9 a rem>kable passage1 we are told ( ! direful result entail$ by ?is puni%m5t ^u 8 l&3 8,sa ti]re ert a ce j\r nomme ,lorgres1 *'e/ v]its pr\ve1 ,lorgres e/ uns nons de dol\r ,nomms en l>mes et en pl\rs1 ,bi5 doit ie/re en dol\r nomms ,c> on n'i seme pois ne bls ,ne enfes d'omme n'i nasqui ,ne pu*ielle n'i ot m>i1 ,ne arbres fueille n'i porta ,ne nus prs n'i rav]da1 ,ne nus oysiaus n'i ot naon ,ne se n'i ot be/e faon1 ,tant que li rois fu mehaignis ,et qu'il fu =s de ses pe*is1 ,c> ,jesu-,cri/ f\rm5t pesa ,qu' la mescrant habita40#bb ,n[ !re c be no possible d\bt "h1 ! condition ( ! ,k+ is sympa!tically reflect$ on ! l&1 ! loss ( virility 9 ! "o br+s ab\t a susp5sion ( ! reproductive processes ( ,nature on ! o!r4 ,! same effect w\ld naturally be ! result ( ! dea? ( ! sov]eign ^u ^: vitality ^! processes dep5d$4 ,to sum up ! result ( ! analysis1 ,i hold t we h solid gr\nds = ! belief t ! /ory po/ulates a close connection betwe5 ! vitality ( a c]ta9 ,k+1 & ! prosp]ity ( 8 k+dom2 ! =ces ( ! rul] be+ weak5$ or de/roy$1 by w\nd1 sickness1 old age1 or dea?1 ! l& becomes ,wa/e1 & ! task ( ! h]o is t ( re/oration4#bc ,x seems to me1 !n1 t1 if we desire to elucidate ! p]plex+ my/]y ( ! ,grail romances1 & to place ! criticism ( ?is important & s+ul>ly fasc9at+ body ( lit]ature ^u an assur$ basis1 we %all d s mo/ effectually by pursu+ a l9e ( inve/igation :i* w conc5trate ^u ! p]si/5t elem5ts ( ! /ory1 ! "* & significance ( ! a*ievem5t propos$1 r ?an ^u ! v>y+ details1 su* z ,grail & ,lance1 h[ev] important may be _! rle4 ,if we c asc]ta91 accurately1 & unmi/akably1 ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 f9d less difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! "* & (fice ( ! p>ts1 9 fact1 ! "q solvitur ambul&o1 ! #8complex' ( ! problem be+ solv$1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts w reveal _! significance4 ,z a fir/ /ep ,i propose to ask :e!r ?is #8,que/ ( ! ,grail' repres5ts an isolat$1 & unique a*ievem5t1 or :e!r ! task allott$ to ! h]o1 ,gawa91 ,p]ceval1 or ,galahad1 is "o t has be5 und]tak51 & c>ri$ out by h]oes ( o!r ages1 & o!r l&s4 ,9 ! process ( our inve/igation we mu/ retrace our /eps & turn back to ! e>ly traditions ( our ,aryan =efa!rs1 & see :e!r we _c1 ev5 9 t remote antiquity1 lay our h& ^u a clue1 :i*1 l ! fabl$ ?read ( ,ariadne1 %all s]ve z guide ?r\gh ! mazes ( a v>y+1 yet curi\sly p]si/5t1 tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,free+ ( ! ,wat]s #8,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1' 0 ! old /ory-tell+ =mula1 & x 0 a v s\nd "o1 if #8! beg9n+' c\ld only be def9itely asc]ta9$6 ,z our ne>e/ possible approa* to x ,i w\ld draw att5tion to c]ta9 curi\s p>allels 9 ! e>lie/ lit]>y monum5ts ( our race4 ,i w\ld at ! same "t beg ^? s*ol>s :o may ?9k x #8a f> cry' f ! romances ( ! twelf? c5tury ( our era to "s #ajjj ye>s ,b4,c4 to susp5d _! judgm5t till !y h fairly exam9$ ! evid5ce = a tradition common to ! ,aryan race 9 g5]al1 & p]si/+ ) extraord9>y vitality1 & a m>k$ correspond5ce ( *>act]i/ic detail1 ?r\gh all migrations & modifications ( t race1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,turn+ back to ! e>lie/ exi/+ lit]>y evid5ce1 ! ,rig-,v$a1 we become aw>e t1 9 ?is va/ collection ( ov] #ajjj poems 7x is commonly kn[n z ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,hymns b ! poems conta9$ 9 x are m ?an t 9 numb]7 are c]ta9 p>allels ) our ,grail /ories :i*1 if tak5 by !mselves1 are p]haps int]e/+ & sugge/ive r ?an 9 any way conclusive1 yet :i*1 :5 !y are consid]$ 9 relation to ! entire body ( evid5ce1 assume a curi\s significance & importance4 ,we mu/ fir/ note t a v consid]able numb] ( ! ,rig-,v$a hymns dep5d = _! initial inspiration on ! actual bodily ne$s & requirem5ts ( a ma9ly agricultural population1 i4e41 ( a p t dep5d ^u ! fruits ( ! e>? = _! subsi/5ce1 & to :om ! regul> & ord]$ sequ5ce ( ! processes ( ,nature 0 a vital necessity4 ,_! hymns & pray]s1 &1 z we h /rong reason to suppose1 _! dramatic ritual1 7 devis$ = ! ma9 purpose ( obta9+ f ! gods ( _! wor%ip t :i* 0 ess5tial to ensure _! well-be+ & ! f]tility ( _! l&--w>m?1 sun%9e1 above all1 suffici5t wat]4 ,t ?is la/ %\ld1 9 an ,ea/]n l&1 "u a tropical sun1 become a po9t ( supreme importance1 is easily to be und]/ood4 ,!re is consequ5tly small cause = surprise :5 we f9d1 ?r\gh\t ! collection1 ! god :o be/[s ^u !m ?is mu* desir$ boon to be ! "o to :om by f> ! great] proportion ( ! hymns are address$4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] into a discussion z to ! orig9al conception ( ,indra1 & ! place occupi$ by him 9 ! e>ly ,aryan ,pan!on1 :e!r he 0 orig9ally reg>d$ z a god ( w>1 or a god ( wea!r2 :at is important = our purpose is ! fact t x is ,indra to :om a disproportionate numb] ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a are address$1 t x is f him ! mu* desir$ boon ( ra9 & abundant wat] is bes\ght1 & t ! feat :i* above all o!rs r$\nd$ to 8 praise1 & is ceaselessly glorifi$ bo? by ! god himself1 & 8 grateful wor%ipp]s1 is precisely ! feat by :i* ! ,grail h]oes1 ,gawa9 & ,p]ceval1 rejoic$ ! he>ts ( a suff]+ folk1 i4e41 ! re/oration ( ! riv]s to _! *annels1 ! #8,free+ ( ! ,wat]s4' ,tradition relates t ! sev5 great riv]s ( ,india _h be5 imprison$ by ! evil giant1 ,vritra1 or ,ahi1 :om ,indra slew1 !reby releas+ ! /reams f _! captivity4 ,! ,rig-,v$a hymns ab\nd 9 ref]5ces to ?is feat2 x w only be necess>y to cite a few f among ! num]\s passages ,i h not$4 #8,?\ ha/ set loose ! sev5 riv]s to fl[4' #8,?\ cause/ wat] to fl[ on e side4' #8,indra set free ! wat]s4' #8,?\1 ,indra1 ha/ sla9 ,vritra by ?y vig\r1 ?\ ha/ set free ! riv]s4' #8,?\ ha/ sla9 ! slumb]+ ,ahi = ! release ( ! wat]s1 & ha/ m>k$ out ! *annels ( ! all-delight+ riv]s4' #8,indra has fill$ ! riv]s1 he has inundat$ ! dry l&4' #8,indra has releas$ ! imprison$ wat]s to fl[ ^u ! e>?4'#a ,x w\ld be easy to fill pages ) simil> quotations1 b ^! are suffici5t = our purpose4 ,among ! ,rig-,v$a hymns are c]ta9 poems 9 ,dialogue =m1 :i* f _! curi\s & elliptic "* h be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion among s*ol>s4 ,pr(essor ,old5b]g1 9 draw+ att5tion to _! peculi>ities1 _h express$ 8 op9ion t ^! poems 7 ! rema9s ( a di/9ct type ( e>ly ,indian lit]ature1 :]e v]ses =m+ ! c5tral1 & illum9at+1 po9t ( a =mal c]emonial recital _h be5 #8f>c$' ) illu/rative & explanatory prose passages2 ! =m ( ! v]ses be+ fix$1 t ( ! prose be+ v>i$ at ! w ( ! recit]4#b ,?is !ory1 :i* is te*nically kn[n z ! #8khyna' !ory 7z x d]iv$ its />t+ po9t f ! discussion ( ! ,sup>nkhyna text71 won consid]able support1 b 0 conte/$ by ,m4 ,sylva9 ,lvi1 :o ass]t$ t1 9 ^! hymns1 we _h ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/1 & olde/1 ,indian dramatic creations1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,indian ,drama2 & t ! fragm5ts c\ld only be satisfactorily int]pret$ f ! po9t ( view t !y 7 int5d$ to be spok51 n by a solit>y recit]1 b by two or m dramatis p]sonae4#c ,j4 ,h]tel 7,d] ,ursprung des ,indis*5 ,dramas und ,epos7 w5t /ill fur!r1 & :ile accept+1 & demon/rat+1 ! ju/ice ( ?is int]pretation ( ! #8,dialogue' poems1 sugge/$ a simil> orig9 = c]ta9 #8,monologues' f\nd 9 ! same collection4#d ,pr(essor ,leopold von ,s*ro$]1 9 8 extremely int]e/+ volume1 ,my/]ium und ,mimus im ,rig-,v$a1#e has giv5 a popul> & practical =m to ! results ( ^! rese>*es1 by translat+ & publi%+1 ) an explanatory /udy1 a selection ( ^! e>ly #8,culture' ,dramas1 expla9+ ! spee*es1 & plac+ !m 9 ! m\? ( ! respective actors to :om !y 71 presumably1 assign$4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] holds ! entire gr\p to be l9k$ toge!r by "o common int5tion1 viz41 ! purpose ( /imulat+ ! processes ( ,nature1 & ( obta9+1 z a result ( :at may be call$ a ,ritual ,culture ,drama1 an abundant return ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,! :ole book is ri* 9 p>allels drawn f anci5t & mod]n s\rces1 & is ( extraord9>y int]e/ to ! ,folk-lore /ud5t4 ,9 ! light ?r[n by ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s rese>*es1 foll[+ z !y d ^u ! illum9at+ /udies ( ,mannh>dt1 & ,fraz]1 we become /rik+ly aw>e ( ! curi\s vitality & p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 popul> cu/oms & beliefs2 & :ile ! two la/-nam$ writ]s h r5d]$ ine/imable s]vice to ! /udy ( ,comp>ative ,religion by l9k+ ! practices ( ,classical & ,m$ieval times ) ! ,folk-cu/oms ( to-day1 we recognize1 ?r\gh von ,s*ro$]'s "w1 t ! root ( su* belief & cu/om is imb$d$ 9 a deep] /ratum ( ,folk-tradition ?an we _h hi!rto realiz$1 t x is1 9 fact1 a h]itage f ! f>-(f pa/ ( ! ,aryan peoples4 ,= ! purposes ( our especial l9e ( rese>* ,my/]ium und ,mimus (f]s mu* ( value & int]e/4 ,z not$ above1 ! ma9 object ( ^! primitive ,dramas 0 t ( enc\rag+1 we may say1 ensur+1 ! f]tility ( ! ,e>?2 ?us x is n surpris+ t m ?an "o deals ) ! !me ( :i* we are treat+1 ! ,free+ ( ! ,wat]s1 only t :]eas1 9 ! quotations giv5 above1 ! wor%ipp]s praise ,indra = 8 b5efic5t action1 "h ,indra himself1 9 propria p]sona appe>s1 & vaunts 8 feat4 8,i* s*lug d5 ,vritra mit d] ,kraft des ,indra6 ,dur* eign5 ,grimm w> i* s />k geword56 ,i* ma*te fr die ,m5s*5 frei die ,wass]0#f ,& ! imp]sonat$ riv]s speak = !mselves4 8,indra1 d5 ,blitz im ,arm1 bra* uns die ,bahn51 ,er s*lug d5 ,vritra1 die ,/rme e9s*loss40#g ,!re is no ne$ to insi/ fur!r on ! po9t t ! task ( ! ,grail h]o is 9 ?is special respect no m]e lit]>y inv5tion1 b a h]itage f ! a*ievem5ts ( ! prehi/oric h]oes ( ! ,aryan race4 ,b ! poems select$ by ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] = discussion (f] u a fur!r1 & m curi\s1 p>allel ) ! ,grail romances4 ,9 ,section ,,viii4 ( ! "w ref]r$ to ! au?or discusses ! /ory ( i%yaiga1 z ! ,mahbhrata names ! h]o2 "h we f9d a "y ,brahm9 br\ght up by 8 fa!r1 ,vibhndaka1 9 a lonely =e/ h]mitage#h absolutely ignorant ( ! outside _w1 & ev5 ( ! v exi/5ce ( be+s o!r ?an 8 fa!r & himself4 ,he has nev] se5 a woman1 & does n "k t su* a creature exi/s4 ,a dr\ght falls ^u a neighb\r+ k+dom1 & ! inhabitants are r$uc$ to great /raits = lack ( food4 ,! ,k+1 seek+ to "k by :at means ! suff]+s ( 8 p may be reliev$1 le>ns t s long z i%yaiga cont9ues *a/e s long w ! dr\ght endure4 ,an old woman1 :o has a fair daught] ( irregul> life1 und]takes ! s$uction ( ! h]o4 ,! ,k+ has a %ip1 or raft 7bo? v]sions are giv571 fitt$ out ) all possible luxury1 & an app>5t ,h]mit's cell erect$ ^u x4 ,! old woman1 h] daught] & companions1 emb>k2 & ! riv] c>ries !m to a po9t n f> f ! "y ,brahm9's h]mitage4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! abs5ce ( 8 fa!r1 ! girl visits i%yaiga 9 8 =e/ cell1 giv+ him to und]/& t %e is a ,h]mit1 l himself1 :i* ! boy1 9 8 innoc5ce1 believes4 ,he is s fasc9at$ by h] appe>ance & c>esses t1 on h] leav+ him1 he1 deep 9 ?\ght ( ! lovely visitor1 =gets1 = ! fir/ "t1 8 religi\s duties4 ,on 8 fa!r's return he innoc5tly relates :at has happ5$1 & ! fa!r w>ns him t fi5ds 9 ?is fair disguise /rive to tempt h]mits to _! undo+4 ,! next "t ! fa!r is abs5t ! temptress1 wat*+ h] opportunity1 returns1 & p]suades ! boy to accompany h] to h] #8,h]mitage' :i* %e assures him1 is f> m beautiful ?an 8 own4 ,s soon z i%yaiga is safely on bo>d ! %ip sails1 ! lad is c>ri$ to ! capital ( ! ra9less l&1 ! ,k+ gives him 8 daught] z wife1 & s soon z ! m>riage is consummat$ ! spell is brok51 & ra9 falls 9 abundance4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] po9ts out t !re is little d\bt t1 9 c]ta9 e>li] v]sions ( ! tale1 ! ,k+'s daught] h]self play$ ! rle ( temptress4 ,!re is no d\bt t a c]emonial #8m>riage' v frequ5tly =m$ a "p ( ! #8,f]tility' ritual1 & 0 suppos$ to be specially efficaci\s 9 br++ ab\t ! effect desir$4#i ,! practice subsi/s 9 ,indian ritual to ?is h\r1 & ! surviv+ traces 9 ,european ,folk-cu/om h be5 not$ 9 full by ,mannh>dt 9 8 exhau/ive "w on ,wald und ,feld-,kulte2 its exi/5ce 9 ,classic times is well kn[n1 & x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! liv+ ,folk-cu/oms = :i* a well-atte/$ *a9 ( desc5t c be cit$4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] rem>ks t ! efficacy ( ! rite appe>s to be enhanc$ by ! previ\s /rict obs]vance ( ! rule ( *a/ity by ! (ficiant4#aj ,:at1 h[ev]1 is ( m imm$iate int]e/ = our purpose is ! fact t ! i%yaiga /ory does1 9 effect1 possess c]ta9 curi\s po9ts ( contact ) ! ,grail tradition4 ,?us1 ! lonely upbr++ ( ! y\? 9 a =e/1 f> f ! haunts ( m51 8 absolute ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( human be+s o!r ?an 8 p>5t & himself1 pres5t a close p>allel to ! acc\nts ( ,p]ceval's y\? & woodl& life1 z relat$ 9 ! ,grail romances4#aa ,9 ,g]b]t's cont9uation we are told t ! m>riage ( ! h]o is an indisp5sable condition ( a*iev+ ! ,que/1 a detail :i* mu/ h be5 tak5 ov] f an e>li] v]sion1 z ,g]b]t proce$s to /ultify himself by describ+ ! solemnities ( ! m>riage1 & ! c]emonial bless+ ( ! nuptial c\*1 aft] :i* h]o & h]o9e simultane\sly agree to live a life ( /rict *a/ity1 & are rew>d$ by ! promise t ! ,swan ,knight %all be _! desc5dant--a tissue ( contradictions :i* c only be expla9$ by ! mal--droit bl5d+ ( two v]sions1 "o ( :i* knew ! h]o z w$d$1 ! o!r1 z celibate4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! orig9al ,p]ceval /ory includ$ ! m>riage ( ! h]o4#ab ,! circum/ances "u :i* i%yaiga is lur$ f 8 ,h]mitage are curi\sly p>allel$ by ! acc\nt1 f\nd 9 ! ,que/e & ,manessi]1 ( ,p]ceval's temptation by a fi5d1 9 ! =m ( a fair maid51 :o comes to him by wat] 9 a vessel hung ) black silk1 & ) great ri*es on bo>d4#ac ,9 po9t+ out ^! p>allels ,i wi% to make my position p]fectly cle>2 ,i d n claim t ei!r 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 or 9 any o!r e>ly ,aryan lit]>y monum5t1 we c hope to discov] ! direct s\rces ( ! ,grail leg5d1 b :at ,i w\ld urge ^u s*ol>s is ! fact t1 9 adopt+ ! hypo!sis ( a ,nature ,cult z a possible orig91 & exam9+ ! hi/ory ( ^! ,cults1 _! evolution1 & _! v>iant =ms1 we d1 9 effect1 f9d at e p]iod & /age ( developm5t und\bt$ po9ts ( contact1 :i*1 ?\gh tak5 sep>ately1 might be reg>d$ z accid5tal1 9 _! ensemble c h>dly be ?us consid]$4 ,:5 e p>allel to our ,grail /ory is f\nd )9 ! circle ( a well-def9$1 & c>efully /udi$1 sequ5ce ( belief & practice1 :5 ea* & all =m "p ( a well-recogniz$ body ( tradition ! desc5t ( :i* has be5 abundantly demon/rat$1 !n ,i submit su* p>allels /& on a s\nd basis1 & x is n unreasonable to conclude t ! body ( tradition conta9+ !m belongs to ! same family & is to be int]pret$ on ! same pr9ciples z ! closely analog\s rites & c]emonies4 ,i susp5d ! notice & discussion ( o!r poems conta9$ 9 ,pr(4 von ,s*ro$]'s collection till we h rea*$ a lat] /age ( ! tradition1 :5 _! correspond5ce w be recogniz$ z ev5 m /rik+ & sugge/ive4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,tammuz & ,adonis ,,"p ,i4 ,,tammuz ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we consid]$ c]ta9 aspects ( ! attitude assum$ by our ,aryan =efa!rs t[>ds ! great processes ( ,nature 9 _! ord]$ sequ5ce ( ,bir?1 ,gr[?1 & ,decay4 ,we saw t :ile on "o h& !y1 by pray] & supplication1 ?rew !mselves ^u ! m]cy ( ! ,div9ity1 :o1 9 _! belief1 0 responsible = ! grant+1 or )hold+1 ( ! wat]1 :e!r ( ra91 or riv]1 ! con/ant supply ( :i* 0 an ess5tial condition ( su* ord]$ sequ5ce1 !y1 on ! o!r h&1 believ$ t1 by _! own actions1 !y c\ld /imulate & assi/ ! ,div9e activity4 ,h5ce ! dramatic repres5tations to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ! p]=mance1 = in/ance1 ( su* a drama z ! i%yaiga1 ! c]emonial #8m>riages1' & o!r ex]cises ( :at we n[ call sympa!tic magic4 ,to quote a well-kn[n passage f ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]3 8,!y commonly believ$ t ! tie betwe5 ! animal & vegetable _w 0 ev5 clos] ?an x really is--to !m ! pr9ciple ( life & f]tility1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 0 "o & indivisible4 ,h5ce actions t induc$ f]tility 9 ! animal _w 7 held to be equally efficaci\s 9 /imulat+ ! reproductive en]gies ( ! vegetable40#a ,h[ deeply ?is idea 0 root$ 9 ! m9ds ( our ance/ors we1 _! desc5dants1 may le>n f its survival to our own day4 ,! ultimate1 & :at we may 9 a g5]al s5se t]m ! classical1 =m 9 :i* ?is s5se ( ! community ( ! ,life pr9ciple f\nd expression 0 t :i* end[$ ! vivify+ =ce ( ,nature ) a di/9ct p]sonality1 div9e1 or semi-div9e1 ^: exp]i5ces1 9 virtue ( 8 close k9%ip ) humanity1 might be express$ 9 t]ms ( ord9>y life4 ,at ?is /age ! progress ( ! seasons1 ! bir? ( vegetation 9 spr+1 or its revival aft] ! autumn ra9s1 its glori\s fruition 9 e>ly summ]1 its decl9e & dea? "u ! malefic5t influ5ce ei!r ( ! scor*+ sun1 or ! bitt] w9t] cold1 symbolically repres5t$ ! correspond+ /ages 9 ! life ( ?is an?ropomorphically conceiv$ ,be+1 ^: annual progress f bir? to dea?1 f dea? to a r5ew$ life1 0 celebrat$ ) a solemn ritual ( correspond+ alt]nations ( rejoic+ & lam5tation4 ,rec5t rese>* has provid$ u ) abundant mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! v>y+ =ms ( ?is ,nature ,cult1 ! extraord9>y importance ( :i* z an evolution>y factor 9 :at we may t]m ! concrete expression ( human ?\ght & feel+ is only gradually becom+ realiz$4#b ,be=e turn+ our att5tion to ?is1 ! mo/ important1 section ( our inve/igation1 x may be well to consid] "o *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,nature ritual ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 & t pres]v$ to u 9 ! lat] monum5ts ( ,greek antiquity4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 e>ly z x is1 we f9d ! process ( religi\s evolution already f> advanc$2 ! god has sep>at$ himself f 8 wor%ipp]s1 & assum$ an an?ropomorphic =m4 ,indra1 :ile /ill reta9+ traces ( 8 #8wea!r' orig91 is no long]1 to borr[ ,miss ,h>rison's descriptive phrase1 #8an automatic explosive ?und]-/orm1' he wields ! ?und]bolt c]ta9ly1 b he appe>s 9 h]oic =m to receive ! (f]+s made to him1 & to celebrate 8 victory 9 a solemn ritual dance4 ,9 ,greek art & lit]ature1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e we might expect to f9d an ev5 m advanc$ conception1 we are fac$ ) "o seem+ly m primitive & in*oate1 i4e41 ! idea ( a con/antly recurr+ cycle ( ,bir?1 ,dea?1 & ,resurrection1 or ,re-,bir?1 ( all ?+s 9 ,nature1 ?is cycle dep5d+ ^u ! activities ( an entity at fir/ vaguely conceiv$ ( z ! #8,luck ( ! ,ye>1' ! ,eniautos ,daimon4 ,?is ,be+1 at "o /age ( evolution !riomorphic--he might assume ! =m ( a bull1 a goat1 or a snake 7! latt]1 probably f ! close connection ( ! reptile ) ! e>?1 be+ ! m g5]al =m7--only gradually1 & by di/9ctly traceable /ages1 assum$ an an?ropomorphic %ape4#c ,?is gives to ! /udy ( ,greek antiquity a special & peculi> value1 s9ce 9 reg>d to ! body ( religi\s belief & obs]vance ) :i* we are "h imm$iately conc]n$1 nei!r 9 :at we may n improp]ly t]m its ultimate 7e>ly ,aryan71 nor 9 :at has be5 g5]ally consid]$ its proximate 7,syro-,pho5ician71 s\rce1 h ^! int]m$iate /ages be5 pres]v$2 9 ea* case ! ritual rema9s are illu/rative ( a highly develop$ cult1 di/9ctly an?ropomorphic 9 conception4 ,i (f] no op9ion z to ! critical significance ( ?is fact1 b ,i w\ld draw ! att5tion ( s*ol>s to its exi/5ce4 ,t ! process ( evolution 0 complete at a v e>ly date has be5 prov$ by rec5t rese>*es into ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian civilization4 ,we "k n[ t ! cult ( ! god ,tammuz1 :o1 if n ! direct orig9al ( ! ,pho5ician-,greek ,adonis1 is at lea/ repres5tative ( a common p>5t deity1 may be trac$ back to #cjjj ,b4,c41 :ile x p]si/$ among ! ,sabeans at ,h>ran into ! ,middle ,ages4#d ,:ile mu* relat+ to ! god & 8 precise position 9 ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian ,pan!on /ill rema9s obscure1 fragm5t>y cunei=m texts connect$ ) ! religi\s s]vices ( ! p]iod h be5 discov]$1 & to a consid]able ext5t deciph]$1 & we are ?us 9 a position to judge1 f ! pray]s & invocations address$ to ! deity1 :at 7 ! p[]s attribut$ to1 & ! b5efits bes\ght f1 him4 ,^! texts are ( a uni=m "*2 !y are all #8,lam5tations1' or #8,wail+s1' hav+ = _! excit+ cause ! disappe>ance ( ,tammuz f ?is upp] e>?1 & ! disa/r\s effects produc$ ^u animal & vegetable life by 8 abs5ce4 ,! woes ( ! l& & ! folk are set =? 9 poignant detail1 & ,tammuz is passionately invok$ to h pity ^u 8 wor%ipp]s1 & to end _! suff]+s by a spe$y return4 ,?is return1 we f9d f o!r texts1 0 effect$ by ! action ( a goddess1 ! "m1 si/]1 or p>am\r1 ( ,tammuz1 :o1 desc5d+ into ! ne!r _w1 induc$ ! y\?ful deity to return ) h] to e>?4 ,x is p]fectly cle> f ! texts :i* h be5 deciph]$ t ,tammuz is n to be reg>d$ m]ely z repres5t+ ! ,_s ( ,vegetation2 8 influ5ce is op]ative1 n only 9 ! v]nal processes ( ,nature1 z a ,spr+ god1 b 9 all its reproductive en]gies1 )\t di/9ction or limitation1 he may be consid]$ z an embodim5t ( ! ,life pr9ciple1 & 8 cult z a ,life ,cult4 ,mr ,/eph5 ,langdon incl9es to believe t ! orig9al ,tammuz typifi$ ! vivify+ wat]s2 he writes3 8,s9ce1 9 ,babylonia z 9 ,egypt1 ! f]tility ( ! soil dep5d$ ^u irrigation1 x is b natural to expect t ! y\?ful god :o repres5ts ! bir? & dea? ( nature1 w\ld repres5t ! b5efic5t wat]s :i* flood$ ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 9 ! late w9t]1 & :i* ebb$ away1 & ne>ly disappe>$1 9 ! canals & riv]s 9 ! p]iod ( ,summ] dr\ght4 ,we f9d !re=e t ! !ologians reg>d$ ?is y\?ful div9ity z belong+ to ! cult ( ,eridu1 c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,ea1 "l ( ! ne!r sea40#e ,9 a note to ?is passage ,mr ,langdon adds3 8,he appe>s 9 ! great !ological li/ z ,dami-zi1 ab-zu1 #8,tammuz ( ! ne!r sea1' i4e41 #8! fai?ful son ( ! fre% wat]s :i* come f ! e>?4'0#f ,?is pres5ts u ) an int]e/+ analogy to ! citations giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt] f ! ,rig-,v$a2 ! ,tammuz cult is specially valuable z provid+ u ) evid5ce ( ! gradual evolution ( ! ,life ,cult f ! e>ly conception ( ! vivify+ p[] ( ! wat]s1 to ! wid] recognition ( a common pr9ciple und]ly+ all manife/ations ( ,life4 ,?is is v cle>ly br\ght out 9 ! beautiful ,lam5t = ,tammuz1 publi%$ by ,mr ,langdon 9 ,tammuz & ,i%t>1 & also 9 ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms4#g 8,9 ,eanna1 high & l[1 !re is weep+1 ,wail+ = ! h\se ( ! "l !y raise4 ,! wail+ is = ! plants2 ! fir/ lam5t is #8!y gr[ n4' ,! wail+ is = ! b>ley2 ! e>s gr[ n4 ,= ! habitations & flocks x is2 !y produce n4 ,= ! p]i%+ w$d$ ones1 = p]i%+ *ildr5 x is2 ! d>k-head$ p create n4 ,! wail+ is = ! great riv]2 x br+s ! flood no m4 ,! wail+ is = ! fields ( m52 ! gunu gr[s no m4 ,! wail+ is = ! fi%-ponds2 ! dasuhur fi% spawn n4 ,! wail+ is = ! cane-brake2 ! fall5 /alks gr[ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! =e/s2 ! tam>isks gr[ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! highl&s2 ! masgam trees gr[ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! g>d5 /ore-h\se2 honey & w9e are produc$ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! mead[s2 ! b\nty ( ! g>d51 ! sihtu plants gr[ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! palace2 life unto di/ant days is n40 ,c any?+ be m expressive ( ! community ( life animat+ ! :ole ( ,nature ?an ?is poignantly word$ lam5t8 ,a po9t :i* diff]5tiates ! wor%ip ( ,tammuz f ! k9dr$1 & bett] kn[n1 cult ( ,adonis1 is ! fact t we h no liturgical record ( ! celebration ( ! resurrection ( ! deity2 x c]ta9ly took place1 = ! effects are ref]r$ to3 8,:]e grass 0 n1 !re grass is eat51 ,:]e wat] 0 n1 wat] is drunk1 ,:]e ! cattle %$s 7 n1 cattle %$s are built40#h ,:ile ?is di/9ctly implies ! revival ( vegetable & animal life1 ^? features 7i4e41 resurrection & sacr$ m>riage71 :i* made ! ,adonis ritual "o ( rejoic+ z mu* z ( lam5tation1 are abs5t f liturgical rema9s ( ! ,tammuz cult4#i ,a detail :i* has attract$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s is ! lack ( any arti/ic repres5tation ( ?is ritual1 a lack :i* is ! m /rik+ 9 view ( ! important position :i* ^! #8,wail+s = ,tammuz' occupy 9 ! extant rema9s ( ,babylonian liturgies4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr ,langdon makes an int]e/+ sugge/ion3 8,x is probable t ! s]vice ( wail+ = ! dy+ god1 ! desc5t ( ! "m1 & ! resurrection1 7 att5d$ by my/]i\s rituals4 ,! actual my/]ies may h be5 p]=m$ 9 a secret *amb]1 & consequ5tly ! sc5es 7 =bidd5 9 ,art4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! surpris+ de>? ( ar*aeological evid5ce conc]n+ a cult ^u :i* ! v life ( mank9d 0 suppos$ to dep5d40#aj ,9 view ( ! fact t my sugge/ion z to ! possible lat] developm5t ( ^! ,life ,cults z ,my/]ies has ar\s$ consid]able opposition1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t su* developm5t is held by ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! ritual to h be5 n m]ely possible1 b to h actually tak5 place1 & t at a v remote date4 ,mr ,langdon quotes a passage ref]r+ to 8,k+s :o 9 _! day play$ ! rle ( ,tammuz 9 ! my/]y ( ?is cult02 he consid]s t "h we h to d ) k+s :o1 by a symbolic act1 escap$ ! f9al p5alty ( sacrifice z repres5tative ( ! ,dy+ ,god4#aa ,! full importance ( ! evid5ce above set =? w become m cle>ly app>5t z we proce$ ) our inve/igation2 "h ,i w\ld simply draw att5tion to ! fact t we n[ possess def9ite pro( t1 at a p]iod ( "s #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c41 ! idea ( a ,be+ ^u ^: life & reproductive activities ! v exi/5ce ( ,nature & its correspond+ en]gies 0 held to dep5d1 yet :o 0 himself subject to ! vicissitudes ( decl9+ p[]s & dea?1 l an ord9>y mortal1 _h already assum$ a fix$1 & practically f9al1 =m2 fur!r1 t ?is =m 0 specially cry/alliz$ 9 ritual obs]vances4 ,9 our /udy ( ! lat] manife/ations ( ?is cult we %all f9d t ?is c5tral idea is always1 & unalt]ably1 ! same1 & is1 moreov]1 frequ5tly accompani$ by a rem>kable correspond5ce ( detail4 ,! *a9 ( evid5ce is already /rong1 & we may ju/ly claim t ! l9ks add$ by fur!r rese>* /r5g!n1 :ile !y l5g!n1 t *a94 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,adonis ,:ile x is only ( comp>atively rec5t date t in=mation z to ! exact "* ( ! wor%ip direct$ to ,tammuz has be5 available & ! mat]ial we at pres5t possess is b fragm5t>y 9 "*1 ! correspond+ cult ( ! ,pho5ician-,greek div9ity we "k z ,adonis has = "s ye>s be5 ! subject ( s*ol>ly rese>*4 ,n only h ! details ( ! ritual be5 exam9$ & discuss$1 & ! surviv+ arti/ic evid5ce describ$ & illu/rat$1 b f ! an?ropological side att5tion has be5 =cibly direct$ to its importance z a factor 9 ! elucidation ( c]ta9 widespread ,folk-beliefs & practices4#ab ,we "k n[ t ! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 :i* enjoy$ among ! ,greeks a popul>ity ext5d+ to our own day1 0 orig9ally ( ,pho5ician orig91 its pr9cipal c5tres be+ ! cities ( ,byblos1 & ,aphaka4 ,f ,pho5icia x spread to ! ,greek isl&s1 ! e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! wor%ip be+ f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 & f !nce to ! ma9l&1 :]e x e/abli%$ itself firmly4 ,! records ( ! cult g back to #gjj ,b4,c41 b x may q possibly be ( mu* e>li] date4 ,mr ,langdon sugge/s t ! wor%ip ( ! div9ity we "k z ,adonis1 may1 "u ano!r "n1 rea* back to an antiquity equal ) t we c n[ ascribe to ! cult ( ,tammuz4 ,9 its fully evolv$ classical =m ! cult ( ,adonis (f]s1 z x 71 a halfway h\se1 betwe5 ! fragm5t>y relics ( ,aryan & ,babylonian antiquity1 & ! weal? ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n survivals to :i* ! +5uity & pati5ce ( contempor>y s*ol>s h direct$ our att5tion4 ,we all "k ! my?ological tale popul>ly atta*$ to ! "n ( ,adonis2 t he 0 a fair y\?1 belov$ ( ,aphrodite1 :o1 w\nd$ 9 ! ?igh by a wild bo>1 di$ ( 8 w\nd4 ,! goddess1 9 despair at 8 dea?1 by h] pray]s won f ,zeus ! boon t ,adonis be all[$ to return to e>? = a portion ( ea* ye>1 & h5ce=w>d ! y\?ful god divides 8 "t betwe5 ! goddess ( ,hades1 ,p]sephone1 & ,aphrodite4 ,b ! importance assum$ by ! /ory1 ! elaborate c]emonial ) :i* ! dea? ( ,adonis 0 m\rn$1 & 8 re/oration to life ft$1 ! date & "* ( ! celebrations1 all leave no d\bt t ! p]sonage ) :om we are deal+ 0 no m]e fav\rite ( a goddess1 b "o ) ^: life & well-be+ ! ord9>y processes ( ,nature1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 7 closely & intimately conc]n$4 ,9 fact ! c5tral figure ( ^! rites1 by :atev] "n he may be call$1 is ! some:at elusive & imp]sonal entity1 :o repres5ts 9 an?ropomorphic =m ! pr9ciple ( animate ,nature1 ^u ^: pres]vation1 & unimpair$ en]gies1 ! life ( man1 directly1 & indirectly1 dep5ds4#ac ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ^! rites !re is "o po9t1 to :i* ,i h allud$ e>li]1 9 ano!r connection1 ^u :i* our m9ds mu/ be q cle>1 i4e41 ! nature ( ! injury suff]$4 ,writ]s ^u ! subject are ( "o accord 9 consid]+ ! usual acc\nt to be b a euphemi/ic veil+ ( ! tru?1 :ile ! close relation betwe5 ! /ories ( ,adonis & ,attis1 & ! practices associat$ ) ! cult1 place beyond any %ad[ ( a d\bt ! fact t ! true reason = ?is univ]sal m\rn+ 0 ! cessation1 or susp5sion1 by injury or dea?1 ( ! reproductive en]gy ( ! god ^u ^: virile activity vegetable life directly1 & human life indirectly1 dep5d$4#ad ,:at we h ne$ to seize & to insi/ ^u is ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce :i* ! s5se ( ,life1 ! ne$ = ,life1 ! ess5tial ,sanctity ( ! ,life-giv+ faculty1 ex]cis$ ^u primitive religions4 ,vellay puts ?is well :5 he says3 8,en ralit c'e/ sur la conception de la vie physique1 considre dans son orig9e1 et dans son action1 et dans le d\ble pr9cipe qui l'anime1 que repose t\t le cycle religieux des peuples ,ori5taux de l',antiquit40#ae ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] says ev5 m precisely & emphatically3 8,9 d] ,religion d] ,aris*5 ,urzeit i/ ,alles auf ,leb5sbejahung g]i*tet1 ,mann kann d5 ,phallus als ihr ,beh]rs*5des ,symbol betra*t540#af ,& 9 spite ( ! /rong opposition to ?is cult manife/$ 9 ,indian lit]ature1 beg9n+ ) ! ,rig-,v$a1 & rip5+ to fruition 9 ! ,upani%ads1 9 spite ( ! rise ( ,buddhism1 ) its oppos+ dictum ( r5unciation1 ! #8,life-,cult' ass]t$ its ess5tial vitality aga9/ all opposition1 & "u modifi$ =ms repres5ts ! #8popul>' religion ( ,india to ?is day4 ,ea* & all ( ! ritual dramas1 recon/ruct$ 9 ! pages ( ,my/]ium und ,mimus be>1 m or less di/9ctly1 ! /amp ( _! #8,f]tility' orig91#ag :ile outside ,india ! pages ( ,fraz] & ,mannh>dt1 & num]\s o!r writ]s on ,folk-lore & ,e?nology1 record ! widespread1 & p]si/5t1 survival ( ^! rites1 & _! successful defiance ( ! spread ( civilization4 ,x is to ?is special gr\p ( belief & practice t ! ,adonis 7& m especially its ,phrygian c\nt]p>t ! ,attis7 wor%ip belong1 & ev5 :5 transplant$ to ! m re/ra9$ & cultur$ environm5t ( ! ,greek ma9l&1 !y /ill reta9$ _! primitive "*4 ,f>nell1 9 8 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ref]s to ! wor%ip ( ,adonis z 8a ritual t ! m au/]e ,/ate religion ( ,greece probably fail$ to purify1 ! san] m9ds1 br$ 9 a religi\s atmosph]e t 01 on ! :ole1 g5ial1 & temp]ate1 revolt$ f ! d9 ( cymbals & drums1 ! mean+less ec/asies ( sorr[ & joy1 t m>k$ ! new religion40#ah ,x is1 ,i submit1 indisp5sable = ! purposes ( our inve/igation t ! ess5tial "* & significance ( ! cults ) :i* we are deal+ %\ld n be evad$ or ignor$1 b fac$1 frankly admitt$ & held 9 m9d dur+ ! progress ( our enquiry4 ,hav+ n[ det]m9$ ! g5]al "* ( ! ritual1 :at 7 ! specific details8 ,! date ( ! fea/ seems to h v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 ?us 9 ,greece x 0 celebrat$ 9 ! ,spr+1 ! mom5t ( ! bir? ( ,vegetation2 accord+ to ,sa9t ,j]ome1 9 ,pale/9e ! celebration fell 9 ,june1 :5 plant life 0 9 its fir/ full luxuriance4 ,9 ,cyprus1 at ! autumnal equ9ox1 i4e41 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 ! ,syro-,mac$onian cal5d>1 ! dea? ( ,adonis fall+ on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb]1 8 resurrection on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 ! beg9n+ ( a ,new ,ye>4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t "h ,adonis 0 consid]$1 z ,vellay sugge/s1 less z ! god ( ,vegetation ?an z ! sup]ior & nameless ,"l ( ,life 7,adonis,syriac ,adn1 ,"l71 "u ^: protection ! ye> 0 plac$4#ai ,he is ! ,eniautos ,daimon4 ,9 ! same way z ! dates v>i$1 s1 also1 did ! ord] ( ! ritual2 g5]ally speak+ ! elaborate c]emonies ( m\rn+ = ! dead god1 & committ+ 8 effigy to ! waves1 prec$$ ! joy\s celebration ( 8 resurrection1 b 9 ,alex&ria ! sequ5ce 0 o!rwise2 ! fea/ began ) ! solemn & joy\s celebration ( ! nuptials ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite1 at ! conclusion ( :i* a ,head1 ( papyrus1 repres5t+ ! god1 01 ) e %[ ( m\rn+1 committ$ to ! waves1 & borne )9 sev5 days by a curr5t 7always to be c\nt$ ^u at t season ( ! ye>7 to ,byblos1 :]e x 0 receiv$ & welcom$ ) popul> rejoic+4#bj ,! duration ( ! fea/ v>i$ f two days1 z at ,alex&ria1 to sev5 or eight4 ,connect$ ) ! long] p]iod ( ! fea/ 7 ! s-call$ #8,g>d5s ( ,adonis1' baskets1 or pans1 plant$ ) quick gr[+ se$s1 :i* spe$ily come to fruition1 & z spe$ily )]4 ,9 ! mod]n survivals ( ! cult ?ree days =m ! g5]al t]m = ! fl[]+ ( ^! g>d5s4#ba ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( ! ritual 0 ! prom95ce assign$ to wom52 8ce sont les femmes qui le pleur5t1 et qui l'accompagn5t sa tombe4 ,elles sanglot5t p]dum5t p5dant les nuits1--c'e/ leur dieu plus que t\t autre1 et seules elles veul5t pleur] sa mort1 et *ant] sa rsurrection40#bb ,?us 9 ! t5? c5tury ! fe/ival receiv$ ! ,arabic "n ( ,el-,bgat1 or #8,! ,fe/ival ( ! ,weep+ ,wom54'#bc ,"o v curi\s practice dur+ ^! celebrations 0 t ( cutt+ (f ! hair 9 hon\r ( ! god2 wom5 :o hesitat$ to make ?is sacrifice mu/ (f] !mselves to /rang]s1 ei!r 9 ! temple1 or on ! m>ket-place1 ! gold receiv$ z ! price ( _! fav\rs be+ (f]$ to ! goddess4 ,?is obligation only la/$ = "o day4#bd ,x 0 also cu/om>y = ! prie/s ( ,adonis to mutilate !mselves 9 imitation ( ! god1 a di/9ct pro(1 if "o 7 ne$$1 ( ! traditional cause ( 8 dea?4#be ,turn+ f a consid]ation ( ! ,adonis ritual1 its details1 & significance1 to an exam9ation ( ! ,grail romances1 we f9d t _! mise-en-scne provides a /rik+ s]ies ( p>allels ) ! ,classical celebrations1 p>allels1 :i* in/ead ( vani%+1 z p>allels h occasionally an awkw>d habit ( do+1 be=e clos] inve/igation1 r ga9 9 =ce ! m closely !y are /udi$4 ,?us ! c5tral figure is ei!r a dead knight on a bi] 7z 9 ! ,gawa9 v]sions71 or a w\nd$ k+ on a litt]2 :5 w\nd$ ! injury corresponds ) t suff]$ by ,adonis & ,attis4#bf ,closely connect$ ) ! w\nd+ ( ! k+ is ! de/ruction :i* has fall5 on ! l&1 :i* w be remov$ :5 ! k+ is heal$4 ,! v]sion ( ,sone de ,nansai is "h ( extreme int]e/2 ! position is /at$ ) s mu* cle>ness & precision t ! conclusion _c be evad$--we are face to face ) ! dread$ calamity :i* x 0 ! aim ( ! ,adonis ritual to av]t1 ! tempor>y susp5sion ( all ! reproductive en]gies ( ,nature4#bg ,:ile ! condition ( ! k+ is ! cause ( g5]al & vocif]\s lam5tation1 a special feature1 nev] satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 is ! pres5ce ( a weep+ woman1 or sev]al weep+ wom54 ,?us 9 ! int]polat$ visit ( ,gawa9 to ! ,grail ca/le1 f\nd 9 ! ,c gr\p ( ,p]ceval ,,mss41 ! ,grail-be>] weeps pite\sly1 z %e does also 9 ,di ,crne4#bh ,9 ! v]sion ( ! prose ,lancelot ,gawa91 dur+ ! night1 sees twelve maid5s come to ! door ( ! *amb] :]e ! ,grail is kept1 kneel d[n1 & weep bitt]ly1 9 fact behave precisely z did ! classical m\rn]s = ,adonis--8,elles sanglot5t p]dum5t p5dant la nuit40#bi--;behavi\r = :i* ! text1 z x n[ /&s1 provides no %ad[ ( explanation or excuse4 ,! ,grail is "h ! mo/ rev]$ ( ,*ri/ian relics1 ! dwell]s 9 ! ca/le ( ,corb5ic h all t he>t c desire1 ) ! additional pre/ige ( be+ ! gu>dians ( ! ,grail2 if ! feature be n a belat$ survival1 :i* has lo/ its mean+1 x defies any explanation :atsoev]4 ,9 ,di ,crne alone1 :]e ! ,grail-be>] & h] maid5s are ! sole liv+ be+s 9 an abode ( ! ,dead1 is any explanation ( ! #8,weep+ ,wom5' attempt$1 b an int]polat$ passage 9 ! ,h]alds' ,college ,,ms4 ( ! ,p]ceval /ates t :5 ! ,que/ is a*iev$1 ! h]o %all le>n ! cause ( ! maid5's grief1 & also ! explanation ( ! ,dead ,knight ^u ! bi]3 8del graal q'vi5t aprs ,e purquei plure tut ads ,la pucele qui le su/i5t ,de la bi]e qu'aprs vi5t ,sav]a la vrit adonques ,ceo que nul ne pot saveir onques ,pur nule ri5 qui av5i/40 fo4 #ahjvo-#aha4 ,( c\rse 9 ! ,p]ceval !re is nei!r a ,weep+ ,maid51 nor a ,bi]1 & ! passage mu/ !re=e be ei!r an un9tellig5t addition by a scribe famili> ) ! ,gawa9 v]sions1 or an int]polation f a s\rce :i* did conta9 ! features 9 "q4 ,s f> z ! texts at our disposal are conc]n$1 bo? features belong exclusively to ! ,gawa91 & n to ! ,p]ceval ,que/4 ,! int]polation is significant z x indicates a surviv+ s5se ( ! importance ( ?is feature4 ,9 ! ,p]lesvaus we h ! curi\s detail ( a maid5 :o has lo/ h] hair z a result ( ! h]o's failure to ask ! "q1 & ! consequ5t sickness ( ! ,fi%] ,k+4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is detail may be purely =tuit\s1 b at ! same "t x is admissible to po9t out t ! ,adonis cults d provide u ) a p>allel 9 ! en=c$ loss ( hair by ! wom5 tak+ "p 9 ^! rites1 :ile no explanation ( ?is curi\s feature has s f> z ,i am aw>e be5 sugge/$ by critics ( ! text4#cj ,we may also note ! fact t ! ,grail ca/le is always situat$ 9 ! close vic9ity ( wat]1 ei!r on or ne> ! sea1 or on ! banks ( an important riv]4 ,9 two cases ! f9al home ( ! ,grail is 9 a mona/]y situat$ ^u an isl&4 ,! pres5ce ( wat]1 ei!r sea1 or riv]1 is an important feature 9 ! ,adonis cult1 ! effigy ( ! dead god be+1 n buri$ 9 ! e>?1 b ?r[n into ! wat]4#ca ,x w ?us be se5 t1 9 sugge/+ a =m ( ,nature wor%ip1 analog\s to ?is well-kn[n cult1 z ! possible ultimate s\rce f :i* ! incid5ts & mise-en-scne ( ! ,grail /ories 7 d]iv$1 we are rely+ n ^u an isolat$ p>allel1 b ^u a gr\p ( p>allels1 :i* alike 9 incid5t & int5tion (f]1 n m]ely a resemblance to1 b also an explanation (1 ! p]plex+ problems ( ! ,grail lit]ature4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! "q :e!r incid5ts s remote 9 "t may fairly & ju/ly be utiliz$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,=ms ( ,nature ,ritual ,read]s ( ! =ego+ pages may1 n improbably1 object t1 :ile we h in/anc$ c]ta9 curi\s & isolat$ p>allels f e>ly ,aryan lit]ature & tradition1 &1 :at1 f ! po9t ( view ( decl>$ int5tion1 appe>s to be a k9dr$ gr\p ( religi\s belief & practice 9 pre-,hi/oric & ,classical times1 ! two1 s f>1 %[ no direct signs ( affiliation1 :ile bo? may be held to be f> remov$1 9 po9t ( date1 alike f "o ano!r1 & f ! romantic lit]ature ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,?is objection is s\nd 9 itself1 b if we c %[ by mod]n p>allels t ! ideas :i* took =m & %ape 9 e>ly ,aryan ,drama1 & ,babylonian & ,classic ,ritual1 n only survive to our day1 b are f\nd 9 comb9ation ) features correspond+ m9utely ) details record$ 9 e>ly ,aryan lit]ature1 we may hold ! gulf to be bridg$1 & ! common orig91 & close relation%ip1 ( ! diff]5t /ages to be an asc]ta9$ fact4 ,at ! outset1 & be=e exam9+ ! evid5ce collect$ by s*ol>s1 ,i w\ld rem9d my read]s t ! mod]n ,greeks h reta9$1 9 _m in/ances "u *ang$ names1 no inconsid]able portion ( _! anci5t my?ological beliefs1 among !m ! #8,adonis' celebrations2 ! #8,g>d5s ( ,adonis' blossom & fade to-day1 z !y did _m c5turies ago1 & ,i h myself spok5 ) a s*ol> :o has se5 #8wom51 at ! door ( _! h\ses1 weep+ = ,adonis4'#a ,= evid5ce ( ! widespread "* ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n survivals we h only to consult ! epo*-mak+ works ( ,mannh>dt1 ,wald und ,feld-,kulte1 & ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh2#b 9 ! pages ( ^! volumes we %all f9d m ?an suffici5t = our purpose4 ,f ! weal? ( illu/ration ) :i* ^! works ab\nd ,i h select$ m]ely su* in/ances z seem to apply m directly to ! subject ( our inve/igation4#c ,?us1 9 _m places1 x is /ill ! cu/om to c>ry a figure repres5t+ ! ,vegetation ,_s on a bi]1 att5d$ by m\rn+ wom51 & ei!r bury ! figure1 ?r[ x into wat] 7z a ra9 *>m71 or1 aft] a mock dea?1 c>ry ! revivifi$ ,deity1 ) rejoic+1 back to ! t[n4 ,?us 9 ! ,le*ra9 a man 9 black wom5's clo!s is borne on a bi]1 foll[$ by m5 dress$ z pr(essional wom5 m\rn]s mak+ lam5tation1 ?r[n on ! village dung-heap1 dr5*$ ) wat]1 & buri$ 9 /raw4#d ,9 ,russia ! ,vegetation or ,ye> ,_s is kn[n z ,y>ilo1#e & is repres5t$ by a doll ) phallic attributes1 :i* is enclos$ 9 a c(f91 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /reets to ! accompanim5t ( lam5tation by wom5 ^: emotions h be5 excit$ by dr9k4 ,mannh>dt gives ! lam5t z foll[s3 8,wess5 w> ,er s*uldig8 ,er w> s gut6 ,er wird ni*t mehr auf/eh56 ,o6 ,wie soll5 wir uns von ,dir tr5n58 ,0 i/ das ,leb5 w5n ,du ni*t mehr da bi/8 ,erhebe ,di*1 w5n au* nur auf e9 ,/nd*56 ,ab] ,er /eht ni*t auf1 ,er /eht ni*t auf60#f ,9 o!r =ms ( ! ritual1 we f9d di/9ct traces ( ! resuscitation ( ! ,vegetation ,deity1 occasionally accompani$ by evid5ce ( rejuv5ation4 ,?us1 9 ,lausitz1 on ,laet>e ,sunday 7! #d? ,sunday 9 ,l5t71 wom5 ) m\rn+ veils c>ry a /raw figure1 dress$ 9 a man's %irt1 to ! b\nds ( ! next village1 :]e !y te> ! effigy to pieces1 hang ! %irt on a "y & fl\ri%+ tree1 8s*ne ,wald-,baum10 :i* !y proce$ to cut d[n1 & c>ry home ) e sign ( rejoic+4 ,"h evid5tly ! "y tree is reg>d$ z a rejuv5ation ( ! p]son repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! /raw figure4#g ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe to-day ! correspond+ c]emonies1 v g5]ally held at ,:itsuntide1 include ! mock execution ( ! individual repres5t+ ! ,vegetation ,_s1 frequ5tly kn[n z ! ,k+ ( ! ,may4 ,9 ,bohemia ! p]son play+ ! rle ( ! ,k+ is1 ) 8 att5dants1 dress$ 9 b>k1 & deck$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s2 at ! conclusion ( ! c]emonies ! ,k+ is all[$ a %ort />t1 & is !n pursu$ by ! arm$ att5dants4 ,if he is n ov]tak5 he holds (fice = a ye>1 b if ov]tak51 he suff]s a mock decapitation1 head-dress1 or cr[n1 be+ /ruck (f1 & ! pret5d$ corpse is !n borne on a bi] to ! next village4#h ,mannh>dt1 discuss+ ?is po9t1 rem>ks t 9 ! mock execution we mu/ recognize 8,e9 v]breitet] und j$5falls uralt] ,gebrau*40 ,he enum]ates ! v>i\s modes ( dea?1 %oot+1 /abb+ 79 ! latt] case a bladd] fill$ ) blood1 & conceal$ "u ! clo!s1 is pi]c$72 9 ,bohemia1 decapitation1 occasionally dr[n+ 7:i* prim>ily repres5ts a ra9 *>m71 is ! =m adopt$4#i ,he !n goes on to rem>k t ?is c]emonial dea? mu/ h be5 g5]ally foll[$ by resuscitation1 z 9 ,?ur+ia1 :]e ! #8,wild ,man1' z ! c5tral figure is !re nam$1 is br\ght to life aga9 by ! ,doctor1 :ile ! survival1 9 ! m elaborate ,spr+ processions ( ?is latt] "*1 ev5 :]e he plays no special rle1 po9ts to ! fact t 8 "p 9 ! proce$+s 0 orig9ally a m important "o4 ,t ,mannh>dt 0 n mi/ak5 is prov$ by ! evid5ce ( ! k9dr$ ,dances1 a subject we %all consid] lat]2 !re we %all f9d ! ,doctor play+ 8 old-"t rle1 & re/or+ to life ! sla9 repres5tative ( ! ,vegetation ,_s4#aj ,! "* ( ! ,doctor1 or ,m$ic9e ,man1 =m$1 z ,i believe1 at "o "t1 no unimportant l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* connects ^! practices ) ! ,grail tradition4 ,! signification ( ! resuscitation c]emony is obscur$ 9 cases :]e ! same figure und]goes dea? & revival )\t any correspond+ *ange ( =m4 ,?is po9t did n escape ,mannh>dt's acute critical eye2 he rem>ks t1 9 cases :]e1 e4g41 9 ,swabia1 ! #8,k+' is describ$ z 8e9 arm] alt] ,mann10 :o has liv$ sev5 ye>s 9 ! woods 7! sev5 w9t] mon?s71 a sc5e ( rejuv5ation %\ld foll[--8diese s*e9t mei/5teils v]lor5 gegang52 do* viellei*t s*e9t es nur s40 ,he goes on to draw att5tion to ! practice 9 ,reideb]g1 bei ,halle1 :]e1 aft] bury+ a /raw figure1 call$ ! ,old ,man1 ! villag]s dance r\nd ! ,may-,pole1 & he sugge/s t ! #8,old ,man' repres5ts ! defunct ,vegetation ,_s1 ! ,may ,tree1 t ,_s resuscitat$1 & ref]s 9 ?is connection to ! 8dur*aus v]w&t5 ,asiatis*5 ,gebrau*5 des ,attis1 und ,adonis-,kultus40#aa ,! =ego+ evid5ce (f]s1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t pro( ( !1 n[ g5]ally admitt$1 relation%ip betwe5 ,classical1 ,m$ieval1 & ,mod]n =ms ( ,nature ritual4 ,b :at ( ! relation to e>ly ,aryan practice8 ,c t1 also1 be prov$8 ,9 ?is connection ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ,*apt] #ag ( ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 entitl$1 ,e9 ,volk/mli*] ,umzug beim ,soma-,fe/4 ,"h ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] discusses ! real mean+ & significance ( a v curi\s little poem 7,rig-,v$a1 #i4 #aab72 ! title by :i* x is g5]ally kn[n1 ,alles lauft na* ,geld1 does n1 at fir/ sight1 fit ! cont5t ( ! v]se1 & ! sugge/ion ( s*ol>s :o h se5 9 x a humor\s enum]ation ( diff]5t trades & h&icrafts does n expla9 ! fact t ! ,frog & ! ,horse appe> 9 x4 ,to ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ discov]$ t ! p]sonnel ( ! poem corresponds ) extraord9>y exactitude to ! ,figures ( ! ,spr+ & ,summ] #8,f]tility-excit+' processions1 describ$ ) su* fulness ( detail by ,mannh>dt4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! ,:itsuntide procession at ,vrdegtz51 9 ,hanov]1 :]e we f9d ! gr\p ( phallic & f]tility demons1 :o1 on ,pr(4 von ,s*ro$]'s hypo!sis1 figure 9 ! song1 9 concrete1 & actual =m4#ab ,! ,vegetation ,_s appe>s 9 ! song z an ,old ,man1 :ile 8 female c\nt]p>t1 an ,old ,woman1 is describ$ z #8fill+ ! h&-mill4' ,pr(4 von ,s*ro$] po9ts out t 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia ! #8,baba-jaga' z ! ,corn ,"m is call$1 is an ,old ,woman1 :o flies ?r\gh ! air 9 a h&-mill4 ,! ,doctor1 to :om we h ref]r$ above1 is m5tion$ twice 9 ! f\r v]ses compos+ ! song2 he 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z an important figure2 :ile ! :ole is put into ! m\? ( a #8,s+]' evid5tly ! ,spokesman ( ! p>ty1 :o proclaims _! object1 8,v]s*i$nes knn5d su*5 wir ,gute ,d+e10 i4e41 gifts 9 money & k9d1 z su* folk processions d to-day4 ,! :ole /udy is ( extraord9>y int]e/ = ,folk-lore /ud5ts1 & s f> z our especial inve/igation is conc]n$ x seems to me to supply ! necess>y pro( ( ! id5tity1 & p]si/5ce1 ( ,aryan folk-cu/om & tradition4 ,a v important modification ( ! root idea1 & "o :i* appe>s to h a direct be>+ on ! s\rces ( ! ,grail tradition1 0 t by :i*1 among c]ta9 peoples1 ! rle ( ! god1 8 responsibility = provid+ ! requisite ra9 ^u :i* ! f]tility ( ! l&1 & ! life ( ! folk1 dep5d$1 0 comb9$ ) t ( ! ,k+4 ,?is 0 ! case among ! ,celts2 ,mc,culloch1 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,celts1 discuss+ ! "q ( ! e>ly ,iri% geasa or taboo1 expla9s ! geasa ( ! ,iri% k+s z design$ to promote ! welf>e ( ! tribe1 ! mak+ ( ra9 & sun%9e on :i* _! prosp]ity dep5d$4 8,_! obs]vance made ! e>? fruitful1 produc$ abundance & prosp]ity1 & kept bo? ! k+ & 8 l& f mis=tune4 ,! ,k+s 7 div9ities on :om dep5d$ fruitfulness & pl5ty1 & :o mu/ !re=e submit to obey _! #8geasa4'#ac ,! same idea seems to h prevail$ 9 e>ly ,greece2 ,mr ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 9 8 /udies on ,! ,european ,sky-,god1 rem>ks t ! k+ 9 e>ly ,greece 0 reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ,zeus3 8 duties c\ld be satisfactorily dis*>g$ only by a man :o 0 p]fect1 & )\t blemi%1 i4e41 by a man 9 ! prime ( life1 suff]+ f no defect ( body1 or m9d2 he quotes 9 illu/ration ! spee* ( ,odysseus 7,od4 #ai4 #aji ff474 8#8,ev5 z a k+ )\t blemi%1 :o rule? god-fe>+ ov] _m mighty m51 & ma9ta9e? ju/ice1 :ile ! black e>? be>e? :eat & b>ley1 & ! trees are lad5 ) fruit1 & ! flocks br+ =? )\t fail1 & ! sea yielde? fi% by reason ( 8 good rule1 & ! folk prosp] b5ea? him4' ,! k+ :o is )\t blemi% has a fl\ri%+ k+dom1 ! k+ :o is maim$ has a k+dom diseas$ l himself1 ?us ! ,sp>tans 7 w>n$ by an oracle to bew>e ( a #8lame reign4'0#ad ,a mo/ rem>kable mod]n survival ( ?is idea is record$ by ,dr ,fraz] 9 ! late/ edition ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#ae & is s complete & sugge/ive t ,i make no apology = transcrib+ x at "s l5g?4 ,! ,%illuk1 an ,african tribe1 inhabit ! banks ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 _! t]ritory ext5d+ on ! we/ bank f ,kaka 9 ! nor?1 to ,lake ,no 9 ! s\?1 on ! ea/ bank f ,fa%oda to ,taufikia1 & "s #ce miles up ! ,sohat riv]4 ,numb]+ "s #dj1jjj 9 all1 !y are a pa/oral p1 _! weal? consi/+ 9 flocks & h]ds1 gra9 & millet4 ,! ,k+ resides at ,fa%oda1 & is reg>d$ ) extreme rev]5ce1 z be+ a re-inc>nation ( ,nyakang1 ! semi-div9e h]o :o settl$ ! tribe 9 _! pres5t t]ritory4 ,nyakang is ! ra9-giv]1 on :om _! life & prosp]ity dep5d2 !re are sev]al %r9es 9 :i* sacr$ ,spe>s1 n[ kept = sacrificial purposes1 are pres]v$1 ! orig9als1 :i* 7 ! prop]ty ( ,nyakang1 hav+ disappe>$4 ,! ,k+1 ?\gh reg>d$ ) rev]5ce1 mu/ n be all[$ to become old or feeble1 le/1 ) ! dim9i%+ vig\r ( ! rul]1 ! cattle %\ld sick51 & fail to be> increase1 ! crops %\ld rot 9 ! field & m5 die 9 ev] gr[+ numb]s4 ,"o ( ! signs ( fail+ en]gy is ! ,k+'s inability to fulfil ! desires ( 8 wives1 ( :om he has a l>ge numb]4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! wives report ! fact to ! *iefs1 :o condemn ! ,k+ to dea? =?)1 communicat+ ! s5t5ce to him by spread+ a :ite clo? ov] 8 face & knees dur+ 8 mid-day slumb]4 ,=m]ly ! ,k+ 0 />v$ to dea? 9 a hut1 9 company ) a "y maid5 b 79 consequ5ce1 x is said1 ( ! great vitality & protract$ suff]+ ( "o ,k+7 ?is is no long] done2 ! precise mann] ( dea? is difficult to asc]ta92 ,dr ,seligmann1 :o 0 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s au?ority1 ?9ks t he is n[ /rangl$ 9 a hut1 especially erect$ = t purpose4 ,at "o "t he might be attack$ & sla9 by a rival1 ei!r ( 8 own family1 or ( t ( "o ( ! previ\s ,k+s1 ( :om !re are _m1 b ?is has long be5 sup]s$$ by ! c]emonial slay+ ( ! mon>* :o aft] 8 dea? is rev]$ z ,nyakang4#af ,?is survival is ( extraord9>y int]e/2 x pres5ts u ) a curi\sly close p>allel to ! situation :i*1 on ! evid5ce ( ! texts1 we h po/ulat$ z =m+ ! basic idea ( ! ,grail tradition--! position ( a p ^: prosp]ity1 & ! f]tility ( _! l&1 are closely b\nd up ) ! life & virility ( _! ,k+1 :o is n a m]e man1 b a ,div9e re-inc>nation4 ,if he #8falls into langui%m5t1' z does ! ,fi%] ,k+ 9 ,p]lesvaus1 ! l& & its inhabitants w suff] correspond+ly2 n only w ! c\ntry suff] f dr\ght1 8,nus prs n'i rav]dia10 b ! m5 w die 9 numb]s3 8,dames en p]dront lor m>is0 we may say2 ! cattle w cease to be> increase3 8,ne se n'i ot be/e faon10 & ! p take dra/ic /eps to br+ ab\t a rejuv5ation2 ! old ,k+ dies1 to be replac$ by a "y & vigor\s successor1 ev5 z ,brons 0 replac$ by ,p]ceval4 ,let u n[ turn back to ! prec$+ *apt]1 & comp>e ! position ( ! p ( ! ,%illuk tribe1 & ! subjects ( ! ,grail ,k+1 ) t ( ! anci5t ,babylonians1 z set =? 9 _! ,lam5tations = ,tammuz4 ,!re we f9d t ! abs5ce ( ! ,life-giv+ deity 0 foll[$ by precisely ! same disa/r\s consequ5ces2 ,vegetation fails-- 8,! wail+ is = ! plants2 ! fir/ lam5t is !y gr[ n4 ,! wail+ is = ! b>ley2 ! e>s gr[ n40 ,! reproductive en]gies ( ! animal k+dom are susp5d$-- 8,= ! habitation ( flocks x is2 !y produce n4 ,= ! p]i%+ w$d$ ones1 = p]i%+ *ildr5 x is2 ! d>k-head$ p create n40 ,nor c we evade ! full =ce ( ! p>allel by object+ t we are "h deal+ ) a god1 n ) a man2 we possess ! record$ names ( #8k+s :o play$ ! rle ( ,tammuz1' ?us ev5 = t e>ly p]iod ! comm+l+ ( ! two conceptions1 god & k+1 is def9itely e/abli%$4 ,n[ 9 face ( ?is gr\p ( p>allels1 ^: close correspond5ce1 if we consid] _! sep>ation 9 po9t ( "t 7#cjjj ,b4,c42 #abjj ,a4,d42 & ! pres5t day71 is no?+ %ort ( a/oni%+1 is x n absolutely & utt]ly unreasonable to admit 7z s*ol>s no long] hesitate to d7 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! fir/ & la/1 & exclude1 z a m]e lit]>y inv5tion1 ! int]m$iate p>allel8 ,! gr\nd = su* a d5ial may be m]e prejudice1 a reluctance to r5\nce a long *]i%$ critical prepossession1 b 9 ! face ( ?is new evid5ce does x n come p]il\sly close to sci5tific di%one/y1 to a disreg>d = t respect = tru? 9 rese>* ! imp]ative duty ( :i* has be5 s f9ely express$ by ! late ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is4--8,je pr(esse absolum5t et sans rs]ve cette doctr9e1 que la sci5ce n'a d'autre objet que la vrit1 et la vrit p\r elle-mme1 sans aucun s\ci des consqu5ces1 bonnes ou mauvaises1 regrettables ou heureuses1 que cette vrit p\rrait avoir dans la pratique40#ag ,:5 we fur!r consid] t beh9d ^! ?ree ma9 p>allels1 l9k+ !m toge!r1 !re lies a cont9u\s *a9 ( evid5ce1 express$ alike 9 classical lit]ature1 & surviv+ ,folk practice1 ,i w\ld submit t !re is no long] any %ad[ ( a d\bt t 9 ! ,grail ,k+ we h a romantic lit]>y v]sion ( t /range my/]i\s figure ^: pres5ce hov]s 9 ! %ad[y backgr\nd ( ! hi/ory ( our ,aryan race2 ! figure ( a div9e or semi-div9e rul]1 at once god & k+1 ^u ^: life1 & unimpair$ vitality1 ! exi/5ce ( 8 l& & p directly dep5ds4 ,& if we once grant ?is initial fact1 & resolve t we w no long]1 9 ! int]e/s ( an outworn critical tradition1 d5y ! weight ( sci5tific evid5ce 9 det]m9+ ! real significance ( ! /ory1 does x n inevitably foll[1 z a logical sequ5ce1 t su* v]sions z fail to connect ! mis=tunes ( ! l& directly ) ! disability ( ! k+1 b make !m dep5d5t ^u ! failure ( ! ,que/]1 are1 by t v fact1 /amp$ z second>y v]sions4 ,t by ?is "o detail1 ( capital importance1 !y approve !mselves z lit]>y treatm5ts ( a traditional !me1 ! true mean+ ( :i* 0 unkn[n to ! au?or8 ,let u = a mom5t consid] :at ! opposite view w\ld entail2 t a /ory :i* 0 orig9ally ! outcome ( pure lit]>y inv5tion %\ld 9 ! c\rse ( re-modell+ h be5 accid5tally br\ght into close & detail$ correspond5ce ) a deeply root$ sequ5ce ( popul> fai? & practice is simply inconceivable1 ! re-modell+1 if re-modell+ !re 71 mu/ h be5 int5tional1 ! m5 ^: h&iwork x 0 7 9 possession ( ! requisite k4 ,b h[ did !y possess t k1 & :y %\ld !y und]take su* a task8 ,surely n f ! po9t ( view ( antiqu>ian int]e/1 z might be done to-day2 !y 7 no twelf? c5tury ,fraz]s & ,mannh>dts2 ! subject mu/ h _h = !m a m liv+1 a m intimate1 int]e/4 ,& if1 9 face ( ! evid5ce we n[ possess1 we feel b\nd to admit ! exi/5ce ( su* k1 is x n m reasonable to suppose t ! m5 :o fir/ told ! /ory 7 ! m5 :o knew1 & t ! confusion 0 due to ^? :o1 ) m lit]>y skill1 b less fir/-h& in=mation1 re-modell$ ! orig9al !me8 ,9 view ( ! pres5t facts ,i w\ld submit t ! problem pos$ 9 our fir/ *apt] may be held to be solv$2 t we accept z a fait acquis ! conclusion t ! woes ( ! l& are directly dep5d5t ^u ! sickness1 or maim+1 ( ! ,k+1 & 9 no wise caus$ by ! failure ( ! ,que/]4 ,! #8,wa/+ ( ! l&' mu/ be held to h be5 antec$5t to t failure1 & ! ,gawa9 v]sions 9 :i* we f9d ?is condition fulfill$ are1 !re=e1 prior 9 orig9 to ! ,p]ceval1 9 :i* ! #8,wa/+' is br\ght ab\t by ! action ( ! h]o2 9 "s v]sions1 inde$1 has altoge!r disappe>$ f ! /ory4 ,?us ! position assign$ 9 ! v]sions to ?is feature ( ! ,wa/e ,l& becomes "o ( capital importance z a critical factor4 ,?is is a po9t :i* has hi!rto escap$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s2 ! mis=tunes ( ! l& h be5 treat$ r z an accid5t1 ?an z an ess5tial1 ( ! ,grail /ory1 entirely subord9ate 9 int]e/ to ! dramatis p]sonae ( ! tale1 or ! objects1 ,lance & ,grail1 r\nd :i* ! action revolves4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,i believe t ! #8,wa/e ,l&' is really ! v he>t ( our problem2 a rightful appreciation ( its position & significance w place u 9 possession ( ! clue :i* w lead u safely ?r\gh ! mo/ bewild]+ mazes ( ! fully develop$ tale4 ,s9ce ! above pages 7 writt5 ,dr ,fraz] has notifi$ ! discov]y ( a second ,african p>allel1 equally complete1 & /rik+4 ,9 ,folk-,lore 7,vol4 ,,xxvi47 he pr9ts1 "u ! title ,a ,prie/-,k+ 9 ,nig]ia1 a communication receiv$ f ,mr ,p4 ,a4 ,talbot1 ,di/rict ,commission] 9 ,s4 ,nig]ia4 ,! writ] /ates t ! dom9ant ,ju-,ju ( ,elele1 a t[n 9 ! ,n4,w4 ( ! ,degema di/rict1 is a ,prie/-,k+1 elect$ = a t]m ( sev5 ye>s4 8,! :ole prosp]ity ( ! t[n1 especially ! fruitfulness ( f>m1 byre1 & m>riage-b$1 0 l9k$ ) 8 life4 ,%\ld he fall sick x entail$ fam9e & grave disa/] ^u ! inhabitants40 ,s soon z a successor is appo9t$ ! =m] hold] ( ! dignity is report$ to #8die = himself4' ,previ\s to ! introduction ( ord]$ gov]nm5t x is admitt$ t at any "t dur+ 8 sev5 ye>s' t]m ( (fice ! ,prie/ might be put to dea? by any man suffici5tly /rong & res\rceful1 consequ5tly x is only on ! r>e/ occasions 79 fact only "o su* is record$7 t ! ,ju-,ju v5tures to leave 8 comp\nd4 ,at ! same "t ! ri*es d]iv$ f ! (f]+s ( ! p are s consid]able t !re is nev] a lack ( c&idates = ! (fice4 ,f ?is & ! evid5ce cit$ above x w\ld appe> t ! in/itution 0 widely spread 9 ,africa1 & at ! same "t x af=ds a /rik+ pro( 9 support ( ! ess5tial s\ndness ( ,dr ,fraz]'s int]pretation ( ! ,prie/ ( ,nemi1 an int]pretation :i* has be5 viol5tly attack$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 v l>gely on ! gr\nd t no "o w\ld be f\nd will+ to accept an (fice involv+ su* direct dang] to life4 ,! above evid5ce %[s cle>ly t n only does su* an (fice exi/1 b t x is by no means an unpopul> po/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,symbols ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s we h discuss$ ! ,grail ,leg5d f a g5]al1 r ?an a specific1 po9t ( view2 i4e41 we h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! real "* ( ! task impos$ ^u ! h]o1 & :at ! nature & value ( 8 a*ievem5t4 ,we h be5 l$ to ! conclusion t t a*ievem5t 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( an altrui/ic "*--x 0 no "q ( advantages1 temporal or spiritual1 :i* %\ld accrue to ! ,que/] himself1 b r ( def9ite b5efits to be won = o!rs1 ! free+ ( a rul] & 8 l& f ! dire results ( a puni%m5t :i*1 fall+ ^u ! ,k+1 0 fraught ) ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces = 8 k+dom4 ,we h f\nd1 fur!r1 t ?is close relation betwe5 ! rul] & 8 l&1 :i* result$ 9 ! ill ( "o becom+ ! calamity ( all1 is no m]e lit]>y inv5tion1 proce$+ f ! f]tile imag9ation ( a twelf? c5tury c\rt poet1 b a deeply root$ popul> belief1 ( practically immemorial antiquity & inexhau/ible vitality2 we c trace x back ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 we f9d x fraught ) decisions ( life & dea? to-day4 ,fur!r1 we f9d 9 t belief a t5d5cy to express itself 9 c]ta9 c]emonial practices1 :i* reta9 9 a great] or less degree ! "* ( ! ritual obs]vances ( :i* !y are ! survival4 ,mr ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 9 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 rem>ks3 8,if ! comp>ative /udy ( ,religion proves any?+ x is1 t ! traditional beliefs & cu/oms ( ! m$iaeval or mod]n peasant are 9 n9e cases out ( t5 b ! detritus ( hea!n my?ology & hea!n wor%ip1 endur+ ) b little ext]nal *ange 9 ! %ad[ ( a ho/ile fai?4 ,?is is notably true ( ! village fe/ivals & _! ludi4 ,_! full significance only appe>s :5 !y are reg>d$ z fragm5ts ( =gott5 cults1 ! nave cults address$ by a primitive folk to ! b5efic5t deities ( field & wood & riv]1 or ! %ad[y populace ( its own dreams40#a ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 take x t we h e/abli%$ at lea/ ! possibility t 9 ! ,grail romances we possess1 9 lit]>y =m1 an example ( ! detritus above ref]r$ to1 ! fragm5t>y record ( ! secret ritual ( a ,f]tility cult4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is hypo!tical conclusion1 our next /ep mu/ be to exam9e ! ,symbols ( ?is cult1 ! gr\p ( my/]i\s objects :i* =ms ! c5tral po9t ( ! action1 a true und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ^! objects be+ z ess5tial = our success z int]pret]s ( ! /ory z x 0 = ! success ( ! ,que/] 9 days ( old4 ,we mu/ ask :e!r ^! objects1 ! ,grail itself1 :e!r ,cup or ,di%2 ! ,lance2 ! ,sword2 ! ,/one--"o & all inve/$ ) a c]ta9 atmosph]e ( awe1 cr$it$ ) /range virtues1 ) sanctity itself1 w h>monize ) ! propos$ solution1 w range !mselves fitly & fairly )9 ! framework ( ?is hypo!tical ritual4 ,t !y %\ld d s is a matt] ( capital importance2 7 x o!rwise ! !ory advanc$ might well1 z "s ( my critics h ma9ta9$1 #8nev] get beyond ! region ( +5i\s speculation1' b x is precisely ^u ! fact t ?is !ory ( orig91 & s f> z criticism has gone1 ?is !ory alone1 does p]mit ( a natural & un=c$ int]pretation ( ^! relat$ symbols t ,i rely z "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! correctness ( my hypo!sis4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! inve/igation !re is "o po9t :i* ,i w\ld desire to emphasize1 viz41 ! imp]ative necessity = treat+ ! ,symbols or ,talismans1 call !m :at we w1 on ! same pr9ciple z we h treat$ ! incid5ts ( ! /ory1 i4e41 z a connect$ :ole4 ,t !y be n sep>at$ ! "o f ! o!r1 & made ! subject ( indep5d5t treatm5t1 b t !y be reg>d$ 9 _! relation ! "o to ! o!r1 & t no !ory ( orig9 be held admissible :i* does n all[ = t relation z a primitive & indisp5sable factor4 ,x may be ! mod]n t5d5cy to specialize :i* is apt to bl9d s*ol>s to ! ess5tial importance ( reg>d+ _! object ( /udy z a :ole1 t fo/]s 9 !m a habit ( focuss+ _! att5tion ^u t "o po9t or incid5t ( ! /ory :i* l5ds itself to treatm5t 9 _! special l9e ( /udy1 & :i* induces !m to m9imize1 or ignore1 ^? elem5ts :i* lie outside _! p>ticul> range4 ,b1 :atev] ! cause1 x is indubitable t ?is me?od ( #8criticism by isolation' has be51 & is1 "o ( ! ma9 factors :i* h op]at$ 9 ret>d+ ! solution ( ! ,grail problem4 ,s long z critics ( ! /ory w insi/ on pull+ x into little pieces1 select+ "o detail "h1 ano!r !re1 = /udy & elucidation1 s long w ! ensemble result be *aotic & unsatisfactory4 ,we %all cont9ue to h a numb] ( monographs1 m or less s*ol>ly 9 treatm5t--"o deal+ ) ! ,grail z a ,food-provid+ talisman1 & t alone2 ano!r ) ! ,grail z a vehicle ( spiritual su/5ance4 ,"o t treats ( ! ,lance z a ,pagan weapon1 & no?+ m2 ano!r t reg>ds x z a ,*ri/ian relic1 & no?+ less4 ,at "o mom5t ! object ( ! /udy w be ! ,fi%] ,k+1 )\t any relation to ! symbols he gu>ds1 or ! l& he rules2 at ! next x w be ! relation ( ! ,que/] to ! ,fi%] ,k+1 )\t any explanation ( ! tasks assign$ to him by ! /ory4 ,! result obta9$ is always q satisfactory to ! writ]1 (t5 plausible1 sometimes 9 a measure s\nd1 b x w\ld defy ! skill ( ! mo/ syn!tic g5ius to co-ord9ate ! results ?us obta9$1 & comb9e !m 9 "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,!y are l pieces ( a puzzle1 ea* ( :i* has be5 symmetrically cut & trimm$1 till !y lie side by side1 un-fitt+1 & un-relat$4 ,& we h be5 pursu+ ?is me?od = ov] fifty ye>s1 & are /ill1 app>5tly1 cont5t to g on1 ea* devot+ att5tion to ! symmetrical p]fection ( 8 own little section ( ! puzzle1 q indiff]5t to ! fact t our neighb\r is 9 possession ( an equally neatly trimm$ fragm5t1 :i* entirely refuses to fit 9 ) our own6 ,is x n "t t we %\ld frankly admit ! unsatisfactory results ( ^! ye>s ( lab\r1 & hone/ly face ! fact t :ile we n[ h at our disposal an imm5se mass ( int]e/+ & sugge/ive mat]ial (t5 ( high value1 we h fail$1 s f>1 to =mulate a conclusion :i*1 by embrac+ & satisfy+ ! manifold conditions ( ! problem1 w comm& g5]al acceptance8 ,& if ?is failure be admitt$1 may n its cause be s\ght 9 ! faulty me?od :i* has fail$ to recognize 9 ! ,grail /ory an orig9al :ole1 9 :i* ! p>ts--! action1 ! actors1 ! ,symbols1 ! result to be obta9$1 incid5t1 & int5tion--/ood f ! v fir/ 9 intimate relation ! "o to ! o!r8 ,t :ile 9 process ( utilization z a lit]>y !me ^! v>i\s p>ts h suff]$ modification & accretion f ?is1 or t1 side1 ! problem ( ! ultimate s\rce rema9s !reby unaffect$8 ,su* a rev]sal ( me?od z ,i sugge/ w1 ,i submit1 n only provide u ) a critical solution capable ( g5]al acceptance1 b x w also enable u to utilize1 & appreciate at _! due value1 ! result ( rese>*es :i* at ! pres5t mom5t appe> to be mutually de/ructive ! "o ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 :ile ! purely ,folk-lore int]pretation ( ! ,grail & ,lance excludes ! ,*ri/ian orig91 & ! !ory ( ! exclusively ,*ri/ian orig9 negatives ! ,folk-lore1 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ^! symbols 9 a popul> ritual sett+ w\ld admit1 inde$ w\ld invite1 lat] accretion alike f folk belief & ecclesia/ical leg5d4 ,we are ! ga9]s by any light t c possibly be ?r[n ^u ! process ( developm5t ( ! /ory1 b /udies ( ! sep>ate symbols :ile !y may1 & d1 af=d valuable data = det]m9+ ! "* & p]iod ( c]ta9 accretions1 %\ld n be reg>d$ z supply+ pro( ( ! orig9 ( ! relat$ gr\p4 ,ref]5ce to "s rec5t /udies 9 ! ,leg5d w make my mean+ cle>4 ,a review] ( my small ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail volume rem>k$ t ,i appe>$ to be ignorant ( ,miss ,peebles's /udy ,! ,leg5d ( ,long9us 8:i* mat]ially /r5g!ns ! evid5ce = ! ,*ri/ian orig940#b ,n[ ?is is precisely :at1 9 my view1 ! /udy 9 "q1 :i* ,i knew & possess$1 does n d4 ,z evid5ce = ! fact t ! ,grail leg5d has tak5 ov] c]ta9 features d]iv$ f ! popul> #8,long9us' /ory 7:i*1 incid5tally1 no "o disput$71 ! essay is1 ,i hold1 s\nd1 & valuable2 z af=d+ mat]ial = det]m9+ ! s\rce ( ! ,grail /ory1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 entirely )\t value4 ,on ! pr9ciple laid d[n above no !ory :i* purports to be explanatory ( ! s\rce ( "o symbol c be held satisfactory 9 a case :]e t symbol does n /& alone4 ,we _c accept = ! ,grail /ory a !ory ( orig9 :i* conc]ns itself ) ! ,lance1 z indep5d5t ( ! ,grail4 ,9 ! /udy ref]r$ to ! au?or has be5 at imm5se pa9s to exam9e ! diff]5t v]sions ( ! #8,long9us' leg5d1 & to trace its developm5t 9 lit]ature2 9 no s+le in/ance d we f9d ,long9us & 8 ,lance associat$ ) a ,cup or ,vase1 receptacle ( ! ,sacr$ ,blood4 ,! pla9 fact is t 9 ,*ri/ian art & tradition ,lance & ,cup are n associat$ symbols4 ,! ,lance or ,spe>1 z an in/rum5t ( ! ,passion1 is f\nd 9 conjunction ) ! ,cross1 ,nails1 ,sponge1 & ,cr[n ( ,?orns1 7anyone famili> ) ! wayside ,crosses ( ,ca?olic ,europe w recognize ?is71 n ) ! ,*alice ( ! ,mass4#c ,?is latt] is associat$ ) ! ,ho/1 or ,agnus ,dei4 ,/ill less is ! ,spe> to be f\nd 9 connection ) ! ,grail 9 its ,food-provid+ =m ( a ,di%4 ,no d\bt to ?is1 critics :o %>e ! views ( ,gol!r & ,burda* w object1 8b :at ( ! ,byzant9e ,mass8 ,d we n !re f9d a ,spe> connect$ ) ! ,*alice80#d ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r we d--! s-call$ #8,holy ,spe>' ( ! ,byzant9e1 & pres5t ,greek1 liturgy is simply a small silv] spe>-%ap$ knife1 nor c ,i discov] t x 0 ev] any?+ else4 ,i h made c>eful enquiries ( liturgical s*ol>s1 & consult$ editions ( ,ori5tal liturgies1 b ,i c f9d no evid5ce t ! knife 7! use ( :i* is to divide ! ,loaf :i*1 9 ! ,ori5tal rite1 corresponds to ! ,waf] ( ! ,occid5tal1 9 a mann] symbolically correspond+ to ! ,w\nds actually inflict$ on ! ,div9e ,victim7 0 ev] o!r ?an :at x is to-day4 ,x seems obvi\s1 f ! me?od ( employm5t1 t an actual ,spe> c\ld h>dly h be5 us$1 x w\ld h be5 an impossibly unwieldy in/rum5t = ! purpose4 ,nor is ! #8procession' 9 :i* ! elem5ts are c>ri$ f ! ,*apel ( ! ,pro!sis to ! ,sanctu>y ( a public "* comp>able ) t ( ! ,grail ca/le2 ! actual c]emony ( ! ,greek ,mass takes place1 ( c\rse1 beh9d a veil4 ,a po9t ( consid]able int]e/1 h[ev]1 is1 :at caus$ ?is diff]5ce 9 ! ,byzant9e liturgy8 ,:at 7 ! influ5ces :i* l$ to ! introduction ( a feature unkn[n to ! ,we/]n rite8 ,if1 z ! result ( ! evid5ce set =? 9 ^! pages1 ! ultimate orig9 ( ! ,grail /ory be f9ally accept$ z d]iv+ f a prehi/oric ritual possess+ elem5ts ( extraord9>y p]si/5ce & vitality1 !n ! mise-en-scne ( t /ory is old] ?an ! ,byzant9e ritual4 ,/ud5ts ( ! subject are well aw>e t ! tradition ( anci5t pre-,*ri/ian rites & c]emonies l+]$ on 9 ! ,ea/ long aft] !y _h be5 bani%$ by ! m practical g5ius ( ! ,we/4 ,x may well prove t s f> f ! ,grail /ory be+ a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,byzant9e rite1 t rite itself has be5 affect$ by a ritual ( :i* ! ,grail leg5d pres]ves a fragm5t>y record4 ,9 my view a ,*ri/ian orig9 = ,lance & ,cup1 z associat$ symbols1 has n be5 made out2 /ill less c x be po/ulat$ = ,lance & ,cup z memb]s ( an ext5d$ gr\p1 includ+ ,di%1 ,sword1 & ,/one4 ,on ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,br[n's attempt to f9d 9 ,iri% tradition ! orig9 ( ! ,grail symbols is di/9ctly m satisfactory4#e ,i _c accept z decisive ! solution propos$1 :i* seems to me to be op5 to mu* ! same criticism z t :i* w\ld f9d 9 ! ,lance ! ,lance ( ,long9us--bo? are occupi$ ) details1 r ?an ) ensemble2 bo? w\ld f9d _! ju/ification z (f]+ evid5ce ( accretion1 r ?an ( orig92 nei!r c provide u ) ! requir$ mise-en-scne4 ,b ,pr(essor ,br[n's !ory is ! m s\nd 9 t he is really deal+ ) a gr\p ( associat$ symbols2 9 8 view ,lance & ,grail alike belong to ! treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann 7t leg5d>y race ( ,iri% ance/ors1 :o 7 at once gods & k+s71 & !re=e ab initio belong toge!r4 ,b :ile ,i %\ld1 on ! :ole1 accept ! affiliation ( ! two gr\ps1 & believe t ! treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann really correspond to ! symbols display$ 9 ! hall ( ! ,grail ca/le1 ,i _c consid] t ! "o is ! orig9 ( ! o!r4 ,!re is "o v fundam5tal diff]5ce1 ! importance ( :i* ,i _c ignore1 b :i*1 ,i believe1 has hi!rto escap$ ,pr(essor ,br[n's att5tion4 ,! object correspond+ to ! ,grail itself is ! cauldron ( ! ,dagda1 8,no company ev] w5t f x un?ankful0 7or #8unsatisfi$'74#f ,n[ ?is c 9 no s5se be consid]$ z a ,cup1 or ,vase1 nor is x ! true p>allel to a ,di%4 ,! connection ) ! ,grail is to be f\nd solely & exclusively 9 ! food-provid+ prop]ties ascrib$ to bo?4 ,b ev5 "h ! position is radically diff]5t2 ! impression we d]ive f ! ,iri% text & its analog\s p>allels is t ( size 7x is also call$ a #8tub'71 & inexhau/ible cont5t1 x is a cauldron ( pl5ty4#g ,n[1 nei!r ( ^! qualities c be po/ulat$ ( ! ,grail2 :atev] its =m1 ,cup or ,di%1 x c easily be borne 79 uplift$ h&s1 entre ses ma9s hautem5t porte7 by a maid51 :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n be po/ulat$ ( a cauldron6 ,nor is !re any pro( t ! ,vessel itself conta9$ ! food ) :i* ! folk ( ! ,grail ca/le 7 regal$2 ! texts r po9t to ! conclusion t ! appe>ance ( ! ,grail syn*roniz$ ) a my/]i\s supply ( food ( a *oice & v>i$ "*4 ,!re is nev] any h9t t ! folk fe$ f ! ,grail2 ! only sugge/ion ( su* fe$+ is 9 ! #8,oi/e1' by :i* ! fa!r ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ 7or ! ,k+ himself7 is n\ri%$4 ,9 c]ta9 texts ! sep>ation ( ! two is cle>ly br\ght out2 9 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 = in/ance1 ! ,fi% caught by ,brons is to be plac$ at "o end ( ! table1 ! ,grail at ! o!r4 ,9 ,gawa9's adv5ture at ! ,grail ca/le1 9 ! prose ,lancelot1 z ! ,grail is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! hall 8=?) 7 ! tables repl5i%$ ) ! *oice/ meats 9 ! _w10 b ! table be=e ,gawa9 rema9s void & b>e4#h ,i submit t :ile ! ,grail is 9 c]ta9 phases a food-supply+ talisman x is n "o ( ! same "* z ! cauldrons ( pl5ty2 also :ile ! food supply ( ^! latt] has ! m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( quantity1 t ( ! ,grail is rem>kable r = quality1 its *oice "* is always insi/$ ^u4 ,! p]usal ( ,pr(essor ,br[n's subsequ5t /udy1 ,notes on ,celtic ,cauldrons ( ,pl5ty & ,! ,l&-,b5ea?-!-,waves1 has confirm$ me 9 my view t ^! special objects belong to ano!r l9e ( tradition altoge!r2 t :i* deals ) an inexhau/ible subm>9e s\rce ( life1 examples ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! #8,sampo' ( ! ,f9ni% ,kalewala1 & ! ev]-gr9d+ mills ( popul> folk-tale4#i ,! fundam5tal idea "h seems to be t ( ! orig9 ( all ,life f ,wat]1 a v anci5t idea1 b "o :i*1 ?\gh ak9 to ! ,grail tradition1 is yet q di/9ct !refrom4 ,! /udy ( ?is special !me w\ld1 ,i believe1 produce valuable results4#aj ,on ! :ole1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann & ! symbols ( ! ,grail ca/le g back to a common orig9al1 b t !y h develop$ on diff]5t l9es2 9 ! process ( ?is developm5t "o #8,life' symbol has be5 ex*ang$ = ano!r4 ,b ,lance & ,cup 7or ,vase7 7 9 tru? connect$ toge!r 9 a symbolic relation long ages be=e ! in/itution ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ! bir? ( ,celtic tradition4 ,!y are sex symbols ( immemorial antiquity & _w-wide diffusion1 ! ,lance1 or ,spe>1 repres5t+ ! ,male1 ! ,cup1 or ,vase1 ! ,female1 reproductive en]gy4#ab ,f\nd 9 juxtaposition1 ! ,spe> upright 9 ! ,vase1 z 9 ! ,bleh]is & ,bal9 7bo?1 be x not$1 ,gawa97 =ms1 _! signification is admitt$ by all famili> ) #8,life' symbolism1 & !y are absolutely 9 place z =m+ "p ( a ritual deal+ ) ! processes ( life & reproductive vitality4#ac ,a mo/ rem>kable & significant use ( ^! symbols is f\nd 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,samurai1 ! noble w>rior ca/e ( ,japan4 ,! aspirant 0 7,i am told /ill is7 admitt$ into ! ca/e at ! age ( f\rte51 :5 he 0 giv5 ov] to ! c>e ( a gu>dian at lea/ fifte5 ye>s 8 s5ior1 to :om he took an oa? ( ob$i5ce1 :i* 0 sworn ^u ! ,spe>4 ,he rema9$ celibate dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! oa?4 ,:5 ! ,samurai 0 held to h atta9$ ! degree ( responsibility :i* w\ld fit him = ! full duties ( a citiz51 a second solemn c]emony 0 held1 at :i* he 0 releas$ f 8 previ\s v[s1 & pres5t$ ) ! ,cup2 he 0 h5ce=? free to m>ry1 b int]c\rse ) wom5 previ\s to ?is c]emony 0 at "o "t puni%able ) dea?4#ad ,t ,lance & ,cup are1 outside ! ,grail /ory1 #8,life' symbols1 & h be5 su* f "t immemorial1 is a fact2 :y1 !n %\ld !y n reta9 t "* inside ! framework ( t /ory8 ,an acceptance ( ?is int]pretation w n only be 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al mise-en-scne1 b x w also expla9 f9ally & satisfactorily1 7a7 ! dom9ant position frequ5tly assign$ to ! ,lance2 7b7 ! fact t1 :ile ! ,lance is borne 9 procession by a y\?1 ! ,grail is c>ri$ by a maid5--! sex ( ! be>] corresponds ) ! symbol borne4#ae ,b ,lance & ,cup1 ?\gh ! mo/ prom95t ( ! ,symbols1 d n always appe> alone1 b are associat$ ) o!r objects1 ! significance ( :i* is n always app>5t4 ,?us ! ,di%1 :i* is sometimes ! =m assum$ by ! ,grail itself1 at o!r times appe>s z a taillor1 or c>v+ platt] ( silv]1 c>ri$ 9 ! same procession z ! ,grail2 or !re may be two small taillors2 f9ally1 a ,sword appe>s 9 v>y+ rles 9 ! /ory4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! fact1 fir/ po9t$ out by ! late ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt1#af t ! f\r treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann correspond g5]ally ) ! gr\p ( symbols f\nd 9 ! ,grail romances2 ?is correspond5ce becomes ! m int]e/+ 9 view ( ! fact t ^! my/]i\s ,be+s are n[ recogniz$ z alike ,demons ( ,f]tility & ,lords ( ,life4 ,z ,mr ,nutt subsequ5tly po9t$ out1 ! #8,treasures' may well be1 ,sword & ,cauldron c]ta9ly are1 #8,life' symbols4 ,( direct connection betwe5 ^! ,celtic objects & ! ,grail /ory !re is no trace2 z rem>k$ above1 we h no ,iri% ,folk or ,h]o tale at all correspond+ to ! ,leg5d2 ! relation mu/1 !re=e1 g back beyond ! date ( =mation ( ^! tales1 i4e41 x mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( orig9 r ?an ( dep5d5ce4 ,b we h fur!r evid5ce t ^! f\r objects d1 9 fact1 =m a special gr\p entirely indep5d5t ( any appe>ance 9 ,folk-lore or ,romance4 ,!y exi/ to-day z ! f\r suits ( ! ,t>ot4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,grail texts1 ^: att5tion is ma9ly occupi$ ) ,m$ieval ,lit]ature1 may n be famili> ) ! ^w ,t>ot1 or aw>e ( its mean+4 ,x is ! "n giv5 to a pack ( c>ds1 sev5ty-eight 9 numb]1 ( :i* tw5ty-two are designat$ z ! #8,keys4' ,^! c>ds are divid$ into f\r suits1 :i* correspond ) ^? ( ! ord9>y c>ds2 !y are3 ,cup 7,*alice1 or ,goblet7--,he>ts4 ,lance 7,w&1 or ,sceptre7--,diamonds4 ,sword--,spades4 ,di% 7,circles1 or ,p5tangles1 ! =m v>ies7--,clubs4 ,to-day ! ,t>ot has fall5 some:at into disrepute1 be+ pr9cipally us$ = purposes ( div9ation1 b its orig91 & precise relation to our pres5t play+-c>ds1 are que/ions ( consid]able antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,7 ^! c>ds ! direct p>5ts ( our mod]n pack1 or are !y entirely di/9ct !refrom8#ag ,"s writ]s are dispos$ to assign a v high antiquity to ! ,t>ot4 ,traditionally1 x is said to h be5 br\ght f ,egypt2 !re is no d\bt t p>allel designs & comb9ations are to be f\nd 9 ! surviv+ decorations ( ,egyptian temples1 notably 9 ! a/ronomic designs on ! ceil+ ( "o ( ! halls ( ! palace ( ,m$9et ,ab\1 :i* is support$ on tw5ty-two columns 7a numb] correspond+ to ! #8keys' ( ! ,t>ot71 & also repeat$ 9 a cal5d> sculptur$ on ! s\!rn faade ( ! same build+1 "u a sov]eign ( ! ,,xxiii dyna/y4 ,?is cal5d> is suppos$ to h be5 connect$ ) ! p]iodic rise & fall ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile4#ah ,! ,t>ot has also be5 connect$ ) an anci5t ,*9ese monum5t1 traditionally erect$ 9 commemoration ( ! dry+ up ( ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge by ,yao4 ,! face ( ?is monum5t is divid$ up into small sections correspond+ 9 size & numb] ) ! c>ds ( ! ,t>ot1 & be>+ *>act]s :i* h1 s f>1 n be5 deciph]$4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ^! c>ds are us$ to-day by ! ,gipsies = purposes ( div9ation1 & ! op9ion ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! subject is t !re is "s real gr\nd = ! popul> tradition t !y 7 introduc$ into ,europe by ?is my/]i\s p4 ,9 a v int]e/+ article on ! subject 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,gipsy-,lore ,society1#ai ,mr ,de la ,ho/e ,rank+ exam9es closely into ! figures depict$ on ! v>i\s c>ds1 & ! names atta*$ to ! suits by ! ,gipsies4 ,he comes to ! conclusion t _m ( ! words are ( ,sanskrit1 or ,h9du/ani1 orig91 & sums up ! result ( ! int]nal evid5ce z foll[s3 8,! ,t>ot 0 introduc$ by a race speak+ an ,indian dialect4 ,! figure kn[n z #8,! ,pope' %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,fai?2 he is be>d$1 & c>ries ! ,triple ,cross4 ,! c>d call$ #8,! ,k+' repres5ts a figure ) ! head-dress ( a ,russian ,gr&-,duke1 & a %ield be>+ ! ,poli% eagle4 ,?us ! p :o us$ ! ,t>ot mu/ h be5 famili> ) a c\ntry :]e ! ,or?odox ,fai? prevail$1 & :i* 0 rul$ by pr9ces ( ! /atus ( ,gr&-,dukes4 ,! g5]al result seems to po9t to a g5u9e basis = ! belief t ! ,t>ot 0 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ea/40 ,z reg>ds ! gr\p ( symbols 9 g5]al1 ,mr ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats1 ^: practical acqua9tance ) ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,magic is well kn[n1 writes3 87#a7 ,cup1 ,lance1 ,di%1 ,sword1 9 slightly v>y+ =ms1 h nev] lo/ _! my/ic significance1 & are to-day a "p ( magical op]ations4 7#b7 ,! memory kept by ! f\r suits ( ! ,t>ot1 ,cup1 ,lance1 ,sword1 ,p5tangle 7,di%71 is an esot]ical notation = =tune-tell+ purposes40#bj ,b if ! connection ) ! ,egyptian & ,*9ese monum5ts1 ref]r$ to above1 is g5u9e1 ! orig9al use ( ! #8,t>ot' w\ld seem to h be51 n to =etell ! ,future 9 g5]al1 b to pr$ict ! rise & fall ( ! wat]s :i* br\ght f]tility to ! l&4 ,su* use w\ld br+ ! #8,suits' into l9e ) ! analog\s symbols ( ! ,grail ca/le & ! treasures ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann1 bo? ( :i* we h se5 to be connect$ ) ! embodim5t ( ! reproductive =ces ( ,nature4 ,if x is difficult to e/abli% a direct connection betwe5 ^! two latt]1 x is practically impossible to argue any connection betwe5 ei!r gr\p & ! #8,t>ot'2 no "o has z yet v5tur$ to sugge/ ! popul>ity ( ! works ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes among ! ,gipsies6 ,yet ! correspond5ce c h>dly be =tuit\s4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t1 :ile ,lance & ,cup1 9 _! associat$ =m1 are prim>ily symbols ( ,human ,life en]gy1 9 conjunction ) o!rs !y =m$ a gr\p ( #8,f]tility' symbols1 connect$ ) a v anci5t ritual1 ( :i* fragm5t>y survivals alone h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,?is view w1 ,i believe1 receive support f ! evid5ce ( ! c]emonial ,dances :i* =m$ s important a "p ( #8,f]tility' ritual1 & :i* survive 9 s _m places to ?is day4 ,if we f9d ^! symbols reappe>+ z a "p ( ^! dances1 _! real significance c h>dly be disput$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,sword ,dance ,! subject we are n[ ab\t to consid] is "o :i* ( late ye>s has attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & mu* acute criticism has be5 exp5d$ on ! "q ( its orig9 & significance4 ,valuable mat]ial has be5 collect$1 b ! /udies1 s f>1 h be5 individual1 & indep5d5t1 ! mu* ne$$ travail d'ensemble has n yet appe>$4 ,"o def9ite result has1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$2 x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ! s-call$ ,sword ,dances1 ) ! closely relat$ ,morris ,dances1 & ,mumm+ ,plays1 are n m]e survivals ( m>tial ex]cises1 an inh]it$ tradition f our w>rior ance/ors1 b 7 solemn1 c]emonial 79 "s cases !re is reason to believe1 ,initiatory7 dances1 p]=m$ at /at$ seasons ( ! ye>1 & directly & intimately connect$ ) ! ritual ( :i* we h treat$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 a ritual design$ to pres]ve & promote ! regul> & ord]$ sequ5ce ( ! processes ( ,nature4 ,& "h1 aga91 our enquiry mu/ beg9 ) ! v e>lie/ records ( our race1 ) ! traditions ( our ,aryan =efa!rs4 ,! e>lie/ record$ ,sword ,danc]s are und\bt$ly ! ,m>uts1 ^? swift-foot$ y\?s 9 gleam+ arm\r :o are ! fai?ful att5dants on ! great god1 ,indra4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]1 9 ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 describes !m ?us3#a !y are a gr\p ( y\?s ( equal age & id5tical p>5tage1 !y are always depict$ z attir$ 9 ! same mann]1 8,sie s9d rei* und pr*tig ges*mckt1 mit ,golds*muck auf d] ,bru/1 mit ,spang5 an d5 ,hnd51 ,hirs*felle trag5 sie auf d5 ,s*ult]n4 ,vor allem ab] s9d sie krieg]is* g]/et1 funkelnde ,spe]e trag5 sie 9 d5 ,hnd51 od] au* gold5e xte4 ,gold5e ,h>nis*e od] ,mntel umhll5 sie1 gold5e ,helme s*imm]n auf ihr5 ,hupt]n4 ,nie ers*e95 sie ohne ,wehr und ,waff54 ,es s*e9t dass diese ganz und g> zu ihr5 ,wes5 gehr540 ,! writ] goes on to rem>k t :5 su* a b& ( arm$ y\?s1 all ( ! same age1 always closely associat$ ) ea* o!r1 are repres5t$ z ,danc]s1 & always z ,danc]s--8dann hab5 wir unabweisli* das ,bild e9es ,waff5tanzes vor uns]5 ,aug50--& ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] is und\bt$ly "r4 ,con/antly ?r\gh\t ! ,rig-,v$a ! ,m>uts are ref]r$ to z ,danc]s1 8gold-b$eck$ ,danc]s10 8) songs ( praise !y danc$ r\nd ! spr+10 8,:5 ye ,m>uts spe>-arm$ dance1 !y 7i4e41 ! ,heav5s7 /ream toge!r l waves ( wat]40#b ,& a special mom5t = ! dance ( ^! glori\s y\?s 8ev] "y bro!rs ( :om none is eld]1 none y\ng]0#c is t ( ! c]emonial sacrifice1 8sie tanz5 auf ihr5 himmlis*5 ,bahn51 sie spr+5 und tanz5 au* bei d5 ,opf]fe/5 d] ,m5s*540#d ,! ,m>uts1 z said above1 7 conceiv$ ( z ! companions ( ,indra1 & help]s 9 8 fight aga9/ 8 mon/r\s adv]s>ies2 ?us !y 7 includ$ 9 ! sacrifices (f]$ 9 hon\r ( t ,deity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! ritual ,dramas recon/ruct$ by ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] is t :i* repres5ts ,indra z indignantly reject+ ! claim ( ! ,m>uts to %>e 9 su* a sacrifice2 !y _h fail$ to support him 9 8 conflict ) ! dragon1 ,vritra1 :5 by 8 might he loos$ ! wat]s1 #8nei!r to-day1 nor to-morr[' w he accept a sacrifice ( :i* !y %>e ! hon\r2 x requires all ! tact ( ! ,(f]]1 ,aga/ya1 & ( ! lead] ( ! ,m>uts to soo! ! (f5d$ ,deity4#e ,"h ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! significant fact t ! feat celebrat$ is t to :i* ,i h previ\sly ref]r$ z ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! de$s attribut$ to ,indra1 ! #8,free+ ( ! ,wat]s1' & "h ! ,m>uts are associat$ ) ! god4 ,b !y 7 also ! objects ( indep5d5t wor%ip4 ,!y 7 specially hon\r$ at ! ,cturmsya1 ! fea/s :i* h]ald$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ree seasons ( f\r mon?s ea* into :i* ! ,indian ye> 0 divid$1 a division correspond+ respectively to ! hot1 ! cool1 & ! wet1 season4 ,! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ! ,m>uts may be d$uc$ f ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* devotes m ?an ?irty hymns to _! praise4 8,! adorable ,m>uts1 arm$ ) bright lances1 & cuirass$ ) gold5 brea/plates1 enjoy vigor\s exi/5ce2 may ! c>s ( ! quick-mov+ ,m>uts arrive = our good40 8,br+]s ( ra9 & f]tility1 %$d+ wat]1 augm5t+ food40 8,giv]s ( abundant food40 8,y\r mil*k9e are nev] dry40 8,we invoke ! food-lad5 *>iots ( ! ,m>uts40#f ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an ?is2 ! ,m>uts are #8daimons' ( f]tility1 ! wor%ip ( :om w secure ! necess>y supply ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,! close association ( ! ,m>uts ) ,indra1 ! great ,nature god1 has l$ "s s*ol>s to reg>d !m z p]sonifications ( a special manife/ation ( ,nature1 z ,w9d-gods4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] po9ts out t _! fa!r 0 ! god ,rudra1 lat] kn[n z iva1 ! god ( dep>t$ s\ls1 & ( fruitfulness1 i4e41 a ,*?onian deity1 & sugge/s t ! ,m>uts repres5t ! 89 ,w9d und ,/urm dah9jag5de ,seel5s*>40#g ,he po9ts out t ! belief 9 a troop ( dep>t$ s\ls is an integral "p ( ,aryan tradition1 & classifies su* belief "u f\r ma9 head+s4 #a4 ,"u ! =m ( a spectral ,hunt1 ! ,wild ,huntsman well kn[n 9 ,european ,folk-lore4 ,he equates ?is ) ,dionysus ,zagreus1 & ! ,hunt ( ,artemis-,hekate4 #b4 ,t ( a spectral ,army1 ! s\ls ( w>riors sla9 9 fight4 ,! ,nor!rn ,e9h]i] belong to ?is class1 & ! _m traditions ( spectral combats1 & gho/ly battles1 he>d1 b n se54 #c4 ,! conception ( a ho/ ( wom5 9 a condition ( ec/atic exaltation bord]+ on madness1 :o appe> girdl$ ) snakes1 or hiss+ l snakes1 te> liv+ animals to pieces1 & dev\r ! fle%4 ,! classic examples "h are ! ,greek ,ma5ads1 & ! ,indian ,s5s1 :o accompany ,rudra4 #d4 ,! conception ( a tra9 ( !riomorphic1 phallic1 demons ( f]tility1 ) _! companion gr\p ( fair wom54 ,su* are ! ,satyrs & ,nymphs ( ,greek1 ! ,g&h>vas & ,aps>as ( ,indian1 ,my?ology4 ,to ^! f\r ma9 gr\ps may be add$ ! belief among ,g]manic peoples1 also among ! ,letts1 9 a troop ( ,*ild ,s\ls4 ,^! f\r gr\ps1 9 m or less modifi$ =ms1 appe> closely connect$ ) ! dom9ant ,_s ( ,vegetation1 by :atev] "n t _s may be kn[n4 ,accord+ to von ,s*ro$] !re 01 among ! ,aryan peoples g5]ally1 a t5d5cy to reg>d ! dead z assum+ ! "* ( daimons ( f]tility4 ,?is view ! le>n$ ,pr(essor consid]s to be at ! root ( ! annual celebrations 9 hon\r ( ! ,dep>t$1 ! #8,fea/ ( ,s\ls1' :i* *>act]iz$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! w9t] season1 & is reta9$ 9 ! ,ca?olic conception ( ,novemb] z ! mon? ( ! ,dead4#h ,9 any case we may safely conclude t ! ,m>uts1 repres5t$ z arm$ y\?s1 7 wor%ipp$ z deities ( fruitfulness2 t _! dances 7 ( a c]emonial "*2 & t !y 71 by nature & orig91 closely connect$ ) spirits ( f]tility ( a l[] ord]1 su* z ! ,g&h>vas4 ,x also appe>s probable t1 if ! ,dramas ( :i* traces h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 71 z s*ol>s are n[ ( op9ion1 once actually repres5t$1 ! my?ological conception ( ! ,m>uts mu/ h f\nd its embodim5t 9 y\?s1 mo/ probably ( ! prie/ly ca/e1 :o play$ _! rle1 & actually danc$ ! c]emonial ,sword ,dance4 ,z von ,s*ro$] says1 8,ke9 ,zweifel dass sie dabei von m5s*li*51 resp4 prie/]li*5 ,p]son5 d>ge/ellt wurd54#i ,:5 we turn f ! e>ly ,aryan to ! classic ,greek p]iod we f9d 9 ! ,k\retes1 & 9 a m9or degree 9 ! ,korybantes1 a p>allel s extraord9>ily complete1 alike 9 action & significance1 t an ess5tial id5tity ( orig9 appe>s to be beyond d\bt4 ,! ,k\retes 71 z _! "n indicates1 a b& ( arm$ y\?s1 ( semi-div9e orig91 8,kuret5 s9d von ,haus aus halb-gttli* dmonis*e ,wes5 ni*t nur m5s*li*e ,prie/]1 od] d]5 my?is*e ,v]tret]40#aj ,aga91 !y are to be consid]$ z 8elem5t>e ,urwes510 & z su* ( 8,gttli*e ,abkunft40#aa ,prell] reg>ds !m z 8,dmon5 des ,gebirgs10#ab :ile a passage f ,hesiod1 quot$ by ,/rabo1 equates !m ) nymphs & satyrs1 i4e41 f]tility demons4#ac ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,g&h>vas are ! ,indian equival5t ( ! ,satyrs ! close p>allel betwe5 ! ,m>uts & ! ,k\retes1 bo? alike b&s ( arm$ y\?s1 ( elem5t>y orig91 & connect$ ) be+s ( a l[] grade1 is /rik+4 ,! home ( ! ,k\retes 0 9 ,crete1 :]e !y 7 closely associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,rhea4 ,! traditional /ory held t1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! infant ,zeus f de/ruction by 8 fa!r ,kronos1 !y danc$ _! fam\s ,sword ,dance r\nd ! babe1 ov]p[]+ 8 cries by ! cla% ( _! weapons4 ,_! dance 0 by "s writ]s id5tifi$ ) ! ,pyrrhic dance1 fir/ p]=m$ by ,a!ne1 9 hon\r ( h] victory ov] ! ,giants1 & taught by h] to ! ,k\retes4 ,x _h h[ev]1 z we %all see1 a v di/9ct aim & purpose1 & "o 9 no way connect$ ) w>like ends4 ,9 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison's deeply int]e/+ volume1 ,!mis1#ad %e gives ! translation ( a fragm5t>y ,hymn ( ! ,k\retes1 discov]$ among ! ru9s ( a temple 9 ,crete1 a text :i* places beyond all d\bt ! fact t1 h[ev] my?ical 9 orig91 ! ,k\retes1 c]ta9ly1 _h actual human repres5tatives1 & t :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,m>uts !re may be a "q z to :e!r _! dance actually took place1 or n1 s f> z ! ,k\retes are conc]n$ !re c be no su* d\bt4 ,! foll[+ is ! text z pres]v$ to u2 ! slabs on :i* x is inscrib$ are brok51 & !re are consequ5t lacunae4 8,io1 ,k\ros mo/ great1 ,i give !e hail1 ,kronian1 "l ( all t is wet & gleam+1 ?\ art come at ! head ( ?y ,daimones4 ,to ,dikte = ! ye>1 ,oh m>*1 & rejoice 9 ! dance & song1 8,t we make to !e ) h>ps & pipes m+l$ toge!r1 & s+ z we come to a /& at ?y well-f5c$ alt>4 8,io1 c4 8,= "h ! %ield$ ,nurtur]s took !e1 a *ild immortal1 f ,rhea1 & ) noise ( beat+ feet hid !e away4 8,io1 c4 8,& ! ,horai began to be fruitful ye> by ye>1 & ,dik to possess mank9d & all wild liv+ ?+s 7 held ab\t by weal?-lov+ ,peace4 8,io1 c4 8,& ! ,horai began to be fruitful ye> by ye>1 & ,dik to possess mank9d & all wild liv+ ?+s 7 held ab\t by weal?-lov+ ,peace4 8,io1 c4 8,to u also leap = full j>s1 & leap = fleecy flocks1 & leap = fields ( fruit1 & = hives to br+ increase4 8,io1 c4 8,leap = our cities1 & leap = our sea-borne %ips1 & leap = our "y citiz5s1 & = goodly ,!mis40 ,?is hymn is mo/ extraord9>ily int]e/+2 x places beyond all d\bt :at 0 ! root int5tion ( ?is c]emonial dance2 x 0 design$ to /imulate ! reproductive en]gies ( ,nature1 to br+ into be+ fruitful fields1 & v9ey>ds1 pl5te\s increase 9 ! flocks & h]ds1 & to p ! cities ) y\?ful citiz5s2 & ! god is entreat$ n m]ely to accept ! wor%ip (f]$1 b himself to jo9 9 ! action :i* %all produce su* fair results1 to leap = full j>s1 & fleecy flocks1 & = y\?ful citiz5s4 ,! importance ( movem5t1 notably ( :at we may call gr\p movem5t1 z a /imulant to natural en]gies1 is ?or\ghly recogniz$ among primitive peoples2 ) !m ,dance holds a position equival5t to t :i*1 9 m advanc$ communities1 is assign$ to ,pray]4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] comm5ts on ?is1 8,es i/ m]kwrdig g5ug zu seh5 wie das ,tanz5 na* dem ,glaub5 primitiv] ,vlk] e9e hnli*e ,kraft und ,b$eutung zu hab5 s*e9t wie man sie auf hh]5 ,kultur/uf5 dem inbrn/ig5 ,gebete zus*reibt40#ae ,he cites ! case ( ! ,t>ahum>a ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica2 :ile ! family z a :ole are lab\r+ 9 ! fields x is ! (fice ( "o man to dance un9t]rupt$ly on ! dance place ( ! h\se2 if he fails 9 8 (fice ! lab\r ( ! o!rs w be unsuccessful4 ,! "o s9 ( :i* a ,t>ahum>a ,indian is consci\s is t ( n hav+ danc$ en\gh4 ,miss ,h>rison1 9 comm5t+ on ! dance ( ! ,k\retes1 rem>ks t among c]ta9 savage tribes :5 a man is too old to dance he h&s on 8 dance to ano!r4 ,he !n ceases to exi/ socially2 :5 he dies 8 fun]al is celebrat$ ) scanty rites2 hav+ #8lo/ 8 dance' he has ceas$ to c\nt z a social unit4#af ,) reg>d to ! connection ( ! ,k\retes ) ! infant ,zeus1 ,miss ,h>rison makes ! int]e/+ sugge/ion t we h "h a trace ( an ,initiation ,dance1 analog\s to ^? discuss$ by ,m4 ,van ,g5nep 9 8 ,rites du ,passage1 t ! orig9al =m 0 ,titns1 #8,:ite-clay m51' :i* lat] became ,titns1 #8,giants1' & %e draws att5tion to ! fact t daub+ ! sk9 ) :ite clay is a frequ5t practice 9 ^! primitive rituals4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld add t x is a notewor?y fact t 9 our mod]n survivals ( ^! dances ! p]=m]s are1 z a rule1 dress$ 9 :ite4 ,! above sugge/ion is ( extreme significance1 z x br+s out ! possibility t ^! celebrations 7 n only conc]n$ ) ! prosp]ity ( ! community1 z a :ole1 b may also h borne a special1 & individual1 aspect1 & t ! idea ( ,initiation into ! gr\p is closely connect$ ) ! c]emonial ex]cise ( gr\p functions4 ,to sum up1 !re is direct pro( t ! classic ,greeks1 9 common ) _! ,aryan =efa!rs1 held ! conception ( a gr\p ( ,be+s1 ( my?ic orig91 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( arm$ y\?s1 :o 7 not$ danc]s1 & ^: activities 7 closely connect$ ) ! processes ( ,nature4 ,!y recogniz$ a relation betwe5 ^! be+s1 & o!rs ( a less highly develop$ aspect1 phallic demons1 (t5 ( !riomorphic =m4 ,?us ! dance ( ! ,k\retes %\ld be consid]$ z a c]emonial ritual action1 r ?an z a w>like ex]cise2 x 0 design$ to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 n to display ! skill ( ! danc]s 9 ! h&l+ ( weapons4 ,:5 we turn to an analog\s gr\p1 t ( ! ,korybantes1 we f9d t1 :ile pres5t+ a g5]al p>allel to ! ,k\retes 7) :om !y are (t5 c\pl$ 9 my?ologies71 !y also possess c]ta9 di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 :i* =m a connect+ l9k ) o!r1 & lat]1 gr\ps4 ,! ,korybantes 7 ( ,phrygian orig91 atta*$ to ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,kybele1 & ,attis1 ! well-kn[n ,phrygian c\nt]p>t to ! ,pho5ician ,adonis1 & orig9ally ! mo/ important embodim5t ( ! ,vegetation ,_s4 ,rs*] consid]s !m to be ( id5tical orig9 ) ! ,k\retes1 i4e41 z elem5t>y #8daimons1' b ! ,korybantes ( ,classic art & tradition are und\bt$ly human be+s4 ,prie/s ( ,kybele1 !y appe> 9 surviv+ bas-reliefs 9 company ) t goddess1 & ) ,attis4 ,! dance ( ! ,korybantes is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! ,k\retes by its less re/ra9$1 & m orgia/ic "*2 x 0 a wild & :irl+ dance resembl+ t ( ! mod]n ,d]vi%es1 accompani$ by self-mutilation & an unrhy?mic cla%+ ( weapons1 design$1 "s writ]s ?9k1 to ov]p[] ! cries ( ! victims4 ,if ?is sugge/ion be correct x w\ld seem to indicate t1 if ! ,dance ( ! ,k\retes 0 orig9ally an ,initiation ,dance1 t ( ! ,korybantes 0 ,sacrificial 9 "*4 ,we %all see lat] t c]ta9 features 9 ! surviv+ =ms ( ! ,sword ,dance also po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,korybantes = our inve/igation lies 9 ! fact t "h aga9 we h ! ,sword ,dance 9 close & intimate connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,vegetation ,_s1 & !re c be no d\bt t "h1 z else:]e1 x 0 held to possess a /imulat+ virtue4 ,a noticeable po9t 9 ! mod]n survivals ( ^! ,dances is t ! ,dance prop] is comb9$ ) a m or less coh]5t dramatic action4 ,! ,sword ,dance orig9ally did n /& alone1 b =m$ "p ( a ,drama1 to ! action ( :i* x may be held to h giv5 a cumulative =ce4 ,on ?is po9t ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s book1 :]e ?is aspect ( ! ,dance is fully discuss$4#ag ,we h already spok5 ( ! ,m>uts1 & _! dramatic connection ) ,indra2 ! ,greek ,danc]s (f] u no direct p>allel1 ?\gh ! connection ( ! ,k\retes ) ! infant ,zeus may q possibly indicate ! exi/5ce 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! ,dance1 ( a m di/9ctly dramatic elem5t4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,roman ,salii a connect+ l9k :i* proves beyond all d\bt t our mod]n dances1 & analog\s repres5tations1 are 9 fact g5u9e survivals ( primitive c]emonies1 & 9 no way a m]e =tuit\s comb9ation ( orig9ally indep5d5t elem5ts4 ,! ,salii =m$ a college ( prie/s1 twelve 9 numb]1 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ,m>s1 :o1 x is important to rememb]1 0 orig9ally a god ( gr[? & vegetation1 a ,spr+ ,deity1 :o be/[$ 8 "n on ! v]nal mon? ( ,m>*2 only by degrees did ! activities ( ! god become specially connect$ ) ! doma9 ( ,w>4#ah ,!re seem to h be5 two gr\ps ( ,salii1 "o hav+ _! college on ! ,palat9e1 ! o!r on ! ,quir9al2 ! fir/ 7 ! m important4 ,! ,quir9al gr\p %>$ 9 ! celebrations ( ! latt] "p ( ! mon? only4 ,! fir/ ( ,m>* 0 ! traditional bir?day ( ,m>s1 & f t date1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! mon?1 ! ,salii (f]$ sacrifices & p]=m$ dances 9 8 hon\r4 ,!y wore po9t$ caps1 or helmets1 on _! head1 7 girt ) swords1 & c>ri$ on ! left arm %ields1 copi$ f ! #8ancilia' or traditional %ield ( ,m>s1 fabl$ to h fall5 f heav54 ,9 _! "r h& !y bore a small lance4 ,dionysus ( ,halic>nassus1 9 a passage describ+ ! ,salii1 says1 8!y c>ri$ 9 _! "r h& a spe>1 or /aff1 or some?+ ( t sort40 ,miss ,h>rison1 quot+ ?is passage1 gives a reproduction ( a bas-relief repres5t+ ! ,salii c>ry+ :at %e says 8are cle>ly drum/icks40 7,z a matt] ( fact !y v closely resemble ! #8,w&s' :i* 9 ! ,t>ot c>ds sometimes repres5t ! #8,lance' suit47 ,miss ,h>rison sugge/s t ! orig9al %ields 7 made ( sk9s1 /ret*$ ^u a frame1 & beat5 by ^! #8drum/icks4' ,?is may q well h be5 ! case1 & x w\ld be> out my cont5tion t ! orig9al contact ( weapon & %ield 0 design$ r z a rhy?mic accompanim5t to ! ,dance1 ?an z a display ( skill 9 h&l+ sword & lance1 i4e41 t ^! dances 7 n prim>ily w>like ex]cises4 ,at ! conclusion ( _! songs ! ,salii invok$ ,mamurius ,veturius1 ! smi? :o 0 fabl$ to h execut$ ! copies ( ! orig9al %ield1 :ile on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1 a man1 dress$ 9 sk9s1 & suppos$ to repres5t ! a=esaid smi?1 0 l$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 beat5 by ! ,salii ) rods1 & ?ru/ out ( ! city4 ,! foll[+ day1 ! #ae?1 0 ! fea/ ( ,anna ,p]5na1 fabl$ to be an old woman1 to :om ,m>s _h confid$ ! tale ( 8 love = ,n]io1 & :o1 disguis+ h]self z ! maid51 _h gone ?r\gh ! c]emony ( m>riage ) ! god4 ,?is fea/ 0 held outside ! gates4 ,on ! #bcrd ! comb9$ fea/ ( ,m>s & ,n]io 0 held ) great rejoic+ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,mod]n s*ol>s h unanim\sly recogniz$ 9 ,mamurius ,veturius & ,anna ,p]5na ! repres5tatives ( ! ,old ,ye>1 ! ,vegetation ,_s1 & 8 female c\nt]p>t1 :o1 gr[n old1 mu/ yield place to ! "y god & 8 correspond+ly y\?ful bride4 ,ref]5ce to ,*apt] #e1 :]e ! m$ieval & mod]n =ms ( ?is ,nature ritual are discuss$1 & in/ances ( ! c>ry+ out ( ,w9t]1 & c]emonial br++ 9 ( ,spr+1 are giv51 w suffice to %[ h[ vital & endur+ an elem5t 9 ,folk-lore is ?is idea ( driv+ out ! ,old ,ye>1 :ile celebrat+ ! bir? ( ! ,new4 ,"h !n1 aga91 we h a ritual ,sword ,dance closely associat$ ) ! practice ( a ,nature cult2 !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t ab initio ! two 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b ! dance ( ! ,salii ) its dramatic ,folk-play features =ms an int]e/+ l9k betwe5 ! classic ,dance ( ! ,k\retes1 & ! mod]n ,engli% survivals1 9 :i* ! dramatic elem5t is /rongly m>k$4 ,^! ,engli% =ms may be divid$ into ?ree relat$ gr\ps1 ! ,sword ,dance1 ! ,morris ,dance1 & ! ,mumm+ ,play4 ,( ^! ! ,morris ,dance /&s some:at ap>t2 ( id5tical orig91 x has disc>d$ ! dramatic elem5t1 & n[ survives simply z a ,dance1 :]eas ! ,sword ,dance is always dramatic 9 =m1 & ! ,mumm+ ,play1 act$ by *>act]s appe>+ also 9 ! ,sword ,dance1 inv>iably conta9s a m or less elaborate fight4#ai ,! ,sword ,dance prop] appe>s to h be5 pres]v$ mo/ly 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,scotl&4 ,mr ,cecil ,%>p has f\nd f\r di/9ct v>ieties 9 ,york%ire alone4 ,at "o "t !re exi/$ a special v>iant kn[n z ! ,giants' ,dance1 9 :i* ! lead+ *>act]s 7 kn[n by ! names ( ,wotan1 & ,frau ,frigg2 "o figure ( ?is dance consi/$ 9 mak+ a r+ ( swords r\nd ! neck ( a lad1 )\t w\nd+ him4 ,mr ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s has comm5t$ on ?is z ! survival ( a sacrificial orig94#bj ,! rem>ks ( ?is writ] on ! ,sword ,dance 9 its dramatic aspect are s mu* to ! po9t t ,i quote !m "h4 8,! ,sword ,dance makes its appe>ance1 n l h]oic poetry 9 g5]al1 z "p ( ! m9/rel rep]tory1 b z a purely popul> ?+ at ! agricultural fe/ivals4 ,to ^! fe/ivals we may !re=e suppose x to h orig9ally belong$40 ,mr ,*amb]s goes on to rem>k t ! dance ( ! ,salii discuss$ above1 0 cle>ly agricultural1 8& belongs to ,m>s n z ,w> god1 b 9 8 m primitive quality ( a f]tilization ,_s40 ,9 an ,app5dix to 8 mo/ valuable book ! same writ] gives a full description1 ) text1 ( ! mo/ fam\s surviv+ =m ( ! ,sword ,dance1 t ( ,papa ,/\r 7old ,norwegian ,ppey 9 ,/ra71 "o ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,! dance 0 p]=m$ at ,*ri/mas 7,yule-tide74 ,! danc]s1 sev5 9 numb]1 repres5t$ ! sev5 *ampions ( ,*ri/5dom2 ! lead]1 ,sa9t ,george1 aft] an introductory spee*1 p]=m$ a solo dance1 to ! music ( an accompany+ m9/rel4 ,he !n pres5t$ 8 comrades1 "o by "o1 ea* 9 turn go+ ?r\gh ! same p]=mance4 ,f9ally ! sev5 toge!r p]=m$ an elaborate dance4 ,! complete text ( ! spee*es is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ref]r$ to4#ba ,! close connection betwe5 ! ,engli% ,sword ,dance1 & ! ,mumm+ ,play1 is indicat$ by ! fact t ! *ief "* 9 ^! plays is1 g5]ally speak+1 ,sa9t ,george4 7,! title has 9 "s cases become corrupt$ into ,k+ ,george47 ,9 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s op9ion ?is is due to ,sa9t ,george's leg5d>y rle z ,dragon slay]1 & he sees 9 ! importance assign$ to ?is h]o an argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 !ory t ! 8,slay+ ( ! ,dragon0 0 ! e>lie/ ,aryan ,folk-,drama4 ,9 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,x41 a fully illu/rat$ description ( ! ,mumm+ ,play1 z p]=m$ at ,newbold1 a village ne> ,rugby1 is giv54#bb ,"h ! *>act]s are ,fa!r ,*ri/mas1 ,sa9t ,george1 a ,turki% ,knight1 ,doctor1 ,moll ,f9ney 7"m ( ! ,knight71 ,humpty ,jack1 ,beelzebub1 & #8,big-,head-&-,little-,wit4' ,^! la/ ?ree h no %>e 9 ! action prop]1 b appe> 9 a k9d ( ,epilogue1 accompany+ a collection made by ,beelzebub4 ,! ,play is always p]=m$ at ,*ri/mas "t1 consequ5tly ,fa!r ,*ri/mas appe>s z /age-manag]1 & introduces ! *>act]s4 ,! action consi/s 9 a g5]al *all5ge issu$ by ,sa9t ,george1 & accept$ by ! ,turki% ,knight4 ,a combat foll[s1 9 :i* ! ,turk is sla94 ,8 "m ru%es 91 weeps ov] ! body1 & dem&s ! s]vices ( a ,doctor1 :o appe>s accord+ly1 vaunts 8 skill 9 l9es int]sp]s$ ) un9telligible gibb]i%1 & re/ores ! ,turk to life4 ,9 ! v]sion :i* us$ to be play$ ?r\gh\t ,scotl& at ,hogmanay 7,new-,ye>-tide71 ! *>act]s are ,bol ,b5do1 ! ,k+ ( ,france1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ,doctor ,beelzebub1 ,goli%an1 & ,sir ,alex&]4#bc ,! fight is betwe5 ,bol ,b5do 7:o repres5ts ! ,sa9t ,george ( ! ,engli% v]sion71 & ,goli%an4 ,! latt] is kill$1 &1 on ! dem& ( ,sir ,alex&] 7:o acts z /age-manag]71 reviv$ by ! doctor1 ?is "*1 z 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 int]l>d+ ! recital ( 8 feats ( heal+ skill ) un9telligible phrases4#bd ,!re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among ,folk-lore au?orities t 9 ?is r\gh drama1 :i* we f9d play$ 9 slightly modifi$ =m all ov] ,europe 79 ,sc&9avia x is ! ,julbock1 a man dress$ 9 sk9s1 :o1 aft] a dramatic dance1 is kill$ & reviv$71#be we h a symbolic repres5tation ( ! dea? & re-bir? ( ! ye>2 a c\nt]p>t to ^? c]emonies ( driv+ out ,w9t]1 & br++ 9 ,spr+1 :i* we h already describ$4 ,?is *apt] _h already be5 writt5 :5 an important article1 by ,dr ,jevons1 entitl$ ,masks & ! ,orig9 ( ! ,greek ,drama appe>$ 9 ,folk-,lore 7,vol4 ,,xxvii47 ,! au?or1 hav+ discuss$ ! diff]5t =ms ( ,greek ,drama1 & ! v>iety ( masks employ$1 decides t 8,greek ,com$y orig9at$ 9 ,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals1 9 "s c]emony 9 :i* ! ,h>ve/]s w5t ab\t 9 procession we>+ masks40 ,?is c]emony he connects directly ) ! ,engli% ,mumm+ ,plays1 sugge/+ t 8! *>act]s repres5t$ on ?is occasion 7 ! ,vegetation ,_s1 & ^? :o 7 conc]n$ 9 br++ ab\t 8 revivification--9 f9e1 ,greek ,com$y & ! ,mumm+ ,play bo? sprang f ! rite ( revivification40 ,at a lat] /age ( our enquiry we %all h occasion to return to ?is po9t1 & realize its great importance = our !ory4 ,! ,morris ,dances diff] some:at f ! ,sword1 & ,mumm+ ,dances4 ,! p]=mances z a rule take place 9 ! ,spr+1 or e>ly ,summ]1 *iefly ,may1 & ,:itsuntide4 ,! dances reta9 little or no trace ( dramatic action b are dances pure & simple4 ,! p]=m]s1 g5]ally six 9 numb]1 are attir$ 9 :ite elaborately-pleat$ %irts1 deck$ ) ribbons1 :ite mole-sk9 tr\s]s1 ) bells at ! knee1 & beav] hats adorn$ ) ribbons & fl[]s4 ,! lead] c>ries a sword1 on ! po9t ( :i* is g5]ally impal$ a cake2 dur+ ! danc+ slices ( ?is cake are di/ribut$ to ! look]s on1 :o are suppos$ to make a contribution to ! #8,treasury1' a money-box c>ri$ by an individual call$ ! ,squire1 or ,cl[n1 dress$ 9 motley1 & be>+ 9 ! o!r h& a /ick ) a bladd] at "o end1 & a c['s tail at ! o!r4 ,9 "s =ms ( ! dance !re is a #8,"l' & a #8,lady1' :o c>ry #8,maces' ( (fice2 ^! maces are %ort /aves1 ) a transv]se piece at ! top1 & a hoop ov] x4 ,! :ole is decorat$ ) ribbons & fl[]s1 & be>s a curi\s resemblance to ! ,crux ,ansata4#bf ,9 c]ta9 figures ( ! dance ! p]=m]s c>ry h&k]*iefs1 9 o!rs1 w&s1 pa9t$ ) ! col\rs ( ! village to :i* !y belong2 ! dances are always m or less elaborate 9 =m4 ,! co/ume ( ! #8,cl[n' 7an animal's sk91 or cap ( sk9 ) tail p5dant7 & ! special "* assum$ by ! ,maytide celebrations 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl&1 e4g41 ,cornwall & ,/af=d%ire1#bg w\ld seem to indicate t1 :ile ! ,engli% ,morris ,dance has dropp$ ! dramatic action1 ! danc]s n be+ designat$ by "n1 & play+ no special rle1 x has1 on ! o!r h&1 reta9$ ! !riomorphic features s closely associat$ ) ,aryan ritual1 :i* ! ,sword ,dance1 & ,mumm+ ,play1 on _! side1 h lo/4#bh ,a special note ( ^! ,engli% survivals1 & "o to :i* ,i w\ld n[ draw att5tion1 is ! v elaborate "* ( ! figures1 & ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct symbolic elem5t4 ,i am in=m$ t ! ,sword danc]s ( to-day always1 at ! conclusion ( a s]ies ( elaborate sword-lac+ figures1 =m ! ,p5tangle2 z !y hold up ! sign !y cry1 triumphantly1 8,a ,nut6 ,a ,nut60 ,! ^w ,nut,knot 7z 9 ! game ( #8,nuts1 i4e41 brea/-knots1 nosegays1 9 ,may'74 ,!y d ?is (t5 ev5 :5 p]=m+ a lat] =m ( ! ,mumm+ ,play4 ,i h already drawn att5tion to ! fact t 9 ,gawa9 & ! ,gre5 ,knight ! h]o's badge is ! ,p5tangle 7or ,p5tacle71 !re expla9$ z call$ by ! ,engli% #8! ,endless ,knot4'#bi ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ,i h not$ t ! ,p5tangle frequ5tly 9 ! ,t>ot suits replaces ! ,di%2 9 ,mr ,yeats's rem>ks1 cit$ above1 ! two are held to be int]*angeable1 "o or ! o!r always =ms "o ( ! gr\p ( symbols4 ,9 "o =m ( ! ,morris ,dance1 t p]=m$ 9 ,b]k%ire1 ! lead]1 or #8,squire' ( ! ,morris c>ries a ,*alice6 ,at ! same "t he be>s a ,sword1 & a bull's head at ! end ( a long pole4 ,?is figure is illu/rat$ 9 ,miss ,m>y ,neal's ,esp]ance ,morris ,book4#cj ,?us our ,engli% survivals ( ^! e>ly ,vegetation c]emonies pres]ve1 9 a m or less deta*$ =m1 ! f\r symbols discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ,grail1 ,sword1 ,lance1 & ,p5tangle1 or ,di%4 ,x seems to me t1 9 view ( ! evid5ce ?us (f]$1 x is n a v haz>d\s1 or f>-fet*$ hypo!sis to sugge/ t ^! symbols1 ! exact value ( :i*1 z a gr\p1 we _c cle>ly det]m9e1 b ( :i* we "k ! two mo/ prom95t1 ,cup & ,lance1 to be sex symbols1 7 orig9ally #8,f]tility' emblems1 & z su* employ$ 9 a ritual design$ to promote1 or re/ore1 ! activity ( ! reproductive en]gies ( ,nature4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out above an obvi\s dislocation has tak5 place 9 our ,engli% survivals4 ,sword ,dance1 ,mumm+ ,play1 & ,morris ,dance1 no long] =m "p ( "o c]emony1 b h become sep>at$1 & connect$1 on ! "o h& ) ! ,w9t]1 on ! o!r ) ! e>ly ,summ]1 ,nature celebrations2 x is ?us n surpris+ t ! symbols %\ld also h become deta*$4 ,! fact t ! ?ree gr\ps manife/ly =m "p ( an orig9al :ole is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view t at "o mom5t all ! symbols 7 us$ toge!r1 & ! ,grail *alice c>ri$ 9 a c]emony 9 :i* ,sword1 ,lance1 & ,p5tangle1 7 also display$4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ,i w\ld sugge/4 ,is x n possible t1 9 ^! arm$ y\?s1 :o 7 9 "s cases1 notably 9 t ( ! ,salii1 at once w>riors & prie/s1 we h ! real orig9 ( ! ,grail ,knights8 ,we "k n[1 absolutely1 & indubitably1 t ^! ,sword ,dances =m$ an important "p ( ! ,vegetation ritual2 is x n easily )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t1 z ! g5]al c]emonial became elevat$1 fir/ to ! rank ( a ,my/]y ,cult1 & !n us$ z a vehicle = symbolic ,*ri/ian tea*+1 ! figures ( ! att5dant w>rior-prie/s und]w5t a correspond+ *ange8 ,f ,salii to ,templ>s is n aft] all s #8f> a cry' z f ! glitt]+ gold5-arm$ ,m>uts1 & ! y\?ful leap+ ,k\retes1 to ! grotesque tatt]demalion p]sonages ( ! ,*ri/mas ,mumm+ ,play4 ,we h le>nt to ackn[l$ge ! common orig9 ( ^! two latt] gr\ps2 may we n reasonably contemplate a possible relation exi/+ betwe5 ! two fir/ nam$8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,m$ic9e ,man ,9 previ\s *apt]s ,i h ref]r$ to ! "p play$ by ! ,doctor 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! surviv+ #8,f]tility' c]emonies1 & to ! fact1 not$ by o!r writ]s1 t ev5 :]e an active %>e is no long] assign$ to ! "*1 he /ill appe>s among ! dramatis p]sonae ( ^! ,folk-plays & processions4#a ,we w n[ exam9e m closely ! rle allott$ to ?is my/]i\s p]sonage2 we %all f9d x to be ( extreme antiquity & rem>kable significance4 ,9 ! int]e/+ & important "w by ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]1 to :i* ,i h already (t5 ref]r$1 we f9d ! translation ( a curi\s poem 7,rig-,v$a1 #aj4 #ig71 a monologue plac$ 9 ! m\? ( a ,doctor1 or ,m$ic9e ,man1 :o vaunts ! virtue ( 8 h]bs1 & _! p[] to cure human ills4#b ,f ! ref]5ces made to a special sick man von ,s*ro$] inf]s t ?is poem1 l o!rs 9 ! collection1 0 int5d$ to be act$1 z well z recit$1 & t ! p]sonage to be heal$1 evid5tly pres5t on ! sc5e1 0 probably repres5t$ by a dummy1 z no spee*es are allott$ to ! "*4 ,! entire poem consi/s ( #bc v]ses ( f\r l9es ea*1 & is divid$ by ! translator into ?ree di/9ct sections2 ! fir/ is devot$ to ! praise ( h]bs 9 g5]al1 _! p[] to cure ! sick man be=e !m1 & at ! same "t to br+ ri*es to ! ,heal]--! op5+ v]ses run3 8,die ,krut] alt1 entspross5 e9/ ,drei ,alt] vor d5 ,gtt]n no*1 ,die braun5 w ,i* preis5 jetzt6 ,hund]t und sieb5 ,art5 s9ds4 8,ja1 hund]t ,art51 ,mtt]le91 ,und taus5d ,zweige habt ihr au*1 ,ihr1 die ihr hund]t ,krfte habt1 ,ma*t dies5 ,m5s*5 mir gesund4 8,ihr ,krut] hrt1 ihr ,mtt]*51 ,ihr gttli*51 das sag i* eu*3 ,ross1 ,r9d und ,kleid gewnn' i* g]n ,und au* de9 ,leb51 lieb] ,mann6 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,frwahr ihr br+t mir ,r9d] e91 ,w5n ihr ihn rettet dies5 ,mann40 ,he !n praises ! p[] ( all h]bs3 8,vom ,himmel kam d] ,krut] ,s*> ,geflog51 und da spre*5 sie2 ,w5 wir no* leb5d treff5 an ,d] ,mann soll frei von ,s*ad5 se940 ,f9ally ! speak] s+les out "o h]b z sup]ior to all o!rs3 8,die ,krut] viel 9 ,soma's ,rei* ,die hund]tfa* v]/ndig51 ,von d55 bi/ das be/e du ,erfll/ d5 ,wuns*1 und heil/ das ,h]z40 ,he conjures all o!r h]bs to l5d _! virtue to ?is special rem$y3 8,ihr ,krut] all' 9 ,soma's ,rei* ,v]breitet auf d] ,erde h91 ,ihr1 von ,brihaspati erzeugt1 ,gebt diesem ,kraute eure ,kraft6 8,ni*t nehme ,s*ad51 d] eu* grbt1 ,no* d]1 fr ,wel*5 ,i* eu* grub6 ,bei uns soll ,alles1 ,m5s*1 und ,vieh1 ,gesund und ohne ,s*ad5 se94 8,ihr1 die ihr hret dies me9 ,wort1 ,ihr1 die ihr 9 d] ,f]ne seid1 ,ihr ,pflanz5 all'1 v]eignet eu*1 ,gebt diesem ,kraute eure ,kraft60 ,& ! h]bs1 tak+ c\nsel toge!r ) ,soma _! k+1 answ]3 8,fr ,w5 uns e9 ,brahmane brau*t ,d51 ,knig1 woll5 rett5 wir10 a l9e :i* ?r[s a light ^u ! p]sonality ( ! speak]2 he is obvi\sly a ,brahm91 & ! ,m$ic9e ,man "h1 z else:]e1 unites ! functions ( ,prie/ & ,heal]4 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] sugge/s t ?is ,dramatic ,monologue =m$ "p ( ! c]emonies ( a ,soma fea/1 t x is ! ,soma plant f :i* ! heav5ly dr9k is brew$ :i* is to be und]/ood z ! fir/ ( all h]bs & ! cur] ( all ills1 & ! ref]5ce to ,soma z ,k+ ( ! h]bs seems to be> out ?is sugge/ion4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]#c ,i h ref]r$ to a curi\s little poem1 also f\nd 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 & translat$ by von ,s*ro$] "u ! title ,a ,folk-,procession at a ,soma-,fea/1 ! dramatis p]sonae ( ! poem (f]+1 z ,i po9t$ out1 a mo/ /rik+ & significant p>allel to c]ta9 surviv+ ,f]tility processions1 notably t ( ,vrdegtz5 9 ,hanov]4 ,9 ?is little song :i* von ,s*ro$] places 9 ! m\? ( ! lead] ( ! b& ( mask]s1 ! ,doctor is twice ref]r$ to2 9 ! op5+ l9es we h ! ,brahm91 ! ,doctor1 ! ,c>p5t]1 ! ,smi?1 giv5 z m5 ply+ diff]5t trades1 & ea* & all 9 se>* ( ga92 9 ! f9al v]se ! speak] ann\nces1 8,i am a ,poet 7or ,s+]71 my fa!r a ,doctor40 ,?us ( ! v>i\s trades & p]sonages enum]at$ ! ,doctor alone appe>s twice ov]1 an indication ( ! importance atta*$ to ?is "*4 ,un=tunately1 9 view ( ! fragm5t>y condition ( ! survivals ( e>ly ,aryan lit]ature1 & ! lack ( explanatory mat]ial at our disposal1 x is impossible to decide :at 0 ! precise rle assign$ to ! #8,m$ic9e ,man'2 judg+ f ! g5]al "* ( ! surviv+ dramatic fragm5ts & ! close p>allel :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! fragm5ts & ! ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,f]tility c]emonies1 x seems extremely probable t 8 orig9al rle 0 id5tical ) t assign$ to 8 mod]n c\nt]p>t1 i4e41 t ( re/or+ to life or heal? ! sla91 or suff]+1 repres5tative ( ! ,vegetation ,_s4 ,?is presumption ga9s additional support f ! fact t x is 9 ?is "* t ! ,doctor appe>s 9 ,greek ,classical ,drama4 ,von ,s*ro$] ref]s to ! fact t ! ,doctor 0 a /ock figure 9 ! ,greek #8,mimus'#d & 9 ,mr ,corn=d's int]e/+ volume entitl$ ,! ,orig9 ( ,attic ,com$y1 ! au?or reckons ! ,doctor among ! /ock ,masks ( ! e>ly ,greek ,!atre1 & assigns to ?is "* ! precise rle :i* lat] survivals h l$ u to attribute to him4 ,! significance ( ,mr ,corn=d's "w lies 9 ! fact t1 :ile he accepts ,sir ,gilb]t ,murray's deeply int]e/+ & sugge/ive !ory t ! orig9s ( ,greek ,trag$y are to be s\ght 9 8! ,agon ( ! ,f]tility ,_s1 8 ,pa?os1 & ,!ophany10 he cont5ds t a simil> orig9 may be po/ulat$ = ,attic ,com$y--t ! /ock ,masks 7*>act]s7 agree ) a !ory ( d]ivation ( su* ,com$y f a ritual p]=mance celebrat+ ! r5ewal ( ! seasons4#e 8,!y 7 at fir/ s]i\s1 & ev5 awful1 figures 9 a ,religi\s ,my/]y1 ! ,god :o e ye> is born1 & dies1 & rises aga92 8 ,"m & 8 ,bride2 ! ,antagoni/ :o kills him2 ! ,m$ic9e ,man :o re/ores him to life40#f ,i w\ld submit t ! pres5ce ( su* a "* 9 ! orig9al ritual drama ( ,revival :i*1 on my !ory1 und]lies ! romantic =m ( ! ,grail leg5d1 may1 9 view ( ! above evid5ce1 & ( t br\ght =w>d 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 be accept$ z at lea/ a probable hypo!sis4 ,b1 x may be object$1 grant+ t ! ,doctor 9 ^! ,f]tility processions & dramas repres5ts a g5u9e survival ( a feature ( immemorial antiquity1 a survival to be trac$ alike 9 ,aryan rema9s1 9 ,greek lit]ature1 & 9 ,m$ieval c]emony1 :at is ! precise be>+ ^u ! special subject ( our inve/igations8 ,!re is no ,doctor 9 ! ,grail leg5d1 al?\gh !re is c]ta9ly abundant scope = 8 activities6 ,!re may be no ,doctor 9 ! ,grail leg5d to-day1 b 0 !re nev] su* a "*8 ,h[ if ?is be ! key to expla9 ! curi\s & p]si/5t attribution ( heal+ skill to s app>5tly unsuitable a p]sonage z ,sir ,gawa98 ,i w\ld draw ! att5tion ( my read]s to a passage 9 ! ,p]ceval ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 :]e ,gawa91 f9d+ a w\nd$ knight by ! roadside1 proce$s to treat him3 8,et ,mesire ,gauva9 savoit ,plus que nuls homs de g>ir plaie2 ,une h]be voit en une haie ,trop bonne p\r d\leur tolir ,de plaie1 et il la va cueillir40#g ,o!r ,,mss4 are r full]3 8,et ,messires ,gauva9 savoit ,plus que nus hons vivant de plaies1 ,unes h]be voit les une haies ,qu'il connoissoit lonc temps avoit ,que son me/re apris li avoit ,enseigniee et bi5 m\/ree1 ,et il l'avoit bi5 esg>dee ,si l'a molt bi5 reconneue40#h ,we f9d ref]5ce to ,gawa9's possession ( m$ical k else:]e4 ,9 ! poem entitl$ ,lancelot et le c]f au pi$ blanc1 ,gawa91 f9d+ 8 fri5d desp]ately w\nd$1 c>ries him to a physician :om he in/ructs z to ! prop] treatm5t4#i 8,ende ,walewe9 wiesde d5 ,ersat]e m]e ,ene con/1 die da]toe halp wel s]e40#aj ,9 ! p>allel adv5ture relat$ 9 ,mori5 ,gawa9 heals ,lancelot )\t ! aid ( any physician3#aa 8,doe 0 ,walewe9 h>de blide ,ende bant hem s9e wond5 t5 tide ,met selk5 crude die da] do*t5 ,dat si niet blod5 mo*t540#ab ,!y ride to an an*orite's cell3 8,si w>5 doe 9 dire g$o*t5 ,mo*t5 sie da] com5 ti] /ont ,datt5 ,walewe9 s\de mak5 gesont40#ac ,! ,dut* ,lancelot has num]\s ref]5ces to ,gawa9's skill 9 heal+4 ,( c\rse ! advocates ( ! orig9ality ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes w object t ^! ref]5ces1 ?\gh f\nd 9 poems :i* h no connection ) ,*rti51 & :i* are translations f lo/ ,fr5* orig9als ( an undet]m9$ date1 are "o & all loans f ! m fam\s poem4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be cont5d$ ( ! ,wel% ,triads2 !re we f9d ,gwal*mai1 ! ,wel% ,gawa91 cit$ z "o ( ! ?ree m5 8,to :om ! nature ( e object 0 kn[n10#ad an accompli%m5t exce$+ly necess>y = a #8,m$ic9e ,man1' b n at fir/ sight especially ne$ful = ! equipm5t ( a knight4#ae ,?is p]si/5t attribution ( heal+ skill is n1 s f> z my acqua9tance ) m$ieval ,romance goes1 p>allel$ 9 ! case ( any o!r knight2 ev5 ,tri/an1 :o is probably ! mo/ accompli%$ ( h]oes ( romance1 ! mo/ ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 all bran*es ( knightly education1 is n cr$it$ ) any su* k4 ,no o!r knight1 save ,gawa91 has ! reputation ( a ,heal]1 yet ,gawa91 ! ,maid5s' ,knight1 ! #8fair ,fa!r ( ,nurture' is1 at fir/ sight1 h>dly ! p]sonage "o might expect to possess su* skill4 ,:y he %\ld be s p]si/5tly connect$ ) heal+ 0 = long a problem to me2 rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,i h begun to suspect t we h 9 ?is app>5tly motiveless attribution ! survival ( an e>ly /age ( tradition 9 :i* n only did ,gawa9 cure ! ,grail ,k+1 b he did s1 n by means ( a "q1 or by ! weld+ ( a brok5 sword1 b by m obvi\s & natural means1 ! adm9i/ration ( a heal+ h]b4 ,gawa9's "* ( ,heal] belongs to him 9 8 rle ( ,grail ,w9n]4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 ! c\rse ( my read+1 ,i came across a passage 9 :i* c]ta9 knights ( ,ar?ur's c\rt1 rid+ ?r\gh a =e/1 come ^u a h]b #8:i* belong$ to ! ,grail4' ,un=tunately ! ref]5ce1 at ! "t ,i met ) x1 ?\gh x /ruck me z curi\s1 did n possess any special significance1 & ei!r ,i omitt$ to make a note ( x1 or ent]$ x 9 a book :i*1 ) sundry o!rs1 w5t my/]i\sly a/ray 9 ! process ( mov+ furniture4 ,9 any case1 ?\gh ,i h se>*$ dilig5tly ,i h fail$ to recov] ! passage1 b ,i note x "h 9 ! hope t "o ( my read] may be m =tunate4 ,x is p]haps n )\t significance t a m5tion ( ,p]$ur 7,p]ceval7 9 ,wel% poetry may also possibly conta9 a ref]5ce to 8 heal+ (fice4 ,i ref] to ! well-kn[n ,song ( ! ,graves 9 ! ,black ,book ( ,c>m>!n :]e ! grave ( ,mor1 son ( ,p]$ur ,p5wetic1 is ref]r$ to4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,g4 ,evans ! ^w p5w$ic1 or p]f$dyg1 z x may also be read1 means *ief ,heal]4 ,p]$ur1 x is ne$less to say1 is ! ,wel% equival5t ( ,p]ceval1 ,gawa9's successor & supplant] 9 ! rle ( ,grail h]o4 ,i h no desire to press ! po9t unduly1 b x is c]ta9ly significant t1 entirely ap>t f any su* !ory ( ! evolution ( ! ,grail leg5d z t advanc$ 9 ^! pages1 a ,wel% s*ol> %\ld h sugge/$ a r5d]+ ( ! title ( ! ,grail h]o :i* is 9 complete h>mony ) t !ory2 a r5d]+ also :i* places him side by side ) 8 compatriot ,gwal*mai1 ev5 z ! completely evolv$ ,grail /ory connects him ) ,gawa94 ,9 any case !re is food = reflection 9 ! fact t ! possibility ( su* an orig9 once admitt$1 ! mo/ app>5tly incongru\s1 & inh>moni\s1 elem5ts ( ! /ory %[ !mselves capable ( a natural & un=c$ explanation4 ,9 face ( ! evid5ce above set =? x seems impossible to d5y t ! ,doctor1 or ,m$ic9e ,man1 did1 f ! v e>lie/ ages1 play an important "p 9 ,dramatic ,f]tility ,ritual1 t he /ill survives 9 ! mod]n ,folk-play1 ! rude repres5tative ( ! e>ly ritual =m1 & x is at lea/ possible t ! attribution ( heal+ skill to s romantic & *ivalr\s a "* z ,sir ,gawa9 may dep5d ^u ! fact t1 at an e>ly1 & pre-lit]>y /age ( 8 /ory1 he play$ ! rle traditionally assign$ to ! ,doctor1 t ( re/or+ to life & heal? ! dead1 or w\nd$1 repres5tative ( ! ,_s ( ,vegetation4 ,if ,i am "r 9 my read+ ( ?is complicat$ problem ! mise-en-scne ( ! ,grail /ory 0 orig9ally a loan f a ritual actually p]=m$1 & famili> to ^? :o fir/ told ! tale4 ,?is ritual1 9 its e>li] /ages comp>atively simple & objective 9 =m1 "u ! process ( an insi/5ce ^u ! inn] & spiritual significance1 took ^u itself a m complex & esot]ic "*1 ! rite became a ,my/]y1 & ) ?is *ange ! rle ( ! pr9cipal actors became ( height5$ significance4 ,t ( ! ,heal] c\ld no long] be adequately fulfill$ by ! adm9i/ration ( a m$ic9al rem$y2 ! relation ( ,body & ,s\l became ( c>d9al importance = ! ,drama1 ! ,m$ic9e ,man gave place to ! ,r$eem]2 & 8 task involv$ m ?an ! adm9i/ration ( ! orig9al ,h]bal rem$y4 ,9 fact 9 ! f9al developm5t ( ! /ory ! ,pa?os is %>$ alike by ! repres5tative ( ! ,vegetation ,_s1 & ! ,heal]1 ^: task involves a p]iod ( /]n te/+ & probation4 ,if we wi% to und]/& cle>ly ! evolution ( ! ,grail /ory we mu/ realize t ! simple ,f]tility ,drama f :i* x sprung has und]gone a gradual & my/]i\s *ange1 :i* has inve/$ x ) elem5ts at once #8ri* & /range1' & t ?\gh ,folk-lore may be ! key to unlock ! out] portal ( ! ,grail ca/le x w n suffice to give u ! entrance to its deep] secrets4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii ,:ile hav+ no connection ) ! ma9 subject ( our /udy1 ! ,grail leg5d1 ,i %\ld l to draw ! att5tion ( /ud5ts ( ,m$ieval lit]ature to ! curi\s p>allel betwe5 ! ,rig-,v$a poem ( ! ,m$ic9e ,man or ,krut]-,li$ z x is also call$1 & ,ru/eboeuf's ,di/ de l',erb]ie4 ,bo? are monologues1 bo? presuppose ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce1 9 ea* case ! speak] is "o :o vaunts 8 skill 9 ! use ( h]bs1 9 ea* case he has 9 view ! ultimate ga9 to himself4 ,"h are ! op5+ l9es ( ! ,m$ieval poem3#a 8,seignor qui ci e/es v5u ,petit et grant1 jone et *5u1 ,il vos e/ trop bi5 av5u ,sa*iez de voir2 ,je ne vos vueil pas deevoir ,bi5 le porroz ap]evoir ,a9z que m'en voise4 ,asiez vos1 ne fetes noise ,si escotez s'il ne vos poise ,je sui uns mires40 ,he has be5 long ) ! "l ( ,caire1 :]e he won mu* gold2 9 ,puille1 ,calabre1 ,lus]ne4 8,ai h]bes prises ,qui de granz v]tuz sont enprises ,sus quelque mal qu'el soi5t mises ,le maus s'enfuit40 ,!re is no ref]5ce 9 ! poem to a cure ab\t to be p]=m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce1 :i* does n h[ev] exclude ! possibility ( su* cure be+ effect$4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k "u :at circum/ances su* a poem 0 recit$1 :e!r x =m$ "p ( a popul> repres5tation4 ,! audi5ce 9 view is ( a mix$ "*1 "y & old1 great & small1 & "o has a vision ( ! ,quack ,doctor at "s village fair1 on ! plat=m be=e 8 boo?1 declaim+ ! virtues ( 8 no/rums be=e an audi5ce repres5tative ( all ranks & ages4 ,x is a f> cry f su* a ,m$ieval sc5e to ! prehi/oric days ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 b ! mise-en-scne is ! same2 ! popul> #8seasonal' fea/1 ! ,doctor ) 8 heal+ h]bs1 :i* he vaunts 9 skilful rhyme1 ! he>]s1 drawn f all ranks1 "s cr$ul\s1 "s amus$4 ,!re seems v little d\bt t bo? poems are specim5s1 & v good specim5s1 ( a g5re ! popul>ity & vitality ( :i* are comm5surate ) ! antiquity ( its orig94#b ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,fi%] ,k+ ,! gradual process ( our inve/igation has l$ u to ! conclusion t ! elem5ts =m+ ! exi/+ ,grail leg5d--! sett+ ( ! /ory1 ! nature ( ! task :i* awaits ! h]o1 ! symbols & _! significance--"o & all1 :ile f9d+ _! c\nt]p>t 9 prehi/oric record1 pres5t rem>kable p>allels to ! extant practice & belief ( c\ntries s widely sep>ate z ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,russia1 & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! explanation ( s curi\s a fact1 = x is a fact1 & n a m]e hypo!sis1 may1 x 0 sugge/$1 mo/ probably be f\nd 9 ! !ory t 9 ?is fasc9at+ lit]ature we h !1 sometimes p>tially und]/ood1 sometimes :olly mis9t]pret$1 record ( a ritual1 orig9ally presum$ to ex]cise a life-giv+ pot5cy1 :i*1 at "o "t ( univ]sal obs]vance1 has1 ev5 9 its decay1 %[n itself possess$ ( elem5ts ( ! mo/ p]si/5t vitality4 ,t if ! ritual1 :i* accord+ to our !ory lies at ! root ( ! ,grail /ory1 be inde$ ! ritual ( a ,life ,cult1 x %\ld1 9 & p] se1 possess precisely ^! *>act]i/ics1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ by any fair-m9d$ critic2 ! po9t ( c\rse is1 c we def9itely prove our !ory1 i4e41 n m]ely po9t to /rik+ p>allels1 b select1 f ! figures & incid5ts compos+ our /ory1 "s "o elem5t1 :i*1 by %[+ itself capable ( explanation on ?is !ory1 & on ?is !ory alone1 may be held to af=d decisive pro( ( ! s\ndness ( our hypo!sis8 ,x seems to me t !re is "o su* elem5t 9 ! bewild]+ complex1 by :i* ! !ory c be ?us def9itely te/$1 t is ! p]sonality ( ! c5tral figure & ! title by :i* he is kn[n4 ,if we c prove t ! ,fi%] ,k+1 qua ,fi%] ,k+1 is an integral "p ( ! ritual1 & c be satisfactorily expla9$ alike by its int5tion1 & inh]5t symbolism1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 h tak5 ! f9al /ep :i* w e/abli% our !ory ^u a sure basis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,fi%] ,k+1 qua ,fi%] ,k+1 does n fit into our framework we %all be =c$ to conclude t1 :ile ! prov5ance ( c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! ,grail lit]ature is practically assur$1 ! ensemble has be5 complicat$ by ! introduction ( a t]m9ology1 :i*1 :e!r ! outcome ( s]i\s int5tion1 or ( m]e lit]>y caprice1 0 =eign to ! orig9al s\rce1 & s f>1 defies explanation4 ,9 ?is latt] case our !ory w\ld n necess>ily be manqu1 b w\ld c]ta9ly be s]i\sly incomplete4 ,we h already se5 t ! p]sonality ( ! ,k+1 ! nature ( ! disability "u :i* he is suff]+1 & ! reflex effect ex]cis$ ^u 8 folk & 8 l&1 correspond1 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann]1 to ! intimate relation at "o "t held to exi/ betwe5 ! rul] & 8 l&2 a relation ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! id5tification ( ! ,k+ ) ! ,div9e pr9ciple ( ,life & ,f]tility4 ,?is relation1 z we h se5 above1 exi/s to-day among c]ta9 ,african tribes4 ,if we exam9e m closely into ! exi/+ v>iants ( our romances1 we %all f9d t ^? v v>iants are n only ?or\ghly dans le cadre ( our propos$ solution1 b also af=d a valuable1 & hi!rto unsuspect$1 indication ( ! relative priority ( ! v]sions4 ,9 ,*apt] ,i1 ,i discuss$ ! task ( ! h]o 9 g5]al1 "h ,i propose to focus att5tion ^u 8 ho/1 & :ile 9 a measure trav]s+ ! same gr\nd1 to d s ) a view to det]m9+ ! true "* ( ?is enigmatic p]sonage4 ,9 ! ,bleh]is v]sion1#a ! "l ( ! ca/le is suff]+ "u no disability :atev]2 he is describ$ z 8tall1 & /rong ( limb1 ( no great age1 b some:at bald40 ,besides ! ,k+ !re is a ,dead ,knight ^u a bi]1 ov] ^: body ,vesp]s = ! ,dead are solemnly sung4 ,! wa/+ ( ! l&1 p>tially re/or$ by ,gawa9's "q conc]n+ ! ,lance1 has be5 caus$ by ! #8,dolor\s ,/roke1' i4e41 ! /roke :i* br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( ! ,knight1 ^: id5tity is "h nev] reveal$4 ,c]ta9 v]sions :i* int]polate ! acc\nt ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ! ,grail1 allude to #8,le ri*e ,pes*eur' & 8 heirs z ,joseph's desc5dants1 &1 presumably1 = x is n directly /at$1 gu>dians ( ! ,grail1#b b ! ,k+ himself is "h nev] call$ by t title4 ,f 8 connection ) ! ,wa/e ,l& x seems m probable t x 0 ! ,dead ,knight :o fill$ t rle4 ,9 ! second v]sion ( :i* ,gawa9 is ! h]o1 t ( ,di ,crne1#c ! ,ho/ is an old & infirm man4 ,aft] ,gawa9 has ask$ ! "q we le>n t he is really dead1 & only compell$ to reta9 ! semblance ( life till ! task ( ! ,que/] be a*iev$4 ,"h1 aga91 he is n call$ ! ,fi%] ,k+4 ,9 ! ,p]ceval v]sions1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ! "n inv>iably associat$ ) him1 b he is n always directly connect$ ) ! mis=tunes :i* h fall5 ^u 8 l&4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,wau*i] texts are incomplete1 break+ (f at ! critical mom5t ( ask+ ! "q1 ,manessi] :o cont9ues1 & o/5sibly completes1 ,wau*i]1 introduces ! ,dead ,knight1 "h ,goondes]t1 or ,gondef] 7:i* ,i suspect is ! m correct =m71 bro!r ( ! ,k+1 ^: dea? by trea*]y has plung$ ! l& 9 mis]y1 & be5 ! direct cause ( ! self-w\nd+ ( ! ,k+4#d ,! heal+ ( ! ,k+ & ! re/oration ( ! l& dep5d ^u ,p]ceval's slay+ ! murd]] ,p>t9al4 ,^! two v]sions %[ a comb9ation ( ,p]ceval & ,gawa9 !mes1 su* z _! respective dates might lead u to expect4 ,rob]t de ,borron is ! only writ] :o gives a cle>1 & tol]ably reasonable1 acc\nt ( :y ! gu>dian ( ! ,grail be>s ! title ( ,fi%] ,k+2 9 o!r cases1 su* z ! poems ( ,*rti5 & ,wolfram1 ! "n is connect$ ) 8 p>tiality = fi%+1 an obvi\sly po/ hoc addition4 ,! /ory 9 "q is f\nd 9 ,borron's ,joseph ( ,arima!a4#e ,"h we are told h[1 dur+ ! w&]+s ( t holy man & 8 companions 9 ! wild]ness1 c]ta9 ( ! company fell into s94 ,by ! comm& ( ,god1 ,brons1 ,joseph's bro!r-9-law1 caught a ,fi%1 :i*1 ) ! ,grail1 provid$ a my/ic meal ( :i* ! unwor?y _c p>take2 ?us ! s9n]s 7 sep>at$ f ! righte\s4 ,h5ce=w>d ,brons 0 kn[n z #8,! ,ri* ,fi%]4' ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,p]ceval romance1 ascrib$ to ,borron1 ! title is z a rule1 ,roi ,pes*eur1 n ,ri*e ,pes*eur4#f ,9 ?is romance ! ,k+ is n suff]+ f any special malady1 b is ! victim ( extreme old age2 n surpris+1 z he is ,brons himself1 :o has surviv$ f ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity to ! days ( ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,we are told t ! effect ( ask+ ! "q w be to re/ore him to y\?2#g z a matt] ( fact x appe>s to br+ ab\t 8 dea?1 z he only lives ?ree days aft] 8 re/oration4#h ,:5 we come to ,*rti5's poem we f9d ourselves confront$ ) a /rik+ alt]ation 9 ! pres5tm5t4 ,!re are1 n "o1 b two1 disabl$ k+s2 "o suff]+ f ! effects ( a w\nd1 ! o!r 9 extreme old age4 ,*rti5's poem be+ incomplete we d n "k :at he int5d$ to be ! result ( ! a*iev$ ,que/1 b we may ,i ?9k reasonably conclude t ! w\nd$ ,k+ at lea/ 0 heal$4#i ,! ,p>zival ( von ,es*5ba* foll[s ! same tradition1 b is happily complete4 ,"h we f9d ! w\nd$ ,k+ 0 heal$1 b :at becomes ( ! ag$ man 7"h ! gr&fa!r1 n z 9 ,*rti5 ! fa!r1 ( ! ,fi%] ,k+7 we are n told4#aj ,! ,p]lesvaus is1 z ,i h not$ above1#ac v unsatisfactory4 ,! illness ( ! ,k+ is badly motivat$1 & he dies be=e ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,que/4 ,?is romance1 :ile reta9+ c]ta9 int]e/+1 & und\bt$ly primitive features1 is1 z a :ole1 too late1 & remanie a r$action to be ( mu* use 9 det]m9+ ! "q ( orig9s4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,gr& ,sa9t ,graal & ,que/e v]sions1 bo? ( :i* are too closely connect$ ) ! prose ,lancelot1 & too obvi\sly int5d$ to develope & complete ! donnes ( t romance to be reli$ ^u z evid5ce = ! orig9al =m ( ! ,grail leg5d4#ab ,! v]sion ( ! ,que/e is v confus$3 !re are two k+s at ! ,grail ca/le1 ,pelles1 & 8 fa!r2 sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r1 be>s ! title ( ,roi ,pes*eur4#ac ,!re is besides1 an extremely old1 & desp]ately w\nd$1 k+1 ,mordra9s1 a contempor>y ( ,joseph1 :o practically belongs1 n to ! ,grail tradition1 b to a ,conv]sion leg5d embodi$ 9 ! ,gr& ,sa9t ,graal4#ad ,f9ally1 9 ! late/ cyclic texts1 we h ?ree ,k+s1 all ( :om are w\nd$4#ae ,! above w %[ t ! pres5tm5t ( ?is c5tral figure is mu* confus$2 g5]ally t]m$ ,le ,roi ,pes*eur1 he is sometimes describ$ z 9 middle life1 & 9 full possession ( 8 bodily p[]s4 ,sometimes :ile /ill comp>atively "y he is incapacitat$ by ! effects ( a w\nd1 & is kn[n also by ! title ( ,roi ,mehaign1 or ,maim$ ,k+4 ,sometimes he is 9 extreme old age1 & 9 c]ta9 closely connect$ v]sions ! two ideas are comb9$1 & we h a w\nd$ ,fi%] ,k+1 & an ag$ fa!r1 or gr&fa!r4 ,b ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! significant fact t 9 no case is ! ,fi%] ,k+ a y\?ful "*2 t di/9ction is res]v$ = 8 ,heal]1 & successor4 ,n[ is x possible to arrive at any conclusion z to ! relative value & probable ord] ( ^! conflict+ v>iants8 ,i ?9k t if we admit t !y d1 9 all probability1 repres5t a m or less coh]5t survival ( ! ,nature ritual previ\sly discuss$1 we may1 by help ( :at we "k z to ! v>y+ =ms ( t ritual1 be enabl$ to br+ "s ord] out ( ?is confusion4 ,if we turn back to ,*apt]s #d1 #e1 & #g1 & consult ! evid5ce !re giv5 z to ! ,adonis cults1 ! ,spr+ ,fe/ivals ( ,european ,folk1 ! ,mumm+ ,plays ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! ma9 fact t em]ges is t 9 ! great majority ( ^! cases ! repres5tative ( ! ,_s ( ,vegetation is consid]$ z dead1 & ! object ( ^! c]emonies is to re/ore him to life4 ,?is ,i hold to be ! prim>y =m4 ,?is section _h already be5 writt5 :5 ,i came across ! important article by ,dr ,jevons1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4#af ,c]ta9 ( 8 rem>ks are "h s mu* to ! po9t t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ !m4 ,speak+ ( ! ,mumm+ ,plays1 ! writ] says3 8,! "o po9t 9 :i* !re is no v>iation is t--! "* is kill$ & br\ght to life aga94 ,! play is a c]emonial p]=mance1 or r x is ! developm5t 9 dramatic =m ( :at 0 orig9ally a religi\s or magical rite1 repres5t+ or realiz+ ! revivification ( ! "* sla94 ,?is revivification is ! "o ess5tial & inv>iable feature ( all ! ,mumm]'s plays 9 ,engl&40#ag ,9 c]ta9 cases1 e4g41 ! fam\s ,roman ,spr+ fe/ival ( ,mamurius ,veturius & ! ,swabian c]emony ref]r$ to above1#ah ! c5tral figure is an old man4 ,9 no case d ,i f9d t ! repres5tative ( ,vegetation is m]ely w\nd$1 al?\gh ! nature ( ! ritual w\ld obvi\sly admit ( su* a v>iant4 ,?us1 tak+ ! extant & recogniz$ =ms ( ! ritual into consid]ation1 we might expect to f9d t 9 ! e>lie/1 & lea/ contam9at$1 v]sion ( ! ,grail /ory ! c5tral figure w\ld be dead1 & ! task ( ! ,que/] t ( re/or+ him to life4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t ! ,gawa9 v]sions 7! priority ( :i* is ma9ta9able ^u /rictly lit]>y gr\nds1 ,gawa9 be+ ! orig9al ,ar?urian romantic h]o7 are ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,9 ! "o =m we f9d a ,dead ,knight1 ^: fate is di/9ctly /at$ to h involv$ 8 l& 9 desolation1 9 ! o!r1 an ag$ man :o1 :ile pres]v+ ! semblance ( life1 is 9 reality dead4 ,?is la/ v]sion appe>s to me1 9 view ( our pres5t k1 to be ( extreme critical value4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt t 9 ! prim>y =m und]ly+ our extant v]sions ! ,k+ 0 dead1 & re/or$ to life2 at fir/1 ,i /rongly suspect1 by ! ag5cy ( "s my/]i\s h]b1 or h]bs1 a feature reta9$ 9 c]ta9 =ms ( ! ,mumm+ play4 ,9 ! next /age1 t repres5t$ by ,borron1 he is suff]+ f extreme old age1 & ! task ( ! ,que/] is to re/ore him to y\?4 ,?is v]sion is aga9 support$ by extant p>allels4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases x seems mo/ probable t ! orig9al ritual 7,i %\ld wi% x to be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i hold ! ,grail /ory to h be5 prim>ily dramatic1 & actually p]=m$7 involv$ an act ( sub/itution4 ,! ,dead ,k+ 9 ! fir/ case be+ probably repres5t$ by a m]e effigy1 9 ! second be+ an old man1 8 place 01 at a giv5 mom5t ( ! ritual1 tak5 by ! y\? :o play$ ! rle ( ! ,que/]4 ,x is notewor?y t1 :ile bo? ,p]ceval & ,galahad are repres5t$ z m]e lads1 ,gawa91 :atev] 8 age at ! mom5t ( ! ,grail que/1 01 z we le>n f ,di ,crne1 d[]$ by 8 fairy ,mi/ress ) ! gift ( et]nal y\?4#ai ,! v]sions ( ,*rti5 & ,wolfram1 :i* pres5t u ) a w\nd$ ,fi%] ,k+1 & a fa!r1 or gr&fa!r1#bj 9 extreme old age1 are due 9 my op9ion to a lit]>y device1 int5d$ to comb9e two exi/+ v>iants4 ,t ! subject matt] 0 well und]/ood by ! orig9al r$actor ( ! common s\rce is prov$ by ! nature ( ! injury1#ba b ,i hold t 9 ^! v]sions we h pass$ f ! doma9 ( ritual to t ( lit]ature4 ,/ill1 we h a curi\s indication t ! ,w\nd+ v>iant may h _h its place 9 ! =m]4 ,! sugge/ion made above z to ! probable exi/5ce 9 ! primitive ritual ( a sub/itution c]emony1 seems to me to provide a possible explanation ( ! feature f\nd alike 9 ,wolfram1 & 9 ! closely alli$ ,grail section ( ,sone de ,nansai2 i4e41 t ! w\nd ( ! ,k+ 0 a puni%m5t = s91 he _h conceiv$ a passion = a ,pagan pr9cess4#bb ,n[ !re w\ld be no incongruity 9 repres5t+ ! ,dead ,k+ z reborn 9 y\?ful =m1 ! ag$ ,k+ z rev5u dans sa juv5ce1 b :5 ! c5tral figure 0 a man 9 ! prime ( life "s reason _h to be f\nd1 8 /r5g? & vitality be+ re/or$1 = 8 sup]session by ! appo9t$ ,heal]4 ,?is sup]session 0 adequately motivat$ by ! suppos$ transgression ( a fundam5tal ,*ri/ian law1 entail+ z consequ5ce ! =feiture ( 8 cr[n4 ,i w\ld ?us sep>ate ! d\bl+ !me1 z f\nd 9 ,*rti5 & ,wolfram1 f ! w\nd$ !me1 equally common to ^! poets4 ,?is latt] might possibly be acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd ( a ritual v>iant2 ! fir/ is purely lit]>y1 explicable nei!r on ! exot]ic1 nor ! esot]ic1 aspect ( ! c]emony4 ,f ! exot]ic po9t ( view !re are n1 & !re _c be1 two ,k+s suff]+ f p>allel disability2 ! ritual kn[s "o ,pr9ciple ( ,life1 & "o alone4 ,equally f ! esot]ic /&po9t ,fi%] ,k+1 & ,maim$ ,k+1 repres5t+ two diff]5t aspects ( ! same p]sonality1 may1 & probably 71 repres5t$ z two individuals1 b "o alone is disabl$4 ,fur!r1 z ! two are1 9 v tru?1 "o1 !y %\ld be equals 9 age1 n ( diff]5t g5]ations4 ,?us ! ,bleh]is v]sion :i* gives u a ,dead ,knight1 presumably1 f 8 hav+ be5 sla9 9 battle1 /ill 9 vigor\s manhood1 & a hale ,k+ is1 ritually1 ! m correct4 ,! orig9al ( ,manessi]'s v]sion mu/ h be5 simil>1 b ! fact t by ! "t x 0 compil$ ! ,fi%] ,k+ 0 g5]ally accept$ z be+ also ! ,maim$ ,k+ l$ to ! introduction ( ! v awkw>d1 & poorly motivat$1 self-w\nd+ incid5t4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ?is case ! ,k+ is n heal$ ei!r at ! mom5t ( ! slay+ ( 8 bro!r's murd]] 7:i* w\ld be ! logical result ( ! donnes ( ! tale71 nor at ! mom5t ( contact ) ! successful ,que/]1 b at ! m]e ann\ncem5t ( 8 approa*4#bc ,?us1 if we consid] ! ,k+1 ap>t f 8 title1 we f9d t alike f 8 position 9 ! /ory1 8 close connection ) ! =tunes ( 8 l& & p1 & ! v>y+ =ms ( ! disability ( :i* he is ! victim1 he corresponds ) rem>kable exactitude to ! c5tral figure ( a well-recogniz$ ,nature ritual1 & may !re=e ju/ly be claim$ to belong ab orig9e to su* a hypo!tical s\rce4 ,b :at ab\t 8 title1 :y %\ld he be call$ ! ,fi%] ,k+8 ,"h we /rike :at ,i hold to be ! ma9 crux ( ! problem1 a feature ^u :i* s*ol>s h exp5d$ mu* ?\ght & +5uity1 a feature :i* ! au?ors ( ! romances !mselves ei!r did n always und]/&1 or 7 at pa9s to obscure by ! introduction ( ! obvi\sly po/ hoc 8motif0 above ref]r$ to1 i4e41 t he 0 call$ ! ,fi%] ,k+ because ( 8 devotion to ! pa/ime ( fi%+3 -propos ( :i* ,he9zel s5sibly rem>ks1 t ! /ory ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ 8presupposes a leg5d ( ?is p]sonage only vaguely kn[n & rememb]$ by ,*rti540#bd ,practically ! int]pretations already attempt$ fall into two ma9 gr\ps1 :i* we may designate z ! ,*ri/ian-,leg5d>y1 & ! ,celtic-,folk-lore int]pretations4 ,= ^? :o hold t ! ,grail /ory is ess5tially1 & fundam5tally1 ,*ri/ian1 f9d+ its root 9 ,eu*>i/ic symbolism1 ! title is naturally connect$ ) ! use ( ! ,fi% symbol 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity3 ! ,ic?ys anagram1 z appli$ to ,*ri/1 ! title #8,fi%]s ( ,m51' be/[$ ^u ! ,apo/les1 ! ,papal r+ ( ! ,fi%]man--?\gh x mu/ be not$ t no manipulation ( ! ,*ri/ian symbolism avails satisfactorily to acc\nt = ! lam5table condition into :i* ! be>] ( ! title has fall54#be ,! advocates ( ! ,folk-lore !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 practically evade ?is ma9 difficulty1 by bas+ _! int]pretation ^u ,borron's /ory ( ! cat*+ ( ! ,fi% by ,brons1 equat+ ?is "* ) ! ,bran ( ,wel% tradition1 & po9t+ to ! exi/5ce1 9 ,iri% & ,wel% leg5d1 ( a ,salmon ( ,wisdom1 ! ta/+ ( ^: fle% conf]s all k4 ,h]tz acutely rem>ks t ! incid5t1 z relat$ by ,borron1 is n ( su* importance z to ju/ify ! /ress laid ^u ! "n1 ,ri* ,fi%]1 by lat] writ]s4#bf ,we may also note 9 ?is connection t ! ,grail romances nev] employ ! =m #8,wise ,fi%]1' :i*1 if ! orig9 ( ! "n 7 t propos$ above1 we might reasonably expect to f9d4 ,x is obvi\s t a satisfactory solution ( ! problem mu/ be s\ght else:]e4 ,9 my op9ion ! key to ! puzzle is to be f\nd 9 ! rightful und]/&+ ( ! ,fi%-,fi%] symbolism4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,grail lit]ature h be5 too prone to treat ! "q on ! ,*ri/ian basis alone1 oblivi\s ( ! fact t ,*ri/ianity did no m ?an take ov]1 & adapt to its own use1 a symbolism already end[$ ) a deeply root$ pre/ige & importance4 ,s f> ! subject _c be said to h receiv$ adequate treatm5t2 c]ta9 ( its aspects h be5 m or less fully discuss$ 9 monographs & isolat$ articles1 b we /ill await a compreh5sive /udy on ?is mo/ important "q4#bg ,s f> z ! pres5t /ate ( our k goes we c affirm ) c]ta9ty t ! ,fi% is a ,life symbol ( immemorial antiquity1 & t ! title ( ,fi%] has1 f ! e>lie/ ages1 be5 associat$ ) ,deities :o 7 held to be specially connect$ ) ! orig9 & pres]vation ( ,life4 ,9 ,indian cosmogony ,manu f9ds a little fi% 9 ! wat] 9 :i* he w\ld wa% 8 h&s2 x asks1 & receives1 8 protection1 ass]t+ t :5 gr[n to full size x w save ,manu f ! univ]sal deluge4 ,?is is ,jhasa1 ! greate/ ( all fi%4#bh ,! fir/ ,avat> ( ,vi%nu ! ,creator is a ,fi%4 ,at ! great fea/ 9 hon\r ( ?is god1 held on ! twelf? day ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,indian ye>1 ,vi%nu is repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a gold5 ,fi%1 & address$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,wie ,du1 ,o ,gott1 9 ,ge/alt e9es ,fis*es die 9 d] ,unt]welt bef9dli*5 ,v$5 g]ettet ha/1 s rette au* mi*40#bi ,! ,fi% ,avat> 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,buddha4 ,9 ,buddhi/ religion ! symbols ( ! ,fi% & ,fi%] are freely employ$4 ,?us 9 ,buddhi/ mona/]ies we f9d drums & gongs 9 ! %ape ( a fi%1 b ! true mean+ ( ! symbol1 :ile /ill reg>d$ z sacr$1 has be5 lo/1 & ! explanations1 l ! explanations ( ! ,grail romances1 are (t5 fanta/ic aft]?\ghts4 ,9 ! ,mhyana scriptures ,buddha is ref]r$ to z ! ,fi%]man :o draws fi% f ! ocean ( ,sams>a to ! light ( ,salvation4 ,!re are figures & pictures :i* repres5t ,buddha 9 ! act ( fi%+1 an attitude :i*1 unless int]pret$ 9 a symbolic s5se1 w\ld be utt]ly at v>iance ) ! t5ets ( ! ,buddhi/ religion4#cj ,?is also holds good = ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,! goddess ,kwany9 7,avalokitesv>a71 ! female ,deity ( ,m]cy & ,salvation1 is depict$ ei!r on1 or hold+1 a ,fi%4 ,9 ! ,han palace ( ,kun-,m+-,*'ih !re 0 a ,fi% c>v$ 9 jade to :i* 9 "t ( dr\ght sacrifices 7 (f]$1 ! pray]s be+ always answ]$4 ,bo? 9 ,india & ,*9a ! ,fi% is employ$ 9 fun]al rites4 ,9 ,india a cry/al b[l ) ,fi% h&les 0 f\nd 9 a reput$ tomb ( ,buddha4 ,9 ,*9a ! symbol is f\nd on /one slabs enclos+ ! c(f91 on bronze urns1 vases1 etc4 ,ev5 z ! ,babylonians _h ! ,fi%1 or ,fi%]1 god1 ,oannes :o reveal$ to !m ! arts ( ,writ+1 ,agriculture1 etc41 & 01 z ,eisl] puts x1 #8tea*] & "l ( all wisdom1' s ! ,*9ese ,fu-,hi1 :o is pictur$ ) ! my/ic tablets conta9+ ! my/]ies ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 is1 ) 8 consort & ret9ue1 repres5t$ z hav+ a fi%'s tail4#ca ,! writ] ( ! article 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ass]ts t 8! ,fi% 0 sacr$ to ^? deities :o 7 suppos$ to lead m5 back f ! %ad[s ( dea? to life40#cb ,if ?is be really ! case we c und]/& ! connection ( ! symbol fir/ ) ,orpheus1 lat] ) ,*ri/1 z ,eisl] rem>ks3 8,orpheus is connect$ ) ne>ly all ! my/]y1 & a great _m ( ! ord9>y *?onic1 cults 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,*ri/ianity took its fir/ t5tative /eps into ! reluctant _w ( ,graeco-,roman ,paganism "u ! b5evol5t patronage ( ,orpheus40#cc ,!re is ?us little reason to d\bt t1 if we reg>d ! ,fi% z a ,div9e ,life symbol1 ( immemorial antiquity1 we %all n g v f> a/ray4 ,we may note "h t !re 0 a fi% kn[n to ! ,semites by ! "n ( ,adonis1 al?\gh z ! title signifies #8,"l1' & is g5]ic r ?an specific1 too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u x4 ,x is m int]e/+ to "k t 9 ,babylonian cosmology ,adapa ! ,wise1 ! son ( ,ea1 is repres5t$ z a ,fi%]4#cd ,9 ! anci5t ,sum]ian lam5ts = ,tammuz1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 t god is frequ5tly address$ z ,div9e ,lamg>1 ,"l ( ! ,net1 ! ne>e/ equival5t ,i h s f> f\nd to our #8,fi%] ,k+4'#ce ,:e!r ! phrase is "h us$ 9 an actual or a symbolic s5se ! connection ( idea is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! mo/ rec5t writ]s on ! subject ! ,*ri/ian ,fi% symbolism d]ives directly f ! ,jewi%1 ! ,jews1 on _! side hav+ borr[$ freely f ,syrian belief & practice4#cf ,:at may be reg>d$ z ! c5tral po9t ( ,jewi% ,fi% symbolism is ! tradition t1 at ! end ( ! _w1 ,messias w cat* ! great ,fi% ,levia?an1 & divide its fle% z food among ! fai?ful4 ,z a =e%ad[+ ( ?is ,messianic ,fea/ ! ,jews 7 9 ! habit ( eat+ fi% ^u ! ,sabba?4 ,dur+ ! ,captivity1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,at>gatis1 !y transf]r$ ! c]emony to ! ,friday1 ! eve ( ! ,sabba?1 a position :i* x has reta9$ to ! pres5t day4 ,eisl] rem>ks t 89 ,galicia "o c see ,israelite families 9 spite ( _! be+ r$uc$ to ! extreme/ mis]y1 procur+ on ,fridays a s+le gudgeon1 to eat1 divid$ into fragm5ts1 at night-fall4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ,rabbi ,solomon ,luria prote/$ /rongly aga9/ ?is practice4 ,fi%1 he decl>$1 %\ld be eat5 on ! ,sabba? itself1 n on ! ,eve40#cg ,?is ,jewi% cu/om appe>s to h be5 adopt$ by ! primitive ,*ur*1 & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 on _! side1 celebrat$ a ,sacram5tal ,fi%-meal4 ,! ,catacombs supply u ) num]\s illu/rations1 fully describ$ by ! two writ]s ref]r$ to4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is my/ic meal 7 ,fi%1 ,bread1 & ,w9e1 ! la/ be+ repres5t$ 9 ! ,messianic tradition3 8,at ! end ( ! meal ,god w give to ! mo/ wor?y1 i4e41 to ,k+ ,david1 ! ,cup ( ,bless+--"o ( fabul\s dim5sions40#ch ,fi% play an important "p 9 ,my/]y ,cults1 z be+ ! #8holy' food4 ,^u a tablet d$icat$ to ! ,phrygian ,mat] ,magna we f9d ,fi% & ,cup2 & ,dlg]1 speak+ ( a votive tablet discov]$ 9 ! ,balkans1 says1 8,hi] i/ d] ,fis* imm] und imm] wi$] allzu deutli* als die heilige ,speise e9es ,my/]i5-,kultes h]vorgehob540#ci ,n[ ,i w\ld submit t "h1 & n 9 ,celtic ,folk-lore1 is to be f\nd ! s\rce ( ,borron's ,fi%-meal4 ,let u consid] ! circum/ances4 ,joseph & 8 foll[]s1 9 ! c\rse ( _! w&]+s1 f9d !mselves 9 dang] ( fam9e4 ,! position is some:at curi\s1 z app>5tly ! lead]s h no idea ( ! condition ( _! foll[]s till ! latt] appeal to ,brons4#dj ,brons in=ms ,joseph1 :o prays = aid & c\nsel f ! ,grail4 ,a ,voice f ,heav5 bids him s5d 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,brons1 to cat* a fi%4 ,mean:ile he1 ,joseph1 is to prep>e a table1 set ! ,grail1 cov]$ ) a clo?1 9 ! c5tre opposite 8 own seat1 & ! fi% :i* ,brons %all cat*1 on ! o!r side4 ,he does ?is1 & ! seats are fill$--8,si s'i asie5t une grant p>tie et plus i ot de cels qui n'i si/r5t mie1 que de cels qui si/r5t40 ,^? :o are seat$ at ! table are consci\s ( a great 8d\ceur10 & 8l'accomplissem5t de lor cu]s10 ! re/ feel no?+4 ,n[ comp>e ?is ) ! ,iri% /ory ( ! ,salmon ( ,wisdom4#da ,f9n ,mac ,cumhail ent]s ! s]vice ( 8 namesake1 ,f9n ,eg]1 :o = sev5 ye>s _h rema9$ by ! ,boyne wat*+ ! ,salmon ( ,lynn ,feic1 :i* x _h be5 =etold ,f9n %\ld cat*4 ,! y\ng] lad1 :o conceals 8 "n1 cat*es ! fi%4 ,he is set to wat* x :ile x roa/s b is w>n$ n to eat x4 ,t\*+ x ) 8 ?umb he is burn$1 & puts 8 ?umb 9 8 m\? to cool x4 ,imm$iately he becomes possess$ ( all k1 & !reaft] has only to *ew 8 ?umb to obta9 wisdom4 ,mr ,nutt rem>ks3 8,! incid5t 9 ,borron's poem has be5 reca/ 9 ! m\ld ( m$iaeval ,*ri/ian ,symbolism1 b ,i ?9k ! old] my? c /ill be cle>ly disc]n$1 & is :olly responsible = ! incid5t z f\nd 9 ! ,conte du ,graal40 ,b :5 ^! words 7 writt5 we 7 9 ignorance ( ! ,sacram5tal ,fi%-meal1 common alike to ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,my/]y ,cults1 a meal :i* (f]s a f> clos] p>allel to ,borron's romance ?an does ! ,f9n /ory1 9 :i*1 beyond ! cat*+ ( a fi%1 !re is absolutely no po9t ( contact ) our romance1 nei!r ,joseph nor ,brons d]ives wisdom f ! eat+ !re(2 x is n !y :o detect ! s9n]s1 ! sev]ance betwe5 ! good & ! evil is br\ght ab\t automatically4 ,! ,f9n /ory has no common meal1 & no idea ( spiritual bless+s su* z are connect$ !re)4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,messianic ,fi%-meal1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>allel is /rik+2 9 bo? cases x is a communal meal1 9 bo? cases ! privilege ( %>+ x is ! rew>d ( ! fai?ful1 9 bo? cases x is a =eta/e ( ! bliss ( ,p>adise4 ,fur!rmore1 z rem>k$ above1 ! practice 0 at "o "t ( v widespread preval5ce4 ,n[ :5ce did ,borron d]ive 8 k1 f ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian or ,my/]y s\rces8 ,?is is a "q n v easy to decide4 ,9 view ( ! pron\nc$ ,*ri/ian tone ( ,borron's romance ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to exclude ! fir/1 also ! ,jewi% ,fi%-meal seems to h be5 ( a m op51 g5]al & less symbolic "* ?an ! ,*ri/ian2 x 0 frankly an anticipation ( a promis$ future bliss1 obta9able by all4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[s no?+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,fi%-meal1 s f> z ,i am aw>e x =ms no "p ( any ,apocalyptic expectation1 & :]e ?is special symbolism does occur x is (t5 "u conditions :i* place its int]pretation outside ! recogniz$ category ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,a not$ in/ance 9 po9t is ! fam\s epitaph ( ,bi%op ,ab]kios1 ov] ! correct int]pretation ( :i* s*ol>s h sp5t mu* "t & +5uity4#db ,9 ?is curi\s text ,ab]kios1 aft] m5tion+ 8 j\rneys1 says3 8,paul ,i _h z my guide1 ,fai? h[ev] always w5t ahead & set be=e me z food a ,fi% f a ,f\nta91 a huge "o1 a clean "o1 ,:i* a ,holy ,virg9 has caught4 ,?is %e gave to ! fri5ds ev] to eat z food1 ,hav+ good ,w9e1 & (f]+ x wat]$ toge!r ) ,bread4 ,ab]kios _h ?is engrav$ :5 #gb ye>s ( age 9 tru?4 ,:oev] c und]/& ?is let him pray = ,ab]kios40 ,eisl] 7,i am "h quot+ f ! ,que/ article7 rem>ks1 8,z ! la/ l9e ( our quotation gives u q pla9ly to und]/&1 a numb] ( words :i* we h italiciz$ are obvi\sly us$ 9 an unusual1 metaphorical1 s5se1 t is to say z t]ms ( ! ,*ri/ian ,my/]y language40 ,:ile ,h>nack1 admitt+ t ! ,*ri/ian "* ( ! text is indisputable1 adds significantly3 8ab] das ,*ri/5tum d] ,grosskir*e i/ es ni*t40 ,?us x is possible t1 to ! v>i\s po9ts ( d\btful or?odoxy :i* s*ol>s h not$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,grail romances1 ,borron's ,fi%-meal %\ld also be add$4 ,%\ld x be object$ t ! dep5d5ce ( a m$ieval romance ^u a ,jewi% tradition ( su* antiquity is sc>cely probable1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! ,voyage ( ,sa9t ,br&an1 :]e ! monks1 dur+ _! prolong$ w&]+s1 annually #8kept _! ,resurrection1' i4e41 celebrate _! ,ea/] ,mass1 on ! back ( a great ,fi%4#dc ,on _! fir/ meet+ ) ?is mon/] ,sa9t ,br&an tells !m x is ! greate/ ( all fi%es1 & is nam$ ,ja/oni1 a "n :i* be>s a curi\s resemblance to ! ,jhasa ( ! ,indian tradition cit$ above4#dd ,9 ?is la/ in/ance ! connection ( ! ,fi% ) life1 r5ew$ & su/a9$1 is und5iable4 ,! orig9al s\rce ( su* a symbol is mo/ probably to be f\nd 9 ! belief1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1#de t all life comes f ! wat]1 b t a m s5sual & less ab/ract idea 0 also op]ative appe>s f ! close connection ( ! ,fi% ) ! goddess ,a/>te or ,at>gatis1 a connection "h %>$ by ! ,dove4 ,cumont1 9 8 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91 says3 8,two animals 7 held 9 g5]al rev]5ce1 namely1 ,dove & ,fi%4 ,c\ntless flocks ( ,doves greet$ ! travell] :5 he /epp$ on %ore at ,askalon1 & 9 ! out] c\rts ( all ! temples ( ,a/>te "o might see ! flutt] ( _! :ite w+s4 ,! ,fi% 7 pres]v$ 9 ponds ne> to ! ,temple1 & sup]/iti\s dread =bade _! capture1 = ! goddess puni%$ su* sacrilege1 smit+ ! (f5d] ) ulc]s & tum\rs40#df ,b at c]ta9 my/ic banquets prie/s & initiates p>took ( ?is o!rwise =bidd5 food1 9 ! belief t !y ?us p>took ( ! fle% ( ! goddess4 ,eisl] & o!r s*ol>s are ( ! op9ion t x 0 ! famili>ity ) ?is ritual ga9$ by ! ,jews dur+ ! ,captivity t l$ to ! adoption ( ! ,friday ,fi%-meal1 already ref]r$ to1 ,friday be+ ! day d$icat$ to ! goddess &1 lat]1 to h] equival5t1 ,v5us4 ,f ! ,jews ! cu/om spread to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :]e x /ill fl\ri%es1 its true orig91 x is ne$less to say1 be+ :olly unsuspect$4#dg ,dove & ,fi% also appe> toge!r 9 anci5t iconography4 ,9 ,comte ,goblet d',alviella's "w ,! ,migration ( ,symbols !re is an illu/ration ( a co9 ( ,cyzicus1 on :i* is repres5t$ an ,omphalus1 flank$ by two ,doves1 ) a ,fi% b5ea?2#dh & a :ole section is devot$ to ! discussion ( ! repres5tations ( two ,doves on ei!r side ( a ,temple entrance1 or ( an ,omphalus4 ,9 ! au?or's op9ion ! orig9 ( ! symbol may be f\nd 9 ! sacr$ dove-cotes ( ,pho5icia1 ref]r$ to by ,cumont4 ,s*eftel[itz in/ances ! comb9ation ( ,fi%-meal & ,dove1 f\nd on a ,jewi% tomb ( ! fir/ c5tury at ,syracuse1 & rem>ks t ! two are frequ5tly f\nd 9 comb9ation on ,*ri/ian tomb/ones4#di ,/ud5ts ( ! ,grail romances w n ne$ to be rem9d$ t ! ,dove makes its appe>ance 9 c]ta9 ( our texts4 ,9 ! ,p>zival x plays a some:at important rle2 e ,good ,friday a ,dove br+s f ,heav5 a ,ho/1 :i* x lays ^u ! ,grail2 & ! ,dove is ! badge ( ! ,grail ,knights4#ej ,9 ! prose ,lancelot ! com+ ( ! ,grail procession is h]ald$ by ! entrance ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( a ,dove1 be>+ a c5s] 9 its beak4#ea ,is x n possible t x 0 ! already exi/+ connection 9 ,nature ritual ( ^! two1 ,dove & ,fi%1 :i* l$ to ! introduction ( ! =m] into our romances1 :]e its rle is nev] really adequately motivat$8 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t besides ,dove & ,fi% ! ,syrians rev]5c$ ,/ones1 m especially meteoric ,/ones1 :i* !y held to be end[$ ) life pot5cy1 ano!r po9t ( contact ) our romances4#eb ,t ! ,fi% 0 consid]$ a pot5t factor 9 ensur+ fruitfulness is prov$ by c]ta9 prehi/oric tablets describ$ by ,s*eftel[itz1 :]e ,fi%1 ,horse1 & ,swa/ika1 or 9 ano!r in/ance ,fi% & ,re9de]1 are f\nd 9 a comb9ation :i* unmi/akeably d5otes t ! object ( ! votive tablet 0 to ensure ! fruitfulness ( flocks & h]ds4#ec ,) ?is int5tion its influ5ce 0 also invok$ 9 m>riage c]emonies4 ,! same writ] po9ts out t ! ,jews 9 ,pol& 7 accu/om$ to hold a ,fi% fea/ imm$iately on ! conclusion ( ! m>riage c]emony & t a simil> practice c be prove = ! anci5t ,greeks4#ed ,at ! pres5t day ! ,jews ( ,tunis exhibit a ,fi%'s tail on a cu%ion at _! w$d+s4#ee ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! newly-w$d$ pair wad$ knee-deep into ! wat]1 & caught fi% 9 a new g>m5t4 ,dur+ ! c]emony a ,brahm9 /ud5t1 f ! %ore1 ask$ solemnly1 8,:at see/ ?\80 to :i* ! answ] 0 return$1 8,sons & ,cattle40#ef ,9 all ^! cases !re c be no d\bt t x 0 ! prolific nature ( ! ,fi%1 a feature :i* x %>es 9 common ) ! ,dove1 :i* inspir$ practice & int5tion4 ,surely ! effect ( ?is cumulative body ( evid5ce is to ju/ify u 9 ! belief t ,fi% & ,fi%]1 be+1 z !y und\bt$ly are1 ,life symbols ( immemorial antiquity1 are1 by virtue ( _! orig91 entirely 9 _! place 9 a sequ5ce ( incid5ts :i* !re is solid gr\nd = believ+ d]ive ultimately f a ,cult ( ?is nature4 ,t ,borron's ,fi%-meal1 t ! title ( ,fi%] ,k+1 are n accid5ts ( lit]>y inv5tion b g5u9e & integral p>ts ( ! common body ( tradition :i* has furni%$ ! incid5ts & mise-en-scne ( ! ,grail drama4 ,c x be d5i$ t1 :ile f ! /&po9t ( a ,*ri/ian int]pretation ! "* ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ is simply incompreh5sible1 f ! /&po9t ( ,folk-tale inadequately expla9$1 f t ( a ,ritual survival x assumes a pr(\nd mean+ & significance8 ,he is n m]ely a deeply symbolic figure1 b ! ess5tial c5tre ( ! :ole cult1 a be+ semi-div9e1 semi-human1 /&+ betwe5 8 p & l&1 & ! unse5 =ces :i* control _! de/9y4 ,if ! ,grail /ory be bas$ ^u a ,life ritual ! "* ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! tale1 & 8 title1 s f> f be+ mean+less1 expresses1 = ^? :o are at pa9s to seek1 ! int5tion & object ( ! p]plex+ :ole4 ,! ,fi%] ,k+ is1 z ,i sugge/$ above1 ! v he>t & c5tre ( ! :ole my/]y1 & ,i cont5d t ) an adequate int]pretation ( ?is enigmatic "* ! s\ndness ( ! !ory provid+ su* an int]pretation may be held to be def9itely prov$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,secret ( ! ,grail 7#a7 ,! ,my/]ies ,/ud5ts ( ! ,grail lit]ature _c fail to h be5 impress$ by a c]ta9 atmosph]e ( awe & my/]y :i* surr\nds t enigmatic ,vessel4 ,!re is a secret connect$ ) x1 ! revelation ( :i* w entail dire mis=tune on ! betray]4 ,if spok5 ( at all x mu/ be ) scrupul\s accuracy4 ,x is s secret a ?+ t no woman1 be %e wife or maid1 may v5ture to speak ( x4 ,a prie/1 or a man ( holy life might inde$ tell ! m>vel ( ! ,grail1 b none c he>k5 to ! recital )\t %udd]+1 trembl+1 & *ang+ col\r = v fe>4 8,c'e/ del ,graal dont nus ne doit ,le secret dire ne cont]2 ,c> tel *ose poroit mont] ,li contes a9s qu'il fu/ tos dis ,que teus hom en s]oit m>is ,qui ne l'aroit mie f\rfait4 444444444444444444444444444444 ,c>1 se ,mai/re ,blihis ne m5t ,nus ne doit dire le secr40#a 8,mais la m]velle qu'il trova ,dont ma9tes fois s'espo5ta ,ne doit nus hom cont] ne dire ,cil ki le di/ en a grant ire ,c> c'e/ li signes del ,graal 7o!r texts secrs7 ,s'en puet avoir et pa9e et mal 7,li fet grant pe*i et grant mal7 ,cil qui s'entremet del cont] ,=s ensi com x doit al]40#b ,! above ref]s to ,gawa9's adv5ture at ! ,black ,*apel1 en r\te = ! ,grail ,ca/le4 ,! foll[+ is ! answ] giv5 to ,p]ceval by ! maid5 ( ! ,:ite ,mule1 aft] he has be5 ov]tak5 by a /orm 9 ! =e/4 ,%e tells him ! my/]i\s light he beheld proce$$ f ! ,grail1 b on 8 enquiry z to :at ! ,grail may be1 refuses to give him any in=mation4 8,li di/ #8,sire1 ce ne puet e/re ,que je plus vos en doie dire ,si v\s 4c4 fois e/ies me sire ,n'en os]oie plus cont]1 ,ne de mon labor plus p>l] 7o!r texts1 ma b\*e7 ,c> ce e/ *ose trop secre ,si ne doit e/re raconte ,p> dame ne p> damoisele1 ,p> mesc9e ne p> puciele1 ,ne p> nul home qui soit ns ,si pr\voires n'e/ ord5s1 ,u home qui ma9e sa9te vie1 4444444444444444444444444444 ,cil poroit de,i ,graal p>l]1 ,et la m]velle racont]1 ,que nus hom nel poroit or ,que il ne l'e/uece fremir ,trambl] et remu] color1 ,et empalir de la pa\r4'0#c ,f ?is evid5ce !re is no d\bt t to ! romance writ]s ! ,grail 0 some?+ secret1 my/]i\s & awful1 ! exact k ( :i* 0 res]v$ to a select few1 & :i* 0 only to be spok5 ( ) bat$ brea?1 & a c>eful reg>d to /rict accuracy4 ,b h[ does ?is agree ) ! evid5ce set =? 9 our prec$+ *apt]s8 ,!re we h be5 l$ r to emphasize ! close p>allels exi/+ betwe5 ! *>act]s & incid5ts ( ! ,grail /ory1 & a c]ta9 well-m>k$ gr\p ( popul> beliefs & obs]vances1 n[ v g5]ally recogniz$ z fragm5ts ( a once widespread ,nature ,cult4 ,^! beliefs & obs]vances1 :ile dat+ f remote/ antiquity1 h1 9 _! mod]n survivals1 ( rec5t ye>s1 attract$ ! att5tion ( s*ol>s by _! p]si/5t & p]vasive "*1 & _! endur+ vitality4 ,yet1 s f> z we h hi!rto dealt ) !m1 ^! practices 71 & are1 popul> 9 "*1 op5ly p]=m$1 & devoid ( ! special elem5t ( my/]y :i* is s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ! ,grail4 ,nor1 9 ^! public ,folk-c]emonies1 ^! ,spr+ fe/ivals1 ,dances1 & ,plays1 is !re any?+ :i*1 on ! face ( x1 appe>s to br+ !m into t\* ) ! c5tral my/]y ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,yet ! m5 :o wrote ^! romances saw no incongruity 9 id5tify+ ! my/]i\s ,food-provid+ ,vessel ( ! ,bleh]is-,gawa9 v]sion ) ! ,*alice ( ! ,eu*>i/1 & 9 ascrib+ ! p[] ( be/[+ ,spiritual ,life to t :i* c]ta9 mod]n s*ol>s h id5tifi$ z a ,wuns*-,d+1 a ,folk-tale ,vessel ( ,pl5ty4 ,if !re be a my/]y ( ! ,grail surely ! my/]y lies "h1 9 ! possibility ( id5tify+ two objects :i*1 app>5tly1 lie at ! v opposite poles ( intellectual conception4 ,:at br\ght !m toge!r8 ,:]e %all we seek a connect+ l9k8 ,by :at road did ! romanc]s rea* s /rangely unexpect$ a goal8 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 v g5]ally recogniz$ t 9 ! case ( mo/ ( ! pre-,*ri/ian religions1 ^u ! nature & "* ( ^: rites we possess reliable in=mation1 su* rites possess$ a two-fold "*--exot]ic2 9 celebrations op5ly & publicly p]=m$1 9 :i* all adh]5ts ( t p>ticul> cult c\ld jo9 freely1 ! object ( su* public rites be+ to obta9 "s ext]nal & mat]ial b5efit1 :e!r = ! individual wor%ipp]1 or = ! community z a :ole--esot]ic2 rites op5 only to a fav\r$ few1 ! initiates1 ! object ( :i* appe>s1 z a rule1 to h be5 individual r ?an social1 & non-mat]ial4 ,9 "s cases1 c]ta9ly1 ! object aim$ at 0 ! atta9m5t ( a consci\s1 ec/atic1 union ) ! god1 & ! def9ite assurance ( a future life4 ,9 o!r words !re 0 ! public wor%ip1 & !re 7 ! ,my/]ies4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 a gr[+ t5d5cy among s*ol>s to seek 9 ! ,my/]ies ! clue :i* %all enable u to read aright ! baffl+ riddle ( ! ,grail1 & !re c be little d\bt t1 9 s do+1 we are on ! "r pa?4 ,at ! same "t ,i am conv9c$ t to seek t clue 9 ^? ,my/]ies :i* are at once ! mo/ fam\s1 & ! mo/ famili> to ! classical s*ol>1 i4e41 ! ,eleus9ian1 is a fatal mi/ake4 ,!re are1 z we %all see1 c]ta9 ess5tial1 & radical1 diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,*ri/ian religi\s conceptions :i*1 affect+ z !y d ! root conceptions ( ! two gr\ps1 r5d] x q impossible t any =m ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]y cult c\ld h giv5 su* results z we f9d 9 ! ,grail leg5d4#d ,cumont 9 8 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91 speak+ ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,my/]ies ^u ,*ri/ianity1 rem>ks acutely1 8,or1 lorsqu'on p>le de my/res on doit song] ,i',asie hellnise1 bi5 plus qu' la ,grce propre1 malgr t\t le pre/ige qui ent\rait ,eleusis1 c> d'abord les premires communauts ,*rti5nes se font fondes1 =mes1 dveloppes1 au milieu de populations ,ori5tales1 ,smites1 ,phrygi5s1 ,egypti5s40#e ,?is is p]fectly true1 b x 0 n only ! influ5ce ( milieu1 n only ! fact t ! #8hell5iz$' fai?s 71 z ,cumont po9ts out1 m advanc$1 ri*] 9 ideas & s5tim5ts1 m pregnant1 m poignant1 ?an ! m /rictly #8classic' fai?s1 b !y possess$1 9 common ) ,*ri/ianity1 c]ta9 di/9ctive features lack+ 9 ^! latt]4 ,if we 7 ask$ to def9e ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! c5tral ,*ri/ian rite1 %\ld we n /ate x z be+ a ,sacr$ meal ( ,communion 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]1 n m]ely symbolically1 b actually1 p>takes (1 & becomes "o )1 8 ,god1 receiv+ !reby ! assurance ( et]nal life8 7,! ,body ( ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ pres]ve ?y body & s\l unto ev]la/+ life47 ,b x is precisely ?is conception :i* is lack+ 9 ! ,greek ,my/]ies1 & t inevitably1 z ,rohde po9ts out3 8,! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 9 common ) all ,greek religion1 diff]5tiat$ cle>ly betwe5 gods & m51 e9s i/ d] ,m5s*51 e9 &res d] ,gtt]-,ges*le*t-- 40 ,! atta9m5t ( union ) ! god1 by way ( ec/asy1 z 9 o!r ,my/]y cults1 is =eign to ! ,eleus9ian idea4 ,z ,cumont puts x 8,! ,greco-,roman deities rejoice 9 ! p]petual calm & y\? ( ,olympus1 ! ,ea/]n deities die to live aga940#f ,9 o!r words ,greek religion lacks ! ,sacram5tal idea4 ,?us ev5 if we set aside ! abs5ce ( a p>allel betwe5 ! ritual ( ! ,greek ,my/]ies & ! mise-en-scne ( ! ,grail /ories1 ,eleusis w\ld be unable to (f] u ^? ess5tial elem5ts :i* w\ld h r5d]$ possible a translation ( ! incid5ts ( ^? /ories into t]ms ( high ,*ri/ian symbolism4 ,yet we _c refra9 f ! conclusion t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! leg5d t n m]ely r5d]$ possible1 b actually invit$1 su* a translation4 ,if we ?us dismiss1 z fruitless = our inve/igation1 ! mo/ fam\s repres5tative ( ! ,hell5ic ,my/]ies prop]1 h[ does ! "q /& ) reg>d to ^? fai?s to :i* ,cumont is ref]r+1 ! hell5iz$ cults ( ,asia ,m9or8 ,"h ! evid5ce1 n m]ely ( ! exi/5ce ( ,my/]ies1 b ( _! widespread popul>ity1 & p]meat+ influ5ce1 is ov]:elm+2 ! difficulty is n s mu* to prove our case1 z to select & co-ord9ate ! evid5ce g]mane to our enquiry4 ,reg>d+ ! "q z a :ole x is und\bt$ly true t1 z ,anri* rem>ks1 8! ext5t ( ! lit]ature devot$ to ! ,my/]ies /&s 9 no relation :atev] 7g> ke9em ,v]hltniss7 to ! importance 9 reality atta*$ to !m40#g ,lat] 9 ! same connection1 aft] quot+ ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria's dictum 8,geheime ,d+e wie die ,got!it1 w]d5 d] ,r$e anv]traut1 ni*t d] ,s*rift10 he adds1 8,s*riftli*e ,fixi]ung i/ s*on be9ahe ,entweihung40#h ,a j rem>k :i* x w\ld be well if c]ta9 critics :o make a virtue ( refus+ to accept z evid5ce any?+ %ort ( a direct & positive lit]>y /atem5t w\ld be> 9 m9d4 ,!re are c]ta9 l9es ( rese>* 9 :i*1 z ,bi%op ,butl] long s9ce emphasiz$1 probability mu/ be our guide4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 s f> z our pres5t rese>* is conc]n$1 we h m ?an probability to rely ^u2 n only did ^! ,nature ,cults ) :i* we are deal+ express !mselves 9 ,my/]y t]ms1 b z reg>ds ^! special ,my/]ies we possess cle> & def9ite in=mation1 & we "k1 moreov]1 t 9 ! ,we/]n _w !y 71 ( all ! ,my/]y fai?s1 ! mo/ widely spread1 & ! mo/ influ5tial4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has be=e n[ po9t$ out1 !re are p>allel & ov]-lapp+ =ms ( ?is cult1 ! "n ( ! god1 & c]ta9 details ( ! ritual1 may diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b :e!r he hails f ,babylon1 ,phrygia1 or ,pho5icia1 :e!r he be call$ ,tammuz1 ,attis1 or ,adonis1 ! ma9 l9es ( ! /ory are fix$1 & inv>iable4 ,always he is "y & beautiful1 always ! belov$ ( a great goddess2 always he is ! victim ( a tragic & untimely dea?1 a dea? :i* entails bitt] loss & mis=tune ^u a m\rn+ _w1 & :i*1 = ! salvation ( t _w1 is foll[$ by a resurrection4 ,dea? & ,resurrection1 m\rn+ & rejoic+1 pres5t !mselves 9 %>p anti!sis 9 ea* & all ( ! =ms4 ,we "k ! god be/ z ,adonis1 = x 0 "u t "n t1 ?\gh n orig9ally ,greek1 he became kn[n to ! ,greek _w1 0 adopt$ by !m ) ard\r1 c>ri$ by !m to ,alex&ria1 :]e 8 fea/ assum$ ! "* ( a ,/ate solemnity2 "u t "n 8 /ory has be5 en%r9$ 9 ,art1 & z ,adonis he is lov$ & lam5t$ to ?is day4 ,! ,adonis ritual may be held to be ! classic =m ( ! cult4 ,b 9 ,rome1 ! c5tre ( ,we/]n civilization1 x 0 o!rwise3 !re x 0 ! ,phrygian god :o 0 9 possession2 ! dom9at+ position held by ! cult ( ,attis & ! ,magna ,mat]1 & ! pr(\nd influ5ce ex]cis$ by t cult ov] bett] kn[n1 b subsequ5tly introduc$1 =ms ( wor%ip1 h n1 s f>1 be5 suffici5tly realiz$4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,ori5tal cults to ga9 a foot+ 9 ! ,imp]ial city1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,magna ,mat] ( ,pess9onte 01 = a "t1 rigidly conf9$ )9 ! limits ( h] sanctu>y4 ,! orgia/ic ritual ( ! prie/s ( ,kybele made at fir/ little appeal to ! m discipl9$ temp]am5t ( ! ,roman population4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 x won its way1 & by ! reign ( ,claudius _h become s popul> t ! emp]or in/itut$ public fea/s 9 hon\r ( ,kybele & ,attis1 fea/s :i* 7 celebrat$ at ! ,spr+ sol/ice1 ,m>* #ae?-#bg?4#i ,z ! public fea/ increas$ 9 popul>ity1 s did ! ,my/]y fea/1 ( :i* ! initiat$ alone 7 privileg$ to p>take1 acquire a symbolic significance3 ! foods p>tak5 ( became 8un alim5t de vie spirituelle1 et doiv5t s\t5ir dans les preuves de la vie l'initi40 ,philosoph]s boldly utiliz$ ! framework ( ! ,attis cult z ! vehicle = imp>t+ _! own doctr9es1 8,lorsque le ,noplatonisme triomph]a la fable ,phrygi5ne devi5dra le m\le traditionnel dans lequel des exgtes subtils v]s]ont h>dim5t leurs spculations philosophiques sur les =ces cratrices fcondantes1 pr9cipes de t\tes les =mes matrielles1 et sur la dlivrance de l'me div9e plonge dans la corruption de ce monde t]re/re40#aj ,c]ta9 ( ! ,gno/ic sects1 bo? pre- & po/-,*ri/ian1 appe> to h be5 en?usia/ic p>ticipants 9 ! ,attis my/]ies2#aa ,hepd+1 9 8 ,attis /udy1 goes s f> z to ref] to ,bi%op ,ab]kios1 to ^: enigmatic epitaph our att5tion 0 direct$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 z 8d] ,attis-,prie/]40#ab ,ano!r elem5t aid$ 9 ! diffusion ( ! ritual4 ,( all ! ,ori5tal cults :i* j\rney$ ,we/w>d "u ! aegis ( ,rome none 0 s deeply root$ or s widely spread z ! orig9ally ,p]sian cult ( ,mi?ra--! popul> religion ( ! ,roman legion>y4 ,b betwe5 ! cults ( ,mi?ra & ( ,attis !re 0 a close & intimate alliance4 ,9 p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or ! ,p]sian god _h e>ly tak5 ov] features ( ! ,phrygian deity4 8,aussitt que n\s p\vons con/at] la prs5ce du culte ,p]sique en ,italie n\s le tr\vons troitem5t uni celui de la ,gr&e ,mre de ,pess9onte40#ac ,! union betwe5 ,mi?ra & ! goddess ,anhita 0 held to be ! equival5t ( t subsi/+ betwe5 ! two great ,phrygian deities ,attis-,kybele4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,mi?reum kn[n1 t at ,o/ia1 0 atta*$ to ! ,metroon1 ! temple ( ,kybele4 ,at ,saalburg ! ru9s ( ! two temples are b a few /eps ap>t4 8,l'on a t\t lieu de croire que le culte du dieu ,irani5 et celui de la desse ,phrygi5ne vcur5t en communion intime sur t\te l't5due de l',empire40#ad ,a pro( ( ! close union ( ! two cults is af=d$ by ! my/ic rite ( ! ,taurobolium1 :i* 0 practis$ by bo?1 & :i*1 9 ! ,we/1 at lea/1 seems to h pass$ f ! temples ( ! ,mi?ra to ^? ( ! ,magna ,mat]4 ,at ! same "t ,cumont rem>ks t ! actual rite seems to h be5 practis$ 9 ,asia f a great antiquity1 be=e ,mi?raism _h attribut$ to x a spiritual significance4 ,x is ?us possible t ! rite _h e>li] =m$ a "p ( ! ,attis initiation1 & _h be5 tempor>ily disus$4#ae ,we %all see t ! union ( ! ,mi?ra-,attis cults becomes ( di/9ct importance :5 we exam9e1 7a7 ! spiritual significance ( ^! rituals1 & _! elem5ts ( aff9ity ) ,*ri/ianity1 7b7 _! possible diffusion 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,b n[ :at d we "k ( ! actual details ( ! ,attis my/]ies8 ,! fir/ & mo/ important po9t 0 a ,my/ic ,meal1 at :i* ! food p>tak5 ( 0 s]v$ 9 ! sacr$ vessels1 ! tympanum1 & ! cymbals4 ,! =mula ( an ,attis initiate 0 8,i h eat5 f ! tympanum1 ,i h drunk f ! cymbals40 ,z ,i h rem>k$ above1 ! food ?us p>tak5 ( 0 a ,food ( ,life--8,die ,attis-,di5] 9 d] ,tat e9e magis*e ,speise des ,leb5s aus ihr5 ,kult-,g]t5 zu ess5 me9t540#af ,diet]i* 9 8 int]e/+ /udy entitl$ ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie ref]s to ?is meal z ! c5tre ( ! :ole religi\s action4 ,fur!r1 9 "s my/]i\s mann]1 ! fate ( ! initiate 0 connect$ )1 & dep5d5t ^u1 ! dea? & resurrection ( ! god4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ] ,firmicius ,mat]nus1 at "o "t himself an initiate1 has left an acc\nt ( ! c]emony1 )\t1 h[ev]1 specify+ :e!r ! deity 9 "q 0 ,attis or ,adonis--z ,diet]i* rem>ks 8,0 er erzhlt kann si* auf ,attis-geme9d51 und auf ,adonis-geme9d5 bezieh540 ,?is is :at he says3 8,nocte quadam simulacrum 9 lectica sup9um ponitur1 et p] num]os dige/is fletibus plangitur3 de9de cum se ficta lam5tatione satiav]9t lum5 inf]tur3 tunc a sac]dote omnium qui flebant fauces ungu5tur1 quibus p]unctis sac]dos hoc l5to murmure susurrit3 #8,h c\rage1 ,o initiates ( ! savi\r-god1 ,= !re w be salvation = u f our toils--' on :i* ,diet]i* rem>ks3 8,das ,heil d] ,my/5 hngt an d] ,rettung des ,gottes40#ag 999999 ,note3 ,! above has an ,engli% translation ( ,we/on's ,greek 999999 ,hepd+ holds t 9 "s cases !re 0 an actual burial1 & awak5+ ) ! god to a new life4#ah ,9 any case x is cle> t ! successful issue ( ! te/ ( initiation 0 dep5d5t ^u ! resurrection & revival ( ! god4 ,n[ is x n cle> t we h "h a close p>allel ) ! ,grail romances8 ,9 ea* case we h a common1 & my/ic1 meal1 9 :i* ! food p>tak5 ( /&s 9 close connection ) ! holy vessels4 ,9 ! ,attis fea/ ! initiates actually ate & drank f ^! vessels2 9 ! romances ! ,grail community nev] actually eat f ! ,grail itself1 b ! food is1 9 "s my/]i\s & unexpla9$ mann]1 suppli$ by x4 ,9 bo? cases x is a ,leb5s-,speise1 a ,food ( ,life4 ,?is po9t is especially insi/$ ^u 9 ! ,p>zival1 :]e ! ,grail community nev] become any old] ?an !y 7 on ! day !y fir/ beheld ! ,talisman4#ai ,9 ! ,attis initiation ! pro( t ! c&idate has successfully pass$ ! te/ is af=d$ by ! revival ( ! god--9 ! ,grail romances ! pro( lies 9 ! heal+ ( ! ,fi%] ,k+4 ,?us1 :ile def]r+ = a mom5t any insi/5ce on ! obvi\s po9ts ( p>allelism ) ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/1 & ! possibilities ( ,spiritual tea*+ inh]5t 9 ! c]emonies1 necess>y l9ks 9 our *a9 ( argum5t1 we are1 ,i ?9k1 entitl$ to hold t1 ev5 :5 we pass beyond ! outw>d mise-en-scne ( ! /ory--! m>* ( incid5t1 ! "* ( ! ,k+1 8 title1 8 disability1 & relation to 8 l& & folk--to ! inn] & deep] significance ( ! tale1 ! ,nature ,cults /ill rema9 reliable guides2 x is _! inn]1 _! esot]ic1 ritual :i* w enable u to bridge ! gulf betwe5 :at appe>s at fir/ sight ! :olly irreconcilable elem5ts ( ,folk-tale & high ,spiritual my/]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,secret ( ! ,grail 7#b7 ,! ,naass5e ,docum5t ,we h n[ se5 t ! ,ritual :i*1 z we h po/ulat$1 lies1 9 a fragm5t>y & di/ort$ condition1 at ! root ( our exi/+ ,grail romances1 possess$ elem5ts capable ( assimilation ) a religi\s sy/em :i* ! great bulk ( its mod]n adh]5ts w\ld unhesitat+ly decl>e to be its v anti!sis4 ,t ,*ri/ianity might h borr[$ f previ\sly exi/+ cults c]ta9 outw>d signs & symbols1 might h accommodat$ itself to already exi/+ ,fa/s & ,fea/s1 may be1 p]=ce has _h to be1 m or less grudg+ly admitt$2 t su* a rappro*em5t %\ld h gone fur!r1 t x %\ld ev5 h be5 inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( ! ,fai?1 t1 to "s ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s ( old1 ,*ri/ianity %\ld h be5 held = no new ?+ b a fulfilm5t ( ! promise en%r9$ 9 ! ,my/]ies f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 w to _m be a /range & />tl+ ?\ght4 ,yet s x 01 & ,i firmly believe t x is only 9 ! recognition ( ?is "o-"t claim ( ess5tial k9%ip betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,pagan ,my/]ies t we %all f9d ! key to ! ,secret ( ! ,grail4 ,& "h at ! outset ,i w\ld ask ^? read]s :o are incl9$ to turn ) feel+s ( contemptu\s impati5ce f :at !y deem an unpr(itable discussion ( idle speculations :i* h little or no?+ to d ) a problem !y hold to be "o ( purely lit]>y int]e/1 to be solv$ by lit]>y comp>ison & criticism1 & by no o!r me?od1 to )hold _! v]dict till !y h c>efully exam9$ ! evid5ce ,i am ab\t to br+ =w>d1 evid5ce :i* has nev] s f> be5 exam9$ 9 ?is connection1 b :i* if ,i am n greatly mi/ak5 provides u ) cle> & unmi/akable pro( ( ! actual exi/5ce ( a ritual 9 all po9ts analog\s to t indicat$ by ! ,grail romances4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we h se5 t !re is evid5ce1 & abundant evid5ce1 n m]ely ( ! exi/5ce ( ,my/]ies connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,adonis-,attis1 b ( ! high importance assign$ to su* ,my/]ies2 at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity !y 7 und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul> & ! mo/ influ5tial ( ! =eign cults adopt$ by ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t ,i quot$ c]ta9 passages f ,cumont's ,religions ,ori5tales1 9 :i* he t\*es on ! subject3 "h are two o!r quotations :i* may well s]ve z introduction to ! evid5ce we are ab\t to exam9e4 8,rese>*es on ! doctr9es & practices common to ,*ri/ianity & ! ,ori5tal ,my/]ies almo/ inv>iably g back1 beyond ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire1 to ! ,hell5iz$ ,ea/4 ,x is !re we mu/ seek ! key ( enigmas /ill unsolv$--,! ess5tial fact to rememb] is t ! ,ea/]n religions _h diffus$1 fir/ ant]ior to1 !n p>allel )1 ,*ri/ianity1 doctr9es :i* acquir$ ) ?is latt] a univ]sal au?ority 9 ! decl9e ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! prea*+ ( ,asiatic prie/s prep>$ 9 _! own despite ! triumph ( ! ,*ur*40#a ,b ! triumph ( ! new ,fai? once assur$ ! organiz+1 dom9at+1 influ5ce ( ,imp]ial ,rome spe$ily came into play4 ,*ri/ianity1 orig9ally an ,ea/]n1 became a ,we/]n1 religion1 ! #8,my/]y' elem5ts 7 fr[n$ ^u1 k9%ip ) pre-,*ri/ian fai?s ignor$1 or d5i$2 :]e ! resemblances betwe5 ! cults prov$ too /rik+ = ei!r ( ^! me?ods su* resemblances 7 boldly attribut$ to ! inv5tion ( ! ,fa!r ( ,lies himself1 a cunn+ sn>e :]eby to deceive unw>y s\ls4 ,*ri/ianity 0 c>efully trimm$1 %ap$1 & =c$ into an ,or?odox m\ld1 & any?+ t refus$ to adapt itself to ?is dra/ic process became by t v refusal ana!ma to ! righte\s4 ,small wond] t1 "u su* conditions1 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur* 7 m>k$ by a fruitful crop ( ,h]esies1 & h]esy-hunt+ became an intellectual pa/ime 9 high fav\r among ! /rictly or?odox4 ,among ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod ^: works h be5 pres]v$ ,hippolytus1 ,bi%op ( ,portus 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ?ird c5tury1 0 "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s4 ,he compil$ a volum9\s treatise1 entitl$ ,philosophum5a1 or ,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 ( :i* only "o ,,ms4 & t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has desc5d$ to u4 ,! "w 0 already p>tially kn[n by quotations1 ! fir/ ,book _h be5 attribut$ to ,orig51 & publi%$ 9 ! editio pr9ceps ( 8 works4 ,! text orig9ally consi/$ ( t5 ,books1 b ( ^! ! fir/ ?ree1 & "p ( ! f\r?1 are miss+ f ! ,,ms4 ,! ,orig5 text supplies "p ( ! lacuna1 b two entire ,books1 & "p ( a ?ird are miss+4 ,n[ ^! special ,books1 we le>n f ! ,introduction1 dealt ) ! doctr9es & ,my/]ies ( ! ,egyptians & ,*aldaeans1 ^: mo/ sacr$ secrets ,hippolytus boa/s t he has divulg$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 n only are ^! ,books lack+ b 9 ! ,epitome at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,x4 ! summ>y ( _! cont5ts is also miss+1 a significant detail1 :i*1 z has be5 sugge/$ by critics1 looks l a delib]ate attempt on ! "p ( "s copyi/ to suppress ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! ,books 9 "q4 ,incid5tally ?is w\ld seem to sugge/ t ! wor?y bi%op 0 n mak+ an empty boa/ :5 he claim$ to be a reveal] ( secrets4 ,b :at is ( special int]e/ to u is ! treatm5t met$ out to ! ,*ri/ian ,my/ics1 :om ,hippolytus /igmatizes z h]etics1 & ^: tea*+ he delib]ately ass]ts to be simply t ( ! ,pagan ,my/]ies4 ,he _h come into possession ( a secret docum5t belong+ to "o ( ^! sects1 :om he calls ! ,naass5es2 ?is docum5t he gives 9 full1 & x c]ta9ly ?r[s a mo/ extraord9>y light ^u ! relation :i* ?is e>ly ,*ri/ian sect held to exi/ betwe5 ! ,new1 & ! ,old1 ,fai?4 ,mr ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 9 8 translation ( ! ,h]metic writ+s entitl$ ,?rice-,greate/ ,h]mes1 has giv5 a c>eful translation & detail$ analysis ( ?is mo/ important text1 & x is f 8 "w t ,i %all quote4 ,s f> z ! /ructure ( ! docum5t is conc]n$ ,mr ,mead di/+ui%es ?ree /ages4 7a7 ,an orig9al ,pagan s\rce1 possibly dat+ f ! la/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 b conta9+ mat]ial ( e>li] date4 7b7 ,! work+ ov] ( ?is s\rce by a ,jewi% ,my/ic :om ! critic holds to h be5 a contempor>y ( ,philo4 7c7 ,a subsequ5t work+ ov]1 ) additions1 by a ,*ri/ian ,gno/ic 7,naass5e71 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,f9ally ! text 0 edit$ by ,hippolytus1 9 ! ,refutation1 ab\t #bbb ,a4 ,d4 ,?us ! gr\nd cov]$ is r\ghly f #ej ,b4 ,c4 to #bbj ,a4 ,d4#b ,9 ! translation giv5 by ,mr ,mead ^! successive lay]s are di/+ui%$ by initial lett]s & diff]5ce ( type1 b ^! di/9ctions are n ( importance = u2 :at we desire to "k is :at 0 really held & taught by ^! my/ics ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,mr ,mead1 9 8 introductory rem>ks1 summ>izes ! evid5ce z foll[s3 8,! claim ( ^! ,gno/ics 0 practically t ,*ri/ianity1 or r ! ,good ,news ( ,! ,*ri/1 0 precisely ! consummation ( ! inn] doctr9e ( ! ,my/]y-in/itutions ( all ! nations3 ! end ( !m all 0 ! revelation ( ! ,my/]y ( ,man40#c ,9 o!r words ! tea*+ ( ^! ,naass5es 0 practically a syn!sis ( all ! ,my/]y-religions1 & al?\gh ,hippolytus reg>ds !m z no?+ m ?an devotees ( ! cult ( ! ,magna ,mat]1 we %all see t1 :ile _! doctr9e & tea*+ 7 und\bt$ly bas$ ma9ly ^u ! doctr9e & practices ( ! ,phrygian ,my/]ies1 !y practically id5tifi$ ! deity !re9 wor%ipp$1 i4e41 ,attis1 ) ! presid+ deity ( all ! o!r ,my/]ies4 ,mr ,mead draws att5tion to ! fact t ,hippolytus places ^! ,naass5es 9 ! =e-front ( 8 ,refutation2 !y are ! fir/ gr\p ( ,h]etics ) :om he deals1 & we may !re=e conclude t he consid]$ !m1 if n ! mo/ important1 at lea/ ! olde/1 ( su* sect>ies4#d ,) ^! prefatory rem>ks x w be well to let ! docum5t speak = itself4 ,x is ( consid]able l5g?1 &1 z we h se51 ( intricate con/ruction4 ,i %all !re=e quote only ^? sections :i* be> directly ^u ! subject ( our inve/igation2 any read] desir\s ( full] in=mation c ref] to ,mr ,mead's "w1 or to ! orig9al text publi%$ by ,reitz5/e94#e ,at ! outset x w be well to und]/& t ! c5tral doctr9e ( all ^! ,my/]ies is :at ,reitz5/e9 sums up z 8! doctr9e ( ! ,man1 ! ,heav5ly ,man1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o desc5ds & becomes a slave ( ! ,fate ,sph]e3 ! ,man :o1 ?\gh orig9ally end[$ ) all p[]1 desc5ds into weakness & bondage1 & has to w9 8 own fre$om1 & rega9 8 orig9al /ate4 ,?is doctr9e is n ,egyptian1 b seems to h be5 9 its orig9 "p & p>cel ( ! ,*aldean ,my/]y-tradition & 0 widely spread 9 ,hell5i/ic circles40#f ,?us1 9 ! introductory rem>ks prefix$ by ,hippolytus to ! docum5t he is quot+ he ass]ts t ! ,naass5es hon\r z ! ,logos ( all univ]sals ,man1 & ,son ( ,man--8& !y divide him into ?ree1 = !y say he has a m5tal1 psy*ic1 & *oc aspect2 & !y ?9k t ! ,gnosis ( ?is ,man is ! beg9n+ ( ! possibility ( kn[+ ,god1 say+1 #8,! beg9n+ ( ,p]fection is ! ,gnosis ( ,man1 b ! ,gnosis ( ,god is p]fect$ ,p]fection4' ,all ^!1 m5tal1 psy*ic1 & e>?y1 desc5d$ toge!r into "o ,man1 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,m>y40#g ,?us ! ,my? ( ,man1 ! ,my/]y ( ,g5]ation1 is ! subject matt] ( ! docum5t 9 "q1 & ?is my? is set =? ) ref]5ce to all ! ,my/]ies1 beg9n+ ) ! ,assyrian4 ,p>agraph #e runs3 8,n[ ! ,assyrians call ?is ,my/]y ,adonis1 & :5ev] x is call$ ,adonis x is ,aphrodite :o is 9 love ) & desires ,s\l s-call$1 & ,aphrodite is ,g5esis accord+ to !m40#h ,b 9 ! next section ! writ] jumps f ! ,assyrian to ! ,phrygian ,my/]ies1 say+1 8,b if ! ,"m ( ! ,gods emasculates ,attis1 %e too reg>d+ him z ! object ( h] love1 x is ! ,bless$ ,nature above ( ! sup]-,cosmic1 & ,aeonian spaces :i* calls back ! mascul9e p[] ( ,s\l to h]self40#i ,9 a note to ?is ,mr ,mead quotes f ,! ,life ( ,isidorus3 8,i fell asleep & 9 a vision ,attis seem$ to appe> to me1 & on behalf ( ! ,"m ( gods to initiate me into ! fea/ call$ ,hil>io1 a my/]y :i* discloses ! way ( our salvation f ,hades40 ,?r\gh\t ! docum5t ref]5ce is cont9ually made to ! ,phrygians & _! doctr9e ( ,man4 ,! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies are !n treat$ ( z subsequ5t to ! ,phrygian1 8aft] ! ,phrygians1 ! ,a!nians10 b ! tea*+ is repres5t$ z be+ ess5tially id5tical4 ,we h !n a passage ( great int]e/ = our inve/igation1 9 :i* ! ,my/]ies are %>ply divid$ into two classes1 & _! sep>ate cont5t cle>ly def9$4 ,!re are--8! little ,my/]ies1 ^? ( ! ,fle%ly ,g5]ation1 & aft] m5 h be5 initiat$ into !m !y %\ld cease = a :ile & become initiat$ 9 ! ,great1 ,heav5ly1 ,my/]ies--= ?is is ! ,gate ( ,heav51 & ?is is ! ,h\se ( ,god1 :]e ! ,good ,god dwells alone1 into :i* ,h\se no impure man %all come40#aj ,hippolytus rem>ks t 8^! ,naass5es say t ! p]=m]s 9 !atres1 !y too1 nei!r say nor d any?+ )\t design--= example1 :5 ! p assemble 9 ! !atre1 & a man comes on ! /age clad 9 a robe diff]5t f all o!rs1 ) lute 9 h& on :i* he plays1 & ?us *ants ! ,great ,my/]ies1 n kn[+ :at he says3 #8,:e!r ble/ ,*ild ( ,kronos1 or ( ,zeus1 or ( ,great ,rhea1 ,hail ,attis1 ?\ m\rnful song ( ,rhea6 ,assyrians call !e ?rice-long$-= ,adonis2v ,all ,egypt calls !e ,osiris2 ,! ,wisdom ( ,hellas names !e ,m5's ,heav5ly ,horn2 ,! ,samo?racians call !e augu/ ,adama2v ,! ,haemonians1 ,korybas2 ,! ,phrygians "n !e ,papa sometimes2 ,at times aga9 ,dead1 or ,god1 or ,unfruitful1 or ,aipolos2 ,or ,gre5 ,reap$ ,:eat-e>2 ,or ! ,fruitful t ,amygdalas br\ght =?1 ,man1 ,pip]--,attis6' ,?is is ! ,attis ( _m =ms1 ( :om !y s+ z foll[s3 #8,( ,attis w ,i s+1 ( ,rhea's ,belov$1 ,n ) ! boom+ ( bells1 ,nor ) ! deep-ton$ pipe ( ,idaean ,kuretes2 ,b ,i w bl5d my song ) ,phoebus' music ( ! lyre2 ,evoi1 ,evan1--= ?\ art ,pan1 ?\ ,bac*us art1 & ,%eph]d ( bright />s6'0#aa ,on ?is ,hippolytus comm5ts3 8,= ^! & su*like reasons ^! ,naass5es frequ5t :at are call$ ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,great ,"m1 believ+ t !y obta9 ! cle>e/ view ( ! univ]sal ,my/]y f ! ?+s done 9 !m40 ,& aft] all ?is evid5ce ( elaborate syncretism1 ?is practical id5tification ( all ! ,my/]y-gods ) ! ,vegetation deity ,adonis-,attis1 we are confront$ 9 ! conclud+ p>agraph1 aft] /at+ t 8! ,true ,gate is ,jesus ! ,bless$10 ) ?is a/\nd+ claim1 f ! p5 ( ! late/ r$actor1 8,& ( all m5 we alone are ,*ri/ians1 accompli%+ ! ,my/]y at ! ,?ird ,gate40#ab ,n[ :at conclusions are to be drawn f ?is docum5t :i*1 9 its entirety1 ,mr ,mead reg>ds z 8! mo/ important s\rce we h = ! high] side 7reg5]ation7 ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,my/]ies08 ,fir/ ( all1 does x n provide a complete & ov]:elm+ ju/ification ( ^? s*ol>s :o h insi/$ ^u ! importance ( ^! ,vegetation cults--a ju/ification ( :i*1 f ! v nature ( _! /udies1 !y c\ld n h be5 aw>e8 ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 & ^? :o foll[$ him1 h dealt ) ! public side ( ! cult1 ) its importance z a recogniz$ vehicle = obta9+ mat]ial advantages2 x 0 ! social1 r ?an ! individual1 aspect :i* appeal$ to !m4 ,n[ we f9d t 9 ! imm$iate pre- & po/-,*ri/ian era ^! cults 7 consid]$ n only mo/ pot5t factors = assur+ ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( l& & folk1 b 7 also held to be ! mo/ appropriate vehicle = imp>t+ ! highe/ religi\s tea*+4 ,! ,vegetation deities1 ,adonis-,attis1 & m especially ! ,phrygian god1 7 ! *os5 guides to ! k (1 & union )1 ! supreme ,spiritual ,s\rce ( ,life1 ( :i* !y 7 ! communicat+ m$ium4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?\gh ! docum5t be=e u is1 9 its actual =m1 ! expression ( fai? ( a discr$it$ #8,*ri/ian-,gno/ic' sect1 ! ess5tial gr\ndwork ^u :i* x is elaborat$ belongs to a p]iod ant]ior to ,*ri/ianity1 & t ! ,ode 9 hon\r ( ,attis quot$ above n only =ms "p ( ! orig9al s\rce1 b is1 9 ! op9ion ( compet5t critics1 e>li] ?an ! s\rce itself4 ,i w\ld also recall to ! memory ( ! read] ! passage previ\sly quot$ f ,cumont1 9 :i* he ref]s to ! use made by ! ,neo-,platoni/ philosoph]s ( ! ,attis leg5d1 z ! m\ld into :i* !y p\r$ _! special !ories ( ! univ]se1 & ( g5]ation4#ac ,c ! importance ( a cult capable ( su* f>-rea*+ developm5ts be easily exagg]at$8 ,secondly1 & ( m imm$iate importance = our inve/igation1 is x n evid5t t we h "h all ! elem5ts necess>y = a my/ical developm5t ( ! ,grail tradition8 ,! ,exot]ic side ( ! cult gives u ! ,human1 ! ,folk-lore1 elem5ts--! ,suff]+ ,k+2 ! ,wa/e ,l&2 ! effect ^u ! ,folk2 ! task t lies be=e ! h]o2 ! gr\p ( ,grail symbols4 ,! ,esot]ic side provides u ) ! ,my/ic ,meal1 ! ,food ( ,life1 connect$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) a ,vessel :i* is ! c5tre ( ! cult2 ! comb9ation ( t vessel ) a ,weapon1 a comb9ation be>+ a well-kn[n #8g5]ative' significance2 a d\ble initiation into ! s\rce ( ! l[] & high] sph]es ( ,life2 ! ultimate pro( ( ! successful issue ( ! f9al te/ 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,k+4 ,i w\ld ask any hone/-m9d$ critic :e!r any ( ! num]\s !ories previ\sly advanc$ has %[n itself capable ( furni%+ s compreh5sive a solution ( ! ensemble problem8 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! acceptance ( ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! /ory 9 no way excludes ! possibility ( ! introduction ( o!r elem5ts dur+ ! p]iod ( romantic evolution4 ,z ,i h previ\sly insi/$1#ad n all ( ^? :o h&l$ ! !me knew ! real "* ( ! mat]ial ) :i* !y 7 deal+1 :ile ev5 among ^? :o did "k !re 7 "s :o all[$ !mselves consid]able latitude 9 _! me?ods ( composition2 :o did n scruple to introduce elem5ts =eign to ! orig9al ,/(f1 b :i* w\ld make an appeal to ! public ( ! day4 ,?us :ile ,bleh]is :o1 ,i believe1 really held a tradition ( ! orig9al cult1 cont5t$ himself ) a practically simple recital ( ! initiations1 lat] r$actors1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,crusades1 & ! ,long9us leg5d--possibly also actuat$ by a desire to sub/itute a m edify+ explanation ?an t orig9ally (f]$--add$ a directly ,*ri/ian int]pretation ( ! ,lance4 ,z x is conc]n+ ! ,lance alone t ,gawa9 asks1 ! fir/ modification mu/ h be5 at ?is po9t2 ! br++ into l9e ( ! tw9 symbol1 ! ,vase1 w\ld come lat]4 ,! fell[%ip1 x may ev5 be1 ! rivalry1 betwe5 ! two great ,b5$ict9e h\ses ( ,fescamp & ,gla/onbury1 l$ to ! r$action1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! latt]1 ( a ,sa9t-,sang leg5d1 p>allel to t :i* 0 ! g5u9e possession ( ! ,fr5* h\se4#ae ,= we mu/ emphasize ! fact t ! orig9al ,joseph-,gla/onbury /ory is a ,sa9t-,sang1 & n a ,grail leg5d4 ,a phial conta9+ ! ,blood ( ,our ,"l 0 said to h be5 buri$ 9 ! tomb ( ,joseph--surely a curi\s fate = s preci\s a relic--& ! ,abbey nev] laid claim to ! possession ( ! ,vessel ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4#af ,_h x done s x w\ld c]ta9ly h become a not$ c5tre ( pilgrimage--z ,dr ,brugg] acutely rem>ks su* relics are besu*t1 n gesu*t4 ,b !re is reason to believe t ! k9dr$ ,abbey ( ,fescamp _h develop$ its g5u9e ,sa9t-,sang leg5d into a ,grail romance1 & !re is critical evid5ce to lead u to suppose t ! text we "k z ,p]lesvaus 01 9 its orig9al =m1 n[ x is to be fe>$ practically impossible to recon/ruct1 connect$ ) t ,abbey4 ,z we h x1 ?is alone1 ( all ! ,grail romances1 connects ! h]o alike ) ,nicodemus1 & ) ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 ! respective protagoni/s ( ! ,sa9t-,sang leg5ds2 :ile its ass]tion t ! orig9al ,lat9 text 0 f\nd 9 a holy h\se situat$ 9 m>%es1 ! burial place ( ,ar?ur & ,gu5ev]e1 unmi/akably po9ts to ,gla/onbury4 ,9 any case1 :5 ,rob]t de ,borron propos$ to himself ! task ( compos+ a trilogy on ! subject ! ,joseph leg5d 0 already 9 a develop$ =m1 & a fre% elem5t1 ! comb9ation ( ! ,grail leg5d ) ! /ory ( a highly popul> ,folk-tale h]o1 kn[n 9 ?is connection z ,p]ceval 7?\gh he has _h _m names71 0 e/abli%$4 ,borron 0 c]ta9ly aw>e ( ! real "* ( 8 mat]ial2 he knew ! ,grail cult z ,*ri/ianiz$ ,my/]y1 &1 :ile foll[+ ! romance developm5t1 h&l$ ! !me on di/9ctively religi\s l9es1 pres]v+ ! ,my/]y elem5t 9 its ?ree-fold developm5t1 & equat+ ! ,vessel ( ! ,my/ic ,fea/ ) ! ,*ri/ian ,eu*>i/4 ,f :at we n[ "k ( ! mat]ial x seems c]ta9 t ! equation 0 already e/abli%$1 & t ,borron 0 simply /at+ 9 t]ms ( romance :at 0 already kn[n to him 9 t]ms ( ,my/]y4 ,9 face ( ! evid5ce above set =? !re c no long] be any d\bt t ! ,my/ic ,fea/ ( ! ,nature cults really _h1 & t at a v e>ly date1 be5 br\ght into t\* ) ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,b to ,*rti5 de ,troyes ! /ory 0 romance1 pure & simple4 ,!re 0 /ill a c]ta9 elem5t ( awe connect$ ) ,grail1 & ,grail ,fea/1 b ( ! real mean+ & orig9 ( ! incid5ts he _h1 ,i am conv9c$1 no idea :atev]4 ,probably _m modifications 7 already 9 8 s\rce1 b ! result s f> z 8 poem is conc]n$ is t he duplicat$ ! "* ( ! ,fi%] ,k+2 he sep>at$ bo?1 ,fa!r & ,son1 f ! ,wa/$ ,l&1 transf]r+ ! responsibility = ! woes ( ,l& & ,folk to ! ,que/]1 :o1 al?\gh 8 failure might be responsible = _! cont9uance1 nev] _h any?+ to d ) _! orig94 ,he be/[$ ! w\nd ( ! ,grail ,k+1 deeply significant 9 its orig9al conception & connection1 ^u ,p]ceval's fa!r1 a %ad[y "*1 entirely ap>t f ! ,grail tradition4 ,!re is no trace ( ! ,initiation elem5ts 9 8 poem1 no ,p]il\s ,*apel1 no weld+ ( ! ,sword4 ,we h "h pass$ completely & entirely into ! l& ( romance1 ! doors ( ! ,temple are clos$ beh9d u4 ,x is ! /ory ( ,p]ceval li ,gallois1 n ! ,ritual ( ! ,grail1 :i* fills ! /age1 & ) ! /ory ( ,p]ceval !re comes ^u ! sc5e a cr[d ( ,folk-tale !mes1 absolutely =eign to ! ,grail itself4 ,?us we h n only ! c5tral !me ( ! lad re>$ 9 woodl& solitude1 mak+ 8 entrance into a _w ( ^: ord9>y relations he is absolutely & ludicr\sly ignorant1 & ! traditional illu/rations ( ! results ( t ignorance1 su* z ! /ory ( ! ,lady ( ! ,t5t & ! /ol5 r+2 b we h also ! s9i/] figure ( ! ,r$ ,knight ) 8 ,wit* ,"m2 ! ?ree drops ( blood ^u ! sn[1 & ! ensu+ love trance2 pure ,folk-tale !mes1 m+l$ ) ! m *ivalric elem5ts ( ! rescue ( a di/ress$ maid51 & ! vanqui%+ 9 s+le combat ( d\ghty antagoni/s1 ,giant1 or ,s>ac54 ,"o & all ( !m elem5ts (f]+ widespread popul> p>allels1 & invit+ ! unw>y critic into pa?s :i* lead him f> a/ray f ! goal ( 8 que/1 ! ,grail ,ca/le4 ,i dispute 9 no way ! possible pres5ce ( ,celtic elem5ts 9 ?is complex4 ,! ,lance may well h borr[$ at "o "t features f e>ly ,iri% tradition1 at ano!r details obvi\sly closely relat$ to ! ,long9us leg5d4 ,x is ev5 possible t1 z ,burda* insi/s1 features ( ! ,byzant9e ,liturgy may h col\r$ ! repres5tation ( ! ,grail procession1 al?\gh1 = my own "p1 ,i consid] su* a !ory highly improbable 9 view ( ! facts t 7a7 ,*rti5's poem o!rwise %[s no traces ( ,ori5tal influ5ce2 7b7 ! #8,spe>' 9 ! ,ea/]n rite is simply a small spe>-%ap$ knife2 7c7 ! pres5ce ( ! lights is acc\nt$ = by ! au?or ( ,sone de ,nansai on ! gr\nd ( a ,nativity leg5d1 ! au!nticity ( :i* 0 po9t$ out by ! late ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is2 7d7 x is only 9 ! lat] prose =m t we f9d any sugge/ion ( a ,grail ,*apel1 :]eas 7 ! s\rce ( ! /ory really to be f\nd 9 ! ,mass1 su* a feature w\ld c]ta9ly h _h its place 9 ! e>lie/ v]sions4 ,b 9 ea* & all ^! cases ! solution propos$ has no relation to o!r features ( ! /ory2 x is consequ5tly ( value 91 & p] se1 only1 & _c be reg>d$ z valid evid5ce = ! s\rce ( ! leg5d z a :ole4 ,9 ! process ( transmutation f ,ritual to ,romance1 ! k]nel1 ! ,grail leg5d prop]1 may be said to h =m$ = itself a %ell compos$ ( accretions ( widely diff]+ prov5ance4 ,x is ! legitimate task ( criticism to analyse su* accretions1 & to resolve !m into _! orig9al elem5ts1 b !y are accretions1 & %\ld be treat$ z su*1 n conf\nd$ ) ! orig9al & ess5tial mat]ial4 ,aft] upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s sp5t 9 c>eful /udy ( ! ,grail leg5d & romances ,i am firmly & entirely conv9c$ t ! root orig9 ( ! :ole bewild]+ complex is to be f\nd 9 ! ,vegetation ,ritual1 treat$ f ! esot]ic po9t ( view z a ,life-,cult1 & 9 t alone4 ,*ri/ian ,leg5d1 & traditional ,folk-tale1 h und\bt$ly contribut$ to ! p]fect$ romantic corpus1 b !y are 9 tru? subsidi>y & second>y features2 a criticism t w\ld treat !m z orig9al & prim>y c b defeat its own object2 magnifi$ out ( proportion !y become /umbl+-blocks ^u ! pa?1 in/ead ( sign-po/s t[>ds ! goal4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,mi?ra & ,attis ,! fact t !re 01 at a v e>ly date1 among a c]ta9 sect ( ,*ri/ian ,gno/ics1 a well-develop$ body ( doctr9e1 bas$ ^u ! ess5tial h>mony exi/+ betwe5 ! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 :i* claim$ by means ( a two-fold ,initiation to impact to ! inn] circle ( its adh]5ts ! secret ( life1 physical & spiritual1 be+1 9 face ( ! evid5ce giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 plac$ beyond any possible d\bt1 we mu/ n[ ask1 is !re any evid5ce t su* tea*+ surviv$ = any l5g? ( "t1 or c\ld h p5etrat$ to ! ,briti% ,isles1 :]e1 9 view ( ! priority ( ! ,bleh]is-,gawa9 =m1 ! ,grail leg5d1 z we "k x1 seems to h orig9at$8 ,i ?9k !re is at lea/ presumptive evid5ce ( su* pres]vation1 & transmission4 ,i h already allud$ to ! close connection exi/+ betwe5 ! ,attis cult1 & ! wor%ip ( ! popul> ,p]sian deity1 ,mi?ra1 & h giv5 quotations f ,cumont illu/rat+ ?is connection2 x w be wor? :ile to /udy ! "q some:at m closely1 & discov]1 if possible1 ! reason = ?is intimate alliance4 ,on ! face ( x !re seems to be absolutely no reason = ! connection ( ^! cults2 ! two deities 9 no way resemble ea* o!r2 ! /ories connect$ ) !m h no possible analogy2 ! root conception is widely div]g5t4 ,) ! "* ( ! deity we "k z ,adonis1 or ,attis1 we are n[ ?or\ghly famili>4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x seems to be ! human elem5t 9 ! my? :i* is mo/ insi/$ ^u4 ,he is a mortal y\? belov$ by a great goddess2 only aft] 8 tragic dea? does he appe> to assume div9e attributes1 &1 alike 9 dea? & resurrection1 become ! accept$ p]sonification ( natural en]gies4 ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 rem>ks t ,adonis belongs to 8e9] ,klasse von ,wes5 sehr unbe/immt] ,art d] wohl b] d5 ,m5s*5 ab] unt] d5 gross5 ,gtt]n /eh51 und w5ig] ,individualitt besitz5 als diese40#a ,su* a criticism applies ( c\rse equally to ,attis4 ,mi?ra1 on ! o!r h&1 occupies an entirely diff]5t position4 ,cumont1 9 8 ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 ?us describes him2 he is 8le gnie de la lumire cle/e4 ,il n'e/ ni le soleil1 ni la lune1 ni les toiles1 mais l'aide de ces mille oreilles1 et de ces deux milles yeux1 il surveille le monde40#b ,8 b5efic5t activities might seem to af=d a meet+ gr\nd ) ! ,vegetation goods--8,il donne l'accroissem5t1 il donne l'abondance1 il donne les tr\peaux1 il donne la progniture et la vie40#c ,?is summ>y may aptly be comp>$ ) ! lam5t = ,tammuz1 quot$ 9 ,*apt] #c4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra 9 ! =m 9 :i* x spread ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire1 ,mi?ra z ! god ( ! ,imp]ial armies1 ! deity belov$ ( ! ,roman legion>y1 0 9 no s5se ( ?is concrete & mat]ial type4 ,?is is h[ ,cumont sums up ! ma9 features4 ,mi?ra is ! ,m$iator1 :o /&s betwe5 8le ,dieu inaccessible1 et inconnaissable1 qui rgne dans les sphres ?res1 et le g5re huma9 qui s'agite ici-bas40--8,il e/ le ,logos man de ,dieu1 et p>ticipant sa t\te puissance1 qui aprs avoir =m le monde comme dmiurge cont9ue veill] sur lui40 ,! initiates mu/ practice a /rict *a/ity--8,la rsi/ance la s5sualit tait un des aspects du combat contre le pr9cipe du mal--le dualisme ,mi?raique s]vait de fondem5t une morale trs pure et trs efficace40#d ,f9ally1 ,mi?raism taught ! resurrection ( ! body--,mi?ra w desc5d ^u e>?1 & w revive all m54 ,all w issue f _! graves1 resume _! =m] appe>ance & recognize ea* o!r4 ,all w be unit$ 9 "o great assembly1 & ! good w be sep>at$ f ! evil4 ,!n 9 "o supreme sacrifice ,mi?ra w immolate ! div9e bull1 & mix+ its fat ) ! consecrat$ w9e w (f] to ! righte\s ! cup ( ,et]nal ,life4#e ,! f9al p>allel ) ! ,messianic ,fea/ describ$ 9 ,*apt] #i is too /rik+ to be ov]look$4 ,! cele/ial nature ( ! deity is also well br\ght out 9 ! curi\s text edit$ by ,diet]i* f ! great ,magic ,papyrus ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 & ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,?is text purports to be a =mula ( initiation1 & we f9d ! aspirant asc5d+ ?r\gh ! ,sev5 ,heav5ly ,sph]es1 to be f9ally met by ,mi?ra :o br+s him to ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,s 9 ! ,mi?raic temples we f9d sev5 ladd]s1 ! asc5t ( :i* by ! ,initiate typifi$ 8 passage to ! sev5? & supreme ,heav54#f ,b\sset po9ts out t ! orig9al idea 0 t ( ?ree ,heav5s above :i* 0 ,p>adise2 ! conception ( ,sev5 ,heav5s1 rul$ by ! sev5 ,planets1 :i* we f9d 9 ,mi?raism1 is due to ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian sid]eal cults4#g ,!re is ?us a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two initiations2 ! ,attis initiate dies1 is possibly buri$1 & revives ) 8 god2 ! ,mi?ra initiate rises direct to ! cele/ial sph]e1 :]e he is met & welcom$ by 8 god4 ,!re is "h no evid5ce ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! deity4 ,:at !n is ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! cults t br\ght !m into su* close & intimate relation%ip8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! high] tea*+1 :i*1 "u widely diff]+ ext]nal m$iums1 includ$ elem5ts common to bo?4 ,9 bo? cults ! f9al aim 0 ! atta9m5t ( spiritual & et]nal life4 ,moreov]1 bo? possess$ ess5tial features :i* admitt$1 if !y did n enc\rage1 an assimilation ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo? ( !m1 if =c$ to yield gr\nd to _! p[]ful rival1 c\ld1 ) a fair %[ ( reason1 claim t !y _h be5 n vanqui%$1 b fulfill$1 t _! tea*+ _h1 9 ,*ri/ianity1 atta9$ its normal t]m4 ,! extracts giv5 above w %[ ! /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! high] doctr9e ( ,mi?raism1 & ! fundam5tal tea*+ ( its great rival1 a resemblance t 0 fully admitt$1 & :i* became ! subject ( heat$ polemic4 ,greek philosoph]s did n hesitate to e/abli% a p>allel entirely fav\rable to ,mi?raism1 :ile ,*ri/ian apologi/s insi/$ t su* resemblances 7 ! "w ( ! ,devil1 a l9e ( argum5t :i*1 z we h se5 above1 !y _h already adopt$ ) reg>d to ! old] ,my/]ies4 ,x is a matt] ( hi/orical fact t at "o mom5t ! religi\s fate ( ! ,we/ hung 9 ! balance1 & x 0 an op5 "q :e!r ,mi?raism or ,*ri/ianity w\ld be ! dom9ant ,cre$4#h ,on ! o!r h& we h also se5 t c]ta9ly "o e>ly ,*ri/ian sect1 ! ,naass5es1 :ile equally reg>d+ ! ,logos z ! c5tre ( _! belief1 held ! equival5t deity to be ,attis1 & frequ5t$ ! ,phrygian ,my/]ies z ! mo/ direct s\rce ( spiritual enlight5m5t1 :ile ! tea*+ z to ! ,dea? & ,resurrection ( ! god1 & ! celebration ( a ,my/ic ,fea/1 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s p>took ( ! ,food & ,dr9k ( ,et]nal ,life1 (f]$ p>allels to ,*ri/ian doctr9e & practice to ! full z /rik+ z any to be f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian fai?4 ,i w\ld !re=e submit t x 0 r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! inn]1 ,esot]ic1 tea*+1 t ! two fai?s1 s diff]5t 9 _! ext]nal practice1 pres]v$ s close & intimate a connection & t1 by ! m$ium ( t same ,esot]ic tea*+1 bo? alike came into contact ) ,*ri/ianity1 &1 9 ! case ( ! ,phrygian cult1 c\ld1 & actually did1 claim id5tity ) x4 ,baudiss9 9 8 "w above ref]r$ to sugge/s t ! ,adonis cult ow$ its popul>ity to its high]1 r ?an to its l[]1 elem5ts1 to its sugge/ion ( ev]-r5ew+ life1 r ?an to ! satisfaction ( physical desire to be f\nd 9 x4#i ,lat] evid5ce seems to prove t he judg$ correctly4 ,we may also note t ! ,attis ,my/]ies 7 utiliz$ by ! prie/s ( ,mi?ra = ! initiation ( wom5 :o 7 orig9ally exclud$ f ! cult ( ! ,p]sian god4 ,cumont rem>ks t ?is1 an absolute rule 9 ! ,we/]n communities1 seems to h _h exceptions 9 ! ,ea/]n4#aj ,is x possible t ! passage quot$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 9 :i* ,p]ceval is in=m$ t no woman may speak ( ! ,grail1 is due to contam9ation ) ! ,mi?ra wor%ip8 ,x does n appe> to be 9 h>mony ) ! prom95t position assign$ to wom5 9 ! ,grail ritual1 ! introduction ( a female ,grail mess5g]1 or ! fact t 7) ! exception ( ,m]l9 9 ! ,borron text7 x is inv>iably a maid5 :o directs ! h]o on 8 road to ! ,grail ca/le1 or reproa*es him = 8 failure !re4 ,b !re is little d\bt t1 sep>ately1 or 9 conjunction1 bo? cults travell$ to ! fur!/ bord]s ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! m$ium ( transmission is v fully discuss$ by ,cumont 9 bo? ( ! works ref]r$ to4 ,! *annel appe>s to h be5 ?ree-fold4 ,fir/1 comm]cial1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,syrian m]*ants4 ,z ard5tly religi\s z practically bus9ess-l1 ! ,syrians introduc$ _! native deities :]ev] !y p5etrat$1 8f\nd+ _! *apels at ! same "t z _! c\nt+-h\ses40#aa ,secondly1 !re 0 social p5etration--by means ( ! ,asiatic slaves1 :o =m$ a "p ( mo/ ,roman h\seholds1 & ! ,/ate employs1 su* z (fic]s ( cu/oms1 army payma/]s1 etc41 l>gely recruit$ f ,ori5tal s\rces4 ,?irdly1 & mo/ important1 7 ! soldi]s1 ! =eign legions1 :o1 drawn mo/ly f ! ,ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,empire1 br\ght _! native deities ) !m4 ,cumont signalizes z ! mo/ active ag5ts ( ! disp]sion ( ! cult ( ,mi?ra1 ,soldi]s1 ,slaves1 & ,m]*ants4#ab ,z f> ,nor? z ,hadrian's ,dyke !re has be5 f\nd an inscription 9 v]se 9 hon\r ( ! goddess ( ,hi]apolis1 ! au?or a prefect1 probably1 ,cumont rem>ks1 ! (fic] ( a cohort ( ,hamii1 /ation$ 9 ?is di/ant spot4 ,d$ications to ,melk>t & ,a/>te h be5 f\nd at ,corbridge ne> ,newca/le4 ,! ,mi?raic rema9s are practically conf9$ to g>rison c5tres1 ,london1 ,york1 ,*e/]1 ,ca]leon-on-,usk1 & along ,hadrian's ,dyke4#ac ,f ! highly int]e/+ map atta*$ to ! ,/udy1 giv+ ! sites ( asc]ta9$ ,mi?raic rema9s1 !re seems to h be5 su* a c5tre 9 ,pembroke%ire4 ,n[ 9 view ( all ?is evid5ce is x n at lea/ possible t ! high] =m ( ! ,attis cult1 t 9 :i* x 0 kn[n & practis$ by e>ly ,gno/ic ,*ri/ians1 may h be5 kn[n 9 ,great ,brita98 ,s*ol>s h be5 /ruck by ! curi\sly unor?odox tone ( ! ,grail romances1 _! app>5t insi/5ce on a succession q o!r ?an ! accr$it$ ,apo/olic tradition1 & yet1 accord+ to ! writ]s1 directly receiv$ f ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,! late ,m4 ,paul9 ,p>is believ$ t ! s\rce ( ?is peculi> feature 0 to be f\nd 9 ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce ( ! e>ly ,briti% ,*ur*2 b1 aft] all1 ! diff]5ces ( t ,*ur* ) ,rome affect$ only m9or po9ts ( discipl9e3 ! date ( ,ea/]1 ! fa%ion ( tonsure ( ! cl]gy1 no?+ :i* t\*$ vital doctr9es ( ! ,fai?4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,briti% ,*ur* nev] claim$ ! possession ( a revelation "p4 ,b if ! !ory bas$ ^u ! evid5ce ( ! ,naass5e docum5t be accept$ su* a pres5tation c be well acc\nt$ =4 ,accord+ to ,hippolytus ! doctr9es ( ! sect 7 d]iv$ f ,james1 ! bro!r ( ,our ,"l1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ass]ts t 8,! ,"l imp>t$ ! ,gnosis to ,james ! ,j1 to ,john & to ,pet]1 aft] ,8 ,resurrection2 ^! deliv]$ x to ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 & !y to ! ,sev5ty40#ad ,?us ! !ory propos$ 9 ^! pages w acc\nt n only = ! und5iable p>allels exi/+ betwe5 ! ,vegetation cults & ! ,grail romances1 b also = ! ,het]odox col\r+ ( ! latt]1 two elem5ts :i* at fir/ sight w\ld appe> to be :olly unconnect$1 & q incapable ( relation to a common s\rce4 ,nor 9 view ( ! p]si/5t vitality & survival1 ev5 to our own day1 ( ! ,exot]ic practices c !re be any?+ improbable 9 ! hypo!sis ( a late survival ( ! ,esot]ic side ( ! ritual4 ,cumont po9ts out t ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra 0 practis$ 9 ! fif? c5tury 9 c]ta9 remote cantons ( ! ,alps & ! ,vosges--i4e41 at ! date hi/orically assign$ to ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,?us x w\ld n be 9 any way surpris+ if a tradition ( ! survival ( ^! semi-,*ri/ian rites at ?is p]iod also exi/$4#ae ,9 my op9ion x is ! tradition ( su* a survival :i* lies at ! root1 & expla9s ! confus$ imag]y1 ( ! text we "k z ! ,elucidation4 ,i h already1 9 my %ort /udy ( ! subject1 set =? my views2 z ,i h s9ce f\nd fur!r reasons = ma9ta9+ ! correctness ( ! solution propos$1 ,i w repeat x "h4#af ,! text 9 "q is f\nd 9 ?ree ( our exi/+ ,grail v]sions3 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ,mons2 9 ! pr9t$ edition ( #aecj2 & 9 ! ,g]man translation ( ,wisse-,col94 ,x is n[ prefix$ to ! poem ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 b obvi\sly1 f ! cont5t1 _h orig9ally no?+ to d ) t v]sion4 ,x op5s ) ! passage quot$ above 7p4 #acj7 9 :i* ,ma/] ,blihis utt]s 8 solemn w>n+ aga9/ reveal+ ! secret ( ! ,grail4 ,x goes on to tell h[ a=etime !re 7 maid5s dwell+ 9 ! hills#ag :o br\ght =? to ! pass+ travell] food & dr9k4 ,b ,k+ ,amangons outrag$ "o ( ^! maid5s1 & took away f h] h] gold5 ,cup3 8,des puceles une es=*a ,et la c\pe d'or li toli--#d40 ,8 knights1 :5 !y saw _! "l act ?us1 foll[$ 8 evil example1 =c$ ! faire/ ( ! maid5s1 & robb$ !m ( _! cups ( gold4 ,z a result ! spr+s dri$ up1 ! l& became wa/e1 & ! c\rt ( ! ,ri* ,fi%]1 :i* _h fill$ ! l& ) pl5ty1 c\ld no long] be f\nd4 ,= #ajjj ye>s ! l& lies wa/e1 till1 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 8 knights f9d maid5s w&]+ 9 ! woods1 ea* ) h] att5dant knight4 ,!y j\/1 & "o1 ,blihos-,blih]is1 vanqui%$ by ,gawa91 comes to c\rt & tells h[ ^! maid5s are ! desc5dants ( ^? ravi%$ by ,k+ ,amangons & 8 m51 & h[1 c\ld ! c\rt ( ! ,fi%] ,k+1 & ! ,grail1 once m be f\nd1 ! l& w\ld aga9 become f]tile4 ,blihos-,blih]is is1 we are told1 s entranc+ a /ory-tell] t none at c\rt c\ld ev] we>y ( li/5+ to 8 words4 ,! natural result1 :i* "h does n imm$iately conc]n u1 0 t ,ar?ur's knights und]took ! que/1 & ,gawa9 a*iev$ x4 ,n[ at fir/ sight ?is acc\nt appe>s to be no?+ b a fanta/ic fairy-tale 7z su* ,pr(essor ,br[n obvi\sly reg>d$ x71 & al?\gh ! late ,dr ,seba/ian ,evans attempt$ 9 all s]i\sness to f9d a hi/orical basis = ! /ory 9 ! ev5ts :i* provok$ ! pron\ncem5t ( ! ,papal ,int]dict ^u ! realm ( ,k+ ,john1 & ! consequ5t deprivation ( ! ,sacram5ts1 ,i am n aw>e t anyone took ! solution s]i\sly4 ,yet1 on ! basis ( ! !ory n[ set =?1 is x n possible t !re may be a real f\ndation ( hi/orical fact at ! root ( ?is wildly picturesque tale8 ,may x n be simply a poetical v]sion ( ! disappe>ance f ! l& ( ,brita9 ( ! op5 p]=mance ( an anci5t ,nature ritual8 ,a ritual t l+]$ on 9 ! hills & m\nta9s ( ,wales z ! ,mi?ra wor%ip did 9 ! ,alps & ,vosges1 celebrat$ z t cult habitually 01 9 natural cav]ns1 & m\nta9 holl[s8 ,t x records ! outrage (f]$ by "s1 probably local1 *iefta9 to a prie/ess ( ! cult1 an evil example foll[$ by 8 m51 & ! subsequ5t cessation ( ! public celebration ( ! rites1 a cessation :i* 9 ! folk-belief w\ld c]ta9ly be held suffici5t to acc\nt = any subsequ5t dr\ght t might affect ! l&8 ,b ! ritual1 9 its high]1 esot]ic1 =m 0 /ill secretly obs]v$1 & ! tradition1 alike ( its disappe>ance z a public cult1 & ( its p]si/5ce 9 "s c>efully hidd5 /rong-hold1 0 h&$ on 9 ! families ( ^? :o _h be51 p]haps /ill 71 (ficiants ( ^! rites4 ,t among ! h&]s on ( ! tor* w\ld be ! desc5dants ( ! outrag$ maid5s1 is mo/ probable4 ,! s5se ( my/]y1 ( a real dang] to be fac$1 ( an ov]:elm+ ,spiritual ga9 to be won1 7 ( ! ess5tial nature ( ! tale4 ,x 0 ! v my/]y ( ,life :i* lay b5ea? ! picturesque wrapp+s2 small wond] t ! ,que/ ( ! ,grail became ! synonym = ! highe/ a*ievem5t t c\ld be set be=e m51 & t :5 ! romantic evolution ( ! ,ar?urian tradition rea*$ its t]m1 ?is supreme adv5ture 0 swept )9 ! magic circle4 ,! k ( ! ,grail 0 ! utmo/ man c\ld a*ieve1 ,ar?ur's knights 7 ! v fl[] ( manhood1 x 0 fitt+ t to !m ! supreme te/ be (f]$4 ,t ! man :o fir/ told ! /ory1 & boldly1 z befitt$ a born tell] ( tales1 w$d$ x ! ,ar?urian leg5d1 0 himself connect$ by desc5t ) ! anci5t ,fai?1 himself actually held ! ,secret ( ! ,grail1 & told1 9 purposely romantic =m1 t ( :i* he knew1 ,i am firmly conv9c$1 nor d ,i ?9k t ! "t is f> di/ant :5 ! miss+ l9ks w be 9 our h&1 & we %all be able to weld once m ! gold5 *a9 :i* connects ,anci5t ,ritual ) ,m$ieval ,romance4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,! ,p]il\s ,*apel ,/ud5ts ( ! ,grail romances w rememb] t 9 _m ( ! v]sions ! h]o--sometimes x is a h]o9e--meets ) a /range & t]rify+ adv5ture 9 a my/]i\s ,*apel1 an adv5ture :i*1 we are giv5 to und]/&1 is fraught ) extreme p]il to life4 ,! details v>y3 sometimes !re is a ,dead ,body laid on ! alt>2 sometimes a ,black ,h& ext+ui%es ! tap]s2 !re are /range & ?reat5+ voices1 & ! g5]al impression is t ?is is an adv5ture 9 :i* sup]natural1 & evil1 =ces are engag$4 ,su* an adv5ture befalls ,gawa9 on 8 way to ! ,grail ,ca/le4#a ,he is ov]tak5 by a t]rible /orm1 & com+ to a ,*apel1 /&+ at a crossways 9 ! middle ( a =e/1 ent]s = %elt]4 ,! alt> is b>e1 ) no clo?1 or cov]+1 no?+ is !reon b a great gold5 c&le/ick ) a tall tap] burn+ )9 x4 ,beh9d ! alt> is a w9d[1 & z ,gawa9 looks a ,h&1 black & hide\s1 comes ?r\gh ! w9d[1 & ext+ui%es ! tap]1 :ile a voice makes lam5tation l\d & dire1 b5ea? :i* ! v build+ rocks4 ,gawa9's horse %ies = t]ror1 & ! knight1 mak+ ! sign ( ! ,cross1 rides out ( ! ,*apel1 to f9d ! /orm abat$1 & ! great w9d fall54 ,!reaft] ! night 0 calm & cle>4 ,9 ! ,p]ceval section ( ,wau*i] & ,manessi] we f9d ! same adv5ture 9 a dislocat$ =m4#b ,p]ceval1 seek+ ! ,grail ,ca/le1 rides all day ?r\gh a heavy /orm1 :i* passes (f at night-fall1 leav+ ! wea!r calm & cle>4 ,he rides by moonlight ?r\gh ! =e/1 till he sees be=e him a great oak1 on ! bran*es ( :i* are light$ c&les1 t51 fifte51 tw5ty1 or tw5ty-five4 ,! knight rides quickly t[>ds x1 b z he comes ne> ! lights vani%1 & he only sees be=e him a fair little ,*apel1 ) a c&le %9+ ?r\gh ! op5 door4 ,he ent]s1 & f9ds on ! alt> ! body ( a dead knight1 cov]$ ) a ri* samite1 a c&le burn+ at 8 feet4 ,p]ceval rema9s "s "t1 b no?+ happ5s4 ,at midnight he dep>ts2 sc>cely has he left ! ,*apel :51 to 8 great surprise1 ! light is ext+ui%$4 ,! next day he rea*es ! ca/le ( ! ,fi%] ,k+1 :o asks him :]e he pass$ ! prec$+ night4 ,p]ceval tells him ( ! ,*apel2 ! ,k+ sighs deeply1 b makes no comm5t4 ,wau*i]'s section breaks (f abruptly 9 ! middle ( ?is episode2 :5 ,manessi] takes up ! /ory he gives explanations ( ! ,grail1 etc41 at great l5g?1 explanations :i* d n at all agree ) ! indications ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,:5 ,p]ceval asks ( ! ,*apel he is told x 0 built by ,que5 ,brangemore ( ,cornwall1 :o 0 lat] murd]$ by h] son ,esp9ogres1 & buri$ b5ea? ! alt>4 ,_m knights h s9ce be5 sla9 !re1 none "k by :om1 save x be by ! ,black ,h& :i* appe>$ & put out ! light4 7,z we saw above x _h n appe>$47 ,! en*antm5t c only be put an end to if a valiant knight w fight ! ,black ,h&1 &1 tak+ a veil kept 9 ! ,*apel1 w dip x 9 holy wat]1 & spr9kle ! walls1 aft] :i* ! en*antm5t w cease4 ,at a mu* lat] po9t ,manessi] tells h[ ,p]ceval1 rid+ ?r\gh ! =e/1 is ov]tak5 by a t]rible /orm4 ,he takes refuge 9 a ,*apel :i* he recognizes z t ( ! ,black ,h&4 ,! ,h& appe>s1 ,p]ceval fights aga9/ & w\nds x2 !n appe>s a ,head2 f9ally ! ,devil 9 full =m :o seizes ,p]ceval z he is ab\t to seek ! veil ( :i* he has be5 told4 ,p]ceval makes ! sign ( ! ,cross1 on :i* ! ,devil vani%es1 & ! knight falls ins5sible be=e ! alt>4 ,on reviv+ he takes ! veil1 dips x 9 holy wat]1 & spr9kles ! walls )9 & )\t4 ,he sleeps !re t night1 & ! next morn+1 on wak+1 sees a belfry4 ,he r+s ! bell1 ^u :i* an old man1 foll[$ by two o!rs1 appe>s4 ,he tells ,p]ceval he is a prie/1 & has buri$ #cjjj knights sla9 by ! ,black ,h&2 e day a knight has be5 sla91 & e day a m>ble tomb /&s ready ) ! "n ( ! victim ^u x4 ,que5 ,brangemore f\nd$ ! cemet]y1 & 0 ! fir/ to be buri$ )9 x4 7,b accord+ to ! v]sion giv5 e>li] %e 0 buri$ b5ea? ! alt>47 ,we h "h evid5tly a comb9ation ( two !mes1 ,p]il\s ,*apel & ,p]il\s ,cemet]y1 orig9ally indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,9 o!r ,,mss4 ! ,wau*i] adv5ture agrees mu* m closely ) ! ,manessi] sequel1 ! ,h& appe>+1 & ext+ui%+ ! light4 ,sometimes ! ,h& holds a bridle1 a feature probably due to contam9ation ) a ,celtic ,folk-tale1 9 :i* a my/]i\s ,h& 7"h t ( a giant7 /eals on _! bir?-night a ,*ild1 & a foal4#c ,^! ,p]ceval v]sions are manife/ly confus$ & dislocat$1 & are probably drawn f m ?an "o s\rce4 ,9 ! ,que/e ,gawa9 & ,hector de ,m>is come to an old & ru9$ ,*apel :]e !y pass ! night4 ,ea* has a m>vell\s dream4 ,! next morn+1 z !y are tell+ ea* o!r _! respective visions1 !y see1 8a ,h&1 %[+ unto ! elb[1 & 0 cov]$ ) r$ samite1 & ^u t hung a bridle1 n ri*1 & held )9 ! fi/ a great c&le t burnt "r cle>1 & s pass$ a=e !m1 & ent]$ into ! ,*apel1 & !n vani%$ away1 & !y wi/ n :]e40#d ,?is seems to be an un9tellig5t borr[+ f ! ,p]ceval v]sion4 ,we h1 also1 a gr\p ( visits to ! ,p]il\s ,*apel1 or ,p]il\s ,cemet]y1 :i* appe> to be closely connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ea* case ! object ( ! visit is to obta9 a portion ( ! clo? :i* cov]s ! alt>1 or a dead body ly+ ^u ! alt>4 ,! romances 9 "q are ! ,p]lesvaus1 ! prose ,lancelot1 & ! ,*evali] deux ,espes4#e ,! respective protagoni/s be+ ,p]ceval's si/]1 ,sir ,lancelot1 & ! "y ,que5 ( ,g>adigan1 ^: city has be5 tak5 by ,k+ ,ris & :o d>es ! v5ture to w9 h] fre$om4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! p]il appe>s to lie 9 ! ,cemet]y1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ! gho/s ( knights sla9 9 ! =e/1 & buri$ 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd4 ,! ,lancelot v]sion is simil>1 b "h ! title is def9itely ,p]il\s ,*apel4 ,9 ! la/ v]sion !re is no h9t ( a ,cemet]y4 ,9 ! ,lancelot v]sion !re is a dead knight on ! alt>1 ^: sword ,lancelot takes 9 addition to ! piece ( clo?4 ,9 ! poem a knight is br\ght 91 & buri$ be=e ! alt>2 ! "y que51 aft] cutt+ (f a piece ( ! alt> clo?1 uncov]s ! body1 & buckles on ! sword4 ,!re is no m5tion ( a ,h& 9 any ( ! ?ree v]sions1 :i* appe> to be late & emasculat$ =ms ( ! !me4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( a ,p]il\s ,cemet]y1 z di/9ct f a ,*apel1 appe>s to be 9 ! ,*a/el ,orguell\s section ( ! ,p]ceval1 a section probably d]iv$ f a v e>ly /ratum ( ,ar?urian romantic tradition4 ,"h ,ar?ur & 8 knights1 on _! way to ! siege ( ,*a/el ,orguell\s1 come to ! ,v]gi] des ,sepoltures1 :]e !y eat ) ! ,h]mits1 ( :om !re are a hundr$ & m4 8ne me l'o/ or pas *i dire ,les m]veilles del *imetire c> si sont div]ses et grans qu'il n'e/ hom t]ri5s vivans qui poi/ pas quidi] ne croire que ce fu/ onques *ose voire40#f ,b !re is no h9t ( a ,p]il\s ,*apel "h4 ,! adv5tures ( ,gawa9 9 ! ,atre ,p]illeus1#g & ( ,gawa9 & ,hector 9 ! ,lancelot ( ! f9al cyclic prose v]sion1 are ( ! mo/ banal description2 ! !me1 orig9ally vivid & picturesque1 has become wat]$ d[n into a mean+less adv5ture ( ! mo/ conv5tional type4 ,b orig9ally a high importance seems to h be5 atta*$ to x4 ,if we turn back to ! fir/ v]sion giv51 t ( :i* ,gawa9 is ! h]o1 we %all f9d t special /ress is laid on ?is adv5ture1 z be+ "p ( #8! ,secret ( ! ,grail1' ( :i* no man may speak )\t grave dang]4#h ,we are told t1 b = ,gawa9's loyalty & c\rtesy1 he w\ld n h surviv$ ! p]ils ( t night4 ,9 ! same way ,p]ceval1 be=e rea*+ ! ,fi%] ,k+'s ca/le1 meets a maid51 ( :om he asks ! mean+ ( ! light$ tree1 ,*apel1 etc4 ,%e tells him x is all "p ( ! sa9t secret ( ! ,grail4#i ,n[ :at does ?is mean8 ,unless ,i am mu* mi/ak5 ! key is to be f\nd 9 a v curi\s /ory relat$ 9 ! ,p]lesvaus1 :i* is twice ref]r$ to 9 texts ( a pr(ess$ly hi/orical "*4 ,! tale runs ?us4 ,k+ ,ar?ur has fall5 into slo?ful & fa9ant ways1 mu* to ! grief ( ,gu5ev]e1 :o sees h] "l's fame & pre/ige wan+ day by day4 ,9 ?is crisis %e urges him to visit ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,au/91 a p]il\s adv5ture1 b "o t may well re/ore 8 reputation4 ,ar?ur agrees2 he w take ) him only "o squire2 ! place is too dang]\s4 ,he calls a y\? nam$ ,*aus1 ! son ( ,yva9 ! ,ba/>d1 & bids him be ready to ride ) him at dawn4 ,! lad1 fe>ful ( ov]-sleep+1 does n undress1 b lies d[n z he is 9 ! hall4 ,he falls asleep--& x seems to him t ! ,k+ has wak5$ & gone )\t him4 ,he rises 9 ha/e1 m\nts & rides aft] ,ar?ur1 foll[+1 z he ?9ks1 ! track ( 8 /e$4 ,?us he comes to a =e/ glade1 :]e he sees a ,*apel1 set 9 ! mid/ ( a grave-y>d4 ,he ent]s1 b ! ,k+ is n !re2 !re is no liv+ ?+1 only ! body ( a knight on a bi]1 ) tap]s burn+ 9 gold5 c&le/icks at head & foot4 ,*aus takes out "o ( ! tap]s1 & ?ru/+ ! gold5 c&le/ick betwixt hose & ?igh1 rem\nts & rides back 9 se>* ( ! ,k+4 ,be=e he has gone f> he meets a man1 black1 & f\l-fav\r$1 arm$ ) a l>ge two-edg$ knife4 ,he asks1 has he met ,k+ ,ar?ur8 ,! man answ]s1 ,no1 b he has met him1 ,*aus2 he is a ?ief & a traitor2 he has /ol5 ! gold5 c&le/ick2 unless he gives x up he %all pay = x de>ly4 ,*aus refuses1 & ! man smites him 9 ! side ) ! knife4 ,) a l\d cry ! lad awakes1 he is ly+ 9 ! hall at ,c>doil1 w\nd$ to dea?1 ! knife 9 8 side & ! gold5 c&le/ick /ill 9 8 hose4 ,he lives long en\gh to tell ! /ory1 confess1 & be %riv51 & !n dies4 ,ar?ur1 ) ! cons5t ( 8 fa!r1 gives ! c&le/ick to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,paul1 !n newly f\nd$1 8= he w\ld t ?is m>vell\s adv5ture %\ld ev]y:]e be kn[n1 & t pray] %\ld be made = ! s\l ( ! squire40#aj ,! pi\s wi% ( ! ,k+ seems to h be5 fulfill$1 z ! /ory 0 c]ta9ly well kn[n1 & appe>s to h be5 accept$ z a g5u9e tradition4 ,?us ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire de ,fulk ,fitz-,w>9 gives a rsum ( ! adv5ture1 & ass]ts t ! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,au/9 ref]r$ to 0 situat$ 9 ,fulk's patrimony1 i4e41 9 ! tract kn[n z ! ,blaun*e ,launde1 situat$ 9 ,%rop%ire1 on ! bord] ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,z s\rce = ! tale he ref]s to ,le ,graal1 le lyvre de le ,se9t ,vassal1 & goes on to /ate t "h ,k+ ,ar?ur recov]$ sa b\nt et sa valur :5 he _h lo/ 8 knigh?ood & fame4 ,?is obvi\sly ref]s to ! ,p]lesvaus romance1 ?\gh :e!r 9 its pres5t1 or 9 an e>li] =m1 x is impossible to say4 ,9 any case ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire evid5tly ?\ght t ! ,*apel 9 "q really exi/$1 & 0 to be locat$ 9 ,%rop%ire4#aa ,b ,john ( ,gla/onbury also ref]s to ! /ory1 & he connects x ) ,gla/onbury4#ab ,n[ h[ c we acc\nt = s wild1 & at fir/ sight s improbable1 a tale assum+ :at we may t]m a semi-hi/orical "*1 & becom+ connect$ ) a def9ite & precise locality8--a feature :i* is1 z a rule1 abs5t f ! ,grail /ories4 ,at ! risk ( />tl+ my read]s ,i mu/ express my op9ion t x 0 because ! incid5ts record$ 7 a rem9isc5ce ( some?+ :i* _h actually happ5$1 & :i*1 ow+ to ! y\?1 & possible social position1 ( ! victim1 _h made a pr(\nd impression ^u ! popul> imag9ation4 ,= ?is is ! /ory ( an initiation 7or p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say ! te/ ( fitness = an initiation7 c>ri$ out on ! a/ral plane1 & react+ ) fatal results ^u ! physical4 ,we h already se5 9 ! ,naass5e docum5t t ! ,my/]y ritual compris$ a d\ble initiation1 ! ,l[]1 into ! my/]ies ( g5]ation1 i4e41 ( physical ,life2 ! high]1 into ! ,spiritual ,div9e ,life1 :]e man is made "o ) ,god4#ac ,"s ye>s ago ,i (f]$ ! sugge/ion t ! te/ = ! prim>y initiation1 t into ! s\rces ( physical life1 w\ld probably consi/ 9 a contact ) ! horrors ( physical dea?1 & t ! tradition ( ! ,p]il\s ,*apel1 :i* survives 9 ! ,grail romances 9 confus$ & contam9at$ =m1 0 a rem9isc5ce ( ! te/ = ?is l[] initiation4#ad ,?is w\ld fully acc\nt = ! importance ascrib$ to x 9 ! ,bleh]is-,gawa9 =m1 & = ! ass]t$ connection ) ! ,grail4 ,x 0 n till ,i came to /udy ! v]sion ( ! ,p]lesvaus1 ) a view to det]m9+ its orig9al prov5ance1 t ,i recogniz$ its extreme importance = critical purposes4 ,! m "o /udies ?is wond]ful leg5d ! m "o discov]s significance 9 :at seem at fir/ to be entirely indep5d5t & unrelat$ details4 ,if ! read] w ref] to my ,notes on ! ,p]lesvaus1 above ref]r$ to1 he w f9d t ! result ( an inve/igation into ! evid5ce = locale po9t$ to ! conclusion t ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire de ,fulk ,fitz-,w>9 & mo/ probably also ! au?or ( ! ,p]lesvaus be=e him1 7 mi/ak5 9 _! id5tification1 t !re 0 no tradition ( any su* ,*apel 9 ,%rop%ire1 & consequ5tly no tale ( its f\ndation1 su* z ! au?or ( ! ,hi/oire relates4 ,b ,i 0 also able to %[ t fur!r nor?1 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 !re 0 also a ,blan*l&1 connect$ ) ! memory ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 num]\s d$ications to ,sa9t ,au/91 & a tradition ( t ,sa9t driv+ out ! local demons closely analog\s to ! tale told ( ! presum$ ,%rop%ire site4 ,i !re=e sugge/$ t inasmu* z ! ,p]lesvaus repres5t$ ,ar?ur z hold+ 8 c\rt at ,c>doil 7,c>lisle71 ! ,nor!rn ,blan*l&1 :i* possess$ a ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,au/91 & lay )9 easy rea*1 0 probably ! orig9al site r ?an ! ,%rop%ire ,blaun*e ,launde1 :i* _h no ,*apel1 & 0 mu* fur!r away4 ,n[ 9 view ( ! evid5ce set =? 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is x n cle> t ?is 0 a locality 9 :i* ^! semi-,pagan1 semi-,*ri/ian1 rites1 might1 prima facie1 be expect$ to l+] on8 ,x is up "h1 along ! ,nor!rn bord]1 t ! ,roman legion>ies 7 /ation$2 x is "h t we f9d monum5ts & memorials ( _! hea!n cults2 obvi\sly ?is 0 a locality :]e ! demon-hunt+ activities ( ! ,sa9t might f9d full scope = action4 ,i w\ld submit t !re is at lea/ presumptive evid5ce t we may "h be deal+ ) ! survival ( a g5u9e tradition4 ,& %\ld any ( my read]s f9d x difficult to believe t1 ev5 did initiations take place1 & ev5 7 !y ( a "* t involv$ a /]n te/ ( m5tal & physical endurance--& ,i imag9e mo/ s*ol>s w\ld admit t !re 01 possibly1 m 9 ! orig9al in/itutions1 ?an1 let u say1 9 a mod]n admission to ,free-,masonry--yet x is #8a f> cry' f pre-,*ri/ian initiations to ,m$ieval ,romance1 & a connection betwe5 ! two is a ra% po/ulate1 ,i w\ld draw _! att5tion to ! fact t1 q ap>t f our ,grail texts1 we possess a romance :i* is1 pla9ly1 & blatantly1 no?+ m or less ?an su* a record4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ,owa9 ,miles1 or ,! ,purgatory ( ,sa9t ,patrick1 :]e we h an acc\nt ( ! h]o1 aft] purification by fa/+ & pray]1 desc5d+ into ! ,ne!r ,_w1 pass+ ?r\gh ! abodes ( ! ,lo/1 f9ally rea*+ ,p>adise1 & return+ to e>? aft] ,?ree ,days1 a re=m$ & reg5]at$ "*4#ae 8,!n ) 8 monks ! ,prior anon1 ,) ,crosses & ) ,gonfanon ,w5t to t hole =?right1 ,?ro' :i* ,knight ,owa9 w5t bel[1 ,!re1 z ( burn+ fire ! gl[1 ,!y saw a gleam ( light2 ,& "r amid/ t beam ( light ,he came up1 ,owa91 ,god's own knight1 ,by ?is knew e man ,t he 9 ,p>adise _h be51 ,& ,purgatory's pa9s _h se51 ,& 0 a holy man40 ,n[ if we turn to ,b\sset's article ,himmelfahrt d] ,seele1 to :i* ,i h previ\sly ref]r$ 7p4 ---71 we %all f9d abundant evid5ce t su* a j\rney to ! ,worlds beyond 0 held to be a high spiritual adv5ture ( actual possibility--a v5ture to be und]tak5 by ^? :o1 greatly d>+1 felt t ! atta9m5t ( actual k ( ! ,future ,life 0 wor? all ! risks1 & !y 7 great & t]rible1 :i* su* an ent]prise involv$4 ,b\sset comm5ts fully on ,sa9t ,paul's claim to h be5 #8caught up into ! ,?ird ,heav5' & po9ts out t su* an exp]i5ce 0 ! prop]ty ( ! ,rabb9ical s*ool to :i* ,saul ( ,t>sus _h belong$1 & 0 br\ght ov] by him f 8 ,jewi% pa/2 su* exp]i5ces 7 r>e 9 ,or?odox ,*ri/ianity4#af ,accord+ to ,jewi% classical tradition b "o ,rabbi _h successfully pass$ ! te/1 o!r aspirants ei!r fail+ at a prelim9>y /age1 or1 if !y p]sev]$1 los+ _! s5ses p]man5tly4 ,! practice ( ?is ec/atic asc5t ceas$ among ,jews 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b\sset also gives in/ances ( ! s\l leav+ ! body = ?ree days1 & w&]+ ?r\gh o!r worlds1 bo? good & evil1 & also discusses ! orig9 ( ! bridge :i* mu/ be cross$ to rea* ,p>adise1 bo? features *>act]i/ic ( ! ,owa9 poem4#ag ,9 fact ! :ole /udy is ( imm5se importance = a critical analysis ( ! s\rces ( ! romance 9 "q4 ,& "h ,i w\ld v5ture to beg ! adh]5ts ( ! #8,celtic' s*ool to use a little m judgm5t 9 _! attribution ( s\rces4 ,visits to ! ,o!rworld are n always d]ivations f ,celtic ,fairy-lore4 ,unless ,i am mi/ak5 ! root ( ?is !me is f> m deeply imb$d$ ?an 9 ! %ift+ s&s ( ,folk & ,fairy tale4 ,i believe x to be ess5tially a ,my/]y tradition2 ! ,o!rworld is n a my?1 b a reality1 & 9 all ages !re h be5 s\ls :o h be5 will+ to brave ! great adv5ture1 & to risk all = ! *ance ( br++ back ) !m "s assurance ( ! future life4 ,naturally ^! v5tures pass$ into tradition ) ! m5 :o risk$ !m4 ,! e>ly races ( m5 became semi-my?ic1 _! beliefs1 _! exp]i5ces1 rec$$ into a l& ( mi/1 :]e _! figures assum$ fanta/ic outl9es1 & ! record ( _! de$s dep>t$ m & m widely f hi/oric accuracy4 ,! poets & dream]s wove _! magic webs1 & a _w ap>t f ! _w ( actual exp]i5ce came to life4 ,b x 0 n all my?1 nor all fantasy2 !re 0 a basis ( tru? & reality at ! f\ndation ( ! my/ic gr[?1 & a true criticism w n re/ cont5t ) w&]+ 9 ^! en*ant$ l&s1 & hold+ all x meets ) = ! outcome ( human imag9ation4 ,! tru? may lie v deep d[n1 b x is !re1 & x is wor? seek+1 & ,celtic fairy-tales1 *>m+ z !y are1 c nev] af=d a satisfactory1 or abid+1 re/+ place4 ,i1 = "o1 utt]ly refuse to accept su* z an adequate goal = a life's rese>*4 ,a pa? t leads b into a ,celtic ,twilight c only be a by-pa?1 & n ! ,k+'s ,highway6 ,! ,grail romances repose ev5tually1 n ^u a poet's imag9ation1 b ^u ! ru9s ( an augu/ & anci5t ritual1 a ritual :i* once claim$ to be ! accr$it$ gu>dian ( ! deepe/ secrets ( ,life4 ,driv5 f its high e/ate by ! rel5tless =ce ( religi\s evolution--= aft] all ,adonis1 ,attis1 & _! cong5]s1 7 b ! #8half-gods' :o mu/ ne$s yield place :5 #8! ,gods' !mselves arrive--x yet l+]$ on2 op5ly1 9 ,folk practice1 9 ,fa/ & ,fea/1 :]eby ! well-be+ ( ! l& might be assur$2 secretly1 9 cave or m\nta9-fa/ness1 or isl& isolation1 :]e ^? :o crav$ = a m s5sible 7n necess>ily s5su\s7 contact ) ! unse5 ,spiritual =ces ( ,life ?an ! or?odox developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity af=d$1 might1 & did1 f9d satisfaction4 ,7 ! ,templ>s su*8 ,_h !y1 :5 9 ! ,ea/1 come into t\* ) a survival ( ! ,naass5e1 or "s k9dr$ sect8 ,x seems exce$+ly probable4 ,if x 7 s we c\ld und]/& at once ! puzzl+ connection ( ! ,ord] ) ! ,knights ( ! ,grail1 & ! doom :i* fell ^u !m4 ,t !y 7 held to be ,h]etics is v g5]ally admitt$1 b 9 :at _! ,h]esy consi/$ no "o really kn[s2 little cr$5ce c be atta*$ to ! /ories ( idol wor%ip (t5 repeat$4 ,if _! ,h]esy1 h[ev]1 7 su* z indicat$ above1 a ,cre$ :i* /ruck at ! v root & vitals ( ,*ri/ianity1 we c und]/& at once ! reason = puni%m5t1 & ! necessity = secrecy4 ,9 ! same way we c n[ und]/& :y ! ,*ur* kn[s no?+ ( ! ,grail2 :y t ,vessel1 surr\nd$ z x is ) an atmosph]e ( rev]5ce & awe1 equat$ ) ! c5tral ,sacram5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 yet appe>s 9 no ,leg5d>y1 is figur$ 9 no picture1 comes on ! sc5e 9 no ,passion ,play4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies knew well :at ! ,grail 01 & we1 :5 we realize its g5esis & true l9eage1 ne$ no long] wond] :y a !me1 = "s %ort space s fam\s & s fruitful a s\rce ( lit]>y inspiration1 vani%$ utt]ly & completely f ! _w ( lit]ature4 ,7 ,grail romances =bidd58 ,or 7 !y m]ely disc\rag$8 ,probably we %all nev] "k1 b ( ?is "o ?+ we may be sure1 ! ,grail is a liv+ =ce1 x w nev] die2 x may inde$ s9k out ( sight1 &1 = c5turies ev51 disappe> f ! field ( lit]ature1 b x w rise to ! surface aga91 & become once m a !me ( vital inspiration ev5 z1 aft] slumb]+ f ! days ( ,malory1 x woke to new life 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 mak+ its fre% appeal ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,t5nyson & ,wagn]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,! ,au?or ,hav+ n[ complet$ our survey ( ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* h ent]$ into ! composite fabric ( ! ,grail ,leg5d1 ! "q naturally arises :]e1 & :51 did t leg5d assume romantic =m1 & to :om %\ld we ascribe its lit]>y orig98 ,on ^! crucial po9ts ! evid5ce at our disposal is f> f complete1 & we c d little m ?an (f] sugge/ions t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 t ( locality1 ! evid5ce is unmi/akably 9 fav\r ( a ,celtic1 specifically a ,wel%1 s\rce4 ,z a lit]>y !me ! ,grail is closely connect$ ) ! ,ar?urian tradition4 ,! protagoni/ is "o ( ,ar?ur's knights1 & ! h]o ( ! e>li] v]sion1 ,gawa91 is m closely connect$ ) ,ar?ur ?an are 8 successors1 ,p]ceval & ,galahad4 ,! ,celtic orig9 ( bo? ,gawa9 & ,p]ceval is beyond d\bt2 & ! latt] is n m]ely a ,celt1 b is def9itely ,wel%2 he is always #8li ,gallois4' ,galahad ,i hold to be a lit]>y1 & n a traditional1 h]o2 he is ! product ( delib]ate lit]>y inv5tion1 & has no exi/5ce outside ! frame ( ! lat] cyclic r$actions4 ,x is n possible at ! pres5t mom5t to say :e!r ! ,que/e 0 compos$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 or on ! cont95t1 b we may safely lay x d[n z a basic pr9ciple t ! orig9al ,grail h]oes are ( insul> orig91 & t ! ,grail leg5d1 9 its romantic1 & lit]>y1 =m is closely connect$ ) ,briti% pseudo-hi/orical tradition4 ,! beliefs & practices ( :i*1 if ! !ory ma9ta9$ 9 ^! pages be correct1 ! ,grail /ories (f] a m or less coh]5t survival c be %[n1 on ! evid5ce ( hi/oric monum5ts1 & surviv+ ,folk-cu/oms1 to h be5 popul> ?r\gh\t ! area ( ! ,briti% ,isles2 :ile1 ) reg>d to ! high] tea*+ ( :i* ,i hold ^! practices to h be5 ! vehicle1 ,pl9y comm5ts ^u ! simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 ! anci5t ,magian ,gnosis & ! ,druidical ,gnosis ( ,gaul & ,brita91 an indication :i*1 9 ! de>? ( accurate in=mation conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,druids1 is ( consid]able value4#a ,z we not$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 an int]e/+ p>allel exi/s betwe5 ,wales1 & localities1 su* z ! ,alps1 & ! ,vosges1 :]e we h def9ite pro( t ^! ,my/]y cults l+]$ on aft] !y _h disappe>$ f public celebration4 ,! ,*>t app5d$ to ,cumont's ,monum5ts de ,mi?ra %[s ,mi?raic rema9s 9 precisely ! locality :]e we h reason to believe c]ta9 ( ! ,gawa9 & ,p]ceval /ories to h orig9at$4 ,z to ! date ( orig91 t1 ( c\rse1 is closely connect$ ) ! problem ( au?or%ip2 if we c1 ) any possibility1 id5tify ! au?or we c approximately fix ! date4 ,s f> z ! lit]>y evid5ce is conc]n$1 we h no trace ( ! /ory be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 b :5 we d meet ) x1 x is already 9 complete1 & cry/alliz$1 =m4 ,m1 !re is already evid5ce ( compet+ v]sions2 we h no exi/+ ,grail romance :i* we c claim to be free f contam9ation1 & repres5t+ 9 all respects ! orig9al =m4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to g ov] old1 & well-trodd51 gr\nd2 9 my /udies ( ! ,p]ceval ,leg5d1 & 9 ! lat] popul> rsum ( ! evid5ce1#b ,! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 ,i h analys$ ! texts1 & %[n t1 :ile ! poem ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes is our e>lie/ surviv+ lit]>y v]sion1 !re is ! /ronge/ possible evid5ce t ,*rti51 z he himself admits1 0 n inv5t+1 b re-tell+1 an already popul> tale4#c ,! ,grail ,que/ 0 a !me :i* _h be5 treat$ n once nor twice1 b ( :i* num]\s1 & conflict+1 v]sions 7 already curr5t1 &1 :5 ,wau*i] de ,d5a9 und]took to complete ,*rti5's unf9i%$ "w1 he drew l>gely ^u ^! already exi/+ =ms1 reg>dless ( ! fact t !y n only contradict$ ! v]sion !y 7 o/5sibly complet+1 b 7 impossible to h>monize ) ea* o!r4 ,x is ( importance = our inve/igation1 h[ev]1 to note t :]e ,wau*i] does ref] to a def9ite s\rce1 x is to an evid5tly important & already fam\s collection ( tales1 ,le ,grant ,conte1 compris+ sev]al #8,bran*es1' ! h]o ( ! collection be+ n ,*rti5's h]o1 ,p]ceval1 b ,gawa91 :o1 bo? 9 pseudo-hi/oric & romantic tradition1 is f> m closely connect$ ) ! ,ar?urian leg5d1 occupy+1 z he does1 ! traditional position ( nephew1 ,si/]'s ,son1 to ! mon>* :o is ! c5tre ( ! cycle2 ev5 z ,cu*ull9n is si/]'s son to ,con*ob>1 ,di>mid to ,f9n1 ,tri/an to ,m>k1 & ,rol& to ,*>lemagne4 ,9 fact ?is relation%ip 0 s obvi\sly requir$ by tradition t we f9d ,p]ceval figur+ n[ z si/]'s son to ,ar?ur1 n[ to ! ,grail ,k+1 accord+ z ! ,ar?urian1 or ! ,grail1 tradition dom9ates ! /ory4#d ,! actual exi/5ce ( su* a gr\p ( tales z ^? ref]r$ to by ,wau*i] d]ives confirmation f our surviv+ ,gawa9 poems1 z well z f ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,elucidation1 & on ! evid5ce at our disposal ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ ! hypo!sis ( a gr\p ( poems1 deal+ ) ! adv5tures ( ,gawa91 8 son1 & bro!r1 ! ensemble be+ orig9ally kn[n z ,! ,ge/e ( ,syr ,gawayne1 a title :i*1 9 ! inappropriate =m ,! ,je/ ( ,sir ,gawa91 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( t h]o's adv5ture ) ! si/] ( ,br&elis4#e ,s ke5 a critic z ,dr ,brugg] has n hesitat$ to accept ! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,ge/e1 & is ( op9ion t ! ,g]man poem ,di ,crne may1 9 "p at lea/1 be d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! c5tral adv5ture ascrib$ to ,gawa9 9 ?is gr\p ( tales is precisely ! visit to ! ,grail ,ca/le to :i* we h already ref]r$1 & we h po9t$ out t ! mann] 9 :i* x is relat$1 its directness1 simplicity1 & con=mity ) :at we "k ( ! ,my/]y tea*+ presumably involv$1 tak5 9 connection ) ! p]sonality ( ! h]o1 & 8 position 9 ,ar?urian romantic tradition1 appe> to w>rant u 9 assign+ to x ! position ( priority among ! conflict+ v]sions we possess4 ,at two po9ts 9 ! re-tell+ ( ^! ,gawa9 tales ,wau*i] def9itely ref]s to ! au?or by "n1 ,bleh]is4 ,on ! second occasion he /ates categorically t ?is ,bleh]is 0 ( ,wel% bir? & orig91 n et eng5us en ,galles1 & t he told ! tale 9 connection ) :i* ! /atem5t is made to a c]ta9 ,comte de ,poiti]s1 ^: fav\rite /ory x 01 he lov$ x above all o!rs1 :i* w\ld imply t x 0 n ! only tale ,bleh]is _h told him4#f ,z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! ,elucidation prefaces its acc\nt ( ! ,grail ,que/ by a solemn /atem5t ( ! gravity ( ! subject to be treat$1 & a w>n+ ( ! p5alties :i* w\ld foll[ on a c>eless revelation ( ! secret4 ,^! w>n+s are put into ! m\? ( a c]ta9 ,ma/] ,blihis1 conc]n+ :om we he> no m4 ,a little fur!r on 9 ! poem we meet ) a knight1 ,blihos-,blih]is1 :o1 made prison] by ,gawa91 reveals to ,ar?ur & 8 c\rt ! id5tity ( ! maid5s w&]+ 9 ! woods1 ( ! ,fi%] ,k+1 & ! ,grail1 & is s good a /ory-tell] t none c we>y ( li/5+ to 8 tales4#g ,aga91 9 ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( ,?omas's ,tri/an we h a passage 9 :i* ! poet ref]s1 z s\rce1 to a c]ta9 ,brri1 :o knew 8all ! feats1 & all ! tales1 ( all ! k+s1 & all ! c\nts :o _h liv$ 9 ,brita940#h ,f9ally1 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis ref]s to famosus ille fabulator1 ,bl$h]icus1 :o _h liv$ 8%ortly be=e our "t0 & ^: r5[n he evid5tly takes = grant$ 0 famili> to 8 read]s4 ,n[ are we to hold t ! ,bleh]is :o1 accord+ to ,wau*i]1 _h told tales conc]n+ ,gawa91 & ,ar?ur's c\rt1 "o ( :ic tales 0 c]ta9ly ! ,grail adv5ture2 ! ,ma/] ,blihis1 :o knew ! ,grail my/]y1 & gave solemn w>n+ aga9/ its revelation2 ! ,blihos-,blih]is1 :o knew ! ,grail1 & _m o!r tales2 ! ,brri1 :o knew all ! leg5d>y tales conc]n+ ! pr9ces ( ,brita92 & ! fam\s /ory-tell] ,bl$h]icus1 ( :om ,giraldus speaks1 are di/9ct & sep>ate p]sonages1 or m]e inv5tions ( ! sep>ate writ]s1 or d all ^! passages ref] to "o & ! same individual1 :o1 9 t case1 may well h des]v$ ! title famosus ille fabulator8 ,) reg>d to ! attitude tak5 up by c]ta9 critics1 t no evid5tial value c be atta*$ to ^! ref]5ces1 ,i w\ld po9t out t :5 ,m$ieval writ]s quote an au?ority = _! /atem5ts !y1 z a rule1 ref] to a writ] ^: "n c>ries weight1 & w impress _! read]s2 !y are (f]+ a gu>antee = ! au!nticity ( _! /atem5ts4 ,! special attribution may be purely fictiti\s b ! individual ref]r$ to enjoys an e/abli%$ reputation4 ,?us1 ! lat] cyclic r$actions ( ! ,ar?urian romances are l>gely attribut$ to ,walt] ,map1 :o1 9 view ( 8 public position1 & political activities1 c\ld c]ta9ly nev] h _h ! leisure to compose "o half ( ! lit]ature ) :i* he is cr$it$6 ,9 ! same way ,rob]t de ,borron1 ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 are all ref]r$ to z s\rces )\t any ju/ification 9 fact4 ,nor is x probable t ,wau*i]1 :o wrote on ! cont95t1 & :o1 if he be really ,wau*i] de ,d5a91 0 "u ! patronage ( ! ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 w\ld h gone out ( 8 way to inv5t a ,wel% s\rce4 ,judg+ f analogy1 ! actual exi/5ce ( a p]sonage nam$ ,bleh]is1 :o enjoy$ a rem>kable reputation z a /ory-tell]1 is1 prima facie1 extremely probable4#i ,b are ^! ref]5ces indep5d5t1 0 !re m ?an "o ,bleh]is8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! "n is a prop]1 & n a family1 "n4 ,9 ! latt] case x might be possible to argue t we 7 deal+ ) sep>ate memb]s ( a family1 or gr\p1 ( b>dic poets1 ^: (fice x 0 to pres]ve1 & relate1 ! national leg5ds4 ,b we are deal+ ) v>iants ( a prop] "n1 & t ( di/9ctly insul>1 & ,wel% orig94#aj ,! orig9al =m1 ,bl$ri1 0 by no means uncommon 9 ,wales3 f t po9t ( view !re might well h be5 f\r or five1 or ev5 m1 ( t "n1 b t ea* & all ( ^! %\ld h possess$ ! same qualifications1 %\ld h be5 equally well v]s$ 9 popul> traditions1 equally d[]$ ) ! gift ( /ory-tell+1 on equally fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,norman invad]s1 & equally possess$ ( su* a k ( ! ,fr5* language z %\ld p]mit !m to tell _! /ories 9 t tongue1 is1 ,i submit1 highly improbable4 ,?is latt] po9t1 i4e41 ! k ( ,fr5*1 seems to me to be ( crucial importance4 ,giv5 ! relations betwe5 conqu]or & conqu]$1 & ! intransigeant "* ( ,wel% patriotism1 ! m5 :o 7 on suffici5tly fri5dly t]ms ) ! invad]s to be will+ to relate ! national leg5ds1 ) an assurance ( f9d+ a sympa!tic he>+1 mu/ h be5 few & f> betwe54 ,i d n ?9k ! importance ( ?is po9t has be5 suffici5tly grasp$ by critics4 ,! problem !n is to f9d a ,wel%man :o1 liv+ at ! end ( ! elev5? & comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5turies1 0 well v]s$ 9 ! leg5d>y lore ( ,brita92 0 ( suffici5tly good social /atus to be well receiv$ at c\rt2 possess$ a good k ( ! ,fr5* tongue2 & c be %[n to h be5 on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,norman nobles4 ,mr ,edw>d ,ow51 ( ! ,cymmrodorion ,society1 has sugge/$ t a c]ta9 ,wel% noble1 ,bl$ri ap ,cadivor1 fulfils1 9 a l>ge measure1 ! conditions requir$4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,celtique a lett] 9 :i* ,mr ,ow5 summ>iz$ ! evid5ce at 8 disposal4 ,z ! review 9 "q may n be easily accessible to "s ( my read]s ,i w recapitulate ! pr9cipal po9ts4#aa ,! fa!r ( ,bl$ri1 ,cadivor1 0 a great p]sonage 9 ,we/ ,wales1 & is look$ ^u z ! ance/or ( ! mo/ important families 9 ! anci5t ,dyf$1 a division n[ repres5t$ by ,pembroke%ire1 & ! ,we/]n portion ( ,c>m>!n4 7,we may note "h t ! traditional tomb ( ,gawa9 is at ,ross 9 ,pembroke%ire1 & t !re is reason to believe t ! ,p]ceval /ory1 9 its e>lie/ =m1 0 connect$ ) t locality47 ,cadivor _h ?ree sons1 ( :om ,bl$ri 0 ! elde/2 ?us1 at 8 fa!r's dea?1 he w\ld be head ( ?is anci5t & di/+ui%$ family4 ,at ! division ( ! pat]nal e/ates ,bl$ri inh]it$1 z 8 %>e1 l&s rang+ along ! "r bank ( ! l[] ,t[ey1 & ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,pembroke%ire1 ext5d+ z f> z ,manorbe]1 ! bir?place ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis4 7,?is is aga9 a geographical indication :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d47 ,cadivor himself appe>s to h be5 on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,normans2 he is said to h ent]ta9$ ,william ! ,conqu]or on 8 visit to ,/ ,david's 9 #ajhj1 :ile e ref]5ce we h to ,bl$ri %[s him 9 close connection ) ! invad]s4 ,?us1 9 #aaac ! ,brut-y-,tywysogion m5tions 8 "n z ally ( ! ,norman knights 9 _! /ruggle to ma9ta9 _! gr\nd 91 & ar\nd1 ,c>m>!n4 ,9 #aabe we f9d 8 "n z donor ( l&s to ! ,augu/9ian ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & ,/ ,!uloc ( ,c>m>!n1 newly f\nd$ by ,h5ry ,i4 ,"h 8 "n appe>s ) ! significant title ,lat9>ius 7,! ,int]pret]71 a qualification repeat$ 9 subsequ5t *>t]s ( ! same collection4 ,9 "o ( ^! we f9d ,griffi?1 ! son ( ,bl$ri1 confirm+ 8 fa!r's gift4 ,pr(essor ,lloyd1 9 an article 9 ,ar*aeologia ,cambr5sis1 ,july #aijg1 has exam9$ ^! *>t]s1 & consid]s ! grant to h be5 made betwe5 #aabi & #aacd1 ! *>t] itself be+ ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i1 #aaja-aace4ab ,9 ! ,pipe ,roll ( ,h5ry ,i1 #aaca1 ,bl$ri's "n is ent]$ z debtor = a f9e incurr$ by ! kill+ ( a ,flem+ by 8 m52 :ile a highly significant entry records ! f9e ( #g m>ks impos$ ^u a c]ta9 ,bl$dyn ( ,mab$rud & 8 bro!rs = outrag+ ,bl$ri's daught]4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! rank ( ,bl$ri1 ?is insult to 8 family by a fell[ ,wel%man w\ld seem to indicate t 8 relations ) 8 compatriots 7 n ( a specially fri5dly "*4 ,mr ,ow5 also po9ts out t portion ( ! ,brut-y-,tywysogion :i* cov]s ! ye>s #aaja-bj 7especially ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #aaac1 :]e we f9d ,bl$ri1 & o!r fri5dly ,wel% nobles1 hold+ ! ca/le ( ,c>m>!n = ! ,normans aga9/ ! ,wel%71 is relat$ at an altoge!r disproportionate l5g?1 & displays a /rong bias 9 fav\r ( ! invad]s4 ,! ye> j ref]r$ to1 = in/ance1 occupies m ?an twice ! space assign$ to any o!r ye>4 ,mr ,ow5 sugge/s t "h ,bl$ri himself may well h be5 ! *ronicl]2 a hypo!sis :i*1 if he really be ! au?or we are seek+1 is q admissible4 ,s f> z indications ( date are conc]n$1 ,bl$ri probably liv$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ajgj-aaej4 ,8 fa!r ,cadivor di$ 9 #ajhi1 & 8 l&s 7 divid$ betwe5 8 sons ( :om ,bl$ri1 z we h se51 0 ! elde/4 ,?us !y _c h be5 *ildr5 at t date2 ,bl$ri1 at lea/1 w\ld h be5 born be=e #ajhj4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ! ,pipe ,roll we "k t he 0 liv+ 9 #aaca4 ,! *>t] sign$ by 8 son1 confirmatory ( 8 grant1 mu/ h be5 subsequ5t to #aadh1 z x 0 execut$ dur+ ! ,episcopate ( ,david1 ,bi%op ( ,/ ,david's #aadh-aagf4 ,?us ! p]iod ( #hj ye>s sugge/$ above 7#ajgj-aaej7 may be tak5 z cov]+ ! extreme limit to be assign$ to 8 life1 & activity4 ,! passage 9 :i* ,giraldus ,cambr5sis ref]s to ,bl$h]icus1 famosus ille fabulator :o tempora no/ra paulo praev5it1 0 writt5 ab\t #aaid2 ?us x might well ref] to a man :o _h di$ "s #dj or #ej ye>s previ\sly4 ,z we h not$ above1 ,giraldus 0 born ^u gr\nd =m+ a "p ( ,bl$ri's ance/ral h]itage1 & ?us might well be famili> ) 8 fame4 ,! evid5ce is ( c\rse incomplete1 b x does provide u ) a p]sonality fulfill+ ! ma9 conditions ( a complex problem4 ,?us1 we h a man ( ! requir$ "n1 & nationality2 liv+ at an appropriate date2 ( ! requisite social position2 on excell5t t]ms ) ! ,fr5* nobles1 & s well acqua9t$ ) _! language z to sign himself (ficially #8,! ,int]pret]4' ,we h no direct evid5ce ( 8 lit]>y skill1 or k ( ! traditional hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 b a man ( 8 bir? c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to possess ! latt]1 :ile c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 t section ( ! national ,*ronicle :i* deals ) ! aid giv5 by him to ! ,norman invad]s w\ld seem to indicate t ,bl$ri himself may well h be5 responsible = ! record4 ,aga91 we "k him to h be5 closely connect$ ) ! locality f :i* came ! writ] :o ref]s to ! fam\s /ory-tell] ( ! same "n4 ,i w\ld submit t we h "h q suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant u 9 accept+ ,bl$ri ap ,cadivor z1 at lea/1 ! possible au?or ( ! romantic ,grail tradition4 ,9 any case1 s f>1 !re is no o!r c&idate 9 ! field4#ac ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( ! second volume ( my ,p]ceval /udies1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,pr(essor ,s+]1 9 :i*1 aft] express+ 8 g5]al acceptance ( ! !ories !re advanc$1 9 especial ( ! sugge/$ date & relation ( ! diff]5t v]sions1 :i* he *>act]iz$ z 8sehr gelung51 und zu me9] ,alffassung d] ,entwickelung d] ,altfranzsis*5 ,lit]atur sehr zu /imm510 he proce$$ to comm5t ^u ! probable "* ( ! lit]>y activity ( ,bleh]is4 ,8 rem>ks are s int]e/+ & sugge/ive t ,i v5ture to submit !m = ! consid]ation ( my read]s4 ,pr(essor ,s+] po9ts out t 9 ,eilh>t von ,ob]ge's ,tri/an we f9d ! "n 9 ! =m ( ,pleh]9 atta*$ to a knight ( ,m>k's c\rt4 ,! same "n 9 a slightly v>i$ =m1 ,pfel]91 occurs 9 ! ,tri/an ( ,he9ri* von ,freib]g2 bo? poems1 ,pr(essor ,s+] consid]s1 are d]iv$ f a ,fr5* orig9al4 ,"u a comp\nd =m1 ,blihos1 7or ,blio7-,blih]is1 he appe>s1 9 ! ,gawa9-,grail compilation1 z a knight at ,ar?ur's c\rt4 ,n[ ,brri-,blihis-,bleh]is is ref]r$ to z au?ority alike 9 ! ,tri/an1 ,grail & ,gawa9 tradition1 & ,pr(essor ,s+] makes ! int]e/+ sugge/ion t ^! ref]5ces are orig9ally due to ,bleh]is himself1 :o n only told ! /ories 9 ! ?ird p]son 7a common device at t p]iod1 v4 ,*rti5's ,erec1 & ,g]b]t's cont9uation ( ! ,p]ceval71 b also introduc$ himself z eye-witness (1 & actor1 9 a subord9ate rle1 91 ! incid5ts he record$4 ,?us 9 ! ,tri/an he is a knight ( ,m>k's1 9 ! ,elucidation & ! ,gawa9 /ories a knight ( ,ar?ur's1 c\rt4 ,pr(essor ,s+] in/ances ! case ( ,d>es 9 ! ,de exidio ,trojae1 & ,bi%op ,pilgrim ( ,passau 9 ! lo/ ,nibelungias ( 8 secret>y ,konrad1 z illu/rations ( ! !ory4 ,if ?is be ! case su* a /atem5t z t :i* we f9d 9 ,wau*i]1 reg>d+ ,bleh]is's bir? & orig91 w\ld h emanat$ f ,bleh]is himself1 & simply be5 tak5 ov] by ! lat] writ] f 8 s\rce2 he incorporat$ ! :ole tale ( ! %ield z x /ood1 a q natural & normal proce$+4#ad ,aga91 ?is sugge/ion w\ld d away ) ! necessity = po/ulat+ a c]ta9 lapse ( "t be=e ! /ory-tell] ,bleh]is c\ld be conv]t$ into an ,ar?urian knight--! two rles1 ,gewhrsmann und ,mi?&elnd51 z ,pr(essor ,s+] expresses x1 are co9cid5t 9 date4 ,i w\ld also sugge/ t ! d\ble =m1 ,blihos-,blih]is1 w\ld h be5 adopt$ by ! au?or himself1 to indicate ! id5tity ( ! two1 ,blihis1 & ,bleh]is4 ,x is wor?y ( note t1 :5 deal+ directly ) ! ,grail1 he assumes ! title ( ,ma/]1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t "h he claim$ to speak ) special au?ority4 ,i s5t ! lett] 9 "q to ! late ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt1 :o 0 =cibly /ruck ) ! possibilities involv$ 9 ! sugge/ion1 ! full application ( :i* he ?\ght ! writ] _h n grasp$4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passages f ! long lett] ,i receiv$ f him 9 return4 8,briefly put we presuppose ! exi/5ce ( a set ( semi-dramatic1 semi-n>rative1 poems1 9 :i* a ,bl$ri figures z an active1 & at ! same "t a record+1 p]sonage4 ,n[ t su* a body ( lit]ature may h exi/$ we are entitl$ to assume f ! fact t two su* h surviv$1 "o f ,wales1 9 ! ,llyw>* ,h5 cycle1 ! o!r f ,irel&1 9 ! ,f9n ,saga4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! fact t ! descriptive poems are put 9 ! m\?1 9 ,wales ( ,llyw>*1 9 ,irel& l>gely ( ,ois91 l$ to ! ascription at an e>ly date ( ! :ole lit]ature to ,llyw>* & ,ois94 ,x is !re=e conceivable t a ,wel% #8littrateur1' famili> z he mu/ h be5 ) ! ,llyw>*1 & z he q possibly 0 ) ! ,ois91 in/ance1 %\ld ca/ 8 v]sion ( ! ,ar?urian /ories 9 a simil> =m1 & t ! facts not$ by y & ,s+] may be ?us expla9$40 ,n[ t bo? ,pr(essor ,s+] 7:o has an exceptionally wide k ( ,m$ieval lit]ature71 & ! late ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt1 knew :at !y 7 talk+ ab\t1 does n ne$ to be emphasiz$1 & ! fact t two su* compet5t au?orities %\ld agree ^u a possible solution ( a puzzl+ lit]>y problem1 makes t solution wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation2 x w\ld c]ta9ly h ! m]it ( simplify+ ! "q & des]ves to be plac$ ^u record4 ,b :ile x w\ld ( c\rse be f> m satisfactory c\ld "o def9itely place1 & label1 ! man to :om we owe ! orig9al conception :i* gave bir? & impetus to ?is immortal body ( lit]ature1 yet ! precise id5tity ( ! au?or ( ! e>lie/ ,grail romance is ( ! accid5t1 r ?an ! ess5ce1 ( our problem4 ,:e!r ,bleh]is ! ,wel%man be1 or be n1 id5tical ) ,bl$ri ap ,cadivor1 ,int]pret]1 & fri5d ( ! ,norman nobles1 ! g5]al hypo!sis rema9s unaffect$ & may be ?us summ>iz$-- ,! ,grail /ory is n du fond en comble ! product ( imag9ation1 lit]>y or popul>4 ,at its root lies ! record1 m or less di/ort$1 ( an anci5t ,ritual1 hav+ = its ultimate object ! initiation into ! secret ( ! s\rces ( ,life1 physical & spiritual4 ,?is ritual1 9 its l[]1 exot]ic1 =m1 z affect+ ! processes ( ,nature1 & physical life1 survives to-day1 & c be trac$ all ov] ! _w1 9 ,folk c]emonies1 :i*1 h[ev] widely sep>at$ ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 %[ a surpris+ id5tity ( detail & int5tion4 ,9 its esot]ic #8,my/]y' =m x 0 freely utiliz$ = ! imp>t+ ( high spiritual tea*+ conc]n+ ! relation ( ,man to ! ,div9e ,s\rce ( 8 be+1 & ! possibility ( a s5sible union betwe5 ,man1 & ,god4 ,! recognition ( ! cosmic activities ( ! ,logos appe>s to h be5 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is tea*+1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity came ^u ! sc5e x did n hesitate to utilize ! already exi/+ m$ium ( in/ruction1 b boldly id5tifi$ ! ,deity ( ,vegetation1 reg>d$ z ,life ,pr9ciple1 ) ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,?us1 to c]ta9 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ,attis 0 b an e>li] manife/ation ( ! ,logos1 ,:om !y held id5tical ) ,*ri/4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,naass5e docum5t places ?is beyond any %ad[ ( d\bt1 & is ( ine/imable value z e/abli%+ a l9k betwe5 pre-,*ri/ian1 & ,*ri/ian1 ,my/]y tradition4 ,?is curi\s syn!tic belief1 unit$ z x 0 ) ! highly popul> cult ( ,mi?ra1 travell$ ) ! =eign legion>ies1 adh]5ts ( t cult1 to ! fur!/ b\nds ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & :5 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,mi?raism & ,*ri/ianity end$ 9 ! def9ite triumph ( ! latt]1 by virtue ( t dual syn!tic nature1 ! high] ritual /ill surviv$1 & 0 celebrat$ 9 sites remov$ f ! c5tres ( population--9 caves1 & m\nta9 fa/nesses2 9 isl&s1 & on desolate sea-coa/s4 ,! e>lie/ v]sion ( ! ,grail /ory1 repres5t$ by our ,bleh]is =m1 relates ! visit ( a w&]+ knight to "o ( ^! hidd5 temples2 8 successful pass+ ( ! te/ into ! l[] grade ( ,life initiation1 8 failure to atta9 to ! highe/ degree4 ,x matt]s little :e!r x 7 ! record ( an actual1 or ( a possible1 exp]i5ce2 ! ca/+ into romantic =m ( an ev5t :i* ! /ory-tell] knew to h happ5$1 _h1 p]*ance1 actually witness$2 or ! objective recital ( :at he knew might h occurr$2 ! ess5tial fact is t ! mise-en-scne ( ! /ory1 ! nom5clature1 ! m>* ( incid5t1 ! "* ( ! te/s1 correspond to :at we "k f indep5d5t s\rces ( ! details ( ?is ,nature ,ritual4 ,! ,grail ,que/ 0 actually possible !n1 x is actually possible to-day1 = ! indication ( two ( our romances z to ! f9al location ( ! ,grail is n imag9ation1 b ! record ( actual fact4 ,z fir/ told ! /ory pres]v$ its primal "* ( a composite betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,nature ,ritual1 z witness$ by ! c]emony ov] ! bi] ( ! ,dead ,knight1 ! procession ) ,cross & inc5se1 & ! solemn ,vesp]s = ! ,dead4 ,?is1 ,i suspect1 correctly repres5ts ! f9al /age ( ! process by :i* ,attis-,adonis 0 id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,?us1 9 its fir/ =m ! /ory 0 ! product ( consci\s int5tion4 ,b :5 ! tale 0 once fairly laun*$ z a romantic tale1 & came into ! h&s ( ^? unfamili> ) its ,ritual orig9 7?\gh ! fact t x _h su* an orig9 0 probably well und]/ood71 ! influ5ce ( ! p]iod came into play4 ,! ,crusades1 & ! consequ5t traffic 9 relics1 especially 9 relics ( ! ,passion1 caus$ ! id5tification ( ! sex ,symbols1 ,lance & ,cup1 ) ! ,weapon ( ! ,crucifixion1 & ! ,cup ( ! ,la/ ,supp]2 b ! ,*ri/ianization 0 m]ely ext]nal1 ! tale1 z a :ole1 reta9+ its pre-,*ri/ian "*4 ,! conv]sion into a def9itely ,*ri/ian romance seems to h be5 due to two causes4 ,fir/1 ! rivalry betwe5 ! two great mona/ic h\ses ( ,gla/onbury & ,fescamp1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 already 9 possession ( a g5u9e ,sa9t-,sang relic1 & fully develop$ tradition4 ,!re is reason to suppose t ! initial comb9ation ( ! ,grail & ,sa9t-,sang traditions took place at ,fescamp1 & 0 ! "w ( "s memb] ( ! m9/rel ,guild atta*$ to t ,abbey4 ,b ! ,grail tradition 0 orig9ally ,briti%2 ,gla/onbury 0 f "t immemorial a ,briti% sanctu>y2 x 0 ! reput$ burial place ( ,ar?ur1 ( ^: c\rt ! ,grail ,que/ 0 ! cr[n+ adv5ture2 ! /ory mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ,briti% soil4 ,consequ5tly a v]sion 0 compos$1 n[ repres5t$ by our ,p]lesvaus text1 9 :i* ! union ( ,nicodemus ( ,fescamp1 & ,joseph ( ,gla/onbury1 fame1 z ance/ors ( ! ,grail h]o1 (f]s a significant h9t ( ! prov5ance ( ! v]sion4 ,secondly1 a no less important elem5t 9 ! process 0 due to ! consci\s action ( ,rob]t de ,borron1 :o well und]/ood ! "* ( 8 mat]ial1 & radically remodell$ ! :ole on ! basis ( ! triple ,my/]y tradition translat$ into t]ms ( high ,*ri/ian ,my/icism4 ,a notable feature ( ,borron's v]sion is 8 utilization ( ! tradition ( ! f9al ,messianic ,fea/1 9 comb9ation ) 8 ,eu*>i/ic symbolism1 a comb9ation ?or\ghly famili> to e>ly ,*ri/ian ,my/ics4 ,once />t$ on a def9itely romantic c>e]1 ! ,grail /ory rapidly became a complex ( orig9ally div]g5t !mes1 ! mo/ important /age 9 its developm5t be+ ! incorporation ( ! popul> tale ( ! ,wid['s ,son1 br\ght up 9 ! wild]ness1 & laun*$ into ! _w 9 a condition ( absolute ignorance ( m51 & mann]s4 ,! ,p]ceval /ory is a *>m+ /ory1 b x has orig9ally no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,grail4 ,! orig9al tale1 n[ be/ repres5t$ by our ,engli% ,syr ,p]cyvelle ( ,galles1 has no trace ( ,my/]y elem5t2 x is ,folk-lore1 pure & simple4 ,i believe ! connection ) ! ,grail leg5d to be purely =tuit\s1 & due to ! fact t ! h]o ( ! ,folk-tale 0 kn[n z #8,! ,wid['s ,son1' :i* he actually 01 :ile ?is title repres5t$ 9 ,my/]y t]m9ology a c]ta9 grade ( ,initiation1 & z su* is pres]v$ to-day 9 ,masonic ritual4#ae ,f9ally ! ris+ tide ( dogmatic ,m$ievalism1 ) its crassly mat]iali/ic view ( ! ,eu*>i/2 its insi/5ce on ! sav+ grace ( asceticism & celibacy2 & its sc>cely veil$ contempt = wom51 ov]:elm$ ! orig9al conception4 ,c]ta9 ( ! features ( ! anci5t ritual inde$ survive1 b !y are factors ( confusion1 r ?an clues to enlight5m5t4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,grail /ill reta9s its "* ( a ,fe$+ ,vessel1 comes & goes )\t visible ag5cy1 & supplies ea* knight ) #8su* food & dr9k z he be/ lov$ 9 ! _w1' x is none ! less ! ,*alice ( ! ,sacr$ ,blood1 & critics are sorely put to x to h>monize ^! conflict+ aspects4 ,9 ! same way ,galahad's gr&fa!r /ill be>s ! title ( ! ,ri* ,fi%]1 & !re are confus$ ref]5ces to a ,l& laid ,wa/e z ! result ( a ,dolor\s ,/roke4 ,b :ile ! t]m9ology l+]s on to our p]plexity ! *>act]s involv$ lie outside ! m>* ( ! /ory2 practically no trace ( ! old ,nature ,ritual survives 9 ! f9al ,que/e =m4 ,! remodell+ is s radical t x seems mo/ reasonable to conclude t x 0 purposeful1 t ! orig9al au?or ( ! ,que/e _h a v cle> idea ( ! real nature ( ! ,grail1 & 0 b5t ^u a complete re/atem5t 9 t]ms ( curr5t or?odoxy4 ,i advis$ly use ?is t]m1 z ,i see no trace 9 ! ,que/e ( a g5u9e ,my/ic conception1 su* z t ( ,borron4 ,s f> z criticism ( ! lit]ature is conc]n$ ,i adh]e to my previ\sly express$ op9ion t ! ,que/e %\ld be treat$ r z a ,lancelot ?an z a ,grail romance4 ,x is ( real importance 9 ! evolution ( ! ,ar?urian romantic cycle2 z a factor 9 det]m9+ ! true "* & orig9s ( ! ,grail leg5d x is worse ?an useless2 :at rema9s ( ! orig9al features is s fragm5t>y1 & s di/ort$1 t any attempt to use ! v]sion z basis = argum5t1 or comp>ison1 c only introduce a fur!r elem5t ( confusion into an already m ?an suffici5tly involv$ problem4 ,i am also /ill ( op9ion t ! table ( desc5t giv5 on p4 #bhc ( ,volume ,,ii4 ( my ,p]ceval /udies1 repres5ts ! mo/ probable evolution ( ! lit]ature2 at ! same "t1 9 ! light ( fur!r rese>*1 ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to add ! ,grail section ( ,sone de ,nansai z d]iv+ f ! same s\rce :i* gave u ,kiot's poem1 & ! ,p]lesvaus4#af ,z evid5ce = a ,fr5* orig9al comb9+ important features ( ^! two v]sions1 & at ! same "t reta9+ unmi/akably ar*aic elem5ts :i* h disappe>$ f bo?1 ,i hold ?is section ( ! poem to be ( extreme value = ! criticism ( ! cycle4 ,:ile !re are /ill miss+ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( desc5t1 v]sions to be recon/ruct$1 writ]s to be id5tifi$1 ,i believe t 9 its ensemble ! !ory set =? 9 ^! pages w be f\nd to be ! only "o :i* w satisfactorily meet all ! conditions ( ! problem2 :i* w cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( inve/igation1 omitt+ no elem5t1 evad+ no difficulty2 :i* w h>monize app>5tly hopeless contradictions1 expla9 app>5tly mean+less t]m9ology1 & ?us provide a secure f\ndation = ! criticism ( a body ( lit]ature z important z x is fasc9at+4 ,! /udy & ! criticism ( ! ,grail lit]ature w possess an ev5 deep] int]e/1 a m absorb+ fasc9ation1 :5 x is def9itely recogniz$ t we possess 9 t lit]ature a unique example ( ! re/atem5t ( an anci5t & augu/ ,ritual 9 t]ms ( imp]i%able ,romance4 ,,notes ,,*apt] ,,ii #a ,,ms4 ,bibl4 ,nat41 f4 ,fran4 #abegf fo4 #ij4 #b ,ibid4 fo4 #ijvo1 #ia4 #c ,di ,crne 7ed4 ,/oll1 ,/uttg>t1 #aheb74 ,cf4 ,sir ,gawa9 ( ! ,grail ,ca/le = bo? v]sions4 #d ,cf4 ,,ms4 ,b4,n4 #abegf1 fo4 #aed4 #e ,p]ceval1 ed4 ,hu*]1 p4 #dff2 ,mod5a1 p4 #fa4 #f ,cf4 ,hu*]1 p4 #dhb2 ,mod5a1 p4 #hb4 #g ,p]ceval li ,gallois1 ed4 ,potv91 ll4 #fjdh-eb4 #h ,ib4 ll4 #fjef-fj4 #i ,potv91 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ae4 #aj ,ib4 p4 #bf4 #aa ,ib4 p4 #hf4 #ab ,ib4 pp4 #agf1 #agh4 #ac ,,ms4 ,b4,n4 #abegf1 ff4 #bba-bbbvo4 #ad ,mab9ogion1 ed4 ,nutt1 p4 #bhb4 #ae ,cf4 ,p]$ur 7ed4 ,nutt71 pp4 #bhb1 #bia-ib4 #af ,p>zival1 ,book v4 ll4 #idg-ej4 #ag ,ib4 ,book ,,vi4 ll4 #ajgh-hj4 #ah ,p>zival1 ,book ,,xvi1 ll #bge-hf4 #ai ,cf4 ,morte ,ar?ure1 ,malory1 ,book ,,xvii4 ,*ap4 #ah4 ,note ! rem>k ( ,mordra9s t 8 fle% :i* has wax5 old %all become "y aga94 #bj ,p>zival1 ,bk4 ,,ix4 ll4 #achh-ib4 #ba ,sone de ,nansai 7ed4 ,golds*midt1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahii71 ll #dgge-gf4 #bb ,sone de ,nansai1 ll4 #dhda-ef4 #bc ,x is evid5tly su* a v]sion z t ( ,sone de ,nansai1 & ,p>zival1 :i* und]lies ! curi\s /atem5t ( ! ,m]l9 ,,ms4 ,b4,n4 f4 ,fr4 #ccg1 :]e ! wife ( ! ,fi%] ,k+ is kn[n z #8la ,veve ,dame1' :ile h] husb& is yet 9 life1 ?\gh sorely w\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii #a ,cf4 ,rig-,v$a ,sanhita1 trans4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 #f vols4 #ahed-ahhh4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #hh1 v4 #ab4 #agb1 v4 #h #bjf1 v4 #aj ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aeg1 vv4 #b1 #e1 #g1 #h4 #b ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5l&is*5 ,ges*i*te1 ,vols4 ,,xxxvii4 & ,,xxxix4 #c ,cf4 ,le ,?atre ,indi51 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #d ,cf4 ,wi5] ,zeits*1 fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 #aijd4 #e ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #f ,op4 cit4 p4 #aje4 #g ,ib4 p4 #bcj4 #h ,ib4 p4 #bib1 = s\rces1 & v>iants ( tale4 #i ,on ?is po9t cf4 ,corn=d1 ,orig9 ( ,attic ,com$y1 pp4 #h1 #gh1 = importance ( ?is feature4 #aj ,op4 cit4 pp4 #afa-agj1 = g5]al discussion ( "q1 & summ>y ( au?orities4 ,also pp4 #big et seq4 #aa ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,peceval1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*apt] #c4 #ab ,,ms4 ,bibl4 ,nat41 f4 ,fr4 #abegf1 fo4 #agc4 ,cf4 also ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,i4 ,*ap4 #d4 #ac ,malory1 ,le ,morte ,ar?ure1 ,book ,,xiv4 ,*aps4 #h & #i4 ,potv91 ll4 #djdbj et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,iv #a ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 p4 #e4 #b ,9 ?is connection n only ! epo*-mak+ works ( ,mannh>dt & ,fraz]1 :i* are m specifically devot$ to an exam9ation ( ,folk-belief & practice %\ld be /udi$1 b also works su* z ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s2 ,!mis1 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison2 ,! ,orig9 ( ,attic ,com$y1 ,f4 ,corn=d2 & ,sir ,gilb]t ,murray's essay on ! evolution ( ! ,greek ,drama1 publi%$ 9 ,miss ,h>rison's ,!mis4 ,! cumulative evid5ce is mo/ /rik+4 #c ,a full /udy ( ?is evolution>y process w be f\nd 9 ,miss ,h>rison's ,!mis1 ,a ,/udy ( ,greek ,social ,orig9s1 ref]r$ to above4 #d ,baudiss91 9 8 exhau/ive /udy ( ^! cults1 ,adonis und ,esmun1 comes to ! conclusion t ,tammuz & ,adonis are diff]5t gods1 ow+ _! orig9 to a common p>5t deity4 ,:]e ! orig9al conception arose is d\btful2 :e!r 9 ,babylon1 9 ,canaan1 or 9 a l& :]e ! common ance/ors ( ,pho5icians & ,babylonian ,semites =m$ an orig9al unit4 #e ,cf4 ,tammuz & ,i%t>1 ,s4 ,langdon1 p4 #e4 #f ,x may be well to note "h ! ! #8,life' deity has no prop] "n2 he is only kn[n by an appellative2 ,damu-zi1 ,damu1 #8fai?ful son1' or #8son & consort1' is only a g5]al epi!t1 :i* designates ! dy+ god 9 a !ological aspect1 j z ! "n ,adni1 #8my "l1' c]ta9ly replac$ a m specific "n = ! god ( ,byblos4 ,esmun ( ,sidon1 ano!r type ( ,adonis1 is a title only1 & means simply1 #8! "n4' ,cf4 ,langdon1 op4 cit4 p4 #g4 ,cf4 ?is ) previ\s passages on ! evolution ( ! ,greek idea f a nameless entity to a def9ite god4 ,mr ,langdon's rem>ks on ! evolution ( ! ,tammuz cult %\ld be c>efully /udi$ 9 view ( ! !ory ma9ta9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway--t ! ,vegetation deities 7 all ( !m orig9ally m54 #g ,f a liturgy employ$ at ,nippur 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,is9 dyna/y4 ,langdon1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 ,also1 ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 p4 #cch4 #h ,cf4 ,langdon1 ,tammuz & ,i%t>1 p4 #bc4 #i ,:at we h be5 able to asc]ta9 ( ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian religion po9ts to x r z a religion ( m\rn+ & supplication1 ?an ( joy & ?anksgiv+4 ,! p seem to h be5 9 p]petual dread ( _! gods1 :o require to be appeas$ by cont9ual acts ( humiliation4 ,?us ! #i?1 #ae?1 #ai?1 #bh?1 & #bi? ( ! mon? 7 all days ( sack-clo? & a%es1 days ( wail+2 ! #ai? especially 0 #8! day ( ! wra? ( ,gulu4' #aj ,cf4 ,langdon1 op4 cit4 p4 #bd4 #aa ,cf4 ,langdon1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 #ab ,! mo/ complete enquiry into ! nature ( ! god is to be f\nd 9 ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun4 ,= ! details ( ! cult cf4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 ,vellay1 ,adonis 7,annales du ,muse ,guimet74 ,= ! ,folk-lore evid5ce cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald un ,feld-,kulte2 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & ,adonis1 ,attis & ,osiris4 ,^! rem>ks apply also to ! k9dr$ cult ( ,attis1 :i* z we %all see lat] =ms an important l9k 9 our *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,! two cults are practically id5tical & s*ol>s are frequ5tly at a loss to :i* gr\p surviv+ fragm5ts ( ! ritual %\ld be assign$4 #ac ,9 ?is connection note ! extremely in/ructive rem>ks ( ,miss ,h>rison 9 ! *apt] on ,h]akles 9 ! "w ref]r$ to above4 ,%e po9ts out t ! ,eniautos ,daimon nev] becomes entirely & ,olympian1 b always reta9s traces ( 8 #8,e>?' orig94 ,?is pr9ciple is p>ticul>ly well illu/rat$ by ,adonis1 :o1 ?\gh1 admitt$ to ,olympus z ! lov] ( ,aphrodite1 is yet by ?is v nature =c$ to return to ! e>?1 & desc5d to ! realm ( ,p]sephone4 ,?is agrees well ) ! conclusion rea*$ by ,baudiss9 7,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #ga7 t ,adonis belongs to 8e9] ,klasse von ,wes5 sehr unbe/immt] ,art1 die wohl b] d5 ,m5s*5 ab] unt] d5 gross5 ,gtt]n /eh540 #ad ,cf4 ,vellay1 op4 cit4 p4 #ic4 ,dulaure1 ,des ,div9its ,gnratrices4 ,if ,baudiss9 is correct1 & ! introduction ( ! ,bo> a lat] addition to ! /ory1 x w\ld seem to indicate ! intrusion ( a phallic elem5t into ritual :i* at fir/1 l t ( ,tammuz1 dealt m]ely ) ! dea? ( ! god4 ,! ,attis =m1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to h be5 phallic f ! fir/4 ,cf4 ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #afj4 #ae ,op4 cit4 p4 #hc4 #af ,cf4 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,voll5dung d5 ,aris*5 ,my/]ium1 p4 #ad4 #ag ,x may be well to expla9 ! exact mean+ atta*$ to ^! t]ms by ! au?or4 ,9 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s view ,my/]ium may be held to connote a drama 9 :i* ! gods !mselves are actors2 ,mimus on ! contr>y1 is ! t]m appli$ to a drama :i* treats ( ! do+s ( mortals4 #ah ,op4 cit4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #fdg4 #ai ,op4 cit4 p4 #aae4 ,mu* ( ! unc]ta9ty z to date is d\btless due to ! reflective influ5ce ( o!r =ms ( ! cult2 ! ,tammuz celebrations 7 held f ,june #bj?1 to ,july #bj?1 :5 ! ,dog-/> ,sirius 0 9 ! asc5dant1 & vegetation fail$ b5ea? ! heat ( ! summ] sun4 ,9 o!r1 & m temp]ate1 climates ! date w\ld fall lat]4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! cult 0 an (f-%oot ( a ,tammuz orig9al 7z might be ! case ?r\gh emigration7 ! t5d5cy w\ld be to reta9 ! orig9al date4 #bj ,cf4 ,vellay1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee2 ,mannh>dt1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bgg-gh1 = a description ( ! fea/4 ,) reg>d to ! ord] & sequ5ce ( ! celebration cf4 ,miss ,h>rison's rem>k1 ,!mis1 p4 #dae3 8,9 ! cyclic monotony ( ! ,eniautos ,daimon x matt]s little :e!r ,dea? foll[s ,resurrection1 or ,resurrection1 ,dea?40 #ba ,cf4 ,mannh>dt1 supra1 p4 ---4 #bb ,cf4 ,vellay1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 ,?is seems also to h be5 ! case ) ,tammuz1 cf4 ,ezekiel1 ,*ap4 viii4 v4 #ad4 #bc ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 "u head+ ,adonis4 #bd ,vellay1 p4 #acj1 ,mannahrdt1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhg2 note ! writ]'s sugge/ion t ! wom5 "h repres5t ! goddess1 ! /rang]1 ! ris5 ,adonis4 #be ,cf4 ,vellay1 p4 #ic4 #bf ,vide supra1 pp4 ---4 ---4 #bg ,supra1 p4 #ba4 #bh ,cf4 ,potv91 app5dix to ,vol4 ,,iii42 ,sir ,gawa9 & ! ,grail ,ca/le1 pp4 #da1 #dd1 & note4 #bi ,my use ( ?is p>allel has be5 object$ to on ! gr\nd t ! prose ,lancelot is a late text1 & !re=e _c be appeal$ to z evid5ce = orig9al incid5ts4 ,b ! ,lancelot 9 its orig9al =m 0 held by s compet5t an au?ority z ! late ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/1 if n ! v e>lie/1 ( ,fr5* prose texts4 7,cf4 ,m4 ,p>is's review ( ,su*i] & ,bir*-,hirs*field's ,ges*i*te d] ,franz4 ,litt47 ,! adv5ture 9 "q is a #8,gawa9' adv5ture2 we d n "k :5ce x 0 d]iv$1 & x may well h be5 includ$ 9 an e>ly v]sion ( ! romance4 ,ap>t f ! purely lit]>y "q1 f ! /rictly critical po9t ( view ! adv5ture is "h obvi\sly out ( place1 & entirely devoid ( raison d'tre4 ,if ! orig9s ( ! ,grail leg5d is really to be f\nd 9 ^! cults1 :i* are n a dead b a liv+ tradition 7h[ truly liv+1 ! exclusively lit]>y critic has little idea71 we are surely entitl$ to draw att5tion to ! obvi\s p>allels1 no matt] 9 :i* text !y appe>4 ,i am n engag$ 9 recon/ruct+ ! orig9al =m ( ! ,grail /ory1 b 9 endeavor+ to asc]ta9 ! ultimate s\rce1 & x is surely ju/ifiable to po9t out t1 9 effect1 no matt] :at v]sion we take1 we f9d 9 t v]sion po9ts ( contact ) "o special gr\p ( popul> belief & practice4 ,if ,i be wrong 9 my conclusions my critics h only to sugge/ ano!r orig9 = ?is p>ticul> feature ( ! romance--z a matt] ( fact1 !y h fail$ to d s4 #cj ,cf4 ,p]lesvaus1 ,bran* ,,ii4 ,*ap4 ,i4 #ca ,?r[+ into1 or dr5*+ )1 wat] is a well kn[n "p ( ! #8,f]tility' ritual2 x is a case ( sympa!tic magic1 act+ z a ra9 *>m4 ,,*apt] ,v #a ,anci5t ,greek ,religion1 & ,mod]n ,greek ,folk-,lore1 ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 gives "s mo/ int]e/+ evid5ce z to mod]n survivals ( my?ological beliefs4 #b ,wald und ,feld-,kulte1 #bnd edition1 #b vols41 ,b]l91 #aijd4 ,cf4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhf4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #crd edition1 #e vols4 #c ,i cite f ,mannh>dt1 z ! two works ov]lap 9 ! p>ticul> l9e ( rese>* we are foll[+3 ! same in/ances are giv5 9 bo?1 buyt ! hon\r ( priority belongs to ! ,g]man s*ol>4 #d ,op4 cit4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #daa4 #e ,see ,g4 ,cald]on1 #8,slavonic ,elem5ts 9 ,greek religion1' ,classical ,review1 #aiah1 p4 #gi4 #f ,op4 cit4 p4 #daf4 #g ,op4 cit4 pp4 #aee & #cab4 #h ,op4 cit4 p4 #cec4 #i ,op4 cit4 p4 #ceh4 #aj ,op4 cit4 p4 #ceh4 #aa ,op4 cit4 p4 #cei4 ,cf4 ! ,lausitz cu/om giv5 supra1 :i* ,mannh>dt seems to h ov]look$4 #ab ,9 ! poem1 besides ! ord9>y figures ( ! ,vegetation ,deity1 8 female c\nt]p>t1 & ! ,doctor1 common to all su* processions1 ,laubfros*1 comb9+ ! two fir/1 & ,horse4 ,cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ol4 ,=s*4 pp4 #adb-dc2 ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 pp4 #djh et seq42 also1 pp4 #ddc-dd4 ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway 7op4 cit4 p4 #aef7 ref]s slight+ly to ?is int]pretation ( a #8h>mless little hymn'--d\bless ! poem is h>mless2 until ,pr(4 von ,s*ro$] po9t$ out its close aff9ity ) ! ,f]tility processions x 0 also mean+less4 #ac ,op4 cit4 ,*ap4 #ag1 p4 #bec4 #ad ,cf4 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #cgd4 #ae ,op4 cit4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #ag et seq4 #af ,see ,dr ,seligmann's /udy1 ,! ,cult ( ,nyakang & ! ,div9e ,k+s ( ! ,%illuk 9 ! ,f\r? ,report ( ! ,wellcome ,rese>* ,laboratories1 ,kk>tum1 #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,b4 #ag ,cf4 ,address on reception into ! ,academy :5 ,m4 ,p>is succe$$ to ,pa/eur's fauteuil4 ,,*apt] ,,vi #a ,op4 cit4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #id4 #b ,! ,leg5d ( ,long9us1 ,r4 ,j4 ,peebles 7,bryn ,mawr ,college monographs1 ,vol4 ,,ix474 #c ,i discuss$ ?is po9t ) ,miss ,lucy ,broadwood1 ,secret>y ( ! ,folk-,song ,society1 :o has made sket*es ( ^! ,crosses1 & %e entirely agrees ) me4 ,9 my ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 pp4 #ed et seq41 ,i h po9t$ out ! absolute de>? ( ecclesia/ical tradition ) reg>d to ! /ory ( ,joseph & ! ,grail4 #d ,cf4 ,littaturzeitung1 ,,xxiv4 7#aijc71 p4 #bhba4 #e ,cf4 ,! ,ble$+ ,lance1 ,a4 ,c4 ,l4 ,br[n4 #f ,cf4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce2 also ,a4 ,nutt1 ,/udies 9 ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail1 p4 #ahd4 #g ,cf4 ,br[n1 ,notes on ,celtic ,cauldrons ( ,pl5ty1 p4 #bcg4 #h ,cf4 ,que/e1 ,malory1 ,book ,,xiii4 ,*ap4 #g1 :]e ! effect is ! same4 #i ,cf4 ,g]manis*e ,elb5 und ,gtt] beim ,e/5volk]1 ,l4 von ,s*ro$] 7,wi51 #aijf74 #aj ,i sugge/$ ?is po9t 9 corrspond5ce ) ,dr ,brugg]1 :o agre$ ) me t x 0 wor? work+ out4 #aa ,be=e leav+ ! discussion ( ,pr(essor ,br[n's !ory1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to a s]i\s error made by ! au?or ( ,! ,leg5d ( ,long9us4 ,on p4 #aia1 %e blames ,pr(essor ,br[n = po/ulat+ ! de/ructive qualities ( ! ,lance1 on ! /r5g? ( #8an unsupport$ passage' 9 ! #8,mons' ,,ms41 :]eas ! ,montpelli] text says t ! ,lance %all br+ peace4 ,un=tunately1 x is ?is latt] v]sion :i* is unsupport$1 all ! ,,mss41 )\t ev5 except+ ,b4,n4 #adbi1 :i* z a rule agrees ) ,montpelli]1 give ! #8de/ructive' v]sion4 #ab ,cf4 ,dulaure1 ,des ,div9its ,gnratrices1 p4 #gg4 ,also additional *apt] to la/ edition by ,van ,g5nep1 p4 #ccc2 ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 pp4 #bgi-hj1 = symbolic use ( ! ,spe>4 ,mc,culloch1 ,religion ( ! ,celts1 p4 #cjb1 sugge/s t x is n impossible t ! cauldron,h9du yoni1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld br+ x into l9e ) ! above sugge/$ mean+ ( ! ,grail4 ,i ?9k h[ev] t ! real significance ( ! cauldron is t previ\sly indicat$4 #ac ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is relative position ( ,lance & ,grail l+]s on 9 late & fully ,*ri/ianiz$ v]sions2 cf4 ,somm]1 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 ,romania1 ,,xxxvi4 p4 #ege4 #ad ,my in=mant on ?is po9t 0 a s*ol>1 resid5t 9 ,japan1 :o gave me ! facts )9 8 p]sonal k4 ,i ref]r$ ! "q to ,pr(4 ,basil ,hall ,*amb]la91 :o wrote 9 answ] t he _h n himself met ) ! practice b t ! ,samurai c]emonies diff]$ 9 diff]5t prov9ces1 & my in=mant might well be correct4 #ae ,?is explanation has at lea/ ! m]it ( simplicity z comp>$ ) t propos$ by ! au?or ( ,! ,leg5d ( ,long9us1 pp4 #bji et seq41 :i* w\ld connect ! feature ) an obscure h]etical practice ( ! e>ly ,iri% *ur*4 ,x w\ld also meet ,pr(essor ,br[n's v reasonable objections1 ,! ,ble$+ ,lance1 p4 #h2 cf4 also rem>ks by ,bai/ quot$ 9 ! foot-note above4 #af ,cf4 my ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cad-cae1 note4 #ag ,mr ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 :o has publi%$ a book on ! subject1 in=ms me t ! #ag c>ds pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio?que du ,roi 7,bibl4 ,nationale87 z specim5s ( ! "w ( ! pa9t] ,*>les ,gr+onneur1 are really ,t>ots4 #ah ,falconni]1 9 a bro*ure on ,les ,,xxii ,lames ,h]metiques du ,t>ot1 gives reproductions ( ^! ,egyptian pa9t+s4 #ai ,j\rnal ( ! ,gipsy-,lore ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,new ,s]ies1 pp4 #ad-cg4 #bj ,f a private lett]4 ,! ultimate object ( ,magic 9 all ages 01 & is1 to obta9 control ( ! s\rces ( ,life4 ,h5ce1 :atev] 0 ! use ( ^! objects 7( :i* ,i "k no?+71 _! appe>ance 9 ?is connection is significant4 ,,*apt] ,,vii #a ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 p4 #ej4 ,?is "w conta9s a mo/ valuable & int]e/+ /udy ( ! ,m>uts1 & ! k9dr$ gr\ps ( ,sword ,danc]s4 #b ,op4 cit4 pp4 #dg et seq4 #c ,rig-,v$a1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ccg4 #d ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 p4 #dh4 #e ,op4 cit41 ,indra1 die ,m>uts1 und ,aga/ya1 pp4 #ia et seq4 #f ,rig-,v$a1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #cca1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccg4 #g ,my/]ium un ,mimus1 p4 #aba4 #h ,voll5dung des ,aris*e ,my/]ium1 p4 #ac4 ,! introductory section ( ?is book1 conta9+ a /udy ( e>ly ,aryan belief1 & num]\s ref]5ces to mod]n survivals1 is bo? int]e/+ & valuable4 ,! latt] "p1 a panegyric on ! ,wagn]ian drama1 is ( little importance4 #i ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 p4 #aca4 #aj ,cf4 ,rs*]'s ,lexikon1 "u head+ ,kuret54 #aa ,op4 cit4 #ab ,cf4 ,prell]1 ,grae*i%e ,my?ologie1 p4 #acd4 #ac ,quot$ by ,prell]1 p4 #fed4 #ad ,!mis1 ,a ,/udy 9 ,greek ,social ,orig9s 7,cambridge1 #aiab71 pp4 #f et seq4 #ae ,my/]ium un ,mimus1 p4 #bc4 #af ,!mis1 p4 #bd4 #ag ,cf4 ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 section ,indra1 die ,m>uts1 und ,aga/ya specially pp4 #aea et seq4 #ah ,cf4 von ,s*ro$]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ada et seq4 = a v full acc\nt ( ! c]emonies2 also1 ,!mis1 p4 #aid2 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald und ,feld-,kulte1 & ,rs*]'s ,lexikon1 "u head+ ,m>s1 = v>i\s reasons4 #ai ,folk-,lore1 ,vols4 ,,vii41 ,x41 & ,,xvi4 conta9 int]e/+ & fully illu/rat$ acc\nts ( "s ( ^! dances & plays4 #bj ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bjb4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! precise =m ( ?is r+2 0 x ! ,p5tangle8 #ba ,cf4 also ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 = a g5]al description ( ! dance1 m9us ! text ( ! spee*es4 #bb ,pp4 #ahf-aid4 #bc ,cf4 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 pp4 #bab et seq4 #bd ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! curi\s "n ( ! adv]s>y1 ,goli%am2 x is notewor?y t 9 "o ,ar?urian romance ,gawa9 has = adv]s>y ,golagros1 9 ano!r ,p]cival fights aga9/ ,gol]o!ram4 ,are ^! all rem9isc5ces ( ! giant ,golia?1 :o became ! synonym = a dang]\s1 pref]ably hea!n1 adv]s>y1 ev5 z ,mahomet became ! synonym = an idol8 #be ,cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald und ,feld-,kulte1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #aia et seq4 = a v full acc\nt ( ! ,julbock 7,yule ,buck74 #bf ,cf4 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 #8,"s ,ox=d%ire ,seasonal ,fe/ivals1' :]e full illu/rations ( ! ,bampton ,morris ,danc]s & _! equipm5t w be f\nd4 #bg ,cf4 ,! ,pad/[ ,hobby-,horse1 ,f4-,l4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 p4 #ef2 ,! ,/af=d%ire ,horn-,dance1 ,ib4 ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #chb1 & ,,viii4 p4 #gj4 #bh ,cf4 supra1 pp4 #ec1 #hj1 #he4 #bi ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfd4 #cj ,see ,engli% ,folk-,song & ,dance by ,frank ,kidson & ,m>y ,neal1 ,cambridge1 #aiae1 plate fac+ p4 #ajd4 ,a curi\s po9t 9 connection ) ! illu/ration is t ! ,*alice is surm\nt$ by a ,he>t1 & 9 ! ,t>ot suits ,cups are ! equival5t ( our ,he>ts4 ,! comb9ation has n[ become id5tifi$ ) ! cult ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 b is und\bt$ly mu* old]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii #a ,cf4 supra1 ,*ap4 #e1 pp4 #eb1 #ed2 ,*ap4 #g1 pp4 #ij1 #ia4 #b ,my/]ium und ,mimus1 p4 #cfi1 ,d] ,mimus des ,m$iz9mannes4 #c ,cf4 ,*ap4 #e1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #d ,op4 cit4 p4 #cga #e ,op4 cit4 pp4 #gh et seq4 #f ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t :ile s*ol>s are n[ com+ to ! conclusion t ,classic ,drama1 :e!r ,trag$y or ,com$y1 reposes = its orig9 ^u ?is anci5t ritual1 o!rs h po9t$ out t ,mod]n ,drama d]ives f ! ritual ,play ( ! ,*ur*1 ! fir/ record$ m$ieval drama be+ ! ,ea/] ,quem ,qua]itis8 ! dramatic celebration ( ,our ,"l's ,resurrection4 ,cf4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 :]e ?is !sis is elaborately develop$ & illu/rat$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t c]ta9 texts ( ?is1 ! #8,classical' ,passion ,play1 conta9 a sc5e betwe5 ! ,m>ies & ! #8,ungu5t>ius' f :om !y pur*ase spices = ! embalmm5t ( ,our ,"l4 ,c ?is be a survival ( ! ,m$ic9e ,man8 7,cf4 op4 cit4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cc47 #g ,bibl4 ,nat41 fonds ,franais1 #abegg1 fo4 #dj #h ,bibl4 ,nat41 f4 ,f4 #adec1 fo4 #di4 ,p>zival1 ,bk4 x4 ll1 #dac-bb4 #i ,lanceloet1 ,jonckbloet1 ,vol4,,ii4 ll4 #bbbga-bcabf4 #aj ,op4 cit4 ll4 #bbhbe-bf4 #aa ,op4 cit4 ,vol4 #a4 ll4 #dbedj-dgbfb4 #ab ,op4 cit4 ll4 #dffga-gd4 #ac ,op4 cit4 ll4 #dffgh-hj4 #ad ,cf4 ,lo?1 ,les ,mab9ogion1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bcj1 & note4 ,! o!r two are ,riwallawn ,wal? ,banhadl51 & ,lla*eu son ( ,ar?ur4 #ae ,! only in/ance 9 :i* ,i h f\nd m$ic9e directly connect$ ) ! knightly ord] is 9 ! case ( ! w>rior clan ( ! ,samurai1 9 ,japan1 :]e memb]s1 physically unfitt$ = ! task ( a w>rior1 7 tra9$ z ,royal ,doctors1 ! ,folk ,doctors be+ recruit$ f a class bel[ ! ,samurai4 ,cf4 ,m$iz9 d] ,natur-,vlk]1 ,b>tels1 p4 #fe4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii #a ,cf4 uvres de ,rutebuf1 ,kressn]1 p4 #aae4 #b ,my att5tion 0 drawn to ! poem by ref]5ces to x 9 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 ,*amb]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix #a ,cf4 my ,sir ,gawa9 & ! ,grail ,ca/le1 pp4 #c-cj4 ,! be/ text is t ( ,,ms4 ,b4,n41 fonds ,fran4 #abegf1 ff4 #hgvo-#ia4 ,! above rem>ks apply also to ! ,elucidation1 :i* is us+ a v]sion ( ! ,bleh]is =m4 #b ,b4,n4 #abegg1 fo4 #acfvo4 #c ,cf4 ,sir ,gawa9 at ! ,grail ,ca/le1 pp4 #cc-df4 #d ,cf4 ,b4,n4 #abegf1 ff4 #bbj-bbbvo & fo4 #beh4 #e ,hu*]1 ,le ,sa9t ,graal1 ,vo4 ,i4 pp4 #bea et seq41 #cae et seq4 #f ,cf4 ,mod5a ,,ms4 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 etc42 ,dr ,nitze1 ,! ,fi%]-,k+ 9 ! ,grail ,romances1 p4 #cgc1 says ,borron uses ! t]m ,rice ,pes*eur1 z oppos$ to ! ,roi ,pes*eur ( ,*rti54 ,?is rem>k is only correct z appli$ to ! ,joseph4 #g ,mod5a ,,ms p4 #fa & note4 #h ,ibid4 p4 #fc4 #i ,! evid5ce ( ! ,p>zival & ! p>allel ,grail sections ( ,sone de ,nansai1 :i* appe> to repose ultimately on a s\rce common to all ?ree au?ors1 makes ?is practically c]ta94 #aj ,?is is surely a curi\s omission1 if ! second ,k+ 7 z ess5tial a "p ( ! s*eme z ,dr ,nitze supposes4 #aa ,cf4 ,*apt] #b1 p4 ---4 #ab ,i _c agree ) ,dr ,nitze's rem>k 7op4 cit4 p4 #cgd7 t 89 mo/ v]sions ! ,fi%] ,k+ has a my/]i\s d\ble40 ,i hold t feature to be a peculi>ity ( ! ,*rti5-,wolfram gr\p4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ! ,gawa9 v]sions1 9 ,wau*i]1 nor 9 ,manessi]4 ,g]b]t is us+ ! ,que/e 9 ! passage relative to ,mordra9s1 & = ! reason /at$ above ,i hold t hei!r ,que/e nor ,gr& ,sa9t ,graal %\ld be cit$ :5 we are deal+1 z ,dr ,nitze is "h deal+1 ) que/ions ( ultimate orig94 #ac ,cf4 my ,leg5d ( ,sir ,lancelot1 pp4 #afg & #afh4 #ad ,cf4 ,he9zel1 ,ueb] die ,alt-,franz4 ,gral-,roman51 pp4 #acf & #acg4 #ae ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cdc1 note4 ,^! ?ree k+s are f\nd 9 ! curi\s ,m]l9 ,,ms4 ,b4,n41 f4 ,fran4 #ccg1 fo4 #bdi et seq4 #af ,vide supra1 pp4 #ia4 #ib4 #ag ,op4 cit4 p4 #ahd4 #ah ,cf4 ,*apt] #e1 p4 #eb1 ,*ap4 #g1 p4 #hh4 #ai ,di ,crone1 ll4 #agcbi et seq4 #bj ,9 ! ,p>zival ,titurel is gr&fa!r to ,an=tas1 ,frimutel int]v5+2 critics ( ! poem are apt to ov]look ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,g]man & ,fr5* v]sions4 #ba ,cf4 ,*apt] #b1 p4 #bj4 #bb ,cf4 "h my notes on ,sone de ,nansai 7,romania1 ,vol4 ,,xliii4 p4 #dab74 #bc ,9 connection ) my previ\s rem>ks on ! subject 7p4 #aab7 ,i w\ld po9t out t ! ,que/e & ,gr& ,sa9te ,graal v]sions repeat ! ,maim$ ,k+ motif 9 ! mo/ un9tellig5t mann]4 ,! elem5t ( old age1 inh]5t 9 ! ,evala*-,mordra9s incid5t1 is complicat$ & practically obscur$1 by an absurdly exagg]at$ w\nd+ elem5t1 "h devoid ( its orig9al significance4 #bd ,he9zel1 op4 cit4 p4 #ac4 #be ,= an in/ance ( ! extravagances to :i* a /rictly ,*ri/ian int]pretation c lead1 cf4 ,dr ,seba/ian ,evans's !ories set =? 9 8 translation ( ! ,p]lesvaus 7,! ,high ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,grail7 & 9 8 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,! au?or places ! orig9 ( ! cycle 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & treats x z an allegory ( ! position 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,int]dict pron\nc$ aga9/ ,k+ ,john1 & ! consequ5t )hold+ ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,8 id5tification ( ! "* ) hi/orical orig9als is mo/ +5i\s1 an extraord9>y example ( misappli$ le>n+4 #bf ,= a g5]al discussion ( ! conflict+ views cf4 ,dr ,nitze's /udy1 ref]r$ to above4 ,! writ] devotes special att5tion to ! works ( ! late ,pr(4 ,he9zel & ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt z lead+ repres5tatives ( _! respective s*ools4 #bg ,r4 ,pis*el's ,ueb] die ,ursprung des ,*ri/li*5 ,fis*-,symbols is specifically devot$ to ! possible d]ivation f ,indian s\rces4 ,s*eftel[itz1 ,das ,fis*symbolik 9 ,jud5tem und ,*ri/5tum 7,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 ,vol4 ,,xiv471 conta9s a great deal ( valuable mat]ial4 ,r4 ,eisl]1 ,orpheus ! ,fi%] 7,! ,que/1 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii471 ,john1 ,jonas1 ,oannes 7ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii471 ,! ,messianic ,fi%-meal ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* 7ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iv471 are isolat$ /udies1 =m+ "p ( a compreh5sive "w on ! subject1 ! publication ( :i* has un=tunately be5 prev5t$ by ! ,w>4 #bh ,mahbhrata1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 #bi ,cf4 ,s*eftek[itz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea4 #cj ,cf4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,june & ,july1 #aiaa1 :]e reproductions ( ^! figures w be f\nd4 #ca ,op4 cit4 p4 #djc4 ,cf4 "h an illu/ration 9 ,miss ,h>rison's ,!mis 7p4 #bfb71 :i* %[s ,cecrops1 :o play$ ! same rle ) reg>d to ! ,greeks1 ) a s]p5t's tail4 #cb ,ibid4 p4 #afh4 ,9 ?is connection note ! pray] to ,vi%nu1 quot$ above4 #cc ,cf4 ,eisl]1 ,orpheus ! ,fi%] 7,! ,que/1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abf74 #cd ,cf4 ,w4 ,/a]k1 ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,gral-,leg5de1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 #ce ,df4 ,s4 ,langdon1 ,sum]ian & ,babylonian ,psalms1 pp4 #cja1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cac4 #cf ,cf4 ,eisl]1 ,! ,messianic ,fi%-meal ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* 7,! ,que/1 ,vol4 ,,iv471 :]e ! v>i\s frescoes are describ$2 also ! article by ,s*eftel[itz1 already ref]r$ to4 ,:ile ma9ly devot$ to ,jewi% beliefs & practices1 ?is /udy conta9s mu* mat]ial d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,s f> x is ! fulle/ & mo/ ?or\ghly docum5t treatm5t ( ! subject ,i h met )4 #cg ,cf4 ,eisl]1 op4 cit4 & ,s*eftel[itz1 pp4 #ai4 #bj4 #ch ,cf4 ,eisl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejh4 #ci ,cf4 ,s*eftel[itz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ccg1 #cch1 & note #d4 #dj ,hu*]1 ,le ,sa9t ,graal1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bea et seq41 #cae et seq4 #da ,cf4 ,a4 ,nutt1 ,/udies 9 ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail1 p4 #bji4 #db ,cf4 ,eisl]1 ,! ,my/ic ,epitaph ( ,bi%op ,ab]kios 7,! ,que/1 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #cjb-cab72 ,s*eftel[itz1 op4 cit4 p4 #h4 #dc ,cf4 ,! ,voyage ( ,sa9t ,br&an1 ll4 #cgb1 et seq41 #ffj et seq4 #dd ,op4 cit4 ll4 #agj et seq41 & supra1 p4 #aai4 #de ,vide supra1 p4 #gj4 #df ,op4 cit4 p4 #afh4 #dg ,cf4 ,! ,messianic ,fi%-meal4 #dh ,op4 cit4 p4 #ib1 fig4 #db a4 #di ,op4 cit4 p4 #bc1 & note1 p4 #bi4 #ej ,p>zival1 ,bk4 ,,ix4 ll41 #aaji et seq41 ,bk4 ,,xvi4 ll4 #age et seq4 #ea ,cf4 ,sir ,gawa9 at ! ,grail ,ca/le1 p4 #ee4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,lancelot ,,mss41 e4g41 ,b4,n41 f4 ,fr4 #abc1 give two doves4 #eb ,cf4 ,s*eftel[itz1 p4 #cch4 ,hav51 ,d] ,gral1 has argu$ t ,wolfram's /one is su* a meteoric /one1 a ,boetylus4 ,i am n prep>$ to take up any position z to ! exact nature ( ! /one itself1 :e!r preci\s /one or meteor2 ! real po9t ( importance be+ its ,life-giv+ pot5cy4 #ec ,op4 cit4 p4 #cha4 #ed ,ibid4 p4 #cgf et seq4 #ee ,ibid4 p4 #bj4 #ef ,ibid4 p4 #cgg4 ,,*apt] ,x #a ,elucidation1 ll4 #d-i & #ab1 #ac4 #b ,potv91 ll4 #aiicc-dj4 ,i quote f ,potv9's edition z m accessible ?an ! ,,mss41 b ! v]sion ( mons is1 on ! :ole1 an inf]ior "o4 #c ,potv91 ll4 #bhajh-bh4 #d ,?is is to my m9d ! error vitiat+ mu* ( ,dr ,nitze's lat] "w1 e4g41 ! /udies entitl$ ,! ,fi%]-,k+ 9 ! ,grail ,romances & ,! ,si/]'s ,son1 & ! ,conte del ,graal4 #e ,op4 cit4 ,introduction1 p4 ,x4 #f ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #bic1 & ,cumont1 op4 cit4 p4 #dd4 #g ,anri*1 ,das alte ,my/]i5-,wes5 9 se9em ,v]hltniss zum ,*ri/5tum1 p4 #df4 #h ,op4 cit4 p4 #acf4 #i ,cumont1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 #aj ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 #aa ,cf4 ,anri*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha4 #ab ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #ahi4 #ac ,cumont1 ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 pp4 #ai & #gh4 #ad ,ibid4 p4 #ahh4 #ae ,ibid4 pp4 #aij et seq4 #af ,vide ,hepd+1 ,attis1 ,*ap4 #d1 = details4 #ag ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 p4 #agd4 #ah ,hepd+1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif4 #ai ,cf4 my ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cac4 ,hepd+ m5tions 7op4 cit4 p4 #agd7 among ! sacra ( ! goddess ,phrygium f]rum1 :i* he sugge/s 0 ! knife f :i* ! ,ar*igallus w\nd$ himself on ! #8,blood' day4 ,?us x is possible t ! primitive ritual may h conta9$ a knife4 ,,*apt] ,,xi #a ,cumont1 op4 cit4 ,introd4 pp4 ,,xx & ,,xxi4 #b ,?rice-,greate/ ,h]mes1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aie4 #c ,op4 cit4 p4 #ada4 #d ,op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 #e ,op4 cit4 pp4 #adf et seq4 ,reitz5/e91 ,die ,hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5 ,religion51 ,leipzig1 #aiaj1 gives ! docum5t 9 ! orig9al4 ,!re is also a translation ( ,hippolytus 9 ! ,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y4 #f ,quot$ by ,mead1 op4 cit4 p4 #ach4 #g ,op4 cit4 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 #h ,op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 #i ,op4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,mr ,mead concludes t !re is "h a lacuna ( ! orig9al4 #aj ,op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 ,9 a note ,mr ,mead says ( ! ,great] ,my/]ies1 8presumaby ! c&idate w5t ?r\gh "s symbolic rite ( dea? & resurrection40 #aa ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,i w\ld draw especial att5tion to ?is passage 9 view ( ! pres5t controv]sey z to ! ,orig9 ( ,drama4 ,x looks z if ! orig9al writ] ( ! docum5t 7& ?is section is 9 ! ,pagan ,s\rce7 w\ld h incl9$ to ! views ( ,sir ,gilb]t ,murray1 ,miss ,h>rison1 & ,mr ,corn=d r ?an to ^? *ampion$ by _! s>ca/ic critic1 ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway4 #ab ,op4 cit4 p4 #aij4 #ac ,vide supra1 p4 #acg4 #ad ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,*apt]s #aj & #aa4 #ae ,cf4 my ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 ,bell1 #aiac1 ,*ap4 #d1 = summ>y ( evid5ce on ?is po9t4 #af ,cf4 ,he9zel1 ,alt-,franz4 ,gral-,roman51 p4 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,,xii #a ,op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 #b ,op4 cit4 p4 #c4 #c ,op4 cit4 p4 #d4 #d ,cumont1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abi-ada et seq4 #e ,op4 cit4 p4 #adh4 #f ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 ! text is giv5 ) translation & is foll[$ by an elaborate comm5t>y4 ,! :ole /udy is mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 #g ,cf4 ,b\sset1 ,d] ,himmelfahrt d] ,seele1 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #h ,cumont1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aii et seq4 #i ,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #eba4 #aj ,cf4 ,mead1 op4 cit4 p4 #agi1 note2 ,cumont1 ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 p4 #ahc4 #aa ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales1 pp4 #afj et seq4 #ab ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 p4 #gg4 #ac ,les ,religions ,ori5tales1 pp4 #aff1 #afg1 ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 p4 #eg4 #ad ,mead1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adg1 #adh1 & note4 #ae ,)\t ent]+ into indiscreet details ,i may say t /ud5ts ( ! ,my/]ies are well aw>e ( ! cont9u$ survival ( ?is ritual "u circum/ances :i* correspond exactly ) ! indications ( two ( our ,grail romances4 #af ,! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 pp4 #aaj et seq4 #ag puys4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,l4 ,br[n1 ,notes on ,celtic ,cauldrons ( ,pl5ty1 n4 p4 #bdi1 translates ?is #8wells1' an error into :i* ! late ,mr ,alfr$ ,nutt _h already fall54 ,wisse ,col9 translates ?is correctly1 b]g1 gebirge4 #ah ,i suspect t ! robb]y ( ! ,gold5 ,cup 0 orig9ally a symbolic expression = ! outrage be+ (f]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii #a ,,ms ,b4,n4 #abegf1 ff4 #hgvo et seq4 ,a translation w be f\nd 9 my ,sir ,gawa9 at ! ,grail ,ca/le1 pp4 #ac-ae4 #b ,,ms ,b4,n4 #abegf1 ff4 #aejvo1 #bbb1 #bchvo4 #c ,cf4 "h ,pr(4 ,kittr$ge's monograph ,ar?ur & ,gorlagon4 #d ,cf4 ,malory1 ,book ,,xvi4 ,*ap4 #b4 #e ,cf4 ,p]lesvaus1 ,bran* ,,xv4 sections ,,xii4-,,xx42 ,malory1 ,book ,,vi4 ,*ap4 #ae2 ,*evali] deux ,espes1 ll4 #eca et seq4 #f ,b4,n4 #abegf1 fo4 #gdvo4 #g ,cf4 ,b4,n4 ,,ms #adcc1 ff4 #aj1 #aa1 & ! analysis & rem>ks 9 my ,leg5d ( ,sir ,lancelot1 p4 #bai & note4 #h ,cf4 passage 9 "q quot$ on p4 #acg4 #i ,b4,n4 #abegf1 fo4 #aejvo4 #aj ,p]lesvaus1 ,bran* ,i4 sections ,,iii41 ,,iv4 #aa ,cf4 my notes on ! subject1 ,romania1 ,vol4 ,,xliii4 pp4 #dbj-dbf4 #ab ,cf4 ,nitze1 ,gla/onbury & ! ,holy ,grail1 :]e ! ref]5ce is giv54 #ac ,vide supra1 p4 #adg4 #ad ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfa4 ,i sugge/$ !n t ! actual initiation w\ld probably consi/ 9 enlight5m5t into ! mean+ ( ,lance & ,cup1 9 _! sexual juxtaposition4 ,i w\ld n[ g a /ep fur!r1 & sugge/ t ! id5tification ( ! ,lance ) ! weapon ( ,long9us may q well h rpelac$ ! orig9al explanation z giv5 by ,bleh]is4 ,9 ,! ,que/1 ,oct4 #aiaf1 ,i h giv51 "u ! title 8,! ,ru9$ ,temple10 a hypo!tical recon/ruction ( ! ,grail ,initiation4 #ae ,owa9 ,miles1 edit$ f ! unique ,,ms4 by ,turnbull & ,la+1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcg4 ,! ,purgatory ( ,sa9t ,patrick w be f\nd 9 ,hor/mann's ,s\!rn ,leg5d>y4 ,i h giv5 a mod]n ,engli% r5d]+ ( "p ( ,owa9 ,miles 9 my ,*ief ,middle-,engli% ,poets1 publi%$ by ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 #af ,cf4 op4 cit4 pp4 #adh et seq4 #ag ,op4 cit4 pp4 #aee & #bed4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,! ,au?or #a ,cf4 ,mead1 ,?rice ,greate/ ,h]mes1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bie4 ,on ?is po9t ! /ill untranslat$ corpus ( ,b>dic poetry may possibly ?r[ light4 #b ,! ,que/ ( ,! ,holy ,grail 7,que/ s]ies1 ,bell1 #aiac74 #c ,on ! po9t t ,*rti5 0 treat+ an already popul> !me1 cf4 ,brugg]1 ,ens]rem5t ,m]l91 ,i4 7,zeits*rift fr ,franz4 ,spra*e1 ,,xxix474 #d ,t is1 ! relation%ip is due to romantic tradition1 n to ,my/]y survival1 z ,dr ,nitze ma9ta9s4 #e ,cf4 ,romania1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii4 pp4 #ccc et seq4 #f ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*ap4 #ab1 = ! passages ref]r$ to1 also article 9 ,romania1 ,,xxxiii4 #g ,cf4 my ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 pp4 #aaj et seq4 #h ,cf4 ,tri/an 7,bdi]'s ed471 ,vol4 ,i4 l4 #babj4 #i ,a critic ( my ,que/ volume rem>ks t 8we h z little fai? 9 ,wau*i]'s appeal to a ,wel%man ,bleh]is z s\rce = 8 cont9uation ( ,*rti5's #8,p]ceval' z we h 9 ,layamon's simil> appeal to ,b$e & ,/ ,au/9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #8,brut4'0 ,! rem>k seems to me s+ul>ly inept1 !re is no p>allel betwe5 ! cases4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,layamon does n ref] to ,b$e & ,/ ,au/9 z s\rce1 b z models1 a v diff]5t ?+4 ,!n ! /atem5t is discr$it$ by ! fact t we possess ! writ+s ( ^! m51 & "k !m to be ( ano!r "* ?an ,metrical ,*ronicles4 ,9 ! case ( ,wau*i] 8 ref]5ce does n /& alone2 x is "o ( a gr\p1 & t gr\p m>k$ by an extraord9>y unanimity ( /atem5t2 :oev] ,bleh]is may h be5 he 0 c]ta9ly possess$ ( two def9ite qualifications--he knew a va/ numb] ( tales1 & he possess$ a rem>kable gift ( n>ration1 i4e41 he 0 a /ory-tell]1 p> excell5ce4 ,?us he 01 a priori1 a probable s\rce = t section ( ,wau*i]'s "w :i* is attribut$ to him1 a section consi/+ ( %ort1 picturesque1 & mutually indep5d5t tales1 :i* =m$ "p ( a popul> collection4 ,x is mislead+ to speak z if ,wau*i] ref]s to him z g5]al s\rce = 8 ,p]ceval cont9uation2 ! ref]5ces are cle>ly m>k$ & ref] to ,gawa9 tales4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ,wau*i]'s ref]5ce does n /& alone we h indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! actual exi/5ce ( su* a gr\p ( tales1 9 our surviv+ ,gawa9 poems1 c]ta9 ( :i*1 su* z ,kay & ! ,spit1 & ,golagros & ,gawayne are v]sions ( ! /ories giv5 by ,wau*i]1 :ile ! au?or ( ! ,elucidation 0 also famili> ) ! same collection4 ,if evid5ce = ! id5tity ( ,bleh]is is incomplete1 t = 8 exi/5ce appe>s to be incontrov]tible4 ,w\ld x n be m hone/ if su* a w\ld-be critic z ! writ] ref]r$ to said1 #8,i d n *oose to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,bleh]is1 because x runs c\nt] to my pre-conceiv$ !ory ( ! evolution ( ! lit]ature'8 ,we %\ld !n "k :]e we are4 ,su* a p>allel z t cit$ above has no value = ^? famili> ) ! lit]ature b may easily mislead ! g5]al read]4 ,i w\ld also draw att5tion to ! fact not$ 9 ! text--! extreme improbability ( ,wau*i]1 a cont95tal writ]1 inv5t+ an insul> & ,wel% s\rce4 ,?is is a po9t critics c>efully evade4 #aj ,cf4 ,bl$h]icus de ,corn\ailles1 note contribut$ by ,m4 ,f]d4 ,lot1 to ,romania1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #ccf4 ,m4 ,lot rem>ks t he has n met ) ! "n 9 ,armorica2 x ?us appe>s to be insul>4 #aa ,cf4 ,revue ,celtique1 #aiaa1 ,a note on ! id5tification ( ,bleh]is4 #ab ,ed4 ,rhys-,evans1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #big2 cf4 also ,revue ,celtique4 #ac ,9 ! c\rse ( #aiae-af ,i receiv$ lett]s f ,mr ,rog]s ,rees1 resid5t at ,/epaside1 ,pembroke%ire1 :o in=m$ me t he held def9ite pro( ( ! connection ( ,bl$ri ) bo? ,grail & ,p]ceval leg5ds4 ,! locality _h be5 "p ( ,bl$ri's e/ate1 & ! h\se 9 :i* he liv$ 0 built on ! site ( :at _h be5 ,bl$ri's ca/le4 ,mr ,rog]s ,rees ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ tradition connect+ ,bl$ri ) ! leg5ds 9 "q4 ,at 8 reque/ ,i s5t him ! li/ ( ! names ( ! bro!rs ( ,ala9 li ,gros1 z giv5 9 ! #aeaf edition ( ! ,p]lesvaus1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 & receiv$ 9 return a lett] /at+ t ! li/ mu/ h be5 compil$ by "o famili> ) ! di/rict4 ,un=tunately1 = a ye>1 f ! autumn ( #aiaf1 ,i 0 deb>r$ f "w1 & :51 on resum+ my /udies1 ,i wrote to my correspond5t ask+ = ! promis$ evid5ce ,i obta9$ no answ] to my repeat$ appeal4 ,on communicat+ ) ,mr ,ow5 ,i f\nd he _h _h precisely ! same exp]i5ce1 &1 = 8 "p1 0 extremely sceptical z to !re be+ any g5u9e f\ndation = our correspond5t's ass]tions4 ,:ile x is ?us impossible to use ! /atem5ts 9 "q z elem5ts 9 my argum5t1 ,i ?9k x "r 9 ! int]e/s ( s*ol>%ip to place !m on record2 !y may af=d a clue :i* "s ,wel% s*ol> may be able to foll[ up to a m satisfactory conclusion4 #ad ,_h ,wau*i] really desir$ to inv5t an au?ority1 9 view ( 8 date1 & connection ) ! h\se ( ,fl&]s1 he _h a fam\s "n at h&--t ( ,*rti5 de ,troyes4 #ae ,cf4 ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cjg & note4 ,i h rec5tly receiv$ ,dr ,brugg]'s review ( ,mr ,r4 ,h4 ,griffi?'s /udy ( ! ,engli% poem1 & am glad to see t ! critic accepts ! indep5d5ce ( ?is v]sion4 ,if s*ol>s c see _! way to accept z faits acquis ! mutual indep5d5ce ( ! ,grail1 & ,p]ceval !mes1 we %all1 at la/1 h a solid basis = future criticism4 #af ,cf4 my ,notes1 ,romania1 ,vol4 ,,xliii4 pp4 #djc et seq4