,illu/ration3 7,see ,page #da47 ,,elem5t>y ,,color ,,by ,,milton ,,bradley4 ,au?or ( ,color 9 ! ,s*oolroom & ,color 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,h5ry ,,lefav\r1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,williams ,college4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,milton ,,bradley ,,co41 ,,spr+field1 ,,mass4 ,,copyright$1 #ahie1 ,,by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,co41 ,,spr+field1 ,,mass4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,color #i ,:y ,arti/s & ,sci5ti/s ,h ,disagre$ #aj ,! ,speculations ( ! ,pa/ #ab ,:at ! ,prim>y ,tea*] ,ne$s to ,consid] #ac ,conc]n+ ! ,sol> ,spectrum #ae ,six ,spectrum ,/&>ds ( ,color #ag ,! ,color ,:eel & ,maxwell ,disks #ah ,! ,bradley ,sy/em ( ,color ,in/ruction #bj ,,color ,,def9itions #bc ,,practical ,,exp]im5ts #ca ,! ,color ,:eel #ca ,! ,color ,top #cb ,use ( ! ,disks #cb ,h[ to ,beg9 ! ,exp]im5ts #cd ,! ,old ,!ories ,te/$ by ,mixture ( ,?ree ,pigm5ts #de ,old ,!ories ,te/$ by ! ,color ,:eel or ,color ,top #df ,conc]n+ ! ,complem5t>y ,colors #ej ,citr9es & ,russets #ed ,olives #ee ,v]milion1 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,raw ,si5na & ,indian ,r$ #ee ,classification ( ,h>monies #ef ,! ,"w ( ,*evreul ,review$ #eh ,simultane\s1 ,successive & ,mix$ ,contra/ #fa ,contra/$ ,h>mony #fd ,color ) ,:ite #fd ,black ) ,:ite #fd ,color ) ,black #fe ,colors ) ,gray #fe ,contra/ ( ,colors #fg ,dom9ant ,h>monies #fg ,complem5t>y ,h>monies #fi ,analog\s ,h>monies #gj ,p]fect$ ,h>monies #gj ,field's ,*romatic ,equival5ts #gc ,color$ ,pap]s #gd ,,color ,,tea*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,s*oolroom #gf ,! ,glass ,prism #gh ,h[ ! ,bradley ,color ,/&>ds ,7 ,*os5 #gi ,pap] ,color ,tablets #hj ,color ,:eel or ,top #hb ,! ,/udy ( ,tones #he ,neutral ,grays #hi ,explanation ( ,brok5 ,colors #ia ,an ,ex]cise 9 ,brok5 ,colors #ib ,=mulas = a ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales #ie ,c]ta9 ,color ,puzzles #if ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales ,complet$ #ih ,! ,"w ( ,cutt+ & ,pa/+ #ii ,a ,v>iety ( ,designs #aja ,analysis ( ,color ,mat]ials #ajf ,! ,bradley ,color$ ,pap]s #aab ,eng9e ,color$ ,pap]s #aaf ,wat] ,colors #aah ,color ,bl9dness #aba ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,color ,,in/ruction #abd ,! ,sol> ,spectrum #abe ,pigm5t>y ,spectrum ,colors #abe ,/udy ( ,tones #abf ,brok5 ,colors #abg ,complete ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales 9 ,five ,tones #abg ,advanc$ ,/udy ( ,h>monies #abh ,,introduction4 ,! movem5t 9 educational re=m at pres5t is 9 ! direction ( unification4 ,x is held t 9 fram+ ! programme = any grade ! int]e/ n only ( ! next high] b ( all high] grades mu/ be consid]$4 ,?is is done n solely t ^? :o are to ent] ! high] grades may be directly prep>$ = _! m advanc$ /udies1 b especially because x is felt t bett] "w w ?us be done = ^? ^: s*ool tra9+ is soon to t]m9ate4 ,= ! *ild's education is nev] f9i%$ & a m9d rightly direct$ at ! />t w ga!r f its practical exp]i5ce t ) :i* x may develop & augm5t ! res\rces & ! ideas already receiv$4 ,no education c be s\nd :i* tea*es any?+ t is inconsi/5t ) ! m advanc$ tru?s1 h[ev] complex & pr(\nd ^? tru?s may be4 ,!re %\ld be no unle>n+ 9 ! c\rse ( an education nor any exp5diture ( "t on t :i* has no p]man5t value4 ,x is ( importance !re=e to consid] 9 connection ) ! /udy ( any special subject :at ! problems are :i* lie at ! end ( ! educational j\rney & :at basis w be ne$$ 9 ! *ild's matur] ?\ght4 ,!re w ?us be ! inspiration ( ! goal to be atta9$ & guidance 9 ! selection ( ! mo/ helpful me?ods4 ,!re is sc>cely any subject t has s _m practical & sci5tific aspects z ! subject ( color4 ,its great importance 9 ! arts & its contribution to ! enjoym5t ( life are mat*$ by ! multiplicity ( problems 9 ! physical & philosophical sci5ces ) :i* x is connect$4 ,)\t attempt+ to enum]ate all ( ! sci5tific problems relat$ to ?is subject1 x may be ( int]e/ to briefly summ>ize ^? :i* are mo/ prom95t4 ,at ! outset we h su* purely physical que/ions z ! nature ( light1 ! cause ( its emission1 ! mode ( its propagation1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! waves :i* give rise to ! v>i\s color s5sations1 ! pr9ciples ( absorption1 ( reflection & ( refraction1 & ! nature ( mat]ial surfaces :]eby !y acquire _! *>act]i/ic colors4 ,!n comes ! physiology ( ! eye1 includ+ its /ructure & its function & involv+ ! mu* discuss$ que/ions ( prim>y & second>y colors1 & ^! are closely relat$ to ! psy*ological or psy*o-physical /udy ( ! nature1 duration & delicacy ( color vision & color judgm5t4 ,next to ^! comes ! /udy ( pigm5ts & ( ! *romatic effects ( _! mixture1 ess5tially a *emical & te*nical "q1 & f9ally1 ! mo/ important ( all1 ! purely psy*ological or /hetic problem t\*+ ! h>monization & gr\p+ ( ! v>i\s colors & _! modifications4 ,! rec5t advance made 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology has giv5 an impetus to ! /udy ( ! :ole subject & we may reasonably expect t rational explanations may be f\nd = que/ions 9 /hetics hi!rto consid]$ purely arbitr>y4 ,x w be readily se5 t !re mu/ be a well develop$ & c>efully tra9$ color s5se at ! basis ( an education :i* is to lead to ! consid]ation ( ^! & simil> *romatic problems4 ,z 9 ! developm5t ( any special p]ceptive p[]1 a great deal dep5ds ^u mak+ a beg9n+ e>ly 9 life1 :5 ! m9d is mo/ receptive & !re are no preconceptions to be ov]come4 ,e means %\ld be employ$ t w help ! *ild to di/+ui% betwe5 pr9cipal colors & betwe5 modifications ( pr9cipal colors4 ,8 att5tion %\ld be direct$ at z e>ly a /age z possible to ! analysis ( composite colors & ! effects obta9$ by ! comb9ation ( color$ lights & ! results ( irradiant light4 ,! pr9ciples ( *romatic h>mony are p]haps n simple1 b a *ild1 be=e :om "r /&>ds ( color comb9ations are con/antly pres5t$1 w acquire a correct /hetic judgm5t t may become intuitive4 ,! effect ( su* a tra9+ on ! high] developm5t ( our p & on _! appreciation ( true art w\ld be ( ! greate/ value4 ,if ! in/ruction 9 color is to be sy/ematic & effici5t1 x is unque/ionable t !re mu/ be a simple nom5clature = ! /&>d colors2 & = ! tea*]'s guidance at lea/ z well z = ! use ( ! old] pupils1 a sci5tifically accurate sy/em ( describ+ any requir$ modification ( ^! recogniz$ /&>ds4 ,! sy/em pres5t$ 9 ?is book is bas$ on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( ! ,maxwell :eel & has be5 elaborat$ by "o :o has _h 9 view n only ! !ory ( ! subject b also ! practical possibilities ( its use 9 prep>+ educational mat]ial4 ,?is fact1 ,i feel sure1 greatly enhances ! value ( ! conclusions at :i* he arrives4 ,,h5ry ,,lefav\r4 ,williams ,college1 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahid4 ,,preface4 ,ev] s9ce ,newton discov]$ ! sol> spectrum x has be5 ref]r$ to 9 a poetic way z ,nature's /&>d ( color4 ,b z soon z ! au?or attempt$1 "s twelve ye>s ago1 to use x practically by mak+ pigm5t>y imitations ( ! spectrum colors z /&>ds !y 7 decri$ z vulg> & in>ti/ic4 ,"u su* circum/ances x 0 a great pleasure to him to he> a celebrat$ art pr(essor answ] 8 inquiry if ! sol> spectrum is ! prop] place to look = /&>ds ( color ) ! emphatic ass]tion1 ,c]ta9ly1 !re is no o!r place to g4 ,:]e !re are no /&>ds !re c be no measurem5ts1 & if 9 color we h no measurem5ts ( effects1 no records c be made1 & h5ce no comp>isons ( results at v>i\s places & times1 & consequ5tly no discussion & little progress4 ,because !re h be5 no accept$ /&>ds & no measurem5ts ( color v little has ?us f> be5 decid$ reg>d+ psy*ological color effects4 ,9 draw+1 z at pres5t taught 9 our be/ s*ools f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity1 ! f\ndation ( art 9 black & :ite is laid 9 =m /udy4 ,f ! draw+ tea*]s we le>n t a good t\* & a f9e s5se = light & %ade 9 all _! subtle relations to ea* o!r are )\t value1 unless due c>e has be5 giv5 to ! commonplace consid]ation ( l5g?s & directions ( l9es1 t is to say to ! measurem5t ( l9es & angles1 & to ! laws ( p]spective4 ,we _c h measurem5ts )\t /&>ds4 ,by ! foot or ! metre we measure l9es & by ! divid$ circle we measure angles4 ,geometrical =ms h already be5 s def9itely analyz$ by ! sci5ce ( ma!matics t if de/roy$ to-day ^! solids & surfaces c\ld be recon/ruct$ at any future "t f writt5 or pr9t$ directions4 ,b suppose all mat]ial samples ( color to be lo/1 x w\ld be impossible by ! ord9>y sy/em ( color nom5clature to ev5 approximately re/ore a s+le "o f writt5 or v]bal descriptions4 ,color is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to attract ! att5tion ( ! infant1 almo/ z soon z a s\nd & long be=e =m appeals to him1 s t a collection ( color$ pap]s w (t5 prove m int]e/+ & in/ructive ?an a picture book to ! baby1 :ile ! graduate f a two ye>'s c\rse 9 ! k9d]g>t5 may h a bett] color s5se ?an is at pres5t enjoy$ by ! av]age bus9ess or pr(essional man4 ,if we c\ld det]m9e ! colors us$ by ! great ma/]s 9 ! pa/1 we c\ld add mu* to our k ( ! f9e arts2 & if we knew :at colors ,*evreul1 ! ma/] dy] ( ! ,gobel9s ,tape/ry works1 ref]s to 9 8 writ+s1 & :i* he indicat$ by hundr$s ( numb]$ samples fil$ away 9 8 cab9et1 we %\ld 9 ?is g5]ation h a wond]ful fund ( in=mation to increase our k ( h>monies1 on :i* to base our /udy ( color 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,b alas6 ! pa9t+s ( ! old ma/]s h fad$ & ! great dy] _h no language 9 :i* to describe 8 colors 9 8 writ+s1 & !re=e x is claim$ t little or no advance 9 color p]ception has be5 made 9 mod]n times1 if inde$ we h held our own4 ,! fur!r ass]tion is made t ^? semi-civiliz$ nations ^: draw+s are ! lea/ arti/ic greatly surpass u 9 natural color p]ceptions4 ,if color is ! "o ?+ 9 :i* we are defici5t & 9 :i* we are mak+ no advance1 is x n necess>y t we adopt a new l9e ( op]ations = our color in/ruction 9 ! prim>y grades8 ,x is self-evid5t t 9 prim>y "w highe/ art is n expect$ 9 ei!r lit]ature1 music1 draw+ or pa9t+1 b z has be5 ! aim 9 lit]ature = a long "t & 9 draw+ & music m rec5tly1 s 9 color+1 our in/ruction %\ld be bas$ on ^? pr9ciples on :i* highe/ art mu/ re/4 ,:5 ?r\gh ! introduction ( color$ pap]s 9 ! k9d]g>t5s & prim>y s*ools ! tea*]s began to call = bett] assortm5ts ( colors 9 _! pap]s ?an 7 to be f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 & "s ( u 9 ! field attempt$ to meet _! wants1 ! solution ( ! problem seem$ almo/ a hopeless task1 because no two want$ ! same colors2 ea* tea*] 0 a law to h]self & "o ?\ght a color j lovely :i* ano!r decl>$ p]fectly horrid4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly !ories !n 9 vogue ! fir/ colors call$ = 7 r$1 yell[ & blue = prim>ies1 b no two p]sons 7 sure j :at !y want$ = ei!r ( ^!1 & !re 0 no au?ority to be ref]r$ to = a decision4 ,9 ?is /rait1 :i* 0 practically a s]i\s difficulty1 ! arti/s 7 appeal$ to = a decision z to ! ?ree prim>y colors1 & also = examples %[+ 9 :at proportions ! ideal prim>ies mu/ be mix$ to produce ! ideal second>ies4 ,b 9 ?is !re 0 no satisfaction because h>dly two agre$ 9 ! prim>ies & necess>ily ! second>ies 7 mu* less def9ite1 :i* 0 ! result t %\ld h be5 expect$4 ,x is a self-evid5t proposition t if two indef9ite prim>ies are comb9$ 9 indef9ite proportions ! possible second>ies :i* may ?us be produc$ mu/ be exce$+ly num]\s1 & if ?is idea is c>ri$ out 9 ! production ( t]ti>ies by ! comb9ation ( ! second>ies ! result+ colors may be almo/ inf9ite4 ,9 view ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! arti/s & ! popul> ignorance reg>d+ ! subject ! solution ( ?is "q & ! discov]y ( any solid basis on :i* to =mulate a sy/em ( elem5t>y color in/ruction seem$ v problematical4 ,b aft] mu* exp]im5t+ & _m conf]5ces ) arti/s & sci5ti/s a basis = op]ation 0 decid$ ^u & at ! end ( fifte5 ye>s ! ef=ts begun 9 d\bt h result$ 9 a def9ite sy/em ( color in/ruction :i* x is ! purpose ( ?is book to concisely set =?4 ,x is prep>$ 9 response to inquiries f prim>y s*ool tea*]s = a cle> & cond5s$ explanation ( ! ,bradley ,sy/em ( ,color ,in/ruction4 ,! aim is to (f] a def9ite s*eme & suitable mat]ial = a logical pres5tation ( ! tru?s reg>d+ color 9 nature & art to ! *ildr5 ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,mu* ( ?is in/ruction is s simple t x %\ld be famili> to *ildr5 :o h _h k9d]g>t5 tra9+ & has !re=e already be5 expla9$ 9 sub/antially ! same =m 9 ,color 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,a few ye>s ago x might well h be5 ?\ght necess>y to preface a treatise on ! subject ) argum5ts to prove t color is a legitimate object = s*ool in/ruction1 b to-day ?is is n a "q ) ?\ghtful educators1 :e!r consid]$ f ! practical1 indu/rial or /hetic /&po9t4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( pr(essor%ips ( practical psy*ology & ! equipm5t ( laboratories1 provid$ ) delicate & exp5sive app>atus = mak+ & record+ te/s1 !re comes ) increas+ =ce ! dem& = "s means by :i* ! exp]im5ts 9 color made 9 v>i\s localities may be unifi$ bo? z to ! colors us$ & ! t]ms & measurem5ts = record+ ! result4 ,x is ! hope ( ! au?or t ! sy/em "h outl9$ may be ! initial /ep 9 ga!r+ toge!r su* facts reg>d+ color effects z w =m a fund ( k little dream$ ( at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration ,! ,!ory ( ,color4 ,9 ord] to place ! /udy ( color on a broad & safe f\ndation1 ! "w mu/ comm5ce at ! bottom ) a rational pres5tation ( ! subject1 bas$ on exp]im5ts & ! use ( color mat]ial4 ,we mu/ intellig5tly consid] ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! pure sci5ce ( light :i* is ! s\rce ( all color & ! use ( color mat]ials ) _! effect on our color p]ceptions4 ,:ile x is true 9 all /udy t !re is "h & !re f\nd a natural g5ius 9 "s l9e ( "w :o seems to h su* inborn p]ceptions z to require little or no logical in/ruction 9 8 special l9e1 x is also manife/ t ! masses mu/ ga9 _! k ?r\gh a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! subject1 if !y secure x at all4 ,!re=e ) ! gr[? ( mod]n p$agogics ! laboratory "w ( ! psy*ologi/ has become a necessity4 ,?is consi/s 9 collect+ & tabulat+ ! results ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts reg>d+ any subject "u inve/igation1 & ! av]ag+ ( ^! to =m !ories & laws4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts !re mu/ be /&>ds & measurem5ts on :i* !y may be bas$ & "s nom5clature 9 :i* to make ! records2 & ! /&>ds1 measurem5ts & nom5clature adopt$ mu/ be common to ^? :o desire to comp>e _! results made 9 diff]5t places at diff]5t times4 ,f ! results ( _m physical exp]im5ts prop]ly measur$ & record$ c]ta9 psy*ological !ories are d$uc$4 ,^! exp]im5ts are tri$ on hundr$s & ?\s&s ( individuals & ! av]age results e/abli% ! !ories1 :i* w ultimately /& or fall accord+ to ! tru? & accuracy ) :i* ! exp]im5ts h be5 made4 ,exp]im5ts are useless = =mulat+ any exact !ories unless !y c be record$ 9 "s g5]ally accept$ t]ms = comp>ison ) o!r exp]im5ts made "u simil> conditions & record$ 9 ! same t]ms4 ,s 9 color p]ceptions x is n necess>y t we "k any?+ ( ! !ories ( color 9 ord] to see colors1 & if end[$ by nature ) a natural g5ius = color1 education 9 color may n be necess>y1 b if !re is to be education 9 color :i* c be transmitt$ to a second p>ty !re mu/ be "s /&>ds ( colors & "s measurem5t ( color effects :i* c be record$ 9 accept$ t]ms4 ,:y ,arti/s & ,sci5ti/s ,h ,disagre$4 ,9 ! realm ( art !re is no necessity = any purely sci5tific analysis ( sunlight1 :i* is ! orig9 ( natural colors1 because all ! practical value ( color is f\nd 9 its /hetic effects on ! m9d1 & 9 ord] to enjoy ^! ev5 9 ! highe/ degree x is n necess>y t we und]/& ! sci5tific orig9 ( ! colors1 any m ?an x is necess>y = ! arti/ to "k ! *emical composition ( 8 pigm5ts 9 ord] to produce be/ effects ) !m on 8 canvas4 ,because ( ?is almo/ self-evid5t fact1 arti/s h z a rule be5 v impati5t :5 any ref]5ce has be5 made to ! sci5ce ( color 9 connection ) color education1 believ+ t color is an exception to ! g5]al subjects ( /udy to su* a degree t x lies outside ( all sci5tific inve/igations4 ,consequ5tly !y h n be5 9 sympa?y ) ! physio-psy*ological inve/igations :i* h be5 prosecut$ ) su* promis+ results 9 o!r l9es1 :5 su* inve/igations h be5 propos$ reg>d+ color4 ,:ile x is n ess5tial = be/ results 9 8 own "w t an exp]t arti/ %all "k any?+ ( ! sci5ce ( color1 /ill if he is to communicate 8 k ( art to any o!rs except 8 p]sonal pupils1 he mu/ h "s language 9 :i* to make kn[n 8 ideas1 & on ! same gr\nds if any psy*ological te/s are to be made reg>d+ color1 x is evid5t t !re mu/ be "s accept$ t]ms 9 :i* to record ! results1 :i* has n hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,:5 ! well kn[n ,newton & ,brew/] !ory ( ?ree prim>y colors r$1 yell[ & blue1 0 advocat$ by ^? sci5ti/s !re appe>$ to be some?+ ( int]e/ & value 9 x = ! arti/s also1 because ) ! ?ree pigm5ts r$1 yell[ & blue1 !y seem$ to be able to confirm ! tru? ( ! sci5tific !ories reg>d+ ! spectrum colors4 ,b ! sci5ti/s h long be5 conv9c$ t !re is no tru? 9 ?is !ory & h q g5]ally accept$ ! ,"y-,helmholtz idea ( ?ree o!r color p]ceptions r$1 gre5 & violet1 f :i* !y claim all color vision is produc$1 & :i* !y call fundam5tal colors4 ,?is m mod]n !ory has seem$ s f> remov$ f ! realm ( ! arti/s & ! colori/s t !y h n be5 able to see any?+ 9 x ( tru? or value to !m1 & s h cont9u$ to repeat ! old1 old /ory ( ! ?ree prim>ies r$1 yell[ & blue1 f :i* ! second>ies orange1 gre5 & purple are made etc41 etc41 all ( :i* is ! m p]nici\s :5 accept$ z a correct !ory because ( its seem+ approximation to ! facts4 ,& yet !re is n 9 x all any sci5tific tru? on :i* to build a logical sy/em ( color education1 & "s ( ! effects :i* are consid]$ prom95t argum5ts = ! sy/em are directly oppos$ to well kn[n facts 9 ! sci5ce ( color4 ,consequ5tly1 ! arti/ has fail$ to ga9 f ! inve/igations ( ! sci5ti/s any?+ to aid him 9 8 pigm5t>y "w1 & ! sci5ti/ has n be5 int]e/$ 9 ! /hetic ideas ( ! arti/s :i* 9 fact he has g5]ally be5 unable to fully appreciate1 f lack ( tra9+ & associations4 ,! sy/em ( color in/ruction "h pres5t$ = prim>y grades is bas$ on ! results ( c>eful /udy & exp]im5t = _m ye>s 9 :i* ! attempt has be5 made to br+ ! sci5ti/ & ! arti/ on to common gr\nd1 :]e !y may "w 9 sympa?y ) ea* o!r in/ead ( at cross purposes z has be5 ! case h]et(ore1 & ! results ) *ildr5 h already be5 su* z to te/ify fully to ! effici5cy ( ?is l9e ( "w4 ,?us ! feel+ = color :i* e true arti/ has1 may be to a c]ta9 ext5t analyz$ s t x c be und]/ood by ! sci5ti/ & record$ = ! b5efit ( fell[ arti/s "o hundr$ or a ?\s& miles away & 9 "t an aggregation ( facts reg>d+ ! psy*ological effects ( color collect$ :i* w =m ! beg9n+ ( a valuable fund ( color k to be increas$ f age to age4 ,! ,speculations ( ! ,pa/4 ,ev] s9ce ,newton produc$ ! prismatic sol> spectrum1 ! s-call$ sci5ce ( color z appli$ to pigm5ts & color+1 has be5 a mo/ curi\s mixture ( tru?1 error & speculation4 ,x 0 suppos$ by ,newton & ,brew/] t 9 ! sol> spectrum ! colors 7 produc$ by ! ov]-lapp+ ( ?ree sets ( color$ rays r$1 yell[ & blue4 ,! r$ rays at "o end 7 suppos$ to ov]lap or mix ) ! yell[ rays to make ! orange1 & on ! o!r side ( ! yell[ ! blue rays 7 suppos$ to comb9e ) ! yell[ to produce gre54 ,foll[+ ! same !ory 9 pigm5t>y colors1 x has be5 claim$ t all colors 9 nature may be produc$ by ! comb9ation ( pigm5ts 9 ^! ?ree colors r$1 yell[ & blue1 & h5ce !y h be5 call$ prim>y colors4 ,x is /ill claim$ by ! advocates ( ?is !ory t f ! ?ree prim>ies r$1 yell[ & blue ! s-call$ second>ies orange1 gre5 & purple c be made1 & t ! second>ies are complem5t>y to ! prim>ies 9 pairs2 ! orange to ! blue1 ! gre5 to ! r$ & ! purple to ! yell[4 ,by simil> comb9ations ( ! second>ies x is claim$ t ?ree o!r colors1 9 !mselves peculi>1 & diff]5t f ! fir/ six1 may be made1 ! orange & gre5 =m+ citr9es1 orange & violet russets1 & gre5 & violet olives & ^! are call$ t]ti>ies4 ,aft] hav+ accept$ ?is fiction z a sci5tific !ory = s _m ye>s1 x is v difficult to conv9ce ! arti/s & colori/s t 9 x all !re is no?+ ( value to any "o1 b su* is practically a fact1 because f no ?ree pigm5t>y effects 9 r$1 yell[ & blue c ! ?ree colors orange1 gre5 & purple ( correspond+ purity be produc$1 nei!r are ! prim>y colors complem5t>y to ! second>ies z claim$ nor are ! s-call$ t]ti>ies new & di/9ct colors b simply gray spectrum colors4 ,because ! r$1 yell[ & blue !ory w\ld n /& ! te/ ( sci5tific inve/igation ! ,"y-,helmholtz !ory ( ?ree o!r prim>ies r$1 gre5 & violet1 has be5 q g5]ally adopt$ by ! sci5ti/s ( ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,:at ! ,prim>y ,tea*] ,ne$s to ,consid]4 ,all ^! discussions ( ! sci5ti/s are int5sely int]e/+ & no d\bt ( great importance 9 ! l9e to :i* !y p]ta91 b practically nei!r ! arti/s nor ! prim>y s*ool tea*]s c>e = all ^! !ories & discussions & because ! sci5ti/s h closely conf9$ !mselves to ^! l9es1 ! arti/s & tea*]s h se5 no?+ ( value to !m 9 _! !ories4 ,9 go+ to ! sol> spectrum = /&>ds on :i* to base pigm5t>y /&>ds1 we h giv5 little att5tion to ^! v>i\s !ories 9 _! details1 b ! "o fact ( sci5ce has receiv$ c>eful att5tion1 namely1 t all color effects 9 nature & art are produc$ by light reflect$ f mat]ial surfaces4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z ! light reflect$ f any surface mu/ be affect$ by bo? ! mat]ial color ( ! surface & ! color ( ! light :i* illum9ates ! surface1 x is necess>y t e "o hav+ to d ) ?is subject be in=m$ z to :at color mu/ be expect$ to result f giv5 conditions4 ,9 ord] t ?is phase ( ! subject be discuss$ & ?us m fully und]/ood1 !re mu/ be a t]m9ology or nom5clature 9 :i* to express ! results produc$ by giv5 conditions1 & also /&>ds by :i* to analyze1 measure & record ^! results4 ,9 select+ ^! /&>ds m reg>d mu/ be giv5 to ! /hetic or psy*ical effect ( ! pigm5t>y /&>ds ?an to ! purely sci5tific or physical prop]ties ( color$ light4 ,?is selection is ( great int]e/ to ! physiological psy*ologi/ because x is only by ! comp>ison & av]ag+ ( ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts made on diff]5t p t valuable !ories c be =mulat$4 ,) /&>ds & a nom5clature1 color w be plac$ on an equal foot+ ) o!r subjects1 s t p]ceptions ( color effects may be record$ & discuss$ ) mu* ( ! def9it5ess ) :i* we treat =m & tone4 ,because ?is has n h]et(ore be5 possible1 comp>atively little advance has be5 made dur+ ! la/ two decades 9 ! /hetic consid]ation ( mat]ial color :i* is ! only practical phase ( ! subject1 & if any great] progress is to be a*iev$ 9 ! future x evid5tly mu/ be along new l9es4 ,f ! nurs]y to ! univ]sity we are con/antly ask+ two que/ions1 ,:at is x8 & ,:y is x8 & ?is is :at ! educator f ! ,k9d]g>t5 to ! ,college is call$ ^u to answ]4 ,9 8 laboratory ! psy*ologi/ is collect+ physical facts by te/s reg>d+ ! p[]s ( ! eye & ! e>1 ! s5se ( t\*1 weight1 memory1 etc41 & ^! exp]im5ts :5 classifi$1 arrang$ & av]ag$1 furni% a basis = =mulat+ !ories1 all ( :i* is call$ psy*ology4 ,9 vision1 =m & color play ! pr9cipal p>ts1 9 fact cov] ! :ole gr\nd if we include light & %ade 9 color :]e x belongs4 ,exp]im5ts reg>d+ =m c be & h long be5 v def9itely record$ b ?is has n be5 true ) color4 ,to ,froebel mu/ be giv5 ! honor ( introduc+ logical =m /udy into prim>y education1 & on ?is has be5 built ! pres5t admirable sy/em ( draw+ 9 our high] grades ( s*ools1 & ! introduction ( ! /&>d =ms 9 solids & surfaces has br\ght ab\t a def9ite use ( geometrical t]ms by "y *ildr5 :i* w\ld h seem$ v unnaturally mature a g5]ation ago4 ,b 9 color no correspond+ advance has be5 made because !re h be5 no g5]ally accept$ /&>ds 9 color to correspond to ! sph]e1 cube1 cyl9d]1 circle1 ellipse & triangle 9 =m1 nor any means = measurem5ts to take ! place ( ! foot or metre = l5g?s & ! divid$ circle = angles4 ,x is n expect$ t ! *ildr5 9 ! l[e/ grades w le>n mu* ( ! sci5ce ( color1 b x is desirable t ! tea*]s h su* k ( x t !y w n unconsci\sly convey to ! *ildr5 errone\s impressions :i* mu/ be unle>n$ lat] 9 life4 ,conc]n+ ! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago ,sir ,isaac ,newton discov]$ t a triangul> glass prism w\ld trans=m a beam ( sunlight into a beautiful b& ( color4 ,if ! prism is held 9 a beam ( sunlight :i* ent]s a mod]ately light$ room1 !re w appe> on ! walls1 ceil+ or floor1 "h & !re1 z ! glass is mov$1 beautiful spots 9 ra9b[ colors4 ,if ! room is d>k5$ by %utt]s1 & only a small beam ( light is admitt$ ?r\gh a v n>r[ slit & ! prism prop]ly adju/$ to receive ?is beam ( light1 a beautiful b& ( v>iegat$ colors may be ?r[n on to a :ite ceil+ or scre51 & ?is effect is call$ a prismatic sol> spectrum4 ,a p]fect sol> spectrum once se5 "u favorable conditions 9 a d>k room is a sight nev] to be =gott54 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ! relative positions ( ! p>ts nam$4 ,a is ! beam ( light z x ent]s ! room4 ,b is ! triangul> prism4 ,! dott$ l9es repres5t gr\ps ( rays ext5d+ to ! v]tical b& ( colors indicat$ by ! lett]s ,v = violet at ! top1 !n blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange to r$ at ! bottom4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is t ! beam ( sunlight is compos$ ( a great numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( rays1 :i* 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism are refract$ or b5t f _! direct c\rse1 & "s are b5t m ?an o!rs1 ! r$ lea/ ( all & ! violet mo/4 ,x is suppos$ t light is propagat$ by waves or undulations 9 an extremely r>e sub/ance t]m$ e!r :i* is suppos$ to occupy all space & transp>5t bodies4 ,^! waves are ?\ght to be simil> to s\nd waves 9 ! air or ! ripples on ! smoo? surface ( a pond :5 a pebble is ?r[n into x4 ,because s _m ( ! ph5om5a ( light c be satisfactorily expla9$ by ?is !ory1 x has be5 v g5]ally adopt$ by ! sci5ti/s4 ,! am\nt t rays ( light are refract$ f a /raight l9e 9 pass+ ?r\gh a prism is 9 proportion to ! numb] ( waves or undulations p] second1 & 9 inv]se proportion to ! l5g? ( ! waves4 ,! r$ waves are refract$ ! lea/ & are ! longe/1 :ile ! violet rays are refract$ ! mo/ & are ! %orte/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,:e!r ?is !ory ( ! spectrum =mation is absolutely correct or n1 ! fact is e/abli%$ t ! colors f\nd 9 a prismatic sol> spectrum are always ! same "u ! same conditions & ! ord] ( _! arrangem5t is nev] *ang$4 ,by means ( ! quality ( spectrum colors call$ ! wave l5g?1 a giv5 color c always be locat$ 9 ! spectrum1 & h5ce if a spectrum color is select$ z a /&>d x c always be det]m9$ by its record$ wave l5g?4 ,six ,spectrum ,/&>ds ( ,color4 ,!re=e x seems possible to e/abli% c]ta9 /&>ds ( color by a s]ies ( def9itely locat$ portions ( ! sol> spectrum & 9 ! sy/em "h pres5t$ six h be5 *os51 namely r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet4 ,^! six are m di/9ctly recogniz$ ?an ! o!rs1 & f !m by comb9ation 9 pairs ( colors adjac5t 9 ! spectrum all ! o!r colors c be v closely imitat$1 & h5ce ^! six are select$ z ! spectrum /&>ds4 ,9 ^! /&>ds ! mo/ int5se expression ( ea* color is *os5 i4e4 ! r$de/ r$1 gre5e/ gre51 etc4 :i* by ! close/ sci5tific inve/igation h be5 locat$ by _! wave l5g?s s t if !y are 9 d\bt 9 future !y c be re-det]m9$ by individuals or if disput$1 may be correct$ by any au?oritatively e/abli%$ congress1 select$ = ! purpose4 ,! wave l5g?s ( our six /&>ds are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ numb]s 9 t5 million?s ( a millimet]4 ,r$1 #fega2 ,orange1 #fjhe2 ,yell[1 #egic2 ,gre51 #eafd2 ,blue1 #dfie2 violet1 #dbaj4 ,hav+ ?us sci5tifically e/abli%$ ^! un*angeable /&>ds ! attempt is made to secure ! be/ possible pigm5t>y imitation ( ea*4 ,to any "o :o has ev] comp>$ a piece ( color$ mat]ial ) a good pres5tation ( a spectrum color1 x is unnecess>y to say t ! result 9 an attempt to mat* ! spectrum color ) ! mat]ial or pigm5t>y color is a v weak approximation1 b ! "o ?+ aim$ at is to secure ne>ly z possible ! same k9d ( color4 ,= example 9 ! r$1 x is ! aim to obta9 ! same k9d ( r$1 by :i* we mean ! same location 9 ! spectrum1 i4e4 a r$ nei!r m orange nor m violet ?an ! r$de/ spot 9 ! spectrum4 ,?is selection mu/ be bas$ on a purely /hetic p]ception or impression ( color4 ,! same is true ( ea* ( ! six /&>d colors1 z = example1 = orange we select ! location :i* has seem$ to a l>ge numb] ( good judges to be/ repres5t ! feel+ ( orange z betwe5 ! q well def9$ r$ on "o h& & ! equally def9ite n>r[ b& ( yell[ on ! o!r1 & x is q wond]ful :at unanimity ( op9ion !re is on ?is p>ticul> color :i* w\ld naturally seem to be ! "o mo/ d\btful 9 its location4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! yell[ ! gre5 seems to (f] little difficulty & ! pure ,p>is or em]ald gre5 is v ne>ly ! /&>d4 ,! violet be+ at ! o!r end ( ! spectrum is z easily decid$ z ! r$1 b ! blue betwe5 ! gre5 & violet is n s easily det]m9$1 because1 f ! be/ blue ! hue runs s imp]ceptibly into ! violet on "o side & ! gre5 on ! o!r4 ,pure ultram>9e blue is ! ne>e/ approa* to ! spectrum /&>d ( blue ( any ( ! p]man5t pigm5ts1 b ev5 ?is is a trifle too violet4 ,= educational purposes pap]s coat$ ) pigm5ts af=d at once ! pure/ colors & ! mo/ economical & useful mat]ial1 & on ?is plan a l9e ( color$ pap]s has be5 prep>$ = color in/ruction 9 ! k9d]g>t5s & prim>y s*ools 9 imitation ( ! above describ$ spectrum /&>ds4 ,f ! pure spectrum /&>ds x is possible by reflect$ light to comb9e ! two /&>ds to produce a color betwe5 !m1 = example if two small mirrors are held 9 a spectrum "o at ! r$ & ! o!r at ! orange & ! two reflect$ on to ! same spot on a :ite surface1 ! result is a color betwe5 ! r$ & ! orange4 ,s also if we mix r$ & orange pigm5ts toge!r we may produce colors betwe5 ! two :i* may be t]m$ orange-r$ or r$-orange2 b un=tunately !re is no means kn[n by :i* we c measure ! proportion ( ! r$ & orange color-effect :i* is produc$ by any giv5 mixture ( ^! two pigm5ts1 because color-effect _c be measur$ by ! p9t ( mix$ pa9t or ! ounce ( dry pigm5t4 ,! ,color ,:eel & ,maxwell ,disks4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h ano!r means = measur+ color effect :i* j 9 ?is em]g5cy seems provid5tial4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to e boy t if he rapidly :irls a light$ /ick ! fire at ! end produces ! effect ( a circle ( light1 :i* ph5om5on is expla9$ by a quality ( ! eye call$ ret5tion ( vision1 by :i* ! impression made by ! po9t ( light rema9s on ! ret9a ( ! eye dur+ an entire rotation4 ,x is a fact1 bas$ on ! same quality ( vision1 t if "o color is pres5t$ to ! eye1 & in/antly replac$ by ano!r ! effect is a comb9ation ( ! two colors4 ,!re=e if "o-qu>t] ( ! surface ( a disk ( c>dbo>d is cov]$ ) orange pap] & ?ree-qu>t]s ) r$ pap]1 & !n ! disk plac$ on a rapidly rotat+ sp9dle1 ! color effect is a mixture ( r$ & orange1 & ! effect is exactly 9 proportion to ! angul> measurem5ts ( ! two sectors1 s t if ! circumf]5ce is divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts ! resultant color w be def9itely repres5t$ by ! =mula ,r$1 #ge2 ,orange1 #be4 ,less ?an =ty ye>s ago an ,engli% sci5ti/ nam$ ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell :ile mak+ exp]im5ts ) su* pa9t$ disks happily conceiv$ ! idea ( cutt+ a radial slit 9 ea* ( two disks f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5t] s t by jo9+ ! disks !y c\ld be made to %[ any desir$ proportion ( ea* & h5ce !y are call$ ,maxwell disks4 ,) su* disks made 9 ! six pigm5t>y /&>ds r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 ! int]m$iate pigm5t>y spectrum colors may be v accurately det]m9$ by comb9ation & rotation4 ,if we give to ea* ( ^! /&>ds a symbol z ,r4 = r$1 ,o4 = orange1 ,y4 = yell[1 ,g4 = gre51 ,b4 = blue1 ,v4 = violet1 we !n h ! basis = a def9ite nom5clature ( colors 9 imitation ( ! pure spectrum colors4 ,z all pigm5t>y or mat]ial colors are modifi$ by light & %ade ?us produc+ 9 high light t9ts & 9 %ad[ %ades ( ! colors1 we mu/ seek = "s means ( imitat+ ^! effects1 & =tunately f9d !m 9 :ite & black disks4 ,if ) a /&>d color disk we comb9e a :ite disk we may h a l9e ( t9ts ( t color1 & ) a black disk1 %ades4 ,giv+ ?is :ite disk a symbol ( ,w4 & ! black disk ,n4 we complete our nom5clature4 ,we _c use ,b = black because ,b has already be5 us$ = blue1 & !re=e we use ,n4 = nig]1 ! ,lat9 ^w = black4 ,! ,bradley ,sy/em ( ,color ,in/ruction4 ,briefly /at$ !n ?is sy/em ( color in/ruction is compris$ "u ! six g5]al heads3 ,spectrum ,/&>ds2 ,pigm5t>y ,/&>ds bas$ on ! spectrum /&>ds2 ,maxwell ,rotat+ ,disks 9 ! pigm5t>y /&>ds & ,black & ,:ite2 a ,color ,nom5clature bas$ on ! accept$ /&>ds & _! disk comb9ations2 & ,color$ ,pap]s & ,wat] ,colors made 9 accordance ) ^! /&>ds4 ,= spectrum /&>ds1 six def9ite locations express+ ! natural /hetic or psy*ological impressions ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet are select$4 ,six /&>ds are *os5 in/ead ( a l>g] numb] z = example twelve1 because = ! purpose ( a nom5clature ! small] numb] is m conv5i5t ?an a great] numb]4 ,! six are select$ r ?an ?ree1 f\r or five1 because :ile 9 ! consid]ation ( color$ light alone ! small] numb] w\ld possibly suffice to =m by comb9ations imitations ( all o!r colors1 any numb] small] ?an six is entirely inadequate to =m by pigm5t>y or disk comb9ations fairly good expressions ( ! correspond+ spectrum color comb9ations4 ,9 select+ ! spectrum /&>ds special prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! psy*ological color p]ceptions ( exp]ts 9 det]m9+ ^? locations 9 ! spectrum be/ express+ ! color feel+ ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 :ile ! purely sci5tific consid]ation ( ^! sev]al que/ions has n be5 ignor$ or lightly treat$4 ,= pigm5t>y /&>ds ! be/ possible pigm5t>y imitations ( ! six spectrum /&>ds are secur$ & to ^! are add$ ! ne>e/ approa* to :ite & black t c be produc$ 9 pigm5ts4 ,pigm5t>y /&>ds on :i* to base a nom5clature are valueless )\t "s means by :i* measurem5ts ( /&>ds embrac$ 9 a giv5 comp\nd color c be express$4 ,! ,maxwell color disks are ! only kn[n means by :i* we may measure ! relative proportions ( color effect embodi$ 9 a giv5 color1 & !re=e ! eight color disks are ! f\ndation ( ! orig9al color nom5clature h]e9 advocat$4 ,color$ pap]s are *os5 = prim>y color in/ruction because pap] is a valuable m$ium = simple s*oolroom manual tra9+ & because no o!r pigm5t>y m$ium is at once s economical & af=ds su* pure colors z may be secur$ 9 specially prep>$ color$ pap]s1 )\t a glaz$ surface4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject we d well to rememb] t 9 ! pres5t conditions ( *emi/ry z appli$ to ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts x is n possible to e/abli% any absolutely def9ite sci5ce ( su* color comb9ations4 ,nor is x possible to e/abli% p]man5t pigm5t>y /&>ds )\t great exp5se1 b if ! locations ( ! /&>d colors 9 ! spectrum are e/abli%$ by wave l5g?s ! pigm5t>y /&>ds may be re-det]m9$ at any "t & produc$1 9 ! pure/ pigm5ts available at ! "t4 ,9 art or h>mony effects1 ! purity ( ! pigm5t>y /&>d is n s important z its hue1 i4e4 its location 9 ! spectrum1 :i* may always be det]m9$ by ! e/abli%$ wave l5g?4 ,?is la/ /atem5t may be illu/rat$ by ! inve/igations reg>d+ complem5t>y h>monies4 ,sci5tifically "o color is n consid]$ complem5t>y to ano!r unless :5 comb9$ 9 equal quantities !y produce :ite light1 or 9 o!r words :5 comb9$ by ! rotation ( disks ea* color mu/ occupy a half circle & ! result mu/ be a neutral gray4 ,b ?is is n ess5tial 9 consid]+ a complem5t>y h>mony1 z h>monies 9 diff]5t tones & 9 v>i\s proportions are pleas+ & z yet ! proportions & tones :i* produce ! be/ comb9ations h n be5 det]m9$4 ,! entire "q ( h>monies or pleas+ color effects is dep5d5t on individual color p]ception1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( rules & laws on ^! po9ts c result only f a comp>ison ( ! op9ions ( _m exp]ts 9 v>i\s localities & at diff]5t times4 ,?is _c occur )\t "s means = record+ ^! op9ions 9 g5]ally accept$ t]ms4 ,x is too late = any individual op9ion to be accept$ z au?ority reg>d+ ! relative values ( two diff]5t h>monies 9 color & ?is w be /ill less possible z we become bett] educat$ 9 color & able to s5se f9] di/9ctions 9 color comb9ations4 ,illu/ration ,color ,def9itions4 ,among o!r advantages to be ga9$ by a logical /udy ( ! psy*ology ( color is ! e/abli%m5t ( m accurate color t]ms & def9itions4 ,if exp]im5ts & discussions bas$ on accept$ /&>ds & me?ods ( comp>isons c be c>ri$ on we may hope 9 "t to h z def9ite expressions ( color t]ms z we n[ h 9 music & lit]ature4 ,all color t]ms us$ by arti/s1 naturali/s1 manufactur]s1 tradesm51 mill9]s & ! memb]s ( our h\seholds are z indef9ite z "o might naturally expect f ! utt] lack ( a logical basis = ! :ole subject4 ,)\t def9itions or means = intellig5tly nam+ any color1 x is n /range t ! t]ms us$ 9 speak+ ( colors & color effects are s contradictory z to lose mu* ( _! =ce1 if p]*ance !y reta9 any?+ ( _! orig9al mean+4 ,= example1 probably mo/ p apply ! t]m ,,%ade to any modification ( a color1 ei!r a hue1 t9t or %ade4 ,x is true t a concise & reasonably full diction>y ( color t]ms mu/ be ! outcome ( long exp]i5ce 9 ! logical /udy ( ! sci5ce ( color & its use 9 our e-day lives1 & at ! be/ only sugge/ions c be made at pres5t4 ,b z !re mu/ be a beg9n+ & "s t]ms seem to be fairly well e/abli%$1 ! foll[+ incomplete li/ ( def9itions is (f]$1 always subject to am5dm5t by ! majority vote1 = :5ev] su* *anges indicate advance !y %\ld be welcom$4 ,ray ( ,light4--,! f9e/ supposable elem5t ( light impression 9 ! eye4 ,beam ( ,light4--,a numb] ( rays4 ,/&>d ,colors4--,z us$ 9 ?is sy/em ( color nom5clature1 ! be/ pigm5t>y imitation ( ea* ( ! six spectrum colors r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet & black & :ite4 ,^! are m specifically call$ ,pigm5t>y ,/&>ds 9 di/9ction f spectrum /&>ds4 ,spectrum ,/&>ds4--,! six colors f\nd 9 ! sol> spectrum & def9itely locat$ by _! wave l5g?s1 z foll[s 9 ! t5 million?s ( a millimet]4 ,r$1 #fega2 ,orange1 #fjhe2 ,yell[1 #egic2 ,gre51 #eafd2 ,blue1 #dfie2 ,violet1 #dbaj4 ,pigm5t>y ,colors4--,all colors us$ & produc$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,?is is 9 di/9ction f colors se5 9 nature1 z 9 fl[]s & ! sol> spectrum4 ,! t]m ref]s n only to pigm5ts 9 ! /ricte/ s5se b to all surfaces coat$1 pa9t$ or dy$ artificially4 ,pure ,colors4--,a pure or full color1 also call$ a saturat$ color1 is ! mo/ int5se expression ( t color )\t ! admixture ( :ite or black or gray4 ,all spectrum colors are pure1 :ile no pigm5t>y color is absolutely pure1 b ! pigm5t>y color :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! correspond+ color 9 ! spectrum mu/ be select$ z ! pigm5t>y type ( purity ( t color4 ,= example1 ! /&>d = gre5 mu/ be ! be/ possible pigm5t>y imitation ( ! spot 9 ! spectrum :i* by g5]al cons5t is call$ gre51 & s n only = ! six /&>ds b = all _! comb9ations :i* produce ! o!r colors 9 nature4 ,9 pigm5t>y colors ! t]m pure is entirely "o ( relative degree4 ,z processes ( manufacture are improv$ & new *emical discov]ies made1 !re is good reason to believe t we %all h mu* m int5se colors & h5ce mu* bett] imitations ( spectrum colors ?an are at pres5t possible4 ,!re=e z our pigm5ts become pur] ^? n[ accept$ z full colors w 9 "t become t9ts or brok5 colors & new /&>ds w be adopt$4 ,hue4--,! hue ( a giv5 color is t color ) ! admixture ( a small] quantity ( ano!r color4 ,an orange hue ( r$ is ! /&>d r$ mix$ ) a small] quantity ( orange4 ,) ! disks1 pure hues are secur$ only by mix+ two /&>ds adjac5t 9 ! spectrum circuit4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 speak+ & writ+ ab\t colors 9 ?is sy/em ( color in/ruction1 all ! spectrum colors o!r ?an ! six /&>d spectrum colors are designat$ z int]m$iate spectrum hues1 & (t5 = conv5i5ce 9 speak+ ( !m !y are call$ simply spectrum hues4 ,to ^! are also add$ ! colors betwe5 r$ & violet :i* are n 9 ! spectrum4 ,:5 s us$ ! t]m mu/ be consid]$ z purely te*nical 9 ?is p>ticul> relation1 because a color betwe5 ! /&>d blue & ! /&>d gre5 is 9 ! ab/ract no m a hue ?an ei!r ( ^! colors4 ,if two /&>ds n adjac5t 9 ! spectrum circuit are comb9$ ! result is n a pure spectrum hue b always "s brok5 spectrum color4 ,local ,color4--,a t]m appli$ to ! natural color ( an object :5 se5 9 ord9>ily good daylight & at a conv5i5t di/ance1 z a %eet ( pap] at arms l5g?1 a tree at twice its height1 etc4 ,t9t4--,any pure or full color mix$ ) :ite1 or r$uc$ by /rong sunlight4 ,9 ! disk comb9ations a spectrum color comb9$ ) :ite4 ,%ade4--,a full color 9 %ad[1 i4e41 ) a l[ degree ( illum9ation4 ,9 disk comb9ations a spectrum color comb9$ ) a black disk produces by rotation a %ade ( t color4 ,9 pigm5ts ! admixture ( black does n usually produce z satisfactory %ades ( a color z may be secur$ ) "s o!r pigm5ts1 & ea* arti/ has 8 own pref]5ces 9 mak+ %ades ( ! v>i\s colors on 8 palette4 ,scale4--,a scale ( color is a s]ies ( colors consi/+ ( a pure or full color at ! c5t] & graduat$ by a succession ( /eps to a light t9t on "o side & a deep %ade on ! o!r4 ,tone4--,ea* /ep 9 a color scale is a tone ( t color1 & ! full color may be call$ ! normal tone 9 t scale4 ,9 art ?is ^w has _h su* a v>iety ( mean+ z to r5d] x v conv5i5t = ,amateur ,art ,critics1 toge!r ) su* t]ms z bread?1 atmosph]e1 quality1 values1 etc41 b 9 ! consid]ation ( color x %\ld h ?is "o def9ite mean+4 ,w>m ,colors4--,r$1 orange & yell[1 & comb9ations 9 :i* !y pr$om9ate4 ,cool ,colors4--,usually consid]$ to be gre51 blue & violet1 & ! comb9ations 9 :i* !y pr$om9ate4 ,b x is1 p]haps1 que/ionable :e!r gre5 & violet may prop]ly be t]m$ ei!r w>m or cool4 ,! t]m cool z appli$ to colors is q indef9ite1 except 9 a g5]al way1 b r$1 orange & yell[ are univ]sally consid]$ z w>m1 & blue & gre5-blue z cool4 ,neutral ,gray4--,:ite 9 %ade or %ad[4 ,pure black & :ite mix$ by disk rotation4 ,black & :ite pigm5ts mix$ d n usually produce a neutral gray1 b r a blue gray4 ,w>m ,gray4--,a neutral gray ) ! admixture ( a small quantity ( r$1 orange or yell[4 ,cool ,gray4--,a neutral gray ) a small quantity ( blue or gre5-blue4 ,gre5 ,gray4--,a neutral gray hav+ comb9$ ) x a small quantity ( gre54 ,z ?is color c\ld h>dly be class$ ) ei!r w>m or cool grays ?is f\r? class ( grays is sugge/$ z helpful 9 giv+ def9it5ess to ! m g5]al color expressions4 ,brok5 ,colors4--,gray colors1 (t5 improp]ly call$ brok5 t9ts4 ,= simplicity1 a t9t ( a color is describ$ z ! pure color mix$ ) :ite & a %ade z ! color mix$ ) black1 & ! correspond+ brok5 color is ! same color mix$ ) bo? :ite & black or ) neutral gray4 ,a t9t ( a color ?r[n into a %ad[ or a %ade ( a color 9 bright sunlight gives a brok5 color4 ,= v>i\s reasons a v l>ge proportion ( ! colors 9 nature are brok54 ,brok5 colors are mu* easi] to comb9e h>moni\sly ?an full colors1 or ev5 t9ts & %ades4 ,9 disk comb9ations :5 a pure color is comb9$ ) bo? a :ite & black disk ! result w be a brok5 color4 ,:5 a color is mix$ ) bo? black & :ite1 i4e41 ) gray1 & becomes !reby a brok5 color1 x !n belongs to a brok5 scale & educationally has no place 9 any pure scale1 i4e41 a scale 9 :i* ! key tone is a pure color4 ,nei!r has a brok5 scale ( a color any place 9 a *>t ( pure scales or spectrum scales4 ,neutral ,colors4--,a t]m (t5 improp]ly appli$ to grays1 :ite1 black1 silv] & gold4 ,see passive colors4 ,passive ,colors4--,a t]m sugge/$ z cov]+ black1 :ite1 silv]1 gold & v gray colors4 ,! t]m neutral colors is (t5 us$ 9 ?is s5se b ?is is evid5tly improp] if we are to conf9e ! t]m neutral gray to ! repres5tation ( :ite 9 %ad[ because z soon z a gray has any color 9 x1 x is no long] neutral4 ,active ,colors4--,^? colors nei!r passive or neutral4 ,necess>ily bo? ! t]ms active & passive us$ 9 relation to colors mu/ be q indef9ite4 ,complem5t>y ,colors4--,z :ite light is ! sum ( all color if we take f :ite light a giv5 color ! rema9+ color is ! complem5t ( ! giv5 color4 ,:5 ! eye has be5 fatigu$ by look+ int5tly = a few seconds at a r$ spot on a :ite wall & is !n slightly turn$ to ! wall1 a fa9t t9t ( a blui% gre5 is se51 & ?is is call$ ! accid5tal color ( ! r$1 & is suppos$ to be id5tical ) its complem5t>y color4 ,if ) ! disks we det]m9e a color :i* ) a giv5 color w produce by rotation a neutral gray1 we h ! complem5t>y color m accurately ?an by any o!r means at pres5t kn[n 9 ! use ( pigm5t>y colors4 ,h>mony4--,two colors are said to be 9 h>mony or to comb9e h>moni\sly if ! effect is pleas+ :5 !y are 9 juxtaposition or are us$ 9 a composition4 ,spectrum ,circuit4--,if a pigm5t>y imitation ( ! sol> spectrum ) ! addition ( violet r$ at ! r$ end & r$ violet at ! violet end be made1 & ! two ends jo9$1 we %all h a spectrum circuit4 ,?is may be 9 ! =m ( a circle1 an ellipse or an oval4 ,prim>y ,colors4--,9 ! ,brew/] !ory r$1 yell[ & blue4 ,9 ! ,"y-,helmholtz !ory r$1 gre5 & violet are t]m$ prim>y colors because x is suppos$ t f ^! ?ree s5sations all color p]ceptions are exp]i5c$4 ,9 purely sci5tific inve/igations ( color p]ceptions ^! la/ ?ree or o!rs :i* are suppos$ to s]ve ! same purpose are also call$ fundam5tal colors4 ,practically e spectrum color is a prim>y1 because ea* has its own wave l5g?4 ,second>y ,colors4--,9 ! ,brew/] !ory orange1 gre5 & purple h be5 call$ second>y because x is claim$ t !y are produc$ by ! comb9ation ( prim>y colors 9 pairs4 ,t]ti>y ,colors4--,a t]m us$ 9 ! ,brew/] !ory to d5ote ?ree classes ( colors call$ russet1 citr9e & olive1 made by mix+ ! second>ies 9 pairs4 ,^! are all brok5 spectrum colors4 ,! orange & purple produce russet2 ! orange & gre5 =m citr9e2 ! gre5 & purple1 olive4 ,!re seems to be no good reason = p]petuat+ ! indef9ite t]ms second>ies & t]ti>ies z appli$ to color4 ,values4--,?is ^w is v freely us$ 9 discuss+ effects 9 works ( art1 bo? 9 color & 9 black & :ite4 ,at pres5t x seems to be a v difficult t]m to def9e1 & yet ea* arti/ is q sure t he c feel x1 al?\gh few w attempt to put into words a def9ition satisfactory ev5 to !mselves4 ,:5 an engrav]1 :o is also an arti/1 attempts to int]pret nature 9 black & :ite on ! metal plate or wood5 block1 he endeavors to reproduce ! values ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! subject be=e him4 ,9 do+ ?is he1 = "o ?+1 attempts to produce a v>iety ( neutral grays :i* w express to ! eye by means ( black & :ite l9es ! same tones ( color effect z are se5 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! subject "u inve/igation4 ,if ?is 7 ! :ole problem ! matt] w\ld be easily express$ by ! disk nom5clature4 ,= in/ance1 if we are to consid] a c]ta9 r$ object :i* may be repres5t$ by ! /&>d r$ disk1 we place a m$ium siz$ disk ( t color on ! sp9dle1 & 9 front ( x1 small] disks ( :ite & black unit$4 ,by rotation ! :ite & black disks become a neutral gray at ! c5t] ( ! r$ disk4 ,if ?is gray is made ne>ly :ite all obs]v]s w agree t ! gray is light] ?an ! r$1 & if x is ne>ly black ! op9ion w be equally unanim\s t x is d>k] ?an ! r$4 ,consequ5tly !re evid5tly mu/ be a gray some:]e betwe5 ^! two extremes :i* a l>ge majority ( exp]ts may agree to be equal 9 dep? or tone to ! r$1 i4e41 nei!r light] nor d>k]4 ,b ! arti/-engrav] w insi/ t to him ! t]m value expresses mu* m ?an ?is & t he mu/ use diff]5t l9es 9 ! sky or di/ance f ^? :i* he uses 9 ! =egr\nd2 & "s engrav]s w also insi/ t two diff]5t colors 9 ! =egr\nd mu/ receive diff]5t treatm5t ) ! grav] 9 ord] to express _! true values4 ,we "k t true values ( colors are n express$ 9 a photograph1 z ! w>m colors are too d>k & ! blue f> too light4 ,if ! t]m value ( a color is to be us$ z express+ some?+ m ?an a neutral gray ( su* a tone z to seem equal to x1 !n possibly ?is latt] quality mu/ be express$ by ! ^w tone1 & yet ?is use ( t ^w w seem to enl>ge its scope beyond its pres5t limits z x n[ is us$ to express ! relations betwe5 ! diff]5t localities 9 "o scale ( color1 :ile ?is new use w ext5d to ! comp>ison ( tones 9 v>i\s color scales1 includ+ neutral grays4 ,lum9osity4--,! lum9osity ( a color is det]m9$ by comp>+ x ) a neutral gray4 ,:5 a color seems to be ( ! same brightness z a giv5 neutral gray1 i4e41 n light] nor d>k]1 !n t gray is its measure ( lum9osity4 ,a not$ au?ority says3 ,no color$ object c h ! lum9osity ( a :ite object reflect+ practically ! :ole ( ! light imp++ ^u x4 ,!re=e if we take absolute reflection z #ajj a fraction ( #ajj w give ! relative lum9osity ( any body4 ,lum9osity is ano!r expression ( ! quality above describ$ z =m+ a prom95t feature 9 ! t]m values4 ,pot5tiality4--,! ability or /r5g? ( a color to affect o!r colors by comb9ations ) !m4 ,= example1 :ite has a great] pot5tiality ?an black1 yell[ great] ?an r$1 & violet ! lea/ ( all ! spectrum colors4 ,x is a p]t95t "q :e!r any quality is involv$ 9 ?is t]m :i* is n f\nd 9 value1 tone & lum9osity1 b x expresses a some:at diff]5t phase ( a l9e ( color effects4 ,quality4--,?is t]m seems to be us$ r indef9itely :5 appli$ to color1 b p]haps x is n f> remov$ f ! t]m hue or k9d ( color4 ,illu/ration ,practical ,exp]im5ts ,illu/rat+ ! ,!ory ( ,color4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages an attempt is made to expla9 cle>ly & z briefly z possible ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ,bradley sy/em ( color in/ruction is bas$1 & also to sugge/ a few def9itions necess>y to an intellig5t discussion ( ! g5]al subject ( ,color4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> nature ( ! que/ions involv$1 demon/ration by actual exp]im5t is m conv9c+ ?an ! m]e /atem5t ( !ories c possibly be1 & !re=e a few ( ! foll[+ pages w be devot$ to ! explanation ( "s valuable exp]im5ts1 all ( :i* may be tri$ by ! tea*] 9 private1 :ile _m ( !m c be %[n ! pupils ) great advantage4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! ,maxwell color disks are ! means = color comb9ations & ! basis = measurem5ts1 & !re=e = a color nom5clature4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5t *apt] treats l>gely ( ! prop] use ( ! :eel & incid5tally ! !ory ( r$1 yell[ & blue prim>ies ) comb9ations to produce second>ies & t]ti>ies4 ,no tea*] us+ ! mat]ial connect$ ) ?is color s*eme c hope to meet ) success )\t a k ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$1 & 9 ?is subject z 9 all o!rs1 x is ess5tial t ! tea*] %all "k mu* m ( x ?an he or %e is ev] requir$ to tea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4 ,! ,color ,:eel4 ,= mo/ conv5i5t use ! ma*9e %\ld be clamp$ to ! front ( a table & ne> "o end1 s t ! speak] us+ x c /& at ! end ( ! table & op]ate x ) ! "r h&4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! ,normal ,s*ool ,color ,:eel %[+ ! face ( ! disks z se5 by ! audi5ce4 ,facility 9 ! op]ation ( ! ,color ,:eel is rapidly acquir$ by practice & ! exact position is easily det]m9$ by ! op]ator aft] a few trials4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! ,prim>y ,s*ool ,color ,:eel1 :i* has only two sizes ( disks1 :ile ! l>ge/ ma*9e has f\r sizes & is mu* f9] 9 con/ruction4 ,! small] ma*9e does n require clamp+ to a table1 b may be /eadi$ by ! left h& :ile be+ op]at$ by ! "r h&4 ,illu/ration ,! ,color ,top4 ,_m ( ! exp]im5ts ( ! color :eel c be produc$ ) a small toy call$ a ,color ,top1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,x is compos$ ( a ?ick c>dbo>d disk =m+ ! body ( ! top & a c5tral wood5 sp9dle on :i* ! disk closely fits4 ,a numb] ( color$ pap] disks are provid$ ) ?is top s t v _m ( ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ be=e a class c be repeat$ individually by ! pupils & 9 ?is way ! facts :i* may h be5 demon/rat$ to ! class ) ! color :eel c be fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils by _! own exp]im5ts ) ! top4 ,also z a home toy 9 ! h&s ( ! pupils x c be ( value1 n only to ! *ildr51 b to ! p>5ts z well4 ,illu/ration ,use ( ! ,disks4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! me?od ( jo9+ two ,maxwell disks & ,fig4 #f _! appe>ance :5 prop]ly jo9$ to be plac$ on ! rotat+ sp9dle ( ! color :eel4 ,9 jo9+ two or m disks = use on a color :eel or top1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to place !m 9 su* relation to ea* o!r t :5 rotat$ ! radial edges expos$ on ! face t[>d ! audi5ce w n cat* ! w9d4 ,) small disks on ! color :eel ?is is n important1 & if !re is no :ole graduat$ disk on ! arbor beh9d ! slitt$ disks !re is no advantage1 b 9 us+ ! l>g] disks x is well to put ! graduat$ disk beh9d ! o!rs = ?is purpose1 z at be/ x is q labori\s to keep up spe$ :5 us+ sev]al ( ! l>ge disks1 ev5 ) ! be/ possible conditions4 ,) ! ?9 pap] disks ( ! color top ?is is an important matt]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! me?od ( jo9+ ! disks = use on ! ,color ,top is ! rev]se ( t to be obs]v$ ) ! disks ( ! ,color ,:eel z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #g %[s ! same two color disks plac$ 9 front ( a l>ge :ite disk hav+ its edge graduat$ to "o hundr$ p>ts1 s t ! relative proportions ( two or m colors to be comb9$ c be det]m9$ accurately4 ,z ! small] disks (f] s mu* less resi/ance 9 rotation ?an ! l>g] ones !y are mo/ desirable 9 private exp]im5ts or be=e a small class1 & ! l>ge/ disks ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ,:eel are necess>y only :5 m ?an ?ree expressions ( color are requir$ to be %[n at ! same "t4 ,9 mak+ exp]im5ts be=e an audi5ce ^? p]sons 9 front %\ld if possible be at lea/ t5 feet f ! color :eel4 ,f t5 to =ty feet !re seems to be b little diff]5ce 9 ! color p]ception1 b = be/ te/s fifte5 to tw5ty feet is ! mo/ desirable position4 ,= private practice ) ! color :eel a small mirror may be plac$ five or six feet 9 front ( ! :eel 9 su* position z to furni% an image ( ! disks to ! p]son op]at+ ! ma*9e4 ,ow+ to a slight loss ( light by reflection ! close/ criticism may n be possible :5 work+ ) a mirror 9 ?is way1 b if a plate mirror is us$ ! results are v good & a bevel plate mirror ab\t #g x #i in*es )\t frame1 c usually be procur$ at small co/2 ?is me?od is mu* m satisfactory = p]sonal exp]im5t+ ?an an assi/ant to turn ! :eel4 ,^! disks h h]et(ore be5 us$ z a curi\s piece ( philosophical app>atus r ?an because !y h be5 suppos$ to h any practical value 9 color tra9+1 b 9 e/abli%+ a color nom5clature bas$ on six spectrum colors ! disks at once assume a great value & are indisp5sable 9 a sy/em ( color in/ruction f\nd$ on ! sci5ce ( color & on ! psy*ological p]ception ( colors4 ,let u suppose t ! two disks %[n 9 ,fig4 #g are yell[ & gre51 #hj p>ts yell[ & #bj p>ts gre52 !n by rotation we %all h a gre5 yell[ indicat$ by ! symbol ,y4 #hj1 ,g4 #bj4 ,no argum5t is necess>y to prove t :5 an exact expression ( color effect is requir$ ?is is bett] ?an ! simple /atem5t t x is a gre5i% yell[4 ,h[ to ,beg9 ! ,exp]im5ts4 ,= practice x is pr(itable to comm5ce ) ! r$ & orange disks comb9$ on ! sp9dle1 ) a small] r$ disk 9 front ( !m1 ! smalle/ be+ pref]able4 ,beg9 by introduc+ say five p] c5t ( orange & notice t a *ange f ! /&>d r$ at ! c5t] is visible4 ,gradually increase ! orange until x seems difficult to say :e!r ! result+ color is m l r$ or orange1 & !n ex*ange ! small r$ disk = an orange disk ( ! same size1 & cont9ue add+ orange 9 ! l>g] disks until ! diff]5ce _c be detect$ betwe5 ! small disk & ! l>g] comb9$ disks4 ,! /&>ds may be comb9$ 9 pairs1 z has be5 indicat$ ) ! r$ & orange1 to produce all ! int]m$iate hues ?r\gh\t ! spectrum1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! comb9ations are to be made by jo9+ 9 pairs1 colors adjac5t 9 ! spectrum1 r$ & orange1 orange & yell[1 yell[ & gre51 gre5 & blue1 blue & violet4 ,we !n %all h repres5tations ( all ! spectrum colors1 b !re are /ill ! colors betwe5 violet & r$1 kn[n 9 nature & art z purples1 :i* mu/ be produc$ by unit+ ! r$ & violet disks1 ?us complet+ a circuit ( colors conta9+ all ! pure colors 9 nature4 ,9 nature all colors are modifi$ by light & %ade1 /rong light produc+ t9ts & %ad[s m or less deep =m+ %ades4 ,^! effects are imitat$ on ! color :eel by ! use ( a :ite disk comb9$ ) a disk ( a /&>d color = t9ts & a black disk = %ades1 & c be te/$ 9 ! same ord] z indicat$ = ! hues1 by comb9+ ea* /&>d disk ) a :ite or a black disk 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,x w be notic$ e>ly 9 disk exp]im5ts t a v small am\nt ( :ite produces a decid$ effect 9 ! tone ( a color :ile a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( black is necess>y to produce a m>k$ *ange4 ,z ?is is exactly ! rev]se ( ! effects ( :ite & black pigm5ts x is always a subject ( rem>k4 ,9 pigm5ts ^! effects are imitat$ by ! mixture ( :ite ) a color to produce t9ts1 & black = %ades1 or m g5]ally in/ead ( black "s d>k natural pigm5t approa*+ ! hue ( ! color1 may be pref]r$ because a black pigm5t w too (t5 imp>t an unexpect$ & undesirable hue to ! color4 ,z = example1 9 mak+ %ades ( r$ "s natural br[n pigm5t is bett] ?an black1 & s v>i\s d>k br[ns & grays are us$ = diff]5t colors4 ,ev5 ) ! disks x is impossible to imitate pure/ t9ts ( all ! /&>d colors1 because 9 "s ( ! colors1 z peculi>ly 9 r$ & blue1 ! rotation ( ! :ite disk seems to develop a slightly violet gray1 = :i* effect !re has z yet be5 no sci5tific explanation4 ,?is gray dulls ! purity ( ! t9t z comp>$ ) t :i* is f\nd 9 ! color "u a bright illum9ation1 b on ! :ole bo? t9ts & %ades z well z ! hues c be bett] illu/rat$ ) ! disks ?an 9 any o!r way1 & 9 addition1 ! advantage is secur$ ( be+ able to measure & record ! tone by ! graduat$ disk 9 ! same way z ! hues are measur$ & record$4 ,a fur!r advantage is secur$ 9 ! use ( disks 9 color in/ruction because ) pigm5ts1 ! only o!r me?od by :i* colors c be comb9$1 mu* "t mu/ be lo/ n only 9 ! mix+ & apply+ ( ! colors b 9 ! delay necess>y to all[ !m to dry be=e ! true results c be se54 ,! %ades ( yell[ z %[n on ! :eel w n be g5]ally accept$ )\t criticism1 b c>eful comp>ison ) yell[ pap] 9 %ad[ w prove ! sub/antial tru? ( ! disk results4 ,?is exp]im5t may be tri$ z foll[s3 ,jo9 two c>ds ) a h+e ( pap] or clo? to =m a fold+ scre5 l ! cov]s ( a book z 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,on ! surface ,a1 pa/e a piece ( /&>d yell[ pap] & on ,b1 a piece ( yell[ %ade ,no4 #a4 ,hold ^! two surfaces t[>d ! class 9 su* a position t ! /rong light w fall on ,b1 :i* is ! yell[ %ade1 & ?us br+ ! face ,a1 :i* is a /&>d yell[1 9 a position to be %ad$ f ! light4 ,by v>y+ ! angle ( ! cov]s ) ea* o!r & turn+ !m z a :ole f side to side1 a position w be secur$ 9 :i* ! two faces w seem s ne>ly alike z to conv9ce ! class t ?is color :i* !y may h ?\ght to be gre51 is n gre51 b a color peculi> to itself1 a %ade ( yell[2 because ! d>k] pap] :5 9 full light appe>s sub/antially ! same z ! /&>d yell[ 9 ! %ade or %ad[4 ,illu/ration ,9 our exp]im5ts ?us f> ) ! :eel we h comb9$ ! /&>ds 9 pairs to produce ! colors ( ! spectrum betwe5 ! /&>ds1 :i* = conv5i5ce may be call$ int]m$iate spectrum hues1 & also h comb9$ a :ite disk ) ea* ( ! /&>ds to produce t9ts ( ! /&>ds & a black disk to make %ades4 ,by comb9+ a :ite disk ) an orange & a yell[ disk1 = example1 =m+ a trio ( disks1 a v>iety ( t9ts ( orange yell[ & yell[ orange may be made4 ,also by ! use ( ! black disk in/ead ( ! :ite a s]ies ( %ades ( ! int]m$iate hues may be produc$1 & ?us a great v>iety ( t9ts & %ades ( _m spectrum colors %[n4 ,n[ if ! :ite & black disks are comb9$ ) ea* o!r ! result w be a %ade ( :ite1 i4e41 a :ite 9 %ad[1 :i* is an absolutely neutral gray4 ,z ! exp]im5ts progress x w be se5 t ?is neutral gray is a v important feature 9 ! /udy ( color1 & !re=e x may be well at ?is po9t to make sure t ! disk comb9ations give ! true gray ( a :ite 9 %ad[ by a te/ simil> to ! "o us$ = ! %ade ( yell[1 ?us dis>m+ criticism4 ,su* a te/ may conv5i5tly be made by cov]+ ! rev]se sides ( ! fold+ cov]s ) :ite on "o cov] & neutral gray pap] ,no4 #a on ! o!r4 ,z ! neutral gray pap]s are made 9 imitation ( comb9ations ( black & :ite disks ?is exp]im5t is z conv9c+ z ! "o reg>d+ ! yell[ %ade4 ,?is is b "o ( _m examples ( ! value ( disk comb9ations 9 ! classification & analysis ( colors4 ,9 an elaborate *>t ( colors highly recomm5d$ = prim>y color in/ruction a doz5 ye>s ago no correct und]/&+ ( ! classification ( colors is %[n1 ! t9ts & %ades be+ indicat$ by a v decid$ *ange ( hue r ?an a consi/5t modification ( tone4 ,= example1 9 ! r$ scale ! /&>d or normal r$ is v]milion1 i4e41 an orange r$2 %ade ,no4 #a is simply a r$ less orange 9 hue ?an ! /&>d1 & %ade ,no4 #b a %ade ( ! /&>d r$ advocat$ 9 ?is sy/em2 :ile t9t ,no4 #a is a brok5 yell[ orange & t9t ,no4 #b is mu* m yell[ & m brok5 ?an ,no4 #a4 ,simil> inconsi/5cies occur 9 all ! o!r scales1 %[+ t ! au?or _h no correct k ( ! analysis ( colors1 & yet ?is 0 ! be/ & practically ! only aid (f]$ = in/ruction 9 color at t "t4 ,nei!r 7 !re any true /&>ds = neutral grays & ! t]m neutral 0 us$ 9 su* an indef9ite way z to rob x ( all actual value1 until by ! aid ( disk comb9ations x came to be conf9$ to :ite 9 %ad[ z closely imitat$ by ! comb9ations ( :ite & black disks4 ,illu/ration ,) color$ pap]s made 9 imitation ( ! six /&>ds & two t9ts & two %ades ( ea*1 six scales ( colors may be produc$ by arrang+ ! five diff]5t tones ( ea* color 9 a r[1 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* repres5ts ! orange scale ) t9ts at ! left & %ades at ! "r4 ,if1 9 addition to ^! six scales1 we h two scales betwe5 ea* two ( ! /&>ds1 we may h betwe5 ! orange scale & ! yell[ scale a yell[ orange scale & an orange yell[ scale1 & if we ?us introduce ! int]m$iate scales betwe5 ea* ( ! o!r two /&>ds1 & include ! r$ violet & violet r$1 we %all h eighte5 scales ( five tones ea*4 ,! eighte5 scales z above nam$ may be arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj to =m a *>t ( pure spectrum scales :i* is v valuable = /udy & comp>ison & especially s 9 ! /udy ( ! !ory ( h>monies4 ,all ^! tones are call$ pure tones & ?is *>t is !re=e call$ a *>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales4 ,! idea t s(t1 dull1 brok5 colors produce be/ h>monies :5 us$ 9 comb9ation may or may n be a univ]sally accept$ tru?1 b !re is a g5]al belief t x is mu* easi] to make acceptable comb9ations ) brok5 colors ?an ) pure spectrum colors & _! t9ts & %ades1 & !re=e ! temptation has be5 /rong to select a g5]al assortm5t ( colors :i* easily h>monize because ( ! pleas+ effect1 in/ead ( hav+ reg>d solely to ! educational value ( colors4 ,tru? 9 education requires t :5 colors are classifi$ z spectrum colors !y %all all be ! ne>e/ approa* possible to ! true spectrum colors1 & 9 ! spectrum !re are no brok5 or impure colors4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] ! spectrum is set up z nature's /&>d or *>t ( colors & an imitation is made 9 pigm5ts or pap]s1 great c>e %\ld be us$ to secure ! mo/ accurate imitation possible1 b 9 ! pa/ ?is has n be5 ! case1 because ( ! prevail+ idea t ! colors mu/ all be possible comb9ations ( ?ree prim>ies1 & h5ce ! orange1 gre5 & violet h (t5 be5 v brok5 colors4 ,:ile pure colors & _! t9ts & %ades may be advantage\sly comb9$ ) v>i\s tones ( brok5 colors 9 "o composition = arti/ic effect1 !y %\ld be def9itely divid$ :5 classifi$ = educational purposes1 & _! diff]5ces cle>ly expla9$ to /ud5ts4 ,9 a scale ( tones 9 any color ! sev]al pap]s w h>monize m easily if ! t9ts & %ades are n too f> remov$ f ! /&>d1 b x is ?\ght by _m good judges t ! educational advantage 9 le>n+ to see ! relation%ip ( color 9 ! m extreme tones is ( great] importance 9 ! elem5t>y grades ?an ! facility = mak+ mo/ pleas+ comb9ations4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! ,bradley color$ pap]s ! t9ts are v light & ! %ades q d>k4 ,if1 in/ead ( add+ ei!r a :ite disk or a black disk to a spectrum color1 by :i* we make pure t9ts & %ades1 we add bo? :ite & black1 a l9e ( gray colors or s-call$ brok5 colors is =m$4 ,?is is mo/ beautifully %[n ) ! disks1 & 9 ?is way a l9e ( true brok5 colors is secur$1 because 9 ea* case a true neutral gray has be5 add$ to ! color1 :i* _c be insur$ 9 ! mixture ( gray pigm5ts4 ,z an example1 ?is may be %[n ) ! ?ree small] sizes ( ! orange disks4 ,) ! m$ium size ( ^! ?ree make ! comb9ation ,orange1 #ce2 ,:ite1 #aj2 ,black #ee4 ,) ! l>g] size disks make ! proportions ,orange1 #af2 ,:ite1 #e2 ,black1 #gi1 & ) ! smalle/ size ,orange1 #dc2 ,:ite1 #cc2 ,black1 #bd4 ,place ^! ?ree sets ( disks on ! sp9dle at "o "t & y h ! ?ree tones ( a brok5 orange scale4 ,) simil> comb9ations appli$ to ! six /&>ds & "o int]m$iate hue betwe5 ea* two1 !re w be mat]ial = a *>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 includ+ twelve scales ( ?ree tones ea*4 ,^! are ! mo/ beautiful colors 9 art or nature :5 comb9$ h>moni\sly4 ,because ( ! loss ( color 9 brok5 colors x is n advisable to attempt s _m diff]5t hues or s _m tones ( ea* hue z 9 pure colors1 = slight diff]5ces 9 ei!r hues or tones are n z readily p]ceiv$4 ,9 ^! two *>ts ( color scales two di/9ct classes ( colors are repres5t$1 namely1 pure colors & brok5 colors4 ,! pure colors consi/ ( ! pure/ possible pigm5t>y imitations ( spectrum colors1 ) _! t9ts & %ades1 & ! brok5 colors are ^! pure colors dull$ by ! admixture ( neutral grays 9 v>i\s tones4 ,?is di/9ction is readily recogniz$ "u prop] tra9+1 s t if a brok5 color is introduc$ into a comb9ation ( colors f a pure scale x w be readily detect$1 :i* always occurs :5 ! attempt is made to produce a s]ies ( spectrum scales by ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y colors r$1 yell[ & blue4 ,by ?is me?od1 if logically c>ri$ out1 ! orange1 gre5 & violet are d>k brok5 colors1 & h5ce to a less ext5t ! int]m$iate colors also1 because ea* ( ^! is a mixture ( a pure color ) a brok5 color4 ,! usual result1 h[ev]1 is t ! orange made f ! r$ & yell[ seem s out ( place 9 ! w>m end ( ! spectrum t x is modifi$ & made mu* ne>] ! pure color1 usually1 h[ev]1 too yell[1 :ile ! gre5s & violets1 :i* are deep & ri* brok5 colors1 may seem m h>moni\s1 b are s d>k z to be out ( place among spectrum colors4 ,illu/ration ,if light brok5 colors are prop]ly comb9$ a beautiful imitation ra9b[ is produc$1 :i* is m h>moni\s ?an ! spectrum made f full colors4 ,a s]ies ( su* colors comb9$ 9 spectrum ord] produce a m pleas+ effect :5 sep>at$ by a small space ( :ite1 black1 gray1 silv] or gold4 ,! reason = ?is may be f\nd 9 ! discussion ( simultane\s contra/s4 ,9 nature ne>ly all colors are brok54 ,fir/1 !re is always m or less vapor toge!r ) o!r impurities 9 ! air1 s t ev5 9 a cle> day objects a few hundr$ feet f u are se5 ?r\gh a gray veil1 z x 71 & 9 a mi/y or hazy day ?is is v evid5t4 ,9 ! case ( some:at di/ant foliage ! g5]al color effect is produc$ by ! light reflect$ f ! aggregation ( leaves1 "s ( :i* may be 9 bright sunlight & o!rs 9 %ad[1 ) a mixture ( br[n twigs4 ,all ^! t9ts & %ades ( gre5 & br[n are m+l$ 9 "o g5]al effect 9 ! eye4 ,also1 ow+ to ! r\nd$ =ms & irregul> illum9ation ( objects1 we see v little full or local color 9 nature4 ,!re=e ! /udy ( brok5 colors becomes ! mo/ fasc9at+ bran* ( ?is :ole subject1 & x also has an add$ int]e/ because ne>ly all ! colors f\nd 9 tape/ries1 hang+s1 c>pets1 ladies' dress goods1 etc41 come "u ?is head4 ,9 fact x w\ld be haz>d\s = an artisan or an arti/ to use any full spectrum color 9 8 "w1 except 9 ?reads1 l9es or dots4 ,a consid]able quantity ( pure /&>d gre51 = in/ance1 w\ld m> ! effect ( any l&scape4 ,x is a v int]e/+ div]sion to analyze samples ( ! dress goods sold ea* season "u ! mo/ wond]ful names4 ,= example3-- ,ecru1 a color sold a few seasons ago1 is a brok5 orange yell[ ) a nom5clature ,o4 #ab1 ,y4 #ae1 ,w4 #ag1 ,n4 #ef1 :ile ?is ye> ,leghorn & ,furet are two ( ! new colors1 ! =m] hav+ a nom5clature ( ,o4 #af1 ,y4 #ed1 ,w4 #ai1 ,n4 #aa1 & ! latt] ,o4 #ah1 ,y4 #ah1 ,w4 #h1 ,n4 #ef1 all ( :i* are v beautiful brok5 orange yell[s4 ,a%es ( ,roses ( pa/ ye>s is a brok5 violet r$ :i* c be analyz$ z foll[s3 ,r4 #h-a_/b1 ,v4 #b-a_/d1 ,w4 #ae-a_/d1 ,n4 #gd4 ,anemon ( ?is season is ,r4 #bh1 ,v4 #g1 ,w4 #e1 ,n4 #fj1 :i* is ano!r brok5 violet r$4 ,old ,rose is a brok5 r$3 ,r4 #fe-a_/b1 ,w4 #bd-a_/b1 ,n4 #aj4 ,empire ( pa/ seasons is ,g4 #ah-a_/b1 ,b4 #aa1 ,w4 #af-a_/b1 ,n4 #ed1 :ile ,neptune ( ?is season is ,g4 #ac-a_/b1 ,b4 #b-a_/b1 ,w4 #aa1 ,n4 #gc1 bo? be+ brok5 blue gre5s4 ,topia1 a beautiful br[n1 is ,o4 #aj1 ,n4 #ij1 a pure %ade ( orange1 :ile ,bolide is a light] yell[ orange ) a nom5clature ( ,o4 #ah-a_/b1 ,y4 #b-a_/b1 ,w4 #a-a_/b1 ,n4 #gg-a_/b4 ,we might analyze ,elephant's ,brea?1 ,baby ,blue1 ,nile ,gre51 ,cru%$ ,/rawb]ry & o!rs common 9 ! m>ket1 b :ile ! names w no d\bt occur ea* season ! colors w *ange ) ! fickle dem&s ( ! goddess ( fa%ion & ! int]e/s ( ! manufactur]s & deal]s4 ,9 writ+ any color nom5clature ! lett]s %\ld be us$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,r4-,o4-,y4-,g4-,b4-,v4-,w4-,n41 ?us always li/+ ! /&>d colors be=e ! :ite or black4 ,= example1 nev] place ,y4 be=e ,o4 or ,r41 & nev] use ,n4 be=e ,w4 ,if ?is ord] is /rictly adh]$ to ! habit is soon acquir$ & a valuable po9t ga9$4 ,x has be5 %[n t comb9$ :ite & black disks =m neutral gray1 :i* is a :ite 9 %ad[ or "u a l[ degree ( illum9ation4 ,if to su* a gray a v small am\nt ( color is add$1 z orange = example1 by ! introduction ( an orange disk1 ?is neutral gray becomes an orange gray1 b unless ! am\nt is consid]able x c n be detect$ z an orange1 b ! gray may be t]m$ a w>m gray1 d5ot+ t x is affect$ by "s "o ( ! colors ne> ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,if blue in/ead ( orange is add$ to ! neutral gray1 a cool gray is produc$4 ,:5 gre5 is add$ to a gray ! result c n fairly be call$ ei!r w>m or cool1 & h5ce we h t]m$ x a gre5 gray4 ,accord+ to ?is plan we h f\r classes ( grays1 ,neutral1 ,w>m1 ,cool & ,gre5 grays4 ,z !re may be _m tones ( ea*1 & _m int]m$iate comb9ations f r$ to gre51 or gre5 to blue1 ! numb] ( grays 9 nature is inf9ite1 b ^! f\r classes ) two tones ( ea* 9 ! pap]s =m :at may be call$ /&>ds or /ations f :i* to ?9k ( ! grays1 ! same z ! six /&>ds 9 ! spectrum con/itute po9ts f :i* to ?9k ( pure colors4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! =ego+ pages1 accompani$ ) a color :eel or ev5 a color top1 c h>dly fail to give a /ud5t :o w make ! exp]im5ts a cle> idea ( ! use ( ! disks 9 ! sy/em ( color education 9 :i* !y =m su* an important feature1 & !re=e ! old !ory ( ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 & all t x leads to c be v intellig5tly consid]$ & te/$ by !m 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* foll[4 ,?is old !ory briefly re/at$ is z foll[s3 ,x is said !re are 9 nature ?ree prim>y colors1 r$1 yell[ & blue2 & by ! mixture ( ^! prim>y colors 9 pairs1 orange1 gre5 & violet may be made4 ,9 fact lead+ educators h said t 9 ! sol> spectrum1 :i* is nature's *>t ( colors1 ! pr9cipal colors are r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet2 ( ^! r$1 yell[ & blue are prim>ies f :i* may be made ! second>ies1 orange1 gre5 & violet4 ,all su* /atem5ts z h]et(ore made 9 any popul> treatm5t ( ! subject are und]/ood to mean t 9 a pigm5t>y imitation ( a spectrum ! second>ies z enum]at$ may be produc$ by ! mixtures ( ! prim>y pigm5ts1 because pigm5t>y mixtures are ! only comb9ations g5]ally recogniz$4 ,?is !ory has also includ$ ! /atem5t t ! prim>ies are complem5t>y to ! second>ies 9 pairs1 & t ! comb9ation ( ! second>ies 9 pairs may produce a di/9ct class ( colors call$ t]ti>ies4 ,x w be ! aim ( ! foll[+ pages to demon/rate t 9 all ?is !re is nei!r sci5tific or /hetic tru? nor educational value4 ,! ,old ,!ories ,te/$ by ,mixture ( ,?ree ,pigm5ts4 ,exp]im5ts 9 mix+ ! ?ree pigm5ts1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 to produce ! second>ies1 orange1 gre5 & violet1 h be5 v c>efully made ) int]e/+ & in/ructive results4 ,all su* exp]im5ts are valueless unless made ) "o accept$ set ( prim>ies = ! ?ree comb9ations1 because x is self-evid5t t if we select a v]milion r$ :i* is v decid$ly an orange r$1 & *oose = our yell[ "o ( ! orange yell[s1 ! mixture w m ne>ly approa* a true orange ?an if a /&>d r$ & /&>d yell[ are us$4 ,also 9 mak+ a violet1 if we mix a c>m9e1 :i* is a violet r$1 ) a decid$ly violet blue1 ( :i* !re are _m1 ! result w be a bett] violet ?an ! comb9ation ( ! /&>d r$ & blue4 ,s also 9 ! mix+ ( blue & yell[ to make gre51 a gre5i% yell[ & a gre5i% blue w necess>ily produce bett] results ?an ! /&>ds4 ,!re=e1 to te/ ! matt] fairly1 ! same pigm5ts :i* are us$ to coat ! /&>d r$1 yell[ & blue pap]s h be5 comb9$ s z to produce ! be/ possible orange1 gre5 & violet1 & ^! results :5 analyz$ on ! color :eel are z foll[s3-- ,! orange made by mix+ /&>d r$ & yell[ pigm5ts 9 ! be/ proportions is equal to ,o4 #df1 ,w4 #b1 ,n4 #eb4 ,! violet is equal to ,v4 #bj1 ,w4 #a1 ,n4 #gi1 & ! ne>e/ approa* to a /&>d gre5 is %[n by disk analysis to be ,g4 #cg1 ,w4 #g1 ,n4 #ef1 :i* is bett] ?an ! violet & ne>ly z good z ! orange4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t h]et(ore :5 a l9e ( /&>ds ( six colors has be5 prep>$ f ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 ev5 ?\gh ! pure/ possible colors may h be5 select$ = ! prim>ies1 ! second>ies h n be5 9 ! same class ( colors1 & t all ( !m are v d>k brok5 colors4 ,!re=e1 9 us+ educational color$ pap]s bas$ on su* a s*eme1 ! pupil has receiv$ no correct impressions ( ! relative values ( ! sev]al colors involv$ 9 pure spectrum scales1 b has be5 %[n at ! outset a mixture ( pure & brok5 colors z /&>ds4 ,?is is n a matt] ( op9ion reg>d+ be/ h>monies1 because x is easy to demon/rate t less skill is requir$ to comb9e brok5 colors h>moni\sly ?an pure colors1 b x is a *oice betwe5 tru? & error 9 ! e>ly education ( color p]ception4 ,old ,!ories ,te/$ by ! ,color ,:eel or ,color ,top4 ,:ile x may be impossible = ! read] to secure pigm5ts exactly l ! /&>ds1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 us$ 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 & !re=e ! /atem5t "h made c n be accurately v]ifi$1 any "o hav+ a color :eel or ev5 a color top may te/ ! same comb9ations by use ( disks4 ,if x is true1 z claim$1 t a good /&>d orange c be made by mix+ r$ & yell[1 !n x %\ld foll[ t :5 a r$ & yell[ disk are comb9$ & a small] orange disk plac$ 9 front ( !m1 t x ought to be possible to s adju/ ! proportion ( r$ to yell[ t by rotation ! out] r+ ( color w mat* ! c5tral orange disk4 ,a trial ( ?is exp]im5t w %[ t :ile ! color result+ f ! be/ possible comb9ation ( r$ & yell[ is a k9d ( orange1 x is n ev5 an approximation to ! /&>d orange1 b is a %ade ( orange :i* may be mat*$ by comb9+ ! small] orange disk ) a black disk 9 ! proportion ( ,o4 #de1 ,n4 #ee1 ! l>g] disks be+ ,r4 #hi1 ,y4 #aa4 ,9 comb9+ r$ & blue disks to make a violet ! result is m satisfactory1 :ile if we attempt to produce a gre5 by comb9+ ! yell[ & blue disks ! result w be surpris+1 b probably n conv9c+1 because ! /atem5t t yell[ & blue make gre5 has be5 s p]si/5tly reit]at$ z a fundam5tal axiom t p :o h giv5 ! subject b little att5tion w feel t to d\bt x is rank h]esy4 ,9 a text book treat+ ( color is f\nd ! foll[+ passage3 ,gre5 sub/ances reflect ! gre51 i4e41 ! blue & yell[ rays ( ! sunlight & absorb all ! o!rs4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! mixture ( blue & yell[ light !re is little or no trace ( gre51 z a s+le exp]im5t ) a color top or color :eel w readily demon/rate4 ,9 response to ?is conv9c+ exp]im5t a colori/ ( ! old s*ool1 7& !re are few o!rs7 w d\btless say1 ,su* an ass]tion seems to be true :5 appli$ to ^! rotat+ disks1 b we see no practical value 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 because 9 ! use ( color we mu/ dep5d on pigm5t>y comb9ations1 & 9 pigm5ts yell[ & blue d make gre54 ,! au?or ( a /atem5t ( ?is k9d is always hone/ 9 mak+ x1 & yet x is absolutely untrue1 because z has already be5 %[n1 ! gre5 result+ f ! mixture ( yell[ & blue c n be plac$ ev5 approximately 9 ! same class z ! yell[ & blue ( :i* x is compos$4 ,9 accept+ ! disk comb9ations ( /&>d pigm5t>y colors we are assum+ a sy/em ( color inve/igation bas$ on ! comb9ation ( color$ light r ?an ! mixture ( pigm5ts1 & to an arti/ :o has giv5 ! subject little ?\ght ?is seems q radical1 n to say />tl+4 ,b1 logically1 :y is x n ! mo/ natural z well z ! correct basis = ?is "w8 ,art 9 color mu/ be bas$ on ! imitation ( natural color effects4 ,we mu/ fir/ le>n to see color correctly & to "k :at we see1 & aft] t x is a v simple matt] to le>n :i* pigm5ts to comb9e = produc+ any desir$ result :i* is already cle>ly def9$ 9 ! m9d4 ,9 fact ! be/ selection ( pigm5ts mu/ (t5 be bas$ on _! *emical & me*anical qualities z mu* z on _! peculi> hues4 ,all color impressions ( mat]ial sub/ances are produc$ by color$ light reflect$ f a mat]ial surface to ! ret9a ( ! eye1 ?r\gh :i* by "s unkn[n means x is convey$ to ! bra94 ,:5 ! :ite sunlight falls on a mat]ial sub/ance a portion ( ! rays are absorb$ & o!rs are reflect$ to ! eye1 !reby convey+ impressions ( color4 ,if on a surface ( yell[ mat]ial we ?r[ a /rong orange light ?r\gh a color$ glass1 "s ( ! orange rays f ! glass w m+le ) ! yell[ rays & ! two are reflect$ to ! eye1 !reby produc+ an orange yell[ or yell[ orange effect :]e be=e x 0 yell[4 ,s 9 a summ] ev5+ l&scape :5 !re is a s-call$ r$ sunset1 ev]y?+ is illum9at$ by an orange light & ea* color 9 ! l&scape is affect$ by ! orange rays :i* m+le ) ! rays ( ! local color & are reflect$ to ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 produc+ ! effect ( local colors mix$ ) orange4 ,9 a room :]e ! w9d[s op5 on to a gre5 lawn ) _m trees 9 close proximity to ! h\se1 ne>ly all ! light is reflect$ f gre5 surfaces1 & h5ce is gre5 light4 ,9 su* a case a correct pa9t+ ( objects 9 t room w\ld h a g5]al gre5 effect4 ,! aft]noon light 9 a room on ! we/ side ( a city /reet may be ne>ly all r$ light1 reflect$ f an opposite r$ brick wall1 & su* a room w\ld be ill-adapt$ to %[+ f9e dress goods1 because ! hues ( ! m delicate colors w\ld be entirely *ang$1 & h5ce w\ld give a false impression z to ! relations ( ! sev]al colors 9 comb9ation z se5 9 :ite or cle> daylight4 ,if a piece ( light blue silk is illum9at$ by sunlight pass+ ?r\gh a bit ( yell[ glass1 no trace ( gre5 effect w be produc$1 b a gray ei!r slightly yell[ or blue1 accord+ to ! relative /r5g? ( ! colors 9 ! glass & ! silk4 ,?is same effect w\ld be secur$ if ! yell[ light ( ! sett+ sun illum9at$ ! same mat]ial1 b "u su* conditions ev]y?+ else w\ld be simil>ly affect$ s t ! effect w\ld n be s app>5t4 ,! idea t all color is d]iv$ f ! ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 is s g5]ally believ$ t our be/ writ]s among arti/s1 colori/s & educators h repeat$ x = _m ye>s4 ,george ,b>n>d1 an ,engli% arti/1 9 a v valuable book on wat] color pa9t+1 speak+ ( ! colors ( ! spectrum :i* may be re-comb9$ to =m :ite light1 says t if ! yell[ & blue rays are comb9$ !y produce gre54 ,*evreul also /ates 9 8 invaluable book on color contra/s t yell[ & blue ?reads wov5 into a texture1 side by side1 produce gre54 ,?is /atem5t is ! m rem>kable because ! writ] 0 a v c>eful inve/igator & is b ano!r evid5ce ( ! /rong hold :i* ! ,newton & ,brew/] !ory has _h on ! public m9d = s _m ye>s4 ,! /ory is told ( an arti/ :o wi%$ to introduce into a composition ( /ill life a blue vase ) a bit ( yell[ lace ?r[n ov] a portion ( x1 & hav+ be5 educat$ to believe t yell[ & blue made gre51 gave a gre5 effect to ! portion ( ! vase cov]$ by ! lace4 ,_h he kn[n t blue & yell[ light comb9$ make gray in/ead ( gre5 he w\ld h avoid$ ! error4 ,! fact t gray is ! product ( blue & yell[ light is sometimes tak5 advantage ( 9 =m+ backgr\nds 9 li?ographic pr9t+1 9 :i* a /ippl+ ( alt]nate dots ( yell[ & blue1 v close toge!r b n ov]lapp+1 is us$ to produce a beautifully transp>5t gray mu* m pleas+ ?an any "o t9t ( gray4 ,?is result is due to ! bl5d+ ( ! two colors 9 ! eye ) ! same effect z ! colors ( two rotat+ disks are m+l$4 ,! fact t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! color effects produc$ by mix+ two pigm5ts & ! mix+ ( ! light reflect$ f simil> color$ surfaces is a v /rong argum5t = a sy/em ( color in/ruction bas$ on disk comb9ations1 r ?an on pigm5t>y mixtures4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! mo/ tru?ful effects ( color 9 nature ! arti/ %\ld h suffici5t k ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! comb9ation ( colors by reflect$ light1 s t 8 reason may aid 8 eyes4 ,a little exp]im5t+ ) ! rotat+ disks & ) pigm5ts w conv9ce any "o t ! disk comb9ations =m ! only possible basis at pres5t kn[n = logical color in/ruction4 ,conc]n+ ! ,complem5t>y ,colors4 ,hav+ %[n t ! ?ree colors1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 c n be comb9$ to make an orange1 a gre5 or a violet ( a correspond+ degree ( purity1 we w consid] ! o!r claim :i* is set up by ! advocates ( ! ,brew/] !ory1 namely1 t ! second>ies are complem5t>y to ! prim>ies 9 pairs1 ! gre5 to ! r$1 ! violet to ! yell[ & ! orange to ! blue4 ,z all color is conta9$ 9 :ite light1 if we take f :ite light any giv5 color1 ! color rema9+ is ! complem5t>y4 ,if a small disk ( /&>d r$ pap] is plac$ on a :ite wall & ! eyes fix$ int5tly on x = a few seconds1 & !n ! eyes slightly mov$ back & =?1 a r+ ( a blui% gre5 t9t w be se5 surr\nd+ ! r$ pap]1 or if ! eyes are fix$ int5tly on ! disk = a %ort "t & ! pap] sudd5ly remov$1 a disk ( ! same blue gre5 t9t w be se5 9 place ( ! r$ disk4 ,?is is call$ ! accid5tal color & is suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! complem5t>y color1 al?\gh ! image is too fa9t to give any v exact effect1 b x is suffici5t to furni% a clue to ! complem5t>y1 & we may inf] t a color betwe5 gre5 & blue is t :i* is requir$4 ,n[ if we c det]m9e 9 :at proportions r$1 blue & gre5 mu/ be unit$ to produce :ite light we may solve ! problem4 ,?is is n possible 9 ! use ( any pigm5t>y colors1 because ( ! impurity ( all pigm5ts z comp>$ ) spectrum colors4 ,al?\gh ! mixture ( color$ light reflect$ f ! disks1 :i* are made ( pigm5t>y colors1 gives mu* pur] color ?an ! actual me*anical mixture ( ! two pigm5ts1 /ill1 because x is a reflection ( pigm5t>y colors1 x is f> l[] 9 tone ?an ! correspond+ mixture ( spectrum colors4 ,!re=e x c n be a pure :ite1 b may be :ite 9 %ade or a neutral gray1 :i*1 z already %[n1 c be produc$ by ! comb9ation ( a :ite & a black disk4 ,!re=e if r$1 blue & gre5 disks ( m$ium size are jo9$ on ! :eel & 9 front ( !m small :ite & black disks are comb9$1 we h a means = solv+ ?is problem4 ,if ^! v>i\s disks c be s adju/$ t :5 rotat$ ! effect ( ! ?ree color$ disks is a neutral gray1 7or :ite "u a l[ degree ( illum9ation7 exactly mat*+ a gray t may be obta9$ by adju/+ ! small black & :ite disks1 !n "o /ep 9 ! solution is tak51 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration ,) su* an arrangem5t a v close mat* is produc$1 :5 ! comb9$ disks %[ ! proportions to be ,r4 #da-a_/b1 ,b4 #bb-a_/b1 ,g4 #cf = ! l>g] disks1 & = ! small disks ,w4 #ae1 & ,n4 #he4 ,n[ if blue & gre5 are comb9$ 9 ! same proportions1 z indicat$ above & 9 quantities suffici5t :5 add$ toge!r to fill ! entire circle ( #ajj p>ts1 blue w conta9 #ch4c p>ts & gre51 #fa4g p>ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 & ! disks :5 rotat$ w give ! color :i* is ! complem5t>y ( r$3 namely1 a blue gre54 ,9 ! same way ! complem5t>y ( ea* ( ! o!r /&>d colors1 & 9 fact ( any color1 may be obta9$4 ,! complem5t>y ( orange is ano!r color betwe5 ! gre5 & blue1 b m l>gely blue4 ,! complem5t>y ( gre5 is a violet r$1 & ( violet a color betwe5 yell[ & gre51 :ile yell[ & blue are v ne>ly complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,^! figures furni% ! results 9 a v well-light$ room1 ) a p]fectly :ite int]ior4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ?is exp]im5t is some:at affect$ by ! degrees ( illum9ation1 & also t color$ light f ! walls & ceil+ ( a room mu/ ( necessity h its effect1 b all ^! matt]s are s insignificant z to be ( no mat]ial consequ5ce 9 ! /hetic /udy ( ! subject1 & !y c be v ne>ly elim9at$ :5 necess>y by a c>eful selection ( conditions4 ,:5ev] accurate exp]im5ts 9 pigm5t>y color comp>isons are to be made1 ei!r by ! use ( rotat+ disks or o!rwise1 x is desirable to h a v well-light$ room1 ) a nor!rn exposure & to select a morn+ or noonday light f a slightly ov]ca/ sky4 ,^! conditions obviate ! unpleasant effect ( direct sunlight 9 ! room & also ! v slightly blue effect ( ! cle> sky4 ,^! precautions are unnecess>y 9 exp]im5ts relat+ to ! ord9>y /hetic consid]ation ( color comb9ations1 b ev5 9 su* "w x is important to exclude all light reflect$ f neighbor+ trees or color$ build+s4 ,also ! int]ior ( ! room %\ld be z free f color z possible2 a clean :ite surface is especially desirable4 ,a ,*>t ( ,complem5t>y ,colors1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 has be5 f\nd v valuable 9 fix+ 9 ! m9ds ( tea*] & pupils ! complem5t>ies ( ! six /&>ds4 ,9 ?is *>t1 :i* is ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ! circles at ! ends ( ! six diamet]s are color$ pap]s select$ f ! ,bradley coat$ pap]s1 z approximat+ ! true complem5t>ies4 ,9 ! majority ( cases !y are n f> f correct1 b are lea/ satisfactory 9 ! blue & yell[4 ,!oretically ! complem5t>y ( ! ideal /&>d blue is a slightly orange yell[1 & ( ! /&>d yell[ a slightly violet blue4 ,b !re is z yet no blue pigm5t 9 ! m>ket suitable = comm]cial use :i* is free f a slightly violet effect4 ,!re=e ! /&>d blue pap] is practically z good a complem5t>y = ! /&>d yell[ z ! violet blue pap]4 ,b not)/&+ ^! slight imp]fections :i* are at pres5t unavoidable1 ! *>t is a valuable aid 9 fix+ 9 ! m9d ! positions ( ! complem5t>y pairs 9 ! spectrum circuit4 ,illu/ration ,ea* ( ! =ego+ exp]im5ts furni%es an int]e/+ class ex]cise1 & may be v closely repeat$ by ! pupils ) _! tops4 ,also ! computation ( ! proportion ( gre5 & blue :5 rais$ to ! full circle may =m a practical problem 9 proportion = pupils ( ! high] grades4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ^! exp]im5ts prove t ! complem5t>ies ( ! old prim>ies are n f\nd 9 ! second>ies4 ,! la/ claim ( ! ,brew/] !ory is t ! second>ies by comb9ation =m ?ree l9es ( colors peculi> to !mselves1 call$ citr9es1 russets & olives4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! mixture ( orange & gre5 makes citr9e2 orange & violet russet2 gre5 & violet olive4 ,al?\gh ^! names may be v conv5i5t t]ms to express ?ree g5]al classes ( colors1 !y mu/ ( necessity be too g5]al & indef9ite to be ( value = accurate expression ( color effects1 & are 9 fact s vague t h>dly two p]sons c be f\nd 9 a l>ge company :o w agree z to ! be/ expression ( ei!r ( !m4 ,! foll[+ are =mulas = a numb] ( colors 9 ea* class1 z made f analyses ( colors com+ "u ^! names4 ,x is an int]e/+ ex]cise to produce "s ( ^! colors by means ( ! rotat+ color disks & te/ ! op9ions ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( a company z to :i* be/ repres5ts to ea* "o ( !m a t]ti>y color1 z citr9e1 = example4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree diff]5t =mulas may be %[n at ! same "t1 ) ?ree sizes ( disks4 ,citr9es4 ,o4 #g4 ,y4 #ac4 ,w4 #c-a_/b4 ,n4 #gf-a_/b4 ,y4 #ae4 ,w4 #d4 ,n4 #ha4 ,y4 #ac4 ,w4 #e4 ,n4 #gf4 ,g4 #f4 ,o4 #f4 ,y4 #bj4 ,w4 #d4 ,n4 #gj4 ,o4 #c4 ,y4 #f4 ,w4 #h4 ,n4 #hc4 ,russets4 ,r4 #cg4 ,o4 #h4 ,w4 #h4 ,n4 #dg4 ,r4 #gi4 ,w4 #aj-a_/b4 ,n4 #aj-a_/b4 ,r4 #cc4 ,o4 #bj4 ,w4 #f4 ,n4 #da4 ,r4 #cf4 ,o4 #d4 ,w4 #i4 ,n4 #ea4 ,r4 #dg4 ,o4 #g4 ,w4 #h4 ,n4 #ch4 ,olives4 ,g4 #ai4 ,b4 #aa-a_/b4 ,w4 #aj-a_/b4 ,n4 #ei4 ,g4 #ac4 ,b4 #f4 ,w4 #ab4 ,n4 #fi4 ,g4 #ad4 ,b4 #ab4 ,w4 #h4 ,n4 #ff4 ,g4 #aj-a_/b4 ,b4 #ae4 ,w4 #h4 ,n4 #ff-a_/b4 ,g4 #ab-a_/b4 ,b4 #e-a_/b4 ,w4 #d4 ,n4 #gh4 ,! t]m citr9e !oretically cov]s all possible comb9ations ( orange & gre51 b z g5]ally und]/ood ^? colors :i* are s ne> ! orange or ! gre5 z to v decid$ly approa* ei!r ! "o or ! o!r are n includ$1 &1 z %[n 9 ! above analyses1 a citr9e is a v brok5 color rang+ f an orange yell[ ?r\gh yell[ to a gre5 yell[4 ,al?\gh ! russets w\ld !oretically range f violet to orange1 yet ! g5]al conception ( russet w h>dly accept a violet r$1 b w cov] only ! r$ & orange r$s z above indicat$1 :ile olives are conf9$ to blue gre5s & gre5 blues4 ,^! te/s are bas$ on comb9ations ( ! ,bradley /&>d orange1 gre5 & violet pigm5ts1 & !re=e are f> /rong] 9 color ?an ^? colors usually t]m$ citr9e1 russet & olive1 made by mix+ ! pigm5t>y second>ies4 ,= example1 if a yell[ & blue pigm5t are mix$ to =m a gre51 & r$ & yell[ pigm5ts to make an orange1 & !n ?is gre5 & orange are mix$ to produce a citr9e1 ! result w be v mu* d>k] & m brok5 ?an ! mixture ( ! pur] orange & gre5 colors us$ z /&>ds4 ,re/rict$ to ^! limits ^! names may become v useful t]ms = g5]al color expressions1 z cov]+ ?ree diff]5t classes ( brok5 colors4 ,if any "o believes t ^! color =mulas d n correctly repres5t ! ?ree classes ( colors indicat$1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ev5 ! small color top w prove v conv9c+4 ,:5 ! subject ( /&>ds z a means = id5tify+ colors is m5tion$ arti/s frequ5tly express ! feel+ t ! names ( pigm5ts are good en\gh = !m1 su* z ,ultram>9e ,blue1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,v]milions1 ! ,si5nas1 ,indian ,r$1 etc4 ,! foll[+ are ! analyses ( sev]al samples ( ,v]milion1 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,raw ,si5na1 & ,indian ,r$ ( ! be/ tube oil colors 9 ! m>ket3-- ,v]milion4 ,r4 #hj4 ,o4 #ad4 ,w4 #f4 ,r4 #hg4 ,o4 #h4 ,w4 #e4 ,r4 #ej4 ,o4 #bd4 ,w4 #bf4 ,burnt ,si5na4 ,r4 #a-a_/d4 ,o4 #f4 ,w4 #c4 ,n4 #hi-a_/b4 ,r4 #bb-a_/b4 ,o4 #aa-a_/b4 ,w4 #b4 ,n4 #fd4 ,r4 #be4 ,o4 #ab-a_/b4 ,w4 #e-a_/b4 ,n4 #eg4 ,raw ,si5na4 ,o4 #ah-a_/b4 ,y4 #f-a_/b4 ,n4 #ge4 ,o4 #ag4 ,y4 #ad4 ,w4 #a4 ,n4 #fh4 ,o4 #h-a_/b4 ,y4 #c-a_/b4 ,w4 #b4 ,n4 #hf4 ,indian ,r$4 ,r4 #aa-a_/b4 ,o4 #g4 ,w4 #d4 ,n4 #gg-a_/b4 ,r4 #ac-a_/b4 ,o4 #ac-a_/b4 ,w4 #b-a_/b4 ,n4 #gj-a_/b4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! =mulas & a reproduction & comp>ison ( ! colors on ! color top w conv9ce any "o t 9 no case does ! comm]cial "n det]m9e ! color ) a degree ( accuracy suffici5t = any valuable nom5clature4 ,classification ( ,h>monies4 ,! !ory ( ! h>monies ( colors is a subject :i* awaits v c>eful inve/igation & a g5]al discussion by arti/s & exp]t colori/s4 ,su* inve/igations mu/ include _m exp]im5ts bas$ on common /&>ds & uni=m me?ods ( measurem5ts & records4 ,h>monies naturally seem to fall into a few g5]al classes :i* are conv5i5t = comp>ison & discussion z well z = elem5t>y in/ruction1 b no "o p]son c set himself or h]self up to decide :i* are ! be/ h>monies4 ,! practices & recomm5dations ( not$ arti/s :o h appe>$ to be gift$ ) intuitive p]ceptions reg>d+ color comb9ations h frequ5tly includ$ ^? = :i* !re seem$ to be no recogniz$ au?ority1 & yet _! beauty c\ld n be que/ion$4 ,z ! rules ( gramm> are b ! correlation ( ! practices ( ! be/ s*ol>s1 s ! rules gov]n+ color comb9ations mu/ be ! summ>y ( ! practices & recomm5dations ( ! be/ arti/s1 if !y are to be g5]ally accept$ z f9al1 & h5ce we mu/ pati5tly await ! gr[? ( simil>ly e/abli%$ laws by ! comp>ison ( ! op9ions ( critics ( ackn[l$g$ ability 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! _w ( art4 ,?is has n be5 possible 9 ! pa/ & c nev] occur until !re is a language ( color ?r\gh :i* color facts c be some:at accurately express$ 9 v]bal & writt5 language1 & ?is language _c exi/ until !re is an accept$ alphabet ( color on :i* x c be bas$4 ,?is alphabet is n[ 9 "p furni%$ by ! spectrum /&>ds & complet$ by ! pigm5t>y /&>ds & ! rotat+ disks made l !m4 ,toge!r !y =m ! basis = a nom5clature by ! use ( :i* ! que/ions involv$ 9 h>monies c be discuss$ & ! results express$ 9 writt5 language4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( any subject ) a view to elem5t>y in/ruction1 classification is an important factor1 b "o :i* h]et(ore has be5 almo/ ignor$ z reg>ds color education4 ,consequ5tly at pres5t ! m def9ite division ( h>monies into classes is v mu* a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion1 b ,mr4 ,h5ry ,t4 ,bailey1 ,/ate ,sup]visor ( ,draw+ 9 ,massa*usetts1 has sugge/$ a v useful classification 9 :i* he arranges all h>monies "u ^! five heads3 ,contra/$1 ,dom9ant1 ,complem5t>y1 ,analog\s & ,p]fect$4 ,contra/$4--,! contra/$ h>monies are ^? 9 :i* color is contra/$ ) non-color1 or m accurately 9 :i* an active color1 t is a tone f ! spectrum circuit1 is contra/$ ) a passive color1 :ite1 black1 gray or silv] & gold2 = example1 a blue gre5 t9t ) :ite1 or gre5 blue ) w>m gray ,no4 #a4 ,dom9ant4--,by dom9ant h>monies we mean ^? 9 :i* are comb9$ diff]5t tones f "o color scale4 ,= example1 r$ t9t ,no4 #a1 & r$ %ade ,no4 #a1 or a gre5 blue t9t1 gre5 blue1 & a gre5 blue %ade4 ,a dom9ant h>mony compos$ ( grays1 or :ite1 gray & black1 is sometimes call$ a neutral h>mony4 ,complem5t>y4--,?is t]m ref]s to ^? h>monies 9 :i* are comb9$ opposite or complem5t>y colors 9 ! spectrum circuit4 ,! be/ ( !m %[ n only opposition 9 color b also opposition 9 tone4 ,?us1 t9ts ( "o color ) %ades ( its complem5t>y produce a m pleas+ effect ?an d complem5t>ies ( equal value4 ,! be/ complem5t>y h>monies conta9 "o or m passive colors4 ,analog\s4--,?is "n is appli$ to ^? h>monies 9 :i* are comb9$ tones f scales ( neighbor+ colors 9 ! spectrum circuit4 ,= example1 9 a composition ( colors f t "p ( ! spectrum conta9+ yell[1 gre5 yell[ & yell[ gre5 ! foll[+ simple comb9ation may be made3 ,yell[ t9t ,no4 #a1 gre5 yell[ & yell[ gre5 %ade ,no4 #b4 ,p]fect$4--,by p]fect$ h>monies we mean ^? 9 :i* ! g5]al effect ( "o analog\s h>mony is complem5t>y to t ( ano!r4 ,! above classification ( h>monies is v valuable = fix+ 9 ! m9d ! v>i\s effects ( color comb9ations1 & yet !y may seem to some:at m]ge into ea* o!r 9 _! application1 until ! und]ly+ pr9ciples :i* gov]n !m are und]/ood4 ,x is unwise to suppose t because ! above classification ( h>monies is bas$ on ! sci5ce ( color we c inf] t x furni%es def9ite rules = produc+ be/ effects4 ,! ,"w ( ,*evreul ,review$4 ,! good or bad effect ( two or m colors 9 comb9ation 9 decorative designs or f9e art dep5ds v l>gely ^u ph5om5a :i* are elaborately expla9$ 9 a book entitl$ ,! pr9ciples ( ,h>mony & ,contra/s ( ,col\rs by ,m4 ,*evreul4,a ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 prep>$ 9 #ahce & publi%$ 9 #ahch4 ,! au?or _h at t "t be5 employ$ = a numb] ( ye>s z sup]9t5d5t ( ! manufactory ( ,gobel9 ,tape/ries 9 ,p>is "u ! control ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,a ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,h>mony & ,contra/s ( ,col\rs & _! ,application to ! ,arts4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,*evreul4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,london4 ,george ,bell & ,sons4 #ahij4 ,9 ?is book are describ$ 9 detail ! results ( a great numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* 7 in/igat$ by compla9ts reg>d+ c]ta9 colors produc$ 9 ! dye+ dep>tm5t ( ! manufactory1 & :i* af=d ! mo/ elaborate exposition ( ! subject ev] publi%$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s :i* l$ ,*evreul to make 8 inve/igation 0 ! compla9t t c]ta9 black y>ns us$ z %ades 9 blue drap]ies 7 n a full black b m or less gray4 ,! au?or says 9 8 preface1 ,! "w ,i n[ publi% is ! result ( my rese>*es on ,simultane\s ,contra/s ( ,col\rs2 rese>*es :i* h be5 greatly ext5d$ s9ce ! lectures ,i gave on ?is subject at ! in/itute on ! #g? ,april1 #ahbh4 ,9 reflect+ on ! relations ^! facts h toge!r1 9 seek+ ! pr9ciple ( :i* !y are ! consequ5ce1 ,i h be5 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! "o :i* ,i h nam$ ! ,law ( ,simultane\s ,contra/ ( ,col\rs4 ,! clos+ s5t5ce ( ! preface to ! fir/ edition & dat$ #ahce is z foll[s3-- ,i beg ! read] nev] to =get :5 x is ass]t$ ( ! ph5om5a ( simultane\s contra/1 t "o col\r plac$ beside ano!r receives su* a modification f x1 t ?is mann] ( speak+ does n mean t two col\rs1 or r ! two mat]ial objects t pres5t !m to u1 h a mutual action1 ei!r physical or *emical2 x is really only appli$ to ! modification t takes place be=e u :5 we p]ceive ! simultane\s impression ( ^! two col\rs4 ,x 0 n till ?ree ye>s lat] t a publi%] c\ld be f\nd = ?is book1 :i* is /ill a /&>d4 ,! ,engli% translation comprises ov] five hundr$ closely pr9t$ pages ) _m engrav$ & color$ plates1 & yet1 x has be5 ( comp>atively little value 9 popul> in/ruction because ( ! lack ( a g5]ally accept$ color nom5clature or li/ ( well def9$ color t]ms1 by :i* ! read]s might h und]/ood & repeat$ = !mselves ! exp]im5ts describ$4 ,un=tunately ,*evreul 0 fully impress$ ) ! ,newton-,brew/] idea ( ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 & !re=e "s ( 8 d$uctions f 8 exp]im5ts seem to h be5 m or less influ5c$ by ! attempt to make !m h>monize ) ?is !ory1 & yet ! subject :i* he has treat$ s exhau/ively & intellig5tly is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! /hetic /udy & use ( colors4 ,9 all expressions ( colors 9 comb9ation ) ea* o!r1 :e!r 9 nature1 f9e arts or ! decorative & indu/rial arts1 e color is affect$ by its surr\nd+ colors1 a fact :i* is exhau/ively treat$ 9 ?is book4 ,:ile ) our pres5t k ( ! subject x does n seem t ! mat]ial use ( color c be r$uc$ to an exact sci5ce1 ?is %\ld n prev5t u f accept+ all ! natural & sci5tific aids :i* h be5 or may be discov]$ t[>d ?is desirable result4 ,because ( ?is lack ( sci5tific k 9 ,*evreul's "t mu* ( ! wor? ( 8 exp]im5ts is lo/ to u1 yet !re is v mu* ( value 9 8 "w1 sugge/+ z x does exp]im5ts :i* may be tri$ ) pres5t /&>ds & mod]n me?ods4 ,if ! use ( ,maxwell disks _h be5 kn[n to ,*evreul 8 d$uctions f 8 exp]im5ts w\ld h be5 q diff]5t 9 _! details4 ,= example1 9 accept+ ! proposition t !re are ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 :i* may be comb9$ 9 pairs to make ! second>ies1 orange1 gre5 & violet1 he /ates t ow+ to ! impurities ( ! pigm5ts ! second>ies are n z pure z ! prim>ies4 ,consequ5tly he believes t ?is may acc\nt = _m ( ! %ortcom+s :i* he 0 too obs]v+ to ov]look2 b not)/&+ su* an error 9 !ory ?is wond]ful inve/igator made _m practical exp]im5ts & e/abli%$ v valuable facts reg>d+ color contra/s4 ,! t]m ,simultane\s ,contra/ seems r re/rict$ = a title cov]+ su* a range ( effects1 & ! au?or subdivides ! subject into simultane\s contra/s1 successive contra/s & mix$ contra/s1 :i* he def9es z foll[s3-- ,simultane\s ,contra/4 ,9 ! ,simultane\s ,contra/ ( ,colors is includ$ all ! ph5om5a ( modification :i* diff]5tly color$ objects appe> to und]go 9 _! physical composition & 9 ! height ( tone ( _! respective colors1 :5 se5 simultane\sly4 ,successive ,contra/4 ,! ,successive ,contra/ ( ,colors includes all ! ph5om5a :i* are obs]v$ :5 ! eyes1 hav+ look$ at "o or m color$ objects = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 p]ceive1 ^u turn+ !m away1 images ( ^! objects hav+ a color complem5t>y to t :i* belongs to ea* ( !m4 ,mix$ ,contra/4 ,! di/9ction ( ,simultane\s & ,successive ,contra/ r5d]s x easy to compreh5d a ph5om5on :i* we may call ! mix$ contra/2 because x results f ! fact t ! eye1 hav+ se5 = a "t a c]ta9 color1 acquires an aptitude to see = ano!r p]iod ! complem5t>y ( t color1 & also a new color1 pres5t$ to x by an ext]ior object2 ! s5sation !n p]ceiv$ is t :i* results f ?is new color & ! complem5t>y ( ! fir/4 ,^! la/ two effects may be %[n v cle>ly 9 simple exp]im5ts4 ,!re are v>i\s ph5om5a :i* may be class$ z successive contra/s sometimes call$ aft] images4 ,! ph5om5a :i* ,*evreul gr\ps "u ! t]m ,simultane\s ,contra/ ( ,colors belong to a class ( physio-psy*ological effects t]m$ aft] images1 & m def9itely to ! subdivision call$ negative images4 ,! positive aft] images are n important 9 ! consid]ation ( ! !ories ( color & !re=e are n describ$ "h4 ,! specific effect mo/ directly involv$ 9 ! subject ( h>monies may be obs]v$ if ! eyes are fix$ ^u a small disk ( r$ pap] on a :ite wall = a few seconds & !n ! pap] is sudd5ly remov$1 z !re w appe> on ! wall 9 place ( ! full r$ disk a fa9t t9t ( a blue gre54 ,?is is call$ an aft] image1 & is ne>ly or exactly a t9t ( ! color complem5t>y to r$4 ,= mak+ ?is exp]im5t m\nt a circle ( r$ pap]1 say ?ree in*es 9 diamet] on a squ>e :ite c>d1 f\r or five in*es across1 & grasp+ ! c>d by "o corn] hold x 9 front ( a :ite wall or a %eet ( :ite pap] p9n$ on any support4 ,tell ! obs]v] to look int5tly at ! r$ disk = a half m9ute1 & !n )\t giv+ any notice sudd5ly remove x & ask :at color is se5 9 place ( x4 ,at ! fir/ trial ! result may n be entirely successful1 because ! eyes ( ! obs]v] may naturally foll[ ! r$ spot :5 x is remov$ in/ead ( rema9+ fix$ 9 ! orig9al position1 b a second trial w br+ ! expect$ result4 ,to illu/rate mix$ contra/1 fa/5 on ! wall a piece ( r$ t9t ,no4 #b pap] f\r or five in*es squ>e4 ,?is may be v conv5i5tly done by us+ a bit ( beeswax on ea* corn] ( ! pap]1 :i* w n soil ! wall4 ,!n hav+ ! ?ree-in* circle ( /&>d r$ pap] m\nt$ on a :ite c>d some:at l>g] ?an five in*es squ>e hold ! c>d 9 front ( ! r$ t9t on ! wall & repeat ! exp]im5t z be=e4 ,! effect n[ %\ld be a ?ree-in* disk ( v light gray 9 ! c5t] ( ! p9k squ>e1 :i* is a mix$ contra/ accord+ to ,*evreul4 ,! reason is simple4 ,! aft]-image or successive contra/ ( light blue-gre5 is project$ on ! r$ t9t & be+ complem5t>y ! result+ effect is a gray4 ,if ! r$ t9t c\ld be exactly grad$ to ! complem5t>y effect 9 ! eye ! result+ gray circle w\ld be a true neutral gray4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! same physical effect by :i* ! complem5t>y is induc$ may be %[n by sub/itut+ = ! t9t ( r$ a light t9t ( ! blue-gre5 pap] reta9+ ! full r$ disk z be=e4 ,! same blue-gre5 aft] image is n[ project$ on to ! light blue-gre5 pap] & h5ce a circle ( m int5se blue-gre5 is produc$4 ,?us x is se5 t ,*evreul's successive & mix$ contra/s are bo? due to ! same physiological effect1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! gr\nd on to :i* ! aft] image is project$4 ,x probably is unnecess>y to /ate t ^! exp]im5ts may be made ) any color & its complem5t>y & t r$ & blue-gre5 are us$ "h m]ely z an example4 ,ano!r phase ( ! same physical effect is se5 "u o!r conditions :i* may at fir/ seem to be q diff]5t f ^? describ$1 b :i* on exam9ation appe> some:at simil>4 ,x is a well e/abli%$ fact t :5 two surfaces approximat+ ea* o!r 9 color1 z r$ & orange = example1 are plac$ side by side1 bo? are r5d]$ less brilliant1 an effect :i* might be reasonably expect$ because 9 ord] to see bo? ! eye is naturally direct$ fir/ to "o & !n to ! o!r1 & 9 ea* case ! aft] image induc$ is a gre5-blue or blue-gre51 :i* be+ approximately complem5t>y to bo?1 dulls bo?4 ,or 9 o!r words1 x is z ?\gh "o exam9es = a long "t a l9e ( goods ( simil> colors s t ! eye becomes fatigu$ & ! color dull$4 ,x is said t a good salesman ( color$ mat]ials w endeavor to occasionally attract a cu/om]'s att5tion = a few mom5ts to "s o!r colors approximat+ a complem5t>y1 s t :5 ! att5tion is aga9 direct$ to ! goods "u consid]ation ! full effect ( ! color may be secur$4 ,if x is true t ! ph5om5on ( ! aft] image is ! cause ( ! peculi> effects express$ by ! t]ms simultane\s1 successive & mix$ contra/s1 & t by ^! effects all h>monies 9 color are gov]n$1 x is c]ta9ly pr(itable to und]/& !m :ile us+ color mat]ial ) ! *ildr51 = _! good z well z our own pleasure4 ,contra/$ ,h>mony4 ,return+ to our classification ( h>monies1 already /at$1 we f9d ! fir/ to be ,contra/$ ,h>mony1 :i* cov]s ^? comb9ations 9 :i* a positive color1 z a spectrum color = example1 is comb9$ ) :ite1 black or gray1 leav+ out = ! pres5t silv] & gold1 :i* may be confus+1 & c at be/ be us$ only z outl9es4 ,! simple/ comb9ations ( colors are f\nd 9 ?is class1 all ( :i* are n equally h>moni\s1 & "s may n p]haps be entitl$ to be class$ z h>monies1 al?\gh n positively inh>moni\s4 ,9 ?is class1 z 9 all o!rs1 !re is involv$ contra/ ( tone & contra/ ( color1 :i* may be/ be consid]$ 9 sev]al divisions4 ,color ) ,:ite4 ,accord+ to ! results ( ,*evreul's elaborate exp]im5ts ! effect ( a comb9ation ( an active color ) :ite is to r5d] ! color m brilliant & to give to ! :ite ! effect ( ! complem5t>y ( ! active color4 ,he admits t ! modification ( :ite is v indef9ite1 b claims t1 kn[+ :at to expect1 a complem5t>y effect may be se5 :i* o!rwise w\ld n be notic$4 ,!re is also a contra/ ( tone :i* 9 all cases t5ds to /r5g!n a color :5 us$ ) :ite4 ,black ) ,:ite4 ,:ite & black are bo? int5sifi$ by comb9ation ) ea* o!r1 & ?is is ! type ( contra/ ( tone4 ,contra/ ( tone is v cle>ly %[n :5 two or m grays ( diff]5t tones are plac$ contigu\s to ea* o!r4 ,?is exp]im5t is easily tri$ by m\nt+ side by side sev]al /rips ( gray pap]s ( diff]5t tones4 ,if m ?an two are us$ !y %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord] f lighte/ to d>ke/4 ,9 ?is case ea* b& w appe> to be grad$ 9 tone f "o edge to ! o!r1 ea* be+ light] at ! edge next to ! d>k] pap]4 ,?is effect is pla9ly %[n on ! color :eel by produc+ sev]al r+s ( grays ) :ite & black disks ( sev]al sizes graduat$ f light at ! c5t] to d>k] at ! circumf]5ce4 ,color ) ,black4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is law ( contra/ ( tone ! contra/ ( black ) active colors g5]ally t5ds to int5sify ! black & l[] ! tone ( ! color1 i4e41 to weak5 x z ?\gh :ite or light gray 0 mix$ ) x1 b ?is effect is modifi$ by contra/ ( color4 ,contra/ ( color is p]ceptible 9 black :5 comb9$ ) color simply because ! black is n p]fectly black b a v d>k gray1 & h5ce !re is ! same complem5t>y effect :i* %[s 9 :ite & ! light] grays1 b 9 a small] degree4 ,?is effect is mo/ cle>ly se5 :5 ! color us$ 9 comb9ation is blue or blue-gre51 :i* induces 9 ! black1 yell[ or r$ complem5t>ies & gives ! black a ru/y appe>ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = example1 r$ ) black adds ! complem5t>y gre5-blue to ! black1 :i* improves x4 ,! orange & yell[ h a simil> effect by _! blue complem5t>ies to relieve ! black f any ru/y appe>ance & a gre5 yell[ induces a violet effect 9 ! black4 ,colors ) ,gray4 ,:5 a color is contra/$ ) :ite ! light f ! pure :ite surface is s int5se z to v l>gely obscure ! complem5t>y effect on ! :ite1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! feeble light f ! black is n favorable = ! exhibition ( a complem5t>y4 ,s x might naturally be inf]r$ t "s tone betwe5 ! :ite & black w\ld be mu* m favorable ?an ei!r = ! obs]vance ( ?is effect1 :i* is prov$ by exp]im5t to be ! case4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ 9 ! famili> exp]im5t ( plac+ a :ite tissue pap] ov] black lett]s on a color$ gr\nd1 by :i* ! black is practically r5d]$ a neutral gray & ! color a light brok5 color1 & 9 appe>ance ! gray lett]s receive a color complem5t>y to ! color ( ! page on :i* !y are pr9t$4 ,ea* color has its own tone ( gray mo/ susceptible to ?is complem5t>y effect4 ,! tru? ( ?is proposition c be p]fectly %[n on ! color :eel by =m+ ) ?ree diff]5t sizes ( disks a gray r+ on a color$ surface4 ,= example1 select small disks ( orange & :ite ( equal size1 !n a black & a :ite disk ( ! second size & an orange & a :ite disk ( ! ?ird size4 ,fir/ place ! l>ge orange & :ite disks on ! sp9dle1 !n jo9 ! two m$ium-siz$ :ite & black disks & put !m 9 front ( x1 & la/ly add ! small orange & :ite disks4 ,by rotation ! result is ! requir$ neutral gray r+ on a light orange surface4 ,by ! jo9+ ( ! :ite disk ) ea* ( ! orange disks ! orange surface may be *ang$ to a v>iety ( t9ts = trial ) ! diff]5t grays :i* may be made f ! black & :ite disks1 s t ! be/ tones ( bo? orange & gray may be secur$4 ,:5 ! be/ proportions are obta9$ ! effect w be surpris+1 because :5 su* disks are prop]ly adju/$ ! complem5t>y effect is s /rong 9 ! gray t x appe>s z a v def9ite color1 a brok5 gre5-blue4 ,x is said t ! tone ( gray %\ld h ! same relation to ! tone ( ! color t its complem5t>y w\ld h 9 ord] to get be/ results4 ,= ! same reason if a circle ( lighte/ neutral gray pap]1 say f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 is plac$ on a piece ( yell[ pap] ab\t six in*es squ>e1 & ano!r circle j l x is put on a piece ( blue pap] ( simil> size1 x w be q difficult to conv9ce any "o :o has n previ\sly se5 ! exp]im5t t bo? gray circles are f ! same %eet ( pap]4 ,! results obs]v$ 9 ?is exp]im5t are produc$ by a contra/ ( tone :i* causes "o to look light] ?an ! o!r1 & a contra/ ( hue :i* gives "o a blue & to ! o!r a yell[ hue1 9 contra/ to ! color on :i* x is m\nt$4 ,contra/ ( ,colors4 ,if two colors contigu\s 9 ! spectrum circuit are plac$ 9 juxtaposition ! effect ( ! contra/ ( hue is to ?r[ !m away f ea* o!r4 ,= example1 if orange r$ & ! r$ orange pap]s are put side by side ! =m] w seem m r$ & ! latt] m orange4 ,!re=e1 :5 color$ pap]s are pa/$ up or laid 9 ord] to =m a spectrum1 = example1 ! colors n only fail to bl5d toge!r b ea* l9e ( contact is v disagreeably prom95t4 ,if two colors are sep>at$ by a n>r[ /rip ( light gray1 gold1 black or :ite1 ! effect is greatly improv$4 ,= ?is reason a design 9 analog\s colors is (t5 improv$ by sep>at+ c]ta9 colors by a f9e l9e ( black1 gold or gray4 ,if two colors n closely relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! spectrum circuit are plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 ea* is modifi$ by an effect :i* is ! complem5t>y ( ! o!r4 ,= example1 if r$ & yell[ are plac$ side by side1 9 contact1 ! r$ is r5d]$ m violet by ! add$ effect ( blue1 :i* is ! complem5t>y ( yell[1 & ! yell[ is modifi$ by ! blue-gre5 complem5t>y ( ! r$1 :i* t5ds to dull ! yell[ & *ange x slightly t[>d gre54 ,if blue & yell[ are jo9$ bo? are improv$1 z ! two are s ne>ly complem5t>y to ea* o!r t ea* is int5sifi$ by simultane\s contra/1 blue be+ add$ to blue & yell[ to yell[4 ,dom9ant ,h>monies4 ,9 ! use ( color$ pap]s ^? comb9ations classifi$ z dom9ant h>monies are ! mo/ simple to make because !y are all 9 "o family1 z ! little *ildr5 l to consid] ! relation%ip4 ,! r$ family consi/s ( ! /&>d r$ & its t9ts & %ades1 or 9 o!r words ! r$ scale4 ,) ! sev]al pap]s ready made ?is h>mony becomes v simple1 b 9 ! use ( pigm5ts ! production ( a true color scale is n a ?+ to be confid5tly und]tak5 by a novice4 ,9 a v elaborate color *>t = ,prim>y education prep>$ ) great c>e by ,dr4 ,hugo ,magnus & ,pr(4 ,b4 ,joy ,jeffries1 & publi%$ at l>ge exp5se ab\t t5 ye>s ago ) h&-pa9t$ samples 9 oil colors1 ?is lack ( classification ( hues is v noticeable1 al?\gh at t "t x 0 by f> ! be/ publication ( ! k9d & 0 n criticis$ on ?is po9t4 ,= example 9 a scale ( five tones ( r$ ! foll[+ are ! analyses1 beg9n+ at ! lighte/ t9t3-- ,t9t ,no4 #b1 ,o4#de1 ,y4#bj1 ,w4#ah1 ,n4#ag4 ,t9t ,no4 #a1 ,o4#fi1 ,y4#c1 ,w4#g1 ,n4#ba4 ,/&>d1 ,r4#ge1 ,o4#be4 ,%ade ,no4 #a1 ,r4#he1 ,o4#ae4 ,%ade ,no4 #b1 ,r4#ge1 ,n4#be4 ,9 ?is scale accord+ to ! ,bradley nom5clature ! /&>d or full color is a v f9e v]milion express$ by ,r4#ge1 ,o4#be1 i4e4 an orange r$1 & !re=e 9 ord] to =m a p]fect scale bo? t9ts & %ades %\ld be 9 ! orange r$s1 b 9 fact ! t9ts are bo? brok5 colors1 ! lighte/ a v brok5 yell[-orange & ! deep] t9t v ne>ly a light brok5 orange4 ,! lighte/ %ade is a pure orange-r$ b ) a l>g] proportion ( r$ to ! orange ?an ! /&>d1 :ile ! d>ke/ tone is a pure %ade ( r$4 ,?us 9 ! five tones we h ! foll[+ arrangem5t1 beg9n+ at ! lighte/ t9t3-- ,brok5 yell[-orange1 brok5 orange1 orange-r$2 ano!r pure orange-r$ b m r$1 & la/ly r$ %ade1 ?us embrac+ 9 "o orange-r$ scale p>ts ( f\r scales f yell[-orange to r$4 ,9 ^! defects 9 ! be/ *>t ( its k9d 9 ! m>ket only t5 ye>s ago is se5 ! be/ possible evid5ce ( ! advance made s9ce t "t 9 color p]ception1 l>gely due to ! use ( ! color disks 9 det]m9+ scales4 ,:ile 9 ! use ( color$ pap]s ! dom9ant h>mony may be ! simple/ & ! "o 9 :i* !re is lea/ dang] ( really bad "w1 "s ( ! comb9ations are mu* bett] ?an o!rs1 & sup]iority is p]haps secur$ z mu* by ! relative quantities ( ea* tone us$ 9 a composition z 9 ! select+ ( ! tones4 ,9 ! entire range ( ! spectrum ev5 ?is class ( h>monies involves problems too complex to be solv$ by a few rules1 b x is a v int]e/+ field 9 :i* ! *ildr5 may safely be all[$ to roam & exp]im5t4 ,complem5t>y ,h>monies4 ,complem5t>y ,h>monies may p]haps be classifi$ next to dom9ant because !y are m easily describ$ & m def9itely limit$ ?an ^? effects t]m$ ,analog\s ,h>monies4 ,a pure ,complem5t>y ,h>mony consi/s ( ! comb9ation ( tones f two scales :i* are complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,= example1 ! r$ scale is complem5t>y to ! blue-gre5 scale1 z also ! gre5 to ! violet-r$1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! entire range ( ! spectrum scales4 ,z expla9$ on ,page #ej1 ! complem5t>y ( any color c be det]m9$ by means ( ! color :eel1 or ne>ly en\gh = /hetic purposes ) ! color top4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! colors complem5t>y to ea* o!r may be det]m9$ sci5tifically !re w always rema9 ample opportunity = ! exhibition ( color s5se & arti/ic feel+ 9 ! *oice ( colors because ! diff]5ce betwe5 a v beautiful composition 9 complem5t>y h>mony & an indiff]5tly good "o may be f\nd 9 ! *oice ( tones1 or 9 ! proportions ( ea* & _! arrangem5t ) relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is h>mony c]ta9ly conta9s great possibilities ) comp>atively few limitations4 ,:ile x is p]haps approximately true t complem5t>ies are h>moni\s 9 comb9ation1 yet be/ au?orities d n seem to fully su/a9 ?is op9ion & x is q evid5t t pure tones ( "s complem5t>y pairs :5 comb9$ are v h>d 9 _! effects1 if n positively unpleasant4 ,?is c be reliev$ v decid$ly & (t5times v pleas+ results secur$ by modify+ ! colors to t9ts & %ades or v>i\s brok5 tones4 ,b z has be=e be5 /at$1 & mu/ be con/antly reit]at$1 all f9e que/ions ( h>monies c only be det]m9$ by a g5]al agreem5t ( exp]ts 9 color bas$ on accept$ /&>ds4 ,analog\s ,h>monies may seem to be m closely relat$ to ! dom9ant ?an ! complem5t>y & h5ce1 logically1 %\ld p]haps be consid]$ be=e ! complem5t>y1 b !re may be great] difficulties involv$ 9 ! analog\s ?an 9 ! complem5t>y because !y are n s def9itely limit$4 ,analog\s ,h>monies4 ,9 an ,analog\s ,h>mony we may use tones f a numb] ( scales m or less closely relat$ 9 ! spectrum circuit4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! spectrum x is possible to include a mu* wid] range ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is comp>atively easy to produce safe compositions ?r\gh t "p b\nd$ by ! orange-yell[ & ! gre5 scales1 :ile f ! gre5 to ! violet exp]im5ts are mu* less safe4 ,9 almo/ any section ( ! spectrum a range ( ?ree scales is safe if ! tones are prop]ly select$ & proportion$1 & 9 "s sections z _m z five or six may possibly be includ$1 by an arti/1 ) /rik+ & pleas+ effect4 ,p]fect$ ,h>monies4 ,! compositions :i* h be5 classifi$ z ,p]fect$ ,h>monies may be def9$ z ! comb9ation ( two ,analog\s ,h>monies :i* z a :ole are approximately complem5t>y to ea* o!r1 or 9 :i* ! key tones ( ! ,analog\s ,h>monies are complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,su* compositions may be entirely compos$ ( analog\s colors ) ! addition ( b "o complem5t>y color1 & ?is is 9 fact a v safe h>mony1 especially if t "o color is us$ z a bord] l9e or an outl9e "h & !re 9 ! design1 9 :i* case x may sometimes be /rong 9 color & tone4 ,! *>t ( spectrum scales z made f color$ pap]s cut 9 squ>es is ( great value 9 expla9+ ! classification ( h>monies4 ,fig4 #ae is a r$uc$ copy ( ! *>t ( pure spectrum scales %[n on page #da1 & :i* is "h plac$ horizontally = conv5i5ce4 ,illu/ration ,! black zig-zag l9es are design$ z graphic illu/rations ( ! v>i\s classes ( h>monies4 ,contra/$ ,h>monies z def9$ are limit$ to designs 9 "o active color m\nt$ on a backgr\nd ( "o ( ! passive colors & ?us ne$ no fur!r explanation1 al?\gh exp]i5ce w prove t "s comb9ations are v mu* m pleas+ ?an o!rs4 ,! ,dom9ant ,h>monies :i* are def9$ z comb9ations ( tones f "o scale _c be made m cle> by a diagram1 :i* w\ld be simply a /raight v]tical l9e ?r\gh any "o ( ! eighte5 scales1 indicat+ t ! five tones 9 t scale or any selection f !m may be us$ 9 a ,dom9ant ,h>mony4 ,! ,analog\s ,h>mony has giv5 /ud5ts ! mo/ tr\ble & ! diagram is pr9cipally prep>$ to illu/rate ! great v>iety 9 h>monies ( ?is class4 ,comm5c+ at ! left1 ! fir/ l9e indicates a h>mony 9 ?ree scales beg9n+ ) r$-violet %ade ,no4 #b & pass+ to %ade ,no4 #a1 !n to /&>d violet & !nce to blue-violet t9ts ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b4 ,! next is 9 two scales1 beg9n+ at violet-blue %ade ,no4 #b1 !nce to blue %ade ,no4 #a2 back to normal violet-blue2 aga9 into ! blue scale at t9t ,no4 #a & back to violet-blue t9t ,no4 #b4 ,! next beg9s at gre5-blue %ade ,no4 #b & ends 9 gre5 t9t ,no4 #b4 ,!oretically ! l9e beg9n+ 9 ,g4 ,b4 ,s4 #b4 & lead+ to ,g4 ,t4 #a4 & !nce to ,y4 ,s4 #b4 may repres5t an ,analog\s ,h>mony1 b x may be d\btful :e!r a range ( su* an ext5t 9 t "p ( ! spectrum c\ld be made v h>moni\s4 ,?is may be divid$ into two h>monies at ,g4 ,t4 #a4 & ea* "p may be ext5d$ to ,g4 ,t4 #b4 ,! /raight l9e f ,g4 ,s4 #b4 to ,o4 ,y4 ,t4 #b41 embrac+ five scales1 might be ext5d$ to include ! jo9+ brok5 l9e runn+ into ! ,y4 ,o4 scale & f9i%+ at ,o4 ,y4 ,s4 #b4 ,! rema9+ l9es at ! r$ end ( ! *>t may be consid]$ z indicat+ "o h>mony 9 six tones1 or two h>monies 9 ?ree tones ea*4 ,if ! two ends ( ! ,*>t ( ,spectrum ,scales are jo9$ s z to =m an endless b& or a cyl9d]1 br++ ! violet-r$ scale adjo9+ ! r$-violet1 z 9 ! spectrum circuit1 ! same graphic illu/ration c\ld be giv5 ( h>monies ext5d+ f violet to r$4 ,! complem5t>y h>monies require no diagrams1 because !y are limit$ to ! comb9ation ( two scales complem5t>y to ea* o!r & w\ld be repres5t$ by two p>allel v]tical l9es ?r\gh any two complem5t>y colors1 z = example v]tical l9es ?r\gh ! r$ & gre5-blue scales4 ,! compositions t]m$ ,p]fect$ ,h>monies may be fairly well illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram by ! comb9ation ( ! l9e 9 ,v4 ,b4 & ,b4 ) ! brok5 l9e comm5c+ 9 ,g4 ,y4 ,s4 #b4 & end+ 9 ,g4 ,y4 ,t4 #b42 or aga9 by ! l9e 9 ,r4 ,v4 to ,b4 ,v4 comb9$ ) ! /raight l9e f ,g4 ,t4 #a4 to ,y4 ,s4 #b42 or ! brok5 l9e ,g4 to ,y4 ,s4 #b4 ,or aga91 ! entire range ( ! d\ble comb9ation ,o4 ,s4 #b41 ,o4 ,r4 ,t4 #b41 ,v4 ,r4 & ,o4 ,r4 ,s4 #b4 ) ! brok5 l9e f ,g4 ,b4 ,s4 #b4 to ,g4 ,t4 #b4 ,ano!r sample ( ,p]fect$ ,h>mony is f\nd 9 ! union ( l9e ,o4 ,r4 ,s4 #b41 ,v4 ,r41 ,o4 ,r4 ,t4 #b41 ) l9e ,g4 ,b4 ,s4 #b4 to ,g4 ,t4 #b4 ,^! diagrams are design$ to %[ ! range or ext5t :i* a s+le composition may cov] "u its special def9ition & d n imply a necessity = us+ at "o "t all ! colors ?r\gh :i* ! l9e passes1 or t !y are specially good h>monies4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration 9 nature ( a ,p]fect$ ,h>mony 0 se5 "o bright autumn morn+ 9 a species ( woodb9e cov]+ ! side ( a r$ brick build+1 9 :i* c\ld be discov]$ an inf9ite v>iety ( colors 9 gre5s & violet-r$s ^: tones 7 increas$ 9 numb] & int5sifi$ 9 effect by ! reflections ( ! sunlight & ! correspond+ %ad[s1 produc+ v light t9ts & v d>k %ades ( v>i\s hues ( ! complem5t>y colors1 & =m+ a complicat$ & wond]fully beautiful effect v def9itely classifi$ z a ,p]fect$ ,h>mony4 ,field's ,*romatic ,equival5ts4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 ab\t ,field's ,equival5ts t !re is a v g5]al impression among arti/s & o!rs t !y con/itute an important elem5t 9 h>moni\s compositions ( color4 ,?is proposition z giv5 9 ,ow5 ,jones' ,gramm> ( ,ornam5t is z foll[s3-- ,! prim>ies ( equal int5sities w h>monize or neutralize ea* o!r1 9 ! proportions ( #c yell[1 #e r$ & #h blue--integrally z #af4 ,! second>ies 9 ! proportions ( #h orange1 #ac purple1 #aa gre5--integrally z #cb4 ,! t]ti>ies1 citr9e 7comp\nd ( orange & gre571 #ai2 russet 7orange & purple71 #ba2 olive 7gre5 & purple71 #bd--;integrally z #fd4 ,9 comm5t+ on ?is 9 ,! ,!ory ( ,color ,dr4 ,von ,bezold says3 ,x is (t5 ma9ta9$ t ! individual colors 9 a color$ ornam5t %\ld be s *os51 bo? z reg>ds hues & ! areas assign$ to !m1 t ! result+ mixture1 z well z ! total impression produc$ :5 su* ornam5ts are look$ at f a consid]able di/ance1 %\ld be a neutral gray4 ,/>t+ f ?is idea1 ! attempt has be5 made to fix ! proportional size ( ! areas1 :i* w\ld h to be assign$ to ! v>i\s colors usually employ$ 9 ! arts1 = ! purpose ( arriv+ at ! result indicat$4 ,?is idea 0 especially elaborat$ by ,field1 an ,engli%man1 :o gave ! "n ( '*romatic equival5ts' to ! numb]s ( ! proportions obta9$1 a designation :i* has s9ce be5 v g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ^! '*romatic equival5ts' h no value :atev]4 ,! same writ] also says3 ,x w always rema9 incompreh5sible t ev5 a man l ,ow5 ,jones 9 ! text accompany+ 8 beautiful ,gramm> ( ,ornam5t %\ld h adopt$ ?is proposition 9 ! =m giv5 to x by ,field1 s9ce among all ! ornam5ts reproduc$ 9 ! "w j m5tion$ !re are sc>cely any :i* w really %[ ! di/ribution ( colors dem&$ by ! proposition 9 "q4,b ,b ,! ,!ory ( ,color 9 its relation to ,art & ,art ,indu/ry4 ,by ,dr4 ,william ,von ,bezold4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,s4 ,k4 ,koehl] ) introduction & notes by ,edw>d ,c4 ,pick]+4 ,bo/on2 ,l4 ,prang ,company1 #ahgf4 ,9 accordance ) ?is em95t au?ority any "o famili> ) disk comb9ations w "k by exp]im5t t no comb9ations ( r$1 yell[ & blue approa*+ ! proportion nam$ by ,field c produce a neutral gray effect 9 ! eye4 ,color$ ,pap]s4 ,= practical /udy ( color "s economic mat]ial is absolutely necess>y & no?+ s well comb9es manual "w ) /hetic cultivation z color$ pap]s1 if specially prep>$ 9 /&>d colors & ) a dead plat$ surface4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! color$ pap]s adopt$ 9 ! ,bradley s*eme ( color in/ruction1 ! ef=t has con/antly be5 to produce ! close/ possible imitations ( natural colors consi/5t ) ! mat]ial4 ,) ?is aim 9 view we h secur$ ! brighte/ possible r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre5 & blue & h *os5 a violet :i* has ! same relation to ! o!r pigm5t>y colors t ! s(t beauty ( ! spectrum violet be>s to ! o!r p>ts ( ! spectrum4 ,x h[ev] happ5s t 9 ! pure anil9e colors discov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s a l9e ( purples & violets has be5 f\nd s mu* pur] ?an ! o!r pigm5ts t we _c ) our r$ & violet make a p]fect imitation ( ! brighte/ anil9e purples us$ 9 "s ( ! goods n[ 9 ! m>ket4 ,purple is a g5]al "n = ! sev]al modifications ( violet1 r$-violet & violet-r$ z ,peacock ,blue is a "n giv5 to ! beautiful hues ( blue-gre5 & gre5-blue4 ,^! anil9e purples are b ano!r indication t we may expect su* advance 9 ! sci5ce ( pigm5t manufacture 9 ! comp>atively ne> future t a mu* pur] l9e ( /&>ds may be secur$ ?an is n[ possible 9 pap]s4 ,b x does n mat]ially affect ! value ( ! pres5t /&>ds z long z !y are accept$ z indicat+ ! k9d ( color1 i4e41 its location 9 ! spectrum1 & ! arti/s c]ta9ly %\ld n object to ?is lack ( purity1 because _! only pres5t criticism is t ! /&>ds are too raw1 :i* is b ano!r t]m = pure4 ,9 ! glaz$ color$ pap]s 9 ! m>ket we may f9d "s ( ^! purples1 especially 9 ! t9ts or p9ks :i* :5 plac$ beside ! unglaz$ surfaces ( ! /&>d pap]s r5d] ! latt] q subdu$4 ,b 9 prim>y color education !re is no place = ^! pure/ purple pap]s1 until *emi/ry discov]s o!r colors correspond+ly brilliant to complete a pur] *>t ( spectrum colors ?an is n[ possible4 ,illu/ration ,color ,tea*+ 9 ,! ,s*oolroom4 ,9 ! prec$+ sections ( ?is book ! au?or has aim$ to s guide ! tea*] :o is look+ = aids 9 elem5t>y color tea*+ t %e c by actual exp]im5t det]m9e = h]self ! tru?s reg>d+ color1 & h5ce be able to *oose su* facts z are suit$ to ! ne$s ( h] pupils f "t to "t1 & to pres5t !m 9 su* a logical ord] z to r5d] !m ( ! greate/ value 9 practical results4 ,x %\ld be possible to int]e/ ! *ildr5 9 color m easily ?an 9 any o!r subject4 ,examples are always ar\nd !m at home1 9 ! /reet1 9 ! g>d5 & ! field1 if p]*ance !y are =tunate en\gh to see ! field1 & ^? :o see no attractive colors else:]e c]ta9ly %\ld f9d !m 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,to a tea*] :o is 9 love ) ! subject ! _w w be full ( examples1 e day4 ,! beautiful yell[s & gre5s ( ! spr+ leaves1 ! fl[]s1 birds & butt]flies ( ! summ]1 ! autumn foliage1 ! sunsets & blue & purple m\nta9s ( w9t]1 are b h9ts ( ! multitude ( object lessons 9 color all ar\nd u2 & if none ( ^! are available ! m commonplace subjects f\nd 9 ! late/ seasonable colors ( dress goods & h\se furni%+s w be almo/ equally valuable4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are once int]e/$ !y w discov]1 ?r\gh _! own obs]vation1 examples ( su* value z to surprise "o :o has _h exp]i5ce ) only ! old me?ods ( try+ to tea* color1 or r ! utt] lack ( all me?ods h]et(ore 9 vogue4 ,! value ( k9d]g>t5 tra9+ has be5 s ?or\ghly demon/rat$ z to be beyond controv]sy1 & all progressive s*ool bo>ds mu/ soon recognize ! necessity ( adopt+ k9d]g>t5 me?ods 9 ! l[] prim>y grades1 until su* "t z x may be possible to introduce ! complete k9d]g>t5 = all ! *ildr51 to prec$e ! s*ool prop]4 ,! conditions prevail+ 9 ! k9d]g>t5 are peculi>ly favorable to ! /udy ( color1 because ( ! opportunities af=d$ = introduc+ x 9 connection ) ! manual ex]cises ( ! gifts & occupations4 ,! fir/ gift ( ! k9d]g>t51 z orig9ally introduc$ by ,froebel1 consi/s ( six s(t wor/$ balls 9 six colors1 :i* he seems to h select$ z /&>ds )\t c>e or k reg>d+ ! !ory ( ?ree prim>ies & ?ree second>ies1 al?\gh no d\bt he may h indiff]5tly accept$ x1 because x 0 ! only "o 9 8 day sugge/+ any logical s*eme ( color comb9ations4 ,! use ( color$ pap]s educationally 9 a sy/ematic way orig9at$ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & compris$ fold+1 cutt+1 pa/+ & weav+1 f :i* "s color in/ruction 0 incid5tally d]iv$ by ! *ildr54 ,b ) ! pap]s =m]ly 9 ! m>ket little special tra9+ 9 ! select+1 mat*+ & nam+ ( colors1 su* z is ( s great value at ! pres5t "t1 0 possible4 ,! call = bett] colors 9 pap]s came fir/ f ! k9d]g>tn]s1 & ! div]sity ( ideas express$ by !m caus$ ! writ] to in/itute a s]ies ( inve/igations :i* h result$ 9 ! sy/em to :i* ?is book is devot$4 ,! occupations ( pap] fold+1 cutt+ & pa/+ h be5 adopt$ into ! prim>y s*ool f ! k9d]g>t51 & !re is no "q b ! occupation ( pap] mat weav+ z practic$ 9 ! k9d]g>t5 %\ld also be introduc$ 9 ! l[e/ prim>y grades = ^? :o h n _h k9d]g>t5 tra9+1 because ( its value 9 simple manual "w & 9 design+ symmetrical patt]ns & h>moni\s color comb9ations4 ,by g5]al cons5t color$ pap]s h be5 *os5 z ! mo/ available mat]ial = ?is "w1 because :ile relatively *eap1 ! pure/ colors possible 9 pigm5ts are secur$1 & ! mat]ial is adapt$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y manual tra9+ & education 9 =m z well z color4 ,x is n ! au?or's aim to "h provide a def9ite c\rse ( lessons to be giv5 9 a p]functory way or 9 a fix$ ord]1 b r to furni% sugge/ions bas$ on practical "w 9 ! s*oolroom t may be ( value to ^? :o h c>efully exam9$ ! prec$+ pages ( ?is book & become famili> ) ! exp]im5ts describ$4 ,! sugge/ions are bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( tea*]s :o h be5 us+ ! sy/em "h advocat$ = sev]al ye>s & te/+ x 9 v>i\s ways1 & !re=e x is hop$ t !y may be ( value to any e>ne/ work] :o is n fully satisfi$ ) h] ef=ts 9 tea*+ color up to date4 ,consequ5tly a brief outl9e ( "w is sugge/$ = ! e>lie/ ye>s1 accord+ to a def9ite ord]1 & !n fur!r sugge/ions & exp]im5ts are introduc$1 some:at 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y may naturally pres5t !mselves4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 x is necess>y to (f] any argum5t = ! /udy ( color 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,e *ild beg9s 8 s*ool life ) _m color impressions :i* he has be5 acquir+ s9ce ! day :5 8 baby f+]s fir/ /ret*$ t[>d "s bit ( color1 & 8 developm5t dem&s a cle> pres5tation to him dur+ ! e>lie/ s*ool ye>s ( ! fundam5tal facts conc]n+ color ^u :i* all lat] "w mu/ be bas$4 ,! ,glass ,prism4 ,a glass prism is "o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 ! appliances = tea*+ color1 & a prism :i* may be b\ght = a few c5ts w "w wond]s 9 ! h&s ( an int]e/$ tea*]1 al?\gh a m p]fect in/rum5t1 su* z is sold ) physical app>atus1 w give colors :i* are bett] def9$4 ,exp]i5ce 9 _m s*oolrooms has prov$ t a spectrum c be %[n some:]e 9 ! av]age room at "s h\r 9 e sunny day1 especially 9 ! long] days ( spr+ & summ]1 & x is well to h ! prism :5 n 9 use s fix$ z to project ! spectrum into ! room mu* ( ! "t1 s t x may become famili> to ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,obs]vation ( ! spectrum en?uses ! *ildr5 ) a feel+ = color :i* c be develop$ 9 no o!r way1 & !y nev] tire ) wat*+ ! wond]ful vibrat+ effects ( ! liquid colors2 & by /udy+ x ! m5tal image ( ea* ( ! six colors becomes z di/9ct z t ( ! cube aft] x has be5 h&l$ & model$4 ,if ! s*oolroom is provid$ ) %utt]s or d>k curta9s a mu* bett] spectrum c be produc$ by clos+ !m1 z ev5 a slight *ange f a bright sunny daylight has a v p]ceptible effect 9 br++ out ! colors4 ,a p]son :o has nev] se5 a c>efully prep>$ spectrum 9 a room almo/ p]fectly d>k c h no realiz+ s5se ( ! pure/ possible expressions ( color4 ,accid5t once disclos$ a simple means by :i* "o tea*] secur$ a v good spectrum4 ,!re 0 a deep1 d>k closet op5+ f ! s*oolroom & "o bright day :5 ! prism 0 be+ us$ ! spectrum 0 accid5tally ?r[n into ?is closet1 & ! sudd5 & en?usia/ic expression ( approval by ^? pupils :o 7 9 position to discov] x 0 c]ta9ly int]e/+ to ! tea*] ( t c\ntry s*ool1 ) a d>k coal closet4 ,9 a spectrum su* z c be produc$ 9 a d>k room ) ! mo/ p]fect =m ( prism1 all ! v>i\s colors c be sep>at$ & c>efully exam9$ & by special appliances comp>$ ) pigm5t>y colors4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are exce$+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive1 & demon/rate ! wond]ful int5sity & purity ( ! spectrum colors z comp>$ ) ! pure/ pigm5t>y colors t c be produc$4 ,su* exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ to a great degree ( p]fection :5 ! six /&>d colors = ! ,bradley ,color$ ,pap]s 7 select$4 ,h[ ! ,bradley ,color ,/&>ds ,7 ,*os54 ,aft] _m mon?s ( labor 9 secur+ samples ( mat]ial colors1 & _m days sp5t ) ! spectrum1 a committee ( arti/s1 sci5ti/s1 tea*]s1 & artizans unanim\sly decid$ t /hetically & psy*ologically ! colors adopt$ 7 ! be/ possible mat]ial expression ( ! six localities 9 ! spectrum correspond+ to ! feel+ or psy*ological p]ception ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet4 ,_m subsequ5t exp]im5ts h app>5tly prov$ t practically ! same six colors be/ s]ve ! purpose ( prim>ies f :i* to make all o!rs by comb9ation4 ,9 accordance ) ^! selections ! educational color$ pap]s h be5 made1 & s9ce t "t an exp]t sci5ti/ has accurately locat$ ea* ( ^! colors 9 ! spectrum by its wave l5g?4 ,consequ5tly aft] ! *ildr5 h come to "k ! six colors 9 ! sun spectrum ! six /&>d colors ( ! pap]s may be %[n z ! be/ imitations possible4 ,9 /udy+ ! six colors f ! spectrum 9 a s*oolroom x frequ5tly happ5s t "o color may be be/ se5 on ! floor1 ano!r on ! wall or ev5 ! blackbo>d1 & ano!r on ! ceil+1 & aft] ! ord] ( ! colors 9 ! :ole spectrum has be5 obs]v$1 x is well to get ea* color :]e x c be be/ secur$4 ,pap] ,color ,tablets4 ,:5 ! spectrum has be5 /udi$ s t ! *ildr5 h "s idea ( ! six colors & _! location relative to ea* o!r1 give ea* ( ! *ildr5 a package ( ! color$ pap] tablets1 "o in* by two in*es1 conta9+ ! eighte5 normal spectrum colors1 i4e41 ^? 9 ! c5tral v]tical column 9 ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,page #da1 & tell !m to select f ! eighte5 ! six :i* !y h se5 9 ! spectrum & :i* may be nam$ to !m z r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet4,c ,c ,tablets ( pap] in/ead ( c>dbo>d are recomm5d$ because 9 prim>y in/ruction ! /&>ds or types ( color pres5t$ to ! *ild ought to be ! pure/ possible expressions ( ! colors repres5t$1 & a piece ( color mat]ial _c meet ?is requirem5t aft] hav+ be5 us$ "o ye> by a *ild4 ,! necess>y exp5se ( c>dbo>d tablets practically precludes a new supply ea* ye>4 ,b ! pap]s c f9ally be us$ to =m1 by pa/+1 "s *>t or comb9ation :i* ! pupil may be all[$ to own z a sample ( 8 "w4 ,if a %eet ( neutral gray c>dbo>d c be secur$ = use on ea* desk all e>ly color "w w be m valuable1 because ( ! undesirable effect ( ! usual yell[ or orange color ( ! wood ( ! desk4 ,if "s ( ! pupils d n make ! correct selection ( ! pap]s x may be well to let ! error pass = t "t & h ano!r exhibition ( ! spectrum be=e ! next trial4 ,get z _m ( !m z possible to make ! selection ( ! six colors f ! eighte5 solely by comp>ison ) ! spectrum4 ,lat] if "s are /ill unable to succe$1 a pap] spectrum may be %[n to !m1 or :at is bett]1 six bits ( pap] l _! own1 pa/$ on a c>d1 ) an int]val z wide z two pap]s betwe5 ea* two4 ,:5 e *ild c readily select ! six /&>d colors f ! eighte5 !n all ( !m may ) advantage be told to lay ! six 9 a r[ on ! gray c>dbo>d or desk1 9 _! prop] ord]1 & suffici5tly sep>at$ to all[ room = two o!r pap]s betwe5 ea* two4 ,:5 all h made ! attempt & "s h fail$ to arrange ! pap]s correctly ! c>d hav+ !m prop]ly m\nt$ may aga9 be %[n & ea* "o 9 error may make ! necess>y corrections by comp>ison4 ,9 a sol> spectrum su* z is possible 9 ! ord9>y s*oolroom ! int]m$iate colors betwe5 ! /&>ds _c be v di/9ctly se5 b ! *ild c be %[n t betwe5 ! r$ & orange1 ) :i* he is famili>1 !re are colors diff]5t f bo? & possibly he may be l$ to see t ^! colors seem to be a mixture ( ! two4 ,) ?is impression 9 ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 ! foll[+ exp]im5t may be a v int]e/+ psy*ological te/ ( ! natural color p]ception ( ea* *ild1 or 9 o!r words 8 color feel+4 ,ask ! *ildr5 to arrange ! rema9+ twelve pap]s betwe5 ! six /&>ds 9 pairs & "o outside ( ! r$ & violet at ! ends4 ,?is ex]cise w s]ve to br+ ea* ( ! o!r colors to ! critical att5tion ( ! *ildr5 s t !y may n be entirely /rang]s to !m 9 ! succe$+ ex]cises4 ,at ?is /age ! color :eel or color top or bo? w be mo/ valuable4 ,color ,:eel or ,top4 ,if ! :eel is available let ! tea*] place on x comb9$ r$ & orange disks ( m$ium size & 9 front a small r$ disk4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! six pap]s %\ld be laid on ! desk 9 ord]1 sep>at$ by two spaces4 ,call att5tion to ! fact t ! r$ disks are l ! r$ sample ( pap]4 ,expla9 h[ ! disks are jo9$ & t ! two l>g] ones c be made to %[ m or less ( ! orange & ! r$4 ,!n introduce a small am\nt ( orange1 p]haps n en\gh to cause ! effect to be p]ceiv$ by ! *ildr5 :5 ! :eel is 9 motion1 & rotate4 ,ask if !y see any diff]5ce betwe5 ! small disk at ! c5t] & ! l>g] surface4 ,add m orange till !y see a diff]5ce1 & cont9ue to add orange to ! r$ until ne>ly "o-half ! disk is orange or till x may be que/ionable :e!r ! color made by rotation is m ne>ly orange or r$4 ,?is po9t w be rea*$ be=e ! orange ne>ly equals ! r$1 because ! orange is m lum9\s4 ,expla9 t all ^! colors :i* ! *ildr5 h be5 see+ are orange-r$s & ask ! pupils to select t color f _! pap]s :i* is orange-r$1 or mo/ l ! orange & r$4 ,9 ! meantime set ! orange & r$ disks to ! proportion ( ,r4 #he1 ,o4 #ae1 :i* ne>ly or exactly mat*es ! orange-r$ pap]4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h select$ ! pap] :i* !y ?9k is orange-r$1 put ! :eel 9 motion & ask !m if _! selection is l ! color on ! :eel4 ,if n1 see t all und]/& & h select$ ! orange-r$ pap] to place next ! r$ sample4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done remove ! disks f ! :eel & readju/ ! l>g] ones s z to %[ a comb9ation t is ne>ly all orange2 !n replace !m & sub/itute 9 front a small orange disk in/ead ( ! r$ "o & proce$ to %[ a s]ies ( r$-orange colors f ! orange t[>d ! r$1 z previ\sly %[n f ! r$ t[>d ! orange4 ,) exp]im5ts be=e adults ?is break 9 ! ord] ( proce$+ & ! *ange ( disks w\ld be unnecess>y1 b ) *ildr5 x is desirable to m>k a di/9ction betwe5 ! orange-r$ & ! r$-orange colors1 a fact :i* is emphasiz$ by ! me*anical manipulation4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h be5 ask$ to place _! r$-orange pap] 9 its prop] position ! disks may be set to ,r4 #ej1 ,o4 #ej1 & an imitation ( _! r$-orange pap] %[n4 ,if ! s*ool is provid$ ) color tops _! use may be begun at ?is po9t by all[+ ! *ildr5 to attempt to repeat ! :eel exp]im5ts ) ! tops & ?us produce = !mselves an imitation ( ! two int]m$iate spectrum hues 9 ! pap]s4 ,9 all comb9ations ( colors by disks z well z pigm5ts !re is "s loss ( purity & h5ce ! colors ( pap]s 9 ! int]m$iate hues may be a little bright] 9 "s cases ?an ! results ( two disks 9 comb9ation4 ,?is sugge/ion = ! pres5tation ( "o pair ( ! int]m$iate spectrum hues may s]ve to illu/rate all ! o!rs1 & ! "t :i* c be devot$ to ! :ole subject mu/ det]m9e ! detail ) :i* ea* pair is treat$4 ,if ! tops are provid$ 9 a s*ool b no color :eel !n ! tea*] mu/ beg9 ) a top z a sub/itute = ! :eel & let ! *ildr5 foll[ h] ) _! tops by dictation4 ,at fir/ ?is w be mu* m difficult ?an if ! :eel c\ld be us$1 b aft] ! *ildr5 h become some:at famili> ) ! h&l+ ( ! top by dictation ! result w be q surpris+4 ,!re w be 9 e s*ool "s *ildr5 :o are exce$+ly awkw>d 9 ! manipulation ( ! top1 until ! happy day arrives :5 all s*ool *ildr5 are graduates ( k9d]g>t5s4 ,at pres5t ! av]age k9d]g>t5 pupil w h&le ! top bett] ?an ! *ildr5 9 ! l[e/ prim>y grades :o h n _h ! advantages ( k9d]g>t5 in/ruction4 ,:5 all ! hues except ! r$-violet & violet-r$ h be5 locat$1 ! tea*] %\ld be prep>$ ) a *>t made by pa/+ ! eighte5 pap] samples1 includ+ /&>ds & int]m$iate hues1 9 _! ord] on a /rip ( pap]1 s t by br++ ! ends toge!r ! *ildr5 may see t :5 !y place ! violet-r$ at "o end ( _! r[ & ! r$-violet at ! o!r !y are really complet+ a spectrum circuit & =m+ a *>t ( natural colors4 ,ev] s9ce ,newton's day x has be5 fa%ionable to speak ( ! spectrum z nature's *>t ( colors4 ,?is expression is b p>tially true & is entirely false if we mean t x conta9s examples ( all ! colors 9 nature4 ,! spectrum is valuable 9 color /udy only f ! fact t x enables u to e/abli% p]man5t /&>d colors f :i* all colors 9 nature & ! arts may be nam$ & by ! comb9ations ( :i* su* colors may be imitat$4 ,unless ! /&>d colors 9 a sy/em ( color in/ruction are ! close/ possible imitations ( correspond+ spectrum colors !re is no logical relation betwe5 su* a sy/em & a *>t ( colors bas$ on ! spectrum1 because ! spectrum does n furni% a complete circuit ( colors & its only value is1 z be=e /at$1 9 furni%+ a p]man5t /&>d on :i* to f\nd a nom5clature ( colors4 ,up to ?is "t we h n sugge/$ ! practice ( introduc+ any natural objects or call+ ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 to v>i\s colors f\nd 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,ea* tea*] mu/ use h] judgm5t reg>d+ ?is matt]1 b z soon z miscellane\s colors are to be consid]$ ! two que/ions ( hues & tones are necess>ily involv$1 & exp]i5c$ tea*]s h be5 divid$ 9 _! op9ions z to :i* %\ld be fir/ consid]$1 tone or hue4 ,:5 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to occupy a long "t 9 pres5t+ all ! spectrum colors ?is "q assum$ great] importance ?an at pres5t1 b v _m tea*]s h become conv9c$ t we h n be5 giv+ ! *ildr5 cr$it = ne>ly z mu* ability 9 ! recognition ( colors z !y des]ve1 & t ) ! me?ods at pres5t 9 use ! six /&>d colors & twelve hues c be le>n$ 9 a few weeks1 dur+ :i* "t x may n be necess>y to discuss ! complicat$ comb9ations ( colors 9 nature & our dome/ic surr\nd+s4 ,?is is n int5d$ to mean t ! *ild w 9 ?is "t be able to "n ! v>i\s hues :5 se5 sep>ately1 b t hav+ ! eighte5 pap] tablets he may feel _! relations to ea* o!r to su* an ext5t z to be able to lay !m 9 _! spectrum ord]4 ,^? pupils :o seem to h no natural p]ception ( ! prop] relation%ip ( colors w require m exp]i5ce ?an ! re/ ( ! class be=e !y c be sure ( _! colors & ! tea*] mu/ ex]cise h] judgm5t 9 decid+ h[ long to hold ! class to ?is subject ( spectrum hues on _! acc\nt4 ,z 9 o!r class "w x is n necess>y t ! dull *ildr5 p]fectly compreh5d all t is told !m at ea* /ep1 because !re w always be "s 9 a class :o w compreh5d & ?us ! o!rs may le>n by obs]vation1 & 9 ?is subject p>ticul>ly e /ep 9 advance mu/ necess>ily include a cont9ual review ( all t has prec$$4 ,consequ5tly :5 a tea*] has giv5 z mu* "t to ! /udy ( hues 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! pap]s z %e deems pr(itable1 consid]+ ! entire "t t c be devot$ to ! subject dur+ ! ye>1 %e may well proce$ to tones4 ,! ,/udy ( ,tones4 ,x is unnecess>y at ! beg9n+ to use ! ^w tones ) ! *ildr51 z light & d>k colors w be und]/ood m cle>ly4 ,! fir/ lesson 9 light & %ade may be giv5 ) "s book b\nd 9 a bright color1 z r$ = example1 :i* is common 9 clo? b9d+s4 ,= ?is exp]im5t p>tially op5 ! book & hold x v]tically1 ) back t[>d ! class1 9 su* position t a /rong light f "o side ( ! room w fall directly on "o cov] :ile ! o!r is 9 ! %ade4 ,if prop]ly manipulat$ ?is simple exp]im5t may be made effective to an entire class by mov+ ! book 9 v>i\s directions to accommodate ! sev]al memb]s1 s t at diff]5t times all ! pupils may get v cle>ly ! idea ( light & d>k colors 9 ! same scale4 ,?is idea c be m cle>ly %[n by means ( a simple model v easily made = ! purpose4 ,take1 = example1 ?ree pieces ( /&>d r$ pap]1 #dd in*es1 & m\nt !m on a piece ( c>dbo>d side by side1 9 a r[4 ,trim ! c>d p>allel to ! edges ( ! pap]s1 leav+ a m>g9 ( uni=m wid?1 & ) ! po9t ( a knife score a l9e p>tially ?r\gh ! c>d f ! front1 at ! jo9+ ( ! pap]s1 s t x c be neatly b5t to ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #af :i* repres5ts ! model z se5 by ! class4 ,by hold+ "o ( ! re> edges ) ea* h& ! faces c be fold$ to diff]5t angles ) ea* o!r & ! model turn$ to diff]5t positions ) relation to ! *ildr54 ,possibly ! w9d[s at ! re> ( ! room may be p>tially d>k5$ to advantage2 !y c]ta9ly c be if !y h a sunny exposure at ! "t4 ,! object is to give a fair daylight on ! c5tral surface = ! /&>d1 a /rong light on "o side to =m a t9t ( ! /&>d & a %ad[ on ! o!r = a %ade ( ! same color4 ,illu/ration ,by a trial be=e s*ool1 9 company ) "s o!r tea*] p]haps1 ! be/ positions = diff]5t p>ts ( ! room z well z be/ light+ ( ! room may be det]m9$ 9 advance & ?us su* a success a*iev$ ) ! fir/ exp]im5t t ! :ole idea ( t9t & %ade may be impress$ on ea* *ild = all "t & def9itions firmly fix$ 9 8 m9d = ^! two mo/ abus$ words 9 our e day vocabul>y4 ,add$ int]e/ may be excit$ by %[+ simil> models 9 sev]al o!r colors dur+ ! same lesson1 ?us avoid+ ! possible impression on any m9d t ! t]m t9t & %ade apply to any special color4 ,t9ts & %ades may also be %[n v beautifully by "s k9ds ( color$ mat]ials4 ,color$ sat9 ribbons1 fold$ or crumpl$1 & velvets & plu%es give good object lessons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective exhibitions ( t9ts & %ades may be f\nd 9 a mat]ial us$ = uphol/]+ furniture & te*nically call$ cru%$ plu%1 :i* is a wor/$ plu% emboss$ 9 figures & v *angeable 9 its effects z its relation to ! light is *ang$1 giv+ at ! same "t v light t9ts & v d>k %ades 9 diff]5t portions4 ,hav+ ?us %[n h[ real t9ts & %ades 9 nature are produc$1 ! color :eel may be introduc$ ) advantage4 ,if x 7 practicable to use opaque colors 9 ! s*ool !y c\ld be employ$ to %[ t ! effect ( a t9t is produc$ 9 pigm5ts by mix+ :ite ) ! /&>d color & a %ade by mix+ black ) x1 b :ile ! mixture ( :ite may produce ! be/ imitations ( "s t9ts 9 nature1 ! same result does n hold good 9 ! use ( black to =m %ades1 & black pigm5ts are r>ely us$ = ?is purpose1 because !y imp>t v>i\s untru?ful hues1 accord+ to ! colors ) :i* !y are mix$4 ,= ?is reason1 & o!rs :i* w appe> lat]1 ! :ite & black disks ( ! color :eel are f\nd to be bett] ?an any o!r s+le me?od = repres5t+ tones4 ,9 %ades ! black disk produces by f> ! be/ imitation ( nature1 & s does ! :ite disk = m ?an half ( ! colors4 ,b1 z previ\sly /at$1 !re is an effect :i* has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$ by :i* ! t9ts ( r$ & blue especially receive an unexpect$ violet gray t+e by rotation4 ,!re=e 9 %[+ t9ts on ! :eel x is well n to %[ v light t9ts ( r$ or blue until ! class has receiv$ "s impressions ( tones 9 o!r colors4 ,9 ! orange & violet ! t9ts seem to be practically p]fect1 & 9 ! yell[ & gre5 n f> f correct1 b 9 ! gre5 !y run a trifle t[>d ! blue & 9 ! yell[ become a little gray or brok54 ,b 9 ! %ades ! black disk has done wond]s = color in/ruction1 p>ticul>ly 9 mak+ /&>d neutral grays :i* _c be imitat$ by :ite & black pigm5ts1 & 9 det]m9+ ! %ades ( yell[1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,see ,page #cf4 ,!re=e1 aft] hav+ %[n actual t9ts & %ades ) ! fold$ models1 & p]haps ! o!r mat]ials sugge/$1 place a color$ disk comb9$ ) a :ite disk on ! :eel1 & 9 front ( !m a small] color$ disk ( ! same color z ! l>g] "o = comp>ison1 & by *ang+ ! relative proportions %[ v>i\s t9ts4 ,!n sub/itute a black disk = ! :ite & %[ %ades4 ,if1 = example1 orange is tak51 all proportions ( bo? t9ts & %ades may be %[n v tru?fully1 ! deep] %ades be+ v ri* br[ns4 ,hav+ 9 ?is way impress$ on ! *ildr5 ! t]ms t9ts & %ades1 give !m ! pap] tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #b1 9 ! deepe/ t9ts & ! lighte/ %ades1 res]v+ ! lighte/ t9ts & deepe/ %ades f\nd 9 ,selection ,no4 #d = lat] use4 ,let ea* memb] ( ! class lay ! spectrum 9 ! normal colors & !n select ! six t9ts correspond+ to ! six /&>ds4 ,:5 all ( !m ?9k !y h done ?is1 tell !m to *oose ! correspond+ %ades4 ,if a numb] fail 9 ! attempt x may be well to set up ?ree sizes ( disks on ! color :eel 9 %ade1 /&>d & t9t ( r$4 ,9 %[+ a t9t ( r$ ) ! disks x is n a good plan to make a t9t light] ?an ,r4 #ie1 ,w4 #e1 :i* is ab\t ,r4 ,t4 #a4 ,if ! :eel is n available samples ( pap]s may be held up 9 ! ?ree tones s t ! class c get ! correct idea4 ,!re is no be/ me?od ( rea*+ all pupils 9 any class1 b 9 "s way at ?is po9t 9 color education e pupil ought to acquire su* k ( ! subject z to be able to select at lea/ ! six /&>d scales 9 ?ree tones1 & ?is %\ld be practically accompli%$ be=e mu* "t is devot$ to ! consid]ation ( su* mat]ials z fl[]s1 fabrics & miscellane\s pap]s1 because until ! *ild und]/&s bo? hues & tones he c d no?+ 9 ei!r analyz+ or nam+ colors4 ,z soon z ^! six scales are famili> to ! pupil ! select+ ( v>i\s objects & plac+ !m 9 g5]al families may be v valuable "w1 b until t "t ! classification ( colors _c be c>ri$ out v accurately1 or at be/ ! families w be v likely to include "s uncles1 & c\s9s & aunts1 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 if ev5 ! di/ant relatives are recogniz$ 9 pref]5ce to /rang]s ! *oice w give evid5ce ( a sympa!tic feel+ = color relations1 favorable to future progress & indicat+ some?+ ( ! natural color s5se ( ! *ild4 ,if su* occupations z pap] cutt+ & pa/+1 or weav+ ( mats h a place 9 ! s*ool1 comb9ations 9 two or ?ree tones ( ! six /&>ds c n[ be made4 ,at ?is /age names are ( little importance1 b !y w come 9 play e>ly1 z x is natural to give names to ev]y?+1 & z soon z ! *ild kn[s ! def9ite names :i* belong to colors !y w be us$4 ,neutral ,grays4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! fir/ idea ( t9ts & %ades or tones1 ! grays %\ld h att5tion1 because 9 ! occupations ) pap]s !y w play an important "p4 ,= ?is purpose :ite1 black & ! neutral gray pap]s are includ$ 9 ,selection ,no4 #b ( ! pap] tablets & %\ld be made famili> to ! *ildr5 :ile ! t9ts & %ades are be+ /udi$4 ,! sugge/ion t a neutral gray is a t9t ( black or a %ade ( :ite may or may n aid a *ild to bett] und]/& ! relation ( ! neutral grays to ! color *>t1 b x is a ?\ght wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! tea*]1 z express+ a fact important 9 ! consid]ation ( color impressions4 ,?is gray may also be illu/rat$ on ! :eel by ! union ( :ite & black disks1 & %\ld be e>ly pres5t$ 9 ?is way1 because ?is is ! only means by :i* we c secure /&>ds = pigm5t>y neutral grays1 & ! fact t ?is special & peculi> gray is s important 9 all color inve/igation furni%es suffici5t argum5t = mak+ x prom95t be=e ! o!r grays4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod 9 8 color education a *ild may be %[n t :ite 9 %ad[ is a gray1 & ! fact t x is a neutral gray is n ess5tial to him1 z he has no k ( any o!r gray & probably x may n be desirable to call att5tion to ! v>i\s classes ( grays until aft] ! brok5 colors h be5 /udi$4 ,a %eet ( :ite c>d or heavy pap] may s]ve to %[ t :ite 9 %ade or %ad[ is a gray4 ,= ?is exp]im5t fold ! c>d or pap] v %>ply & hold x ) ! fold$ edge v]tical & project+ t[>d ! class1 & 9 su* a position relative to ! w9d[s t half ( ! pap] is 9 v full light & ! o!r 9 %ad[4 ,a comp>ison ( neutral gray pap] ,no4 #a ) a true %ade ( :ite or :ite 9 %ad[1 z expla9$ on ,page #cf1 w s]ve to connect ! gray pap]s ) ! %ades ( :ite4 ,aft] ! idea ( tones is made cle> to ! *ildr51 s t !y c readily =m ! six /&>d scales 9 ?ree tones1 ! complet+ ( ! ,*>t ( ,spectrum ,scales 9 ?ree tones w be m]ely a matt] ( drill1 z no new pr9ciples are involv$4 ,:5 ! pupils c lay ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales 9 ?ree tones correctly1 ! ?\ghtful tea*] w naturally ask h]self :at is ! next logical /ep1 & x may at fir/ seem z ?\gh ! completion ( ! *>t 9 five tones ought to imm$iately foll[4 ,b x is v desirable t ! pupils beg9 z e>ly z possible to make a practical application ( _! k ( colors to ! famili> objects ar\nd !m2 & x is evid5t t be=e any v accurate comp>ison ( miscellane\s colors c be intellig5tly und]tak5 ! *ild %\ld be able to recognize ! effect ( mix+ gray ) a color1 9 di/9ction f ! pure t9ts & %ades ( t color4 ,explanation ( ,brok5 ,colors4 ,v few ( ! common colors se5 9 fabrics & h\se furni%+s are ei!r full pure colors or _! t9ts & %ades1 b ne>ly all are brok5 colors4 ,!re=e x seems desirable to introduce ! /udy ( brok5 colors1 be=e consid]+ ! extreme tones ( ! pure colors z repres5t$ 9 t9ts & %ades ,no4 #b 9 ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales 9 five tones4 ,?is ord] ( pres5tation seems specially advisable1 because ! di/+ui%+ ( ! extreme tones :]e ! color is lo/ to s great a degree is m difficult ?an any?+ connect$ ) ! subject ( brok5 colors4 ,!re=e at ?is po9t pap] tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #c are introduc$4 ,f ?is collection ( tablets :5 prop]ly arrang$ a ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales ( twelve colors 9 ?ree tones may be made1 & 9 addition !re are tablets illu/rat+ ! sev]al classes ( grays o!r ?an neutral grays4 ,! fir/ result desir$ is a def9ite di/9ction 9 ! m9d ( ea* pupil betwe5 a brok5 color & any t9t or %ade ( ! same color4 ,9 ord] t ! explanation ( ?is di/9ction %all be intellig5tly compreh5d$ ea* *ild mu/ h su* a cle> idea ( ! mean+ ( ! t]ms t9ts & %ades t he %all n fail to readily und]/& any /atem5t reg>d+ !m because ( confusion z to ! def9ite mean+ ( ^! t]ms4 ,! *ild %\ld "k cle>ly t a t9t is a color 9 a /rong light or mix$ ) :ite ei!r 9 pigm5ts or disks1 :ile a %ade is a color 9 %ade or %ad[1 i4e4 ) less ?an ! normal illum9ation1 or mix$ ) black4 ,:5 ?is has be5 fix$ 9 ! m9d ( a pupil1 & he has also be5 %[n t neutral gray1 ! only gray he has le>n$ any?+ (1 is ! result ( ! comb9ation ( :ite & black1 x w n be difficult = him to see t a brok5 color is produc$ by ! mixture ( bo? :ite & black ) ! pure color4 ,mu* lat] x w be possible = him to ?9k ( a brok5 color z a t9t ?r[n into a %ade or %ad[1 z may be obs]v$ by ca/+ a /rong %ade or %ad[ on to a piece ( color$ pap] 9 "s "o ( ! t9ts ( ! spectrum scales4 ,! color :eel & tops furni% ! simple/ & mo/ effective means = ! pres5tation ( brok5 colors1 because !y automatically analyze e color %[n1 s t ! pupil sees = himself j :at has be5 done4 ,an ,ex]cise 9 ,brok5 ,colors4 ,aft] hav+ refre%$ ! m9ds ( ! class z to t9ts & %ades & grays by a brief re/atem5t ( ! conditions involv$ 9 ^! t]ms1 ! idea ( brok5 colors may be %[n ) disks on ! color :eel or top4 ,= ?is exp]im5t place on ! sp9dle1 = example1 a comb9ation ( orange1 :ite & black disks1 & 9 front ( ^! disks put comb9$ orange & black disks ( small] size4 ,make ! proportions ( ! l>g] disks1 ,o4 #ae1 ,w4 #d1 ,n4 #ha1 & ! small]1 ,o4 #bf1 ,n4 #gd4 ,9 rotation ! l>g] r+ w %[ a d>k brok5 orange & ! inn] "o a d>k %ade ( orange1 & ! diff]5ce 9 quality w be readily se5 & felt4 ,! effect is m valuable z a lesson if ! tones ( ! two are ne>ly equal1 al?\gh ?is is n necess>y4 ,a v mu* light] pair ( colors is secur$ by us+ ! foll[+ =mulas1 ,o4 #dc1 ,w4 #bf1 ,n4 #ca1 & ,o4 #gg1 ,w4 #bc4 ,bo? ^! exp]im5ts may be made ) ! prim>y color :eel or color top4 ,if ! ,high ,s*ool ,color ,:eel is 9 use s t ! f\r r+s ( color c be %[n at "o "t1 ! two l>g] r+s may %[ two tones ( brok5 color & ! small] r+s a t9t & %ade ( pure color4 ,9 ! use ( tops two may be spun at once z ne> toge!r z possible1 ! two brok5 tones on "o top & ! t9t & %ade on ano!r4 ,9 gre5 simil> exp]im5ts may be tri$1 ) ! foll[+ =mulas3-- ,g4 #bj1 ,w4 #f1 ,n4 #gd4 ,g4 #cf1 ,w4 #ac1 ,n4 #ea4 ,g4 #cd1 ,n4 #ff4 ,g4 #hb1 ,w4 #ah4 ,practically ! same me?ods may be adopt$ 9 ! /udy ( brok5 colors z 7 employ$ ) ! pure colors4 ,! pap] tablets conta9$ 9 ,selection ,no4 #c1 compris+ brok5 colors & grays1 w n[ come into use to accompany exp]im5ts ) disks 9 brok5 colors4 ,! tablets 9 ! brok5 spectrum colors numb] ?irty-six1 compris+ twelve scales ( ?ree tones ea*1 ?us produc+ b "o int]m$iate hue betwe5 ea* two /&>ds1 in/ead ( two1 z 9 ! *>t ( pure colors4 ,ex]cises 9 selection & arrangem5t ( ^! tablets to =m a *>t may be employ$ to famili>ize ! pupils ) ! new k9d ( colors4 ,! colors are n s pron\nc$ z 9 ! pure scales1 & = ?is reason ! arrang+ may be m difficult1 b ! small] numb] ( hues simplifies x some:at1 s t1 ) ! bett]-tra9$ color p]ception :i* ! *ild w h acquir$ at ?is /age1 no great] ef=t w be requir$ ?an 9 ! e>li] lessons4 ,:5 ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,scales c be laid ) reasonable accuracy by ! majority ( ! class ! two *>ts z f> z /udi$1 ea* 9 ?ree tones1 may be laid on ! desk at ! same "t = comp>ison & ?us ! diff]5ce 9 quality or "* emphasiz$4 ,all k9ds ( mat]ials may n[ be consid]$ & classifi$1 & great int]e/ inspir$ 9 ! subject g5]ally4 ,fl[]s1 autumn leaves1 dress goods & any?+ ) color c be /udi$ & ! colors analyz$4 ,be=e ! /udy ( brok5 colors 0 tak5 up "s few fl[]s c\ld be q accurately mat*$ ) ! disks & analyz$1 b n[ v _m m ( ! fl[]s & plants z well z o!r mat]ial c be accurately analyz$ & a def9ite nom5clature giv5 to ea* sample4 ,selection ,no4 #c ( tablets conta9s1 9 addition to ! twelve scales ( brok5 colors1 six color$ grays1 :i* mu/ at "s /age be consid]$ 9 connection ) gray colors or brok5 colors1 to :i* !y are closely relat$4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 !re is a po9t :]e by ! cont9u$ addition ( gray to a color1 ! color is s f> obscur$ t its id5tity is practically lo/ & ! result becomes a color$ gray4 ,al?\gh ! l9e betwe5 gray colors & color$ grays _c be def9itely drawn !re are s _m grades visible beyond ! po9t :]e ! exact color us$ ) ! gray c be det]m9$1 t ! t]m color$ gray1 :i* cov]s ! ?ree classes1 w>m1 cool & gre5 grays1 is conv5i5t = common use4 ,x is v desirable t a di/9ction be obs]v$ betwe5 ! t]ms color$ grays & gray colors1 & !re=e brok5 colors may be a bett] t]m to apply to ! gray colors because a di/9ction is ?us m /rongly emphasiz$ betwe5 ^! two classes ( colors4 ,! foll[+ table furni%es =mulas f :i* ! colors ( ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales may be v ne>ly imitat$ on ! ,high ,s*ool ,color ,:eel4 ,ea* scale %\ld be %[n by ! ?ree small] sets ( disks1 namely1 ! smalle/ = light tone1 next size = /&>d or m$ium1 & ! ?ird size = d>ke/ tone4 ,?is li/ ( disk comb9ations is furni%$ "h = ! conv5i5ce ( tea*]s :o may h occasion to illu/rate ! compositions ( ! v>i\s classes ( colors compris$ 9 ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales1 :i* cov]s ! entire range ( ! /hetic colors & f :i* by modifications e subdu$ color 9 mat]ial sub/ances c be analyz$ & def9itely nam$4 ,ow+ to ! color usually f\nd on ! int]ior ( a s*oolroom & ! lack ( pure :ite light f outside x is n probable t ^! proportions w exactly mat* ! pap]s1 b ! =mulas w enable ! tea*] to approximate ! color1 & !n ! m accurate mat* 9 con=mity to ! conditions 9 ea* case may be secur$ by mak+ *anges 9 accordance ) sugge/ions f a majority ( ! class1 an ex]cise :i* w af=d valuable practice = ! pupils4 ,=mulas = a ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales4 ,,light4 ,,m$ium4 ,,d>k4 ,,r$4 ,r4#fh1 ,w4#ah1 ,n4#ad4 ,r4#ei1 ,w4#e1 ,n4#ce4 ,r4#bb-a_/b1 ,w4#e1 ,n4#gb-a_/b4 ,,orange ,,r$4 ,r4#ea1 ,o4#ag-a_/b1 ,w4#bc1 ,n4#h-a_/b4 ,r4#dg1 ,o4#af1 ,w4#h-a_/b1 ,n4#bh-a_/b4 ,r4#ae1 ,o4#g-a_/b1 ,w4#g-a_/b1 ,n4#gj4 ,,orange4 ,o4#dc1 ,w4#bb-a_/b1 ,n4#bd-a_/b4 ,o4#cd-a_/b1 ,w4#aj1 ,n4#ee4 ,o4#ae1 ,w4#e1 ,n4#gi-a_/b4 ,,yell[ ,,orange4 ,o4#bc1 ,y4#ae1 ,w4#bg1 ,n4#ce4 ,o4#bd-a_/b1 ,y4#ag-a_/b1 ,w4#ae1 ,n4#dc4 ,o4#aj1 ,y4#d-a_/b1 ,w4#f1 ,n4#gi-a_/b4 ,,yell[4 ,y4#cd1 ,w4#cj-a_/b1 ,n4#ce-a_/b4 ,y4#bd1 ,w4#ab-a_/b1 ,n4#fc-a_/b4 ,y4#ab-a_/b1 ,w4#e1 ,n4#hb-a_/b4 ,,gre5 ,,yell[4 ,y4#bd1 ,g4#ac1 ,w4#bh1 ,n4#ce4 ,y4#be1 ,g4#aj1 ,w4#ag1 ,n4#dh4 ,y4#aa1 ,g4#ac1 ,w4#aj1 ,n4#ff4 ,,gre54 ,g4#af1 ,w4#i1 ,n4#ge4 ,g4#cd1 ,w4#ai1 ,n4#di4 ,g4#bc1 ,w4#da1 ,n4#cf4 ,,blue ,,gre54 ,g4#h-a_/b1 ,b4#g-a_/b1 ,w4#g1 ,n4#gg4 ,g4#bb1 ,b4#ah1 ,w4#ab1 ,n4#dh4 ,g4#bd1 ,b4#be1 ,w4#bc1 ,n4#bh4 ,,blue4 ,b4#bb-a_/b1 ,w4#f1 ,n4#ga-a_/b4 ,b4#ch1 ,w4#ac1 ,n4#di4 ,b4#cf1 ,w4#bi1 ,n4#ce4 ,,blue ,,violet4 ,b4#ac1 ,v4#i-a_/b1 ,w4#f-a_/b1 ,n4#ga4 ,b4#ac1 ,v4#be1 ,w4#ae1 ,n4#dg4 ,b4#bj1 ,v4#ae1 ,w4#bi1 ,n4#ci4 ,,violet4 ,v4#bj1 ,w4#ac1 ,n4#fg4 ,v4#ea1 ,w4#bd1 ,n4#be4 ,v4#fa1 ,w4#cb1 ,n4#g4 ,,r$ ,,violet4 ,r4#ag1 ,v4#aj1 ,w4#e1 ,n4#fh4 ,r4#af-a_/b1 ,v4#de1 ,w4#ac1 ,n4#be-a_/b4 ,r4#bc1 ,v4#dj1 ,w4#bf1 ,n4#aa4 ,9 prep>+ ! pap]s = ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,colors ! selection ( ! tones ( ! sev]al colors has be5 made 9 accordance ) ! /hetic color feel+ ( ^? to :om ! matt] 0 intru/$1 b ! hues ( ! colors are bas$ on ! /&>ds ( ! pure spectrum colors4 ,if ^! colors are consid]$ indep5d5tly ( _! relation to a g5]al sy/em ( color education1 x may seem t a /rong] & pur] l9e ( colors w\ld be m beautiful2 b ! m brok5 or subdu$ colors h be5 *os5 aft] v c>eful consid]ation1 because !y are int5d$ = elem5t>y in/ruction & !re=e %\ld be s f> remov$ f ! pure color scales z to impress !mselves on ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 z a di/9ct & repres5tative class ( colors4 ,:5 ! color s5se ( ! pupils has be5 suffici5tly cultivat$ to obs]ve small] di/9ctions1 a v>iety ( color scales mu* less brok5 may be %[n ) ! disks4 ,diff]5t selections = a score ( *>ts c\ld be made1 all beautiful & repres5t+ brok5 colors1 b aft] mu* consid]ation ^! ?irty-six 7 select$ f a v l>ge numb] ( h&-pa9t$ samples made = ! purpose1 z furni%+ a suffici5t numb] ( typical brok5 colors = elem5t>y color in/ruction1 & 9 su* hues & tones z to =m a h>moni\s *>t = comp>ison ) ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales4 ,c]ta9 ,color ,puzzles4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 h advanc$ f> en\gh to und]/& ! analysis ( a color1 i4e41 to correctly "n a color1 ex]cises :i* may be call$ color puzzles c be introduc$ f "t to "t ) great int]e/ & pr(it4 ,! idea is simply to sudd5ly %[ to ! class a s]ies ( disks 9 rapid rotation & ask !m to guess :at colors x is compos$ (1 i4e41 :at ! def9ite "n ( ! color is4 ,! foll[+ is a sugge/ion = ?is ex]cise1 suppos+ t a brok5 gre5 yell[ is to be %[n3-- ,select a gre51 a yell[1 a :ite & a black disk ( m$ium size & comb9e !m z foll[s3 ,y4#bj1 ,g4#aj1 ,w4#aj1 ,n4#fj4 ,!n1 hav+ previ\sly remov$ ! nut f ! sp9dle ( ! :eel & laid x 9 a conv5i5t place1 take ! comb9$ disks & lay on ! top ( !m any o!r disk ( a l>g] size1 ) ! c5t] holes ( all correspond+ ) ea* o!r & place all ^! disks on ! sp9dle ( ! :eel ) ! l>g] disk /ill cov]+ ! face ( ! o!rs4 ,hav+ previ\sly furni%$ an assi/ant ) a %eet ( c>dbo>d ( suffici5t size to conceal ! disks f ! class h x held 9 front ( ! :eel :ile ! disk :i* conceals ! comb9ation is remov$1 ! nut screw$ to place & ! disks put into rapid rotation2 !n ord] ! c>d tak5 away & ask ! class :at color !y see1 /ill cont9u+ ! rotation4 ,! correct answ] %\ld be brok5 gre5-yell[1 & n a %ade ( gre5-yell[1 a brok5 yell[-gre51 a t9t ( yell[ or a yell[ %ade2 = !re is b "o true "n & t %\ld be /at$4 ,def9ite expressions ( color are z possible z ! t]ms us$ reg>d+ o!r sci5tific subjects1 & %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,mu* int]e/ c be inspir$ & valuable in/ruction imp>t$ to ! *ildr5 by exp]im5ts ) ! color :eel1 b :5ev] color analysis is ! object 9 view1 if disks ( m ?an "o ( ! /&>d colors are us$ 9 ! same comb9ation !y mu/ be ( colors adjac5t to ea* o!r 9 ! spectrum4 ,= example1 if a blue & a yell[ disk are unit$ & plac$ 9 rotation ! result may be a blue gray1 a yell[ gray1 or p]haps v ne>ly a neutral gray1 because blue & yell[ are s ne>ly complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,b a nom5clature ( ! result+ color effect express$ 9 t]ms ( blue & yell[ is n ( practical value1 because x is evid5t t 9 ! analysis ( a gray-blue1 yell[ has no logical place4 ,if 9 an attempt to mat* a color :i* seems to be a brok5 blue1 some?+ else besides ! blue1 :ite & black is requir$1 x mu/ be ei!r gre5 or violet1 i4e41 "o ( ! two /&>d colors adjac5t to ! blue 9 ! spectrum4 ,9 o!r words1 e color 9 nature is a spectrum color1 i4e41 ei!r a pure spectrum color1 a t9t or a %ade ( a spectrum color1 or a brok5 spectrum color4 ,h5ce e color c be mat*$1 & !re=e analyz$ by ! comb9ation ( "o disk ( a /&>d color ) a :ite disk1 a black disk or bo?1 or else by two adjac5t spectrum /&>ds ) :ite & black or bo?4 ,!re are _m comb9ations ( disks outside ! limitations above nam$ :i* are valuable & int]e/+ 9 color inve/igation :5 n us$ = simple analysis1 b if !y are pres5t$ z pleas+ exp]im5ts be=e ! pupils c und]/& _! logical relation to ! subject ( color education1 ! result may be entirely mislead+ r ?an in/ructive4 ,9 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 brok5 colors ) ! :eel ! mo/ satisfactory results are secur$ 9 orange1 violet1 gre5 & yell[1 :ile ! r$ is fairly good & ! blue less satisfactory ?an ! o!rs because ( ! slight effect ( gray or violet :i* comes into ! light] tones by rotation1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,z expla9$ on ,page #ed1 ! s-call$ t]ti>y colors1 russets1 citr9es & olives 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be classes ( peculi> colors to :i* ^! names 7 giv54 ,! fact t ^! are all brok5 spectrum colors 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ! use ( ! color :eel & !y are n[ q g5]ally accept$ z su* by ^? :o h giv5 he$ to mod]n me?ods ( color in/ruction4 ,z already %[n ! disks h also seem$ to correctly def9e ! sev]al scales ( colors1 s t 9 contra/ to ! color *>ts ( a doz5 ye>s ago a di/9ction is cle>ly drawn betwe5 ! colors 9 ! yell[ & ! orange scales1 or ev5 betwe5 ! yell[-orange & ! orange-yell[ scales1 s accurately d ! disks det]m9e ! hue ( a color4 ,:5 ! pupils h progress$ s f> t !y c arrange ! pap] tablets to =m ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales 9 ?ree tones & also ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,scales1 !y w be prep>$ to intellig5tly beg9 ! use ( pap]s 9 cutt+ & pa/+ designs 9 ! sev]al classes ( h>monies1 b be=e mo/ effective results c be produc$ ! lighte/ t9ts & deepe/ %ades ( ! full *>t ( pure scales 9 five tones mu/ be consid]$4 ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales ,complet$4 ,! entire ma/]y ( ^! extreme tones w be q difficult because !y are s f> remov$ f ! /&>ds1 & ! *ildr5 c h>dly be expect$ to recognize & "n !m :5 se5 sep>ately4 ,if a pupil is able to correctly arrange !m 9 connection ) ! o!r tones ( ! *>t1 8 accompli%m5t w %[ a high grade ( color p]ception4 ,b ^! extreme tones are introduc$ because _! use 9 ! m advanc$ "w ( pap] cutt+ & pa/+ produces /rong] & m beautiful h>monies & a high] degree ( color tra9+ ?an w\ld result 7 ! t9ts & %ades ne>] ! /&>ds 9 tone4 ,no detail$ rehe>sal ( ! lessons = ?is "w is necess>y to enable a tea*] :o has pursu$ ! c\rse ( in/ruction ?us f> to complete x 9 a logical way1 & relatively little "t w be requir$ by ! pupils to become suffici5tly famili> ) ^! tones = practical purposes1 because ( _! m acute color p]ception :i* w be develop$ at ?is p]iod4 ,! ,"w ( ,cutt+ & ,pa/+4 ,9 ! /udy ( color ! "w ( cutt+ & pa/+ designs 9 educational color$ pap]s af=ds ! e>lie/ & be/ practical expression ( ! color feel+ :i* has be5 acquir$ & /imulates ! fur!r developm5t ( color p]ception4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! use ( ^! pap]s c be mo/ pr(itably tak5 up 9 ! occupations ( cutt+ & pa/+ may be det]m9$ by a c>eful consid]ation ( ! subject ( h>monies z expla9$ q fully 9 ! =ego+ section entitl$ ,practical ,exp]im5ts1 ,pages #fg to #gc4 ,! fir/ 9 ord] is ,contra/$ ,h>mony1 9 :i* cut pap]s 9 "o color may be m\nt$ on a gr\nd ( "s passive color z :ite or gray4 ,9 select+ ! gray1 analogy is usually pref]able to contra/1 :ile neutral gray is fairly safe = all colors4 ,accord+ to ?is sugge/ion ! w>m grays may be us$ ) ! w>m colors & ! cool grays ) ! cool colors1 & 9 a majority ( ! cases ! lighte/ tone ( gray is pref]able4 ,)\t "q ,dom9ant ,h>monies or ! arrangem5t 9 families are ! mo/ pr(itable & safe = e>ly practice4 ,9 ?is class a light t9t may be us$ = ! backgr\nd on :i* to m\nt any ( ! o!r tones ( ! same scale4 ,beyond ^! two classes ( h>monies ! ord] ( pres5tation mu/ be det]m9$ by ! tea*]4 ,if ! complem5t>y is attempt$ ) simple geometrical =ms a light t9t may mo/ safely be select$ = a backgr\nd 9 ! lea/ aggressive ( ! two colors & ! design or pa/$ =ms 9 "s ( ! complem5t>y tones o!r ?an ! normal color4 ,d n attempt to comb9e full complem5t>y colors 9 elem5t>y "w4 ,! ,analog\s ,h>mony may be us$ 9 simple designs ) beautiful effects :5 judici\s selections are made1 b ow+ to ! latitude necess>ily involv$ 9 ! def9ition ( ?is class ( comb9ations ! *ildr5 _c v e>ly be tru/$ to make _! own selections4 ,x is evid5t t no?+ c be attempt$ 9 ! ,p]fect$ ,h>monies 9 any ( ! ready-cut =ms1 b beautiful results c be produc$ 9 ?is class ) well-drawn & accurately cut ornam5tal designs 9 color$ pap]s1 :i* may ev5 surpass 9 /r5g? & beauty any effects :i* c be produc$ 9 wat] colors su* z c be us$ by ! *ildr54 ,= e>lie/ practice 9 mak+ designs 9 color$ pap]s ! ready cut =ms ( ! k9d]g>t51 te*nically call$ p>quetry pap]s are v conv5i5t & may be procur$ ei!r ) or )\t gum on ! back4 ,^! are prep>$ 9 v>i\s geometrical =ms bas$ on ! "o-in* /&>d1 among :i* ! mo/ useful = pa/+ decorative designs are ! circle1 half-circle1 squ>e1 half-squ>e & equilat]al triangle4 ,:]e models & tablets are us$ 9 =m /udy ! tablets may s]ve z patt]ns f :i* ! *ildr5 c m>k out ! pap]s :i* !y c !n cut = !mselves1 & ?us ! oval & ellipse may be add$ to ! =ms1 & also practice 9 accurate cutt+ secur$4 ,9 ! use ( tablets z patt]ns ! outl9es %\ld be made on ! backside ( ! pap]1 by hold+ ! tablet 9 place ) "o f+] & work+ c>efully ar\nd x ) a well-po9t$ p5cil4 ,! m>k+ to ! patt]n & cutt+ to ! l9e provides valuable elem5t>y practice 9 manual tra9+4 ,z x is ! prime object ( ^! pap]s to treat ( color no attempt is "h made to give directions = design+ units ( ornam5t or = fold+ & cutt+ designs4 ,all su* ex]cises furni% ! be/ possible practice 9 bo? design+ & manual "w1 b !y belong m directly to ! dep>tm5t ( draw+ & are fully treat$ 9 ! h& books expla9+ mod]n sy/ems ( draw+4 ,we (f] "h a numb] ( simple arrangem5ts ( su* =ms z may be f\nd 9 ready-cut pap]s or may be m>k$ f ! =m /udy tablets z be=e m5tion$1 ) ! addition ( a few o!r figures :i* involve "s v simple designs = free-h& cutt+4 ,a ,v>iety ( ,designs4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ a numb] ( simple arrangem5ts ( su* =ms z are f\nd 9 ready-cut pap]s or may be m>k$ f ! =m /udy tablets already m5tion$1 ) ! addition ( a few o!r figures :i* include "s v simple =ms requir+ free-h& cutt+4 ,sugge/ions = m elaborate designs & specific directions = pap] cutt+ c be f\nd 9 elem5t>y books treat+ ( decorative draw+ & ^? devot$ solely to pap] cutt+4 ,illu/ration ,figs4 #ag to #be %[ arrangem5ts ( "o-in* k9d]g>t5 p>quetry pap]s 9 "o color1 us$ z units to =m bord] designs 9 contra/$ h>mony on a :ite or a gray gr\nd1 9 all ( :i* !re is repetition ( =m z well z color4 ,a n>r[ /rip ( pap] 9 ! same color z ! units may be us$ at top & bottom to f9i% ! design4 ,illu/ration ,figs4 #bf to #cg %[ bord] designs1 ea* ( :i* is made ) "o =m 9 two colors or tones 9 alt]nation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,figs4 #ch & #ci %[ bord] designs 9 "o color1 ) =ms m>k$ f ! elliptical & oval tablets & cut by h&4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci bord]s are made by comb9+ half-squ>es :i* may be us$ ) or )\t n>r[ /rips ( ! same color4 ,illu/ration ,figs4 #dj & #da are made by us+ "o =m ) alt]nation ( tone & ( position4 ,fig4 #da is d]iv$ f ,fig4 #dj by lay+ ! d>k squ>es ) ! corn]s 9 contact & plac+ ! light squ>es ov] !m4 ,fig4 #db %[s alt]nation ( =m & color or tone1 :i* is also ! s*eme employ$ 9 ,fig4 #dc 9 a design less simple ) ! addition ( ! half-circles4 ,figs4 #dd & #de %[ two o!r simple & pleas+ designs ) alt]nation ( bo? =m & tone or color4 ,figs4 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 & #di comprise designs 9 two =ms & two tones or colors1 9 :i* "s h& cutt+ is necess>y on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,illu/ration ,figs4 #ej to #ed are rosettes made f p>quetry pap]s ) ! addition ( a small circle or squ>e at ! c5t] cut by h&4 ,illu/ration ,figs4 #ee to #fj are pr9cipally h&-cut =ms1 & #fa1 #fb & #fc %[ surface patt]ns made f p>quetry squ>es & half-squ>es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,color$ pap]s c be us$ m advantage\sly 9 decorative designs ?an 9 imitations ( natural objects1 = :i* wat] colors are mu* bett] suit$1 b "s copies ( natural fl[]s & autumn leaves h be5 made 9 color$ pap]s :i* 7 exce$+ly close imitations ( wat] color pa9t+s :5 se5 at a little di/ance1 rival+ 9 ! case ( ! autumn leaves ! be/ wat] color effects 9 brilliancy & dep? ( color4 ,!re ne$ be no def9ite rules gov]n+ ! cont9uation ( color /udy f ?is po9t by a tea*] :o is int]e/$ 9 ! subject & has tri$ ! exp]im5ts sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! "w w become v int]e/+ at ?is /age1 because n[ all sorts ( mat]ial may be introduc$ = analysis & classification & f ?is po9t =w>d1 to ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! arti/1 nature w furni% abundant /imulus to color ?\ght & inve/igation1 if ! f\ndation has be5 laid accord+ to ! true !ory ( color p]ception :i* x is ! object ( ?is sy/em to expla94 ,analysis ( ,color ,mat]ials4 ,a valuable & int]e/+ phase ( color inve/igation & color tra9+ may be f\nd 9 ! analysis & nam+ ( ! natural colors f\nd 9 fl[]s1 m9]als & ! plumage ( birds4 ,! necessity = a def9ite & adequate nom5clature :i* naturali/s exp]i5ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( education has be5 emphasiz$ by ! publication )9 a few ye>s ( a book entitl$ ,a ,nom5clature ( ,colors = ,naturali/s1 & a ,comp5dium ( useful k = ,orni?ologi/s4 ,?is book has be5 prep>$ ) great c>e by ,rob]t ,ridgway ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 & conta9s a l>ge numb] ( h&-pa9t$ plates %[+ ne>ly two hundr$ colors :i* repres5t selections f ?ree hundr$ & fifty names ( colors :i* are giv5 9 ,engli%1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian & ,norwegian or ,dani%4,d ,d ,a ,nom5clature ( ,colors = ,naturali/s & ,comp5dium ( useful ,k = ,orni?ologi/s by ,rob]t ,ridgway1 ,curator1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,birds1 ,national ,museum4 ,bo/on1 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 #ahhf4 ,! fact t a book involv+ s mu* te*nical k & ! exp5diture ( s mu* "t & money 0 deem$ ju/ifiable is an evid5ce ( ! great ne$ = "s def9ite nom5clature4 ,9 ! introduction ! au?or says3 ,und\bt$ly "o ( ! *ief desid]ata ( naturali/s1 bo? pr(essional & amateur1 is a means ( id5tify+ ! v>i\s %ades ( colors nam$ 9 descriptions1 & ( be+ able to det]m9e exactly :at "n to apply to a p>ticul> t9t :i* x is desir$ to designate 9 an orig9al description4 ,no mod]n "w ( ?is "* x appe>s1 is extant1--! late/ publication ( its k9d :i* ! au?or has be5 able to consult be+ ,syme's edition ( ',w]n]'s ,nom5clature ( ,colors1' publi%$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahba4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,syme's 'nom5clature' t ! colors h become s modifi$ by "t1 t 9 v few cases d !y correspond ) ! t9ts !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t4 ,! foll[+ are ! op5+ s5t5ces ( ! preface3 ,! want ( a nom5clature ( colors adapt$ p>ticul>ly to ! use ( naturali/s has ev] be5 m or less an ob/acle to ! /udy ( ,nature2 & al?\gh !re h be5 _m works publi%$ on ! subject ( color1 !y ei!r p]ta9 exclusively to ! purely sci5tific or te*nical aspects ( ! case or to ! manufactur+ indu/ries1 or are o!rwise unsuit$ to ! special purposes ( ! zoologi/1 ! botani/ & ! m9]alogi/4 ,9 ! same book ! ,*apt] on ,pr9ciples ( ,color op5s ) ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! popul> nom5clature ( colors has ( late ye>s1 especially s9ce ! introduction ( anil9e dyes & pigm5ts1 become involv$ 9 almo/ *aotic confusion ?r\gh ! co9age ( a multitude ( new names1 _m ( !m synonym\s1 & /ill m ( !m vague or v>iable 9 _! mean+4 ,^! new names are f> too num]\s to be ( any practical utility1 ev5 7 ea* "o id5tifiable ) a p>ticul> fix$ t9t4 ,_m ( !m are inv5t$ at ! caprice ( ! dy] or manufactur] ( fabrics1 & are z caprici\s 9 _! mean+ z 9 _! orig92 among !m be+ su* fanciful names z ',zulu1' ',cru%$ ,/rawb]ry1' ',baby ,blue1' ',woodb9e-b]ry1' ',night ,gre51' etc41 besides su* nons5sical names z ',a%es ( ,roses' & ',elephant's ,brea?4' ,^! extracts f ?is valuable & int]e/+ book by an au?or ( l>ge exp]i5ce are quot$ "h to emphasize ! practical necessity = m def9ite color education bas$ on analysis & nom5clature4 ,) ! color :eel or color top1 ! colors ( fl[]s & leaves z well z all o!r objects 9 nature & art may be analyz$ & nam$1 & ! names def9itely record$ 9 ! t]ms ( a nom5clature bas$ on p]man5t /&>ds4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( fl[]s & leaves ( plants & trees ) _! analyses 9 t]ms ( our nom5clature is tak5 f a rec5tly publi%$ pap] entitl$ ,on ! ,color ,description ( ,fl[]s1 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,pillsbury1 to :om ! writ] is indebt$ = "s ( ! e>lie/ sugge/ions reg>d+ ! practical application ( ! sci5tific facts ( color to color tea*+1 & also = valuable sci5tific "w :i* he has done includ+ ! exact location ( ! six color /&>ds 9 ! sol> spectrum by _! wave l5g?s3-- ,) ^! /&>ds to "w f1 ,i und]took to det]m9e ! color analysis ( c]ta9 ( our common fl[]s4 ,! foll[+ results1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be int]e/+ to botani/s4 ,! numb]s giv5 indicate p] c5t4 ( color requir$ to produce ! hue ( ! fl[]3-- ,common =sy?ia1 ,f4 viridissima3 ,pure spectrum yell[4 ,fr+$ polygala1 ,p4 paucifolia3 ,r4 #dh1 ,v4 #eb4 ,wi/>ia1 ,w4 frutesc5s1 w+s3 ,r4 #aa1 ,v4 #hi4 ,wi/>ia1 ,w4 frutesc5s1 /&>d3 ,r4 #i1 ,v4 #gi1 ,w4 #ab4 ,fl[]+ qu9ce1 ,cydonia japonica3 ,r4 #ie1 ,v4 #b1 ,w4 #c4 ,wild cranesbill1 ,g]anium maculatum3 ,r4 #bh1 ,v4 #ff1 ,w4 #f4 ,! v>iations ( color 9 ! e>ly summ] foliage is also int]e/+4 ,! foll[+ analyses are = ! upp] side ( fre% & well develop$ heal?y leaves4 ,x is n impossible t a little att5tion to ^! v>iations 9 ! color ( foliage on ! "p ( arti/s w\ld save u ! annoyance ( "s ( ! abom9able gre5 :i* we s (t5 see 9 ! pictures ( arti/s ( good reputation3-- ,:ite oak3 ,y4 #g4e1 ,g4 #aa4e1 ,n4 #ha4 ,apple3 ,y4 #e1 ,g4 #ac1 ,w4 #b1 ,n4 #hj4 ,copp] bee*3 ,r4 #ag1 ,v4 #b1 ,n4 #ha4 ,hemlock3 ,y4 #b1 ,g4 #i1 ,n4 #hi4 ,:ite p9e3 ,y4 #b4e1 ,g4 #aa1 ,n4 #hf4e4 ,:ite bir*3 ,y4 #e4e1 ,g4 #aa4e1 ,w4 #a1 ,n4 #hb4 ,hornbeam3 ,y4 #e4e1 ,g4 #ab4e1 ,n4 #hb4 ,%agb>k hickory3 ,y4 #d4e1 ,g4 #i4e1 ,n4 #hf4 ,^! analyses 7 made 9 a mod]ately /rong diffus$ light ) ,maxwell disks ( ! /&>d hues ref]r$ to above4 ,^! are b a few ( ! num]\s fl[]s ! colors ( :i* may be p]fectly imitat$ & consequ5tly analyz$ & nam$ ) ! color :eel or ! top4 ,9 fact = individual "w 9 natural hi/ory ! top is m conv5i5t ?an ! :eel & suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes1 :ile x is a v fasc9at+ occupation = *ild or adult4 ,9 ! use ( disks = analyz+ colors x mu/ be rememb]$ t e mat]ial color is "s quality ( "s color 9 ! spectrum circuit1 & !re=e may be mat*$ ) n m ?an two /&>d disks1 ei!r alone or ) :ite or black or bo?4 ,if m ?an two color disks1 besides :ite & black1 are us$ !y w neutralize ea* o!r m or less1 & a neutral gray or a gray & "s spectrum color w be ! result4 ,= example1 if yell[ & blue 9 ne>ly equal p>ts are introduc$ 9 connection ) r$ & orange1 ! yell[ & blue be+ ne>ly complim5t>y to ea* o!r w produce practically a neutral gray1 & ! result w be ! same z if only r$1 orange1 :ite & black 7 us$4 ,illu/ration ,ow+ to ! rec5t advances 9 ! art ( dye+ !re are "s textile goods :i* are too int5se 9 color to be exactly imitat$ by ! disk /&>ds1 b ?is fact ne$ n prev5t a practical analysis ( su* colors1 because by v slightly r$uc+ ) :ite ! color to be exam9$ ! same color is reta9$1 ! modification mak+ x1 ( c\rse1 some:at light]4 ,fig4 #fd1 %[+ a small circle repres5t+ a disk ( ! mat]ial m\nt$ on ?ick pap]1 illu/rates ?is /atem5t4 ,suppose we h a piece ( ri* br[n clo?1 s int5se 9 color t :5 r$1 orange & black are comb9$ 9 ! proportions ( ,r4 #bb1 ,o4 #af1 ,n4 #fb1 ! mat]ial is /ill a little ri*] 9 color ?an c be made ) ! disks ( ! color :eel4 ,if we introduce a small am\nt ( :ite into ! br[n ( ! mat]ial we may hope to mat* x ) ! disks & ?is may be done by cutt+ a bit ( fairly heavy :ite pap] 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! diagram & loos5+ ! nut ( ! color :eel slightly1 aft] :i* we ins]t ! po9t ( ! triangle "u ! nut s t :5 tight5$ ! :ite pap] may be held 9 front ( ! br[n disk1 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,trim ! out] end ev5 ) ! disk & !n rotate4 ,if ! effect ( ! :ite is too great trim (f a little f ! side ( ! :ite pap] to make x n>r[]1 until a p]fect mat* is secur$4 ,! small disk 9 rotation is !n ( ! same color b n q s int5se z be=e1 or 9 o!r words1 is a v deep t9t ( ! color4 ,9 ?is way ! ,nom5clature c be record$ z foll[s3 ,br[n #ie1 ,w4 #e1 ,r4 #bb1 ,o4 #af1 ,n4 #fb4 ,?is result does n (t5 occur1 b ! subject is notic$ "h 9 detail t no "o may be 9 d\bt :5 su* cases d come to light1 z !y w soon] or lat]4 ,! anil9e colors give "s purples :i* are mu* m brilliant ?an ei!r ! violet or r$ :i* o!rwise %\ld by comb9ation produce !m1 s t ) ^! /&>ds !y _c be made1 b mu/ be r$uc$ ) :ite1 or possibly ) :ite & black4 ,if a color :eel is n available _m ( ^! exp]im5ts may be tri$ on ! color top1 b n z satisfactorily1 because ( ! accuracy necess>y 9 cutt+ s small a disk 9 a wov5 mat]ial4 ,9 us+ ! top = analysis ( all ord9>y colors1 ! be/ plan is lay ! mat]ial on a table or o!r level surface & sp9 ! top on x4 ,if q an accurate te/ is desir$ ! c>dbo>d disk ( ! top may be trimm$ d[n to ! size ( ! l>ge/ pap] disk1 s t !re w be no int]v5+ r+ ( light color to sep>ate ! color ( ! rotat+ disks f ! mat]ial on :i* x is spun4 ,practical applications ( ! color top are already be+ made1 z = example1 9 ! selection ( h\se furni%+s4 ,= ?is purpose disks ( ! top are comb9$ at home to produce ! desir$ colors to mat* ! wood f9i%+s & pap]s or drap]ies 9 a p>tially complet$ room1 ! top be+ us$ z a guide 9 prelim9>y selections ( additional mat]ials f ! /ores4 ,if a numb] ( colors are requir$ x is conv5i5t to use sev]al comb9ations ( disks1 ea* set be+ slightly gumm$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is way /&>ds = v>i\s colors ) a top sp9dle = rotation 9 ! salesroom may be c>ri$ 9 a v small space4 ,! ,bradley ,color$ ,pap]s4 ,z e compet5t artisan mu/ und]/& ! use = :i* ea* implem5t is design$1 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results ) x1 possibly a brief explanation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! colors 9 ! ,bradley ,educational ,color$ ,pap]s are select$ & classifi$ may be ( value4 ,9 ! sample books ( ^! color$ pap]s !re are f\r sections4 ,! fir/ section ( ! book1 foll[+ ! title leaf call$ ,pure ,spectrum ,scales consi/s 9 "p ( ! six /&>d colors1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 ) two int]m$iate hues betwe5 ea* two /&>ds1 :i* eighte5 colors =m ! c5tral v]tical column 9 ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales %[n on ,page #da4 ,9 addition to ^! eighte5 normal spectrum colors1 !re are two t9ts & two %ades ( ea*1 ?us produc+ eighte5 spectrum scales ( five tones1 9 :i* ! normal colors z indicat$ 9 ! c5tral column aim to be ! pure/ possible pigm5t>y expressions ( ! spectrum colors repres5t$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( colors to adopt 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pap]s en\gh h be5 select$ to furni% types ( all ! colors 9 ! spectrum1 & also ! hues betwe5 r$ & violet1 b at ! same "t ! numb] has be5 s re/rict$ z to secure a reasonably simple nom5clature ( ! int]m$iate hues4 ,a hue ( a color is def9$ z ! result ( ! admixture ( t color ) a small] quantity ( ano!r color2 ?us a hue ( r$ approa*+ ! orange is an orange hue ( r$1 or an orange-r$4 ,if a small am\nt ( r$ is add$ to orange ! result is a r$ hue ( orange1 or a r$-orange4 ,!re=e 9 select+ two hues betwe5 ea* two /&>ds1 r ?an a l>g] numb]1 ! simple/ nom5clature possible is secur$1 & "o 9 :i* no m5tal ef=t is necess>y to recall ! color indicat$ by ea* symbol4 ,= example1 we h f\r colors indicat$ z ,r1 ,,or1 ,,ro1 ,o2 r$1 orange-r$1 r$-orange1 orange2 or m ext5d$1 r$1 orange hue ( r$1 r$ hue ( orange1 orange4 ,?us by us+ z symbols famili> t]ms1 no ef=t ( ! memory is requir$ to recall ! color indicat$ by ea* symbol1 z w\ld necess>ily be ! case if !re 7 a great] numb] ( hues & !re=e m arbitr>y symbols4 ,! use ( rotat+ color disks on ! :eel & ! top by :i* an inf9ite v>iety ( int]m$iate hues c be made & accurately nam$ by ! pupils r$uces ! requir$ numb] ( pap]s to ^? types necess>y = fir/ prim>y "w1 & ?us prep>es ! *ild = ! use ( pigm5ts at an e>li] age ?an w\ld be possible )\t su* color in/ruction4 ,! second section ( ! sample book conta9s :ite1 black & grays z indicat$ on ! sep>at+ fly leaf4 ,9 ^! ! be/ pigm5t>y expression ( black & :ite are furni%$4 ,9 mat]ial colors z f\nd 9 indu/rial products1 !re are v>i\s s-call$ blacks & :ites4 ,= black !re are blue-black1 gre5-black1 & br[n-black2 & 9 :ite1 cream-:ite & pe>l-:ite4 ,cream-:ite is a yell[-:ite & pe>l-:ite a blue-:ite4 ,9 f9e :ite pap]s ei!r blue1 r$ or yell[ is g5]ally add$ to ! pulp to c\nt]act or cov] up ! gray tone ( ! natural mat]ial4 ,! /&>d black "h pres5t$ is ! be/ possible pigm5t>y imitation ( a v deep black hole1 z = example1 ! project+ end ( a l>ge iron wat] or sew] pipe ( consid]able l5g? buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* is ! blacke/ ?+ kn[n4 ,! :ite is an imitation ( new-fall5 sn[4 ,nei!r ( ^! /&>ds c be v ne>ly approa*$ al?\gh we (t5 he> ( ?+s z :ite z sn[ & z black z night4 ,9 ! same gr\p & foll[+ ! black & :ite are two examples ea* ( ! f\r k9ds ( grays3 ,gre5 gray1 w>m gray1 cool gray & neutral gray4 ,a pure :ite 9 %ad[ is ! true neutral gray & a p]fect imitation ( ?is is made by ! rotation ( comb9$ black & :ite disks on ! color :eel4 ,if to ! black & :ite disks we add a blue disk we h cool grays4 ,) r$1 orange or yell[ ! w>m grays are produc$1 :ile ! use ( a gre5 disk gives gre5 grays4 ,9 ! pap]s two tones ( ea* gray are furni%$4 ,! pap]s f\nd 9 ! fir/ two sections comprise all ! colors necess>y = e>lie/ prim>y color in/ruction1 & %\ld become famili> to ! *ildr5 be=e explanation is made ( ! colors 9 ! succe$+ collections4 ,9 ! ?ird section1 designat$ ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales w be f\nd a collection ( gray colors or brok5 colors4 ,z has be=e be5 /at$1 a brok5 color is a pure color mix$ ) a neutral gray4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( pigm5t>y colors a t9t ( a color is ! pure color mix$ ) :ite1 a %ade is ! color mix$ ) black1 & a brok5 color is a pure color mix$ ) bo? black & :ite1 :i* is a neutral gray4 ,!re=e if ) r$1 = example1 we mix a c]ta9 am\nt ( a giv5 neutral gray & call t ! normal tone ( a brok5 scale ( r$1 = ! t9t 9 t scale we mu/ mix ) ! /&>d r$ a light] gray & = ! %ade a d>k] gray4 ,:5 a comp>atively small quantity ( neutral gray is comb9$ ) a pure color ! result is a gray color1 z above describ$1 because ! color is q def9itely reta9$1 b m or less modifi$ by ! gray4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a relatively small quantity ( color is add$ to a neutral gray1 ! result+ color is prop]ly call$ a color$ gray1 because x is /ill a gray modifi$ by color1 & 9 ?is class we h w>m grays1 cool grays1 etc41 accord+ to ! color comb9$ ) ! gray4 ,! gray colors are q g5]ally t]m$ brok5 colors & ?is seems a v useful practice1 because x avoids ! confusion ( ! some:at simil> t]ms gray color & color$ gray4 ,by ref]5ce to ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales on ,page #da x w be se5 t we h only twelve scales & b ?ree tones 9 ea* scale1 in/ead ( eighte5 scales & five tones1 z 9 ! pure scales1 = :i* !re is a good reason4 ,= educational purposes 9 ! elem5t>y grades1 :i* is ! only place :]e !re is a legitimate use = color$ pap]s1 ! /eps 9 gradation ( hue or tone mu/ n be too %ort1 & if ! saturation or int5sity ( ! normal colors 9 ! sev]al scales is r$uc$ by add+ gray1 z 9 ! brok5 colors1 !re is n ! possibility = z _m /eps 9 ei!r hues or tones )\t leav+ ^? colors adjac5t to ea* o!r too ne>ly alike4 ,!re=e 9 ! brok5 colors !re are b ?irty-six1 in/ead ( n9ety1 z 9 ! pure scales4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 pure colors ) t9ts & %ades1 & brok5 colors 9 v>i\s tones1 %\ld be made v pla9 to ! *ildr5 :5ev] ! subject is br\ght to _! notice1 because x is a vital po9t 9 ! classification ( colors4 ,educationally ?is is "o ( ! mo/ objectionable features 9 ! old r$1 yell[ & blue !ory ( color composition1 because no di/9ction is obs]v$ betwe5 pure & brok5 colors 9 classification4 ,9 ! ,bradley color$ pap]s ! di/9ction is made v decid$ = educational purposes1 s t no "o w\ld = a mom5t tol]ate ! mixture ( ! normal colors f ! pure scales ) ! normal colors f ! brok5 scales 9 ! =mation ( a spectrum4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a selection z foll[s3 ,fir/ lay 9 ord] ! normal spectrum colors ) ! pure colors f\nd 9 ! fir/ section ( ! sample book1 !reby =m+ ! c5tral v]tical column ( ,fig4 #aj4 ,!n sub/itute = ! orange1 gre5 & violet1 ^? colors select$ f ! collection ( brok5 colors1 & ! result w seem to r5d] ! op]ation absurd1 b x is ! same 9 pr9ciple z ! results produc$ 9 ! attempt to =m a spectrum by ! comb9ation ( ?ree prim>y pigm5ts1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 because s produc$ ! orange1 gre5 & violet1 %[ by disk analysis f #ed to #hj p] c5t ( black & :ite & are !re=e z mu* brok5 z ! correspond+ colors 9 ! pap]s ( ! brok5 scales1 b n exactly ! same 9 tone4 ,eng9e ,color$ ,pap]s4 ,^? pap]s :i* are t]m$ ,eng9e ,color$ ,pap]s are s nam$ f ! process ( manufacture z di/+ui%$ f coat$ pap]s :i* comprise ! fir/ ?ree sections ( ! book4 ,9 coat$ pap]s a :ite pap] is cov]$ ) a coat+ ( color$ pigm5t fix$ ) a small am\nt ( :ite gum1 gelat9e or glue1 & 9 ?is way ! pure color ( ! pigm5t is obta9$4 ,9 ! eng9e color$ pap]s ! color is mix$ ) ! pap] pulp 9 ! process ( mak+ ! pap]4 ,9 a pap] mill ! tub or vat 9 :i* ! pulp is kept /irr$ up & p]fectly mix$ is call$ ! eng9e1 & h5ce ?is te*nical t]m has be5 appli$ to su* pap]s z are color$ 9 ! pulp4 ,9 ?is class ( pap]s bo? sides are alike1 & = ?is reason 9 "s ( ! fold+ ex]cises ^! pap]s are pref]r$1 also because !y are ?9n] & t\gh]4 ,h]et(ore1 x has be5 impossible to obta9 eng9e color$ pap]s 9 families or scales1 b 9 ?is assortm5t ! numb]s f "o to six1 furni% six scales ( ?ree tones ea*1 compris+ ! normal tones ) t9ts & %ades4 ,foll[+ ^! f sev5 to sixte5 are a collection ( unclassifi$ colors includ+ grays :i* are mu* us$4 ,all ^! c be analyz$ & classifi$ by ! color :eel4 ,black & :ite complete ?is class4 ,x is impossible to make any close approximation to a black 9 ?is class ( pap]s1 z :5 !y are comp>$ ) ! coat$ blacks ! result is a v gray black1 or v d>k gray4 ,all ! colors 9 ^! pap]s f ,no4 #a ,a to ,no4 #ac are q light brok5 spectrum colors1 b less brok5 ?an ! coat$ pap]s designat$ z brok5 spectrum colors4 ,:ile great c>e has be5 be/[$ on ! orig9al selection ( ! colors ( all ^! above-describ$ pap]s & e ef=t is con/antly ex]cis$ to keep !m ! same f ye> to ye>1 ! subject is mat]ially complicat$ by ! gu>antee requir$ ( ! manufactur]s t no ars5ic colors %all be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( any ( ! pap]s4 ,?is gu>antee is /rictly insi/$ on1 because1 :ile ! writ] has nev] be5 able to le>n ( any au!ntic case :]e a *ild has be5 injur$ by ! use ( plat$ or glaz$ pap]s1 he believes t ! op9ions ( p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld be respect$ 9 ! matt]1 al?\gh ! ars5ic colors are (t5 ! mo/ p]man5t & ! anil9e sub/itutes :i* are necess>ily us$ belong to a class :i* is ! mo/ fugitive ( all colors4 ,! l9e ( color$ pap]s n[ 9 use is ! result ( _m exp]im5ts on ! "p ( ! writ] & c>eful te/s by exp]i5c$ tea*]s = sev]al ye>s1 & 9 its pres5t condition af=ds b small indication ( ! "t & c>e :i* has be5 exp5d$ on x4 ,?is has be5 inevitable1 because ! peculi> sy/em on :i* ! colors are bas$ has be5 "o ( gr[? & ! pap]s h be5 design$ to af=d ! necess>y mat]ial colors = ?is special s*eme ( in/ruction4 ,9 prep>+ ! t9ts & %ades 9 ! pap]s _m exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! true effect ( light & %ad[ on ea* normal color1 & !n to imitate ^! effects 9 ! pap]s4 ,all ?is is indep5d5t ( ! pr(essional tricks :i* arti/s use to height5 _! effects1 "s ( :i* are legitimate1 :ile o!rs may be que/ionable on s\nd pr9ciples4 ,x is a common habit ) arti/s to introduce v w>m effects into all sunlight by ! use ( orange or yell[ 9 ! w>m colors4 ,?is extreme t5d5cy has be5 int5tionally avoid$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! pap]s1 h[ev] desirable or all[able x may be consid]$ 9 height5+ effects4 ,s also 9 ! %ades z 9 ! t9ts1 ! aim has be5 to keep all ! tones ( "o color 9 ! same scale1 ev5 ?\gh arti/s (t5 run ! v>i\s tones ( ! same piece ( color into two or ?ree analog\s scales4 ,x is ! object ( color education to tra9 ! eye to see color :]ev] or h[ev] x may be produc$1 ei!r by actual color reflection or contra/$ effects1 & 9 ord] t ^! effects may be und]/ood z expla9$ "u ,simultane\s ,contra/s x is necess>y t ! prep>$ mat]ial be tru?ful to nature1 ! m s because ^! effects are sometimes greatly exagg]at$ by arti/s4 ,wat] ,colors4 ,:5 ! subject ( color 0 introduc$ into ! curriculum ( ! common s*ools ( ?is c\ntry1 ! use ( pa9ts 0 a novelty4 ,s little 0 kn[n reg>d+ ! possibilities ( wat] colors z a means ( education1 t ! tea*]s may be excus$ = hav+ _h grave d\bts ab\t ! practicability ( ! s*eme4 ,v few tea*]s 9 ! l[] grades ( s*ools _h receiv$ at t "t any def9ite in/ruction 9 ! h>monies ( colors or ! manipulation ( pigm5ts2 & :at little ?\ght _h be5 giv5 to ! subject 0 bas$ on ! ?ree-color !ory ( ,brew/]1 :i* 0 ! only "o available at t "t4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ ye>s mu* has be5 done to make entirely feasible ! introduction into s*ool & k9d]g>t5 ( ?is pleas+ & educat+ occupation4 ,color /&>ds h be5 adopt$1 :i* are no?+ less ?an selections f ! sol> spectrum itself1 & ! manufacture ( pigm5ts has improv$ s mu* t x may almo/ be said to be a new indu/ry4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 also1 color in/ruction is n[ giv5 an important place1 s t ! k9d]g>tn] & prim>y tea*] c give ! att5tion t x des]ves to a subject :i* is s int]wov5 ) all t is beautiful 9 ! mat]ial _w ar\nd u4 ,pass+ f "o =m ( color "w to ano!r1 x is exce$+ly important t *ildr5 ( any grade %\ld f9d ! same pr9ciples obta9+ 9 ea* /ep ( ! way1 & also t ! k ga9$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! "w %\ld be available 9 ! high] =ms4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( color in/ruction z x is n[ f\nd 9 ! be/ s*ools1 & ! pr9cipal reason :y wat] colors are s mu* bett] adapt$ to use 9 ! s*ools to-day ?an 9 =m] ye>s1 is because pa9ts are n[ made to correspond 9 color ) ! /&>ds ) :i* ! *ildr5 h become famili> 9 ! color$ pap]s & o!r mat]ial ( ! k9d]g>t54 ,at pres5t x is g5]ally conc$$ t ^! six colors1 ,r$1 ,orange1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue & ,violet1 :i* /& out s prom95tly 9 ! sol> spectrum1 are pre-em95tly adapt$ to s]ve z /&>ds & z ! basis ( an alphabet ( color4 ,!re %\ld1 !re=e1 be no "q z to ! adoption ( ^! same colors z ! palette ( pa9ts = ! e>lie/ color "w1 ev5 ) ! babes 9 ! k9d]g>t51 :5 any?+ beyond ! color$ pap]s & ! usual k9d]g>t5 occupations is want$4 ,n v long ago x 0 ! practice to give ! *ild a box ( colors & let him pa9t at r&om )\t any def9ite in/ruction z to ! relation :i* ea* color %\ld be> to ! o!rs4 ,9 fact1 ) ! usual *eap box ( pa9ts !n 9 ! m>ket !re 0 no decid$ correlation ( ! colors nor any educational selection1 bo? ( :i* we h to-day4 ,wat] colors are n[ furni%$ :i* s closely approa* ! /&>ds ( ! color$ pap]s t !y are ( ! greate/ assi/ance 9 develop+ ! /hetic ta/e & judgm5t ( ! pupils1 & x is rem>kable h[ e>ly 9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 pa9ts c be us$ ) advantage4 ,9 "s ( ! previ\s pages ( ?is book we h treat$ ( ! false !ory ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :o suppos$ t !re 7 ?ree prim>y colors 9 ! sol> spectrum & t all ! o!r colors 7 produc$ by ! ov]lapp+ or mix+ ( ^! 9 pairs4 ,?is error1 be+ appli$ to pigm5ts1 has work$ mu* h>m & has greatly ret>d$ ! progress ( color /udy4 ,ev5 n[ "s tea*]s recomm5d ! use ( ! r$1 yell[ & blue palette on ! gr\nd ( simplicity & economy4 ,all ! rec5t sci5tific writ]s on color treat ?is ?ree-color s*eme z already explod$1 because ! simple/ z well z ! mo/ complex exp]im5ts ) color$ light prove its falsity4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact t yell[ & blue1 :i* ) light make v ne>ly :ite1 d 9 ! mixture ( pigm5ts produce a gre51 has deceiv$ _m p]sons4 ,b ! be/ gre5 t c be s procur$ is a v brok5 color & n to be successfully comp>$ ) ! beautiful & brilliant gre5 ( ! spectrum4 ,:y !n1 %\ld we n h 9 our pa9ts imitations ( ! sol> gre51 orange & violet z well z ! r$1 yell[ & blue8 ,x is n well to sacrifice s mu* = alleg$ simplicity1 & z = economy1 x w take b a mom5t's reflection to see t x w\ld take no m pa9t to cov] a giv5 surface ) six colors ?an ) ?ree4 ,oil colors1 ( c\rse1 are out ( ! "q & pa/els almo/ equally s1 = al?\gh full colors may be produc$ 9 bo? ^! m$iums1 !y are n suit$ to ! use ( "y *ildr51 & at be/ are nei!r neat nor conv5i5t1 :ile color$ p5cils are n suffici5tly satisfactory 9 results4 ,!re=e wat] colors seem to be bett] adapt$ to prim>y "w ?an any o!r pigm5t>y mat]ial4 ,( necessity ! pupil mu/ lat] be able to recognize any pigm5t he may meet & to classify x accord+ to its color value & also to give x a def9ite "n1 o!r ?an ! "o by :i* x is sold4 ,m ?an "o pr(essional arti/ has already work$ successfully f nature 9 oil colors ) a palette consi/+ ( only close approximations to ! six /&>d colors ) :ite & a few grays4 ,a p]son ^: color p]ception has be5 tra9$ by ! use ( ! color disk 9 six /&>d colors ) color$ pap]s to correspond1 w und\bt$ly be able to m tru?fully reproduce ! colors :i* he sees 9 nature1 on ! canvas or pap] by means ( su* a palette ?an if he _h be5 taught by any o!r sy/em & us$ ! ord9>y pigm5ts4 ,color ,bl9dness4 ,! subject ( color bl9dness has receiv$ mu* att5tion because ( its practical importance 9 ! affairs ( our daily lives4 ,! use ( color$ lights z signals on %ips & railroads has necessitat$ v /rict regulations reg>d+ ! employm5t ( p]sons ^: color vision is defective1 & !re=e 9 "s /ates speciali/s h be5 employ$ by ! /ate au?orities to exam9e f "t to "t ! s*ool *ildr5 reg>d+ _! p]ception ( colors4 ,possibly ?is condition ( ?+s may n at pres5t be consid]$ a s]i\s reflection on ! me?ods ( color in/ruction1 or lack ( su* in/ruction 9 our s*ools because x has become s common z to attract little att5tion4 ,b if x 7 necess>y = ! same c\rse to be pursu$ 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( our public education t fact w\ld n fail to occasion v uncomplim5t>y rem>ks reg>d+ ! me?ods employ$4 ,= example1 if a /ate (ficial 7 necess>y to det]m9e :e!r pupils are deaf or n aft] !y h be5 ?r\gh our gramm> s*ools1 & prelim9>y to accept+ positions ( responsibility1 x w\ld seem t some?+ 0 wrong1 & yet aft] a *ild has _h in/ruction 9 color accord+ to a logical sy/em !re %\ld be no m necessity = an exam9ation reg>d+ 8 ability to prop]ly di/+ui% colors ?an !re %\ld reg>d+ 8 ability to he>4 ,color bl9dness has q g5]ally be5 divid$ into ?ree classes1 r$1 gre51 & violet bl9dness1 ^? afflict$ ) r$ bl9dness be+ mo/ num]\s1 & ! cases ( violet bl9dness be+ v r>e1 if inde$ !re are any :i* may prop]ly be s call$4 ,?is classification1 kn[n z ! ,holmgr5 sy/em1 seems to h be5 bas$ on ! ,"y-,helmholtz !ory t all color p]ceptions are ! result ( ?ree prim>y effects 9 ! eye1 namely1 r$1 gre5 & violet1 r ?an on any analytical classification ( actual exp]im5ts conc]n+ color bl9dness4 ,color te/s %\ld be s arrang$ z to detect ei!r a defect 9 ! bra9 :i* r5d]s x difficult = ! pupil to rememb] ! names ( ! sev]al colors1 or 9 ! eye1 by :i* he _c see a diff]5ce betwe5 two dissimil> colors4 ,a p]son totally color bl9d w\ld see 9 ! sol> spectrum a b& ( gray 9 v>i\s tones1 & h5ce if a r$ & a gre5 %\ld seem to be ( ! same tone ( gray he w\ld call bo? ei!r r$ or gre51 & aft] mu* exp]i5ce w\ld come to give color names to v>i\s tones ( gray4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are exce$+ly r>e1 if 9 fact !y exi/4 ,o!r sci5ti/s & physiologi/s h d\bt$ ! tru? ( ! claims made by bo? ,holmgr5 & ,helmholtz1 & "s h made ext5d$ exp]im5ts reg>d+ color bl9dness :i* seem to oppose ! ,holmgr5 !ory4 ,9 view ( ^! conditions x does n seem necess>y = a tea*] 9 ! elem5t>y grades to attempt to grasp ! situation v fully1 & mu* less to aid 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,v =tunately ?is is unnecess>y1 because 9 all ! sci5tific te/s propos$ = adults no?+ is accompli%$ :i* any prim>y s*ool tea*] w n be easily able to det]m9e dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s ( ord9>y s*ool "w1 if ! mod]n sy/em ( color in/ruction is pursu$4 ,!re is no bett] mat]ial ?an color$ pap]s = te/+ ! color p]ceptions1 & ! ex]cises ( select+1 mat*+ & arrang+ ! spectrum colors by means ( ! small color tablets g5]ally 9 use 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( s*ool are ! v be/ t c be devis$ )\t reg>d to any ( ! ab/ract !ories conc]n+ ei!r ! cause or ! possible classification ( color bl9dness4 ,= "s reason ! mo/ common =m ( color bl9dness occasions a confusion betwe5 r$ & gre51 z = example1 we are told1 by "s p1 t 9 pick+ wild /rawb]ries 9 a field ! fruit c be di/+ui%$ f ! leaves & grass only by ! %ape1 & ! gre5 fruit f ! ripe by ! t\* or ta/e4 ,if a tea*] discov]s t a *ild is unable to readily give ! "n ( a color x may n indicate want ( color vision1 b m]ely inability to rememb] names1 & !re=e v>i\s te/s :i* w naturally sugge/ !mselves c be made to aid 9 rea*+ a decision on ?is po9t4 ,%\ld ! results ( ! te/s seem to indicate "s defect 9 color vision1 ! nature ( ! tr\ble %\ld be s\ght & memor&a made f "t to "t = future ref]5ce1 & if ! f9al result %[s a radical lack ( color p]ception ! p>5ts %\ld be in=m$ ( ! fact & a physician consult$4 ,x is probable t ! numb] ( color bl9d wom5 is v mu* less ?an t ( m51 & mu* "t has be5 sp5t 9 debat+ ! matt]1 b "s d\bt rema9s z to :e!r ?is op9ion does n obta9 because ! girls are br\ght s mu* m intimately into relation ) color$ mat]ials 9 select+ _! articles ( dress1 & consequ5tly come to "k ! names ( colors mu* bett]1 & 9 fact enjoy a mu* bett] color education ?an ! m54 ,a m correct decision reg>d+ ?is "q c bett] be rea*$ :5 bo? ! boys & girls receive a sy/ematic color education & _! color s5se is m equally cultivat$4 ,outl9e ( a ,c\rse 9 ,color ,in/ruction4 ,illu/ration ,! c\rse ( color in/ruction sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages is n arbitr>ily divid$ into lessons or ev5 ye>s1 because ! conditions 9 ! city & rural s*ools 9 ! v>i\s /ates ( ?is c\ntry are s v>i$ t no uni=m allotm5t or division ( "t c be sugge/$ :i* w be satisfactory to all4 ,! numb] ( h\rs t c be devot$ to any subject mu/ be det]m9$ by ^? :o prep>e ! s*ool programme & ! progress mu/ be m or less rapid1 ) in/ruction correspond+ly sup]ficial or complete at ea* /age1 accord+ to ! "t all[$1 ! prep>ation ( ! tea*] & ! natural ability ( ! pupils4 ,! tea*+ ( color is usually class$ ) draw+ because bo? relate directly to art1 b inasmu* z color ent]s into our e day exp]i5ces s mu* m l>gely ?an ! graphic arts !re seems to be good reason = tea*+ x v fully :]e little att5tion is giv5 to draw+4 ,e compet5t tea*] c & w become exp]t & ev5 en?usia/ic 9 tea*+ color1 if %e fully und]/&s ! sy/em :i* x is ! object ( ! =ego+ pages to expla94 ,! foll[+ brief outl9e sugge/s ! ord] 9 :i* ! facts conc]n+ color may be pres5t$ & ! mat]ial :i* c be us$ 9 an elem5t>y c\rse1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ prim>y grade pupils1 :o = ! mo/ "p h n _h k9d]g>t5 tra9+4 ,z a "p ( ! mat]ial ! ,bradley ,educational ,color$ ,pap]s1 cut to tablets ea* #a x #b in*es1 are prep>$ & put up 9 f\r small envelopes :i* are enclos$ 9 "o l>g] envelope4 ,on ! l>g] envelope ^! words are pr9t$3 ,! ,bradley ,pap] ,tablets = ,prim>y ,color ,education1 ,selections #a1 #b1 #c1 #d = ,complete ,c\rse4 ,! f\r small envelopes are label$ 9 ?is way3 ,selection ,no4 #a1 eighte5 pieces f ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ! ,normal ,spectrum ,colors4 ,selection ,no4 #b1 =ty pieces f ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,t9t ,no4 #a & ,%ades ,no4 #a1 ) ,:ite1 ,black & ,neutral ,grays4 ,selection ,no4 #c1 =ty-two pieces compris+ complete ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales & ,w>m1 ,cool & ,gre5 ,grays4 ,selection ,no4 #d1 ?irty-six pieces f ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,t9ts ,no4 #b & ,%ades ,no4 #b4 ,! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,,mat]ial4 ,a ,glass ,prism1 ! co/ ( :i* ne$ n exce$ a few c5ts1 z almo/ any lamp or gas p5d5t 9 ! =m ( a prism w s]ve ! purpose4 ,by ! use ( su* a prism a small spectrum c be %[n on ! wall ( any s*oolroom hav+ a sunny exposure dur+ any "p ( ! day4 ,?is spectrum w make pla9 ! fact t sunlight is compos$ ( _m colors4 ,,me?od4 ,%[ to ! pupils ! be/ sol> spectrum t c be produc$ "u ! controll+ conditions4 ,call att5tion to ! six colors1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 & ! ord] ( _! arrangem5t 9 ! spectrum4 ,pres5t ! colors sep>ately z f> z possible1 select+ ! be/ conditions available = ea* "o4 ,pigm5t>y ,spectrum ,colors4 ,,mat]ial4 ,neutral gray or :ite c>d to cov] desk top = a backgr\nd4 ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales4 ,color$ ,pap] ,tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #a1 embrac+ ! six /&>ds & ! int]m$iate spectrum hues1 eighte5 pieces4 ,color ,:eel or ,tops4 ,,me?od4 ,ask ! pupils to sep>ate ! six /&>ds f ! twelve spectrum hues4 ,/&>ds to be arrang$ 9 spectrum ord]4 ,tea* ! names ( ! /&>ds4 ,te/ natural color p]ceptions by ! attempts ( ! pupils to lay ! spectrum 9 ! eighte5 pap]s4 ,expla9 ! int]m$iate hues by ! color disks1 & drill ) ! tablets4 ,cont9ue ! practice ( hav+ ! pupils lay ! entire spectrum ) ! pap]s until x is famili> to !m4 ,,practical ,,occupations4 ,pa/+ simple designs 9 ei!r ( ! six /&>d colors1 on :ite or gray backgr\nd1 ) ready-cut pap]s4 ,m>k+ =ms f tablets & cutt+ & pa/+ !m on backgr\nds4 ,/udy ( ,tones4 ,,mat]ial4 ,fold+ models to %[ light & %ade4 ,crumpl$ sat9s & plu%es4 ,/&>d color disks ) :ite & black1 on :eel or tops4 ,pap] tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #b1 ,t9ts ,no4 #a1 ,%ades ,no4 #a1 ,:ite1 ,black & ,neutral ,grays4 ,,me?od4 ,ask ea* pupil to lay spectrum 9 eighte5 normal colors4 ,lay t9ts & %ades ( ! six /&>ds4 ,h ! *ildr5 complete t9ts & %ades ,no4 #a ( entire spectrum circuit4 ,illu/rate neutral grays by :ite 9 %ad[ ) fold+ model1 also ) :ite & black disks comb9$4 ,beg9 to classify into families ! miscellane\s color mat]ial br\ght by ! pupils4 ,,practical ,,occupations4 ,pa/+ ( ready-cut pap]s 9 /&>d & %ade on a backgr\nd ( ! t9t ( same scale4 ,pa/e designs 9 ?ree tones ( "o scale on :ite or neutral gray backgr\nd4 ,mat weav+ 9 tones ( "o scale4 ,mat weav+ 9 neutral gray & "o or two tones ( "o color4 ,brok5 ,colors4 ,,mat]ial4 ,disks on :eel or top4 ,pap] tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #c4 ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales4 ,,me?od4 ,illu/rate brok5 colors by disk comb9ations4 ,let ! pupils lay pap] tablets to =m ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,scales4 ,comp>e ?is *>t ) ! ,*>t ( ,pure ,scales laid ) ! pap]s4 ,classify+ ( miscellane\s mat]ials ) ref]5ce to pure & brok5 colors4 ,analysis ( samples ( pure & brok5 colors 9 clo?s & fl[]s4 ,,practical ,,occupations4 ,pap] cutt+ & pa/+ to be cont9u$4 ,foll[+ ! brok5 colors 9 ?ree tones :i* =m ! ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,colors1 ! ?ree k9ds ( color$ grays1 w>m1 cool & gre51 may be consid]$ prep>atory to _! use 9 contra/$ effects4 ,complete ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales 9 ,five ,tones4 ,,mat]ial4 ,pap] tablets1 ,selection ,no4 #d4 ,*>t ( ,spectrum ,scales 9 five tones may be introduc$ = obs]vation :5 ! *ildr5 are able to lay x ) _! pap]s4 ,,me?od4 ,cont9ue ! /udy ( tones ) pure spectrum scales 9 five tones1 z 0 done 9 ! fir/ ?ree tones4 ,f ! ,*>t ( ,spectrum ,scales ! /udy & classification ( h>monies c beg9 9 a simple way4 ,f ?is "t on free-h& pap] cutt+ & pa/+ may be introduc$ at pleasure1 employ+ ! color$ pap]s 9 five tones :5 requir$4 ,advanc$ ,/udy ( ,h>monies4 ,by tak+ advantage ( ! in/ruction imp>t$ 9 a c\rse ( color /udy su* z has be5 outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages ! pupil w be able to advance 9 8 ability to p]ceive colors & to make def9ite analyses ( colors 9 natural & manufactur$ mat]ial4 ,9 ?is way ! advanc$ /udy ( h>monies c be greatly facilitat$ s t x w be possible = ! /ud5t to appreh5d & appreciate _m delicate & subtle color effects 9 art & nature nev] be=e imag9$4 ,9 fact ! f\ndation ( color /udy w h be5 laid 9 su* a logical & fasc9at+ mann] t its fur!r advance w be b a pleasure to ! pupil & tea*]1 s t no arbitr>y plan w be necess>y1 because s _m l9es ( "w w sugge/ !mselves to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,wat] ,colors4 ,?is outl9e w\ld n be complete )\t a ref]5ce to wat] colors1 b ?is is n ! place to give def9ite in/ructions z to _! use4 ,k9d]g>tn]s & prim>y tea*]s are n[ g5]ally compet5t to direct ! *ildr5 9 ?is "w1 if !y w avail !mselves ( su* aid z is furni%$ by rec5tly publi%$ books on ! subject4 ,non-poison\s pa9ts1 *eap & /ill ( fair quality1 c n[ be obta9$ 9 /&>d colors & put up 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,! moi/ pa9ts 9 collapsible tubes are ! mo/ conv5i5t z well z ! mo/ economical = s*ool use4 ,?is =m %\ld be accompani$ by a small mix+ palette conta9+ sev]al comp>tm5ts1 :i* c be b\ght at s small a price t ea* pupil c h "o4 ,! pa9t 9 ! tubes c !n be dealt out only z requir$ = ea* day's use4 ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,color ,,in/ruction4 ,:]e ! price is prec$$ by a /> ! article is too l>ge to be s5t by mail4 ,9 o!r cases :]e no po/age is giv5 ! goods are s5t po/paid on receipt ( price4 ,,wat] ,,colors4 ,9 ord]+ x w be necess>y to give only ! numb] ( ! box4 ,no4 ,price #a4 ,an enamel$ box conta9+ eight pans ( semi-moi/ colors1 six ,/&>ds & two ,grays1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#ce #b4 ,an enamel$ box conta9+ t5 pans semi-moi/ colors1 six ,/&>ds1 ,black1 ,:ite1 ,cool ,gray & ,w>m ,gray1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#ej #c4 ,same box z above1 conta9+ five pans semi-moi/ colors4 ,r$1 two ,yell[s1 ,blue & ,gray1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#cj #d4 ,enamel$ box conta9+ f\r pans semi-moi/ colors1 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,blue & ,gray1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#bj #e4 ,same z above1 ,r$1 two ,yell[s & ,blue1 p] box 4#bj #f4 ,a decorat$ box conta9+ eight cakes ( dry colors1 six ,/&>ds & two ,grays1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#be #g4 ,a decorat$ box conta9+ f\r l>ge cakes ( dry colors4 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,blue & ,gray1 "o bru%1 p] box 4#bj #h4 ,same box z above4 ,r$1 two ,yell[s & ,blue1 two bru%es1 p] box 4#bj #i4 ,n9e tubes moi/ colors 9 /rong pap] box4 ,six ,/&>ds1 ,w>m ,gray1 ,cool ,gray & ,black1 p] set 4#ij #aj4 ,photograph ,colors4 ,a box ( eight colors1 ! six ,/&>ds & a ,*9ese ,:ite & a ,br[n1 ) "o bru%4 ,^! colors are expressly prep>$ = color+ photographs1 half tone pr9ts1 maps1 etc4 4#be ,bradley's ,s*ool ,colors1 moi/ 9 ,tubes4 ,! mo/ economical =m = s*ool use4 ,^! colors are s prep>$ t !y rema9 moi/ out ( ! tube4 ,! set comprises ! foll[+ colors3 ,po/age ,c>m9e1 ,crimson ,lake1 ,v]milion1 ,gamboge1 ,*9ese ,yell[1 ,hook]'s ,gre51 ,no4 ,i1 ,hook]'s ,gre51 ,no4 ,,ii1 ,ultram>9e1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,sepia1 ,w>m ,sepia1 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,payne's ,gray1 ,ivory ,black1 ,*9ese ,:ite & ! six ,/&>ds1 ) ,w>m1 ,cool & ,neutral ,gray1 ,black & ,:ite1 p] tube 4#aj ,little ,arti/'s ,complete ,outfit1 compris+ a ,mix+ ,palette ) its sev5 comp>tm5ts fill$ ) semi-moi/ colors & a bru%1 ! :ole enclos$ 9 a /rong c>dbo>d case 4#ae 4#jc ,,accessories4 ,/&>d ,mix+ ,palette1 ) sev5 comp>tm5ts = pa9ts & two = mix+4 ,almo/ indisp5sable 9 us+ tube colors4 ,extra deep1 p] doz4 4#fj 4#be ,wat] ,cups4 ,an enamel$ metal cup1 practically inde/ructible1 p] doz4 4#fj 4#ac ,camel's ,hair ,bru%es1 ,quill1 p] doz4 4#cj 4#jb ,camel's ,hair ,bru%es1 ,long ,h&les1 p] doz4 4#fj 4#jc ,japanese ,s*ool ,bru%es1 p] doz4 4#fj 4#je ,arti/s' ,camel ,hair ,bru%es1 ,no4 #f1 ,wood5 ,h&les1 p] doz4 4#ge 4#jc ,milton ,bradley ,co4's ,wat] ,color ,pads--,made ( extra quality pap] = wat] color "w4 ,no4 #a1 ,pad ( #ej %eets1 #fi1 ea* 4#aj 4#ji ,no4 #b1 ,pad ( #be %eets1 #iab1 ea* 4#aj 4#aj ,,app>atus4 ,high ,s*ool ,color ,:eel1 ) ,disks 9 box 99#aj4jj ,"o set ( ,disks = above1 9 box 99#b4jj ,prim>y ,s*ool ,color ,:eel1 ) ,disks 99#c4jj ,"o set ( ,disks = above 9 portfolio 4#ge 4#jf ,color ,top1 by mail1 ea* 4#jf ,color ,top1 by mail1 p] doz4 4#ej ,no4 #a ,prism1 at buy]'s risk 4#aj ,no4 #b ,prism1 at buy]'s risk 4#ae ,no4 #c ,prism1 at buy]'s risk 4#cj ,ra9y ,day ,spectrum1 made f color$ pap]s1 m\nt$ on c>dbo>d1 "o in* by #ac1 ea* 4#aj 4#jd ,l>ge ,spectrum1 #e by #cj in*es1 m\nt$ on clo?1 ea* 4#be 4#jd ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,no4 #a ,x1 on c>dbo>d1 #ix#bd in*es1 h+$ & fold$4 ,n9ety pap]s "o in* squ>e1 ea* 4#ej 4#aj ,*>t ( ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,no4 #b ,x4 ,size1 #abx#dh1 fold$ & h+$4 ,n9ety pap]s two in*es squ>e1 ea* 4#ge 4#ae ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales1 ,no4 #a4 ,size1 #ix#ab in*es1 ) pap] #a-a_/b in*es squ>e1 compris+ twelve scales ( ?ree tones ea* 4#ej 4#aj ,*>t ( ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales1 ,no4 #b4 ,size1 #abx#dh in*es1 ) ! same pap]s z ,no4 #a1 ?ree in*es squ>e1 ea* 4#ge 4#ae ,*>t ( ,complem5t>y ,colors4 ,on c>dbo>d #ah in*es squ>e1 ea* 994#ej ,/&>d ,color ,*>t4 ,on two c>ds #aax#bh in*es1 h+$ & eyelet$ = hang+4 ,?is is a comb9ation *>t compris+ ,spectrum ,/&>ds1 ,pure ,spectrum ,scales1 ,complem5t>y ,contra/s1 ,brok5 ,spectrum ,scales1 & ,grays4 ,pr9t$ sugge/ions = us+ ! *>ts on ! back1 ea* #a4be 4#ae ,,books ,,on ,,color4 ,wat] ,colors 9 ! ,s*oolroom1 by ,milton ,bradley1 bo>ds 4#be ,a new book ( practical sugge/ions1 valuable to e "o :o w\ld und]take to tea* ! use ( wat] colors4 ,elem5t>y color1 by ,milton ,bradley1 clo? 4#ge ,gives ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ,bradley ,sy/em is bas$ & an explanation ( ! use ( ! ,glass ,prism1 ,color ,:eel1 ,maxwell ,disks1 ,color ,top1 ,color$ ,pap]s1 ,color ,*>ts & ,wat] ,colors4 ,! ,little ,arti/ by ,m>ion ,mack5zie1 clo? 4#ge 4#ae ,a practical book ( wat] color "w = *ildr51 ) #ab beautiful1 color$ plates4 ,size ( book1 #ab by #ad in*es4 ,color 9 ! ,k9d]g>t51 by ,milton ,bradley1 pap] cov]s 4#be ,a manual ( ! !ory ( color & ! use ( color mat]ial 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,a ,class ,book ( ,color1 by ,pr(4 ,m>k ,m4 ,maycock4 ,tea*]s' ,edition1 clo? #a4jj ,pupils' ,edition1 bo>ds 4#ej ,a v complete tea*]s' h&book 9 color4 ,practical ,color ,"w1 by ,hel5a ,p4 ,*ace1 pap] 4#be ,a h&book = ! educational use ( color$ pap]s 9 tea*+ color 9 prim>y & ungrad$ s*ools4 ,! ,color ,prim]1 by ,milton ,bradley1 pap]4 ,tea*]s' ,edition1 #hj pages 4#aj ,pupils' ,edition1 #bd pages 4#je ,simple & direct tea*+s4 ,,miscellane\s ,,mat]ial4 ,pap] ,tablets1 ,set ,no4 #a1 #ax#b 94 4#jb ,pap] ,tablets1 ,set ,no4 #b1 #ax#b 94 4#jb ,pap] ,tablets1 ,set ,no4 #c1 #ax#b 94 4#jc ,pap] ,tablets1 ,set ,no4 #d1 #ax#b 94 4#jd ,sample ,book1 "o by f\r in*es1 conta9+ ! full assortm5t 4#je 4#ja ,package1 #dx#d pap]s1 #ajj pieces 4#bj 4#jd ,package1 #ex#e pap]s1 #ajj pieces 4#cj 4#je ,fun1 ,physics & ,psy*ology 9 ,color4 ,a box ( mat]ial = simple exp]im5t1 ea* 4#be 4#jg ,complem5t>y ,color ,contra/s4 ,a box ( l>ge mat]ial = popul> exp]im5ts 9 color vision1 ea* 4#ge 4#bj ,! ,dunn & ,curtis ,illu/rative ,sew+ ,c>ds1 9 color4 ,two sets3 ,a4 ,lit]ature ,illu/ration4 ,b4 ,c>ds = ,special ,occasions4 ,set ( eight c>ds 4#be ,doz5 ( any ,design 4#dj ,,milton ,,bradley ,,company1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text has be5 enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,bold text has be5 enclos$ 9 doll> signs4