,transcriber's ,note3 ,every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible1 including some inconsistencies in hyphenation4 ,some changes of spelling and punctuation have been made4 ,they are listed at the end of the text4 ,italic text has been marked with underscores4 ,,the ,,pyrotechnist',s ,,treasury4 ,the ,secret ,out ,series4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth extra1 profusely ,illustrated1 price #ds4 #f;d4 each4 ,art of ,amusing4 ,a ,collection of ,graceful ,arts1 ,games1 ,tricks1 ,puzzles1 and ,charades1 intended to amuse everybody4 ,by ,,frank ,,bellew4 ,with nearly #cjj ,illustrations4 ,hanky-,panky4 ,a ,wonderful ,book of ,very ,easy ,tricks1 ,very ,difficult ,tricks1 ,white ,magic1 ,sleight of ,hand2 in fact1 all those startling ,deceptions which the ,great ,wizards call ,hanky-,panky4 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with nearly #bjj ,illustrations4 ,magician's ,own ,book4 ,ample ,instructions for ,performances with ,cups and ,balls1 ,eggs1 ,hats1 ,handkerchiefs1 c4 ,all from actual experience4 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with #bjj ,illustrations4 ,magic ,no ,mystery3 ,tricks with ,cards1 ,dice1 ,balls1 c41 with fully descriptive working directions2 ,how to train ,performing ,animals2 the art of ,secret ,writing1 c4 ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,merry ,circle 7,the71 and ,how the ,visitors were ,entertained during ,twelve ,pleasant ,evenings4 ,a ,book of ,new ,intellectual ,games and ,amusements4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,,clara ,,bellew4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,secret ,out2 or1 ,one ,thousand ,tricks with ,cards1 and other ,recreations2 with ,entertaining ,experiments in ,drawing ,room or ,white ,magic4 ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,cremer4 ,with #cjj ,engravings4 ,the above ,series of ,books contain ,explanations of all the most startling feats of legerdemain performed by the celebrated ,prestidigitateurs1 ,robert ,houdin1 ,frikell1 ,dr4 ,lynn1 ,professor ,anderson1 and others4 ,,chatto ,,windus1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4 ,,the ,,pyrotechnist',s ,,treasury2 ,,or1 ,,complete ,,art ,,of ,,making ,,fireworks4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,kentish4 ,illustration ,flammas ,jovis1 et sonitus imitatur ,olympi4 ,,virgil1 n4 vi4 #ehf4 ,london3 ,,chatto ,,windus1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahgh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,,ogden ,,and ,,co41 #agb1 ,,st4 ,,john ,,street1 ,e4,c4 ,,preface4 ,until within the last few years there was scarcely any work in ,english1 that ,i am aware of1 on the subject of ,pyrotechny1 worth reading1 with the exception of an ,article in ,brewster's ,cyclopdia1 by ,mac,culloch2 and this1 besides being accessible to only a few1 having been published in #ahcj1 made no mention of colours1 which form the most beautiful part of the art4 ,in the first year of the present century a treatise was written by a ,captain ,jones1 which has been copied1 in whole or in part1 into almost every work since published4 ,the greater portion of it is absurd and impracticable1 and shows that it was written by a person who undertook to teach what he had not learnt4 ,the first work of any real utility that came under my notice was a series of papers by ,practicus4 ,this was soon followed by another1 varied by the new chemical nomenclature4 ,the subject is far from being treated exhaustively in either of these works1 so that ,i trust the reader will find in the following pages a fund of information1 both in the repertory of recipes and the methods of manipulation4 ,to ,chertier belongs the great improvement in colours4 ,he was1 as ,i was informed by the late ,mr4 ,southby1 who knew him personally1 and who derived much information from him while in ,paris1 a retired ,french ,artillery ,officer1 who made colours his study and theme4 ,his ,new ,researches1 published in #ahef1 nearly thirty years after his first pamphlet1 is an excellent work1 that leaves little to be desired in the way of colours4 ,gunpowder attracted but little of his attention4 ,tessier1 of ,paris1 has written1 since1 his ,pyrotechnic ,chemistry1 and a new edition of the ,firework-,maker1 by ,hutstein and ,websky1 was published three or four years ago at ,breslau4 ,i have neglected none of these sources of information1 but do not know that ,i have been able to learn much from them with which ,i was not previously acquainted4 ,gibbon's ,artillerist's ,manual1 and ,benton's ,ordnance and ,gunnery1 published at ,new ,york1 have furnished me with a hint or two2 also ,owen's ,practice of ,modern ,artillery1 ,scoffern's ,projectile ,weapons of ,war1 and his ,new ,resources of ,warfare2 but as all these works are on ,military ,pyrotechny1 they have not been available to any great extent4 ,i mention their names1 that anyone desirous of a knowledge of ,rockets and ,shells1 as instruments of destruction1 may know the books from which to gain the information4 ,it is possible that1 as ,chemistry advances1 a few new substances may be discovered2 meanwhile1 nearly every shade of colour may already be produced4 ,the extensive use of these colours1 from their beauty and variety1 for stars and lancework1 has very materially altered the class of fireworks1 and necessitates the employment of an enormous quantity of quick-match4 ,the preparation of this is one of the most disagreeable parts of ,pyrotechny1 besides demanding a great amount of manipulative skill4 ,most amateurs are deterred from attempting to manufacture it1 and so have to content themselves with only the simplest pieces4 ,i have1 therefore1 set myself sedulously to work to devise a different plan of preparing it2 and have succeeded--not till after many years1 however1 and numerous failures1 simple as it now seems--in discovering a process of producing a splendid and perfect match1 that leaves nothing to be desired2 which is easy and expeditious1 and does not even soil the hands4 ,amateurs will now find no trouble in making any pieces they may desire4 ,dangerous chemicals1 that might produce spontaneous combustion1 have been rigidly excluded2 the fullest information throughout has been furnished for preparing the mixtures with safety2 the mode of projecting balloons1 and the manner of constructing steelyard scales1 and every kind of tool used in the art1 has been added2 and no pains have been spared to make the work as complete and comprehensive as possible4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may say that ,i have had thirty-five years' experience2 and there is nothing ,i have not tried repeatedly3 the reader may1 therefore1 place the greatest confidence in everything recommended4 ,he has only to imitate to succeed4 ,t4 ,k4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,roman ,,candles3 ,to ,make a #e_/h ,roman ,candle #a ,to ,make a ,roman ,candle ,star #e ,to ,damp ,stars #g ,to ,make ,lac ,solution #i ,to ,make ,wax ,solution #aj ,to ,make ,stearine ,solution #aj ,to ,make ,gum ,solution #aa ,to ,make ,dextrine ,solution #aa ,to ,make ,paste #ac ,roman ,candle ,scoops #ae ,to ,charge ,roman ,candle ,cases #ai ,to ,make ,touchpaper #bc ,to ,make ,slowmatch #bd ,to ,make ,quickmatch #bd ,a ,new ,method #bf ,,rockets3 ,to ,make a #f_/h ,rocket #cd ,to ,charge ,rocket ,cases #ci ,rocket ,stars #ec ,to ,make ,cut ,stars #ed ,dry ,pill-box ,stars #ed ,to ,fill the ,boxes with ,dry ,colour #ef ,another ,way #ef ,bottomless ,pill-boxes #eg ,enveloped ,stars #eh ,rocket ,heads #ei ,,wheel ,,and ,,fixed ,,cases #ff ,,gerbes #fi ,,flower ,,pots #gb ,,port ,,fires ,,and ,,shell ,,fuses #gc ,,tourbillions3 ,to ,make a ,tourbillion #ge ,,saxons #ha ,,five ,,pointed ,,stars #hc ,,squibs #hd ,,serpents #ij ,,pinwheels #ia ,,crackers3 ,to ,make a ,cracker #ih ,leader ,pipes #ajc ,,maroons3 ,to ,make a ,maroon #aje ,another ,method #ajf ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,rains #ajg ,,peacock',s ,,plumes #ajh ,,saucissons #aji ,,pearl ,,streamers #aaa ,,blue ,,lights ,,and ,,star ,,candles1 ,,or ,,star ,,lights #aaa ,,prince ,,of ,,wales' ,,feathers #aab ,,lances3 ,to ,make a ,lance #aab ,to ,form a ,device1 or ,design #aae ,to ,preserve ,steel ,filings1 or ,cast-iron ,borings #aaf ,,shells3 ,to ,make the ,shells #aai ,,cylindrical ,,shells #abe ,,asteroid ,,rockets #aca ,,compound ,,fireworks3 #ace ,to ,fire a ,girandole of #ajj ,rockets at once #aec ,,tools #aed ,,to ,,construct ,a ,,steelyard ,,scale #aee ,,montgolfier ,,balloons3 ,to ,cut the ,gores #afa ,to ,join the ,halves ,together #afa ,to ,paste ,two ,gores ,together #afa ,to ,paste the ,pairs ,together #afb ,to ,make the ,last ,joining #afb ,to ,wire the ,balloon #afc ,,winged ,,rockets3 ,to ,make ,winged ,rockets #afh ,to ,construct a ,slot-,tube1 or ,rocket-,guide #agj ,,list ,,of ,,prices #agb ,,concluding ,,remarks #agc ,,fuses3 ,roman ,candle #ahe ,rocket #ahe ,bursting ,fire #ahe ,starting ,fire #ahe ,wheel and ,fixed ,case #ahf ,squib and ,serpent #ahf ,pinwheel #ahf ,saxon #ahg ,five-,pointed ,star #ahg ,spur-,fire1 for ,flower-,pots and ,star-,candles #ahg ,tourbillion #ahg ,bengal ,light #ahh ,blue ,light #ahh ,wasp ,light #ahh ,portfire #ahh ,shell ,fuse #ahh ,gerbe #ahh ,tailed1 ,streamer1 or ,comet ,stars1 for ,rockets1 ,shells1 and ,roman ,candles #ahi ,oiled ,tailed ,stars for ,rockets and ,shells #ahi ,steel ,stars for ,rockets and ,shells #aij ,pearl ,streamer #aij ,gold ,rain #aij ,silver ,rain #aia ,white or ,bright ,stars and ,lances #aia ,sugar ,blues for ,stars and ,lances #aia ,blue ,stars and ,lances without ,sugar #aib ,crimson and ,scarlet ,stars and ,lances #aic ,green or ,emerald ,stars and ,lances #aid ,deep and ,pale ,yellow ,stars and ,lances #aie ,mauve and ,lilac ,stars and ,lances #aif ,purple and ,violet ,stars and ,lances #aif ,magnesium ,colours for ,stars and ,lances #aig ,slow ,fires1 to be ,heaped upon a ,tile in the shape of a ,cone1 and ,lit at the ,top #aig ,,the ,,pyrotechnist',s ,,treasury4 ,,roman ,,candles4 ,,to ,,make ,a #e_/h ,,roman ,,candle4 ,procure a straight piece of brass tube1 #f_/h of an inch external diameter1 and #af-a_/b inches long4 ,saw or file off a piece1 #a-a_/b inch long1 fig4 #a4 ,this is for the star former1 and is drawn of the correct size4 ,in the other piece1 of #ae inches1 fix a handle1 as shown1 in diminutive1 in fig4 #g4 ,this is for the case former4 ,it should be filed smooth at the end4 ,take another piece of brass tube 7#d-a_/b7_/h or #i_/af of an inch external diameter1 and about #af-a_/b inches long4 ,in this also fix a handle1 or fix it into a handle1 fig4 #d4 ,invert it1 and set it upright in a flower-pot1 filled with sand or loose mould4 ,melt some lead in a ladle1 and pour it slowly into the tube1 leaving room for the air to escape up the side1 till it is full4 ,if the lead is poured in rapidly1 the confined air1 expanding1 jerks the metal up1 and may cause serious injury4 ,a pound or more of lead will be required4 ,when cold1 drive the end of the lead in with a hammer1 and file it smooth4 ,this is for a rammer4 ,take a piece of deal1 fig4 #f1 about #ab inches long1 #f broad1 and #c_/d thick2 and1 on the top1 screw a handle1 like one on a copper-lid1 or black-lead brush4 ,this is for a rolling-board4 ,an iron door-handle would serve1 and may be obtained at any ironmonger's1 for about #b;d4 or #c;d4 ,a wooden one1 however1 about an inch thick1 not cylindrical1 but slightly flat1 and rounded at the edges1 is preferable1 as it gives more purchase for the hand4 ,cut a piece of tin1 or zinc1 or thin board1 into the shape of fig4 #h1 in which the distance between the arms a and b1 across the dotted line1 shall be #g_/h of an inch4 ,this is for a gauge1 with which to measure the external diameter of the case4 ,write upon it1 #g_/h space4 ,procure some #fj lb41 #gj lb41 or #hd lb4 imperial brown paper3 the size of a sheet will be #bi inches by #bb-a_/b4 ,cut a sheet into #d equal parts1 each #ad-a_/b by #aa-a_/d3 paste the #d pieces on one side1 and lay them one on another1 with the pasted face upwards1 putting the fourth piece with the pasted side downwards1 upon the pasted side of the third piece4 ,turn them over3 take off the now top piece1 and lay it flat on the near edge of a table1 pasted side upwards4 ,take the former1 fig4 #g1 and paste the tube all over4 ,lay it along the edge of the paper1 bend the paper over with the fingers of both hands1 and roll it tightly up1 until the external diameter of the case about fits the gauge1 fig4 #h4 ,if the paper should be too long1 of course a piece must be cut off2 if it should not be long enough1 more must be added1 taking care to bind in the second piece with #c or #d inches of the first piece2 for if the whole of the first piece be rolled up before beginning the second1 the latter1 when dry1 will probably slip off1 and spoil the case4 ,the case having been rolled up1 take the handle of the former in the left hand1 lay the case flat on the near side of the table1 take the rolling-board1 fig4 #f1 in the right hand1 press the front part of it on the case1 and drive it forwards #e or #f times1 like a jack-plane1 letting the handle of the former slip round in the left hand4 ,this will tighten the case1 and render it1 when dry1 as hard as a book-cover4 ,the former must always be pasted1 before rolling a case1 to prevent its sticking4 ,it should1 likewise1 be wiped clean with a damp sponge1 before being laid aside4 ,brass tubes keep clean a much longer time if lacquered4 ,to lacquer them1 clean them with very fine glass-paper2 make them hot by the fire1 till you can just bear them on the back of the hand2 then1 with a camel's-hair pencil1 wash them over with thin lac solution4 ,the cases may be either #ad-a_/b or #aa-a_/d inches long2 but #aa-a_/d is the best1 for when the cases are too long1 the fuse1 as it approaches the bottom1 is apt1 if slow1 to smoke2 if fierce1 to set the top of the case in a flame4 ,if the learner decides upon #aa-a_/d inches1 the former and rammer may each be #b or #c inches shorter4 ,after the first case has been rolled up to fit the gauge1 it may be unrolled1 and the paper measured4 ,future pieces of the same quire of paper can then be cut of the right size at once1 so that the case will fit the gauge without further trouble4 ,a large slab of slate is convenient for rolling upon2 but a smoothly planed board will answer every purpose4 ,when a number of cases are finished1 hitch a piece of flax two or three times round each of them1 and hang them up to dry1 in a place free from draught1 that they may not warp4 ,flax is sold in balls2 the thick yellow1 at #b;d41 is the best4 ,it is named1 indifferently1 flax1 or hemp4 ,it is much used by shoe-makers2 and is sold at the grindery1 or leather shops4 ,two or three thicknesses of this1 waxed1 or drawn through the hand with a little paste1 is very convenient for passing round the necks of small choked cases1 tying cases on wheels1 c4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,roman ,,candle ,,star4 ,take the former1 fig4 #a1 which1 as said before1 is #a-a_/b inch long2 have a cylindrical piece of turned wood1 box1 beech1 or mahogany1 fig4 #b1 about #b inches long1 and of a diameter to just fit easily into fig4 #a4 ,at a point a1 at the distance of about #g_/h of an inch from the end d1 with a bradawl1 or very small gimlet1 or nosebit1 make a hole1 and drive in a piece of brass wire1 to project just so much as to prevent the tube slipping over it4 ,a piece of a brass rivet1 such as used by shoe-makers1 is convenient for the purpose4 ,the part with the head on is best2 a quarter of an inch length will be sufficient1 filed or cut off with the nippers4 ,it is evident that upon inserting fig4 #b into the tube fig4 #a1 a vacant space of #e_/h of an inch will be left at the bottom4 ,fig4 #c is a piece of turned wood1 or1 better still1 of turned brass1 exactly like fig4 #b without the side-pin a4 ,now to pump a star1 insert fig4 #b in fig4 #a2 press the tube into damped composition1 turn it round1 and withdraw it4 ,rest the tube on a flat surface1 insert fig4 #c1 and give it two or three taps with a small mallet1 like fig4 #bf4 ,a convenient size for the mallet is #a-a_/b inch square1 #c inches long1 with a turned handle4 ,the mallet is best made of beech or mahogany4 ,the slight malleting consolidates the star1 and prevents it from getting broken in charging2 it will compress it to about 7#d-a_/b7_/h or #i_/af of an inch in height4 ,push it out and set it by to dry4 ,stars are best made in summer1 and dried in the sunshine2 when dry they should be put into clean pickle-bottles1 furnished with tight-fitting bungs4 ,a piece of wash-leather passed over the bottom of the bung1 gathered up round the sides1 and tied at the top like a choke1 makes a good stopper4 ,shot1 shaken up in bottles1 with water1 soon cleans them4 ,,to ,,damp ,,stars4 ,stars containing nitrate of strontian must be damped1 either with lac solution1 or wax solution2 anything containing water destroys the colour4 ,nitre stars may be damped with gum water1 dextrine solution1 or thin starch4 ,most other stars with either of the solutions4 ,crimsons and greens will mix with boiled linseed oil1 but they cannot then be matched1 as oil renders meal-powder almost uninflammable4 ,with all stars1 not a drop more of the solution should be used than is sufficient to make the composition bind2 and it is advisable not to damp more than half an ounce at a time2 this is particularly the case in using the lac solution1 as it dries rapidly2 and if a large quantity of composition is damped1 and gets dry1 and has to be damped over and over again1 it becomes clogged with the shellac1 and the colour is deteriorated4 ,if it should get dry1 and require a second damping1 it is best to use pure spirit only1 the second time4 ,before mixing compositions1 every article should be as fine as wheaten flour1 and perfectly dry4 ,nitrate of strontian1 if purchased in the lump1 should be set over the fire1 in a pipkin2 it will soon begin to boil in its water of crystallization2 it must be kept stirred with a piece of wood1 till the water is evaporated1 and a fine dry powder left4 ,a pound of crystals will yield about #aa ounces of dry powder1 which should be immediately bottled4 ,even then1 if used in damp weather1 it is best dried again1 and mixed with the other ingredients while warm4 ,this second drying may be in a #f-;inch circular frying-pan4 ,articles1 separately1 may be reduced to powder1 with the pestle1 in a mortar4 ,see that it is wiped clean every time1 as there is danger of ignition with chlorates and sulphurets4 ,when the articles are to be mixed1 they may be put into the mortar1 and stirred together with a small sash-tool4 ,a #c_/h inch is a convenient size4 ,the mixture must then be put into a sieve1 and shaken in the usual way2 or it may be brushed through with the sash-tool4 ,return it to the sieve1 and brush or shake through again4 ,as it lies in a heap1 level or smooth it with the blade of a table knife1 or any straight-edge2 if thoroughly mixed it will present a uniform colour2 if it appears darker in one part than in another1 it must be sifted again4 ,a sieve with a top and receiver is very desirable1 as nearly all mixtures are either black or poisonous2 the dust from star mixtures is very injurious to the lungs4 ,if a top and receiver cannot be readily purchased1 both may easily be constructed out of a sheet of millboard1 fastened with a bradawl and waxed yellow flax1 and neatly covered with paper4 ,mixtures may be damped on a ,dutch-tile1 a marble slab1 or a slate without a frame4 ,they may be stirred about with a dessert knife1 pressed flat1 and chopped1 or minced as it were1 and again pressed flat4 ,,to ,,make ,,lac ,,solution4 ,put #a_/b an ounce of flake shellac into a tin pot1 and pour upon it a quarter of a pint1 or #e ounces of methylated spirit2 or1 preferably1 a like quantity of wood naphtha4 ,let it stand for about a day1 stirring it occasionally till dissolved4 ,then half fill a basin with boiling water2 set the tin containing the lac1 in it1 and leave it till it boils and curdles4 ,if the water does not remain hot long enough to make it boil1 set it in a second basin of boiling water4 ,as soon as it has curdled1 remove it2 and when cold1 pour it into a vial1 and cork it4 ,spirit must never be boiled over a fire1 nor near one1 as the vapour might inflame4 ,keep the pot1 therefore1 while in the hot water1 at a distance from a fire1 or flame of a lamp or candle4 ,,to ,,make ,,wax ,,solution4 ,put into a vial #a_/b an ounce of white wax1 7bleached bees' wax71 pour upon it #e ounces of mineral naphtha1 7coal or gas tar naphtha71 keep it tightly corked4 ,,to ,,make ,,stearine ,,solution4 ,dissolve a piece of composite candle in mineral naphtha1 in the same way4 ,mineral naphtha must not be used near a candle or fire1 as it gives off an inflammable vapour1 at less than #ajj ,fahrenheit4 ,,to ,,make ,,gum ,,solution4 ,there is no better way of preparing this than simply to put cold water upon gum arabic1 and let it stand till dissolved4 ,if for sticking purposes1 as much water as will just cover the gum will be sufficient2 but1 for making quickmatch1 #a ounce or #a-a_/d ounce of gum to a pint of water4 ,if required in a hurry1 put the gum into cold water1 in a pipkin1 or tin saucepan1 set it on the fire1 make it boil1 and keep stirring till dissolved4 ,when cold1 bottle1 and cork it4 ,,to ,,make ,,dextrine ,,solution4 ,take half an ounce of dextrine1 and #e ounces1 or a quarter of a pint of cold water1 put the dextrine into a cup or basin1 add a little of the water1 and mix it well with a teaspoon1 rubbing it till all is dissolved2 then add the remainder of the water1 stir well together a second time1 pour it into a vial1 and cork for use4 ,dextrine1 wetted to the consistency of honey1 may be used instead of thick gum-arabic water1 for pasting4 ,for this purpose it is advisable to keep either in a wide-mouthed bottle1 and to set the bottle in a gallipot containing a little water2 the brush1 a camel's-hair pencil1 or very small sash-tool with #a_/c of the bristles cut away on each side1 to render it flat1 can then be kept in the water1 when not in use2 this will prevent it1 on the one hand1 from becoming dry and hard2 and1 on the other1 from getting clogged and swollen4 ,it can be squeezed between the thumb and fingers1 when wanted for use4 ,the flat gum brushes now sold1 bound with tin1 are not pleasant to use1 as the tin oxidises1 and turns of a disagreeable brown colour4 ,if there is a difficulty in obtaining a graduated water measure1 one sufficiently correct for pyrotechnic purposes may be made with a vial4 ,paste a narrow strip of paper up the outside of the vial1 weigh #d ounces of water in a cup1 in the scales3 pour it into the vial1 mark the height1 and divide it into #d equal parts1 for ounces2 of course1 it can be graduated into half and quarter ounces1 and increased1 if large enough1 to #e or more ounces4 ,a gallon of distilled water weighs exactly #aj pounds4 ,consequently1 a pint of pure water weighs a pound and a quarter4 ,this is also near enough for spirit1 though1 of course1 spirit is a trifle lighter4 ,doctors' vials are often marked with ounce divisions4 ,,to ,,make ,,paste4 ,paste is most economically made in a zinc pot1 which may be #d inches deep1 and #c-a_/b inches diameter4 ,any zinc worker will make one to order for about #f;d4 ,put into it #b ounces of wheaten flour1 add a little cold water1 rub the two together with a spoon till smooth and free from lumps2 pour in more water till the pot is full within about an inch2 set the pot in half a saucepanful of water1 put it on the fire2 make the water boil1 and keep it and the paste boiling for #d or #e minutes1 stirring the paste the while4 ,remove it from the fire1 and set it by to cool4 ,the paste is to remain in the zinc pot1 in which it will keep good for a length of time1 and beautifully white4 ,some recommend alum in paste1 ,i think it best avoided1 especially in cases intended to receive coloured fires4 ,alum is a double salt1 a sulphate of alumina and potassa2 it has an acid reaction2 and1 coming in contact with chlorate of potash and sulphur1 may cause spontaneous combustion4 ,a drop of sulphuric acid instantly ignites stars containing them4 ,at theatres1 the clown sometimes fires a cannon1 with what appears to be a red hot poker2 but which1 in reality1 is only a piece of wood1 painted red4 ,a mixture is made of chlorate of potash and sulphur1 or sugar1 a glass bead is filled with sulphuric acid1 and the hole stopped up with wax4 ,this is laid in the mixture1 and when it is struck with the poker1 the liquid escapes1 and inflames the potash and sulphur4 ,sulphate of copper is a particularly dangerous salt1 and must never be used1 as it is almost certain to cause spontaneous combustion4 ,chertier1 to whom pyrotechny otherwise owes so much1 introduced an empirical preparation1 by dissolving sulphate of copper in water1 together with chlorate of potash1 drying it1 and wetting it with ammonia3 but this1 however dried1 when again wetted1 turns litmus paper red4 ,practicus has named it ,chertier's copper4 ,i discommend its use4 ,two paste brushes will be sufficient for an amateur1 sash-tools1 one about an inch diameter1 the other smaller for light purposes4 ,let them stand in the paste4 ,if they get dry1 the bristles fall out4 ,for convenience1 one may be kept in the paste1 and one in water4 ,dry clay1 powdered and sifted as fine as possible1 is used for plugging1 or stopping up the bottoms of cases4 ,i have1 for some time1 discontinued its use1 and employ plaster of paris in preference4 ,directions will be given for each1 so that the learner can adopt which he pleases3 but plaster is infinitely preferable4 ,it is an ,american improvement4 ,,roman ,,candle ,,scoops4 ,no species of fireworks require greater care in their construction than roman candles4 ,in the first place the stars must be fierce1 that they may light thoroughly3 next1 they must not be driven out with too great velocity4 ,for this purpose the blowing-powder must be carefully adjusted4 ,the stars1 also1 must be of so easy a fit that when put into the case they may fall to the proper depth of their own accord4 ,if they require pushing1 they are too tight1 and will probably be blown out blind4 ,when made as directed they will1 necessarily1 be of an easy fit1 as they will be of the inner diameter of the brass tube1 while the bore of the case is equal to its external diameter4 ,to regulate the blowing powder1 prepare a number of little scoops1 like fig4 #e1 which is about the right size for the bottom star4 ,they are formed of pieces of tin1 zinc1 or copper4 ,cut a long strip of tin1 #a_/b an inch broad2 cut this across into #g pieces1 of the following lengths1 #a-e_/h1 #a-f_/h1 #a-g_/h1 #b1 #b-a_/h1 #b-c_/h and #d inches4 ,round off the corners4 ,take a piece of brass wire1 or stair-rod1 about #a_/d inch diameter1 and with the wooden mallet1 before mentioned1 fig4 #bf1 bend each of the pieces round the rod into a half cylinder1 or gutter4 ,take up the smallest1 and hold #e_/h of an inch of the end of the stair-rod in the end of the semicylinder1 to keep it open2 put the other part from a to b1 fig4 #e1 in a vice1 and pinch it up2 it will assume the form represented2 the bowl part will be #e_/h long1 and the handle #a inch long4 ,make the bowl of the next scoop #f_/h of an inch long1 the next #g_/h1 and so on2 the handle will always be #a inch long4 ,the last1 for the top star1 will have a bowl of #c inches4 ,the smallest scoop ought to hold as much grain powder as will weigh about #a_/ab of the star2 but to have the scoops accurate1 it will be necessary to charge a roman candle1 fire it1 and observe whether the stars go a uniform height4 ,for measuring the interval fuse1 or fuse between the top of one star and the bottom of the next1 a large scoop of the size of fig4 #aj will be required4 ,the tin may be an inch broad1 and the bowl part #b-a_/b inches long1 bent round the rammer1 fig4 #d4 ,to adjust it1 take a roman candle case1 fit it on the foot1 fig4 #i1 which is a piece of wood1 or brass1 turned with a tenon to fit tight in the bottom of the case4 ,fill the scoop1 and strike it level1 with a straight-edge2 empty it into the case1 rest the foot on a flat surface2 insert the rammer1 fig4 #d1 and jolt it up and down1 a dozen times1 or more1 lifting it about #a_/b an inch at a time2 put in another scoopful1 and jolt it in like manner4 ,if the #b scoopfuls1 thus compressed1 fill an inch of the case1 the scoop will be correct4 ,if more or less1 the scoop must be shortened1 or lengthened1 accordingly4 ,a piece of writing-paper may be pasted and wound twice round the handle of each scoop1 as from a to b1 fig4 #d4 ,one dot can be put upon the scoop1 for the first1 or bottom1 star2 two dots1 for the second scoop1 c41 or any memorandum can be written upon them1 for future guidance4 ,should they get soiled1 they may be cleaned with a soaped damp piece of sponge4 ,gunpowder1 for fireworks1 is used in two forms2 meal-powder1 and grain-powder4 ,meal-powder is a fine black dust1 and is employed in all cases of mixing4 ,grain-powder is of three kinds1 ,f1 ,,ff1 and ,,fff1 fine1 double fine1 and treble fine4 ,,fff is best for crackers1 simply because it runs rapidly down the pipes3 for driving stars1 shells1 c41 ,f will be sufficient2 but ,,fff may be employed3 ,,ff need not be purchased4 ,all kinds of powder may be obtained of ,pinnell1 #bad1 ,whitechapel ,road4 ,if1 in any place1 there should be a difficulty in obtaining meal-powder1 ,f grain-powder may be crushed in a leather bag1 by laying the bag on a hard surface1 and beating it with a hammer4 ,the leather should be of the same kind as shoes are made of4 ,,to ,,charge ,,roman ,,candle ,,cases4 ,pour some ,f grain-powder into a wooden bowl1 or platter1 represented by fig4 #aa4 ,round the edge lay the little blowing-powder scoops1 side by side1 beginning with the smallest at a1 the next at b1 and so on to g4 ,put some roman candle fuse into a large tin scoop1 made to stand on a flat bottom1 like fig4 #ab1 the same1 in shape1 as used by tea-dealers2 and1 on the right-hand of it1 lay the charging-fuse scoop1 fig4 #aj4 ,if the roman candle is to contain different-coloured stars1 set seven in a row1 in the order desired4 ,when the cases are intended to be fired in threes or fours1 the stars in one may be all blue1 in another crimson1 in another green1 in another white4 ,fit the foot1 fig4 #i1 in the bottom of the case1 put in a scoopful of clay1 insert the rammer1 fig4 #d1 and jolt it till the clay is well compressed4 ,the clay should fill #a_/b an inch4 ,this being done1 invert it1 and shake out any little dust that may remain4 ,put in the little scoopful a1 of ,f grain-powder2 then lay the scoop at ,a4 ,now put in a star4 ,as previously stated it ought to fall of its own accord2 but make sure that it has reached the blowing-powder1 by putting in the rammer4 ,having ascertained this1 put in a scoop of fuse1 fig4 #aj2 lay the scoop on the left of fig4 #ab2 insert the rammer and jolt it2 put in another scoop of fuse1 fig4 #aj2 lay the scoop on the right of fig4 #ab2 insert the rammer and jolt it1 as before4 ,then proceed with the scoop b of grain-powder1 and lay it at ,b1 and so on1 till the case is filled4 ,the fuse on the top star is best driven in with a short solid rammer and mallet1 as it is difficult to jolt the long rammer in so small a space4 ,the last #a_/h of an inch1 near the mouth of the case1 should be fine meal-powder1 as it binds better than the roman-candle fuse1 and also blows off the leader pipe4 ,the blowing-powder scoops1 having been laid at ,a1 ,b1 c41 all that is required is to turn the bowl or platter1 a little round to the left1 and they will come in rotation1 ready for the next case4 ,also1 by putting the scoop1 fig4 #aj1 alternately to the left and right of the scoop1 fig4 #ab1 it will always be known whether the proper quantity of fuse has been put in4 ,coloured stars1 from their fierceness1 have a tendency to burn in the cases4 ,this defect may be remedied by putting upon each star a small scoopful of ,starting ,fire1 ,no4 #a1 before putting in the interval fuse2 as much as will fill round the sides of the star4 ,this composition is somewhat fiercer than would suit for the regular fuse1 so catches the blowing-powder sooner4 ,a roman candle is well charged when the stars isochronise1 or come out at equal intervals of time3 they should1 also1 theoretically1 ascend to equal heights2 but1 with coloured stars1 this cannot be perfectly insured1 as some shrink more than others in drying1 and1 of course1 fit more loosely2 some are heavier1 some fiercer than others4 ,the interval fuse must always be driven in at twice1 never at once4 ,each star1 with its blowing-powder and fuse1 occupies about an inch and a half2 perhaps a trifle more4 ,instead of driving in clay at the bottom1 plaster of paris may be used1 and then the foot1 fig4 #i1 will not be required4 ,have some plaster of paris in a wide-mouthed bottle2 a glass of cold water with a salt-spoon in it2 and a number of pieces of paper1 about #d inches square4 ,put a small quantity of the plaster on one of the pieces of paper2 indent the middle with the finger2 put to it a little water1 and work it up with a dessert-knife4 ,just as it gets to the consistency of mortar1 and is about to set1 mould it with the fingers1 to the shape of a cork2 push it into the end of the case2 rest the case on a flat surface2 insert the rammer1 and give it two or three slight jolts2 turn it round a few times1 and withdraw it4 ,if the plaster sticks to the end of the rammer1 it shows1 either that you have used the plaster too wet1 or have not turned the rammer round a sufficient number of times4 ,no more plaster must be mixed at a time than will suffice for one case4 ,when plaster has once set1 it cannot be mixed up a second time2 therefore take a fresh piece of paper1 and let the knife be cleaned every time4 ,it is advisable to have two dessert-knives1 then one can be used with which to scrape the other4 ,as much plaster should be used as will fill the case up about #a_/b an inch4 ,they must be set by to dry2 their not requiring the use of the foot will be found a great convenience4 ,roman candles are usually made from #c_/h to #f_/h2 but #e_/h is a very satisfactory size4 ,if a roman candle is intended to be fired singly1 twist a piece of touchpaper round the mouth4 ,if the cases are intended to be fired in threes1 fours1 c41 to form a bouquet1 or to be placed round a mine1 jack-in-the-box1 or devil-among-the-tailors1 omit the touchpaper1 and envelope the case in double crown1 made to project an inch beyond the mouth1 to receive the leader1 or quickmatch4 ,a steel-pen inserted1 nib backwards1 in the end of a small paper tube1 rolled round the end of a penholder1 makes a neat little scoop4 ,it may be fastened in with a little plaster of paris4 ,a scoop may also be made with a quill4 ,cracks in wooden bowls may be stopped with the same material2 and1 if painted over with linseed oil1 after getting dry1 will remain waterproof for a long time4 ,a screw may be made to hold in brickwork1 by drilling a hole in the brick1 and pushing in the screw1 covered with plaster4 ,,to ,,make ,,touchpaper4 ,dissolve #a_/b an ounce of nitre in #a_/b a pint of hot water4 ,procure some #ab lb4 double crown blue2 cut each sheet into four equal parts1 #ae by #aj4 ,lay them smooth upon each other1 and1 with a sash-tool dipped into the nitre solution1 wash them over on one side1 and hang them up to dry4 ,,to ,,make ,,slowmatch4 ,dissolve #a dram of nitrate of lead in #a_/b an ounce of boiling water4 ,cut a sheet of blotting paper into six equal parts1 and wet them on both sides1 with a sash-tool1 with the solution4 ,when dry1 paste a piece all over1 and upon it smoothly press another piece2 upon this1 pasted1 put a third piece2 and so on1 till all the six form a stiff board4 ,lay them under a heavy weight2 and1 when dry1 with a sharp knife and straight-edge1 cut the whole into strips #a_/d of an inch broad4 ,four inches will burn about a quarter of an hour4 ,narrow tape1 boiled in the solution1 makes excellent slowmatch4 ,,to ,,make ,,quickmatch4 ,put into a pan #a lb4 of grain-powder1 or meal-powder2 pour upon it some thin hot starch1 and stir it well about1 breaking all lumps1 till the mixture is of the consistency of paint4 ,procure some lamp-cotton1 such as forms the wicks of candles4 ,it will probably consist of sixteen or twenty-four strands4 ,divide it carefully into lengths of eight strands4 ,this is not so easy a task as might appear4 ,the best way is to act the reverse of a man spinning string4 ,divide the end of the cotton1 say of sixteen strands1 into two of eight each2 fasten them to two screw-hooks1 a few inches apart4 ,take one in each hand1 and walk backwards1 gently pulling them apart1 and when they catch1 untwist them3 with care they will separate without breaking or entangling4 ,drop the end of one of the pieces into the pan2 and1 as it keeps falling1 coil it round and round in the mixture1 and press it down with an iron spoon1 until as much is pressed in as the quantity can saturate4 ,be very particular that it is thoroughly soaked4 ,have ready a wooden frame1 fig4 #ac1 of deal1 resembling a swing looking-glass1 with the glass taken out4 ,it may be #e feet by #d4 ,the frame is to be supported on pivots between two uprights4 ,fix a nail or hook at the left-hand corner of the frame1 and tie the end of the cotton to it which has been hanging outside the pan4 ,get a person to slowly turn the frame and hold it steady4 ,take hold of the cotton in the right hand1 shut the hand1 and allow the cotton to slip gradually and slowly through it1 as the frame is turned2 squeeze it very gently1 so as to allow it to come out well coated1 and contrive to make it as round as possible4 ,when all the cotton is wound upon the frame1 spread some sheets of paper--old newspapers--on the floor2 at each corner place a brick2 lay the four corners of the frame upon the four bricks2 sift dry meal-powder all over the match1 turn it over and sift over the other side4 ,prop the frame against the wall1 and leave it to dry4 ,one ounce of white starch will be sufficient for a pint and a half of water4 ,rub the starch up smooth with a little of the water1 then add the rest1 and boil it4 ,a ,,new ,,method4 ,put into a gallipot1 or basin1 some hot starch1 made as before directed1 or some cold gum-water1 or cold dextrine solution2 and with a small stencil-brush1 or a #c_/h sash-tool1 cut across the middle to make the bristles short and stubby1 stir in some meal-powder1 till it is well mixed and looks like black paint4 ,to avoid repetition1 it will be convenient to refer to this under the name of ,meal-paste4 ,take two towel-horses1 fig4 #ad1 and set them parallel #e1 #aj1 or #bj feet apart4 ,in the top rail of each1 drive four nails #a_/b an inch asunder4 ,fix the dry cotton to the nail a1 carry it across to the opposite nail b1 pass it round the second nail c1 bring it to the opposite second nail1 and so on1 till the cotton lies in four parallel lines1 like the strings of a harp placed horizontally4 ,hitch the cotton1 without cutting it1 to the hook of the weight1 fig4 #ae4 ,this weight is made by taking a piece of brass tube1 #a inch diameter1 and #d inches long4 ,stop one end with a bung1 fill it with melted lead2 and before it sets push in a lucifer match1 having previously cut off the priming4 ,as soon as the lead is cold1 pull out the match1 which having been partially burnt smaller1 will come out easily1 and in the hole left by it screw a cup-hook1 as drawn4 ,invert the weight1 pick out the bung1 and fill its place with more melted lead4 ,now procure two pieces of planed deal board2 one #d inches square1 the other #f inches square4 ,with the left hand hold the smaller piece close underneath the cotton2 and with the sash-tool or stencil-brush1 work the meal-paste well into the fibres of the threads1 pressing the cotton on the board till it is thoroughly soaked1 and rolling it over1 laterally1 to make it as round and smooth as possible4 ,it is best to begin on the left1 and work towards the right4 ,if the wetting slackens the threads1 pull them tight4 ,now brush some meal-powder through a fine sieve1 to free it from lumps2 put a tablespoonful or two upon the larger board2 hold it close under the four threads1 as the other1 with the left hand1 and move it laterally forwards and backwards1 and down the whole length1 at the same time brushing the meal over the threads1 with a soft1 dry1 sash-tool1 till they are smothered1 and giving them an occasional jar to shake off the superfluous meal4 ,by a little practice they may be made as smooth and as round as a piece of wire4 ,leave the weight hanging to them till they are dry4 ,instead of four nails on each rail1 a dozen may be put2 and if the towel-horses are set #ab yards apart1 #add yards may be soon made4 ,in this case1 three or four heavier weights would be required4 ,these contrivances1 however1 are by no means necessary for an amateur2 four hooks or nails opposite four others1 anyhow supported1 will be sufficient2 and six or eight feet apart is a good distance4 ,a small quantity may thus be made one day1 and a small quantity another2 and for this purpose it is best to use gum-water1 as it is always ready1 and a little can be added to the dry left the day before1 and a little fresh meal stirred in4 ,three or four threads of white darning-cotton1 which is of two twists1 make very good match2 knitting or crochet cotton1 which is of three twists1 produces1 alone1 excellent match2 two or three pieces of the first1 or two of the latter1 put into a leader pipe1 side by side1 blow through with a violent report4 ,match may also be made of the very narrowest white tape1 #c_/af of an inch broad2 this1 from its flatness1 is peculiarly suited for enveloped stars4 ,for general purposes1 however1 lamp cotton is decidedly the best1 as it is most loosely twisted1 and therefore the most absorbent4 ,if match is liable to be exposed to damp1 it should be cased in thick leaders1 and be prepared with starch2 in other respects1 nothing can surpass gum-water4 ,of course iron pound-weights1 with a ring in them1 will answer the purpose1 or an iron pestle tied to the cotton1 or anything heavy2 but the kind ,i have advised are most convenient4 ,they will weigh about a pound and a quarter each4 ,the weight may hang over a chair-back4 ,match1 to be perfect1 ought1 when cut across1 to look black throughout2 it should1 also1 be stiff1 straight1 and round2 but1 to test it1 cut off about #aj inches2 put one end of this into a leader pipe1 so that #e inches will be in the pipe1 and #e out4 ,hold the end of the leader with a pair of tongs1 or lay it on the ground2 light the naked end4 ,if the match is good it will burn gradually1 though swiftly1 till it gets to the pipe2 it will then blow through with a bang4 ,the nearer the leader pipe fits the match the better1 only it ought to be large enough to allow it to go easily in1 without force3 if laid in a roman candle case it would hardly puff3 the smaller and smaller the tube becomes the louder and louder the report3 the increase of power being in the inverse ratio of the diminution of space4 ,a train of gunpowder laid in the open air1 or confined in a tube1 comports itself in the same way1 as is well known4 ,match1 when dry1 should be kept straight2 for1 if it gets broken1 it acts like a cracker1 snapping at every break4 ,a piece of zinc rainwater pipe1 of suitable length1 furnished with a bottom and lid1 or a couple of bungs1 is convenient for keeping it in2 but a far better contrivance is a deal box1 #e feet long1 #c inches deep1 and #c broad1 made of #a_/b-;inch pine4 ,the lid of this box can be readily furnished with three or five hinges1 like a piano1 only made with string instead of brass4 ,take two pieces of string1 fig4 #eg1 and tie them in a knot near the end1 as at k4 ,at x1 fig4 #eh1 make a bradawl hole through the back of the box1 near the top1 and push the strings through it2 make another hole through the lid1 put the string through it1 and tie in a knot on the top1 as at z3 and so with the other four4 ,this will render the explanation easier to understand2 but1 practically1 a single piece of thicker string is best1 if you can manage to tie the second knot in the exact spot you wish4 ,the knots must not be too close to each other1 as the lid requires a little play4 ,for safety1 the box ought to be furnished with a lock4 ,,rockets4 ,rockets are charged in choked cases1 on a spindle1 to leave a hollow up the middle1 through which the fire may be communicated to nearly the whole of the composition at once3 this causes the sudden generation of an enormous quantity of elastic vapour1 which1 being unable to escape instantly through the contracted aperture left for its exit1 exerts its pressure in the contrary direction1 and hurries the rocket forward4 ,a stick1 attached to it1 guides it1 like the rudder of a vessel1 or tail of a bird1 or fish2 while its weight and leverage keep the centre of gravity a little below the case1 and prevent the rocket from pitching over4 ,its manufacture1 therefore1 from the commencement of cutting the paper for the case1 to its finish of fitting on the stick1 requires an accurate adjustment of all its parts4 ,disregarding the trade names of pound1 ounce1 c41 which1 now that moulds are dispensed with1 are useful only for enabling the makers1 from tradition1 to understand each other2 the internal diameter1 instead of the external1 as formerly1 may be selected1 from which to compute the relative measures4 ,taking the bore of the case as unity1 the proportions will be as follow3-- #a ,internal diameter of case4 #a-a_/b ,external diameter4 #h ,length of case4 #f ,length of spindle4 #c_/e ,bottom diameter of spindle4 #fd ,length of stick4 #a_/b by #a_/b ,thickness and breadth of stick4 ,these proportions are most readily calculated by taking the diameter in eighths of an inch4 ,selecting1 for instance1 a #f_/h rocket1 we have1 #f_/h1 inner diameter2 half as much again1 #i_/h1 outer diameter4 ,taking the numerator as inches3 #f inches1 length of case2 #c_/d of this1 or1 which is the same1 #a_/b the outer diameter1 as inches1 #d-a_/b inches1 length of spindle2 putting #bj for the denominator1 instead of #h 7#h being #b_/e of #bj71 #f_/bj of an inch1 bottom diameter of spindle2 #f #h1 7numerator multiplied by denominator7 #dh inches1 length of stick2 #c_/h by #c_/h1 size of stick4 ,the following table exhibits the usual sizes in inches4 ,key to ,column ,labels3 ,a3 ,name of ,rocket4 ,b3 ,inner ,diameter4 ,c3 ,outer ,diameter4 ,d3 ,length of ,case4 ,e3 ,length of ,spindle4 ,f3 ,bottom ,diameter of ,spindle4 ,g3 ,length of ,stick4 ,h3 ,size of ,stick4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aj_/h #aj_/h #ae_/h #aj #g #aj_/bj #aj times #h #hj #e_/h by #e_/h #i_/h #i_/h #ac_/h #i #f #i_/bj #i times #h #gb #d_/h by #d_/h #h_/h #h_/h #ab_/h #h #f #h_/bj #h times #h #fd #d_/h by #d_/h #g_/h #g_/h #aj_/h #g #e #g_/bj #g times #h #ef #c_/h by #c_/h #f_/h #f_/h #i_/h #f #d #f_/bj #f times #h #dh #c_/h by #c_/h #e_/h #e_/h #g_/h #e #c #e_/bj #e times #h #dj #b_/h by #b_/h #d_/h #d_/h #f_/h #d #c #d_/bj #d times #h #cf #b_/h by #b_/h #d_/h #d_/h #f_/h #d #c #d_/bj #d times #h #cb #b_/h by #b_/h #c_/h #c_/h #d_/h #c #b #c_/bj #c times #h #bd #a_/h by #a_/h ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,to ,,make ,a #f_/h ,,rocket4 ,have the former1 fig4 #g1 a brass tube #f_/h of an inch external diameter2 the gauge1 fig4 #h1 with a #i_/h aperture2 procure some imperial brown paper1 #gj lb4 or #hd lb41 the thicker and heavier the better4 ,the best kind is made of old ropes1 is air-dried1 and rough4 ,this is not easily obtained now4 ,the smooth machine-made1 cylinder-dried answers very well4 ,the sort used for laying under carpets1 and which is #e feet broad1 is almost equal to the original rough imperial1 and should be procured1 if possible1 in preference to the smooth4 ,cut it into strips #f inches wide4 ,paste the pieces well1 and roll the cases as hard as possible1 with the rolling board fig4 #f1 till they fit the gauge4 ,lay them by for a few hours to get partially dry4 ,they must1 then1 be choked or strangled1 about half a diameter from one end of the case1 that end that lay nearest to the left hand in rolling1 till they assume the shape of the neck of a vial4 ,for this purpose have a cylindrical piece of deal1 alder1 or any kind of wood1 fig4 #bd1 about #i or #aj inches long1 made to fit easily into the case2 cut it into #b pieces1 a and b2 b may be an inch and a half long2 round off the ends1 just cut4 ,in a1 fasten a screw1 the solid wire1 or uncut part of which1 is #a_/d of an inch thick2 saw1 or file off the head1 and slightly taper the part projecting2 in the piece b bore a hole to just fit the wire of a4 ,slip b upon a1 and push them into the case1 so that the interval between the two reaches within about #a_/b an inch of one end of the case2 slightly draw out b1 to leave a neck1 or hollow1 round which to form the choke2 fix a staple1 or screw-eye in a post3 tie to it one end of a piece of cord1 about a yard long1 and #a_/aj of an inch thick2 fasten the other end round the middle of a stick1 for a handle2 take hold of the stick with the right hand2 hold the case in the left2 pass the cord round the space left vacant and gradually tighten it1 turning the case round and round1 so as to pinch it in equally on all sides1 till it assumes the shape of fig4 #bc4 ,hitch a piece of string1 about #a_/af of an inch thick1 a few times round the neck1 until it is filled up flush with the other part of the case1 remove the choker1 and hang the case up to dry4 ,a hitch is made by simply bending the string backwards into a loop1 like fig4 #bb2 passing it round the choke2 pulling it tight2 looping it again1 again passing it round the choke1 and so on4 ,the first loop is called a half hitch1 and will not hold of itself2 the second loop completes the hitch1 and makes it hold3 the remaining hitches are for filling up the choke1 and restoring the cylindrical shape4 ,practise1 by hitching the string upon your thumb1 #d or #e times3 it will hold after the second loop2 but push it off at the end1 and it will all fall loose again4 ,a case must not be choked when wet1 or it will tear2 nor must it be too dry1 or it will be difficult to choke it at all4 ,the drier1 however1 it can be choked1 the better4 ,experience is the only guide4 ,if properly dry1 the wrinkles of the choke will be small1 and perfectly regular4 ,should the string stick to the case1 chalk it2 but this is not likely to occur unless the paper is too wet4 ,have a foot1 fig4 #af1 turned of ash1 or beech1 or box1 with a hemispherical nipple1 #f_/h of an inch diameter1 as drawn4 ,bore it with a twist drill1 or nosebit1 to the depth of an inch and a half4 ,procure a brass1 iron1 or steel wire1 but preferably brass1 #f inches long1 and #c_/aj of an inch diameter1 and perfectly straight4 ,cut1 on one end of it1 a screw1 #a-a_/b inch long1 fix it in a vice1 wet the screw with glue1 and screw the foot on4 ,file the #d-a_/b inches gradually tapering4 ,the object of tapering it is simply to make it deliver4 ,a cylindrical hollow up the rocket would answer as well1 but the spindle could not be got out4 ,the more conically true it is tapered1 of course1 the better4 ,finish it off with a very fine file1 and smooth it with glass paper4 ,the block into which it is screwed may be larger than drawn2 the bottom should be turned slightly concave1 to make it stand firm1 on the same principle as the bottoms of plates1 cups1 c41 are made with a rim4 ,the block and spindle are better if cast in gun-metal1 in one solid piece3 the pattern to give to the caster should be in one solid piece of wood4 ,after casting1 the rough parts must be filed smooth2 not many turners will be found willing to undertake to turn it4 ,the next articles required are a setting-down piece1 fig4 #ag2 three hollow rammers1 or drifts1 figs4 #ah1 #ai1 and #bj2 and one solid rammer1 fig4 #ba4 ,they are simply cylindrical pieces of wood1 turned with a head1 to bear the blows of the mallet4 ,beech1 or box free from knots1 will answer4 ,the lengths of figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 and #ba1 are to be #h1 #f1 #d1 and #b diameters1 respectively1 exclusive of the head2 that is1 #f1 #d-a_/b1 #c1 and #a-a_/b inches4 ,the hollow drifts are to have a cylindrical1 not conical1 hole1 bored up them1 with a nosebit1 or twist drill1 to within one inch of the handle1 so as to clear the spindle by #a_/b an inch1 to allow of any dust being driven up it4 ,the hollow in figs4 #ag and #ah must be large enough to fit the spindle loosely at a2 in fig4 #ai1 a trifle smaller1 to fit loosely at b2 and in fig4 #bj1 a trifle smaller still1 to fit loosely at c4 ,the next requisite is a mallet1 fig4 #be1 which may be of ash1 or beech4 ,it may be a cylinder1 #e inches long1 and #c inches diameter1 with a handle about #e inches long1 and #a inch diameter4 ,let it be turned at the end slightly concave1 like the bottom of fig4 #af1 that it may be set to stand upright1 like a wine bottle4 ,or the head may be made #c inches square1 like fig4 #bf2 or1 a small carpenter's mallet1 about a pound and a quarter weight1 will answer4 ,,to ,,charge ,,rocket ,,cases4 ,the first requisite is a solid block of wood1 #f or #h inches square1 and #ah or #bj high4 ,this is indispensable4 ,a piece of an old oak gate post1 answers well4 ,it must be set upon the ground1 or on a flag stone1 not on a floor4 ,it is impossible to ram a rocket properly on the floor1 because of the vibration4 ,it is1 also1 necessary to sit1 not stand1 at the work4 ,put the setting down piece1 fig4 #ag1 into the case2 press the case over the spindle1 and give the head a few blows with the mallet2 this will smooth out the wrinkles of the choke1 which is all that fig4 #ag is used for4 ,now put in a very little powdered clay1 and mallet it with fig4 #ah2 as much clay as will reach up #a_/ab of an inch will be sufficient2 its object is to preserve the choke from burning1 and getting enlarged4 ,one cannot be too precautious with rockets4 ,now put in a scoop of rocket fuse1 insert drift1 fig4 #ah1 and mallet the fuse in firm1 with about a dozen and a half blows1 or till it offers a resistance to the hand4 ,the blows must be light and numerous1 not slow and heavy1 like driving a post into the ground4 #ah blows with a momentum of #c1 will consolidate the fuse3 #c violent blows1 with a momentum of #ah1 would perhaps bend the case1 or drive the dust up into your eyes4 ,the mallet need not be lifted above #d or #e inches at a time4 ,if the rocket is not rammed firm throughout1 it will1 upon lighting1 explode4 ,as soon as the case is charged about #a-a_/b inch1 make a pencil or ink mark1 round the drift1 where it stands level with the top of the case1 for future guidance2 then charge another #a-a_/b inch with the second rammer1 fig4 #ai1 and mark it in like manner2 proceed in the same way with fig4 #bj4 ,it is obvious that if fig4 #ai were used too soon it would get split by the spindle being driven up it1 and the spindle would be bent or broken1 hence the advisability of marking the drifts to know when to lay aside one1 and take the other4 ,just before you get to the top of the spindle1 put in the solid rammer to feel how high the spindle reaches near the top of the case2 hold it by the thumb and finger to keep the distance1 and mark it down the outside of the case1 by indenting the case with the edge of the drift4 ,exactly #a-a_/c diameter1 that is1 in this case1 exactly #a inch1 above this indentation make another mark3 then as soon as you have covered the spindle1 till you can no longer see it1 with the use of fig4 #bj1 begin charging with the solid drift1 fig4 #ba1 till the composition inside is level with the top mark4 ,this being done drive in a little dry clay1 till the case is full4 ,remove the rocket from the spindle1 by giving it a turn or two round to the right1 not backwards2 then bore a hole through the clay1 till you can see the composition1 with a #c_/af inch shell-bit4 ,the shell-bit should be fixed in a handle1 and kept for the purpose4 ,it is not advisable to use a stock and bit1 unless the bit is shielded1 as it is apt to bore too deeply4 ,the bit may be fixed in a handle1 by boring a large hole in the handle1 and pouring in melted lead1 or pressing in plaster of paris4 ,instead of driving in dry clay on the top of the composition1 a little plaster of paris may be pressed in2 this1 when dry1 will allow of a perfectly clean hole being bored through it2 whereas the clay is apt to crumble1 and chip out4 ,the object of the clay1 or plaster1 is to prevent the composition1 which1 containing much charcoal1 does not bind well1 from getting disturbed1 and the solid part diminished1 which would cause the stars to be ignited while the rocket was ascending1 or the fuse1 perhaps1 to blow through at the beginning4 ,a piece or two of naked quickmatch is to be inserted in the hole through the clay or plaster1 and a long piece is to be pushed up the core1 or hollow1 of the rocket1 as far as it will go2 it is1 then1 to be cut off flush with the mouth1 and fastened to the side with a little dab of wetted meal powder1 pressed on it with the blade of a knife4 ,if the rocket is intended to be lit with a port-fire1 take a circular piece of touch-paper1 about #b inches diameter1 slightly paste it all over1 lay it in the left hand1 press the mouth of the rocket down upon it1 and smooth the edges of the touch-paper up round the case4 ,otherwise1 smear the end of the case with the sash-tool dipped into meal paste1 and when dry1 paste a bit of touch-paper round it1 and twist to a point1 like a squib4 ,the appearance of the rocket is shown at fig4 #cf2 the dotted line round the mouth shows the touch-paper4 ,in driving with the hollow rammers1 it generally happens that a little of the fuse gets driven up the hole2 this1 if allowed to accumulate1 is very troublesome to remove2 it should1 therefore1 be knocked out every time1 by holding the drift in the left hand1 and giving the head a rap or two with the mallet4 ,the whole of the composition ought to be put in in about #ab scoops3 try #b or #c scoops till you get one of the right size1 then write upon the handle what-sized rocket it belongs to4 ,these directions may appear minute1 but they will save much trouble if attended to4 ,as it is convenient to know1 beforehand1 about what quantity of composition will be required for any particular rocket1 the following formula will be useful3-- ,e _/ #i drams4 ,where ,e denotes the size of the rocket1 in eighths of an inch4 ,required the quantity of fuse for a #f_/h rocket4 7#f #f #f7 _/ #i #d #f #bd drams #a-a_/b ounce4 ,for a #c_/h rocket8 7#c #c #c7_/i #c drams4 ,the same weights denote the quantity of stars which the rocket will safely carry3 thus an ounce and a half of stars may be put into the head of a #f_/h rocket2 and #c drams into a #c_/h rocket4 ,along with the stars is to be put in #a_/i the weight of the stars of bursting powder2 this may be pure meal powder2 or a mixture of #h meal powder1 #a fine charcoal1 well sifted together3 or half meal1 half grain2 thus the quantity of bursting powder for a #f_/h rocket will be #bd_/i #b-b_/c drams2 and for a #c_/h rocket1 #c_/i #a_/c of a dram4 ,it is advisable to keep nearly to these directions1 for the weight of the stars2 but it is not necessary to be minutely exact2 but to ascertain whether the head is too heavy or not1 take a table knife1 or any thing an inch broad1 and lay the rocket flat and horizontally upon it in such a manner that the commencement of the head lies close to the back edge of the knife1 the cutting edge lying towards the choke3 if the head pitches over1 it is too heavy1 and some of the stars must be taken out2 if it balances1 it is correct4 ,rockets should be fired from two staples1 or two screweyes1 fixed in a post1 one near the top1 the other half a yard below1 as in fig4 #gj4 ,they should never be propped against a wall1 a chairback1 a gate1 or railing1 as they might fall1 especially on a windy night1 after the touch-paper was lit1 and before the fuse had caught4 ,every possible care should be taken in guiding them1 as it is too late to think about any mischief they may cause1 after they have once started4 ,in making rockets1 it is essential1 above all things1 to have good nitre and charcoal4 ,the best way1 with fresh materials1 is to weigh out as much nitre1 charcoal1 and sulphur1 as will make one small rocket4 ,have the nitre as fine as possible1 and dry it over the fire in a #f-;inch frying pan1 which should be kept for the purpose4 ,if the rocket ascends well you will know that the articles are pure1 and you can proceed to use them2 but if the rocket does not rise1 you may conclude the articles are adulterated1 the nitre with salt1 or that the charcoal is perhaps merely deal sawdust1 burnt in a retort4 ,in this case you must buy the nitre in crystals1 and the charcoal in sticks4 ,to powder the nitre1 put it into a pipkin1 pour on it a little water1 set it on the fire1 make the water boil1 and keep stirring the nitre with a piece of wood1 until it is dry and of a fine powder4 ,charcoal is best ground up in a coffee-mill4 ,it must first be broken into small pieces1 about the size of coffee-beans4 ,after being ground it should be sifted through the sieve1 the interstices of which are about #a_/dj of an inch square4 ,to get a correct idea of this size1 lay down a line on paper1 an inch long3 mark it off into eight equal parts by taking the divisions from a foot-rule2 then carefully divide one of the eighths into five equal parts4 ,but the best way is to make a square deal sieve1 about #h inches square1 and #c inches deep2 then nail on the bottom a piece of perforated zinc1 with quarter-inch flemish tacks4 ,the perforations are circular1 and should be #bj to the inch1 measured diagonally2 that is1 a diamond-shaped inch1 or inch rhombus1 consisting of #bj oblique rows1 each row containing #bj holes2 #bj times #bj #djj4 ,these holes will be about the same size as the ones mentioned in the sieve1 because the solid parts between the perforations are also about #a_/dj of an inch4 ,a strip of deal1 #a_/d of an inch thick1 should be nailed round the bottom1 to keep the zinc tight4 ,a square box for a receiver1 and another for a lid1 should also be constructed1 otherwise you will be smothered in sifting charcoal4 ,making use of the perforated zinc sieve just described1 all the charcoal that goes through1 fine and coarse1 should be used for rockets4 ,it need not be shaken much1 but brushed through with a sash-tool4 ,construct a second sieve with #ae perforations to the lineal inch4 ,iron borings for gerbes should be sifted through this2 use all that goes through4 ,construct1 also1 a third sieve with #i perforations to the lineal inch4 ,nothing can equal iron and steel for making sparks2 but neither will keep long from rusting1 after coming in contact with nitre4 ,coke grains1 about the size of pinheads1 are a fair substitute4 ,beat coke into lumps about as large as peas1 then grind it in a coffee-mill1 and brush it through the #i-perforation sieve2 sift the fine dust from what passes through3 throw the dust away1 and keep the grains4 ,porcelain may be powdered in an iron mortar1 for gerbes2 brush through the #i-perforation sieve2 sift out the dust with a fine sieve2 throw it away and keep the grains4 ,the intense heat of the focus of the choke renders them incandescent2 and1 from their weight1 they are projected to a considerable distance4 ,they are inferior1 however1 to coke grains1 as the latter are to steel filings4 ,we may say1 alliteratively2 positive1 porcelain2 comparative1 coke2 superlative1 steel4 ,zinc may be obtained with half-inch perforations2 a size useful for garden sieves1 bottoms of soap boxes1 c4 ,before grinding a fresh substance in a coffee-mill1 it must be taken to pieces1 brushed clean1 and screwed up again4 ,fine lawn or hair sieves should be used for sifting chemicals2 excellent sieves may be made with book-muslin3 the cylinders may be #d inches diameter1 #c deep2 the muslin should be cut into a circular form1 and hemmed round a piece of string2 it may then be slipped over the drum or cylinder1 and secured2 or it may be pasted up and round the sides1 and if above #d inches diameter1 two pieces of string may be crossed over the middle to strengthen it4 ,charcoal may be made by putting some dry pieces of willow1 alder1 poplar1 sycamore1 maple1 or almost any kind of wood1 except the pine or turpentine tribe1 into an old iron saucepan1 covering them with perfectly dry sand1 and setting the saucepan in the middle of a fire1 to remain red hot till the wood is completely burnt through4 ,remove when judged sufficiently charred2 and when cold1 not before1 pour away the sand4 ,sulphur is used in the state of sublimed sulphur1 sulphur sublimatum1 or flowers of sulphur1 and1 when mixed with nitre1 requires no preparation2 but as it is always more or less impregnated with sulphuric acid1 as is readily shown by testing it with litmus paper1 it might1 on coming into contact with chlorate of potash1 cause spontaneous combustion4 ,to prevent this1 it is necessary to wash the sulphur4 ,for this purpose put it into a pan1 and pour upon it boiling water1 in which some salts of tartar 7carbonate of potash7 have been dissolved2 stir it well and break down all lumps4 ,let it stand to subside2 pour off the supernatant liquor2 fill up with cold water and let it stand1 to again subside4 ,make a conical bag1 fig4 #cc1 with a piece of linen or calico1 sewed at the top1 round a ring or hoop of wire1 or cane1 or whalebone2 fasten a string to it1 by which to hang it up4 ,put the washed sulphur into it1 and hang it under a water-tap2 turn the water gently on1 and let it drip all night2 this will wash away every trace both of acid and alkali4 ,afterwards hang the bag up three or four days till the sulphur is dry2 it may then be bottled1 and kept exclusively for colours4 ,oxalate of soda may be made thus--procure #c lbs4 of carbonate of soda1 the common washing soda used by the laundress1 not bicarbonate of soda2 boil it up in a saucepan with just as little water as will suffice to dissolve it4 ,dissolve1 in another vessel1 #a lb4 of oxalic acid in boiling water1 and pour it into a deep jar1 capable of holding two or three quarts2 a wash-hand jug will answer4 ,now put to this the dissolved carbonate of soda1 with a table-spoon1 a spoonful at a time4 ,a violent effervescence takes place4 ,the soda is to be slowly added till effervescence ceases4 ,it should be tested with a strip of litmus paper1 to see if the acid is perfectly neutralized4 ,to prepare litmus paper1 dissolve #a_/d of an ounce of litmus in an ounce and a half of water2 when thoroughly dissolved1 and the water is of a dark blue colour1 take some white blotting paper1 and with a sash-tool or camel's-hair pencil1 go over it on both sides with the litmus solution4 ,when dry1 wet some of these prepared pieces1 with the brush dipped into vinegar3 this will turn them red4 ,dry1 and preserve both4 ,they may be cut into strips1 half an inch broad2 the blue strips will be tests for acids2 the red1 for alkalies4 ,wet a strip of the blue1 and touch it with oxalic acid1 it will turn red2 wet a strip of the red1 or the piece just reddened1 with carbonate of soda1 it will turn blue4 ,to make sulphuret of copper1 procure some thin sheet copper1 about as thick as a card2 cut it into pieces1 and put it into a crucible1 with sulphur1 a layer of sulphur1 and a layer of copper alternately1 till full4 ,set the crucible in a clear fire1 and keep it red hot for an hour4 ,remove it2 when cold1 break it up1 and grind it in a coffee-mill4 ,sift it in a lawn or book-muslin sieve as fine as possible4 ,half-a-pound of copper and a quarter of a pound of sulphur may be employed4 ,there is a black sulphide or sulphuret of copper produced by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of protoxide of copper3 this is useless4 ,for want of a coffee-mill1 charcoal may be beaten in a leather bag1 with a hammer4 ,a variety of rocket fuses will be found in the ,tables2 the first is as good as any1 and will answer for all sizes from #c_/h to #ab_/h4 ,as a rule1 the fiercer fuses1 containing meal powder1 may be used for small rockets2 but are1 by no means1 necessary4 ,a rocket1 when starting1 makes a roar2 but this is not on account of the fierceness of the fuse1 but of the extent of the surface ignited4 ,rocket composition1 laid in a train1 burns very slowly4 ,,rocket ,,stars4 ,rocket stars are made in three or four ways4 ,first cut1 or chopped1 or naked stars4 ,this mode is used for nitre stars only3 chlorate of potash stars require different methods4 ,it is a singular circumstance that1 though chlorate of potash stars are much fiercer than nitrate of potash stars1 yet the latter light without any trouble1 while the former1 if made in the same way1 would be almost sure to miss4 ,,to ,,make ,,cut ,,stars4 ,wet the composition with thin starch1 or dextrine solution1 or gum water1 sufficiently to bind2 press it into a flat mass1 on a slate1 or ,dutch tile1 with a knife1 or small trowel1 till about #c_/h of an inch thick4 ,indent the surface with the edge of the knife1 in parallel lines1 about #c_/h of an inch apart1 and cross these with equidistant indentations1 at right angles4 ,set the mass by1 to dry gradually4 ,when nearly dry1 break it up into little #c_/h cubes1 and lay them out1 to dry thoroughly4 ,the broken edges will be rough1 and will catch easily4 ,,dry ,,pill-,,box ,,stars4 ,take a sheet of note paper1 and cut it into four equal parts2 each part will be about #d-a_/b inches by #c-a_/b4 ,paste and roll them on a 7#c-a_/b7_/h brass tube1 so as to have the cases #d-a_/b inches long4 ,to make these into pill-boxes1 perfectly true1 like those used by the druggist1 they must be cut in the lathe4 ,for this purpose1 turn a cylindrical piece of wood1 fig4 #bg1 which is to fit easily into the case1 except at a1 where it is to be turned sloping a little larger1 so that when the case is slipped over it1 it will bite at the part a2 otherwise1 on putting the chisel to it1 it would slip round1 without getting cut4 ,mark the case1 with a black-lead pencil1 at every half-inch2 suspend it in the lathe2 and cut it at the marks4 ,next procure a #g_/af inch punch1 with which to cut out the bottoms4 ,these are to be made of card1 or bristol-board4 ,lay the card on a piece of sheet-lead1 or the grain end of a piece of beech1 and give it a smart blow or two with a hammer2 keep on punching till the punch contains a dozen or more discs1 then push them out4 ,when a number are ready1 press them into the pill-boxes1 with a rammer that fits loosely4 ,the composition is to be put into these dry1 and driven in with a solid rammer1 and the little mallet1 before described4 ,this was the original way of making them1 but is perfectly unnecessary4 ,roll the tubes as directed1 of two thicknesses of paper1 with a little bit to lap over4 ,cut them across1 with one sharp clip1 with a strong pair of scissors4 ,this will slightly flatten them2 but they may readily be restored to the cylindrical form1 by slipping them on a piece of wood1 and rounding them to shape with the fingers4 ,no bottoms need be provided1 no punch used4 ,,to ,,fill ,,the ,,boxes ,,with ,,dry ,,colour4 ,rest the box on a flat surface1 put in some composition1 and drive it in with a brass or boxwood drift and the little mallet1 till half full1 as in fig4 #bh4 ,then fill up the box with more colour1 set a little bit of match upright in the side1 and mallet it in1 till the box is almost full4 ,the drift for this must be cut flat on one side1 to allow for the match4 ,on the top put a very little dry meal powder1 or shell-fuse1 and press it in with the finger4 ,cut a piece of double-crown1 about an inch broad1 and long enough to go rather more than once round the pill-box3 paste it all over2 lay the pill-box on it1 and roll it up2 tuck in one end1 to make a bottom1 and press the other end round the match1 and on the meal powder1 or shell-fuse1 till it assumes the form of fig4 #bi4 ,,another ,,way4 ,set the pill-box on a flat surface1 put in a very little meal powder or shell-fuse1 then some composition1 and mallet it in till full4 ,roll this up in a piece of double-crown as before2 tuck in the bottom1 and set by to dry2 when dry1 put into the other end--the end containing the film of meal or shell-fuse--a piece or two of thin match1 and tie it in1 as in fig4 #cj4 ,dry pill-boxes are best for making chameleon stars2 these are half one colour and half another4 ,make a dozen stars1 half yellow and half green1 and a dozen more half blue and half crimson2 put these into a rocket2 they will burst green and crimson1 and change to blue and yellow4 ,,bottomless ,,pill-,,boxes4 ,the cases are the same as before4 ,to fill them1 damp the composition as for ,roman candle stars2 put a bit of quickmatch into the case1 as at fig4 #ca1 and press in the composition4 ,this is usually done with the fingers1 but is not very pleasant work1 especially with lac solution4 ,a cleaner way1 though more tedious1 is to fit the case on to a little foot1 with a side notch in it1 fig4 #fj2 then slightly mallet in the composition4 ,or a notch may be cut in the side of the box1 fig4 #fa1 and the match put in1 as fig4 #fb1 and slightly malleted4 ,instead of making the cases entirely of writing paper1 they may be made half of writing paper and half of coloured double-crown1 to indicate the colour of the star4 ,another way is to sift a thin layer of ,french chalk over a sheet of paper1 and to roll the stars in it1 one by one1 as they are punched4 ,when dry1 brush off the superfluous chalk1 and prime with a bit of match1 tied across the mouth4 ,,enveloped ,,stars4 ,pump and drive the stars exactly as for roman candle stars1 ,they may be 7#c-a_/b7_/h diameter1 and #e_/h long2 or they may be formed with figs4 #a1 #b1 and #c1 and the side pin of fig4 #b may be removed to c1 in which case the stars will be #e_/h diameter1 and 7#c-a_/b7_/h deep2 the former will be an oblong cylinder1 the latter an oblate4 ,cut a strip of red1 blue1 green1 or yellow double-crown1 of a suitable breadth1 and long enough to go twice round the star4 ,paste the strip all over1 or gum it at the edge only1 and lay the star upon it1 as at a1 fig4 #da1 with a bit of match behind it2 then roll it up and put by to dry4 ,when pasted1 it shrinks and holds the match tight2 when gummed at the edge this is not always the case2 it may then have a piece of thin binding-wire twisted round it4 ,it will have the appearance of fig4 #cb4 ,in fig4 #ca1 the match is embedded1 and dries in the damped composition2 in the enveloped stars the stars are dried first1 and the match lies outside and blows through4 ,enveloped stars show well in the air4 ,the word envelope1 as used in these pages1 must not be confounded with the same word as applied to the coverings for letters4 ,it is rather synonymous with the term wrapper2 you lay an ounce of tobacco on a piece of paper1 roll it up and tuck in the ends4 ,so with cases3 you roll them up in a piece of paper1 and leave an inch vacant at each end to receive quickmatch1 c4 ,this is termed the envelope1 that is1 the wrapper4 ,,rocket ,,heads4 ,heads for small rockets may be made of two or three rounds of paper rolled dry1 and secured on the inner and outer edges with paste4 ,after sticking it on the case1 which it may be made to fit1 as in fig4 #cf1 pinch the top in like a choke1 only tight1 and tie it round with twine or flax4 ,for coloured rocket heads1 #f_/h and upwards1 the head may be enlarged by fixing a collar round the top of the case4 ,to make the collar for a #f_/h1 roll a case on a #i_/h former1 and when dry cut it into short lengths in the lathe1 as recommended for pill-boxes2 if unprovided with a lathe1 saw it with a fine-toothed saw4 ,the advantage of the enlarged head is1 that it brings the stars nearer to the rocket1 and prevents it from being top-heavy4 ,another way is to make the heads tapering1 and the tops conical1 as in fig4 #ci4 ,one part is rolled on fig4 #cd1 the other on fig4 #ce2 or1 a cone may be made of a circular piece of paper1 without a former4 ,cut the circle1 along the radius1 to the centre2 bend it into a cone2 secure the edge with sealing-wax1 and paste paper over it to overlap the rim3 snip the edge with the scissors2 paste it inside1 and secure it to the other part4 ,but the quickest way of all is to make a long paper bag1 which may be made to fit to the greatest nicety4 ,for this purpose take a tape-measure2 or lay down1 on the edge of a strip of writing paper1 #g or #h inches long1 and #a inch broad1 #f inches1 divided into eighths1 transferred from a foot-rule4 ,suppose the #f_/h rocket has a collar1 which1 on being measured by the paper just alluded to1 is found to be #d-b_/h inches round2 add to this #c_/h for lapping over1 making #d-e_/h inches4 ,cut a piece of imperial brown #d-e_/h broad1 and as long as the case1 #f inches4 ,make this into a paper bag1 #b-a_/h inches broad4 ,be careful that the corners are perfect2 a strip of double-crown may be pasted over them4 ,when dry1 pinch the mouth open till cylindrical1 and merely allow the stars to drop in without forcing them2 this will keep the top edge of a wedge shape1 fig4 #cg1 and answer the purpose of a cone4 ,if the paper is thin1 the bag must be made of two thicknesses2 the paper will1 then1 require to be #i inches by #f2 #d-c_/h of this will have to be kept dry1 and the other #d-e_/h pasted4 ,a head1 made in this way1 if required to hold gold rains1 or serpents1 can instantly be reduced to a cylindrical shape1 by pushing the rocket-case right up it1 to the top2 this will cause the corners to stick out1 like two horns2 press them down1 and secure them with sealing-wax4 ,attach a cone1 if desired4 ,heads made like figs4 #ch and #ci may be of three thicknesses of paper1 pasted all over4 ,fig4 #ci shows the manner of tying on the sticks4 ,no variation must be made in their lengths1 and it is not advisable to alter their size4 ,to adapt it to the wood1 however1 a slight alteration might be permitted4 ,for instance1 instead of #c_/h square1 it might be 7#b-a_/b7_/h by 7#c-a_/b7_/h1 a slight increase one way1 compensated by a slight diminution the other4 ,it must1 however1 on no account1 be so increased and diminished1 as to approach the shape of a lath1 as such stick would vibrate1 and cause the rocket to quiver4 ,when the heads are a paper bag of the shape of fig4 #cg1 the stick must be tied on1 as indicated by the dotted lines4 ,if the stick is suited to the rocket1 it will1 when suspended on the finger almost against the mouth1 as at f1 fig4 #dj1 lie1 not quite horizontal1 but slightly sloping downward4 ,the wood should be dry pine1 free from knots4 ,the sticks are generally cut with a carpenter's cutting-gauge4 ,if the learner has a lathe he will find a #f-;inch circular saw convenient for cutting them4 ,for amateurs1 a #f_/h rocket is a good size2 large enough1 and small enough4 ,if #e_/h and #d_/h are made1 two hollow drifts will be sufficient2 for #c_/h1 one hollow drift4 ,very small rockets1 #b_/h1 are made for children2 they are rammed solid1 and a hole is pushed up them with a bradawl4 ,rockets in former times1 before the present days of competition1 were charged in moulds4 ,these were of gun-metal1 bored truly cylindrical1 furnished with hinges1 to open and admit the case2 they were then screwed up1 and might be charged as hard as possible4 ,names were given them according to the bore of the mould1 that is1 the external diameter of the cases2 a #d_/h was termed an ounce rocket2 a #e_/h1 a two ounce2 a #f_/h a quarter pound2 a 7#g-a_/b7_/h a half pound2 a #i_/h1 a pound2 a #ab_/h1 a two pound4 ,these names were determined by the weight of a leaden ball of the same diameter as the bore4 ,now a sphere of lead1 #g-a_/b inches diameter #ij lbs41 or #addj ounces2 consequently one of #ae inches #gbj lbs41 similar solids being to each other as the cubes of their like dimensions3 the latter sphere being twice the diameter from top to bottom2 twice the diameter from left to right2 and twice the diameter from front to back2 #b #b #b #h4 ,the external diameter of the rocket being #g-a_/b inches1 the internal would be #e inches1 and this would be a #ij-pounder3 hence1 for an inch rocket1 we have the proportion1 oz4 oz4 #e 3 #addj 33 #a 3 #aaeb so that a #ab-ounce1 or #c-quarter-pound rocket1 ought to be a trifle above an inch4 ,required the weight of a #f_/h rocket4 #e inches #dj_/h4 oz4 oz4 #dj 3 #addj 33 #f 3 #dhf ,so that a #f_/h is a trifle too large for a quarter-pound4 ,if1 conversely1 we require to know the size of a half-pound1 or #h-ounce rocket1 oz4 oz4 #addj 3 #dj 33 #h 3 #cbjj_/i and 7#cbjj_/i7 7#ifjj_/bg7 7#ifjj7_/c #gjh ,so1 properly1 a half-pounder is a trifle over #g_/h4 ,the names in use enable the makers to understand each other1 but they are not mathematically correct1 and are of no utility to an amateur4 ,the following table shows the true weight of leaden spheres1 the dimensions being taken in inches4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,weight4 ,diameter4 ,weight4 ,diameter4 ,weight4 ,diameter4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a dram #bfd #a oz4 #ffd #a lb4 #afgb ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b drams #ccb #b #hcf #a #ah ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d #dah #d #ajef #a #aia ---------------------------------------- -------------- #h #ebh #h #acbh #a #bjb ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ab #fjd #ab #aeb #b #baab ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,and #b_/c of the above numbers multiplied by #h1 give the correct names for rockets in eighths of an inch4 ,required the true size of a half-pounder4 #acbh #b #h ------------- #gjh4 #c ,a trifle above #g_/h1 as before stated4 ,a cast-iron ball #f inches in diameter weighs #cjlb4 ,cast iron is about #dj_/fc the weight of lead4 #ebhj feet #a mile2 #cbhj feet #a kilometre4 ,,wheel ,,and ,,fixed ,,cases4 ,wheel cases may be #e-e_/h inches long4 ,cut the paper1 without waste1 into #d strips1 each #bi inches long4 ,fixed cases may be #g-a_/d inches long3 cut the paper the other way of the sheet1 into #d strips1 each #bb-a_/b inches long4 ,the extra length1 for fixed cases1 is to allow of their being reported2 that is1 filled at the end1 with an inch1 or more1 of grain powder1 to make a bang like a squib4 ,the cases are to be gauged to the thickness of roman candle cases1 but choked like rockets2 #e_/h internal1 and #g_/h external1 are a good size4 ,two solid drifts will be required for wheel cases2 one #e-a_/b inches long1 besides the head2 the other #c inches3 for the fixed cases it will be necessary to have one of #g-a_/d inches4 ,they may be turned of box1 beech1 or ash2 but gun-metal drifts are best1 though by no means indispensable4 ,if they are cast in gun-metal1 they will simply require filing in the rough places4 ,the cases are to be rammed solid throughout1 on a foot1 fig4 #db1 turned in one piece1 with a nipple1 and a pin #a_/c of a diameter thick1 and just high enough to keep the choke clear4 ,in all wheel and fixed cases1 whatever the remainder of the fuse may be1 begin by putting in one scoop of starting fire2 this1 when malleted firmly in1 should fill about #c_/h of an inch in the case4 ,the subsequent fuse can be selected from the ,tables4 ,the choke may be protected with a little clay1 before the starting fire1 like rockets1 if thought desirable3 no clay is to be used anywhere else4 ,wheel cases containing steel-filings are termed brilliant4 ,to prime the cases1 very slightly damp some meal powder1 by sprinkling it with a few drops of water2 mix and chop it up1 or mince it1 as it were1 with a knife3 put a little into the mouth of the case1 press the nipple1 fig4 #db1 into it1 and work it round2 this will prime the choke and the mouth at once1 still leaving the choke clear2 or1 paint the choke and mouth with the sash-tool1 with meal paste1 just sufficient to wet them1 then plunge them into dry meal1 give them a rap to shake off the superfluous dust1 and lay them by to dry4 ,wheel and fixed cases need not be choked at all1 but plugged #a_/d of an inch1 with plaster of paris1 as directed for roman candles4 ,when dry1 charge them by setting them flat on the block1 without using the foot4 ,mallet in a scoop of starting fire1 then the other4 ,afterwards1 when a number are charged1 bore through the centre of the plaster1 with a shell-bit1 #a_/c the diameter of the case2 insert a piece of match in the hole2 wash the face of the plaster over with meal paste1 and plunge into dry meal4 ,a sheet of double-crown makes #h wheel case envelopes 7#b4b4b7 #aj by #g-a_/b1 so that the void at each end1 to receive the match1 is nearly #a inch4 ,it is not possible to devise a formula that will indicate the exact quantity required for wheel cases1 as the fuses vary2 but1 representing the length1 in inches1 by ,i2 and the diameter in eighths by e1 the following will help to serve as a guide4 7,i e7_/#g drams4 ,suppose a wheel case #e-e_/h inches long1 and #d eighths diameter1 7#e #d #d7_/g #ij_/g #ac drams4 ,suppose a fixed case #g-a_/d inches long1 and #e eighths diameter1 7#g #e #e7_/g #aha_/g #bf drms4 #a oz4 #aj drms4 ,,gerbes4 ,gerbes1 so called from the ,french word for wheat-sheaf1 which they resemble1 are fixed choked cases3 they do not show well on wheels4 ,as they contain grains of iron1 they must not be under #f_/h2 for private exhibitions a good size is #i_/h1 #i_/h internal diameter2 #ab_/h external2 #c_/h the diameter of the choke2 #aa-a_/d inches1 length of case4 ,charge the case on a nipple1 exactly like a wheel case4 ,it is advisable to put in1 first1 a little clay1 to protect the choke1 as the fire1 being fierce1 would1 otherwise1 enlarge it1 and diminish the ascent of the sparks4 ,upon the clay drive in a scoop of starting fire1 and fill up with gerbe composition4 ,this1 when containing iron borings1 is termed ,chinese fire2 the pieces1 ,chinese trees4 ,the most magnificent of all1 however1 is the coloured gerbe4 ,for this1 some green1 blue1 and crimson grains1 or small stars must be prepared4 ,they may be quarter-inch cubes1 cut as directed for the chopped nitre stars4 ,a far better way1 however1 of preparing them1 is to remove the pin a1 of fig4 #b1 up to c1 so that the stars1 driven in the tube1 will be #e_/h inch diameter1 and #c_/h thick4 ,when these are dry1 chop them into #d pieces1 by holding a knife1 or chisel1 across them1 and giving it a smart blow with the mallet4 ,they are harder made this way4 ,to charge the cases3 having driven in the clay1 and the starting fire1 put in #g or #h stars1 then a scoopful of fuse ,no4 #a or #b1 then #g or #h more stars1 and another scoop of fuse2 mallet the whole #d layers down firm1 with blows not too heavy at a time1 but many times repeated4 ,then put in #g or #h more stars1 another scoopful1 #g or #h more stars1 and another scoop1 and mallet the #d layers as before2 and so repeat4 ,the two layers and the two scoopfuls may fill up1 when malleted in1 #c_/d of an inch1 in a #i_/h case4 ,instead of choking the cases1 plaster of paris is far preferable4 ,let it be #c_/h of an inch thick1 and well dried1 before charging4 ,after the cases are charged1 bore a hole through the plaster1 #a_/c of a diameter1 that is1 with a #i_/h case1 #c_/h of an inch diameter4 ,for this purpose it is not necessary to have another shell-bit2 bore it with the #c_/af1 and enlarge it with a penknife4 ,it is better arched under1 till conical1 as shown in fig4 #dh4 ,prime with #d or #e pieces of match1 and wash with the sash-tool4 ,the gerbe being finished1 make a cylindrical box1 or paper bag1 of #b or #c thicknesses of paper3 fill it with a number of crackers1 and a scoopful of meal powder1 and fasten it to the gerbe4 ,no single piece is more effective than a coloured gerbe2 the stars will be projected #cj feet1 or more3 they may be put in1 mixed2 or1 one layer may be blue1 another green1 another crimson4 ,twist a piece of wire1 deprived of its elasticity1 round the neck1 and another piece round the bottom1 and leave long ends2 it can then be fastened by them to the top of a post4 ,to remove the elasticity from iron wire1 lay it in the fire till red hot2 withdraw it with the tongs1 and put it aside1 to cool slowly4 ,if copper wire is used1 it will bend without preparation4 ,string must not be employed1 as it might burn1 and let the case fall4 ,common pins1 patent short whites1 deprived of their elasticity1 are useful for connecting the parts of lustres together4 ,,flower ,,pots4 ,these are choked cases1 charged with spur fire3 the fire is somewhat slow1 so the cases must be short3 #d inches long1 and #e_/h diameter is a good size4 ,rub the composition thoroughly up in the mortar2 the vegetable black produces beautiful star-like sparks1 totally dissimilar to any other4 ,put a little composition1 at a time1 into the case1 and jolt it with the roman candle rammer4 ,vegetable black1 introduced into a star1 causes it to tail1 like linseed oil4 ,light such star on the hob2 it will burn1 and leave a residue1 unaltered in shape2 blow upon this continuously with the mouth1 or1 better still1 with a pair of bellows3 the supply of oxygen will cause it to boil up1 in a state of fusion1 when it will begin to throw out clusters of the peculiar starlike sparks1 before mentioned1 bright and yellow as new sovereigns4 ,vegetable black is a pure lamp black2 some samples of lamp black make equally good stars1 but others are worthless4 ,greater reliance can be placed upon vegetable black4 ,vegetable black and lamp black must not be mixed with linseed oil1 as such mixture is liable to spontaneous combustion4 ,roll up a tube for pill boxes1 of two thicknesses of brown paper4 ,when dry1 cut it into pieces about #a-a_/h inch long3 choke one end1 like a wheel case2 set it on a nipple1and charge it with spur fire1 till full within #a_/af of an inch3 fill up flush with a little plaster of paris1 pressed in flat with a knife3 prime the choked end1 and put a number of such cases into a rocket head1 or shell4 ,,port ,,fires ,,and ,,shell ,,fuses4 ,these are unchoked cases1 like roman candles2 #f inches long1 #c_/h internal1 7#d-a_/b7_/h external1 is a good size4 ,they should be rammed1 as hard as possible2 and1 for this purpose1 it is best to have a mould4 ,now1 if a case is rolled of such a size that it will exactly fit into a brass tube1 and is charged1 in it1 very hard1 it will swell1 and it will be almost impossible to get it out again2 but if it be made a trifle smaller1 so as to just slip through the tube2 then1 if a piece of writing paper be rolled1 dry1 round it1 once or twice1 so as to make it a tight fit1 and the case is charged1 it can be pushed out1 like a pellet from a popgun1 leaving the writing paper1 generally1 in the tube1 or mould1 and the case will come out without a wrinkle4 ,let the composition be put in1 very little at a time1 and well driven with a solid rammer and mallet4 ,fig4 #ei represents the mould2 the foot b fits the tube a2 the tenon c fits the case2 a wire1 d1 goes through #b holes in the brass tube1 and a hole through the foot2 a nut1 e1 to keep the wire from jarring out1 is made of a piece of indiarubber3 make a hole through it1 with a bradawl1 and slip it on the wire2 or1 a screw-eye may be passed through and held with a leaden1 or wooden nut4 ,,tourbillions4,a ,a tourbillion1 so called from the ,french word for whirlwind1 is a case made to rotate and ascend at the same time1 forming a spiral of fire1 and ending in the shape of an umbrella4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,tourbillion4 ,roll the case like a roman candle case1 but gauge it to the thickness of a rocket case4 ,let the inner diameter be #f_/h2 the outer #i_/h2 the length of the case #g-a_/d inches1 fig4 #dc4 ,to charge the case1 have a mould1 as directed for port-fires2 and let the tenon rise exactly #c_/h of an inch up the case4 ,put in a little composition at a time1 and mallet it as firmly as possible1 till within exactly #c_/h of an inch of the top of the case2 so that there will be a vacancy of #c_/h of an inch1 at each end4 ,fill each of these ends flush with plaster of paris4 ,it is1 better1 too1 if you can manage to fill the middle half-inch of the case with plaster of paris4 ,it can be effected with care1 and will hold the screw1 hereafter to be described1 more firmly4 ,construct a wooden box1 fig4 #dd1 consisting of a bottom and two sides only1 firmly screwed together4 ,each of the pieces of wood is to be #g-a_/d inches long1 and #a_/b an inch thick4 ,the internal breadth of the box is to be exactly #i_/h of an inch2 and its internal depth exactly 7#d-a_/b7_/h or #i_/af1 so that when the tourbillion is laid evenly in it1 and pressed down to the bottom1 half of the case will be in it1 and half out of it4 ,at a point b1 fig4 #dd1 on the top of the side1 half an inch from a1 make an ink mark3 and1 at a point d1 half an inch from c1 make another ink mark4 ,fig4 #de is the bottom of the box4 ,at a point w1 #e_/h of an inch from the end2 and1 at a point z1 #e_/h of an inch from the other end1 make holes with a fine bradawl1 truly1 in a line down the middle of the wood1 as between side and side4 ,the distance w z is #f inches2 divide it into #c equal parts1 in the points x and y1 two inches asunder4 ,bisect x y in the point s4 ,procure #e carpet pins1 fig4 #dg3 they will1 probably1 be #c_/d of an inch long4 ,drive them through the holes w1 x1 s1 y1 z1 inverting the box for the purpose1 so that they shall stand bolt upright in the box4 ,now screw1 or nail a piece of wood over the bottom of the box1 entirely to cover it1 to prevent the carpet pins from getting displaced4 ,it will be seen1 that1 if the tourbillion be now laid evenly in the box1 and pressed down till it rests on the bottom1 the projecting pins will make #e holes1 in the under part of the case4 ,while it is thus lying1 with a stiletto1 such as used by sempstresses1 for making eyelet holes1 prick the side of the case over the line b1 of fig4 #dd2 and1 also1 over the point d4 ,there will now be #g holes2 #e underneath1 #a to the right1 and #a to the left3 the latter are the places for the whirlers1 or holes of rotation3 #d underneath1 for the lifters1 or holes of ascension2 the centre one1 s1 receives a nail or screw4 ,take a bradawl1 fig4 #di1 #c_/af of an inch diameter2 and slip over it a shield1 consisting of a piece of wood with a central hole up it1 like a pop-gun1 of such a length1 that1 when it is slipped on1 only #a_/d of an inch of the bradawl protrudes2 or1 instead of a bradawl1 fix in a handle1 a wire of equal length1 namely #a_/d of an inch1 and file it to a point4 ,push this into all the holes1 except s1 making #d holes underneath1 and #b horizontal holes1 one left1 one right3 all these holes will be exactly of the same depth1 on account of the shield3 see that they are bored perfectly true1 the horizontals exactly #ij degrees above the others1 or #a_/d of the circumference4 ,the next thing required1 is a piece of hooping1 or curved stick1 about #f_/h of an inch broad1 and as long as the case1 #g-a_/d inches4 ,in the centre of this1 bore a hole1 and countersink it2 then1 with a screw1 an inch and a quarter long1 screw the hooping1 at right angles1 on the bottom of the case1 through the point s of fig4 #de1 which must be enlarged to receive the screw4 ,a touch of glue may still farther hold the wood in position4 ,it will now assume the shape of a cross1 like figs4 #ej and #ea4 ,fig4 #ej shows the under side of the case2 fig4 #ea the upper4 ,from w to x lead a bit of naked match2 push the ends into both holes1 and secure with a little wetted meal1 pressed in with a knife4 ,do the same with y and z4 ,paste a piece of double-crown1 #c_/d of an inch broad1 and of sufficient length1 and cover each of the two pieces of match1 with two layers of the paper4 ,turn it over1 like to fig4 #ea2 connect the holes a and b with a bit of naked match2 and1 under the centre of it1 slip another piece of naked match1 having a piece of touch-paper round the protruding end3 cover the match with two thicknesses of pasted paper1 in the same manner as the under holes4 ,the tourbillion is now complete4 ,see that it will balance1 and swing round easily1 when laid upon a level surface4 ,the proper way to fire it1 is from a flat sheet of iron1 or a flagstone4 ,light the touch paper2 the fire will communicate to the side holes1 and set it in rotation4 ,as soon as #a_/h of an inch of fuse has burnt from each end1 and the piece has got well into action1 the #d under holes will catch1 and cause it to ascend4 ,instead of this mode of making a tourbillion1 some charge it with an inch of solidly rammed clay1 in the middle2 fasten the stick1 by crossing it with binding-wire2 bore a hole through the middle of it1 and of the clay1 and slip it over a tapering-wire1 standing upright in a block1 like the spindle of a rocket4 ,four holes only are then used2 two of rotation1 and two of ascension2 and the whole are fired at once1 the match starting from one of the under holes1 going to the side hole2 over1 across1 to the other side hole1 and on to the other under hole4 ,instead of making them with clay in the middle1 there is yet a better method of having two cases1 each about #d inches long2 and gluing1 or fastening them with tin-tacks on a centre-piece1 turned with a tenon at each end1 fig4 #eb2 two balancing arms1 one on each side1 must then be fixed to the centre-piece4 ,in a windmill1 as is well known1 the vanes1 or sails1 are set at an angle4 ,there is a toy1 made of two slips of tin1 forming a cross1 and set at an angle1 sloping upwards1 called the flying dutchman2 this1 when spun with a string1 from a handle like a humming-top1 flies up into the air1 on escaping from the string4 ,steel ,fliers1 with two vanes1 are used by sportsmen to practise shooting flying4 ,small balloons1 some years ago1 in a room in the ,polytechnic ,institution1 free from a current of air1 were guided or driven by a similar contrivance1 moved by clockwork4 ,the screw-propeller of a ship acts on the same principle4 ,i think it possible that1 if two vanes were fixed in the central piece of wood1 set at an upward angle of #aj1 #ae1 or #bj degrees from the horizontal1 they might assist the ascension1 and so cause the tourbillion to reach a greater height2 or1 the vanes alone might cause it to rise1 upon #d side holes1 two to the left1 and two to the right1 causing it to rotate4 ,the design is shown at fig4 #ed1 the shape of the vane at fig4 #ec4 ,i have not yet tried it1 so offer it only as a suggestion4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,tourbillion1 from tourbillon1 like postillion1 from postillon1 the i being inserted to approximate the pronunciation of the ,french4 ,in pavilion1 from pavillon1 and vermilion1 from vermillon1 one l is dropped2 so in battalion1 from bataillon2 while medallion1 from medaillon1 retains the ll4 ,,saxons4 ,these are unchoked cases1 charged like a tourbillion1 but pierced only with holes of rotation1 for the purpose of turning a coloured fire4 ,drive them in a mould1 as directed before4 ,a good size is1 #e_/h internal1 #g_/h external1 #f or #g inches long4 ,let the tenon enter the case #c_/h of an inch3 charge the composition firm till within #a_/b an inch of the top1 which leave vacant4 ,remove it1 and fill the #c_/h occupied by the tenon1 with plaster of paris4 ,have a centre-piece1 turned like fig4 #ee1 with a tenon1 #e_/h diameter at each end1 #a_/b an inch long4 ,glue a case on each tenon4 ,let the centre-piece be #f inches long1 exclusive of the tenons2 so1 if the saxon cases are #g inches long1 each1 the entire length1 as fig4 #ef1 will be #bj inches4 ,make a hole at a1 and another at c1 with a shielded bradawl1 #c_/af of an inch diameter4 ,put a bit of naked match in the hole a1 carry it round x and y1 along to c and on to z4 ,it must be pushed into c with a blunt wire4 ,cover it with two thicknesses of pasted paper1 like the tourbillion4 ,leave the match exposed at x1 y1 and at z1 and brush it over with meal paste4 ,if the central piece of wood were now put on a horizontal spindle1 and fire communicated to the match z1 the holes a and c would cause it to rotate1 and produce a white circle of fire4 ,this1 however1 would be hardly worth making2 but1 by fixing at b1 a little case of coloured fire1 a splendid effect is produced4 ,this case of colour is usually tied to a nail1 driven in at b2 but a little tenon of wood may be glued there instead1 and the case of colour must be then charged1 with a vacancy at the bottom1 to fit on the tenon4 ,the case of colour must be timed to burn as long as the saxon2 rather more than an inch will be sufficient4 ,saxons are sometimes made by charging a roman candle case with an inch of clay in the middle1 and boring a hole through the clay1 to receive a spindle4 ,only one half of the case burns at a time2 a leader1 placed at the bottom1 near the central clay1 conveys the fire to the other end2 and continues the rotation4 ,for distinction1 they are called ,chinese fliers4 ,,five-,,pointed ,,stars4 ,these are cases about #b-a_/b inches long1 and #a inch diameter4 ,make a bottom to the case with #a_/d inch thickness of plaster of paris1 so that it looks like a large pill box4 ,charge it solid1 and at #c_/h of an inch from the extremity1 that is1 #a_/h of an inch beyond the plaster bottom1 round the circumference make five holes1 as for saxons2 run a bit of match round1 connecting the holes4 ,these1 when fired1 stand out at right angles1 the plaster towards the spectator1 so that the fire resembles a gas star1 with #e points1 as in fig4 #acj4 ,,squibs4 ,take a sheet of #fj-lb4 imperial brown1 and a sheet of #ab-lb4 white demy4 ,the imperial1 as said before1 is #bi by #bb-a_/b4 ,cut it into #bd equal parts 7#b1 #d1 #c71 that is1 first into two equal parts1 down the natural fold of the paper2 then each into four equal parts1 at right angles to the first fold2 and each of these into three equal parts1 at right angles to the second fold4 ,each piece will then be #e-e_/h by #d-e_/h4 ,the demy is #bb-a_/b by #ag-a_/b4 ,cut the sheet into sixteen equal parts 7#b1 #d1 #b71 each piece will be #e-e_/h by #d-c_/h4 ,a piece of brown and a piece of white will make a case #e-e_/h inches long4 ,for a former1 procure a piece of brass wire1 or stair-rod1 about a foot long1 and #a_/d inch diameter4 ,lay eight pieces of the demy evenly on each other2 draw the thumbnail of the right hand from the farther edge of the paper straight over the middle towards you1 a few times4 ,if properly performed1 this will draw piece behind piece2 proceed till about #a_/h of an inch of each is left exposed1 in the same manner as a pack of cards would arrange themselves1 if set upright1 and allowed to fall forwards2 something after the manner of the laths of a venetian blind1 or slates upon a roof1 imbricated4 ,if you cannot acquire the knack of doing this1 you must so lay them1 one by one4 ,paste the edges of all the eight pieces thus lying4 ,place one of the pieces of brown paper before you2 lay the former1 or stair-rod1 across it1 nearly in the middle2 bend the paper over it1 and press it in with the fingers of both hands2 roll for an inch1 or so2 lay it on the middle of a white piece2 bend the white over2 infold the brown in it1 and roll forward1 till it catches the pasted part1 and sticks4 ,after a number have been prepared1 and are dry1 choke them1 as directed for rockets4 ,the wire of the choker1 fig4 #bd1 should be about #a_/af of an inch thick4 ,now take a piece of square steel1 or iron wire1 #ab inches long1 the thickness of the wire being about #c_/e the diameter of the stair-rod1 that is1 #a_/d x #c_/e #c_/bj of an inch2 if it be found difficult to procure square wire1 file a round piece4 ,bore a hole down a bradawl or chisel handle1 #b inches in depth1 and #a_/d diameter2 fix the square wire in it1 with melted lead1 like fig4 #d2 the lead is for the purpose of giving weight to the blows in charging4 ,black the wire all over with ink1 and allow it to dry4 ,the next requisite is a tin funnel1 without a neck1 of the size and shape of fig4 #fe4 ,any tinman will readily make one to order2 but if the learner procure a soldering-tool1 he can construct one himself4 ,for this purpose1 dissolve a piece of zinc in a little hydrochloric or muriatic acid1 till the acid is saturated3 heat the tool1 and dip the tip end1 momently1 into it2 the acid combines with the oxide of copper formed by heating1 and the zinc adheres to the clear surface of copper produced2 it will now easily take up the solder3 the joint to be soldered must be clean1 and also touched with a feather dipped into the acid4 ,it is best to make a funnel with a piece of writing-paper1 first1 for a pattern2 when this is got correct1 the tin can be cut according to it4 ,by describing a circle with a #c-;inch radius1 and cutting out a sector of #ajj1 the correct size is obtained at once2 #a_/h of an inch breadth1 outside the radius1 is to be allowed to lap over4 ,the bore of the squib is #e_/bj of an inch2 the size of the ramming wire #c_/bj2 the hole at the bottom of the funnel may be half way between1 #d_/bj or #a_/e of an inch diameter4 ,push the wire rammer through the funnel1 till it protrudes #b inches beyond the bottom2 observe the part of the wire which is now level with the top of the funnel2 withdraw it1 and file a bright mark round the part3 it will be about #d-a_/b inches from the end4 ,the wire1 having been inked1 shows the bright mark more plainly4 ,make a deal box1 #c inches square1 and #d inches deep1 and nail a bottom to it4 ,also have a little nipple1 fig4 #gc1 with a wire1 as drawn2 it can be secured to a flat board4 ,to charge the cases4 ,set the choked end of one on the nipple1 insert the funnel in the other end1 put the wire rammer down through the funnel1 and let it fall to the bottom of the case3 put in some fuse1 and jolt the rammer up and down1 till the case gets so far filled1 that the bright1 filed notch1 before described1 is on a level with the top of the funnel4 ,it is necessary to sit at a table to charge the cases2 the eye is1 then1 on a proper level to see the mark4 ,as the cases are thus charged1 set them in the square box1 choked end downwards1 till a number are filled4 ,now take out a handful1 invert them over a sheet of paper1 and give them a few taps with the rammer2 this will shake out a great deal of loose composition1 that has got puffed up1 in the case4 ,return them to the deal box4 ,the next operation is to bounce1 or bang them4 ,for this purpose take a long slip of paper1 #g inches broad4 ,stretch it lengthwise before you4 ,lay a number of the cases upon it1 so that all the choke ends lie flush with the left edge of the paper2 then roll them up in the paper2 turn and set them upright on the choke ends2 the paper will now stand up more than an inch above the cases1 as a tumbler1 three parts full of water1 stands up with an empty space above the water4 ,rest them on a sheet of paper1 and pour in a quantity of ,f grain powder2 this will fill every case2 loosen the paper wrapper1 and allow the superfluous grain powder to fall on the paper4 ,set the cases1 choke downwards1 in the square box4 ,as they are all full1 it is necessary to get a little out of each4 ,for this purpose1 lay the square box1 containing them1 horizontally on a sheet of paper1 on one of its sides2 turn it gently over1 and lay it on the next side2 a little of the gunpowder will spill out2 turn it gently over again1 and lay it on the next side2 and so proceed1 till every case has about #c_/h of an inch empty4 ,the ends of the cases are now to be closed4 ,take a case1 in the left hand1 as in fig4 #fc1 and wind a piece of string1 or whipcord1 three or four times round it1 holding the end of the string1 a1 firmly with the thumb2 then1 with the right hand1 bring the end1 b1 back over all the folds1 as in fig4 #fd2 pull the end1 ,b1 tight1 and the case will be closed4 ,melt some common bottle sealing-wax in a pipkin2 carry it to a distance from the fire1 and dip the ends of the squibs into it4 ,next1 prime them1 by pressing the choked ends into very slightly damped meal powder1 as directed for wheel cases4 ,take a piece of touch-paper1 #ae inches by #aj4 ,divide it into #dh pieces 7#b1 #b1 #c1 #d72 each piece will be #b-a_/b by #a-a_/d4 ,roll a piece round the primed end1 twist to a point1 and fasten it with a bit of carpet thread1 hitched three times round it4 ,,serpents4 ,these are simply squibs1 made short1 in order to burn out quickly1 as they are intended to be thrown from mines1 and would otherwise lie too long on the ground4 ,they are best made entirely of brown paper1 pasted all over1 exactly like wheel cases1 and choked in the same manner4 ,cut the paper #f inches by #b-a_/b1 and roll them on the squib former1 so that they shall be #b-a_/b inches long4 ,ram them with the funnel and wire1 but continue the ramming till the guide-mark stands a little higher than the level of the funnel2 until1 in fact1 the cases get half full4 ,bounce1 close1 and dip them in melted wax1 like squibs4 ,the best way to prime them is to paint them with the sash-tool1 slightly1 then plunge them into dry meal1 so that they may be1 as nearly as possible1 like quickmatch4 ,if they were pressed into wet meal powder1 of the consistency of mortar1 and then rubbed smooth on a ,dutch tile1 or slate1 or plate1 they would dry hard and glazed4 ,in this case1 if they were fired from a mine1 in all probability three-fourths of them would miss4 ,in brushing them with the sash-tool1 with meal paste1 turn the brush well round1 to leave little in2 so that1 after being pressed into the dry meal1 they may not be choked up1 but the cup shape still be left4 ,they are not to be touch-papered1 being intended only for mines1 rockets1 or shells4 ,,pinwheels4 ,procure some #af-lb4 double-crown white paper4 ,a sheet is #cj #bj inches4 ,cut off a strip #cj #c ------- ,leaves a piece #cj #ag ,the small strip may be used for odd purposes4 ,divide the #cj by #ag into #aj strips1 each #c by #ag1 for penny pinwheels4 ,if the paper were cut the other way of the sheet1 it would not wind smoothly1 but crumple up4 ,the fibres1 from some cause or other1 appear to arrange themselves in one direction1 like the grain in wood4 ,for halfpenny wheels1 divide the sheet into two pieces1 each #aj by #cj2 then cut each of these into #ab1 each #aj by #b-a_/b4 ,for a former1 have a straight piece of iron1 or steel1 wire1 #a_/h of an inch thick1 and #bd inches long4 ,one end of this must have a basil1 or sloping enlargement upon it1 which is thus made4 ,take a piece of double-crown #d inches square2 lay it straight before you1 and cut it diagonally1 from the right top corner to the left bottom corner2 remove the left half2 paste the right2 lay the wire upon it1 so that the rectangular corner is #e inches from the right end of the wire2 roll it up1 and press it smooth2 the sloping edge will now form a spiral1 commencing at #i inches from the right end of the wire1 and being enlarged at #e inches from the end4 ,paste a thin strip of paper over the whole1 to protect the spiral edges4 ,it will now be something of the shape of fig4 #bg1 only turned the reverse way4 ,the #e inches at the end are for a handle4 ,to roll the pinwheel pipes1 lay the strips of paper evenly upon each other1 and work them back with the thumbnail1 as before4 ,paste the edges2 lay half-a-quire of double-crown1 or of blotting-paper1 flat upon the table1 to roll on4 ,place one of the strips of pasted paper upon it2 lay the wire upon it1 the basil end being towards the right hand2 the wire is to be laid1 not quite parallel with the near edge of the paper1 but slightly sloping1 about an inch and a quarter distant from it on the left1 and not quite an inch on the right1 or basil end4 ,so much of the basil must lie on the paper as will make the mouth of the pipe large enough for the nozzle of the funnel to enter half-an-inch4 ,the basil1 of course1 gathers up the paper more quickly than the wire1 and brings the edge straight1 on the completion of the pipe4 ,now to roll1 bend the paper over the left end of the wire1 press it in with the fingers1 and begin immediately to move it forward2 at the same time draw the fingers of the right hand rapidly along1 pressing in the paper1 and rolling forward1 keeping the right1 or basil1 end of the wire tight1 and slightly pulled towards you3 the paper round the left end of the wire will have thus become rolled half round the circumference of the wire1 before the basil end has begun4 ,there is very great difficulty1 at first1 in rolling so long a pipe as #ag inches2 it is advisable to begin with the halfpenny pipes1 which are much shorter2 the same wire-former will serve for both4 ,if you cannot succeed1 get a person to help you2 sixteen fingers can manage the matter easily2 but it is best to master the difficulty yourself4 ,have a funnel as nearly the size and shape of fig4 #ff as possible4 ,it is best with a lid soldered on the top1 with a circular hole in the middle1 about the size of a shilling1 to prevent the composition from getting spilt4 ,a slightly tapering neck is also to be soldered on at the bottom4 ,take especial care that the mouth of the funnel dips into the neck1 and not have the neck sticking up in the funnel4 ,the joint inside must be perfectly smooth4 ,a charging wire will now be required2 this should be a square steel wire1 as large as the neck of the funnel will admit1 to move easily up and down2 let it also have a piece of lead at the end1 to give it weight4 ,take a piece of brass tube1 about #c_/h of an inch diameter1 and an inch long4 ,hold the wire in it1 with a piece of flannel1 or woollen cloth1 and pour in melted lead4 ,to charge the cases1 first bend a quarter of an inch of the small end of the pipe1 over the edge of a knife1 into a hook1 to prevent the composition running out2 insert the nozzle of the funnel in the enlarged end2 hold the part of the pipe now round it1 with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand1 slip the wire1 through the funnel1 down to the bottom of the pipe1 which must rest1 for a moment1 on the table2 pour in the composition1 jolt the wire up and down2 lift the pipe from the table1 keep jolting the wire1 at the same time turning it round1 and let the pipe swing slightly to and fro1 till filled4 ,a guide-mark must be filed round the wire1 as for squibs1 at such a distance as that1 when it is level with the top of the funnel1 the bottom may protrude about #c_/h of an inch4 ,when a number of pipes are charged1 close the large1 or basilled1 end1 which is the one to be lit1 by means of a piece of whipcord1 or thin twine1 wound round it1 as directed in figs4 #fc and #fd4 ,soak a towel in water2 wring it as dry as possible2 spread it out flat2 lay the pipes in a row1 side by side1 upon it1 like rushes in a chair bottom2 roll them up in it1 and leave them for #aj or #ae minutes4 ,then wind them upon the usual circular blocks1 and fasten the end with sealing-wax4 ,be careful that the wax is not in a flame at the moment of touching the case2 if necessary1 blow it out4 ,accidents will arise1 both from the wax and from the candle1 if care is not used4 ,measure1 with a tape1 round the wheel1 now wound2 suppose #d inches2 cut a piece of blue double-crown1 #d inches broad1 and any length3 cut this into strips about #c_/af of an inch broad1 and #d inches long2 paste a slate all over2 lay these strips1 #g or #h of them1 side by side1 flat upon it2 paste their upper surface2 lay one across each pinwheel1 and bend it over to make the ends meet in the centre on the other side4 ,if you wish the pinwheel to be of double or triple size1 after you have charged one pipe1 paste the small end of a second pipe1 outside1 and stick it in the other4 ,let it dry2 then charge the additional pipe4 ,observe1 the pipes must not lie too long in the towel2 if the nitre gets dissolved1 it soaks into the paper1 which becomes1 virtually1 touchpaper1 and one pipe ignites the other4 ,the wire formers must not be allowed to get rusty2 therefore1 before laying them aside smear them with tallow1 or olive oil4 ,the wire is much facilitated1 too1 in delivering1 if1 just before using it1 it is slightly oiled1 and then wiped1 apparently1 perfectly dry4 ,after the wheels are finished1 they should be spread out to dry1 as soon as possible4 ,it is not usual to prime them2 and1 as sold1 they are very difficult and troublesome to light2 for private use1 they may have a short piece of match inserted in the mouth1 and a small bit of touch-paper wound round it4 ,french nails are now made1 of wire1 very thin2 those1 about an inch long1 are much better than pins1 for firing the wheel upon1 as they have larger heads1 and prevent its falling off4 ,pinwheel blocks may be obtained of ,merrick1 ,shuttle ,maker1 #aee1 ,bethnal ,green ,road2 the same person sells triangular and vertical wheels2 caprice1 furilona and pigeon frames2 rocket sticks2 mine bottoms2 saxon centres1 c42 also1 plait mills1 made to order4 ,,crackers4 ,a good tough paper for these is #bd mill1 #ai-lb4 double-small hand4 ,a sheet is #cj #bj inches4 ,cut off a strip #cj #d ------- ,leaves a piece #cj #af ,the strip #cj by #d may be used for squibs1 or any odd purpose4 ,for penny crackers cut the #cj by #af into #h strips1 each #c-c_/d by #af4 ,for halfpenny crackers divide the sheet into #b pieces1 each #aj by #cj4 ,cut each of these into #aj1 each #aj by #c4 ,for a former have a straight piece of iron1 or steel1 wire1 #c_/bj of an inch diameter1 and #bd inches long4 ,this will not require a basil4 ,have1 also1 another wire1 of half the thickness1 for an opening wire4 ,lay the strips on blotting-paper1 as before2 and place the wire parallel with the edge of the strip1 as there is now no basil4 ,when a number of pipes are rolled and dry1 hold one flat on a table2 and1 with the handle of a knife1 or tooth-brush1 rub the pipe flat along1 all except the first half-inch1 held in the left hand1 to form a little cup4 ,now push the opening wire through it1 to partially open it4 ,bend the bottom1 over a knife1 into a little hook1 as before directed1 for pinwheels4 ,take up a quantity2 wind a strip of paper round them1 as in banging squibs1 and pour in a quantity of ,,fff1 or canister powder4 ,unless the powder is very fine it will not run down4 ,pipes may be filled with ,f grain powder1 one at a time1 by putting a funnel into the cup part1 and tapping the pipe with a wire4 ,you can hear the powder run down1 and easily judge when the pipe is full4 ,the powder is now to be crushed into meal1 by rolling the pipes through a plait mill1 fig4 #ga4 ,this is furnished with a wooden screw1 at top2 the screw presses upon a cross-bit1 which bears upon two movable collars3 these rest on the axis of the top cylinder1 by which means the pressure can be adjusted as desired4 ,the cylinders of plait mills are of beech1 or boxwood2 the latter are1 of course1 the best2 but for making great numbers of crackers1 it is necessary to have the frames of iron1 and the cylinders of steel4 ,if a mill cannot be procured1 the pipes may be rolled with a brass tube1 or rolling-pin1 or passed through an ,american mangle2 but a very good1 and far less expensive plan1 is to lay them on an anvil1 or flat-iron turned upside down1 and beat them with a smooth-faced hammer2 this is a tedious process1 but it makes good crackers4 ,the cup end1 having served its purpose1 is to be flattened1 and bent into a hook4 ,now lay the pipes in a damp towel1 like the pinwheels4 ,take two pieces of deal1 each about #f inches long and #a-a_/b inch broad3 let the one for the halfpenny crackers be #c_/d of an inch thick2 the other1 for the penny1 #a inch thick4 ,saw and chisel a piece out of each1 about #d inches long and #a_/b an inch broad1 as drawn1 fig4 #fg1 so that it looks like the first and third fingers of the hand held straight up1 with the second finger1 between them1 shut4 ,next procure #bj pieces of wire1 each #b inches long1 and about #a_/af of an inch thick4 ,support the cracker-frame in a vice3 lay the cracker across the opening2 place a wire upon it1 as at a1 fig4 #fh2 bend the pipe over it2 lay on it another wire1 on the other side1 as b2 bend back1 and lay on it the wire c2 and so on1 alternately1 till the cracker is bent up4 ,lift it out of the frame1 and let the wires drop4 ,the distance between the wires1 in the halfpenny crackers1 will be #c_/d of an inch2 in the penny1 #a inch2 if made according to the directions given4 ,the outside of the frame should be very slightly tapered1 or it will be difficult to lift the cracker up out of it4 ,the penny size will probably take #ad wires2 the halfpenny #aj wires4 ,cut the end flush1 to expose the crushed powder2 wind round it a piece of touch-paper1 about #a-c_/d inch long1 #a-a_/d broad2 it need not be pasted2 fold up the cracker2 pass a piece of flax or thread twice round it2 twist the thread in and out1 backwards and forwards1 among the folds2 and the cracker is complete4 ,if the paper does not appear sufficiently thick to make a good report1 cut the strips broader1 and fewer to the sheet2 but always cut them up the short way of the paper1 or they will not bend properly4 ,the paper for pinwheels and crackers is #cj inches by #bj2 the longest pipe that can be cut is #bj inches3 as an experiment1 try a pinwheel and cracker the other way of the paper4 ,if the cracker is intended to be put into a jack-in-the-box1 shell1 or rocket head1 push a bradawl up the mouth1 insert a bit of quickmatch1 to project a quarter of an inch1 and secure it with a little wetted meal1 pressed in with a knife4 ,the way of bending it is shown at fig4 #fi4 ,it is not necessary that a cracker should contain very much powder2 the loudness of the bang depends more upon the thickness of the paper than upon the quantity of the powder4 ,so with maroons2 more string and less powder1 are better than more powder and less string4 ,a very good paper for crackers is #cj-lb4 royal cartridge2 cut the strips #c inches broad2 #af-lb4 double-crown may also be used1 the strips #e inches broad4 ,crackers for mines may be made with brown paper4 ,to make a cracker with #cj or #dj bangs1 it is necessary to join #c or #d pipes together1 before putting in the grain powder3 the mode of making a joining will be understood by attending to the following directions4 ,cut a piece of paper #c inches square1 and lay it straight before you4 ,at one inch from the right top corner1 make a mark2 at one inch from the left bottom corner1 make a mark2 draw an oblique straight line from one to the other1 and cut along it with a pair of scissors4 ,without disturbing the relative position of the two pieces1 draw the right piece a few inches towards the right2 paste the farther edges1 as usual2 lay the wire close along the near edge of the right piece1 and roll it up2 it will have an external spiral2 roll up the left piece in the same manner2 it will have an internal spiral2 when both are dry1 paste the external spiral1 and screw it1 as it were1 into the other piece4 ,if managed carefully1 and brought up till the edge of the paper forms a straight line1 the joining will be as firm as if the paper had not been cut1 presenting only a spiral edge1 going once round the pipe4 ,,leader ,,pipes4 ,these are for piping quickmatch2 they are rolled exactly like pinwheel pipes1 on wires of different thickness1 to suit the size of the match4 ,they must be large enough to admit the match easily1 without much pushing1 which would break it2 otherwise1 the more nearly they fit the match1 the more rapidly it blows through4 ,the fire is conveyed from the tail of one case to the mouth of another1 by a short piece of pipe1 d1 fig4 #hj1 with the match projecting at both ends2 when the fire has to be conveyed to two other cases at once1 a fresh bit of piping is slipped on1 and the match left exposed1 as at a2 or a piece is cut out of the side1 as at b2 each end should be bent into a hook1 as at c1 to prevent its slipping back4 ,wheel cases are to be enveloped by rolling a piece of double-crown twice or thrice round them1 two inches longer than the case1 as fig4 #hb1 shown by the dotted lines4 ,suppose you have six wheel cases ready charged2 lay six pieces of double-crown flat before you1 and work them back with the thumbnail1 as before described2 paste the #f edges2 lay the #f wheel cases in a row1 side by side1 and draw the paste brush across the middle1 as if pasting your knuckles2 then roll one in each envelope1 so that it projects an inch at each end4 ,put the leader pipe in1 and tie it with a piece of carpet thread1 thin twine1 or waxed yellow flax or hemp1 as at fig4 #hc4 ,to join one pipe to another1 to lengthen it2 suppose you have a piece of match #dj inches1 long1 and two pipes of #bj inches each4 ,slip both the pipes on the match1 so that they touch in the middle2 take the end of one1 so touching1 gather it round the match2 pinch the end of the pipe tapering1 push it into the other1 and bind a piece of pasted paper round1 to secure the joint4 ,in cutting a matched pipe straight across1 of course the match inside gets cut flush2 do not leave it so1 but1 with a pair of pointed scissors1 cut away a quarter of an inch of the pipe all round1 and bend the exposed match1 as at c1 fig4 #hj1 before putting it into the envelope of the case4 ,besides a strong pair of pointed scissors1 a small pair1 #c inches long1 with rounded ends1 to carry constantly in the waistcoat pocket1 will be found convenient for many purposes4 ,,maroons4 ,take #c inches of a #f_/h or #c_/h rocket case4 ,fix1 in one end1 a cork1 half an inch long2 put in #b inches of ,f grain powder2 on this1 another cork4 ,wind string tightly round it1 lengthwise1 #f or #h folds1 side by side2 bend it to a right angle1 and wind #f or #h more folds2 and so on1 till covered2 then wind crosswise2 and again1 at right angles1 as in fig4 #gd4 ,dip it into melted glue1 and put by to dry4 ,when dry1 make a bradawl hole through one part1 to reach the powder4 ,make sure of this1 by inverting it1 and letting a little drop out4 ,insert a short port-fire1 having a piece of match at the bottom1 and touch-papered at the top4 ,,another ,,method4 ,take a rocket case1 #e inches long1 and unchoked4 ,put in one solid inch of plaster of paris4 ,when this is dry1 pour in #c inches of ,f grain-powder2 on this put another solid inch of plaster of paris4 ,when dry1 wind string tightly round it1 up and down the cylindrical part1 not the ends1 till of two thicknesses4 ,paint the string over with melted glue4 ,make a bradawl hole in the middle of one side2 fasten to it a squib1 without a bang1 having a piece of quickmatch at the end1 to enter the hole4 ,cover the joining with two layers of pasted paper4 ,on the other side1 below1 fasten a short piece of deal1 like a rocket stick1 with a point1 to put into the ground1 fig4 #gb4 ,after lighting the touchpaper1 remove to a distance2 as bits of string are likely to get driven into the face1 on the explosion4 ,to fire a salute with maroons1 at regular intervals of time4 ,charge a port-fire1 and saw it into inch lengths2 envelope each in a piece of double-crown1 #c inches broad1 and long enough to go thrice round the port-fire4 ,hang the maroons to hooks1 or otherwise suspend them1 on a frame1 a foot distance from each other1 as a1 b1 c1 fig4 #ge4 ,underneath them fasten1 with binding screws1 or tie to nails1 the port-fires x1 y4 ,connect the port-fires with one another1 and with the maroons1 by leaders1 in the usual way4 ,on lighting at w1 the first maroon explodes1 and the first port-fire catches2 this1 having burnt1 lights the second maroon and the second port-fire2 and the port-fires being of the same length1 the intervals of time between the explosions of the maroons will be the same4 ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,rains4 ,these are little cases1 #b-a_/b inches long1 rolled on a #a_/d-;inch former1 and filled with the funnel and wire4 ,they may be primed like fig4 #bi or #cj1 or like squibs4 ,put them1 mouth downwards1 into rocket heads4 ,,peacock',s ,,plumes4 ,these are a combination of rain and star4 ,roll them like pill-box cases1 on a #c_/h inch former1 about #a-c_/d inches long2 charge one end1 #c_/h of an inch deep1 with coloured fire1 driven in dry2 fill up with gold1 or silver rain1 with a film of shell fuse at the top1 to bind4 ,cut a bit of match1 #b-a_/d inches long1 lay it outside the case1 so that it projects #c_/h of an inch at one end2 envelope it in a piece of double-crown1 fig4 #ij2 tuck in the paper1 to press the match1 at one end1 on the colour2 twist the other to a point4 ,both ends thus light at once2 and the rain appears1 like a coloured star1 with a tail4 ,to prime a case with match laid flat on the mouth4 ,take a piece of thread1 or fine string1 and fold1 or bend it1 in the middle1 as at fig4 #gf4 ,tie a knot near the bent end1 as at a1 fig4 #gg4 ,bring the knot1 a1 up to the side of the case1 as at fig4 #gh2 pass the loose ends round1 and tie in a knot1 at b4 ,lay the bits of match flat across1 as at e1 fig4 #gi2 bring the threads together1 and tie them at c4 ,or bend tape match across1 and tie1 as at d4 ,to get a fine thread through a long pipe1 or the hem of a bag4 ,take a piece of copper wire1 and bend it round at one end1 as z1 fig4 #hh4 ,pass the end1 z1 forward1 and push it through to the other end of the bag1 c41 then bend it to the form of x1 fig4 #hi2 pass the string through the loop x1 and pull the wire back4 ,,saucissons4 ,these are a large kind of serpent1 charged on a nipple1 like a wheel case1 with solid drift and mallet4 ,they may be #e_/h or #f_/h or larger2 about #c-a_/b inches long4 ,drive in brilliant fire1 or gerbe1 fig4 #hd1 #a-a_/b inch2 fill up to within #a_/b an inch of the top with ,f grain powder2 and plug the end with plaster of paris1 or a bit of wood1 fastened with a tack or two4 ,press a piece of touch-paper1 or double-crown1 into the shape of a deep pill-box2 fill it with ,f grain powder2 fit it to the mouth of the saucisson2 tie round the choke2 brush1 with meal paste1 the outside1 at bottom1 and dip into dry meal4 ,these saucissons are to be fired in a volley4 ,procure1 say #b dozen1 iron tubes1 a1 b1 c1 c41 each a foot long2 fit them with a wooden bottom1 fig4 #ib1 having a tenon1 t1 an inch long2 let it be fastened with a screw on each side4 ,bore a hole through1 to make a communication with the mortar formed by the tube4 ,take a board1 an inch thick1 of suitable length and breadth2 bore in it #b dozen holes1 of a size to fit the tenons2 glue these in1 so that the tubes1 or mortars1 stand upright1 in rows1 side by side1 like the pieces on a chess-board4 ,invert it4 ,nail a rim all round1 so as to make a box1 #b or #c inches deep4 ,cut a groove from hole to hole of the tenons2 connect all the holes with naked match1 also push a bit of match up all the holes in the tenons2 now fill the box with sawdust1 and nail a board on1 to serve for a bottom1 and to keep the sawdust in4 ,invert it2 and put a saucisson1 mouth downwards1 into each mortar4 ,fig4 #hd represents a single saucisson2 w1 w1 w1 fig4 #he1 saucissons in the mortars4 ,on firing the match at s1 it is evident the cases will be driven out rapidly1 one after the other4 ,the sawdust prevents the flash igniting the whole at once4 ,,pearl ,,streamers4 ,paste brown paper all over1 and roll up a case1 of four or five thicknesses1 on an inch and a quarter1 or an inch and a half former1 like a rocket or other case2 when dry1 cut it in the lathe 7see fig4 #bg7 into inch lengths--inch-deep bottomless pill-boxes4 ,set one on a foot1 fig4 #i1 to enter about #a_/h of an inch2 mallet in the pearl streamer fuse1 till nearly full1 then a little meal powder2 remove it from the foot1 and press in flat1 with a knife1 a little plaster of paris1 to form a bottom4 ,they will have the appearance of bungs2 fire them in volleys1 like saucissons1 from suitable-sized mortars4 ,primed end downwards1 of course4 ,match may be tied on1 as in figs4 #gh and #gi4 ,,blue ,,lights ,,star ,,candles1 ,,or ,,star ,,lights4 ,these are little cases1 charged with the funnel and wire2 the latter are filled with spur fire4 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales',s ,,feathers4 ,these are simply pinwheel pipes1 usually of coloured double-crown1 charged with pinwheel fuse1 and not wound on a block1 but kept straight4 ,,lances4 ,these are little cases charged with white or coloured star composition4 ,they should be of white or coloured double-crown paper1 rolled dry on the squib former1 and secured at the edge with paste in the usual way4 ,they may be from #b-a_/b to #d inches long1 as may be required2 press in one end to make a bottom4 ,to do this1 bore a hole through a piece of cork or a small bung1 and through it push a piece of brass wire or stair-rod1 fig4 #ha1 of a suitable diameter4 ,it can then be set to any distance1 like a cutting gauge4 ,if the lance case is #b-a_/b inches long1 set the bung at rather more than #b-a_/d inches from the end4 ,put it up the case1 and1 holding it with the left hand1 with the right1 with a piece of wire push in the end to make a flat bottom4 ,charge with the squib funnel and wire2 and prime the mouth with very slightly damped meal4 ,lances are used for forming letters and designs1 similar to gas jets4 ,frames for letters and devices are made with pieces of thin wood and cane1 or hooping1 for straight lines and curves4 ,a number of wires1 #c inches apart1 are driven into the frames so as to stand forward1 at right angles1 and the lances are fixed on them4 ,the following is the way of proceeding4 ,procure some inch ,french nails1 or inch rivets2 the former at the ironmonger's2 the latter at the grindery shops4 ,drive them in1 at the proper distances2 then1 with a pair of cutting pliers or nippers1 cut off their heads4 ,drive a piece of wire1 the same thickness as the nails1 into a bradawl handle1 and leave it projecting #c_/h of an inch2 file this triangular1 or three-sided1 and pointed4 ,push this triangular bradawl up the bottom of the lance1 then fix the lance on the wire destined to receive it2 it will be more secure if the wire is touched with a dip of glue before pressing the lance on4 ,having completed the letter or device1 proceed to leader it4 ,for this purpose have a supply of #a_/b-;inch rivets2 they may be purchased at the grindery shops for about #e;d4 per lb4 ,take a length of leadered or piped quickmatch2 lay one end of it on the mouth of a lance2 push the triangular bradawl through the match and down into the lance2 turn the bradawl round1 which will insure the breaking of the match and of the priming2 withdraw the bradawl1 and push in a rivet2 and so proceed4 ,take a strip of flannel #c inches broad1 roll it into the shape of a cork1 and secure it from untwisting with a bit of string4 ,dip this into a solution of gum arabic or thick dextrine1 and rub it over a sheet of double-crown4 ,when dry1 cut the sheet into pieces about half an inch broad and an inch and a half long1 something like postage stamps4 ,take one of these1 damp it like a postage stamp1 and press it over the joining1 and smooth it round the lance4 ,or a strip of paper may be pasted1 and pressed round4 ,the match will thus be nailed1 as it were1 to the lances2 and prevented from slipping off by the gummed or pasted strip of paper4 ,a common bradawl will not answer the purpose so well as a triangular one1 as the sharp edges of the latter break the match and priming1 and insure the ignition4 ,,to ,,form ,a ,,device1 ,,or ,,design4 ,take a sheet of paper1 and draw upon it a representation of whatever is intended1 as a temple1 a mosque1 a ship1 a horse1 ,george and the dragon1 c42 then cross the design with lines1 at regular distances1 and at right angles1 so as to cover it with squares1 as fig4 #hf4 ,it is now requisite to have a floor1 of a considerable size2 but not necessarily so large as the design intended to be fired1 as a part can be done at a time2 this floor must be divided into large squares1 and the device from the small pattern1 fig4 #hf1 transferred to it1 and the outlines chalked on the floor1 fig4 #hg4 ,after this a number of frames are to be made1 of deal1 or other wood1 like square lattice-work1 as fig4 #ia4 ,a frame is then to be laid on the floor1 so as to cover a portion of the design2 and the ,french nails1 or inch rivets1 before mentioned1 driven in1 at distances of #c inches1 to receive the lances4 ,every frame must be numbered1 and a copy kept in miniature1 so that they may be correctly fitted together1 to form the figure1 without delay or error4 ,to distribute the fire rapidly1 over an extensive piece1 it is necessary1 at points1 to make one leader light several1 simultaneously4 ,suppose #aj are to be lighted at once3 bring the #aj ends together and tie them2 envelope them with a piece of double-crown1 projecting a couple of inches2 in the void put a scoop of meal2 bring in the single match that is to light them1 and tie as usual4 ,paste a piece of paper over all1 to make secure4 ,,to ,,preserve ,,steel ,,filings1 ,,or ,,cast-,,iron ,,borings4 ,put #a lb4 into a frying-pan1 or iron ladle1 with #c ounces of marine glue2 set it over the fire2 and1 as the glue melts1 stir it about till thoroughly incorporated with the filings1 or borings4 ,when cold1 bottle them1 and cork4 ,marine glue may be obtained at ,pattrick and ,sons1 #ea1 ,high ,street1 ,whitechapel4 ,it is #as4 per lb41 which is the smallest quantity sold4 ,marine glue is made by putting pieces of india-rubber into mineral naphtha2 the caoutchouc swells up2 it is then to be triturated into a uniform mass1 mixed with shellac1 and melted4 ,wax solution1 or stearine solution1 rubbed up in a mortar1 with steel filings1 or cast-iron borings1 also preserves them4 ,the nitre of the gunpowder1 however1 attacks them1 and ultimately rusts them2 so that fireworks are never so brilliant as when recently charged4 ,,shells4 ,shells are hollow paper globes1 fired vertically1 from mortars1 or iron tubes4 ,they are made of various sizes1 from #c inches in diameter to #af inches4 ,to make a #c-;inch shell4 ,turn a wooden ball1 #c inches diameter2 and1 round the middle1 that is1 the equatorial circumference1 cut a ,v groove1 or triangular channel1 deep enough to receive a piece of raw or naked match4 ,remove it from the lathe1 and cut it into two halves at right angles to the groove1 that is1 round a meridional circumference4 ,construct a deal box1 #d inches square1 #b inches deep4 ,place one of the half globes1 flat surface downwards1 on the middle of the bottom of the box1 and secure it with screws from underneath4 ,brush it1 and the inside of the box1 all over1 with sweet oil1 with a camel's-hair pencil4 ,put some water into a basin2 sprinkle into it as much plaster of paris as judged necessary2 about #d tablespoonfuls2 pour off the water which floats above2 stir up the plaster till homogeneous2 pour it into the box2 and1 with a sash-tool held upright1 beat the plaster in with the points of the bristles4 ,leave it to set4 ,instead of having a wooden ball turned1 a hemispherical concavity may be made by pressing1 half way1 into sand1 one of the painted india-rubber balls sold at the toyshops2 and pouring plaster over it4 ,or1 a basin1 an inch diameter larger than the intended shell1 can have the plaster mixed up in it1 till about three-parts full2 and then the bottom of an oil flask can be pressed into it4 ,a narrow strip of blue paper should be previously pasted round the oil flask1 at the proper height1 as a guide to know the proper depth to which it may be pressed4 ,the plaster1 when partly dry1 must be neatly trimmed2 and may be left1 permanently1 in the basin4 ,or1 a stiff paper cylinder1 or a tin cylinder1 may be made1 an inch larger in diameter than the diameter of the intended shell3 put the oil flask into this1 neck downwards1 and pour in dry sand1 till only the hemispherical bottom of the flask is left exposed2 level the sand2 oil the flask2 and pour in plaster1 as before4 ,be careful that the mould is not less than half-an-inch thick in any part4 ,or1 one or two1 or more halves of the zinc1 or copper globes1 used for ball-taps1 may be obtained of the plumber1 and used for moulds1 without further preparation4 ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,shells4 ,procure two kinds of paper2 one imperial brown2 the other sugar paper1 printed paper1 paper hangings1 or any paper of a different colour from brown4 ,the shell is supposed to be #c inches2 half as much again is #d-a_/b2 add to this #a-a_/b for a flange1 gives #f4 ,cut out a circular piece of the brown paper1 #f inches in diameter4 ,snip it all round with the scissors1 in slits1 reaching from the circumference1 half way towards the centre2 soak it in water1 and lay it on a towel to drain4 ,have a piece of sponge1 about the size of an orange2 soak it also1 and wring it4 ,place the piece of brown paper in the plaster concavity1 and press it in neatly with the sponge1 in all directions2 it will fill up the mould1 and overhang all round2 press the overhanging part flat1 so that it forms a flange4 ,cut a piece of another coloured paper1 into a strip1 about #b inches broad1 and paste it well2 then cut it across1 backward and forward1 like the letter ,w1 which will reduce it to ,v-shaped triangles4 ,take these up1 one by one2 lay them in the brown paper1 pasted side downwards1 and press them neatly in with the sponge1 making each slightly overlap the other4 ,let these also overhang to thicken the flange4 ,this being done1 proceed with a layer of brown2 and so on1 alternately1 till it gauges about #b-c_/d inches across4 ,the shell will1 then1 be about #a_/h of an inch thick4 ,remove it1 and proceed with others4 ,the different-coloured papers enable the eye to detect1 in a moment1 whether any part is left uncovered4 ,when dry1 cut off the flange2 make the edge straight3 rub it on a sheet of glass paper1 spread flat on a board4 ,with a #i_/af inch punch1 cut a hole in the middle of one hemisphere2 to it1 glue another hemisphere3 and cover with two more layers of paper1 or pieces of calico4 ,the shell may1 then1 when dry1 be filled with any kind of stars1 or rains1 that can be got through the hole4 ,along with the stars put #a_/af of their weight of meal powder for a bursting charge3 that is1 if the stars weigh #d ounces1 as they probably will1 put #d drams of mealpowder4 ,charge a roman candle case1 #c_/h inch internal1 7#d-a_/b7_/h external diameter1 with shell fuse 7see fig4 #ei72 saw it into inch lengths4 ,cut a piece of calico1 #b inches broad1 and long enough to go twice round the fuse3 paste the calico all over1 and roll the fuse in it1 so that the envelope is flush at one end1 and overhangs one inch at the other4 ,glue this in the hole of the shell1 the flush end1 a1 fig4 #ic1 of course1 inward3 the enveloped end1 b1 being to receive the match1 #c_/d of the fuse may be pushed in1 #a_/d of an inch left to project4 ,with a printer's bodkin1 or a stiletto1 make a hole through both sides of the envelope1 as at c and d2 these holes are to be in a line with the groove2 put through them a piece of raw match1 in such a manner that it shall lie across the mouth of the fuse1 and go1 in the groove1 round the shell underneath1 and reach to e and f4 ,paste strips of paper over the match1 the same as with tourbillions and saxons2 or1 the part of the match lying in the groove1 may be in a leader pipe4 ,weigh the shell1 and take about #a_/e of its weight of coarse grain powder1 for a blowing charge4 ,make a cone of two or three thicknesses of paper2 put the blowing charge into it2 stick the cone on the bottom of the shell1 and set by to dry4 ,in the calico mouth of the fuse1 tie a long piece of leadered match1 and paste a strip of paper round1 to make secure4 ,if the mould has been made with the indentation of an oil flask1 or with the globe of a ball-tap1 it will1 of course1 not have a groove to receive the match2 but this is of little consequence2 the match can be drawn round outside1 and covered1 so as to appear as it does on tourbillions and saxons1 like a vein on the back of the hand1 when the fingers are held downwards4 ,formerly mortars were made of sheet iron1 riveted and bound round with cord1 which latter would not prevent them cracking1 if they were not thick enough3 they are now made on an improved principle3 the iron is rolled1 by powerful machinery1 of three thicknesses1 exactly like a squib case2 it is1 then1 made white-hot1 and the three are welded together1 with a steam hammer4 ,large mortars1 also1 have an iron bottom1 or breech fixed in them1 and are farther strengthened with a couple of rings1 put on hot1 and shrunk by cold1 like tires on wheels2 a third ring is put over the other two1 as in the ,armstrong guns4 ,the mortar is placed in a hole1 dug in the ground1 a few inches left standing out2 the earth is shovelled in1 and driven down firm2 a penthouse lid1 to keep out rain1 dirt1 and insects1 renders it complete4 ,amateurs require nothing of this kind4 ,a small mortar may be a tube1 open at both ends1 and fitted with a wooden bottom1 to which it is to be firmly screwed4 ,fig4 #id represents such mortar3 it may be #d diameters high2 and the foot should have a conical hole turned in it to receive the cone fastened to the shell4 ,the match is lit at t2 but this may have a long bit of touch-paper attached to it1 if preferred4 ,instead of making a plaster mould1 to form the shells in1 the shells may be made by covering a wooden sphere1 with paper1 on the outside2 when dry1 they may be cut round in the lathe 7a cross mark1 with a pencil1 having previously been made1 as a guide to bring the same parts together again72 the wooden mould removed2 the cut edges glued2 and the shell fitted up1 in the usual way4 ,clean oil flasks may be covered with six or eight thicknesses of paper3 paste an inch1 or two1 round the neck2 when dry1 cut through the cover1 near the spherical part2 file a notch all round1 and snap it off4 ,i have made excellent shells this way2 the chief objection against them is their limited size4 ,glass globes might be blown1 of uniform size1 in moulds1 like bottles4 ,another ready way of making shells1 is to cover the india-rubber air-balls1 of the toyshops1 almost as thin as soap-bubbles2 when the cover is dry1 a hole may be cut1 for the fuse1 with a penknife1 and they are ready1 at once1 to receive the stars4 ,their shape is that of a prolate spheroid1 fig4 #ajf4 ,after eight thicknesses1 or more1 of paper have been pasted on1 measure1 with a tape1 round the equatorial circumference1 b e d1 which suppose #ag inches2 add #a to this#ah inches4 ,measure from the pole1 a1 down the meridian by e to the opposite pole c1 suppose #aa inches4 ,cut a piece of double-crown1 #ah by #aa2 fold it down the middle1 to a double thickness of #i by #aa2 fold-again to #d-a_/b by #aa2 again to #b-a_/d by #aa2 there will1 now1 be eight thicknesses4 ,pencil the shape fig4 #ajg upon the top1 and cut through the whole4 ,paste the eight gores on1 as in fig4 #ajf2 for ornament1 half may be pink2 half1 green4 ,if these air-balls could be blown in a spherical mould1 of uniform size1 they would obviate the gluing process1 which is1 at present1 a tedious and necessary evil2 they would1 also1 be much cheaper1 as they could be supplied for about #d;d4 per dozen1 and save the cost of a great deal of needless labour4 ,,cylindrical ,,shells4 ,a sphere is1 by no means1 the best shape for a projectile2 no one would think of making a roman candle star like a marble2 the ,minie bullets and the bolt-shot for our great guns are cylindrical1 and far better fitted than globes for straight and rapid flight4 ,why not adopt the same shape for shells8 ,i find cylindrical shells answer excellently4 ,have a former1 for a small one1 #b-a_/b inches diameter1 and about #f inches long1 and with a handle like fig4 #be4 ,roll a case upon it1 #e inches long1 till the outside gauges #b-c_/d inches1 or a trifle more4 ,turn a wooden bottom1 #c_/d of an inch thick2 half of it a tenon to fit the inside of the case1 and half of it a flange1 equal to the external diameter1 a1 fig4 #ie4 ,glue this firmly in1 and farther secure it with #d inch ,french nails2 though1 perhaps1 this is not necessary4 ,the top may be of the same shape2 half-an-inch thickness will be sufficient4 ,a hole1 an inch in diameter1 may be bored in it1 with a centre-bit1 to receive the fuse4 ,this fuse may be a cotton reel1 with one of the flanges sawed off1 and the end filed slightly tapering1 as fig4 #aje2 the enveloping piece of calico1 or glazed lining1 can then be passed to the bottom1 as indicated by the dotted lines2 but a better way is to turn a piece of beech of the shape of fig4 #if1 with a collar1 to prevent its being blown through1 and a groove1 by which the calico envelope can be tied4 ,the length of the fuse may be about #a-a_/d inch2 charge it by putting in very little at a time1 and well mallet it4 ,pass a piece of naked match over the mouth of the fuse1 and down the sides of the cylinder1 as indicated by the dotted lines1 fig4 #ie1 having previously cut out a notch1 at each corner1 top and bottom1 e1 e1 e1 e1 to guide it in a straight line4 ,take a piece of double-crown1 about #bj inches long1 and #g broad2 paste it all over1 and roll the cylinder in it1 in such a way that it shall be flush at top1 and project at the bottom2 press it round smooth with a cloth1 or sponge1 till the leaders form a vein on each side4 ,when dry1 invert it2 put in the blowing powder2 press the ends over1 neatly1 to form a bottom2 and cover the whole with a circular piece of pasted paper4 ,a shell of this size will hold forty gold rains1 and a score or more blue stars1 which have a very pretty effect4 ,the head and the fuse may be in one solid piece1 if preferred1 as fig4 #ajd2 if the hole is longer than #a-a_/d inch1 only #a-a_/d inch of it must be filled with fuse2 a piece or two of match may fill up the rest4 ,the mortar for this shell should be #ah or #bj inches high1 and #c inches internal diameter4 ,the shell1 when fitted up1 will probably weigh about #ad or #ae ounces4 ,the blowing powder may be #b or #b-a_/b ounces of ,f grain1 according to the fit in the mortar4 ,the hole1 in the wooden fuse1 should be #c_/h of an inch diameter4 ,see that the match is everywhere carefully covered4 ,a shell of this size will be amply sufficient for amateur purposes4 ,perhaps it will be advisable to try a fuse an inch long the first time2 it will be better that the shell should burst1 while still ascending1 than that it should pitch4 ,one or two trials are1 in all cases1 necessary2 but as these shells go a great height1 they will bear a little longer fuse4 ,a cylinder holds half as much again as a shell of equal diameter2 consequently1 when the depth is twice the diameter1 which is the best proportion1 it holds three times as much as the spherical shell4 ,if the latter be #c inches diameter1 it may be represented by the numbers #c #c #c #bg4 ,if the cylinder be #c inches diameter1 and #f inches deep1 it will be as #c #c #f #a-a_/b #ha4 ,practically1 it will hold more1 especially of rains1 or serpents1 as they pack better in a cylinder4 ,the spheroidal shell1 like the spherical1 is1 also1 #b_/c of its circumscribing cylinder4 ,putting ,d1 the diameter of a spherical2 and d1 that of a cylindrical shell1 the length being always double the diameter2 then ,d #c d4 ,required the diameter of a cylindrical shell1 that shall be of equal capacity with a spherical shell1 of #ab inches diameter4 #ab #agbh2 #agbh #c #egf d1 and #egf #hc d4 so the cylindrical shell will be #h-c_/aj inches diameter1 and #af-c_/e inches long4 ,the same computation is more readily effected by multiplying the diameter by 7#a_/c72 7#a_/c7 7#i_/bg7 #a_/c #i #fic4 ,then #fic #ab #hc1 as before4 ,shells1 for war purposes1 are both spherical and cylindrical2 the latter are1 sometimes1 built up in pieces1 which dovetail into each other2 they are1 then1 set in a cylinder1 and melted lead is poured round to bind the pieces together4 ,for lighting up the country1 to discover the movements of the enemy on a dark night1 shells are fired1 containing strong calico parachutes1 carrying blue lights4 ,magnesium lights are1 of course1 more effective4 ,the bottoms and tops of the cylindrical shells1 previously described1 may be turned out of a plank of wood3 elm1 ash1 common mahogany1 or good yellow deal2 and1 as many amateurs who possess a lathe1 know of no contrivance for holding flat pieces of board without making a hole through them1 the following plan may be adopted4 ,on the screw-chuck1 fig4 #ajb1 screw a piece of deal board1 previously sawn nearly circular1 and as large as the lathe will take3 let it be of a thickness to entirely hide the point of the screw2 turn it to a circle2 and over the face of it1 with a blacklead pencil1 while it is revolving1 make a number of concentric circles1 as in fig4 #ajc4 ,also1 cross it with two straight lines1 passing through the centre1 at right angles to each other4 ,cut the wood1 intended for the bottom of the shell1 into a square2 make a hole at each corner1 and with #d screws1 or #d ,french nails1 screw or nail it on the face3 the concentric circles1 and the two diametrical lines crossing them1 will act as guides to centre it4 ,i have thus been able to cut into a circle1 in the lathe1 so thin a substance as a piece of writing paper4 ,it may be held on with #d tin-tacks1 or a touch of gum4 ,a nest of #f or #i little shells1 each containing a separate colour1 rains1 serpents1 crackers1 c41 may be enclosed in a large shell3 the fuse of these may be a very short piece of a squib-case1 with the string wound #g or #h times round the choke1 to form a flange1 to prevent its blowing through4 ,cylindrical shells should1 of course1 be filled before the head is glued in2 this can have the fuse previously fixed in1 and ready4 ,,asteroid ,,rockets4 ,these differ from other rockets only in the head1 which contains a parachute for floating a coloured case1 attached to the strings4 ,the parachute is best formed of silk1 or alpaca2 it may also be made of black glazed lining1 or of tissue paper1 carefully rubbed1 till the stiffness is removed4 ,the colour should be dark1 that it may be invisible4 ,if of silk1 or alpaca1 the parachute may be #bj inches square1 with #d strings attached to the corners2 or it may be made of #f triangular pieces1 sewed together1 like an umbrella4 ,if of tissue paper1 the paper may be #f_/h of a circle1 or #f_/h of an octagon1 as fig4 #ig4 ,the tissue paper must be strengthened with a piece of crochet cotton1 running round the edge1 as shown by the dotted lines1 fig4 #aja4 ,it is simply laid on1 and the paper snipped at each corner1 with the scissors1 pasted1 and turned back4 ,the radius of the circle may be #ae inches4 ,for the lance1 or colour1 roll the case of #c thicknesses of writing paper1 on a #e_/h former3 it may be #b-a_/b or #c inches long1 and pasted all over4 ,turn a little wooden pulley1 a1 fig4 #ih1 of a diameter to nearly fit the cylindrical head of the rocket2 a hole in the centre of this pulley receives the colour2 round the pulley1 in the groove1 lay a piece of chenille1 fig4 #ajj2 twist the wires of the chenille #b or #c times together1 and cut off flush4 ,to charge the lance1 set it on a flat surface1 and drive in a film of meal powder1 or shell fuse2 then #a_/c of an inch of crimson star composition2 #a_/c of an inch of green1 c41 till nearly full2 stop the end with plaster of paris1 pressed in flat1 with a knife4 ,paste a strip of paper round the mouth1 so as to overhang not more than #a_/h of an inch2 lay in two short pieces of match1 one across the other1 and tuck in1 or press down1 the pasted overhanging edges2 this will keep the match from dropping out4 ,glue the pulley on1 about midway of the case2 envelope the end b with a bit of glazed lining4 ,take a piece of string1 fig4 #ii2 bring the ends together1 and tie in a knot4 ,insert the knot in the envelope1 and tie round above it1 as at fig4 #ajj1 leaving the loop out1 to which to attach the strings of the parachute4 ,let the strings be #b feet long3 fasten them to the loop2 gather them together2 wind them round the colour1 above the pulley2 fold the parachute neatly1 and bring the edges down over the strings1 nearly to reach the pulley3 this will keep the parachute a little open1 and help it to expand4 ,both the tissue paper and the glazed lining should be well rubbed1 to get the stiffness out of them4 ,to ascertain how a parachute will act1 the learner can take the colour case1 and stop one end with plaster1 fill up with sand1 and stop the other end with plaster4 ,fire it in the day time4 ,silk1 alpaca1 and glazed lining parachutes ,i can vouch for2 tissue paper ,i have never tried1 but am told it answers if it has not remained folded so long as to get set4 ,between the top of the rocket and the mouth of the colour is to be a little pad of grain powder4 ,make a little square or circular paper bag with double-crown1 and having put in the grain1 and made the joining secure1 smear both sides in the usual way1 and sift dry meal over4 ,if the rocket is to be fired at home1 the parachute may be put into a long cylindrical paper bag1 and left quite open at the top2 but if intended to be carried to a distance1 a thin bung may be put in at top1 or a piece of turned wood3 or a thin piece of paper may be pasted on it4 ,in this case1 be careful that it does not get stuck to the parachute4 ,instead of the cylindrical head and the chenilled pulley1 the head1 fig4 #ci1 may be used2 and the protecting power from the fire to the strings supplied by putting a quantity of bran or sawdust4 ,the cone must be held on1 with not more than two thicknesses of double-crown4 ,,compound ,,fireworks4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,a triangular3 #c wheel cases and a case colour1 at a4 ,these cases are tied either to a hexagonal piece of deal board1 or to three spokes1 radiating from a nave4 ,the colour is sometimes tied to a nail1 driven in to receive it2 or1 it may be fixed on to a little peg4 ,the peg is shown1 by the side1 at b4 ,it is turned with a tenon1 c2 this tenon is glued in a hole1 bored in the spoke2 the part b may be half an inch in length2 through it bore a small hole2 charge the case colour on a foot1 that enters the case half-an-inch2 this void fits on to the peg b2 pierce the case1 through the hole in the peg1 with a bradawl2 push a bit of binding wire through1 and twist4 ,this is a far better way than tying it to a nail1 as it cannot drop off4 ,if the colour gets blown off1 as it often does when tied1 the piece is half spoilt4 ,the colour may either stand at right angles1 so as to face the spectator2 or it may be fixed so as to lie in a plane with the wheel cases1 very slightly sloping upwards2 the mouth of the colour should point the same way as the mouth of the cases2 if it were placed in the opposite direction1 it would meet the current of air1 be blown back upon itself1 and burn the case rapidly4 ,with respect to the wheel cases1 it is obvious that the mouths must all point in the same direction2 the slightest consideration would suggest this2 it is necessary1 therefore1 to have some certain rule of proceeding1 so as to avoid mistakes4 ,now supposing1 for the mere sake of illustration1 if you had a case in your hand1 it were to take fire1 you would naturally wish the fire to be directed from you4 ,let this1 then1 be the guide4 ,you are about to tie the cases on a wheel4 ,sit1 to do so2 take the wheel between your knees3 place a case upon it1 with the choke end from you2 tie1 near the choke1 also near the end2 turn the wheel1 place another case upon it1 choke end from you2 and so forth4 ,without this certain way of proceeding1 you would be very embarrassed with the #ab cases on fig4 #aab2 but1 by attending to it1 not the slightest difficulty will be experienced4 ,some of the cases will point obliquely upwards2 some downwards2 but they will all point from you4 ,in the end of the last case1 as at x1 fig4 #ajh1 put a little dry clay1 to prevent a stray spark igniting it1 and tie the envelope2 or1 tuck in the envelope1 like as with an ounce of tobacco4 ,avoid every source of failure4 ,even the knots of the strings1 with which the cases are tied on1 are apt to come undone2 they should either be touched with a dab of glue1 or have a piece of paper pasted over them4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,a double triangular3 #c cases tied to the spokes2 #c to the previous #c4 ,double triangular frames are also made1 with #f spokes1 on a long nave1 #c behind #c4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,a vertical wheel1 illuminated4 ,this is a wheel1 with spokes1 and a rim1 or felly4 ,the wooden hoops of the toyshops will furnish the latter4 ,the illumination1 as it is called1 is made by lances1 nailed with #a_/b inch ,flemish tacks to the nave4 ,the lances should be of different colours1 but they ought1 as nearly as possible1 to keep time with each other4 ,to effect this1 it is necessary previously to adjust them2 thus4 ,charge a number of cases1 exactly two inches long1 with different colours2 use the same scoop to all1 and give each the same number of blows1 that they may be rammed as uniformly as possible4 ,fasten a string to the end of a leaden bullet1 and tie a loop at the other end of the string4 ,let the length from the top of the bullet to the top of the loop be #ci inches4 ,suspend this from something1 and set it swinging4 ,light the lances1 one after another1 and count the number of oscillations each endures4 ,keep a list of these1 and write against them #aj1 #ab1 c41 or #e per inch1 #f per inch4 ,the bullet will indicate seconds1 with the length of string recommended2 and it matters not whether you give it a start of #f inches1 or #ab inches2 for1 if it goes twice as far1 it goes twice as fast1 so that the swings isochronise2 the inestimable discovery of ,galileo1 which led to the invention of the pendulum4 ,in order that the lances may be nailed on1 they should be charged upside down1 and left with #a_/b an inch vacancy2 they can then be pinched flat1 to receive the tack4 ,scrape out a little from the other end1 and prime with very slightly damped meal4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,a rainbow wheel4 ,this is a vertical wheel1 generally with #c colours1 as drawn2 the tail of the second1 or mouth of the third1 lights a2 the mouth of the fourth1 b and c2 but any arrangement may be made4 ,place the colours1 red1 green1 blue1 at different distances from the centre1 so as to form rings1 equidistant1 when burning4 ,suppose the spoke #ab inches long2 place the colours at #c1 #f1 and #i inches from the centre4 ,it receives its name from its resemblance to the rainbow4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,a caprice1 or furilona1 according to the number of the cases4 ,a caprice1 from the capricious manner in which it turns1 up1 down1 and round about1 now this way1 now that4 ,a furilona1 possibly1 from the fury with which it plays1 when #d cases are burning together1 at the end3 though some call it a fruiloni1 said to be from the name of its inventor4 ,a furilona and caprice wheel are much the same2 the former1 generally1 has fewer cases on it than the latter4 ,a coloured gerbe1 placed on the top1 is very effective2 or1 it may have a mine1 or jack-in-the-box4 ,the cases are to be placed so that some of them play horizontally1 some obliquely upwards1 some obliquely downwards2 the spokes1 which are concave at the end1 are glued in1 so as to determine the slope of the cases4 ,if there are #aj cases1 they may be fired thus1 h1 u1 d1 hud1 hudp2 that is1 #a horizontal1 #a up1 #a down2 #c at once1 horizontal1 up1 down2 #d at once1 horizontal1 up1 down1 perpendicular4 ,if #ac cases1 thus3 h1 u1 d1 hu1 hd1 ud1 hudp4 ,while tying the cases on the frame1 it should be on a short wire1 held perpendicularly in a vice1 or block of wood2 properly1 the wire should be tapering1 so that the frame should bite1 when dropped on2 the tapering will allow it to be turned round1 easily1 by slightly lifting it4 ,let the leaders be drawn straight1 and not left dangling in curves1 nor crossing each other4 ,there must be enough match1 but there ought to be no more4 ,look well to the mouths and tails of the cases2 it is best to put a piece of pasted paper over each1 for as the piece dashes round with great violence1 if a stray spark falls on any composition filtering out1 the whole is spoilt4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,a horizontal wheel1 with mine and roman candles2 the cases on the wheel are to be tied so that some play horizontally2 some1 obliquely upwards2 some1 obliquely downwards4 ,to make a case play thus1 tie it on the wheel1 across the middle of the case2 this being done1 turn the mouth upwards or downwards1 and tie it again1 making the strings cross the previous ones1 so as to form a letter ,x4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,a turning sun3 two concentric hoops nailed to spokes1 or a frame2 the cases lying on the hoops1 slope2 #c or #d may light at once2 the spokes carry triangular1 or vertical wheels2 at the centre is a double triangular1 or larger vertical4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,a rayonant star piece3 a wheel with six spokes2 at the end of each spoke1 two fixed cases1 forming a ,v1 the alternate spokes carrying saxons2 at the centre1 a double triangular1 half-way between the triangles and the saxons1 six five-pointed stars4 ,a very beautiful piece4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,a chequer-piece3 a true-lover's-knot in the middle1 #af fixed cases1 #d on each side the true-lover's-knot2 and #d saxons at the extremities4 ,the fires cross1 and chequer into squares4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,a scroll wheel3 six or more cases on the wheel1 to play in pairs2 lances arranged on cane or hooping to form a scroll as indicated4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,a pyramidical piece3 a scroll wheel in the middle2 five horizontal wheels1 or triangulars1 at intervals1 as represented by the rings2 brilliant fixed cases playing obliquely upwards3 at the bottom may be a row of cases playing downwards2 these form what is called a cascade4 ,gerbes make the most effective cascades1 but they require to be placed at a great height from the ground1 if containing iron3 the coke grains will be found suited for #h or #aj feet4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,a spiral wheel3 six cases on a horizontal wheel2 lances arranged in a spiral1 on cane1 or hooping4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,a true-lover's-knot3 six #f_/h wheel cases1 playing in pairs2 three saxons1 one carrying a blue2 one1 a green2 one1 a crimson colour4 ,light at a2 this leader blows across1 and lights the opposite starting case4 ,the tail of this case lights the saxons3 the ends of the saxons at c1 c1 c1 before enveloping them1 are to be smeared with meal2 the end1 b1 is also to be smeared with wetted meal1 to insure the ignition of the leader4 ,this is a most beautiful piece3 the colours1 on the saxons1 form loops1 and represent1 in a slight degree1 the compound motions of the moon and planets1 with regard to the earth4 ,the centres of the saxons are carried round in a circle1 like the earth in her orbit2 the colours on the saxons revolve round the flying centres1 like the moon round the earth4 ,the wheel must not be less than #c feet diameter4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,a revolving globe4 ,this is1 also1 a most beautiful piece4 ,the bottom is a horizontal wheel1 carrying a strong half hoop1 a b c2 a skeleton globe1 formed with hoops1 is suspended in this4 ,this globe is driven by cases placed upon it1 round a hoop1 crossing the other hoops1 at right angles1 like the equator1 at right angles to the meridians4 ,the meridional hoops are covered with lances1 white or coloured4 ,the globe revolves vertically1 while the wheel below turns it horizontally2 the compound motion produces a peculiar oblique tumbling convolution1 exceedingly perplexing to spectators1 ignorant of its construction4 ,instead of a globe1 the top piece may be a revolving cylinder4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,a mine4 ,this is a cylindrical case1 containing serpents4 ,the bottom of the mine should be a circular piece of wood1 glued in4 ,on it1 place a circular bag1 containing ,f grain powder4 ,the bag is made with two circular pieces of paper1 one half-an-inch diameter larger than the other2 lay the small one on the top of the large one3 paste1 or gum1 the exposed rim of the bottom piece1 and bend it up1 and press it down on the small or top piece1 all round1 leaving a part through which to put the powder2 when dry1 put in the powder1 and stop up the hole4 ,put it into the mine1 smear it with the brush1 dipped into meal paste1 in the usual way2 and1 with a pepper-box1 shake in a little dry meal4 ,take a fixed case1 charged2 envelop it1 so that the paper projects about an inch at the bottom3 take a piece of squib-case1 the same length as the serpents2 put through it a piece of match1 long enough to protrude at the top1 half-an-inch1 and to bend over1 to form a hook3 tie this in the envelope of the fixed case4 ,fill the mine with serpents1 naked primed mouth downwards3 with the scissors1 or a pair of pliers1 draw out the middle serpent2 put in the matched squib-case2 hold the fixed case upright1 in the mine1 and ram pieces of torn paper tight round it1 to offer resistance1 and cause the serpents to be blown higher4 ,to adjust the blowing powder in the bag1 use the following formula1 ,i denoting the diameter in inches4 ,i x #b;,i drams4 ,required the quantity of powder for a mine #a-a_/b inch diameter4 #a-a_/b x #c #d-a_/b drams #a_/d oz4 ,for #a-c_/d inches8--#a-c_/d x #c-a_/b #g_/d x #g_/b #di_/h #f-a_/h drams #c_/h oz4 ,for #b inches8--#b x #d #h drams #a_/b oz4 ,for #b-a_/b inches8--#b-a_/b x #e #ab-a_/b drams #c_/d oz4 ,for #c inches8--#c x #f #ah drams #a-a_/h oz4 ,it is by no means necessary to be exact2 but the formula will serve as a guide4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,a jack-in-the-box4 ,this is a case formed on a square prism of wood4 ,the paper is to be pasted all over1 but as it cannot be rolled1 it must be folded over1 one side at a time1 and rubbed smooth with a tooth-brush handle1 or pressed with the fingers4 ,the bottom may be formed by bending in1 to a right angle1 two opposite sides1 and pressing them flat2 then1 upon them1 the two remaining sides1 like packets of cocoa1 c4 ,or a square piece of wood may be glued in for a bottom4 ,the same blowing charge as for mines4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,a devil-among-the-tailors3 a mixture of crackers and serpents2 a roman candle in the middle1 having its bottom stopped with shell fuse1 instead of plaster of paris3 #c1 or #d1 or any number of roman candles1 at regular distances1 round the outside3 these are to be tied with string1 and a strip of pasted paper fastened round4 ,fig4 #abe4 ,a line-rocket3 two rockets tied to a piece of roman candle case1 head to tail3 that is1 one rocket tied in one direction1 the other1 in the reverse4 ,this simply runs up and down a line4 ,fig4 #abf4 ,a pigeon frame 7of which fig4 #abg is a cross section7 may be made by taking a piece of deal1 or alder1 say #f inches long1 and #a-a_/b inch square3 bore a hole through the length to receive the line upon which it is to run2 plane off the corners1 lengthwise1 and channel them with a gouge1 to form #d semi-cylinders for the rockets to lie in3 in the middle glue #d spokes1 each about #d inches long2 and round the spokes nail a wheel4 ,a piece of cane makes good spokes1 light and strong4 ,tie on the frame1 lying in the channels1 four #f_/h rockets1 two pointing one way2 two1 the other3 the clay or plaster of paris1 in these rockets1 is not to have a hole through it1 as usual1 but to remain perfectly closed4 ,on the wheel1 tie four #e_/h wheel cases1 charged with wheel case fuse1 ,no4 #a or ,no4 #aj4 ,leader it thus3 touchpaper the mouth of one wheel case4 ,from the tail of this first wheel case1 carry two leaders2 one to the next wheel case1 and one to the rocket whose mouth is nearest3 the tail of the second wheel case lights the third wheel case and second rocket2 and so on4 ,a long clothes line must be stretched tight for this to run along2 it should start #c or #d yards1 at least1 from the post to which the line is tied3 and the rope should be so long that the first rocket could not carry it to the end2 otherwise the leaders are apt to snap and spoil the piece4 ,towards the end1 as the piece gets lighter1 it will run the whole length of the rope1 without injury4 ,it is necessary to indicate the first1 or starting rocket1 by some means2 a piece of red paper may be pasted round the mouth2 or1 an inch or two of string may be tied to it2 or the match may be bent and tied so as to project an inch or two longer than the others4 ,on fixing it on the line1 in the dark1 you can then feel which is the starting rocket1 and place its mouth towards the starting post1 without hesitation4 ,of course the pigeon runs away in the opposite direction4 ,fig4 #abh4 ,a pigeon-house1 made with lances2 this may be fixed in a central position1 and have #d lines running from it3 east1 west1 north1 and south4 ,as soon as the lances are well alight1 start the pigeons4 ,this is not necessary for amateurs4 ,one pigeon is sufficient1 without any pigeon-house4 ,the piece1 fired at the ,crystal ,palace1 termed a comet1 is a combination of the pigeon1 fig4 #abf1 and the turning sun1 fig4 #aad4 ,construct a pigeon frame1 with two hoops1 one at each end2 to these hoops1 attach brilliant cases1 or gerbes1 placed obliquely3 point the mouths of all the rockets and gerbes in the same direction4 ,the whole of the cases may be lit at once2 or a short case may fire the rockets after the piece has partly descended the line1 by its own weight4 ,the line1 at the ,crystal ,palace1 is stretched from the top of the northern tower to the ground4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,a double guilloch1 or windmill piece4 ,this represents two windmills1 turning in opposite directions2 and imitates the engine turning1 on the backs of watches4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,a five-pointed star4 ,this has been already described4 ,it is desirable1 sometimes1 to convey the fire from a movable or rotating piece1 to a fixed1 or second rotating piece1 which is effected thus4 ,a leader1 a1 fig4 #aca1 comes from the tail of the last case of the first rotating piece4 ,this leader is tied1 in one or more places1 to one of the spokes of the wheel1 and to the nave2 and is left protruding at b4 ,a tin box1 or a bit of a mine case1 d e f g1 is attached to the fixed1 or second movable piece in such a manner1 as to surround1 but stand clear of1 the end of the match1 b1 as it revolves1 with the wheel4 ,a hole is made at c1 and the end of a leader1 from the second piece1 brought through it4 ,the inside surface of the box1 d e f g1 is smeared with meal-paste4 ,when the leader catches at a1 it blows through to b2 this lights the smeared surface of the box2 the flash communicates the fire to c1 and this carries it where desired4 ,sometimes a piece is made to drop1 which is thus effected4 ,suppose a cylindrical piece of iron1 #f inches long1 #c inches diameter1 standing upright2 on this a second cylinder1 #ab inches long1 #b inches diameter2 and1 on this1 a third cylinder1 #b inches long1 and #a inch diameter4 ,if now a brass ring #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b inches diameter be put on the top1 it will slip down1 and rest on the #b-;inch cylinder2 if a ring #b-a_/b inches diameter be slipped over the top1 it will fall1 and rest on the bottom #c-;inch cylinder4 ,it is obvious that1 if a horizontal wheel1 having a hole in the nave1 #b-a_/b inches diameter1 be slipped on1 it will drop1 and rest on the bottom cylinder2 and that a second wheel1 with a #a-a_/b inch hole in the nave1 will rest on the second cylinder4 ,the two wheels1 then1 may be placed on1 and held together with a piece of thickly leadered match2 the top wheel plays for a while1 and carries the second wheel with it2 the tail of the first1 or other case1 lights the bottom wheel1 and at the same time blows the match to pieces1 and the wheel drops4 ,of course three or more wheels may drop1 one after another4 ,see the design1 fig4 #aff4 ,sometimes a horizontal motion is changed to a vertical1 thus4 ,suppose an upright wooden post1 #c inches square4 ,saw off the top #ah inches1 and fix it on again1 with a hinge2 drive a staple1 on the other side1 into the top piece2 also one into the bottom piece2 and connect the staples with a piece of string1 to prevent the top piece falling4 ,in the top drive a spindle1 as usual1 to receive a horizontal wheel4 ,on the side of the fixed post1 against the hinge1 fasten an iron bracket1 to stand forward1 so that the top part1 when the string is cut1 can fall down1 and rest on the bracket4 ,now slip over the spindle a brass tube1 #c inches long1 and almost a fit2 then put on it a horizontal wheel1 carrying a smeared box1 as above described1 to convey the fire to a fixed piece2 on the top of the spindle screw a nut4 ,to the bottom post1 tie a piece of shell fuse1 and let the string1 that prevents the top piece from falling1 be drawn over the mouth of this1 and secured4 ,it is obvious that if1 after the wheel has played awhile horizontally1 the shell fuse is lit by a leader1 the string will be burnt in two2 the top part will fall on to the bracket2 and the horizontal motion will be changed to a vertical one4 ,roman candles are best fired in bouquets of three or more2 connect them with leaders about #c inches long2 and set them in a block of wood1 containing three or more holes1 diverging right and left2 or tie them to struts of wood1 nailed together1 like the supports for garden flowers4 ,two vertical wheels may be made to run round the outside of a table1 to imitate the motion of the machine for grinding drugs1 crushing clay1 c41 like two parallel grindstones going round in a circular trough4 ,conceive a circular table1 #bj inches diameter4 ,with a gimlet bore a hole in the centre1 large enough to admit a screw-eye1 with liberty to turn easily round2 slip through it a stair-rod1 #b feet long2 it will overhang #b inches at each end1 and may be swung round4 ,at the distance of about #d inches from each end of the rod1 imagine a cotton reel1 or a pulley2 when the rod is moved round1 the reels or pulleys will roll round in a circle1 like the cylinder-crushers1 above mentioned4 ,now1 if a vertical wheel were fixed at each end of the rod1 so as to hang outside the table1 it is obvious that1 upon firing it1 the wheels would run round4 ,of course it must not be a screw-eye and a stair-rod2 but anyone will understand1 from this description1 how to effect it4 ,these contrivances have fallen somewhat into disuse1 since the introduction and variety of colours1 but it is well to understand them4 ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,girandole ,,of #ajj ,,rockets ,,at ,,once4 ,suppose a cubical tea-chest4 ,in the top1 bore ten rows of holes1 ten in a row1 with a centre-bit2 the same in the bottom1 in such a way that the bottom holes fall perpendicularly under the top holes4 ,fasten the box upon four legs1 one at each corner4 ,sift from a pepper-box a layer of meal powder over the top2 put in the rockets1 with their primed mouths1 naked1 to rest on the sifted meal4 ,it is evident that1 upon conveying fire to the meal1 by a leader1 the flash will ignite the whole of the rockets1 at once4 ,of course it ought not to be a tea-chest1 but a box constructed on purpose1 with a penthouse lid1 to fall over1 and protect the rockets1 till desired to be fired4 ,it may be furnished with four legs1 as in fig4 #agc4 ,the shelf1 fig4 #agb1 fits in at a b c1 fig4 #agc4 ,,tools4 ,fig4 #acb4 ,a port-fire holder4 ,this is made of steel1 somewhat after the manner of a pair of pliers4 ,the ends a and b are fluted1 or channelled 7semi-cylindrical7 to receive the port-fire3 a spring1 riveted at c1 holds it tight2 by pressing on d1 the burnt case drops3 the end e is pointed1 to enter a long stick1 bored to receive it1 and strengthened with a brass ferrule4 ,as an instrument of this kind can be obtained only when made to order1 the following contrivance will serve the purpose of most amateurs4 ,first charge some little port-fires1 #c inches long and #a_/d inch diameter1 till within about #a-a_/d inch full3 having filled a couple of dozen1 or so1 invert them1 and knock out the dust1 as with squibs2 then encircle the whole1 as if going to bang them2 but pour in dry sand instead2 empty a little sand from each1 and stop the end with plaster of paris4 ,scrape out a little composition from the other end1 and prime it with damped meal4 ,take two inches of a roman candle case1 or a piece of turned wood1 with a hole through it1 fig4 #acc1 two inches long4 ,have a long stick1 fig4 #acd2 cut the end1 a1 so that it will fit the hole in fig4 #acc1 and enter half way up4 ,at the other end fix a wire1 z1 two and a half inches long4 ,by slipping fig4 #acc on fig4 #acd it is evident one inch vacancy is left to receive the sand end of the port-fire2 when this is burnt out1 it can be pushed out with the wire1 z4 ,,to ,,construct ,a ,,steelyard ,,scale4 ,the numerous formul for coloured fires1 renders the use of very small scales excessively troublesome2 and there is perpetual danger of losing the little weights for grains and pennyweights4 ,by constructing a steelyard scale1 the greatest facility is attained1 one weight answering for all4 ,take a piece of deal1 fig4 #ace1 about as thick as a venetian-blind lath2 it may be #bj or #bd inches long2 an inch broad1 at the left end2 and about #a_/b an inch broad in the main length4 ,make a hole at a1 twice the diameter of a pin3 the same at b4 ,it is necessary to observe that the hole1 a1 must be on a level with the top of the long arm2 if it should be a little higher1 it would not be of any consequence2 but it must1 on no account1 be lower4 ,have a piece of deal1 fig4 #acf1 about an inch square1 and mortise a hole in it1 as drawn4 ,fix #ace in #acf so as to appear like #acg4 ,a bit of a common pin1 or needle1 is to go through the mortise and through the hole1 a1 of #ace4 ,see that it plays easily4 ,at s1 fig4 #acg1 insert a piece of wire1 bent like the figure #h2 and to it1 tie the strings fastened to w1 which may be a copper bowl1 or a tin patty-pan4 ,the mode of fastening the threads to the figure of #h wire1 is simply to slip them through1 bend them down1 and tie round with thread1 as at z4 ,take a piece of brass tube1 an inch1 or so1 long1 fig4 #ach1 and with some lead1 melted in the bowl of a pipe1 fix a bit of wire in it1 bent like a staple1 or the capital letter ,u1 as drawn4 ,this is for a weight4 ,slip it on the arm of fig4 #acg2 put a wooden pin in the hole y1 to keep the weight from falling off4 ,slip the weight along1 till it balances the patty-pan w3 suppose this point is at m4 ,this will be the starting-point4 ,from m to y lay off a number of equal distances1 as eighths of an inch4 ,number them1 and the scale is complete4 ,if it be desired that #ajj of these divisions should weigh #a ounce1 an ounce weight must be put in the patty-pan w1 and the weight shifted along1 until it balances2 the intervening space must1 then1 be divided into #ajj equal parts4 ,it is desirable to construct two2 one with a large weight1 that will weigh #h or #aj ounces2 one with a small weight1 to weigh the #a_/ajjth part of an ounce4 ,this may be of wood1 with a wire staple1 about the thickness of a patent short-white pin4 ,nothing can be more convenient than these steelyard scales1 as one weight answers for all1 and never drops1 and gets lost4 ,it is well to have even a third steelyard scale4 ,this may be made very thin1 with a piece of wire1 bent to the shape of fig4 #aga1 for a weight4 ,it may be made to weigh only the fifth part of an ounce2 so that if divided into #ajj equal parts1 it will weigh the #a_/ejjth part of an ounce2 so that in trying a new colour1 as little can be mixed as will charge only one or two pill-boxes4 ,a little notch should be made1 at every division1 with a fine1 triangular file1 to prevent the weight from slipping3 every tenth division can be numbered2 this is best done with a blacklead pencil1 as ink runs2 and on the end s1 fig4 #acg1 mark how many to the ounce4 ,possibly the trade1 if desired1 would make them to order4 ,there is an instrument1 somewhat similar1 the chondrometer1 for estimating the quality of grain2 only this is constructed upon the principle of the log2 the leverage and counterpoise showing the weight of a pint1 but indicating that of a bushel2 as the half-minute sand-glass times the running out of the knots of the line1 and indicates nautical miles4 ,goods-weighing-machines1 at the railways1 are on the steelyard1 or shifting leverage principle2 also the machines warranted to furnish you with your correct weight4 ,,montgolfier ,,balloons4 ,to project a pattern gore4 ,with a radius of #e inches1 fig4 #aci1 from the point a1 on the line b o1 describe a semicircle2 divide the upper quadrant into three equal parts1 in the points g1 e1 c4 ,carry the same distance1 once down1 to k4 ,draw the lines f g1 d e1 a c1 h k1 parallel to each other1 and at right angles to the line b o4 ,draw the line a k1 and prolong it to s1 so that the distance k s shall be #aj inches1 viz41 twice the radius4 ,from s1 with the radius s k of #aj inches1 describe the arc k n p4 ,draw o s parallel to h k2 and1 halfway between1 m n4 ,as the distance from a to c is #e inches1 twice this will be #aj1 for the equatorial breadth of the gore2 and1 as it is intended to have #ab sheets of tissue paper 7#c of each colour1 yellow1 blue1 green1 and red71 and1 consequently1 #ab gores1 #ab times #aj #abj1 the half of which is #fj1 for the semi-circumference4 ,tissue paper is a very thin double-crown1 #cj by #bj4 ,lay down a straight line1 b x1 fig4 #adj1 #fj inches in length1 and divide it into #f parts of #aj inches each2 and draw parallels f g1 d e1 c41 at right angles to the meridian line b x4 ,measure the distance f g1 fig4 #aci1 and make f g1 fig4 #adj1 twice as much1 half on each side2 the same with d e1 c4 ,draw lines1 connecting the extremities1 till the fig4 #adj is complete4 ,instead of taking the trouble to construct fig4 #aci with the compasses1 the following measures will describe the pattern gore1 fig4 #adj1 at once2 f g will be #e inches1 half to the left1 half to the right1 of the line b x2 d e #h-b_/c inches2 a c #aj inches2 h k #h-b_/c inches2 m n #g inches2 and o p #f-c_/d inches4 ,these numbers are chosen to suit the size of the paper1 to get the gores as large as possible1 with the least waste3 #fj inches are selected as the length of the gore1 being twice the length of a sheet2 #aj inches are #a_/f the length1 and exactly half the breadth of the sheet2 so the length and breadth are both employed1 without the slightest waste4 ,the pattern gore should be of cartridge or imperial brown4 ,,to ,,cut ,,the ,,gores4 ,lay the twelve sheets of tissue paper flat upon each other1 as at fig4 #ada2 cut the pattern gore into two pieces1 along the line a c1 fig4 #adj1 and lay them on the tissue paper1 fig4 #ada4 ,mark round them with a blacklead pencil1 and cut them through with a strong pair of scissors4 ,,to ,,join ,,the ,,halves ,,together4 ,lay the bottom part of the gore1 fig4 #adb1 flat upon the table1 and the top part upon it1 so as to leave #a_/d of an inch along the edge exposed1 as shown by the shaded part4 ,paste this2 and1 without removing either piece1 bend the pasted part of the lower half gore upon the top1 and press it smooth down4 ,,to ,,paste ,,two ,,gores ,,together4 ,lay one gore with the point towards the left hand1 and another upon it1 a quarter of an inch back1 as in fig4 #adc4 ,paste the shaded part of the lower gore1 bend it over1 and press as before4 ,one of the gores1 having been drawn in by pasting1 is now narrower than the other4 ,finish the six pairs1 and lay them by to dry4 ,,to ,,paste ,,the ,,pairs ,,together4 ,lay one pair with the points towards the right hand1 thus keeping the widest gore upwards2 and another upon it1 in the same manner1 as fig4 #add4 ,bend the top gore back upon itself1 by folding it down the middle1 as shown by the bottom shaded part1 and lay a book or weight upon it1 to keep it out of the way2 paste1 and double1 as before2 and so proceed1 till the whole twelve are finished1 and lying upon each other4 ,be careful to disturb none of the gores4 ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,last ,,joining4 ,turn the points towards the left hand3 lift up the top1 and bend the ten inner gores back upon themselves3 draw the top gore over1 so as to make it lie upon the bottom4 ,paste as before4 ,this is a somewhat troublesome operation1 and it is advisable to have the assistance of a second person4 ,,to ,,wire ,,the ,,balloon4 ,select a coil of iron wire1 a little thicker than a pin2 and remove the elasticity1 as recommended with coloured gerbes4 ,before applying it to the balloon1 practise the method of making a joining1 as shown by fig4 #ade1 simply bringing the ends together1 crossing them about an inch from the extremity1 and winding them tight round each other4 ,now lay the balloon1 as in fig4 #adf1 with a book1 or a flat weight1 upon it1 to keep it down3 curve the wire to the shape of the bottom of the balloon1 and lay it about half an inch from the edge4 ,notch the paper1 at the joinings of the gores2 paste1 and fold back4 ,when perfectly dry1 not before1 turn the balloon over3 cut the wire #b inches longer than to meet2 bend the ends together1 and make the joining2 paste1 and bend over1 the remaining half2 and shape the wire to a circle4 ,a star1 of double-crown1 may be pasted on the top1 and a thread passed through it1 to hold it by4 ,to effect this1 open the balloon1 pass a book up it1 spread the top flat on the book1 and paste on it a star1 or a circular piece of paper1 the size of a penny4 ,if a hole gets torn in it1 it can be repaired in the same way4 ,take two straight pieces of wire1 a little longer than the diameter of the mouth of the balloon2 pass them1 half way1 through a piece of sponge1 at right angles to each other2 fasten these wires across the mouth2 saturate the sponge with wood naphtha1 or methylated spirit1 taking especial care that not a drop falls on the balloon2 get someone to set fire to some pieces of paper on the ground2 hold the balloon at a good height above the flame1 to prevent the spirit1 in the sponge1 from catching4 ,three persons ought to assist in the start3 one to manage the burning paper2 two to hold the balloon steady1 and to keep the mouth open1 for the hot air to inflate it4 ,as soon as the balloon gets expanded1 set fire to the spirit2 and directly it begins to pull against the hand1 which it will do1 let it go4 ,a balloon of this size will require an ounce of spirit1 and as much sponge as will absorb it4 ,see fig4 #afg4 ,to project a gore for #bd sheets of tissue paper1 let the radius be #g-a_/b inches2 for #dh sheets1 #aj inches4 ,the shape of the balloon1 when expanded1 will be the same as fig4 #aci1 rotating on the axis b o4 ,if the pattern gore be projected from fig4 #adg1 the balloon will be pear-shaped1 and may be filled with gas1 like those started from the ,crystal ,palace4 ,the paper1 #af-lb4 double-crown1 must have a coat of boiled linseed oil4 ,the bottom should be open1 and fitted with a cylindrical neck1 about an inch diameter1 and #c inches long1 made of writing paper of three thicknesses4 ,fig4 #afh shows the magnesium light attached4 ,a flat weight may be constructed by making a thin deal box1 the size and shape of a lucifer-match box2 fill it with melted lead2 nail a lid on it1 and cover it with pasted paper4 ,the same will serve for a paper-weight4 ,a spindle1 on which to fire wheels1 is shown at fig4 #adh2 it is furnished with a fly-nut1 which can be taken off1 and put on1 without trouble4 ,as there is considerable difficulty in obtaining an article of this kind1 its place may be supplied by a carriage-bolt1 of which hundreds1 if necessary1 may be procured at the ironmonger's1 of lengths varying from #a inch to #ab1 or more4 ,one of #f inches will be suitable for most purposes4 ,as the nut is small1 and would be difficult to find1 if dropped on the ground1 on a dark night1 proceed as follows4 ,turn a piece of beech1 about #a-a_/b inch square1 and #b-a_/b inches long1 into a cylinder1 with hemispherical ends1 and a hole through it1 like a popgun4 ,cut it1 while yet in the lathe1 or saw it across into two pieces1 one an inch long1 the other1 an inch and a half4 ,in the flat end of the inch length1 mortise a hole1 and sink the nut in it2 take a circular piece of wood1 with a hole bored in the middle1 and screw it flat on1 over the nut4 ,fig4 #aej1 a1 shows the turned piece2 b1 the circular piece1 screwed on1 to keep the nut from falling out4 ,this serves the purpose of the fly-nut of fig4 #adh4 ,the carriage-bolt is shown1 first at fig4 #adi2 then at fig4 #aej1 with the nut screwed on4 ,take a piece of deal1 fig4 #aee1 about #a-a_/b inch square1 and #bj inches long3 make a hole through at a1 and drive the carriage-bolt from behind2 the shoulder1 being square1 will hold firm2 in front1 at c1 slip on the above turned piece of wood1 an inch and a half long3 the piece1 with the nut embedded in it1 is1 of course1 put on at the end1 b4 ,the hole through this inch piece should be #a_/h of an inch1 or more1 larger in diameter than the female 7or counter7 screw of the nut1 in order that it may slip on and off with ease4 ,at the top fix a strong wire1 d1 and file the end round and smooth3 at s and x1 in the side1 fix two screw-eyes1 or staples1 to receive rocket sticks4 ,at m and n bore two holes1 through which it can be screwed to a post4 ,the screw-eye at s ought to be about level with the top of the post4 ,if there is too great a space between w and z1 pieces of a roman candle case may be slipped on2 but a popgun1 sawed into short lengths1 is better4 ,several should be kept in readiness1 of different lengths1 to suit the naves of different wheels4 ,a piece of iron rod1 about half an inch long1 and to fit the hole1 ought to be driven up furilonas1 c41 to rest on the top of d1 fig4 #aee2 and the wire should be a little longer than the hole1 that the piece may play clear of the upright1 the top of which should be hemispherical1 as drawn4 ,fig4 #aea is a screw-ring2 #aeb1 a screw-eye3 #aec1 a screw-hook2 #aed1 a cup-hook4 ,if a little bit1 s1 of #aeb be sawed1 or filed out1 it makes a stronger cup-hook than the brass1 for match-weights4 ,,winged ,,rockets4 ,an #h_/h rocket is the smallest size worth making3 it is1 also1 sufficiently large2 and1 as it requires a machine to fire it from1 it is best to keep to one size4 ,the head1 fig4 #aef1 may be the same as the external diameter of the case1 or it may be slightly enlarged3 to receive a parachute1 it may be #ab1 or even #af inches high2 and the top may be closed with a lid1 fig4 #afc1 formed of a case choked tight2 or by simply stopping it with a piece of turned wood1 or with a thin bung1 pushed in1 as a cork into a bottle4 ,a bung may be readily sawed thin with a fine-toothed saw2 if required to be made smaller in diameter1 it must be cut round sidewise1 not longitudinally4 ,if the head is to receive stars1 it must not be above #h inches high4 ,to construct the wings1 take a thin piece of deal1 or tin1 and cut out a right-angled triangle1 fig4 #aeg4 ,make a b #g-a_/b inches1 b c #a-a_/b inch4 ,take a piece of imperial brown paper1 #h inches long1 #d broad1 and fold it down the middle lengthwise1 so as to become #h by #b4 ,lay the sloping edge1 a c1 of fig4 #aeg along the folded edge of the paper1 a c1 fig4 #aeh1 and mark round it1 with a pencil4 ,about #c_/h of an inch distant1 draw the line d e parallel to a b4 ,cut through with the scissors1 and the paper will be of the shape of fig4 #aeh4 ,bend the shaded parts flat1 to form a flap1 or kind of hinge4 ,paste the surface of the two triangles1 and press them together to form a double thickness4 ,if this does not make the wing stiff enough1 insert1 between them1 a triangular piece of cardboard1 to make it of three folds1 like a shirt-collar4 ,take a piece of sheet tin1 or a piece of cardboard1 fig4 #afa4 ,let m n be #g inches2 and m p such that it shall exactly wind round the rocket4 ,divide it into #c equal parts1 by the parallel lines r and s1 and at each end cut out little pieces1 as shown at a a1 c4 ,now1 if this be wound round the rocket1 marks can be made through the slits a a1 with a blacklead pencil1 or with a stencil-brush1 dipped into blacklead powder1 such as used for polishing grates4 ,these marks will indicate the places for the wings4 ,paste or glue them on1 and secure the joinings with another slip of paper pasted over them1 as shown by the dotted lines1 beside the wings1 fig4 #aef4 ,the wings will branch out at angles of #abj divergence from each other1 like the lines a a1 b b1 c c1 fig4 #afb4 ,the rocket is thus winged2 and1 so far1 complete4 ,,to ,,construct ,a ,,slot-,,tube1 ,,or ,,rocket-,,guide4 ,procure #c pieces of planed deal1 #a_/b an inch thick1 #b inches broad3 let one piece be #f feet #c inches long2 the other two1 each #f feet4 ,get a smith to make #d triangular iron holdfasts1 k m n1 fig4 #afb1 #e inches along each side2 the iron may be a trifle above #a_/h of an inch thick1 and #f_/h broad3 in each side1 let two holes be made1 as in the usual holdfasts1 to receive screws4 ,the screws are represented at z z1 fig4 #afb1 which is a cross section of the tube4 ,fasten the #d iron holdfasts round the #c pieces of deal1 as represented by w w1 fig4 #afj1 at equal distances4 ,the pieces of wood will thus form a triangular spout1 with open corners4 ,the pieces are to be level at the top2 the longest one1 of #f;ft4 #c;in41 will1 thus1 be #c inches below the other two1 as at r r1 fig4 #afj4 ,at s s bore two holes1 about #a_/h of an inch diameter4 ,take a small piece of deal1 fig4 #aei1 and fix in it two pieces of wire1 so as to have the appearance of a tuning-fork4 ,these wires are to go through the holes s s1 of fig4 #afj1 to form a resting-place1 or support for the rocket1 after it has been pushed up the tube4 ,at the top of one of the short pieces1 is to be a hook1 k1 by which to suspend it from a post4 ,this post ought to be #i or #aj feet high1 that the rocket may be fired without having to stoop4 ,everything being ready1 the rocket is to be put up through the bottom of the tube1 and the wires of fig4 #aei pushed through1 for it to rest upon4 ,it may then be fired4 ,these rockets are peculiarly fitted for asteroids1 as1 from their lightness1 they rise to great heights1 with immense rapidity1 not in a continuous curve1 of uniform flexure1 but with a sweeping serpentine motion1 as indicated by the line1 fig4 #afd4 ,they might be employed1 with great advantage1 for distress rockets at sea4 ,they could also be made with four wings1 and fired in volleys1 from batteries constructed with square tubes4 ,see the design1 fig4 #afe4 ,,list ,,of ,,prices4 ,ammonia1 ,muriate1 or ,salammoniac1 #f;d4 per lb4 ,antimony1 ,sulphuret1 #f;d4 ,arsenic1 ,red ,sulphuret1 or ,realgar1 #as4 ,yellow ,sulphuret1 or ,orpiment1 #as4 ,barytes1 ,chlorate1 #fs4 ,nitrate1 #h;d4 ,cast ,iron ,borings1 #d;d4 ,charcoal1 #c;d4 ,coal tar naphtha1 or mineral naphtha1 #d;d4 per pint4 ,copper1 ,black ,oxide1 #cs4 ,oxychloride1 #ds4 ,sulphuret1 #ds4 ,dextrine1 #as4 ,gunpowder1 ,f1 #h;d42 ,,ff1 #i;d42 ,,fff1 #aj;d4 ,meal1 #i;d4 ,lamp ,cotton1 #b;d4 per oz4 ,lead1 ,chloride1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,nitrate1 #as4 ,protoxide1 or ,litharge1 #f;d4 ,deutoxide1 ,minium or ,red ,lead1 #f;d4 ,litmus1 #b;d4 per oz4 ,magnesium ,filings1 #gs4 per oz4 ,mercury1 ,chloride1 or ,calomel1 #fs4 ,sulphuret1 or thiop's ,mineral1 #fs4 ,methylated ,spirit1 #f;d4 per pint4 ,oxalic ,acid1 #as4 ,plaster of ,paris1 #c;d4 per packet4 ,potash1 ,chlorate1 #as4 ,nitrate1 ,nitre1 ,saltpetre1 ,sal-prunella1 #f;d4 ,shellac1 in ,flake1 #as4 #c;d4 in ,powder1 #bs4 ,soda1 ,bicarbonate1 #d;d4 ,oxalate1 #bs4 ,stearine1 ,composite ,candle1 #a;d4 ,steel ,filings1 #h;d4 ,strontian1 ,carbonate1 #cs4 ,nitrate1 #h;d4 ,sugar1 #e;d4 ,sulphur1 ,flowers4 ,sublimed ,sulphur1 #d;d4 ,vegetable ,black1 #aj;d4 ,wax1 #a;d4 per cake4 ,wood ,naphtha1 #g;d4 per pint4 ,zinc ,filings1 #cs4 per lb4 ,,concluding ,,remarks4 ,sublimation is the volatilization of solid substances by heat1 and their crystallization by cold again into solids4 ,the products of sublimation 7sublimates7 have received the name of flowers from their soft efflorescence1 or aggregation of minute spicular crystals into flakes2 as flowers of sulphur1 the crystallized refrigerated vapour of burning brimstone2 flowers of benzoin1 benzoic acid2 corrosive sublimate1 bichloride of mercury2 sublimed arsenic1 camphor1 sal-ammoniac2 vegetable and lamp black1 the condensed fumes of burning oils and resins2 soot1 the flakes deposited in chimneys from the smoke of burnt wood and coals4 ,distillation is the evaporation of liquid substances by heat1 and their condensation by cold again into liquids4 ,the products of distillation 7distillates7 are usually termed spirits2 as spirit of wine1 alcohol or brandy2 spirit of grain1 gin1 hollands1 or whiskey2 spirit of molasses1 rum2 spirit of naphtha2 benzine1 c4 ,water heated and cooled1 combines in resemblance the effects of sublimation and distillation2 aqueous vapour by congelation crystallizing into snow2 and by condensation liquefying into water4 ,the condensation of steam into water is familiar to everyone4 ,it is stated that in ,st4 ,petersburg1 upon the sudden admission of a current of cold air into a crowded assembly-room1 the vapour in the air was immediately congealed1 and fell in the form of snow flakes4 ,probably snow might be produced artificially by driving steam into a vessel preparatively cooled below the freezing point4 ,gums are the exudation of trees1 vegetable mucilage thickened by exposure to the atmosphere2 as gum from cherry and plum trees2 gum arabic1 from varieties of the acacia1 ,turkey1 ,east ,india1 ,senegal1 or ,barbary2 ,turkey gum arabic is the best4 ,resins are the exudation of trees1 generally evergreens1 essential oils inspissated by oxygenation3 as mastic1 sandarac1 benzoin4 ,gums are soluble in water2 resins in alcohol and essential oils4 ,gums dry and swell up by heat2 resins soften and melt4 ,gum resins are partly resinous and partly mucilaginous2 as lac1 assaftida1 galbanum4 ,in submitting shellac to the action of alcohol1 the whole is never entirely dissolved2 as the lac contains1 besides the resin1 a mucilage which floats about in the liquid1 and renders it turbid4 ,many substances which go under the name of gums in commerce1 are in reality resins or gum-resins4 ,native turpentine1 the juice of trees of the fir tribe1 of the consistency of honey1 yields on distillation spirit of turpentine1 called also oil of turpentine1 and by painters turps2 the dry mass left behind in the retort is colophony or rosin4 ,rosin is soluble in alcohol1 and is therefore a resin2 rosin and resin1 however1 are not synonymous2 all rosin is a resin2 but all resins are not rosin4 ,rosin has been tried in pyrotechny1 but is of no use3 a solution of it in spirit will bind stars2 but it renders them white and smoky4 ,volatile1 ethereal1 or essential oils are obtained from plants by distillation with water2 as oil of roses1 lavender1 thyme1 peppermint1 aniseed1 c4 ,fixed oils are obtained from animal fat by heat2 and from seeds of plants by pressure and percussion2 as1 train oil1 cod-liver oil2 palm oil1 croton1 linseed1 cottonseed1 c4 ,oxychloride of copper1 if difficult to procure1 may be made by laying thin pieces of copper in a dish1 and pouring upon them a mixture of half water1 and half hydrochloric or muriatic acid4 ,the next day remove them1 and lay them on a board in the shade to dry4 ,when dry1 brush off the green powder which will be found on the outside1 with a toothbrush1 into a basin of water4 ,after a quantity is obtained1 wash it as directed for sulphur1 and dry it in the bag1 fig4 #cc4 ,test it with litmus paper to ascertain if free from acid4 ,saw a piece of coke or charcoal in two1 and on the flat surface place a few copper filings2 direct upon them the flame of a lamp or candle with the blow-pipe2 they will simply become red-hot4 ,lay a few more filings1 and on them a little calomel or sal-ammoniac3 now direct the flame1 and a beautiful blue colour will be produced4 ,any of the salts of copper may be used to obtain the same effect1 the chlorine gas liberated from the calomel 7chloride of mercury7 or from the sal-ammoniac 7ammonic chloride7 giving a blue colour to all preparations of copper burnt in it4 ,weights for quickmatch may be made by nearly filling the brass tube with useless rusty old nails1 tacks1 screws1 or odd bits of iron1 or brass2 then pouring in melted lead4 ,if the ladle will not hold enough lead to fill it at once1 it may be poured in at twice1 thrice1 four or more times4 ,a tube #a-a_/d inch diameter and #f inches long will weigh #b-a_/b lb4 ,this will keep a great length of match tight and straight4 ,half-an-inch at each end of the tube should be solid lead1 one to receive the screw1 and one to make a firm bottom4 ,if at any time the basil end of a pinwheel pipe should be too small to admit the nose of the funnel1 it may be enlarged by binding a gum strip round it4 ,if pinwheels are too dry1 they break in winding1 from the hardness of the composition2 if too damp1 from the softness of the paper4 ,as paper cannot be relied upon for being always of uniform thickness1 if it be found that a pinwheel pipe is too thin1 cut the strip a little broader4 ,discretion may be used in all cases4 ,coloured lances may be primed with meal powder very slightly damped with thin lac solution4 ,leader pipes may1 if preferred1 be fastened to lances with patent short whites3 they may be procured at the haberdasher's2 the price of them is #b;d4 per oz4 ,push the pin through the side of the leader1 down into the side of the lance2 then make a triangular hole through the middle of the leader1 down into the middle of the lance1 turning the tool round to break the priming1 and secure the leader with a gum strip4 ,the gum strip1 bent round1 assumes the shape of the capital letter ,t4 ,the best tool for making the holes is a steel bradawl1 ground triangular and to a sharp point2 another bradawl ground to a tapering point like a needle1 about #c_/d of an inch long1 may be used for making holes up the lances to receive the wires4 ,scissor-grinders will shape them1 if you have not a grindstone2 or they may be rubbed on a stone1 such as used by mowers to whet their scythes4 ,afterwards set them sharp on a hone4 ,fig #afi is a wasp-light4 ,the proper composition will be found among the fuses3 drive it into a roman candle case with the rammer1 fig4 #d4 ,bring the leader from the mouth b1 backwards along the outside of the case1 and tie it in a couple of places1 as drawn4 ,evening is the best time to use it3 push the end b into the nest1 light at a1 and retire4 ,instead of a five-pointed star1 a seven-lance star1 fig4 #agj1 may be employed4 ,to form it1 have a piece of deal board1 half-an-inch thick1 #f-a_/b inches square3 draw the diagonals1 to find the centre2 and1 with a pair of compasses1 stretched to a #c-;inch radius1 describe a circle4 ,carry the radius #f times round it2 and in the points and the centre drive #g ,french nails2 cut off their heads1 and fix on them #g lances3 the middle one1 crimson2 the others1 #c green and #c blue1 placed alternately4 ,in forming a rocket spindle1 taper it no more than will just make it deliver3 the thicker it is left at the top1 the stronger of course it will be4 ,for small rockets1 #c_/h or #d_/h1 a brass1 iron1 or steel wire1 with a few notches filed in it1 or made jagged with a cold chisel and hammer1 driven into a block1 will hold firm without a screw4 ,i have seen them driven into a piece of thick plank1 and the nipple formed with an inch-length of wood1 cut cylindrical1 bored and slipped over the spindle1 like c in fig4 #aee4 ,indeed1 a spindle might be formed from a #e-;inch or #f-;inch carriage-bolt4 ,at ,woolwich ,arsenal rockets are charged solid4 ,the fuse is shaped into pellets1 something like large peppermint lozenges1 or cylindrical cakes of paste blacking1 by hydraulic pressure in a mould4 ,these pellets1 discs1 or cakes1 which are almost as hard as a stone1 are put into the case1 and pressed in tight3 the rocket is then fixed upright1 and slowly drilled1 as ,i have seen1 with a conical borer1 working vertically1 to let the dust fall and clear itself4 ,this mode must not be imitated by an amateur2 indeed1 without accurate machinery1 the desired object could not be effected1 and there is constant liability to danger4 ,the fuse of a rocket1 when consolidated1 assumes the form of fig4 #ah1 with the head sawn off1 except that the hollow is tapering1 instead of cylindrical2 and the rocket stands thus-- #a_/c cup #f choke hollow #a-a_/c solid #a_/c plaster #h diameters4 ,in the trade1 meal powder1 saltpetre1 and charcoal1 go by the names of meal1 petre1 and coal4 ,common coal1 for burning in fires1 is never employed in pyrotechny2 it would produce only dull red sparks and smoke4 ,meal1 or petre1 added to a fuse quickens it2 sulphur slackens it4 #f meal1 #a sulphur1 make a quickmatch that blows through a leader with great violence4 #a meal1 #a sulphur1 will scarcely burn2 pure meal only should be used for match1 or grain powder with hot starch4 ,it has already been stated that nitre in powder is sometimes adulterated with salt1 and that it is impossible to make a rocket with such stuff4 ,powdered chlorate of potash is sometimes adulterated with nitre3 with such mixture it is equally impossible to produce good colours3 nitre whitens flame1 and overpowers colour4 ,chlorate of potash1 charcoal1 sulphur1 stearine1 used separately1 with discretion1 vivify colours2 calomel deepens the colour1 but slackens the flame4 ,star compositions which inflame vigorously in dry summer weather1 will often scarcely burn at all in damp weather2 this is especially the case with stars containing nitrate of strontian4 ,in washing sulphur1 stir it with a wooden spoon2 if a silver one were used1 a black sulphide would be formed on the surface1 very difficult to remove4 ,if silver coins in the pocket get tarnished while using sulphur1 rub them with salt1 or chalk1 or whiting4 ,a magnet is convenient for lifting tacks1 small screws1 c41 from divisions in nail boxes4 ,if the brass tube formers get tarnished1 scrape off the lacquer with a knife1 sand paper them anew1 and give them a fresh coat of lacquer4 ,let all wheel frames and woodwork be coloured black1 either with paint1 or with a mixture of vegetable or lamp black and size1 or thin glue1 to prevent their being seen4 ,a white thread hung upon a bush1 is visible many yards off2 a black one can scarcely be seen a few feet distant4 ,black is not only invisible1 but it throws the brilliancy of sparks1 and the vividness of colours1 into stronger relief4 ,let every article be dried1 reduced to a fine powder1 put into a clean bottle1 and carefully corked3 also let every bottle be labelled3 the labels are best stuck on with paste1 not gum3 gum labels are apt to drop off in damp weather4 ,let all metallic articles1 liable to rust1 be wiped with a rag dipped into olive oil1 before being laid by for future use4 ,before putting aside the six-inch circular frying-pan1 set it over the fire till warm1 put into it a lump of tallow1 and smear it with a rag3 when wanted for use1 set it on the fire1 put into it a cupful of water and a piece of soda2 make the water boil1 and stir it well round2 pour away the water1 and dry the pan over the fire4 ,let muslin sieves always be dried before being put aside2 also1 again1 before use4 ,zinc sieves may simply be wiped dry4 ,have a place for everything2 and keep everything in its place4 ,faraday1 the great master in experimental lectures1 always devoted many hours to the preparation of his experiments for each lecture4 ,no point1 however trifling1 bearing upon the success of the experiment1 was considered unimportant3 he used to try the stoppers of all the bottles he had to use1 to see that they had not become fixed1 and thus would cause delay by requiring forcible opening4 ,his example cannot be too carefully copied4 ,before firing a display1 all posts1 spindles1 lines1 staples1 screws1 touch-paper1 portfires1 pieces of leadered quickmatch1 c41 should be carefully provided4 ,a yard of tape slowmatch1 hung to a nail at the top of a post1 will supply fire for a long time4 ,a book should be kept for future guidance1 in which should be written the quantity of composition required to make a certain number of articles of a certain size3 by attending to this1 much waste will be prevented4 ,never1 upon any account1 leave compositions lying about2 and let nothing be done by candlelight1 except making cases4 ,quickmatch1 especially1 ought to be kept locked up1 so that nobody can get to it4 ,never put squibs1 crackers1 c41 into the pockets3 a stray spark might ignite the whole1 and cause most serious mischief4 ,,fuses4 ,,roman ,,candle4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacad ---------------------------------------- --- ,sulphur #d #b #c #a #a #b #g #c #d #f #h #c #h - ,charcoal #c #c #c #b #a #c #h #a #a #g #i #caa #b ,nitre #h #b #h #d #c #iba #d #eahahajcb #a ,meal powder #h #h #c #c #b #dab #e #d #d #d #g - #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,,rocket4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacad ---------------------------------------- --- ,sulphur #a #aab #d #h #d #b #d #b #b #a #a #h #a ,charcoal #d #bag #eaa #g #d #hab #h #b #bbg #b ,nitre #h #eejafcbaf #iafbjaf #d #dcf #d ,meal powder - - - - - - - #c #a #a #a #b #f #b ,steel-filings - - - - - - - - - - - - - #a ---------------------------------------- --- ,,bursting ,,fire4 --------------------- ,number #a #b #c --------------------- ,meal powder #a #a #h ,grain powder ,f - #a - ,charcoal - - #a --------------------- ,,starting ,,fire4 ------------------- ,number #a #b ------------------- ,charcoal #a #c ,meal powder #haf ,sulphur - #d ,nitre - #f ------------------- ,,wheel ,,and ,,fixed ,,case4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadaeaf ---------------------------------------- -------- ,meal powder #hbd #hcf #dah #habdb #dafajacafbjdj ,sulphur #a #a - #a - - #a #a #c - - - #a - #a #d ,charcoal #a #d #a #d #a - - - - - - - - - - #c ,nitre #b #c - - #b #b #a #c #h - #b - #a - -#bd ,steel-filings - - - - - #e #c #c #e #a #e - - - - #f ,vegetable black - - - - - - - - - - - #a #b - - #a ,realgar - - - - - - - - - - - - #a - - #a ,litharge - - - - - - - - - - - - - #c #c #b ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,squib ,,and ,,serpent4 ---------------------- ,number #a #b #c ---------------------- ,sulphur #a - - ,charcoal #a #a - ,nitre #b - - ,meal powder #h #h #d ,steel-filings - - #a ---------------------- ,,pinwheel4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabac ---------------------------------------- ------- ,sulphur #a #c #e #c #gad #d #db #b #c #b - ,nitre #a #d #i #e #iaf #h #d #e #b #c #b - ,meal powder #b #iae #hbjcbbfafcfbfceah #c ,sulphuret of ,antimony - - - - #a #c #a - - - - - - ,beech sawdust1 fine - - - - - - #a - - - - - - ,oxalate of ,soda - - - - - - - #c - - - - - ,litharge1 fine - - - - - - - - #b - - - - ,orpiment1 or ,realgar - - - - - - - - - #b #c - - ,vegetable black - - - - - - - - - #a #b - - ,nitrate of ,lead - - - - - - - - - - - #c #a ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,saxon4 ---------------------------- ,number #a #b #c ---------------------------- ,sulphur #a #c #e ,nitre #a #d #i ,meal powder #b #iae ---------------------------- ,,five-,,pointed ,,star4 -------------------------- ,number #a #b -------------------------- ,meal powder #c - ,sulphur #h #b ,nitre #ab #e ,sulphuret of ,antimony #a #a -------------------------- ,,spur-,,fire1 ,,for ,,flower-,,pots ,,and ,,star-,,candles4 ---------------------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- ,vegetable black #g #b #c #d ,sulphur #ad #e #daf ,realgar1 or ,sulphuret of ,arsenic #b #a #a #b ,nitre #cbafajcb ,meal powder - #c -#ag ,charcoal - - - #d ---------------------------------------- ,,tourbillion4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabac ---------------------------------------- --- ,sulphur #a #c #c #g #c #d #d #d #b #d #a #g #d ,nitre #d #eafaj #hcbagag #d #h #hbjad ,charcoal #b #c #h #d #c #f #d #e - - - - #c ,meal powder #aaa #hbdafcb - - #d #iajbcac ,steel-filings - - - #h #f #e - - - - - - #b ,cast ,iron ,borings - - - - - #h #f #h #c #d #gad #e ---------------------------------------- --- ,,bengal ,,light4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sulphuret of ,arsenic1 ,realgar1 or ,orpiment #a #a #b #a - - ,sulphuret of ,antimony - -#aj #e #a #a ,minium1 or ,red ,lead - - #a #a - - ,sulphur #d #b #f #c #d #b ,nitre #ad #fbdadad #f ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,blue ,,light4 -------------------------- ,number #a #b -------------------------- ,nitre #ab #e ,sulphur #d #b ,meal powder #c - ,sulphuret of ,antimony #a #a -------------------------- ,,wasp ,,light4 -------------------- ,number #a -------------------- ,nitre #ad ,sulphur #e ,meal powder #c ,realgar #a -------------------- ,,portfire4 -------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d -------------------------- ,meal powder #c #a #a #e ,sulphur #d #b #b #h ,nitre #ab #d #fbe -------------------------- ,,shell ,,fuse4 -------------------- ,number #a -------------------- ,meal powder #d ,nitre #b ,sulphur #a -------------------- ,,gerbe4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaab ---------------------------------------- -- ,sulphur #b #c - #a - #b #c #b #b #b - - ,nitre #b #b - - -#aj #f #d #i #d - - ,meal powder #afcf #d #haf - #iaf #b #b #h #c ,steel-filings #a #f - - - - - - - - - - ,cast ,iron ,borings #e #h #a #c #h #g #e #h #e #c - - ,charcoal - - - - #a #b #b #a #b #b - - ,coke grains - - - - - - - - - - #a - ,porcelain grains - - - - - - - - - - - #a ---------------------------------------- -- ,,tailed1 ,,streamer1 ,,or ,,comet ,,stars1 ,,for ,,rockets1 ,,shells1 ,,and ,,roman ,,candles4 ---------------------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ,vegetable black #a #c #c #f - - - - #c ,charcoal #b #h #b #c #a #c #fab #b ,sulphur #ebd #b - #b #d #a #b #b ,nitre #ebd #i - #h #iajbj #i ,meal powder #hcj #faf -#bj #e #g #f ,oxalate of ,soda - - - - #dab - - - ,sulphuret of ,antimony - - - - - - - - #d ---------------------------------------- ,,oiled ,,tailed ,,stars ,,for ,,rockets ,,and ,,shells4 ---------------------------- ,number #a #b #c ---------------------------- ,charcoal #i #f #b ,sulphur #i #e #b ,nitre #cbah #i ,meal powder #bdab #e ,sulphuret of ,antimony #af #i #d ---------------------------- ,to #a ounce add twenty-four drops of boiled linseed oil3 rub them thoroughly together in a mortar2 then spread out the mixture1 for a few days1 to dry4 ,when dry1 mix with starch1 dextrine solution1 or gum water1 and chop into #c_/h or #a_/b inch cubical blocks4 ,,steel ,,stars ,,for ,,rockets ,,and ,,shells4 -------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d -------------------------- ,nitrate of ,lead #hbdbh - ,chlorate of ,potash #c #e #f #e ,charcoal #b #f #f #a ,steel-filings #b #f #f #c ,nitre - #d #c - ,shellac1 fine - - #a - ,sulphur1 washed - - - #a -------------------------- ,mix together on paper1 damp with lac solution1 and chop into cubical blocks4 ,the composition may also be pumped into roman candle streamer stars4 ,,pearl ,,streamer4 -------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e -------------------------- ,nitre #abbf #b - - ,charcoal #eaa #a - - ,zinc-filings #adbh #dajae ,meal powder - - #a #hab ,vegetable black - - - #a #a -------------------------- ,,gold ,,rain4 ---------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e ---------------------- ,sulphur #a #a #a - - ,nitre #b #b #b - - ,charcoal #f #a #e #a #c ,meal powder #af #fah #d #h ---------------------- ,,silver ,,rain4 ----------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d ----------------------------- ,steel-filings #a #b #b #c ,meal powder #d #g #h - ,nitre - #a - #b ,sulphur - - #a - ,charcoal - - - #c ,nitrate of ,lead - - -#aj ----------------------------- ,,white ,,or ,,bright ,,stars4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaab ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,meal powder #c #c - #a #a #a #a #a #c - - - ,sulphur #d #f #d #b #c #b #b #aaa #e #g - ,nitre #hadad #eaj #f #i #ddhbd -#ah ,sulphuret of ,antimony - - #a - #c - #b #aaj #e #f #c ,sulphuret of ,arsenic1 ,realgar - - - #a - #a - - - #c #e - ,minium1 or ,red ,lead - - - - - - - - - #b - - ,nitrate of ,lead - - - - - - - - - - - #c ,chlorate of ,potash - - - - - - - - - - -#bh ,shellac - - - - - - - - - - - #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,sugar ,,blues ,,for ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 --------------------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i --------------------------------------- ,chlorate of ,potash #hcfdjdjcf #idddj #f ,calomel #dahbdbdab #cab - #e ,sugar #cab #iab #d #aab #i #d ,sulphuret of ,copper #ebbbbab #d #cabbb - ,stearine - #a #b #a #c #a #a #b - ,oxychloride of ,copper - - - #c #d #b #e - - ,sal ,ammoniac - - - - - - - #f - ,copper-filings - - - - - - - - #a --------------------------------------- ,no substance combines better with salts of copper1 than sugar4 ,sugar1 put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe1 and placed in the fire1 burns fiercely1 and is converted into caramel4 ,this1 poured on to a plate1 slightly smeared with butter1 to prevent its sticking1 hardens on cooling2 and is used for colouring brandy1 vinegar1 gravy1 porter1 coffee1 c4 ,stearine must be scraped very fine from a composite candle4 ,,blue ,,stars ,,and ,,lances ,,without ,,sugar4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,chlorate of ,potash #edjahdj #f #hdhdjbdafcjbd #hbbdj ,calomel #dbj #hbh #b #babab #f #haj #h #a #hbj ,sulphuret of ,copper #dbjajbh - #b - - - - - - #c #fbe ,shellac #a #e - - - - #b #b #a - - #a - - #e ,oxychloride of ,copper - #b - - - - #h #i #f #eaj #d #a #b - ,dextrine - - #eaj - - - - - - - - - - #b ,sulphur - - - - #c #d #d - #a #b #c #b #c #e - ,stearine - - - #c - - #a #a #b #b #c #a - - - ,black ,oxide of ,copper - - - - #a #a #a - - - - - - - - ,copper-filings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,sal ,ammoniac - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------- ,number #afagahaibjbabb ---------------------------- ,chlorate of ,potash #fafbd #b #edjdj ,calomel #c #a #h - - - - ,sulphuret of ,copper #e - - - #abjbb ,shellac - - #a - - #e - ,oxychloride of ,copper - #b - #a #a - - ,dextrine #b - - - - - - ,sulphur - #d #b #a #b #e #e ,stearine - - - - - - #c ,black ,oxide of ,copper - - - - - - - ,copper-filings - - #e - - - - ,sal ,ammoniac - - - - - #f #f ---------------------------- ,,crimson ,,and ,,scarlet ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadae ---------------------------------------- ---- ,chlorate of ,potash #af #hafafbdaf #eaf #hafbe #dcb #faf ,nitrate of ,strontian #afafcbcb -#af #dbd #e #fcj #gdh #e - ,sulphur1 washed #e #f #iab #f #e #b - #a -#aj #a #f - - ,charcoal1 fine #a #a #a #a #a - - - - - - - - - - ,shellac - #a #d #b #b - - #g #a #d #c #aab #a - ,calomel - - #g - #f #a -#ad #b #b #i #bab #e - ,sulphuret of ,copper - - #c #a - - - #a #a #a #c #a - #a - ,realgar1 or ,orpiment - - - - - #a #a #a - - - - - - - ,vegetable black - - - - - - - - - - #a - #a - - ,loaf ,sugar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #g ,carbonate of ,strontian - - - -#aj - - - - - - - - -#aa ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------- ,number #afagahaibjbabb ---------------------------- ,chlorate of ,potash #bhcbbfif #hbd #h ,nitrate of ,strontian -#dbajgbabahab ,sulphur1 washed -#ac #ebd #b - #b ,charcoal1 fine - - - - - - - ,shellac - #d #cba #d #e #c ,calomel #ababajdb - - #d ,sulphuret of ,copper - #d #a #d #a #e - ,realgar1 or ,orpiment - - - - - #a - ,vegetable black - #a - - - - #a ,loaf ,sugar #ab - - - - - - ,carbonate of ,strontian #e - - - - - - ---------------------------- ,it is impossible to powder shellac sufficiently fine1 by hand2 and1 twenty years ago1 it could not be procured4 ,about that time the drug-grinders1 finding a demand for it1 submitted it to the action of the stamping mills1 7mechanical pestle and mortar71 and now it can be obtained at most shops4 ,chertier mixed it with salt2 melted the two together2 powdered the mixture2 and washed out the salt4 ,such process is needless now4 ,it is useless1 unless as fine as wheaten flour4 ,page1 of #dg1 ,blackfriars ,road2 and ,chubb1 of #bi1 ,old ,street1 ,st4 ,lukes1 ,london1 supply it4 ,,green ,,or ,,emerald ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadae ---------------------------------------- ------ ,chlorate of ,potash #af #hacbcbadd #h #c #a -#af #fabaf #cdh ,nitrate of ,barytes #af #hajhedafjba #b - - #h #g #e #h #cdb ,chlorate of ,barytes - - - - - #c #b #b #d #h #c #d #d - - ,sulphur1 washed #e #d #f #f #d #g #a #a #a #e - - #a - - ,charcoal1 fine #a #a - - - #a - - - #a - #a - - - ,sulphuret of ,antimony - #a - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,calomel - - #dhbgajj - - - - - #e #b #b #b - ,shellac - - -#bd #abab #b - - - - #c #d - #g ,vegetable black - - - #a #a #a - - - - - - - - - ,loaf ,sugar - - - - - - - - - - #e - - #b #g ,salammoniac - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #e ,orpiment1 or ,realgar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,sulphuret of ,copper - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------------------------------------- ------ ------------------------- ,number #afag #ahaibj ------------------------- ,chlorate of ,potash #bbbdajhbdaf ,nitrate of ,barytes #bbcbajhcbdh ,chlorate of ,barytes - - - - - ,sulphur1 washed -#aj #ah #hab ,charcoal1 fine - - - - #a ,sulphuret of ,antimony - - - #b - ,calomel #aj - #dh - #h ,shellac #a - #bd - #e ,vegetable black - - #a - - ,loaf ,sugar #ad - - - - ,salammoniac - - - - - ,orpiment1 or ,realgar - #c - #c - ,sulphuret of ,copper - - - - #b ------------------------- ,if powdered nitrate of barytes1 and shellac crushed by being hammered in a bag1 are mixed together1 and melted in a pipkin1 over the fire1 the mixture1 when cold1 may be reduced to a powder in an iron mortar1 with patience4 ,take ,number #f4 ,weigh out #ba parts nitrate of barytes1 and #b parts of coarsely powdered lac2 melt them together2 when cold1 powder them2 and add the other substances in proper proportion4 ,shellac may be melted with nitrate of strontian1 in the same way4 ,,deep ,,and ,,pale ,,yellow ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaabacadae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,chlorate of ,potash #h #dabafabaf #d #daf #c #hafaf #d #h ,oxalate of ,soda #c #b #h #d #d #d #c #a #d #d #d #e - #a - ,bicarbonate of ,soda - - - - - - - - - - - - #c - #c ,nitrate of ,strontian - - - - - -#bj - - -#af - #d - - ,carbonate of ,strontian - - - #c #b #c - - - - - - - - - ,nitrate of ,barytes - - - - - - - - #daj - - #c - - ,sulphur1 washed - - - #d #d #d - #a #b - #f #e - - - ,shellac #b #a #c - #a #a #e - #b #c #a - #d #a - ,stearine - - - - - #a - - #a - - - - - - ,charcoal1 fine - - - - - - - - - - #a #a - - - ,orpiment1 or ,realgar - - - #a #a #a - - - - - - - - #a ,sugar - - - - - - - - - - - - - #a #c ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,mauve ,,and ,,lilac ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 ---------------------------------------- ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- ,chlorate of ,potash #bhagfjdjbebdbdbeab ,calomel #ab - - -#ajabab - - ,shellac #d - - - #e #e #e - - ,nitrate of ,strontian #d #dbead - #d -#afaf ,sulphuret of ,copper #b #gbj - #e #b #b - - ,stearine #a - - - #a - #a - - ,sulphur1 washed - #gceaf - - -#ab #b ,chloride of ,lead - #a - #b - - - - - ,nitrate of ,lead - - - -#aj -#ab #a - ,oxychloride of ,copper - - #hab - - - #f - ,salammoniac - - #a - - - - - - ,vegetable black - - - #a - - - #a #a ,nitre - - - #b - - - #b #a ,carbonate of ,strontian - - - - #e - #d - - ,orpiment1 or ,realgar - - - - - - #a - #a ---------------------------------------- ,,purple ,,and ,,violet ,,stars ,,and ,,lances4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,number #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #iajaaab ---------------------------------------- ------ ,chlorate of ,potash #dbbhdhaf #faf #c #fbfcjifbd ,nitrate of ,strontian #dbaddh - #d - - #a - -#bd - ,sulphur1 washed #ac -#bh #b #a #f #a #c - #c - #b ,calomel #abadbh #g #b #f #b #bbj #hdh #h ,sulphuret of ,copper #d #adj #h #a - #c - #cab #a - ,shellac #d #e #a - #a - - - - #d - #a ,vegetable black #a - - - - - - - - - - - ,black ,oxide of ,copper - - - - - #d #d #a - - - - ,carbonate of ,strontian - - - - - - - - #dab - - ,sugar - - - - - - - -#ad -#db - ,oxychloride of ,copper - - - - - - - - - - - #d ,stearine - - - - - - - - - - - #b ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,magnesium ,,colours ,,for ,,stars ,,and ,,asteroids4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,colours4 ,crimson4,scarlet4,green4,blue4,yellow4, white4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nitrate of ,strontian #h #f - - - - ,chlorate of ,barytes - - #ab - - - ,oxychloride of ,copper - - - #b - - ,oxalate of ,soda - - - - #b - ,sulphuret of ,antimony - - - - - #a ,chlorate of ,potash #b #d - #e #d - ,nitre - - - - - #ab ,sulphur #b #b #a #b - #d ,charcoal #a - - - - - ,shellac - #b #c #a #a - ,calomel - #d - #b - - ,magnesium-filings #b #c #b #b #a #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,slow ,,fires1 ,,to ,,be ,,heaped ,,upon ,a ,,tile ,,in ,,shape ,,of ,a ,,cone1 ,,and ,,lit ,,at ,,top4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,colours4 ,red4 ,green4 ,purple4 ,yellow ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,nitrate of ,strontian #afbdajh - - - #ajh #gb #bj - ,nitrate of ,barytes - - - #afafaf - - - #aj ,oxalate of ,soda - - - - - - - - #c #e ,sulphuret of ,copper - #c #cj - - - #bd #c - - ,chlorate of ,barytes - - - - -#ab - - - - ,chlorate of ,potash #a #c #ab #a #a - #i #d #b #b ,charcoal1 fine #a - - #a - - - - - - ,calomel - #f #bd - #e #i #bd #ah - - ,sulphur1 washed #d #h #ci #d #b #g #ci #bd #d #a ,shellac - #a #b - #b #a #b #c #b #f ,vegetable black - - #a - - - #a #b - - ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,index4 ,air ,balloons1 #afe4 ,air ,balls1 #abd4 ,alum1 #ac4 ,articles1 to ,mix1 #h4 ,asteroid1 or ,parachute ,rockets1 #aca4 ,balloons1 ,fire or ,montgolfier1 #aei4 ,gas1 #afe4 ,screw-propelled1 #hj4 ,blow-pipe ,experiment1 #agf4 ,blue ,lights1 #aaa4 ,bottles1 to ,clean1 #g4 ,bottomless ,pill-boxes1 #eg4 ,brass1 to ,lacquer1 #d4 ,bursting ,powder1 #de4 ,caprice ,wheels1 #aci4 ,carriage ,bolts1 #afe4 ,cascade1 #adb4 ,cases1 to ,tie on ,wheels1 #acf4 ,cast ,iron ,borings1 to ,preserve1 #aaf4 ,charcoal1 #df1 #di4 ,chenille1 #acb4 ,chequer ,piece1 #ada4 ,chertier's ,copper1 #ad4 ,chinese ,fliers1 #hc4 ,trees1 #fi4 ,chondrometer1 #aeh4 ,chopped ,stars1 #ed4 ,clay1 #ae4 ,coffee ,mill1 #eb4 ,coke1 #dh4 ,coloured ,gerbes1 #gj4 ,lances1 to ,prime1 #agg4 ,comet1 #adh4 ,compositions required1 #dd1 #fh4 ,concluding ,remarks1 #agc4 ,crackers1 #ih4 ,cracks in ,wooden ,bowls1 #bc4 ,crochet ,cotton1 #bi4 ,cup ,hook1 #afg4 ,cut ,stars1 #ed4 ,darning ,cotton1 #bi4 ,devices for ,lancework1 #aae4 ,devil-among-the-,tailors1 #adf4 ,dextrine ,solution1 #aa4 ,distillation1 #agc4 ,distress ,rockets1 #aga4 ,drop ,piece1 #aej4 ,dry ,pill-box ,stars1 #ed4 ,enveloped ,stars1 #eh4 ,faraday's ,example1 #ahc4 ,fire from ,wheel to ,fixed1 #adi4 ,five-pointed ,star1 #hc4 ,fixed ,cases1 #ff4 ,flat ,weights1 to ,make1 #afe4 ,flax1 #e4 ,flower ,pots1 #gb4 ,flying ,dutchman1 #hj4 ,frames1 #ig4 ,french ,nails1 #ig4 ,frying ,pan1 #h4 ,funnel1 to ,make1 #hf4 ,furilona ,wheel1 #aci4 ,fuses1 #ahe4 ,galileo's ,discovery1 #ach4 ,garden ,sieves1 #di4 ,gauge1 #b4 ,gerbes1 #fi4 ,girandole of ,rockets1 #aec4 ,gold ,rains1 #ajg4 ,goods-weighing ,machine1 #aeh4 ,gores1 to ,cut1 #afa4 ,grinding ,mill1 to ,imitate1 #aeb4 ,gum ,bottle1 #ab4 ,brushes1 #ab4 ,solution1 #aa4 ,strips1 #aad4 ,gum-resins1 #age4 ,gums1 #agd4 ,gunpowder1 #ah4 ,hemp1 #e4 ,hitch1 to ,make1 #cf4 ,horizontal ,wheel1 #adj4 ,changed to ,vertical1 #adj4 ,jack-in-the-,box1 #ade4 ,knitting ,cotton1 #bi4 ,lac ,solution1 #i4 ,lamp ,black1 #gc4 and ,linseed ,oil1 #gc4 ,cotton1 #be4 ,lances1 #aab4 to ,time1 #ach4 ,leader ,pipes1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,leather ,bag1 #ah4 ,line1 or ,telegraph ,rocket1 #adf4 ,list of ,prices1 #agb4 ,litmus ,paper1 #ea4 ,log-line1 #aeh4 ,magnet1 #aha4 ,mallets1 #f1 #ci4 ,maroons1 or ,imitative ,cannon1 #aje4 ,salute1 to ,fire1 #ajg4 ,meal powder1 #ah4 ,mines1 #adc4 ,mortars1 #abb4 ,nest of ,shells1 #aca4 ,nitrate of ,strontian1 to ,dry1 #h4 ,potash1 or ,nitre1 #df4 ,oil ,flasks1 #abd4 ,oils1 ,fixed1 #age4 ,volatile1 #age4 ,oxalate of ,soda1 #ea4 ,oxychloride of ,copper1 #agf4 ,paper ,weights1 #afe4 ,parachute1 #aca4 ,paste1 #ac4 ,pot1 #ac4 ,pattern ,gore1 #afj4 ,peacock's ,plumes1 #ajh4 ,pearl ,streamer1 #aaa4 ,pendulum1 ,invention of1 #ach4 ,pigeon1 or ,fiery ,phnix1 #adf4 ,house1 #adh4 ,pins for ,lustres1 #gb4 ,pinwheels1 #ia4 ,pipes1 to ,join1 #ajb4 ,plait ,mill1 #ii4 ,plaster of ,paris1 #ae1 #bb4 ,pocket ,scissors1 #aje4 ,porcelain1 #dh4 ,portfire1 #gc4 ,holder1 #aed4 ,prince of ,wales' ,feathers1 #aab4 ,pyramidical ,piece1 #adb4 ,quickmatch1 to ,make-- ,usual ,method1 #bd4 ,my ,new ,method1 #bf4 ,box1 #ca4 to ,test1 #cj4 ,quill ,scoop1 #bc4 ,rainbow ,wheel1 #ach4 ,rayonant ,star ,piece1 #ada4 ,resins1 #agd4 ,revolving ,globe1 #adc4 ,rocket1 #cb4 ,drifts1 #ch4 ,guide1 #agj4 ,heads1 #ei4 ,moulds1 #fc4 ,proportions1 #cc1 #cd4 ,spindles1 #cg4 ,stars1 #ec4 ,rocket ,sticks1 #fb4 to ,fire1 #de4 ,rolling ,board1 #a4 ,roman ,candle1 #a4 ,bouquets1 #aeb4 ,saucissons1 #aji4 ,saxons1 #ha4 ,scales1 #aee4 ,scoops1 #ae1 #bc4 ,screw ,eye1 #afg4 ,hook1 #afg4 ,ring1 #afg4 in ,brickwork1 #bc4 ,scroll ,wheel1 #ada4 ,serpents1 #ij4 ,seven-lance ,star1 #agi4 ,shell ,fuses1 #gc4 ,shells1 ,cylindrical1 #abe4 ,spherical1 #aag4 ,spheroidal1 #abd4 ,sieves1 #dg1 #di4 ,silver ,rains1 #ajg4 ,slate ,slab1 #d4 ,slot ,tube1 #agj4 ,slow ,match1 #bd4 ,soap ,boxes1 #di4 ,solder1 ,how to1 #hf4 ,spindles for ,wheels1 #afe4 ,spiral ,wheel1 #adb4 ,spur ,fire1 #gc4 ,squibs1 #hd4 ,star ,candles1 #aaa4 ,stars1 to ,damp1 #g4 ,starting ,fire1 #ba4 ,stearine ,solution1 #aj4 ,steel ,filings1 to ,preserve1 #aaf4 ,fliers1 for ,sportsmen1 #hj4 ,pen ,scoop1 #bc4 ,steelyard ,scales1 #aee4 ,sublimation1 #agc4 ,sulphate of ,copper1 #ad4 ,sulphur1 to ,wash1 #ej4 ,sulphuret of ,copper1 #eb4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 #ad4 ,tape ,quickmatch1 #bi4 ,slowmatch1 #bd4 ,touch ,paper1 #bc4 ,tourbillions1 #gc4 ,triangular ,wheels1 #ace4 ,true ,lover's ,knot1 #adb4 ,turning ,sun1 #ada4 ,vegetable ,black1 #gc4 ,vertical ,wheels1 #acg4 ,vials for ,measures1 #ac4 ,wasp ,light1 #agh4 ,water ,measure1 #ab4 ,wax ,solution1 #aj4 ,weight of ,cast ,iron ,spheres1 #fe4 ,leaden #fe4 ,water1 #ab4 for ,quickmatch1 #bg1 #agg4 ,wheel ,cases1 #ff4 ,windmill ,piece1 #adi4 ,winged ,rockets1 #afh4 ,wire1 to render inelastic1 #ga4 ,zinc ,pot1 #ac4 ,j4 ,,ogden ,,and ,,co41 ,,printers1 #agb1 ,,st4 ,,john ,,street1 ,e4,c4 ,illustration3 #a ,illustration3 #b ,illustration3 #c ,illustration3 #d ,illustration3 #e ,illustration3 #f ,illustration3 #g ,illustration3 #h ,illustration3 #i ,illustration3 #aj ,illustration3 #aa ,illustration3 #ab ,illustration3 #ac ,illustration3 #ad ,illustration3 #ae ,illustration3 ,charging a ,case4 ,transcriber's notes3 ,the following is a list of changes made to the original4 ,the first line is the original line1 the second the corrected one4 solid piece of wood4 ,after catisng1 the rough solid piece of wood4 ,after casting1 the rough ironmongers'1 of lengths varying from #a inch ironmonger's1 of lengths varying from #a inch