,! ,_w ,z ,w ,& ,idea ,by ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] ,translat$ ,f ,! ,g]man ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,haldane1 ,m4,a4 ,& ,j4 ,kemp1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,conta9+ ,supplem5ts to ,"p ( ! ,second ,book & to ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,books ,six? ,edition ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 #aiji ,,cont5ts ,supplem5ts ,to ,! ,second ,book4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,retrospect & ,m ,g5]al ,view4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,objective ,view ( ! ,intellect4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4,on ,! ,objectification ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,unconsci\s ,nature4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,on ,matt]4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,transc5d5t ,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ,! ,w ,z ,?+ ,9 ,itself4 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,on ,teleology4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,on ,in/9ct ,& ,me*anical ,t5d5cy4 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,*>act]isation ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,supplem5ts to ! ,?ird ,book4 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,on ,! ,k ,( ,! ,ideas4 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,on ,! ,pure ,subject ,( ,k4 ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,on ,g5ius4 ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,on ,madness4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,isolat$ ,rem>ks ,on ,natural ,beauty4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,on ,! ,inn] ,nature ,( ,art4 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,ar*itecture4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,isolat$ ,rem>ks ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,! ,pla/ic ,& ,pictorial ,arts4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,poetry4 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,on ,hi/ory4 ,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,on ,! ,metaphysics ,( ,music4 ,supplem5ts to ! ,f\r? ,book4 ,*apt] ,,xl4 ,preface4 ,*apt] ,,xli4 ,on ,dea? ,& ,its ,relation ,to ,! ,inde/ructibility ,( ,our ,true ,nature4 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,! ,life ,( ,! ,species4 ,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,on ,h]$ity4 ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,! ,metaphysics ,( ,! ,love ,( ,! ,sexes4 ,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,on ,! ,ass]tion ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,on ,! ,vanity ,& ,suff]+ ,( ,life4 ,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,on ,e?ics4 ,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,! ,d5ial ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,! ,way ,( ,salvation4 ,*apt] ,l4 ,epiphilosophy4 ,app5dix4 ,ab/ract4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,index4 ,corrig5da ,& ,add5da ,9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,book4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,retrospect & ,m ,g5]al ,view4 ,if ! intellect 7 n ( a subord9ate nature1 z ! two prec$+ *apt]s %[1 !n ev]y?+ :i* takes place )\t x1 i4e41 )\t int]v5tion ( ! idea1 su* z reproduction1 ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( ! organism1 ! heal+ ( w\nds1 ! re/oration or vic>i\s supplem5t+ ( mutilat$ p>ts1 ! salut>y crisis 9 diseases1 ! works ( ! me*anical skill ( animals1 & ! p]=mances ( in/9ct w\ld n be done s inf9itely bett] & m p]fectly ?an :at takes place ) ! assi/ance ( intellect1 all consci\s & int5tional a*ievem5ts ( m51 :i* comp>$ ) ! =m] are m]e bungl+4 ,9 g5]al nature signifies t :i* op]ates1 acts1 p]=ms )\t ! assi/ance ( ! intellect4 ,n[1 t ?is is really id5tical ) :at we f9d 9 ourselves z w is ! g5]al !me ( ?is second book1 & also ( ! essay1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur40 ,! possibility ( ?is fundam5tal k dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 u ! w is directly light$ by ! intellect1 :i* "h appe>s z selfconsci\sness2 o!rwise we c\ld j z little arrive at a full] k ( x )9 u z )\t u1 & mu/ = ev] /op at inscrutable =ces ( nature4 ,we h to ab/ract f ! assi/ance ( ! intellect if we wi% to compreh5d ! nature ( ! w 9 itself1 & !reby1 z f> z is possible1 p5etrate to ! inn] be+ ( nature4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 my direct antipode among philosoph]s is ,anaxagoras2 = he assum$ arbitr>ily z t :i* is fir/ & orig9al1 f :i* ev]y?+ proce$s1 a 1 an intellig5ce1 a subject ( ideas1 & he is reg>d$ z ! fir/ :o promulgat$ su* a view4 ,accord+ to him ! _w exi/$ e>li] 9 ! m]e idea ?an 9 itself2 :ile accord+ to me x is ! unconsci\s w :i* con/itutes ! reality ( ?+s1 & its developm5t mu/ h advanc$ v f> be=e x f9ally atta9s1 9 ! animal consci\sness1 to ! idea & intellig5ce2 s t1 accord+ to me1 ?\ght appe>s z ! v la/4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,ari/otle 7,metaph41 i4 #d71 ,anaxagoras himself did n "k h[ to beg9 mu* ) 8 1 b m]ely set x up1 & !n left x /&+ l a pa9t$ sa9t at ! entrance1 )\t mak+ use ( x 9 8 developm5t ( nature1 except 9 cases ( ne$1 :5 he did n "k h[ else to help himself4 ,all physico!ology is a c>ry+ out ( ! error oppos$ to ! tru? express$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]--! error t ! mo/ p]fect =m ( ! orig9 ( ?+s is t :i* is br\ght ab\t by means ( an intellect4 ,!re=e x draws a bolt aga9/ all deep exploration ( nature4 ,f ! "t ( ,socrates d[n to our own "t1 we f9d t ! *ief subject ( ! ceaseless disputations ( ! philosoph]s has be5 t ens rationis1 call$ s\l4 ,we see ! mo/ ( !m ass]t its immortality1 t is to say1 its metaphysical nature2 yet o!rs1 support$ by facts :i* incontrov]tibly prove ! entire dep5d5ce ( ! intellect ^u ! bodily organism1 unwe>i$ly ma9ta9 ! contr>y4 ,t s\l is by all & be=e ev]y?+ tak5 z absolutely simple2 = precisely f ?is its metaphysical nature1 its immat]iality & immortality 7 prov$1 al?\gh ^! by no means necess>ily foll[ f x4 ,= al?\gh we c only conceive ! de/ruction ( a =m$ body ?r\gh break+ up ( x into its p>ts1 x does n foll[ f ?is t ! de/ruction ( a simple exi/5ce1 ( :i* besides we h no conception1 may n be possible 9 "s o!r way1 p]haps by gradually vani%+4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 />t by do+ away ) ! presuppos$ simplicity ( our subjectively consci\s nature1 or ! ego1 inasmu* z ,i %[ t ! manife/ations f :i* x 0 d$uc$ h two v diff]5t s\rces1 & t 9 any case ! intellect is physically condition$1 ! function ( a mat]ial organ1 !re=e dep5d5t ^u x1 & )\t x is j z impossible z ! grasp )\t ! h&2 t accord+ly x belongs to ! m]e ph5om5on1 & ?us %>es ! fate ( ?is1--t ! w1 on ! contr>y1 is b\nd to no special organ1 b is ev]y:]e pres5t1 is ev]y:]e t :i* moves & =ms1 & !re=e is t :i* conditions ! :ole organism2 t1 9 fact1 x con/itutes ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ! :ole ph5om5on1 consequ5tly is n1 l ! intellect1 a ,po/]ius ( x1 b its ,prius2 & ! ph5om5on dep5ds ^u x1 n x ^u ! ph5om5on4 ,b ! body is r$uc$ inde$ to a m]e idea1 = x is only ! mann] 9 :i* ! w exhibits itself 9 ! p]ception ( ! intellect or bra94 ,! w1 aga91 :i* 9 all o!r sy/ems1 diff]5t z !y are 9 o!r respects1 appe>s z "o ( ! la/ results1 is ) me ! v fir/4 ,! intellect1 z m]e function ( ! bra91 is involv$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! body1 b ! w is by no means s4 ,f ?is het]og5eity ( ! two1 toge!r ) ! subord9ate nature ( ! intellect1 x becomes conceivable t man1 9 ! dep?s ( 8 self consci\sness1 feels himself to be et]nal & inde/ructible1 b yet c h no memory1 ei!r a p>te ante or a p>te po/1 beyond ! duration ( 8 life4 ,i d n wi% to anticipate "h ! exposition ( ! true inde/ructibility ( our nature1 :i* has its place 9 ! f\r? book1 b h only s\ght to indicate ! place :]e x l9ks itself on4 ,b n[ t1 9 an expression :i* is c]ta9ly "osid$1 yet f our /&po9t true1 ! body is call$ a m]e idea dep5ds ^u ! fact ?an an exi/5ce 9 space1 z some?+ ext5d$1 & 9 "t1 z some?+ t *anges1 & m closely det]m9$ 9 bo? ?r\gh ! causal nexus1 is only possible 9 ! idea1 = all ^? det]m9ations re/ ^u its =ms1 ?us 9 a bra91 9 :i* accord+ly su* an exi/5ce appe>s z some?+ objective1 i4e41 =eign2 !re=e ev5 our own body c h ?is k9d ( exi/5ce only 9 a bra94 ,= ! k :i* ,i h ( my body z ext5d$1 spaceoccupy+1 & movable1 is only indirect3 x is a picture 9 my bra9 :i* is br\ght ab\t by means ( ! s5ses & und]/&+4 ,! body is giv5 to me directly only 9 muscul> action & 9 pa9 & pleasure1 bo? ( :i* prim>ily & directly belong to ! w4 ,b ! comb9ation ( ^! two diff]5t k9ds ( k ( my own body aft]w>ds af=ds ! fur!r insight t all o!r ?+s :i* also h ! objective exi/5ce describ$1 :i* is prim>ily only 9 my bra91 are n !re=e entirely non exi/5t ap>t f x1 b mu/ also ultimately 9 !mselves be t :i* makes itself kn[n 9 selfconsci\sness z w4 ,*apt] ,,xxii47#a7 ,objective ,view ( ! ,intellect4 ,!re are two fundam5tally diff]5t ways ( reg>d+ ! intellect1 :i* dep5d ^u ! diff]5ce ( ! po9t ( view1 &1 mu* z !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 mu/ yet be br\ght into agreem5t4 ,"o is ! subjective1 :i*1 />t+ f )9 & tak+ ! consci\sness z ! giv51 %[s u by :at me*anism ! _w exhibits itself 9 x1 & h[1 out ( ! mat]ials :i* ! s5ses & ! und]/&+ provide1 x con/ructs itself 9 x4 ,we mu/ look ^u ,locke z ! orig9ator ( ?is me?od ( consid]ation2 ,kant br\ght x to incomp>ably high] p]fection2 & our fir/ book also1 toge!r ) its supplem5ts1 are devot$ to x4 ,! me?od ( consid]+ ! intellect :i* is oppos$ to ?is is ! objective1 :i* />ts f )\t1 takes z its object n our own consci\sness1 b ! be+s giv5 9 outw>d exp]i5ce1 consci\s ( !mselves & ( ! _w1 & n[ inve/igates ! relation ( _! intellect to _! o!r qualities1 h[ x has become possible1 h[ x has become necess>y1 & :at x accompli%es = !m4 ,! /&po9t ( ?is me?od ( consid]ation is ! empirical4 ,x takes ! _w & ! animal exi/5ces pres5t 9 x z absolutely giv51 9 t x />ts f !m4 ,x is accord+ly prim>ily zoological1 anatomical1 physiological1 & only becomes philosophical by connection ) t fir/ me?od ( consid]ation1 & f ! high] po9t ( view !reby atta9$4 ,! only f\ndations ( ?is :i* z yet h be5 giv5 we owe to zootomi/s & physiologi/s1 = ! mo/ "p ,fr5*4 ,"h ,cabanis is specially to be nam$1 ^: excell5t "w1 8,des rapports du physique au moral10 is initiatory ( ?is me?od ( consid]ation on ! pa? ( physiology4 ,! fam\s ,bi*at 0 8 contempor>y1 b 8 !me 0 a mu* m compreh5sive "o4 ,ev5 ,gall may be nam$ "h1 al?\gh 8 *ief aim 0 miss$4 ,ignorance & prejudice h rais$ aga9/ ?is me?od ( consid]ation ! accusation ( mat]ialism1 because1 adh]+ simply to exp]i5ce1 x does n "k ! immat]ial sub/ance1 s\l4 ,! mo/ rec5t advances 9 ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?r\gh ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ,mag5die1 ,m>%all ,hall1 & o!rs1 h also enri*$ & correct$ ! mat]ial ( ?is me?od ( consid]ation4 ,a philosophy :i*1 l ! ,kantian1 entirely ignores ?is po9t ( view = ! intellect is "osid$1 & consequ5tly inadequate4 ,x leaves an impassable gulf betwe5 our philosophical & our physiological k1 ) :i* we c nev] f9d satisfaction4 ,al?\gh :at ,i h said 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s conc]n+ ! life & ! activity ( ! bra9 belongs to ?is me?od ( consid]ation1 & 9 ! same way all ! discussions to be f\nd "u ! head+1 8,pflanz5physiologie10 9 ! essay1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 & also a portion ( ^? "u ! head+ 8,v]glei*5de ,anatomie10 are devot$ to x1 ! foll[+ exposition ( its results 9 g5]al w be by no means sup]flu\s4 ,we become mo/ vividly consci\s ( ! gl>+ contra/ betwe5 ! two me?ods ( consid]+ ! intellect oppos$ to ea* o!r above if we c>ry ! matt] to ! extreme & realise t :at ! "o1 z reflective ?\ght & vivid p]ception1 directly assumes & makes its mat]ial is = ! o!r no?+ m ?an ! physiological function ( an int]nal organ1 ! bra92 nay1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! :ole objective _w1 s b\ndless 9 space1 s inf9ite 9 "t1 s unse>*able 9 its p]fection1 is really only a c]ta9 movem5t or affection ( ! pulpy matt] 9 ! skull4 ,we !n ask 9 a/oni%m5t3 :at is ?is bra9 ^: function produces su* a ph5om5on ( all ph5om5a8 ,:at is ! matt] :i* c be ref9$ & pot5tiat$ to su* a pulp t ! /imulation ( a few ( its p>ticles becomes ! conditional support] ( ! exi/5ce ( an objective _w8 ,! fe> ( su* que/ions l$ to ! hypo!sis ( ! simple sub/ance ( an immat]ial s\l1 :i* m]ely dwelt 9 ! bra94 ,we say boldly3 ?is pulp also1 l e vegetable or animal "p1 is an organic /ructure1 l all its poor] relations 9 ! inf]ior accommodation ( ! heads ( our irrational bre?r51 d[n to ! l[e/1 :i* sc>cely appreh5ds at all2 yet t organic pulp is ! la/ product ( nature1 :i* presupposes all ! re/4 ,b 9 itself1 & outside ! idea1 ! bra9 also1 l ev]y?+ else1 is w4 ,= exi/+ = ano!r is be+ p]ceiv$2 be+ 9 itself is will+3 ^u ?is x dep5ds t on ! purely objective pa? we nev] atta9 to ! inn] nature ( ?+s2 b if we attempt to f9d _! inn] nature f )\t & empirically1 ?is inn] always becomes an out] aga9 9 our h&s1--! pi? ( ! tree1 z well z its b>k2 ! he>t ( ! animal1 z well z its hide2 ! :ite & ! yolk ( an egg1 z well z its %ell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^u ! subjective pa? ! inn] is accessible to u at e mom5t2 = we f9d x z ! w prim>ily 9 ourselves1 & mu/1 by ! clue ( ! analogy ) our own nature1 be able to solve t ( o!rs1 9 t we atta9 to ! insight t a be+ 9 itself indep5d5t ( be+ kn[n1 i4e41 ( exhibit+ itself 9 an intellect1 is only conceivable z will+4 ,if n[1 9 ! objective compreh5sion ( ! intellect1 we g back z f> z we possibly c1 we %all f9d t ! necessity or ! ne$ ( k 9 g5]al arises f ! multiplicity & ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( be+s1 ?us f individuation4 ,= suppose !re only exi/$ a s+le be+1 su* a be+ w\ld h no ne$ ( k3 because no?+ w\ld exi/ :i* 0 diff]5t f x1 & ^: exi/5ce x w\ld !re=e h to take up into itself indirectly ?r\gh k1 i4e41 image & concept4 ,x w\ld itself already be all 9 all1 & !re=e !re w\ld rema9 no?+ = x to "k1 i4e41 no?+ =eign t c\ld be appreh5d$ z object4 ,9 ! case ( a multiplicity ( be+s1 on ! o!r h&1 e individual f9ds itself 9 a condition ( isolation f all ! re/1 & h5ce arises ! necessity ( k4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 by means ( :i* ! animal individual prim>ily becomes consci\s ( itself1 is b\nd$ by a sk92 yet 9 ! bra9 t has atta9$ to intellect x passes beyond ?is limit by means ( its =m ( k1 causality1 & ?us !re arises = x p]ception z a consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 z an image ( be+s 9 space & "t1 :i* *ange 9 accordance ) causality4 ,9 ?is s5se x w\ld be m correct to say1 8,only ! diff]5t is kn[n by ! diff]5t10 ?an z ,emp$ocles said1 8,only ! l is kn[n by ! l10 :i* 0 a v indef9ite & ambigu\s proposition2 al?\gh po9ts ( view may c]ta9ly also be conceiv$ f :i* x is true2 z1 = in/ance1 we may obs]ve 9 pass+ t ( ,helvetius :5 he says s beautifully & happily3 8,il n'y a que l'esprit qui s5te l'esprit3 c'e/ une corde qui ne frmit qu' l'unison10 :i* corresponds ) ,x5ophon's 8 0 7sapi5tem esse opportet eum1 qui sapi5tem agniturus sit71 & is a great sorr[4 ,b n[1 aga91 f ! o!r side we "k t multiplicity ( simil>s only becomes possible ?r\gh "t & space2 ?us ?r\gh ! =ms ( our k4 ,space fir/ arises 9 t ! kn[+ subject sees ext]nally2 x is ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject compreh5ds some?+ z diff]5t f itself4 ,b we also saw k 9 g5]al condition$ by multiplicity & diff]5ce4 ,?us k & multiplicity1 or individuation1 /& & fall toge!r1 = !y reciprocally condition ea* o!r4 ,h5ce x mu/ be inf]r$ t1 beyond ! ph5om5on 9 ! true be+ ( all ?+s1 to :i* "t & space1 & consequ5tly also multiplicity1 mu/ be =eign1 !re c also be no k4 ,buddhism def9es ?is z ,prats*na ,p>amita1 i4e41 t :i* is beyond all k 7,j4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 8,on ! ,maha,jana & ,prats*na ,p>amita074 ,a 8k ( ?+s 9 !mselves10 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 w\ld accord+ly be already impossible f ! fact t :]e ! ?+ 9 itself beg9s k ceases1 & all k is ess5tially conc]n$ only ) ph5om5a4 ,= x spr+s f a limitation1 by :i* x is made necess>y1 9 ord] to ext5d ! limits4 ,= ! objective consid]ation ! bra9 is ! effloresc5ce ( ! organism2 !re=e only :]e ! latt] has atta9$ its highe/ p]fection & complexity does ! bra9 appe> 9 its greate/ developm5t4 ,b 9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h recognis$ ! organism z ! objectification ( ! w2 !re=e ! bra9 also1 z a "p ( x1 mu/ belong to ?is objectification4 ,fur!r1 f ! fact t ! organism is only ! visibility ( ! w1 ?us 9 itself is ! w1 ,i h d$uc$ t e affection ( ! organism at once & directly affects ! w1 i4e41 is felt z agreeable or pa9ful4 ,yet1 ) ! height5+ ( s5sibility1 9 ! high] developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! possibility arises t 9 ! nobl]1 i4e41 ! objective1 organs ( s5se 7sight & he>+7 ! exquisitely delicate affections prop] to !m are p]ceiv$ )\t 9 !mselves & directly affect+ ! w1 t is1 )\t be+ ei!r pa9ful or agreeable1 & t !re=e !y appe> 9 consci\sness z indiff]5t1 m]ely p]ceiv$1 s5sations4 ,b 9 ! bra9 ?is height5+ ( s5sibility rea*es su* a high degree t ^u receiv$ impressions ( s5se a reaction ev5 takes place1 :i* does n proce$ directly f ! w1 b is prim>ily a spontaneity ( ! function ( und]/&+1 :i* makes ! transition f ! directly p]ceiv$ s5sation ( ! s5ses to its cause2 & s9ce ! bra9 !n at once produces ! =m ( space1 !re ?us arises ! p]ception ( an ext]nal object4 ,we may !re=e reg>d ! po9t at :i* ! und]/&+ makes ! transition f ! m]e s5sation ^u ! ret9a1 :i* is /ill a m]e affection ( ! body & !re=e ( ! w1 to ! cause ( t s5sation1 :i* x projects by means ( its =m ( space1 z some?+ ext]nal & diff]5t f its own body1 z ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! _w z w & ! _w z idea1 or z ! bir?place ( ! latt]4 ,9 man1 h[ev]1 ! spontaneity ( ! activity ( ! bra91 :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance is c]ta9ly conf]r$ by ! w1 goes fur!r ?an m]e p]ception & imm$iate compreh5sion ( causal relations4 ,x ext5ds to ! con/ruction ( ab/ract conceptions out ( ^! p]ceptions1 & to op]at+ ) ^! conceptions1 i4e41 to ?9k+1 z t 9 :i* 8 reason consi/s4 ,?\ghts are !re=e fur!/ remov$ f ! affections ( ! body1 :i*1 s9ce ! body is ! objectification ( ! w1 may1 ?r\gh increas$ int5sity1 pass at once into pa91 ev5 9 ! organs ( s5se4 ,accord+ly idea & ?\ght may also be reg>d$ z ! effloresc5ce ( ! w1 because !y spr+ f ! highe/ p]fection & developm5t ( ! organism2 b ! organism1 9 itself & ap>t f ! idea1 is ! w4 ,( c\rse1 9 my explanation1 ! exi/5ce ( ! body presupposes ! _w ( idea2 inasmu* z x also1 z body or real object1 is only 9 ?is _w2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea itself j z mu* presupposes ! body1 = x arises only ?r\gh ! function ( an organ ( ! body4 ,t :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ph5om5on1 t 9 x :i* alone has be+ 9 itself & is orig9al1 is exclusively ! w2 = x is ! w :i* ?r\gh ?is v process assumes ! =m ( ! idea1 i4e41 ent]s ! second>y exi/5ce ( an objective _w1 or ! sph]e ( ! kn[able4 ,philosoph]s be=e ,kant1 ) few exceptions1 approa*$ ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( our k f ! wrong side4 ,!y set out f a scall$ s\l1 an exi/5ce ^: inn] nature & peculi> function consi/$ 9 ?9k+1 & inde$ q specially 9 ab/ract ?9k+1 ) m]e conceptions1 :i* belong$ to x ! m completely ! fur!r !y lay f all p]ception4 7,i beg to ref] "h to ! note at ! end ( #f ( my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals47 ,?is s\l has 9 "s inconceivable mann] ent]$ ! body1 & !re x is only di/urb$ 9 its pure ?9k+1 fir/ by impressions ( ! s5ses & p]ceptions1 /ill m by ! desires :i* ^! excite1 & f9ally by ! emotions1 nay1 passions1 to :i* ^! desires develop2 :ile ! *>act]i/ic & orig9al elem5t ( ?is s\l is m]e ab/ract ?9k+1 & giv5 up to ?is x has only univ]sals1 inborn conceptions1 & t]n v]itates = its objects1 & leaves ev]y?+ p]ceptible ly+ f> bel[ x4 ,h5ce1 also1 arises ! contempt ) :i* ev5 n[ 8s5sibility0 & ! s5su\s are ref]r$ to by pr(essors ( philosophy1 nay1 are ev5 made ! *ief s\rce ( immorality1 :ile x is j ! s5ses :i* are ! g5u9e & innoc5t s\rce ( all our k1 f :i* all ?9k+ mu/ fir/ borr[ its mat]ial1 = 9 comb9ation ) ! a priori functions ( ! intellect !y produce ! p]ception4 ,"o might really suppose t 9 speak+ ( s5sibility ^! g5tlem5 always ?9k only ( ! pret5d$ six? s5se ( ! ,fr5*4 ,?us1 z we h said1 9 ! process ( k1 its ultimate product 0 made t :i* is fir/ & orig9al 9 x1 & accord+ly ! matt] 0 tak5 hold ( by ! wrong end4 ,accord+ to my exposition1 ! intellect spr+s f ! organism1 & !reby f ! w1 & h5ce c\ld n be )\t ! latt]4 ,?us1 )\t ! w x w\ld also f9d no mat]ial to occupy x2 = ev]y?+ t is kn[able is j ! objectification ( ! w4 ,b n only ! p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w1 or ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 is condition$ by ! bra9 & its functions1 b also selfconsci\sness4 ,! w 9 itself is )\t consci\sness1 & rema9s s 9 ! great] "p ( its ph5om5a4 ,! second>y _w ( idea mu/ be add$1 9 ord] t x may become consci\s ( itself1 j z light only becomes visible ?r\gh ! bodies :i* reflect x1 & )\t !m loses itself 9 d>kness )\t produc+ any effect4 ,because ! w1 ) ! aim ( compreh5d+ its relations to ! ext]nal _w1 produces a bra9 9 ! animal individual1 ! consci\sness ( its own self arises 9 x1 by means ( ! subject ( k1 :i* compreh5ds ?+s z exi/+ & ! ego z will+4 ,! s5sibility1 :i* rea*es its highe/ degree 9 ! bra91 b is yet disp]s$ ?r\gh its diff]5t p>ts1 mu/ fir/ ( all collect all ! rays ( its activity1 conc5trate !m1 z x 71 9 a focus1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n lie )\t1 z 9 ! case ( ! concave mirror1 b )91 z 9 ! convex mirror4 ,) ?is po9t n[ x fir/ describes ! l9e ( "t1 ^u :i*1 !re=e1 all t x pres5ts to itself z idea mu/ exhibit itself1 & :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial =m ( all k1 or ! =m ( inn] s5se4 ,?is focus ( ! :ole activity ( ! bra9 is :at ,kant call$ ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception 7cf4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dge74 ,only by means ( ?is does ! w become consci\s ( itself1 because ?is focus ( ! activity ( ! bra91 or t :i* kn[s1 appreh5ds itself z id5tical ) its own basis1 f :i* x spr+s1 t :i* wills2 & ?us ! ego arises4 ,yet ?is focus ( ! bra9 activity rema9s prim>ily a m]e subject ( k1 & z su* capable ( be+ ! cold & imp>tial spectator1 ! m]e guide & c\nsellor ( ! w1 & also ( compreh5d+ ! ext]nal _w 9 a purely objective mann]1 )\t ref]5ce to ! w & its weal or woe4 ,b :5ev] x turns )91 x recognises ! w z ! basis ( its own ph5om5on1 & !re=e comb9es ) x 9 ! consci\sness ( an ego4 ,t focus ( ! activity ( ! bra9 7or ! subject ( k7 is inde$1 z an indivisible po9t1 simple1 b yet is n on ?is acc\nt a sub/ance 7s\l71 b a m]e condition or /ate4 ,t ( :i* x is itself a condition or /ate c only be kn[n by x indirectly1 z x 7 ?r\gh reflection4 ,b ! ceas+ ( ?is /ate mu/ n be reg>d$ z ! annihilation ( t ( :i* x is a /ate4 ,?is kn[+ & consci\s ego is relat$ to ! w1 :i* is ! basis ( its ph5om5al appe>ance1 z ! picture 9 ! focus ( a concave mirror is relat$ to ! mirror itself1 & has1 l t picture1 only a condition$1 nay1 really a m]ely app>5t1 reality4 ,f> f be+ ! absolutely fir/ 7z1 = example1 ,fi*te tea*es71 x is at bottom t]ti>y1 = x presupposes ! organism1 & ! organism presupposes ! w4 ,i admit t all t is said "h is really only an image & a figure1 & 9 "p also hypo!tical2 b we /& at a po9t to :i* ?\ght c sc>cely rea*1 n to speak ( pro(4 ,i !re=e reque/ ! read] to comp>e ) ?is :at ,i h adduc$ at l5g? on ?is subject 9 *apt] #bj4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! true be+ ( ev]y?+ t exi/s consi/s 9 its w1 & k toge!r ) consci\sness are only add$ at ! high] grades ( ! ph5om5on z some?+ second>y1 yet we f9d t ! diff]5ce :i* ! pres5ce & ! diff]5t degree ( consci\sness places betwe5 "o be+ & ano!r is exce$+ly great & ( important results4 ,! subjective exi/5ce ( ! plant we mu/ ?9k ( z a weak analogue1 a m]e %ad[ ( com=t & discom=t2 & ev5 9 ?is exce$+ly weak degree ! plant kn[s only ( itself1 n ( any?+ outside ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! l[e/ animal /&+ next to x is =c$ by increas$ & m def9itely specifi$ wants to ext5d ! sph]e ( its exi/5ce beyond ! limits ( its own body4 ,?is takes place ?r\gh k4 ,x has a dim appreh5sion ( its imm$iate surr\nd+s1 out ( :i* ! motives = its action ) a view to its own ma9t5ance arise4 ,?us accord+ly ! m$ium ( motives appe>s1 & ?is is--! _w exi/+ objectively 9 "t & space1 ! _w z idea1 h[ev] weak1 obscure1 & dimly dawn+ ?is fir/ & l[e/ example ( x may be4 ,b x impr9ts itself ev] m & m di/9ctly1 ev] wid] & deep]1 9 proportion z 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( animal organisations ! bra9 is ev] m p]fectly produc$4 ,?is progress 9 ! developm5t ( ! bra91 ?us ( ! intellect1 & ( ! cle>ness ( ! idea1 at ea* ( ^! ev] high] grades is1 h[ev]1 br\ght ab\t by ! con/antly increas+ & m complicat$ wants ( ?is ph5om5on ( ! w4 ,?is mu/ always fir/ af=d ! occasion = x1 = )\t necessity nature 7i4e41 ! w :i* objectifies itself 9 x7 produces no?+1 lea/ ( all ! h>de/ ( its productions--a m p]fect bra93 9 consequ5ce ( its lex p>simoni3 natura nihil agit fru/ra et nihil facit sup]vacaneum4 ,x has provid$ e animal ) ! organs :i* are necess>y = its su/5ance & ! weapons necess>y = its conflict1 z ,i h %[n at l5g? 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 "u ! head+1 8,v]glei*5de ,anatomie40 ,accord+ to ?is measure1 !re=e1 x imp>ts to ea* ! mo/ important ( ^? organs conc]n$ ) :at is )\t1 ! bra91 ) its function ! intellect4 ,! m complicat$1 ?r\gh high] developm5t1 its organisation became1 ! m multif>i\s & specially det]m9$ did its wants also become1 & consequ5tly ! m difficult & ! m dep5d5t ^u opportunity 0 ! provision ( :at w\ld satisfy !m4 ,?us !re 0 ne$$ "h a wid] range ( sight1 a m accurate compreh5sion1 a m correct di/9ction ( ?+s 9 ! ext]nal _w1 9 all _! circum/ances & relations4 ,accord+ly we see ! faculty ( =m+ ideas1 & its organs1 bra91 n]ves1 & special s5ses1 appe> ev] m p]fect ! high] we advance 9 ! scale ( animals2 & 9 proportion z ! c]ebral sy/em develops1 ! ext]nal _w appe>s ev] m di/9ct1 _msid$1 & complete 9 consci\sness4 ,! compreh5sion ( x n[ dem&s ev] m att5tion1 & ultimately 9 su* a degree t sometimes its relation to ! w mu/ mom5t>ily be lo/ sight ( 9 ord] t x may take place m purely & correctly4 ,q def9itely ?is fir/ appe>s 9 ! case ( man4 ,) him alone does a pure sep>ation ( kn[+ & will+ take place4 ,?is is an important po9t1 :i* ,i m]ely t\* on "h 9 ord] to indicate its position1 & be able to take x up aga9 lat]4 ,b1 l all ! re/1 nature takes ?is la/ /ep also 9 ext5d+ & p]fect+ ! bra91 & !reby 9 increas+ ! p[]s ( k1 only 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ ne$s1 ?us 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,:at ?is aims at & atta9s 9 man is inde$ ess5tially ! same1 & n m ?an :at is also its goal 9 ! brutes--n\ri%m5t & propagation4 ,b ! requisites = ! atta9m5t ( ?is goal became s mu* increas$ 9 numb]1 & ( s mu* high] quality & great] def9it5ess ?r\gh ! organisation ( man1 t a v mu* m consid]able height5+ ( ! intellect ?an ! previ\s /eps dem&$ 0 necess>y1 or at lea/ 0 ! easie/ means ( rea*+ ! end4 ,b s9ce n[ ! intellect1 9 accordance ) its nature1 is a tool ( ! mo/ v>i\s utility1 & is equally applicable to ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( ends1 nature1 true to h] _s ( p>simony1 c\ld n[ meet ?r\gh x alone all ! dem&s ( ! wants :i* _h n[ become s manifold4 ,!re=e %e s5t =? man )\t clo?+1 )\t natural means ( protection or weapons ( attack1 nay1 ) relatively little muscul> p[]1 comb9$ ) great frailty & little endurance ( adv]se influ5ces & wants1 9 reliance ^u t "o great tool1 9 addition to :i* %e _h only to reta9 ! h&s f ! next grade bel[ him1 ! ape4 ,b ?r\gh ! pr$om9at+ intellect :i* "h appe>s n only is ! compreh5sion ( motives1 _! multiplicity1 & 9 g5]al ! horizon ( ! aims inf9itely increas$1 b also ! di/9ctness ) :i* ! w is consci\s ( itself is enhanc$ 9 ! highe/ degree 9 consequ5ce ( ! cle>ness ( ! :ole consci\sness :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t1 :i* is support$ by ! capacity = ab/ract k1 & n[ atta9s to complete reflectiv5ess4 ,b !reby1 & also ?r\gh ! vehem5ce ( ! w1 :i* is necess>ily presuppos$ z ! support] ( su* a height5$ intellect1 an int5sify+ ( all ! emotions appe>s1 & inde$ ! possibility ( ! passions1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 are unkn[n to ! brute4 ,= ! vehem5ce ( ! w keeps pace ) ! advance ( intellig5ce1 because ?is advance really always spr+s f ! increas$ ne$s & press+ dem&s ( ! w3 besides ?is1 h[ev]1 ! two reciprocally support ea* o!r4 ,?us ! vehem5ce ( ! "* corresponds to ! great] en]gy ( ! beat+ ( ! he>t & ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* physically height5 ! activity ( ! bra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cle>ness ( ! intellig5ce int5sifies ! emotions1 :i* are call$ =? by ! outw>d circum/ances1 by means ( ! m vivid appreh5sion ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce1 = example1 "y calves quietly all[ !mselves to be pack$ 9 a c>t & c>ri$ (f2 b "y lions1 if !y are only sep>at$ f _! "m1 rema9 p]man5tly re/less1 & ro> unceas+ly f morn+ to night2 *ildr5 9 su* a position w\ld cry & vex !mselves almo/ to dea?4 ,! vivaci\sness & impetuosity ( ! ape is 9 exact proportion to its greatly develop$ intellect4 ,x dep5ds j on ?is reciprocal relation%ip t man is1 9 g5]al1 capable ( f> great] sorr[s ?an ! brute1 b also ( great] joy 9 satisfi$ & pleas+ emotions4 ,9 ! same way 8 high] intellig5ce makes him m s5sible to ennui ?an ! brute2 b x also becomes1 if he is individually v complete1 an inexhau/ible s\rce ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,?us1 z a :ole1 ! manife/ation ( ! w 9 man is relat$ to t 9 ! brute ( ! high] species1 z a note t has be5 /ruck to its fif? pit*$ two or ?ree octaves l[]4 ,b betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( brutes also ! diff]5ces ( intellect1 & !reby ( consci\sness1 are great & endlessly graduat$4 ,! m]e analogy ( consci\sness :i* we mu/ yet attribute to plants w be relat$ to ! /ill f> dead] subjective nature ( an unorganis$ body1 v mu* z ! consci\sness ( ! l[e/ species ( animals is relat$ to ! quasi consci\sness ( plants4 ,we may pres5t to our imag9ation ! innum]able gradations 9 ! degree ( consci\sness "u ! figure ( ! diff]5t velocity ( po9ts :i* are unequally di/ant f ! c5tre ( a revolv+ sph]e4 ,b ! mo/ correct1 & inde$1 z our ?ird book tea*es1 ! natural figure ( t gradation is af=d$ u by ! scale 9 its :ole compass f ! l[e/ audible note to ! highe/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! grade ( consci\sness :i* det]m9es ! grade ( exi/5ce ( a be+4 ,= e imm$iate exi/5ce is subjective3 ! objective exi/5ce is 9 ! consci\sness ( ano!r1 ?us only = ?is o!r1 consequ5tly q indirect4 ,?r\gh ! grade ( consci\sness be+s are z diff]5t z ?r\gh ! w !y are alike1 = ! w is :at is common to !m all4 ,b :at we h n[ consid]$ betwe5 ! plant & ! animal1 & !n betwe5 ! diff]5t species ( animals1 occurs also betwe5 man & man4 ,"h also t :i* is second>y1 ! intellect1 by means ( ! cle>ness ( consci\sness & di/9ctness ( k :i* dep5ds ^u x1 con/itutes a fundam5tal & immeasurably great diff]5ce 9 ! :ole mann] ( ! exi/5ce1 & !reby 9 ! grade ( x4 ,! high] ! consci\sness has ris51 ! m di/9ct & connect$ are ! ?\ghts1 ! cle>] ! p]ceptions ! m int5se ! s5sations4 ,?r\gh x ev]y?+ ga9s m dep?3 emotion1 sadness1 joy1 & sorr[4 ,commonplace blockheads are n ev5 capable ( real joy3 !y live on 9 dull ins5sibility4 ,:ile to "o man 8 consci\sness only pres5ts 8 own exi/5ce1 toge!r ) ! motives :i* mu/ be appreh5d$ = ! purpose ( su/a9+ & enliv5+ x1 9 a b>e compreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w1 x is to ano!r a cam]a obscura 9 :i* ! macrocosm exhibits itself3 8,he feels t he holds a little _w ,brood+ 9 8 bra91 ,t x beg9s to "w & to live1 ,t he fa9 w\ld give x =?40 ,! diff]5ce ( ! :ole mann] ( exi/5ce :i* ! extremes ( ! gradation ( intellectual capacity e/abli% betwe5 man & man is s great t t betwe5 a k+ & a day lab\r] seems small 9 comp>ison4 ,& "h also1 z 9 ! case ( ! species ( animals1 a connection betwe5 ! vehem5ce ( ! w & ! height ( ! intellect c be %[n4 ,g5ius is condition$ by a passionate temp]am5t1 & a phlegmatic g5ius is inconceivable3 x seems z if an exceptionally vehem5t1 ?us a viol5tly long+1 w mu/ be pres5t if nature is to give an abnormally height5$ intellect1 z correspond+ to x2 :ile ! m]ely physical acc\nt ( ?is po9ts to ! great] en]gy ) :i* ! art]ies ( ! head move ! bra9 & increase its turgesc5ce4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ! quantity1 quality1 & =m ( ! bra9 itself is ! o!r & incomp>ably m r>e condition ( g5ius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 phlegmatic p]sons are z a rule ( v mod]ate m5tal p[]2 & ?us ! nor!rn1 coldblood$1 & phlegmatic nations are 9 g5]al noticeably inf]ior 9 m9d to ! s\!rn vivaci\s & passionate peoples2 al?\gh1 z ,bacon7#b7 has mo/ p]t95tly rem>k$1 if once a man ( a nor!rn nation is highly gift$ by nature1 he c !n rea* a grade :i* no s\!rn ev] atta9s to4 ,x is accord+ly z p]v]se z x is common to take ! great m9ds ( diff]5t nations z ! /&>d = comp>+ _! m5tal p[]s3 = t is j attempt+ to prove ! rule by ! exceptions4 ,x is r ! great majority ( ea* nation t "o has to consid]3 = "o swall[ does n make a summ]4 ,we h fur!r to rem>k "h t t v passionat5ess :i* is a condition ( g5ius1 b\nd up ) its vivid appreh5sion ( ?+s1 produces 9 practical life1 :]e ! w comes into play1 & especially 9 ! case ( sudd5 occurr5ces1 s great an excitem5t ( ! emotions t x di/urbs & confuses ! intellect2 :ile ! phlegmatic man 9 su* a case /ill reta9s ! full use ( 8 m5tal faculties1 ?\gh !y are mu* m limit$1 & !n accompli%es mu* m ) !m ?an ! greate/ g5ius c a*ieve4 ,accord+ly a passionate temp]am5t is fav\rable to ! orig9al quality ( ! intellect1 b a phlegmatic temp]am5t to its use4 ,!re=e g5ius prop] is only = !oretical a*ievem5ts1 = :i* x c *oose & await its "t1 :i* w j be ! "t at :i* ! w is entirely at re/1 & no waves di/urb ! cle> mirror ( ! compreh5sion ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 g5ius is ill adapt$ & uns]viceable = practical life1 & is !re=e = ! mo/ "p un=tunate4 ,goe!'s 8,tasso0 is writt5 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,z n[ g5ius prop] dep5ds ^u ! absolute /r5g? ( ! intellect1 :i* mu/ be pur*as$ by a correspond+ly excessive vehem5ce ( disposition1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great pre em95ce 9 practical life t makes g5]als & /atesm5 dep5ds ^u ! relative /r5g? ( ! intellect1 ?us ^u ! highe/ degree ( x t c be atta9$ )\t too great excitability ( ! emotions1 & too great vehem5ce ( "*1 & t !re=e c hold its own ev5 9 ! /orm4 ,great firmness ( w & con/ancy ( m9d1 toge!r ) a capable & f9e und]/&+1 are "h suffici5t2 & :atev] goes beyond ?is acts detrim5tally1 = too great a developm5t ( ! intellig5ce directly imp$es firmness ( "* & resolution ( w4 ,h5ce ?is k9d ( em95ce is n s abnormal1 & is a hundr$ times less r>e ?an ! =m] k9d2 & accord+ly we see great g5]als & great m9i/]s appe> 9 e age1 :5ev] ! m]ely ext]nal conditions are fav\rable to _! effici5cy4 ,great poets & philosoph]s1 on ! o!r h&1 leave c5turies wait+ = !m2 & yet humanity may be cont5t$ ev5 ) ?is r>e appe>ance ( !m1 = _! works rema91 & d n exi/ only = ! pres5t1 l ! a*ievem5ts ( ^? o!r m54 ,x is also q 9 keep+ ) ! law ( ! p>simony ( nature ref]r$ to above t x be/[s great em95ce ( m9d 9 g5]al ^u v few1 & g5ius only z ! r>e/ ( all exceptions1 :ile x equips ! great mass ( ! human race ) no m m5tal p[] ?an is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual & ! species4 ,= ! great1 & ?r\gh _! v satisfaction1 con/antly increas+ ne$s ( ! human race make x necess>y t ! great majority ( m5 %\ld pass _! lives 9 occupations ( a co>sely physical & entirely me*anical description4 ,& :at w\ld be ! use to !m ( an active m9d1 a gl[+ imag9ation1 a subtle und]/&+1 & a pr(\ndly p5etrat+ intellect8 ,^! w\ld only make !m useless & unhappy4 ,!re=e nature has ?us gone ab\t ! mo/ co/ly ( all h] productions 9 ! lea/ extravagant mann]4 ,9 ord] n to judge unfairly "o ought also to settle def9itely "o's expectations ( ! m5tal a*ievem5ts ( m5 g5]ally f ?is po9t ( view1 & to reg>d1 = example1 ev5 le>n$ m51 s9ce z a rule !y h become s only by ! =ce ( outw>d circum/ances1 prim>ily z m5 :om nature really int5d$ to be till]s ( ! soil2 inde$ ev5 pr(essors ( philosophy ought to be e/imat$ accord+ to ?is /&>d1 & !n _! a*ievem5ts w be f\nd to come up to all fair expectations4 ,x is wor? notic+ t 9 ! s\?1 :]e ! necessities ( life press less sev]ely ^u ! human race1 & m leisure is all[$1 ! m5tal faculties ev5 ( ! multitude also become m active & f9]4 ,x is physiologically notewor?y t ! prepond]ance ( ! mass ( ! bra9 ov] t ( ! sp9al cord & ! n]ves1 :i*1 accord+ to ,smm]r+'s acute discov]y1 af=ds ! true & close/ measure ( ! degree ( intellig5ce bo? ( species ( brutes & ( individual m51 at ! same "t increases ! direct p[] ( mov+1 ! agility ( ! limbs2 because1 ?r\gh ! great inequality ( ! relation1 ! dep5d5ce ( all motor n]ves ^u ! bra9 becomes m decid$2 & besides ?is ! c]ebellum1 :i* is ! prim>y controll] ( movem5ts1 %>es ! qualitative p]fection ( ! c]ebrum2 ?us ?r\gh bo? all volunt>y movem5ts ga9 great] facility1 rapidity1 & manageabl5ess1 & by ! conc5tration ( ! />t+po9t ( all activity t arises :i* ,li*t5b]g praises 9 ,g>rick3 8t he appe>$ to be pres5t 9 all ! muscles ( 8 body40 ,h5ce clums9ess 9 ! movem5t ( ! body indicates clums9ess 9 ! movem5t ( ! ?\ghts1 & w be reg>d$ z a sign ( /upidity bo? 9 individuals & nations1 z mu* z sleep9ess ( ! c\nt5ance & vacancy ( ! glance4 ,ano!r symptom ( ! physiological /ate ( ! case ref]r$ to is ! fact t _m p]sons are oblig$ at once to /& /ill :5ev] _! conv]sation ) any "o :o is walk+ ) !m beg9s to ga9 "s connection2 because _! bra91 z soon z x has to l9k toge!r a few ?\ghts1 has no long] z mu* p[] ov] z is requir$ to keep ! limbs 9 motion by means ( ! motory n]ves1 s closely is ev]y?+ measur$ ) !m4 ,x results f ?is :ole objective consid]ation ( ! intellect & its orig91 t x is design$ = ! compreh5sion ( ^? ends ^u ! atta9m5t ( :i* dep5ds ! individual life & its propagation1 b by no means = deciph]+ ! inn] nature ( ?+s & ( ! _w1 :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! kn[]4 ,:at to ! plant is ! susceptibility to light1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x guides its gr[? 9 ! direction ( x1 t is1 9 k9d1 ! k ( ! brute1 nay1 ev5 ( man1 al?\gh 9 degree x is increas$ 9 proportion z ! ne$s ( ea* ( ^! be+s dem&4 ,) !m all appreh5sion rema9s a m]e consci\sness ( _! relations to o!r ?+s1 & is by no means int5d$ to pres5t aga9 9 ! consci\sness ( ! kn[] ! peculi>1 absolutely real nature ( ^! ?+s4 ,r1 z spr++ f ! w1 ! intellect is also only design$ = its s]vice1 ?us = ! appreh5sion ( motives2 x is adapt$ = ?is1 & is !re=e ( a ?or\ghly practical t5d5cy4 ,?is also holds good if we conceive ! significance ( life z e?ical2 = 9 ?is reg>d too we f9d man kn[+ only = ! b5efit ( 8 conduct4 ,su* a faculty ( k1 exi/+ exclusively = practical ends1 w f its nature always compreh5d only ! relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r1 b n ! inn] nature ( !m1 z x is 9 itself4 ,b to reg>d ! complex ( ^! relations z ! absolute nature ( ! _w z x is 9 itself1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x necess>ily exhibits itself 9 accordance ) ! laws pr$ispos$ 9 ! bra9 z ! et]nal laws ( ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 & !n to con/ruct ontology1 cosmology1 & !ology 9 accordance ) ?is view--?is 0 really ! old fundam5tal error1 ( :i* ,kant's tea*+ has made an end4 ,"h1 !n1 our objective1 & !re=e = ! mo/ "p physiological consid]ation ( ! intellect meets 8 transc5d5tal consid]ation ( x2 nay1 appe>s 9 a c]ta9 s5se ev5 z an a priori insight into x2 =1 f a po9t ( view :i* we h tak5 up outside ( x1 our objective view enables u to "k 9 its orig91 & !re=e z necess>y1 :at t transc5d5tal consid]ation1 />t+ f facts ( consci\sness1 pres5ts only z a matt] ( fact4 ,= x foll[s f our objective consid]ation ( ! intellect1 t ! _w z idea1 z x exi/s /ret*$ out 9 space & "t1 & moves on regul>ly accord+ to ! /rict law ( causality1 is prim>ily only a physiological ph5om5on1 a function ( ! bra91 :i* br+s x ab\t1 c]ta9ly ^u ! occasion ( c]ta9 ext]nal /imuli1 b yet 9 con=mity ) its own laws4 ,accord+ly x is be=eh& a matt] ( c\rse1 t :at goes on 9 ?is function itself1 & !re=e ?r\gh x & = x1 mu/ by no means be reg>d$ z ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 :i* exi/ indep5d5tly ( x & are entirely diff]5t f x1 b prim>ily exhibits only ! mode or mann] ( ?is function itself1 :i* c always receive only a v subord9ate modification ?r\gh t :i* exi/s completely indep5d5tly ( x1 & sets x 9 motion z a /imulus4 ,z1 !n1 ,locke claim$ = ! organs ( s5se all t comes into our appreh5sion by means ( ! s5sation1 9 ord] to d5y t x belongs to ?+s 9 !mselves1 s ,kant1 ) ! same int5tion1 & pursu+ ! same pa? fur!r1 has prov$ all t makes p]ception prop] possible1 ?us space1 "t1 & causality1 to be functions ( ! bra92 al?\gh he has refra9$ f us+ ?is physiological expression1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 our pres5t me?od ( inve/igation1 com+ f ! opposite side1 ! side ( ! real1 necess>ily leads u4 ,kant arriv$ ^u 8 analytical pa? at ! result t :at we "k are m]e ph5om5a4 ,:at ?is my/]i\s expression really means becomes cle> f our objective & g5etic inve/igation ( ! intellect4 ,! ph5om5a are ! motives = ! aims ( individual w z !y exhibit !mselves 9 ! intellect :i* ! w has produc$ = ?is purpose 7:i* itself appe>s z a ph5om5on objectively1 z ! bra971 & :i*1 :5 compreh5d$1 z f> z "o c foll[ _! concat5ation1 af=d u 9 _! connection ! _w :i* ext5ds itself objectively 9 "t & space1 & :i* ,i call ! _w z idea4 ,moreov]1 f our po9t ( view1 ! objectionable elem5t vani%es :i* 9 ! ,kantian doctr9e arises f ! fact t1 because ! intellect kn[s m]ely ph5om5a in/ead ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 nay1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is is l$ a/ray into p>alogisms & unf\nd$ hypo/ases by means ( 8sophi/ications1 n ( m5 b ( ! reason itself1 f :i* ev5 ! wise/ does n free himself1 & if1 p]haps inde$ aft] mu* tr\ble1 he avoids error1 c yet nev] get quit ( ! illusion :i* unceas+ly torm5ts & mocks him0--because ( all ?is1 ,i say1 ! appe>ance arises t our intellect is int5tionally design$ to lead u into errors4 ,= ! objective view ( ! intellect giv5 "h1 :i* conta9s a g5esis ( x1 makes x conceivable t1 be+ exclusively int5d$ = practical ends1 x is m]ely ! m$ium ( motives1 & !re=e fulfils its end by an accurate pres5tation ( ^!1 & t if we und]take to discov] ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 f ! manifold ph5om5a :i* "h exhibit !mselves objectively to u1 & _! laws1 we d ?is at our own p]il & on our own responsibility4 ,we h recognis$ t ! orig9al inn] =ce ( nature1 )\t k & work+ 9 ! d>k1 :i*1 if x has work$ its way up to selfconsci\sness1 reveals itself to ?is z w1 atta9s to ?is grade only by ! production ( an animal bra9 & ( k1 z its function1 :]eupon ! ph5om5on ( ! _w ( p]ception arises 9 ?is bra94 ,b to expla9 ?is m]e bra9 ph5om5on1 ) ! con=mity to law :i* is inv>iably connect$ ) its functions1 z ! objective inn] nature ( ! _w & ! ?+s 9 x1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! bra91 exi/+ be=e & aft] x1 is cle>ly a spr+ :i* no?+ w>rants u 9 mak+4 ,f ?is mundus phnom5on1 h[ev]1 f ?is p]ception :i* arises "u su* a v>iety ( conditions1 all our conceptions are drawn4 ,!y h all _! cont5t f x1 or ev5 only 9 relation to x4 ,!re=e1 z ,kant says1 !y are only = imman5t1 n = transc5d5tal1 use2 t is to say1 ^! conceptions ( ours1 ?is fir/ mat]ial ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly /ill m ! judgm5ts :i* result f _! comb9ation1 are unfitt$ = ! task ( ?9k+ ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 & ! true connection ( ! _w & exi/5ce2 inde$1 to und]take ?is is analog\s to express+ ! /]eometrical cont5t ( a body 9 squ>e in*es4 ,= our intellect1 orig9ally only int5d$ to pres5t to an individual w its paltry aims1 compreh5ds accord+ly m]e relations ( ?+s1 & does n p5etrate to _! inn] be+1 to _! real nature4 ,x is !re=e a m]ely sup]ficial =ce1 cl+s to ! surface ( ?+s1 & appreh5ds m]e species transitivas1 n ! true be+ ( ?+s4 ,f ?is x arises t we _c und]/& & compreh5d any s+le ?+1 ev5 ! simple/ & smalle/1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 b some?+ rema9s entirely inexplicable to u 9 ea* ( !m4 ,j because ! intellect is a product ( nature1 & is !re=e only int5d$ = its ends1 ! ,*ri/ian my/ics h v aptly call$ x 8! light ( nature10 & driv5 x back )9 its limits2 = nature is ! object to :i* alone x is ! subject4 ,! ?\ght f :i* ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason has sprung really lies already at ! f\ndation ( ?is expression4 ,t we _c compreh5d ! _w on ! direct pa?1 i4e41 ?r\gh ! uncritical1 direct application ( ! intellect & its data1 b :5 we reflect ^u x become ev] m deeply involv$ 9 insoluble my/]ies1 po9ts to ! fact t ! intellect1 ?us k itself1 is second>y1 a m]e product1 br\ght ab\t by ! developm5t ( ! inn] be+ ( ! _w1 :i* consequ5tly till !n prec$$ x1 & x at la/ appe>$ z a break+ ?r\gh to ! light out ( ! obscure dep?s ( ! unconsci\s /riv+ ! nature ( :i* exhibits itself z w to ! selfconsci\sness :i* n[ at once arises4 ,t :i* prec$$ k z its condition1 :]eby x fir/ became possible1 ?us its own basis1 _c be directly compreh5d$ by x2 z ! eye _c see itself4 ,x is r ! relations ( "o exi/5ce to ano!r1 exhibit+ !mselves ^u ! surface ( ?+s1 :i* alone are its affair1 & are s only by means ( ! app>atus ( ! intellect1 its =ms1 space1 "t1 & causality4 ,j because ! _w has made itself )\t ! assi/ance ( k1 its :ole be+ does n ent] into k1 b k presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! _w2 on :i* acc\nt ! orig9 ( ! _w does n lie )9 its sph]e4 ,x is accord+ly limit$ to ! relations betwe5 ! ?+s :i* lie be=e x1 & is ?us suffici5t = ! individual w1 = ! s]vice ( :i* alone x appe>$4 ,= ! intellect is1 z has be5 %[n1 condition$ by nature1 lies 9 x1 belongs to x1 & _c !re=e place itself ov] aga9/ x z some?+ q =eign to x1 9 ord] ?us to take up into itself its :ole nature1 absolutely1 objectively1 & ?or\ghly4 ,x c1 if =tune fav\rs x1 und]/& all t is 9 nature1 b n nature itself1 at lea/ n directly4 ,h[ev] disc\rag+ to metaphysics ?is ess5tial limitation ( ! intellect may be1 :i* arises f its nature & orig91 x has yet ano!r side :i* is v consol+4 ,x deprives ! direct utt]ances ( nature ( _! unconditional validity1 9 ! ass]tion ( :i* naturalism prop] consi/s4 ,if1 !re=e1 nature pres5ts to u e liv+ ?+ z appe>+ out ( no?+1 &1 aft] an ephem]al exi/5ce1 return+ aga9 = ev] to no?+1 & if x seems to take pleasure 9 ! unceas+ production ( new be+s1 9 ord] t x may be able unceas+ly to de/roy1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 is unable to br+ any?+ p]man5t to light2 if accord+ly we are =c$ to recognise matt] z t :i* alone is p]man5t1 :i* nev] came into be+ & nev] passes away1 b br+s =? all ?+s f its womb1 :5ce its "n appe>s to be d]iv$ f mat] r]um1 & along ) x1 z ! fa!r ( ?+s1 =m1 :i*1 j z fleet+ z matt] is p]man5t1 *anges really e mom5t1 & c only ma9ta9 itself s long z x cl+s z a p>asite to matt] 7n[ to "o "p ( x1 n[ to ano!r71 b :5 once x entirely loses hold1 disappe>s1 z is %[n by ! palo!ria & ! i*?yosaurians1 we mu/ inde$ recognise ?is z ! direct & g5u9e utt]ance ( nature1 b on acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! intellect expla9$ above1 & ! nature ( x :i* results f ?is orig91 we _c ascribe to ?is utt]ance an unconditional tru?1 b r only an entirely conditional tru?1 :i* ,kant has appropriately indicat$ z su* by call+ x ! ph5om5on 9 opposition to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is ess5tial limitation ( ! intellect1 x is possible1 by a circuit\s r\te1 to arrive at a c]ta9 und]/&+ ( ! _w & ! nature ( ?+s1 by means ( reflection widely pursu$1 & ! skilful comb9ation ( objective k direct$ t[>ds )\t1 ) ! data ( selfconsci\sness1 ?is w yet be only a v limit$1 entirely indirect1 & relative und]/&+1 a p>abolical translation into ! =ms ( k1 ?us a quadam prodire t5us1 :i* mu/ always leave _m problems /ill unsolv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fundam5tal error ( ! old dogmatism 9 all its =ms1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ,kant1 0 ?is1 t x />t$ absolutely f k1 i4e41 ! _w z idea1 9 ord] to d$uce & con/ruct f its laws be+ 9 g5]al1 :]eby x accept$ t _w ( idea1 toge!r ) its laws1 z absolutely exi/+ & absolutely real2 :ile its :ole exi/5ce is ?r\gh\t relative1 & a m]e result or ph5om5on ( ! true be+ :i* lies at its f\ndation1--or1 9 o!r words1 t x con/ruct$ an ontology :5 x _h only mat]ials = a dianoiology4 ,kant discov]$ ! subjectively condition$ & !re=e entirely imman5t nature ( k1 i4e41 its unsuitabl5ess = transc5d5tal use1 f ! con/itution ( k itself2 & !re=e he v appropriately call$ 8 doctr9e ! ,critique ( ,reason4 ,he accompli%$ ?is p>tly by %[+ ! important & ?or\ghly a priori "p ( all k1 :i*1 z ?r\gh\t subjective1 spoils all objectivity1 & p>tly by pr(ess$ly prov+ t if !y 7 foll[$ out to ! end ! pr9ciples ( k1 tak5 z purely objective1 l$ to contradictions4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 ha/ily assum$ t1 ap>t f objective k1 i4e41 ap>t f ! _w z idea1 !re is no?+ giv5 u except consci5ce1 out ( :i* he con/ruct$ ! little t /ill rema9$ ( metaphysics1 8 moral !ology1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 he attribut$ absolutely only a practical validity1 & no !oretical validity at all4 ,he _h ov]look$ t al?\gh c]ta9ly objective k1 or ! _w z idea1 af=ds no?+ b ph5om5a1 toge!r ) _! ph5om5al connection & regressus1 yet our own nature necess>ily also belongs to ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 = x mu/ h its root 9 x4 ,b "h1 ev5 if ! root itself _c be br\ght to light1 x mu/ be possible to ga!r "s data = ! explanation ( ! connection ( ! _w ( ph5om5a ) ! inn] nature ( ?+s4 ,?us "h lies ! pa? ^u :i* ,i h gone beyond ,kant & ! limits :i* he drew1 yet always re/rict+ myself to ! gr\nd ( reflection1 & consequ5tly ( hone/y1 & !re=e )\t ! va9 pret5sion ( intellectual intuition or absolute ?\ght :i* *>act]ises ! p]iod ( pseudophilosophy betwe5 ,kant & me4 ,9 8 pro( ( ! insuffici5cy ( rational k to fa?om ! nature ( ! _w ,kant />t$ f k z a fact1 :i* our consci\sness af=ds u1 ?us 9 ?is s5se he proce$$ a po/]iori4 ,b 9 ?is *apt]1 & also 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 ,i h s\ght to %[ :at k is 9 its nature & orig91 some?+ second>y1 design$ = individual ends2 :5ce x foll[s t x mu/ be insuffici5t to fa?om ! nature ( ! _w4 ,?us s f> ,i h rea*$ ! same goal a priori4 ,b "o nev] kn[s any?+ :olly & completely until "o has gone "r r\nd x = t purpose1 & has got back to x f ! opposite side f :i* "o />t$4 ,!re=e also1 9 ! case ( ! important fundam5tal k "h consid]$1 "o mu/ n m]ely g f ! intellect to ! k ( ! _w1 z ,kant has done1 b also f ! _w1 tak5 z giv51 to ! intellect1 z ,i h und]tak5 "h4 ,!n ?is physiological consid]ation1 9 ! wid] s5se1 becomes ! supplem5t ( t ideological1 z ! ,fr5* say1 or1 m accurately1 transc5d5tal consid]ation4 ,9 ! above1 9 ord] n to break ! ?read ( ! exposition1 ,i h po/pon$ ! explanation ( "o po9t :i* ,i t\*$ ^u4 ,x 0 ?is1 t 9 proportion z1 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( animals1 ! intellect appe>s ev] m develop$ & complete1 k always sep>ates itself m di/9ctly f w1 & !reby becomes pur]4 ,:at is ess5tial ^u ?is po9t w be f\nd 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 "u ! head+1 8,pflanz5physiologie0 7p4 #fhgb ( ! second1 & #gdgg ( ! ?ird edition71 to :i* ,i ref]1 9 ord] to avoid repetition1 & m]ely add "h a few rem>ks4 ,s9ce ! plant possesses nei!r irritability nor s5sibility1 b ! w objectifies itself 9 x only z pla/ic or reproductive p[]1 x has nei!r muscle nor n]ve4 ,9 ! l[e/ grades ( ! animal k+dom1 9 zoophites1 especially 9 polyps1 we _c z yet di/9ctly recognise ! sep>ation ( ^! two con/itu5t p>ts1 b /ill we assume _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh 9 a /ate ( fusion2 because we p]ceive movem5ts :i* foll[1 n1 z 9 ! case ( plants1 ^u m]e /imuli1 b ^u motives1 i4e41 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 appreh5sion4 ,n[ 9 proportion z1 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( animals1 ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems sep>ate ev] m di/9ctly f ea* o!r1 till 9 ! v]tebrate animals1 & mo/ completely 9 man1 ! =m] divides into an organic & a c]ebral n]v\s sy/em1 & ( ^! ! latt] aga9 develops into ! excessively complicat$ app>atus ( ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 sp9al m>r[1 c]ebral & sp9al n]ves1 s5sory & motor n]ve fascicles1 ( :i* only ! c]ebrum1 toge!r ) ! s5sory n]ves dep5d+ ^u x1 & ! po/]ior sp9al n]ve fascicles are int5d$ = ! appreh5sion ( ! motive f ! ext]nal _w1 :ile all ! o!r p>ts are int5d$ = ! transmission ( ! motive to ! muscles 9 :i* ! w manife/s itself directly2 9 ! same proportion does ! motive sep>ate ev] m di/9ctly 9 consci\sness f ! act ( w :i* x calls =?1 ?us ! idea f ! w2 & !reby ! objectivity ( consci\sness con/antly increases1 = ! ideas exhibit !mselves ev] m di/9ctly & purely 9 x4 ,^! two sep>ations are1 h[ev]1 really only "o & ! same1 :i* we h "h consid]$ f two sides1 ! objective & ! subjective1 or fir/ 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s & !n 9 selfconsci\sness4 ,^u ! degree ( ?is sep>ation ultimately dep5ds ! diff]5ce & ! gradation ( intellectual capacity1 bo? betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( animals & betwe5 individual human be+s2 ?us x gives ! /&>d = ! intellectual complet5ess ( ^! be+s4 ,= ! cle>ness ( ! consci\sness ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! objectivity ( ! p]ception1 dep5ds ^u x4 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to above ,i h %[n t ! brute only p]ceives ?+s s f> z !y are motives = its w1 & t ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! brutes sc>cely ov]/ep ^! limits1 because _! intellect is too closely jo9$ to ! w f :i* x has sprung4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! /upide/ man compreh5ds ?+s 9 "s degree objectively2 = he recognises n m]ely :at !y are ) ref]5ce to him1 b also some?+ ( :at !y are ) ref]5ce to !mselves & to o!r ?+s4 ,yet 9 ! case ( v few does ?is rea* su* a degree t !y are 9 a position to exam9e & judge ( any?+ purely objectively2 b 8t mu/ ,i d1 t mu/ ,i say1 t mu/ ,i believe10 is ! goal to :i* on e occasion _! ?\ght ha/5s 9 a direct l9e1 & at :i* _! und]/&+ at once f9ds welcome re/4 ,= ?9k+ is z un5durable to ! weak head z ! lift+ ( a burd5 to ! weak arm2 !re=e bo? ha/5 to set x d[n4 ,! objectivity ( k1 & prim>ily ( p]ceptive k1 has innum]able grades1 :i* dep5d ^u ! en]gy ( ! intellect & its sep>ation f ! w1 & ! highe/ ( :i* is g5ius1 9 :i* ! compreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w becomes s pure & objective t to x ev5 m reveals itself directly 9 ! individual ?+ ?an ! individual ?+ itself1 namely1 ! nature ( its :ole species1 i4e41 its ,platonic ,idea2 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! fact t 9 ?is case ! w entirely vani%es f consci\sness4 ,"h is ! po9t at :i* ! pres5t inve/igation1 />t+ f physiological gr\nds1 connects itself ) ! subject ( our ?ird book1 ! metaphysics ( ! beautiful1 :]e /hetic compreh5sion prop]1 :i*1 9 a high degree1 is peculi> to g5ius alone1 is fully consid]$ z ! condition ( pure1 i4e41 p]fectly wless1 & on t acc\nt completely objective k4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 ! rise ( intellig5ce1 f ! obscure/ animal consci\sness up to t ( man1 is a progressive loos5+ ( ! intellect f ! w1 :i* appe>s complete1 al?\gh only z an exception1 9 ! g5ius4 ,!re=e g5ius may be def9$ z ! highe/ grade ( ! objectivity ( k4 ,! condition ( ?is1 :i* s seldom occurs1 is a decid$ly l>g] measure ( intellig5ce ?an is requir$ = ! s]vice ( ! w1 :i* con/itutes its basis2 x is accord+ly ?is free surplus :i* fir/ really prop]ly comes to "k ! _w1 i4e41 compreh5ds x p]fectly objectively1 & n[ pa9ts pictures1 composes poems1 & ?9ks 9 accordance ) ?is compreh5sion4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii47#c7,on ,! ,objectification ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,unconsci\s ,nature4 ,t ! w :i* we f9d )9 u does n proce$1 z philosophy has hi!rto assum$1 fir/ f k1 & inde$ is a m]e modification ( x1 ?us some?+ second>y1 d]iv$1 &1 l k itself1 condition$ by ! bra92 b t x is ! prius ( k1 ! k]nel ( our nature1 & t orig9al =ce itself :i* =ms & su/a9s ! animal body1 9 t x c>ries out bo? its unconsci\s & its consci\s functions2--?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! fundam5tal k ( my metaphysics4 ,p>adoxical z x ev5 n[ seems to _m t ! w 9 itself is )\t k1 yet ! s*ola/ics 9 "s way already recognis$ & confess$ x2 = ,jul4 ,cs4 ,van9us 7t well kn[n sacrifice to fanaticism & prie/ly fury71 :o 0 ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 _! philosophy1 says 9 8 8,amphi!atro10 p4 #aha3 8,voluntas pot5tia cca e/1 ex s*ola/icorum op9ione40 ,t1 fur!r1 x is t same w :i* 9 ! plant =ms ! bud 9 ord] to develop ! leaf & ! fl[] out ( x2 nay1 t ! regul> =m ( ! cry/al is only ! trace :i* its mom5t>y ef=t has left beh9d1 & t 9 g5]al1 z ! true & only 1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 x lies at ! f\ndation ( all ! =ces ( unorganis$ nature1 plays1 acts1 9 all _! multif>i\s ph5om5a1 imp>ts p[] to _! laws1 & ev5 9 ! crude/ mass manife/s itself z gravity2--?is insight is ! second /ep 9 t fundam5tal k1 & is br\ght ab\t by fur!r reflection4 ,b x w\ld be ! grosse/ misund]/&+ to suppose t ?is is a m]e "q ( a ^w to d5ote an unkn[n quantity4 ,x is r ! mo/ real ( all real k :i* is "h express$ 9 language4 ,= x is ! trac+ back ( t :i* is q inaccessible to our imm$iate k1 & !re=e 9 its ess5ce =eign & unkn[n to u1 :i* we d5ote by ! words =ce ( nature1 to t :i* is kn[n to u mo/ accurately & intimately1 b :i* is yet only accessible to u 9 our own be+ & directly1 & mu/ !re=e be c>ri$ ov] f ?is to o!r ph5om5a4 ,x is ! insight t :at is inw>d & orig9al 9 all ! *anges & movem5ts ( bodies1 h[ev] v>i\s !y may be1 is 9 its nature id5tical2 t yet we h only "o opportunity ( gett+ to "k x m closely & directly1 & t is 9 ! movem5ts ( our own body4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is k we mu/ call x w4 ,x is ! insight t t :i* acts & /rives 9 nature1 & exhibits itself 9 ev] m p]fect ph5om5a1 :5 x has work$ itself up s f> t ! light ( k falls directly ^u x1 i4e41 :5 x has atta9$ to ! /ate ( self consci\sness--exi/s z t w1 :i* is :at is mo/ intimately kn[n to u1 & !re=e _c be fur!r expla9$ by any?+ else1 b r af=ds ! explanation ( all o!r ?+s4 ,x is accord+ly ! ?+ 9 itself s f> z ?is c ev] be rea*$ by k4 ,consequ5tly x is t :i* mu/ express itself 9 "s way 9 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w1 = x is ! inn] nature ( ! _w & ! k]nel ( all ph5om5a4 ,z my essay1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 specially ref]s to ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 & also adduces ! evid5ce ( unprejudic$ empirici/s 9 fav\r ( ?is important po9t ( my doctr9e1 ,i h only to add n[ to :at is said !re a few supplem5t>y rem>ks1 :i* are !re=e /rung toge!r 9 a some:at fragm5t>y mann]4 ,fir/1 !n1 ) ref]5ce to plant life1 ,i draw att5tion to ! rem>kable fir/ two *apt]s ( ,ari/otle's "w ^u plants4 ,:at is mo/ int]e/+ 9 !m1 z is s (t5 ! case ) ,ari/otle1 are ! op9ions ( e>li] pr(\nd philosoph]s quot$ by him4 ,we see !re t ,anaxagoras & ,emp$ocles q rightly taught t plants h ! motion ( _! gr[? by virtue ( _! indwell+ desires 772 nay1 t !y also attribut$ to !m pleasure & pa91 !re=e s5sation4 ,b ,plato only ascrib$ to !m desires1 & t on acc\nt ( _! /rong appetite = nutrition 7cf4 ,plato 9 ! 8,timu10 p4 #djc1 ,bip47 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 true to 8 cu/om>y me?od1 glides on ! surface ( ?+s1 conf9es himself to s+le *>act]i/ics & conceptions fix$ by curr5t expressions1 & ass]ts t )\t s5sation !re c be no desires1 & t plants h n s5sation4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 9 consid]able emb>rassm5t1 z 8 confus$ language %[s1 till "h also1 8:]e fails ! compreh5sion1 a ^w /eps promptly 9 z deputy10 namely1 1 ! faculty ( n\ri%+4 ,plants h ?is1 & ?us a "p ( ! scall$ s\l1 accord+ to 8 fav\rite division into anima vegetativa1 s5sitiva1 & intellectiva4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is j a s*ola/ic ,quidditas1 & signifies plant nutriuntur quia hab5t facultatem nutritivam4 ,x is !re=e a bad sub/itute = ! m pr(\nd rese>* ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :om he is criticis+4 ,we also see1 9 ! second *apt]1 t ,emp$ocles ev5 recognis$ ! sexuality ( plants2 :i* ,ari/otle !n also f9ds fault )1 & conceals 8 want ( special k beh9d g5]al propositions1 su* z ?is1 t plants c\ld n h bo? sexes comb9$1 = if s !y w\ld be m complete ?an animals4 ,by q an analog\s proc$ure he displaces ! correct a/ronomical sy/em ( ! _w ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & by 8 absurd fundam5tal pr9ciples1 :i* he specially expla9s 9 ! books de ,clo1 introduces ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 :]eby mank9d 0 aga9 depriv$ ( an already discov]$ tru? ( ! greate/ importance = almo/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,i _c refra9 f giv+ "h ! say+ ( an excell5t biologi/ ( our own "t :o fully agrees ) my tea*+4 ,x is ,g4 ,r4 ,treviranus1 :o1 9 8 "w1 8,ueb] die ,ers*e9ung5 und ,gesetze des organis*5 ,leb5s10 #ahcb1 ,bd4 #b1 ,ab?4 #a1 #di1 has said :at foll[s3 8,a =m ( life is1 h[ev]1 conceivable 9 :i* ! effect ( ! ext]nal ^u ! int]nal produces m]ely feel+s ( desire or dislike4 ,su* is ! life ( plants4 ,9 ! high] =ms ( animal life ! ext]nal is felt z some?+ objective40 ,treviranus speaks "h f pure unprejudic$ compreh5sion ( nature1 & is z little consci\s ( ! metaphysical importance ( 8 words z ( ! contradictio 9 adjecto :i* lies 9 ! conception ( some?+ 8felt z objective10 a conception :i* inde$ he works out at great l5g?4 ,he does n "k t all feel+ is ess5tially subjective1 & all t is objective is1 on ! o!r h&1 p]ception1 & !re=e a product ( ! und]/&+4 ,yet ?is does n detract at all f ! tru? & importance ( :at he says4 ,9 fact1 9 ! life ( plants ! tru? t w c exi/ )\t k is app>5t--"o might say palpably recognisable4 ,= "h we see a decid$ ef=t1 det]m9$ by wants1 modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & adapt+ itself to ! diff]5ce ( ! circum/ances1 yet cle>ly )\t k4 ,& j because ! plant is )\t k x be>s its organs ( g5]ation o/5tati\sly 9 view1 9 p]fect innoc5ce2 x kn[s no?+ ab\t x4 ,z soon1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! s]ies ( exi/5ces k appe>s ! organs ( g5]ation are transf]r$ to a hidd5 "p4 ,man1 h[ev]1 ) :om ?is is aga9 less ! case1 conceals !m int5tionally3 he is a%am$ ( !m4 ,prim>ily1 !n1 ! vital =ce is id5tical ) ! w1 b s also are all o!r =ces ( nature2 ?\gh ?is is less app>5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d ! recognition ( a desire1 i4e41 ( a w1 z ! basis ( plant life1 express$ at all times1 ) m or less di/9ctness ( conception1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ref]5ce ( ! =ces ( unorganis$ nature to ! same f\ndation is r>] 9 proportion z _! remot5ess f our own nature is great]4 ,9 fact1 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! organis$ & ! unorganis$ is ! mo/ %>ply drawn 9 ! :ole ( nature1 & p]haps ! only "o t admits ( no transgressions2 s t natura non facit saltus seems to suff] an exception "h4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 cry/allisations display an ext]nal =m resembl+ ! vegetable1 yet ev5 betwe5 ! smalle/ li*51 ! l[e/ fungus1 & ev]y?+ unorganis$ !re rema9s a fundam5tal & ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,9 ! unorganis$ body t :i* is ess5tial & p]man5t1 ?us t ^u :i* its id5tity & integrity re/s1 is ! mat]ial1 ! matt]2 :at is uness5tial & *ang+ is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =m4 ,) ! organis$ body ! case is exactly rev]s$2 = its life1 i4e41 its exi/5ce z an organis$ be+1 simply consi/s 9 ! con/ant *ange ( ! mat]ial1 :ile ! =m rema9s p]man5t4 ,its be+ & its id5tity ?us lies 9 ! =m alone4 ,!re=e ! cont9uance ( ! unorganis$ body dep5ds ^u repose & exclusion f ext]nal influ5ces3 ?us alone does x reta9 its exi/5ce2 & if ?is condition is p]fect1 su* a body la/s = ev]4 ,! cont9uance ( ! organis$ body1 on ! contr>y1 j dep5ds ^u cont9ual movem5t & ! con/ant reception ( ext]nal influ5ces4 ,z soon z ^! are want+ & ! movem5t 9 x /ops x is dead1 & !reby ceases to be organic1 al?\gh ! trace ( ! organism t has be5 /ill rema9s = a :ile4 ,!re=e ! talk1 :i* is s mu* affect$ 9 our own day1 ( ! life ( :at is unorganis$1 inde$ ( ! globe itself1 & t x1 & also ! planet>y sy/em1 is an organism1 is entirely inadmissible4 ,! pr$icate life belongs only to :at is organis$4 ,e organism1 h[ev]1 is ?r\gh\t organis$1 is s 9 all its p>ts2 & n[h]e are ^!1 ev5 9 _! smalle/ p>ticles1 compos$ by aggregation ( :at is unorganis$4 ,?us if ! e>? 7 an organism1 all m\nta9s & rocks1 & ! :ole int]ior ( _! mass1 w\ld necess>ily be organis$1 & accord+ly really no?+ unorganis$ w\ld exi/2 & !re=e ! :ole conception ( x w\ld be want+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ! manife/ation ( a w is z little b\nd up ) life & organisation z ) k1 & t !re=e ! unorganis$ has also a w1 ! manife/ations ( :i* are all its fundam5tal qualities1 :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1--?is is an ess5tial po9t 9 my doctr9e2 al?\gh ! trace ( su* a ?\ght is f> seldom] f\nd 9 writ]s :o h prec$$ me ?an t ( ! w 9 plants1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is /ill unconsci\s4 ,9 ! =m+ ( ! cry/al we see1 z x 71 a t5d5cy t[>ds an attempt at life1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 x does n atta91 because ! fluidity ( :i*1 l a liv+ ?+1 x is compos$ at ! mom5t ( t movem5t is n enclos$ 9 a sk91 z is always ! case ) ! latt]1 & consequ5tly x has nei!r vessels 9 :i* t movem5t c\ld g on1 nor does any?+ sep>ate x f ! ext]nal _w4 ,!re=e1 rigidity at once seizes t mom5t>y movem5t1 ( :i* only ! trace rema9s z ! cry/al4 ,! ?\ght t ! w1 :i* con/itutes ! basis ( our own nature1 is also ! same w :i* %[s itself ev5 9 ! l[e/ unorganis$ ph5om5a1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! con=mity to law ( bo? ph5om5a %[s a p]fect analogy1 lies at ! f\ndation ( ,goe!'s 8,wahlv]w&ts*aft510 z ! title inde$ indicates1 al?\gh he himself 0 unconsci\s ( ?is4 ,me*anics & a/ronomy specially %[ u h[ ?is w conducts itself s f> z x appe>s at ! l[e/ grade ( its manife/ation m]ely z gravity1 rigidity1 & in]tia4 ,hydraulics %[s u ! same ?+ :]e rigidity is want+ & ! fluid mat]ial is n[ unre/ra9$ly surr5d]$ to its pr$om9at+ passion1 gravity4 ,9 ?is s5se hydraulics may be conceiv$ z a *>act]i/ic sket* ( wat]1 = x pres5ts to u ! manife/ations ( w to :i* wat] is mov$ by gravity2 ^! always correspond exactly to ! ext]nal influ5ces1 = 9 ! case ( all nonindividual exi/5ces !re is no p>ticul> "* 9 addition to ! g5]al "o2 ?us !y c easily be ref]r$ to fix$ *>act]i/ics1 :i* are call$ laws1 & :i* are le>n$ by exp]i5ce ( wat]4 ,^! laws accurately in=m u h[ wat] w conduct itself "u all diff]5t circum/ances1 on acc\nt ( its gravity1 ! uncondition$ mobility ( its p>ts1 & its want ( ela/icity4 ,hydro/atics tea*es h[ x is br\ght to re/ ?r\gh gravity2 hydrodynamics1 h[ x is set 9 motion2 & ! latt] has also to take acc\nt ( h9drances :i* adhesion opposes to ! w ( wat]3 ! two toge!r con/itute hydraulics4 ,9 ! same way ,*emi/ry tea*es u h[ ! w conducts itself :5 ! inn] qualities ( mat]ials obta9 free play by be+ br\ght into a fluid /ate1 & !re appe>s t wond]ful attraction & repulsion1 sep>at+ & comb9+1 leav+ g ( "o to seize ^u ano!r1 f :i* e precipitation orig9ates1 & ! :ole ( :i* is d5ot$ by 8elective aff9ity0 7an expression :i* is entirely borr[$ f ! consci\s w74 ,b ,anatomy & ,physiology all[ u to see h[ ! w conducts itself 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! ph5om5on ( life & su/a9 x = a :ile4 ,f9ally1 ! poet %[s u h[ ! w conducts itself "u ! influ5ce ( motives & reflection4 ,he exhibits x !re=e = ! mo/ "p 9 ! mo/ p]fect ( its manife/ations1 9 rational be+s1 ^: "* is individual1 & ^: conduct & suff]+ he br+s be=e u 9 ! ,drama1 ! ,epic1 ! ,romance1 c4 ,! m correctly1 ! m /rictly accord+ to ! laws ( nature 8 *>act]s are !re pres5t$1 ! great] is 8 fame2 h5ce ,%akespe>e /&s at ! top4 ,! po9t ( view :i* is "h tak5 up corresponds at bottom to ! _s 9 :i* ,goe! foll[$ & lov$ ! natural sci5ces1 al?\gh he 0 n consci\s ( ! matt] 9 ! ab/ract4 ,nay m1 ?is n only appe>s f 8 writ+s1 b is also kn[n to me f 8 p]sonal utt]ances4 ,if we consid] ! w1 :]e no "o d5ies x1 9 consci\s be+s1 we f9d ev]y:]e1 z its fundam5tal ef=t1 ! selfpres]vation ( e be+3 omnis natura vult esse cons]vatrix sui4 ,b all manife/ations ( ?is fundam5tal ef=t may con/antly be trac$ back to a seek+ or pursuit & a %unn+ or flee+ f1 accord+ to ! occasion4 ,n[ ?is also may be %[n ev5 at ! l[e/ grades ( nature1 t is1 ( ! objectification ( ! w1 :]e ! bodies /ill act only z bodies 9 g5]al1 ?us are ! subjectmatt] ( me*anics1 & are consid]$ only ) ref]5ce to ! manife/ations ( imp5etrability1 cohesion1 rigidity1 ela/icity1 & gravity4 ,"h also ! seek+ %[s itself z gravitation1 & ! %unn+ z ! receiv+ ( motion2 & ! movabl5ess ( bodies by pressure or impact1 :i* con/itutes ! basis ( me*anics1 is at bottom a manife/ation ( ! ef=t aft] selfpres]vation1 :i* dwells 9 !m also4 ,=1 s9ce z bodies !y are imp5etrable1 ?is is ! sole means ( pres]v+ _! cohesion1 ?us _! cont9uance at any "t4 ,! body :i* is impell$ or expos$ to pressure w\ld be cru%$ to pieces by ! impell+ or press+ body if x did n )draw itself f its p[] by flight1 9 ord] to pres]ve its cohesion2 & :5 flight is impossible = x ?is actually happ5s4 ,inde$1 "o may reg>d ela/ic bodies z ! m c\rage\s1 :i* seek to repel ! enemy1 or at lea/ to prev5t him f pursu+ fur!r4 ,?us 9 ! "o secret :i* 7besides gravity7 is left by me*anics o!rwise s cle>1 9 ! communicability ( motion1 we see a manife/ation ( ! fundam5tal ef=t ( ! w 9 all its ph5om5a1 ! ef=t aft] self pres]vation1 :i* %[s itself ev5 at ! l[e/ grades z t :i* is ess5tial4 ,9 unorganis$ nature ! w objectifies itself prim>ily 9 ! univ]sal =ces1 & only by means ( ^! 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! p>ticul> ?+s :i* are call$ =? by causes4 ,9 #bf ( ! fir/ volume ,i h fully expla9$ ! relation betwe5 cause1 =ce ( nature1 & w z ?+ 9 itself4 ,"o sees f t explanation t metaphysics nev] int]rupts ! c\rse ( physics1 b only takes up ! ?read :]e physics leaves x1 at ! orig9al =ces 9 :i* all causal explanation has its limits4 ,only "h does ! metaphysical explanation f ! w z ! ?+ 9 itself beg94 ,9 ! case ( e physical ph5om5on1 ( e *ange ( mat]ial ?+s1 its cause is prim>ily to be look$ =2 & ?is cause is j su* a p>ticul> *ange :i* has appe>$ imm$iately be=e x4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al =ce ( nature is to be s\ght by virtue ( :i* ?is cause 0 capable ( act+4 ,& fir/ ( all ! w is to be recognis$ z ! inn] nature ( ?is =ce 9 opposition to its manife/ation4 ,yet ! w %[s itself j z directly 9 ! fall ( a /one z 9 ! action ( ! man2 ! diff]5ce is only t its p>ticul> manife/ation is 9 ! "o case call$ =? by a motive1 9 ! o!r by a me*anically act+ cause1 = example1 ! tak+ away ( :at support$ ! /one2 yet 9 bo? cases ) equal necessity2 & t 9 ! "o case x dep5ds ^u an individual "*1 9 ! o!r ^u an univ]sal =ce ( nature4 ,?is id5tity ( :at is fundam5tally ess5tial is ev5 made palpable to ! s5ses4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we c>efully obs]ve a body :i* has lo/ its equilibrium1 & on acc\nt ( its special =m rolls back & =w>d = a long "t till x f9ds its c5tre ( gravity aga91 a c]ta9 appe>ance ( life =ces itself ^u u1 & we directly feel t some?+ analog\s to ! f\ndation ( life is also active "h4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! univ]sal =ce ( nature1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 itself id5tical ) ! w1 becomes "h1 z x 71 ! s\l ( a v brief quasi life4 ,?us :at is id5tical 9 ! two extremes ( ! manife/ation ( ! w makes itself fa9tly kn[n "h ev5 to direct p]ception1 9 t ?is raises a feel+ 9 u t "h also some?+ entirely orig9al1 su* z we only "k 9 ! acts ( our own w1 directly succe$$ 9 manife/+ itself4 ,we may atta9 to an intuitive k ( ! exi/5ce & activity ( ! w 9 unorganis$ nature 9 q a diff]5t & a sublime mann] if we /udy ! problem ( ! ?ree heav5ly bodies1 & ?us le>n m accurately & specially ! c\rse ( ! moon r\nd ! e>?4 ,by ! diff]5t comb9ations :i* ! con/ant *ange ( ! position ( ^! ?ree heav5ly bodies t[>ds ea* o!r introduces1 ! c\rse ( ! moon is n[ accel]at$2 n[ ret>d$1 n[ x approa*es ! e>?1 & aga9 rec$es f x2 & ?is aga9 takes place diff]5tly 9 ! p]ihelion ( ! e>? f 9 its aphelion1 all ( :i* toge!r introduces su* irregul>ity into ! moon's c\rse t x really obta9s a caprici\s appe>ance2 =1 inde$1 ,kepl]'s ?ird law is no long] con/antly valid1 b 9 equal times x describes unequal areas4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is c\rse is a small & sep>ate *apt] ( cele/ial me*anics1 :i* is di/+ui%$ 9 a sublime mann] f t]re/rial me*anics by ! abs5ce ( all impact & pressure1 ?us ( ! vis a t]go :i* appe>s to u s intelligible1 & inde$ ( ! actually complet$ case1 = besides vis in]ti x kn[s no o!r mov+ & direct+ =ce1 except only gravitation1 t long+ = union :i* proce$s f ! v inn] nature ( bodies4 ,if n[ we con/ruct = ourselves 9 imag9ation ! work+ ( ?is giv5 case 9 detail1 we recognise di/9ctly & directly 9 ! mov+ =ce "h t :i* is giv5 to u 9 selfconsci\sness z w4 ,= ! alt]ations 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>? & ! moon1 accord+ z "o ( !m is by its position m or less expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 are evid5tly analog\s to ! influ5ce ( newly appe>+ motives ^u our wills1 & to ! modifications ( our action :i* result4 ,! foll[+ is an illu/rative example ( ano!r k9d4 ,liebig 7,*emie 9 ,anw5dung auf ,agrikultur1 p4 #eja71 says3 8,if we br+ moi/ copp] into air :i* conta9s c>bonic acid1 ! aff9ity ( ! metal = ! oxyg5 ( ! air w be increas$ by ! contact ) ?is acid to su* a degree t ! two w comb9e ) ea* o!r2 its surface w be coat$ ) gre5 c>bonic oxide ( copp]4 ,b n[ two bodies :i* h ! capacity ( comb9+1 ! mom5t !y meet assume opposite electrical conditions4 ,!re=e if we t\* ! copp] ) iron1 by produc+ a special electrical /ate1 ! capacity ( ! copp] to ent] into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 is de/roy$2 ev5 "u ! above conditions x rema9s bright40 ,! fact is well kn[n & ( te*nical use4 ,i quote x 9 ord] to say t "h ! w ( ! copp]1 laid claim to & occupi$ by ! electrical opposition to iron1 leaves unus$ ! opportunity :i* pres5ts itself = its *emical aff9ity = oxyg5 & c>bonic acid4 ,accord+ly x conducts itself exactly z ! w 9 a man :o omits an action :i* he w\ld o!rwise feel himself mov$ to 9 ord] to p]=m ano!r to :i* a /rong] motive urges him4 ,i h %[n 9 ! fir/ volume t ! =ces ( nature lie outside ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 because !y con/itute _! accompany+ condition1 _! metaphysical f\ndation1 & !re=e prove !mselves to be et]nal & omnipres5t1 i4e41 indep5d5t ( "t & space4 ,ev5 9 ! unconte/$ tru? t :at is ess5tial to a cause z su* consi/s 9 ?is1 t x w produce ! same effect at any future "t z x does n[1 x is already involv$ t some?+ lies 9 ! cause :i* is indep5d5t ( ! c\rse ( "t1 i4e41 is outside ( all "t2 ?is is ! =ce ( nature :i* manife/s itself 9 x4 ,"o c ev5 conv9ce oneself to a c]ta9 ext5t empirically & z a matt] ( fact ( ! ideality ( ?is =m ( our p]ception by fix+ "o's eyes ^u ! p[]lessness ( "t z oppos$ to natural =ces4 ,if1 = example1 a rotatory motion is imp>t$ to a planet by "s ext]nal cause1 if no new cause ent]s to /op x1 ?is motion w endure = ev]4 ,?is c\ld n be s if "t 7 some?+ 9 itself & _h an objective1 real exi/5ce2 = !n x w\ld necess>ily also produce "s effect4 ,?us we see "h1 on ! "o h&1 ! =ces ( nature1 :i* manife/ !mselves 9 t rotation1 &1 if x is once begun1 c>ry x on = ev] )\t becom+ we>y or dy+ out1 prove !mselves to be et]nal or timeless1 & consequ5tly absolutely real & exi/+ 9 !mselves2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 "t z some?+ :i* consi/s only 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we appreh5d t ph5om5on1 s9ce x ex]ts no p[] & no influ5ce ^u ! ph5om5on itself2 = :at does n act is n4 ,we h a natural incl9ation :5ev] x is possible to expla9 e natural ph5om5on me*anically2 d\btless because me*anics calls 9 ! assi/ance ( ! fewe/ orig9al1 & h5ce inexplicable1 =ces1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s mu* t c be kn[n a priori1 & !re=e dep5ds ^u ! =ms ( our own intellect1 :i* z su* c>ries ) x ! highe/ degree ( compreh5sibility & cle>ness4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 ,kant has ref]r$ me*anical activity itself to a dynamical activity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! application ( me*anical explanatory hypo!ses1 beyond :at is demon/rably me*anical1 to :i*1 = example1 ,ac\/ics also belongs1 is entirely unju/ifi$1 & ,i w nev] believe t ev5 ! simple/ *emical comb9ation or ! diff]5ce ( ! ?ree /ates ( aggregation w ev] admit ( me*anical explanation1 mu* less ! prop]ties ( light1 ( heat1 & electricity4 ,^! w always admit only ( a dynamical explanation1 i4e41 "o :i* expla9s ! ph5om5on f orig9al =ces :i* are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( impact1 pressure1 weight1 c41 & are !re=e ( a high] k9d1 i4e41 are m di/9ct objectifications ( t w :i* obta9s visible =m 9 all ?+s4 ,i am ( op9ion t light is nei!r an emanation nor a vibration2 bo? views are ak9 to t :i* expla9s transp>5cy f pores & ! evid5t fals5ess ( :i* is prov$ by ! fact t light is subject to no me*anical laws4 ,9 ord] to obta9 direct conviction ( ?is "o only requires to wat* ! effects ( a /orm ( w9d1 :i* b5ds1 upsets1 & scatt]s ev]y?+1 b dur+ :i* a ray ( light %oot+ d[n f a break 9 ! cl\ds is entirely undi/urb$ & /eadi] ?an a rock1 s t ) great directness x imp>ts to u ! k t x belongs to ano!r ord] ( ?+s ?an ! me*anical3 x /&s !re unmov$ l a gho/4 ,^? con/ructions ( light f molecules & atoms :i* h orig9at$ ) ! ,fr5* are inde$ a revolt+ absurdity4 ,an article by ,ampre1 :o is o!rwise s acute1 ^u light & heat1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,april numb] ( ! 8,annales de *imie et physique10 ( #ahce1 may be consid]$ z a flagrant expression ( ?is1 & inde$ ( ! :ole ( atomism 9 g5]al4 ,!re ! solid1 ! fluid1 & ! ela/ic consi/ ( ! same atoms1 & all diff]5ces arise solely f _! aggregation2 nay1 x is said t space inde$ is inf9itely divisible1 b n matt]2 because1 if ! division has be5 c>ri$ z f> z ! atoms1 ! fur!r division mu/ fall 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! atoms6 ,light & heat1 !n1 are "h vibrations ( ! atoms2 & s\nd1 on ! o!r h&1 is a vibration ( ! molecules compos$ ( ! atoms4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ^! atoms are a fix$ idea ( ! ,fr5* savants1 & !re=e !y j speak ( !m z if !y _h se5 !m4 ,o!rwise "o w\ld necess>ily m>vel t su* a matt](fact nation z ! ,fr5* c hold s firmly to a completely transc5d5t hypo!sis1 :i* is q beyond ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 & confid5tly build ^u x up to ! sky4 ,?is is j a consequ5ce ( ! backw>d /ate ( ! metaphysics !y %un s mu*1 :i* is poorly repres5t$ by ,m4 ,c\s91 :o1 ) all good w1 is %all[ & v scantily end[$ ) judgm5t4 ,at bottom !y are /ill ,lockeians1 ow+ to ! e>li] influ5ce ( ,condillac4 ,!re=e = !m ! ?+ 9 itself is really matt]1 f ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( :i*1 su* z imp5etrability1 =m1 h>dness1 & ! o!r prim>y qualities1 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w mu/ be ultimately explicable4 ,!y w n let !mselves be talk$ out ( ?is1 & _! tacit assumption is t matt] c only be mov$ by me*anical =ces4 ,9 ,g]many ,kant's tea*+ has prev5t$ ! cont9uance ( ! absurdities ( ! atomi/ic & purely me*anical physics = any l5g? ( "t2 al?\gh at ! pres5t mom5t ^! views prevail "h also1 :i* is a consequ5ce ( ! %all[ness1 crud5ess1 & folly introduc$ by ,hegel4 ,h[ev]1 x _c be d5i$ t n only ! evid5tly por\s nature ( natural bodies1 b also two special doctr9es ( mod]n physics1 app>5tly r5d] assi/ance to ! atomic nuisance4 ,^! are1 ,hauz's ,cry/allography1 :i* traces e cry/al back to its k]nel =m1 :i* is an ultimate =m1 ?\gh only relatively indivisible2 & ,b]zelius's doctr9e ( *emical atoms1 :i* are yet m]e expressions = comb9+ proportions1 ?us only ari?metical quantities1 & at bottom no?+ m ?an c\nt]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,kant's !sis 9 ! second ant9omy 9 def5ce ( atoms1 :i* is c]ta9ly only set up = dialectical purposes1 is a m]e sophism1 z ,i h prov$ 9 my criticism ( 8 philosophy1 & our und]/&+ itself by no means leads u necess>ily to ! assumption ( atoms4 ,= j z little z ,i am oblig$ to ?9k t ! sl[ b con/ant & uni=m motion ( a body be=e my eyes is compos$ ( innum]able motions :i* are absolutely quick1 b brok5 & int]rupt$ by j z _m absolutely %ort mom5ts ( re/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 "k v well t ! /one t has be5 ?r[n flies m sl[ly ?an ! project$ bullet1 yet nev] pauses = an in/ant on ! way1 s little am ,i oblig$ to ?9k ( ! mass ( a body z consi/+ ( atoms & ! spaces betwe5 !m1 i4e41 ( absolute d5sity & absolute vacuity2 b ,i compreh5d ^? two ph5om5a )\t difficulty z con/ant cont9ua1 "o ( :i* uni=mly fills "t & ! o!r space4 ,b j z ! "o motion may yet be quick] ?an ano!r1 i4e41 9 an equal "t c pass ?r\gh m space1 s also "o body may h a great] specific gravity ?an ano!r1 i4e41 9 equal space may conta9 m matt]3 9 bo? cases ! diff]5ce dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! act+ =ce2 = ,kant 7foll[+ ,prie/ley7 has q correctly r$uc$ matt] to =ces4 ,b ev5 if ! analogy "h set up %\ld n be admitt$ z valid1 & x %\ld be insi/$ ^u t ! diff]5ce ( specific gravity c only h its gr\nd 9 porosity1 ev5 ?is assumption w\ld always lead1 n to atoms1 b only to a p]fectly d5se matt]1 unequally di/ribut$ among diff]5t bodies2 a matt] :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be no long] compressible1 :5 no pores ran ?r\gh x1 b yet1 l ! space :i* x fills1 w\ld always rema9 inf9itely divisible4 ,= ! fact t x w\ld h no pores by no means involves t no possible =ce c\ld d away ) ! cont9uity ( its spatial p>ts4 ,= to say t ev]y:]e ?is is only possible by ext5d+ ! already exi/+ int]vals is a purely arbitr>y ass]tion4 ,! assumption ( atoms re/s ^u ! two ph5om5a :i* h be5 t\*$ ^u1 ! diff]5ce ( ! specific gravity ( bodies & t ( _! compressibility1 = bo? are conv5i5tly expla9$ by ! assumption ( atoms4 ,b !n bo? mu/ also always be pres5t 9 l measure1 :i* is by no means ! case4 ,=1 = example1 wat] has a f> l[] specific gravity ?an all metals prop]ly s call$4 ,x mu/ ?us h few] atoms & great] int]/ices betwe5 !m1 & consequ5tly be v compressible3 b x is almo/ entirely incompressible4 ,! def5ce ( atoms might be conduct$ 9 ?is way4 ,"o may />t f porosity & say some?+ ( ?is sort3 ,all bodies h pores1 & !re=e s also h all p>ts ( a body3 n[ if ?is 7 c>ri$ out to inf9ity1 !re w\ld ultimately be no?+ left ( a body b pores4 ,! refutation w\ld be t :at rema9$ ov] w\ld c]ta9ly h to be assum$ z )\t pores1 & s f> z absolutely d5se1 yet n on t acc\nt z consi/+ ( absolutely indivisible p>ticles1 atoms2 accord+ly x w\ld c]ta9ly be absolutely incompressible1 b n absolutely indivisible4 ,x w\ld !re=e be necess>y t x %\ld be ass]t$ t ! division ( a body is only possible by p5etrat+ into its pores2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is entirely unprov$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is assum$1 !n we c]ta9ly h atoms1 i4e41 absolutely indivisible bodies1 ?us bodies ( su* /rong cohesion ( _! spatial p>ts t no possible p[] c sep>ate !m3 b !n "o may j z well assume su* bodies to be l>ge z small1 & an atom might be z big z an ox1 if x only w\ld resi/ all possible attacks ^u x4 ,imag9e two bodies ( v diff]5t k9ds1 entirely fre$ f all pores by compression1 z by means ( hamm]+1 or by pulv]isation2--w\ld _! specific gravity !n be ! same8 ,?is w\ld be ! crit]ion ( dynamics4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,on ,matt]4 ,matt] has already be5 spok5 ( 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! supplem5ts to ! fir/ book1 :5 we 7 consid]+ ! "p ( our k ( :i* we are consci\s a priori4 ,b x c\ld only be consid]$ !re f a "osid$ po9t ( view1 because we 7 !n conc]n$ m]ely ) its relation to ! =ms ( our intellect1 & n to ! ?+ 9 itself1 & !re=e we inve/igat$ x only f ! subjective side1 i4e41 s f> z x is an idea1 & n f ! objective side1 i4e41 ) reg>d to :at x may be 9 itself4 ,9 ! fir/ respect1 our conclusion 0 t x is objective activity 9 g5]al1 yet conceiv$ )\t full] det]m9ation2 !re=e x takes ! place ( causality 9 ! table ( our a priori k :i* is giv5 !re4 ,= :at is mat]ial is t :i* acts 7! actual7 9 g5]al1 & reg>d$ ap>t f ! specific nature ( its action4 ,h5ce also matt]1 m]ely z su*1 is n an object ( p]ception1 b only ( ?\ght1 & ?us is really an ab/raction4 ,x only comes into p]ception 9 connection ) =m & quality1 z a body1 i4e41 z a fully det]m9$ k9d ( activity4 ,x is only by ab/ract+ f ?is full] det]m9ation t we ?9k ( matt] z su*1 i4e41 sep>at$ f =m & quality2 consequ5tly "u matt] we ?9k ( act+ absolutely & 9 g5]al1 ?us ( activity 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! m fully det]m9$ act+ we !n conceive z ! accid5t ( matt]2 b only by means ( ?is does matt] become p]ceptible1 i4e41 pres5t itself z a body & an object ( exp]i5ce4 ,pure matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! ,criticism ( ! ,kantian ,philosophy1 alone con/itutes ! true & admissible cont5t ( ! conception ( sub/ance1 is causality itself1 ?\ght objectively1 consequ5tly z 9 space1 & !re=e fill+ x4 ,accord+ly ! :ole be+ ( matt] consi/s 9 act+4 ,only ?us does x occupy space & la/ 9 "t4 ,x is ?r\gh & ?r\gh pure causality4 ,!re=e :]ev] !re is action !re is matt]1 & ! mat]ial is ! active 9 g5]al4 ,b causality itself is ! =m ( our und]/&+2 = x is kn[n to u a priori1 z well z "t & space4 ,?us matt] also1 s f> & up to ?is po9t1 belongs to ! =mal "p ( our k1 & is consequ5tly t =m ( ! und]/&+1 causality itself1 b\nd up ) space & "t1 h5ce objectifi$1 i4e41 conceiv$ z t :i* fills space4 7,! full] explanation ( ?is doctr9e w be f\nd 9 ! second edition ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 p4 #gg2 ?ird edition1 p4 #hb47 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 matt] is prop]ly n ! object b ! condition ( exp]i5ce2 l ! pure und]/&+ itself1 ^: function x s f> is4 ,!re=e ( pure matt] !re is also only a conception1 no p]ception4 ,x ent]s into all ext]nal exp]i5ce z a necess>y con/itu5t "p ( x2 yet x _c be giv5 9 any exp]i5ce1 b is only ?\ght1 & ?\ght inde$ z t :i* is absolutely in]t1 inactive1 =mless1 & )\t qualities1 & :i* is yet ! support] ( all =ms1 qualities1 & effects4 ,accord+ly1 ( all fleet+ ph5om5a1 ?us ( all manife/ations ( natural =ces & all liv+ be+s1 matt] is ! p]man5t sub/ratum :i* is necess>ily produc$ by ! =ms ( our intellect 9 :i* ! _w z idea exhibits itself4 ,z su*1 & z hav+ sprung f ! =ms ( ! intellect1 x is entirely indiff]5t to ^? ph5om5a !mselves1 i4e41 x is j z ready to be ! support] ( ?is =ce ( nature z ( t1 :5ev]1 "u ! guidance ( causality1 ! necess>y conditions appe>2 :ile x itself1 j because its exi/5ce is really only =mal1 i4e41 is f\nd$ 9 ! intellect mu/ be ?\ght z t :i* "u all t *ange is absolutely p]man5t1 ?us ) reg>d to "t is )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,?is is :y we _c give up ! ?\ght t any?+ may be made out ( any?+1 = example1 gold out ( lead2 = ?is w\ld only require t we %\ld f9d out & br+ ab\t ! int]m$iate /ates :i* matt]1 9 itself indiff]5t1 w\ld h to pass ?r\gh ^u t pa?4 ,= a priori we c nev] see :y ! same matt] :i* is n[ ! support] ( ! quality lead c\ld n "s "t become ! support] ( ! quality gold4 ,matt]1 z t :i* is only ?\ght a priori1 is di/+ui%$ f ! a priori intuitions or p]ceptions prop] by ! fact t we c also ?9k x entirely away2 space & "t1 on ! contr>y1 nev]4 ,b ?is only %[s t we c pres5t to ourselves space & "t 9 imag9ation )\t matt]4 ,= ! matt] :i* has once be5 plac$ 9 !m1 & accord+ly ?\ght z exi/+1 we c nev] aga9 absolutely ?9k away1 i4e41 imag9e x z vani%$ & annihilat$1 b are always =c$ to ?9k ( x m]ely z transf]r$ to ano!r space4 ,s f>1 !n1 matt] is z insep>ably connect$ ) our faculty ( k z space & "t !mselves4 ,yet ev5 ! diff]5ce t x mu/ fir/ be volunt>ily ?\ght z exi/+ indicates t x does n belong s entirely & 9 e reg>d to ! =mal "p ( our k z space & "t1 b also conta9s an elem5t :i* is only giv5 a po/]iori4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! po9t ( connection ( ! empirical "p ( our k ) ! pure & a priori "p1 consequ5tly ! peculi> f\ndation/one ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,only :]e all a priori ass]tions cease1 !re=e 9 ! entirely empirical "p ( our k ( bodies1 9 _! =m1 quality1 & def9ite mann] ( act+1 does t w reveal itself :i* we h already recognis$ & e/abli%$ z ! true inn] nature ( ?+s4 ,b ^! =ms & qualities always appe> only z ! prop]ties & manife/ations ( t v matt] ! exi/5ce & nature ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! subjective =ms ( our intellect1 i4e41 !y only become visible 9 x1 & !re=e by means ( x4 ,= t :i* always exhibits itself to u is only matt] act+ 9 "s specially det]m9$ mann]4 ,out ( ! inn] prop]ties ( su* matt]1 prop]ties :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 proce$s e def9ite k9d ( effect ( giv5 bodies2 & yet ! matt] itself is nev] p]ceiv$1 b only ^! effects1 & ! def9ite prop]ties :i* lie at _! f\ndation1 aft] sep>at+ :i*1 matt]1 z t :i* !n rema9s ov]1 is necess>ily add$ 9 ?\ght by u2 =1 accord+ to ! exposition giv5 above1 x is objectifi$ causality itself4 ,accord+ly matt] is t :]eby ! w1 :i* con/itutes ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 becomes capable ( be+ appreh5d$1 p]ceptible1 visible4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 matt] is simply ! visibility ( ! w1 or ! bond betwe5 ! _w z w & ! _w z idea4 ,x belongs to ! latt] inasmu* z x is ! product ( ! functions ( ! intellect1 to ! =m] inasmu* z t :i* manife/s itself 9 all mat]ial exi/5ces1 i4e41 ph5om5a is ! w4 ,!re=e e object is1 z ?+ 9 itself1 w1 & z ph5om5on1 matt]4 ,if we c\ld /rip any giv5 matt] ( all ! prop]ties t come to x a priori1 i4e41 ( all ! =ms ( our p]ception & appreh5sion1 we w\ld h left ! ?+ 9 itself1 t :i*1 by means ( ^? =ms1 appe>s z ! purely empirical 9 matt]1 b :i* w\ld !n itself no long] appe> z some?+ ext5d$ & active2 i4e41 we w\ld no long] h matt] be=e u1 b ! w4 ,?is v ?+ 9 itself1 or ! w1 9 t x becomes a ph5om5on1 i4e41 ent]s ! =ms ( our intellect1 appe>s z matt]1 i4e41 z ! invisible b necess>ily assum$ support] ( ! prop]ties :i* are only visible ?r\gh x4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 matt] is ! visibility ( ! w4 ,consequ5tly ,plot9us & ,giordano ,bruno 7 "r1 n only 9 _! s5se b also 9 ours1 :5 !y made ! p>adoxical ass]tion already ref]r$ to 9 *apt] #d3 ,matt] itself is n ext5d$1 consequ5tly x is incorporeal4 ,= space1 :i* is our =m ( p]ception1 imp>ts ext5sion to matt]1 & corporeal exi/5ce consi/s 9 act+1 :i* dep5ds ^u causality1 & consequ5tly ^u ! =m ( our und]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e def9ite prop]ty1 ?us ev]y?+ empirical 9 matt]1 ev5 gravity1 dep5ds ^u t :i* only becomes visible by means ( matt]1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! w4 ,gravity is yet ! l[e/ ( all grades ( ! objectification ( ! w2 !re=e x appe>s 9 all matt] )\t exception1 ?us is insep>able f matt] 9 g5]al4 ,yet1 j because x is a manife/ation ( ! w1 x belongs to k a po/]iori1 n to k a priori4 ,!re=e we c always picture to ourselves matt] )\t weight1 b n )\t ext5sion1 repulsive =ce1 & /ability1 = !n x w\ld be )\t imp5etrability1 & consequ5tly w\ld n occupy space1 i4e41 x w\ld be )\t ! p[] ( act+2 b ! nature ( matt] z su* j consi/s 9 act+1 i4e41 9 causality 9 g5]al2 & causality dep5ds ^u ! a priori =m ( our und]/&+1 & !re=e _c be ?\ght away4 ,matt] is accord+ly ! w itself1 b no long] 9 itself1 b s f> z x is p]ceiv$1 i4e41 assumes ! =m ( ! objective idea4 ,?us :at objectively is matt] is subjectively w4 ,exactly correspond+ to ?is1 z 0 prov$ above1 our body is j ! visibility1 objectivity ( our w1 & s also e body is ! objectivity ( ! w at "s "o ( its grades4 ,:5ev] ! w exhibits itself to objective k x ent]s into ! =ms ( p]ception ( ! intellect1 "t1 space1 & causality4 ,b on acc\nt ( ?is x exi/s at once z a mat]ial object4 ,we c pres5t to our m9ds =m )\t matt]1 b n ! rev]se2 because matt] depriv$ ( =m w\ld be ! w itself1 & ! w only becomes objective by ent]+ ! =ms ( p]ception ( our intellect1 & !re=e only by means ( ! assumption ( =m4 ,space is ! =m ( p]ception ( matt] because ! latt] is ! sub/ance 7,/(f7 ( m]e =m1 b matt] c appe> only 9 =m4 ,s9ce ! w becomes objective1 i4e41 passes ov] into ! idea1 matt] is ! univ]sal sub/ratum ( ?is objectification1 or r x is ?is objectification itself tak5 ab/ractly1 i4e41 reg>d$ ap>t f all =m4 ,matt] is accord+ly ! visibility ( ! w 9 g5]al1 :ile ! "* ( its def9ite manife/ations has its expression 9 =m & quality4 ,h5ce :at 9 ! manife/ation1 i4e41 = ! idea1 is matt] is 9 itself w4 ,!re=e1 "u ! conditions ( exp]i5ce & p]ception1 ev]y?+ holds good ( x t holds good ( ! w 9 itself1 & x repeats all ! relations & prop]ties ( ! w 9 temporal images4 ,accord+ly x is ! sub/ance ( ! _w ( p]ception1 z ! w is ! inn] nature ( all ?+s4 ,! =ms are innum]able1 ! matt] is "o2 j z ! w is "o 9 all its objectifications4 ,z ! w nev] objectifies itself z g5]al1 i4e41 z absolute w1 b always z p>ticul>1 i4e41 "u special det]m9ations & a giv5 "*1 s matt] nev] appe>s z su*1 b always 9 connection ) "s p>ticul> =m & quality4 ,9 ! manife/ation or objectification ( ! w matt] repres5ts its totality1 x itself1 :i* 9 all is "o1 z matt] is "o 9 all bodies4 ,z ! w is ! inmo/ k]nel ( all ph5om5al be+s1 s matt] is ! sub/ance :i* rema9s aft] all ! accid5ts h be5 tak5 away4 ,z ! w is t :i* is absolutely inde/ructible 9 all exi/5ce1 s matt] is t :i* is imp]i%able 9 "t & p]man5t ?r\gh all *anges4 ,t matt] = itself1 ?us sep>at$ f =m1 _c be p]ceiv$ or pres5t$ 9 imag9ation dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 itself1 & z ! pure sub/antiality ( bodies1 x is really ! w itself4 ,b ! w _c be appreh5d$ objectively1 or p]ceiv$ 9 itself1 b only "u all ! conditions ( ! idea1 & !re=e only z ph5om5on4 ,"u ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 x exhibits itself at once z body1 i4e41 z matt] clo!d 9 =m & quality4 ,b =m is condition$ by space1 & quality or p[] ( act+ by causality2 ?us bo? dep5d ^u ! functions ( ! intellect4 ,matt] )\t !m w\ld j be ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4e41 ! w itself4 ,!re=e1 z has be5 said1 ,plot9us & ,giordano ,bruno c\ld only be br\ght by a completely objective pa? to ! ass]tion t matt] 9 & = itself is )\t ext5sion1 consequ5tly )\t spatial prop]ties1 consequ5tly incorporeal4 ,because1 !n1 matt] is ! visibility ( ! w1 & e =ce 9 itself is w1 no =ce c appe> )\t a mat]ial sub/ratum1 & conv]sely no body c be )\t =ces dwell+ 9 x :i* con/itute its quality4 ,!re=e a body is ! union ( matt] & =m :i* is call$ sub/ance 7,/(f74 ,=ce & sub/ance are insep>able because at bottom !y are "o2 =1 z ,kant has %[n1 matt] itself is giv5 u only z ! union ( two =ces1 ! =ce ( expansion & t ( attraction4 ,?us !re is no opposition betwe5 =ce & sub/ance1 r !y are precisely "o4 ,l$ by ! c\rse ( our consid]ation to ?is /&po9t1 & hav+ atta9$ to ?is metaphysical view ( matt]1 we w confess )\t reluctance t ! temporal orig9 ( =ms1 %apes1 or species _c reasonably be s\ght else:]e ?an 9 matt]4 ,"s "t or o!r !y mu/ h come =? f x1 j because x is ! m]e visibility ( ! w :i* con/itutes ! inn] nature ( all ph5om5a4 ,9 t ! w manife/s itself1 i4e41 pres5ts itself objectively to ! intellect1 matt]1 z its visibility1 assumes =m by means ( ! functions ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce ! ,s*oolm5 said3 8,mat]ia appetit =mam40 ,t su* 0 ! orig9 ( all =ms ( life _c be d\bt$3 we _c ev5 conceive x o!rwise4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 n[1 s9ce ! pa?s to ! p]petuation ( ! =ms /& op51 & are secur$ & su/a9$ by nature ) b\ndless c>e & jeal\sy1 g5]atio quivoca /ill takes place1 c only be decid$ by exp]i5ce2 especially s9ce ! say+1 ,natura nihil facit fru/ra1 might1 ) ref]5ce to ! pa?s ( regul> propagation1 be us$ z a valid argum5t aga9/ x4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! mo/ rec5t objections to x1 ,i hold t at v l[ grades g5]atio quivoca is v probable1 & prim>ily inde$ 9 ! case ( entozoa & epizoa1 p>ticul>ly su* z appe> 9 consequ5ce ( special ca*exia ( ! animal organism4 ,= ! conditions ( _! life only appe> exceptionally2 consequ5tly _! species _c propagate itself 9 ! regul> mann]1 & !re=e has always to arise anew :5ev] opportunity (f]s4 ,!re=e z soon z ! conditions ( life ( epizoa h appe>$ 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 *ronic diseases1 or ca*exia1 & 9 accordance ) !m1 p$iculus capitis or pubis or corporis appe>s entirely ( itself1 & )\t any egg2 & ?is not)/&+ ! complex /ructure ( ^! insects1 = ! putrefaction ( a liv+ animal body af=ds mat]ial = high] productions ?an t ( hay 9 wat]1 :i* only produces infusoria4 ,or is x ?\ght m likely t ! eggs ( ! epizoa are con/antly float+ ab\t 9 ! air 9 expectation8 7,fe>ful to ?9k (67 ,let u r rememb] ! disease ( ph?iriasis1 :i* occurs ev5 n[4 ,an analog\s case takes place :5 ?r\gh special circum/ances ! conditions ( life appe> ( a species :i* up till !n 0 =eign to t place4 ,?us ,augu/ ,/4 ,hilaire saw 9 ,brazil1 aft] ! burn+ ( a primitive =e/1 z soon z ev] ! a%es _h cool$1 a numb] ( plants gr[ up out ( !m1 ! species ( :i* 0 n to be f\nd f> & wide2 & q rec5tly ,admiral ,petit,?\>s in=m$ ! ,acadmie des sci5ces t ^u ! gr[+ coral isl&s 9 ,polynesia a soil gradually deposits itself :i* is n[ dry1 n[ lies 9 wat]1 & :i* vegetation soon takes possession (1 br++ =? trees :i* are absolutely peculi> to ^! isl&s 7,comptes r5dus1 #ag? ,jan4 #ahei1 p4 #adg74 ,:5ev] putrefaction takes place m\ld1 fungi1 & 9 liquids infusoria appe>4 ,! assumption n[ 9 fav\r t spores & eggs ( ! innum]able species ( all ^? k9ds ( animal life are ev]y:]e float+ 9 ! air1 & wait ?r\gh long ye>s = a fav\rable opportunity1 is m p>adoxical ?an t ( g5]atio quivoca4 ,putrefaction is ! decomposition ( an organis$ body1 fir/ into its m imm$iate *emical con/itu5ts4 ,s9ce n[ ^! are m or less ! same 9 all liv+ be+s1 ! omnipres5t w to live c possess itself ( !m1 9 ord]1 9 accordance ) ! circum/ances1 to produce new exi/5ces f !m2 & ^! =m+ !mselves accord+ to design1 i4e41 objectify+ ! volition ( ! w at ! "t1 solidify out ( ! *emical elem5ts z ! *ick5 out ( ! fluidity ( ! egg4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is does n take place1 ! putrefy+ matt] is resolv$ into its ultimate con/itu5t p>ts1 :i* are ! *emical elem5ts1 & n[ passes ov] aga9 into ! great c\rse ( nature4 ,! w> :i* has be5 wag$ = ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s aga9/ g5]atio quivoca1 ) its premature %\ts ( victory1 0 ! prelude to ! d5ial ( ! vital =ce1 & relat$ to x4 ,let no "o1 h[ev]1 be deceiv$ by dogmatic ass]tions & braz5 assurances t ! que/ions are decid$1 settl$1 & g5]ally recognis$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! :ole me*anical & atomi/ic view ( nature is approa*+ its bankruptcy1 & its def5d]s h to le>n t some?+ m is conceal$ beh9d nature ?an action & reaction4 ,! reality ( g5]atio quivoca & ! folly ( ! extraord9>y assumption t 9 ! atmosph]e1 ev]y:]e & always1 billions ( se$s ( all possible k9ds ( fungi1 & eggs ( all possible k9ds ( infusoria1 are float+ ab\t1 till n[ "o & !n ano!r by *ance f9ds its suitable m$ium1 has q rec5tly 7#ahei7 be5 ?or\ghly & victori\sly %[n by ,p\*et be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy1 to ! great vexation ( ! o!r memb]s4 ,our wond] at ! orig9 ( =ms 9 matt] is at bottom l t ( ! savage :o looks = ! fir/ "t 9 a mirror & m>vels at 8 own image :i* he sees !re4 ,= our own inn] nature is ! w1 ^: m]e visibility is matt]4 ,yet matt] nev] appe>s o!rwise ?an ) ! visible1 i4e41 "u ! out] %ell ( =m & quality1 & !re=e is nev] directly appreh5d$1 b always m]ely add$ 9 ?\ght z t :i* is id5tical 9 all ?+s1 "u all diff]5ces ( quality & =m4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is m a metaphysical ?an a physical pr9ciple ( explanation ( ?+s1 & to make all exi/5ces arise f x is really to expla9 !m f some?+ :i* is v my/]i\s2 :i* all "k x to be except ^? :o conf\nd attack+ ) compreh5d+4 ,9 tru?1 ! ultimate & exhau/ive explanation ( ?+s is by no means to be s\ght 9 matt]1 al?\gh c]ta9ly ! temporal orig9 bo? ( unorganis$ =ms & ( organis$ be+s is to be s\ght 9 x4 ,yet x seems t ! orig9ation ( organis$ =ms1 ! production ( ! species !mselves1 is almo/ z difficult = nature to accompli% z x is = u to compreh5d4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! entirely extravagant provision :i* nature always makes = ma9ta9+ ! species :i* once exi/4 ,yet on ! pres5t surface ( ?is planet ! w to live has gone ?r\gh ! scale ( its objectification ?ree times1 q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 9 a diff]5t modulation1 & also ) great diff]5ce ( p]fection & fulness4 ,! old _w1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia h1 x is well kn[n1 ea* _! peculi> indep5d5t fauna1 entirely diff]5t f t ( ! o!r two4 ,^u ea* ( ^! great cont95ts ! species are ?r\gh\t diff]5t1 b yet1 because all ?ree belong to ! same planet1 !y h a ?or\gh analogy ) ea* o!r runn+ p>allel ?r\gh !m2 !re=e ! g5]a are = ! mo/ "p ! same4 ,9 ,au/ralia ?is analogy c only be v imp]fectly foll[$ because its fauna is v poor 9 mammalia1 & conta9s nei!r bea/s ( prey nor apes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ! old _w & ,am]ica x is obvi\s1 & 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 mammals ,am]ica always produces ! inf]ior analogue1 b 9 birds & reptiles ! bett]4 ,?us x has ! advantage 9 ! condor1 ! macaw1 ! humm+bird1 & ! l>ge/ batra*ia & ophidia2 b1 = example1 in/ead ( ! elephant x has only ! tapir1 in/ead ( ! lion ! puma1 in/ead ( ! tig] ! jagu>1 in/ead ( ! camel ! lama1 & in/ead ( apes prop] only monkeys4 ,ev5 f ?is la/ defect x may be conclud$ t 9 ,am]ica nature 0 n able to rise to man2 = ev5 f ! ne>e/ grade bel[ man1 ! *impanzee & ! orang outang or pongo1 ! /ep to man 0 /ill an excessively great "o4 ,correspond+ly we f9d t ! ?ree races ( m5 :i*1 bo? ^u physiological & l+ui/ic gr\nds1 are und\bt$ly equally orig9al1 ! ,caucasian1 ! ,mongolian1 & ! ,e?iopian1 are only at home 9 ! old _w2 :ile ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 is peopl$ by a mix$ or climatically modifi$ ,mongolian race1 :i* mu/ h come ov] f ,asia4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! pres5t surface apes 7 rea*$ "h & !re1 b n m54 ,f ?is /&po9t ( our consid]ation1 :i* %[s u matt] z ! direct visibility ( ! w :i* manife/s itself 9 all ?+s1 nay1 inde$1 = ! m]ely physical inve/igation :i* foll[s ! guidance ( "t & causality1 lets x pass z ! orig9 ( ?+s1 we are easily l$ to ! "q :e!r ev5 9 philosophy we c\ld n j z well />t f ! objective z f ! subjective side1 & accord+ly set up z ! fundam5tal tru? ! proposition3 8,!re is 9 g5]al no?+ b matt] & its indwell+ =ces40 ,b1 ) reg>d to ^! 8indwell+ =ces0 "h s easily us$1 we mu/ rememb] t _! assumption leads e explanation back to a completely incompreh5sible miracle1 & !n leaves x beside x1 or r leaves x to beg9 f x4 ,= e def9ite1 inexplicable =ce ( nature :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( effects ( an unorganis$ body1 n less ?an ! vital =ce :i* manife/s itself 9 e organis$ body1 is su* an incompreh5sible miracle1 z ,i h fully expla9$ 9 *ap4 #ag1 & h also %[n t physics c nev] be set ^u ! ?rone ( metaphysics1 j because x leaves q unt\*$ ! assumption ref]r$ to & also _m o!rs2 :]eby f ! beg9n+ x r5\nces all claim to give an ultimate explanation ( ?+s4 ,i mu/ fur!r rem9d ! read] "h ( ! pro( ( ! insuffici5cy ( mat]ialism1 :i* is giv5 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ *apt]1 because1 z 0 said !re1 x is ! philosophy ( ! subject :i* =gets itself 9 its calculation4 ,b all ^! tru?s re/ ^u ! fact t ev]y?+ objective1 ev]y?+ ext]nal1 s9ce x is always only some?+ appreh5d$1 some?+ kn[n1 rema9s also always indirect & second>y1 !re=e absolutely nev] c become ! ultimate gr\nd ( explanation ( ?+s or ! />t+po9t ( philosophy4 ,philosophy necess>ily requires :at is absolutely imm$iate = its />t+po9t4 ,b cle>ly only t :i* is giv5 9 selfconsci\sness fulfils ?is condition1 t :i* is )91 ! subjective4 ,& h5ce x is s em95t a m]it ( ,desc>tes t he fir/ made philosophy />t f selfconsci\sness4 ,s9ce !n1 ^u ?is pa?1 ! g5u9e philosoph]s1 especially ,locke1 ,b]keley1 & ,kant1 h gone ev5 fur!r1 ea* 9 8 own mann]1 & 9 consequ5ce ( _! inve/igations ,i 0 l$ to recognise & make use1 n ( "o1 b ( two completely diff]5t data ( imm$iate k 9 selfconsci\sness1 ! idea & ! w1 by ! comb9$ application ( :i* "o c g fur!r 9 philosophy1 9 ! same proportion z 9 ! case ( an algebraical problem "o c accompli% m if two kn[n quantities are giv5 ?an if only "o is giv54 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 ! in]adicable fals5ess ( mat]ialism prim>ily consi/s 9 ! fact t x />ts f a petitio pr9cipii1 :i* :5 m closely consid]$ turns out inde$ to be a 4 ,x />ts f ! assumption t matt] is some?+ absolutely & unconditionally giv51 some?+ exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! k ( ! subject1 ?us really a ?+ 9 itself4 ,x attributes to matt] 7& consequ5tly also to its presuppositions "t & space7 an absolute exi/5ce1 i4e41 an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! p]ceiv+ subject2 ?is is its fundam5tal error4 ,!n1 if x w g hone/ly to "w1 x mu/ leave ! qualities inh]5t 9 ! giv5 mat]ials1 i4e41 9 ! sub/ances1 toge!r ) ! natural =ces :i* manife/ !mselves 9 ^!1 & f9ally also ! vital =ce1 unexpla9$1 z unfa?omable qualitates occult1 & />t f !m2 z physics & physiology actually d1 because !y make no claim to be ! ultimate explanation ( ?+s4 ,b j to avoid ?is1 mat]ialism--at lea/ z x has hi!rto appe>$--has n proce$$ hone/ly4 ,x d5ies all ^? orig9al =ces1 = x pret5ds & seems to r$uce !m all1 & ultimately also ! vital =ce1 to ! m]e me*anical activity ( matt]1 ?us to manife/ations ( imp5etrability1 =m1 cohesion1 impulsive p[]1 in]tia1 gravity1 c41 qualities :i* c]ta9ly h lea/ t is inexplicable 9 !mselves1 j because !y p>tly dep5d ^u :at is kn[n a priori1 consequ5tly on ! =ms ( our own intellect1 :i* are ! pr9ciple ( all compreh5sibility4 ,b ! intellect z ! condition ( all objects1 & consequ5tly ( ! :ole ph5om5al _w1 is entirely ignor$ by mat]ialism4 ,its plan is n[ to ref] ev]y?+ qualitative to some?+ m]ely quantitative1 = x attributes ! =m] to m]e =m 9 opposition to matt] prop]4 ,to matt] x leaves1 ( ! prop]ly empirical qualities1 only gravity1 because x already appe>s z some?+ quantitative1 ! only measure ( ! quantity ( ! matt]4 ,?is pa? necess>ily leads x to ! fiction ( atoms1 :i* n[ become ! mat]ial out ( :i* x ?9ks to con/ruct ! my/]i\s manife/ations ( all orig9al =ces4 ,b "h x has really no long] to d ) empirically giv5 matt]1 b ) a matt] :i* is n to be f\nd 9 r]um natura1 b is r a m]e ab/raction ( t real matt]1 a matt] :i* w\ld absolutely h no o!r ?an ^? me*anical qualities :i*1 ) ! exception ( gravity1 c be pretty well con/ru$ a priori1 j because !y dep5d ^u ! =ms ( space1 "t1 & causality1 & consequ5tly ^u our intellect2 to ?is poor mat]ial1 !n1 x f9ds itself r$uc$ = ! con/ruction ( its ca/le 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is way x inevitably becomes atomism2 z happ5$ to x already 9 its *ildhood 9 ! h&s ( ,leucippus & ,democritus1 & happ5s to x aga9 n[ t x has come to a second *ildhood ?r\gh age2 ) ! ,fr5* because !y h nev] kn[n ! ,kantian philosophy1 & ) ! ,g]mans because !y h =gott5 x4 ,& inde$ x c>ries x fur!r 9 ?is its second *ildhood ?an 9 its fir/4 ,n m]ely solid bodies are suppos$ to consi/ ( atoms1 b liquids1 wat]1 air1 gas1 nay1 ev5 light1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! undulations ( a completely hypo!tical & altoge!r unprov$ e!r1 consi/+ ( atoms1 ! diff]5ce ( ! rapidity ( ^! undulations caus+ col\rs4 ,?is is an hypo!sis :i*1 l ! e>li] ,newtonian sev5col\r !ory1 />ts f an analogy ) music1 entirely arbitr>ily assum$1 & !n viol5tly c>ri$ out4 ,"o mu/ really be cr$ul\s to an unhe>d( degree to let oneself be p]suad$ t ! innum]able diff]5t e!r vibrations proce$+ f ! inf9ite multiplicity ( col\r$ surfaces 9 ?is v>i$ _w c\ld con/antly1 & ea* 9 its own "t1 run ?r\gh & ev]y:]e cross ea* o!r )\t ev] di/urb+ ea* o!r1 b %\ld r produce ?r\gh su* tumult & confusion ! pr(\ndly peaceful aspect ( illum9$ nature & art4 ,cr$at ,judu ,apella6 ,c]ta9ly ! nature ( light is to u a secret2 b x is bett] to confess ?is ?an to b> ! way ( future k by bad !ories4 ,t light is some?+ q diff]5t f a m]e me*anical movem5t1 undulation1 or vibration & tremor1 inde$ t x is mat]ial1 is %[n by its *emical effects1 a beautiful s]ies ( :i* 0 rec5tly laid be=e ! ,acadmie des sci5ces by ,*evreul1 :o let sunlight act ^u diff]5t col\r$ mat]ials4 ,! mo/ beautiful ?+ 9 ^! exp]im5ts is1 t a :ite roll ( pap] :i* has be5 expos$ to ! sunlight exhibits ! same effects1 nay1 does s ev5 aft] six mon?s1 if dur+ ?is "t x has be5 secur$ 9 a firmly clos$ metal tube4 ,has1 !n1 ! tremulation paus$ = six mon?s1 & does x n[ fall into "t aga98 7,comptes r5dus ( #bj? ,decemb] #aheh47 ,?is :ole hypo!sis ( vibrat+ e!r atoms is n only a *im]a1 b equals 9 awkw>d crud5ess ! wor/ ( ,democritus1 & yet is %ameless en\gh1 at ! pres5t day1 to pr(ess to be an e/abli%$ fact1 & has ?us br\ght x ab\t t x is or?odoxly repeat$ by a ?\s& /upid scribbl]s ( all k9ds1 :o are devoid ( all k ( su* ?+s1 & is believ$ 9 z a gospel4 ,b ! doctr9e ( atoms 9 g5]al goes /ill fur!r3 x is soon a case ( ,sp>tam1 quam nactus es1 orna6 ,diff]5t p]petual motions are !n ascrib$ to all ! atoms1 revolv+1 vibrat+1 c41 accord+ to ! (fice ( ea*2 9 ! same way e atom has its atmosph]e ( e!r1 or some?+ else1 & :atev] o!r simil> fancies !re may be4 ,! fancies ( ,s*ell+'s philosophy ( nature & its disciples 7 = ! mo/ "p +5i\s1 l(ty1 or at lea/ witty2 b ^!1 on ! contr>y1 are clumsy1 insipid1 paltry1 & awkw>d1 ! production ( m9ds :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 are unable to ?9k any o!r reality ?an a fabul\s1 qualityless matt]1 :i* is also an absolute object1 i4e41 an object )\t a subject2 & secondly c ?9k ( no o!r activity ?an motion & impact3 ^! two alone are compreh5sible to !m1 & t ev]y?+ runs back to ^! is _! a priori assumption2 = ^! are _! ?+ 9 itself4 ,to atta9 ?is end ! vital =ce is r$uc$ to *emical =ces 7:i* are insidi\sly & unju/ifiably call$ molecul> =ces71 & all processes ( unorganis$ nature to me*anism1 i4e41 to action & reaction4 ,& ?us at la/ ! :ole _w & ev]y?+ 9 x becomes m]ely a piece ( me*anical +5uity1 l ! toys work$ by lev]s1 :eels1 & s&1 :i* repres5t a m9e or ! "w on a f>m4 ,! s\rce ( ! evil is1 t ?r\gh ! am\nt ( h&"w :i* exp]im5t+ requires ! head"w ( ?9k+ has be5 all[$ to get out ( practice4 ,! crucible & ! voltaic pile are suppos$ to assume its functions2 h5ce also ! pr(\nd abhorr5ce ( all philosophy4 ,b ! matt] might be put 9 ?is way4 ,"o might say t mat]ialism1 z x has hi!rto appe>$1 has only fail$ because x did n adequately "k ! matt] out ( :i* x ?\ght to con/ruct ! _w1 & !re=e 0 deal+1 n ) matt] itself1 b ) a prop]tyless sub/itute = x4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 in/ead ( ?is1 x _h tak5 ! actual & empirically giv5 matt] 7i4e41 mat]ial sub/ance1 or r sub/ances71 end[$ z x is ) all physical1 *emical1 electrical prop]ties1 & also ) ! p[] ( spontane\sly produc+ life out ( itself1 ?us ! true mat] r]um1 f ! obscurity ( ^: womb all ph5om5a & =ms come =?1 to fall back into x "s "t aga92 f ?is1 i4e41 f matt] fully compreh5d$ & exhau/ively kn[n1 a _w might h be5 con/ruct$ ( :i* mat]ialism w\ld n ne$ to be a%am$4 ,q true3 only ! trick w\ld !n consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! ,qusita _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,data1 = pr(ess$ly :at 0 tak5 z giv51 & made ! />t+po9t ( ! d$uction1 0 m]e matt]1 b really x includ$ all ! my/]i\s =ces ( nature :i* cl+ to x1 or m correctly1 by means ( x become visible to u1 mu* ! same z if "u ! "n ( ! di% we und]/& :at lies ^u x4 ,= 9 fact1 = our k1 matt] is really m]ely ! vehicle ( ! qualities & natural =ces1 :i* appe> z its accid5ts1 & j because ,i h trac$ ^! back to ! w ,i call matt] ! m]e visibility ( ! w4 ,/ripp$ ( all ^! qualities1 matt] rema9s beh9d z t :i* is )\t qualities1 ! caput mortuum ( nature1 out ( :i* no?+ c hone/ly be made4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! mann] ref]r$ to1 "o leaves x all ^! prop]ties1 "o is guilty ( a conceal$ petitio pr9cipii1 = "o has assum$ ! ,qusita be=eh& z ,data4 ,b :at is accompli%$ ) ?is w no long] be a prop] mat]ialism1 b m]ely naturalism1 i4e41 an absolute sy/em ( physics1 :i*1 z 0 %[n 9 *ap4 #ag already ref]r$ to1 c nev] assume & fill ! place ( metaphysics1 j because x only beg9s aft] s _m assumptions1 ?us nev] und]takes to expla9 ?+s f ! f\ndation4 ,m]e naturalism is !re=e ess5tially bas$ simply ^u qualitates occult1 :i* "o c nev] get beyond except1 z ,i h done1 by call+ 9 ! aid ( ! subjective s\rce ( k1 :i* !n c]ta9ly leads to ! long & toilsome r\ndab\t pa? ( metaphysics1 = x presupposes ! complete analysis ( selfconsci\sness & ( ! intellect & w giv5 9 x4 ,h[ev]1 ! />t+ f :at is objective1 at ! f\ndation ( :i* lies ext]nal p]ception1 s di/9ct & compreh5sible1 is a pa? s natural & :i* pres5ts itself ( its own accord to man1 t naturalism1 & consequ5tly1 because ?is _c satisfy z x is n exhau/ive1 mat]ialism1 are sy/ems to :i* ! speculative reason mu/ necess>ily h come1 nay1 mu/ h come fir/ ( all4 ,!re=e at ! v beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy we meet naturalism1 9 ! sy/ems ( ! ,ionic philosoph]s1 & !n mat]ialism 9 ! tea*+ ( ,leucippus & ,democritus1 & also lat] we see !m ev] appe> anew f "t to "t4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,transc5d5t ,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ,! ,w ,z ,?+ ,9 ,itself4 ,ev5 ! m]ely empirical consid]ation ( nature recognises a con/ant transition f ! simple/ & mo/ necess>y manife/ation ( a univ]sal =ce ( nature up to ! life & consci\sness ( man himself1 ?r\gh g5tle gradations1 & ) only relative1 & = ! mo/ "p fluctuat+1 limits4 ,reflection1 foll[+ ?is view1 & p5etrat+ some:at m deeply into x1 w soon be l$ to ! conviction t 9 all ^! ph5om5a1 ! inn] nature1 t :i* manife/s itself1 t :i* appe>s1 is "o & ! same1 :i* comes =? ev] m di/9ctly2 & accord+ly t :at exhibits itself 9 a million =ms ( inf9ite div]sity1 & s c>ries on ! mo/ v>i$ & ! /range/ play )\t beg9n+ or end1 ?is is "o be+ :i* is s closely disguis$ beh9d all ^! masks t x does n ev5 recognise itself1 & !re=e (t5 treats itself r\ghly4 ,?us ! great doctr9e ( ! e>ly appe>$ bo? 9 ! ea/ & 9 ! we/1 &1 9 spite ( all contradiction1 has ass]t$ itself1 or at lea/ con/antly reviv$4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h n[ ent]$ ev5 deep] into ! secret1 s9ce by :at has already be5 said we h be5 l$ to ! insight t :5 9 any ph5om5on a kn[+ consci\sness is add$ to t inn] be+ :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( all ph5om5a1 a consci\sness :i* :5 direct$ inw>dly becomes selfconsci\sness1 !n t inn] be+ pres5ts itself to ?is selfconsci\sness z t :i* is s famili> & s my/]i\s1 & is d5ot$ by ! ^w w4 ,accord+ly we h call$ t univ]sal fundam5tal nature ( all ph5om5a ! w1 aft] t manife/ation 9 :i* x unveils itself to u mo/ fully2 & by ?is ^w no?+ is fur!r f our int5tion ?an to d5ote an unkn[n x2 b1 on ! contr>y1 we d5ote t :i* at lea/ on "o side is inf9itely bett] kn[n & m intimate ?an any?+ else4 ,let u n[ call to m9d a tru?1 ! fulle/ & mo/ ?or\gh pro( ( :i* w be f\nd 9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w--! tru? t on acc\nt ( ! absolutely univ]sal validity ( ! law ( causality1 ! conduct or ! action ( all exi/5ces 9 ?is _w is always /rictly necessitat$ by ! causes :i* 9 ea* case call x =?4 ,& 9 ?is respect x makes no diff]5ce :e!r su* an action has be5 occasion$ by causes 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 or by /imuli1 or f9ally by motives1 = ^! diff]5ces ref] only to ! grade ( ! susceptibility ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( exi/5ces4 ,on ?is po9t we mu/ ent]ta9 no illusion3 ! law ( causality kn[s no exception2 b ev]y?+1 f ! movem5t ( a mote 9 a sunbeam to ! mo/ deeply consid]$ action ( man1 is subject to x ) equal /rictness4 ,!re=e1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w1 nei!r c\ld a mote 9 a sunbeam describe any o!r l9e 9 its flight ?an x has describ$1 nor a man act any o!r way ?an he has act$2 & no tru? is m c]ta9 ?an ?is1 t all t happ5s1 be x small or great1 happ5s ) absolute necessity4 ,consequ5tly1 at e giv5 mom5t ( "t1 ! :ole condition ( all ?+s is firmly & accurately det]m9$ by ! condition :i* has j prec$$ x1 & s is x ) ! /ream ( "t back to inf9ity & on to inf9ity4 ,?us ! c\rse ( ! _w is l t ( a clock aft] x has be5 put toge!r & w\nd up2 ?us f ?is inconte/able po9t ( view x is a m]e ma*9e1 ! aim ( :i* we _c see4 ,ev5 if1 q )\t ju/ification1 nay1 at bottom1 9 spite ( all conceivability & its con=mity to law1 "o %\ld assume a fir/ beg9n+1 no?+ w\ld !reby be ess5tially *ang$4 ,= ! arbitr>ily assum$ fir/ condition ( ?+s w\ld at its orig9 h irrevocably det]m9$ & fix$1 bo? z a :ole & d[n to ! smalle/ detail1 ! /ate imm$iately foll[+ x2 ?is /ate1 aga91 w\ld h det]m9$ ! "o succe$+ x1 & s on p] secula seculorum1 = ! *a9 ( causality1 ) its absolute /rictness--?is braz5 bond ( necessity & fate--introduces e ph5om5on irrevocably & unalt]ably1 j z x is4 ,! diff]5ce m]ely am\nts to ?is1 t 9 ! case ( ! "o assumption we w\ld h be=e u a piece ( clockwork :i* _h once be5 w\nd up1 b 9 ! case ( ! o!r a p]petual motion2 ! necessity ( ! c\rse1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,9 ! prize essay already ref]r$ to ,i h irrefutably prov$ t ! action ( man c make no exception "h1 = ,i %[$ h[ x con/antly proce$s ) /rict necessity f two factors--8 "* & ! motives :i* come to him4 ,! "* is inborn & unalt]able2 ! motives are introduc$ ) necessity "u ! guidance ( causality by ! /rictly det]m9$ c\rse ( ! _w4 ,accord+ly !n1 f "o po9t ( view1 :i* we c]ta9ly _c ab&on1 because x is e/abli%$ by ! objective laws ( ! _w1 :i* are a priori valid1 ! _w1 ) all t is 9 x1 appe>s z an aimless1 & !re=e incompreh5sible1 play ( an et]nal necessity1 an inscrutable & inexorable 4 ,n[1 :at is objectionable1 nay1 revolt+1 9 ?is inevitable & irrefutable view ( ! _w _c be ?or\ghly done away ) by any assumption except ?is1 t z 9 "o aspect e be+ 9 ! _w is a ph5om5on1 & necess>ily det]m9$ by ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 9 ano!r aspect x is 9 itself w1 & inde$ absolutely free w1 = necessity only arises ?r\gh ! =ms :i* belong entirely to ! ph5om5on1 ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its diff]5t modes4 ,su* a w1 !n1 mu/ be selfdep5d5t1 =1 z free1 i4e41 z a ?+ 9 itself1 & !re=e n subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 x _c dep5d ^u ano!r 9 its be+ & nature any m ?an 9 its conduct & action4 ,by ?is assumption alone w z mu* fre$om be suppos$ z is ne$$ to c\nt]balance ! inevitable /rict necessity :i* gov]ns ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,accord+ly "o has really only ! *oice ei!r ( see+ t ! _w is a m]e ma*9e :i* runs on ( necessity1 or ( recognis+ a free w z its inn] be+ ^: manife/ation is n directly ! action b prim>ily ! exi/5ce & nature ( ?+s4 ,?is fre$om is !re=e transc5d5tal1 & consi/s ) empirical necessity1 9 ! same way z ! transc5d5tal ideality ( ph5om5a consi/s ) _! empirical reality4 ,t only "u ?is assumption ! action ( a man1 9 spite ( ! necessity ) :i* x proce$s f 8 "* & ! motives1 is yet 8 own ,i h %[n 9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w2 ) ?is1 h[ev]1 self dep5d5cy is attribut$ to 8 nature4 ,! same relation holds good ( all ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,! /ricte/ necessity1 c>ri$ out hone/ly ) rigid consi/5cy1 & ! mo/ p]fect fre$om1 ris+ to omnipot5ce1 _h to appe> at once & toge!r 9 philosophy2 b1 )\t do+ viol5ce to tru?1 ?is c\ld only take place by plac+ ! :ole necessity 9 ! act+ & do+ 7,op]>i71 & ! :ole fre$om 9 ! be+ & nature 7,esse74 ,!reby a riddle is solv$ :i* is z old z ! _w1 simply because x has hi!rto always be5 held upside d[n & ! fre$om p]si/5tly s\ght 9 ! ,op]>i1 ! necessity 9 ! ,esse4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 say3 ,e be+ )\t exception acts ) /rict necessity1 b x exi/s & is :at x is by virtue ( its fre$om4 ,?us ) me fre$om & necessity are to be met ) nei!r m nor less ?an 9 any e>li] sy/em2 al?\gh n[ "o & n[ ! o!r mu/ be conspicu\s accord+ z "o takes (f5ce t w is attribut$ to processes ( nature :i* hi!rto 7 expla9$ f necessity1 or t ! same /rict necessity is recognis$ 9 motivation z 9 me*anical causality4 ,! two h m]ely *ang$ places3 fre$om has be5 transf]r$ to ! ,esse1 & necessity limit$ to ! ,op]>i4 ,9 %ort1 ,det]m9ism /&s firm4 ,= fifte5 hundr$ ye>s m5 h we>i$ !mselves 9 va9 to %ake x1 influ5c$ by c]ta9 crot*ets1 :i* are well kn[n1 b d>e sc>cely yet be call$ by _! "n4 ,yet 9 accordance ) x ! _w becomes a m]e puppet%[1 drawn by wires 7motives71 )\t x be+ ev5 possible to und]/& = ^: amusem5t4 ,if ! piece has a plan1 !n fate is ! director2 if x has none1 !n bl9d necessity4 ,!re is no o!r deliv]ance f ?is absurdity ?an ! k t ! be+ & nature ( all ?+s is ! manife/ation ( a really free w1 :i* kn[s itself 9 !m2 = _! do+ & act+ _c be deliv]$ f necessity4 ,to save fre$om f fate & *ance1 x _h to be transf]r$ f ! action to ! exi/5ce4 ,z n[ necessity only affects ! ph5om5on1 n ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4e41 ! true nature ( ! _w1 s also does multiplicity4 ,?is is suffici5tly expla9$ 9 #be ( ! fir/ volume4 ,i h only to add "h "o rem>k 9 confirmation & illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,e "o kn[s only "o be+ q imm$iately--8 own w 9 self consci\sness4 ,ev]y?+ else he kn[s only indirectly1 & !n judges x by analogy ) ?is2 a process :i* he c>ries fur!r 9 proportion to ! grade ( 8 reflective p[]s4 ,ev5 ?is ultimately spr+s f ! fact t !re really is only "o be+2 ! illusion ( multiplicity 7,maja71 :i* proce$s f ! =ms ( ext]nal1 objective compreh5sion1 c\ld n p5etrate to inn]1 simple consci\sness2 !re=e ?is always f9ds be=e x only "o be+4 ,if we consid] ! p]fection ( ! works ( nature1 :i* c nev] be suffici5tly admir$1 & :i* ev5 9 ! l[e/ & smalle/ organisms1 = example1 9 ! f]tilis+ p>ts ( plants or 9 ! int]nal con/ruction ( insects1 is c>ri$ out ) z inf9ite c>e & unwe>i$ lab\r z if ea* "w ( nature _h be5 its only "o1 ^u :i* x 0 !re=e able to exp5d all its art & p[]2 if we yet f9d ?is repeat$ an inf9ite numb] ( times 9 ea* "o ( innum]able individuals ( e k9d1 & n less c>efully work$ out 9 t "o ^: dwell+place is ! mo/ lonely1 neglect$ spot1 to :i*1 till !n1 no eye _h p5etrat$2 if we n[ foll[ ! comb9ation ( ! p>ts ( e organism z f> z we c1 & yet nev] come ^u "o "p :i* is q simple1 & !re=e ultimate1 n to speak ( "o :i* is inorganic2 if1 f9ally1 we lose ourselves 9 calculat+ ! design ( all ^? p>ts ( ! organism = ! ma9t5ance ( ! :ole by virtue ( :i* e liv+ ?+ is complete 9 & = itself2 if we consid] at ! same "t t ea* ( ^! ma/]pieces1 itself ( %ort duration1 has already be5 produc$ anew an innum]able numb] ( times1 & yet e example ( a species1 e insect1 e fl[]1 e leaf1 /ill appe>s j z c>efully p]fect$ z 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d2 ?us t nature by no means we>ies & beg9s to bungle1 b1 ) equally pati5t ma/]h&1 p]fects ! la/ l ! fir/3 !n we become consci\s1 fir/ ( all1 t all human art is completely diff]5t1 n m]ely 9 degree1 b 9 k9d1 f ! works ( nature2 &1 next1 t ! work+ =ce1 ! natura naturans1 9 ea* ( its innum]able works1 9 ! lea/ z 9 ! greate/1 9 ! la/ z 9 ! fir/1 is imm$iately pres5t :ole & undivid$1 f :i* x foll[s t1 z su* & 9 itself1 x kn[s no?+ ( space & "t4 ,if we fur!r reflect t ! production ( ^! hyp]boles ( all works ( art co/s nature absolutely no?+1 s t1 ) inconceivable prodigality1 %e creates millions ( organisms :i* nev] atta9 to maturity1 & )\t sp>+ exposes e liv+ ?+ to a ?\s& accid5ts1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 if fav\r$ by *ance or direct$ by human purpose1 readily af=ds millions ( examples ( a species ( :i* hi!rto !re 0 only "o1 s t millions co/ h] no m ?an "o2 ?is also leads u to see t ! multiplicity ( ?+s has its root 9 ! nature ( ! k ( ! subject1 b is =eign to ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4e41 to ! inn] prim>y =ce :i* %[s itself 9 ?+s2 t consequ5tly space & "t1 ^u :i* ! possibility ( all multiplicity dep5ds1 are m]e =ms ( our p]ception2 nay1 t ev5 t :ole inconceivable +5uity ( /ructure associat$ ) ! reckless prodigality ( ! works ^u :i* x has be5 exp5d$ ultimately spr+s simply f ! way 9 :i* ?+s are appreh5d$ by u2 = :5 ! simple & indivisible orig9al ef=t ( ! w exhibits itself z object 9 our c]ebral k1 x mu/ appe> z an +5i\s comb9ation ( sep>ate p>ts1 z means & ends ( ea* o!r1 accompli%$ ) wond]ful complet5ess4 ,! unity ( t w1 "h ref]r$ to1 :i* lies beyond ! ph5om5on1 & 9 :i* we h recognis$ ! inn] nature ( ! ph5om5al _w1 is a metaphysical unity1 & consequ5tly transc5ds ! k ( x1 i4e41 does n dep5d ^u ! functions ( our intellect1 & !re=e c n really be compreh5d$ by x4 ,h5ce x arises t x op5s to ! consid]ation an abyss s pr(\nd t x admits ( no ?or\ghly cle> & sy/ematically connect$ insight1 b grants u only isolat$ glances1 :i* enable u to recognise ?is unity 9 ?is & t relation ( ?+s1 n[ 9 ! subjective1 n[ 9 ! objective sph]e1 :]eby1 h[ev]1 new problems are aga9 rais$1 all ( :i* ,i w n engage to solve1 b r appeal "h to ! words e/ quadam prodire t5us1 m conc]n$ to set up no?+ false or arbitr>ily inv5t$ ?an to give a ?or\gh acc\nt ( all2--at ! risk ( giv+ "h only a fragm5t>y exposition4 ,if we call up to our m9ds & di/9ctly g ?r\gh 9 ?\ght ! exce$+ly acute !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em1 fir/ put =? by ,kant & lat] by ,laplace1 a !ory ( :i* x is sc>cely possible to d\bt ! correctness1 we see ! l[e/1 crude/1 & bl9de/ =ces ( nature b\nd to ! mo/ rigid con=mity to law1 by means ( _! conflict = "o & ! same giv5 matt]1 & ! accid5tal results br\ght ab\t by ?is produce ! framework ( ! _w1 ?us ( ! design$ly prep>$ future dwell+place ( innum]able liv+ be+s1 z a sy/em ( ord] & h>mony1 at :i* we are ! m a/oni%$ ! m di/9ctly & accurately we come to und]/& x4 ,= example1 if we see t e planet1 ) its pres5t velocity1 c only ma9ta9 itself exactly :]e x actually has its place1 because if x 7 br\ght ne>] to ! sun x w\ld necess>ily fall into x1 or if plac$ fur!r f x w\ld necess>ily fly away f x2 h[1 conv]sely1 if we take ! place z giv51 x c only rema9 !re ) its pres5t velocity & no o!r1 because if x w5t fa/] x w\ld necess>ily fly away f ! sun1 & if x w5t sl[] x w\ld necess>ily fall into x2 t ?us only "o def9ite place is suitable to ea* def9ite velocity ( a planet2 & if we n[ see ?is solv$ by ! fact t ! same physical1 necess>y1 & bl9dly act+ cause :i* appo9t$ x its place1 at ! same "t & j by do+ s1 imp>t$ to x exactly ! only velocity suitable = ?is place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! law ( nature t a revolv+ body increases its velocity 9 proportion z its revolution becomes small]2 &1 moreov]1 if f9ally we und]/& h[ endless p]man5ce is assur$ to ! :ole sy/em1 by ! fact t all ! mutual di/urbances ( ! c\rse ( ! planets :i* unavoidably ent]1 mu/ adju/ !mselves 9 "t2 h[ !n x is j ! irrationality ( ! p]iods ( revolution ( ,jupit] & ,saturn to ea* o!r t prev5ts _! respective p]turbations f repeat+ !mselves at "o place1 :]eby !y w\ld become dang]\s1 & br+s x ab\t t1 appe>+ seldom & always at a diff]5t place1 !y mu/ sublate !mselves aga91 l dissonances 9 music :i* are aga9 resolv$ into h>mony4 ,by means ( su* consid]ations we recognise a design & p]fection1 su* z c\ld only h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! free/ absolute w direct$ by ! mo/ p5etrat+ und]/&+ & ! mo/ acute calculation4 ,& yet1 "u ! guidance ( t cosmogony ( ,laplace1 s well ?\ght out & s accurately calculat$1 we _c prev5t ourselves f see+ t p]fectly bl9d =ces ( nature1 act+ accord+ to unalt]able natural laws1 ?r\gh _! conflict & aimless play among !mselves1 c\ld produce no?+ else b ?is v framework ( ! _w1 :i* is equal to ! "w ( an extraord9>ily enhanc$ p[] ( comb9ation4 ,in/ead n[1 aft] ! mann] ( ,anaxagoras1 ( dragg+ 9 ! aid ( an intellig5ce kn[n to u only f animal nature1 & adapt$ only to its aims1 an intellig5ce :i*1 com+ f )\t1 cunn+ly made use ( ! exi/+ =ces ( nature & _! laws 9 ord] to c>ry out its ends1 :i* are =eign to ^!1--we recognise 9 ^! l[e/ =ces ( nature !mselves t same1 "o w1 :i* inde$ fir/ manife/s itself 9 !m1 & already 9 ?is manife/ation /riv+ aft] its goal1 ?r\gh its orig9al laws !mselves works t[>ds its f9al end1 to :i* !re=e all t happ5s accord+ to bl9d laws ( nature mu/ m9i/] & correspond4 ,& ?is inde$ _c be o!rwise1 because ev]y?+ mat]ial is no?+ b j ! ph5om5al appe>ance1 ! visibility1 ! objectivity ( ! w to live :i* is "o4 ,?us ev5 ! l[e/ =ces ( nature !mselves are animat$ by t same w1 :i* aft]w>ds1 9 ! individual be+s provid$ ) intellig5ce1 m>vels at its own "w1 z ! somnambuli/ wond]s 9 ! morn+ at :at he has done 9 8 sleep2 or1 m accurately1 :i* is a/oni%$ at its own =m :i* x beholds 9 ! mirror4 ,?is unity :i* is "h prov$ ( ! accid5tal ) ! int5tional1 ( ! necess>y ) ! free1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! bl9de/ *ances1 :i*1 h[ev]1 re/ ^u univ]sal laws ( nature1 are z x 7 ! keys ^u :i* ! _w_s plays its melodies s full ( significance1--?is unity1 ,i say1 is1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 an abyss 9 ! inve/igation into :i* ev5 philosophy c ?r[ no full light1 b only a glimm]4 ,b ,i n[ turn to a subjective consid]ation belong+ to ?is place1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i am able to give /ill less di/9ctness ?an to ! objective consid]ation :i* has j be5 set =?2 = ,i %all only be able to express x by images & similes4 ,:y is our consci\sness bright] & m di/9ct ! fur!r x ext5ds t[>ds )\t1 s t its greate/ cle>ness lies 9 s5se p]ception1 :i* already half belongs to ?+s outside u1--&1 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s dimm] z we g 91 & leads1 if foll[$ to its inmo/ recesses1 to a d>kness 9 :i* all k ceases8 ,because1 ,i say1 consci\sness presupposes individuality2 b ?is belongs to ! m]e ph5om5on1 = x is condition$ by ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on1 space & "t1 z multiplicity ( ! simil>4 ,our inn] nature1 on ! o!r h&1 has its root 9 t :i* is no long] ph5om5on1 b ?+ 9 itself1 to :i*1 !re=e1 ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on d n ext5d2 & ?us ! *ief conditions ( individuality are want+1 & ) ^! ! di/9ctness ( consci\sness falls (f4 ,9 ?is root ( exi/5ce ! diff]5ce ( be+s ceases1 l t ( ! radii ( a sph]e 9 ! c5tre2 & z 9 ! sph]e ! surface is produc$ by ! radii end+ & break+ (f1 s consci\sness is only possible :]e ! true inn] be+ runs out into ! ph5om5on1 ?r\gh ^: =ms ! sep>ate individuality becomes possible ^u :i* consci\sness dep5ds1 :i* is j on t acc\nt conf9$ to ph5om5a4 ,!re=e all t is di/9ct & ?or\ghly compreh5sible 9 our consci\sness always lies )\t ^u ?is surface ( ! sph]e4 ,:5ev]1 on ! contr>y1 we )draw entirely f ?is1 consci\sness =sakes u1--9 sleep1 9 dea?1 to a c]ta9 ext5t also 9 magnetic or magic influ5ces2 = ^! all lead ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,b j because di/9ct consci\sness1 be+ conf9$ to ! surface ( ! sph]e1 is n direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 x recognises o!r individuals c]ta9ly z ( ! same k9d1 b n z id5tical1 :i* yet 9 !mselves !y are4 ,immortality ( ! individual might be comp>$ to a po9t ( ! surface fly+ (f at a tang5t4 ,b immortality1 by virtue ( ! et]nal nature ( ! inn] be+ ( ! :ole ph5om5on1 may be comp>$ to ! return ( t po9t1 on ! radius1 to ! c5tre1 ( :i* ! :ole surface is j ! ext5sion4 ,! w z ! ?+ 9 itself is :ole & undivid$ 9 e be+1 z ! c5tre is an integral "p ( e radius2 :ile ! p]iph]ical end ( ?is radius is 9 ! mo/ rapid revolution1 ) ! surface1 :i* repres5ts "t & its cont5t1 ! o!r end1 at ! c5tre1 :i* repres5ts et]nity1 rema9s 9 ! pr(\nde/ peace1 because ! c5tre is ! po9t ( :i* ! ris+ half is n diff]5t f ! s9k+4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,bhagavad gita x is said3 8,haud di/ributum animantibus1 et quasi di/ributum tam5 insid5s1 animantiumque su/5taculum id cognosc5dum1 edax et rursus g5itale0 7,lect4 #ac1 #af v]s4 ,s*legel74 ,c]ta9ly we fall "h into my/ical & figurative language1 b x is ! only language 9 :i* any?+ c be said on ?is entirely transc5d5t !me4 ,s ?is simile also may pass4 ,! human race may be imag9$ z an animal compositum1 a =m ( life ( :i* _m polypi1 especially ^? :i* swim1 su* z ,v]etillum1 ,funicul9a1 & o!rs1 af=d examples4 ,z 9 ^! ! head isolates ea* individual animal1 & ! l[] "p1 ) ! common /oma*1 comb9es !m all 9 ! unity ( "o life process1 s ! bra9 ) its consci\sness isolates ! human individual1 :ile ! unconsci\s "p1 ! vegetative life ) its ganglion sy/em1 into :i* 9 sleep ! bra9consci\sness disappe>s1 l a lotus :i* nightly s9ks 9 ! flood1 is a common life ( all1 by means ( :i* 9 exceptional cases !y c ev5 communicate1 z1 = example1 occurs :5 dreams communicate !mselves directly1 ! ?\ghts ( ! mesm]is] pass into ! somnambuli/1 & f9ally also 9 ! magnetic or g5]ally magical influ5ce proce$+ f int5tional will+4 ,su* an influ5ce1 if x occurs1 is toto g5]e diff]5t f e o!r on acc\nt ( ! influxus physicus :i* takes place1 = x is really an actio 9 di/ans :i* ! w1 c]ta9ly proce$+ f ! individual1 yet p]=ms 9 its metaphysical quality z ! omnipres5t sub/ratum ( ! :ole ( nature4 ,"o might also say t z 9 ! g5]atio quivoca !re sometimes & z an exception appe>s a weak residue ( ! orig9al creative p[] ( ! w1 :i* 9 ! exi/+ =ms ( nature has already done its "w & is ext+ui%$1 s !re may be1 exceptionally1 act+ 9 ^! magical influ5ces1 z x 71 a surplus ( its orig9al omnipot5ce1 :i* completes its "w & sp5ds itself 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ! organisms4 ,i h spok5 fully ( ?is magical prop]ty ( ! w 9 8,! ,w 9 ,nature10 & ,i gladly omit "h discussions :i* h to appeal to unc]ta9 facts1 :i* yet _c be altoge!r ignor$ or d5i$4 ,*apt] ,,xxvi47#d7 ,on ,teleology4 ,! univ]sal teleology or design ( organis$ nature relative to ! cont9uance ( e exi/+ be+1 toge!r ) ! adaptation ( organis$ to unorganis$ nature1 _c )\t viol5ce ent] into ! connection ( any philosophical sy/em except t "o :i* makes a w ! basis ( ! exi/5ce ( e natural be+2 a w :i* accord+ly expresses its nature & t5d5cy n m]ely 9 ! actions1 b already 9 ! =m ( ! ph5om5al organism4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h m]ely indicat$ ! acc\nt :i* our sy/em ( ?\ght gives ( ?is subject1 s9ce ,i h already exp\nd$ x 9 ! passage ( ! fir/ volume ref]r$ to bel[1 & ) special cle>ness & fulness 9 8,! ,w 9 ,nature10 "u ! rubric 8,comp>ative ,anatomy40 ,! a/\nd+ amazem5t :i* is wont to take possession ( u :5 we consid] ! endless design display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( organis$ be+s ultimately re/s ^u ! c]ta9ly natural b yet false assumption t t adaptation ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r1 to ! :ole ( ! organism & to its aims 9 ! ext]nal _w1 z we compreh5d x & judge ( x by means ( k1 ?us ^u ! pa? ( ! idea1 has also come into be+ ^u ! same pa?2 ?us t z x exi/s = ! intellect1 x 0 also br\ght ab\t by ! intellect4 ,we c]ta9ly c only br+ ab\t some?+ regul> & con=m+ to law1 su*1 = example1 z e cry/al is1 "u ! guidance ( ! law & ! rule2 & 9 ! same way1 we c only br+ ab\t some?+ design$ "u ! guidance ( ! conception ( ! end2 b we are by no means ju/ifi$ 9 imput+ ?is limitation ( ours to nature1 :i* is itself prior to all intellect1 & ^: action is entirely diff]5t 9 k9d f ours1 z 0 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x accompli%es t :i* appe>s s design$ & plann$ )\t reflection & )\t conception ( an end1 because )\t idea1 :i* is ( q second>y orig94 ,let u fir/ consid] :at is m]ely accord+ to rule1 n yet adapt$ to ends4 ,! six equal radii ( a sn[flake1 sep>at+ at equal angles1 are measur$ be=eh& by no k2 b x is ! simple t5d5cy ( ! orig9al w1 :i* s exhibits itself to k :5 k appe>s4 ,z n[ "h ! w br+s ab\t ! regul> figure )\t ma!matics1 s also )\t physiology does x br+ ab\t ! =m :i* is organis$ & furni%$ ) organs evid5tly adapt$ to special ends4 ,! regul> =m 9 space only exi/s = ! p]ception1 ! p]ceptive =m ( :i* is space2 s ! design ( ! organism only exi/s = ! kn[+ reason1 ! reflection ( :i* is b\nd to ! conceptions ( end & means4 ,if direct insight into ! work+ ( nature 0 possible = u1 we w\ld necess>ily recognise t ! wond] excit$ by teleology ref]r$ to above is analog\s to t :i* t savage ref]r$ to by ,kant 9 8 explanation ( ! ludicr\s felt :5 he saw ! fro? irresi/ibly foam+ out ( a bottle ( be] :i* _h j be5 op5$1 & express$ 8 wond] n t x %\ld come out1 b t any "o _h ev] be5 able to get x 92 = we also assume t ! teleology ( natural productions has be5 put 9 ! same z x comes out = u4 ,!re=e our a/oni%m5t at design may likewise be comp>$ to t :i* ! fir/ productions ( ! art ( pr9t+ excit$ 9 ^? :o consid]$ !m "u ! supposition t !y 7 works ( ! p51 & !re=e _h to resort to ! assumption ( ! assi/ance ( a devil 9 ord] to expla9 !m4 ,=1 let x be said aga91 x is our intellect :i* by means ( its own =ms1 space1 "t1 & causality1 appreh5ds z object ! act ( w1 9 itself metaphysical & indivisible1 :i* exhibits itself 9 ! ph5om5on ( an animal1--x is our intellect :i* fir/ produces ! multiplicity & div]sity ( ! p>ts1 & is !n /ruck ) amazem5t at _! p]fect agreem5t & conspir+ toge!r1 :i* proce$s f ! orig9al unity2 :]eby !n1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x m>vels at its own "w4 ,if we give ourselves up to ! contemplation ( ! indescribably & inf9itely +5i\s con/ruction ( any animal1 ev5 if x 7 only ! commone/ insect1 lose ourselves 9 admiration ( x1 & x n[ occurs to u t nature recklessly exposes ev5 ?is exce$+ly +5i\s & highly complicat$ organism daily & by ?\s&s to de/ruction by accid5t1 animal rapacity1 & human wantonness1 ?is wild prodigality fills u ) amazem5t2 b our amazem5t is bas$ ^u an ambiguity ( ! conceptions1 = we h 9 our m9ds ! human "w ( art :i* is accompli%$ by ! help ( ! intellect & by ov]com+ a =eign & resi/+ mat]ial1 & !re=e c]ta9ly co/s mu* tr\ble4 ,nature's works1 on ! contr>y1 h[ev] +5i\s !y may be1 co/ h] absolutely no tr\ble2 = "h ! w to "w is already ! "w itself1 s9ce1 z has already be5 said1 ! organism is m]ely ! visibility ( ! w :i* is "h pres5t1 br\ght ab\t 9 ! bra94 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! nature ( organis$ be+s :i* has be5 set =?1 teleology1 z ! assumption ( ! adaptation ( e "p to its end1 is a p]fectly safe guide 9 consid]+ ! :ole ( organis$ nature2 on ! o!r h&1 9 a metaphysical reg>d1 = ! explanation ( nature beyond ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 x mu/ only be reg>d$ z valid 9 a second>y & subsidi>y mann] = ! confirmation ( pr9ciples ( explanation :i* are o!rwise e/abli%$3 = "h x belongs to ! problems :i* h to be giv5 acc\nt (4 ,accord+ly1 if 9 "s animal a "p is f\nd ( :i* we d n see any use1 we mu/ nev] v5ture ! conjecture t nature has produc$ x aimlessly1 p]haps trifl+1 or out ( m]e caprice4 ,c]ta9ly x is possible to conceive some?+ ( ?is k9d "u ! ,anaxagorean assumption t ! disposition ( nature has be5 br\ght ab\t by means ( an ord]+ und]/&+1 :i*1 z su*1 obeys a =eign w2 b n "u ! assumption t ! true inn] be+ 7i4e41 outside ( our idea7 ( e organism is simply & solely its own w2 = !n ! exi/5ce ( e "p is condition$ by ! circum/ance t 9 "s way x s]ves ! w :i* "h lies at its f\ndation1 expresses & realises "s t5d5cy ( x1 & consequ5tly 9 "s way contributes to ! ma9t5ance ( ?is organism4 ,= ap>t f ! w :i* manife/s itself 9 x1 & ! conditions ( ! ext]nal _w "u :i* ?is has volunt>ily und]tak5 to live1 = ! conflict ) :i* its :ole =m & disposition is already adapt$1 no?+ c h influ5c$ x & det]m9$ its =m & p>ts1 ?us no arbitr>y p[]1 no caprice4 ,on ?is acc\nt ev]y?+ 9 x mu/ be design$2 & !re=e f9al causes 7caus f9ales7 are ! clue to ! und]/&+ ( organis$ nature1 z effici5t causes 7caus effici5tes7 are ! clue to ! und]/&+ ( unorganis$ nature4 ,x dep5ds ^u ?is1 t if 9 anatomy or zoology1 we _c f9d ! end or aim ( an exi/+ "p1 our und]/&+ receives a %ock simil> to t :i* x receives 9 physics f an effect ^: cause rema9s conceal$2 & z we assume ! latt] z necess>y1 s also we assume ! =m]1 & !re=e g on se>*+ = x1 h[ev] long we may already h done s 9 va94 ,?is is1 = example1 ! case ) ! sple51 z to ! use ( :i* m5 nev] cease inv5t+ hypo!ses1 till "s day "o %all h prov$ itself correct4 ,s is x also ) ! l>ge spiral =m$ tee? ( ! babyr\ssa1 ! horn%ap$ excresc5ces ( c]ta9 cat]pill>s1 & m ( ! l4 ,negative cases are also judg$ by u accord+ to ! same rule2 = example1 t 9 a class :i*1 z a :ole1 is s uni=m z t ( liz>ds1 s important a "p z ! bladd] is pres5t 9 _m species1 :ile x is want+ 9 o!rs2 simil>ly t dolph9s & c]ta9 cetacea relat$ to !m are entirely )\t olfactory n]ves1 :ile ! re/ ( ! cetacea & ev5 fi%es h !m3 !re mu/ be a reason :i* det]m9es ?is4 ,individual real exceptions to ?is univ]sal law ( design 9 organis$ nature h inde$ be5 discov]$1 & ) great surprise2 b 9 ^! cases t exceptio firmat regulam applies1 s9ce !y c be acc\nt$ = ^u o!r gr\nds4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! fact t ! tadpoles ( ! pipa toad h tails & gills1 al?\gh1 unlike all o!r tadpoles1 !y d n swim1 b await _! metamorphosis on ! back ( ! "m2 t ! male kang>oo has ! m>supial bones :i* 9 ! female c>ry ! p\*2 t male mammals h brea/s2 t ! ,mus typhlus1 a rat1 has eyes1 al?\gh v small ones1 )\t any op5+ = !m 9 ! out] sk91 :i* ?us cov]s !m1 clo!d ) hair2 & t ! moles ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & also two fi%es--,mur5a ccilia & ,ga/robrau*us ccus--are 9 ! same case2 ( l k9d is ! ,proteus angu9us4 ,^! r>e & surpris+ exceptions to ! rule ( nature1 :i* is o!rwise s rigid1 ^! contradictions ) itself into :i* x falls1 we mu/ expla9 f ! inn] connection :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( ph5om5a h ) ea* o!r1 by virtue ( ! unity ( t :i* manife/s itself 9 !m1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* nature mu/ h9t at "s ?+ 9 "o1 simply because ano!r ( ! same type actually has x4 ,accord+ly ! male animal has a rudim5t>y =m ( an organ :i* is actually pres5t 9 ! female4 ,z n[ "h ! diff]5ce ( ! sex _c aboli% ! type ( ! species1 s also ! type ( a :ole ord]--= example1 ( ! batra*ia--ass]ts itself ev5 :]e 9 "o p>ticul> species 7pipa7 "o ( its det]m9ations is sup]flu\s4 ,/ill less c nature all[ a det]m9ation 7eyes7 :i* belongs to ! type ( a :ole division 7,v]tebrata7 to vani% entirely )\t a trace1 ev5 if x is want+ 9 "s p>ticul> species 7,mus typhlus7 z sup]flu\s2 b "h also x mu/ at lea/ indicate 9 a rudim5t>y mann] :at x c>ries out 9 all ! o!rs4 ,ev5 f ?is po9t ( view x is to "s ext5t possible to see ^u :at dep5ds t homology 9 ! skeleton prim>ily ( mammals1 & 9 a wid] s5se ( all v]tebrates1 :i* has be5 s fully expla9$1 especially by ,ri*>d ,ow5 9 8 8,o/ologie comp>e10 & on acc\nt ( :i*1 = example1 all mammals h sev5 c]vical v]tebr1 e bone ( ! human h& & arm f9ds its analogue 9 ! f9 ( ! :ale1 ! skull ( ! bird 9 ! egg has exactly z _m bones z t ( ! human ftus1 c4 ,all ?is po9ts to a pr9ciple :i* is indep5d5t ( teleology1 b :i* is yet ! f\ndation ^u :i* teleology builds1 or ! already giv5 mat]ial = its works1 & j t :i* ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire has expla9$ z ! 8anatomical elem5t40 ,x is ! unit de plan1 ! fundam5tal type ( ! high] animal _w1 z x 7 ! arbitr>ily *os5 key ^u :i* nature "h plays4 ,ari/otle has already correctly def9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! effici5t cause 7causa effici5s7 & ! f9al cause 7causa f9alis7 9 ^! words3 8 1 1 40 7,duo sunt caus modi3 alt] cujus gratia1 et alt] e necessitate2 ac potissimum utrumque eru]e oportet47 ,de "p4 anim41 i4 #a4 ,! effici5t cause is t :]eby some?+ is1 ! f9al cause t on acc\nt ( :i* x is2 ! ph5om5on to be expla9$ has1 9 "t1 ! =m] beh9d x1 & ! latt] be=e x4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! volunt>y actions ( animal be+s d ! two directly unite1 = "h ! f9al cause1 ! end1 appe>s z ! motive2 a motive1 h[ev]1 is always ! true & prop] cause ( ! action1 is :olly & solely its effici5t cause1 ! *ange prec$+ x :i* calls x =?1 by virtue ( :i* x necess>ily appe>s1 & )\t :i* x c\ld n happ52 z ,i h %[n 9 my prize essay ^u fre$om4 ,= :atev] ( a physiological nature "o might wi% to ins]t betwe5 ! act ( w & ! corporeal movem5t1 ! w always rema9s "h confess$ly t :i* moves1 & :at moves x is ! motive com+ f )\t1 ?us ! causa f9alis2 :i* consequ5tly appe>s "h z causa effici5s4 ,besides1 we "k f :at has gone be=e t ! bodily movem5t is "o ) ! act ( w1 = x is m]ely its ph5om5al appe>ance 9 c]ebral p]ception4 ,?is union ( ! causa f9alis ) ! effici5t cause 9 ! "o ph5om5on intimately kn[n to u1 :i* accord+ly rema9s ?r\gh\t our typical ph5om5on1 is c]ta9ly to be firmly reta9$2 = x leads precisely to ! conclusion t at lea/ 9 organis$ nature1 ! k ( :i* has ?r\gh\t f9al causes = its clue1 a w is ! =m+ p[]4 ,9 fact1 we _c o!rwise di/9ctly ?9k a f9al cause except z an end 9 view1 i4e41 a motive4 ,inde$1 if we c>efully consid] ! f9al causes 9 nature 9 ord] to express _! transc5d5t nature1 we mu/ n %r9k f a contradiction1 & boldly say3 ! f9al cause is a motive :i* acts ^u a be+1 by :i* x is n kn[n4 ,= c]ta9ly ! t]mite ne/s are ! motive :i* has produc$ ! too?less muzzle ( ! antbe>1 & also its long ext5sile1 glut9\s tongue3 ! h>d egg%ell :i* holds ! *ick5 imprison$ is c]ta9ly ! motive = ! horny po9t ) :i* its beak is provid$ 9 ord] to break ?r\gh t %ell1 aft] :i* x ?r[s x (f z ( no fur!r use4 ,& 9 ! same way ! laws ( ! reflection & refraction ( light are ! motive = ! wond]fully +5i\s & complex optical in/rum5t1 ! human eye1 :i* has ! transp>5cy ( its cornea1 ! diff]5t d5sity ( its ?ree hum\rs1 ! =m ( its l5s1 ! blackness ( its *oroid1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( its ret9a1 ! contract+ p[] ( its pupil1 & its muscul> sy/em1 accurately calculat$ accord+ to ^? laws4 ,b ^? motives act$ be=e !y 7 appreh5d$2 x is n o!rwise1 h[ev] contradictory x may s\nd4 ,= "h is ! transition ( ! physical into ! metaphysical4 ,b ! latt] we h already recognis$ 9 ! w2 !re=e we mu/ see t ! w :i* ext5ds an elephant's trunk t[>ds an object is ! same w :i* has also call$ x =? & =m$ x1 anticipat+ objects4 ,x is 9 con=mity ) ?is t 9 ! inve/igation ( organis$ nature we are entirely ref]r$ to f9al causes1 ev]y:]e seek = ^! & expla9 ev]y?+ f !m4 ,! effici5t causes1 on ! contr>y1 "h assume only a q subord9ate position z ! m]e tools ( ! f9al causes1 &1 j z 9 ! case ( ! volunt>y movem5t ( ! limbs1 :i* is confess$ly effect$ by ext]nal motives1 !y are r assum$ ?an po9t$ out4 ,9 expla9+ ! physiological functions we c]ta9ly look ab\t = ! effici5t causes1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p 9 va92 b 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! p>ts we aga9 look = !m no m1 b are satisfi$ ) ! f9al causes alone4 ,at ! mo/ we h "h "s su* g5]al pr9ciple z t ! l>g] ! "p is to be ! /rong] mu/ be ! art]y t conducts blood to x2 b ( ! actually effici5t causes :i* br+ ab\t1 = example1 ! eye1 ! e>1 ! bra91 we "k absolutely no?+4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 expla9+ ! m]e functions ! f9al cause is f> m important & m to ! po9t ?an ! effici5t2 !re=e1 if ! =m] alone is kn[n we are in/ruct$ & satisfi$ ) reg>d to ! pr9cipal matt]1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! effici5t cause alone helps u little4 ,= example1 if we really knew ! effici5t cause ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 z we d n1 b /ill seek x1 ?is w\ld help u little unless we knew ! f9al cause1 t ! blood mu/ g into ! lungs = ! purpose ( oxidation1 & aga9 fl[ back = ! purpose ( n\ri%+2 b by ! k ( ?is1 ev5 )\t ! k ( ! effici5t cause1 we h ga9$ mu* light4 ,moreov]1 ,i am ( op9ion1 z 0 said above1 t ! circulation ( ! blood has no prop]ly effici5t cause1 b t ! w is "h z imm$iately active z 9 muscul> movem5t :]e motives det]m9e x by means ( n]ve conduction1 s t "h also ! movem5t is call$ =? directly by ! f9al cause2 ?us by ! ne$ ( oxidation 9 ! lungs1 :i* "h to a c]ta9 ext5t acts z a motive ^u ! blood1 yet s t ! m$iation ( k is 9 ?is case want+1 because ev]y?+ takes place 9 ! int]ior ( ! organism4 ,! scall$ metamorphosis ( plants1 a ?\ght lightly ?r[n out by ,kasp> ,wolf1 :i*1 "u ?is hyp]bolic title1 ,goe! pomp\sly & ) solemn deliv]y exp\nds z 8 own production1 belongs to ! class ( explanations ( organic nature f ! effici5t cause2 al?\gh ultimately he only says t nature does n 9 ! case ( e production beg9 f ! beg9n+ & create out ( no?+1 b z x 71 writ+ on 9 ! same /yle1 adds on to :at already exi/s1 makes use ( ! e>li] =ms1 develop$1 & rais$ to high] p[]1 to c>ry its "w fur!r3 j z x has done 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( animals entirely 9 accordance ) ! law3 ,natura non facit saltus1 et quod commodissimum 9 omnibus suis op]ationibus sequitur 7,ari/4 de incessu animalium1 c4 #b et #h74 ,inde$1 to expla9 ! blossom by po9t+ out 9 all its p>ts ! =m ( ! leaf seems to me almo/ ! same z expla9+ ! /ructure ( a h\se by %[+ t all its p>ts1 /oreys1 balconies1 & g>rets1 are only compos$ ( bricks & m]e repetitions ( ! orig9al unity ( ! brick4 ,& n mu* bett]1 ?\gh mu* m problematical1 seems to me ! explanation ( ! skull f v]tebr1 al?\gh ev5 "h also x is a matt] ( c\rse t ! cov]+ or case ( ! bra9 w n be absolutely diff]5t & entirely disp>ate f t ( ! sp9al cord1 ( :i* x is ! cont9uation & t]m9al knob1 b w r be a c>ry+ out ( ! same k9d ( ?+4 ,?is :ole me?od ( consid]ation belongs to ! ,homology ( ,ri*>d ,ow5 ref]r$ to above4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems to me t ! foll[+ explanation ( ! nature ( ! fl[] f its f9al cause1 sugge/$ by an ,italian ^: "n has escap$ me1 is a f> m satisfactory acc\nt to give4 ,! end ( ! corolla is--7#a47 ,protection ( ! pi/il & ! /am9a2 7#b47 by means ( x ! purifi$ saps are prep>$1 :i* are conc5trat$ 9 ! poll5 & g]ms2 7#c47 f ! gl&s ( its base ! ess5tial oil di/ils :i*1 = ! mo/ "p z a fragrant vap\r1 surr\nd+ ! an!rs & pi/il1 protects !m to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! influ5ce ( ! damp air4 ,x is also "o ( ! advantages ( f9al causes t e effici5t cause always ultimately re/s ^u some?+ t _c be fa?om$1 a =ce ( nature1 i4e41 a qualitas occulta1 &1 !re=e1 x c only give a relative explanation2 :ile ! f9al cause )9 its sph]e af=ds a suffici5t & p]fect explanation4 ,x is true we are only p]fectly cont5t :5 we "k bo? ! effici5t cause1 also call$ by ,ari/otle 1 & ! f9al cause1 1 at once & yet sep>ately1 z _! concurr5ce1 _! wond]ful work+ toge!r1 !n surprises u1 & on acc\nt ( x ! be/ appe>s z ! absolutely necess>y1 & ! necess>y aga9 z if x 7 m]ely ! be/ & n necess>y2 = !n arises 9 u ! dim p]ception t bo? causes1 h[ev] diff]5t may be _! orig91 are yet connect$ 9 ! root1 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,b su* a tw(old k is seldom atta9able2 9 organis$ nature1 because ! effici5t cause is seldom kn[n to u2 9 unorganis$ nature1 because ! f9al cause rema9s problematical4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w illu/rate ?is by a c\ple ( examples z good z ,i f9d )9 ! range ( my physiological k1 = :i* physiologi/s may be able to sub/itute cle>] & m /rik+ ones4 ,! l\se ( ! negro is black4 ,f9al cause3 its own safety4 ,effici5t cause3 because its n\ri%m5t is ! black rete ,malpighi ( ! negro4 ,! multif>i\s1 brilliant1 & gay col\r+ ( ! plumage ( tropical birds is expla9$1 al?\gh only v g5]ally1 f ! /rong effect ( ! light 9 ! tropics1 z its effici5t cause4 ,z ! f9al cause ,i w\ld assign t ^? brilliant fea!rs are ! gorge\s uni=m 9 :i* ! individuals ( ! innum]able species !re1 (t5 belong+ to ! same g5us1 may recognise ea* o!r2 s t ea* male may f9d 8 female4 ,! same holds good ( butt]flies ( diff]5t zones & latitudes4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t consumptive wom51 9 ! la/ /age ( _! illness1 readily become pregnant1 t ! disease /ops dur+ pregnancy1 b aft] deliv]y appe>s aga9 worse ?an be=e1 & n[ g5]ally results 9 dea?3 simil>ly t consumptive m5 g5]ally beget ano!r *ild 9 ! la/ days ( _! life4 ,! f9al cause "h is t nature1 always s anxi\sly conc]n$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species1 seeks to replace by a new individual ! approa*+ loss ( "o 9 ! prime ( life2 ! effici5t cause1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! unusually excit$ /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* occurs 9 ! la/ p]iod ( consumption4 ,f ! same f9al cause is to be expla9$ ! analog\s ph5om5on t 7accord+ to ,ok51 ,die ,zeugung1 p4 #fe7 flies poison$ ) ars5ic /ill c\ple1 & die 9 ! act ( copulation4 ,! f9al cause ( ! pubes 9 bo? sexes1 & ( ! ,mons ,v5]is 9 ! female1 is t ev5 9 ! case ( v ?9 subjects ! ,ossa pubis %all n be felt1 :i* might excite antipa?y2 ! effici5t cause1 on ! o!r h&1 is to be s\ght 9 ! fact t :]ev] ! muc\s membrane passes ov] to ! out] sk91 hair gr[s 9 ! vic9ity2 &1 secondly1 also t ! head & ! g5itals are to a c]ta9 ext5t opposite poles ( ea* o!r1 & !re=e h v>i\s relations & analogies betwe5 !m1 among :i* is t ( be+ cov]$ ) hair4 ,! same effici5t cause holds good also ( ! be>d ( ! man2 ! f9al cause ( x1 ,i suppose1 lies 9 ! fact t ! pa?ogonomic signs1 ?us ! rapid alt]ations ( ! c\nt5ance betray+ e movem5t ( ! m9d1 are pr9cipally visible 9 ! m\? & its vic9ity2 !re=e1 9 ord] to conceal ^! f ! pry+ eye ( ! adv]s>y1 z some?+ dang]\s 9 b>ga9+1 or 9 sudd5 em]g5cies1 nature gave man ! be>d 7:i* %[s t homo hom9i lupus74 ,! woman1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld disp5se ) ?is2 = ) h] dissimulation & comm& ( c\nt5ance are inborn4 ,z ,i h said1 !re mu/ be f> m apt examples to be f\nd to %[ h[ ! completely bl9d work+ ( nature unites 9 ! result ) ! app>5tly int5tional1 or1 z ,kant calls x1 ! me*anism ( nature ) its te*nic2 :i* po9ts to ! fact t bo? h _! common orig9 beyond _! diff]5ce 9 ! w z ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,mu* w\ld be a*iev$ = ! elucidation ( ?is po9t ( view1 if1 = example1 we c\ld f9d ! effici5t cause :i* c>ries ! driftwood to ! treeless pol> l&s1 or t :i* has conc5trat$ ! dry l& ( our planet pr9cipally 9 ! nor!rn half ( x2 :ile x is to be reg>d$ z ! f9al cause ( ?is t ! w9t] ( t half1 because x occurs 9 ! p]ihelion :i* accel]ates ! c\rse ( ! e>?1 is eight days %ort]1 & h]eby is also mild]4 ,yet 9 consid]+ unorganis$ nature ! f9al cause is always ambigu\s1 &1 especially :5 ! effici5t cause is f\nd1 leaves u 9 d\bt :e!r x is n a m]ely subjective view1 an aspect condition$ by our po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 x may be comp>$ to _m works ( art2 = example1 to co>se mosaics1 !atre decorations1 & to ! god ,ap5n9e at ,pratol9o1 ne> ,flor5ce1 compos$ ( l>ge masses ( rock1 all ( :i* only produce _! effect at a di/ance1 & vani% :5 we come ne>1 because in/ead ( !m ! effici5t cause ( _! appe>ance n[ becomes visible3 b ! =ms are yet actually exi/5t1 & are no m]e imag9ation4 ,analog\s to ?is1 !n1 are ! f9al causes 9 unorganis$ nature1 if ! effici5t causes appe>4 ,inde$1 ^? :o take a wide view ( ?+s w\ld p]haps all[ x to pass if ,i add$ t some?+ simil> is ! case ) om5s4 ,= ! re/1 if any "o desires to misuse ! ext]nal design1 :i*1 z has be5 said1 always rema9s ambigu\s = physico!ological demon/rations1 :i* is done ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh x is to be hop$ only by ,engli%m51 !re are 9 ?is class en\gh examples 9 contr>ium1 ?us ateleological in/ances1 to d]ange 8 conception4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ is pres5t$ by ! unsuitabl5ess ( seawat] = dr9k+1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* man is nev] m expos$ to ! dang] ( dy+ ( ?ir/ ?an 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ mass ( wat] on 8 planet4 8,:y1 !n1 does ! sea ne$ to be salt80 let u ask our ,engli%man4 ,t 9 unorganis$ nature ! f9al causes entirely )draw into ! backgr\nd1 s t an explanation f !m alone is "h no long] valid1 b ! effici5t causes are r indisp5sably requir$1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! w :i* objectifies itself "h also no long] appe>s 9 individuals :i* con/itute a :ole = !mselves1 b 9 =ces ( nature & _! action1 :]eby end & means are too f> sep>at$ = _! relation to be cle> & = u to recognise a manife/ation ( w 9 x4 ,?is already occurs 9 organis$ nature1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 :5 ! design is an ext]nal "o1 i4e41 ! end lies 9 "o individual & ! means 9 ano!r4 ,yet ev5 "h x rema9s unque/ionable s long z ! two belong to ! same species1 inde$ x !n becomes ! m /rik+4 ,"h we h fir/ to c\nt ! reciprocally adapt$ organisation ( ! g5itals ( ! two sexes1 & !n also _m circum/ances t assi/ ! propagation ( ! species1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! ,lampyris noctiluca 7! gl[worm7 ! circum/ance t only ! male1 :i* does n %9e1 has w+s to enable x to seek out ! female2 ! w+less female1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce x only comes out 9 ! ev5+1 possesses ! phosphoresc5t light1 s t ! male may be able to f9d x4 ,yet 9 ! case ( ! ,lampyris ,italica bo? sexes %9e1 :i* is an in/ance ( ! natural luxury ( ! ,s\?4 ,b a /rik+1 because q special1 example ( ! k9d ( design we are speak+ ( is af=d$ by ! discov]y made by ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 9 8 la/ ye>s1 ( ! m exact nature ( ! suck+ app>atus ( ! cetacea4 ,s9ce all suck+ requires ! action ( respiration1 x c only take place 9 ! respirable m$ium itself1 & n "u wat]1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! suck+ "y ( ! :ale hangs on to ! teats ( ! "m2 n[ to meet ?is ! :ole mamm>y app>atus ( ! cetacea is s modifi$ t x has become an inject+ organ1 & plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! "y injects ! milk into x )\t x requir+ to suck4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! individual t af=ds ess5tial help to ano!r belongs to an entirely diff]5t species1 & ev5 to ano!r k+dom ( nature1 we w d\bt ?is ext]nal design j z 9 unorganis$ nature2 unless x is evid5t t ! ma9t5ance ( ! species dep5ds ^u x4 ,b ?is is ! case ) _m plants ^: fructification only takes place by means ( insects1 :i* ei!r be> ! poll5 to ! /igma or b5d ! /am9a to ! pi/il4 ,! common b>b]ry1 _m k9ds ( iris1 & ,ari/olo*ia ,clematitis _c fructify !mselves at all )\t ! help ( insects 7,*r4 ,c\r4 ,spr5gel1 ,entdecktes ,geheimniss1 c41 #agic2 ,wild5[1 ,grundriss d] ,krut]kunde1 #cec74 ,v _m dicia1 moncia1 & polygamia are 9 ! same position4 ,! reciprocal support :i* ! plant & ! insect worlds receive f ea* o!r w be f\nd admirably describ$ 9 ,burda*'s l>ge ,physiology1 vol4 i4 #bfc4 ,he v beautifully adds3 8,?is is no me*anical assi/ance1 no make%ift1 z if nature _h made ! plants ye/]day1 & _h committ$ an error :i* %e tries to correct today ?r\gh ! insect2 x is r a deeply+ sympa?y betwe5 ! plant & ! animal worlds4 ,x ought to reveal ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,bo?1 *ildr5 ( "o "m1 ought to subsi/ ) ea* o!r & ?r\gh ea* o!r40 ,& fur!r on3 8,b ! organis$ _w /&s 9 su* a sympa?y ) ! unorganis$ _w also10 c4 ,a pro( ( ?is cons5sus natur is also af=d$ by ! obs]vation communicat$ 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,introduction into ,entomology0 by ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 t ! insect eggs t pass ! w9t] atta*$ to ! twigs ( ! trees1 :i* s]ve z n\ri%m5t = _! l>v1 are hat*$ exactly at ! "t at :i* ! twig buds2 ?us1 = example1 ! aphis ( ! bir* a mon? e>li] ?an t ( ! a%4 ,simil>ly1 t ! insects ( p]5nial plants pass ! w9t] ^u ^! z eggs2 b ^? ( m]e annuals1 s9ce !y _c d ?is1 9 ! /ate ( pup4 ,?ree great m5 h entirely reject$ teleology1 or ! explanation f f9al causes1 & _m small m5 h e*o$ !m4 ,^! ?ree are1 ,lucretius1 ,bacon ( ,v]ulam1 & ,sp9oza4 ,b 9 ! case ( all ?ree we "k cle>ly en\gh ! s\rce ( ?is av]sion1 namely1 t !y reg>d$ x z insep>able f speculative !ology1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !y ent]ta9$ s great a di/ru/ 7:i* ,bacon inde$ prud5tly s\ght to conceal7 t !y want$ to give x a wide b]?4 ,we f9d ,leibnitz also entirely involv$ 9 ?is prejudice1 =1 ) *>act]i/ic navet1 he expresses x z some?+ selfevid5t 9 8 ,lettre ,m4 ,nicaise 7,sp9oz op4 ed ,paulus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgb73 8,les causes f9ales1 ou ce qui e/ la mme *ose1 la consid]ation de la sagesse div9e dans l'ordre des *oses40 7,! devil also mme *ose67 ,at ! same po9t ( view we f9d1 inde$1 ,engli%m5 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,bridgewat] ,treatisem5--,"l ,br\gham1 c4--nay1 ev5 ,ri*>d ,ow5 also1 9 8 8,o/ologie ,comp>e10 ?9ks precisely z ,leibnitz1 :i* ,i h already f\nd fault ) 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,to all ^! teleology is at once also !ology1 & at e in/ance ( design recognis$ 9 nature1 in/ead ( ?9k+ & le>n+ to und]/& nature1 !y break at once into ! *ildi% cry1 8,design6 design60 !n /rike up ! refra9 ( _! old wives' philosophy1 & /op _! e>s aga9/ all rational argum5ts1 su* z1 h[ev]1 ! great ,hume has already advanc$ aga9/ !m47#e7 ,! ignorance ( ! ,kantian philosophy n[1 aft] sev5ty ye>s1 :i* is really a disgrace to ,engli%m5 ( le>n+1 is pr9cipally responsible = ?is :ole outca/ position ( ! ,engli%2 & ?is ignorance1 aga91 dep5ds1 at lea/ 9 great measure1 ^u ! nef>i\s influ5ce ( ! dete/able ,engli% cl]gy1 ) :om /ultification ( e k9d is a ?+ aft] _! own he>ts1 s t only !y may be able /ill to hold ! ,engli% nation1 o!rwise s intellig5t1 involv$ 9 ! mo/ degrad+ bigotry2 !re=e1 inspir$ by ! base/ obscurantism1 !y oppose ) all _! might ! education ( ! p1 ! inve/igation ( nature1 nay1 ! advancem5t ( all human k 9 g5]al2 & bo? by means ( _! connections & by means ( _! sc&al\s1 unw>rantable weal?1 :i* increases ! mis]y ( ! p1 !y ext5d _! influ5ce ev5 to univ]sity tea*]s & au?ors1 :o accord+ly 7= example1 ,?4 ,br[n1 8,on ,cause & ,effect07 resort to suppressions & p]v]sions ( e k9d simply 9 ord] to avoid oppos+ ev5 9 a di/ant mann] t 8cold sup]/ition0 7z ,pckl] v happily designates _! religion1 or ! curr5t argum5ts 9 its fav\r74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree great m5 ( :om we are speak+1 s9ce !y liv$ long be=e ! dawn ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 are to be p>don$ = _! di/ru/ ( teleology on acc\nt ( its orig92 yet ev5 ,voltaire reg>d$ ! physico!ological pro( z irrefutable4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to g into ?is some:at m fully3 fir/ ( all1 ! polemic ( ,lucretius 7iv4 #hbdheh7 aga9/ teleology is s crude & clumsy t x refutes itself & conv9ces u ( ! opposite4 ,b z reg>ds ,bacon 7,de augm4 sci5t41 iii4 #d71 he makes1 9 ! fir/ place1 no di/9ction ) ref]5ce to ! use ( f9al causes betwe5 organis$ & unorganis$ nature 7:i* is yet j ! pr9cipal matt]71 =1 9 8 examples ( f9al causes1 he mixes ! two up toge!r4 ,!n he bani%es f9al causes f physics to metaphysics2 b ! latt] is = him1 z x is /ill = _m at ! pres5t day1 id5tical ) speculative !ology4 ,f ?is1 !n1 he reg>ds f9al causes z insep>able1 & goes s f> 9 ?is respect t he blames ,ari/otle because he has made great use ( f9al causes1 yet )\t connect+ !m ) speculative !ology 7:i* ,i %all h occasion imm$iately especially to praise74 ,f9ally1 ,sp9oza 7,e?4 i4 prop4 #cf1 app5dix7 makes x abundantly cle> t he id5tifies teleology s entirely ) physico!ology1 aga9/ :i* he expresses himself ) bitt]ness1 t he expla9s ,natura nihil fru/ra ag]e3 hoc e/1 quod 9 usum hom9um non sit3 simil>ly1 ,omnia naturalia tanquam ad suum utile m$ia consid]ant1 et cr$unt aliquem alium esse1 qui illa m$ia p>av]it2 & also3 ,h9c /atu]unt1 ,deos omnia 9 usum hom9um fecisse et dirig]e4 ,^u ?is1 !n1 he bases 8 ass]tion3 ,naturam f9em nullum sibi prfixum hab]e et omnes causas f9ales nihil1 nisi humana esse figm5ta4 ,8 aim m]ely 0 to block ! pa? ( !ism2 & he _h q rightly recognis$ ! physico!ological pro( z its /ronge/ weapon4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,kant really to refute ?is pro(1 & = me to give ! correct exposition ( its mat]ial1 :]eby ,i h satisfi$ ! maxim3 ,e/ enim v]um index sui et falsi4 ,b ,sp9oza did n "k h[ else to help himself b by ! desp]ate /roke ( d5y+ teleology itself1 ?us design 9 ! works ( nature--an ass]tion ! mon/rosity ( :i* is at once evid5t to e "o :o has ga9$ any accurate k ( organis$ nature4 ,?is limit$ po9t ( view ( ,sp9oza1 toge!r ) 8 complete ignorance ( nature1 suffici5tly prove 8 entire incompet5ce 9 ?is matt]1 & ! folly ( ^? :o1 ^u 8 au?ority1 believe !y mu/ judge contemptu\sly ( f9al causes4 ,ari/otle1 :o j "h %[s 8 brilliant side1 contra/s v advantage\sly ) ^! mod]n philosoph]s4 ,he goes unprejudic$ to nature1 kn[s ( no physico!ology--su* a ?+ has nev] ent]$ 8 m9d1--& he has nev] look$ at ! _w = ! purpose ( see+ :e!r x 0 a bungl$ piece ( "w4 ,he is 9 8 he>t pure f all ?is1 = he also sets up hypo!ses z to ! orig9 ( animals & m5 7,de g5]at4 anim41 iii4 #aa7 )\t light+ ^u ! physico !ological tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,he always says3 8 7natura facit71 nev] 0 7natura facta e/74 ,b aft] he has truly & dilig5tly /udi$ nature1 he f9ds t x ev]y:]e proce$s teleologically1 & he says3 8 0 7naturam nihil fru/ra fac]e c]nimus71 ,de respir41 c4 #aj2 & 9 ! books1 ,de p>tibus animalium1 :i* are a comp>ative anatomy3 8 1 4-- 4-- 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 40 7,nihil sup]vacaneum1 nihil fru/ra natura facit4--,natura rei alicujus gratia facit omnia4--,rem autem hanc esse illius gratia ass]]e ubique solemus1 quoties f9em intelligimus aliquem1 9 quem motus t]m9etur2 quocirca ejusmodi aliquid esse con/at1 quod ,naturam vocamus4 ,e/ enim corpus in/rum5tum3 nam membrum unumquodque rei alicujus gratia e/1 tum v]o totum ipsum47 ,at great] l5g?1 p4 #fcc & #fde ( ! ,b]l9 qu>to edition1 & also ,de incessu animalium1 c4 #b3 8 1 1 1 40 7,natura nihil fru/ra facit1 s$ semp] ex iis1 qu cuique animalium g5]is ess5ti cont+unt1 id quod optimum e/47 ,b he expressly recomm5ds teleology at ! end ( ! books ,de g5]atione animalium1 & blames ,democritus = hav+ d5i$ x1 :i* is j :at ,bacon1 9 8 prejudice1 praises 9 him4 ,especially1 h[ev]1 9 ! 8,physica10 ii4 #h1 p4 #aih1 ,ari/otle speaks ex pr(esso ( f9al causes1 & e/abli%es !m z ! true pr9ciple ( ! inve/igation ( nature4 ,9 fact1 e good & regul> m9d mu/1 9 consid]+ organis$ nature1 hit ^u teleology1 b unless x is det]m9$ by ! preconceiv$ op9ions1 by no means ei!r ^u physico!ology or ^u ! an?ropoteleology condemn$ by ,sp9oza4 ,) reg>d to ,ari/otle g5]ally1 ,i wi% fur!r to draw att5tion to ! fact "h1 t 8 tea*+1 s f> z x conc]ns unorganis$ nature1 is v defective & uns]viceable1 z 9 ! fundam5tal conceptions ( me*anics & physics he accepts ! mo/ gross errors1 :i* is ! less p>donable1 s9ce be=e him ! ,py?agoreans & ,emp$ocles _h be5 ^u ! "r pa? & _h taught mu* bett]4 ,emp$ocles inde$1 z we le>n f ,ari/otle's second book1 ,de clo 7c4 #a1 p4 #bhd71 _h already grasp$ ! conception ( a tang5tial =ce aris+ f rotation1 & c\nt]act+ gravity1 :i* ,ari/otle aga9 rejects4 ,q ! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is ,ari/otle's relation to ! inve/igation ( organis$ nature4 ,?is is 8 field2 "h ! weal? ( 8 k1 ! ke5ness ( 8 obs]vation1 nay1 sometimes ! dep? ( 8 insight1 a/oni% u4 ,?us1 to give j "o example1 he already knew ! antagonism 9 :i* 9 ! rum9ants ! horns & ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw /& to ea* o!r1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 !re=e1 ! latt] are want+ :]e ! =m] are f\nd1 & conv]sely 7,de p>tib4 anim41 iii4 #b74 ,h5ce !n1 also 8 correct e/imation ( f9al causes4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,on ,in/9ct ,& ,me*anical ,t5d5cy4 ,x is z if nature _h wi%$1 9 ! me*anical t5d5cies ( animals1 to give ! inve/igator an illu/rative comm5t>y ^u h] works1 accord+ to f9al causes & ! admirable design ( h] organis$ productions :i* is !reby introduc$4 ,= ^! me*anical t5d5cies %[ mo/ cle>ly t creatures c "w ) ! greate/ decision & def9it5ess t[>ds an end :i* !y d n "k1 nay1 ( :i* !y h no idea4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! bird's ne/1 ! spid]'s web1 ! antlion's pitfall1 ! +5i\s beehive1 ! m>vell\s t]mite dwell+1 c41 at lea/ = ^? individual animals t c>ry !m out = ! fir/ "t2 = nei!r ! =m ( ! p]fect$ "w nor ! use ( x c be kn[n to !m4 ,precisely s1 h[ev]1 does organis+ nature "w2 & !re=e 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i gave ! p>adoxical explanation ( ! f9al cause1 t x is a motive :i* acts )\t be+ kn[n4 ,& z 9 work+ f me*anical t5d5cy t :i* is active is evid5tly & confess$ly ! w1 s is x also really ! w :i* is active 9 ! work+ ( organis+ nature4 ,"o might say1 ! w ( animal creatures is set 9 motion 9 two diff]5t ways3 ei!r by motivation or by in/9ct2 ?us f )\t1 or f )92 by an ext]nal occasion1 or by an int]nal t5d5cy2 ! =m] is explicable because x lies be=e u )\t1 ! latt] is inexplicable because x is m]ely int]nal4 ,b1 m closely consid]$1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! two is n s %>p1 inde$ ultimately x runs back into a diff]5ce ( degree4 ,! motive also only acts "u ! assumption ( an inn] t5d5cy1 i4e41 a def9ite quality ( w :i* is call$ its "*4 ,! motive 9 ea* case only gives to ?is a def9ite direction--individualises x = ! concrete case4 ,s also in/9ct1 al?\gh a def9ite t5d5cy ( ! w1 does n act entirely1 l a spr+1 f )92 b x also waits = "s ext]nal circum/ance necess>ily dem&$ = its action1 :i* at lea/ det]m9es ! "t ( its manife/ation2 su* is1 = ! migrat+ bird1 ! season ( ! ye>2 = ! bird t builds its ne/1 ! fact ( pregnancy & ! pres5ce ( ! mat]ial = ! ne/2 = ! bee x is1 = ! beg9n+ ( ! /ructure1 ! basket or ! holl[ tree1 & = ! foll[+ "w _m individually appe>+ circum/ances2 = ! spid]1 x is a welladapt$ corn]2 = ! cat]pill>1 ! suitable leaf2 = egglay+ insects1 ! = ! mo/ "p v specially det]m9$ & (t5 r>e place1 :]e ! hat*$ l>v w at once f9d _! n\ri%m5t1 & s on4 ,x foll[s f ?is t 9 works ( me*anical t5d5cy x is prim>ily ! in/9ct ( ^! animals t is active1 yet subord9at$ also to _! intellect4 ,! in/9ct gives ! univ]sal1 ! rule2 ! intellect ! p>ticul>1 ! application1 9 t x directs ! detail ( ! execution1 9 :i* !re=e ! "w ( ^! animals cle>ly adapts itself to ! circum/ances ( ! exi/+ case4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & m]e "* is to be fix$ ?us3 ,in/9ct is a "* :i* is only set 9 motion by a q specially det]m9$ motive1 & on ?is acc\nt ! action t proce$s f x is always exactly ( ! same k9d2 :ile ! "* :i* is possess$ by e species ( animal & e individual man is c]ta9ly a p]man5t & unalt]able quality ( w1 :i* c yet be set 9 motion by v diff]5t motives1 & adapts itself to ^!2 & on acc\nt ( ?is ! action proce$+ f x may1 accord+ to its mat]ial quality1 be v diff]5t1 b yet w always be> ! /amp ( ! same "*1 & w !re=e express & reveal ?is2 s t = ! k ( ?is "* ! mat]ial quality ( ! action 9 :i* x appe>s is ess5tially a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,accord+ly we might expla9 in/9ct z a "* :i* is beyond all measure "osid$ & /rictly det]m9$4 ,x foll[s f ?is exposition t be+ det]m9$ by m]e motivation presupposes a c]ta9 wid? ( ! sph]e ( k1 & consequ5tly a m fully develop$ intellect3 !re=e x is peculi> to ! high] animals1 q preem95tly1 h[ev]1 to man2 :ile be+ det]m9$ by in/9ct only dem&s z mu* intellect z is necess>y to appreh5d ! "o q specially det]m9$ motive1 :i* alone & exclusively becomes ! occasion = ! manife/ation ( ! in/9ct4 ,!re=e x is f\nd 9 ! case ( an exce$+ly limit$ sph]e ( k1 & consequ5tly1 z a rule1 & 9 ! highe/ degree1 only 9 animals ( ! l[] classes1 especially insects4 ,s9ce1 accord+ly1 ! actions ( ^! animals only require an exce$+ly simple & small motivation f )\t1 ! m$ium ( ?is1 ?us ! intellect or ! bra91 is v slightly develop$ 9 !m1 & _! outw>d actions are = ! mo/ "p "u ! same guidance z ! inn]1 foll[ ^u m]e /imuli1 physiological functions1 ?us ! ganglion sy/em4 ,?is is1 !n1 9 _! case excessively develop$2 _! pr9cipal n]ve/em runs "u ! belly 9 ! =m ( two cords1 :i* at e limb ( ! body =m a ganglion little inf]ior to ! bra9 9 size1 &1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 ?is n]ve/em is an analogue n s mu* ( ! sp9al cord z ( ! great sympa!tic n]ve4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 in/9ct & action ?r\gh m]e motivation1 /& 9 a c]ta9 antagonism1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! =m] has its maximum 9 insects1 & ! latt] 9 man1 & ! actuation ( o!r animals lies betwe5 ! two 9 manifold gradations accord+ z 9 ea* ! c]ebral or ! ganglion sy/em is prepond]at+ly develop$4 ,j because ! in/9ctive action & ! +5i\s contrivances ( insects are pr9cipally direct$ f ! ganglion sy/em1 if we reg>d !m z proce$+ f ! bra9 alone1 & wi% to expla9 !m accord+ly1 we fall into absurdities1 because we !n apply a false key4 ,! same circum/ance1 h[ev]1 imp>ts to _! action a rem>kable lik5ess to t ( somnambuli/s1 :i* inde$ is also expla9$ z aris+ f ! fact t1 in/ead ( ! bra91 ! sympa!tic n]ve has und]tak5 ! conduct ( ! outw>d actions also2 insects are accord+ly1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 natural somnambuli/s4 ,?+s :i* we _c get at directly we mu/ make compreh5sible to ourselves by means ( an analogy4 ,:at has j be5 ref]r$ to w accompli% ?is 9 a high degree :5 assi/$ by ! fact t 9 ,kies]'s 8,tellurismus0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bej7 a case is m5tion$ 89 :i* ! comm& ( ! mesm]i/ to ! somnambuli/ to p]=m a def9ite action 9 a wak+ /ate 0 c>ri$ out by him :5 he awoke1 )\t rememb]+ ! comm&40 ,?us x 0 z if he mu/ p]=m t action )\t rightly kn[+ :y4 ,c]ta9ly ?is has ! greate/ resemblance to :at goes on 9 ! case ( me*anical in/9cts 9 insects4 ,! "y spid] feels t x mu/ sp9 its web1 al?\gh x nei!r kn[s nor und]/&s ! aim ( x4 ,we are also rem9d$ "h ( ! dmon ( ,socrates1 on acc\nt ( :i* he _h ! feel+ t he mu/ leave undone "s action expect$ ( him1 or ly+ ne> him1 )\t kn[+ :y--= 8 prophetic dream ab\t x 0 =gott54 ,we h 9 our own day q wellau!nticat$ cases analog\s to ?is2 !re=e ,i only briefly call ^! to m9d4 ,"o _h tak5 8 passage on a %ip1 b :5 x 0 ab\t to sail he positively w\ld n g on bo>d )\t be+ consci\s ( a reason2--! %ip w5t d[n4 ,ano!r goes ) companions to a p[d] magaz9e2 :5 he has arriv$ 9 its vic9ity he absolutely w n g any fur!r1 b turns ha/ily back1 seiz$ ) anxiety he kn[s n :y2--! magaz9e bl[s up4 ,a ?ird ^u ! ocean feels mov$ "o night1 )\t any reason1 n to undress1 b lays himself on ! b$ 9 8 clo!s & boots1 & ev5 ) 8 spectacles on2--9 ! night ! %ip goes on fire1 & he is among ! few :o save !mselves 9 ! boat4 ,all ?is dep5ds ^u ! dull aft]effect ( =gott5 fatidical dreams1 & gives u ! key to an analog\s und]/&+ ( in/9ct & me*anical t5d5cies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 said1 ! me*anical t5d5cies ( insects reflect mu* light ^u ! work+ ( ! unconsci\s w 9 ! inn] functions ( ! organism & 9 its con/ruction4 ,= )\t any difficulty we c see 9 ! anthill or ! beehive ! picture ( an organism expla9$ & br\ght to ! light ( k4 ,9 ?is s5se ,burda* says 7,physiologie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb73 8,! =mation & deposit+ ( ! eggs is ! "p ( ! que5bee1 & ! c>e = ! cultivation ( !m falls to ! work]s2 ?us 9 ! =m] ! ov>y1 & 9 ! latt] ! ut]us1 is individualis$40 ,9 ! insect society1 z 9 ! animal organism1 ! vita propria ( ea* "p is subord9at$ to ! life ( ! :ole1 & ! c>e = ! :ole prec$es t = p>ticul> exi/5ce2 inde$ ! latt] is only conditionally will$1 ! =m] unconditionally2 !re=e ! individuals are ev5 sacrific$ occasionally = ! :ole1 z we all[ a limb to be tak5 (f 9 ord] to save ! :ole body4 ,?us1 = example1 if ! pa? is clos$ by wat] aga9/ ! m>* ( ! ants1 ^? 9 front boldly ?r[ !mselves 9 until _! corpses are heap$ up into a dam = ^? t foll[4 ,:5 ! drones h become useless !y are /ung to dea?4 ,two que5s 9 ! hive are surr\nd$1 & mu/ fight ) ea* o!r till "o ( !m loses its life4 ,! ant"m bites its own w+s (f aft] x has be5 impregnat$1 = !y w\ld only be a h9drance to x 9 ! "w t is be=e x ( t5d+ ! new family x is ab\t to f\nd "u ! e>? 7,kirby & ,sp5ce1 vol4 i47 ,z ! liv] w d no?+ m ?an secrete gall = ! s]vice ( ! dige/ion1 nay1 w only itself exi/ = ?is end--& s ) e o!r "p--! work+ bees also w d no?+ m ?an collect honey1 secrete wax1 & make cells = ! brood ( ! que52 ! drones no?+ m ?an impregnate2 ! que5 no?+ b deposit eggs2 ?us all ! p>ts "w only = ! ma9t5ance ( ! :ole :i* alone is ! unconditional end1 j l ! p>ts ( ! organism4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely t 9 ! organism ! w acts p]fectly bl9dly 9 its prim>y condition2 9 ! insect society1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?+ goes on already 9 ! light ( k1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 a decid$ coop]ation & individual *oice is only left 9 ! accid5ts ( detail1 :]e x gives assi/ance & adopts :at has to be c>ri$ out to ! circum/ances4 ,b ! insects w ! end z a :ole )\t kn[+ x2 j l organis$ nature work+ accord+ to f9al causes2 ev5 ! *oice ( ! means is n z a :ole left to _! k1 b only ! m detail$ disposition ( !m4 ,j on ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 _! action is by no means automatic1 :i* becomes mo/ di/9ctly visible if "o opposes ob/acles to _! action4 ,= example1 ! cat]pill> sp9s itself 9 leaves )\t kn[+ ! end2 b if we de/roy ! web x skilfully repairs x4 ,bees adapt _! hive at ! fir/ to ! exi/+ circum/ances1 & subsequ5t mis=tunes1 su* z int5tional de/ruction1 !y meet 9 ! way mo/ suitable to ! special case 7,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,introduc4 to ,entomol42 ,hub]1 ,des abeilles74 ,su* ?+s excite our a/oni%m5t1 because ! appreh5sion ( ! circum/ances & ! adaptation to ^! is cle>ly a matt] ( k2 :ile we believe !m capable once = all ( ! mo/ +5i\s prep>ation = ! com+ race & ! di/ant future1 well kn[+ t 9 ?is !y are n guid$ by k1 = a =e?\ght ( t k9d proce$+ f k dem&s an activity ( ! bra9 ris+ to ! level ( reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intellect ev5 ( ! l[] animals is suffici5t = ! modify+ & arrang+ ( ! p>ticul> case accord+ to ! exi/+ or appe>+ circum/ances2 because1 guid$ by in/9ct1 x has only to fill up ! gaps :i* ?is leaves4 ,?us we see ants c>ry (f _! l>v :5ev] ! place is too damp1 & br+ !m back aga9 :5 x becomes dry4 ,!y d n "k ! aim ( ?is1 ?us are n guid$ 9 x by k2 b ! *oice ( ! "t at :i* ! place is no long] suitable = ! l>v1 & also ( ! place to :i* !y n[ br+ !m1 is left to _! k4 ,i wi% "h also to m5tion a fact :i* "s "o relat$ to me v]bally f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ?\gh ,i h s9ce f\nd t ,burda* quotes x f ,gl$its*4 ,! latt]1 9 ord] to te/ ! bury+beetle 7,necrophorus vespillo71 _h ti$ a dead frog ly+ ^u ! gr\nd to a /r+1 ! upp] end ( :i* 0 fa/5$ to a /ick /uck obliquely 9 ! gr\nd4 ,n[ aft] sev]al bury+beetles _h1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 und]m9$ ! frog1 x c\ld n1 z !y expect$1 s9k into ! gr\nd2 aft] mu* p]plex$ runn+ hi!r & ?i!r !y und]m9$ ! /ick also4 ,to ?is assi/ance r5d]$ to in/9ct1 & t repair+ ( ! works ( me*anical t5d5cy1 we f9d 9 ! organism ! heal+ p[] ( nature analog\s1 :i* n only heals w\nds1 replac+ ev5 bone & n]ve sub/ance1 b1 if ?r\gh ! injury ( a ve9 or n]ve bran* a connection is int]rupt$1 op5s a new connection by means ( enl>gem5t ( o!r ve9s or n]ves1 nay1 p]haps ev5 by produc+ new bran*es2 :i* fur!r makes "s o!r "p or function take ! place ( a diseas$ "p or function2 9 ! case ( ! loss ( an eye %>p5s ! o!r1 or 9 ! case ( ! loss ( "o ( ! s5ses %>p5s all ! re/2 :i* ev5 sometimes closes an inte/9al w\nd1 9 itself fatal1 by ! adhesion ( ! mes5t]y or ! p]itoneum2 9 %ort1 seeks to meet e injury & e di/urbance 9 ! mo/ +5i\s mann]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! injury is q incurable1 x ha/5s to exp$ite dea?1 & inde$ ! m s ! high] is ! species ( ! organism1 ?us ! great] its s5sibility4 ,ev5 ?is has its analogue 9 ! in/9ct ( insects4 ,! wasps1 = in/ance1 :o ?r\gh ! :ole summ] h ) great c>e & lab\r f$ _! l>v on ! produce ( _! plund]+1 b n[1 9 ,octob]1 see ! la/ g5]ation ( !m fac+ />vation1 /+ !m to dea? 7,kirby & ,sp5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgd74 ,nay1 /ill m curi\s & special analogies may be f\nd2 = example1 ?is3 if ! female humblebee 7,apis t]re/ris1 bombylius7 lays eggs1 ! work+ humblebees are seiz$ ) a desire to dev\r !m1 :i* la/s f six to eight h\rs & is satisfi$ unless ! "m keeps !m (f & c>efully gu>ds ! eggs4 ,b aft] ?is "t ! work+ humblebees %[ absolutely no incl9ation to eat ! eggs ev5 :5 (f]$ to !m2 on ! contr>y1 !y n[ become ! zeal\s t5d]s & n\ri%]s ( ! l>v n[ be+ hat*$ out4 ,?is may )\t viol5ce be tak5 z an analogue ( *ildr5's compla9ts1 especially tee?+1 9 :i* x is j ! future n\ri%]s ( ! organism mak+ an attack ^u x :i* s (t5 co/s x its life4 ,! consid]ation ( all ^! analogies betwe5 organis$ life & ! in/9ct1 toge!r ) ! me*anical t5d5cies ( ! l[] animals1 s]ves ev] m to confirm ! conviction t ! w is ! basis ( ! "o z ( ! o!r1 = x %[s "h also ! subord9ate rle ( k 9 ! action ( ! w1 sometimes m1 sometimes less1 conf9$1 & sometimes want+ altoge!r4 ,b 9 yet ano!r respect in/9cts & ! animal organisation reciprocally illu/rate ea* o!r3 ?r\gh ! anticipation ( ! future :i* appe>s 9 bo?4 ,by means ( in/9cts & me*anical t5d5cies animals c>e = ! satisfaction ( wants :i* !y d n yet feel1 nay1 n only = _! own wants1 b ev5 = ^? ( ! future brood4 ,?us !y "w = an end :i* is z yet unkn[n to !m4 ,?is goes s f>1 z ,i h illu/rat$ by ! example ( ! ,bombex 9 8,! ,w 9 ,nature0 7second edit4 p4 #de1 ?ird edit4 p4 #dg71 t !y pursue & kill 9 advance ! enemies ( _! future eggs4 ,9 ! same way we see ! future wants ( an animal1 its prospective ends1 anticipat$ 9 its :ole corporisation by ! organis$ implem5ts = _! atta9m5t & satisfaction2 f :i*1 !n1 proce$s t p]fect adaptation ( ! /ructure ( e animal to its mann] ( life1 t equipm5t ( x ) ! ne$ful weapons to attack its prey & to w>d (f its enemies1 & t calculation ( its :ole =m ) ref]5ce to ! elem5t & ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* x has to appe> z a pursu]1 :i* ,i h fully describ$ 9 my "w on ! w 9 nature "u ! rubric 8,comp>ative ,anatomy40 ,all ^! anticipations1 bo? 9 ! in/9ct & 9 ! organisation ( animals1 we might br+ "u ! conception ( a k a priori1 if k lay at _! f\ndation at all4 ,b ?is is1 z we h %[n1 n ! case4 ,_! s\rce lies deep] ?an ! sph]e ( k1 9 ! w z ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* z su* rema9s free ev5 f ! =ms ( k2 !re=e ) ref]5ce to x "t has no significance1 consequ5tly ! future lies z ne> x z ! pres5t4 ,*apt] ,,xxviii47#f7 ,*>act]isation ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,our second book clos$ ) ! "q z to ! goal & aim ( t w :i* _h %[n itself to be ! inn] nature ( all ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may s]ve to supplem5t ! answ] to ?is "q giv5 !re 9 g5]al t]ms1 = !y lay d[n ! "* ( ! w z a :ole4 ,su* a *>act]isation is possible because we h recognis$ z ! inn] nature ( ! _w some?+ ?or\ghly real & empirically giv54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v "n 8_ws\l10 by :i* _m h d5ot$ t inn] be+1 gives in/ead ( ?is a m]e ens rationis2 = 8s\l0 signifies an individual unity ( consci\sness :i* cle>ly does n belong to t nature1 & 9 g5]al1 s9ce ! conception 8s\l0 supposes kn[+ & will+ 9 insep>able connection & yet indep5d5t ( ! animal organism1 x is n to be ju/ifi$1 & !re=e n to be us$4 ,! ^w %\ld nev] be appli$ except 9 a metaphorical s5se1 = x is mu* m insidi\s ?an or anima1 :i* signify brea?4 ,mu* m unsuitable1 h[ev]1 is ! way 9 :i* scall$ pan!i/s express !mselves1 ^: :ole philosophy consi/s *iefly 9 ?is1 t !y call ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 :i* is unkn[n to !m1 8,god20 by :i* inde$ !y imag9e !y h a*iev$ mu*4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !n1 ! _w w\ld be a !ophany4 ,b let "o only look at x3 ?is _w ( con/antly ne$y creatures1 :o cont9ue = a "t only by dev\r+ "o ano!r1 fulfil _! exi/5ce 9 anxiety & want1 & (t5 suff] t]rible mis]ies1 till at la/ !y fall into ! arms ( dea?2 :oev] di/9ctly looks ^u ?is w all[ t ,ari/otle 0 "r 9 say+3 8 1 0 7,natura dmonia e/1 non div9a71 ,de div9at41 c4 #b1 p4 #dfc2 nay1 he w be oblig$ to confess t a ,god :o c\ld ?9k ( *ang+ ,himself into su* a _w z ?is mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 torm5t$ by ! devil4 ,i "k well t ! pret5d$ philosoph]s ( ?is c5tury foll[ ,sp9oza 9 ?is1 & ?9k !mselves !reby ju/ifi$4 ,b ,sp9oza _h special reasons = ?us nam+ 8 "o sub/ance1 9 ord]1 namely1 to pres]ve at lea/ ! ^w1 al?\gh n ! ?+4 ,! /ake ( ,giordano ,bruno & ( ,van9i 0 /ill fre% 9 ! memory2 !y also _h be5 sacrific$ to t ,god = ^: hon\r incomp>ably m human sacrifices h bl$ ?an on ! alt>s ( all hea!n gods ( bo? hemisph]es toge!r4 ,if1 !n1 ,sp9oza calls ! _w ,god1 x is exactly ! same ?+ z :5 ,r\sseau 9 ! 8,contrat social10 con/antly & ?r\gh\t d5otes ! p by ! ^w le s\v]a92 we might also comp>e x ) ?is1 t once a pr9ce :o int5d$ to aboli% ! nobility 9 8 l&1 9 ord] to rob no "o ( 8 own1 hit ^u ! idea ( ennobl+ all 8 subjects4 ,^? philosoph]s ( our day h c]ta9ly "o o!r gr\nd = ! nom5clature we are speak+ (1 b x is no m sub/antial4 ,9 _! philosophis+ !y all />t1 n f ! _w or our consci\sness ( x1 b f ,god1 z some?+ giv5 & kn[n2 ,he is n _! qusitum1 b _! datum4 ,if !y 7 boys ,i w\ld !n expla9 to !m t ?is is a petitio pr9cipii1 b !y "k ?is z well z ,i d4 ,b s9ce ,kant has %[n t ! pa? ( ! e>li] dogmatism1 :i* proce$$ hone/ly1 ! pa? f ! _w to a ,god1 does n lead !re1 ^! g5tlem5 n[ imag9e !y h f\nd a f9e way ( escape & made x cunn+ly4 ,w ! read] ( a lat] age p>don me = deta9+ him ) p]sons ( :om he has nev] he>d4 ,e glance at ! _w1 to expla9 :i* is ! task ( ! philosoph]1 confirms & proves t w to live1 f> f be+ an arbitr>y hypo/asis or an empty ^w1 is ! only true expression ( its inmo/ nature4 ,ev]y?+ presses & /rives t[>ds exi/5ce1 if possible organis$ exi/5ce1 i4e41 life1 & aft] t to ! highe/ possible grade ( x4 ,9 animal nature x !n becomes app>5t t w to live is ! keynote ( its be+1 its "o un*angeable & uncondition$ quality4 ,let any "o consid] ?is univ]sal desire = life1 let him see ! inf9ite will+ness1 facility1 & exub]ance ) :i* ! w to live presses impetu\sly into exi/5ce "u a million =ms ev]y:]e & at e mom5t1 by means ( fructification & ( g]ms1 nay1 :5 ^! are want+1 by means ( g5]atio quivoca1 seiz+ e opportunity1 eag]ly grasp+ = itself e mat]ial capable ( life3 & !n aga9 let him ca/ a glance at its fe>ful al>m & wild rebellion :5 9 any p>ticul> ph5om5on x mu/ pass out ( exi/5ce2 especially :5 ?is takes place ) di/9ct consci\sness4 ,!n x is precisely ! same z if 9 ?is s+le ph5om5on ! :ole _w w\ld be annihilat$ = ev]1 & ! :ole be+ ( ?is ?reat5$ liv+ ?+ is at once trans=m$ into ! mo/ desp]ate /ruggle aga9/ dea? & resi/ance to x4 ,look1 = example1 at ! incr$ible anxiety ( a man 9 dang] ( 8 life1 ! rapid & s]i\s p>ticipation 9 ?is ( e witness ( x1 & ! b\ndless rejoic+ at 8 deliv]ance4 ,look at ! rigid t]ror ) :i* a s5t5ce ( dea? is he>d1 ! pr(\nd awe ) :i* we reg>d ! prep>ations = c>ry+ x out1 & ! he>tr5d+ compassion :i* seizes u at ! execution itself4 ,we w\ld !n suppose !re 0 some?+ q diff]5t 9 "q ?an a few less ye>s ( an empty1 sad exi/5ce1 embitt]$ by tr\bles ( e k9d1 & always unc]ta93 we w\ld r be amaz$ t x 0 a matt] ( any consequ5ce :e!r "o atta9$ a few ye>s e>li] to ! place :]e aft] an ephem]al exi/5ce he has billions ( ye>s to be4 ,9 su* ph5om5a1 !n1 x becomes visible t ,i am "r 9 decl>+ t ! w to live is t :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 b lies at ! f\ndation ( all explanations1 & t ?is1 f> f be+ an empty ^w1 l ! absolute1 ! inf9ite1 ! idea1 & simil> expressions1 is ! mo/ real ?+ we "k1 nay1 ! k]nel ( reality itself4 ,b if n[1 ab/ract+ = a :ile f ?is int]pretation drawn f our inn] be+1 we place ourselves z /rang]s ov] aga9/ nature1 9 ord] to compreh5d x objectively1 we f9d t f ! grade ( organis$ life upw>ds x has only "o int5tion--t ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,to ?is end x works1 ?r\gh ! imm5se sup]fluity ( g]ms1 ?r\gh ! urg5t vehem5ce ( ! sexual in/9ct1 ?r\gh its will+ness to adapt itself to all circum/ances & opportunities1 ev5 to ! production ( ba/>ds1 & ?r\gh ! in/9ctive mat]nal affection1 ! /r5g? ( :i* is s great t 9 _m k9ds ( animals x ev5 outweighs selflove1 s t ! "m sacrifices h] life 9 ord] to pres]ve t ( ! "y4 ,! individual1 on ! contr>y1 has = nature only an indirect value1 only s f> z x is ! means ( ma9ta9+ ! species4 ,ap>t f ?is its exi/5ce is to nature a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 inde$ nature ev5 leads x to de/ruction z soon z x has ceas$ to be useful = ?is end4 ,:y ! individual exi/s w\ld ?us be cle>2 b :y does ! species itself exi/8 ,t is a "q :i* nature :5 consid]$ m]ely objectively _c answ]4 ,= 9 va9 d we seek by contemplat+ h] = an end ( ?is re/less /riv+1 ?is ceaseless press+ into exi/5ce1 ?is anxi\s c>e = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,! /r5g? & "t ( ! individuals are consum$ 9 ! ef=t to procure su/5ance = !mselves & _! "y1 & are only j suffici5t1 sometimes ev5 n suffici5t1 = ?is4 ,ev5 if "h & !re a surplus ( /r5g?1 & !re=e ( com=t--9 ! case ( ! "o rational species also ( k--rema9s1 ?is is mu* too insignificant to pass = ! end ( t :ole process ( nature4 ,! :ole ?+1 :5 reg>d$ ?us purely objectively1 & inde$ z extrane\s to u1 looks z if nature 0 only conc]n$ t ( all h] 7,platonic7 ,ideas1 i4e41 p]man5t =ms1 none %\ld be lo/4 ,accord+ly1 z if %e _h s ?or\ghly satisfi$ h]self ) ! =tunate discov]y & comb9ation ( ^! ,ideas 7= :i* ! ?ree prec$+ occasions on :i* %e /ock$ ! e>?'s surface ) animals 7 only ! prep>ation71 t n[ h] only fe> is le/ any "o ( ^! beautiful fancies %\ld be lo/1 i4e41 le/ any "o ( ^! =ms %\ld disappe> f "t & ! causal s]ies4 ,= ! individuals are fleet+ z ! wat] 9 ! brook2 ! ,ideas1 on ! contr>y1 are p]man5t1 l its eddies3 b ! exhau/ion ( ! wat] w\ld also d away ) ! eddies4 ,we w\ld h to /op at ?is un9telligible view if nature 7 kn[n to u only f )\t1 ?us 7 giv5 u m]ely objectively1 & we accept$ x z x is compreh5d$ by k1 & also z sprung f k1 i4e41 9 ! sph]e ( ! idea1 & 7 !re=e oblig$ to conf9e ourselves to ?is prov9ce 9 solv+ x4 ,b ! case is o!rwise1 & a glance at any rate is af=d$ u into ! int]ior ( nature2 inasmu* z ?is is no?+ else ?an our own inn] be+1 :i* is precisely :]e nature1 arriv$ at ! highe/ grade to :i* its /riv+ c\ld "w itself up1 is n[ by ! light ( k f\nd directly 9 selfconsci\sness4 ,"h ! w %[s itself to u z some?+ toto g5]e diff]5t f ! idea1 9 :i* nature appe>s unfold$ 9 all h] 7,platonic7 ,ideas2 & x n[ gives u1 at "o /roke1 ! explanation :i* c\ld nev] be f\nd ^u ! objective pa? ( ! idea4 ,?us ! subjective "h gives ! key = ! exposition ( ! objective4 ,9 ord] to recognise1 z some?+ orig9al & uncondition$1 t exce$+ly /rong t5d5cy ( all animals & m5 to reta9 life & c>ry x on z long z possible--a t5d5cy :i* 0 set =? above z *>act]i/ic ( ! subjective1 or ( ! w--x is necess>y to make cle> to ourselves t ?is is by no means ! result ( any objective k ( ! wor? ( life1 b is indep5d5t ( all k2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ^? be+s exhibit !mselves1 n z drawn f 9 front1 b z impell$ f beh9d4 ,if ) ?is int5tion we fir/ ( all review ! int]m9able s]ies ( animals1 consid] ! inf9ite v>iety ( _! =ms1 z !y exhibit !mselves always diff]5tly modifi$ accord+ to _! elem5t & mann] ( life1 & also pond] ! inimitable +5uity ( _! /ructure & me*anism1 :i* is c>ri$ out ) equal p]fection 9 e individual2 & f9ally1 if we take into consid]ation ! incr$ible exp5diture ( /r5g?1 dext]ity1 prud5ce1 & activity :i* e animal has ceaselessly to make ?r\gh its :ole life2 if1 approa*+ ! matt] m closely1 we contemplate ! untir+ dilig5ce ( wret*$ little ants1 ! m>vell\s & +5i\s indu/ry ( ! bees1 or obs]ve h[ a s+le bury+beetle 7,necrophorus vespillo7 buries a mole ( =ty times its own size 9 two days 9 ord] to deposit its eggs 9 x & insure n\ri%m5t = ! future brood 7,gl$its*1 ,physik4 ,bot4 kon4 ,abh&l41 iii4 #bbj71 at ! same "t call+ to m9d h[ ! life ( mo/ insects is no?+ b ceaseless lab\r to prep>e food & an abode = ! future brood :i* w arise f _! eggs1 & :i* !n1 aft] !y h consum$ ! food & pass$ ?r\gh ! *rysalis /ate1 ent] ^u life m]ely to beg9 aga9 f ! beg9n+ ! same lab\r2 !n also h[1 l ?is1 ! life ( ! birds is = ! mo/ "p tak5 up ) _! di/ant & labori\s migrations1 !n ) ! build+ ( _! ne/s & ! collect+ ( food = ! brood1 :i* itself has to play ! same rle ! foll[+ ye>2 & s all "w con/antly = ! future1 :i* aft]w>ds makes bankrupt2--!n we _c avoid look+ r\nd = ! rew>d ( all ?is skill & tr\ble1 = ! end :i* ^! animals h be=e _! eyes1 :i* /rive s ceaselessly--9 %ort1 we are driv5 to ask3 ,:at is ! result8 :at is atta9$ by ! animal exi/5ce :i* dem&s su* inf9ite prep>ation8 ,& !re is no?+ to po9t to b ! satisfaction ( hung] & ! sexual in/9ct1 or 9 any case a little mom5t>y com=t1 z x falls to ! lot ( ea* animal individual1 n[ & !n 9 ! int]vals ( its endless ne$ & /ruggle4 ,if we place ! two toge!r1 ! indescribable +5uity ( ! prep>ations1 ! enorm\s abundance ( ! means1 & ! insuffici5cy ( :at is !reby aim$ at & atta9$1 ! insight presses itself ^u u t life is a bus9ess1 ! proce$s ( :i* are v f> f cov]+ ! co/ ( x4 ,?is becomes mo/ evid5t 9 "s animals ( a specially simple mann] ( life4 ,take1 = example1 ! mole1 t unwe>i$ work]4 ,to dig ) all its might ) its enorm\s %ovel claws is ! occupation ( its :ole life2 con/ant night surr\nds x2 its embryo eyes only make x avoid ! light4 ,x alone is truly an animal nocturnum2 n cats1 owls1 & bats1 :o see by night4 ,b :at1 n[1 does x atta9 by ?is life1 full ( tr\ble & devoid ( pleasure8 ,food & ! begett+ ( its k9d2 ?us only ! means ( c>ry+ on & beg9n+ anew ! same doleful c\rse 9 new individuals4 ,9 su* examples x becomes cle> t !re is no proportion betwe5 ! c>es & tr\bles ( life & ! results or ga9 ( x4 ,! consci\sness ( ! _w ( p]ception gives a c]ta9 appe>ance ( objective wor? ( exi/5ce to ! life ( ^? animals :i* c see1 al?\gh 9 _! case ?is consci\sness is entirely subjective & limit$ to ! influ5ce ( motives ^u !m4 ,b ! bl9d mole1 ) its p]fect organisation & ceaseless activity1 limit$ to ! alt]nation ( insect l>v & hung]1 makes ! disproportion ( ! means to ! end app>5t4 ,9 ?is respect ! consid]ation ( ! animal _w left to itself 9 l&s un9habit$ by m5 is also specially in/ructive4 ,a beautiful picture ( ?is1 & ( ! suff]+ :i* nature prep>es = h]self )\t ! int]f]5ce ( man1 is giv5 by ,humboldt 9 8 8,ansi*t5 d] ,natur0 7second edition1 p4 #cj et seq472 nor does he neglect to ca/ a glance 7p4 #dd7 at ! analog\s suff]+ ( ! human race1 always & ev]y:]e at v>iance ) itself4 ,yet 9 ! simple & easily survey$ life ( ! brutes ! empt9ess & vanity ( ! /ruggle ( ! :ole ph5om5on is m easily grasp$4 ,! v>iety ( ! organisations1 ! +5uity ( ! means1 :]eby ea* is adapt$ to its elem5t & its prey contra/s "h di/9ctly ) ! want ( any la/+ f9al aim2 in/ead ( :i* !re pres5ts itself only mom5t>y com=t1 fleet+ pleasure condition$ by wants1 mu* & long suff]+1 con/ant /rife1 bellum omnium1 ea* "o bo? a hunt] & hunt$1 pressure1 want1 ne$1 & anxiety1 %riek+ & h[l+2 & ?is goes on 9 secula seculorum1 or till once aga9 ! cru/ ( ! planet breaks4 ,yunghahn relates t he saw 9 ,java a pla9 f> z ! eye c\ld rea* entirely cov]$ ) skeletons1 & took x = a battlefield2 !y 71 h[ev]1 m]ely ! skeletons ( l>ge turtles1 five feet long & ?ree feet broad1 & ! same height1 :i* come ?is way out ( ! sea 9 ord] to lay _! eggs1 & are !n attack$ by wild dogs 7,canis rutilans71 :o ) _! unit$ /r5g? lay !m on _! backs1 /rip (f _! l[] arm\r1 t is1 ! small %ell ( ! /oma*1 & s dev\r !m alive4 ,b (t5 !n a tig] p\nces ^u ! dogs4 ,n[ all ?is mis]y repeats itself ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( times1 ye> out1 ye> 94 ,= ?is1 !n1 ^! turtles are born4 ,= ^: guilt mu/ !y suff] ?is torm5t8 ,:]e=e ! :ole sc5e ( horror8 ,to ?is ! only answ] is3 x is ?us t ! w to live objectifies itself47#g7 ,let "o consid] x well & compreh5d x 9 all its objectifications2 & !n "o w arrive at an und]/&+ ( its nature & ( ! _w2 b n if "o frames g5]al conceptions & builds c>d h\ses out ( !m4 ,! compreh5sion ( ! great drama ( ! objectification ( ! w to live1 & ! *>act]isation ( its nature1 c]ta9ly dem&s some:at m accurate consid]ation & great] ?or\ghness ?an ! dismissal ( ! _w by attribut+ to x ! title ( ,god1 or1 ) a sill9ess :i* only ! ,g]man fa!rl& (f]s & kn[s h[ to enjoy1 expla9+ x z ! 8,idea 9 its o!r be+10 9 :i* = tw5ty ye>s ! simpletons ( my "t h f\nd _! unutt]able delight4 ,c]ta9ly1 accord+ to pan!ism or ,sp9ozism1 ( :i* ! sy/ems ( our c5tury are m]e trave/ies1 all t sort ( ?+ reels itself (f actually )\t end1 /raight on ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,= !n ! _w is a ,god1 ens p]fectissimum1 i4e41 no?+ bett] c be or be conceiv$4 ,?us !re is no ne$ ( deliv]ance f x2 & consequ5tly !re is none4 ,b :y ! :ole tragicom$y exi/s _c 9 ! lea/ be se52 = x has no spectators1 & ! actors !mselves und]go inf9ite tr\ble1 ) little & m]ely negative pleasure4 ,let u n[ add ! consid]ation ( ! human race4 ,! matt] inde$ becomes m complicat$1 & assumes a c]ta9 s]i\sness ( aspect2 b ! fundam5tal "* rema9s unalt]$4 ,"h also life pres5ts itself by no means z a gift = enjoym5t1 b z a task1 a drudg]y to be p]=m$2 & 9 accordance ) ?is we see1 9 great & small1 univ]sal ne$1 ceaseless c>es1 con/ant pressure1 endless /rife1 compulsory activity1 ) extreme ex]tion ( all ! p[]s ( body & m9d4 ,_m millions1 unit$ into nations1 /rive = ! common good1 ea* individual on acc\nt ( 8 own2 b _m ?\s&s fall z a sacrifice = x4 ,n[ s5seless delusions1 n[ intrigu+ politics1 incite !m to w>s ) ea* o!r2 !n ! sweat & ! blood ( ! great multitude mu/ fl[1 to c>ry out ! ideas ( individuals1 or to expiate _! faults4 ,9 peace indu/ry & trade are active1 inv5tions "w miracles1 seas are navigat$1 delicacies are collect$ f all ends ( ! _w1 ! waves engulf ?\s&s4 ,all /rive1 "s plann+1 o!rs act+2 ! tumult is indescribable4 ,b ! ultimate aim ( x all1 :at is x8 ,to su/a9 ephem]al & torm5t$ individuals ?r\gh a %ort span ( "t 9 ! mo/ =tunate case ) endurable want & comp>ative fre$om f pa91 :i*1 h[ev]1 is at once att5d$ ) ennui2 !n ! reproduction ( ?is race & its /riv+4 ,9 ?is evid5t disproportion betwe5 ! tr\ble & ! rew>d1 ! w to live appe>s to u f ?is po9t ( view1 if tak5 objectively1 z a fool1 or subjectively1 z a delusion1 seiz$ by :i* ev]y?+ liv+ works ) ! utmo/ ex]tion ( its /r5g? = some?+ t is ( no value4 ,b :5 we consid] x m closely1 we %all f9d "h also t x is r a bl9d pressure1 a t5d5cy entirely )\t gr\nd or motive4 ,! law ( motivation1 z 0 %[n 9 #bi ( ! fir/ volume1 only ext5ds to ! p>ticul> actions1 n to will+ z a :ole & 9 g5]al4 ,x dep5ds ^u ?is1 t if we conceive ( ! human race & its action z a :ole & univ]sally1 x does n pres5t itself to u1 z :5 we contemplate ! p>ticul> actions1 z a play ( puppets :o are pull$ aft] ! ord9>y mann] by ?reads outside !m2 b f ?is po9t ( view1 z puppets :i* are set 9 motion by int]nal clockwork4 ,= if1 z we h done above1 "o comp>es ! ceaseless1 s]i\s1 & labori\s /riv+ ( m5 ) :at !y ga9 by x1 nay1 ev5 ) :at !y ev] c ga91 ! disproportion we h po9t$ out becomes app>5t1 = "o recognises t t :i* is to be ga9$1 tak5 z ! motivep[]1 is entirely insuffici5t = ! explanation ( t movem5t & t ceaseless /riv+4 ,:at1 !n1 is a %ort po/ponem5t ( dea?1 a slight eas+ ( mis]y or def]m5t ( pa91 a mom5t>y /ill+ ( desire1 comp>$ ) su* an abundant & c]ta9 victory ov] !m all z dea?8 ,:at c\ld su* advantages accompli% tak5 z actual mov+ causes ( a human race1 innum]able because con/antly r5ew$1 :i* unceas+ly moves1 /rives1 /ruggles1 grieves1 wri!s1 & p]=ms ! :ole tragicom$y ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 nay1 :at says m ?an all1 p]sev]es 9 su* a mockexi/5ce z long z ea* "o possibly c8 ,cle>ly ?is is all inexplicable if we seek ! mov+ causes outside ! figures & conceive ! human race z /riv+1 9 consequ5ce ( rational reflection1 or some?+ analog\s to ?is 7z mov+ ?reads71 aft] ^? good ?+s held out to x1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* w\ld be a suffici5t rew>d = its ceaseless c>es & tr\bles4 ,! matt] be+ tak5 ?us1 e "o w\ld r h long ago said1 8,le jeu ne vaut pas la *&elle10 & h gone out4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 e "o gu>ds & def5ds 8 life1 l a preci\s pl$ge intru/$ to him "u heavy responsibility1 "u inf9ite c>es & abundant mis]y1 ev5 "u :i* life is tol]able4 ,! :]e=e & ! :y1 ! rew>d = ?is1 c]ta9ly he does n see2 b he has accept$ ! wor? ( t pl$ge )\t see+ x1 ^u tru/ & fai?1 & does n "k :at x consi/s 94 ,h5ce ,i h said t ^! puppets are n pull$ f )\t1 b ea* be>s 9 itself ! clockwork f :i* its movem5ts result4 ,?is is ! w to live1 manife/+ itself z an untir+ ma*9e1 an irrational t5d5cy1 :i* has n its suffici5t reason 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,x holds ! individuals firmly ^u ! sc5e1 & is ! primum mobile ( _! movem5ts2 :ile ! ext]nal objects1 ! motives1 only det]m9e _! direction 9 ! p>ticul> case2 o!rwise ! cause w\ld n be at all suitable to ! effect4 ,=1 z e manife/ation ( a =ce ( nature has a cause1 b ! =ce ( nature itself none1 s e p>ticul> act ( w has a motive1 b ! w 9 g5]al has none3 inde$ at bottom ^! two are "o & ! same4 ,! w1 z t :i* is metaphysical1 is ev]y:]e ! b\nd>y/one ( e inve/igation1 beyond :i* x _c g4 ,f ! orig9al & uncondition$ nature ( ! w1 :i* has be5 prov$1 x is explicable t man loves beyond ev]y?+ else an exi/5ce full ( mis]y1 tr\ble1 pa91 & anxiety1 &1 aga91 full ( ennui1 :i*1 if he consid]$ & weigh$ x purely objectively1 he w\ld c]ta9ly abhor1 & fe>s above all ?+s ! end ( x1 :i* is yet = him ! "o ?+ c]ta947#h7 ,accord+ly we (t5 see a mis]able figure1 de=m$ & %runk ) age1 want1 & disease1 implore our help f ! bottom ( 8 he>t = ! prolongation ( an exi/5ce1 ! end ( :i* w\ld necess>ily appe> altoge!r desirable if x 7 an objective judgm5t t det]m9$ "h4 ,?us in/ead ( ?is x is ! bl9d w1 appe>+ z ! t5d5cy to life1 ! love ( life1 & ! s5se ( life2 x is ! same :i* makes ! plants gr[4 ,?is s5se ( life may be comp>$ to a rope :i* is /ret*$ above ! puppet%[ ( ! _w ( m51 & on :i* ! puppets hang by invisible ?reads1 :ile app>5tly !y are support$ only by ! gr\nd b5ea? !m 7! objective value ( life74 ,b if ! rope becomes weak ! puppet s9ks2 if x breaks ! puppet mu/ fall1 = ! gr\nd b5ea? x only seem$ to support x3 i4e41 ! weak5+ ( t love ( life %[s itself z hypo*ondria1 sple51 melan*oly3 its entire exhau/ion z ! incl9ation to suicide1 :i* n[ takes place on ! slighte/ occasion1 nay1 = a m]ely imag9>y reason1 = n[1 z x 71 ! man seeks a qu>rel ) himself1 9 ord] to %oot himself dead1 z _m d ) o!rs = a l purpose2--inde$1 ^u necessity1 suicide is resort$ to )\t any special occasion4 7,evid5ce ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,esquirol1 ,des maladies m5tales1 #ahch47 ,& z ) ! p]si/5ce 9 life1 s is x also ) its action & movem5t4 ,?is is n some?+ freely *os52 b :ile e "o w\ld really gladly re/1 want & ennui are ! :ips t keep ! top sp9n+4 ,!re=e ! :ole & e individual be>s ! /amp ( a =c$ condition2 & e "o1 9 t1 inw>dly we>y1 he longs = re/1 b yet mu/ press =w>d1 is l 8 planet1 :i* does n fall into ! sun only because a =ce driv+ x =w>d prev5ts x4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ is 9 cont9ual /ra9 & =c$ movem5t1 & ! c\rse ( ! _w goes on1 to use an expression ( ,ari/otle's 7,de clo1 ii4 #ac71 8 1 0 7,motu1 non naturali s$ viol5to74 ,m5 are only app>5tly drawn f 9 front2 really !y are pu%$ f beh9d2 x is n life t tempts !m on1 b necessity t drives !m =w>d4 ,! law ( motivation is1 l all causality1 m]ely ! =m ( ! ph5om5on4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+ t ?is is ! s\rce ( ! comical1 ! burlesque1 ! grotesque1 ! ridicul\s side ( life2 =1 urg$ =w>d aga9/ 8 w1 e "o be>s himself z be/ he c1 & ! /raits t ?us arise (t5 look comical en\gh1 s]i\s z is ! mis]y :i* und]lies !m4 ,9 all ^! consid]ations1 !n1 x becomes cle> to u t ! w to live is n a consequ5ce ( ! k ( life1 is 9 no way a conclusio ex prmissis1 & 9 g5]al is no?+ second>y4 ,r1 x is t :i* is fir/ & uncondition$1 ! premiss ( all premisses1 & j on t acc\nt t f :i* philosophy mu/ />t1 = ! w to live does n appe> 9 consequ5ce ( ! _w1 b ! _w 9 consequ5ce ( ! w to live4 ,i sc>cely ne$ to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! consid]ations ) :i* we n[ conclude ! second book already po9t =cibly to ! s]i\s !me ( ! f\r? book1 inde$ w\ld pass ov] into x directly if x 7 n t my ar*itectonic symmetry makes x necess>y t ! ?ird book1 ) its fair cont5ts1 %\ld come betwe51 z a second consid]ation ( ! _w z idea1 ! conclusion ( :i*1 h[ev]1 aga9 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,book4 8,et is similis spectatori e/1 quad ab omni sep>atus spectaculum videt40 --,,oupnekhat1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,*apt] ,,xxix47#i7 ,on ,! ,k ,( ,! ,ideas4 ,! intellect1 :i* has hi!rto only be5 consid]$ 9 its orig9al & natural condition ( s]vitude "u ! w1 appe>s 9 ! ?ird book 9 its deliv]ance f t bondage2 ) reg>d to :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ at once be obs]v$ t we h n to d "h ) a la/+ emancipation1 b only ) a brief h\r ( re/1 an exceptional & inde$ only mom5t>y release f ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,z ?is subject has be5 treat$ ) suffici5t fulness 9 ! fir/ volume1 ,i h "h only to add a few supplem5t>y rem>ks4 ,z1 !n1 0 !re expla9$1 ! intellect 9 its activity 9 ! s]vice ( ! w1 ?us 9 its natural function1 kn[s only ! m]e relations ( ?+s2 prim>ily to ! w itself1 to :i* x belongs1 :]eby !y become motives ( ! w2 b !n also1 j = ! sake ( ! complet5ess ( ?is k1 ! relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,?is la/ k fir/ appe>s 9 "s ext5t & importance 9 ! human intellect2 9 ! case ( ! brutes1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 :]e ! intellect is consid]ably develop$1 only )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,cle>ly ev5 ! appreh5sion ( ! relations :i* ?+s h to ea* o!r only takes place1 indirectly1 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,x !re=e =ms ! transition to ! purely objective k1 :i* is entirely indep5d5t ( ! w2 x is sci5tific k1 ! latt] is arti/ic k4 ,if _m & v>i\s relations ( an object are imm$iately appreh5d$1 f ^! ! peculi> & prop] nature ( ! object appe>s ev] m di/9ctly1 & gradually con/ructs itself out ( m]e relations3 al?\gh x itself is entirely diff]5t f !m4 ,9 ?is mode ( appreh5sion ! subjection ( ! intellect to ! w at once becomes ev] m indirect & less4 ,if ! intellect has /r5g? en\gh to ga9 ! prepond]ance1 & let g altoge!r ! relations ( ?+s to ! w1 9 ord] to appreh5d1 in/ead ( !m1 ! purely objective nature ( a ph5om5on1 :i* expresses itself ?r\gh all relations1 x also =sakes1 along ) ! s]vice ( ! w1 ! appreh5sion ( m]e relations1 & !reby really also t ( ! individual ?+ z su*4 ,x !n moves freely1 no long] belong+ to a w4 ,9 ! individual ?+ x kn[s only ! ess5tial1 & !re=e its :ole species2 consequ5tly x n[ has = its object ! ,ideas1 9 my s5se1 :i* agrees ) ! orig9al1 ,platonic mean+ ( ?is grossly misus$ ^w2 ?us ! p]man5t1 un*ang+ =ms1 indep5d5t ( ! temporal exi/5ce ( ! individuals1 ! species r]um1 :i* really con/itute :at is purely objective 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,an ,idea s appreh5d$ is n yet inde$ ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 j because x has sprung f k ( m]e relations2 yet1 z ! result ( ! sum ( all ! relations1 x is ! peculi> "* ( ! ?+1 & !reby ! complete expression ( ! ess5ce :i* exhibits itself z an object ( p]ception1 compreh5d$1 n 9 relation to an individual w1 b z x expresses itself spontane\sly1 :]eby inde$ x det]m9es all its relations1 :i* till !n alone 7 kn[n4 ,! ,idea is ! root po9t ( all ^! relations1 & !reby ! complete & p]fect ph5om5on1 or1 z ,i h express$ x 9 ! text1 ! adequate objectivity ( ! w at ?is grade ( its manife/ation4 ,=m & col\r1 inde$1 :i* 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! ,idea by p]ception are :at is imm$iate1 belong at bottom n to ! ,idea itself1 b are m]ely ! m$ium ( its expression2 =1 /rictly speak+1 space is z =eign to x z "t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,neo,platoni/ ,olympiodorus already says 9 8 comm5t>y on ,plato's ,alcibiades 7,kreuz]'s edition ( ,proclus & ,olympiodorus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb73 8 30 i4e41 ! ,idea1 9 itself unext5d$1 imp>t$ c]ta9ly ! =m to ! matt]1 b fir/ assum$ ext5sion f x4 ,?us1 z 0 said1 ! ,ideas reveal n ! ?+ 9 itself1 b only ! objective "* ( ?+s1 ?us /ill only ! ph5om5on2 & we w\ld n ev5 und]/& ?is "* if ! inn] nature ( ?+s 7 n o!rwise kn[n to u at lea/ obscurely & 9 feel+4 ,?is nature itself _c be und]/ood f ! ,ideas1 nor 9 g5]al ?r\gh any m]ely objective k2 !re=e x w\ld rema9 an et]nal secret if we 7 n able to approa* x f an entirely diff]5t side4 ,only because e kn[+ be+ is also an individual1 & !reby a "p ( nature1 does ! approa* to ! inn] be+ ( nature /& op5 to him 9 8 own selfconsci\sness1 :]e1 z we h f\nd1 x makes itself kn[n 9 ! mo/ imm$iate mann] z w4 ,n[ :at ! ,platonic ,idea is1 reg>d$ z a m]ely objective image1 m]e =m1 & !reby lift$ out ( "t & all relations--t1 tak5 empirically & 9 "t1 is ! species or k9d4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! empirical correlative ( ! ,idea4 ,! ,idea is prop]ly et]nal1 b ! species is ( endless duration1 al?\gh its appe>ance ^u "o planet may become ext9ct4 ,ev5 ! names ( ! two pass ov] into ea* o!r3 1 1 species1 k9d4 ,! ,idea is ! species1 b n ! g5us3 !re=e ! species are ! "w ( nature1 ! g5]a ! "w ( man2 !y are m]e conceptions4 ,!re are species naturales1 b only g5]a logica4 ,( manufactur$ articles !re are no ,ideas1 b only conceptions2 ?us g5]a logica1 & _! subord9ate classes are species logic4 ,to :at is said 9 ?is ref]5ce 9 vol4 i4 #da1 ,i w add "h t ,ari/otle also 7,metaph4 i4 #i & xiii4 #e7 says t ! ,platoni/s admitt$ no ideas ( manufactur$ articles3 8 1 1 0 7,ut domus et annulus1 quorum ideas d>i negant74 ,) :i* comp>e ! ,s*olia/1 p4 #efb1 #efc ( ! ,b]l9 qu>to edition4 ,ari/otle fur!r says 7,metaph4 xi4 #c73 8 7,supple41 7 77 1 0 7,si quidem ide sunt1 9 iis sunt1 qu natura fiunt3 propt] quod non male ,plato dixit1 quod species eorum sunt1 qu natura sunt74 ,on :i* ! ,s*olia/ rem>ks1 p4 #hjj3 8 2 1 0 7,hoc etiam ipsis ideas /atu5tibus placet3 non enim arte factorum ideas d>i ajebant1 s$ natura procreatorum74 ,= ! re/1 ! doctr9e ( ,ideas orig9at$ ) ! ,py?agoreans1 unless we di/ru/ ! ass]tion ( ,plut>* 9 ! book1 ,de placitis philosophorum1 ,l4 i4 c4 #c4 ,! individual is root$ 9 ! species1 & "t 9 et]nity4 ,& z e individual is s only because x has ! nature ( its species 9 itself1 s also x has only temporal exi/5ce because x is 9 et]nity4 ,9 ! foll[+ book a special *apt] is devot$ to ! life ( ! species4 ,9 #di ( ! fir/ volume ,i h suffici5tly br\ght out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,idea & ! conception4 ,_! resemblance1 on ! o!r h&1 re/s ^u ! foll[+ gr\nd3 ,! orig9al & ess5tial unity ( an ,idea becomes brok5 up into ! multiplicity ( individual ?+s ?r\gh ! p]ception ( ! kn[+ individual1 :i* is subject to s5su\s & c]ebral conditions4 ,b t unity is !n re/or$ ?r\gh ! reflection ( ! reason1 yet only 9 ab/racto1 z a concept1 univ]sale1 :i* inde$ is equal to ! ,idea 9 ext5sion1 b has assum$ q a diff]5t =m1 & has !reby lo/ its p]ceptible nature1 & ) ?is its ?or\gh det]m9at5ess4 ,9 ?is s5se 7b 9 no o!r7 we might1 9 ! language ( ! ,s*ola/ics1 describe ! ,ideas z univ]salia ante rem1 ! conceptions z univ]salia po/ rem4 ,betwe5 ! two /& ! individual ?+s1 ! k ( :i* is possess$ also by ! brutes4 ,)\t d\bt ! realism ( ! ,s*ola/ics arose f ! confusion ( ! ,platonic ,ideas1 to :i*1 s9ce !y are also ! species1 an objective real be+ c c]ta9ly be attribut$1 ) ! m]e concepts to :i* ! ,reali/s n[ wi%$ to attribute su* a be+1 & !reby call$ =? ! victori\s opposition ( ,nom9alism4 ,*apt] ,,xxx47#aj7 ,on ,! ,pure ,subject ,( ,k4 ,! compreh5sion ( an ,idea1 ! entrance ( x into our consci\sness1 is only possible by means ( a *ange 9 u1 :i* might also be reg>d$ z an act ( selfd5ial2 = x consi/s 9 ?is1 t k turns away altoge!r f our own w1 ?us n[ leaves out ( sight entirely ! valuable pl$ge intru/$ to x1 & consid]s ?+s z if !y c\ld nev] conc]n ! w at all4 ,= ?us alone does k become a pure mirror ( ! objective nature ( ?+s4 ,k condition$ 9 ?is way mu/ lie at ! f\ndation ( e g5u9e "w ( art z its orig94 ,! *ange 9 ! subject :i* is requir$ = ?is _c proce$ f ! w1 j because x consi/s 9 ! elim9ation ( all volition2 ?us x c be no act ( ! w1 i4e41 x _c lie 9 our *oice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x spr+s only f a tempor>y prepond]ance ( ! intellect ov] ! w1 or1 physiologically consid]$1 f a /rong excitem5t ( ! p]ceptive faculty ( ! bra91 )\t any excitem5t ( ! desires or emotions4 ,to expla9 ?is some:at m accurately ,i rem9d ! read] t our consci\sness has two sides2 p>tly1 x is a consci\sness ( our own selves1 :i* is ! w2 p>tly a consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 & z su* prim>ily1 k1 ?r\gh p]ception1 ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! appreh5sion ( objects4 ,n[ ! m "o side ( ! :ole consci\sness comes to ! front1 ! m ! o!r side )draws4 ,accord+ly1 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us k ( p]ception1 becomes ! m p]fect1 i4e41 ! m objective1 ! less we are consci\s ( ourselves at ! "t4 ,"h exi/s an actual antagonism4 ,! m we are consci\s ( ! object1 ! less we are consci\s ( ! subject2 ! m1 on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] occupies our consci\sness1 ! weak] & m imp]fect is our p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,! /ate :i* is requir$ = pure objectivity ( p]ception has p>tly p]man5t conditions 9 ! p]fection ( ! bra9 & ! g5]al physiological qualities fav\rable to its activity1 p>tly tempor>y conditions1 inasmu* z su* a /ate is fav\r$ by all t increases ! att5tion & height5s ! susceptibility ( ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em1 yet )\t excit+ any passion4 ,"o mu/ n ?9k "h ( spiritu\s dr9ks or opium2 :at is r requir$ is a night ( quiet sleep1 a cold ba?1 & all t procures = ! bra9 activity an un=c$ pr$om9ance by quiet+ ! circulation & calm+ ! passions4 ,x is especially ^! natural means ( fur!r+ ! c]ebral n]v\s activity :i* br+ x ab\t1 c]ta9ly s mu* ! bett] ! m develop$ & en]getic 9 g5]al ! bra9 is1 t ! object sep>ates itself ev] m f ! subject1 & f9ally introduces ! /ate ( pure objectivity ( p]ception1 :i* ( itself elim9ates ! w f consci\sness1 & 9 :i* all ?+s /& be=e u ) increas$ cle>ness & di/9ctness1 s t we are consci\s almo/ only ( !m & sc>cely at all ( ourselves2 ?us our :ole consci\sness is almo/ no?+ m ?an ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! p]ceiv$ object appe>s 9 ! _w z an idea4 ,?us x is necess>y = pure1 wless k t ! consci\sness ( ourselves %\ld vani%1 s9ce ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s is rais$ to su* a pit*4 ,= we only appreh5d ! _w 9 a purely objective mann] :5 we no long] "k t we belong to x2 & all ?+s appe> ! m beautiful ! m we are consci\s m]ely ( !m & ! less we are consci\s ( ourselves4 ,s9ce n[ all suff]+ proce$s f ! w1 :i* con/itutes ! real self1 ) ! )drawal ( ?is side ( consci\sness all possibility ( suff]+ is also aboli%$2 !re=e ! condition ( ! pure objectivity ( p]ception is "o :i* ?r\gh\t gives pleasure2 & h5ce ,i h %[n t 9 x lies "o ( ! two con/itu5t elem5ts ( /hetic satisfaction4 ,z soon1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! consci\sness ( our own self1 ?us subjectivity1 i4e41 ! w1 aga9 obta9s ! upp] h&1 a proportional degree ( discom=t or unre/ also ent]s2 ( discom=t1 because our corporealness 7! organism :i* 9 itself is ! w7 is aga9 felt2 ( unre/1 because ! w1 on ! pa? ( ?\ght1 aga9 fills ! consci\sness ?r\gh wi%es1 emotions1 passions1 & c>es4 ,= ! w1 z ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 is ev]y:]e ! opposite1 nay1 ! antagoni/ ( k4 ,! greate/ conc5tration ( subjectivity consi/s 9 ! act ( w prop]1 9 :i* !re=e we h ! mo/ di/9ct consci\sness ( our own self4 ,all o!r excitem5ts ( ! w are only prep>ations = ?is2 ! act ( w itself is = subjectivity :at = ! electric app>atus is ! pass+ ( ! sp>k4 ,e bodily s5sation is 9 itself an excitem5t ( ! w1 & inde$ (t5] ( ! noluntas ?an ( ! voluntas4 ,! excitem5t ( ! w on ! pa? ( ?\ght is t :i* occurs by means ( motives2 ?us "h ! subjectivity is awak5$ & set 9 play by ! objectivity itself4 ,?is takes place :5ev] any object is appreh5d$ no long] 9 a purely objective mann]1 ?us )\t p>ticipation 9 x1 b1 directly or indirectly1 excites desire or av]sion1 ev5 if x is only by means ( a recollection1 = !n x acts z a motive 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,i rem>k "h t ab/ract ?9k+ & read+1 :i* are connect$ ) words1 belong inde$ 9 ! wid] s5se to ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us to ! objective employm5t ( ! m9d2 yet only indirectly1 by means ( conceptions4 ,b ! latt] are ! artificial product ( ! reason1 & are !re=e already a "w ( int5tion4 ,moreov]1 ! w is ! rul] ( all ab/ract ex]cise ( ! m9d1 =1 accord+ to its aims1 x imp>ts ! direction1 & also fixes ! att5tion2 !re=e su* m5tal activity is always accompani$ by "s ef=t2 & ?is presupposes ! activity ( ! w4 ,?us complete objectivity ( consci\sness does n exi/ ) ?is k9d ( m5tal activity1 z x accompanies ! /hetic appreh5sion1 i4e41 ! k ( ! ,ideas1 z a condition4 ,9 accordance ) ! above1 ! pure objectivity ( p]ception1 by virtue ( :i* no long] ! individual ?+ z su*1 b ! ,idea ( its species is kn[n1 is condition$ by ! fact t "o is no long] consci\s ( oneself1 b only ( ! p]ceiv$ objects1 s t "o's own consci\sness only rema9s z ! support] ( ! objective exi/5ce ( ^! objects4 ,:at increases ! difficulty ( ?is /ate1 & !re=e makes x m r>e1 is1 t 9 x ! accid5t 7! intellect7 ov]comes & annuls ! sub/ance 7! w71 al?\gh only = a %ort "t4 ,"h also lies ! analogy &1 inde$1 ! relation%ip ( ?is ) ! d5ial ( ! w exp\nd$ at ! end ( ! foll[+ book4 ,al?\gh k1 z 0 %[n 9 ! prec$+ book1 is sprung f ! w & is root$ 9 ! manife/ation ( ! w1 ! organism1 yet x is j by ! w t its purity is di/urb$1 z ! flame is by ! fuel & its smoke4 ,x dep5ds ^u ?is t we c only appreh5d ! purely objective nature ( ?+s1 ! ,ideas :i* appe> 9 !m1 :5 we h ourselves no int]e/ 9 !m1 because !y /& 9 no relation to our w4 ,f ?is1 aga91 x arises t ! ,ideas ( any?+ appeal to u m easily f a "w ( art ?an f reality4 ,= :at we behold only 9 a picture or 9 poetry /&s outside all possibility ( hav+ any relation to our w2 = 9 itself x exi/s only = k & appeals imm$iately to k alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! appreh5sion ( ,ideas f reality assumes "s measure ( ab/raction f our own volition1 aris+ above its int]e/s :i* dem&s a special p[] ( ! intellect4 ,9 a high degree1 & = "s duration1 ?is belongs only to g5ius1 :i* consi/s inde$ 9 ?is1 t a great] measure ( ! p[] ( k exi/s ?an is requir$ = ! s]vice ( an individual w1 & ?is surplus becomes free1 & n[ compreh5ds ! _w )\t ref]5ce to ! w4 ,?us t ! "w ( art facilitates s greatly ! appreh5sion ( ! ,ideas1 9 :i* /hetic satisfaction consi/s1 dep5ds n m]ely ^u ! fact t art1 by giv+ prom95ce to :at is ess5tial & elim9at+ :at is uness5tial1 pres5ts ! ?+s m di/9ctly & *>act]i/ically1 b j z mu* on ! fact t ! absolute sil5ce ( ! w1 :i* is dem&$ = ! purely objective compreh5sion ( ! nature ( ! ?+s1 is atta9$ ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty :5 ! p]ceiv$ object itself lies entirely outside ! prov9ce ( ?+s :i* are capable ( hav+ a relation to ! w1 because x is no?+ real1 b a m]e picture4 ,n[ ?is holds good1 n only ( ! works ( pla/ic & pictorial art1 b also ( poetry2 ! effect ( :i* is also condition$ by indiff]5t1 wless1 & !reby purely objective appreh5sion4 ,x is exactly ?is :i* makes a p]ceiv$ object picturesque1 an ev5t ( actual life poetical2 = x is only ?is t ?r[s ov] ! objects ( ! real _w t magic gleam :i* 9 ! case ( s5sibly p]ceiv$ objects is call$ ! picturesque1 & 9 ! case ( ^? :i* are only p]ceiv$ 9 imag9ation is call$ ! poetical4 ,if poets s+ ( ! bli! morn+1 ! beautiful ev5+1 ! /ill moonlight night1 & _m su* ?+s1 ! real object ( _! praise is1 unkn[n to !mselves1 ! pure subject ( k :i* is call$ =? by ^? beauties ( nature1 & on ! appe>ance ( :i* ! w vani%es f consci\sness1 & s t peace ( he>t ent]s :i*1 ap>t f ?is1 is unatta9able 9 ! _w4 ,h[ o!rwise1 = example1 c\ld ! v]se-- 8,nox erat1 at clo fulgebat luna s]5o1 ,int] m9ora sid]a10 affect u s b5efic5tly1 nay1 s magically8 ,fur!r1 t ! /rang] or ! m]e pass+ travell] feels ! picturesque or poetical effect ( objects :i* are unable to produce ?is effect ^u ^? :o live among !m may be expla9$ f ! fact t ! novelty & complete /rang5ess ( ! objects ( su* an indiff]5t1 purely objective appreh5sion are fav\rable to x4 ,?us1 = example1 ! sight ( an entirely /range t[n (t5 makes a specially agreeable impression ^u ! travell]1 :i* x by no means produces 9 ! inhabitant ( x2 = x arises f ! fact t ! =m]1 be+ out ( all relation to ?is t[n & its inhabitants1 p]ceives x purely objectively4 ,^u ?is dep5ds p>tly ! pleasure ( travell+4 ,?is seems also to be ! reason :y x is s\ght to increase ! effect ( n>rative or dramatic works by transf]r+ ! sc5e to di/ant times or l&s3 9 ,g]many1 to ,italy or ,spa92 9 ,italy1 to ,g]many1 ,pol&1 or ev5 ,holl&4 ,if n[ p]fectly objective1 intuitive appreh5sion1 purifi$ f all volition1 is ! condition ( ! enjoym5t ( /hetic objects1 s mu* ! m is x ! condition ( _! production4 ,e good picture1 e g5u9e poem1 be>s ! /amp ( ! frame ( m9d describ$4 ,= only :at has sprung f p]ception1 & inde$ f purely objective p]ception1 or is directly excit$ by x1 conta9s ! liv+ g]m f :i* g5u9e & orig9al a*ievem5ts c gr[ up3 n only 9 pla/ic & pictorial art1 b also 9 poetry1 nay1 ev5 9 philosophy4 ,! punctum sali5s ( e beautiful "w1 ( e great or pr(\nd ?\ght1 is a purely objective p]ception4 ,su* p]ception1 h[ev]1 is absolutely condition$ by ! complete sil5ce ( ! w1 :i* leaves ! man simply ! pure subject ( k4 ,! natural disposition = ! pr$om9ance ( ?is /ate is g5ius4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( volition f consci\sness1 ! individuality also1 & ) x its suff]+ & mis]y1 is really aboli%$4 ,!re=e ,i h describ$ ! pure subject ( k :i* !n rema9s ov] z ! et]nal eye ( ! _w1 :i*1 al?\gh ) v diff]5t degrees ( cle>ness1 looks =? f all liv+ creatures1 unt\*$ by _! appe>+ & pass+ away1 & ?us1 z id5tical ) itself1 z con/antly "o & ! same1 is ! support] ( ! _w ( p]man5t ,ideas1 i4e41 ( ! adequate objectivity ( ! w2 :ile ! individual subject1 ^: k is cl\d$ by ! individuality :i* spr+s f ! w1 has only p>ticul> ?+s z its object1 & is transitory z ^! !mselves4 ,9 ! s5se "h indicat$ a d\ble exi/5ce may be attribut$ to e "o4 ,z w1 & !re=e z individual1 he is only "o1 & ?is "o exclusively1 :i* gives him en\gh to d & to suff]4 ,z ! purely objective p]ceiv]1 he is ! pure subject ( k 9 ^: consci\sness alone ! objective _w has its exi/5ce2 z su* he is all ?+s s f> z he p]ceives !m4 & 9 him is _! exi/5ce )\t burd5 or inconv5i5ce4 ,x is 8 exi/5ce1 s f> z x exi/s 9 8 idea2 b x is !re )\t w4 ,s f>1 on ! o!r h&1 z x is w1 x is n 9 him4 ,x is well ) e "o :5 he is 9 t /ate 9 :i* he is all ?+s2 x is ill ) him :5 9 ! /ate 9 :i* he is exclusively "o4 ,e /ate1 e man1 e sc5e ( life1 requires only to be purely objectively appreh5d$ & be made ! subject ( a sket*1 :e!r ) p5cil or ) words1 9 ord] to appe> int]e/+1 *>m+1 & enviable2 b if "o is 9 x1 if "o is x oneself1 !n 7x is (t5 a case (7 may ! devil endure x4 ,!re=e ,goe! says-- 8,:at 9 life do? only grieve u1 ,t 9 art we gladly see40 ,!re 0 a p]iod 9 ! ye>s ( my y\? :5 ,i 0 always try+ to see myself & my action f )\t1 & picture x to myself2 probably 9 ord] to make x m enjoyable to me4 ,z ,i h nev] spok5 be=e on ! subject ,i h j be5 consid]+1 ,i wi% to add a psy*ological illu/ration ( x4 ,9 ! imm$iate p]ception ( ! _w & ( life we consid] ?+s1 z a rule1 m]ely 9 _! relations1 consequ5tly accord+ to _! relative & n _! absolute nature & exi/5ce4 ,= example1 we w reg>d h\ses1 %ips1 ma*9es1 & ! l ) ! ?\ght ( _! end & _! adaptation to x2 m51 ) ! ?\ght ( _! relation to u1 if !y h any su*2 & !n ) t ( _! relations to ea* o!r1 :e!r 9 _! pres5t action or ) reg>d to _! position & bus9ess1 judg+ p]haps _! fitness = x1 c4 ,su* a consid]ation ( ! relations we c foll[ m or less f> to ! mo/ di/ant l9ks ( _! *a93 ! consid]ation w !reby ga9 9 accuracy & ext5t1 b 9 its quality & nature x rema9s ! same4 ,x is ! consid]ation ( ?+s 9 _! relations1 nay1 by means ( ^!1 ?us accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,e "o1 = ! mo/ "p & z a rule1 is giv5 up to ?is me?od ( consid]ation2 inde$ ,i believe t mo/ m5 are capable ( no o!r4 ,b if1 z an exception1 x happ5s t we exp]i5ce a mom5t>y height5+ ( ! int5sity ( our intuitive intellig5ce1 we at once see ?+s ) entirely diff]5t eyes1 9 t we n[ appreh5d !m no long] accord+ to _! relations1 b accord+ to t :i* !y are 9 & = !mselves1 & sudd5ly p]ceive _! absolute exi/5ce ap>t f _! relative exi/5ce4 ,at once e individual repres5ts its species2 & accord+ly we n[ appreh5d ! univ]sal ( e be+4 ,n[ :at we ?us "k are ! ,ideas ( ?+s2 b out ( ^! !re n[ speaks a high] wisdom ?an t :i* kn[s ( m]e relations4 ,& we also h !n pass$ out ( ! relations1 & h ?us become ! pure subject ( k4 ,b :at n[ exceptionally br+s ab\t ?is /ate mu/ be int]nal physiological processes1 :i* purify ! activity ( ! bra91 & height5 x to su* a degree t a sudd5 spr+tide ( activity l ?is ensues4 ,! ext]nal conditions ( ?is are t we rema9 completely /range to ! sc5e to be consid]$1 & sep>at$ f x1 & are absolutely n actively involv$ 9 x4 ,9 ord] to see t a purely objective1 & !re=e correct1 compreh5sion ( ?+s is only possible :5 we consid] !m )\t any p]sonal p>ticipation 9 !m1 ?us :5 ! w is p]fectly sil5t1 let "o call to m9d h[ mu* e emotion or passion di/urbs & falsifies our k1 inde$ h[ e incl9ation & av]sion alt]s1 col\rs1 & di/orts n only ! judgm5t1 b ev5 ! orig9al p]ception ( ?+s4 ,let "o rememb] h[ :5 we are gladd5$ by "s =tunate occurr5ce ! :ole _w at once assumes a bright col\r & a smil+ aspect1 &1 on ! contr>y1 looks gloomy & sad :5 we are press$ ) c>es2 also1 h[ ev5 a lifeless ?+1 if x is to be made use ( 9 do+ some?+ :i* we abhor1 seems to h a hide\s physiognomy2 = example1 ! scaffold1 ! =tress1 to :i* we h be5 br\ght1 ! surgeon's cases ( in/rum5ts2 ! travell+ c>riage ( our lov$ "o1 c41 nay1 numb]s1 lett]s1 seals1 may seem to gr9 ^u u horribly & affect u z fe>ful mon/rosities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tools = ! accompli%m5t ( our wi%es at once appe> to u agreeable & pleas+2 = example1 ! humpback$ old woman ) ! lovelett]1 ! ,jew ) ! l\is d'ors1 ! ropeladd] to escape by1 c4 ,z n[ "h ! falsification ( ! idea ?r\gh ! w 9 ! case ( special abhorr5ce or love is unmi/akable1 s is x pres5t 9 a less degree 9 e object :i* has any ev5 di/ant relation to our w1 t is1 to our desire or av]sion4 ,only :5 ! w ) its int]e/s has left consci\sness1 & ! intellect freely foll[s its own laws1 & z pure subject mirrors ! objective _w1 yet 9 do+ s1 al?\gh spurr$ on by no volition1 is ( its own incl9ation 9 ! highe/ /ate ( t5sion & activity1 d ! col\rs & =ms ( ?+s appe> 9 _! true & full significance4 ,?us x is f su* compreh5sion alone t g5u9e works ( art c proce$ ^: p]man5t wor? & ev] r5ew$ approval arises simply f ! fact t !y express ! purely objective elem5t1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( & %9es ?r\gh ! diff]5t subjective1 & !re=e di/ort$1 p]ceptions1 z t :i* is common to !m all & alone /&s fa/2 z x 7 ! common !me ( all ^? subjective v>iations4 ,= c]ta9ly ! nature :i* is display$ be=e our eyes exhibits itself v diff]5tly 9 diff]5t m9ds2 & z ea* "o sees x s alone c he repeat x1 :e!r ) ! p5cil or ! *isel1 or ) words & ge/ures on ! /age4 ,objectivity alone makes "o capable ( be+ an arti/2 b objectivity is only possible 9 ?is way1 t ! intellect1 sep>at$ f its root ! w1 moves freely1 & yet acts ) ! highe/ degree ( en]gy4 ,to ! y\? ^: p]ceptive intellect /ill acts ) fre% en]gy nature (t5 exhibits itself ) complete objectivity1 & !re=e ) p]fect beauty4 ,b ! pleasure ( su* a glance is sometimes di/urb$ by ! sadd5+ reflection t ! objects pres5t :i* exhibit !mselves 9 su* beauty d n /& 9 a p]sonal relation to ?is w1 by virtue ( :i* !y c\ld int]e/ & delight him2 he expects 8 life 9 ! =m ( an int]e/+ romance4 8,beh9d t jutt+ cliff ! wellm\nt$ b& ( fri5ds %\ld await me1--beside t wat]fall my love %\ld re/2 ?is beautifully light$ build+ %\ld be h] dwell+1 & t v9eclad w9d[ h]s2--b ?is beautiful _w is = me a des]t60 & s on4 ,su* melan*oly y\?ful rev]ies really dem& some?+ exactly contradictory to !mselves2 = ! beauty ) :i* ^? objects pres5t !mselves dep5ds j ^u ! pure objectivity1 i4e41 dis9t]e/$ness ( _! p]ception1 & w\ld !re=e at once be aboli%$ by ! relation to 8 own w :i* ! y\? pa9fully misses1 & ?us ! :ole *>m :i* n[ af=ds him pleasure1 ev5 ?\gh alloy$ ) a c]ta9 admixture ( pa91 w\ld cease to exi/4 ,! same holds good1 moreov]1 ( e age & e relation2 ! beauty ( ! objects ( a l&scape :i* n[ delights u w\ld vani% if we /ood 9 p]sonal relations to !m1 ( :i* we rema9$ always consci\s4 ,ev]y?+ is beautiful only s long z x does n conc]n u4 7,we are n speak+ "h ( s5sual passion1 b ( /hetic pleasure47 ,life is nev] beautiful1 b only ! pictures ( life are s 9 ! transfigur+ mirror ( art or poetry2 especially 9 y\?1 :5 we d n yet "k x4 ,_m a y\? w\ld receive great peace ( m9d if "o c\ld assi/ him to ?is k4 ,:y has ! sight ( ! full moon su* a b5efic5t1 quiet+1 & exalt+ effect8 ,because ! moon is an object ( p]ception1 b nev] ( desire3 8,! />s we ye>n n aft] ,delight u ) _! glory40--,g4 ,fur!r1 x is sublime1 i4e41 x induces a l(ty mood 9 u1 because1 )\t any relation to u1 x moves along = ev] /range to e>?ly do+s1 & sees all :ile x takes "p 9 no?+4 ,!re=e1 at ! sight ( x ! w1 ) its con/ant ne$9ess1 vani%es f consci\sness1 & leaves a purely kn[+ consci\sness beh9d4 ,p]haps !re is also m+l$ "h a feel+ t we %>e ?is sight ) millions1 ^: individual diff]5ces are !re9 ext+ui%$1 s t 9 ?is p]ception !y are "o1 :i* c]ta9ly increases ! impression ( ! sublime4 ,f9ally1 ?is is also fur!r$ by ! fact t ! moon lights )\t heat+1 9 :i* c]ta9ly lies ! reason :y x has be5 call$ *a/e & id5tifi$ ) ,diana4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is :ole b5efic5t impression ^u our feel+1 ! moon becomes gradually our bosom fri5d4 ,! sun1 aga91 nev] does s2 b is l an ov]pl5te\s b5efactor :om we c nev] look 9 ! face4 ,! foll[+ rem>k may f9d room "h z an addition to :at is said 9 #ch ( ! fir/ volume on ! /hetic pleasure af=d$ by light1 reflection1 & col\rs4 ,! :ole imm$iate1 ?\ghtless1 b also unspeakable1 pleasure :i* is excit$ 9 u by ! impression ( col\rs1 /r5g!n$ by ! gleam ( metal1 & /ill m by transp>5cy1 z1 = example1 9 col\r$ w9d[s1 & 9 a great] measure by means ( ! cl\ds & _! reflection at sunset1--ultimately dep5ds ^u ! fact t "h 9 ! easie/ mann]1 almo/ by a physical necessity1 our :ole int]e/ is won = k1 )\t any excitem5t ( our w1 s t we ent] ! /ate ( pure kn[+1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p ?is consi/s "h 9 a m]e s5sation ( ! affection ( ! ret9a1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z x is 9 itself p]fectly free f pa9 or pleasure1 & !re=e entirely )\t direct influ5ce on ! w1 ?us belongs to pure k4 ,*apt] ,,xxxi47#aa7 ,on ,g5ius4 ,:at is prop]ly d5ot$ by ! "n g5ius is ! pr$om9at+ capacity = t k9d ( k :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 ! k f :i* all g5u9e works ( art & poetry1 & ev5 ( philosophy1 proce$4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ?is has = its objects ! ,platonic ,ideas1 & ^! are n compreh5d$ 9 ! ab/ract1 b only p]ceptibly1 ! ess5ce ( g5ius mu/ lie 9 ! p]fection & en]gy ( ! k ( p]ception4 ,correspond+ to ?is1 ! works :i* we he> mo/ decid$ly designat$ works ( g5ius are ^? :i* />t imm$iately f p]ception & devote !mselves to p]ception2 ?us ^? ( pla/ic & pictorial art1 & !n ^? ( poetry1 :i* gets its p]ceptions by ! assi/ance ( ! imag9ation4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 g5ius & m]e tal5t makes itself noticeable ev5 "h4 ,= tal5t is an excell5ce :i* lies r 9 ! great] v]satility & acut5ess ( discursive ?an ( intuitive k4 ,he :o is end[$ ) tal5t ?9ks m quickly & m correctly ?an o!rs2 b ! g5ius beholds ano!r _w f !m all1 al?\gh only because he has a m pr(\nd p]ception ( ! _w :i* lies be=e !m also1 9 t x pres5ts itself 9 8 m9d m objectively1 & consequ5tly 9 great] purity & di/9ctness4 ,! intellect is1 accord+ to its de/9ation1 m]ely ! m$ium ( motives2 & 9 accordance ) ?is x orig9ally compreh5ds no?+ 9 ?+s b _! relations to ! w1 ! direct1 ! indirect1 & ! possible4 ,9 ! case ( ! brutes1 :]e x is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! direct relations1 ! matt] is j on t acc\nt mo/ app>5t3 :at has no relation to _! w does n exi/ = !m4 ,!re=e we sometimes see ) surprise t ev5 clev] animals d n obs]ve at all some?+ conspicu\s to !m2 = example1 !y %[ no surprise at obvi\s alt]ations 9 our p]son & surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! case ( normal m5 ! indirect1 & ev5 ! possible1 relations to ! w are add$1 ! sum ( :i* make up ! total ( useful k2 b "h also k rema9s conf9$ to ! relations4 ,!re=e ! normal m9d does n atta9 to an absolutely pure1 objective picture ( ?+s1 because its p[] ( p]ception1 :5ev] x is n spurr$ on by ! w & set 9 motion1 at once becomes tir$ & inactive1 because x has n en\gh en]gy ( its own ela/icity & )\t an end 9 view to appreh5d ! _w 9 a purely objective mann]4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is takes place--:]e ! bra9 has su* a surplus ( ! p[] ( ideation t a pure1 di/9ct1 objective image ( ! ext]nal _w exhibits itself )\t any aim2 an image :i* is useless = ! int5tions ( ! w1 inde$1 9 ! high] degrees1 di/urb+1 & ev5 injuri\s to !m--!re1 ! natural disposition1 at lea/1 is already pres5t = t abnormity :i* ! "n g5ius d5otes1 :i* signifies t "h a g5ius =eign to ! w1 i4e41 to ! ,i prop]1 z x 7 com+ f )\t1 seems to be active4 ,b to speak )\t a figure3 g5ius consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! kn[+ faculty has receiv$ a consid]ably great] developm5t ?an ! s]vice ( ! w1 = :i* alone x orig9ally appe>$1 dem&s4 ,!re=e1 /rictly speak+1 physiology might to a c]ta9 ext5t class su* a sup]fluity ( bra9 activity1 & ) x ( bra9 itself1 among ! mon/ra p] excessum1 :i*1 x is well kn[n1 x coord9ates ) mon/ra p] defectum & ^? p] situm mutatum4 ,?us g5ius consi/s 9 an abnormally l>ge measure ( intellect1 :i* c only f9d its use by be+ appli$ to ! univ]sal ( exi/5ce1 :]eby x !n devotes itself to ! s]vice ( ! :ole human race1 z ! normal intellect to t ( ! individual4 ,9 ord] to make ?is p]fectly compreh5sible "o might say3 if ! normal man consi/s ( two?irds w & "o?ird intellect1 ! g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 has two?irds intellect & "o ?ird w4 ,?is might1 !n1 be fur!r illu/rat$ by a *emical simile3 ! base & ! acid ( a neutral salt are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t 9 ea* ( ! two ! radical has ! conv]se relation to oxyg5 to t :i* x has 9 ! o!r4 ,! base or ! alkali is s because 9 x ! radical pr$om9ates ) ref]5ce to oxyg51 & ! acid is s because 9 x oxyg5 pr$om9ates4 ,9 ! same way n[ ! normal man & ! g5ius are relat$ 9 respect ( w & intellect4 ,f ?is arises a ?or\gh di/9ction betwe5 !m1 :i* is visible ev5 9 _! :ole nature & behavi\r1 b comes out mo/ cle>ly 9 _! a*ievem5ts4 ,"o might add ! diff]5ce t :ile t total opposition betwe5 ! *emical mat]ials =ms ! /ronge/ aff9ity & attraction betwe5 !m1 9 ! human race ! opposite is r wont to be f\nd4 ,! fir/ manife/ation :i* su* a sup]fluity ( ! p[] ( k calls =? %[s itself = ! mo/ "p 9 ! mo/ orig9al & fundam5tal k1 i4e41 9 k ( p]ception1 & occasions ! repetition ( x 9 an image2 h5ce arises ! pa9t] & ! sculptor4 ,9 _! case1 !n1 ! pa? betwe5 ! appreh5sion ( g5ius & ! arti/ic production is ! %orte/2 !re=e ! =m 9 :i* g5ius & its activity "h exhibits itself is ! simple/ & its description ! easie/4 ,yet "h also ! s\rce is %[n f :i* all g5u9e productions 9 e art1 9 poetry1 & inde$ 9 philosophy1 h _! orig91 al?\gh 9 ! case ( ^! ! process is n s simple4 ,let ! result arriv$ at 9 ! fir/ book be "h borne 9 m9d1 t all p]ception is intellectual & n m]ely s5su\s4 ,if "o n[ adds ! exposition giv5 "h1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 ju/ice consid]s t ! philosophy ( la/ c5tury d5ot$ ! p]ceptive faculty ( k by ! "n 8l[] p[]s ( ! s\l10 we w n ?9k x s utt]ly absurd nor s des]v+ ( ! bitt] scorn ) :i* ,jean ,paul quotes x 9 8 8,vors*ule d] /hetik10 t ,adelung1 :o _h to speak ! language ( 8 age1 plac$ g5ius 9 8a rem>kable /r5g? ( ! l[] p[]s ( ! s\l40 ,! "w j ref]r$ to ( ?is au?or1 :o is s wor?y ( our admiration1 has great excell5ces1 b yet ,i mu/ rem>k t all ?r\gh1 :5ev] a !oretical explanation &1 9 g5]al1 in/ruction is ! end 9 view1 a /yle ( exposition :i* is con/antly indulg+ 9 displays ( wit & hurry+ along 9 m]e similes _c be well adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,x is1 !n1 p]ception to :i* prim>ily ! peculi> & true nature ( ?+s1 al?\gh /ill 9 a condition$ mann]1 discloses & reveals itself4 ,all conceptions & ev]y?+ ?\ght are m]e ab/ractions1 consequ5tly p>tial ideas tak5 f p]ception1 & h only aris5 by ?9k+ away4 ,all pr(\nd k1 ev5 wisdom prop]ly s call$1 is root$ 9 ! p]ceptive appreh5sion ( ?+s1 z we h fully consid]$ 9 ! supplem5ts to ! fir/ book4 ,a p]ceptive appreh5sion has always be5 ! g5]ative process 9 :i* e g5u9e "w ( art1 e immortal ?\ght1 receiv$ ! sp>k ( life4 ,all prim>y ?\ght takes place 9 pictures4 ,f conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 arise ! works ( m]e tal5t1 ! m]ely rational ?\ghts1 imitations1 & inde$ all t is calculat$ m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t ne$ & contempor>y conditions4 ,b if n[ our p]ception 7 con/antly b\nd to ! real pres5t ( ?+s1 its mat]ial w\ld be entirely "u ! dom9ion ( *ance1 :i* seldom produces ?+s at ! "r "t1 seldom arranges !m = an end & = ! mo/ "p pres5ts !m to u 9 v defective examples4 ,!re=e ! imag9ation is requir$ 9 ord] to complete1 arrange1 give ! f9i%+ t\*es to1 reta91 & repeat at pleasure all ^? significant pictures ( life1 accord+ z ! aims ( a pr(\ndly p5etrat+ k & ( ! significant "w :]eby !y are to be communicat$ may dem&4 ,^u ?is re/s ! high value ( imag9ation1 :i* is an indisp5sable tool ( g5ius4 ,= only by virtue ( imag9ation c g5ius ev]1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! connection ( its pa9t+ or poetry or ?9k+1 call up to itself ea* object or ev5t 9 a lively image1 & ?us con/antly draw fre% n\ri%m5t f ! prim>y s\rce ( all k1 p]ception4 ,! man :o is end[$ ) imag9ation is able1 z x 71 to call up spirits1 :o at ! "r "t reveal to him ! tru?s :i* ! nak$ reality ( ?+s exhibits only weakly1 r>ely1 & !n = ! mo/ "p at ! wrong "t4 ,!re=e ! man )\t imag9ation is relat$ to him1 z ! mussel fa/5$ to its rock1 :i* mu/ wait = :at *ance may br+ x1 is relat$ to ! freely mov+ or ev5 w+$ animal4 ,= su* a man kn[s no?+ b ! actual p]ception ( ! s5ses3 till x comes he gnaws at conceptions & ab/ractions :i* are yet m]e %ells & husks1 n ! k]nel ( k4 ,he w nev] a*ieve any?+ great1 unless x be 9 calculat+ & ma!matics4 ,! works ( pla/ic & pictorial art & ( poetry1 z also ! a*ievem5ts ( mimicry1 may also be reg>d$ z means by :i* ^? :o h no imag9ation may make up = ?is defect z f> z possible1 & ^? :o are gift$ ) x may facilitate ! use ( x4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! k9d ( k :i* is peculi> & ess5tial to g5ius is k ( p]ception1 yet ! special object ( ?is k by no means consi/s ( ! p>ticul> ?+s1 b ( ! ,platonic ,ideas :i* manife/ !mselves 9 ^!1 z _! appreh5sion 0 analys$ 9 *apt] #bi4 ,always to see ! univ]sal 9 ! p>ticul> is j ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 :ile ! normal man kn[s 9 ! p>ticul> only ! p>ticul> z su*1 = only z su* does x belong to ! actual :i* alone has int]e/s = him1 i4e41 relations to 8 w4 ,! degree 9 :i* e "o n m]ely ?9ks1 b actually p]ceives1 9 ! p>ticul> ?+1 only ! p>ticul>1 or a m or less univ]sal up to ! mo/ univ]sal ( ! species1 is ! measure ( 8 approa* to g5ius4 ,& correspond+ to ?is1 only ! nature ( ?+s g5]ally1 ! univ]sal 9 !m1 ! :ole1 is ! special object ( g5ius4 ,! inve/igation ( ! p>ticul> ph5om5a is ! field ( ! tal5ts1 9 ! real sci5ces1 ^: special object is always only ! relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,:at 0 fully %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! appreh5sion ( ! ,ideas is condition$ by ! fact t ! kn[] is ! pure subject ( k1 i4e41 t ! w entirely vani%es f consci\sness1 mu/ be borne 9 m9d "h4 ,! pleasure :i* we h 9 _m ( ,goe!'s songs :i* br+ ! l&scape be=e our eyes1 or 9 ,jean ,paul's sket*es ( nature1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t we !reby p>ticipate 9 ! objectivity ( ^? m9ds1 i4e41 ! purity ) :i* 9 !m ! _w z idea sep>at$ f ! _w z w1 &1 z x 71 entirely emancipat$ itself f x4 ,x also foll[s f ! fact t ! k9d ( k peculi> to g5ius is ess5tially t :i* is purifi$ f all w & its relations1 t ! works ( g5ius d n proce$ f int5tion or *oice1 b x is guid$ 9 !m by a k9d ( in/9ctive necessity4 ,:at is call$ ! awak+ ( g5ius1 ! h\r ( initiation1 ! mom5t ( inspiration1 is no?+ b ! atta9m5t ( fre$om by ! intellect1 :51 deliv]$ = a :ile f its s]vice "u ! w1 x does n n[ s9k into inactivity or lassitude1 b is active = a %ort "t entirely alone & spontane\sly4 ,!n x is ( ! greate/ purity1 & becomes ! cle> mirror ( ! _w2 =1 completely sev]$ f its orig91 ! w1 x is n[ ! _w z idea itself1 conc5trat$ 9 "o consci\sness4 ,9 su* mom5ts1 z x 71 ! s\ls ( immortal works are begott54 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 all int5tional reflection ! intellect is n free1 = inde$ ! w guides x & prescribes x its !me4 ,! /amp ( commonness1 ! expression ( vulg>ity1 :i* is impress$ on ! great majority ( c\nt5ances consi/s really 9 ?is1 t 9 !m becomes visible ! /rict subord9ation ( _! k to _! w1 ! firm *a9 :i* b9ds ^! two toge!r1 & ! impossibility foll[+ f ?is ( appreh5d+ ?+s o!rwise ?an 9 _! relation to ! w & its aims4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! expression ( g5ius :i* con/itutes ! evid5t family lik5ess ( all highly gift$ m5 consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 x we di/9ctly read ! lib]ation1 ! manumission ( ! intellect f ! s]vice ( ! w1 ! pr$om9ance ( k ov] volition2 & because all anxiety proce$s f ! w1 & k1 on ! contr>y1 is 9 & = itself pa9less & s]5e1 ?is gives to _! l(ty br[ & cle>1 p]ceiv+ glance1 :i* are n subject to ! s]vice ( ! w & its wants1 t look ( great1 almo/ sup]natural s]5ity :i* at times breaks ?r\gh1 & consi/s v well ) ! melan*oly ( _! o!r features1 especially ! m\?1 & :i* 9 ?is relation may be aptly describ$ by ! motto ( ,giordano ,bruno3 ,9 tri/itia hil>is1 9 hil>itate tri/is4 ,! w1 :i* is ! root ( ! intellect1 opposes itself to any activity ( ! latt] :i* is direct$ to any?+ else b its own aims4 ,!re=e ! intellect is only capable ( a purely objective & pr(\nd compreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w :5 x has fre$ itself at lea/ = a :ile f ?is its root4 ,s long z x rema9s b\nd to ! w1 x is ( its own means capable ( no activity1 b sleeps 9 a /upor1 :5ev] ! w 7! int]e/s7 does n awake x1 & set x 9 motion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is happ5s1 x is inde$ v well fitt$ to recognise ! relations ( ?+s accord+ to ! int]e/ ( ! w1 z ! prud5t m9d does1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be an awak5$ m9d1 i4e41 a m9d actively ar\s$ by volition2 b j on ?is acc\nt x is n capable ( compreh5d+ ! purely objective nature ( ?+s4 ,= ! will+ & ! aims make x s "osid$ t x sees 9 ?+s only t :i* relates to ^!1 & ! re/ ei!r disappe>s or ent]s consci\sness 9 a falsifi$ =m4 ,= example1 ! travell] 9 anxiety & ha/e w see ! ,rh9e & its banks only z a l9e1 & ! bridges ov] x only z l9es cutt+ x4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! man :o is fill$ ) 8 own aims ! _w appe>s z a beautiful l&scape appe>s on ! plan ( a battlefield4 ,c]ta9ly ^! are extremes1 tak5 = ! sake ( di/9ctness2 b e excitem5t ( ! w1 h[ev] slight1 w h z its consequ5ce a slight b con/antly proportionate falsification ( k4 ,! _w c only appe> 9 its true col\r & =m1 9 its :ole & correct significance1 :5 ! intellect1 devoid ( will+1 moves freely ov] ! objects1 & )\t be+ driv5 on by ! w is yet en]getically active4 ,?is is c]ta9ly oppos$ to ! nature & det]m9ation ( ! intellect1 ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t unnatural1 & j on ?is acc\nt exce$+ly r>e2 b x is j 9 ?is t ! ess5tial nature ( g5ius lies1 9 :i* alone t condition takes place 9 a high degree & is ( "s duration1 :ile 9 o!rs x only appe>s approximately & exceptionally4 ,i take x to be 9 ! s5se exp\nd$ "h t ,jean ,paul 7,vors*ule d] /hetik1 #ab7 places ! ess5ce ( g5ius 9 reflectiv5ess4 ,! normal man is sunk 9 ! :irl & tumult ( life1 to :i* he belongs ?r\gh 8 w2 8 intellect is fill$ ) ! ?+s & ev5ts ( life2 b he does n "k ^! ?+s nor life itself 9 _! objective significance2 z ! m]*ant on ',*ange 9 ,am/]dam appreh5ds p]fectly :at 8 neighb\r says1 b does n he> ! hum ( ! :ole ,ex*ange1 l ! s\nd ( ! sea1 :i* a/oni%es ! di/ant obs]v]4 ,f ! g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 ^: intellect is deliv]$ f ! w1 & ?us f ! p]son1 :at conc]ns ^! does n conceal ! _w & ?+s !mselves2 b he becomes di/9ctly consci\s ( !m1 he appreh5ds !m 9 & = !mselves 9 objective p]ception2 9 ?is s5se he is reflective4 ,x is reflectiv5ess :i* enables ! pa9t] to repeat ! natural objects :i* he contemplates fai?fully ^u ! canvas1 & ! poet accurately to call up aga9 ! concrete pres5t1 by means ( ab/ract conceptions1 by giv+ x utt]ance & s br++ x to di/9ct consci\sness1 & also to express ev]y?+ 9 words :i* o!rs only feel4 ,! brute lives entirely )\t reflection4 ,x has consci\sness1 i4e41 x kn[s itself & its good & ill1 also ! objects :i* occasion ^!4 ,b its k rema9s always subjective1 nev] becomes objective2 ev]y?+ t ent]s x seems a matt] ( c\rse1 & !re=e c nev] become = x a !me 7an object ( exposition7 nor a problem 7an object ( m$itation74 ,its consci\sness is ?us entirely imman5t4 ,n c]ta9ly ! same1 b yet ( k9dr$ nature1 is ! consci\sness ( ! common type ( man1 = 8 appreh5sion also ( ?+s & ! _w is pr$om9antly subjective & rema9s preval5tly imman5t4 ,x appreh5ds ! ?+s 9 ! _w1 b n ! _w2 its own action & suff]+1 b n itself4 ,z n[ 9 innum]able gradations ! di/9ctness ( consci\sness rises1 reflectiv5ess appe>s m & m2 & ?us x is br\ght ab\t little by little t sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 & !n aga9 9 v diff]5t degrees ( di/9ctness1 ! "q passes ?r\gh ! m9d l a fla%1 8,:at is all ?is80 or aga91 8,h[ is x really fa%ion$80 ,! fir/ "q1 if x atta9s great di/9ctness & cont9u$ pres5ce1 w make ! philosoph]1 & ! o!r1 "u ! same conditions1 ! arti/ or ! poet4 ,!re=e1 !n1 ! high call+ ( bo? ( ^! has its root 9 ! reflectiv5ess :i* prim>ily spr+s f ! di/9ctness ) :i* !y are consci\s ( ! _w & _! own selves1 & !reby come to reflect ^u !m4 ,b ! :ole process spr+s f ! fact t ! intellect ?r\gh its prepond]ance frees itself = a "t f ! w1 to :i* x is orig9ally subject4 ,! consid]ations conc]n+ g5ius "h set =? are connect$ by way ( supplem5t ) ! exposition conta9$ 9 *apt] #ba1 ( ! ev] wid] sep>ation ( ! w & ! intellect1 :i* c be trac$ 9 ! :ole s]ies ( exi/5ces4 ,?is rea*es its highe/ grade 9 g5ius1 :]e x ext5ds to ! entire lib]ation ( ! intellect f its root ! w1 s t "h ! intellect becomes p]fectly free1 :]eby ! _w z idea fir/ atta9s to complete objectification4 ,a few rem>ks n[ conc]n+ ! individuality ( g5ius4 ,ari/otle has already said1 accord+ to ,cic]o 7,tusc41 i4 #cc71 8,omnes +5iosos melan*olicos esse20 :i* )\t d\bt is connect$ ) ! passage ( ,ari/otle's 8,problemata10 xxx4 #a4 ,goe! also says3 8,my poetic rapture 0 v small1 s long z ,i only enc\nt]$ good2 b x burnt ) a bright flame :5 ,i fl$ f ?reat5+ evil4 ,! t5d] poem1 l ! ra9b[1 is only drawn on a d>k gr\nd2 h5ce ! g5ius ( ! poet loves ! elem5t ( melan*oly40 ,?is is to be expla9$ f ! fact t s9ce ! w con/antly re e/abli%es its orig9al sway ov] ! intellect1 ! latt] m easily )draws f ?is "u unfav\rable p]sonal relations2 because x gladly turns f adv]se circum/ances1 9 ord] to a c]ta9 ext5t to div]t itself1 & n[ directs itself ) s mu* ! great] en]gy to ! =eign ext]nal _w1 ?us m easily becomes purely objective4 ,fav\rable p]sonal relations act conv]sely4 ,yet z a :ole & 9 g5]al ! melan*oly :i* accompanies g5ius dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! bright] ! intellect :i* enlight5s ! w to live1 ! m di/9ctly does x p]ceive ! mis]y ( its condition4 ,! melan*oly disposition ( highly gift$ m9ds :i* has s (t5 be5 obs]v$ has its emblem 9 ,mont ,blanc1 ! summit ( :i* is = ! mo/ "p lo/ 9 cl\ds2 b :5 sometimes1 especially 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ! veil ( cl\ds is r5t & n[ ! m\nta9 looks d[n on ,*am\nix f its height 9 ! heav5s above ! cl\ds1 !n x is a sight at :i* ! he>t ( ea* ( u swells f its pr(\nde/ dep?s4 ,s also ! g5ius1 = ! mo/ "p melan*oly1 %[s at times t peculi> s]5ity already describ$ above1 :i* is possible only = x1 & spr+s f ! mo/ p]fect objectivity ( ! m9d4 ,x floats l a ray ( light ^u 8 l(ty br[3 ,9 tri/itia hil>is1 9 hil>itate tri/is4 ,all bungl]s are s ultimately because _! intellect1 /ill too firmly b\nd to ! w1 only becomes active :5 spurr$ on by x1 & !re=e rema9s entirely 9 its s]vice4 ,!y are accord+ly only capable ( p]sonal aims4 ,9 con=mity ) ^! !y produce bad pictures1 insipid poems1 %all[1 absurd1 & v (t5 di%one/ philosophemes1 :5 x is to _! int]e/ to recomm5d !mselves to high au?orities by a pi\s dis+5u\sness4 ,?us all _! action & ?\ght is p]sonal4 ,!re=e !y succe$ at mo/ 9 appropriat+ :at is ext]nal1 accid5tal1 & arbitr>y 9 ! g5u9e works ( o!rs z mann]isms1 9 do+ :i* !y take ! %ell in/ead ( ! k]nel1 & yet imag9e !y h atta9$ to ev]y?+1 nay1 h surpass$ ^? works4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! failure is pat5t1 yet _m hope to atta9 success 9 ! end ?r\gh _! good int5tions4 ,b x is j ?is good w :i* makes success impossible2 because ?is only pursues p]sonal ends1 & ) ^! nei!r art nor poetry nor philosophy c ev] be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,!re=e ! say+ is peculi>ly applicable to su* p]sons3 8,!y /& 9 _! own light40 ,!y h no idea t x is only ! intellect deliv]$ f ! gov]nm5t ( ! w & all its projects1 & !re=e freely active1 t makes "o capable ( g5u9e productions1 because x alone imp>ts true s]i\sness2 & x is well = !m t !y h n1 o!rwise !y w\ld leap into ! wat]4 ,! good w is 9 morality ev]y?+2 b 9 art x is no?+4 ,9 art1 z ! ^w itself indicates 7,kun/71 :at alone is ( consequ5ce is ability 7,knn574 ,x all am\nts ultimately to ?is1 :]e ! true s]i\sness ( ! man lies4 ,9 almo/ all x lies exclusively 9 _! own wellbe+ & t ( _! families2 !re=e !y are 9 a position to promote ?is & no?+ else2 = no purpose1 no volunt>y & int5tional ef=t1 imp>ts ! true1 pr(\nd1 & prop] s]i\sness1 or makes up = x1 or m correctly1 takes its place4 ,= x always rema9s :]e nature has plac$ x2 & )\t x ev]y?+ is only half p]=m$4 ,!re=e1 = ! same reason1 p]sons ( g5ius (t5 manage s badly = _! own welf>e4 ,z a lead5 weight always br+s a body back to ! position :i* its c5tre ( gravity !reby det]m9$ dem&s1 s ! true s]i\sness ( ! man always draws ! /r5g? & att5tion ( ! intellect back to t 9 :i* x lies2 ev]y?+ else ! man does )\t true s]i\sness4 ,!re=e only ! exce$+ly r>e & abnormal m5 ^: true s]i\sness does n lie 9 ! p]sonal & practical1 b 9 ! objective & !oretical1 are 9 a position to appreh5d :at is ess5tial 9 ! ?+s ( ! _w1 ?us ! highe/ tru?s1 & reproduce !m 9 any way4 ,= su* a s]i\sness ( ! individual1 fall+ outside himself 9 ! objective1 is some?+ =eign to ! nature ( man1 some?+ unnatural1 or really sup]natural3 yet on acc\nt ( ?is alone is ! man great2 & !re=e :at he a*ieves is !n ascrib$ to a g5ius diff]5t f himself1 :i* takes possession ( him4 ,to su* a man 8 pa9t+1 poetry1 or ?9k+ is an end2 to o!rs x is a means4 ,! latt] !reby seek _! own ?+s1 &1 z a rule1 !y "k h[ to fur!r !m1 = !y flatt] _! contempor>ies1 ready to s]ve _! wants & hum\rs2 !re=e = ! mo/ "p !y live 9 happy circum/ances2 ! =m] (t5 9 v mis]able circum/ances4 ,= he sacrifices 8 p]sonal welf>e to 8 objective end2 he _c inde$ d o!rwise1 because 8 s]i\sness lies !re4 ,!y act conv]sely2 !re=e !y are small1 b he is great4 ,accord+ly 8 "w is = all "t1 b ! recognition ( x g5]ally only beg9s ) po/]ity3 !y live & die ) _! "t4 ,9 g5]al he only is great :o 9 8 "w1 :e!r x is practical or !oretical1 seeks n 8 own conc]ns1 b pursues an objective end alone2 he is s1 h[ev]1 ev5 :5 9 ! practical sph]e ?is end is a misund]/ood "o1 & ev5 if 9 consequ5ce ( ?is x %\ld be a crime4 ,t he seeks n himself & 8 own conc]ns1 ?is makes him "u all circum/ances great4 ,small1 on ! o!r h&1 is all action :i* is direct$ to p]sonal ends2 = :oev] is !reby set 9 activity kn[s & f9ds himself only 9 8 own transi5t & insignificant p]son4 ,he :o is great1 aga91 f9ds himself 9 all1 & !re=e 9 ! :ole3 he lives n1 l o!rs1 only 9 ! microcosm1 b /ill m 9 ! macrocosm4 ,h5ce ! :ole int]e/s him1 & he seeks to compreh5d x 9 ord] to repres5t x1 or to expla9 x1 or to act practically ^u x4 ,= x is n /range to him2 he feels t x conc]ns him4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is ext5sion ( 8 sph]e he is call$ great4 ,!re=e t l(ty pr$icate belongs only to ! true h]o1 9 "s s5se1 & to g5ius3 x signifies t !y1 contr>y to human nature1 h n s\ght _! own ?+s1 h n liv$ = !mselves1 b = all4 ,z n[ cle>ly ! great majority mu/ con/antly be small1 & c nev] become great1 ! conv]se ( ?is1 t "o %\ld be great ?r\gh\t1 t is1 con/antly & e mom5t1 is yet n possible-- 8,= man is made ( common clay1 ,& cu/om is 8 nurse40 ,e great man mu/ (t5 be only ! individual1 h only himself 9 view1 & t means he mu/ be small4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! v true rem>k1 t no man is a h]o to 8 valet1 & n ^u ! fact t ! valet _c appreciate ! h]o2 :i* ,goe!1 9 ! 8,wahlv]w&hs*aft50 7vol4 ii4 *ap4 #e71 s]ves up z an idea ( ,ottilie's4 ,g5ius is its own rew>d3 = ! be/ t "o is1 "o mu/ necess>ily be = oneself4 8,:oev] is born ) a tal5t1 to a tal5t1 f9ds 9 ?is 8 faire/ exi/5ce10 says ,goe!4 ,:5 we look back at a great man ( =m] times1 we d n ?9k1 8,h[ happy is he to be /ill admir$ by all ( u60 b1 8,h[ happy mu/ he h be5 9 ! imm$iate enjoym5t ( a m9d at ! surviv+ traces ( :i* c5turies revive !mselves60 ,n 9 ! fame1 b 9 t :]eby x is atta9$1 lies ! value1 & 9 ! production ( immortal *ildr5 ! pleasure4 ,!re=e ^? :o seek to %[ ! vanity ( po/hum\s fame f ! fact t he :o obta9s x kn[s no?+ ( x1 may be comp>$ to ! wiseacre :o v le>n$ly tri$ to demon/rate to ! man :o ca/ envi\s glances at a heap ( oy/]%ells 9 8 neighb\r's y>d ! absolute uselessness ( !m4 ,accord+ to ! exposition ( ! nature ( g5ius :i* has be5 giv51 x is s f> contr>y to nature1 inasmu* z x consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! intellect1 ^: real de/9ation is ! s]vice ( ! w1 emancipates itself f ?is s]vice 9 ord] to be active on its own acc\nt4 ,accord+ly g5ius is an intellect :i* has become untrue to its de/9ation4 ,^u ?is dep5d ! disadvantages connect$ ) x1 = ! consid]ation ( :i* we %all n[ prep>e ! way by comp>+ g5ius ) ! less decid$ pr$om9ance ( ! intellect4 ,! intellect ( ! normal man1 /rictly b\nd to ! s]vice ( ! w1 & !re=e really only occupi$ ) ! appreh5sion ( motives1 may be reg>d$ z a complex sy/em ( wires1 by means ( :i* ea* ( ^! puppets is set 9 motion 9 ! !atre ( ! _w4 ,f ?is arises ! dry1 grave s]i\sness ( mo/ p1 :i* is only surpass$ by t ( ! brutes1 :o nev] laugh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we might comp>e ! g5ius1 ) 8 unfett]$ intellect1 to a liv+ man play+ along ) ! l>ge puppets ( ! fam\s puppet%[ at ,milan1 :o w\ld be ! only "o among !m :o w\ld und]/& ev]y?+1 & w\ld !re=e gladly leave ! /age = a :ile to enjoy ! play f ! boxes2--t is ! reflectiv5ess ( g5ius4 ,b ev5 ! man ( great und]/&+ & reason1 :om "o might almo/ call wise1 is v diff]5t f ! g5ius1 & 9 ?is way1 t 8 intellect reta9s a practical t5d5cy1 is conc]n$ ) ! *oice ( ! be/ ends & means1 !re=e rema9s 9 ! s]vice ( ! w1 & accord+ly is occupi$ 9 a mann] t is ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) nature4 ,! firm1 practical s]i\sness ( life :i* ! ,romans d5ot$ gravitas presupposes t ! intellect does n =sake ! s]vice ( ! w 9 ord] to w&] away aft] t :i* does n conc]n ! w2 !re=e x does n admit ( t sep>ation ( ! w & ! intellect :i* is ! condition ( g5ius4 ,! able1 nay1 em95t man1 :o is fitt$ = great a*ievem5ts 9 ! practical sph]e1 is s precisely because objects r\se 8 w 9 a lively mann]1 & spur him on to ! ceaseless inve/igation ( _! relations & connections4 ,?us 8 intellect has gr[n up closely connect$ ) 8 w4 ,be=e ! man ( g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 !re floats 9 8 objective compreh5sion ! ph5om5on ( ! _w1 z some?+ =eign to him1 an object ( contemplation1 :i* expels 8 w f consci\sness4 ,r\nd ?is po9t turns ! di/9ction betwe5 ! capacity = de$s & = works4 ,! latt] dem& objectivity & dep? ( k1 :i* presupposes entire sep>ation ( ! intellect f ! w2 ! =m]1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s ! application ( k1 pres5ce ( m9d1 & decision1 :i* requir$ t ! intellect %\ld un9t]rupt$ly att5d to ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,:]e ! bond betwe5 ! intellect & ! w is loos5$1 ! intellect1 turn$ away f its natural de/9ation1 w neglect ! s]vice ( ! w2 x w1 = example1 ev5 9 ! ne$ ( ! mom5t1 pres]ve its emancipation1 & p]haps be unable to avoid tak+ 9 ! picturesque impression ( ! surr\nd+s1 f :i* dang] ?reat5s ! individual4 ,! intellect ( ! reasonable & und]/&+ man1 on ! o!r h&1 is con/antly at its po/1 is direct$ to ! circum/ances & _! requirem5ts4 ,su* a man w !re=e 9 all cases det]m9e & c>ry out :at is suitable to ! case1 & consequ5tly w by no means fall into ^? ecc5tricities1 p]sonal slips1 nay1 follies1 to :i* ! g5ius is expos$1 because 8 intellect does n rema9 exclusively ! guide & gu>dian ( 8 w1 b sometimes m1 sometimes less1 is laid claim to by ! purely objective4 ,9 ! contra/ ( ,tasso & ,antonio1 ,goe! has illu/rat$ ! opposition1 "h expla9$ 9 ! ab/ract1 9 :i* ^! two entirely diff]5t k9ds ( capacity /& to ea* o!r4 ,! k9%ip ( g5ius & madness1 s (t5 obs]v$1 dep5ds *iefly ^u t sep>ation ( ! intellect f ! w :i* is ess5tial to g5ius1 b is yet contr>y to nature4 ,b ?is sep>ation itself is by no means to be attribut$ to ! fact t g5ius is accompani$ by less int5sity ( w2 = x is r di/+ui%$ by a vehem5t & passionate "*2 b x is to be expla9$ f ?is1 t ! practically excell5t p]son1 ! man ( de$s1 has m]ely ! :ole1 full measure ( intellect requir$ = an en]getic w :ile mo/ m5 lack ev5 ?is2 b g5ius consi/s 9 a completely abnormal1 actual sup]fluity ( intellect1 su* z is requir$ = ! s]vice ( no w4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! m5 ( g5u9e works are a ?\s& times r>] ?an ! m5 ( de$s4 ,x is j t abnormal sup]fluity ( intellect by virtue ( :i* x obta9s ! decid$ prepond]ance1 sets itself free f ! w1 & n[1 =gett+ its orig91 is freely active f its own /r5g? & ela/icity2 & f ?is ! creations ( g5ius proce$4 ,n[ fur!r1 j ?is1 t g5ius 9 work+ consi/s ( ! free intellect1 i4e41 ( ! intellect emancipat$ f ! s]vice ( ! w1 has z a consequ5ce t its productions s]ve no useful ends4 ,! "w ( g5ius is music1 or philosophy1 or pa9t+s1 or poetry2 x is no?+ to use4 ,to be ( no use belongs to ! "* ( ! works ( g5ius2 x is _! pat5t ( nobility4 ,all o!r works ( m5 are = ! ma9t5ance or eas+ ( our exi/5ce2 only ^? we are speak+ ( are n2 !y alone exi/ = _! own sake1 & are 9 ?is s5se to be reg>d$ z ! fl[] or ! net pr(it ( exi/5ce4 ,!re=e our he>t swells at ! enjoym5t ( !m1 = we rise out ( ! heavy e>?ly atmosph]e ( want4 ,analog\s to ?is1 we see ! beautiful1 ev5 ap>t f ^!1 r>ely comb9$ ) ! useful4 ,l(ty & beautiful trees be> no fruit2 ! fruittrees are small1 ugly cripples4 ,! full g>d5 rose is n fruitful1 b ! small1 wild1 almo/ sc5tless roses are4 ,! mo/ beautiful build+s are n ! useful ones2 a temple is no dwell+ h\se4 ,a man ( high1 r>e m5tal end[m5ts compell$ to apply himself to a m]ely useful bus9ess1 = :i* ! mo/ ord9>y man w\ld be fitt$1 is l a co/ly vase decorat$ ) ! mo/ beautiful pa9t+ :i* is us$ z a kit*5 pot2 & to comp>e useful p ) m5 ( g5ius is l comp>+ build+/one ) diamonds4 ,?us ! m]ely practical man uses 8 intellect = t = :i* nature de/9$ x1 ! compreh5sion ( ! relations ( ?+s1 p>tly to ea* o!r1 p>tly to ! w ( ! kn[+ individual4 ,! g5ius1 on ! o!r h&1 uses x1 contr>y to its de/9ation1 = ! compreh5sion ( ! objective nature ( ?+s4 ,8 m9d1 !re=e1 belongs n to himself1 b to ! _w1 to ! illum9ation ( :i*1 9 "s s5se1 x w contribute4 ,f ?is mu/ spr+ manifold disadvantages to ! individual fav\r$ ) g5ius4 ,= 8 intellect w 9 g5]al %[ ^? faults :i* are r>ely want+ 9 any tool :i* is us$ = t = :i* x has n be5 made4 ,fir/ ( all1 x w be1 z x 71 ! s]vant ( two ma/]s1 = on e opportunity x frees itself f ! s]vice to :i* x 0 de/9$ 9 ord] to foll[ its own ends1 :]eby x (t5 leaves ! w v inopportunely 9 a fix1 & ?us ! individual s gift$ becomes m or less useless = life1 nay1 9 8 conduct sometimes rem9ds u ( madness4 ,!n1 on acc\nt ( its highly develop$ p[] ( k1 x w see 9 ?+s m ! univ]sal ?an ! p>ticul>2 :ile ! s]vice ( ! w pr9cipally requires ! k ( ! p>ticul>4 ,b1 aga91 :51 z opportunity (f]s1 t :ole abnormally height5$ p[] ( k directs itself ) all its en]gy to ! circum/ances & mis]ies ( ! w1 x w be apt to appreh5d ^! too vividly1 to behold all 9 too gl>+ col\rs1 9 too bright a light1 & 9 a fe>fully exagg]at$ =m1 :]eby ! individual falls into m]e extremes4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve to expla9 ?is m accurately4 ,all great !oretical a*ievem5ts1 9 :atev] sph]e !y may be1 are br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way3 ,_! au?or directs all ! =ces ( 8 m9d ^u "o po9t1 9 :i* he lets !m unite & conc5trate s /rongly1 firmly1 & exclusively t n[ ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! _w vani%es = him1 & 8 object fills all reality4 ,n[ ?is great & p[]ful conc5tration :i* belongs to ! privileges ( g5ius sometimes appe>s = x also 9 ! case ( objects ( ! real _w & ! ev5ts ( daily life1 :i* !n1 br\ght "u su* a focus1 are magnifi$ to su* a mon/r\s ext5t t !y appe> l ! flea1 :i* "u ! sol> microscope assumes ! /ature ( an elephant4 ,h5ce x arises t highly gift$ individuals sometimes are ?r[n by trifles into viol5t emotions ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds1 :i* are incompreh5sible to o!rs1 :o see !m transport$ ) grief1 joy1 c>e1 fe>1 ang]1 c41 by ?+s :i* leave ! eday man q compos$4 ,?us1 !n1 ! g5ius lacks sob]ness1 :i* simply consi/s 9 ?is1 t "o sees 9 ?+s no?+ m ?an actually belongs to !m1 especially ) ref]5ce to our possible ends2 !re=e no sob] m9d$ man c be a g5ius4 ,) ! disadvantages :i* h be5 enum]at$ !re is also associat$ hyp]s5sibility1 :i* an abnormally develop$ n]v\s & c]ebral sy/em br+s ) x1 & inde$ 9 union ) ! vehem5ce & passionat5ess ( w :i* is c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 & :i* exhibits itself physically z en]gy ( ! pulsation ( ! he>t4 ,f all ?is v easily arises t extravagance ( disposition1 t vehem5ce ( ! emotions1 t quick *ange ( mood "u prevail+ melan*oly1 :i* ,goe! has pres5t$ to u 9 ,tasso4 ,:at reasonabl5ess1 quiet composure1 f9i%$ surveyal1 c]ta9ty & proportionat5ess ( behavi\r is %[n by ! wellend[$ normal man 9 comp>ison ) ! n[ dreamy abs5tness1 & n[ passionate excitem5t ( ! man ( g5ius1 ^: inw>d pa9 is ! "m's lap ( immortal works6 ,to all ?is mu/ /ill be add$ t g5ius lives ess5tially alone4 ,x is too r>e to f9d its l ) ease1 & too diff]5t f ! re/ ( m5 to be _! companion4 ,) !m x is ! w1 ) him x is k1 t pr$om9ates2 !re=e _! pleasures are n 81 & 8 are n !irs4 ,!y are m]ely moral be+s1 & h m]ely p]sonal relations2 he is at ! same "t a pure intellect1 & z su* belongs to ! :ole ( humanity4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght ( ! intellect :i* is deta*$ f its "m soil1 ! w1 & only returns to x p]iodically1 w soon %[ itself entirely diff]5t f t ( ! normal intellect1 /ill cleav+ to its /em4 ,= ?is reason1 & also on acc\nt ( ! dissimil>ity ( ! pace1 ! =m] is n adapt$ = ?9k+ 9 common1 i4e41 = conv]sation ) ! o!rs3 !y w h z little pleasure 9 him & 8 oppressive sup]iority z he w 9 !m4 ,!y w !re=e feel m com=table ) _! equals1 & he w pref] ! ent]ta9m5t ( 8 equals1 al?\gh1 z a rule1 ?is is only possible ?r\gh ! works !y h left beh9d !m4 ,!re=e ,*am=t says v rightly3 8,il y a peu de vices qui emp*5t un homme d'avoir beauc\p d'amis1 autant que peuv5t le faire de trop gr&es qualits40 ,! happie/ lot t c fall to ! g5ius is release f action1 :i* is n 8 elem5t1 & leisure = production4 ,f all ?is x results t al?\gh g5ius may highly bless him :o is gift$ ) x1 9 ! h\rs 9 :i*1 ab&on$ to x1 he revels unh9d]$ 9 its delight1 yet x is by no means fitt$ to procure = him a happy c\rse ( life2 r ! contr>y4 ,?is is also confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce record$ 9 biographies4 ,besides ?is !re is also an ext]nal incongruity1 = ! g5ius1 9 8 ef=ts & a*ievem5ts !mselves1 is = ! mo/ "p 9 contradiction & conflict ) 8 age4 ,m]e m5 ( tal5t come always at ! "r "t2 = z !y are r\s$ by ! _s ( _! age1 & call$ =? by its ne$s1 !y are also capable only ( satisfy+ ^!4 ,!y !re=e g h& 9 h& ) ! advanc+ culture ( _! contempor>ies or ) ! gradual progress ( a special sci5ce3 = ?is !y reap rew>d & approval4 ,b to ! next g5]ation _! works are no long] enjoyable2 !y mu/ be replac$ by o!rs1 :i* aga9 are n p]man5t4 ,! g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 comes into 8 age l a comet into ! pa?s ( ! planets1 to ^: wellregulat$ & compreh5sible ord] its entirely ecc5tric c\rse is =eign4 ,accord+ly he _c g h& 9 h& ) ! exi/+1 regul> progress ( ! culture ( ! age1 b fl+s 8 works f> out on to ! way 9 front 7z ! dy+ emp]or flung 8 spe> among ! enemy71 ^u :i* "t has fir/ to ov]take !m4 ,8 relation to ! culm9at+ m5 ( tal5t ( 8 "t might be express$ 9 ! words ( ! ,evangeli/3 8 2 0 7,john vii4 #f74 ,! man ( tal5t c a*ieve :at is beyond ! p[] ( a*ievem5t ( o!r m51 b n :at is beyond _! p[] ( appreh5sion3 !re=e he at once f9ds ^? :o prize him4 ,b ! a*ievem5t ( ! man ( g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 transc5ds n only ! p[] ( a*ievem5t1 b also ! p[] ( appreh5sion ( o!rs2 !re=e !y d n become directly consci\s ( him4 ,! man ( tal5t is l ! m>ksman :o hits a m>k ! o!rs _c hit2 ! man ( g5ius is l ! m>ksman :o hits a m>k !y _c ev5 see to2 !re=e !y only get news ( him indirectly1 & ?us late2 & ev5 ?is !y only accept ^u tru/ & fai?4 ,accord+ly ,goe! says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 8,imitation is inborn 9 u2 :at to imitate is n easily recognis$4 ,r>ely is :at is excell5t f\nd2 /ill m r>ely is x priz$40 ,& ,*am=t says3 8,il en e/ de la valeur des hommes comme de celle des diamans1 qui une c]ta9e mesure de grosseur1 de puret1 de p]fection1 ont un prix fixe et m>qu1 mais qui1 p>del cette mesure1 re/5t sans prix1 et ne tr\v5t po9t d'a*eteurs40 ,& ,bacon ( ,v]ulam has also express$ x3 8,infim>um virtutum1 apud vulgus1 laus e/1 m$i>um admiratio1 suprem>um s5sus nullus0 7,de augm4 sc41 ,l4 vi4 c4 #c74 ,inde$1 "o might p]haps reply1 ,apud vulgus6 ,b ,i mu/ !n come to 8 assi/ance ) ,ma*iavelli's assurance3 8,nel mondo non se non volgo207#ab7 z also ,?ilo 7,ueb] d5 ,ruhm7 rem>ks1 t to ! vulg> h]d !re g5]ally belongs "o m ?an ea* ( u believes4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( ?is late recognition ( ! works ( ! man ( g5ius t !y are r>ely enjoy$ by _! contempor>ies1 & accord+ly 9 ! fre%ness ( col\r :i* syn*ronism & pres5ce imp>ts1 b1 l figs & dates1 mu* m 9 a dry ?an 9 a fre% /ate4 ,if1 f9ally1 we consid] g5ius f ! somatic side1 we f9d x condition$ by sev]al anatomical & physiological qualities1 :i* individually are seldom pres5t 9 p]fection1 & /ill m seldom p]fect toge!r1 b :i* are yet all indisp5sably requir$2 s t ?is expla9s :y g5ius only appe>s z a p]fectly isolat$ & almo/ port5t\s exception4 ,! fundam5tal condition is an abnormal pr$om9ance ( s5sibility ov] irritability & reproductive p[]2 & :at makes ! matt] m difficult1 ?is mu/ take place 9 a male body4 7,wom5 may h great tal5t1 b no g5ius1 = !y always rema9 subjective47 ,simil>ly ! c]ebral sy/em mu/ be p]fectly sep>at$ f ! ganglion sy/em by complete isolation1 s t x /&s 9 complete opposition to ! latt]2 & ?us ! bra9 pursues its p>asitic life on ! organism 9 a v decid$1 isolat$1 p[]ful1 & indep5d5t mann]4 ,c]ta9ly x w !reby v easily affect ! re/ ( ! organism injuri\sly1 & ?r\gh its height5$ life & ceaseless activity we> x out prematurely1 unless x is itself possess$ ( en]getic vital =ce & a good con/itution3 ?us ! latt] belong to ! conditions ( g5ius4 ,inde$ ev5 a good /oma* is a condition on acc\nt ( ! special & close agreem5t ( ?is "p ) ! bra94 ,b *iefly ! bra9 mu/ be ( unusual developm5t & magnitude1 especially broad & high4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its dep? w be inf]ior1 & ! c]ebrum w abnormally prepond]ate 9 proportion to ! c]ebellum4 ,)\t d\bt mu* dep5ds ^u ! configuration ( ! bra9 z a :ole & 9 its p>ts2 b our k is n yet suffici5t to det]m9e ?is accurately1 al?\gh we easily recognise ! =m ( skull t indicates a noble & l(ty intellig5ce4 ,! texture ( ! mass ( ! bra9 mu/ be ( extreme f95ess & p]fection1 & consi/ ( ! pure/1 mo/ conc5trat$1 t5d]e/1 & mo/ excitable n]vesub/ance2 c]ta9ly ! quantitative proportion ( ! :ite to ! grey matt] has a decid$ influ5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 we are also unable z yet to specify4 ,h[ev]1 ! report ( ! po/mortem on ! body ( ,byron7#ac7 %[s t 9 8 case ! :ite matt] 0 9 unusually l>ge proportion to ! grey1 & also t 8 bra9 weigh$ six p\nds4 ,cuvi]'s bra9 weigh$ five p\nds2 ! normal weight is ?ree p\nds4 ,9 contra/ to ! sup]ior size ( ! bra91 ! sp9al cord & n]ves mu/ be unusually ?94 ,a beautifully ar*$1 high & broad skull ( ?9 bone mu/ protect ! bra9 )\t 9 any way cramp+ x4 ,?is :ole quality ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em is ! inh]itance f ! "m1 to :i* we %all return 9 ! foll[+ book4 ,b x is q insuffici5t to produce ! ph5om5on ( g5ius if ! inh]itance f ! fa!r is n add$1 a lively1 passionate temp]am5t1 :i* exhibits itself somatically z unusual en]gy ( ! he>t1 & consequ5tly ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 especially t[>ds ! head4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 t turgesc5ce peculi> to ! bra9 on acc\nt ( :i* x presses aga9/ its walls is increas$ by ?is2 !re=e x =ces itself out ( any op5+ 9 ^! :i* has be5 occasion$ by "s injury2 & secondly1 f ! requisite /r5g? ( ! he>t ! bra9 receives t int]nal movem5t diff]5t f its con/ant ris+ & s9k+ at e brea?1 :i* consi/s 9 a %ak+ ( its :ole mass at e pulsation ( ! f\r c]ebral art]ies1 & ! en]gy ( :i* mu/ correspond to ! "h increas$ quantity ( ! bra91 z ?is movem5t 9 g5]al is an indisp5sable condition ( its activity4 ,to ?is1 !re=e1 small /ature & especially a %ort neck is fav\rable1 because by ! %ort] pa? ! blood rea*es ! bra9 ) m en]gy2 & on ?is acc\nt great m9ds h seldom l>ge bodies4 ,yet t %ortness ( ! di/ance is n indisp5sable2 = example1 ,goe! 0 ( m ?an middle height4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! :ole condition connect$ ) ! circulation ( ! blood1 & !re=e com+ f ! fa!r is want+1 ! good quality ( ! bra9 com+ f ! "m1 w at mo/ produce a man ( tal5t1 a f9e und]/&+1 :i* ! phlegmatic temp]am5t ?us introduc$ supports2 b a phlegmatic g5ius is impossible4 ,?is condition com+ f ! fa!r expla9s _m faults ( temp]am5t describ$ above4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ?is condition exi/s )\t ! =m]1 ?us ) an ord9>ily or ev5 badly con/ruct$ bra91 x gives vivacity )\t m9d1 heat )\t light1 hothead$ p]sons1 m5 ( unsupportable re/lessness & petulance4 ,t ( two bro!rs only "o has g5ius1 & t "o g5]ally ! eld]1 z1 = example1 9 ,kant's case1 is prim>ily to be expla9$ f ! fact t ! fa!r 0 at ! age ( /r5g? & passion only :5 he 0 begott52 al?\gh also ! o!r condition orig9at+ ) ! "m may be spoil$ by unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,i h fur!r to add "h a special rem>k on ! *ildlike "* ( ! g5ius1 i4e41 on a c]ta9 resemblance :i* exi/s betwe5 g5ius & ! age ( *ildhood4 ,9 *ildhood1 z 9 ! case ( g5ius1 ! c]ebral & n]v\s sy/em decid$ly prepond]ates1 = its developm5t hurries f> 9 advance ( t ( ! re/ ( ! organism2 s t already at ! sev5? ye> ! bra9 has atta9$ its full ext5sion & mass4 ,!re=e1 ,bi*at says3 8,dans l'enfance le sy/me n]veux1 comp> au musculaire1 e/ proportionellem5t plus considrable que dans t\s les ges suivans1 t&is que p> la suite1 la plusp>t des autres sy/mes prdom95t sur celuici4 ,on sait que1 p\r bi5 voir les n]fs1 on *oisit t\j\rs les enfans0 7,de la vie et de la mort1 art4 #h1 #f74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( ! g5ital sy/em beg9s late/1 & irritability1 reproduction1 & g5ital function are 9 full =ce only at ! age ( manhood1 & !n1 z a rule1 !y pr$om9ate ov] ! bra9 function4 ,h5ce x is explicable t *ildr51 9 g5]al1 are s s5sible1 reasonable1 desir\s ( in=mation1 & tea*able1 nay1 on ! :ole1 are m dispos$ & fitt$ = all !oretical occupation ?an gr[nup p4 ,!y h1 9 consequ5ce ( t c\rse ( developm5t1 m intellect ?an w1 i4e41 ?an incl9ations1 desire1 & passion4 ,= intellect & bra9 are "o1 & s also is ! g5ital sy/em "o ) ! mo/ vehem5t ( all desires3 !re=e ,i h call$ ! latt] ! focus ( ! w4 ,j because ! fe>ful activity ( ?is sy/em /ill slumb]s1 :ile t ( ! bra9 has already full play1 *ildhood is ! "t ( innoc5ce & happ9ess1 ! p>adise ( life1 ! lo/ ,ed5 on :i* we look long+ly back ?r\gh ! :ole rema9+ c\rse ( our life4 ,b ! basis ( t happ9ess is t 9 *ildhood our :ole exi/5ce lies mu* m 9 kn[+ ?an 9 will+--a condition :i* is also support$ f )\t by ! novelty ( all objects4 ,h5ce 9 ! morn+ sun%9e ( life ! _w lies be=e u s fre%1 s magically gleam+1 s attractive4 ,! small desires1 ! weak incl9ations1 & trifl+ c>es ( *ildhood are only a weak c\nt]poise to t pr$om9ance ( intellectual activity4 ,! innoc5t & cle> glance ( *ildr51 at :i* we revive ourselves1 & :i* sometimes 9 p>ticul> cases rea*es ! sublime contemplative expression ) :i* ,raphael has glorifi$ 8 *]ubs1 is to be expla9$ f :at has be5 said4 ,accord+ly ! m5tal p[]s develop mu* e>li] ?an ! ne$s !y are de/9$ to s]ve2 & "h1 z ev]y:]e1 nature proce$s v design$ly4 ,= 9 ?is "t ( pr$om9at+ intellig5ce ! man collects a great /ore ( k = future wants :i* at ! "t are =eign to him4 ,!re=e 8 intellect1 n[ unceas+ly active1 eag]ly appreh5ds all ph5om5a1 broods ov] !m & /ores !m up c>efully = ! com+ "t1--l ! bees1 :o ga!r a great deal m honey ?an !y c consume1 9 anticipation ( future ne$4 ,c]ta9ly :at a man acquires ( insight & k up to ! age ( pub]ty is1 tak5 z a :ole1 m ?an all t he aft]w>ds le>ns1 h[ev] le>n$ he may become2 = x is ! f\ndation ( all human k4 ,up till ! same "t pla/icity pr$om9ates 9 ! *ild's body1 & lat]1 by a meta/asis1 its =ces ?r[ !mselves into ! sy/em ( g5]ation2 & ?us ) pub]ty ! sexual passion appe>s1 & n[1 little by little1 ! w ga9s ! upp] h&4 ,!n *ildhood1 :i* is prevail+ly !oretical & desir\s ( le>n+1 is foll[$ by ! re/less1 n[ /ormy1 n[ melan*oly1 p]iod ( y\?1 :i* aft]w>ds passes into ! vigor\s & e>ne/ age ( manhood4 ,j because t impulse pregnant ) evil is want+ 9 ! *ild is its volition s adapt$ & subord9at$ to k1 :5ce arises t "* ( innoc5ce1 intellig5ce1 & reasonabl5ess :i* is peculi> to ! age ( *ildhood4 ,on :at1 !n1 ! lik5ess betwe5 *ildhood & g5ius dep5ds ,i sc>cely ne$ to express fur!r3 ^u ! surplus ( ! p[]s ( k ov] ! ne$s ( ! w1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ! purely intellectual activity :i* spr+s f ?is4 ,really e *ild is to a c]ta9 ext5t a g5ius1 & ! g5ius is to a c]ta9 ext5t a *ild4 ,! relation%ip ( ! two %[s itself prim>ily 9 ! navet & sublime simplicity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( true g5ius2 & besides ?is x appe>s 9 sev]al traits1 s t a c]ta9 *ildi%ness c]ta9ly belongs to ! "* ( ! g5ius4 ,9 ,riem]'s 8,mit!ilung5 b] ,goe!0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ahd7 x is relat$ t ,h]d] & o!rs f\nd fault ) ,goe!1 say+ he 0 always a big *ild4 ,c]ta9ly !y 7 "r 9 :at !y said1 b !y 7 n "r 9 f9d+ fault ) x4 ,x has also be5 said ( ,moz>t t all 8 life he rema9$ a *ild 7,niss5's ,biography ( ,moz>t1 p4 #b & #ebi74 ,s*li*tegroll's 8,nekrology0 7= #agia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji7 says ( him3 8,9 8 art he e>ly became a man1 b 9 all o!r relations he always rema9$ a *ild40 ,e g5ius is ev5 = ?is reason a big *ild2 he looks out into ! _w z into some?+ /range1 a play1 & !re=e ) purely objective int]e/4 ,accord+ly he has j z little z ! *ild t dull gravity ( ord9>y m51 :o1 s9ce !y are capable only ( subjective int]e/s1 always see 9 ?+s m]e motives = _! action4 ,:oev] does n to a c]ta9 ext5t rema9 all 8 life a big *ild1 b becomes a grave1 sob]1 ?or\ghly compos$1 & reasonable man1 may be a v useful & capable citiz5 ( ?is _w2 b nev] a g5ius4 ,9 fact1 ! g5ius is s because t pr$om9ance ( ! s5sible sy/em & ( intellectual activity :i* is natural to *ildhood ma9ta9s itself 9 him 9 an abnormal mann] ?r\gh 8 :ole life1 ?us "h becomes p]5nial4 ,a trace ( ?is c]ta9ly %[s itself 9 _m ord9>y m5 up to ! p]iod ( _! y\?2 !re=e1 = example1 9 _m /ud5ts a purely intellectual t5d5cy & an ecc5tricity sugge/ive ( g5ius is unmi/akable4 ,b nature returns to h] track2 !y assume ! *rysalis =m & reappe> at ! age ( manhood1 z inc>nate ,phili/9es1 at :om we are />tl$ :5 we meet !m aga9 9 lat] ye>s4 ,^u all ?is t has be5 exp\nd$ "h dep5ds ,goe!'s beautiful rem>k3 8,*ildr5 d n p]=m :at !y promise2 "y p v seldom2 & if !y d keep _! ^w1 ! _w does n keep its ^w ) !m0 7,wahlv]w&ts*aft51 ,pt4 i4 *4 #aj7--! _w :i* aft]w>ds be/[s ! cr[ns :i* x holds al(t = m]it on ^? :o are ! tools ( its l[ aims or "k h[ to deceive x4 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 z !re is a m]e beauty ( y\?1 :i* almo/ e "o at "s "t possesses 7beaut du diable71 s !re is a m]e intellectuality ( y\?1 a c]ta9 m5tal nature dispos$ & adapt$ = appreh5d+1 und]/&+1 & le>n+1 :i* e "o has 9 *ildhood1 & "s h /ill 9 y\?1 b :i* is aft]w>ds lo/1 j l t beauty4 ,only 9 ! case ( a v few1 ! *os51 ! "o1 l ! o!r1 la/s ?r\gh ! :ole life2 s t ev5 9 old age a trace ( x /ill rema9s visible3 ^! are ! truly beautiful & ! m5 ( true g5ius4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em & ( intellig5ce 9 *ildhood1 :i* is "h "u consid]ation1 toge!r ) ! decl9e ( x 9 rip] age1 receives important illu/ration & confirmation f ! fact t 9 ! species ( animals :i* /&s ne>e/ to man1 ! apes1 ! same relation is f\nd 9 a /rik+ degree4 ,x has by degrees become c]ta9 t ! highly intellig5t orangoutang is a "y pongo1 :i* :5 x has gr[n up loses ! rem>kable human look ( its c\nt5ance1 & also its a/oni%+ intellig5ce1 because ! l[] & brutal "p ( its face increases 9 size1 ! =ehead !reby rec$es1 l>ge cri/1 muscul> developm5ts1 give ! skull a bruti% =m1 ! activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em s9ks1 & 9 its place extraord9>y muscul> /r5g? develops1 :i*1 z x is suffici5t = its pres]vation1 makes ! great intellig5ce n[ sup]flu\s4 ,especially important is :at ,frd4 ,cuvi] has said 9 ?is ref]5ce1 & ,fl\r5s has illu/rat$ 9 a review ( ! 8,hi/oire ,naturelle0 ( ! =m]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,septemb] numb] ( ! 8,j\rnal des ,savans0 ( #ahci1 & 0 also sep>ately pr9t$ ) "s additions1 "u ! title1 8,rsum analytique des obs]vations de ,fr4 ,cuvi] sur l'in/9ct et l'intellig5ce des animaux10 p4 ,fl\r5s1 #ahda4 ,x is !re said1 p4 #ej3 8,l'intellig5ce de l'orangoutang1 cette intellig5ce si dveloppe1 et dveloppe de si bonne heure1 dcroit avec l'ge4 ,l'orangoutang1 lorsqu'il e/ jeune1 n\s tonne p> sa pntration1 p> sa ruse1 p> son adresse2 l'orangoutang1 dev5u adulte1 n'e/ plus qu'un animal grossi]1 brutal1 intraitable4 ,et il en e/ de t\s les s+es comme de l'orang outang4 ,dans t\s1 l'intellig5ce dcroit mesure que les =ces s'accroiss5t4 ,l'animal qui a le plus d'intellig5ce1 n'a t\te cette intellig5ce que dans le jeune ge40 ,fur!r1 p4 #hg3 8,les s+es de t\s les g5res (fr5t ce rapport inv]se de l'ge et de l'intellig5ce4 ,a9si1 p> exemple1 l',entelle 7espce de gu5on du s\sg5re des ,semno pi?ques et l'un des s+es vnrs dans la religion des ,brames7 a1 dans le jeune ge1 le front l>ge1 le museau peu saillant1 le crne lev1 arrondi1 etc4 ,avec l'ge le front disp>ait1 recule1 le museau prom9e2 et le moral ne *ange pas mo9s que le physique3 l'apa?ie1 la viol5ce1 le beso9 de solitude1 remplac5t la pntration1 la docilit1 la confiance4 ,ces diffr5ces sont si gr&es1 dit ,mr4 ,frd4 ,cuvi]1 que dans l'habitude o n\s sommes de jug] des actions des animaux p> les ntres1 n\s pr5drions le jeune animal p\r un individu de l'ge1 o t\tes les qualits morales de l'espce sont acquises1 et l',entelle adulte p\r un individu qui n'aurait encore que ses =ces physiques4 ,mais la nature n'en agit pas a9si avec ces animaux1 qui ne doiv5t pas sortir de la sphre troite1 qui leur e/ fixe1 et qui il suffit en quelque sorte de p\voir veill] leur cons]vation4 ,p\r cela l'intellig5ce tait ncessaire1 qu& la =ce n'exi/ait pas1 et qu& celleci e/ acquise1 t\te autre puissance p]d de son utilit4 0 ,& p4 #aah3 8,la cons]vation des espces ne repose pas mo9s sur les qualits intellectuelles des animaux1 que sur leurs qualits organiques40 ,?is la/ confirms my pr9ciple t ! intellect1 l ! claws & tee?1 is no?+ else ?an a weapon 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,*apt] ,,xxxii47#ad7 ,on ,madness4 ,! heal? ( ! m9d prop]ly consi/s 9 p]fect recollection4 ,( c\rse ?is is n to be und]/ood z mean+ t our memory pres]ves ev]y?+4 ,= ! pa/ c\rse ( our life %r9ks up 9 "t1 z ! pa? ( ! w&]] look+ back %r9ks up 9 space3 sometimes x is difficult = u to di/+ui% ! p>ticul> ye>s2 ! days h = ! mo/ "p become unrecognisable4 ,really1 h[ev]1 only ! exactly simil> ev5ts1 recurr+ an innum]able numb] ( times1 s t _! images1 z x 71 conceal ea* o!r1 ought s to run toge!r 9 ! memory t !y are individually unrecognisable2 on ! o!r h&1 e ev5t 9 any way peculi> or significant we mu/ be able to f9d aga9 9 memory1 if ! intellect is normal1 vigor\s1 & q heal?y4 ,9 ! text ,i h expla9$ madness z ! brok5 ?read ( ?is memory1 :i* /ill runs on regul>ly1 al?\gh 9 con/antly decreas+ fulness & di/9ctness4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations may s]ve to confirm ?is4 ,! memory ( a heal?y man af=ds a c]ta9ty z to an ev5t he has witness$1 :i* is reg>d$ z j z firm & sure z 8 pres5t appreh5sion ( ?+s2 !re=e1 if sworn to by him1 ?is ev5t is !reby e/abli%$ 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e suspicion ( madness w at once weak5 ! te/imony ( a witness4 ,"h1 !n1 lies ! crit]ion betwe5 ! heal?y m9d & insanity4 ,:5ev] ,i d\bt :e!r an ev5t :i* ,i rememb] really took place1 ,i ?r[ ^u myself ! suspicion ( madness3 unless x is t ,i am unc]ta9 :e!r x 0 n a m]e dream4 ,if ano!r d\bts ! reality ( an ev5t1 relat$ by me z an eyewitness1 )\t mi/ru/+ my hone/y1 !n he reg>ds me z insane4 ,:oev] comes at la/1 ?r\gh con/antly rec\nt+ an ev5t :i* orig9ally 0 fabricat$ by him1 to believe 9 x himself is1 9 ?is "o po9t1 really insane4 ,we may ascribe to an insane p]son fla%es ( wit1 s+le clev] ?\ghts1 ev5 correct judgm5ts1 b 8 te/imony z to pa/ ev5ts no man w consid] valid4 ,9 ! ,lalita vi/>a1 well kn[n to be ! hi/ory ( ,buddha ,sakya,muni1 x is relat$ t at ! mom5t ( 8 bir? all ! sick became well1 all ! bl9d saw1 all ! deaf he>d1 & all mad p 8recov]$ _! memory40 ,?is la/ is m5tion$ 9 two passages47#ae7 ,my own exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s has l$ me to ! op9ion t madness occurs proportionally mo/ frequ5tly among actors4 ,b :at a misuse !y make ( _! memory6 ,daily !y h to le>n a new "p or refre% an old "o2 b ^! p>ts are entirely )\t connection1 nay1 are 9 contradiction & contra/ ) ea* o!r1 & e ev5+ ! actor /rives to =get himself entirely & be "s q diff]5t p]son4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ paves ! way = madness4 ,! exposition ( ! orig9 ( madness giv5 9 ! text w become m compreh5sible if x is rememb]$ h[ unwill+ly we ?9k ( ?+s :i* p[]fully injure our int]e/s1 w\nd our pride1 or int]f]e ) our wi%es2 ) :at difficulty d we det]m9e to lay su* ?+s be=e our own intellect = c>eful & s]i\s inve/igation2 h[ easily1 on ! o!r h&1 we unconsci\sly break away or sneak (f f !m aga92 h[1 on ! contr>y1 agreeable ev5ts come into our m9ds ( _! own accord1 &1 if driv5 away1 con/antly creep 9 aga91 s t we dwell on !m = h\rs toge!r4 ,9 t resi/ance ( ! w to all[+ :at is contr>y to x to come "u ! exam9ation ( ! intellect lies ! place at :i* madness c break 9 ^u ! m9d4 ,ea* new adv]se ev5t mu/ be assimilat$ by ! intellect1 i4e41 x mu/ receive a place 9 ! sy/em ( ! tru?s connect$ ) our w & its int]e/s1 :atev] x may h to displace t is m satisfactory4 ,:5ev] ?is has tak5 place1 x already pa9s u mu* less2 b ?is op]ation itself is (t5 v pa9ful1 & also1 9 g5]al1 only takes place sl[ly & ) resi/ance4 ,h[ev]1 ! heal? ( ! m9d c only cont9ue s long z ?is is 9 ea* case prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 9 "s p>ticul> case1 ! resi/ance & /ruggles ( ! w aga9/ ! appreh5sion ( "s k rea*es su* a degree t t op]ation is n p]=m$ 9 its integrity1 !n c]ta9 ev5ts or circum/ances become = ! intellect completely suppress$1 because ! w _c endure ! sight ( !m1 & !n1 = ! sake ( ! necess>y connection1 ! gaps t ?us arise are fill$ up at pleasure2 ?us madness appe>s4 ,= ! intellect has giv5 up its nature to please ! w3 ! man n[ imag9es :at does n exi/4 ,yet ! madness :i* has ?us aris5 is n[ ! le! ( un5durable suff]+2 x 0 ! la/ rem$y ( h>ass$ nature1 i4e41 ( ! w4 ,let me m5tion "h 9 pass+ a pro( ( my view :i* is wor? notic+4 ,c>lo ,gozzi1 9 ! 8,mon/ro tur*9o10 act i4 sc5e #b1 pres5ts to u a p]son :o has drunk a magic potion :i* produces =getfulness1 & ?is p]son appe>s exactly l a madman4 ,9 accordance ) ! above exposition "o may ?us reg>d ! orig9 ( madness z a viol5t 8ca/+ out ( ! m9d0 ( any?+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is only possible by 8tak+ into ! head0 some?+ else4 ,! conv]se process is m r>e1 t ! 8tak+ into ! head0 comes fir/1 & ! 8ca/+ out ( ! m9d0 second4 ,x takes place1 h[ev]1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! occasion ( insanity is kept con/antly pres5t to ! m9d & _c be escap$ f2 ?us1 = example1 9 ! case ( _m :o h gone mad f love1 erotomaniacs1 :]e ! occasion ( _! madness is con/antly long$ aft]2 also 9 ! case ( madness :i* has result$ f ! fright ( "s sudd5 horrible occurr5ce4 ,su* pati5ts cl+1 z x 71 convulsively to ! ?\ght !y h grasp$1 s t no o!r1 or at lea/ none oppos$ to x1 c arise4 ,9 bo? processes1 h[ev]1 :at is ess5tial to madness rema9s ! same1 ! impossibility ( a uni=mly connect$ recollection1 su* z is ! basis ( our heal?y & rational reflection4 ,p]haps ! contra/ ( ! ways 9 :i* !y arise1 set =? "h1 might1 if appli$ ) judgm5t1 af=d a %>p & pr(\nd pr9ciple ( division ( delusions prop]4 ,= ! re/1 ,i h only consid]$ ! physical orig9 ( madness1 ?us :at is introduc$ by ext]nal1 objective occasions4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 x dep5ds ^u purely physical causes1 ^u mal=mations or p>tial disorganisation ( ! bra9 or its membranes1 also ^u ! influ5ce :i* o!r p>ts affect$ ) disease ex]cise ^u ! bra94 ,pr9cipally 9 ! latt] k9d ( madness false s5sep]ceptions1 halluc9ations1 may arise4 ,yet ! two causes ( madness w g5]ally p>take ( ea* o!r1 p>ticul>ly ! psy*ical ( ! physical4 ,x is ! same z ) suicide1 :i* is r>ely br\ght ab\t by an ext]nal occasion alone1 b a c]ta9 physical discom=t lies at its f\ndation2 & accord+ to ! degree :i* ?is atta9s to a great] or less ext]nal occasion is requir$2 only 9 ! case ( ! v highe/ degree is no ext]nal occasion at all requir$4 ,!re=e !re is no mis=tune s great t x w\ld influ5ce e "o to suicide1 & none s small t "o l x has n already l$ to x4 ,i h %[n ! psy*ical orig9 ( madness z1 at lea/ accord+ to all appe>ance1 x is br\ght ab\t 9 ! heal?y m9d by a great mis=tune4 ,9 ! case ( ^? :o are already /rongly dispos$ to madness physically a v small disappo9tm5t w be suffici5t to induce x4 ,= example1 ,i rememb] a man 9 a madh\se :o _h be5 a soldi]1 & _h gone out ( 8 m9d because 8 (fic] _h address$ him z ,er47#af7 ,9 ! case ( decid$ physical disposition no occasion at all is requir$ :5 ?is has come to maturity4 ,! madness :i* has sprung f purely psy*ical causes may1 p]haps1 by ! viol5t p]v]sion ( ! c\rse ( ?\ght :i* has produc$ x1 also introduce a k9d ( p>alysis or o!r depravity ( "s "p ( ! bra91 :i*1 if n soon done away )1 becomes p]man5t4 ,!re=e madness is only curable at fir/1 & n aft] a long] "t4 ,p9el taught t !re is a mania s9e delirio1 fr5zy )\t insanity4 ,?is 0 controv]t$ by ,esquirol1 & s9ce !n mu* has be5 said = & aga9/ x4 ,! "q c only be decid$ empirically4 ,b if su* a /ate really does occur1 !n x is to be expla9$ f ! fact t "h ! w p]iodically entirely )draws itself f ! gov]nm5t & guidance ( ! intellect1 & consequ5tly ( motives1 & ?us x !n appe>s z a bl9d1 impetu\s1 de/ructive =ce ( nature1 & accord+ly manife/s itself z ! desire to annihilate ev]y?+ t comes 9 its way4 ,! w ?us let loose is l ! /ream :i* has brok5 ?r\gh ! dam1 ! horse t has ?r[n 8 rid]1 or a clock out ( :i* ! regulat+ screws h be5 tak54 ,yet only ! reason1 ?us reflective k1 is includ$ 9 t susp5sion1 n intuitive k also2 o!rwise ! w w\ld rema9 entirely )\t guidance1 & consequ5tly ! man w\ld be immovable4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! man 9 a fr5zy appreh5ds objects1 = he breaks out ^u !m2 ?us he has also consci\sness ( 8 pres5t action1 & aft]w>ds remembrance ( x4 ,b he is entirely )\t reflection1 ?us )\t any guidance ( ! reason1 consequ5tly q incapable ( any consid]ation or reg>d = ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 or ! future4 ,:5 ! attack is ov]1 & ! reason has rega9$ its comm&1 its function is correct1 because "h its prop] activity has n be5 p]v]t$ or de/roy$1 b only ! w has f\nd ! means to )draw itself f x entirely = a :ile4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii47#ag7 ,isolat$ ,rem>ks ,on ,natural ,beauty4 ,:at contributes among o!r ?+s to make ! sight ( a beautiful l&scape s exce$+ly delightful is ! p]fect tru? & consi/5cy ( nature4 ,c]ta9ly nature does n foll[ "h ! guidance ( logic 9 ! connection ( ! gr\nds ( k1 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ces1 premisses & conclusions2 b /ill x foll[s :at is = x analog\s to ! law ( causality 9 ! visible connection ( causes & effects4 ,e modification1 ev5 ! slighte/1 :i* an object receives f its position1 =e%ort5+1 concealm5t1 di/ance1 light+1 l9e> & atmosph]ic p]spective1 c41 is1 ?r\gh its effect ^u ! eye1 un]r+ly giv5 & accurately tak5 acc\nt (3 ! ,indian prov]b1 8,e corn ( rice ca/s its %ad[10 f9ds "h its confirmation4 ,!re=e "h ev]y?+ %[s itself s consi/5t1 accurately regul>1 connect$1 & scrupul\sly "r2 "h !re are no evasions4 ,if n[ we consid] ! sight ( a beautiful view1 m]ely z a bra9ph5om5on1 x is ! only "o among ! complicat$ bra9ph5om5a :i* is always absolutely regul>1 blameless1 & p]fect2 all ! re/1 especially our own m5tal op]ations1 are1 9 =m or mat]ial1 affect$ m or less ) defects or inaccuracies4 ,f ?is excell5ce ( ! sight ( beautiful nature1 is ! h>moni\s & ?or\ghly satisfy+ "* ( its impression to be expla9$1 & also ! fav\rable effect :i* x has ^u our :ole ?\ght1 :i* 9 its =mal "p !reby becomes m correctly dispos$1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t purifi$1 = t bra9ph5om5on :i* alone is entirely faultless sets ! bra9 9 g5]al 9 p]fectly normal action2 & n[ ! ?\ght seeks to foll[ t me?od ( nature 9 ! consi/5cy1 connect$ness1 regul>ity1 & h>mony ( all its processes1 aft] be+ br\ght by x into ! "r sw+4 ,a beautiful view is !re=e a ca?>tic ( ! m9d1 z music1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 is ( ! feel+1 & 9 its pres5ce "o w ?9k mo/ correctly4 ,t ! sight ( a m\nta9 *a9 sudd5ly ris+ be=e u ?r[s u s easily into a s]i\s1 & ev5 sublime mood may p>tly dep5d ^u ! fact t ! =m ( ! m\nta9s & ! outl9e ( ! *a9 aris+ f x is ! only con/antly p]man5t l9e ( ! l&scape1 = ! m\nta9s alone defy ! decay :i* soon sweeps away ev]y?+ else1 especially our own ephem]al p]son4 ,n t at ! sight ( ! m\nta9 *a9 all ?is appe>$ di/9ctly 9 our consci\sness1 b an obscure feel+ ( x is ! fundam5tal note ( our mood4 ,i w\ld l to "k :y x is t :ile = ! human =m & c\nt5ance light f above is altoge!r ! mo/ advantage\s1 & light f bel[ ! mo/ unfav\rable1 ) reg>d to l&scape nature exactly ! conv]se holds good4 ,yet h[ /hetic is nature6 ,e spot t is entirely uncultivat$ & wild1 i4e41 left free to itself1 h[ev] small x may be1 if only ! h& ( man rema9s abs5t1 x decorates at once 9 ! mo/ ta/eful mann]1 clo!s x ) plants1 fl[]s1 & %rubs1 ^: un=c$ nature1 natural grace1 & ta/eful gr\p+ be>s witness t !y h n gr[n up "u ! rod ( correction ( ! great egoi/1 b t nature has "h mov$ freely4 ,e neglect$ plant at once becomes beautiful4 ,^u ?is re/s ! pr9ciple ( ! ,engli% g>d51 :i* is z mu* z possible to conceal art1 s t x may appe> z if nature _h "h mov$ freely2 = only !n is x p]fectly beautiful1 i4e41 %[s 9 ! greate/ di/9ctness ! objectification ( ! /ill unconsci\s w to live1 :i* "h unfolds itself ) ! greate/ navet1 because ! =ms are n1 z 9 ! animal _w1 det]m9$ by ext]nal ends1 b only imm$iately by ! soil1 climate1 & a my/]i\s ?ird influ5ce on acc\nt ( :i* s _m plants :i* h orig9ally sprung up 9 ! same soil & climate yet %[ su* diff]5t =ms & *>act]s4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli%1 or m correctly ! ,*9ese1 g>d5 & ! old ,fr5*1 :i* is n[ always becom+ m r>e1 yet /ill exi/s 9 a few magnific5t examples1 ultimately re/s ^u ! fact t ! =m] is plann$ 9 an objective _s1 ! latt] 9 a subjective4 ,9 ! =m] ! w ( nature1 z x objectifies itself 9 tree & %rub1 m\nta9 & wat]fall1 is br\ght to ! pure/ possible expression ( ^! its ,ideas1 ?us ( its own inn] be+4 ,9 ! ,fr5* g>d51 on ! o!r h&1 only ! w ( ! possessor ( x is mirror$1 :i* has subdu$ nature s t in/ead ( its ,ideas x be>s z tok5s ( its slav]y ! =ms :i* correspond to t w1 & :i* are =cibly impos$ ^u x--clipp$ h$ges1 trees cut into all k9ds ( =ms1 /raight alleys1 ar*$ av5ues1 c4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv47#ah7 ,on ,! ,inn] ,nature ,( ,art4 ,n m]ely philosophy b also ! f9e arts "w at bottom t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem ( exi/5ce4 ,= 9 e m9d t once gives itself up to ! purely objective contemplation ( nature a desire has be5 excit$1 h[ev] conceal$ & unconsci\s x may be1 to compreh5d ! true nature ( ?+s1 ( life & exi/5ce4 ,= ?is alone has int]e/ = ! intellect z su*1 i4e41 = ! pure subject ( k :i* has become free f ! aims ( ! w2 z = ! subject :i* kn[s z a m]e individual ! aims ( ! w alone h int]e/4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! result ( ! purely objective appreh5sion ( ?+s is an expression m ( ! nature ( life & exi/5ce1 m an answ] to ! "q1 8,:at is life80 ,e g5u9e & successful "w ( art answ]s ?is "q 9 its own way ) p]fect correctness4 ,b all ! arts speak only ! naive & *ildi% language ( p]ception1 n ! ab/ract & s]i\s language ( reflection2 _! answ] is !re=e a fleet+ image3 n p]man5t & g5]al k4 ,?us = p]ception e "w ( art answ]s t "q1 e pa9t+1 e /atue1 e poem1 e sc5e ^u ! /age3 music also answ]s x2 & inde$ m pr(\ndly ?an all ! re/1 = 9 its language1 :i* is und]/ood ) absolute directness1 b :i* is yet untranslatable into t ( ! reason1 ! inn] nature ( all life & exi/5ce expresses itself4 ,?us all ! o!r arts hold up to ! que/ion] a p]ceptible image1 & say1 8,look "h1 ?is is life40 ,_! answ]1 h[ev] correct x may be1 w yet always af=d m]ely a tempor>y1 n a complete & f9al1 satisfaction4 ,= !y always give m]ely a fragm5t1 an example in/ead ( ! rule1 n ! :ole1 :i* c only be giv5 9 ! univ]sality ( ! conception4 ,= ?is1 !re=e1 ?us = reflection & 9 ! ab/ract1 to give an answ] :i* j on t acc\nt %all be p]man5t & suffice = always1 is ! task ( philosophy4 ,h[ev]1 we see "h ^u :at ! relation%ip ( philosophy to ! f9e arts re/s1 & c conclude f t to :at ext5t ! capacity ( bo?1 al?\gh 9 its direction & 9 second>y matt]s v diff]5t1 is yet 9 its root ! same4 ,e "w ( art accord+ly really aims at %[+ u life & ?+s z !y are 9 tru?1 b _c be directly disc]n$ by e "o ?r\gh ! mi/ ( objective & subjective cont+5cies4 ,art takes away ?is mi/4 ,! works ( ! poets1 sculptors1 & repres5tative arti/s 9 g5]al conta9 an unackn[l$g$ treasure ( pr(\nd wisdom2 j because out ( !m ! wisdom ( ! nature ( ?+s itself speaks1 ^: utt]ances !y m]ely int]pret by illu/rations & pur] repetitions4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 e "o :o reads ! poem or looks at ! picture mu/ c]ta9ly contribute out ( 8 own means to br+ t wisdom to light2 accord+ly he compreh5ds only s mu* ( x z 8 capacity & culture admit (2 z 9 ! deep sea ea* sailor only lets d[n ! lead z f> z ! l5g? ( ! l9e w all[4 ,be=e a picture1 z be=e a pr9ce1 e "o mu/ /&1 wait+ to see :e!r & :at x w speak to him2 &1 z 9 ! case ( a pr9ce1 s "h he mu/ n himself address x1 = !n he w\ld only he> himself4 ,x foll[s f all ?is t 9 ! works ( ! repres5tative arts all tru? is c]ta9ly conta9$1 yet only virtualit] or implicite2 philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 endeav\rs to supply ! same tru? actualit] & explicite1 & !re=e1 9 ?is s5se1 is relat$ to art z w9e to grapes4 ,:at x promises to supply w\ld be1 z x 71 an already realis$ & cle> ga91 a firm & abid+ possession2 :ile t :i* proce$s f ! a*ievem5ts & works ( art is "o :i* has con/antly to be reproduc$ anew4 ,!re=e1 h[ev]1 x makes dem&s1 n only ^u ^? :o produce its works1 b also ^u ^? :o are to enjoy !m :i* are disc\rag+ & h>d to comply )4 ,!re=e its public rema9s small1 :ile t ( art is l>ge4 ,! coop]ation ( ! behold]1 :i* is ref]r$ to above1 z dem&$ = ! enjoym5t ( a "w ( art1 dep5ds p>tly ^u ! fact t e "w ( art c only produce its effect ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! fancy2 !re=e x mu/ excite ?is1 & c nev] all[ x to be left out ( ! play & rema9 inactive4 ,?is is a condition ( ! /hetic effect1 & !re=e a fundam5tal law ( all f9e arts4 ,b x foll[s f ?is t1 ?r\gh ! "w ( art1 ev]y?+ mu/ n be directly giv5 to ! s5ses1 b r only s mu* z is dem&$ to lead ! fancy on to ! "r pa?2 some?+1 & inde$ ! ultimate ?+1 mu/ always be left ov] = ! fancy to d4 ,ev5 ! au?or mu/ always leave some?+ ov] = ! read] to ?9k2 = ,voltaire has v rightly said1 8,le secret d'tre ennuyeux1 c'e/ de t\t dire40 ,b besides ?is1 9 art ! be/ ( all is too spiritual to be giv5 directly to ! s5ses2 x mu/ be born 9 ! imag9ation ( ! behold]1 al?\gh begott5 by ! "w ( art4 ,x dep5ds ^u ?is t ! sket*es ( great ma/]s (t5 effect m ?an _! f9i%$ pictures2 al?\gh ano!r advantage c]ta9ly contributes to ?is1 namely1 t !y are complet$ (fh& 9 ! mom5t ( conception2 :ile ! p]fect$ pa9t+ is only produc$ ?r\gh cont9u$ ef=t1 by means ( skilful delib]ation & p]si/5t int5tion1 = ! inspiration _c la/ till x is complet$4 ,f ! fundam5tal /hetical law we are speak+ (1 x is fur!r to be expla9$ :y wax figures nev] produce an /hetic effect1 & !re=e are n prop]ly works ( f9e art1 al?\gh x is j 9 !m t ! imitation ( nature is able to rea* its highe/ grade4 ,= !y leave no?+ = ! imag9ation to d4 ,sculpture gives m]ely ! =m )\t ! col\r2 pa9t+ gives ! col\r1 b ! m]e appe>ance ( ! =m2 ?us bo? appeal to ! imag9ation ( ! behold]4 ,! wax figure1 on ! o!r h&1 gives all1 =m & col\r at once2 :5ce arises ! appe>ance ( reality1 & ! imag9ation is left out ( acc\nt4 ,poetry1 on ! contr>y1 appeals inde$ to ! imag9ation alone1 :i* x sets 9 action by means ( m]e words4 ,an arbitr>y play+ ) ! means ( art )\t a prop] k ( ! end is1 9 e art1 ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! dabbl]4 ,su* a man %[s himself 9 ! pill>s t support no?+1 aimless volutes1 jutt+s & projections ( bad ar*itecture1 9 ! mean+less runs & figures1 toge!r ) ! aimless noise ( bad music1 9 ! j+l+ ( ! rhymes ( s5seless poetry1 c4 ,x foll[s f ! prec$+ *apt]1 & f my :ole view ( art1 t its aim is ! facilitat+ ( ! k ( ! ,ideas ( ! _w 79 ! ,platonic s5se1 ! only "o :i* ,i recognise = ! ^w ,idea74 ,! ,ideas1 h[ev]1 are ess5tially some?+ p]ceptible1 :i*1 !re=e1 9 its full] det]m9ations1 is inexhau/ible4 ,! communication ( su* an ,idea c !re=e only take place on ! pa? ( p]ception1 :i* is t ( art4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 is fill$ ) ! compreh5sion ( an ,idea is ju/ifi$ if he *ooses art z ! m$ium ( its communication4 ,! m]e conception1 on ! o!r h&1 is some?+ completely det]m9able1 !re=e exhau/ible1 & di/9ctly ?\ght1 ! :ole cont5t ( :i* c be coldly & dryly express$ 9 words4 ,n[ to desire to communicate su* a conception by means ( a "w ( art is a v useless circumlocution1 inde$ belongs to t play+ ) ! means ( art )\t k ( its end :i* has j be5 condemn$4 ,!re=e a "w ( art :i* has proce$$ f m]e di/9ct conceptions is always ung5u9e4 ,if n[1 9 consid]+ a "w ( pla/ic art1 or 9 read+ a poem1 or 9 he>+ a piece ( music 7:i* aims at describ+ some?+ def9ite71 we see1 ?r\gh all ! ri* mat]ials ( art1 ! di/9ct1 limit$1 cold1 dry conception %9e out1 & at la/ come to ! front1 ! conception :i* 0 ! k]nel ( ?is "w1 ! :ole notion ( :i* consequ5tly consi/$ 9 ! di/9ct ?9k+ ( x1 & accord+ly is absolutely exhau/$ by its communication1 we feel disgu/$ & indignant1 = we see ourselves deceiv$ & *eat$ out ( our int]e/ & att5tion4 ,we are only p]fectly satisfi$ by ! impression ( a "w ( art :5 x leaves some?+ :i*1 ) all our ?9k+ ab\t x1 we _c br+ d[n to ! di/9ctness ( a conception4 ,! m>k ( t hybrid orig9 f m]e conceptions is t ! au?or ( a "w ( art c\ld1 be=e he set ab\t x1 give 9 di/9ct words :at he int5d$ to pres5t2 = !n x w\ld h be5 possible to atta9 8 :ole end ?r\gh ^! words4 ,!re=e x is an und]tak+ z unwor?y z x is absurd if1 z has (t5 be5 tri$ at ! pres5t day1 "o seeks to r$uce a poem ( ,%akspe>e's or ,goe!'s to ! ab/ract tru? :i* x 0 its aim to communicate4 ,c]ta9ly ! arti/ ought to ?9k 9 ! arrang+ ( 8 "w2 b only t ?\ght :i* 0 p]ceiv$ be=e x 0 ?\ght has aft]w>ds1 9 its communication1 ! p[] ( animat+ or r\s+1 & !reby becomes imp]i%able4 ,we %all n refra9 f obs]v+ "h t c]ta9ly ! "w :i* is done at a /roke1 l ! sket*es ( pa9t]s already ref]r$ to1 ! "w :i* is complet$ 9 ! inspiration ( its fir/ conception1 & z x 7 unconsci\sly da%$ (f1 l ! melody :i* comes entirely )\t reflection1 & q z if by inspiration1 & f9ally1 also ! lyrical poem prop]1 ! m]e song1 9 :i* ! deeply felt mood ( ! pres5t1 & ! impression ( ! surr\nd+s1 z if involunt>ily1 p\rs itself =? 9 words1 ^: metre & rhyme come ab\t ( _! own accord--t all ^!1 ,i say1 h ! great advantage ( be+ purely ! "w ( ! ec/asy ( ! mom5t1 ! inspiration1 ! free movem5t ( g5ius1 )\t any admixture ( int5tion & reflection2 h5ce !y are ?r\gh & ?r\gh delightful & enjoyable1 )\t %ell & k]nel1 & _! effect is mu* m inevitable ?an t ( ! greate/ works ( art1 ( sl[] & m delib]ate execution4 ,9 all ! latt]1 ?us 9 great hi/orical pa9t+s1 9 long epic poems1 great op]as1 c41 reflection1 int5tion1 & delib]ate selection has _h an important "p2 und]/&+1 te*nical skill1 & r\t9e mu/ "h fill up ! gaps :i* ! conception & inspiration ( g5ius has left1 & mu/ mix ) ^! all k9ds ( necess>y supplem5t>y "w z cem5t ( ! only really g5u9ely brilliant p>ts4 ,?is expla9s :y all su* works1 only except+ ! p]fect ma/]pieces ( ! v greate/ ma/]s 7z1 = example1 8,hamlet10 8,fau/10 ! op]a ( 8,don ,juan071 inevitably conta9 an admixture ( some?+ insipid & we>isome1 :i* 9 "s measure h9d]s ! enjoym5t ( !m4 ,pro(s ( ?is are ! 8,messiah10 8,g]usalemme lib]ata10 ev5 8,p>adise ,lo/0 & ! 8neid20 & ,horace already makes ! bold rem>k1 8,qu&oque dormitat bonus ,hom]us40 ,b t ?is is ! case is ! consequ5ce ( ! limitation ( human p[]s 9 g5]al4 ,! "m ( ! useful arts is necessity2 t ( ! f9e arts sup]fluity4 ,z _! fa!r1 ! =m] h und]/&+2 ! latt] g5ius1 :i* is itself a k9d ( sup]fluity1 t ( ! p[]s ( k beyond ! measure :i* is requir$ = ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,*apt] ,,xxxv47#ai7 ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,ar*itecture4 ,9 accordance ) ! d$uction giv5 9 ! text ( ! pure /hetics ( ar*itecture f ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectification ( ! w or ( nature1 ! ,ideas ( :i* x seeks to br+ to di/9ct p]ception1 its "o con/ant !me is support & burd51 & its fundam5tal law is t no burd5 %all be )\t suffici5t support1 & no support )\t a suitable burd52 consequ5tly t ! relation ( ^! two %all be exactly ! fitt+ "o4 ,! pure/ example ( ! c>ry+ out ( ?is !me is ! column & entablature4 ,!re=e ! ord] or column> arrangem5t has become1 z x 71 ! ?or\gh bass ( ! :ole ( ar*itecture4 ,9 column & entablature ! support & ! burd5 are completely sep>at$2 :]eby ! reciprocal action ( ! two & _! relation to ea* o!r becomes app>5t4 ,= c]ta9ly ev5 e pla9 wall conta9s support & burd52 b "h ! two are /ill fus$ toge!r4 ,all is "h support & all is burd52 h5ce !re is no /hetic effect4 ,?is fir/ appe>s ?r\gh ! sep>ation1 & takes place 9 proportion to its degree4 ,= betwe5 ! r[ ( columns & ! pla9 wall !re are _m int]m$iate degrees4 ,ev5 9 ! m]e break+ up ( ! wall ( a h\se by w9d[s & doors "o seeks at lea/ to indicate t sep>ation by flat project+ pila/]s 7ant7 ) capitals1 :i* are ins]t$ "u ! m\ld+s1 nay1 9 case ( ne$1 are repres5t$ by m]e pa9t+1 9 ord] to indicate 9 "s way ! entablature & an ord]4 ,real pill>s1 & also consoles & supports ( v>i\s k9ds1 realise m t pure sep>ation ( support & burd5 :i* is /riv5 aft] ?r\gh\t by ar*itecture4 ,9 ?is respect1 next to ! column ) ! entablature1 b z a special con/ruction n imitat+ x1 /&s ! vault ) ! pill>4 ,! latt] c]ta9ly is f> f atta9+ to ! /hetic effect ( ! =m]1 because "h ! support & ! burd5 are n purely sep>at$1 b are fus$1 pass+ ov] into ea* o!r4 ,9 ! vault itself e /one is at once burd5 & support1 & ev5 ! pill>s1 especially 9 gro9$ vault+1 are1 at lea/ app>5tly1 held 9 position by ! pressure ( opposite ar*es2 & also j on acc\nt ( ?is lat]al pressure n only vaults b ev5 m]e ar*es ought n to re/ ^u columns1 b require ! massive f\r corn]$ pill>s4 ,9 ! r[ ( columns alone is ! sep>ation complete1 = "h ! entablature appe>s z pure burd51 ! column z pure support4 ,accord+ly ! relation ( ! colonnade to ! pla9 wall may be comp>$ to t :i* w\ld exi/ betwe5 a scale asc5d+ 9 regul> int]vals & a tone asc5d+ little by little f ! same dep? to ! same height )\t gradation1 :i* w\ld produce a m]e h[l4 ,= 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r ! mat]ial is ! same1 & ! important diff]5ce proce$s entirely f ! pure sep>ation4 ,moreov]1 ! support is n adapt$ to ! burd5 :5 x is only suffici5t to be> x1 b :5 x c d ?is s conv5i5tly & amply t at ! fir/ glance we are q at ease ab\t x4 ,yet ?is sup]fluity ( support mu/ n exce$ a c]ta9 degree2 = o!rwise we w p]ceive support )\t burd51 :i* is oppos$ to ! /hetic end4 ,z a rule = det]m9+ t degree ! anci5ts devis$ ! l9e ( equilibrium1 :i* is got by c>ry+ out ! dim9ution ( ! ?ickness ( ! column z x asc5ds till x runs out into an acute angle1 :]eby ! column becomes a cone2 n[ e cross section w leave ! l[] "p s /rong t x is suffici5t to support ! upp] "p cut (f4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 "o builds ) tw5tyfold /r5g?1 i4e41 "o lays ^u e support only #a_/bj? ( ! maximum x c\ld be>4 ,a gl>+ example ( burd5 )\t support is pres5t$ to ! eye by ! balconies at ! corn]s ( _m h\ses built 9 ! elegant /yle ( ! pres5t day4 ,we d n see :at supports !m2 !y seem to hang susp5d$1 & di/urb ! m9d4 ,t 9 ,italy ev5 ! simple/ & mo/ unornam5t$ build+s make an /hetic impression1 :ile 9 ,g]many ?is is n ! case1 dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! fact t 9 ,italy ! ro(s are v flat4 ,a high ro( is nei!r support nor burd51 = its two halves mutually support ea* o!r1 b ! :ole has no weight correspond+ to its ext5sion4 ,!re=e x pres5ts to ! eye an ext5d$ mass :i* is entirely =eign to ! /hetic end1 s]ves m]ely a useful end1 consequ5tly di/urbs ! =m]1 ( :i* ! !me is always only support & burd54 ,! =m ( ! column has its sole gr\nd 9 ! fact t x af=ds ! simple/ & mo/ suitable support4 ,9 ! twi/$ column inappropriat5ess appe>s z if ) int5tional p]v]sity1 & !re=e %amelessness3 h5ce good ta/e condemns x at ! fir/ glance4 ,! f\r corn]$ pill>1 s9ce ! diagonal exce$s ! sides1 has unequal dim5sions ( ?ickness :i* h no end z _! motive1 b are occasion$ by ! accid5t ( great] feasibl5ess2 & j on ?is acc\nt x pleases u s v mu* less ?an ! column4 ,ev5 ! hexagonal or octagonal pill> is m pleas+1 because x approa*es m ne>ly to ! r\nd column2 = ! =m ( ! latt] alone is exclusively det]m9$ by ! end4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also s det]m9$ 9 all its o!r proportions1 prim>ily 9 ! relation ( its ?ickness to its height1 )9 ! limits p]mitt$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! ?ree column> ord]s4 ,!re=e its dim9ution f ! fir/ ?ird ( its height upw>ds1 & also a slight increase ( its ?ickness j at ?is place 7entasis vitr471 dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! pressure ( ! burd5 is greate/ !re4 ,x has hi!rto be5 believ$ t ?is increase 9 ?ickness 0 peculi> to ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian columns alone1 b rec5t measurem5ts h %[n x also 9 ! ,doric columns1 ev5 at ,p/um4 ,?us ev]y?+ 9 ! column1 its ?or\ghly det]m9$ =m1 ! proportion ( its height to its ?ickness1 ( bo? to ! int]vals betwe5 ! columns1 & t ( ! :ole s]ies to ! entablature & ! burd5 re/+ ^u x1 is ! exactly calculat$ result ( ! relation ( ! necess>y support to ! giv5 burd54 ,z ! latt] is uni=mly di/ribut$1 s mu/ also ! support be2 !re=e gr\ps ( columns are ta/eless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! be/ ,doric temples ! corn] column comes some:at ne>] to ! next ones1 because ! meet+ ( ! entablatures at ! corn] increases ! burd52 & 9 ?is ! pr9ciple ( ar*itecture expresses itself di/9ctly1 t ! /ructural relations1 i4e41 ! relations betwe5 support & burd51 are ! ess5tial ones1 to :i* ! relations ( symmetry1 z subord9ate1 mu/ at once give way4 ,accord+ to ! weight ( ! :ole burd5 g5]ally w ! ,doric or ! two light] ord]s ( columns be *os51 = ! fir/1 n only by ! great] ?ickness1 b also by ! clos] position ( ! columns1 :i* is ess5tial to x1 is calculat$ = heavi] burd5s1 to :i* end also ! almo/ crude simplicity ( its capital is suit$4 ,! capitals 9 g5]al s]ve ! end ( %[+ visibly t ! columns be> ! entablature1 & are n /uck 9 l p9s2 at ! same "t !y increase by means ( _! abacus ! be>+ surface4 ,s9ce1 !n1 all ! laws ( column> arrangem5t1 & consequ5tly also ! =m & proportion ( ! column1 9 all its p>ts & dim5sions d[n to ! smalle/ details1 foll[ f ! ?or\ghly und]/ood & consi/5tly c>ri$ out conception ( ! amply adequate support ( a giv5 burd51 ?us s f> are det]m9$ a priori1 x comes out cle>ly h[ p]v]se is ! ?\ght1 s (t5 repeat$1 t ! /ems ( trees1 or ev5 7:i* un=tunately ev5 8,vitruvius10 iv4 #a1 expresses7 ! human =m has be5 ! prototype ( ! column4 ,= if ! =m ( ! column 7 = ar*itecture a purely accid5tal "o1 tak5 f )\t1 x c\ld nev] appeal to u s h>moni\sly & satisfactorily :5ev] we behold x 9 its prop] symmetry2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld e ev5 slight disproportion ( x be felt at once by ! f9e & cultivat$ s5se z disagreeable & di/urb+1 l a false note 9 music4 ,?is is r only possible because1 accord+ to ! giv5 end & means1 all ! re/ is ess5tially det]m9$ a priori1 z 9 music1 accord+ to ! giv5 melody & key1 ! :ole h>mony is ess5tially s det]m9$4 ,&1 l music1 ar*itecture 9 g5]al is also n an imitative art1 al?\gh bo? are (t5 falsely tak5 to be s4 /hetic satisfaction1 z 0 fully expla9$ 9 ! text1 always dep5ds ^u ! appreh5sion ( a 7,platonic7 ,idea4 ,= ar*itecture1 consid]$ m]ely z a f9e art1 ! ,ideas ( ! l[e/ grades ( nature1 su* z gravity1 rigidity1 & cohesion1 are ! peculi> !me2 b n1 z has hi!rto be5 assum$1 m]ely regul> =m1 proportion1 & symmetry1 :i*1 z some?+ purely geometrical1 prop]ties ( space1 are n ,ideas1 & !re=e _c be ! !me ( a f9e art4 ,?us 9 ar*itecture also !y are ( second>y orig91 & h a subord9ate significance1 :i* ,i %all br+ out imm$iately4 ,if x 7 ! task ( ar*itecture z a f9e art simply to exhibit ^!1 !n ! model w\ld h ! same effect z ! f9i%$ "w4 ,b ?is is di/9ctly n ! case2 on ! contr>y1 ! works ( ar*itecture1 9 ord] to act /hetically1 absolutely mu/ h a consid]able size2 nay1 !y c nev] be too l>ge1 b may easily be too small4 ,inde$ cet]is p>ibus ! /hetic effect is 9 exact proportion to ! size ( ! build+1 because only great masses make ! action ( gravitation app>5t & impressive 9 a high degree4 ,b ?is confirms my view t ! t5d5cy & antagonism ( ^? fundam5tal =ces ( nature con/itute ! special /hetical mat]ial ( ar*itecture1 :i*1 accord+ to its nature1 requires l>ge masses 9 ord] to become visible1 & inde$ capable ( be+ felt4 ,! =ms 9 ar*itecture1 z 0 %[n above 9 ! case ( ! column1 are prim>ily det]m9$ by ! imm$iate /ructural end ( ea* "p4 ,b s f> z ?is leaves any?+ undet]m9$1 ! law ( ! mo/ p]fect cle>ness to p]ception1 ?us also ( ! easie/ compreh5sibility1 comes 92 = ar*itecture has its exi/5ce prim>ily 9 our spatial p]ception1 & accord+ly appeals to our a priori faculty = ?is4 ,b ^! qualities always result f ! greate/ regul>ity ( ! =ms & rationality ( _! relations4 ,!re=e beautiful ar*itecture selects only regul> figures compos$ ( /raight l9es or regul> curves1 & also ! bodies :i* result f ^!1 su* z cubes1 p>allelopip$a1 cyl9d]s1 sph]es1 pyramids1 & cones2 b z op5+s sometimes circles or ellipses1 yet1 z a rule1 quadrates1 & /ill (t5] rectangles1 ! latt] ( ?or\ghly rational & v easily compreh5d$ relation ( _! sides 7n1 = in/ance z #f3g1 b z #a3b1 #b3c71 f9ally also bl9d w9d[s or ni*es ( regul> & compreh5sible proportions4 ,= ! same reason x w readily give to ! build+s !mselves & _! l>ge p>ts a rational & easily compreh5d$ relation ( height & bread?2 = example1 x w let ! height ( a facade be half ! bread?1 & place ! pill>s s t e ?ree or f\r ( !m1 ) ! int]vals betwe5 !m1 w measure a l9e :i* is equal to ! height1 ?us w =m a quadrate4 ,! same pr9ciple ( p]ceptibility & easy compreh5sion dem&s also t a build+ %\ld be easily survey$4 ,?is introduces symmetry1 :i* is fur!r necess>y to m>k out ! "w z a :ole1 & to di/+ui% its ess5tial f its accid5tal limitation2 = sometimes1 = example1 x is only "u ! guidance ( symmetry t "o kn[s :e!r "o has be=e "o ?ree build+s /&+ beside ea* o!r or only "o4 ,?us only by means ( symmetry does a "w ( ar*itecture at once ann\nce itself z individual unity1 & z ! developm5t ( a c5tral ?\ght4 ,n[ al?\gh1 z 0 cursorily %[n above1 ar*itecture has by no means to imitate ! =ms ( nature1 su* z ! /ems ( trees or ev5 ! human figure1 yet x ought to "w 9 ! _s ( nature1 = x makes ! law its own1 natura nihil agit fru/ra1 nihilque sup]vacaneum1 et quod commodissimum 9 omnibus suis op]ationibus sequitur1 & accord+ly avoids ev]y?+ :i* is ev5 only app>5tly aimless1 & always atta9s ! end 9 view 9 ea* case1 :e!r ?is is purely ar*itectonic1 i4e41 /ructural1 or an end connect$ ) usefulness1 by ! %orte/ & mo/ natural pa?1 & ?us op5ly exhibits ! end ?r\gh ! "w itself4 ,?us x atta9s a c]ta9 grace1 analog\s to t :i* 9 liv+ creatures consi/s 9 ! ease & suitabl5ess ( e movem5t & position to its end4 ,accord+ly we see 9 ! good antique /yle ( ar*itecture e "p1 :e!r pill>1 column1 ar*1 entablature1 or door1 w9d[1 /air1 or balcony1 atta9 its end 9 ! directe/ & simple/ mann]1 at ! same "t display+ x op5ly & naively2 j z organis$ nature also does 9 its works4 ,! ta/eless /yle ( ar*itecture1 on ! contr>y1 seeks 9 ev]y?+ useless r\ndab\t ways1 & delights 9 caprices1 !reby hits ^u aimlessly brok5 & irregul> entablatures1 gr\p$ columns1 fragm5t>y cornices on door ar*es & gables1 mean+less volutes1 scrolls1 & su* l4 ,x plays ) ! means ( ! art )\t und]/&+ its aims1 z *ildr5 play ) ! tools ( gr[nup p4 ,?is 0 giv5 above z ! "* ( ! bungl]4 ,( ?is k9d is e int]ruption ( a /raight l9e1 e alt]ation 9 ! sweep ( a curve1 )\t app>5t end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also j t naive simplicity 9 ! disclosure & atta9m5t ( ! end1 correspond+ to ! _s 9 :i* nature works & fa%ions1 t imp>ts su* beauty & grace ( =m to antique pott]y t x ev] anew excites our wond]1 because x contra/s s advantage\sly 9 orig9al ta/e ) our mod]n pott]y1 :i* be>s ! /amp ( vulg>ity1 :e!r x is made ( porcela9 or common pott]'s clay4 ,at ! sight ( ! pott]y & implem5ts ( ! anci5ts we feel t if nature _h wi%$ to produce su* ?+s x w\ld h done s 9 ^! =ms4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we see t ! beauty ( ar*itecture arises f ! unconceal$ exhibition ( ! ends1 & ! atta9m5t ( !m by ! %orte/ & mo/ natural pa?1 my !ory "h appe>s 9 direct contradiction ) t ( ,kant1 :i* places ! nature ( all beauty 9 an app>5t design )\t an end4 ,! sole !me ( ar*itecture "h set =?--support & burd5--is s v simple1 t j on ?is acc\nt ?is art1 s f> z x is a f9e art 7b n s f> z x s]ves useful ends71 is p]fect & complete 9 ess5tial matt]s1 s9ce ! be/ ,greek p]iod1 at lea/1 is n susceptible ( any important enri*m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mod]n ar*itect _c noticeably dep>t f ! rules & patt]ns ( ! anci5ts )\t already be+ on ! pa? ( det]ioration4 ,!re=e !re rema9s no?+ = him to d b to apply ! art transmitt$ to him by ! anci5ts1 & c>ry out ! rules s f> z is possible "u ! limitations :i* are inevitably laid d[n = him by wants1 climate1 age1 & c\ntry4 ,= 9 ?is art1 z 9 sculpture1 ! ef=t aft] ! ideal unites ) ! imitation ( ! anci5ts4 ,i sc>cely ne$ to rem9d ! read] t 9 all ^! consid]ations ,i h _h 9 view antique ar*itecture alone1 & n ! scall$ ,go?ic /yle1 :i* is ( ,s>ac5 orig91 & 0 introduc$ by ! ,go?s 9 ,spa9 to ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,p]haps a c]ta9 beauty ( its own k9d is n altoge!r to be d5i$ to ?is /yle1 b yet if x attempts to oppose itself to ! =m] z its equal1 !n ?is is a b>b>\s presumption :i* mu/ n be all[$ = a mom5t4 ,h[ b5efic5tly1 aft] contemplat+ su* ,go?ic magnific5ce1 does ! sight ( a build+ correctly c>ri$ out 9 ! antique /yle act ^u our m9d6 ,we feel at once t ?is alone is "r & true4 ,if "o c\ld br+ an anci5t ,greek be=e our mo/ celebrat$ ,go?ic ca!drals1 :at w\ld he say to !m8--6 ,our pleasure 9 ,go?ic works c]ta9ly dep5ds = ! mo/ "p ^u ! association ( ideas & hi/orical rem9isc5ces1 ?us ^u a feel+ :i* is =eign to art4 ,all t ,i h said ( ! true /hetic end1 ( ! _s & ! !me ( ar*itecture1 loses 9 ! case ( ^! works its validity4 ,= ! freely ly+ entablature has vani%$1 & ) x ! columns3 support & burd51 arrang$ & di/ribut$ 9 ord] to give visible =m to ! conflict betwe5 rigidity & gravity1 are "h no long] ! !me4 ,moreov]1 t ?or\gh1 pure rationality by virtue ( :i* ev]y?+ admits ( /rict acc\nt1 nay1 already pres5ts x ( its own accord to ! ?\ghtful behold]1 & :i* belongs to ! "* ( antique ar*itecture1 c "h no long] be f\nd2 we soon become consci\s t "h1 in/ead ( x1 a w guid$ by o!r conceptions has mov$2 !re=e mu* rema9s unexpla9$ to u4 ,= only ! antique /yle ( ar*itecture is conceiv$ 9 a purely objective _s2 ! ,go?ic /yle is m 9 ! subjective _s4 ,yet z we h recognis$ ! peculi> /hetic fundam5tal ?\ght ( antique ar*itecture 9 ! unfold+ ( ! conflict betwe5 rigidity & gravity1 if we wi% to discov] 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture also an analog\s fundam5tal ?\ght1 x w be ?is1 t "h ! entire ov]com+ & conque/ ( gravity by rigidity is suppos$ to be exhibit$4 ,= 9 accordance ) ?is ! horizontal l9e :i* is t ( burd5 has entirely vani%$1 & ! action ( gravity only appe>s indirectly1 disguis$ 9 ar*es & vaults1 :ile ! v]tical l9e :i* is t ( support1 alone prevails1 & makes palpable to ! s5ses ! victori\s action ( rigidity1 9 excessively high buttresses1 t[]s1 turrets1 & p9nacles )\t numb] :i* rise un5cumb]$ on high4 ,:ile 9 antique ar*itecture ! t5d5cy & pressure f above d[nw>ds is j z well repres5t$ & exhibit$ z t f bel[ upw>ds1 "h ! latt] decid$ly pr$om9ates2 :5ce t analogy (t5 obs]v$ ) ! cry/al1 ^: cry/allisation also takes place ) ! ov]com+ ( gravity4 ,if n[ we attribute ?is _s & fundam5tal ?\ght to ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & w\ld l !reby to set x up z ! equally ju/ifi$ anti!sis ( antique ar*itecture1 we mu/ rememb] t ! conflict betwe5 rigidity & gravity1 :i* ! antique ar*itecture s op5ly & navely expresses1 is an actual & true conflict f\nd$ 9 nature2 ! entire ov]com+ ( gravity by rigidity1 on ! contr>y1 rema9s a m]e appe>ance1 a fiction accr$it$ by illusion4 ,e "o w easily be able to see cle>ly h[ f ! fundam5tal ?\ght giv5 "h1 & ! peculi>ities ( ,go?ic ar*itecture notic$ above1 !re arises t my/]i\s & hyp]physical "* :i* is attribut$ to x4 ,x pr9cipally arises1 z 0 already m5tion$1 f ! fact t "h ! arbitr>y has tak5 ! place ( ! purely rational1 :i* makes itself kn[n z ! ?or\gh adaptation ( ! means to ! end4 ,! _m ?+s t are really aimless1 b yet are s c>efully p]fect$1 raise ! assumption ( unkn[n1 unfa?om$1 & secret ends1 i4e41 give ! appe>ance ( my/]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! brilliant side ( ,go?ic *ur*es is ! int]ior2 because "h ! effect ( ! gro9$ vault+ borne by sl5d]1 cry/all9e1 aspir+ pill>s1 rais$ high al(t1 &1 all burd5 hav+ disappe>$1 promis+ et]nal security1 impresses ! m9d2 :ile mo/ ( ! faults :i* h be5 m5tion$ lie ^u ! outside4 ,9 antique build+s ! ext]nal side is ! mo/ advantage\s1 because !re we see bett] ! support & ! burd52 9 ! int]ior1 on ! o!r h&1 ! flat ro( always reta9s some?+ depress+ & prosaic4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 also1 9 ! temples ( ! anci5ts1 :ile ! outworks 7 _m & great1 ! int]ior prop] 0 small4 ,an appe>ance ( sublimity is ga9$ f ! hemisph]ical vault ( a cupola1 z 9 ! ,pan!on1 ( :i*1 !re=e1 ! ,italians also1 build+ 9 ?is /yle1 h made a mo/ ext5sive use4 ,:at det]m9es ?is is1 t ! anci5ts1 z s\!rn peoples1 liv$ m 9 ! op5 air ?an ! nor!rn nations :o h produc$ ! ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,:oev]1 !n1 absolutely insi/s ^u ,go?ic ar*itecture be+ accept$ z an ess5tial & au?oris$ /yle may1 if he is also fond ( analogies1 reg>d x z ! negative pole ( ar*itecture1 or1 aga91 z its m9or key4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( good ta/e ,i mu/ wi% t great weal? w be devot$ to t :i* is objectively1 i4e41 actually1 good & "r1 to :at 9 itself is beautiful1 b n to t ^: value dep5ds m]ely ^u ! association ( ideas4 ,n[ :5 ,i see h[ ?is unbeliev+ age s dilig5tly f9i%es ! ,go?ic *ur*es left incomplete by ! believ+ ,middle ,ages1 x looks to me z if x 7 desir$ to embalm a dead ,*ri/ianity4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi47#bj7 ,isolat$ ,rem>ks ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,! ,pla/ic ,& ,pictorial ,arts4 ,9 sculpture beauty & grace are ! pr9cipal ?+s2 b 9 pa9t+ expression1 passion1 & "* pr$om9ate2 !re=e j s mu* ( ! claims ( beauty mu/ be neglect$4 ,= a p]fect beauty ( all =ms1 su* z sculpture dem&s1 w\ld detract f ! *>act]i/ic & we>y by monotony4 ,accord+ly pa9t+ may also pres5t ugly faces & emaciat$ figures2 sculpture1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s beauty1 al?\gh n always p]fect1 b1 ?r\gh\t1 /r5g? & fulness ( ! figures4 ,consequ5tly a ?9 ,*ri/ ^u ! ,cross1 a dy+ ,/4 ,j]ome1 wa/$ by age & disease1 l ! ma/]piece ( ,dom5i*9o1 is a prop] subject = pa9t+2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! m>ble figure by ,donatello1 9 ! gall]y at ,flor5ce1 ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 r$uc$ to sk9 & bone by fa/+1 has1 9 spite ( ! ma/]ly execution1 a repulsive effect4 ,f ?is po9t ( view sculpture seems suitable = ! affirmation1 pa9t+ = ! negation1 ( ! w to live1 & f ?is x may be expla9$ :y sculpture 0 ! art ( ! anci5ts1 :ile pa9t+ has be5 ! art ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 connection ) ! exposition giv5 9 #de ( ! fir/ volume1 t ! discov]y1 recognition1 & ret5tion ( ! type ( human beauty dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t ^u an anticipation ( x1 & !re=e 9 "p has an a priori f\ndation1 ,i f9d t ,i h yet to br+ out cle>ly ! fact t ?is anticipation nev]!less requires exp]i5ce1 by :i* x may be /irr$ up2 analog\s to ! in/9ct ( ! brutes1 :i*1 al?\gh guid+ ! action a priori1 yet requires det]m9ation by motives 9 ! details ( x4 ,exp]i5ce & reality pres5t to ! intellect ( ! arti/ human =ms1 :i*1 9 "o "p or ano!r1 are m or less true to nature1 z if x 7 ask+ = 8 judgm5t conc]n+ !m1 & ?us1 aft] ! ,socratic me?od1 call =? f t obscure anticipation ! di/9ct & def9ite k ( ! ideal4 ,!re=e x assi/$ ! ,greek sculptors v mu* t ! climate & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry gave !m opportunity ! :ole day ( see+ halfnak$ =ms1 & 9 ! gymnasium entirely nak$ =ms4 ,9 ?is way e limb pres5t$ its pla/ic significance to criticism1 & to comp>ison ) ! ideal :i* lay undevelop$ 9 _! consci\sness4 ,?us !y con/antly ex]cis$ _! judgm5t ) reg>d to all =ms & limbs1 d[n to _! f9e/ %ades ( diff]5ce2 & ?us1 little by little1 _! orig9ally dull anticipation ( ! ideal ( human beauty 0 rais$ to su* di/9ct consci\sness t !y became capable ( objectify+ x 9 works ( art4 ,9 an entirely analog\s mann] "s exp]i5ce is useful & necess>y to ! poet = ! repres5tation ( *>act]s4 ,= al?\gh he does n "w accord+ to exp]i5ce & empirical data1 b 9 accordance ) ! cle> consci\sness ( ! nature ( humanity1 z he f9ds x )9 himself1 yet exp]i5ce s]ves ?is consci\sness z a patt]n1 incites x & gives x practice4 ,accord+ly 8 k ( human nature & its v>ieties1 al?\gh 9 ! ma9 x proce$s a priori & by anticipation1 yet fir/ receives life1 def9it5ess1 & compass ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,b1 support+ ourselves ^u ! prec$+ book & *apt] #dd 9 ! foll[+ book1 we c g /ill deep] into ! gr\nd ( t m>vell\s s5se ( beauty ( ! ,greeks :i* made !m alone ( all nations ^u e>? capable ( discov]+ ! true normal type ( ! human =m1 & accord+ly ( sett+ up ! patt]n ( beauty & grace = ! imitation ( all ages1 & we c say3 ,! same ?+ :i*1 if x rema9s unsep>at$ f ! w1 gives sexual in/9ct ) its discrim9at+ selection1 i4e41 sexual love 7:i* x is well kn[n 0 subject among ! ,greeks to great ab]rations71 becomes1 if1 by ! pres5ce ( an abnormally prepond]at+ intellect1 x sep>ates itself f ! w & yet rema9s active1 ! objective s5se ( beauty ( ! human =m1 :i* n[ %[s itself prim>ily z a critical arti/ic s5se1 b c rise to ! discov]y & repres5tation ( ! norm ( all p>ts & proportions2 z 0 ! case 9 ,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 ,scopas1 c4 ,!n is fulfill$ :at ,goe! makes ! arti/ say-- 8,t ,i ) m9d div9e ,& human h& ,may be able to =m ,:at ) my wife1 ,z animal1 ,i c & mu/40 ,& aga91 analog\s to ?is1 t :i* 9 ! poet1 if x rema9$ unsep>at$ f ! w1 w\ld give only worldly prud5ce1 becomes1 if x frees itself f ! w by abnormal prepond]ance ( ! intellect1 ! capacity = objective1 dramatic repres5tation4 ,mod]n sculpture1 :atev] x may a*ieve1 is /ill analog\s to mod]n ,lat9 poetry1 &1 l ?is1 is a *ild ( imitation1 sprung f rem9isc5ces4 ,if x presumes to try to be orig9al1 x at once goes a/ray1 especially ^u ! bad pa? ( =m+ accord+ to nature z x lies be=e x1 in/ead ( accord+ to ! proportions ( ! anci5ts4 ,canova1 ,?orwalds51 & _m o!rs may be comp>$ to ,johannes ,secundus & ,ow5us4 ,x is ! same ) ar*itecture1 only !re x is f\nd$ 9 ! art itself1 ! purely /hetic "p ( :i* is ( small compass1 & 0 already exhau/$ by ! anci5ts2 !re=e ! mod]n ar*itect c only di/+ui% himself 9 ! wise application ( x2 & he ought to "k t he removes himself f good ta/e j s f> z he dep>ts f ! /yle & patt]n ( ! ,greeks4 ,! art ( ! pa9t]1 consid]$ only s f> z x aims at produc+ ! appe>ance ( reality1 may ultimately be ref]r$ to ! fact t he und]/&s h[ to sep>ate purely :at 9 see+ is ! m]e s5sation1 ?us ! affection ( ! ret9a1 i4e41 ! only directly giv5 effect1 f its cause1 i4e41 ! objective ext]nal _w1 ! p]ception ( :i* fir/ rises 9 ! und]/&+ f ?is effect2 :]eby1 if he has te*nical skill1 he is 9 a position to produce ! same effect 9 ! eye ?r\gh an entirely diff]5t cause1 ! pat*es ( appli$ col\r1 f :i* !n 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! behold] ! same p]ception aga9 arises ?r\gh ! unavoidable ref]5ce ( ! effect to ! ord9>y cause4 ,if we consid] h[ !re lies some?+ s entirely idiosyncratic1 s ?or\ghly orig9al1 9 e human c\nt5ance1 & t x pres5ts a :ole :i* c only belong to a unity consi/+ entirely ( necess>y p>ts by virtue ( :i* we recognise a kn[n individual out ( s _m ?\s&s1 ev5 aft] long ye>s1 al?\gh ! possible v>iations ( human features1 especially ( "o race1 lie )9 v n>r[ limits1 we mu/ d\bt :e!r any?+ ( su* ess5tial unity & su* great orig9ality c\ld ev] proce$ f any o!r s\rce ?an f ! my/]i\s dep?s ( ! inn] be+ ( nature2 b f ?is x w\ld foll[ t no arti/ c\ld be capable ( really reproduc+ ! orig9al peculi>ity ( a human c\nt5ance1 or ev5 ( compos+ x accord+ to nature f recollection4 ,accord+ly :at he produc$ ( ?is k9d w\ld always be only a half true1 nay1 p]haps an impossible composition2 = h[ %\ld he compose an actual physiognomical unity :5 ! pr9ciple ( ?is unity is really unkn[n to him8 ,!re=e1 9 ! case ( e face :i* has m]ely be5 imag9$ by an arti/1 we mu/ d\bt :e!r x is 9 fact a possible face1 & :e!r nature1 z ! ma/] ( all ma/]s1 w\ld n %[ x to be a bungl$ production by po9t+ out complete contradictions 9 x4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 lead to ! pr9ciple t 9 hi/orical pa9t+s only portraits ought to figure1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld !n h to be select$ ) ! greate/ c>e & 9 "s degree idealis$4 ,x is well kn[n t great arti/s h always gladly pa9t$ f liv+ models & introduc$ _m portraits4 ,al?\gh1 z is expla9$ 9 ! text1 ! real end ( pa9t+1 z ( art 9 g5]al1 is to make ! compreh5sion ( ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas ( ! nature ( ! _w easi] = u1 :]eby we are at once ?r[n into ! /ate ( pure1 i4e41 wless1 kn[+1 !re yet belongs to x besides ?is an indep5d5t beauty ( its own1 :i* is produc$ by ! m]e h>mony ( ! col\rs1 ! pleas+ness ( ! gr\p+1 ! happy di/ribution ( light & %ade1 & ! tone ( ! :ole picture4 ,?is accompany+ subord9ate k9d ( beauty fur!rs ! condition ( pure kn[+1 & is 9 pa9t+ :at ! diction1 ! metre1 & rhyme are 9 poetry2 bo? are n :at is ess5tial1 b :at acts fir/ & imm$iately4 ,i h "s fur!r evid5ce to give 9 support ( my judgm5t giv5 9 ! fir/ volume1 #ej1 on ! inadmissibl5ess ( allegory 9 pa9t+4 ,9 ! ,borghese palace at ,rome !re is ! foll[+ picture by ,mi*ael ,angelo ,c>avaggio3 ,jesus1 z a *ild ( ab\t t5 ye>s old1 treads ^u ! head ( a s]p5t1 b entirely )\t fe> & ) great calmness2 & ,8 "m1 :o accompanies ,him1 rema9s q z indiff]5t4 ,close by /&s ,/4 ,elizabe?1 look+ solemnly & tragically up to heav54 ,n[ :at c\ld be ?\ght ( ?is kyriological hi]oglyphic by a man :o _h nev] he>d any?+ ab\t ! se$ ( ! woman t %\ld bruise ! head ( ! s]p5t8 ,at ,flor5ce1 9 ! libr>y ( ! palace ,ricc>di1 we f9d ! foll[+ allegory ^u ! ceil+1 pa9t$ by ,luca ,giordano1 :i* is meant to signify t sci5ce frees ! und]/&+ f ! bonds ( ignorance3 ! und]/&+ is a /rong man b\nd ) cords1 :i* are j fall+ (f2 a nymph holds a mirror 9 front ( him1 ano!r h&s him a l>ge deta*$ w+2 above sits sci5ce on a globe1 & beside h]1 ) a globe 9 h] h&1 ! nak$ tru?4 ,at ,ludwigsburg1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 !re is a picture :i* %[s u "t1 z ,saturn1 cutt+ (f ) a pair ( %e>s ! w+s ( ,cupid4 ,if ?is is meant to signify t :5 we gr[ old love proves un/able1 ?is no d\bt has its tru?4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve to /r5g!n my solution ( ! problem z to :y ,laocoon does n cry out4 ,"o may practically conv9ce oneself ( ! faulty effect ( ! repres5tation ( %riek+ by ! works ( ! pla/ic & pictorial arts1 :i* are ess5tially dumb1 by a picture ( ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts1 by ,guido ,r5i1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,academy ( ,arts at ,bologna1 & 9 :i* ?is great arti/ has committ$ ! mi/ake ( pa9t+ six %riek+ wideop5 m\?s4 ,let any "o :o wants to h ?is m di/9ct ?9k ( a pantomimic repres5tation on ! /age1 & 9 "o ( ! sc5es an urg5t occasion = "o ( ! play]s to %riek2 if n[ ! danc] :o is repres5t+ ?is "p %\ld express ! %riek by /&+ = a :ile ) 8 m\? wide op51 ! l\d laught] ( ! :ole h\se w\ld be> witness to ! absurdity ( ! ?+4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! %riek+ ( ,laocoon _h to be avoid$ = reasons :i* did n lie 9 ! objects to be repres5t$1 b 9 ! nature ( ! repres5t+ art1 ! task ?us arose = ! arti/ s to pres5t ?is n%riek+ z to make x plausible to u t a man 9 su* a position %\ld n %riek4 ,he solves ?is problem by repres5t+ ! bite ( ! snake1 n z hav+ already tak5 place1 nor yet z /ill ?reat5+1 b z j happ5+ n[ 9 ! side2 = !reby ! l[] "p ( ! body is contract$1 & %riek+ made impossible4 ,?is imm$iate b only subord9ate reason 0 correctly discov]$ by ,goe!1 & is exp\nd$ at ! end ( ! elev5? book ( 8 autobiography1 & also 9 ! pap] on ,laocoon 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,propyla2 b ! ultimate1 prim>y reason1 :i* conditions ?is "o1 is t :i* ,i h set =?4 ,i _c refra9 f rem>k+ t ,i "h /& 9 ! same relation to ,goe! z ) ref]5ce to ! !ory ( col\rs4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,aremb]g at ,brussels !re is an antique head ( ,laocoon :i* 0 f\nd lat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! head 9 ! _wr5[n$ gr\p is n a re/or$ "o :i* foll[s f ,goe!'s special table ( all ! re/orations ( ?is gr\p1 :i* is giv5 at ! end ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,propyla1 & is also confirm$ by ! fact t ! head :i* 0 f\nd lat] resembles t ( ! gr\p v mu*4 ,?us we mu/ assume t ano!r antique repetition ( ! gr\p has exi/$ to :i* ! ,aremb]g head belong$4 ,9 my op9ion ! latt] excels bo? 9 beauty & expression t ( ! gr\p4 ,x has ! m\? decid$ly wid] op5 ?an 9 ! gr\p1 yet n really to ! ext5t ( %riek+4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii47#ba7 ,on ,! /hetics ,( ,poetry4 ,i might give x z ! simple/ & mo/ correct def9ition ( poetry1 t x is ! art ( br++ ! imag9ation into play by means ( words4 ,h[ x br+s ?is to pass ,i h %[n 9 ! fir/ volume1 #ea4 ,a special confirmation ( :at is said !re is af=d$ by ! foll[+ passage 9 a lett] ( ,wiel&'s to ,m]ck1 :i* has s9ce !n be5 publi%$3 8,i h sp5t two days & a half ^u a s+le /anza1 9 :i* ! :ole ?+ ultimately dep5d$ ^u a s+le ^w :i* ,i want$ & c\ld n f9d4 ,i revolv$ & turn$ ab\t ! ?+ & my bra9 9 all directions1 because naturally1 :]e a picture 0 9 "q1 ,i desir$ to br+ ! same def9ite vision1 :i* float$ be=e my own m9d into ! m9d ( my read] also1 & = ?is all (t5 dep5ds1 ut no/i1 ^u a s+le t\* or sugge/ion or reflex0 7,briefe an ,m]ck1 edit$ by ,wagn]1 #ahce1 p4 #aic74 ,f ! fact t ! imag9ation ( ! read] is ! mat]ial 9 :i* poetry exhibits its pictures1 x has ! advantage t ! full] developm5t ( ^! pictures & _! f9] t\*es1 take place 9 ! imag9ation ( e "o j z is mo/ suitable to 8 individuality1 8 sph]e ( k1 & 8 hum\r1 & !re=e move him 9 ! mo/ lively mann]2 in/ead ( :i* pla/ic & pictorial art _c s adapt itself1 b "h "o picture1 "o =m1 mu/ satisfy all4 ,& yet ?is w always be> 9 "s respect ! /amp ( ! individuality ( ! arti/ or ( 8 model1 z a subjective or accid5tal & ineffici5t addition2 al?\gh always less s ! m objective1 i4e41 ! m ( a g5ius1 ! arti/ is4 ,?is1 to "s ext5t1 expla9s :y works ( poetry ex]cise a mu* /rong]1 deep]1 & m univ]sal effect ?an pictures & /atues2 ! latt]1 = ! mo/ "p1 leave ! common p q cold2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! pla/ic arts are ^? :i* h ! weake/ effect4 ,a rem>kable pro( ( ?is is af=d$ by ! frequ5t discov]y & disclosure ( pictures by great ma/]s 9 private h\ses & all k9ds ( localities1 :]e !y h be5 hang+ = _m g5]ations1 n buri$ & conceal$1 b m]ely unhe$$1 ?us )\t any effect4 ,9 my "t 7#ahbc7 !re 0 ev5 discov]$ 9 ,flor5ce a ,madonna ( ,raphael's1 :i* _h hung = a long s]ies ( ye>s on ! wall ( ! s]vants' hall ( a palace 79 ! ,qu>ti]e di ,s4 ,spirito72 & ?is happ5s among ,italians1 ! nation :i* is gift$ beyond all o!rs ) ! s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,x %[s h[ little direct & imm$iate effect ! works ( pla/ic & pictorial art h1 & t x requires m culture & k to prize !m ?an ! works ( all o!r arts4 ,h[ unfail+ly1 on ! contr>y1 a beautiful melody t t\*es ! he>t makes its j\rney r\nd ! _w1 & an excell5t poem w&]s f p to p4 ,t ! great & ri* devote _! p[]ful support j to ! pla/ic & pictorial arts1 & exp5d consid]able sums ^u _! works only2 nay1 at ! pres5t day1 an idolatry1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 gives ! value ( a l>ge e/ate = a picture ( a celebrat$ old ma/]--?is dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! r>ity ( ! ma/]pieces1 ! possession ( :i* !re=e gratifies pride2 & !n also ^u ! fact t ! enjoym5t ( !m dem&s v little "t & ef=t1 & is ready at any mom5t1 = a mom5t2 :ile poetry & ev5 music make incomp>ably h>d] conditions4 ,correspond+ to ?is1 ! pla/ic & pictorial arts may be disp5s$ )2 :ole nations--= example1 ! ,mohamm$an peoples--are )\t !m1 b no p is )\t music & poetry4 ,b ! int5tion ) :i* ! poet sets our imag9ation 9 motion is to reveal to u ! ,ideas1 i4e41 to %[ u by an example :at life & :at ! _w is4 ,! fir/ condition ( ?is is t he himself has kn[n x2 accord+ z 8 k has be5 pr(\nd or sup]ficial s w 8 poem be4 ,!re=e1 z !re are innum]able degrees ( pr(\ndness & cle>ness 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! nature ( ?+s1 s are !re ( poets4 ,ea* ( ^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ reg>d himself z excell5t s f> z he has correctly repres5t$ :at he knew1 & 8 picture answ]s to 8 orig9al3 he mu/ make himself equal ) ! be/1 = ev5 9 ! be/ picture he does n recognise m ?an 9 8 own1 t is1 z mu* z he sees 9 nature itself2 = 8 glance _c n[ p5etrate deep]4 ,b ! be/ himself recognises himself z su* 9 ! fact t he sees h[ sup]ficial 0 ! view ( ! o!rs1 h[ mu* lay beyond x :i* !y 7 n able to repeat1 because !y did n see x1 & h[ mu* fur!r 8 own glance & picture rea*es4 ,if he und]/ood ! sup]ficial poets z little z !y d him1 !n he w\ld necess>ily despair2 = j because x requires an extraord9>y man to d him ju/ice1 b ! inf]ior poets c j z little e/eem him z he c !m1 he also has long to live ^u 8 own approval be=e t ( ! _w foll[s x4 ,mean:ile he is depriv$ ev5 ( 8 own approval1 = he is expect$ to be v mode/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z impossible t he :o has m]it1 & kn[s :at x co/s1 %\ld himself be bl9d to x1 z t a man :o is six feet high %\ld n obs]ve t he rises above o!rs4 ,if f ! base ( ! t[] to ! summit is #cjj feet1 !n c]ta9ly x is j z mu* f ! summit to ! base4 ,horace1 ,lucretius1 ,ovid1 & almo/ all ! anci5ts h spok5 pr\dly ( !mselves1 & also ,dante1 ,%akspe>e1 ,bacon ( ,v]ulam1 & _m m4 ,t "o c be a great man )\t obs]v+ any?+ ( x is an absurdity ( :i* only hopeless incapacity c p]suade itself1 9 ord] t x may reg>d ! feel+ ( its own insignificance z mode/y4 ,an ,engli%man has wittily & correctly obs]v$ t m]it & mode/y h no?+ 9 common except ! initial lett]47#bb7 ,i h always a suspicion ab\t mode/ celebrities t !y may v well be "r2 & ,corneille says directly-- 8,la fausse humilit ne met plus en crdit3 ,je sais ce que je vaux1 et crois ce qu'on m'en dit40 ,f9ally1 ,goe! has frankly said1 8,only good=no?+s are mode/40 ,b ! ass]tion w\ld be /ill m c]ta9 t ^? :o s eag]ly dem& mode/y f o!rs1 urge mode/y1 unceas+ly cry1 8,only be mode/1 = ,god's sake1 only be mode/60 are positively good=no?+s1 i4e41 p]sons entirely )\t m]it1 manufactures ( nature1 ord9>y memb]s ( ! great mass ( humanity4 ,= he :o himself has m]it also conc$es m]it--und]/&s himself truly & really4 ,b he :o himself lacks all excell5ce & m]it wi%es !re 0 no su* ?+3 ! sight ( x 9 o!rs /ret*es him ^u ! rack2 pale1 gre51 & yell[ envy consumes 8 he>t3 he w\ld l to annihilate & de/roy all ^? :o are p]sonally fav\r$2 b if un=tunately he mu/ let !m live1 x mu/ only be "u ! condition t !y conceal1 entirely d5y1 nay1 abjure _! advantages4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! root ( ! frequ5t eulogis+ ( mode/y4 ,& if ! deliv]]s ( ^! eulogies h ! opportunity ( suppress+ m]it z x arises1 or at lea/ ( h9d]+ x f %[+ itself or be+ kn[n1 :o c d\bt t !y w d x8 ,= ?is is ! practice ( _! !ory4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! poet1 l e arti/1 always br+s be=e u only ! p>ticul>1 ! individual1 :at he has kn[n1 & wi%es by 8 "w to make u "k1 is ! 7,platonic7 ,idea1 ! :ole species2 !re=e 9 8 images1 z x 71 ! type ( human *>act]s & situations w be impress$4 ,! n>rative & also ! dramatic poet takes ! :ole p>ticul> f life1 & describes x accurately 9 its individuality1 b yet reveals 9 ?is way ! :ole ( human exi/5ce2 = al?\gh he seems to h to d ) ! p>ticul>1 9 tru? he is conc]n$ ) t :i* is ev]y:]e & at all times4 ,h5ce x arises t s5t5ces1 especially ( ! dramatic poets1 ev5 )\t be+ g5]al apoph!gms1 f9d frequ5t application 9 actual life4 ,poetry is relat$ to philosophy z exp]i5ce is relat$ to empirical sci5ce4 ,exp]i5ce makes u acqua9t$ ) ! ph5om5on 9 ! p>ticul> & by means ( examples1 sci5ce embraces ! :ole ( ph5om5a by means ( g5]al conceptions4 ,s poetry seeks to make u acqua9t$ ) ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas ?r\gh ! p>ticul> & by means ( examples4 ,philosophy aims at tea*+1 z a :ole & 9 g5]al1 ! inn] nature ( ?+s :i* expresses itself 9 ^!4 ,"o sees ev5 "h t poetry be>s m ! "* ( y\?1 philosophy t ( old age4 ,9 fact1 ! gift ( poetry really only fl\ri%es 9 y\?2 & also ! susceptibility = poetry is (t5 passionate 9 y\?3 ! y\? delights 9 v]ses z su*1 & is (t5 cont5t$ ) small w>e4 ,?is incl9ation gradually dim9i%es ) ye>s1 & 9 old age "o pref]s prose4 ,by t poetical t5d5cy ( y\? ! s5se ( ! real is !n easily spoil$4 ,= poetry diff]s f reality by ! fact t 9 x life fl[s pa/ u1 int]e/+ & yet pa9less2 :ile 9 reality1 on ! contr>y1 s long z x is pa9less x is un9t]e/+1 & z soon z x becomes int]e/+1 x does n rema9 )\t pa94 ,! y\? :o has be5 initiat$ into poetry e>li] ?an into reality n[ desires f ! latt] :at only ! =m] c a*ieve2 ?is is a pr9cipal s\rce ( ! discom=t :i* oppresses ! mo/ gift$ y\?s4 ,metre & rhyme are a fett]1 b also a veil :i* ! poet ?r[s r\nd him1 & "u :i* he is p]mitt$ to speak z he o!rwise d>$ n d2 & t is :at gives u pleasure4 ,he is only half responsible = all t he says2 metre & rhyme mu/ answ] = ! o!r half4 ,metre1 or measure1 z m]e rhy?m1 has its exi/5ce only 9 "t1 :i* is a pure p]ception a priori1 ?us1 to use ,kant's language1 belongs m]ely to pure s5sibility2 rhyme1 on ! o!r h&1 is an affair ( s5sation1 9 ! organ ( he>+1 ?us ( empirical s5sibility4 ,!re=e rhy?m is a mu* nobl] & m wor?y exp$i5t ?an rhyme1 :i* ! anci5ts accord+ly despis$1 & :i* f\nd its orig9 9 ^? imp]fect languages :i* arose f ! corruption ( e>li] ones & 9 b>b>\s times4 ,! poorness ( ,fr5* poetry dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! fact t x is conf9$ to rhyme alone )\t metre1 & x is increas$ by ! fact t 9 ord] to conceal its want ( means x has increas$ ! difficulty ( rhym+ by a numb] ( p$antic laws1 su* z1 = example1 t only syllables :i* are writt5 ! same way rhyme1 z if x 7 = ! eye & n = ! e> t ! hiatus is =bidd52 t a numb] ( words mu/ n occur2 & _m su*1 to all ( :i* ! new s*ool ( ,fr5* poetry seeks to put an end4 ,9 no language1 h[ev]1 at lea/ on me1 does ! rhyme make su* a pleas+ & p[]ful impression z 9 ,lat92 ! rhym$ ,lat9 poems ( ! ,middle ,ages h a peculi> *>m4 ,?is mu/ be expla9$ f ! fact t ! ,lat9 language is incomp>ably m p]fect1 m beautiful & noble1 ?an any mod]n language1 & n[ moves s gracefully 9 ! ornam5ts & spangles :i* really belong to ! latt]1 & :i* x itself orig9ally despis$4 ,to s]i\s consid]ation x might almo/ appe> z high treason aga9/ our reason t ev5 ! slighte/ viol5ce %\ld be done to a ?\ght or its correct & pure expression1 ) ! *ildi% int5tion t aft] "s syllables ! same s\nd ( ^w %\ld be he>d1 or ev5 t ^! syllables !mselves %\ld pres5t a k9d ( rhy?mical beat4 ,b )\t su* viol5ce v few v]ses w\ld be made2 = x mu/ be attribut$ to ?is t 9 =eign languages v]ses are mu* m difficult to und]/& ?an prose4 ,if we c\ld see into ! secret work%ops ( ! poets1 we w\ld f9d t ! ?\ght is s\ght = ! rhyme t5 times (t5] ?an ! rhyme = ! ?\ght2 & ev5 :5 ! latt] is ! case1 x is n easily accompli%$ )\t pliability on ! "p ( ! ?\ght4 ,b ! art ( v]se bids defiance to ^! consid]ations1 &1 moreov]1 has all ages & peoples ^u its side1 s great is ! p[] :i* metre & rhyme ex]cise ^u ! feel+1 & s effective ! my/]i\s l5oc9ium :i* belongs to !m4 ,i w\ld expla9 ?is f ! fact t a happily rhym$ v]se1 by its indescribably emphatic effect1 raises ! feel+ z if ! ?\ght express$ 9 x lay already pr$e/9$1 nay1 p]=m$ 9 ! language1 & ! poet has only _h to f9d x out4 ,ev5 trivial ?\ghts receive f rhy?m & rhyme a t\* ( importance2 cut a figure 9 ?is attire1 z among girls pla9 faces attract ! eye by f9]y4 ,nay1 ev5 di/ort$ & false ?\ghts ga9 ?r\gh v]sification an appe>ance ( tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 fam\s passages f fam\s poets %r9k toge!r & become insignificant :5 !y are reproduc$ accurately 9 prose4 ,if only ! true is beautiful1 & ! de>e/ ornam5t ( tru? is nak$ness1 !n a ?\ght :i* appe>s true & beautiful 9 prose w h m true wor? ?an "o :i* affects u 9 ! same way 9 v]se4 ,n[ x is v /rik+1 & well wor? inve/igat+1 t su* trifl+1 nay1 app>5tly *ildi%1 means z metre & rhyme produce s p[]ful an effect4 ,i expla9 x to myself 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,t :i* is giv5 directly to ! s5se ( he>+1 ?us ! m]e s\nd ( ! words1 receives f rhy?m & rhyme a c]ta9 complet5ess & significance 9 itself = x !reby becomes a k9d ( music2 !re=e x seems n[ to exi/ = its own sake1 & no long] z a m]e means1 m]e signs ( some?+ signifi$1 ! s5se ( ! words4 ,to please ! e> ) its s\nd seems to be its :ole end1 & !re=e ) ?is ev]y?+ seems to be atta9$ & all claims satisfi$4 ,b t x fur!r conta9s a mean+1 expresses a ?\ght1 pres5ts itself n[ z an unexpect$ addition1 l words to music--z an unexpect$ pres5t :i* agreeably surprises u--& !re=e1 s9ce we made no dem&s ( ?is k9d1 v easily satisfies u2 & if inde$ ?is ?\ght is su* t1 9 itself1 ?us said 9 prose1 x w\ld also be significant1 !n we are en*ant$4 ,i c rememb]1 9 my e>ly *ildhood1 t ,i _h delight$ myself = a long "t ) ! agreeable s\nd ( v]se be=e ,i made ! discov]y t x all also conta9$ mean+ & ?\ghts4 ,accord+ly !re is also1 9 all languages1 a m]e dogg]el poetry almo/ entirely devoid ( mean+4 ,davis1 ! ,s9ologi/1 9 ! preface to 8 translation ( ! 8,la\ sangurh10 or 8,an ,heir 9 ,old ,age0 7,london1 #ahag71 obs]ves t ! ,*9ese dramas p>tly consi/ ( v]ses :i* are sung1 & adds3 8,! mean+ ( !m is (t5 obscure1 &1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! ,*9ese !mselves1 ! end ( ^! v]ses is especially to flatt] ! e>1 & ! s5se is neglect$1 & ev5 entirely sacrific$ to ! h>mony40 ,:o is n rem9d$ "h ( ! *oruses ( _m ,greek trag$ies :i* are (t5 s h>d to make out8 ,! sign by :i* "o mo/ imm$iately recognises ! g5u9e poet1 bo? ( ! high] & l[] species1 is ! un=c$ nature ( 8 rhymes4 ,!y h appe>$ ( !mselves z if by div9e arrangem5t2 8 ?\ghts come to him already 9 rhyme4 ,! homely1 prosaic man on ! contr>y1 seeks ! rhyme = ! ?\ght2 ! bungl] seeks ! ?\ght = ! rhyme4 ,v (t5 "o c f9d out f a c\ple ( rhym$ v]ses :i* ( ! two _h ! ?\ght & :i* _h ! rhyme z its fa!r4 ,! art consi/s 9 conceal+ ! latt]1 s t su* l9es may n appe> almo/ z m]e /uff$ out b\tsrims4 ,accord+ to my feel+ 7pro(s _c "h be giv57 rhyme is f its nature b9>y3 its effect is limit$ to "o s+le recurr5ce ( ! same s\nd1 & is n /r5g!n$ by m frequ5t repetition4 ,?us :5ev] a f9al syllable has receiv$ ! "o ( ! same s\nd its effect is exhau/$2 ! ?ird recurr5ce ( ! note acts m]ely z a second rhyme :i* accid5tally hits ^u ! same s\nd1 b )\t height5+ ! effect2 x l9ks itself on to ! exi/+ rhyme1 yet )\t comb9+ ) x to produce a /rong] impression4 ,= ! fir/ note does n s\nd ?r\gh ! second on to ! ?ird3 !re=e ?is is an /hetic pleonasm1 a d\ble c\rage :i* is ( no use4 ,lea/ ( all1 !re=e1 d su* accumulations ( rhymes m]it ! heavy sacrifices :i* !y co/ 9 ! octave rhyme1 ! t]za rima1 & ! sonnet1 & :i* are ! cause ( ! m5tal torture "u :i* we sometimes read su* productions1 = poetical pleasure is impossible "u ! condition ( rack+ our bra9s4 ,t ! great poetical m9d sometimes ov]comes ev5 ^! =ms1 & moves 9 !m ) ease & grace1 does n ext5d to a recomm5dation ( ! =ms !mselves1 = 9 !mselves !y are z ineffectual z !y are difficult4 ,& ev5 9 good poets1 :5 !y make use ( ^! =ms1 we frequ5tly see ! conflict betwe5 ! rhyme & ! ?\ght1 9 :i* n[ "o & n[ ! o!r ga9s ! victory2 ?us ei!r ! ?\ght is /unt$ = ! sake ( ! rhyme1 or ! rhyme has to be satisfi$ ) a weak peu prs4 ,s9ce ?is is s1 ,i d n reg>d x z an evid5ce ( ignorance1 b z a pro( ( good ta/e1 t ,%akspe>e 9 8 sonnets has giv5 diff]5t rhymes to ea* quatra9e4 ,at any rate1 _! ac\/ic effect is n 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$ by x1 & ! ?\ght obta9s its rights f> m ?an x c\ld h done if x _h _h to be lac$ up 9 ! cu/om>y ,spani% boots4 ,x is a disadvantage = ! poetry ( a language if x has _m words :i* _c be us$ 9 prose1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 d>e n use c]ta9 words ( prose4 ,! =m] is mo/ly ! case 9 ,lat9 & ,italian poetry1 & ! latt] 9 ,fr5*1 :]e x has rec5tly be5 v aptly call$1 8,la bgeul]ie de la langue franaise20 bo? are to be f\nd less 9 ,engli%1 & lea/ 9 ,g]man4 ,= su* words belong+ exclusively to poetry rema9 =eign to our he>t1 d n speak to u directly1 & !re=e leave u cold4 ,!y are a conv5tional language ( poetry1 & z x 7 m]e pa9t$ s5sations in/ead ( real ones3 !y exclude g5u9e feel+4 ,! di/9ction1 s (t5 discuss$ 9 our own day1 betwe5 classic & romantic poetry seems to me ultimately to dep5d ^u ! fact t ! =m] kn[s no o!r motives ?an ^? :i* are purely human1 actual1 & natural2 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 also treats artificial conv5tional1 & imag9>y motives z effici5t4 ,to su* belong ! motives :i* spr+ f ! ,*ri/ian my?us1 also f ! *ivalr\s ov]/ra9$ fanta/ical law ( hon\r1 fur!r f ! absurd & ludicr\s ,g]mano,*ri/ian v5]ation ( wom51 & la/ly f dot+ & moon+ hyp]physical amor\sness4 ,b ev5 9 ! be/ poets ( ! romantic class1 e4g41 9 ,cald]on1 we c see to :at ridicul\s di/ortions ( human relations & human nature ^! motives lead4 ,n to speak ( ! ,autos1 ,i m]ely ref] to su* pieces z 8,no siempre el peor es ci]to0 7,! wor/ is n always c]ta971 & 8,el po/r]o duelo en ,espaa0 7,! la/ duel 9 ,spa971 & simil> com$ies en capa y espada3 ) ! elem5ts m5tion$ !re is "h fur!r associat$ ! s*ola/ic subtility s (t5 appe>+ 9 ! conv]sation :i* at t "t belong$ to ! m5tal culture ( ! high] classes4 ,h[ decid$ly advantage\s1 on ! contr>y1 is ! position ( ! poetry ( ! anci5ts1 :i* always rema9s true to nature2 & ! result is t classical poetry has an unconditional1 romantic poetry only a conditional1 tru? & correctness2 analog\s to ,greek & ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rem>k "h t all dramatic or n>rative poems :i* transf] _! sc5e to anci5t ,greece or ,rome lose by ?is f ! fact t our k ( antiquity1 especially 9 :at conc]ns ! details ( life1 is insuffici5t1 fragm5t>y1 & n drawn f p]ception4 ,?is obliges ! poet to avoid mu* & to cont5t himself ) g5]alities1 :]eby he becomes ab/ract1 & 8 "w loses t concret5ess & individualisation :i* is ?r\gh\t ess5tial to poetry4 ,x is ?is :i* gives all su* works ! peculi> appe>ance ( empt9ess & t$i\sness4 ,only ,%akspe>e's works ( ?is k9d are free f x2 because )\t hesitation he has pres5t$1 "u ! names ( ,greeks & ,romans1 ,engli%m5 ( 8 own "t4 ,x has be5 object$ to _m ma/]pieces ( lyrical poetry1 especially "s ,odes ( ,horace 7see1 = example1 ! second ( ! ?ird book7 & sev]al ( ,goe!'s songs 7= example1 8,! ,%eph]d's ,lam5t071 t !y lack prop] connection & are full ( gaps 9 ! ?\ght4 ,b "h ! logical connection is int5tionally neglect$1 9 ord] t ! unity ( ! fundam5tal s5sation & mood may take its place1 :i* comes out m cle>ly j by ! fact t x passes l a ?read ?r\gh ! sep>ate pe>ls1 & br+s ab\t ! quick *anges ( ! objects ( contemplation1 9 ! same way z 9 music ! transition f "o key to ano!r is br\ght ab\t by ! *ord ( ! sev5?1 ?r\gh :i* ! /ill s\nd+ fundam5tal note becomes ! dom9ant ( ! new key4 ,mo/ di/9ctly1 ev5 exagg]at$ly1 ! quality "h describ$ is f\nd 9 ! ,canzone ( ,petr>* :i* beg9s1 8,mai non vo' pi cant>1 com' io soleva40 ,accord+ly1 z 9 ! lyrical poem ! subjective elem5t pr$om9ates1 s 9 ! drama1 on ! contr>y1 ! objective elem5t is alone & exclusively pres5t4 ,betwe5 ! two epic poetry 9 all its =ms & modifications1 f ! n>rative romance to ! epos prop]1 has a broad middle pa?4 ,= al?\gh 9 ! ma9 x is objective1 yet x conta9s a subjective elem5t1 appe>+ n[ m & n[ less1 :i* f9ds its expression 9 ! tone1 9 ! =m ( ! deliv]y1 & also 9 scatt]$ reflections4 ,we d n s entirely lose sight ( ! poet z 9 ! drama4 ,! end ( ! drama 9 g5]al is to %[ u 9 an example :at is ! nature & exi/5ce ( man4 ,! sad or ! bright side ( ^! c be turn$ to u 9 x1 or _! transitions into ea* o!r4 ,b ! expression1 8nature & exi/5ce ( man10 already conta9s ! g]m ( ! controv]sy :e!r ! nature1 i4e41 ! "*1 or ! exi/5ce1 i4e41 ! fate1 ! adv5tures1 ! action1 is ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,moreov]1 ! two h gr[n s firmly toge!r t al?\gh !y c c]ta9ly be sep>at$ 9 conception1 !y _c be sep>at$ 9 ! repres5tation ( !m4 ,= only ! circum/ances1 ! fate1 ! ev5ts1 make ! "* manife/ its nature1 & only f ! "* does ! action arise f :i* ! ev5ts proce$4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ! repres5tation1 ! "o or ! o!r may be made m prom95t2 & 9 ?is respect ! piece :i* c5tres 9 ! *>act]s & ! piece :i* c5tres 9 ! plot are ! two extremes4 ,! common end ( ! drama & ! epic1 to exhibit1 9 significant *>act]s plac$ 9 significant situations1 ! extraord9>y actions br\ght ab\t by bo?1 w be mo/ completely atta9$ by ! poet if he fir/ introduces ! *>act]s to u 9 a /ate ( peace1 9 :i* m]ely _! g5]al col\r becomes visible1 & all[s a motive to ent] :i* produces an action1 out ( :i* a new & /rong] motive arises1 :i* aga9 calls =? a m significant action1 :i*1 9 its turn1 begets new & ev5 /rong] motives1 :]eby1 !n1 9 ! "t suitable to ! =m ( ! poem1 ! mo/ passionate excitem5t takes ! place ( ! orig9al peace1 & 9 ?is n[ ! important actions occur 9 :i* ! qualities ( ! *>act]s :i* h hi!rto slumb]$ are br\ght cle>ly to light1 toge!r ) ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,great poets trans=m !mselves into ea* ( ! p]sons to be repres5t$1 & speak out ( ea* ( !m l v5triloqui/s2 n[ out ( ! h]o1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds out ( ! "y & innoc5t maid51 ) equal tru? & naturalness3 s ,%akspe>e & ,goe!4 ,poets ( ! second rank trans=m ! pr9cipal p]son to be repres5t$ into !mselves4 ,?is is :at ,byron does2 & !n ! o!r p]sons (t5 rema9 lifeless1 z is ! case ev5 ) ! pr9cipal p]sons 9 ! works ( m$iocre poets4 ,our pleasure 9 trag$y belongs1 n to ! s5se ( ! beautiful1 b to t ( ! sublime2 nay1 x is ! highe/ grade ( ?is feel+4 ,=1 z at ! sight ( ! sublime 9 nature we turn away f ! int]e/s ( ! w1 9 ord] to be purely p]ceptive1 s 9 ! tragic cata/rophe we turn away ev5 f ! w to live4 ,9 trag$y ! t]rible side ( life is pres5t$ to u1 ! wail ( humanity1 ! reign ( *ance & error1 ! fall ( ! j1 ! triumph ( ! wick$2 ?us ! aspect ( ! _w :i* directly /rives aga9/ our w is br\ght be=e our eyes4 ,at ?is sight we feel ourselves *all5g$ to turn away our w f life1 no long] to w x or love x4 ,b j 9 ?is way we become consci\s t !n !re /ill rema9s some?+ ov] to u1 :i* we absolutely _c "k positively1 b only negatively1 z t :i* does n w life4 ,z ! *ord ( ! sev5? dem&s ! fundam5tal *ord2 z ! col\r r$ dem&s gre51 & ev5 produces x 9 ! eye2 s e trag$y dem&s an entirely diff]5t k9d ( exi/5ce1 ano!r _w1 ! k ( :i* c only be giv5 u indirectly j z "h by su* a dem&4 ,9 ! mom5t ( ! tragic cata/rophe ! conviction becomes m di/9ct to u ?an ev] t life is a bad dream f :i* we h to awake4 ,s f> ! effect ( ! trag$y is analog\s to t ( ! dynamical sublime1 = l ?is x lifts u above ! w & its int]e/s1 & puts u 9 su* a mood t we f9d pleasure 9 ! sight ( :at t5ds directly aga9/ x4 ,:at gives to all trag$y1 9 :atev] =m x may appe>1 ! peculi> t5d5cy t[>ds ! sublime is ! awak5+ ( ! k t ! _w1 life1 c af=d u no true pleasure1 & consequ5tly is n wor?y ( our atta*m5t4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! tragic _s3 x !re=e leads to resignation4 ,i admit t 9 anci5t trag$y ?is _s ( resignation seldom appe>s & is express$ directly4 dipus ,colonus c]ta9ly dies resign$ & will+2 yet he is com=t$ by ! rev5ge on 8 c\ntry4 ,iphig5ia at ,aulis is v will+ to die2 yet x is ! ?\ght ( ! welf>e ( ,greece t com=ts h]1 & occasions ! *ange ( h] m9d1 on acc\nt ( :i* %e will+ly accepts ! dea? :i* at fir/ %e s\ght to avoid by any means4 ,cass&ra1 9 ! ,agamemnon ( ! great s*ylus1 dies will+ly1 7#acjf72 b %e also is com=t$ by ! ?\ght ( rev5ge4 ,h]cules1 9 ! ,tra*9i1 submits to necessity1 & dies compos$1 b n resign$4 ,s also ! ,hippolytus ( ,euripides1 9 ^: case x surprises u t ,artemis1 :o appe>s to com=t him1 promises him temples & fame1 b nev] po9ts him to an exi/5ce beyond life1 & leaves him 9 dea?1 z all gods =sake ! dy+3--9 ,*ri/ianity !y come to him2 & s also 9 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] ! gods are really exotic4 ,?us ,hippolytus1 l almo/ all ! tragic h]oes ( ! anci5ts1 %[s submission to inevitable fate & ! inflexible w ( ! gods1 b no surr5d] ( ! w to live itself4 ,z ! ,/oic equanimity is fundam5tally di/+ui%$ f ,*ri/ian resignation by ! fact t x tea*es only pati5t endurance & compos$ expectation ( unalt]ably necess>y evil1 :ile ,*ri/ianity tea*es r5unciation1 surr5d] ( ! w2 s also ! tragic h]oes ( ! anci5ts %[ resolute subjection "u ! unavoidable bl[s ( fate1 :ile ,*ri/ian trag$y1 on ! contr>y1 %[s ! surr5d] ( ! :ole w to live1 joyful =sak+ ( ! _w 9 ! consci\sness ( its wor?lessness & vanity4 ,b ,i am also entirely ( op9ion t mod]n trag$y /&s high] ?an t ( ! anci5ts4 ,%akspe>e is mu* great] ?an ,sophocles2 9 comp>ison ) ,goe!'s ,iphig5ia "o might f9d t ( ,euripides almo/ crude & vulg>4 ,! ,bac* ( ,euripides is a revolt+ composition 9 fav\r ( ! hea!n prie/s4 ,_m anci5t pieces h no tragic t5d5cy at all1 l ! ,alce/is & ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris ( ,euripides2 "s h disagreeable1 or ev5 disgu/+ motives1 l ! ,antigone & ,philocteles4 ,almo/ all %[ ! human race "u ! fe>ful rule ( *ance & error1 b n ! resignation :i* is occasion$ by x1 & deliv]s f x4 ,all because ! anci5ts _h n yet atta9$ to ! summit & goal ( trag$y1 or inde$ ( ! view ( life itself4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ! anci5ts display$ little ( ! _s ( resignation1 ! turn+ away ( ! w f life1 9 _! tragic h]oes !mselves1 z _! frame ( m9d1 yet ! peculi> t5d5cy & effect ( trag$y rema9s ! awak5+ ( t _s 9 ! behold]1 ! call+ up ( t frame ( m9d1 ev5 ?\gh only tempor>ily4 ,! horrors ^u ! /age hold up to him ! bitt]ness & wor?lessness ( life1 ?us ! vanity ( all its /ruggle4 ,! effect ( ?is impression mu/ be t he becomes consci\s1 if only 9 obscure feel+1 t x is bett] to te> 8 he>t free f life1 to turn 8 w f x1 to love n ! _w nor life2 :]eby !n 9 8 deepe/ s\l1 ! consci\sness is ar\s$ t = ano!r k9d ( will+ !re mu/ also be ano!r exi/5ce4 ,= if ?is 7 n s1 !n ! t5d5cy ( trag$y w\ld n be ?is ris+ above all ! ends & good ?+s ( life1 ?is turn+ away f x & its s$uctions1 & ! turn+ t[>ds ano!r k9d ( exi/5ce1 :i* already lies 9 ?is1 al?\gh an exi/5ce :i* is = u q inconceivable4 ,h[ w\ld x1 !n1 9 g5]al1 be possible t ! exhibition ( ! mo/ t]rible side ( life1 br\ght be=e our eyes 9 ! mo/ gl>+ light1 c\ld act ^u u b5efic5tly1 & af=d u a l(ty satisfaction8 ,fe> & sympa?y1 9 ! excitem5t ( :i* ,ari/otle places ! ultimate end ( trag$y1 c]ta9ly d n 9 !mselves belong to ! agreeable s5sations3 !re=e !y _c be ! end1 b only ! means4 ,?us ! summons to turn away ! w f life rema9s ! true t5d5cy ( trag$y1 ! ultimate end ( ! int5tional exhibition ( ! suff]+ ( humanity1 & is s accord+ly ev5 :]e ?is resign$ exaltation ( ! m9d is n %[n 9 ! h]o himself1 b is m]ely excit$ 9 ! spectator by ! sight ( great1 unm]it$1 nay1 ev5 m]it$ suff]+4 ,_m ( ! mod]ns also are1 l ! anci5ts1 satisfi$ ) ?r[+ ! spectator into ! mood :i* has be5 describ$1 by ! objective repres5tation ( human mis=tune z a :ole2 :ile o!rs exhibit ?is ?r\gh ! *ange ( ! frame ( m9d ( ! h]o himself1 effect$ by suff]+4 ,! =m] give1 z x 71 only ! premisses1 & leave ! conclusion to ! spectator2 :ile ! latt] give ! conclusion1 or ! moral ( ! fable1 also1 z ! *ange ( ! frame ( m9d ( ! h]o1 & ev5 also z reflection1 9 ! m\? ( ! *orus1 z1 = example1 ,s*ill] 9 8,! ,bride ( ,mess9a30 8,life is n ! highe/ good40 ,let me rem>k "h t ! g5u9e tragic effect ( ! cata/rophe1 ?us ! resignation & exaltation ( ! m9d ( ! h]o :i* is br\ght ab\t by x1 seldom appe>s s purely motiv$ & s di/9ctly express$ z 9 ! op]a ( 8,norma10 :]e x comes 9 9 ! duet1 8,qual cor tradi/i1 qual cor p]de/i10 9 :i* ! *ange ( ! w is di/9ctly indicat$ by ! quietness :i* is sudd5ly introduc$ into ! music4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is piece--reg>d$ ap>t altoge!r f its excell5t music1 & also f ! diction :i* c only be t ( a libretto1 & consid]$ only accord+ to its motives & its inn] economy--is a highly p]fect trag$y1 a true patt]n ( tragic disposition ( ! motives1 tragic progress ( ! action1 & tragic developm5t1 toge!r ) ! effect ( ^! ^u ! frame ( m9d ( ! h]o1 rais+ x above ! _w1 & :i* is !n also communicat$ to ! spectator2 inde$ ! effect atta9$ "h is ! less delusive & ! m indicative ( ! true nature ( trag$y t no ,*ri/ians1 nor ev5 ,*ri/ian ideas1 appe> 9 x4 ,! neglect ( ! unity ( "t & place ) :i* ! mod]ns are s (t5 reproa*$ is only a fault :5 x goes s f> t x de/roys ! unity ( ! action2 = !n !re only rema9s ! unity ( ! pr9cipal "*1 z1 = example1 9 ,%akspe>e's 8,h5ry ,,viii40 ,b ev5 ! unity ( ! action does n ne$ to g s f> t ! same ?+ is spok5 ( ?r\gh\t1 z 9 ! ,fr5* trag$ies :i* 9 g5]al obs]ve ?is s /rictly t ! c\rse ( ! drama is l a geometrical l9e )\t bread?4 ,!re x is con/antly a case ( 8,only get on6 ,p5sez votre affaire60 & ! ?+ is exp$it$ & hurri$ on 9 a ?or\ghly bus9ess fa%ion1 & no "o deta9s himself ) irrelevances :i* d n belong to x1 or looks to ! "r or ! left4 ,! ,%akspe>ian trag$y1 on ! o!r h&1 is l a l9e :i* has also bread?3 x takes "t1 exspatiatur3 spee*es & ev5 :ole sc5es occur :i* d n advance ! action1 inde$ d n prop]ly conc]n x1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 we get to "k ! *>act]s or _! circum/ances m fully1 & !n und]/& ! action also m ?or\ghly4 ,?is c]ta9ly rema9s ! pr9cipal ?+1 yet n s exclusively t we =get t 9 ! la/ in/ance :at is aim$ at is ! repres5tation ( human nature & exi/5ce g5]ally4 ,! dramatic or epic poet ought to "k t he is fate1 & %\ld !re=e be inexorable1 z x is2 also t he is ! mirror ( ! human race1 & %\ld !re=e repres5t v _m bad & sometimes pr(ligate *>act]s1 & also _m fools1 buffoons1 & ecc5tric p]sons2 !n also1 n[ & aga91 a reasonable1 a prud5t1 an hone/1 or a good man1 & only z ! r>e/ exception a truly magnanim\s man4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,hom] !re is 9 my op9ion no really magnanim\s "* pres5t$1 al?\gh _m good & hone/4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,%akspe>e !re may be p]haps a c\ple ( noble1 ?\gh by no means transc5d5tly noble1 *>act]s to be f\nd2 p]haps ,cordelia1 ,coriolanus--h>dly m2 on ! o!r h&1 8 works sw>m ) ! species indicat$ above4 ,b ,iffl&'s & ,kotzebue's pieces h _m magnanim\s *>act]s2 :ile ,goldoni has done z ,i recomm5d$ above1 :]eby he %[s t he /&s high]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*ill]'s 8,m9na von ,b>nhelm0 lab\rs "u too mu* & too univ]sal magnanimity2 b s mu* magnanimity z ! "o ,m>quis ,posa displays is n to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ,goe!'s works toge!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a small ,g]man piece call$ 8,duty = ,duty's ,sake0 7a title :i* s\nds z if x _h be5 tak5 f ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason71 :i* has only ?ree *>act]s1 & yet all ! ?ree are ( mo/ transc5d5t magnanimity4 ,! ,greeks h tak5 = _! h]oes only royal p]sons2 & s also = ! mo/ "p h ! mod]ns4 ,c]ta9ly n because ! rank gives m wor? to him :o is act+ or suff]+2 & s9ce ! :ole ?+ is j to set human passions 9 play1 ! relative value ( ! objects by :i* ?is happ5s is indiff]5t1 & peasant huts a*ieve z mu* z k+doms4 ,moreov]1 civic trag$y is by no means to be unconditionally reject$4 ,p]sons ( great p[] & consid]ation are yet ! be/ adapt$ = trag$y on ?is acc\nt1 t ! mis=tune 9 :i* we ought to recognise ! fate ( humanity mu/ h a suffici5t magnitude to appe> t]rible to ! spectator1 :oev] he may be4 ,euripides himself says1 81 1 1 0 7,/ob4 ,flor41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bii74 ,n[ ! circum/ances :i* plunge a citiz5 family into want & despair are 9 ! eyes ( ! great or ri*1 = ! mo/ "p1 v insignificant1 & capable ( be+ remov$ by human assi/ance1 nay1 sometimes ev5 by a trifle3 su* spectators1 !re=e1 _c be tragically affect$ by !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mis=tunes ( ! great & p[]ful are unconditionally t]rible1 & also accessible to no help f )\t2 = k+s mu/ help !mselves by _! own p[]1 or fall4 ,to ?is we h to add t ! fall is greate/ f a height4 ,accord+ly p]sons ( ! rank ( citiz5s lack height to fall f4 ,if n[ we h f\nd ! t5d5cy & ultimate int5tion ( trag$y to be a turn+ to resignation1 to ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 we %all easily recognise 9 its opposite1 com$y1 ! incitem5t to ! cont9u$ ass]tion ( ! w4 ,x is true ! com$y1 l e repres5tation ( human life1 )\t exception1 mu/ br+ be=e our eyes suff]+ & adv]sity2 b x pres5ts x to u z pass+1 resolv+ itself into joy1 9 g5]al m+l$ ) success1 victory1 & hopes1 :i* 9 ! end prepond]ate2 moreov]1 x br+s out ! inexhau/ible mat]ial = laught] ( :i* life1 & ev5 its adv]sities !mselves are fill$1 & :i* "u all circum/ances ought to keep u 9 a good hum\r4 ,?us x decl>es1 9 ! result1 t life z a :ole is ?or\ghly good1 & especially is always amus+4 ,c]ta9ly x mu/ ha/5 to drop ! curta9 at ! mom5t ( joy1 s t we may n see :at comes aft]2 :ile ! trag$y1 z a rule1 s ends t no?+ c come aft]4 ,& moreov]1 if once we contemplate ?is burlesque side ( life some:at s]i\sly1 z x %[s itself 9 ! nave utt]ances & ge/ures :i* trifl+ emb>rassm5t1 p]sonal fe>1 mom5t>y ang]1 secret envy1 & _m simil> emotions =ce ^u ! =ms ( ! real life t mirrors itself "h1 =ms :i* deviate consid]ably f ! type ( beauty1 !n f ?is side also1 ?us 9 an unexpect$ mann]1 ! reflective spectator may become conv9c$ t ! exi/5ce & action ( su* be+s _c itself be an end2 t1 on ! contr>y1 !y c only h atta9$ to exi/5ce by an error1 & t :at s exhibits itself is some?+ :i* _h bett] n be4 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii47#bc7 ,on ,hi/ory4 ,9 ! passage ( ! fir/ volume ref]r$ to bel[ ,i h fully %[n t m is a*iev$ = our k ( mank9d by poetry ?an by hi/ory1 & :y ?is is s2 inasmu* z m real in/ruction 0 to be expect$ f ! =m] ?an f ! latt]4 ,ari/otle has also confess$ ?is1 = he says3 8 0 7et res magis philosophica1 et melior posis e/ quam hi/oria7#bd771 ,de pot41 c4 #i4 ,yet1 9 ord] to cause no misund]/&+ z to ! value ( hi/ory1 ,i wi% "h to express my ?\ghts ab\t x4 ,9 e class & species ( ?+s ! facts are innum]able1 ! individuals inf9ite 9 numb]1 ! v>iety ( _! diff]5ces unapproa*able4 ,at ! fir/ glance at !m ! curi\s m9d becomes giddy2 h[ev] mu* x inve/igates1 x sees itself condemn$ to ignorance4 ,b !n comes sci5ce3 x sep>ates ! innum]able multitude1 arranges x "u g5]ic conceptions1 ^! aga9 "u conceptions ( species1 :]eby x op5s ! pa? to a k ( ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>1 :i* also compreh5ds ! innum]able individuals1 = x holds good ( all )\t "o be+ oblig$ to consid] ea* p>ticul> = itself4 ,?us x promises satisfaction to ! inve/igat+ m9d4 ,!n all sci5ces place !mselves toge!r1 & above ! real _w ( individual ?+s1 z t :i* !y h divid$ among !m4 ,ov] !m all1 h[ev]1 moves philosophy1 z ! mo/ g5]al1 & !re=e important1 rational k1 :i* promises ! conclusions = :i* ! o!rs h only prep>$ ! way4 ,hi/ory alone _c prop]ly ent] into t s]ies1 s9ce x _c boa/ ( ! same advantage z ! o!rs1 = x lacks ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( sci5ce1 ! subord9ation ( :at is kn[n1 in/ead ( :i* x c only pres5t its coord9ation4 ,!re=e !re is no sy/em ( hi/ory1 z !re is ( e o!r sci5ce4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9ly rational k1 b x is n a sci5ce4 ,= x nev] kn[s ! p>ticul> by means ( ! g5]al1 b mu/ compreh5d ! p>ticul> directly1 & s1 z x 71 creeps along ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce2 :ile ! true sci5ces move above x1 because !y h obta9$ compreh5sive conceptions by means ( :i* !y comm& ! p>ticul>1 &1 at lea/ )9 c]ta9 limits1 anticipate ! possibility ( ?+s )9 _! sph]e1 s t !y c be at ease ev5 ab\t :at may yet h to come4 ,! sci5ces1 s9ce !y are sy/ems ( conceptions1 speak always ( species2 hi/ory speaks ( individuals4 ,x w\ld accord+ly be a sci5ce ( individuals1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,x also foll[s t ! sci5ces all speak ( t :i* always is z hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 ( t :i* is once1 & !n no m4 ,s9ce1 fur!r1 hi/ory has to d ) ! absolutely p>ticul> & individuals1 :i* f its nature is inexhau/ible1 x kn[s ev]y?+ only imp]fectly & half4 ,besides1 x mu/ also let itself be taught by e new day 9 its trivial commonplac5ess :at z yet x did n "k at all4 ,if x %\ld be object$ t 9 hi/ory also !re is subord9ation ( ! p>ticul> "u ! g5]al1 because ! p]iods1 ! gov]nm5ts1 & o!r g5]al *anges1 or political revolutions1 9 %ort1 all t is giv5 9 hi/orical tables1 is ! g5]al1 to :i* ! special subord9ates itself1 ?is w\ld re/ ^u a false compreh5sion ( ! conception ( ! g5]al4 ,= ! g5]al 9 hi/ory "h ref]r$ to is m]ely subjective1 i4e41 its g5]ality spr+s m]ely f ! inadequacy ( ! individual k ( ! ?+s1 b n objective1 i4e41 a conception 9 :i* ! ?+s w\ld actually already be ?\ght toge!r4 ,ev5 ! mo/ g5]al 9 hi/ory is 9 itself only a p>ticul> & individual1 a long p]iod ( "t1 or an important ev5t2 !re=e ! special is relat$ to ?is z ! "p to ! :ole1 b n z ! case to ! rule2 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 takes place 9 all ! sci5ces prop] because !y af=d conceptions & n m]e facts4 ,on ?is acc\nt 9 ^! sci5ces by a correct k ( ! g5]al we c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! p>ticul> t arises4 ,if1 = example1 ,i "k ! laws ( ! triangle 9 g5]al1 ,i c !n also tell :at mu/ be ! prop]ties ( ! triangle laid be=e me2 & :at holds good ( all mammals1 = example1 t !y h d\ble v5tricles ( ! he>t1 exactly sev5 c]vical v]tebr1 lungs1 diaphragm1 bladd]1 five s5ses1 c41 ,i c also ass]t ( ! /range bat :i* has j be5 caught1 be=e dissect+ x4 ,b n s 9 hi/ory1 :]e ! g5]al is no objective g5]al ( ! conception1 b m]ely a subjective g5]al ( my k1 :i* c only be call$ g5]al inasmu* z x is sup]ficial4 ,!re=e ,i may always "k 9 g5]al ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> t x 0 a religi\s w>1 wag$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ?is g5]al k does n make me capable ( tell+ any?+ m def9ite ab\t its c\rse4 ,! same opposition is also confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ! real sci5ces ! special & individual is t :i* is mo/ c]ta91 because x re/s ^u imm$iate appreh5sion2 ! g5]al tru?s1 aga91 are only ab/ract$ f x2 !re=e some?+ false may be m easily assum$ 9 ! latt]4 ,b 9 hi/ory1 conv]sely1 ! mo/ g5]al is ! mo/ c]ta92 = example1 ! p]iods1 ! succession ( ! k+s1 ! revolutions1 w>s1 & treaties ( peace2 ! p>ticul>s1 aga91 ( ! ev5ts & _! connection is unc]ta91 & becomes always m s ! fur!r "o goes into details4 ,!re=e hi/ory is ! m int]e/+ ! m special x is1 b ! less to be tru/$1 & approa*es !n 9 e respect to ! romance4 ,= ! re/1 :at importance is to be atta*$ to ! boa/$ pragmatic tea*+ ( hi/ory he w be/ be able to judge :o rememb]s t sometimes x 0 only aft] tw5ty ye>s t he und]/ood ! ev5ts ( 8 own life 9 _! true connection1 al?\gh ! data = ?is 7 fully be=e him1 s difficult is ! comb9ation ( ! action ( ! motives "u ! con/ant int]f]5ces ( *ance & ! concealm5t ( ! int5tions4 ,s9ce n[ hi/ory really always has = its object only ! p>ticul>1 ! individual fact1 & reg>ds ?is z ! exclusively real1 x is ! direct opposite & c\nt]p>t ( philosophy1 :i* consid]s ?+s f ! mo/ g5]al po9t ( view1 & has int5tionally ! g5]al z its object1 :i* rema9s id5tical 9 e p>ticul>2 !re=e 9 ! p>ticul> philosophy sees only ! g5]al1 & recognises ! *ange 9 its manife/ation z uness5tial3 7g5]alium amator philosophus74 ,:ile hi/ory tea*es u t at e "t some?+ else has be51 philosophy tries to assi/ u to ! insight t at all times exactly ! same 01 is1 & %all be4 ,9 tru?1 ! ess5ce ( human life1 z ( nature 9 g5]al1 is giv5 complete 9 e pres5t "t1 & !re=e only requires dep? ( compreh5sion 9 ord] to be exhau/ively kn[n4 ,b hi/ory hopes to make up = dep? by l5g? & bread?2 = x e pres5t "t is only a fragm5t :i* mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! pa/1 ! l5g? ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 inf9ite1 & to :i* aga9 an inf9ite future is jo9$4 ,^u ?is re/s ! opposition betwe5 philosophical & hi/orical m9ds2 ! =m] want to g to ! bottom1 ! latt] want to g ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies4 ,hi/ory %[s on e side only ! same "u diff]5t =ms2 b :oev] does n come to "k ?is 9 "o or a few w h>dly atta9 to a k ( x by go+ ?r\gh all ! =ms4 ,! *apt]s ( ! hi/ory ( nations are at bottom only di/+ui%$ by ! names & dates2 ! really ess5tial cont5t is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,n[ s9ce ! mat]ial ( art is ! ,idea1 & ! mat]ial ( sci5ce ! concept1 we see bo? occupi$ ) t :i* always exi/s & con/antly 9 ! same mann]1 n some?+ :i* n[ is & n[ is n1 n[ is ?us & n[ o!rwise2 !re=e bo? h to d ) t :i* ,plato set up z ! exclusive object ( real rational k4 ,! mat]ial ( hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! p>ticul> 9 its p>ticul>ity & cont+5cy1 :i* at "o "t is1 & !n = ev] is no m1 ! transi5t complexities ( a human _w mov$ l cl\ds 9 ! w9d1 a _w :i* is (t5 entirely trans=m$ by ! mo/ trifl+ accid5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! mat]ial ( hi/ory appe>s to u z sc>cely a wor?y object ( ! s]i\s & pa9ful consid]ation ( ! human m9d1 ! human m9d :i*1 j because x is s transitory1 ought to *oose = its consid]ation t :i* passes n away4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds ! endeav\r--specially introduc$ by ! ,hegelian pseudophilosophy1 ev]y:]e s p]nici\s & /upefy+ to ! m9d--to compreh5d ! hi/ory ( ! _w z a plann$ :ole1 or1 z !y call x1 8to con/rue x organically10 a crude & positive realism lies at its f\ndation1 :i* takes ! ph5om5on = ! inn] be+ ( ! _w1 & imag9es t ?is ph5om5on1 its =ms & ev5ts1 are ! *ief conc]n2 9 :i* x is secretly support$ by c]ta9 my?ological notions :i* x tacitly assumes3 o!rwise "o might ask = :at spectators su* a com$y 0 really produc$4 ,=1 s9ce only ! individual1 & n ! human race1 has actual1 imm$iate unity ( consci\sness1 ! unity ( ! c\rse ( life ( ! race is a m]e fiction4 ,besides1 z 9 nature only ! species are real1 & ! g5]a are m]e ab/ractions1 s 9 ! human race only ! individuals & _! c\rse ( life are real1 ! peoples & _! lives m]e ab/ractions4 ,f9ally1 con/ructive hi/ories1 guid$ by a positive optimism1 always ultimately end 9 a com=table1 ri*1 fat ,/ate1 ) a wellregulat$ con/itution1 good ju/ice & police1 useful arts & indu/ries1 &1 at ! mo/1 9 intellectual p]fection2 = ?is1 9 fact1 is alone possible1 s9ce :at is moral rema9s ess5tially unalt]$4 ,b x is ! moral elem5t :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( our inmo/ consci\sness1 is ! :ole conc]n3 & ?is lies only 9 ! individual z ! t5d5cy ( 8 w4 ,9 tru?1 only ! life ( ea* individual has unity1 connection1 & true significance3 x is to be reg>d$ z an in/ruction1 & ! mean+ ( x is moral4 ,only ! incid5ts ( our inn] life1 s9ce !y conc]n ! w1 h true reality1 & are actual ev5ts2 because ! w alone is ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,9 e microcosm lies ! :ole macrocosm1 & ! latt] conta9s no?+ m ?an ! =m]4 ,multiplicity is ph5om5al1 & ext]nal ev5ts are m]e configurations ( ! ph5om5al _w1 & h !re=e directly nei!r reality nor significance1 b only indirectly ?r\gh _! relation to ! wills ( ! individuals4 ,! endeav\r to expla9 & int]pret !m directly is accord+ly l ! endeav\r to see 9 ! =ms ( ! cl\ds gr\ps ( m5 & animals4 ,:at hi/ory n>rates is 9 fact only ! long1 heavy1 & confus$ dream ( humanity4 ,! ,hegelians1 :o reg>d ! philosophy ( hi/ory z inde$ ! *ief end ( all philosophy1 are to be ref]r$ to ,plato1 :o unwe>i$ly repeats t ! object ( philosophy is t :i* is un*angeable & always rema9s1 n t :i* n[ is ?us & n[ o!rwise4 ,all ^? :o set up su* con/ructions ( ! c\rse ( ! _w1 or1 z !y call x1 ( hi/ory1 h fail$ to grasp ! pr9cipal tru? ( all philosophy1 t :at is is at all times ! same1 all becom+ & aris+ are only seem+2 ! ,ideas alone are p]man5t2 "t ideal4 ,?is is :at ,plato holds1 ?is is :at ,kant holds4 ,"o ought !re=e to seek to und]/& :at exi/s1 :at really is1 today & always1 i4e41 to "k ! ,ideas 79 ,plato's s5se74 ,fools1 on ! contr>y1 imag9e t some?+ mu/ fir/ become & happ54 ,!re=e !y conc$e to hi/ory ! *ief place 9 _! philosophy1 & con/ruct x accord+ to a preconceiv$ plan ( ! _w1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ is ord]$ = ! be/1 :i* is !n suppos$ f9alit] to appe>1 & w be a glori\s ?+4 ,accord+ly !y take ! _w z p]fectly real1 & place ! end ( x 9 ! poor e>?ly happ9ess1 :i*1 h[ev] mu* x may be fo/]$ by m5 & fav\r$ by fate1 is a holl[1 deceptive1 decay+1 & sad ?+1 out ( :i* nei!r con/itutions & legal sy/ems nor /eameng9es & telegraphs c ev] make any?+ t is ess5tially bett]4 ,! said philosoph]s & glorifi]s ( hi/ory are accord+ly simple reali/s1 & also optimi/s & eudmoni/s1 consequ5tly dull fell[s & inc>nate phili/9es2 & besides are really bad ,*ri/ians1 = ! true _s & k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity1 z also ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 is ! k ( ! vanity ( e>?ly happ9ess1 ! complete contempt = x1 & ! turn+ away f x to an exi/5ce ( ano!r1 nay1 an opposite1 k9d4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! _s & end ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! true 8hum\r ( ! matt]20 & n1 z !y imag9e1 mono!ism2 !re=e ev5 a!i/ic ,buddhism is f> m closely relat$ to ,*ri/ianity ?an optimi/ic ,judaism or its v>iety ,islamism4 ,a true philosophy ( hi/ory ought n !re=e to consid]1 z all ^! d1 :at 7to use ,plato's language7 always becomes & nev] is1 & hold ?is to be ! true nature ( ?+s2 b x ought to fix its att5tion ^u t :i* always is & nev] becomes nor passes away4 ,?us x does n consi/ 9 rais+ ! temporal ends ( m5 to et]nal & absolute ends1 & !n ) art & imag9ation con/ruct+ _! progress ?r\gh all complications2 b 9 ! insight t n only 9 its developm5t1 b 9 its v nature1 hi/ory is m5daci\s2 =1 speak+ ( m]e individuals & p>ticul> ev5ts1 x pret5ds always to relate some?+ diff]5t1 :ile f beg9n+ to end x repeats always ! same ?+ "u diff]5t names & 9 a diff]5t dress4 ,! true philosophy ( hi/ory consi/s 9 ! insight t 9 all ^! endless *anges & _! confusion we h always be=e u only ! same1 ev51 un*ang+ nature1 :i* today acts 9 ! same way z ye/]day & always2 ?us x ought to recognise ! id5tical 9 all ev5ts1 ( anci5t z ( mod]n times1 ( ! ea/ z ( ! we/2 &1 9 spite ( all diff]5ce ( ! special circum/ances1 ( ! co/ume & ! cu/oms1 to see ev]y:]e ! same humanity4 ,?is id5tical elem5t :i* is p]man5t ?r\gh all *ange consi/s 9 ! fundam5tal qualities ( ! human he>t & head--_m bad1 few good4 ,! motto ( hi/ory 9 g5]al %\ld run3 ,eadem1 s$ alit]4 ,if "o has read ,h]odotus1 !n 9 a philosophical reg>d "o has already /udi$ hi/ory en\gh4 ,= ev]y?+ is already !re t makes up ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! _w3 ! ef=ts1 action1 suff]+s1 & fate ( ! human race z x proce$s f ! qualities we h ref]r$ to1 & ! physical e>?ly lot4 ,if 9 :at has be5 said we h recognis$ t hi/ory1 reg>d$ z a means = ! k ( ! nature ( man1 is inf]ior to poetry2 !n1 t x is n 9 ! prop] s5se a sci5ce2 f9ally1 t ! endeav\r to con/ruct x z a :ole ) beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 toge!r ) a significant connection1 is va91 & bas$ ^u misund]/&+3 x w\ld look z if we wi%$ to d5y x all value if we did n %[ 9 :at its value consi/s4 ,really1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s = x1 aft] ?is conque/ by art & rejection by sci5ce1 a q special prov9ce1 diff]5t f bo?1 9 :i* x exi/s mo/ hon\rably4 ,:at reason is to ! individual t is hi/ory to ! human race4 ,by virtue ( reason1 man is n1 l ! brute1 limit$ to ! n>r[1 p]ceptible pres5t1 b also kn[s ! incomp>ably m ext5d$ pa/1 ) :i* x is l9k$1 & out ( :i* x has proce$$2 & only ?us has he a prop] und]/&+ ( ! pres5t itself1 & c ev5 draw inf]5ces z to ! future4 ,! brute1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: k1 devoid ( reflection1 is on ?is acc\nt limit$ to ! pres5t1 ev5 :5 x is tam$1 moves ab\t among m5 ignorant1 dull1 /upid1 helpless1 & dep5d5t4 ,analog\s to ?is is ! nation t does n "k its own hi/ory1 is limit$ to ! pres5t ( ! n[ liv+ g5]ation1 & !re=e does n und]/& itself & its own pres5t1 because x _c connect x ) a pa/1 & expla9 x f ?is2 /ill less c x anticipate ! future4 ,only ?r\gh hi/ory does a nation become completely consci\s ( itself4 ,accord+ly hi/ory is to be reg>d$ z ! rational consci\sness ( ! human race1 & is to ! race :at ! reflect$ & connect$ consci\sness is to ! individual :o is condition$ by reason1 a consci\sness ?r\gh ! want ( :i* ! brute is conf9$ to ! n>r[1 p]ceptible pres5t4 ,!re=e e gap 9 hi/ory is l a gap 9 ! recollective selfconsci\sness ( a man2 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a monum5t ( anci5t times :i* has outliv$ ! k ( itself1 z1 = example1 ! ,pyramids1 or temples & palaces 9 ,yucatan1 we /& z s5seless & /upid z ! brute 9 ! pres5ce ( ! action ( man1 9 :i* x is implicat$ 9 8 s]vice2 or z a man be=e some?+ writt5 9 an old ciph] ( 8 own1 ! key to :i* he has =gott52 nay1 l a somnambuli/ :o f9ds be=e him 9 ! morn+ :at he has done 9 8 sleep4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 hi/ory is to be reg>d$ z ! reason1 or ! reflect$ consci\sness1 ( ! human race1 & takes ! place ( an imm$iate selfconsci\sness common to ! :ole race1 s t only by virtue ( x does ! human race come to be a :ole1 come to be a humanity4 ,?is is ! true value ( hi/ory1 & accord+ly ! univ]sal & pr$om9at+ int]e/ 9 x dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! fact t x is a p]sonal conc]n ( ! human race4 ,n[1 :at language is = ! reason ( individuals1 z an indisp5sable condition ( its use1 writ+ is = ! reason ( ! :ole race "h po9t$ out2 = only ) ?is does its real exi/5ce beg91 z t ( ! individual reason beg9s fir/ ) language4 ,writ+ s]ves to re/ore unity to ! consci\sness ( ! human race1 :i* is con/antly int]rupt$ by dea?1 & !re=e fragm5t>y2 s t ! ?\ght :i* has aris5 9 ! ance/or is ?\ght out by 8 remote desc5dant2 x f9ds a rem$y = ! break+ up ( ! human race & its consci\sness into an innum]able numb] ( ephem]al individuals1 & s bids defiance to ! ev] hurry+ "t1 9 ^: h& goes =getfulness4 ,z an attempt to accompli% ?is we mu/ reg>d n only writt51 b also /one monum5ts1 :i* 9 "p are old] ?an ! =m]4 ,= :o w believe t ^? :o1 at incalculable co/1 set 9 action ! human p[]s ( _m ?\s&s = _m ye>s 9 ord] to con/ruct ! pyramids1 monoli?s1 rock tombs1 obelisks1 temples1 & palaces :i* h already exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 c\ld h _h 9 view ! %ort span ( _! own life1 too %ort to let !m see ! f9i%+ ( ! con/ruction1 or ev5 ! o/5sible end :i* ! ignorance ( ! _m requir$ !m to allege8 ,cle>ly _! real end 0 to speak to _! late/ desc5dants1 to put !mselves 9 connection ) ^!1 & s to e/abli% ! unity ( ! consci\sness ( humanity4 ,! build+s ( ! ,h9dus1 ! ,egyptians1 ev5 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 7 calculat$ to la/ sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 because ?r\gh high] culture _! horizon 0 a wid] "o2 :ile ! build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( mod]n times h only be5 int5d$1 at ! mo/1 to la/ a few c5turies2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is also due to ! fact t m5 tru/$ m to writ+ aft] its use _h become g5]al1 & /ill m s9ce f its womb 0 born ! art ( pr9t+4 ,yet ev5 9 ! build+s ( m rec5t times we see ! desire to speak to po/]ity2 &1 !re=e1 x is %ameful if !y are de/roy$ or disfigur$ 9 ord] to s]ve l[ utilit>ian ends4 ,writt5 monum5ts h less to fe> f ! elem5ts1 b m to fe> f b>b>ians1 ?an /one ones2 !y accompli% f> m4 ,! ,egyptians wi%$ to comb9e ! two1 = !y cov]$ _! /one monum5ts ) hi]oglyphics1 nay1 !y add$ pa9t+s 9 case ! hi]oglyphics %\ld no long] be und]/ood4 ,*apt] ,,xxxix47#be7 ,on ,! ,metaphysics ,( ,music4 ,! outcome1 or result1 ( my exposition ( ! peculi> significance ( ?is wond]ful art1 :i* is giv5 9 ! passage ( ! fir/ volume ref]r$ to bel[1 & :i* w "h be pres5t to ! m9d ( ! read]1 01 t !re is inde$ no resemblance betwe5 its productions & ! _w z idea1 i4e41 ! _w ( nature1 b yet !re mu/ be a di/9ct p>allelism1 :i* 0 !n also prov$4 ,i h yet to add "s full] p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ?is p>allelism1 :i* are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! f\r voices1 or p>ts1 ( all h>mony1 ! bass1 ! t5or1 ! alto1 & ! soprana1 or ! fundam5tal note1 ! ?ird1 ! fif?1 & ! octave1 correspond to ! f\r grades 9 ! s]ies ( exi/5ces1 ! m9]al k+dom1 ! vegetable k+dom1 ! brute k+dom1 & man4 ,?is receives an additional & /rik+ confirmation 9 ! fundam5tal rule ( music1 t ! bass mu/ be at a mu* great] di/ance bel[ ! ?ree upp] p>ts ?an !y h betwe5 !mselves2 s t x mu/ nev] approa* ne>] to !m ?an at ! mo/ )9 an octave ( !m1 & g5]ally rema9s /ill fur!r bel[ !m4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! correct triad has its place 9 ! ?ird octave f ! fundam5tal note4 ,accord+ly ! effect ( ext5d$ h>mony1 9 :i* ! bass is widely sep>at$ f ! o!r p>ts1 is mu* m p[]ful & beautiful ?an t ( close h>mony1 9 :i* x is mov$ up ne>] to !m1 & :i* is only introduc$ on acc\nt ( ! limit$ compass ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,?is :ole rule1 h[ev]1 is by no means arbitr>y1 b has its root 9 ! natural s\rce ( ! tonal sy/em2 = ! ne>e/ consonant int]vals t s\nd along ) ! fundam5tal note by means ( its vibrations are ! octave & its fif?4 ,n[1 9 ?is rule we recognise ! analogue ( ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( nature on acc\nt ( :i* organis$ be+s are mu* m ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r ?an to ! inanimate1 unorganis$ mass ( ! m9]al k+dom1 betwe5 :i* & !m exi/s ! mo/ def9ite b\nd>y & ! wide/ gulf 9 ! :ole ( nature4 ,! fact t ! high voice :i* s+s ! melody is yet also an integral "p ( ! h>mony1 & !re9 accords ev5 ) ! deepe/ fundam5tal bass1 may be reg>d$ z ! analogue ( ! fact t ! same matt] :i* 9 a human organism is ! support] ( ! ,idea ( man mu/ yet also exhibit & support ! ,ideas ( gravitation & *emical qualities1 t is1 ( ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectification ( w4 ,t music acts directly ^u ! w1 i4e41 ! feel+s1 passions1 & emotions ( ! he>]1 s t x quickly raises !m or *anges !m1 may be expla9$ f ! fact t1 unlike all ! o!r arts1 x does n express ! ,ideas1 or grades ( ! objectification ( ! w1 b directly ! w itself4 ,z surely z music1 f> f be+ a m]e accessory ( poetry1 is an indep5d5t art1 nay1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! arts1 & !re=e atta9s its ends entirely ) means ( its own1 s surely does x n /& 9 ne$ ( ! words ( ! song or ! action ( an op]a4 ,music z su* kn[s ! tones or notes alone1 b n ! causes :i* produce ^!4 ,accord+ly1 = x ev5 ! human voice is orig9ally & ess5tially no?+ else ?an a modifi$ tone1 j l t ( an in/rum5t2 &1 l e o!r tone1 x has ! special advantages & disadvantages :i* are a consequ5ce ( ! in/rum5t t produces x4 ,n[1 9 ?is case1 t ?is same in/rum5t1 z ! organ ( spee*1 also s]ves to communicate conceptions is an accid5tal circum/ance1 :i* music c c]ta9ly also make use (1 9 ord] to ent] into a connection ) poetry2 b x mu/ nev] make ?is ! pr9cipal matt]1 & conc]n itself entirely ) ! expression ( :at = ! mo/ "p1 nay 7z ,did]ot gives u to und]/& 9 ,le ,neveu de ,rameau71 ess5tially are insipid v]ses4 ,! words are & rema9 = ! music a =eign addition1 ( subord9ate value1 = ! effect ( ! tones is incomp>ably m p[]ful1 m infallible1 & quick] ?an t ( ! words4 ,!re=e1 if words become incorporat$ 9 music1 !y mu/ yet assume an entirely subord9ate position1 & adapt !mselves completely to x4 ,b ! relation appe>s rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ! giv5 poetry1 ?us ! song or ! libretto ( an op]a to :i* music is adapt$4 ,= ! art ( music at once %[s 9 ^! its p[] & high] fitness1 disclos+ ! mo/ pr(\nd ultimate & secret significance ( ! feel+ express$ 9 ! words or ! action pres5t$ 9 ! op]a1 giv+ utt]ance to _! peculi> & true nature1 & tea*+ u ! inmo/ s\l ( ! actions & ev5ts ^: m]e clo?+ & body is set be=e u on ! /age4 ,) reg>d to ?is sup]iority ( ! music1 & also because x /&s to ! libretto & ! action 9 ! relation ( ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 ( ! rule to ! example1 x might p]haps appe> m fitt+ t ! libretto %\ld be writt5 = ! music ?an t ! music %\ld be compos$ = ! libretto4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! cu/om>y me?od1 ! words & actions ( ! libretto lead ! compos] to ! affections ( ! w :i* lie at _! f\ndation1 & call up 9 him ! feel+s to be express$2 !y act1 !re=e1 z a means ( excit+ 8 musical imag9ation4 ,moreov]1 t ! addition ( poetry to music is s welcome to u1 & a song ) intelligible words gives u su* deep satisfaction1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 ?is way our mo/ direct & mo/ indirect ways ( kn[+ are call$ into play at once & 9 connection4 ,! mo/ direct is t = :i* music expresses ! emotions ( ! w itself1 & ! mo/ indirect t ( conceptions d5ot$ by words4 ,:5 ! language ( ! feel+s is 9 "q ! reason does n will+ly sit entirely idle4 ,music is c]ta9ly able ) ! means at its own disposal to express e movem5t ( ! w1 e feel+2 b by ! addition ( words we receive besides ?is ! objects ( ^! feel+s1 ! motives :i* occasion !m4 ,! music ( an op]a1 z x is pres5t$ 9 ! score1 has a completely indep5d5t1 sep>ate1 &1 z x 71 ab/ract exi/5ce = itself1 to :i* ! incid5ts & p]sons ( ! piece are =eign1 & :i* foll[s its own un*ang+ rules2 !re=e x c produce its full effect )\t ! libretto4 ,b ?is music1 s9ce x 0 compos$ ) ref]5ce to ! drama1 is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( ! latt]2 =1 9 its connection ) ! incid5ts1 p]sons1 & words1 x becomes ! expression ( ! inn] significance ( all ^? incid5ts1 & ( _! ultimate & secret necessity :i* dep5ds ^u ?is significance4 ,! pleasure ( ! spectator1 unless he is a m]e gap]1 really dep5ds ^u an indi/9ct feel+ ( ?is4 ,yet 9 ! op]a music also %[s its het]og5e\s nature & high] reality by its entire indiff]5ce to ! :ole mat]ial ( ! incid5ts2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x ev]y:]e expresses ! /orm ( ! passions & ! pa?os ( ! feel+s 9 ! same way1 & its tones accompany ! piece ) ! same pomp1 :e!r ,agamemnon & ,a*illes or ! diss5sions ( a b\rgeois family =m its mat]ial4 ,= only ! passions1 ! movem5ts ( ! w1 exi/ = x1 &1 l ,god1 x sees only ! he>ts4 ,x nev] assimilates itself to ! natural2 & !re=e1 ev5 :5 x accompanies ! mo/ ludicr\s & extravagant f>ces ( ! comic op]a1 x /ill pres]ves its ess5tial beauty1 purity1 & sublimity2 & its fusion ) ^! incid5ts is unable to draw x d[n f its height1 to :i* all absurdity is really =eign4 ,?us ! pr(\nd & s]i\s significance ( our exi/5ce hangs ov] ! f>ce & ! endless mis]ies ( human life1 & nev] leaves x = a mom5t4 ,if we n[ ca/ a glance at purely in/rum5tal music1 a symphony ( ,bee?ov5 pres5ts to u ! greate/ confusion1 :i* yet has ! mo/ p]fect ord] at its f\ndation1 ! mo/ vehem5t conflict1 :i* is trans=m$ ! next mom5t into ! mo/ beautiful concord4 ,x is r]um concordia discors1 a true & p]fect picture ( ! nature ( ! _w :i* rolls on 9 ! b\ndless maze ( innum]able =ms1 & ?r\gh con/ant de/ruction supports itself4 ,b 9 ?is symphony all human passions & emotions also f9d utt]ance2 joy1 sorr[1 love1 hatr$1 t]ror1 hope1 c41 9 innum]able degrees1 yet all1 z x 71 only 9 ab/racto1 & )\t any p>ticul>isation2 x is _! m]e =m )\t ! sub/ance1 l a _s _w )\t matt]4 ,c]ta9ly we h a t5d5cy to realise !m :ile we li/51 to clo! !m 9 imag9ation ) fle% & bones1 & to see 9 !m sc5es ( life & nature on e h&4 ,yet1 tak5 g5]ally1 ?is is n requir$ = _! compreh5sion or enjoym5t1 b r imp>ts to !m a =eign & arbitr>y addition3 !re=e x is bett] to appreh5d !m 9 _! imm$iacy & purity4 ,s9ce n[1 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks1 & also 9 ! text1 ,i h consid]$ music only f ! metaphysical side1 t is1 ) ref]5ce to ! inn] significance ( its p]=mances1 x is "r t ,i %\ld n[ also subject to a g5]al consid]ation ! means by :i*1 act+ ^u our m9d1 x br+s ^! ab\t2 !re=e t ,i %\ld %[ ! connection ( t metaphysical side ( music1 & ! physical side1 :i* has be5 fully inve/igat$1 & is well kn[n1 ,i />t f ! !ory :i* is g5]ally kn[n1 & has by no means be5 %ak5 by rec5t objections1 t all h>mony ( ! notes dep5ds ^u ! co9cid5ce ( _! vibrations1 :i* :5 two notes s\nd toge!r occurs p]haps at e second1 or at e ?ird1 or at e f\r? vibration1 accord+ to :i*1 !n1 !y are ! octave1 ! fif?1 or ! f\r? ( ea* o!r1 & s on4 ,s long z ! vibrations ( two notes h a rational relation to ea* o!r1 :i* c be express$ 9 small numb]s1 !y c be connect$ toge!r 9 our appreh5sion ?r\gh _! con/antly recurr+ co9cid5ce3 ! notes become bl5d$1 & are !reby 9 consonance4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 t relation is an irrational "o1 or "o :i* c only be express$ 9 l>g] numb]s1 !n no co9cid5ce ( ! vibrations :i* c be appreh5d$ occurs1 b ob/repunt sibi p]petuo1 :]eby !y resi/ be+ jo9$ toge!r 9 our appreh5sion1 & accord+ly are call$ a dissonance4 ,n[1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 music is a means ( mak+ rational & irrational relations ( numb]s compreh5sible1 n l ari?metic by ! help ( ! concept1 b by br++ !m to a k :i* is p]fectly directly & simultane\sly s5sible4 ,n[ ! connection ( ! metaphysical significance ( music ) ?is its physical & ari?metical basis dep5ds ^u ! fact t :at resi/s our appreh5sion1 ! irrational relation1 or ! dissonance1 becomes ! natural type ( :at resi/s our w2 &1 conv]sely1 ! consonance1 or ! rational relation1 :i* easily adapts itself to our appreh5sion1 becomes ! type ( ! satisfaction ( ! w4 ,& fur!r1 s9ce t rational & irrational elem5t 9 ! num]ical relations ( ! vibrations admits ( innum]able degrees1 %ades ( diff]5ce1 sequ5ces1 & v>iations1 by means ( x music becomes ! mat]ial 9 :i* all ! movem5ts ( ! human he>t1 i4e41 ( ! w1 movem5ts ^: ess5tial nature is always satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 al?\gh 9 innum]able degrees1 c be fai?fully portray$ & r5d]$ 9 all _! f9e/ %ades & modifications1 :i* takes place by means ( ! inv5tion ( ! melody4 ,?us we see "h ! movem5ts ( ! w transf]r$ to ! prov9ce ( ! m]e idea1 :i* is ! exclusive sc5e ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! f9e arts1 = !y absolutely dem& t ! w itself %all n int]f]e1 & t we %all conduct ourselves z pure kn[+ subjects4 ,!re=e ! affections ( ! w itself1 ?us actual pa9 & actual pleasure1 mu/ n be excit$1 b only _! sub/itutes1 t :i* is agreeable to ! intellect1 z a picture ( ! satisfaction ( ! w1 & t :i* is m or less repugnant to x1 z a picture ( great] or less pa94 ,only ?us does music nev] cause u actual sorr[1 b ev5 9 its mo/ melan*oly /ra9s is /ill pleas+1 & we gladly he> 9 its language ! secret hi/ory ( our w1 & all its emotions & /riv+s1 ) _! manifold protractions1 h9drances1 & griefs1 ev5 9 ! sadde/ melodies4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 9 reality & its t]rors1 x is our w itself t is r\s$ & torm5t$1 we h n !n to d ) tones & _! num]ical relations1 b are r n[ ourselves ! trembl+ /r+ t is /ret*$ & twang$4 ,b1 fur!r1 because1 9 consequ5ce ( ! physical !ory :i* lies at its f\ndation1 ! musical quality ( ! notes is 9 ! proportion ( ! rapidity ( _! vibrations1 b n 9 _! relative /r5g?1 ! musical e> always foll[s by pref]5ce1 9 h>mony1 ! highe/ note1 n ! l\de/4 ,!re=e1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ p[]ful or*e/ral accompanim5t1 ! soprano comes out cle>ly1 & ?us receives a natural "r to deliv] ! melody4 ,& ?is is also support$ by its great flexibility1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! same rapidity ( ! vibrations1 & %[s itself 9 ! ornate passages1 :]eby ! soprano becomes ! suitable repres5tative ( ! height5$ s5sibility1 susceptible to ! slighte/ impression1 & det]m9able by x1 consequ5tly ( ! mo/ highly develop$ consci\sness /&+ on ! upp]mo/ /age ( ! scale ( be+4 ,its opposite1 f conv]se causes1 is ! bass1 inflexible1 ris+ & fall+ only 9 great int]vals1 ?irds1 f\r?s1 & fif?s1 & also at e /ep guid$ by rigid rules4 ,x is !re=e ! natural repres5tative ( ! inorganic k+dom ( nature1 :i* is ins5sible1 insusceptible to f9e impressions1 & only det]m9able accord+ to g5]al laws4 ,x mu/ inde$ nev] rise by "o tone1 = example1 f a f\r? to a fif?1 = ?is produces 9 ! upp] p>ts ! incorrect consecutive fif?s & octaves2 !re=e1 orig9ally & 9 its own nature1 x c nev] pres5t ! melody4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! melody is assign$ to x1 ?is happ5s by means ( c\nt]po9t1 i4e41 x is an inv]t$ bass--"o ( ! upp] p>ts is l[]$ & disguis$ z a bass2 prop]ly speak+1 x !n requires a second fundam5tal bass z its accompanim5t4 ,?is unnaturalness ( a melody ly+ 9 ! bass is ! reason :y bass airs1 ) full accompanim5t1 nev] af=d u pure1 undi/urb$ pleasure1 l ! soprano air1 :i*1 9 ! connection ( h>mony1 is alone natural4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+ t su* a melodi\s bass1 =cibly obta9$ by inv]sion1 might1 9 keep+ ) our metaphysic ( music1 be comp>$ to a block ( m>ble to :i* ! human =m has be5 imp>t$3 & !re=e x is wond]fully suitable to ! /one gue/ 9 8,don ,juan40 ,b n[ we %all try to get some:at ne>] ! f\ndation ( ! g5esis ( melody1 :i* c be accompli%$ by analys+ x into its con/itu5t p>ts1 & 9 any case w af=d u ! pleasure :i* arises f br++ to ab/ract & di/9ct consci\sness :at e "o kn[s 9 ! concrete1 s t x ga9s ! appe>ance ( novelty4 ,melody consi/s ( two elem5ts1 ! "o rhy?mical1 ! o!r h>moni\s4 ,! =m] may also be describ$ z ! quantitative1 ! latt] z ! qualitative elem5t1 s9ce ! fir/ is conc]n$ ) ! duration1 & ! second ) ! pit* ( ! notes4 ,9 ! writ+ ( music ! =m] dep5ds ^u ! p]p5dicul>1 & ! latt] ^u ! horizontal l9es4 ,purely ari?metical relations1 ?us relations ( "t1 lie at ! f\ndation ( bo?2 9 ! "o case ! relative duration ( ! notes1 9 ! o!r ! relative rapidity ( _! vibrations4 ,! rhy?mical elem5t is ! ess5tial2 = x c produce a k9d ( melody ( itself alone1 & )\t ! o!r1 z1 = example1 on ! drum2 yet complete melody requires bo? elem5ts4 ,x consi/s 9 an alt]nat+ disunion & reconciliation ( !m1 z ,i %all %[ imm$iately2 b fir/1 s9ce ,i h already spok5 ( ! h>moni\s elem5t 9 :at has be5 said1 ,i wi% to consid] ! rhy?mical elem5t some:at m closely4 ,rhy?m is 9 "t :at symmetry is 9 space1 division into equal p>ts correspond+ to ea* o!r4 ,fir/1 into l>g] p>ts1 :i* aga9 fall into small] p>ts1 subord9ate to ! =m]4 ,9 ! s]ies ( ! arts giv5 by me ar*itecture & music are ! two extreme ends4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to _! inn] nature1 _! p[]1 ! ext5t ( _! sph]es1 & _! significance1 !y are ! mo/ het]og5e\s1 inde$ true antipodes4 ,?is opposition ext5ds ev5 to ! =m ( _! appe>ance1 = ar*itecture is 9 space alone1 )\t any connection ) "t2 & music is 9 "t alone1 )\t any connection ) space47#bf7 ,n[ h5ce spr+s _! "o po9t ( analogy1 t z 9 ar*itecture t :i* ord]s & holds toge!r is symmetry1 9 music x is rhy?m1 & ?us "h also x holds true t extremes meet4 ,z ! ultimate con/itu5t p>ts ( a build+ are ! exactly simil> /ones1 s ! ultimate con/itu5t p>ts ( a musical composition are ! exactly simil> beats2 yet by be+ weak or /rong1 or 9 g5]al by ! measure1 :i* d5otes ! species ( "t1 ^! are divid$ into equal p>ts1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! dim5sions ( ! /one4 ,! musical p]iod consi/s ( sev]al b>s1 & x has also two equal p>ts1 "o ris+1 aspir+1 g5]ally go+ to ! dom9ant1 & "o s9k+1 quiet+1 return+ to ! fundam5tal note4 ,two or sev]al p]iods con/itute a "p1 :i* 9 g5]al is also symmetrically d\bl$ by ! sign ( repetition2 two p>ts make a small piece ( music1 or only a movem5t ( a l>g] piece2 & ?us a conc]to or sonata usually consi/s ( ?ree movem5ts1 a symphony ( f\r1 & a mass ( five4 ,?us we see ! musical composition b\nd toge!r & r\nd$ (f z a :ole1 by symmetrical di/ribution & repeat$ division1 d[n to ! beats & _! fractions1 ) ?or\gh subord9ation1 sup]ord9ation1 & coord9ation ( its memb]s1 j z a build+ is connect$ & r\nd$ (f by its symmetry4 ,only 9 ! latt] t is exclusively 9 space :i* 9 ! =m] is exclusively 9 "t4 ,! m]e feel+ ( ?is analogy has 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s call$ =? ! (trepeat$1 d>+ witticism1 t ar*itecture is froz5 music4 ,! orig9 ( ?is c be trac$ to ,goe!2 =1 accord+ to ,eck]mann's 8,conv]sations10 vol4 ii4 p4 #hh1 he said3 8,i h f\nd among my pap]s a page on :i* ,i call ar*itecture a rigidifi$ music2 & really !re is some?+ 9 x2 ! mood :i* is produc$ by ar*itecture approa*es ! effect ( music40 ,probably he let fall ?is witticism mu* e>li] 9 conv]sation1 & 9 t case x is well kn[n t !re 7 nev] want+ p]sons to pick up :at he s let fall t !y might aft]w>ds g ab\t deck$ ) x4 ,= ! re/1 :atev] ,goe! may h said1 ! analogy ( music & ar*itecture1 :i* is "h ref]r$ by me to its sole gr\nd1 ! analogy ( rhy?m ) symmetry1 ext5ds accord+ly only to ! outw>d =m1 & by no means to ! inn] nature ( ! two arts1 :i* is entirely diff]5t4 ,inde$ x w\ld be absurd to wi% to put on ! same level 9 ess5tial respects ! mo/ limit$ & ! weake/ ( all ! arts1 & ! mo/ f>rea*+ & p[]ful4 ,z an amplification ( ! analogy po9t$ out1 we might add fur!r1 t :5 music1 z x 7 9 a fit ( desire = indep5d5ce1 seizes ! opportunity ( a pause to free itself f ! control ( rhy?m1 to laun* out into ! free imag9ation ( an ornate cad5za1 su* a piece ( music dive/$ ( all rhy?m is analog\s to ! ru9 :i* is dive/$ ( symmetry1 & :i* accord+ly may be call$1 9 ! bold language ( ! witticism1 a froz5 cad5za4 ,aft] ?is exposition ( rhy?m1 ,i h n[ to %[ h[ ! nature ( melody consi/s 9 ! con/antly r5ew$ disunion & reconciliation ( ! rhy?mical1 & ! h>moni\s elem5ts ( x4 ,its h>moni\s elem5t has z its assumption ! fundam5tal note1 z ! rhy?mical elem5t has ! species ( "t1 & consi/s 9 a w&]+ f x ?r\gh all ! notes ( ! scale1 until by %ort] or long] digressions x rea*es a h>moni\s int]val1 g5]ally ! dom9ant or subdom9ant1 :i* af=ds x an incomplete satisfaction2 & !n foll[s1 by a simil>ly long pa?1 its return to ! fundam5tal note1 ) :i* complete satisfaction appe>s4 ,b bo? mu/ s take place t ! atta9m5t ( ! int]val ref]r$ to & ! return to ! fundam5tal note correspond ) c]ta9 fav\rite po9ts ( ! rhy?m1 o!rwise x w n "w4 ,?us1 z ! h>moni\s succession ( s\nds requires c]ta9 notes1 fir/ ( all ! tonic1 next to x ! dom9ant1 & s on1 s rhy?m1 on its "p1 requires c]ta9 po9ts ( "t1 c]ta9 numb]$ b>s1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ^! b>s1 :i* are call$ /rong or good beats1 or ! acc5t$ p>ts ( ! b>1 9 opposition to ! weak or bad beats1 or unacc5t$ p>ts ( ! b>4 ,n[ ! disunion ( ^! two fundam5tal elem5ts consi/s 9 ?is1 t because ! dem& ( "o is satisfi$ t ( ! o!r is n2 & _! reconciliation consi/s 9 ?is1 t bo? are satisfi$ at once & toge!r4 ,t w&]+ ( ! notes until !y f9d a m or less h>moni\s int]val mu/ s take place t ?is int]val is atta9$ only aft] a def9ite numb] ( b>s1 & also at an acc5t$ "p ( ! b>1 & 9 ?is way becomes = x a k9d ( re/+po9t2 & simil>ly ! return to ! keynote mu/ take place aft] a l numb] ( b>s1 & also at an acc5t$ "p ( ! b>1 & ?us complete satisfaction is !n atta9$4 ,s long z ?is requir$ co9cid5ce ( ! satisfaction ( bo? elem5ts is n atta9$1 ! rhy?m1 on ! "o h&1 may foll[ its regul> c\rse1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! requir$ notes may occur (t5 en\gh1 b yet !y w rema9 entirely )\t t effect ?r\gh :i* melody arises4 ,! foll[+ v simple example may s]ve to illu/rate ?is3-- ,illu/ration3 ,music ,"h ! h>moni\s sequ5ce ( notes f9ds ! keynote j at ! end ( ! fir/ b>2 b x does n receive any satisfaction f ?is1 because ! rhy?m is caught at ! lea/ acc5t$ "p ( ! b>4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 9 ! second b>1 ! rhy?m has ! acc5t$ "p ( ! b>1 b ! sequ5ce ( notes has arriv$ at ! sev5?4 ,?us "h ! two elem5ts ( melody are entirely disunit$2 & we feel disquiet$4 ,9 ! second half ( ! p]iod ev]y?+ is rev]s$1 & 9 ! la/ note !y are reconcil$4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ c be %[n 9 e melody1 al?\gh g5]ally 9 a mu* m ext5d$ =m4 ,n[ ! con/ant disunion & reconciliation ( its two elem5ts :i* !re takes place is1 :5 metaphysically consid]$1 ! copy ( ! orig9ation ( new wi%es1 & !n ( _! satisfaction4 ,?us1 by flatt]y1 music p5etrates into our he>ts1 = x pres5ts ! image ( ! complete satisfaction ( its wi%es4 ,m closely consid]$1 we see 9 ?is proc$ure ( melody a condition :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is inw>d 7! h>moni\s7 meet ) an outw>d condition 7! rhy?mical71 z if by an accid5t1--:i* is c]ta9ly br\ght ab\t by ! compos]1 & :i* may1 s f>1 be comp>$ to rhyme 9 poetry4 ,b ?is is j ! copy ( ! meet+ ( our wi%es ) ! fav\rable outw>d circum/ances :i* are indep5d5t ( !m1 & is ?us ! picture ( happ9ess4 ,! effect ( ! susp5sion also des]ves to be consid]$ "h4 ,x is a dissonance :i* delays ! f9al consonance1 :i* is await$ ) c]ta9ty2 & ?us ! long+ = x is /r5g!n$1 & its appe>ance satisfies all ! m4 ,cle>ly an analogue ( ! height5$ satisfaction ( ! w ?r\gh delay4 ,! complete cad5ce requires ! prec$+ *ord ( ! sev5? on ! dom9ant2 because ! mo/ deeply felt satisfaction & ! mo/ entire relief c only foll[ ! mo/ e>ne/ long+4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 music consi/s ( a con/ant succession ( m or less disquiet+ *ords1 i4e41 *ords :i* excite long+1 & m or less quiet+ & satisfy+ *ords2 j z ! life ( ! he>t 7! w7 is a con/ant succession ( great] or less disquietude ?r\gh desire & av]sion1 & j z v>i\s degrees ( relief4 ,accord+ly ! h>moni\s sequ5ce ( *ords consi/s ( ! correct alt]nation ( dissonance & consonance4 ,a succession ( m]ely consonant *ords w\ld be satiat+1 we>isome1 & empty1 l ! languor produc$ by ! satisfaction ( all wi%es4 ,!re=e dissonances mu/ be introduc$1 al?\gh !y disquiet u & affect u almo/ pa9fully1 b only 9 ord] to be resolv$ aga9 9 consonances ) prop] prep>ation4 ,inde$1 9 ! :ole ( music !re are really only two fundam5tal *ords1 ! dissonant *ord ( ! sev5? & ! consonant triad1 to :i* all *ords t occur c be ref]r$4 ,?is j corresponds to ! fact1 t = ! w !re are at bottom only dissatisfaction & satisfaction1 "u h[ev] _m =ms !y may pres5t !mselves4 ,& z !re are two g5]al fundam5tal moods ( ! m9d1 s]5ity1 or at lea/ heal?9ess1 & sadness1 or ev5 oppression1 s music has two g5]al keys1 ! major & ! m9or1 :i* correspond to ^!1 & x mu/ always be 9 "o ( ! two4 ,b x is1 9 fact1 v wond]ful t !re is a sign ( pa9 :i* is nei!r physically pa9ful nor yet conv5tional1 b :i* nev]!less is suitable & unmi/akable3 ! m9or4 ,f ?is we may measure h[ deeply music is f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s & ( man4 ,) nor!rn nations1 ^: life is subject to h>d conditions1 especially ) ! ,russians1 ! m9or prevails1 ev5 9 ! *ur* music4 ,allegro 9 ! m9or is v common 9 ,fr5* music1 & is *>act]i/ic ( x2 x is z if "o danc$ :ile "o's %oe p9*$4 ,i add fur!r a few subsidi>y rem>ks4 ,:5 ! keynote is *ang$1 & ) x ! value ( all ! int]vals1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! same note figures z ! second1 ! ?ird1 ! f\r?1 & s on1 ! notes ( ! scale are analog\s to actors1 :o mu/ assume n[ "o rle1 n[ ano!r1 :ile _! p]son rema9s ! same4 ,t ! actors are (t5 n precisely suit$ to ^! rles may be comp>$ to ! unavoidable impurity ( e h>monic sy/em 7ref]r$ to at ! end ( #eb ( ! fir/ volume7 :i* ! equal temp]am5t has introduc$4 ,p]haps "s may be (f5d$1 t1 accord+ to ?is metaphysic ( x1 music1 :i* s (t5 exalts our m9ds1 :i* seems to u to speak ( o!r & bett] worlds ?an ours1 yet really only flatt]s ! w to live1 because x exhibits to x its nature1 deludes x ) ! image ( its success1 & at ! end expresses its satisfaction & cont5tm5t4 ,! foll[+ passage f ! 8,v$as0 may s]ve to quiet su* d\bts3 8,etan& sr\p1 quod =ma gaudii e/1 pram ,atma ex hoc dicunt1 quod quocunque loco gaudium e/1 p>ticula e gaudio ejus e/0 7,oupnekhat1 vol4 i4 p4 #dje2 et it]um1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bae74 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,book4 8,t\s les hommes dsir5t uniquem5t de se dlivr] de la mort3 ils ne sav5t pas se dlivr] de la vie40 --,laots5,taote,k+1 ed4 ,,/an4 ,,juli51 p4 #ahd4 ,*apt] ,,xl4 ,preface4 ,! supplem5ts to ?is f\r? book w\ld be v consid]able if x 7 n t two ( its pr9cipal subjects :i* /& specially 9 ne$ ( be+ supplem5t$--! fre$om ( ! w & ! f\ndation ( e?ics--h1 on ! occasion ( prize que/ions be+ set by two ,sc&9avian ,academies1 be5 fully work$ out by me 9 ! =m ( a monograph1 :i* 0 laid be=e ! public 9 ! ye> #ahda "u ! title1 8,! ,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics40 ,accord+ly ,i assume an acqua9tance on ! "p ( my read]s ) ! "w :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 j z unconditionally z 9 ! supplem5ts to ! second book ,i h assum$ x ) reg>d to ! "w 8,on ! ,w 9 ,nature40 ,9 g5]al ,i make ! dem& t :oev] wi%es to make himself acqua9t$ ) my philosophy %all read e l9e ( me4 ,= ,i am no volum9\s writ]1 no fabricator ( comp5diums1 no e>n] ( pecuni>y rew>ds1 n "o ^: writ+s aim at ! approbation ( a m9i/]2 9 a ^w1 n "o ^: p5 is "u ! influ5ce ( p]sonal ends4 ,i /rive aft] no?+ b ! tru?1 & write z ! anci5ts wrote1 ) ! sole int5tion ( pres]v+ my ?\ghts1 s t !y may be = ! b5efit ( ^? :o und]/& h[ to m$itate ^u !m & prize !m4 ,!re=e ,i h writt5 little1 b t little ) reflection & at long int]vals1 & accord+ly ,i h also conf9$ )9 ! smalle/ possible limits ^? repetitions :i* 9 philosophical works are sometimes unavoidable on acc\nt ( ! connection1 & f :i* no s+le philosoph] is free2 s t by f> ! mo/ ( :at ,i h to say is only to be f\nd 9 "o place4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !n1 :oev] wi%es to le>n f me & und]/& me mu/ leave no?+ unread t ,i h writt54 ,yet "o c judge me & criticise me )\t ?is1 z exp]i5ce has %[n2 & to ?is also ,i fur!r wi% mu* pleasure4 ,mean:ile ! space ga9$ by ! said elim9ation ( two important subjects w be v welcome to u4 ,= s9ce ^? explanations1 :i* e man has m at he>t ?an any?+ else1 & :i* !re=e 9 e sy/em1 z ultimate results1 =m ! apex ( its pyramid1 are also cr[d$ toge!r 9 my la/ book1 a l>g] space w gladly be grant$ to e firm] pro( or m accurate acc\nt ( ^!4 ,besides ?is we h be5 able to discuss "h1 z belong+ to ! doctr9e ( ! 8ass]tion ( ! w to live10 a "q :i* 9 our f\r? book itself rema9$ unt\*$1 z x 0 also entirely neglect$ by all philosoph]s be=e me3 x is ! inn] significance & real nature ( ! sexual love1 :i* sometimes rises to a vehem5t passion--a subject :i* x w\ld n h be5 p>adoxical to take up 9 ! e?ical "p ( philosophy if its importance _h be5 kn[n4 ,*apt] ,,xli47#bg7 ,on ,dea? ,& ,its ,relation ,to ,! ,inde/ructibility ,( ,our ,true ,nature4 ,dea? is ! true inspir+ g5ius1 or ! muse ( philosophy1 :]e=e ,socrates has def9$ ! latt] z 4 ,inde$ )\t dea? m5 w\ld sc>cely philosophise4 ,!re=e x w be q 9 ord] t a special consid]ation ( ?is %\ld h its place "h at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/1 mo/ s]i\s1 & mo/ important ( our books4 ,! brute lives )\t a prop] k ( dea?2 !re=e ! individual brute enjoys directly ! absolute imp]i%abl5ess ( ! species1 = x is only consci\s ( itself z endless4 ,9 ! case ( m5 ! t]rify+ c]ta9ty ( dea? necess>ily ent]$ ) reason4 ,b z ev]y:]e 9 nature ) e evil a means ( cure1 or at lea/ "s comp5sation1 is giv51 ! same reflection :i* introduces ! k ( dea? also assi/s u to metaphysical po9ts ( view1 :i* com=t u conc]n+ x1 & ( :i* ! brute has no ne$ & is incapable4 ,all religi\s & philosophical sy/ems are pr9cipally direct$ to ?is end1 & are ?us prim>ily ! antidote to ! c]ta9ty ( dea?1 :i* ! reflective reason produces out ( its own means4 ,yet ! degree 9 :i* !y atta9 ?is end is v diff]5t1 & c]ta9ly "o religion or philosophy w1 f> m ?an ! o!rs1 enable m5 to look dea? 9 ! face ) a quiet glance4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 :i* tea* man to reg>d himself z himself1 ! orig9al be+1 ! ,brahm1 to :i* all com+ into be+ & pass+ away is ess5tially =eign1 w a*ieve mu* m 9 ?is respect ?an su* z tea* t man is made out ( no?+1 & actually beg9s at bir? 8 exi/5ce d]iv$ f ano!r4 ,answ]+ to ?is we f9d 9 ,india a confid5ce & a contempt = dea? ( :i* "o has no conception 9 ,europe4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a haz>d\s ?+ to =ce ^u a man1 by e>ly impr9t+ !m1 weak & unt5able conceptions 9 ?is important reg>d1 & !reby mak+ him = ev] incapable ( tak+ up correct & /able ones4 ,= example1 to tea* him t he rec5tly came out ( no?+1 & consequ5tly ?r\gh an et]nity has be5 no?+1 b yet = ! future w be imp]i%able1 is j ! same z to tea* him t al?\gh he is ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! "w ( ano!r1 yet he w be held responsible ?r\gh all et]nity = 8 actions4 ,if1 !n1 :5 ! m9d rip5s & reflection appe>s1 ! unt5able nature ( su* doctr9es =ces itself ^u him1 he has no?+ bett] to put 9 its place1 nay1 is no long] capable ( und]/&+ any?+ bett]1 & ?us loses ! com=t :i* nature _h de/9$ = him also1 z a comp5sation = ! c]ta9ty ( dea?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* a process1 we see ev5 n[ 9 ,engl& 7#ahdd71 among ru9$ factory h&s1 ! ,sociali/s1 & 9 ,g]many1 among ru9$ /ud5ts1 ! "y ,hegelians1 s9k to ! absolutely physical po9t ( view1 :i* leads to ! result3 edite1 bibite1 po/ mortem nulla voluptas1 & s f> may be def9$ z be/ialism4 ,h[ev]1 aft] all t has be5 taught conc]n+ dea?1 x _c be d5i$ t1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 ! op9ion ( m51 nay1 (t5 ev5 ( ! same individual1 v frequ5tly vacillates betwe5 ! conception ( dea? z absolute annihilation & ! assumption t we are1 z x 71 ) sk9 & hair1 immortal4 ,bo? are equally false3 b we h n s mu* to f9d a correct mean z r to ga9 ! high] po9t ( view f :i* su* notions disappe> ( !mselves4 ,9 ^! consid]ations ,i %all fir/ ( all />t f ! purely empirical /&po9t4 ,"h !re prim>ily lies be=e u ! und5iable fact t1 accord+ to ! natural consci\sness1 man n only fe>s dea? = 8 own p]son m ?an any?+ else1 b also weeps viol5tly ov] ! dea? ( ^? t belong to him1 & inde$ cle>ly n egoti/ically1 = 8 own loss1 b out ( sympa?y = ! great mis=tune t has befall5 !m4 ,!re=e he also c5sures ^? :o 9 su* a case nei!r weep nor %[ sadness z h>dhe>t$ & unlov+4 ,x is p>allel ) ?is t rev5ge1 9 its highe/ degree1 seeks ! dea? ( ! adv]s>y z ! greate/ evil t c be inflict$4 ,op9ions *ange ) "t & place2 b ! voice ( nature rema9s always & ev]y:]e ! same1 & is !re=e to be he$$ be=e ev]y?+ else4 ,n[ "h x seems di/9ctly to say t dea? is a great evil4 ,9 ! language ( nature dea? means annihilation4 ,& t dea? is a s]i\s matt] may be conclud$ f ! fact t1 z e "o kn[s1 life is no joke4 ,we mu/ inde$ des]ve no?+ bett] ?an ^! two4 ,9 fact1 ! fe> ( dea? is indep5d5t ( all k2 = ! brute has x1 al?\gh x does n "k dea?4 ,ev]y?+ t is born br+s x ) x into ! _w4 ,b ?is fe> ( dea? is a priori only ! rev]se side ( ! w to live1 :i* inde$ we all are4 ,!re=e 9 e brute ! fe> ( its de/ruction is inborn1 l ! c>e = its ma9t5ance4 ,?us x is ! fe> ( dea?1 & n ! m]e avoidance ( pa91 :i* %[s itself 9 ! anxi\s c>efulness ) :i* ! brute seeks to protect itself1 & /ill m its brood1 f ev]y?+ t might become dang]\s4 ,:y does ! brute flee1 trembl+1 & seek to conceal itself8 ,because x is simply ! w to live1 b1 z su*1 is =feit$ to dea?1 & wi%es to ga9 "t4 ,su* also1 by nature1 is man4 ,! greate/ evil1 ! wor/ t c any:]e ?reat51 is dea?2 ! greate/ fe> is ! fe> ( dea?4 ,no?+ excites u s irresi/ibly to ! mo/ lively int]e/ z dang] to ! life ( o!rs2 no?+ is s %ock+ z an execution4 ,n[ ! b\ndless atta*m5t to life :i* appe>s "h _c h sprung f k & reflection2 to ^! x r appe>s fooli%1 = ! objective wor? ( life is v unc]ta91 & at lea/ x rema9s d\btful :e!r x is pref]able to n be+1 nay1 if exp]i5ce & reflection come to be express$1 n be+ mu/ c]ta9ly w94 ,if "o knock$ on ! graves1 & ask$ ! dead :e!r !y wi%$ to rise aga91 !y w\ld %ake _! heads4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,socrates 9 8,plato's ,apology10 & ev5 ! gay & amiable ,voltaire _c help say+1 8,on aime la vie2 mais le nant ne laisse pas d'avoir du bon20 & aga91 8,je ne sais pas ce que c'e/ que la vie t]nelle1 mais celleci e/ une mauvaise plaisant]ie40 ,besides1 life mu/ 9 any case soon end2 s t ! few ye>s :i* p]haps "o has yet to be vani% entirely be=e ! endless "t :5 "o w be no m4 ,accord+ly x appe>s to reflection ev5 ludicr\s to be s anxi\s ab\t ?is span ( "t1 to tremble s mu* if our own life or t ( ano!r is 9 dang]1 & to compose trag$ies ! horror ( :i* has its /r5g? 9 ! fe> ( dea?4 ,t p[]ful atta*m5t to life is !re=e irrational & bl9d2 x c only be expla9$ f ! fact t our :ole inn] nature is itself w to live1 to :i*1 !re=e1 life mu/ appe> z ! highe/ good1 h[ev] embitt]$1 %ort1 & unc]ta9 x may always be2 & t t w1 9 itself & orig9ally1 is unconsci\s & bl9d4 ,k1 on ! contr>y1 f> f be+ ! s\rce ( t atta*m5t to life1 ev5 works aga9/ x1 = x discloses ! wor?lessness ( life1 & ?us combats ! fe> ( dea?4 ,:5 x conqu]s1 & accord+ly ! man faces dea? c\rage\sly & compos$ly1 ?is is hon\r$ z great & noble1 ?us we hail !n ! triumph ( k ov] ! bl9d w to live1 :i* is yet ! k]nel ( our own be+4 ,9 ! same way we despise him 9 :om k is defeat$ 9 t conflict1 & :o !re=e cl+s unconditionally to life1 /ruggles to ! utmo/ aga9/ approa*+ dea?1 & receives x ) despair27#bh7 & yet 9 him x is only ! mo/ orig9al be+ ( ourselves & ( nature t expresses itself4 ,we may "h ask1 9 pass+1 h[ c\ld ?is b\ndless love ( life & endeav\r to ma9ta9 x 9 e way z long z possible be reg>d$ z base1 contemptible1 & by ! adh]5ts ( e religion z unwor?y ( ?is1 if x 7 ! gift ( good gods1 to be recognis$ ) ?ankfulness8 ,& h[ c\ld x !n seem great & noble to e/eem x lightly8 ,mean:ile1 :at is confirm$ by ^! consid]ations is--7#a47 t ! w to live is ! inmo/ nature ( man2 7#b47 t 9 itself x is unconsci\s & bl9d2 7#c47 t k is an adv5titi\s pr9ciple1 :i* is orig9ally =eign to ! w2 7#d47 t k conflicts ) ! w1 & t our judgm5t applauds ! victory ( k ov] ! w4 ,if :at makes dea? seem s t]rible to u 7 ! ?\ght ( n be+1 we w\ld necess>ily ?9k ) equal horror ( ! "t :5 z yet we 7 n4 ,= x is irrefutably c]ta9 t n be+ aft] dea? _c be diff]5t f n be+ be=e bir?1 & consequ5tly is also no m deplorable4 ,a :ole et]nity has run its c\rse :ile z yet we 7 n1 b t by no means di/urbs u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d x h>d1 nay1 un5durable1 t aft] ! mom5t>y int]mezzo ( an ephem]al exi/5ce1 a second et]nity %\ld foll[ 9 :i* we %all no long] be4 ,%\ld1 !n1 ?is ?ir/ = exi/5ce h aris5 because we h n[ ta/$ x & h f\nd x s delightful8 ,z 0 already briefly expla9$ above1 c]ta9ly n2 f> soon] c\ld ! exp]i5ce ga9$ h awak5$ an inf9ite long+ = ! lo/ p>adise ( nonexi/5ce4 ,to ! hope1 also1 ( ! immortality ( ! s\l !re is always add$ t ( a 8bett] _w0--a sign t ! pres5t _w is n mu* good4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ! "q z to our /ate aft] dea? has c]ta9ly be5 discuss$1 9 books & v]bally1 t5 ?\s& times (t5] ?an ! "q z to our /ate be=e bir?4 ,yet !oretically ! "o is j z ne> at h& & z fair a problem z ! o!r2 & besides1 :oev] _h answ]$ ! "o w\ld soon see to ! bottom ( ! o!r4 ,we h f9e declamations ab\t h[ %ock+ x w\ld be to ?9k t ! m9d ( man1 :i* embraces ! _w1 & has s _m v excell5t ?\ghts1 %\ld s9k ) him into ! grave2 b we he> no?+ ab\t ?is m9d hav+ all[$ a :ole et]nity to pass be=e x came into be+ ) ^! its qualities1 & h[ ! _w mu/ h _h to d )\t x all t "t4 ,yet no "q pres5ts itself m naturally to k1 uncorrupt$ by ! w1 ?an ?is3 ,an inf9ite "t has pass$ be=e my bir?2 :at 0 ,i dur+ ?is "t8 ,metaphysically1 x might p]haps be answ]$1 8,i 0 always ,i2 t is1 all :o dur+ t "t said ,i1 7 j ,i40 ,b let u look away f ?is to our pres5t entirely empirical po9t ( view1 & assume t ,i did n exi/ at all4 ,!n ,i c console myself z to ! inf9ite "t aft] my dea?1 :5 ,i %all n be1 ) ! inf9ite "t :5 ,i already 0 n1 z a wellaccu/om$1 & inde$ v com=table1 /ate4 ,= ! et]nity a p>te po/ )\t me c be j z little fe>ful z ! et]nity a p>te ante )\t me1 s9ce ! two are di/+ui%$ by no?+ except by ! int]position ( an ephem]al dream ( life4 ,all pro(s1 also1 = cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea? may j z well be appli$ 9 p>tem ante1 :]e !y !n demon/rate exi/5ce be=e life1 9 ! assumption ( :i* ! ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s !re=e %[ !mselves v consi/5t4 ,kant's ideality ( "t alone solves all ^! riddles4 ,b we are n speak+ ( t n[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 results f :at has be5 said1 t to m\rn = ! "t :5 "o w be no m is j z absurd z x w\ld be to m\rn ov] ! "t :5 z yet "o 0 n2 = x is all ! same :e!r ! "t :i* our exi/5ce does n fill is relat$ to t :i* x does fill1 z future or z pa/4 ,b1 also1 reg>d$ entirely ap>t f ^! temporal consid]ations1 x is 9 & = itself absurd to look ^u n be+ z an evil2 = e evil1 z e good1 presupposes exi/5ce1 nay1 ev5 consci\sness3 b ! latt] ceases ) life1 z also 9 sleep & 9 a swoon2 !re=e ! abs5ce ( x is well kn[n to u1 & tru/$1 z conta9+ no evil at all3 its entrance1 h[ev]1 is always an affair ( a mom5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,epicurus consid]$ dea?1 & !re=e q rightly said1 8 0 7,dea? does n conc]n u72 ) ! explanation t :5 we are dea? is n1 & :5 dea? is we are n 7,diog4 ,la]t41 x4 #bg74 ,to h lo/ :at _c be miss$ is cle>ly no evil4 ,!re=e ceas+ to be ought to di/urb u z little z n hav+ be54 ,accord+ly f ! /&po9t ( k !re appe>s absolutely no reason to fe> dea?4 ,b consci\sness consi/s 9 kn[+2 !re=e1 = consci\sness dea? is no evil4 ,moreov]1 x is really n ?is kn[+ "p ( our ego t fe>s dea?1 b ! fuga mortis proce$s entirely & alone f ! bl9d w1 ( :i* ev]y?+ liv+ is fill$4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 z 0 already m5tion$ above1 x is ess5tial1 j because x is w to live1 ^: :ole nature consi/s 9 ! ef=t aft] life & exi/5ce1 & :i* is n orig9ally end[$ ) k1 b only 9 consequ5ce ( its objectification 9 animal individuals4 ,if n[ ! w1 by means ( k1 beholds dea? z ! end ( ! ph5om5on ) :i* x has id5tifi$ itself1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 x sees itself limit$1 its :ole nature /ruggles aga9/ x ) all its might4 ,:e!r n[ x has really some?+ to fe> f dea? we w inve/igate fur!r on1 & w !n rememb] ! real s\rce ( ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* has be5 %[n "h along ) ! requisite di/9ction ( ! will+ & ! kn[+ "p ( our nature4 ,correspond+ to ?is1 !n1 :at makes dea? s t]rible to u is n s mu* ! end ( life--= ?is c appe> to no "o specially wor?y ( regret--b r ! de/ruction ( ! organism2 really because ?is is ! w itself exhibit+ itself z body4 ,b we only really feel ?is de/ruction 9 ! evils ( disease or ( old age2 dea? itself1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s = ! subject only 9 ! mom5t :5 consci\sness vani%es because ! activity ( ! bra9 ceases4 ,! ext5sion ( ! /oppage to all ! o!r p>ts ( ! organism :i* foll[s ?is is really already an ev5t aft] dea?4 ,?us dea?1 9 a subjective reg>d1 conc]ns ! consci\sness alone4 ,n[ :at ! vani%+ ( ?is may be e "o c to a c]ta9 ext5t judge ( f go+ to sleep2 b x is /ill bett] kn[n to :oev] has really fa9t$1 = 9 ?is ! transition is n s gradual1 nor accompani$ by dreams1 b fir/ ! p[] ( sight leaves u1 /ill fully consci\s1 & !n imm$iately ! mo/ pr(\nd unconsci\sness ent]s2 ! s5sation t accompanies x1 s f> z x goes1 is any?+ b disagreeable2 & )\t d\bt1 z sleep is ! bro!r ( dea?1 s ! swoon is its tw9 bro!r4 ,ev5 viol5t dea? _c be pa9ful1 = ev5 sev]e w\nds are n felt at all till "s "t aft]w>ds1 (t5 n till ! outw>d signs ( !m are obs]v$4 ,if !y are rapidly mortal1 consci\sness w vani% be=e ?is discov]y2 if !y result 9 dea? lat]1 !n x is ! same z ) o!r illnesses4 ,all ^? also :o h lo/ consci\sness 9 wat]1 or f *>coal fumes1 or ?r\gh hang+ are well kn[n to say t x happ5$ )\t pa94 ,& n[1 f9ally1 ! dea? :i* is prop]ly 9 accordance ) nature1 dea? f old age1 eu?anasia1 is a gradual vani%+ & s9k+ out ( exi/5ce 9 an imp]ceptible mann]4 ,little by little 9 old age1 ! passions & desires1 ) ! susceptibility = _! objects1 are ext+ui%$2 ! emotions no long] f9d any?+ to excite !m2 = ! p[] ( pres5t+ ideas to ! m9d always becomes weak]1 its images fa9t]2 ! impressions no long] cleave to u1 b pass ov] )\t leav+ a trace1 ! days roll ev] fa/]1 ev5ts lose _! significance1 ev]y?+ gr[s pale4 ,! old man /rick5 9 ye>s tott]s ab\t or re/s 9 a corn] n[ only a %ad[1 a gho/ ( 8 =m] self4 ,:at rema9s !re = dea? to de/roy8 ,"o day a sleep is 8 la/1 & 8 dreams are ----4 ,!y are ! dreams :i* ,hamlet inquires aft] 9 ! fam\s soliloquy4 ,i believe we dream !m ev5 n[4 ,i h "h also to rem>k t ! ma9t5ance ( ! life process1 al?\gh x has a metaphysical basis1 does n g on )\t resi/ance1 & consequ5tly n )\t ef=t4 ,x is ?is to :i* ! organism yields e night1 on acc\nt ( :i* x !n susp5ds ! bra9 function & dim9i%es c]ta9 secretions1 ! respiration1 ! pulse1 & ! developm5t ( heat4 ,f ?is we may conclude t ! entire ceas+ ( ! life process mu/ be a wond]ful relief to its motive =ce2 p]haps ?is has "s %>e 9 ! expression ( sweet cont5tm5t on ! faces ( mo/ dead p]sons4 ,9 g5]al ! mom5t ( dea? may be l ! mom5t ( awak+ f a heavy dream t has oppress$ u l a nightm>e4 ,up to ?is po9t ! result we h arriv$ at is t dea?1 h[ev] mu* x may be fe>$1 c yet really be no evil4 ,b (t5 x ev5 appe>s z a good ?+1 z some?+ wi%$ =1 z a fri5d4 ,all t h met ) insup]able ob/acles to _! exi/5ce or _! ef=ts1 t suff] f incurable diseases or inconsolable griefs1 h z a la/ refuge1 :i* g5]ally op5s to !m ( its own accord1 ! return into ! womb ( nature1 f :i* !y arose = a %ort "t1 entic$ by ! hope ( m fav\rable conditions ( exi/5ce ?an h fall5 to _! lot1 & ! same pa? out ( :i* con/antly rema9s op54 ,t return is ! cessio bonorum ( life4 ,yet ev5 "h x is only ent]$ ^u aft] a physical & moral conflict3 s h>d does "o /ruggle aga9/ return+ to ! place f :i* "o came out s lightly & readily1 to an exi/5ce :i* has s mu* suff]+ & s little pleasure to (f]4 ,! ,h9dus give ! god ( dea?1 ,yama1 two faces2 "o v fe>ful & t]rible1 & "o v *e]ful & b5evol5t4 ,?is p>tly expla9s itself f ! reflections we h j made4 ,at ! empirical po9t ( view at :i* we /ill /&1 ! foll[+ consid]ation is "o :i* pres5ts itself ( its own accord1 & !re=e des]ves to be accurately def9$ by illu/ration1 & !reby ref]r$ to its prop] limits4 ,! sight ( a dead body %[s me t s5sibility1 irritability1 circulation ( ! blood1 reproduction1 c41 h "h ceas$4 ,i conclude f ?is ) c]ta9ty t :at actuat$ ^! hi!rto1 :i* 0 yet always some?+ unkn[n to me1 n[ actuates !m no long]1 ?us has dep>t$ f !m4 ,b if ,i %\ld n[ wi% to add t ?is mu/ h be5 j :at ,i h kn[n only z consci\sness1 consequ5tly z intellig5ce 7s\l71 ?is w\ld be n only an unju/ifi$ b cle>ly a false conclusion4 ,= consci\sness has always %[$ itself to me n z ! cause1 b z ! product & result ( ! organis$ life1 = x rose & sank 9 consequ5ce ( ?is 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( life1 9 heal? & sickness1 9 sleep1 9 a swoon1 9 awak+1 c41 ?us always appe>$ z effect1 nev] z cause ( ! organis$ life1 always %[$ itself z some?+ :i* arises & passes away1 & aga9 arises1 s long z ! conditions ( ?is /ill exi/1 b n ap>t f !m4 ,nay1 ,i may also h se5 t ! complete d]angem5t ( consci\sness1 madness1 f> f dragg+ d[n ) x & depress+ ! o!r =ces1 or inde$ endang]+ life1 height5s ^! v mu*1 especially irritability or muscul> =ce1 & r l5g!ns ?an %ort5s life1 if o!r causes d n come 94 ,!n1 also3 ,i knew individuality z a quality ( ev]y?+ organis$1 & !re=e1 if ?is is a selfconsci\s organism1 also ( consci\sness4 ,b !re exi/s no occasion n[ to conclude t individuality 0 inh]5t 9 t vani%$ pr9ciple1 :i* imp>ts life1 & is completely unkn[n to me2 all ! less s z ,i see t ev]y:]e 9 nature ea* p>ticul> ph5om5on is ! "w ( a g5]al =ce :i* is active 9 ?\s&s ( simil> ph5om5a4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is j z little occasion to conclude t because ! organis$ life has ceas$ "h t =ce :i* hi!rto actuat$ x has also become no?+2 z little z to inf] ! dea? ( ! sp9n] f ! /opp+ ( ! sp9n+:eel4 ,if a p5dulum1 by f9d+ its c5tre ( gravity1 at la/ comes to re/1 & ?us its individual app>5t life has ceas$1 no "o w imag9e t gravitation is n[ annihilat$2 b e "o compreh5ds t1 aft] z be=e1 x is active 9 innum]able ph5om5a4 ,c]ta9ly x might be urg$ aga9/ ?is comp>ison1 t "h also1 9 ?is p5dulum1 gravitation has n ceas$ to be active1 b only to manife/ its activity palpably2 :oev] insi/s on ?is may ?9k1 in/ead1 ( an electrical body1 9 :i*1 aft] its dis*>ge1 electricity has actually ceas$ to be active4 ,i only wi%$ to %[ 9 ?is t we ourselves recognise 9 ! l[e/ =ces ( nature an et]nity & ubiquity ) reg>d to :i* ! transitory nature ( _! fleet+ ph5om5a nev] makes u err = a mom5t4 ,s mu* ! less1 !n1 %\ld x come into our m9d to reg>d ! ceas+ ( life z ! annihilation ( ! liv+ pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly dea? z ! entire de/ruction ( ! man4 ,because ! /rong arm :i*1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 b5t ! b[ ( ,ulysses is no m1 no reflective & wellregulat$ und]/&+ w reg>d ! =ce :i* act$ s en]getically 9 x z entirely annihilat$1 & !re=e1 ^u fur!r reflection1 w also n assume t ! =ce :i* b5ds ! b[ today fir/ began ) ?is arm4 ,! ?\ght lies f> ne>] u1 t ! =ce :i* e>li] actuat$ ! life :i* n[ has vani%$ is ! same :i* is active 9 ! life :i* n[ fl\ri%es3 nay1 ?is is almo/ inevitable4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 we "k t1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! second book1 only t is p]i%able :i* is involv$ 9 ! causal s]ies2 b only ! /ates & =ms are s involv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unt\*$ by ! *ange ( ^! :i* is introduc$ by causes1 !re rema9 on ! "o side matt]1 & on ! o!r side natural =ces3 = bo? are ! presupposition ( all ^! *anges4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( our life we mu/1 prim>ily at lea/1 conceive z a =ce ( nature1 until p]haps a m pr(\nd inve/igation has br\ght u to "k :at x is 9 itself4 ,?us1 tak5 simply z a =ce ( nature1 ! vital =ce rema9s entirely undi/urb$ by ! *ange ( =ms & /ates1 :i* ! bond ( cause & effect introduces & c>ries (f aga91 & :i* alone are subject to ! process ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 z x lies be=e u 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?us s f> ! imp]i%able nature ( our true be+ c be prov$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,b x is true ?is w n satisfy ! claims :i* are wont to be made ^u pro(s ( our cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea?1 nor insure ! consolation :i* is expect$ f su* pro(s4 ,h[ev]1 x is always some?+2 & :oev] fe>s dea? z an absolute annihilation _c af=d to despise ! p]fect c]ta9ty t ! inmo/ pr9ciple ( 8 life rema9s unt\*$ by x4 ,nay1 ! p>adox might be set up1 t t second ?+ also :i*1 j l ! =ces ( nature1 rema9s unt\*$ by ! cont9ual *ange "u ! guidance ( causality1 ?us matt]1 by its absolute p]man5ce1 insures u inde/ructibility1 by virtue ( :i* :oev] 0 incapable ( compreh5d+ any o!r might yet confid5tly tru/ 9 a c]ta9 imp]i%abl5ess4 8,:at60 x w be said1 8! p]man5ce ( ! m]e du/1 ( ! crude matt]1 is to be reg>d$ z a cont9uance ( our be+80 ,oh6 d y "k ?is du/1 !n8 ,d y "k :at x is & :at x c d8 ,le>n to "k x be=e y despise x4 ,?is matt] :i* n[ lies !re z du/ & a%es w soon1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 =m itself z a cry/al1 w %9e z metal1 w !n emit electric sp>ks1 w by means ( its galvanic int5sity manife/ a =ce :i*1 decompos+ ! close/ comb9ations1 r$uces e>?s to metals2 nay1 x w1 ( its own accord1 =m itself into plants & animals1 & f its my/]i\s womb develop t life = ! loss ( :i* y1 9 y\r n>r[ness1 are s pa9fully anxi\s4 ,is x1 !n1 absolutely no?+ to cont9ue to exi/ z su* matt]8 ,nay1 ,i s]i\sly ass]t t ev5 ?is p]man5ce ( matt] af=ds evid5ce ( ! inde/ructibility ( our true nature1 ?\gh only z 9 an image or simile1 or1 r1 only z 9 outl9e4 ,to see ?is we only ne$ to call to m9d ! explanation ( matt] giv5 9 *apt] #bd1 f :i* x result$ t m]e =mless matt]--?is basis ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce :i* is nev] p]ceiv$ = itself alone1 b assum$ z con/antly rema9+--is ! imm$iate reflection1 ! visibility 9 g5]al1 ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ?us ( ! w4 ,!re=e1 :atev] absolutely p]ta9s to ! w z su* holds good also ( matt]1 & x reflects ! true et]nal nature ( ! w "u ! image ( temporal imp]i%abl5ess4 ,because1 z has be5 said1 nature does n lie1 no view :i* has sprung f a purely objective compreh5sion ( x1 & be5 logically ?\ght out1 c be absolutely false1 b at ! mo/ only v "osid$ & imp]fect4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is1 indisputably1 consi/5t mat]ialism2 = in/ance1 t ( ,epicurus1 j z well z ! absolute idealism oppos$ to x1 l t ( ,b]keley1 & 9 g5]al e philosophical po9t ( view :i* has proce$$ f a correct app]u1 & be5 hone/ly c>ri$ out4 ,only !y are all exce$+ly "osid$ compreh5sions1 & !re=e1 9 spite ( _! opposition1 !y are all true1 ea* f a def9ite po9t ( view2 b z soon z "o has ris5 above ?is po9t ( view1 !n !y only appe> z relatively & conditionally true4 ,! highe/ /&po9t alone1 f :i* "o surveys !m all & kn[s !m 9 _! relative tru?1 b also beyond ?is1 9 _! fals5ess1 c be t ( absolute tru? s f> z ?is is 9 g5]al atta9able4 ,accord+ly we see1 z 0 %[n above1 t 9 ! v crude1 & !re=e v old1 po9t ( view ( mat]ialism prop] ! inde/ructibility ( our true nature 9 itself is repres5t$1 z by a m]e %ad[ ( x1 ! imp]i%abl5ess ( matt]2 z 9 ! already high] naturalism ( an absolute physics x is repres5t$ by ! ubiquity & et]nity ( ! natural =ces1 among :i* ! vital =ce is at lea/ to be c\nt$4 ,?us ev5 ^! crude po9ts ( view conta9 ! ass]tion t ! liv+ be+ suff]s no absolute annihilation ?r\gh dea?1 b cont9ues to exi/ 9 & ) ! :ole ( nature4 ,! consid]ations :i* h br\ght u to ?is po9t1 & to :i* ! fur!r explanations l9k !mselves on1 />t$ f ! rem>kable fe> ( dea? :i* fills all liv+ be+s4 ,b n[ we w *ange ! /&po9t & consid] h[1 9 contra/ to ! individual be+s1 ! :ole ( nature be>s itself ) ref]5ce to dea?4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we /ill always rema9 ^u ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,c]ta9ly we "k no high] game ( *ance ?an t = dea? & life4 ,e decision ab\t ?is we wat* ) ! utmo/ excitem5t1 int]e/1 & fe>2 = 9 our eyes all 9 all is at /ake4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nature1 :i* nev] lies1 b is always /raight=w>d & op51 speaks q diff]5tly ^u ?is !me1 speaks l ,kri%na 9 ! ,bhagavadgita4 ,:at x says is3 ,! dea? or ! life ( ! individual is ( no significance4 ,x expresses ?is by ! fact t x exposes ! life ( e brute1 & ev5 ( man1 to ! mo/ insignificant accid5ts )\t com+ to ! rescue4 ,consid] ! insect on y\r pa?2 a slight1 unconsci\s turn+ ( y\r /ep is decisive z to its life or dea?4 ,look at ! woodsnail1 )\t any means ( flight1 ( def5ce1 ( deception1 ( concealm5t1 a ready prey = all4 ,look at ! fi% c>elessly play+ 9 ! /ill op5 net2 ! frog re/ra9$ by its laz9ess f ! flight :i* might save x2 ! bird t does n "k ( ! falcon t so>s above x2 ! %eep :i* ! wolf eyes & exam9es f ! ?icket4 ,all ^!1 provid$ ) little =esight1 g ab\t guilelessly among ! dang]s t ?reat5 _! exi/5ce e mom5t4 ,s9ce n[ nature exposes its organisms1 con/ruct$ ) su* inimitable skill1 n only to ! pr$atory in/9cts ( ! /rong]1 b also to ! bl9de/ *ance1 to ! hum\r ( e fool1 ! mis*iev\sness ( e *ild )\t res]ve1 x decl>es t ! annihilation ( ^! individuals is indiff]5t to x1 does x no h>m1 has no significance1 & t 9 ^! cases ! effect is ( no m importance ?an ! cause4 ,x says ?is v di/9ctly1 & x does n lie2 only x makes no comm5ts on its utt]ances1 b r expresses !m 9 ! laconic /yle ( an oracle4 ,if n[ ! all"m s5ds =? h] *ildr5 )\t protection to a ?\s& ?reat5+ dang]s1 ?is c only be because %e kn[s t if !y fall !y fall back into h] womb1 :]e !y are safe2 !re=e _! fall is a m]e je/4 ,nature does n act o!rwise ) man ?an ) ! brutes4 ,!re=e its decl>ation ext5ds also to man3 ! life & dea? ( ! individual are indiff]5t to x4 ,accord+ly1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !y ought also to be indiff]5t to u1 = we ourselves are inde$ nature4 ,c]ta9ly1 if only we saw deep en\gh1 we w\ld agree ) nature1 & reg>d life & dea? z indiff]5tly z x does4 ,mean:ile1 by means ( reflection1 we mu/ attribute t c>elessness & indiff]5ce ( nature t[>ds ! life ( ! individuals to ! fact t ! de/ruction ( su* a ph5om5on does n 9 ! lea/ affect its true & prop] nature4 ,if we fur!r pond] ! fact1 t n only1 z we h j se51 are life & dea? dep5d5t ^u ! mo/ trifl+ accid5ts1 b t ! exi/5ce ( ! organis$ be+ 9 g5]al is an ephem]al "o1 t animal & plant arise today & pass away tomorr[1 & bir? & dea? foll[ 9 quick succession1 :ile to ! unorganis$ ?+s :i* /& s mu* l[] an incomp>ably long] duration is assur$1 & an inf9ite duration to ! absolutely =mless matt] alone1 to :i*1 inde$1 we attribute ?is a priori1--!n1 ,i ?9k1 ! ?\ght mu/ foll[ ( its own accord1 ev5 f ! purely empirical1 b objective & unprejudic$ compreh5sion ( su* an ord] ( ?+s1 t ?is is only a sup]ficial ph5om5on1 t su* a con/ant aris+ & pass+ away c by no means t\* ! root ( ?+s1 b c only be relative1 nay1 only app>5t1 9 :i* ! true inn] nature ( t ?+ is n includ$1 ! nature :i* ev]y:]e evades our glance & is ?or\ghly my/]i\s1 b r t ?is cont9ues to exi/ undi/urb$ by x2 al?\gh we c nei!r appreh5d nor conceive ! mann] 9 :i* ?is happ5s1 & mu/ !re=e ?9k ( x only g5]ally z a k9d ( t\r de passepasse :i* took place !re4 ,= t1 :ile :at is mo/ imp]fect1 ! l[e/1 ! unorganis$1 cont9ues to exi/ unassail$1 x is j ! mo/ p]fect be+s1 ! liv+ creatures1 ) _! inf9itely complicat$ & inconceivably +5i\s organisations1 :i* con/antly arise1 new f ! v f\ndation1 & aft] a brief span ( "t absolutely pass into no?+ness1 to make room = o!r new ones l !m com+ into exi/5ce out ( no?+--?is is some?+ s obvi\sly absurd t x c nev] be ! true ord] ( ?+s1 b r a m]e veil :i* conceals ?is1 or1 m accurately1 a ph5om5on condition$ by ! nature ( our intellect4 ,nay1 ! :ole be+ & n be+ itself ( ^! individuals1 9 relation to :i* dea? & life are opposites1 c only be relative4 ,?us ! language ( nature1 9 :i* x is giv5 u z absolute1 _c be ! true & ultimate expression ( ! nature ( ?+s & ( ! ord] ( ! _w1 b inde$ only a patois du pays1 i4e41 some?+ m]ely relatively true1--some?+ to be und]/ood cum grano salis1 or1 to speak prop]ly1 some?+ condition$ by our intellect2 ,i say1 an imm$iate1 intuitive conviction ( ! k9d :i* ,i h tri$ to describe 9 words w press itself ^u e "o2 i4e41 c]ta9ly only ^u e "o ^: m9d is n ( an utt]ly ord9>y species1 :i* is absolutely only capable ( kn[+ ! p>ticul> simply & solely z su*1 :i* is /rictly limit$ to ! k ( individuals1 aft] ! mann] ( ! intellect ( ! brutes4 ,:oev]1 on ! o!r h&1 by means ( a capacity ( an only some:at high] p[]1 ev5 j beg9s to see 9 ! individual be+s _! univ]sal1 _! ,ideas1 w also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p>ticipate 9 t conviction1 & t inde$ z an imm$iate1 & !re=e c]ta91 conviction4 ,9 fact1 x is also only small1 limit$ m9ds t fe> dea? q s]i\sly z _! annihilation1 & p]sons ( decid$ly sup]ior capacity are completely free f su* t]rors4 ,plato rightly bases ! :ole ( philosophy ^u ! k ( ! doctr9e ( ,ideas1 i4e41 ^u ! p]ception ( ! univ]sal 9 ! p>ticul>4 ,b ! conviction "h describ$1 :i* proce$s directly f ! compreh5sion ( nature1 mu/ h be5 exce$+ly vivid 9 ^? sublime au?ors ( ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,v$as1 :o c sc>cely be ?\ght ( z m]e m51 = x speaks to u s =cibly out ( an innum]able numb] ( _! utt]ances t we mu/ ascribe ?is imm$iate illum9ation ( _! m9d to ! fact t ^! wise m51 /&+ ne>] ! orig9 ( our race 9 "t1 compreh5d$ ! nature ( ?+s m cle>ly & pr(\ndly ?an ! already det]iorat$ race1 1 is able to d4 ,b c]ta9ly _! compreh5sion is assi/$ by ! natural _w ( ,india1 :i* is end[$ ) life 9 a v diff]5t degree f our nor!rn _w4 ,h[ev]1 ?or\gh reflection1 z pursu$ by ,kant's great m9d1 leads by ano!r pa? to ! same result1 = x tea*es u t our intellect1 9 :i* t ph5om5al _w :i* *anges s fa/ exhibits itself1 does n compreh5d ! true ultimate nature ( ?+s1 b m]ely its ph5om5al manife/ation1 & inde$1 z ,i add1 because x is orig9ally only de/9$ to pres5t ! motives to our w1 i4e41 to be s]viceable to x 9 ! pursuit ( its paltry ends4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 c>ry our objective & unprejudic$ consid]ation ( nature /ill fur!r4 ,if ,i kill a liv+ creature1 :e!r a dog1 a bird1 a frog1 or ev5 only an insect1 x is really inconceivable t ?is be+1 or r ! orig9al =ce by virtue ( :i* su* a m>vell\s ph5om5on exhibit$ itself j ! mom5t be=e1 9 its full en]gy & love ( life1 %\ld h be5 annihilat$ by my wick$ or ?\ghtless act4 ,& aga91 on ! o!r h&1 ! millions ( animals ( e k9d :i* come into exi/5ce e mom5t1 9 inf9ite v>iety1 full ( =ce & activity1 c nev]1 be=e ! act ( _! g5]ation1 h be5 no?+ at all1 & h atta9$ f no?+ to an absolute beg9n+4 ,if n[ 9 ?is way ,i see "o ( ^! )draw itself f my sight1 )\t me kn[+ :]e x goes1 & ano!r appe> )\t me kn[+ :5ce x comes2 if1 moreov]1 bo? h ! same =m1 ! same nature1 ! same "*1 & only n ! same matt]1 :i* yet dur+ _! exi/5ce !y cont9ually ?r[ (f & r5ew2 !n c]ta9ly ! assumption1 t t :i* vani%es & t :i* appe>s 9 its place are "o & ! same1 :i* has only exp]i5c$ a slight alt]ation1 a r5ewal ( ! =m ( its exi/5ce1 & t consequ5tly dea? is = ! species :at sleep is = ! individual2 ?is assumption1 ,i say1 lies s close at h& t x is impossible n to light ^u x1 unless ! m9d1 p]v]t$ 9 e>ly y\? by ! impr9t+ ( false views1 hurries x out ( ! way1 ev5 f a di/ance1 ) sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,b ! opposite assumption t ! bir? ( an animal is an aris+ out ( no?+1 & accord+ly t its dea? is its absolute annihilation1 & ?is ) ! fur!r addition t man1 :o has also orig9at$ out ( no?+1 has yet an individual1 endless exi/5ce1 & inde$ a consci\s exi/5ce1 :ile ! dog1 ! ape1 ! elephant1 are annihilat$ by dea?1 is really some?+ aga9/ :i* ! heal?y m9d revolts & :i* x mu/ reg>d z absurd4 ,if1 z is suffici5tly (t5 repeat$1 ! comp>ison ( ! results ( a sy/em ) ! utt]ances ( ! heal?y m9d is suppos$ to be a t\*/one ( its tru?1 ,i wi% ! adh]5ts ( ! sy/em :i* 0 h&$ d[n f ,desc>tes to ! pre,kantian eclectics1 nay1 :i* ev5 n[ is /ill ! prevail+ view ( ! great majority ( cultur$ p 9 ,europe1 w\ld apply ?is t\*/one "h4 ,?r\gh\t & ev]y:]e ! true symbol ( nature is ! circle1 because x is ! s*ema or type ( recurr5ce4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ univ]sal =m 9 nature1 :i* x c>ries out 9 ev]y?+1 f ! c\rse ( ! />s d[n to ! dea? & ! g5esis ( organis$ be+s1 & by :i* alone1 9 ! ceaseless /ream ( "t1 & its cont5t1 a p]man5t exi/5ce1 i4e41 a nature1 becomes possible4 ,if 9 autumn we consid] ! little _w ( insects1 & see h[ "o prep>es its b$ to sleep ! long1 rigid w9t]sleep2 ano!r sp9s its cocoon to pass ! w9t] z a *rysalis1 & awake 9 spr+ rejuv5at$ & p]fect$2 &1 f9ally1 h[ mo/ ( !m1 int5d+ !mselves to re/ 9 ! arms ( dea?1 m]ely arrange ) c>e ! suitable place = _! egg1 9 ord] to issue =? aga9 f x "s day r5ew$2--?is is nature's great doctr9e ( immortality1 :i* seeks to tea* u t !re is no radical diff]5ce betwe5 sleep & dea?1 b ! "o endang]s exi/5ce j z little z ! o!r4 ,! c>e ) :i* ! insect prep>es a cell1 or hole1 or ne/1 deposits its egg 9 x1 toge!r ) food = ! l>va t w come out ( x 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 & !n quietly dies1 is j l ! c>e ) :i* 9 ! ev5+ a man lays ready 8 clo!s & 8 breakfa/ = ! next morn+1 & !n quietly goes to sleep2 & at bottom x c\ld n take place at all if x 7 n t ! insect :i* dies 9 autumn is 9 itself1 & accord+ to its true nature1 j z mu* id5tical ) ! "o :i* is hat*$ out 9 ! spr+ z ! man :o lies d[n to sleep is id5tical ) ! man :o rises f x4 ,if n[1 aft] ^! consid]ations1 we return to ourselves & our own species1 !n ca/ our glance =w>d f> into ! future1 & seek to pres5t to our m9ds ! future g5]ations1 ) ! millions ( _! individuals 9 ! /range =m ( _! cu/oms & pursuits1 & !n int]pose ) ! "q3 ,:5ce w all ^! come8 ,:]e are !y n[8 ,:]e is ! f]tile womb ( t no?+1 pregnant ) worlds1 :i* /ill conceals ! com+ races8 ,w\ld n ! smil+ & true answ] to ?is be1 ,:]e else %\ld !y be ?an !re :]e alone ! real always 0 & w be1 9 ! pres5t & its cont5t8--?us ) !e1 ! fooli% que/ion]1 :o 9 ?is mi/ak+ ( 8 own nature is l ! leaf ^u ! tree1 :i*1 fad+ 9 autumn & ab\t to fall1 compla9s at its de/ruction1 & w n be consol$ by look+ =w>d to ! fre% gre5 :i* w clo! ! tree 9 spr+1 b says lam5t+1 8,i am n ^!6 ,^! are q diff]5t leaves60 ,oh1 fooli% leaf6 ,:i!r wilt ?\8 ,& :5ce %\ld o!rs come8 ,:]e is ! no?+ ^: abyss ?\ fe>e/8 ,"k ?9e own nature1 t :i* is s fill$ ) ?ir/ = exi/5ce2 recognise x 9 ! inn]1 my/]i\s1 g]m9at+ =ce ( ! tree1 :i*1 con/antly "o & ! same 9 all g5]ations ( leaves1 rema9s unt\*$ by all aris+ & pass+ away4 ,& n[1 1 7,qualis foliorum g5]atio1 talis et hom9um74 ,:e!r ! fly :i* n[ buzzes r\nd me goes to sleep 9 ! ev5+1 & buzzes aga9 tomorr[1 or dies 9 ! ev5+1 & 9 spr+ ano!r fly buzzes :i* has sprung f its egg3 t is 9 itself ! same ?+2 b !re=e ! k :i* exhibits ?is z two fundam5tally diff]5t ?+s is n uncondition$1 b relative1 a k ( ! ph5om5on1 n ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,9 ! morn+ ! fly exi/s aga92 x also exi/s aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,:at di/+ui%es = x ! w9t] f ! night8 ,9 ,burda*'s 8,physiology10 vol4 i4 #bge1 we read1 8,till t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ no ,c]c>ia ephem]a 7"o ( ! infusoria7 is to be se5 79 ! infusion71 & at twelve ! :ole wat] sw>ms ) !m4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y die1 & ! next morn+ !y aga9 appe> anew40 ,s x 0 obs]v$ by ,nitzs* six days runn+4 ,s ev]y?+ l+]s b a mom5t1 & ha/5s on to dea?4 ,! plant & ! insect die at ! end ( ! summ]1 ! brute & ! man aft] a few ye>s3 dea? reaps unwe>i$ly4 ,yet not)/&+ ?is1 nay1 z if ?is 7 n s at all1 ev]y?+ is always !re & 9 its place1 j z if ev]y?+ 7 imp]i%able4 ,! plant always ?rives & blooms1 ! insect hums1 ! brute & ! man exi/ 9 unwa/$ y\?1 & ! *]ries t h already be5 enjoy$ a ?\s& times we h aga9 be=e u e summ]4 ,! nations also exi/ z immortal individuals1 al?\gh sometimes _! names *ange2 ev5 _! action1 :at !y d & suff]1 is always ! same2 al?\gh hi/ory always pret5ds to relate some?+ diff]5t3 = x is l ! kaleidoscope1 :i* at e turn %[s a new figure1 :ile we really always h ! same ?+ be=e our eyes4 ,:at !n presses itself m irresi/ibly ^u u ?an ! ?\ght t t aris+ & pass+ away does n conc]n ! real nature ( ?+s1 b ?is rema9s unt\*$ by x1 ?us is imp]i%able1 & !re=e all & ea* t wills to exi/ actually exi/s cont9u\sly & )\t end4 ,accord+ly at e giv5 po9t ( "t all species ( animals1 f ! gnat to ! elephant1 exi/ toge!r complete4 ,!y h already r5ew$ !mselves _m ?\s& times1 & )al h rema9$ ! same4 ,!y "k no?+ ( o!rs l !m1 :o h liv$ be=e !m1 or w live aft] !m2 x is ! species :i* always lives1 & 9 ! consci\sness ( ! imp]i%able nature ( ! species & _! id5tity ) x ! individuals *e]fully exi/4 ,! w to live manife/s itself 9 an endless pres5t1 because ?is is ! =m ( ! life ( ! species1 :i*1 !re=e1 nev] gr[s old1 b rema9s always "y4 ,dea? is = x :at sleep is = ! individual1 or :at w9k+ is = ! eye1 by ! abs5ce ( :i* ! ,indian gods are kn[n1 if !y appe> 9 human =m4 ,z ?r\gh ! entrance ( night ! _w vani%es1 b yet does n = a mom5t cease to exi/1 s man & brute app>5tly pass away ?r\gh dea?1 & yet _! true nature cont9ues1 j z undi/urb$ by x4 ,let u n[ ?9k ( t alt]nation ( dea? & bir? z inf9itely rapid vibrations1 & we h be=e u ! endur+ objectification ( ! w1 ! p]man5t ,ideas ( be+1 fix$ l ! ra9b[ on ! wat]fall4 ,?is is temporal immortality4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 not)/&+ ?\s&s ( ye>s ( dea? & decay1 no?+ has be5 lo/1 n an atom ( ! matt]1 /ill less any?+ ( ! inn] be+1 t exhibits itself z nature4 ,!re=e e mom5t we c *e]fully cry1 8,9 spite ( "t1 dea?1 & decay1 we are /ill all toge!r60 ,p]haps we w\ld h to except :oev] _h once said f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 ) reg>d to ?is game1 8,i want no m40 ,b ?is is n yet ! place to speak ( ?is4 ,b we h c]ta9ly to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! pa9 ( bir? & ! bitt]ness ( dea? are ! two con/ant conditions "u :i* ! w to live ma9ta9s itself 9 its objectification1 i4e41 our inn] nature1 unt\*$ by ! c\rse ( "t & ! dea? ( races1 exi/s 9 an ev]la/+ pres5t1 & enjoys ! fruit ( ! ass]tion ( ! w to live4 ,?is is analog\s to ! fact t we c only be awake dur+ ! day on condition t we sleep dur+ ! night2 inde$ ! latt] is ! comm5t>y :i* nature (f]s u = ! und]/&+ ( t difficult passage47#bi7 ,= ! sub/ratum1 or ! cont5t1 1 or ! mat]ial ( ! pres5t1 is ?r\gh all "t really ! same4 ,! impossibility ( kn[+ ?is id5tity directly is j "t1 a =m & limitation ( our intellect4 ,t on acc\nt ( x1 = example1 ! future ev5t is n yet1 dep5ds ^u an illusion ( :i* we become consci\s :5 t ev5t has come4 ,t ! ess5tial =m ( our intellect introduces su* an illusion expla9s & ju/ifies itself f ! fact t ! intellect has come =? f ! h&s ( nature by no means = ! appreh5sion ( ! nature ( ?+s1 b m]ely = ! appreh5sion ( motives1 ?us = ! s]vice ( an individual & temporal ph5om5on ( w47#cj7 ,:oev] compreh5ds ! reflections :i* "h occupy u w also und]/& ! true mean+ ( ! p>adoxical doctr9e ( ! ,eleatics1 t !re is no aris+ & pass+ away1 b ! :ole rema9s immovable3 8 1 0 7,p>m5ides et ,melissus ortum et int]itum tollebant1 quoniam nihil mov]i putabant71 ,/ob4 ,ecl41 i4 #ba4 ,light is also ?r[n "h ^u ! beautiful passage ( ,emp$ocles :i* ,plut>* has pres]v$ = u 9 ! book1 8,adv]sus ,colot510 c4 #ab3-- 82 1 1 4 1 7 71 1 1 1 40 7,/ulta1 et prolixas non admitt5tia curas ,pectora3 qui sp]ant1 exi/]e posse1 quod ante ,non fuit1 aut ullam rem pessum prot9us ire2-- ,non animo prud5s homo quod prs5tiat ullus1 ,dum vivunt 7namque hoc vita nom9e signant71 ,sunt1 et =tuna tum conflictantur utraque3 ,ante ortum nihil e/ homo1 nec po/ fun]a quidquam47 ,! v rem>kable &1 9 its place1 a/oni%+ passage 9 ,did]ot's 8,jacques le fatali/e10 des]ves n less to be m5tion$ "h3 8,un *teau imm5se1 au frontispice duquel on lisait3 ,je n'app>ti5s p]sonne1 et j'app>ti5s t\t le monde3 v\s y tiez avant que d'y entr]1 v\s y s]ez encore1 qu& v\s en sortirez 40 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! s5se 9 :i*1 :5 he is begott51 ! man arises out ( no?+1 he becomes no?+ ?r\gh dea?4 ,b really to le>n to "k ?is 8no?+0 w\ld be v int]e/+2 = x only requires mod]ate acut5ess to see t ?is empirical no?+ is by no means absolute1 i4e41 su* z w\ld 9 e s5se be no?+4 ,we are already l$ to ?is insight by ! obs]vation t all qualities ( ! p>5ts recur 9 ! *ildr51 ?us h ov]come dea?4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i w speak 9 a special *apt]4 ,!re is no great] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! ceaseless flight ( "t1 :i* c>ries its :ole cont5t ) x1 & ! rigid immobility ( :at is actually pres5t1 :i* at all times is "o & ! same4 ,& if f ?is po9t ( view we wat* 9 a purely objective mann] ! imm$iate ev5ts ( life1 ! ,nunc /ans becomes cle> & visible to u 9 ! c5tre ( ! :eel ( "t4 ,to ! eye ( a be+ ( incomp>ably long] life1 :i* at "o glance compreh5d$ ! human race 9 its :ole duration1 ! con/ant alt]nation ( bir? & dea? w\ld pres5t itself z a cont9u\s vibration1 & accord+ly x w\ld n occur to x at all to see 9 ?is an ev] new aris+ out ( no?+ & pass+ into no?+2 b j z to our sight ! quickly revolv+ sp>k appe>s z a cont9u\s circle1 ! rapidly vibrat+ spr+ z a p]man5t triangle1 ! vibrat+ cord z a sp9dle1 s to ?is eye ! species w\ld appe> z t :i* has be+ & p]man5ce1 dea? & life z vibrations4 ,we w h false conceptions ( ! inde/ructibility ( our true nature by dea?1 s long z we d n make up our m9ds to /udy x prim>ily 9 ! brutes1 b claim = ourselves alone a class ap>t f !m1 "u ! boa/ful "n ( immortality4 ,b x is ?is pret5sion alone1 & ! n>r[ness ( view f :i* x proce$s1 on acc\nt ( :i* mo/ m5 /ruggle s ob/9ately aga9/ ! recognition ( ! obvi\s tru? t we are ess5tially1 & 9 ! *ief respect1 ! same z ! brutes2 nay1 t !y recoil at e h9t ( our relation%ip ) ^!4 ,b x is ?is d5ial ( ! tru? :i* m ?an any?+ else closes aga9/ !m ! pa? to real k ( ! inde/ructibility ( our nature4 ,= if we seek any?+ ^u a wrong pa?1 we h j on t acc\nt =sak5 ! "r pa?1 & ^u ! pa? we foll[ we w nev] atta9 to any?+ 9 ! end b late disillusion4 ,up1 !n1 foll[ ! tru?1 n accord+ to preconceiv$ notions1 b z nature leads6 ,fir/ ( all1 le>n to recognise 9 ! aspect ( e "y animal ! exi/5ce ( ! species t nev] gr[s old1 :i*1 z a reflection ( its et]nal y\?1 imp>ts to e individual a tempor>y y\?1 & lets x come =? z new & fre% z if ! _w 7 ( today4 ,let "o ask himself hone/ly :e!r ! swall[ ( ?is ye>'s spr+ is absolutely a diff]5t "o f ! swall[ ( ! fir/ spr+1 & :e!r really betwe5 ! two ! miracle ( ! creation out ( no?+ has repeat$ itself millions ( times1 9 ord] to "w j z (t5 into ! h&s ( absolute annihilation4 ,i "k well t if ,i s]i\sly assur$ any "o t ! cat :i* n[ plays 9 ! y>d is /ill ! same "o :i* made ! same spr+s & play$ ! same tricks !re ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 he w\ld ?9k ,i 0 mad2 b ,i also "k t x is mu* madd] to believe t ! cat ( today is ?r\gh & ?r\gh & 9 its :ole nature q a diff]5t "o f ! cat ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,"o only requires truly & s]i\sly to s9k oneself 9 ! contemplation ( "o ( ^! high] v]tebrates 9 ord] to become di/9ctly consci\s t ?is unfa?omable nature1 tak5 z a :ole1 z x exi/s !re1 _c possibly become no?+2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 "o kn[s its transitor9ess4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 ?is animal ! inf9ite nature ( its ,idea 7species7 is impr9t$ 9 ! f9it5ess ( ! individual4 ,= 9 a c]ta9 s5se x is ( c\rse true t 9 ! individual we always h be=e u ano!r be+--9 ! s5se :i* dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 9 :i* are also includ$ "t & space1 :i* con/itute ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se x is n true--9 ! s5se 9 :i* reality belongs to ! p]man5t =ms ( ?+s1 ! ,ideas alone1 & :i* 0 s cle>ly evid5t to ,plato t x became 8 fundam5tal ?\ght1 ! c5tre ( 8 philosophy2 & he made ! compreh5sion ( x ! crit]ion ( capacity = philosophis+ 9 g5]al4 ,z ! scatt]$ drops ( ! ro>+ wat]fall *ange ) lightn+ rapidity1 :ile ! ra9b[1 ^: support] !y are1 rema9s immovably at re/1 q unt\*$ by t ceaseless *ange1 s e ,idea1 i4e41 e species ( liv+ creature rema9s q unt\*$ by ! cont9ual *ange ( its individuals4 ,b x is ! ,idea1 or ! species 9 :i* ! w to live is really root$1 & manife/s itself2 & !re=e also ! w is only truly conc]n$ 9 ! cont9uance ( ! species4 ,= example1 ! lions :i* are born & die are l ! drops ( ! wat]fall2 b ! leonitas1 ! ,idea or =m ( ! lion1 is l ! un%ak5 ra9b[ ^u x4 ,!re=e ,plato attribut$ true be+ to ! ,ideas alone1 i4e41 to ! species2 to ! individuals only a ceaseless aris+ & pass+ away4 ,f ! pr(\nd consci\sness ( 8 imp]i%able nature really spr+s also ! confid5ce & peace ( m9d ) :i* e brute1 & ev5 human individual1 moves unconc]n$ly along amid a ho/ ( *ances1 :i* may annihilate x any mom5t1 &1 moreov]1 moves /raight on to dea?3 out ( its eyes1 h[ev]1 !re %9es ! peace ( ! species1 :i* t dea? does n affect1 & does n conc]n4 ,ev5 to man ?is peace c\ld n be imp>t$ by unc]ta9 & *ang+ dogmas4 ,b1 z 0 said1 ! contemplation ( e animal tea*es t dea? is no ob/acle to ! k]nel ( life1 to ! w 9 its manife/ation4 ,:at an unfa?omable my/]y lies1 !n1 9 e animal6 ,look at ! ne>e/ "o2 look at y\r dog1 h[ *e]fully & peacefully he lives6 ,_m ?\s&s ( dogs h _h to die be=e x came to ?is "o's turn to live4 ,b ! dea? ( ^! ?\s&s has n affect$ ! ,idea ( ! dog2 x has n be5 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by all t dy+4 ,!re=e ! dog exi/s z fre% & end[$ ) primitive =ce z if ?is 7 its fir/ day & none c\ld ev] be its la/2 & out ( its eyes !re %9es ! inde/ructible pr9ciple 9 x1 ! ar*u4 ,:at1 !n1 has di$ dur+ ^? ?\s&s ( ye>s8 ,n ! dog--x /&s unsca!d be=e u2 m]ely its %ad[1 its image 9 our =m ( k1 :i* is b\nd to "t4 ,yet h[ c "o ev5 believe t t passes away :i* = ev] & ev] exi/s & fills all "t8 ,c]ta9ly ! matt] c be expla9$ empirically2 9 proportion z dea? de/roy$ ! individuals1 g5]ation produc$ new ones4 ,b ?is empirical explanation is only an app>5t explanation3 x puts "o riddle 9 ! place ( ! o!r4 ,! metaphysical und]/&+ ( ! matt]1 al?\gh n to be got s *eaply1 is yet ! only true & satisfy+ "o4 ,kant1 9 8 subjective proc$ure1 br\ght to light ! tru? t "t _c belong to ! ?+ 9 itself1 because x lies pre=m$ 9 our appreh5sion4 ,n[ dea? is ! temporal end ( ! temporal ph5om5on2 b z soon z we ab/ract "t1 !re is no long] any end1 & ?is ^w has lo/ all significance4 ,b ,i1 "h ^u ! objective pa?1 am try+ to %[ ! positive side ( ! matt]1 t ! ?+ 9 itself rema9s unt\*$ by "t1 & by t :i* is only possible ?r\gh "t1 aris+ & pass+ away1 & t ! ph5om5a 9 "t c\ld n h ev5 t ceaselessly fleet+ exi/5ce :i* /&s next to no?+ness1 if !re 7 n 9 !m a k]nel ( ! inf9ite4 ,et]nity is c]ta9ly a conception :i* has no p]ception z its f\ndation2 accord+ly x has also a m]ely negative cont5t2 x signifies a timeless exi/5ce4 ,"t is yet m]ely an image ( et]nity1 1 z ,plot9us has x2 & 9 ! same way our temporal exi/5ce is a m]e image ( our true nature4 ,?is mu/ lie 9 et]nity1 j because "t is only ! =m ( our k2 b on acc\nt ( ?is alone d we "k our own exi/5ce1 & t ( all ?+s z transitory1 f9ite1 & subject to annihilation4 ,9 ! second book ,i h %[n t ! adequate objectivity ( ! w z ! ?+ 9 itself1 at ea* ( its grades1 is ! 7,platonic7 ,idea2 simil>ly 9 ! ?ird book t ! ,ideas ( ?+s h ! pure subject ( k z _! correlative2 consequ5tly ! k ( !m only appe>s exceptionally & tempor>ily "u specially fav\rable conditions4 ,= individual k1 on ! o!r h&1 ?us 9 "t1 ! ,idea pres5ts itself "u ! =m ( ! species1 :i* is ! ,idea brok5 up ?r\gh its entrance into "t4 ,!re=e ! species is ! mo/ imm$iate objectification ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4e41 ( ! w to live4 ,! inmo/ nature ( e brute1 & also ( man1 accord+ly lies 9 ! species2 ?us ! w to live1 :i* is s p[]fully active1 is root$ 9 ?is1 n really 9 ! individual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! individual alone lies ! imm$iate consci\sness3 accord+ly x imag9es itself diff]5t f ! species1 & !re=e fe>s dea?4 ,! w to live manife/s itself 9 relation to ! individual z hung] & ! fe> ( dea?3 9 relation to ! species z sexual in/9ct & passionate c>e = ! (fspr+4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is we f9d nature1 :i* is free f t delusion ( ! individual1 z c>eful = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species z x is indiff]5t to ! de/ruction ( ! individuals3 ! latt] are always only means1 ! =m] is ! end4 ,!re=e a gl>+ contra/ appe>s betwe5 its nigg>dl9ess 9 ! end[m5t ( ! individuals & its prodigality :5 ! species is conc]n$4 ,9 ! latt] case f "o individual are (t5 annually obta9$ a hundr$ ?\s& g]ms1 & m2 = example1 f trees1 fi%es1 crabs1 t]mites1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 ! =m] case1 on ! contr>y1 only b>ely en\gh 9 ! way ( p[]s & organs is giv5 to ea* to enable x ) ceaseless ef=t to ma9ta9 its life4 ,&1 !re=e1 if an animal is injur$ or weak5$ x mu/1 z a rule1 />ve4 ,& :]e an incid5tal sav+ 0 possible1 ?r\gh ! circum/ance t "o "p c\ld ^u necessity be disp5s$ )1 x has be5 )held1 ev5 out ( ord]4 ,h5ce1 = example1 _m cat]pill>s are )\t eyes2 ! poor creatures grope 9 ! d>k f leaf to leaf1 :i*1 s9ce !y lack feel]s1 !y d by mov+ ?reef\r?s ( _! body back & =w>d 9 ! air1 till !y f9d "s object4 ,h5ce !y (t5 miss _! food :i* is to be f\nd close by4 ,b ?is happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( ! lex p>simoni natur1 to ! expression ( :i* natura nihil facit sup]vacaneum "o may add et nihil l>gitur4 ,! same t5d5cy ( nature %[s itself also 9 ! fact t ! m fit ! individual is1 on acc\nt ( 8 age1 = ! propagation ( ! species1 ! m p[]fully does ! vis natur m$icatrix manife/ itself 9 him1 & !re=e 8 w\nds heal easily1 & he easily recov]s f diseases4 ,?is dim9i%es along ) ! p[] ( g5]ation1 & s9ks l[ aft] x is ext9ct2 = n[ 9 ! eyes ( nature ! individual has become wor?less4 ,if n[ we ca/ ano!r glance at ! scale ( exi/5ces1 ) ! :ole ( _! accompany+ gradations ( consci\sness1 f ! polyp up to man1 we see ?is wond]ful pyramid1 kept 9 ceaseless oscillation c]ta9ly by ! con/ant dea? ( ! individuals1 yet by means ( ! bond ( g5]ation1 endur+ 9 ! species ?r\gh ! inf9ite c\rse ( "t4 ,:ile1 !n1 z 0 expla9$ above1 ! objective1 ! species1 pres5ts itself z inde/ructible1 ! subjective1 :i* consi/s m]ely 9 ! selfconsci\sness ( ^! be+s1 seems to be ( ! %orte/ duration1 & to be unceas+ly de/roy$1 9 ord]1 j z (t51 to come =? aga9 f no?+ 9 an incompreh5sible mann]4 ,b1 inde$1 "o mu/ be v %ortsight$ to let oneself be deceiv$ by ?is appe>ance1 & n to compreh5d t1 al?\gh ! =m ( temporal p]man5ce only belongs to ! objective1 ! subjective1 i4e41 ! w1 :i* lives & manife/s itself 9 all1 & ) x ! subject ( ! k 9 :i* all exhibits itself1 mu/ be n less inde/ructible2 because ! p]man5ce ( ! objective1 or ext]nal1 c yet only be ! ph5om5al appe>ance ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! subjective or int]nal2 = ! =m] c possess no?+ :i* x has n receiv$ on loan f ! latt]2 & _c be ess5tially & orig9ally an objective1 a ph5om5on1 & !n second>ily & accid5tally a subjective1 a ?+ 9 itself1 a selfconsci\sness4 ,= cle>ly ! =m] z a manife/ation presupposes some?+ :i* manife/s itself1 z be+ = o!r presupposes a be+ = self1 & z object presupposes a subject2 & n conv]sely3 because ev]y:]e ! root ( ?+s mu/ lie 9 t :i* !y are = !mselves1 ?us 9 ! subjective1 n 9 ! objective1 i4e41 9 t :i* !y are only = o!rs1 9 a =eign consci\sness4 ,accord+ly we f\nd 9 ! fir/ book t ! "r />t+po9t = philosophy is ess5tially & necess>ily ! subjective1 i4e41 ! ideali/ic />t+po9t2 & also t ! opposite />t+po9t1 t :i* proce$s f ! objective1 leads to mat]ialism4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 we are f> m "o ) ! _w ?an we commonly suppose3 its inn] nature is our w1 its ph5om5al appe>ance is our idea4 ,= any "o :o c\ld br+ ?is unity ( be+ to di/9ct consci\sness1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cont9uance ( ! ext]nal _w aft] 8 dea? & 8 own cont9uance aft] dea? w\ld vani%4 ,! two w\ld pres5t !mselves to him z "o & ! same2 nay1 he w\ld laugh at ! delusion t c\ld sep>ate !m4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( ! inde/ructibility ( our nature co9cides ) t ( ! id5tity ( ! macrocosm & ! microcosm4 ,mean:ile "o may obta9 light ^u :at is said "h by a peculi> exp]im5t1 p]=m$ by means ( ! imag9ation1 an exp]im5t :i* might be call$ metaphysical4 ,let any "o try to pres5t vividly to 8 m9d ! "t1 9 any case n f> di/ant1 :5 he w be dead4 ,!n he ?9ks himself away & lets ! _w g on exi/+2 b soon1 to 8 own a/oni%m5t1 he w discov] t he 0 nev]!less /ill !re4 ,= he int5d$ to pres5t ! _w to 8 m9d )\t himself2 b ! ego is ! imm$iate elem5t 9 consci\sness1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! _w is br\ght ab\t1 & = :i* alone x exi/s4 ,?is c5tre ( all exi/5ce1 ?is k]nel ( all reality1 is to be aboli%$1 & yet ! _w is to g on exi/+2 x is a ?\ght :i* c be conceiv$ 9 ! ab/ract1 b n realis$4 ,! endeav\r to accompli% ?is1 ! attempt to ?9k ! second>y )\t ! prim>y1 ! condition$ )\t ! condition1 t :i* is support$ )\t ! support]1 always fails1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! attempt to ?9k an equilat]al1 "rangl$ triangle1 or a de/ruction or orig9ation ( matt]1 & simil> impossibilities4 ,in/ead ( :at 0 int5d$1 ! feel+ "h presses ^u u t ! _w is n less 9 u ?an we 9 x1 & t ! s\rce ( all reality lies )9 u4 ,! result is really ?is3 ! "t :5 ,i %all n be w objectively come2 b subjectively x c nev] come4 ,x might !re=e1 inde$1 be ask$1 h[ f> e "o1 9 8 he>t1 actually believes 9 a ?+ :i* he really _c conceive at all2 or :e!r1 s9ce ! pr(\nd consci\sness ( ! inde/ructibl5ess ( our true nature associates itself ) t m]ely intellectual exp]im5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has already be5 made m or less di/9ctly by e "o1 :e!r1 ,i say1 our own dea? is n p]haps = u at bottom ! mo/ incr$ible ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,! deep conviction ( ! inde/ructibl5ess ( our nature ?r\gh dea?1 :i*1 z is also %[n by ! inevitable qualms ( consci5ce at its approa*1 e "o c>ries at ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! consci\sness ( ! orig9al & et]nal nature ( our be+3 !re=e ,sp9oza expresses x ?us3 8,s5timus1 exp]imurque1 nos t]nos esse40 ,= a reasonable man c only ?9k ( himself z imp]i%able1 because he ?9ks ( himself z )\t beg9n+1 z et]nal1 9 fact z timeless4 ,:oev]1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>ds himself z hav+ become out ( no?+ mu/ also ?9k t he w aga9 become no?+2 = t an et]nity _h pass$ be=e he 01 & !n a second et]nity _h begun1 ?r\gh :i* he w nev] cease to be1 is a mon/r\s ?\ght4 ,really ! mo/ solid gr\nd = our immortality is ! old pr9ciple3 8,ex nihilo nihil fit1 et 9 nihilum nihil pote/ rev]ti40 ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus v happily says 7,works1 ,/rasburg1 #afjc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #f73 8,! s\l 9 me has aris5 out ( some?+2 !re=e x does n come to no?+2 = x comes out ( some?+40 ,he gives ! true reason4 ,b :oev] reg>ds ! bir? ( ! man z 8 absolute beg9n+ mu/ reg>d dea? z 8 absolute end4 ,= bo? are :at !y are 9 ! same s5se2 consequ5tly e "o c only ?9k ( himself z immortal s f> z he also ?9ks ( himself z unborn1 & 9 ! same s5se4 ,:at bir? is1 t also is dea?1 accord+ to its nature & significance3 x is ! same l9e drawn 9 two directions4 ,if ! =m] is an actual aris+ out ( no?+1 !n ! latt] is also an actual annihilation4 ,b 9 tru? x is only by means ( ! et]nity ( our real be+ t we c conceive x z imp]i%able1 & consequ5tly ?is imp]i%abl5ess is n temporal4 ,! assumption t man is made out ( no?+ leads necess>ily to ! assumption t dea? is 8 absolute end4 ,?us 9 ?is ! ,old ,te/am5t is p]fectly consi/5t2 = no doctr9e ( immortality is suitable to a creation out ( no?+4 ,new ,te/am5t ,*ri/ianity has su* a doctr9e because x is ,indian 9 _s1 & !re=e m ?an probably also ( ,indian orig91 al?\gh only indirectly1 ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,b to ! ,jewi% /em1 ^u :i* t ,indian wisdom _h to be graft$ 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 su* a doctr9e is z little suit$ z ! fre$om ( ! w to its det]m9ism1 or z 8,humano capiti c]vicem pictor equ9am ,jung]e si velit40 ,x is always bad if "o _c be ?or\ghly orig9al1 & d>e n c>ve out ( ! :ole wood4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 on ! o!r h&1 h q consi/5tly1 besides ! cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea?1 an exi/5ce be=e bir? to expiate ! guilt ( :i* we h ?is life4 ,moreov]1 h[ di/9ctly consci\s !y 7 ( ! necess>y consi/5cy 9 ?is is %[n by ! foll[+ passage f ,colebrooke's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,philosophy0 9 ! 8,transac4 ( ! ,asiatic ,london ,society10 vol4 i4 p4 #egg3 8,aga9/ ! sy/em ( ! ,bhagavatas :i* is b p>tially h]etical1 ! objection ^u :i* ! *ief /ress is laid by ,vyaso is1 t ! s\l w\ld n be et]nal if x 7 a production1 & consequ5tly _h a beg9n+40 ,fur!r1 9 ,upham's 8,doctr9e ( ,buddhism10 p4 #aaj1 x is said3 8,! lot 9 hell ( impi\s p]sons call$ ,deitty is ! mo/ sev]e3 ^! are !y :o1 discr$it+ ! evid5ce ( ,buddha1 adh]e to ! h]etical doctr9e t all liv+ be+s _h _! beg9n+ 9 ! "m's womb1 & w h _! end 9 dea?40 ,:oev] conceives 8 exi/5ce z m]ely accid5tal mu/ c]ta9ly fe> t he w lose x by dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :oev] sees1 ev5 only 9 g5]al1 t 8 exi/5ce re/s ^u "s k9d ( orig9al necessity w n believe t ?is :i* has produc$ s wond]ful a ?+ is limit$ to su* a brief span ( "t1 b t x is active 9 e "o4 ,b he w recognise 8 exi/5ce z necess>y :o reflects t up till n[1 :5 he exi/s1 already an inf9ite "t1 ?us also an inf9ity ( *anges1 has run its c\rse1 b 9 spite ( ?is he yet exi/s2 ?us ! ,:ole range ( all possible /ates has already exhau/$ itself )\t be+ able to de/roy 8 exi/5ce4 ,if he c\ld ev] n be1 he w\ld already n be n[4 ,= ! inf9ity ( ! "t t has already elaps$1 ) ! exhau/$ possibility ( ! ev5ts 9 x1 gu>antees t :at exi/s1 exi/s necess>ily4 ,!re=e e "o mu/ conceive himself z a necess>y be+1 i4e41 z a be+ ^: exi/5ce w\ld foll[ f its true & exhau/ive def9ition if "o only _h x4 ,9 ?is l9e ( ?\ght1 !n1 really lies ! only imman5t pro( ( ! imp]i%abl5ess ( our nature1 i4e41 ! only pro( ( ?is t holds good )9 ! sph]e ( empirical data4 ,9 ?is nature exi/5ce mu/ inh]e1 because x %[s itself z indep5d5t ( all /ates :i* c possibly be introduc$ ?r\gh ! *a9 ( causes2 = ^! /ates h already done :at !y c\ld1 & yet our exi/5ce has rema9$ un%ak5 by x1 z ! ray ( light by ! /orm w9d :i* x cuts ?r\gh4 ,if "t1 ( its own res\rces1 c\ld br+ u to a happy /ate1 !n we w\ld already h be5 !re long ago2 = an inf9ite "t lies beh9d u4 ,b also3 if x c\ld lead u to de/ruction1 we w\ld already h long be5 no m4 ,f ! fact t we n[ exi/1 x foll[s1 if well consid]$1 t we mu/ at all times exi/4 ,= we are ourselves ! nature :i* "t has tak5 up into itself 9 ord] to fill its void2 consequ5tly x fills ! :ole ( "t1 pres5t1 pa/1 & future1 9 ! same way1 & x is j z impossible = u to fall out ( exi/5ce z to fall out ( space4 ,c>efully consid]$1 x is inconceivable t :at once exi/s 9 all ! /r5g? ( reality %\ld ev] become no?+1 & !n n be1 ?r\gh an inf9ite "t4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! re/oration ( all ?+s1 t ( ! ,h9dus ( ! con/antly repeat$ creation ( ! _w by ,brahma1 toge!r ) simil> dogmas ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! great my/]y ( our be+ & n be+1 to expla9 :i* ^! & all k9dr$ dogmas h be5 devis$1 ultimately re/s ^u ! fact t ! same ?+ :i* objectively con/itutes an inf9ite c\rse ( "t is subjectively an indivisible1 ev] pres5t pres5t3 b :o compreh5ds x8 ,x has be5 mo/ di/9ctly set =? by ,kant 9 8 immortal doctr9e ( ! ideality ( "t & ! sole reality ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,= x results f ?is t ! really ess5tial "p ( ?+s1 ( man1 ( ! _w1 lies p]man5tly & endur+ly 9 ! ,nunc /ans1 firm & immovable2 & t ! *ange ( ! ph5om5a & ev5ts is a m]e consequ5ce ( our appreh5sion ( !m by means ( our =m ( p]ception1 :i* is "t4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( say+ to m51 8,ye h aris5 ?r\gh bir?1 b are immortal10 "o ought to say to !m1 8,ye are n no?+10 & tea* !m to und]/& ?is 9 ! s5se ( ! say+ attribut$ to ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 8 0 7,quod enim e/1 erit semp]71 ,/ob4 ,ecl41 i4 #dc1 #f4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is does n succe$1 b ! anxi\s he>t raises its old lam5t1 8,i see all be+s arise ?r\gh bir? out ( no?+1 & aft] a brief t]m aga9 return to ?is2 my exi/5ce also1 n[ 9 ! pres5t1 w soon lie 9 ! di/ant pa/1 & ,i w be no?+60--! "r answ] is1 8,do/ ?\ n exi/8 ,ha/ ?\ n )9 !e ! valuable pres5t1 aft] :i* ye *ildr5 ( "t s eag]ly /rive1 n[ )91 actually )98 ,& do/ ?\ und]/& h[ ?\ ha/ atta9$ to x8 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! pa?s :i* h l$ !e to x1 t ?\ can/ "k !y w be %ut aga9/ !e by dea?8 ,an exi/5ce ( ?yself aft] ! de/ruction ( ?y body is n conceivable by !e z possible2 b c x be m inconceivable to !e ?an ?y pres5t exi/5ce1 & h[ ?\ ha/ atta9$ to x8 ,:y %\ld/ ?\ d\bt b t ! secret pa?s to ?is pres5t1 :i* /ood op5 to !e1 w also /& op5 to e future pres5t80 ,if1 !n1 consid]ations ( ?is k9d are at any rate adapt$ to awak5 ! conviction t !re is some?+ 9 u :i* dea? _c de/roy1 ?is yet only takes place by rais+ u to a po9t ( view f :i* bir? is n ! beg9n+ ( our exi/5ce4 ,b f ?is x foll[s t :at is prov$ to be inde/ructible by dea? is n prop]ly ! individual1 :i*1 moreov]1 z hav+ aris5 ?r\gh g5]ation1 & hav+ 9 itself ! qualities ( ! fa!r & "m1 pres5ts itself z a m]e diff]5ce ( ! species1 b z su* c only be f9ite4 ,z1 9 accordance ) ?is1 ! individual has no recollection ( its exi/5ce be=e its bir?1 s x c h no remembrance ( its pres5t exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,b e "o places 8 ego 9 consci\sness2 ?is seems to him !re=e to be b\nd to individuality1 ) :i*1 besides1 ev]y?+ disappe>s :i* is peculi> to him1 z to ?is1 & di/+ui%es him f o!rs4 ,8 cont9u$ exi/5ce )\t individuality becomes to him !re=e indi/+ui%able f ! cont9uance ( o!r be+s1 & he sees 8 ego s9k4 ,b :oev] ?us l9ks 8 exi/5ce to ! id5tity ( consci\sness1 & !re=e desires an endless exi/5ce aft] dea? = ?is1 ought to reflect t he c c]ta9ly only atta9 ?is at ! price ( j z endless a pa/ be=e bir?4 ,= s9ce he has no remembrance ( an exi/5ce be=e bir?1 ?us 8 consci\sness beg9s ) bir?1 he mu/ accept 8 bir? z an orig9ation ( 8 exi/5ce out ( no?+4 ,b !n he pur*ases ! endless "t ( 8 exi/5ce aft] dea? = j z long a "t be=e bir?2 ?us ! acc\nt balances )\t any pr(it = him4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce :i* dea? leaves unt\*$ is diff]5t f t ( ! individual consci\sness1 !n x mu/ be indep5d5t ( bir?1 j z ( dea?2 & !re=e1 ) reg>d to x1 x mu/ be equally true to say1 8,i w always be10 & 8,i h always be520 :i* !n gives two inf9ities = "o4 ,b ! great equivocation really lies 9 ! ^w 8,i10 z any "o w see at once :o rememb]s ! cont5ts ( our second book1 & ! sep>ation :i* is made !re ( ! will+ f ! kn[+ "p ( our nature4 ,accord+ z ,i und]/& ?is ^w ,i c say1 8,dea? is my complete end20 or1 8,?is my p]sonal ph5om5al exi/5ce is j z inf9itely small a "p ( my true nature z ,i am ( ! _w40 ,b ! 8,i0 is ! d>k po9t 9 consci\sness1 z on ! ret9a ! exact po9t at :i* ! n]ve ( sight ent]s is bl9d1 z ! bra9 itself is entirely )\t s5sation1 ! body ( ! sun is d>k1 & ! eye sees all except itself4 ,our faculty ( k is direct$ entirely t[>ds )\t1 9 accordance ) ! fact t x is ! product ( a bra9 function1 :i* has aris5 = ! purpose ( m]e selfma9t5ance1 ?us ( ! se>* = n\ri%m5t & ! capture ( prey4 ,!re=e e "o kn[s himself only z ?is individual z x pres5ts itself 9 ext]nal p]ception4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he c\ld br+ to consci\sness :at he is besides & beyond ?is1 !n he w\ld will+ly give up 8 individuality1 smile at ! t5acity ( 8 atta*m5t to x1 & say1 8,:at is ! loss ( ?is individuality to me1 :o be> 9 myself ! possibility ( innum]able individualities80 ,he w\ld see t ev5 if a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( 8 individuality does n lie be=e him1 x is yet q z good z if he _h su* an exi/5ce1 because he c>ries 9 himself complete comp5sation = x4 ,besides1 h[ev]1 x may fur!r be tak5 into consid]ation t ! individuality ( mo/ m5 is s mis]able & wor?less t ) x !y truly lose no?+1 & t t 9 !m :i* may /ill h "s wor? is ! univ]sal human elem5t2 b to ?is imp]i%abl5ess c be promis$4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! rigid unalt]abl5ess & ess5tial limitation ( e individual w\ld1 9 ! case ( an endless duration ( x1 necess>ily at la/ produce su* great we>9ess by its monotony t only to be reliev$ ( ?is "o w\ld pref] to become no?+4 ,to desire t ! individuality %\ld be immortal really means to wi% to p]petuate an error inf9itely4 ,= at bottom e individuality is really only a special error1 a false /ep1 some?+ t _h bett] n be2 nay1 some?+ :i* x is ! real end ( life to br+ u back f4 ,?is also f9ds confirmation 9 ! fact t ! great majority1 inde$ really all m51 are s con/itut$ t !y c\ld n be happy 9 :atev] k9d ( _w !y might be plac$4 ,9 proportion z su* a _w exclud$ want & h>d%ip1 !y w\ld become a prey to ennui1 & 9 proportion z ?is 0 prev5t$1 !y w\ld fall into want1 mis]y1 & suff]+4 ,?us = a bless$ condition ( man x w\ld be by no means suffici5t t he %\ld be transf]r$ to a 8bett] _w10 b x w\ld also be necess>y t a complete *ange %\ld take place 9 himself2 t ?us he %\ld no long] be :at he is1 &1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld become :at he is n4 ,b = ?is he mu/ fir/ ( all cease to be :at he is3 ?is desid]atum is1 z a prelim9>y1 suppli$ by dea?1 ! moral necessity ( :i* c already be se5 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,to be transf]r$ to ano!r _w & to h 8 :ole nature *ang$ are1 at bottom1 "o & ! same4 ,^u ?is also ultimately re/s t dep5d5ce ( ! objective ^u ! subjective :i* ! idealism ( our fir/ book %[s4 ,accord+ly "h lies ! po9t at :i* ! transc5d5t philosophy l9ks itself on to e?ics4 ,if "o consid]s ?is "o w f9d t ! awak+ f ! dream ( life is only possible ?r\gh ! disappe>ance along ) x ( its :ole gr\ndw>p also1 ,b ?is is its organ itself1 ! intellect toge!r ) its =ms1 ) :i* ! dream w\ld sp9 itself out )\t end1 s firmly is x incorporat$ ) x4 ,t :i* really dreamt ?is dream is yet diff]5t f x1 & alone rema9s ov]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fe> t ) dea? all w be ov] may be comp>$ to ! case ( "o :o imag9es 9 a dream t !re are only dreams )\t a dream]4 ,b n[1 aft] an individual consci\sness has once be5 end$ by dea?1 w\ld x ev5 be desirable t x %\ld be k9dl$ aga9 9 ord] to cont9ue = ev]8 ,! great] "p ( its cont5t1 nay1 g5]ally its :ole cont5t1 is no?+ b a /ream ( small1 e>?ly1 paltry ?\ghts & endless c>es4 ,let !m1 !n1 at la/ be /ill$6 ,!re=e ) a true in/9ct1 ! anci5ts inscrib$ ^u _! grave/ones3 ,securitati p]petu2--or ,bon quieti4 ,b if "h1 z s (t5 has happ5$1 a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! individual consci\sness %\ld be desir$1 9 ord] to connect ) x a future rew>d or puni%m5t1 :at w\ld really be aim$ at 9 ?is w\ld simply be ! compatibility ( virtue & egoism4 ,b ^! two w nev] embrace3 !y are fundam5tally oppos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conviction is well f\nd$1 :i* ! sight ( noble conduct calls =?1 t ! _s ( love1 :i* enjo9s "o man to sp>e 8 enemy1 & ano!r to protect at ! risk ( 8 life "s "o :om he has nev] se5 be=e1 c nev] pass away & become no?+4 ,! mo/ ?or\gh answ] to ! "q z to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! individual aft] dea? lies 9 ,kant's great doctr9e ( ! ideality ( "t1 :i* j "h %[s itself specially fruitful & ri* 9 consequ5ces1 = x sub/itutes a purely !oretical b wellprov$ insight = dogmas :i* ^u "o pa? z ^u ! o!r lead to ! absurd1 & ?us settles at once ! mo/ excit+ ( all metaphysical que/ions4 ,beg9n+1 end+1 & cont9u+ are conceptions :i* d]ive _! significance simply & solely f "t1 & are !re=e valid only "u ! presupposition ( ?is4 ,b "t has no absolute exi/5ce2 x is n ! mann] ( be+ ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b m]ely ! =m ( our k ( our exi/5ce & nature1 & t ( all ?+s1 :i* is j on ?is acc\nt v imp]fect1 & is limit$ to m]e ph5om5a4 ,?us ) ref]5ce to ?is k alone d ! conceptions ( ceas+ & cont9u+ f9d application1 n ) ref]5ce to t :i* exhibits itself 9 ^!1 ! inn] be+ ( ?+s 9 relation to :i* ^! conceptions h !re=e no long] any mean+4 ,= ?is %[s itself also 9 ! fact t an answ] to ! "q :i* arises f ^? "tconceptions is impossible1 & e ass]tion ( su* an answ]1 :e!r ^u "o side or ! o!r1 is op5 to conv9c+ objections4 ,"o might inde$ ass]t t our true be+ cont9ues aft] dea? because x is false t x is de/roy$2 b "o might j z well ass]t t x is de/roy$ because x is false t x cont9ues3 at bottom ! "o is z true z ! o!r4 ,accord+ly some?+ l an ant9omy might c]ta9ly be set up "h4 ,b x w\ld re/ ^u m]e negations4 ,9 x "o w\ld d5y two contradictorily opposite pr$icates ( ! subject ( ! judgm5t1 b only because ! :ole category ( ^! pr$icates w\ld be inapplicable to t subject4 ,b if n[ "o d5ies ^! two pr$icates1 n toge!r1 b sep>ately1 x appe>s z if ! contradictory opposite ( ! pr$icate :i* 9 ea* case is d5i$ 7 prov$ ( ! subject ( ! judgm5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t "h incomm5surable quantities are comp>$1 = ! problem removes u to a sc5e :]e "t is aboli%$1 & yet asks ab\t temporal prop]ties :i* x is consequ5tly equally false to attribute to1 or to d5y ( ! subject4 ,?is j means3 ! problem is transc5d5t4 ,9 ?is s5se dea? rema9s a my/]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 adh]+ to t di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself1 we c make ! ass]tion t1 z ph5om5on1 man is c]ta9ly p]i%able1 b yet 8 true be+ w n be involv$ 9 ?is4 ,?us ?is true be+ is inde/ructible1 al?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! elim9ation ( "tconceptions :i* is connect$ ) x1 we _c attribute to x cont9uance4 ,accord+ly we w\ld be l$ "h to ! conception ( an inde/ructibility :i* w\ld yet be no cont9uance4 ,n[ ?is is a conception :i*1 hav+ be5 obta9$ on ! pa? ( ab/raction1 c c]ta9ly also be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract1 b yet _c be support$ by any p]ception1 & consequ5tly _c really become di/9ct2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ "h keep 9 m9d t we h n1 l ,kant1 absolutely giv5 up ! k ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b "k t x is to be s\ght = 9 ! w4 ,x is true t we h nev] ass]t$ an absolute & exhau/ive k ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b r h se5 v well t x is impossible to "k any?+ z x is absolutely & 9 itself4 ,= z soon z ,i "k1 ,i h an idea2 b ?is idea1 j because x is my idea1 _c be id5tical ) :at is kn[n1 b repeats x 9 an entirely diff]5t =m1 = x makes a be+ = o!r out ( a be+ = self1 & is ?us always to be reg>d$ z a ph5om5al appe>ance ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,!re=e = a kn[+ consci\sness1 h[ev] x may be con/itut$1 !re c be always only ph5om5a4 ,?is is n entirely obviat$ ev5 by ! fact t x is my own nature :i* is kn[n2 =1 s9ce x falls )9 my kn[+ consci\sness1 x is already a reflex ( my nature1 some?+ diff]5t f ?is itself1 ?us already 9 a c]ta9 degree ph5om5on4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ,i am a kn[+ be+1 ,i h ev5 9 my own nature really only a ph5om5on2 s f>1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,i am directly ?is nature itself1 ,i am n a kn[+ be+4 ,= x is suffici5tly prov$ 9 ! second book t k is only a second>y prop]ty ( our be+1 & introduc$ by its animal nature4 ,/rictly speak+1 !n1 we "k ev5 our own w always m]ely z ph5om5on1 & n z x may be absolutely 9 & = itself4 ,b 9 t second book1 & also 9 my "w ^u ! w 9 nature1 x is fully expla9$ & prov$ t if1 9 ord] to p5etrate into ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 leav+ :at is giv5 m]ely indirectly & f )\t1 we /ick to ! only ph5om5on into ! nature ( :i* an imm$iate insight f )9 is atta9able1 we f9d 9 ?is q def9itely1 z ! ultimate k]nel ( reality1 ! w1 9 :i* !re=e we recognise ! ?+ 9 itself 9 s f> z x has "h no long] space1 al?\gh x /ill has "t1 = its =m consequ5tly really only 9 its mo/ imm$iate manife/ation1 & ) ! res]vation t ?is k ( x is /ill n exhau/ive & entirely adequate4 ,?us 9 ?is s5se we reta9 "h also ! conception ( w z t ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! conception ( ceas+ to be is c]ta9ly applicable to man z a ph5om5on 9 "t1 & empirical k pla9ly pres5ts dea? z ! end ( ?is temporal exi/5ce4 ,! end ( ! p]son is j z real z 0 its beg9n+1 & 9 ! same s5se z be=e bir? we 7 n1 aft] dea? we %all be no m4 ,yet no m c be de/roy$ by dea? ?an 0 produc$ by bir?2 ?us n t ?r\gh :i* bir? fir/ became possible4 ,9 ?is s5se natus et d5atus is a beautiful expression4 ,b n[ ! :ole ( empirical k af=ds u m]ely ph5om5a2 !re=e only ph5om5a are involv$ 9 ! temporal processes ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 & n t :i* manife/s itself 9 ! ph5om5a1 ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,= ?is ! opposition ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away condition$ by ! bra91 does n exi/ at all1 b has "h lo/ mean+ & significance4 ,x ?us rema9s unt\*$ by ! temporal end ( a temporal ph5om5on1 & con/antly reta9s t exi/5ce to :i* ! conceptions ( beg9n+1 end1 & cont9uance are n applicable4 ,b ! ?+ 9 itself1 s f> z we c foll[ x1 is 9 e ph5om5al be+ ! w ( ?is be+3 s also 9 man4 ,consci\sness1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 k4 ,b k1 z activity ( ! bra91 & consequ5tly z function ( ! organism1 belongs1 z has be5 suffici5tly prov$1 to ! m]e ph5om5on1 & !re=e ends ) ?is4 ,! w alone1 ^: "w1 or r ^: image 0 ! body1 is t :i* is inde/ructible4 ,! %>p di/9ction ( w f k1 toge!r ) ! primacy ( ! =m]1 :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( my philosophy1 is !re=e ! only key to ! contradiction :i* pres5ts itself 9 s _m ways1 & arises ev] anew 9 e consci\sness1 ev5 ! mo/ crude1 t dea? is our end1 & t yet we mu/ be et]nal & inde/ructible1 ?us ! s5timus1 exp]imurque nos t]nos esse ( ,sp9oza4 ,all philosoph]s h err$ 9 ?is3 !y place ! metaphysical1 ! inde/ructible1 ! et]nal elem5t 9 man 9 ! intellect4 ,x lies exclusively 9 ! w1 :i* is entirely diff]5t f ! intellect1 & alone is orig9al4 ,! intellect1 z 0 mo/ fully %[n 9 ! second book1 is a second>y ph5om5on1 & condition$ by ! bra91 !re=e beg9n+ & end+ ) ?is4 ,! w alone is t :i* conditions1 ! k]nel ( ! :ole ph5om5on1 consequ5tly free f ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on to :i* "t belongs1 ?us also inde/ructible4 ,accord+ly ) dea? consci\sness is c]ta9ly lo/1 b n t :i* produc$ & su/a9$ consci\sness2 life is ext+ui%$1 b n ! pr9ciple ( life also1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 x4 ,!re=e a sure feel+ in=ms e "o t !re is some?+ 9 him :i* is absolutely imp]i%able & inde/ructible4 ,inde$ ! fre%ness & vividness ( memories ( ! mo/ di/ant "t1 ( e>lie/ *ildhood1 be>s witness to ! fact t some?+ 9 u does n pass away ) "t1 does n gr[ old1 b endures un*ang$4 ,b :at ?is imp]i%able elem5t is "o c\ld n make cle> to oneself4 ,x is n consci\sness any m ?an x is ! body ^u :i* cle>ly consci\sness dep5ds4 ,b x is j t :i*1 :5 x appe>s 9 consci\sness1 pres5ts itself z w4 ,beyond ?is imm$iate manife/ation ( x we c]ta9ly _c g2 because we _c g beyond consci\sness2 !re=e ! "q :at t may be :5 x does n come )9 consci\sness1 i4e41 :at x is absolutely 9 itself1 rema9s unansw]able4 ,9 ! ph5om5on1 & by means ( its =ms1 "t & space1 z pr9cipium individuationis1 :at pres5ts itself is t ! human individual p]i%es1 :ile ! human race1 on ! contr>y1 always rema9s & lives4 ,b 9 ! true be+ ( ?+s1 :i* is free f ^! =ms1 ?is :ole di/9ction betwe5 ! individual & ! race also disappe>s1 & ! two are imm$iately "o4 ,! :ole w to live is 9 ! individual1 z x is 9 ! race1 & !re=e ! cont9uance ( ! species is m]ely ! image ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! individual4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! inf9itely important und]/&+ ( ! inde/ructibility ( our true nature by dea? dep5ds entirely ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself1 ,i wi% n[ to br+ ?is diff]5ce into ! cle>e/ light by expla9+ x 9 ! opposite ( dea?1 ?us 9 ! orig9 ( ! animal exi/5ce1 i4e41 g5]ation4 ,= ?is process1 :i* is j z my/]i\s z dea?1 pres5ts to u mo/ directly ! fundam5tal opposition betwe5 ! ph5om5al appe>ance & ! true be+ ( ?+s1 i4e41 betwe5 ! _w z idea & ! _w z w1 & also ! entire het]og5eity ( ! laws ( ^! two4 ,! act ( procreation pres5ts itself to u 9 a tw(old mann]3 fir/1 = selfconsci\sness1 ^: only object1 z ,i h (t5 %[n1 is ! w1 ) all its affections2 & !n = ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 i4e41 ! _w ( idea1 or ! empirical reality ( ?+s4 ,n[1 f ! side ( ! w1 ?us inw>dly1 subjectively1 = self consci\sness1 t act pres5ts itself z ! mo/ imm$iate & complete satisfaction ( ! w1 i4e41 z s5sual pleasure4 ,f ! side ( ! idea1 on ! o!r h&1 ?us ext]nally1 objectively1 = ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?is act is j ! wo( ( ! mo/ cunn+ ( webs1 ! f\ndation ( ! inexpressibly complicat$ animal organism1 :i* !n only requires to be develop$ to become visible to our a/oni%$ eyes4 ,?is organism1 ^: inf9ite complication & p]fection is only kn[n to him :o has /udi$ anatomy1 _c1 f ! side ( ! idea1 be o!rwise conceiv$ & ?\ght ( ?an z a sy/em devis$ ) ! mo/ +5i\s =e?\ght & c>ri$ out ) ! mo/ consummate skill & exactness1 z ! mo/ ardu\s "w ( pr(\nd reflection4 ,b f ! side ( ! w we "k1 ?r\gh self consci\sness1 ! production ( ?is organism z ! "w ( an act :i* is exactly ! opposite ( all reflection1 an impetu\s1 bl9d impulse1 an exce$+ly pleasurable s5sation4 ,?is opposition is closely relat$ to ! inf9ite contra/1 :i* is %[n above1 betwe5 ! absolute facility ) :i* nature produces its works1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ly b\ndless c>elessness ) :i* x ab&ons !m to de/ruction1 & ! incalculably +5i\s & /udi$ con/ruction ( ^! v works1 judg+ f :i* !y mu/ h be5 inf9itely difficult to make1 & _! ma9t5ance %\ld h be5 provid$ = ) all conceivable c>e2 :ile we h ! opposite be=e our eyes4 ,if n[ by ?is c]ta9ly v unusual consid]ation1 we h br\ght toge!r 9 ! bolde/ mann] ! two het]og5e\s sides ( ! _w1 &1 z x 71 grasp$ !m ) "o h&1 we mu/ n[ hold !m fa/ 9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves ( ! entire invalidity ( ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 or ! _w z idea1 = t ( w1 or ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,!n x w become m compreh5sible to u t :ile on ! side ( ! idea1 t is1 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 !re exhibits itself to u n[ an aris+ out ( no?+1 & n[ an entire annihilation ( :at has aris51 f t o!r side1 or 9 itself1 a nature lies be=e u ) ref]5ce to :i* ! conceptions ( aris+ & pass+ away h no significance4 ,=1 by go+ back to ! root1 :]e1 by means ( selfconsci\sness1 ! ph5om5on & ! ?+ 9 itself meet1 we h j1 z x 71 palpably appreh5d$ t ! two are absolutely incomm5surable1 & ! :ole mann] ( be+ ( ! "o1 toge!r ) all ! fundam5tal laws ( its be+1 signify no?+1 & less ?an no?+1 9 ! o!r4 ,i believe t ?is la/ consid]ation w only be rightly und]/ood by a few1 & t x w be displeas+ & ev5 (f5sive to all :o d n und]/& x1 b ,i %all nev] on ?is acc\nt omit any?+ t c s]ve to illu/rate my fundam5tal ?\ght4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ,i h expla9$ t ! great cl++ to life1 or r fe> ( dea?1 by no means spr+s f k1 9 :i* case x w\ld be ! result ( ! kn[n value ( life2 b t t fe> ( dea? has its root directly 9 ! w1 out ( ! orig9al nature ( :i* x proce$s1 9 :i* x is entirely )\t k1 & !re=e bl9d w to live4 ,z we are allur$ into life by ! :olly illusory incl9ation to s5sual pleasure1 s we are reta9$ 9 x by ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* is c]ta9ly j z illusory4 ,bo? spr+ directly f ! w1 :i* 9 itself is unconsci\s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 man 7 m]ely a kn[+ be+1 !n dea? w\ld necess>ily be to him n only indiff]5t1 b ev5 welcome4 ,! reflection to :i* we h "h atta9$ n[ tea*es t :at is affect$ by dea? is m]ely ! kn[+ consci\sness1 & ! w1 on ! o!r h&1 because x is ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( e ph5om5on1 is free f all t dep5ds ^u temporal det]m9ations1 ?us is also imp]i%able4 ,its /riv+ t[>ds exi/5ce & manife/ation1 f :i* ! _w results1 is con/antly satisfi$1 = ?is accompanies x z ! %ad[ accompanies ! body1 = x is m]ely ! visibility ( its nature4 ,t yet 9 u x fe>s dea? results f ! fact t "h k pres5ts its exi/5ce to x z m]ely 9 ! individual ph5om5on1 :5ce ! illusion arises t x w p]i% ) ?is1 z my image 9 a mirror seems to be de/roy$ along ) x if ! mirror is brok52 ?is !n1 z contr>y to its orig9al nature1 :i* is a bl9d /riv+ t[>ds exi/5ce1 fills x ) horror4 ,f ?is n[ x foll[s t t 9 u :i* alone is capable ( fe>+ dea?1 & also alone fe>s x1 ! w1 is n affect$ by x2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is affect$ by x & really p]i%es is t :i* f its nature is capable ( no fe>1 & 9 g5]al ( no desire or emotion1 & is !re=e indiff]5t to be+ & n be+1 ! m]e subject ( k1 ! intellect1 ^: exi/5ce consi/s 9 its relation to ! _w ( idea1 i4e41 ! objective _w1 ^: correlative x is1 & ) ^: exi/5ce its own is ultimately "o4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! individual consci\sness does n survive dea?1 yet t survives x :i* alone /ruggles aga9/ x--! w4 ,?is also expla9s ! contradiction t f ! /&po9t ( k philosoph]s h always prov$ ) cog5t reasons t dea? is no evil2 yet ! fe> ( dea? rema9s inevitable = all1 because x is root$1 n 9 k1 b 9 ! w4 ,x is also a result ( ! fact t only ! w1 & n ! intellect1 is inde/ructible1 t all religions & philosophies promise a rew>d 9 et]nity only to ! virtues ( ! w1 or he>t1 n to ^? ( ! intellect1 or head4 ,! foll[+ may also s]ve to illu/rate ?is consid]ation4 ,! w1 :i* con/itutes our true be+1 is ( a simple nature2 x m]ely wills1 & does n "k4 ,! subject ( k1 on ! o!r h&1 is a second>y ph5om5on1 aris+ f ! objectification ( ! w2 x is ! po9t ( unity ( ! s5sibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z x 7 ! focus 9 :i* ! rays ( ! activity ( all ! p>ts ( ! bra9 unite4 ,) ?is1 !n1 x mu/ p]i%4 ,9 selfconsci\sness1 z t :i* alone kn[s1 x /&s ov] aga9/ ! w z its spectator1 &1 al?\gh sprung f x1 kn[s x z some?+ diff]5t f itself1 some?+ =eign to x1 & consequ5tly also only empirically1 9 "t1 by degrees1 9 its successive excitem5ts & acts1 & also le>ns its decisions only a po/]iori1 & (t5 v indirectly4 ,?is expla9s ! fact t our own nature is a riddle to u1 i4e41 to our intellect1 & t ! individual reg>ds itself z hav+ newly aris5 & z p]i%able2 al?\gh its true nature is indep5d5t ( "t1 ?us is et]nal4 ,z n[ ! w does n "k1 s conv]sely ! intellect1 or ! subject ( k1 is simply & solely kn[+1 )\t ev] will+4 ,?is c be prov$ ev5 physically 9 ! fact t1 z 0 already m5tion$ 9 ! second book1 accord+ to ,bi*at1 ! v>i\s emotions directly affect all p>ts ( ! organism & di/urb _! functions1 ) ! exception ( ! bra91 :i* c only be affect$ by !m v indirectly1 i4e41 j 9 consequ5ce ( ^? di/urbances 7,de la vie et de la mort1 art4 #f1 #b74 ,b f ?is x foll[s t ! subject ( k1 = itself & z su*1 _c take "p or int]e/ 9 any?+1 b = x ! be+ or n be+ ( ev]y?+1 nay1 ev5 ( its own self1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,n[ :y %\ld ?is purely neutral be+ be immortal8 ,x ends ) ! temporal manife/ation ( ! w1 i4e41 ! individual1 z x arose ) x4 ,x is ! lant]n :i* is ext+ui%$ :5 x has s]v$ its end4 ,! intellect1 l ! p]ceptible _w :i* exi/s only 9 x1 is a m]e ph5om5on2 b ! f9it5ess ( bo? does n affect t ( :i* !y are ! ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,! intellect is ! function ( ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em2 b ! latt]1 l ! re/ ( ! body1 is ! objectivity ( ! w4 ,!re=e ! intellect dep5ds ^u ! somatic life ( ! organism2 b ?is itself dep5ds ^u ! w4 ,! organis$ body may ?us1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be reg>d$ z ! l9k betwe5 ! w & ! intellect2 al?\gh really x is only ! w itself exhibit+ itself spatially 9 ! p]ception ( ! intellect4 ,dea? & bir? are ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! consci\sness ( ! w1 9 itself )\t end & )\t beg9n+1 :i* alone is1 z x 71 ! sub/ance ( exi/5ce 7b ea* su* r5ewal br+s a new possibility ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live74 ,consci\sness is ! life ( ! subject ( k1 or ! bra91 & dea? is its end4 ,& !re=e1 f9ally1 consci\sness is always new1 9 ea* case beg9n+ at ! beg9n+4 ,! w alone is p]man5t2 &1 moreov]1 x is x alone t p]man5ce conc]ns2 = x is ! w to live4 ,! kn[+ subject = itself is n conc]n$ ab\t any?+4 ,9 ! ego1 h[ev]1 ! two are b\nd up toge!r4 ,9 e animal exi/5ce ! w has a*iev$ an intellect :i* is ! light by :i* x "h pursues its ends4 ,x may be rem>k$ by ! way t ! fe> ( dea? may also p>tly dep5d ^u ! fact t ! individual w is s loa? to sep>ate f ! intellect :i* has fall5 to its lot ?r\gh ! c\rse ( nature1 its guide & gu>d1 )\t :i* x kn[s t x is helpless & bl9d4 ,f9ally1 ?is explanation also agrees ) ! commonplace moral exp]i5ce :i* tea*es u t ! w alone is real1 :ile its objects1 on ! o!r h&1 z condition$ by k1 are only ph5om5a1 are only fro? & vap\r1 l ! w9e :i* ,mephi/opheles provid$ 9 ,au]ba*'s cell>3 aft] e s5su\s pleasure we also say1 8,& yet x seem$ z ,i 7 dr9k+ w9e40 ,! t]rors ( dea? dep5d = ! mo/ "p ^u ! false illusion t n[ ! ego vani%es & ! _w rema9s4 ,b r is ! opposite ! case2 ! _w vani%es1 b ! inmo/ k]nel ( ! ego1 ! support] & produc] ( t subject1 9 ^: idea alone ! _w has its exi/5ce1 rema9s4 ,) ! bra9 ! intellect p]i%es1 & ) ! intellect ! objective _w1 its m]e idea4 ,t 9 o!r bra9s1 aft]w>ds z be=e1 a simil> _w lives & moves is1 ) ref]5ce to ! intellect :i* p]i%es1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 reality prop] did n lie 9 ! w1 & if ! moral exi/5ce 7 n t :i* ext5ds beyond dea?1 !n1 s9ce ! intellect1 & ) x its _w1 is ext+ui%$1 ! true nature ( ?+s 9 g5]al w\ld be no m ?an an endless succession ( %ort & tr\bl$ dreams1 )\t connection among !mselves2 = ! p]man5ce ( unconsci\s nature consi/s m]ely 9 ! idea ( "t ( consci\s nature4 ,?us a _w_s dream+ )\t end or aim1 dreams :i* = ! mo/ "p are v tr\bl$ & heavy1 w\ld !n be all 9 all4 ,:51 n[1 an individual exp]i5ces ! fe> ( dea?1 we h really be=e u ! extraord9>y1 nay1 absurd1 spectacle ( ! "l ( ! worlds1 :o fills all ) 8 be+1 & ?r\gh :om alone ev]y?+ t is has its exi/5ce1 despond+ & afraid ( p]i%+1 ( s9k+ into ! abyss ( et]nal no?+ness2--:ile1 9 tru?1 all is full ( him1 & !re is no place :]e he is n1 no be+ 9 :i* he does n live2 = x is n exi/5ce t supports him1 b he t supports exi/5ce4 ,yet x is he :o desponds 9 ! individual :o suff]s f ! fe> ( dea?1 = he is expos$ to ! illusion produc$ by ! pr9cipium individuationis t 8 exi/5ce is limit$ to ! nature :i* is n[ dy+4 ,?is illusion belongs to ! heavy dream into :i*1 z ! w to live1 he has fall54 ,b "o might say to ! dy+ individual3 8,?\ cease/ to be some?+ :i* ?\ had/ done bett] nev] to become40 ,s long z no d5ial ( ! w takes place1 :at dea? leaves unt\*$ is ! g]m & k]nel ( q ano!r exi/5ce1 9 :i* a new individual f9ds itself aga91 s fre% & orig9al t x broods ov] itself 9 a/oni%m5t4 ,:at sleep is = ! individual1 dea? is = ! w z ?+ 9 itself4 ,x w\ld n endure to cont9ue ! same actions & suff]+s ?r\gh\t an et]nity )\t true ga91 if memory & individuality rema9$ to x4 ,x fl+s !m (f1 & ?is is le!2 & ?r\gh ?is sleep ( dea? x reappe>s refre%$ & fitt$ out ) ano!r intellect1 z a new be+--8a new day tempts to new %ores40 ,z ! selfass]t+ w to live man has ! root ( 8 exi/5ce 9 ! species4 ,accord+ly dea? is ! loss ( "o individuality & ! assumption ( ano!r1 consequ5tly a *ange ( individuality "u ! exclusive guidance ( "o's own w4 ,= 9 ?is alone lies ! et]nal p[] :i* c\ld produce its exi/5ce ) its ego1 yet1 on acc\nt ( its nature1 0 n able to ma9ta9 x 9 exi/5ce4 ,= dea? is ! dm5ti :i* ! ess5ce 7ess5tia7 ( e "o receives 9 its claim to exi/5ce 7exi/5tia71 ! appe>ance ( a contradiction :i* lies 9 e individual exi/5ce3 8,= all t arises ,is wor?y ( be+ de/roy$40 ,b an inf9ite numb] ( su* exi/5ces1 ea* ) its ego1 /&s )9 rea* ( ?is p[]1 ?us ( ! w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w aga9 prove j z transitory & p]i%able4 ,s9ce n[ e ego has its sep>ate consci\sness1 t inf9ite numb] ( !m is1 ) ref]5ce to su* an ego1 n diff]5t f a s+le "o4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x appe>s to me n accid5tal t vum1 1 signifies bo? ! individual t]m ( life & inf9ite "t4 ,inde$ f ?is po9t ( view x may be se51 al?\gh indi/9ctly1 t ultimately & 9 !mselves bo? are ! same2 & accord+ to ?is !re w\ld really be no diff]5ce :e!r ,i exi/$ only ?r\gh my t]m ( life or = an inf9ite "t4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 we _c obta9 an idea ( all t is said above entirely )\t "tconcepts2 yet :5 we are deal+ ) ! ?+ 9 itself ^! ought to be exclud$4 ,b x belongs to ! unalt]able limitations ( our intellect t x c nev] entirely ca/ (f ?is fir/ & mo/ imm$iate =m ( all its ideas1 9 ord] to op]ate )\t x4 ,!re=e we c]ta9ly come "h ^u a k9d ( metempsy*osis1 al?\gh ) ! important diff]5ce t x does n conc]n ! :ole 1 n ! kn[+ be+1 b ! w alone2 & ?us1 ) ! consci\sness t ! =m ( "t only ent]s "h z an unavoidable concession to ! limitation ( our intellect1 s _m absurdities :i* accompany ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis disappe>4 ,if1 inde$1 we n[ call 9 ! assi/ance ( ! fact1 to be expla9$ 9 *apt] #dc1 t ! "*1 i4e41 ! w1 is inh]it$ f ! fa!r1 & ! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! "m1 x agrees v well ) our view t ! w ( a man1 9 itself individual1 sep>at$ itself 9 dea? f ! intellect receiv$ f ! "m 9 g5]ation1 & 9 accordance ) its n[ modifi$ nature1 "u ! guidance ( ! absolutely necess>y c\rse ( ! _w h>monis+ ) ?is1 receiv$ ?r\gh a new g5]ation a new intellect1 ) :i* x became a new be+1 :i* _h no recollection ( an e>li] exi/5ce2 = ! intellect1 :i* alone has ! faculty ( memory1 is ! mortal "p or ! =m1 :ile ! w is ! et]nal "p1 ! sub/ance4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ?is doctr9e is m correctly d5ot$ by ! ^w pal+5esis ?an by metempsy*osis4 ,^! con/ant new bir?s1 !n1 con/itute ! succession ( ! lifedreams ( a w :i* 9 itself is inde/ructible1 until1 in/ruct$ & improv$ by s mu* & su* v>i\s successive k 9 a con/antly new =m1 x aboli%es or abrogates itself4 ,! true &1 s to speak1 esot]ic doctr9e ( ,buddhism1 z we h come to "k x ?r\gh ! late/ inve/igations1 also agrees ) ?is view1 = x tea*es n metempsy*osis1 b a peculi> pal+5esis1 re/+ ^u a moral basis :i* x works out & expla9s ) great pr(undity4 ,?is may be se5 f ! exposition ( ! subject1 well wor? read+ & pond]+1 :i* is giv5 9 ,sp5ce ,h>dy's 8,manual ( ,buddhism10 pp4 #cidif 7) :i* comp>e pp4 #dbi1 #ddj1 & #dde ( ! same book71 ! confirmation ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,taylor's 8,prabodh ,*&ro ,daya10 ,london1 #ahab1 p4 #ce2 also 9 ,sang]mano's 8,burmese ,empire10 p4 #f1 & 9 ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 vol4 vi4 p4 #agi1 & vol4 ix4 p4 #bef4 ,! v useful ,g]man comp5dium ( ,buddhism by ,kpp5 is also "r ^u ?is po9t4 ,yet = ! great mass ( ,buddhi/s ?is doctr9e is too subtle2 !re=e to !m simple metempsy*osis is prea*$ z a compreh5sible sub/itute4 ,besides1 x mu/ n be neglect$ t ev5 empirical gr\nds support a pal+5esis ( ?is k9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re does exi/ a connection betwe5 ! bir? ( ! newly appe>+ be+s & ! dea? ( ^? t are worn out4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! great fruitfulness ( ! human race :i* appe>s z a consequ5ce ( deva/at+ diseases4 ,:5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! black dea? _h = ! mo/ "p depopulat$ ! old _w1 a q abnormal fruitfulness appe>$ among ! human race1 & tw9bir?s 7 v frequ5t4 ,! circum/ance 0 also v rem>kable t none ( ! *ildr5 born at ?is "t obta9$ _! full numb] ( tee?2 ?us nature1 ex]t+ itself to ! utmo/1 0 nigg>dly 9 details4 ,?is is relat$ by ,f4 ,s*nurr]1 8,*ronik d] ,seu*510 #ahbe4 ,casp] also1 8,ueb] die wahrs*e9li*e ,leb5sdau] des ,m5s*510 #ahce1 confirms ! pr9ciple t ! numb] ( bir?s 9 a giv5 population has ! mo/ decid$ influ5ce ^u ! l5g? ( life & mortality 9 x1 z ?is always keeps pace ) ! mortality3 s t always & ev]y:]e ! dea?s & ! bir?s increase & decrease 9 l proportion2 :i* he places beyond d\bt by an accumulation ( evid5ce collect$ f _m l&s & _! v>i\s prov9ces4 ,& yet x is impossible t !re c be a physical causal connection betwe5 my e>ly dea? & ! fruitfulness ( a m>riage ) :i* ,i h no?+ to d1 or conv]sely4 ,?us "h ! metaphysical appe>s und5iably & 9 a /up5d\s mann] z ! imm$iate gr\nd ( explanation ( ! physical4 ,e newborn be+ inde$ comes fre% & bli! into ! new exi/5ce1 & enjoys x z a free gift3 b !re is1 & c be1 no?+ freely giv54 ,its fre% exi/5ce is paid = by ! old age & dea? ( a wornout exi/5ce :i* has p]i%$1 b :i* conta9$ ! inde/ructible se$ out ( :i* ?is new exi/5ce has aris53 !y are "o be+4 ,to %[ ! bridge betwe5 ! two w\ld c]ta9ly be ! solution ( a great riddle4 ,! great tru? :i* is express$ "h has nev] be5 entirely unackn[l$g$1 al?\gh x c\ld n be r$uc$ to its exact & correct mean+1 :i* is only possible ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( ! primacy & metaphysical nature ( ! w & ! second>y1 m]ely organic nature ( ! intellect4 ,we f9d ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 spr++ f ! e>lie/ & noble/ ages ( ! human race1 always spread abroad 9 ! e>? z ! belief ( ! great majority ( mank9d1 nay1 really z ! tea*+ ( all religions1 ) ! exception ( t ( ! ,jews & ! two :i* h proce$$ f x3 9 ! mo/ subtle =m1 h[ev]1 & com+ ne>e/ to ! tru?1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 9 ,buddhism4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ,*ri/ians console !mselves ) ! ?\ght ( meet+ aga9 9 ano!r _w1 9 :i* "o rega9s "o's complete p]sonality & kn[s oneself at once1 9 ^? o!r religions ! meet+ aga9 is already go+ on n[1 only incognito4 ,9 ! succession ( bir?s1 & by virtue ( metempsy*osis or pal+5esis1 ! p]sons :o n[ /& 9 close connection or contact ) u w also be born along ) u at ! next bir?1 & w h ! same or analog\s relations & s5tim5ts t[>ds u z n[1 :e!r ^! are ( a fri5dly or a ho/ile description4 7,cf41 = example1 ,sp5ce ,h>dy's 8,manual ( ,buddhism10 p4 #afb47 ,recognition is c]ta9ly "h limit$ to an obscure intimation1 a rem9isc5ce :i* _c be br\ght to di/9ct consci\sness1 & ref]s to an inf9itely di/ant "t2--) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ,buddha himself1 :o has ! pr]ogative ( di/9ctly kn[+ 8 own e>li] bir?s & ^? ( o!rs2--z ?is is describ$ 9 ! 8,jtaka40 ,b1 9 fact1 if at fav\rable mom5t "o contemplates1 9 a purely objective mann]1 ! action ( m5 9 reality2 ! intuitive conviction is =c$ ^u "o t x n only is & rema9s con/antly ! same1 accord+ to ! 7,platonic7 ,idea1 b also t ! pres5t g5]ation1 9 its true inn] nature1 is precisely & sub/antially id5tical ) e g5]ation t has be5 be=e x4 ,! "q simply is 9 :at ?is true be+ consi/s4 ,! answ] :i* my doctr9e gives to ?is "q is well kn[n4 ,! intuitive conviction ref]r$ to may be conceiv$ z aris+ f ! fact t ! multiply+glasses1 "t & space1 lose = a mom5t _! effect4 ,) ref]5ce to ! univ]sality ( ! belief 9 metempsy*osis1 ,obry says rightly1 9 8 excell5t book1 8,du ,nirvana ,indi510 p4 #ac3 8,cette vieille croyance a fait le t\r du monde1 et tait tellem5t rp&ue dans la haute antiquit1 qu'un docte ,anglican l'avait juge sans pre1 sans mre1 et sans gnalogie0 7,?s4 ,burnet1 dans ,beausobre1 ,hi/4 du ,mani*isme1 ii4 p4 #cia74 ,taught already 9 ! ,v$as1 z 9 all ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 metempsy*osis is well kn[n to be ! k]nel ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,x accord+ly prevails at ! pres5t day 9 ! :ole ( non,mohamm$an ,asia1 ?us among m ?an half ( ! :ole human race1 z ! firme/ conviction1 & ) an incr$ibly /rong practical influ5ce4 ,x 0 also ! belief ( ! ,egyptians 7,h]od41 ii4 #abc71 f :om x 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm by ,orpheus4 ,py?agoras1 & ,plato3 ! ,py?agoreans1 h[ev]1 specially reta9$ x4 ,t x 0 also taught 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,greeks und5iably foll[s f ! n9? book ( ,plato's 8,laws0 7pp4 #ch & #db1 ed4 ,bip47 ,nemesius inde$ 7,de nat4 hom41 c4 #b7 says3 8 1 1 40 7,communit] igitur omnes ,grci1 qui animam immortalem /atu]unt1 eam de uno corpore 9 aliud transf]ri c5su]unt47 ,! 8,edda0 also1 especially 9 ! 8,vlusp10 tea*es metempsy*osis4 ,n less 0 x ! f\ndation ( ! religion ( ! ,druids 7,cs4 de bello ,gall41 vi42 ,a4 ,pictet1 ,le my/re des ,b>des de l'ile de ,bretagne1 #ahef74 ,ev5 a ,mohamm$an sect 9 ,h9do/an1 ! ,bohrahs1 ( :i* ,colebrooke gives a full acc\nt 9 ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 vol4 vii4 p4 #ccf sqq41 believes 9 metempsy*osis1 & accord+ly refra9s f all animal food4 ,also among ,am]ican ,indians & negro tribes1 nay1 ev5 among ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 traces ( ?is belief are f\nd1 z appe>s f a m9ute description giv5 9 ! ,times ( #bi? ,janu>y #ahda ( ! execution ( two ,au/ralian savages = arson & murd]4 ,x is said !re3 8,! y\ng] ( ! two prison]s met 8 end ) a dogg$ & a det]m9$ _s1 z x appe>$1 ( rev5ge2 ! only intelligible expressions made use ( convey$ an impression t he w\ld rise up a #8:ite fell[1' :i* x 0 consid]$ /r5g!n$ 8 resolution40 ,also 9 a book by ,ungewitt]1 8,d] ,welt!il ,au/rali510 x is relat$ t ! ,papuas 9 ,au/ralia reg>d$ ! :ites z _! own relations :o _h return$ to ! _w4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 ! belief 9 metempsy*osis pres5ts itself z ! natural conviction ( man1 :5ev] he reflects at all 9 an unprejudic$ mann]4 ,x w\ld really be t :i* ,kant falsely ass]ts ( 8 ?ree pret5d$ ,ideas ( ! reason1 a philosopheme natural to human reason1 :i* proce$s f its =ms2 & :5 x is n f\nd x mu/ h be5 displac$ by positive religi\s doctr9es com+ f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,i h also rem>k$ t x is at once obvi\s to e "o :o he>s ( x = ! fir/ "t4 ,let any "o only obs]ve h[ e>ne/ly ,less+ def5ds x 9 ! la/ sev5 p>agraphs ( 8 8,erziehung des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts40 ,li*t5b]g also says 9 8 8,selb/*>act]i/ik30 8,i _c get rid ( ! ?\ght t ,i di$ be=e ,i 0 born40 ,ev5 ! excessively empirical ,hume says 9 8 sceptical essay on immortality1 p4 #bc3 8,! metempsy*osis is !re=e ! only sy/em ( ?is k9d t philosophy c he>k5 to407#ca7 ,:at resi/s ?is belief1 :i* is spread ov] ! :ole human race & comm5ds itself alike to ! wise & to ! vulg>1 is ,judaism1 toge!r ) ! two religions :i* h sprung f x1 because !y tea* ! creation ( man out ( no?+1 & he has !n ! h>d task ( l9k+ on to ?is ! belief 9 an endless exi/5ce a p>te po/4 ,!y c]ta9ly h succe$$1 ) fire & sword1 9 driv+ out ( ,europe & "p ( ,asia t consol+ primitive belief ( mank9d2 x is /ill d\btful = h[ long4 ,yet h[ difficult ?is 0 is %[n by ! olde/ ,*ur* hi/ories4 ,mo/ ( ! h]etics 7 atta*$ to ?is primitive belief2 = example1 ,simoni/s1 ,basilidians1 ,val5t9ians1 ,m>cioni/s1 ,gno/ics1 & ,mani*ans4 ,! ,jews !mselves h 9 "p fall5 into x1 z ,t]tullian & ,ju/9us 79 8 dialogues7 in=m u4 ,9 ! ,talmud x is relat$ t ,abel's s\l pass$ into ! body ( ,se?1 & !n into t ( ,moses4 ,ev5 ! passage ( ! ,bible1 ,matt4 xvi4 #acae1 only obta9s a rational mean+ if we und]/& x z spok5 "u ! assumption ( ! dogma ( metempsy*osis4 ,luke1 x is true1 :o also has ! passage 7ix4 #ahbj71 adds ! words 1 & ?us attributes to ! ,jews ! assumption t su* an anci5t prophet c rise aga9 body & all1 :i*1 s9ce !y "k t he has already la9 betwe5 six & sev5 hundr$ ye>s 9 8 grave1 & consequ5tly has long s9ce turn$ to du/1 w\ld be a palpable absurdity4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 i4e41 ! doctr9e ( puni%m5t = ! s9s ( ano!r individual1 has tak5 ! place ( ! transmigration ( s\ls & ! expiation 9 ?is way ( all ! s9s committ$ 9 an e>li] life4 ,bo? id5tify1 & t ) a moral t5d5cy1 ! exi/+ man ) "o :o has exi/$ be=e2 ! transmigration ( s\ls does s directly1 orig9al s9 indirectly4 ,dea? is ! great reprim& :i* ! w to live1 or m especially ! egoism1 :i* is ess5tial to ?is1 receives ?r\gh ! c\rse ( nature2 & x may be conceiv$ z a puni%m5t = our exi/5ce47#cb7 ,x is ! pa9ful loos+ ( ! knot :i* ! act ( g5]ation _h ti$ ) s5sual pleasure1 ! viol5t de/ruction com+ f )\t ( ! fundam5tal error ( our nature3 ! great disillusion4 ,we are at bottom some?+ t ought n to be3 !re=e we cease to be4 ,egoism consi/s really 9 ! fact t man limits all reality to 8 own p]son1 9 t he imag9es t he lives 9 ?is alone & n 9 o!rs4 ,dea? tea*es him bett]1 = x de/roys ?is p]son1 s t ! true nature ( man1 :i* is 8 w1 w h5ce=? live only 9 o!r individuals2 :ile 8 intellect1 :i* itself belong$ only to ! ph5om5on1 i4e41 to ! _w z idea1 & 0 m]ely ! =m ( ! ext]nal _w1 also cont9ues to exi/ 9 ! condition ( be+ idea1 i4e41 9 ! objective be+ ( ?+s z su*1 ?us also only 9 ! exi/5ce ( :at 0 hi!rto ! ext]nal _w4 ,8 :ole ego ?us lives f ?is "t =? only 9 t :i* he _h hi!rto reg>d$ z nonego3 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal ceases4 ,we call to m9d "h t ! bett] man is he :o makes ! lea/ diff]5ce betwe5 himself & o!rs1 does n reg>d !m z absolute nonego1 :ile = ! bad man ?is diff]5ce is great1 nay1 absolute4 ,i h work$ ?is out 9 my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals4 ,accord+ to :at 0 said above1 ! degree 9 :i* dea? c be reg>d$ z ! annihilation ( ! man is 9 proportion to ?is diff]5ce4 ,b if we />t f ! fact t ! di/9ction ( outside me & 9 me1 z a spatial di/9ction1 is only f\nd$ 9 ! ph5om5on1 n 9 ! ?+ 9 itself1 ?us is no absolutely real di/9ction1 !n we %all see 9 ! los+ ( our own individuality only ! loss ( a ph5om5on1 ?us only an app>5t loss4 ,h[ev] mu* reality t di/9ction has 9 ! empirical consci\sness1 yet f ! metaphysical /&po9t ! propositions1 8,i p]i%1 b ! _w endures10 & 8,! _w p]i%es b ,i endure10 are at bottom n really diff]5t4 ,b1 besides all ?is1 dea? is ! great opportunity no long] to be ,i2--to him :o uses x4 ,dur+ life ! w ( man is )\t fre$om3 8 action takes place ) necessity ^u ! basis ( 8 unalt]able "* 9 ! *a9 ( motives4 ,b e "o rememb]s mu* t he has done1 & on acc\nt ( :i* he is by no means satisfi$ ) himself4 ,if n[ he 7 to g on liv+1 he w\ld g on act+ 9 ! same way1 on acc\nt ( ! unalt]able nature ( 8 "*4 ,accord+ly he mu/ cease to be :at he is 9 ord] to be able to arise out ( ! g]m ( 8 nature z a new & diff]5t be+4 ,!re=e dea? looses ^! bonds2 ! w aga9 becomes free2 = fre$om lies 9 ! ,esse1 n 9 ! ,op]>i4 8,f9ditur nodus cordis1 dissolvuntur omnes dubitationes1 ejusque op]a evanescunt10 is a v celebrat$ say+ ( ! ,v$as1 :i* all ,v$antic writ]s frequ5tly repeat47#cc7 ,dea? is ! mom5t ( t deliv]ance f ! "osid$ness ( an individuality :i* does n con/itute ! inmo/ k]nel ( our be+1 b is r to be ?\ght ( z a k9d ( ab]ration ( x4 ,! true orig9al fre$om reent]s at ?is mom5t1 :i*1 9 ! s5se indicat$1 may be reg>d$ z a re/itutio 9 integrum4 ,! peace & quietness ^u ! c\nt5ance ( mo/ dead p]sons seems to h its orig9 9 ?is4 ,quiet & easy is1 z a rule1 ! dea? ( e good man3 b to die will+ly1 to die gladly1 to die joyfully1 is ! pr]ogative ( ! resign$1 ( him :o surr5d]s & d5ies ! w to live4 ,= only he wills to die really1 & n m]ely app>5tly1 & consequ5tly he ne$s & desires no cont9uance ( 8 p]son4 ,! exi/5ce :i* we "k he will+ly gives up3 :at he gets in/ead ( x is 9 our eyes no?+1 because our exi/5ce is1 ) ref]5ce to t1 no?+4 ,! ,buddhi/ fai? calls x ,nirvana17#cd7 i4e41 ext9ction4 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,! ,life ,( ,! ,species4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 0 call$ to m9d t ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas ( ! diff]5t grades ( be+s1 :i* are ! adequate objectification ( ! w to live1 exhibit !mselves 9 ! k ( ! individual1 :i* is b\nd to ! =m ( "t1 z ! species1 i4e41 z ! successive individuals ( "o k9d connect$ by ! bond ( g5]ation1 & t !re=e ! species is ! ,idea 71 species7 brok5 up 9 "t4 ,accord+ly ! true nature ( e liv+ ?+ lies prim>ily 9 its species3 yet ! species aga9 has its exi/5ce only 9 ! individuals4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! w only atta9s to selfconsci\sness 9 ! individual1 ?us kn[s itself imm$iately only z ! individual1 yet ! deepseat$ consci\sness t x is really ! species 9 :i* 8 true nature objectifies itself appe>s 9 ! fact t = ! individual ! conc]ns ( ! species z su*1 ?us ! relations ( ! sexes1 ! production & n\ri%m5t ( ! (fspr+1 are ( incomp>ably great] importance & consequ5ce ?an ev]y?+ else4 ,h5ce1 !n1 arises 9 ! case ( ! brutes1 heat or rut 7an excell5t description ( ! vehem5ce ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ,burda*'s 8,physiology10 vol4 i4 #bdg1 #beg71 &1 9 ! case ( man1 ! c>eful & caprici\s selection ( ! o!r individual = ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse1 :i* c rise to ! height ( passionate love1 to ! full] inve/igation ( :i* ,i %all devote a special *apt]3 h5ce also1 f9ally ! excessive love ( p>5ts = _! (fspr+4 ,9 ! supplem5ts to ! second book ! w 0 comp>$ to ! root & ! intellect to ! cr[n ( ! tree2 & ?is is ! case inw>dly or psy*ologically4 ,b outw>dly or physiologically ! g5itals are ! root & ! head ! cr[n4 ,! n\ri%+ "p is c]ta9ly n ! g5itals1 b ! villi ( ! inte/9es3 yet n ! latt] b ! =m] are ! root2 because ?r\gh !m ! individual is connect$ ) ! species 9 :i* x is root$4 ,= physically ! individual is a production ( ! species1 metaphysically a m or less p]fect picture ( ! ,idea1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( "t1 exhibits itself z species4 ,9 agreem5t ) ! relation express$ "h1 ! greate/ vitality1 & also ! decrepitude ( ! bra9 & ! g5ital organs1 is simultane\s & /&s 9 connection4 ,! sexual impulse is to be reg>d$ z ! inn] life ( ! tree 7! species7 ^u :i* ! life ( ! individual gr[s1 l a leaf t is n\ri%$ by ! tree1 & assi/s 9 n\ri%+ ! tree2 ?is is :y t impulse is s /rong1 & spr+s f ! dep?s ( our nature4 ,to ca/rate an individual means to cut him (f f ! tree ( ! species ^u :i* he gr[s1 & ?us sev]$1 leave him to )]3 h5ce ! degradation ( 8 m5tal & physical p[]s4 ,t ! s]vice ( ! species1 i4e41 fecundation1 is foll[$ 9 ! case ( e animal individual by mom5t>y exhau/ion & debility ( all ! p[]s1 & 9 ! case ( mo/ insects inde$ by spe$y dea?1 on acc\nt ( :i* ,celsus said1 8,sem9is emissio e/ p>tis anim jactura20 t 9 ! case ( man ! ext9ction ( ! g5]ative p[] %[s t ! individual approa*es dea?2 t excessive use ( ?is p[] at e age %ort5s life1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 temp]ance 9 ?is respect increases all ! p[]s1 & especially ! muscul> p[]s1 on :i* acc\nt x 0 "p ( ! tra9+ ( ! ,greek a?letes2 t ! same re/ra9t l5g!ns ! life ( ! insect ev5 to ! foll[+ spr+2 all ?is po9ts to ! fact t ! life ( ! individual is at bottom only borr[$ f ! species1 & t all vital =ce is1 z x 71 =ce ( ! species re/rict$ by be+ damm$ up4 ,b ?is is to be expla9$ f ! fact t ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( life reveals itself directly 9 ! species & only by means ( ?is 9 ! individual4 ,accord+ly ! ,l+am ) ! ,yoni1 z ! symbol ( ! species & its immortality1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ,india1 &1 z ! c\nt]poise ( dea?1 is ascrib$ z an attribute to ! v div9ity :o presides ov] dea?1 ,siva4 ,b )\t my? or symbol1 ! vehem5ce ( ! sexual impulse1 ! ke5 int5tness & pr(\nd s]i\sness ) :i* e animal1 includ+ man1 pursues its conc]ns1 %[s t x is ?r\gh ! function :i* s]ves x t ! animal belongs to t 9 :i* really & pr9cipally its true be+ lies1 ! species2 :ile all o!r functions & organs directly s]ve only ! individual1 ^: exi/5ce is at bottom m]ely second>y4 ,9 ! vehem5ce ( t impulse1 :i* is ! conc5tration ( ! :ole animal nature1 ! consci\sness fur!r expresses itself t ! individual does n endure1 & !re=e all mu/ be /ak$ on ! ma9t5ance ( ! species1 9 :i* its true exi/5ce lies4 ,to illu/rate :at has be5 said1 let u n[ imag9e a brute 9 rut1 & 9 ! act ( g5]ation4 ,we see a s]i\sness & int5tness nev] kn[n 9 x at any o!r "t4 ,n[ :at goes on 9 x8 ,does x "k t x mu/ die1 & t ?r\gh its pres5t occupation a new individual1 :i* yet entirely resembles itself1 w arise 9 ord] to take its place8 ,( all ?is x kn[s no?+1 = x does n ?9k4 ,b x is z int5tly c>eful = ! cont9uance ( ! species 9 "t z if x knew all t4 ,= x is consci\s t x desires to live & exi/1 & x expresses ! highe/ degree ( ?is volition 9 ! act ( g5]ation2 ?is is all t !n takes place 9 its consci\sness4 ,?is is also q suffici5t = ! p]man5ce ( ! k9d2 j because ! w is ! radical & k ! adv5titi\s4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! w does n require to be guid$ by k ?r\gh\t2 b :5ev] 9 its primitive orig9ality x has resolv$1 ?is volition w objectify itself ( its own accord 9 ! _w ( ! idea4 ,if n[ 9 ?is way x is t def9ite animal =m :i* we h ?\ght ( t wills life & exi/5ce1 x does n w life & exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 b 9 ?is p>ticul> =m4 ,!re=e x is ! sight ( its =m 9 ! female ( its species t /imulates ! w ( ! brute to ! act ( g5]ation4 ,?is volition ( ! brute1 :5 reg>d$ f )\t & "u ! =m ( "t1 pres5ts itself z su* an animal =m ma9ta9$ ?r\gh an inf9ite "t by ! con/antly repeat$ replacem5t ( "o individual by ano!r1 ?us by ! alt]nation ( dea? & reproduction1 :i* s reg>d$ appe> only z ! pulsebeats ( t =m 71 1 species7 :i* endures ?r\gh all "t4 ,!y may be comp>$ to ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion 9 :i* matt] consi/s4 ,t :i* is %[n "h 9 ! brute holds good also ( man2 = al?\gh 9 him ! act ( g5]ation is accompani$ by complete k ( its f9al cause1 yet x is n guid$ by ?is k1 b proce$s directly f ! w to live z its conc5tration4 ,x is accord+ly to be reckon$ among in/9ctive actions4 ,= 9 reproduction ! brute is j z little guid$ by k ( ! end z 9 me*anical in/9cts2 9 ^! also ! w manife/s itself1 9 ! ma91 )\t ! m$iation ( k1 :i* "h1 z !re1 is only conc]n$ ) details4 ,reproduction is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! mo/ m>vell\s ( all in/9cts1 & its "w ! mo/ a/oni%+4 ,^! consid]ations expla9 :y ! sexual desire has a v diff]5t "* f e o!r2 x is n only ! /ronge/1 b ev5 specifically ( a m p[]ful k9d ?an any o!r4 ,x is ev]y:]e tacitly assum$ z necess>y & inevitable1 & is n1 l o!r desires1 a matt] ( ta/e & disposition4 ,= x is ! desire :i* ev5 con/itutes ! nature ( man4 ,9 conflict ) x no motive is s /rong t x w\ld be c]ta9 ( victory4 ,x is s preem95tly ! *ief conc]n t no o!r pleasures make up = ! deprivation ( its satisfaction2 &1 moreov]1 = its sake bo? brute & man und]take e dang] & e conflict4 ,a v nave expression ( ?is disposition is ! wellkn[n inscription on ! door ( ! =nix at ,pompeii1 decorat$ ) ! phallus3 8,heic habitat felicitas30 ?is 0 = ^? go+ 9 nave1 = ^? com+ out ironical1 & 9 itself humor\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! excessive p[] ( ! sexual passion is s]i\sly & wor?ily express$ 9 ! inscription :i* 7accord+ to ,!on ( ,smyrna1 ,de ,musica1 c4 #dg71 ,osiris _h plac$ ^u ! column he erect$ to ! et]nal gods3 8,to ,eros1 ! _s1 ! heav51 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! e>?1 ! night1 ! day1 & ! fa!r ( all t is & t %all be20 also 9 ! beautiful apo/rophe ) :i* ,lucretius beg9s 8 "w3 8neadum g5etrix1 hom9um divomque voluptas1 ,alma ,v5us cet40 ,to all ?is corresponds ! important rle :i* ! relation ( ! sexes plays 9 ! _w ( m51 :]e x is really ! invisible c5tral po9t ( all action & conduct1 & peeps out ev]y:]e 9 spite ( all veils ?r[n ov] x4 ,x is ! cause ( w> & ! end ( peace1 ! basis ( :at is s]i\s1 & ! aim ( ! je/1 ! inexhau/ible s\rce ( wit1 ! key to all allusions1 & ! mean+ ( all my/]i\s h9ts1 ( all unspok5 (f]s & all /ol5 glances1 ! daily m$itation ( ! "y1 & (t5 also ( ! old1 ! h\rly ?\ght ( ! un*a/e1 & ev5 aga9/ _! w ! con/antly recurr+ imag9ation ( ! *a/e1 ! ev] ready mat]ial ( a joke1 j because ! pr(\nde/ s]i\sness lies at its f\ndation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! piquant elem5t & ! joke ( life t ! *ief conc]n ( all m5 is secretly pursu$ & o/5sibly ignor$ z mu* z possible4 ,b1 9 fact1 we see x e mom5t seat itself1 z ! true & h]$it>y "l ( ! _w1 out ( ! fulness ( its own /r5g?1 ^u ! ance/ral ?rone1 & look+ d[n f !nce ) scornful glances1 laugh at ! prep>ations :i* h be5 made to b9d x1 imprison x1 or at lea/ to limit x & :]ev] x is possible to keep x conceal$1 or ev5 s to ma/] x t x %all only appe> z a subord9ate1 second>y conc]n ( life4 ,b all ?is agrees ) ! fact t ! sexual passion is ! k]nel ( ! w to live1 & consequ5tly ! conc5tration ( all desire2 !re=e 9 ! text ,i h call$ ! g5ital organs ! focus ( ! w4 ,inde$1 "o may say man is concrete sexual desire2 = 8 orig9 is an act ( copulation & 8 wi% ( wi%es is an act ( copulation1 & ?is t5d5cy alone p]petuates & holds toge!r 8 :ole ph5om5al exi/5ce4 ,! w to live manife/s itself inde$ prim>ily z an ef=t to su/a9 ! individual2 yet ?is is only a /ep to ! ef=t to su/a9 ! species1 & ! latt] endeav\r mu/ be m p[]ful 9 proportion z ! life ( ! species surpasses t ( ! individual 9 duration1 ext5sion1 & value4 ,!re=e sexual passion is ! mo/ p]fect manife/ation ( ! w to live1 its mo/ di/9ctly express$ type2 & ! orig9 ( ! individual 9 x1 & its primacy ov] all o!r desires ( ! natural man1 are bo? 9 complete agreem5t ) ?is4 ,"o o!r rem>k ( a physiological nature is 9 place "h1 a rem>k :i* ?r[s light ^u my fundam5tal doctr9e exp\nd$ 9 ! second book4 ,z ! sexual impulse is ! mo/ vehem5t ( desires1 ! wi% ( wi%es1 ! conc5tration ( all our volition1 & accord+ly ! satisfaction ( x :i* exactly corresponds to ! individual wi% ( any "o1 t is1 ! desire fix$ ^u a def9ite individual1 is ! summit & cr[n ( 8 happ9ess1 ! ultimate goal ( 8 natural endeav\rs1 ) ! atta9m5t ( :i* ev]y?+ seems to him to h be5 atta9$1 & ) ! fru/rat+ ( :i* ev]y?+ seems to him to h be5 lo/3--s we f9d1 z its physiological correlative1 9 ! objectifi$ w1 ?us 9 ! human organism1 ! sp]m or sem5 z ! secretion ( secretions1 ! qu9tess5ce ( all animal fluids1 ! la/ result ( all organic functions1 & h 9 x a new pro( ( ! fact t ! body is only ! objectivity ( ! w1 i4e41 is ! w itself "u ! =m ( ! idea4 ,) reproduction is connect$ ! ma9t5ance ( ! (fspr+1 & ) ! sexual impulse1 p>5tal love2 & ?us ?r\gh ^! ! life ( ! species is c>ri$ on4 ,accord+ly ! love ( ! brute = its "y has1 l ! sexual impulse1 a /r5g? :i* f> surpasses t ( ! ef=ts :i* m]ely conc]ns itself z an individual4 ,?is %[s itself 9 ! fact t ev5 ! milde/ animals are ready to und]take = ! sake ( _! "y ev5 ! mo/ unequal battle = life & dea?1 & ) almo/ all species ( animals ! "m enc\nt]s any dang] = ! protection ( h] "y1 nay1 9 _m cases ev5 faces c]ta9 dea?4 ,9 ! case ( man ?is in/9ctive p>5tal love is guid$ & direct$ by reason1 i4e41 by reflection4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is also 9 ?is way re/rict$1 & ) bad *>act]s ?is may ext5d to ! complete repudiation ( x4 ,!re=e we c obs]ve its effects mo/ purely 9 ! l[] animals4 ,9 itself1 h[ev]1 x is n less /rong 9 man2 "h also1 9 p>ticul> cases1 we see x entirely ov]come selflove1 & ev5 ext5d to ! sacrifice ( life4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,fr5* newspap]s h j ann\nc$ t at ,cahors1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,lot1 a fa!r has tak5 8 own life 9 ord] t 8 son1 :o _h be5 drawn = milit>y s]vice1 %\ld be ! elde/ son ( a wid[1 & !re=e exempt 7,galignani's ,mess5g] ( #bb;d ,june #ahdc74 ,yet 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals1 s9ce !y are capable ( no reflection1 ! in/9ctive mat]nal affection 7! male is g5]ally ignorant ( 8 pat]nity7 %[s itself directly & unsophi/icat$1 & !re=e ) p]fect di/9ctness & 9 its :ole /r5g?4 ,at bottom x is ! expression ( ! consci\sness 9 ! brute t its true be+ lies m imm$iately 9 ! species ?an 9 ! individual1 & !re=e1 :5 necess>y1 x sacrifices its life t ! species may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! "y4 ,?us "h1 z also 9 ! sexual impulse1 ! w to live becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t transc5d5t1 = its consci\sness ext5ds beyond ! individual1 9 :i* x is inh]5t1 to ! species4 ,9 ord] to avoid express+ ?is second manife/ation ( ! life ( ! species 9 a m]ely ab/ract mann]1 & to pres5t x to ! read] 9 its magnitude & reality1 ,i w give a few examples ( ! extraord9>y /r5g? ( in/9ctive mat]nal affection4 ,! seaott]1 :5 pursu$1 seizes its "y "o & dives ) x2 :5 x comes up aga9 to take brea?1 x cov]s ! "y "o ) its body1 & receives ! h>poon ( ! hunt] :ile ! "y "o is escap+4 ,a "y :ale is kill$ m]ely to attract ! "m1 :o hurries to x & seldom =sakes x s long z x /ill lives1 ev5 al?\gh %e is /ruck ) sev]al h>poons 7,scoresby's 8,j\rnal ( a ,:al+ ,voyage20 f ! ,engli% ( ,kreis1 p4 #aif74 ,at ,?ree ,k+s ,isl&1 ne> ,new ,zeal&1 !re are colossal seals call$ seaelephants 7phoca proboscidea74 ,!y swim r\nd ! isl& 9 regul> h]ds & fe$ ^u fi%es1 b yet h c]ta9 t]rible enemies bel[ wat] unkn[n to u1 by :om !y are (t5 sev]ely w\nd$2 h5ce _! swimm+ toge!r requires special tactics4 ,! females br+ =? _! "y ^u ! %ore2 :ile !y are suckl+ !m1 :i* la/s f sev5 to eight weeks1 all ! males =m a circle r\nd !m 9 ord] to prev5t !m1 driv5 by hung]1 f ent]+ ! sea1 & if ?is is attempt$ !y prev5t x by bit+4 ,?us !y all fa/ toge!r = betwe5 sev5 & eight weeks1 & all become v ?91 simply 9 ord] t ! "y may n ent] ! sea be=e !y are able to swim well & obs]ve ! necess>y tactics :i* are !n taught !m ) bl[s & bites 7,freyc9et1 ,voy4 aux t]res ,au/rales1 #ahbf74 ,we also see "h h[ p>5tal affection1 l e /rong ex]tion ( ! w 7cf4 *ap4 xix4 #f71 height5s ! intellig5ce4 ,wild ducks1 :ite?roats1 & _m o!r birds1 :5 ! sportsman comes ne> _! ne/1 fly 9 front ( him ) l\d cries & flap ab\t z if _! w+s 7 injur$1 9 ord] to attract 8 att5tion f _! "y to !mselves4 ,! l>k tries to entice ! dog away f its ne/ by expos+ itself4 ,9 ! same way h9ds & does induce ! hunt] to pursue !m 9 ord] t _! "y may n be attack$4 ,swall[s h fl[n into burn+ h\ses to rescue _! "y or p]i% ) !m4 ,at ,delft1 9 a great fire1 a /ork all[$ itself to be burnt 9 its ne/ r ?an =sake its t5d] "y1 :i* c\ld n yet fly 7,hadr4 ,junius1 ,descriptio ,holl&i74 ,m\nta9cocks & woodcocks all[ !mselves to be tak5 ^u ! ne/ :5 brood+4 ,muscicapa tyrannus protects its ne/ ) rem>kable c\rage1 & def5ds itself aga9/ eagles4 ,an ant has be5 cut 9 two1 & ! =e half be5 se5 to br+ ! pup to a place ( safety4 ,a bit* ^: litt] _h be5 cut out ( h] belly crept up to !m dy+1 c>ess$ !m1 & began to :9e viol5tly only :5 !y 7 tak5 f h] 7,burda*1 ,physiologie als ,erfahrungswiss5s*aft1 vol4 ii4 & iii474 ,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,on ,h]$ity4 ,! mo/ ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es t 9 g5]ation ! comb9$ se$ ( ! p>5ts n only propagates ! peculi>ities ( ! species1 b also ^? ( ! individual1 z f> z bodily 7objective1 ext]nal7 qualities are conc]n$1 & ?is has also always be5 recognis$-- 8,natur sequitur sem9a quisque su40 --,,catull4 ,n[ :e!r ?is also holds good ( m5tal 7subjective1 int]nal7 qualities1 s t ^! also are transmitt$ by ! p>5ts to ! *ildr51 is a "q :i* has already (t5 be5 rais$1 & almo/ always answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,m difficult1 h[ev]1 is ! problem :e!r x is possible to di/+ui% :at belongs to ! fa!r & :at to ! "m1 ?us :at is ! m5tal inh]itance :i* we receive f ea* ( our p>5ts4 ,if n[ we ca/ ^u ?is problem ! light ( our fundam5tal k t ! w is ! true be+1 ! k]nel1 ! radical elem5t 9 man1 & ! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 is :at is second>y1 adv5titi\s1 ! accid5t ( t sub/ance2 be=e que/ion+ exp]i5ce we w assume x z at lea/ probable t ! fa!r1 z sexus potior & ! procreative pr9ciple1 imp>ts ! basis1 ! radical elem5t1 ( ! new life1 ?us ! w1 & ! "m1 z sexus sequior & m]ely conceiv+ pr9ciple1 imp>ts ! second>y elem5t1 ! intellect2 t ?us ! man inh]its 8 moral nature1 8 "*1 8 incl9ations1 8 he>t1 f ! fa!r1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! grade1 quality1 & t5d5cy ( 8 intellig5ce f ! "m4 ,n[ ?is assumption actually f9ds its confirmation 9 exp]i5ce2 only ?is _c be decid$ by a physical exp]im5t ^u ! table1 b results p>tly f ! c>eful & acute obs]vation ( _m ye>s1 & p>tly f hi/ory4 ,"o's own exp]i5ce has ! advantage ( complete c]ta9ty & ! greate/ speciality1 & ?is outweighs ! disadvantage t arises f x1 t its sph]e is limit$ & its examples n g5]ally kn[n4 ,!re=e1 prim>ily1 ,i ref] e "o to 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,fir/ ( all let him consid] himself1 confess to himself 8 incl9ations & passions1 8 *>act]i/ic errors & weaknesses1 8 vices1 & also 8 excell5ces & virtues1 if he has any4 ,!n let him ?9k ( 8 fa!r1 & he _c fail to recognise all ^! *>act]i/ic traits 9 him also4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w (t5 f9d 8 "m ( an entirely diff]5t "*1 & a moral agreem5t ) h] w v seldom occur1 inde$ only ?r\gh ! exceptional accid5t ( a simil>ity ( ! "* ( ! two p>5ts4 ,let him make ?is exam9ation1 = example1 ) ref]5ce to quick temp] or pati5ce1 av>ice or prodigality1 incl9ation to s5suality1 or to intemp]ance1 or to gambl+1 h>d he>t$ness or k9dl9ess1 hone/y or hypocrisy1 pride or condesc5sion1 c\rage or c[>dice1 peaceabl5ess or qu>relsom5ess1 placability or res5tfulness1 c4 ,!n let him make ! same inve/igation ) reg>d to all ^? ^: *>act]s & ^: p>5ts he has accurately kn[n4 ,if he proce$s att5tively1 ) correct judgm5t1 & c&idly1 ! confirmation ( our pr9ciple w n be lack+4 ,?us1 = example1 he w f9d ! special t5d5cy to lie1 :i* belongs to _m m51 equally pres5t 9 two bro!rs1 because !y h inh]it$ x f ! fa!r2 on ?is acc\nt also ! com$y1 8,! ,li> & 8 ,son10 is psy*ologically correct4 ,h[ev]1 two inevitable limitations mu/ "h be borne 9 m9d1 :i* only op5 inju/ice c\ld int]pret z evasions4 ,fir/1 pat] semp] inc]tus4 ,only a decid$ physical resemblance to ! fa!r removes ?is limitation2 a sup]ficial resemblance1 on ! o!r h&1 is n suffici5t to d s2 = !re is an aft]effect ( e>li] impregnation by virtue ( :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! second m>riage h sometimes /ill a slight resemblance to ! fir/ husb&1 & *ildr5 begott5 9 adult]y to ! legitimate fa!r4 ,su* an aft]effect has be5 /ill m di/9ctly obs]v$ 9 ! case ( brutes4 ,! second limitation is1 t 9 ! son ! moral "* ( ! fa!r c]ta9ly appe>s1 yet "u ! modification :i* x has receiv$ ?r\gh ano!r & (t5 v diff]5t intellect 7! inh]itance f ! "m71 & ?us a correction ( ! obs]vation becomes necess>y4 ,?is modification may be important or trifl+ 9 proportion to t diff]5ce1 b x c nev] be s great t ! fundam5tal traits ( ! pat]nal "* d n always appe> "u x recognisably en\gh1 l a man :o has disguis$ himself by an entirely diff]5t k9d ( dress1 wig1 & be>d4 ,= example1 if by inh]itance f ! "m a man is preem95tly end[$ ) reason1 ?us ) ! p[] ( reflection & delib]ation1 ! passions inh]it$ f 8 fa!r are p>tly bridl$ by ?is1 p>tly conceal$1 & accord+ly only atta9 to a me?odical1 sy/ematic1 or secret manife/ation1 & ?us a v diff]5t ph5om5on f t ( ! fa!r1 :o p]haps _h only a v limit$ m9d1 w !n result2 & 9 ! same way ! conv]se case may occur4 ,! incl9ations & passions ( ! "m1 on ! o!r h&1 d n reappe> at all 9 ! *ildr51 (t5 inde$ _! opposite4 ,hi/orical examples h ! advantage ov] ^? ( private life ( be+ univ]sally kn[n2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ( c\rse impair$ by ! unc]ta9ty & frequ5t falsification ( all tradition1 & especially also by ! fact t z a rule !y only conta9 ! public1 n ! private life1 & consequ5tly only ! political actions1 n ! f9] manife/ations ( "*4 ,h[ev]1 ,i wi% to support ! tru? we are speak+ ( by a few hi/orical examples1 to :i* ^? :o h made a special /udy ( hi/ory c no d\bt add a f> l>g] numb] ( equally p]t95t cases4 ,x is well kn[n t ,p4 ,decius ,mus sacrific$ 8 life = 8 c\ntry ) h]oic nobl5ess2 =1 solemnly committ+ himself & ! enemy to ! inf]nal deities1 ) cov]$ face he plung$ into ! army ( ! ,lat9s4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s lat] 8 son1 ( ! same "n1 did exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,gauls 7,liv4 viii4 #f2 x4 #bh74 ,?us a ?or\gh pro( ( ! ,horatian =tes creantur =tibus et bonis3 ! conv]se ( :i* is ?us giv5 by ,%akspe>e-- 8,c[>ds fa!r c[>ds1 & base ?+s sire base40 --,,cymbel9e1 iv4 #b4 ,e>ly ,roman hi/ory pres5ts to u :ole families ^: memb]s 9 long succession di/+ui%$ !mselves by devot$ patriotism & c\rage2 su* 7 ! g5s ,fabia & ! g5s ,fabricia4 ,aga91 ,alex&] ! ,great 0 fond ( p[] & conque/1 l 8 fa!r ,philip4 ,! p$igree ( ,n]o :i*1 ) a moral int5tion1 ,suetonius 7c4 #d et #e7 gives at ! beg9n+ ( 8 sket* ( ?is mon/] is v well wor? consid]+4 ,x is ! g5s ,claudia he describes1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,rome ?r\gh six c5turies1 & produc$ n only capable1 b arrogant & cruel m54 ,f x sprang ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 & f9ally ,n]o4 ,9 8 gr&fa!r1 & /ill m /rongly 9 8 fa!r1 all ^? atroci\s qualities %[ !mselves1 :i* c\ld only atta9 _! p]fect developm5t 9 ,n]o1 p>tly because 8 high] position af=d$ !m fre] scope1 p>tly because he _h = 8 "m ! irrational ,bac*ante1 ,agripp9a1 :o c\ld imp>t to him no intellect to bridle 8 passions4 ,q 9 our s5se1 !re=e1 ,suetonius relates t at 8 bir? prsagio fuit etiam ,domitii1 patris1 vox1 int] gratulationes amicorum1 negantis1 quidquam ex se et ,agripp9a1 nisi dete/abile et malo publico nasci potuisse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cimon 0 ! son ( ,miltiades1 & ,hannibal ( ,hamilc>1 & ! ,scipios make up a :ole family ( h]oes & noble def5d]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,b ! son ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 0 8 hide\s image1 ,cs> ,borgia4 ,! son ( ! notori\s ,duke ( ,alba 0 j z cruel & wick$ a man z 8 fa!r4 ,! malici\s & unju/ ,philip ,,iv4 ( ,france1 :o is specially kn[n by 8 cruel torture & execution ( ! knights templ>s1 _h = 8 daught] ,isabella1 wife ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 :o rebell$ aga9/ h] husb&1 took him prison]1 & aft] he _h sign$ 8 abdication1 s9ce ! attempt to kill him by illusage 0 unsuccessful1 caus$ him to be put to dea? 9 prison 9 a mann] :i* is too horrible = me to c>e to relate4 ,! blood?ir/y tyrant & def5sor fidei1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl& _h a daught] by 8 fir/ m>riage1 ,que5 ,m>y1 equally di/+ui%$ = bigotry & cruelty1 :o f h] num]\s burn+s ( h]etics has won ! "n ( ,bloody ,m>y4 ,8 daught] by 8 second m>riage1 ,elizabe?1 receiv$ an excell5t und]/&+ f h] "m1 ,anne ,boleyn1 :i* prev5t$ bigotry & curb$ ! p>5tal "* 9 h]1 yet did n d away ) x2 s t x /ill always %one ?r\gh on occasions1 & di/9ctly appe>$ 9 h] cruel treatm5t ( ,m>y ( ,scotl&4 ,van ,geuns7#ce7 tells a /ory1 aft] ,m>cus ,donatus1 ( a ,scot* girl ^: fa!r _h be5 burnt z a highway robb] & a cannibal :5 %e 0 only "o ye> old4 ,al?\gh %e 0 br\ght up among q diff]5t p1 !re develop$ 9 h] ! same crav+ = human fle%1 & be+ caught 9 ! act ( satisfy+ x1 %e 0 buri$ alive4 ,9 ! ,freim?ig5 ( ! #ac? ,july #ahba we read t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aube ! police pursu$ a girl because %e _h murd]$ two *ildr51 :om %e ought to h tak5 to ! f\ndl+ hospital1 9 ord] to keep ! little money giv5 to ! *ildr54 ,at la/ ! police f\nd ! girl on ! road to ,p>is1 ne> ,romilly1 dr[n$1 & h] own fa!r gave himself up z h] murd]]4 ,f9ally1 let me m5tion a c\ple ( cases :i* h occurr$ rec5tly1 & h !re=e only ! newspap]s z _! v\*]s4 ,9 ,octob] #ahcf a ,c\nt ,belecznai 0 condemn$ to dea? 9 ,hung>y because he _h murd]$ an (ficial & sev]ely w\nd$ 8 own relations4 ,8 eld] bro!r 0 execut$ e>li] z a patricide1 & 8 fa!r also _h be5 a murd]] 7,frankfurt] ,po/zeitung ( ! #bf? ,octob] #ahcf74 ,a ye> lat] ! y\nge/ bro!r ( ?is ,c\nt1 9 ! same /reet :]e ! latt] _h murd]$ ! (ficial1 fir$ a pi/ol at ! /ew>d ( 8 e/ates1 b miss$ him 7,frankfurt] ,j\rnal1 #af? ,septemb] #ahcg74 ,9 ! ,frankfurt] ,po/zeitung ( ! #ai? ,novemb] #aheg a correspond5t 9 ,p>is ann\nces ! condemnation to dea? ( a v dang]\s highway robb]1 ,lemaire1 & 8 companions1 & adds3 8,! crim9al t5d5cy seems h]$it>y 9 8 family & 9 ^? ( 8 conf$]ates1 z sev]al ( _! race h di$ on ! scaffold40 ,x foll[s f a passage 9 ! ,laws ( ,plato t simil> cases 7 already kn[n 9 ,greece 7,/ob4 ,flor41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bac74 ,! annals ( crime w c]ta9ly h _m simil> p$igrees to %[4 ,! t5d5cy to suicide is specially h]$it>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we see ! excell5t ,m>cus ,aurelius h ! wick$ ,commodus = a son1 ?is does n n lead u a/ray2 = we "k t ! ,diva ,fau/9a 0 a uxor infamis4 ,on ! contr>y1 we m>k ?is case 9 ord] 9 analog\s cases to presume an analog\s reason2 = example1 t ,domitian 0 ! full bro!r ( ,titus ,i c nev] believe1 b t ,vespasian also 0 a deceiv$ husb&4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! second "p ( ! pr9ciple set up ?us ! inh]itance ( ! intellect f ! "m1 ?is enjoys a f> m g5]al acceptance ?an ! fir/ "p1 :i* 9 itself appeals to ! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 :ile its sep>ate appreh5sion is oppos$ by ! doctr9e ( ! simplicity & indivisibility ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 ! old & popul> expression 8"mwit0 %[s ! e>ly recognition ( ?is second tru?1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! exp]i5ce bo? ) reg>d to small & great intellectual end[m5ts1 t !y are ! possession ( ^? ^: mo!rs proportionately di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! intellig5ce4 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! intellectual qualities ( ! fa!r are n transmitt$ to ! son is prov$ bo? by ! fa!rs & ! sons ( m5 di/+ui%$ by ! mo/ em95t faculties1 =1 z a rule1 !y are q ord9>y m51 )\t a trace ( ! pat]nal m5tal gifts4 ,b if n[ an isolat$ exception to ?is exp]i5ce1 s (t5 confirm$1 %\ld appe>2 su*1 = example1 z is pres5t$ by ,pitt & 8 fa!r1 ,"l ,*a?am1 we are w>rant$ 9 ascrib+ x to accid5t1 nay1 oblig$ to d s1 al?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! exceptional r>ity ( great tal5ts1 x is c]ta9ly an accid5t ( a mo/ extraord9>y k9d4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! rule holds good3 x is improbable t ! improbable nev] happ5s4 ,besides1 great /atesm5 7z 0 already m5tion$ 9 *apt] #bb7 are s j z mu* ?r\gh ! qualities ( _! "*1 ?us ?r\gh :at is inh]it$ f ! fa!r1 z ?r\gh ! sup]iority ( _! m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among arti/s1 poets1 & philosoph]s1 to ^: works alone g5ius is prop]ly ascrib$1 ,i "k ( no case analog\s to t4 ,raphael's fa!r 0 c]ta9ly a pa9t]1 b n a great "o2 ,moz>t's fa!r1 & also 8 son1 7 musicians1 b n great ones4 ,h[ev]1 x is inde$ wond]ful t ! fate :i* _h de/9$ a v %ort life to bo? ( ^! m51 ea* ! greate/ 9 8 own sph]e1 z x 7 by way ( comp5sation1 took c>e1 by lett+ !m be born already 9 _! work%op1 t1 )\t suff]+ ! loss ( "t 9 y\? :i* = ! mo/ "p occurs 9 ! case ( o!r m5 ( g5ius1 !y receiv$ ev5 f *ildhood1 ?r\gh pat]nal example & in/ruction1 ! necess>y introduction into ! art to :i* !y 7 exclusively de/9$4 ,?is secret & my/]i\s p[] :i* seems to guide ! individual life ,i h made ! subject ( special inve/igations1 :i* ,i h communicat$ 9 ! essay1 8,ueb] die s*e9b>e ,absi*tli*keit im ,s*icksale des ,e9zeln50 7,p>]ga1 vol4 i474 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ "h t !re are c]ta9 sci5tific occupations :i* c]ta9ly presuppose good native faculties1 yet n ^? :i* are really r>e & extraord9>y2 :ile ! pr9cipal requirem5ts are zeal\s ef=ts1 dilig5ce1 pati5ce1 e>ly in/ruction1 su/a9$ /udy1 & mu* practice4 ,f ?is1 & n f ! inh]itance ( ! intellect ( ! fa!r1 ! fact is to be expla9$ t1 s9ce ! son always will+ly foll[s ! pa? t has be5 op5$ up by ! fa!r1 & almo/ all bus9esses are h]$it>y 9 c]ta9 families1 9 "s sci5ces also1 :i* be=e ev]y?+ dem& dilig5ce & p]si/5ce1 individual families c %[ a succession ( m5 ( m]it2 su* are ! ,scalig]s1 ! ,b]n\illis1 ! ,cass9is1 ! ,h]s*els4 ,! numb] ( pro(s ( ! actual inh]itance ( ! intellect ( ! "m w\ld be mu* great] ?an x appe>s if x 7 n t ! "* & disposition ( ! female sex is su* t wom5 r>ely give public pro( ( _! m5tal faculties2 & !re=e ^! d n become hi/orical1 & ?us kn[n to po/]ity4 ,besides1 on acc\nt ( ! weak] nature 9 g5]al ( ! female sex1 ^! faculties !mselves c nev] rea* ! grade 9 !m to :i* !y may aft]w>ds rise 9 ! son2 ?us1 ) ref]5ce to !mselves1 we h to e/imate _! a*ievem5ts high] 9 ?is proportion4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only ! foll[+ examples pres5t !mselves z pro(s ( our tru?4 ,joseph ,,ii4 0 ! son ( ,m>ia ,!resia4 ,c>danus says 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 8,de vita propria30 8,mat] mea fuit memoria et +5io poll5s40 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau says 9 ! fir/ book ( ! 8,confessions30 8,la beaut de ma mre1 son esprit1 ses tal5ts1--elle en avait de trop brillans p\r son tat10 c41 & !n quotes "s delightful l9es ( h]s4 ,d',alemb]t 0 ! illegitimate son ( ,claud9e de ,t5c91 a woman ( sup]ior m9d1 & ! au?or ( sev]al romances & simil> works1 :i* met ) great approbation 9 h] day1 & %\ld ev5 /ill be enjoyable 7see h] biography 9 ! 8,bltt] fr litt]>is*e ,unt]haltung10 ,m>* #ahde1 ,nos4 #gagc74 ,t ,buffon's "m 0 a rem>kable woman is %[n by ! foll[+ passage f ! 8,voyage ,montb>1 p> ,hrault de ,se*elles10 :i* ,fl\r5s quotes 9 8 8,hi/oire des travaux de ,buffon10 p4 #bhh3 8,buffon avait ce pr9cipe qu'en gnral les enfants t5ai5t de leur mre leurs qualits intellectuelles et morales3 et lorsqu'il l'avait dvelopp dans la conv]sation1 il en faisait surle*amp l'application luimme1 en faisant un loge pompeux de sa mre1 qui avait en effet1 beauc\p d'esprit1 des connaissances t&ues1 et une tte trs bi5 organise40 ,t he includes ! moral qualities is an error :i* is ei!r committ$ by ! report]1 or dep5ds ^u ! fact t 8 "m _h accid5tally ! same "* z himself & 8 fa!r4 ,! contr>y ( ?is is %[n 9 innum]able cases 9 :i* ! "m & ! son h opposite *>act]s4 ,h5ce ! greate/ dramati/s c\ld pres5t1 9 ,ore/es & ,hamlet1 "m & son 9 ho/ile conflict1 9 :i* ! son appe>s z ! moral repres5tative & av5g] ( 8 fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conv]se case1 t ! son %\ld appe> z ! moral repres5tative & av5g] ( ! "m aga9/ ! fa!r1 w\ld be revolt+ &1 at ! same "t1 almo/ absurd4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! fact t betwe5 fa!r & son !re is actual id5tity ( nature1 :i* is ! w1 b betwe5 "m & son !re is m]ely id5tity ( intellect1 & ev5 ?is only 9 a condition$ mann]4 ,betwe5 "m & son ! greate/ moral opposition c exi/1 betwe5 fa!r & son only an intellectual opposition4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 also1 "o %\ld recognise ! necessity ( ! ,salic law3 ! woman _c c>ry on ! race4 ,hume says 9 8 %ort autobiography3 8,our "m 0 a woman ( s+ul> m]it40 ,x is said ( ,kant's "m 9 ! mo/ rec5t biography by ,f4 ,w4 ,s*ub]t3 8,accord+ to ! judgm5t ( h] son himself1 %e 0 a woman ( great natural und]/&+4 ,= t "t1 :5 !re 0 s little opportunity = ! education ( girls1 %e 0 exceptionally well in/ruct$1 & %e also cont9u$ lat] to c>e = h] fur!r education by h]self4 ,9 ! c\rse ( walks %e drew ! att5tion ( h] son to all k9ds ( natural ph5om5a1 & tri$ to expla9 to him ?r\gh !m ! p[] ( ,god40 ,:at a rem>kably able1 clev]1 & sup]ior woman ,goe!'s "m 0 is n[ univ]sally kn[n4 ,h[ mu* %e has be5 spok5 ( 9 lit]ature6 :ile 8 fa!r has n be5 spok5 ( at all2 ,goe! himself describes him z a man ( subord9ate faculties4 ,s*ill]'s "m 0 susceptible to poetry1 & made v]ses h]self1 a fragm5t ( :i* w be f\nd 9 8 biography by ,s*wab4 ,brg]1 t g5u9e poetic g5ius1 to :om p]haps ! fir/ place aft] ,goe! among ,g]man poets belongs--= comp>$ ) 8 ballads ^? ( ,s*ill] seem cold & lab\r$--has giv5 an acc\nt ( 8 p>5ts :i* = u is significant1 & :i* 8 fri5d & physician1 ,al?( repeats 9 8 biography :i* appe>$ 9 #agih1 9 ^! words3 8,brg]'s fa!r 0 c]ta9ly provid$ ) a v>iety ( k aft] ! mann] ( /udy preval5t at ! "t1 & 0 also a good1 hon\rable man2 b he lov$ 8 quiet com=t & 8 pipe ( tobacco s mu*1 t1 z my fri5d us$ to say1 he _h always fir/ to pull himself toge!r if he 0 go+ to apply himself = a qu>t] ( an h\r or s to ! in/ruction ( 8 son4 ,8 wife 0 a woman ( extraord9>y m5tal end[m5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 s little cultivat$ t %e _h sc>cely le>nt to write legibly4 ,brg] ?\ght t ) prop] culture 8 "m w\ld h be5 ! mo/ fam\s ( h] sex1 al?\gh he sev]al times express$ a /rong disapproval ( diff]5t traits ( h] moral "*4 ,h[ev]1 he believ$ t he inh]it$ f 8 "m "s m5tal gifts1 & f 8 fa!r an agreem5t ) 8 moral "*40 ,walt] ,scott's "m 0 a poetess1 & 0 9 communication ) ! wits ( h] "t1 z we le>n f ! obitu>y notice ( ,walt] ,scott 9 ! ,globe ( #bd? ,septemb] #ahcb4 ,t poems ( h]s appe>$ 9 pr9t 9 #aghi ,i f9d f an article entitl$ 8,"m wit10 9 ! ,bltt] fr litt]>is*e ,unt]haltung ( #d? ,octob] #ahda1 publi%$ by ,brockhaus1 :i* gives a long li/ ( clev] mo!rs ( di/+ui%$ m51 f :i* ,i %all only take two3 8,bacon's "m 0 a di/+ui%$ l+ui/1 wrote & translat$ sev]al works1 & 9 all ( !m %[$ le>n+1 acut5ess1 & ta/e4 ,bo]have's "m di/+ui%$ h]self ?r\gh m$ical k40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hall] has pres]v$ = u a /rong pro( ( ! inh]itance ( ! m5tal weakness ( ! "m1 = he says3 8,e duabus patriciis sororibus1 ob divitias m>itos nactis1 quum tam5 fatuis ess5t proxim1 novimus 9 nobilissimas g5tes nunc a seculo retro ejus morbi manasse sem9a1 ut etiam 9 qu>ta g5]atione1 qu9tave1 omnium po/]orum aliqui fatui sup]s9t0 7,elem5ta physiol41 ,lib4 xxix4 #h74 ,also1 accord+ to ,esquirol1 madness is m frequ5tly inh]it$ f ! "m ?an ! fa!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is inh]it$ f ! fa!r1 ,i attribute ?is to ! disposition ( ! "* ^: influ5ce occasions x4 ,x seems to foll[ f our pr9ciple t sons ( ! same "m h equal m5tal capacity1 & if "o %\ld be highly gift$ ! o!r mu/ be s also4 ,sometimes x is s4 ,examples ( ?is are ! ,c>racci1 ,joseph & ,mi*ael ,haydn1 ,b]n>d & ,&reas ,romb]g1 ,george & ,fr$]ic ,cuvi]4 ,i w\ld also add ! bro!rs ,s*legel1 if x 7 n t ! y\ng]1 ,fri$ri*1 made himself unwor?y ( ! hon\r ( be+ nam$ along ) 8 excell5t1 blameless1 & highly di/+ui%$ bro!r1 ,augu/ ,wilhelm1 by ! disgraceful obscurantism :i* 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( 8 life he pursu$ along ) ,adam ,mll]4 ,= obscurantism is a s91 possibly n aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s1 b yet aga9/ ! human _s1 :i* "o ought !re=e nev] to =give1 b always & ev]y:]e implacably to rememb] aga9/ :oev] has be5 guilty ( x1 & take e opportunity ( %[+ contempt = him s long z he lives1 nay1 aft] he is dead4 ,b j z (t5 ! above result does n take place2 = example1 ,kant's bro!r 0 q an ord9>y man4 ,to expla9 ?is ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] ( :at is said 9 ! ?irtyfir/ *apt] on ! physiological conditions ( g5ius4 ,n only an extraord9>ily develop$ & absolutely correctly =m$ bra9 7! %>e ( ! "m7 is requir$1 b also a v en]getic action ( ! he>t to animate x1 i4e41 subjectively a passionate w1 a lively temp]am5t3 ?is is ! inh]itance f ! fa!r4 ,b ?is quality is at its height only dur+ ! fa!r's /ronge/ ye>s2 & ! "m ages /ill m quickly4 ,accord+ly ! highly gift$ sons w1 z a rule1 be ! elde/1 begott5 9 ! full /r5g? ( bo? p>5ts2 ?us ,kant's bro!r 0 elev5 ye>s y\ng] ?an him4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( two di/+ui%$ bro!rs1 z a rule1 ! eld] w be ! sup]ior4 ,b n only ! age1 b e tempor>y ebb ( ! vital =ce or o!r di/urbance ( heal? 9 ! p>5ts at ! "t :5 ! *ild is begott5 may int]f]e ) ! "p ( "o or o!r1 & prev5t ! appe>ance ( a man ( em95t tal5t1 :i* is !re=e s exce$+ly r>e a ph5om5on4 ,x may be said1 9 pass+1 t 9 ! case ( tw9s ! abs5ce ( all ! diff]5ces j m5tion$ is ! cause ( ! quasiid5tity ( _! nature4 ,if s+le cases %\ld be f\nd 9 :i* a highly gift$ son _h a "m :o 0 n m5tally di/+ui%$ at all1 ?is may be expla9$ f ! fact t ?is "m h]self _h a phlegmatic fa!r1 & on ?is acc\nt h] m ?an ord9>ily develop$ bra9 0 n adequately excit$ by a correspond+ en]gy ( ! circulation--a necess>y condition1 z ,i h expla9$ above 9 *apt] #ca4 ,nev]!less1 h] highly p]fect$ n]v\s & c]ebral sy/em 0 transmitt$ to ! son1 9 ^: case a fa!r ) a lively & passionate disposition & an en]getic action ( ! he>t 0 add$1 & ?us ! o!r physical condition ( great m5tal p[] fir/ appe>$ "h4 ,p]haps ?is 0 ,byron's case1 s9ce we n[h]e f9d ! m5tal advantages ( 8 "m m5tion$4 ,! same explanation is also to be appli$ to ! case 9 :i* ! "m ( a son ( g5ius :o 0 h]self di/+ui%$ = m5tal gifts _h a "m :o 0 by no means clev]1 = ! fa!r ( ! latt] has be5 a man ( a phlegmatic disposition4 ,! inh>moni\s1 disproportionate1 ambigu\s elem5t 9 ! "* ( mo/ m5 might p]haps be ref]r$ to ! fact t ! individual has n a simple orig91 b d]ives ! w f ! fa!r & ! intellect f ! "m4 ,! m het]og5e\s & illadapt$ to ea* o!r ! two p>5ts 71 ! great] w t want ( h>mony1 t inn] v>iance1 be4 ,:ile "s excel ?r\gh _! he>t & o!rs ?r\gh _! head1 !re are /ill o!rs ^: excell5ce lies 9 a c]ta9 h>mony & unity ( ! :ole nature1 :i* arises f ! fact t 9 !m he>t & head are s ?or\ghly adapt$ t !y mutually support & advance ea* o!r2 :i* leads u to assume t ! p>5ts 7 peculi>ly suit$ to ea* o!r1 & agre$ 9 an exceptional measure4 ,) ref]5ce to ! physiological side ( ! !ory set =?1 ,i wi% n[ to m5tion t ,burda*1 :o errone\sly assumes t ! same psy*ical qualities may be inh]it$ n[ f ! fa!r1 n[ f ! "m1 yet adds 7,physiologie als ,erfahrungswiss5s*aft1 vol4 i4 #cjf73 8,z a :ole1 ! male elem5t has m influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! irritable life1 & ! female elem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 has m influ5ce on ! s5sibility40 ,:at ,l9n says 9 ! 8,sy/ema natur10 ,tom4 i4 p4 #h1 is also 9 po9t "h3 8,mat] prolif]a promit1 ante g5]ationem1 vivum comp5dium m$ull>e novi animalis suique simillimi1 c>9am ,malpighianam dictum1 tanquam plumulam vegetabilium3 hoc ex g5itura ,cor adsociat ramific&um 9 corpus4 ,punctum em9 sali5s ovi incubantis avis o/5dit primum cor micans1 c]ebrumque cum m$ulla3 corculum hoc1 cessans a frigore1 excitatur calido halitu1 premitque bulla area1 s5sim dilatata1 liquores1 secundum canales fluxiles4 ,punctum vitalitatis itaque 9 viv5tibus e/ tanquam a prima creatione cont9uata m$ull>is vit ramificatio1 cum ovum sit gemma m$ull>is matris a primordio viva1 licet non sua ante proprium cor pat]num40 ,if we n[ connect ! conviction we h ga9$ "h ( ! inh]itance ( ! "* f ! fa!r & ! intellect f ! "m ) our e>li] inve/igation ( ! wide gulf :i* nature has plac$ betwe5 man & man 9 a moral z 9 an intellectual reg>d1 & also ) our k ( ! absolute unalt]abl5ess bo? ( ! "* & ( ! m5tal faculties1 we %all be l$ to ! view t a real & ?or\gh improvem5t ( ! human race might be atta9$ to n s mu* f )\t z f )91 ?us n s mu* by in/ruction & culture z r ^u ! pa? ( g5]ation4 ,plato _h already some?+ ( ! k9d 9 8 m9d :5 9 ! fif? book ( 8 ,republic he set =? 8 wond]ful plan = increas+ & improv+ 8 class ( w>riors4 ,if we c\ld ca/rate all sc\ndrels1 & %ut up all /upid geese 9 mona/]ies1 & give p]sons ( noble "* a :ole h>em1 & provide m51 & inde$ complete m51 = all maid5s ( m9d & und]/&+1 a g5]ation w\ld soon arise :i* w\ld produce a bett] age ?an t ( ,p]icles4 ,b1 )\t ent]+ into su* utopian plans1 x might be tak5 into consid]ation t if1 z1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 actually ! case among c]ta9 anci5t nations1 ca/ration 0 ! sev]e/ puni%m5t aft] dea?1 ! _w w\ld be deliv]$ f :ole races ( sc\ndrels1 all ! m c]ta9ly z x is well kn[n t mo/ crimes are committ$ betwe5 ! age ( tw5ty & ?irty47#cf7 ,9 ! same way1 x might be consid]$ :e!r1 z reg>ds results1 x w\ld n be m advantage\s to give ! public d[ries :i* ^u c]ta9 occasions h to be di/ribut$1 n1 z is n[ cu/om>y1 to ! girls :o are suppos$ to be ! mo/ virtu\s1 b to ^? :o h mo/ und]/&+ & are ! clev]e/2 especially z x is v difficult to judge z to virtue1 =1 z x is said1 only ,god sees ! he>t4 ,! opportunities = display+ a noble "* are r>e1 & a matt] ( *ance2 besides1 _m a girl has a p[]ful support to h] virtue 9 h] pla9ness2 on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds und]/&+1 ^? :o !mselves are gift$ ) x c judge ) great c]ta9ty aft] "s exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r practical application4 ,9 _m c\ntries1 among o!rs 9 ,s\? ,g]many1 ! bad cu/om prevails ( wom5 c>ry+ burd5s1 (t5 v consid]able1 ^u ! head4 ,?is mu/ act disadvantage\sly ^u ! bra91 :i* mu/ !reby gradually det]iorate 9 ! female sex ( ! nation2 & s9ce f t sex ! male sex receives its bra91 ! :ole nation becomes ev] m /upid2 :i* 9 _m cases is by no means necess>y4 ,accord+ly by ! abolition ( ?is cu/om ! quantum ( intellig5ce 9 ! :ole nation w\ld be increas$1 :i* w\ld positively be ! greate/ increase ( ! national weal?4 ,b if n[1 leav+ su* practical applications to o!rs1 we return to our special po9t ( view1 ! e?icometaphysical /&po9t--s9ce we connect ! cont5t ( *apt] #da ) t ( ! pres5t *apt]--! foll[+ result w pres5t itself to u1 :i*1 ) all its transc5d5ce1 has yet a direct empirical support4 ,x is ! same "*1 ?us ! same individually det]m9$ w1 t lives 9 all ! desc5dants ( "o /ock1 f ! remote ance/or to ! pres5t repres5tative ( ! family4 ,b 9 ea* ( ^! a diff]5t intellect is giv5 ) x1 ?us a diff]5t degree & a diff]5t k9d ( k4 ,?us 9 ea* ( ^! life pres5ts itself to x f ano!r side & 9 a diff]5t light3 x receives a new fundam5tal view ( x1 a new in/ruction4 ,x is true t1 s9ce ! intellect is ext+ui%$ ) ! individual1 t w _c supplem5t ! insight ( "o c\rse ( life ) t ( ano!r4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( ea* fundam5tally new view ( life1 su* z only a r5ew$ p]sonality c imp>t to x1 its will+ itself receives a diff]5t t5d5cy1 ?us exp]i5ces a modification f x1 & :at is ! *ief conc]n1 ! w1 has1 9 ?is new direction1 ei!r to ass]t life anew or d5y x4 ,9 ?is way does ! arrangem5t ( nature ( an ev]*ang+ connection ( a w ) an intellect1 :i* arises f ! necessity ( two sexes = reproduction1 become ! basis ( a me?od ( salvation4 ,= by virtue ( ?is arrangem5t life unceas+ly pres5ts new sides to ! w 7^: image & mirror x is71 turns itself ab\t1 z x 71 )\t int]mission be=e its sight1 all[s diff]5t & ev] diff]5t modes ( p]ception to try _! effect ^u x1 s t ^u ea* ( ^! x mu/ decide = ass]tion or d5ial1 bo? ( :i* con/antly /& op5 to x1 only t1 if once d5ial is *os51 ! :ole ph5om5on ceases = x ) dea?4 ,n[ because1 accord+ to ?is1 x is j ! con/ant r5ewal & complete alt]ation ( ! intellect = ! same w :i*1 z imp>t+ a new view ( ! _w1 holds op5 ! pa? ( salvation1 & because ! intellect comes f ! "m1 ! pr(\nd reason may lie "h on acc\nt ( :i* all nations 7) v few & d\btful exceptions7 abom9ate & =bid ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s1 nay1 ev5 on acc\nt ( :i* sexual love does n arise at all betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 unless 9 v r>e exceptions1 :i* dep5d ^u an unnatural p]v]sity ( ! in/9ct1 if n ^u ! fact t "o ( ! two is illegitimate4 ,= f a m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s no?+ c\ld proce$ b con/antly ev] ! same w ) ! same intellect1 z bo? already exi/ unit$ 9 bo? ! p>5ts1 ?us ! hopeless repetition ( ! ph5om5on :i* has already be54 ,b if n[1 9 ! p>ticul> case & close at h&1 we contemplate ! incr$ibly great & yet manife/ diff]5ce ( *>act]s--f9d "o s good & philan?ropic1 ano!r s wick$1 nay1 f]oci\s2 aga91 behold "o j1 hone/1 & upright1 & ano!r completely false1 z a sneak1 a sw9dl]1 a traitor1 an incorrigible sc\ndrel--!re discloses itself to u a *asm 9 our inve/igation1 = 9 va9 we pond]1 reflect+ on ! orig9 ( su* a diff]5ce4 ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s solve ! problem by say+1 8,x is ! consequ5ce ( ! de$s ( ! prec$+ c\rses ( life40 ,?is solution is c]ta9ly ! olde/1 also ! mo/ compreh5sible1 & has come f ! wise/ ( mank9d2 b x only pu%es ! "q fur!r back4 ,yet a m satisfactory answ] w h>dly be f\nd4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( my :ole tea*+1 x rema9s = me to say t "h1 :]e we are speak+ ( ! w z ?+ 9 itself1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 z m]ely ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 is no long] applicable2 ) x1 h[ev]1 all :y & :5ce disappe>4 ,absolute fre$om j consi/s 9 ?is1 t some?+ is n subject at all to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 z ! pr9ciple ( all necessity4 ,su* fre$om1 !re=e1 only belongs to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,& ?is is j ! w4 ,accord+ly1 9 its ph5om5al manife/ation1 consequ5tly 9 ! ,op]>i1 x is subject to necessity2 b 9 ! ,esse1 :]e x has det]m9$ itself z ?+ 9 itself1 x is free4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we come to ?is1 z happ5s "h1 all explanation by means ( reasons & consequ5ts ceases1 & no?+ rema9s = u b to say t "h manife/s itself ! true fre$om ( ! w1 :i* belongs to x because x is ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i*1 h[ev]1 j z su*1 is gr\ndless1 i4e41 kn[s no :y4 ,b on ?is acc\nt all und]/&+ ceases = u "h1 because all our und]/&+ dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 = x consi/s 9 ! m]e application ( t pr9ciple4 ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,! ,metaphysics ,( ,! ,love ,( ,! ,sexes4 8,ye wise m51 highly1 deeply le>n$1 ,:o ?9k x out & "k1 ,h[1 :51 & :]e d all ?+s pair8 ,:y d !y kiss & love8 ,ye m5 ( l(ty wisdom1 say ,:at happ5$ to me !n2 ,se>* out & tell me :]e1 h[1 :51 ,& :y x happ5$ ?us40 --,b,,rg]4 ,?is *apt] is ! la/ ( f\r ^: v>i\s reciprocal relations1 by virtue ( :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !y con/itute a subord9ate :ole1 ! att5tive read] w recognise )\t x be+ ne$ful = me to int]rupt my exposition by recall+ !m or ref]r+ to !m4 ,we are accu/om$ to see poets pr9cipally occupi$ ) describ+ ! love ( ! sexes4 ,?is is z a rule ! *ief !me ( all dramatic works1 tragical z well z comical1 romantic z well z classical1 ,indian z well z ,european4 ,n less is x ! mat]ial ( by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( lyrical & also ( epic poetry1 especially if we class ) ! latt] ! enorm\s piles ( romances :i* = c5turies e ye> has produc$ 9 all ! civilis$ c\ntries ( ,europe z regul>ly z ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,z reg>ds _! ma9 cont5ts1 all ^! works are no?+ else ?an _msid$ brief or l5g?y descriptions ( ! passion we are speak+ (4 ,moreov]1 ! mo/ successful pictures ( x--su*1 = example1 z ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,la ,n\velle ,hlise1 & ,w]!r--h ga9$ immortal fame4 ,yet1 :5 ,ro*ef\cauld imag9es t x is ! same ) passionate love z ) gho/s1 ( :i* e "o speaks1 b :i* no "o has se52 & ,li*t5b]g also 9 8 essay1 8,ueb] die ,ma*t d] ,liebe10 disputes & d5ies ! reality & naturalness ( t passion1 !y are greatly 9 error4 ,= x is impossible t some?+ :i* is =eign & contr>y to human nature1 ?us a m]e imag9>y c>icature1 c\ld be unwe>i$ly repres5t$ by poetic g5ius 9 all ages1 & receiv$ by mank9d ) unalt]$ int]e/2 = no?+ t is arti/ically beautiful c be )\t tru?3-- 8,ri5 n'e/ beau que le vrai2 le vrai seul e/ aimable40 --,,boil4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 x is also confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 al?\gh n by ! exp]i5ce ( e day1 t t :i* z a rule only appe>s z a /rong yet /ill controllable incl9ation may rise "u c]ta9 circum/ances to a passion :i* exce$s all o!rs 9 vehem5ce1 & :i* !n sets aside all consid]ations1 ov]comes all ob/acles ) incr$ible /r5g? & p]sev]ance1 s t = its satisfaction life is risk$ )\t hesitation1 nay1 if t satisfaction is /ill )held1 is giv5 z ! price ( x4 ,w]!rs & ,jacopo ,ortis exi/ n only 9 romance1 b e ye> c %[ at lea/ half a doz5 ( !m 9 ,europe3 ,s$ ignotis p]i]unt mortibus illi2 = _! sorr[s f9d no o!r *ronicl]s ?an ! writ]s ( (ficial regi/]s or ! report]s ( ! newspap]s4 ,yet ! read]s ( ! police news 9 ,engli% & ,fr5* j\rnals w atte/ ! correctness ( my ass]tion4 ,/ill great]1 h[ev]1 is ! numb] ( ^? :om ! same passion br+s to ! madh\se4 ,f9ally1 e ye> c %[ cases ( ! d\ble suicide ( a pair ( lov]s :o are oppos$ by outw>d circum/ances4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x is inexplicable to me h[ ^? :o1 c]ta9 ( mutual love1 expect to f9d ! supreme/ bliss 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is1 d n )draw !mselves f all connections by tak+ ! extreme/ /eps1 & endure all h>d%ips1 r ?an give up ) life a pleasure :i* is great] ?an any o!r !y c conceive4 ,z reg>ds ! l[] grades ( t passion1 & ! m]e approa*es to x1 e "o has !m daily be=e 8 eyes1 &1 z long z he is n old1 = ! mo/ "p also 9 8 he>t4 ,s !n1 aft] :at has "h be5 call$ to m9d1 no "o c d\bt ei!r ! reality or ! importance ( ! matt]2 & !re=e1 in/ead ( wond]+ t a philosophy %\ld also = once make its own ?is con/ant !me ( all poets1 "o ought r to be surpris$ t a ?+ :i* plays ?r\gh\t s important a "p 9 human life has hi!rto practically be5 disreg>d$ by philosoph]s altoge!r1 & lies be=e u z raw mat]ial4 ,! "o :o has mo/ conc]n$ himself ) x is ,plato1 especially 9 ! 8,symposium0 & ! 8,phdrus40 ,yet :at he says on ! subject is conf9$ to ! sph]e ( my?s1 fables1 & jokes1 & also = ! mo/ "p conc]ns only ! ,greek love ( y\?s4 ,! little t ,r\sseau says ^u our !me 9 ! 8,disc\rs sur l'9galit0 7p4 #if1 ed4 ,bip47 is false & insuffici5t4 ,kant's explanation ( ! subject 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! essay1 8,ueb] das ,gefhl des ,s*n5 und ,erhab550 7p4 #dce seq4 ( ,ros5kranz's edition71 is v sup]ficial & )\t practical k1 !re=e x is also p>tly incorrect4 ,la/ly1 ,platn]'s treatm5t ( ! matt] 9 8 8,an?ropology0 7 #acdg seq47 e "o w f9d dull & %all[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sp9oza's def9ition1 on acc\nt ( its excessive navet1 des]ves to be quot$ = ! sake ( amusem5t3 8,amor e/ titillatio1 concomitante idea caus ext]n0 7,e?4 iv41 prop4 #dd1 dem47 ,accord+ly ,i h no pr$ecessors ei!r to make use ( or to refute4 ,! subject has press$ itself ^u me objectively1 & has ent]$ ( its own accord into ! connection ( my consid]ation ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 lea/ ( all c ,i hope = approbation f ^? :o are !mselves "u ! p[] ( ?is passion1 & :o accord+ly seek to express ! excess ( _! feel+s 9 ! sublime/ & mo/ e!real images4 ,to !m my view w appe> too physical1 too mat]ial1 h[ev] metaphysical & ev5 transc5d5t x may be at bottom4 ,mean:ile let !m reflect t if ! object :i* today inspires !m to write madrigals & sonnets _h be5 born eighte5 ye>s e>li] x w\ld sc>cely h won a glance f !m4 ,= all love1 h[ev] e!really x may be> itself1 is root$ 9 ! sexual impulse alone1 nay1 x absolutely is only a m def9itely det]m9$1 specialis$1 & inde$ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se individualis$ sexual impulse4 ,if n[1 keep+ ?is 9 view1 "o consid]s ! important "p :i* ! sexual impulse 9 all its degrees & nuances plays n only on ! /age & 9 novels1 b also 9 ! real _w1 :]e1 next to ! love ( life1 x %[s itself ! /ronge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( motives1 con/antly lays claim to half ! p[]s & ?\ghts ( ! y\ng] portion ( mank9d1 is ! ultimate goal ( almo/ all human ef=t1 ex]ts an adv]se influ5ce on ! mo/ important ev5ts1 int]rupts ! mo/ s]i\s occupations e h\r1 sometimes emb>rasses = a :ile ev5 ! greate/ m9ds1 does n hesitate to intrude ) its tra% int]f]+ ) ! negotiations ( /atesm5 & ! inve/igations ( m5 ( le>n+1 kn[s h[ to slip its love lett]s & locks ( hair ev5 into m9i/]ial portfolios & philosophical manuscripts1 & no less devises daily ! mo/ entangl$ & ! wor/ actions1 de/roys ! mo/ valuable relation%ips1 breaks ! firme/ bonds1 dem&s ! sacrifice sometimes ( life or heal?1 sometimes ( weal?1 rank1 & happ9ess1 nay1 robs ^? :o are o!rwise hone/ ( all consci5ce1 makes ^? :o h hi!rto be5 fai?ful1 traitors2 accord+ly1 on ! :ole1 appe>s z a malevol5t demon t /rives to p]v]t1 confuse1 & ov]?r[ ev]y?+2--!n "o w be =c$ to cry1 ,:]e=e all ?is noise8 ,:]e=e ! /ra9+ & /orm+1 ! anxiety & want8 ,x is m]ely a "q ( e ,hans f9d+ 8 ,gre!47#cg7 ,:y %\ld su* a trifle play s important a "p1 & con/antly introduce di/urbance & confusion into ! wellregulat$ life ( man8 ,b to ! e>ne/ inve/igator ! _s ( tru? gradually reveals ! answ]4 ,x is no trifle t is 9 "q "h2 on ! contr>y1 ! importance ( ! matt] is q proportionate to ! s]i\sness & ard\r ( ! ef=t4 ,! ultimate end ( all love affairs1 :e!r !y are play$ 9 sock or co?urnus1 is really m important ?an all o!r ends ( human life1 & is !re=e q wor?y ( ! pr(\nd s]i\sness ) :i* e "o pursues x4 ,t :i* is decid$ by x is no?+ less ?an ! composition ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! dramatis p]son :o %all appe> :5 we are )drawn are "h det]m9$1 bo? z reg>ds _! exi/5ce & _! nature1 by ^! frivol\s love affairs4 ,z ! be+1 ! exi/5tia1 ( ^! future p]sons is absolutely condition$ by our sexual impulse g5]ally1 s _! nature1 ess5tia1 is det]m9$ by ! individual selection 9 its satisfaction1 i4e41 by sexual love1 & is 9 e respect irrevocably fix$ by ?is4 ,?is is ! key ( ! problem3 we %all arrive at a m accurate k ( x 9 its application if we g ?r\gh ! degrees ( love1 f ! pass+ incl9ation to ! vehem5t passion1 :5 we %all also recognise t ! diff]5ce ( ^! grades arises f ! degree ( ! individualisation ( ! *oice4 ,! collective love affairs ( ! pres5t g5]ation tak5 toge!r are accord+ly1 ( ! :ole human race1 ! s]i\s m$itatio compositionis g5]ationis futur1 e qua it]um p5d5t innum] g5]ationes4 ,?is high importance ( ! matt]1 9 :i* x is n a "q ( individual weal or woe1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 b ( ! exi/5ce & special nature ( ! human race 9 future times1 & !re=e ! w ( ! individual appe>s at a high] p[] z ! w ( ! species2--?is x is on :i* ! pa!tic & sublime elem5ts 9 affairs ( love dep5d1 :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s poets h nev] we>i$ ( repres5t+ 9 innum]able examples2 because no !me c equal 9 int]e/ ?is "o1 :i* /&s to all o!rs :i* only conc]n ! welf>e ( individuals z ! solid body to ! surface1 because x conc]ns ! weal & woe ( ! species4 ,j on ?is acc\nt1 !n1 is x s difficult to imp>t int]e/ to a drama )\t ! elem5t ( love1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is !me is nev] worn out ev5 by daily use4 ,t :i* pres5ts itself 9 ! individual consci\sness z sexual impulse 9 g5]al1 )\t be+ direct$ t[>ds a def9ite individual ( ! o!r sex1 is 9 itself1 & ap>t f ! ph5om5on1 simply ! w to live4 ,b :at appe>s 9 consci\sness z a sexual impulse direct$ to a def9ite individual is 9 itself ! w to live z a def9itely det]m9$ individual4 ,n[ 9 ?is case ! sexual impulse1 al?\gh 9 itself a subjective ne$1 kn[s h[ to assume v skilfully ! mask ( an objective admiration1 & ?us to deceive our consci\sness2 = nature requires ?is /ratagem to atta9 its ends4 ,b yet t 9 e case ( fall+ 9 love1 h[ev] objective & sublime ?is admiration may appe>1 :at alone is look$ to is ! production ( an individual ( a def9ite nature is prim>ily confirm$ by ! fact t ! ess5tial matt] is n ! reciprocation ( love1 b possession1 i4e41 ! physical enjoym5t4 ,! c]ta9ty ( ! =m] c !re=e by no means console u = ! want ( ! latt]2 on ! contr>y1 9 su* a situation _m a man has %ot himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]sons :o are deeply 9 love1 & c obta9 no return ( x1 are cont5t$ ) possession1 i4e41 ) ! physical enjoym5t4 ,?is is prov$ by all =c$ m>riages1 & also by ! frequ5t pur*ase ( ! fav\r ( a woman1 9 spite ( h] dislike1 by l>ge pres5ts or o!r sacrifices1 nay1 ev5 by cases ( rape4 ,t ?is p>ticul> *ild %all be begott5 is1 al?\gh unkn[n to ! p>ties conc]n$1 ! true end ( ! :ole love /ory2 ! mann] 9 :i* x is atta9$ is a second>y consid]ation4 ,n[1 h[ev] l\dly p]sons ( l(ty & s5tim5tal s\l1 & especially ^? :o are 9 love1 may cry out "h ab\t ! gross realism ( my view1 !y are yet 9 error4 ,= is n ! def9ite det]m9ation ( ! individualities ( ! next g5]ation a mu* high] & m wor?y end ?an ^? exub]ant feel+s & sup]s5sible soap bubbles ( !irs8 ,nay1 among e>?ly aims1 c !re be "o :i* is great] or m important8 ,x alone corresponds to ! pr(\ndness ) :i* passionate love is felt1 to ! s]i\sness ) :i* x appe>s1 & ! importance :i* x attributes ev5 to ! trifl+ details ( its sph]e & occasion4 ,only s f> z ?is end is assum$ z ! true "o d ! difficulties enc\nt]$1 ! inf9ite ex]tions & annoyances made & endur$ = ! atta9m5t ( ! lov$ object1 appe> proportionate to ! matt]4 ,= x is ! future g5]ation1 9 its :ole individual det]m9at5ess1 t presses into exi/5ce by means ( ^? ef=ts & toils4 ,nay1 x is itself already active 9 t c>eful1 def9ite1 & arbitr>y *oice = ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse :i* we call love4 ,! gr[+ incl9ation ( two lov]s is really already ! w to live ( ! new individual :i* !y c & desire to produce2 nay1 ev5 9 ! meet+ ( _! long+ glances its new life breaks out1 & ann\nces itself z a future individuality h>moni\sly & well compos$4 ,!y feel ! long+ = an actual union & fus+ toge!r into a s+le be+1 9 ord] to live on only z ?is2 & ?is long+ receives its fulfilm5t 9 ! *ild :i* is produc$ by !m1 z t 9 :i* ! qualities transmitt$ by !m bo?1 fus$ & unit$ 9 "o be+1 live on4 ,conv]sely1 ! mutual1 decid$ & p]si/5t av]sion betwe5 a man & a maid is a sign t :at !y c\ld produce w\ld only be a badly organis$1 9 itself inh>moni\s & unhappy be+4 ,h5ce !re lies a deep] mean+ 9 ! fact t ,cald]on1 ?\gh he calls ! atroci\s ,semiramis ! daught] ( ! air1 yet introduces h] z ! daught] ( rape foll[$ by ! murd] ( ! husb&4 ,b1 f9ally1 :at draws two individuals ( diff]5t sex exclusively to ea* o!r ) su* p[] is ! w to live1 :i* exhibits itself 9 ! :ole species1 & :i* "h anticipates 9 ! individual :i* ^! two c produce an objectification ( its nature answ]+ to its aims4 ,?is individual w h ! w1 or "*1 f ! fa!r1 ! intellect f ! "m1 & ! corporisation f bo?2 yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! figure w take m aft] ! fa!r1 ! size aft] ! "m1--accord+ to ! law :i* comes out 9 ! bre$+ ( hybrids among ! brutes1 & pr9cipally dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! size ( ! ftus mu/ con=m to ! size ( ! ut]us4 ,j z inexplicable z ! q special individuality ( any man1 :i* is exclusively peculi> to him1 is also ! q special & individual passion ( two lov]s2 inde$ at bottom ! two are "o & ! same3 ! =m] is explicite :at ! latt] 0 implicite4 ,! mom5t at :i* ! p>5ts beg9 to love ea* o!r--to fancy ea* o!r1 z ! v happy ,engli% expression has x--is really to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ appe>ance ( a new individual & ! true punctum sali5s ( its life1 &1 z has be5 said1 9 ! meet+ & fix+ ( _! long+ glances !re appe>s ! fir/ g]m ( ! new be+1 :i* c]ta9ly1 l all g]ms1 is g5]ally cru%$ out4 ,?is new individual is to a c]ta9 ext5t a new 7,platonic7 ,idea2 & n[1 z all ,ideas /rive ) ! greate/ vehem5ce to ent] ! ph5om5al _w1 eag]ly seiz+ = ?is end ^u ! matt] :i* ! law ( causality divides among !m all1 s also does ?is p>ticul> ,idea ( a human individuality /rive ) ! greate/ eag]ness & vehem5ce t[>ds its realisation 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,?is eag]ness & vehem5ce is j ! passion ( ! two future p>5ts = ea* o!r4 ,x has innum]able degrees1 ! two extremes ( :i* may at any rate be describ$ z & 2 9 its nature1 h[ev]1 x is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w be 9 degree s mu* ! m p[]ful ! m individualis$ x is2 t is1 ! m ! lov$ individual is exclusively suit$1 by virtue ( all 8 or h] p>ts & qualities1 to satisfy ! desire ( ! lov] & ! ne$ e/abli%$ by 8 or h] own individuality4 ,:at is really 9 "q "h w become cle> 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( our exposition4 ,prim>ily & ess5tially ! incl9ation ( love is direct$ to heal?1 /r5g?1 & beauty1 consequ5tly also to y\?2 because ! w fir/ ( all seeks to exhibit ! specific "* ( ! human species z ! basis ( all individuality3 ord9>y amor\sness 7 7 does n g mu* fur!r4 ,to ^!1 !n1 m special claims l9k !mselves on1 :i* we %all inve/igate 9 detail fur!r on1 & ) :i*1 :5 !y see satisfaction be=e !m1 ! passion increases4 ,b ! highe/ degrees ( ?is passion spr+ f t suitabl5ess ( two individualities to ea* o!r on acc\nt ( :i* ! w1 i4e41 ! "*1 ( ! fa!r & ! intellect ( ! "m1 9 _! connection1 make up precisely t individual t[>ds :i* ! w to live 9 g5]al :i* exhibits itself 9 ! :ole species feels a long+ proportionate to ?is its magnitude1 & :i* !re=e exce$s ! measure ( a mortal he>t1 & ! motives ( :i*1 9 ! same way1 lie beyond ! sph]e ( ! individual intellect4 ,?is is ?us ! s\l ( a true & great passion4 ,n[ ! m p]fect is ! mutual adaptation ( two individuals to ea* o!r 9 ea* ( ! _m respects :i* h fur!r to be consid]$1 ! /rong] w be _! mutual passion4 ,s9ce !re d n exi/ two individuals exactly alike1 !re mu/ be = ea* p>ticul> man a p>ticul> woman--always ) ref]5ce to :at is to be produc$--:o corresponds mo/ p]fectly4 ,a really passionate love is z r>e z ! accid5t ( ^! two meet+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( su* a love is pres5t 9 e "o1 ! repres5tations ( x 9 ! works ( ! poets are compreh5sible to u4 ,j because ! passion ( love really turns ab\t t :i* is to be produc$1 & its qualities1 & because its k]nel lies "h1 a fri5d%ip )\t any admixture ( sexual love c exi/ betwe5 two "y & goodlook+ p]sons ( diff]5t sex1 on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t ( _! disposition1 "*1 & m5tal t5d5cies2 nay1 z reg>ds sexual love !re may ev5 be a c]ta9 av]sion betwe5 !m4 ,! reason ( ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! fact t a *ild produc$ by !m w\ld h physical or m5tal qualities :i* 7 inh>moni\s2 9 %ort1 its exi/5ce & nature w\ld n answ] ! ends ( ! w to live z x exhibits itself 9 ! species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( diff]5ce ( disposition1 "*1 & m5tal t5d5cy1 & ! dislike1 nay1 enmity1 proce$+ f ?is1 sexual love may yet arise & exi/2 :5 x !n bl9ds u to all t2 & if x "h leads to m>riage x w be a v unhappy "o4 ,let u n[ set ab\t ! m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! matt]4 ,egoism is s deeply root$ a quality ( all individuals 9 g5]al1 t 9 ord] to r\se ! activity ( an individual be+ egoi/ical ends are ! only ones ^u :i* we c c\nt ) c]ta9ty4 ,c]ta9ly ! species has an e>li]1 clos]1 & great] claim ^u ! individual ?an ! p]i%able individuality itself4 ,yet :5 ! individual has to act1 & ev5 make sacrifices = ! cont9uance & quality ( ! species1 ! importance ( ! matt] _c be made s compreh5sible to 8 intellect1 :i* is calculat$ m]ely ) reg>d to individual ends1 z to h its proportionate effect4 ,!re=e 9 su* a case nature c only atta9 its ends by implant+ a c]ta9 illusion 9 ! individual1 on acc\nt ( :i* t :i* is only a good = ! species appe>s to him z a good = himself1 s t :5 he s]ves ! species he imag9es he is s]v+ himself2 9 :i* process a m]e *im]a1 :i* vani%es imm$iately aft]w>ds1 floats be=e him1 & takes ! place ( a real ?+ z a motive4 ,?is illusion is in/9ct4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ?is is to be reg>d$ z ! s5se ( ! species1 :i* pres5ts :at is ( b5efit to x to ! w4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! w has "h become individual1 x mu/ be s delud$ t x appreh5ds ?r\gh ! s5se ( ! individual :at ! s5se ( ! species pres5ts to x1 ?us imag9es x is foll[+ individual ends :ile 9 tru? x is pursu+ ends :i* are m]ely g5]al 7tak+ ?is ^w 9 its /ricte/ s5se74 ,! ext]nal ph5om5on ( in/9ct we c be/ obs]ve 9 ! brutes :]e its rle is mo/ important2 b x is 9 ourselves alone t we arrive at a k ( its int]nal process1 z ( ev]y?+ int]nal4 ,n[ x is c]ta9ly suppos$ t man has almo/ no in/9ct2 at any rate only ?is1 t ! newborn babe seeks = & seizes ! brea/ ( its "m4 ,b1 9 fact1 we h a v def9ite1 di/9ct1 & complicat$ in/9ct1 t ( ! selection ( ano!r individual = ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse1 a selection :i* is s f9e1 s s]i\s1 & s arbitr>y4 ,) ?is satisfaction 9 itself1 i4e41 s f> z x is a s5sual pleasure re/+ ^u a press+ want ( ! individual1 ! beauty or ugl9ess ( ! o!r individual has no?+ to d4 ,?us ! reg>d = ?is :i* is yet pursu$ ) su* ard\r1 toge!r ) ! c>eful selection :i* spr+s f x1 is evid5tly connect$1 n ) ! *oos] himself--al?\gh he imag9es x is s--b ) ! true end1 t :i* is to be produc$1 :i* is to receive ! type ( ! species z purely & correctly z possible4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& physical accid5ts & moral ab]rations !re arise a great v>iety ( det]iorations ( ! human =m2 yet its true type1 9 all its p>ts1 is always aga9 e/abli%$3 & ?is takes place "u ! guidance ( ! s5se ( beauty1 :i* always directs ! sexual impulse1 & )\t :i* ?is s9ks to ! level ( a disgu/+ necessity4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fir/ place1 e "o w decid$ly pref] & eag]ly desire ! mo/ beautiful individuals1 i4e41 ^? 9 :om ! "* ( ! species is mo/ purely impress$2 b1 secondly1 ea* "o w specially reg>d z beautiful 9 ano!r individual ^? p]fections :i* he himself lacks1 nay1 ev5 ^? imp]fections :i* are ! opposite ( 8 own4 ,h5ce1 = example1 little m5 love big wom51 fair p]sons l d>k1 c4 c4 ,! delusive ec/asy :i* seizes a man at ! sight ( a woman ^: beauty is suit$ to him1 & pictures to him a union ) h] z ! highe/ good1 is j ! s5se ( ! species1 :i*1 recognis+ ! di/9ctly express$ /amp ( ! same1 desires to p]petuate x ) ?is individual4 ,^u ?is decid$ incl9ation to beauty dep5ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! type ( ! species3 h5ce x acts ) su* great p[]4 ,we %all exam9e specially fur!r on ! consid]ations :i* x foll[s4 ,?us :at guides man "h is really an in/9ct :i* is direct$ to do+ ! be/ = ! species1 :ile ! man himself imag9es t he only seeks ! height5+ ( 8 own pleasure4 ,9 fact1 we h 9 ?is an in/ructive lesson conc]n+ ! inn] nature ( all in/9ct1 :i*1 z "h1 almo/ always sets ! individual 9 motion = ! good ( ! species4 ,= cle>ly ! pa9s ) :i* an insect seeks out a p>ticul> fl[]1 or fruit1 or dung1 or fle%1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! i*neumonid1 ! l>va ( ano!r insect1 9 ord] to deposit its eggs !re only1 & to atta9 ?is end %r9ks nei!r f tr\ble nor dang]1 is ?or\ghly analog\s to ! pa9s ) :i* = 8 sexual satisfaction a man c>efully *ooses a woman ) def9ite qualities :i* appeal to him individually1 & /rives s eag]ly aft] h] t 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end he (t5 sacrifices 8 own happ9ess 9 life1 contr>y to all reason1 by a fooli% m>riage1 by love affairs :i* co/ him weal?1 hon\r1 & life1 ev5 by crimes su* z adult]y or rape1 all m]ely 9 ord] to s]ve ! species 9 ! mo/ effici5t way1 al?\gh at ! co/ ( ! individual1 9 accordance ) ! w ( nature :i* is ev]y:]e sov]eign4 ,in/9ct1 9 fact1 is always an act :i* seems to be 9 accordance ) ! conception ( an end1 & yet is entirely )\t su* a conception4 ,nature implants x :]ev] ! act+ individual is incapable ( und]/&+ ! end1 or w\ld be unwill+ to pursue x4 ,!re=e1 z a rule1 x is giv5 only to ! brutes1 & inde$ especially to ! l[e/ ( !m :i* h lea/ und]/&+2 b almo/ only 9 ! case we are "h consid]+ x is also giv5 to man1 :o c]ta9ly c\ld und]/& ! end1 b w\ld n pursue x ) ! necess>y ard\r1 t is1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( 8 individual welf>e4 ,?us "h1 z 9 ! case ( all in/9ct1 ! tru? assumes ! =m ( an illusion1 9 ord] to act ^u ! w4 ,x is a voluptu\s illusion :i* leads ! man to believe he w f9d a great] pleasure 9 ! arms ( a woman ^: beauty appeals to him ?an 9 ^? ( any o!r2 or :i* inde$1 exclusively direct$ to a s+le individual1 firmly conv9ces him t ! possession ( h] w ensure him excessive happ9ess4 ,!re=e he imag9es he is tak+ tr\ble & mak+ sacrifices = 8 own pleasure1 :ile he does s m]ely = ! ma9t5ance ( ! regul> type ( ! species1 or else a q special individuality1 :i* c only come f ^! p>5ts1 is to atta9 to exi/5ce4 ,! "* ( in/9ct is "h s p]fectly pres5t1 ?us an action :i* seems to be 9 accordance ) ! conception ( an end1 & yet is entirely )\t su* a conception1 t he :o is drawn by t illusion (t5 abhors ! end :i* alone guides x1 procreation1 & w\ld l to h9d] x2 ?us x is 9 ! case ( almo/ all illicit love affairs4 ,9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! matt] :i* has be5 expla9$1 e lov] w exp]i5ce a m>vell\s disillusion aft] ! pleasure he has at la/ atta9$1 & w wond] t :at 0 s long+ly desir$ accompli%es no?+ m ?an e o!r sexual satisfaction2 s t he does n see himself mu* b5efit$ by x4 ,t wi% 0 relat$ to all 8 o!r wi%es z ! species is relat$ to ! individual1 ?us z ! inf9ite to ! f9ite4 ,! satisfaction1 on ! o!r h&1 is really only = ! b5efit ( ! species1 & ?us does n come )9 ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 :o1 inspir$ by ! w ( ! species1 "h s]v$ an end ) e k9d ( sacrifice1 :i* 0 n 8 own end at all4 ,h5ce1 !n1 e lov]1 aft] ! ultimate consummation ( ! great "w1 f9ds himself *eat$2 = ! illusion has vani%$ by means ( :i* ! individual 0 "h ! dupe ( ! species1 ,accord+ly ,plato v happily says3 8 0 7voluptas ommlum maxime vaniloqua71 ,phileb4 #cai4 ,b all ?is reflects light on ! in/9cts & me*anical t5d5cies ( ! brutes4 ,!y also are1 )\t d\bt1 involv$ 9 a k9d ( illusion1 :i* deceives !m ) ! prospect ( _! own pleasure1 :ile !y "w s labori\sly & ) s mu* selfd5ial = ! species1 ! bird builds its ne/1 ! insect seeks ! only suitable place = its eggs1 or ev5 hunts = prey :i*1 unsuit$ = its own enjoym5t1 mu/ be laid beside ! eggs z food = ! future l>v1 ! bees1 ! wasps1 ! ants apply !mselves to _! skilful dwell+s & highly complicat$ economy4 ,!y are all guid$ ) c]ta9ty by an illusion1 :i* conceals ! s]vice ( ! species "u ! mask ( an egoti/ical end4 ,?is is probably ! only way to compreh5d ! inn] or subjective process t lies at ! f\ndation ( ! manife/ations ( in/9ct4 ,outw>dly1 h[ev]1 or objectively1 we f9d 9 ^? creatures :i* are to a l>ge ext5t gov]n$ by in/9ct1 especially 9 insects1 a prepond]ance ( ! ganglion sy/em1 i4e41 ! subjective n]v\s sy/em1 ov] ! objective or c]ebral sy/em2 f :i* we mu/ conclude t !y are mov$1 n s mu* by objective1 prop] appreh5sion z by subjective ideas excit+ desire1 :i* arise f ! influ5ce ( ! ganglion sy/em ^u ! bra91 & accord+ly by a k9d ( illusion2 & ?is w be ! physiological process 9 ! case ( all in/9ct4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration ,i w m5tion z ano!r example ( in/9ct 9 ! human species1 al?\gh a weak "o1 ! caprici\s appetite ( wom5 :o are pregnant4 ,x seems to arise f ! fact t ! n\ri%m5t ( ! embryo sometimes requires a special or def9ite modification ( ! blood :i* fl[s to x1 ^u :i* ! food :i* produces su* a modification at once pres5ts itself to ! pregnant woman z an object ( ard5t long+1 ?us "h also an illusion arises4 ,accord+ly woman has "o in/9ct m ?an man2 & ! ganglion sy/em is also mu* m develop$ 9 ! woman4 ,t man has few] in/9cts ?an ! brutes & t ev5 ^! few c be easily l$ a/ray1 may be expla9$ f ! great prepond]ance ( ! bra9 9 8 case4 ,! s5se ( beauty :i* in/9ctively guides ! selection = ! satisfaction ( sexual passion is l$ a/ray :5 x deg5]ates into ! t5d5cy to p$]a/y2 analog\s to ! fact t ! bluebottle 7,musca vomitoria71 in/ead ( deposit+ its eggs1 accord+ to in/9ct1 9 putrefy+ fle%1 lays !m 9 ! blossom ( ! ,arum dracunculus1 deceiv$ by ! cadav]\s smell ( ?is plant4 ,n[ t an in/9ct entirely direct$ to t :i* is to be produc$ lies at ! f\ndation ( all sexual love w receive complete confirmation f ! full] analysis ( x1 :i* we _c !re=e avoid4 ,fir/ ( all we h to rem>k "h t by nature man is incl9$ to incon/ancy 9 love1 woman to con/ancy4 ,! love ( ! man s9ks p]ceptibly f ! mom5t x has obta9$ satisfaction2 almo/ e o!r woman *>ms him m ?an ! "o he already possesses2 he longs = v>iety4 ,! love ( ! woman1 on ! o!r h&1 increases j f t mom5t4 ,?is is a consequ5ce ( ! aim ( nature :i* is direct$ to ! ma9t5ance1 & !re=e to ! greate/ possible increase1 ( ! species4 ,! man c easily beget ov] a hundr$ *ildr5 a ye>2 ! woman1 on ! contr>y1 ) h[ev] _m m51 c yet only br+ "o *ild a ye> into ! _w 7leav+ tw9 bir?s out ( acc\nt74 ,!re=e ! man always looks ab\t aft] o!r wom52 ! woman1 aga91 /icks firmly to ! "o man2 = nature moves h]1 in/9ctively & )\t reflection1 to reta9 ! n\ri%] & protector ( ! future (fspr+4 ,accord+ly fai?fulness 9 m>riage is ) ! man artificial1 ) ! woman x is natural1 & ?us adult]y on ! "p ( ! woman is mu* less p>donable ?an on ! "p ( ! man1 bo? objectively on acc\nt ( ! consequ5ces & also subjectively on acc\nt ( its unnaturalness4 ,b 9 ord] to be ?or\gh & ga9 full conviction t ! pleasure 9 ! o!r sex1 h[ev] objective x may seem to u1 is yet m]ely disguis$ in/9ct1 i4e41 s5se ( ! species1 :i* /rives to ma9ta9 its type1 we mu/ inve/igate m fully ! consid]ations :i* guide u 9 ?is pleasure1 & ent] into ! details ( ?is1 r>ely z ^! details :i* w h to be m5tion$ "h may h figur$ 9 a philosophical "w be=e4 ,^! consid]ations divide !mselves into ^? :i* directly conc]n ! type ( ! species1 i4e41 beauty1 ^? :i* are conc]n$ ) physical qualities1 & la/ly1 ^? :i* are m]ely relative1 :i* arise f ! requisite correction or neutralisation ( ! "osid$ qualities & abnormities ( ! two individuals by ea* o!r4 ,we %all g ?r\gh !m "o by "o4 ,! fir/ consid]ation :i* guides our *oice & incl9ation is age4 ,9 g5]al we accept ! age f ! ye>s :5 m5/ruation beg9s to ^? :5 x ceases1 yet we give ! decid$ pref]5ce to ! p]iod f ! eighte5? to ! tw5tyeigh? ye>4 ,outside ( ^? ye>s1 on ! o!r h&1 no woman c attract u3 an old woman1 i4e41 "o :o no long] m5/ruates1 excites our av]sion4 ,y\? )\t beauty has /ill always attraction2 beauty )\t y\? has none4 ,cle>ly ! unconsci\s end :i* guides u "h is ! possibility ( reproduction 9 g5]al3 !re=e e individual loses attraction = ! opposite sex 9 proportion z he or %e is remov$ f ! fitte/ p]iod = begett+ or conceiv+4 ,! second consid]ation is t ( heal?4 ,acute diseases only tempor>ily di/urb u1 *ronic diseases or ca*exia repel u1 because !y are transmitt$ to ! *ild4 ,! ?ird consid]ation is ! skeleton1 because x is ! basis ( ! type ( ! species4 ,next to age & disease no?+ repels u s mu* z a de=m$ figure2 ev5 ! mo/ beautiful face _c atone = x2 on ! contr>y1 ev5 ! uglie/ face :5 accompani$ by a /raight figure is unque/ionably pref]r$4 ,fur!r1 we feel e disproportion ( ! skeleton mo/ /rongly2 = example1 a /unt$1 dumpy1 %ortbon$ figure1 & _m su*2 also a halt+ gait1 :]e x is n ! result ( an extrane\s accid5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /rik+ly beautiful figure c make up = all defects3 x en*ants u4 ,"h also comes 9 ! great value :i* all atta* to ! smallness ( ! feet3 x dep5ds ^u ! fact t !y are an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 = no animal has ! t>sus & ! metat>sus tak5 toge!r s small z man1 :i* accords ) 8 upright walk2 he is a plantigrade4 ,accord+ly ,jesus ,sira* also says 7xxvi4 #bc1 accord+ to ! revis$ translation by ,kraus73 8,a woman ) a /raight figure & beautiful feet is l columns ( gold 9 sockets ( silv]40 ,! tee? also are important2 because !y are ess5tial = n\ri%m5t & q specially h]$it>y4 ,! f\r? consid]ation is a c]ta9 fulness ( fle%2 ?us a pr$om9ance ( ! vegetative function1 ( pla/icity2 because ?is promises abundant n\ri%m5t = ! ftus2 h5ce great leanness repels u 9 a /rik+ degree4 ,a full female bosom ex]ts an exceptional *>m ^u ! male sex2 because1 /&+ 9 direct connection ) ! female functions ( propagation1 x promises abundant n\ri%m5t to ! newborn *ild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 excessively fat wom5 excite our disgu/3 ! cause is t ?is indicates atrophy ( ! ut]us1 ?us b>r5ness2 :i* is n kn[n by ! head1 b by in/9ct4 ,! la/ consid]ation ( all is ! beauty ( ! face4 ,"h also be=e ev]y?+ else ! bones are consid]$2 !re=e we look pr9cipally = a beautiful nose1 & a %ort turn$up nose spoils ev]y?+4 ,a slight incl9ation ( ! nose d[nw>ds or upw>ds has decid$ ! happ9ess 9 life ( innum]able maid5s1 & rightly s1 = x conc]ns ! type ( ! species4 ,a small m\?1 by means ( small maxill1 is v ess5tial z specifically *>act]i/ic ( ! human c\nt5ance1 z di/+ui%$ f ! muzzle ( ! brutes4 ,a rec$+ or1 z x 71 cutaway *9 is especially disagreeable1 because m5tum prom9ulum is an exclusive *>act]i/ic ( our species4 ,f9ally comes ! reg>d = beautiful eyes & =ehead2 x is connect$ ) ! psy*ical qualities1 especially ! intellectual :i* are inh]it$ f ! "m4 ,! unconsci\s consid]ations :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ! incl9ation ( wom5 foll[s naturally _c be s exactly assign$4 ,9 g5]al ! foll[+ may be ass]t$3 ,!y give ! pref]5ce to ! age f ?irty to ?irtyfive ye>s1 especially ov] t ( y\?s :o yet really pres5t ! height ( human beauty4 ,! reason is t !y are n guid$ by ta/e b by in/9ct1 :i* recognises 9 ! age nam$ ! acme ( reproductive p[]4 ,9 g5]al !y look less to beauty1 especially ( ! face4 ,x is z if !y took x ^u !mselves alone to imp>t ?is to ! *ild4 ,!y are pr9cipally won by ! /r5g? ( ! man1 & ! c\rage :i* is connect$ ) ?is2 = ^! promise ! production ( /rong] *ildr51 & also a brave protector = !m4 ,e physical defect ( ! man1 e div]g5ce f ! type1 may ) reg>d to ! *ild be remov$ by ! woman 9 reproduction1 ?r\gh ! fact t %e h]self is blameless 9 ^! respects1 or ev5 exce$s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,only ^? qualities ( ! man h to be except$ :i* are peculi> to 8 sex1 & :i* !re=e ! "m _c give to ! *ild3 su* are ! manly /ructure ( ! skeleton1 broad %\ld]s1 sl5d] hips1 /raight bones1 muscul> p[]1 c\rage1 be>d1 c4 ,h5ce x arises t wom5 (t5 love ugly m51 b nev] an unmanly man1 because !y _c neutralise 8 defects4 ,! second class ( ! consid]ations :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( sexual love are ^? :i* reg>d psy*ical qualities4 ,"h we %all f9d t ! woman is ?r\gh\t attract$ by ! qualities ( ! he>t or "* 9 ! man1 z ^? :i* are inh]it$ f ! fa!r4 ,! woman is won especially by firmness ( w1 decision1 & c\rage1 & p]haps also by hone/y & goodhe>t$ness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 intellectual gifts ex]cise no direct & in/9ctive p[] ov] h]1 j because !y are n inh]it$ f ! fa!r4 ,want ( und]/&+ does a man no h>m ) wom52 inde$ extraord9>y m5tal end[m5t1 or ev5 g5ius1 might soon] influ5ce !m unfav\rably z an abnormity4 ,h5ce "o (t5 sees an ugly1 /upid1 & co>se fell[ get ! bett] ( a cultur$1 able1 & amiable man ) wom54 ,also m>riages f love are sometimes consummat$ betwe5 natures :i* are m5tally v diff]5t3 = example1 ! man is r\gh1 p[]ful1 & /upid2 ! woman t5d]ly s5sitive1 delicately ?\ghtful1 cultur$1 /hetic1 c42 or ! man is a g5ius & le>n$1 ! woman a goose3 8,sic visum ,v5]i2 cui placet imp>es ,=mas atque animos sub juga anea ,svo mitt]e cum joco40 ,! reason is1 t "h q o!r consid]ations ?an ! intellectual pr$om9ate1--^? ( in/9ct4 ,9 m>riage :at is look$ to is n intellectual ent]ta9m5t1 b ! production ( *ildr53 x is a bond ( ! he>t1 n ( ! head4 ,x is a va9 & absurd pret5ce :5 wom5 ass]t t !y h fall5 9 love ) ! m9d ( a man1 or else x is ! ov]/ra9+ ( a deg5]ate nature4 ,m51 on ! o!r h&1 are n det]m9$ 9 _! in/9ctive love by ! qualities ( "* ( ! woman2 h5ce s _m ,socrateses h f\nd _! ,xantippes2 = example1 ,%akspe>e1 ,albre*t ,dr]1 ,byron1 c4 ,! intellectual qualities1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly influ5ce "h1 because !y are inh]it$ f ! "m4 ,yet _! influ5ce is easily outweigh$ by t ( physical beauty1 :i* acts directly1 z conc]n+ a m ess5tial po9t4 ,h[ev]1 x happ5s1 ei!r f ! feel+ or ! exp]i5ce ( t influ5ce1 t mo!rs h _! daught]s taught ! f9e arts1 languages1 & s =? 9 ord] to make !m attractive to m51 :]eby !y wi% to assi/ ! intellect by artificial means1 j z1 9 case ( ne$1 !y assi/ ! hips & ! bosom4 ,obs]ve t "h we are speak+ ?r\gh\t only ( t entirely imm$iate in/9ctive attraction f :i* alone love prop]ly s call$ gr[s4 ,t a woman ( culture & und]/&+ prizes und]/&+ & intellect 9 a man1 t a man f rational reflection %\ld te/ & h reg>d to ! "* ( 8 bride1 has no?+ to d ) ! matt] ) :i* we are deal+ "h4 ,su* ?+s lie at ! bottom ( a rational *oice 9 m>riage1 b n ( ! passionate love1 :i* is our !me4 ,hi!rto ,i h only tak5 acc\nt ( ! absolute consid]ations1 i4e41 ^? :i* hold good = e "o3 ,i come n[ to ! relative consid]ations1 :i* are individual1 because 9 _! case :at is look$ to is ! rectification ( ! type ( ! species1 :i* is already defectively pres5t$1 ! correction ( ! div]g5ces f x :i* ! *oos]'s own p]son already be>s 9 itself1 & ?us ! return to ! pure pres5tation ( ! type4 ,"h1 !n1 ea* "o loves :at he lacks4 ,/>t+ f ! individual con/itution1 & direct$ to ! individual con/itution1 ! *oice :i* re/s ^u su* relative consid]ations is mu* m def9ite1 decid$1 & exclusive ?an t :i* proce$s m]ely f ! absolute consid]ations2 !re=e ! s\rce ( really passionate love w lie1 z a rule1 9 ^! relative consid]ations1 & only t ( ! ord9>y & slight] incl9ation 9 ! absolute consid]ations4 ,accord+ly x is n g5]ally precisely correct & p]fect beauties t k9dle great passions4 ,= su* a truly passionate incl9ation to arise some?+ is requir$ :i* c only be express$ by a *emical metaphor3 two p]sons mu/ neutralise ea* o!r1 l acid & alkali1 to a neutral salt4 ,! ess5tial conditions dem&$ = ?is are ! foll[+4 ,fir/3 all sex is "osid$4 ,?is "osid$ness is m di/9ctly express$ 9 "o individual ?an 9 ano!r2 !re=e 9 e individual x c be bett] supplem5t$ & neutralis$ by "o ?an by ano!r individual ( ! opposite sex1 = ea* "o requires a "o sid$ness :i* is ! opposite ( 8 own to complete ! type ( humanity 9 ! new individual t is to be produc$1 ! con/itution ( :i* is always ! goal t[>ds :i* all t5ds4 ,physiologi/s "k t manhood & womanhood admit ( innum]able degrees1 ?r\gh :i* ! =m] s9ks to ! repulsive gyn&] & hypospadu1 & ! latt] rises to ! graceful &rogyne2 f bo? sides complete h]maphrodism c be rea*$1 at :i* po9t /& ^? individuals :o1 hold+ ! exact mean betwe5 ! two sexes1 c be attribut$ to nei!r1 & consequ5tly are unfit to propagate ! species4 ,accord+ly1 ! neutralisation ( two individualities by ea* o!r1 ( :i* we are speak+1 dem&s t ! def9ite degree ( 8 manhood %all exactly correspond to ! def9ite degree ( h] womanhood2 s t ! "o sid$ness ( ea* exactly annuls t ( ! o!r4 ,accord+ly1 ! mo/ manly man w seek ! mo/ womanly woman1 & vice v]s1 & 9 ! same way e individual w seek ano!r correspond+ to him or h] 9 degree ( sex4 ,n[ h[ f> ! requir$ relation exi/s betwe5 two individuals is in/9ctively felt by !m1 &1 toge!r ) ! o!r relative consid]ations1 lies at ! f\ndation ( ! high] degrees ( love4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! lov]s speak pa!tically ( ! h>mony ( _! s\ls1 ! he>t ( ! matt] is = ! mo/ "p ! agreem5t or suitabl5ess po9t$ out "h ) ref]5ce to ! be+ :i* is to be produc$ & its p]fection1 & :i* is also cle>ly ( mu* m importance ?an ! h>mony ( _! s\ls1 :i* (t51 n long aft] ! m>riage1 resolves itself into a h[l+ discord4 ,n[1 "h come 9 ! fur!r relative consid]ations1 :i* dep5d ^u ! fact t e "o endeav\rs to neutralise by means ( ! o!r 8 weaknesses1 defects1 & deviations f ! type1 s t !y w n p]petuate !mselves1 or ev5 develop into complete abnormities 9 ! *ild :i* is to be produc$4 ,! weak] a man is z reg>ds muscul> p[] ! m w he seek = /rong wom52 & ! woman on h] side w d ! same4 ,b s9ce n[ a less degree ( muscul> p[] is natural & regul> 9 ! woman1 wom5 z a rule w give ! pref]5ce to /rong m54 ,fur!r1 ! size is an important consid]ation4 ,little m5 h a decid$ incl9ation = big wom51 & vice v]s2 & inde$ 9 a little man ! pref]5ce = big wom5 w be s mu* ! m passionate if he himself 0 begott5 by a big fa!r1 & only rema9s little ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 "m2 because he has inh]it$ f 8 fa!r ! vascul> sy/em & its en]gy1 :i* 0 able to supply a l>ge body ) blood4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 7 bo? little1 t incl9ation w make itself less felt4 ,at ! f\ndation ( ! av]sion ( a big woman to big m5 lies ! int5tion ( nature to avoid too big a race1 if ) ! /r5g? :i* ?is woman c\ld imp>t to !m !y w\ld be too weak to live long4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a woman selects a big husb&1 p]haps = ! sake ( be+ m pres5table 9 society1 !n1 z a rule1 h] (fspr+ w h to atone = h] folly4 ,fur!r1 ! consid]ation z to ! complexion is v decid$4 ,blondes pref] d>k p]sons1 or brunettes2 b ! latt] seldom pref] ! =m]4 ,! reason is1 t fair hair & blue eyes are 9 !mselves a v>iation f ! type1 almo/ an abnormity1 analog\s to :ite mice1 or at lea/ to grey horses4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w1 n ev5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! pole1 are !y indig5\s1 except 9 ,europe1 & are cle>ly ( ,sc&9avian orig94 ,i may "h express my op9ion 9 pass+ t ! :ite col\r ( ! sk9 is n natural to man1 b t by nature he has a black or br[n sk91 l our =efa!rs ! ,h9dus2 t consequ5tly a :ite man has nev] orig9ally sprung f ! womb ( nature1 & t ?us !re is no su* ?+ z a :ite race1 mu* z ?is is talk$ (1 b e :ite man is a fad$ or blea*$ "o4 ,=c$ into ! /range _w1 :]e he only exi/s l an exotic plant1 & l ?is requires 9 w9t] ! ho?\se1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s man became :ite4 ,! gipsies1 an ,indian race :i* immigrat$ only ab\t f\r c5turies ago1 %[ ! transition f ! complexion ( ! ,h9du to our own47#ch7 ,!re=e 9 sexual love nature /rives to return to d>k hair & br[n eyes z ! primitive type2 b ! :ite col\r ( ! sk9 has become a second nature1 ?\gh n s t ! br[n ( ! ,h9du repels u4 ,f9ally1 ea* "o also seeks 9 ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body ! corrective ( 8 own defects & ab]rations1 & does s ! m decid$ly ! m important ! "p is4 ,!re=e snubnos$ individuals h an inexpressible lik+ = hooknoses1 p>rotfaces2 & x is ! same ) reg>d to all o!r p>ts4 ,m5 ) excessively slim1 long bodies & limbs c f9d beauty 9 a body :i* is ev5 beyond measure /umpy & %ort4 ,! consid]ations ) reg>d to temp]am5t act 9 an analog\s mann]4 ,ea* w pref] ! temp]am5t oppos$ to 8 own2 yet only 9 proportion z 8 "o is decid$4 ,:oev] is himself 9 "s respect v p]fect does n inde$ seek & love imp]fection 9 ?is respect1 b is yet m easily reconcil$ to x ?an o!rs2 because he himself insures ! *ildr5 aga9/ great imp]fection ( ?is "p4 ,= example1 :oev] is himself v :ite w n object to a yell[ complexion2 b :oev] has ! latt] w f9d dazzl+ :it5ess div9ely beautiful4 ,! r>e case 9 :i* a man falls 9 love ) a decid$ly ugly woman occurs :51 besides ! exact h>mony ( ! degree ( sex expla9$ above1 ! :ole ( h] abnormities are precisely ! opposite1 & ?us ! corrective1 ( 84 ,! love is !n wont to rea* a high degree4 ,! pr(\nd s]i\sness ) :i* we consid] & pond] ea* bodily "p ( ! woman1 & %e on h] "p does ! same1 ! critical scrupulosity ) :i* we inspect a woman :o beg9s to please u1 ! caprici\sness ( our *oice1 ! ke5 att5tion ) :i* ! bridegroom obs]ves 8 betro!d1 8 c>efulness n to be deceiv$ 9 any "p1 & ! great value :i* he atta*es to e excess or defect 9 ! ess5tial p>ts1 all ?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! importance ( ! end4 ,= ! new be+ to be produc$ w h to be> ?r\gh its :ole life a simil> "p4 ,= example1 if ! woman is only a little crook$1 ?is may easily imp>t to h] son a hump1 & s 9 all ! re/4 ,consci\sness ( all ?is c]ta9ly does n exi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 e "o imag9es t he makes t c>eful selection 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 own pleasure 7:i* at bottom _c be int]e/$ 9 x at all72 b he makes x precisely z1 "u ! presupposition ( 8 own corporisation1 is mo/ 9 keep+ ) ! int]e/ ( ! species1 to ma9ta9 ! type ( :i* z pure z possible is ! secret task4 ,! individual acts "h1 )\t kn[+ x1 by ord] ( some?+ high] ?an itself1 ! species2 h5ce ! importance :i* x atta*es to ?+s :i* may & inde$ mu/ be1 indiff]5t to itself z su*4 ,!re is some?+ q peculi> 9 ! pr(\nd unconsci\s s]i\sness ) :i* two "y p]sons ( opposite sex :o see ea* o!r = ! fir/ "t reg>d ea* o!r1 9 ! se>*+ & p5etrat+ glance !y ca/ at "o ano!r1 9 ! c>eful review :i* all ! features & p>ts ( _! respective p]sons h to endure4 ,?is inve/igat+ & exam9+ is ! m$itation ( ! g5ius ( ! species on ! individual :i* is possible ?r\gh ^! two & ! comb9ation ( its qualities4 ,accord+ to ! result ( ?is m$itation is ! degree ( _! pleasure 9 ea* o!r & _! ye>n+ = ea* o!r4 ,?is ye>n+1 ev5 aft] x has atta9$ a consid]able degree1 may be sudd5ly ext+ui%$ aga9 by ! discov]y ( some?+ t _h previ\sly rema9$ unobs]v$4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! g5ius ( ! species m$itates conc]n+ ! com+ race 9 all :o are capable ( reproduction4 ,! nature ( ?is race is ! great "w ) :i* ,cupid is occupi$1 unceas+ly active1 speculat+1 & pond]+4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! importance ( 8 great affair1 :i* conc]ns ! species & all com+ races1 ! affairs ( individuals 9 _! :ole ephem]al totality are v trifl+2 !re=e he is always ready to sacrifice ^! reg>dlessly4 ,= he is relat$ to !m z an immortal to mortals1 & 8 int]e/s to !irs z inf9ite to f9ite4 ,?us1 9 ! consci\sness ( manag+ affairs ( a high] k9d ?an all ^? :i* only conc]n individual weal or woe1 he c>ries !m on sublimely1 undi/urb$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tumult ( w>1 or 9 ! bu/le ( bus9ess life1 or dur+ ! rag+ ( a plague1 & pursues !m ev5 into ! seclusion ( ! cloi/]4 ,we h se5 9 ! above t ! int5sity ( love increases ) its individualisation1 because we h %[n t ! physical qualities ( two individuals c be su* t1 = ! purpose ( re/or+ z f> z possible ! type ( ! species1 ! "o is q specially & p]fectly ! completion or supplem5t ( ! o!r1 :i* !re=e desires x exclusively4 ,already 9 ?is case a consid]able passion arises1 :i* at once ga9s a nobl] & m sublime appe>ance f ! fact t x is direct$ to an individual object1 & to x alone2 ?us1 z x 71 arises at ! special ord] ( ! species4 ,= ! opposite reason1 ! m]e sexual impulse is ignoble1 because )\t individualisation x is direct$ to all1 & /rives to ma9ta9 ! species only z reg>ds quantity1 ) little respect to quality4 ,b ! individualis+1 & ) x ! int5sity ( ! love1 c rea* s high a degree t )\t its satisfaction all ! good ?+s 9 ! _w1 & ev5 life itself1 lose _! value4 ,x is !n a wi% :i* atta9s a vehem5ce t no o!r wi% ev] rea*es1 & !re=e makes "o ready = any sacrifice1 & 9 case its fulfilm5t rema9s unalt]ably d5i$1 may lead to madness or suicide4 ,at ! f\ndation ( su* an excessive passion !re mu/ lie1 besides ! consid]ations we h %[n above1 /ill o!rs :i* we h n ?us be=e our eyes4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t "h n only ! corporisation1 b ! w ( ! man & ! intellect ( ! woman are specially suitable to ea* o!r1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a p]fectly def9ite individual c be produc$ by !m alone1 ^: exi/5ce ! g5ius ( ! species has "h 9 view1 = reasons :i* are inaccessible to u1 s9ce !y lie 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,or1 to speak m exactly1 ! w to live desires "h to objectify itself 9 a p]fectly def9ite individual1 :i* c only be produc$ by ?is fa!r ) ?is "m4 ,?is metaphysical desire ( ! w 9 itself has prim>ily no o!r sph]e ( action 9 ! s]ies ( exi/5ces ?an ! he>ts ( ! future p>5ts1 :i* accord+ly are seiz$ ) ?is ard5t long+1 & n[ imag9e !mselves to desire on _! own acc\nt :at really = ! pres5t has only a purely metaphysical end1 i4e41 an end :i* lies outside ! s]ies ( actually exi/+ ?+s4 ,?us x is ! ard5t long+ to ent] exi/5ce ( ! future individual :i* has fir/ become possible "h1 a long+ :i* proce$s f ! prim>y s\rce ( all be+1 & exhibits itself 9 ! ph5om5al _w z ! l(ty passion ( ! future p>5ts = ea* o!r1 pay+ little reg>d to all t is outside itself2 9 fact1 z an unp>allel$ illusion1 on acc\nt ( :i* su* a lov] w\ld give up all ! good ?+s ( ?is _w to enjoy ! possession ( ?is woman1 :o yet c really give him no?+ m ?an any o!r4 ,t yet x is j ?is possession t is kept 9 view "h is se5 f ! fact t ev5 ?is l(ty passion1 l all o!rs1 is ext+ui%$ 9 its enjoym5t--to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ^? :o are possess$ by x4 ,x also becomes ext9ct :51 ?r\gh ! woman turn+ out b>r5 7:i*1 accord+ to ,hufel&1 may arise f n9ete5 accid5tal con/itutional defects71 ! real metaphysical end is fru/rat$2 j z daily happ5s 9 millions ( g]ms trampl$ "u foot1 9 :i* yet ! same metaphysical life pr9ciple /rives = exi/5ce2 = :i* !re is no o!r consolation ?an t an inf9ity ( space1 "t1 & matt]1 & consequ5tly inexhau/ible opportunity = return1 /&s op5 to ! w to live4 ,! view :i* is "h exp\nd$ mu/ once h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 ev5 if only 9 a fleet+ =m1 ?\gh he has n h&l$ ?is subject1 & my :ole sy/em ( ?\ght 0 =eign to him2 =1 9 q a diff]5t context & 9 8 desultory mann]1 he wrote ! foll[+ rem>kable words3 8,hi sunt1 quos ,deus copulavit1 ut eam1 qu fuit ,uri et ,david2 quamvis ex diametro 7sic enim sibi humana m5s p]suadebat7 cum ju/o et legitimo matrimonio pugn>et hoc4444 s$ propt] ,salomonem1 ,,qui ,,aliunde ,,nasci ,,non ,,potuit1 nisi ex ,ba?seba1 conjuncto ,david sem9e1 quamvis m]etrice1 conjunxit eos ,deus0 7,de vita longa1 i4 #e74 ,! long+ ( love1 ! 1 :i* ! poets ( all ages are unceas+ly occupi$ ) express+ 9 innum]able =ms1 & d n exhau/ ! subject1 nay1 _c d x ju/ice1 ?is long+1 :i* atta*es ! idea ( endless happ9ess to ! possession ( a p>ticul> woman1 & unutt]able pa9 to ! ?\ght t ?is possession _c be atta9$1--?is long+ & ?is pa9 _c obta9 _! mat]ial f ! wants ( an ephem]al individual2 b !y are ! sighs ( ! _s ( ! species1 :i* sees "h1 to be won or lo/1 a means = ! atta9m5t ( its ends :i* _c be replac$1 & !re=e groans deeply4 ,! species alone has inf9ite life1 & !re=e is capable ( inf9ite desires1 inf9ite satisfaction1 & inf9ite pa94 ,b ^! are "h imprison$ 9 ! n>r[ brea/ ( a mortal4 ,no wond]1 !n1 if su* a brea/ seems l to bur/1 & c f9d no expression = ! intimations ( inf9ite rapture or inf9ite mis]y ) :i* x is fill$4 ,?is1 !n1 af=ds ! mat]ials = all erotic poetry ( a sublime k9d1 :i* accord+ly rises into transc5d5t metaphors1 so>+ above all t is e>?ly4 ,?is is ! !me ( ,petr>*1 ! mat]ial = ! ,/4 ,preuxs1 ,w]!rs1 & ,jacopo ,ortis1 :o ap>t f x c\ld n be und]/ood nor expla9$4 ,= t inf9ite e/eem = ! lov$ "o _c re/ ^u "s spiritual excell5ces1 or 9 g5]al ^u any objective1 real qualities ( h]s2 = "o ?+1 because %e is (t5 n suffici5tly well kn[n to ! lov]1 z 0 ! case ) ,petr>*4 ,! _s ( ! species alone c see at "o glance :at wor? %e has = x1 = its ends4 ,& great passions also arise1 z a rule1 at ! fir/ glance3 8,:o ev] lov$ t lov$ n at fir/ sight80 --,,%akspe>e1 8,z ,y ,l x10 iii4 #e4 ,9 ?is reg>d a passage 9 ! romance ( 8,guzman de ,alf>a*e10 by ,mateo ,aleman1 :i* has be5 fam\s = #bej ye>s1 is rem>kable3 8,no es necess>io1 p>a que uno ame1 que pase di/ancia de tiempo1 que siga discurso1 ni haga eleccion1 s9o que con aquella prim]a y sola vi/a1 concurran juntam5te ci]ta correspond5cia consonancia1 lo que ac solemos vulg>m5te decir1 una confrontacion de sangre1 a que por p>ticul> influxo suel5 mov] las e/rellas40 7,= "o to love x is n necess>y t mu* "t %\ld pass1 t he %\ld set ab\t reflect+ & make a *oice2 b only t at t fir/ & only glance a c]ta9 correspond5ce & consonance %\ld be enc\nt]$ on bo? sides1 or t :i* 9 common life we are wont to call a sympa?y ( ! blood1 & to :i* a special influ5ce ( ! />s g5]ally impels71 ,p4 ii4 lib4 iii4 c4 #e4 ,accord+ly ! loss ( ! lov$ "o1 ?r\gh a rival1 or ?r\gh dea?1 is also = ! passionate lov] a pa9 t surpasses all o!rs1 j because x is ( a transc5d5tal k9d1 s9ce x affects him n m]ely z an individual1 b attacks him 9 8 ess5tia t]na1 9 ! life ( ! species into ^: special w & s]vice he 0 "h call$4 ,h5ce jeal\sy is su* torm5t & s grim1 & ! surr5d] ( ! lov$ "o is ! greate/ ( all sacrifices4 ,a h]o is a%am$ ( all lam5tations except ! lam5tation ( love1 because 9 ?is x is n he b ! species t lam5ts4 ,9 ,cald]on's 8,z5obia ! ,great0 !re is 9 ! fir/ act a sc5e betwe5 ,z5obia & ,decius 9 :i* ! latt] says3 8,cielos1 luego tu me qui]es8 ,p]di]a ci5 mil victorias1 ,volvirame10 c4 7,heav56 !n ?\ love/ me8 ,= ?is ,i w\ld lose a ?\s& victories1 w\ld turn ab\t1 c47 ,"h1 hon\r1 :i* hi!rto outweigh$ e int]e/1 is beat5 out ( ! field z soon z sexual love1 i4e41 ! int]e/ ( ! species1 comes into play1 & sees be=e x a decid$ advantage2 = ?is is inf9itely sup]ior to e int]e/ ( m]e individuals1 h[ev] important x may be4 ,!re=e to ?is alone hon\r1 duty1 & fidelity yield aft] !y h )/ood e o!r temptation1 includ+ ! ?reat ( dea?4 ,9 ! same way we f9d 9 private life t consci5ti\sness is 9 no po9t s r>e z 9 ?is3 x is "h sometimes set aside ev5 by p]sons :o are o!rwise hone/ & j1 & adult]y is recklessly committ$ :5 passionate love1 i4e41 ! int]e/ ( ! species1 has ma/]$ !m4 ,x ev5 seems z if 9 ?is !y believ$ !mselves to be consci\s ( a high] "r ?an ! int]e/s ( individuals c ev] conf]2 j because !y act 9 ! int]e/ ( ! species4 ,9 ?is ref]5ce ,*am=t's rem>k is wor? notic+3 8,qu& un homme et une femme ont l'un p\r l'autre une passion viol5te1 il me semble t\j\rs que quelque soi5t les ob/acles qui les sp>5t1 un m>i1 des p>5s1 etc41 les deux amans sont l'un a l'autre1 de p> la ,nature1 qu'ils s'app>ti5n5t de droit div91 malgr les lois et les conv5tions huma9es40 ,:oev] is incl9$ to be inc5s$ at ?is %\ld be ref]r$ to ! rem>kable indulg5ce :i* ! ,savi\r %[s 9 ! ,gospel to ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 9 t ,he also assumes ! same guilt 9 ! case ( all pres5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! great] "p ( ! 8,decam]on0 appe>s z m]e mock+ & je]+ ( ! g5ius ( ! species at ! rights & int]e/s ( individuals :i* x tramples "u foot4 ,diff]5ces ( rank & all simil> circum/ances1 :5 !y oppose ! union ( passionate lov]s1 are set aside ) ! same ease & treat$ z no?+ by ! g5ius ( ! species1 :i*1 pursu+ its ends t conc]n innum]able g5]ations1 bl[s (f z spray su* human laws & scruples4 ,f ! same deeply+ gr\nds1 :5 ! ends ( passionate love are conc]n$1 e dang] is will+ly enc\nt]$1 & ^? :o are o!rwise timor\s "h become c\rage\s4 ,9 plays & novels also we see1 ) ready sympa?y1 ! "y p]sons :o are fight+ ! battle ( _! love1 i4e41 ! int]e/ ( ! species1 ga9 ! victory ov] _! eld]s1 :o are ?9k+ only ( ! welf>e ( ! individuals4 ,= ! ef=ts ( ! lov]s appe> to u z mu* m important1 sublime1 & !re=e "r1 ?an any?+ t c be oppos$ to !m1 z ! species is m important ?an ! individual4 ,accord+ly ! fundam5tal !me ( almo/ all com$ies is ! appe>ance ( ! g5ius ( ! species ) its aims1 :i* are oppos$ to ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ! individuals pres5t$1 & !re=e ?reat5 to und]m9e _! happ9ess4 ,z a rule x atta9s its end1 :i*1 z 9 accordance ) poetical ju/ice1 satisfies ! spectator1 because he feels t ! aims ( ! species are mu* to be pref]r$ to ^? ( ! individual4 ,!re=e at ! conclusion he leaves ! victori\s lov]s q confid5tly1 because he %>es ) !m ! illusion t !y h f\nd$ _! own happ9ess1 :ile !y h r sacrific$ x to ! *oice ( ! species1 aga9/ ! w & =esight ( _! eld]s4 ,x has be5 attempt$ 9 s+le1 abnormal com$ies to rev]se ! matt] & br+ ab\t ! happ9ess ( ! individuals at ! co/ ( ! aims ( ! species2 b !n ! spectator feels ! pa9 :i* ! g5ius ( ! species suff]s1 & is n consol$ by ! advantages :i* are !reby assur$ to ! individuals4 ,z examples ( ?is k9d two v wellkn[n little pieces occur to me3 8,la re9e de #af ans10 & 8,le m>riage de raison40 ,9 trag$ies conta9+ love affairs1 s9ce ! aims ( ! species are fru/rat$1 ! lov]s :o 7 its tools1 g5]ally p]i% also2 = example1 9 8,romeo & ,juliet10 8,tancr$10 8,don ,c>los10 8,wall5/e910 8,! ,bride ( ,mess9a10 & _m o!rs4 ,! love ( a man (t5 af=ds comical1 & sometimes also tragical ph5om5a2 bo? because1 tak5 possession ( by ! _s ( ! species1 he is n[ rul$ by ?is1 & no long] belongs to himself3 8 conduct !reby becomes unsuit$ to ! individual4 ,t :i* 9 ! high] grades ( love imp>ts su* a t+e ( poetry & sublim5ess to 8 ?\ghts1 :i* gives !m ev5 a transc5d5tal & hyp]physical t5d5cy1 on acc\nt ( :i* he seems to lose sight altoge!r ( 8 real1 v physical aim1 is at bottom ?is1 t he is n[ inspir$ by ! _s ( ! species ^: affairs are inf9itely m important ?an all ^? :i* conc]n m]e individuals1 9 ord] to f9d "u ! special directions ( ?is _s ! :ole exi/5ce ( an indef9itely long po/]ity ) ?is individual & exactly det]m9$ nature1 :i* x c receive only f him z fa!r & ! woman he loves z "m1 & :i* o!rwise c\ld nev]1 z su*1 atta9 to exi/5ce1 :ile ! objectification ( ! w to live expressly dem&s ?is exi/5ce4 ,x is ! feel+ t he is act+ 9 affairs ( su* transc5d5t importance :i* raises ! lov] s high above ev]y?+ e>?ly1 nay1 ev5 above himself1 & gives su* a hyp]physical clo?+ to 8 v physical desires1 t love becomes a poetical episode ev5 9 ! life ( ! mo/ prosaic man2 9 :i* la/ case ! matt] sometimes assumes a comical aspect4 ,t m&ate ( ! w :i* objectifies itself 9 ! species exhibits itself 9 ! consci\sness ( ! lov] "u ! mask ( ! anticipation ( an inf9ite bless$ness :i* is to be f\nd = him 9 ! union ) ?is female individual4 ,n[1 9 ! highe/ grades ( love ?is *im]a becomes s radiant t if x _c be atta9$ life itself loses all *>m1 & n[ appe>s s joyless1 holl[1 & insupportable t ! disgu/ at x ev5 ov]comes ! fe> ( dea?1 s t x is !n sometimes volunt>ily cut %ort4 ,! w ( su* a man has be5 caught 9 ! vortex ( ! w ( ! species1 or ?is has obta9$ su* a great pr$om9ance ov] ! individual w t if su* a man _c be effective 9 ! fir/ capacity1 he disda9s to be s 9 ! la/4 ,! individual is "h too weak a vessel to be capable ( endur+ ! inf9ite long+ ( ! w ( ! species conc5trat$ ^u a def9ite object4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! issue is suicide1 sometimes ! d\ble suicide ( ! two lov]s2 unless1 to save life1 nature all[s madness to int]v5e1 :i* !n cov]s ) its veil ! consci\sness ( t hopeless /ate4 ,no ye> passes )\t prov+ ! reality ( :at has be5 exp\nd$ by sev]al cases ( all ^! k9ds4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 has ! unsatisfi$ passion ( love sometimes a tragic issue1 b ! satisfi$ passion also leads (t5] to unhapp9ess ?an to happ9ess4 ,= its dem&s (t5 conflict s mu* ) ! p]sonal welf>e ( him :o is conc]n$ t !y und]m9e x1 because !y are incompatible ) 8 o!r circum/ances1 & di/urb ! plan ( life built ^u !m4 ,nay1 n only ) ext]nal circum/ances is love (t5 9 contradiction1 b ev5 ) ! lov]'s own individuality1 = x fl+s itself ^u p]sons :o1 ap>t f ! sexual relation1 w\ld be hateful1 contemptible1 & ev5 abhorr5t to ! lov]4 ,b s mu* m p[]ful is ! w ( ! species ?an t ( ! individual t ! lov] %uts 8 eyes to all ^? qualities :i* are repell5t to him1 ov]looks all1 ignores all1 & b9ds himself = ev] to ! object ( 8 passion--s entirely is he bl9d$ by t illusion1 :i* vani%es z soon z ! w ( ! species is satisfi$1 & leaves beh9d a dete/$ companion = life4 ,only f ?is c x be expla9$ t we (t5 see v reasonable & excell5t m5 b\nd to t]magants & %edevils1 & _c conceive h[ !y c\ld h made su* a *oice4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! anci5ts repres5t$ love z bl9d4 ,inde$1 a lov] may ev5 "k di/9ctly & feel bitt]ly ! faults ( temp]am5t & "* ( 8 bride1 :i* promise him a mis]able life1 & yet n be fright5$ away3-- 8,i ask n1 ,i c>e n1 ,if guilt's 9 ?y he>t1 ,i "k t ,i love !e ,:atev] ?\ art40 ,= ultimately he seeks n 8 own ?+s1 b ^? ( a ?ird p]son1 :o has yet to come into be+1 al?\gh he is involv$ 9 ! illusion t :at he seeks is 8 own affair4 ,b x is j ?is n seek+ ( "o's own ?+s :i* is ev]y:]e ! /amp ( greatness1 t gives to passionate love also a t\* ( sublimity1 & makes x a wor?y subject ( poetry4 ,f9ally1 sexual love is compatible ev5 ) ! extreme/ hatr$ t[>ds its object3 !re=e ,plato has comp>$ x to ! love ( ! wolf = ! %eep4 ,?is case appe>s :5 a passionate lov]1 9 spite ( all ef=ts & entreaties1 _c obta9 a fav\rable he>+ on any condition3-- 8,i love & hate h]40 --,,%akspe>e1 ,cymb41 iii4 #e4 ,! hatr$ ( ! lov$ "o :i* !n is k9dl$ sometimes goes s f> t ! lov] murd]s h]1 & !n himself4 ,"o or two examples ( ?is g5]ally happ5 e ye>2 !y w be f\nd 9 ! newspap]s4 ,!re=e ,goe!'s l9es are q correct3-- 8,by all despis$ love6 ,by helli% elem5t6 ,w\ld t ,i knew a worse1 t ,i might swe> by60 ,x is really no hyp]bole if a lov] describes ! coldness ( 8 belov$ & ! delight ( h] vanity1 :i* fe$s on 8 suff]+s1 z cruelty2 = he is "u ! influ5ce ( an impulse :i*1 ak9 to ! in/9ct ( insects1 compels him1 9 spite ( all gr\nds ( reason1 to pursue 8 end unconditionally1 & to und]value ev]y?+ else3 he _c give x up4 ,n "o b _m a ,petr>* has !re be5 :o 0 compell$ to drag ?r\gh life ! unsatisfi$ ard\r ( love1 l a fett]1 an iron weight at 8 foot1 & brea! 8 sighs 9 lonely woods2 b only 9 ! "o ,petr>* dwelt also ! gift ( poetry2 s t ,goe!'s beautiful l9es hold good ( him3-- 8,& :5 9 mis]y ! man 0 dumb ,a god gave me ! p[] to tell my sorr[40 ,9 fact1 ! g5ius ( ! species wages w> ?r\gh\t ) ! gu>dian g5iuses ( individuals1 is _! pursu] & enemy1 always ready rel5tlessly to de/roy p]sonal happ9ess 9 ord] to c>ry out its ends2 nay1 ! welf>e ( :ole nations has sometimes be5 sacrific$ to its hum\rs4 ,an example ( ?is is giv5 u by ,%akspe>e 9 8,h5ry ,,vi410 pt4 iii41 act #c1 sc4 #b & #c4 ,all ?is dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! species1 z t 9 :i* ! root ( our be+ lies1 has a clos] & e>li] "r to u ?an ! individual2 h5ce its affairs take prec$5ce4 ,f ! feel+ ( ?is ! anci5ts p]sonifi$ ! g5ius ( ! species 9 ,cupid1 a malevol5t1 cruel1 & !re=e illreput$ god1 9 spite ( 8 *ildi% appe>ance2 a caprici\s1 despotic demon1 b yet "l ( gods & m53 8 1 60 7,tu1 deorum hom9umque tyranne1 ,amor67 ,a deadly %ot1 bl9dness1 & w+s are 8 attributes4 ,! latt] signify incon/ancy2 & ?is appe>s1 z a rule1 only ) ! disillusion :i* is ! consequ5ce ( satisfaction4 ,because ! passion dep5d$ ^u an illusion1 :i* repres5t$ t :i* has only value = ! species z valuable = ! individual1 ! deception mu/ vani% aft] ! atta9m5t ( ! end ( ! species4 ,! _s ( ! species :i* took possession ( ! individual sets x free aga94 ,=sak5 by ?is _s1 ! individual falls back into its orig9al limitation & n>r[ness1 & sees ) wond] t aft] su* a high1 h]oic1 & inf9ite ef=t no?+ has result$ = its pleasure b :at e sexual gratification af=ds4 ,contr>y to expectation1 x f9ds itself no happi] ?an be=e4 ,x obs]ves t x has be5 ! dupe ( ! w ( ! species4 ,!re=e1 z a rule1 a ,!seus :o has be5 made happy w =sake 8 ,ariadne4 ,if ,petr>*'s passion _h be5 satisfi$1 8 song w\ld h be5 sil5c$ f t "t =?1 l t ( ! bird z soon z ! eggs are laid4 ,"h let me rem>k 9 pass+ t h[ev] mu* my metaphysics ( love w displease ! v p]sons :o are entangl$ 9 ?is passion1 yet if rational consid]ations 9 g5]al c\ld avail any?+ aga9/ x1 ! fundam5tal tru? disclos$ by me w\ld necess>ily fit "o m ?an any?+ else to subdue x4 ,b ! say+ ( ! old com$ian w1 no d\bt1 rema9 true3 8,qu res 9 se neque consilium1 neque modum habet ullum1 eam consilio reg]e non potes40 ,m>riages f love are made 9 ! int]e/ ( ! species1 n ( ! individuals4 ,c]ta9ly ! p]sons conc]n$ imag9e !y are advanc+ _! own happ9ess2 b _! real end is "o :i* is =eign to !mselves1 = x lies 9 ! production ( an individual :i* is only possible ?r\gh !m4 ,br\ght toge!r by ?is aim1 !y ought h5ce=? to try to get on toge!r z well z possible4 ,b v (t5 ! pair br\ght toge!r by t in/9ctive illusion1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( passionate love1 w1 9 o!r respects1 be ( v diff]5t natures4 ,?is comes to light :5 ! illusion vani%es1 z x necess>ily mu/4 ,accord+ly love m>riages1 z a rule1 turn out unhappy2 = ?r\gh !m ! com+ g5]ation is c>$ = at ! exp5se ( ! pres5t4 8,qui5 se casa por amores1 ha de vivir con dolores0 7,:o m>ries f love mu/ live 9 sorr[71 says ! ,spani% prov]b4 ,! opposite is ! case ) m>riages contract$ = purposes ( conv5i5ce1 g5]ally 9 accordance ) ! *oice ( ! p>5ts4 ,! consid]ations prevail+ "h1 ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 are at lea/ real1 & _c vani% ( !mselves4 ,?r\gh !m1 h[ev]1 ! happ9ess ( ! pres5t g5]ation is c]ta9ly c>$ =1 to ! disadvantage ( ! com+ g5]ation1 & not)/&+ ?is x rema9s problematical4 ,! man :o 9 8 m>riage looks to money m ?an to ! satisfaction ( 8 incl9ation lives m 9 ! individual ?an 9 ! species2 :i* is directly oppos$ to ! tru?2 h5ce x appe>s unnatural1 & excites a c]ta9 contempt4 ,a girl :o1 aga9/ ! advice ( h] p>5ts1 rejects ! (f] ( a ri* & n yet old man1 9 ord]1 sett+ aside all consid]ations ( conv5i5ce1 to *oose accord+ to h] in/9ctive incl9ation alone1 sacrifices h] individual welf>e to ! species4 ,b j on ?is acc\nt "o _c )hold f h] a c]ta9 approbation2 = %e has pref]r$ :at is ( mo/ importance1 & has act$ 9 ! _s ( nature 7m exactly1 ( ! species71 :ile ! p>5ts advis$ 9 ! _s ( individual egoism4 ,9 accordance ) all ?is1 x appe>s z if 9 mak+ a m>riage ei!r ! individual or ! int]e/s ( ! species mu/ come (f a los]4 ,& ?is is g5]ally ! case2 = t conv5i5ce & passionate love %\ld g h& 9 h& is ! r>e/ ( lucky accid5ts4 ,! physical1 moral1 or intellectual defici5cy ( ! nature ( mo/ m5 may to "s ext5t h its gr\nd 9 ! fact t m>riages are ord9>ily ent]$ into n f pure *oice & incl9ation1 b f all k9ds ( ext]nal consid]ations1 & on acc\nt ( accid5tal circum/ances4 ,if1 h[ev]1 besides conv5i5ce1 incl9ation is also to a c]ta9 ext5t reg>d$1 ?is is1 z x 71 an agreem5t ) ! g5ius ( ! species4 ,happy m>riages are well kn[n to be r>e2 j because x lies 9 ! nature ( m>riage t its *ief end is n ! pres5t b ! com+ g5]ation4 ,h[ev]1 let me add1 = ! consolation ( t5d]1 lov+ natures1 t sometimes passionate sexual love associates itself ) a feel+ ( an entirely diff]5t orig9--real fri5d%ip bas$ ^u agreem5t ( disposition1 :i* yet = ! mo/ "p only appe>s :5 sexual love prop] is ext+ui%$ 9 its satisfaction4 ,?is fri5d%ip w !n g5]ally spr+ f ! fact t ! supplem5t+ & correspond+ physical1 moral1 & intellectual qualities ( ! two individuals1 f :i* sexual love arose1 ) ref]5ce to ! *ild to be produc$1 are1 ) ref]5ce also to ! individuals !mselves1 relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a supplem5t>y mann] z opposite qualities ( temp]am5t & m5tal gifts1 & !reby =m ! basis ( a h>mony ( disposition4 ,! :ole metaphysics ( love "h dealt ) /&s 9 close connection ) my metaphysics 9 g5]al1 & ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ?is may be summ$ up z foll[s4 ,we h se5 t ! c>eful selection = ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse1 a selection :i* rises ?r\gh innum]able degrees up to t ( passionate love1 dep5ds ^u ! highly s]i\s int]e/ :i* man takes 9 ! special p]sonal con/itution ( ! next g5]ation4 ,n[ ?is exce$+ly rem>kable int]e/ confirms two tru?s :i* h be5 set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 7#a47 ,! inde/ructibility ( ! true nature ( man1 :i* lives on 9 t com+ g5]ation4 ,= t int]e/ :i* is s lively & eag]1 & does n spr+ f reflection & int5tion1 b f ! inmo/ *>act]i/ics & t5d5cies ( our nature1 c\ld n be s indelibly pres5t & ex]cise su* great p[] ov] man if he 7 absolutely p]i%able1 & 7 m]ely foll[$ 9 "t by a race actually & entirely diff]5t f him4 7#b47 ,t 8 true nature lies m 9 ! species ?an 9 ! individual4 ,= t int]e/ 9 ! special nature ( ! species1 :i* is ! root ( all love1 f ! pass+ incl9ation to ! s]i\s passion1 is = e "o really ! highe/ conc]n1 ! success or failure ( :i* t\*es him mo/ s5sibly2 !re=e x is call$ p> excell5ce ! affair ( ! he>t4 ,moreov]1 :5 ?is int]e/ has express$ itself /rongly & decid$ly1 ev]y?+ :i* m]ely conc]ns "o's own p]son is po/pon$ & necess>ily sacrific$ to x4 ,?r\gh ?is1 !n1 man %[s t ! species lies clos] to him ?an ! individual1 & he lives m imm$iately 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,:y does ! lov] hang ) complete ab&onm5t on ! eyes ( 8 *os5 "o1 & is ready to make e sacrifice = h]8 ,because x is 8 immortal "p t longs aft] h]2 :ile x is only 8 mortal "p t desires ev]y?+ else4 ,t vehem5t or int5se long+ direct$ to a p>ticul> woman is accord+ly an imm$iate pl$ge ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! k]nel ( our be+1 & ( its cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 ! species4 ,b to reg>d ?is cont9u$ exi/5ce z some?+ trifl+ & insuffici5t is an error :i* arises f ! fact t "u ! conception ( ! cont9u$ life ( ! species "o ?9ks no?+ m ?an ! future exi/5ce ( be+s simil> to u1 b 9 no reg>d id5tical ) u2 & ?is aga9 because1 />t+ f k direct$ t[>ds )\t1 "o takes into consid]ation only ! ext]nal =m ( ! species z we appreh5d x 9 p]ception1 & n its inn] nature4 ,b x is j ?is inn] nature :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( our own consci\sness z its k]nel1 & h5ce inde$ is m imm$iate ?an ?is itself1 &1 z ?+ 9 itself1 free f ! pr9cipium individuationis1 is really ! same & id5tical 9 all individuals1 :e!r !y exi/ toge!r or aft] ea* o!r4 ,n[ ?is is ! w to live1 ?us j t :i* desires life & cont9uance s vehem5tly4 ,?is accord+ly is sp>$ & unaffect$ by dea?4 ,x c atta9 to no bett] /ate ?an its pres5t "o2 & consequ5tly = x1 ) life1 ! con/ant suff]+ & /riv+ ( ! individuals is c]ta94 ,to free x f ?is is res]v$ = ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 z ! means by :i* ! individual w breaks away f ! /em ( ! species1 & surr5d]s t exi/5ce 9 x4 ,we lack conceptions = t :i* x n[ is2 inde$ all data = su* conceptions are want+4 ,we c only describe x z t :i* is free to be w to live or n4 ,buddhism d5otes ! latt] case by ! ^w ,nirvana1 ! etymology ( :i* 0 giv5 9 ! note at ! end ( *apt] #da4 ,x is ! po9t :i* rema9s = ev] unatta9able to all human k1 j z su*4 ,if n[1 f ! /&po9t ( ?is la/ consid]ation1 we contemplate ! turmoil ( life1 we behold all occupi$ ) its want & mis]y1 /ra9+ all _! p[]s to satisfy its inf9ite ne$s & to w>d (f its multif>i\s sorr[s1 yet )\t d>+ to hope any?+ else ?an simply ! pres]vation ( ?is torm5t$ exi/5ce = a %ort span ( "t4 ,9 betwe51 h[ev]1 9 ! mid/ ( ! tumult1 we see ! glances ( two lov]s meet long+ly3 yet :y s secretly1 fe>fully1 & /eal?ily8 ,because ^! lov]s are ! traitors :o seek to p]petuate ! :ole want & drudg]y1 :i* w\ld o!rwise spe$ily rea* an end2 ?is !y wi% to fru/rate1 z o!rs l !m h fru/rat$ x be=e4 ,?is consid]ation already passes ov] into ! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt]47#ci7 ,*apt] ,,xlv47#dj7 ,on ,! ,ass]tion ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,if ! w to live exhibit$ itself m]ely z an impulse to self pres]vation1 ?is w\ld only be an ass]tion ( ! individual ph5om5on = ! span ( "t ( its natural duration4 ,! c>es & tr\bles ( su* a life w\ld n be great1 & consequ5tly exi/5ce w\ld be easy & s]5e4 ,s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 ! w wills life absolutely & = all "t1 x exhibits itself also z sexual impulse1 :i* has 9 view an endless s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,?is impulse does away ) t c>elessness1 s]5ity1 & innoc5ce :i* w\ld accompany a m]ely individual exi/5ce1 = x br+s unre/ & melan*oly into ! consci\sness2 mis=tunes1 c>es1 & mis]y into ! c\rse ( life4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is volunt>ily suppress$1 z we see 9 r>e exceptions1 !n ?is is ! turn+ ( ! w1 :i* *anges its c\rse4 ,! w does n !n transc5d ! individual1 b is aboli%$ 9 x4 ,yet ?is c only take place by means ( ! individual do+ pa9ful viol5ce to itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x does take place1 !n ! fre$om f c>e & ! s]5ity ( ! purely individual exi/5ce is re/or$ to ! consci\sness1 & inde$ 9 a high] degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ! satisfaction ( t mo/ vehem5t ( all impulses & desires is l9k$ ! orig9 ( a new exi/5ce1 ?us ! c>ry+ out ( life anew1 ) all its burd5s1 c>es1 wants1 & pa9s2 c]ta9ly 9 ano!r individual2 yet if ! two :o are diff]5t 9 ! ph5om5on 7 s absolutely & 9 !mselves1 :]e w\ld !n be et]nal ju/ice8 ,life pres5ts itself z a problem1 a task to be work$ out1 & !re=e1 z a rule1 z a con/ant conflict ) necessity4 ,accord+ly e "o tries to get ?r\gh ) x & come (f z well z he c4 ,he p]=ms life z a compulsory s]vice :i* he owes4 ,b :o has contract$ ! debt8--,8 begett]1 9 ! enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasure4 ,?us1 because ! "o has enjoy$ ?is1 ! o!r mu/ live1 suff]1 & die4 ,h[ev]1 we "k & look back "h to ! fact t ! diff]5ce ( ! simil> is condition$ by space & "t1 :i* 9 ?is s5se ,i h call$ ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,o!rwise et]nal ju/ice c\ld n be v9dicat$4 ,pat]nal love1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! fa!r is ready to d1 to suff]1 & to risk m = 8 *ild ?an = himself1 & at ! same "t kn[s t he owes ?is1 dep5ds simply ^u ! fact t ! begett] recognises himself 9 ! begott54 ,! life ( a man1 ) its endless c>e1 want1 & suff]+1 is to be reg>d$ z ! explanation & p>aphrase ( ! act ( procreation1 i4e41 ! decid$ ass]tion ( ! w to live2 & fur!r1 x is also due to ?is t he owes to nature ! debt ( dea?1 & ?9ks ) anxiety ( ?is debt4 ,is ?is n evid5ce ( ! fact t our exi/5ce involves guilt8 ,at any rate1 we always exi/1 subject to ! p]iodical paym5t ( ! toll1 bir? & dea?1 & successively p>take ( all ! sorr[s & joys ( life1 s t none c escape u3 ?is is j ! fruit ( ! ass]tion ( ! w to live4 ,?us ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* 9 spite ( all ! mis]ies ( life holds u firmly to x1 is really illusory2 b j z illusory is ! impulse :i* has entic$ u into x4 ,?is enticem5t itself may be se5 objectively 9 ! reciprocal long+ glances ( two lov]s2 !y are ! pure/ expression ( ! w to live1 9 its ass]tion4 ,h[ s(t & t5d] x is "h6 ,x wills well be+1 & quiet pleasure1 & mild joys = itself1 = o!rs1 = all4 ,x is ! !me ( ,anacreon4 ,?us by allurem5ts & flatt]y x makes its way into life4 ,b :5 once x is !re1 mis]y introduces crime1 & crime mis]y2 horror & desolation fill ! sc5e4 ,x is ! !me ( s*ylus4 ,b n[ ! act ?r\gh :i* ! w ass]ts itself & man arises is "o ( :i* all are1 9 _! inmo/ be+1 a%am$1 :i* !y !re=e c>efully conceal2 nay1 if !y are caught 9 x1 are t]rifi$ z if !y _h be5 tak5 9 a crime4 ,x is an action ( :i* 9 cold reflection "o g5]ally ?9ks ) dislike1 & 9 a l(ty mood ) loa?+4 ,reflections :i* 9 ?is reg>d approa* ! matt] m closely are (f]$ by ,montaigne 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! ?ird book1 "u ! m>g9al head+3 8,ce que c'e/ que l'am\r40 ,a peculi> sadness & rep5tance foll[s close ^u x1 is yet mo/ p]ceptible aft] ! fir/ p]=mance ( ! act1 & 9 g5]al is ! m di/9ct ! nobl] is ! "*4 ,h5ce ev5 ,pl9y1 ! pagan1 says3 8,hom9i tantum primi coitus pnit5tia1 augurium scilicet vit1 a pnit5da orig9e0 7,hi/4 ,nat41 x4 #hc74 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,goe!'s 8,fau/10 :at d devil & wit*es practise & s+ ( on _! ,sabba?8 ,lewdness & obsc5ity4 ,& 9 ! same "w 79 ! admirable 8,p>alipom5a0 to 8,fau/07 :at does inc>nate ,satan prea* be=e ! assembl$ multitude8 ,lewdness & obsc5ity4 ,b simply & solely by means ( ! cont9ual practice ( su* an act z ?is does ! human race subsi/4 ,if n[ optimism 7 "r1 if our exi/5ce 7 to be ?ankfully recognis$ z ! gift ( ! highe/ goodness guid$ by wisdom1 & accord+ly 9 itself praisewor?y1 comm5dable1 & agreeable1 !n c]ta9ly ! act :i* p]petuates x w\ld necess>ily h borne q ano!r physiognomy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is exi/5ce is a k9d ( false /ep or error2 if x is ! "w ( an orig9ally bl9d w1 ^: mo/ =tunate developm5t is t x comes to itself 9 ord] to aboli% itself2 !n ! act :i* p]petuates t exi/5ce mu/ appe> precisely z x does appe>4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ fundam5tal tru? ( my doctr9e1 ! rem>k des]ves a place "h t ! %ame m5tion$ above :i* atta*es to ! act ( g5]ation ext5ds ev5 to ! p>ts :i* are conc]n$ 9 ?is1 al?\gh1 l all o!r p>ts1 !y are giv5 u by nature4 ,?is is aga9 a /rik+ pro( t n only ! actions b ev5 ! body ( man is to be reg>d$ z ! manife/ation1 ! objectification1 ( 8 w1 & z its "w4 ,= he c\ld n be a%am$ ( a ?+ :i* exi/$ )\t 8 w4 ,! act ( g5]ation is fur!r relat$ to ! _w1 z ! answ] is relat$ to ! riddle4 ,! _w is wide 9 space & old 9 "t1 & ( an inexhau/ible multiplicity ( =ms4 ,yet all ?is is only ! manife/ation ( ! w to live2 & ! conc5tration1 ! focus ( ?is w is ! act ( g5]ation4 ,?us 9 ?is act ! inn] nature ( ! _w expresses itself mo/ di/9ctly4 ,9 ?is reg>d x is inde$ wor? notic+ t ?is act itself is also di/9ctly call$ 8! w0 9 ! v significant ,g]man phrase1 8,er v]langte von ihr1 sie sollte ihm zu ,will5 se90 7,he desir$ h] to comply ) 8 wi%es74 ,z ! mo/ di/9ct expression ( ! w1 !n1 ?is act is ! k]nel1 ! comp5dium1 ! qu9tess5ce ( ! _w4 ,!re=e f x we obta9 light z to ! nature & t5d5cy ( ! _w3 x is ! answ] to ! riddle4 ,accord+ly x is und]/ood "u 8! tree ( k10 = aft] acqua9tance ) x ! eyes ( e "o are op5$ z to life1 z ,byron also says3 8,! tree ( k has be5 pluck$1--all's kn[n40 --,don ,juan1 i4 #abh4 ,x is n less 9 keep+ ) ?is quality t x is ! great 1 ! op5 secret1 :i* mu/ nev] & n[h]e be di/9ctly m5tion$1 b always & ev]y:]e is und]/ood z ! pr9cipal matt]1 & is !re=e con/antly pres5t to ! ?\ghts ( all1 :]e=e also ! slighte/ allusion to x is in/antly und]/ood4 ,! lead+ "p :i* t act1 & :at is connect$ ) x1 plays 9 ! _w1 because love intrigues are ev]y:]e1 on ! "o h&1 pursu$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 assum$1 is q 9 keep+ ) ! importance ( ?is punctum sali5s ( ! egg ( ! _w4 ,! s\rce ( ! amus+ is simply ! con/ant concealm5t ( ! *ief conc]n4 ,b see n[ h[ ! "y1 innoc5t1 human intellect1 :5 t great secret ( ! _w fir/ becomes kn[n to x1 is />tl$ at ! enormity6 ,! reason ( ?is is t 9 ! long c\rse :i* ! orig9ally unconsci\s w _h to trav]se be=e x rose to intellect1 especially to human1 rational intellect1 x became s /range to itself t x no long] kn[s its orig91 t pnit5da origo1 & n[1 f ! /&po9t ( pure1 & !re=e innoc5t1 kn[+1 is horrifi$ at x4 ,s9ce n[ ! focus ( ! w1 i4e41 its conc5tration & highe/ expression1 is ! sexual impulse & its satisfaction1 ?is is v significantly & navely express$ 9 ! symbolical language ( nature ?r\gh ! fact t ! individualis$ w1 t is1 ! man & ! brute1 makes its entrance into ! _w ?r\gh ! door ( ! sexual organs4 ,! ass]tion ( ! w to live1 :i* accord+ly has its c5tre 9 ! act ( g5]ation1 is 9 ! case ( ! brute infallible4 ,= ! w1 :i* is ! natura naturans1 fir/ arrives at reflection 9 man4 ,to arrive at reflection means1 n m]ely to "k ! mom5t>y necessity ( ! individual w1 h[ to s]ve x 9 ! press+ pres5t--z is ! case ) ! brute1 9 proportion to its complet5ess & its necessities1 :i* g h& 9 h&--b to h atta9$ a great] bread? ( k1 by virtue ( a di/9ct remembrance ( ! pa/1 an approximate anticipation ( ! future1 & !reby a g5]al survey ( ! individual life1 bo? "o's own life & t ( o!rs1 nay1 ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,really ! life ( e species ( brute1 ?r\gh ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t l a s+le mom5t2 = x is m]e consci\sness ( ! pres5t1 )\t t ( ! pa/ & ! future1 & consequ5tly )\t t ( dea?4 ,9 ?is s5se x is to be reg>d$ z a p]man5t mom5t1 a ,nunc /ans4 ,"h we see1 9 pass+1 mo/ di/9ctly t 9 g5]al ! =m ( life1 or ! manife/ation ( ! w ) consci\sness1 is prim>ily & imm$iately m]ely ! pres5t4 ,pa/ & future are add$ only 9 ! case ( man1 & inde$ m]ely 9 conception1 are kn[n 9 ab/racto1 & p]haps illu/rat$ by pictures ( ! imag9ation4 ,?us aft] ! w to live1 i4e41 ! inn] be+ ( nature1 9 ! ceaseless /riv+ t[>ds complete objectification & complete enjoym5t1 has run ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( ! brutes1--:i* (t5 occurs 9 ! v>i\s p]iods ( successive animal s]ies ea* aris+ anew on ! same planet1--x arrives at la/ at reflection 9 ! be+ :o is end[$ ) reason1 man4 ,"h n[ to him ! ?+ beg9s to be d\btful1 ! "q =ces itself ^u him :5ce & :]e=e all ?is is1 & *iefly :e!r ! c>e & mis]y ( 8 life & ef=t is really repaid by ! ga98 8,le jeu vautil bi5 la *&elle80 ,accord+ly "h is ! po9t at :i*1 9 ! light ( di/9ct k1 he decides = ! ass]tion or d5ial ( ! w to live2 al?\gh z a rule he c only br+ ! latt] to consci\sness 9 a my?ical =m4 ,we h consequ5tly no gr\nd = assum+ t a /ill m highly develop$ objectification ( ! w is ev] rea*$1 any:]e2 = x has already rea*$ its turn+po9t "h4 ,*apt] ,,xlvi47#da7 ,on ,! ,vanity ,& ,suff]+ ,( ,life4 ,awak5$ to life out ( ! night ( unconsci\sness1 ! w f9ds itself an individual1 9 an endless & b\ndless _w1 among innum]able individuals1 all /riv+1 suff]+1 err+2 & z if ?r\gh a tr\bl$ dream x hurries back to its old unconsci\sness4 ,yet till !n its desires are limitless1 its claims inexhau/ible1 & e satisfi$ desire gives rise to a new "o4 ,no possible satisfaction 9 ! _w c\ld suffice to /ill its long+s1 set a goal to its inf9ite crav+s1 & fill ! bottomless abyss ( its he>t4 ,!n let "o consid] :at z a rule are ! satisfactions ( any k9d t a man obta9s4 ,= ! mo/ "p no?+ m ?an ! b>e ma9t5ance ( ?is exi/5ce itself1 extort$ day by day ) unceas+ tr\ble & con/ant c>e 9 ! conflict ) want1 & ) dea? 9 prospect4 ,ev]y?+ 9 life %[s t e>?ly happ9ess is de/9$ to be fru/rat$ or recognis$ z an illusion4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is lie deep 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,accord+ly ! life ( mo/ m5 is tr\bl$ & %ort4 ,^? :o are comp>atively happy are s1 = ! mo/ "p1 only app>5tly1 or else1 l m5 ( long life1 !y are ! r>e exceptions1 a possibility ( :i* !re _h to be1--z decoybirds4 ,life pres5ts itself z a cont9ual deception 9 small ?+s z 9 great4 ,if x has promis$1 x does n keep its ^w1 unless to %[ h[ little wor? desir+ 7 ! ?+s desir$3 ?us we are delud$ n[ by hope1 n[ by :at 0 hop$ =4 ,if x has giv51 x did s 9 ord] to take4 ,! en*antm5t ( di/ance %[s u p>adises :i* vani% l optical illusions :5 we h all[$ ourselves to be mock$ by !m4 ,happ9ess accord+ly always lies 9 ! future1 or else 9 ! pa/1 & ! pres5t may be comp>$ to a small d>k cl\d :i* ! w9d drives ov] ! sunny pla93 be=e & beh9d x all is bright1 only x itself always ca/s a %ad[4 ,! pres5t is !re=e always insuffici5t2 b ! future is unc]ta91 & ! pa/ irrevocable4 ,life ) its h\rly1 daily1 weekly1 ye>ly1 little1 great]1 & great mis=tunes1 ) its delud$ hopes & its accid5ts de/roy+ all our calculations1 be>s s di/9ctly ! impression ( some?+ ) :i* we mu/ become disgu/$1 t x is h>d to conceive h[ "o has be5 able to mi/ake ?is & all[ oneself to be p]suad$ t life is !re 9 ord] to be ?ankfully enjoy$1 & t man exi/s 9 ord] to be happy4 ,r t cont9ual illusion & disillusion1 & also ! nature ( life ?r\gh\t1 pres5ts itself to u z int5d$ & calculat$ to awak5 ! conviction t no?+ at all is wor? our /riv+1 our ef=ts & /ruggles1 t all good ?+s are vanity1 ! _w 9 all its ends bankrupt1 & life a bus9ess :i* does n cov] its exp5ses2--s t our w may turn away f x4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is vanity ( all objects ( ! w makes itself kn[n & compreh5sible to ! intellect :i* is root$ 9 ! individual1 is prim>ily "t4 ,x is ! =m by means ( :i* t vanity ( ?+s appe>s z _! p]i%abl5ess2 = on acc\nt ( ?is all our pleasures & joys disappe> 9 our h&s1 & we aft]w>ds ask a/oni%$ :]e !y h rema9$4 ,t no?+ness itself is !re=e ! only objective elem5t 9 "t1 i4e41 t :i* corresponds to x 9 ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 ?us t ( :i* x is ! expression4 ,j on ?is acc\nt "t is ! a priori necess>y =m ( all our p]ceptions2 9 x ev]y?+ mu/ pres5t itself1 ev5 we ourselves4 ,accord+ly1 fir/ ( all1 our life is l a paym5t :i* "o receives 9 no?+ b copp] p5ce1 & yet mu/ !n give a dis*>ge =3 ! copp] p5ce are ! days2 ! dis*>ge is dea?4 ,= at la/ "t makes kn[n ! judgm5t ( nature conc]n+ ! "w ( all ! be+s :i* appe> 9 x1 9 t x de/roys !m3-- 8,& rightly s1 = all t arises ,is wor?y only ( be+ de/roy$4 ,h5ce 7 x bett] t no?+ arose40 ,?us old age & dea?1 to :i* e life necess>ily hurries on1 are ! s5t5ce ( condemnation on ! w to live1 com+ f ! h&s ( nature itself1 & :i* decl>es t ?is w is an ef=t :i* fru/rates itself4 8,:at ?\ ha/ wi%$10 x says1 8ends ?us3 desire some?+ bett]40 ,h5ce ! in/ruction :i* 8 life af=ds to e "o consi/s1 z a :ole1 9 ?is1 t ! objects ( 8 desires cont9ually delude1 wav]1 & fall1 & accord+ly br+ m mis]y ?an joy1 till at la/ ! :ole f\ndation ^u :i* !y all /& gives way1 9 t 8 life itself is de/roy$ & s he receives ! la/ pro( t all 8 /riv+ & wi%+ 0 a p]v]sity1 a false pa?3-- 8,!n old age & exp]i5ce1 h& 9 h&1 ,lead him to dea?1 & make him und]/&1 ,aft] a se>* s pa9ful & s long1 ,t all 8 life he has be5 9 ! wrong40 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 ent] into ! details ( ! matt]1 = x is 9 ^! views t ,i h met ) mo/ contradiction4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i h to confirm by ! foll[+ rem>ks ! pro( giv5 9 ! text ( ! negative nature ( all satisfaction1 ?us ( all pleasure & all happ9ess1 9 opposition to ! positive nature ( pa94 ,we feel pa91 b n pa9lessness2 we feel c>e1 b n ! abs5ce ( c>e2 fe>1 b n security4 ,we feel ! wi% z we feel hung] & ?ir/2 b z soon z x has be5 fulfill$1 x is l ! m\?ful t has be5 tak51 :i* ceases to exi/ = our feel+ ! mom5t x is swall[$4 ,pleasures & joys we miss pa9fully :5ev] !y are want+2 b pa9s1 ev5 :5 !y cease aft] hav+ long be5 pres5t1 are n directly miss$1 b at ! mo/ are int5tionally ?\ght ( by means ( reflection4 ,= only pa9 & want c be felt positively1 & !re=e ann\nce !mselves2 wellbe+1 on ! o!r h&1 is m]ely negative4 ,!re=e we d n become consci\s ( ! ?ree greate/ bless+s ( life1 heal?1 y\?1 & fre$om1 s long z we possess !m1 b only aft] we h lo/ !m2 = !y also are negations4 ,we only obs]ve t days ( our life 7 happy aft] !y h giv5 place to unhappy ones4 ,9 proportion z pleasures increase1 ! susceptibility = !m decreases3 :at is cu/om>y is no long] felt z a pleasure4 ,j 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 is ! susceptibility = suff]+ increas$1 = ! loss ( :at we are accu/om$ to is pa9fully felt4 ,?us ! measure ( :at is necess>y increases ?r\gh possession1 & !reby ! capacity = feel+ pa94 ,! h\rs pass ! quick] ! m agreeably !y are sp5t1 & ! sl[] ! m pa9fully !y are sp5t2 because pa91 n pleasure1 is ! positive1 ! pres5ce ( :i* makes itself felt4 ,9 ! same way we become consci\s ( "t :5 we are bor$1 n :5 we are div]t$4 ,bo? ^! cases prove t our exi/5ce is mo/ happy :5 we p]ceive x lea/1 f :i* x foll[s t x w\ld be bett] n to h x4 ,great & lively joy c only be conceiv$ z ! consequ5ce ( great mis]y1 :i* has prec$$ x2 = no?+ c be add$ to a /ate ( p]man5t satisfaction b "s amusem5t1 or ! satisfaction ( vanity4 ,h5ce all poets are oblig$ to br+ _! h]oes into anxi\s & pa9ful situations1 s t !y may be able to free !m f !m4 ,dramas & ,epics accord+ly always describe only fight+1 suff]+1 torm5t$ m52 & e romance is a r>ee%[ 9 :i* we obs]ve ! spasms & convulsions ( ! agonis$ human he>t4 ,walt] ,scott has navely express$ ?is /hetic necessity 9 ! conclusion to 8 novel1 8,old ,mortality40 ,voltaire1 :o 0 s highly fav\r$ bo? by nature & =tune1 says1 9 entire agreem5t ) ! tru? prov$ by me3 8,le bonheur n'e/ qu'un rve1 et la d\leur e/ relle40 ,& he adds3 8,il y a quatrev+ts ans que je l'pr\ve4 ,je n'y sais autre *ose que me rsign]1 et me dire que les m\*es sont nes p\r tre manges p> les araignes1 et les hommes p\r tre dvors p> les *agr9s40 ,be=e s confid5tly affirm+ t life is a bless+ wor? desir+ or giv+ ?anks =1 let "o comp>e calmly ! sum ( ! possible pleasures :i* a man c enjoy 9 8 life ) ! sum ( ! possible sorr[s :i* may come to him 9 8 life4 ,i believe ! balance w n be h>d to /rike4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 x is q sup]flu\s to dispute :e!r !re is m good or evil 9 ! _w3 = ! m]e exi/5ce ( evil decides ! matt]4 ,= ! evil c nev] be annull$1 & consequ5tly c nev] be balanc$ by ! good :i* may exi/ along ) x or aft] x4 8,mille piac]' non vagliono un torm5to40--,petr4 7,a ?\s& pleasures are n wor? "o torm5t47 ,= t a ?\s& _h liv$ 9 happ9ess & pleasure w\ld nev] d away ) ! angui% & dea?agony ( a s+le "o2 & j z little does my pres5t wellbe+ undo my pa/ suff]+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! evils 9 ! _w 7 a hundr$ times less ?an is ! case1 yet _! m]e exi/5ce w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% a tru? :i* may be express$ 9 diff]5t ways1 ?\gh always some:at indirectly1 ! tru? t we h n to rejoice b r to m\rn at ! exi/5ce ( ! _w2--t its nonexi/5ce w\ld be pref]able to its exi/5ce2--t x is some?+ :i* at bottom ought n to be1 c41 c4 ,v beautiful is ,byron's expression ( ?is tru?3-- 8,our life is a false nature1--'tis n 9 ,! h>mony ( ?+s1 ?is h>d decree1 ,?is un]adicable ta9t ( s91 ,?is b\ndless ,upas1 ?is allbla/+ tree ,^: root is e>?1 ^: leaves & bran*es be ,! skies1 :i* ra9 _! plagues on m5 l dew-- ,disease1 dea?1 bondage--all ! woes we see-- ,& worse1 ! woes we see n--:i* ?rob ?r\gh ,! imm$icable s\l1 ) he>ta*es ev] new40 ,if ! _w & life 7 an end 9 !mselves1 & accord+ly requir$ !oretically no ju/ification & practically no indemnification or comp5sation1 b exi/$1 = in/ance1 z ,sp9oza & ! ,sp9ozi/s ( ! pres5t day repres5t x1 z ! s+le manife/ation ( a ,god1 :o1 animi causa1 or else 9 ord] to mirror himself1 und]took su* an evolution ( himself2 & h5ce its exi/5ce nei!r requir$ to be ju/ifi$ by reasons nor r$eem$ by results2--!n ! suff]+s & mis]ies ( life w\ld n inde$ h to be fully equall$ by ! pleasures & wellbe+ 9 x2 = ?is1 z has be5 said1 is impossible1 because my pres5t pa9 is nev] aboli%$ by future joys1 = ! latt] fill _! "t z ! =m] fills its "t3 b !re w\ld h to be absolutely no suff]+1 & dea? also w\ld ei!r h n to be1 or else to h no t]rors = u4 ,only ?us w\ld life pay = itself4 ,b s9ce n[ our /ate is r some?+ :i* _h bett] n be1 ev]y?+ ab\t u be>s ! trace ( ?is1--j z 9 hell ev]y?+ smells ( sulphur--= ev]y?+ is always imp]fect & illusory1 ev]y?+ agreeable is displac$ by some?+ disagreeable1 e enjoym5t is only a half "o1 e pleasure introduces its own di/urbance1 e relief new difficulties1 e aid ( our daily & h\rly ne$ leaves u ea* mom5t 9 ! lur* & d5ies its s]vice1 ! /ep ^u :i* we place our foot s (t5 gives way "u u1 nay1 mis=tunes great & small are ! elem5t ( our life2 &1 9 a ^w1 we are l ,ph9eus1 ^: food 0 all ta9t$ & made uneatable by ! h>pies47#db7 ,two rem$ies = ?is are tri$3 fir/1 1 i4e41 prud5ce1 =esight1 cunn+2 x does n fully in/ruct u1 is insuffici5t1 & leads to defeat4 ,secondly1 ! /oical equanimity :i* seeks to arm u aga9/ all mis=tunes by prep>$ness = ev]y?+ & contempt ( all3 practically x becomes cynical r5unciation1 :i* pref]s once = all to reject all means ( relief & all alleviations--x r$uces u to ! position ( dogs1 l ,diog5es 9 8 tub4 ,! tru? is1 we ought to be wret*$1 & we are s4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! s]i\s evils :i* affect m5 is man himself3 homo hom9i lupus4 ,:oev] keeps ?is la/ fact cle>ly 9 view beholds ! _w z a hell1 :i* surpasses t ( ,dante 9 ?is respect1 t "o man mu/ be ! devil ( ano!r4 ,= ?is1 "o is c]ta9ly m fitt$ ?an ano!r2 an ar*fi5d1 inde$1 m fitt$ ?an all o!rs1 appe>+ 9 ! =m ( a conqu]or1 :o places sev]al hundr$ ?\s& m5 opposite ea* o!r1 & says to !m3 8,to suff] & die is y\r de/9y2 n[ %oot ea* o!r ) guns & cannons10 & !y d s4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds ea* o!r is *>act]is$ z a rule by inju/ice1 extreme unfairness1 h>dness1 nay1 cruelty3 an opposite c\rse ( conduct appe>s only z an exception4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! necessity ( ! ,/ate & legislation1 & ^u none ( y\r false pret5ces4 ,b 9 all cases :i* d n lie )9 ! rea* ( ! law1 t reg>dlessness ( 8 l1 peculi> to man1 %[s itself at once2 a reg>dlessness :i* spr+s f 8 b\ndless egoism1 & sometimes also f wick$ness4 ,h[ man deals ) man is %[n1 = example1 by negro slav]y1 ! f9al end ( :i* is sug> & c(fee4 ,b we d n ne$ to g s f>3 at ! age ( five ye>s to ent] a cotton sp9n+ or o!r factory1 & f t "t =? to sit !re daily1 fir/ t51 !n twelve1 & ultimately f\rte5 h\rs1 p]=m+ ! same me*anical lab\r1 is to pur*ase de>ly ! satisfaction ( draw+ brea?4 ,b ?is is ! fate ( millions1 & t ( millions m is analog\s to x4 ,we o!rs1 h[ev]1 c be made p]fectly mis]able by trifl+ mis=tunes2 p]fectly happy1 n by ! _w4 ,:atev] "o may say1 ! happie/ mom5t ( ! happy man is ! mom5t ( 8 fall+ asleep1 & ! unhappie/ mom5t ( ! unhappy t ( 8 awak+4 ,an indirect b c]ta9 pro( ( ! fact t m5 feel !mselves unhappy1 & consequ5tly are s1 is also abundantly af=d$ by ! fe>ful envy :i* dwells 9 u all1 & :i* 9 all relations ( life1 on ! occasion ( any sup]iority1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 is excit$1 & _c conta9 its poison4 ,because !y feel !mselves unhappy1 m5 _c endure ! sight ( "o :om !y imag9e happy2 he :o = ! mom5t feels himself happy w\ld l to make all ar\nd him happy also1 & says3 8,que t\t le monde ici soit heureux de ma joie40 ,if life 7 9 itself a bless+ to be priz$1 & decid$ly to be pref]r$ to nonexi/5ce1 ! exit f x w\ld n ne$ to be gu>d$ by su* fe>ful s5t9els z dea? & its t]rors4 ,b :o w\ld cont9ue 9 life z x is if dea? 7 less t]rible8 ,& aga91 :o c\ld ev5 endure ! ?\ght ( dea? if life 7 a pleasure6 ,b ?us ! =m] has /ill always ?is good1 t x is ! end ( life1 & we console ourselves ) reg>d to ! suff]+ ( life ) dea?1 & ) reg>d to dea? ) ! suff]+ ( life4 ,! tru? is1 t ! two insep>ably belong to ea* o!r1 = toge!r !y con/itute a deviation f ! "r pa?1 to return to :i* is z difficult z x is desirable4 ,if ! _w 7 n some?+ :i*1 express$ practically1 ought n to be1 x w\ld also n be !oretically a problem2 b its exi/5ce w\ld ei!r require no explanation1 inasmu* z x w\ld be s entirely selfevid5t t wond] conc]n+ x or a "q ab\t x c\ld arise 9 no m9d1 or its end w\ld pres5t itself unmi/akably4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x is inde$ an insoluble problem2 = ev5 ! mo/ p]fect philosophy w yet always conta9 an unexpla9$ elem5t1 l an insoluble deposit or ! rema9d] :i* ! irrational relation ( two quantities always leaves ov]4 ,!re=e if "o v5tures to raise ! "q :y !re is n r no?+ ?an ?is _w1 ! _w _c be ju/ifi$ f itself1 no gr\nd1 no f9al cause ( its exi/5ce c be f\nd 9 itself1 x _c be %[n t x exi/s = its own sake1 i4e41 = its own advantage4 ,9 accordance ) my tea*+1 ?is c c]ta9ly be expla9$ f ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( its exi/5ce is expressly "o :i* is )\t gr\nd1 a bl9d w to live1 :i* z ?+ 9 itself _c be made subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* is m]ely ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 & ?r\gh :i* alone e :y is ju/ifi$4 ,b ?is also agrees ) ! nature ( ! _w1 = only a bl9d w1 no see+ w1 c\ld place itself 9 ! position 9 :i* we behold ourselves4 ,a see+ w w\ld r h soon made ! calculation t ! bus9ess did n cov] ! co/1 = su* a mighty ef=t & /ruggle ) ! /ra9+ ( all ! p[]s1 "u con/ant c>e1 anxiety1 & want1 & ) ! inevitable de/ruction ( e individual life1 f9ds no comp5sation 9 ! ephem]al exi/5ce itself1 :i* is s obta9$1 & :i* passes into no?+ 9 our h&s4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! explanation ( ! _w f ! ,anaxagorean 1 i4e41 f a w accompani$ by k1 necess>ily dem&s optimism to excuse x1 :i* accord+ly is set up & ma9ta9$ 9 spite ( ! l\dly cry+ evid5ce ( a :ole _w full ( mis]y4 ,life is !re giv5 out to be a gift1 :ile x is evid5t t e "o w\ld h decl9$ su* a gift if he c\ld h se5 x & te/$ x be=eh&2 j z ,less+ admir$ ! und]/&+ ( 8 son1 :o1 because he _h absolutely decl9$ to ent] life1 _h to be =cibly br\ght into x ) ! =ceps1 b 0 sc>cely !re :5 he hurri$ away f x aga94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is !n well said t life %\ld be1 f "o end to ! o!r1 only a lesson2 to :i*1 h[ev]1 any "o might reply3 8,= ?is v reason ,i wi% ,i _h be5 left 9 ! peace ( ! allsuffici5t no?+1 :]e ,i w\ld h _h no ne$ ( lessons or ( any?+ else40 ,if inde$ x %\ld n[ be add$ t he mu/ "o day give an acc\nt ( e h\r ( 8 life1 he w\ld be m ju/ifi$ 9 himself dem&+ an acc\nt ( :y he _h be5 transf]r$ f t re/ into su* a que/ionable1 d>k1 anxi\s1 & pa9ful situation4 ,to ?is1 !n1 we are l$ by false views4 ,= human exi/5ce1 f> f be>+ ! "* ( a gift1 has entirely ! "* ( a debt t has be5 contract$4 ,! call+ 9 ( ?is debt appe>s 9 ! =m ( ! press+ wants1 torm5t+ desires1 & endless mis]y e/abli%$ ?r\gh ?is exi/5ce4 ,z a rule1 ! :ole lifetime is devot$ to ! pay+ (f ( ?is debt2 b ?is only meets ! int]e/4 ,! paym5t ( ! capital takes place ?r\gh dea?4 ,& :5 0 ?is debt contract$8 ,at ! begett+4 ,accord+ly1 if we reg>d man z a be+ ^: exi/5ce is a puni%m5t & an expiation1 we !n view him 9 a "r light4 ,! my? ( ! fall 7al?\gh probably1 l ! :ole ( ,judaism1 borr[$ f ! ,z5d ,ave/a3 ,bundahi%1 #ae71 is ! only po9t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to :i* ,i c ascribe metaphysical1 al?\gh only allegorical1 tru?2 inde$ x is ?is alone t reconciles me to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,our exi/5ce resembles no?+ s mu* z ! consequ5ce ( a false /ep & a guilty desire4 ,new ,te/am5t ,*ri/ianity1 ! e?ical _s ( :i* is t ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & is !re=e v =eign to ! o!rwise optimi/ic _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 has also1 v wisely1 l9k$ itself on precisely to t my?3 inde$1 )\t ?is x w\ld h f\nd no po9t ( connection ) ,judaism at all4 ,if any "o desires to measure ! degree ( guilt ) :i* our exi/5ce is ta9t$1 !n let him look at ! suff]+ t is connect$ ) x4 ,e great pa91 :e!r bodily or m5tal1 decl>es :at we des]ve3 = x c\ld n come to u if we did n des]ve x4 ,t ,*ri/ianity also reg>ds our exi/5ce 9 ?is light is %[n by a passage 9 ,lu!r's ,comm5t>y on ,galatians1 *ap4 #c1 :i* ,i only h beside me 9 ,lat93 8,sumus autem nos omnes corporibus et rebus subjecti ,diabolo1 et hospites sumus 9 mundo1 cujus ipse pr9ceps et ,deus e/4 ,ideo panis1 quem edimus1 potus1 quem bibimus1 ve/es1 quibus utimur1 imo ar et totum quo vivimus 9 c>ne1 sub ipsius imp]io e/40 ,an outcry has be5 made ab\t ! melan*oly & disconsolate nature ( my philosophy2 yet x lies m]ely 9 ! fact t in/ead ( inv5t+ a future hell z ! equival5t ( s91 ,i %[ t :]e guilt lies 9 ! _w !re is also already some?+ ak9 to hell2 b :oev] is incl9$ to d5y ?is c easily exp]i5ce x4 ,& to ?is _w1 to ?is sc5e ( torm5t$ & agonis$ be+s1 :o only cont9ue to exi/ by dev\r+ ea* o!r1 9 :i*1 !re=e1 e rav5\s bea/ is ! liv+ grave ( ?\s&s ( o!rs1 & its self ma9t5ance is a *a9 ( pa9ful dea?s2 & 9 :i* ! capacity = feel+ pa9 increases ) k1 & !re=e rea*es its highe/ degree 9 man1 a degree :i* is ! high] ! m intellig5t ! man is2 to ?is _w x has be5 s\ght to apply ! sy/em ( optimism1 & demon/rate to u t x is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,! absurdity is gl>+4 ,b an optimi/ bids me op5 my eyes & look at ! _w1 h[ beautiful x is 9 ! sun%9e1 ) its m\nta9s & valleys1 /reams1 plants1 animals1 c4 c4 ,is ! _w1 !n1 a r>ee%[8 ,^! ?+s are c]ta9ly beautiful to look at1 b to be !m is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,!n comes a teleologi/1 & praises to me ! wise arrangem5t by virtue ( :i* x is tak5 c>e t ! planets d n run _! heads toge!r1 t l& & sea d n get mix$ into a pulp1 b are held s beautifully ap>t1 also t ev]y?+ is nei!r rigid ) cont9ual fro/ nor roa/$ ) heat2 9 ! same way1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic !re is no et]nal spr+1 9 :i* no?+ c\ld atta9 to rip5ess1 c4 c4 ,b ?is & all l x are m]e conditiones s9e quibus non4 ,if 9 g5]al !re is to be a _w at all1 if its planets are to exi/ at lea/ z long z ! light ( a di/ant fix$ /> requires to rea* !m1 & are n1 l ,less+'s son1 to dep>t aga9 imm$iately aft] bir?1 !n c]ta9ly x mu/ n be s clumsily con/ruct$ t its v framework ?reat5s to fall to pieces4 ,b if "o goes on to ! results ( ?is applaud$ "w1 consid]s ! play]s :o act ^u ! /age :i* is s durably con/ruct$1 & n[ sees h[ ) s5sibility pa9 appe>s1 & increases 9 proportion z ! s5sibility develops to intellig5ce1 & !n h[1 keep+ pace ) ?is1 desire & suff]+ come out ev] m /rongly1 & increase till at la/ human life af=ds no o!r mat]ial ?an ?is = trag$ies & com$ies1 !n :oev] is hone/ w sc>cely be dispos$ to set up hallelujahs4 ,david ,hume1 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion10 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #ac1 has also expos$1 m]cilessly b ) conv9c+ tru?1 ! real ?\gh conceal$ s\rce ( ^! la/4 ,he also expla9s cle>ly 9 ! t5? & elev5? books ( 8 8,dialogues on ,natural ,religion10 ) v p]t95t argum5ts1 :i* are yet ( q a diff]5t k9d f m9e1 ! mis]able nature ( ?is _w & ! unt5abl5ess ( all optimism2 9 do+ :i* he attacks ?is 9 its orig94 ,bo? works ( ,hume's are z well wor? read+ z !y are unkn[n at ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many1 :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 incr$ible pleasure is f\nd1 patriotically1 9 ! mo/ disgu/+ nons5se ( home br$ boa/ful m$iocrities1 :o are proclaim$ great m54 ,hamann1 h[ev]1 translat$ ^! dialogues2 ,kant w5t ?r\gh ! translation1 & late 9 life wi%$ to induce ,hamann's son to publi% !m because ! translation ( ,platn] did n satisfy him 7see ,kant's biography by ,f4 ,w4 ,s*ub]t1 pp4 #ha & #afe74 ,f e page ( ,david ,hume !re is m to be le>n$ ?an f ! collect$ philosophical works ( ,hegel1 ,h]b>t1 & ,s*lei]ma*] toge!r4 ,! f\nd] ( sy/ematic optimism1 aga91 is ,leibnitz ^: philosophical m]it ,i h no int5tion ( d5y+ al?\gh ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 ?9k+ myself into ! monadology1 pree/abli%$ h>mony1 & id5titas indisc]nibilium4 ,8 8,n\veaux essays sur l'ent5dem5t0 are1 h[ev]1 m]ely an exc]pt1 ) a full yet weak criticism1 ) a view to correction1 ( ,locke's "w :i* is ju/ly ( _wwide reputation4 ,he "h opposes ,locke ) j z little success z he opposes ,newton 9 ! 8,t5tam5 de motuum cle/ium causis10 direct$ aga9/ ! sy/em ( gravitation4 ,! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 is specially direct$ aga9/ ?is ,leibnitz,wolfian philosophy1 & has a polemical1 nay1 a de/ructive relation to x1 j z x is relat$ to ,locke & ,hume z a cont9uation & fur!r con/ruction4 ,t at ! pres5t day ! pr(essors ( philosophy are on all sides engag$ 9 sett+ ,leibnitz1 ) 8 juggl+1 ^u 8 legs aga91 nay1 9 glorify+ him1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 depreciat+ & sett+ aside ,kant z mu* z possible1 has its suffici5t reason 9 ! primum viv]e2 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 does n admit ( "o giv+ out ,judai/ic my?ology z philosophy1 nor ( "o speak+1 )\t c]emony1 ( ! 8s\l0 z a giv5 reality1 a wellkn[n & wellaccr$it$ p]son1 )\t giv+ acc\nt ( h[ "o arriv$ at ?is conception1 & :at ju/ification "o has = us+ x sci5tifically4 ,b primum viv]e1 de9de philosoph>i6 ,d[n ) ,kant1 vivat our ,leibnitz6 ,to return1 !n1 to ,leibnitz1 ,i _c ascribe to ! ,?odice1 z a me?odical & broad unfold+ ( optimism1 any o!r m]it ?an ?is1 t x gave occasion lat] = ! immortal 8,c&ide0 ( ! great ,voltaire2 :]eby c]ta9ly ,leibnitz's (t5repeat$ & lame excuse = ! evil ( ! _w1 t ! bad sometimes br+s ab\t ! good1 receiv$ a confirmation :i* 0 unexpect$ by him4 ,ev5 by ! "n ( 8 h]o ,voltaire indicates t x only requires s9c]ity to recognise ! opposite ( optimism4 ,really ^u ?is sc5e ( s91 suff]+1 & dea? optimism makes su* an extraord9>y figure t "o w\ld be =c$ to reg>d x z irony if "o _h n a suffici5t explanation ( its orig9 9 ! secret s\rce ( x 7ins9c]e flatt]y1 ) insult+ confid5ce 9 its success71 :i*1 z 0 m5tion$ above1 is s delightfully disclos$ by ,hume4 ,b inde$ to ! palpably sophi/ical pro(s ( ,leibnitz t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 we may s]i\sly & hone/ly oppose ! pro( t x is ! wor/ ( all possible worlds4 ,= possible means1 n :at "o may con/ruct 9 imag9ation1 b :at c actually exi/ & cont9ue4 ,n[ ?is _w is s arrang$ z to be able to ma9ta9 itself ) great difficulty2 b if x 7 a little worse1 x c\ld no long] ma9ta9 itself4 ,consequ5tly a worse _w1 s9ce x c\ld n cont9ue to exi/1 is absolutely impossible3 ?us ?is _w itself is ! wor/ ( all possible worlds4 ,= n only if ! planets 7 to run _! heads toge!r1 b ev5 if any "o ( ! actually appe>+ p]turbations ( _! c\rse1 in/ead ( be+ gradually balanc$ by o!rs1 cont9u$ to increase1 ! _w w\ld soon rea* its end4 ,a/ronom]s "k ^u :at accid5tal circum/ances--pr9cipally ! irrational relation to ea* o!r ( ! p]iods ( revolution--?is dep5ds1 & h c>efully calculat$ t x w always g on well2 consequ5tly ! _w also c cont9ue & g on4 ,we w hope t1 al?\gh ,newton 0 ( an opposite op9ion1 !y h n miscalculat$1 & consequ5tly t ! me*anical p]petual motion realis$ 9 su* a planet>y sy/em w n also1 l ! re/1 ultimately come to a /&/ill4 ,aga91 "u ! firm cru/ ( ! planet dwell ! p[]ful =ces ( nature :i*1 z soon z "s accid5t af=ds !m free play1 mu/ necess>ily de/roy t cru/1 ) ev]y?+ liv+ ^u x1 z has already tak5 place at lea/ ?ree times ^u our planet1 & w probably take place (t5] /ill4 ,! e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 ! e>?quake ( ,haiti1 ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii1 are only small1 playful h9ts ( :at is possible4 ,a small alt]ation ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* _c ev5 be *emically prov$1 causes *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 black dea?1 c41 :i* c>ry (f millions ( m52 a some:at great] alt]ation w\ld ext+ui% all life4 ,a v mod]ate increase ( heat w\ld dry up all ! riv]s & spr+s4 ,! brutes h receiv$ j b>ely s mu* 9 ! way ( organs & p[]s z enables !m to procure ) ! greate/ ex]tion su/5ance = _! own lives & food = _! (fspr+2 !re=e if a brute loses a limb1 or ev5 ! full use ( "o1 x mu/ g5]ally p]i%4 ,ev5 ( ! human race1 p[]ful z are ! weapons x possesses 9 und]/&+ & reason1 n9et5?s live 9 con/ant conflict ) want1 always balanc+ !mselves ) difficulty & ef=t ^u ! br9k ( de/ruction4 ,?us ?r\gh\t1 z = ! cont9uance ( ! :ole1 s also = t ( ea* individual be+ ! conditions are b>ely & scantily giv51 b no?+ ov]4 ,! individual life is a ceaseless battle = exi/5ce itself2 :ile at e /ep de/ruction ?reat5s x4 ,j because ?is ?reat is s (t5 fulfill$ provision _h to be made1 by means ( ! enorm\s excess ( ! g]ms1 t ! de/ruction ( ! individuals %\ld n involve t ( ! species1 = :i* alone nature really c>es4 ,! _w is !re=e z bad z x possibly c be if x is to cont9ue to be at all4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,! fossils ( ! entirely diff]5t k9ds ( animal species :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! planet af=d u1 z a pro( ( our calculation1 ! records ( worlds ! cont9uance ( :i* 0 no long] possible1 & :i* consequ5tly 7 some:at worse ?an ! wor/ ( possible worlds4 ,optimism is at bottom ! unm]it$ selfpraise ( ! real orig9ator ( ! _w1 ! w to live1 :i* views itself complac5tly 9 its works2 & accord+ly x is n only a false1 b also a p]nici\s doctr9e4 ,= x pres5ts life to u z a desirable condition1 & ! happ9ess ( man z ! end ( x4 ,/>t+ f ?is1 e "o !n believes t he has ! mo/ j claim to happ9ess & pleasure2 & if1 z is wont to happ51 ^! d n fall to 8 lot1 !n he believes t he is wrong$1 nay1 t he loses ! end ( 8 exi/5ce2 :ile x is f> m correct to reg>d "w1 privation1 mis]y1 & suff]+1 cr[n$ by dea?1 z ! end ( our life 7z ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & also g5u9e ,*ri/ianity d72 = x is ^! :i* lead to ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! _w is repres5t$ z a valley ( te>s1 life z a process ( purify+ or ref9+1 & ! symbol ( ,*ri/ianity is an in/rum5t ( torture4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,leibnitz1 ,%aftesbury1 ,bol+broke1 & ,pope br\ght =w>d optimism1 ! g5]al (f5ce :i* x gave dep5d$ pr9cipally ^u ! fact t optimism is irreconcilable ) ,*ri/ianity2 z ,voltaire /ates & expla9s 9 ! preface to 8 excell5t poem1 8,le dsa/re de ,lisbonne10 :i* is also expressly direct$ aga9/ optimism4 ,?is great man1 :om ,i s gladly praise1 9 opposition to ! abuse ( v5al ,g]man inksl+]s1 is plac$ decid$ly high] ?an ,r\sseau by ! insight to :i* he atta9$ 9 ?ree respects1 & :i* prove ! great] dep? ( 8 ?9k+3 7#a7 ! recognition ( ! prepond]at+ magnitude ( ! evil & mis]y ( exi/5ce ) :i* he is deeply p5etrat$2 7#b7 t ( ! /rict necessity ( ! acts ( w2 7#c7 t ( ! tru? ( ,locke's pr9ciple1 t :at ?9ks may also be mat]ial3 :ile ,r\sseau opposes all ?is ) declamations 9 8 8,pr(ession de foi du vicaire ,savoy>d10 a sup]ficial ,prote/ant pa/or's philosophy2 z he also 9 ! same _s attacks ! beautiful poem ( ,voltaire :i* has j be5 ref]r$ to ) illf\nd$1 %all[1 & logically false reason+1 9 ! int]e/s ( optimism1 9 8 long lett] to ,voltaire ( #ah? ,augu/ #agef1 :i* is devot$ simply to ?is purpose4 ,inde$1 ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic & ! ( ,r\sseau's :ole philosophy is ?is1 t 9 ! place ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( orig9al s91 & ! orig9al depravity ( ! human race1 he puts an orig9al goodness & unlimit$ p]fectibility ( x1 :i* has only be5 l$ a/ray by civilisation & its consequ5ces1 & !n f\nds ^u ?is 8 optimism & humanism4 ,z 9 8,c&ide0 ,voltaire wages w> 9 8 faceti\s mann] aga9/ optimism1 ,byron has also done s 9 8 s]i\s & tragic /yle1 9 8 immortal ma/]piece1 8,ca910 on acc\nt ( :i* he also has be5 hon\r$ ) ! invectives ( ! obscuranti/1 ,fri$ri* ,s*legel4 ,if n[1 9 conclusion1 to confirm my view1 ,i 7 to give :at has be5 said by great m5 ( all ages 9 ?is antioptimi/ic _s1 !re w\ld be no end to ! quotations1 = almo/ e "o ( !m has express$ 9 /rong language 8 k ( ! mis]y ( ?is _w4 ,?us1 n to confirm1 b m]ely to embelli% ?is *apt]1 a few quotations ( ?is k9d may be giv5 at ! end ( x4 ,fir/ ( all1 let me m5tion "h t ! ,greeks1 f> z !y 7 f ! ,*ri/ian & l(ty ,asiatic conception ( ! _w1 & al?\gh !y decid$ly /ood at ! po9t ( view ( ! ass]tion ( ! w1 7 yet deeply affect$ by ! wret*$ness ( exi/5ce4 ,?is is %[n ev5 by ! inv5tion ( trag$y1 :i* belongs to !m4 ,ano!r pro( ( x is af=d$ u by ! cu/om ( ! ,?racians1 :i* is fir/ m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 ?\gh (t5 ref]r$ to aft]w>ds--! cu/om ( welcom+ ! newborn *ild ) lam5tations1 & rec\nt+ all ! evils :i* n[ lie be=e x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 bury+ ! dead ) mir? & je/+1 because !y are no long] expos$ to s _m & great suff]+s4 ,9 a beautiful poem pres]v$ = u by ,plut>* 7,de audi5d4 pot4 9 f9e7 ?is runs ?us3-- 8 1 40 7,lug]e g5itum1 tanta qui intr>it mala3 ,at morte si quis f9iisset mis]ias1 ,hunc laude amicos atque ltitia exsequi47 ,x is n to be attribut$ to hi/orical relation%ip1 b to ! moral id5tity ( ! matt]1 t ! ,mexicans welcom$ ! newborn *ild ) ! words1 8,my *ild1 ?\ art born to endure2 !re=e endure1 suff]1 & keep sil5ce40 ,&1 foll[+ ! same feel+1 ,swift 7z ,walt] ,scott relates 9 8 ,life ( ,swift7 e>ly adopt$ ! cu/om ( keep+ 8 bir?day n z a "t ( joy b ( sadness1 & ( read+ on t day ! passage ( ! ,bible 9 :i* ,job lam5ts & curses ! day on :i* x 0 said 9 ! h\se ( 8 fa!r a man*ild is born4 ,well kn[n & too long = quotation is ! passage 9 ! 8,apology ( ,socrates10 9 :i* ,plato makes ?is wise/ ( mortals say t dea?1 ev5 if x deprives u ( consci\sness = ev]1 w\ld be a wond]ful ga91 = a deep1 dreamless sleep e day is to be pref]r$ ev5 to ! happie/ life4 ,a say+ ( ,h]aclitus runs3 8 1 40 7,vit nom5 quidem e/ vita1 opus autem mors4 ,etymologicum magnum1 voce 2 also ,eu/a?4 ad ,iliad41 i4 p4 #ca47 ,! beautiful l9es ( ! 8,!ogony0 are fam\s3-- 8 1 2 1 40 7,optima sors hom9i natum non esse1 nec unquam4 ,adspexisse diem1 flammif]umque jub>4 ,alt]a jam g5itum demitti prot9us ,orco1 ,et pressum multa m]g]e corpus humo47 ,sophocles1 9 8dipus ,colonus0 7#abbe71 has ! foll[+ abbreviation ( ! same3-- 8 2 1 1 1 1 40 7,natum non esse sortes v9cit alias omnes3 proxima autem e/1 ubi quis 9 lucem editus fu]it1 eodem r$ire1 unde v5it1 quam ocissime47 ,euripides says3-- 8 1 40 7,omnis hom9um vita e/ pl5a dolore1 ,nec datur laborum remissio47 --,,hippol1 #ahi4 ,& ,hom] already said3-- 8 1 40 7,non enim quidquam alicubi e/ calamitosius hom9e ,omnium1 quotquot sup] t]ram spirantque et mov5tur47 --,,ii4 xvii4 #ddf4 ,ev5 ,pl9y says3 8,quapropt] hoc primum quisque 9 rem$iis animi sui habeat1 ex omnibus bonis1 qu hom9i natura tribuit1 nullum melius esse tempe/iva morte0 7,hi/4 ,nat4 #bh1 #b74 ,%akspe>e puts ! words 9 ! m\? ( ! old k+ ,h5ry ,,iv43-- 8,o heav56 t "o might read ! book ( fate1 ,& see ! revolution ( ! times1 444 h[ *ances mock1 ,& *anges fill ! cup ( alt]ation ,) div]s liquors6 ,o1 if ?is 7 se51 ,! happie/ y\?1--view+ 8 progress ?r\gh1 ,:at p]ils pa/1 :at crosses to ensue1-- ,w\ld %ut ! book1 & sit him d[n & die40 ,f9ally1 ,byron3-- 8,c\nt o'er ! joys ?9e h\rs h se51 ,c\nt o'er ?y days f angui% free1 ,& "k1 :atev] ?\ ha/ be51 ',tis some?+ bett] n to be40 ,baltaz> ,gracian also br+s ! mis]y ( our exi/5ce be=e our eyes 9 ! d>ke/ col\rs 9 ! 8,criticon10 ,p>te i41 ,crisi #e1 j at ! beg9n+1 & ,crisi #g at ! end1 :]e he explicitly repres5ts life z a tragic f>ce4 ,yet no "o has s ?or\ghly & exhau/ively h&l$ ?is subject z1 9 our own day1 ,leop>di4 ,he is entirely fill$ & p5etrat$ by x3 8 !me is ev]y:]e ! mock]y & wret*$ness ( ?is exi/5ce2 he pres5ts x ^u e page ( 8 works1 yet 9 su* a multiplicity ( =ms & applications1 ) su* weal? ( imag]y t he nev] we>ies u1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is ?r\gh\t ent]ta9+ & excit+4 ,*apt] ,,xlvii47#dc7 ,on ,e?ics4 ,"h is ! great gap :i* occurs 9 ^! supplem5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! circum/ance t ,i h already dealt ) moral philosophy 9 ! n>r[] s5se 9 ! two prize essays publi%$ "u ! title1 8,die ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik10 an acqua9tance ) :i* is assum$1 z ,i h said1 9 ord] to avoid useless repetition4 ,!re=e !re only rema9s = me "h a small glean+ ( isolat$ reflections :i* c\ld n be discuss$ 9 t "w1 ! cont5ts ( :i* 71 9 ! ma91 prescrib$ by ! ,academies2 lea/ ( all ^? reflections :i* dem& a high] po9t ( view ?an t :i* is common to all1 & :i* ,i 0 !re oblig$ to adh]e to4 ,accord+ly x w n surprise ! read] to f9d ^! reflections "h 9 a v fragm5t>y collection4 ,?is collection aga9 has be5 cont9u$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? *apt]s ( ! second volume ( ! ,p>]ga4 ,t moral inve/igations are incomp>ably m difficult ?an physical1 & 9 g5]al ?an any o!rs1 results f ! fact t !y are almo/ imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! ?+ 9 itself1 namely1 ) t manife/ation ( x 9 :i*1 directly discov]$ by ! light ( k1 x reveals its nature z w4 ,physical tru?s1 on ! o!r h&1 rema9 entirely 9 ! prov9ce ( ! idea1 i4e41 ( ! ph5om5on1 & m]ely %[ h[ ! l[e/ manife/ations ( ! w pres5t !mselves 9 ! idea 9 con=mity to law4 ,fur!r1 ! consid]ation ( ! _w f ! physical side1 h[ev] f> & successfully x may be pursu$1 is 9 its results )\t any consolation = u3 on ! moral side alone is consolation to be f\nd2 = "h ! dep?s ( our own inn] nature disclose !mselves to ! consid]ation4 ,b my philosophy is ! only "o :i* conf]s ^u e?ics its complete & :ole rights2 = only if ! true nature ( man is 8 own w1 & consequ5tly he is1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 8 own "w1 are 8 de$s really entirely 8 & to be ascrib$ to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] he has ano!r orig91 or is ! "w ( a be+ diff]5t f himself1 all 8 guilt falls back ^u ?is orig91 or orig9ator4 ,= op]>i sequitur esse4 ,to connect ! =ce :i* produces ! ph5om5on ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly det]m9es its nature1 ) ! morality ( ! disposition or "*1 & ?us to e/abli% a moral ord] ( ! _w z ! f\ndation ( ! physical1--?is has be5 s9ce ,socrates ! problem ( philosophy4 ,!ism solv$ x 9 a *ildi% mann]1 :i* c\ld n satisfy mature humanity4 ,!re=e pan!ism oppos$ itself to x :5ev] x v5tur$ to d s1 & %[$ t nature be>s 9 itself ! p[] by virtue ( :i* x appe>s4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 e?ics _h necess>ily to be giv5 up4 ,sp9oza1 inde$1 attempts "h & !re to pres]ve x by means ( sophi/ry1 b = ! mo/ "p gives x up altoge!r1 &1 ) a boldness :i* excites a/oni%m5t & repugnance1 expla9s ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 & 9 g5]al betwe5 good & evil1 z m]ely conv5tional1 ?us 9 itself empty 7= example1 ,e?4 iv41 prop4 #cg1 s*ol4 #b74 ,aft] hav+ met ) unm]it$ neglect = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 ,sp9oza has1 9 g5]al1 become too mu* e/eem$ 9 ?is c5tury ?r\gh ! reaction caus$ by ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum ( op9ion4 ,all pan!ism mu/ ultimately be ov]?r[n by ! inevitable dem&s ( e?ics1 & !n by ! evil & suff]+ ( ! _w4 ,if ! _w is a !ophany1 !n all t man1 or ev5 ! brute1 does is equally div9e & excell5t2 no?+ c be c5surable1 & no?+ m praisewor?y ?an ! re/3 ?us !re is no e?ics4 ,h5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! reviv$ ,sp9ozism ( our own day1 ?us ( pan!ism1 ! treatm5t ( e?ics has sunk s l[ & become s %all[ t x has be5 made a m]e in/ruction z to ! prop] life ( a citiz5 & a memb] ( a family1 9 :i* ! ultimate end ( human exi/5ce is suppos$ to consi/3 ?us 9 me?odical1 complete1 smug1 & com=table phili/9ism4 ,pan!ism1 inde$1 has only l$ to su* %all[ vulg>isms ?r\gh ! fact t 7by a %ameful misuse ( ! e quovis ligno fit ,m]curius7 a common m9d1 ,hegel1 has1 by ! wellkn[n means1 be5 falsely /amp$ z a great philosoph]1 & a h]d ( 8 disciples1 at fir/ suborn$1 aft]w>ds only /upid1 receiv$ 8 weighty words4 ,su* outrages on ! human m9d d n rema9 unpuni%$3 ! se$ has spr\t$4 ,9 ! same _s x 0 !n ass]t$ t e?ics %\ld h = its mat]ial n ! conduct ( individuals1 b t ( nations1 t ?is alone 0 a !me wor?y ( x4 ,no?+ c be m p]v]se ?an ?is view1 :i* re/s on ! mo/ vulg> realism4 ,= 9 e individual appe>s ! :ole undivid$ w to live1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 & ! microcosm is l ! macrocosm4 ,! masses h no m cont5t ?an ea* individual4 ,e?ics is conc]n$ n ) actions & _! results1 b ) will+1 & will+ itself takes place only 9 ! individual4 ,n ! fate ( nations1 :i* exi/s only 9 ! ph5om5on1 b t ( ! individual is decid$ morally4 ,nations are really m]e ab/ractions2 individuals alone actually exi/4 ,?us1 !n1 is pan!ism relat$ to e?ics4 ,b ! evil & mis]y ( ! _w are n 9 accord ev5 ) !ism2 h5ce x s\ght assi/ance f all k9ds ( evasions1 !odicies1 :i* yet 7 irretrievably ov]?r[n by ! argum5ts ( ,hume & ,voltaire4 ,pan!ism1 h[ev]1 is completely unt5able 9 ! pres5ce ( t bad side ( ! _w4 ,only :5 ! _w is reg>d$ entirely f )\t & f ! physical side alone1 & no?+ else is kept 9 view b ! con/ant re/orative ord]1 & ! comp>ative imp]i%abl5ess ( ! :ole :i* is !reby introduc$1 is x p]haps possible to expla9 x z a god1 yet always only symbolically4 ,b if "o ent]s )91 ?us consid]s also ! subjective & moral side1 ) its prepond]ance ( want1 suff]+1 & mis]y1 ( diss5sion1 wick$ness1 madness1 & p]v]sity1 !n "o soon becomes consci\s ) horror t ! la/ ?+ imag9able "o has be=e "o is a !ophany4 ,i1 h[ev]1 h %[n1 & especially 9 my "w 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur0 h prov$1 t ! =ce :i* works & acts 9 nature is id5tical ) ! w 9 u4 ,!reby ! moral ord] ( ! _w is br\ght into direct connection ) ! =ce :i* produces ! ph5om5on ( ! _w4 ,= ! ph5om5on ( ! w mu/ exactly correspond to its nature4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! exposition ( et]nal ju/ice giv5 9 #fc & #fd ( ! fir/ volume1 & ! _w1 al?\gh subsi/+ by its own p[]1 receives ?r\gh\t a moral t5d5cy4 ,accord+ly ! problem :i* has be5 discuss$ f ! "t ( ,socrates is n[ = ! fir/ "t really solv$1 & ! dem& ( ?9k+ reason direct$ to morality is satisfi$4 ,yet ,i h nev] pr(ess$ to prop\nd a philosophy :i* leaves no que/ions unansw]$4 ,9 ?is s5se philosophy is really impossible3 x w\ld be ! sci5ce ( omnisci5ce4 ,b e/ quadam prodire t5us1 si non datur ultra3 !re is a limit to :i* reflection c p5etrate & c s f> light5 ! night ( our exi/5ce1 al?\gh ! horizon always rema9s d>k4 ,my doctr9e rea*es ?is limit 9 ! w to live1 :i* 9 its own manife/ation ass]ts or d5ies itself4 ,to wi%1 h[ev]1 to g beyond ?is is1 9 my eyes1 l wi%+ to fly beyond ! atmosph]e4 ,we mu/ /op !re2 ev5 al?\gh new problems arise out ( ^? :i* h be5 solv$4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ ref] to ! fact t ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is limit$ to ! ph5om5on2 ?is 0 ! !me ( my fir/ essay on t pr9ciple1 :i* 0 publi%$ z e>ly z #ahac4 ,i n[ g on to supplem5t p>ticul> po9ts1 & %all beg9 by support+1 ) two passages f classical poetry1 my explanation ( weep+ giv5 9 #fg ( ! fir/ volume1 t x spr+s f sympa?y ! object ( :i* is "o's own self4 ,at ! end ( ! eigh? book ( ! 8,odyssey10 ,ulysses1 :o 9 all 8 _m sorr[s is nev] repres5t$ z weep+1 bur/s into te>s1 :51 /ill unkn[n1 he he>s 8 e>ly h]oic life & de$s sung by ! b>d ,demodocus 9 ! palace ( ! ,phacian k+1 = ?is remembrance ( ! brilliant p]iod ( 8 life contra/s ) 8 pres5t wret*$ness4 ,?us n ?is itself directly1 b ! objective consid]ation ( x1 ! picture ( 8 pres5t summon$ up by 8 pa/1 calls =? 8 te>s2 he feels sympa?y ) himself4 ,euripides makes ! innoc5tly condemn$ ,hypolytus1 bemoan+ 8 own fate1 express ! same feel+3 8 1 1 0 7#ajhd74 7,heu1 si lic]et mihi1 me ipsum extr9secus spect>e1 quantop]e defl]em mala1 qu patior47 ,f9ally1 z a pro( ( my explanation1 an anecdote may be giv5 "h :i* ,i take f ! ,engli% j\rnal ,! ,h]ald ( ! #af? ,july #ahcf4 ,a cli5t1 :5 he _h he>d 8 case set =? by 8 c\nsel 9 c\rt1 bur/ into a flood ( te>s1 & cri$1 8,i nev] knew ,i _h suff]$ half s mu* till ,i he>d x "h today40 ,i h %[n 9 #ee ( ! fir/ volume h[1 not)/&+ ! unalt]able nature ( ! "*1 i4e41 ( ! special fundam5tal w ( a man1 a real moral rep5tance is yet possible4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to add ! foll[+ explanation1 :i* ,i mu/ preface by a few def9itions4 ,incl9ation is e /rong susceptibility ( ! w = motives ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,passion is an incl9ation s /rong t ! motives :i* excite x ex]cise a p[] ov] ! w1 :i* is /rong] ?an t ( e possible motive t c oppose !m2 ?us its ma/]y ov] ! w becomes absolute1 & consequ5tly ) ref]5ce to x ! w is passive or suff]+4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ "h t passions seldom rea* ! degree at :i* !y fully answ] to ! def9ition1 b r be> _! "n z m]e approximations to x3 !re=e !re are !n /ill c\nt]motives :i* are able at lea/ to re/rict _! effect1 if only !y appe> di/9ctly 9 consci\sness4 ,! emotion is j z irresi/ible1 b yet only a pass+ excitem5t ( ! w1 by a motive :i* receives its p[]1 n f a deeply root$ incl9ation1 b m]ely f ! fact t1 appe>+ sudd5ly1 x excludes = ! mom5t ! c\nt]effect ( all o!r motives1 = x consi/s ( an idea1 :i* completely obscures all o!rs by its excessive vividness1 or1 z x 71 conceals !m entirely by its too close proximity1 s t !y _c ent] consci\sness & act on ! w1 :]eby1 !re=e1 ! capacity = reflection1 & ) x intellectual fre$om1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t aboli%$4 ,accord+ly ! emotion is relat$ to ! passion z delirium to madness4 ,moral rep5tance is n[ condition$ by ! fact t be=e ! act ! incl9ation to x did n leave ! intellect free scope1 because x did n all[ x to contemplate cle>ly & fully ! c\nt]motives1 b r turn$ x ev] anew to ! motives 9 its own fav\r4 ,b n[1 aft] ! act has be5 p]=m$1 ^! motives are1 by ?is itself1 neutralis$1 & consequ5tly h become ineffective4 ,n[ reality br+s be=e ! intellect ! c\nt]motives z ! consequ5ces ( ! act :i* h already appe>$2 & ! intellect n[ kn[s t !y w\ld h be5 ! /rong] if x _h only adequately contemplat$ & weigh$ !m4 ,?us ! man becomes consci\s t he has done :at 0 really n 9 accordance ) 8 w4 ,?is k is rep5tance1 = he has n act$ ) full intellectual fre$om2 = all ! motives did n atta9 to effici5cy4 ,:at exclud$ ! motives oppos$ to ! action 0 9 ! case ( ! ha/y action ! emotion1 & 9 ! case ( ! delib]ate action ! passion4 ,x has also (t5 dep5d$ ^u ! circum/ance t 8 reason c]ta9ly pres5t$ to him ! c\nt]motives 9 ! ab/ract1 b 0 n support$ by a suffici5tly /rong imag9ation to pres5t to him _! :ole cont5t & true significance 9 images4 ,examples ( :at has be5 said are ! cases 9 :i* rev5ge1 jeal\sy1 or av>ice h l$ to murd]4 ,aft] x is committ$ !y are ext+ui%$1 & n[ ju/ice1 sympa?y1 ! remembrance ( =m] fri5d%ip1 raise _! voices & say all t !y w\ld h said be=e if !y _h be5 all[$ to speak4 ,!n ent]s ! bitt] rep5tance1 :i* says1 8,if x 7 n done x w\ld nev] happ540 ,an incomp>able repres5tation ( ?is is af=d$ by ! old ,scotti% ballad1 :i* has also be5 translat$ by ,h]d]1 8,edw>d1 ,edw>d40 ,9 an analog\s mann]1 ! neglect ( "o's own good may occasion an egoti/ical rep5tance4 ,= example1 :5 an o!rwise unadvisable m>riage is conclud$ 9 consequ5ce ( passionate love1 :i* n[ is ext+ui%$ j by ! m>riage1 & = ! fir/ "t ! c\nt]motives ( p]sonal int]e/1 lo/ indep5d5ce1 c41 c41 come into consci\sness1 & speak z !y w\ld h spok5 be=e if !y _h be5 all[$ utt]ance4 ,all su* actions accord+ly spr+ f a relative weakness ( intellect1 because x lets itself be ma/]$ by ! w1 j :]e its function z ! pres5t] ( motives ought to h be5 inexorably fulfill$1 )\t all[+ itself to be di/urb$ by ! w4 ,! vehem5ce ( ! w is "h only indirectly ! cause1 9 t x int]f]es ) ! intellect1 & !reby prep>es = itself rep5tance4 ,! reasonabl5ess ( ! "* 1 :i* is oppos$ to passionat5ess1 really consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! w nev] ov]p[]s ! intellect to su* an ext5t z to prev5t x f correctly ex]cis+ its function ( ! di/9ct1 full1 & cle> exposition ( ! motives 9 ! ab/ract = ! reason1 9 ! concrete = ! imag9ation4 ,n[ ?is may j z well dep5d ^u ! mod]ation & mildness ( ! w z ^u ! /r5g? ( ! intellect4 ,all t is requir$ is t ! latt] %\ld be relatively /rong en\gh = ! w t is pres5t1 ?us t ! two %\ld /& 9 a suitable relation to ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ explanations h /ill to be add$ to ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! philosophy ( law exp\nd$ 9 #fb ( ! fir/ volume1 & also 9 my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals1 #ag4 ,^? :o1 ) ,sp9oza1 d5y t !re is a "r ap>t f ! ,/ate1 conf\nd ! means = en=c+ ! "r ) ! "r itself4 ,c]ta9ly ! "r is insur$ protection only 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b x itself exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! ,/ate4 ,= by =ce x c only be suppress$1 nev] aboli%$4 ,accord+ly ! ,/ate is no?+ m ?an an in/itution = protection1 :i* has become necess>y ?r\gh ! manifold attacks to :i* man is expos$1 & :i* he w\ld n be able to w>d (f alone1 b only 9 union ) o!rs4 ,s1 !n1 ! aims ( ! ,/ate are-- 7#a47 ,fir/ ( all1 outw>d protection1 :i* may j z well become ne$ful aga9/ lifeless =ces ( nature or wild bea/s z aga9/ m51 consequ5tly aga9/ o!r nations2 al?\gh ?is case is ! mo/ frequ5t & important1 = ! wor/ enemy ( man is man3 homo hom9i lupus4 ,s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is aim1 nations always set up ! pr9ciple1 9 words if n ) de$s1 t !y wi% to /& to ea* o!r 9 a purely def5sive1 nev] 9 an aggressive relation1 !y recognise ! law ( nations4 ,?is is at bottom no?+ b natural law1 9 ! only sph]e ( its practical activity t rema9s to x1 betwe5 nation & nation1 :]e x alone mu/ reign1 because its /rong] son1 positive law1 _c ass]t itself1 s9ce x requires a judge & an executive4 ,accord+ly ! law ( nations consi/s ( a c]ta9 degree ( morality 9 ! deal+s ( nations ) ea* o!r1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i* is a "q ( hon\r = mank9d4 ,! b> at :i* cases bas$ on ?is law are tri$ is t ( public op9ion4 7#b47 ,protection )91 ?us protection ( ! memb]s ( a ,/ate aga9/ ea* o!r1 consequ5tly security ( private "r1 by means ( ! ma9t5ance ( an hone/ /ate ( ?+s1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! conc5trat$ =ces ( all protect ea* individual1 f :i* arises an appe>ance z if all 7 hone/1 i4e41 j1 ?us z if no "o wi%$ to injure ! o!rs4 ,b1 z is always ! way 9 human affairs1 ! removal ( "o evil g5]ally op5s ! way = a new "o2 ?us ! grant+ ( t d\ble protection introduces ! ne$ ( a ?ird1 namely3 7#c47 ,protection aga9/ ! protector1 i4e41 aga9/ him or ^? to :om ! society has transf]r$ ! managem5t ( ! protection1 ?us ! gu>antee ( public "r4 ,?is appe>s mo/ completely atta9able by divid+ & sep>at+ f ea* o!r ! ?reefold unity ( ! protective p[]1 ?us ! legislature1 ! judicature1 & ! executive1 s t ea* is manag$ by o!rs1 & indep5d5tly ( ! re/4 ,! great value1 inde$ ! fundam5tal idea ( ! mon>*y appe>s to me to lie 9 ! fact t because m5 rema9 m5 "o mu/ be plac$ s high1 & s mu* p[]1 weal?1 security1 & absolute inviolability giv5 him t !re rema9s no?+ = him to desire1 to hope1 & to fe> = himself2 :]eby ! egoism :i* dwells 9 him1 z 9 e "o1 is annihilat$1 z x 71 by neutralisation1 & he is n[ able1 z if he 7 no long] a man1 to practise ju/ice1 & to keep 9 view no long] 8 own b only ! public good4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ! seem+ly sup]human nature t ev]y:]e accompanies royalty1 & di/+ui%es x s inf9itely f ! m]e presid5cy4 ,!re=e x mu/ also be h]$it>y1 n elective2 p>tly 9 ord] t no "o may see 8 equal 9 ! k+2 p>tly t ! k+ himself may only be able to provide = 8 successors by c>+ = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 :i* is absolutely "o ) t ( 8 family4 ,if o!r ends besides t ( protection1 "h expla9$1 are ascrib$ to ! ,/ate1 ?is may easily endang] ! true end4 ,accord+ to my explanation1 ! "r ( prop]ty arises only ?r\gh ! exp5diture ( lab\r ^u ?+s4 ,?is tru?1 :i* has already (t5 be5 express$1 f9ds a notewor?y confirmation 9 ! fact t x is ass]t$1 ev5 9 a practical reg>d1 9 a decl>ation ( ! ,am]ican ex presid5t1 ,qu9cey ,adams1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( #ahdj1 ,no4 #acj2 & also 9 ,fr5*1 9 ! 8,biblio?que univ]selle de ,g5ve10 ,july #ahdj1 ,no4 #ee4 ,i w give x "h 9 ,g]man 7,engli% ( ,qu>t]ly ,review73 8,!re are morali/s :o h que/ion$ ! "r ( ! ,europeans to intrude ^u ! possessions ( ! aborig9als 9 any case1 & "u any limitations :atsoev]2 b h !y maturely consid]$ ! :ole subject8 ,! ,indian "r ( possession itself /&s1 ) reg>d to ! greate/ "p ( ! c\ntry1 ^u a que/ionable f\ndation4 ,_! cultivat$ fields1 _! con/ruct$ habitations1 a space ( ample suffici5cy = _! subsi/5ce1 & :atev] !y _h annex$ ( !mselves by p]sonal lab\r1 0 und\bt$ly by ! laws ( nature !irs4 ,b :at is ! "r ( a huntsman to ! =e/ ( a ?\s& miles ov] :i* he has accid5tally rang$ 9 que/ ( prey80 c4 ,9 ! same way1 ^? :o 9 our own day h se5 occasion to combat communism ) reasons 7= example1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 9 8 pa/oral ( ,june #ahea7 h always br\ght =w>d ! argum5t t prop]ty is ! result ( "w1 z x 7 only embodi$ "w4 ,?is is fur!r evid5ce t ! "r ( prop]ty c only be e/abli%$ by ! application ( "w to ?+s1 = only 9 ?is respect does x f9d free recognition & make itself morally valid4 ,an entirely diff]5t k9d ( pro( ( ! same tru? is af=d$ by ! moral fact t :ile ! law puni%es poa*+ j z sev]ely z !ft1 & 9 _m c\ntries m sev]ely1 yet civil hon\r1 :i* is irrevocably lo/ by ! latt]1 is really n affect$ by ! =m]2 b ! poa*]1 if he has be5 guilty ( no?+ else1 is c]ta9ly ta9t$ ) a fault1 b yet is n reg>d$1 l ! ?ief1 z di%on\rable & %unn$ by all4 ,= ! pr9ciples ( civil hon\r re/ ^u moral & n ^u m]e positive law2 b game is n an object ^u :i* lab\r is be/[$1 & ?us also is n an object ( a morally valid possession3 ! "r to x is !re=e entirely a positive "o1 & is n morally recognis$4 ,accord+ to my view1 ! pr9ciple ought to lie at ! basis ( crim9al law t x is n really ! man b only ! de$ :i* is puni%$1 9 ord] t x may n recur4 ,! crim9al is m]ely ! subject 9 :om ! de$ is puni%$1 9 ord] t ! law 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! puni%m5t is inflict$ may reta9 its det]r5t p[]4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! expression1 8,he is =feit$ to ! law40 ,accord+ to ,kant's explanation1 :i* am\nts to a jus talionis1 x is n ! de$ b ! man t is puni%$4 ,! p5it5ti>y sy/em also seeks n s mu* to puni% ! de$ z ! man1 9 ord] to re=m him4 ,x !reby sets aside ! real aim ( puni%m5t1 det]m5t f ! de$1 9 ord] to atta9 ! v problematic end ( re=mation4 ,b x is always a d\btful ?+ to attempt to atta9 two diff]5t ends by "o means3 h[ mu* m s if ! two are 9 any s5se opposite ends4 ,education is a b5efit1 puni%m5t ought to be an evil2 ! p5it5ti>y prison is suppos$ to accompli% bo? at once4 ,moreov]1 h[ev] l>ge a %>e untutor$ ignorance1 comb9$ ) outw>d di/ress1 may h 9 _m crimes1 yet we d>e n reg>d ^! z _! pr9cipal cause1 = innum]able p]sons liv+ 9 ! same ignorance & "u absolutely simil> circum/ances commit no crimes4 ,?us ! sub/ance ( ! matt] falls back ^u ! p]sonal1 moral "*2 b ?is1 z ,i h %[n 9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w1 is absolutely unalt]able4 ,!re=e moral re=mation is really n possible1 b only det]m5t f ! de$ ?r\gh fe>4 ,at ! same "t1 ! correction ( k & ! awak5+ ( ! desire to "w c c]ta9ly be atta9$2 x w appe> :at effect ?is c produce4 ,besides ?is1 x appe>s to me1 f ! aim ( puni%m5t set =? 9 ! text1 t1 :5 possible1 ! app>5t sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t %\ld exce$ ! actual3 b solit>y conf9em5t a*ieves ! rev]se4 ,its great sev]ity has no witnesses1 & is by no means anticipat$ by any "o :o has n exp]i5c$ x2 ?us x does n det]4 ,x ?reat5s him :o is tempt$ to crime by want & mis]y ) ! opposite pole ( human suff]+1 ennui3 b1 z ,goe! rightly obs]ves-- 8,:5 real affliction is our lot1 ,!n d we long = ennui40 ,! contemplation ( x w det] him j z little z ! sight ( ! palatial prisons :i* are built by hone/ m5 = rogues4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ t ^! p5it5ti>y prisons %\ld be reg>d$ z educational in/itutions1 !n x is to be regrett$ t ! entrance to !m is only obta9$ by crimes1 in/ead ( :i* x ought to h prec$$ !m4 ,t puni%m5t1 z ,becc>ia has taught1 ought to be> a prop] proportion to ! crime does n dep5d ^u ! fact t x w\ld be an expiation ( x1 b r on ! fact t ! pl$ge ought to be proportionate to ! value ( t = :i* x answ]s4 ,!re=e e "o is ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ ! pl$ge ( ! life ( ano!r z a gu>antee = ! security ( 8 own life1 b n = ! security ( 8 prop]ty1 = :i* ! fre$om1 & s =?1 ( ano!r is suffici5t pl$ge4 ,= ! security ( ! life ( ! citiz5s capital puni%m5t is !re=e absolutely necess>y4 ,^? :o wi% to aboli% x %\ld be answ]$1 8,fir/ remove murd] f ! _w1 & !n capital puni%m5t ought to foll[40 ,x ought also to be inflict$ = ! cle> attempt to murd] j z = murd] itself2 = ! law desires to puni% ! de$1 n to rev5ge its consequ5ces4 ,9 g5]al ! injury to be gu>d$ aga9/ af=ds ! "r measure = ! puni%m5t :i* is to be ?reat5$1 b x does n give ! moral bas5ess ( ! =bidd5 action4 ,!re=e ! law may rightly impose ! puni%m5t ( imprisonm5t = all[+ a fl[]pot to fall f a w9d[1 or impose h>d lab\r = smok+ 9 ! woods dur+ ! summ]1 & yet p]mit x 9 ! w9t]4 ,b to impose ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 z 9 ,pol&1 = %oot+ an ureox is too mu*1 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species ( ureox5 may n be pur*as$ ) human life4 ,9 det]m9+ ! measure ( ! puni%m5t1 along ) ! magnitude ( ! injury to be gu>d$ aga9/1 we h to consid] ! /r5g? ( ! motives :i* impel to ! =bidd5 action4 ,q a diff]5t /&>d ( puni%m5t w\ld be e/abli%$ if expiation1 retribution1 jus talionis1 7 its true gr\nd4 ,b ! crim9al code ought to be no?+ b a regi/] ( c\nt]motives = possible crim9al actions3 !re=e ea* ( ^! motives mu/ decid$ly outweigh ! motives :i* lead to ^! actions1 & inde$ s mu* ! m ! great] ! evil is :i* w\ld arise f ! action to be gu>d$ aga9/1 ! /rong] ! temptation to x1 & ! m difficult ! conviction ( ! crim9al2--always "u ! correct assumption t ! w is n free1 b det]m9able by motives2--ap>t f ?is x c\ld n be got at at all4 ,s mu* = ! philosophy ( law4 ,9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w 7p4 #ej seq47 ,i h prov$ ! orig9ality & unalt]abl5ess ( ! inborn "*1 f :i* ! moral cont5t ( ! c\rse ( life proce$s4 ,x is e/abli%$ z a fact4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& problems 9 _! full ext5t x is sometimes necess>y to oppose opposites %>ply to ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 let "o recall h[ incr$ibly great is ! inborn diff]5ce betwe5 man & man1 9 a moral & 9 an intellectual reg>d4 ,"h nobl5ess & wisdom2 !re wick$ness & /upidity4 ,9 "o ! goodness ( ! he>t %9es out ( ! eyes1 or ! /amp ( g5ius is en?ron$ 9 8 c\nt5ance4 ,! base physiognomy ( ano!r is ! impression ( moral wor?lessness & intellectual dulness1 impr9t$ by ! h&s ( nature itself1 unmi/akable & in]adicable2 he looks z if he mu/ be a%am$ ( exi/5ce4 ,b to ?is outw>d appe>ance ! inn] be+ really corresponds4 ,we _c possibly assume t su* diff]5ces1 :i* trans=m ! :ole be+ ( ! man1 & :i* no?+ c aboli%1 :i*1 fur!r1 9 conflict ) 8 circum/ances1 det]m9e 8 c\rse ( life1 c\ld exi/ )\t guilt or m]it on ! "p ( ^? affect$ by !m1 & be m]ely ! "w ( *ance4 ,ev5 f ?is x is evid5t t ! man mu/ be 9 a c]ta9 s5se 8 own "w4 ,b n[1 on ! o!r h&1 we c %[ ! s\rce ( ^! diff]5ces empirically 9 ! nature ( ! p>5ts2 & besides ?is1 ! meet+ & connection ( ^! p>5ts has cle>ly be5 ! "w ( ! mo/ accid5tal circum/ances4 ,by su* consid]ations1 !n1 we are =cibly direct$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ph5om5on & ! true be+ ( ?+s1 :i* alone c conta9 ! solution ( t problem4 ,! ?+ 9 itself only reveals itself by means ( ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on2 !re=e :at proce$s f ! ?+ 9 itself mu/ yet appe> 9 ^? =ms1 ?us also 9 ! bonds ( causality4 ,accord+ly x w pres5t itself to u "h z a my/]i\s & incompreh5sible guidance ( ?+s1 ( :i* ! ext]nal empirical connection w\ld be ! m]e tool4 ,yet all t happ5s appe>s 9 ?is empirical connection introduc$ by causes1 ?us necess>ily & det]m9$ f )\t1 :ile its true gr\nd lies 9 ! inn] nature ( :at ?us manife/s itself4 ,c]ta9ly we c "h see ! solution ( ! problem only f af>1 & :5 we reflect ^u x we fall into an abyss ( ?\ght--z ,hamlet v truly says1 8?\ghts beyond ! rea*es ( our s\ls40 ,9 my essay 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,p>]ga 8,on ! ,appe>ance ( ,int5tion 9 ! ,fate ( ,individuals0 ,i h set =? my ?\ghts ^u ?is my/]i\s guidance ( ?+s1 a guidance :i* inde$ c only be conceiv$ symbolically4 ,9 #ad ( my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals !re w be f\nd an exposition ( egoism1 z reg>ds its nature2 & ! foll[+ attempt to discov] its root may be look$ ^u z supplem5t>y to t p>agraph4 ,nature itself contradicts itself directly1 accord+ z x speaks f ! individual or ! univ]sal1 f )9 or f )\t1 f ! c5tre or ! p]iph]y4 ,x has its c5tre 9 e individual2 = ea* individual is ! :ole w to live4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if ?is individual is only an insect or a worm1 nature itself speaks out ( x ?us3 8,i alone am all 9 all3 9 my ma9t5ance ev]y?+ is involv$2 ! re/ may p]i%1 x is really no?+40 ,s speaks nature f ! p>ticul> /&po9t1 ?us f ! po9t ( view ( self consci\sness1 & ^u ?is dep5ds ! egoism ( e liv+ ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! univ]sal po9t ( view1--:i* is t ( ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 t ( objective k1 :i* = ! mom5t looks away f ! individual ) :om ! k is connect$1--f )\t !n1 f ! p]iph]y nature speaks ?us3 8,! individual is no?+1 & less ?an no?+4 ,i de/roy millions ( individuals e day1 = sport & pa/ime3 ,i ab&on _! fate to ! mo/ caprici\s & wilful ( my *ildr51 *ance1 :o h>asses !m at pleasure4 ,i produce millions ( new individuals e day1 )\t any dim9ution ( my productive p[]2 j z little z ! p[] ( a mirror is exhau/$ by ! numb] ( reflections ( ! sun1 :i* x ca/s on ! wall "o aft] ano!r4 ,! individual is no?+40 ,only he :o kn[s h[ to really reconcile & elim9ate ?is pat5t contradiction ( nature has a true answ] to ! "q z to ! p]i%abl5ess & imp]i%abl5ess ( 8 own self4 ,i believe ,i h giv51 9 ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( ?is f\r? book ( ! supplem5ts1 an adequate introduction to su* k4 ,:at is said above may fur!r be illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,e individual1 :5 he looks )91 recognises 9 8 nature1 :i* is 8 w1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 !re=e t :i* ev]y:]e alone is real4 ,accord+ly he conceives himself z ! k]nel & c5tre ( ! _w1 & reg>ds himself z ( inf9ite importance4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he looks )\t1 !n he is 9 ! prov9ce ( ! idea ! m]e ph5om5on1 :]e he sees himself z an individual among an inf9ite numb] ( o!r individuals1 accord+ly z some?+ v insignificant1 nay1 vani%+ altoge!r4 ,consequ5tly e individual1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 e ,i1 :5 reg>d$ f )91 is all 9 all2 reg>d$ f )\t1 on ! o!r h&1 he is no?+1 or at lea/ z good z no?+4 ,h5ce ^u ?is dep5ds ! great diff]5ce betwe5 :at ea* "o necess>ily is 9 8 own eyes & :at he is 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 consequ5tly ! egoism ) :i* e "o reproa*es e "o else4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is egoism our fundam5tal error ( all is ?is1 t ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r we are reciprocally n ,i4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to be j1 noble1 & b5evol5t is no?+ else ?an to translate my metaphysics into actions4 ,to say t "t & space are m]e =ms ( our k1 n conditions ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 is ! same z to say t ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 8,?\ %alt "o day be born z him :om ?\ n[ injure/1 & 9 ?y turn %alt suff] l injury10 is id5tical ) ! =mula ( ! ,brahmans1 :i* has frequ5tly be5 m5tion$1 ,tat twam asi1 8,?is ?\ art40 ,all true virtue proce$s f ! imm$iate & intuitive k ( ! metaphysical id5tity ( all be+s1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly %[n1 especially 9 #bb ( my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals4 ,b j on ?is acc\nt x is n ! result ( a special preem95ce ( intellect2 on ! contr>y1 ev5 ! weake/ intellect is suffici5t to see ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :i* is :at is requir$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,accord+ly we may f9d ! mo/ excell5t "* ev5 9 ! case ( a v weak und]/&+4 ,& fur!r1 ! excitem5t ( our sympa?y is accompani$ by no ex]tion ( our intellect4 ,x r appe>s t ! requisite p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis w\ld be pres5t 9 e "o if x 7 n t ! w opposes ?is1 & by virtue ( its imm$iate my/]i\s & despotic influ5ce ^u ! intellect g5]ally prev5ts x f aris+2 s t ultimately all guilt falls back ^u ! w1 z inde$ is 9 con=mity ) ! fact4 ,! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 t\*$ on above1 deviates f ! tru? m]ely ?r\gh ! circum/ance t x transf]s to ! future :at already is n[4 ,x makes my true inn] nature exi/ 9 o!rs only aft] my dea?1 :ile1 accord+ to ! tru?1 x already lives 9 !m n[1 & dea? m]ely removes ! illusion on acc\nt ( :i* ,i am n aw>e ( ?is2 j z an innum]able ho/ ( />s con/antly %9e above our heads1 b only become visible to u :5 ! "o sun ne> ! e>? has set4 ,f ?is po9t ( view my individual exi/5ce1 h[ev] mu*1 l t sun1 x may out%9e ev]y?+1 appe>s ultimately only z a h9drance :i* /&s betwe5 me & ! k ( ! true ext5t ( my be+4 ,& because e individual1 9 8 k1 is subject to ?is h9drance1 x is j individuation t keeps ! w to live 9 error z to its own nature2 x is ! ,my ( ,brahmanism4 ,dea? is a refutation ( ?is error1 & aboli%es x4 ,i believe t at ! mom5t ( dea? we become consci\s t x is a m]e illusion t has limit$ our exi/5ce to our p]son4 ,inde$ empirical traces ( ?is may be f\nd 9 sev]al /ates :i* are relat$ to dea? by ! abolition ( ! conc5tration ( consci\sness 9 ! bra91 among :i* ! magnetic sleep is ! mo/ prom95t2 = 9 x1 if x rea*es a high degree1 our exi/5ce %[s itself ?r\gh v>i\s symptoms1 beyond our p]sons & 9 o!r be+s1 mo/ /rik+ly by direct p>ticipation 9 ! ?\ghts ( ano!r individual1 & ultimately ev5 by ! p[] ( kn[+ ! abs5t1 ! di/ant1 & ev5 ! future1 ?us by a k9d ( omnipres5ce4 ,^u ?is metaphysical id5tity ( ! w1 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 9 ! inf9ite multiplicity ( its ph5om5a1 ?ree pr9cipal ph5om5a dep5d1 :i* may be includ$ "u ! common "n ( sympa?ies3 7#a7 sympa?y prop]1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is ! basis ( ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 c>itas2 7#b7 sexual love1 ) caprici\s selection1 amor1 :i* is ! life ( ! species1 t ass]ts its prec$5ce ov] t ( ! individual2 7#c7 magic1 to :i* animal magnetism & sympa!tic cures also belong4 ,accord+ly sympa?y may be def9$ z ! empirical appe>ance ( ! metaphysical id5tity ( ! w1 ?r\gh ! physical multiplicity ( its ph5om5a1 :]eby a connection %[s itself :i* is entirely diff]5t f t br\ght ab\t by means ( ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on :i* we compreh5d "u ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,*apt] ,,xlviii47#dd7 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,! ,d5ial ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live4 ,man has 8 exi/5ce & be+ ei!r ) 8 w1 i4e41 8 cons5t1 or )\t ?is2 9 ! latt] case an exi/5ce s embitt]$ by manifold & insupportable suff]+s w\ld be a flagrant inju/ice4 ,! anci5ts1 especially ! ,/oics1 also ! ,p]ipatetics & ,academics1 /rove 9 va9 to prove t virtue suffic$ to make life happy4 ,exp]i5ce cri$ out l\dly aga9/ x4 ,:at really lay at ! f\ndation ( ! ef=ts ( ^! philosoph]s1 al?\gh !y 7 n di/9ctly consci\s ( x1 0 ! assum$ ju/ice ( ! ?+2 :oev] 0 )\t guilt ought to be free f suff]+1 ?us happy4 ,b ! s]i\s & pr(\nd solution ( ! problem lies 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t works d n ju/ify4 ,accord+ly a man1 ev5 if he has practis$ all ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 consequ5tly ! 1 hone/um1 is yet n1 z ,cic]o imag9es1 culpa omni c>5s 7,tusc41 v4 i472 b el delito mayor del hombre es hab] nacido 7! greate/ guilt ( man is t he 0 born71 z ,cald]on1 illum9at$ by ,*ri/ianity1 has express$ x ) f> pr(\nd] k ?an ^! wise m54 ,!re=e t man comes into ! _w already ta9t$ ) guilt c appe> absurd only to him :o reg>ds him z j !n hav+ aris5 out ( no?+ & z ! "w ( ano!r4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is guilt1 !n1 :i* mu/ !re=e h proce$$ f 8 w1 man rema9s rightly expos$ to physical & m5tal suff]+1 ev5 if he has practis$ all ^? virtues1 ?us is n happy4 ,?is foll[s f ! et]nal ju/ice ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 #fc ( ! fir/ volume4 ,t1 h[ev]1 z ,/4 ,paul 7,rom4 iii4 #ba71 ,augu/9e1 & ,lu!r tea*1 works _c ju/ify1 inasmu* z we all are & rema9 ess5tially s9n]s1 ultimately re/s ^u ! fact t1 because op]>i sequitur esse1 if we act$ z we ought1 we w\ld necess>ily be z we ought4 ,b !n we w\ld require no salvation f our pres5t condition1 :i* n only ,*ri/ianity b also ,brahmanism & ,buddhism 7"u ! "n :i* is express$ 9 ,engli% by f9al emancipation7 pres5t z ! highe/ goal1 i4e41 we w\ld n ne$ to become some?+ q diff]5t f1 nay1 ! v opposite ( :at we are4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we are :at we ought n to be1 we also necess>ily d :at we ought n to d4 ,!re=e we ne$ a complete trans=mation ( our m9d & nature2 i4e41 ! new bir?1 z ! result ( :i* salvation appe>s4 ,al?\gh ! guilt lies 9 action1 op]>i1 yet ! root ( ! guilt lies 9 our ess5tia et exi/5tia1 = out ( ^! ! op]>i necess>ily proce$s1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,accord+ly our "o true s9 is really orig9al s94 ,n[ ! ,*ri/ian my? makes orig9al s9 fir/ arise aft] man came into exi/5ce1 & = ?is purpose ascribes to him1 p] impossibile1 a free w4 ,x does ?is1 h[ev]1 simply z my?4 ,! inmo/ k]nel & _s ( ,*ri/ianity is id5tical ) t ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism2 !y all tea* a great guilt ( ! human race ?r\gh its exi/5ce itself1 only t ,*ri/ianity does n proce$ directly & frankly l ^! m anci5t religions3 ?us does n make ! guilt simply ! result ( exi/5ce itself1 b makes x arise ?r\gh ! act ( ! fir/ human pair4 ,?is 0 only possible "u ! fiction ( a lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 & only necess>y on acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% fundam5tal dogma1 9 :i* t doctr9e _h "h to be implant$4 ,because1 accord+ to ! tru?1 ! com+ into exi/5ce ( man himself is ! act ( 8 free w1 & accord+ly "o ) ! fall1 & !re=e ! orig9al s91 ( :i* all o!r s9s are ! result1 appe>$ already ) ! ess5tia & exi/5tia ( man2 b ! fundam5tal dogma ( ,judaism did n admit ( su* an explanation4 ,?us ,augu/9e taught1 9 8 books ,de lib]o arbitrio1 t only z ,adam be=e ! fall 0 man guiltless & possess$ ( a free w1 b = ev] aft] is involv$ 9 ! necessity ( s94 ,! law1 1 9 ! ,biblical s5se1 always dem&s t we %all *ange our do+1 :ile our be+ rema9s un*ang$4 ,b because ?is is impossible1 ,paul says t no man is ju/ifi$ by ! law2 only ! new bir? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! "w ( grace1 on acc\nt ( :i* a new man arises & ! old man is aboli%$ 7i4e41 a fundam5tal *ange ( m9d or conv]sion71 c transf] u f ! /ate ( s9fulness into t ( fre$om & salvation4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian my? ) ref]5ce to e?ics4 ,b c]ta9ly ! ,jewi% !ism1 ^u :i* x 0 graft$1 mu/ h receiv$ wond]ful additions to adapt itself to t my?4 ,9 x ! fable ( ! fall pres5t$ ! only place = ! graft ( ! old ,indian /em4 ,x is to be attribut$ j to t =cibly surm\nt$ difficulty t ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies h receiv$ su* an extraord9>y appe>ance1 conflict+ ) ! ord9>y und]/&+1 :i* makes proselytis+ m difficult1 & on acc\nt ( :i*1 f incapacity to compreh5d _! pr(\nd mean+1 ,pelagianism1 or at ! pres5t day ,rationalism1 rises aga9/ !m1 & seeks to expla9 !m away1 b !reby r$uces ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism4 ,b to speak )\t my?3 s long z our w is ! same1 our _w c be no o!r ?an x is4 ,x is true all wi% to be deliv]$ f ! /ate ( suff]+ & dea?2 !y w\ld l1 z x is express$1 to atta9 to et]nal bless$ness1 to ent] ! k+dom ( heav51 only n ^u _! own feet2 !y w\ld l to be c>ri$ !re by ! c\rse ( nature4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is impossible4 ,!re=e nature w nev] let u fall & become no?+2 b yet x c lead u n[h]e b always aga9 into nature4 ,yet h[ que/ionable a ?+ x is to exi/ z a "p ( nature e "o exp]i5ces 9 8 own life & dea?4 ,accord+ly exi/5ce is c]ta9ly to be reg>d$ z an err+1 to return f :i* is salvation3 x also be>s ?is "* ?r\gh\t4 ,x is !re=e conceiv$ 9 ?is mann] by ! anci5t ,samana religions1 & also1 al?\gh indirectly1 by real & orig9al ,*ri/ianity4 ,ev5 ,judaism itself conta9s at lea/ 9 ! fall 7?is its r$eem+ feature7 ! g]m ( su* a view4 ,only ,greek paganism & ,islamism are entirely optimi/ic3 !re=e 9 ! =m] ! opposite t5d5cy _h to f9d expression at lea/ 9 trag$y2 b 9 ,islamism1 :i* is ! wor/1 z x is ! mo/ mod]n1 ( all religions1 x appe>$ z ,sufism1 t v beautiful ph5om5on1 :i* is completely ( ,indian _s & orig91 & has n[ cont9u$ = upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,no?+ c1 9 fact1 be giv5 z ! end ( our exi/5ce b ! k t we _h bett] n be4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ important ( all tru?s1 :i* mu/ !re=e be express$1 h[ev] great ! contra/ 9 :i* x /&s ) ! ,european mann] ( ?\ght ( ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! :ole ( non,mohamm$an ,asia x is ! mo/ univ]sally recognis$ fundam5tal tru?1 today z mu* z ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,if n[ we consid] ! w to live z a :ole & objectively1 we h1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 to ?9k ( x z involv$ 9 an illusion1 to escape f :i*1 ?us to d5y its :ole exi/+ endeav\r1 is :at all religions d5ote by selfr5unciation1 abnegatio sui ipsius2 = ! true self is ! w to live4 ,! moral virtues1 ?us ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 s9ce if !y are pure !y spr+1 z ,i h %[n1 f ! fact t ! w to live1 see+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 recognises itself 9 all its manife/ations1 are accord+ly prim>ily a sign1 a symptom1 t ! selfmanife/+ w is no long] firmly held 9 t illusion1 b ! disillusion already beg9s to take place2 s t "o might metaphorically say x already flaps its w+s to fly away f x4 ,conv]sely1 inju/ice1 wick$ness1 cruelty are signs ( ! opposite1 ?us ( ! deep entanglem5t 9 t illusion4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 ^! virtues are a means ( advanc+ self r5unciation1 & accord+ly ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,= true integrity1 inviolable ju/ice1 ?is fir/ & mo/ important ( c>d9al virtues1 is s h>d a task t :oev] pr(esses x unconditionally & f ! bottom ( 8 he>t has to make sacrifices t soon deprive life ( ! sweetness :i* is dem&$ to make x enjoyable1 & !reby turn away ! w f x1 ?us lead to resignation4 ,yet j :at makes integrity hon\rable is ! sacrifices :i* x co/s2 9 trifles x is n admir$4 ,its nature really consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! j man does n ?r[ ^u o!rs1 by craft or =ce1 ! burd5s & sorr[s :i* life br+s ) x1 z ! unju/ man does1 b be>s himself :at falls to 8 lot2 & ?us he has to be> ! full burd5 ( ! evil impos$ ^u human life1 undim9i%$4 ,ju/ice !reby becomes a means ( advanc+ ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 = want & suff]+1 ^? true conditions ( human life1 are its consequ5ce1 & ^! lead to resignation4 ,/ill m quickly does ! virtue ( b5evol5ce1 c>itas1 :i* goes fur!r1 lead to ! same result2 = on acc\nt ( x "o takes ov] ev5 ! suff]+s :i* orig9ally fell to ! lot ( o!rs1 !re=e appropriates to oneself a l>g] %>e ( ^! ?an 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s w\ld come to ! p>ticul> individual4 ,he :o is inspir$ ) ?is virtue has recognis$ 8 own be+ 9 all o!rs4 ,& !reby he id5tifies 8 own lot ) t ( humanity 9 g5]al2 b ?is is a h>d lot1 t ( c>e1 suff]+1 & dea?4 ,:oev]1 !n1 by r5\nc+ e accid5tal advantage1 desires = himself no o!r lot ?an t ( humanity 9 g5]al _c desire ev5 ?is long4 ,! cl++ to life & its pleasures mu/ n[ soon yield1 & give place to a univ]sal r5unciation2 consequ5tly ! d5ial ( ! w w take place4 ,s9ce n[1 9 accordance ) ?is1 pov]ty1 privation1 & special suff]+s ( _m k9ds are introduc$ simply by ! p]fect ex]cise ( ! moral virtues1 asceticism 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 ?us ! surr5d] ( all possessions1 ! int5tional seek+ out ( :at is disagreeable & repulsive1 selfmortification1 fa/s1 ! hair %irt1 & ! sc\rge--all ?is is reject$ by _m1 & p]haps rightly1 z sup]flu\s4 ,ju/ice itself is ! hair %irt t con/antly h>asses its own] & ! *>ity t gives away :at is ne$$1 provides con/ant fa/s47#de7 ,j on ?is acc\nt ,buddhism is free f all /rict & excessive asceticism1 :i* plays a l>ge "p 9 ,brahmanism1 ?us f int5tional selfmortification4 ,x re/s satisfi$ ) ! celibacy1 volunt>y pov]ty1 humility1 & ob$i5ce ( ! monks1 ) ab/5tion f animal food1 z also f all worldl9ess4 ,s9ce1 fur!r1 ! goal to :i* ! moral virtues lead is t :i* is "h po9t$ out1 ! ,v$anta philosophy7#df7 rightly says t aft] ! entrance ( true k1 ) entire resignation 9 its tra91 ?us ! new bir?1 !n ! morality or immorality ( ! pa/ life is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & uses "h also ! say+ s (t5 quot$ by ! ,brahmans3 8,f9ditur nodus cordis1 dissolvuntur omnes dubitationes1 ejusque op]a evanescunt1 viso supremo illo0 7,sanc>a1 sloca #cb74 ,n[1 h[ev] objectionable ?is view may be to _m1 to :om a rew>d 9 heav5 or a puni%m5t 9 hell is a mu* m satisfactory explanation ( ! e?ical significance ( human action1 j z ! good ,w9dis*mann rejects t doctr9e1 :ile he exp\nds x1 yet :oev] is able to g to ! bottom ( ! matt] w f9d t 9 ! end x agrees ) t ,*ri/ian doctr9e especially urg$ by ,lu!r1 t x is n works b only ! fai? :i* ent]s ?r\gh ! "w ( grace1 t saves u1 & t !re=e we c nev] be ju/ifi$ by our de$s1 b c only obta9 ! =giv5ess ( our s9s ?r\gh ! m]its ( ! ,m$iator4 ,x is inde$ easy to see t )\t su* assumptions ,*ri/ianity w\ld h to tea* inf9ite puni%m5t = all1 & ,brahmanism endless rebir?s = all1 ?us no salvation w\ld be rea*$ by ei!r4 ,! s9ful works & _! consequ5ces mu/ be annull$ & annihilat$1 :e!r by extrane\s p>don or by ! entrance ( a bett] k2 o!rwise ! _w c\ld hope = no salvation2 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 !y become a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,?is is also ! 1 ! ann\ncem5t ( :i* ! ris5 ,*ri/ exclusively imposes ^u ,8 ,apo/les z ! sum ( _! mission 7,luke xxiv4 #dg74 ,! moral virtues are really n ! ultimate end1 b only a /ep t[>ds x4 ,?is /ep is signifi$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian my? by ! eat+ ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ) :i* moral responsibility ent]s1 toge!r ) orig9al s94 ,! latt] itself is 9 tru? ! ass]tion ( ! w to live3 ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 9 consequ5ce ( ! appe>ance ( a bett] k1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 salvation4 ,betwe5 ^! two1 !n1 lies ! sph]e ( morality2 x accompanies man z a light ^u 8 pa? f ! ass]tion to ! d5ial ( ! w1 or1 my?ically1 f orig9al s9 to salvation ?r\gh fai? 9 ! m$iation ( ! inc>nate ,god 7,avat>72 or1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$as1 ?r\gh all re bir?s1 :i* are ! consequ5ce ( ! works 9 ea* case1 until "r k appe>s1 & ) x salvation 7f9al emancipation71 ,moks*a1 i4e41 reunion ) ,brahma4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 h[ev]1 ) p]fect hone/y1 only indicate ! matt] negatively1 by ,nirvana1 :i* is ! negation ( ?is _w1 or ( ,sans>a4 ,if ,nirvana is def9$ z no?+1 ?is only means t ! ,sans>a conta9s no s+le elem5t :i* c\ld assi/ ! def9ition or con/ruction ( ,nirvana4 ,j on ?is acc\nt ! ,ja9as1 :o diff] f ! ,buddhi/s only 9 "n1 call ! ,brahmans :o believe 9 ! ,v$as ,sabdapramans1 a nickname :i* is meant to signify t !y believe ^u he>say :at _c be kn[n or prov$ 78,asiat4 ,rese>*es10 vol4 vi4 ,p4 #dgd74 ,:5 c]ta9 anci5t philosoph]s1 su* z ,orpheus1 ! ,py?agoreans1 & ,plato 7e4g41 9 ! 8,phd10 pp4 #aea1 #ahc seq41 ,bip42 & see ,clem4 ,alex4 /rom41 iii4 p4 #djj seq471 j l ! ,apo/le ,paul1 lam5t ! union ( s\l & body1 & desire to be fre$ f x1 we und]/& ! real & true mean+ ( ?is compla9t1 s9ce we h recognis$1 9 ! second book1 t ! body is ! w itself1 objectively p]ceiv$ z a ph5om5on 9 space4 ,9 ! h\r ( dea? x is decid$ :e!r ! man returns into ! womb ( nature or belongs no m to nature at all1 b ---- ---- ----3 = ?is opposite we lack image1 conception1 & ^w1 j because ^! are all tak5 f ! objectification ( ! w1 !re=e belong to ?is1 & consequ5tly c 9 no way express ! absolute opposite ( x1 :i* accord+ly rema9s = u a m]e negation4 ,h[ev]1 ! dea? ( ! individual is 9 ea* case ! unwe>i$ly repeat$ "q ( nature to ! w to live1 8,ha/ ?\ en\gh8 ,wilt ?\ escape f me80 ,9 ord] t x may occur (t5 en\gh1 ! individual life is s %ort4 ,9 ?is _s are conceiv$ ! c]emonies1 pray]s1 & exhortations ( ! ,brahmans at ! "t ( dea?1 z we f9d !m pres]v$ 9 ! ,upanis*ad 9 sev]al places2 & s also are ! ,*ri/ian provisions = ! suitable employm5t ( ! h\r ( dea? by means ( exhortation1 confession1 communion1 & extreme unction3 h5ce also ! ,*ri/ian pray]s = deliv]ance f sudd5 dea?4 ,t at ! pres5t day x is j ?is t _m desire only proves t !y no long] /& at ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 :i* is t ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 b at t ( its ass]tion1 :i* is ! hea!n po9t ( view4 ,b he w fe> lea/ to become no?+ 9 dea? :o has recognis$ t he is already no?+ n[1 & :o consequ5tly no long] takes any %>e 9 8 individual ph5om5on1 because 9 him k has1 z x 71 burnt up & consum$ ! w1 s t no w1 ?us no desire = individual exi/5ce1 rema9s 9 him any m4 ,individuality inh]es inde$ prim>ily 9 ! intellect2 & ! intellect1 reflect+ ! ph5om5on1 belongs to ! ph5om5on1 :i* has ! pr9cipium individuationis z its =m4 ,b x inh]es also 9 ! w1 inasmu* z ! "* is individual3 yet ! "* itself is aboli%$ 9 ! d5ial ( ! w4 ,?us individuality inh]es 9 ! w only 9 its ass]tion1 n 9 its d5ial4 ,ev5 ! hol9ess :i* is connect$ ) e purely moral action dep5ds ^u ! fact t su* an action ultimately spr+s f ! imm$iate k ( ! num]ical id5tity ( ! inn] nature ( all liv+ ?+s47#dg7 ,b ?is id5tity only really exi/s 9 ! condition ( ! d5ial ( ! w 7,nirvana71 = ! ass]tion ( ! w 7,sans>a7 has = its =m ! ph5om5al appe>ance ( x 9 multiplicity4 ,ass]tion ( ! w to live1 ! ph5om5al _w1 ! div]sity ( all be+s1 individuality1 egoism1 hatr$1 wick$ness1 all spr+ f "o root2 & s also1 on ! o!r h&1 d ! _w z ?+ 9 itself1 ! id5tity ( all be+s1 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,if n[1 z ,i h suffici5tly prov$1 ev5 ! moral virtues spr+ f ! consci\sness ( t id5tity ( all be+s1 b ?is lies1 n 9 ! ph5om5on1 b only 9 ! ?+ 9 itself1 9 ! root ( all be+s1 ! moral action is a mom5t>y pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t1 ! p]man5t return to :i* is ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,x foll[s1 z a d$uction f :at has be5 said1 t we h no gr\nd to assume t !re are m p]fect intellig5ces ?an t ( human be+s4 ,= we see t ev5 ?is degree ( intellig5ce is suffici5t to imp>t to ! w t k 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x d5ies & aboli%es itself1 ^u :i* ! individuality1 & consequ5tly ! intellig5ce1 :i* is m]ely a tool ( individual1 & !re=e animal nature1 p]i%4 ,?is w appe> to u less op5 to objection if we consid] t we _c conceive ev5 ! mo/ p]fect intellig5ces possible1 :i* = ?is end we may exp]im5tally assume1 exi/+ ?r\gh an endless "t1 :i* w\ld be mu* too poor to af=d !m con/antly new objects wor?y ( !m4 ,because ! nature ( all ?+s is at bottom "o1 all k ( !m is necess>ily tautological4 ,if n[ ?is nature once becomes compreh5d$1 z by ^? mo/ p]fect intellig5ces x soon w\ld be compreh5d$1 :at w\ld !n rema9 b ! we>isom5ess ( m]e repetition ?r\gh an inf9ite "t8 ,?us f ?is side also we are po9t$ to ! fact t ! end ( all intellig5ce c only be reaction ^u ! w2 s9ce1 h[ev]1 all will+ is an error1 x rema9s ! la/ "w ( intellig5ce to aboli% ! will+1 ^: ends x _h hi!rto s]v$4 ,accord+ly ev5 ! mo/ p]fect intellig5ce possible c only be a transition /ep to t to :i* no k c ev] ext5d3 inde$ su* an intellig5ce c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 only assume ! position ( ! mom5t ( ! atta9m5t ( p]fect insight4 ,9 agreem5t ) all ^! consid]ations1 & also ) :at is prov$ 9 ! second book z to ! orig9 ( k 9 ! w1 ! ass]tion ( :i* x reflects 9 fulfill+ ! sole function ( k1 t ( be+ s]viceable to ! ends ( ! w1 :ile true salvation lies 9 its d5ial1 we see all religions at _! highe/ po9t pass ov] into my/icism & my/]ies1 i4e41 into d>kness & veil$ obscurity1 :i* = k signify m]ely an empty spot1 ! po9t :]e k necess>ily ceases2 !re=e = ?\ght ?is c only be express$ by negations1 b = s5se p]ception x is indicat$ by symbolical signs2 9 temples by dim light & sil5ce2 9 ,brahmanism inde$ by ! requir$ susp5sion ( all ?\ght & p]ception = ! sake ( s9k+ oneself pr(\ndly 9 ! gr\nds ( "o's own be+1 m5tally pron\nc+ ! my/]i\s ,oum47#dh7 ,my/icism 9 ! wide/ s5se is e guidance to ! imm$iate consci\sness ( t to :i* nei!r p]ception nor conception1 ?us 9 g5]al no k ext5ds4 ,! my/ic is ?us oppos$ to ! philosoph] by ! fact t he beg9s f )91 :ile ! philosoph] beg9s f )\t4 ,! my/ic />ts f 8 inn]1 positive1 individual exp]i5ce1 9 :i* he f9ds himself to be ! et]nal & only be+1 c4 ,b no?+ ( ?is is communicable except ! ass]tions :i* "o has to accept ^u 8 ^w2 consequ5tly he _c conv9ce4 ,! philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 />ts f :at is common to all1 f ! objective ph5om5on :i* lies be=e all1 & f ! facts ( consci\sness z !y are pres5t 9 all4 ,8 me?od is !re=e reflection ^u all ?is1 & comb9ation ( ! data giv5 9 x3 accord+ly he c conv9ce4 ,he ought !re=e to bew>e ( fall+ into ! way ( ! my/ics1 &1 = example1 by ! ass]tion ( intellectual intuitions or pret5d$ imm$iate appreh5sions ( ! reason1 to seek to make a va9 %[ ( positive k ( t :i* is = ev] inaccessible to all k1 or at ! mo/ c be indicat$ by means ( a negation4 ,! value & wor? ( philosophy lies 9 ! fact t x rejects all assumptions :i* _c be e/abli%$1 & takes z its data only :at c be c]ta9ly prov$ 9 ! _w giv5 9 ext]nal p]ception1 9 ! =ms ( appreh5sion ( ?is _w1 :i* are con/itutive ( our intellect1 & 9 ! consci\sness ( "o's own self :i* is common to all4 ,!re=e x mu/ rema9 cosmology1 & _c become !ology4 ,its !me mu/ limit itself to ! _w2 to express 9 all aspects :at ?is is1 :at x is 9 its inmo/ nature1 is all t x c hone/ly a*ieve4 ,n[ x answ]s to ?is t my sy/em :5 x rea*es its highe/ po9t assumes a negative "*1 ?us ends ) a negation4 ,x c "h speak only ( :at is d5i$1 giv5 up3 b :at is !reby won1 :at is laid hold (1 x is oblig$ 7at ! conclusion ( ! f\r? book7 to d5ote z no?+1 & c only add ! consolation t x is m]ely a relative1 n an absolute no?+4 ,= if some?+ is none ( all ! ?+s :i* we "k1 x is c]ta9ly = u1 speak+ g5]ally1 no?+4 ,b x does n yet foll[ f ?is t x is absolutely no?+1 t f e possible po9t ( view & 9 e possible s5se x mu/ be no?+1 b only t we are limit$ to a completely negative k ( x1 :i* may v well lie 9 ! limitation ( our po9t ( view4 ,n[ x is j "h t ! my/ic proce$s positively1 & !re=e x is j f ?is po9t t no?+ b my/icism rema9s4 ,h[ev]1 any "o :o wi%es ?is k9d ( supplem5t to ! negative k to :i* alone philosophy c guide him w f9d x 9 its mo/ beautiful & ri*e/ =m 9 ! ,oupnekhat1 !n also 9 ! ,enneads ( ,plot9us1 9 ,scotus ,erig5a1 9 passages ( ,jakob ,bhm1 b especially 9 ! m>vell\s "w ( ,madame de ,guion1 ,les ,torr5s1 & 9 ,angelus ,silesius2 f9ally also 9 ! poems ( ! ,sufis1 ( :i* ,?oluk has giv5 u a collection translat$ into ,lat91 & ano!r translat$ into ,g]man1 & 9 _m o!r works4 ,! ,sufis are ! ,gno/ics ( ,islam4 ,h5ce ,sadi d5otes !m by a ^w :i* may be translat$ 8full ( insight40 ,!ism1 calculat$ ) ref]5ce to ! capacity ( ! multitude1 places ! s\rce ( exi/5ce )\t u1 z an object4 ,all my/icism1 & s also ,sufism1 accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( its initiation1 draws x gradually back )9 u1 z ! subject1 & ! adept recognises at la/ ) wond] & delight t he is x himself4 ,?is proc$ure1 common to all my/icism1 we f9d n only express$ by ,mei/] ,eckh>d1 ! fa!r ( ,g]man my/icism1 9 ! =m ( a precept = ! p]fect ascetic1 8t he seek n ,god outside himself0 7,eckh>d's works1 edit$ by ,pfeiff]1 vol4 i4 p4 #fbf71 b also v navely exhibit$ by ,eckh>d's spiritual daught]1 :o s\ght him out1 :5 %e _h exp]i5c$ t conv]sion 9 h]self1 to cry out joyfully to him1 8,sir1 rejoice ) me1 ,i h become ,god0 7loc4 cit41 p4 #dfe74 ,! my/icism ( ! ,sufis also expresses itself ?r\gh\t precisely 9 accordance ) ?is _s1 pr9cipally z a revell+ 9 ! consci\sness t "o is oneself ! k]nel ( ! _w & ! s\rce ( all exi/5ce1 to :i* all returns4 ,c]ta9ly !re also (t5 appe>s ! call to surr5d] all volition z ! only way 9 :i* deliv]ance f individual exi/5ce & its suff]+ is possible1 yet subord9at$ & requir$ z some?+ easy4 ,9 ! my/icism ( ! ,h9dus1 on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] side comes out mu* m /rongly1 & 9 ,*ri/ian my/icism x is q pr$om9ant1 s t pan!i/ic consci\sness1 :i* is ess5tial to all my/icism1 "h only appe>s 9 a second>y mann]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! surr5d] ( all volition1 z union ) ,god4 ,correspond+ to ?is diff]5ce ( ! conception1 ,mohamm$an my/icism has a v s]5e "*1 ,*ri/ian my/icism a gloomy & melan*oly "*1 :ile t ( ! ,h9dus1 /&+ above bo?1 9 ?is respect also holds ! mean4 ,quietism1 i4e41 surr5d] ( all volition1 asceticism1 i4e41 int5tional mortification ( "o's own w1 & my/icism1 i4e41 consci\sness ( ! id5tity ( "o's own nature ) t ( all ?+s or ) ! k]nel ( ! _w1 /& 9 ! close/ connection2 s t :oev] pr(esses "o ( !m is gradually l$ to accept ! o!rs1 ev5 aga9/ 8 int5tion4 ,no?+ c be m surpris+ ?an ! agreem5t ) ea* o!r ( ! writ]s :o pres5t ^! doctr9es1 not)/&+ ! greate/ diff]5ce ( _! age1 c\ntry1 & religion1 accompani$ by ! firm c]ta9ty & inw>d confid5ce ) :i* !y set =? ! p]man5ce ( _! inn] exp]i5ce4 ,!y d n con/itute a sect1 :i* adh]es to1 def5ds1 & propagates a fav\rite dogma once laid hold (2 inde$ ! ,indian1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,mohamm$an my/ics1 quieti/s1 & ascetics are diff]5t 9 e respect1 except ! inn] significance & _s ( _! tea*+4 ,a v /rik+ example ( ?is is af=d$ by ! comp>ison ( ! ,torr5s ( ,madame de ,guion ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$as1 especially ) ! passage 9 ! ,oupnekhat1 vol4 i4 p4 #fc1 :i* conta9s ! cont5t ( t ,fr5* "w 9 ! briefe/ =m1 b accurately & ev5 ) ! same images1 & yet c\ld n possibly h be5 kn[n to ,madame de ,guion 9 #afhj4 ,9 ! 8,deuts*5 ,!ologie0 7! only unmutilat$ edition1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahea7 x is said 9 *apt]s #b & #c t bo? ! fall ( ! devil & t ( ,adam consi/$ 9 ! fact t ! "o z ! o!r ascrib$ to himself ! ,i & me1 ! m9e & to me1 & on p4 #hi x is said3 8,9 true love !re rema9s nei!r ,i nor me1 m9e1 to me1 ?\1 ?9e1 & ! l40 ,n[1 correspond+ to ?is1 x is said 9 ! 8,kural10 f ! ,tamilian by ,graul1 p4 #h3 8,! passion ( ! m9e direct$ outw>dly1 & t ( ! ,i direct$ inw>dly1 cease0 7cf4 v]4 #cdf74 ,& 9 ! 8,manual ( ,buddhism0 by ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 p4 #beh1 ,buddha says3 8,my disciples reject ! ?\ghts ,i am ?is1 or ?is is m9e40 ,9 g5]al1 if we look away f ! =ms :i* are introduc$ by ext]nal circum/ances & g to ! bottom ( ! matt]1 we w f9d t ,sakya ,muni & ,mei/] ,eckh>d tea* ! same2 only t ! =m] d>$ to express 8 ?\ghts directly1 :ile ! latt] is oblig$ to clo! !m 9 ! g>m5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian my? & adapt 8 expressions to ?is4 ,he c>ries ?is1 h[ev]1 s f> t ) him ! ,*ri/ian my? has become little m ?an a symbolical language1 j z ! ,hell5ic my? became = ! ,neo ,platoni/s3 he takes x ?r\gh\t allegorically4 ,9 ! same respect x is wor? notic+ t ! transition ( ,/4 ,francis f prosp]ity to ! m5dicant life is simil> to ! /ill great] /ep ( ,buddha ,sakya ,muni f pr9ce to begg>1 & t1 correspond+ to ?is1 ! life ( ,/4 ,francis1 & also ! ord] he f\nd$1 0 j a k9d ( ,sannyasiism4 ,inde$ x des]ves to be m5tion$ t 8 relation%ip ) ! ,indian _s appe>s also 9 8 great love = ! brutes & frequ5t int]c\rse ) !m1 :5 he always calls !m 8 si/]s & bro!rs2 & 8 beautiful ,cantico also be>s witness to 8 inborn ,indian _s by ! praise ( ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ! w9d1 ! wat]1 ! fire1 & ! e>?47#di7 ,ev5 ! ,*ri/ian quieti/s mu/ (t5 h _h little or no k ( ea* o!r2 = example1 ,mol9os & ,madame de ,guion ( ,taul] & ! 8,deuts*e ,!ologie10 or ,gi*tel ( ! =m]4 ,9 any case1 ! great diff]5ce ( _! culture1 9 t "s ( !m1 l ,mol9os1 7 le>n$1 o!rs1 l ,gi*tel & _m m1 7 ! rev]se1 has no ess5tial influ5ce ^u _! tea*+4 ,_! great int]nal agreem5t1 along ) ! firmness & c]ta9ty ( _! utt]ances1 proves all ! m t !y speak f real inw>d exp]i5ce1 f an exp]i5ce :i* c]ta9ly is n accessible to all1 b is possess$ only by a few fav\r$ individuals1 & !re=e has receiv$ ! "n ( ! "w ( grace1 ! reality ( :i*1 h[ev]1 = ! above reasons1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& all ?is "o mu/ read ! my/ics !mselves1 & n be cont5t$ ) secondh& reports ( !m2 = e "o mu/ himself be compreh5d$ be=e "o judges conc]n+ him4 ,?us to become acqua9t$ ) quietism ,i specially recomm5d ,mei/] ,eckh>d1 ! 8,deuts*e ,!ologie10 ,taul]1 ,madame de ,guion1 ,anto9ette ,b\rignon1 ! ,engli% ,bunyan1 ,mol9os7#ej7 & ,gi*tel4 ,9 ! same way1 z practical pro(s & examples ( ! pr(\nd s]i\sness ( asceticism1 ! life ( ,pascal1 edit$ by ,reu*l91 toge!r ) 8 hi/ory ( ! ,port,royal1 & also ! ,hi/oire de ,sa9te ,elisabe?1 p> le comte de ,montalemb]t1 & ,la vie de ,ranc1 p> ,*ateaubri&1 are v well wor? read+1 b yet by no means exhau/ all t is important 9 ?is class4 ,:oev] has read su* writ+s1 & comp>$ _! _s ) t ( ascetism & quietism z x runs ?r\gh all works ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & speaks 9 e page1 w admit t e philosophy1 :i* mu/ 9 consi/5cy reject t :ole mode ( ?\ght1 :i* x c only d by expla9+ ! repres5tatives ( x to be ei!r impo/ors or madm51 mu/ j on ?is acc\nt necess>ily be false4 ,b all ,european sy/ems1 ) ! exception ( m9e1 f9d !mselves 9 ?is position4 ,truly x mu/ be an extraord9>y madness :i*1 "u ! mo/ widely diff]5t circum/ances & p]sons possible1 spoke ) su* agreem5t1 &1 moreov]1 0 rais$ to ! position ( a *ief doctr9e ( _! religion1 by ! mo/ anci5t & num]\s peoples ( ! e>?1 some?+ l ?reef\r?s ( all ! inhabitants ( ,asia4 ,b no philosophy c leave ! !me ( quietism & asceticism undecid$ if ! "q is propos$ to x2 because ?is !me is1 9 its matt]1 id5tical ) t ( all metaphysics & e?ics4 ,"h !n is a po9t ^u :i* ,i expect & desire t e philosophy1 ) its optimism1 %\ld decl>e itself4 ,& if1 9 ! judgm5t ( contempor>ies1 ! p>adoxical & unexampl$ agreem5t ( my philosophy ) quietism & asceticism appe>s z an op5 /umbl+block1 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 see j 9 t agreem5t a pro( ( its sole correctness & tru?1 & also a gr\nd ( explanation ( :y x is ignor$ & kept secret by ! ,prote/ant univ]sities4 ,= n only ! religions ( ! ,ea/1 b also true ,*ri/ianity1 has ?r\gh\t t ascetic fundam5tal "* :i* my philosophy expla9s z ! d5ial ( ! w to live2 al?\gh ,prote/antism1 especially 9 its pres5t =m1 seeks to conceal ?is4 ,yet ev5 ! op5 enemies ( ,*ri/ianity :o h appe>$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t times h ascrib$ to x ! doctr9es ( r5unciation1 selfd5ial1 p]fect *a/ity1 &1 9 g5]al1 mortification ( ! w1 :i* !y q correctly d5ote by ! "n ( ! 8anticosmic t5d5cy10 & h fully prov$ t su* doctr9es are ess5tially prop] to orig9al & g5u9e ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is !y are und5iably "r4 ,b t !y set up ?is z an evid5t & pat5t reproa* to ,*ri/ianity1 :ile j "h lies its pr(\nde/ tru?1 its high value1 & its sublime "*1--?is %[s an obscur+ ( ! m9d1 :i* c only be expla9$ by ! fact t ^! m5's m9ds1 un=tunately l ?\s&s m at ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many1 are completely spoil$ & di/ort$ by ! mis]able ,hegelism1 t s*ool ( dulness1 t c5tre ( misund]/&+ & ignorance1 t m9dde/roy+1 spuri\s wisdom1 :i* n[ at la/ beg9s to be recognis$ z su*1 & ! v5]ation ( :i* w soon be left to ! ,dani% ,academy1 9 ^: eyes ev5 t gross *>latan is a summus philosophus1 = :om x takes ! field3-- 8,c> ils suivront la crance et e/ude1 ,de l'ignorante et sotte multitude1 ,dont le plus l\rd s]a rea p\r juge40 --,,rabelais4 ,9 any case1 ! ascetic t5d5cy is unmi/akable 9 ! g5u9e & orig9al ,*ri/ianity z x develop$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs f its k]nel 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 x is ! summit t[>ds :i* all /rives upw>ds4 ,z its *ief doctr9e we f9d ! recomm5dation ( g5u9e & pure celibacy 7?is fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 ! d5ial ( ! w to live71 :i* is already express$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t47#ea7 ,/rauss also1 9 8 8,life ( ,jesus0 7vol i4 p4 #fah ( ! fir/ edition71 says1 ) ref]5ce to ! recomm5dation ( celibacy giv5 9 ,matt4 xix4 #aa seq41 8,t ! doctr9e ( ,jesus may n run c\nt] to ! ideas ( ! pres5t day1 m5 h ha/5$ to introduce surreptiti\sly ! ?\ght t ,jesus only prais$ celibacy ) ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 & 9 ord] to leave ! activity ( ! ,apo/les unfett]$2 b !re is ev5 less indication ( ?is 9 ! context ?an 9 ! k9dr$ passage1 #a ,cor4 vii4 #be seq42 b we h "h aga9 "o ( ! places :]e ascetic pr9ciples1 su* z prevail$ among ! ,ess5es1 & probably /ill m widely among ! ,jews1 appe> 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus also40 ,?is ascetic t5d5cy appe>s m decid$ly lat] ?an at ! beg9n+1 :5 ,*ri/ianity1 /ill seek+ adh]5ts1 d>$ n pit* its dem&s too high2 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury x is expressly urg$4 ,m>riage1 9 g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 is m]ely a compromise ) ! s9ful nature ( man1 z a concession1 some?+ all[$ to ^? :o lack /r5g? to aspire to ! highe/1 an exp$i5t to avoid great] evil3 9 ?is s5se x receives ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* 9 ord] t ! bond may be indissoluble4 ,b celibacy & virg9ity are set up z ! high] consecration ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh :i* "o ent]s ! ranks ( ! elect4 ,?r\gh ^! alone does "o atta9 ! victor's cr[n1 :i* ev5 at ! pres5t day is signifi$ by ! wrea? ^u ! c(f9 ( ! unm>ri$1 & also by t :i* ! bride lays aside on ! day ( h] m>riage4 ,a piece ( evid5ce ^u ?is po9t1 :i* c]ta9ly comes to u f ! primitive times ( ,*ri/ianity1 is ! pregnant answ] ( ! ,"l1 quot$ by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us 7,/rom4 iii4 #f et #i7 f ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians3 8 1 2 1 1 1 0 7,salom int]roganti qu\sque vigebit mors8 ,dom9us guoadlusque +uit vos1 muli]es1 p>itis74 8 1 0 7,hoc e/1 quamdiu op]abuntur cupiditates71 adds ,clem5t1 c4 #i1 ) :i* he at once connects ! fam\s passage1 ,rom4 v4 #ab4 ,fur!r on1 c4 #ac1 he quotes ! words ( ,cassianus3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7,cum int]rog>et ,salome1 qu&o cognosc5tur ea1 de quibus int]rogabat1 ait ,dom9us3 qu&o pudoris indum5tum conculcav]itis1 et qu&o duo facto fu]9t unum1 et masculum cum fm9a nec masculum1 nec fm9ium71 i4e41 :5 %e no long] ne$s ! veil ( mode/y1 s9ce all di/9ction ( sex w h disappe>$4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t ! h]etics h c]ta9ly gone fur!/3 ev5 9 ! second c5tury ! ,tatianites or ,encratites1 ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,m>cionites1 ! ,montani/s1 ,val5t9ians1 & ,cassians2 yet only because ) reckless consi/5cy !y gave hon\r to ! tru?1 & !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y taught p]fect cont95ce2 :ile ! ,*ur* prud5tly decl>$ to be h]esy all t ran c\nt] to its f>see+ policy4 ,augu/9e says ( ! ,tatianites3 8,nuptias damnant1 atque omn9o p>es eas =nicationibus aliisque corruptionibus faciunt3 nec recipiunt 9 suum num]um conjugio ut5tem1 sive m>em1 sive fm9am4 ,non vescunlur c>nibus1 easque abom9antur40 7,de hresi ad quod vult ,deum4 hr41 #be47 ,b ev5 ! or?odox ,fa!rs look ^u m>riage 9 ! light indicat$ above1 & zeal\sly prea* entire cont95ce1 ! 4 ,a?anasius gives z ! cause ( m>riage3 8 444 1 2 40 7,quia subjacemus condemnationi propatoris no/ri2 444 nam f9is1 a ,deo prlatus1 erat1 nos non p] nuptias et corruptionem fi]i3 s$ transgressio m&ati nuptias introduxit1 propt] legis violationem ,ad4--,exposit4 9 psalm4 #ej74 ,t]tullian calls m>riage g5us mali inf]ioris1 ex indulg5tia ortum 7,de pudicitia1 c4 #af7 & says3 8,matrimonium et /uprum e/ commixtio c>nis2 scilicet cujus concupisc5tiam dom9us /upro adquavit4 ,ergo1 +uis1 jam et primas1 id e/ unas nuptias de/ruis8 ,nec imm]ito3 quoniam et ips ex eo con/ant1 quod e/ /uprum0 7,de exhort4 ca/it41 c4 #i74 ,inde$1 ,augu/9e himself commits himself entirely to ?is doctr9e & all its results1 = he says3 8,novi quosdam1 qui murmur5t3 quid1 si1 inquiunt1 omnes vel9t ab omni concubitu ab/9]e1 unde subsi/et g5us humanum8 ,ut9am omnes hoc vell5t6 dumtaxat 9 c>itate1 de corde puro et consci5tia bona1 et fide non ficta3 multo citius ,dei civitas compl]etur1 ut accel]>etur t]m9us mundi0 7,de bono conjugali1 c4 #aj74 ,& aga93 8,non vos ab hoc /udio1 quo multos ad imit&um vos excitatis1 frangat qu]ela vanorum1 qui dicunt3 quomodo subsi/et g5us humanum1 si omnes fu]9t cont95tes8 ,quasi propt] aliud ret>detur hoc seculum1 nisi ut impleatur prde/9atus num]us ille sanctorum1 quo citius impleto1 pr(ecto nec t]m9us seculi diff]etur0 7,de bono individuitatis1 c4 #bc74 ,"o sees at once t he id5tifies salvation ) ! end ( ! _w4 ,! o!r passages 9 ! works ( ,augu/9e :i* be> on ?is po9t w be f\nd collect$ 9 ! 8,confessio ,augu/9iana e ,d4 ,augu/9i op]ibus compilata a ,hi]onymo ,torr5se10 #afaj1 "u ! head+s ,de matrimonio1 ,de clibatu1 c41 & any "o may conv9ce himself f ^! t 9 anci5t1 g5u9e ,*ri/ianity m>riage 0 only a concession1 :i* besides ?is 0 suppos$ to h only ! begett+ ( *ildr5 z its end1 t1 on ! o!r h&1 p]fect cont95ce 0 ! true virtue f> to be pref]r$ to ?is4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o d n wi% to g back to ! au?orities !mselves ,i recomm5d two works = ! purpose ( remov+ any k9d ( d\bt z to ! t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ianity we are speak+ ab\t3 ,c>ov1 8,ueb] das ,clibatgesetz10 #ahcb1 & ,l9d1 8,de clibatu ,*ri/ianorum p] tria priora secula10 ,havni1 #ahci4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means ! views ( ^! writ]s !mselves to :i* ,i ref]1 = ^! are oppos$ to m9e1 b solely to _! c>efully collect$ acc\nts & quotations1 :i* des]ve full acceptance z q tru/wor?y1 j because bo? ^! writ]s are oppon5ts ( celibacy1 ! =m] a rationali/ic ,ca?olic1 & ! o!r a ,prote/ant c&idate 9 !ology1 :o speaks exactly l "o4 ,9 ! fir/nam$ "w we f9d1 vol4 i4 p4 #aff1 9 t ref]5ce1 ! foll[+ result express$3 8,9 accordance ) ! ,*ur* view1 z x may be read 9 canonical ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 9 ! ,synodal & ,papal in/ructions1 & 9 innum]able writ+s ( or?odox ,ca?olics1 p]petual *a/ity is call$ a div9e1 heav5ly1 angelic virtue1 & ! obta9+ ( ! assi/ance ( div9e grace = ?is end is made dep5d5t ^u e>ne/ pray]4 ,we h already %[n t ?is ,augu/9ian doctr9e is by ,canisius & 9 ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t express$ z an un*ang+ belief ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t1 h[ev]1 x has be5 reta9$ z a dogma till ! pres5t day is suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ! ,june numb]1 #ahca1 ( ! magaz9e #8,d] ,ka?olik4' ,x is said !re1 p4 #bfc3 #8,9 ,ca?olicism ! obs]vance ( a p]petual *a/ity1 = ! sake ( ,god1 appe>s z 9 itself ! highe/ m]it ( man4 ,! view t ! obs]vance ( cont9ual *a/ity z an end 9 itself sanctifies & exalts ! man is1 z e in/ruct$ ,ca?olic is conv9c$1 deeply root$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 bo? z reg>ds its _s & its express precepts4 ,! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t h aboli%$ all possible d\bt on ?is po9t4444' ,x mu/ at any rate be confess$ by e unprejudic$ p]son1 n only t ! doctr9e express$ by #8,d] ,ka?olik' is really ,ca?olic1 b also t ! pro(s adduc$ may be q irrefutable = a ,ca?olic reason1 because !y are drawn s directly f ! ecclesia/ical view1 tak5 by ! ,*ur*1 ( life & its de/9y40 ,x is fur!r said 9 ! same "w1 p4 #bgj3 8,al?\gh bo? ,paul calls ! =bidd+ to m>ry a false doctr9e1 & ! /ill ,judai/ic au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews enjo9s t m>riage %all be held 9 hon\r by all1 & ! b$ kept undefil$ 7,heb4 xiii #d71 yet ! ma9 t5d5cy ( ^! two sacr$ writ]s is n on t acc\nt to be mi/ak54 ,virg9ity is = bo? ! p]fect /ate1 m>riage only a make%ift = ! weak1 & only z su* to be held inviolable4 ,! highe/ ef=t1 on ! o!r h&1 0 direct$ to complete1 mat]ial putt+ (f ( self4 ,! self mu/ turn & refra9 f all t t5ds only to its own pleasure1 & t only tempor>ily40 ,la/ly1 p4 #bhh3 8,we agree ) ! ,abb ,zacc>ia1 :o ass]ts t celibacy 7n ! law ( celibacy7 is be=e ev]y?+ to be d$uc$ f ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/le ,paul40 ,:at is oppos$ to ?is specially ,*ri/ian view is ev]y:]e & always m]ely ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) its 4 ,?is appe>s ) peculi> di/9ctness f t important ?ird book ( ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t1 :]e1 argu+ aga9/ ! encrati/ic h]etics m5tion$ above1 he con/antly opposes to !m only ,judaism1 ) its optimi/ic hi/ory ( creation1 ) :i* ! _wd5y+ t5d5cy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is c]ta9ly 9 contradiction4 ,b ! connection ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ! ,old is at bottom only ext]nal1 accid5tal1 & =c$2 & ! "o po9t at :i* ,*ri/ian doctr9e c l9k itself on to ! latt] is only to be f\nd1 z has be5 said1 9 ! /ory ( ! fall1 :i*1 moreov]1 /&s q isolat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & is made no fur!r use (4 ,b1 9 accordance ) ! acc\nt 9 ! ,gospels1 x is j ! or?odox adh]5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :o br+ ab\t ! crucifixion ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 because !y f9d 8 tea*+ 9 conflict ) _! own4 ,9 ! said ?ird book ( ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t ! antagonism betwe5 optimism ) !ism on ! "o h&1 & pessimism ) ascetic morality on ! o!r1 comes out ) surpris+ di/9ctness4 ,?is book is direct$ aga9/ ! ,gno/ics1 :o j taught pessimism & asceticism1 t is1 7ab/95ce ( e k9d1 b especially f all sexual satisfaction72 on acc\nt ( :i* ,clem5t c5sures !m vigor\sly4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x becomes app>5t t ev5 ! _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /&s 9 ?is antagonism ) t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,=1 ap>t f ! fall1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t l a hors d'uvre1 ! _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is diametrically oppos$ to t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--! =m] optimi/ic1 ! latt] pessimi/ic4 ,clem5t himself br+s ?is contradiction out prom95tly at ! end ( ! elev5? *apt] 7 44471 al?\gh he w n all[ t x is a real contradiction1 b expla9s x z only app>5t1--l a good ,jew1 z he is4 ,9 g5]al x is int]e/+ to see h[ ) ,clem5t ! ,new & ! ,old ,te/am5t get mix$ up toge!r2 & he /rives to reconcile !m1 yet = ! mo/ "p drives out ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ! ,old4 ,j at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird *apt] he objects to ! ,m>cionites t !y f9d fault ) ! creation1 aft] ! example ( ,plato & ,py?agoras2 = ,m>cion tea*es t nature is bad1 made out ( bad mat]ials 7 1 72 !re=e "o ought n to p ?is _w1 b to ab/a9 f m>riage 7 1 74 ,n[ ,clem5t1 to :om 9 g5]al ! ,old ,te/am5t is mu* m cong5ial & conv9c+ ?an ! ,new1 takes ?is v mu* amiss4 ,he sees 9 x _! flagrant +ratitude to & enmity & rebellion aga9/ him :o has made ! _w1 ! j demiurgus1 ^: "w !y !mselves are1 & yet despise ! use ( 8 creatures1 9 impi\s rebellion 8=sak+ ! natural op9ion0 7 1 444 1 1 444 74 ,at ! same "t1 9 8 holy zeal1 he w n all[ ! ,m>cionites ev5 ! hon\r ( orig9ality1 b1 arm$ ) 8 wellkn[n erudition1 he br+s x aga9/ !m1 & supports 8 case ) ! mo/ beautiful quotations1 t ev5 ! anci5t philosoph]s1 t ,h]aclitus & ,emp$ocles1 ,py?agoras & ,plato1 ,orpheus & ,p9d>1 ,h]odotus & ,euripides1 & also ! ,sibyls1 lam5t$ deeply ! wret*$ nature ( ! _w1 ?us taught pessimism4 ,n[ 9 ?is le>n$ en?usiasm he does n obs]ve t 9 ?is way he is j giv+ ! ,m>cionites wat] = _! mill1 = he %[s t 8,all ! wise/ ( all ! ages0 h taught & sung :at !y d1 b confid5tly & boldly he quotes ! mo/ decid$ & en]getic utt]ances ( ! anci5ts 9 ?is s5se4 ,c]ta9ly !y _c lead him a/ray4 ,wise m5 may m\rn ! sadness ( exi/5ce1 poets may p\r out ! mo/ affect+ lam5tations ab\t x1 nature & exp]i5ce may cry out z l\dly z !y w aga9/ optimism1--all ?is does n t\* our ,*ur* ,fa!r3 he holds 8 ,jewi% revelation 9 8 h&1 & rema9s confid5t4 ,! demiurgus made ! _w4 ,f ?is x is a priori c]ta9 t x is excell5t1 & x may look z x likes4 ,! same ?+ !n takes place ) reg>d to ! second po9t1 ! 1 ?r\gh :i*1 accord+ to 8 view1 ! ,m>cionites %[ _! +ratitude t[>ds ! demiurgus 7 7 & ! p]v]sity ) :i* !y put f !m all 8 gifts 7 1 74 ,"h n[ ! tragic poets h prec$$ ! ,encratites 7to ! prejudice ( _! orig9ality7 & h said ! same ?+s4 ,= s9ce !y also lam5t ! inf9ite mis]y ( exi/5ce1 !y h add$ t x is bett] to br+ no *ildr5 into su* a _w2 :i* he n[ aga9 supports ) ! mo/ beautiful passages1 &1 at ! same "t1 accuses ! ,py?agoreans ( hav+ r5\nc$ sexual pleasure on ?is gr\nd4 ,b all ?is t\*es him n2 he /icks to 8 pr9ciple t all ^! s9 aga9/ ! demiurgus1 9 t !y tea* t "o ought n to m>ry1 ought n to beget *ildr51 ought n to br+ new mis]able be+s into ! _w1 ought n to provide new food = dea? 7 1 1 1 1 1 --c4 #f74 ,s9ce ! le>n$ ,*ur* ,fa!r ?us d5\nces 1 he seems to h _h no pres5tim5t t j aft] 8 "t ! celibacy ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood w\ld be m & m introduc$1 & f9ally1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 rais$ to ! position ( a law1 because x is 9 keep+ ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is j ?is _s :i* ! ,gno/ics h grasp$ m pr(\ndly & und]/ood bett] ?an our ,*ur* ,fa!r1 :o is m ,jew ?an ,*ri/ian4 ,! conception ( ! ,gno/ics comes out v cle>ly at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? *apt]1 :]e ! foll[+ passage is quot$ f ! ,gospel ( ! ,egyptians3 1 8 20 1 2 1 7,ajunt enim dixisse ,s]vatorem3 v5i ad dissolv5dum op]a fem92 fem9 quidem1 cupiditatis2 op]a autem1 g5]ationem et int]itum72 b q specially at ! end ( ! ?irte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? *apt]4 ,! ,*ur* c]ta9ly 0 oblig$ to consid] h[ to set a religion ^u its legs t c\ld also walk & /& 9 ! _w z x is1 & among m52 !re=e x decl>$ ^! p]sons to be h]etics4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! sev5? *apt] our ,*ur* ,fa!r opposes ,indian asceticism1 z bad1 to ,*ri/ian ,judaism2 :]eby ! fundam5tal diff]5ce ( ! _s ( ! two religions is cle>ly br\ght out4 ,9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity ev]y?+ runs back to ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,god3 2 z befits u creatures1 1 7nobis1 qui ,omnipot5tis voluntate efficti sumus71 *ap4 #ad4 ,!n comes1 z a second duty1 1 to s]ve ,god1 extol ,8 works1 & ov]fl[ ) ?ankfulness4 ,c]ta9ly ! matt] has a v diff]5t aspect 9 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 = 9 ! latt] all improvem5t & conv]sion1 & ! only deliv]ance we c hope = f ?is _w ( suff]+1 ?is ,sans>a1 proce$s f ! k ( ! f\r fundam5tal tru?s3 7#a7 dolor2 7#b7 doloris ortus2 7#c7 doloris int]itus2 7#d7 octop>tita via ad doloris s$ationem 7,dammapadam1 ed4 ,fausbll1 p4 #ce et #cdg74 ,! explanation ( ^! f\r tru?s w be f\nd 9 ,b\rn\f1 8,introduct4 l'hi/4 du ,buddhisme10 p4 #fbi1 & 9 all expositions ( ,buddhism4 ,9 tru?1 ,judaism1 ) its 1 is n relat$ to ,*ri/ianity z reg>ds its _s & e?ical t5d5cy1 b ,brahmanism & ,buddhism are4 ,b ! _s & e?ical t5d5cy are :at is ess5tial 9 a religion1 n ! my?s 9 :i* ^! are clo!d4 ,i !re=e _c give up ! belief t ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity c 9 "s way be d]iv$ f ^! primitive religions4 ,i h po9t$ out "s traces ( ?is 9 ! second volume ( ! ,p>]ga1 #agi 7second edition1 #ahj74 ,i h to add to ^! t ,epiphanias 7,hretic4 xviii47 relates t ! fir/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem1 :o call$ !mselves ,naz>5es1 refra9$ f all animal food4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is orig9 7or1 at lea/1 ?is agreem5t7 ,*ri/ianity belongs to ! anci5t1 true & sublime fai? ( mank9d1 :i* is oppos$ to ! false1 %all[1 & injuri\s optimism :i* exhibits itself 9 ,greek paganism1 ,judaism1 & ,islamism4 ,! ,z5d religion holds to a c]ta9 ext5t ! mean1 because x has oppos$ to ,ormuzd a pessimi/ic c\nt]poise 9 ,ahriman4 ,f ?is ,z5d religion ! ,jewi% religion proce$$1 z ,j4,g4 ,rhode has ?or\ghly prov$ 9 8 book1 8,die heilige ,sage des ,z5dvolks20 f ,ormuzd has come ,jehovah1 & f ,ahriman1 ,satan1 :o1 h[ev]1 plays only a v subord9ate rle 9 ,judaism1 inde$ almo/ entirely disappe>s1 :]eby !n optimism ga9s ! upp] h&1 & !re only rema9s ! my? ( ! fall z a pessimi/ic elem5t1 :i* c]ta9ly 7z ! fable ( ,mes*ia & ,mes*iane7 is d]iv$ f ! ,z5d,ave/a4 ,yet ev5 ?is falls into oblivion1 till x is aga9 tak5 up by ,*ri/ianity along ) ,satan4 ,ormuzd himself1 h[ev]1 is d]iv$ f ,brahmanism1 al?\gh f a l[] region ( x2 he is no o!r ?an ,indra1 t subord9ate god ( ! firmam5t & ! atmosph]e1 :o is repres5t$ z frequ5tly 9 rivalry ) m54 ,?is has be5 v cle>ly %[n by ,j4,j4 ,s*midt 9 8 "w on ! relation ( ! ,gno/ic!osophic doctr9es to ! religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is ,indra,ormuzd,jehovah _h aft]w>ds to pass ov] into ,*ri/ianity1 because ?is religion arose 9 ,juda4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! cosmopolitan "* ( ,*ri/ianity he laid aside 8 own "n to be d5ot$ 9 ! language ( ea* conv]t$ nation by ! appellation ( ! sup]human be+s he supplant$1 z1 1 ,deus1 :i* comes f ! ,sanscrit ,deva 7f :i* also devil comes71 or among ! ,go?ico ,g]manic peoples by ! ^w ,god1 ,gott1 :i* comes f ,od91 ,wodan1 ,guodan1 ,godan4 ,9 ! same way he assum$ 9 ,islamism1 :i* also sprang f ,judaism1 ! "n ( ,allah1 :i* also exi/$ e>li] 9 ,arabia4 ,analog\s to ?is1 ! gods ( ! ,greek ,olympus1 :5 9 prehi/oric times !y 7 transplant$ to ,italy1 also assum$ ! names ( ! previ\sly reign+ gods3 h5ce among ! ,romans ,zeus is call$ ,jupit]1 ,h]a ,juno1 ,h]mes ,m]cury1 c4 ,9 ,*9a ! fir/ difficulty ( ! mission>ies arose f ! fact t ! ,*9ese language has no appellation ( ! k9d & also no ^w = creat+2 = ! ?ree religions ( ,*9a "k no gods ei!r 9 ! plural or 9 ! s+ul>47#eb7 ,h[ev] ! re/ may be1 t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is really =eign to true ,*ri/ianity2 = 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! _w is always spok5 ( z some?+ to :i* "o does n belong1 :i* "o does n love1 nay1 ^: "l is ! devil47#ec7 ,?is agrees ) ! ascetic _s ( ! d5ial ( "o's self & ! ov]com+ ( ! _w :i*1 j l ! b\ndless love ( "o's neighb\r1 ev5 ( "o's enemy1 is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic :i* ,*ri/ianity has 9 common ) ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & :i* proves _! relation%ip4 ,!re is no?+ 9 :i* "o has to di/+ui% ! k]nel s c>efully f ! %ell z 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,j because ,i prize ?is k]nel highly ,i sometimes treat ! %ell ) little c]emony2 x is1 h[ev]1 ?ick] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,prote/antism1 s9ce x has elim9at$ asceticism & its c5tral po9t1 ! m]itori\sness ( celibacy1 has already giv5 up ! inmo/ k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity1 & s f> is to be reg>d$ z a fall+ away f x4 ,?is has become app>5t 9 our own day by ! gradual transition ( ,prote/antism into %all[ rationalism1 ?is mod]n ,pelagianism1 :i* ultimately deg5]ates into ! doctr9e ( a lov+ fa!r1 :o has made ! _w1 9 ord] t ?+s may g on v pleasantly 9 x 79 :i* case1 !n1 he mu/ c]ta9ly h fail$71 & :o1 if "o only con=ms to 8 w 9 c]ta9 respects1 w also aft]w>ds provide a /ill m beautiful _w 7) reg>d to :i* x is only a pity t x has su* a fatal entrance74 ,t may be a good religion = com=table1 m>ri$1 & enlight5$ ,prote/ant pa/ors2 b x is no ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity is ! doctr9e ( ! deep guilt ( ! human race ?r\gh its exi/5ce alone1 & ! long+ ( ! he>t = deliv]ance f x1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c only be atta9$ by ! greate/ sacrifices & by ! d5ial ( "o's own self1 ?us by an entire rev]sal ( human nature4 ,lu!r may h be5 p]fectly "r f ! practical po9t ( view1 i4e41 ) ref]5ce to ! ,*ur* sc&al ( 8 "t1 :i* he wi%$ to remove1 b n s f ! !oretical po9t ( view4 ,! m sublime a doctr9e is1 ! m x is expos$ to abuse at ! h&s ( human nature1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 is ( a l[ & evil disposition3 h5ce ! abuses ( ,ca?olicism are s mu* m num]\s & s mu* great] ?an ^? ( ,prote/antism4 ,?us1 = example1 mona/icism1 t me?odical d5ial ( ! w practis$ 9 common = ! sake ( mutual enc\ragem5t1 is an in/itution ( a sublime description1 :i*1 h[ev]1 = ?is v reason is = ! mo/ "p untrue to its _s4 ,! %ock+ abuses ( ! ,*ur* excit$ 9 ! hone/ m9d ( ,lu!r a l(ty indignation4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( ?is he 0 l$ to desire to limit z mu* z possible ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 & = ?is end he fir/ conf9$ x to ! words ( ! ,bible2 b !n1 9 8 wellmeant zeal1 he w5t too f>1 = he attack$ ! v he>t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ascetic pr9ciple4 ,= aft] ! )drawal ( ! ascetic pr9ciple1 ! optimi/ic pr9ciple soon necess>ily took its place4 ,b 9 religions1 z 9 philosophy1 optimism is a fundam5tal error :i* ob/ructs ! pa? ( all tru?4 ,f all ?is x seems to me t ,ca?olicism is a %amefully abus$1 b ,prote/antism a deg5]ate ,*ri/ianity2 ?us1 t ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al has met ! fate :i* befalls all t is noble1 sublime1 & great :5ev] x has to dwell among m54 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! v lap ( ,prote/antism1 ! ess5tially ascetic & encrati/ic _s ( ,*ri/ianity has made way = itself2 & 9 ?is case x has appe>$ 9 a ph5om5on :i* p]haps has nev] be=e be5 equall$ 9 magnitude & def9it5ess1 ! highly rem>kable sect ( ! ,%ak]s1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 f\nd$ by an ,engli%woman1 ,anne ,lee1 9 #aggd4 ,! adh]5ts ( ?is sect h already increas$ to #fjjj1 :o are divid$ into fifte5 communities1 & inhabit a numb] ( villages 9 ! /ates ( ,new ,york & ,k5tucky1 especially 9 ! di/rict ( ,new ,lebanon1 ne> ,nassau village4 ,! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( _! religi\s rule ( life is celibacy & entire ab/5tion f all sexual satisfaction4 ,x is unanim\sly admitt$1 ev5 by ! ,engli% & ,am]icans :o visit !m1 & :o laugh & je] at !m 9 e o!r respect1 t ?is rule is /rictly & ) p]fect hone/y obs]v$2 al?\gh bro!rs & si/]s sometimes ev5 occupy ! same h\se1 eat at ! same table1 nay1 dance toge!r 9 ! religi\s s]vices 9 *ur*4 ,= :oev] has made t h>de/ ( all sacrifices may dance be=e ! ,"l2 he is a victor1 he has ov]come4 ,_! s++ 9 *ur* consi/s 9 g5]al ( *e]ful1 & p>tly ev5 ( m]ry1 songs4 ,! *ur*dance1 also1 :i* foll[s ! s]mon is accompani$ by ! s++ ( ! re/4 ,x is a lively dance1 p]=m$ 9 measur$ "t1 & concludes ) a galop1 :i* is c>ri$ on till ! danc]s are exhau/$4 ,betwe5 ea* dance "o ( _! tea*]s cries al\d1 8,?9k1 t ye rejoice be=e ! ,"l = hav+ sla9 y\r fle%2 = ?is is "h ! only use we make ( our refractory limbs40 ,to celibacy mo/ ( ! o!r conditions l9k !mselves on ( !mselves4 ,!re are no families1 & !re=e !re is no private prop]ty1 b community ( goods4 ,all are clo!d alike1 9 ,quak] fa%ion1 & ) great neatness4 ,!y are indu/ri\s & dilig5t3 idl5ess is n endur$4 ,!y h also ! enviable rule t !y are to avoid all unnecess>y noise1 su* z %\t+1 door slamm+1 :ipcrack+1 l\d knock+1 c4 ,_! rule ( life has be5 ?us express$ by "o ( !m3 8,lead a life ( innoc5ce & purity1 love y\r neighb\rs z y\rself1 live at peace ) all m51 & refra9 f w>1 blood%$1 & all viol5ce aga9/ o!rs1 z well z f all /riv+ aft] worldly hon\r & di/9ction4 ,give to ea* 8 own1 & foll[ aft] hol9ess1 )\t :i* no man c see ! ,"l4 ,d good to all s f> z y\r opportunity & y\r p[] ext5ds40 ,!y p]suade no "o to jo9 !m1 b te/ ^? :o pres5t !mselves by a novitiate ( sev]al ye>s4 ,moreov]1 e "o is free to leave !m2 v r>ely is any "o expell$ = misconduct4 ,adopt$ *ildr5 are c>efully educat$1 & only :5 !y are gr[n up d !y volunt>ily jo9 ! sect4 ,x is said t 9 ! controv]sies ( _! m9i/]s ) ,anglican cl]gy ! latt] g5]ally come (f ! worse1 = ! argum5ts consi/ ( passages f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,full] acc\nts ( !m w be f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 ,maxwell's 8,run ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 #ahda2 also 9 ,b5$ict's 8,hi/ory ( all ,religions10 #ahcj2 also 9 ! ,times1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahcg1 & 9 ! ,g]man magaz9e ,columbus1 ,may numb]1 #ahca4 ,a ,g]man sect 9 ,am]ica1 v simil> to !m1 :o also live 9 /rict celibacy & cont95ce1 are ! ,rappi/s4 ,an acc\nt ( !m is giv5 9 ,f4 ,loh]'s 8,ges*i*te und ,zu/&e d] ,deuts*5 9 ,am]ika10 #ahec4 ,9 ,russia also ! ,raskolniks are a simil> sect4 ,! ,gi*telians live also 9 /rict *a/ity4 ,b among ! anci5t ,jews we already f9d a prototype ( all ^! sects1 ! ,ess5es1 ( :om ev5 ,pl9y gives an acc\nt 7,hi/4 ,nat41 v4 #ae71 & :o resembl$ ! ,%ak]s v mu*1 n only 9 celibacy1 b also 9 o!r respects2 = example1 9 danc+ dur+ div9e s]vice1 :i* leads to ! op9ion t ! f\nd] ( ! ,%ak]s took ! ,ess5es z a patt]n4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* facts z ^! h[ does ,lu!r's ass]tion look3 8,ubi natura1 quemadmodum a ,deo nobis insita e/1 f]tur ac rapitur1 ,,fi]i ,,nullo ,,modo ,,pote/1 ut extra matrimonium ca/e vivatur08 7,cate*4 maj47 ,al?\gh ,*ri/ianity1 9 ess5tial respects1 taught only :at all ,asia knew long be=e1 & ev5 bett]1 yet = ,europe x 0 a new & great revelation1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! spiritual t5d5cy ( ! ,european nations 0 !re=e entirely trans=m$4 ,= x disclos$ to !m ! metaphysical significance ( exi/5ce1 & !re=e taught !m to look away f ! n>r[1 paltry1 ephem]al life ( e>?1 & to reg>d x no long] z an end 9 itself1 b z a condition ( suff]+1 guilt1 trial1 conflict1 & purification1 out ( :i*1 by means ( moral a*ievem5ts1 difficult r5unciation1 & d5ial ( oneself1 "o may rise to a bett] exi/5ce1 :i* is inconceivable by u4 ,x taught ! great tru? ( ! ass]tion & d5ial ( ! w to live 9 ! clo?+ ( allegory by say+ t ?r\gh ,adam's fall ! curse has come ^u all1 s9 has come into ! _w1 & guilt is inh]it$ by all2 b t1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh ! sacrificial dea? ( ,jesus all are reconcil$1 ! _w sav$1 guilt aboli%$1 & ju/ice satisfi$4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to und]/& ! tru? itself t is conta9$ 9 ?is my? "o mu/ n reg>d m5 simply 9 "t1 z be+s indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b mu/ compreh5d ! 7,platonic7 ,idea ( man1 :i* is relat$ to ! s]ies ( m51 z et]nity 9 itself is relat$ to et]nity drawn out z "t2 h5ce ! et]nal ,idea man ext5d$ 9 "t to ! s]ies ( m5 ?r\gh ! connect+ bond ( g5]ation appe>s aga9 9 "t z a :ole4 ,if n[ we keep ! ,idea ( man 9 view1 we see t ,adam's fall repres5ts ! f9ite1 animal1 s9ful nature ( man1 9 respect ( :i* he is a f9ite be+1 expos$ to s91 suff]+1 & dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! life1 tea*+1 & dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ repres5t ! et]nal1 sup]natural side1 ! fre$om1 ! salvation ( man4 ,n[ e man1 z su* & pot5ti1 is bo? ,adam & ,jesus1 accord+ z he compreh5ds himself1 & 8 w !reupon det]m9es him2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he is !n condemn$ & giv5 ov] to dea?1 or sav$ & atta9s to et]nal life4 ,n[ ^! tru?s1 bo? 9 _! allegorical & 9 _! real acceptation1 7 completely new z f> z ,greeks & ,romans 7 conc]n$1 :o 7 /ill entirely absorb$ 9 life1 & did n s]i\sly look beyond x4 ,let :oev] d\bts ?is see h[ ,cic]o 7,pro ,clu5tio1 c4 #fa7 & ,sallu/ 7,catil41 c4 #dg7 speak ( ! /ate aft] dea?4 ,! anci5ts1 al?\gh f> advanc$ 9 almo/ ev]y?+ else1 rema9$ *ildr5 ) reg>d to ! *ief conc]n1 & 7 surpass$ 9 ?is ev5 by ! ,druids1 :o at lea/ taught metempsy*osis4 ,t "o or two philosoph]s1 l ,py?agoras & ,plato1 ?\ght o!rwise alt]s no?+ z reg>ds ! :ole4 ,t great fundam5tal tru?1 !n1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 z 9 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 ! ne$ ( deliv]ance f an exi/5ce :i* is giv5 up to suff]+ & dea?1 & ! atta9abl5ess ( ?is by ! d5ial ( ! w1 ?us by a decid$ opposition to nature1 is beyond all comp>ison ! mo/ important tru? !re c be2 b1 at ! same "t1 x is entirely oppos$ to ! natural t5d5cy ( ! human race1 & 9 its true gr\nds x is difficult to compreh5d2 z inde$ all t c only be ?\ght g5]ally & 9 ! ab/ract is inaccessible to ! great majority ( m54 ,!re=e = ^! m5 !re 0 ev]y:]e requir$1 9 ord] to br+ t great tru? )9 ! sph]e ( its practical application1 a my?ical vehicle = x1 z x 7 a receptacle1 )\t :i* x w\ld be lo/ & dissipat$4 ,! tru? _h !re=e ev]y:]e to borr[ ! g>b ( ! fable1 & also con/antly to endeav\r to connect itself ) :at 9 ea* case 0 hi/orically giv51 already famili>1 & already rev]$4 ,:at s5su proprio rema9$ inaccessible to ! great mass ( mank9d ( all ages & l&s1 ) _! l[ tone ( m9d1 _! intellectual /upidity & g5]al brutality1 _h1 = practical purposes1 to be br\ght home to !m s5su allegorico1 9 ord] to become _! guid+ />4 ,s1 !n1 ! religions m5tion$ above are to be reg>d$ z ! sacr$ vessels 9 :i* ! great tru?1 kn[n & express$ = sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 inde$ p]haps s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! human race1 :i* yet 9 itself1 = ! great mass ( mank9d always rema9s a my/]y1 is1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! p[]s1 made accessible to !m1 pres]v$ & transmitt$ ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,yet1 because all t does n ?r\gh & ?r\gh consi/ ( ! imp]i%able mat]ial ( pure tru? is subject to de/ruction1 :5ev] ?is fate befalls su* a vessel1 ?r\gh contact ) a het]og5e\s age1 its sacr$ cont5t mu/ 9 "s way be sav$ & pres]v$ = mank9d by ano!r4 ,b x is ! task ( philosophy1 s9ce x is "o ) pure tru?1 to pres5t t cont5t pure & unmix$1 ?us m]ely 9 ab/ract conceptions1 & consequ5tly )\t t vehicle1 = ^? :o are capable ( ?9k+1 :o are always an exce$+ly small numb]4 ,x is !re=e relat$ to religions z a /raight l9e to sev]al curves runn+ ne> x3 = x expresses s5su proprio1 ?us rea*es directly1 :at !y %[ 9 veil$ =ms & rea* by circuit\s r\tes4 ,if n[1 9 ord] to illu/rate :at has j be5 said by an example1 & also to foll[ a philosophical fa%ion ( my "t1 ,i %\ld wi% p]haps to attempt to solve ! pr(\nde/ my/]y ( ,*ri/ianity1 t ( ! ,tr9ity1 9 ! fundam5tal conception ( my philosophy1 ?is c\ld be done1 ) ! lic5ce p]mitt$ 9 su* int]pretations1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is ! di/9ct d5ial ( ! w to live3 ! man 9 :om ?is exhibits itself 9 concreto is ! ,son2 ,he is id5tical ) ! w :i* ass]ts life1 & !reby produces ! ph5om5on ( ?is p]ceptible _w1 i4e41 ) ! ,fa!r1 because ! ass]tion & d5ial are opposite acts ( ! same w ^: capability = bo? is ! only true fre$om4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is to be reg>d$ z a m]e lusus +5ii4 ,be=e ,i close ?is *apt] ,i wi% to adduce a few pro(s 9 support ( :at 9 #fh ( ! fir/ volume ,i d5ot$ by ! expression 1 ! br++ ab\t ( ! d5ial ( ! w by "o's own deeply felt suff]+1 ?us n m]ely by ! appropriation ( ! suff]+ ( o!rs1 & ! k ( ! vanity & wret*$ness ( our exi/5ce introduc$ by ?is4 ,we c arrive at a compreh5sion ( :at goes on 9 ! he>t ( a man1 9 ! case ( an elevation ( ?is k9d & ! accompany+ purify+ process1 by consid]+ :at e emotional man exp]i5ces on behold+ a trag$y1 :i* is ( k9dr$ nature to ?is4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? acts p]haps su* a man is di/ress$ & di/urb$ by ! ev] m cl\d$ & ?reat5$ happ9ess ( ! h]o2 b :51 9 ! fif? act1 ?is happ9ess is entirely wreck$ & %att]$1 he exp]i5ces a c]ta9 elevation ( ! s\l1 :i* af=ds him an inf9itely high] k9d ( pleasure ?an ! sight ( ! happ9ess ( ! h]o1 h[ev] great x might be1 c\ld ev] h giv54 ,n[ ?is is ! same ?+1 9 ! weak wat]col\rs ( sympa?y :i* is able to raise a wellkn[n illusion1 z t :i* takes place ) ! en]gy ( reality 9 ! feel+ ( our own fate :5 x is heavy mis=tune t drives ! man at la/ into ! hav5 ( entire resignation4 ,^u ?is occurr5ce dep5d all ^? conv]sions :i* completely trans=m m5 su* z are describ$ 9 ! text4 ,i may give "h 9 a few words ! /ory ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,abb ,ranc1 z x is /rik+ly simil> to t ( ,raymond ,lully1 :i* is told 9 ! text1 & besides ?is is memorable on acc\nt ( its result4 ,8 y\? 0 devot$ to enjoym5t & pleasure2 f9ally1 he liv$ 9 a relation ( passion ) a ,madame de ,montbazon4 ,"o ev5+1 :5 he visit$ h]1 he f\nd h] room empty1 9 disord] & d>kness4 ,he /ruck some?+ ) 8 foot2 x 0 h] head1 :i* _h be5 sev]$ f ! trunk1 because aft] h] sudd5 dea? h] corpse c\ld n o!rwise be got into ! lead c(f9 t /ood beside x4 ,aft] ov]com+ an imm5se sorr[1 ,ranc n[ became1 9 #affc1 ! re=m] ( ! ord] ( ! ,trappi/s1 :i* at t "t _h entirely relax$ ! /rictness ( its rules4 ,he jo9$ ?is ord]1 & ?r\gh him x 0 l$ back to t t]rible degree ( r5unciation :i* is /ill ma9ta9$ at ! pres5t day at ,la ,trappe1 &1 z ! me?odically c>ri$ out d5ial ( ! w1 aid$ by ! sev]e/ r5unciation & an incr$ibly h>d & pa9ful mann] ( life1 fills ! visitor ) sacr$ awe1 aft] he has be5 t\*$ at 8 reception by ! humility ( ^! g5u9e monks1 :o1 emaciat$ by fa/+1 by cold1 by night wat*es1 pray]s & p5ances1 kneel be=e him1 ! worldl+ & ! s9n]1 to implore 8 bless+4 ,( all ord]s ( monks1 ?is "o alone has ma9ta9$ itself 9 p]fection 9 ,france1 ?r\gh all *anges2 :i* is to be attribut$ to ! pr(\nd e>ne/ness :i* 9 x is unmi/akable1 & excludes all second>y ends4 ,x has rema9$ unt\*$ ev5 by ! decl9e ( religion1 because its root lies deep] 9 human nature ?an any positive sy/em ( belief4 ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! text t ?is great & rapid *ange ( ! inmo/ be+ ( man :i* we are "h consid]+1 & :i* has hi!rto be5 entirely neglect$ by philosoph]s1 appe>s mo/ frequ5tly :51 ) full consci\sness1 he /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( a viol5t & c]ta9 dea?1 ?us 9 ! case ( executions4 ,b1 9 ord] to br+ ?is process mu* m di/9ctly be=e our eyes1 ,i reg>d x z by no means unbecom+ to ! dignity ( philosophy to quote :at has be5 said by "s crim9als be=e _! execution1 ev5 at ! risk ( incurr+ ! sne] t ,i enc\rage gall[s' s]mons4 ,i c]ta9ly r believe t ! gall[s is a place ( q peculi> revelations1 & a wat*t[] f :i* ! man :o ev5 !n reta9s 8 pres5ce ( m9d obta9s a wid]1 cle>] outlook into et]nity ?an mo/ philosoph]s ov] ! p>agraphs ( _! rational psy*ology & !ology4 ,! foll[+ spee* on ! gall[s 0 made on ! #ae? ,april1 #ahcg1 at ,gl\ce/]1 by a man call$ ,b>tlett1 :o _h murd]$ 8 "m9law3 8,engli%m5 & fell[ c\ntrym51--,i h a few words to say to y1 & !y %all be b v few4 ,yet let me entreat y1 "o & all1 t ^! few words t ,i %all utt] may /rike deep into y\r he>ts4 ,be> !m 9 y\r m9d1 n only n[ :ile y are witness+ ?is sad sc5e1 b take !m to y\r homes1 take !m1 & repeat !m to y\r *ildr5 & fri5ds4 ,i implore y z a dy+ man--"o = :om ! in/rum5t ( dea? is ev5 n[ prep>$--& ^! words are t y may loose y\rselves f ! love ( ?is dy+ _w & its va9 pleasures4 ,?9k less ( x & m ( y\r ,god4 ,d ?is3 rep5t1 rep5t1 = be assur$ t )\t deep & true rep5tance1 )\t turn+ to y\r heav5ly ,fa!r1 y w nev] atta91 nor c hold ! slighte/ hope ( ev] rea*+ ^? b[]s ( bliss to :i* ,i tru/ ,i am n[ fa/ advanc+0 7,times1 #ah? ,april #ahcg74 ,/ill m rem>kable are ! la/ words ( ! wellkn[n murd]]1 ,gre5acre1 :o 0 execut$ 9 ,london on ! #a/ ( ,may #ahcg4 ,! ,engli% newspap] ! ,po/ gives ! foll[+ acc\nt1 :i* is also repr9t$ 9 ,galignani's ,mess5g] ( ! #f? ( ,may #ahcg3 8,on ! morn+ ( 8 execution a g5tleman advis$ him to put 8 tru/ 9 ,god1 & pray = =giv5ess ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,gre5acre repli$ t =giv5ess ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,*ri/ 0 a matt] ( op9ion2 = 8 "p1 he believ$ t 9 ! sight ( ! highe/ ,be+1 a ,mohamm$an 0 z good z a ,*ri/ian & _h j z mu* claim to salvation4 ,s9ce 8 imprisonm5t he _h _h 8 att5tion direct$ to !ological subjects1 & he _h become conv9c$ t ! gall[s is a passport to heav540 ,! indiff]5ce display$ "h t[>ds positive religions is j :at gives ?is utt]ance great] weight1 = x %[s t x is no fanatical delusion1 b individual imm$iate k t lies at its f\ndation4 ,! foll[+ incid5t may also be m5tion$ :i* is giv5 by ,galignani's ,mess5g] ( ! #ae? ,augu/ #ahcg1 f ! ,lim]ick ,*ronicle3 8,la/ ,monday ,m>ia ,cooney 0 execut$ = ! revolt+ murd] ( ,mrs4 ,&]son4 ,s deeply 0 ?is wret*$ woman impress$ ) ! greatness ( h] crime t %e kiss$ ! rope :i* 0 put r\nd h] neck1 :ile %e humbly implor$ ! m]cy ( ,god40 ,la/ly ?is3 ! ,times1 ( ! #bi? ,april #ahde gives sev]al lett]s :i* ,hock]1 :o 0 condemn$ = ! murd] ( ,del>ue1 wrote ! day be=e 8 execution4 ,9 "o ( ^! he says3 8,i am p]suad$ t unless ! natural he>t be brok51 & r5ew$ by div9e m]cy1 h[ev] noble & amiable x may be deem$ by ! _w1 x c nev] ?9k ( et]nity )\t inw>dly %udd]+40 ,^! are ! outlooks into et]nity ref]r$ to above :i* are obta9$ f t wat*t[]2 & ,i h _h ! less hesitation 9 giv+ !m "h s9ce ,%akspe>e also says-- 8,out ( ^! conv]tites ,!re is mu* matt] to be he>d & le>n$40 --,z ,y ,l x1 la/ sc5e4 ,/rauss1 9 8 8,life ( ,jesus10 has prov$ t ,*ri/ianity also ascribes to suff]+ z su* ! purify+ & sanctify+ p[] "h set =? 7,leb5 ,jesu1 vol4 i4 *4 #f1 #gb & #gd74 ,he says t ! beatitudes 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt h a diff]5t s5se 9 ,luke 7vi4 #ba7 f t :i* !y h 9 ,matt4 7v4 #c71 = only ! latt] adds to 1 & to 4 ,?us by him alone are ! simplem9d$1 ! humble1 c41 meant1 :ile by ,luke are meant ! lit]ally poor2 s t "h ! contra/ is t betwe5 pres5t suff]+ & future happ9ess4 ,) ! ,ebionites x is a capital pr9ciple t :oev] takes 8 portion 9 ?is age gets no?+ 9 ! future1 & conv]sely4 ,accord+ly 9 ,luke ! bless+s are foll[$ by z _m 1 woes1 :i* are address$ to ! ri*1 1 ! full1 1 & to !m t laugh1 1 9 ! ,ebionite _s4 ,9 ! same _s1 he says1 p4 #fjd1 is ! p>able 7,luke xvi4 #ai7 ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us giv51 :i* n[h]e m5tions any fault ( ! =m] or any m]it ( ! latt]1 & takes z ! /&>d ( ! future recomp5se1 n ! good done or ! wick$ness practis$1 b ! evil suff]$ "h & ! good ?+s enjoy$1 9 ! ,ebionite _s4 8,a l e/imation ( outw>d pov]ty10 ,/rauss goes on1 8is also attribut$ to ,jesus by ! o!r synopti/s 7,matt4 xix4 #af2 ,m>k x4 #ag2 ,luke xviii4 #ah71 9 ! /ory ( ! ri* "y man & ! say+ ab\t ! camel & ! eye ( a ne$le40 ,if we g to ! bottom ( ! matt] we w recognise t ev5 9 ! mo/ fam\s passages ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt !re is conta9$ an indirect injunction to volunt>y pov]ty1 & !reby to ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,= ! precept 7,matt4 v4 #dj seq47 to cons5t unconditionally to all dem&s made ^u u1 to give our cloak also to him :o w take away our coat1 c41 simil>ly 7,matt4 vi4 #becd7 ! precept to ca/ aside all c>e = ! future1 ev5 = ! morr[1 & s to live simply 9 ! pres5t1 are rules ( life ! obs]vance ( :i* inevitably leads to absolute pov]ty1 & :i* !re=e j say 9 an indirect mann] :at ,buddha directly comm&s 8 disciples & has confirm$ by 8 own example3 ?r[ ev]y?+ away & become bhikkhu1 i4e41 begg>s4 ,?is appe>s /ill m decid$ly 9 ! passage ,matt4 x4 #iae1 :]e all possessions1 ev5 %oes & a /aff1 are =bidd5 to ! ,apo/les1 & !y are direct$ to beg4 ,^! comm&s aft]w>ds became ! f\ndation ( ! m5dicant ord] ( ,/4 ,francis 7,bonav5tur vita ,s4 ,francisci1 c4 #c74 ,h5ce1 !n1 ,i say t ! _s ( ,*ri/ian e?ics is id5tical ) t ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,9 con=mity ) ! :ole view exp\nd$ "h ,mei/] ,eckh>d also says 7,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #dib73 8,! swifte/ animal t be>s !e to p]fection is suff]+40 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,! ,way ,( ,salvation4 ,!re is only "o inborn error1 & t is1 t we exi/ 9 ord] to be happy4 ,x is inborn 9 u because x is "o ) our exi/5ce itself1 & our :ole be+ is only a p>aphrase ( x1 nay1 our body is its monogram4 ,we are no?+ m ?an w to live & ! successive satisfaction ( all our volitions is :at we ?9k 9 ! conception ( happ9ess4 ,z long z we p]si/ 9 ?is inborn error1 inde$ ev5 become rigidly fix$ 9 x ?r\gh optimi/ic dogmas1 ! _w appe>s to u full ( contradictions4 ,= at e /ep1 9 great ?+s z 9 small1 we mu/ exp]i5ce t ! _w & life are by no means arrang$ ) a view to conta9+ a happy exi/5ce4 ,:ile n[ by ?is ! ?\ghtless man only f9ds himself torm5t$ 9 reality1 9 ! case ( him :o ?9ks !re is add$ to 8 real pa9 ! !oretical p]plexity :y a _w & a life :i* exi/ 9 ord] t "o may be happy 9 !m answ] _! end s badly4 ,fir/ ( all x f9ds expression 9 pi\s ejaculations1 su* z1 8,ah6 :y are ! te>s on e>? s _m80 c4 c4 ,b 9 _! tra9 come disquiet+ d\bts ab\t ! assumptions ( ^? preconceiv$ optimi/ic dogmas4 ,"o may try if "o w to ?r[ ! blame ( "o's individual unhapp9ess n[ ^u ! circum/ances1 n[ ^u o!r m51 n[ ^u "o's own bad luck1 or ev5 ^u "o's own awkw>dness1 & may "k well h[ all ^! h work$ toge!r to produce x2 b ?is 9 no way alt]s ! result t "o has miss$ ! real end ( life1 :i* consi/s inde$ 9 be+ happy4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is is1 !n1 (t5 v depress+1 especially if life is already on ! wane2 h5ce ! c\nt5ances ( almo/ all eld]ly p]sons we> ! expression ( t :i* 9 ,engli% is call$ disappo9tm5t4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 hi!rto e day ( our life has taught u t joys & pleasures1 ev5 if atta9$1 are 9 !mselves delusive1 d n p]=m :at !y promise1 d n satisfy ! he>t1 & f9ally _! possession is at lea/ embitt]$ by ! disagreeables t accompany !m or spr+ f !m2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! pa9s & sorr[s prove !mselves v real1 & (t5 exce$ all expectation4 ,?us c]ta9ly ev]y?+ 9 life is calculat$ to recall u f t orig9al error1 & to conv9ce u t ! end ( our exi/5ce is n to be happy4 ,inde$1 if we reg>d x m closely & )\t prejudice1 life r pres5ts itself z specially int5d$ to be su* t we %all n feel ourselves happy 9 x1 = ?r\gh its :ole nature x be>s ! "* ( some?+ = :i* we h no ta/e1 :i* mu/ be endur$ by u1 & f :i* we h to return z f an error t our he>t may be cur$ ( ! passionate desire ( enjoym5t1 nay1 ( life1 & turn$ away f ! _w4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x w\ld be m correct to place ! end ( life 9 our woe ?an 9 our welf>e4 ,= ! consid]ations at ! conclusion ( ! prec$+ *apt] h %[n t ! m "o suff]s ! soon] "o atta9s to ! true end ( life1 & t ! m happily "o lives ! long] ?is is delay$4 ,! conclusion ( ! la/ lett] ( ,s5eca corresponds ) ?is3 bonum tunc habebis tuum1 quum intelliges infelicissimos esse felices2 :i* c]ta9ly seems to %[ ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! peculi> effect ( ! tragic drama also ultimately dep5ds ^u ! fact t x %akes t inborn error by vividly pres5t+ 9 a great & /rik+ example ! vanity ( human ef=t & ! no?+ness ( ?is :ole exi/5ce1 & ?us discloses ! pr(\nd significance ( life2 h5ce x is recognis$ z ! sublime/ =m ( poetry4 ,:oev] n[ has return$ by "o or o!r pa? f t error :i* dwells 9 u a priori1 t ( our exi/5ce1 w soon see all 9 ano!r light1 & w n[ f9d ! _w 9 h>mony ) 8 insight1 al?\gh n ) 8 wi%es4 ,mis=tunes ( e k9d & magnitude1 al?\gh !y pa9 him1 w no long] surprise him1 = he has come to see t x is j pa9 & tr\ble t t5d t[>ds ! true end ( life1 ! turn+ away ( ! w f x4 ,?is w give him inde$ a wond]ful compos$ness 9 all t may happ51 simil> to t ) :i* a sick p]son :o und]goes a long & pa9ful cure be>s ! pa9 ( x z a sign ( its efficacy4 ,9 ! :ole ( human exi/5ce suff]+ expresses itself cle>ly en\gh z its true de/9y4 ,life is deeply sunk 9 suff]+1 & _c escape f x2 our entrance into x takes place amid te>s1 its c\rse is at bottom always tragic1 & its end /ill m s4 ,!re is an unmi/akable appe>ance ( int5tion 9 ?is4 ,z a rule man's de/9y passes ?r\gh 8 m9d 9 a /rik+ mann]1 at ! v summit ( 8 desires & ef=ts1 & ?us 8 life receives a tragic t5d5cy by virtue ( :i* x is fitt$ to free him f ! passionate desire ( :i* e individual exi/5ce is an example1 & br+ him into su* a condition t he p>ts ) life )\t reta9+ a s+le desire = x & its pleasures4 ,suff]+ is1 9 fact1 ! purify+ process ?r\gh :i* alone1 9 mo/ cases1 ! man is sanctifi$1 i4e41 is l$ back f ! pa? ( error ( ! w to live4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! salut>y nature ( ! cross & ( suff]+ is s (t5 expla9$ 9 ,*ri/ian books ( edification1 & 9 g5]al ! cross1 an in/rum5t ( suff]+1 n ( do+1 is v suitably ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,nay1 ev5 ! ,prea*]1 :o is /ill ,jewi%1 b s v philosophical1 rightly says3 8,sorr[ is bett] ?an laught]3 = by ! sadness ( ! c\nt5ance ! he>t is made bett]0 7,eccles4 vii4 #c74 ,"u ! "n ( ! ,i h pres5t$ suff]+ z to a c]ta9 ext5t a sub/itute = virtue & hol9ess2 b "h ,i mu/ make ! bold ass]tion t1 tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 we h m to hope = our salvation & deliv]ance f :at we suff] ?an f :at we d4 ,precisely 9 ?is _s ,lam>t9e v beautifully says 9 8 8,hymne la d\leur10 apo/rophis+ pa93-- 8,tu me traites sans d\te en favori des cieux1 ,c> tu n'p>gnes pas les l>mes mes yeux4 ,eh bi56 je les reois comme tu les envoies1 ,tes maux s]ont mes bi5s1 et tes s\pirs mes joies4 ,je s5s qu'il e/ en toi1 sans avoir combattu1 ,une v]tu div9e au lieu de ma v]tu1 ,que tu n'es pas la mort l'me1 mais sa vie1 ,que ton bras1 en frappant1 gurit et vivifie40 ,if1 !n1 suff]+ itself has su* a sanctify+ p[]1 ?is w belong 9 an ev5 high] degree to dea?1 :i* is m fe>$ ?an any suff]+4 ,answ]+ to ?is1 a c]ta9 awe1 k9dr$ to t :i* great suff]+ occasions u1 is felt 9 ! pres5ce ( e dead p]son1 inde$ e case ( dea? pres5ts itself to a c]ta9 ext5t z a k9d ( apo!osis or canonisation2 !re=e we _c look ^u ! dead body ( ev5 ! mo/ insignificant man )\t awe1 & inde$1 extraord9>y z ! rem>k may s\nd 9 ?is place1 9 ! pres5ce ( e corpse ! wat* goes "u arms4 ,dy+ is c]ta9ly to be reg>d$ z ! real aim ( life3 9 ! mom5t ( dea? all t is decid$ = :i* ! :ole c\rse ( life 0 only ! prep>ation & introduction4 ,dea? is ! result1 ! ,rsum ( life1 or ! add$ up sum :i* expresses at once ! in/ruction :i* life gave 9 detail1 & bit by bit2 ?is1 t ! :ole /riv+ ^: manife/ation is life 0 a va91 idle1 & self contradictory ef=t1 to h return$ f :i* is a deliv]ance4 ,z ! :ole1 sl[ vegetation ( ! plant is relat$ to ! fruit1 :i* n[ at a /roke a*ieves a hundr$fold :at ! plant a*iev$ gradually & bit by bit1 s life1 ) its ob/acles1 delud$ hopes1 fru/rat$ plans1 & con/ant suff]+1 is relat$ to dea?1 :i* at "o /roke de/roys all1 all t ! man has will$1 & s cr[ns ! in/ruction :i* life gave him4 ,! complet$ c\rse ( life ^u :i* ! dy+ man looks back has an effect ^u ! :ole w t objectifies itself 9 ?is p]i%+ individuality1 analog\s to t :i* a motive ex]cises ^u ! conduct ( ! man4 ,x gives x a new direction1 :i* accord+ly is ! moral & ess5tial result ( ! life4 ,j because a sudd5 dea? makes ?is retrospect impossible1 ! ,*ur* reg>ds su* a dea? z a mis=tune1 & prays t x %\ld be av]t$4 ,s9ce ?is retrospect1 l ! di/9ct =ekn[l$ge ( dea?1 z condition$ by ! reason1 is possible only 9 man1 n 9 ! brute1 & accord+ly man alone really dr9ks ! cup ( dea?1 humanity is ! only mat]ial 9 :i* ! w c d5y itself & entirely turn away f life4 ,to ! w t does n d5y itself e bir? imp>ts a new & diff]5t intellect1--till x has le>n$ ! true nature ( life1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is wills x no m4 ,9 ! natural c\rse1 9 age ! decay ( ! body co9cides ) t ( ! w4 ,! desire = pleasures soon vani%es ) ! capacity to enjoy !m4 ,! occasion ( ! mo/ vehem5t will+1 ! focus ( ! w1 ! sexual impulse1 is fir/ ext+ui%$1 :]eby ! man is plac$ 9 a position :i* resembles ! /ate ( innoc5ce :i* exi/$ be=e ! developm5t ( ! g5ital sy/em4 ,! illusions1 :i* set up *im]as z exce$+ly desirable b5efits1 vani%1 & ! k ( ! vanity ( all e>?ly bless+s takes _! place4 ,selfi%ness is repress$ by ! love ( "o's *ildr51 by means ( :i* ! man already beg9s to live m 9 ! ego ( o!rs ?an 9 8 own1 :i* n[ w soon be no m4 ,?is c\rse ( life is at lea/ ! desirable "o2 x is ! eu?anasia ( ! w4 ,9 hope ( ?is ! ,brahman is ord]$1 aft] he has pass$ ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life1 to =sake possessions & family1 & lead ! life ( a h]mit 7,m5u1 ,b4 #f71 ,b if1 conv]sely1 ! desire outlives ! capacity = enjoym5t1 & we n[ regret p>ticul> pleasures 9 life :i* we miss1 in/ead ( see+ ! empt9ess & vanity ( all2 & if !n gold1 ! ab/ract repres5tative ( ! objects ( desire = :i* ! s5se is dead1 takes ! place ( all ^! objects !mselves1 & n[ excites ! same vehem5t passions :i* 7 =m]ly m p>donably awak5$ by ! objects ( actual pleasure1 & ?us n[ ) dead5$ s5ses a lifeless b inde/ructible object is desir$ ) equally inde/ructible eag]ness2 or1 also1 if1 9 ! same way1 exi/5ce 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs takes ! place ( exi/5ce & action 9 ! real _w1 & n[ k9dles ! same passions2--!n ! w has become sublimat$ & e!realis$ into av>ice or ambition2 b has !reby ?r[n itself into ! la/ =tress1 9 :i* x c only n[ be besieg$ by dea?4 ,! end ( exi/5ce has be5 miss$4 ,all ^! consid]ations af=d u a full] explanation ( t purification1 conv]sion ( ! w & deliv]ance1 d5ot$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] by ! expression :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! suff]+ ( life1 & )\t d\bt is ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,= x is ! way ( s9n]s su* z we all are4 ,! o!r way1 :i* leads to ! same goal1 by means ( m]e k & ! consequ5t appropriation ( ! suff]+ ( a :ole _w1 is ! n>r[ pa? ( ! elect1 ! sa9ts1 & !re=e to be reg>d$ z a r>e exception4 ,!re=e )\t t fir/ way = mo/ ( u !re w\ld be no salvation to hope =4 ,h[ev]1 we /ruggle aga9/ ent]+ ^u x1 & /rive r to procure = ourselves a safe & agreeable exi/5ce1 :]eby we *a9 our w ev] m firmly to life4 ,! conduct ( ! ascetics is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,!y make _! life int5tionally z poor1 h>d1 & empty ( pleasure z possible1 because !y h _! true & ultimate welf>e 9 view4 ,b fate & ! c\rse ( ?+s c>e = u bett] ?an we ourselves1 = !y fru/rate on all sides our arrangem5ts = an utopian life1 ! folly ( :i* is evid5t en\gh f its brevity1 unc]ta9ty1 & empt9ess1 & its conclusion by bitt] dea?2 !y /rew ?orns ^u ?orns 9 our pa?1 & meet u ev]y:]e ) heal+ sorr[1 ! panacea ( our mis]y4 ,:at really gives its wond]ful & ambigu\s "* to our life is ?is1 t two diametrically opposite aims con/antly cross ea* o!r 9 x2 t ( ! individual w direct$ to *im]ical happ9ess 9 an ephem]al1 dreaml1 & delusive exi/5ce1 9 :i*1 ) ref]5ce to ! pa/1 happ9ess & unhapp9ess are a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & ! pres5t is e mom5t becom+ ! pa/2 & t ( fate visibly en\gh direct$ to ! de/ruction ( our happ9ess1 & !reby to ! mortification ( our w & ! abolition ( ! illusion t holds u *a9$ 9 ! bonds ( ?is _w4 ,! preval5t & peculi>ly ,prote/ant view t ! end ( life lies solely & imm$iately 9 ! moral virtues1 ?us 9 ! practice ( ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 betrays its insuffici5cy ev5 9 ! fact t s mis]ably little real & pure morality is f\nd among m54 ,i am n speak+ at all ( l(ty virtue1 nobl5ess1 magnanimity1 & self sacrifice1 :i* "o h>dly f9ds any:]e b 9 plays & novels1 b only ( ^? virtues :i* are ! duty ( e "o4 ,let :oev] is old ?9k ( all ^? ) :om he has _h to d2 h[ _m p]sons w he h met :o 7 m]ely really & truly hone/8 ,7 n by f> ! great] numb]1 9 spite ( _! %ameless indignation at ! slighte/ suspicion ( di%one/y or ev5 untru?fulness1 9 pla9 words1 ! precise opposite8 ,7 n abject selfi%ness1 b\ndless av>ice1 well conceal$ knav]y1 & also poison\s envy & fi5di% delight 9 ! mis=tunes ( o!rs s univ]sally preval5t t ! slighte/ exception 0 met ) surprise8 ,& b5evol5ce1 h[ v r>ely x ext5ds beyond a gift ( :at is s sup]flu\s t "o nev] misses x4 ,& is ! :ole end ( exi/5ce to lie 9 su* exce$+ly r>e & weak traces ( morality8 ,if we place x1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! entire rev]sal ( ?is nature ( ours 7:i* be>s ! evil fruits j m5tion$7 br\ght ab\t by suff]+1 ! matt] ga9s an appe>ance ( probability & is br\ght into agreem5t ) :at actually lies be=e u4 ,life pres5ts itself !n z a purify+ process1 ( :i* ! purify+ lye is pa94 ,if ! process is c>ri$ out1 x leaves beh9d x ! previ\s immorality & wick$ness z refuse1 & !re appe>s :at ! ,v$a says3 8,f9ditur nodus cordis1 dissolvuntur omnes dubitationes1 ejusque op]a evanescunt40 ,z agree+ ) ?is view ! fifte5? s]mon ( ,mei/] ,eckh>d w be f\nd v well wor? read+4 ,*apt] ,l4 ,epiphilosophy4 ,at ! conclusion ( my exposition a few reflections conc]n+ my philosophy itself may f9d _! place4 ,my philosophy does n pret5d to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! _w 9 its ultimate gr\nds3 x r /icks to ! facts ( ext]nal & int]nal exp]i5ce z !y are accessible to e "o1 & %[s ! true & deepe/ connection ( !m )\t really go+ beyond !m to any extramundane ?+s & _! relations to ! _w4 ,x !re=e arrives at no conclusions z to :at lies beyond all possible exp]i5ce1 b af=ds m]ely an exposition ( :at is giv5 9 ! ext]nal _w & 9 selfconsci\sness1 ?us cont5ts itself ) compreh5d+ ! nature ( ! _w 9 its inn] connection ) itself4 ,x is consequ5tly imman5t1 9 ! ,kantian s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b j on ?is acc\nt x leaves _m que/ions unt\*$2 = example1 :y :at is prov$ z a fact is z x is & n o!rwise1 c4 ,all su* que/ions1 h[ev]1 or r ! answ]s to !m1 are really transc5d5t1 i4e41 !y _c be ?\ght by ! =ms & functions ( our intellect1 d n ent] into ^!2 x is !re=e relat$ to !m z our s5sibility is relat$ to ! possible prop]ties ( bodies = :i* we h no s5ses4 ,aft] all my explanations "o may /ill ask1 = example1 :5ce has sprung ?is w t is free to ass]t itself1 ! manife/ation ( :i* is ! _w1 or to d5y itself1 ! manife/ation ( :i* we d n "k4 ,:at is ! fatality ly+ beyond all exp]i5ce :i* has plac$ x 9 ! v d\btful dilemma ( ei!r appe>+ z a _w 9 :i* suff]+ & dea? reign1 or else d5y+ its v be+8--or aga91 :at c h prevail$ ^u x to =sake ! inf9itely pref]able peace ( bless$ no?+ness8 ,an individual w1 "o may add1 c only turn to its own de/ruction ?r\gh error 9 ! *oice1 ?us ?r\gh ! fault ( k2 b ! w 9 itself1 be=e all manife/ation1 consequ5tly /ill )\t k1 h[ c\ld x g a/ray & fall into ! ru9 ( its pres5t condition8 ,:5ce 9 g5]al is ! great discord t p]meates ?is _w8 ,x may1 fur!r1 be ask$ h[ deep into ! true be+ ( ! _w ! roots ( individuality g2 to :i* x may c]ta9ly be answ]$3 !y g z deep z ! ass]tion ( ! w to live2 :]e ! d5ial ( ! w appe>s !y cease1 = !y h aris5 ) ! ass]tion4 ,b "o might inde$ ev5 put ! "q1 8,:at w\ld ,i be if ,i 7 n w to live80 & m ( ! same k9d4 ,to all su* que/ions we w\ld fir/ h to reply t ! expression ( ! mo/ univ]sal & g5]al =m ( our intellect is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 b t j on ?is acc\nt t pr9ciple f9ds application only to ! ph5om5on1 n to ! be+ 9 itself ( ?+s4 ,yet all :5ce & :y dep5d ^u t pr9ciple alone4 ,z a result ( ! ,kantian philosophy x is no long] an t]na v]itas1 b m]ely ! =m1 i4e41 ! function1 ( our intellect1 :i* is ess5tially c]ebral1 & orig9ally a m]e tool 9 ! s]vice ( ! w1 :i* x !re=e presupposes toge!r ) all its objectifications4 ,b our :ole kn[+ & conceiv+ is b\nd to its =ms2 accord+ly we mu/ conceive ev]y?+ 9 "t1 consequ5tly z a be=e & aft]1 !n z cause & effect1 & also z above & bel[1 :ole & "p1 c41 & _c by any means escape f ?is sph]e 9 :i* all possibility ( our k lies4 ,n[ ^! =ms are utt]ly unsuit$ to ! problems rais$ "h1 nor are !y fit or able to compreh5d _! solution ev5 if x 7 giv54 ,!re=e ) our intellect1 ?is m]e tool ( ! w1 we are ev]y:]e /rik+ ^u insoluble problems1 z aga9/ ! walls ( our prison4 ,b1 besides ?is1 x may at lea/ be assum$ z probable t n only = u is k ( all t has be5 ask$ ab\t impossible1 b no su* k is possible 9 g5]al1 ?us nev] & 9 no way2 t ^! relations are n only relatively b absolutely insusceptible ( inve/igation2 t n only does no "o "k !m1 b t !y are 9 !mselves unkn[able1 because !y d n ent] into ! =m ( k 9 g5]al4 7,?is corresponds to :at ,scotus ,erig5a says1 de mirabili div9a ignorantia1 qua ,deus non intelligit quid ipse sit4 ,lib4 ii47 ,= kn[abl5ess 9 g5]al1 ) its mo/ ess5tial1 & !re=e con/antly necess>y =m ( subject & object1 belongs m]ely to ! ph5om5al appe>ance1 n to ! be+ 9 itself ( ?+s4 ,:]e k1 & consequ5tly idea1 is1 !re is also only ph5om5on1 & we /& !re already 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ph5om5al2 nay1 k 9 g5]al is kn[n to u only z a ph5om5on ( bra91 & we are n only unju/ifi$ 9 conceiv+ x o!rwise1 b also incapable ( do+ s4 ,:at ! _w is z _w may be und]/ood3 x is ph5om5al manife/ation2 & we c "k t :i* manife/s itself 9 x1 directly f ourselves1 by means ( a ?or\gh analysis ( selfconsci\sness4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 by means ( ?is key to ! nature ( ! _w1 ! :ole ph5om5al manife/ation c be deciph]$1 z ,i believe ,i h succe$$ 9 do+4 ,b if we leave ! _w 9 ord] to answ] ! que/ions indicat$ above1 we h also left ! :ole sph]e 9 :i*1 n only connection accord+ to reason & consequ5t1 b ev5 k itself is possible2 !n all is in/abilis tellus1 innabilis unda4 ,! nature ( ?+s be=e or beyond ! _w1 & consequ5tly beyond ! w1 is op5 to no inve/igation2 because k 9 g5]al is itself only a ph5om5on1 & !re=e exi/s only 9 ! _w z ! _w exi/s only 9 x4 ,! inn] be+ 9 itself ( ?+s is no?+ t kn[s1 no intellect1 b an unconsci\s2 k is only add$ z an accid5t1 a means ( assi/ance to ! ph5om5on ( t inn] be+1 & c !re=e appreh5d t be+ itself only 9 proportion to its own nature1 :i* is design$ ) ref]5ce to q diff]5t ends 7^? ( ! individual w71 consequ5tly v imp]fectly4 ,"h lies ! reason :y a p]fect und]/&+ ( ! exi/5ce1 nature1 & orig9 ( ! _w1 ext5d+ to its ultimate gr\nd & satisfy+ all dem&s1 is impossible4 ,s mu* z to ! limits ( my philosophy1 & inde$ ( all philosophy4 ,! 1 i4e41 t ! inn] nature 9 all ?+s is absolutely "o & ! same1 my age _h already grasp$ & und]/ood1 aft] ! ,eleatics1 ,scotus ,erig5a1 ,giordano ,bruno1 & ,sp9oza _h ?or\ghly taught1 & ,s*ell+ _h reviv$ ?is doctr9e4 ,b :at ?is "o is1 & h[ x is able to exhibit itself z ! _m1 is a problem ! solution ( :i* is fir/ f\nd 9 my philosophy4 ,c]ta9ly f ! mo/ anci5t times man _h be5 call$ ! microcosm4 ,i h rev]s$ ! proposition1 & %[n ! _w z ! macran?ropos3 because w & idea exhau/ its nature z !y d t ( man4 ,b x is cle>ly m correct to le>n to und]/& ! _w f man ?an man f ! _w2 = "o has to expla9 :at is indirectly giv51 ?us ext]nal p]ception f :at is directly giv51 ?us selfconsci\sness--n conv]sely4 ,) ! ,pan!i/s1 !n1 ,i h c]ta9ly t 9 common1 b n ! 2 because ,i d n g beyond exp]i5ce 7tak5 9 its wide/ s5se71 & /ill less d ,i put myself 9 contradiction ) ! data :i* lie be=e me4 ,scotus ,erig5a1 q consi/5tly ) ! _s ( ,pan!ism1 expla9s e ph5om5on z a !ophany2 b !n ?is conception mu/ also be appli$ to ! mo/ t]rible & abom9able ph5om5a4 ,f9e !ophanies6 ,:at fur!r di/+ui%es me f ,pan!ism is pr9cipally ! foll[+4 7#a74 ,t _! is an x1 an unkn[n quantity2 ! w1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( all possible ?+s ! "o t is kn[n to u mo/ exactly1 ! only ?+ giv5 imm$iately1 & !re=e exclusively fitt$ = ! explanation ( ! re/4 ,= :at is unkn[n mu/ always be expla9$ by :at is bett] kn[n2 n conv]sely4 7#b74 ,t _! manife/s himself animi causa1 to unfold 8 glory1 or1 inde$1 to let himself be admir$4 ,ap>t f ! vanity "h attribut$ to him1 !y are plac$ 9 ! position ( be+ oblig$ to sophi/icate away ! colossal evil ( ! _w2 b ! _w rema9s 9 gl>+ & t]rible contradiction ) t imag9$ excell5ce4 ,) me1 on ! contr>y1 ! w arrives ?r\gh its objectification h[ev] ?is may occur1 at selfk1 :]eby its abolition1 conv]sion1 salvation becomes possible4 ,& accord+ly1 ) me alone e?ics has a sure f\ndation & is completely work$ out 9 agreem5t ) ! sublime & pr(\nd religions1 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 & ,*ri/ianity1 n m]ely ) ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,! metaphysic ( ! beautiful also is fir/ fully cle>$ up z a result ( my fundam5tal tru?1 & no long] requires to take refuge beh9d empty words4 ,) me alone is ! evil ( ! _w hone/ly confess$ 9 its :ole magnitude3 ?is is r5d]$ possible by ! fact t ! answ] to ! "q z to its orig9 co9cides ) ! answ] to ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 all o!r sy/ems1 s9ce !y are all optimi/ic1 ! "q z to ! orig9 ( evil is ! incurable disease1 ev] break+ out anew1 ) :i* !y are affect$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y /ruggle along ) palliatives & quack rem$ies4 7#c47 ,t ,i />t f exp]i5ce & ! natural selfconsci\sness giv5 to e "o1 & lead to ! w z t :i* alone is metaphysical2 ?us ,i adopt ! asc5d+1 analytical me?od4 ,! ,pan!i/s1 aga91 adopt ! opposite me?od1 ! desc5d+ or syn!tical4 ,!y />t f _! 1 :i* !y beg or take by =ce1 al?\gh sometimes "u ! "n sub/antia1 or absolute1 & ?is unkn[n is !n suppos$ to expla9 ev]y?+ t is bett] kn[n4 7#d47 ,t ) me ! _w does n fill ! :ole possibility ( all be+1 b 9 ?is !re /ill rema9s mu* room = t :i* we d5ote only negatively z ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,pan!ism1 on ! o!r h&1 is ess5tially optimism3 b if ! _w is :at is be/1 !n ! matt] may re/ !re4 7#e47 ,t to ! ,pan!i/s ! p]ceptible _w1 ?us ! _w ( idea1 is j ! int5tional manife/ation ( ! ,god indwell+ 9 x1 :i* conta9s no real explanation ( its appe>ance1 b r requires to be expla9$ itself4 ,) me1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _w z idea appe>s m]ely p] accid5s1 because ! intellect1 ) its ext]nal p]ception1 is prim>ily only ! m$ium ( motives = ! m p]fect ph5om5a ( w1 :i* gradually rises to t objectivity ( p]ceptibility1 9 :i* ! _w exi/s4 ,9 ?is s5se its orig91 z an object ( p]ception1 is really acc\nt$ =1 & n1 z ) ! ,pan!i/s1 by means ( unt5able fictions4 ,s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,kantian criticism ( all speculative !ology1 ! philosophis]s ( ,g]many almo/ all ?rew !mselves back ^u ,sp9oza1 s t ! :ole s]ies ( futile attempts kn[n by ! "n ( ! po/,kantian philosophy are simply ,sp9ozism ta/elessly dress$ up1 veil$ 9 all k9ds ( un9telligible language1 & o!rwise di/ort$1 ,i wi%1 n[ t ,i h expla9$ ! relation ( my philosophy to ,pan!ism 9 g5]al1 to po9t out its relation to ,sp9ozism 9 p>ticul>4 ,x /&s1 !n1 to ,sp9ozism z ! ,new ,te/am5t /&s to ! ,old4 ,:at ! ,old ,te/am5t has 9 common ) ! ,new is ! same ,god,creator4 ,analog\s to ?is1 ! _w exi/s1 ) me z ) ,sp9oza1 by its inn] p[] & ?r\gh itself4 ,b ) ,sp9oza 8 sub/antia t]na1 ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 :i* he himself calls ,god1 is also1 z reg>ds its moral "* & wor?1 ,jehovah1 ! ,god,creator1 :o applauds ,8 own creation1 & f9ds t all is v good1 4 ,sp9oza has depriv$ ,him ( no?+ b p]sonality4 ,?us1 accord+ to him also1 ! _w & all 9 x is :olly excell5t & z x ought to be3 !re=e man has no?+ m to d ?an viv]e1 ag]e1 suum ,esse cons]v>e ex fundam5to proprium utile qur5di 7,e?41 iv4 pr4 #fg72 he is ev5 to rejoice 9 8 life z long z x la/s2 entirely 9 accordance ) ,ecclesia/es ix4 #gaj4 ,9 %ort1 x is optimism3 !re=e its e?ical side is weak1 z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 nay1 x is ev5 false1 & 9 "p revolt+47#ed7 ,) me1 on ! o!r h&1 ! w1 or ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 is by no means ,jehovah1 x is r1 z x 71 ! crucifi$ ,savi\r1 or ! crucifi$ ?ief1 accord+ z x resolves4 ,!re=e my e?ical tea*+ agrees ) t ( ,*ri/ianity1 completely & 9 its highe/ t5d5cies1 & n less ) t ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,sp9oza c\ld n get rid ( ! ,jews2 quo semel e/ imbuta rec5s s]vabit odorem4 ,8 contempt = ! brutes1 :i*1 z m]e ?+s = our use1 he also decl>es to be )\t rights1 is ?or\ghly ,jewi%1 &1 9 union ) ,pan!ism1 is at ! same "t absurd & dete/able 7,e?41 iv41 app5dix1 c4 #bg74 ,) all ?is ,sp9oza rema9s a v great man4 ,b 9 ord] to e/imate 8 "w correctly we mu/ keep 9 view 8 relation to ,desc>tes4 ,! latt] _h %>ply divid$ nature into m9d & matt]1 i4e41 ?9k+ & ext5d$ sub/ance1 & _h also plac$ ,god & ! _w 9 complete opposition to ea* o!r2 ,sp9oza also1 s long z he 0 a ,c>tesian1 taught all t 9 8 8,cogitatis ,metaphysicis10 c4 #ab1 i4 ,i41 #affe4 ,only 9 8 lat] ye>s did he see ! fundam5tal fals5ess ( t d\ble dualism2 & accord+ly 8 own philosophy pr9cipally consi/s ( ! indirect abolition ( ^! two anti!ses4 ,yet p>tly to avoid injur+ 8 tea*]1 p>tly 9 ord] to be less (f5sive1 he gave x a positive appe>ance by means ( a /rictly dogmatic =m1 al?\gh its cont5t is *iefly negative4 ,8 id5tification ( ! _w ) ,god has also ?is negative significance alone4 ,= to call ! _w ,god is n to expla9 x3 x rema9s a riddle "u ! "o "n z "u ! o!r4 ,b ^! two negative tru?s _h value = _! age1 z = e age 9 :i* !re /ill are consci\s or unconsci\s ,c>tesians4 ,he makes ! mi/ake1 common to all philosoph]s be=e ,locke1 ( />t+ f conceptions1 )\t hav+ previ\sly inve/igat$ _! orig91 su*1 = example1 z sub/ance1 cause1 c41 & 9 su* a me?od ( proc$ure ^! conceptions !n receive a mu* too ext5sive validity4 ,^? :o 9 ! mo/ rec5t times refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! ,neo,sp9ozism :i* _h appe>$1 = example1 ,jacobi1 7 pr9cipally det]r$ f do+ s by ! bugbe> ( fatalism4 ,by ?is is to be und]/ood e doctr9e :i* ref]s ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 toge!r ) ! critical position ( mank9d 9 x1 to any absolute necessity1 i4e41 to a necessity t _c be fur!r expla9$4 ,^? :o fe>$ fatalism1 aga91 believ$ t all t 0 ( importance 0 to d$uce ! _w f ! free act ( w ( a be+ exi/+ outside x2 z if x 7 antec$5tly c]ta9 :i* ( ! two 0 m correct1 or ev5 bett] m]ely 9 relation to u4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 especially assum$ "h is ! non datur t]tium1 & accord+ly hi!rto e philosophy has repres5t$ "o or ! o!r4 ,i am ! fir/ to dep>t f ?is2 = ,i h actually e/abli%$ ! ,t]tium3 ! act ( w f :i* ! _w arises is our own4 ,x is free2 = ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 f :i* alone all necessity d]ives its significance1 is m]ely ! =m ( its ph5om5on4 ,j on ?is acc\nt ?is ph5om5on1 if x once exi/s1 is absolutely necess>y 9 its c\rse2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is alone we c recognise 9 x ! nature ( ! act ( w1 & accord+ly ev5tualit] w o!rwise4 ,,app5dix4 ,ab/ract4 ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,f\rfold ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason 7,f\r? ,edition1 ,edit$ by ,,frau5/,,dt4 ,! ,fir/ ,edition appe>$ 9 #ahac74 ,?is essay is divid$ into eight *apt]s4 ,! fir/ is introductory4 ,! second conta9s an hi/orical review ( previ\s philosophical doctr9es on ! subject4 ,! ?ird deals ) ! insuffici5cy ( ! previ\s treatm5t ( ! pr9ciple1 & prescribes ! l9es ( ! new dep>ture4 ,! f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 & sev5? treat ( ! f\r classes ( objects = ! subject1 & ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* respectively *>act]ise ^! classes4 ,! eigh? conta9s g5]al rem>ks & results4 ,x w be conv5i5t to summ>ise ^! *apt]s sev]ally4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,s*op5hau] po9ts out t ,plato & ,kant agree 9 recomm5d+1 z ! me?od ( all k1 ob$i5ce to two laws3--t ( ,homog5eity1 & t ( ,specification4 ,! =m] bids u1 by att5tion to ! po9ts ( resemblance & agreem5t 9 ?+s1 get at _! k9ds1 & comb9e !m into species1 & ^! species aga9 into g5]a1 until we h arriv$ at ! highe/ concept ( all1 t :i* embraces ev]y?+4 ,?is law be+ transc5d5tal1 or an ess5tial 9 our faculty ( reason1 assumes t nature is 9 h>mony ) x1 an assumption :i* is express$ 9 ! old rule3 ,entia prt] necessitatem non esse multiplic&a4 ,! law ( ,specification1 on ! o!r h&1 is /at$ by ,kant 9 ^! words3 ,entium v>ietates non tem]e esse m9u5das4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ! species :i* are unit$ "u a g5us1 & ! l[] k9ds :i* 9 _! turn are unit$ "u ^! species2 tak+ c>e n to make a leap1 & subsume ! l[] k9ds & individuals "u ! concept ( ! g5us1 s9ce ?is is always capable ( division1 b nev] desc5ds to ! object ( pure p]ception4 ,plato & ,kant agree t ^! laws are transc5d5tal1 & t !y presuppose t ?+s are 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,! previ\s treatm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ev5 by ,kant1 has be5 a failure1 ow+ to ! neglect ( ! second ( ^! laws4 ,x may well be t we %all f9d t ?is pr9ciple is ! common expression ( m ?an "o fundam5tal pr9ciple ( k1 & t ! necessity1 to :i* x ref]s1 is !re=e ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,x may be /at$ 9 ^! words3 ,nihil e/ s9e ratione cur potius sit1 quam non sit4 ,?is is ! g5]al expression = ! diff]5t =ms ( ! assumption :i* ev]y:]e ju/ifies t "q 8,:y80 :i* is ! "m ( all sci5ce4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,s*op5hau] 9 ?is *apt] traces hi/orically ! =ms 9 :i* ! pr9ciple _h be5 /at$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & _! influ5ce4 ,he po9ts out t 9 ,greek philosophy x appe>$ 9 two aspects--t ( ! necessity ( a gr\nd = a logical judgm5t1 & t ( a cause = e physical *ange--& t ^! two aspects 7 sy/ematically conf\nd$4 ,! ,ari/otelian division1 n ( ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple itself1 b ( "o ( its aspects1 ! causal1 exemplifi$ a confusion :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s*ola/ic p]iod4 ,desc>tes succe$s no bett]4 ,8 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god t ! imm5sity ( ,8 nature is a cause or reason beyond :i* no cause is ne$$ = ,8 exi/5ce1 simply illu/rates ! gross confusion betwe5 cause & gr\nd ( k :i* und]lies e =m ( ?is ontological pro(4 8,t a mis]able fell[ l ,hegel1 ^: entire philosophy is no?+ b a mon/r\s amplification ( ! ontological pro(1 %\ld d>e to def5d ?is pro( aga9/ ,kant's criticism ( x is an alliance ( :i* ! ontological pro( itself1 little z x kn[s ( %ame1 might well feel a%am$4 ,x is n to be expect$ ,i %\ld speak respectfully ( p :o h br\ght philosophy into disrespect40 ,sp9oza made ! same confusion :5 he laid x d[n t ! cause ( exi/5ce 0 ei!r conta9$ 9 ! nature & def9ition ( ! ?+ z x exi/$1 or 0 to be f\nd outside t ?+4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is confusion ( ! gr\nd ( k ) ! effici5t cause t he succe$$ 9 id5tify+ ,god ) ! _w4 ,! true picture ( ,sp9oza's 8,causa sui0 is ,b>on ,mun*haus5 encircl+ 8 horse ) 8 legs1 & rais+ himself & ! horse upw>ds by means ( 8 pigtail1 ) ! inscription 8,causa sui0 writt5 bel[4 ,leibnitz 0 ! fir/ to place ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 ! position ( a fir/ pr9ciple1 & to indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 its two mean+s4 ,b x 0 ,wolff :o fir/ completely di/+ui%$ !m1 & divid$ ! doctr9e into ?ree k9ds3 pr9cipium fi5di 7cause71 pr9cipium ess5di 7possibility71 & pr9cipium cognosc5di4 ,baumg>t51 ,reim>us1 ,lamb]t1 & ,platn] add$ no?+ to ! "w ( ,wolff1 & ! next great /ep 0 ,hume's "q z to ! validity ( ! pr9ciple4 ,kant's di/9ction ( ! logical or =mal pr9ciple ( k--,e proposition mu/ h its gr\nd2 f ! transc5d5tal or mat]ial pr9ciple1 ,e ?+ mu/ h its gr\nd--0 foll[$ out by 8 imm$iate successors4 ,b :5 we come to ,s*ell+ we f9d ! proposition t gravitation is ! reason & light ! cause ( ?+s1 a proposition :i* is quot$ simply z a curiosity1 = su* a piece ( nons5se des]ves no place among ! op9ions ( e>ne/ & hone/ inquir]s4 ,! *apt] concludes by po9t+ out ! futility ( ! attempts to prove ! pr9ciple4 ,e pro( is ! exhibition ( ! gr\nd ( a judgm5t :i* has be5 express$1 & ( :i*1 j because t gr\nd is exhibit$1 we pr$icate tru?4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is j ?is expression ( ! dem& = su* a gr\nd1 & he :o seeks a pro(1 i4e41 ! exhibition ( a gr\nd = ?is pr9ciple itself1 presupposes x z true1 & s falls into ! circle ( seek+ a pro( ( ! ju/ification ( ! dem& = pro(4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ,s*op5hau] po9ts out t ! two applications ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason di/+ui%$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 to judgm5ts1 :i* mu/ h a gr\nd1 & to ! *anges ( real objects1 :i* mu/ h a cause1 are n exhau/ive4 ,! reason :y ! ?ree sides ( a c]ta9 triangle are equal is t ! angles are equal1 & ?is is nei!r a logical d$uction nor a case ( causation4 ,) a view to /at+ exhau/ively ! v>i\s k9ds into :i* ! application ( ! pr9ciple falls x is necess>y to det]m9e ! nature ( ! pr9ciple itself4 ,all our ideas are objects ( ! subject1 & all objects ( ! subject are our ideas4 ,b our ideas /& to "o ano!r z a matt] ( fact 9 an ord]ly connection1 :i* is always det]m9able a priori 9 po9t ( =m1 & on acc\nt ( :i* no?+ t is 9 itself sep>ate & :olly indep5d5t ( o!r ?+s c be ! object ( our consci\sness4 ,x is ?is connection :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its g5]ality expresses4 ,! relations :i* con/itute x are :at ,s*op5hau] calls its root1 & !y fall into f\r classes1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ! f\r foll[+ *apt]s4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ,s*op5hau] deals ) ! fir/ class ( objects = ! subject & ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* obta9s 9 x4 ,?is fir/ class is t ( ^? complete ideas ( p]ception :i* =m "p ( our exp]i5ce1 & :i* are ref]able to "s s5sation ( our bodies4 ,^! ideas are capable ( be+ p]ceiv$ only "u ! =ms ( ,space & ,"t4 ,if "t 7 ! only =m !re w\ld be no coexi/5ce1 & !re=e no p]si/5ce4 ,if space 7 _! only =m !re w\ld be no succession1 & !re=e no *ange4 ,"t may !re=e be def9$ z ! possibility ( mutually exclusive conditions ( ! same ?+4 ,b ! union ( ^! two =ms ( exi/5ce is ! ess5tial condition ( reality1 & ?is union is ! "w ( ! und]/&+ 7see 8,_w z ,w & ,idea10 vol4 i4 #d1 & ! table ( pr$icables annex$ to vol4 ii41 *ap4 #d74 ,9 ?is class ( objects = ! subject ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason appe>s z ! law ( causality or ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( becom+1 & x is ?r\gh x t all objects :i* pres5t !mselves 9 p]ception are b\nd toge!r ?r\gh ! *anges ( _! /ates4 ,:5 a new /ate ( "o or m objects makes its appe>ance x mu/ h be5 prec$$ by ano!r on :i* x regul>ly foll[s4 ,?is is causal sequ5ce1 & ! fir/ /ate is ! cause1 ! second ! effect4 ,! law has ?us to d exclusively ) ! *anges ( objects ( ext]nal exp]i5ce1 & n ) ?+s !mselves1 a circum/ance :i* is fatal to ! validity ( ! cosmological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x foll[s also f ! ess5tial connection ( causality ) succession t ! notion ( reciprocity1 ) its contemporane\s exi/5ce ( cause & effect1 is a delusion4 ,! *a9 ( causes & effects does n affect ei!r matt]1 :i* is t 9 :i* all *anges take place1 or ! orig9al =ces ( nature1 ?r\gh :i* causation becomes possible1 & :i* exi/ ap>t f all *ange1 & 9 ?is s5se out ( "t1 b :i* yet are ev]y:]e pres5t 7e4g41 *emical =ces1 see supra1 vol4 i41 #bf74 ,9 nature causation assumes ?ree diff]5t =ms2 t ( cause 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 ( /imulus1 & ( motive1 on :i* diff]5ces dep5d ! true di/9ctions betwe5 inorganic bodies1 plants1 & animals4 ,x is only ( cause prop]ly s call$ t ,newton's ?ird law ( ! equality ( action & reaction is true1 & only "h d we f9d ! degree ( ! effect proportionate to t ( ! cause4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is feature *>act]ises /imulation4 ,motive dem&s k z its condition1 & intellig5ce is !re=e ! true *>act]i/ic ( ! animal4 ,! ?ree =ms are 9 pr9ciple id5tical1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to ! degrees ( receptivity 9 exi/5ce4 ,:at is call$ fre$om ( ! w is !re=e an absurdity1 z is also ,kant's 8,practical ,reason40 ,^! results are foll[$ by an exam9ation ( ! nature ( vision1 :i* ,s*op5hau] sums up 9 ^! words3 8,i h exam9$ all ^! visual processes 9 detail 9 ord] to %[ t ! und]/&+ is active 9 all ( !m1 ! und]/&+ :i*1 by appreh5d+ e *ange z an effect & ref]r+ x to its cause1 creates on ! basis ( ! a priori & fundam5tal intuitions or p]ceptions ( space & "t1 ! objective _w1 t ph5om5on ( ! bra91 = :i* ! s5sations ( ! s5ses af=d only c]ta9 data4 ,& ?is task ! und]/&+ accompli%es only ?r\gh its prop] =m1 ! law ( causality1 & accompli%es x directly )\t ! aid ( reflection1 t is1 ( ab/ract k ?r\gh concepts & words1 :i* are ! mat]ial ( second>y k1 ( ?\ght1 ?us ( ! ,reason40 8,:at und]/&+ kn[s aright is reality2 :at reason kn[s aright is tru?1 i4e41 a judgm5t :i* has a gr\nd2 ! opposite ( ! =m] be+ illusion 7:at is falsely p]ceiv$71 ( ! latt] error 7:at is falsely ?\ght740 ,all und]/&+ is an imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! causal relation1 & ?is is ! sole function ( und]/&+1 & n ! complicat$ work+ ( ! twelve ,kantian ,categories1 ! !ory ( :i* is a mi/ak5 "o4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is conclusion is1 t ari?metical processes d n belong to ! und]/&+1 conc]n$ z !y are ) ab/ract conceptions4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t betwe5 volition & ! app>5tly consequ5tial action ( ! body !re is no causal relation1 = !y are ! same ?+ p]ceiv$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,section #bc conta9s a detail$ refutation ( ,kant's pro( ( ! a priori nature ( ! causal relation 9 ! 8,second ,analogy ( ,exp]i5ce0 ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ! gi/ ( ! objection be+ t ! scall$ subjective succession is z mu* objective 9 reality z :at is call$ objective by ,kant3 8,ph5om5a may well foll[ "o ano!r1 )\t foll[+ f "o ano!r40 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! fif? *apt] comm5ces ) an exam9ation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 man & ! brutes4 ,man possesses reason1 t is to say1 he has a class ( ideas ( :i* ! brutes are n capable1 ab/ract ideas z di/+ui%$ f ^? ideas ( p]ception f :i* ! =m] k9d are yet d]iv$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! brute nei!r speaks nor laughs1 & lacks all ^? qualities :i* make human life great4 ,! nature ( motives1 too1 is diff]5t :]e ab/ract ideas are possible4 ,no d\bt ! actions ( m5 foll[ ( necessity f _! causes1 n less ?an is ! case ) ! brutes1 b ! k9d ( sequ5ce ?r\gh ?\ght :i* r5d]s *oice1 i4e41 ! consci\s conflict ( motives1 possible is diff]5t4 ,our ab/ract ideas1 be+ incapable ( be+ objects ( p]ception1 w\ld be outside consci\sness1 & ! op]ations ( ?\ght w\ld be impossible1 7 x n t !y are fix$ = s5se by arbitr>y signs call$ words1 :i* !re=e always indicate g5]al conceptions4 ,x is j because ! brutes are incapable ( g5]al conceptions t !y h no faculty ( spee*4 ,b ?\ght does n consi/ 9 ! m]e pres5ce ( ab/ract ideas 9 consci\sness1 b 9 ! union & sep>ation ( two or m ( !m1 subject to ! manifold re/rictions & modifications :i* logic deals )4 ,su* a cle>ly express$ conceptual relation is a judgm5t4 ,9 relation to judgm5ts ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is valid 9 a new =m3 t ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+4 ,9 ?is =m x ass]ts t if a judgm5t is to express k x mu/ h a gr\nd2 & x is j because x has a gr\nd t x has ascrib$ to x ! pr$icate true4 ,! gr\nds on :i* a judgm5t may dep5d are divisible into f\r k9ds4 ,a judgm5t may h ano!r judgm5t z its gr\nd1 9 :i* case its tru? is =mal or logical4 ,!re is no tru? except 9 ! relation ( a judgm5t to some?+ outside x1 & intr9sic tru?1 :i* is sometimes di/+ui%$ f extr9sic logical tru?1 is !re=e an absurdity4 ,a judgm5t may also h its gr\nd 9 s5sep]ception1 & its tru? is !n mat]ial tru?4 ,aga91 ^? =ms ( k :i* lie 9 ! und]/&+ & 9 pure s5sibility1 z ! conditions ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 may be ! gr\nd ( a judgm5t :i* is !n syn!tical a priori4 ,f9ally1 ^? =mal conditions ( all ?9k+ :i* lie 9 ! reason may be ! gr\nd ( a judgm5t1 :i* may 9 t case be call$ metalogically true4 ,( ^! metalogical judgm5ts !re are f\r1 & !y 7 long ago discov]$ & call$ laws ( ?\ght4 7#a47 ,a subject is equal to ! sum ( its pr$icates4 7#b47 ,a subject _c at once h a giv5 pr$icate affirm$ & d5i$ ( x4 7#c47 ,( two contradictorily oppos$ pr$icates "o mu/ belong to e subject4 7#d47 ,tru? is ! relation ( a judgm5t to some?+ outside x z its suffici5t reason4 ,reason1 x may be rem>k$1 has no mat]ial b only =mal tru?4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ?ird class ( objects = ! subject is con/itut$ by ! =mal elem5t 9 p]ception1 ! =ms ( out] & inn] s5se1 space & "t4 ,?is class ( ideas1 9 :i* "t & space appe> z pure intuitions1 is di/+ui%$ f t o!r class 9 :i* !y are objects ( p]ception by ! pres5ce ( matt] :i* has be5 %[n to be ! p]ceptibility ( "t & space 9 "o aspect1 & causality :i* has become objective1 9 ano!r4 ,space & "t h ?is prop]ty1 t all _! p>ts /& to "o ano!r 9 a relation 9 :i* ea* is det]m9$ & condition$ by ano!r4 ,?is relation is peculi>1 & is intelligible to u nei!r ?r\gh und]/&+ nor ?r\gh reason1 b solely ?r\gh pure intuition or p]ception a priori4 ,& ! law accord+ to :i* ! p>ts ( space & "t ?us det]m9e "o ano!r is call$ ! law ( suffici5t reason ( be+4 ,9 space e position is det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to e o!r position1 s t ! fir/ /&s to ! second 9 ! relation ( a consequ5ce to its gr\nd4 ,9 "t e mom5t is condition$ by t :i* prec$es x4 ,! gr\nd ( be+1 9 ! =m ( ! law ( sequ5ce1 is "h v simple ow+ to ! circum/ance t "t has only "o dim5sion4 ,on ! nexus ( ! position ( ! p>ts ( space dep5ds ! entire sci5ce ( geometry4 ,gr\nd ( k produces conviction only1 z di/+ui%$ f insight into ! gr\nd ( be+4 ,?us x is t ! attempt1 :i* ev5 ,euclid at times makes1 to produce conviction1 z di/+ui%$ f insight into ! gr\nd ( be+1 9 geometry1 is a mi/ake1 & induces av]sions to ma!matics 9 _m an admirable m9d4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! rema9+ class ( objects = ! subject is a v peculi> & important "o4 ,x compreh5ds only "o object1 ! imm$iate object ( inn] s5se1 ! subject 9 volition :i* becomes an object ( k1 b only 9 inn] s5se1 & !re=e always 9 "t & nev] 9 space2 & 9 "t only "u limitations4 ,!re c be no k ( k1 = t w\ld imply t ! subject _h sep>at$ itself f k1 & yet knew k1 :i* is impossible4 ,! subject is ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ideas1 & c nev] itself become idea or object4 ,x kn[s itself !re=e nev] z kn[+1 b only z will+4 ,?us :at we "k 9 ourselves is nev] :at kn[s1 b :at wills1 ! w4 ,! id5tity ( ! subject ( volition ) ! subject ( k1 ?r\gh :i* ! ^w 8,i0 includes bo?1 is ! insoluble problem4 ,! id5tity ( ! kn[+ ) ! kn[n is inexplicable1 & yet is imm$iately pres5t4 ,! op]ation ( a motive is n1 l t ( all o!r causes1 kn[n only f )\t1 & !re=e indirectly1 b also f )94 ,motivation is1 9 fact1 causality view$ f )94 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,9 ?is1 ! conclud+ *apt]1 ,s*op5hau] sums up 8 results4 ,necessity has no mean+ o!r ?an t ( ! irresi/ible sequ5ce ( ! effect :]e ! cause is giv54 ,all necessity is ?us condition$1 & absolute or uncondition$ necessity is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,& !re is a f\rfold necessity correspond+ to ! f\r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason3--7#a47 ,! logical =m1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( k2 on acc\nt ( :i*1 if ! premisses are giv51 ! conclusion foll[s4 7#b47 ,! physical =m1 accord+ to ! law ( causality2 on acc\nt ( :i*1 if ! cause is giv51 ! effect mu/ foll[4 7#c47 ,! ma!matical =m1 accord+ to ! law ( be+2 on acc\nt ( :i* e relation express$ by a true geometrical proposition is :at x is affirm$ to be1 & e correct calculation is irrefutable4 7#d47 ,! moral =m1 on acc\nt ( :i* e human be+ & e brute mu/1 :5 ! motive appe>s1 p]=m ! only act :i* accords ) ! inborn & unalt]able "*4 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce has "o or o!r ( ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z its basis4 ,9 conclusion1 ,s*op5hau] po9ts out t j because ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason belongs to ! a priori elem5t 9 intellig5ce1 x _c be appli$ to ! entirety ( ?+s1 to ! univ]se z inclusive ( intellig5ce4 ,su* a univ]se is m]e ph5om5on1 & :at is only true because x belongs to ! =m ( intellig5ce c h no application to intellig5ce itself4 ,?us x is t x _c be said t ! univ]se & all ?+s 9 x exi/ because ( some?+ else4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cosmological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god is inadmissible4 ,,index47#ee7 ,aborig9als1 int]f]5ce )1 iii4 #daa4 ,absolute1 conception (1 has reality only 9 matt]1 ii4 #id2 h[ n to be conceiv$1 ii4 #id2 misuse (1 ii4 #id1 #bae1 #baf1 #cic4 ,ab/ract1 idea1 k1 dep5d5t on idea ( p]ception1 i4 #de1 #eb1 #ec1 ii4 #beh2 insuffici5cy (1 i4 #gb1 ii4 #bdhbea2 opposite ( idea ( p]ception1 i4 #g2 philosophy mu/ n />t f1 ii4 #bfa seq42 relation to intuitive k1 ii4 #ed1 #ee1 #ia2 use (1 ii4 #bce1 #bch4 ,absurd1 sph]e (1 ii4 #bdb2 supremacy (1 i4 #dah4 ,academies1 relation (1 to great m51 ii4 #dif4 ,accid5t4 ,see ,sub/ance4 ,actors1 :y madness common among1 iii4 #afh4 ,adult]y1 iii4 #cea1 #cfd1 #cfe4 s*ylus1 iii4 #bac1 #cgh4 /hetic mode ( contemplation1 i4 #bec seq41 iii4 #abg seq4 ,agamemnon1 i4 #aii1 iii4 #bac4 ,alemann1 ,matteo1 iii4 #cfc4 ,alfi]i1 i4 #bdg4 ,allegory1 nature (1 use & abuse 9 art1 i4 #cjecac4 ,am]ica1 comp>$ ) ,old ,_w 9 physical reg>d1 iii4 #eg1 #eh4 ,amp]e1 iii4 #dd4 ,anacreon1 iii4 #cgg4 ,analytical me?od1 ii4 #cji4 ,anatomy1 :at x tea*es1 iii4 #ch2 value ( comp>ative anatomy1 i4 #ahg1 iii4 #hd4 ,anaxagoras1 iii4 #b1 #cd1 #gc1 #cij4 ,anci5ts1 !1 _! ar*itecture1 iii4 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij2 defects 9 religion1 iii4 #deb2 fre$om ( ?\ght1 ii4 #cid2 inf]iority ( trag$y1 iii4 #bac1 #bad2 hi/orians1 i4 #cag1 #cah2 philosophy1 ii4 #djj2 sculpture1 i4 #bfi1 #bia4 ,angelus ,silesius1 i4 #afg1 #dib1 iii4 #dcb4 ,ang]1 evid5ce ( primacy ( w1 ii4 #ddb2 psy*ological effect (1 ii4 #dbi4 ,animals1 l[]1 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( animal life1 i4 #be1 ii4 #bbh1 #bcb2 ess5tial id5tity ) man1 i4 #aib2 diff]5ce f man1 i4 #de1 #dg1 #aab1 see ,man2 d n laugh1 ii4 #bhj2 nor weep1 i4 #dhf2 navet (1 i4 #bjd2 no passions prop]1 iii4 #af2 no k ( dea?1 iii4 #bdi2 yet fe> dea?1 iii4 #bea2 "r ( man ov]1 i4 #dha n4 ,animal magnetism1 iii4 #gf1 #dah1 #dai4 ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 ii4 #abe1 #abf4 ,anticipation 9 art1 i4 #bhg1 #bhh2 9 nature1 iii4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,ant9omies1 criticism ( ,kantian1 i1 #ci1 ii4 #ajg seq42 ! two ( natural sci5ce1 i4 #cg seq4 ,anti/h5es1 i4 #aae1 ii4 #ceg4 ,anw>i ,soheili1 ii4 #bhc4 & 1 ii4 #bij4 ,apollo ,belv$]e1 i4 #bcj4 ,app]ception1 transc5d5tal unity (1 ii4 #ccc4 ,a priori k1 mean+ & explanation (1 ii4 #cc2 directness1 necessity1 & univ]sality (1 i4 #hh2 table ( prdicabilia a priori1 ii4 #bba2 ! basis ( ontology1 ii4 #bbj4 ,apuleius1 ii4 #ceb4 ,ar*itecture1 its problem z a f9e art1 i4 #bgf2 solution ( problem1 i4 #bgg seq41 iii4 #ahb seq42 beauty & grace 91 i4 #bgg1 iii4 #ahh1 #ahi2 comb9es beauty ) usefulness1 i4 #bhj2 its relation to light1 i4 #bgi1 #bhj2 to music1 iii4 #bci seq42 to pla/ic arts & poetry1 i4 #bhj2 its effects dynamical z well z ma!matical1 i4 #bgi2 comp>ison ( antique & ,go?ic1 iii4 #ahiaib4 ,ari/ippus1 ii4 #cai1 #cfc4 ,ari/o ( ,*ios1 ii4 #cai4 ,ari/ocracy ( intellect1 ii4 #cdb4 ,ari/otle1 8 logic1 i4 #fb2 on sci5tific k1 i4 #ie2 8 =ma sub/antialis1 i4 #ahf2 on ess5tial conflict 9 nature1 i4 #aib2 8 me?od1 i4 #bci2 on ,platonic ,ideas1 i4 #bgc1 iii4 #abd2 on d]ivation ( 1 i4 #cgh2 8 /yle1 ii4 #ba2 d5ies reciprocity1 ii4 #ff2 on ! necess>y & cont+5t1 ii4 #gj2 cont5t$ ) ab/ract conceptions1 ii4 #ga2 on quality & quantity1 ii4 #gf2 8 categories1 ii4 #he2 on exi/5ce z subject1 ii4 #aja2 on inf9ity ( _w 9 space1 ii4 #aaj2 atomism n necess>y1 ii4 #aaa2 inf9ity pot5tia n actu1 ii4 #aae2 refutation ( ontological pro(1 ii4 #abi2 (1 ii4 #acc2 ! seat ( ! virtues1 ii4 #acg2 treatm5t ( art1 ii4 #aec2 an inf9itely l>ge body immovable1 ii4 #bjc2 relation ( numb] & "t1 ii4 #bje2 ,topi (1 ii4 #bab2 division ( causes1 ii4 #bag2 on pure matt]1 ii4 #bai2 on orig9 ( ?+s1 ii4 #bbj2 real ?+s & conceptions1 ii4 #bdd2 mean+ ( 8 nihil e/ 9 intellectu nisi quod ante fu]it 9 s5su1 ii4 #beh2 eight sph]es (1 ii4 #bfe2 rhetorics (1 ii4 #bhe2 8 & 1 ii4 #bij2 8 syllogi/ic figures1 ii4 #big2 analysis ( syllogisms1 ii4 #cjc2 on ! prud5t man1 ii4 #cdg2 8 e?ics eudmoni/ic1 ii4 #cdi2 wond] ! orig9 ( philosophy1 ii4 #cfj2 view ( ! ,sophi/s1 ii4 #cfb2 necessity ( metaphysics1 ii4 #cgi2 on inv]tebrate animals1 ii4 #dha2 on plants1 iii4 #cd2 diff]5ce betwe5 effici5t & f9al cause1 iii4 #hb2 8 fre$om f physico!ology1 iii4 #id2 m]its ( 8 tea*+ z to organis$ & unorganis$ nature1 iii4 #ie2 nature a demon1 iii4 #ajf2 music a ca?>tic ( ! feel+s1 iii4 #agd2 poetry bett] ?an hi/ory1 iii4 #bbj4 ,ari?metic1 dep5ds on a priori intuition ( "t1 i4 #ii1 ii4 #bjd4 ,arrian1 ii4 #cee seq4 ,art1 s\rce & aim (1 i4 #bch1 #bci1 #bhf seq41 iii4 #abf1 #agi2 object (1 see ,idea2 subject (1 see ,g5ius2 relation to & diff]5ce f philosophy1 iii4 #agf1 #agg1 #agh2 contra/$ ) hi/ory1 i4 #bih1 #cae1 iii4 #bbd2 inborn & acquir$1 i4 #beb2 ! two extremes 9 s]ies (1 i4 #bgd seq41 #bhj2 value & importance (1 i4 #cde1 #cdf1 iii4 #acb2 opposition betwe5 useful & f9e1 iii4 #aha4 ,art1 works (1 t5d5cy (1 iii4 #agg2 relation ( conception to execution (1 iii4 #ahj2 ! ab/ract concept b>r5 91 i4 #cjc1 #cjd1 iii4 #agi1 #ahj2 :y ,idea m easily compreh5d$ 9 ?an 9 nature1 i4 #beb1 iii4 #acb2 coop]ation ( ! behold] requir$ = enjoym5t (1 iii4 #agg2 :y !y d n give all to ! s5ses1 iii4 #agh seq42 sup]iority ( ^? da%$ (f 9 mom5t ( conception1 iii4 #agh1 #ahj4 ,asceticism1 its s\rce1 i1 #dij seq42 its way ( manife/+ itself1 i4 #dib1 #dic1 #ejf1 iii4 #dbe2 id5tity ( its _s 9 diff]5t c\ntries & religions1 i4 #ejb1 #ejc1 iii4 #dcc2 diff]5ce ( _s ( cynicism1 ii4 #ceb1 #cec4 ,ass]tion1 def9ition (1 ii4 #cjh4 ,association ( ideas1 its root1 ii4 #cbd2 k9ds (1 ii4 #cbd2 app>5t exceptions to law (1 ii4 #cbg2 ! w secretly controls ! law (1 ii4 #cbh4 ,a/ronomy1 :at x tea*es1 iii4 #cg2 s\rce ( its c]ta9ty & compreh5sibility1 i4 #hf2 its me?od1 i4 #hg2 ,ptolemaic1 i4 #fd4 ,a?anasius1 iii4 #dci4 ,a!ism1 :at /r5g!ns ! reproa* (1 ii4 #cgi2 n necess>ily mat]ialism1 ii4 #aca1 #acb4 ,atom1 assumption (1 n necess>y1 iii4 #dd seq42 has no reality1 ii4 #bbc2 def5ce (1 f porosity refut$1 iii4 #dg4 ,attraction & repulsion1 =ces (1 con/itute spaceoccupation1 ii4 #bbd4 ,augu/9e1 recognises id5tity ( all ?+s ) w1 i4 #afe2 cause ( beauty ( vegetable _w1 i4 #bfj n42 on orig9al s91 i4 #ebd2 ! w n free1 i4 #ebe2 dogmatics (1 i4 #ebe n42 beg9n] ( ,s*ola/icism1 ii4 #ab2 on moral sy/ems ( anci5ts1 ii4 #cdi2 _s ( 8 anti,pelagianism1 ii4 #cfh1 iii4 #dba2 on affections ( w1 ii4 #dab n42 8 de civit4 ,dei1 iii4 #aag n4 ,autobiography4 ,see ,biography4 ,av>ice1 ! vice ( old age1 iii4 #dfe ,avat>1 iii4 #dbf4 ,axiom1 def9ition1 ii4 #cjh4 ,bacon1 8 conception ( philosophy1 i4 #aji2 all movem5t prec$$ by p]ception1 i4 #acg n42 on a!ism1 ii4 #aca2 8 philosophical me?od1 ii4 #bab2 on ! intellect1 ii4 #dcc2 8 moral "*1 ii4 #ddg2 influ5ce ( climate ^u intellect1 iii4 #ah2 reject$ teleology1 iii4 #ia2 on f9al causes1 iii4 #ic2 on ,democritus1 iii4 #ie2 on r>ity ( g5ius1 iii4 #aeh4 ,basilidians1 iii4 #cje4 ,bass4 ,see ,music4 ,baumg>t51 8 /hetics1 ii4 #aec4 ,be>d1 its effici5t & f9al cause 9 man1 iii4 #hh4 ,beauty1 ! beautiful1 two elem5ts (1 i4 #bgj2 s\rce ( pleasure 91 i4 #bec seq42 ev]y?+ beautiful1 i4 #bga2 :y "o ?+ m beautiful ?an ano!r1 i4 #bgb2 di/+ui%$ f grace1 i4 #bhi2 di/+ui%$ f ! sublime1 i4 #bgj2 effect ( natural beauty1 i4 #bee1 iii4 #agc1 #agd2 beauty 9 art4 ,see ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 c4 ,becc>ia1 iii4 #dac4 ,be+1 z ! mo/ g5]al conception1 ii4 #bcf2 9 ! pr(essorial philosophy1 ii4 #bhh2 relation ( ?\ght to4 ,see ,?+ 9 itself2 limitation ( individual be+ ! cause ( philosophy1 i4 #ace2 contra/ ( see+ & be+1 iii4 #cib4 ,bell1 ,sir ,*41 i4 #acc1 iii4 #f4 ,b5$ict1 iii4 #dej4 ,b]keley1 on r>5ess ( ?\ght1 i4 #ej2 8 idealism1 ii4 #ae1 #bi1 #da1 #afc1 #afe1 #age1 iii4 #ei1 #bfa4 ,bhagavadgita1 i4 #cff1 iii4 #ge1 #bfb4 ,bible1 "o metaphysical tru? 9 ,old ,te/am5t1 iii4 #dbc2 ascetic _s ( ,new ,te/am5t1 iii4 #dcg1 #deh seq42 opposition ( ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 i4 #dbj1 iii4 #bha1 #dda1 #dde2 its hi/orical mat]ial unsuit$ = pa9t+s1 i4 #cjj4 ,bi*at1 8,sur la vie et la mort10 ii4 #dgj1 #dhh2 on circulation ( blood1 ii4 #dgh2 on organic & animal life1 ii4 #dhi2 only animal life c be educat$1 ii4 #dia2 ,fl\r5s' attack on1 ii4 #did seq42 n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems 9 *ildr51 iii4 #afa2 effect ( emotions on organism1 iii4 #bif4 ,bio1 on relation ( sci5ce & philosophy1 ii4 #cai4 ,biography1 sup]iority to hi/ory1 i4 #cai seq42 difficulty ( dissimulat+ 9 autobiographies1 i4 #cbj4 ,biot1 on col\r r+s1 ii4 #cch4 ,blood1 ! primitive fluid ( organism1 ii4 #dghdha4 ,body1 !1 an object among objects1 i4 #e1 #ad1 #bc1 #be1 #abi1 ii4 #afg2 its id5tity ) w1 i4 #abi seq42 #acgadb1 ii4 #dbh1 #dfh1 #dgadic2 relation ( physiological & metaphysical explanations (1 i4 #aci seq41 ii4 #dib1 #dic2 its design1 i4 #adj seq42 k (1 key to nature ( ?+s1 i4 #acf1 #ada seq42 criticism ( anti!sis ( body & s\l z two sub/ances1 ii4 #ajaajd1 #cgh1 iii4 #aa4 ,bhm1 ,jakob1 ev]y?+ half dead1 i4 #aia2 8,de signatura r]um10 i4 #bhd n41 iii4 #dcb4 ,bol+broke1 iii4 #cig4 ,books1 n s in/ructive z reality1 ii4 #bdd1 #bde2 :y !y _c take ! place ( exp]i5ce1 ii4 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,boswell1 8 ,life ( ,johnson1 ii4 #ddf4 ,b\reguon1 ,anto9ette1 iii4 #dce4 ,brahmanism1 recognises no beg9n+ ( _w1 ii4 #id1 #ie1 #ajh1 #aji2 tea*es metempsy*osis1 iii4 #cjc4 ,bra91 metaphysically consid]$1 ii4 #dfh1 #dhe1 #dhf2 physiologically consid]$1 its orig9 & function1 ii4 #daa1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dgj1 iii4 #i2 its %>e 9 p]ception1 ii4 #ahe2 its relation to ! ganglia1 ii4 #dhc2 ! seat ( motives1 ii4 #dgc2 develops ) organism1 ii4 #daf1 iii4 #ac1 #ad2 z necess>y = ?\ght z /oma* = dige/ion1 ii4 #bcg2 ! regulator ( ! w1 ii4 #dgj2 ! condition ( selfconsci\sness1 iii4 #ab seq42 influ5ce ( its developm5t ^u intellect at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 ii4 #dbe1 #ded seq42 necessity ( sleep =1 ii4 #dfd2 effect ( ov]"w on1 ii4 #bee1 #bef2 its v>iation 9 man ! cause ( individual "*1 i4 #aga2 its activity 9 dreams1 ii4 #dfd2 ! bra9 ( g5ius1 iii4 #aei1 #afj2 influ5ce on agility ( limbs1 iii4 #ba2 influ5ce ( noise on1 ii4 #aif1 #aig4 ,br&is1 ,*4 ,a41 ii4 #bfd4 ,br&is1 ,j4 ,d41 ii4 #dhh4 ,bridgewat] ,treatise ,m51 iii4 #ia4 ,br\gham1 ,"l1 iii4 #ia4 ,br[n1 ,?omas1 8,on ,cause & ,effect10 ii4 #bjg1 iii4 #ib4 ,bruno1 ,giordano1 />t$ f real 9 8 philosophy1 i4 #cc2 8 view ( life1 i4 #cff2 lonely position 9 8 age1 ii4 #ac n42 on f9it5ess ( _w1 ii4 #aaj2 inf9itely l>ge body immovable1 ii4 #bjc2 matt] incorporeal1 ii4 #bjh1 iii4 #ea1 #ed2 no space beyond ! _w1 ii4 #bfe2 8 dea?1 iii4 #ajf2 8 motto1 iii4 #add4 ,buddhism1 its preem95ce ov] all religions1 ii4 #cga2 sup]iority to ,brahmanism1 i4 #dfj1 iii4 #dcj2 comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 iii4 #dde seq42 its pessimism1 i4 #cgb1 iii4 #cig2 its my/icism1 iii4 #dce2 tea*es t nature expects salvation f man1 i4 #dib2 its doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 iii4 #cjb2 doctr9e ( ,nirvana1 iii4 #cjh1 #dbg4 ,buffon1 on intellig5ce ( animals1 i4 #bi2 on /yle1 ii4 #bdg4 ,bunyan1 ,john1 iii4 #dce4 ,bundahi%1 iii4 #cia4 ,burda*1 sleep ! orig9al /ate1 ii4 #dfc2 =mation ( muscles f blood1 ii4 #dgh2 he>t indep5d5t ( n]v\s sy/em & s5sibility1 ii4 #dgi2 reciprocal support ( vegetable & insect _w1 iii4 #ij2 on bees1 iii4 #ajj2 on ! burry+ beetle1 iii4 #ajb2 on c]c>ia ephem]a1 iii4 #bfi2 on mat]nal affection ( animals1 iii4 #cag4 ,brg]1 8 place 9 ,g]man poetry1 iii4 #cbg2 8 p>5ts1 iii4 #cbg2 on love1 iii4 #ccf4 ,burke1 on ! beautiful1 ii4 #aec2 on ! appreh5sion ( words1 ii4 #bci4 ,byron1 an in/ance ( connection ( g5ius & madness1 i4 #bdg2 bra9 weigh$ #f lbs41 iii4 #afj2 quot$1 i4 #bcd1 #cbd1 #beh1 #cdb1 #dcb1 #deh1 iii4 #cgi1 #cih1 #djj4 ,cabanis1 on art]ial & v5\s sy/ems1 ii4 #beg2 8 mat]ialism1 ii4 #cgh2 on passions ( *ildr51 ii4 #dbd2 8,des rapports du physique au moral10 iii4 #f4 ,cs>1 ,jul41 on ,druids1 iii4 #cjd4 ,cald]on1 life a dream1 i4 #bb2 /eadfa/ pr9ce1 i4 #cbg2 a crime to be born1 i4 #cbh1 #deh1 iii4 #dbj2 8 ,semiramis1 iii4 #cdc2 8,z5obia ! ,great10 iii4 #cfd4 ,cam]>ius1 ,j41 collection ( emblems1 i4 #cji4 ,cannibalism1 mo/ palpable example ( wrong1 i4 #dca2 h]$it>y1 iii4 #cbb4 ,canisius1 iii4 #ddj4 ,canova1 iii4 #aie4 ,c>avaggio1 iii4 #aig4 ,c>icature1 "* ( species annull$ by t ( individual1 i4 #bia4 ,c>ov1 iii4 #ddj4 ,c>racci1 ,hannibal1 8 allegorical pa9t+s1 i4 #cjf1 #cjh4 ,casp]1 on l5g? ( human life1 iii4 #cja4 ,ca/ration1 its significance1 iii4 #caj2 its use z a puni%m5t1 iii4 #cca4 ,categories1 criticism ( ! ,kantian1 ii4 #dhea4 ,ca?olicism1 comp>$ ) ,prote/antism 9 an e?ical reg>d1 iii4 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,catullus1 iii4 #cah4 ,caucasian1 an orig9al race1 iii4 #eh4 ,cause1 ,causality1 law (1 ii4 #bad2 a priori nature ( law (1 i4 #aed seq41 ii4 #bjf seq42 coroll>y f x ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 ii4 #gi2 diff]5ce ( cause & =ce1 i4 #add1 #ade2 my/]i\sness ( connection betwe5 cause & effect1 i4 #agd2 temporal relation betwe5 cause & effect1 ii4 #bji1 #baj2 ?ree k9ds ( causes1 i4 #adi1 #aej2 tru? ( doctr9e ( occasional causes1 i4 #agh seq42 fals5ess ( proposition 8! effect _c conta9 m ?an ! cause10 ii4 #bac2 a 8fir/ cause0 inconceivable1 ii4 #bad2 to det]m9e ! cause ( an effect1 ii4 #aed4 ,celibacy1 f ,*ri/ian & e?ical po9t ( view1 iii4 #dbe1 #dcg1 #dch1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dea4 ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 8 conv]sion1 i4 #eaj4 ,celsus1 on g5]ation1 iii4 #caj4 ,c]ta9ty1 di/+ui%$ f sci5tific complet5ess ( k1 i4 #hc2 sup]iority ( imm$iate to indirect1 i4 #hi1 #ij4 ,c]vantes1 i4 #caa2 ii4 #bdf4 ,*am=t1 iii41 #aeg1 #aeh1 #cfe4 ,*ampollion1 i4 #cac4 ,*ange1 nature (1 i4 #aa2 always condition$ by a cause1 i4 #agj1 ii4 #baa seq4 ,"*1 z a =ce ( nature1 i4 #cgj2 diff]5ce betwe5 t ( man & brutes1 i4 #agj1 #chf1 #chg2 t ( man individual1 i4 #bij2 empirical1 ii4 #djg2 con/ant1 i4 #cgh1 ii4 #dda1 #dia2 inh]it$ f fa!r1 iii4 #cbj seq42 relation ( intelligible to empirical1 i4 #bjc1 #bjg1 #cgc seq42 a false inf]5ce f unalt]abl5ess (1 i4 #chi2 ! acquir$1 i4 #ciacig2 explanation ( inh>moni\s nature (1 iii4 #ccj2 abolition (1 i4 #ebj seq4 ,*a?am1 ,"l1 iii4 #cbd4 ,*ateaubri&1 iii4 #dce4 ,*emi/ry1 :at x tea*es1 iii4 #ch2 ant9omy (1 i4 #cg seq4 ,*evreul1 exp]im5ts on light1 iii4 #fb4 ,*ildhood1 "* (1 iii4 #afa seq4 ,*ilia/s1 ii4 #bdc4 ,*9ese1 philosophy1 i4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #cdc2 g>d51 iii4 #aeg4 ,*ladni1 i4 #cdd4 ,*oice1 man l>g] sph]e (1 ?an brutes1 i4 #chh2 n fre$om ( individual volition1 loc4 cit4 ,*ri/ianity1 diff]5t con/itu5t p>ts (1 i4 #ejj1 #eja1 iii4 #dbb2 its connection ) ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 iii4 #cia1 #dba1 #dei2 pessimi/ic _s (1 ii4 #cgb1 iii4 #cig1 #dcf2 k]nel (1 i4 #dbd1 #ebcebd1 ii4 #adi1 iii4 #dba1 #deb2 symbol (1 iii4 #dfb4 ,*rysippus1 i4 #aaf1 #aah1 #chi1 ii4 #gb1 #cdi4 ,cic]o1 i4 #aaf n41 #aag1 #bdg1 #chi1 ii4 #gb1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #cdh1 #cef1 #ceh1 #ddd1 iii4 #adg1 #bec n41 #deb4 ,circle1 ! symbol ( nature1 iii4 #bfg4 ,classics1 advantage ( /udy+1 ii4 #bci4 ,classical poetry1 di/+ui%$ f romantic1 iii4 #bji4 ,clean!s1 i4 #aah1 ii4 #abh4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 8,/romata0 ref]r$ to1 i4 #dbe1 ii4 #ih1 iii4 #dbg1 #dch1 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,cl\ds1 illu/ration ( opposition betwe5 ,idea & ph5om5on1 i4 #bce4 ,colebrooke1 i4 #dia1 #did n41 #bha1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cjh n4 ,com$y1 di/+ui%$ f trag$y1 iii4 #bah4 ,compos]1 musical1 i4 #ccf4 ,concept1 conception1 see ,ab/ract2 _! con/ruction ! function ( reason1 i4 #g1 #ej1 ii4 #bce seq42 cont5t & ext5t (1 ii4 #bcf2 sph]es1 i4 #ee1 #fd2 repres5tatives (1 i4 #ea2 relation to ^w1 i4 #ea2 ii4 #bcd1 #bch2 relation to ,idea1 i4 #cja1 #cjb2 simple1 ii4 #bcf2 di/9ct1 ii4 #bcg2 ab/ract & concrete1 i4 #ec2 pure1 ii4 #che2 advantages & disadvantages (1 i4 #de1 #dg seq41 #fhge1 ii4 #bcdbdc1 #cde seq4 ,concrete1 union ( =m & matt]1 ii4 #bae4 ,condillac1 8 mat]ialism1 ii4 #age1 #ahg4 iii4 #de4 ,condorcet1 ii4 #ahg4 ,connections among m51 f\ndation (1 ii4 #dej4 ,consci5ce1 presupposes intelligible "*1 i4 #dgd2 is only affect$ by de$s1 i4 #chg2 angui% (1 i4 #dga seq42 ! good1 i4 #dhb4 ,consci\sness1 only a prop]ty ( animal be+s1 ii4 #ccf1 #ccg1 #dad2 orig91 aim1 & seat (1 ii4 #dge2 :at common to all1 & :at di/+ui%es "o f ano!r1 ii4 #dad1 iii4 #ag seq42 selfconsci\sness & t ( o!r ?+s1 ii4 #bei1 #dab1 #dfh1 iii4 #abf2 limit$ to ph5om5a1 i4 #ceh n41 iii4 #gd1 #bhe seq42 z oppos$ to unconsci\sness1 ii4 #cbh2 fragm5t>y nature (1 ii4 #ccj seq42 :at gives x unity & connection1 iii4 #ccc2 ext+ui%$ 9 dea?1 iii4 #bee seq4 ,consid]+ ?+s1 ways (1 i4 #bci2 #aba seq4 ,cont+5t1 cont+5cy1 conception (1 ii4 #fg2 misuse ( ^w by pre,kantian dogmati/s1 ii4 #gj4 ,conv]sation1 ii4 #cdc4 ,copula1 ii4 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,coriolanus1 ii4 #acf4 ,corneille1 iii4 #bjc4 ,correct1 di/+ui%$ f true1 real1 c41 ii4 #bjh4 ,correggio1 i4 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #eca4 ,cosmogony1 ( ,laplace1 iii4 #ga1 #gb4 ,cosmological pro(1 ,kant's refutation (1 ii4 #acj4 ,c\s91 ,m41 iii4 #de4 ,cramp1 ii4 #dhd4 ,crime1 *ief cause (1 iii4 #dab4 ,see ,puni%m5t4 ,criticism1 ! ,kantian1 ii4 #faa4 ,cry/al1 its "o manife/ation ( life1 i4 #bjb2 its individuality1 i4 #aga2 becomes rigid 9 ! mom5t ( movem5t1 iii4 #cg4 ,culture1 _c make up = want ( und]/&+1 ii4 #bec seq41 #cdc ,cuvi]1 ii4 #bjd1 #cah1 #dgi1 iii4 #ih1 #afj1 #afe4 ,cynicism1 _s & fundam5tal ?\ght (1 ii4 #cej seq41 iii4 #chh4 ,da ,capo1 i4 #cdb4 ,daemon1 i4 #cdi1 iii4 #ii4 ,dante1 i4 #beh1 #dai1 ii4 #cae4 ,davis1 iii4 #bjg4 ,dea?1 i4 #cef seq41 #ejfeji1 iii4 #bdicjh1 #cab1 #chi1 #dfc2 sudd5 dea?1 :y pray$ aga9/1 iii1 #dbh4 ,decam]on1 iii4 #cfe4 ,d$uctive me?od1 ii4 #caj4 ,delam>k1 ii4 #cah1 #cgh4 ,delirium1 di/+ui%$ f madness1 i4 #bdh4 ,democritus1 i4 #cc1 #aei1 #afj1 ii4 #aca #adj1 #agg1 #cgh1 iii4 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #ie4 ,d5ial4 ,see ,w4 ,desc>tes1 vortex (1 i4 #aei2 id5tifies w ) judgm5t1 #cgg1 #che2 8 ?\ght n free1 ii4 #ac2 on repetition1 ii4 #ba1 #be2 ontological pro(1 ii4 #abf2 made philosophy />t f selfconsci\sness1 ii4 #afd1 #afe1 #bja1 #djj1 iii4 #ei2 ! quantity ( a motion1 ii4 #bbf2 op9ion ( ma!matics1 ii4 #cbc2 slept a great deal1 ii4 #dfe2 criticism ( 8 doctr9es1 ii4 #diddif2 relation to ,sp9oza1 iii4 #dge4 ,desire1 ! univ]sal nature ( ?+s1 i4 #afe1 iii4 #cd2 9 a psy*ological reg>d1 ii4 #dbi4 ,det]m9ism1 iii4 #fgfi4 1 ! second way ( ! d5ial ( ! w1 i4 #ejf1 iii4 #ded1 #dfe4 ,dialectic1 def9ition (1 ii4 #bhe4 ,did]ot1 ii4 #cda1 iii4 #bcc1 #bgb4 ,diodorus ! ,meg>ic1 ii4 #gb4 ,diog5es ! ,cynic1 i4 #aea1 ii4 #cea1 #ceb1 iii4 #chh4 ,diog5es1 ,la]tius1 i4 #aah1 #aea1 #afi1 ii4 #cai1 #cea1 #cee1 #cfc1 iii4 #bee4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 ii4 #bfd4 ,discov]y1 ! "w ( und]/&+1 i4 #bf1 #bg4 ,disease1 its nature1 ii4 #dhg4 ,disgu/+1 !1 i4 #bfi4 ,dissimulation1 i4 #dg1 iii4 #bca4 ,divisibility1 inf9ite1 ( "t1 i4 #ac1 ii4 #bba2 ( matt]1 iii4 #df4 ,dog1 intellig5ce (1 ii4 #bcjbcb2 wags its tail1 ii4 #bhj4 ,dogmas1 _! relation to virtue & morality1 i4 #dge seq4 ,dogmatism1 philosophical1 oppos$ to criticism1 ii4 #aj1 #aa2 its fundam5tal error1 iii4 #bg4 ,dom5i*9o1 iii4 #aic4 ,donatello1 iii4 #aic4 ,don ,quixote1 i4 #caa4 ,drama1 !1 i4 #cbaccj1 iii4 #baabai4 ,drap]y 9 sculpture1 i4 #bif4 ,dreams1 di/+ui%$ f real life1 i4 #bj seq4 ,duns ,scotus1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #bcg4 ,dut* pa9t+s1 i4 #bfi4 ,ebionites1 iii4 #deh4 ,eck]mann1 8,conv]sations ( ,goe!10 i4 #cfb1 iii4 #bdj4 ,eckh>d1 ,mei/]1 i4 #dib1 #ejj1 iii4 #dcb1 #dce1 #dfg4 ,edda1 !1 iii4 #cjd4 ,ego1 conception (1 i4 #acb1 #cbd1 ii4 #dac1 #dhg1 iii4 #c1 #ac1 #bhd1 #bhe2 ! logical ego1 ii4 #ccc4 ,egoism1 orig91 nature1 & scope (1 i4 #dbg1 iii4 #daf1 #dag2 !oretical egoism1 i4 #ace4 ,egyptians1 gospel (1 iii4 #dcf1 #ddd4 ,eleatics1 i4 #cc1 #fa1 #ic1 ii4 #he1 #aac1 iii4 #bga4 ,election1 doctr9e (1 i4 #cgh1 ii4 #adi4 ,elephant1 intellig5ce (1 i4 #bi1 ii4 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,eloqu5ce1 ii4 #cje1 #cjf4 ,emblems1 i4 #cab1 #cac4 ,emotion1 its orig9 & effect1 ii4 #cdf1 iii4 #djg1 #djh4 ,emp$ocles1 i4 #aib1 #bhh1 #ecj1 iii4 #h1 #cd1 #ie1 #bga4 ,encratites1 iii4 #dch4 ,engli%1 !1 _! faults1 ii4 #aca1 iii4 #ib4 1 iii4 #fe1 #dga4 ,ennui1 i4 #djb1 #djd1 iii4 #dac4 ,ens realissimum1 ii4 #abeabg4 ,envy1 iii1 #chi4 & 1 ii4 #bij4 ,epic poetry1 i4 #cbd1 #dac1 iii4 #baa4 ,epicurus1 ,epicureans1 i4 #cc1 #cg1 ii4 #aha1 #ade1 #agg1 #cgh1 iii4 #bee1 #bfa4 ,epictetus1 i4 #aae1 #aaf n41 #chf1 ii4 #ced1 #cef4 ,epiphanias1 iii4 #ddf4 ,equivocation1 i4 #gi4 ,erig5a1 ,scotus1 ii4 #cai1 iii4 #dcb1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,error1 def9ition (1 i4 #cj1 #ajcaje2 diff]5ce betwe5 man & brutes ) reg>d to1 ii4 #bdc1 seq42 p]nici\s nature (1 i4 #de1 ii4 #bda seq42 tragic & comic side (1 ii4 #bdc2 h[ p]petuat$1 ii4 #bdc1 #cda4 ,esquirol1 iii4 #aag1 #cbh4 ,ess5es1 iii4 #dcg1 #dea4 ,ess5tia & exi/5tia1 _! relation1 ii4 #abi1 #acj2 _! union 9 pure matt]1 ii4 #bah4 ,et]nity1 conception (1 i4 #bbh1 #cfj seq41 iii4 #bgf4 ,e?ics1 i4 #ddaddc1 #dgd seq41 iii4 #djbdji2 criticism ( ,kantian1 ii4 #acc seq42 ( anci5ts1 ii4 #cdh1 iii4 #bac1 #bad1 #deb4 ,e?iopian1 an orig9al race1 iii4 #eh4 ,etiology1 subject & scope (1 i4 #abd seq42 its relation to ! philosophy ( nature1 i4 #ahb seq4 ,eu*el1 ,isaak1 8 8,pray]s ( ! ,jews10 ii4 #ih4 ,euclid1 criticism ( 8 me?od1 i4 #ijajj1 ii4 #cc1 #afd1 #cbacbc4 ,eudmonism1 ii4 #cdh seq4 & 1 i4 #djg4 ,eul]1 i4 #ee1 #afe1 ii4 #agb n41 #ahgahi1 #aib1 #cda4 ,euripides1 i4 #cbh1 #dec1 iii4 #bad1 #bah1 #djj1 #djf1 #ddc4 ,evid5ce1 di/9ction betwe5 empirical & a priori1 i4 #he2 ! pr$icate 8evid5t0 def9$1 ii4 #cjh4 ,evil1 mean+ ( ^w1 i4 #dbf2 ! punctum pruri5s ( metaphysics1 ii4 #cge4 ,see ,pessimism4 ,exi/5ce1 vanity (1 iii4 #chb seq42 ! end (1 ii4 #fie4 ,exp]i5ce1 ii4 #bcd seq41 #chh seq4 ,exp]im5t1 ii4 #bfh4 ,explanation1 i4 #aje seq41 #abe4 ,ext5sion4 ,see ,matt]4 ,eye1 i4 #cja1 ii4 #aid1 iii4 #afb4 ,fame1 i4 #cje1 iii4 #aea4 ,fanaticism1 i4 #dff n4 ,fate1 ,fatalism1 i4 #chi1 #cij1 iii4 #dge4 ,fe>1 effect (1 ii4 #dbi seq42 orig9 ( belief 9 ,god1 ii4 #acj4 ,feel+1 z s5se ( t\*1 ii4 #aie2 z opposite ( kn[+1 i4 #fffh4 ,fnlon1 i4 #dii4 ,f]n[1 i4 #bic4 ,fi*te1 i4 #af1 #cc1 #djdc1 ii4 #bb1 #ca1 #agf1 iii4 #ac4 ,fit ,ar>i1 ii4 #ddd4 ,flagellants1 ii4 #bdc4 ,fl\r5s1 ii4 #acc1 #daf1 #dag1 #dgi1 #diddif1 iii4 #afe1 #cbf4 ,folly1 a species ( ! ludicr\s1 i4 #gg seq41 ii4 #bgg2 a *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 iii4 #aec4 ,=ce1 di/+ui%$ f cause1 i4 #add1 #ade1 #agdagh1 ii4 #bag2 insep>able f matt]1 iii4 #ed seq4 ,=m & matt]4 i4 #afb1 #afh1 ii4 #bae1 iii4 #bf1 #eceg4 ,=ms ( ?\ght1 #hf seq42 _! relation to p>ts ( spee*1 ii4 #he1 #hf4 ,francis1 ,/41 i4 #dif1 iii4 #dcd1 #dei4 ,frau5/dt1 ii4 #bbe4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ii4 #acc4 ,fre$om1 z a metaphysical quality1 i4 #cfi seq42 intellectual1 iii4 #djg2 ( ! w1 i4 #cgf seq41 #chh1 #chi1 #ebj seq42 criticism ( ,kant's doctr9e1 ii4 #aag seq4 ,fr5*1 national "* (1 i4 #eaj2 philosophy (1 ii4 #ah1 iii4 #dd1 #de2 poetry1 iii4 #bji2 music1 iii4 #bdd4 ,fri5d%ip1 i4 #dhe4 ,fright1 effect (1 ii4 #dbi4 ,froriep1 ii4 #bji4 ,future4 ,see ,pres5t4 ,gall1 ii4 #dfi1 #did1 #die4 ,gal5us1 ii4 #big4 ,gall[s1 iii4 #def1 #deg4 ,ganglia1 _! function 9 organism1 ii4 #dhd seq4 ,g>d5+1 l&scape1 i4 #bhb2 diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & old ,fr5*1 iii4 #age4 ,g>rick1 ii4 #bgi1 iii4 #ba4 ,gem?1 di/+ui%$ f m9d1 ii4 #deh1 #dei4 ,g5]atio quivoca1 i4 #ahd seq42 iii4 #edef4 ,g5]ation1 & dea? ess5tial mom5ts 9 life ( species1 i4 #cfe1 iii4 #bgjbgc2 in/9ctive nature ( act1 iii4 #cji2 act view$ subjectively & objectively1 iii4 #bib1 #bic2 inn] significance ( act1 i4 #dbc seq41 iii4 #cgi2 reason ( %ame connect$ )1 i4 #dbc1 #cgh2 exi/5ce a p>aphrase (1 iii4 #cgg4 ,g5ius1 i4 #bchbdg1 #beabec1 ii4 #bdebdi1 iii4 #achaff4 ,g5ital organs1 ! opposite pole ( ! bra91 i4 #dbe1 iii4 #hg1 #caj2 indep5d5ce ( k1 i4 #aej1 #dbf2 diff]5ce ( plants1 animals1 & man 9 respect (1 i4 #bjd1 iii4 #ce2 %ame connect$ )1 iii4 #cgi2 symbolical language (1 iii4 #chj4 ,g5us1 di/+ui%$ f species1 iii4 #abc seq42 con/ruction ( logical g5us1 ii4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,geometry1 cont5t (1 i4 #i2 me?od (1 i4 #ij seq42 ii4 #cba seq4 ,g5re pa9t+1 i4 #bih4 ,gi*tel1 iii4 #dcd1 #dce4 ,gilb]t1 ii4 #aif4 ,giordano1 ,luca1 iii4 #aih4 ,giv51 !1 ii4 #bc1 #hd4 ,gno/ics1 iii4 #cje1 #dcb1 #dch1 #ddb1 1 ii4 #dbc4 ,god1 orig9 ( ! ^w1 iii4 #ddf2 egoti/ical orig9 ( belief 91 ii4 #acj2 an ass]t$ 8consci\sness ( ,god10 ii4 #abi1 #ada1 #adb2 criticism ( pro(s = exi/5ce (1 ii4 #abhacc4 ,goe!1 8 !ory ( col\rs1 i4 #bf1 #afj1 #bde1 ii4 #dcc2 on g5ius1 i4 #bdg1 iii4 #ai1 #adg1 #aea1 #aec1 #aef2 on effect ( human beauty1 i4 #bhe2 on ,laocoon1 i4 #bic2 on pa9t+ ( music1 i4 #bie2 on fable ( ,pros]p9e & pomegranate1 i4 #caa1 #dbd2 8 songs1 i4 #cbc1 #baj2 on inde/ructibility ( human _s1 i4 #cfb n42 8,confessions ( beautiful s\l10 i4 #dig2 p[] ( sight ( suff]+1 i4 #eab2 on p]si/5cy ( error1 ii4 #d1 #h2 unkn[n to ,kant1 ii4 #aeb2 s5sitive to noise1 ii4 #aih2 metamorphosis ( plants1 ii4 #bbe1 iii4 #he2 on skeletons ( rod5ts1 ii4 #cah2 on ,kant1 ii4 #cdj2 nev] ov]work$1 ii1 #dbg2 example ( folly ( *ildhood1 ii4 #def2 on sleep1 ii4 #dff2 8,wahlv]w&ts*aft510 iii4 #cg1 #aea1 #afd2 8 love ( natural sci5ces1 iii4 #ci2 8 height1 iii4 #afj2 8 *ildi%ness1 iii4 #afc2 8 "m1 iii4 #cbg2 quot$1 i4 #cad1 #cff1 ii4 #ad1 #bb1 #bid1 iii4 #acb1 #acf1 #cfi4 ,good1 ! conception1 i4 #dfd seq42 nature ( ! good man1 #dfe1 #dhj1 iii4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,gorgias1 ii4 #bha1 #bhf4 ,go?ic ar*itecture comp>$ ) antique1 iii4 #ahiaib4 ,gozzi1 ,c>lo1 i4 #bcg1 ii4 #bgf1 iii4 #afi4 ,grace1 di/+ui%$ f beauty1 i4 #bhi2 ,*ri/ian doctr9e (1 i4 #ebb seq41 #ebh1 ii4 #adi4 ,gracian1 ,bal?as>1 i4 #caa1 ii4 #bej1 iii4 #dja4 ,gramm>1 relation to ,logic1 ii4 #hehg1 #hi4 ,gravitas1 iii4 #aeb4 ,gravitation1 i4 #ac1 #bf1 #aie1 #bab1 #bac1 #cih1 ii4 #bbe1 #bbf1 iii4 #eb1 #cid4 ,greatness 9 spiritual s5se1 iii4 #aej4 ,guicci>d9i1 ii4 #ddg4 ,guido ,r5i1 iii4 #aia4 ,guilt1 i4 #bjd1 #ded1 iii4 #cij1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj seq41 #ddh4 ,guion1 ,mme4 de1 i4 #dig1 #eje1 iii4 #dcb1 #dcd1 #dce4 ,hall1 ,m>%all1 i4 #aea1 ii4 #acc1 #dcc1 #dhd1 iii4 #f4 ,hall]1 ii4 #dgi1 #dhh1 iii4 #cbh4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w41 ii4 #cbc4 ,happ9ess1 is negative1 i4 #daadac2 f /&po9t ( high] k1 i4 #def2 impossible 9 an exi/5ce l ours1 iii4 #chb1 #chc2 & virtue1 i4 #dff1 iii4 #dbj seq4 ,h>dy1 ,sp5ce1 i4 #dig1 iii4 #cja1 #cjc1 #cjh n41 #dcd4 ,hauz1 iii4 #de4 ,haydn1 i4 #cjd4 ,head1 relation (1 to trunk 9 brutes & man1 i4 #bcj2 opposite pole ( g5itals1 i4 #dbe1 iii4 #hg1 #caj2 & he>t1 ii4 #dej seq4 ,heal?1 i4 #aij seq41 iii4 #che4 ,he>+1 s5se (1 ii4 #aieaii4 ,he>t1 ! c5tre & primum mobile ( life1 ii4 #dbh1 #dgidha2 opposition betwe5 head & he>t1 ii4 #dej seq42 :y love affairs are call$ affairs ( ! he>t1 iii4 #cgc4 ,hea!n1 ii4 #ig4 ,heav5s1 sublime effect (1 i4 #bff1 #bfg4 ,hegel1 ii4 #h1 #bb1 #ca1 #aga1 #bdc1 #bfa1 #bff1 iii4 #de1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #cid1 #djd1 #dcf4 ,he9e1 ,he9ri*1 ii4 #bhc4 ,hell1 i4 #dai1 iii4 #chg1 #chh1 #cib4 ,helvetius1 i4 #bhh n41 ii4 #bef1 #ddd #ddf1 iii4 #h4 ,h]aclitus1 i4 #h1 ii4 #bef1 iii4 #cii4 ,h]d]1 i4 #eb1 ii4 #aec1 iii4 #afc4 ,h]$ity1 iii4 #cahcce4 ,h]maphrodism1 iii4 #cef4 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #cdg1 iii4 #cjc1 #cih4 ,hesiod1 i4 #dbe4 ,hi/ory & sci5ce1 i4 #hb1 iii4 #bbj1 #bba2 & philosophy1 iii4 #bbc2 & poetry1 i4 #cae seq41 iii4 #bbd2 & biography1 i4 #cai2 ! philosophy (1 i4 #bcf1 #bcg1 iii4 #bbdbbf2 true value (1 iii4 #bbg seq4 untru/wor?9ess (1 i4 #bch1 #caf1 #cag1 iii4 #bbc2 hi/ory ( _w & hi/ory ( ! sa9ts1 i4 #dig1 #dih4 ,hobbes1 i4 #ba1 #cfa n41 #dda1 #ddf1 #dea ii4 #bfc1 #dec4 ,holb]g1 ii4 #cgi4 ,hol9ess1 inn] nature (1 i4 #did1 #die2 its indep5d5ce ( dogmas1 i4 #die1 #eji4 ,hollba*1 ii4 #agf4 ,home1 ii4 #aec1 #bgj4 ,hom]1 i4 #bcf1 #bie1 #caa1 #cad1 #cbd1 iii4 #djj4 ,hooke1 i4 #bf1 ii4 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,hope1 ii4 #dca4 ,horace1 ii4 #aci1 #adj1 #bgd1 iii4 #aha4 ,horizon1 m5tal1 ii4 #cch4 ,hub]1 iii4 #aja4 ,human race4 ,see ,man4 ,humboldt1 ,alex4 von1 ii4 #fd1 iii4 #aab4 ,hume1 ,david1 i4 #ae1 #eb1 #hi1 ii4 #h1 #abi1 #acj1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agc1 #bjg1 #bji iii4 #ib1 #ib n41 #cje1 #cbg1 #cic1 #cid1 #cie4 ,hum\r1 ii4 #bhbbhd4 ,hut*eson1 ii4 #bgj4 ,hydraulics1 sci5ce1 ( iii4 #ch2 z a f9e art1 i4 #bha1 #bhb4 ,hypo!sis1 correct1 ii4 #cji2 effect (1 on m9d1 ii4 #dcb4 ,i4 ,see ,ego4 ,idea 7,vor/ellung71 :at x is1 ii4 #djj2 common =m ( all classes (1 i4 #c2 =m ( comb9ation ( all classes (1 i4 #e2 *ief di/9ction among1 i4 #g2 idea ( p]ception1 i4 #gde1 ii4 #afcbbg2 ab/ract1 i4 #deabj1 ii4 #bbhcie2 subjective correlative (1 i4 #ac 7,cf4 ,object & ,_w72 ! ,platonic ,idea 7,idee7 def9$1 i4 #afh1 iii4 #abb2 di/+ui%$ f ?+ 9 itself1 i4 #bji1 #bbf seq41 #bcb1 iii4 #abb seq42 empirical correlative (1 iii4 #abc42 relation to individual ?+s1 i4 #bbg1 #bcc1 iii4 #bge2 k (1 i4 #bbjbbh1 #bga1 ii4 #cceccf1 iii4 #abb1 #abf seq42 grades (1 9 nature1 i4 #aieaii1 #bjb2 ! object ( art1 see ,art2 misuse ( ^w1 i4 #afh1 ii4 #ii1 #ajj2 association (1 see ,association2 ,kant's ,ideas ( reason1 ii4 #bc seq4 ,ideal1 9 art1 i4 #bhg1 #bhh2 opposition betwe5 ideal & real1 ii4 #djj seq4 ,idealism1 z oppos$ to realism1 i4 #c seq41 ii4 #bh seq41 #afc1 #afg2 diff]5ce betwe5 empirical & transc5d5tal1 ii4 #agj1 #ahd2 absolute1 i4 #acd1 #ace4 ,id5tity1 law (1 ii4 #hfhh2 philosophy (1 i4 #cb1 ii4 #h1 #djj4 ,idyll1 !1 :y x mu/ be %ort1 i4 #dac4 ,iffl&1 ii4 #dbf4 ,illusion di/+ui%$ f error1 i4 #bh1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,imag9ation1 an in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 ii4 #bdj1 #bde2 an ess5tial elem5t ( g5ius1 i4 #bda seq41 iii4 #ada1 #adb4 ,imitation1 9 art1 i4 #cjd2 ( idiosyncrasies ( o!rs1 i4 #cie4 ,imman5t k1 oppos$ to transc5d5t & transc5d5tal1 i4 #bbd1 ii4 #chg1 iii4 #dcj n41 #dfh4 ,immortality1 iii4 #ge4 ,see ,inde/ructibility4 ,imp5etrability ( matt]1 i1 #ac1 ii4 #ajc1 #bbc seq41 iii4 #eb4 ,incl9ation1 def9ition1 iii4 #djf4 ,inde/ructibility1 ( our true nature by dea?1 ,*4 #da passim1 iii4 #bdicjh4 ,indian1 my/icism1 #dcb2 sculpture1 i4 #cji2 philosophy1 iii4 #bha1 #bhb2 ca/e i4 #dei1 #dfj 7,cf4 ,buddhism & ,brahmanism74 ,individuality1 z ph5om5on root$ 9 ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4 #adg1 #bai1 #ced1 #ceg1 #ceh1 iii4 #gd1 #dbh1 #dfi2 at ! diff]5t grades ( nature1 i4 #agjagb2 language ( nature ) ref]5ce to1 i4 #cee1 #cef1 iii4 #ajh seq41 #daf1 #dag2 de/ruction (1 by dea?1 iii4 #bhf1 #bih seq4 ,induction1 ii4 #caj4 ,inf9ite1 true conception (1 ii4 #aae4 ,inquisition1 i4 #dff n4 ,innoc5ce1 ( plants1 i4 #bjd4 ,insects1 f]tilisation ( plants by1 iii4 #ij2 life ( sev]$ p>ts (1 ii4 #dhc2 ephem]al nature (1 iii4 #bfg4 ,see ,in/9ct4 ,in/9ct1 an act direct$ to an unkn[n end1 i4 #adh1 #aej1 #aig1 iii4 #if1 #cdf seq42 relation (1 to guidance by motives1 iii4 #if seq42 relation to somnambulism1 iii4 #ih2 ?r[s light on organis+ "w ( nature1 iii4 #ifajj1 #ajc2 9 man1 iii4 #cdf seq4 ,intellect1 pure1 ii4 #agi1 #ahj2 empirical1 second>y nature (1 ii4 #daadfg1 iii4 #c seq41 #bia2 end (1 i4 #aii1 #bbh1 ii4 #ccf1 #dhe1 iii4 #ba seq42 degrees (1 9 s]ies ( animals & 9 man1 iii4 #bi1 #cj2 p>simony ( nature 9 imp>t+1 iii4 #bj2 limitation (1 to ph5om5a1 iii4 #babi2 imp]fections (1 ii4 #ccjcdd4 ,int]e/+1 di/+ui%$ f beautiful1 i4 #bbi4 ,ionic s*ool1 i4 #cc4 ,irritability z objectification ( w1 ii4 #dgb seq42 its connection ) blood1 ii4 #dgh4 ,isaiah ii4 #dcg4 ,islamism1 iii4 #dbc1 #ddf4 ,jacobi1 i4 #bbe n41 ii4 #afi4 ,jeal\sy1 iii4 #cfd4 ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 i4 #cbh4 ,jones1 ,sir ,w41 i4 #h1 #eja n4 ,joy1 i4 #daj1 ii4 #dbi seq4 ,judaism1 i4 #cjj1 iii4 #cje1 #ddf4 ,judgm5t1 faculty (1 i4 #cj1 #hd seq41 ii4 #aeb seq41 #bff seq4 ,julian1 ,emp]or1 ii4 #cej4 ,jung ,/ill+1 ii4 #bdc4 ,ju/9ius1 #cje4 ,ju/ice1 z a virtue1 i4 #dgh1 #dgi1 iii4 #dbd2 retributive1 i4 #deb2 et]nal1 i4 #dbg1 #debdeh1 #dfa1 iii4 #dje1 #dba2 poetical1 i4 #cbh4 ,kant1 ab/ract & p]ceptible k1 ii4 #be1 #cb1 #hj1 #bac2 /hetic1 ii4 #cb1 #cc1 #ahi2 amphiboly1 ii4 #ch2 analytic1 ii4 #cchi2 ant9omy1 i4 #ci1 ii4 #ajdabe1 iii4 #de2 a priori nature ( space & "t1 i4 #f1 #h1 #aed1 #aee1 ii4 #afi1 #bja1 #bjb1 iii4 #bgf seq42 on ! beautiful1 iii4 #ahi2 categories1 i4 #eg1 ii4 #dcdg1 #djc2 causality1 i4 #af1 ii4 #eh seq41 #agc1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bag1 #che1 #chf1 iii4 #dfi2 "*1 empirical & intelligible1 i4 #ach1 #bjc1 #cdi1 #cgc2 *ief result ( ,kantian philosophy1 ii4 #dje2 *ildi% 9 old age1 ii4 #dbg2 conceptions1 philosophy a sci5ce (1 ii4 #bei1 #chd2 cosmological pro(1 ii4 #acj2 cosmology1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #bbe1 #gb2 critical philosophy1 ii4 #faa2 criticism ( functions ( ! bra91 ii4 #agd1 #ahe2 critique ( judgm5t1 ii4 #aebaei2 critique ( practical reason1 ii4 #accaej2 critique ( pure reason1 ii4 #cacc 7fundam5tal ?\ght (1 ii4 #ahbj71 #bcg1 #cgg2 dialectic1 #hiacc2 8,die ,fals*e ,spitzf9digkeit10 ii4 #cjj2 dreams di/+ui%$ f reality1 i4 #bj1 #ba2 editions ( ,critique1 ii4 #bi2 error1 s\rce (1 i4 #ajc2 e?ics1 i4 #gi1 #aaj1 #adj1 ii4 #ab1 #accaej2 fre$om & necessity1 ii4 #cgg2 ,god1 ii4 #abi1 #acj2 laws ( homog5eity & specification1 i4 #hc2 idealism (1 ii4 #bi1 #afc1 #afd1 #djj seq42 inf9ity1 ii4 #aae2 judgm5t1 reflective & subsum+1 i4 #he2 judgm5ts1 table (1 ii4 #efgh2 philosophy ( law1 i4 #dcc1 ii4 #aejaeb2 logic1 transc5d5tal1 ii4 #ccacc2 on love1 #cch2 !ory ( ludicr\s1 ii4 #bgj2 influ5ce ( ,kantian doctr9e on ma!matics1 i4 #id1 #che2 explanation ( matt]1 i4 #ab n41 iii4 #ed2 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce10 i4 #hh1 ii4 #aaa1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbe2 metaphysics1 impossibility (1 ii4 #chf seq42 me?od (1 ii4 #ecee1 iii4 #e2 ,kant's "m1 iii4 #cbg2 negative result ( philosophy1 ii4 #ag2 nihil privativum1 i4 #ebh2 s5sitive to noise1 ii4 #aih2 ontological pro(1 ii4 #abi1 #acj2 object ( p]ception1 ii4 #ccdc2 p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 ii4 #ghha2 ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself1 i4 #i1 #da1 #aee1 #bbj1 #fab1 #bh1 #aha1 #cgi1 #chi1 #cii1 #dhf2 physico!ological pro(1 ii4 #acj2 relation to ,plato1 i4 #bbc seq42 psy*ology1 refutation ( rational1 ii4 #ajjajd2 reason1 conception (1 i4 #di2 ideas (1 i4 #afi1 ii4 #ifajj2 ideal (1 ii4 #abeacc2 pr9ciple (1 ii4 #ijif2 reciprocity1 category (1 ii4 #fa seq42 s*ematism ( categories1 #dhea2 ,s*ola/ic dogmatism ov]?r[n by1 ii4 #abaf1 iii4 #bg2 ,s*op5hau] gone fur!r ?an1 iii4 #bh1 #ei2 8 sleep1 ii4 #dfe2 speculative !ology1 refutation (1 ii4 #abhacc1 #dgc2 spiritualism1 refutation (1 ii4 #agg2 /yle (1 ii4 #bj1 #ba1 #cdj2 subject1 sy/em />ts f1 i4 #db2 !ory (1 sublime1 i4 #bfe2 love ( symmetry1 ii4 #bb1 #dg1 #fi1 #gf1 #gh1 #ajf1 #acc2 syn!tic unity ( app]ception1 ii4 #ea1 #eb1 #ccc1 #dgf1 iii4 #ab2 ?+ 9 itself1 ii4 #c1 #ca1 #afi1 #cha1 #djg2 transc5d5t1 transc5d5tal & imman5t1 i4 #abd1 ii4 #c1 #hg1 iii4 #bd2 das ,v]nnfteln ii4 #bfc2 weight an a priori quality ( matt]1 i4 #ac4 ,kemble1 i4 #bie4 ,kepl]1 i4 #hg1 #id1 #acg n41 iii4 #da4 ,k]n]1 ,ju/9us1 ii4 #dha4 ,kielmay]1 #cah4 ,kics]1 ii4 #cbf1 iii4 #ii4 ,kirby1 iii4 #ia1 #aja1 #ajc4 ,klei/1 i4 #caa4 ,klett5b]g1 ,fr4 von1 i4 #dig4 ,k1 :5ce ! ne$ (1 iii4 #g1 #h2 physiological & metaphysical view (1 ii4 #dhf1 iii4 #bij1 #bia1 #dgj2 aim (1 ii4 #dge2 k9ds (1 i4 #aii1 #bcj2 degrees (1 iii4 #bi1 #cj2 :y no k ( kn[+1 ii4 #dhg2 influ5ce ( w ^u1 iii4 #acd2 influ5ce (1 on degree ( s5sibility & suff]+1 i4 #djj1 iii4 #af4 ,kpp51 iii4 #cja4 ,koran1 ii4 #cfa4 ,krsi1 ,csoma1 ii4 #cga4 ,kosack1 i4 #if4 ,kri%na1 iii4 #bfb4 ,lactantius1 ii4 #ih4 ,lalita,vi/>a1 iii4 #afh4 ,lam>ck1 i4 #ahe4 ,lamb]t1 i4 #ee1 ii4 #cjc4 ,l&scape pa9t+1 i4 #bhb4 ,language1 ! fir/ production & tool ( reason1 i4 #dg1 #dh1 #ea2 connection ( conception ) ^w1 ii4 #bch2 capacity =1 dep5ds on association ( ideas1 ii4 #cbe2 ! acquisition ( sev]al an important m5tal culture1 ii4 #bch1 #bci2 aga9/ ! mod]n habit ( curtail+ words1 ii4 #caj seq4 ,laocoon1 i4 #bib1 iii4 #aih4 ,laplace1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #bbe1 iii4 #gb1 #gc4 ,lat91 z univ]sal language ( sci5tific lit]ature1 ii4 #caj seq4 ,la ,trappe1 i4 #eaj1 iii4 #dee4 ,laught]1 z a psy*ical act1 i4 #gf seq41 ii4 #bgj2 peculi> to man1 ii4 #bhj2 :y pleasant1 ii4 #bgi2 insult+ & bitt]1 ii4 #bha2 a te/ ( moral wor?1 ii4 #bha4 ,lavat]1 i4 #cab4 ,law1 philosophy (1 i4 #ddb1 #deb1 ii4 #aejaeb1 iii4 #djidad4 ,le>n+1 on ! subord9ate value (1 ii4 #bec seq4 ,lee1 ,anne1 iii4 #ddi4 ,legislation1 i4 #ddf1 #ddg4 ,leibnitz1 i4 #di1 #aaa1 #cdb1 ii4 #aa1 #ha seq41 #ada1 #bcg1 #cia1 iii4 #ia1 #cid seq4 ,leibnitz,wolfian philosophy1 i4 #fd1 ii4 #h1 #abg1 #abi1 #ada1 iii4 #cid4 ,leop>di1 iii4 #dja4 ,less+1 i4 #bib1 ii4 #af1 #aec1 #afi1 iii4 #cje4 ,leszczynski1 iii4 #bjc n4 ,leucippus1 ii4 #agg1 #cgh1 iii4 #fa1 #fd4 ,li*t5b]g1 ii4 #aac1 #agb n41 #aih1 #dde4 iii4 #ba1 #bjc n41 #cje1 #ccb n4 ,lie1 !1 orig9 & end (1 i4 #dcd seq4 ,liebig1 iii4 #db4 ,life1 nature (1 iii4 #cf2 conflict ) me*anical & *emical =ces1 i4 #aij2 opposition betwe5 organic & animal1 ii4 #dhidib2 bl9d /riv+1 iii4 #ajeaah2 relation to dreams1 i4 #bj1 #dae2 tragic & comic side (1 i4 #dae1 #daf2 mis]y (1 i4 #djadjg1 #dag1 iii4 #aad1 #chbdja2 aim (1 iii4 #cgf1 #chdcia4 ,light1 me*anical explanations (1 iii4 #dd seq42 relation to heat1 i4 #bfb1 #bfc2 explanation ( pleasure giv5 by1 i4 #beh1 iii4 #acg2 connection ) ar*itecture1 i4 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,locke1 i4 #di1 ii4 #f1 #g1 #de1 #ha seq41 #ada1 #agc seq41 #ahe seq41 #bab1 #bac1 #beh1 #bei1 #djb1 iii4 #e1 #bc1 #ei1 #cid4 ,logic1 def9ition (1 i4 #eh1 ii4 #bhe2 value (1 i4 #egei1 ii4 #bhf2 on :at its c]ta9ty dep5ds1 ii4 #bfh4 ,love1 nature ( all true & pure1 i4 #dhd seq42 root & significance ( sexual love1 iii1 #dai1 #ccicdc1 #cfj2 degrees ( x1 iii4 #cddcfa2 ! rle ( in/9ct 9 x1 iii4 #cdecdi1 #cejcfj2 indep5d5ce ( fri5d%ip1 iii4 #cde2 sublime & comic sides (1 iii4 #cff seq4 ,lucretius1 i4 #djc1 #daa1 #dab1 iii4 #ia1 #ic1 #cac4 ,lully1 ,raymond1 i4 #eaj1 iii4 #dee4 ,lupus1 ,rutilius1 ii4 #bhf4 ,lu!r1 i4 #ejj1 #ebe1 ii4 #ade1 #cfh1 iii4 #cib1 #dba1 #ddhdea4 ,lyric1 subjectivity (1 i4 #cba2 nature ( ! song1 i4 #cbbcbd4 ,ma*iavelli1 ii4 #ace1 iii4 #aeh4 ,macrocosm1 i4 #bab1 iii4 #djd4 ,madness1 nature (1 i4 #cj1 #bdh seq41 iii4 #afg2 crit]ion (1 iii4 #afg seq42 relation ( k ( madman to t ( ! brutes1 i4 #bdi1 ii4 #bdc2 relation (1 to g5ius1 i4 #bdf1 #bdg2 preval5ce among actors1 iii4 #afh2 orig9 (1 i4 #bdi seq41 iii4 #afi1 #agj2 mania s9e delirio1 iii4 #aga1 #agb4 ,magnetism1 animal1 ii4 #dff1 #dfg1 iii4 #gf1 #dai4 ,ma9e de ,biran1 ii4 #bjf1 #ejg1 #bag4 ,malebran*e1 i4 #agh1 #agi1 #ebb1 ii4 #ae4 ,man1 ! human race1 connection ) re/ ( nature1 i4 #bjj seq41 #djc1 ii4 #cgg2 id5tity ( ess5ce ( man & ! brutes1 i4 #aib2 diff]5ce betwe5 man & brutes1 i4 #dfdh1 #aajaab1 #agj1 #aga1 #bcj1 #chd1 #che1 ii4 #bbhbcc1 #ceh1 iii4 #adag1 #chj1 #cha2 transc5d5t unity ( human race1 iii4 #ge1 #gf2 turn+po9t ( w to live1 i4 #dia seq41 iii4 #cha1 #dbf2 orig9 (1 iii4 #ceh2 gradual degradation (1 ii4 #cfb4 ,mani*ans1 iii4 #cje4 ,mann]i/s1 i4 #cjd1 #cje4 ,manzoni1 ii4 #ceb4 ,m>cioni/s1 iii4 #cje1 #dch1 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ii4 #cef1 iii4 #cbc4 ,m>riage1 iii4 #ccc1 #ccd1 #ccfcge4 ,mat]ialism1 i4 #cd seq41 ii4 #age seq41 iii4 #fjfd1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,ma!matics1 sci5tific nature (1 i4 #ha1 #hb2 gr\nd ( c]ta9ty (1 i4 #aeg1 ii4 #bfh2 & g5ius1 i4 #bdf1 #bdg2 me?od (1 i4 #ie seq42 & logic1 ii4 #bjb2 value (1 ii4 #cbc4 ,matt]1 i4 #ajac1 #age1 #bge1 #bgf1 ii4 #gi1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #bahbbd1 iii4 #dhed4 ,maup]tius1 ii4 #bbe4 ,maximus ( ,tyre1 ii4 #bfd4 ,maxwell1 iii4 #dej4 ,my1 i4 #i1 #ba1 #dbe1 #ded1 #dee1 #dga1 #dgh1 #dha1 #dhb1 #dhi1 #dij1 #ead1 #eae1 ii4 #h1 #aj1 #ajh n41 iii4 #fi1 #dah4 ,me*anics1 iii4 #cg1 #ci1 #dc seq4 ,m$w91 iii4 #afj n4 ,mei/]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,f41 ii4 #aeb4 ,melan*oly1 i4 #eab4 ,melissus1 ii4 #bfd4 ,memnon1 ii4 #aih4 ,memory1 z a function ( intellect1 ii4 #cce1 iii4 #cjj2 diff]5ce betwe5 t ( m5 & brutes1 ii4 #bbi1 #bcj2 ! influ5ces act+ ^u1 i4 #cj1 #bdhbea1 ii4 #bjj1 #ccd1 #dch seq4 ,m55ius ,agrippa1 i4 #caa4 ,m5s z oppos$ to animus1 ii4 #deh4 ,m5u1 laws (1 i4 #dcc1 #eja n41 iii4 #dfe4 ,m]ck1 ii4 #ddf1 iii4 #bjj4 ,metaphysics1 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #bj1 #ceicie iii4 #dj4 ,metempsy*osis1 doctr9e (1 i4 #dehdfj1 iii4 #cjjcjf1 #dag1 #dah4 ,me?od1 i4 #ajj1 #ajh1 ii4 #ec1 #baj1 #bei1 #cji1 #caj1 #cic4 ,metre1 i4 #cad1 ii4 #bjebjg4 ,m9d1 pres5ce (1 ii4 #dcj4 ,m9or key1 i4 #ccg1 iii4 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,mission>ies1 i4 #dfj4 ,mnemonics1 ii4 #cbe4 ,modality1 categories (1 ii4 #ffge4 ,mode/y1 i4 #cjc1 iii4 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,mohamm$anism1 ii4 #cfa1 #cfb1 iii4 #dbc1 #dcc1 #dgb4 ,mol9os1 iii4 #dcd1 #dce1 #dce n4 ,molock1 ii4 #bdc4 ,mon>*y1 i4 #ddc1 iii4 #daj4 ,mona/icism1 i4 #dii1 iii4 #ddh4 ,mongolian race1 iii4 #eh4 ,montaigne1 i4 #dfc n41 ii4 #cae1 #dfe1 iii4 #cgh4 ,montalemb]t1 iii4 #dce4 ,montani/s1 iii4 #dch4 ,monum5ts1 value ( hi/orical1 iii4 #bbi4 ,moon1 /hetic effect (1 iii4 #acf4 ,morality1 i4 #cdc1 #dgg1 iii4 #dje1 #dae1 #dbcdbh 7,cf4 ,e?ics74 ,morphology1 i4 #abd1 #abe1 #ahc4 ,mortality1 iii4 #cjacjb4 ,motives1 ,motivation1 :at !y det]m9e1 i4 #ach1 #bab1 #bac1 iii4 #aae2 :at imp>ts p[] to1 iii4 #ig2 intellectual condition ( action (1 i4 #chj1 #cha2 influ5ce ( ne>ness ^u /r5g? (1 ii4 #cdf2 influ5ce ^u intellect1 ii4 #dcf2 di/+ui%$ f in/9ct1 iii4 #ig2 intellect z m$ium (1 i4 #aii1 ii4 #ccf1 #dhe1 iii4 #ba seq4 ,movem5t1 i4 #aid1 ii4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #dhc1 #dhd1 iii4 #ci4 ,moz>t1 iii4 #afc4 ,mll]1 ii4 #dgi4 ,multiplicity1 i4 #ade1 #adf1 #aff1 #afg1 iii4 #fi seq41 #bgd1 #bge4 ,mn*haus51 ,b>on1 i4 #cd1 ii4 #bgh4 ,murd]1 i4 #dcb1 iii4 #dac1 #dad4 ,music1 metaphysics (1 i4 #ccjcdf1 iii4 #bcabdh4 ,my/]ies ess5tial to religion1 ii4 #cfg1 #cfh1 iii4 #dcj4 ,my/icism1 ,my/ics1 i4 #dii1 #ejj1 iii4 #dcj n41 #dcjdcd4 ,nak$ness1 i4 #bif4 ,nature1 :at x means1 iii4 #a2 works ( nature & works ( art1 iii4 #a1 #fi1 #gj1 #gi2 inn] nature (1 i4 #adj seq41 #adh1 #aeb seq41 iii4 #cb1 #cc1 #ci2 p]fection ( works (1 iii4 #fi1 #gj2 ! circle (1 iii4 #bfg2 grades (1 i4 #aie seq41 #bjbbjf2 cont9uity (1 ii4 #bcb1 iii4 #cf1 #he2 ! conflict 91 i4 #aia1 #baj1 #baa2 design (1 i4 #bjabaa1 #gg seq41 #ie2 relation to species & individual1 i4 #cef1 #dbe1 #dbf1 iii4 #aid1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cif2 /hetic effect (1 i4 #bee1 iii4 #agc1 #agd2 navet (1 i4 #bjc1 #bjd1 #cef1 #cfb1 #dbc1 #dia1 iii4 #chj2 moral quality (1 i4 #eah1 iii4 #ajf2 laws (1 i4 #abf1 #agb1 #age seq441 #ahc2 =ces (1 i4 #abf1 #afb1 #afiahb1 #bjb1 ii4 #bag1 #bah1 iii4 #gc1 #bei2 inve/igator (1 ii4 #cah1 #cai1 #chc4 ,necessity1 orig9 & mean+ ( conception1 i4 #ig2 relation to ! actual & possible1 ii4 #gb seq42 relation to cont+5t1 ii4 #fg1 #fh2 z oppos$ to fre$om1 iii4 #fg1 #fi2 absolute necessity1 #gj4 ,n]ves1 i4 #aca1 ii4 #agc1 #ahe1 #dhadhe4 ,newton1 ,isaac1 i4 #bf1 #fd1 #afj1 #afe1 #bde1 ii4 #bbf1 #bfh1 #cch4 ,nirvana1 i4 #dfj1 iii4 #cjh n41 #cgd1 #dbg1 #dbh4 ,nitzs*1 iii4 #bfi4 ,noise1 ii4 #aih1 #aii1 iii4 #dej4 ,nom9alism1 ii4 #he1 iii4 #abe4 & 1 i4 #ic1 ii4 #he4 ,no?+1 relativity ( conception1 i4 #ebh1 iii4 #bgb4 ,n\ri%m5t1 i4 #ceg4 ,num5ius1 ii4 #ih4 1 ii4 #dei1 iii4 #cij4 ,nunc /ans1 !1 i4 #bbg1 #cfa n41 iii4 #cha4 ,object1 condition$ by subject1 i4 #c1 #f1 #af1 seq41 #abc1 #abd1 ii4 #affafi1 #agj1 #agc1 #agi1 #cha4 ,objectification1 i4 #acj1 #affafc1 ii4 #dfh4 ,objectivity1 ( g5ius & 9 art1 i4 #bdj1 #cba1 #cbd1 ii4 #dag1 iii4 #add1 #baj4 ,obscurantism1 iii4 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,obry1 iii4 #cjc1 #cjh n4 ,ocelius ,lucanus1 #aac4 ,op]a1 iii4 #ib1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,optimism1 i4 #dbj1 ii4 #cia1 iii4 #cijcig1 #dcf1 #ddc1 #ddi1 #dga seq4 ,organism1 ii4 #dfh1 iii4 #gg seq4 ,orig9al s91 iii4 #cjf1 #dba seq41 #dbf4 ,orpheus1 iii4 #cjc1 #dbg1 #dcc1 #ddc4 ,osi&]1 i4 #aea4 ,ossian1 i4 #cbd4 ,ought1 ! absolute1 i4 #cej1 ii4 #add4 ,oum1 iii4 #dcj1 #dcj n4 ,oupnekhat1 i4 #dei1 #eja1 iii4 #dbe n4 #dcb1 #dcc4 ,ovid1 #a4 #cif1 #daj4 ,ow51 ,r41 ii4 #aca1 #bjc n41 iii4 #hb1 #hf1 #ia4 ,p/um1 iii4 #ahe4 ,pa91 i4 #chf1 #daj1 #dab1 #dac1 iii4 #chd1 #che4 ,pa9e1 ,t41 i4 #bca4 ,pa9t+1 i4 #bhbbib1 #bigcja1 #cjfcaj1 iii4 #aic1 #aifaih4 ,pal+5esis1 iii4 #cjj1 #cja4 ,p&]1 ii4 #cah4 ,pan!ism1 iii4 #ajf1 #aad1 #djc1 #djd1 #dgadge4 ,p>acelsus1 ,!ophra/us1 iii4 #bhj1 #cfb4 ,p>m5ides1 i4 #ada1 #dbe4 ,p>ody1 ii4 #bge1 #bgf4 ,p>ticles1 logical1 ii4 #bhh1 #cae4 ,pascal1 i4 #dgf1 iii4 #dce4 ,passions1 ii4 #baf1 iii4 #djf1 #djg4 ,pa/1 !1 i4 #cei1 #cfj4 ,p$antry1 i4 #gh1 ii4 #bej seq4 ,pelagianism1 i4 #ebe1 ii4 #cfh1 #cfi1 iii4 #dbb1 #ddh4 ,p5it5ti>y sy/em1 i4 #djd1 iii4 #dab4 ,p]ception1 intellectuality (1 i4 #adaf1 ii4 #dj1 #agd1 #ahe1 #aib2 %>e ( s5ses & bra9 91 ii4 #ahe2 object (1 i4 #g1 ii4 #dj2 relation to ?+ 9 itself1 ii4 #agd1 #dja2 significance = k1 sci5ce1 art1 philosophy1 & virtue1 ii4 #bddbfi1 iii4 #aca1 #ada seq4 ,p]fection1 ii4 #ae4 ,p]ipatetics1 ii4 #acg1 #ade4 ,p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 ii4 #gh4 ,p]petual motion1 ii4 #fe1 iii4 #cie4 ,pessimism1 c be demon/rat$1 iii4 #cie2 ! gr\nd ( di/9ction among religions1 ii4 #cgb seq42 ( ! mo/ significant religions1 i4 #dbj1 iii4 #dbc2 ( great m5 ( all ages1 iii4 #cih seq4 ,petitio pr9cipii1 def9ition (1 ii4 #cjh4 ,petit,?\>s1 ,admiral1 iii4 #ee4 ,petr>*1 i4 #dhg1 #eab1 ii4 #cac1 iii4 #baj1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #chf4 ,petronius1 ii4 #acj4 ,pettigrew1 i4 #agh n4 ,phidias1 iii4 #aie4 ,philosoph]1 !1 nature (1 i4 #ba1 #aji1 ii4 #cai1 #cei1 #cfj1 iii4 #adf1 #adg2 di/+ui%$ f poet1 iii4 #adf1 #adg2 di/+ui%$ f sophi/1 ii4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,philosophy1 s\rce (1 #a4 #ace1 ii4 #ceicfa1 #cgd2 task (1 i4 #ajg1 #afh1 #cej1 #ceb1 #die2 di/+ui%$ f sci5ce1 i4 #ajg1 ii4 #cag2 z oppos$ to !ology1 ii4 #cfg1 #cie1 iii4 #dca1 #dec2 relation to art1 iii4 #agf1 #agg2 relation to hi/ory1 iii4 #bbc2 me?od (1 ii4 #ec1 #baj1 #bei1 #cic2 division (1 i4 #cdi2 cause ( small progress (1 ii4 #cie2 limits (1 ii4 #cfb1 #cfc1 #bg1 #dje2 pr(essors (1 ii4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,phlegmatic temp]am5t1 iii4 #ah1 #afa4 ,physics1 subject (1 ii4 #cge2 relation to metaphysics1 ii4 #cgfchd1 iii4 #dj4 ,physiognomy1 i4 #gd1 #gd n4 ,physiology1 i4 #abe1 ii4 #cag1 iii4 #ch4 ,pico de ,mir&ula1 ii4 #bdj4 ,pictet1 iii4 #cjd4 ,picturesque1 iii4 #acj4 ,p9d>1 i4 #ba4 ,pitt1 iii4 #cbd4 ,plagi>ism1 ii4 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,plants1 *ief *>act]i/ics (1 i4 #ceg1 ii4 #bi2 inn] nature (1 i4 #aeb1 iii4 #cdcf2 di/+ui%$ f animals1 i4 #be1 #aej1 iii4 #ac2 =m & physiognomy (1 i4 #bjc1 #bjd2 metamorphosis (1 iii4 #he2 /hetic effect (1 i4 #bfj1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,platn]1 ii4 #bgj4 ,plato1 on a priori k1 ii4 #bja2 on be+ & becom+1 i4 #i2 relation to ,giordano ,bruno1 ii4 #aad n42 figure ( ! cave1 i4 #caa1 ii4 #h2 improp] use ( conceptions1 ii4 #baa1 #bfa1 #bfd2 8 ,dmon1 i4 #cdi2 8 dialectic1 ii4 #cji2 s\rce ( error1 i4 #ajc2 errors 9 syllogi/ic reason+1 i4 #ic2 8 e?ics1 i4 #aad1 ii4 #ade1 #adi1 #cdh2 & 1 i4 #djg2 hope ! dream ( wak+1 ii4 #dca2 8 ,ideas1 i4 #afh1 #bbj1 #bgc1 ii4 #he1 #ii1 #cbb1 iii4 #abc1 #bgd1 #bge2 on love1 iii4 #cch2 on mat]ialism1 ii4 #agf2 on ma!matics1 #cbc2 on metempsy*osis1 #cjc2 8 me?od1 i4 #bci2 on music1 i4 #ccf2 on nature ( no?+1 i4 #ebi2 on ! nature ( ! philosoph]1 i4 #ba1 #da1 #aji1 #adc2 ii4 #cfi1 #cgd2 on plants1 iii4 #cd2 on puni%m5t1 i4 #dea2 on reason1 ii4 #ada2 on sci5ce1 i4 #hc2 on s5sual pleasure1 iii4 #cdi1 #cfi2 8 _w ( %ad[s1 ii4 #aj2 on exi/5ce ( s\l1 ii4 #ajb2 8 !ism1 ii4 #ih4 ,pl9y1 iii4 #cgh1 #djj1 #dea4 ,plot9us1 ii4 #bah1 iii4 #ea1 #ed1 #dcb4 ,pl\quet1 i4 #ee4 ,plut>*1 ii4 #ih1 #cai1 iii4 #abd1 #bga #cii4 ,poa*+1 a positive1 n a moral fault1 iii4 #daa1 #dab4 ,poet1 !1 grade2 (1 iii4 #bjb2 m>ks ( g5u9e1 iii4 #bjg2 bad influ5ce ( m$iocre1 i4 #cag n42 di/+ui%$ f philosoph]1 iii4 #adf1 #adg4 ,poetical ju/ice1 i4 #cbh ,poetry1 i4 #cacccj1 iii4 #ch1 #bjjbai4 ,po9t1 ext5sionless1 ii4 #bbc2 immovable1 ii4 #bai4 ,pol>ity1 i4 #ahg4 ,poli]1 ,mme4 de1 i4 #dib1 #eja n41 ii #aji4 ,position1 i4 #i4 ,possibility1 ii4 #fi1 #gb4 ,p\*et1 iii4 #ef4 ,p\ss91 i4 #cjf4 ,praxiteles1 iii4 #aie4 ,pr$e/9ation1 i4 #cgh1 ii4 #adi4 ,preexi/5ce1 iii4 #bec1 #bed4 ,prejudice1 ii4 #bfh4 ,prell]1 ii4 #ceg4 ,pres5t1 !1 i4 #cehcfj1 iii4 #bga1 #bga n4 ,prie/ley1 i4 #cgc1 ii4 #aaa1 #bbd1 #bbe1 iii4 #df4 ,prie/s1 i4 #dff n41 ii4 #cfb4 ,pr9cipium individuationis1 i4 #ade1 #adf1 #aff1 #ded seq41 #dha1 iii4 #bgd1 #dag1 #dah4 ,pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is a priori1 i4 preface xi41 #f1 iii4 #dfi2 sph]e ( validity (1 i4 #g1 #af1 #ag1 #da1 #ajf1 iii4 #dje1 #dfi2 importance (1 i4 #if1 #ajg1 ii4 #caf2 indemon/rable nature (1 i4 #if1 #ajf2 f\rfold root (1 i4 #g 7,cf4 ,app5dix to vol4 iii47 ,prop]ty1 "r (1 i4 #dcb1 #dcc n41 iii4 #daa4 ,prose1 z di/+ui%$ f poetry1 i1 #cac1 iii4 #bjdbjf4 ,prote/antism4 ,see ,ca?olicism4 ,prud5ce1 i4 #bg1 #bde1 #def4 ,psy*ology1 ii4 #dabdfg4 ,puni%m5t1 di/+ui%$ f rev5ge1 i4 #ddi2 end (1 i4 #ddhdej1 iii4 #dab1 #dac2 measure (1 iii4 #dac1 #dad4 ,pyramids1 i4 #bfg1 iii4 #bbi4 ,py?agoras1 iii4 #cjc4 ,py?agoreans1 i4 #cc1 #hf1 #ib1 #ie1 #ahh1 #cdc1 ii4 #cai1 iii4 #ie1 #abd1 #dbg1 #ddb1 #deb4 ,quality1 ( judgm5ts ii4 #eg1 #hg2 z det]m9ation ( matt]1 iii4 #ed2 natural =ces z qualitates occult1 i4 #abf1 #afb1 #agj1 #ahb1 ii4 #cgf4 ,quid pro quo1 i4 #gi4 ,quiet] ( w1 i4 #cja1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cfg1 #cif1 #dhi1 #dij4 ,quietism1 iii4 #dccdce1 ,rabelais1 iii4 #dcg4 ,radius1 ,ju/us1 ii4 #aia4 ,rameau1 i4 #eh4 ,ranc1 ,abb1 i4 #eaj1 iii4 #dee4 ,raphael1 i4 #bie1 #cjj1 #eca1 iii4 #afb4 ,rationalism 9 !ology1 ii4 #cfi4 ,read+1 disadvantage ( mu*1 ii4 #becbee4 ,realism1 ii4 #he1 iii4 #abe4 ,reality1 def9ition1 i4 #cj2 ! pres5t is ! =m (1 i4 #cei1 #cfj1 iii4 #bga n42 ( ext]nal _w1 i4 #bb1 #bc1 ii4 #afi1 #ahd4 ,reason1 ! ^w1 i4 #dh1 ii4 #ada1 #bda2 function (1 i4 #ej1 ii4 #acg2 !oretical & practical1 i4 #cj1 #aac1 ii4 #ach1 #aci1 #cde2 iii4 #djh2 pr]ogative ( man1 i4 #dfdh1 #aajaab1 #chd1 #che1 ii4 #bbhbcc1 iii4 #chj1 #cha2 relation ( language to1 i4 #dgea1 ii4 #bch2 advantages & disadvantages1 i4 #de1 #dg1 #fhge1 ii4 #bcdbdc1 #cde seq42 compatible ) want ( und]/&+ & ) moral badness1 ii4 #acf2 oppos$ to revelation1 ii4 #adb2 ,kant's ,ideas (1 i4 #afi1 ii4 #ifajj2 ideal (1 ii4 #abeacc2 pr9ciple (1 ii4 #ijif4 ,reflection1 def9ition1 i4 #df2 relation to p]ceptive k1 ii4 #ed seq4 ,reflex movem5ts1 ii4 #dhcdhd4 ,reid1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 ii4 #ahi1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bdj4 ,reil1 i4 #adj1 #aei4 ,religion1 significance (1 ii4 #cfg seq42 value (1 ii4 #cgj2 fundam5tal di/9ction betwe51 ii4 #cgb seq42 my/]ies ess5tial to1 ii4 #cfg2 demoralis+ influ5ce (1 i4 #dff n42 conflict ) culture & sci5ce1 ii4 #cgj2 philosophy (1 ii4 #cgj 7,cf4 ,buddhism1 ,brahmanism1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,judaism1 & ,mohamm$anism74 ,rep5tance1 i4 #chb1 iii4 #djf1 #djg4 ,reproduction4 ,see ,g5]ation4 ,republics t5d to an>*y1 i4 #ddc4 ,resignation4 ,see ,w1 d5ial (4 ,resolve1 i4 #chg4 ,rev5ge1 di/+ui%$ f puni%m5t1 i4 #ddi2 relation to wick$ness1 i4 #dgj2 a *>act]i/ic ( human nature :i* is n to be conf\nd$ ) rev5ge1 i4 #dfb4 ,rhetoric1 i4 #fc1 ii4 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cje1 #cjf4 ,rhyme4 ,see ,poetry4 ,rhy?m1 9 music1 i4 #cci seq4 ,see ,poetry4 ,ri*t]1 ,jean ,paul1 ii4 #bb1 #aih1 #bgj1 #bhc1 iii4 #ada1 #adc1 #ade4 ,"r1 negative nature ( conception1 i4 #dcg1 #ddd2 indep5d5t ( ,/ate1 i4 #dci1 iii4 #dji2 positive i4 #ddd1 #ddf2 ( prop]ty1 i4 #dcb #dcc n41 iii4 #daa4 ,ritt]1 ii4 #ceg4 ,romantic1 di/+ui%$ f classical1 iii4 #bji4 ,rs*1 ii4 #dgh1 #dhj4 ,ros5kranz1 i4 #bjc n41 ii4 #bi1 #cf1 #aag1 #abj1 #aba1 #adfadh1 #bjd n41 #bab1 #bag1 #bbe1 #cgg4 ,ros9i1 ii4 #ddg4 ,r\sseau1 i4 #bdg1 #cdc1 ii4 #acf1 #cec1 iii4 #ajf1 #cbe1 #cch1 #cig4 ,ru9s1 sublime effect (1 i4 #bfg2 analog\s to cad5za 9 music1 iii4 #bda4 ,ruisdael1 i4 #bee4 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,augu/1 iii4 #ee4 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,ge(froi1 ii4 #cah1 iii4 #hb4 ,sakya ,muni1 iii4 #afh1 #dcd4 ,salvation1 ! way (1 iii4 #dfjdfg4 ,sang]mano1 iii4 #cja1 #cjh n4 ,sannyasis1 i4 #dif1 ii4 #ceb4 ,saphir1 ii4 #bgd4 ,sceptics1 i4 #abc1 #abd4 ,s*ell+1 i4 #ahg1 ii4 #bb1 #ca1 #aaf1 #afi1 #agf1 #bcf1 #bfa1 iii4 #fb1 #dga4 ,s*ill]1 i4 #gi1 #cah1 ii4 #adh1 #bgf1 #cba1 iii4 #bae1 #bag4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 i4 #fg1 #bfb1 iii4 #cid4 ,s*legel1 iii4 #ge4 ,s*midt1 ,j4 ,j41 ii4 #cga1 iii4 #cjh n4 ,s*nrr]1 iii4 #cja4 ,s*ola/ics1 ,s*ola/icism1 i4 #hb1 #adf1 #afb1 #aih n41 ii4 #ab1 #ac1 #ce1 #ajj1 #abe1 #abf1 iii4 #abe4 ,s*olia/1 ii4 #cai4 ,s*ultz1 ii4 #dhj4 ,s*ulze1 ii4 #cab4 ,sci5ce1 nature (1 i4 #cf1 #eh1 #hjij1 #aje1 #ajf1 #bbi1 #bch1 ii4 #ec1 #beb1 #bfg4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 ii4 #dbg1 #deg1 iii4 #cbh1 #chf1 #cii4 ,scopas1 iii4 #aie4 ,sculpture1 z oppos$ to pa9t+1 i4 #bib1 iii4 #aic2 /hetic effect (1 iii4 #bjj1 #bja2 significance ( drap]y 91 i4 #bif2 antique1 i4 #cji1 iii4 #aid1 #aie2 mod]n1 iii4 #aie4 ,secundus1 ,johannes1 iii4 #aie4 ,selfi%ness4 ,see ,egoism4 ,selfk1 ii4 #dbc4 ,selfr5unciation1 mean+ (1 iii4 #dbc2 ! appe>ance ( fre$om 9 ! ph5om5on1 i4 #chh1 #chi4 ,s5eca1 i4 #ge1 #bdf1 #cgi1 ii4 #adi1 #bcd1 #cdg1 #cej1 #ceeceh1 #deh4 ,s5sation1 ii4 #ahfaia4 ,s5ses1 ii4 #aicbjj4 ,s5sibility1 i4 #ac4 ,s5tim5tality1 i4 #eab1 #eac4 ,s]5ity1 i4 #dbb1 iii4 #cgf4 ,s]i\sness1 z ! opposite ( laught]1 ii4 #bhj2 z det]m9+ ! t5d5cy ( life1 iii4 #adi4 ,sex1 degree (1 iii4 #cef4 ,sextus ,empiricus1 i4 #fb1 #ic1 #cdc1 ii4 #abg4 ,sexual impulse1 diff]5ce betwe5 man & brute ) ref]5ce to1 i4 #aga1 iii4 #cji2 significance & p[] (1 i4 #dbc1 #dbe1 #caj1 #cabcad1 #cgf2 physiological correlative (1 iii4 #cad2 its relation to happ9ess ( life1 iii4 #cgf2 volunt>y r5unciation ( satisfaction (1 i4 #dcj1 iii4 #cgf4 ,%aftesbury1 iii4 #cig4 ,%ak]s1 iii4 #ddi4 ,%akspe>e1 i4 #ba1 #bfh1 #eaa1 ii4 #bci1 #bed1 #cjf1 #cae1 iii4 #baj1 #bad1 #baf1 #cba1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #djj1 #deg4 ,%ame1 i4 #dbd1 iii4 #cgi4 ,%5/one1 ii4 #bge4 ,sicle1 iii4 #aab n4 ,sight1 s5se (1 ii4 #aic seq4 ,simoni/s1 iii4 #cje4 ,simplicius1 ii4 #aeg4 ,sira*1 ,jesus1 iii4 #ceb4 ,sket*es1 value (1 iii4 #agh4 ,skull1 expla9$ f v]tebr iii4 #he4 ,slav]y1 z a wrong1 i4 #dcb4 ,sleep1 necessity (1 ii4 #ccg1 #dbh1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dff2 action ( vital =ce 91 ii4 #dfc1 #dff2 positive "* (1 ii4 #dfd2 relation to bra9 life1 ii4 #dfe2 relation to dea?1 i4 #ceh1 iii4 #bfg seq4 ,sociali/s1 iii4 #bej4 ,socrates1 i4 #bhh1 #cdc1 ii4 #ajg1 #bha1 #cfc1 iii4 #bii1 #bdi1 #beb1 #dje4 ,somnambulism1 ii4 #dfg1 iii4 #ih seq4 ,smm]+1 iii4 #ba4 ,sophi/1 di/+ui%$ f philosoph]1 ii4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,sophi/ry1 i4 #fc1 ii4 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,sophocles1 i4 #ba1 #bie1 #cbh1 iii4 #bad4 ,s\l1 hi/orical1 iii4 #b1 #c1 #ac2 opposition betwe5 s\l & body1 ii4 #ajbajd1 #cgh2 9 :at s5se ! ^w %\ld be us$1 iii4 #aje2 a motive :i* has l$ to ! assumption (1 ii4 #dji2 !oretical & practical results ( assumption1 ii4 #gg1 #dji1 #did4 ,s\!y1 ii4 #dbg4 ,space1 ideality (1 ii4 #bjabjd1 #bba2 opposition betwe5 space & "t ) ref]5ce to ab/ract k1 i4 #fi1 #gj2 union ( space & "t ! condition ( duration & matt]1 i4 #ajac1 ii4 #gh2 ! framework ( ! ph5om5al _w1 i4 #ahg1 #ahh2 :e!r ! _w is limit$ 9 space1 ii4 #aji 7,cf4 ,pr9cipium individuationis74 ,spallanzani1 ii4 #dfi4 ,species1 iii4 #abc4 ,spectator1 ii4 #bcc4 ,sp9al cord1 ii4 #dhcdhd4 ,sp9oza1 on b5evol5ce1 i4 #dhf2 biography (1 i4 #dig2 explanation & use ( concepts1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #bda1 #bff2 e?ical tea*+ (1 i4 #aad1 #cfg1 iii4 #djc2 ,god (1 iii4 #ajf2 on k ( ,ideas1 i4 #bca1 #bcb n42 on immortality1 iii4 #bhj1 #bia2 on love1 iii4 #cch2 me?od (1 i4 #ajj n41 #ajh1 ii4 #bab2 8 place 9 we/]n philosophy1 ii4 #ac n42 rejection ( spiritualism1 ii4 #agg2 conception ( sub/ance1 i4 #cc1 ii4 #cgc1 #cia2 rejection ( teleology1 iii4 #ia1 #ic1 #id2 on w1 i4 #afd1 #cgg1 #che1 ii4 #abj4 ,spiritualism1 ii1 #agg4 ,/ahl1 i4 #fd4 ,/ate1 !1 i4 #ddbddh1 #dea1 iii4 #djidaa4 ,/atics1 ii4 #bbf4 ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 ii4 #bbf1 #bdj4 ,/obu1 i4 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #cgh1 #ejf n41 ii4 #acg1 #cai1 #cej4 ,/oics1 ,/oicism1 i4 #aacabj1 ii4 #dec4 ,/rauss1 ,d4 ,f41 iii4 #dcg1 #deg4 ,/upidity1 i4 #cj4 ,/yle1 ii4 #dd1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,su>ez1 i4 #adf1 #afb1 #aih n41 ii4 #ac1 #hi1 #ajj4 ,subject1 !1 has two p>ts1 i4 #acb2 ( w1 iii4 #abf2 ( kn[+1 i4 #c1 #f1 #af1 #abc1 #abd1 ii4 #affafi1 #agj seq42 pure1 wless subject ( kn[+1 i4 #bec seq41 iii4 #abh seq4 ,sublime1 !1 i4 #beibfh4 ,sub/ance1 orig9 & cont5t ( concept1 ii4 #ajc1 #ajd2 pr9ciple ( p]man5ce (1 ii4 #gh seq42 & accid5t1 i4 #ab seq41 ii4 #gi1 #hj4 ,succession1 i4 #i4 ,suetonius1 iii4 #cba4 ,suff]+1 univ]sality (1 i4 #cii seq42 sanctify+ p[] (1 i4 #eaa2 ( life1 i4 #djadjg1 #dag1 iii4 #aad4 ,sufism1 iii4 #dbc1 #dcb4 ,suicide1 i4 #djh1 #eadebj1 iii4 #aag4 ,suidas1 ii4 #ih4 ,sulz]1 ii4 #ada4 ,sup]naturalism1 ii4 #cfi ,swift1 iii4 #cii4 ,swoon1 ! tw9bro!r ( dea?1 iii4 #bef4 ,syb>ites1 ii4 #aii4 ,syllogism1 ii4 #bibcjd4 ,symbolism1 i4 #cjh seq4 ,symmetry1 analogy ) rhy?m iii4 #bdj1 #bda4 ,sympa?y1 def9ition & division1 iii4 #dai4 ,sy/ems1 philosophical1 gr\nd ( int]e/ 91 ii4 #cfj1 #cfa2 contra/ betwe5 ,s*op5hau]'s & o!rs1 i4 #cb1 ii4 #ahj1 #cic2 division ( ^? />t+ f object1 i4 #cc2 error ( ^? :i* proce$ hi/orically1 i4 #ceb2 crit]ia ( tru? (1 ii4 #cia4 ,tatianites1 iii4 #dci4 ,taul]1 iii4 #dcd1 #dce4 ,teleology1 i4 #bjabaj1 iii4 #ggie4 ,t5nemann1 i4 #fg1 ii4 #ab4 ,t]m9i te*nici1 iii4 #cab4 ,t]/eeg51 i4 #dif4 ,t]tullian1 ii4 #cfh1 iii4 #cje1 #dci4 ,?ales1 i4 #cc4 ,!odicy1 iii4 #cid1 #djd4 ,!on ( ,smyrna1 iii4 #cac4 ,?ilo1 iii4 #aeh4 ,?+ 9 itself1 z oppos$ to ph5om5on1 i4 #dj1 #dd1 #abh1 #adb #ade1 #aeg1 #aff1 ii4 #ca1 #afh1 #afi1 #djb1 #djc1 iii4 #bib2 h[ k ( x c be atta9$1 i4 #da1 #abh1 ii4 #ca1 #agd1 #age1 #djd1 #dje2 9 :at s5se x is ! w1 i4 #adb1 ii4 #djg2 :y our k ( x is n exhau/ive1 i4 #aeg1 ii4 #djf1 iii4 #i1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bhf seq42 9 hi/ory ( philosophy1 i4 #bbj1 ii4 #cj1 #aag1 #agd1 #ahe1 #chj1 #cij1 iii4 #de4 ,?oluk1 iii4 #dcb4 ,?orwalds51 iii4 #aie4 ,?racians1 iii4 #cih4 ,ti$emann1 ii4 #dgj4 ,ti51 ii4 #ig4 ,"t1 nature (1 i4 #i1 #dd1 ii4 #bje1 iii4 #ab2 ideality (1 ii4 #bja1 #bjd2 prdicabilia a priori (1 #aba seq4 7,cf4 ,space74 ,times1 !1 i4 #agh n41 ii4 #dei1 iii4 #cjd1 #dej4 ,t\rtual1 ii4 #ahg4 ,trag$y1 i41 #cbfccj1 iii4 #babbaf4 #ded4 ,transc5d5t1 ii4 #chg4 ,transc5d5tal k1 i4 #bbd2 philosophy1 ii4 #aa4 ,travell+1 /hetic effect (1 iii4 #aca4 ,tr5t1 decrees ( ,c\ncil (1 iii4 #dda4 ,treviranus1 ii4 #dgj1 iii4 #ce4 ,tru?1 def9ition1 i4 #cj1 ii4 #cjh2 f\ndation (1 i4 #ajjajc2 diff]5ce betwe5 conceivability & tru?1 ii4 #bgh2 relation to pro(1 i4 #hc1 #hd2 p[] (1 i4 #de1 #agi4 ,und]/&+1 function (1 i4 #ac1 #ad2 id5tity ( nature at diff]5t grades1 i4 #bf1 #bh1 #bi2 :y s5sibility is ev]y:]e accompani$ by1 i4 #cj1 #ca1 #bbh2 misuse ( ^w1 ii4 #bda2 defects & advantages ( k (1 ii4 #bec2 ke5ness (1 i4 #bg1 #bde4 ,ungewitt]1 iii4 #cjd4 ,univ]sal1 two k9ds (1 i4 #cjacjc1 iii4 #abd1 #abe2 k (1 ii4 #cce1 #ccf2 univ]sal tru?s1 ii4 #cjh4 ,upham1 iii4 #bhb4 ,utopias1 i4 #dea1 iii4 #cca4 ,val5t9ians1 iii4 #cje1 #dch4 ,van9us1 ,jul4 ,cs>1 iii4 #cb1 #ajf4 ,vauv5>que1 ii4 #bea4 ,v$as1 #i1 #ba1 #aad1 #bcd1 #bff1 #cfd n41 #deh1 #eja1 ii4 #ajh n41 #cfb1 iii4 #cjc1 #cjg1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dcc1 #dfg4 ,velocity1 ii4 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,virgil1 i4 #bic1 #bie4 ,virtue1 s\rce ( g5u9e1 i4 #dge1 #dgg1 ii4 #adi1 #beb2 _c be taught1 i4 #dge1 ii4 #adi2 relation to happ9ess1 i4 #dff1 iii4 #dbj2 di/+ui%$ f reasonabl5ess1 ii4 #acd2 transition to asceticism1 iii4 #dbd1 #dbe4 ,voltaire1 i4 #cbg1 #cbi1 ii4 #aeg1 #bgg1 #dbh1 #dfi1 iii4 #agh1 #beb1 #cfh1 #cie4 #cih1 #djd4 ,vyaso1 iii4 #bhb4 ,weep+1 i4 #dhfdhh1 iii4 #djf4 ,weigh+1 two ways (1 ii4 #bbg4 ,:ewell1 ii4 #cbc4 ,wiel&1 i4 #bdf1 ii4 #dbg1 iii4 #bjj4 ,w1 subject (1 iii4 #abf2 id5tity ( subject ( w & k1 #acb2 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4 #adb1 ii4 #djg2 contra/ betwe5 w & its ph5om5al appe>ance1 i4 #ade1 #aff1 #bacbae1 iii4 #figa2 objectification (1 i4 #acj1 #affafh1 ii4 #dfh2 ass]tion (1 i4 #dbadbg1 iii4 #cgfcha2 d5ial (1 i4 #dhhead1 iii4 #dbjdei4 ,w9dis*mann1 iii4 #cjg1 #dbe n4 ,w9kelmann1 i4 #bhi1 #bij1 #bib1 #bie1 #cji1 #cah1 ii4 #aec4 ,w9kelri$1 ,arnold von1 ii4 #acd4 ,wirkli*keit1 i4 #aj4 ,wit1 i4 #gg1 ii4 #bfh1 #bgg4 ,wolf1 i4 #aaa1 ii4 #gj n41 #ij1 #ig1 #ajb1 #abg1 #bbe1 #dgi1 iii4 #he4 ,wordswor?1 ii4 #dbg4 ,wrong1 conception (1 i4 #dcadcg4 ,x5ophanes1 ii4 #bbj1 iii4 #h4 ,x5ophon1 i4 #bhh4 ,yama1 iii4 #beh4 ,yang1 i4 #ahg4 ,y91 i4 #ahg4 ,y,k+1 i4 #ahh1 #cdc4 ,y\?1 i4 #cbd1 iii4 #cjd4 ,yunghahn1 iii4 #aab4 ,zacc>ia1 ,abb1 iii4 #dda4 ,z5d ,ave/a1 #aaa4 #cia1 #ddf4 ,z5o1 i4 #aag #aah4 ,,corrig5da ,,& ,,add5da ,,9 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,page xxxii4 ins]t ,preface to ! ,?ird ,edition4 ,:at is true & g5u9e w\ld m easily ga9 room 9 ! _w if x 7 n t ^? :o are incapable ( produc+ x are also sworn to prev5t x f succe$+4 ,?is fact has already h9d]$ & ret>d$1 :5 inde$ x has n *ok$1 _m a "w t %\ld h be5 ( b5efit to ! _w4 ,= me ! consequ5ce ( ?is has be51 t al?\gh ,i 0 only ?irty ye>s old :5 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w appe>$1 ,i live to see ?is ?ird edition n e>li] ?an my sev5ty second ye>4 ,yet = ?is ,i f9d com=t 9 ! words ( ,petr>*3 ,si quis tota die curr5s1 p]v5it ad vesp]am satis e/ 7de v]a ,sapi5tia1 p4 #adj74 ,if ,i also h at la/ arriv$1 & h ! satisfaction at ! end ( my c\rse ( see+ ! beg9n+ ( my influ5ce1 x is ) ! hope t1 accord+ to an old rule x w endure long 9 proportion to ! lat5ess ( its beg9n+4 ,9 ?is ?ird edition ! read] w miss no?+ t 0 conta9$ 9 ! second1 b w receive consid]ably m1 =1 on acc\nt ( ! additions t h be5 made 9 x1 x has1 ) ! same type1 #acf pages m ?an ! second4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! second edition ,i publi%$ two volumes ( 8,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a40 ,:at is includ$ "u ! latt] "n consi/s ( additions to ! sy/ematic exposition ( my philosophy1 & w\ld h f\nd its "r place 9 ^! volumes1 b ,i 0 oblig$ to f9d a place = x !n :]e ,i c\ld1 z x 0 v d\btful :e!r ,i w\ld live to see ?is ?ird edition4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! second volume ( ! said 8,p>]ga10 & w be easily recognis$ f ! head+s ( ! *apt]s4 ,,frank=t,,on,,!,,ma9e1 ,septemb] #ahei4 ,page xiv4 l9e #i1 = 8pancorum0 read 8paucorum40 xix4 #ag1 = 8al*emi/s0 read 8adepts40 xx4 #aj1 aft] 8!re0 ins]t 8unanim\s40 xxi4 #c1 = 8w appeal to any ?9k+ m9d no matt] :5 x compreh5ds x0 read 8w also "s "t be compreh5d$ by ano!r ?9k+ m9d40 xxii4 la/ l9e1 aft] 8n0 ins]t 89 ?is case40 xxiii4 l9e #bf1 = 8conceptions0 read 8conception40 #cb1 = 8orig90 read 8/em40 xxiv4 #bj1 = 8a *romatic0 read 8an a*romatic40 #f1 l9e #ae1 = 8univ]sality0 read 8common or reciprocal nature40 #ba1 #ca1 = 80 read 840 #ca1 #g1 = 8micrometre0 read 8micromet]40 #da1 #aa1 = 80 read 840 #de1 #bb1 aft] 8its0 ins]t 8iron40 #de1 #bc1 = 8ext5d to0 read 8qu5*40 #dh1 #ca1 = 80 read 840 #di1 #bb1 aft] 8to0 ins]t 8ab/ract04 #ej1 #ad1 aft] 8function0 ins]t 8! con/ruction ( ! concept40 #fb1 #bf1 = 8,kalli/h5es0 read 8,calli/h5es40 #ge1 #a1 = 8fictum0 read 8fictam40 #ia1 #ah1 = 8latt]0 read 8=m]40 #ic1 l9es #h & #cc1 = 80 read 840 #ii1 l9e #ag1 = 8#db0 read 8#cb40 #aad1 #g1 = 8 0 read 840 #aaf note1 = 80 read 840 #aag1 l9e1 #cj1 = 80 read 840 #aah1 l9es #aj1 #ab1 = 8,klean!s0 read 8,clean!s40 #aai1 l9e #g1 = 8philosph]0 read 8philosoph]40 #ada1 #ah1 = 80 read 840 #adf1 #bc1 = 8became0 read 8become40 #aeg1 l9e #d1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #aff1 #c1 ins]t #be4 #afi1 #e1 = 8,la]tes0 read 8,la]tius40 #agb1 #cb1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #ahb1 #h1 = 8quidities0 read 8quiddities40 #ahd1 #cj1 = 8?is0 read 8?us40 #bje1 #ce1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #bbj1 #cb1 = 80 read 840 #bbb1 #bd1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #bbc1 l9es #d & #cc1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #bbd1 l9e #h1 = 8casuality0 read 8causality40 #bcj1 #ai1 = 8,apollo ( ,belv$]e0 read 8,apollo ,belv$]e40 #bca1 la/ l9e1 = 8,meus0 read 8,m5s40 ,page #bdg1 l9e #ag1 = 8,great wits to madness sure are ne> alli$0 read 8,great wits are sure to madness ne> alli$40 ,! l9es are n f ,pope1 z ,s*op5hau] says1 b f ,dryd5's 8,absalom & ,a*itophel10 ,pt4 i41 l4 #afc4 #bea1 #ae1 = 8appe>0 read 8appe>s40 #beh1 #ah1 = 8,ahrim9es0 read 8,ahriman40 #bgf1 l9es #i & #aa1 = 8casuality0 & 8casual0 read 8causality0 & 8causal20 l9e #bc1 = 8,timaus0 read 8,timu40 #chb1 l9e #cb1 = 8z0 read 8b40 #cif1 #e1 = 80 read 840 #dbc1 #ce1 = 8pr9cipiu m9dividuationis0 read 8pr9cipium individuationis40 #dbe1 #g1 no comma aft] 840 #dbi1 #be1 aft] 8*apt]0 ins]t 8( 840 #dde1 la/ l9e1 = 80 read 840 #dec1 l9es #d & #e1 = 80 read 840 #dee1 l9e #aj1 = 8pr9eipium0 read 8pr9cipium40 #dfc1 #bg1 = 8ev]0 read 8e40 #dfg1 #e1 = 80 read 840 #dif1 #be1 = 8,wi$]gebor5n50 read 8,wi$]gebor5540 #ebj1 #i1 = 8?\gh ?is is h>d to f9d out0 read 8:i* is c]ta9ly h>d to expla940 #eca1 #af1 = 8wi% to fruition0 read 8desire to av]sion40 ,,footnotes #a ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) ! la/ half ( #bg ( ! fir/ volume4 #b ,de ,augm4 ,sci5t41 ,l4 vi4 c4 #c4 #c ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #bc ( ! fir/ volume4 #d ,?is *apt] & ! foll[+ "o are connect$ ) #bh ( ! fir/ volume4 #e ,let me "h rem>k 9 pass+ t1 judg+ f ! ,g]man lit]ature s9ce ,kant1 "o w\ld necess>ily believe t ,hume's :ole wisdom _h consi/$ 9 8 obvi\sly false scepticism ) reg>d to ! law ( causality1 = ?is alone is ev]y:]e ref]r$ to4 ,9 ord] to "k ,hume "o mu/ read 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion0 & 8 8,dialogues on ,natural ,religion40 ,!re "o sees him 9 8 greatness1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ,essay #ba 8,( ,national ,*>act]s10 are ! writ+s on acc\nt ( :i*--,i "k ( no?+ t says m = 8 fame--ev5 to ! pres5t day1 he is ev]y:]e hat$ by ! ,engli% cl]gy4 #f ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #bi ( ! fir/ volume4 #g ,9 ! ,sicle1 #aj? ,april #ahei1 !re appe>s1 v beautifully writt51 ! /ory ( a squirrel t 0 magically drawn by a s]p5t into its v jaws3 8,un voyageur qui vi5t de p>c\rir plusieurs prov9ces de l'ile de ,java cite un exemple rem>queable du p\voir fac9ateur des s]p5s4 ,le voyageur dont il e/ "q comm5ait gravir ,junj9d1 un des monts appels p> les ,holl&ais ,pep]geb]gte4 ,aprs avoir pntr dans une paisse =t1 il ap]ut sur les bran*es d'un kijatile un cureuil de ,java tte blan*e1 foltrant avec la grce et l'agilit qui di/+u5t cette *>mante espce de rongeurs4 ,un nid sphrique1 =m de br9s flexible et de m\sse1 plac dans les p>ties les plus leves de l'arbre1 a l'enf\r*ure de deux bran*es1 et une cavit dans le tronc1 semblai5t les po9ts de mire de ses jeux4 ,a pe9e s'en taitil loign qu'il y rev5ait avec une ardeur extrme4 ,on tait dans le mois de ,juillet1 et probablem5t l'cureuil avait en haut ses petits1 et dans le bas le magas9 fruits4 ,bi5tt il fut comme saisi d'effroi1 ces m\vem5s dev9r5t dsordonns1 on eut dit qu'il *]*ait t\j\rs mettre un ob/acle entre lui et c]ta9es p>ties de l'arbre3 puis il se tapit et re/a immobile entre deux bran*es4 ,le voyageur eut le s5tim5t d'un dang] p\r l'innoc5te bte1 mais il ne p\vait dev9] lequel4 ,il appro*a1 et un exam5 att5tif lui fit dc\vrir dans un creux du tronc une c\leuvre lieu1 d>dant ses yeux fixes dans la direction de l'cureuil4 ,notre voyageur trembla p\r le pauvre cureuil4 ,la c\leuvre tait si att5tive sa proie qu'elle ne semblait nullem5t rem>qu] la prs5ce d'un homme4 ,notre voyageur1 qui tait arm1 aurait donc prev5ir en aide l'in=tun rongeur en tuant le s]p5t4 ,mais la sci5ce l'emporta sur la piti1 et il v\lut voir quelle issue aurait le drame4 ,le dnom5t fut tragique4 ,l'cureuil ne t>da po9t p\ss] un cri pla9tif qui1 p\r t\s ceux qui le connaiss5t1 dnote le vois9age d'un s]p5t4 ,il avana un peu1 essaya de recul]1 rev9t encore en avant1 t*e de ret\rn] en arrire4 ,mais s'appro*a t\j\rs plus du reptile4 ,la c\leuvre1 r\le en spirale1 la tte au dessus des anneaux1 et immobile comme un morceau de bois1 ne le quittait pas du reg>d4 ,l'cureuil1 de bran*e en bran*e1 et desc5dant t\j\rs plus bas1 arriva jusqu' la p>tie nue du tronc4 ,alors le pauvre animal ne t5ta mme plus de fuir le dang]4 ,attir p> une puissance inv9cible1 et comme p\ss p> le v]tige1 il se prcipita dans la gueule du s]p5t1 qui s'ouvrit t\t c\p dmesurm5t p\r le recevoir4 ,autant la c\leuvre avait t in]te jusque l autant elle dev9t active ds qu'elle fut en possession de sa proie4 ,dr\lant ses anneaux et pr5ant sa c\rse de bas en haut avec une agilit inconcevable1 sa reptation la porta en un cl9 d'il au sommet de l'arbre1 o elle alla sans d\te digr] et dormir40 ,9 ?is example we see :at _s animates nature1 = x reveals itself 9 x1 & h[ v true is ! say+ ( ,ari/otle quot$ above 7p4 #ajf74 ,?is /ory is n only important ) reg>d to fasc9ation1 b also z an argum5t = pessimism4 ,t an animal is surpris$ & attack$ by ano!r is bad2 /ill we c console ourselves = t2 b t su* a poor innoc5t squirrel sitt+ beside its ne/ ) its "y is compell$1 /ep by /ep1 reluctantly1 battl+ ) itself & lam5t+1 to approa* ! wide1 op5 jaws ( ! s]p5t & consci\sly ?r[ itself into !m is revolt+ & atroci\s4 ,:at mon/r\s k9d ( nature is ?is to :i* we belong6 #h 8,augu/9i de civit4 ,dei10 ,l4 xi4 c4 #bg1 des]ves to be comp>$ z an int]e/+ comm5t>y on :at is said "h4 #i ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #cjcb ( ! fir/ volume4 #aj ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #cccd ( ! fir/ volume4 #aa ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #cf ( ! fir/ volume4 #ab ,!re is no?+ else 9 ! _w b ! vulg>4 #ac ,9 ,m$w9's 8,conv]sations ( ,"l ,byron10 p4 #ccc4 #ad ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) ! second half ( #cf ( ! fir/ volume4 #ae ,rgya ,t*] ,rol ,pa1 ,hi/4 de ,b\ddha ,*akya ,m\ni1 trad4 du ,tibta91 p4 ,f\caux1 #ahdh1 p4 #ia et #ii4 #af ,9 ,g]man inf]iors are sometimes address$ z ,er in/ead ( ,sie4--,trs4 #ag ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ch ( ! fir/ volume4 #ah ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #di ( ! fir/ volume4 #ai ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #dc ( ! fir/ volume4 #bj ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ddej ( ! fir/ volume4 #ba ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ea ( ! fir/ volume4 #bb ,li*t5b]g 78,v]mis*te ,s*rift510 new edition1 ,gtt+51 #ahhd1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ai7 quotes ,/anislaus ,leszczynski z hav+ said1 8,la mode/ie devroit tre la v]tu de ceux1 a qui les autres manqu5t40 #bc ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ea ( ! fir/ volume4 #bd ,let me rem>k 9 pass+ t f ?is opposition ( & ! orig91 & also ! peculi> significance1 ( ! fir/ ^w comes out ) m ?an ord9>y di/9ctness2 x signifies t :i* is made1 inv5t$1 9 opposition to :at is discov]$4 #be ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #eb ( ! fir/ volume4 #bf ,x w\ld be a false objection t sculpture & pa9t+ are also m]ely 9 space2 = _! works are connect$1 n directly1 b yet indirectly1 ) "t1 = !y repres5t life1 movem5t1 action4 ,& x w\ld be j z false to say t poetry1 z spee*1 belongs to "t alone3 ?is is also true only indirectly ( ! words2 its matt] is all exi/5t1 ?us spatial4 #bg ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ed ( ! fir/ volume4 #bh ,9 gladiatoriis pugnis timidos et supplices1 et1 ut viv]e liceat1 obsecrantes etiam odisse solemus2 =tes et animosos1 et se acrit] ipsos morti (f]5tes s]v>e cupimus 7,cic4 pro ,milone1 c4 #cd74 #bi ,! susp5sion ( ! animal functions is sleep1 t ( ! organic functions is dea?4 #cj ,!re is only "o pres5t1 & ?is is always3 = x is ! sole =m ( actual exi/5ce4 ,"o mu/ atta9 to ! insight t ! pa/ is n 9 itself diff]5t f ! pres5t1 b only 9 our appreh5sion1 :i* has "t z its =m1 on acc\nt ( :i* alone ! pres5t exhibits itself z diff]5t f ! pa/4 ,to assi/ ?is insight1 imag9e all ! ev5ts & sc5es ( human life1 bad & good1 =tunate & un=tunate1 pleas+ & t]rible1 z !y successively pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( "t & diff]5ce ( places1 9 ! mo/ *eck]$ multif>i\sness & v>iety1 z at once & toge!r1 & always pres5t 9 ! ,nunc /ans1 :ile x is only app>5tly t n[ ?is & n[ t is2 !n :at ! objectification ( ! w to live really means w be und]/ood4 ,our pleasure also 9 g5re pa9t+ dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! fact t x fixes ! fleet+ sc5es ( life4 ,! dogma ( metempsy*osis has proce$$ f ! feel+ ( ! tru? :i* has j be5 express$4 #ca ,?is po/hum\s essay is to be f\nd 9 ! 8,essays on ,suicide & ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l0 by ! late ,david ,hume1 ,basil1 #agii1 sold by ,james ,deck]4 ,by ?is repr9t at ,ble ^! two works ( "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s & writ]s ( ,engl& 7 rescu$ f de/ruction1 :5 9 _! own l&1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /upid & utt]ly contemptible bigotry :i* prevail$1 !y _h be5 suppress$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful & insol5t prie/hood1 to ! la/+ %ame ( ,engl&4 ,!y are entirely passionless1 coldly rational inve/igations ( ! two subjects nam$4 #cb ,dea? says3 ,?\ art ! product ( an act :i* %\ld n h be52 !re=e to expiate x ?\ mu/ die4 #cc ,sanc>a1 s4 de !ologum5is ,v$anticorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9dis*mann1 p4 #cg2 8,oupnekhat10 vol4 i4 p4 #chg et p4 #gh2 ,colebrooke's 8,miscellane\s ,essays10 vol4 i4 p4 #cfc4 #cd ,! etymology ( ! ^w ,nirvana is v>i\sly giv54 ,accord+ to ,colebrooke 78,transact4 ( ! ,royal ,asiat4 ,soc410 vol4 i4 p4 #eff7 x comes f va1 8to bl[10 l ! w9d1 & ! prefix$ negative nir1 & ?us signifies a calm1 b z an adjective 8ext+ui%$40 ,obry1 also1 ,du ,nirvana ,indi51 p4 #c1 says3 8,nirvanam en sanscrit signifie la lettre ext9ction1 telle que celle d'un feu40 ,accord+ to ! 8,asiatic ,j\rnal10 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #gce1 ! ^w is really ,n]avana1 f n]a1 8)\t10 & vana1 8life10 & ! mean+ w\ld be annihilatio4 ,9 8,ea/]n ,mona*ism10 by ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 p4 #bie1 ,nirvana is d]iv$ f vana1 8s9ful desires10 ) ! negative nir4 ,j4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 9 8 translation ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/]n ,mongolians1 says t ! ,sanscrit ^w ,nirvana is translat$ into ,mongolian by a phrase :i* signifies 8dep>t$ f mis]y10 8escap$ f mis]y40 ,accord+ to ! le>n$ lectures ( ! same 9 ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy1 ,nirvana is ! opposite ( ,sanf>a1 :i* is ! _w ( con/ant rebir?1 ( long+s & desires1 ( illusion ( ! s5ses & *ang+ =ms1 ( be+ born1 gr[+ old1 becom+ sick1 & dy+4 ,9 ! ,burmese language ! ^w ,nirvana1 accord+ to ! analogy ( o!r ,sanscrit words1 becomes trans=m$ into ,nieban1 & is translat$ by 8complete vani%+40 ,see ,sang]mano's 8,description ( ! ,burmese ,empire10 translat$ by ,t&y1 ,rome1 #ahcc1 #bg4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( #ahai ,i also wrote ,nieban1 because we !n knew ,buddhism only f meagre acc\nts ( ! ,burmese4 #ce 8,disputatio de corporum habitud9e1 anim1 hujusque virium indice40 ,h>d]ov41 #aghi1 #i4 #cf ,li*t5b]g says 9 8 miscellane\s writ+s 7,gtt+51 #ahja1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddg73 8,9 ,engl& x 0 propos$ to ca/rate ?ieves4 ,! proposal is n bad3 ! puni%m5t is v sev]e2 x makes p]sons contemptible1 & yet leaves !m /ill fit = trades2 & if /eal+ is h]$it>y1 9 ?is way x is n propagat$4 ,moreov]1 ! c\rage ceases1 & s9ce ! sexual passion s frequ5tly leads to !fts1 ?is cause w\ld also disappe>4 ,! rem>k t wom5 w\ld s mu* ! m eag]ly re/ra9 _! husb&s f /eal+ is rogui%1 = z ?+s are at pres5t !y risk los+ !m altoge!r40 #cg ,i h n v5tur$ to express myself di/9ctly "h3 ! c\rte\s read] mu/ !re=e translate ! phrase into ,ari/ophanic language4 #ch ,! full] discussion ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ! 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ii4 #ib ( ! fir/ edition 7second edition1 pp4 #afgagj74 #ci ,! app5dix to ?is *apt] 0 add$ only 9 ! ?ird edition ( ! ,g]man1 & is meant to expla91 9 consi/5cy ) ,s*op5hau]'s g5]al pr9ciples1 ! wide preval5ce ( ! practice ( p$]a/y1 among diff]5t nations & 9 diff]5t ages4 ,x is omitt$4--,trs4 #dj ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #fj ( ! fir/ volume4 #da ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #efei ( ! fir/ volume4 ,also *apt]s #aa & #ab ( ! second volume ( ! 8,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a0 %\ld be comp>$ ) x4 #db ,all t we lay hold ( resi/s u because x has its own w1 :i* mu/ be ov]come4 #dc ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ee1 #fb1 #fg ( ! fir/ volume4 #dd ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #fh ( ! fir/ volume4 ,*apt] #ad ( ! second volume ( ! ,p>]ga %\ld also be comp>$ ) x4 #de ,if1 on ! contr>y1 asceticism is admitt$1 ! li/ ( ! ultimate motives ( human action1 giv5 9 my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals1 namely3 7#a7 our own good1 7#b7 ! ill ( o!rs1 & 7#c7 ! good ( o!rs1 mu/ be supplem5t$ by a f\r?1 our own ill2 :i* ,i m]ely m5tion "h 9 pass+ 9 ! int]e/s ( sy/ematic consi/5cy4 ,9 ! essay ref]r$ to ?is f\r? motive _h to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 = ! "q ask$ 0 /at$ 9 ! _s ( ! philosophical e?ics prevail+ 9 ,prote/ant ,europe4 #df ,cf4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9dis*mann's ,sanc>a1 sive de !ologum5is ,v$anticorum1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag1 #aba2 & also ,oupnekhat1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cdj1 #cef1 #cfj4 #dg ,cf4 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #bgd 7second edition1 p4 #bga74 #dh ,if we keep 9 view ! ess5tial imman5ce ( our k & ( all k1 :i* arises f ! fact t x is a second>y ?+ :i* has only appe>$ = ! ends ( ! w1 x !n becomes explicable to u t all my/ics ( all religions ultimately atta9 to a k9d ( ec/asy1 9 :i* all & e k1 ) its :ole fundam5tal =m1 object & subject1 entirely ceases1 & only 9 ?is sph]e1 :i* lies beyond all k1 d !y claim to h rea*$ _! highe/ goal1 = !y h !n atta9$ to ! sph]e 9 :i* !re is no long] any subject & object1 & consequ5tly no m k1 j because !re is no m w1 ! s]vice ( :i* is ! sole de/9y ( k4 ,n[1 :oev] has compreh5d$ ?is w no long] reg>d x z beyond all measure extravagant t ,fakirs %\ld sit d[n1 &1 contemplat+ ! tip ( _! nose1 seek to bani% all ?\ght & p]ception1 & t 9 _m passages ( ! ,upanis*ads in/ructions are giv5 to s9k oneself1 sil5tly & inw>dly pron\nc+ ! my/]i\s ,oum1 9 ! dep?s ( "o's own be+1 :]e subject & object & all k disappe>4 #di ,s4 ,bonav5tur vita ,s4 ,francisci1 *4 #h4 ,k4 ,hase1 8,franz von ,assisi10 *4 #aj4 8,i cantici di ,s4 ,francesco10 editi da ,s*loss] e ,/e9le41 ,franc(orto1 s4,m41 #ahdb4 #ej ,mi*lis de ,mol9os manuductio spiritualis2 hispanice #afge1 italice #afhj1 lat9e #afhg1 gallice 9 libro non adeo r>o1 cui titulus3 ,recueil de div]ses pices conc]nant le quitisme1 ou ,mol9os et ses disciples4 ,am/d41 #afhh4 #ea ,matt4 xix4 #aa seq42 ,luke xx4 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #c2 #a ,john iii4 #c72 ,rev4 #cecg2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #aaa & #bedj1 xiv4 #d4 #eb ,cf4 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 second edition1 p4 #abd2 ?ird edition1 p4 #ace4 #ec ,= example1 ,john xii4 #be1 #ca1 xiv4 #cj1 xv4 #ah1 #ai1 xvi4 #cc2 ,col4 ii4 #bj2 ,eph4 ii4 #ac2 ,i ,john ii4 #aeag1 iv4 #d1 #e4 ,on ?is opportunity "o may see h[ c]ta9 ,prote/ant !ologians1 9 _! ef=ts to mis9t]pret ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 con=mity ) _! rationali/ic1 optimi/ic1 & unutt]ably %all[ view ( life1 g s f> t !y actually falsify ?is text 9 _! translations4 ,?us ,h4 ,a4 ,s*ott1 9 8 new v]sion giv5 ) ! ,griesba* text ( #ahje1 has translat$ ! ^w 1 ,john xv4 #ah1 #ai1 by ,judi1 #a ,john iv4 #d1 by pr(ani hom9es2 & ,col4 ii4 #bj1 by elem5ta ,judaica2 :ile ,lu!r ev]y:]e r5d]s ! ^w hone/ly & correctly by 8,welt0 7_w74 #ed ,unusquisque tantum juris habet1 quantum pot5ti valet 7,tract4 pol41 c4 #b #h74 ,fides alicui data tamdiu rata manet1 quamdiu ejus1 qui fidem d$it1 non mutatur voluntas 7,ibid41 #ab74 ,uniuscujusque jus pot5ti ejus def9etur 7,e?4 iv41 pr4 #cg1 s*ol4 #a47 ,especially *ap4 #af ( ! ,tractatus !ologico politicus is ! true comp5dium ( ! immorality ( ,sp9oza's philosophy4 #ee ,9 prep>+ ?is ,index ,frau5/dt's ,s*op5hau],lexikon has be5 freely us$4--,trs4