,,! ,,greate/ ,,engli% ,,classic ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,k+ ,,james ,,v]sion ,,( ,,! ,,bible ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,life ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,by ,,clel& ,,boyd ,mc,a,f,e,e1 ,d4,d4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,*ur* ,,mosaic ,,law ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,life ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ,,m\nt ,illu/ration ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,copyright4 #aiab1 ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,,page ,preface v ,i4 ,prep>+ ! ,way--,! ,engli% ,bible ,be=e ,k+ ,james #a ,,ii4 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion2 ,its ,*>act]i/ics #dd ,,iii4 ,! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion z ,engli% ,lit]ature #hi ,,iv4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion on ,engli% ,lit]ature #acj ,v4 ,! ,k+ ,james ,v]sion--,its ,influ5ce on ,engli% & ,am]ican ,hi/ory #aie ,,vi4 ,! ,bible 9 ! ,life ( ,to-day #bda ,,preface ,! lectures includ$ 9 ?is volume 7 prep>$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 & 7 deliv]$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiab1 "u its auspices4 ,!y 7 sugge/$ by ! t]c5t5>y ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,! plan adopt$ l$ to a re/atem5t ( ! hi/ory :i* prep>$ = ! v]sion1 & ( t :i* produc$ x4 ,x 0 natural next to po9t out its pr9cipal *>act]i/ics z a piece ( lit]ature4 ,two lectures foll[$1 not+ its influ5ce on lit]ature & on hi/ory4 ,! c\rse clos$ ) a /atem5t & argum5t reg>d+ ! place ( ! ,bible 9 ! life ( to-day4 ,! reception accord$ ! lectures at ! "t ( _! public deliv]y1 & ! discussion :i* ensu$ ^u "s ( ! po9ts rais$1 enc\rage ! hope t !y may be m widely useful4 ,x is a pleasure to assign to ,dr4 ,frankl9 ,w4 ,hoop]1 director ( ! ,in/itute1 :atev] cr$it ! "w may m]it4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld n h be5 und]tak5 )\t 8 k9dly urg5cy4 ,clel& ,boyd ,mc,afee4 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aiab4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,engli% ,,classic ,,! ,,greate/ ,,engli% ,,classic ,,lecture ,i ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,way--,,! ,,engli% ,,bible ,,be=e ,,k+ ,,james ,!re are ?ree great ,book-religions--,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism4 ,o!r religions h _! sacr$ writ+s1 b !y d n hold !m 9 ! same reg>d z d ^! ?ree4 ,buddhism & ,confucianism c\nt _! books r records ( _! fai? ?an rules = x1 hi/ory r ?an au?oritative s\rces ( belief4 ,! ?ree great ,book-religions yield a measure ( au?ority to _! sacr$ books :i* w\ld be utt]ly =eign to ! ?\ght ( o!r fai?s4 ,yet among ! ?ree nam$ are two v di/9ct attitudes4 ,to ! ,mohamm$an ! language z well z ! matt] ( ! ,koran is sacr$4 ,he w n p]mit its translation4 ,its orig9al ,arabic is ! only au?oritative tongue 9 :i* x c speak4 ,x has be5 translat$ into o!r tongues1 b always by adh]5ts ( o!r fai?s1 nev] by its own believ]s4 ,! ,hebrew & ! ,*ri/ian1 on ! o!r h&1 b notably ! ,*ri/ian1 h p]si/5tly s\ght to make _! ,bible speak all languages at all times4 ,x is a curi\s fact t a ,book writt5 9 "o tongue %\ld h come to its l>ge/ p[] 9 o!r languages ?an its own4 ,! ,bible means m to-day 9 ,g]man & ,fr5* & ,engli% ?an x does 9 ,hebrew & ,*aldaic & ,greek--m ev5 ?an x ev] meant 9 ^? languages4 ,!re is no?+ j l t 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,x is z ?\gh ,%akespe>e %\ld aft] a :ile become negligible = mo/ read]s 9 ,engli%1 & be a ma/] ( ?\ght 9 ,*9ese & ,h9du/ani1 or 9 "s language yet unborn4 ,we owe ?is p]si/5t ef=t to make ! ,bible speak ! language ( ! times to a conviction t ! p>ticul> language us$ is n ! great ?+1 t !re is some?+ 9 x :i* gives x p[] & value 9 any tongue4 ,no book 0 ev] translat$ s (t54 ,m5 :o h kn[n x 9 its e>lie/ tongues h realiz$ t _! fell[s w\ld n le>n ^! e>lie/ tongues1 & !y h set out to make x speak ! tongue _! fell[s did "k4 ,"s h prote/$ t !re is impiety 9 mak+ x speak ! curr5t tongue1 & h insi/$ t m5 %\ld le>n ! e>lie/ spee*1 or at lea/ accept _! k ( ! ,book f ^? :o did "k x4 ,b !y h nev] /opp$ ! movem5t4 ,!y h only delay$ x4 ,! fir/ movem5t to make ! ,scripture speak ! curr5t tongue appe>$ ne>ly ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,mo/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !n exi/$ 9 ,hebrew4 ,b ! ,jews _h scatt]$ widely4 ,_m _h ga!r$ 9 ,egypt :]e ,alex&] ! ,great _h f\nd$ ! city t be>s 8 "n4 ,at "o "t a ?ird ( ! population ( ! city 0 ,jewi%4 ,_m ( ! p 7 passionately loyal to _! old religion & its ,sacr$ ,book4 ,b ! curr5t tongue !re & ?r\gh mo/ ( ! civiliz$ _w 0 ,greek1 & n ,hebrew4 ,z always1 !re 7 "s :o felt t ! ,book & its orig9al language 7 insep>able4 ,o!rs reveal$ ! disposition ( :i* we spoke a mom5t ago1 & set out to make ! ,book speak ! curr5t tongue4 ,= "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! "w w5t on1 & :at we call ! ,septuag9t 0 complet$4 ,!re is a pretty little /ory :i* tells h[ ! v]sion got its "n1 :i* means ! ,sev5ty--t ,k+ ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 int]e/$ 9 collect+ all sacr$ books1 ga!r$ sev5ty ,hebrew s*ol>s1 s5t !m to ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 %ut !m up 9 sev5ty rooms = sev5ty days1 ea* mak+ a translation f ! ,hebrew into ! ,greek4 ,:5 !y came out1 behold1 _! translations 7 all exactly alike6 ,sev]al difficulties appe> 9 t /ory1 "o ( :i* is t sev5ty m5 %\ld h made ! same mi/akes )\t dep5d+ on ea* o!r4 ,9 addition1 x is n hi/orically support$1 & ! fact seems to be t ! ,septuag9t 0 a long & sl[ gr[?1 issu+ f ! impulse to make ! ,sacr$ ,book speak ! famili> tongue4 ,&1 ?\gh x 0 a ,greek translation1 x virtually displac$ ! orig9al1 z ! ,engli% ,bible has virtually displac$ ! ,hebrew & ,greek to-day4 ,! ,septuag9t 0 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* ,paul us$4 ,( "o hundr$ & sixty-eight direct quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new ne>ly all are f ! ,greek v]sion--f ! translation1 & n f ! orig9al4 ,we owe /ill m to translation4 ,:ile !re is accumulat+ evid5ce t !re 0 spok5 9 ,pale/9e at t "t a colloquial ,greek1 ) :i* mo/ p w\ld be famili>1 x is yet probable t our ,"l spoke nei!r ,greek nor ,hebrew curr5tly1 b ,aramaic4 ,he knew ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 ( c\rse1 z any well-tra9$ lad did2 b mo/ ( ,8 words h come d[n to u 9 translation4 ,8 "n1 = example1 to ,8 ,hebrew "m1 0 n ,jesus1 b ,jo%ua2 & ,jesus is ! translation ( ! ,hebrew ,jo%ua into ,greek4 ,we h ,8 words z !y 7 translat$ by ,8 disciples into ! ,greek1 9 :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 orig9ally writt54 ,by ! "t ! writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 complet$1 say "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 :ile ,greek 0 /ill curr5t spee*1 ! ,roman ,empire 0 s dom9ant t ! common p 7 talk+ ,lat9 almo/ z mu* z ,greek1 & gradually1 because political p[] 0 beh9d x1 ! ,lat9 ga9$ on ! ,greek1 & became virtually ! spee* ( ! common p4 ,! movem5t to make ! ,bible talk ! language ( ! "t appe>$ aga94 ,x is impossible to say n[ :5 ! fir/ translations into ,lat9 7 made4 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 "s )9 two c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 & by #bej ,a4,d4 a :ole ,bible 9 ,lat9 0 9 circulation 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 f ! ,greek1 ( c\rse1 b s 0 t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 71 !re=e1 translations ( a translation4 ,!re 7 s _m ( ^! v]sions1 & !y 7 s unequal 9 value1 t !re 0 natural dem& = a ,lat9 translation t %\ld be au?oritative4 ,s came into be+ :at we call ! ,vulgate1 ^: v "n indicates ! desire to get ! ,bible into ! vulg> or common tongue4 ,j]ome began by revis+ ! e>li] ,lat9 translations1 b end$ by go+ back ( all translations to ! orig9al ,greek1 & back ( ! ,septuag9t to ! orig9al ,hebrew :]ev] he c\ld d s4 ,f\rte5 ye>s he labor$1 settl+ himself 9 ,be?lehem1 9 ,pale/9e1 to d 8 "w ! bett]4 ,b>ely f\r hundr$ ye>s 7#djd ,a4,d47 aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 8 ,lat9 v]sion appe>$4 ,x met a /orm ( prote/ = its ef=t to g back ( ! ,septuag9t1 s dom9ant _h ! translation become4 ,j]ome f\ght = x1 & 8 v]sion won ! day1 & became ! au?oritative ,lat9 translation ( ! ,bible4 ,= sev5 or eight c5turies x held its sway z ! curr5t v]sion ne>e/ to ! tongue ( ! p4 ,lat9 _h become ! accept$ tongue ( ! *ur*4 ,!re 0 little g5]al culture1 !re 0 little g5]al acqua9tance ) ! ,bible except among ! educat$4 ,dur+ all t "t !re 0 no real room = a fur!r translation4 ,"o ( ! writ]s#a says3 ,m$ieval ,engl& 0 q unripe = a ,bible 9 ! "m tongue2 :ile ! illit]ate majority 7 9 no condition to feel ! want ( su* a book1 ! educat$ m9ority w\ld be av]se to s great & revolution>y a *ange4 ,:5 a man _c read any writ+ x really does n matt] to him :e!r books are 9 curr5t spee* or n1 & ! majority ( ! p = ^? sev5 or eight c5turies c\ld read no?+ at all4 ,^? :o c\ld read any?+ 7 apt to be able to read ! ,lat94 ,^! c5turies add$ to ! conviction ( _m t ! ,bible ought n to become too common1 t x %\ld n be read by ev]ybody1 t x requir$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( le>n+ to make x safe read+4 ,!y came to feel t x is z important to h an au?oritative int]pretation ( ! ,bible z to h ! ,bible itself4 ,:5 ! movem5t began to make x speak ! new ,engli% tongue1 x provok$ ! mo/ viol5t opposition4 ,lat9 _h be5 good en\gh = a mill5nium2 :y *eap5 ! ,bible by a translation8 ,!re _h gr[n up a feel+ t ,j]ome himself _h be5 inspir$4 ,he _h be5 canoniz$1 & half ! ref]5ces to him 9 t "t speak ( him z ! inspir$ translator4 ,criticism ( 8 v]sion 0 c\nt$ z impi\s & pr(ane z criticisms ( ! orig9al text c\ld possibly h be54 ,x is "o ( ! ironies ( hi/ory t ! v]sion = :i* ,j]ome _h to fight1 & :i* 0 c\nt$ a piece ( impiety itself1 actually became ! gr\nd on :i* m5 /ood :5 !y f\ght aga9/ ano!r v]sion1 c\nt+ any?+ else b ?is v v]sion an impi\s intrusion6 ,h[ e>ly ! movem5t = an ,engli% ,bible began1 x is impossible n[ to say4 ,c]ta9ly j be=e #gjj ,a4,d41 t fir/ s+] ( ! ,engli% tongue1 ,cdmon1 _h le>n$ to p>aphrase ! ,bible4 ,we may recall ! ,v5]able ,b$e's *>m+ /ory ( him1 & h[ he came by 8 p[] ( int]pretation4 ,b$e himself 0 a *ild :5 ,cdmon di$1 & ! romance ( ! /ory makes x "o ( ! f9e/ 9 our lit]ature4 ,cdmon 0 a peasant1 a f>m labor] 9 ,nor?umbria work+ on ! l&s ( ! great ,abbey at ,:itby4 ,already he _h pass$ middle life1 & no sp>k ( g5ius _h fla%$ 9 him4 ,he lov$ to g to ! fe/ive ga!r+s & he> ! o!rs s+ _! improvis$ poems2 b1 :5 ! h>p came ar\nd to him 9 due c\rse1 he w\ld leave ! room1 = he c\ld n s+4 ,"o night :5 he _h slipp$ away f ! gr\p 9 %ame & _h made 8 r\nds ( ! horses & cattle "u 8 c>e1 he fell asleep 9 ! /able build+1 & he>d a voice 9 8 sleep bidd+ him s+4 ,:5 he decl>$ he c\ld n1 ! voice /ill bade him s+4 ,:at %all ,i s+8 he ask$4 ,s+ ! fir/ beg9n+ ( creat$ ?+s4 ,& ! words came to him2 &1 /ill dream+1 he sang 8 fir/ hymn to ! ,creator4 ,9 ! morn+ he told 8 /ory1 & ! ,lady ,abbess f\nd t he _h ! div9e gift4 ,! monks _h b to translate to him bits ( ! ,bible out ( ! ,lat91 :i* he did n und]/&1 into 8 famili> ,anglo-,saxon tongue1 & he w\ld ca/ x into ! rugg$ ,saxon measures :i* c\ld be sung by ! common p4 ,s f> z we c tell1 x 0 s t ! ,bible /ory became curr5t 9 ,anglo-,saxon spee*4 ,b$e himself c]ta9ly put ! ,gospel ( ,john into ,anglo-,saxon4 ,at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 at ,ox=d1 !re is a manuscript ( ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& l9es1 ! metrical v]sion ( ! ,gospel & ! ,acts1 done ne> #abej by an ,augu/9ian monk nam$ ,orm1 & s call$ ! ,ormulum4 ,!re 7 o!r metrical v]sions ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,midway betwe5 ,b$e & ,orm came ,langl&'s poem1 ,! ,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man1 :i* p>aphras$ s mu* ( ! ,scripture4 ,yet ! fact is t until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 0 no prose v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,inde$1 !re 0 only com+ to be an ,engli% language4 ,x 0 gradually em]g+1 tak+ def9ite %ape & =m1 s t x c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! e>li] ,norman ,fr5*1 ,saxon1 & ,anglo-,saxon1 9 :i* s mu* ( x is root$4 ,z soon z ! language grew def9ite en\gh1 x 0 inevitable t two ?+s %\ld come to pass4 ,fir/1 t "s m5 w\ld attempt to make a colloquial v]sion ( ! ,bible2 &1 secondly1 t o!rs w\ld oppose x4 ,"o c c\nt ) all confid5ce on ^! two gr\ps ( m51 m>*+ ?r\gh hi/ory l ! animals into ! ark1 two & two4 ,"s m5 propose1 o!rs oppose4 ,!y are built on ^? l9es4 ,we are m conc]n$ ) ! m5 :o made ! v]sions2 b we mu/ ?9k a mom5t ( ! o!rs4 ,"o ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,knighton1 may speak = all 9 8 say+ ( ,wiclif1 t he _h1 to be sure1 translat$ ! ,gospel into ! ,anglic tongue1 b t x _h !reby be5 made vulg> by him1 & m op5 to ! read+ ( laym5 & wom5 ?an x usually is to ! k ( lett]$ & intellig5t cl]gy1 & ?us ! pe>l is ca/ abroad & trodd5 "u ! feet ( sw9e2 &1 t we may n be 9 d\bt :o are ! sw9e1 he adds3 ,! jewel ( ! ,*ur* is turn$ into ! common sport ( ! p4 ,b two /rong impulses drive ?\ghtful m5 to any ef=t t w secure wide k ( ! ,bible4 ,"o is _! love ( ! ,bible & _! belief 9 x2 b ! o!r1 dom9ant !n & n[1 is a s5se ( ! ne$ ( _! own "t4 ,x _c be too /rongly urg$ t ! two great pione]s ( ,engli% ,bible translation1 ,wiclif & ,t9dale1 m ?an a c5tury ap>t1 7 *iefly mov$ to _! "w by social conditions4 ,no "o c\ld read ! lit]ature ( ! times ( :i* we are speak+ )\t smil+ at our assumption t we are ! fir/ :o h c>$ = social ne$s4 ,we talk ab\t ! pa/ z ! age ( ! individual1 & ! pres5t z ! social age4 ,our fa!rs1 we say1 c>$ only to be sav$ !mselves1 & _h no conc]n = ! evils ( society4 ,!y believ$ 9 rescu+ "o "h & ano!r !re1 :ile we h come to see ! wisdom ( correct+ ! conditions t ru9 m51 & s sav+ m5 9 ! mass4 ,!re mu/ be "s basis ( tru? = t1 s9ce we say x s confid5tly2 b x c be mu* ov]-acc5t$4 ,!re 7 _m ( our fa!rs1 & ( our gr&fa!rs1 :o 7 mightily conc]n$ ) ! mass ( p1 & look$ z c>efully z we d = a corrective ( social evils4 ,wiclif1 9 ! late f\rte5? c5tury1 & ,t9dale1 9 ! e>ly sixte5?1 7 two su* m54 ,! fir/ ,engli% translations ( ! ,bible 7 fruits ( ! social impulse4 ,wiclif 0 impress$ ) ! *asm t 0 gr[+ betwe5 ! *ur* & ! p1 & felt t a wid] & full] k ( ! ,bible w\ld be helpful = ! clos+ ( ! *asm4 ,x is a famili> rem>k ( ,miss ,jane ,addams t ! cure = ! evils ( democracy is m democracy4 ,wiclif believ$ t ! cure = ! evils ( religion is m religion1 m intellig5t religion4 ,he f\nd a consid]able feel+ t ! be/ ?+s 9 religion ought to be kept f mo/ p1 s9ce !y c\ld n be tru/$ to und]/& !m4 ,8 own feel+ 0 t ! be/ ?+s 9 religion are exactly ! ?+s mo/ p ought to "k mo/ ab\t2 t p _h bett] h&le ! ,bible c>elessly1 mi/ak5ly1 ?an be %ut out f x by any means :atev]4 ,we owe ! fir/ ,engli% translation to a fai? t ! ,bible is a book ( emancipation = ! m9d & = ! political life4 ,john ,wiclif himself 0 a s*ol> ( ,ox=d1 ma/] ( t fam\s ,balliol ,college :i* has _h su* a li/ ( di/+ui%$ ma/]s4 ,he 0 an advis] ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea? a y\ng] contempor>y 7,w4 ,?orpe7 said t he 0 consid]$ by _m to be ! mo/ holy ( all ! m5 ( 8 age4 ,he 0 ( emaciat$ frame1 sp>e1 & well nigh de/itute ( /r5g?4 ,he 0 absolutely blameless 9 8 conduct4 ,& ev5 t same ,knighton :o accus$ him ( ca/+ ! ,*ur*'s pe>l be=e sw9e says t 9 philosophy he came to be reckon$ inf]ior to none ( 8 "t4 ,b x 0 n at ,ox=d t he came to "k common life s well & to s5se ! ne$ = a new social influ5ce4 ,he came ne>] to x :5 he 0 rector ( ! p>i% at ,lutt]wor?4 ,z s*ol> & rector he set go+ ! two great movem5ts :i* leave 8 "n 9 hi/ory4 ,"o 0 8 secur+1 tra9+1 & s5d+ out a b& ( it9]ant prea*]s or poor prie/s to ga!r ! p 9 fields & byways & to prea* ! simple tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!y 7 unpaid1 & liv$ by ! k9dness ( ! common p4 ,!y came to be call$ ,loll>ds1 ?\gh ! orig9 ( ! "n is obscure4 ,_! foll[]s receiv$ ! same "n4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,wiclif's dea? an enemy bitt]ly obs]v$ t if y met any two m5 "o 0 sure to be a ,loll>d4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t 9 ,engli% hi/ory t an appeal _h be5 made to ! p in/ead ( ! s*ol>s4 ,religion 0 to be made r a matt] ( practical life ?an ( dogma or ( ritual4 ,! poor prie/s 9 _! *eap br[n robes became a mighty religi\s =ce1 & evok$ opposition f ! ,*ur* p[]s4 ,a g5]ation aft] ,wiclif's dea? !y _h become a mighty political =ce 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,pope4 ,z late z #aeba five hundr$ ,loll>ds 7 arre/$ 9 ,london by ! bi%op4#b ,wiclif's purpose1 h[ev]1 0 to rea* & help ! common p ) ! simpl]1 & !re=e ! mo/ fundam5tal1 tru?s ( religion4 ,! o!r movem5t :i* m>ks ,wiclif's "n conc]ns u m2 b x 0 connect$ ) ! fir/4 ,he set out to give ! common p ! full text ( ! ,bible = _! common use1 & to enc\rage !m n only 9 read+ x1 if already !y c\ld read1 b 9 le>n+ to read t !y might read x4 ,t5nyson comp>es ! village ( ,lutt]wor? to t ( ,be?lehem1 on ! gr\nd t if ,*ri/1 ! ,^w ( ,god1 0 born at ,be?lehem1 ! ,^w ( ,life 0 born aga9 at ,lutt]wor?4#c ,! translation 0 f ! ,vulgate1 & ,wiclif probably did little ( ! actual "w himself1 yet x is all 8 "w4 ,& 9 #achb1 m ?an five c5turies ago1 !re appe>$ ! fir/ complete ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,wiclif made x ! p's ,book1 & ! ,engli% p 7 ! fir/ ( ! mod]n nations to :om ! ,bible z a :ole 0 giv5 9 _! own famili> tongue4 ,once x got into _! h&s !y h nev] let x be tak5 entirely away4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is 0 be=e ! days ( pr9t+1 & copies 7 made by h& only4 ,yet !re 7 v _m ( !m4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty manuscripts1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 are extant /ill1 a score ( !m ( ! orig9al v]sion1 ! o!rs ( ! revision at once und]tak5 by ,john ,purvey1 ,wiclif's disciple4 ,! copies belong+ to ,edw>d ,,vi4 & ,que5 ,elizabe? are bo? /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & bo? %[ mu* use4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] x 0 complet$ copies 7 c\nt$ v valuable1 ?\gh !y 7 v num]\s4 ,x 0 n uncommon = a s+le complete manuscript copy ( ! ,wiclif v]sion to be sold = "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ doll>s1 & ,foxe1 ^: ,book ( ,m>tyrs we us$ to read z *ildr51 tells t a load ( hay 0 giv5 = ! use ( a ,new ,te/am5t "o h\r a day4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( ?is gift to ! ,engli% p4 ,x con/itutes ! /&>d ( ,middle ,engli%4 ,*auc] & ,wiclif /ood side by side4 ,x is true t ,*auc] himself accept$ ,wiclif's tea*+1 & "s ( ! wise m5 ?9k t ! p>son ( :om he speaks s f9ely z "o :o taught ! lore ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les twelve1 b fir/ foll[$ x himself1 0 ,wiclif4 ,b ! v]sion _h f> m ?an lit]>y influ5ce2 x _h trem5d\s p[] 9 keep+ alive 9 ,engl& t _s ( free inquiry :i* is ! only safegu>d ( free in/itutions4 ,"h 0 ! entire s\rce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? available = ! judgm5t ( common m51 & !y became at once judges ( religi\s & political dogma4 ,dr4 ,ladd ?9ks x 0 n ! read+ ( ! ,bible :i* produc$ ! ,re=mation2 x 0 ! ,re=mation itself :i* procur$ ! read+ ( ! ,bible4#d ,b ,dr4 ,ra%dall & ,pr(essor ,poll>d & o!rs are "r :5 !y insi/ t ! ,engli% ,re=mation receiv$ less f ,lu!r ?an f ! secret read+ ( ! ,scripture ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,:at we call ! ,engli% _s ( free inquiry 0 fo/]$ & develop$ by ,wiclif & 8 ,loll>ds ) ! ,engli% ,scripture 9 _! h&s4 ,out ( x has gr[n z out ( no o!r "o root ! fre$om ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican p4 ,?is "w ( ,wiclif des]ves ! "t we h giv5 x because x ass]t$ a pr9ciple = ! ,engli% p4 ,!re 0 mu* yet to be done be=e entire fre$om 0 ga9$4 ,at ,ox=d1 9 ! ,convocation ( #adjh1 x 0 solemnly vot$3 ,we decree & orda9 t no man h]eaft] by 8 own au?ority translate any text ( ! ,scripture into ,engli%1 or any o!r tongue1 by way ( a book1 pamphlet1 or o!r treatise2 b t no man read any su* book1 pamphlet1 or treatise n[ lately compos$ 9 ! "t ( ,john ,wiclif 444 until ! said translation be approv$ by ! ord]ly ( ! place4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,x is always too late to ov]take a lib]at+ idea once x gets free4 ,tol/oi tells ( ,bat5k(f1 ! ,russian nihili/1 t aft] he 0 seiz$ & conf9$ 9 8 cell he 0 he>d to laugh l\dly2 &1 :5 !y ask$ him ! cause ( 8 mir?1 he said t he c\ld n fail to be amus$ at ! absurdity ( ! situation4 ,!y h caught me1 he said1 & %ut me up "h2 b my ideas are out yond] 9 ! /reets & 9 ! fields1 absolutely free4 ,!y _c ov]take !m4 ,x 0 already too late1 tw5ty ye>s aft] ,wiclif's v]sion 0 available1 to /op ! ,engli% p 9 _! se>* = religi\s tru?4 ,9 ! c5tury j aft] ! ,wiclif translation1 two great ev5ts occurr$ :i* bore heavily on ! spread ( ! ,bible4 ,"o 0 ! revival ( le>n+1 :i* made popul> aga9 ! /udy ( ! classics & ! classical languages4 ,critical & exact ,greek s*ol>%ip became aga9 a possibility4 ,rememb] t ,wiclif did n "k ,greek nor ,hebrew1 did n ne$ to "k !m to be ! =emo/ s*ol> ( ,ox=d 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 z late z #aejb !re 0 no pr(essor ( ,greek at ! pr\d ,univ]sity ( ,erfurt :5 ,lu!r 0 a /ud5t !re4 ,x 0 aft] he became a doctor ( div9ity & a univ]sity pr(essor t he le>n$ ,greek 9 ord] to be a bett] ,bible /ud5t1 & 8 "y fri5d ,philip ,melanc?on 0 ! fir/ to tea* ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity4#e ,b "u ! influ5ce ( ,erasmus & 8 k9d1 ) _! new insi/5ce on classical le>n+1 !re came necess>ily a new appraisal ( ! ,vulgate z a translation ( ! orig9al ,bible4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s !re _h be5 no new /udy ( ! orig9al ,bible languages 9 ,europe4 ,! ,lat9 ( ! ,vulgate _h become z sacr$ z ! ,book itself4 ,b ! revival ( le>n+ ?rew s*ol>%ip back on ! s\rces ( ! text4 ,erasmus & o!rs publi%$ v]sions ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t :i* 7 di/urb+ to ! ,vulgate z a f9al v]sion4 ,! o!r great ev5t ( t same c5tury 0 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable type4 ,x 0 9 #adee t ,gut5b]g pr9t$ 8 fir/ book1 an edition ( ! ,vulgate1 n[ call$ ! ,maz>9 ,bible4 ,! be>+ ( ! inv5tion on ! spread ( common k is beyond description4 ,x is r late to be prais+ ! art ( pr9t+1 & we ne$ sp5d little "t do+ s2 b "o c see in/antly h[ x affect$ ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,x made x wor? :ile to le>n to read--!re w\ld be some?+ to read4 ,x made x wor? :ile to write--!re w\ld be "s "o to read :at 0 writt54 ,"o hundr$ ye>s exactly aft] ! dea? ( ,wiclif1 ,william ,t9dale 0 born4 ,he 0 eight ye>s old :5 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,he _h already tak5 a degree at ,ox=d1 & 0 a /ud5t 9 ,cambridge :5 ,lu!r po/$ 8 !ses at ,witt5burg4 ,erasmus ei!r 0 a tea*] at ,cambridge :5 ,t9dale 0 a /ud5t !re1 or _h j left4 ,sir ,?omas ,m & ,erasmus 7 close fri5ds1 & ,m's ,utopia & ,erasmus's ,greek ,new ,te/am5t appe>$ ! same ye>1 probably :ile ,t9dale 0 a /ud5t at ,cambridge4 ,b he came at a tr\bl$ "t4 ,! new le>n+ _h no p[] to deep5 or /r5g!n ! moral life ( ! p4 ,x c\ld n make religion a vital ?+4 ,morality & religion 7 f> sep>at$4 ,! prie/s & curates 7 d5sely ignorant4 ,we ne$ n ask ,t9dale :at 0 ! condition4 ,ask ,bell>m9e1 a c>d9al ( ! ,*ur*3 ,"s ye>s be=e ! rise ( ! ,lu!ran h]esy !re 0 almo/ an entire ab&onm5t ( equity 9 ecclesia/ical judgm5ts2 9 morals1 no discipl9e2 9 sacr$ lit]ature1 no erudition2 9 div9e ?+s1 no rev]5ce2 religion 0 almo/ ext9ct4 ,or ask ,erasmus1 :o nev] broke ) ! ,*ur*3 ,:at man ( real piety does n p]ceive ) sighs t ?is is f> ! mo/ corrupt ( all ages8 ,:5 did iniquity ab\nd ) m lic5ti\sness8 ,:5 0 *>ity s cold8 ,&1 z a c5tury be=e1 ,wiclif _h felt ! social ne$ = a popul> v]sion ( ! ,bible1 s ,william ,t9dale felt x n[4 ,he saw ! ne$ z great among ! cl]gy ( ! "t z among ! laity4 ,9 "o ( 8 writ+s he says3 ,if y w n let ! layman h ! ^w ( ,god 9 8 "m tongue1 yet let ! prie/s h x1 :i* = ! great "p ( !m d und]/& no ,lat9 at all1 b s+ & patt] all day ) ! lips only t :i* ! he>t und]/&e? n4#f ,s bad 0 ! case t x 0 n correct$ )9 a :ole g5]ation4 ,=ty ye>s aft] ,t9dale's v]sion 0 publi%$1 ! ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,hoop] by "n1 made an exam9ation ( ! cl]gy ( 8 diocese4 ,!re 7 #caa ( !m4 ,he f\nd #afh1 m ?an half1 unable to repeat ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts2 #ca :o did n ev5 "k :]e !y c\ld be f\nd2 #dj :o c\ld n repeat ! ,"l's ,pray]2 & ne>ly z _m :o did n "k :]e x orig9at$2 yet !y 7 all 9 regul> /&+ z cl]gy 9 ! diocese ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,! ne$ 0 ke5 en\gh4 ,ab\t #aebc ,t9dale began to ca/ ! ,scriptures into ! curr5t ,engli%4 ,he set out to ,london fully expect+ to f9d support & enc\ragem5t !re1 b he f\nd nei!r4 ,he f\nd1 z he once said1 t !re 0 no room 9 ! palace ( ! ,bi%op ( ,london to translate ! ,new ,te/am5t2 inde$1 t !re 0 no place to d x 9 all ,engl&4 ,a weal?y ,london m]*ant subsidiz$ him ) ! munific5t gift ( t5 p\nds1 ) :i* he w5t across ! ,*annel to ,hamburg2 & !re & else:]e on ! ,cont95t1 :]e he c\ld be hid1 he br\ght 8 translation to completion4 ,pr9t+ facilities 7 great] on ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ,engl&2 b !re 0 su* opposition to 8 "w t v few copies ( ! sev]al editions ( :i* we "k c /ill be f\nd4 ,t9dale 0 compell$ to flee at "o "t ) a few pr9t$ %eets & complete 8 "w on ano!r press4 ,sev]al times copies ( 8 books 7 solemnly burn$1 & 8 own life 0 frequ5tly 9 dang]4 ,!re is "o amus+ /ory :i* tells h[ money came to free ,t9dale f heavy debt & prep>e ! way = m ,bibles4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,london1 ,tun/all1 0 set on de/roy+ copies ( ! ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he !re=e made a b>ga9 ) a m]*ant ( ,antw]p1 ,pack+ton1 to secure !m = him4 ,pack+ton 0 a fri5d ( ,t9dale1 & w5t to him =?)1 say+3 ,william1 ,i "k ?\ art a poor man1 & ,i h gott5 !e a m]*ant = ?y books4 ,:o8 ask$ ,t9dale4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,ah1 b he w burn !m4 ,s he w1 b y w h ! money4 ,& x all came out z x 0 plann$2 ! ,bi%op ( ,london _h ! books1 ,pack+ton _h ! ?anks1 ,t9dale _h ! money1 ! debt 0 paid1 & ! new edition 0 soon ready4 ,! old docum5t1 f :i* ,i am quot+1 adds t ! ,bi%op ?\ght he _h ,god by ! toe :51 inde$1 he f\nd aft]w>d t he _h ! devil by ! fi/4#g ,! f9al revision ( ! ,t9dale translations 0 publi%$ 9 #aecd1 & t becomes ! notable ye> ( 8 life4 ,9 two ye>s he 0 put to dea? by /rangl+1 & 8 body 0 burn$4 ,:5 we rememb] t ?is 0 done ) ! jo9t p[] ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 we realize "s ( ! odds aga9/ :i* he work$4 ,spite ( 8 odds1 h[ev]1 ,t9dale is ! real fa!r ( our ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ( 8 ,old ,te/am5t & n9ety p] c5t4 ( 8 ,new ,te/am5t h be5 transf]r$ to our v]sion4 ,9 ! ,beatitudes1 = example1 five are ^w = ^w 9 ! two v]sions1 :ile ! o!r ?ree are only slightly *ang$4#h ,dr4 ,davidson has calculat$ t n9e-t5?s ( ! words 9 ! %ort] ,new ,te/am5t epi/les are ,t9dale's1 & 9 ! long] epi/les l ! ,hebrews five-six?s are 84 ,fr\de's e/imate is fair3 ,( ! translation itself1 ?\gh s9ce t "t x has be5 _m times revis$ & alt]$1 we may say t x is sub/antially ! ,bible ) :i* we are famili>4 ,! peculi> g5ius :i* brea!s ?r\gh x1 ! m+l$ t5d]ness & maje/y1 ! ,saxon simplicity1 ! pret]natural gr&eur1 unequal$1 unapproa*$1 9 ! attempt$ improvem5ts ( mod]n s*ol>s1 all are "h1 & be> ! impress ( ! m9d ( "o man1 ,william ,t9dale4#i ,we said a mom5t ago t ,wiclif's translation 0 ! /&>d ( ,middle ,engli%4 ,x is "t to add t ,t9dale's v]sion fix$ our /&>d ,engli% once = all1 & br\ght x f9ally into e ,engli% home4 ,! revis]s ( #ahha decl>$ t :ile ! au?oriz$ v]sion 0 ! "w ( _m h&s1 ! f\ndation ( x 0 laid by ,t9dale1 & t ! v]sions t foll[$ x 7 sub/antially reproductions ( ,t9dale's1 or revisions ( v]sions :i* 7 !mselves almo/ entirely bas$ on x4 ,!re 0 e reason :y x %\ld be a wor?y v]sion4 ,= "o ?+1 x 0 ! fir/ translation into ,engli% f ! orig9al ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,wiclif's _h be5 f ! ,lat94 ,= ,t9dale !re 7 available two new & critical ,greek ,te/am5ts1 t ( ,erasmus & ! s-call$ ,complut5sian1 ?\gh he us$ t ( ,erasmus *iefly4 ,!re 0 also available a c>efully prep>$ ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t4 ,= ano!r ?+1 x 0 ! fir/ v]sion :i* c\ld be pr9t$1 & s be subject to easy & imm$iate correction & revision4 ,!n also1 ,t9dale himself 0 a great s*ol> 9 ! languages4 ,he 0 s skill$ 9 ! sev5 languages1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,engli%1 & ,fr5*1 t1 :i*ev] he spoke1 y w\ld suppose x 0 8 native tongue4#aj ,nor 0 8 _s 9 ! "w controv]sial4 ,i say 8 _s 9 ! "w ) c>e4 ,!y 7 controv]sial times1 & ,t9dale took 8 %>e 9 ! v]bal w>f>e4 ,:51 = example1 !re 0 objection to mak+ any ,engli% v]sion because ! language 0 s rude t ! ,bible c\ld n be intellig5tly translat$ into x1 ,t9dale repli$3 ,x is n s rude z !y are false li>s4 ,= ! ,greek tongue agree? m ) ! ,engli% ?an ) ! ,lat91 a ?\s& p>ts bett] may x be translat$ into ! ,engli% ?an into ! ,lat94#aa ,& :5 a high *ur* dignit>y prote/$ to ,t9dale aga9/ mak+ ! ,bible s common1 he repli$3 ,if ,god sp>e my life1 ere _m ye>s ,i w cause a boy t drive? a pl[ %all "k m ( ! ,scriptures ?an ?\ do/4 ,& :ile t 0 n say+ mu* = ! pl[boy1 x 0 say+ a good deal to ! dignit>y4 ,9 language1 ,t9dale 0 controv]sial en\gh1 b 9 8 _s1 9 mak+ 8 v]sion1 !re 0 no elem5t ( controv]sy4 ,= su* reasons z ^! we might expect ! v]sion to be valuable4 ,all ?is :ile1 & especially betwe5 ! "t :5 ,t9dale fir/ publi%$ 8 ,new ,te/am5t & ! "t !y burn$ him = do+ s1 an int]e/+ *ange 0 go+ on 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,k+ 0 ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o 0 by no means a will+ ,prote/ant4 ,z ,lu!r's "w appe>$1 x 0 ?is same ,h5ry :o wrote ! pamphlet aga9/ him dur+ ! ,diet ( ,worms1 & on ! gr\nd ( ?is pamphlet1 ) its loyal support ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ,lu!r1 he receiv$ f ! ,roman pontiff ! title ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 :i* ! k+s ( ,engl& /ill we>4 ,& yet "u ?is k+ ?is /range succession ( dates c be giv54 ,notice !m closely4 ,9 #aebf ,t9dale's ,new ,te/am5t 0 burn$ at ,/4 ,paul's by ! ,bi%op ( ,london2 t5 ye>s lat]1 #aecf1 ,t9dale himself 0 burn$ ) ! k & connivance ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t2 & yet1 "o ye> lat]1 #aecg1 two v]sions ( ! ,bible 9 ,engli%1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( :i* 7 ! "w ( ,t9dale1 7 lic5s$ = public use by ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & 7 requir$ to be made available = ! p6 ,elev5 ye>s aft] ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 burn$1 "o ye> aft] ,t9dale 0 burn$1 t cr[n 0 set on 8 "w6 ,:at br\ght ?is ab\t8 ,?ree facts help to expla9 x4 ,fir/1 ! rec5t ye>s ( ,bible translation 7 hav+ _! weight4 ,! fugitive copies ( ! ,bible 7 do+ _! "w4 ,spite ( ! %>p opposition fifty ?\s& copies ( ,t9dale's v>i\s editions _h actually be5 publi%$ & circulat$4 ,m5 7 read+ !m2 !y 7 approv+ !m4 ,! m !y read1 ! less reason !y saw = hid+ ! ,book f ! p4 ,:y %\ld x n be made common & free8 ,!re 0 /rong ,lu!ran op9ion 9 ! univ]sities4 ,x 0 already a cu/om = ,engli% tea*]s to g to ,g]many = m9ute s*ol>%ip4 ,!y came back ) ,g]man ,bibles 9 ,lu!r's v]sion & ) ,greek ,te/am5ts1 & ! "y s*ol>s :o 7 be+ rais$ up felt ! influ5ce1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ( ! free use ( ! ,bible :i* rul$ 9 _m ,g]man univ]sities4 ,! second fact t helps to expla9 ! sudd5 *ange ( attitude t[>d ! ,bible is ?is3 ! p ( ,engl& 7 nev] will+ly rul$ f )\t1 religi\sly or politically4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 a consid]able controv]sy ov] ! hi/ory ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :e!r x has always be5 an indep5d5t *ur* or 0 at "o "t (ficially a "p ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,t is a matt] = ecclesia/ical hi/ory to det]m9e4 ,! f\ndation fact1 h[ev]1 is z ,i word$ x a mom5t ago3 ! p ( ,engl& 7 nev] will+ly rul$ f )\t1 religi\sly or politically4 ,!y 7 sometimes rul$ f )\t2 b !y 7 ei!r indiff]5t to x at ! "t or rebelli\s aga9/ x4 ,^? :o did ?9k claim$ ! "r to ?9k = !mselves4 ,! ,scot* ( ! nor? 7 peculi>ly s1 b ! ,engli% ( ! s\? claim$ ! same "r4 ,!re has always be5 an imm5se contra/ betwe5 ! two sides ( ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,! ,fr5* p dur+ all ^? ye>s 7 deeply loyal to a =eign religi\s gov]nm5t4 ,! ,engli% p 7 nev] s1 n 9 ! days ( ! fulle/ ,roman supremacy4 ,!y always dem&$ at lea/ a =m ( home gov]nm5t4 ,t made ,engl& a cong5ial home = ! ,prote/ant _s1 :i* claim$ ! "r to indep5d5t /udy ( ! s\rces ( religion & indep5d5t judgm5t reg>d+ !m4 ,x 0 only a cont9uance ( ! _s ( ,wiclif & ! ,loll>ds4 ,! _s 9 a nation lives long1 especially :5 x is pass$ d[n by tradition4 ,^? 7 n ! days ( newspap]s4 ,!y 7 in/ead ! days ( great meet+s1 m important /ill ( small family ga!r+s1 :]e ! memory ( ! old] m5 0 call$ into use1 & :]e boys & girls drank 9 eag]ly ! traditions ( _! own c\ntry z express$ 9 ! great ev5ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,newspap]s nev] c fully take ! place ( ^? ga!r+s1 = !y d n br+ m5 toge!r to feel ! ?rill ( ! /ory t is told4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! entire population ( ,engl& at t "t 0 only ab\t ?ree millions4 ,& t old _s ( indep5d5ce 0 /rongly at "w 9 ! middle-class villages & among ! m]*ants1 & !y 7 a rul+ & dom9ant class4 ,t 0 second1 t 9 ^? t5 ye>s !re ass]t$ itself ! age-long unwill+ness ( ! ,engli% p to be rul$ f )\t4 ,! ?ird fact :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt to expla9 ?is rem>kable *ange ( front ( ! public ,engli% life is ,h5ry ,,viii4 himself4 ,!re is mu* ab\t him t no c\ntry w\ld will+ly claim4 ,he 0 ! mo/ habitual bridegroom 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 he _h an almo/ confirm$ habit ( behead+ 8 wives or o!rwise ridd+ himself ( !m4 ,yet _m traits made him a typical out/&+ ,engli%man4 ,he _h ! *>act]i/ic _s ( indep5d5ce1 ! res5tm5t ( =eign control1 satisfaction ) 8 own l&1 ! feel+ t ( c\rse x is ! be/ l&4 ,!re are no p 9 ! _w s well satisfi$ ) _! own c\ntry z ! p ( ,engl& or ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,!y are critical ( _m ?+s 9 _! own gov]nm5t until !y beg9 to comp>e x ) o!r c\ntries2 !y mu/ make _! *anges on _! own l9es4 ,! pamphlet ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :i* won him ! title ( ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 prais$ ! pope2 &1 ?\gh ,sir ,?omas ,m urg$ him to *ange 8 expressions le/ he %\ld live to regret !m1 he w\ld n *ange !m4 ,b t 0 :ile ! pope 0 s]v+ 8 wi%es & :at he felt 0 ,engl&'s good4 ,!re arose pres5tly ! "q1 or ! sev]al que/ions1 ab\t 8 m>riage4 ,x %$s no glory on ,h5ry ,,viii4 t !y arose z !y did2 b 8 treatm5t ( !m mu/ n be mi/ak54 ,he 0 conc]n$ to h 8 m>riage to ,anne ,boleyn confirm$1 & !re are "s :o ?9k he 0 hone/ 9 believ+ x ought to be confirm$1 ?\gh we ne$ n believe t4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t = ! fir/ "t ,h5ry ,,viii4 f\nd t z sov]eign ( ,engl& he mu/ take comm&s f a =eign p[]1 a p[] ex]cis+ temporal sov]eignty exactly z he did1 b add+ to x a claim to spiritual p[]1 a claim to det]m9e 8 conduct = him & to absolve 8 p f loyalty to him if he 0 n ob$i5t4 ,x arose ov] ! "q ( 8 divorce1 b x might h aris5 ov] any?+ else4 ,x 0 limitation on 8 sov]eignty 9 ,engl&4 ,& he let x be se5 t all que/ions t p]ta9 to ,engl& 7 to be settl$ 9 ,engl&1 & n 9 ano!r l&4 ,he w\ld r h a matt] settl$ wrong 9 ,engl& ?an settl$ "r else:]e4 ,t is h[ he claim$ to be head ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! p back ( him _h always held to ! belief t !y 7 gov]n$ f )91 ?\gh !y 7 l9k$ to religion f )\t4 ,he execut$ _! !ory4 ,t ass]tion ( ,engli% sov]eignty came dur+ ! ev5tful ye>s ( :i* we are speak+4 ,"h1 !n1 are our great facts4 ,fir/1 ?\ghtful op9ion want$ ! ,bible made available1 & at a conv5tion ( bi%ops & univ]sity m5 ! ,k+ 0 reque/$ to secure ! issuance ( a prop] translation4 ,secondly1 ! p want$ x1 ! m because x w\ld gratify _! ,engli% in/9ct ( indep5d5t judgm5t 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,?irdly1 ! ,k+ grant$ x )\t yield+ 8 p]sonal religi\s position1 9 ass]tion ( 8 human sov]eignty )9 8 own realm4 ,s ,engl& awoke "o morn+ 9 #aecg to discov] t x _h a translation ( ! ,bible1 two ( !m actually1 op5 to its use1 ! v ?+ t _h be5 =bidd5 ye/]day6 ,& t1 "o ye> aft] ,t9dale _h be5 burn$ 9 loyal ,france = issu+ an ,engli% translation6 ,two v]sions 7 n[ au?oriz$ & made available4 ,:at 7 !y8 ,t ( ,miles ,cov]dale1 :i* _h be5 issu$ secretly two ye>s be=e1 & t kn[n z ! ,mat!w ,bible1 ?\gh ! "n has no significance1 issu$ )9 a ye>4 ,details are n to our purpose4 ,nei!r 0 an indep5d5t "w1 b 0 made l>gely f ! ,lat9 & ! ,g]man1 & mu* influ5c$ by ,t9dale4 ,cov]dale 0 a ,york%ire man l ,wiclif1 fem99e 9 8 m5tal ca/ z ,t9dale 0 mascul9e4 ,cov]dale made 8 translation because he lov$ books2 ,t9dale because he felt driv5 to x4 ,b n[ ! way 0 cle>1 & o!r editions appe>$4 ,x is natural to "n "o or two ( ! m notable ones4 ,!re appe>$ :at is kn[n z ! ,great ,bible 9 #aeci4 ,x 0 only ano!r v]sion made by ,cov]dale on ! basis ( ! ,mat!w v]sion1 b correct$ by m accurate k4 ,!re is an int]e/+ romance ( its publication4 ,! presses ( ,engl& 7 n adequate = ! great "w plann$2 x 0 to be a m>vel ( typography4 ,s ! cons5t ( ,k+ ,francis 0 ga9$ to h x pr9t$ 9 ,france1 & ,cov]dale 0 s5t z a special ambassador to ov]see x4 ,he 0 9 dread ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* 0 9 vogue at ! "t1 & s5t (f 8 pr9t$ %eets to ,engl& z rapidly z possible4 ,sudd5ly "o day ! ord] ( confiscation came f ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al4 ,only ,cov]dale's (ficial position z repres5t+ ! ,k+ sav$ 8 own life4 ,z = ! pr9t$ %eets on :i* s mu* dep5d$1 !y seem$ doom$4 ,b 9 ! nick ( "t a deal] appe>$ at ! pr9t+-h\se & pur*as$ f\r great vats full ( wa/e pap] :i* he %ipp$ to ,engl&--:5 x 0 f\nd t ! wa/e pap] 0 ^? pr9t$ %eets4 ,! presses & ! pr9t]s 7 all loyal to ,engl&1 & ! edition 0 f9ally complet$4 ,! ,great ,bible 0 issu$ to meet a decree t ea* *ur* %\ld make available 9 "s conv5i5t place ! l>ge/ possible copy ( ! :ole ,bible1 :]e all ! p>i%ion]s c\ld h access to x & read x at _! w4 ,! v]sion gets its "n solely f ! size ( ! volume4 ,t decree dates #aech1 twelve ye>s aft] ,t9dale's books 7 burn$1 & two ye>s aft] he 0 burn$6 ,! in/allation ( ^! great books caus$ trem5d\s excitem5t--cr[ds ga!r$ ev]y:]e4 ,bi%op ,bonn] caus$ six copies ( ! great volume to be locat$ wisely ?r\gh\t ,/4 ,paul's4 ,he f\nd x difficult to make p leave !m dur+ ! s]mons4 ,he 0 s (t5 int]rupt$ by voices read+ to a gr\p1 & by ! discussions t ensu$1 t he ?reat5$ to h !m tak5 out dur+ ! s]vice if p w\ld n be quiet4 ,! ,great ,bible appe>$ 9 sev5 editions 9 two ye>s1 & cont9u$ 9 recogniz$ p[] = ?irty ye>s4 ,mu* ( ! pres5t ,engli% pray]-book is tak5 f x4 ,b ?is lib]ty 0 s sudd5 t ! p naturally abus$ x4 ,h5ry became vex$ because ! sacr$ words 7 disput$1 rim$1 sung1 & jangl$ 9 e ale-h\se4 ,!re _h gr[n up a s]ies ( wild ballads & ribald songs 9 contempt ( ! old fai?1 :ile x 0 n really ! old fai? :i* 0 9 dispute1 b only =eign control ( ,engli% fai?4 ,!y _h mi/ak5 ,h5ry's mean+4 ,s ,h5ry began to put re/rictions on ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,!re 7 to be no notes or annotations 9 any v]sions1 & ^? t exi/$ 7 to be black$ out4 ,only ! upp] classes 7 to be all[$ to possess a ,bible4 ,f9ally1 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 all v]sions 7 prohibit$ except ! ,great ,bible1 ^: co/ & size preclud$ secret use4 ,! decree l$ to ano!r great burn+ ( ,bibles 9 #aedf--,t9dale1 ,cov]dale1 ,mat!w--all b ! ,great ,bible4 ,! lead+ religi\s re=m]s took flight & fl$ to ,european ,prote/ant t[ns l ,frank=t & ,/rassburg4 ,b ! ,bible rema9$4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 di$4 ,! ,bible liv$ on4 ,"u ,edw>d ,,vi41 ! boy k+1 com+ to ! ?rone at n9e & dy+ at fifte51 ! reg5cy ) ,cranm] at its head e>n$ its bad "n4 ,b :ile its memb]s 7 %amelessly despoil+ *ur*es & enri*+ !mselves !y did "o great s]vice = ! ,bible4 ,!y ca/ (f all re/rictions on its translation & publication4 ,! ord] = a ,great ,bible 9 e *ur* 0 r5ew$1 & !re 0 to be add$ to x a copy ( ,erasmus's p>aphrase ( ! f\r gospels4 ,ne>ly fifty editions ( ! ,bible1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 appe>$ 9 ^? six ye>s4 ,& t 0 =tunate1 = !n came ,m>y--& ! deluge4 ,( c\rse1 %e aga9 gave 9 ! nom9al allegiance ( ,engl& to ! ,roman control4 ,b %e utt]ly miss$ ! _s ( ! p4 ,!y 7 we>y ) ! excesses ( rabid ,prote/antism2 b !y 7 by no means ready to admit ! pr9ciple ( =eign control 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,!y might h be5 will+1 _m ( !m1 t ! use ( ! ,bible %\ld be re/rict$1 if x 7 done by _! own sov]eign4 ,!y 7 n will+ t ano!r sov]eign %\ld re/rict !m4 ,s ! secret use ( ! ,bible increas$4 ,m>tyr fires 7 k9dl$1 b by ! light ( !m ! p read _! ,bibles m eag]ly4 ,& ?is v p]secution l$ to "o ( ! be/ ( ! e>ly v]sions ( ! ,bible1 indirectly ev5 to ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,! fl[] ( ,engli% ,prote/ant s*ol>%ip 0 driv5 into exile1 & f\nd its way to ,frank=t & ,g5eva aga94 ,!re ! _s ( s*ol>%ip 0 untrammel$2 !re !y f\nd mat]ial = s*ol>ly /udy ( ! ,bible1 & !re !y made & publi%$ a new v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 ,engli%1 by all means ! be/ t _h be5 made4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 "u ,elizabe?1 x drove ! ,great ,bible (f ! field by %e] p[] ( excell5ce4 ,dur+ h] reign sixty editions ( x appe>$4 ,?is 0 ! v]sion call$ ! ,g5evan ,bible4 ,x made sev]al *anges t are famili> to u4 ,= "o ?+1 9 ! ,g5evan edition ( #aefj fir/ appe>$ our famili> division into v]ses4 ,! *apt] division 0 made ?ree c5turies e>li]2 b ! v]ses belong to ! ,g5evan v]sion1 & are divid$ to make ! ,book suitable = responsive use & = readi] ref]5ce4 ,x 0 tak5 9 l>ge "p f ! "w ( ,rob]t ,/eph5s1 :o _h divid$ ! ,greek ,te/am5t into v]ses1 t5 ye>s e>li]1 dur+ a j\rney :i* he 0 compell$ to make betwe5 ,p>is & ,lyons4 ,! ,g5evan v]sion also ab&on$ ! old black lett]1 & us$ ! ,roman type ) :i* we are famili>4 ,x _h full notes on h>d passages1 :i* notes1 z we %all see1 help$ to produce ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,! "w itself 0 complet$ aft] ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 :5 mo/ ( ! religi\s lead]s _h return$ to ,engl& f _! exile "u ,m>y4 ,elizabe? h]self 0 n an ard5t ,prote/ant1 n ard5t at all religi\sly1 b an ard5t ,engli%woman4 ,%e und]/ood h] p1 & :ile %e prid$ h]self on be+ ! ,gu>dian ( ! ,middle ,way1 %e did n make ! mi/ake ( submitt+ h] sov]eignty to =eign sup]vision4 ,probably ,elizabe? always c\nt$ h]self p]sonally a ,ca?olic1 b n politically subject to ! ,roman pontiff4 ,%e _h no wi% to (f5d o!r ,ca?olic p[]s2 b %e 0 det]m9$ to develop a /rong national _s & to all[ religi\s diff]5ces to exi/ if !y w\ld be peaceful4 ,! dramatic sc5e :i* 0 enact$ at ! "t ( h] coronation procession 0 typical ( h] _s4 ,z ! procession pass$ d[n ,*eapside1 a v5]able old man1 repres5t+ ,"t1 ) a little *ild beside him repres5t+ ,tru?--,"t always old1 ,tru? always "y--pres5t$ ! ,que5 ) a copy ( ! ,scriptures1 :i* %e accept$1 promis+ to read !m dilig5tly4 ,pres5tly x 0 f\nd t two v]sions ( ! ,bible 7 tak+ ! field1 ! old ,great ,bible & ! new ,g5evan ,bible4 ,on all acc\nts ! ,g5evan 0 ! bett] & 0 driv+ out its rival4 ,yet !re c\ld be no hope ( ga9+ ! approval ( ,elizabe? = ! ,g5evan ,bible4 ,= "o ?+1 ,john ,knox _h be5 a p>ty to its prep>ation2 s _h ,calv94 ,elizabe? dete/$ !m bo?1 especially ,knox4 ,= ano!r ?+1 its notes 7 n favorable to royal sov]eignty1 b smack$ s mu* ( popul> gov]nm5t z to be (f5sive4 ,= ano!r ?+1 ?\gh x _h be5 made mo/ly by h] own p1 x _h be5 made 9 a =eign l&1 & 0 "u suspicion on t acc\nt4 ,! result 0 t ,elizabe?'s ar*bi%op1 ,p>k]1 set out to h an au?oriz$ v]sion made1 select$ a revision committee1 ) in/ructions to foll[ :]ev] possible ! ,great ,bible1 to avoid bitt] notes1 & to make su* a v]sion t x might be freely1 easily1 & naturally read4 ,! result is kn[n z ! ,bi%ops' ,bible4 ,x 0 issu$ 9 ,elizabe?'s t5? ye> 7#aefh71 b !re is no record t %e ev] notic$ x1 ?\gh ,p>k] s5t h] a copy f 8 sick-b$4 ,! ,bi%ops' ,bible %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,g5evan ,bible 9 _m ways1 ?\gh x gives no cr$it = t4 ,x is n ( equal m]it2 x 0 exp5sive1 too cumb]some1 & (t5 uns*ol>ly4 ,only its (ficial /&+ gave x life1 & aft] =ty ye>s1 9 n9ete5 editions1 x 0 no long] publi%$4 ,nam+ "o o!r ,engli% v]sion w complete ! s]ies ( facts necess>y = ! consid]ation ( ! =m+ ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,x w be rememb]$ t all ! ,engli% v]sions ( ! ,bible ?us f> m5tion$ 7 ! "w ( m5 ei!r already out ( favor ) ! ,roman pontiff1 or spe$ily put out ( favor on t acc\nt4 ,?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ,wiclif's bones 7 tak5 up & burn$2 ,t9dale 0 burn$4 ,cov]dale's v]sion & ! ,great ,bible 7 ! product ( ! p]iod :5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 "u ! ban4 ,! ,g5evan ,bible 0 ! "w ( refugees1 & ! ,bi%ops' ,bible 0 prep>$ :5 ,elizabe? _h be5 excommunicat$4 ,t fact seem$ to _m loyal ,roman *ur*m5 to put ! ,*ur* 9 a false light4 ,x mu/ be made cle> t its opposition 0 n to ! ,bible1 n ev5 to popul> use & possession ( ! ,bible1 b only to unau?oriz$1 ev5 incorrect1 v]sions4 ,s !re came ab\t ! ,d\ai v]sion1 in/igat$ by ,gregory ,m>t91 & prep>$ 9 "s s5se z an answ] to ! ,g5evan v]sion & its /rongly anti-papal notes4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,engli% s*ol>s connect$ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,d\ai4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 issu$ at ,rheims 9 #aehb1 & ! :ole ,bible 9 #afji1 j be=e our ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,x is made1 n f ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek1 ?\gh x ref]s to bo?1 b f ! ,vulgate4 ,! result is t ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,d\ai v]sion is a translation into ,engli% f ! ,lat91 :i* 9 l>ge "p is a translation into ,lat9 f ! ,greek ,septuag9t1 :i* 9 turn is a translation into ,greek f ! ,hebrew4 ,yet s*ol>s are s*ol>s1 & x %[s m>k$ influ5ce ( ! ,g5evan v]sion1 &1 inde$1 ( o!r ,engli% v]sions4 ,its notes 7 /rongly anti-,prote/ant1 & 9 its preface x expla9s its exi/5ce by say+ t ,prote/ants h be5 guilty ( ca/+ ! holy to dogs & pe>ls to hogs4 ,! v]sion is n 9 ! direct l9e ( ! asc5t ( ! famili> v]sion1 & ne$s no elaborate description4 ,its purpose 0 controv]sial2 x did n g to available s\rces2 its ,engli% 0 n colloquial1 b ecclesia/ical4 ,= example1 9 ! ,"l's ,pray] we read3 ,give u ?is day our sup]sub/antial bread1 in/ead ( our daily bread4 ,9 ,hebrews xiii3#ag1 ! v]sion reads1 ,obey y\r prelates & be subject unto !m4 ,9 ,luke iii3#c1 ,john came prea*+ ! baptism ( p5ance4 ,9 ,psalm xxiii3#e1 :]e we read1 ,my cup runne? ov]1 ! ,d\ai v]sion reads1 ,my *alice :i* inebriate? me1 h[ goodly x is4 ,!re is a c>eful ret5tion ( ecclesia/ical t]ms1 & an explanation ( ! passages on :i* ,prote/ants _h come to diff] r %>ply f _! ,roman bre?r51 z 9 ! matt] ( ! tak+ ( ! cup by ! p1 & else:]e4 ,yet x is only fair to rememb] t ?is mu* answ] 0 made to ! v]sions :i* 7 prep>+ ! way = ! greate/ v]sion ( !m all1 & :5 ! "t came = ! mak+ ( t v]sion1 & ! helps 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 ! ,d\ai 0 frankly plac$ among !m4 ,x is a peculi> irony ( fate t :ile ! purpose ( ,gregory ,m>t9 0 to *eck ! translation ( ! ,bible by ! ,prote/ants1 ! only effect ( 8 "w 0 to advance & improve t translation4 ,at la/1 z we %all see 9 our next /udy1 ! way 0 cle>$ = a free & op5 sett+ ( ! ,bible into ,engli%4 ,! way _h be5 beset ) /ruggle1 m>k$ ) blood1 light$ by m>tyr fires4 ,wiclif & ,purvey1 ,t9dale & ,cov]dale1 ! refugees at ,g5eva & ! ,bi%ops at ,london1 all _h trod t way4 ,k+s _h f\ght !m or _h favor$ !m2 x 0 all "o2 !y _h gone on4 ,loyal ze/ = _! ,book & lov+ zeal = ! common p _h held !m to ! pa?4 ,n[ x _h become a highway op5 to all m54 ,& "r wor?y 7 ! feet :i* 7 soon tread+ x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ho>e1 ,evolution ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 p4 #ci4 #b ,muir1 ,our ,gr& ,old ,bible1 p4 #bd4 #c ,n lea/ art ?\1 ?\ little ,be?lehem ,9 ,judah1 = 9 !e ! ,"l 0 born2 ,nor ?\ 9 ,brita91 little ,lutt]wor?1 ,lea/1 = 9 !e ! ^w 0 born aga94 --,sir ,john ,oldca/le4 #d ,:at ,is ! ,bible81 p4 #de4 #e ,mc,giffert1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 #f ,ob$i5ce ( a ,*ri/ian ,man4 #g ,poll>d1 ,records ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 p4 #aea4 #h ,! f\r? reads 9 8 v]sion1 ,bless$ are !y :i* hung] & ?ir/ = righte\sness2 ! sev5?1 ,bless$ are ! ma9ta9]s ( peace2 ! eigh?1 ,bless$ are !y :i* suff] p]secution = righte\sness' sake4 #i ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 end ( *ap4 xii4 #aj ,h]man ,bus*ius4 #aa ,?is w mean ! m to u :5 we realize t ! lit]>y m5 ( ! day despis$ ! ,engli% tongue4 ,sir ,?omas ,m wrote 8 ,utopia 9 ,lat91 because o!rwise educat$ m5 w\ld n deign to read x4 ,ye>s lat] ,rog] ,as*am apologiz$ = writ+ "o ( 8 works 9 ,engli%4 ,putt+ ! ,bible into curr5t ,engli% impress$ ^! lit]>y m5 v mu* z we w\ld be impress$ by putt+ ! ,bible into curr5t slang4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,k+ ,,james ,,v]sion2 ,,its ,,*>act]i/ics ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #afjd1 m5 7 mak+ _! way along ! poor ,engli% highways1 by coa* & c>ri]1 to ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace ( ! new ,engli% k+4 ,!y 7 com+ f ! ca!dral t[ns1 f ! univ]sities1 f ! l>g] cities4 ,_m 7 ,*ur* dignit>ies1 _m 7 s*ol>s1 "s 7 ,puritans1 all 7 loyal ,engli%m51 & !y 7 ga!r+ 9 response to a call = a conf]5ce ) ! k+1 ,james ,i4 ,!y 7 divid$ 9 s5tim5t1 ^! m51 & ^? :o hop$ mo/ f ! conf]5ce 7 doom$ to complete disappo9tm5t4 ,n "o among !m1 n ! ,k+1 _h ! slighte/ purpose t ! conf]5ce %\ld d :at prov$ to be its only real s]vice4 ,"s ( ! m51 grave & e>ne/1 7 com+ to pres5t _! petitions to ! ,k+1 o!rs 7 com+ to oppose _! petitions2 ! ,k+ meant to d5y !m & to h>ry ! petition]s4 ,& ev]y?+ came out z x _h be5 plann$4 ,yet ! l>ge/ s]vice ( ! conf]5ce1 ! only real s]vice1 0 9 no "o's m9d1 = x 0 at ,hampton ,c\rt1 on ! la/ day ( ! conf]5ce betwe5 ,james & ! *ur*m51 ,janu>y #ah1 #afjd1 t ! fir/ =mal /ep 0 tak5 t[>d ! mak+ ( ! s-call$ ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,if !re are su* ?+s z accid5ts1 ?is great ent]prise began 9 an accid5t4 ,b ! outcome ( ! accid5t1 ! volume t result$1 is all[$ by all compet5t au?orities to be ! fir/ t is1 ! *ief ,engli% classic1 if our ,pr(essor ,cook1 ( ,yale1 may speak2 is univ]sally accept$ z a lit]>y ma/]piece1 z ! noble/ & mo/ beautiful ,book 9 ! _w1 :i* has ex]cis$ an incalculable influ5ce ^u religion1 ^u mann]s1 ^u lit]ature1 & ^u "*1 if ! ,balliol ,college s*ol> ,ho>e c be tru/$2 & has made ! ,engli% language1 if ,pr(essor ,m>* is "r4 ,! purpose ( ?is /udy is to %[ h[ t accid5t occurr$1 & :at imm$iately came f x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! dea? ( ,elizabe? ! ,tudor l9e ( sov]eigns di$ out4 ,! collat]al ,/u>t l9e1 desc5d+ directly f ,h5ry ,,vii41 naturally succe$$ to ! ?rone1 & ,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl& made 8 royal progress to ! ,engli% capital & became ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,9 him appe>s ! fir/ ( t ,/u>t l9e dur+ ^: reign great *anges 7 to occur4 ,e "o 9 ! l9e held /rongly to ! dogma ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 yet "u t l9e ! ,engli% p transf]r$ sov]eignty f ! k+ to ,p>liam5t4#ab ,=tunately = hi/ory1 & = ! progress ( popul> gov]nm5t1 ! ,/u>t l9e _h no =ceful figures 9 x4 ,macaulay ?9ks x w\ld h be5 fatal to ,engli% lib]ty if !y _h be5 able k+s4 ,x 0 easi] to take s dang]\s a weapon z ! div9e "r ( k+s f weak h&s ?an f /rong ones4 ,s x 0 t ?\gh ,james came out ( ,scotl& to ass]t 8 div9e & arbitr>y "r z sov]eign1 by ! "t ,que5 ,anne di$1 clos+ ! ,/u>t l9e & giv+ way to ! ,hanov]ian1 ! real sov]eignty _h pass$ into ! h&s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b ! royal travel]1 com+ f ,ed9burgh to ,london1 is int]e/+ on 8 own acc\nt--int]e/+ at ?is di/ance4 ,he is ?irty-sev5 ye>s old1 & ought to be 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 prime4 ,he is a little ov] middle height2 loves a good horse1 ?\gh he is an unga9ly rid]1 & has fall5 (f 8 horse ?ree or f\r times dur+ 8 royal progress2 is a heavy dr9k] ( ! liquors ( ! p]iod1 ) horribly co>se1 ev5 gross mann]s4 ,macaulay is v sev]e ) him4 ,he says t 8 c[>dice1 8 *ildi%ness1 8 p$antry1 8 unga9ly p]son & mann]s1 8 prov9cial acc5t1 made him an object ( d]ision4 ,ev5 9 8 virtues & accompli%m5ts !re 0 some?+ em95tly unk+ly4#ac ,x seem$ too bad t royalty %\ld be exhibit$ to ! _w /amm]+1 slobb]+1 %$d+ unmanly te>s1 trembl+ at ! drawn sword1 & talk+ 9 ! /yle alt]nately ( a buffoon & ( a p$agogue4 ,t is truly n an attractive picture4 ,b !re is some?+ on ! o!r side4 ,john ,ri*>d ,gre5 puts bo? sides3 ,8 big head1 8 slobb]+ tongue1 8 quilt$ clo!s1 8 rickety legs /ood out 9 z grotesque a contra/ ) all t m5 recall$ ( ,h5ry & ,elizabe? z 8 gabble & rhodomontade1 8 want ( p]sonal dignity1 8 buffoon]y1 8 co>s5ess ( spee*1 8 p$antry1 8 contemptible c[>dice4 ,"u ?is ridicul\s ext]ior1 h[ev]1 lay a man ( mu* natural ability1 a ripe s*ol> ) a consid]able fund ( %rewdness1 ( "m wit & ready rep>tee4#ad ,"s good traits he mu/ h _h4 ,he did w9 "s m5 to him4 ,z "s "o has said1 ,y c\ld love him2 y c\ld despise him2 y c\ld n hate him4 ,he c\ld say "s witty & /rik+ ?+s4 ,= example1 :5 he 0 urg+ ! =mal union ( ,scotl& & ,engl&1 & x 0 oppos$1 he said3 ,b ,i am ! husb&1 & ! :ole isl& is my wife4 ,i hope no "o w be s unreasonable z to suppose t ,i1 t am a ,*ri/ian k+ "u ! ,gospel1 %\ld be a polygami/ & husb& to two wives4#ae ,aft] ! conf]5ce ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 he wrote to a fri5d 9 ,scotl&3 ,i h _h a revel ) ! ,puritans & h pepp]$ !m s\ndly4 ,z inde$ he _h4 ,!n1 9 "s s5se at lea/1 ,james 0 a born !ologian4 ,he _h /udi$ ! ,bible 9 "s =m f *ildhood2 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s we he> ( 8 do+ is ! writ+ ( a p>aphrase on ! book ( ! ,revelation4 ,9 8 talk he made easy & free use ( ,scripture quotations4 ,to be sure1 8 k1 on :i* he prid$ himself unconscionably1 0 %all[ & p$antic4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france1 "o ( 8 contempor>ies1 said t he 0 ! wise/ fool 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,n[1 x 0 ?is man :o 0 mak+ 8 royal progress f ,ed9burgh to ,london 9 ,m>*1 #afjc1 ne>ly a ye> be=e ! ga!r+ ( m5 :i* we 7 obs]v+ at ! op5+ ( ?is /udy4 ,_m ?+s happ5$ on ! j\rney besides 8 fall+ (f 8 horse sev]al times2 b "o ( ! mo/ significant 0 ! halt+ ( ! progress to receive :at 0 call$ ! ,mili>y ,petition1 ^: "n implies t x 0 sign$ by a ?\s& m5--actually some:at less ?an t numb]--mo/ly m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,petition made no m5tion ( any ,bible v]sion1 yet x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5ts :i* l$ to x4 ,back ( x 0 ! ,puritan influ5ce4 ,x ask$ = re=ms 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 = ! correction ( abuses :i* _h gr[n "u ,elizabe?'s increas+ favor ( ritual & c]emony4 ,x ask$ = a bett]-tra9$ m9i/ry1 = bett] discipl9e 9 ! ,*ur*1 = ! omission ( s _m detail$ requirem5ts ( rites & c]emonies1 & = t p]5nially desir$ re=m1 %ort] *ur* s]vices6 ,v naturally ! new ,k+ repli$ t he w\ld take x up lat]1 & promis$ to call a conf]5ce to consid] x4 ,& ?is he did4 ,! conf]5ce met at ,hampton ,c\rt 9 ,janu>y1 #afjd1 & x 0 = ?is t ! m5 7 com+ f _m p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! ga!r+ 0 held on ! #ad?1 #af?1 & #ah? ( ! mon?4 ,its sole purpose 0 to consid] t ,mili>y ,petition2 b ! ,k+ call$ to x n only ^? :o _h sign$ ! ,petition1 b ^? :o _h oppos$ x4 ,he _h no notion ( grant+ any favor to x1 & f ! fir/ he gave ! ,puritans r\gh treatm5t4 ,he told !m he w\ld h none ( _! non-con=mity1 he w\ld make !m con=m or h>ry !m out ( ! l&4 ,"s "o sugge/$ t s9ce ?is 0 a ,*ur* matt] !re be call$ a ,synod1 or "s g5]al ga!r+ fitt$ to discuss & det]m9e su* ?+s1 r ?an leave x to a few ,*ur* dignit>ies4 ,= ! purposes ( ! petition]s x 0 a mo/ un=tunate expression4 ,james _h j come f ,scotl&1 :]e ! ,presbyt]ians 7 ) _! ,synod1 & :]e ,calv9ism 0 9 full sw+4 ,he 0 mu* 9 favor ( "s elem5ts ( ,calv9ism2 b he c\ld n see h[ all ! elem5ts held toge!r4 ,pr$e/9ation1 = example1 :i* (f5ds s _m p to-day1 0 a preci\s doctr9e to ,k+ ,james1 & he insi/$ t 8 subjects ought to see h[ cle>ly ,god _h pr$e/9$ him to rule ov] !m6 ,b he c\ld n tol]ate ! necess>y logical inf]5ce ( ,calv9ism t all m5 mu/ be equal be=e ,god1 & s m5 c make & unmake k+s z !y ne$ to d s1 ! matt] ( k+ or subject be+ purely an incid5tal "o4 ,he rememb]$ ! "t :5 ,&rew ,melville1 "o ( ! ,scot* m9i/]s1 _h pluck$ him by 8 royal sleeve & call$ him ,god's silly vassal "r to 8 face4 ,s1 :5 "s "o said ,synod x br\ght ! ,k+ up /&+4 ,he bur/ out3 ,if t is :at y mean1 if y want :at ! ,scot* mean by _! ,synod & _! ,presbyt]y1 !n ,i tell y at once t ,i w h none ( x4 ,presbyt]y agrees ) mon>*y v mu* z ,god agrees ) ! devil4 ,if y h no bi%op1 y w soon h no k+4 ,he 0 p]fectly "r1 ) ref]5ce to ! k9d ( k+ he meant4 ,^! ?+s 7 to be settl$1 he meant1 by au?ority1 & n by conf]5ce4 ,t is ! po9t to :i* ,g>d9] ref]s :5 he says t 9 two m9utes ,james seal$ 8 own fate & t ( ,engl& =ev]4#af ,aft] t !re 0 only a los+ fight = ! petition]s4 ,!y _h t\*$ a sore spot 9 ,james's hi/ory4 ,b x 0 :5 !y t\*$ t sore spot aga9 t !y />t$ ! movem5t = a new v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 on ! second day ( ! conf]5ce1 ,janu>y #af?1 t ,dr4 ,reynolds1 presid5t ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d1 :o repres5t$ ! mod]ate ,puritan position1 &1 l _m mod]ate m51 0 r suspect$ by bo? extreme w+s1 in/anc$ z "o ( ! h>d%ips ( ! ,puritans t !y 7 compell$ to use ! pray]-book ( ! "t1 & t x conta9$ _m mi/ranslations ( ,scripture1 "s ( :i* he quot$4 ,n[1 x s happ5s t ! errors to :i* he ref]r$ occur 9 ! ,bi%ops' & ! ,great ,bible1 :i* 7 ! two au?oriz$ v]sions ( ! "t1 b are all correct$ 9 ! ,g5evan v]sion4 ,we d n "k :at po9t he 0 try+ to make1 :e!r he 0 urg+ t ! ,g5evan v]sion %\ld supplant ^! o!rs1 or :e!r he 0 call+ = a new translation4 ,inde$1 we are n sure t he ev5 m5tion$ ! ,g5evan v]sion4 ,b ,james spoke up to say t he _h nev] yet se5 a ,bible well translat$ into ,engli%2 b ! wor/ ( all he ?\ght ! ,g5evan to be4 ,he spoke z ?\gh he _h j _h a copy giv5 him by an ,engli% lady1 & _h already not$ :at he call$ its errors4 ,t 0 at ! v lea/ a royal evasion1 = if !re 0 any ,book he did "k x 0 ! ,g5evan v]sion4 ,he _h be5 fairly rais$ on x2 he _h liv$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e x 0 commonly us$4 ,x _h be5 prea*$ at him _m & _m a "t4 ,inde$1 he _h us$ x z ! text = t p>aphrase ( ! ,revelation ( :i* we spoke a mom5t ago4 ,& he knew its notes--well he knew !m--knew t !y 7 f republican ,g5eva1 & t k+ly pret5sions _h %ort %rift ) !m4 ,james told ! conf]5ce t ^! notes 7 v p>tial1 untrue1 s$iti\s1 savor+ too mu* ( traitor\s & dang]\s conceits1 support+ 8 op9ion by two in/ances :i* seem$ disrespectful to royalty4 ,"o ( ^! in/ances 0 ! note on ,exodus i3#ag1 :]e ! ,egyptian midwives are said to h disobey$ ! k+ 9 ! matt] ( de/roy+ ! *ildr54 ,! note says3 ,_! disob$i5ce to ! k+ 0 lawful1 ?\gh _! dissembl+ 0 n4 ,james quot$ t1 & said3 ,x is false2 to disobey ! k+ is n lawful1 & traitor\s conceits %\ld n g =? among ! p4 ,"s ( ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty object$ t !re 7 translations en\gh already2 b x /ruck ,james's fancy to set !m all aside by ano!r v]sion1 :i* he at once said he w\ld ord]4 ,x 0 to be made by ! mo/ le>n$ ( bo? univ]sities1 !n to be revis$ by ! bi%ops & o!r ,*ur* dignit>ies1 !n pres5t$ to ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & f9ally to be pass$ ^u by himself4 ,!re is ! e*o ( "s %>p ,scot* exp]i5ces 9 8 decl>ation t !re 7 to be no m>g9al notes 9 t new v]sion4 ,:5 !y look$ back on ! conf]5ce1 ! ,puritans felt t !y _h lo/ ev]y?+1 & ! ,high ,*ur* p t !y _h ga9$ ev]y?+4 ,"o ( ! bi%ops1 9 a v s]vile way1 & on 8 knee1 gave ?anks to ,god = hav+ giv5 ! c\ntry su* a k+1 ^: l _h nev] be5 se5 s9ce ,*ri/ 0 on e>?4 ,c]ta9ly h>d times 7 ahead = ! ,puritans4 ,! ,k+ h>ri$ !m accord+ to 8 ^w4 ,)9 sixte5 ye>s "s ( !m l&$ at ,plym\? ,rock1 & ?+s began to happ5 on ?is side4 ,t settlem5t at ,plym\? 0 ! outcome ( ! ?reat ! ,k+ _h made at ! ,hampton ,c\rt conf]5ce4 ,b look+ back "o c see t ! conf]5ce 0 wor? :ile = ! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t = ! new v]sion4 ,! ,k+ 0 true to 8 ^w 9 ?is l9e also1 & be=e ! ye> 0 out _h appo9t$ ! fifty-f\r be/ ,bible s*ol>s ( ! realm to make ! new v]sion4 ,!y 7 to sit 9 six companies ( n9e ea*1 two at ,ox=d1 two at ,cambridge1 & two at ,we/m9/]4 ,! names ( only =ty-sev5 ( !m h come d[n to u1 & x is n kn[n :e!r ! o!r sev5 7 ev] appo9t$1 or 9 :at way _! names h be5 lo/4 ,x mu/ be said = ! ,k+ t ! only pr9ciple ( selection 0 s*ol>%ip1 & :5 ^? six gr\ps ( m5 met !y 7 m5 ( ! v fir/ rank1 ) no pe]s outside _! own numb]s--) "o exception1 & t exception is ( "s pass+ int]e/4 ,hugh ,br\ghton 0 probably ! =emo/ ,hebrew s*ol> ( ,engl&1 p]haps ( ! _w1 at ! "t1 & app>5tly he 0 n appo9t$ on ! committee4 ,*iefly1 x seems to h be5 because he 0 a man ( ungov]nable temp] & utt]ly unfitt$ to "w ) o!rs4 ,failure to appo9t him1 h[ev]1 bit & rankl$1 & ! only ke5 & %>p criticism t 0 pass$ on ! v]sion 9 its own day 0 by ,hugh ,br\ghton4 ,he s5t ^w to ! ,k+1 aft] x 0 complet$1 t z = himself he w\ld r be r5t to pieces by wild horses ?an h _h any "p 9 ! urg+ ( su* a wret*$ v]sion ( ! ,bible on ! poor p4 ,t 0 s manife/ly pique1 h[ev]1 t x is only to be regrett$ t ! translation did n h ! b5efit ( 8 great ,hebrew k4 ,john ,seld51 at 8 prime 9 t day1 voic$ ! feel+ ( mo/ s*ol>s ( ! times1 t ! new translation 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w & be/ gave ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,we d n "k mu* ( ! p]sonnel ( ! company4 ,_! names w\ld mean v little to u at ?is di/ance4 ,all 7 cl]gym5 except "o4 ,!re 7 bi%ops1 college pr9cipals1 univ]sity fell[s1 & rectors4 ,dr4 ,reynolds1 :o sugge/$ x 9 ! fir/ place1 0 a memb]1 ?\gh he did n live to see ! "w f9i%$4 ,?is ,dr4 ,reynolds1 by ! way1 0 p>ty to a mo/ curi\s episode4 ,he _h be5 an ard5t ,roman ,ca?olic1 & he _h a bro!r :o 0 an equally ard5t ,prote/ant4 ,!y argu$ ) ea* o!r s e>ne/ly t ea* conv9c$ ! o!r2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic became a ,prote/ant1 & ! ,prote/ant became a ,roman ,ca?olic6 ,dr4 ,lancelot ,&rewes1 *airman ( "o ( ! two companies t met at ,we/m9/]1 0 probably ! mo/ le>n$ man 9 ,engl&4 ,!y said ( him t if he _h be5 pres5t at ! t[] ( ,babel he c\ld h int]pret$ = all ! tongues pres5t4 ,! only tr\ble 0 t ! _w lack$ le>n+ en\gh to "k h[ le>n$ he 04 ,8 company _h ! fir/ "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! simple dignity ( ! /yle !y us$ %[s h[ s*ol>%ip & simplicity g easily toge!r4 ,mo/ p w\ld consid] t ! lea/ satisfactory "p ( ! "w is ! second section1 runn+ f ,i ,*ronicles to ,ecclesia/es4 ,a conv]t f ano!r fai?1 :o le>n$ to read ! ,bible 9 ,engli%1 once express$ to a fri5d ( my own 8 feel+ t except = ! ,psalms & p>ts ( ,job1 !re seem$ to be "h a di/9ct lett+-d[n ( ! dignity ( ! translation4 ,!re is good excuse = ?is1 if x is s1 = two lead+ memb]s ( ! company :o _h t section 9 *>ge1 bo? em95t ,cambridge s*ol>s1 di$ v e>ly 9 ! "w1 & _! places 7 n fill$4 ,! ?ird company1 sitt+ at ,ox=d1 7 peculi>ly /rong1 & _h = _! portion ! h>de/ "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--all ! prophetical writ+s4 ,b !y did _! "p ) f9e/ skill4 ,! f\r? company1 sitt+ at ,cambridge1 _h ! ,apocrypha1 ! books :i* lie betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts = ! mo/ "p1 or else are supplem5tal to c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,_! "w 0 r ha/ily & c]ta9ly poorly done1 & has be5 dropp$ out ( mo/ editions4 ,! fif? company1 sitt+ at ,ox=d1 ) great ,greek s*ol>s on x1 took ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 & ! ,revelation4 ,?is company _h 9 x ! "o layman1 ,sir ,h5ry ,savile1 !n ! greate/ ,greek s*ol> 9 ,engl&4 ,x is ! same ,sir ,h5ry ,savile :o he>d1 on 8 dea?-b$ 9 #afba1 t ,james _h ) 8 own h&s torn f ! ,j\rnal ( ,p>liam5t ! pages :i* bore ! prote/ 9 favor ( free spee* 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,he>+ x1 ! fai?ful s*ol> pray$ to die1 say+3 ,i am ready to dep>t1 ! r t hav+ liv$ 9 good times ,i =esee worse4 ,! six? company met at ,we/m9/] & translat$ ! ,new ,te/am5t epi/les4 ,x 0 ! orig9al plan t :5 "o company _h f9i%$ its "p1 ! result %\ld g to ea* ( ! o!r companies1 com+ back ) _! sugge/ions to ! orig9al work]s to be reca/ by !m4 ,! :ole 0 !n to be review$ by a small] committee ( s*ol>s to give x uni=mity & to see x ?r\gh ! press4 ,! records are n extant t tell :e!r ?is 0 done 9 full detail1 ?\gh we may presume t ea* section ( ! ,scripture _h ! b5efit ( ! s*ol>%ip ( ! entire company4 ,we "k a good deal ( ! me?od ( _! "w4 ,we %all und]/& x bett] by recall+ :at mat]ial !y _h at h&4 ,!y 7 enabl$ to use ! result ( all ! "w t _h be5 done be=e !m4 ,!y 7 in/ruct$ to foll[ ! ,bi%ops' ,bible :]ev] !y c\ld d s fairly2 b !y 7 giv5 p[] to use ! v]sions already nam$ f ,wiclif d[n1 z well z ^? fragm5t>y v]sions :i* 7 num]\s1 & ( :i* no m5tion has be5 made4 ,!y ransack$ all ,engli% =ms = felicit\s words & happy phrases4 ,x is "o ( ! int]e/+ incid5ts t ?is same ,hugh ,br\ghton1 :o 0 left (f ! committee & took x s h>d1 yet )\t 8 w contribut$ "s important matt] to ! translation1 because he _h on 8 own au?ority made translations ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,scripture4 ,sev]al ( our capital phrases 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion are f him4 ,!re 0 no ef=t to break out new pa?s4 ,pref]5ce 0 always giv5 to a famili> phrase r ?an to a new "o1 unless accuracy requir$ x4 ,fir/1 !n1 !y _h ! b5efit ( all ! "w t _h be5 done be=e 9 ! same l9e1 & gladly us$ x4 ,9 addition1 !y _h all o!r v]sions made 9 ! tongues ( ! "t4 ,*iefly !re 0 ,lu!r's ,g]man ,bible1 already become = ! ,g]man tongue :at _! v]sion 0 de/9$ to be = ! ,engli% tongue4 ,!re 7 p>ts ( ! ,bible available 9 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,dut*4 ,!y 7 kept at h& con/antly = any light !y might ca/ on difficult passages4 ,= ! ,old ,te/am5t !re 7 v few ,hebrew texts4 ,!re _h be5 little critical "w yet done on !m1 & = ! mo/ "p !re 7 only diff]5t editions runn+ back ov] ! c5turies4 ,we h little m ?an t n[1 & !re is almo/ no new mat]ial on ! ,old ,te/am5t s9ce ! days ( ! ,k+ ,james translators4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 ! ,septuag9t1 ! ,greek translation f ! ,hebrew made be=e ,*ri/1 ) ! guidance x c\ld give 9 d\btful places on ! probable orig9al4 ,& f9ally !re 0 ! ,vulgate1 made into ,lat9 out ( ! ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,?is 0 all ! ,old ,te/am5t mat]ial !y _h1 or t any "o c\ld h 9 view ( ! antiquat$ orig9al s\rces4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t mat]ial 0 m abundant1 ?\gh n ne>ly s abundant z to-day4 ,!re 7 few manuscripts ( ! e>ly days to :i* !y c\ld ref]2 b !re 7 ! two great critical v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 t by ,erasmus & ! ,complut5sian1 :i* _h made use ( ! be/ manuscripts kn[n4 ,!n1 f9ally aga91 !re 0 ! ,vulgate4 ,we mu/ /op a mom5t to see :at 0 ! value ( ! ,vulgate 9 ?is "w4 ,x is impossible to reckon ! numb] ( ! e>ly ,new ,te/am5t manuscripts t h be5 lo/4 ,9 ! e>li] day ! ,scriptures 7 transmitt$ f *ur* to *ur*1 & f age to age1 by manuscripts4 ,_m ( !m 7 made z direct copies ( o!r manuscripts2 b _m 7 made by scribes to :om ! manuscripts 7 read z !y wrote1 s t !re are _m1 ?\gh ord9>ily comp>atively slight1 v>iations among ! manuscripts :i* we n[ "k4 ,m manuscripts are com+ to light con/antly1 manuscripts once well kn[n & !n lo/4 ,_m ( !m1 p]haps _m e>li] ?an we n[ h1 mu/ h be5 famili> to ,j]ome f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/4 ,:51 !re=e1 !re is a pla9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,vulgate & our e>ly ,greek manuscripts1 ! ,vulgate may be wrong because x is only a translation2 b x may be "r because x is a translation ( e>li] manuscripts ?an "s ( ours4 ,x is /eadily los+ its value at t po9t1 = ,greek manuscripts are all ! "t com+ to light :i* run f>!r back4 ,b we mu/ n m9imize ! value ( ! ,vulgate = our ,k+ ,james translation4 ,) all ?is mat]ial ! s*ol>s ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury set to "w4 ,ea* man 9 ! gr\p made ! translation t seem$ be/ to him1 & toge!r !y analyz$ ! results & f9ally agre$ on ! be/4 ,!y hunt$ ! o!r v]sions to see if x _h be5 bett] done else:]e4 ,! %ade ( ,t9dale 0 ov] x all4 ,! ,g5evan v]sion 0 mo/ influ5tial4 ,! ,d\ai _h its %>e1 & ! ,bi%ops' 0 ! g5]al /&>d1 alt]$ only :5 accuracy requir$ x4 ,on all h>d passages !y call$ to _! aid ! appropriate dep>tm5ts ( bo? univ]sities4 ,all s*ol>s ev]y:]e 7 ask$ to s5d 9 any contributions1 to correct or criticize z !y w\ld4 ,public ann\ncem5t ( ! "w 0 made1 & all possible help 0 bes\ght & gladly accept$4 ,v fai?fully ^! greate/ s*ol>s ( _! "t wr\ght4 ,no "o work$ = money1 & no "o work$ = pay1 b ea* = ! joy ( ! work+4 ,?ree ye>s !y sp5t on ! orig9al "w1 ?ree ye>s on c>eful revision & on ! m>g9al ref]5ces by :i* ,scripture 0 made to ?r[ light on ,scripture4 ,!n 9 six mon?s a committee review$ x all1 put x ?r\gh ! press1 & at la/1 9 #afaa1 ) ! impr9t ( ,rob]t ,b>k]1 ,pr9t] to ! ,k+'s ,mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y1 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion appe>$4 ,! "n ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion is n a happy "o1 = s f> z ! records g x 0 nev] au?oriz$ ei!r by ! ,k+ or ! bi%op2 &1 ev5 if x 71 ! au?ority does n ext5d beyond ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 :i* is a v small fraction ( ^? :o use x4 ,on ! title-page ( ! orig9al v]sion1 z on s _m s9ce1 is ! famili> l9e1 ,appo9t$ to be ,read 9 ,*ur*es1 b :o made ! appo9tm5t hi/ory does n say4 ,! v]sion did n at once sup]s$e ! ,g5evan & ! ,bi%ops'2 b x 0 s incomp>ably bett] ?an ei!r t gradually !y disappe>$1 & by %e] excell5ce x took ! field1 & x holds ! field to-day 9 spite ( ! num]\s suppos$ly improv$ v]sions t h appe>$ "u private auspices4 ,x holds ! field1 also1 9 spite ( ! excell5t revis$ v]sion ( #ahha made by au?ority1 & ! m excell5t v]sion issu$ 9 #aija by ! ,am]ican ,revision ,committee1 to-day und\bt$ly ! be/ v]sion 9 exi/5ce1 consid]$ simply z a reproduction ( ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,& = reasons t may lat] appe>1 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion bids fair to hold ! field = _m ye>s to come4 ,:5 we turn f ! hi/ory ( its mak+ to ! "w itself1 !re is mu* to say4 ,we may well n>r[ our ?\ght = ! rema9d] ( ! /udy to its traits z a v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,i4 ,"n ?is fir/1 t x is an hone/ v]sion4 ,t is1 x has no argum5tative purpose4 ,x is n1 z ! s*ol>s say1 apologetic4 ,x is simply an out-&-out v]sion ( ! ,scripture1 z hone/ly z !y c\ld reproduce x4 ,!re 7 ,puritans on ! committee2 !re 7 extreme ,high ,*ur*m52 !re 7 m5 ( all grades betwe54 ,b !re is n[h]e any evid5ce t any "o 0 set on mak+ ! ,bible prove 8 po9t4 ,!re 7 /rong anti-papal believ]s among !m2 b !y made free use ( ! ,d\ai v]sion1 &1 ( c\rse1 ( ! ,vulgate4 ,!y knew ! feel+ t ,hugh ,br\ghton _h t[>d !m2 b !y made g5]\s use ( all t 0 good 9 8 "w4 ,!y 7 work+ "u a royal w>rant1 & _! d$ication to ,k+ ,james1 ) its absurd & fulsome flatt]y1 %[s :at !y 7 capable ( :5 !y ?\ght ( ! ,k+4 ,b !re is no twi/ ( a text to make x s]ve ! purposes ( royalty4 ,!y might be s]vile :5 !y ?\ght ( ,k+ ,james2 b !re 0 n a t\* ( s]vility 9 !m :5 !y ?\ght ( ! ,scripture itself4 ,!y 7 "u in/ruction n to ab&on ! use ( ecclesia/ical t]ms4 ,= in/ance1 !y 7 n to put congregation 9 place ( *ur*1 z "s ,puritans want$ to d4 ,"s ?\ght t 0 meant to insure a ,high ,*ur* v]sion2 b ! translators did n und]/& x s = a mom5t4 ,!y und]/ood x only to safegu>d !m aga9/ mak+ a p>tisan v]sion on ei!r side1 & to help !m to make a v]sion :i* ! p c\ld read und]/&+ly at once4 ,x 0 n to be a ,puritan ,book nor a ,high ,*ur* ,book4 ,x 0 to be an hone/ v]sion ( ! ,bible1 no matt] ^: side x su/a9$4 ,n[1 if any "o ?9ks t is easy1 or only a matt] ( c\rse1 he pla9ly %[s t he has nev] be5 a !ologian or a s*ol> 9 a conte/$ field4 ,ask any lawy] :e!r x is easy to h&le 8 au?orities ) entire imp>tiality1 :e!r x is a matt] ( c\rse t he w let !m say j :at !y meant to say :5 8 case is involv$4 ,( c\rse1 he w seek to d x z an hone/ lawy]1 b equally1 ( c\rse1 he w h to keep close wat* on himself or he w fail 9 do+ x4 ,ask any hi/orian :e!r x is easy to h&le ! orig9al docum5ts 9 a field 9 :i* he has firm & ann\nc$ op9ions1 & to let ^? docum5ts speak exactly :at !y mean to say1 :e!r !y support him or n4 ,! great] hi/orians w always d x1 b !y w sometimes d x ) a bit ( a wr5*4 ,ev5 a s*ol> is human1 & ^! m5 sitt+ 9 _! six companies w\ld all h to meet ?is ,book aft]w>d1 w\ld h _! op9ions tri$ by x4 ,!re mu/ h be5 times :5 "s ( !m w\ld be incl9$ to salt ! m9e a little1 to see t x w\ld yield :at !y w\ld want x to yield lat]4 ,s f> z ^! m5 7 able to d x1 !y made x say 9 ,engli% j :at x said 9 ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,!y %[$ no incl9ation to use x z a weapon 9 _! p]sonal w>f>e4 ,"o l9e ( t hone/ ef=t is wor? obs]v+ m closely4 ,:5 po9ts 7 op5 to fair discussion1 & s*ol>%ip _h n settl$ !m1 !y 7 c>eful n to let _! v]sion take sides :5 x c\ld be avoid$4 ,on "s moot$ words !y did n try translation1 b translit]ation in/ead4 ,t is1 !y br\ght ! ,greek or ,hebrew ^w ov] into ,engli%1 lett] by lett]4 ,suppose s*ol>s diff]$ z to ! exact mean+ 9 ,engli% ( a ^w 9 ! ,greek4 ,"s said x has ?is mean+1 & "s t x has t4 ,n[1 if ! v]sion committ$ itself to "o ( ^? mean+s1 x became an argum5t at once aga9/ ! o!r & help$ to settle a "q on :i* s*ol>%ip 0 n yet agre$4 ,!y c\ld avoid mak+ a p>tisan ,book by ! simple device ( br++ ! ^w :i* 0 disput$ ov] into ! new translation4 ,t left ! discussion j :]e x 0 be=e1 b x sav$ ! "w f be+ p>tisan4 ,! me?od ( translit]ation did n always "w to advantage1 z we %all see1 b x 0 int5d$ ?r\gh\t to save ! ,book f tak+ sides on any "q :]e hone/ m5 might diff] z to ! mean+ ( words4 ,!y did t ) all prop] names1 & t 0 notable 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 because mo/ ,old ,te/am5t prop] names c be translat$4 ,!y all mean some?+ 9 !mselves4 ,adam is ! ,hebrew ^w = man2 ,abraham means ,fa!r ( a ,great ,multitude2 ,david is ! ,hebrew ^w = ,belov$2 ,mala*i means ,my ,mess5g]4 ,yet z prop] names !y d n mean any ( ^? ?+s4 ,x is impossible to translate a prop] "n into ano!r tongue )\t absurdity4 ,x mu/ be translit]at$4 ,yet !re is con/ant fasc9ation = translators 9 ! "w ( translat+ ^! prop] names1 try+ to make !m seem m vivid4 ,x is q likely1 ?\gh x is disput$1 t prop] names d all g back to simple mean+s4 ,b by ! "t !y become prop] names !y no long] h ^? mean+s4 ,! only prop] treatm5t ( !m is by translit]ation4 ,! ,k+ ,james translators foll[ t same practice ( translit]ation r ?an translation ) ano!r ^w :i* is full ( controv]sial possibility4 ,i mean ! ^w baptism4 ,!re 0 dispute !n z n[ ab\t ! me?od ( t ord9ance 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,!re 7 _m :o held t ! classical mean+ :i* involv$ imm]sion _h be5 tak5 ov] bodily into ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & t all baptism 0 by imm]sion4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o held t :ile t might be ! classical mean+ ( ! ^w1 yet 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian cu/om baptism 0 n by imm]sion1 b might be by spr9kl+ or p\r+1 & :o insi/$ t no pressure on ! mode 0 wise or necess>y4 ,t dispute cont9ues to ?is day4 ,e>ly v]sions ( ! ,bible already figur$ 9 ! discussion1 & = a :ile !re 0 "q :e!r ?is ,k+ ,james v]sion %\ld take sides 9 t controv]sy1 ab\t :i* m5 equally loyal to tru? & e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory c\ld hone/ly diff]4 ,! translators avoid$ tak+ sides by br++ ! ,greek ^w :i* 0 "u discussion ov] into ,engli%1 lett] by lett]4 ,our ^w baptism is n an ,engli% ^w nor a ,saxon ^w2 x is a purely ,greek ^w4 ,! controv]sy has be5 br\ght ov] into ! ,engli% language2 b ! ,k+ ,james v]sion avoid$ becom+ a controv]sial book4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ! convictions ( "s 7 s /rong t ano!r v]sion ( ! ,bible 0 made1 9 :i* ! ^w baptism 0 c>efully replac$ by :at 0 believ$ to be ! ,engli% translation1 imm]sion1 b ! v]sion nev] _h wide influ5ce4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to notice ! ef=t ( ! ,k+ ,james translators at a fair /atem5t ( ! div9e "n4 ,x w be rememb]$ t x appe>s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ord9>ily z ,,"l1 pr9t$ 9 small capitals4 ,a v int]e/+ bit ( v]bal hi/ory lies back ( t ^w4 ,! ^w :i* repres5ts ! div9e "n 9 ,hebrew consi/s ( f\r consonants1 ,j or ,y1 ,h1 ,v1 & ,h4 ,!re are no v[els2 inde$1 !re 7 no v[els 9 ! e>ly ,hebrew at all4 ,^? t we n[ h 7 add$ n f> f ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,no "o kn[s ! orig9al pronunciation ( t sacr$ "n consi/+ ( f\r lett]s4 ,at a v e>ly day x _h become too sacr$ to pron\nce1 s t :5 m5 came to x 9 read+ or 9 spee*1 !y simply us$ ano!r ^w :i* is1 translat$ into ,engli%1 ,"l1 a ^w ( high dignity4 ,:5 ! "t came t v[els 7 to be add$ to ! consonants1 ! v[els ( ?is o!r ^w ,"l 7 plac$ "u ! consonants ( ! sacr$ "n1 s t 9 ! ^w ,jehovah1 :]e ! ,j ,h ,v ,h occur1 !re are ! consonants ( "o ^w ^: v[els are unkn[n & ! v[els ( ano!r ^w ^: consonants are n us$4 ,illu/rate x by imag9+ t 9 ,am]ican lit]ature ! "n ,l9coln ga!r$ to itself su* sacr$ness t x 0 nev] pron\nc$ & only its consonants 7 ev] pr9t$4 ,suppose t :5ev] read]s came to x !y simply said ,wa%+ton1 ?9k+ ,l9coln all ! :ile4 ,!n ?9k ( ! displacem5t ( ! v[els ( ,l9coln by ! v[els ( ,wa%+ton4 ,y h a ^w t looks l ,lancilon or ,lanicoln2 b a read] w\ld nev] pron\nce s /range a ^w4 ,he w\ld always say ,wa%+ton1 yet he w\ld always ?9k ! o!r mean+4 ,& :ile he w\ld reta9 ! mean+ 9 "s degree1 he w\ld soon =get ! orig9al ^w1 reta9+ only 8 awe ( x4 ,:i* is j :at happ5$ ) ! div9e "n4 ,! ,hebrews knew x 0 n ,"l1 yet !y always said ,"l :5 !y came to ! f\r lett]s t /ood = ! sacr$ ^w4 ,! ^w ,jehovah1 made up ( ! consonants ( an unkn[n ^w & ! v[els ( a famili> ^w1 is 9 itself mean+less4 ,s*ol>%ip is n yet sure :at 0 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! sacr$ "n ) its f\r consonants4 ,^! translators _h to face t problem4 ,x 0 a peculi> problem at t "t4 ,h[ %\ld !y put into ,engli% ! augu/ "n ( ,god :5 !y did n "k :at ! true v[els 78 ,!re 0 dispute among s*ol>s4 ,!y did n take sides z our lat] ,am]ican ,revision has done1 "s ( u ?9k q unwisely4 ,!y *ose to reta9 ! ,hebrew usage1 & pr9t ! div9e "n 9 unmi/akable type s t its p]sonal mean+ c\ld n be mi/ak54 ,on ! o!r h&1 disputes s9ce _! day h %[n h[ !y translat$ :5 translit]ation w\ld h be5 wis]4 ,illu/rate ) "o in/ance4 ,!re is a ,hebrew ^w1 ,%eol1 ) a ,greek ^w1 ,hades1 :i* corresponds to x4 ,usage _h adopt$ ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w ,hell z ! equival5t ( bo? ( ^! words1 s !y translat$ ,%eol & ,hades ) ! ,engli% ^w ,hell4 ,! only "q t _h be5 rais$ 0 by t ,hugh ,br\ghton ( :om we 7 speak+ a mom5t ago1 & x _h n seem$ a s]i\s "o4 ,c]ta9ly ! ?ree t]ms h mu* 9 common1 & !re are places :]e bo? ! orig9al words seem$ to be virtually equival5t to ! ,anglo-,saxon ,hell1 b !y are n ! same4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion ( our own "t return$ to ! orig9al1 & in/ead ( translat+ ^? words ^: mean+ c be debat$1 x translit]at$ !m & br\ght ! ,hebrew ^w ,%eol & ! ,greek ^w ,hades ov] into ,engli%4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 gave a *ance = p>agraph]s to say t ! ,revis$ ,v]sion _h read ,hell out ( ! ,scriptures4 ,all t happ5$ 0 t cognizance 0 tak5 ( a dispute :i* w\ld h guid$ ! ,k+ ,james translators if x _h exi/$ 9 _! "t1 & we %\ld n h become famili> ) ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w ,hell z ! translation ( ^? disput$ ,hebrew & ,greek words4 ,we ne$ n seek m in/ances4 ,^! are en\gh to illu/rate ! say+ t "h is an hone/ v]sion1 ! fruit ( ! be/ s*ol>%ip ( ! times1 )\t prejudice4 ,,ii4 ,a second trait ( ! "w z a v]sion is its rem>kable accuracy4 ,x is surpris+ t ) all ! new light com+ f e>ly docum5ts1 ) all ! new discov]ies t h be5 made1 ! late/ revision ne$$ to make s few *anges1 & ^? = ! mo/ "p m9or ones4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 "s important *anges1 z we %all see lat]2 ! wond] is t !re are n _m m4 ,! ,k+ ,james v]sion _h1 to be sure1 ! b5efit ( all ! e>li] controv]sy4 ,! :ole gr\nd _h be5 really f\ght ov] 9 ! c5turies be=e1 & mo/ ( ! que/ions _h be5 discuss$4 ,!y frankly made use ( all ! e>li] controv]sy4 ,!y say 9 _! preface3 ,truly1 good ,*ri/ian read]1 we nev] ?\ght f ! beg9n+ t we %\ld ne$ to make a new translation1 nor yet to make a bad "o a good "o1 b to make a good "o bett]4 ,t ha? be5 our endeavor1 t our "w4 ,also1 !y _h ! advantage ( delib]ation4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ v]sion t _h be5 made :i* _h su* sanction t !y c\ld take _! "t1 & 9 :i* !y _h no reason to fe> t ! results w\ld endang] !m4 ,!y say 9 _! preface t !y _h n run ov] _! "w ) t po/+ ha/e t _h m>k$ ! ,septuag9t1 if ! say+ 0 true t !y did x all 9 sev5ty-two days2 nor 7 !y b>r$ & h9d]$ f go+ ov] x aga91 z ,j]ome himself said he _h be51 s9ce z soon z he wrote any "p x 0 snat*$ away f him & publi%$2 nor 7 !y work+ 9 a new field1 z ,orig5 0 :5 he wrote 8 fir/ comm5t>y on ! ,bible4 ,bo? ^! ?+s--_! tak+ advantage ( e>li] controv]sies :i* _h cle>$ _m diff]5ces1 & _! delib]ation--7 supplem5t$ by a ?ird :i* gave great accuracy to ! v]sion4 ,t 0 _! adoption ( ! pr9ciple ( all e>ly translators1 p]haps word$ be/ by ,purvey1 :o complet$ ! ,wiclif v]sion3 ,! be/ translation is to translate aft] ! s5t5ce1 & n only aft] ! words1 s t ! s5t5ce be z op5 9 ,engli% z 9 ,lat94 ,t makes = accuracy4 ,x is q impossible to put any language ov]1 ^w = ^w1 into ano!r )\t great inaccuracy4 ,b :5 ! translators s\ght to take ! s5t5ce ( ! ,hebrew or ! ,greek & put x into an exactly equival5t ,engli% s5t5ce1 !y _h l>g] play = _! language & !y _h a fair] field = accuracy4 ,^! 7 ! ?ree great facts :i* made ! rem>kable accuracy possible1 & x may be int]e/+ to note ?ree correspond+ results :i* %[ ! ef=t !y made to be absolutely accurate & fair 9 _! translation4 ,! fir/ ( ^? results is visible 9 ! italiciz$ words :i* !y us$4 ,9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion words 9 italics are a frank ackn[l$gm5t t ! ,greek or ! ,hebrew _c be put into ,engli% lit]ally4 ,^! are ,engli% words :i* are put 9 because x seems impossible to express ! mean+ orig9ally int5d$ )\t c]ta9 additions :i* ! read] mu/ take into acc\nt 9 8 und]/&+ ( ! v]sion4 ,we ne$ n ?9k f> to see h[ necess>y t 04 ,! arrangem5t ( words 9 ,greek1 = example1 is diff]5t f t 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,greek ( ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,gospel ( ,john reads t ,god 0 ! ,^w1 b ! ,engli% makes its s5t5ces 9 a rev]s$ =m1 & x really means1 ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,s ! ,greek uses p>ticles :]e ! ,engli% does n4 ,(t5 x w\ld say ! ,god :]e we w\ld say simply ,god4 ,^? p>ticles are ord9>ily wisely omitt$4 ,s ! ,greek does n use v]bs at "s po9ts :]e x is q ess5tial t ! ,engli% %all use !m4 ,b x is only fair t 9 read+ a v]sion ( ! ,scripture we %\ld "k :at words h be5 put 9 by translators 9 _! ef=t to make ! v]sion cle> to u2 & ! italiciz$ words ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion are a frank ef=t to be accurate & yet fair4 ,! second result :i* %[s _! ef=t at accuracy is 9 ! m>g9al read+s4 ,mo/ ( ^! are optional read+s1 & are prec$$ by ! ^w or1 :i* indicates t "o may read :at is 9 ! text1 or sub/itute = x :at is 9 ! m>g9 ) equal fairness to ! orig9al4 ,b sometimes1 in/ead ( t famili> or1 occur lett]s :i* indicate t ! ,hebrew or ! ,greek lit]ally means some?+ else ?an :at is giv5 9 ! ,engli% text1 & :at x lit]ally means is giv5 9 ! m>g94 ,! translators !reby say to ! read] t if he c take t lit]al mean+ & put x into ! text s t x is intelligible to him1 "h is 8 *ance4 ,z = !m1 !y ?9k t ! :ole context or mean+ ( ! s5t5ce r involves ! use ( ! phrase :i* !y put into ! text4 ,b ! m>g9al ref]5ces are ( great int]e/ to mo/ ( u z %[+ h[ ^! m5 7 frank to say t !re 7 "s ?+s !y c\ld n settle4 ,!y 7 r blam$ = x1 *iefly by ^? :o _h committ$ !mselves to ! ,d\ai v]sion1 :i* has no m>g9al read+s1 on ! gr\nd t ! translation ought to be z au?oritative z ! orig9al4 ,! ,k+ ,james translators repudiate t !ory & frankly say t ! reason !y put ^! words 9 ! m>g9 0 because !y 7 n sure :at 0 ! be/ read+4 ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans !re are eighty-f\r su* m>g9al read+s1 & ! proportion w hold ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! v]sion4 ,!y 7 only try+ to be accurate & to give e "o a *ance to make up 8 own m9d :]e !re 0 fair reason to "q _! results4 ,! ?ird ?+ :i* %[s _! ef=t at accuracy is _! explicit avoidance ( uni=mity 9 translat+ ! same ^w4 ,!y tri$ to put ! mean+ into ,engli% t]ms4 ,s1 z !y say1 ! "o ^w might become ei!r j\rney+ or travel+2 "o ^w might be ?9k+ or suppos+1 joy or gladness1 et]nal or ev]la/+4 ,"o ( ! reasons !y give = ?is is qua9t en\gh to quote4 ,!y said !y did n ?9k x "r to honor "s words by giv+ !m a place =ev] 9 ! ,bible1 :ile !y virtually said to o!r equally good words3 ,get ye h5ce & be bani%$ =ev]4 ,!y quote a c]ta9e great philosoph] :o said t ^? logs 7 happy :i* became images & 7 wor%ip$1 :ile o!r logs z good z !y 7 laid beh9d ! fire to be burn$4 ,s !y s\ght to use z _m ,engli% words1 famili> 9 spee* & commonly und]/ood1 z !y might1 le/ !y %\ld impov]i% ! language1 & s lose out ( use good words4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ?is ef=t bo? to save ! language1 & to repres5t accurately ! mean+ ( ! orig9al1 !y sometimes ov]did t avoidance ( uni=mity4 ,!re 7 times :5 x w\ld h be5 well if ! words _h be5 m consi/5tly translat$4 ,= example1 9 ! epi/le ( ,james ii3#b1 #c1 y h goodly app>el1 vile raim5t1 & gay clo?+1 all translat+ "o ,greek ^w4 ,our revis$ v]sions h s\ght to correct su* inconsi/5cies4 ,b x 0 all done 9 ! int]e/ ( an accuracy t %\ld yet n be a slavi% uni=mity4 ,?is w be en\gh to illu/rate :at 0 meant 9 speak+ ( ! ef=t ( ! translators to a*ieve accuracy 9 _! v]sion4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird m>k$ trait ( ! "w z a v]sion ( ! ,scripture is its /rik+ bl5d+ ( dignity & popul>ity 9 its language4 ,at any p]iod ( a liv+ language1 !re are ?ree levels ( spee*4 ,!re is an upp] level us$ by ! cle>e/ ?9k]s & mo/ c>eful writ]s1 always correct accord+ to ! laws ( ! language1 g5]ally some:at remote f common life--! habitual spee* ( ! m intellectual4 ,!re is also ! l[] level us$ by ! lea/ intellectual1 frequ5tly incorrect accord+ to ! laws ( ! language1 r\gh1 conta9+ :at we n[ call slang1 ! talk ( a knot ( m5 on ! /reet corn] wait+ = a new bullet9 ( a ball game1 *eap 9 words1 impov]i%$ 9 synonyms1 us+ "o ^w to express any numb] ( ideas1 z slang always does4 ,^? two levels are really f>!r ap>t ?an we are apt to realize4 ,a book or an article on ! upp] level w be un9t]e/+ & un9telligible to ! p on ! l[] level4 ,& a book 9 ! language ( ! l[] level is (f5sive & disgu/+ to ^? ( ! upp] level4 ,t is n because ! ideas are s remote1 b because ! *>act]i/ic expressions are almo/ unfamili> to ! p ( ! diff]5t levels4 ,! m ?\ghtful p read ! abl] j\rnals ( ! day2 !y read ! editorials or ! m ext5d$ articles2 !y read also ! great lit]ature4 ,if !y take up ! sport+ page ( a newspap] to read ! acc\nt ( a ball game writt5 9 ! /yle ( ! l[] level ( ?\ght1 :]e words are misus$ 9 disreg>d ( ! laws ( ! language1 & :]e "o ^w is made to d duty = a great _m ideas1 !y d x solely = amusem5t4 ,!y c\ld nev] ?9k ( f9d+ _! m5tal /imulus 9 t sort ( ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are p :o f9d 9 t k9d ( read+ _! real int]e/4 ,if !y %\ld take up a ?\ghtful editorial or a book ( essays1 !y w\ld n "k :at ! words mean 9 ! connection 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,!y speak a good deal ab\t ! vividness ( ?is l[]-level language1 ab\t its popul>ity2 !y speak ) a sne] ab\t ! /iffness & dignity ( t upp] level4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 only ! two extremes1 = !re is always a middle level :]e move words common to bo?1 :]e are avoid$ ! words peculi> to ea*4 ,x is ! language t mo/ p speak4 ,x is ! language ( ! /reet1 & also ( ! /udy1 ( ! p>lor1 & ( ! %op4 ,b x has little t is peculi> to ei!r ( ^? o!r levels1 or to any "o place :]e a man may live 8 life & d 8 talk+4 ,if we illu/rate f o!r lit]ature1 we c say t ,macaulay's essays move on ! upp] level1 & t mu* ( ! s-call$ popul> lit]ature ( our day moves on ! l[] level1 :ile ,dick5s moves on ! middle level1 :i* means t m5 ^: habitual language is t ( ! upp] & ! l[] levels c bo? ent] into ! _s ( 8 writ+4 ,n[1 orig9ally ! ,bible mov$ on t middle level4 ,x 0 a colloquial book4 ,! languages 9 :i* x fir/ appe>$ 7 n 9 ! classic =ms4 ,!y are ! languages ( ! /reets :]e !y 7 writt54 ,! ,hebrew is almo/ our only example ( ! tongue at its p]iod1 b x is n a lit]>y language 9 any case4 ,! ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is n ! ,eolic1 ! language ( ! lyrics ( ,sappho2 nor ! ,doric1 ! language ( w>-songs or ! *orus 9 ! drama2 nor ! ,ionic1 ! dialect ( epic poetry2 b ! ,attic ,greek1 & a corrupt$ =m ( t1 a =m corrupt$ by use 9 ! /reets & 9 ! m>kets4 ,t 0 ! orig9al language ( ! ,bible1 a colloquial language4 ,b t fact does n det]m9e ! translation4 ,:e!r x %all be put into ! ,engli% language on ! upp] level or on ! l[] level is n s readily det]m9$4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to put x into ! language ( ea* level4 ,we h a s-call$ elegant translation1 & we h ! ,bible ca/ into ! spee* ( ! common day4 ,! ,k+ ,james v]sion is on ! middle level4 ,x is a /rik+ bl5d+ ( ! dignity ( ! upp] level & ! popul>ity ( ! l[] level4 ,!re is trem5d\s significance 9 ! fact t ^! m5 7 mak+ a v]sion :i* %\ld be = all p1 mak+ x out 9 ! op5 day ) ! k+ & all ! p beh9d !m4 ,x 0 ! fir/ indep5d5t v]sion :i* _h be5 made "u su* favorable circum/ances4 ,mo/ ( ! v]sions _h be5 made 9 private by m5 :o 7 imp]il+ !mselves 9 _! "w4 ,!y did n expect ! ,book to pass into common use2 !y knew t ! m5 :o receiv$ ! result ( _! "w w\ld h to be ^? :o 7 e>ne/ en\gh to g into secret places = _! read+4 ,b "h 0 a *ang$ condition4 ,^! m5 7 mak+ a v]sion by royal au?ority1 a v]sion await$ ) eag] int]e/ by ! p 9 g5]al4 ,! result is t x is a p's ,book4 ,its phrases are ^? ( common life1 ^? t _h liv$ up to t "t4 ,x is n 9 ! peculi> language ( ! times4 ,if y want to "k ! language ( _! own times1 read ^! translators' s]vile1 unhi/orical d$ication to ! k+1 or _! f> nobl] preface to ! read]4 ,t is ! language peculi> to _! own day4 ,b ! language ( ! ,bible itself is t =m :i* _h liv$ its way into common use4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,wiclif x yet speaks 8 language 9 l>ge "p1 = t "p _h really liv$4 ,9 ! ,biblio!ca ,pa/orum ,rusk9 makes comm5t on ,sir ,philip ,sidney & 8 metrical v]sion ( ! ,psalms 9 ^! words3 ,sir ,philip ,sidney w use any c[-boy or t9k] words if !y only help him to say precisely 9 ,engli% :at ,david said 9 ,hebrew2 impress$ ! :ile himself s vividly ( ! maje/y ( ! ?\ght itself t no t9k]'s language c l[] x or vulg>ize x 9 8 m9d4 ,! ,k+ ,james translators 7 mo/ eag] to say :at ! orig9al said1 & to say x s t ! common man c\ld well und]/& x1 & yet s t x %\ld n be vulg>iz$ or *eap5$ by adoption ( *eap words4 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ,hallam passes "s r %>p /rictures on ! ,engli% ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 rem>k+ t x ab\nds 9 unc\? phrases & 9 words ^: mean+ is n famili>1 & t :atev] is to be said x is1 at any rate1 n 9 ! ,engli% ( ! "t ( ,k+ ,james4 ,& t latt] say+ is true1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,hallam wrote 9 ! p]iod :5 no ,engli% 0 recogniz$ by lit]>y p except t ( ! upp] level1 :5 !y did n "k t ^! s-call$ unc\? phrases 7 to return to common use4 ,to-day x w\ld be absurd to say t ! ,bible is full ( unc\? phrases4 ,pr(essor ,cook has said t ! movem5t ( ,engli% diction1 :i* 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 on ! :ole away f ! ,bible1 n[ returns ) ev]-accel]at+ spe$ t[>d x4 ,if ! phrases w5t out1 !y came back4 ,b x is true t ! ,engli% ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion is n t ( ! "t ( ,james ,i41 only because x is ! ,engli% ( ! hi/ory ( ! language4 ,x has n immortaliz$ = u ! tongue ( its times1 because x has tak5 t tongue f its beg9n+ & det]m9$ its =m4 ,x c>efully avoid$ words t 7 c\nt$ co>se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x did n commit itself to words :i* 7 simply ref9em5ts ( v]bal con/ruction4 ,t1 ,i say1 is a g5]al fact4 ,x c be illu/rat$ 9 "o or two ways4 ,= in/ance1 a ^w :i* has become common to u is ! neut] possessive pron\n its4 ,t ^w does n occur 9 ! edition ( #afaa1 & appe>s fir/ 9 an edition 9 ! pr9t+ ( #affj4 ,9 place ( x1 9 ! edition ( #afaa1 ! m dignifi$ p]sonal pron\n 8 or h] is always us$1 & x cont9ues = ! mo/ "p 9 our famili> v]sion4 ,9 ?is v]se y notice x3 ,look n ^u ! w9e :5 x is r$2 :5 x give? 8 color aright 9 ! cup4 ,9 ! ,levitical law especially1 :]e ref]5ce is made to sacrifices1 to ! articles ( ! furniture ( ! tab]nacle1 or o!r neut] objects1 ! mascul9e pron\n is almo/ inv>iably us$4 ,9 ! orig9al x 0 inv>iably us$4 ,y see ! o!r =m 9 ! famili> v]se ab\t *>ity1 t x do? n behave itself unseemly1 seeke? n h] own1 is n easily provok$4 ,n[1 !re is evid5ce t ! neut] possessive pron\n 0 j com+ into use4 ,%akespe>e uses x t5 times 9 8 works1 b t5 times only1 & a numb] ( writ]s d n use x at all4 ,x 01 to be sure1 a ^w beg9n+ to be he>d on ! /reet1 & = ! mo/ "p on ! l[] level4 ,! ,k+ ,james translators nev] us$ x4 ,! dignifi$ ^w 0 t mascul9e or fem99e pron\n1 & !y always use x 9 place ( ! neut]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a ^w :i* 0 com+ into use on ! upp] level :i* has become common prop]ty to u n[4 ,x is ! ^w anxiety4 ,x is n c]ta9 j :5 x came into use4 ,i believe ,%akespe>e does n use x2 & x occurs v little 9 ! lit]ature ( ! times4 ,probably x 0 kn[n to ^! translators4 ,:5 !y came1 h[ev]1 to translat+ a ^w :i* n[ we translate by anxi\s or anxiety !y did n use t ^w4 ,x 0 n famili>4 ,!y us$ in/ead ! ^w :i* repres5t$ ! idea = ! p ( ! middle level2 !y us$ ! ^w ?\ght4 ,s !y said1 ,take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 :]e we w\ld say1 ,be n anxi\s = ! morr[4 ,!re is a contempor>y docum5t :i* illu/rates h[ t ^w ?\ght 0 commonly us$1 9 :i* we read3 ,9 five hundr$ ye>s only two que5s di$ 9 *ild bir?1 ,que5 ,ca!r9e ,p>r hav+ di$ r ( ?\ght4 ,t 0 writt5 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 & ?\ght evid5tly means worry or anxiety4 ,nei!r ( ^? words1 ! neut] possessive pron\n or ! new ^w anxi\s1 got into ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,"o 0 com+ into prop] use f ! l[] level1 & "o 0 com+ into prop] use f ! upp] level4 ,!y _h n yet s arriv$ t !y c\ld be us$4 ,"o result ( ?is c>e to pres]ve dignity & also popul>ity appe>s 9 ! fact t s few words ( ! ,engli% v]sion h become obsolete4 ,words disappe> upw>d out ( ! upp] level or d[nw>d out ( ! l[] level1 b x takes a long "t = a ^w to get out ( a language once x is 9 confirm$ use on ! middle level4 ,( c\rse1 ! v]sion itself has t5d$ to keep words famili>2 b no book1 no matt] h[ widely us$1 c prev5t "s words f pass+ (f ! /age or f *ang+ _! mean+ s noticeably t !y are virtually diff]5t words4 ,yet ev5 9 ^? words :i* d n become common !re is v little t5d5cy to obsolesc5ce 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,m words ( ,%akespe>e h become obsolete or h *ang$ _! mean+s ?an 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,!re is "o int]e/+ illu/ration to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ by ,dr4 ,davidson1 :i* is int]e/+4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,judges1 :]e we are told ab\t ,abimele*1 ! fifty-?ird v]se reads t a woman ca/ a /one d[n f ! wall & all to break 8 skull4 ,t is confess$ly r obscure4 ,our ord9>y und]/&+ ( x w\ld be t %e did t = no o!r purpose ?an j to break ! skull ( ,abimele*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t expression is a pr9t]'s bungl+ way ( giv+ a ^w :i* has become obsolete 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,:5 ! ,k+ ,james translators wrote t1 !y us$ ! ^w alto1 :i* is evid5tly ! beg9n+ ( altoge!r1 or :olly or utt]ly1 & :at !y meant 0 t %e ?rew ! /one & utt]ly broke 8 skull4 ,b t abbreviat$ =m ( ! ^w pass$ out ( use1 & :5 lat] pr9t]s--n mu* lat]--came to x !y did n "k :at x meant & divid$ x z x /&s 9 our pres5t text4 ,x is "o ( ! few words t h become obsolete4 ,b s few are !re ( !m1 t x 0 made a rule ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion n to admit to ! new v]sion1 :]e x c\ld be avoid$1 any ^w n already f\nd 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 & also n to omit f ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 except "u pressure ( necessity1 any ^w :i* occurr$ !re4 ,x is l>gely ?is bl5d+ ( dignity & popul>ity t has made ! ,k+ ,james v]sion s influ5tial 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,x talks ! language n ( ! upp] level nor ( ! l[] level1 b ( t middle level :]e all meet sometimes & :]e mo/ m5 are all ! :ile4 ,^! are great traits to m>k a book1 any book1 b especially a translation--t x is hone/1 t x is accurate1 & t its language bl5ds dignity & popul>ity s t x l[]s ! spee* ( none4 ,!y are all conspicu\s traits ( our famili> v]sion ( ! ,bible1 & 9 !m 9 "p lies its p[] ) ! g5]ations ( ^! ?ree c5turies t h foll[$ its appe>ance4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,trevelyan1 ,engl& ,"u ! ,/u>ts4 #ac ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *ap4 i4 #ad ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 *ap4 viii1 sec4 ii4 #ae ,trevelyan1 ,engl& ,"u ! ,/u>ts1 p4 #ajg4 #af ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #afjc-db4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,! ,,k+ ,,james ,,v]sion ,,z ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,let x be pla9ly said at ! v fir/ t :5 we speak ( ! lit]>y phases ( ! ,bible we are n discuss+ ! book 9 its hi/oric mean+4 ,x 0 nev] meant z lit]ature 9 our usual s5se ( ! ^w4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 fur!r f ! ?\ght ( ! m5 :o wrote x1 :oev] !y 7 & :5ev] !y wrote1 ?an t !y 7 mak+ a _w lit]ature4 ,!y _h ! *>act]i/ics ( m5 :o d make great lit]ature--!y _h cle> vision & a great passion = tru?2 !y lov$ _! fell[s mightily1 & !y 7 f> m conc]n$ to be und]/ood ?an to speak4 ,^! are traits t g to make great writ]s4 ,b x 0 nev] 9 _! m9ds t !y 7 mak+ a _w lit]ature4 ,! ,bible is a book ( religi\s significance f fir/ to la/4 ,if x utt]ly broke d[n by ! te/s ( lit]ature1 x might be z great a book z x ne$s to be4 ,x is a subord9ate fact t by ! te/s ( lit]ature x proves also to be great4 ,pr(4 ,g>d9]1 ( ,h>v>d1 ^: book call$ ,! ,bible z ,engli% ,lit]ature makes o!r su* works almo/ unnecess>y1 frankly bases 8 judgm5t on ! result ( critical /udy ( ! ,bible1 b he s]ves fair w>n+ t he takes inspiration = grant$1 & ?9ks x obvi\s t no lit]>y criticism ( ! ,bible c\ld hope = success :i* 0 n rev]5t 9 tone4 ,a critic :o %\ld approa* x sup]cili\sly or arrogantly w\ld miss all t has giv5 ! ,book its p[] z lit]ature & its la/+ & univ]sal appeal4#ag ,f>!r ov] 9 8 book he goes on to say t :5 we se>* = ! causes ( ! feel+s :i* made ! m>vel\s /yle ( ! ,bible a necessity1 explanation c make b a %ort /ep1 = we are 9 a realm :]e ! only ultimate explanation is ! fact ( inspiration2 & t is only ano!r way ( say+ t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( =ces above & beyond our pres5t human und]/&+4#ah ,h[ev]1 we may fairly make di/9ction betwe5 ! ,bible z an orig9al "w & ! ,bible z a "w ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,= ! ,bible z an orig9al "w is n s mu* a book z a s]ies ( books1 ! "w ( _m m5 work+ sep>ately ov] a p]iod ( at lea/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 & ^! m5 unconsci\s = ! mo/ "p ( any purpose ( agreem5t4 ,?is s]ies ( books is made "o book 9 ! orig9al by ! unity ( its g5]al purpose & ! agreem5t ( its p>ts4 ,! ,bible 9 ,engli% is1 h[ev]1 n a s]ies ( books1 b prop]ly "o book1 ! "w ( six small gr\ps ( m5 work+ 9 consci\s unity ?r\gh a %ort p]iod ( ye>s4 ,& :ile !re is v>iation 9 /yle1 :ile !re are inequalities 9 result1 yet x /&s z a s+le piece ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,x has a lit]>y /yle ( its own1 ev5 ?\gh x feels p[]fully ! ,hebrew influ5ce ?r\gh\t4 ,& :ile x w\ld n be a condemnation ( ! ,bible if x 7 n great lit]ature 9 ,engli% or else:]e1 x is /ill "p ( its p[] t by lit]>y /&>ds alone x measures l>ge4 ,x is s t m5 ( lett]s h rat$ x s9ce x came into exi/5ce4 ,x holds a place ( pre-em95ce 9 ! republic ( lett]s4 ,:5 ,john ,ri*>d ,gre5 comes to deal ) x1 he says3 ,z a m]e lit]>y monum5t ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,bible rema9s ! noble/ language ( ! ,engli% tongue1 :ile its p]petual use made ( x f ! in/ant ( its appe>ance ! /&>d ( our language4#ai ,& 9 ,macaulay's essay on ,dryd51 :ile he is deplor+ ! det]ioration ( ,engli% /yle1 he yet says t 9 ! p]iod :5 ! ,engli% language 0 imp]il$ !re appe>$ ! ,engli% ,bible1 a book :i* if ev]y?+ else 9 our language %\ld p]i% w\ld alone suffice to %[ ! ext5t ( its beauty & p[]4 ,! m]e fact t ! ,engli% ,bible conta9s a religion does n affect its /&+ z lit]ature4 ,hom] & ,virgil are ,greek & ,roman classics1 yet ea* ( !m conta9s a def9ite religion4 ,y c build up ! religi\s fai? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans out ( _! great lit]ature4 ,s y c build up ! religi\s fai? ( ! ,hebrews & ! e>ly ,*ri/ians f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,= fifte5 c5turies a ,hebrew ,book1 ! ,bible1 conta9$ almo/ ! :ole lit]ature & le>n+ ( a :ole nation1 :ile x 0 also ! book ( _! religion4 ,z lit]ature1 h[ev]1 ap>t f its religi\s connection1 x is subject to any ( ! crit]ia ( lit]ature4 ,9 s f> x is ! fair subject ( criticism4 ,x mu/ /& or fall :5 x ent]s ! realm ( lit]ature by ! /&>ds ( o!r books4 ,inde$1 _m que/ions reg>d+ its dates1 ! au?or%ip ( unassign$ portions1 ! mean+ ( its disput$ passages may be answ]$ mo/ fairly by lit]>y te/s4 ,t is always liable to abuse2 b lit]>y te/s are always liable to t4 ,!re h be5 en\gh blund]s made 9 ! k ( u all to require u to g c>efully 9 su* a matt]4 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels 7 publi%$ anonym\sly1 &1 :ile "s suspect$ ,scott at once1 o!rs 7 entirely cle> t on ! gr\nd ( lit]>y /yle 8 au?or%ip 0 entirely impossible6 ,let a magaz9e publi% an anonym\s s]ial1 & read]s ev]y:]e are quick to recognize ! writ] f 8 lit]>y /yle & 8 g5]al ideas1 b ea* gr\p recognizes a diff]5t writ]4 ,argum5ts bas$ *iefly on /yle ov]look ! l>ge p]sonal equation 9 all writ+4 ,! same writ] has m ?an "o natural /yle4 ,x is n until he becomes 9 a c]ta9 s5se affect$--gr[s pr\d ( 8 peculi>ities--t he settles d[n to "o =m4 ,& x is q impossible to assign a book to any n>r[ hi/orical p]iod on ! gr\nd ( its /yle alone4 ,b ?\gh l>ge emphasis c\ld be laid ^u ! lit]>y m]its ( ! ,bible to ! obscur+ ( its o!r m important m]its1 x is yet true t f ! lit]>y po9t ( view ! ,bible /&s z an ,engli% classic1 inde$1 z ! out/&+ ,engli% classic4 ,to ackn[l$ge ignorance ( x is to confess "o's self ignorant ( our greate/ lit]>y possession4 ,a mom5t ago x 0 said t z a piece ( lit]ature ! ,bible mu/ accept ! /&>ds ( o!r lit]>y books4 ,= all pres5t purposes we c def9e great lit]ature z wor?y writt5 expression ( great ideas4 ,if we may take ! ^w writt5 = grant$1 ! r\gh def9ition becomes ?is3 t great lit]ature is ! wor?y expression ( great ideas4 ,works :i* claim to be great 9 lit]ature may fail ( greatness 9 ei!r half ( t te/4 ,petty1 local1 unimportant ideas may be well clo!d1 or great ideas may be unwor?ily express$2 9 ei!r case ! lit]ature is poor4 ,x is n until great ideas are w$d$ to wor?y expression t lit]ature becomes great4 ,failure at "o end or ! o!r w expla9 ! failure ( mo/ ( ! "w t seeks to be acc\nt$ lit]ature4 ,! lit]>y value ( a book _c be det]m9$ by its /yle alone4 ,x is possible to say no?+ gracefully1 ev5 ) dignity1 symmetry1 rhy?m2 b x is n possible to make lit]ature )\t ideas4 ,abid+ lit]ature dem&s l>ge ideas wor?ily express$4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 l>ge & small are n words t are usually appli$ to ! measurem5t ( ideas2 b we c make !m seem appropriate "h4 ,let u mean t an idea is l>ge or small accord+ to its bread? ( int]e/ to ! race & its l5g? ( int]e/ to ! race4 ,if !re is an idea :i* is ( value to all ! memb]s ( ! human race to-day1 & :i* does n lose its value z ! g5]ations come & g1 t is ! l>ge/ possible idea )9 human ?\ght4 ,transi5t lit]ature may d )\t ^? l>ge ideas4 ,a gift$ "y report] may describe a dog fight or a presid5tial nom9at+ conv5tion 9 su* t]ms z lift 8 article out ( c>elessness & ha/y newspap] writ+ into ! realm ( real lit]ature2 b x _c become abid+ lit]ature4 ,x has n a l>ge en\gh idea to keep x alive4 ,& to any "o :o loves wor?y expression !re is a s5se ( degradation 9 ! use ( f9e lit]>y p[]s = ! description ( purely transi5t local ev5ts4 ,x is always regrettable :5 m5 ) lit]>y skill are available = ! description ( a ball game1 or are exploit$ z wor?y writ]s ab\t a prize-fight4 ,if a man has p[] to express ideas well1 he ought to use t p[] = ! expression ( great ideas4 ,_m ( u h se5 a doz5 books hail$ z classic novels sure to live1 ea* ( !m ! great ,am]ican novel at la/1 ! au?or to be comp>$ ) ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay & ,george ,eliot4 ,& ! books h gone ! way ( all ! e>?4 ,) "s1 ! tr\ble is a weak1 involv$1 or o!rwise poor /yle4 ,) mo/ ! tr\ble is lack ( real ideas4 ,*>les ,dick5s1 to be sure1 does deal ) bo>d+-s*ools 9 ,engl&1 ) conditions :i* 9 _! local =m d n recur & are n famili> to u2 b he deals ) !m z involv+ a great pr9ciple ( ! relation ( society to y\?1 & s ,david ,copp]field or ,oliv] ,twi/ becomes a book = ! life ( all ( u1 & = all "t4 ,& ev5 "h x is evid5t t n all ( ,dick5s's "w w live1 b only t :i* is lea/ n>r[ly local & is mo/ broadly human4 ,!re is a fur!r /rik+ illu/ration 9 a famili> ev5t 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,mo/ "y p are requir$ to /udy ,web/]'s spee* 9 reply to ,rob]t ,hayne 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 us+ x z a model 9 lit]>y con/ruction4 ,! spee* ( ,hayne is lo/ to our int]e/1 yet ! fact is t ,hayne himself 0 gift$ 9 expression1 t by ! /&>ds ( simple /yle 8 spee* comp>es favorably ) t ( ,web/]4 ,yet read+ ,web/]'s reply takes "o n to ! local condition :i* 0 conc]n+ ,hayne1 b to a great pr9ciple ( lib]ty & union4 ,he %[s t pr9ciple em]g+ 9 hi/ory2 ! local t\*es are lo/ to ?\ght z he goes on1 & a tru? is express$ 9 t]ms ( hi/ory :i* w be valid until hi/ory is end$4 ,x is n simply ,web/]'s /yle2 x is t ) 8 great idea :i* made 8 reply memorable4 ,t nei!r ideas nor /yle alone c keep lit]ature alive is %[n by lit]>y hi/ory aft] ,%akespe>e4 ,j aft] him y h ! melliflu\s poets ( ! next p]iod on ! "o h&1 ) /yle en\gh1 b ) su* att5uat$ ideas t _! "w has di$4 ,:o kn[s ,drayton or ,br[n or ,)]8 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re came ! metaphysicians ) ideas 9 abundance1 b n /yle1 & _! works h di$4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! ,engli% ,bible becom+ ! *ief ,engli% classic by ! w$d+ ( great ideas to wor?y expression4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?is e>ly sev5te5? c5tury 0 an opportune "t = mak+ su* a classic4 ,!ology 0 a popul> subject4 ,m5's m9ds _h f\nd a new fre$om1 & !y us$ x to discuss great !mes4 ,!y ev5 began to s+4 ,! reign ( ,elizabe? _h prep>$ ! way4 ,! ,engli% s*ol> ,ho>e traces ?is new lib]ty to ! sail+ away ( ! ,armada & ! releas+ ( ,engl& f ! p]petual dread ( ,spani% invasion4 ,he says t ! birds felt ! free air1 & sang z !y _h nev] sung be=e & z !y h n (t5 sung s9ce4 ,b ?is 0 n re/rict$ to ! birds ( ,engli% song4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( rem>kable awak5+ 9 ! :ole intellectual life ( ,engl&1 & t intellectual life 0 direct+ itself among ! common p to religion4 ,ano!r ,engli% writ]1 ,eaton1 says a pr(\nd] ^w 9 trac+ ! awak5+ to ! re=mation1 say+ t x c\ld n fail1 f ! v nature ( x1 to t+e ! lit]ature ( ! ,elizabe?an era4 ,x gave a logical & disputati\s "* to ! age & produc$ m5 mighty 9 ! ,scriptures4#bj ,a ,fr5* visitor w5t home disgu/$ because p talk$ ( no?+ b !ology 9 ,engl&4 ,grotius ?\ght all ! p ( ,engl& 7 !ologians4 ,james's *ief pride 0 8 !ological le>n+4 ,x did n prove difficult to f9d half a hundr$ m5 9 small ,engl& in/antly recogniz$ z exp]ts 9 ,scripture /udy4 ,! p 7 ready to welcome a book ( great ideas4 ,let u pass by ^? ideas a mom5t1 rememb]+ t !y are n en\gh 9 !mselves to give ! "w lit]>y value1 & turn our m9ds to ! /yle ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! times 7 n p]fectly opportune = a piece ( pure ,engli% lit]ature1 ?\gh x 0 ! "t :i* produc$ ,%akespe>e4 ,a def9ite movem5t 0 on to ref9e ! language by =eign decorations4 ,n ev5 ,%akespe>e avoids x always4 ,no writ] ( ! "t avoids x :olly4 ,! d$ication ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion %[s t ^! s*ol>s !mselves did n avoid x4 ,9 t d$ication1 & _! preface1 !y give u f9e writ+1 /riv+ = effect1 ornam5tal phrases *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,m5 7 feel+ t ?is ,engli% language 0 r\gh & b>b>\s1 insuffici5t1 ne$+ enl>gem5t by ! addition ( o!r words con/ruct$ 9 a =eign =m4 ,! essays ( ,"l ,bacon are virtually contemporane\s ) ?is translation4 ,macaulay says a r h>d ^w 9 call+ 8 /yle odi\s & de=m$1#ba b :5 "o turns f ,bacon to ! ,engli% ,bible !re is a %>p contra/ 9 m]e /yle1 & x favors ! ,bible4 ,! contra/ is z great z t :i* ,c>lyle fir/ felt betwe5 ! ideas ( ,%akespe>e & ^? ( ! ,bible :5 he said t ?is _w is a ca?olic k9d ( place2 ! ,puritan gospel & ,%akespe>e's plays3 su* a pair ( facts ,i h r>ely se5 save out ( "o *im]ical g5]ation4#bb ,& t gives po9t to ! ^w already quot$ f ,hallam t ! ,engli% ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion is n ! ,engli% ( ,james ,i4 ,f\r ?+s help$ to det]m9e ! simplicity & pure ,engli%--unornam5t$ ,engli%--( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 made x1 t is1 ! ,engli% classic4 ,two ( ^! ?+s h be5 dealt ) already 9 o!r connections4 ,fir/1 t x 0 a ,book = ! p1 = ! p ( ! middle level ( language2 a "w by s*ol>s1 b n *iefly = s*ol>s1 int5d$ r = ! common use ( common p4 ,secondly1 t ! translators 7 con/antly behold5 to ! "w ( ! pa/ 9 ?is same l9e4 ,:]e ,wiclif's words 7 /ill 9 use !y us$ !m4 ,t t5d$ to fix ! language by ! use :i* _h already become natural4 ,! o!r two det]m9+ influ5ces mu/ be spok5 ( n[4 ,! ?ird lies 9 ! fact t ! ,engli% language 0 /ill pla/ic4 ,x _h n fall5 into su* h>d =ms t its words 7 n>r[ or re/rict$4 ,! tru? is t f ! po9t ( view ( pure lit]ature ! ,bible is bett] 9 ,engli% ?an x is 9 ,greek or ,hebrew4 ,t is1 ! ,engli% ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion z ,engli% is bett] ?an ! ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ,greek4 ,z = ! ,hebrew !re 0 little developm5t = _m g5]ations2 ,r5an ?9ks !re 0 none at all4 ,! diff]5ce comes f ! po9t ( "t 9 ! gr[? ( ! tongue :5 ! ,book 0 writt54 ,! ,greek 0 writt5 :5 ! language 0 old1 :5 x _h diff]5tiat$ its t]ms1 :5 x _h become corrupt$ by outside influ5ce4 ,! ,engli% v]sion 0 writt5 :5 ! language 0 new & fre%1 :5 a ^w c\ld be tak5 & set 9 its mean+ )\t be+ w>p$ f "s e>li] usage4 ,! /udy ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t is always be+ complicat$ by ! ef=t to br+ into its words ! classical mean+1 :5 s f> z ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 conc]n$ !y _h no int]e/ 9 ! classical mean+1 b only 9 ! curr5t mean+ ( ^? words4 ,9 ! ,engli% language !re 0 z yet no classical mean+2 x 0 exactly t mean+ t ^! writ]s 7 giv+ ! words :5 !y br\ght !m into _! v]sion4#bc ,!re is l>ge advantage 9 ! fact t ! age 0 n a sci5tific "o1 t ! language _h n become complicat$4 ,s x becomes int]e/+ to obs]ve ) ,pr(essor ,m>* t n9ety-?ree p] c5t4 ( ^! words1 c\nt+ also repetitions1 are native ,engli% words4 ,! language 0 new1 0 /ill pla/ic4 ,x _h n be5 /iff5$ by use4 ,x receiv$ its set m def9itely f ! ,engli% ,bible ?an f any o!r "o "w--m ?an f ,%akespe>e1 ^: influ5ce 0 second4 ,! f\r? fact :i* help$ to det]m9e its ,engli% /yle is ! loyalty ( ! translators to ! orig9al1 notably ! ,hebrew4 ,x is a common rem>k ( ! /ud5ts ( ! orig9al tongues t ! ,hebrew & ,greek languages are peculi>ly translatable4 ,t is notable 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,x is n a language ( ab/ract t]ms4 ,! t5d5cy ( language is always to become vague1 s9ce we are lazy 9 ! use ( x4 ,we use "o ^w 9 v>i\s ways1 & a pet "o = _m ideas4 ,language is always m concrete 9 its e>li] =ms4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( ! concrete ,engli% language1 !n1 ! translation 0 made f ! ,hebrew1 :i* 0 also a concrete1 figurative language itself4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,hebrew s5t5ce is v simple4 ,!re are no ext5d$ p>agraphs 9 x4 ,x is some:at diff]5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e ^! p>agraphs are f\nd1 c]ta9ly 9 ! ,paul9e ,greek2 b ev5 !re ! ext5d$ s5t5ces are brok5 into clauses :i* c be tak5 z :oles4 ,! ,engli% v]sion %[s con/antly ! m>ks ( ! ,hebrew influ5ce 9 ! simplicity ( its phras+4 ,r5an says t ! ,hebrew kn[s h[ to make propositions1 b n h[ to l9k !m into p>agraphs4 ,s ! e>li] ,bible /ories are l a *ild's way ( talk+4 ,!y let "o s5t5ce foll[ ano!r1 & _! unity is f\nd 9 ! ov]fl[+ use ( ! ^w &--"o fact hung to ano!r to make a /ory1 b n to make an argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 *apt]s ( ,i ,samuel1 = example1 !re are two hundr$ & ?irty-eight v]ses2 "o hundr$ & sixty ( !m beg9 ) &4 ,!re are only tw5ty-six ( ! :ole :i* h no connective ^w t ?ru/s !m back ^u ! prec$+ v]se4 ,9 ! ,hebrew language1 also1 mo/ ( ! emotions are connect$ ei!r 9 ! ^w us$ or 9 ! words accompany+ x ) ! physical condition t expresses x4 ,ov] & ov] we are told t he op5$ 8 m\? & said1 or1 he 0 angry & 8 c\nt5ance fell4 ,ang] is express$ 9 words :i* tell ( h>d brea?+1 ( heat1 ( boil+ tumult1 ( trembl+4 ,we w\ld n tr\ble to say t4 ,! op5+ ( ! m\? to speak or ! fall+ ( ! c\nt5ance 9 ang]1 we w\ld take = grant$4 ,! ,hebrew does n4 ,ev5 9 ! description ( ,god y rememb] ! t]ms are ^? ( common life2 ,he is a %eph]d :5 %eph]ds are writ+2 ,he is a husb&man ?re%+ out ! nations1 tread+ ! w9e-press until ,he is r$d5$ ) ! w9e--& s on4 ,t is ! natural me?od ( ! ,hebrew language--concrete1 vivid1 nev] ab/ract1 simple 9 its phras+4 ,! ,k+ ,james translators are exce$+ly loyal to t orig9al4 ,pr(essor ,cook1 ( ,yale1 sugge/s t f\r traits make ! ,bible easy to translate into any language3 univ]sality ( int]e/1 s t !re are apt to be words 9 any language to express :at x means1 s9ce x expresses no?+ b :at m5 all talk ab\t2 !n1 ! concret5ess & picturesqu5ess ( its language1 avoid+ ab/ract phrases :i* might be difficult to reproduce 9 ano!r tongue2 !n1 ! simplicity ( its /ructure1 s t x c be tak5 9 small bits1 & long complicat$ s5t5ces are n ne$$2 &1 f9ally1 its rhy?m1 s t "p easily foll[s "p & ! words cat* a k9d ( sw+ :i* is n difficult to imitate4 ,t is a v true analysis4 ,! ,bible is ! mo/ easily translat$ book !re is1 & has become ! classic = m languages ?an any o!r "o book4 ,x is br\ght ab\t 9 "p 9 our ,engli% v]sion by ! fai?fulness ( ! translators to ! orig9al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ f ^! g5]al consid]ations1 let u look directly at ! ,engli% ,bible itself & its lit]>y qualities4 ,! fir/ ?+ t attracts att5tion is its use ( words1 & s9ce words lie at ! root ( all lit]ature x is wor? :ile to /op = !m = a mom5t4 ,two ?+s are to be said ab\t ! words3 fir/1 t !y are few2 &1 secondly1 t !y are %ort4 ,! vocabul>y ( ! ,engli% ,bible is n an ext5sive "o4 ,%akespe>e uses f fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& words4 ,9 ,milton's v]se he uses ab\t ?irte5 ?\s&4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! ,hebrew & ,*aldaic tongue1 !re are fifty-six hundr$ & =ty-two words4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ! ,greek1 !re are =ty-eight hundr$4 ,b 9 ! :ole ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion !re are only ab\t six ?\s& diff]5t words4 ,! vocabul>y is pla9ly a n>r[ "o = a book ( its size4 ,:ile1 z 0 said be=e1 ! translators avoid$ us+ ! same ^w always = translation ( ! same orig9al1 !y yet manag$ to recur to ! same words (t5 en\gh s t ?is comp>atively small li/ ( six ?\s& words1 ab\t "o-?ird ,%akespe>e's vocabul>y1 suffic$ = ! /at+ ( ! tru?4 ,!n1 secondly1 ! words are %ort1 & 9 g5]al %ort words are ! /rong ones4 ,! av]age ^w 9 ! :ole ,bible1 includ+ ! long prop] names1 is b>ely ov] f\r lett]s1 & if all ! prop] names are exclud$ ! av]age ^w is j a little "u f\r lett]s4 ,( c\rse1 ano!r way ( say+ t is t ! words are g5]ally ,anglo-,saxon1 &1 :ile 9 ! orig9al spell+ !y 7 mu* long]1 yet 9 _! s\nd !y 7 z brief z !y are 9 our pres5t spell+4 ,!re is no m]it 9 ,anglo-,saxon words except 9 ! fact t !y are concrete1 def9ite1 non-ab/ract words4 ,!y are words t mean ! same to ev]ybody2 !y are "p ( common exp]i5ce4 ,we %all see ! p[] ( su* words by comp>+ a simple /atem5t 9 ,saxon words f ! ,engli% ,bible ) a comm5t ( a le>n$ !ologian ( our own "t on !m4 ,! phrase is a simple "o 9 ! ,communion s]vice3 ,?is is my body :i* is giv5 = y4 ,t is all ,saxon4 ,:5 our !ologian comes to comm5t on x he says we are to und]/& t ! validity ( ! s]vice does n lie 9 ! quality ( ext]nal signs & sacram5tal repres5tation1 b 9 its ess5tial prop]ty & sub/antial reality4 ,n[ !re are n9e words ab/ract 9 _! mean+1 ,lat9 9 _! =m4 ,x is 9 t k9d ( words t ! ,bible c\ld h be5 translat$1 & 9 our own day might ev5 be translat$4 ,addison speaks ( t3 ,if any "o w\ld judge ( ! beauties ( poetry t are to be met ) 9 ! div9e writ+s1 & exam9e h[ k9dly ! ,hebrew mann]s ( spee* mix & incorporate ) ! ,engli% language1 aft] hav+ p]us$ ! ,book ( ,psalms1 let him read a lit]al translation ( ,horace or ,p9d>4 ,he w f9d 9 ^! two la/ su* an absurdity & confusion ( /yle ) su* a comp>ative pov]ty ( imag9ation1 z w make him v s5sible ( :at ,i h be5 "h advanc+4#bd ,! fact t ! words are %ort c be quickly illu/rat$ by tak+ "s famili> sections4 ,9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts !re are ?ree hundr$ & n9ete5 words 9 all2 two hundr$ & fifty-n9e ( !m are words ( "o syllable1 & only sixty are ( two syllables & ov]4 ,!re are fifty words ( two syllables1 six ( ?ree syllables1 ( :i* f\r are su* composite words t !y really am\nt to two words ( "o & two syllables ea*1 ) f\r words ( f\r syllables1 & none ov] t4 ,make a comp>ison j "h4 ,!re is a p>agraph 9 ,pr(essor ,m>*'s lectures on ! ,engli% language :]e he is urg+ t its /ronge/ words are purely ,engli%1 n d]iv$ f ,greek or ,lat94 ,he uses ! ,k+ ,james v]sion z illu/ration4 ,if1 n[1 we take ?ree hundr$ & n9ete5 words at ! beg9n+ ( t p>agraph to comp>e ) ! ?ree hundr$ & n9ete5 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ! result w be int]e/+4 ,:]e ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts h two hundr$ & fifty-n9e words ( "o syllable1 ,pr(essor ,m>* has only "o hundr$ & n9ety-f\r2 ov] aga9/ ! fifty two-syllable words 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ,pr(essor ,m>* has sixty-five2 ov] aga9/ _! six words ( ?ree syllables1 he has ?irty-five2 ov] aga9/ _! f\r words ( f\r syllables1 he uses eighte52 & :ile ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts h no ^w long] ?an f\r syllables1 ,pr(essor ,m>* ne$s five words ( five syllables & two words ( six syllables to express 8 ideas4#be ,! same ?+ appe>s 9 ! famili> #bc;d ,psalm1 :]e !re are "o hundr$ & n9ete5 words 9 all1 ( :i* n9ety-five are words ( "o syllable1 & only ?ree ( ?ree syllables1 ) none long]4 ,9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt eighty-two p] c5t4 ( ! words 9 our ,engli% v]sion are words ( "o syllable4 ,! only po9t urg$ n[ is t ?is k9d ( ?+ makes = /r5g? 9 lit]ature4 ,%ort words are /rong words4 ,!y h a snap & a grip to !m t long words h n4 ,v few m5 w\ld gr[ angry ov] hav+ a /atem5t call$ a prev>ication or a dis+5u\s entanglem5t ( ideas1 b !re is some?+ ab\t ! ^w lie t snaps 9 a man's face4 ,unju/ifiable hypo!cation may be ! same z /eal+1 b x w\ld nev] excite "o to be call$ an unju/ifiable hypo!cator z x does to be call$ a ?ief4 ,at ! v f\ndation ( ! /r5g? ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,engli% ,bible !re lies ?is t5d5cy to %ort1 cle>-cut words4 ,ris+ n[ f ?is basal elem5t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! v]sion1 we come to ! place :]e its /yle & its ideas bl5d 9 :at we may call its e>ne/ness4 ,t is itself a lit]>y *>act]i/ic4 ,!re is n a l9e ( trifl+ 9 ! book4 ,no man w\ld ev] le>n trifl+ f x4 ,x takes itself ) trem5d\s s]i\sness4 ,"h are e>ne/ m5 at "w2 to !m life is joy\s1 b x is no joke4 ,t is :y ! elem5t ( humor 9 x is su* a small "o4 ,x is !re1 to be sure4 ,_m ( its similes are int5d$ to be humor\s4 ,a few ( its incid5ts are humor\s2 b x has little ( t elem5t 9 x1 z inde$ little ( our lit]ature has t elem5t m>k$ly 9 x4 ,we h a few exceptions4 ,b :at ,george ,eliot says 9 ,adam ,b$e is true1 t wit is ( a tempor>y nature1 & does n deal ) ! deep & m la/+ elem5ts 9 life4 ,! ,bible is n a sad book4 ,!re are *ildr5 at play 9 x2 !re are fea/s & buoyant ga!r+s fully rec\nt$4 ,b x nev] trifles nor je/s4 ,s x has giv5 u a language ( great dignity4 ,let ,addison speak aga93 ,h[ cold & dead does a pray] appe> t is compos$ 9 ! mo/ elegant & polite =ms ( spee*1 :i* are natural to our tongue1 :5 x is n height5$ by t solemnity ( phrase :i* may be drawn f ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,x has be5 said by "s ( ! anci5ts t if ! gods 7 to talk ) m51 !y w\ld c]ta9ly speak 9 ,plato's /yle2 b ,i ?9k we may say1 ) ju/ice1 t :5 mortals conv]se ) _! ,creator !y _c d x 9 s prop] a /yle z 9 t ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,z t e>ne/ness ( ! lit]ature ( ! orig9al preclud$ any great am\nt ( humor 9 ! wide range ( its lit]>y =ms1 s 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion x preclud$ any trifl+ expressions1 any plays on words1 ev5 ! duplication ( su* plays z c be f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew or ! ,greek4 ,y seldom f9d any turn ( a ^w 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 ?\gh y d occasionally f9d x 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,"o su* punn+ expression occurs 9 ! /ory ( ,samson 7,judges xv3#af71 :]e our v]sion reads3 ,) ! jawbone ( an ass1 heaps ^u heaps1 ) ! jawbone ( an ass h ,i sla9 a ?\s& m54 ,9 ! ,hebrew ! words translat$ ass & heaps are v>iants ( ! same ^w4 ,x comes ne> ! ,hebrew to say3 ,) ! jawbone ( an ass1 masses ^u masses1 & s on4 ,^! translators w\ld n risk reproduc+ su* puns = fe> ( l[]+ ! dignity ( _! results4 ,!re is a deadly s]i\sness ab\t _! "w & s !y nev] lose /r5g? z !y g on4 ,t e>ne/ness gr[s out ( a second fact :i* may be emphasiz$--namely1 ! greatness ( ! !mes ( ,bible lit]ature4 ,"h is hi/ory1 b x is n ca/ into fiction =m4 ,hi/ory always becomes m int]e/+ = a fir/ read+ :5 x is 9 ! =m ( fiction2 b x always loses greatness 9 t =m4 ,te/ x by turn+ f a hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican revolution>y or civil w> to an hi/orical novel t deals ) ! same p]iod2 or f a hi/ory ( ,scotl& to ! ,wav]ley novels4 ,9 "s degree ! e>ne/ness ( ! "t is lo/2 ! same facts are !re2 b !y d n loom s l>ge1 nor d !y seem s great4 ,s !re is p[] 9 ! fact t ! hi/orical elem5ts ( ! v]sion are 9 /ately =m & are nev] sacrific$ to ! fictional =m4 ,^! great !mes save ! "w f be+ local4 ,x issues f life1 b f life consid]$ 9 ! l>ge4 ,! !mes ( great lit]ature are great en\gh to make _! imm$iate surr\nd+s =gott54 ,! ,engli% ,bible deals ) ! great facts & ! great problems4 ,x is f ! po9t ( view ( ^? great facts t x h&les ev5 commonplace ?+s1 & y =get ! commonplac5ess ( ! ?+s 9 ! greatness ( ! deal+4 ,take its attitude t[>d ,god4 ,"o ne$s ! s5se ( t great !me to read x fairly4 ,x quietly ov]looks second>y causes1 goes back ( !m to ,god4 ,p>tly t 0 because ! orig9al writ]s 7 ignorant ( "s ( ^? second>y causes2 p>tly t !y knew !m1 b want$ to g f>!r back4 ,take ! mo/ out/&+ in/ance1 t ( ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,all its facts1 )\t exception1 c be told )\t m5tion ( ,god1 if "o c>$ to d x4 ,b !re c\ld n be any?+ l s great a /ory if x is told t way4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s says ( ,l9coln t !re is no?+ 9 8 :ole c>e] :i* calls = explanation 9 o!r ?an a purely natural & human way4 ,t is true1 if "o does n c>e to g any f>!r back ?an t4 ,b ! greate/ /ory _c be made out ( ,l9coln's life on ^? t]ms4 ,!re is n mat]ial en\gh2 ! life mu/ be delocaliz$4 ,x c be told )\t t l>g] view1 s t x w be ( int]e/ to ,am]ica & ,am]ican *ildr51 b n s t x w be ( value to g5]ations ( m5 9 all c\ntries & "u all circum/ances if x is told on ^? t]ms4 ,"p ( ! greatness ( ,scripture1 f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 is t x has su* a trem5d\s range ( !me1 & is sav$ f a m]e n>ration ( local ev5ts by see+ ^? ev5ts 9 ! light ( l>g] consid]ations4 ,let t /& = "o ( ! great facts4 ,n[ take "o ( ! great problems4 ,! ?+ t makes ,job s great a classic is ! fact t1 :ile x is deal+ ) a "*1 he is /&+ = ! problem ( undes]v$ suff]+4 ,a man :o has t be=e him1 if he has at all ! gift ( imag9ation1 is sure to write 9 a f> l>g] way ?an :5 he is deal+ ) a man ) boils z ?\gh he 7 f9ally important4 ,"o c\ld deal ) ,job z a "*1 & d a small piece ( "w4 ,b :5 y deal ) ,job z a type1 a mu* l>g] opportunity (f]s4 ,x is ^! great ideas1 z to ei!r facts or problems1 t give ! s]i\sness1 ! e>ne/ness to ! lit]ature ( ! ,bible4 ,m5 :o express great ideas 9 lit]>y =m are n dilettante ab\t !m4 ,"o ( ! ,engli% writ]s j n[ prom95t z an essayi/ is (t5 c\nt$ :imsical1 trifl+4 ,"o ( 8 ne> fri5ds ke5ly res5ts t op9ion1 insi/s in/ead t he is dead 9 e>ne/1 s]i\s to ! la/ degree1 purposeful 9 all 8 "w4 ,:at makes t s difficult to believe is t !re is always a tone ( *aff+ 9 8 essays4 ,he seems always to be mak+ fun ( himself or ( o!r p2 & if he is dead 9 e>ne/ he has ! wrong /yle to make great lit]ature or lit]ature t w live long4 ,x is t e>ne/ness & greatness ( !me :i* puts ! tang into ! ,engli% ( ! ,bible4 ,col]idge says t aft] read+ ,isaiah or ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ,hom] & ,virgil are disgu/+ly tame1 ,milton himself b>ely tol]able4 ,x ne$ n be put q s /rongly z t2 b !re is l>ge w>rant ( fact 9 t expression4 ,g a little f>!r 9 ?\ght ( ! lit]>y *>act]i/ics ( ! ,bible4 ,notice ! v>iety ( ! =ms involv$4 ,recall ,pr(essor ,m\lton's f\r c>d9al po9ts 9 lit]ature1 all ( x tak+ "o ( ^! =ms3 ei!r description1 :5 a sc5e is giv5 9 ! words ( ! au?or1 z :5 ,milton & ,hom] describe sc5es )\t pret5d+ to give ! words ( ! actors ?r\gh\t2 or1 secondly1 pres5tation1 :5 a sc5e is giv5 9 ! words ( ^? :o took "p 9 x1 & ! au?or does n appe>1 z1 ( c\rse1 9 ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 :5 he nev] appe>s1 b :]e all 8 s5tim5ts are put 9 ! words ( o!rs4 ,z betwe5 ^? two1 ! ,bible is pr$om9antly a book ( description1 ! au?ors = ! mo/ "p do+ ! speak+1 ?\gh !re is1 ( c\rse1 an elem5t ( pres5tation4 ,pr(essor ,m\lton goes on ) ! two o!r phases ( lit]>y =m3 prose1 mov+ 9 ! region limit$ by facts1 z hi/ory & philosophy deal only ) :at actually has exi/5ce2 & poetry1 :i* by its ,greek orig9 means creative lit]ature4 ,he rem9ds u t1 h[ev] lit]ature />ts1 ^! are ! po9ts t[>d :i* x moves1 ! pa?s x takes4 ,all f\r ( !m appe> 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,y h m ( prose & less ( poetry2 b ! poetry is !re1 n 9 ! s5se ( rhyme1 b 9 ! s5se ( real creative lit]ature4 ,a m natural way ( consid]+ ! lit]ature has be5 foll[$ by ,pr(essor ,g>d9]4 ,he f9ds f\r elem5ts 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,bible3 its n>rative1 its poetry1 its philosophiz+1 & its prophecy4 ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to g into details ab\t t4 ,we %all h all we ne$ :5 we realize t1 small z ! volume ( ! book is1 x yet does cov] all ^! types ( lit]ature4 ,its diff]5ce f o!r books is t x deals ) all ( its subjects s compactly4 ,x w acc5t ?is fact ( its v>iety if we note ! musical elem5t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,bible4 ,x comes 9 "p f ! =m :i* m>ks ! orig9al ,hebrew poetry4 ,x has become famili> to say t x is n ( ! rhym+ k9d4 ,r x is m>k$ by ! balanc+ ( phrases or ( ideas1 s t x runs 9 c\plets or 9 triplets ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! ,psalms !re is always a balance ( clauses4 ,!y are sometimes adv]sative2 sometimes !y are simply cumulative4 ,take sev]al in/ances f ! #aai? ,psalm1 ea* a complete /anza ( ,hebrew poetry2 7v]se #ae7 ,i w m$itate 9 ?y precepts1 & h respect unto ?y ways2 or ?is 7v]se #bc71 ,pr9ces also did sit & speak aga9/ me3 b ?y s]vant did m$itate 9 ?y /atutes2 or ?is 7v]se #de71 ,& ,i w walk at lib]ty3 = ,i seek ?y precepts2 7v]se #ea71 ,! pr\d h _h me greatly 9 d]ision3 yet h ,i n incl9$ f ?y law4 ,ea* pres5ts a p>allel or a contra/ ( ideas4 ,t is ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,hebrew poetry4 ,x results 9 a k9d ( rhy?m ( ! ,engli% :i* makes x v easy to set to music4 ,"s ( x c be sung1 ?\gh = "s ( x only ! ?und] is ! "r accompanim5t4 ,b x is n simply 9 ! balance ( phrases t ! musical elem5t appe>s4 ,sometimes x is 9 a natural b rhy?mic consecution ( ideas4 ,! #ce? *apt] ( ,isaiah1 = example1 is n poetic 9 ! ,hebrew1 yet x is rem>kably musical 9 ! ,engli%4 ,read x al\d f our famili> v]sion3 ,! wild]ness & ! solit>y place %all be glad = !m2 & ! des]t %all rejoice1 & blossom z ! rose4 ,x %all blossom abundantly1 & rejoice ev5 ) joy & s++2 ! glory ( ,lebanon %all be giv5 unto x1 ! excell5cy ( ,c>mel & ,%>on2 !y %all see ! glory ( ! ,"l1 & ! excell5cy ( our ,god4 ,/r5g!n ye ! weak h&s1 & confirm ! feeble knees4 ,say to !m t are ( a fe>ful he>t1 ,be /rong1 fe> n3 behold1 y\r ,god w come ) v5geance1 ev5 ,god ) a recomp5se2 ,he w come & save y4 ,!n ! eyes ( ! bl9d %all be op5$1 & ! e>s ( ! deaf %all be un/opp$4 ,!n %all ! lame man leap z a h>t1 & ! tongue ( ! dumb s+3 = 9 ! wild]ness %all wat]s break out1 & /reams 9 ! des]t4 ,& ! p>*$ gr\nd %all become a pool1 & ! ?ir/y l& spr+s ( wat]3 9 ! habitation ( dragons1 :]e ea* lay1 %all be grass ) re$s & ru%es4 ,& a highway %all be !re1 & a way1 & x %all be call$ ,! way ( hol9ess2 ! unclean %all n pass ov] x2 b x %all be = ^?3 ! wayf>+ m51 ?\gh fools1 %all n err !re94 ,no lion %all be !re1 nor any rav5\s bea/ %all g up !reon1 x %all n be f\nd !re2 b ! r$eem$ %all walk !re3 & ! ransom$ ( ! ,"l %all return1 & come to ,zion ) songs & ev]la/+ joy ^u _! heads2 !y %all obta9 joy & gladness1 & sorr[ & sigh+ %all flee away4 ,t c be set to music z x /&s4 ,y cat* ! same =m 9 ! famili> #ac? *apt] ( ,i ,cor9?ians1 ! *apt] on ,*>ity4 ,x c\ld be almo/ sung ?r\gh\t4 ,?is musical elem5t is 9 %>p contra/ ) mu* else 9 ! ,scripture1 :]e necessity does n p]mit t lit]>y =m4 ,= example1 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :i* is argum5tative ?r\gh\t1 !re is no "p except its quotations :i* has ev] be5 set to music = uses 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,x is rugg$ & protract$ 9 its =m1 & has no musical elem5t ab\t x4 ,! contra/ )9 ! ,scripture ( ! musical & ! unmusical is a v m>k$ "o4 ,add to ! ?\ght ( ! e>ne/ness & v>iety ( ! ,scripture a ^w ab\t ! simplicity ( its lit]>y expression4 ,!re is no?+ m]etrici\s 9 its /yle4 ,!re is no ef=t to say a ?+ f9ely4 ,! translators h avoid$ all temptation to gr[ dramatic 9 reproduc+ ! orig9al4 ,contra/ ! actual ,engli% ,bible ) ! n>ratives or o!r lit]>y works t h be5 built up out ( x4 ,read all t ! ,bible tells ab\t ! loss ( ,p>adise1 & !n read ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,ne>ly all ( ! conceptions ( ,milton's greate/ poem are built up f brief ,scripture ref]5ces4 ,b ,milton becomes subtle 9 8 analysis ( motives2 he enl>ges greatly on ev5ts4 ,scripture nev] does t4 ,x gives u v few analyses ( motive f fir/ to la/4 ,t is n ! me?od nor ! purpose ( ,scripture4 ,x tells ! /ory 9 t]ms t move on ! middle level ( spee* & ! middle level ( und]/&+1 :ile ,milton labors ) x1 complicates x1 entangl+ x ) c\ntless details :i* are to ! ,scripture unimportant4 ,x goes /raight to ! simple & fundam5tal elem5ts 9 ! acc\nt4 ,take a m mod]n illu/ration4 ,probably ! f9e/ poem ( its l5g? 9 ! ,engli% language is ,br[n+'s ,saul4 ,x is built out ( "o incid5t & a s+le expression 9 ! ,bible /ory ( ,saul & ,david4 ,! incid5t is ,david's be+ call$ f 8 %eep to play 8 h>p & to s+ be=e ,saul 9 ! fits ( gloom :i* ov]come him2 ! expression is ! s+le say+ t ,david lov$ ,saul4 ,tak+ t incid5t & t expression1 ,br[n+ writes a beautiful poem ) _m decorative details1 ) ke5 analysis ( motive1 ) long acc\nts ( ! way ,david felt :5 he r5d]$ 8 s]vice1 & h[ 8 he>t leap$ or sang4 ,imag9e f9d+ ,br[n+'s famili> phrases 9 ,scripture3 ,! lilies we tw9e r\nd ! h>p-*ords1 le/ !y snap nea? ! /ress ( ! noontide--^? sunbeams l swords2 ,oh1 ! wild joy ( liv+6 ,spr+'s arr[y summons1 go+ /raight to ! aim4 ,t is v well = ,br[n+1 b x is n ! ,scripture way2 x is too complicat$4 ,all t ! ,bible says c be said any:]e2 ,br[n+'s ,saul c\ld n possibly be reproduc$ 9 o!r languages4 ,x w\ld ne$ a gloss>y or a comm5t>y to make x intelligible4 ,x is beautiful ,engli%1 & great because x has tak5 a great idea & clo!d x 9 wor?y expression4 ,b ! simplicity ( ! ,bible n>rative appe>s 9 %>p contra/ ) x4 ,9 my *ildhood my fa!r us$ to tell ( a man :o prea*$ on ! creation1 & ) great detail & mu* elaboration & decoration told ! /ory ( creation z x is sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,:5 x 0 ov] he ask$ an old li/5] :at he ?\ght ( 8 ef=t1 & ! only comm5t 01 ,y c't beat ,moses6 ,well1 x w\ld be difficult to surpass ^! ,bible writ]s 9 simplicity1 9 go+ /raight to ! po9t1 & mak+ t pla9 & leav+ x4 ,:]e ! ,bible takes a hundr$ words to tell ! :ole /ory ,br[n+ takes sev]al hundr$ l9es to tell x4 ,! simplicity ( ! ,bible is l>gely because !re is s little ab/ract reason+ 9 x4 ,hav+ few or no ab/ract ideas1 x does n ne$ ab/ract words4 ,r1 x gr\ps its :ole movem5t ar\nd *>act]s4 ,?ree em95t lit]>y m5 7 once ask$ to select ! be/ reviews ( a novel :i* _h j appe>$4 ,"o ( ! ?ree /atem5ts :i* !y rat$ highe/ said ( ! book t x a*ieves ! true purpose ( a novel1 :i* is to make compreh5sible ! philosophy ( life ( a :ole community or race ( m5 by %[+ u h[ t philosophy accords ) ! impulses & ye>n+s ( typical individuals4 ,few phrases c\ld be m =eign to ,bible phrases ?an ^?4 ,b !re is valuable sugge/ion 9 x = m ?an ! lit]ature ( ! novel4 ,t is exactly :at ! ,scripture does4 ,its reason+ is kept concrete by ! fact t x is deal+ ) *>act]s m ?an movem5ts1 & s x c speak 9 concrete words4 ,t always makes = simplicity4 ,!re are two elem5ts common to ! hi/ory ( lit]ature ab\t :i* a special ^w is des]v$4 ,i mean ! dramatic & ! oratorical elem5ts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dramatic & ! oratorical is *iefly t 9 dramatic writ+ !re is a sc5e 9 :i* _m take "p1 & 9 ! oratorical writ+ "o man pres5ts ! :ole sc5e1 h[ev] dramatic ! surr\nd+s4 ,!re is n a great deal ( ei!r 9 ! ,scripture4 ,!re is no =mal drama1 no?+ t c\ld be act$ z x /&s4 ,x is true1 to be sure1 t ,job c be ca/ into dramatic =m by a suffici5t manipulation1 b x is q unlikely1 9 spite ( "s s*ol>s1 t x 0 ev] meant to be a =mal drama = action4 ,x does move 9 cycles 9 ! appe>ance ( its *>act]s1 & x does close 9 a way to take "o back to ! beg9n+4 ,x has _m m>ks ( ! drama1 & yet x seems v unlikely t x 0 ev] prep>$ ) t def9itely 9 m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a mo/ likely explanation ( ! ,song ( ,solomon is t x is a %ort drama :i* appe>s 9 our ,bible )\t any "* names1 z ?\gh y %\ld take ,hamlet & pr9t x cont9u\sly1 indicat+ 9 no way ! *ange ( speak]s nor any movem5t4 ,! ef=t has be5 measurably successful to discov] & ins]t ! names ( ! probable speak]s4 ,t seems to be ! "o exception to ! g5]al /atem5t t !re is no =mal drama 9 ! ,scripture4 ,b !re are "s v /rik+ dramatic episodes1 & !y are made dramatic = u v l>gely by ! way !y are told4 ,"o ( ! e>li] is 9 ,i ,k+s xviii3#ba-ci4 ,& ,elijah came unto all ! p1 & said1 ,h[ long halt ye betwe5 two op9ions8 if ! ,"l be ,god1 foll[ him3 b if ,baal1 !n foll[ him4 ,& ! p answ]$ him n a ^w4 ,!n said ,elijah unto ! p1 ,i1 ev5 ,i only1 rema9 a prophet ( ! ,"l2 b ,baal's prophets are f\r hundr$ & fifty m54 ,let !m !re=e give u two bullocks2 & let !m *oose "o bullock = !mselves1 & cut x 9 pieces1 & lay x on wood1 & put no fire "u2 & ,i w dress ! o!r bullock1 & lay x on wood1 & put no fire "u3 & call ye on ! "n ( y\r gods1 & ,i w call on ! "n ( ! ,"l3 & ! ,god t answ]e? by fire1 let him be ,god4 ,& all ! p answ]$ & said1 ,x is well spok54 ,& ,elijah said unto ! prophets ( ,baal1 ,*oose y "o bullock = y\rselves1 & dress x fir/2 = ye are _m2 & call on ! "n ( y\r gods1 b put no fire "u4 ,& !y took ! bullock :i* 0 giv5 !m1 & !y dress$ x1 & call$ on ! "n ( ,baal f morn+ until noon1 say+1 ,o ,baal1 he> u4 ,b !re 0 no voice1 nor any t answ]$4 ,& !y leap$ ^u ! alt> :i* 0 made4 ,& x came to pass at noon1 t ,elijah mock$ !m1 & said1 ,cry al\d2 = he is a god2 ei!r he is talk+1 or he is pursu+1 or he is 9 a j\rney1 or p]adv5ture he sleepe?1 & mu/ be awak5$4 ,& !y cri$ al\d1 & cut !mselves aft] _! mann] ) knives & lancets1 till ! blood gu%$ out ^u !m4 ,& x came to pass1 :5 midday 0 pa/1 & !y prophesi$ until ! "t ( ! (f]+ ( ! ev5+ sacrifice1 t !re 0 nei!r voice1 nor any to answ]1 nor any t reg>d$4 ,& ,elijah said unto all ! p1 ,come ne> unto me4 ,& all ! p came ne> unto him4 ,& he repair$ ! alt> ( ! ,"l t 0 brok5 d[n4 ,& ,elijah took twelve /ones1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ! sons ( ,jacob1 unto :om ! ^w ( ! ,"l came1 say+1 ,israel %all be ?y "n4 ,& ) ! /ones he built an alt> 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 & he made a tr5* ab\t ! alt>1 z great z w\ld conta9 two measures ( se$4 ,& he put ! wood 9 ord]1 & cut ! bullock 9 pieces1 & laid him on ! wood1 & said1 ,fill f\r b>rels ) wat]1 & p\r x on ! burnt sacrifice1 & on ! wood4 ,& he said1 ,d x ! second "t4 ,& !y did x ! second "t4 ,& he said1 ,d x ! ?ird "t4 ,& !y did x ! ?ird "t4 ,& ! wat] ran r\nd ab\t ! alt>2 & he fill$ ! tr5* also ) wat]4 ,& x came to pass at ! "t ( ! (f]+ ( ! ev5+ sacrifice1 t ,elijah ! prophet came ne>1 & said1 ,"l ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ( ,israel1 let x be kn[n ?is day t ?\ art ,god 9 ,israel1 & t ,i am ?y s]vant1 & t ,i h done all ^! ?+s at ?y ^w4 ,he> me1 ,o ,"l1 he> me1 t ?is p may "k t ?\ art ! ,"l ,god1 & t ?\ ha/ turn$ _! he>t back aga94 ,!n ! fire ( ! ,"l fell1 & consum$ ! burnt sacrifice1 & ! wood1 & ! /ones1 & ! du/1 & lick$ up ! wat] t 0 9 ! tr5*4 ,& :5 all ! p saw x1 !y fell on _! faces3 & !y said1 ,! ,"l1 he is ! ,god2 ! ,"l1 he is ! ,god4 ,t is n simply a dramatic ev5t2 t is a /rik+ tell+ ( x4 ,x is m ?an a n>rative4 ,9 n>rative lit]ature ! sc5e is accept$ z already con/ruct$4 ,9 dramatic lit]ature su* appeal is made to ! imag9ation t ! read] recon/ructs ! sc5e = himself4 ,we are n told 9 ?is h[ ,elijah felt1 or h[ he act$1 nor h[ ! p z a :ole look$1 nor ! sett+ ( ! sc5e2 b if "o reads x ) c>e x makes its own sett+4 ,! sc5e con/ructs itself4 ,! dramatic /yle does n prevail at mo/ important po9ts ( ! ,scripture1 because x is a fictiti\s /yle = ! pres5t+ ( tru?4 ,x inevitably sugge/s sup]ficiality4 ,?+s actually d n happ5 9 life z !y d 9 drama4 ,"o ( our late/ biograph]s says t a sci5tific hi/orian is always suspici\s ( dramatic ev5ts4#bf ,!y may be true1 b !y are m liable to be aft]?\ghts1 l ! bright answ]s we c\ld h made to our oppon5ts if we _h only ?\ght ( !m at ! "t4 ,y nev] lose ! s5se ( unreality 9 ! v con/ruction ( a drama4 ,life _c be cr[d$ into two or ?ree h\rs1 & ju/ice does n come out z ! drama makes x d4 ,s t at mo/ important po9ts ( ! ,scripture dramatic writ+ does n appe>4 ,! acc\nt ( ! c>ry+ away into captivity ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel is at no po9t dramatic1 ?\gh y c see in/antly :at a great opportunity !re 0 = x4 ,x is simply n>rative4 ,x is noticeable t none ( ! acc\nts ( ! crucifixion is at all dramatic4 ,!y are all simply n>rative4 ,! imag9ation does n imm$iately conjure up ! sc5e4 ,!re may be two reasons = t4 ,"o is t !re are involv$ sev]al h\rs 9 :i* !re is no action record$4 ,! o!r is t by ! "t ! acc\nts 7 writt5 ! actual ev5ts 7 subm]g$ 9 importance by _! unword$ mean+4 ,! acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 brief z x is1 has at lea/ m9or dramatic elem5ts 9 x4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is f> m dramatic ?an ! ,new4 ,!re is ev5 less ( ! oratorical elem5t 9 ! ,scripture4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a consid]able am\nt ( quotation1 & m5 d speak at "s l5g?1 b seldom oratorically4 ,! prophetical writ+s are g5]ally too fragm5t>y to sugge/ oratory1 & ! quotations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially f ! prea*+ ( our ,"l1 are evid5tly = ! mo/ "p exc]pts f long] addresses ?an are giv54 ,!re are few ( ! /atem5ts ( ,paul1 z 9 ! #bf? *apt] ( ,acts1 :i* c\ld be deliv]$ oratorically2 b "h aga9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is m m>k$ ?an ! ,new4 ,! e>lie/ specim5 ( oratory is also "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s4 ,x is 9 ! #dd? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & is ! acc\nt ( ,judah's reply to 8 unrecogniz$ bro!r ,joseph3 ,!n ,judah came ne> unto him1 & said1 ,o my "l1 let ?y s]vant1 ,i pray !e1 speak a ^w 9 my "l's e>s1 & let n ?9e ang] burn aga9/ ?y s]vant3 = ?\ art ev5 z ,ph>oah4 ,my "l ask$ 8 s]vants1 say+1 ,h ye a fa!r1 or a bro!r8 ,& we said unto my "l1 ,we h a fa!r1 an old man1 & a *ild ( 8 old age1 a little "o2 & 8 bro!r is dead1 & he alone is left ( 8 "m1 & 8 fa!r love? him4 ,& ?\ said/ unto ?y s]vants1 ,br+ him d[n unto me1 t ,i may set m9e eyes ^u him4 ,& we said unto my "l1 ,! lad _c leave 8 fa!r3 = if he %\ld leave 8 fa!r1 8 fa!r w\ld die4 ,& ?\ said/ unto ?y s]vant1 ,except y\r y\nge/ bro!r come d[n ) y1 ye %all see my face no m4 ,& x came to pass :5 we came up unto ?y s]vant my fa!r1 we told him ! words ( my "l4 ,& our fa!r said1 ,g aga9 & buy u a little food4 ,& we said1 ,we _c g d[n2 if our y\nge/ bro!r be ) u1 !n we w g d[n3 = we may n see ! man's face1 except our y\nge/ bro!r be ) u4 ,& ?y s]vant my fa!r said unto u1 ,ye "k t my wife b>e me two sons3 & ! "o w5t out f me1 & ,i said1 ,surely he is torn 9 pieces2 & ,i saw him n s9ce3 & if ye take ?is also f me1 & mis*ief befall him1 ye %all br+ d[n my gray hairs ) sorr[ to ! grave4 ,n[ !re=e :5 ,i come to ?y s]vant my fa!r1 & ! lad be n ) u2 see+ t 8 life is b\nd up 9 ! lad's life2 x %all come to pass1 :5 he see? t ! lad is n ) u1 t he w die3 & ?y s]vants %all br+ d[n ! gray hairs ( ?y s]vant our fa!r ) sorr[ to ! grave4 ,= ?y s]vant became surety = ! lad unto my fa!r1 say+1 ,if ,i br+ him n unto !e1 !n ,i %all be> ! blame to my fa!r = ev]4 ,n[ !re=e1 ,i pray !e1 let ?y s]vant abide in/ead ( ! lad a bondman to my "l2 & let ! lad g up ) 8 bre?r54 ,= h[ %all ,i g up to my fa!r1 & ! lad be n ) me8 le/ p]adv5ture ,i see ! evil t %all come on my fa!r4 ,t is pure oratory1 & x is greatly help$ by ! ,engli% expression ( x4 ,"h our ,k+ ,james v]sion is f9] ?an ei!r ( ! o!r lat] v]sions1 z inde$ x is 9 almo/ all ^! sections :]e ! phraseology is important = ! e>4 ,we ne$ n g f>!r4 ,"p ( ^! out/&+ *>act]i/ics come to our v]sion f ! orig9al1 & might appe> 9 any v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,yet n[h]e d ev5 ^! orig9al *>act]i/ics come to su* prom95ce z 9 ! ,k+ ,james translation2 & x adds to !m ^? t are peculi> to itself4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,preface1 p4 vii4 #ah ,page #abd4 #ai ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 ,book vii1 *ap4 i4 #bj ,t4 ,r4 ,eaton1 ,%akespe>e & ! ,bible1 p4 #b4 #ba ,essay on ,john ,dryd54 #bb ,hi/orical ,sket*es1 ,hampton ,c\rt ,conf]5ce4 #bc ,trevelyan1 ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts1 p4 #ed4 #bd ,! ,spectator1 ,no4 #dje4 #be ,?is table w %[ ! comp>ison at a glance3 ,syllables #a #b #c #d #e #f ,! ,comm&m5ts #bei #ej #f #d #j #j #cai ,pr(essor ,m>* #aid #fe #ce #ah #e #b #cai #bf ,mc,giffert1 ,life ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,k+ ,,james ,,v]sion ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,! ,bible is a book-mak+ book4 ,x is lit]ature :i* provokes lit]ature4 ,x w\ld be a pleasure to survey ! :ole field ( lit]ature 9 ! broade/ s5se & to note ! creative p[] ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion2 b t is manife/ly impossible "h4 ,c]ta9 limitations mu/ be frankly made4 ,leave on "o side1 !re=e1 ! imm5se body ( purely religi\s lit]ature1 s]mons1 expositions1 comm5t>ies1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are ! direct product ( ! ,bible4 ,no book ev] caus$ s mu* discussion ab\t itself & its tea*+4 ,t is because x deals ) ! fundam5tal human int]e/1 religion4 ,x /ill rema9s true t ! l>ge/ s+le dep>tm5t ( sub/antial books f our ,engli% presses is 9 ! realm ( religion1 & aft] ! purely recreative lit]ature !y are probably mo/ widely read4 ,yet1 !y are n :at we mean at ?is "t by ! lit]>y result ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,leave on "o side also ! v l>ge body ( political & hi/orical writ+4 ,mu* ( x %[s ,bible influ5ce4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 any hi/orian ( ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s mu/ (t5 ref] to & quote f ! ,engli% ,bible1 & mu/ note its influ5ce4 ,an entire /udy c\ld be devot$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on ,gre5 or ,bancr(t or ,freeman or ,prescott--its influ5ce on _! matt] & _! mann]4 ,ano!r c\ld be giv5 to its influ5ce on political writ+ & speak+4 ,no great orator ( ! day w\ld fail u ( mat]ial1 & ! great political pap]s & orations ( ! pa/ w\ld only wid5 ! field4 ,yet :ile "s ( ?is political & hi/orical writ+ is recogniz$ z lit]ature1 mo/ ( x c be left out ( our ?\ght j n[4 ,x may aid 9 ! limit+ ( ! field to accept :at ,dean ,/anley said 9 ano!r connection3 ,by lit]ature1 ,i mean ^? great works t rise above pr(essional or commonplace uses & take possession ( ! m9d ( a :ole nation or a :ole age4#bg ,?is is "o ( ! matt]s :i* we all und]/& until we beg9 to def9e x2 we "k :at we mean until "s "o asks u4 ,! lit]ature ( :i* we are ?9k+ 9 ?is n>r[] s5se is 9 ! sph]e ( art r ?an 9 ! sph]e ( di/9ct a*ievem5t4 ,de ,qu9cey's division is famili>3 ! lit]ature ( k1 & ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,! function ( ! fir/ is to tea*2 ! function ( ! second is to move4 ,pr(essor ,d[d5 po9ts out t betwe5 ! two lies a ?ird field1 ! lit]ature ( criticism4 ,x seeks bo? to tea* & to move4 ,our conc]n is *iefly ) ,de ,qu9cey's second field--! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,9 ! fir/ field1 ! lit]ature ( k1 mu/ lie all hi/ory1 ) ,hume & ,gibbon2 all sci5ce1 ) ,d>w9 & ,fiske2 all philosophy1 ) ,sp5c] & ,william ,james2 all political writ+1 ) ,voltaire & ,web/]4 ,ne> t same field mu/ lie _m ( ^? essays 9 criticism ( :i* ,pr(essor ,d[d5 speaks4 ,?is :i* we omit1 ?is lit]ature ( k1 is p[]ful lit]ature1 ?\gh its ma9 purpose is n to move1 b to tea*4 ,we are only r$uc+ our field s t we c survey x4 ,= our uses j n[ we %all f9d pure lit]ature tak+ ! ?ree /&>d =ms3 ! poem1 ! essay1 & ! /ory4 ,x is ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on ?is l>ge field ( lit]ature :i* we are to obs]ve4 ,j = safety's sake1 accept ano!r n>r[+ ( ! field4 ,! effect ( ! ,bible & its religi\s tea*+ on ! writ] himself is a sep>ate /udy1 & is = ! mo/ "p left out ( consid]ation4 ,x s\nds correct :5 ,milton says3 ,he :o w\ld n be fru/rate ( 8 p[] to write well ought himself to be a true poem4 ,b !re is ,milton himself to deal )2 irreproa*able 9 morals1 !re are yet ! unhappy ye>s ( 8 "y wife to tr\ble u1 & !re 7 8 daught]s1 :o 7 n at peace ) him1 & :om aft] _! s]vice 9 8 bl9dness he yet /igmatizes 9 8 w z undutiful *ildr54 ,!n1 if y ?9k ( ,%elley or ,byron1 y are tr\bl$ by _! lives2 or ev5 ,c>lyle1 ! v ma/] ( ! ,victorian era--"o w\ld n l to scan 8 life accord+ to ! laws ( true poetry4 ,!n !re is ,col]idge1 fall+ a prey to opium until1 z ye>s came1 consci5ce & w seem$ to g4 ,only a v ard5t ,scot w feel t he c def5d ,rob]t ,burns at all po9ts1 & we w\ld be /range ,am]icans if we felt t ,edg> ,allan ,poe 0 a model ( propriety4 ,t is a l>ge & int]e/+ field1 b ! ,bible seems ev5 to ga9 p[] z a book-mak+ book :5 x lays hold on ! book-mak+ proclivities ( m5 :o are n prep>$ to yield to its p]sonal p[]4 ,!y may get away f x z religion2 !y d n get away f x z lit]ature4 ,! fir/ & mo/ notable fact reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible on ,engli% lit]ature is ! rem>kable ext5t ( t influ5ce4 ,x is lit]ally ev]y:]e4 ,if e ,bible 9 any consid]able city 7 de/roy$1 ! ,book c\ld be re/or$ 9 all its ess5tial p>ts f ! quotations on ! %elves ( ! city public libr>y4 ,!re are works1 cov]+ almo/ all ! great lit]>y writ]s1 devot$ especially to %[+ h[ mu* ! ,bible has influ5c$ !m4 ,! lit]>y effect ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion at fir/ 0 less ?an its social effect2 b 9 t v fact lies a /rik+ lit]>y influ5ce4 ,= a long "t x =m$ virtually ! :ole lit]ature :i* 0 readily accessible to ord9>y ,engli%m54 ,we get our phrases f a ?\s& books4 ,! common talk ( an intellig5t man %[s ! effect ( _m au?ors ^u 8 ?9k+4 ,our fa!rs got _! phrases f "o great book4 ,_! writ+ & _! speak+ %[ ! effect ( t book4 ,x is a /udy by itself1 & yet x is true t _w lit]ature is1 z ,pr(essor ,m\lton puts x1 ! autobiography ( civilization4 ,a national lit]ature is a reflection ( ! national hi/ory4 ,books z books reflect _! au?ors4 ,z lit]ature !y reflect ! public op9ion :i* gives !m indorsem5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 public op9ion keeps alive a c]ta9 gr\p ( books1 !re is te/imony n simply to ^? books1 b to ! public op9ion :i* has pres]v$ !m4 ,! hi/ory ( popul> e/imates ( lit]ature is itself mo/ int]e/+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s writ]s h be5 amus+ly ov]e/imat$4 ,no d\bt ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald1 :o gave u ! ,rubaiyat ( ,om> ,khayym did "s o!r desirable "w2 b ,pr(essor ,m\lton quotes ?is p>agraph f a popul> life ( ,fitzg]ald1 publi%$ 9 ,dubl93 ,n ,greece ( old 9 h] palmie/ days--! ,greece ( ,hom] & ,demo/h5es1 ( ,es*ylus1 ,euripides1 & ,sophocles1 ( ,p]icles1 ,leonidas1 & ,alcibiades1 ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 ( ,solon & ,lycurgus1 ( ,apelles & ,praxiteles--n ev5 ?is ,greece1 prolific z %e 0 9 sages & h]oes1 c boa/ su* a l5g?y bead-roll z ,irel& c ( names immortal 9 hi/ory6 ,b ?is 0 = ,iri% consumption4 ,& popul> op9ion & ev5 critical op9ion has sometimes gone f> a/ray 9 its de/ructive t5d5cy4 ,!re 7 au?oritative critics :o decl>$ t ,wordswor?1 ,%elley1 & ,col]idge wrote un9telligible nons5se4 ,george ,m]$i?'s /yle1 especially 9 8 poetry1 0 c\nt$ s bad t x 0 n wor? read+4 ,we are all ne> en\gh ! ,br[n+ epo* to recall h[ ! obscurity ( 8 /yle impress$ "s & oppress$ o!rs4 ,alfr$ ,au/91 9 #ahfi1 said t ,mr4 ,t5nyson has no s\nd pret5sions to be call$ a great poet4 ,contempor>y public op9ion is seldom a f9al gauge ( /r5g? = a piece ( lit]ature4 ,x takes ! te/ ( "t4 ,h[ _m books we h se5 come on ! /age & !n pass (f aga96 ,yet ! books t h /ay$ on ! /age h be5 kept !re by public op9ion express+ itself 9 ! long run4 ,! social influ5ce ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 creat+ a public ta/e = c]ta9 types ( lit]ature1 t5d$ to produce !m at once4 ,engli% lit]ature 9 ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s has f\nd 9 ! ,bible ?ree influ5tial elem5ts3 /yle1 language1 & mat]ial4 ,fir/1 ! /yle ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion has influ5c$ ,engli% lit]ature m>k$ly4 ,pr(essor ,g>d9] op5s "o ( 8 essays ) ! dictum t 9 all /udy ( ,engli% lit]ature1 if !re be any "o axiom :i* may be accept$ )\t "q1 x is t ! ultimate /&>d ( ,engli% prose /yle is set by ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible4#bh ,y almo/ measure ! /r5g? ( writ+ by its agreem5t ) ! pr$om9ant traits ( ?is v]sion4 ,c>lyle's weake/ works are ^? t lose ! hone/ simplicity ( its /yle 9 a =c$ turgidity & affect$ r\ghness4 ,8 ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip or 8 ,fr5* ,revolution %[s 8 di/9ctive /yle1 & yet %[s ! influ5ce ( ?is simpl] /yle1 :ile 8 ,fr$]ick ! ,great is almo/ impossible because he has giv5 full play to 8 brok5 & disconnect$ s5t5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,macaulay fails u mo/ 9 8 /riv+ = effect1 mak+ nice balance ( s5t5ces1 /ra9+ 8 ei!r-or1 or 8 :ile-"o-0-do+-?is-!-o!r-0-do+-t4 ,!n 8 s5t5ces gr[ involv$1 & 8 p>agraphs l5g!n1 & he sw+s away f ! /yle ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,"o c say t if any writ+ dep>ts v f> f ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,engli% ,bible x is n good ,engli% writ+4 ,! second elem5t :i* ,engli% lit]ature f9ds 9 ! ,bible is its language4 ,! words ( ! ,bible are ! famili> ones ( ! ,engli% tongue1 & h be5 kept famili> by ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,! result is t ! pa? ( lit]ature lies p>allel to t ( religion4 ,!y are old & de> companions1 bre?r5 inde$ ( "o blood2 n always agree+1 to be sure2 squabbl+ r 9 true bro!rly fa%ion n[ & !n2 occasionally fall+ out v s]i\sly & bitt]ly2 b /ill int]dep5d5t & necess>y to ea* o!r4#bi ,ye>s ago a writ] rem>k$ t e /ud5t ( ,engli% lit]ature1 or ( ,engli% spee*1 f9ds ?ree works or subjects ref]r$ to1 or quot$ f1 m frequ5tly ?an o!rs4 ,^! are ! ,bible1 tales ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 & sop's ,fables4 ,( ^! ?ree1 c]ta9ly ! ,bible furni%es ! l>ge/ numb] ( ref]5ces4 ,!re is reason = t4 ,a writ] wants an audi5ce4 ,v few m5 c claim to be indep5d5t ( ! public = :i* !y write4 ,!re is no?+ ! public w be m apt to und]/& & appreciate quickly ?an a pass+ ref]5ce to ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,s x comes ab\t t :5 ,dick5s is describ+ ! inju/ice ( ! ,murd/ones to little ,david ,copp]field1 he c put ! :ole matt] be=e u 9 a p>5!sis3 ,?\gh !re 0 ,"o once :o set a *ild 9 ! mid/ ( ! disciples4 ,dick5s knew t 8 read]s w\ld at once cat* ! mean+ ( t ref]5ce1 & w\ld feel ! contra/ betwe5 ! sc5e he 0 describ+ & t simple sc5e4 ,take any ( ! great books ( lit]ature & black out ! phrases :i* manife/ly come directly f ! ,engli% ,bible1 & y w\ld m>k !m beyond recov]y4 ,b ,engli% lit]ature has f\nd m ( its mat]ial 9 ! ,bible ?an any?+ else4 ,x has look$ !re = its *>act]s1 its illu/rations1 its subject-matt]4 ,we %all see1 z we consid] individual writ]s1 h[ _m ( _! titles & complete works are sugge/$ by ! ,bible4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ "o idea ( ! ,scripture w appe> & reappe> among _m writ]s4 ,take "o illu/ration4 ,! ,fau/ /ory is an ef=t to make concrete "o v]se ( ,scripture3 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l8 ,pr(essor ,m\lton rem9ds u t ! ,fau/ leg5d appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 e>ly ,engli%1 ,m>l[e has x1 ,cald]on put x into ,spani%1 ! mo/ famili> =m ( x is ,goe!'s1 :ile ,philip ,bailey has call$ 8 acc\nt ( x ,fe/us4 ,9 ea* ( ^? =ms ! same idea occurs4 ,a man sells 8 s\l to ! devil = ! ga9+ ( :at is to him ! _w4 ,t is "o ( a good _m ideas :i* ! ,bible has giv5 to lit]ature4 ,! prodigal son has be5 ano!r prolific s\rce ( lit]>y writ+4 ,! guid+ /> is ano!r4 ,o!rs w readily come to m9d4 ,) t simple backgr\nd let our m9ds move d[n ! c\rse ( lit]>y hi/ory4 ,/yle1 language1 mat]ial--we w easily ?9k h[ mu* ( ea* ! ,bible has giv5 to all our great writ]s if _! names are only m5tion$4 ,!re are f\r gr\ps ( ^! writ]s4 #a4 ,! ,jacobean1 :o wrote :5 & j aft] our v]sion 0 made4 #b4 ,! ,georgian1 :o grac$ ! reigns ( ! k+s ^: "n ! p]iod be>s4 #c4 ,! ,victorian4 #d4 ,! ,am]ican4 ,!re is an attractive fif? gr\p compris+ our pres5t-day work]s 9 ! realm ( pure lit]ature1 b we mu/ omit !m & give our att5tion to names t are />r$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is famili> t 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 ,engl& became a ne/ ( s++ birds4 ,9 ! fifty ye>s aft] ! fir/ ,engli% !at] 0 erect$1 ! middle ( ,elizabe?'s reign1 fifty dramatic poets appe>$1 _m ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,"s 7 di/9ctly irreligi\s1 z 7 _m ( ! p ^: lives !y t\*$4 ,su* m5 z ,=d1 ,m>l[e1 ,mass+]1 ,web/]1 ,beaumont1 & ,flet*] /& l a *orus ar\nd ,%akespe>e & ,b5 ,jonson z lead]s4 ,z ,ta9e puts x3 ,!y s+ ! same piece toge!r1 & at times ! *orus is equal to ! solo2 b only at times4#cj ,cultur$ p to-day "k ! names ( mo/ ( ^! writ]s1 b n mu* else1 & x does n heavily s]ve our argum5t to say t !y felt ! ,puritan influ5ce2 b !y all did feel x ei!r directly or by reaction4 ,edmund ,sp5s] & 8 fri5d1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 _h clos$ _! "w be=e ! ,k+ ,james v]sion appe>$1 yet ! ,fa]ie ,que5e 9 its religi\s !ory is ,puritan to ! core1 & ,sidney is be/ rememb]$ by 8 p>aphrases ( ,scripture4 ,! influ5ce ( bo? 0 ev5 great] 9 ! ,jacobean ?an 9 _! own p]iod4 ,x is h>dly fair ev5 to note ! ,elizabe?an ,%akespe>e z "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,! ,bible influ5c$ him m>k$ly1 b x 0 ! ,g5evan v]sion prep>$ dur+ ! exile ( ! s*ol>s "u ,bloody ,m>y1 or ! ,bi%ops' ,bible prep>$ "u ,elizabe?4 ,^? v]sions 7 famili> z h\sehold facts to him4 ,no writ] has assimilat$ ! ?\ghts & reproduc$ ! words ( ,holy ,scripture m copi\sly ?an ,%akespe>e4 ,dr4 ,furnivall says t he is saturat$ ) ! ,bible /ory1 & a c5tury ago ,capel ,l(ft said qua9tly t ,%akespe>e _h deeply imbib$ ! ,scriptures4 ,b ! ,k+ ,james v]sion appe>$ only five ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 & x is 9 "s s5se fair] to say t ,%akespe>e & ! ,k+ ,james v]sion are =m$ by ! same influ5ce z to _! ,engli% /yle4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,/4 ,&rews ev5 devotes ! fir/ "p ( 8 book on ,%akespe>e & ! ,bible to a /udy ( p>allels betwe5 ! two 9 peculi> =ms ( spee*1 & ?9ks x probable t our translators ( #afaa ow$ z mu* to ,%akespe>e z1 or r f> m ?an1 he ow$ to !m4#ca ,x is g5]ally agre$ t only two ( 8 works 7 writt5 aft] our v]sion appe>$4 ,sev]al o!r writ]s h devot$ sep>ate volumes to not+ ! frequ5t use by ,%akespe>e ( ,biblical phrases & allusions & *>act]s tak5 f e>ly v]sions4 ,x is a v tempt+ field1 & we pass x by only because x is h>dly 9 ! range ( ! /udy we are n[ mak+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to ,john ,milton 7#afjh-afgd71 we rememb] he 0 only ?ree ye>s old :5 our v]sion 0 issu$2 t :5 at fifte51 an und]graduate 9 ,cambridge1 he made 8 fir/ p>aphrases1 ca/+ two ( ! ,psalms into met]1 ! v]sion he us$ 0 ?is famili> "o4 ,a biograph] says he began ! day always ) ! read+ ( ,scripture & kept 8 memory deeply *>g$ ) its phrases4 ,9 lat] life ! morn+ *apt] 0 g5]ally f ! ,hebrew1 & 0 foll[$ by an h\r ( sil5ce = m$itation1 an ex]cise ^: influ5ce no man's /yle c\ld escape4 ,z a writ] he mov$ /eadily t[>d ! ,scripture & ! religi\s tea*+ :i* x br\ght 8 age4 ,8 e>li] writ+ is a gr\p ( poems l>gely secul>1 :i* yet %[ 9 phrases & expressions mu* ( ! influ5ce ( 8 boyhood /udy ( ! ,bible1 z well z ! famili> use ( my?ology4 ,! memorial poem ,lycidas1 = example1 conta9s ! mu*-quot$ ref]5ce to ,pet] & 8 two keys-- ,la/ came & la/ did g ,! pilot ( ! ,galilean lake2 ,two massy keys he bore ( metals twa91 7,! gold5 opes1 ! iron %uts ama974 ,b aft] ^! poems came ! p]iod ( 8 prose1 ! "w :i* he suppos$ 0 ! abid+ "w ( 8 life4 ,george ,william ,curtis told a fri5d t our civil w> *ang$ 8 own lit]>y /yle3 ,t r\s$ me to see t ,i _h no "r to sp5d my life 9 lit]>y leisure4 ,i felt t ,i mu/ ?r[ myself into ! /ruggle = fre$om & ! ,union4 ,i began to lecture & to write4 ,! /yle took c>e ( itself4 ,b ,i fancy x is m solid ?an x 0 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,t is :at happ5$ to ,milton :5 ! protectorate came4#cb ,x made 8 /yle m solid4 ,he did n mean to live z a poet4 ,he felt t 8 be/ en]gies 7 be+ put into 8 essays 9 def5se ( lib]ty1 on ! fre$om ( ! press & on ! ju/ice ( ! behead+ ( ,*>les1 9 :i* s]vice he sacrific$ 8 sight4 ,all ( x is %ot ?r\gh ) ,scripture quotations & argum5ts1 & "s ( x1 at lea/1 is 9 ! v _s ( ,scripture4 ,! plea = l>g] fre$om ( divorce issu$ pla9ly f 8 own bitt] exp]i5ce2 b 8 ma9 argum5t roots 9 a few ,bible texts tak5 out ( _! connection & urg$ ) no %ad[ ( "q ( _! au?ority4 ,inde$1 :5 he comes to 8 m religi\s essays1 8 heavy argum5t is t !re %\ld be no religion p]mitt$ 9 ,engl& :i* is n drawn directly f ! ,bible2 :i*1 !re=e1 he urges mu/ be common prop]ty = all ! p4 ,!re is a curi\s bit ( evid5ce t ! m5 ( 8 own "t did n realize 8 p[] z a poet4 ,9 ,pi]re ,bayle's critical survey ( ! lit]ature ( ! "t1 he calls ,milton ! fam\s apologi/ = ! execution ( ,*>les ,i41 :o m$dl$ 9 poetry & sev]al ( ^: poems saw ! light dur+ 8 life or aft] 8 dea?6 ,= all t1 ,milton 0 only work+ on t[>d 8 real p[]1 & 8 p[] 0 to be %[n 9 8 s]vice to religion4 ,8 ?ree great poems1 9 ! ord] ( _! value1 are1 ( c\rse1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,samson ,agoni/es1 & ,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,:oev] kn[s any?+ ( ,milton kn[s ^! ?ree & kn[s !y are ,scriptural f fir/ to la/ 9 phrase1 9 allusion1 &1 9 "p at lea/1 9 idea4 ,!re is n "t = ext5d$ illu/ration4 ,"o in/ance may /& = all1 :i* %all illu/rate h[ ,milton's m9d 0 l a g>d5 :]e ! se$s ( ,scripture came to fl[] & fruit4 ,he w take "o phrase f ! ,bible & let x gr[ to a page 9 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,"h is an illu/ration :i* comes readily to h&4 ,9 ! ,g5esis x is said t ! _s ( ,god mov$ on ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,! v]b sugge/s ! idea ( brood+4 ,!re is only "o o!r possible ref]5ce 7,psalm xxiv3#b7 :i* is includ$ 9 ?is /atem5t :i* ,milton makes out ( t brief ^w 9 ! ,g5esis3 ,on ! wat]y calm ,8 broad5+ w+s ! ,_s ( ,god outspread1 ,& vital virtue infus$1 & vital w>m? ,?r\gh\t ! fluid mass1 b d[nw>d purg$ ,! black t>t>e\s cold inf]nal dregs1 ,adv]se to life2 !n =m$1 !n con-glob$1 ,l ?+s to l2 ! re/ to sev]al place ,disp>t$1 & betwe5 spun out ! air-- ,& e>? self-balanc$ on h] c5t] swung4 ,any "o famili> ) ,milton w recognize t z a typical in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* a se$ idea f ! ,scripture comes to fl[] & fruit 9 him4 ,! result is t m p h _! ideas ab\t heav5 & hell f ,milton ?an f ! ,bible1 ?\gh !y d n "k x4 ,x seems h>dly fair to use ,john ,bunyan 7#afbh-afhh7 z an illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on lit]ature1 because 8 *ief "w is compos$ s l>gely 9 ! language ( ,scripture4 ,pilgrim's ,progress is ! mo/ widely read book 9 ! ,engli% language aft] ! ,bible4 ,its phrases1 its names1 its matt] are ei!r directly or indirectly tak5 f ! ,bible4 ,x has giv5 u a long li/ ( phrases :i* are "p ( our lit]>y & religi\s capital4 ,?ack]ay took ! motto ( "o ( 8 be/-kn[n books f ! ,bible2 b ! title1 ,vanity ,fair1 comes f ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,:5 a disc\rag$ man says he is 9 ! sl\gh ( despond1 he quotes ,bunyan2 & :5 a popul> evangeli/ tells ! p t ! burd5 ( s9 w roll away if !y look at ! cross1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 he ought to say accord+ to ,bunyan4 ,b all ?is 0 only ! outcome ( ! famili>ity ( ,bunyan ) ! ,scripture4 ,x 0 almo/ all he did "k 9 a lit]>y way4 ,macaulay says t he knew no language b ! ,engli% z x 0 spok5 by ! common p2 he _h /udi$ no great model ( composition1 ) ! exception ( our noble translation ( ! ,bible4 ,b ( t 8 k 0 su* t he might h be5 call$ a liv+ concordance4#cc ,aft] ^! ?ree--,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 & ,bunyan--!re appe>$ ano!r ?ree1 v mu* _! inf]iors & hav+ mu* less influ5ce on lit]>y hi/ory4 ,i mean ,dryd51 ,addison1 & ,pope4 ,x is n necess>y to cr$it ! ,scripture ) mu* ( ,dryd5's _s1 nor ) mu* ( 8 /yle1 & c]ta9ly n ) 8 attitude t[>d 8 fell[s2 b x is a con/ant surprise 9 read+ ,dryd5 to discov] h[ famili> he 0 ) ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,walt] ,scott insi/s t ,dryd5 0 at he>t s]i\s1 t 8 indelicacy 0 l ! =c$ impud5ce ( a ba%ful man4 ,t is g5]\s judgm5t4 ,b !re is ?is to be said3 z he gr[s m s]i\s he falls m into ,bible words4 ,if he writes a political pamphlet he calls x ,absalom & ,ahi?ophel4 ,9 x he holds ! m5 ( ! day up to scorn "u ,bible names4 ,!y are ,zimri & ,%imei1 & ! l4 ,:5 he is fall+ into bitt]e/ satire1 8 writ+ ab\nds 9 ^! ,biblical allusions :i* c\ld be made only by "o :o 0 v famili> ) ! ,book4 ,quotations _c be abundant1 ( c\rse1 b !re is a great deal ( ?is sort ( ?+3 ,s9k+1 he left 8 drugget robe beh9d1 ,borne upw>d by a subt]ranean w9d1 ,! mantle fell to ! "y prophet's "p1 ,) d\ble portion ( 8 fa!r's art4 ,9 8 ,epi/les !re is mu* ( ! same sort4 ,:5 he writes to ,congreve he speaks ( ! fa!rs1 & says3 ,_!'s 0 ! giant race be=e ! flood4 ,f>!r on he says3 ,our build]s 7 ) want ( g5ius cur/1 ,! second temple 0 n l ! fir/4 ,n[ ,dryd5 may h be51 z ,macaulay said1 an illu/ri\s r5egade1 b all 8 writ+ %[s ! influ5ce ( ! language & ! ideas ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,:5ev] we s+ ! ,v5i ,creator we s+ ,john ,dryd54 ,s we s+ ,addison 9 ! p>aphrase ( ,scripture1 :i* ,haydn's music has made famili>3 ,! spaci\s firmam5t on high1 ,) all ! blue e!real sky4 ,:ile ,dryd5 yield$ to 8 times1 ,addison did n1 & ! ,spectator became n only a lit]>y b a moral p[]4 ,9 ! ef=t to make x s he 0 ?r[n back on ! l>ge/ moral influ5ce ( ! day1 ! ,bible1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,spectator & ?r\gh all ( ,addison's writ+ y f9d on all prop] occasions ! ,bible press$ to ! front4 ,"h aga9 ,ta9e puts x /rik+ly3 ,x is no small ?+ to make morality fa%ionable2 ,addison did x1 & x rema9s fa%ionable4 ,if we speak ( s++1 we may rememb] t we s+ ! hymn ( ev5 poor little dw>f$ invalid ,alex&] ,pope4 ,he 0 born ! ye> ,bunyan di$1 born at cross-purposes ) ! _w4 ,he c\ld write a bitt] satire1 l ! ,dunciad2 he c\ld give ! _w ,! ,iliad & ,! ,odyssey 9 su* ,engli% t we "k !m f> bett] ?an 9 ! ,greek ( ,hom]2 b 9 ^? r>e mom5ts :5 he 0 at 8 bett] self he w\ld write 8 great] poem1 ,! ,messiah1 9 :i* ! movem5t ( ,scripture is outl9$ z x c\ld be only by "o :o knew ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,& :5 we s+-- ,rise1 cr[n$ ) light1 imp]ial ,salem1 rise-- x is wor? :ile to realize t ! voice t fir/ sung x 0 t ( ! irritable little poet :o f\nd "s ( 8 scant com=t 9 ! gr& words & phrases & ideas ( our ,engli% ,bible4 ,) ^! six--,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,bunyan1 ,dryd51 ,addison1 & ,pope--! c\rse ( ! ,jacobean lit]ature is suffici5tly measur$4 ,!re are _m less] names1 b ^! are ! ones :i* made x an epo* 9 lit]ature1 & ^! are at _! be/ "u ! p[] ( ! ,bible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,georgian gr\p we ne$ to call only five great names :i* h _h creative influ5ce 9 lit]ature4 ,ord9>y culture 9 lit]ature w include "s acqua9tance ) ea* ( !m4 ,9 ! ord] ( _! dea? !y are ,%elley 7#ahbb71 ,byron 7#ahbd71 ,col]idge 7#ahca71 ,walt] ,scott 7#ahcb71 & ,wordswor? 7#ahej74 ,! la/ long outliv$ ! o!rs2 b he belongs ) !m1 because he 0 born e>li] ?an any o!r 9 ! gr\p & did 8 *ief "w 9 _! "t & be=e ! lat] gr\p appe>$4 ,except ,wordswor?1 all ^! 7 gone be=e ,que5 ,victoria came to ! ?rone 9 #ahcg4 ,?ree o!r names c\ld be call$3 ,keats1 ,rob]t ,burns1 & ,*>les ,lamb4 ,all w\ld illu/rate :at we are /udy+4 ,keats lea/ ( all & ,burns mo/4 ,!y are omitt$ "h n because !y did n feel ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 n because !y d n con/antly %[ its influ5ce1 b because !y are n s creative z ! o!rs2 !y h n s influ5c$ ! curr5t ( lit]ature4 ,at any rate1 ! five nam$ w repres5t wor?ily & ) suffici5t complet5ess ! ,georgian p]iod ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,no?+ c\ld reveal m cle>ly ?an ?is li/ h[ we are di/+ui%+ ! ,bible z lit]ature f ! ,bible z an au?oritative book 9 morals4 ,"o w\ld mu* dislike to cr$it ! ,bible ) any "p ( ! p]sonal life ( ,%elley or ,byron4 ,!y 7 fri5ds2 !y 7 g5iuses2 b !y 7 bo? badly afflict$ ) common moral leprosy4 ,x is play+ ) morals to excuse ei!r ( !m because he 0 a g5ius4 ,no?+ 9 ! g5ius ( ei!r dem&$ or 0 s]v$ by ! c\rse ( *eap immorality :i* bo? practis$4 ,x 0 n because ,%elley 0 a g5ius t he m>ri$ ,h>riet ,we/brook1 !n ran away ) ,m>y ,godw91 !n tri$ to get ! two to become fri5ds & neighbors until 8 own wife committ$ suicide2 x 0 n 8 g5ius t made him yield to ! influ5ce ( ,emilia ,viviani & write h] ! poem ,epipsy*idion1 tell+ h] & ! _w t he 0 nev] atta*$ to t great sect :o believ$ t ea* "o %\ld select out ( ! cr[d a mi/ress or a fri5d & let ! re/ g4 ,t 0 n g5ius1 t 0 j common passion2 & our divorce c\rts are full ( ,%elleys ( t type4 ,s ,byron's p]sonal immorality is n to be expla9$ nor excus$ on ! gr\nd ( 8 g5ius4 ,x 0 n g5ius t l$ him s a/ray 9 ,engl& t 8 wife _h to divorce him1 & t public op9ion drove him out ( ! l&4 ,x 0 n 8 g5ius t s5t him to visit ,%elley & 8 mi/ress at ,lake ,g5eva & s$uce _! gue/1 s t %e bore him a daught]1 ?\gh %e 0 nev] 8 wife4 ,x 0 n g5ius t made him pick up /ill ano!r companion out ( sev]al 9 ,italy & live ) h] 9 immoral relation4 ,9 ! "n ( common dec5cy let no "o /& up = ,%elley & ,byron 9 _! p]sonal *>act]s6 ,!re are n two moral laws1 "o = g5iuses & "o = common p4 ,byron1 at any rate1 0 nev] deceiv$ ab\t himself1 nev] blam$ 8 g5ius nor 8 consci5ce = 8 wrong4 ,^! are /rik+ l9es 9 ,*ilde ,h>old1 9 :i* he disclaims all "r to sympa?y1 because1 ,! ?orns :i* ,i h reap$ are ( ! tree ,i plant$1--!y h torn me & ,i ble$4 ,i %\ld h kn[n :at fruit w\ld spr+ f su* a tree4 ,%elley's wife w\ld n say t = him4 ,9 all ,%elley did1 %e says1 he at ! "t ( do+ x believ$ himself ju/ifi$ to 8 own consci5ce4 ,well1 s mu* ! worse = ,%elley6 ,g5iuses are n ! only m5 :o c f9d good reason = do+ :at !y want to d4 ,"o ( ,%elley's critics sugge/s t ! tr\ble 0 8 introduction into p]sonal conduct ( ! imag9ation :i* he ought to h sav$ = 8 writ+4 ,p]haps we might expla9 ,byron's misconduct by rem9d+ ourselves ( 8 club-foot1 & apply+ "o code ( morals to m5 ) club-feet & ano!r to m5 ) normal feet4 ,if we speak ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible on ^! m51 x mu/ be on _! lit]>y "w2 & :5 we f9d x !re1 x becomes peculi> m>k ( its p[]4 ,!y _h little s5se ( x z moral law4 ,_! consci5ces approv$ x & condemn$ !mselves1 or else _! delicate lit]>y ta/e s5s$ x z a book ( p[]4 ,?is is notably true ( ,%elley4 ,:5 he 0 /ill a /ud5t 9 ,ox=d he committ$ himself to ! op9ion ( ano!r writ]1 t ! m9d _c believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,he tries to "w t out fully 9 8 notes on ,que5 ,mab4 ,:5 he 0 h>dly yet ( age he himself wrote t ,! g5ius ( human happ9ess mu/ te> e leaf f ! accurs$ ,book ( ,god1 ere man c read ! inscription on its he>t4 ,he once said t 8 highe/ desire 0 t !re %\ld be a monum5t to himself some:]e 9 ! ,alps :i* %\ld be only a great /one ) its face smoo!d & ?is %ort inscription cut 9 x1 ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley1 ,a!i/4 ,x w\ld seem t :atev] ,%elley drew ( /r5g? or inspiration f ! ,bible w\ld be by way ( reaction2 b x is n s4 ,h[ev] he may h hat$ ! accurs$ ,book ( ,god1 8 wife tells 9 h] note on ,! ,revolt ( ,islam t ,%elley debat$ :e!r he %\ld devote himself to poetry or metaphysics1 &1 resolv+ on ! =m]1 he educat$ himself = x1 engag+ himself 9 ! /udy ( ! poets ( ,greece1 ,engl&1 & ,italy4 ,to ^!1 may be add$1 %e goes on1 a con/ant p]usal ( portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,book ( ,psalms1 ,job1 ,isaiah1 & o!rs1 ! sublime poetry ( :i* fill$ him ) delight4 ,n only did he cat* ! _s ( t poetry1 b its phrases haunt$ 8 memory4 ,9 8 be/ prose "w1 :i* he call$ ,a ,def5se ( ,poetry1 !re is an int]e/+ revelation ( ! influ5ce ( 8 ,bible read+ ^u him4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! essay ^! two s5t5ces occur3 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ?is division ( our subject to cite liv+ poets1 b po/]ity has done ample ju/ice to ! great names n[ ref]r$ to4 ,_! errors h be5 weigh$ & f\nd to h be5 du/ 9 ! balance2 if _! s9s are z sc>let1 !y are n[ :ite z sn[2 !y h be5 wa%$ 9 ! blood ( ! m$iator & r$eem]1 ,"t4 ,!re is no m eloqu5t passage 9 ! essay ?an ! "o ( :i* ?is is "p1 & yet x is full ( allusion to ?is ,book f :i* all pages mu/ be torn6 ,ev5 9 ,que5 ,mab he makes ,ahasu]us1 ! w&]+ ,jew1 rec\nt ! ,bible /ory 9 su* broad outl9es z c\ld be giv5 only by a man :o 0 famili> ) x4 ,:5 ,%elley 0 9 ,italy & ! ^w came to him ( ! massacre at ,man*e/]1 he wrote 8 ,masque ( ,an>*y4 ,!re are few m melodi\s l9es ( 8 writ+ ?an ^? :i* occur 9 ?is long poem 9 ! section reg>d+ fre$om4 ,f\r ( ^? l9es are (t5 quot$4 ,!y are at ! v he>t ( ,%elley's be/ "w4 ,address+ fre$om1 he says3 ,?\ art love3 ! ri* h kiss$ ,?y feet1 &1 l him foll[+ ,*ri/1 ,gave _! sub/ance to ! free1 ,& ?r\gh ! r\gh _w foll[ !e4 ,page aft] page ( ,%elley reveals ^! half-consci\s ref]5ces to ! ,bible4 ,!re 7 two s\rces f :i* he receiv$ 8 passionate democracy4 ,"o 0 ! treatm5t he receiv$ at ,eton1 & lat] at ,ox=d2 ! o!r is 8 frequ5t read+ ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 9 ! _s ( rebellion aga9/ mu* ( its tea*+4 ,9 ,br[n+'s essay on ,%elley1 he rea*es ! amaz+ conclusion t _h ,%elley liv$1 he w\ld f9ally h rang$ himself ) ! ,*ri/ians1 & seeks to ju/ify x by %[+ t he 0 mov+ /raight t[>d ! positions ( ,paul & ( ,david4 ,"s ( u may n see su* rapid approa*1 b t ,%elley felt ! draw+ ( ,god 9 ! univ]se is pla9 en\gh4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,bible is /ill m m>k$ on ,byron4 ,he sp5t 8 *ildhood ye>s at ,ab]de54 ,!re 8 nurse tra9$ him 9 ! ,bible2 &1 ?\gh he did n live by x1 he nev] lo/ 8 love = x1 nor 8 k ( x4 ,he tells ( 8 own exp]i5ce 9 ?is way3 ,i am a great read] ( ^? books ! ,bible1 & _h read !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh be=e ,i 0 eight ye>s old2 t is to say1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = ! ,new /ruck me z a task1 b ! o!r z a pleasure4#cd ,"o ( ! e>lie/ bits ( 8 "w is a p>aphrase ( "o ( ! ,psalms4 ,8 physical infirmity put him at odds ) ! _w1 :ile 8 /rik+ beauty drew to him a cr[d ( admir]s :o help$ to poison e spr+ ( 8 g5ius4 ,ev5 s1 he held 8 love = ! ,bible4 ,:ile ,%elley (t5 spoke ( x 9 contempt1 :ile he prid$ himself on 8 div]g5ce f ! pa? ( its tea*+1 ,byron nev] did4 ,he w&]$ f>1 b he always knew x2 &1 ?\gh he c\ld h>dly f9d t]ms to express 8 contempt = ! ,*ur*1 !re is no l9e ( ,byron's writ+ :i* is a slur at ! ,bible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mu* ( 8 "w reveals a passion = ! beauty ( x z well z its tru?4 ,8 mo/ melodi\s writ+ is 9 t gr\p ( ,hebrew melodies :i* 7 writt5 to be sung4 ,!y dem& f> m ?an a pass+ k ( ! ,bible bo? = _! writ+ & _! und]/&+4 ,!re is a long li/ ( !m1 b no "o )\t a k ( ! ,bible w\ld h kn[n :at he meant by 8 poem1 ,! ,h>p ! ,mon>* ,m9/rel ,swept4 ,jeph?a's ,daught] presumes ^u a k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory :i* w\ld n come to "o 9 a pass+ /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,song ( ,saul ,be=e 8 ,la/ ,battle & ! poem head$ ,saul c\ld n h be5 writt51 nor c !y be read intellig5tly by any "o :o does n "k 8 ,bible4 ,among ,byron's dramas1 two ( :i* he ?\ght mo/1 71 ,heav5 & ,e>? & ,ca94 ,:5 he 0 accus$ ( p]v]t+ ! ,scripture 9 ,ca91 he repli$ t he _h only tak5 ! ,scripture at its face value4 ,bo? ( ! dramas are n only built directly out ( ,scriptural ev5ts1 b imply a f> wid] k ( ,scripture ?an _! m]e titles sugge/4 ,!re are /rik+ ref]5ces 9 _m o!r poems1 ev5 9 8 almo/ vile poem1 ,don ,juan4 ,! mo/ notable in/ance is 9 ! fifte5? canto1 :]e he is speak+ ( p]secut$ sages & ^! l9es occur3 ,0 x n s1 great ,locke8 & great] ,bacon8 ,great ,socrates8 ,& ,?\ ,div9] /ill1 ,^: lot x is by m5 to be mi/ak51 ,& ,?y pure cre$ made sanction ( all ill8 ,r$eem+ worlds to be by bigots %ak51 ,h[ 0 ,?y toil rew>d$8 ,9 a note on ?is passage ,byron says3 ,z x is necess>y 9 ^! times to avoid ambiguity1 ,i say t ,i mean by ',div9] /ill' ,*ri/4 ,if ev] ,god 0 man--or man ,god--,he 0 bo?4 ,i nev] arraign$ ,8 cre$1 b ! use or abuse ( x4 ,mr4 ,cann+ "o day quot$ ,*ri/ianity to sanction slav]y1 & ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce _h little to say 9 reply4 ,& 0 ,*ri/ crucifi$ t black m5 might be sc\rg$8 ,if s1 ,he _h bett] be5 born a mulatto1 to give bo? colors an equal *ance ( fre$om1 or at lea/ salvation4 ,byron c\ld live f> f ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible 9 8 p]sonal life2 b he nev] escap$ its influ5ce 9 8 lit]>y "w4 ,( ,col]idge less ne$s to be said1 because we ?9k ( him s mu* 9 t]ms ( 8 m m$itative mus+s1 :i* are (t5 religi\s4 ,he himself tells ( long & c>eful r]ead+s ( ! ,engli% ,bible until he c\ld say3 ,9 ! ,bible !re is m t f9ds me ?an ,i h exp]i5c$ 9 all o!r books toge!r2 ! words ( ! ,bible f9d me at great] dep?s ( my be+4 ,( c\rse1 t w\ld influ5ce 8 writ+1 & x did4 ,ev5 9 ! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9] mu* ( ! phraseology is ,scriptural4 ,:5 ! albatross drew ne>1 ,z if x _h be5 a ,*ri/ian s\l1 ,we hail$ x 9 ,god's "n4 ,:5 ! m>9] slept he gave praise to ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,he s\ght ! %riv+ ( ! h]mit-prie/4 ,he ends ! /ory because he he>s ! little vesp] bell :i* bids him to pray]4 ,:5 y read 8 ,hymn ,be=e ,sunrise 9 ! ,vale ( ,*am\nix y f9d y\rself read+ ! ,n9ete5? ,psalm4 ,he calls on ! motionless torr5ts & ! sil5t cat>acts & ! great ,mont ,blanc itself to praise ,god4 ,col]idge nev] _h se5 ,*am\nix1 nor ,mont ,blanc1 nor a glaci]1 b he knew 8 ,bible4 ,s he has 8 ,*ri/mas ,c>ol along ) all ! re/4 ,8 poem ( ! ,moors aft] ! ,civil ,w> "u ,philip ,,ii4 is ,scriptural 9 its phraseology1 & s is mu* else t he wrote4 ,frankly & will+ly he yield$ to its influ5ce4 ,9 8 ,table ,talk he (t5 ref]s to ! value ( ! ,bible 9 ! =m+ ( lit]>y /yle4 ,once he said3 ,int5se /udy ( ! ,bible w keep any writ] f be+ vulg> 9 po9t ( /yle4#ce ,! v m5tion ( ,col]idge makes "o ?9k ( ,wordswor?4 ,!y _h a ,damon & ,py?ias fri5d%ip4 ,! ,wordswor?s 7 poor2 !y _h only sev5ty p\nds a ye>1 & !y 7 n a%am$4 ,col]idge call$ !m ! happie/ family he ev] saw4 ,wordswor? 0 n n>r[ly a ,*ri/ian poet1 he 0 n always seek+ to put ,*ri/ian dogma into poetry1 b ?r\gh\t he 0 express+ ! ,*ri/ian _s :i* he _h le>n$ f ! ,bible4 ,8 poetry 0 "o long prote/ aga9/ bani%+ ,god f ! univ]se4 ,x 0 lit]ally true ( him t ! meane/ fl[] t gr[s c give ?\ghts t too (t5 lie too deep = te>s4 ,if ?is 7 ! "t to be critical1 "o w\ld ?9k t too mu* 0 sometimes made ( v m9ute occurr5ces2 b ?is t5d5cy to get back ( ! ev5t & see h[ ,god is mov+ is le>n$ be/ f ,scripture1 :]e ,wordswor? himself le>n$ x4 ,if y read 8 ,intimations ( ,immortality1 or ! ,ode to ,duty1 or ,t9t]n ,abbey1 or ev5 ! r labor$ ,excursion1 y f9d y\rself "u ! ,scriptural influ5ce4 ,!re rema9s 9 ?is ,georgian gr\p ! great prose ma/]1 ,walt] ,scott4 ,mr4 ,glad/one said he ?\ght ,scott ! greate/ ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,john ,morley sugge/$ ,john ,knox in/ead4 ,mr4 ,glad/one repli$3 ,no1 ! l9e mu/ be drawn firmly betwe5 ! writ] & ! man ( action--no comp>ison !re4#cf ,he w5t on to say t ,burns is v f9e & true1 no d\bt1 b to imag9e a :ole gr\p ( *>act]s1 to m>%al !m1 to set !m to "w1 & to su/a9 ! action1 ,i mu/ c\nt t ! te/ ( highe/ & mo/ div]sifi$ quality4 ,all :o are fond ( ,scott w realize h[ con/antly ! sc5es :i* he is describ+ gr\p !mselves ar\nd religi\s obs]vances1 h[ (t5 m5 are held 9 *eck f de$s ( viol5ce by religi\s conception4 ,_m ( ^! sc5es cry/allize ar\nd a ,scriptural ev5t4 ,scott's boyhood 0 sp5t 9 sc5es t rem9d$ him ( ! p[] ! ,scripture _h4 ,he 0 drill$ f 8 *ildhood 9 ! k ( its words & phrases1 & :ile 8 writ+ z a :ole %[s m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t influ5ce ?an ( ! ,new1 ev5 9 8 /yle he is /rongly "u ,bible influ5ce4 ,! preface to ,guy ,mann]+ tells u x is built ar\nd an old /ory ( a fa!r putt+ a lad to te/ "u guidance ( an anci5t a/rolog]1 %utt+ him up 9 a b>r5 room to be tempt$ by ! ,evil ,"o1 leav+ him only "o safegu>d1 a ,bible1 ly+ on ! table 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,9 8 introduction to ,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 ,scott makes "o ( ! two m5 ?r[n into ! wat] by ! ov]turn$ coa* rem9d ! o!r t !y _c compla91 l ,c[ley1 t ,gideon's fleece rema9s dry :ile all ar\nd is moi/2 ?is is ! rev]se ( ! miracle4 ,a little lat] a speak] describes novels z ! ,delilahs t s$uce wise & good m5 f m s]i\s read+4 ,9 ! dramatic sc5e :5 ,jeanie ,deans faces ! wret*$ ,george ,/aunton1 :o has s %am$ ! h\sehold1 %e exclaims3 ,o sir1 did ! ,scripture nev] come into y\r m9d1 ',v5geance is m9e1 & ,i w repay x8' ,scripture6 he sne]s1 :y ,i _h n op5$ a ,bible = five ye>s4 ,wae's me1 sir1 said ,jeanie--& a m9i/]'s son1 too6 ,an?ony ,fo/]1 9 ,k5ilwor?1 looks d[n on poor ,amy's body 9 ! vault into :i* %e has fall51 9 response to :at %e ?\ght 0 ,leice/]'s :i/le1 & exclaims to ,v>ney3 ,oh1 if !re be judgm5t 9 heav51 ?\ ha/ des]v$ x1 & w meet x6 ,?\ ha/ de/roy$ h] by means ( h] be/ affections--x is ! see?+ ( ! kid 9 ! "m's milk6 ,& :51 next morn+1 ,v>ney 0 f\nd dead ( ! secret poison & ) a sne]+ s>casm on 8 gha/ly face1 ,scott dismisses him ) ! phrase3 ,! wick$ man1 sai? ! ,scripture1 ha? no bonds 9 8 dea?4 ,8 *>act]s use freely ! famili> ,bible ev5ts & phrases4 ,9 ! ,=tunes ( ,nigel1 a /ory ( ! v p]iod :5 our ,k+ ,james v]sion 0 produc$1 ,hildebrod decl>es t if he _h 8 way ,capta9 ,pepp]cull %\ld hang z high z ,haman ev] did4 ,9 ,k5ilwor?1 :5 ,leice/] gives ,v>ney 8 signet-r+1 he says1 significantly3 ,:at ?\ do/1 d quickly4 ,( c\rse1 ,isaac1 ! ,jew 9 ,ivanhoe1 exclaims frequ5tly 9 ,old ,te/am5t t]ms4 ,he wi%es ! :eels ( ! *>iots ( 8 enemies may be tak5 (f1 l ^? ( ! ho/ ( ,ph>oah1 t !y may drive heavily4 ,he expects ! ,palm]'s lance to be z p[]ful z ! rod ( ,moses1 & s on4 ,scott 0 writ+ ( ! p]iod :5 m5 /ay$ !mselves ) ,scripture1 & 8 m5 are all sure ( ,god & ,satan & angels & judgm5t & all et]nal ?+s4 ,8 son-9-law v\*es = ! old /ory t :5 ,sir ,walt] 0 on 8 dea?-b$ he ask$ ,lockh>t to read him some?+ f ! ,book1 & :5 ,lockh>t ask$1 ,:at book8 ,scott repli$3 ,:y d y ask8 ,!re is b "o book1 ! ,bible4 ,all ?is is scant ju/ice to ! ,georgian gr\p2 b x may give a h9t ( :at ! ,bible meant ev5 at t p]iod1 ! p]iod :5 its grip on m5 0 mo/ lax 9 all ! lat] ,engli% hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is 9 ! ,victorian age 7#ahdj-aijj7 t ! field is mo/ bewild]+4 ,x is true1 z ,fr$]ick ,h>rison says1 t ?is ,victorian age has no ,%akespe>e or ,milton1 no ,bacon or ,hume1 no ,field+ or ,scott--no supreme ma/] 9 poetry1 philosophy1 or romance ^: "w is incorporat$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! _w1 :o is de/9$ to =m an epo*1 to endure = c5turies4#cg ,! g5ius ( ! p]iod is m sci5tific ?an lit]>y1 yet we w\ld be helpless if we _h n already elim9at$ f our discussion ev]y?+ b ! works & writ]s ( pure lit]ature4 ,! output ( books has be5 s trem5d\s t x w\ld be impossible to analyze ! influ5ces :i* h made !m4 ,!re are 9 ?is ,victorian p]iod at lea/ twelve great ,engli% writ]s :o mu/ be kn[n1 ^: "w affects ! curr5t ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,_m o!r names w\ld ne$ m5tion 9 any full hi/ory or any m9ute /udy2 b x is n h>% judgm5t to say t ! ma9 curr5t ( lit]ature w\ld be ! same )\t !m4 ,a few ( ^! less] names w come to m9d1 & 9 ! call+ ( !m "o realizes ! influ5ce1 ev5 on !m1 ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,an?ony ,trollope wrote sixty volumes1 ! titles ( mo/ ( :i* are n[ popul>ly unkn[n4 ,he told ,george ,eliot t x 0 n bra9s t expla9$ 8 writ+ s mu*1 b r wax :i* he put 9 ! seat ( 8 *air1 :i* held him d[n to 8 daily /9t ( "w4 ,he c\ld boa/1 & x 0 wor? ! boa/+1 t he _h nev] writt5 a l9e :i* a pure woman c\ld n read )\t a blu%4 ,8 :ole ,framley ,p>sonage s]ies ab\nds 9 ,bible ref]5ces & allusions4 ,s ,*>lotte ,bront is 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & ,jane ,eyre does prove :at %e 0 meant to prove1 t a commonplace p]son c be made ! h]o9e ( a novel2 b on all ,*>lotte ,bront's "w is ! m>k ( ! rectory 9 :i* %e grew up4 ,s ,?omas ,grey has left 8 ,elegy & 8 ,hymn to ,adv]sity1 & "s o!r writ+ :i* mo/ ( u h =gott5 or nev] knew4 ,!n !re are ,m>ia ,edgewor? & ,jane ,au/54 ,we may ev5 rememb] t ,macaulay ?\ght ,jane ,au/5 c\ld be comp>$ ) ,%akespe>e1 z1 ( c\rse1 %e c be1 s9ce any "o c be2 b nei!r ( ^! good wom5 has /rongly affect$ ! lit]>y curr5t4 ,_m o!rs c\ld be nam$1 b ,engli% lit]ature w\ld be sub/antially ! same )\t !m2 &1 ?\gh all might %[ ,biblical influ5ce1 !y w\ld n illu/rate :at we are try+ to discov]4 ,s we come1 )\t apology to ! unnam$1 to ! twelve1 )\t :om ,engli% lit]ature w\ld be diff]5t4 ,?is is ! li/ 9 ! ord] ( ! alphabet3 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,rob]t ,br[n+ 7,mrs4 ,br[n+ be+ gr\p$ z "o ) him71 ,c>lyle1 ,dick5s1 ,george ,eliot1 ,*>les ,k+sley1 ,macaulay1 ,rusk91 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 ,sw9burne1 ,t5nyson1 & ,?ack]ay4 ,x is dang]\s to make su* a li/2 b x c be def5d$4 ,lit]>y hi/ory w\ld n be ! same )\t any "o ( !m1 unless possibly ,sw9burne1 ^: claim to place is r by 8 "w z critic ?an z creator4 ,nor is any "n omitt$ ^: introduction w\ld *ange lit]>y hi/ory4 ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ?\ght ,arnold too flippant on religi\s ?+s to be a real prophet4 ,at any rate1 ?is mu* is true1 t ! books 9 :i* ,arnold dealt ) ! fundam5tals ( religion are 8 pr(\nde/ "w4 ,9 8 poetry ! be/ piece ( ! :ole is 8 ,rugby ,*apel4 ,8 ,religion & ,dogma he himself calls an essay t[>d a bett] appreh5sion ( ! ,bible4 ,all ?r\gh he urges x z ! "o ,book :i* ne$s recov]y4 ,all t ! *ur*es c say ab\t ! importance ( ! ,bible & its religion we concur 94 ,! book ?r\gh\t is an ef=t to ju/ify 8 own fai? 9 t]ms ( ! ,bible4 ,! ef=t is sometimes amus+1 because x takes su* a logical & v]bal agility to g f "o to ! o!r2 b he is always at x4 ,he is afraid 9 8 s\l t ,engl& w sw+ away f ! ,bible4 ,he fe>s x may come ab\t ?r\gh neglect ( ! ,bible on "o h&1 or ?r\gh wrong tea*+ ab\t x on ! o!r4 ,n 9 8 ideas alone1 b m>k$ly 9 8 /yle1 ,arnold has felt ! ,biblical influ5ce4 ,he came at a "t :5 !re 0 /rong temptation to fall into cumbr\s ,g]man ways ( spee*4 ,aga9/ t ,arnold set a simple phraseology1 & he held out ! ,engli% ,bible con/antly z a model by :i* ! m5 ( ,engl& ought to le>n to write4 ,he nev] ga9$ ! simplicity ( ! old ,hebrew s5t5ce1 & sometimes 8 second>y clauses foll[ "o ano!r s rapidly t a read] is confus$2 b 8 words z a :ole are simple & direct4 ,!re is no ne$ ( mu* ^w on ! spell ( ! ,bible ov] ,rob]t ,br[n+ & ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,x is n (t5 t two s++-birds mate2 b ^! two sang 9 a key pit*$ = !m by ! ,scripture z mu* z by any "o influ5ce4 ,_m ( _! greate/ poems h def9ite ,biblical !mes4 ,9 !m & 9 o!rs ,biblical allusions are utt]ly bewild]+ to m5 :o d n "k ! ,bible well4 ,= five ye>s 7#ahda-ahdf7 ,br[n+'s poems appe>$ "u ! title ,bells & ,pomegranates4 ,scores ( p wond]$ !n1 & wond] /ill1 :at ,pippa ,passes & ,a ,blot 9 ! ,scut*eon & ! o!rs h to d ) su* a title4 ,!y h nev] ?\ght1 z ,br[n+ did1 ( ! bord] ( ! beautiful robe ( ! high prie/ describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,exodus4 ,! f9e/ poem ( its l5g? 9 ! ,engli% language is ,br[n+'s ,saul2 b x is only ! /ory ( ,david driv+ ! evil _s f ,saul1 sweep+ on to ! v com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,dea? 9 ! ,des]t is ! dea? ( ,john1 ! belov$ disciple4 ,k>%i%1 ! ,arab ,physician tells 9 8 own way ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,! text ( ,caliban ^u ,setebos is1 ,?\ ?\ghte/ t ,i 0 altoge!r su* an "o z ?yself4 ,! text ( ,cleon is1 ,z c]ta9 ( y\r own poets h said4 ,9 ,fif9e at ! ,fair ! ,cur exp\nds ! exp]i5ce ( ,jacob & 8 /one-pill[ ) bett] insight ?an "s bett]-kn[n expositors %[4 ,9 ,pippa ,passes1 :5 ,bluphocks1 ! ,engli% vagabond1 is introduc$1 ,br[n+ seems to ju/ify 8 appe>ance by ! s+le foot-note3 ,he make? ,8 sun to rise on ! evil & on ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & on ! unju/2 & ,mr4 ,bluphocks %[s himself amus+ly famili> ) ,bible facts & phrases4 ,mr4 ,sludge1 ! ,m$ium1 ?9ks ! ,bible says ! />s are set = signs :5 we %\ld %e> %eep1 s[ corn1 prune trees1 & describes ! skeptic 9 ! magic circle ( spiritual inve/igators z ! gue/ )\t ! w$d+-g>b1 ! d\bt+ ,?omas4 ,"s "o has tak5 ! tr\ble to c\nt five hundr$ ,biblical phrases or allusions 9 ,! ,r+ & ! ,book4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,drama ( ,exile is ! woman's side ( ! fall ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,rusk9 ?\ght h] ,aurora ,leigh ! greate/ poem ! c5tury _h produc$ at t "t4 ,x ab\nds 9 ,scriptural allusions4 ,br[n+ came by all ?is naturally4 ,rais$ 9 ! ,*ur* by a fa!r :o delight$ to surr\nd him ) books1 notably old & r>e ,bibles1 & a "m ,c>lyle call$ a true type ( a ,scotti% g5tlewoman1 ) all ! skill 9 ! ,bible t t implies1 he nev] lo/ 8 s5se ( ! maje/y ( ! movem5t ( ,scripture ideas & phrases4 ,we ne$ sp5d little "t 9 discuss+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,he does n (t5 use ! ,scripture = 8 ma9 !me2 b he is con/antly mak+ ,biblical allusions4 ,on a railway j\rney :5 ,i 0 r]ead+ ,c>lyle's ,hi/orical ,sket*es1 ,i f\nd a direct ,biblical ref]5ce = e five pages1 & almo/ numb]less allusions beside4 ,! ,ev]la/+ ,yea1 ( :i* he says mu*1 he gets1 z y at once recognize1 f ! ,scripture4 ,8 ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip is bas$ on an idea ( h]oism :i* he le>n$ f ! ,bible4 ,he is an ,old ,te/am5t prophet ( pres5t times2 &1 :ile he deg5]at$ into a scold be=e he 0 ?r\gh ) x1 he yet spoke ) ! ?und]\s voice ( a true prophet1 & mu* ( ! "t 9 ! language ( ! prophets4 ,"s "o said once t ! only real rev]5ce ,c>lyle ev] _h 0 = ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no note ( sne]1 b ( ! pr(\nde/ reg>d = ! tea*+1 ! ideas & ! hi/ory ( ! ,scripture4 ,! "n ( ,*>les ,dick5s sugge/s a diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,he is a ,new ,te/am5t prophet4 ,:]e ,c>lyle has caught ! _s ( rugg$ p[] 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,dick5s has caught ! s5se ( k9dly love 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,dick5s's love = ! *ild1 ! fact t he c\ld draw *ildr5 z he c\ld draw no "o else & make !m lovable1 sugge/s ! value to him ( ^? frequ5t ref]5ces :i* he makes to ,*ri/ sett+ a *ild 9 ! mid/ ( ! disciples4 ,x is notable1 too1 h[ (t5 ,dick5s uses ! great ,scripture phrases = 8 mo/ dramatic climaxes4 ,!re are n 9 lit]ature _m f9] uses ( ,scripture ?an ! sc5e 9 ,bleak ,h\se1 :]e ! poor waif ,joe is dy+1 & :ile 8 fri5d tea*es him ! ,"l's ,pray] he sees ! light com+4 ,a ,*ri/mas season )\t ,dick5s's ,*ri/mas ,c>ol w\ld be incomplete2 b !re aga9 is ! ,scripture idea press$ =w>d4 ,george ,eliot surely1 if any writ]1 0 "u ! spell ( ! ,scripture4 ,"o ( h] critics calls h] ! hi/orian ( consci5ce4 ,all ( h] h]oes & h]o9es "k ! la% ( ! law4 ,%e kn[s v little ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "o w\ld judge2 b ! "o ?+ ab\t :i* %e has no d\bt is c]ta9ly ! reign ( moral law4 ,if a man w n yield to its p[]1 x w break him4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z break+ ! moral law2 !re is no?+ b be+ brok5 by x4 ,h] *>act]s are always quot+ ! ,bible4 ,!y prea* a great deal4 ,%e tells t %e h]self wrote ,d9ah ,morris's s]mon on ! gre5 ) te>s 9 h] eyes4 ,%e meant x all4 ,:ile h] own religi\s fai? 0 cl\d$1 h] f9e/ *>act]s are nev] cl\d$ 9 _! religi\s fai?1 & %e gr\nds _! fai? q inv>iably on _! e>ly tra9+ 9 ! ,scripture4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,george ,eliot has no pr9cipal /ory :i* has n 9 x a *ur*1 & a prie/ or a prea*]1 ) all t !y involve4 ,*>les ,k+sley is gr\p$ h>dly fairly 9 ?is li/1 because he 0 himself a prea*]1 & naturally all 8 "w w\ld feel ! p[] ( ! ,book1 :i* he *iefly /udi$4 ,pr(essor ,masson says t !re is n "o ( 8 novels :i* has n ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity = its !me4 ,no voice 0 rais$ m effectively = ! beg9n+ ( ! new social era 9 ,engl& ?an 84 ,alton ,locke & ,yea/ are epo*-mak+ books 9 ! life ( ! common p ( ,engl&4 ,ev5 ,hypatia1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 to repres5t entirely pagan surr\nd+s1 is full ( ,bible phrases & ideas4 ,"l ,macaulay _h be5 held up = _m a day z "o ( ! ma/]s ( /yle4 ,su* great writ+ is n to be trac$ to any "o influ5ce4 ,x c\ld n h be5 easy to write z ,macaulay wrote4 ,?ack]ay may h exagg]at$ 9 say+ t ,macaulay read tw5ty books to write a s5t5ce1 & travel$ a hundr$ miles to make a description2 b all 8 writ+ %[s ! p[] ( tak+ inf9ite pa9s4 ,x becomes ! m important1 !re=e1 t ,macaulay held ! ,bible 9 su* e/imate z he did4 ,9 call+ ^u ,lady ,holl& "o day1 ,"l ,macaulay 0 l$ to br+ ! att5tion ( 8 fair ho/ess to ! fact t ! use ( ! ^w 'tal5t' to mean gifts or p[]s ( ! m9d1 z :5 we speak ( m5 ( tal5t1 came f ! use ( ! ^w 9 ,*ri/'s p>able ( ! tal5ts4 ,9 a lett] to 8 si/] ,hannah he describes ! incid5t1 & says t ,lady ,holl& 0 evid5tly ignorant ( ! p>able4 ',i did n tell h]1' he adds1 '?\gh ,i might h done s1 t a p]son :o pr(esses to be a critic 9 ! delicacies ( ! ,engli% language ought to h ! ,bible at 8 f+]s' ends4' ,t ,macaulay practis$ 8 own prea*+ y w\ld quickly f9d by ref]r+ to 8 essays4 ,take ?ree s5t5ces f ! ,essay on ,milton3 ,! pr9ciples ( lib]ty 7 ! sc(f ( e gr[+ c\rti]1 & ! ,ana!ma ,m>ana?a ( e fawn+ dean4 ,9 e high place wor%ip 0 paid to ,*>les & ,james1 ,belial & ,molo*1 & ,engl& propitiat$ ^! obsc5e & cruel idols ) ! blood ( h] be/ & brighte/ *ildr54 ,crime succe$$ to crime1 & disgrace to disgrace1 until ! race1 accurs$ ( ,god & man1 0 a second "t driv5 =? to w&] on ! face ( ! e>? & to be a by-^w & a %ak+ ( ! head to ! nations4 ,9 ?ree s5t5ces "h are six allusions to ,scripture4 ,9 t same essay1 9 ! p>agraphs on ! ,puritans1 ! allusions are a multitude4 ,!y are n ev5 quot$4 ,!y are tak5 = grant$4 ,9 8 ,essay on ,ma*iavelli1 ?\gh ! subject does n sugge/ x1 he falls into ,scriptural phrases ov] & ov]4 ,li/5 to ?is1 ,a "t 0 at h& :5 all ! sev5 vials ( ! ,apocalypse 7 to be p\r$ =? & %ak5 out ov] ^? pleasant c\ntries2 or ?is1 ,all ! curses pron\nc$ ( old aga9/ ,tyre seem$ to h fall5 on ,v5ice4 ,h] m]*ants already /ood af> (f lam5t+ = _! great city2 or ?is1 ,9 ! en]getic language ( ! prophet1 ,ma*iavelli 0 mad = ! sight ( 8 eyes :i* he saw4 ,& if ,macaulay is baffl+ 9 ! abundance ( mat]ial1 surely ,john ,rusk9 is worse4 ,c>lyle's ,engli% /yle ran into excess ( r\ghness2 ,macaulay's ran into excess ( balance & delicacy4 ,john ,rusk9's cont9u$ to be ! smoo!/1 easie/ /yle 9 our ,engli% lit]ature4 ,he also 0 a ,hebraic _s1 b ( ! g5tl] type4 ,mr4 ,*apman calls him ! ,eli%a to ,c>lyle's ,elijah1 a capital comp>ison4#ch ,rusk9 is "o ( ! few writ]s :o h told u :at =m$ _! /yle4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,prt]ita he pays tribute to 8 "m4 ,he himself *ose to read ,walt] ,scott & ,pope's ,hom]2 b he says3 ,my "m =c$ me by /eady daily toil to le>n long *apt]s ( ! ,bible by he>t1 z well z to read x1 e syllable al\d1 h>d names & all1 f ,g5esis to ! ,apocalypse ab\t once a ye>2 & to t discipl9e--pati5t1 accurate1 & resolute--,i owe n only a k ( ! ,book :i* ,i f9d occasionally s]viceable1 b mu* ( my g5]al p[] ( tak+ pa9s & ! be/ "p ( my ta/e 9 lit]ature4 ,he ?9ks read+ ,scott might h l$ to o!r novels ( a poor] sort4 ,read+ ,pope might h l$ to ,johnson's or ,gibbon's ,engli%2 b x 0 impossible to write entirely sup]ficial & =mal ,engli% :ile he knew by he>t ! ?irty-second ( ,deut]onomy1 ! fifte5? ( #a ,cor9?ians1 ! ,"o hundr$ & n9ete5? ,psalm1 or ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,prt]ita he is ev5 m explicit4 ,i h next ) deep] gratitude to *ronicle :at ,i ow$ to my "m = ! resolute p]si/5t lessons :i* s ex]cis$ me 9 ! ,scripture1 z to make e ^w ( !m famili> 9 my e> z habitual music1 yet 9 t famili>ity rev]5c$ z transc5d+ all ?\ght & ord]+ all conduct4 ,he tells h[ 8 "m drill$ him4 ,z soon z he c\ld read %e began a c\rse ( ,bible "w ) him4 ,!y read alt]nate v]ses f ! ,g5esis to ! ,revelation1 names & all4 ,daily he _h to commit v]ses ( ! ,scripture4 ,he hat$ ! ,"o hundr$ & n9ete5? ,psalm mo/2 b he liv$ to *]i% x mo/4 ,9 8 old ,bible he f\nd ! li/ ( tw5ty-six *apt]s taught by 8 "m4 ,n only 0 ,rusk9 well tra9$ 9 ! ,bible1 b he 0 a great tea*] ( x4 ,9 8 preface to ! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olives he answ]s 8 critics by say+ he has us$ ! ,book = "s =ty ye>s4 ,my endeavor has be5 uni=mly to make m5 read x m deeply ?an !y d2 tru/ x1 n 9 _! own favorite v]ses only1 b 9 ! sum ( x all2 treat x n z a feti% or a talisman :i* !y are to be sav$ by daily repetition (1 b z a ,capta9's ord]1 to be held & obey$ at _! p]il4 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture he urges t we are 9 no dang] ( too mu* use ( ! ,bible4 ,we use x mo/ rev]5tly :5 mo/ habitually4 ,_m ( ,rusk9's mo/ /rik+ titles come /raight out ( ! ,scripture4 ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olives1 ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,unto ?is ,la/--all ^! are sugge/$ by ! ,bible4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to speak ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 ,john ,kelman has writt5 a :ole book on ! religion ( ,/ev5son1 & x is available = all read]s4 ,he 0 rais$ by ,cummy1 8 nurse1 ^: libr>y 0 *iefly ! ,bible1 ! %ort] cate*ism1 & ! ,life ( ,rob]t ,murray ,mc,cheyne4 ,he said t ! fifty-eigh? *apt] ( ,isaiah 0 8 special *apt]1 because x s repudiat$ cant & dem&$ a self-d5y+ b5efic5ce4 ,he lov$ ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress2 b ! ,bible mo/ /ood him 9 h&4 ,e great /ory or essay %[s its influ5ce4 ,he 0 n critical ) x2 he did n und]/& x2 he did n int]pret x fairly2 b he felt x4 ,8 ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde is only 8 way ( putt+ into mod]n spee* ,paul's old di/9ction betwe5 ! two m5 :o abide 9 ea* ( u4 ,!y told him he ought n to "w 9 ,samoa1 & he repli$ t he c\ld n o!rwise be true to ! great ,book by :i* he & all m5 :o meant to d great "w mu/ live4 ,ov] ! %\ld] ( our belov$ ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son y c see ! great *>act]s ( ,scripture press+ him =w>d to 8 be/ "w4 ,n s mu* c be said ( ,sw9burne4 ,!re 0 a /rong infusion ( acid 9 8 nature1 :i* no influ5ce entirely de/roy$4 ,he is apt to live z a lit]>y critic & essayi/1 ?\gh he suppos$ himself *iefly a poet4 ,8 own ?\ght ( poetry c be se5 9 8 prote/ 9 behalf ( ,m]$i?4 ,:5 he _h be5 accus$ ( writ+ on a subject on :i* he _h no conviction to express 7,mod]n ,love71 ,sw9burne d5i$ t poets ought to prea* anyway4 ,!re are pulpits en\gh = all prea*]s ( prose1 & ! bus9ess ( v]se writ+ is h>dly to express convictions4 ,yet x is impossible to =get ,milton & 8 purpose to ass]t ,et]nal ,provid5ce1 & ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to m54 ,naturally1 mo/ poets d prea* & prea* well4 ,wordswor? decl>$ he want$ to be consid]$ a tea*] or no?+4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ ?\ght t poets 7 ! only tru?-tell]s left to ,god4 ,b ,sw9burne c\ld n help a little prea*+ at any rate4 ,8 ,masque on ,que5 ,b]saba is an old miracle play ( ,david & ,na?an4 ,8 ,*ri/mas ,antiphones are h>dly ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh !y are abundant 9 _! allusions to ,scripture4 ,! fir/ is a pray] = peace & re/ 9 ! com+ ( ! new day ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! second is a prote/ t nei!r ,god nor man has befri5d$ man z he %\ld1 & ! ?ird is an assurance t m5 w d = man ev5 if ,god w n4 ,n[1 t is n ,*ri/ian1 b ! ,bible phrases are all ?r\gh x4 ,s :5 he writes 8 poem bemoan+ ,pol&1 he ne$s mu/ head x ,rizpah4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be said t ,sw9burne %[s less ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible 9 8 /yle & 9 8 _s ?an any o!r ( our great ,engli% writ]s4 ,we come back aga9 into ! atmosph]e ( /rong ,bible influ5ce :5 we "n ,alfr$ ,t5nyson4 ,:5 ,byron di$1 & ! ^w came to 8 fa!r's rectory at ,som]sby1 "y ,alfr$ ,t5nyson felt t ! sun _h fall5 f ! heav5s4 ,he w5t out alone 9 ! fields & c>v$ 9 ! s&/one1 z ?\gh x 7 a monum5t3 ,byron is dead4 ,t 0 9 ! e>ly /age ( 8 poetical life4 ,at fir/ ,c>lyle c\ld n abide ,t5nyson4 ,he c\nt$ him only an e*o ( ! pa/1 ) no s5se = ! future2 b :5 he read ,t5nyson's ,! ,rev5ge1 he exclaim$1 ,eh1 he's got ! grip o' x2 & :5 ,ri*>d ,monckton ,milnes excus$ himself = n gett+ ,t5nyson a p5sion by say+ 8 con/itu5ts _h no use = poetry anyway1 ,c>lyle said1 ,ri*>d ,milnes1 9 ! day ( judgm5t :5 y are ask$ :y y did n get t p5sion1 y may lay ! blame on y\r con/itu5ts1 b x w be y :o w be damn$6 ,dr4 ,h5ry van ,dyke /udi$ ,t5nyson to be/ effect at j ?is po9t4 ,9 8 *apt] on ,! ,bible 9 ,t5nyson are _m su* say+s z ^!3 ,x is safe to say t !re is no o!r book :i* has _h s great an influ5ce ^u ! lit]ature ( ! _w z ! ,bible4 ,we he> ! e*oes ( its spee* ev]y:]e1 & ! music ( its famili> phrases haunts all ! field & grove ( our f9e lit]ature4 ,at lea/ "o cause ( 8 popul>ity is t !re is s mu* ,bible 9 ,t5nyson4 ,we _c help see+ t ! poet owes a l>ge debt to ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 n only = _! =mative influ5ce on 8 m9d & = ! purely lit]>y mat]ial 9 ! way ( illu/rations & allusions :i* !y h giv5 him1 b also = ! creation ( a moral atmosph]e1 a m$ium ( ?\ght & feel+ 9 :i* he c speak freely & ) an assurance ( sympa?y to a v wide circle ( read]s4 ,i ne$ n /op to indicate ! great poems 9 :i* ,t5nyson has s (t5 us$ ,scripture4 ,! m9d runs quickly to ! little maid 9 ,gu9ev]e1 ^: song1 ,late1 ,late1 s ,late1 is only a p>aphrase ( ! p>able ( ! fooli% virg9s4 ,9 ,memoriam came into ! skeptical era ( ,engl&1 ) its new *all5ge to fai?1 & /opp$ ! drift ( "y m5 t[>d mat]ialism4 ,recall ! f9e use he makes1 9 ! he>t ( x1 ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 & o!r ,biblical sc5es4 ,dr4 van ,dyke's f\r hundr$ direct ref]5ces to ! ,bible d n exhau/ ! poems4 ,no "o c get ,t5nyson's /yle )\t ! ,engli% ,bible1 & no "o c read ,t5nyson intellig5tly )\t a fairly accurate k ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ?is ,victorian gr\p ! la/ "n is ,?ack]ay's4 ,he is ano!r ^: "m tra9$ him 9 ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,! title ( ,vanity ,fair is f ,pilgrim's ,progress1 b ! motto is f ! ,scripture2 & he wrote 8 "m reg>d+ ! book3 ,:at ,i want is to make a set ( p liv+ )\t ,god 9 ! _w 7only t is a cant phrase47 ,x is c]ta9 8 "m did n c\nt x a cant phrase1 = he le>n$ x f ! ,scripture4 ,! subtitle ( 8 ,adv5tures ( ,philip says he is to %[ :o robb$ him1 :o help$ him1 & :o pass$ him by4 ,?ack]ay got ^? expressions f ! ,bible4 ,some:]e v e>ly 9 any ( 8 works he reveals ! influ5ce ( 8 *ildhood & manhood k ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,all ?is ab\t ! ,victorian gr\p is meant to be v famili> to any :o are fre% f ! read+ ( lit]ature4 ,!y are great names1 & !y h diff]5ces z wide z ! poles2 b !y h ?is 9 common1 t !y h drunk lightly or deeply f ! same f\nta92 !y h drawn f x ideas1 allusions1 lit]>y /yle4 ,ea* ( !m has weak5$ z he has gott5 f>!r f x1 & loyalty to x has /r5g!n$ any "o ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn n[ to ! ,am]ican gr\p ( writ]s4 ,if we except !ological writ]s ) ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ,horace ,bu%nell1 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 & _! l1 & political writ]s ) ,jeff]son1 ,web/]1 & _! l1 ! li/ ne$ n be a long "o4 ,only "o writ] 9 our n>r[] s5se ( lit]ature mu/ be nam$ 9 ! e>li] day--,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,9 ! p]iod be=e ! ,civil ,w> mu/ be nam$ ,edg> ,allan ,poe 7di$ #ahdi7 & ,wa%+ton ,irv+ 7di$ #ahei74 ,! ,civil ,w> gr\p is ! l>ge "o1 & its names are ^? ( ! lat] gr\p z well4 ,let !m be alphabetical1 = conv5i5ce3 ,william ,cull5 ,bryant1 poet & critic2 ,george ,william ,curtis1 essayi/ & editor2 ,em]son1 our noble/ "n 9 ! sph]e ( pure essay lit]ature2 ,haw?orne1 ! noveli/ ( consci5ce1 z ,socrates 0 its philosoph]2 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ^: two *ief hatr$s 7 or?odoxy 9 religion & het]odoxy 9 m$ic9e2 ,james ,russell ,l[ell1 essayi/ & poet1 apt to live by 8 essays r ?an by 8 poetry2 ,longfell[1 ^: ,psalm ( ,life & ,hiawa?a h liv$ ?r\gh z mu* p>ody & ridicule z any two bits ( lit]ature extant1 & h liv$ because !y are pr$e/9$ to live2 ,?oreau1 ^: ,wald5 may %[1 z ,l[ell said1 h[ mu* c be done on little capital1 b :i* has ! real lit]>y tang to x2 & ,:itti]1 ^: poetry is sung ! _w ar\nd4 ,t makes only twelve names f ,frankl9 to ,:itti]4 ,o!rs c\ld be includ$2 b !y are n s great z ^!4 ,no "o ( ^! c\ld be tak5 out ( our lit]ature )\t affect+ x &1 9 "s degree at lea/1 *ang+ ! curr5t ( x4 ,?is is n to =get ,bret ,h>te nor ,samuel ,l4 ,clem5s4 ,b ea* is dep5d5t = 8 survival on a ta/e = a c]ta9 k9d ( humor1 n delicate l ,irv+'s & ,holmes's1 b /rong & sudd5 & a bit %>p4 ,if we %\ld =get ! ,luck ( ,ro>+ ,camp1 ,tru?ful ,james1 & ! ,hea!n ,*9ee1 we w\ld also =get ,bret ,h>te4 ,we are n apt to =get ,tom ,sawy]1 nor p]haps ,! ,innoc5ts ,abroad1 b we are =gett+ mu* else ( ,m>k ,twa94 ,:itman is n nam$4 ,8 claims are famili>1 b 9 spite ( 8 admir]s he seems s *>g$ ) a s5su\s egotism t he is n apt to be a =mative influ5ce 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,x is /ill int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to rememb] h[ frequ5tly he reveals 8 read+ ( ,scripture4 ,=tunately1 all ^! writ]s are s ne>1 & _! "w is s famili>1 t details reg>d+ !m are n ne$$4 ,two or ?ree g5]al words c be said4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 obs]ve ! high moral tone ( all ^! fir/-grade writ]s1 &1 inde$1 ( ! o!rs :o may be spok5 ( z 9 second rank4 ,!re is n a m]etrici\s or humiliat+ book 9 ! :ole collection4 ,!re is n "o book :i* has liv$ 9 ,am]ican lit]ature :i* has ! tone ( ,field+'s ,tom ,jones4 ,:e!r x is t ! ,puritan /ra9 cont9ues 9 u or n1 x is true t ! ,am]ican lit]>y public has n tak5 happily to /ories t w\ld br+ a blu% 9 public read+4 ,pr(essor ,ri*>dson1 ( ,d>tm\?1 gives "s clue to ! reason ( t4 ,he says t s9ce #ahgj or #ahhj 9 ,am]ica !re has be5 a m>k$ increase ( /r5g? ( !i/ic & spiritual belief & argum5t among sci5tific m51 /ud5ts ( philosophy1 religi\s 'radicals1' & o!rs4 ,he adds t :ile mu* contempor>y ,am]ican lit]ature & ?\ght is outside ! accept$ or?odox l9es1 yet x is n ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity2 to ! pr9ciples ( its ,f\nd] x is = ! mo/ "p s9c]ely atta*$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mat]ialism has sc>cely any hold ^u x4 ,!n foll[s a v notable s5t5ce :i* is su/a9$ by ! facts3 ,n an ,am]ican book ( ! fir/ class has ev] be5 writt5 by an a!i/ or d5i] ( immortality4 ,t s5t5ce ne$ n (f5d an admir] ( ,walt ,:itman1 = he accepts bo? !ism & ! doctr9e ( ! future life4 ,am]ican ?\ght has rema9$ loyal to ! great ,tr9ity1 ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,s x comes ab\t t :ile !re are a numb] ( ^! writ]s :o c\ld be put "u ! ban ( ! /rongly or?odox 9 religion1 e "o ( !m %[s ! effect ( e>ly tra9+ 9 religion & 9 ! ,scripture4#ci ,ano!r ?+ to be said is t ,am]ica has a unique hi/ory among great nations 9 t x has nev] be5 affect$ by any great religi\s influ5ce except t :i* has issu$ f ! ,scriptures4 ,no religion has ev] be5 influ5tial 9 ,am]ica except ,*ri/ianity4 ,= _m ye>s !re h be5 sporadic & spasmodic ef=ts to ext5d ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism or o!r ,indian cults4 ,!y h nev] be5 successful1 because ! ,am]ican _s is practical1 & n m$itative4 ,we are n an introspective p4 ,we d n look )9 ourselves = our religion4 ,:atev] moral & religi\s influ5ce our lit]ature %[s gets back fir/ or la/ to our ,scriptures4 ,! po9t ( view ( nature t is tak5 by our writ]s l ,bryant & ,?oreau is t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,psalm4 ,moreov]1 we h be5 /rongly "u ! ,engli% influ5ce4 ,irv+ insi/$ t we ought to be1 t we 7 a "y nation1 t we ought frankly to foll[ ! lead]%ip ( m exp]i5c$ writ]s4 ,longfell[ ?\ght we _h gone too f> t way1 & t our poets1 at lea/1 ought to be m indep5d5t1 ought to write 9 ! _s ( ,am]ica & n ( traditional poetry4 ,:e!r we ought to h yield$ to x or n1 x is true t ,engli% influ5ce has told v /rongly ^u u1 & ! writ]s :o h influ5c$ our writ]s mo/ h be5 ^? :om we h nam$ z be+ !mselves "u ! ,bible influ5ce4 ,we ne$ n g into detail ab\t ^! writ]s1 ?\gh !y are mo/ attractive4 ,bryant did = u :at ,wordswor? did = ,engl&4 ,he made nature seem vocal4 ,?anatopsis is n a ,*ri/ian poem 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 & yet x c\ld h>dly h be5 writt5 except "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,8 own g5ial1 beautiful "* 0 itself a tribute to ,*ri/ian civilization1 & 8 life1 z critic & essayi/1 has left an impression :i* we %all n soon lose4 ,pr(essor ,ri*>dson ?9ks t ! ?ree problematical *>act]s 9 ,am]ican lit]ature are ,em]son1 ,haw?orne1 & ,poe4 ,! %rewde/ e/imate ( ,poe t has ev] be5 giv5 u is 9 ,l[ell's ,fable = ,critics3 ,!re comes ,poe ) 8 rav5 l ,b>naby ,rudge1 ,?ree-fif?s ( him g5ius1 & two-fif?s %e] fudge1 ,:o has writt5 "s ?+s q ! be/ ( _! k9d1 ,b ! he>t someh[ seems all squeez$ out by ! m9d4 ,t says x exactly4 ,poe knew _m horrible situations1 b he did n "k ! way out2 & ( all our ,am]ican writ]s lay+ claim to place 9 ! fir/ class ,poe %[s lea/ influ5ce ( ! ,bible1 & app>5tly ne$s x mo/4 ,irv+ 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican writ] :o /ood high en\gh to be se5 across ! wat]4 ,?ack]ay's mo/ beautiful essay is on ,irv+ & ,macaulay1 :o di$ j "o mon? ap>t4 ,9 x he describes ,irv+ z ! be/ int]m$i>y betwe5 ! nations1 tell+ u ,am]icans t ! ,engli% are /ill human1 & assur+ ! ,engli% t ,am]icans are already human4 ,irv+ 0 tra9$ e>ly & ?or\ghly 9 ! ,bible4 ,all 8 life he 0 an old-fa%ion$ ,episcopalian ) no conc]n = new religi\s ideas & ) no r\gh edges any:]e4 ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]1 speak+ ( ,irv+'s moral quality1 says3 ,i _c br+ myself to exclude x f a lit]>y e/imate1 ev5 9 ! face ( ! curr5t gospel ( art = art's sake4#dj ,l ,scott1 he recogniz$ ! abid+ value 9 lit]ature ( integrity1 s9c]ity1 purity1 *>ity1 fai?4 ,^! are b5efic5ces1 & ,irv+'s lit]ature1 walk ar\nd x & measure x by :atev] critical in/rum5ts y w1 is a b5efic5t lit]ature4 ,!n !re is ,em]son1 a son ( ! manse & once a m9i/] himself4 ,he 01 !re=e1 p]fectly famili> ) ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,he did n accept x 9 all its religi\s tea*+4 ,inde$1 we h nev] _h a m m>k$ individuali/ 9 our ,am]ican public life ?an ,em]son4 ,at e po9t he 0 simply himself4 ,!re is v little quotation 9 8 writ+1 v little visible influ5ce ( any "o else4 ,he 0 n a foll[] ( ,c>lyle1 ?\gh he 0 8 fri5d4 ,if !re is any prec$5t = ! con/ruction ( 8 s5t5ces1 & ev5 ( 8 essays1 x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,z "s "o puts x1 he utt]$ say+s4 ,9 _m ( 8 essays !re is no p>ticul> reason :y ! p>agraphs %\ld run "o1 two1 ?ree1 & n ?ree1 two1 "o1 or two1 "o1 ?ree1 or 9 any o!r ord]4 ,b ,mr4 ,em]son 0 j himself4 ,x is yet true t 8 value = ! _w at l>ge lies 9 ! fact t aft] all he is incurably religi\s4 ,x is true t he c\ld n see any importance 9 =ms1 or 9 ord9>y decl>ations ( fai?4 ,he w\ld fight no battle = prelacy1 nor = ! ,we/m9/] confession1 nor = ! ,tr9ity1 b z aga9/ a!ism1 pessimism1 & mat]ialism1 he 0 an ally ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,bible on ,em]son is m m>k$ 9 8 _s ?an 9 any?+ else4 ,once 9 a :ile1 z 9 t famili> address at ,concord 7#ahgc71 y run across ,scripture phrases3 ,%all n !y :o receive ! l>ge/ /reams spread abroad ! heal+ wat]s8 ,t figure appe>s 9 lit]ature only 9 ! ,bible1 & !re are o!rs l x 9 8 writ+s4 ,z = ,longfell[1 he is %ot ?r\gh ) ,scripture4 ,no man :o did n "k ,scripture 9 m ?an a pass+ way c\ld h writt5 su* a s5t5ce z ?is3 ,!re are times :5 ! gras%opp] is a burd51 & ?ir/y ) ! heat ( labor ! _s longs = ! wat]s ( ,%iloah1 t g s(tly4 ,!re are two /rik+ly beautiful expressions f ,scripture4 ,take ano!r famili> say+ 9 ! same essay :5 he says ! prospect = poetry is bright5+1 s9ce b a %ort "t ago n a poet mov$ ! w+ or op5$ ! m\? or peep$4 ,he did n run across t 9 g5]al curr5t writ+4 ,he got t directly f ! ,bible4 ,9 8 poems is an amaz+ am\nt ( ref]5ce to ! ,bible4 ,"o w\ld expect mu* 9 ! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%1 = t is a /ory ( ! ,puritans1 & !y spoke1 naturally1 9 t]ms ( ! ,bible2 yet1 ( c\rse1 !y c\ld n d x 9 ,longfell['s poem1 if ,longfell[ did n "k ! language ( ! ,bible v well4 ,"o might n expect to f9d x s mu* 9 ,evangel9e1 b x is !re f beg9n+ to end4 ,9 ,acadia1 ! cock cr[$ ,) ! self-same ,voice t 9 ages ( old _h />tl$ ! p5it5t ,pet]4 ,&1 ,wild ) ! w9ds ( ,septemb]1 ,wre/l$ ! trees ( ! =e/1 z ,jacob ( old ) ! angel4 ,evangel9e saw ! moon pass ,=? f ! folds ( ! cl\d1 & "o /> foll[$ h] foot/eps1 ,z out ( ,abraham's t5t "y ,i%mael ,w&]$ ) ,hag>4 ,!re is a great deal ( t sort ( ?+ 9 8 writ+4 ,he has done = _m :at he did = ,l[ell "o day4 ,disc\rag$ 9 settl+ ! =m ( a new edition ( 8 own poems1 ,l[ell took up a volume ( ,longfell[ j to see ! type1 & pres5tly f\nd t he _h be5 read+ two h\rs4 ,he wrote ,longfell[ he c\ld und]/& 8 popul>ity1 say+3 ,y sang me out ( all my worries4 ,t is a great ?+ to d1 & ,longfell[ le>n$ f ! ,scripture h[ to d t 9 ! ,psalm ( ,life & all 8 o!r poems4 ,we ne$ only a ^w ab\t ,l[ell himself4 ,he 0 ! son ( a m9i/]1 & s knew ! ,bible f 8 infancy4 ,he belong$ to ! ,brahman ca/e himself1 b a good deal ( ! rugg$ness ( ! ,old ,te/am5t got into 8 writ+4 ,x is 9 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal4 ,x is 9 8 plea = int]national copyright :]e ! famili> l9es occur3 ,9 va9 we call old notions fudge1 ,& b5d our consci5ce to our deal+1 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts w n budge1 ,& /eal+ w cont9ue /eal+4 ,!re is h9t ( x 9 8 quizzical l9es ab\t himself 9 ! ,fable = ,critics4 ,he says t he is 9 dang] ( rattl+ away ,until he is z old z ,me?usalem1 ,at ! head ( ! m>* to ! la/ ,new ,j]usalem4 ,:itti] ne$s no words ( ours4 ,8 hymns are "p ( our religi\s equipm5t4 ,sn[-b\nd & all ! re/ ( ! beautiful1 quiet1 ,quak]-l writ+ ( ?is belov$ poet are among our national assets4 ,we jo9 9 8 sorr[ z he writes ! doom ( ,web/] & 8 fame1 & we d n wond] t he *ose = x ! ,scriptural title ,i*abod4 ,:atev] is to be said ab\t an individual "h or !re1 x is true t great ,am]ican lit]ature %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,l ev]y?+ else 9 ,am]ica1 x has be5 f\nd$ on a religi\s purpose4 ,writ]s 9 all l9es h be5 tra9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,if !y feel any religi\s influ5ce at all1 x is ! ,bible influ5ce4 ,?is has be5 a long j\rney f ,%akespe>e to ,:itti]1 & x leaves unt\*$ ! great field ( pres5t-day writ]s4 ,let ! un/>r$ names wait _! "t4 ,among !m are _m :o c say 9 _! way :at ,hall ,ca9e has said ( himself3 ,i ?9k ,i "k my ,bible z few lit]>y m5 "k x4 ,!re is no book 9 ! _w l x1 & ! f9e/ novels ev] writt5 fall f> %ort 9 int]e/ ( any "o ( ! /ories x tells4 ,:atev] /rong situations ,i h 9 my books are n ( my creation1 b are tak5 f ! ,bible4 ,! ,deem/] is a /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,! ,bondman is ! /ory ( ,esau & ,jacob4 ,! ,scapegoat is ! /ory ( ,eli & 8 sons1 b ) ,samuel z a little girl2 & ,! ,manxman is ! /ory ( ,david & ,uriah4 ,take up any ( ! novels ( ! day1 ev5 ! poor] ones1 b notably ! bett] ones1 & see h[ uni=mly !y %[ ! ,scriptural influ5ce 9 mat]ial1 9 idea1 & 9 _s4 ,:at ! lit]ature ( ! future w be no "o c say4 ,?is mu* is z sure z any fact 9 lit]>y hi/ory1 t ! ,engli% ,bible is "p ( ! v fib] ( great lit]ature f ! day x fir/ appe>$ 9 our tongue to ?is h\r4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,?\ghts t ,brea!4 #bh ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijj1 p4 #fhd4 #bi ,*apman1 ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ,acc\nt ) ,religion4 #cj ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 *ap4 iii4 #ca ,wordswor?1 ,%akespe>e's ,k & ,use ( ! ,bible1 p4 #i4 #cb ,/rong1 ,! ,!ology ( ! ,poets4 #cc ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bbj4 #cd ,ta9e1 ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,,ii41 #bgi4 #ce ,june #ad1 #ahcj4 #cf ,morley1 ,life ( ,glad/one1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dbd4 #cg ,e>ly ,victorian ,lit]ature1 p4 #i4 #ch ,engli% ,lit]ature 9 ,acc\nt ) ,religion4 #ci ,?is is fully work$ out 9 ,pr(essor ,ri*>dson's ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 ) ample illu/ration & argum5t4 #dj ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s ,s]ies1 ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 p4 #cjb4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,k+ ,,james ,,v]sion--,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible is only a book4 ,:at c a book d 9 hi/ory8 ,well1 :atev] ! reason1 books h play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! movem5ts ( m51 specially ( mod]n m54 ,!y h m>k$ly influ5c$ ! op9ion ( m5 ab\t ! pa/4 ,x is commonly said t ,hume's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 defective z x is1 has yet by its me?od revolutioniz$ ! writ+ ( hi/ory1 & t is true4 ,ne>] our own "t1 ,c>lyle's ,life ( ,cromwell rev]s$ ! judgm5t ( hi/ory on ,cromwell1 gave all read]s ( hi/ory a new conception ( him & 8 times & ( ! movem5t ( :i* he 0 ! life4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration none 7 s poor z to d ,cromwell rev]5ce until ,c>lyle's book gave him anew to ! _w4 ,!re are in/ances squ>ely 9 our own "t by :i* _! mighty influ5ce may be te/$4 ,!y are ( books ( almo/ ephem]al value save = ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,z lit]ature !y w be quickly =gott52 b z =ces !y mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,!re is ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,x w\ld be absurd to say t x br\ght ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 or fre$ ! negroes1 or sav$ ! ,union4 ,x did none ( ^? great ?+s4 ,yet x is n at all absurd to "n x among ! pot5t p[]s 9 all ?ree4 ,x is n to our purpose :e!r x is true or n z a /atem5t ( ! :ole fact4 ,d\btless x 0 n true ( ! g5]al & common circum/ances ( ,s\!rn slav]y2 b ev]y?+ 9 x 0 possible1 & ev5 frequ5t en\gh s t x c\ld n be que/ion$4 ,x pret5d$ no m4 ,b its influ5ce 0 simply trem5d\s4 ,9 book =m x became available 9 #aheb1 & )9 ?ree ye>s1 #ahee1 x 0 common prop]ty ( ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,no o!r book ev] produc$ s extraord9>y an effect s quickly 9 ! public m9d4#da ,x held up slav]y to judgm5t4 ,x cry/alliz$ ! ?\ghts ( common p4 ,! "w ( ^? /r5u\s ye>s 9 ! '#fj's c\ld n h be5 done )\t ! result ( t book4 ,x made hi/ory4 ,come ne>] our own day4 ,we c\ld n be long 9 ,london )\t feel+ ! conc]n ( ! bett] p = conditions 9 ! ,ea/ ,end4 ,a new social impulse has seiz$ !m4 ,to be sure1 x lacks mu* yet ( success2 b m has be5 done ?an mo/ p realize4 ,! new movem5t1 ! awak5+ ( t social s5se1 traces back to ! book ( ,g54 ,william ,boo?1 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,engl& 7#ahij74 ,x has help$ to *ange ! life ( a l>ge "p ( ,london4 ,on ?is side1 ! new conc]n = city conditions dates f ! book ( a newspap] report]1 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 ,h[ ! ,o!r ,half ,lives4 ,x ?ru/ ! ,o!r ,half into su* prom95ce t x has nev] be5 possible to =get x4 ,m>k$ advance 9 all ,am]ican cities1 9 legislation & life1 goes /raight back to x4 ,"n "o o!r book /ill 9 ! field ( social s]vice1 ev5 s unpleasant1 s t]rible1 s obnoxi\s a book z ,upton ,s9clair's ,! ,jungle4 ,x />t$ & su/a9$ movem5ts :i* h unsettl$ bus9ess & political life ev] s9ce x appe>$4 ,x made "s conditions vivid1 unescapable4 ,d n misund]/& ! argum5t4 ,no man c tell :at w be said 9 ! hi/ories a c5tury f n[ ab\t ^! less] books4 ,we c nev] g beyond guesses z to ! :ole cause ( any *a9 ( ev5ts4#db ,z "t passes1 incid5tal elem5ts 9 ! causes gradually s9k out ( sight & a few great =ces take ! :ole horizon4 ,:atev] ! hi/ories a c5tury f n[ say ab\t ! relative place ( su* books z we h nam$1 x is c]ta9 t !y h influ5c$ ! movem5ts mightily4 ,! lit]>y hi/ories w say no?+ at all ab\t !m4 ,!y are n great lit]ature1 b !y 7 born ( a passion ( ! times & voic$ & ar\s$ x anew4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is urg$ t ! ,engli% ,bible has influ5c$ hi/ory1 x is n mak+ an undue claim = x4 ,:5 x is fur!r urg$ t ( all books 9 ,engli% lit]ature x has be5 mo/ influ5tial1 x has mo/ made hi/ory1 x has mo/ det]m9$ great movem5ts1 ! argum5t only claims = x ! highe/ place among books4 ,& x w\ld n be surpris+ if x %\ld h su* influ5ce4 ,x is ! "o great piece ( ,engli% lit]ature :i* is univ]sal prop]ty4 ,s9ce ! day x 0 publi%$ x has be5 kept available = ev]ybody4 ,no o!r book has ev] _h its *ance4 ,engli%-speak+ p h always be5 ess5tially religi\s4 ,!y h always _h a pr(\nd reg>d = ! t]ms1 ! in/itutions1 ! purposes ( religion4 ,p>tly t has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! ,bible2 b ! ,bible 9 its turn has be5 ma9ta9$ by x4 ,s x has come ab\t t ,engli%-speak+ p1 ?\gh !y h _m books1 are ess5tially p ( "o ,book4 ,:]ev] !y are1 ! ,bible is4 ,que5 ,victoria has x ne> by :5 ! mess5g] f ! ,ori5t appe>s1 & lays h] h& ^u x to say t ?is is ! f\ndation ( ! prosp]ity ( ,engl&4 ,b ! poor h\sewife 9 ! cottage1 ) only a cru/ = food1 /ays h] s\l ) x4 ,! ,puritan creeps into hid+ ) ! ,book1 :ile 8 bro!r sails away to ! new l& ) ! ,book4 ,! settl] may h 8 ,%akespe>e2 he w surely h 8 ,bible4 ,z ! long wagon-tra9 creeps across ! pla9 to seek ! ,we/]n %ore1 !re may be no o!r book 9 all ! tra92 b ! ,bible w be !re4 ,f9d any settlem5t ( m5 :o speak ! ,engli% tongue1 :]ev] !y make _! home1 & ! ,bible is among !m4 ,:5 did any book h su* a *ance to influ5ce m58 ,x is ! "o undi/urb$ h]itage ( all :o speak ! ,engli% tongue4 ,x b9ds ! daught] & ! "m c\ntry toge!r1 & ga!rs into ! same bond ! scatt]$ remnants ( ! ,engli%-speak+ race ! _w ar\nd4 ,its language is ! "o spee* !y all und]/&4 ,/range x w\ld be if x _h n a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u hi/ory6 ,ano!r fact t has help$ to give ! ,bible its great influ5ce is ! p[] ( ! prea*+ x has inspir$4 ,! p]iods ( greate/ prea*+ h always be5 ! p]iods ( free/ access to ! ,bible4 ,no "o c ov]look ! imm5se p[] ( ! s]mons ( hi/ory4 ,!re h be5 poor1 inept1 banal expositors1 d\btless2 b ev5 !y turn$ m5's m9ds to ! ,bible4 ,read+ ! ,bible makes m5 ?9k]s1 & s makes prea*]s inevitably4 ,witness ! ,scot*4 ,james 0 rais$ 9 ,scotl& & believ$ 9 ! p[] ( prea*+4 ,at "o "t he want$ to settle end[m5ts = ! ma9t5ance ( prea*+ "u gov]nm5t control4 ,b ,ar*bi%op ,:itgift conv9c$ him t mu* prea*+ 0 an innovation & dang]\s1 s9ce x is q impossible to control a man's m\? once x is giv5 a public *ance4 ,"u ,*>les ,i4 ! s]mon 0 mighty 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,puritans until x 0 suppress$ or re/rict$4 ,!n m5 became lectur]s & exp\nd$ ! ,bible or taught religi\s tru? 9 public or private4 ,ri* m5 engag$ private *apla9s s9ce public meet+s c\ld n be held4 ,someh[ !y taught ! ,bible /ill4 ,ar*bi%op ,laud =bade bo?4 ,yet ! leav5 work$ ! m = its re/riction4 ,at lea/ "o good cook ,i "k says t if y want y\r d\gh to rise & ! yea/ to "w1 y mu/ cov] x4 ,laud did n want x to rise1 b he made ! mi/ake ( cov]+ x4 ,!re has nev] be5 a book :i* has provok$ su* incessant prea*+ & discussion z has ! ,bible4 ,! believ]s 9 ! ,koran tea* x z x is1 ^w = ^w4 ,believ]s 9 ! ,bible h nev] /opp$ ) t4 ,!y h always tri$ to come toge!r & he> x exp\nd$4 ,su* ga!r+s & su* con/ant pressure ( ! ,book on gr\ps ( he>]s w\ld inevitably give ! ,bible great influ5ce4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t 9 ,am]ica alone !re are ea* week approximately f\r hundr$ ?\s& ga!r+s ( p :i* h = _! av[$ purpose in/ruction or inspiration 9 religion1 & t ! in/ruction & inspiration are pr(ess$ly & op5ly drawn f ! ,bible1 t m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& s]mons are prea*$ e week f x & passages ( x read 9 all ! ga!r+s1 x appe>s t ! ,bible _h & /ill has su* a *ance to influ5ce life z no o!r book has _h4 ,presid5t ,s*urman traces a l>ge "p ( our own /rong] ,am]ican life to ! educative p[] ( our ,sundays4 ,b c5tral 9 ! education ( ^? days is n[1 & has be5 f ! fir/ ( our national hi/ory1 ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,bible comes also f ! fact t x makes its *ief appeal to ! deep] elem5ts 9 life4 ,human hi/ory 9 its real "* is n an acc\nt ( k+s & ( w>s2 x is ! unfold+ ( ! moral1 ! political1 ! arti/ic1 ! social1 & ! spiritual progress ( ! human family4 ,! "t w yet come :5 ! names ( dyna/ies & ( battles %all n =m ! titles ( its *apt]s4 ,! tru?s reveal$ 9 ! ,bible h be5 ! t\*/one :i* has tri$ m5's spirits4#dc ,^? words g to ! he>t ( ! fact4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on ,engli%-speak+ hi/ory = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s is only ! influ5ce ( its fundam5tal tru?s4 ,x has mov$ ) trem5d\s impact on ! wills ( m54 ,x has made ! great human ideals cle> & def9ite2 x has made !m beautiful & attractive2 b t has n be5 en\gh4 ,x has rea*$ also ! spr+s ( action4 ,x has giv5 m5 a s5se ( ne$ & also a s5se ( /r5g?1 a s5se ( outrage & a s5se ( p[] to correct ! wrong4 ,!re x has diff]$ f mo/ books4 ,fr$]ick ,rob]tson said t he read only books ) iron 9 !m1 &1 z he read1 _! atoms ( iron ent]$ ! blood1 & x ran m r$ = !m4 ,!re is iron 9 ?is ,book1 & x has ent]$ ! blood ( ! human race4 ,:]e x has ent]$ mo/ freely1 ! r$ has deep5$2 & n[h]e has x deep5$ m ?an 9 our ,engli%-speak+ races4 ,! iron ( our blood is f ?is ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,bism>ck expla9$ ! victories ( ! ,g]mans ov] ! ,fr5* by ! fact t f *ildhood ! ,g]mans _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! s5se ( duty1 z ! ,fr5* _h n be5 tra9$1 & z soldi]s _h le>n$ to feel t no?+ c\ld escape ! ,eye :i* ev] wat*$ _! c\rse4 ,!y le>n$ t1 ,bism>ck said1 f ! religion :i* !y _h be5 taught4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! p[] ( religion 9 r\s+ & %>p5+ ! s5se ( duty4 ,web/] spoke = ! ,engli%-speak+ races1 & f\nd 8 phrases 9 ! ,bible1 :5 he said t ?is s5se pursues u ev]4 ,x is omnipres5t l ! ,deity4 ,if we take to ourselves ! w+s ( ! morn+ & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea1 duty p]=m$ or duty violat$ is /ill ) u = our happ9ess or our mis]y4 ,if we say ! d>kness %all cov] u1 9 ! d>kness z 9 ! light our obligations are yet ) u4 ,we _c escape f _! p[] or fly f _! pres5ce4 ,x is religion :i* makes t s5se ( duty ke52 &1 :atev] religion has done among ,engli%-speak+ races1 ! ,engli% ,bible has done1 = x has be5 ! text-book & ! f9al au?ority ( ^? races 9 ! mov+ ?+s ( _! fai?4 ,x w\ld be easie/ 9 mak+ ! argum5t to s+le out "h & !re ! /rik+ ev5ts 9 :i* ! ,bible has figur$ & let !m /& = ! :ole4 ,!re are _m su* ev5ts1 & !y are attractive4 ,we c imag9e ourselves /&+ on ! %ore at ,dov] 9 #affj1 fifty ye>s aft] ! v]sion 0 issu$1 wait+ ) ! cr[d to see ! bani%$ ,k+ return4 ,! civil w> is ov]1 ! protectorate "u ,cromwell is pa/4 ,*>les ,,ii41 ?ick-lipp$1 s5su\s1 seem+ to belong r to s\!rn ,europe ?an to ,puritan ,engl&1 is ab\t to l& f ,france1 :5ce ! p1 we>i$ ) ,puritan excesses1 h call$ him back4 ,!re is a great cr[d1 b !y d n *e] wildly4 ,!re is some?+ s]i\s on h&4 ,!y mean to welcome ! ,k+2 b x is on condition4 ,_! fir/ act is :5 ! ,mayor ( ,dov] places 9 8 h&s a copy ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 :i* ! ,k+ decl>es he loves above all ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,x proves only a sorry je/2 b ! ,engli% p ?9k x is meant = tru?1 & !y g to _! homes rejoic+4 ,!y rejoic$ too soon1 = ?is is t utt]ly fai?less k+ = :om 8 witty c\rti] propos$ an epitaph3 ,"h lies our sov]eign "l1 ! k+1 ,^: ^w no man relies on2 ,:o nev] said a fooli% ?+1 ,& nev] did a wise "o4#dd ,z at o!r times1 ! ,k+ 0 only talk+ ) no mean+2 b ! p did n "k him yet4 ,!y _h made _! ,bible ! great te/ ( _! lib]ties3 w a k+ /& by t or w he n8 ,if he w n1 let him rememb] ,*>les ! ,fir/6 ,& f t day no ,engli% k+1 no ,am]ican lead]1 has ev] successfully re/rict$ ,engli%-speak+ p f free access to _! great ,book4 ,x has become a bann] ( _! lib]ties4 ,! *ild 0 wis] ?an he knew :5 he 0 ask$ :at lesson we may le>n f ,*>les ,i41 & repli$ t we may le>n t a man %\ld n lose 8 head 9 times ( excitem5t4 ,*>les lo/ 8 head long be=e he laid x on ! block4 ,besides ! sc5e at ,dov]1 we may wat* t great emigration ( ! ,scot*-,iri% f ,ul/]1 beg9n+ 9 #afhi1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ,puritan exodus & eighty ye>s aft] ! v]sion 0 issu$1 :i* peopl$ ! backwoods ( ,am]ica ) a *oice1 /rong population4 ,!y 7 only foll[+ ! "r to wor%ip freely1 ! "r to _! ,bible )\t *a9s on its lids or on ! lips ( its prea*]s4 ,!y 7 mak+ no prote/ aga9/ ,romanism nor aga9/ ,anglicanism 9 !mselves4 ,!y only claim$ ! "r to wor%ip z !y w\ld4 ,"u ,william & ,m>y1 aft] ,james ,,ii4 _h fl$ to ,france1 tol]ation became ! law 9 ,engl&2 b :5 ,irel& 0 reconqu]$ by ,william's g5]als1 ! act ( tol]ation 0 n ext5d$ to x4 ,bapti/s1 ,presbyt]ians1 all except ! small ,anglican ,*ur*1 7 put "u ! ban & =bidd5 to wor%ip4 ,b ! ,bible _h made submission impossible1 & !re came ab\t t great exodus to ! new l& :i* has s bless$ x4 ,!re are o!r signal ev5ts :i* might be obs]v$4 ,b all ! :ile !re w\ld be dang] ( magnify+ ! importance ( ev5ts :i* seem to prove ! po9t4 ,! view ne$s to be a m g5]al "o in/ead4 ,! p]iod is n long--?ree hundr$ ye>s at ! mo/--?\gh x has a backgr\nd ( all ,engli% hi/ory4 ,we h already se5 h[ f ! fir/ !re h be5 det]m9$ ef=ts to make ! ,bible common to ! p2 yet1 ( c\rse1 ! influ5ce ( our v]sion c appe> only 9 ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s s9ce x 0 issu$4 ,t %ort p]iod has n only be5 int]e/+ almo/ to ! po9t ( excitem5t 9 ,engli% life1 b x cov]s virtually all ,am]ican life4 ,take1 !re=e1 ! broad] view ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on hi/ory1 ap>t f ^! /rik+ ev5ts4 ,x is to be assum$ at once t mu* ( its influ5ce is indirect4 ,inde$1 its *ief influ5ce mu/ be ?r\gh m5 :o prove to be lead]s & ?r\gh t public s5tim5t )\t :i* lead]s are p[]less4 ,if lead]s live by x & /& or fall by its tea*+1 !n _! "w is its "w4 ,if !y f9d a public s5tim5t issu+ f x :i* gives !m p[]1 a s5tim5t :i* cry/allizes ar\nd !m :5 !y appe>1 because x is ( k9dr$ _s ) !mselves1 !n ! p[] ( t s5tim5t is ! p[] ( ! ,bible4 ,! influ5ce ( ,pilgrim's ,progress or ,! ,sa9t's ,re/ is ! influ5ce ( ,bunyan & ,baxt]2 b back ( !m is ! ,bible4 ,9 language1 9 idea1 9 _s1 !y 7 only mak+ ! ,bible a common ,book to _! read]s4 ,_! value = life & hi/ory is ! ,bible's value = life & hi/ory4 ,! p[] ( great s\ls is frequ5tly & easily und]e/imat$4 ,sci5tific /udy has t5d$ to t by magnify+ visible conditions & by try+ to calculate ! =ce ( laws :i* are 9 pla9 sight4 ,buckle's !ory ( civilization has influ5c$ our times greatly4 ,x expla9s national "* z ! outcome ( natural conditions1 & lays su* /ress on circum/ances z left x possible = ,buckle to decl>e t hi/ory & biography are 9 diff]5t sph]es4 ,x is /ill true1 h[ev]1 t mo/ hi/ory turns on biography4 ,great s\ls h be5 ! *ief factors 9 great movem5ts4 ,:e!r ! movem5t c\ld h occurr$ )\t !m w nev] be possible to decide1 if x %\ld be disput$4 ,9 a *emical laboratory ! ess5tial factors ( any ph5om5on c be det]m9$ by ! process ( elim9ation4 ,all ! elem5ts :i* prec$$ x except "o c be introduc$2 if ! result is ! same z 9 its pres5ce1 manife/ly x is n ess5tial4 ,s ! exp]im5t c g on until ! result becomes diff]5t1 :5 x is evid5t t ! la/ omitt$ elem5t is an ess5tial "o4 ,b no su* process is possible 9 great hi/orical movem5ts4 ,! only c\rse op5 to u is to consid] c>efully ! elem5ts :i* d appe>4 ,take ?ree great movem5ts :i* are easie/ to foll[ 9 ^! ?ree c5turies4 ,:e!r ! spiritual indep5d5ce ( ,engl& w\ld h be5 secur$ )\t ! ,quak]s may be debat$2 b ?is fact c h>dly be debat$3 c]ta9ly x 0 n s secur$2 :e!r or n ! ,quak]s c\ld h be5 )\t ,george ,fox1 c]ta9ly !y did n occur )\t him4 ,take ! second3 :e!r or n "s o!r movem5t c\ld h done :at ,puritanism did is h>dly a "q = hi/ory2 ,puritanism actually did ! "w = ,engl& & ,am]ica :i* gave bo? _! /ronge/ qualities4 ,!re is no te/+ ! p]iod to see :e!r ,puritanism c\ld be left out4 ,!re x /&s z a p[]ful factor1 & no analysis ( ! hi/ory c possibly omit x4 ,or ! ?ird3 x is n a "q = a hi/orian :e!r ,engli% hi/ory c\ld h be5 ! same )\t ,me?odism & :e!r ,me?odism c\ld h be5 at all )\t ! ,wesleys2 c]ta9ly no?+ took its place1 nor did any "o else /& at ! head ( ! movem5t4 ,"h are ^! ?ree great movem5ts1 n to seek o!rs4 ,all ( !m h _h trem5d\s influ5ce 9 ! religi\s & political hi/ory ( bo? ! nations :]e !y h mov$ mo/ freely4 ,ea* ( !m is a direct & undisput$ result ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,mu* has already be5 said ( ! ,puritans 9 ,engl&1 & !re w be occasion to see :at 0 _! influ5ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,b ?9k = a mom5t ( ! ,quak]s4 ,james ,freeman ,cl>k calls !m ! ,engli% my/ics2 c]ta9ly !y 7 m ?an t4#de ,george ,fox _h little le>n+ b ! ,bible2 t he knew well4 ,he fir/ came to himself out 9 ! fields alone ) ! ,bible4 ,he 0 n /irr$ to ! orig9 ( ! movem5t nor to 8 greate/ activity by exp]i5ces he _h 9 public places4 ,he came to ^? public places pr(\ndly affect$ by 8 famili>ity ) ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,he came at a "t :5 8 prote/ 0 ne$$1 a prote/ aga9/ =malism1 aga9/ m]e outw>d con=mity4 ,a ?\s& ye>s be=e1 ,mohamm$anism _h really sav$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? by its prote/1 viol5t & m]ciless1 aga9/ its errors1 *all5g+ x to purity 9 fai? & life4 ,n[ ,fox & ! ,quak]s sav$ *ur* life by prote/ aga9/ *ur* life4 ,! ,bible 0 /ill ! law1 b n ! ,bible :i* y read = me1 b t :i* y read = y & ,i = me1 ea* ( u guid$ by an inn] light4 ,! ,quak] movem5t 0 a di/9ct prote/ aga9/ *ur* =malism 9 ! int]e/s ( fre$om ( ! ,bible4 ,t ,quak] influ5ce 0 f> /rong] 9 ,am]ica ?an x ev] prov$ to be 9 ,engl&4 ,george ,fox himself visit$ ! colonies & ext5d$ its influ5ce4 ,?ree great effects are easily traceable4 ,! v pres5ce ( ! ,quak]s 9 ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 notably 9 ,massa*usetts1 & ! p]secutions :i* !y endur$1 did m to purify ! ,puritans ?an any o!r "o influ5ce4 ,"o is only loyal to ! ,puritan "* & tea*+ 9 decl>+ t 9 ! mann] ( ! ,puritans t[>d ! ,quak]s !y 7 wrong2 !y 7 wrong because !y 7 untrue to _! own belief1 untrue to _! own ,bibles1 & :5 ! m ?\ghtful among !m f\nd t !y 7 tak+ ! attitude t[>d ! ,quak]s :i* !y _h res5t$ t[>d !mselves1 rememb]+ t ! ,quak]s 7 draw+ _! tea*+ f ! same ,bible z !mselves1 !y 7 naturally *eck$4 ,&1 :ile ! ,quak]s 9 ,new ,engl& suff]$ greatly1 _! suff]+ prov$ ! purification ( ! ,puritans4 ,x acc5t$ & s x remov$ ! n>r[ness ( ,puritan practice4 ,fur!r1 ! ,quak] movem5t gave to ,am]ican hi/ory ,william ,p5n & ! :ole con/itution ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x 0 !re t a /ate fir/ liv$ by ! pr9ciple :i* ,william ,p5n pron\nc$3 ,any gov]nm5t is free :]e ! p are a p>ty to ! laws enact$4 ,s x came ab\t t ,indep5d5ce ,hall is on ,quak] soil4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce appe>$ !re1 & n on ,puritan soil4 ,x may be !re 0 m fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x may be expla9$ on purely geographical gr\nd1 ,philadelphia be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t c5t] = ! colonies4 ,b x rema9s significant t n on ,cavali] soil 9 ,virg9ia1 n on ,dut* soil 9 ,new ,york1 n on ,puritan soil 9 ,bo/on1 b on ,quak] soil 9 ,philadelphia ! movem5t = national indep5d5ce cry/alliz$ ar\nd a g5]al pr9ciple t any gov]nm5t is free :]e ! p are a p>ty to ! laws enact$1 b t no gov]nm5t is free ^: p h n a voice4 ,t is n m9imiz+ ! p[] ( ,puritanism1 nor =gett+ ,fanueil ,hall & ! ,tea ,p>ty4 ,x only acc5ts :at %\ld be famili>3 t ,puritanism drew into itself m ( ! fight+ elem5t ( ,scripture1 :ile ! ,quak] movem5t drew into itself m ( ! unit+1 pacify+ elem5t ( ,scripture4 ,! ?ird effect ( ! ,quak] movem5t is ,john ,gre5leaf ,:itti]1 ) 8 g5tle b nev] weak dem& t national fre$om %\ld n mean indep5d5ce ( o!r p alone1 b ! indep5d5ce ( all p )9 ! nation4 ,s t :ile ! ,quak] _s help$ ! colonies to break loose f =eign control & become a nation1 x help$ ! nation 9 turn to break loose f int]nal %ackles4 ,! nation /ood free )9 itself z well z free f o!rs4 ,yet ! ,quak] movem5t--& ?is is ! argum5t--is itself ! result ( ! ,engli% ,bible1 & ! ,quak] influ5ce is ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,bible on hi/ory4 ,!re is n ne$ = ext5d$ ^w ab\t ! great ,wesleyan movem5t 9 ! mid/ ( ?is p]iod1 :i* has s pr(\ndly affect$ bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,x has n work$ out into su* visible political =ms4 ,b any movem5t t makes = l>g] spiritual life makes = ! /r5g!n+ ( ! entire life ( ! nation4 ,! m]e figures ( ! e>ly ,wesleyan movem5t are almo/ appall+4 ,"h 0 a man1 ,john ,wesley1 an ,ox=d s*ol>1 :o sp5t ne>ly fifty ye>s travel+ up & d[n & back & =? ?r\gh ,engl& on horseback1 cov]+ m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles1 prea*+ ev]y:]e m ?an =ty ?\s& times1 writ+1 translat+1 edit+ two hundr$ works4 ,:5 dea? end$ 8 busy life !re 7 9 8 newly =m$ bro!rhood "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ?\s& memb]s1 ) five hundr$ & fifty it9]ants :o 7 foll[+ 8 example ) incessant prea*+ & ,bible exposition4 ,x 0 ! old ,wiclif-,loll>d movem5t ov] aga94 ,& "h 0 ! o!r ,wesley1 ,*>les1 tea*+ ,engl& to s+ aga91 tea*+ ! old tru?s ( ! ,bible 9 rhyme to _m :o c\ld n read1 s t !y became famili>1 writ+ on horseback1 9 /age-coa*es1 ev]y:]e1 writ+ ) "o passion1 to help ,engl& back to ! ,bible & its tru?4 ,su* activity c\ld n leave ! nation unmov$2 all its religi\s life felt x1 & its political life f s]f to k+ 0 deeply affect$ by x4 ,x is a common say+ t ! ,wesleyan movem5t sav$ ,engli% lib]ty f ,european entanglem5t4 ,yet ! ,wesleyan movem5t issu$ f ! ,bible & l$ ,engl& back to ! ,bible4 ,b ap>t f ^! wide movem5ts & ! great s\ls :o l$ !m1 !re is "t = ?\ght ( "o typical "* on ea* side ( ! sea :o did n s mu* make a movem5t z he prov$ ! po9t ar\nd :i* a great fluid idea cry/alliz$ into /r5g?4 ,across ! sea ! "* %all be t man :om ,c>lyle gave back to u out ( obloquy & misund]/&+1 ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,*oos+ him1 we pass o!r names :i* cr[d into memory1 names ( m5 :o h s]v$ ! ne$ ( ,engl& well--,wilb]=ce1 ,john ,h[>d1 ,%aftesbury1 ,glad/one--:o drew _! /r5g? f ?is ,book4 ,yet we *oose ,cromwell n[ = argum5t4 ,on ?is side x mu/ be t be/ kn[n1 mo/ belov$1 mo/ typical ( all ,am]icans1 ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,an ,engli% hi/orian has said t ! mo/ influ5tial1 ! mo/ unescapable ye>s 9 ,engli% hi/ory are ^? ( ! ,protectorate4 ,t is a /rong say+4 ,!y 7 brief ye>s4 ,!re 7 _m factors 9 !m4 ,oliv] ,cromwell 0 only "o1 b he 0 *ief ( all4 ,he 0 n *ief 9 ! c\ncils :i* result$ 9 ! behead+ ( ,*>les ,i4 on t #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #afdi1 ?\gh he took "p 9 !m4 ,increas+ly 9 ! movem5ts :i* l$ to t ev5t & :i* foll[$ x he 0 gr[+ into prom95ce4 ,aft] ,m>/on ,moor1 ,pr9ce ,rup]t nam$ him ,ironsides1 & 8 regim5t ( pick$ m51 pick$ = _! _s1 w5t always into battle s++ psalms1 & 7 nev] beat54 ,z he rode out to ! field at ,naseby 7#afde7 he knew he fac$ ! fl[] ( ! loyali/ army1 :ile ) him 7 only untra9$ m52 yet he smil$1 z he said aft]w>d1 9 ! assurance t ,god w\ld1 by ?+s t are n1 br+ to naught ?+s t are4 ,!n he adds1 ,god did x4 ,nev] did he raise 8 flag b 9 ! int]e/s ( ! lib]ty ( ! p1 & back ( e movem5t ( 8 army !re 0 8 confid5ce 9 ! ,bible1 :i* 0 8 ma9/ay4 ,!y (f]$ him ! ?rone2 he w\ld n h x4 ,he dissolv$ ! ,p>liam5t :i* _h dragg$ on until ! pati5ce ( ! p 0 exhau/$4 ,he call$ ano!r to s]ve _! ne$4 ,! ev5+ be=e x met he sp5t 9 m$itation on ! ,"o hundr$ & ?ird ,psalm4 ,! ev5+ be=e ! second ,p>liam5t ( 8 ,protectorate he brood$ on ! ,eighty-fif? ,psalm1 & op5$ ! ,p>liam5t next day ) an exposition ( x4 ,! man 0 saturat$ ) ,scripture4 ,yes1 ! times 7 rude4 ,x 0 an ,old ,te/am5t age1 & 9 "r ,old ,te/am5t _s did ,cromwell "w4 ,& x seem$ t 8 "w fail$4 ,!re 0 no "o to succe$ him1 & soon aft] 8 dea? came ! ,re/oration & ! return ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ( :i* we h already spok51 9 :i* occurr$ t h9t ( ! real s5tim5t ( ! ,engli% p :i* a wise man _h bett] h tak54 ,yet1 recall :at actually happ5$4 ,misund]/&+ ! _s ( ! ,engli% p1 :i* ,cromwell _h help$ to =m1 b :i* 9 turn _h made ,cromwell possible1 ! s]vile c\rti]s ( ! false k+ une>!d ! ,protector's body1 ?ree ye>s buri$1 hang$ x on a gall[s 9 ,tyburn = a day1 behead$ x1 & ?rew ! trunk into a pit4 ,8 head !y mock+ly set on a p9nacle ( ! ,p>liam5t ,hall1 :5ce = "s weeks x look$ ov] ! city :i* he _h s]v$4 ,!n1 dur+ a great /orm1 x came clatt]+ d[n1 only a poor dri$ skull1 & disappe>$ no "o kn[s :]e4 ,b :5 y /& opposite ! great ,p>liam5t build+s 9 ,london to-day1 ! mo/ beautiful build+s = _! purpose 9 ! _w1 ! build+s :]e ! lib]ties ( ! ,engli% express !mselves ye> aft] ye>1 ^: is ! "o /atue t f9ds place )9 ! inclosure1 ne> ! spot :]e t poor skull came rattl+ d[n8 ,n ,*>les ,,ii4--y %all look 9 va9 = him4 ,n ,george ,monk1 :o br\ght back ! ,k+--y %all n f9d him !re4 ,! "o /atue :i* ,engl& has c>$ to plant beside its ,p>liam5t build+s is t ( ,oliv] ,cromwell1 its ,"l ,protector4 ,!re he /&s1 w>n+ k+s 9 ! int]e/s ( lib]ty4 ,john ,morley makes no ideal ( him4 ,he ?9ks he r clos$ ! m$ieval p]iod ?an op5$ ! mod]n p]iod2 b he w n h ,cromwell comp>$ to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o spoke ) a sne] ( mank9d4 ,cromwell belong$ to ! r>] & nobl] type ( gov]n+ m51 :o see ! gold5 side1 :o c\nt fai?1 piety1 hope among ! c\nsels ( practical wisdom1 & :o = political p[] mu/ ev] seek a moral base4 ,t is a r>e & noble type ( m51 :e!r !y gov]n or n4 ,b no man ( t type gov]ns )\t r$ blood 9 8 ve9s2 & ! iron t made ?is man's blood run r$ came f ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,x is a f> cry f ,oliv] ,cromwell to ,abraham ,l9coln--f> 9 ye>s1 f> 9 de$s1 f> 9 me?ods1 b n f> 9 _s4 ,great m5 are k9dr$1 g5]ations ov]4 ,we pass f ! ,old ,te/am5t into ! ,new :5 we pass f ,cromwell to ,l9coln2 b we /ill feel ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,f ! days ( ! ,puritans1 ! ,quak]s & ! ,dut*1 hi/ory _h be5 prep>+ = ?is "t4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h done 8 great "w = human lib]ty2 he _h summ$ up 8 hope = ! nation 9 8 memorable address 9 #aghg1 :5 he /ood eighty-"o ye>s old1 be=e ! conv5tion assembl$ to frame a con/itution = ! new gov]nm5t4 ,he rem9d$ !m t at ! beg9n+ ( ! conte/ ) ! ,briti% !y _h _h daily pray]s 9 t room 9 ,philadelphia = ! ,div9e protection1 & said3 ,i h liv$ = a long "t1 & ! long] ,i live ! m conv9c+ pro( ,i see ( ?is tru?1 t ,god gov]ns 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,& if a sp>r[ _c fall to ! gr\nd )\t ,8 notice1 is x probable t an empire c rise )\t ,8 aid8 ,we h be5 assur$1 ,sir1 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 t ',except ! ,"l build ! h\se1 !y labor 9 va9 t build x4' ,i firmly believe ?is1 & ,i also believe t )\t ,8 concurr+ aid we %all proce$ 9 ?is political build+ no bett] ?an ! build]s ( ,babel4 ,i !re=e beg leave to move t1 h5ce=?1 pray]s implor+ ! assi/ance ( ,heav5 & its bless+ on our delib]ation be held 9 ?is assembly e morn+ be=e we proce$ to bus9ess1 & t "o or m ( ! cl]gy ( ?is city be reque/$ to (ficiate 9 t s]vice4 ,george ,wa%+ton s\nd$ a famili> note 9 8 f>ewell address3 ,( all ! dispositions & habits :i* lead to political prosp]ity1 religion & morality are indisp5sable supports4 ,a volume c\ld n trace all _! connection ) private & public felicity4 ,let u ) caution indulge ! supposition t morality c be ma9ta9$ )\t religion4 ,:atev] may be conc$$ to ! influ5ce ( ref9$ education on m9ds ( peculi> /ructure1 reason & exp]i5ce bo? =bid u to expect t national morality c prevail 9 exclusion ( religi\s pr9ciples4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ( :om x is sometimes said t he 0 indiff]5t to religion1 _h yet done 8 great "w "u inspiration1 :i* he himself ackn[l$ges 9 8 inaugural address1 :5 he speaks ( ! nation z enlight5$ by a b5ign religion1 pr(ess$ inde$1 & practis$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 yet all ( !m inculcat+ hone/y1 tru?1 temp]ance1 gratitude1 & ! love ( man2 ackn[l$g+ & ador+ an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce1 :i* by all its disp5sation proves t x results 9 ! happ9ess ( man "h & 8 great] happ9ess h]eaft]4 ,great] ?an ,jeff]son _h appe>$ ,john ,m>%all1 greate/ ( our ,*ief ,ju/ices1 l 9 _s to t ,john ,m>%all ,h>lan1 ^: dea? m>k$ ! ye> :i* has j clos$1 ( :om 8 colleagues said t he w5t to 8 re/ ea* night ) "o h& on ! ,bible & ! o!r on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a description :i* c\ld almo/ be transf]r$ to 8 great pr$ecessor 9 t c\rt4 ,moreov]1 :5 ,l9coln came1 ,joseph ,/ory1 ! greate/ tea*] ( law :i* our c\ntry _h produc$1 _h only j di$ f 8 place on ! ,supreme ,b5*4 ,9 8 ,phi ,beta ,kappa address at ,h>v>d 7#ahbf71 9 a brilliant & ma/]ful analysis ( ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,age1 he _h paid tribute aft] tribute to ! p[] ( religion & ! ,bible4 ,he _h decl>$ 8 belief t ! religion ( ! ,bible _h e/abli%$ itself 9 ! he>ts ( m5 by all :i* g5ius c\ld br+ to illum9e or eloqu5ce to grace its sublime tru?s4 ,( ! same p]iod ) ,l9coln 0 also ,web/]1 :o 0 call$ ! concordance ( ! ,h\se4 ,_m ( 8 /ately p]iods & great ideas came f ! ,bible4 ,inde$1 !re is no oratory ( our hi/ory1 :i* has surviv$ ! wa/e ( ! ye>s1 :i* does n feel & %[ ! p[] ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,engli% ,bible has giv5 our f9e/ eloqu5ce its ideas1 its ideals1 its illu/rations1 its phrases4 ,! l9e is unbrok54 ,& x leads to ?is tall figure1 cr[n$ ) a noble head1 8 face ! sadde/ 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 :o knew ,ge?semane 9 all its pa?s4 ,! he>t ( ! ,am]ican p has always be5 t\*$ by 8 e>ly ye>s ( abject pov]ty4 ,b !re 7 comp5sations4 ,he _h few books1 & !y ent]$ 8 blood & fib]4 ,9 8 e>lie/ =mative ye>s !re 7 six books :i* he read & re-read4 ,nicolay & ,hay "n ! ,bible fir/ 9 ! li/1 ) ,pilgrim's ,progress z ! f\r?4 ,mr4 ,morse calls x a small libr>y1 b n\ri%+1 & says t ,l9coln absorb$ into 8 own nature all ! /rong juice ( ! books4#df ,h[ mu* he drew f ! pages ( ! ,holy ,book let any read] ( 8 spee*es say4 ,quotation1 ref]5ce1 illu/ration cr[d ea* o!r4 ,! phrases are famili>4 ,! man is full ( ! ,book4 ,& :at ! man does is "p ( ! "w ( ! ,book4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s says t !re is no?+ 9 ! life or "w ( ,l9coln :i* _c be expla9$ )\t ref]5ce to any sup]natural influ5ce or p[]4 ,t dep5ds on :at is meant by sup]natural4 ,!re 7 no miracles1 no a/\nd+ visions nor exp]i5ces4 ,b !re ran into ,l9coln's life f 8 "y manhood onw>d ?is /eady & /rong curr5t ( ideas & ideals f ! ,bible4 ,9 8 second inaugural address he word$ ! ?\ght t 0 ! deepe/ horror ( ! ,civil ,w>--t on bo? sides ( ! /rife m5 7 read+ ! same ,bible1 pray+ to ! same ,god1 & invok+ ,8 aid aga9/ ea* o!r6 ,9 t v brief inaugural ,mr4 ,l9coln quotes 9 full ?ree ,bible v]ses1 & makes ref]5ce to two o!rs1 & ! :ole address la/$ b>ely f\r m9utes4 ,!re c\ld be no mi/ak+ ! solemn importance ( ! fact to :i* he ref]r$ 9 ! inaugural1 ! pres5ce on ! o!r side ( m5 :o held _! ,bibles high 9 reg>d4 ,/onewall ,jackson 0 dev\t beyond mo/ m54 ,! two books always at 8 h& 7 8 ,bible & ! ,manual ( ! ,rules ( ,w>4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee 0 a cultur$1 ,*ri/ian g5tleman1 z 7 _m o!rs ) him1 :ile ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? 7 multitudes :o lov$ & rev]5c$ ! ,bible z fully z c\ld any 9 ! ,nor?4 ,z we look back ov] half a c5tury1 ?is comes out pla9ly3 t s f> z ! ,am]ican civil w> 0 a /rife ab\t union pure & simple1 hav+ "o nation or two "h 9 our "p ( ! cont95t1 x 0 matt] ( judgm5t1 n ( religion4 ,!re grew ar\nd t "q c]ta9 o!rs ( national honor & obligation1 :i* 7 n s cle> !n z n[4 ,b m5 on opposite sides ( ! "q might read ! same ,bible )\t f9d+ au?oritative ^w ab\t x4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! w> _h at its he>t ! matt] ( human slav]y1 x 0 possible = m5 to diff] only :5 "o side read ! lett] ( ! ,bible :ile ! o!r read its manife/ _s4 ,writt5 9 times :5 slav]y 0 c\nt$ matt] ( c\rse1 its lett] dealt ) slav]y z a fact4 ,x c\ld be read z ?\gh x approv$ slav]y4 ,b long be=e ?is day m5 _h f\nd its true _s4 ,engl& _h aboli%$ slav]y 7#ahjh7 "u ! insi/5ce t x 0 =eign to all "r und]/&+ ( ,god's ,^w4 ,l9coln knew its lett] well2 he c>$ = its _s m1 & he f\nd 8 /r5g? n 9 ! famili> say+ t ,god 0 on 8 side1 b 9 ! m =ceful "o t he believ$ himself to be on ,god's side4 ,s he became a po9t ar\nd :i* ! great fluid idea cry/alliz$ into /r5g?--a po9t made & su/a9$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible1 :i* he knew only 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h spok5 ( "s wide movem5ts & ( m5 ar\nd :om !y cry/alliz$1 f9d+ 9 !m ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,x w be well to note two out/&+ traits ( ! ,bible :i* 9 ,engli% or any o!r tongue w\ld inevitably t5d to /rong & favorable influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( m54 ,^? two traits are1 fir/1 its ess5tial democracy1 &1 secondly1 its p]si/5t moral appeal4 ,"h mu/ be recall$ t c5tury be=e ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 :5 by sl[ filtration ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,bible 7 ent]+ ,engli% life4 ,surely x is beyond words t ! ,bible made ,puritanism1 ?\gh x 0 9 /rong sw+ :5 ,james came to ! ?rone4 ,n[ ,john ,ri*>d ,gre5 is well )9 ! fact :5 he says t ,puritanism may fairly claim to be ! fir/ political sy/em :i* recogniz$ ! gr&eur ( ! p z a :ole4#dg ,x 0 ! magnify+ ( ! p z a :ole ov] aga9/ "s p z hav+ peculi> rights :i* m>k$ ,puritanism1 & :i* is democracy4 ,%akespe>e knew no?+ ( x1 & _h no influ5ce on ! movem5t = l>g] democracy4 ,aft] we h said our /rong ^w ( ,%akespe>e's p[]ful influ5ce ^u lit]ature x yet mu/ be said t x is difficult to lay f+] on "o s+le hi/orical movem5t except ! lit]>y "o :i* ,%akespe>e ev5 remotely influ5c$4 ,! ,bible1 mean:ile1 0 absolutely creat+ ?is movem5t4 ,"u its influ5ce ! meane/ peasant felt himself ennobl$ z ! *ild ( ,god1 ! pr\de/ noble recogniz$ a spiritual equality ) ! meane/ sa9t4 ,t 0 ! inevitable result ( a fre% read+ ( ! ,bible 9 e home4 ,x assur$ ea* man t he is a son ( ,god1 equal 9 t son%ip ) all o!r m54 ,x assur$ him no man has "r to "l x ov] o!rs1 z ?\gh 8 relation to ,god 7 peculi>4 ,! ,bible con/antly impresses m5 t ?is relation to ,god is ! ess5tial "o4 ,ev]y?+ else is incid5tal4 ,grant$ n[ a p fre%ly "u ! influ5ce ( t tea*+1 y h a l>ge explanation ( ! movem5t :i* foll[$ ! issuance ( ?is v]sion4 ,james op5$ 8 fir/ p>liam5t 7#afjd7 ) a spee* claim+ div9e "r1 a doctr9e :i* _h really be5 rais$ to meet ! claim ( ! "r ( ! pope to depose k+s4 ,james argu$ t ! /ate ( mon>*y is ! supreme/ ?+ on e>?1 = k+s are n only ,god's lieut5ants on e>? & set ^u ,god's ?rone1 b ev5 by ,god ,himself are call$ gods4 7,he nev] f\nd t 9 ! ,g5evan v]sion or its notes67 ,z to dispute :at ,god may d is blasphemy1 s x is s$ition 9 subjects to dispute :at ! k+ may d 9 ! height ( 8 p[]4 ,i w n be cont5t t my p[] be disput$ on4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons sat by 8 grace & n ( any "r4 ,set t idea ( ,james ov] aga9/ ! idea :i* ! ,bible 0 con/antly develop+ 9 ! m9d ( ! p1 & y see :y ,trevelyan says t ! ,bible br\ght 9 democracy1 & :y he ?9ks1 z we h already se51 t ! greate/ contribution ,engl& has made to gov]nm5t is its treatm5t ( ! ,/u>ts1 :5 x transf]r$ sov]eignty f ! k+ to ,p>liam5t4 ,among ! m5 :o li/5$ to t k9d ( tea*+ 7 ,eliot1 ,hampd51 ,pym1 all ,puritans "u ! spell ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! /rife grew l>g] ?an a m]ely ,puritan "o4 ,! p !mselves 7 /rongly feel+ _! rights4 ,to ! dev\t ,engli%man1 mu* z he might love 8 pray]-book & hate ! diss5t]s1 ! core ( religion 0 ! life ( family pray] & ,bible /udy1 :i* ! ,puritans _h = a hundr$ ye>s /ruggl$ n 9 va9 to make ! cu/om ( ! l&4 ,x 0 ?is _s :i* ,james met4 ,we h already ?\ght suffici5tly ( ! ev5ts :i* actually foll[$4 ,! f9al rupture ( ,*>les ,i4 ) p>liam5t>y in/itutions 0 due to ! religi\s situation4 ,!re 7 _m ,bible-read+ families1 le>n+ _! own rights1 :ile k+s & favorites 7 plott+ w>4 ,laud & ! bi%ops =bade non-con=m+ ga!r+s1 b !y c\ld n prev5t a man's ga!r+ 8 h\sehold ab\t him :ile he read ! great /ories ( ! ,bible1 9 :i* no k+ rul$ :5 he _h ceas$ to advance 8 k+dom1 9 :i* ea* man 0 %ut up to ,god 9 ! mo/ vital ?+s ( 8 life4 ,! discussion ( ! "t grew ke5 ab\t pr$e/9ation & free-w4 ,"o meant t only ,god _h p[]2 ! o!r meant t m51 & if m51 !n specially k+s1 might control o!r m5 if only !y c\ld4 ,n fully1 b vaguely1 ! cr[d und]/ood4 ,v fully1 & n vaguely1 ! lead]s und]/ood4 ,pr$e/9ation & ,p>liam5t became a cry4 ,t is1 control lift$ out ( ! h&s ( ! free-w ( "s mon>* into ! h&s ( a sov]eign ,god to :om e man _h ! same access t any o!r man _h4 ,laud decre$ t all su* discussion %\ld cease4 ,he reviv$ an old decree t no book c\ld be pr9t$ )\t cons5t ( an ar*bi%op or ! ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,s ! books became secret & m virul5t ea* ye>4 ,! civil w> 7#afdb-df7 betwe5 ,*>les & ,p>liam5t 0 a w> ( ideas4 ,x is sometimes call$ a w> ( religion1 n q fairly4 ,x 0 due to ! religi\s situation1 b actually x 0 = ! lib]ties ( ! p aga9/ ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,& t "q root$ f> d[n 9 ano!r reg>d+ ! rights ( m5 to be free 9 _! religi\s life4 ,*>les /ruck 8 co9 at ,ox=d ) ! ,lat9 inscription3 ,! ,prote/ant religion2 ! laws ( ,engl&2 ! lib]ties ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b he /ruck x too late4 ,he _h be5 trifl+ ) ! fre$om ( ! p1 & !y _h le>n$ f _! fireside ,bibles & f _! pulpits t no man may comm& ano!r 9 8 relation to ,god4 ,x 0 long aft] t ,burns describ$ ,! ,cott>'s ,saturday ,night2 b he 0 only describ+ a condition :i* 0 already 9 vogue1 & :i* 0 hav+ trem5d\s influ5ce 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ,scotl&3 ,! *e]fu' supp] done1 wi' s]i\s face1 ,!y1 r\nd ! +le1 =m a circle wide2 ,! sire turns o'er1 wi' patri>*al grace1 ,! big ha' ,bible1 ance 8 fa!r's pride3 ,8 bonnet rev'r5tly is laid aside1 ,8 ly>t haffets we>+ ?9 an' b>e2 ,^? /ra9s t once did sweet 9 ,zion glide1 ,he wales a portion ) judici\s c>e1 ,& ',let u wor%ip ,god6' he says1 ) solemn air4 ,"u su* guidance z ?is ! p ( ,engl&1 ,puritans & o!rs1 relax$ ! p[] ( ! ,/u>ts & became a democracy4 ,= democracy is n a =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,x c exi/ "u mon>*y1 provid$ ! mon>*y is a conv5i5ce ( ! w ( ! p1 z x is 9 ,engl&4 ,x c exi/ "u in/itutions l our own1 provid$ !y also are held z a conv5i5ce ( ! p4 ,?is 0 no rebellion aga9/ "s =m ( mon>*y4 ,x 0 simply a claim ( e man to h 8 rights be=e ,god4 ,"u ! ,p>liam5t ( eighte5 ye>s duration1 ! ,indep5d5ts1 ,presbyt]ians1 & all o!r non-con=m+ bodies suff]$ z heavily z "u ,james & ,*>les1 yet !y did n flee ! l&4 ,_! battle 0 really won4 ,!y believ$ ! "t w\ld come :5 !y z "p ( ! p :o n[ gov]n$ %\ld ass]t !mselves4 ,if !y 7 p]secut$1 x 0 "u a gov]nm5t :]e yet !y might hope = _! rights4 ,flee+ f ,engl& 9 #afbj 0 h]oism2 flee+ 9 #afdj w\ld h be5 c[>dly4 ,x is impossible to calculate :at 0 ! revelation to ! read]s ( ! ,engli% ,bible ( _! rights4 ,let ,trevelyan tell ! /ory3 ,:ile o!r lit]>y movem5ts1 h[ev] noble 9 quality1 affect only a few1 ! /udy ( ! ,bible 0 becom+ ! national education4 ,recomm5d$ by ! k+1 translat$ by ! ,bi%ops1 yet 9 *ief reque/ ) ! ,puritans1 )\t ! rivalry ( books & newspap]s1 ! ,bible told to ! uns*ol>ly ! /ory ( ano!r age & race1 n 9 bald g5]alization & doctr9al h>angue1 b ) su* weal? ( simple n>rative & lyrical =ce t ea* man recogniz$ 8 own dim /riv+s aft] a new _s1 writt5 cle> 9 words two ?\s& ye>s old4 ,a deep & spl5did effect 0 wr\ght by ! monopoly ( ?is ,book z ! sole read+ ( common h\seholds1 9 an age :5 m5's m9ds 7 in/9ct ) natural poetry & op5 to receive ! light ( imag9ation4 ,a new religion arose1 ( :i* ! my?us 0 ! ,bible /ories & ! p]vad+ _s ! direct relations ( man ) ,god1 exemplifi$ 9 ! human life4 ,&1 :ile imag9ation 0 k9dl$1 ! intellect 0 fre$ by ?is private /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,= its private /udy involv$ its private int]pretation4 ,ea* read]1 ev5 if a ,*ur*man1 became 9 "s sort a *ur* to himself4 ,h5ce ! hundr$ sects & ?\s& doctr9es t a/oni%$ =eign]s & op5$ ,engl&'s /range pa? to intellectual lib]ty4 ,! ,bible cultivat$ "h1 m ?an 9 any o!r l&1 ! gr[? ( intellectual ?\ght & practice4#dh ,all t has seem$ to ref] only to ,engl&1 b ! same ess5tial democracy ( ! ,bible came to ,am]ica & f\nd$ ! new nation4 ,x 0 a h&ful ( ,puritans turn$ ,pilgrims :o set out 9 ! ,mayfl[] to give _! ,bible ideas free field4 ,9 a doz5 ye>s 7#afbh-dj71 "u ,laud's p]secution1 tw5ty ?\s& ,engli%m5 fl$ to jo9 ^? ,pilgrims4 ,& h[ mu* turn$ on t6 ,suppose x _h n happ5$4 ,!n ! ,fr5* ( ! ,nor? & ! cavali]s ( ,virg9ia1 ) ! ,spani% ( ! ,s\?1 w\ld h _h only ! ,dut* betwe5 !m4 ,& ( ! f\r1 only ! ,dut* _h free access to ! ,bible4 ,! new l& w\ld n h be5 ,engli%4 ,x is an ,engli% writ] :o says t ,nor? ,am]ica is n[ prep>+ ! future ( ! _w1 & ,engli% spee* is ! mold 9 :i* ! folk ( all ! _w are be+ p\r$ = _! f9al %ap+4#di ,x is ! democracy ( ! ,bible :i* is ! fundam5tal democracy ( ,am]ica1 9 :i* e man has x acc5t$ to him t he is s mu* a *ild ( ,god t 8 rights are inali5able4 ,!y cov] life & lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,& ?\gh we h held t pr9ciple ( democracy inconsi/5tly at times1 & h paid a t]rible price = our inconsi/5cy 9 ! pa/1 & may pay x 9 ! future aga91 x is /ill true t ! fundam5tal democracy ( our ,am]ican life is only t ess5tial democracy ( ! ,bible1 :]e e man is made ! equal ( 8 fell[ by be+ lift$ into ! same relation ) ,almighty ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bible makes its moral appeal on ! same basis4 ,if a man is a *ild ( ,god1 !n he is %ut up to duties :i* _c be avoid$4 ,"s "o else may tell a man 8 duty 9 a true mon>*y4 ,9 a democracy ea* man /&s alone at ! mo/ solemn po9t ( 8 duty4 ,!re is no safe democracy :]e m5 refuse to /& alone !re4 ,9 ,jeff]son's great spee*1 reply+ to ! =ebod+s ( ,patrick ,h5ry1 he insi/$ t if m5 7 n compet5t to gov]n !mselves !y 7 n compet5t to gov]n o!r p4 ,! fir/ duty ( any man is to take 8 indep5d5t place be=e ,god4 ,democracy is ! social privilege t gr[s out ( ! meet+ ( ^! p]sonal obligations4 ,sev]al facts /r5g!n ?is p]si/5t moral appeal4 ,= "o ?+1 ! ,book is absolutely fair to humanity4 ,x leaves out no l9e or wr9kle2 b x adds none4 ,! m5 ) :om x deals are typical m54 ,! facts x pres5ts are typical facts4 ,!re are books :i* flatt] m51 make !m out all good1 prattle on ab\t ! ess5tial goodness ( humanity1 :ile m5 :o "k !mselves 7& ^! are ! only ones :o d ?+s7 "k t ! /ory is n true4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are books :i* are depress+4 ,_! pigm5ts are all black4 ,!y move f ! dignity ( ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism to ! b$lam ( ,nietzs*e's contempt = life & goodness4 ,b "h1 also1 ! sane common s5se ( humanity comes to ! rescue4 ,! picture is n true if x is all :ite or all black4 ,! ,bible is absolutely fair to humanity4 ,x moves )9 ! circle ( man's exp]i5ce2 &1 :ile x deals ) m51 x results 9 a treatm5t ( man4 ,t is h[ x comes ab\t t ! ,bible inspires m51 & puts !m at _! be/4 ,no moral appeal c be successful if x fails to rea* ! bett] "p ( a man1 & lays hold on him !re4 ,j :at x did = ! ,engli% p4 ,no great] moral *ange ev] pass$ ov] a nation ?an pass$ ov] ,engl& dur+ ! ye>s t p>t$ ! middle ( ! reign ( ,elizabe? f ! meet+ ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t4 ,engl& became ! p ( a ,book1 & t ,book 0 ! ,bible4#ej ,add to t p]sonal appeal & t absolute fairness to humanity ! con/ant *all5ge ( ! ,bible to ! nobl] elem5ts ( humanity4 ,x nev] trifles4 ,x is 9 deadly e>ne/4 ,& x makes e>ne/ m54 ,probably we _c illu/rate t e>ne/ness m cle>ly ?an by a /udy ( "o elem5t 9 ,puritan hi/ory1 :i* is confus$ 9 _m m9ds4 ,x is ! matt] ( ! ?ree great antagonisms ( ,puritanism 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,!y c nev] be und]/ood by moral trifl]s4 ,!y may n be approv$ by all ! morally s]i\s1 b !y w be und]/ood by !m4 ,:at are ^? ?ree m>k$ antagonisms8 ,! antagonism to ! /age1 to popul> frivolity1 & to ! pleasure ( ,sabba?4 #a4 ,! e>ly ,engli% /age _h ! approval ( virtually all ! p4 ,!re 7 few voices rais$ aga9/ ! dramas ( ,%akespe>e4 ,b ! cleavage betwe5 ! ,puritans & ! /age grew great] z ! ye>s w5t on4 ,!re 7 riot\s excesses4 ,! lat] com$y aft] ,%akespe>e 0 incr$ibly gross4 ,! trag$ies 7 %all[1 !y turn$ n on grave sc5es ( consci5ce1 b on common & *eap intrigues ( ince/ & murd]4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! hatr$ ( ! ,puritans = ! /age 0 only ! hone/ hatr$ ( ,god-fe>+ m5 aga9/ ! f\le/ depravity pres5t$ 9 poetic & dramatic =ms4 ,! ,bible 0 lay+ hold on ! imag9ation ( ! p1 mak+ !m s]i\s1 ?\ghtful1 prep>+ !m = ! /ruggle = lib]ty :i* 0 soon to come4 ,! plays ( ! "t seem$ too trifl+ or else too f\l4 ,! ,puritans & ! ,engli% p ( ! day 7 will+ to be amus$1 if ! /age w\ld amuse !m4 ,!y 7 will+ to be taught1 if ! /age w\ld tea* !m4 ,b !y 7 n will+ to be amus$ by vice & f\lness1 & !y 7 n will+ to be taught by le*]\s actors :o p>rot$ beautiful s5tim5ts ( virtue on ! /age & liv$ fil?y lives ( ince/ & %ame (f ! /age4 ,life _h to be :ole to ! ,puritan1 z inde$ x has to be to o!r ?\ghtful m54 ,& ! ,bible taught him t4 ,8 conc]n 0 = ! high] elem5ts ( life2 8 appeal 0 to ! wor?i] values 9 m54 ,! conc]n ( ! /age ( 8 day 0 = ! m volatile elem5ts 9 m54 ,! te/ ( a successful play 0 :e!r ! cr[ds1 any cr[ds1 came to x4 ,& z always happ5s :5 a man wants to cat* ! int]e/ ( a cr[d1 ! /age cat]$ to its l[e/ int]e/s4 ,y c h>dly read ! /ory ( ! times )\t feel+ t ! ,puritan made no mi/ake 9 8 day4 ,he c\ld n h be5 ! ?\ghtful man :o w\ld /& /rong 9 ! /ruggle = lib]ty on t side ( ! sea & ! /ruggle = life on ?is side ( ! sea )\t oppos+ trifl+ & vice4 #b4 ,! antagonism ( ! e>ly ,puritan to popul> frivolity ne$s to h ! times ar\nd x to be und]/ood4 ,no great movem5t c>ries ev]ybody ) x1 & :ile x is /ill /ruggl+ ! majority w be on ! oppos+ side4 ,:ile ! real lead]%ip ( ,engl& 0 pass+ into ! /rong] & m s]i\s h&s ! artificial excesses ( life grew /rong on ! p4 ,=tunes 7 be+ sunk & e/ates mortgag$ 9 ord] t m5 %\ld we> jewels & dress 9 color$ silks4#ea ,9 ! pressure ( grave national ne$s m5 p]si/$ 9 frivolity4 ,! two reign+ vices 7 drunk5ness & swe>+4 ,9 _! cups m5 7 guilty ( ! grosse/ indec5cies4 ,ev5 _! o!rwise h>mless sports 7 endang]$4 ,! popul> notion ( ! ,may-pole dances misses ! real po9t ( ! ,puritan opposition to x 9 ,old & ,new ,engl&4 ,x 0 n an innoc5t1 jovial out-door ev5t4 ,once x may h be5 t4 ,v (t5 x 0 only "p ( a day :i* br\ght immorality & vice 9 its tra94 ,x 0 "p ( a rural paganism4 ,"s ( ! cu/oms involv$ su* grave p]ils1 ) _! seclusion ( "y p f e>ly dawn 9 ! =e/s1 z to make x impossible to approve x4 ,ov] aga9/ all ^! ?+s ! ,puritans set !mselves4 ,sometimes !y c>ri$ ?is solemnity to an absurd l5g?1 ju/ify+ x by ,scripture v]ses misappli$4 ,aga9/ ! affect$ elegancies ( spee* !y set ! pla9 yea1 yea & nay1 nay ( ,scripture4 ,9 _! clo?+1 _! homes1 _! *ur*es1 !y1 & 9 ev5 m m>k$ degree1 ! ,quak]s1 regi/]$ _! solemn prote/ aga9/ ! frivolity ( ! times4 ,if !y w5t too f>1 x is c]ta9 _! prote/ 0 ne$$4 ,macaulay's epigram is famili>1 t ! ,puritan hat$ be>-bait+1 n because x gave pa9 to ! be>1 b because x gave pleasure to ! spectators4 ,9 s f> z t is true1 x is to ! cr$it ( ! ,puritan2 = ! be> c /& ! pa9 ( be+ bait$ f> bett] ?an human nature c /& ! co>s5+ effects ( bait+ him1 & x is nobl] to oppose su* sport on human gr\nds ?an on animal gr\nds4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! epigram is ,macaulay's1 & mu/ be read ) qualification4 ,! fact is1 & he says x (t5 en\gh )\t epigrams1 t ! times _h become trifl+ except z ?is grave1 ?\ghtful gr\p influ5c$ !m4 #c4 ,! attitude ( ! ,puritans t[>d ! ,sabba? came f _! s]i\s ?\ght ( ! ,bible4 ,puritanism gave ,engl& ! ,sabba? aga9 & plant$ x 9 ,am]ica z an in/itution4 ,( c\rse1 ^! m5 le>n$ all t !y knew ( x f ! ,bible4 ,f t day1 9 spite ( mu* *ange 9 ?\ght ( x1 ,engli%-speak+ p h nev] be5 wilful abus]s ( ! ,sabba?4 ,b ! condition 9 t day 0 v diff]5t4 ,mo/ ( ! games 7 on ! day set ap>t z ! ,sabba?4 ,!re 7 bull-bait+1 be>-bait+1 & football on ,sunday4 ,calv9 himself1 ?\gh n 9 ,engl&1 b[l$ on ,sunday1 & poor ,knox att5d$ fe/ivities !n1 say+ grimly t :at little is "r on week-days is n wrong on ,sundays4 ,aft] ! s]vice on ,sunday morn+ ! p ?rong$ to ! village gre51 :]e ale fl[$ freely & games 7 play$ until ! ev5+ dance 0 call$4 ,x 0 a "w-day4 ,elizabe? issu$ a special injunction t p "w aft] s]vice on ,sundays & holidays if !y wi%$ to d s4 ,employ]s 7 su/a9$ 9 _! dem& = ,sunday "w4 ,!re are always p 9 e "t :o c\nt t ! ideal ,sabba?4 ,! ,puritans f\nd x :5 !y appe>$4 ,! ,engli% ,re=mation f\nd x :5 x came4 ,& ! ,bible f\nd x :5 at la/ x came out ( obscurity & laid hold on national conditions4 ,:atev] is to be said ( o!r races1 e p]iod ( ,engli%-speak+ hi/ory assures u t our moral p[] increases or weak5s ) ! rise or fall ( ,sabba? rev]5ce4 ,! ,puritans saw t4 ,!y saw1 z _m o!r ?\ghtful p saw1 t ! /eady1 repeat$ obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? gave c]ta9 national influ5ces a *ance to "w2 rem9d$ ! nation ( c]ta9 great und]ly+ & undy+ pr9ciples2 9 %ort1 br\ght ,god into human ?\ght4 ,! ,sunday ( pleasure or "w c\ld nev] accompli% t4 ,bo? z religioni/s & z patriots1 z lov]s ( ,god & lov]s ( m51 !y oppos$ ! pleasure-,sunday & held = ! ,sabba?4 ,b t comes ar\nd aga9 to ! say+ t ! p]si/5t moral appeal ( ! ,bible gives x inevitable influ5ce on hi/ory4 ,x c5t]s ?\ght on moral issues4 ,x *all5ges m5 to moral combats4 ,su* a =ce p]si/5tly work+ 9 m5's m9ds is irresi/ible4 ,x _c be oppos$2 x c only fail by be+ neglect$4 ,& ?is is ! =ce :i* has be5 /eadily at "w ev]y:]e 9 ,engli%-speak+ hi/ory s9ce ! ,k+ ,james v]sion came to be4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,rhodes4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ahe-cjc4 #db ,mac,phail1 ,essays on ,puritanism1 p4 #bgh4 #dc ,h4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,fai? & ,philosophy1 p4 #ed4 #dd ,:ite1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 says t ,*>les repli$ t ! explanation 0 easy3 ,8 disc\rses 7 8 own1 8 actions 7 8 m9i/ry's6 #de ,david ,gregg1 ,! ,quak]s 9 ,am]ica4 #df ,am]ican ,/atesman ,s]ies1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 i1 #ab1 #ac4 #dg ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 *ap4 vii1 sec4 vii4 #dh ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts4 #di ,trevelyan1 ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts1 p4 #agd4 #ej ,gre51 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 #ea ,trevelyan1 ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts1 p4 #ff4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,bible ,,9 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,to-,,day ,?is lecture mu/ diff] at two po9ts f ^? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! o!r lectures h dealt entirely ) facts4 ,?is mu/ deal also ) judgm5ts4 ,9 ! e>li] lectures we h avoid$ any consid]ation ( :at ought to h be5 & h c5t]$ our int]e/ on :at actually did occur4 ,we especially avoid$ any argum5t bas$ on a !ory ( ! lit]>y *>act]i/ics or lit]>y influ5ce ( ! ,bible1 b s\ght fir/ to f9d ! facts & !n to discov] :at expla9$ !m4 ,x might be v difficult to det]m9e :at is ! actual place ( ! ,bible 9 ! life ( to-day4 ,p]haps x w\ld be impossible to give a broad1 fair judgm5t4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! p ( ,james's day did n realize ! place x 0 tak+4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t _m ( ^? :om x mo/ influ5c$ 7 entirely unconsci\s ( ! fact4 ,x is only :5 we look back ^u ! sc5e t we discov] ! influ5ce t 0 mov+ !m4 ,b1 :ile x is difficult to say :at ! place ( ! ,bible actually is 9 our own times1 ! place x ought to h is easi] to po9t out4 ,t w involve a /udy ( ! conditions ( our times1 :i* sugge/ ! ne$ = its influ5ce4 ,:ile we mu/ consid] ! facts1 !re=e1 we w be compell$ to pass "s judgm5ts also1 & !re9 ?is lecture mu/ diff] f ! o!rs4 ,! second fact ( diff]5ce is t :ile ! e>li] lectures h dealt ) ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 ?is mu/ deal r ) ! ,bible4 ,= ! ,k+ ,james v]sion is n ! ,bible4 ,!re are _m v]sions2 !re is b "o ,bible4 ,:atev] ! translators put into ! v>i\s tongues1 ! ,bible itself rema9s ! same4 ,!re are values 9 ! new v]sions2 b !y are simply ! old value ( ! ,bible itself4 ,x is a famili> maxim t ! newe/ v]sion is ! olde/ ,bible4 ,we are n mak+ ! ,bible up to date :5 we make a new v]sion2 we are only gett+ back to its date4 ,a revision 9 our day is ! ef=t to take out ( ! orig9al writ+s :at m5 ( ,k+ ,james's day may h put 91 & give !m s mu* ! bett] *ance4 ,!re is no revis$ ,bible2 !re is only a revis$ v]sion4 ,read]s sometimes feel di/urb$ at :at !y consid] ! *anges made 9 ! ,bible4 ,! fact is1 ! revision :i* des]ves ! "n is less5+ ! *anges 9 ! ,bible2 x is giv+ u ! ,bible z x actually 0 & tak+ f u elem5ts :i* 7 n "p ( x4 ,"o c sympa?ize ) ! eloqu5t ,dr4 ,/orrs1 :o decl>$1 9 an address 9 #ahgi1 t he 0 aga9/ any new v]sion because ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion1 describ+ x z a great oak ) roots runn+ deep & bran*es spread+ wide4 ,he decl>$ we 7 n ready to give x up = any mod]n tulip-tree4 ,!re is some?+ 9 t1 ?\gh su* figures are n always good argum5t4 ,yet ! value to any book ( a wor?y translation is beyond calculation4 ,! out/&+ lit]>y illu/ration ( t fact is famili>4 ,! ,rubaiyat ( ,om> ,khayym lay 9 ,p]sian lit]ature & 9 diff]5t ,engli% translations long be=e ,fitzg]ald made x a h\sehold classic = lit]>y p4 ,! translator made ! book = u 9 a m m>k$ way ?an ! orig9al writ] did4 ,9 some:at ! same way ! ,k+ ,james v]sion gave to ! ,engli%-speak+ p ! ,bible2 & no o!r v]sion has tak5 its place4 ,yet t 0 n a mi/ak5 move ne>ly =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! revision ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion 0 propos$ & und]tak54 ,?irty ye>s ago 7#ahha7 x 0 complet$ 9 :at we ord9>ily call ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 & t5 ye>s ago 7#aija7 ! ,am]ican =m ( t ,revis$ ,v]sion appe>$4 ,few ?+s c\ld m def9itely prove ! accept$ place ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ?an ! fact t we seem to he> less to-day ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ?an we us$ to he>1 & t1 :ile ! ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion is incomp>ably ! be/ 9 exi/5ce 9 its reproduction ( ! orig9al1 ev5 x makes way sl[ly4 ,9 less ?an =ty ye>s ! ,k+ ,james v]sion cr[d$ all its competitors (f ! field4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ( #ahha has n appreciably affect$ ! sales or ! dem& = ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p ! ,engli% & ! ,am]ican revisions /& z admirable comm5t>ies on ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,if "o wi%es to "k :]e9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion fail$ ( repres5t+ ! orig9al1 he w le>n x bett] f ^? v]sions ?an f any numb] ( comm5t>ies2 b ! numb] ( ^? to :om "o or o!r ( ! v]sions has supplant$ ! ,k+ ,james v]sion is n s l>ge z might h be5 expect$4 ,!re 7 sev]al reasons = a new ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 no indignity to ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,^? translators frankly said t !y _h no hope to make a f9al v]sion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,x w\ld be v /range if 9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s language %\ld n h gr[n by reason ( ! necessities ( ! race t us$ x1 s t at "s po9ts a book might be outgr[n4 ,9 ano!r lecture x has be5 intimat$ t ! ,engli% ,bible1 by reason ( its con/ant use1 has t5d$ to fix & confirm ! ,engli% language4 ,b no "o book1 nor any set ( books1 c\ld conf9e a liv+ tongue4 ,"s ( ! reasons = a new v]sion :i* give value to ^! two revisions may be m5tion$4 #a4 ,?\gh ! ,k+ ,james v]sion 0 made j aft] ! lit]>y r5aissance1 ! classical le>n+ ( to-day is f> 9 advance ( t day4 ,! ,k+ ,james v]sion is occasionally defective 9 its use ( t5ses & v]bs 9 ! ,greek & also 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,we h ,greek & ,hebrew s*ol>s :o are able m exactly to reproduce 9 ,engli% ! mean+ ( ! orig9al4 ,x w\ld be /range if t 7 n s4 #b4 ,!n !re h be5 new & important discov]ies ( ,biblical lit]ature :i* date e>li] 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory ?an any our fa!rs knew ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 "s in/ances ^? e>li] discov]ies h %[n t a phrase "h or !re has be5 wrongly introduc$ into ! text4 ,!re has be5 no m>k$ in/ance :]e a phrase 0 add$ by ! revis]s2 t is1 a phrase dropp$ out ( ! orig9al & n[ replac$4 ,"o illu/ration ( ! omission ( a phrase w be en\gh4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ( ,i ,john ! sev5? v]se reads3 ,= !re are ?ree t be> record 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,^w1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ^! ?ree are "o4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sions x is omitt$1 because x seems q c]ta9 t x 0 n 9 ! orig9al writ+4 ,x does n at all alt] ! mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,:ile x appe>s 9 mo/ ( ! be/ manuscripts :i* 7 available = ! ,k+ ,james translators1 e>li] manuscripts f\nd s9ce t "t h %[n t x 0 =m]ly writt5 at ! side z a gloss1 & 0 by "s transcrib] set ov] 9 ! text itself4 ,! process ( mak+ ! e>ly manuscripts %[s h[ easily t c\ld h occurr$4 ,let u suppose t two or ?ree manuscripts 7 be+ made at once by diff]5t copyi/s4 ,"o 0 set to read ! orig9al2 z he read1 ! o!rs wrote4 ,x w\ld be easy to suppose t he might read ?is m>g9al ref]5ce z a suitable comm5t>y on ! text1 & t "o or m ( ! writ]s c\ld h writt5 x 9 ! text4 ,x c\ld easily happ5 also t a copyi/1 ev5 see+ :]e x /ood1 might suppose x _h be5 omitt$ by ! e>li] copyi/1 & t he _h complet$ 8 "w by putt+ x on ! m>g94 ,s ! next copyi/ w\ld put x into 8 own text4 ,once 9 a manuscript1 x w\ld readily become "p ( ! accept$ =m4 ,discov]ies t br+ t sort ( ?+ to light are ( value 9 giv+ u an accurate v]sion ( ! orig9al ,bible4 #c4 ,!n !re are 9 our ,k+ ,james v]sion a few ar*aic & obsolete phrases4 ,we h already spok5 ( !m4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 avoid$ 9 ! revis$ v]sions4 ,! neut] possessive pron\n1 = example1 has be5 put 94 ,animal names h be5 cl>ifi$1 obsolete expressions h be5 replac$ by m famili> ones1 & s on4 #d4 ,!n !re 7 c]ta9 inaccuracies 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,! fact is famili> t !y translit]at$ c]ta9 words :i* !y c\ld n well translate4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sions t has be5 c>ri$ f>!r /ill4 ,! words :i* !y translat$ hell h be5 put back into _! ,hebrew & ,greek equival5ts1 & appe> z ,%eol & ,hades4 ,ano!r in/ance is t ( an ,old ,te/am5t ^w1 ,a%]ah1 :i* 0 translat$ always grove1 & 0 us$ to describe ! object ( wor%ip ( ! e>ly enemies ( ,israel4 ,! translation does n q repres5t ! fact1 & ! revis]s h !re=e replac$ ! old ,hebrew ^w ,a%]ah4 ,! translit]ations ( ! ,k+ ,james v]sion h n be5 *ang$ into translations4 ,in/ead1 ! numb] ( translit]ations has be5 increas$ 9 ! int]e/ ( accuracy4 ,at "o po9t "o might incl9e to be adv]sely critical ( ! ,am]ican revis]s4 ,!y h translit]at$ ! ,hebrew ^w ,jehovah2 s !y h tak5 sides 9 a controv]sy :]e s*ol>s h room to diff]4 ,! v]sion w\ld h ga9$ 9 /r5g? if x _h reta9$ ! dignifi$ & noble ^w ,"l1 :i* comes z ne> repres5t+ ! idea ( ! ,hebrew ^w = ,god z any ^w we c\ld f9d4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! ,engli% ( nei!r ( our new v]sions has ! rhy?m & movem5t ( ! old v]sion4 ,t is p>tly because we are s accu/om$ to ! old expressions & new ones /rike ! e> unpleasantly4 ,9 any case1 ! v]sions diff] pla9ly 9 _! ,engli%4 ,x seems mo/ unlikely t ei!r ( ^! v]sions %all ev] h ! lit]>y influ5ce ( ! ,k+ ,james1 ?\gh any man :o w prophesy ab\t t affects a wisdom :i* he has n4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two diff]5ces betwe5 ?is lecture & ! prec$+ ones1 t 9 ?is lecture we %all deal ) judgm5ts z well z facts1 & t we %all deal ) ! ,bible ( to-day r ?an ! ,k+ ,james v]sion4 ,pass+ to ! he>t ( ! subject1 ! "q appe>s at once :e!r ! ,bible has or c h to-day ! influ5ce or ! place :i* x seems to h _h 9 ! pa/4 ,two ?+s =ce t "q3 ,has n ! critical /udy ( ! ,bible itself robb$ x ( its place ( au?ority1 & h n ! *anges ( our times de/roy$ its possibilities ( influ5ce8 ,t is1 on ! "o h&1 has n ! ,bible be5 *ang$8 ,on ! o!r h&1 has x n come into su* new conditions t x _c d its old "w8 ,x is a natural b a mo/ mi/ak5 idea t ! critical /udy ( ! ,bible is a new ?+4 ,f long be=e ! *ildhood ( any ( u !re has be5 %>p controv]sy ab\t ! ,bible4 ,x is a controv]sy-provok+ ,book4 ,x _c accept bl9d fai?4 ,x always has made m5 ?9k1 & x makes !m ?9k 9 ! l9e ( _! own times4 ,! days :5 no que/ions 7 rais$ ab\t ! ,bible 7 ! days :5 m5 _h no access to x4 ,!re are "s :o take all ! ,bible = grant$4 ,!y "k t !re is indiff]5ce to x among fri5ds & 9 _! social circle2 b h[ real ! dispute ab\t ! ,bible is no "o realizes until he comes :]e new ideas1 say ideas ( socialism1 are 9 ! air4 ,!re1 ) ! break+ ( o!r *a9s1 is a mighty ef=t to break ?is bond also4 ,9 su* circles ! ,bible is little read4 ,x is discuss$1 & "t-worn objections are b&i$ ab\t1 always gr[+ z !y pass4 ,9 ^! circles also e suppos$ly adv]se result ( critical /udy is welcom$ & rememb]$4 ,if x is said t !re are unexpla9$ contradictions 9 ! ,bible1 t fact is rememb]$4 ,b if x is said fur!r t ^? contradictions bid fair to yield to fur!r critical /udy1 or to a wis] und]/&+ ( ! situations 9 :i* !y are involv$1 t fact is ov]look$4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ^! circles is to keep alive r ! adv]se phases ( critical /udy ?an its favorable phases4 ,"s ( ^? :o speak mo/ fi]cely ab\t ! /udy ( ! ,bible1 by :at is kn[n z high] criticism1 are lea/ intellig5t z to :at high] criticism actually means4 ,believ]s regret x1 & unbeliev]s rejoice 9 x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 develop+ any /rong feel+ ab\t high] criticism "o only falls a prey to words2 he mi/akes ! mean+ ( bo? ! words involv$4 ,criticism does n mean f9d+ fault ) ! ,bible4#eb ,x is almo/ an argum5t = total depravity t we h made ! ^w ga9 an adv]se mean+1 s t if ! av]age man 7 told t he _h be5 criticiz$ by ano!r he w\ld suppose t some?+ _h be5 said aga9/ him4 ,( c\rse1 intellig5t p "k t t is n necess>ily involv$4 ,:5 ,kant wrote ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason he 0 n f9d+ fault ) pure reason4 ,he 0 only mak+ c>eful analytical /udy ( x4 ,n[1 critical /udy ( ! ,bible is only c>eful /udy ( x4 ,x f9ds va/ly m new beauties ?an unse5 defects4 ,9 ! same way ! adjective high] comes 9 = misund]/&+4 ,x does n mean sup]ior2 x means m difficult4 ,l[] criticism is ! /udy ( ! text itself4 ,:at ^w ought to be "h1 & exactly :at does t ^w mean8 ,:at is ! comp>ative value ( ?is manuscript ov] aga9/ t "o8 ,if ?is manuscript has a c]ta9 ^w & t o!r has a slightly diff]5t "o1 :i* ^w ought to be us$8 ,take "o illu/ration f ! ,old ,te/am5t & "o f ! ,new to %[ :at l[] or textual criticism does4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] ( ,isaiah ! ?ird v]se reads3 ,?\ ha/ multipli$ ! nation & n increas$ ! joy4 ,t ^w n is tr\blesome4 ,x disagrees ) ! re/ ( ! passage4 ,n[ x happ5s t !re are two ,hebrew words pron\nc$ lo1 j alike 9 s\nd1 b spell$ diff]5tly4 ,"o means n1 ! o!r means to him or 84 ,put ! second ^w 91 & ! s5t5ce reads3 ,?\ ha/ multipli$ ! nation & increas$ its joy4 ,t fits ! context exactly4 ,l[] criticism decl>es t x is !re=e ! probable read+1 & corrects ! text 9 t way4 ,! o!r illu/ration is f ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 :]e 9 ! f\r? *apt] ! second v]se reads3 ,ye lu/1 & h n2 ye kill1 & desire to h1 & _c obta92 ye fight & w>1 yet ye h n1 because ye ask n4 ,n[ !re is no comm5tator nor ?\ghtful read] :o is n arre/$ by t ^w kill4 ,x does n seem to belong !re4 ,x is f> m viol5t ?an any?+ else 9 ! :ole text1 & x is difficult to und]/& 9 :at s5se ! p]sons to :om ,james 0 writ+ c\ld be said to kill4 ,yet !re is no ,greek manuscript :i* does n h t ^w4 ,well1 x is 9 ! field ( l[] criticism to obs]ve t !re is a ,greek ^w :i* s\nds v mu* l ?is ^w kill1 :i* means to envy2 t w\ld fit exactly into ! :ole text "h4 ,all t l[] criticism c d is to po9t out su* a probability4 ,:5 ?is =m ( criticism has done its "p1 & c>eful /udy has yield$ a text :i* holds toge!r & :i* repres5ts ! v be/ :i* s*ol>%ip c f9d = ! orig9al1 !re is /ill a field m difficult ?an t1 high] 9 ! s5se t x dem&s a l>g] & broad] view ( ! :ole subject4 ,"h "o /udies ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 ! ideas 9 x1 seeks to f9d h[ ! revelation ( ,god has progress$ accord+ to ! capacities ( m5 to receive x4 ,high] criticism is ! c>eful /udy ( ! hi/orical & orig9al mean+s ( ,scripture1 ! ef=t to det]m9e dates & times &1 s f> z may be1 ! au?or ( ea* writ+1 analyz+ its ideas1 ! g5]al ,greek or ,hebrew /yle1 ! relation ( "p to "p4 ,t is n a ?+ to be afraid (4 ,x is a me?od ( /udy us$ 9 e realm4 ,x is true t "s ( ! m5 :o h foll[$ t me?od h made o!rs afraid ( x1 because !y 7 afraid ( ^! m5 !mselves4 ,x is possible to claim f> too mu* = su* /udy4 ,b if ! result ( high] criticism %\ld be to %[ t ! latt] half ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah is mu* lat] ?an ! e>li] half1 t is n a de/ruction ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,x is n an irrev]5t result ( /udy4 ,if ! result ( high] criticism is to %[ t by reason ( its cont5t1 & ! lessons :i* x especially urges1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 n writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,paul1 z x does n at any po9t claim to h be51 :y1 t is n irrev]5t1 t is n de/ructive4 ,!re is a de/ructive =m ( high] criticism2 aga9/ t !re is reason to set up bulw>ks4 ,b !re is a con/ructive =m ( x also4 ,s*ol>ly op9ion w tell any "o :o asks t criticism has n affect$ ! fundam5tal values ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! /udies :i* h j n[ be5 made we h n in/anc$ any?+ 9 ! ,bible t is subject to *ange4 ,no matt] :at ! result ( critical /udy may be1 ! fundam5tal democracy ( ! ,scripture rema9s4 ,x cont9ues to make its p]si/5t moral appeal on any t]ms4 ,bo? ^? great facts cont9ue4 ,o!r great facts abide ) !m4 ,& on _! acc\nt x is to our int]e/ to "k z mu* z we c le>n ab\t x4 ,! ,bible has n be5 less5$ 9 its value1 has n be5 weak5$ 9 itself1 by any?+ t has tak5 place 9 critical /udy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! net result ( su* /udies z ar*aeology has be5 ! confirmation ( mu* t 0 once disput$4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay is ! au?ority = say+ t ! spade ( ! excavator is to-day digg+ ! grave ( _m enemies ( ! ,bible4 ,take ! second "q1 :e!r ^! times h n 9 !m elem5ts t weak5 ! hold ( ! ,bible4 ,!re aga9 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 facts & judgm5ts4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s 9 ^! times :i* relax ! hold ( any au?oritative book4 ,!re is a g5]al relax+ ( ! s5se ( au?ority4 ,x does n come alone f ! intellectual awak5+1 because s f> z t awak5+ is conc]n$1 x has affect$ q z mu* m5 :o cont9ue loyal to ! au?ority ( ! ,bible z o!rs4 ,no1 ?is relax+ ( ! s5se ( au?ority is ! result ( ! fir/ feel+ ( democracy :i* does n "k law4 ,democracy ought to mean t m5 are left indep5d5t ( ! control ( o!r individuals because !y realize & wi% to obey ! control ( ,god or ( ! :ole equally ) _! fell[s4 ,:51 in/ead1 "o feels indep5d5t ( o!rs1 & adds to t no s5se ( a high] control :i* he mu/ be free to obey1 ! result is n democracy1 b individualism4 ,democracy involves control2 individualism does n4 ,a va/ numb] ( p 9 pass+ f any s5se ( ! "r ( ano!r individual to control !m h also pass$ out ( ! s5se ( ! "r ( ,god or ( ! :ole to control !m4 ,s t f a good _m all s5se ( au?ority has pass$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( our age4 ,& x is a /age 9 our progress t[>d real democracy1 t[>d true human lib]ty4 ,obs]ve t relax$ s5se ( au?ority 9 ! common attitude t[>d law4 ,mo/ m5 feel x "r to disreg>d a law ( ! community :i* !y d n l4 ,x appe>s 9 trivial ?+s4 ,if ! community requires t a%es be kept 9 a metal receptacle1 citiz5s approve x 9 g5]al1 b res]ve to !mselves ! "r to consid] x a fooli% law & to d some?+ else if t is n entirely conv5i5t4 ,if ! law says t pap] mu/ n be ?r[n on ! sidewalk1 x means little t x is ! law4 ,^? :o are incl9$ to be clean & neat & d n l to see pap] ly+ ar\nd w keep ! law2 ^? :o are o!rwise w be indiff]5t to x4 ,t is at ! root ( ! matt]-(-c\rse say+ t a law _c be en=c$ unless public op9ion su/a9s x4 ,"u any democratic sy/em laws virtually always h ! majority op9ion back ( !m2 b ! m9ority res]ve ! "r to disreg>d !m if !y *oose1 & ! m9ority w be m aggressive4 ,ris+ f ^? relaxations ( law into f> m important ones1 x appe>s t m5 9 bus9ess life1 feel+ !mselves hamp]$ by legislation1 set !mselves to f9d a way to evade x1 ju/ify+ !mselves 9 do+ s4 ,! m]e fact t x is ! law does n weigh heavily4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only an inevitable /age 9 progress f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( democracy to lat] & m sub/antial p]iods4 ,x is a /age :i* w pass4 ,!re w come a democracy :]e ! rule ( ! :ole is frankly recogniz$1 & :]e ea* man holds himself indep5d5t ( 8 fell[s only 9 ! s5se t he w claim ! "r to hold su* relation to ,god & 8 duty z he himself may appreh5d4 ,9 ^! times1 also1 ! developm5t ( temporal & mat]ial prosp]ity ) ! intellectual mood :i* is involv$ 9 t affects ! attitude ( ! age t[>d ! ,bible4 ,sometimes x is spok5 ( z a sci5tific age ov] aga9/ ! e>li] philosophical ages4 ,p]haps t w d = a r\gh /atem5t ( ! facts4 ,x is ! age ( exp]im5t1 ( try+ ?+s out1 & !re naturally works into m5 a feel+ t ! ?+s t w yield to ! mo/ mat]ial sci5tific exp]im5tation are ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y c be c]ta9 & :i* are ( real value4 ,t naturally involves a good deal ( appreciation ( ! pres5t1 & calls = ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( pres5t life fir/ ( all4 ,x looks m important to see t a man is well f$1 well h\s$1 well clo!d1 & well educat$ ?an t he %\ld h ! int]e/s ( et]nity press$ on 8 att5tion4 ,t is a comp>atively late feel+4 ,x issues p>tly f ! fact t ?is is a sci5tific age1 :5 sci5ce has _h its att5tion turn$ to ! ne$s ( humanity4 ,ano!r result ( our sci5tific age is ! magnify+ ( ! natural1 :ile ! ,bible frankly ass]ts ! sup]natural4 ,no ef=t to get ! sup]natural out ( ! ,bible1 9 ord] to make x entirely acceptable to ! man :o sc\ts ! sup]natural1 has ?us f> prov$ successful4 ,( c\rse1 ! sup]natural c be tak5 out ( ! ,bible2 b x w de/roy ! ,bible4 ,nor is !re mu* ga9 9 play+ ) words & insi/+ t ev]y?+ is sup]natural or t ev]y?+ is natural4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 & 9 an age :i* insi/s ^u nature or natural laws or =ces or ev5ts z all-suffici5t x is almo/ inevitable t ! ,bible %\ld lose its hold1 at lea/ tempor>ily4 ,reg>d+ all ?is !re are "s ?+s t ne$ to be said4 ,= "o ?+1 ?is1 too1 is a pass+ condition4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 m5 are n creatures ( "t4 ,!y actually h et]nal connections1 & ! great out/&+ facts :i* h always made et]nity ( importance cont9ue4 ,! fact is t m5 cont9ue to die1 & t ! m5 :o are left beh9d _c avoid ! s5se ( my/]y & awe :i* is involv$ 9 t fact4 ,! fact also is t ! human emotions _c be expla9$ on ! l[] basis1 & ! only reason m5 ?9k !y c be is because !y h 9 ! back ( _! m9ds ! old explanations :i* !y ca/ into ! l[] =ms1 deceiv+ !mselves into ?9k+ !y are new ideas :5 !y are n4 ,x ought to be add$ t ! ,bible has greatly suff]$ 9 all its hi/ory at ! h&s ( m5 :o h believ$ 9 x & h f\ght 9 its behalf4 ,_m ( ! controv]sies :i* 7 hotte/ 7 ne$less & injuri\s4 ,all ! folly has n be5 on "o side4 ,"s "o ref]r$ ! o!r day to a li/ ( m ?an a hundr$ sci5tific !ories :i* 7 propos$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury & ab&on$ at ! end ( x4 ,sci5tific m5 are feel+ _! way1 _m ( !m rev]5tly & dev\tly1 "s ( !m r blatantly & ) a read9ess = publication1 :i* ha/5s !m into notoriety4 ,b !re has be5 en\gh folly on bo? sides to make e "o g cauti\sly4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t 9 ,dr4 ,drap]'s book ,! ,conflict ,betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion he makes sci5ce appe> z a /rong-limb$ angel ( ,god :]eas religion is always a great ass4 ,! title ( ! book itself is n fair4 ,9 no prop] und]/&+ ( ! words c !re be any conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,!re c be a conflict1 z ,dr4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite puts x1 betwe5 sci5ce & !ology4 ,!re c c]ta9ly be conte/ betwe5 sci5ti/s & religioni/s4 ,sci5ce & religion h no conflict4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ f> back mo/ ( ! suppos$ conflicts actually lie4 ,!re is no w>f>e n[2 &1 :ile our fa!rs "o or two g5]ations ago felt t !y mu/ fly to ! def5se ( religion aga9/ ! attacks ( sci5ce1 no man wa/es 8 /r5g? do+ t to-day4 ,t p]iod has pass$4 ,! tr\ble is t "s good p d n "k x1 & are j fond en\gh ( a bit ( a tussle to keep up ! fight+ 9 ! m\nta9-passes :ile out 9 ! pla9 ! ma9 armies h laid d[n _! arms & are busy till+ ! soil4 ,! p]iod ( conflict is pa/1 p>tly because we are le>n+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,bible z x really is & c]ta9 long-e/abli%$ ideas ab\t ! ,bible :i* came f o!r s\rces & h become atta*$ to x until x seem$ to su/a9 !m4 ,! prop] doctr9e ( evolution is entirely compatible ) ! ,bible4 ,! great ,dr4 ,hodge decl>$ t ! consi/5t ,d>w9ian mu/ be an a!i/4 ,= t matt]1 ,%elley def5d$ himself by say+ t1 ( c\rse1 ! consi/5t ,newtonian mu/ necess>ily be an a!i/4 ,b fifty ye>s h made great *anges 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & ! old sc>e has be5 ov] = "s "t4 ,newton is honor$ 9 ! *ur* q z mu* z 9 ! univ]sity1 & ,d>w9 is n a "n to fright5 anybody4 ,und]/&+ evolution bett] & kn[+ ! ,bible bett]1 ! two d n jangle out ( tune s badly b t h>mony is promis$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! antiquity ( ! _w is entirely compatible ) ! ,bible1 ?\gh x is n compatible ) ! dates :i* ,ar*bi%op ,us%]1 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,james1 put at ! head ( ! columns4 ,t is s ) o!r sci5tific !ories4 ,any "o :o has read mu* ( hi/ory has att5d$ ! obsequies ( s _m !ories 9 ! realm ( sci5ce t he ought to "k t he is wa/+ 8 /r5g? 9 try+ to br+ ab\t a con/ant reconciliation betwe5 sci5tific & religi\s !ories4 ,x is 8 "p to keep an op5 m9d 9 assurance ( ! unity ( tru?1 an assurance t !re is no fact :i* c possibly come to light & no true !ory ( facts :i* c possibly be =m$ :i* does n s]ve ! int]e/ ( ! tru?1 :i* ! ,bible also pres5ts4 ,! ,bible does n conc]n itself ) all dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,s f> z mi/akes h be5 made on ! side ( ^? :o believe x1 !y h issu$ f =gett+ t fact m ?an f any o!r "o cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has sometimes occurr$ t believ]s 9 ! ,bible h be5 q too eag] to accommodate !mselves to purely pass+ phases ( objection to x4 ,! matt] m5tion$ a mom5t ago1 ! excision ( ! sup]natural1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,! easy & glib way 9 :i* "s h s\ght to get ar\nd difficulties1 by talk+ 9 l>ge t]ms ab\t ! progressiv5ess ( ! revelation1 z ?\gh ! progress 7 f error to tru?1 in/ead ( f half light to full light1 is ano!r illu/ration4 ,! nimble way 9 :i* we h turn$ :at is giv5 z hi/ory into fiction1 & all[$ imag9ation to roam ?r\gh ! ,bible1 is ano!r illu/ration4 ,"o ( our lat] writ]s tells ! /ory ( ,jonah1 & says x s\nds l fiction2 :y n call x fiction8 ,ano!r tells ! /ory ( ! exodus f ,egypt1 & says x s\nds l fiction2 :y n call x fiction8 ,well1 c]ta9ly ! objection is n to ! pres5ce ( fiction 9 ! ,bible4 ,x is !re1 op5ly1 confess$ly1 una%am$4 ,fiction c be us$ ) great pr(it 9 tea*+ religi\s tru?4 ,b fiction may n masqu]ade 9 ! guise ( hi/ory1 if m5 are to be l$ by x or ma/]$ by x4 ,if ! way to be rid ( difficulties 9 a n>rative is to turn x into pi\s fiction1 !re are o!r in/ances :]e x might be us$ = relief 9 em]g5cies4 ,! /ory ( ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ c be told s t x s\nds l fiction2 :y n call x fiction8 ,c]ta9ly ! /ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul c be made to s\nd l fiction2 :y n call x fiction8 ,& !re is h>dly any bit ( n>rative t c be made to s\nd s l fiction z ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims2 :y n call t fiction8 ,x is ! easy way out2 ! difficulties are all gone l ,alice's cat1 & !re is left only ! broad smile ( "s moral lesson to be le>n$ f ! fiction4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! c\rage\s nor ! p]fectly squ>e way out4 ,viol5ce has to be done to ! pla9 n>rative2 hi/orical /atem5t has to be made only a mask4 ,& ! only reason = x is t !re are difficulties n yet cle>$4 ,z = ! *>act]s involv$1 ,*>les ,reade1 ! noveli/1 call+ himself a vet]an writ] ( fiction1 decl>es t ! explanation ( ^! *>act]s1 ,jonah be+ "o ( !m1 by inv5tion is incr$ible & absurd3 ,su* a man z himself kn[s ! artifices & ! elem5ts ( art4 ,"h ! artifices are abs5t1 & ! elem5ts surpass$4 ,x is n uncommon = "o :o has f\nd ?is easy way out ( difficulties to decl>e ) a wave ( 8 h&1 t ev]ybody n[ kn[s t ?is or t book 9 ! ,bible is fiction1 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 t is n at all an admitt$ op9ion4 ,! ,bible w nev] ga9 its place & reta9 its au?ority :ile ^? :o believe 9 x are sp9eless & topple ov] at ! fir/ t\* ( "s "o's objection4 ,x c\ld n be a great ,book2 x c\ld n s]ve ! purposes ( a race if x pres5t$ no problems ( und]/&+ & ( belief1 & all %ort & easy me?ods ( gett+ rid ( ^? problems are c]ta9 to leave important elem5ts ( !m out ( sight4 ,all ?is means t ! *anges ( ^! times r pres5t additional reason = a r5ew$ hold on ! ,bible4 ,x pres5ts :at ! times peculi>ly ne$4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible impossible1 ^! *anges make ! ne$ = ! ,bible ! great] & give x great] opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,add ?ree notable po9ts at :i* ^! times feel & /ill ne$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,fir/1 !y h & /ill ne$ its lit]>y influ5ce4 ,s f> z its ideas & =ces & words are int]wov5 9 ! great lit]ature ( ! pa/1 x is ess5tial /ill to ! und]/&+ ( t lit]ature4 ,x rema9s true t ,engli% lit]ature1 c]ta9ly ( ! pa/ & also ( ! pres5t1 _c be und]/ood )\t k ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,yale pr(essor ( lit]ature1 quot$ s (t51 says3 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile to read ! ,bible c>efully & repeat$ly1 if only z a key to mod]n culture1 = to ^? :o are unfamili> ) its tea*+s & its diction all t is be/ 9 ,engli% lit]ature ( ! pres5t c5tury is z a seal$ book4 ,f "t to "t !re occur pa9ful rem9d]s ( ! fact t m5 suppos$ to "k lit]ature d n und]/& x because !y are n famili> ) ! ,bible4 ,"s ye>s ago a college presid5t te/$ a class ( ?irty-f\r m5 ) a score ( extracts f ,t5nyson1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ a ,scriptural allusion1 none ( !m obscure4 ,! replies 7 sugge/ive & q appall+4 ,t5nyson wrote1 9 ! ,suppos$ ,confessions3 ,my s9 0 a ?orn among ! ?orns t girt ,?y br[4 ,( ^! ?irty-f\r "y m5 n9e ( !m did n und]/& t quotation4 ,t5nyson wrote3 ,l ,hezekiah's1 backw>d runs ,! %ad[ ( my days4 ,?irty-two ( ! ?irty-f\r did n "k :at t meant4 ,! mean+ ( ! l9e1 ,= ,i h flung !e pe>ls & f9d !e sw9e1 0 utt]ly obscure to tw5ty-two ( ! ?irty-f\r4 ,"o ( !m said x 0 a ref]5ce to good opportunities giv5 b n improv$4 ,ano!r said x 0 equival5t to ! c\nsel n to expect to f9d gold 9 a hay-/ack4 ,ev5 ! l9e1 ,a ,jonah's g\rd ,up 9 "o night1 & due to sudd5 sun1 0 utt]ly baffl+ to tw5ty-eight ( ! ?irty-f\r4 ,"o ( !m spoke ( x z an allusion to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! l5g? ( life4 ,ano!r ?\ght x 0 a ref]5ce to ! occasion ( ,jonah's be+ pres]v$ by ! :ale4 ,ano!r c\nt$ x an allusion to ! emesis ( ,jonah by ! :ale4 ,ano!r consid]$ x a ref]5ce to ! swall[+ ( ,jonah by a :ale1 & yet ano!r consid]$ t x ref]r$ to ?+s gr&1 b n wor?y ( wor%ip because !y are p]i%able4 ,x is amaz+ to read t 9 response to ,t5nyson's l9es1 ,foll[ ,light & d ! ,"r--= man c half control 8 doom-- ,till y f9d ! dea?less ,angel seat$ 9 ! vacant tomb1 only sixte5 7 able to give an explanation ( its mean+6 ,! l9es f ! ,holy ,grail 7 equally baffl+3 ,p]haps l ,him ( ,cana 9 ,holy ,writ1 ,our ,ar?ur kept 8 be/ until ! la/4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ^! ?irty-f\r "y m5 c\ld n recall :at t meant4 ,"o said t ! keep+ ( ! be/ w9e until ! la/ meant wait+ till ! la/ mom5t to be baptiz$6 ,all t may be solely ! fault ( ^! "y m54 ,pr(essor ,l\nsbury once said t 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! class-room _h taught him ! inf9ite capacity ( ! human m9d to )/& ! introduction ( k4 ,v likely e>ne/ ef=t _h be5 made to tea* ^! "y m5 ! ,bible2 b x is manife/ t !y _h successfully resi/$ ! ef=ts4 ,if ,t5nyson 7 ! only poet :o c\ld n be und]/ood )\t k ( ! ,bible1 x might n matt] s mu*1 b no "o c read ,br[n+ nor ,c>lyle nor ,macaulay nor ,huxley ) entire intellig5ce )\t k ( ! great] facts & =ces ( ,scripture4 ,! value ( ! allusions c be %[n by comp>+ !m ) ^? ( my?ology4 ,no "o c read mo/ ( ,%elley ) entire satisfaction )\t a k ( ,greek my?ology4 ,t is "o reason :y ,%elley has s mu* pass$ out ( popul>ity4 ,we d n "k ,greek my?ology1 & we h v l>gely lo/ ,%elley f our lit]>y possession4 ,! *ief p[] ( ^! o!r great writ]s w g f u :5 our k ( ! ,scripture goes4 ,! dang] is n simply ) ref]5ce to ! great lit]ature ( ! pa/4 ,!re is dang] ( los+ appreciation ( ! m delicate t\*es ( curr5t lit]ature1 sometimes ( a complete miss+ ( ! mean+4 ,an orator describ+ pres5t political & social conditions us$ a f9e phrase1 t x is "t ! nation camp$ = a season at ! foot ( ! m\nt4 ,only a k ( ,bible hi/ory w br+ z a fla% be=e "o ! nation 9 ! des]t at ,s9ai le>n+ ! mean+ & p[] ( law4 ,yet an intellig5t man1 he>+ t rem>k1 said t he c\nt$ x a f9e figure1 t he ?\ght !re did come 9 ! life ( e nation a "t be=e x began its asc5t to ! heights :5 x ought to pause & camp at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 to get its brea?6 ,aft] ,l9coln's assass9ation ,g>field /ood on ! /eps 9 ,new ,york1 & said3 ,cl\ds & d>kness are ar\nd ab\t him6 ,god reigns & ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton /ill lives6 ,ye>s aft]1 "s "o ref]r+ to t1 said t x 0 a beautiful s5t5ce1 t ! ref]5ce to cl\ds & d>kness 0 a beautiful symbolism1 b t ,g>field _h a great knack 9 ! build+-up ( f9e phrases6 ,he lack$ utt]ly ! backgr\nd ( ! great ,psalm :i* 0 9 ,g>field's m9d1 & :i* gives t phrase d\ble mean+4 ,if we g back to ,t5nyson aga91 "s "o has propos$ ! inquiry :y he %\ld h call$ "o ( 8 poems ,rizpah1 s9ce !re 0 no "o ( t "n m5tion$ 9 ! :ole poem6 ,:51 "s ye>s ago1 a book 0 publi%$1 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ,gideon1 "o ( ! review]s c\ld n und]/& :y t title 0 us$1 s9ce no "o ( t "n appe>$ 9 ! entire volume4 ,& :5 ,mrs4 ,:>ton's book1 ,! ,h\se ( ,mir?1 came out "s "o spoke ( ! irony ( ! title2 b x is ! irony ( ! ,scriptures & ! book calls = a ,scriptural k = its entire und]/&+4 ,take ev5 an encyclop$ia article4 ,:o c und]/& ^! two s5t5ces )\t in/ant k ( ,scripture8 ,m>l[e & ,%akespe>e1 ! "y ,davids ( ! day1 tri$ ! armor ( ,saul be=e !y w5t out to battle1 !n wisely laid x (f4 ,arnold1 l ,a>on ( old1 /&s betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+2 b1 unlike ,a>on1 he holds no smok+ c5sor ( propitiation to /ay ! plague :i* he feels to be dev\r+ 8 g5]ation4#ec ,t is 9 an encyclop$ia to :i* "y p are (t5 ref]r$4 ,:at w !y make out ( x )\t ! ,bible8 ,9 a widely di/ribut$ s*ool pap]1 9 ! "q-&-answ] dep>tm5t1 occurs ! inquiry3 ,:o compos$ ! inscription on ! ,lib]ty ,bell8 ,! inscription is1 ,proclaim lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l& to all ! inhabitants !re(4#ed ,x is to be hop$ x 0 a v "y p]son :o ne$$ to ask :o compos$ t expression6 ,?is applies to all ! great classics4 ,!re has come ab\t a decay ( lit]>y allusions1 z "o ( our pap]s editorially says4 ,9 mu* ( our writ+1 ei!r ! transi5t or ! p]man5t1 m5 c no long] risk easy ref]5ce to classical lit]ature4 ,read]s ( ,am]ican biography mu/ (t5 be /ruck ) ! important "p :i* lit]>y recollection play$ 9 ! life ( a cultur$ p]son a g5]ation or two ago4 ,^! m5 _h read ,hom]1 ,x5ophon & ,virgil1 ,%akespe>e1 ,byron & ,wordswor?1 ,lamb1 ,de ,qu9cey & ,col]idge4 ,!y 7 n afraid ( be+ call$ p$ants because !y occasionally us$ a ,lat9 phrase or ref]r$ to "s great "n ( ,greece or ,rome4 ,t is n s commonly true to-day4 ,especially is !re dang] ( los+ easy acqua9tance ) ! great ,bible ref]5ces4 ,!re are famili> reasons = x4 ,= "o ?+1 !re has be5 a great increase ( lit]ature4 ,once !re 0 little to read1 & t little became famili>4 ,"o w\ld h be5 a%am$ to pret5d to culture & n to "k su* lit]ature well4 ,n[ !re is s mu* t "o _c "k x all1 & mo/ m5 foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,t l9e is n :]e great lit]ature lies4 ,once ! problem 0 h[ to get books en\gh = a family libr>y4 ,n[ ! problem is h[ to get libr>y en\gh = ! books4 ,magaz9es1 pap]s1 volumes ( all grades ov]fl[4 ,! ,bible has be5 buri$ b5ea? a l&slide ( books4 ,! result is t ! greate/ lit]>y l&m>k ( ! ,engli% tongue ?reat5s to become unkn[n1 or else to be look$ ^u z ( antiqu>ian r ?an pres5t wor?4 ,!re our ,puritan fa!rs _h ! advantage4 ,z ,presid5t ,faunce puts x3 ,= !m ! ,bible 0 ! norm & goal ( all /udy4 ,!y _h a*iev$ ! conc5tration ( /udies1 & ! ,bible 0 ! c5t]4 ,!y le>n$ to read t !y might read ! lit]ature ( ,israel2 _! writ+ 0 heavy ) noble ,old ,te/am5t phrases2 ! names ( ,old ,te/am5t h]oes !y gave to _! *ildr52 its words ( immortal hope !y inscrib$ on _! tomb/ones2 its ,mosaic commonweal? !y s\ght to realize 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 its decalogue 0 ! f\ndation ( _! laws1 & its prophecies 7 a light %9+ 9 a d>k place4 ,su* a unification ( k produc$ a unifi$ "*1 simple1 /alw>t1 inv9cible4 ,x is v diff]5t 9 our own day4 ,z s-call$ lit]ature increases x robs great lit]ature ( its conspicu\s out/&+ "*1 & _m m5 :o pride !mselves on ! am\nt !y read w\ld d f> bett] to read a ?\s&? "p z mu* & let t small] "p be good4 ,ano!r reason = ?is decay ( ! influ5ce ( lit]>y k ( ! ,bible is ! %all[ness ( mu* ( our ?9k+4 ,if ! ,bible 7 ne$$ = no?+ else 9 pres5t lit]>y life1 x w\ld be ne$$ = ! deep5+ ( lit]>y curr5ts4 ,! va/ flood ( flotsam & jetsam :i* p\rs f ! presses seldom floats on a deep curr5t4 ,x is surface matt] = ! mo/ "p4 ,x does n take itself s]i\sly1 & x is q impossible to take x s]i\sly4 ,x does n deal ) great !mes1 or :5 x t\*es ^u !m x deals ) !m 9 a trifl+ way4 ,to m5 int]e/$ *iefly 9 lit]ature ( ?is k9d ! ,bible _c be ( int]e/4 ,t is a pass+ condition1 & out ( x is c]ta9 to come "h & !re a ma/]piece ( lit]ature4 ,:5 x does appe>1 x w be f\nd to reveal ! same influ5ces t h made great lit]ature 9 ! pa/1 issu+ m l>gely f ! ,bible ?an f any o!r book4 ,t is ! ma9 po9t ( a bit ( c\nsel :i* ,pr(essor ,b[5 us$ to give 8 ,h>v>d /ud5ts4 ,to =m a good ,engli% /yle1 he told !m1 a /ud5t ought to keep ne> at h& a ,bible1 a volume ( ,%akespe>e1 & ,bacon's essays4 ,t gr\p ( books w\ld enl>ge ! vocabul>y1 w\ld supply a /ore ( words1 phrases1 & allusions1 & save ! necessity ( ransack+ a meag] & hide-b\nd diction 9 ord] to make "o's mean+ pla94 ,col]idge 9 8 ,table-,talk adds t int5se /udy ( ! ,bible w keep any writ] f be+ vulg> 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,s x may be urg$ t ^! times h & /ill ne$ ! lit]>y influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,add t ! times h & /ill ne$ its moral /eady+4 ,e age seems to its own ?\ghtful p to lack moral /ead9ess1 & !y t5d to comp>e x ) o!r ages :i* look /eadi]4 ,t is a virtually inv>iable op9ion ( su* m54 ,! comp>ison ) o!r ages is g5]ally fallaci\s1 yet ! fact is real = ea* age4 ,_m ?+s t5d 9 ?is age to unsettle moral solidity4 ,"s ( !m are peculi> to ?is "t1 o!rs are n4 ,b "o ( ! great influ5ces :i* ! ,bible is p]petually t5d+ to c\nt]act is /at$ 9 be/ t]ms 9 an exp]i5ce ( ,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley4 ,x 0 on t j\rney to ,africa :5 he f\nd ,david ,liv+/one1 "u commission f "o ( ! great newspap]s4 ,naturally he _h made up 8 load z light z possible4 ,( books he _h none save ! ,bible2 b wrapp$ ab\t 8 bottles ( m$ic9e & o!r articles 7 _m copies ( newspap]s4 ,/anley says t /range/ ( all 8 exp]i5ces 7 ! *anges wr\ght 9 him by ! read+ ( ! ,bible & ^? newspap]s 9 melan*oly ,africa4 ,he 0 frequ5tly sick ) ,african fev]1 & took up ! ,bible to :ile away 8 h\rs ( recov]y4 ,dur+ ! h\rs ( heal? he read ! newspap]s4 ,& ?us1 someh[ or o!r1 my views t[>d newspap]s 7 entirely reca/1 :ile he held loyal to 8 pr(ession z a newspap] man4 ,?is is ! critical s5t5ce 9 ,/anley's tell+ ( ! /ory3 ,z se5 9 my lonel9ess1 !re 0 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,bible & ! newspap]s4 ,! "o rem9d$ me t ap>t f ,god my life 0 b a bubble ( air1 & x made me rememb] my ,creator2 ! o!r fo/]$ arrogance & worldl9ess4#ee ,!re is no d5y+ su* an exp]i5ce z t4 ,t is precisely ! moral effect ( ! ,bible z comp>$ ) ! moral effect ( ! newspap] acc\nts ( curr5t life4 ,democracy %\ld always be happy2 b x mu/ always be s]i\s1 morally /eady4 ,any?+ t t5ds to give m5 light views ( wrong1 to make evil ?+s humor\s1 to set out ! ridicul\s side ( gross s9s is p]il\s to democracy4 ,x n only is injuri\s to p]sonal morals2 x is b\nd soon] or lat] to injure public morals4 ,!re is no?+ t s p]si/5tly c\nt]acts t t5d5cy ( curr5t lit]ature z does ! ,bible4 ,f an e?ical po9t ( view1 ! e?ical cont5t ( ,paul is q z important = u z ! sy/em ( ,s*op5hau] or ,nietzs*e4 ,! organization ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ is no m weighty = ! ,am]ican boy ?an ! organization ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,john ,adams & ,john ,hancock & ,abraham ,l9coln are only ! natural successors ( ! great ,hebrew *ampions ( lib]ty & righte\sness :o fac$ ,ph>oah & ,ahab & put to flight armies ( ali5s4 ,b aside f ! def9ite e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,bible !re is ne$ = t /rong impression ( e?ical values :i* x gives 9 ! *>act]s ar\nd :i* x has ga!r$4 ,! conception ( ! ,bible :i* makes x appe> z a /eady progression %\ld add to its au?ority1 n take f x4 ,! developm5t is n f error to tru?1 b f light to m light4 ,x is sometimes said t ! /&>ds ( morality ( "s p>ts ( ,scripture are n to be comm5d$4 ,b !y are n ! /&>ds ( morality ( ,scripture1 b ( _! times4 ,!y are n taught 9 ,scripture2 !y are only /at$2 & !y are s /at$ t in/antly a ?\ghtful man discov]s t !y are /at$ to be condemn$4 ,:5 did x become true t all t is told ( a good man is to be approv$8 ,x is n pret5d$ t ,abraham did "r always4 ,david 0 confess$ly wrong4 ,!y move mu* ( ! "t 9 half-light1 yet ! sum total ( ! impression ( _! writ+s is inevitably & inv>iably = a m sub/antial morality4 ,^! times ne$ ! moral /eady+ ( ! ,bible to make m51 n creatures ( ! day & n creatures ( _! :ims1 b creatures ( all "t & ( fundam5tal laws4 ,add ! ?ird fact1 t our times h & /ill ne$ ! religi\s influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,no democracy c disp5se ) religi\s culture4 ,no book makes = religion z does ! ,bible4 ,t is its *ief purpose4 ,no book c take its place2 no influ5ce c supplant x4 ,max ,mull] made lifelong /udy ( ! ,buddhi/ & o!r ,indian books4 ,he gave !m to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,yet he wrote to a fri5d ( 8 impression ( ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! ,bible 9 su* t]ms t 8 fri5d repli$3 ,yes1 y are "r2 h[ trem5d\sly ahead ( o!r sacr$ books is ! ,bible6 ,! diff]5ce /rikes "o z almo/ unfairly great4#ef ,writ+ 9 an ,india pap]1 ,! ,kaye/ha ,sama*>1 9 ,augu/1 #aijb1 a ,h9du writ] said3 ,i am n a ,*ri/ian2 b half an h\r's /udy ( ! ,bible w d m to remodel a man ?an a :ole day sp5t 9 repeat+ ! slokas ( ! ,pur9as or ! mantras ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! ,koran ,*ri/ians are frequ5tly spok5 ( z p ( ! ,book4 ,x is a sugge/ive phrase4 ,if ,*ri/ianity has any value = ,am]ican life1 !n ! ,bible has j t value4 ,*ri/ianity is made by ! ,bible2 x has nev] be5 vital nor nationally influ5tial = good )\t ! ,bible4 ,sometimes1 because ( 8 /rong words reg>d+ ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & !ology1 ! v5]able ,am]ican diplomat & educator1 ,dr4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 is ?\ght ( z a foe to religion4 ,no "o :o reads 8 biography c h t impression half an h\r4 ,ne> ! close ( x is a p>agraph ( s+ul> insight & au?ority :i* fits j ?is connection3 ,x w1 9 my op9ion1 be a sad day = ?is or = any p :5 !re %all h come 9 !m an atrophy ( ! religi\s nature2 :5 !y %all h suppress$ ! ne$ ( communication1 no matt] h[ vague1 ) a supreme p[] 9 ! univ]se2 :5 ! ties :i* b9d m5 ( simil> modes ( ?\ght 9 ! v>i\s religi\s organizations %all be dissolv$2 :5 m51 in/ead ( meet+ _! fell[-m5 9 assemblages = public wor%ip :i* give !m a s5se ( bro!rhood1 %all l\nge at home or 9 clubs2 :5 m5 & wom51 in/ead ( br++ !mselves at /at$ p]iods into an atmosph]e ( pray]1 praise1 & aspiration1 to he> ! discussion ( high] spiritual !mes1 to be /irr$ by appeals to _! nobl] nature 9 behalf ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & to be mov$ by a clos] realization ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( man1 %all /ay at home & give _! ?\ghts to ! ,sunday pap]s1 or to ! conduct ( _! bus9ess1 or to ! languid se>* = "s refuge f bor$om4#eg ,^? are wise1 /rong words1 & !y su/a9 to ! full :at has be5 urg$1 t ^! times /ill ne$ ! religi\s influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,bible on ! lit]>y1 moral1 & religi\s life ( ! times is already app>5t4 ,b t influ5ce ne$s to be con/antly /r5g!n$4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 to sugge/ "s me?ods ( giv+ ! ,bible increas+ p[]4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ fir/ & la/ t only ?\ghtful p w d x4 ,no help w come f c>eless p4 ,moreov]1 only p :o believe 9 ! common folk w d x4 ,^? :o are ari/ocrats 9 ! s5se t !y d n believe t common p c be tru/$ w n conc]n !mselves to increase ! p[] ( ! ,bible4 ,b = ^? :o are ?\ghtful & ess5tially democratic ! duty is a v pla9 "o4 ,!re are f\r great ag5cies :i* may well magnify ! ,bible & ^: influ5ce w br+ ! ,bible into increas+ p[] 9 national life4 ,fir/ among ^!1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be ! ,*ur*4 ,! acc5t :i* x w place on ! ,bible w naturally be on its religi\s value1 ?\gh its moral value w take a close second place4 ,x is ess5tial = ! ,*ur* to hold itself true to its religi\s f\ndations4 ,only m5 :o h "s position ( lead]%ip c realize ! imm5se pressure t is on to-day to draw ! ,*ur* into =ms ( activity & me?ods ( s]vice :i* are mu* to be comm5d$1 b :i* h to be con/antly gu>d$ le/ !y deprive x ( p[] & conc]n 9 ! ?+s :i* are peculi> to its own life & :i* x & x alone c contribute to ! public good4 ,! ,*ur* ne$s to develop = itself f> bett] me?ods ( in/ruction 9 ! ,bible1 s t x may z f> z possible drill ^? :o come "u its influ5ce 9 ! k ( ! ,bible = its di/9ctive religi\s value4 ,?is is nei!r ! "t nor ! place = a full /atem5t ( t responsibility4 ,x is en\gh to see h[ ! v logic ( ! life ( ! ,*ur* requires t x return ) r5ew$ en]gy to its magnify+ & tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,! second ag5cy :i* may be call$ ^u is ! press4 ,! acc5t ( ! press w be on ! moral value ( ! ,bible1 ! s]vice :i* its tea*+ r5d]s to ! national & p]sonal life4 ,!re seems to be a hopeful return+ t5d5cy to allusions to ! ,scripture 9 newspap] & magaz9e publications4 ,x is r>e to f9d among ! high]-level newspap]s an editorial page1 :]e ! mo/ ?\ghtful writ+ appe>s1 9 :i* on any day !re d n appe> ,scripture allusions or ref]5ces4 ,:5 t is s]i\sly done1 :5 ,scripture is us$ = "s o!r purpose ?an to po9t a je/1 x helps to re/ore ! ,bible to its place 9 public ?\ght4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a noticeable return ( ! great] magaz9es to consid]ation ( ! moral phrases ( ! ,scripture4 ,t has be5 inevitably connect$ ) ! developm5t ( a social s5se :i* condemns m5 = _! evil c\rses because ( _! damage to society4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t prophets are liv+ _! lives aga9 9 ^! days1 & ! m ?\ghtful m5 are be+ driv5 back to !m = ! great pr9ciples on :i* !y may live safely4 ,! ?ird ag5cy :i* ne$s to magnify ! ,bible is ! s*ool4 ,! acc5t :i* x w *oose w naturally be ! lit]>y value ( ! ,bible1 ?\gh x w n ov]look its moral value z well4 ,incid5tal ref]5ces h]et(ore h sugge/$ ! importance ( religion 9 a democracy4 ,b !re are none ( ! great bran*es ( ! tea*+ ( ! s*ools1 public or private1 :i* d n involve ! ,bible4 ,x is impossible to tea* hi/ory fairly & fully )\t a frank recognition ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible4 ,/udy ! ,re=mation1 ! ,puritan movem5t1 ! ,pilgrim j\rneys1 ! :ole ( e>ly ,am]ican hi/ory6 ,we c leave ! ,bible out only by trifl+ ) ! facts4 ,c]ta9ly lit]ature _c be taught )\t x4 ,& if x is ! purpose ( ! s*ools to develop "* & moral life1 !n !re is high au?ority = say+ t ! ,bible ought to h place4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,mr4 ,huxley1 9 8 essay on ,! ,s*ool ,bo>ds3 ,:at ,!y ,c ,d1 & ,:at ,!y ,may ,d1 laid a broad f\ndation = ?9k+ at ?is po9t1 & 8 words be> quot+ at "s l5g?3 ,i h always be5 /rongly 9 favor ( secul> education1 9 ! s5se ( education )\t !ology2 b ,i mu/ confess ,i h be5 no less s]i\sly p]plex$ to "k by :at practical measures ! religi\s feel+1 :i* is ! ess5tial basis ( conduct1 0 to be kept up1 9 ! pres5t utt]ly *aotic /ate ( op9ion on ^! matt]s1 )\t ! use ( ! ,bible4 ,! pagan morali/s lack life & color1 & ev5 ! noble /oic1 ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us1 is too high & ref9$ = an ord9>y *ild4 ,take ! ,bible z a :ole2 make ! sev]e/ d$uctions :i* fair criticism c dictate = %ortcom+s & positive errors2 elim9ate1 z a s5sible lay tea*] w\ld d if left to himself1 all t is n desirable = *ildr5 to occupy !mselves )2 & !re /ill rema9s 9 ?is old lit]ature a va/ residuum ( moral beauty & gr&eur4 ,& !n consid] ! great hi/orical fact t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ?is ,book has be5 wov5 into ! life ( all t is be/ & noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 t x has become ! national epic ( ,brita91 & is z famili> to noble & simple1 f ,john-o'-,groat's ,h\se to ,l&'s ,end1 z ,dante & ,tasso once 7 to ! ,italians2 t x is writt5 9 ! noble/ & pure/ ,engli%1 & ab\nds 9 exquisite beauties ( m]e lit]>y =m2 &1 f9ally1 t x =bids ! v]ie/ h9d :o nev] left 8 village to be ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r c\ntries & o!r civilizations1 & ( a great pa/1 /ret*+ back to ! fur!/ limits ( ! olde/ nations ( ! _w4 ,by ! /udy ( :at o!r book c\ld *ildr5 be s mu* humaniz$ & made to feel t ea* figure 9 t va/ hi/orical procession fills1 l !mselves1 b a mom5t>y space 9 ! int]val betwe5 two et]nities2 & e>ns ! bless+s or ! curses ( all "t1 accord+ to its ef=t to d good & hate evil1 ev5 z !y also are e>n+ _! paym5t = _! "w8 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i am 9 favor ( read+ ! ,bible1 ) su* grammatical1 geographical1 & hi/orical explanations by a lay tea*] z may be ne$ful1 ) rigid exclusion ( any fur!r !ological tea*+ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! ,bible itself4 ,mr4 ,huxley is an ,engli%man1 ?\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,m\lton says1 ,we divide him betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,b ,pr(essor ,m\lton himself is v urg5t 9 ?is same matt]4 ,if ! classics ( ,greece & ,rome are 9 ! nature ( ance/ral lit]ature1 an equal position belongs to ! lit]ature ( ! ,bible4 ,if our intellect & imag9ation h be5 =m$ by ,greece1 h we n 9 simil> fa%ion drawn our moral & emotional tra9+ f ,hebrew ?\ght8 ,x is "o ( ! curiosities ( our civilization t we are cont5t to g = our lib]al education to lit]atures :i* morally are at opposite poles f ourselves2 lit]atures 9 :i* ! mo/ exalt$ tone is (t5 an apo!osis ( ! s5su\s1 :i* degrade div9ity1 n only to ! human level1 b to ! l[e/ level ( humanity4 ,x is surely good t our y\? dur+ ! =mative p]iod %\ld h display$ to !m1 9 a lit]>y dress z brilliant z t ( ,greek lit]ature1 a p dom9at$ by an utt] passion = righte\sness1 a p ^: ideas ( purity1 ( inf9ite good1 ( univ]sal ord]1 ( fai? 9 ! irresi/ible d[nfall ( moral evil1 mov$ to a poetic passion z f]vid & spee* z musical z :5 ,sappho sang ( love or ,es*ylus ?und]$ 8 deep notes ( de/9y4#eh ,b !re is a lead+ ,am]ican voice :i* w speak 9 t behalf1 9 ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 ,presid5t ,butl] makes /rong plea = ! read+ ( ! ,bible ev5 9 public s*ools4 ,8 reason _h no connection ) religion4 ,x 0 bas$ on altoge!r diff]5t gr\nd4 ,he reg>d$ an acqua9tance ) ! ,bible z absolutely indisp5sable to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,x is un=tunate 9 ! extreme1 he ?\ght1 t s _m "y m5 are gr[+ up )\t t k ( ! ,bible :i* e "o mu/ h if he means to be capable ( ! greate/ lit]>y pleasure & appreciation ( ! lit]ature ( 8 own p4 ,n only ! allusions1 b ! :ole tone & bias ( _m ,engli% au?ors w become to "o :o is ignorant ( ! ,bible mo/ difficult & ev5 impossible ( compreh5sion4 ,! difficulties ( call+ public s*ools to ?is task appe> at once4 ,x w\ld be mon/r\s if !y %\ld be sect>ian or proselytiz+4 ,b ! ,bible is n a sect>ian ,book4 ,x is ! ,book ( greate/ lit]ature4 ,x is ! ,book ( mightie/ morals4 ,x is gov]n+ hi/ory4 ,x is affect+ lit]ature z no?+ else has done4 ,a ?\s& pities t any petty squabbl+ or diff]5ces ( op9ion %\ld prev5t ! "y p 9 ! s*ools f realiz+ ! gr&eur & beauty ( x6 ,b ! f9al & mo/ important ag5cy :i* w magnify ! influ5ce ( ! ,bible mu/ necess>ily be ! home4 ,x w ga!r up all its traits1 religi\s1 moral1 & lit]>y4 ,"h is ! fundam5tal opportunity & ! fundam5tal obligation4 ,rob]t ,burns 0 "r 9 f9d+ ! secret ( ,scotia's p[] 9 su* sc5es z ^? ( ,! ,cott>'s ,saturday ,night4 ,"o c almo/ see ,c>lyle go+ back to 8 old home at ,ecclefe*an & /&+ outside to he> 8 old "m mak+ a pray] 9 8 behalf4 ,a newspap] editorial ( rec5t date says ?is decay ( lit]>y allusion is traceable 9 "p to ! gradual ab&onm5t ( family pray]s4 ,answ]+ ,presid5t ,butl]1 x is urg$ t x is n s important t ! ,bible be 9 ! public s*ools z t x get back aga9 into ! homes4 ,?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! ,bible is desirable2 x %\ld be fo/]$4 ,! p]son :o w h to fo/] x1 ?\gh1 says ?is writ]1 is n ! tea*]1 b ! p>5t4 ,! p>5t is ! p]son :om ,dr4 ,butl] %\ld try to conv]t4 ,well1 :ile !re may be diff]5ces ab\t ! s*ool1 !re c be none ab\t ! place ( ! ,bible 9 ! home4 ,x ne$s to be b\nd up ) ! e>lie/ impressions & int]tw9$ ) ^? impressions z !y deep5 & ext5d4 ,s1 by ! ,*ur*1 :i* w acc5t its religi\s value2 by ! press1 :i* w acc5t its moral p[]2 by ! s*ool1 :i* w spread its lit]>y influ5ce2 & by ! home1 :i* w realize all ?ree & make x seem a vital conc]n f ! beg9n+ ( life1 ! ,bible w be put & held 9 ! place ( p[] to-day :i* x has _h 9 ! ye>s t are gone1 & w /eadily ga9 great] p[]4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,jeff]son1 ,?+s ,fundam5tal1 p4 #ij4 #ec ,new ,int]national ,encyclop$ia1 art4 on ,engli% ,lit]ature4 #ed ,curr5t ,ev5ts1 ,janu>y #ab1 #aiab4 #ee ,autobiography1 p4 #beb4 #ef ,spe]1 ,light ( ! ,_w1 iv4 #eg ,autobiography1 vol4 ii1 p4 #egj4 #eh ,lit]>y ,/udy ( ! ,bible1 passim4 ,,! ,,end 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,occasional miss+ punctuation m>ks h be5 ins]t$4 ,! v>iant =ms non-con=mity 7p4 #ej7 & non-con=m+ 7pp4 #bbg1 #bbi7 appe> 9 ?is text4 ,on p4 #ga1 ,illu/rate ) "o in/ance %\ld p]haps read ,i'll illu/rate ) "o in/ance b has be5 left un*ang$4 ,! foll[+ am5dm5ts h be5 made to ! text3 ,on p4 #cf ,cramm] am5d$ to ,cranm]4 ,on p4 #aji eighty two am5d$ to eighty-two4 ,on p4 #aab ,wav]ly am5d$ to ,wav]ley4 ,on p4 #aag 7v]se #ea17 am5d$ to 7v]se #ea714 ,on p4 #acc ,edg> ,all5 ,poe am5d$ to ,edg> ,allan ,poe4 ,on p4 #ada exile ( ?s s*ol>s am5d$ to exile ( ! s*ol>s4 ,on p4 #adb ,capel ,ll(t am5d$ to ,capel ,l(ft4 ,on p4 #aeg footnote1 ,engli% ,lit]ature italicis$ z ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,on p4 #afa ,t9t]n ,abbay am5d$ to ,t9t]n ,abbey4 ,on p4 #agj ',drama ( ,exile am5d$ to ,drama ( ,exile4 ,on p4 #agd e gr[+ c\rti] am5d$ to e gr9n+ c\rti]4 ,on p4 #bcb democracry am5d$ to democracy4 ,on p4 #bcd ,j t x did am5d$ to ,j :at x did2 & pleasure ,sabba? am5d$ to pleasure ( ,sabba?4 ,on p4 #bdc ,khayym am5d$ to ,khayym2 & 9 m m>k$ way am5d$ to 9 a m m>k$ way4 ,on p4 #bed is au?ority am5d$ to is ! au?ority4 ,on p4 #bha phases am5d$ to phrases4