,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by curly braces is 9 sup]script 7example3 #gme74 ,! orig9al text conta9s a few lett]s ) diacritical m>ks t are n repres5t$ 9 ?is text v]sion4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 ,! foll[+ symbols are us$ 9 ?is text v]sion to repres5t symbols t c n be pres5t$ 9 any o!r way4 ,s repres5ts a ,swa/ika ) left-b> fac+ up4 ,z repres5ts a ,swa/ika ) left-b> fac+ d[n4 ,z circle repres5ts a ,swa/ika inside a circle4 cross repres5ts a simple cross 7plus-sign =m74 circle repres5ts a circle4 ,u repres5ts a l>ge ,u4 ,v repres5ts a l>ge ,v4 ,y repres5ts a l>ge ,y4 symbol repres5ts v>i\s symbols4 ,9 ! ,bibliography section ! read] w enc\nt] num]\s v]tical b>s or pipes 7 74 ,^! 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9al book4 ,! reason = _! pres5ce is unc]ta94 ,mismat*$_/unmat*$ quotation m>ks are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,,! ,,swa/ika1 ,! ,e>lie/ ,kn[n ,symbol1 & ,its ,migrations2 ) ,obs]vations on ! ,migration ( ,c]ta9 ,indu/ries 9 ,prehi/oric ,times4 by ,,?omas ,,wilson1 ,curator1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,prehi/oric ,an?ropology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,f ! ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = #ahid1 pages #geg-ajaa1 ) plates #a-be & ,figures #a-cgd4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 #ahif4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,preface #gfc ,i4--,,def9itions1 ,,description1 ,,& ,,orig94 ,diff]5t =ms ( ! cross #gfe ,names & def9itions ( ! ,swa/ika #gfh ,symbolism & int]pretation #ggj ,orig9 & habitat #gia ,,ii4--,,disp]sion ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,extreme ,ori5t #gii ,japan #gii ,korea #gii ,*9a #gii ,tibet #hjb ,india #hjb ,classical ,ori5t #hjf ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,*aldea1 & ,p]sia #hjf ,ph5icia #hjg ,lycaonia #hjg ,arm5ia #hjg ,caucasus #hjh ,asia ,m9or--,troy 7,hiss>lik7 #hji ,fir/ & ,second ,cities #haj ,! ,?ird or ,burnt ,city #haa ,! ,f\r? ,city #hac ,! ,fif? ,city #hah ,! ,six? & ,sev5? ,cities #hai ,lead5 idol ( ,hiss>lik #hbi ,owl-%ap$ vases #hcj ,! age ( ,trojan cities #hcb ,africa #hcc ,egypt #hcc ,naukratis #hcd ,coptos 7,a*mim-,panopolis7 #hcd ,alg]ia #hch ,a%antee #hch ,classical ,occid5t--,m$it]ranean #hci ,greece1 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 ,melos1 & ,!ra #hci ,greek fret & ,egyptian me&] n ! same z ! ,swa/ika #hci ,swa/ika 9 panels #hde ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at "r angles1 ends b5t to ! "r #hdf ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at "r angles1 ends b5t to ! left #hdg ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at o!r ?an "r angles1 ! ends ogee & to ! left #hdh ,me&] patt]n1 ) ends b5t to ! "r & left #hdi ,swa/ikas ( diff]5t k9ds on ! same object #hdi ,europe #hed ,bronze age #hed ,etruria & ,italy #hee ,swiss lake dwell+s #hfa ,g]many & ,au/ria #hfb ,belgium #hfc ,sc&9avia #hfd ,scotl& & ,irel& #hfg ,gallo-,roman p]iod #hfi ,france #hfi ,anglo-,saxon p]iod #hgj ,brita9 #hgj ,swa/ika on anci5t co9s #hga ,triskelion1 ,lycia #hga ,triskelion1 ,sicily #hgc ,triskelion1 ,isle ( ,man #hgd ,pun* m>ks on ,cor9?ian co9s mi/ak5 = ,swa/ikas #hge ,swa/ika on anci5t ,h9du co9s #hgg ,swa/ika on co9s 9 ,mesembria & ,gaza #hgh ,swa/ika on ,dani% gold bracteates #hgh ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #hgi ,pre-,columbian times #hgi ,fa9s ,isl& & ,toco m\nds1 ,t5nessee #hgi ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,*illico!1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio #hhh ,m\nds 9 ,arkansas #hic ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians #hid ,kansas #hid ,sacs #hie ,pueblos #hif ,navajoes #hig ,pimas #ija ,colonial pat*work #ija ,c5tral ,am]ica #ijb ,nic>agua #ijb ,yucatan #ijb ,co/a ,rica #ijc ,s\? ,am]ica #ijc ,brazil #ijc ,p>aguay #ije ,,iii4--,,=ms ,,alli$ ,,to ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,me&]s1 ogees1 & spirals1 b5t to ! left z well z to ! "r #ije ,aborig9al ,am]ican engrav+s & pa9t+s #ijf ,designs on %ell #ijf ,ivory-bill$ woodpeck] #ijg ,! triskele1 triskelion1 or triquetrum #ijh ,! spid] #iac ,! rattlesnake #iad ,! human face & =m #iad ,designs on pott]y #ibj ,designs on basketry #ibd ,,iv4--,,! ,,cross ,,among ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,diff]5t =ms #ibf ,! cross on objects ( %ell & copp] #ibf ,! cross on pott]y #ica ,symbolic mean+s ( ! cross #icc ,! f\r w9ds #icd ,sun & /> symbols #icf ,dwell+s #icf ,dragon fly 7,susbeca7 #icf ,mide'1 or ,%amans #icg ,flocks ( birds #icg ,human =ms #ich ,maid5hood #ici ,%aman's _s #ici ,div]s significations #ici ,introduction ( ! cross into ,am]ica #idd ,decorative =ms n ( ! cross1 b alli$ to ! ,swa/ika #idf ,color /amps f ,mexico & ,v5ezuela #idf ,v4--,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 #idh ,,vi4--,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,symbols4 ,migration ( ! ,swa/ika #ieb ,migration ( classic symbols #ifj ,! sacr$ tree ( ! ,assyrians #ifj ,! sacr$ cone ( ,mesopotamia #ifj ,! ,crux ansata1 ! key ( life #ifa ,! w+$ globe #ifa ,! caduceus #ifb ,! trisula #ifc ,! d\ble-head$ eagle on ! escut*eon ( ,au/ria & ,russia #ifc ,! lion rampant ( ,belgium #ifc ,greek art & ar*itecture #ifd ,! ,greek fret #ife ,,vii4--,,prehi/oric ,,objects ,,associat$ ,,) ,,! ,,swa/ika1 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,bo? ,,hemisph]es1 ,,& ,,believ$ ,,to ,,h ,,pass$ ,,by ,,migration4 ,sp9dle :orls #iff ,europe #ifg ,switz]l&--,lake dwell+s #ifg ,italy #ifh ,wurtemburg #ifh ,france #ifh ,nor? ,am]ica--pre-,columbian times #ifi ,mexico #igj ,c5tral ,am]ica #iga ,nic>agua #iga ,s\? ,am]ica #igb ,*iriqui #igb ,colombia #igb ,p]u #igb ,bobb9s #ige ,europe #ige ,unit$ ,/ates #ige ,,viii4--,,simil> ,,prehi/oric ,,arts1 ,,indu/ries1 ,,& ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,,europe ,,& ,,am]ica ,,z ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,culture4 #igg ,,conclusion #iha ,,bibliography #ihd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #iig ,,! ,,swa/ika1 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,kn[n ,,symbol1 ,,& ,,its ,,migrations2 ,,) ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,indu/ries ,,9 ,,prehi/oric ,,times4 ,illu/ration ,by ,,?omas ,,wilson1 ,curator1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,prehi/oric ,an?ropology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,preface4 ,an ,engli% g5tleman1 v]s$ 9 prehi/oric ar*ology1 visit$ me 9 ! summ] ( #ahid1 & dur+ our conv]sation ask$ if we _h ! ,swa/ika 9 ,am]ica4 ,i answ]$1 ,yes1 & %[$ him two or ?ree specim5s ( x4 ,he dem&$ if we _h any lit]ature on ! subject4 ,i cit$ him ,de ,mortillet1 ,de ,morgan1 & ,zmigrodzki1 & he said1 ,no1 ,i mean ,engli% or ,am]ican4 ,i began a se>* :i* prov$ almo/ futile1 z ev5 ! ^w ,swa/ika did n appe> 9 su* works z ,worce/]'s or ,web/]'s diction>ies1 ! ,encyclopdic ,diction>y1 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,johnson's ,univ]sal ,cyclopdia1 ! ,p's ,cyclopdia1 nor ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 8 ,greek & ,roman ,biography & ,my?ology1 or 8 ,classical ,diction>y4 ,i also se>*$1 ) ! same results1 ,mollett's ,diction>y ( ,art & ,ar*ology1 ,fairholt's ,diction>y ( ,t]ms 9 ,art1 ,l',art ,go?ique1 by ,gonza1 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez's ext5sive hi/ories ( ,art 9 ,egypt1 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 & 9 ,ph5icia2 also ,! ,cross1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,cross1 by ,john ,a%ton2 & a repr9t ( a ,dut* "w by ,wild5]4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,encyclopdia ! description is errone\s1 :ile all ! ,c5tury ,diction>y says is1 ,same z fylfot1 & ,comp>e ,crux ,ansata & ,gammadion4 ,i !reupon conclud$ t ?is w\ld be a good subject = pres5tation to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = diffusion ( k among m54 ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is pap] has be5 to ga!r & put 9 a compact =m su* in=mation z is obta9able conc]n+ ! ,swa/ika1 leav+ to o!rs ! task ( adju/m5t ( ^! facts & _! arrangem5t into an h>moni\s !ory4 ,! only conclusion s\ght to be d$uc$ f ! facts /at$ is z to ! possible migration 9 prehi/oric times ( ! ,swa/ika & simil> objects4 ,no conclusion is attempt$ z to ! "t or place ( orig91 or ! primitive mean+ ( ! ,swa/ika1 because ^! are consid]$ to be lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,! /raight l9e1 ! circle1 ! cross1 ! triangle1 are simple =ms1 easily made1 & might h be5 inv5t$ & re-inv5t$ 9 e age ( primitive man & 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 ea* "t be+ an indep5d5t inv5tion1 mean+ mu* or little1 mean+ diff]5t ?+s among diff]5t peoples or at diff]5t times among ! same p2 or !y may h _h no settl$ or def9ite mean+4 ,b ! ,swa/ika 0 probably ! fir/ to be made ) a def9ite int5tion & a cont9u\s or consecutive mean+1 ! k ( :i* pass$ f p]son to p]son1 f tribe to tribe1 f p to p1 & f nation to nation1 until1 ) possibly *ang$ mean+s1 x has f9ally circl$ ! globe4 ,!re are _m disputable que/ions broa*$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! au?or is aw>e ( ! diff]5ces ( op9ion !reon among le>n$ m51 & he has n attempt$ to dispose ( ^! que/ions 9 ! few s5t5ces employ$ 9 _! ann\ncem5t4 ,he has be5 cons]vative & has s\ght to avoid dogmatic decisions ( controv]t$ que/ions4 ,! antiquity ( man1 ! locality ( 8 orig91 ! "t ( 8 disp]sion & ! c\rse ( 8 migration1 ! orig9 ( bronze & ! c\rse ( its migration1 all ( :i* may be m or less involv$ 9 a discussion ( ! ,swa/ika1 are que/ions n to be settl$ by ! dogmatic ass]tions ( any individual4 ,mu* ( ! in=mation 9 ?is pap] is orig9al1 & relates to prehi/oric m ?an to mod]n times1 & ext5ds to ne>ly all ! c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,x is evid5t t ! au?or mu/ dep5d on o!r discov]]s2 !re=e1 all books1 travels1 writ]s1 & /ud5ts h be5 laid "u contribution )\t scruple4 ,due ackn[l$gm5t is h]eby made = all quotations ( text or figures :]ev] !y occur4 ,quotations h be5 freely made1 in/ead ( sift+ ! evid5ce & giv+ ! sub/ance4 ,! ju/ification is t !re has nev] be5 any suffici5t m>%al+ ( ! evid5ce on ! subject1 & t ! =m] d$uctions h be5 inconclusive2 !re=e1 quotations ( au?ors are giv5 9 _! own words1 to ! end t ! philosoph]s :o propose to deal ) ! orig91 mean+1 & cause ( migration ( ! ,swa/ika w h all ! evid5ce be=e !m4 ,assumptions may appe> z to antiquity1 orig91 & migration ( ! ,swa/ika1 b x is expla9$ t _m times ^! only reflect ! op9ion ( ! writ]s :o are quot$1 or are put =? z work+ hypo!ses4 ,! indulg5ce ( ! read] is ask$1 & x is hop$ t he w endeavor to h>monize conflict+ /atem5ts ^u ^! disput$ que/ions r ?an antagonize !m4 ,i4--,,def9itions1 ,,description1 ,,& ,,orig94 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,! simple cross made ) two /icks or m>ks belongs to prehi/oric times4 ,its fir/ appe>ance among m5 is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,"o may !orize z to its orig91 b !re is no hi/orical id5tification ( x ei!r 9 epo* or by c\ntry or p4 ,! sign is itself s simple t x might h orig9at$ among any p1 h[ev] primitive1 & 9 any age1 h[ev] remote4 ,! mean+ giv5 to ! e>lie/ cross is equally unkn[n4 ,ev]y?+ conc]n+ its beg9n+ is 9 ! realm ( speculation4 ,b a diff]5tiation grew up 9 e>ly times among nations by :i* c]ta9 =ms ( ! cross h be5 kn[n "u c]ta9 names & ) specific significations4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z ! ,maltese cross1 are hi/oric & c be well id5tifi$4 ,! pr9cipal =ms ( ! cross1 kn[n z symbols or ornam5ts1 c be r$uc$ to a few classes1 ?\gh :5 comb9$ ) h]aldry its use ext5ds to #che v>ieties4#a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,lat9 ,,cross 7,crux immissa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,greek ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,/4 ,,&rew',s ,,cross 7,crux decussata74 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to give a hi/ory ( ! cross1 b ! pr9cipal =ms are %[n by way ( introduction to a /udy ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,! ,lat9 cross1 ,crux immissa1 7fig4 #a7 is f\nd on co9s1 m$als1 & ornam5ts ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x 0 on ?is cross t ,*ri/ is said to h be5 crucifi$1 & ?us x became accept$ z ! ,*ri/ian cross4 ,! ,greek cross 7fig4 #b7 ) arms ( equal l5g? cross+ at "r angles1 is f\nd on ,assyrian & ,p]sian monum5ts & tablets1 ,greek co9s & /atues4 ,! ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 ,crux decussata1 7fig4 #c7 is ! same z ! ,greek cross1 b turn$ to /& on two legs4 ,! ,crux ansata 7fig4 #d7 accord+ to ,egyptian my?ology1 0 ,ankh1 ! emblem ( ,ka1 ! spiritual d\ble ( man4 ,x 0 also said to indicate a union ( ,osiris & ,isis1 & 0 reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,egyptian ,,cross4 7,crux ansata74 ,! ,key ( ,life4 ,! ,tau cross 7fig4 #e71 s call$ f its resemblance to ! ,greek lett] ( t "n1 is ( unc]ta91 ?\gh anci5t1 orig94 ,9 ,sc&9avian my?ology x pass$ "u ! "n ( ,?or's hamm]1 be+ !re9 conf\nd$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,x 0 also call$ ,/4 ,an?ony's cross = ! ,egyptian h]mit ( t "n1 & 0 always color$ blue4 ,cl>kson says ?is m>k 0 receiv$ by ! ,mi?raci/s on _! =eheads at ! "t ( _! initiation4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,numismatics 7p4 #bad71 expresses ! op9ion t ! ,tau cross 0 plac$ on ! =eheads ( m5 :o cry aft] abom9ations4 7,ezekiel ix1 #d47 ,x is spok5 ( z a phallic emblem4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ! cross appe>$ ab\t ! second c5tury1 compos$ ( a union ( ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross & ! lett] ,p 7fig4 #f71 be+ ! fir/ two lett]s ( ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 ,,*ri/os 7,*ri/us74 ,?is1 ) ano!r v>iety conta9+ all ! =ego+ lett]s1 pass$ z ! monogram ( ,*ri/ 7fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,tau ,,cross1 ,,?or',s ,,hamm]1 ,,or ,,/4 ,,an?ony',s ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,monogram ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,maltese ,,cross4 ,z an in/rum5t ( execution1 ! cross1 besides be+ ! int]section ( two beams ) f\r project+ arms1 0 frequ5tly ( comp\nd =ms z ,y1 on :i* ! convict$ p]son 0 fa/5$ by ! feet & hung head d[nw>d4 ,ano!r =m symbol1 :]eon he 0 fa/5$ by "o foot & "o h& at ea* upp] corn]2 /ill ano!r =m symbol1 :]eon 8 body 0 susp5d$ on ! c5tral upright ) 8 arms out/ret*$ ^u ! cross beams4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts ! sign ( ! milit>y ord] ( ! ,knights ( ,malta4 ,x is ( m$ieval orig94 ,fig4 #h 7a & b7 repres5ts two /yles ( ,celtic crosses4 ,^! belong *iefly to ,irel& & ,scotl&1 are usually ( /one1 & frequ5tly set up at m>k$ places on ! road side4 ,higg9s1 9 8 ,anacalypsis1 a r>e & co/ly "w1 almo/ an encyclop$ia ( k1#b says1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! cross1 t ! (ficial "n ( ! gov]nor ( ,tibet1 ,lama1 comes f ! anci5t ,tibetan ^w = ! cross4 ,! orig9al spell+ 0 ,l-a-m-h4 ,?is is cit$ ) approval 9 ,dav5port's ,aphrodisiacs 7p4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,celtic ,,crosses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,normal ,,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,suava/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,swa/ika4 ,me&]4 ,( ! _m =ms ( ! cross1 ! ,swa/ika is ! mo/ anci5t4 ,despite ! !ories & speculations ( /ud5ts1 its orig9 is unkn[n4 ,x began be=e hi/ory1 & is prop]ly class$ z prehi/oric4 ,its description is z foll[s3 ,! b>s ( ! normal ,swa/ika 7frontispiece & fig4 #i7 are /raight1 ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 mak+ f\r arms ( equal size1 l5g?1 & /yle4 ,_! peculi>ity is t all ! ends are b5t at "r angles & 9 ! same direction1 "r or left4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] makes ! symbol diff]5t accord+ z ! arms are b5t to ! "r or to ! left4 ,t b5t to ! "r he d5om9ates ! true ,swa/ika1 t b5t to ! left he calls ,suava/ika 7fig4 #aj71 b he gives no au?ority = ! /atem5t1 & ! au?or has be5 unable to f9d1 except 9 ,burn\f1 any ju/ification = a diff]5ce ( names4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> gives ! title ( ,me&] to t =m ( ,swa/ika :i* b5ds two or m times 7fig4 #aa74 ,! ,swa/ika is sometimes repres5t$ ) dots or po9ts 9 ! corn]s ( ! int]sections 7fig4 #ab;a71 & occasionally ! same :5 )\t b5t ends 7fig4 #ab;b71 to :i* ,zmigrodzki gives ! "n ( ,croix ,swa/icale4 ,"s ,swa/ikas h ?ree dots plac$ equidi/ant ar\nd ea* ( ! f\r ends 7fig4 #ab;c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,croix ,,swa/icale 7,,zmigrodzki74 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties possibly relat$ to ! ,swa/ika :i* h be5 f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe1 & ?\gh ! relation may appe> slight1 & at fir/ sight difficult to trace1 yet x w appe> m or less intimate z ! exam9ation is pursu$ ?r\gh its ramifications4 ,z ?is pap] is an inve/igation into & report ^u facts r ?an conclusions to be drawn f !m1 x is deem$ wise to give ^? =ms be>+ ev5 possible relations to ! ,swa/ika4 ,c]ta9 ( !m h be5 accept$ by ! au?or z relat$ to ! ,swa/ika1 :ile o!rs h be5 reject$2 b ?is rejection has be5 conf9$ to cases :]e ! kn[n facts seem$ to ju/ify ano!r orig9 = ! symbol4 ,speculation has be5 avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,peculi> ,,=ms ,,( ,,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #ac;a4 ,,ogee ,,& ,,spiral ,,swa/ikas4 ,tetraskelion 7f\r-arm$74 ,fig4 #ac;b4 ,,spiral ,,& ,,volute4 ,triskelion 7?ree-arm$74 ,fig4 #ac;c4 ,,spiral ,,& ,,volute4 7,five or _m arm$47 ,fig4 #ac;d4 ,,ogee ,,swa/ika1 ,,) ,,circle4 ,,names ,,& ,,def9itions ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,! ,swa/ika has be5 call$ by diff]5t names 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ?\gh ne>ly all c\ntries h 9 lat] ye>s accept$ ! anci5t ,sanskrit "n ( ,swa/ika2 & ?is "n is recomm5d$ z ! mo/ def9ite & c]ta91 be+ n[ ! mo/ g5]al &1 inde$1 almo/ univ]sal4 ,x 0 =m]ly spell$ s-v-a-s-t-i-c-a & s-u-a-s-t-i-k-a1 b ! lat] spell+1 bo? ,engli% & ,fr5*1 is s-w-a-s-t-i-k-a4 ,! def9ition & etymology ( ! ^w is ?us giv5 9 ,littre's ,fr5* ,diction>y3 ,sva/ika1 or ,swa/ika1 a my/ic figure us$ by sev]al 7,ea/7 ,indian sects4 ,x 0 equally well kn[n to ! ,brahm9s z to ! ,buddhi/s4 ,mo/ ( ! rock inscriptions 9 ! ,buddhi/ cav]ns 9 ! we/ ( ,india are prec$$ or foll[$ by ! holy 7sacram5telle7 sign ( ! ,swa/ika4 7,eug4 ,burn\f1 ,le ,lotus de la bonne loi4 ,p>is1 #aheb1 p4 #fbe47 ,x 0 se5 on ! vases & pott]y ( ,rhodes 7,cyprus7 & ,etruria4 7,f4 ,delaunay1 ,j\r4 ,(f41 ,nov4 #ah1 #ahgc1 p4 #gjbd1 #c;d ,col47 ,etymology3 ,a ,sanskrit ^w signify+ happ9ess1 pleasure1 good luck4 ,x is compos$ ( ,su 7equival5t ( ,greek ,greek3 eu71 good1 & a/i1 be+1 good be+1 ) ! suffix ka 7,greek ,greek3 ka1 ,lat9 co74 ,9 ! ,revue d',e?nographie 7,,iv1 #ahhe1 p4 #cbi71 ,mr4 ,dum\ti] gives ! foll[+ analysis ( ! ,sanskrit swa/ika3 ,su1 radical1 signify+ good1 well1 excell5t1 or suvidas1 prosp]ity4 ,a/i1 ?ird p]son1 s+ul>1 indicative pres5t ( ! v]b z1 to be1 :i* is sum 9 ,lat94 ,ka1 suffix =m+ ! sub/antive4 ,pr(essor ,:itney 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y says1 ,swa/ika--,sanskrit1 lit41 ( good =tune4 ,sva/i 7,su1 well1 a/i1 be+71 welf>e4 ,same z fylfot4 ,comp>e ,crux ansata & gammadion4 ,9 ,ilios 7p4 #cdg71 ,max ,mll] says3 ,e?nologically1 sva/ika is d]iv$ f sva/i1 & sva/i f su1 well1 & z1 to be4 ,sva/i occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,v$a1 bo? z a n\n 9 a s5se ( happ9ess1 & z an adv]b 9 ! s5se ( well or hail6 ,x corresponds to ! ,greek ,greek3 eue/4 ,! d]ivation ,sva/i-ka is ( lat] date1 & x always means an auspici\s sign1 su* z are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly among ,buddhi/s & ,ja9as4 ,m4 ,eug5e ,burn\f#c def9es ! m>k ,swa/ika z foll[s3 ,a monogrammatic sign ( f\r bran*es1 ( :i* ! ends are curv$ at "r angles1 ! "n signify+1 lit]ally1 ! sign ( b5$iction or good augury4 ,! =ego+ explanations relate only to ! pres5t accept$ "n ,swa/ika4 ,! sign ,swa/ika mu/ h exi/$ long be=e ! "n 0 giv5 to x4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! ,buddhi/ religion or ! ,sanskrit language4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! common "n giv5 to ! ,swa/ika1 f ,anglo-,saxon times by ^? :o app>5tly _h no k :5ce x came1 or t x came f any o!r ?an _! own c\ntry1 0 ,fylfot1 said to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon f[] fot1 mean+ f\r-foot$1 or _m-foot$4#d ,george ,w>+1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages 7p4 #aj71 says3 ,! ^w ,fylfot is ,sc&9avian & is comp\nd$ ( ,old ,norse fil1 equival5t to ! ,anglo-,saxon fela1 ,g]man viel1 _m1 & fotr1 foot1 ! _m-foot$ figure4 99 99 99 ,x is desirable to h "s settl$ "n by :i* to describe x2 we w take ! simple/ & mo/ descriptive1 ! ,fylfot4 ,he ?us transgresses "o ( ! olde/ & s\nde/ rules ( sci5tific nom5clature1 & ignores ! fact t ! "n ,swa/ika has be5 employ$ = ?is sign 9 ! ,sanskrit language 7! etymology ( ! ^w naturally gave x ! "n ,sva/ika1 sv--good or well1 a/i--to be or be+1 or x is7 & t two ?\s& & m ye>s ( use 9 ,asia & ,europe _h sanction$ & sanctifi$ t z its "n4 ,! use ( ,fylfot is conf9$ to comp>atively few p]sons 9 ,great ,brita9 &1 possibly1 ,sc&9avia4 ,outside ( ^! c\ntries x is sc>cely kn[n1 us$1 or und]/ood4 ,! ,swa/ika 0 occasionally call$ 9 ! ,fr5* language1 9 e>li] times1 ,croix gamme or ,gammadion1 f its resemblance to a comb9ation ( f\r ( ! ,greek lett]s ( t "n1 & x is s nam$ by ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella 9 8 late "w1 ,la ,migration des ,symboles4 ,x 0 also call$ ,croix cramponne1 ,croix patte1 ,croix cro*et4 ,b ! cons5sus ev5 ( ,fr5* etymologi/s favors ! "n ,swa/ika4 ,"s =eign au?ors h call$ x ,?or's hamm]1 or ,?or's hamm]-m>k1 b ! correctness ( ?is has be5 disput$4#e ,w>+1 9 8 elaborate "w1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1#f says3 ,! ,z us$ to be vulg>ly call$ 9 ,sc&9avia ! hamm] ( ,?or1 & ,?or's hamm]-m>k1 or ! hamm]-m>k1 b ?is "n prop]ly belongs to ! m>k ,y4 ,ludwig ,mll] gives x z 8 op9ion t ! ,swa/ika has no connection ) ! ,?or hamm]4 ,! be/ ,sc&9avian au?ors report ! ,?or hamm] to be ! same z ! ,greek tau 7fig4 #e71 ! same =m z ! ,roman & ,engli% capital ,t4 ,! ,sc&9avian "n is ,miln] or ,mjoln]1 ! cru%] or mallet4 ,! ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,tau crosses are repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics by a hamm] or mallet1 giv+ ! idea ( cru%+1 p\nd+1 or /rik+1 & s an in/rum5t ( ju/ice1 an av5g] ( wrong1#g h5ce /&+ = ,horus & o!r gods4#h ,simil> symbolic mean+s h be5 giv5 to ^! crosses 9 anci5t classic c\ntries ( ! ,ori5t4#i ,,symbolism ,,& ,,int]pretation4 ,_m !ories h be5 pres5t$ conc]n+ ! symbolism ( ! ,swa/ika1 its relation to anci5t deities & its repres5tation ( c]ta9 qualities4 ,9 ! e/imation ( c]ta9 writ]s x has be5 respectively ! emblem ( ,zeus1 ( ,baal1 ( ! sun1 ( ! sun-god1 ( ! sun-*>iot ( ,agni ! fire-god1 ( ,indra ! ra9-god1 ( ! sky1 ! sky-god1 & f9ally ! deity ( all deities1 ! great ,god1 ! ,mak] & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,x has also be5 held to symbolize light or ! god ( light1 ( ! =k$ lightn+1 & ( wat]4 ,x is believ$ by "s to h be5 ! olde/ ,aryan symbol4 ,9 ! e/imation ( o!rs x repres5ts ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva1 ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,de/roy]4 ,x appe>s 9 ! footpr9ts ( ,buddha1 engrav$ ^u ! solid rock on ! m\nta9s ( ,india 7fig4 #cb74 ,x /ood = ! ,jupit] ,tonans & ,pluvius ( ! ,lat9s1 & ! ,?or ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,9 ! latt] case x has be5 consid]$--errone\sly1 h[ev]--a v>iety ( ! ,?or hamm]4 ,9 ! op9ion ( at lea/ "o au?or x _h an intimate relation to ! ,lotus sign ( ,egypt & ,p]sia4 ,"s au?ors h attribut$ a phallic mean+ to x4 ,o!rs h recogniz$ x z repres5t+ ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( mank9d1 mak+ x ! symbol ( ! female4 ,its appe>ance on ! p]son ( c]ta9 goddesses1 ,artemis1 ,h]a1 ,demet]1 ,a/>te1 & ! ,*aldean ,nana1 ! lead5 goddess f ,hiss>lik 7fig4 #abe71 has caus$ x to be claim$ z a sign ( fecundity4 ,9 =m+ ! =ego+ !ories _! au?ors h be5 l>gely controll$ by ! alleg$ fact ( ! sub/itution & p]mutation ( ! ,swa/ika sign on v>i\s objects ) recogniz$ symbols ( ^! diff]5t deities4 ,! claims ( ^! !ori/s are some:at cl\d$ 9 obscurity & lo/ 9 ! antiquity ( ! subject4 ,:at seems to h be5 at all times an attribute ( ! ,swa/ika is its "* z a *>m or amulet1 z a sign ( b5$iction1 bless+1 long life1 good =tune1 good luck4 ,?is "* has cont9u$ into mod]n times1 & :ile ! ,swa/ika is recogniz$ z a holy & sacr$ symbol by at lea/ "o ,buddhi/ic religi\s sect1 x is /ill us$ by ! common p ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan z a sign ( long life1 good wi%es1 & good =tune4 ,:atev] else ! sign ,swa/ika may h /ood =1 & h[ev] _m mean+s x may h _h1 x 0 always ornam5tal4 ,x may h be5 us$ ) any or all ! above significations1 b x 0 always ornam5tal z well4 ,! ,swa/ika sign _h great ext5sion & spread itself practically ov] ! _w1 l>gely1 if n entirely1 9 prehi/oric times1 ?\gh its use 9 "s c\ntries has cont9u$ into mod]n times4 ,! elaboration ( ! mean+s ( ! ,swa/ika indicat$ above & its disp]sion or migrations =m ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd _m specim5s ( ,swa/ika 9 8 excavations at ! site ( anci5t ,troy on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik4 ,!y 7 mo/ly on sp9dle :orls1 & w be describ$ 9 due c\rse4 ,he appeal$ to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] = an explanation1 :o1 9 reply1 wrote an elaborate description1 :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann publi%$ 9 ,ilios4#aj ,he comm5ces ) a prote/ aga9/ ! ^w ,swa/ika be+ appli$ g5]ally to ! sign ,swa/ika1 because x may prejudice ! read] or ! public 9 favor ( its ,indian orig94 ,he says3 ,i d n l ! use ( ! ^w sva/ika outside ( ,india4 ,x is a ^w ( ,indian orig9 & has its hi/ory & def9ite mean+ 9 ,india4 99 99 99 ,! occurr5ce ( su* crosses 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w may or may n po9t to a common orig91 b if !y are once call$ ,sva/ika ! vulgus pr(anum w at once jump to ! conclusion t !y all come f ,india1 & x w take "s "t to we$ out su* prejudice4 ,v little is kn[n ( ,indian art be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ! p]iod :5 ! ,buddhi/ sov]eigns began _! public build+s4#aa ,! "n ,sva/ika1 h[ev]1 c be trac$ 79 ,india7 a little f>!r back4 ,x occurs z ! "n ( a p>ticul> sign 9 ! old gramm> ( ,pnani1 ab\t a c5tury e>li]4 ,c]ta9 comp\nds are m5tion$ !re 9 :i* ! la/ ^w is k>na1 e>4 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! signs = m>k+ cattle 0 ! ,sva/ika fig4 #da1 & :at ,pnani tea*es 9 8 gramm> is t :5 ! comp\nd is =m$1 sva/ika-k>na1 i4 e41 hav+ ! e> m>k$ ) ! sign ( a ,sva/ika1 ! f9al a ( ,sva/ika is n to be l5g!n$1 :ile x is l5g!n$ 9 o!r comp\nds1 su* z datra-k>na1 i4 e41 hav+ ! e> m>k$ ) ! sign ( a sickle4 ,d',alviella#ab re9=ces ,max ,mll]'s /atem5t t ,pan9i liv$ dur+ ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,b4 ,c4 ,?us x is %[n t ! ^w ,swa/ika _h be5 9 use at t e>ly p]iod long en\gh to =m an integral "p ( ! ,sanskrit language & t x 0 employ$ to illu/rate ! p>ticul> s\nds ( ! lett] a 9 its gramm>4 ,max ,mll] cont9ues 8 explanation3#ac ,x ! ,swa/ika occurs (t5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,buddhi/ inscriptions1 on ,buddhi/ co9s1 & 9 ,buddhi/ manuscripts4 ,hi/orically1 ! ,sva/ika is fir/ atte/$ on a co9 ( ,kran&a1 suppos+ ,kran&a to be ! same k+ z ,x&rames1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,s&rokyptos1 ^: reign came to an end 9 #cae ,b4 ,c4 7,see ,?omas on ! ,id5tity ( ,x&rames & ,kran&a47 ,! paleographic evid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems r aga9/ s e>ly a date4 ,9 ! footpr9ts ( ,buddha ! ,buddhi/s recognize no less t sixty-five auspici\s signs1 ! fir/ ( !m be+ ! ,sva/ika see fig4 #cb1 7,eug5e ,burn\f1 ,lotus de la bonne loi1 p4 #fbe72 ! f\r? is ! ,suava/ika1 or t ) ! arms turn$ to ! left see fig4 #aj2 ! ?ird1 ! ,n&yv>ta see fig4 #ad1 is a m]e developm5t ( ! ,sva/ika4 ,among ! ,ja9as ! ,sva/ika 0 ! sign ( _! sev5? ,j9a1 ,suprsva 7,colebrooke ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ,,ii1 p4 #ahh2 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ace74 ,9 ! lat] ,sanskrit lit]ature1 ,sva/ika reta9s ! mean+ ( an auspici\s m>k2 ?us we see 9 ! ,rmyana 7ed4 ,gorresio1 ,,ii1 p4 #cah7 t ,bh>ata selects a %ip m>k$ ) ! sign ( ! ,sva/ika4 ,v>hamihira 9 ! ,brihat-samhit 7,mod4 ,sc41 ,,vi1 p4 ,*47 m5tions c]ta9 build+s call$ ,sva/ika & ,n&yv>ta 7#ec4cd1 seq471 b _! outl9e does n correspond v exactly ) ! =m ( ! signs4 ,"s ,/hpas1 h[ev]1 are said to h be5 built on ! plan ( ! ,sva/ika4 99 99 99 ,orig9ally1 sva/ika may h be5 int5d$ = no m ?an two l9es cross+ ea* o!r1 or a cross4 ,?us we f9d x us$ 9 lat] times ref]r+ to a woman cov]+ h] brea/ ) cross$ arms 7,bl>m1 #ge4af71 svaha/as-va/ika-/ani1 & likewise ) ref]5ce to p]sons sitt+ crosslegg$4 ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]#ad speak+ ( ! ,swa/ika position1 ei!r ( cross$ legs or arms1 among ! ,h9dus1#ae sugge/s z a possible explanation t ^! wom5 bore ! ,swa/ikas ^u _! arms z did ! goddess ,aphrodite1 9 fig4 #h ( 8 writ+s1 7see fig4 #ahj 9 ! pres5t pap]71 & :5 !y assum$ ! position ( arms cross$ ov] _! brea/1 ! ,swa/ikas be+ br\ght into prom95t view1 possibly gave ! "n to ! position z be+ a repres5tative ( ! sign4 ,max ,mll] cont9ues3#af ,q ano!r "q is1 :y ! sign ,s %\ld h _h an auspici\s mean+1 & :y 9 ,sanskrit x %\ld h be5 call$ ,sva/ika4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! gr\p ( lett]s sv 9 ! anci5t ,indian alphabet & ! sign ( ,sva/ika is n v /rik+1 & seems purely accid5tal4 ,a rem>k ( y\rs ,s*liemann 7,troy1 p4 #ch47 t ! ,sva/ika resembles a :eel 9 motion1 ! direction ( ! motion be+ indicat$ by ! crampons1 conta9s a useful h9t1 :i* has be5 confirm$ by "s important obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,?omas1 ! di/+ui%$ ,ori5tal numismati/1 :o has call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! long li/ ( ! recogniz$ devices ( ! tw5ty-f\r ,ja9a ,tir?ank>as ! sun is abs5t1 b t :ile ! eigh? ,tir?ank>a has ! sign ( ! half-moon1 ! sev5? ,tir?ank>a is m>k$ ) ! ,sva/ika1 i4 e41 ! sun4 ,"h1 !n1 we h cle> indications t ! ,sva/ika1 ) ! h&s po9t+ 9 ! "r direction1 0 orig9ally a symbol ( ! sun1 p]haps ( ! v]nal sun z oppos$ to ! autumnal sun1 ! ,suava/ika1 &1 !re=e1 a natural symbol ( light1 life1 heal?1 & weal?4 ,b1 :ile f ^! indications we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t among ! ,aryan nations ! ,sva/ika may h be5 an old emblem ( ! sun1 !re are o!r indications to %[ t 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! same or a simil> emblem 0 us$ to indicate ! e>?4 ,mr4 ,beal 99 99 99 has %[n 99 99 99 t ! simple cross 7cross7 occurs z a sign = e>? 9 c]ta9 ideographic gr\ps4 ,x 0 probably int5d$ to indicate ! f\r qu>t]s--nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/--or1 x may be1 m g5]ally1 ext5sion 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,t ! cross is us$ z a sign = f\r 9 ! ,bactro-,pali inscriptions 7,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bih7 is well kn[n2 b ! fact t ! same sign has ! same p[] else:]e1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,hi]atic num]als1 does n prove by any means t ! "o figure 0 d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,we =get too easily t :at 0 possible 9 "o place 0 possible also 9 o!r places2 & ! m we ext5d our rese>*es1 ! m we %all le>n t ! *apt] ( accid5ts is l>g] ?an we imag9e4 ,! ,suava/ika :i* ,max ,mll] names & believes 0 appli$ to ! ,swa/ika sign1 ) ! ends b5t to ! left 7fig4 #aj71 seems n to be report$ ) t mean+ by any o!r au?or except ,burn\f4#ag ,!re=e ! normal ,swa/ika w\ld seem to be t ) ! ends b5t to ! "r4 ,burn\f says ! ^w ,suava/ika may be a d]ivative or developm5t ( ! ,sva/ikaya1 & ought to signify he :o1 or1 t :i*1 be>s or c>ries ! ,swa/ika or a species ( ,swa/ika4 ,greg1#ah "u ! title ,sva/ikaya1 gives x z 8 op9ion t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,swa/ika4 ,colonel ,l[#ai m5tions ! ^w ,sawat!ko1 :i*1 accord+ to ,burn\f#bj is only a v>iation ( ! ,pali ^w ,sot?ika or ,suvat?ika1 ! ,pali translation ( ! ,sanskrit ,swa/ika4 ,burn\f translates x z ,sva/ikaya4 ,m4 ,eug5e ,burn\f#ba speaks ( a ?ird sign ( ! footpr9t ( akya1 call$ ,n&v>taya1 a good augury1 ! mean+ be+ ! circle ( =tune1 :i* is ! ,swa/ika inclos$ )9 a squ>e ) av5ues radiat+ f ! corn]s 7fig4 #ad74 ,burn\f says ! above sign has _m significations4 ,x is a sacr$ temple or edifice1 a species ( labyr9?1 a g>d5 ( diamonds1 a *a91 a gold5 wai/ or %\ld] belt1 & a conique ) spires turn+ to ! "r4 ,colonel ,sykes#bb concludes t1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese au?orities ,fa-hian1 ,s\ng ,"y1 ,hiuan ?sang1 ! ,doctors ( reason1 ,tao-sse1 or foll[]s ( ! my/ic cross ,s 7 diffus$ 9 ,*9a & ,india be=e ! adv5t ( ,sakya 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 7accord+ to ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 & ,buddhi/ au?orities1 ! elev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c471 cont9u+ until ,fa-hian's "t2 & t !y 7 pr(essors ( a qualifi$ ,buddhism1 :i*1 x is /at$1 0 ! univ]sal religion ( ,tibet be=e ,sakya's adv5t1#bc & cont9u$ until ! introduction ( or?odox ,buddhism 9 ! n9? c5tury ,a4 ,d4#bd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,n&,,v>taya1 ,a ,,?ird ,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,footpr9t ,,( ,,buddha4 ,burn\f1 ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 ,p>is1 #aheb1 p4 #fif4 ,klapro?#be calls att5tion to ! frequ5t m5tion by ,fa-hian1 ( ! ,tao-sse1 sect>ies ( ! my/ic cross ,s 7,sanskrit ,swa/ika71 & to _! exi/5ce 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,india2 :ile he says !y 7 diffus$ ov] ! c\ntries to ! we/ & s\?we/ ( ,*9a1 & came annually f all k+doms & c\ntries to adore ,kassapo1 ,buddha's pr$ecessor4#bf ,mr4 ,james ,burgess#bg m5tions ! ,tir?ank>as or ,ja9as z be+ sect>ians ( ! ,my/ic ,cross1 ! ,swa/ika4 ,! ,cyclopdia ( ,india 7title ,swa/ika71 co9cid+ ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 says3 ,! ,swa/ika symbol is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,swa/ika sect 9 ,tibet :i* took ! symbol = its "n z typical ( ! belief ( its memb]s4 ,!y r5d] ! ,sanskrit ,swa/ika z compos$ ( su well & a/i x is1 mean+1 z ,pr(essor ,wilson expresses x1 s be x1 & imply+ complete resignation "u all circum/ances4 ,!y claim$ ! ,swa/ika ( ,sanskrit z ! suti ( ,pali1 & t ! ,swa/ika cross 0 a comb9ation ( ! two symbols sutti-suti4 ,!y are rationali/s1 hold+ t cont5tm5t & peace ( m9d %\ld be ! only objects ( life4 ,! sect has pres]v$ its exi/5ce 9 diff]5t localities & "u diff]5t names1 ,?ir?ank>a1 ,tor1 ,mu/eg1 ,pon1 ! la/ "n mean+ purity1 "u :i* a remnant are /ill 9 ! f>!/ p>ts ( ! mo/ ea/]n prov9ce ( ,tibet4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham#bh adds 8 ass]tion ( ! ,swa/ika be+ ! symbol us$ by ! ,buddhi/ sect ( t "n4 ,he says 9 a note3 ,! f\nd] ( ?is sect fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #fjd to #ebc ,b4 ,c41 & t ! my/ic cross is a symbol =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! two ,sanskrit syllables su & ti-suti4 ,w>+#bi proce$s to demoli% ^! /atem5ts ( a sect nam$ ,swa/ika z pure inv5tions1 & consult+ ,pr(essor ,wilson's invaluable "w on ! ,h9doo religi\s sects 9 ! ',asiatic ,rese>*es1' we f9d no acc\nt ( any sect nam$ ,swa/ika4 ,mr4 ,v4 ,r4 ,g&hi1 a le>n$ legal g5tleman ( ,bombay1 a repres5tative ( ! ,ja9 sect ( ,buddhi/s to ! ,_w's ,p>liam5t ( ,religions at ,*icago1 #ahic1 d5ies t !re is 9 ei!r ,india or ,tibet a sect ( ,buddhi/s nam$ ,swa/ika4 ,he sugge/s t ^! g5tlem5 probably mean ! sects ( ,ja9s 7( :i* ,mr4 ,g&hi is a memb]71 because ?is sect uses ! ,swa/ika z a sign ( b5$iction & bless+4 ,?is w be treat$ fur!r on4 7,see p4 #hjd47 ,zmigrodzki1 comm5t+ on ! frequ5cy ( ! ,swa/ika on ! objects f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann at ,hiss>lik1 gives x z 8 op9ion#cj t ^! repres5tations ( ! ,swa/ika h relation to a human cult indicat+ a supreme be+ fill$ ) goodness t[>d man4 ,! sun1 />s1 etc41 indicate him z a god ( light4 ,?is1 9 connection ) ! idol ( ,v5us1 ) its triangul> %ield engrav$ ) a ,swa/ika 7fig4 #abe71 & ! gr[+ trees & palms1 ) _! increas+ & multiply+ bran*es & leaves1 repres5t to him ! idea ( fecundity1 multiplication1 increase1 & h5ce ! god ( life z well z ( light4 ,! ,swa/ika sign on fun]al vases indicates to him a belief 9 a div9e _s 9 man :i* lives aft] dea?1 & h5ce he concludes t ! p ( ,hiss>lik1 9 ! ,burnt ,city 7! ?ird ( ,s*liemann71 ador$ a supreme be+1 ! god ( light & ( life1 & believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg says3#ca ,orig9ally x ! ,swa/ika w\ld appe> to h be5 an e>ly ,aryan atmosph]ic device or symbol indicative ( bo? ra9 & lightn+1 ph5om5a app]ta9+ to ! god ,indra1 subsequ5tly or collat]ally develop+1 possibly1 into ! ,sua/ika1 or sacr$ fire *urn 9 ,india1 & at a /ill lat] p]iod 9 ,greece1 adopt$ r z a sol> symbol1 or conv]t$ ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #fej into ! me&] or key patt]n4 ,w>+1 :ile he te/ifies to ! ext5sion ( ! ,swa/ika bo? 9 "t & area1 says3#cb ,b nei!r 9 ! hide\s jumble ( ,pan!ism--! wild speculative ?\ght1 my/ic fables1 & p]v]t$ philosophy ( life among ! ,buddhi/s--nor 9 ! equally wild & false !osophy ( ! ,brahm9s1 to :om ?is symbol1 z di/9ctive ( ! ,vi%navas1 sect>ian devotees ( ,vi%nu1 is ascrib$ by ,moor 9 8 ,indian ,pan!on1 nor yet 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,ja9s1#cc d we f9d any decisive explanation ( ! mean+ atta*$ to ?is symbol1 al?\gh its allegorical int5tion is indubitable4 ,he m5tions ! ,swa/ika ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ! cross1 ! circle1 _! comb9ation1 ! ?ree-foot ,y & adds3 ,!y exhibit =ms ( ^? old5 & widely spread pagan symbols ( ,deity & sanctity1 et]nal life & bless+4 ,pr(essor ,sayce says3#cd ,! ,cyprian vase figur$ 9 ,di ,cesnola's ,cyprus1 pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #cf see fig4 #aef1 :i* associates ! ,swa/ika ) ! figure ( an animal1 is a /rik+ analogue ( ! ,trojan :orls on :i* x is associat$ ) ! figures ( /ags4 ,! fact t x is drawn )9 ! vulva ( ! lead5 image ( ! ,asiatic goddess see fig4 #abe seems to %[ t x 0 a symbol ( g5]ation4 ,i believe t x is id5tical ) ! ,cyprian "* symbol or symbol 7ne71 :i* has ! =m symbol 9 ! inscription ( ,golgi1 & also ) ! ,hittite symbol or symbol :i* ,dr4 ,hyde ,cl>ke once sugge/$ to me 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! organs ( g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,wall]1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,monum5tal ,crosses1 describes ! ,swa/ika z hav+ be5 kn[n 9 ,india z a sacr$ symbol _m c5turies be=e our ,"l1 & us$ z ! di/+ui%+ badge ( a religi\s sect call+ !mselves ,foll[]s ( ! ,my/ic ,cross4 ,subsequ5tly1 he says1 x 0 adopt$ by ! foll[]s ( ,buddha & 0 /ill lat] us$ by ,*ri/ians at a v e>ly p]iod1 be+ fir/ introduc$ on ,*ri/ian monum5ts 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,b ,mr4 ,w>+ says t 9 ?is he is n correct1 z x 0 f\nd 9 "s ( ! e>ly pa9t+s 9 ! ,roman catacombs1 p>ticul>ly on ! habit ( a ,fossor1 or grav$igg]1 giv5 by ,d',ag9c\rt4 ,pug91 9 8 ,gloss>y ( ,ornam5t1 "u ! title ,fylfot1 says t 9 ,tibet ! ,swa/ika 0 us$ z a repres5tation ( ,god crucifi$ = ! human race1 cit+ z 8 au?ority ,f4 ,augu/9i ,antonii ,georgii4#ce ,he rem>ks3 ,f ^! acc\nts x w\ld appe> t ! fylfot is a my/ical ornam5t1 n only adopt$ among ,*ri/ians f primitive times1 b us$1 z if prophetically1 = c5turies be=e ! com+ ( our ,"l4 ,to desc5d to lat] times1 we f9d x con/antly introduc$ 9 ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts1 99 99 99 till ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a p]iod m>k$ by great dep>ture f traditional symbolism4 ,its use 0 cont9u$ 9 ,tibet into mod]n times1 ?\gh its mean+ is n giv54#cf 7,see p4 #hjb47 ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,cox1 9 8 ,aryan ,my?ology1 says3 ,we recognize ! male & ! female symbol 9 ! trid5t ( ,poseidon1 & 9 ! fylfot or hamm] ( ,?or1 :i* assumes ! =m ( a cross-patte 9 ! v>i\s leg5ds :i* turn on ! r+s ( ,freya1 ,holda1 ,v5us1 or ,aphrodite4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! fylfot & cross-patte spok5 ( z ! same symbol1 & z be+ emblematic ( ! reproductive pr9ciples1 9 :i* view ( its mean+ ,dr4 ,inman1 9 8 ,anci5t ,fai?s ,embodi$ 9 ,anci5t ,names1 concurs4 ,burn\f#cg rec\nts ! my? ( ,agni 7f :i* comes1 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 ignis1 ! ,engli% ^w igne\s71 ! god ( ,sacr$ ,fire1 z told 9 ! ,v$a3#ch ,! "y que51 ! "m ( ,fire1 c>ri$ ! royal infant my/]i\sly conceal$ 9 h] bosom4 ,%e 0 a woman ( ! p1 ^: common "n 0 ,arani--t is1 ! in/rum5t ( wood 7! ,swa/ika7 f :i* fire 0 made or br\ght by rubb+4 99 99 99 ,! orig9 ( ! sign ,swa/ika is n[ easy to recognize4 ,x repres5ts ! two pieces ( wood :i* compose l'arani1 ( :i* ! extremities 7 b5t to be reta9$ by ! f\r nails4 ,at ! junction ( ! two pieces ( wood 0 a fossette or cup-l hole1 & !re !y plac$ a piece ( wood upright1 9 =m ( a lance 7! ,praman?a71 viol5t rotation ( :i*1 by :ipp+ 7aft] ! fa%ion ( top-:ipp+71 produc$ fire1 z did ,prome!us1 ! porteur du feu1 9 ,greece4 ,& ?is my? 0 made1 z h be5 o!rs1 probably by ! prie/s & poets ( succe$+ times1 to d duty = diff]5t philosophies4 ,! ,swa/ika 0 made to repres5t ,arani 7! female pr9ciple72 ! ,praman?a or upright fire /ake repres5t+ ,agni1 ! fire god 7! male72 & s ! my? s]v$ its "p to acc\nt = ! bir? ( fire4 ,burn\f h9ts t ! my? grew out ( ! production ( holy fire = ! sacr$ alt>s by ! use ( ! ,praman?a & ,swa/ika1 aft] ! mann] ( savages 9 all times4 ,zmigrodzki accepts ?is my?1 & claims all specim5s ) dots or po9ts--suppos$ nail holes--z ,swa/ikas4 ,! ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella#ci argues 9 opposition to ! !ory ann\nc$ by ,burn\f & by ,zmigrodzki1 t ! ,swa/ika or croix swa/icale1 :5 pres5t+ dots or po9ts1 _h relation to fire mak+4 ,he d5ies t ! po9ts repres5t nails1 or t nails 7 made or necess>y ei!r = ! ,swa/ika or ! ,arani1 & concludes t !re is no evid5ce to support ! !ory1 & no?+ to %[ ! ,swa/ika to h be5 us$ z a fire-mak+ app>atus1 :e!r ) or )\t ! dots or po9ts4 ,mr4 ,greg#dj opposes ?is entire !ory1 say+3 ,! difficulty ab\t ! ,swa/ika & its suppos$ connection ) fire appe>s to me to be 9 n kn[+ precisely :at ! old fire drill & *>k 7 l4 99 99 99 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ! ,swa/ika _h orig9ally any connection ei!r ) ! fire-*>k or ) ! sun4 99 99 99 ,! be/ au?orities consid] ,burn\f is 9 error z to ! e>li] use ( ! two l[] cross pieces ( wood & ! f\r nails said to h be5 us$ to fix or /eady ! framework4 ,he quotes f ,tylor's description#da ( ! old fire drill us$ 9 ,india = k9dl+ ! sacrificial fire by ! process call$ *urn+1 z x resembles t 9 ,india by :i* butt] is sep>at$ f milk4 ,x consi/s 9 drill+ "o piece ( ,arani wood by pull+ a cord ) "o h& :ile ! o!r is slack5$1 & s1 alt]nately 7! /rap drill71 till ! wood takes fire4 ,mr4 ,greg /ates t ! ,eskimos use simil> means1 & ! anci5t ,greeks us$ ! drill & cord1 & he adds 8 conclusions3 ,!re is no?+ ( ! ,swa/ika & f\r nails 9 connection ) ! fire-*urn4 ,burton#db also criticises ,burn\f's !ory3 ,if us$ on sacrificial alt>s to reproduce ! holy fire1 ! practice is peculi> & n d]iv$ f ev]yday life2 = z e>ly z ,pl9y !y "k t ! savages us$ two1 & nev] ?ree1 fire /icks4 ,burn\f cont9ues 8 discussion ( my?s conc]n+ ! orig9 ( fire3 ,accord+ to ,hymnes1 ! discov]] ( fire 0 ,a?>an1 :oso "n signifies fire1 b ,bhrigon x 0 :o made ! sacr$ fire1 produc+ respl5d5t flames on ! e>!n alt>4 ,9 !ory ( physics1 ,agni1 :o 0 ! fire resid+ )9 ! onction1 787 came f ! milk ( ! c[1 :i*1 9 its turn1 came f ! plants t _h n\ri%$ h]2 & ^! plants 9 _! turn grew by receiv+ & appropriat+ ! heat or fire ( ! sun4 ,!re=e1 ! virtue ( ! onction came f ! god4 ,"o ( ! ,v$as says ( ,agni1 ! god ( fire3#dc ,agni1 ?\ art a sage1 a prie/1 a k+1 ,protector1 fa!r ( ! sacrifice2 ,commission$ by our m5 ?\ do/ asc5d ,a mess5g]1 convey+ to ! sky ,our hymns & (f]+s1 ?\gh ?y orig9 ,be ?ree fold1 n[ f air & n[ f wat]1 ,n[ f ! my/ic d\ble ,arani4#dd ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella combats ! hypo!sis ( ,burn\f t ! ,swa/ika :5 turn$ to "r or left1 pass$1 ! "o = ! male & ! o!r = ! female pr9ciple1 & decl>es1 on ! au?ority ( ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 t x is1 9 mod]n ,india1 a popul> cu/om to "n objects :i* appe> 9 c\ples z hav+ diff]5t sexes1 s t to say ! male ,swa/ika & ! female ,swa/ika1 indicat+ !m by ! pron\ns he or %e1 w\ld be express$ 9 ! same mann] :5 speak+ ( ! hamm] & ! anvil or ( any o!r objects us$ 9 pairs4#de ,ludwig ,mll]1 9 8 elaborate treatise1 gives x z 8 op9ion t ! ,swa/ika _h no connection ) ! ,tau cross or ) ! ,crux ansata1 or ) ! fire :eel1 or ) arani1 or agni1 or ) ! my/ic or alphabetic lett]s1 nor ) ! s-call$ spokes ( ! sol> :eel1 nor ! =k$ lightn+1 nor ! hamm] ( ,?or4 ,he consid]s t ! triskelion might ?r[ light on its orig91 z indicat+ p]petual :irl+ or circul> movem5t1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( s\!rn ,asia z ! emblem ( ,zeus1 0 assimilat$ to t ( ,baal1 an inf]5ce :i* he draws f c]ta9 ,asiatic co9s ( #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg#df opposes ?is !ory & expresses ! op9ion t ! ,swa/ika is f> old] & wid] spread z a symbol ?an ! triskelion1 z well z be+ a m purely ,aryan symbol4 ,greg says t ,ludwig ,mll] atta*es q too mu* importance to ! sun 9 connection ) ! e>ly ,aryans1 & lays too great /ress ^u ! suppos$ relation ( ! ,swa/ika z a sol> symbol4 ,! ,aryans1 he says1 7 a race n giv5 to sun wor%ip2 &1 :ile he may agree ) ,mll] t ! ,swa/ika is an emblem ( ,zeus & ,jupit] m]ely z ! ,supreme ,god1 yet he believes t ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika _h no ref]5ce to a movem5t ( ! sun ?r\gh ! heav5s2 & he pref]s 8 own !ory t x 0 a device sugge/$ by ! =k$ lightn+ z ! *ief weapon ( ! air god4 ,mr4 ,greg's pap] is ( great elaboration1 & highly complicat$4 ,he devotes an entire page or plate 7#ba7 to a *>t %[+ ! old] ,aryan fire1 wat]1 & sun gods1 accord+ to ! ,brahm9 or ,buddhi/ sy/em4 ,! e>lie/ 0 ,dyaus1 ! bright sky or ! air god2 ,adyti1 ! inf9ite expanse1 "m ( bright gods2 ,v>una1 ! cov]+ ( ! %9+ firmam5t4 ,out ( ?is tr9ity came ano!r1 ,zeus1 be+ ! desc5dant ( ,dyaus1 ! sky god2 ,agni1 ! fire2 ,sulya1 ! sun1 & ,indra1 ! ra9 god4 ,^! 9 _! turn =m$ ! great ,h9du tr9ity1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva--creator1 pres]v]1 & de/roy]2 &1 9 8 op9ion1 ! ,swa/ika 0 ! symbol or ord9>y device ( ,indra z well z ( ,zeus4 ,he cont9ues 8 table ( desc5t f ^! gods1 ) _! accompany+ devices1 to ! sun1 lightn+1 fire1 & wat]1 & makes almo/ a complete s*eme ( ! my?ology ( t p]iod1 into :i* x is n possible to foll[ him4 ,h[ev]1 he decl9es to accept ! !ory ( ,max ,mll] ( any diff]5ce ( =m or mean+ betwe5 ! ,suava/ika & ! ,swa/ika because ! ends or arms turn$ to ! "r or to ! left1 & he ?9ks ! two symbols to be sub/antially ! same4 ,he consid]s x to h be51 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 exclusively ( e>ly ,aryan orig9 & use1 & t d[n to ab\t #fjj ,b4 ,c4 x 0 ! emblem or symbol ( ! supreme ,aryan god2 t x s cont9u$ d[n ?r\gh ! v>i\s /eps ( desc5t 7accord+ to ! *>t m5tion$7 until x became ! device & symbol ( ,brahma1 & f9ally ( ,buddha4 ,he ?9ks t x may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! ,greek fret or me&] patt]n4 ,lat] /ill x 0 adopt$ ev5 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z a suitable v>iety ( _! cross1 & became v>i\sly modifi$ 9 =m & 0 us$ z a *>m4 ,d',alviella#dg expresses 8 d\bts conc]n+ ! !ory advanc$ by ,greg#dh to ! effect t ! ,swa/ika is to be int]pret$ z a symbol ( ! air or ( ! god :o dwells 9 ! air1 op]at+ sometimes to produce light1 o!r times ra91 !n wat]1 & s on1 z is repres5t$ by ! god ,indra among ! ,h9dus1 ,?or among ! ,g]mans & ,sc&9avians1 ,p]kun among ! ,slavs1 ,zeus among ! ,pelasgi & ,greeks1 ,jupit] ,tonans1 & ,pluvius among ! ,lat9s4 ,he disputes ! !ory t ! association ( ! ,swa/ika sign ) v>i\s o!rs on ! same object proves its relation%ip ) t object or sign4 ,t x appe>s on vases or simil> objects associat$ ) :at is evid5tly a sol> disk is no evid5ce to him t ! ,swa/ika belongs to ! sun1 or :5 associat$ ) ! zigzags ( lightn+ t x repres5ts ! god ( lightn+1 nor ! same ) ! god ( heav54 ,! fact ( its appe>+ ei!r above or bel[ any "o ( ^! is1 9 8 op9ion1 ( no importance & has no signification1 ei!r g5]al or special4 ,d',alviella says#di t ! only example kn[n to him ( a ,swa/ika ^u a monum5t consecrat$ to ,zeus or ,jupit] is on a ,celto-,roman alt>1 erect$1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 by ! ,daci dur+ ! "t !y 7 g>rison$ at ,ambloganna1 9 ,brita94 ,! alt> be>s ! lett]s ,i4 ,o4 ,m41 :i* h be5 ?\ght to /& = ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus4 ,! ,swa/ika !reon is flank$ by two disks or r\elles1 ) f\r rays1 a sign :i* ,m4 ,gaidoz believes to h be5 a repres5tative ( ! sun among ! ,gaulois4#ej ,dr4 ,br9ton#ea consid]s ! ,swa/ika z be+ relat$ to ! cross & n to ! circle1 & ass]ts t ! ,ta ,ki or ,triskeles1 ! ,swa/ika & ! ,cross1 7 orig9ally ( ! same signification1 or at lea/ closely alli$ 9 mean+4 ,w>+1#eb aft] cit+ 8 au?orities1 sums up 8 op9ion ?us3 ,we h giv5 rem>ks ( ! v>i\s writ]s on ?is symbol1 & x w be se5 t1 ?\gh !y are m or less vague1 unc]ta91 & confus$ 9 _! description ( x1 /ill1 ) "o exception1 !y all agree t x is a my/ic symbol1 peculi> to "s deity or o!r1 be>+ a special signification1 & g5]ally believ$ to h "s connection ) "o ( ! elem5ts--wat]4 ,burton says3#ec ,! ,sva/ika is app>5tly ! simple/ =m ( ! ,guillo*e scroll patt]n or spiral4 ,accord+ to ,wilk9son 7#aa1 ,*ap4 ,,ix71 ! mo/ complicat$ =m ( ! ,guillo*e cov]$ an ,egyptian ceil+ upw>d ( a ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ! objects f\nd at ,n9eveh4 ,! ,sva/ika spread f> & wide1 ev]y:]e assum+ "s fre% my?ological & my/]i\s significance4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe x became ! ,fylfot or ,crut*$ cross4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella is ( ! op9ion 7p4 #eg7 t ! ,swa/ika 0 above all an amulet1 talisman1 or phylact]e1 :ile 7p4 #ef7 x is inconte/able t a great numb] ( ! ,swa/ikas 7 simply motifs ( ornam5tation1 ( co9 m>ks1 & m>ks ( fabrics1 b he agrees 7p4 #eg7 t !re is no symbol t has giv5 rise to s _m int]pretations1 n ev5 ! tricula ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & ?is is a great deal to say4 ,ludwig ,mll] believes ! ,swa/ika to h be5 us$ z an ornam5t & z a *>m & amulet1 z well z a sacr$ symbol4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 9 8 le>n$ pap] on ! ,fylfot & ! ,fu?ore ,tir1#ed ?9ks ! ,swa/ika _h no relation to fire or fire mak+ or ! fire god4 ,8 !ory is t x symboliz$ axial motion & n m]ely gyration2 t x repres5t$ ! cele/ial pole1 ! axis ( ! heav5s ar\nd :i* revolve ! />s ( ! firmam5t4 ,?is appe>ance ( rotation is mo/ impressive 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ago ! app>5t pivot ( rotation 0 at ,greek3 a ,draconis1 mu* ne>] ! ,great ,be> ?an n[1 & at t "t ! rapid circul> sweep mu/ h be5 f> m /rik+ ?an at pres5t4 ,9 addition to ! "n ,ursa ,major ! ,lat9s call$ ?is con/ellation ,sept5triones1 ! sev5 pl[+ ox51 t dragg$ ! />s ar\nd ! pole1 & ! ,greeks call$ x ,greek3 elik1 f its va/ spiral movem5t4#ee ,9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,m>* all ^! are repres5t$ or symboliz$ by ! ,swa/ika4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 ( ,new ,york1 has lately 7#ahia7 publi%$ an elaborate qu>to "w entitl$ ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus3 ,a ,new ,hi/ory ( ,classic ,ornam5t z a ,developm5t ( ,sun ,wor%ip4#ef ,x comprises #djh pages1 ) #gf plates1 & ne>ly a ?\s& figures4 ,8 !ory develops ! sun symbol f ! lotus by a s]ies ( +5i\s & complicat$ evolutions pass+ ?r\gh ! ,ionic /yle ( ar*itecture1 ! volutes & spirals =m+ me&]s or ,greek frets1 & f ?is to ! ,swa/ika4 ,! result is atta9$ by ! foll[+ l9e ( argum5t & illu/rations3 ,! lotus 0 a feti% ( immemorial antiquity & has be5 wor%ip$ 9 _m c\ntries f ,japan to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>2 x 0 a symbol ( fecundity1 life1 immortality1 & ( resurrection1 & has a mortu>y significance & use4 ,b its elem5t>y & mo/ important signification 0 z a sol> symbol4#eg ,he describes ! ,egyptian lotus & traces x ?r\gh an innum]able numb] ( specim5s & ) great v>iety ( =m4 ,he m5tions _m ( ! sacr$ animals ( ,egypt & seeks to ma9ta9 _! relation%ip by or ?r\gh ! lotus1 n only ) ea* o!r b ) sol> circles & ! sun wor%ip4#eh ,direct association ( ! sol> disk & lotus are1 accord+ to him1 common on ! monum5ts & on ,ph5ician & ,assyrian seals2 :ile ! lotus & ! sacr$ animals1 z 9 cases cit$ ( ! goose repres5t+ ,seb 7sol> god1 & fa!r ( ,osiris71 also ,osiris himself & ,horus1 ! hawk & lotus1 bull & lotus1 ! asp & lotus1 ! lion & lotus1 ! sph9x & lotus1 ! gryphon & lotus1 ! s]p5t & lotus1 ! ram & lotus--all ( :i* animals1 & ) !m ! lotus1 h1 9 8 op9ion1 "s relat$ signification to ! sun or "s ( 8 deities4#ei ,he is ( ! op9ion t ! lotus motif 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,egyptian /yle ( ar*itecture1 & t x appe>$ at an e>ly date1 say1 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,by int]communication ) ! ,greeks x =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,greek ,ionic capital1 :i*1 he says1#fj (f]s no dat$ example ( ! e>li] "t ?an ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,he supports ?is cont5tion by au?ority1 argum5t1 & illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,f figures 9 ,goodye>'s ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #bg4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,typical ,,lotus ,,on ,,cyprian ,,vases4 ,fig4 #af4 ,,typical ,,lotus ,,on ,,rhodian ,,vases4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,typical ,,lotus ,,on ,,melian ,,vases4 ,he %[s#fa ! transf] ( ! lotus motif to ,greece1 & its use z an ornam5t on ! pa9t$ vases & on ^? f ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & ,melos 7figs4 #ae1 #af1 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,detail ,,( ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,%[+ ,,lotuses ,,) ,,curl+ ,,sepals4 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #dg1 fig4 #a4 ,*antre#fb notes ! pres5ce ( spirals simil> to ^? ( fig4 #ag1 9 ! t]ram>es ( nor!rn ,italy & up & d[n ! ,danube1 & 8 fig4 #ahf 7fig4 #ag7 he says repres5ts ! decorat+ motif1 ! mo/ frequ5t 9 all t "p ( prehi/oric ,europe4 ,he cites ,notes sur les torques ou ornam5ts spirals4#fc ,t ! lotus _h a f\ndation deep & wide 9 ,egyptian my?ology is n to be d5i$2 t x 0 alli$ to & associat$ on ! monum5ts & o!r objects ) _m sacr$ & my?ologic *>act]s 9 ,egypt & aft]w>ds 9 ,greece is accept$4 ,h[ f> x ext5ds 9 ! direction cont5d$ = by ,pr(essor ,goodye>1 is no "p ( ?is inve/igation4 ,x appe>s well e/abli%$ t 9 bo? c\ntries x became highly conv5tionaliz$1 & x is q suffici5t = ! purpose ( ?is argum5t t x became ?us associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,figs4 #ah & #ai repres5t details ( ,cyprian vases & amphora belong+ to ! ,cesnola collection 9 ! ,new ,york ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 %[+ ! lotus ) curl+ sepals among :i* are int]sp]s$ ,swa/ikas ( diff]5t =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,detail ,,( ,,cyprian ,,amphora ,,9 ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,lotus ) curl+ sepals & diff]5t ,swa/ikas4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #dg1 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,spiral ,,scroll ,,f ,,lotus4 ,"o ,volute4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 fig4 #ba4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,goodye>1#fd ^! b5t sepals ( ! lotus 7 exagg]at$ & f9ally became spirals1#fe :i*1 be+ project$ at a tang5t1 made volutes1 &1 cont9u+ "o aft] ! o!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bj1 =m$ b&s ( ornam5t2 or1#ff be+ connect$ to "r & left1 spread ! ornam5t ov] an ext5d$ surface z 9 fig4 #ba4 ,"o ( 8 pa?s ( evolution clos$ ^! volutes & dropp$ ! connect+ tang5t1 :5 !y =m$ ! conc5tric r+s ( :i* we see s mu*4 ,sev]al =ms ( ,egyptian sc>abi1 %[+ ! evolution ( conc5tric r+s1 are %[n 9 figs4 #bb1 #bc1 & #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,lotus ,,rudim5ts ,,9 ,,spiral4 ,tomb #cc1 ,abd-el ,k\rneh1 ,!bes4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #if4 ,by ano!r pa? ( ! evolution ( 8 !ory1 "o has only to squ>e ! spiral volutes1 & ! result is ! ,greek fret %[n 9 fig4 #be4fg ,! ,greek fret has only to be d\bl$1 :5 x produces ! ,swa/ika %[n 9 fig4 #bf4fh ,?us we h1 accord+ to him1 ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika1 z %[n 9 figs4 #bg & #bh4fi ,pr(essor ,goodye> is au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! e>lie/ dat$ in/ances ( ! isolat$ scroll is 9 ! fif? dyna/y ( ,egypt1 & ( ! lotus & spiral is 9 ! elev5? dyna/y4 ,! spiral ( fig4 #ai 7above7 belongs to ! twelf? dyna/y4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,sc>ab,i ,,%[+ ,,evolution ,,( ,,conc5tric ,,r+s4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,conc5tric ,,r+s ,,connect$ ,,by ,,tang5ts4 ,f a figure 9 ,petrie's ,hi/ory ( ,sc>abs4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,conc5tric ,,r+s ,,) ,,disconnect$ ,,tang5ts4 ,b>r+] collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,conc5tric ,,r+s ,,)\t ,,connection4 ,f>man collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,special ,,egyptian ,,me&]4 ,an illu/ration ( ! !ory ( d]ivation f ! spiral4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #aj1 fig4 #i4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> devotes an entire *apt] to ! ,swa/ika4 ,on pages #ceb1 #cec he says3 ,!re is no proposition 9 ar*ology :i* c be s easily demon/rat$ z ! ass]tion t ! ,swa/ika 0 orig9ally a fragm5t ( ! ,egyptian me&]1 provid$ ,greek geometric vases are call$ 9 evid5ce4 ,! connection betwe5 ! me&] & ! ,swa/ika has be5 long s9ce sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4#ga ,h9du speciali/s h sugge/$ t ! ,swa/ika produc$ ! me&]4 ,birdwood#gb says3 ,i believe ! ,swa/ika to be ! orig9 ( ! key patt]n ornam5t ( ,greek & ,*9ese decorative art4 ,zmigrodzki1 9 a rec5t publication1#gc has n only repropos$ ?is d]ivation ( ! me&]1 b has ev5 connect$ ! ,myc5 spirals ) ?is suppos$ developm5t1 & has propos$ to *ange ! "n ( ! spiral ornam5t accord+ly4 99 99 99 ,! equival5ce ( ! ,swa/ika ) ! me&] patt]n is sugge/$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by its appe>ance 9 ! %ape ( ! me&] on ! ,rhodian 7pl4 #bh1 fig4 #g71 ,melian 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #h71 ar*ic ,greek 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #i1 & pl4 #fa1 fig4 #ab71 & ,greek geometric vases 7pl4 #ef74 ,! appe>ance1 9 %ape ( ! me&] may be v]ifi$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum on "o geometric vase ( ! olde/ type1 & x also occurs 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,on page #ced1 ,goodye> says3 ,! sol> significance ( ! ,swa/ika is prov5 by ! ,h9du co9s ( ! ,ja9s4 ,its g5]ative significance is prov5 by a lead5 /atuette f ,troy4 ,x is an equival5t ( ! lotus 7pl4 #dg1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c71 ( ! sol> diagram 7pl4 #eg1 fig4 #ab1 & pl4 #fj1 fig4 #h71 ( ! rosette 7pl4 #bj1 fig4 #h71 ( conc5tric r+s 7pl4 #dg1 fig4 #aa71 ( ! spiral scroll 7pl4 #cd1 fig4 #h1 & pl4 #ci1 fig4 #b71 ( ! geometric boss 7pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ab71 ( ! triangle 7pl4 #df1 fig4 #e71 & ( ! an!mion 7pl4 #bh1 fig4 #g1 & pl4 #cj1 fig4 #d74 ,x appe>s ) ! sol> de] 7pl4 #fj1 figs4 #a & #b71 ) ! sol> antelope 7pl4 #cg1 fig4 #i71 ) ! symbolic fi% 7pl4 #db1 fig4 #a71 ) ! ibex 7pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d71 ) ! sol> sph9x 7pl4 #cd1 fig4 #h71 ) ! sol> lion 7pl4 #cj1 fig4 #d71 ! sol> ram 7pl4 #bh1 fig4 #g71 & ! sol> horse 7pl4 #fa1 figs4 #a1 #d1 #e1 & #ab74 ,its mo/ emphatic & con/ant association is ) ! sol> bird 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ae2 fig4 #agc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase4 ,me&] & ,swa/ika4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 fig4 #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,geometric ,,vase ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,swa/ika1 "r1 ) sol> geese4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cec1 fig4 #agc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,,greek ,,geometric ,,vase4 ,swa/ika ) sol> geese4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cec1 fig4 #agb4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 foll[+ ,ludwig ,mll]1 ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 ,s4 ,beal1 ,edw>d ,?omas1 ,max ,mll]1 ,h4 ,gaidoz1 & o!r au?ors1 accepts _! !ory t ! ,swa/ika 0 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! sun or ( a sun god1 & argues x fully4#gd ,he />ts ) ! proposition t mo/ ( ! nations ( ! e>? h repres5t$ ! sun by a circle1 al?\gh "s ( !m1 notably ! ,assyrians1 ,h9dus1 ,greeks1 & ,celts1 h repres5t$ x by signs m or less cruci=m4 ,exam9+ 8 fig4 #b1 :]e9 signs ( ! v>i\s p are set =?1 x is to be rem>k$ t !re is no simil>ity or app>5t relation%ip betwe5 ! six symbols giv51 ei!r ) !mselves or ) ! sun4 ,only "o ( !m1 t ( ,assyria1 pret5ds to be a circle2 & x may or may n /& = ! sun4 ,x has no ext]ior rays4 ,all ! re/ are crosses ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,ea* ( ! six symbols is repres5t$ z be+ f a s+le nation ( p4 ,!y are prehi/oric or ( high antiquity1 & mo/ ( !m appe> to h no o!r evid5ce ( _! repres5tation ( ! sun ?an is conta9$ 9 ! sign itself1 s t ! fir/ objection is to ! premises1 to wit1 t :ile 8 symbols may h sometimes repres5t$ ! sun1 x is f> f c]ta9 t !y are us$ con/antly or /eadily z su*4 ,an objection is made to ! !ory or hypo!sis pres5t$ by ,c\nt d',alviella#ge t x is n ! cross "p ( ! ,swa/ika :i* repres5ts ! sun1 b its b5t arms1 :i* %[ ! revolv+ motion1 by :i* he says is evolv$ ! tetraskelion or :at 9 ?is pap] is nam$ ! ,ogee ,swa/ika4 ,! au?or is m 9 accord ) ,dr4 ,br9ton & o!rs t ! ,swa/ika is d]iv$ f ! cross & n f ! :eel1 t ! b5t arms d n repres5t rot>y or gyratory motion1 & t x _h no association )1 or relation to1 ! circle4 ,?is1 if true1 relieves ! ,swa/ika f all relation ) ! circle z a symbol ( ! sun4 ,besides1 x is n believ$ t ! symbol ( ! sun is "o :i* requir$ rot>y or gyratory motion or 0 repres5t$ by x1 b1 z w be expla9$1 9 speak+ ( ! ,assyrian sun-god ,%ama% 7p4 #ghi71 x is r by a circle ) po9t$ rays ext5d+ outw>d4 ,d',alviella#gf pres5ts sev]al figures 9 support ( 8 cont5tion4 ,! fir/ 7a7 is on a fibula f ,etruria 7fig4 #aij ( ?is pap]74 ,8 explanation is t ! small circle ( rays1 b5t at "r angles1 on ! broad %ield ( ! p91 repres5ts graphically ! rot>y movem5t ( ! sun1 & t ! b5t arms 9 ! ,swa/ikas on ! same object are tak5 f !m4 ,x seems curi\s t s mom5t\s a subject z ! exi/5ce ( a symbol ( a great god1 ! god ( light1 heat1 & ?us ( life1 %\ld be made to dep5d ^u an object ( s small importance4 ,?is specim5 7fig4 #aij7 is a fibula or p91 "o ( ! commone/ objects ( ,etruscan1 ,greek1 or ,roman dress4 ,! decorations invok$ are on ! broad end1 :i* has be5 flatt5$ to protect ! po9t ( ! p91 :]e appe>s a semicircle ( s-call$ rays1 ! two ,swa/ikas & two possible crosses4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t ?is p91 nor inde$ any ( ! o!r objects1 to indicate any holy or sacr$ "*1 nor t any ( !m 7 us$ 9 any c]emony hav+ relation to ! sun1 to any god1 or to any?+ holy or sacr$4 ,8 fig4 b is fig4 #hh 9 ?is pap]4 ,x %[s a quadrant ( ! sph]e f\nd by ,s*liemann at ,hiss>lik4 ,!re is a slightly indef9ite circle ) rays f ! outside1 :i* are b5t & crook$ 9 _m directions4 ,! sph]e is ( t]ra cotta2 ! m>ks t h be5 made on x are r\gh & ill =m$4 ,!y 7 made by incision :ile ! clay 0 s(t & 7 done 9 ! rude/ mann]4 ,!re are doz5s m m>ks ^u ! same sph]e1 none ( :i* seem to h receiv$ any consid]ation 9 ?is reg>d4 ,!re is a ,swa/ika ^u ! sph]e1 & x is ! only m>k or sign ^u ! entire object t seems to h be5 made ) c>e or precision4 ,8 ?ird figure 7c7 is tak5 f a reliquaire ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,x has a great] resemblance to ! acan?us plant ?an x has to any sol> disk imag9able4 ,! o!r two figures 7d & e7 are tetraskelions or ogee ,swa/ikas f anci5t co9s4 ,d',alviella's next argum5t#gg is t ! triskelion1 =m$ by ! same process z ! tetraskelion1 is an inconte/able repres5tation ( sol> movem5t4 ,no evid5ce is submitt$ 9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 & ! inve/igator ( ! pres5t day is requir$1 z 9 prehi/oric objects1 to dep5d entirely ^u ! object itself4 ,! b5t arms conta9 no innate evid5ce 7ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld be held to repres5t rot>y or gyratory motion7 repres5t+ ! sun or sun gods4 ,x is respectfully sugge/$ t 9 times ( antiquity1 z 9 mod]n times1 ! sun is n repres5t$ z hav+ a rot>y motion1 b is r repres5t$ by a circle ) dim9i%+ rays project+ f ! c5t] or ext]ior4 ,x seems unju/ifiable1 almo/ ridicul\s1 to trans=m ! ?ree flex$ human legs1 fir/ appe>+ on ! co9s ( ,lycia1 into a sun symbol1 to make x ! reliable evid5ce ( sun wor%ip1 & give x a holy or sacr$ "* z repres5t+ a god4 ,x is surely pu%+ ! argum5t too f> to say t ?is is an inconte/able repres5tation ( ! sol> movem5t4 ,! illu/rations by d',alviella on 8 page #ga are practically ! same z figs4 #bbd to #bbf ( ?is pap]4 ,c\nt d',alviella's fur!r argum5t#gh is t symbols ( ! sun god be+ frequ5tly associat$1 alt]nat$ )1 & sometimes replac$ by1 ! ,swa/ika1 proves x to h be5 a sun symbol4 ,b ?is is d\bt$1 & evid5ce to su/a9 ! proposition is want+4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,swa/ika 0 a symbol1 0 int5tional1 _h a mean+ & a degree ( importance1 &1 :ile x may h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ! sun & h a high] & holi] "*1 yet ^! m]e associations are n evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,d',alviella's plate #b1 page #hj1 :ile divid$ into sections a & b1 is fill$ only ) illu/rations ( ,swa/ika associat$ ) circles1 dots1 etc41 introduc$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! association ( ! ,swa/ika !re)1 & t ! p]mutation & replac+ ( ^! signs by ! ,swa/ika is evid5ce t ! ,swa/ika repres5t$ ! sun4 ,mo/ ( ! same illu/rations are pres5t$ 9 ?is pap]1 & x is respectfully submitt$ t ! evid5ce does n be> out 8 conclusion4 ,if x be e/abli%$ t ^! o!r symbols are repres5tatives ( ! sun1 h[ does t prove t ! ,swa/ika 0 itself a repres5tative ( ! sun or ! sun god8 ,d',alviella himself argues#gi aga9/ ! proposition ( equival5ce ( mean+ because ( association :5 appli$ to ! ,crux ansata1 ! circle1 ! cresc5t1 ! triskelion1 ! lightn+ sign1 & o!r symbolic figures4 ,he d5ies t because ! ,swa/ika is f\nd on objects associat$ ) ^! signs !re=e !y became int]*angeable 9 mean+1 or t ! ,swa/ika /ood = any ( !m4 ,! ,c\nt#gi says t m likely ! engrav] add$ ! ,swa/ika to ^! 9 ! "* ( a talisman or phylact]y4 ,on page #ef he argues 9 ! same l9e1 t because x is f\nd on an object ( sacr$ "* does n necess>ily give x ! signification ( a sacr$ or holy symbol4 ,he reg>ds ! ,swa/ika z a symbol ( good =tune1 & sees no reason :y x may n be employ$ z an invocation to a god ( any "n or k9d on ! pr9ciple1 ,good ,"l1 good devil1 quot+ ! ,neapolitan prov]b1 t x w d no h>m1 & possibly may d good4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]#hj ref]s to ! discov]y by ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] ( "o ( ! co9s ( ,mesembria1 :]eon ! ,swa/ika replaces ! la/ two syllables ( ! ^w1 & he reg>ds ?is z decisive t 9 ,greece ! mean+ ( ! ,swa/ika 0 equival5t to ! sun4 ,?is ^w1 ,mesembria1 be+ translat$ ville de midi1 means t[n or city ( ! s\?1 or ! sun4 ,he cites f ,mr4 ,?omas's pap] on ! ,indian ,swa/ika & its ,we/]n ,c\nt]p>ts#ha :at he consid]s an equally decisive discov]y made "s ye>s ago1 :]e9 x 0 %[n t ! :eel1 ! emblem ( ! sun 9 motion1 0 replac$ by ! ,swa/ika on c]ta9 co9s2 likewise on "s ( ! ,&hra co9s & "s pun*$ gold co9s not$ by ,sir ,walt] ,elliott4#hb ,9 ^! cases ! circle or :eel alleg$ to symbolize ! sun 0 replac$ by ! ,swa/ika4 ,! ,swa/ika has be5 sometimes inscrib$ )9 ! r+s or normal circles repres5t+ :at is said to be ! f\r suns on ,uja9 patt]ns or co9s 7fig4 #bcj74 ,o!r au?orities h adopt$ ! same view1 & h ext5d$ x to include ! lightn+1 ! /orm1 ! fire :eel1 ! sun *>iot1 etc4 7,see ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 p4 #gij47 ,?is appe>s to be a non sequitur4 ,all ^! speculations may be correct1 & all ^! mean+s may h be5 giv5 to ! ,swa/ika1 b ! evid5ce submitt$ does n prove ! fact4 ,!re is 9 ! case ( ! =ego+ co9s no evid5ce yet pres5t$ z to :i* sign1 ! :eel or ! ,swa/ika1 prec$$ & :i* foll[$ 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! ,swa/ika may h appe>$ fir/ in/ead ( la/1 & may n h be5 a sub/itution = ! disk1 b an orig9al design4 ,! disk employ$1 :ile possibly repres5t+ ! sun 9 "s places1 may n h done s always nor 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,x assumes too mu* to say t e "t a small circle appe>s on an anci5t object x repres5t$ ! sun1 & ! same obs]vation c be made ) reg>d to symbols ( ! o!r elem5ts4 ,until x %all h be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ t ! symbols repres5t$ ^! elem5ts ) practical unanimity1 & t ! ,swa/ika actually & int5tionally replac$ x z su*1 ! !ory rema9s undemon/rat$1 ! burd5 re/s on ^? :o take ! affirmative side2 & until ^! po9ts %all h be5 settl$ ) "s degree ( probability ! conclusion is n w>rant$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! v>i\s significations possible1 "o has b to turn to ,*apt] ,,iv1 on ! v>i\s mean+s giv5 to ! cross among ,am]ican ,indians1 :]e x is %[n t among ^! ,indians ! cross repres5t$ ! f\r w9ds1 ! sun1 />s1 dwell+s1 ! dragon fly1 mide' society1 flocks ( birds1 human =m1 maid5hood1 evil _s1 & div]s o!rs4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,?omas1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,indian ,swa/ika & its ,we/]n ,c\nt]p>ts1#hc says3 ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to trace or connect ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ?is emblem ! ,swa/ika1 !y "o & all resolve !mselves into ! primitive conception ( sol> motion1 :i* 0 intuitively associat$ ) ! roll+ or :eel-l projection ( ! sun ?r\gh ! upp] or visible arc ( ! heav5s1 z und]/ood & accept$ 9 ! crude a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts4 ,! e>lie/ phase ( a/ronomical sci5ce we are at pres5t 9 position to ref] to1 ) ! /ill extant aid ( indig5\s diagrams1 is ! ,*aldean4 ,! repres5tation ( ! sun 9 ?is sy/em comm5ces ) a simple r+ or outl9e circle1 :i* is spe$ily advanc$ t[>d ! impression ( onw>d revolv+ motion by ! ins]tion ( a cross or f\r :eel-l spokes )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! normal r+4 ,z ! orig9al ,*aldean emblem ( ! sun 0 typifi$ by a s+le r+1 s ! ,indian m9d adopt$ a simil> def9ition1 :i* rema9s to ?is day z ! o/5sible device or ca/-m>k ( ! mod]n ,sauras or sun wor%ip]s4 ,! same rem>ks are made 9 ,ilios 7pp4 #cec1 #ced74 ,! au?or w n presume to "q1 mu* less d5y1 ! facts /at$ by ?is le>n$ g5tleman1 b x is to be rem>k$ t1 on ! !ory ( presumption1 ! circle might repres5t _m o!r ?+s ?an ! sun1 & unless ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! =ego+ /atem5t is susceptible ( v]ification1 ! !ory c h>dly be accept$ z conclusive4 ,:y %\ld n ! circle repres5t o!r ?+s ?an ! sun8 ,9 mod]n a/ronomy ! full moon is repres5t$ by ! pla9 circle1 :ile ! sun1 at lea/ 9 h]aldry1 is always repres5t$ z a circle ) rays4 ,x is believ$ t ! cross or f\r :eel-l spokes 9 ! ,*aldean emblem ( ! sun w be f\nd to be rays r ?an cross or spokes4 ,a ca/ is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,cat4 ,no4 #aedgff7 ( an orig9al specim5 f ,niff]1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,museum1 ,b]l91 ( ,%ama%1 ! ,assyrian god ( ! sun4 ,he is repres5t$ on ?is monum5t by a sol> disk1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 ) eight rays simil> to ^? ( />s1 _! bases on a fa9t circle at ! c5t]1 & tap]+ outw>ds to a po9t1 ! :ole surr\nd$ by ano!r fa9t circle4 ,?is is evid5ce t ! sun symbol ( ,assyria requir$ rays z well z a circle4 ,a simil> repres5tation ( ! sun god is f\nd on a tablet discov]$ 9 ! temple ( ! ,sun ,god at ,abu-,habba4#hd ,p]rot & ,*ipiez#he %[ a tablet f ,sipp>a1 ( a k+1 ,nabu-abal-idd91 #ijj ,b4 ,c41 do+ homage to ! sun god 7id5tifi$ by ! inscription71 :o is repres5t$ by bas-relief ( a small circle 9 ! c5t]1 ) rays & lightn+ zigzags ext5d+ to an out] circle4 ,9 view ( ^! au?orities & o!rs :i* might be cit$1 x is que/ionable :e!r ! pla9 circle 0 cont9u\sly a repres5tation ( ! sun 9 ! ,*aldean or ,assyrian a/ronomy4 ,x is also d\btful :e!r1 if ! circle did repres5t ! sun1 ! ins]tion ( ! cross or ! f\r :eel-l spokes necess>ily gave ! impression ( onw>d revolv+ motion2 or :e!r any or all ( ! =ego+ af=d a satisfactory basis = ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika or = its relation to1 or repres5tation (1 ! sun or ! sun god4 ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]#hf ann\nces z 8 op9ion t ! ,swa/ika 9 ,cyprus _h ne>ly always a signification m or less religi\s & sacr$1 ?\gh x may h be5 us$ z an ornam5t to fill empty spaces4 ,he attributes to ! ,croix swa/icale--or1 z he calls x1 ,croix cantonne--! equival5ce ( ! sol> disk1 zigzag lightn+1 & d\ble hat*et2 :ile to ! ,swa/ika prop] he attributes ! signification ( ra91 /orm1 lightn+1 sun1 light1 seasons1 & also t x l5ds itself easily to ! sol> disk1 ! fire :eel1 & ! sun *>iot4 ,greg#hg says3 ,consid]$ f9ally1 x may be ask$ if ! fylfot or gammadion 0 an e>ly symbol ( ! sun1 or1 if only an emblem ( ! sol> revolutions or 9 movem5ts across ! heav5s1 :y x 0 drawn squ>e r ?an curv$3 ,! ,z1 ev5 if us$ 9 a sol> s5se1 mu/ h impli$ some?+ m ?an1 or some?+ di/9ct f1 ! sun1 ^: prop] & almo/ univ]sal symbol 0 ! circle4 ,x 0 evid5tly m connect$ ) ! cross cross ?an ) ! circle circle or sol> disk4 ,dr4 ,br9ton#hh consid]s ! ,swa/ika z d]iv$ f ! cross r ?an f ! circle1 & ! au?or agrees t ?is is probable1 al?\gh x may be impossible ( demon/ration ei!r way4 ,sev]al au?ors1 among ! re/ d',alviella1 ,greg1 & ,?omas1 h ann\nc$ ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ! ,swa/ika1 beg9n+ ) ! triskelion1 !nce to ! tetraskelion1 & s to ! ,swa/ika4 ,a slight exam9ation is suffici5t to ov]turn ?is hypo!sis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! triskelion1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ?is hypo!sis1 made its fir/ appe>ance on ! co9s ( ,lycia4 ,b ?is appe>ance 0 )9 :at is call$ ! fir/ p]iod ( co9age1 to wit1 betwe5 #gjj & #dhj ,b4 ,c41 & x did n become settl$ until ! second1 & ev5 ! ?ird p]iod1 #bhj to #bdj ,b4 ,c41 :5 x migrat$ to ,sicily4 ,b ! ,swa/ika _h already appe>$ 9 ,arm5ia1 on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 9 ! t]ram>es ( nor!rn ,italy1 & on ! hut-urns ( s\!rn ,italy _m hundr$1 possibly a ?\s& or m1 ye>s prior to t "t4 ,c\nt d',alviella1 9 8 plate #c 7see ,*>t ,i1 p4 #gid71 assigns x to a p]iod ( ! f\rte5? or ?irte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ) an unkn[n & indef9ite pa/ beh9d x4 ,x is impossible t a symbol :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #dhj ,b4 ,c4 c\ld h be5 ! ance/or ( "o :i* appe>$ 9 #adjj or #acjj ,b4 ,c41 ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,william ,simpson#hi makes obs]vations ^u ! late/ discov]ies reg>d+ ! ,swa/ika & gives 8 conclusion3 99 99 99 ,! f9d+ ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,am]ica gives a v wide geographical space t is includ$ by ! problem connect$ ) x1 b x is wid] /ill1 = ! ,swa/ika is f\nd ov] ! mo/ ( ! habitable _w1 almo/ lit]ally f ,*9a to ,p]u1 & x c be trac$ back to a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! late/ idea =m$ reg>d+ ! ,swa/ika is t x may be a =m ( ! old :eel symbolism & t x repres5ts a sol> movem5t1 or p]haps1 9 a wid] s5se1 ! :ole cele/ial movem5t ( ! />s4 ,! ,dh>ma*akra1 or ,buddhi/ :eel1 ( :i* ! s-call$ pray+ :eel ( ! ,lamas ( ,?ibet is only a v>iant1 c n[ be %[n to h repres5t$ ! sol> motion4 ,x did n orig9ate ) ! ,buddhi/s2 !y borr[$ x f ! ,brahm9ical sy/em to ! ,v$a1 :]e x is call$ ! :eel ( ! sun4 ,i h lately collect$ a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce on ?is subject1 be+ engag$ 9 writ+ ^u x1 & ! num]\s passages f ! old ,brahm9ical au?orities leave no d\bt 9 ! matt]4 ,! late ,mr4 ,edw>d ,?omas 99 99 99 & ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] 99 99 99 decl>$ t on "s ,&hra gold co9s & "o f ,mesembria1 ,greece1 ! "p ( ! ^w :i* means day1 or :5 ! sun %9es1 is repres5t$ by ! ,swa/ika4 ,^! details w be f\nd 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,a!num ( ,augu/ #bj1 #ahib1 writt5 by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 :o affirms t x is decisive z to ! mean+ ( ! symbol 9 ,greece4 ,?is evid5ce may be decisive = ,india & ,greece1 b x does n make u q c]ta9 ab\t o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,/ill x raises a /rong presumption t its mean+ is likely to be some:at simil> :]ev] ! symbol is f\nd4 ,x is n[ assum$ t ! ,triskelion or ,?ree ,legs ( ! ,isle ( ,man is only a v>iant ( ! ,swa/ika4 99 99 99 ,!re are _m v>iants besides ?is 9 :i* ! legs1 or limbs1 diff] 9 numb]1 & !y may all be class$ z :orls1 & 7 possibly all1 m or less1 =ms int5d$ orig9ally to express circul> motion4 ,z ! subject is too ext5sive to be fully treat$ "h1 & _m illu/rations w\ld be necess>y1 to ^? wi%+ = fur!r details ,i w\ld recomm5d a "w j publi%$ entitl$ ,! ,migration ( ,symbols1 by ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 ) an introduction by ,sir ,george ,birdwood4 ,! frontispiece ( ! book is a repres5tation ( ,apollo1 f a vase 9 ! ,kun/hi/oris*es ,museum ( ,vi5na1 & on ! middle ( ,apollo's brea/ !re is a l>ge & prom95t ,swa/ika4 ,9 ?is we h ano!r in/ance go+ f> to %[ its sol> significance4 ,:ile accept+ ^! new int]pretations ( ! symbol1 ,i am /ill incl9$ to ! notion t ! ,swa/ika may1 at ! same "t1 h be5 look$ ^u 9 "s cases z a cross--t is1 a pre-,*ri/ian cross1 :i* n[ f9ds acceptance by "s au?orities z repres5t+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! importance ( ! c>d9al po9ts 9 primitive symbolism appe>s to me to h be5 v great1 & has n z yet be5 fully realiz$4 ,?is is too l>ge a matt] to deal ) "h4 ,all ,i c /ate is1 t ! :eel 9 ,india 0 connect$ ) ! title ( a ,*akrav>t9--f ,*akra1 a :eel--! title mean+ a supreme rul]1 or a univ]sal mon>*1 :o rul$ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & on 8 coronation he _h to drive 8 *>iot1 or :eel1 to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts to signify 8 conque/ ( !m4 ,evid5ce ( o!r c]emonies ( ! same k9d 9 ,europe c be produc$4 ,f in/ances su* z ^!1 ,i am incl9$ to assume t ! ,swa/ika1 z a cross1 repres5t$ ! f\r qu>t]s ov] :i* ! sol> p[] by its revolv+ motion c>ri$ its influ5ce4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,habitat4 ,prehi/oric ar*ologi/s h f\nd 9 ,europe _m specim5s ( ornam5tal sculpture & engrav+ belong+ to ! ,paleoli?ic age1 b ! cross is n kn[n 9 any =m1 ,swa/ika or o!r4 ,9 ! ,neoli?ic age1 :i* spread itself ov] ne>ly ! entire _w1 ) _m geometric =ms ( decoration1 no =m ( ! cross appe>s 9 times ( high antiquity z a symbol or z indicat+ any o!r ?an an ornam5tal purpose4 ,9 ! age ( bronze1 h[ev]1 ! ,swa/ika appe>s1 int5tionally us$1 z a symbol z well z an ornam5t4 ,:e!r its fir/ appe>ance 0 9 ! ,ori5t1 & its spread !nce ?r\gh\t prehi/oric ,europe1 or :e!r ! rev]se 0 true1 may n n[ be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is believ$ by "s to be involv$ 9 t o!r w>mly disput$ & mu*-discuss$ "q z to ! locality ( orig9 & ! mode & r\tes ( disp]sion ( ,aryan peoples4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t x belongs to an e>li] epo* ?an ?is1 & relates to ! simil> problem conc]n+ ! locality ( orig9 & ! mode & r\tes ( ! disp]sion ( bronze4 ,0 bronze discov]$ 9 ea/]n ,asia & 0 its migration we/w>d ?r\gh ,europe1 or 0 x discov]$ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & its spread !nce8 ,! ,swa/ika spread ?r\gh ! same c\ntries z did ! bronze1 & !re is e reason to believe !m to h proce$$ contemporane\sly--:e!r at _! beg9n+ or n1 is undet]m9able4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,swa/ika 0 app>5tly 9 ! ,ori5t1 precisely 9 :at c\ntry x is impossible to say1 b probably 9 c5tral & s\!a/]n ,asia among ! =]unn]s or pr$ecessors ( ! ,bram9s & ,buddhi/s4 ,at all ev5ts1 a religi\s & symbolic signification 0 attribut$ to x by ! e>lie/ kn[n peoples ( ^! localities4 ,m4 ,mi*ael ,zmigrodzki1 a ,poli% s*ol>1 public libr>ian at ,su*a1 ne> ,crac[1 prep>$ & s5t to ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition at ,*icago a manuscript *>t 9 ,fr5*1 %[+ 8 op9ion ( ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika1 :i* 0 display$ 9 ! ,woman's ,build+4 ,x 0 arrang$ 9 gr\ps3 ,! prehi/oric 7or ,pagan7 & ,*ri/ian4 ,^! 7 divid$ geographically & ) an attempt at *ronology1 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,prehi/oric3 #a4 ,india & ,bactria4 #b4 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes4 #c4 ,nor? ,europe4 #d4 ,c5tral ,europe4 #e4 ,s\? ,europe4 #f4 ,asia ,m9or4 #g4 ,greek & ,roman epo*--,numismatics4 ,,ii4 ,*ri/ian3 #h4 ,gaul--,numismatics4 #i4 ,byzant9e4 #aj4 ,m]ov+ian & ,c>lov+ian4 #aa4 ,g]many4 #ab4 ,pol& & ,sw$54 #ac4 ,great ,brita94 ,la/ly he introduces a gr\p ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he pres5t$ figures ( ,swa/ikas f ^! localities & repres5t+ ^! epo*s4 ,he _h a simil> display at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi1 :i* at its close 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,/4 ,g]ma9 ,prehi/oric ,museum4 ,i met ,m4 ,zmigrodzki at ! ,t5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology & ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology 9 ,p>is1 & he>d him pres5t ! results ( 8 inve/igations on ! ,swa/ika4 ,i h s9ce correspond$ ) him1 & he has k9dly s5t me sep>ates ( 8 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ives fr ,e?nographie1 ) #bff illu/rations ( ! ,swa/ika2 b on ask+ 8 p]mission to use "s ( ! in=mation 9 ! *>t at ,*icago1 he in=m$ me he _h already giv5 ! manuscript *>t & ! "r to reproduce x to ! ,*icago ,folk-,lore ,society4 ,! secret>y ( ?is society decl9$ to p]mit x to pass out ( its possession1 ?\gh pr(f]+ inspection ( x 9 ,*icago4 ,9 8 elaborate diss]tation ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella#ij %[s an e>li] & prehi/oric exi/5ce ( ! ,swa/ika be=e its appe>ance on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik4 ,f ?is e>li] place ( orig9 x1 accord+ to him1 spread to ! ,bronze age t]ram>es ( nor!rn ,italy4 ,all ?is 0 prior to ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,f ! hill ( ,hiss>lik x spread ea/ & we/2 to ! ea/ into ,lycaonia & ,caucasus1 to ! we/ into ,myc5 & ,greece2 fir/ on ! pott]y & !n on ! co9s4 ,f ,greece x also spread ea/ & we/2 ea/ to ,asia ,m9or & we/ to ,?race & ,mac$onia4 ,f ! t]ram>es he foll[s x ?r\gh ! ,villanova epo*1 ?r\gh ,etruria & ,gr& ,greece1 to ,sicily1 ,gaul1 ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 to all ( :i* migration he assigns v>i\s dates d[n to ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,x develop$ we/w>d f ,asia ,m9or to nor!rn ,africa & to ,rome1 ) evid5ce 9 ! ,catacombs2 on ! ea/w>d x goes into ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,*9a1 ,tibet1 & ,japan4 ,all ?is c be made app>5t ^u exam9ation ( ! plate itself4 ,x is introduc$ z ,*>t ,i1 p4 #gid4 ,! au?or ent]s into no discussion ) ,c\nt d',alviella ov] ! correctness or complet5ess ( ! migrations set =? 9 8 *>t4 ,x w be conc$$1 ev5 by its au?or1 to be l>gely !oretical & impossible to v]ify by positive pro(4 ,he w only cont5d t !re is a probability ( its correctness4 ,x is d\bt$ :e!r he c ma9ta9 8 proposition ( ! con/ant pres5ce or cont9u$ appe>ance ( ! ,swa/ika on alt>s1 idols1 prie/ly ve/m5ts1 & sepul*ral urns1 & t ?is demon/rates ! ,swa/ika to h always possess$ ! attributes ( a religi\s symbol4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ m frequ5tly ^u ! small] & m insignificant ?+s ( ev]yday life--! h\sehold ut5sils1 ! arms1 weapons1 ! dress1 ! fibul1 & ! pott]y2 & :ile ?is may be consonant ) ! attributes ( ! talisman or amulet or *>m1 x is /ill compatible ) ! !ory ( ! ,swa/ika be+ a sign or symbol = b5$iction1 bless+1 good =tune1 or good luck2 & t x 0 r ?is ?an a religi\s symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,i4--,probable introduction ( ! ,swa/ika into diff]5t c\ntries1 accord+ to ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella4 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pl4 #c4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 9 ! f\r? section ( ! second *apt]#ia relat+ to ! c\ntry ( its orig91 argues t ! ,swa/ika sign 0 employ$ by all ! ,aryans except ! ,p]sians4 ,?is omission he expla9s by %[+ t ! ,swa/ika 9 all o!r l&s /ood = ! sun or = ! sun-god1 :ile ! ,aryans ( ,p]sia _h o!r signs = ! same ?+--! ,crux ansata & ! w+$ globe4 ,8 conclusion is#ib t !re 7 two zones occupi$ ) diff]5t symbols1 ! fronti] betwe5 !m be+ f ,p]sia1 ?r\gh ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & ,asia ,m9or1 to ,libya2 t ! fir/ belong$ to ! ,greek civilization1 :i* employ$ ! ,swa/ika z a sun symbol2 ! second to ! ,egypto-,babylonian1 :i* employ$ ! ,crux ansata & ! w+$ globe z sun symbols4 ,pr(essor ,sayce1 9 8 preface to ,troja1 says3#ic ,! same symbol ! ,swa/ika1 z is well kn[n1 occurs on ! ,ar*aic pott]y ( ,cyprus 99 99 99 z well z ^u ! prehi/oric antiquities ( ,a!ns & ,mykn same1 ,ilios1 p4 #cec1 b x 0 entirely unkn[n to ,babylonia1 to ,assyria1 to ,pho5icia1 & to ,egypt4 ,x mu/ !re=e ei!r h orig9at$ 9 ,europe & spread ea/w>d ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or or h be5 dissem9at$ we/w>d f ! primitive home ( ! ,hittites4 ,! latt] alt]native is ! m probable2 b :e!r x is s or n1 ! pres5ce ( ! symbol 9 ! l& ( ! gean indicates a p>ticul> epo* & ! influ5ce ( a pre-,pho5ician culture4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann#id reports t ,rev4 ,w4 ,br[n ,ke] obs]v$ ! ,swa/ika innum]able times 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,h9du temples1 especially ^? ( ! ,ja9as4 ,max ,mll] cites ! foll[+ p>agraph by ,pr(essor ,sayce3#ie ,x is evid5t to me t ! sign f\nd at ,hiss>lik is id5tical ) t f\nd at ,myc5 & ,a!ns1 z well z on ! prehi/oric pott]y ( ,cyprus 7,di ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pls4 #dd & #dg71 s9ce ! g5]al arti/ic "* ( ! objects ) :i* ?is sign is associat$ 9 ,cyprus & ,greece agrees ) t ( ! objects discov]$ 9 ,troy4 ,! ,cyprian vase fig4 #aef1 ?is pap] figur$ 9 ,di ,cesnola's ,cyprus1 pl4 #de1 :i* associates ! ,swa/ika ) ! figure ( an animal1 is a /rik+ analogue ( ! ,trojan :orls1 on :i* x is associat$ ) ! figure ( ! /ags4 ,! fact t x is drawn )9 ! vulva ( ! lead5 image on ! ,asiatic goddess %[n 9 fig4 #bbf 7,ilios1 fig4 #abe ?is pap]7 seems to %[ t x 0 a symbol ( g5]ation4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1#if cit+ ,alb]t ,dumont#ig & ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1#ih says3 ,! ,swa/ika appe>s 9 ,greece1 z well z 9 ,cyprus & ,rhodes1 fir/ on ! pott]y1 ) geometric decorations1 :i* =m ! second p]iod 9 ,greek c]amics4 ,f t x passes to a lat] p]iod1 :]e ! decoration is m arti/ic & ! appe>ance ( :i* co9cides ) ! developm5t ( ! ,pho5ician influ5ces on ! coa/s ( ,greece4 ,dr4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 9 a pap] devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,cyprus1#ii expresses ! op9ion t ! emigrant or comm]cial ,ph5icians travel+ 9 f> ea/]n c\ntries br\ght ! ,swa/ika by ! sea r\te ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,asia ,m9or & ,cyprus1 :ile1 possibly1 o!r p1 br\ght x by ! ov]l& r\te f c5tral ,asia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,hiss>lik1 & aft]w>ds by migration to ,cyprus1 ,c>?age1 & ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> says3#ajj ,! true home ( ! ,swa/ika is ! ,greek geometric /yle1 z w be imm$iately obvi\s to e exp]t :o exam9es ! "q ?r\gh ! /udy ( t /yle4 ,9 seek+ ! home ( a symbol1 we %\ld consid] :]e x appe>s 9 ! l>ge/ dim5sion & :]e x appe>s 9 ! mo/ =mal & prom95t way4 ,! ,greek geometric vases are ! only monum5ts on :i* ! ,swa/ika sy/ematically appe>s 9 panels exclusively assign$ to x 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ac2 & pl4 #ef1 fig4 #d74 ,!re are no o!r monum5ts on :i* ! ,swa/ika c be f\nd 9 a dim5sion tak+ up "o-half ! height ( ! entire object 7pl4 #ef1 fig4 #d74 ,! ord9>y size ( ! ,swa/ika1 9 v primitive times1 is "u a ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,greek geometric pott]y #b or #c in*es 9 diamet]1 b !y also appe> 9 ! in=mal scatt]+ way 7pl4 #fa1 fig4 #d7 :i* *>act]izes ! ,swa/ika 9 o!r /yles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,swa/ika dates f ! e>lie/ diffusion ( ! ,egyptian me&] 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & x is a pr(\nd rem>k ( ,de ,morgan 7,mission ,sci5tifique au ,caucase7 t ! area ( ! ,swa/ika appe>s to be coext5sive ) ! area ( bronze4 ,9 nor!rn prehi/oric ,europe1 :]e ! ,swa/ika has attract$ consid]able att5tion1 x is di/9ctly connect$ ) ! bronze culture d]iv$ f ! s\?4 ,:5 f\nd on prehi/oric pott]y ( ! nor?1 ! s\!rn home ( its beg9n+s is equally cle>4 ,9 seek+ ! home ( a symbol1 we %\ld consid] n only ! nature ( its appe>ance1 b also :]e x is f\nd 9 ! l>ge/ am\nt1 = ?is %[s ! c5t] ( vogue & p[]--t is to say1 ! c5t] ( diffusion4 ,! vogue ( ! ,swa/ika at ,troy is n z great z its vogue 9 ,cyprian ,greek pott]y 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ae7 & ,rhodian pott]y 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #b74 99 99 99 ,x is well kn[n to ,melian vases 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #h7 & to ar*aic ,greek vases 7pl4 #fa1 fig4 #ab71 b its greate/ prom95ce is on ! pott]y ( ! ,greek geometric /yle 7pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ac2 pl4 #ef1 fig4 #d2 pl4 #fa1 figs4 #a & #d2 & figs4 #agc & #aga74 99 99 99 ,aside f ! ,greek geometric /yle1 our e>lie/ ref]5ce = ! ,swa/ika1 & v possibly an e>li] ref]5ce ?an ! fir/1 is its appe>ance on ! hut urns ( ,italy4 ,on su* x appe>s r z a fragm5t ( ! m complicat$ me&] patt]ns1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,my precise view is t ! e>lie/ &1 consequ5tly1 imp]fect1 =ms ( ! ,swa/ika are on ! hut urns ( ,italy1 b t1 z an indep5d5t & def9itely %ap$ patt]n1 x fir/ belongs to ! ,greek geometric /yle4 ,i d n ass]t t ! ,swa/ika is v common on hut urns1 :i* are (t5 undecorat$4 99 99 99 ,our pres5t int]m$iate l9k ) ,india = ! ,swa/ika lies 9 ! ,caucasus & 9 ! adjac5t t]ritory ( ,koban4 ,?is la/ anci5t c5t] ( ! arts 9 metal has lately attract$ att5tion ?r\gh ! publication ( ,vir*[ 7,das ,grb]feld von ,koban74 ,9 ! orig9al ,coban bronzes ( ! ,prehi/oric ,museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 !re is abundant matt] = /udy 7p4 #cea74 ,mr4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 9 ,fret or ,key ,ornam5tation 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1#aja says3 ,bo? ! ,greek fret & ! fylfot appe> to h be5 unkn[n to ! ,semitic nations z an ornam5t or z a symbol4 ,9 ,egypt ! fylfot does n occur4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 g5]ally admitt$ or suppos$ t ! fylfot is ( e>ly ,aryan orig94 ,ea/w>d t[>d ,india1 ,tibet1 & ,*9a x 0 adopt$1 9 all probability1 z a sacr$ symbol ( ,buddha2 we/w>d x may h spread 9 "o =m or ano!r to ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ev5 to ,nor? ,g]many4 ,c>tailhac says3#ajb ,mod]n ,*ri/ian ar*ologi/s h ob/9ately cont5d$ t ! ,swa/ika 0 compos$ ( f\r gamma1 & s h call$ x ! ,croix ,gamme4 ,b ! ,ramyana plac$ x on ! boat ( ! ,rama long be=e !y _h any k ( ,greek4 ,x is f\nd on a numb] ( ,buddhi/ edifices2 ! ,sect>ians ( ,vi%nu plac$ x z a sign ^u _! =eheads4 ,burn\f says x is ! ,aryan sign p> excell5ce4 ,x 0 surely a religi\s emblem 9 use 9 ,india fifte5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & !nce x spread to e "p4 ,9 ,europe x appe>$ ab\t ! middle ( ! civilization ( ! bronze age1 & we f9d x1 pure or trans=m$ into a cross1 on a mass ( objects 9 metal or pott]y dur+ ! fir/ age ( iron4 ,sometimes its l9es 7 r\nd$ & giv5 a graceful curve in/ead ( /raight & squ>e at its ends & angles4 ,see lett] by ,g&hi1 pp4 #hjc1 #hje4 ,m4 ,c>tailhac notes#ajc sev]al facts conc]n+ ! associations ( ! ,swa/ika f\nd by him 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal & belong+ to ! fir/ 7prehi/oric7 age ( iron3 7#a7 ,! ,swa/ika 0 associat$ ) ! silh\ettes ( ! duck1 or bird1 simil> to ^? 9 ,greece1 not$ by ,goodye>2 7#b7 ! association 79 8 fig4 #da7 on a slab f ! lake dwell+s1 ( ! ,maltese cross & reproduction ( ! triskelion2 7#c7 a tetraskelion1 :i* he calls a ,swa/ika flamboyant1 be+ ! triskelion1 b ) f\r arms1 ! same %[n on ,lycian co9s z be+ ance/ors ( ! true triskelion 78 fig4 #dab72 7#d7 ^? objects 7 pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! anci5t lake dwell+s ( ,sambroso & ,briteiros1 suppos$ly dat+ f ! eigh? & n9? c5turies ,b4 ,c4 ,) !m 7 f\nd _m ornam5ts1 bord]s repres5t+ cords1 spirals1 me&]s1 etc41 :i* _h ! same appe>ance z ^? f\nd by ,s*liemann at ,myc54 ,c>tailhac says3#ajd ,)\t d\bt ,asiatic influ5ces are evid5t 9 bo? cases2 fir/ appe>+ 9 ! ,troad1 !n 9 ,greece1 !y 7 spread ?r\gh ,ib]ia &1 possibly1 :o c tell1 f9ally plant$ 9 a f>-away ,occid5t4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 9 an ext5d$ discussion on ,! pre-,*ri/ian cross1 treats ( ! ,swa/ika "u ! local "n ( ,fylfot1 b 9 su* an enigmatical & unc]ta9 mann] t x is difficult to di/+ui% x f o!r & common] =ms ( ! cross4 ,mr4 ,w>+#aje criticises him some:at sev]ely = 8 errors3 ,he /ates t x is f\nd 99 99 99 9 ! sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl& 7b aft] c>eful se>* we c f9d only "o or two imp]fect repres5tations ( x1 putt+ aside ! ,newton /one inscription1 :]e x is probably a lett] or num]al only72 t x is c>v$ on ! temples & o!r edifices ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica 7:]e aga9 we h s\ght = x 9 va972 t x is f\nd on ! c9]>y urns ( ! t]ram>e ( ,p>ma & ,vic5za1 ! date ( :i* has be5 assign$ by ,italian antiqu>ies to #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 7b !re aga9 we h f\nd only ! pla9 cross1 & n ! fylfot71 &1 f9ally1 he ass]ts t x 0 ! emblem ( ,libit9a or ,p]sephone1 ! awful ,que5 ( ! ,%ades1 & is !re=e commonly f\nd on ! dress ( ! tumulorum fossor 9 ! ,roman catacombs1 b we h only f\nd "o su* example4 ,x is notewor?y1 too1 he cont9ues1 9 ref]5ce to its extreme popul>ity1 or ! sup]/iti\s v5]ation 9 :i* x has be5 also univ]sally held1 t ! cross patte1 or cruci=m hamm] 7b we %all %[ ^! are diff]5t symbols71 0 among ! v la/ ( purely pagan symbols :i* 0 religi\sly pres]v$ 9 ,europe long aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 7n 9 ,europe1 b 9 ,sc&9avia & :]ev] ! ,sc&9avians _h p5etrat$74 99 99 99 ,x may be se5 ^u ! bells ( _m ( our p>i% *ur*es1 z at ,appleby1 ,mexbor\gh1 ,hay!rsaye1 ,wadd+ton1 ,bi%op's ,norton1 ,we/ ,b>k)1 & o!r places1 :]e x 0 plac$ z a magical sign to subdue ! vici\s _s ( ! tempe/2 & he subsequ5tly po9ts out its con/ant use 9 relation to wat] or ra94 ,mr4 ,w>+ cont9ues3 ,! ,rev4 ,c4 ,b\tell1 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 po9ts out t x is to be f\nd on _m m$ival monum5ts & bells1 & occurs--e4 g41 at ,appleby 9 ,l9coln%ire 7peopl$ by ,nor?m57--z an initial cross to ! =mula on ! bell ,/a4 ,m>ia1 o4 p4 n4 & c4 ,9 ^! cases x has cle>ly be5 adopt$ z a ,*ri/ian symbol4 ,9 ! same au?or's ,h]aldry1 he m]ely describes x z a my/ic cross4 ,mr4 ,w>+ makes "o /atem5t :i*1 be+ )9 8 jurisdiction1 %\ld be giv5 full cr$it4 ,he says1 on page #ae3 ,x ! ,swa/ika appe>s 9 ,scotl& & ,engl& only 9 ^? p>ts :]e ,sc&9avians p5etrat$ & settl$1 b is n once f\nd 9 any works ( purely ,iri% or ,franco-,celtic art4 ,he qualifies ?is1 h[ev]1 by a note3 ,i believe x occurs twice on an ,ogam /one 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 figur$ 9 ,wilde's ,catalogue 7p4 #acf71 b ! fylfots are omitt$ 9 ! wood cut4 ,see fig4 #bae4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1#ajf describ+ ! normal ,swa/ika1 ) f\r arms ( equal l5g?1 ! hook usually po9t+ f left to "r1 says3 ,9 ?is =m x occurs 9 ,india & on v e>ly 7,neoli?ic7 ,grecian1 ,italic1 & ,ib]ian rema9s4 ,dr4 ,br9ton is ! only au?or :o1 writ+ at l5g? or 9 a critical mann]1 attributes ! ,swa/ika to ! ,neoli?ic p]iod 9 ,europe1 & 9 ?is1 m ?an likely1 he is correct4 ,pr(essor ,vir*['s op9ion z to ! antiquity ( ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 :]e9 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd s _m ,swa/ikas1 %\ld be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 7,see p4 #hcb1 #hcc ( ?is pap]47 ,( c\rse1 its appe>ance among ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica1 we c imag9e1 mu/ h be5 )9 ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,,ii4--,,disp]sion ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,,extreme ,,ori5t4 ,,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,bronze ,,/atue ,,( ,,buddha4 ,japan4 ,eight swa/ikas on p$e/al4 ,cane t9t9nabulum ) six movable r+s or bells4 ,"o-fifte5? natural size4 ,! ,swa/ika 0 9 use 9 ,japan 9 anci5t z well z mod]n times4 ,fig4 #bi repres5ts a bronze /atue ( ,buddha1 "o-fifte5? natural size1 f ,japan1 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,c]nus*i1 ,p>is4 ,x has eight ,swa/ikas on ! p$e/al1 ! ends all turn$ at "r angles to ! "r4 ,?is specim5 is %[n by ,de ,mortillet#ajg because x relates to prehi/oric man4 ,! image or /atue holds a cane 9 ! =m ( a t9t9nabulum1 ) movable r+s arrang$ to make a j+l+ noise1 & ,de ,mortillet ins]t$ x 9 8 volume to %[ ! lik5ess ( ?is "w 9 ,japan ) a numb] ( simil> objects f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+s 9 ! prehi/oric age ( bronze 7p4 #hjf74 ,! ,swa/ika m>k 0 employ$ by ! ,japanese on _! porcela94 ,sir ,augu/us ,w4 ,franks#ajh %[s "o ( ^! m>ks1 a small ,swa/ika turn$ to ! left & inclos$ 9 a circle 7fig4 #cj74 ,fig4 #i also repres5ts a m>k on ,japanese bronzes4#aji ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,japanese ,,pott]',s ,,m>k ,,on ,,porcela94 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 ,fig4 #abdh4 ,,korea4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has a ladies' s$an or c>ry+ *air f ,korea4 ,x be>s eight ,swa/ika m>ks1 cut by /5cil 9 ! brass-b\nd corn]s1 two on ea* corn]1 "o look+ ea* way4 ,! ,swa/ika is normal1 ) arms cross+ at "r angles1 ! ends b5t at "r angles & to ! "r4 ,x is q pla92 ! l9es are all /raight1 heavy1 ( equal ?ickness1 & ! angles all at #ij degrees4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles ! ,swa/ika 9 fig4 #i4 ,,*9a4 ,9 ! ,*9ese language ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika is pron\nc$ wan 7p4 #hja71 & /&s = _m1 a great numb]1 t5 ?\s&1 inf9ity1 & by a synecdo*e is con/ru$ to mean long life1 a multitude ( bless+s1 great happ9ess1 etc42 z is said 9 ,fr5*1 mille p>dons1 mille rem]cm5ts1 a ?\s& ?anks1 etc4 ,dur+ a visit to ! ,*9ese legation 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 :ile ?is pap] 0 9 progress1 ! au?or met "o ( ! atta*s1 ,mr4 ,*ung1 dress$ 9 8 robes ( /ate2 8 out] g>m5t 0 ( moir silk4 ,! patt]n wov5 9 ! fabric consi/$ ( a l>ge circle ) c]ta9 m>ks !re91 prom95t among :i* 7 two ,swa/ikas1 "o turn$ to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,! "n giv5 to ! sign 0 z report$ above1 wan1 & ! signification 0 longevity1 long life1 _m ye>s4 ,?us 0 %[n t 9 f> z well z ne> c\ntries1 9 mod]n z well z anci5t times1 ?is sign /ood = bless+1 good wi%es1 &1 by a slight ext5sion1 = good luck4 ,! au?or conf]r$ ) ! ,*9ese m9i/]1 ,yang ,yu1 ) ! reque/ t he %\ld furni% any appropriate in=mation conc]n+ ! ,swa/ika 9 ,*9a4 ,9 due c\rse ! au?or receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] & accompany+ notes ) draw+s3 99 99 99 ,i h ! pleasure to submit ab/racts f hi/orical & lit]>y works on ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,*9a & ! circum/ances connect$ ) x 9 ,*9ese anci5t hi/ory4 ,i h _h ?is pap] translat$ into ,engli% & illu/rat$ by india-ink draw+s4 ,! ,*9ese copy is made by ,mr4 ,ho ,y5-,%+1 ! fir/ secret>y ( ! legation1 translation by ,mr4 ,*ung1 & draw+s by ,mr4 ,li4 ,) assurance ( my high e/eem1 ,i am1 ,v cordially1 ,,yang ,,yu4 ,buddhi/ philosoph]s consid] simple *>act]s z half or incomplete *>act]s & comp\nd *>act]s z complete *>act]s1 :ile ! ,swa/ika ,z is reg>d$ z a natural =mation4 ,a ,buddhi/ prie/ ( ! ,tang ,dyna/y1 ,tao ,%ih by "n1 9 a *apt] ( 8 "w entitl$ ,fa ,yu5 ,*u ,l91 on ! orig9al ,buddha1 describes him z hav+ ?is ,z m>k on 8 brea/ & sitt+ on a high lily ( innum]able petals4 ,pl4 #a4 ,empress ,wu 7#fhd-gjd ,a4 ,d471 ( ! ,tang ,dyna/y1 inv5t$ a numb] ( new =ms = *>act]s already 9 exi/5ce1 among/ :i* ,z circle 0 ! ^w = sun1 symbol = moon1 circle = />1 & s on4 ,^! *>act]s 7 once v ext5sively us$ 9 ornam5tal writ+1 & ev5 n[ ! ^w ,z circle sun may be f\nd 9 _m ( ! fam\s /one inscriptions ( t age1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u up to ! pres5t day4 ,pl4 #b4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,tang ,dyna/y 7#fbj-ijf ,a4 ,d471 by ,lui ,hsu & o!rs ( ! ,ts9 ,dyna/y1 records a decree issu$ by ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung 7#gfc-ggi ,a4 ,d47 =bidd+ ! use ( ! ,swa/ika on silk fabrics manufactur$ = any purpose4 ,pl4 #c4 ,fung ,tse1 ( ! ,tang ,dyna/y1 records a practice among ! p ( ,loh-yang to endeavor1 on ! #g? ( ! #g? mon? ( ea* ye>1 to obta9 spid]s to weave ! ,swa/ika on _! web4 ,kung ,p+-,*ung1 ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y1 says t ! p ( ,loh-yang believe x to be good luck to f9d ! ,swa/ika wov5 by spid]s ov] fruits or melons4 ,pl4 #d4 ,sung ,pai1 ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y1 records an (f]+ made to ! ,emp]or by ,li ,yu5-su1 a high (ficial ( ! ,tang ,dyna/y1 ( a buffalo ) a ,swa/ika on ! =ehead1 9 return = :i* (f]+ he 0 giv5 a horse by ! ,emp]or4 ,pl4 #e4 ,! ,ts'+-,i-,luh1 by ,tao ,kuh1 ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y1 records t an ,empress 9 ! "t ( ! ,s\? ,tang ,dyna/y _h an inc5se burn] ! ext]nal decoration ( :i* _h ! ,swa/ika design on x4 ,pl4 #f4 ,*u ,i-,tsu1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,m+ ,%ih ,tsung1 says ,wu ,tsung-,*ih1 a le>n$ man ( ,s9 ,%ui1 built a resid5ce outside ( ! nor? gate ( t t[n1 :i* he nam$ ,wan-,*ai1 f ! ,swa/ika decoration ( ! rail+s ab\t ! ext]ior ( ! h\se4 ,pl4 #g4 ,an anonym\s "w1 entitl$ ! ,tung ,hsi ,yang ,k'ao1 describ$ a fruit call$ %an-tsao-tse 7m\nta9 or wild date71 ^: leaves resemble ^? ( ! plum4 ,! se$ resembles ! li*ee1 & ! fruit1 :i* rip5s 9 ! n9? mon? ( ! ye>1 sugge/s a resemblance to ! ,swa/ika4 ,pl4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,buddha ,,accord+ ,,to ,,tao ,,%ih1 ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,sign4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,swa/ika ,,decre$ ,,by ,,empress ,,wu 7#fhd-gjd ,a4 ,d47 ,,z ,a ,,sign ,,= ,,sun ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,swa/ika ,,design ,,on ,,silk ,,fabrics4 ,?is use ( ! ,swa/ika 0 =bidd5 9 ,*9a by ,emp]or ,tai ,tsung 7#gfc-ggi ,a4 ,d474 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,spid] ,,web ,,ov] ,,fruit4 7,a good om5 9 ,*9a47 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,buffalo ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,=ehead4 ,pres5t$ to ,emp]or ( ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,inc5se ,,burn] ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,decoration4 ,s\? ,tang ,dyna/y4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s ,national ,museum ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,wu ,,tsung-,,*ih ,,( ,,s9 ,,%ui1 ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,rail+4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,m\nta9 ,,or ,,wild ,,date4--,,fruit ,,resembl+ ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,li1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,yang ,y1 ,*9ese ,m9i/]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,pott]',s ,,m>k ,,on ,,porcela94 ,*9a4 ,tablet ( honor1 ) ,swa/ika4 ,prime1 ,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #bed4 ,! ,swa/ika is "o ( ! symbolic m>ks ( ! ,*9ese porcela94 ,prime#aaj %[s :at he calls a tablet ( honor1 :i* repres5ts a ,swa/ika inclos$ 9 a loz5ge ) loops at ! corn]s 7fig4 #ca74 ,?is m>k on a piece ( porcela9 signifies t x is an imp]ial gift4 ,major-,g5]al ,gordon1 controll] ( ! ,royal ,ars5al at ,woolwi*1 ,engl&1 writes to ,dr4 ,s*liemann3#aaa ,! ,swa/ika is ,*9ese4 ,on ! bree* *as+ ( a l>ge gun ly+ outside my (fice1 captur$ 9 ! ,taku =t1 y w f9d ?is same sign4 ,b ,dum\ti]#aab says ?is sign is no?+ else ?an ! anci5t ,*9ese "* c h e1 :i*1 accord+ to ,d',alviella1#aac c>ries ! idea ( p]fection or excell5ce1 & signifies ! r5ewal & p]petuity ( life4 ,& aga91#aaa ,dr4 ,locky]1 =m]ly m$ical mission>y to ,*9a1 says ! sign ,z is ?or\ghly ,*9ese4 ,! ,swa/ika is f\nd on ,*9ese musical in/rum5ts4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a ,hu-,*'91 a viol9 ) f\r /r+s1 ! body ( :i* is a section ( bamboo ab\t #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! septum ( ! jo9t has be5 cut away s z to leave a ,swa/ika ( normal =m1 ! f\r arms ( :i* are connect$ ) ! out] walls ( ! bamboo4 ,ano!r1 a ,ti-,*'91 a two-/r+$ viol91 ) a body ( cocoanut1 has a c>v+ :i* is believ$ to h be5 a ,swa/ika2 b ! c5tral "p has be5 brok5 out1 s t ! actual =m is undet]m9$4 ,pr(4 ,george ,fr$]ick ,wright1 9 an article entitl$ ,swa/ika1#aad quotes ,rev4 ,f4 ,h4 ,*alfont1 mission>y at ,*ant+1 ,*9a1 z say+3 ,same symbol 9 ,*9ese *>act]s 'ouan1' or 'wan1' & is a favorite ornam5t ) ! ,*9ese4 ,,tibet4 ,mr4 ,william ,woodville ,rockhill1#aae speak+ ( ! fair at ,kumbum1 says3 ,i f\nd !re a numb] ( ,lh'asa ,tibetans 7!y call !m ,gopa "h7 sell+ pulo1 beads ( v>i\s colors1 saffron1 m$ic9es1 peacock fea!rs1 inc5se /icks1 etc4 ,i _h a talk ) ^! trad]s1 sev]al ( :om ,i _h met "h be=e 9 #ahhi4 99 99 99 ,"o ( !m _h a ,swa/ika 7yung-drung7 tattoo$ on 8 h&1 & ,i le>n$ f ?is man t ?is is n an uncommon mode ( ornam5tation 9 8 c\ntry4 ,c\nt ,d',alviella says t ! ,swa/ika is cont9u$ among ! ,buddhi/s ( ,tibet2 t ! wom5 ornam5t _! petticoats ) x1 & t x is also plac$ ^u ! brea/s ( _! dead4#aaf ,he also reports#aag a ,buddhi/ /atue at ! ,muse ,guimet ) ,swa/ikas ab\t ! base4 ,he does n /ate to :at c\ntry x belongs1 s ! au?or has no means ( det]m9+ if x is ! same /atue z is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bi4 ,,india4 ,burn\f#aah says approv+ly ( ! ,swa/ika3 ,*ri/ian ar*ologi/s believe ?is 0 ! mo/ anci5t sign ( ! cross4 99 99 99 ,x 0 us$ among ! ,brahm9s f all antiquity4 7,voyez mot ,swa/ika dans notre dictionnaire sanskrit47 ,swa/ika1 or ,swa/a1 9 ,india corresponds to b5$iction among ,*ri/ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,footpr9t ,,( ,,buddha ,,) ,,swa/ika1 ,,f ,,am>avati ,,tope4 ,f a figure by ,f]gusson & ,s*liemann4 ,! same au?or1 9 8 translation ( ! ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 "o ( ! n9e ,dh>mas or ,canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s ( ! ,nor?1 ( #bhj pages1 adds an app5dix ( 8 own writ+ ( #ehc pages2 & 9 "o 7,no4 #h7 devot$ to an enum]ation & description ( ! sixty-five figures trac$ on ! footpr9t ( akya 7fig4 #cb7 comm5ces z foll[s3 #a4 ,sva/ikaya3 ,?is is ! famili> my/ic figure ( _m ,indian sects1 repres5t$ ?us1 ,s1 & ^: "n signifies1 lit]ally1 sign ( b5$iction or ( good augury4 7,rgya t*'er rol pa1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #aaj47 99 99 99 ,! sign ( ! ,swa/ika 0 n less kn[n to ! ,brahm9s ?an to ! ,buddhi/s4 ,ramayana1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdh1 ed4 ,gor41 ,*ap4 ,,xcvii1 /4 #ag1 tells ( vessels on ! sea be>+ ?is sign ( =tune4 ,?is m>k1 ( :i* ! "n & usage are c]ta9ly anci5t1 because x is f\nd on ! olde/ ,buddhi/ m$als1 may h be5 us$ z frequ5tly among ! ,brahm9s z among ! ,buddhi/s4 ,mo/ ( ! inscriptions on ! ,buddhi/ cav]ns 9 we/]n ,india are ei!r prec$$ or foll[$ by ! holy 7sacram5telle7 sign ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,x appe>s less common on ! ,brahm9 monum5ts4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke 7,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice1 director ( ,e?4 ,survey1 ,nor?we/ ,prov9ces & ,oudh71 says3#aai ,! my/ical emblem ( ! ,swa/ika1 :i* appe>s to repres5t ! sun 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s1 is ( con/ant occurr5ce4 ,! trad] pa9ts x on ! flyleaf ( 8 l$g]1 he :o has "y *ildr5 or animals liable to ! evil eye makes a repres5tation ( x on ! wall beside 8 doorpo/4 ,x holds fir/ place among ! lucky m>ks ( ! ,ja9as4 ,x is drawn on ! %av5 heads ( *ildr5 on ! m>riage day 9 ,guj>at4 ,a r$ circle ) ,swa/ika 9 ! c5t] is depict$ on ! place :]e ! family gods are kept 7,campbell1 ,notes1 p4 #gj74 ,9 ! ,me]ut division ! wor%ip] ( ! village god ,bhumiya con/ructs a rude model ( x 9 ! %r9e by fix+ up two cross$ /raws ) a daub ( pla/]4 ,x (t5 occurs 9 folklore4 ,9 ! drama ( ! ,toy ,c>t ! ?ief hesitates :e!r he %all make a hole 9 ! wall ( ,*>udatta's h\se 9 ! =m ( a ,swa/ika or ( a wat] j> 7,mann+1 ,anci5t ,india1 #aa1 #ajj74 ,village %r9es4--,! outside 7( ! %r9es7 is (t5 cov]$ ) rude repres5tations ( ! my/ical ,swa/ika4 ,on page #bej he cont9ues ?us3 ,*>ms4--,! baz> m]*ant writes ! words ,ram ,ram ov] 8 door1 or makes an image ( ,g5esa1 ! god ( luck1 or draws ! my/ical ,swa/ika4 ,! j& tree is rev]5c$ z sacr$ by ,khattris & ,brahm9s to avoid ! evil eye 9 *ildr54 ,! *ild is br\ght at #c ye>s ( age be=e a j& tree2 a b\gh is cut ) a sickle & plant$ at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,a ,swa/ika symbol is made be=e x ) ! rice fl\r & sug> br\ght z an (f]+ to ! tree4 ,?reads ( /r+1 us$ by wom5 to tie up _! hair1 are cut 9 l5g?s & "s deposit$ on ! ,swa/ika4 ,mr4 ,vir*& ,r4 ,g&hi1 a ,h9du & ,ja9 disciple f ,bombay1 ,india1 a delegate to ! ,_w's ,p>liam5t ( ,religions at ,*icago 9 #ahic1 rema9$ = "s "t 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 proselyt+ among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,he is a cultivat$ g5tleman1 devot$ to ! spread ( 8 religion4 ,i ask$ 8 advice & assi/ance1 :i* he k9dly gave1 sup]vis+ my manuscript = ! ,swa/ika 9 ! extreme ,ori5t1 & furni%+ me ! foll[+ additional in=mation relative to ! ,swa/ika 9 ,india1 & especially among ! ,ja9s3 ,! ,swa/ika is mis9t]pret$ by s-call$ ,we/]n exp\nd]s ( our anci5t ,ja9 philosophy4 ,! orig9al idea 0 v high1 b lat] on "s p]sons ?\ght ! cross repres5t$ only ! comb9ation ( ! male & ! female pr9ciples4 ,:ile we are on ! physical plane & our prop5sities on ! mat]ial l9e1 we ?9k x necess>y to unite ^! 7sexual7 pr9ciples = our spiritual gr[?4 ,on ! high] plane ! s\l is sexless1 & ^? :o wi% to rise high] ?an ! physical plane mu/ elim9ate ! idea ( sex4 ,i expla9 ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika by ! foll[+ illu/ration fig4 #cc3 ,! horizontal & v]tical l9es cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles =m ! ,greek cross4 ,!y repres5t _s & matt]4 ,we add f\r o!r l9es by b5d+ to ! "r ea* arm ( ! cross1 !n ?ree circles & ! cresc5t1 & a circle )9 ! cresc5t4 ,! idea ?us symboliz$ is t !re are f\r grades ( exi/5ce ( s\ls 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! fir/ is ! l[e/ /ate--,ar*aic or protoplasmic life4 ,! s\l evolves f t /ate to ! next--! e>? ) its plant & animal life4 ,!n foll[s ! ?ird /age--! human2 !n ! f\r? /age--! cele/ial4 ,! ^w cele/ial is "h held to mean life 9 o!r worlds ?an our own4 ,all ^! graduations are comb9ations ( matt] & s\l on diff]5t scales4 ,! spiritual plane is t 9 :i* ! s\l is entirely fre$ f ! bonds ( matt]4 ,9 ord] to rea* t plane1 "o mu/ /rive to possess ! ?ree jewels 7repres5t$ by ! ?ree circles71 "r belief1 "r k1 "r conduct4 ,:5 a p]son has ^?1 he w c]ta9ly g high] until he rea*es ! /ate ( lib]ation1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! cresc5t4 ,! cresc5t has ! =m ( ! ris+ moon & is always gr[+ l>g]4 ,! circle 9 ! cresc5t repres5ts ! omnisci5t /ate ( ! s\l :5 x has atta9$ full consci\sness1 is lib]at$1 & lives ap>t f matt]4 ,! int]pretation1 accord+ to ! ,ja9 view ( ! cross1 has no?+ to d ) ! comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciple4 ,wor%ip ( ! male & female pr9ciples1 ideas bas$ ^u sex1 l[e/ ev5 ( ! emotional plane1 c nev] rise high] ?an ! male & female4 ,! ,ja9s make ! ,swa/ika sign :5 we ent] our temple ( wor%ip4 ,?is sign rem9ds u ( ! great pr9ciples repres5t$ by ! ?ree jewels & by :i* we are to rea* ! ultimate good4 ,^? symbols int5sify our ?\ghts & make !m m p]man5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,ja9 ,,swa/ika1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,g&hi4 7#a7 ,ar*aic or protoplasmic life2 7#b7 ,plant & animal life2 7#c7 ,human life2 7#d7 ,cele/ial life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd;a4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,ja9 ,,swa/ika--,,fir/ ,,/age4 ,h&ful ( rice or meal1 9 circul> =m1 ?9n] 9 c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd;b4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,ja9 ,,swa/ika--,,second ,,/age4 ,rice or meal1 z %[n 9 prec$+ figure1 ) f+] m>ks1 indicat$ at #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd;c4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,ja9 ,,swa/ika--,,?ird ,,/age4 ,ends turn$ out1 typify+ animal1 human1 & cele/ial life1 z %[n 9 fig4 #cc4 ,mr4 ,g&hi says ! ,ja9s make ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika z frequ5tly & deftly z ! ,roman ,ca?olics make ! sign ( ! cross4 ,x is n conf9$ to ! temple nor to ! prie/s or monks4 ,:5ev] or :]ev] a b5$iction or bless+ is giv51 ! ,swa/ika is us$4 ,figs4 #cd a1 b1 c =m a s]ies %[+ h[ x is made4 ,a h&ful ( rice1 meal1 fl\r1 sug>1 salt1 or any simil> sub/ance1 is spread ov] a circul> space1 say1 #c in*es 9 diamet] & "o-eigh? ( an in* deep 7fig4 #cd;a71 !n comm5ce at ! outside ( ! circle 7fig4 #cd;b71 on its upp] or f>!r left-h& corn]1 & draw ! f+] ?r\gh ! meal j to ! left ( ! c5t]1 halfway or m to ! opposite or ne> edge ( ! circle 7#a71 !n aga9 to ! "r 7#b71 !n upw>d 7#c71 f9ally to ! left :]e x jo9s ) ! fir/ m>k 7#d74 ,! ends are swept outw>d1 ! dots & cresc5t put 9 above1 & ! sign is complete 7fig4 #cd;c74 ,! sign ( ! ,swa/ika is report$ 9 great numb]s1 by hundr$s if n by ?\s&s1 9 ! inscriptions on ! rock walls ( ! ,buddhi/ caves 9 ,india4 ,x is ne$less to copy !m1 b is en\gh to say t !y are ! same size z ! lett]s =m+ ! inscription2 t !y all h f\r arms & ! ends turn at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 indiff]5tly to ! "r or to ! left4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( inscriptions1 conta9+ ! ,swa/ikas1 is tak5 f ! fir/ book com+ to h&--! ,report ( ,dr4 ,james ,burgess on ! ,buddhi/ ,cave ,temples & _! ,inscriptions1 ,be+ a ,"p ( ! ,result ( ! ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six? ,seasons' ,op]ations ( ! ,ar*ological ,survey ( ,we/]n ,india1 #ahgf1 #ahgg1 #ahgh1 #ahgi3abj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,inscription ,direction ,plate4 numb]4 9 :i* ends are b5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,bhaja ,,xliv #b ,to "r4 ,kuda ,,xlvi #bf ,d4 ,d ,,xlvi #bg ,to left4 ,kol ,,xlvi #e ,to "r4 ,k>le ,,xlvii #a ,d4 ,d ,,xlvii #c ,d4 ,junn> ,,xlix #e ,d4 ,d ,,xlix #f ,to left4 ,d ,,xlix #g ,to "r4 ,d ,,xlix #h ,to left4 ,d ,,xlix #i ,to "r4 ,d ,,xlix #aj ,d4 ,d ,,xlix #aa 787 ,d4 ,d ,,xlix #ab ,d4 ,d ,,xlix #ac 787 ,d4 ,d ,,xlix #ac 787 ,to left4 ,d ,,xlix #ad ,d4 ,d ,l #ag ,to "r4 ,d ,l #ai ,d4 ,nasik ,,lii #e ,d4 ,d ,,lv 7,nasik #ba7 #e 787 ,d4 ,d ,,lv 7,nasik #bd7 #h 787 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,*antre#aba says3 ,i rem9d y t ! 7,ea/7 ,indians1 ,*9ese1 & ,japanese employ ! ,swa/ika1 n only z a religi\s emblem b z a simple ornam5t 9 pa9t+ on pott]y & else:]e1 ! same z we employ ! ,greek fret1 loz5ges1 & simil> motifs 9 our ornam5tation4 ,si/res ! /aff ) j+l+ bells1 held 9 ! h& ( ,buddha1 on ^: base is engrav$ a r[ ( ,swa/ikas1 fig4 #bi ( pres5t pap] ( simil> =m & /yle h be5 f\nd 9 prehi/oric ,swiss lake dwell+s ( ! bronze age4 ,?us ! si/res & ! ,swa/ika are br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r4 ,! si/res possibly relate to an anci5t religion1 z !y did 9 ! ,ori5t2 ! ,swa/ika may h _h a simil> di/9ction4 ,de ,mortillet & o!rs hold ! same op9ion4#abb ,,classical ,,ori5t4 ,,babylonia1 ,,assyria1 ,,*aldea1 ,,& ,,p]sia4 ,w>+#abc says1 ,9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian rema9s we se>* = x ! ,swa/ika 9 va94 ,max ,mll] & ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella are ( ! same op9ion4#abd ,( ,p]sia1 ,d',alviella 7p4 #ea71 cit+ ,ludwig ,mll]1#abe says t ! ,swa/ika is manife/$ only by its pres5ce on c]ta9 co9s ( ! ,arsacides & ! ,sassanides4 ,,ph5icia4 ,x is report$ by v>i\s au?ors t ! ,swa/ika has nev] be5 f\nd 9 ,ph5icia1 e4 g4 ,max ,mll]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,w>+1 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella4#abf ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]#abg says t ! ,swa/ika is n f\nd 9 ,ph5icia1 yet he is ( ! op9ion t _! emigrant & comm]cial travel]s br\ght x f ! f> ea/ & introduc$ x into ,cyprus1 ,c>?age1 & ! nor? ( ,africa4 7,see p4 #gif47 ,,lycaonia4 ,lempri]e1 9 8 ,classical ,diction>y1 "u ! above title1 gives ! foll[+3 ,a di/rict ( ,asia ,m9or =m+ ! s\?we/]n qu>t] ( ,phrygia4 ,! orig9 ( its "n & inhabitants1 ! ,lycaones1 is lo/ 9 obscurity4 99 99 99 ,our fir/ acqua9tance ) ?is region is 9 ! relation ( ! exp$ition ( ! y\ng] ,cyprus4 ,its limits v>i$ at diff]5t times4 ,at fir/ x ext5d$ ea/w>d f ,iconium #bc geographical miles1 & 0 sep>at$ f ,cilicia on ! s\? by ! range ( ,m\nt ,taurus1 compreh5d+ a l>ge portion ( :at 9 lat] times 0 t]m$ ,cataonia4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1#abh quot+ ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1#abi /ates t ! ,hittites introduc$ ! ,swa/ika on a bas-relief ( ,ibriz1 ,lycaonia1 :]e x =ms a bord] ( ! robe ( a k+ or prie/ (f]+ a sacrifice to a god4 ,,arm5ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,,bronze ,,p9-,,head ,,f ,,*ei?an-,,?agh4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agg4 ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan 7! pres5t director ( ! ,gizeh ,museum at ,cairo71 "u ! direction ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 made ext5sive excavations & /udies into ! prehi/oric antiquities & ar*ology ( ,russian ,arm5ia4 ,8 report is entitl$ ,le ,premi] ge de ,mtaux dans l',armnie ,russe4#acj ,he excavat$ a numb] ( prehi/oric cemet]ies1 & f\nd !re9 v>i\s =ms ( crosses engrav$ on ce9tures1 vases1 & m$allions4 ,! ,swa/ika1 ?\gh pres5t1 0 m r>e4 ,he f\nd x on ! heads ( two l>ge bronze p9s 7figs4 #ce & #cf7 & on "o piece ( pott]y 7fig4 #cg7 f ! prehi/oric tombs4 ,! b5t arms are all turn$ to ! left1 & w\ld be ! ,suava/ika ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]4 ,,caucasus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,,bronze ,,p9-,,head ,,f ,,ak?ala4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,swa/ika ,,m>k ,,on ,,black ,,pott]y4 ,*ei?an-?agh4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,bronze ,,ce9ture4 ,swa/ika rep\ss4 ,necropolis ( ,koban1 ,caucasus4 ,*antre1 ,le ,caucase1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #c4 ,9 ,caucasus1 ,m4 ,e4 ,*antre#aca f\nd ! ,swa/ika 9 great purity ( =m4 ,fig4 #ch repres5ts portions ( a bronze plaque f t c\ntry1 us$ on a ce9ture or belt4 ,ano!r ( slightly diff]5t /yle1 b ) squ>e cross & arms b5t at "r angles1 is repres5t$ 9 8 pl4 #h1 fig4 #e4 ,^! belong$ to ! fir/ age ( iron1 & mu* ( ! art 0 intricate4#acb ,x repres5t$ animals z well z all geometric =ms1 crosses1 circles 7conc5tric & o!rwise71 spirals1 me&]s1 *evrons1 h]r+ bone1 loz5ges1 etc4 ,^! 7 sometimes ca/ 9 ! metal1 at o!r times rep\ss1 & aga9 7 engrav$1 & occasionally ^! me?ods 7 employ$ toge!r4 ,fig4 #ci %[s ano!r =m1 frequ5tly employ$ & sugge/$ z a possible evolution ( ! ,swa/ika1 f ! same locality & same plate4 ,fig4 #dj repres5ts signs report$ by ,w>+#acc z f ,asia ,m9or1 :i* he cr$its1 )\t explanation1 to ,ellis's ,antiquities ( ,h]aldry4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #da is report$ by ,w>+1#acd quot+ ,rzewusky1#ace z "o ( ! sev]al br&+ m>ks us$ on ,circassian horses = id5tification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,bronze ,,agrafe ,,or ,,belt ,,plate4 ,triskelion 9 spiral4 ,koban1 ,caucasus4 ,*antre1 ,le ,caucase1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #d4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,rem+ton1 ! celebrat$ arti/ & lit]ateur1 has an article1 ,crack] ,c[boy 9 ,florida1#acf :]e9 he disc\rses ( ! =g]y ( br&s on cattle 9 t c\ntry4 ,"o ( 8 g5u9e br&s is a circle ) a small cross 9 ! c5t]4 ,! =g]y consi/s 9 elongat+ ea* arm ( ! cross & turn+ x ) a scroll1 =m+ an ogee ,swa/ika 7fig4 #ac;d71 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 is practically ! same br& us$ on ,circassian horses 7fig4 #da74 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]#acg says t in/rum5ts ( copp] 7audumb>oasih7 are recomm5d$ 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a to make ! ,swa/ika1 :i* repres5ts ! figure #h2 & ?us he attempts to acc\nt = ! use ( t m>k br&$ on ! c[s 9 ,india 7supra1 p4 #ggb71 on ! horses 9 ,circassia 7fig4 #da71 & said to h be5 us$ 9 ,arabia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,swa/ika ,,signs ,,f ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #e & #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,br& ,,= ,,horses ,,9 ,,circassia4 ,ogee ,swa/ika1 tetraskelion4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #bj;c4 ,,asia ,,m9or--,,troy 7,,hiss>lik74 ,_m specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 ! ru9s ( ,troy1 pr9cipally on sp9dle :orls1 vases1 & bij\x ( preci\s metal4 ,zmigrodzki#ach made f ,dr4 ,s*liemann's great atlas ! foll[+ classification ( ! objects f\nd at ,troy1 ornam5t$ ) ! ,swa/ika & its relat$ =ms3 ,fifty-five ( pure =m2 #aad crosses ) ! f\r dots1 po9ts or alleg$ nail holes 7,croix swa/icale72 #ajb ) ?ree bran*es or arms 7triskelion72 #hf ) five bran*es or arms2 #fc ) six bran*es or arms2 total1 #dbj4 ,zmigrodzki cont9ues 8 classification by add+ ^? :i* h relation to ! ,swa/ika ?us3 ,eighty-two repres5t+ />s2 #gj repres5t+ suns2 #db repres5t+ bran*es ( trees or palms2 #ae animals non-f]oci\s1 de]1 antelope1 h>e1 swan1 etc42 total1 #bji objects4 ,_m ( ^! 7 sp9dle :orls4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 9 8 works1 ,troja & ,ilios1 describes at l5g? 8 excavations ( ^! cities & 8 discov]ies ( ! ,swa/ika on _m objects4 ,8 reports are gr\p$ "u titles ( ! v>i\s cities1 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 etc41 up to ! sev5? city1 c\nt+ always f ! bottom1 ! fir/ be+ deepe/ & olde/4 ,! same sy/em w be "h pursu$4 ,! fir/ & second cities 7 #de to #eb feet 7#ac to #af met]s7 deep2 ! ?ird1 #bc to #cc feet 7#g to #aj met]s7 deep2 ! f\r? city1 #ac to #ag4f feet 7#d to #e-a_/b met]s7 deep2 ! fif? city1 #g to #ac feet 7#b to #d met]s7 deep2 ! six? 0 ! ,lydian city ( ,troy1 & ! sev5? city1 ! ,greek ,ilium1 approa*$ ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,lu/r\s ,,black ,,pott]y4 ,swa/ika1 "r4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #bdg4 ,fir/ & ,second ,cities4--,b few :orls 7 f\nd 9 ! fir/ & second cities#aci & none ( ^! bore ! ,swa/ika m>k1 :ile ?\s&s 7 f\nd 9 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? cities1 _m ( :i* bore ! ,swa/ika m>k4 ,^? ( ! fir/ city1 if unornam5t$1 h a uni=m lu/r\s black color & are ! %ape ( a cone 7fig4 #ee7 or ( two cones jo9$ at ! base 7figs4 #eb & #ga74 ,bo? k9ds 7 f\nd at #cc feet & deep]4 ,o!rs f ! same city 7 ornam5t$ by incis$ l9es rubb$ 9 ) :ite *alk1 9 :i* case !y 7 flat4#adj ,9 ! second city ! :orls 7 small] ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,!y 7 all ( a black color & _! incis$ ornam5tation 0 practically ! same z ^? f ! upp] cities4#ada ,zmigrodzki congratulat$ himself on hav+ discov]$ among ,s*liemann's f9ds :at he believ$ to be ! olde/ repres5tation ( ! ,swa/ika ( :i* we _h reliable k4 ,x 0 a fragm5t ( a vase 7fig4 #db7 ( ! lu/r\s black pott]y peculi> to ! :orls ( ! fir/ & second cities4 ,b ,zmigrodzki 0 compell$ to rec$e1 :i* he did regretfully1 :5 ,s*liemann1 9 a lat] edition1 ins]t$ ! footnote 7p4 #cej7 say+1 t :ile he _h f\nd ?is 7) a companion piece7 at a great dep? 9 8 excavations1 & _h attribut$ !m to ! fir/ city1 yet1 on subsequ5t exam9ation1 he _h become conv9c$ t !y belong$ to ! ?ird city4 ,! ,swa/ika1 turn$ bo? ways ,s & ,z1 0 frequ5t 9 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? cities4 ,! foll[+ specim5s be>+ ! ,swa/ika m>k are *os51 out ( ! _m specim5s 9 ,s*liemann's great album1 9 ord] to make a fair repres5tation ( ! v>i\s k9ds1 bo? ( :orls & ( ,swa/ikas4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( cities1 ! dep? be+ indicat$ 9 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,two ,,crosses4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aheh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #bh feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahea4 ,! ,?ird1 or ,burnt1 ,city 7#bc to #cc feet deep74--,! sp9dle-:orl %[n 9 fig4 #dc conta9s two ,swa/ikas & two crosses4#adb ,( ! "o ,swa/ika1 two arms are b5t to ! "r at "r angles1 :ile ! o!r two are b5t to ! "r 9 curves4 ,! o!r ,swa/ika has b two b5ds1 "o at "r angles1 ! o!r curv$1 bo? to ! "r4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #dd has two ,swa/ikas1 9 "o ( :i* ! f\r arms are b5t at "r angles to ! left4 ,! entire figure is trac$ 9 d\ble l9es1 "o heavy & "o light1 z ?\gh to repres5t edges or %ad[s4 ,! second ,swa/ika has its ends b5t at an obtuse angle to ! left1 & at ! extremities ! l9es tap] to a po9t4 ,! :orl %[n 9 fig4 #de is ne>ly sph]ical1 ) two ,swa/ikas 9 ! upp] "p4 ,! ends ( ! f\r arms 9 bo? are b5t at "r angles1 "o to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,fig4 #df repres5ts a sp9dle-:orl ) two irregul> ,swa/ikas2 b "o arm is b5t at "r angles & all ! arms & po9ts are unc]ta9 & ( unequal l5g?s4 ,! re/ ( ! field is cov]$ ) indef9ite & inexplicable m>ks1 ( :i* ! only ones notewor?y are po9ts or dots1 sev5 9 numb]4 ,9 fig4 #dg ! top is surr\nd$ by a l9e ( zigzag or dog-too? ornam5ts4 ,)9 ?is field1 on ! upp] "p & equidi/ant f ! c5tral hole1 are ?ree ,swa/ikas1 ! ends ( all ( :i* turn to ! left1 & b "o at "r angles4 ,all ?ree h "o or m ends b5t1 n at any angle1 b 9 a curve or hook1 mak+ an ogee4 ,fig4 #dh %[s a l>ge :orl ) two or ?ree ,swa/ikas on its upp] surface 9 connection ) sev]al indef9ite m>ks app>5tly )\t mean+4 ,! dots are int]sp]s$ ov] ! field1 ! ,swa/ikas all b5t to ! "r1 b ) unc]ta9 l9es & at indef9ite angles4 ,9 "o ( !m ! ma9 l9e =m+ ! cross is curv$ t[>d ! c5tral hole2 9 ano!r1 ! ends are bo? b5t 9 ! same direction--t is1 po9t+ to ! p]iph]y ( ! :orl4 ,fig4 #di %[s a sph]e or globe 7see figs4 #ge1 #hh7 divid$ by longitud9al l9es into f\r segm5ts1 :i* are aga9 divid$ by an equatorial l9e4 ,^! segm5ts conta9 m>ks or dots & circles1 :ile "o segm5t conta9s a normal ,swa/ika turn$ to ! left4 ,?is t]ra-cotta ball has figur$ 9 a peculi> degree 9 ! symbolic repres5tation ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,greg says ( x3#adc ,we see on "o hemisph]e ! ,z /&+ = ,zeus 7 ,indra7 ! sky god1 & on ! o!r side a rude repres5tation ( a sacr$ 7somma7 tree2 a v int]e/+ & curi\s we/]n p]petuation ( ! orig9al idea & a /rong indirect pro( ( ! ,z /&+ = ! emblem ( ! sky god4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,sph]e ,,divid$ ,,into ,,eight ,,segm5ts1 ,,"o ,,( ,,:i* ,,conta9s ,a ,,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 ,fig4 #aidi4 ,fig4 #ej repres5ts "o ( ! biconical sp9dle-:orls ) v>i\s decorations on ! two sides1 longitud9al l9es int]sp]s$ ) dots1 arcs ( conc5tric circles arrang$ 9 ?ree p>allels1 etc4 ,on "o ( ^! sides is a normal ,swa/ika1 ! arms cross+ at "r angles1 ! ends b5t at "r angles to ! left4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ea conta9s f\r p]fect ,swa/ikas & two in*oate & unc]ta94 ,bo? ( ! latt] h be5 damag$ by break+ ! surface4 ,! f\r ,swa/ikas all h _! arms b5t to ! "r2 "s are great] ?an at "r angles1 & "o arm is curv$4 ,sev]al ends are tap]$ to a po9t4 ,fig4 #eb %[s a :orl ( biconical =m4 ,x conta9s two ,swa/ikas1 ! ma9 arms ( :i* are ogee =ms1 cross+ ea* o!r at ! c5t] at ne>ly "r angles1 ! ogee ends curv+ to ! "r4 ,9 fig4 #ec ! entire field ( ! upp] surface is fill$ )1 or occupi$ by1 a ,greek cross1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is ! c5tral hole ( ! :orl1 :ile on ea* ( ! f\r arms is repres5t$ a ,swa/ika1 ! ma9 arms all cross+ at "r angles1 ! ends all b5t to ! "r at a slightly obtuse angle4 ,ea* ( ^! b5t ends tap]s to a po9t1 "s ) slight curves & a small fl\ri%4 7,see figs4 #cc & #cd = ref]5ce to ?is fl\ri%47 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ed has a c5t] field 9 its upp] "p1 ( :i* ! decoration consi/s ( incis$ p>allel l9es =m+ segm5ts ( circles1 repeat$ 9 ea* "o ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! field4 ,! c5t] hole is surr\nd$ by two conc5tric r+s ( incis$ l9es4 ,9 "o ( ^! spaces is a s+le ,swa/ika2 its ma9 arms cross+ at "r angles1 two ( its ends b5t to ! left at "r angles1 ! o!r two 9 ! same direction & curv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,six ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,f\r ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abda4 ,! ,f\r? ,city 7#ac4b to #ag4f feet deep74--,s*liemann says3#add ,we f9d among ! successors ( ! burnt city ! same triangul> idols2 ! same primitive bronze battle-axes2 ! same t]ra-cotta vases1 ) or )\t tripod feet2 ! same d\ble-h&l$ goblets 7,greek3 sepa amphikupella72 ! same battle-axes ( jade1 porphyry1 & diorite2 ! same rude /one hamm]s1 & saddle qu]ns ( tra*yte4 99 99 99 ,! numb] ( rude /one hamm]s & poli%$ /one axes are fully ?rice z l>ge z 9 ! ?ird city1 :ile ! masses ( %ells & cockles accumulat$ 9 ! dbris ( ! h\ses are s /up5d\s t !y baffle all description4 ,! pott]y is co>s] & ( a rud] fabric ?an 9 ! ?ird city4 99 99 99 ,!re 7 also f\nd 9 ! f\r? city _m ne$les ( bone = female h&iwork1 bo> tusks1 spit re/s ( mica s*i/1 :et/ones ( slate1 porphyry1 etc41 ( ! usual =m1 hundr$s ( small silex saws1 & "s knives ( obsidian4 ,/one :orls1 :i* are s abundant at ,myc51 are b r>ely f\nd "h2 all ( ^? :i* occur are1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,davis1 ( /eatite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t]ra-cotta :orls1 ) or )\t incis$ ornam5tation1 are f\nd by ?\s&s2 _! =ms h>dly v>y f ^? 9 ! ?ird 7! burnt7 city1 & ! same may be g5]ally said ( _! incis$ ornam5tation4 99 99 99 ,! same repres5tation ( specim5s ( :orls are giv5 z 9 ! ?ird city1 & ! same obs]vations apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,conical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep? #ac-a_/b feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,conical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,f\r ,,swa/ikas ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds4 ,dep? #ac-a_/b feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,conical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?4 #ac-a_/c feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,dep?1 #ac-a_/b feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #ac-a_/b feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #af-a_/b feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfc4 ,fig4 #ee %[s a simple cone1 ! upp] surface be+ flat & )\t o!r decoration ?an ?ree ,swa/ikas equidi/ant f ! hole & f ea* o!r1 all made by ! two cross$ ogee l9es ) ends curv$ to ! "r4 ,?is specim5 is mu* l t ( ,fig4 #ga 7,madam ,s*liemann collection 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,cat4 ,no4 #adigjd74 ,fig4 #ef %[s a rem>kable sp9dle-:orl4 ,its m>ks greatly excit$ ! int]e/ ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 & he devot$ mu* space to ! discussion ( ^! & simil> *>act]s4 ,! :orl is 9 ! =m ( a cone4 ,x be>s ^u its conical surface f\r ,swa/ikas1 ! ends ( ?ree ( :i* b5d to ! "r & "o to ! left4 ,!re are b two ( ^! ends :i* b5d at "r angles4 ,mo/ ( !m are at an obtuse angle1 :ile ! ends ( two are curv$4 ,"s tap] to a po9t & f9i% ) a slight fl\ri%4 ,! o!r m>ks :i* s int]e/$ ,dr4 ,s*liemann 7 ! *evron ornam5t 7zigzag71 drawn 9 p>allel l9es1 :i*1 he /rongly argu$1 & =tifi$ ) _m au?orities1 repres5t$ lightn+4 ,! second s]ies ( m>ks he call$ a burn+ alt>4 ,?is ass]tion he also =tifi$ ) au?orities & ) illu/rations ( a simil> sign f diff]5t c\ntries4 7,see fig4 #aja47 ,! ?ird s]ies ( m>ks repres5t$ an animal1 "n & "* unkn[n1 ) a head or tusks ) two l>ge bran*+ horns or e>s1 a /raight back1 a /iff b droop+ tail1 f\r legs1 & two r[s ( ! rem>kable dots--sev5 9 "o1 six 9 ! o!r--plac$ ov] ! back ( ! animal4 7,see figs4 #ii & #ajj47 ,fig4 #eg repres5ts ano!r cone-%ap$ :orl1 ! flat surface ( :i* is engrav$ ) "o p]fect ,swa/ika1 ! two arms cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles & ! two ends b5d+ at "r angles to ! "r2 ! o!r two are curv$1 also to ! "r4 ,two ( ! o!r figures ,dr4 ,s*liemann calls ,swa/ikas1 al?\gh !y are unc]ta9 9 "s ( _! arms & angles4 ,! f\r? "* he imag9$ to be an in*oate or attempt$ ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #eh %[s a biconical :orl ) curi\s & inexplicable *>act]s4 ,"o ( !m =ms a crude ,swa/ika1 :i*1 :ile ! ma9 arms cross at "r angles ! ends are b5t at unc]ta9 angles1 ?ree to ! left & "o to ! "r4 ,^! *>act]s are s undet]m9$ t x is d\btful if !y c\ld h _h any signification1 ei!r ornam5tal or o!rwise4 ,fig4 #ei is almo/ conical1 ! flat surface !re( be+ only slightly rais$ at ! c5t]4 ,x is mu* ! same =m z ! :orls %[n 9 figs4 #ee & #ga4 ,! ne>ly flat surface is ! top1 & on x1 equidi/ant f ! c5t] hole & f ea* o!r1 are ?ree ogee ,swa/ikas ( d\ble l9es1 ) _! ends all curv$ to ! "r4 ,9 ! alt]nate spaces are small incis$ circles1 ) dots 9 ! c5t]s4 ,9 fig4 #fj a biconical :orl is %[n4 ,x has ?ree ( ! circle segm5ts m>k$ 9 equilat]al positions1 ) ?ree or f\r p>allel l9es1 aft] ! /yle %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,9 ! spaces are two ,swa/ikas1 9 bo? ( :i* ! two ma9 arms cross at "r angles4 ,"s ( ! ends b5d at a "r1 & o!rs at an obtuse1 angle4 ,9 "o ( ! ,swa/ikas ! b5t ends turn t[>d ea* o!r1 =m+ a rude figure #h4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #fa is biconical1 b mu* flatt5$2 x conta9s five ogee ,swa/ikas1 ( :i* ! ends ( f\r b5d to ! "r & "o to ! left4 ,9 an int]val betwe5 !m is "o ( ! burn+ alt>s4 ,fig4 #fb %[s ?ree ,swa/ikas ) d\ble p>allel l9es4 ,! ma9 arms cross ea* o!r at "r angles2 ! ends are b5t at ne>ly "r angles1 "o to ! left1 "o to ! "r1 & ! o!r bo? ways4 ,fig4 #fc repres5ts a sp9dle-:orl ) a cup-%ap$ depression ar\nd ! c5tral hole1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ?ree l9es 9 conc5tric circles1 :ile on ! field1 at #ij degrees f ea* o!r1 are f\r ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions71 ! arms all turn+ to ! left & spirally ea* ^u itself4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #fd is biconical1 ?\gh1 z usual1 ! upp] cone is ! smalle/4 ,!re are p>allel l9es1 ?ree 9 a set1 =m+ ! segm5ts ( ?ree circles1 9 "o space ( :i* appe>s a ,swa/ika ( a curi\s & unique =m1 simil> to t %[n 9 fig4 #fj4 ,! two ma9 arms cross ea* o!r at v ne>ly "r angles & ! ends also b5d at "r angles t[>d & approa*+ ea* o!r1 s t if cont9u$ slightly f>!r !y w\ld close & =m a decorative figure #h4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #fe is decorat$ ) p>allel l9es1 ?ree 9 numb]1 arrang$ 9 segm5ts ( ?ree circles1 ! p]iph]y ( :i* is t[>d ! c5t]1 z 9 figs4 #fj & #fd4 ,9 "o ( ! spaces is a ,swa/ika ( curi\s =m2 ! ma9 arms cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 b ! f\r ends repres5t diff]5t /yles--two are b5t squ>e to ! left1 "o squ>e to ! "r1 & ! f\r? curves to ! left at no angle4 ,fig4 #ff %[s a biconical :orl1 & its top is decorat$ to repres5t ?ree ,swa/ikas & ?ree burn+ alt>s4 ,! ends ( ! arms ( ! ,swa/ikas all b5d to ! left1 "s are at "r angles & "s at obtuse angles1 :ile two or ?ree are curv$2 two ( !m %[ corrections1 ! m>ks at ! ends hav+ be5 *ang$ 9 "o case at a diff]5t angle & 9 ano!r f a /raight l9e to a curve4 ,fig4 #fg %[s f\r specim5s ( ,swa/ika1 ! ma9 arms ( all ( :i* cross at "r angles4 ,! ends all b5d to ! "r1 at ne>ly "r angles1 tap]+ to a po9t & f9i%+ ) ! slight fl\ri% not$ 9 ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika 7fig4 #cd;c74 ,!y are alt]nat$ ) a *evron decoration4 ,fig4 #fh %[s ?ree ,swa/ikas1 ! ends ( ! arms ( :i* are all b5t to ! left4 ,"o ,swa/ika is compos$ ( two ogee l9es4 ,two arms ( ano!r are curv$1 b all o!rs are b5t at "r angles1 "s ( !m tap]+ to po9ts1 f9i%+ ) a little fl\ri% 7figs4 #fg & #cd;c74 ,"o ( ^! ends1 l t 9 fig4 #ff1 has be5 correct$ by ! mak]4 ,fig4 #fi repres5ts "o ,swa/ika 9 :i* ! ma9 arms cross at ne>ly "r angles4 ,bo? ends ( "o arm turn to ! left & ^? ( ! o!r arm turn to ! "r 9 figure #h /yle4 ,"o ( ! ends is curv$1 ! o!rs b5t at diff]5t angles4 ,fig4 #gj %[s ! p>allel l9es repres5t+ segm5ts ( a circle simil> to figs4 #fj1 #fd1 #fe1 & #fi1 except t x has f\r in/ead ( ?ree4 ,x has "o ,swa/ika2 ! ma9 arms 7( d\ble l9es7 cross at "r angles1 ! ends all curv+ to ! left ) a slight ogee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,five ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #ah feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,hav+ ,,f\r ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas ,,) ,,spiral ,,volutes4 ,dep?1 #ah feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,?ree ,,burn+ ,,alt>s4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,f\r ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,/yles4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika ,,( ,,! ,,figure-#h ,,/yle4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika1 ,,slight ,,ogee4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,conical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,?ree ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas4 ,dep?1 #ac4e feet4 ,gift ( ,madame ,s*liemann1 ,cat4 ,no4 #adigjd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 01 dur+ #ahic1 ! =tunate recipi5t ( a collection ( objects f ,madame ,s*liemann1 :i* h] husb&1 be=e 8 dea?1 _h signifi$ %\ld be giv5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a tok5 ( 8 remembrance ( & reg>d = 8 adopt$ c\ntry4 ,he nev] =got t he 0 an ,am]ican citiz51 &1 prep>+ = dea?1 made 8 ackn[l$gm5ts 9 ! mann] m5tion$4 ,! collection consi/$ ( #agh objects1 all f anci5t ,troy1 & !y made a fair repres5tation ( 8 g5]al f9ds4 ,?is collection is 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,prehi/oric ,an?ropology4 ,9 ?is collection is a sp9dle-:orl1 f\nd at #ac-a_/b feet 7#d met]s7 dep? & belong+ to ! f\r? city4 ,x _h ?ree ,swa/ikas ^u its face1 & is "h %[n z fig4 #ga4ade ,! ,fif? ,city4--,s*liemann says3#adf ,! rude /one hamm]s f\nd 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! f\r? city are no long] f\nd 9 ?is /ratum1 nor did ! /one axes1 :i* are s v abundant !re1 occur aga9 "h4 ,in/ead ( ! hundr$s ( axes ,i ga!r$ 9 ! f\r? city1 ,i collect$ 9 all only two "h4 99 99 99 ,! =ms ( ! t]ra-cotta :orls1 too1 are 9 innum]able in/ances diff]5t "h4 ,^! objects are ( a mu* inf]ior fabric1 & become elongat$ & po9t$4 ,=ms ( :orls l ,nos4 #ahja1 #ahjb1 & #ahjc see figs4 #gb1 #gc1 & #gd1 :i* 7 nev] f\nd be=e1 are "h pl5tiful4 ,! ,six? & ,sev5? ,cities4--,! six? city is describ$ 9 ,ilios1 page #ehg1 & ! sev5? on pages #fjh & #fah4 ,bo? cities conta9$ occasional :orls ( clay1 all ?or\ghly bak$1 )\t incis$ or pa9t$ ornam5tation1 & %$ no fur!r light on ! ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gb1 #gc1 #gd4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,:orls ,,f ,,! ,,fif? ,,buri$ ,,city ,,( ,,hiss>lik1 ,,= ,,comp>ison4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 figs4 #ahja1 #ahjb1 #ahjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sph]e ,,) ,,?irte5 ,,swa/ikas4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bf feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 figs4 #bde1 #bdf4 ,fig4 #ge repres5ts ! opposite hemisph]es ( a t]ra-cotta ball1 f\nd at a dep? ( #bf feet1 divid$ by incis$ l9es into fifte5 zones1 ( :i* two are ornam5t$ ) po9ts & ! middle zone1 ! l>ge/ ( all1 ) ?irte5 specim5s ( ,s & ,z4 ,zmigrodzki says#adg t !re 7 f\nd by ,s*liemann1 at ,hiss>lik1 fifty-five specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika pure & simple 7pp4 #hji1 #hbf74 ,x w be p]ceiv$ by exam9ation t ! ,swa/ika pure & simple compris$ ,swa/ikas ( sev]al =ms2 ^? 9 :i* ! f\r arms ( ! cross 7 at o!r angles besides "r angles2 ^? 9 :i* ! ends b5t at squ>e & o!r angles to ! "r2 !n ^? to ! left 7,burn\f & ,max ,mll]'s ,suava/ika72 ^? 9 :i* ! b5ds 71 "s to ! "r & "s to ! left1 9 ! same design2 :]e ! po9ts tap]$ (f & turn$ outw>d ) a fl\ri%2 :]e ! arms b5t at no angle1 b 7 9 spirals ea* ^u itself1 & turn$1 "s to ! "r1 "s to ! left4 ,we %all see o!r relat$ =ms1 z :]e ! arms turn spirally ^u ea* o!r in/ead ( ^u !mselves4 ,^! w sometimes h ?ree1 five1 six1 or m arms1 in/ead ( f\r 7p4 #gfh74 ,! cross & ! circle w also appe> 9 connection ) ! ,swa/ika2 & o!r designs1 z zigzags 7lightn+71 burn+ alt>s1 m51 animals1 & simil> repres5tations w be f\nd associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika1 & are only relat$ to x by ! association ( simil> objects f ! same locality4 ,a description ( _! patt]ns w include ^? already figur$1 toge!r ) ,s*liemann's comm5ts z to signification & frequ5cy4 ,!y become m important because ^! relat$ =ms w be f\nd 9 di/ant c\ntries & among di/ant peoples1 notably among ! prehi/oric peoples ( ,am]ica4 ,possibly ^! designs h a signification1 possibly n4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann ?\ght t 9 _m cases !y _h4 ,pr(essor ,sayce support$ him1 /rongly incl9+ t[>d an alphabetic or l+ui/ic1 p]haps ideographic1 signification4 ,no op9ion is advanc$ by ! au?or on ^! !ories1 b ! designs are giv5 9 consid]able numb]s1 to ! end t ! evid5ce may be fully report$1 & future inve/igators1 radical & cons]vative1 imag9ative & unimag9ative1 !ori/s & agno/ics1 may h a fair k ( ?is my/]i\s sign1 & an opportunity to indulge _! respective tal5ts at l5g?4 ,possibly ^! associat$ designs may ?r[ "s light ^u ! orig9 or hi/ory ( ! ,swa/ika or ( "s ( its relat$ =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,disk ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,ogee ,,swa/ika4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,irregul> ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,crosses4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #ac4f feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,unc]ta9 ,,& ,,mal=m$ ,,swa/ikas4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,irregul> ,,& ,,p>tly ,,=m$ ,,swa/ikas ,,hav+ ,,l>ge ,,dot ,,9 ,,c5t]4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl1 ,,flatt5$1 ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,indef9ite ,,decoration4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aidg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika ,,& ,,f\r ,,segm5ts ,,( ,,circles4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihi4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gf is n a sp9dle-:orl1 z %[n by ! numb] & location ( ! holes4 ,x be>s a good repres5tation ( a ,swa/ika ! =m ( :i* has be5 notic$ sev]al times4 ,! two ma9 arms cross ea* o!r at ne>ly "r angles4 ,! ends ( ! arms all b5d to ! "r at a slightly obtuse angle & turn outw>d ) a fl\ri% some:at aft] ! /yle ( ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika 7fig4 #cd;c74 ,fig4 #gg repres5ts a sp9dle-:orl ) a ,swa/ika ( ! ogee /yle curv$ to ! "r4 ,! c5t] hole ( ! :orl =ms ! c5t] ( ! sign4 ,! figure is ( d\ble l9es1 & 9 ! int]spaces are f\r dots1 simil> to ^? 9 figs4 #if-ih1 & o!rs :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann reports z common1 & to :i* he attributes "s special b unkn[n mean+4 ,swa/ikas & crosses ( irregul> %ape & /yle are %[n 9 ! field ( fig4 #gh4 ,two fairly well =m$ ,swa/ikas appe>1 bo? ( ! ogee /yle1 ) ! ends curv$ to ! "r4 ,"o is ( ! /yle resembl+ ! figure #h 7see figs4 #fj & #fd74 ,two o!rs are crudely & irregul>ly =m$1 & w\ld sc>cely be recogniz$ z ,swa/ikas except = _! association4 ,fig4 #gi repres5ts unc]ta9 & mal=m$ ,swa/ikas4 ,! arms are b5t 9 diff]5t directions 9 ! same l9e4 ,two ( ! ma9 arms are n b5t4 ,! inexplicable dots are pres5t1 & ! field is m or less cov]$ ) unmean+ or1 at lea/1 unexpla9$ m>ks4 ,fig4 #hj also illu/rates ! indef9ite & in*oate /yle ( decoration4 ,"o unf9i%$ ,swa/ika appe>s :i*1 unlike any?+ we h yet se51 has a circle ) a dot 9 ! c5t] = ! body ( ! ,swa/ika at ! cross+ ( ! ma9 arms4 ,fig4 #ha %[s two ,swa/ikas1 bo? cross+ _! ma9 arms at "r angles & ! ends b5d+ also at "r angles--"o to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left4 ,?is specim5 is ins]t$ "h because ( ! num]\s decorations ( app>5tly unmean+1 or1 at lea/1 unexpla9$1 l9es4 ,fig4 #hb %[s f\r segm5t$ circles ) an indef9ite ,swa/ika 9 "o ( ! spaces4 ,! ends are n well turn$1 only "o be+ well atta*$ to ! ma9 arms4 ,"o ( ! ends is n jo9$1 "o ov]runs & =ms a sort ( cross2 ! o!r has no b5d4 ,fig4 #hc conta9s an unmi/akable ,swa/ika1 ! ma9 arms ( :i* cross at "r angles1 turn+ to ! left ) an ogee curve4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is specim5 is t ! c5t] ( ! sign is inclos$ 9 a circle1 ?us %[+ ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,swa/ika sign to o!r signs1 :e!r cross or circle4 ,! out] p>ts ( ! field are occupi$ ) ! p>allel l9es ( ! circle segm5t1 z %[n 9 _m o!r specim5s4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #hd is simil> 9 /yle to ! la/4 ,! bodies ( six ,swa/ikas are =m$ by a circle & dot1 :ile ! arms ( ! cross />t f ! outside ( ! circle1 ext5d+ !mselves 9 curves1 all ( !m to ! "r4 7,see fig4 #ac;d47 ,x has no o!r ornam5tation4 ,! same rem>k is to be made ab\t ! indiff]5t use ( ! ,swa/ika 9 association ) cross or circle4 ,we h se5 _m ,swa/ikas compos$ ( ! cross$ ogee l9es or curves4 ,figs4 #he & #hf %[ ! same ogee l9es & curves n cross$2 & ?us1 :ile x may be t nei!r ( !m are ,swa/ikas1 yet !y %[ a relation%ip ( =m f :i* ! d]ivation ( a ,swa/ika w\ld be easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl1 ,,flatt5$4 ,ogee ,swa/ika ) c5tral circle4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,six ,,ogee ,,swa/ikas ,,hav+ ,,c5tral ,,circle ,,& ,,dot4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,,sph]ical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,flatt5$ ,,top ,,& ,,ogee ,,l9es ,,:i* ,,d ,,n ,,=m ,,swa/ikas4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,ogee ,,curves ,,:i* ,,are ,,n ,,cross$ ,,to ,,=m ,,swa/ikas4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahhi4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to decorations compris+ segm5ts ( ! circles incis$ 9 ^! :orls1 ! p]iph]y ( :i* is t[>d _! c5t]s 7figs4 #fj1 #fd1 #fe1 #fi1 #gj1 #hb & #hc74 ,also to ! my/]i\s dots 7figs4 #df1 #ef1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gi1 #hd1 #ib1 #if & #ig74 ,fig4 #hg %[s a comb9ation ( ! segm5ts ( ?ree circles1 ! dots )9 ea*1 & two ,swa/ikas4 ,( ! ,swa/ikas1 "o is normal1 turn+ to ! "r2 ! o!r turns to ! "r1 b at an obtuse angle1 ) "o end /raight & ! o!r irregul>ly curv$4 ,fig4 #hh repres5ts two sections ( a t]ra-cotta sph]e divid$ simil> to fig4 #di4 ,ea* ( ^! sections conta9s a figure l unto a ,swa/ika & :i* may be relat$ to x4 ,x is a circle ) arms spr++ f ! p]iph]y1 :i* arms turn all to ! left1 z !y d 9 ! ogee ,swa/ika4 ,"o has sev51 ! o!r n9e1 arms4 ,"o has regul>1 ! o!r irregul>1 l9es & int]vals4 ,fig4 #hi repres5ts a sp9dle-:orl ( t]ra cotta ne>ly sph]ical1 ) decoration ( a l>ge c5tral dot & l9es spr++ !re\t1 almo/ l ! spokes ( a :eel1 !n all turn+ to ! left z volutes4 ,9 "s c\ntries ?is has be5 call$ ! sun symbol1 b !re is no?+ to indicate t x _h any signification at ,hiss>lik4 ,"o ( ! m>ks resembles ! long-back$1 f\r-legg$ animal 7figs4 #ii & #ajj74adh ,figs4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 & #ic %[ a fur!r adaptation ( ! ogee curve develop$ into a ,swa/ika1 9 :i* _m arms />t f ! c5t] circle ar\nd ! c5tral hole 9 ! :orl1 f9ally tak+ a spiral =m4 ,! relation ( ?is to a sun symbol is only m5tion$ & n specifi$ or decl>$4 ,! inexplicable & con/antly recurr+ dots are se5 9 fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,,sph]ical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl1 ,,flatt5$4 ,two ,swa/ikas comb9$ ) segm5ts & dots4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,,sections ,,( ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sph]e4#adi ,c5tral circles ) ext5d$ arms turn+ to ! left1 ogee & zigzag4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,,sph]ical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,l>ge c5tral dot ) twelve arms1 simil> 9 =m to ! ogee ,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aidf4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ^! are necess>ily evolutions ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,we w see f>!r on _m l9es & =ms ( decoration by incis$ l9es on ^! ,trojan :orls1 :i* may h _h no relation to ! ,swa/ika1 b are ins]t$ "h because p]sons ri* 9 !ories & brilliant 9 imag9ation h decl>$ t !y c\ld see a resemblance1 a relation1 9 ?is or "s o!r decoration4 ,z objects belong+ to ! same culture1 f ! same locality1 & intimately associat$ ) unmi/akable ,swa/ikas1 !y 7 "p ( ! res ge/1 & z su* entitl$ to admission z evid5ce 9 ! case4 ,! effect ( _! evid5ce is a legitimate subject = discussion & argum5t4 ,to refuse ^! figures admission w\ld be to decide ! case aga9/ ?is cont5tion )\t giv+ ! oppos+ p>ty an opportunity to see ! evid5ce or to be he>d 9 argum5t4 ,!re=e ! objects are ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,c5tral dot ) ogee arms radiat+ !refrom 9 diff]5t directions1 b 9 ! =m ( a ,swa/ika4 ,?ird ,city4 ,dep?1 #bi feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,c5tral ,,hole ,,& ,,radiat+ ,,arms4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahdb4 ,specim5s ( o!r crosses are pres5t$ because ! ,swa/ika is consid]$ to be a =m ( ! cross4 ,!re may h be5 no evolution or relation%ip betwe5 !m2 b no p]son is compet5t to decide f a m]e inspection or by reason ( dissimil>ity t !re 0 n4 ,we h to plead ignoramus z to ! gr[? & evolution ( bo? cross & ,swa/ika1 because ! orig9 ( bo? is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,b all are fair subjects = discussion4 ,!re c]ta9ly is no?+ improbable 9 ! relation%ip & evolution betwe5 ! ,swa/ika & ! cross4 ,x may be almo/ assum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,c5tral ,,circle ,,& ,,_m ,,arms4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #ai4h feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,c5tral ,,hole1 ,,l>ge ,,circle1 ,,& ,,_m ,,curv$ ,,arms4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bi feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcc4 ,evid5ce lead+ to conviction may be f\nd 9 associat$ contemporane\s specim5s4 ,m4 ,montelius1 an ar*ologi/ ( repute 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,/ockholm1 discov]$ eight /ages ( culture 9 ! bronze age ( t c\ntry1 :i* discov]y 0 bas$ solely ^u ! =ego+ pr9ciple appli$ to ! fibul f\nd 9 prehi/oric graves4 ,9 assort+ 8 /ock ( fibul1 he 0 enabl$ to lay out a s]ies ( eight /yles1 ea* diff]5t1 b ) _m pres5tations4 ,he arrang$ !m s]iatim1 accord+ to c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 size1 /yle1 elegance ( workman%ip1 etc41 ,no4 #a be+ ! smalle/1 & ,no4 #h ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborate4 ,!y 7 !n classifi$ accord+ to locality & association1 & he discov]$ t ,nos4 #a & #b belong$ toge!r1 on ! same body or 9 ! same grave1 & ! same ) ,nos4 #b & #c1 #c & #d1 & s on to ,no4 #h1 b t !re 0 no g5]al or indef9ite int]mixture2 ,nos4 #a & #c or #b & #d 7 n f\nd toge!r & 7 n associat$1 & s on4 ,nos4 #g & #h 7 associat$1 b n #f & #h1 nor #e & #g1 nor 0 !re any association beyond adjo9+ numb]s 9 ! s]ies4 ,?us ,montelius 0 able to det]m9e t ea* "o or ea* two ( ! s]ies =m$ a /age 9 ! culture ( ^! peoples4 ,:ile ! numb]s ( ! s]ies sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 z #a1 #e1 #h1 7 nev] f\nd associat$1 yet x 0 conclusively %[n t !y 7 relat$1 7 ! same object1 all s]v$ a simil> purpose1 & toge!r =m$ an evolution>y s]ies %[+ _! common orig91 d]ivative gr[? & cont9u\s improvem5t 9 art1 always by communication betwe5 _! mak]s or own]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,,l>ge ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,f\r crosses ) bifurcat$ arms4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,hole & l>ge circle 9 c5t] ) broad arms ( ,greek cross4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bf4d feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,hole & l>ge circle 9 c5t]4 ,ext5d$ p>allel arms ) dots1 =m+ a ,greek ,cross4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,greek cross4 ,tap]+ arms ) dots4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahah4 ,?us x may be ) ! o!r =ms ( crosses1 & ?us x appe>s to be ) ! circle & spiral ,swa/ikas & ^? ) ends b5t 9 opposite & diff]5t directions4 ,j :at _! relations are & at :i* end ( ! s]ies ! evolution began1 is n argu$4 ,?is is left = ! !ori/s & imag9i/s1 prote/+1 h[ev]1 t !y mu/ n run wild nor pu% _! !ories beyond b\nds4 ,fig4 #id repres5ts f\r crosses1 ! ma9 arms ( :i* are at "r angles1 & ea* & all ends1 in/ead ( be+ turn$ at an angle :i* w\ld make !m ,swa/ikas1 are bifurcat$ & turn bo? ways1 ?us =m+ a foliat$ cross simil> to ! ,maya cross1 ! ,tree ( life4 ,figs4 #ie1 #if1 & #ig %[ ,greek crosses4 ,! c5t]s ( ! crosses are occupi$ by ! c5tral hole ( ! :orl1 :ile ! arms ext5d to ! p]iph]y4 ,9 ! c5t]s ( ! respective arms are ! ubiquit\s dots4 ,! "q might "h be ask$ :e!r ^! holes1 :i* repres5t$ circles1 /ood = ! sun symbol or sol> disk4 ,! "q c>ries its own answ] & is a refutation ( ^? :o fancy !y c see my?ology 9 ev]y?+4 ,fig4 #ih is ! same /yle ( figure ) ! same dots1 save t x has ?ree in/ead ( f\r arms4 ,figs4 #ii & #ajj ea* %[ f\r ( ! curi\s animals h]et(ore repres5t$ 7fig4 #ef7 9 connection ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,!y are "h ins]t$ = comp>ison4 ,!y are all ( ! same =m1 & "o description w s]ve4 ,back /raight1 tail droop+1 f\r legs1 r\nd head %[+ eye on "o side1 & long e>s resembl+ ^? ( a rabbit or h>e1 :i*1 9 fig4 #ef1 are call$ horns4 ,! g5]al rem>ks 9 respect to ! propriety ( ins]t+ crosses & burn+ alt>s 7p4 #hbd7 apply ) equal p]t95cy to ^! animals & to ! unexpla9$ dots se5 on s _m specim5s4 ,fig4 #aja %[s bo? ends ( a sp9dle-:orl1 & is "h ins]t$ because x repres5ts "o ( ! burn+ alt>s ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 associat$ ) a ,swa/ika1 z 9 figs4 #fa1 #ff1 & #fh1 & ev5 ^? ( figure-#h /yle 7figs4 #fd & #fi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,c5tral hole & ?ree arms ) dots4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,f\r animals are %[n simil> to ^? f\nd associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #cc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,,biconical ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,f\r animals are %[n simil> to ^? f\nd associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #ai4f feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,figure-#h ,,swa/ika 787 ,,& ,,six ,,burn+ ,,alt>s4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #ai4f feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahch4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd1 dur+ 8 excavations on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 no less ?an #a1hjj sp9dle-:orls4 ,a few 7 f ! fir/ & second cities2 !y 7 ( some:at peculi> =m 7figs4 #gb & #gd71 b ! greate/ numb] 7 f ! ?ird city1 !nce upw>d 9 decreas+ numb]s4 ,! ,swa/ika pure & simple 0 f\nd on #ee specim5s1 :ile its relat$ or sugge/$ =ms 7 on #dbj 7pp4 #hji1 #hai74 ,_m ( ! o!r :orls 7 decorat$ ) almo/ e imag9able =m ( dot1 da%1 circle1 />1 loz5ge1 zigzag1 ) _m indef9ite & undescribable =ms4 ,9 pres5t+ ! claims ( ! ,swa/ika z an int5tional sign1 ) int5tional1 ?\gh p]haps diff]5t1 mean+s1 x might be unsatisfactory to ! /ud5t to omit descriptions ( ^! associat$ decorative =ms4 ,?is description is impossible 9 words2 !re=e ! au?or has deem$ x wis] to ins]t figures ( ^! decorations z !y appe>$ on ! sp9dle-:orls f\nd at ,troy1 & associat$ ) ^? h]et(ore giv5 ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,x is n decid$1 h[ev]1 t ^! h any relation to ! ,swa/ika1 or t !y _h any connection ) its manufacture or exi/5ce1 ei!r by evolution or o!rwise1 b !y are "h ins]t$ to ! end t ! /ud5t & read] may take due acc\nt ( ! association & make su* comp>ison z w satisfy him4 7,figs4 #ajb to #abd47 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajb-aac4 ,,trojan ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aad-abd4 ,,trojan ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios4 ,lead5 idol ( ,hiss>lik4--,dr4 ,s*liemann1 9 8 explorations on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 at a dep? ( #bc feet1 9 ! ?ird1 ! burnt city1 f\nd a metal idol 7fig4 #abe71 :i* 0 det]m9$ on an analysis to be lead4#aej ,x 0 submitt$ to ,pr(essor ,sayce :o made ! foll[+ report3#aea ,x is ! ,artemis ,nana ( ,*aldea1 :o became ! *ief deity ( ,c>*emi%1 ! ,hittite capital1 & pass$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to ! %ores & isl&s ( ! gean ,sea4 ,*>act]i/ic figures ( ! goddess h be5 discov]$ at ,myc5 z well z 9 ,cyprus4 ,9 ,troja ,pr(essor ,sayce says3 ,precisely ! same figure1 ) r+lets on ei!r side ( ! head1 b ) a diff]5t ornam5t 7dots in/ead ( ,swa/ika7 sculptur$ on a piece ( s]p5t9e 0 rec5tly f\nd 9 ,monia1 & publi%$ by ,m4 ,salmon ,re9a* 9 ,revue ,ar*ologique4 ,by ! side ( ! goddess /&s ! ,babylonian ,bel1 & among ! ,babylonian symbols t surr\nd !m is ! repres5tation ( "o ( ! t]ra-cotta :orls1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd su* multitudes at ,troy4 ,! *ief int]e/ to u ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann's description ( ! idol lies 9 ! la/ p>agraph3#aeb ,! vulva is repres5t$ by a l>ge triangle1 9 ! upp] side ( :i* we see ?ree globul> dots2 we also see two l9es ( dots to ! "r & left ( ! vulva4 ,! mo/ curi\s ornam5t ( ! figure is a ,swa/ika1 :i* we see 9 ! middle ( ! vulva4 99 99 99 ,s f> z we "k1 ! only figures to :i* ! idol be=e u has any resemblance are ! female figures ( :ite m>ble f\nd 9 tombs 9 ,attica & 9 ! ,cyclades4 ,six ( !m1 :i* are 9 ! museum at ,a!ns1 99 99 99 repres5t nak$ wom54 99 99 99 ,! vulva is repres5t$ on ! six figures by a l>ge triangle4 99 99 99 ,simil> :ite ,p>ian m>ble figures1 f\nd 9 ! ,cyclades1 :]eon ! vulva is repres5t$ by a decorat$ triangle1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,l5orm5t1 9 ,les ,antiquits de la ,troade 7p4 #df71 says3 ,! /atuettes ( ! ,cyclades1 9 ! =m ( a nak$ woman1 appe> to be rude copies made by ! natives1 at ! dawn ( _! civilization1 f ! images ( ! ,asiatic goddess :i* _h be5 br\ght by ,pho5ician m]*ants4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t sepul*]s ( ! ,cyclades1 9 company ) /one weapons1 pr9cipally arr[heads ( obsidian f ,milo1 & ) poli%$ pott]y )\t pa9t+s4 ,we recognize 9 !m ! figures ( ! ,asiatic ,v5us f\nd 9 su* l>ge numb]s f ! banks ( ! ,tigris to ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,*aldeo-,assyrian1 ,araman1 & ,pho5ician _w4 ,_! prototype is ! ,babylonian ,z>panit1 or ,zirbanit1 s frequ5tly repres5t$ on ! cyl9d]s & by t]ra-cotta idols1 ! fabrication ( :i* beg9s 9 ! mo/ primitive "t ( ,*aldea & cont9ues among ! ,assyrians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,,lead5 ,,idol ,,( ,,artemis ,,nana ,,( ,,*aldea1 ,,) ,,swa/ika4#aec ,?ird city4 ,dep?1 #bc feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #abf4 #a-a_/c natural size4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ?is m>k is n on ! vulva1 z decl>$ by ,s*liemann1 b r on a triangle %ield :i* cov]s ! mons v5]is4 ,pr(essor ,sayce is ( ! op9ion1 f ! evid5ce ( ?is lead5 idol1 t ! ,swa/ika 01 among ! ,trojans1 a symbol ( ! g5]ative p[] ( man4 ,an add$ int]e/ c5t]s 9 ^! specim5s f ! fact t t]ra-cotta %ields ( simil> triangul> =m1 fitt$ to ! curvature ( ! body1 7 worn 9 ! same way 9 prehi/oric times by ! aborig9al wom5 ( ,brazil4 ,^! pieces h small holes at ! angles1 app>5tly = susp5sion by cords4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has "s ( ^!1 & !y w be figur$ 9 ! *apt] relat+ to ,brazil4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ^! di/ant objects is rem>kable1 :e!r !y 7 relat$ or n1 & :e!r ! k or cu/om came ov] by migration or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,mamelon4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #af4e feet4 ,cat4 ,no4 #adifgf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #a_/c natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,circle ,,or ,,r+4 ,f\r? city4 ,dep?1 #bj feet4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ihh4 #a_/c natural size4 ,owl-%ap$ vases4--,x is also rem>kable to note 9 ?is connection ! s]ies ( owl-%ap$ t]ra-cotta vases ( ! ru9$ cities ( ,hiss>lik & _! relation to ! ,swa/ika z a possible symbol ( ! g5]ative p[]4 ,^! vases h r\nd$ bottoms1 wide bellies1 high %\ld]s 7! height ( :i* is emphasiz$ by ! =m & position ( ! h&les71 ! m\? n>r[ & some:at bottle-%ap$1 b n entirely s4 ,:at w\ld be ! neck is mu* l>g] ?an usual = a bottle1 & m l ! neck ( a human figure1 :i* ! object 9 its entirety repres5ts 9 a rude1 b1 nev]!less1 def9ite1 mann]4 ,at ! top ( ! vase are ! eyes1 eyebr[s1 & ! nose4 ,x is true t ! r\nd eyes1 ! ar*$ eyebr[s1 & ! po9t$ nose give x some:at an owli% face1 b if we look at fig4 #abg1 ! human appe>ance ( :i* is emphasiz$ by ! cov] ( ! vase1 :i* s]ves z a cap = ! head & has ! effect ( enl>g+ x to respectable dim5sions1 we w see h[ ne>ly x repres5ts a human be+4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses "o ( ^! vases 9 ! ,s*liemann collection 7fig4 #abf74 ,x has ! face z describ$1 :ile ! o!r human organs are only indicat$ by small knobs4 ,x & ! ?ree figures1 #abg1 #abh1 & #abi1 =m a s]ies ( :i* ! "o 9 ! ,museum w\ld be ! fir/1 ! o!rs foll[+ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,no4 #b 9 ! s]ies has ! female attributes indef9itely & rudely indicat$1 ! l[] organ be+ repres5t$ by a conc5tric r+4 ,9 ,no4 #c ! mamm are well %[n1 :ile ! o!r organ has ! conc5tric r+1 ! c5t] ( :i* is fill$ ) a ,greek cross ) f\r dots1 "o 9 ea* angle1 ! ,croix swa/icale ( ,zmigrodzki 7fig4 #ab74 ,no4 #d ( ! s]ies is m p]fect z a human1 = ! m\? is repres5t$ by a circle1 ! mamm are pres5t1 :ile 9 ! o!r locality appe>s a well-def9$ ,swa/ika4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 ! f\r? city at #bj to #bb feet dep?1 respectively2 ! la/ 0 f\nd 9 ! fif? city at a dep? ( #aj feet4 ,! lead5 idol 7fig4 #abe71 ) its ,swa/ika m>k on ! triangle cov]+ ! private p>ts1 may prop]ly be consid]$ z "p ( ! s]ies4 ,:5 to ?is s]ies is add$ ! folium vitus ( ,brazil 7pl4 #ah71 ! simil>ity becomes significant1 if n my/]i\s4 ,b1 ) all ?is significance & my/]y1 x appe>s to ! au?or t ?is sign1 9 its peculi> position1 has an equal claim z a symbol ( bless+1 happ9ess1 good =tune1 z t x repres5ts ! g5]ative p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,circle ,,or ,,r+ ,,& ,,croix ,,swa/icale4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ihf4 #a_/f natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,circle ,,or ,,r+ ,,inclos+ ,,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,troja1 fig4 #aja4 #b_/e natural size4 ,f ! e>lie/ "t ( :i* we h k ( ! ?\ghts or desires ( man we "k t ! rais+ up heirs ( 8 body con/itut$ 8 greate/ bless+ & happ9ess1 & _! failure 8 greate/ mis]y4 ,! fir/ & greate/ comm& ( ,god to man1 z set =? 9 ! ,holy ,bible1 is to ,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?4#aed ,?is 0 repeat$ aft] ! ,deluge1#aee & :5 ,he pron\nc$ ! curse 9 ! ,g>d51 t ^u ! woman#aef 01 ,9 sorr[ ?\ %alt br+ =? *ildr54 ,god's greate/ bless+ to ,abraham1 :5 ,he gave to him & 8 se$ ! l& z f> z he c\ld see1 0 t 8 se$ %\ld be z ! du/ ( ! e>?1 s t if a man c numb] ! du/ ( ! e>?1 !n %all ?y se$ also be numb]$4#aeg ,tell ! />s1 if ?\ be able to numb] !m 99 99 99 s %all ?y se$ be4 99 99 99 ,z ! fa!r ( _m nations1 etc4 ,we all "k ! /ory ( ,s>ai1 h[1 :5 %e & ,abraham _h all ri*es & p[] on e>?1 x 0 z naught :ile !y 7 *ildless1 & h[ _! greate/ bless+ 0 ! ,div9e promise ( an heir1 & t _! greate/ happ9ess 0 ov] ! bir? ( ,isaac4 ,?is may be no pro( ( ! symbolism ( ! ,swa/ika1 b x %[s h[1 9 high antiquity1 man's happ9ess 9 8 *ildr5 0 su* z makes ! ,swa/ika m>k1 9 ! position indicat$1 equally a symbol ( good =tune & bless+ z x 0 :5 put on ! sp9dle-:orls ( ,hiss>lik1 ! vases ( ,greece1 or ! fibul ( ,etruria4 ,! age ( ! ,trojan cities4--,x may be well to consid] = a mom5t ! age or epo* ( ^! prehi/oric ,trojan cities on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik4 ,pr(essor ,vir*[ 0 appeal$ to by ,s*liemann = 8 op9ion4 ,he says3#aeh ,o!r s*ol>s h be5 incl9$ to ascribe ! olde/ cities ( ,hiss>lik to ! ,neoli?ic age1 because rem>kable weapons & ut5sils ( poli%$ /one are f\nd 9 !m4 99 99 99 ,?is conception is unju/ifi$ & inadmissible4 ,to ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4 belongs ! surface ( ! =tress hill ( ,hiss>lik1 :i* /ill lies above ! ,mac$onian wall2 & ! olde/ cities--al?\gh n only poli%$ /ones b also *ipp$ flakes ( *alc$ony & obsidian occur 9 !m--nev]!less fall )9 ! age ( metals1 = ev5 9 ! fir/ city ut5sils ( copp]1 gold1 & ev5 silv] 7 dug up4 ,no /one p1 prop]ly s call$1 dwelt ^u ! =tress hill ( ,hiss>lik1 s f> z x has be5 uncov]$4 ,vir*['s op9ion t none ( ! cities ( ,hiss>lik 7 9 ! /one age may be correct1 b ! reason he gave is c]ta9ly d\btful4 ,he says !y come )9 ! age ( metals1 =1 or because1 ut5sils ( copp]1 gold1 & ev5 silv] 7 dug up among ! ru9s ( ! fir/ city4 ,t ! metals1 gold1 silv]1 or copp]1 7 us$ by ! aborig9es1 is no evid5ce t !y 7 9 a metal age1 z x has be5 assign$ & und]/ood by prehi/oric ar*ologi/s4 ,! great pr9ciple ^u :i* ! names ( ! respective prehi/oric ages--/one1 bronze1 & iron--7 giv51 0 t ^! mat]ials 7 us$ = cutt+ & simil> implem5ts4 ,! use ( gold & silv] or any metal = ornam5tal purposes has nev] be5 consid]$ by ar*ologi/s z syn*ron\s ) a metal age4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are great numb]s ( aborig9al cutt+ implem5ts ( copp]1 ( :i* ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a collection ( five or six hundr$2 yet !y 7 n 9 suffici5t numb] to1 & !y did n1 sup]s$e ! use ( /one z ! pr9cipal mat]ial = cutt+ implem5ts1 & s d n e/abli% a copp] age 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,paleoli?ic times bone 0 l>gely us$ z mat]ial = ut5sils & ornam5ts4 ,bone 0 habitually 9 use = "o purpose or ano!r1 yet no "o ev] pret5d$ t ?is e/abli%es a bone age4 ,9 c\ntries & localities :]e /one is sc>ce & %ell abundant1 cutt+ implem5ts 71 9 prehi/oric times1 made ( %ell2 & *isels or hat*ets ( %ell1 correspond+ to ! poli%$ /one hat*et1 7 preval5t :]ev] ! conditions 7 favorable1 yet nobody ev] call$ x an age ( %ell4 ,s1 9 ! ru9$ cities ( ,hiss>lik1 ! fir/ five ( !m ab\nd$ 9 /one implem5ts peculi> to ! ,neoli?ic age1 & :ile !re may h be5 l>ge numb]s ( implem5ts & ut5sils ( o!r mat]ials1 yet ?is did n *ange x f ! poli%$ /one age4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! reason giv5 by ,vir*[--i4 e41 t ! use1 undisput$1 ( copp]1 gold1 & silv] by ! inhabitants ( ^! cities--is n evid5ce to *ange _! culture /atus f t d5om9at$ z ! poli%$ /one age or p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,vir*[ subsequ5tly does suffici5t ju/ice to ! antiquity ( ,s*liemann's discov]ies & says#aei :ile x is impossible to assign ^! /rata to ! /one age1 yet !y are indications ( :at is ! olde/ kn[n settlem5t 9 ,asia ,m9or ( a p ( prehi/oric times ( "s advance 9 civilization1 &#afj t no place 9 ,europe is kn[n :i* c\ld be put 9 direct connection ) any "o ( ! six l[] cities ( ,hiss>lik4 ,pr(essor ,sayce also gives 8 op9ion on ! age ( ^! ru9s3#afa ,! antiquities1 !re=e1 une>!d by ,dr4 ,s*liemann at ,troy1 acquire = u a d\ble int]e/4 ,!y c>ry u back to ! lat] /one ages ( ! ,aryan race4 ,,africa4 ,,egypt4 ,a cons5sus ( ! op9ions ( antiqu>ians is t ! ,swa/ika _h no foo?old among ! ,egyptians4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] is ( ?is op9ion1 z is also ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella4#afb ,w>+#afc says3 ,! only sign approa*+ ! fylfot 9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics t we h met is %[n 9 fig4 #c1 pl4 #da1 :]e x =ms "o ( ! hi]oglyphs ( ,isis1 b is n v simil> to our fylfot4 ,mr4 ,greg says3#afd ,9 ,egypt ! fylfot does n occur4 ,_m o!r au?ors say ! same4 ,yet _m specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt 7figs4 #acj to #acf74 ,pr(essor ,goodye>#afe says3 ,! e>lie/ dat$ ,swa/ikas are ( ! ?ird mill5ium ,b4 ,c41 & occur on ! =eign ,cyprian & ,c>ian 787 pott]y fragm5ts ( ! "t ( ! twelf? dyna/y 79 ,egypt71 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 #ahhi4 7,kahun1 ,gurob1 & ,haw>a1 pl4 #bg1 ,nos4 #afb & #agc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,,greek ,,vase ,,%[+ ,,de]1 ,,geese1 ,,& ,,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,six? & fif? c5turies1 ,b4 ,c4 ,petrie1 ,?ird ,memoir1 ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 "p #a1 pl4 #d1 fig4 #c1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj;a4 ,,detail ,,( ,,vase ,,%[n ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,figure4 ,naukratis4--,figs4 #acj to #ace1 made aft] illu/rations 9 ,mr4 ,w4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie's ,?ird ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund 7,pt4 #a71 f\nd by him 9 ,naukratis1 all %[ unmi/akable ,swa/ikas4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t ^! are said to be ,greek vases :i* h be5 import$ into ,egypt4 ,s t1 :ile f\nd 9 ,egypt & s class$ geographically1 !y are n ,egyptian1 b ,greek4 ,coptos 7,a*mim-,panopolis74--,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s great discov]ies h be5 made 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 9 ,sakk>ah1 ,fayum1 & ,a*mim1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ! anci5t city ( ,panopolis4 ,! inhabitants ( ,coptos & ! surr\nd+ or neighbor+ cities 7 ,*ri/ian ,greeks1 :o migrat$ f _! c\ntry dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( our era & settl$ 9 ?is l& ( ,egypt4 ,/rabo m5tions ^! p & _! ability z weav]s & embroid]]s4 ,discov]ies h be5 made ( _! cemet]ies1 w9d+ %eets1 & grave clo!s4 ,^! clo!s h be5 subject$ to analytic inve/igation1 & x is ! conclusion ( ,m4 ,g]spa*1 ! adm9i/rator ( ! national manufactory ( ! ,gobel9 tape/ry1 ,p>is1#aff t !y 7 wov5 9 ! same way z ! ,gobel9s1 & t1 except be+ small]1 !y did n diff] ess5tially f !m4 ,he adds3 ,^! ,egyptian tape/ries & ^? ( ! ,gobel9s are ! result ( "w :i* is id5tical except 9 "s second>y details1 s t ,i h be5 able1 )\t difficulty1 to reproduce ^! ,coptic tape/ries 9 ! ,gobel9 manufactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,pott]y ,,fragm5ts ,,) ,,two ,,me&] ,,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,?ird ,memoir ( ! ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund1 "p #a1 pl4 #e1 figs4 #ae1 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,lion ,,& ,,?ree ,,me&] ,,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 "p #b1 fig4 #g1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b4 ,on "o ( ^! ,coptic clo?s1 made ( l951 reproduc$ 9 ,die ,grb]- und ,textilfunde von ,a*mim-,panopolis1 by ,r4 ,=r]1 occurs a normal ,swa/ika embroid]$ or wov51 tape/ry fa%ion1 ) wool5 ?read 7fig4 #acf74 ,x belongs to ! fir/ epo*1 :i* includes portions ( ! fir/ & second c5turies ,a4 ,d4 ,!re 7 on ^! clo?s an enorm\s am\nt ( decoration1 repres5t+ _m figures1 bo? natural & geometric4 ,among !m 0 ! ,swa/ika v>i\sly appli$ & 9 diff]5t sizes1 sometimes ins]t$ 9 bord]s1 & sometimes adorn+ ! corn]s ( ! tunics & togas z a l>ge m$allion1 z %[n 9 ! figure4#afg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,greek ,,vase ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,animals ,,& ,,swa/ikas1 ,,associat$ ,,) ,,greek ,,fret4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 "p #b1 pl4 #f1 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,animals1 ,,two ,,me&] ,,swa/ikas1 ,,& ,,greek ,,fret4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 "p #b1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,de]1 ,,& ,,me&] ,,& ,,figure-#h ,,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 "p #b1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,,greek ,,tape/ry4 ,coptos1 ,egypt4 ,fir/ & second c5turies1 ,a4 ,d4 ,=r]1 ,die ,grb]- und ,textilfunde von ,a*m9-,panopolis4 ,,alg]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,,torus ,,( ,,column ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,roman ru9s1 ,alg]ia4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #b1 quot+ f ,delam>e4 ,w>+1 9 8 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 disc\rs+ ^u ! ,swa/ika1 :i* he calls fylfot1 %[s 9 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #b 7quot+ f ,delam>e71 ! base ( a column f a ru9$ ,roman build+ 9 ,alg]ia 7fig4 #acg71 on ! torus ( :i* are engrav$ two ,swa/ikas1 ! arms cross+ at "r angles1 all ends b5t at "r angles to ! left4 ,!re are o!r figures 7five & six on ! same plate7 ( ,swa/ikas f a ,roman mosaic pavem5t 9 ,alg]ia4 ,in/ead ( be+ squ>e1 h[ev]1 or at "r angles1 z might ord9>ily be expect$ f mosaic1 !y are ogee4 ,9 "o ( ! specim5s ! ogee ends f9i% 9 a po9t2 9 ! o!r !y f9i% 9 a spiral volute turn+ ^u itself4 ,! ,swa/ika has be5 f\nd on a tomb/one 9 ,alg]ia4#afh ,,a%antee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,,bronze ,,+ots ,,be>+ ,,swa/ikas4 ,coomassee1 ,a%antee4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 neas ,mc,leod1 ( ,inv]gordon ,ca/le1 ,ross-%ire1 ,scotl&1 report$#afi t1 on look+ ov] "s curi\s bronze +ots captur$ at ,coomassee 9 #ahgd1 dur+ ! late ,a%antee w>1 by ,capta9 ,ed51 9 ^: possession !y 7 at ,inv]ness1 he _h f\nd "s m>k$ ) ! ,swa/ika sign 7fig4 #ach74 ,^! specim5s 7 claim$ to be aborig9al1 b :e!r ! m>ks 7 ca/ or /amp$ 9 ! +ot is n /at$4 ,,classical ,,occid5t--,,m$it]ranean4 ,,greece ,,& ,,! ,,isl&s ,,( ,,cyprus1 ,,rhodes1 ,,melos1 ,,& ,,!ra4 ,! ,swa/ika has be5 discov]$ 9 ,greece & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago on objects ( bronze & gold1 b ! pr9cipal vehicle 0 pott]y2 & ( ^! ! greate/ numb] 7 ! pa9t$ vases4 ,x is rem>kable t ! vases on :i* ! ,swa/ika appe>s 9 ! l>ge/ proportion %\ld be ! olde/1 ^? belong+ to ! ,ar*aic p]iod4 ,^? already %[n z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,naukratis1 9 ,egypt1 are assign$ by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie to ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4 ,c41 & _! pres5ce is acc\nt$ = by migrations f ,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,fret4 ,cont9u\s l9es cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles =m+ figures resembl+ ! ,swa/ikas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,,greek ,,geometric ,,vase ,,9 ,,! ,,leyd5 ,,museum1 ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,geese ,,& ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,panel4#agj ,smyrna4 ,conze1 ,anfnge1 etc41 ,vi5na1 #ahgj1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #ef1 fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,horses1 ,,geometric ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,panels4 ,a!ns4 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 #a1 p4 cxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,panels4 ,conze1 ,anfnge1 etc41 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ac4 ,! ,greek fret & ,egyptian me&] n ! same z ! ,swa/ika4--,pr(essor ,goodye> says3#aga ,!re is no proposition 9 ar*ology :i* c be s easily demon/rat$ z ! ass]tion t ! ,swa/ika is orig9ally a fragm5t ( ! ,egyptian me&]1 provid$ ,greek geometric vases are call$ 9 evid5ce4 ,egyptian me&] "h means ! ,greek fret4 ,despite ! ease ) :i* he says x c be demon/rat$ t ! ,swa/ika 0 orig9ally a fragm5t ( ! ,egyptian me&]1 & ) all respect = ! op9ion ( s pr(\nd a /ud5t ( classic ornam5t1 d\bts mu/ arise z to ! exi/5ce ( ! evid5ce necess>y to prove 8 proposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,,detail ,,( ,,ar*aic ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,sol> ,,goose ,,& ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,panels4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,,cyprian ,,pott]y ,,plaque ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,panel4 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 pl4 #dg1 fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,,detail ,,( ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,triangles4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,,detail ,,( ,,attic ,,vase ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,antelope 787 ,,& ,,swa/ika4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhe1 p4 #ej1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 app5dix by ,murray1 p4 #djd1 fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,figur9e ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,panels4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 p4 #cjj1 & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,& ,,figure ,,( ,,horse4#agb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,,bronze ,,fibula ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,& ,,repres5tations ,,( ,a ,,goose ,,& ,a ,,fi%4 ,boeotia1 ,greece4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfe4 ,pr(essor ,goodye>1 & possibly o!rs1 ascribe ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika to ! ,greek fret2 b ?is is d\btful & surely has n be5 prov$4 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to procure direct evid5ce on ! proposition4 ,comp>isons may be made betwe5 ! two signs2 b ?is is second>y or indirect evid5ce1 & dep5ds l>gely on argum5t4 ,no man is s poor 9 exp$i5ts t he may n argue4 ,goldsmi?'s s*oolma/] e'en ?o' vanqui%$1 he c\ld argue /ill4 ,! ,greek fret1 once e/abli%$1 might easily be d\bl$ or cross$ 9 "s ( its memb]s1 ?us =m+ a figure simil> to ! ,swa/ika 7fig4 #aci71 :i* w\ld s]ve z an ornam5t1 b is )\t any ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,swa/ika z a symbol4 ,! cross$ l9es 9 ! ,greek fret seem to h be5 altoge!r =tuit\s4 ,!y gave x no symbolic "*4 ,x 0 simply a v>iation ( ! fret1 & at be/ 0 r>ely us$1 & l x1 0 employ$ only = ornam5t & n ) any signification--n a sign ( b5$iction1 bless+1 or good luck1 z 0 ! ,swa/ika4 ,! f\ndation pr9ciple ( ! ,greek fret1 s f> z we c see its use1 is its adaptability to =m an ext5d$ ornam5tal b&1 consi/+ ( d\bl$1 b5t1 & sometimes cross$ or int]lac$ l9es1 always cont9u\s & nev] end+1 & runn+ betwe5 two p>allel bord] l9es4 ,two int]lac+ l9es c be us$1 cross+ ea* o!r at c]ta9 places1 bo? mak+ cont9u\s me&]s & toge!r =m+ ! ornam5tal b& 7fig4 #aci74 ,9 ! ,greek fret ! two l9es me&]$ betwe5 ! two bord]s back & =?1 up & d[n1 b always =m+ a cont9u\s l9e4 ,?is seems to be ! f\ndation pr9ciple ( ! ,greek fret4 ,9 all ?is requirem5t or f\ndation pr9ciple ! ,swa/ika fails4 ,a r[ or b& ( ,swa/ikas c n be made by cont9u\s l9es2 ea* "o is & mu/ be sep>at$ f its fell[s4 ,! ,swa/ika has f\r arms1 ea* made by a s+le l9e :i* comes to an end 9 ea* qu>t]4 ,?is is m imp]ative ) ! me&] ,swa/ika ?an ) ! normal4 ,if ! l9es be d\bl$ on ea* o!r to be c>ri$ along to =m ano!r ,swa/ika adjo9+1 9 ! attempt to make a b&1 x w be f\nd impossible4 ,! f\r l9es f ea* ( ! f\r arms c be project$1 b ea* w be 9 a diff]5t direction1 & no b& c be made4 ,x is some:at difficult to describe ?is1 & possibly n ( great ne$4 ,an attempt to c>ry out ! project ( mak+ a b& ( ,swa/ikas1 to be connect$ ) ea* o!r1 or to make !m travel 9 any giv5 direction ) cont9u\s l9es1 w be f\nd impossible4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> attempts to %[ h[ ?is is done by 8 figure on page #if1 9 connection ) pl4 #aj1 fig4 #i1 also figs4 #agc & #agd 7pp4 #cec & #ced74 ,^! figures are giv5 9 ?is pap] & are1 respectively1 ,nos4 #ba1 #be1 #bf1 & #bg4 ,exception is tak5 to ! pret5d$ l9e ( evolution 9 ^! figures3 7#a7 ,!re is no?+ to %[ any actual relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,!re is no evid5ce t !y agre$ ei!r 9 locality or "t1 or t !re 0 any unity ( ?\ght or design 9 ! m9ds ( _! respective arti/s4 7#b7 ,s+le specim5s are no evid5ce ( cu/om4 ,?is is a pr9ciple ( ! common law :i* has /ill a good f\ndation1 & 0 z applicable 9 ^? days z x is n[4 ,! transition f ! spiral to ! ,greek fret & f ! ,greek fret to ! ,swa/ika c be %[n only by ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om or habit ( ! arti/ to make !m bo? 9 ! same or adjo9+ epo*s ( "t1 & ?is is n prov$ by %[+ a s+le specim54 7#c7 ,if a great] numb] ( specim5s 7 produc$1 ! *a9 ( evid5ce w\ld /ill be incomplete1 = ! me&] ( ! ,greek fret w1 z has j be5 said1 be f\nd impossible ( transition into ! me&] ,swa/ika4 ,x 7! ,swa/ika7 does n ext5d itself into a b&1 b if spread at all1 x spreads 9 ea* ( ! f\r directions 7figs4 #ba & #be74 ,! transition w be f\nd mu* easi] f ! ,greek me&] fret to ! normal ,swa/ika & f t to ! me&] ,swa/ika ?an to proce$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,anyone :o d\bts ?is has b to try to make ! ,swa/ika 9 a cont9u\s or ext5d$ b& or l9e 7fig4 #bf71 simil> to ! ,greek fret4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,figures ,,( ,,birds4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art ,9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #cc1 fig4 #bd1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #df1 fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,,detail ,,( ,,cyprian ,,vase4 ,sunhawk1 lotus1 sol> disk1 & ,swa/ikas4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pl4 #h2 ,re9a*1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahhe1 ,,ii1 p4 #cfj2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,ph5icia & ,cyprus1 ,,ii2 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #de1 fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,geometric ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,figures ,,( ,,horses4 ,!ra4 ,leyd5 ,museum4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fa1 fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,,bronze ,,fibula ,,) ,,l>ge ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,%ield4 ,greece4 ,muse ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfd4 #a_/b natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,,greek ,,vase1 ,,o9o*o1 ,,) ,,two ,,pa9t$ ,,swa/ikas4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdd4 #a_/d natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,figure ,,( ,,animal4#agc ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 pl4 #de1 fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,,ar*aic ,,greek ,,pott]y ,,fragm5t4 ,santor91 ,anci5t ,!ra4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db fig4 #b4 ,figs4 #acc & #acd1 f ,naukratis1 af=d palpable evid5ce ( ! diff]5t orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika & ! ,greek fret4 ,evid5tly ,grecian vases1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ,egypt1 ^! specim5s be> side by side examples ( ! fret & ! ,swa/ika1 us$ contemporane\sly1 & bo? ( !m complete & p]fect4 ,if "o _h be5 p>5t ( ! o!r1 !y w\ld h belong$ to diff]5t g5]ations & w\ld n h appe>$ simultane\sly on ! same specim54 ,ano!r illu/ration ( simultane\s use is 9 fig4 #aid1 :i* repres5ts an ,etruscan vase#agd ornam5t$ ) bronze nail heads 9 ! =m ( ,swa/ikas1 b associat$ ) x is ! design ( ! ,greek fret1 %[+ !m to be ( contemporane\s use1 & !re=e n1 z ,pr(essor ,goodye> believes1 an evolution ( "o f ! o!r4 ,! specim5 is 9 ! ,museum at ,e/e1 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,lotus ,,& ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,figure ,,( ,,bird4 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 fig4 #aea4 ,! ,greek fret has be5 9 common use 9 all ages & all c\ntries adopt+ ! ,grecian civilization4 ,equally 9 all ages & c\ntries has appe>$ ! cross$ l9es :i* h be5 employ$ by e ar*itect & decorator1 mo/ or _m ( :om _h no k ( ! ,swa/ika1 ei!r z an ornam5t or z a symbol4#age ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas1 ,,f ,,ru9s ,,( ,,temple ,,at ,,paleo-,,paphos4 ,dep?1 #dj feet4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 p4 #baj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,,wood5 ,,button1 ,,clasp1 ,,or ,,fibula ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,plates ,,( ,,gold4 ,ogee ,swa/ika1 tetraskelion 9 c5t]4 ,s*liemann1 ,myc51 fig4 #che4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,goose1 ,,honeysuckle 7,,an!mion71 ,,& ,,spiral ,,swa/ika4 ,!ra4 ,monum5ti ,in$ite1 ,,lxv1 p4 #b1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #df1 fig4 #g4 ,swa/ika 9 panels4--,pr(essor ,goodye>1 9 ano!r place1#agf argues 9 a mann] :i* tacitly admits ! =ego+ proposition1 :]e1 9 8 endeavor to e/abli% ! true home ( ! ,swa/ika to be 9 ! ,greek geometric /yle1 he says we %\ld seek x :]e x appe>s 9 ! l>ge/ dim5sion & 9 ! mo/ prom95t way4 ,9 v]ification ( ?is decl>ation1 he says t 9 ?is /yle ! ,swa/ika sy/ematically appe>s 9 panels exclusively assign$ to x4 ,b he gives only two illu/rations ( ! ,swa/ika 9 panels4 ,^! h be5 copi$1 & are %[n 9 figs4 #adj & #adb4 ,! au?or has add$ o!r specim5s1 figs4 #ada to #adh1 f ,d5nis's ,etruria1 f ,w>+'s ,c]amic ,art1 & f ,cesnola & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]4 ,x might be too mu* to say t ^! are ! only ,swa/ikas 9 ,greece appe>+ 9 panels1 b x is c]ta9 t ! great majority ( !m d n ?us appe>4 ,!re=e1 ,pr(essor ,goodye>'s !ory is n su/a9$1 = no "o w pret5d t f\r specim5s f\nd 9 panels w =m a rule = ! great numb] :i* did n ?us appe>4 ,?is argum5t ( ,pr(essor ,goodye> is de/ructive ( 8 o!r proposition t ! ,swa/ika sign orig9at$ by evolution f ! me&] or ,greek fret1 = we h se5 t ! latt] 0 always us$ 9 a b& & nev] 9 panels4 ,al?\gh ! ,swa/ika & ! ,greek fret h a c]ta9 simil>ity ( appe>ance 9 t !y consi/ ( /raight l9es b5t at "r angles1 & ?is cont9u$ _m times1 yet ! simil>ity is m app>5t ?an real2 = an analysis ( ! motifs ( bo? %[ !m to h be5 ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! use1 & s 9 _! f\ndation & orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase4 ,sph9x ) spiral scrolls1 & two me&] ,swa/ikas 7"r74 ,melos4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 ,,xii1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cd1 fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase4 ,ibex1 scroll1 & me&] ,swa/ika 7"r74 ,melos4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 ,,xii1 p4 #aba1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #ci1 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,,detail ,,( ,a ,,greek ,,vase ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,ram1 me&] ,swa/ika 7left71 circles1 dots1 & crosses4 ,salzmann1 ,necropole de ,camire1 ,,li1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #bh1 fig4 #g4 ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms1 cross+ at "r angles1 ) ends b5t to ! "r4--,! au?or has call$ ?is ! normal ,swa/ika4 ,he has be5 at "s tr\ble to ga!r su* ,swa/ikas f ,greek vases z 0 possible1 & has divid$ !m accord+ to =ms & peculi>ities4 ,! fir/ gr\p 7figs4 #adj1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 & #aej7 %[s ! normal ,swa/ika ) f\r arms1 all b5t at "r angles & to ! "r4 ,9 ! a=esaid division no di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 specim5s f diff]5t p>ts ( ,greece & ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 & ^!1 ) su* specim5s z h be5 f\nd 9 ,smyrna1 h = ?is purpose all be5 treat$ z ,greek4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,figures ,,( ,,birds4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,ph5icia & ,cyprus1 ,,ii1 p4 #cjj1 fig4 #bcg2 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #dh1 figs4 #f1 #ab2 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 ,app5dix by ,murray1 p4 #dab1 pl4 #dd1 fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,lotus1 ,,bosses1 ,,buds1 ,,sepals1 ,,& ,,diff]5t ,,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #dh1 fig4 #c4 ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at "r angles1 ends b5t to ! left4--,figs4 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef1 & #aeg repres5t ! normal ,swa/ika ) f\r arms1 all b5d+ at "r angles1 b to ! left4 ,! vases on :i* !y h be5 f\nd are n describ$ z to color or =m4 ,x w\ld be difficult to d s correctly2 besides1 ^! descriptions are n important 9 our /udy ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #aee repres5ts a vase or pit*] 7o9o*o1 ,greek--,greek3 o9os1 w9e1 & ,greek3 *e1 to p\r7 ) pa9t$ ,swa/ika1 ends turn$ to ! left4 ,x is 9 ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 & is figur$ by ,m4 ,de ,mortillet 9 ,muse ,prhi/orique4 ,fig4 #aef repres5ts a ,cyprian vase f ,ormidia1 9 ! ,new ,york ,museum4 ,x is describ$ by ,cesnola#agg & by ,p]rot & ,*ipiez4#agh ,fig4 #aeg is tak5 f a fragm5t ( ar*aic ,greek pott]y f\nd 9 ,santor9 7,anci5t ,!ra71 an isl& 9 ! ,greek ,ar*ipelago4 ,?is isl& 0 fir/ inhabit$ by ! ,ph5icians1 aft]w>ds by ! ,greeks1 a colony ( :om f\nd$ ,cyr5e 9 ,africa4 ,?is specim5 is cit$ by ,ro*ette & figur$ by ,w>+4#agi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,bosses1 ,,lotus ,,buds1 ,,& ,,diff]5t ,,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ae4 ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at o!r ?an "r angles1 ! ends ogee & to ! left4--,figs4 #aeh1 #aei1 & #afj %[ ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms cross+ at o!r ?an "r angles1 _m ( !m ogee1 b turn$ to ! left4 ,fig4 #afa is a repres5tation ( a wood5 button or clasp1 mu* resembl+ ! lat] gold broo* ( ,sw$51 classifi$ by ,montelius 7p4 #hfg71 cov]$ ) plates ( gold1 f ,sepul*] ,,iv1 ,myc5 7,s*liemann1 ,myc51 fig4 #che1 p4 #bei74 ,! ornam5t 9 its c5t] is "o ( ! ogee ,swa/ikas ) f\r arms 7tetraskelion7 curv$ to ! left4 ,x %[s a dot 9 ea* ( ! f\r angles ( ! cross simil> to ! ,suava/ika ( ,max ,mll] & ! ,croix swa/icale ( ,zmigrodzki1 :i* ,burn\f attribut$ to ! f\r nails :i* fa/5$ ! cross ,arani 7! female pr9ciple71 :ile ! ,praman?a 7! male71 produc$1 by rotation1 ! holy fire f ! sacr$ cross4 ,an almo/ exact reproduction ( ?is ,swa/ika w be f\nd on ! %ield ( ! ,pima ,indians ( ,new ,mexico 7fig4 #beh74 ,dr4 ,s*liemann reports t ! ,swa/ika 9 its spiral =m is repres5t$ innum]able times 9 ! sculptur$ ceil+ ( ! ,?alamos 9 ! treasury at ,or*om5os4 7,see figs4 #ba & #be47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,,detail ,,( ,,e>ly ,,boeotian ,,vase4 ,figure ( horse1 sol> diagram1 ,artemis ) geese1 & ,swa/ikas 7normal & me&]1 "r & left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fa1 fig4 #ab4 ,he also reports#ahj t ,swa/ikas 7turn$ bo? ways7 may be se5 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l9 incis$ on a balu/rade relief ( ! hall :i* surr\nd$ ! temple ( ,a!ne at ,p]gamos4 ,fig4 #afb repres5ts a spiral ,swa/ika ) f\r arms cross+ at "r angles1 ! ends all turn$ to ! left & ea* "o =m+ a spiral4 ,w>+#aha figures & describes a ,grecian o9o*o f ,camirus1 ,rhodes1 dat+1 z he says1 f #gjj to #ejj ,b4 ,c41 on :i* is a b& ( decoration simil> to fig4 #acj4 ,x is ab\t #aj in*es high1 ( cream color1 ) ornam5tation ( d>k br[n4 ,two ibexes foll[ ea* o!r ) an ogee spiral ,swa/ika betwe5 ! =elegs ( "o4 ,me&] patt]n1 ) ends b5t to "r & left4--,figs4 #afc1 #afd1 & #afe %[ ! ,swa/ika 9 me&] patt]n4 ,fig4 #afc %[s two ,swa/ikas1 ! arms ( bo? b5t to ! "r1 "o six1 ! o!r n9e times4 ,! ,swa/ika %[n 9 fig4 #afd is b5t to ! "r eight times4 ,t %[n 9 fig4 #afe b5ds to ! left eight times4 ,swa/ikas ( diff]5t k9ds on ! same object4--,! next gr\p 7figs4 #afg to #agf7 is ( importance 9 t x repres5ts objects :i*1 be>+ ! normal ,swa/ika1 also %[ on ! same object o!r /yles ( ,swa/ika1 ^? turn$ to ! left at "r angles1 ^? at o!r ?an "r angles1 & ^? :i* are spiral or me&]4 ,! pres5ce on a s+le object ( diff]5t =ms ( ,swa/ika is consid]$ z evid5ce ( _! *ronologic id5tity & _! consequ5t relation to ea* o!r1 %[+ !m to be all ! same sign--t is1 !y 7 all ,swa/ikas1 :e!r ! arms 7 b5t to ! "r or to ! left1 ogee or 9 curves1 at "r angles or at o!r ?an "r angles1 9 spirals or me&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,,detail ,,( ,,rhodian ,,vase4 ,figures ( geese1 circles & dots1 & ,swa/ikas 7"r & left74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,,detail ,,( ,,rhodian ,,vase4 ,geese1 lotus circles1 & two ,swa/ikas 7"r & left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #bga1 fig4 #ade4 ,_m examples ( vases simil> to fig4 #agb are %[n 9 ! ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,new ,york museums1 & 9 o!r collections4 7,see figs4 #adi1 #aei47 ,fig4 #agd %[s an ,attic pa9t$ vase 7,lebes7 ( ! ,ar*aic p]iod1 f ,a!ns4 ,x is a pale yell[i% gr\nd1 probably ! natural color1 ) figures 9 m>oon4 ,x belongs to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x be>s on ! front side five ,swa/ikas1 all ( diff]5t /yles2 ?ree turn to ! "r1 two to ! left4 ,! ma9 arms cross at "r angles1 b ! ends ( f\r are b5t at "r angles1 :ile "o is curv$ 7ogee74 ,?ree h ! ends b5t 7at "r angles7 f\r times1 mak+ a me&] =m1 :ile two make only "o b5d4 ,!y seem n to be plac$ ) any ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 or to any o!r object1 & are scatt]$ ov] ! field z *ance or luck might det]m9e4 ,a specim5 ( ,swa/ika int]e/+ to prehi/oric ar*ologi/s is t on a vase f ,cyprus 7,muse ,/4 ,g]ma91 ,no4 #baecg71 on :i* is repres5t$ an arr[head1 /emm$1 b>b$1 & susp5d$ by its po9ts betwe5 ! ,swa/ika4#ahb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,,greek ,,vase ,,( ,,typical ,,rhodian ,,/yle4 ,ibex1 lotus1 geese1 & six ,swa/ikas 7normal1 me&]1 & ogee1 all left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #bea1 pl4 #ci4ahc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,,detail ,,( ,,greek ,,vase4 ,de]1 sol> diagrams1 & ?ree ,swa/ikas 7s+le1 d\ble1 & me&]1 "r74 ,melos4 ,conze1 ,melios*e ,?ongefsse1 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #h4 ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] pres5t$ a pap] be=e ! ,socit d',an?ropologie 9 ,p>is1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhh1 report$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( t ye> 7pp4 #ffh-fha74 ,x 0 entitl$ ,la ,croix gamme et la ,croix cantonne en ,*ypre4 7,! ,croix gamme is ! ,swa/ika1 :ile ! ,croix cantonne is ! cross ) dots1 ! ,croix swa/icale ( ,zmigrodzki47 ,9 ?is pap] ! au?or describes 8 f9d+ ! ,swa/ika dur+ 8 excavations into prehi/oric ,cyprus4 ,on ! fir/ page ( 8 pap] ! foll[+ /atem5t appe>s3 ,! ,swa/ika comes f ,india z an ornam5t 9 =m ( a cone 7conique7 ( metal1 gold1 silv]1 or bronze gilt1 worn on ! e>s 7see ,g4 ,p]rot3 ,hi/oire de l',art1 ,,iii1 p4 #efb et fig4 #chd71 & nose-r+s 7see ,s4 ,re9a*3 ,*ronique d',ori5t1 #c;e srie1 t4 ,,iv1 #ahhf74 ,i 0 ! fir/ to make kn[n ! nose-r+ worn by ! goddess ,aphrodite-,a/>te1 ev5 at ,cyprus4 ,9 ! ,indies ! wom5 /ill we> ^! ornam5ts 9 _! no/rils & e>s4 ,! fellah9 ( ,egypt also we> simil> jewelry2 b z ,egyptian art gives u no example ( ! usage ( ^! ornam5ts 9 antiquity1 x is only f ! ,indies t ! ,ph5icians c\ld h borr[$ !m4 ,! nose-r+ is unkn[n 9 ! antiquity ( all c\ntries :i* surr\nd$ ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,,ar*aic ,,greek ,,vase ,,) ,,five ,,swa/ikas ,,( ,,f\r ,,diff]5t ,,=ms4 ,a!ns4 ,bir*1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 quot$ by ,w>+ 9 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 fig4 #ae2 ,d5nis1 ,! ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 ,i1 p4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,,detail ,,( ,,ar*aic ,,boeotian ,,vase4 ,s]p5ts1 crosses1 & ,swa/ikas 7normal1 "r1 left1 & me&]74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #i4 ,! fir/ pages ( 8 memoir are employ$ 9 demon/rat+ t ! specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 ! mo/ ( :i* are set =? 9 ?is pap] 7figs4 #agg-ahb71 %[ a ,ph5ician influ5ce2 & accord+ to 8 !ory demon/rate _! migration or importation4 ,he does n specify ! evid5ce on :i* he bases 8 ass]tion ( ,ph5ician influ5ce 9 ,cyprus1 except 9 "o or two p>ticul>s4 ,speak+ ( ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #agg ( ! pres5t pap]1 he says3 ,x repres5ts ! sacr$ palm "u :i* ,apollo1 ! god ( light1 0 born4 99 99 99 ,at ,cyprus ! palm did n appe> only ) ! ,ph5icians2 x 0 n kn[n prior to t "t 7p4 #fgd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,,attic ,,vase ,,= ,,p]fume1 ,,) ,,croix ,,swa/icale ,,& ,,two ,,=ms ,,( ,,swa/ikas4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgc1 fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,,detail ,,( ,,cyprian ,,vase4 ,swa/ikas ) palm tree1 sacr$ to ,apollo4 ,citium1 ,cyprus4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgc1 fig4 #c4 ,! design %[n 9 fig4 #agh he describes z repres5t+ two birds 9 ! attitude ( adoration be=e a ,swa/ika1 all be+ figur$ on a ,greek cup ( ! /yle ,dipylon4#ahd ,dr4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] adds3 ,on ! vases ( ,dipylon ! ,swa/ikas are g5]ally trans=m$ into o!r ornam5ts1 mo/ly me&]s4 ,b ?is is n ! rule 9 ,cyprus4 ,! ,swa/ika disappe>$ f !re z x came1 9 its sacr$ =m1 ) ! ,ph5ician influ5ce1 ) ! ,ph5ician inscriptions on ! vases1 ) ! conc5tric circles )\t c5tral po9ts or tang5ts4 ,he says#ahe t ! ,swa/ika z well z ! ,croix cantonne 7) po9ts or dots71 :ile possibly n always ! equival5t ( ! sol> disk1 zigzag lightn+1 or ! d\ble hat*et1 yet are employ$ toge!r & are giv5 ! same signification1 & frequ5tly replace ea* o!r4 ,x is 8 op9ion#ahf t ! ,swa/ika 9 ,cyprus _h ne>ly always a signification m or less religi\s1 al?\gh x may h be5 us$ z an ornam5t to fill empty spaces4 ,8 int]pretation ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,cyprus is t x w signify t\r t\r ! /orm1 ! lightn+1 ! sun1 ! light1 ! seasons--sometimes "o1 sometimes ano!r ( ^! significations--& t its =m l5ds itself easily 7facilem5t7 to ! sol> disk1 to ! fire :eel1 & to ! sun *>iot4 ,9 support ( ?is1 he cites a figure 7fig4 #agi7 tak5 f ,cesnola1#ahg 9 :i* ! :eels ( ! *>iot are decorat$ ) f\r ,swa/ikas display$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,! *ief p]sonage on ! c> he id5tifies z ! god ( ,apollo-,resef1 & ! decoration on 8 %ield repres5ts ! sol> disk4 ,he is at once ! god ( w> & also ! god ( light1 :i* id5tifies him ) ,helios4 ,! o!r p]sonage is ,h]akles-,mecqu>s1 ! "r h& ( ,apollo1 bo? ( !m h]oes ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,,cyprian ,,vase ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,panel4 ,muse ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgd1 fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,,*>iot ,,( ,,apollo-,,resef4 ,sun symbol787 on %ield & f\r ,swa/ikas 7two "r & two left7 on quadrants ( *>iot :eels4 ,cesnola1 ,salam9ia1 p4 #bdj1 fig4 #bbf1 & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fge1 fig4 #g4 ,! supreme goddess ( ! ,isle ( ,cyprus 0 ,aphrodite-,a/>te1#ahh ^: pres5ce ) a prepond]at+ ,ph5ician influ5ce c be trac$ back to ! p]iod ( ! age ( iron1 h] images be>+ signs ( ! ,swa/ika1 be+1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 f\nd 9 ,cyprus4 ,9 fig4 #ahj ! /atue ( ?is goddess is %[n1 :i* he says 0 f\nd by himself 9 #ahhd at ,curium4 ,x be>s f\r ,swa/ikas1 two on ! %\ld]s & two on ! =e>ms4 ,fig4 #aha repres5ts a c5taur f\nd by him at ! same "t1 on ! "r arm ( :i* is a ,swa/ika pa9t$ 9 black1 z 9 ! =ego+ /atue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,/atue ,,( ,,! ,,goddess ,,aphrodite-,,a/>te ,,) ,,f\r ,,swa/ikas4#ahi ,curium1 ,cyprus4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgf1 fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,,cyprian ,,c5taur ,,) ,,"o ,,swa/ika4 ,cesnola1 ,salam9ia1 p4 #bdc1 fig4 #bcj2 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgf1 fig4 #i4 ,we h f\nd1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is pap]1 _m /atues ( human figures be>+ ! m>k ( ! ,swa/ika on "s portion ( _! g>m5ts4 ,m4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 on page #fgg1 gives ! foll[+ explanation !re(3 ,x appe>s to me t ! prie/s & prie/esses1 also ! boys :o p]=m$ ! s]vices 9 ! sacr$ places1 7 9 ! habit ( burn+ or tattoo+ ,swa/ikas ^u _! arms4 99 99 99 ,9 #ahhe1 among ! votive (f]+s f\nd 9 "o ( ! sacr$ places d$icat$ to ,aphrodite-,a/oret1 ne> ,idalium1 0 a /one /atuette1 repres5t+ ! "y ,adonis ,k9yras 9 a squatt+ po/ure1 ) ! ,swa/ika tattoo$ or pa9t$ 9 r$ color ^u 8 nak$ arm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,,greek ,,/atue ,,( ,,aphrodite-,,ariadne4 ,six ,swa/ikas 7f\r "r & two left74 ,poli/is ,*rysokon4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgg1 fig4 #aj4 ,&1 says ,ri*t]1 :51 lat] on1 ! cu/om ( tattoo+ _h disappe>$1 !y plac$ ! ,swa/ika on ! sac]dotal g>m5ts4 ,he has f\nd 9 a ,greek tomb 9 #ahhe1 ne> ,poli/is ,*rysokon1 two /atuettes repres5t+ female danc]s 9 ! s]vice ( ,aphrodite-,ariadne1 "o ( :i* 7fig4 #ahb7 bore six or m ,swa/ikas4 ,9 o!r cases1 says he 7p4 #fgh71 ! ,croix cantonne 7! ,croix swa/icale ( ,zmigrodzki7 replac$ ! ,swa/ika on ! g>m5ts1 & he cites ! /atue ( ,h]cules /rangl+ ! lion 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a!na1 ^: robe is ornam5t$ ) ! ,croix cantonne4 ,he repeats t ! two signs ( ! cross repres5t ! idea ( light1 sun1 sacrifice1 ra91 /orm1 & ! seasons4 ,,europe4 ,,bronze ,,age4 ,prehi/oric ar*ologi/s claim t bronze 0 introduc$ into ,europe 9 prehi/oric times f ! extreme ,ori5t4 ,! t9 m9es ( ! p59sula ( ,burma & ,siam1 ) _! ext5sion into ,*9a on ! nor?1 ,malacca & ! isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago on ! s\?1 are kn[n to h be5 work$ 9 extremely anci5t times & are believ$ to h furni%$ ! t9 = ! fir/ mak+ ( bronze4 ,! latt] may n be susceptible ( pro(1 b ev]y?+ is consi/5t !re)4 ,aft] x became kn[n t copp] & t9 w\ld make bronze1 ! discov]y ( t9 w\ld be greatly ext5d$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! t9 m9es ( ,spa91 ,brita91 & ,g]many might be op5$4 ,a hundr$ & m prehi/oric bronze f\ndries h be5 discov]$ 9 we/]n ,europe & t5s ( ?\s&s ( prehi/oric bronze implem5ts4 ,if bronze came orig9ally f ! extreme ,ori5t1 & ! ,swa/ika belong$ !re also1 & z objects ( bronze belong+ to prehi/oric times & %[+ connection ) ! ,ori5t1 l ! t9t9nabulum 7fig4 #bi7 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+s ( prehi/oric times1 x is a fair inf]5ce t ! ,swa/ika m>k f\nd on ! same objects came also f ! ,ori5t4 ,?is inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ by ! manufacture & cont9u\s use ( ! ,swa/ika on bo? bronze & pott]y1 until x practically cov]$1 & is to be f\nd ov]1 all ,europe :]ev] ! culture ( bronze prevail$4 ,ne>ly all v>ieties ( ! ,swa/ika came into use dur+ ! ,bronze ,age4 ,! objects on :i* x 0 plac$ may h be5 diff]5t 9 diff]5t localities1 & s also ano!r v>iety ( =m may h prevail$ 9 a giv5 locality2 b1 subject to ^! exceptions1 ! ,swa/ika came into g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! c\ntries :]e9 ! ,bronze ,age prevail$4 ,z we h se51 on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik ! ,swa/ika is f\nd pr9cipally on ! sp9dle-:orl2 9 ,greece & ,cyprus1 on ! pott]y vases2 9 ,g]many1 on ! ce9tures ( bronze2 9 ,sc&9avia1 on weapons & on toilet & dress ornam5ts4 ,9 ,scotl& & ,irel& x 0 mo/ly on sculptur$ /ones1 :i* are _m times !mselves anci5t ,celtic crosses4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,etruria1 ! ,swa/ika appe>s on small bronze ornam5ts1 pr9cipally fibul4 ,diff]5t =ms ( ! ,swa/ika1 i4 e41 ^? to ! "r1 left1 squ>e1 ogee1 curv$1 spiral & me&]1 triskelion & tetraskelion1 h be5 f\nd on ! same object1 !reby %[+ _! int]-relation%ip4 ,no di/9ction is app>5t betwe5 ! arms b5t to ! "r or to ! left4 ,?is diff]5ce1 not$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 seems to fail altoge!r4 ,greg says3#aij ,ab\t #ejj to #fjj ,b4 ,c41 ! fylfot1 7,swa/ika7 curi\sly en\gh beg9s to disappe> z a favorite device ( e>ly ,greek art1 & is r>ely1 if ev]1 se5 on ! regul> ,etruscan vase4 ,?is indicates t ! p]iod ( ! use ( ! ,swa/ika dur+ ! ,bronze ,age 9 ,europe lay back ( ! p]iod ( its disappe>ance 9 ! "t ( e>ly ,greek art1 & t x 0 ( high] antiquity ?an w\ld o!rwise be suspect$4 ,dr4 ,max ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] says3#aia ,! ,swa/ika makes absolute default 9 ,cyprus dur+ all ! age ( bronze & 9 all its sep>ate divisions accord+ z ! vases 7 decorat$ ) intaglio or relief1 or 7 pa9t$4 ,etruria & ,italy4--,! ,etruscans 7 a prehi/oric p4 ,! c\ntry 0 occupi$ dur+ ! two ages ( /one1 ,paleoli?ic & ,neoli?ic1 & dur+ ! ,bronze ,age4 ,! ,etruscans 7 probably ! desc5dants ( ! ,bronze ,age p4 ,! longe/ cont9u$ geographical discussion ! _w has he>d 0 z to :o 7 ! ,etruscans1 & :5ce or by :at r\te did !y come to _! c\ntry8 ,x 0 op5$ by ,h]odotus & ,dionysius ,halic>nassus 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c42 :ile ,dr4 ,br9ton & ! late ,presid5t ,well+ h made ! late/ contributions !reto4 ,! culture ( ! ,etruscans 0 some:at simil> to t ( ! ,bronze ,age peoples1 & _m ( ! implem5ts _h great resemblance1 b ) suffici5t div]g5ce to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,!re 7 diff]5t /ages ( culture among ! ,etruscans1 z c be easily & c]ta9ly det]m9$ f _! tombs1 modes ( burial1 pott]y1 etc4 ,! ,swa/ika appe>s to h be5 employ$ 9 all ^! epo*s or /ages4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly us$ dur+ ! ,bronze ,age1 & 9 ,italy x cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,etruscan & into ! ,roman & ,*ri/ian p]iods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,,hut ,,urn ,,9 ,,! ,,vatican ,,museum4 ,burn+ alt> m>k associat$ ) ,swa/ikas4 ,etruria 7,bronze ,age74 ,:ile x may be d\btful if any specim5 ( ,swa/ika c be id5tifi$ z hav+ belong$ to ! ,neoli?ic ,age 9 ,europe1 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 9 common use dur+ ! ,bronze ,age4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> gives x z 8 op9ion1 & 9 ?is he may be correct1 t ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,swa/ika ( :i* id5tification c be made are on ! hut urns ( c5tral ,italy4 ,^! h be5 consid]$ z belong+ def9itely to ! ,bronze ,age 9 t c\ntry4 ,fig4 #ahc is a repres5tation ( "o ( ^! hut urns4 ,x %[s ^u its ro( sev]al specim5s ( ,swa/ika1 z w be app>5t f exam9ation4 ,!re are o!r figures1 incis$ & 9 relief4 ,"o ( !m is ! celebrat$ burn+ alt> m>k ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann4 ,?is specim5 0 f\nd 9 ! ,via ,appia ne> ,rome1 & is exhibit$ 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,simil> specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,etruria4 ,! au?or saw 9 ! ,municipal ,museum at ,corneto _m ( !m1 :i* _h be5 excavat$ f ! neighbor+ cemet]y ( ! prehi/oric city ( ,corneto-,t>qu9ii4 ,!y 7 ( pott]y1 b made z if to repres5t rude huts ( sk91 /ret*$ on cross poles1 9 g5]al appe>ance n unlike ! cane & ru% conical cab9s us$ to ?is day by ! peasants ar\nd ,rome4 ,!y belong$ to ! ,bronze ,age1 & ant$at$ ! ,etruscan civilization4 ,?is 0 demon/rat$ by ! f9ds at ,corneto-,t>qu9ii4 ,tombs to ! numb] ( ab\t #cjj1 conta9+ !m1 7 f\nd1 mo/ly 9 #ahhj-ha1 at a l[] level ?an1 & 7 sup]s$$ by1 ! ,etruscan tombs4 ,!y conta9$ ! weapons1 tools1 & ornam5ts peculi> to ! ,bronze ,age--swords1 hat*ets1 p9s1 fibul1 bronze & pott]y vases1 etc41 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* 7 diff]5t f ,etruscan objects ( simil> purpose1 s !y c\ld be satisfactorily id5tifi$ & segregat$4 ,! hut urns 7 receptacles = ! a%es ( ! cremat$ dead1 :i*1 undi/urb$1 are to be se5 9 ! museum4 ,! vases =m+ "p ( ?is grave furniture bore ! ,swa/ika m>k2 ?ree h two ,swa/ikas1 "o ?ree1 "o f\r1 & ano!r no less ?an eight4 ,d5nis figures a hut urn f ,alba ,longa1#aib & ano!r f ! ,alban ,m\nt4#aic ,he says 7note #a73 ,^! rem>kable urns 7 fir/ f\nd 9 #ahag at ,montecucco1 ne> ,m>9o1 & at ,monte ,cresc5zio1 ne> ! ,lago de ,ca/ello1 b5ea? a /ratum ( pep]9o 7tufa7 #ah in*es ?ick4 ,!y 7 emb$d$ 9 a yell[i% volcanic a% & re/$ on a l[] & e>li] /ratum ( pep]9o4#aid ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ?ree or f\r prong$ m>k1 call$ burn+ alt> by ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 is on bo? hut urns 9 ,d5nis's ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann argues /rongly 9 favor ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,swa/ika & ! burn+ alt> sign1 b assigns no o!r reason ?an ! simil>ity ( ! m>ks on ! two objects4 ,he appe>s unable1 9 ,ilios1 to cite any in/ance ( ! ,swa/ika be+ f\nd on ! hut urns 9 connection ) ! burn+ alt> sign1 b he m5tions ! ,swa/ika five times repeat$ on "o ( ! hut urns 9 ! ,etruscan collection 9 ! museum ( ! ,vatican at ,rome4#aie ,! photograph ( ! hut urn f ! ,vatican 7fig4 #ahc7 supplies ! miss+ l9k 9 ,s*liemann's evid5ce4 ,! ro( ( ! hut urn be>s ! burn+ alt> m>k 7if x be a burn+ alt>1 z claim$71 :i* is 9 high relief 7z x is 9 ! ,d5nis specim5s71 & 0 wr\ght 9 ! clay by ! mold] :5 ! hut 0 made4 ,su* ( ! o!r portions ( ! ro( z are 9 sight %[ sundry incis$ l9es :i*1 be+ deciph]$1 are f\nd to be ,swa/ikas or p>ts ( !m4 ,! p>allelogram 9 ! front conta9s a cross & has ! appe>ance ( a labyr9?1 b x is n4 ,! o!r signs or m>ks1 h[ev]1 repres5t ,swa/ikas1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,?is specim5 completes ! pro( cit$ by ,s*liemann1 & associates ! ,swa/ika ) ! burn+ alt> sign 9 ! ,etruscan c\ntry1 z well z on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik & 9 o!r localities4 ,d5nis supposes ! e>lie/ ,etruscan vases1 call$ by _m diff]5t names1 to date f ! twelf? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 to #edj ,b4 ,c41#aif ! latt] be+ ! epo* ( ,!odoros ( ,samos1 ^: improvem5ts m>k$ an epo* 9 ! culture ( ! c\ntry4 ,he says3 ,^! vases 7 adorn$ ) annul> b&s1 zigzag1 waves1 me&]s1 conc5tric circles1 hat*$ l9es1 ,swa/ikas1 & o!r geometric patt]ns4 ,a fragm5t ( ,ar*aic ,greek pott]y is report$ by ,ro*ette f ! necropolis ( ,cum1 9 ! campagna ( ,italy1 & is %[n 9 fig4 #ahd4 ,ro*ette reports x z an example ( a v e>ly p]iod1 believ$ by him to h be5 ,ph5ician4 ,:5 we consid] ! r>ity ( ,ph5ician pott]y 9 ,italy comp>$ ) ! great am\nt ( ,greek pott]y f\nd !re1 & t ! ,ph5icians are n kn[n to h employ$ ! ,swa/ika1 ?is1 comb9$ ) ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! place ( orig9 ( su* a fragm5t1 r5d]s x m likely to h be5 ,greek ?an ,ph5ician4 ,a reason app>5tly mov+ ,ro*ette to ?is decision 0 ! zigzag ornam5tation1 :i* he translat$ to be a ,ph5ician sign = wat]2 b ?is patt]n 0 us$ _m times & 9 _m places )\t hav+ any su* mean+1 & is no pro( ( 8 proposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,ar*aic ,,greek ,,pott]y ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas4 ,cum1 ,italy4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,,c9]>y ,,urn ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,panels4 ,san ,m>9o1 ne> ,albano1 ,italy4 ,vatican ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,,c9]>y ,,urn ,,) ,,swa/ikas ,,inclos$ ,,by ,,incis$ ,,l9es ,,9 ,,intaglio4 ,c]vetri1 ,italy4 ,cone/abile due ,dis*i 9 ,bronzo1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #b4 #a_/f natural size4 ,figs4 #ahe & #ahf repres5t ! "o-h&l$ c9]>y urns peculi> to ! ,bronze ,age 9 ,italy4 ,!y are believ$ to h be5 contemporane\s ) or imm$iately succe$+ ! hut urns j %[n4 ,! c9]>y urn %[n 9 fig4 #ahe 0 f\nd at ,m>9o1 ne> ,albano1 9 ! same locality & "u ! same condition z ! hut urns4 ,! orig9al is 9 ! ,vatican ,museum & 0 figur$ by ,pigor9i 9 ,ar*ologia1 #ahfi4 ,fig4 #ahf %[s a "o-h&l$ urn ( pott]y ) ,swa/ika 7left7 9 intaglio1 plac$ 9 a b& ( incis$ squ>es ar\nd ! body ( ! vessel bel[ ! %\ld]4 ,a small ?\gh good example ( ,etruscan "w is %[n 9 ! gold fibula 7fig4 #ahg74 ,x is ornam5t$ on ! outside ) ! f9e gold filigree "w peculi> to ! be/ ,etruscan art4 ,on ! inside are two ,swa/ikas4 ,x is 9 ! ,vatican ,museum ( ,etruscan antiquities4 ,fig4 #ahh repres5ts ano!r specim5 ( ,etruscan gold filigree "w ) a circle & ,swa/ika4 ,x is a bulla1 an ornam5t said to indicate ! rank ( ! we>] among ! ,etruscan p4 ,x is decorat$ ) a circle & ,swa/ika inside4 ,! figure is tak5 f ,l',art p\r ,t\s1 & is reproduc$ by ,w>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,,gold ,,fibula ,,) ,,swa/ikas 7,,left74 ,etruscan ,museum1 ,vatican4 ,catalogue ( ! ,etruscan ,museum1 "p #a1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #f4 #a_/b natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,,etruscan ,,gold ,,bulla ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,bottom4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #d;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,,ornam5tal ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,etruscan ,,silv] ,,b[l4 ,c]vetri 7,cre71 ,etruria4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 fig4 #ac4 ,an ornam5tal ,swa/ika 7fig4 #ahi7 is f\nd on a silv] b[l f ,c]vetri 7,cre71 ,etruria4 ,x is furni%$ by ,grifi1 & reproduc$ by ,w>+4 ,?is specim5 is to be rem>k$ z hav+ a small outw>d fl\ri% f ! extreme end ( ea* arm1 some:at simil> to t made by ! ,ja9s 7fig4 #cc71 or on ! ,tablet ( honor ( ,*9ese porcela9 7fig4 #ca74 ,fig4 #aij %[s an ,etruscan bronze fibula ) two ,swa/ikas & two ,maltese crosses 9 ! p9 %ield4 ,x is 9 ! ,museum ( ,cop5hag51 & is tak5 f ! report ( ! ,congrs ,int]nationale d',an?ropologie et d',ar*ologie ,prhi/orique1 ,cop5hag51 #ahge1 page #dhf4 ,?is specim51 by its rays or crot*ets ar\nd ! junction ( ! p9 ) ! %ield1 furni%es ! basis ( ! argum5t by ,goblet d',alviella#aig t ! ,swa/ika 0 evolv$ f ! circle & 0 a symbol ( ! sun or sun-god4 7,see p4 #ghe47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,,bronze ,,fibula ,,) ,,two ,,swa/ikas ,,& ,,suppos$ ,,rays ,( ,,sun4#aih ,etruria4 ,cop5hag5 ,museum4 ,goblet d',alviella1 fig4 #ai;a1 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfc4 #a_/d natural size4 ,bologna 0 ! site ( ! ,roman city ,bononia1 & is suppos$ to h be5 t ( ,etruscan ,fels9a4 ,its ,etruscan cemet]y is ext5sive4 ,diff]5t names h be5 giv5 to ! excavations1 sometimes f ! own] ( ! l& & at o!r times f ! names ( excavators4 ,! fir/ cemet]y op5$ 0 call$ ,villanova4 ,! culture 0 diff]5t f t ( ! o!r p>ts ( ,etruria4 ,by "s x is believ$ to be old]1 by o!rs y\ng]1 ?an ! re/ ( ,etruria4 ,! ,swa/ika is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! entire ,villanova epo*4 ,fig4 #aia %[s a pott]y vase f ! excavation ,arnoaldi4 ,x is peculi> 9 %ape & decoration1 b is typical ( t epo*4 ,! decoration 0 by /amps 9 ! clay 7intaglio7 ( a giv5 subject repeat$ 9 ! n>r[ b&s ar\nd ! body ( ! vase4 ,two ( ^! b&s 7 ( small ,swa/ikas ) ! ends all turn$ to ! "r4 ,fig4 #aib %[s a fragm5t ( pott]y f ! ,fels9a necropolis1 ,bologna1 ornam5t$ ) a r[ ( ,swa/ikas /amp$ into ! clay 9 a mann] peculi> to ! locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,,pott]y ,,urn ,,ornam5t$ ,,) ,,successive ,,b&s ,,9 ,,intaglio1 ,,two ,,( ,,:i* ,,are ,,compos$ ,,( ,,swa/ikas4 ,necropolis ,arnoaldi1 ,bologna4 ,museum ( ,bologna4 ,gozzad9i1 ,scavi ,ar*ologici1 etc41 pl4 #d1 fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,pott]y ,,) ,,r[ ,,( ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,intaglio4 ,necropole ,fels9ea1 ,italy4 ,museo ,bologna4 ,gozzad9i1 ,due ,sepolcri1 etc41 p4 #g4 #a_/b natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,,swa/ika ,,sign ,,on ,,clay ,,bobb94 ,type ,villanova1 ,bologna4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abci4 ,fig4 #aic %[s ! end view ( "o ( ! bobb9s f ,bologna1 ,italy1 9 ! possession ( ,c\nt ,gozzad9i by :om x 0 collect$4 ,! decoration on ! end1 z %[n by ! figure1 is ! ,swa/ika4 ,! ma9 arms are made up ( ?ree p>allel l9es1 :i* int]sect ea* o!r at "r angles1 & :i* all turn to ! "r at "r angles4 ,! l9es are n incis$1 z is usual1 b1 l mu* ( ! decoration belong+ to ?is culture1 are made by little po9ts consecutively plac$1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( a cont9u\s l9e4 ,swa/ikas turn+ bo? ways are on "o or bo? extremities ( _m t]ra-cotta cyl9d]s f\nd 9 ! t]ram>e at ,coazze1 prov9ce ( ,v]ona1 deposit$ 9 ! ,national 7,kir*]iano7 ,museum at ,rome4 7,see figs4 #chj & #cha = simil> bobb9s47 ,! museum at ,e/e1 ,italy1 conta9s an elegant pott]y vase ( l>ge dim5sions1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aid1 ! decoration ( :i* is ! ,greek fret ar\nd ! neck & ! ,swa/ika ar\nd ! body1 done ) small nail heads or simil> disks ins]t$ 9 ! clay 9 ! =ms indicat$4 ,?is association ( ! ,swa/ika & ! ,greek fret on ! same object is satisfactory evid5ce ( _! contemporane\s exi/5ce1 & is ?us f> evid5ce t ! "o 0 n d]iv$ f ! o!r1 especially z ! au?orities :o claim ?is d]ivation are at v>iance z to :i* 0 p>5t & :i*1 *ild4 7,see fig4 #acc47 ,a ,swa/ika ( ! curi\s half-spiral =m turn$ to ! left1 su* z has be5 f\nd 9 ,sc&9avia & also among ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is 9 ! museum at ,e/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,,pott]y ,,vase ,,ornam5t$ ,,) ,,bronz$ ,,nail ,,heads ,,9 ,,=m ,,( ,,swa/ika4 ,e/e1 ,italy4 ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 #ahhd1 p4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,pott]y ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,/amp$ ,,9 ,,relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,,/amp ,,= ,,mak+ ,,swa/ika ,,sign ,,on ,,pott]y4 ,swiss lake dwell+ ( ,b\rget1 ,savoy4 ,muse de ,*ambry4 ,*antre1 ,age du ,bronze1 figs4 #ec1 #ee1 & ,kell]1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 pl4 #afa1 fig4 #c4 ,:5 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,huns made _! irruption into ,europe1 !y app>5tly possess$ a k ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,!y settl$ 9 c]ta9 t[ns ( nor!rn ,italy1 drove (f ! inhabitants1 & occupi$ ! t]ritory = !mselves4 ,on ! dea? ( ,attila & ! repulse ( ! ,huns & _! g5]al return to _! native c\ntry1 _m small tribes rema9$ & gradually became assimilat$ ) ! population4 ,!y h rema9$ 9 nor!rn ,italy "u ! title ( ,longob>ds4 ,9 ?is ,longob>dian civilization or b>b>ism1 :i*ev] we may call x1 & 9 _! /yle ( ar*itecture & ornam5t1 ! ,swa/ika f\nd a prom95t place1 & is spok5 ( z ,longob>dian4 ,x is ne$less to multiply citations ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,roman & ,*ri/ian times4 ,x w\ld appe> z ?\gh ! sign _h desc5d$ f ! ,etruscans & ,samnites along ! coa/ & _h cont9u$ 9 use dur+ ,roman times4 ,s*liemann says#aii t x is f\nd frequ5tly 9 ! wall pa9t+s at ,pompeii2 ev5 m ?an a hundr$ times 9 a h\se 9 ! rec5tly excavat$ /reet ( ,vesuvius4 ,x may h conte/$ ) ! ,lat9 cross = ! honor ( be+ ! ,*ri/ian cross1 = we "k t ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross 9 connection ) ! ,greek lett] ,p 7fig4 #f7 did s1 & = a long "t /ood z ! monogram ( ,*ri/ & 0 ! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e4 ,all ?ree ( ^! are on ! base ( ! ,ar*iepiscopal *air 9 ! ca!dral at ,milan4#bjj ,swiss lake dwell+s4--,figs4 #aie & #aif are int]e/+ z giv+ an insight into ! me?od ( mak+ ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #aie %[s a fragm5t ( pott]y be>+ a /amp$ intaglio ,swa/ika 7"r71 :ile fig4 #aif repres5ts ! /amp1 also 9 pott]y1 ) :i* ! impr9t 0 made4 ,!y are figur$ by ,kell]1#bja & are describ$ on page #cci1 & by ,*antre4#bjb ,!y 7 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+ ( ,b\rget 7,savoy7 by ! ,duc de ,*aulnes1 & are cr$it$ to 8 ,museum ( ,*ambry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,ce9ture ,,f ,a ,,tumulus ,,9 ,,alsace4 ,?9 bronze rep\ss ) ,swa/ikas ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,bronze ,age1 ,hal/atti5 epo*4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,a ,,ce9ture ,,f ,,! ,,tumulus ,,( ,,metz/ett51 ,w,,rtemb]g4 ,?9 bronze op5-"w ) intricate ,swa/ikas4 ,hal/atti5 epo*4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abeg1 & ,*antre1 ,le ,caucase1 ,,ii1 p4 #ej1 fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,,bronze ,,fibula1 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,:i* ,,=ms ,a ,,swa/ika4 ,museum ( ,may5ce4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,,sepul*ral ,,urn ,,) ,,swa/ika4 ,nor? ,g]many4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #id4 ,g]many & ,au/ria4--,fig4 #aig repres5ts a fragm5t ( a ce9ture ( ?9 bronze ( ! ,hal/atti5 epo* ( ! ,bronze ,age f a tumulus 9 ,alsace4 ,x is made aft] ! /yle common to t p]iod2 ! "w is rep\ss & ! design is laid (f by diagonal l9es :i* divide ! field into loz5ges1 :]e9 ! ,swa/ika is repres5t$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 "s turn$ squ>e to ! "r1 o!rs to ! left1 :ile "o is 9 spiral & is turn$ to ! left4 ,o!r =ms ( ! cross also appe> ) dots 9 or ab\t ! corn]s1 :i* ,burn\f associates ) ! my? ( ,agni & fire mak+1 & :i* ,zmigrodzki calls ! ,croix swa/icale4 ,?is specim5 is 9 ! collection ,nessel at ,hagu5au4 ,ano!r ce9ture 0 f\nd at ! same place & is display$ ) x4 ,x be>s repres5tations ( ! cross ( diff]5t =ms1 "o ( :i* might be a ,swa/ika ) dott$ cross l9es1 ) ! arms turn$ spirally to ! left4 ,fig4 #aih repres5ts ano!r fragm5t ( a bronze ce9ture f ! same c\ntry & belong+ to ! same epo*4 ,x is f ! tumulus ( ,metz/ett51 ,wrtemb]g1 & is 9 ! ,museum ( ,/uttg>t4 ,x is n rep\ss1 b is cut 9 op5work ( intricate patt]n 9 :i* ! ,swa/ika is ! pr9cipal motif4 ,a bronze fibula 7fig4 #aii7 is 9 ! museum at ,may5ce1 ! body ( :i* has ! =m ( ! normal ,swa/ika4 ,! arms are turn$ to ! "r & ! l[] "o is brok5 (f4 ,! h+e = ! p9 0 atta*$ at "o side or arm ( ! ,swa/ika & ! reta9+ clasp = ! po9t at ! o!r4 ,fig4 #bjj repres5ts a prehi/oric sepul*ral urn ) a l>ge ,swa/ika1 ! arms be+ indicat$ by ?ree p>allel l9es1 aft] ! same mann] z ! ,swa/ika on ! clay bobb9 f ,bologna 7fig4 #aic74 ,x is report$ by ,lis* & ,s*rt]1 ?\gh ! locality is n giv54 ,x is figur$ by ,w>+4 ,! =m1 appe>ance1 & decoration are ( ! type ,villanova1 ?us id5tify+ x ) nor!rn ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,,spe>head ,,) ,,swa/ika 7,,croix ,,swa/icale7 ,,& ,,triskelion4 ,br&5burg1 ,g]many4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dd1 fig4 #ba1 & ,vik+ ,age1 ,i1 fig4 #ccf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,,bronze ,,p9 ,,) ,,swa/ika1 ,,po9till1 ,,f ,,m\nd ,,9 ,,bav>ia4 ,*antre1 ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 #ahed1 pp4 #ad1 #abj4 ,! ,swa/ika sign is on "o ( ! ?ree pott]y vases f\nd on ,bi%ops ,isl&1 ne> ,knigswalde1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,od]1 & on a vase f ,rei*]sdorf1 ne> ,gub52#bjc on a vase 9 ! c\nty ( ,lipto1 ,hung>y1#bjd & on pott]y f ! ,cav]n ( ,b>a!gy1 ,hung>y4#bje ,fig4 #bja repres5ts a spe>head ( iron f ,br&5burg1 ,nor? ,g]many4 ,x be>s ! m>k ( ! ,swa/ika ) ! ends turn$ to ! left1 all be+ at "r angles1 ! ends ornam5t$ ) ?ree dots recall+ ,zmigrodzki's ,croix swa/icale 7figs4 #ab & #ac74 ,by ! side ( ?is ,swa/ika is a triskelion1 or ?ree-arm$ ogee sign1 ) its ends also decorat$ ) ! same ?ree dots4 ,:at relation !re is betwe5 all ^! m>ks or signs & o!rs simil> to !m1 b sep>at$ by great di/ances ( bo? "t & space1 x w\ld be m]e speculation to div9e4 ,m4 ,e4 ,*antre reports 8 inve/igations 9 c]ta9 ,hal/atti5 cemet]ies 9 ,italy & ,au/ria4#bjf ,at ,san ,m>g>e!n1 on ! road betwe5 ,rudolfsw]? & ,kronau1 ,bav>ia1 he enc\nt]$ a gr\p ( tumuli4 ,_m objects ( ! bel age du bronze 7 f\nd2 among o!rs1 a bronze p9 7fig4 #bjb7 ) a %ort /em1 b l>ge1 squ>e1 flat head1 0 f\nd1 ) a normal ,swa/ika engrav$ ) small dots1 po9till1 su* z has be5 se5 9 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 & ,arm5ia4 ,belgium4--,! ,museum ( ,namur1 ,belgium1 possesses a small object ( bone1 bo? po9ts ( :i* h be5 brok52 its use is some:at indet]m9able1 b x is believ$ by ! curator ( t museum & o!rs to h be5 an arr[head or spe>head4 ,9 =m x belongs to ,class ,a ( /emm$ implem5ts1 is loz5ge-%ap$1 )\t %\ld] or b>b4 ,x is a little m ?an two in*es long1 five-eigh?s ( an in* wide1 is flat & ?94 ,on "o side x be>s two oblique or ,/4 ,&rew's crosses scrat*$ 9 ! bone2 on ! o!r1 a figure resembl+ ! ,swa/ika4 ,x is n ! normal ,swa/ika1 b a v>iation !refrom4 ,x is a cross ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e4 ,! ma9 /em l9es cross ea* o!r at "r angles2 ! ends ( ea* ( ^! arms are jo9$ by two incis$ l9es1 :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( two turns to ! "r1 b ! junction is n well made1 = ! l9es ( ! cross ext5d 9 e case slightly f>!r ?an ! b5t end4 ,! v>iation f ! normal ,swa/ika consi/s ( ! v>iation produc$ by ?is second l9e4 ,?is object 0 lately f\nd by ,m4 ,dupont1 ( ,brussels1 9 ! prehi/oric cav]n ( ,s9s91 ne> ,namur4 ,mo/1 or _m1 ( ^! cav]ns belong to ,paleoli?ic times1 & "o1 ! ,grotte de ,spy1 has furni%$ ! mo/ celebrat$ specim5s ( ! skeletons ( ,paleoli?ic man4 ,b ! cav]n ( ,s9s9 0 det]m9$1 f ! objects f\nd !re91 to belong to ! ,bronze ,age4 ,sc&9avia4--,! evid5ces ( prehi/oric culture h great resemblance ?r\gh\t ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway2 s x is believ$ t dur+ ! prehi/oric ages _! peoples _h ! same culture1 & ! c\ntries h be5 class$ toge!r z ,sc&9avia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,,runic ,,inscription ,,conta9+ ,a ,,swa/ika4 ,inlaid ) silv] on a bronze sword4 ,saebo1 ,norway4 ,illu/ration3 ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 ,i1 fig4 #cce4 ,fig4 #bjd;a4 ,,swa/ika ,,) ,,dots4 ,torcello1 ,italy4 ,fig4 #bjd;b4 ,,runic ,,inscription ,,on ,,spe>head4 ,torcello1 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,,r$d+ ,,comb ,,) ,,swa/ika4 ,sc&9avia4 ,a bronze sword is report$ by ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5s#bjg z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,sbo1 ,norway1 ) runes & a ,swa/ika inlaid ) silv]4 ,?is specim5 7fig4 #bjc7 0 ! subject ( discussion be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology & ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology1#bjh at ,budape/1 #ahgf4 ,its runes 7 translat$ by ,/eph5s1 & be+ read f "r to left1 ,,oh ,,?urmu?1 or owns me ,?urmu?4 ,b on ! same page he gives ano!r sign = ,?u & r5d]s ,s z ,od9 or 7,w7od54 ,9 ! discussion be=e ! congress x seems to h be5 agre$ t ! sign ,s /ood = bless+1 good luck1 or "s b5efic5t *>m or b5$iction4 ,a spe>head has be5 = ye>s display$ 9 ! museum at ,torcello1 ne> ,v5ice1 ,italy1 ) a ,swa/ika sign 7fig4 #bjd;a7 prom95t z an engrav$ sign4#bji ,associat$ ) x1 b n a "p ( x1 0 an inscription 7fig4 #bjd;b71 :i* has always be5 attribut$ to ! ,etruscans4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,undset1 an ar*ologi/ 9 ! museum ( ,*ri/iania1 made an ext5d$ visit ?r\gh ,italy 9 #ahhc1 & on see+ ?is spe>head recogniz$ ! inscription z runic & belong+ to ,sc&9avia4 ,! arms ( ! ,swa/ika turn$ to ! left1 & ! ends 7 f9i%$ ) ?ree dots ( ! same /yle z ^? describ$ employ$ 9 ! ,croix swa/icale 7fig4 #ab74 ,figs4 #bje & #bjf repres5t articles ( dress or toilet1 & be> ! ,swa/ika4 ,! fir/ %[s a r$d+ comb1 ! ,swa/ika on :i* turns to ! "r4 ,x 0 probably ( bone or horn1 z are ^? ( mod]n times4 ,fig4 #bjf %[s a broo*1 ! int]ior decoration ( :i* is a comb9ation ( ,swa/ikas m or less int]lac$4 ,x is ( bronze & 0 us$ z a dress ornam5t4 ,fig4 #bjg %[s a l>ge broo*1 ! bodies & b> ( :i* are almo/ cov]$ ) ! tetraskelion /yle ( ,swa/ika4 ,!re are six ( ! f\r-arm$ ,swa/ikas1 f\r ( :i* turn to ! left & two to ! "r4 ,ano!r is a triskelion1 ! arms ( :i* turn to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,,bronze ,,broo* ,,or ,,fibula ,,) ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,swa/ikas4 ,sc&9avia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,,bronze ,,broo* ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,tetraskelions 7"r & left71 triskelion 7left74 ,sc&9avia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,,placque ,,= ,,ce9ture1 ,,) ,,buckle4 ,two ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,,sc&9avian ,,sword ,,scabb>d4 ,two ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions71 "r & left4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,,sc&9avian ,,sword ,,scabb>d4 ,ogee ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,,sc&9avian ,,sword ,,scabb>d4 ,two triskelions1 "r & left4 ,9 ,sc&9avia m ?an 9 o!r c\ntries ! ,swa/ika took ! =m ( a rectangul> body ) arms project+ f ea* corn] & b5d+ 9 a spiral =m1 sometimes to ! "r1 sometimes to ! left4 ,^! are f\nd m frequ5tly on fibul or broo*es & on swords & scabb>ds4 ,9 fig4 #bjh is %[n a placque = a ce9ture or belt1 ) a buckle to receive ! ?ong4 ,x conta9s two ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions74 ,9 ?is & fig4 #bjg ! bord] & accessory decoration consi/ l>gely ( ogee curves1 :i*1 "h repres5t$ sep>ate1 w\ld1 if plac$ toge!r z a cross1 =m ! same /yle ( ,swa/ika z ^? m5tion$4 ,figs4 #bji & #baj %[ sword scabb>ds1 ) ,swa/ikas turn$ bo? ways4 ,fig4 #baa %[s two triskelions4 ,fig4 #bab repres5ts a gold broo* f a grave at ,fy51 report$ by ,worsaae & figur$ by ,w>+4#baj ,! broo* ) ogee ,swa/ika be>s int]nal evid5ce ( ,sc&9avian workman%ip4 ,!re are o!r ,swa/ikas ( ! same g5]al =m & /yle 9 di/ant localities1 & ?is specim5 s]ves to emphasize ! ext5t ( possible communication betwe5 di/ant peoples 9 prehi/oric times4 ,fig4 #bac repres5ts a piece ( horse-ge> ( bronze1 silv] plat$ & ornam5t$ ) ,swa/ikas4 ,two ( ^! are normal1 ! ends b5t at "r angles to ! left1 :ile ! o!r is fancifully made1 ! only specim5 yet f\nd ( t patt]n4#baa ,x is n se5 t ^! fanciful additions s]ve any purpose o!r ?an decoration4 ,!y d n appe> to h *ang$ ! symbolic mean+ ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #bad repres5ts a sword scabb>d belong+ to ! ,vimose f9d1 ) a normal ,swa/ika4 ,ludwig ,mll] reproduces a ,swa/ika cross f a runic /one 9 ,sw$54 ,9 an anci5t *ur* 9 ,d5m>k1 ! baptismal font is decorat$ ) ,swa/ikas1 %[+ its use 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times4 7,see p4 #hgh = cont9uation ( ,swa/ika on ,sc&9avian or ,dani% gold bracteates47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,,gold ,,broo* ,,) ,,ogee ,,swa/ika4 ,isl& ( ,fy54 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,,sc&9avian ,,horse-,,ge>4 ,silv] plat$ on bronze4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dd1 fig4 #af2 ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 ,i1 fig4 #cgi4 ,mr4 ,paul du ,*aillu1 9 8 ,vik+ ,age1 m5tions _m specim5s ( ,sc&9avian & ,norse antiquities be>+ ,swa/ika m>ks ( div]s /yles3 ,bronze vessels 7vol4 #a1 p4 #ajj1 note #a72 iron spe> po9t ) runes & ,swa/ika inlaid ) silv]1 discov]$ 9 a tumulus ) burnt bones1 ,mun*eburg1 fig4 #ccf2 ano!r ( ! same1 ,volhynia1 ,russia1 fig4 #ccg2 pott]y vessel conta9+ burnt bones1 po9t$ iron knife1 bronze ne$le1 & melt$ glass beads1 ,bornholm1 fig4 #baj2 iron spe>head1 ,vimose bog f9d1 7p4 #bjg72 bord] ( f9ely wov5 silk clo? ) gold & silv] ?reads1 f a m\nd 7vol4 #b1 p4 #bhi1 fig4 #aaej74 ,scotl& & ,irel&4--,specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika h be5 f\nd on ! ,ogam /ones 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& 7p4 #gig74 ,9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,agli%1 c\nty ,k]ry1 ,irel&1 /& two /ones be>+ ,ogam inscriptions4 ,at ! top ( "o is an anci5t ,celtic cross inclos$ 9 a circle simil> to fig4 #g2 imm$iately "u x are two ,swa/ika m>ks ( f\r arms cross+ at "r angles1 ea* arm b5t to ! "r also at "r angles4 ,on two corn]s ( ! /one are inscriptions ( ! usual ,ogam *>act]s4 ,! translation may be giv51 b seems to be unimportant & )\t app>5t be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,!y are some:at oblit]at$ & _! read+ difficult4 ,s f> z made out1 !y are z foll[s3 ,maqimaqa & ,apiloggo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,,sc&9avian ,,sword ,,scabb>d ,,) ,,normal ,,swa/ika4 ,vimose bog f9d4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! ,newton /one1 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,newton ,h\se1 be>s an ,ogam inscription1 ! mean+ ( :i* has no be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,b on ! upp] "p ( "o ( its faces appe>s an inscription1 boldly & deeply incis$1 ( =ty-f\r *>act]s arrang$ horizontally 9 six l9es4 ,^! are ( s rem>kable a type z to h puzzl$ e philologi/ & paleograph] :o has attempt$ _! deciph]m5t4 ,! late ,alex&] ,?omson1 esq41 ( ,ban*ory1 ,scotl&1 circulat$ a photograph & description ( ?is monum5t among antiqu>ians ) a reque/ = _! deciph]m5t ( x4 ,v>i\s read+s h be5 giv5 by ! le>n$ g5tlem51 :o h report$ x to be ,hebrew1 ,ph5ician1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,aryan1 ,iri%1 & ,anglo-,saxon respectively4 ,bra%#bab gives 8 op9ion t ! inscription is 9 debas$ ,roman lett]s ( a type frequ5tly f\nd 9 anci5t inscriptions1 its peculi>ities be+ mu* influ5c$ by ! h>dness ( ! /one at ! "t ( cutt+ & ( ! subsequ5t wea!r we> ( ages4 ,! int]e/ ( ?is monum5t to u is t ! ?ird "* 9 ! f\r? l9e is a ,swa/ika4 ,x is indiff]5tly made1 ! l9es d n cross at "r angles1 two ( ! ends are curv$1 & ! two o!rs b5t at a wid] ?an "r angle4 ,!re are f\r *>act]s 9 ! l9e closely foll[+ ea* o!r1 7see p4 #gig47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,,sculptur$ ,,/one4 ,greek cross 9 circle1 normal ,swa/ika 9 squ>e1 & ogee ,swa/ika 9 quatrefoil4 ,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,?9 ,,bronze ,,rep\ss4 ,ogee ,swa/ika4 ,irel&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 pl4 #abd1 figs4 #bj-bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,?9 ,,bronze4 ,triskelion4 ,irel&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #chd1 pl4 #abd1 figs4 #bj-bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,,bronze ,,p9 ,,) ,,small ,,normal ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,head4 ,crannog ( ,lo*lee1 ,t>bolton1 ,scotl&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #dag4 ,! ,logie /one1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&1 be>+ ,ogam *>act]s1 conta9s a figure or m>k report$ by ,george ,m4 ,atk9son z a ,swa/ika4#bac ,on ! ,celtic crosses ( ,scotl& c]ta9 m>ks appe> :i* are else:]e f\nd associat$ ) ,swa/ika1 & consequ5tly h "s relation !re)4 ,! ,annam ,/one be>s ! m>k ( a ,swa/ika 7left7 )9 ?ree conc5tric circles1 ar\nd ! outside ( :i* is a circle ( dots4#bad ,ludwig ,mll] reports ! ,swa/ika 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& on ,*ri/ian tombs1 associat$ ) ,lat9 crosses4#bae ,a sculptur$ /one 9 ,irel& 7fig4 #bae7 %[s on ! face ?ree v>ieties ( ! cross1 a ,greek cross 9 a circle1 a ,swa/ika ) squ>e ends turn$ to ! "r1 )9 a rectangle1 & an ogee 7tetraskelion7 turn$ to ! "r1 inclos$ 9 a quatrefoil4#baf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,,c>v$ ,,triskelion ,,f\nd ,,on ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,a% ,,wood4 ,crannog ( ,lo*lee1 ,t>bolton1 ,scotl&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #dae4 ,an ,iri% b[l %[$ a ,swa/ika ?us symbol4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,munro#bag reports f ! ,crannog ( ,lesnacrogh]a c\ntry1 ,antrim1 ,irel&1 two pieces or disks ( ?9 bronze1 rep\sss 7fig4 #baf71 be>+ ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika & hav+ ! f\r arms ( ! spirals turn$ to ! left4 ,! simil>ity ( ?is figure ) ^? %[n on ! %ields ( ! ,pima ,indians ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona 7figs4 #beg & #beh7 is to be rem>k$4 ,fig4 #bag %[s a triskelion ( symmetric spirals turn$ to ! "r4 ,9 ! ,crannog ( ,lo*lee1 ne> ,t>bolton1 a bronze p9 0 f\nd 7fig4 #bah71 ! head ( :i* 0 inclos$ 9 a r+4 ,on "o side ( ! head 0 engrav$ a ,greek cross1 on ! o!r 0 a normal ,swa/ika turn$ to ! "r4 ,! same crannog furni%$ a piece ( a% wood five in*es squ>e1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$1 z 7 all ! o!r objects1 by ! peat1 on :i* 0 c>v$ a triskelion 7fig4 #bai7 aft] ! =m & /yle ( ^? on ! ,miss\ri m\nd pott]y4 ,,gallo ,,roman ,,p]iod4 ,france4--,! employm5t ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,france did n cease ) ! ,bronze or ,iron ages1 b cont9u$ into ! occupation ( ,gaul by ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,,/one ,,alt> ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,p$e/al4 ,france4 ,museum ( ,t\l\se4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfg4 ,fig4 #bbj repres5ts a /one alt> erect$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france among ! ,pyr5ees ab\t ! "t ( ! adv5t ( ! ,romans4 ,x has a ,swa/ika engrav$ on its p$e/al4 ,! upp] arm has be5 c>ri$ beyond ! body ( ! sign1 :e!r by int5tion is n app>5t4 ,fig4 #bba repres5ts a pott]y bottle ) ano!r specim5 ( ,swa/ika belong+ to ! same 7,gallo-,roman7 epo*1 b com+ f ! extreme nor? ( ,gaul1 ! neighborhood ( ,r\54 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! ends ( ?is ,swa/ika give ! outw>d curve or fl\ri% simil> to t notic$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann on ! sp9dle-:orl ( ,troy1 & is yet employ$ 9 mak+ ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika 7fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,,pott]y ,,bottle ,,( ,,d>k ,,gray ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,& ,,decoration ,,9 ,,:ite ,,b>bot9e4 ,gallo-,roman ,epo*4 ,museum ( ,r\54 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdf4 ,m4 ,alex&] ,b]tr&#bah speaks ( ! discov]y at ,velaux1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,b\*es-du-,rhne1 ( ! headless /atue ( a cr\*+ or squatt+ gu>d :i* has a r[ ( ,swa/ikas across 8 brea/1 :ile b5ea? is a range ( crosses1 ,greek or ,lat94 ,! newe/ examples ( ! ,swa/ika1 belong+ to ?is epo* h be5 f\nd at ,e/9nes1 ,ha9aut1 & at ,an?e1 ,namur1 ,belgium1 on pieces ( ,roman tile2 also on a tomb/one 9 ! ,roman or ,belgo-,roman cemet]y ( ,jusl5ville ne> ,pep9/]4#bai ,?is is a ,pagan tomb1 z evid5c$ by ! inscriptions comm5c$ ,d4 ,m4 7,diis ,manibus74#bbj ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,bronze ,,gilt ,,fibula4#bba ,simulation ( ,swa/ika4 ,long ,witt5ham1 ,b]k%ire1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,,pott]y ,,urn4 ,b& ( tw5ty h&-made ,swa/ikas1 :ite1 on blacki% gr\nd4 ,%ropham1 ,norfolk1 ,engl&4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #ej4 ,brita94--,greg reports#bbb a silv] disk #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a triskelion made by pun*$ dots1 9 ! same /yle z ! p9 heads f ,arm5ia 7figs4 #ce & #cf74 ,?is 0 f grave #ie 9 an ,anglo-,saxon cemet]y at ,slea=s1 ,engl&1 excavat$ by ,george ,w4 ,?omas & sold at ,bo/on2 b\ght by ,a4 ,w4 ,franks & giv5 to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,grave #adc _h a l>ge cruci=m fibula ( bronze1 p>tly gilt1 simil> to ^? f ,sc&9avia1 ) a ,swa/ika on ! c5tral ornam5t ?us symbol4 ,! slight curve or fl\ri% on ! out] end ( ! b5t arm ( ?is specim5 resembles ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika 7fig4 #cc71 ?\gh ?is b5ds to ! left1 :ile ! ,ja9 ,swa/ikas b5d to ! "r4 ,fig4 #bbb %[s an ,anglo-,saxon bronze gilt fibula ) a peculi> =m ( ,swa/ika leav+ a squ>e ) dot & circle 9 its c5t]4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,long ,witt5ham1 ,b]k%ire1 0 report$ 9 ,ar*ologia1#bbc & is figur$ by ,w>+4#bbd ,a figure hav+ great simil>ity to ?is1 ev5 9 its peculi>ities & call$ a ,swa/ika1 0 f\nd on a %ell 9 ,toco ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee 7fig4 #bch74 ,fig4 #bbc repres5ts an ,anglo-,saxon urn f ,%ropham1 ,norfolk4 ,its decorations consi/ ( isolat$ figures l crosses1 etc41 arrang$ 9 horizontal b&s ar\nd ! vessel1 & sep>at$ by mold+s4 ,! l[] r[ consi/s ( ,swa/ikas ( small size /amp$ into ! clay & arrang$ 9 isolat$ squ>es4 ,!re are tw5ty ,swa/ikas 9 ! b&2 ?\gh !y all turn to ! "r1 !y are n repetitions4 ,!y 7 made by h& & n ) ! /amp4 ,!y are :ite on a blacki% gr\nd4 ,! orig9al1 :i* is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is cit$ by ,kemble & figur$ by ,w>+4#bbe ,,! ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,anci5t ,,co9s4 ,!re has be5 mu* ink & imag9ation us$1 mo/ ( :i* has be5 wa/$1 9 ! discussion ( ?is bran* ( ?is subject4 ,! op9ion has be5 express$ by _m p]sons t ! triskelion :i* =m$ ! armorial emblem ( ! isl& ( ,sicily1 & also ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 is b an evolution f or modification ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or ?is is bas$ r ^u ! simil>ity ( ! designs ?an ^u any lik5ess 9 _! orig9 & hi/ory4 ,! acceptance by mod]n writ]s ( ?is !ory z a fact is only ju/ifi$ f its long-cont9u$ repetition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4bbf ,,lycian ,,co94 ,triskelion ) ?ree arms repres5t+ cocks' heads & necks4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bbe & #bbf4bbf ,,lycian ,,co9s4 ,triskelions ) c5tral dots & circles4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,triskelion1 ,lycia4--,! triskelion on anci5t co9s fir/ appe>s on ! co9s ( ,lycia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #dhj4 ,x 0 adopt$ = ,sicily by ,aga?ocles1 ,b4 ,c4 #cag to #cjg4 ,! co9s ( ,lycia 7 fir/ ?ree cocks' heads & necks jo9$ toge!r equidi/ant 9 ! c5t] ( ! field1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bbd1 :ile figs4 #bbe & #bbf be> a c5t] dot & circle4 ,?is =ms a hub & axle4 ,out ( ?is hub spr+ ?ree arms or rays1 practically equidi/ant1 ! out] ends be+ b5t to ! left4 ,!y increase 9 size z !y progress outw>d & are l>ge/ at ! out] ends4 ,9 fig4 #bbf !re is a m9t m>k or c\nt] m>k ( ! same design z ! triskelion1 except t x has b two arms or rays 7diskelion74 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1#bbg speak+ ( ,lycia1 say3 ,! device ( _m ( h] co9s is ! triskelis or s-call$ triquetra 7lit]ally1 ?ree-corn]$1 triangul>71 a "n d]iv$ f ?ree s]p5ts' heads1 :i* usually figure 9 ! field1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ^? support+ ! fam\s tripod at ,delphi1#bbh consecrat$ by ! ,greeks to ,apollo aft] ! battle ( ,plata4 ,! numb] ( heads is n con/ant1 "s co9s hav+ z _m z f\r1 tetraskelis1 :ile o!rs h b two1 diskelis4#bbi ,! ,greeks connect$ ! symbol ) ! cult ( ,apollo1 :i* !y repres5t$ z v popul> & ( ho>y antiquity 9 ,lycia4 ,! ?ree-ray$ design appe>s to h ga9$ ! victory ov] ! o!rs1 & came into common] use4 ,x is f\nd on ,assyrian co9s1 & also z a c\nt]m>k on co9s ( ,alex&]1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccc to #cbc4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! designs ) ! ,swa/ika w1 x is believ$1 %[ _! dissimil>ity1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( relation%ip4 ,9 ! ,lycian designs1 :e!r ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r rays1 !re is a c5tral hub out ( :i* ! spokes spr+4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! hub is ! small circle & dot :i* might repres5t ! axle on :i* ! ma*9e revolv$4 ,9 fact1 ! ,lycian design is a fair repres5tation ( ! mod]n screw propell]1 & gives ! idea ( a :irl+ motion4 ,comp>e ^! peculi>ities ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,! ,swa/ika is almo/ always squ>e1 is always a cross at "r angles or ne> x1 & :atev] may become ( ! ends or arms ( ! cross1 :e!r !y be left /raight1 b5t at "r angles1 or 9 a curve1 x /ill gives ! idea ( a cross4 ,!re is no c5t] except su* z is made by ! cross+ ( ! two arms4 ,!re is n1 z 9 ^! triskelions1 a c5tral hub4 ,!re is no dot or po9t ar\nd :i* ! design or ma*9e c\ld be made to revolve1 z 9 ^! ,lycian triskelions2 no?+ ( ! c5tral boss1 cup1 or nave1 :i* =ms :at ! ,g]mans call ! ,rad-,kreuz1 :eel cross1 z di/+ui%$ f ! squ>e cross4 ,9 ?is reg>d ,greg says3 ,if ,r4 ,br[n's lun> & ,semitic or ,asiatic orig9 ( ! triquetra1 h[ev]1 %\ld be e/abli%$1 !n ! entire argum5t ( ! triquetra be+ d]iv$ f ! fylfot1 or vice v]sa1 falls to ! gr\nd4 99 99 99 ,t ! device arose out ( ! triskele & triquetra ,i d n ?9k c be prov$4 ,x is cle> ! ,s 0 a f> old] & m widely spread symbol ?an ! triskele1 z well z a m purely ,aryan "o4 ,w>+1 expla9+ ! tetraskelion 7f\r-arm$71 decl>es x to h prec$$ ! triskelion 7?ree-arm$71 & he expla9s its mean+1#bcj cit+ ,sir ,*>les ,fell[s1 z be+ a h>pago1 a grappl+ iron1 a cant+ sign = ,h>pagus1 :o conqu]$ ,lycia = ,cyrus1 circa1 #efd ,b4 ,c4 ,?is1 ) ! /atem5t ( ,p]rot & ,*ipiez 7p4 #hgb ( ?is pap]71 is a /ep 9 explanation ( ! adoption ( ! triskelion1 & toge!r !y sugge/ /rongly t x _h no relation to ! ,swa/ika4 ,at ! date ( ! appe>ance ( ! triskelion on ! ,lycian co9s ! ,swa/ika 0 well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,trojan p59sula & ! gean ,sea1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 0 s well recogniz$ t "o c\ld n possibly h be5 mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,,sicilian ,,co9 ,,) ,,quadriga ,,& ,,triskelion4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,b>clay ,head1 ,co9s ( ! ,anci5ts1 etc41 pl4 #ce1 fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,,w>rior',s ,,%ield4 ,f a ,greek vase1 repres5t+ ,a*illes & ,hector4 ,agrig5tum1 ,sicily4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #bd4 ,triskelion1 ,sicily4--,n[ we pass to ! consid]ation ( ! triskelion ( ,sicily4 ,fig4 #bbg repres5ts a co9 ( ,sicily4 ,on ! obv]se ! head ( ,p]sephone1 on ! rev]se ! quadriga1 & above1 ! triskelion4 ,o!r specim5s ( ! same k9d1 be>+ ! same triskelion1 are se5 9 ,b>clay ,head's "w on ! ,co9age ( ,syracuse & 8 ,guide to ! ,anci5t ,co9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,aga?ocles1 ,b4 ,c4 #cag to #caj4 ,9 ^! specim5s ! triskelion is q small2 b z ! co9s belong to ! p]iod ( ! f9e/ engrav+ & die-s9k+ ( ,greece1 ! repres5tation1 h[ev] m9ute1 is capable ( deciph]m5t4 ,fig4 #bbh is tak5 f ! %ield ( a w>rior on a ,greek vase repres5t+ ,a*illes & ,hector1 9 :i* ! armorial emblem ( ,sicily1 ! triskelion1 occupies ! entire field1#bca & repres5ts pla9ly t x is ?ree human legs1 conjo9$ at ! ?igh1 b5t %>ply at ! knee1 ) ! foot & toes turn$ out4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 repres5t$ cov]$ ) mail armor & ! foot & leg boot$ & spurr$4 ,x is evid5t t ^! are human legs1 & s 7 n tak5 f ! screw propell] ( ,lycia1 :ile !y h no possible relation to ! cross$ arms ( ! ,swa/ika1 & all ?is despite _! simil>ity ( appe>ance4 ,?is is r5d]$ cle>] by ,w>+1#bcb :]e ! armorial emblem on a w>rior's %ield is a s+le human leg1 b5t 9 ! same mann]1 in/ead ( ?ree4 ,apropos ( ,swa/ikas on w>riors' %ields1 ref]5ce is made to figs4 #beg & #beh1 :i* repres5t two %ields ( ,pima ,indians1 ,new ,mexico1 bo? ( :i* h be5 9 battle & bo? h ! f\r-arm$ ,swa/ika or tetraskelion4 ,!re is n 9 ! ,swa/ika1 nor 0 !re ev]1 any c5tral "p1 any hub1 any axis1 any revolution4 ,x is ass]t$ t orig9ally ! triskelion ( ,sicily1 possibly ( ,lycia1 0 a symbol ( ! sun1 morn+1 midday1 & aft]noon1 respectively4 ,b ?is 0 purely !oretical & )\t o!r f\ndation ?an ! imag9ation ( man1 & x accord+ly gave way 9 due c\rse4 ,pl9y d5ies ?is !ory & attributes ! orig9 ( ! triskelion ( ,sicily to ! triangul> =m ( ! isl&1 anci5t ,tr9acria1 :i* consi/$ ( ?ree l>ge capes equidi/ant f ea* o!r1 po9t+ 9 _! respective directions1 ! names ( :i* 7 ,pelorus1 ,pa*ynus1 & ,lilybum4 ,?is /atem5t1 dat+ to s e>ly a p]iod1 acc\nt+ = ! triskelion emblem ( ,sicily1 is mu* m reasonable & ought to receive great] cr$it ?an t ( its devolution f ! ,swa/ika1 :i* !ory is ( lat] date & has none ( ^! corroborations 9 its favor4 ,we %\ld n =get 9 ?is argum5t t ! ,swa/ika 9 its normal =m _h be5 = a long "t kn[n 9 ,greece & 9 ! isl&s & c\ntries ab\t ,sicily4 ,among hundr$s ( patt]ns ( ! ,swa/ika belong+ to bo? hemisph]es & to all ages1 none ( !m h s\ght to repres5t any?+ else ?an j :at !y appe> to be1 pla9 m>ks or l9es4 ,!re is no lik5ess betwe5 ! pla9 l9es ( ! ,swa/ika & ! b5t =m ( ! human leg1 ) ! foot turn$ outw>d1 incas$ 9 *a9 armor & arm$ ) spurs4 ,:5ev] or h[ev] ! triskelion occurr$1 by :om x 0 inv5t$1 :at x repres5t$1 h[ x comes to h be5 p]petuat$1 is all lo/ 9 antiquity & may nev] be kn[n2 b !re does n seem to be any reason = believ+ x to h be5 an evolution f ! ,swa/ika4 ,triskelion1 ,isle ( ,man4--,! triskelion ( ,sicily is also ! armorial emblem ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 & ! same cont5tion has be5 made = x1 i4 e41 t x 0 a modification ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,b its migration direct f ,sicily to ! ,isle ( ,man c be trac$ ?r\gh ! pages ( hi/ory1 & ,mr4 ,john ,newton1#bcc cit+ ! ,manx ,note ,book = ,janu>y1 #ahhf1 has giv5 ?is hi/ory at l5g?1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a rsum3 ,prior to ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,isle ( ,man 0 "u dom9ion ( ! ,norse ,vik+s1 & its armorial emblems 7 !irs2 usually a %ip "u full sail4 ,two *>t]s ( ,h>old1 ,k+ ( ,man 7#abde1 #abdf 9 ! ,cotton ,,mss471 be> seals ) ?is device4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 aft] ! conque/ ( ! isl& by1 & its cession to1 ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl&1 ,a4 ,d4 #abff1 ! ,norse emblems disappe>$ entirely1 & are replac$ by ! symbol ( ! ?ree legs cov]$ ) *a9 armor & )\t spurs4 ,x appe>s !n1 says ,newton1 almo/ c]ta91 ?\gh we possess no lit]>y docum5t record+ ! fact1 t to ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl& is due ! introduction ( ! ',tre ,cassyn' z ! di/+ui%+ arms ( ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,he !n expla9s h[ ?is probably came ab\t3 ,fr$]ick ,,ii 7,a4 ,d4 #aaig-abej71 ! ,norman ,k+ ( ,sicily1 m>ri$ ,isabella1 ! daught] ( ,h5ry ,,iii ( ,engl&4 ,a qu>rel betwe5 ! ,k+ ( ,sicily & ! ,pope l$ ! latt] to (f] ! cr[n to ,h5ry ,,iii ( ,engl&1 :o accept$ x = 8 son ,edmund 7! ,hun*back71 :o !reupon took ! title ( ,k+ ( ,sicily & qu>t]$ ! ,sicilian arms ) ! ,royal arms ( ,engl&4 ,! negotiations betwe5 ,h5ry & ! ,pope progress$ = sev]al ye>s 7#abee to #abei71 :5 ,h5ry1 f9d+ t he c\ld no long] make x an excuse = rais+ money1 all[$ x to pass into ! limbo ( =gott5 objects4 ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl& _h m>ri$ ,m>g>et1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 & ?us 0 bro!r-9-law to ,edmund z well z to ,fr$]ick4 ,9 #abef1 & :ile ^! negotiations betwe5 ,h5ry & ! ,pope conc]n+ ,sicily 7 9 progress1 ,alex&] visit$1 at ,london1 8 royal fa!r-9-law1 ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & 8 royal bro!r-9-law1 ! ,k+ ( ,sicily1 & 0 receiv$ ) great honors4 ,ab\t t "t ,haco1 ! ,norse k+ ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 0 defeat$ by ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl&1 & kill$1 soon aft] :i* ev5t 7#abff7 ! ,isle ( ,man 0 c$$ to ! latt]4 ,! ,norse coat ( arms disappe>$ f ! escut*eon ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 &1 be+ replac$ by ! ?ree legs ( ,sicily1 ,mr4 ,newton inquires3 ,:at m likely ?an t ! ,k+ 7,alex&] ,,iii71 :5 he /ruck ! ,norwegian flag1 %\ld replace x by "o be>+ ! picturesque & /rik+ device ( ,sicily1 an isl& hav+ s _m po9ts ( resemblance ) t ( ,man1 & ov] :i* 8 si/] rul$ z ,que5 & h] bro!r _h be5 appo9t$ z ,k+8 ,h[ev] little we may "k conc]n+ ! me?od ( transf] ( ! coat ( arms f ,sicily to ! ,isle ( ,man1 we are n left at all 9 d\bt z to ! fact ( its accompli%m5t2 & ! triskelion ( ,sicily became !n & has be5 ev] s9ce1 & is n[1 ! armorial emblem ( ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,! ,duke ( ,a?ol1 ! la/ propriet>y ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 & :o1 9 #agfe1 sold 8 rights to ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&1 /ill be>s ! arms ( ,man z ! fif? qu>t]+1 ,! ?ree human legs 9 armor1 conjo9$ at ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh & flex$ 9 triangle1 prop] g>ni%$1 be+ a p]petuation ( ! triskelion or triquetrum ( ,sicily4#bcd ,! arms ( ! ,isle ( ,man af=d an excell5t illu/ration ( ! migration ( symbols z ma9ta9$ 9 ! "w ( ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella2 b ! attempt made by o!rs to %[ x to be an evolution f & migration ( ! ,swa/ika is a failure4 ,pun* m>ks on ,cor9?ian co9s mi/ak5 = ,swa/ikas4--,b is ! ,swa/ika really f\nd on anci5t co9s8 ,! use ( preci\s metals z money dates to an unkn[n "t 9 antiquity4 ,gold 0 us$ 9 e>ly ,bible times 7#aejj ,b4 ,c47 among ne>ly e p z money1 b x 0 by weight z a tal5t1 & n z m9t$ co94 ,! co9age ( money began ab\t #gjj ,b4 ,c4 9 ,lydia4 ,lydia 0 a prov9ce on ! we/]n side ( ! p59sula ( ,asia ,m9or look+ out t[>d ,greece1 :ile ,lycia1 its neighbor1 0 a prov9ce on ! s\!rn side look+ t[>d ! isl& ( ,rhodes4 ,! ,lydians began co9age by /amp+ ) a pun* ea* +ot or nugget ( gold or silv]1 or a mixture ( !m call$ ,electrum4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ^! +ots 7 m>k$ ^u b "o side1 ! rev]se %[+ pla9ly ! fib] ( ! anvil on :i* ! +ot 0 laid :5 /ruck ) ! pun*4 ,b 9 a %ort "t1 x may h be5 two hundr$ ye>s1 ?is sy/em 0 *ang$ s z to use a die :i* w\ld be reproduc$ on ! co9 :5 x 0 /ruck ) a pun*4 ,! lion1 bull1 bo>1 dolph91 & _m o!r figures 7 employ$ z designs = ^! dies4 ,a!ns us$ an owl2 ,cor9?1 ,pegasus2 ,metapont9e1 a %eaf ( :eat2 ,naples1 a human-head$ bull4 ,! head &1 occasionally1 ! entire =m ( ! gods 7 employ$4 ,dur+ almo/ ! entire fir/ p]iod ( nigh ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! pun* 0 us$1 & ! pun* m>ks %[ on ! rev]se side ( ! co9s4 ,^! pun* m>ks 7 z v>i\s z ! dies = ! obv]se ( ! co9s1 b mo/ ( !m took a v>iety ( ! squ>e1 z x w\ld pres5t ! greate/ surface ( resi/ance to ! pun*4 ,ev5 ! triskelion ( ! ,lycian co9s is )9 an ind5t$ squ>e 7figs4 #bbe & #bbf74 ,a s]ies ( ^! pun* m>ks is giv5 = demon/ration on pl4 #i4 ,a favorite design 0 a squ>e pun* ) a cross ( two arms pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 divid+ ! field into f\r qu>t]s4 ,mo/ ( ! pun* m>ks on ! co9s ( t p]iod 7 ( ?is k9d4 ,^! pun* m>ks & ! me?od & ma*9]y ) :i* !y 7 made are describ$ 9 /&>d numismatic works4#bce ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,,cor9?ian ,,co9s4 ,obv]se & rev]se4 ,pun* m>k resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,x is believ$ by ! au?or t ! ass]tions z to ! pres5ce ( ! ,swa/ika on ^! anci5t co9s is bas$ ^u an errone\s int]pretation ( ^! pun* m>ks4 ,fig4 #bbi %[s ! obv]se & rev]se ( a co9 f ,cor9?4 ,x belong$ to ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,! obv]se repres5ts a ,pegasus /&+1 :ile ! rev]se is a pun* m>k1 said to h be5 a ,swa/ika2 b1 exam9+ closely1 we w f9d !re is no ,swa/ika 9 ?is pun* m>k4 ,! arms ( ! normal ,swa/ika consi/ ( /raight l9es cross+ ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is case !y d n cross4 ,! design consi/s ( f\r gammas1 & ea* gamma is sep>at$ f its fell[s1 all =m+ toge!r v ne>ly ! same design z hundr$s ( o!r pun* m>ks ( ! same p]iod4 ,if ea* out] arm ( ?is m>k is made slightly long]1 ! ,swa/ika =m disappe>s & ! entire design resolves itself into ! squ>e habitually employ$ = t purpose4 ,if ! pun* m>k on ?is ,cor9?ian co9 be a ,swa/ika1 x dep5ds ^u ! failure to make ! extreme end ( ! b5t arm an eigh? ( an in* long]4 ,?is is too f9e a po9t to be reli$ ^u4 ,if ?is pun* m>k _h ^! arms l5g!n$ an eigh? ( an in*1 x w\ld confess$ly become a squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,pun* ,,m>ks ,,on ,,rev]se ,,( ,,anci5t ,,co9s4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate #i4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,,pun* ,,m>ks ,,on ,,rev]se ,,( ,,anci5t ,,co9s4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,co9 ,,( ,,lydia4 ,electrum4 ,oblong s9k+ betwe5 two squ>es4 ,babylonian /at]4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n co9age4 ,circa #gjj ,b4 ,c4 #b4 ,,ph5ician ,,half ,,/at]4 ,electrum4 ,incuse squ>e ) cruci=m ornam5t4 #c4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,teos4 ,incuse squ>e4 ,circa #edd ,b4 ,c4 #d4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,acan?us4 ,incuse squ>e4 #e4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,m5de4 ,incuse triangles4 #f4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,t]one4 ,incuse squ>e4 #g4 ,,co9 ,,( ,,bisalt4#bcf ,incuse squ>e4 ,octadra*m4 #h4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,orrescii4#bcf ,incuse squ>e4 ,octadra*m4 #i4 ,,cor9?ian ,,silv] ,,co94 ,incuse squ>e divid$ into eight triangul> comp>tm5ts4 ,! e>lie/ co9 ( ,cor9?1 dat+ ,b4 ,c4 #fbe to #ehe4 #aj4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,abd]a4 ,incuse squ>e4 #aa4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,byzantium4 ,incuse squ>e1 granulat$4 #ab4 ,,silv] ,,co9 ,,( ,,?rasos 7,,?race74 ,incuse squ>e4 ,swa/ika on anci5t ,h9du co9s4--,x is n to be inf]r$ f ?is opposition t ! ,swa/ika nev] appe>$ on anci5t co9s4 ,x did appe>1 b seems to h be5 ( a lat] date & to h belong$ f>!r ea/ among ! ,h9dus4 ,fig4 #bcj %[s an anci5t 7,h9du87 co9 report$ by ,w>+1 :o cites ,cunn+ham z au?ority = its hav+ be5 f\nd at ,uja94 ,! design consi/s ( a cross ) indep5d5t circles on ! out] end ( ea* ( ! f\r arms1 ! circles be+ l>ge en\gh to int]sect ea* o!r4 ,! field ( ea* ( ^! circles be>s a ,swa/ika ( normal =m4 ,o!r co9s are cit$ ( ! same /yle1 ) small c5t] dots & conc5tric circles 9 ! /ead ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,:at mean+ ! ,swa/ika has "h1 beyond ! possible "o ( be+ a lucky p5ny1 is n sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,,anci5t ,,h9du ,,co9 ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,cross ,,) ,a ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,! ,,extremity ,,( ,,ea* ,,arm4#bcg ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 & #bcd4 ,,anci5t ,,h9du ,,co9s ,,) ,,swa/ikas1 ,,normal ,,& ,,ogee4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #bj-bd4 ,o!r anci5t ,h9du co9s be>+ ! ,swa/ika 7figs4 #bca-bcd7 are attribut$ to ,cunn+ham by ,w>+4#bch ,^! are said by ,w>+ to be ,buddhi/ co9s f\nd at ,behat ne> ,s*>aupur4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,?omas1 9 8 article on ! ,e>lie/ ,indian ,co9age1#bci ascribes !m to ! reign ( ,kran&a1 a ,buddhi/ ,indian k+ contempor>y ) or prior to ,alex&]1 ab\t #ccj ,b4 ,c4 ,! co9s ( ,kran&a1#bdj contempor>y ( ,alex&] ! ,great1#bda be> ! ,swa/ika m>k1 associat$ ) ! pr9cipal ,buddhi/ m>ks1 ! trisula1 ! /upha1 sacr$ tree1 sacr$ cone1 etc4 ,w>+ says#bdb t accord+ to ,pr9sep's ,engrav+s ( ,h9du ,co9s1 ! ,swa/ika seems to disappe> f !m ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c41 nor is x f\nd on ! ,indo-,bactrian1 ! ,indo-,sassanian1 or ! lat] ,h9du or subsequ5t ,mohamm$an1 & he gives 9 a note ! approximate dates ( ^! dyna/ies3 ,e>ly native ,buddhi/ mon>*s f ab\t #ejj ,b4 ,c4 to ! conque/ ( ,alex&]1 ab\t #ccj ,b4 ,c42 ! ,indo-,bactrian or ,greek successors ( ,alex&] f ab\t #cjj to #abf ,b4 ,c42 ! ,indo-,p>?ian or ,scy?ic f ab\t #abf ,b4 ,c42 ! second ,h9du dyna/y f ab\t #ef ,b4 ,c42 ! ,indo-,sassanian f ,a4 ,d4 #bjj to #fcf1 & subsequ5t to t ! ,indo-,mohamm$an f ! elev5? to ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 ! ,afghan dyna/y f ,a4 ,d4 #abij to #aebf1 & ! ,mongol dyna/y to ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 de/roy$ by ,nadir ,%ah4 7,see p4 #ggb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,,anci5t ,,co9 ,,) ,,swa/ika4 ,gaza1 ,pale/9e4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #f4 ,swa/ika on co9s 9 ,mesembria & ,gaza4--,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 9 8 article1 ,ares z a ,sun-god1#bdc f9ds ! ,swa/ika on a co9 ( ,mesembria 9 ,?race4 ,he expla9s t ,mesembria is simply ! ,greek ^w = noon1 midday 7,greek3 mesmbria74 ,! co9s ( ?is city be> ! inscription ,greek3 ,,mes,s1 :i* ,greg#bdd believes ref]s by a k9d ( pun to ! "n ( ! city1 & s to noon1 or ! sun or sol> light4 ,! answ] to ?is is ! same giv5 ?r\gh\t ?is pap]1 t x may be true1 b !re is no evid5ce 9 support ( x4 ,max ,mll]#bde argues t ?is specim5 is decisive ( ! mean+ ( ! sign ,swa/ika4 ,bo? ^! g5tlem5 place great /ress ^u ! position :i* ! ,swa/ika held 9 ! field relative to o!r objects1 & s det]m9e x to h repres5t$ ! sun or sunlight2 b all ?is seems non sequitur4 ,a co9 f ,gaza1 ,pale/9e1 anci5t1 b date n giv51 is attribut$ to ,r4 ,ro*ette1 & by him to ,munt] 7fig4 #bce74 ,! ,swa/ika sign is n p]fect1 only two arms ( ! cross be+ turn$1 & n all f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,,gold ,,bracteate ,,) ,,ja9 ,,swa/ika4 ,d5m>k4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #i4 ,swa/ika on ,dani% gold bracteates4--,fig4 #bcf repres5ts a ,dani% gold bracteate ) a portrait head1 two s]p5ts1 & a ,swa/ika ) ! out] ends f9i%$ ) a curve or fl\ri% simil> to t ( ! ,ja9s 7fig4 #cc74 ,!re are o!r bracteates ) ! ,swa/ika m>k1 :i* belong to ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries4#bdf ,"s ( !m be> signs ref]r+ to ,*ri/ian civilization1 su* z rais+ h&s 9 pray]2 & f a det]m9ation ( ! dates af=d$ by ! co9s & o!r objects ! ,swa/ika c be id5tifi$ z hav+ cont9u$ into ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! co9age ( ! anci5t _w is n a prolific field = ! discov]y ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,o!r specim5s may possibly be f\nd ?an ^? "h giv54 ,?is se>* is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive4 ,_! negative in=mation is1 h[ev]1 valuable4 ,x %[s1 fir/1 t "s ( ! e>ly /amps or designs on co9s :i* h be5 claim$ z ,swa/ikas 7 naught b ! usual pun* m>ks2 second1 x %[s a limit$ use ( ! ,swa/ika on ! co9age & t x came to an end 9 v e>ly times4 ,numismatics af=d great aid to ar*ology f ! facility & c]ta9ty ) :i* x fixes dates4 ,us+ ! dates furni%$ by ! co9age ( antiquity1 x is gravely to be que/ion$ :e!r ! prolific use ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,asia ,m9or 7( :i* we h su* notable examples on specim5s ( pott]y f ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 9 ,greece7 did n t]m9ate be=e co9age began1 or be=e #dhj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! p]iod ( f9] engrav+ began1 & x became ! cu/om to employ on co9s ! figures ( gods1 ( tutel>y deities1 & ( sacr$ animals4 ,?us ! use ( ! ,swa/ika became relegat$ to objects ( common] use1 or ^? hav+ great] relation to sup]/ition & folklore :]e9 ! possible value ( ! ,swa/ika z an amulet or sign ) p[] to br+ good luck c\ld be bett] employ$2 or1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,greg1 t ! great gods :i*1 accord+ to him1 _h ! ,swa/ika = a symbol1 fell into disrepute & x became *ang$ to repres5t some?+ else4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,pre-,,columbian ,,times4 ,fa9s ,isl& & ,toco ,m\nds1 ,t5nessee4--,t ! ,swa/ika f\nd its way to ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e 9 prehi/oric times c n be d\bt$4 ,a specim5 7fig4 #bcg7 0 tak5 by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,palm] 9 ! ye> #ahha f an anci5t m\nd op5$ by him on ,fa9s ,isl&1 #c miles f ,ba9bridge1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,x is figur$ & describ$ 9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1#bdg z foll[s3 ,a %ell ornam5t1 on ! convex surface ( :i* a v curi\s ornam5tal design has be5 engrav$4 ,! design1 inclos$ by a circle1 repres5ts a cross su* z w\ld be =m$ by two rectangul> tablets or slips slit longitud9ally & int]lac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! l9es are neatly & deeply incis$4 ,! edge ( ! ornam5t has be5 brok5 away ne>ly all ar\nd4 ,! incis$ l9es ( ?is design 7fig4 #bcg7 repres5t ! ,swa/ika turn$ to ! left 7?\gh ! description does n recognize x z su*74 ,x has small circles ) dots 9 ! c5t]1 a /yle ( "w t may become ( peculi> value on fur!r inve/igation1 b n to be conf\nd$ ) ! dots or po9ts 9 :at ,m4 ,zmigrodzki calls ! ,croix swa/icale4 ,! m\nd f :i* ?is specim5 came1 & ! objects associat$ ) x1 %[ its antiquity & its manufacture by ! aborig9es unta9t$ by contact ) ! :ites4 ,! m\nd is on ! ea/ end ( ,fa9s ,isl&4 ,x 0 #aj feet 9 height & ab\t #ajj feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,9 ! b$ ( clay #d feet b5ea? ! surface 7 f\nd ! rema9s ( #cb human skeletons2 ( ^!1 only #ag skulls c\ld be pres]v$4 ,!re _h be5 no regul>ity 9 plac+ ! bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,) ,,engrav$ ,,swa/ika1 ,,circles1 ,,& ,,dots4 ,fa9s ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,cat4 ,no4 #fbibh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! peculi> =m ( ?is ,swa/ika is duplicat$ by a ,runic ,swa/ika 9 ,sw$51 cit$ by ,ludwig ,mll] & by ,c\nt d',alviella4#bdh ,! foll[+ objects 7 f\nd 9 ! m\nd on ,fa9s ,isl& associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika %ell 7fig4 #bcg7 & describ$1 & _m ( !m figur$3#bdi ,a gorget ( ! same ,fulgur %ell 7fig4 #bci72 a second gorget ( ,fulgur %ell ) an engrav$ spid] 7fig4 #bgh72 a pott]y vase ) a figure ( a frog2 ?ree rude axes f f\r to sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ( diorite & qu>tzite2 a pi]c$ tablet ( slate2 a disk ( transluc5t qu>tz #a-c_/d in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 a mass ( pott]y1 mu* ( x 9 fragm5ts1 & a numb] ( bone implem5ts1 includ+ ne$les & paddle-%ap$ objects4 ,! %ell objects 79 addition to ! disks & gorgets m5tion$7 7 p9s made f ! columell ( ,fulgur 7,busycon p]v]sum87 ( ! usual =m & ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!re 7 also f\nd %ell beads1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 an in* 9 l5g? & upw>d ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) o!r beads ( v>i\s sizes & %apes made f m>9e %ells1 & natural specim5s ( ,io sp9osa1 ,unio probatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,) ,,swa/ika1 ,,circles1 ,,& ,,dots4 ,toco ,m\nd1 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aaefbd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,engrav$ ,,fulgur787 ,,%ell1 ,,resembl+ ,,/atue ,,( ,,buddha4 ,toco ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aaeefj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bch is a small %ell f ! ,big ,toco m\nd1 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,t5n41 f\nd by ,mr4 ,emm]t ) skeleton ,no4 #di & is fig4 #bfb1 ,twelf? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahij-ia1 page #chc1 al?\gh x is n describ$4 ,?is is a circul> disk ( ,fulgur %ell1 mu* damag$ ar\nd ! edge1 #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 on :i* has be5 engrav$ a ,swa/ika4 ,x has a small circle & a dot 9 ! c5t]1 ar\nd :i* circle ! arms ( ! ,swa/ika are int]lac$4 ,!re are also circles & c5tral dots at ea* turn ( ! f\r arms4 ,! hat* "w 9 ! arc id5tifies ?is "w ) t ( o!r crosses & a triskelion f ! same g5]al locality--figs4 #cjb1 #cje1 & #cjf1 ! =m] be+ "p ( ! same f9d by ,mr4 ,emm]t4 ,fig4 #bbb1 a bronze gilt fibula f ,b]k%ire1 ,engl&1 be>s a ,swa/ika ( ! same /yle z fig4 #bch f ,t5nessee4 ,! circles & c5tral dots ( fig4 #bch h a simil>ity to ,p]uvian ornam5tation4 ,! =m & /yle1 ! broad arms1 ! circles & c5tral dots1 ! l9es ( engrav+s1 %[ su* simil>ity ( =m & "w z m>k ?is specim5 z a cong5] ( ! ,swa/ika f ,fa9s ,isl& 7fig4 #bcg74 ,! o!r objects f\nd 9 ! m\nd associat$ ) ?is ,swa/ika w be describ$ f>!r on4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ^! figures be+ ! g5u9e ,swa/ika1 & t !y 7 ( aborig9al workman%ip4 ,_! discov]y imm$iately sugge/s inve/igation z to evid5ces ( communication ) ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 & naturally ! fir/ "q w\ld be1 ,are !re any evid5ces ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e8 ,:5 ,i f\nd1 a few days ago1 ! two be=e-describ$ repres5tations ( ,swa/ikas1 x 0 my belief t no reliable trace ( ,buddha or ! ,buddhi/ religion _h ev] be5 f\nd among ! aborig9al or prehi/oric ,am]icans4 ,?is /atem5t 0 made1 z almo/ all o!r /atem5ts conc]n+ prehi/oric man %\ld be1 ) res]ve1 & subject to future discov]ies1 b )\t idea t a discov]y ( evid5ce on ! subject 0 s ne>4 ,9 se>*+ ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = ! objects describ$ 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology "u ! title ( ,art 9 ,%ell among ! ,anci5t ,am]icans1 ! writ] discov]$ a neglect$ specim5 ( a mutilat$ & damag$ %ell 7pl4 #aj71 m>k$ z %[n on ! back1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,emm]t1 an employ ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 9 ! ye> #ahhb4 ,its orig9al field numb] 0 #bfg1 ,pr(essor ,?omas's #fedb1 ! ,museum numb] #aaeefb1 & x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,big ,toco m\nd1 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,x is n figur$ nor m5tion$ 9 any ( ! ,bureau reports4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ?is %ell is s mutilat$4 ,9 its pres5t condition no "o c say positively :at x is1 :e!r a /atue ( ,buddha or n2 b to all appe>ances x repres5ts "o ( ! ,buddhi/ div9ities4 ,its mat]ial1 simil> to ! hundr$ o!rs f\nd 9 ! neighborhood1 %[s x to h be5 indig5\s1 yet p>ts ( its /yle are diff]5t f o!r aborig9al ,nor? ,am]ican images4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! slim wai/1 ! w+$ arms1 ! cross$ legs1 ! long feet1 bread? ( toes1 ! _m dots & circles %[n ov] ! body1 ) triple l9es ( g>t]s or anklets4 ,all ^! %[ a diff]5t dress f ! anci5t ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,! girdle ab\t ! wai/1 & ! triangul> dress :i*1 ) its decorations & arrangem5t ( dots & circles1 cov] ! l[] "p ( ! body1 are to be rem>k$4 ,:ile !re are sev]al specim5s ( aborig9al art f ?is "p ( ! c\ntry :i* be> ^! peculi>ities ( co/umes1 positions1 appe>ance1 & mann] ( "w1 %[+ !m to h be5 9 use among a portion ( ! p1 yet !y are n "p ( ! usual art products4 ,!re is a manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! ord9>y /atue ( ! ,indian or ( ! m\nd build] ( t neighborhood or epo*4 ,x is n claim$ t ?is %ell proves ! migration ( ,buddhism f ,asia1 nor its pres5ce among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,"o swall[ does n make a summ]4 ,b ?is figure1 tak5 9 connection ) ! ,swa/ika1 pres5ts a set ( circum/ances correspond+ ) t possibility :i* goes a long di/ance 9 =m+ circum/antial evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,m4 ,gu/ave d',ei*?al wrote a s]ies ( essays 9 ! ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahfd-fe1 9 :i* he collat$ ! evid5ce & favor$ ! !ory ( ,buddhi/ influ5ce 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,o!r writ]s h tak5 ! same or simil> views & h attribut$ all mann] ( =eign influ5ce1 l ! ,lo/ ,tribes ( ,israel1 etc41 to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1#bej b all ^! !ories h prop]ly _h b slight influ5ce 9 turn+ public op9ion 9 _! direction4 ,mr4 ,v4 ,r4 ,g&hi1 9 a rec5t lett] to ! au?or1 says ( ?is specim5 7pl4 #aj73 ,:ile ,swa/ika te*nically means ! cross ) ! arms b5t to ! "r1 lat] on x came to signify any?+ :i* _h ! =m ( a cross2 = in/ance1 ! po/ure 9 :i* a p]sons sits ) 8 legs cross$ is call$ ! ,swa/ika po/ure2#bea also :5 a p]son keeps 8 arms crosswise ov] 8 *e/1 or a woman cov]s h] brea/ ) h] arms cross$1 t p>ticul> attitude1 is call$ ! ,swa/ika attitude1 :i* has no connection1 h[ev]1 ) ! symbolic mean+ ( ! ,swa/ika ) f\r arms4 ,! figure pl4 #aj1 a photograph ( :i* y gave me ! o!r day1 has ! same ,swa/ika po/ure4 ,9 matt]s ( conc5tration & m$itation1 ,swa/ika po/ure is (t5times prescrib$1 :i* is also call$ ,sukhasana1 mean+ a po/ure ( ease & com=t4 ,9 high] =ms ( conc5tration1 ! po/ure is *ang$ f ,sukhasana to ,padmasana1 ! po/ure :i* is g5]ally f\nd 9 ,ja9 & ,buddhi/ images4 ,! b& ar\nd ! wai/1 :i* goes f ! navel l[] on till x rea*es ! back "p1 has a peculi> significance 9 ! ,ja9 philosophy4 ,! ,%vetamb] division ( ! ,ja9 community h always ?is k9d ( b& 9 _! images4 ,! object is tw(old3 ,! fir/ is t ! g5]ative p>ts ought n to be visible2 ! second is t ?is b& is consid]$ a symbol ( p]fect *a/ity4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! au!nticity ( ^! objects1 nor any suspicion aga9/ _! hav+ be5 f\nd z /at$ 9 ! labels atta*$4 ,!y are 9 ! ,museum collection1 z are o!r specim5s4 ,!y come unh]ald$ & ) _! peculi> "* unkn[n4 ,!y 7 obta9$ by excavations made by a compet5t & reliable inve/igator :o _h be5 engag$ 9 m\nd exploration1 a regul> employ ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas dur+ sev]al ye>s1 & always ( good reputation & unblemi%$ integrity4 ,!y come ) o!r objects1 label$ 9 ! same way & =m+ "o ( a s]ies ( numb]s among ?\s&s4 ,its resemblance to ,buddhi/ /atues 0 app>5tly undiscov]$ or unrecogniz$1 at lea/ unm5tion$1 by all ^? hav+ *>ge ( x1 & 9 its mutilat$ condition x 0 laid away among a score ( o!r specim5s ( insuffici5t value to ju/ify notice or publication1 & is n[ br\ght to light ?r\gh accid5t1 no "o hav+ *>ge ( x recogniz+ x z be+ diff]5t f any o!r ( ! half hundr$ engrav$ %ells !ret(ore describ$4 ,! excavation ( ,toco m\nd is describ$ by ,pr(essor ,?omas 9 ! ,twelf? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pages #cgi-chd4 ,we c n[ be gov]n$ only by ! record z to ! objects associat$ ) ?is %ell 7pl4 #aj71 :i* %[s x to h be5 f\nd ) skeleton ,no4 #h1 9 ,big ,toco m\nd1 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,t5n41 :ile ! ,swa/ika ( figure #bch 0 f\nd ) skeleton ,no4 #di4 ,toco m\nd conta9$ fifty-two skeletons1 or1 r1 x conta9$ buri$ objects report$ z f t _m skeletons4 ,^? report$ z ) skeleton ,no4 #h 71 9 addition to ?is gorget3 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et1 "o /one pipe1 & "o b[l ) scallop$ rim4 ,toco m\nd seems to h be5 exce$+ly ri*1 hav+ furni%$ #aih objects ( consid]able importance4 ,association ( discov]$ objects is "o ( ! important means ( furni%+ evid5ce 9 prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,x is deem$ ( suffici5t importance 9 ! pres5t case to note objects f ,toco m\nd associat$ ) ! ,buddha /atue4 ,!y are giv5 9 li/ =m1 segregat$ by skeletons3 ,skeleton ,no4 #d4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets1 "o discoidal /one4 #e4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et4 #g4 ,two l>ge sea%ells4 #h4 ,"o /one pipe1 "o poli%$ /one hat*et1 "o ornam5t$ %ell gorget 7! ,buddha /atue1 pl4 #aj71 "o ornam5t$ b[l1 ) scallop$ rim4 #i4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets4 #ab4 ,a lot ( small %ell beads4 #ac4 ,f\r bone implem5ts 7"o ornam5t$71 "o /one pipe1 two %ell gorgets 7"o ornam5t$71 "o be> too?4 #ag4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et4 #ah4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets1 "o /one pipe1 "o boat-%ap$ b[l 7ornam5t$71 "o %ell gorget 7ornam5t$71 "o %ell mask1 "o %ell p91 "o %ell gorget1 "o be> too?1 lot ( %ell beads4 #bb4 ,two poli%$ /one *isels1 "o /one disk4 #bd4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et4 #bf4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets1 "o wat]worn /one1 two hamm] /ones4 #bg4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et4 #bh4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets1 "o ornam5t$ b[l4 #ca4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et1 "o poli%$ /one *isel4 #cc4 ,two poli%$ /one hat*ets1 "o two-e>$ pot1 "o small %ell gorget1 ?ree %ell p9s1 fragm5ts ( pott]y4 #cd4 ,?ree poli%$ /one hat*ets4 #cf4 ,"o discoidal /one4 #cg4 ,"o poli%$ /one *isel1 "o /one pipe1 "o %ell mask 7ornam5t$74 #da4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et1 "o /one pipe1 pott]y vase ) e>s 7ornam5t$71 "o %ell mask1 "o %ell p91 f\r arr[heads 7two ) s]rat$ edges71 two /one p]=ators4 #dc4 ,lot ( %ell beads4 #di4 ,"o poli%$ /one hat*et1 "o spade-%ap$ /one ornam5t 7p]=at$71 "o spe>-head1 "o /one pipe1 "o pott]y b[l ) two h&les1 two %ell masks 7ornam5t$71 tw5ty-sev5 bone ne$les1 two beav] tee?1 "o bone implem5t 7raccoon71 piece ( mica1 lot ( r$ pa9t1 two %ell gorgets 7"o ornam5t$ ) ,swa/ika1 fig4 #bch71 ?irty-six arr[-heads1 lot ( fl9t *ips1 fragm5t ( animal jaw & bones1 lot ( l>ge %ells1 "o image pot4 #ea4 ,"o %ell p91 "o %ell mask1 "o arr[-head1 two small %ell beads4 #eb4 ,"o %ell mask1 "o %ell gorget1 "o %ell ornam5t4 ,^! objects are n[ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & 9 my dep>tm5t4 ,! li/ is tak5 f ! (ficial catalogue1 & !y numb] f #aaeeje to #aaefhd4 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( comp>+ ! objects ) ?is description & f9d _! g5]al agreem5t4 ,dr4 ,palm]1 ! f9d]1 0 an employ ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 is a man ( ! highe/ "*1 ( great zeal z an ar*ologi/ & naturali/1 & has be5 = _m ye>s1 & is n[1 9 ! employ ( ! ,bureau or ,museum1 always ) satisfaction & confid5ce4 ,mr4 ,emm]t 0 also an employ ( ! ,bureau = _m ye>s1 & equally reliable4 ,! specim5s ( %ell 9 ?is & sev]al o!r m\nds1 "s ( :i* are h]e9 figur$1 7 9 an advanc$ /age ( decay1 pitt$1 discolor$1 & crumbl+1 requir+ to be h&l$ ) ! utmo/ c>e to prev5t dis9tegration4 ,!y 7 dri$ by ! collector1 imm]s$ 9 a weak solution ( glue1 & =w>d$ imm$iately 79 #ahhe71 ) o!r relics f ! neighborhood1 to ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology & ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 :]e !y h rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ suspicion conc]n+ ! g5u95ess or antiquity ( ?is specim5 or ( ^? be>+ ! ,swa/ika z belong+ to ! m\nd-build+ epo* 9 ! valley ( ! ,t5nessee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,two fight+ figures ) triangul> bree*-cl\t1 g>t]s & anklets1 & dots & circles4 ,fa9s ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #deb1 fig4 #abh4 ,cat4 ,no4 #fbicj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,o!r figures ( suffici5t simil>ity to ! ,swa/ika h be5 f\nd among ! aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica to %[ t ^! d n /& alone2 & !re are also o!r human figures :i* %[ a /yle ( "w s simil> & su* resemblance 9 detail ( design z to e/abli% ! practical id5tity ( _! art4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a rem>kable specim5 ( engrav$ %ell f\nd 9 ! same m\nd1 ,fa9s ,isl&1 :i* conta9$ ! fir/ ,swa/ika 7fig4 #bcg74 ,x is describ$ 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 page #cja1 "u ! "n ( ,mc,mahon's m\nd4 ,x is a l>ge poli%$ ,fulgur %ell disk :i*1 :5 entire1 has be5 ne>ly #e in*es 9 diamet] 7fig4 #bci74 ,a little m ?an "o-?ird has crumbl$ away1 & ! rema9+ portion has be5 pres]v$ only by c>eful h&l+ & imm$iate imm]sion 9 a solution ( glue4 ,x _h be5 engrav$ on ! concave side4 ,! design repres5ts two human figures plum$ & w+$1 arm$ ) eagles' talons & engag$ 9 mortal combat4 ,! design app>5tly cov]$ ! entire %ell1 leav+ no space = encircl+ l9es4 ,! two figures are 9 pr(ile & face ea* o!r 9 a fi]ce onset4 ,( ! "r-h& figure1 only ! body1 "o arm1 & "o leg rema94 ,! left-h& figure is almo/ complete4 ,! outl9e ( ! face1 "o arm1 & "o foot is all t is affect$4 ,! "r h& is rais$ above ! head 9 ! act ( br&i%+ a long knife po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,! o!r combatant1 clut*+ 9 8 "r h& a savage-look+ blade ) its po9t curv$1 seems deliv]+ a bl[ 9 ! face ( 8 antagoni/4 ,( ! visible portions ( ! figures1 ! h&s are vigor\sly drawn1 ! ?umbs press d[n ^u ! outside ( ! =ef+]s 9 a natural ef=t to tight5 ! grasp4 ,! body1 arms1 & legs are well def9$ & 9 prop] proportion1 ! jo9ts are correctly plac$1 ! left knee is b5t =w>d1 & ! foot plant$ firmly on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! "r is ?r[n gracefully back aga9/ ! rim at ! left1 & ! legs t]m9ate 9 well-drawn eagles' feet arm$ ) curv$ talons4 ,! head is decorat$ ) a s+le plume :i* spr+s f a circul> ornam5t plac$ ov] ! e>2 an angul> figure ext5ds =w>d f ! base ( ?is plume1 & probably repres5ts :at is left ( ! headdress prop]4 ,9 front ( ?is--on ! v edge ( ! crumbl+ %ell--is "o-half ( ! loz5ge-%ap$ eye1 ! dot repres5t+ ! pupil be+ almo/ oblit]at$4 ,! ankles & legs j bel[ ! knee & ! wri/s ea* h ?ree l9es repres5t+ bracelets or anklets4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! leg is cov]$ or nak$2 b betwe5 ! wai/b& & ! legg+s1 ov] ! abdom51 is repres5t$ on bo? figures a highly decorat$ triangul> g>m5t1 or1 possibly coat ( mail1 to :i* p>ticul> att5tion is call$4#beb ,9 ! c5t]1 at ! top1 j "u ! wai/b&1 are f\r circles ) dots 9 ! c5t] arrang$ 9 a squ>e2 outside ( ?is1 /ill at ! top1 are two triangul> pieces1 & outside ( !m are two m circles & dots2 :ile ! l[] "p ( ! triangle1 ) c]ta9 decorations ( incis$ l9es1 completes ! g>m5t4 ,?is decoration is ! same on bo? figures1 & corresponds exactly ) ! ,buddha figure4 ,an ornam5t is susp5d$ on ! brea/ :i* %[s ?ree m ( ! circles & dots4 ,! e>r+ is /ill ano!r4 ,! "r-h& figure1 s f> z x c be se51 is a duplicate ( ! left1 & 9 ! draw+ x has1 :]e de/roy$1 be5 indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,x is rem>kable t ! peculi> clo?+ or decoration ( ^! two figures %\ld be almo/ an exact reproduction ( ! ,buddha figure 7pl4 #aj74 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! design is ! highly conv5tionaliz$ w+ :i* fills ! space b5ea? ! uplift$ arm4 ,?is w+ is unlike ! usual specim5s ( aborig9al art :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* pr(usion 9 t neighborhood4 ,b x is aga9 rem>kable t ?is conv5tionaliz$ w+ & ! bracelets1 anklets1 & g>t]s %\ld correspond 9 all _! peculi>ities ( con/ruction & design ) ! w+s on ! copp] & %ell figures f ! ,et[ah m\nd1 ,georgia 7figs4 #bdj1 #bda1 & #bdb7bec4 ,beh9d ! left-h& figure is an ornam5t resembl+ ! spread+ tail ( an eagle :i*1 ) its fea!r arrangem5t & ! detail ( _! me*anism1 correspond to a high degree ) ! eagle effigies 9 rep\ss copp] 7fig4 #bdc7 f ! m\nd 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill41 %[n 9 ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7p4 #aje7 & 9 ! ,twelf? ,annual ,report 7p4 #cji74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,,copp] ,,plate4 ,ent[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #db4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaaac1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,,copp] ,,plate4 ,rep\ss "w4 ,ent[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaaag1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell4 ,triangul> bree*-cl\t ) dots & circles4 ,ent[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaddc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,*illico!1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4--,a lat] discov]y ( ! ,swa/ika belong+ to ! same p]iod & ! same g5]al locality--t is1 to ! ,ohio ,valley--0 t ( ,pr(4 ,w>r5 ,k4 ,moorehead1 9 ! fall & w9t] ( #ahia-ib1 9 8 excavations ( ! ,hopewell m\nd1 sev5 miles nor?we/ ( ,*illico!1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4#bed ,! locality ( ?is m\nd is well %[n 9 ,squi] & ,davis's "w on ! ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 7pl4 #aj1 p4 #bf71 "u ! "n ( ,cl>k's ,works1 "h reproduc$ z pl4 #aa4 ,x is ! l>ge irregul> unnumb]$ triple m\nd j )9 ! arc ( ! circle %[n 9 ! c5t] ( ! plan4 ,! excavation contemplat$ ! de/ruction ( ! m\nd by cutt+ x d[n to ! surr\nd+ level & scatt]+ ! e>? ( :i* x 0 made ov] ! surface2 & ?is 0 done4 ,prep>atory to ?is1 a survey & gr\nd plan 0 made 7pl4 #ab74 ,i assi/$ at ?is survey & c v\* = ! g5]al correctness4 ,! m\nd 0 surr\nd$ by p>allel l9es laid out at "r angles & m>k$ by /akes #ej feet ap>t4 ,! m\nd 0 f\nd to be #ecj feet long & #bej feet wide4 ,squi] & ,davis report$ its height at #cb feet1 b ! excavation ( ! tr5*es requir$ b #ah & #af feet to ! orig9al surface on :i* ! m\nd 0 built4 ,x 0 too l>ge to be cut d[n z a :ole1 & = conv5i5ce x 0 decid$ by ,mr4 ,moorehead to cut x d[n 9 tr5*es1 comm5c+ on ! nor!a/4 ,no?+ 0 f\nd until1 9 op5+ tr5* #c1 ab\t five feet above ! base ( ! m\nd1 !y /ruck a mass ( ?9 work$ copp] objects1 laid flat "o atop ! o!r1 9 a rectangul> space1 say ?ree by f\r feet squ>e4 ,^! objects are unique 9 ,am]ican prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,"s ( !m bore a resemblance 9 =m to ! scallop$ mica pieces f\nd by ,squi] & ,davis1 & describ$ by !m 9 _! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 7p4 #bdj71 & also ^? ( ! same mat]ial f\nd by ,pr(essor ,putnam 9 ! ,turn] gr\p ( m\nds 9 ! valley ( ! ,little ,miami4 ,!y _h be5 app>5tly laid betwe5 two lay]s ( b>k1 :e!r = pres]vation or m]e conv5i5ce ( deposit1 c only be guess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,plan ,,( ,,nor? ,,=k 7,,hopewell7 ,,works4 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,plan ,,( ,,hopewell ,,m\nd1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,aborig9al ,,copp] ,,swa/ikas ,,7 ,,f\nd4 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,moorehead1 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,,copp] ,,plate ,,%[+ ,,figure ,,( ,,eagle4 ,rep\ss "w4 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaejg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,,swa/ika ,,cross ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/d natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,,flat ,,r+ ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/e natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,,/5cil ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/h natural size4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( objects is giv51 to ! end t ! read] may see :at 0 associat$ ) ^! newly f\nd copp] ,swa/ikas3 ,five ,swa/ika crosses 7fig4 #bdd72 a long mass ( copp] cov]$ ) wood on "o side & ) squ>es & five simil> designs traceable on ! rev]se2 small] mass ( copp]2 eighte5 s+le copp] r+s2 a numb] ( d\ble copp] r+s1 "o set ( ?ree & "o set ( two2 five pan lids or hat-%ap$ r+s2 t5 circul> disks ) holes 9 c5t]1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bde1 orig9ally plac$ 9 a pile & n[ oxidiz$ toge!r2 also l>ge circul>1 /5cil-l ornam5ts1 "o 7fig4 #bdf7 #g-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]2 ano!r 7fig4 #bdg7 some:at 9 ! %ape ( a ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 ! extreme l5g? ov] ! arms be+ #h-c_/d in*es4 ,ab\t five feet bel[ ! deposit ( %eet copp] & #aj or #ab feet to ! we/1 two skeletons lay toge!r4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) copp] plates & fragm5ts1 copp] hat*ets1 & pe>l beads1 %[n 9 ! li/ bel[1 laid 9 rectangul> =m ab\t sev5 feet 9 l5g? & five feet 9 wid?1 & s close z to frequ5tly ov]lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,,/5cil ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/d natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,,fi% ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/f natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,,loz5ge-,,%ap$ ,,/5cil ,,( ,,?9 ,,copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 #a_/d natural size4 ,!re 7 also f\nd sixty-six copp] hat*ets1 rang+ f #a-a_/b to #bb-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?2 tw5ty-?ree copp] plates & fragm5ts2 "o copp] eagle2 elev5 semicircles1 b>s1 etc42 two spool-%ap$ objects2 f\r comb-%ap$ effigies2 "o :eel ) peculi> circles & b>s ( copp]2 ?ree long plates ( copp]2 pe>l & %ell beads & tee?2 a lot ( extra f9e pe>ls2 a lot ( wood1 beads1 & an unkn[n metal2 a lot ( bones2 a human jaw1 v l>ge2 a fragm5t>y fi% resembl+ a suck] 7fig4 #bdh72 "o /ool ( copp] ) two legs2 brok5 copp] plates2 "o brok5 %ell2 be> & pan!r tusks2 mica plates2 =ty fragm5t>y & entire copp] /5cils ( squ>es1 circles1 diamonds1 he>ts1 etc42 copp] objects1 saw-%ap$2 tw5ty c]emonial objects1 ru/$ or oxidiz$ copp]2 two diamond-%ap$ /5cils1 copp] 7fig4 #bdi72 f\r peculi> spool-%ap$ copp] ornam5ts1 p]=at$1 %[+ rep\ss "w 7fig4 #bej74 ,i made sket*es ( two or ?ree ( ! bone c>v+s1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! art ( ! p :o con/ruct$ ?is monum5t1 s t by comp>ison ) t ( o!r kn[n peoples "s k may be obta9$1 or !ory advanc$1 conc]n+ ! race or tribe to :i* !y belong$ & ! epo* 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,fig4 #bea %[s an exquisite bone c>v+ ( a p>oquet :i* belongs mu* f>!r s\? & n f\nd 9 t locality 9 mod]n times4 ,! design %[n 9 fig4 #beb sugge/s a ,mississippi ,kite1 b ! zoologi/s ( ! ,museum1 :ile unable to det]m9e ) exactitude its int5d$ repres5tation1 *iefly f ! mutilat$ condition ( ! fragm5t1 report x m likely to be ! head ( ! lea!r-back turtle4 ,fig4 #bec probably repres5ts an ott] ) a fi% 9 8 m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,human ,,skull ,,) ,,copp]-,,cov]$ ,,horns4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,moorehead1 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,prehi/oric ,,alt>4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,f\nd ne> ! copp] ,swa/ika %[n 9 fig4 #bdd4 ,moorehead1 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvii4 ,cat4 ,no4 #adhffb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,9 tr5* ,no4 #c1 #ae skeletons 7numb]$ #bfd to #bgh1 inclusive71 7 f\nd on ! base l9e1 all ext5d$4 ,objects ( coal1 bone1 %ell1 or /one1 _h be5 plac$ ) ne>ly all ( !m4 ,nos4 #bfe & #bff 7 laid on blocks ( burnt e>? #c in*es high] ?an ! base ( ! m\nd4 ,"o ( ! skeletons 9 ?is m\nd 7,no4 #bdh7 is %[n 9 pl4 #ac4 ,x 0 a mo/ rem>kable specim51 & =ms ! frontispiece ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead's volume ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 :]e x is describ$ 7p4 #aie7 z foll[s3 ,at 8 head 7 imitation elk horns1 neatly made ( wood & cov]$ ) %eet copp] roll$ into cyl9drical =ms ov] ! prongs4 ,! antl]s 7 #bb in*es high & #ai in*es across f prong to prong4 ,!y fitt$ into a cr[n ( copp] b5t to fit ! head f occipital to upp] jaw4 ,copp] plates 7 ^u ! brea/ & /oma*1 also on ! back4 ,! copp] pres]v$ ! bones & a few ( ! s9ews4 ,x also pres]v$ traces ( clo? simil> to c(fee sack+ 9 texture1 int]wov5 among ! ?reads ( :i* 7 #ijj beautiful pe>l beads1 be> tee? split & cut1 & hundr$s ( o!r beads1 bo? pe>l & %ell4 ,copp] spool-%ap$ objects & o!r implem5ts cov]$ ! rema9s4 ,a pipe ( granite & a spe>head ( agate 7 ne> ! "r %\ld]4 ,! pipe 0 ( v f9e workman%ip & highly poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,,spool-,,%ap$ ,,object ,,( ,,copp]4 ,rep\ss & intaglio decoration4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size4 ,:ile digg+ out skeletons #bhj to #bhd1 ,pr(essor ,moorehead says !y t\*$ ! edge ( an alt> 7pl4 #ad74 ,x 0 on ! base l9e & #ae feet nor? ( ! copp] f9d be=e describ$4 ,on ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #ahib1 ! alt> 0 uncov]$1 & ! e>?1 *>coal1 & objects )9 x put into five soap boxes & transport$ to headqu>t]s1 :]e ! mat]ial 0 assort$ 9 my pres5ce & ) my aid4 ,! mass on ! alt> _h be5 *>r$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x conta9$1 9 "p1 mica ornam5ts1 beads1 spool-%ap$ objects1 :ale1 be>1 & pan!r tee?1 fl9t knives1 c>v$ effigies ( bone & /one1 "s ( :i* 7 brok51 :ile o!rs 7 :ole4 ,!re 7 /one tablets1 slate ornam5ts1 copp] balls1 fragm5ts ( clo?1 r+s ( *lorite1 qu>tz cry/als p]=at$ & groov$1 & a few pieces ( fl9t & obsidian1 ) sev]al ?\s& pe>ls drill$ = susp5sion4 ,^! objects 7 heap$ 9 ! cavity ( ! alt> )\t any regul>ity4 ,all 7 affect$ by heat1 ! copp] be+ fus$ 9 _m cases4 ,! tee? & tusks 7 *>r$1 split1 & calc9$4 ,!re 7 no a%es4 ,all ! fuel 0 *>coal1 & f ! appe>ance ( ! dbris1 especially ! wood1 e>?1 & bone1 "o might suppose t aft] ! fire _h />t$ x _h n be5 all[$ to burn to a%es z if 9 ! op5 air1 b _h be5 cov]$ ) e>?1 & s _h smold]$ out z 9 a *>coal pit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,engrav$ ,,bone ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,p>oquet4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,engrav$ ,,bone ,,probably ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,mississippi ,,kite ,,or ,,lea!r-,,back ,,turtle4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size4 ,evid5ce 0 f\nd ( an ext5d$ comm]ce ) di/ant localities1 s t if ! ,swa/ika exi/$ 9 ,am]ica x might be expect$ "h4 ,! pr9cipal objects 7 z foll[s3 ,a numb] ( l>ge sea%ells 7,fulgur7 native to ! s\!rn ,atlantic ,coa/ #fjj miles di/ant1 _m ( !m c>v$2 sev]al ?\s& pieces ( mica f ! m\nta9s ( ,virg9ia or ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #bjj or m miles di/ant2 a ?\s& l>ge blades ( beautifully *ipp$ objects 9 obsidian1 :i* c\ld n h be5 f\nd ne>] ?an ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #a1jjj or #a1bjj miles di/ant2 f\r hundr$ pieces ( wr\ght copp]1 believ$ to be f ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 #aej miles di/ant2 fifty-?ree skeletons1 ! copp] headdress 7pl4 #ac7 made 9 semblance ( elk horns1 #af in*es high1 & o!r wond]ful ?+s4 ,^? n describ$ h no relation to ! ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,engrav$ ,,bone ,,probably ,,repres5t+ ,,an ,,ott] ,,) ,a ,,fi% ,,9 ,,its ,,m\?4 ,natural size4 ,^! objects 7 all prehi/oric4 ,none ( !m bore ! slighte/ evid5ce ( contact ) :ite civilization4 ,! common] objects w\ld comp>e favorably ) ^? f\nd 9 o!r m\nds by ! same & o!r inve/igators4 ,mu* ( x may be undet]m9$4 ,x is /range to f9d s _m objects br\ght su* long di/ances1 & we may n be able to expla9 ! problem pres5t$2 b !re is no au?ority = inject+ any mod]n or ,european influ5ce into x4 ,by :at p 7 ^! made8 ,9 :at epo*8 ,= :at purpose8 ,:at did !y repres5t8 ,h[ did ?is anci5t1 curi\s1 & widespread sign1 a recogniz$ symbol ( religion ( ! ,ori5t1 f9d its way to ! bottom ( "o ( ! m\nds ( antiquity 9 ! ,scioto ,valley8 ,^! are que/ions easy to ask b difficult to answ]4 ,!y =m "s ( ! riddles ( ! sci5ce ( prehi/oric an?ropology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,,wat] ,,jug ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,swa/ika4 ,decoration1 r$ on yell[ gr\nd4 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iabcj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,m\nds 9 ,arkansas4--,a wat] jug 9 ! collection ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7fig4 #bed7 0 obta9$ 9 #ahhc by ,p4 ,w4 ,norris1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 f a m\nd 9 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,x is ( yell[ gr\nd1 natural color ( clay1 & decorat$ ) light r$ pa9t4 ,! pa9t is repres5t$ 9 ! cut by ! d>k5$ surfaces4 ,! f\r qu>t]s ( ! jug are decorat$ alike1 "o side ( :i* is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! c5t] ( ! design is ! ,swa/ika ) ! arm cross+ at "r angles1 ! ends turn$ to ! "r1 ! effect be+ produc$ by an enl>gem5t on ! "r side ( ea* arm until !y all jo9 ! circle4 ,a simil> wat] jug ) a ,swa/ika m>k ( ! same type z ! =ego+ decorates ,major ,p[ell's desk 9 ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,m>quis ,nadaillac#bee describes & figures a groov$ ax f ,pemb]ton1 ,n4 ,j41 on :i* "s p]sons h recogniz$ a ,swa/ika1 b :i* ! ,m>quis d\bts1 :ile ,dr4 ,abbott#bef d5\nces ! inscription z a fraud4 ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,,kansa ,,indian ,,w> ,,*>t4 ,swa/ika sign = w9ds & w9d songs4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fgj4 ,! ,kansas4--,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey#beg describes ! m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,kansas ,indians4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 description he tells ( a c\ncil ( c]emony held among ^! ,indians to decide if !y %\ld g on ! w>pa?4 ,c]ta9 sacr$ songs 7 sung :i* _h be5 arrang$ accord+ to a *>t1 :i* ,mr4 ,dorsey introduces z pl4 #bj1 page #fgf4 ,! outside edge ( ?is *>t bore tw5ty-sev5 ideographs1 :i* sugge/ or det]m9e ! song or spee* requir$4 ,no4 #a 0 ! sacr$ pipe2 ,no4 #b1 ! mak] ( all songs2 ,no4 #c1 song ( ano!r old man :o gives success to ! hunt]s2 ,no4 #d 7fig4 #bee 9 ! pres5t pap]7 is ! ,swa/ika sign1 consi/+ ( two ogee l9es int]sect+ ea* o!r1 ! ends curv$ to ! left4 ,( x1 ,mr4 ,dorsey says only ! foll[+3 ,fig4 #d4 ,tadje wayun1 w9d songs4 ,! w9ds are deities2 !y are ,bazanta 7at ! p9es71 ! ea/ w9d2 ,ak'a1 ! s\? w9d2 ,a'k'a jiga or ,a'k'uya1 ! we/ w9d2 & ,hnia 7t[>d ! cold71 ! nor? w9d4 ,! w>riors us$ to remove ! he>ts ( sla9 foes1 putt+ !m 9 ! fire z a sacrifice to ! w9ds4 ,9 ! ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7p4 #ebe7 ,mr4 ,dorsey repeats ?is /atem5t conc]n+ ! names ( ! w9ds1 & %[s h[1 9 _! invocations1 ! ,kansas began ) ! ea/ w9d & w5t ar\nd to ! "r 9 ! ord] "h giv54 ,8 fig4 #aie illu/rates ?is1 b ! cross has /raight arms4 ,9 response to my p]sonal inquiry1 ,mr4 ,dorsey says ! w> *>t#beh 0 drawn = him1 ) ! ,swa/ika z repres5t$1 by ,pahanle-gaqle1 ! w> capta91 :o _h (ficial *>ge ( x & :o copi$ x f "o he _h inh]it$ f 8 fa!r & 8 fa!r's fa!rs2 & ,mr4 ,dorsey assur$ me t !re c be no mi/ake or misappreh5sion ab\t ?is ,indian's int5tion to make ! sign z !re repres5t$4 ,ask$ if ! sign 0 common & to be se5 9 o!r cases or places1 ,mr4 ,dorsey repli$ t ! ,osage h a simil> *>t ) ! same & _m o!r signs or pictographs--ov] a hundr$--b except ^!1 he kn[s ( no simil> signs4 ,!y are n 9 common use1 b ! *>t & all x conta9s are sacr$ objects1 ! prop]ty ( ! two ,kansas g5tes1 ,black ,eagle & ,*ick5 ,hawk1 & n to be talk$ ( nor %[n outside ( ! g5tes ( ! c\ncil lodge4#bei ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,c]emonial ,,bead ,,necklace ,,) ,,swa/ika ,,ornam5tation4 ,sac ,indians1 ,cook ,c\nty 7,kansas7 ,res]vation4 ,! ,sac ,indians4--,miss ,m>y ,a4 ,ow51 ( ,/4 ,joseph1 ,mo41 s5d+ "s specim5s ( beadwork ( ! ,indians 7pl4 #ae7 f ! ,kansas ,res]vation1 two ( :i* 7 g>t]s & ! ?ird a necklace #ac in*es long & #a in* wide1 9 :i* ! ,swa/ikas repres5t$ are an in* squ>e1 writes1 ,febru>y #b1 #ahie1 z foll[s3 ,! ,indians call x ! ,swa/ika ! luck1 or good luck4 ,x is us$ 9 necklaces & g>t]s by ! sun wor%ipp]s among ! ,kickapoos1 ,sacs1 ,pottawatomies1 ,i[as1 & 7,i h be5 told7 by ! ,w9nebagoes4 ,i h nev] se5 x on a ,w9nebago4 ,! wom5 use ! real ,swa/ika & ! ,greek key patt]n1 9 ! silk pat*work ( :i* !y make sa%es & skirt trimm+s4 ,z = _! ?9k+ x an emblem ( fire or deity1 ,i d n believe !y ent]ta9 any su* ideas1 z "s ,swa/ika hunt]s h sugge/$ to me4 ,!y call x luck1 & say x is ! same ?+ z two o!r patt]ns :i* ,i s5d 9 ! mail ) ?is4 ,!y say !y always made t patt]n4 ,!y mu/ h made x = a long "t1 = y c n get su* beads z compose x1 9 ! /ores ( a city or 9 ! supplies ( ! trad]s :o import ,fr5* beads = ! r$ folk4 ,ano!r ?+4 ,beadwork is v /rong1 & ?is is beg9n+ to look tatt]$1 a sure sign t x has se5 long s]vice4 ,^! sun wor%ipp]s--or1 if y please1 ,swa/ika we>]s--believe 9 ! ,great ,_s1 :o lives 9 ! sun1 :o creates all ?+s1 & is ! s\rce ( all p[] & b5efic5ce4 ,! ance/ors are a sort ( company ( animal sa9ts1 :o int]c$e = ! p4 ,!re are _m malici\s little demons :o ?w>t ! ance/ors & lead away ! p at times & fill !m ) diseases1 b no head devil4 ,black ,wolf & c]ta9 gho/s ( ! unburi$ are ! wor/4 ,ev]ybody has a secret feti% or m$ic9e1 besides su* g5]al lucks z ,swa/ikas1 be> sk9s1 & ott] & squirrel tails4 ,( ! o!r cult ( ! peoples ,i h m5tion$1 ^? :o wor%ip ! sun z ! deity & n ! habitation1 ,i "k no?+4 ,!y are secret1 suspici\s1 & gloomy1 & d n we> ! luck4 ,i h nev] se5 old p we> ! luck4 ,n[1 ,i h told y all ,i "k1 except t x ! ,swa/ika us$ 9 anci5t times to be made 9 quill embroid]y on h]b bags4 ,miss ,ow5 spoke ( o!r g>t]s ) ,swa/ikas on !m1 b %e said !y 7 sacr$1 7 us$ only dur+ c]ta9 c]emonies1 & %e knew n if %e c\ld be able to get or ev5 see !m4 ,dur+ ! prolongation ( ! prep>ation ( ?is pap] %e wrote two or ?ree times1 tell+ ( ! promises made to h] by ! two ,sac wom5 :o 7 ! own]s ( ^! sacr$ g>t]s1 & h[ ea* "t !y _h fail$4 ,yet %e did n give up hope4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahif1 ! little box conta9+ ! sacr$ g>t]s arriv$4 ,miss ,ow5 says ! husb&s ( ^! two ,sac wom5 are ,pottawatomies on ! ,cook ,c\nty 7,kans47 ,res]vation4 ,!y are sun wor%ipp]s4 ,^! g>t]s h be5 sket*$ & figur$ 9 pl4 #af4 ,! ,pueblos4--,! ,pueblo c\ntry 9 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona1 z is well kn[n1 is inhabit$ by v>i\s tribes ( ,indians speak+ diff]5t languages1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r & f all o!r tribes by diff]5ces ( language1 cu/oms1 & habit1 b some:at ak9 to ea* o!r 9 culture1 & _m ?+s diff]5t f o!r tribes are peculi> to !m4 ,^! h be5 call$ ! ,pueblo ,indians because !y live 9 pueblos or t[ns4 ,_! pres5t c\ntry includes ! regions ( ! anci5t cliff dwell]s1 ( :om !y are suppos$ to be ! desc5dants4 ,9 ^? manife/ations ( culture :]e9 !y are peculi> & diff]5t f o!r tribes !y h come to be consid]$ some?+ sup]ior4 ,any se>* = ! ,swa/ika 9 ,am]ica :i* omitt$ ^! ,indians w\ld be fatally defective1 & s "h x is f\nd4 ,)\t speculat+ h[ ! k ( ! ,swa/ika came to !m1 :e!r by indep5d5t inv5tion or br\ght f di/ant l&s1 x w be en\gh to %[ its k among & its use by ! peoples ( ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,,dance ,,rattle ,,made ,,( ,a ,,small ,,g\rd ,,decorat$ ,,9 ,,black1 ,,:ite1 ,,& ,,r$4 ,ogee ,swa/ika on ea* side4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #ebf4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dbjdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology = ! ye> #ahhj-ha 7p4 #cid1 fig4 #efb7 is describ$ a dance rattle made f a small g\rd1 ornam5t$ 9 black1 :ite1 & r$ 7fig4 #bef74 ,! g\rd has a ,swa/ika on ea* side1 ) ! ends b5t1 n squ>e1 b ogee 7! tetraskelion74 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a l>ge numb] ( ^! dance rattles ) ,swa/ikas on _! sides1 obta9$ f ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,"s ( !m h ! natural neck = a h&le1 z %[n 9 ! cut2 o!rs are )\t neck1 & h a wood5 /ick ins]t$ & pass$ ?r\gh = a h&le4 ,beans1 pebbles1 or simil> objects are inside1 & ! %ak+ ( ! ma*9e makes a rattl+ noise :i* m>ks "t = ! dance4 ,! ,museum possesses a l>ge s]ies ( pott]y f ! v>i\s pueblos ( ! ,s\?we/2 ^! are ( ! pa9t$ & decorat$ k9d common to t civilization & c\ntry4 ,"s ( ^! pieces be> ! ,swa/ika m>k2 occasionally x is f\nd outside1 occasionally inside4 ,x is m frequ5tly ( ! ogee =m1 simil> to t on ! rattle f ! same c\ntry 7fig4 #bef74 ,! l>g] proportion ( ^! specim5s comes f ! pueblos ( ,santa ,cl>a & ,/4 ,ildefonso4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,c]emonial ,,bead ,,g>t]s ,,) ,,swa/ikas4 ,sac ,indians1 ,cook ,c\nty 7,kansas7 ,res]vation4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann reports3#bfj ,we also see a ,swa/ika 7turn$ to ! left7 scrat*$ on two t]ra cotta b[ls ( ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico1 pres]v$ 9 ! e?nological section ( ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l94 ,g4 ,nord5skild1#bfa 9 ! report ( 8 excavations among ! ru9$ pueblos ( ! ,mesa ,v]de1 made 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado dur+ ! summ] ( #ahia1 tells ( ! f9d+ ( num]\s specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,9 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #a1 he repres5ts a l>ge1 %all[ b[l 9 ! refuse heap at ! ,/ep ,h\se4 ,x 0 #ej c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 ( r\gh execution1 gray 9 color1 & diff]5t 9 =m & design f o!r vessels f ! cliff h\ses4 ,! ,swa/ika sign 7to ! "r7 0 9 its c5t]1 & made by l9es ( small dots4 ,8 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #f1 repres5ts a b[l f\nd 9 a grave 7g on ! plan7 at ,/ep ,h\se4 ,its decoration inside 0 ( ! usual type1 b ! only decoration on ! outside consi/$ ( a ,swa/ika1 ) arms cross+ at "r angles & ends b5t at ! "r1 simil> to fig4 #i4 ,8 pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a1 repres5t$ a l>ge b[l f\nd 9 ,mug ,h\se4 ,its decoration consi/$ 9 "p ( a ,swa/ika simil> 9 =m & /yle to ! ,etruscan gold bulla1 fig4 #ahh 9 ?is pap]4 ,c]ta9 specim5s ( pott]y f ! pueblos ( ,santa ,cl>a & ,/4 ,ildefonso1 deposit$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,dep>tm5t ( ,e?nology71 be> ,swa/ika m>ks1 *iefly ( ! ogee =m4#bfb ,! ,navajoes4--,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ?an :om no "o has done bett]1 m orig9al1 nor m accurate an?ropologic "w 9 ,am]ica1 :e!r hi/oric or prehi/oric1 has k9dly ref]r$ me to 8 memoir 9 ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 compris+ #hb pages1 ) #i plates & #i figures1 entitl$ ,! ,m\nta9 ,*ant2 a ,navajo c]emony4 ,x is descriptive ( "o ( a numb] ( c]emonies practic$ by ! %amans or m$ic9e m5 ( ! ,navajo ,indians1 ,new ,mexico4 ,! c]emony is public1 al?\gh x takes place dur+ ! night4 ,x la/s = n9e days & is call$ by ! ,indians dsilydje qal--lit]ally1 *ant t[>d 7a place7 )9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! ^w dsilyi may allude to m\nta9s 9 g5]al1 to ! ,c>rizo ,m\nta9s 9 p>ticul>1 to ! place 9 ! m\nta9s :]e ! prophet 7orig9ator ( ^! c]emonies7 dwelt1 or to 8 "n1 or to all ( ^! comb9$4 ,qal means a sacr$ song or a collection ( sacr$ songs4 ,dr4 ,mat!ws describes at l5g? ! my? :i* is ! f\ndation ( ?is c]emony1 :i* mu/ be read to be appreciat$1 b may be summ>iz$ ?us3 ,an ,indian family1 consi/+ ( fa!r1 "m1 two sons1 & two daught]s1 dwelt 9 anci5t times ne> ! ,c>rizo ,m\nta9s4 ,!y liv$ by hunt+ & trapp+2 b ! place 0 des]t1 game sc>ce1 & !y mov$ up ! riv] f>!r into ! m\nta9s4 ,! fa!r made incantations to enable 8 two sons to capture & kill game2 he s5t !m hunt+ ea* day1 direct+ !m to g to ! ea/1 we/1 or nor?1 b ) ! injunction n to ! s\?4 ,! eld] son disobey$ ?is injunction1 w5t to ! s\?1 0 captur$ by a w> p>ty ( ,utes & tak5 to _! home f> to ! s\?4 ,he escap$ by ! aid ( ,yybi*y 7,qa/cli7 & div]s sup]natural be+s4 ,8 adv5tures 9 return+ home =m ! body ( ! c]emony :]e9 ^! adv5tures are1 9 "s degree1 reproduc$4 ,ext5sive prep>ations are made = ! p]=mance ( ! c]emony4 ,lodges are built & corrals made = ! use ( ! p]=m]s & ! conv5i5ce ( _! audi5ce4 ,! fte be+ organiz$1 /ories are told1 spee*es made1 & sacr$ songs are sung 7! latt] are giv5 by ,dr4 ,mat!ws z songs ( sequ5ce1 because !y mu/ be sung 9 a progressive s]ies on f\r c]ta9 days ( ! c]emony74 ,my?ological *>ts ( dry s& ( div]s colors are made on ! e>? )9 ! corrals aft] ! mann] ( ! ,navajo & ,pueblo ,indians4 ,^! dry s& pa9t+s are made aft] a giv5 =mula & int5d$ to be repeat$ f ye> to ye>1 al?\gh no copy is pres]v$1 ! arti/s dep5d+ only ^u ! memory ( _! %aman4 ,"o ( ^! pictures or *>ts repres5ts ! fugitive's escape f ! ,utes1 8 captors1 d[n a precipice into a d5 or cave 9 :i* burnt a fire on :i* 0 no wood4 ,f\r pebbles lay on ! gr\nd toge!r--a black pebble 9 ! ea/1 a blue "o 9 ! s\?1 a yell[ "o 9 ! we/1 & a :ite "o 9 ! nor?4 ,f ^! flames issu$4 ,ar\nd ! fire lay f\r be>s1 color$ & plac$ to correspond ) ! pebbles4 ,:5 ! /rang]s 7,qa/cli & ! ,navajo7 approa*$ ! fire ! be>s ask$ !m = tobacco1 & :5 !y repli$ !y _h none1 ! be>s became angry & ?rice m dem&$ x4 ,:5 ! ,navajo fl$ f ! ,ute camp1 he _h furtively help$ himself f "o ( ! f\r bags ( tobacco :i* ! c\ncil 0 us+4 ,^!1 ) a pipe1 he _h ti$ up 9 8 sk9 robe2 s :5 ! f\r? dem& 0 made he fill$ ! pipe & light$ x at ! fire4 ,he h&$ ! pipe to ! black be>1 :o1 tak+ b "o :iff1 pass$ x to ! blue be> & imm$iately fell s5seless4 ,! blue be> took two :iffs & pass$ ! pipe1 :5 he too fell ov] unconsci\s4 ,! yell[ be> succumb$ aft] ! ?ird :iff1 & ! :ite be> 9 ! nor? aft] ! f\r? :iff4 ,n[ ! ,navajo knock$ ! a%es & tobacco out ( 8 pipe & rubb$ ! latt] on ! feet1 legs1 abdom51 *e/1 %\ld]s1 =ehead1 & m\? ( ea* ( ! be>s 9 turn1 & !y 7 at once resuscitat$4 ,he replac$ ! pipe 9 ! corn] ( 8 robe4 ,:5 ! be>s recov]$1 !y assign$ to ! ,navajo a place on ! ea/ side ( ! fire :]e he might lie all night1 & !y br\ght out _! /ores ( corn meal1 tciltc91 & o!r b]ries1 (f]+ !m to him to eat2 b ,qa/cli w>n$ him n to t\* ! food1 & disappe>$4 ,s1 hungry z he 01 ! ,indian lay d[n supp]less to sleep4 ,:5 he awoke 9 ! morn+1 ! be>s aga9 (f]$ food1 :i* he aga9 decl9$1 say+ he 0 n hungry4 ,!n !y %[$ him h[ to make ! be> ke?wns1 or /icks1 to be sacrific$ to ! be> gods1 & !y drew f "o corn] ( ! cave a great %eet ( cl\d1 :i* !y unroll$1 & on x 7 pa9t$ ! =ms ( ! yays ( ! cultivat$ plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,navajo ,,dry ,,pa9t+ ,,conta9+ ,,swa/ikas4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,*ant3 ,a ,navajo ,c]emony1 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-hd1 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,9 ,dr4 ,mat!ws's memoir 7m>k$ ?ird1 b describ$ on p4 #ddg z ! second picture71 is a repres5tation ( ! pa9t+ :i* ! prophet 0 believ$ to h se5 at ! home ( ! be>s 9 ! ,c>rizo ,m\nta9s4 ,?is is "h reproduc$ z pl4 #ag4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! figure is a b[l ( wat] cov]$ ) black p[d]2 ! edge ( ! b[l is g>ni%$ ) sunbeams1 :ile outside ( x & =m+ a rectangle are ! f\r ca'bitlol ( sunbeam rafts on :i* seem to /& f\r gods1 or yays1 ) ! plants "u _! special protection1 :i* are pa9t$ ! same color z ! gods to :i* !y belong4 ,^! plants are repres5t$ on _! left h&1 ! h& be+ op5 & ext5d$ t[>d !m4 ,! body ( ! ea/]n god is :ite1 s is ! /alk ( corn at 8 left 9 ! s\!a/2 ! body ( ! s\!rn god is blue1 s is ! bean/alk beside him 9 ! s\?we/2 ! body ( ! we/]n god is yell[1 s is 8 pumpk9 v9e 9 ! nor?we/2 ! body ( ! nor? god is black1 s is ! tobacco plant 9 ! nor!a/4 ,ea* ( ! sacr$ plants gr[s f five :ite roots 9 ! c5tral wat]s & spreads outw>d to ! p]iph]y ( ! picture4 ,! figures ( ! gods =m a cross1 ! arms ( :i* are direct$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts2 ! plants =m ano!r cross1 hav+ a common c5t] ) ! fir/1 ! arms ext5d+ to ! int]m$iate po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! gods are %ap$ alike1 b color$ diff]5tly2 !y lie ) _! feet to ! c5t] & heads ext5d$ outw>d1 "o to ea* ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 ! faces look =w>d1 ! arms half ext5d$ on ei!r side1 ! h&s rais$ to a level ) ! %\ld]s4 ,!y we> ar\nd _! lo9s skirts ( r$ sunlight adorn$ ) sunbeams4 ,!y h e> p5dants1 bracelets1 & armlets1 blue & r$1 repres5t+ turquoise & coral1 ! prehi/oric & emblematic jewels ( ! ,navajo ,indians4 ,_! =e>ms & legs are black1 %[+ 9 ea* a zigzag m>k repres5t+ lightn+ on ! black ra9 cl\ds4 ,9 ! nor? god ^! colors are1 = arti/ic reasons1 rev]s$4 ,! gods h1 respectively1 a rattle1 a *>m1 & a basket1 ea* atta*$ to 8 "r h& by /r+s4 ,?is basket1 repres5t$ by conc5tric l9es ) a ,greek cross 9 ! c5t]1 all ( ! prop] color correspond+ ) ! god to :om ea* belongs1 has ext5d+ f ea* ( its qu>t]s1 arrang$ p]p5dicul>ly at "r angles to ea* o!r1 9 ! =m ( a cross1 f\r :ite plumes ( equal l5g?1 :i* at equal di/ances f ! c5t] are b5t1 all to ! left1 & all ( ! same l5g?4 ,?us are =m$ 9 ?is *>t f\r specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika1 ) ! cross & circle at ! int]section ( ! arms4 ,! plumes h a small black spot at ! tip end ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,,w> ,,%ield ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,pima ,,indians4 ,ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 9 ?ree colors3 7#a7 blue1 7#b7 r$1 7#c7 :ite4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bghbi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,,w> ,,%ield ,,) ,,ogee ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,c5t]4 ,pima ,indians4 ,! hole ne> ! l[] arm ( ! ,swa/ika 0 made by an arr[4 ,prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge4 ,dr4 ,mat!ws in=ms me t he has no k ( any peculi> mean+ attribut$ by ^! ,indians to ?is ,swa/ika symbol1 & we "k n :e!r x is int5d$ z a religi\s symbol1 a *>m ( bless+1 or good luck1 or :e!r x is only an ornam5t4 ,we d n "k :e!r x has any hidd51 my/]i\s1 or symbolic mean+2 b !re x is1 a prehi/oric or ,ori5tal ,swa/ika 9 all its purity & simplicity1 appe>+ 9 "o ( ! my/ic c]emonies ( ! aborig9es 9 ! great ,am]ican des]t 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,! ,pimas4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a %ield 7,cat4 ,no4 #bghbi7 ( bull hide1 made by ! ,pima ,indians4 ,x is ab\t #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & be>s ^u its face an ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion71 ! ends b5t to ! "r4 ,! body & ea* arm is divid$ longitud9ally into ?ree /ripes or b&s indicat$ by colors1 blue1 r$1 & :ite1 arrang$ alt]nately4 ,! ext]ior "p ( ! %ield has a :ite gr\nd1 :ile ! int]ior or c5t] has a blue gr\nd4 ,?is %ield 7fig4 #beg7 is almo/ an exact reproduction ( ! ,swa/ika f ,myc5 7fig4 #afa71 f ,irel& 7fig4 #baf71 & f ,sc&9avia 7figs4 #bji & #baj74 ,fig4 #beh %[s ano!r ,pima %ield ( ! same type4 ,its ,swa/ika is1 h[ev]1 pa9t$ ) a s+le color or possibly a mixture ( two1 r$ & :ite4 ,x is ogee1 & ! ends b5d to ! left4 ,?is %ield is ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,he obta9$ x f a ,pima ,indian 9 ,arizona1 :o assur$ him t ! hole at ! end ( ! l[] arm ( ! ,swa/ika 0 made by an arr[ %ot at him by an ,indian enemy4 ,,colonial ,,pat*work4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,,colonial ,,pat*work ,,) ,,figures ,,resembl+ ,,swa/ikas4 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #ahid1 "u ! title ( ,tape/ry 9 ! ,new ,_w1 "o ( our popul> writ]s has describ$1 ) _m illu/rations1 ! b$quilt patt]ns ( our gr&mo!rs' "t4 ,"o ( ^! %e int]prets z ! ,swa/ika4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 believ$ to be =c$4 ,! patt]n 9 "q is made ( pat*es 9 ! =m ( rhomboids & "r-angl$ triangles sew$ & gr\p$ some:at 9 ! =m ( ! ,swa/ika 7fig4 #bei74 ,x is an inv5t$ comb9ation ( pat*work :i* =m$ a new patt]n1 & :ile x be>s a slight resemblance to ! ,swa/ika1 lacks its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,x 0 n a symbol1 & repres5ts no idea beyond t ( a pretty patt]n4 ,x /ood = no?+ sacr$1 nor = b5$iction1 bless+1 nor good luck4 ,x 0 b an ornam5tal patt]n :i* =tuit\sly _h ! resemblance ( ,swa/ika4 ,x 0 n ev5 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,swa/ika is ab\t ! same !re w\ld be betwe5 ! idle & ?\ghtless boy :o sporadically draws ! cross on 8 slate1 mean+ no?+ by x1 or at mo/ only to make an ornam5t1 & ! dev\t ,*ri/ian :o makes ! same sign on ent]+ ! *ur*1 or ! ,indian :o ?us repres5ts ! f\r w9ds ( heav54 ,he :o made ! ,swa/ika recognizes an occult p[] = good & aga9/ evil1 & he !reby invokes ! p[] to secure prosp]ity4 ,%e :o made ! quilt patt]n app>5tly knew no?+ ( ! old-"t ,swa/ika1 & 0 n endeavor+ to reproduce x or any?+ l x4 ,%e only s\ght to make su* an arrangem5t ( rhomboidal & triangul> quilt pat*es z w\ld produce a new ornam5tal patt]n4 ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4 ,,nic>agua4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bfj 7,cat4 ,no4 #bcgbf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m47 is a fragm5t1 ! foot ( a l>ge /one metate f ,zapat]o1 ,granada1 ,nic>agua4 ,! metate 0 *isel$ or peck$ out ( ! solid4 ,a sunk5 panel is surr\nd$ by mold+s1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* appe>s1 f its outl9e1 also by rais$ mold+s1 a figure1 ! outl9e ( :i* is a ,greek cross1 b ^: ext]ior is a ,swa/ika4 ,its =m z su* is p]fect1 except t "o b5t arm is sep>at$ f its /em by a %all[ groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,! ,,foot ,,( ,a ,,/one ,,metate ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,swa/ika4 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bcgbf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! ,cross1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 %[s1 9 its fig4 #eg1 a ,swa/ika pure & simple1 & is cit$ by its au?or z repres5t+ a cross f\nd by ,squi] 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! ,mexican en?usia/1 ,orozco y ,p]ra1 claims at fir/ glance t x %[s ,buddhi/ orig91 b ,i h n be5 able z yet to v]ify ! quotation4 ,,yucatan4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann reports1 9 ! ,e?nological ,museum at ,b]l91 a pott]y b[l f ,yucatan ornam5t$ ) a ,swa/ika1 ! two ma9 arms cross+ at "r angles1 & he adds1#bfc cit+ ,le ,plongeon1 ,f\illes au ,yucatan1 t dur+ ! la/ excavations 9 ,yucatan ?is sign 0 f\nd sev]al times on anci5t pott]y4 ,le ,plongeon discov]$ a fragm5t ( a /one slab 9 ! anci5t ,maya city ( ,mayapan1 ( :i* he publi%$ a description 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,x conta9s an ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion71 ) ends curv$ to ! left & an inv]t$ ,u ) a :eel 7fig4 #bfa74 ,le ,plongeon believ$ x to be an ,egyptian inscription1 :i* he translat$ ?us3 ,! "*1 inv]t$ ,u1 /ood = ,* or ,k2 ! :eel = ! sun1 ,aa or ,ra1 & ! ,swa/ika = ,* or ,k1 mak+ ! :ole to be ,*a* or ,kak1 :i*1 he says1 is ! ^w fire 9 ! ,maya language4#bfd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,/one ,,slab ,,f ,,! ,,anci5t ,,maya ,,city ,,( ,,mayapan4 ,ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion74 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,april #ba1 #ahha4 ,,co/a ,,rica4 ,a fragm5t ( a metate 7,cat4 ,no4 #ific1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m47 f\nd on ,lempa ,riv]1 ,co/a ,rica1 by ,capt4 ,j4 ,m4 ,d[1 has on its bottom a ,swa/ika simil> to t on ! metate f ,nic>agua4 ,specim5 ,no4 #eiahb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,n41 is a fragm5t ( a pott]y vase f ,las ,huacas1 ,co/a ,rica1 collect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,brans=d4 ,x is natural m>oon body color1 decorat$ ) black pa9t4 ,a b& two in*es wide is ar\nd ! belly ( ! vase divid$ into panels ( solid black alt]nat$ ) fanciful geometric figures1 crosses1 circles1 etc4 ,"o ( ^! panels conta9s a p>tial ,swa/ika figure4 ,! two ma9 arms cross at "r angles 9 ,greek =m4 ,x is a p>tial ,swa/ika 9 t1 :ile ! two p]p5dicul> arms b5d at "r angles1 turn+ six times to ! "r2 ! two horizontal arms are solid black 9 color1 z ?\gh ! l9es & spaces _h run toge!r4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,,brazil4 ,! lead5 idol 7fig4 #abe7 7,artemis ,nana#bfe ( ,*aldea1 ,sayce2 /atuettes ( ! ,cyclades1 ,l5ormant7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 ! ?ird1 ! burnt city ( ,hiss>lik1 ,troy1 0 describ$ 7p4 #hbi7 ) its ,swa/ika on ! triangul> %ield cov]+ ! pud5dum1 ) ! /atem5t t x w\ld be recall$ 9 ! *apt] on ,brazil4 ,! aborig9al wom5 ( ,brazil wore a triangul> %ield or plaque ov] _! private p>ts4 ,^! %ields are made ( t]ra cotta1 q ?91 ! edges r\nd$1 & ! :ole piece rubb$ smoo? & poli%$4 ,x is support$ 9 place by cords ar\nd ! body1 :i* are atta*$ by small holes 9 ea* angle ( ! triangle4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses sev]al ( ^! plaques f ,brazil1 & sev]al 7 %[n at ! ,*icago ,exposition4 ,! consid]ation ( ! lead5 idol ( ,hiss>lik1 ) a ,swa/ika1 z ?\gh = good luck1 recall$ to ! au?or simil> plaques 9 8 dep>tm5t f ,brazil4 ,"s are ( common yell[ w>e1 o!rs 7 f9]1 7 color$ r$ & rubb$ smoo? & h>d1 b 7 )\t decoration4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 pl4 #ah 7upp] figure7 0 f ,m>ajo1 ,brazil1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,brigham4 ,x is ( light gray1 slip wa%$1 & decorat$ ) pale r$ or yell[ pa9t 9 b&s1 l9es1 p>allels1 geometric figures4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ! l[] figure ( ! same plate1 f ! ,caneotires ,riv]1 ,brazil1 0 collect$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/e]e4 ,! body color1 clay1 & ! decoration pa9t are mu* ! same z ! =m]4 ,! ornam5tation is pr9cipally by two light l9es laid p>allel & close s z to =m a s+le l9e1 & is ( ! same geometric "* z ! incis$ decoration ornam5t on o!r pieces f ,m>ajo ,isl&4 ,midway f top to bottom1 ne> ! outside edges1 are two ,swa/ikas4 ,!y are ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 size1 are turn$ at "r angles1 "o to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left4 ,^! may h be5 a *>m signify+ good =tune 9 be>+ *ildr54 7,see pp4 #hcj-hcb47 ,^! specim5s 7 submitt$ by ! au?or to ! ,brazilian m9i/]1 ,seor ,m5dona1 himself an ar*ologi/ & philologi/ ( no small capacity1 :o recogniz$ ^! objects z 9 use 9 anci5t times among ! aborig9es ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! "n by :i* !y are kn[n 9 ! aborig9al language is ,tambeao or ,tamatiatang1 accord+ to ! dialects ( diff]5t prov9ces4 ,! lat] dialect "n = apron is report$ z tunga1 & ! m9i/] makes two rem>ks hav+ a possible be>+ on ! migration ( ! race3 7#a7 ,! simil>ity ( tunga ) ! la/ syllable ( ! long] ^w1 atang1 & 7#b7 t tunga is ess5tially an ,african ^w f ! we/ coa/4 ,:e!r ?is piece ( dress s ?or\ghly savage1 ) a possible c]emonial mean+ relat+ to sex or condition1 ) its wond]ful simil>ity ( names1 might n h migrat$ 9 "t ( antiquity f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa to ! promontory ( ,brazil on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,am]ica :]e ! passage is n>r[e/1 is "o ( ^? conundrums :i* ! prehi/oric an?ropologi/ is con/antly enc\nt]+ & :i* he is usually unable to solve4 ,! purpose ( ^! objects1 beyond cov]+ ! private p>ts ( ! female sex1 is n kn[n4 ,!y may h be5 c]emonial1 relat+1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to p>ticul> conditions ( ! sex1 or !y may h be5 only v>iations ( ! some:at simil> cov]s us$ by ! male aborig9e4 ,!y be> "s resemblance to ! ,ce9tures de ,*a/et1 specim5s ( :i* are privately %[n at ! ,muse de ,cluny at ,p>is4 ,^! are said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,franoise de ,c>>a1 vigui] imp]ial 7provo/7 ( ,padua1 ,italy1 ne> ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,he appli$ x to all ! wom5 ( 8 s]aglio4 ,he 0 behead$ ,a4 ,d4 #adje1 by a decree ( ! ,s5ate ( ,v5ice1 = 8 _m acts ( cruelty4 ,! palace ( ,/4 ,m>k conta9$ = a long "t a box or case ( ^! ce9tures ) _! locks atta*$1 :i* 7 repres5t$ z des pieces de conviction ( ?is mon/]4#bff ,voltaire describes 8 h]o qui ti5t s\s la clef1 la v]tu de sa femme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,folium ,,vitus 7,,fig ,,leaves74 ,t]ra-cotta cov]s1 tunga4 ,aborig9es ( ,brazil4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #eijhi & #cfedb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,,p>aguay4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann reports t a travel] ( ! ,b]l9 ,e?nological ,museum obta9$ a pumpk9 bottle f ! tribe ( ,l5guas 9 ,p>aguay :i* bore ! impr9t ( ! ,swa/ika scrat*$ ^u its surface1 & t he _h rec5tly s5t x to ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l94 ,,iii4--,,=ms ,,alli$ ,,to ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,,me&]s1 ,,ogees1 ,,& ,,spirals1 ,,b5t ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 ,!re are c]ta9 =ms relat$ to ! normal ,swa/ika & greatly resembl+ x--me&]s1 ogees1 ! triskelion1 tetraskelion1 & five & six arm$ spirals or volutes4 ,?is has be5 m5tion$ above 7page #gfh71 & "s ( ! v>ieties are %[n 9 fig4 #ac4 ,^! relat$ =ms h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ,am]ica1 & ?is inve/igation w\ld be incomplete if !y 7 omitt$4 ,x has be5 argu$ 7p4 #hci7 t ! ,swa/ika 0 n evolv$ f ! me&]1 & ?is ne$ n be re>gu$4 ,! cross ) ! arms b5t or twi/$ 9 a spiral is "o ( ^! relat$ =ms4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 anci5t1 if n prehi/oric1 times ! cross ) ext5d$ spiral arms 0 frequ5tly employ$4 ,?is =m appe>$ 9 intimate association ) ! squ>e ,swa/ikas :i* 7 turn$ indiff]5tly to ! "r & left4 ,?is association ( diff]5t yet relat$ =ms 0 s intimate1 & !y 7 us$ s indiscrim9ately z to ju/ify ! cont5tion t ! mak] or design] recogniz$ or admitt$ no p]ceptible or sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! squ>e & spiral =ms1 :e!r !y turn$ to ! "r or left1 or :e!r !y made a s+le or _m turns1 & t he class$ !m z ! same sign or its equival5t4 ,a ,greek vase 7fig4 #agd7 %[s five ,swa/ikas1 f\r ( :i* are ( diff]5t =m 7fig4 #bfb74 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! design ( ?is ,greek vase is pa9t$ m>oon on a yell[ gr\nd1 ! /yle g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! vases f ! m\nds ( ,miss\ri & ,arkansas1 :i* mo/ly repres5t ! spiral ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,swa/ika ,,= ,,comp>ison4 ,9 ,irel& a /&+ /one 7fig4 #bae7 has two =ms ( ,swa/ika side by side4 ,9 "o ! arms are b5t squ>e at ! corn]s1 ! o!r has curv$ or spiral arms1 bo? turn$ to ! "r4 ,^! examples are s num]\s t !y w\ld seem conv9c+ 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r evid5ce 7figs4 #aff to #agf74 ,,aborig9al ,,am]ican ,,engrav+s ,,& ,,pa9t+s4 ,^! alli$ =ms ( ,swa/ika appe> on prehi/oric objects f m\nds & ,indian graves 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry & 9 times ( high antiquity z well z among mod]n tribes4 ,?is pap] conta9s ! results ( ! inve/igations 9 ?is direction4 ,,designs ,,on ,,%ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,cross1 circle1 sun's rays7871 & heads ( f\r ivory-bill$ woodpeck]s787 arrang$ to =m a ,swa/ika4 ,mississippi4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,prehi/oric ,an?ropology 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 conta9s a consid]able numb] ( l>ge %ells ( aborig9al workman%ip4 ,! %ell mo/ employ$ 0 t ( ! g5us ,fulgur1 a m>9e %ell f\nd on ! coa/ f ,florida to ! capes4 ,! ,unio 0 employ$1 z well z o!rs4 ,^! m>9e %ells 7 transport$ long di/ances inl&4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 m\nds & ,indian graves a ?\s& miles f _! orig9al habitat4 ,!y s]v$ z ut5sils z well z ornam5ts4 ,9 _m specim5s ! :orl 0 cut out1 ! %ells o!rwise left entire1 & !y s]v$ z vessels = hold+ or c>ry+ liquids4 ,:5 int5d$ = ornam5ts1 !y 7 cut into ! desir$ =m & engrav$ ) ! design2 if to be us$ z gorgets1 holes 7 drill$ = susp5sion4 ,frequ5tly !y 7 smoo!d on ! outside & ! design engrav$ !reon4 ,! pref]5ce ( ! aborig9es = ! ,fulgur %ell may h be5 by reason ( its l>g] size4 ,among ! patt]ns employ$ = ! decoration ( ^! %ells1 ! ,swa/ika1 9 ! =m ( spirals1 volutes1 or o!rwise1 appe>$1 al?\gh _m o!rs1 su* z ! rattlesnake1 birds1 spid]s1 & human masks 7 employ$4 ,no detail$ description ( ! patt]ns ( ?is %ellwork w be attempt$1 because figures w be requir$ to give ! ne$$ in=mation = ! int]pretation ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,_m ( ! cuts & "s ( ! descriptions are tak5 f ! annual reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology &1 s f> z relates to %ell1 mo/ly f ,mr4 ,holmes's pap] on ,art 9 ,%ell ( ! ,anci5t ,am]icans4 ,i desire to express my ?anks = all cuts obta9$ f ! ,bureau publications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,f ,,t5nessee4 ,squ>e figure ) ornam5tal corn]s & heads ( ivory-bill$ woodpeck] arrang$ to =m a figure resembl+ ! ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,f ,,t5nessee4 ,squ>e figure ) ornam5tal corn]s & heads ( ivory-bill$ woodpeck] arrang$ to =m a figure resembl+ ! ,swa/ika4 ,ivory-bill$ woodpeck]4--,a s]ies ( gorgets 9 %ell h be5 f\nd ornam5t$ ) designs resembl+ ! ,swa/ika1 :i* %\ld be notic$4 ,!y comb9e ! squ>e & ! cross1 :ile ! head & bill ( ! bird =m ! gamma indicative ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #bfc1 tak5 f ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha 7pl4 #eh71 %[s "o ( ^! %ell gorgets f ,mississippi1 :i* 01 9 all probability1 obta9$ f "o ( ! multitude ( anci5t sepul*res t ab\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi4 ,! design is engrav$ on ! convex side1 ! p]=ations are plac$ ne> ! m>g91 & %[ mu* we> by ! cord ( susp5sion4 ,9 ! c5t] is a ne>ly symmetrical ,greek cross inclos$ 9 a circle ( #a-a_/d in*es4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! arms are emblazon$ ) radiat+ l9es4 ,outside ?is circle are twelve small po9t$ or pyramidal rays4 ,a squ>e framework ( f\r cont9u\s p>allel l9es loop$ at ! corn]s incloses ?is symbol2 project+ f ! c5t] ( ea* side ( ?is squ>e1 opposite ! arms ( ! cross1 are f\r heads ( birds repres5t+ ! ivory-bill$ woodpeck]1 ! h]on1 or ! swan4 ,! long1 sl5d]1 & /raight m&ibles give ! ,swa/ika =m to ! object4 ,mr4 ,holmes says 7p4 #bhb7 t he has be5 able to f9d six ( ^! specim5s1 all ( ! type describ$1 v>y+ only 9 detail1 workman%ip1 & f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,f ,,t5nessee4 ,squ>e figure ) ornam5tal corn]s & heads ( ivory-bill$ woodpeck] arrang$ to =m a figure resembl+ ! ,swa/ika4 ,figs4 #bfd1 #bfe1 & #bff1bfg repres5t ?ree ( ^! %ell gorgets4 ,! fir/ 0 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam f a /one grave1 ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 ,t5nessee4 ,x is ab\t #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] &1 l ! =m]1 x has a ,greek cross 9 ! c5t]4 ,! second 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,cross f a /one grave ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,! ?ird is f a /one grave ne> ,oldt[n1 ,t5n4 ,all ^! h be5 drill$ = susp5sion & are mu* worn4 ,! triskele1 triskelion1 or triquetrum4--,^! are ,greek & ,lat9 t]ms = ! spiral volute ) ?ree bran*es or arms4 ,! co9s ( ,lycia 7 9 ?is =m1 made orig9ally by ! junction ( ?ree cocks' heads & necks4 ,! armorial be>+s ( ! isl& ( ,sicily1 9 anci5t times1 consi/$ ( ?ree human legs jo9$ at ! ?igh & flex$1 sometimes boot$ & spurr$ 7p4 #hgc74 ,aborig9al %ell gorgets h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nds ( ,t5nessee & ! adjo9+ c\ntry1 :i* 7 engrav$ ) ?is design1 ?\gh always 9 spiral =m4 ,!re seems to h be5 no di/9ction 9 ! direction ( ! volutes1 !y turn+ indiff]5tly to ! "r or to ! left4 ,because ( _! possible relation to ! ,swa/ika x has be5 deem$ prop] to introduce !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,,scallop$ ,,%ell ,,disk 7,,fulgur7 ,,f ,a ,,m\nd ,,ne> ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n4 ,?ree spiral volutes 7triskelion74 ,fig4 #bfgbfh %[s a ,fulgur %ell specim5 obta9$ by ,major ,p[ell f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ! head ( a skeleton4 ,its sub/ance is well pres]v$2 ! surface 0 once highly poli%$1 b n[ is pitt$ by erosion & discolor$ by age4 ,! design is engrav$ on ! concave surface z usual1 & ! l9es are accurately drawn & cle>ly cut4 ,! c5tral circle is ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] & is surr\nd$ by a zone "o-half an in* 9 wid?1 :i* conta9s a triskelion or triquetrum ( ?ree volut$ l9es beg9n+ ne> ! c5t] ( ! %ell on ! circumf]5ce ( ! inn] circle ( ?ree small equidi/ant p]=ations1 & sweep+ outw>d spirally to ! left z %[n 9 ! figure1 mak+ upw>d ( half a revolution4 ,^! l9es are some:at wid] & m deeply engrav$ ?an ! o!r l9es ( ! design4 ,9 "s specim5s !y are s deeply cut z to p5etrate ! disk1 produc+ cresc5t-%ap$ p]=ations4 ,two m$ium-siz$ p]=ations = susp5sion h be5 made ne> ! inn] m>g9 ( "o ( ! bosses next ! dott$ zone2 ^! %[ abrasion by ! cord ( susp5sion4 ,^! p]=ations1 z well z ! ?ree ne> ! c5t]1 h be5 bor$ ma9ly f ! convex side ( ! disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,,scallop$ ,,%ell ,,disk ,,f ,a ,,m\nd ,,ne> ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n4 ,circles & dots & f\r spiral volutes 7tetraskelion74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,,%ell ,,disk ,,f ,,brakebill ,,m\nd1 ,,ne> ,,knoxville1 ,,t5n4 ,dot & circle 9 c5t] & ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 m>k$ b n complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bgj & #bga4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,disk4 ,obv]se & rev]se4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,fig4 #bfhbfi repres5ts a well-pres]v$ disk ) f\r volute arms =m+ ! tetraskelion1 & ?us alli$ to ! ,swa/ika4 ,! volutes 7to ! "r7 are deeply cut & = ab\t "o-?ird _! l5g? p5etrate ! %ell1 produc+ f\r cresc5t-%ap$ p]=ations :i* %[ on ! opposite side4 ,?is specim5 is f a /one grave ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 & ! orig9al is 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,fig4 #bfibgj %[s a specim5 f ! ,brakebill m\nd1 ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5n4 ,x has a dot 9 ! c5t]1 ) a circle five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!re are f\r volute arms :i* />t f ! opposite sides ( ?is circle1 & 9 _! spiral =m ext5d to ! "r across ! field1 increas+ 9 size z !y approa* ! p]iph]y4 ,?is is an int]e/+ specim5 ( ! tetraskelion or spiral ,swa/ika1 9 t x is unf9i%$1 ! outl9e hav+ be5 cut 9 ! %ell suffici5t to indicate ! =m1 b n p]fect$4 ,figs4 #bgj & #bga %[ obv]se & rev]se sides ( ! same %ell4 ,x comes f "o ( ! /one graves ( ,t5nessee1 & is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,joseph ,jones1 ( ,new ,orleans1#bga z a specim5 ( ! deposit & orig9al condition ( ^! objects3 ,9 a c>efully con/ruct$ /one s>cophagus 9 :i* ! face ( ! skeleton 0 look+ t[>d ! sett+ sun1 a beautiful %ell ornam5t 0 f\nd re/+ ^u ! brea/bone ( ! skeleton4 ,?is %ell ornam5t is #d4d in*es 9 diamet]1 & x is ornam5t$ on its concave surface ) a small circle 9 ! c5t] & f\r conc5tric b&s1 diff]5tly figur$1 9 relief4 ,! fir/ b& is fill$ up by a triple volute2 ! second is pla91 :ile ! ?ird is dott$ & has n9e small r\nd bosses c>v$ at unequal di/ances ^u x4 ,! out] b& is made up ( f\rte5 small elliptical bosses1 ! out] edges ( :i* give to ! object a scallop$ rim4 ,?is ornam5t1 on its concave figur$ surface1 has be5 cov]$ ) r$ pa9t1 mu* ( :i* is /ill visible4 ,! convex smoo? surface is highly poli%$ & pla91 ) ! exception ( ! ?ree conc5tric m>ks4 ,! mat]ial out ( :i* x is =m$ 0 evid5tly d]iv$ f a l>ge flat sea%ell4 99 99 99 ,! =m ( ! circles or suns c>v$ ^u ! concave surface is simil> to t ( ! pa9t+s on ! high rocky cliffs on ! banks ( ! ,cumb]l& & ,h>pe? riv]s4 99 99 99 ,?is ornam5t :5 f\nd lay ^u ! brea/bone ) ! concave surface upp]mo/1 z if x _h be5 worn 9 ?is position susp5d$ ar\nd ! neck1 z ! two holes = ! ?ong or /r+ 7 9 t portion ( ! bord] :i* po9t$ directly to ! *9 or c5tral portion ( ! jaw ( ! skeleton4 ,! m>ks ( ! ?ong by :i* x 0 susp5d$ are manife/ ^u bo? ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 ! pa9t is worn (f f ! circul> space b\nd$ bel[ by ! two holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,disk4 ,t5nessee4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,disk4 ,t5nessee4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,fig4 #bga repres5ts ! back or convex side ( ! disk %[n 9 fig4 #bgj4 ,! long curv$ l9es indicate ! lam9ations ( ! %ell1 & ! ?ree cresc5t-%ap$ figures ne> ! c5t] are p]=ations result+ f ! deep engrav+ ( ! ?ree l9es ( ! volute on ! concave side4 ,! /one grave 9 :i* ?is ornam5t 0 f\nd occupi$ ! summit ( a m\nd on ! banks ( ! ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 opposite ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,disk4 ,t5nessee4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,figs4 #bgb1 #bgc1 & #bgd are o!r repres5tations ( %ell c>v$ 9 spirals1 & may h great] or less relation to ! ,swa/ika4#bgb ,!y are ins]t$ = comp>ison & )\t any expression ( op9ion4 ,!y are drawn 9 outl9e1 & ! spiral =m is ?us m easily se54 ,mr4 ,holmes#bgc makes "s obs]vations ^u ^! designs & gives 8 !ory conc]n+ _! use3 ,i d n assume to int]pret ^! designs2 !y are n to be int]pret$4 ,all ,i desire is to elevate ^! works f ! category ( tr9kets to :at ,i believe is _! rightful place--! s]i\s art ( a p ) great capacity = l(ti] works4 ,:at ! gorgets !mselves 71 or ( :at p>ticul> value to _! possessor1 aside f simple ornam5ts1 mu/ be1 9 a measure1 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,!y 7 h>dly less ?an ! totems ( clans1 ! insignia ( rul]s1 or ! pot5t *>ms ( ! prie/hood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,figure repres5t+ a spid]2 circles & ,greek crosses4 ,! spid]4--,! spid] 0 repres5t$ on ! %ell gorgets4 ,figs4 #bge to #bghbgd pres5t f\r ( ^! gorgets1 ( :i* figs4 #bge to #bgg display ! ,greek cross 9 ! c5t]1 surr\nd$ by two conc5tric incis$ l9es =m+ a circle :i* is ! body ( a spid]4 ,fig4 #bgf %[s ! same spid] & circle1 & inside ( x a cross mu* resembl+ ! ,swa/ika1 9 t ! arms are turn$ at _! extremities to ! "r & =m1 9 an in*oate mann]1 ! gamma4 ,fig4 #bgh repres5ts ! %ell ) ! spid]1 &1 ?\gh x conta9s no cross nor semblance ( ! ,swa/ika1 d]ives its value f hav+ be5 tak5 f ! same m\nd on ,fa9s ,isl&1 ,t5nessee1 z 0 ! true ,swa/ika4 7,see fig4 #bcg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,! rattlesnake4--,! rattlesnake 0 a favorite design on ^! gorgets1 af=d+1 z x did1 an opportunity = ! aborig9es to make a display ( elegance ( design1 & ( accuracy & f95ess 9 execution4 ,fig4 #bgi is a specim5 9 :i* ! snake is repres5t$ coil$1 ! head 9 ! c5t]1 ! m\? ,v-%ap$ 9 /rong l9es1 ! body 9 volute fa%ion2 on ! outside ( ! circle ! tail is %[n by its rattle4 ,?is specim5 is repres5t$ ?ree-f\r?s size1 & comes f ,mc,mahon m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,f\r o!rs ( simil> design are also f ,t5nessee & ! adjo9+ ,/ates1 b ! locality is m re/rict$ ?an is ! case ) o!r %ell disk ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,! human face & =m4--,^! 7 also c>v$ & wr\ght ^u %ells 9 ! same g5]al locality4 ,! engrav+ is always on ! convex side ( ! %ell :i* has be5 r$uc$ to a pe>-%ap$ =m4#bge ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,fa9s ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,rattlesnake4 ,mc,mahon ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bhj & #bha4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ells ,,) ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,face4 ,mc,mahon ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bhb & #bhc4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ells ,,) ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,face4 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bhd & #bhe4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ells ,,) ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,face4 ,virg9ia4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxix4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,) ,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,human ,,figure4 ,mc,mahon ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,) ,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,human ,,figure4 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxxii4 ,^! human faces & =ms 7figs4 #bhj-bhh71 z well z ! o!rs1 belong to ! m\nd build]s1 & are f\nd ) _! rema9s 9 ! m\nds4 ,! figures are ins]t$1 z is ! rattlesnake1 = comp>ison ) ! %ell designs & "w %[n 9 ! ,buddha figure 7pl4 #aj7 & its associates4 ,slight inspection w %[ two /yles1 diff]+ mat]ially4 ,to decide :i* 0 =eign & :i* dome/ic1 :i* 0 import$ & :i* indig5\s1 w\ld be to decide ! entire "q ( migration1 & if done (f-h&1 w\ld be presumptu\s4 ,to make a satisfactory decision w require a m>%al+ & consid]ation ( evid5ce :i* belongs to ! future4 ,! specim5s %[n 9 figs4 #bhj to #bhe are f ,t5nessee & ,virg9ia4 ,!y are all masks1 be>+ repres5tations ( ! human face4 ,! fir/ two are f ! ,mc,mahon m\nd1 ,t5nessee2 t 9 fig4 #bhb f ,brakebill m\nd1 ,t5nessee1 & t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bhc f ,lick ,creek m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,! %ell %[n 9 fig4 #bhd is f ,aquia ,creek1 ,virg9ia1 & t 9 fig4 #bhe is f a m\nd 9 ,ely ,c\nty1 ,va4 ,! workman%ip on ^! has no resemblance to t on ! ,buddha figure 7pl4 #aj71 nor does its /yle comp>e 9 any mann] !re)4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,) ,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,human ,,figure4 ,miss\ri4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lxxiii4 ,on ! contr>y1 figs4 #bhf to #bhh1 repres5t+ sket*es 7unf9i%$7 ( ! human figure1 f m\nds 9 ,t5nessee & ,miss\ri1 h "s resemblance 9 /yle ( "w1 ?\gh n 9 design1 to t ( ! ,buddha & ,swa/ika figures4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 execution1 aft] ! draw+ by incis$ l9es1 seems to h be5 to drill holes ?r\gh ! %ell at ea* corn] & int]section4 ,! "w on ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bhf has progress$ fur!r ?an t on ! specim5s %[n 9 figs4 #bhg & #bhh4 ,x has tw5ty-eight holes drill$1 all at corn]s or int]sections4 ,?is is simil> to ! proc$ure 9 ! ,buddha /atue 7pl4 #aj74 ,9 fig4 #bhg ! holes h n be5 drill$1 b ea* memb] ( ! figure has be5 m>k$ out & indicat$ by dots 9 ! c5t]1 & circles or half circles incis$ ar\nd !m 9 precisely ! same mann] z 9 bo? ,swa/ikas 7figs4 #bcg & #bch71 :ile fig4 #bhh cont9ues ! resemblance 9 /yle ( draw+4 ,x has ! same peculi> g>t]s or bracelets z ! ,buddha1 ! h& is ! same z 9 ! fight+ figures 7fig4 #bci71 & ! implem5t he holds resembles closely ^? 9 ! copp] figures 7figs4 #bdj & #bda74 ,,designs ,,on ,,pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,,pott]y ,,vessel4 ,f\r-arm$ volute1 ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion74 ,arkansas4 #a_/c natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,,pott]y ,,vessel4 ,f\r volutes resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,pecan ,po9t1 ,ark4 #a_/c natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,,pott]y ,,vessel ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,an ,,animal4 ,spiral volutes1 n9e arms4 ,pecan ,po9t1 ,ark4 #a_/c natural size4 ,spiral-volute designs resembl+ ! ,swa/ika 9 g5]al effect are f\nd on aborig9al m\nd pott]y f ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc1bgf %[s _m ( ^!4 ,fig4 #bhi repres5ts a teapot-%ap$ vessel f ,arkansas1 on ! side ( :i*1 9 incis$ l9es1 is %[n ! small circle :i* we saw on ! %ell disks1 & spr++ f ! f\r opposite sides are ?ree incis$ l9es1 twi/+ spirally to ! "r1 =m+ ! f\r volutes ( ! ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 & cov]+ ! entire side ( ! vessel4 ,! same spiral =m ( ! ,swa/ika is giv5 9 fig4 #bij1 a vessel ( ecc5tric %ape f ,pecan ,po9t1 ,ark4 ,! decoration is 9 ! =m ( two l9es cross+ ea* o!r & ea* arm !n twi/+ to ! "r1 =m+ volutes1 ! incis$ l9es ( :i*1 ?\gh drawn close toge!r & at equal di/ances1 gradually exp& until ! ornam5t cov]s ! entire side ( ! vase4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ?is or any ( its k9dr$ 7 ev] int5d$ to repres5t ei!r ! ,swa/ika or any o!r specific =m ( ! cross4 ,"o evid5ce ( ?is is t ^! ornam5ts %ade (f indef9itely until !y arrive at a =m :i* 0 surely n int5d$ to repres5t any =m ( ! cross1 :e!r ,swa/ika or n4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation is n n[ sugge/$ by ! au?or4 ,an elaboration ( ! prec$+ =ms1 bo? ( ! vessel & its ornam5tation1 is %[n by ! vessel repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bia1 :i* is fa%ion$ to repres5t "s grotesque bea/ ) horns1 exp&+ no/rils1 & gr9n+ m\?1 yet :i* might s]ve z a teapot z well z ! =m] two vessels4 ,! decoration ^u its side has six incis$ l9es cross+ ea* o!r 9 ! c5t] & exp&+ 9 volutes until !y cov] ! entire side ( ! vessel1 z 9 ! o!r specim5s4 ,fig4 #bib %[s a pot f ,arkansas4 ,its body is decorat$ ) incis$ l9es arrang$ 9 mu* ! same =m z fig4 #bia1 except t ! l9es make no attempt to =m a cross4 ,!re are n9e arms :i* spr+ f ! c5tral po9t & twi/ spirally ab\t z volutes until !y cov] ! field1 :i* is "o-?ird ! body ( ! b[l4 ,two o!r designs ( ! same k9d complete ! circuit ( ! pot & =m ! decoration all ar\nd4 ,fig4 #bicbgg repres5ts ^! volutes 9 incis$ l9es ( consid]able f95ess1 close toge!r1 & 9 great numb]s1 =m+ a decoration on ea* ( ! sides ( ! vase1 sep>at$ by ?ree ne>ly p]p5dicul> l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,,pott]y ,,b[l ,,ornam5t$ ,,) ,,_m-,,arm$ ,,volutes4 ,arkansas4 #a_/c natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,,pott]y ,,vase ,,ornam5t$ ,,) ,,volutes4 ,arkansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,,tripod ,,pott]y ,,vase4 ,f\r-arm$ volutes mak+ spiral ,swa/ika4 ,arkansas4 #a_/c natural size4 ,! spiral ,swa/ika =m appe>s pa9t$ ^u ! pott]y f ,arkansas4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bidbgh is a tripod bottle4 ,! decoration ^u ! side ( ! body consi/s ( two l9es =m+ ! cross1 & ! f\r arms exp& 9 volutes until ! ornam5t cov]s "o-?ird ( ! vessel1 :i*1 ) ! o!r two simil> ornam5ts1 ext5d ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is decoration is pa9t$ 9 r$ & :ite colors on a gray or yell[i% gr\nd4 ,fig4 #bie %[s a b[l f m\nd ,no4 #b1 ,?orn's f>m1 ,taylor ,%anty gr\p1 ,m>k ,tree1 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,x is t5 in*es wide & six in*es high4 ,! clay ( :i* x is made =ms ! body color--light gray4 ,x has be5 pa9t$ r$ or m>oon on ! outside )\t any decoration1 :ile on ! inside is pa9t$ ) ! same color a five-arm$ cross1 spirally arrang$ 9 volutes turn+ to ! "r4 ,! c5t] ( ! cross is at ! bottom ( ! b[l1 & ! pa9t$ spiral l9es ext5d ov] ! bottom & up ! sides to ! rim ( ! b[l1 ! int]ior be+ entirely cov]$ ) ! design4 ,ano!r example ( ! same /yle ( decoration is se5 on ! upp] surface ( an anci5t vase f ! prov9ce ( ,cibola4#bgi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,,pott]y ,,b[l ,,) ,,five-,,arm$ ,,spiral ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,! ,,bottom4 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aadjce1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #bif is f ! m\nd at ,arkansas ,po/1 9 ! c\nty & ,/ate ( ,arkansas4#bhj ,x repres5ts a vase ( black w>e1 pa9t$ a yell[i% gr\nd1 ) a r$ spiral scroll4 ,its diamet] is #e-a_/b in*es4 ,^! spiral figures are n uncommon 9 ! localities h]et(ore indicat$ z %[+ ! normal ,swa/ika4 ,figs4 #big & #bihbha %[ p>allel incis$ l9es ( ! same /yle z ^? =m+ ! squ>e 9 ! bird gorgets already not$ 7figs4 #bfc-bfg74 ,fig4 #big %[s a b[l n9e in*es 9 diamet]2 its rim is ornam5t$ ) ! he>t & tail ( a conv5tional bird1 :i* probably s]v$ z h&les4 ,on ! outside1 j bel[ ! rim1 are ! f\r incis$ p>allel l9es m5tion$4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! side is repres5t$ a roll+ "u or twi/+ ( ! l9es1 z ?\gh x repres5t$ a ribbon4 ,!re are ?ree on ea* qu>t] ( ! b[l1 t next ! head be+ pla94 ,fig4 #bih repres5ts a bottle #f-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 ) p>allel incis$ l9es1 ?ree 9 numb]1 ) ! same twi/+ or fold+ ( ! ribbon-l decoration4 ,?is twi/s to ! left1 :ile t ( fig4 #big twi/s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,bo? specim5s are f ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,,vessel ,,( ,,black ,,w>e4 ,spiral scroll4 ,arkansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,,bird-,,%ap$ ,,pott]y ,,b[l4 ,?ree p>allel incis$ l9es ) ribbon fold4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,,designs ,,on ,,basketry4 ,! volute =m is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! decoration ( basketry1 ( :i* fig4 #bii is a specim54 ,^! motifs 7 favorites ) ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,,pott]y ,,b[l4 ,?ree p>allel incis$ l9es ) ribbon fold4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,,basketwork ,,) ,,_m-,,arm$ ,,volutes4 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #dhe4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,cross ,,among ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms4 ,! =ego+ specim5s are suffici5t evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,swa/ika among ! aborig9al ,nor? ,am]icans dur+ ! m\nd-build+ p]iod1 & al?\gh !re may be o!r specim5s ( ! ,swa/ika to be report$1 yet we might prop]ly cont9ue ?is inve/igation = ! purpose ( det]m9+ if !re be any relat$ =ms ( ! cross among ! same peoples4 ,?is is done )\t any argum5t z to ! use ( ^! designs beyond t attribut$ to !m4 ,! illu/rations & descriptions are ma9ly collect$ f objects 9 & reports ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,,! ,,cross ,,on ,,objects ,,( ,,%ell ,,& ,,copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,greek cross ) incis$ l9es resembl+ a ,swa/ika4 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,! %ell gorget pres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjj belongs to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,p]r9e1 & 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,x is a little m ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & has be5 gr\nd to a uni=m ?ickness ( ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in*4 ,! surfaces are smoo? & ! m>g9 c>efully r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,ne> ! upp] edge are two p]=ations1 bo? well worn ) cord-m>ks indicat+ susp5sion4 ,! cross 9 ! c5t] ( ! concave face ( ! disk is q simple & is made by f\r triangul> p]=ations :i* sep>ate ! arms4 ,! face ( ! cross is ornam5t$ ) six c>elessly drawn incis$ l9es int]lac+ 9 ! c5t] z %[n 9 ! figure1 ?ree ext5d+ along ! arm to ! "r & ?ree pass+ d[n ! l[] arm to ! inclos+ l9e4 ,no?+ has be5 le>n$ ( ! "* ( ! int]m5ts ) :i* ?is specim5 0 associat$4#bhb ,! incis$ l9es ( ! specim5 indicate ! possible int5tion ( ! arti/ to make ! ,swa/ika4 ,! design is evid5tly a cross & app>5tly unf9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,gorget4 ,greek cross4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,li1 fig4 #b4 ,! ,national ,museum possesses a l>ge %ell cross 7fig4 #cja7 :i*1 :ile q pla9 z a cross1 has be5 mu* damag$1 ! rim t =m]ly encircl$ x1 z 9 ! =ego+ figure1 hav+ be5 brok5 away & lo/4 ,! p]=ations are /ill 9 evid5ce4 ,! specim5 is mu* decay$ & came to ! ,national ,museum ) a skull f a grave at ,*>le/on1 ,mo42 beyond ?is !re is no record4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #cjb is quot$ z a typical example ( ! cross ( ! m\nd-build]4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,t5nessee1 & is 9 ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,:ile an elaborate description is giv5 ( x & figures are m5tion$ z devices probably significant1 & elem5t>y or unf9i%$1 & m ( ! same1 yet n[h]e is sugge/$ any relation%ip to ! ,swa/ika1 nor ev5 ! possibility ( its exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,,%ell ,,gorget ,,) ,,engrav+ ,,( ,,greek ,,cross ,,& ,,in*oate ,,swa/ika4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lii1 fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,copp] ,,disk ,,) ,,greek ,,cross ,,9 ,,inn] ,,circle4 ,ohio4 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 ,,lii1 fig4 #d4 ,a l>ge copp] disk f an ,ohio m\nd is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cjc4 ,x is 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,new ,york4 ,x is eight in*es 9 diamet]1 is v ?91 & _h suff]$ greatly f corrosion4 ,a symmetrical cross1 ! arms ( :i* are five in*es 9 l5g?1 has be5 cut out ( ! c5t]4 ,two conc5tric l9es h be5 impress$ 9 ! plate1 "o ne> ! m>g9 & ! o!r t\*+ ! ends ( ! cross4 ,fig4 #cjd %[s a %ell gorget f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,t5nessee4 ,x is mu* corrod$ & brok51 yet x %[s ! cross pla9ly4 ,!re are sundry pits or dots made irregul>ly ov] ! surface1 "s ( :i* h p]=at$ ! %ell4 ,pl4 #ai repres5ts a recapitulation ( specim5s ( crosses1 ?irte5 9 numb]1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! m\nds or f anci5t graves )9 ! di/rict occupi$ by ! m\nd-build]s4 ,eight are engrav$ ^u %ell gorgets1 "o is cut 9 /one1 ?ree are pa9t$ ^u pott]y1 & f\r are execut$ ^u copp]4 ,) two exceptions1 !y are inclos$ 9 circles1 & h5ce are symmetrical ,greek crosses1 ! ends be+ r\nd$ to con=m to a circle4#bhc ,figs4 #g & #i ( pl4 #ai repres5t =ms ( ! ,lat9 cross1 & are mod]n1 hav+ d\btless be5 introduc$ by ,european prie/s4 ,figs4 #aj to #ac are repres5tatives ( ! ,swa/ika 9 "s ( its =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,crosses ,,9 ,,use ,,among ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians1 ,,f ,,greek ,,cross ,,to ,,swa/ika4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 ,pl4 ,,liii4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate #ai4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #i #h #aj #aa #ab #ac ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,crosses ,,9 ,,use ,,among ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,indians1 ,,f ,,greek ,,cross ,,to ,,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,greek ,,cross4 #b4 ,,greek ,,cross4 #c4 ,,cross ,,on ,,copp]4 #d4 ,,cross ,,on ,,%ell4 #e4 ,,greek ,,cross4 #f4 ,,greek ,,cross4 #g4 ,,lat9 ,,cross 7,copp]74 #h4 ,,greek ,,cross4 #i4 ,,lat9 ,,cross 7,copp]74 #aj4 ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,%ell4 #aa4 ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,%ell4 #ab4 ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,pott]y4 #ac4 ,,swa/ika ,,on ,,pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,disk ,,gorget4 ,rude cross ) _m dots4 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pl4 #eb1 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,greek ,,cross4 ,caldwell ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,c4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ccafi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a small %ell ornam5t 7fig4 #cje7 9 ! =m ( a cross1 f ,l5oir's burial place1 ,=t ,defiance1 ,caldwell ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,c41 collect$ by ,dr4 ,spa9h\r & ,mr4 ,rogan1 ! latt] be+ an employ ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross1 ! f\r arms cross+ at "r angles & be+ ( equal l5g?4 ,! arms are ( ! pla9 %ell1 :ile !y are br\ght to view by ! field be+ cross-hat*$4 ,! specim5 has1 un=tunately1 be5 brok51 & be+ fragile has be5 secur$ 9 a b$ ( pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,) ,,?ree-,,arm$ ,,cross 7,,triskelion74 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 ,cat4 ,no4 #hcagj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,?is & ! =ego+ specim5s h be5 introduc$ into ?is pap] t ! facts ( _! exi/5ce may be pres5t$ = consid]ation1 & to aid 9 ! det]m9ation :e!r ! cross _h any peculi> or p>ticul> mean+4 ,! que/ions involunt>ily arise1 ,0 x a symbol ) a hidd5 mean+1 religi\s or o!rwise2 0 x ! totem ( a clan1 ! insignia ( a rul]1 ! *>m ( a prie/hood1 or did x1 ) all ! associat$ %ell engrav+s1 belong to ! category ( tr9kets8 ,^? que/ions may be p>tially answ]$ 9 ! section on ! mean+s giv5 to ! cross by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7p4 #icc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,,drill$ ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,or ,,runtee4 ,dott$ ,greek cross & circle4 ,arizona4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,,drill$ ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,or ,,runtee4 ,dots & r+s =m+ circle & ,greek cross4 ,ohio4 ,!re is also introduc$1 z be>+ on ! "q1 ano!r %ell ornam5t 7fig4 #cjf71 ! /yle1 design1 & workman%ip ( :i* has su* resemblance to ! =ego+ t if !y _h n be5 7z !y 77 f\nd toge!r we w\ld be compell$ to admit _! id5tity ( orig91 yet ! latt] specim5 has b ?ree arms in/ead ( f\r4 ,?is might take x out ( ! category ( crosses z a symbol ( any religion ( :i* we h k4 ,_m ( ! art objects 9 %ell h]et(ore cit$ 7 m or less closely associat$2 !y came f ! same neighborhood & 7 ! results ( ! same excavations1 conduct$ by ! same excavators4 ,9 det]m9+ ! culture /atus ( _! mak]s1 !y mu/ be tak5 toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,,drill$ ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,%ell ,,or ,,runtee4 ,dots & r+s =m+ circle & ,greek cross4 ,new ,york4 ,:5 we consid] ! v>iety ( ! designs :i* 7 app>5tly )\t mean+ except = ornam5tation1 l ! circles1 me&]s1 zigzags1 *evrons1 h]r+bones1 ogees1 frets1 etc41 & ! repres5tations ( animals su* z 7 us$ to decorate ! pipes ( ! aborig9es1 n alone ! be>1 wolf1 eagle1 & o!rs :i* might be a totem & repres5t a giv5 clan1 b o!rs :i*1 accord+ to our k & imag9ation1 h nev] s]v$ = su* a purpose1 z ! manatee1 beav]1 wildcat1 h]on1 f9*1 sp>r[1 cr[1 rav51 cormorant1 duck1 t\can1 goose1 turkey1 buzz>d1 c>d9al1 p>roquet1 conies1 liz>d2 :5 we fur!r consid] t ! cross1 :e!r ,greek1 ,lat91 or ,swa/ika =m1 is utt]ly unlike any kn[n or possible totem ( clan1 insignia ( rul]1 or pot5t *>m ( prie/hood2 :5 we consid] ^! ?+s1 :y %\ld we feel ourselves compell$ to accept ^? signs z symbols ( a hidd5 mean+1 simply because religi\s sects 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w & at diff]5t epo*s ( hi/ory h *os5 !m or "s ( !m to repres5t _! peculi> religi\s ideas8 ,?is "q cov]s mu* space 9 geography & 9 "t1 z well z on pap]4 ,x is n answ]$ "h1 because no answ] c be giv5 :i* w\ld be accept$ z satisfactory1 b x may s]ve z a track or indication along :i* /ud5ts & ?9k]s might pursue _! inve/igations4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a necklace consi/+ ( ?ree %ell ornam5ts1 int]sp]s$ at regul> int]vals ) ab\t fifty small porcela9 beads 7fig4 #cjg74bhd ,x 0 obta9$ by ,capt4 ,george ,m4 ,:ipple f ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico4 ,^! %ell ornam5ts are simil> to objects describ$ by ,bev]ly 9 8 "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 page #ade1 z runtees & made ( ! con* %ell2 only ! %ape is flat z a *eese & drill$ edgewise4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t on its face z well z on figs4 #cjh & #cjibhd appe>s a cross ( ! ,greek =m indicat$ by ^! peculi> ind5tations or drill+s inclos$ 9 a small circle4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #cjh is f an anci5t grave 9 ,upp] ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & t %[n 9 fig4 #cji f an ,indian cemet]y at ,onondaga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,simil> specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ! same localities4 ,,! ,,cross ,,on ,,pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,,pott]y ,,j> ,,) ,,crosses1 ,,encircl+ ,,rays ,,& ,,scallops4 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #ahh4 ,fig4 #caj %[s a small globul> cup ( d>k w>e f ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on1 ,mo42 height1 #b-a_/b in*es2 wid?1 #c-a_/b in*es4 ,x has f\r l>ge nodes or projections1 & betwe5 !m1 pa9t$ r$1 are f\r ornam5tal circles1 ! outside "o ( :i* is scallop$ or ray$1 :ile ! inside "o be>s ! figure ( a ,greek cross4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #caa 7,cat4 ,no4 #dgaig1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m47 is a m$ium-siz$ decorat$ olla ) scallop$ m>g91 f ,new ,mexico1 collect$ by ,colonel ,/ev5son4 ,x has two crosses--"o ,greek1 ! o!r ,maltese--bo? inclos$ 9 circles & =m+ c5t]s ( an elaborate1 fanciful1 %ield-l decoration4 ,9 fig4 #cab 7,cat4 ,no4 #cieah1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m47 is %[n a ,co*iti pa9t$ wat] vessel1 same collection1 %[+ a ,maltese cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,,olla ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,greek ,,& ,,maltese ,,crosses4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #gjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4 ,,pott]y ,,wat] ,,vessel4 ,maltese cross4 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #fdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,pal5que ,,cross1 ,,foliat$4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 fig4 #g4 ,doz5s ( o!r specim5s are 9 ! collections ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum :i* w\ld s]ve to illu/rate ! ext5d$ & ext5sive use ( ! cross 9 great v>iety ( =ms1 s t no argum5t z to ei!r ! mean+ or ! ext5t ( ! cross c be bas$ on ! supposition t ^! are ! only specim5s4 ,fig4 #cac 7,cat4 ,no4 #acbige1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m47 %[s a vase f ,mexico1 ab\t #h in*es high1 ( f9e r$ w>e1 highly poli%$1 ) an elaborate decoration4 ,its int]e/ "h is ! ,maltese cross repres5t$ on ea* side1 ) a po9t & conc5tric circles1 f ! outside ( :i* are project+ rays4 ,?is may be ! symbol ( ! sun1 & if s1 is %[n 9 connection ) ! cross4 ,?is /yle ( cross1 ) or )\t ! sun symbol1 is f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ,mexico--z1 = example1 ! great cross1 pl4 #bj1 f ! temple at ,pal5que4#bhe ,,symbolic ,,mean+s ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ to dissect & analyze ! ,swa/ika mat]ial we h f\nd2 to g5]alize & d$uce f x a possible !ory z to ! orig91 spread1 & mean+ ( ! ,swa/ika & its relat$ =ms1 & endeavor1 by exam9ation ( its associat$ works1 to discov] if ^! 7 religi\s symbols or *>ms or m]e decorations2 &1 foll[+ ?is1 det]m9e if possible :e!r ! spread ( ^! objects1 :atev] _! mean+1 0 ! result ( migration1 contact1 or communication4 ,7 !y ! result ( simil>1 b indep5d5t1 op]ations ( ! human m9d1 or 7 !y b duplicate inv5tions1 ! result ( p>allelism 9 human ?\ght8 ,?is inve/igation mu/ necess>ily be !oretical & speculative4 ,! mo/ t ! au?or proposes is to sugge/ probabilities & po9t ! way = fur!r inve/igation4 ,he may !orize & speculate1 b recognizes :at _m p]sons seem n able to d--t speculation & !ory are n to be sub/itut$ = cold facts4 ,he may d no m ?an prop\nd que/ions f :i* o!r m51 by /udy1 exp]i5ce1 philosophy1 or psy*ology1 may possibly evolve "s g5]al pr9ciple1 or a !ory po9t+ to a g5]al pr9ciple1 conc]n+ ! mode ( ext5sion & spread ( culture among sep>ate & indep5d5t peoples4 ,:5 ! facts %all h be5 ga!r$1 m>%al$1 arrang$ side by side1 & ea* aggregation ( facts %all h be5 weigh$1 pro & con1 & its fair value giv5 )\t prejudice or preconceiv$ op9ion1 !n w be "t en\gh to ann\nce ! f9al conclusion1 & ev5 !n n dogmatically1 b t5tatively & subject to future discov]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4 ,,pott]y ,,vase ,,f9ely ,,decorat$ ,,9 ,,r$ ,,& ,,:ite ,,glaze4 ,maltese cross ) sun symbol 7874 ,cat4 ,no4 #acbige1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,?r\gh\t ?is pap] ! au?or has s\ght b little m ?an to prep>e mat]ial on ! ,swa/ika :i* c be utiliz$ by ^? :o come aft] him 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! difficult & ab/ruse problems pres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,,greek ,,cross ,,repres5t+ ,,w9ds ,,f ,,c>d9al ,,po9ts4 ,dakota ,indians4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abee4 ,x is r>e 9 ! /udy ( ar*ology &1 inde$1 9 any sci5ce1 t a p]son is able to ass]t a negative & say :at does n exi/4 ,! pres5t inve/igations are r5d]$ mu* m compreh5sive by ! appe>ance ( ! ext5sive & valuable "w ( ,col4 ,g>rick ,mall]y 9 ! ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 on ! subject ( ,picture ,writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,x is a "w ( ab\t #hjj pages1 ) #a1cjj illu/rations1 & is ! result ( _m ye>s ( labori\s /udy4 ,x purports to be a hi/ory1 m or less complete1 ( ! picture writ+1 signs1 symbols1 totems1 m>ks1 & messages ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 :e!r pictographs or petroglyphs4 ,a l>ge portion ( 8 "w is devot$ to ideography1 conv5tional signs1 syllab>ies & alphabets1 homorophs & symmorophs1 & _! respective means ( int]pretation4 ,among ^! he deals1 n specifically ) ! ,swa/ika1 b 9 g5]al t]ms ) ! cross4 ,!re=e1 by look+ at ,colonel ,mall]y's "w ^u ?is *apt] 7p4 #gbd71 "o is able to say negatively :at has n be5 f\nd4 ,apropos ( ! mean+s ( ! cross among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella says3#bhf ,x is nev]!less inconte/able t ! pre-,columbian cross ( ,am]ica is a rose des v5ts1 repres5t+ ! f\r directions :5ce comes ! ra91 or ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 etc41 etc4 ,colonel ,mall]y's volume %[s t x meant _m o!r ?+s z well4 ,! f\r w9ds4--,! ,greek cross is ! =m f\nd by ,colonel ,mall]y to be mo/ common among ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9es1 possibly because x is ! simple/4 ,9 ?is ! f\r arms are equal 9 l5g?1 & ! sign plac$ upright s t x /&s on "o foot & n on two1 z does ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross4 ,! ,greek cross 7fig4 #cad7 repres5ts1 among ! ,dakotas1 ! f\r w9ds issu+ out ( ! f\r cav]ns 9 :i* s\ls ( m5 exi/$ be=e ! inc>nation ( ! human body4 ,all ! m$ic9e m5--t is1 conjurors & magicians--recollect _! previ\s dreamy life 9 ^! places1 & ! in/ructions !n receiv$ f ! gods1 demons1 & sages2 !y recollect & describe _! preexi/5t life1 b only dream & speculate z to ! future life beyond ! grave4 ,! top ( ! cross is ! cold1 all-conqu]+ giant1 ! ,nor? ,w9d1 mo/ p[]ful ( all4 ,x is worn on ! body ne>e/ ! head1 ! seat ( intellig5ce & conqu]+ devices4 ,! left arm cov]s ! he>t2 x is ! ,ea/ ,w9d1 com+ f ! seat ( life & love4 ,! foot is ! melt+1 burn+ ,s\? ,w9d1 indicat+1 z x is worn1 ! seat ( fi]y passion4 ,! "r arm is ! g5tle ,we/ ,w9d1 bl[+ f ! _s l&1 cov]+ ! lungs1 f :i* ! brea? at la/ goes out g5tly1 b into unkn[n night4 ,! c5t] ( ! cross is ! e>? & man1 mov$ by ! conflict+ influ5ces ( gods & w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,,! ,,cross ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,circle4 ,sun symbols 7874 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #aaah1 #aabj1 #aabf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4 ,,figures ,,( ,,circles ,,& ,,rays ,,probably ,,repres5t+ ,,sun ,,symbols4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 figs4 #aaah-aaba1 #aabc4 ,rev4 ,john ,mc,lain1 9 8 "w on ! ,blackfoot ,sun-dance1 says3 ,on ! sacr$ pole ( ! sun lodge ( ! ,blood ,indian is a bundle ( small bru%wood tak5 f ! bir* tree1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,?is 0 an anci5t symbol evid5tly ref]r+ to ! f\r w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,,figures ,,( ,,crosses ,,& ,,circles ,,repres5t+ ,,/> ,,symbols4 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #aabi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4 ,,/> ,,symbol4 ,circle & rays )\t cross4 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #aabi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4 ,,figures ,,( ,,crosses1 ,,circles1 ,,& ,,squ>es ,,repres5t+ ,,lodges4 ,dakota ,indians4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abjc4 ,sun & /> symbols4--,great speculation has be5 made1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ov] ! relation betwe5 ! ,swa/ika & ! sun1 because ! two signs h be5 associat$ by primitive peoples4 ,colonel ,mall]y gives ! ,indian signs = ! sun1 />s1 & light4#bhg ,^! h be5 segregat$1 & x w be se5 t ! cross & circle are us$ indiscrim9ately = "o & ! o!r1 & ! fact ( ! two be+ f\nd associat$ is no evid5ce ( relation%ip 9 religi\s ideas 7figs4 #cae-cai74 ,dwell+s4--,among ! ,hidatsa1 ! cross & ! circle repres5t nei!r ! sun nor any religi\s ideas1 b m]ely lodges1 h\ses1 or dwell+s4 ,! crosses 9 fig4 #cai repres5t ,dakota lodges2 ! small circles signify e>? lodges1 ! po9ts repres5t+ ! support+ poles4 ,build+s erect$ by civiliz$ p 7 repres5t$ by small rectangul> figures1 :ile ! circles ) dots 9 a squ>e repres5t e>? lodges1 ! home ( ! ,hidatsa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,,lat9 ,,crosses ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,dragon ,,fly4 ,dakota ,indians4 ,dragon fly 7,susbeca74--,among "s ( ! ,indian tribes1 ! ,dakotas among o!rs1 ! ,lat9 cross is f\nd1 i4 e41 upright ) ?ree memb]s ( equal l5g?1 & ! f\r?1 ! foot1 mu* long]4 ,! use ( ?is symbol ant$ates ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & is c>ri$ back 9 tradition & my?4 ,?is sign signifies ! mosquito hawk or ! dragon fly 7fig4 #cbj74 ,x is call$ 9 t language ! ,susbeca1 & is a sup]natural be+ gift$ ) spee*1 w>n+ man ( dang]1 approa*+ 8 e> sil5tly & at "r angles1 say+1 ,tci1 tci1 tci1 an int]jection equival5t to ,look out6 ,y are surely go+ to de/ruction6 ,look out6 ,tci1 tci1 tci6 ,! adoption ( ! dragon fly z a my/]i\s & sup]natural be+ is on acc\nt ( its sudd5 appe>ance 9 numb]s4 ,9 ! /ill ( ! ev5+1 :5 ! %ades ( d>kness come1 !n is he>d 9 ! mead[s a s\nd z ( crickets or frogs1 b indi/9ct & prolong$2 on ! morr[ ! ,susbeca w be hov]+ ov] x4 ,x is ! s\nd ( _! com+1 b :5ce no "o kn[s4 ,! cross n only repres5ts ! %ape ( ! insect1 b also ! angle ( its approa*4 ,x is v>i\sly drawn1 b usually z 9 fig4 #cbj a or b1 &1 9 pa9t+ or embroid]y1 c1 & sometimes d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4 ,,d\ble ,,cross ,,( ,,six ,,arms ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,dragon ,,fly4 ,moki ,indians1 ,arizona4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #aafe4 ,fig4 #cba is describ$ 9 ,keam's ,,ms4 z foll[s3 ,?is is a conv5tional design ( dragon flies1 & is (t5 f\nd among rock et*+s ?r\gh\t ! plateau ,arizona4 ,! dragon flies h always be5 held 9 great v5]ation by ! ,mokis & _! ance/ors1 z !y h be5 (t5 s5t by ,oman to reop5 spr+s :i* ,mu+wa _h de/roy$ & to conf] o!r b5efits ^u ! p4 ,?is =m ( ! figure1 ) little v]tical l9es add$ to ! transv]se l9es1 connects ! ,batolatci ) ! ,ho-bo-bo emblems4 ,! y\? :o 0 sacrific$ & translat$ by ,ho-bo-bo reappe>$ a long "t aft]w>ds1 dur+ a season ( great dr\ght1 9 ! =m ( a gigantic dragon fly1 :o l$ ! ra9 cl\ds ov] ! l&s ( ,ho-pi-tu1 br++ pl5te\s ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,,figures ,,( ,,crosses ,,z ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,eskimo ,,to ,,repres5t ,,flocks ,,( ,,birds4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abbh4 ,cat ,nos4 #ddbaa & #dejbj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,,petroglyph ,,f ,,tul>e ,,valley1 ,,cali=nia4 ,l>ge :ite ,greek cross4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abbi4 ,mide' or ,%amans4--,colonel ,mall]y 7or ,dr4 ,h(fman7 tells u 7p4 #gbf7 t among ! ,ojibways ( nor!rn ,m9nesota ! cross is "o ( ! sacr$ symbols ( ! ,society ( ,mide' or ,%amans & has special ref]5ce to ! f\r? degree4 ,! build+ 9 :i* ! initiation is c>ri$ on has its op5+ t[>d ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! cross is made ( sapl+s1 ! upright poles approa*+ ! height ( f\r to six feet1 ! transv]se arms be+ some:at %ort]1 ea* be+ ( ! same l5g? z ! top2 ! upp] p>ts are pa9t$ :ite or besme>$ ) :ite clay1 ov] :i* are spread small spots ( r$1 ! latt] sugge/+ ! sacr$ %ell ( ,mide'1 ! symbol ( ! ord]4 ,! l[] arm ( ! pole is squ>e1 ! side t[>d ! ea/ be+ pa9t$ :ite to d5ote ! s\rce ( light & w>m?2 ! face on ! s\? is gre51 d5ot+ ! s\rce ( ! ?und] bird :i* br+s ! ra9s & vegetation2 ! surface t[>d ! we/ is cov]$ ) v]milion1 relat+ to ! l& ( ! sett+ sun1 ! abode ( ! dead2 ! nor? is pa9t$ black1 z ! direction f :i* comes affliction1 cold1 & hung]4 ,flocks ( birds4--,gr\ps ( small crosses on ! sides ( ,eskimo b[ drills repres5t flocks ( birds 7,cat4 ,nos4 #dejbj & #ddbaa1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m474 ,!y are reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cbb4 ,colonel ,mall]y's fig4 #bh1 page #fg1 repres5ts a cross copi$ f ! ,naj[e ,valley gr\p ( color$ pictographs1 #dj miles we/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ,cal4 ,! cross measur$ #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 ! int]ior be+ pa9t$ black :ile ! bord] is ( a d>k r$ t9t4 ,?is design1 z well z o!rs 9 close connection1 is pa9t$ on ! walls ( a %all[ cave or rock %elt] 9 ! lime/one =mation4 ,f\rte5 miles we/ ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 on ! summit ( ! ,santa ,ynez ,m\nta9s1 is a cav]n hav+ a l>ge op5+ we/ & nor?1 9 :i* are crosses ( ! ,greek type1 ! int]ior portion be+ pa9t$ a dull e>?y r$1 :ile ! outside l9e is a fad$-black t9t4 ,! cross measures ne>ly a foot 9 ext5t4 ,at ! ,tul>e ,indian ,ag5cy1 ,cal41 is an imm5se b[ld] ( granite4 ,x has be5 split1 & "o ( ! l[] qu>t]s has be5 mov$ suffici5tly to leave a passageway six feet wide & ne>ly t5 feet high4 ,! int]ior walls are well cov]$ ) l>ge pa9t$ figures1 :ile ^u ! ceil+s are num]\s =ms ( animals1 birds1 & insects4 ,among ?is latt] gr\p is a :ite cross ab\t #ah in*es 9 l5g? 7fig4 #cbc71 pres5t+ a unique appe>ance1 = ! reason t x is ! only petroglyph 9 t region to :i* ! :ite color+ matt] has be5 appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,,petroglyphs ,,f ,,ow5',s ,,valley1 ,,cali=nia4 7a1 b7 ,greek crosses1 7c7 d\ble ,lat9 cross1 7d-f7 ,lat9 crosses repres5t+ human figures4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abcj4 ,an int]e/+ example ( rock sculptur+ 9 gr\ps is 9 ,ow5s ,valley1 s\? ( ,b5ton1 ,cal4 ,among !m are v>i\s =ms ( crosses1 & circles conta9+ crosses ( simple & complex types4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ?is connection are ! gr\ps 9 fig4 #cbd1 a & b4 ,! l>g] "o1 a1 occurs ^u a l>ge b[ld] ( tracite #af miles s\? ( ,b5ton1 at ! ,*alk grave4 ,! circle is a depression ab\t "o in* 9 dep?1 ! cross be+ 9 high relief4 ,! small cross b1 f\nd ?ree miles nor? f ?is is almo/ id5tical1 ! arms ( ! cross1 h[ev]1 ext5d+ to ! rim ( ! circle4 ,9 ?is locality occurs also ! cross1 c1 same figure1 & "s examples hav+ m ?an two cross arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,,cross ,,9 ,,zigzag ,,l9es ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,human ,,=m4 ,navajo ,indians4 ,human =ms4--,o!r simple crosses repres5t ! human =m4 ,"s ( ^! are engrav$ or cut on ! rocks ( ,ow5s ,valley & are simil> to ^? above describ$ 7fig4 #cbd71 b !y h be5 erod$1 s t beyond ! m]e cross !y %[ slight relation to ! human body 7fig4 #cbd1 d1 e1 f74 ,col4 ,james ,/ev5son1 describ+ ! ,hasjelti c]emony ( ! ,navajoes1#bhh %[s ! =m ( a man drawn 9 ! s& 7fig4 #cbe74 ,describ+ ! "* %[n 9 fig4 #cbf1 ,keam says3 ,! figure repres5ts a woman4 ,! brea? is display$ 9 ! int]ior4#bhi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,,maltese ,,cross787 ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,woman4 ,! figure 9 ! c5t] is int5d$ to indicate ! brea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,,maltese ,,& ,,sa9t ,,&rew',s ,,crosses4 ,emblems ( maid5hood4 ,moki ,indians4 ,maid5hood4--,conc]n+ fig4 #cbg ,keam1 9 8 manuscript1 says ! ,maltese cross 0 ! emblem ( a virg91 & is /ill s recogniz$ by ! ,moki4 ,x is a conv5tional developm5t ( ! common emblem ( maid5hood1 :]e9 ! maid5s we> _! hair arrang$ z 9 a disk ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet] on ea* side ( ! head 7fig4 #cbg;b74 ,?is discoidal arrangem5t ( ! hair is typical ( ! emblem ( fructification worn by ! virg9 9 ! ,mu+wa fe/ival4 ,sometimes ! hair1 in/ead ( be+ worn 9 ! complete discoidal =m1 is dress$ ^u two curv+ twigs1 & pres5ts ! =m ( two semicircles ^u ea* side ( ! head4 ,! p>tition ( ^! is sometimes horizontal1 sometimes v]tical4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! /yles 7fig4 #cbg a & b7 pres5t ! =ms f :i* ! ,maltese cross 0 conv5tionaliz$4#bij ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,,cross ,,) ,,bifurcat$ ,,foot4 ,us$ by ! ,innuits to repres5t a %aman or evil _s4 ,%aman's _s4--,among ! ,kiatxamut & ,innuit tribes1 a cross plac$ on ! head1 z 9 fig4 #cbh1 signifi$ a %aman's evil _s or demon4 ,?is is an imag9>y be+ "u ! control ( ! %aman to execute 8 wi%es4#bia ,div]s significations4--,! figure ( ! cross among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 says ,colonel ,mall]y1#bib has _m diff]+ significations4 ,x appe>s z ! tribal sign = ,*ey5ne 7p4 #chc72 z ,dakota lodges 7p4 #ehb72 z a symbol = trade or ex*ange 7p4 #fac72 z a conv5tional sign = prison]s 7p4 #bbg72 = p]sonal exploits :ile else:]e x is us$ 9 simple enum]ation 7p4 #cdh74 ,al?\gh ?is device is us$ = a v>iety ( mean+s :5 x is employ$ c]emonially or 9 elaborate pictographs ( ! ,indians bo? ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 x repres5ts ! f\r w9ds4 ,?is view long ago 0 sugge/$ z be+ ! signification ( _m ,mexican crosses1 & x is su/a9$ by ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas 9 8 ,notes on ,mayan ,mexican ,manuscript1#bic :]e /rong confirmatory evid5ce is produc$ by ! arms ( ! crosses hav+ ! appe>ance ( conv5tionaliz$ w+s simil> to "s repres5tations ( ! ?und] bird ( ! nor!rn tribes2 yet ! same au?or1 9 8 pap] on ! /udy ( ! ,troano ,manuscript1#bid gives fig4 #cbi z a symbol = wood1 ?us fur!r %[+ ! manifold concepts atta*$ to ! g5]al =m ( ! cross4 ,b&eli] ?9ks t ! cross s frequ5tly us$ by ! aborig9es ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica 7 m]ely ornam5ts & n objects ( wor%ip1 :ile ! s-call$ crucifixes1 l t on ! ,pal5que tablet1 7 only ! symbol ( ! new fire1 or ! close ( ! p]iod ( fifty-two ye>s4 ,he believes !m to be repres5tations ( ! fire drills m or less ornam5t$4 ,zamacois#bie says t ! cross 0 us$ 9 ! religion ( v>i\s tribes ( ! p59sula ( ,yucatan1 & t x repres5t$ ! god ( ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,,/4 ,,&rew',s ,,crosses1 ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,symbol ,,= ,,wood4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #abcc4 ,x is a favorite !ory ) ,major ,p[ell1 ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 t ! cross 0 an orig9al inv5tion ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 possibly a sign common to all savages2 t x repres5t$1 fir/1 ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/2 & aft]w>ds by accretion1 sev5 po9ts1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/1 z5i?1 nadir1 & "h4 ,capt4 ,john ,g4 ,b\rke1 9 8 pap] on ! ,m$ic9e ,m5 ( ! ,apa*e#bif disc\rses on _! symbolism ( ! cross4 ,he says x is relat$ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 to ! f\r w9ds1 & is pa9t$ by w>riors on _! moccas9s :5 go+ ?r\gh a /range di/rict to keep !m f gett+ on a wrong trail4 ,he notes h[ he saw1 9 ,octob]1 #ahhd1 a procession ( ,apa*e m5 & wom5 be>+ two crosses1 #d feet #aj in*es long1 appropriately decorat$ 9 honor ( ,guzanutl to induce h] to s5d ra94 ,dr4 ,br9ton#big tells ( ! ra9 mak] ( ! ,l5ni ,l5ape :o fir/ drew on ! e>? ! figure ( a cross4 ,capta9 ,b\rke quotes f ,fa!r ,le ,cl]q#bih z to ! v5]ation 9 :i* ! cross 0 held by ! ,gaspesian ,indians1 also f ,h]r>a to ! same effect4 ,pr(essor ,holmes#bii makes "s p]t95t obs]vations ) reg>d to ! mean+s ( ! cross giv5 by ! ,am]ican ,indians3 ,"s v +5i\s !ories h be5 elaborat$ 9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ! cross among ,am]ican symbols4 ,br9ton believes t ! great importance atta*$ to ! po9ts ( ! compass--! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s--by savage peoples1 has giv5 rise to ! sign ( ! cross4 ,) o!rs1 ! cross is a phallic symbol d]iv$1 by "s obscure process ( evolution1 f ! v5]ation accord$ to ! procreative pr9ciple 9 nature4 ,x is also frequ5tly associat$ ) sun wor%ip1 & is recogniz$ z a symbol ( ! sun--! f\r arms be+ rema9+ rays aft] a gradual process ( elim9ation4 ,:atev] is f9ally det]m9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! cross z a religi\s symbol 9 ,am]ica w probably result f exhau/ive /udy ( ! hi/ory1 language1 & art ( ! anci5t peoples1 comb9$ ) a ?or\gh k ( ! religi\s conceptions ( mod]n tribes1 & :5 ^! s\rces ( in=mation are all exhau/$ x is probable t ! writ] :o ass]ts m ?an a probability w ov]rea* 8 pro(s4 99 99 99 ,a /udy ( ! designs associat$ ) ! cross 9 ^! gorgets figs4 #cjb-cjd is in/ructive1 b does n lead to any def9ite result2 9 "o case ! cross is inscrib$ on ! back ( a great spid] figs4 #bge-bgh2 9 ano!r x is surr\nd$ by a rectangul> framework ( l9es1 loop$ at ! corn]s & gu>d$ by f\r my/]i\s birds figs4 #bfc-bff1 :ile 9 o!rs x is )\t att5dant *>act]s1 b ! workman%ip is purely aborig9al4 ,i h n se5 a s+le example ( engrav+ ^u ! %ell t sugge/$ a =eign h&1 or a design1 ) ! exception ( ?is "o a cross1 t c\ld claim a ,european d]ivation4 99 99 99 ,su* del9eations ( ! cross z we f9d embodi$ 9 anci5t aborig9al art1 repres5t only ! f9al /ages ( its evolution1 & x is n to be expect$ t its orig9 c be trac$ ?r\gh !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,,graphic ,,del9eation ,,( ,,alligator4 ,f a vase ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #beg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4 ,,graphic ,,del9eation ,,( ,,alligator4 ,f a vase ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #beh4 ,cont9u+ 9 8 ,anci5t ,art 9 ,*iriqui1#cjj pres5t+ 8 ,s]ies %[+ /ages 9 ! simplification ( animal *>act]s1 & d]ivation ( ! alligator1 ,pr(essor ,holmes elaborates ! !ory h[ ! alligator 0 ! orig9al1 & out ( x1 by evolution1 grew ! cross4 ,8 language & accompany+ figures are quot$3 ,( all ! animal =ms utiliz$ by ! ,*iriquians1 ! alligator is ! be/ suit$ to ! purpose ( ?is /udy1 z x is pres5t$ mo/ frequ5tly & 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms4 ,9 figs4 #beg & #beh figs4 #ccj & #cca 9 ! pres5t pap] ,i reproduce draw+s f ! out] surface ( a tripod b[l ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,simple & =mal z ^! figures are1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! creature--! s9u\s body1 ! /rong jaws1 ! upturn$ sn\t1 ! feet1 & ! scales--are =cibly express$4 ,x is n to be assum$ t ^! examples repres5t ! be/ del9eative skill ( ! ,*iriquian arti/4 ,! native pa9t] mu/ h execut$ v mu* sup]ior "w ^u ! m usual del9eat+ surfaces1 su* z b>k & sk9s4 ,! examples "h %[n h already exp]i5c$ decid$ *anges ?r\gh ! con/ra9ts ( ! c]amic art1 b are ! mo/ graphic del9eations pres]v$ to u4 ,!y are free-h& products1 execut$ by m]e decorators1 p]haps by wom51 :o 7 s]vile copyi/s ( ! =ms employ$ by ^? skill$ 9 sacr$ art4 ,a ?ird illu/ration f ! same gr\p ( w>e1 giv5 9 fig4 #bei fig4 #ccb ( ! pres5t pap] %[s1 9 "s respects1 a high] degree ( conv5tion4 99 99 99 ,i %all n[ call att5tion to "s important individualiz$ or well-def9$ ag5cies ( conv5tion4 ,fir/1 & mo/ pot5t1 may be m5tion$ ! en=c$ limits ( ! spaces to be decorat$1 :i* spaces take %ape indep5d5tly ( ! subject to be ins]t$4 ,:5 ! figures mu/ occupy a n>r[ zone1 !y are elongat$2 :5 !y mu/ occupy a squ>e1 !y are re/rict$ longitud9ally1 & :5 !y occupy a circle1 !y are ( necessity coil$ up4 ,fig4 #bfe fig4 #ccc ( ! pres5t pap] illu/rates ! effect produc$ by cr[d+ ! oblong figure into a %ort rectangul> space4 ,! head is turn$ back ov] ! body & ! tail is ?r[n d[n along ! side ( ! space4 ,9 fig4 #bff fig4 #ccd ( ! pres5t pap] ! figure occupies a circle & is1 9 consequ5ce1 closely coil$ up1 giv+ ! effect ( a s]p5t r ?an an alligator4 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,,conv5tional ,,figure ,,( ,,alligator4 ,f a vessel ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,,conv5tional ,,figure ,,( ,,alligator ,,cr[d$ ,,into ,a ,,small ,,geometrical ,,figure4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bfe4 ,i pres5t five s]ies ( figures design$ to illu/rate ! /ages ?r\gh :i* life =ms pass 9 desc5d+ f ! reali/ic to highly specializ$ conv5tional %apes4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies 7fig4 #bgg7 fig4 #cce ( ! pres5t pap] we beg9 ) a1 a meag] b graphic sket* ( ! alligator2 ! second figure1 b1 is h>dly less *>act]i/ic1 b is mu* simplifi$2 9 ! ?ird1 c1 we h /ill ?ree lead+ features ( ! creature--! body l9e1 ! spots1 & ! /roke at ! back ( ! head2 & 9 ! f\r?1 d1 no?+ rema9s b a comp\nd yoke-l curve1 /&+ = ! body ( ! creature1 & a s+le dot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,,conv5tional ,,figure ,,( ,,alligator ,,cr[d$ ,,into ,a ,,circle4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bff4 ,! figures ( ! second s]ies 7fig4 #bgh7 fig4 #ccf ( ! pres5t pap] are ne>ly all pa9t$ ^u l[1 r\nd nodes plac$ ab\t ! body ( ! alligator vases1 & h5ce are inclos$ 9 circles4 ,! animal figure 9 ! fir/ example is coil$ up l a s]p5t fig4 #ccd1 b /ill pres]ves "s ( ! well-kn[n *>act]s ( ! alligator4 ,9 ! second example fig4 #ccf;b we h a d\ble hook ne> ! c5t] ( ! space :i* takes ! place ( ! body1 b ! dott$ triangles are plac$ sep>ately aga9/ ! encircl+ l9e4 ,9 ! next figure ! body symbol is omitt$ & ! ?ree triangles rema9 to repres5t ! animal4 ,9 ! f\r? !re are f\r triangles1 & ! body device be+ re/or$ 9 r$ takes ! =m ( a cross4 ,9 ! fif? two ( ! inclos+ triangles are omitt$ & ! idea is pres]v$ by ! simple dots4 ,9 ! six? ! dots are plac$ )9 ! b>s ( ! cross1 ! triangles becom+ m]e int]spaces1 & 9 ! sev5? ! dots =m a l9e betwe5 ! two encircl+ l9es4 ,?is s]ies c\ld be fill$ up by o!r examples1 ?us %[+ by :at inf9itesimal /eps ! trans=mations take place4 99 99 99 ,we le>n by ! s]ies ( /eps illu/rat$ 9 ! annex$ cuts t ! alligator radical1 "u peculi> re/ra9ts & influ5ces1 assumes conv5tional =ms t m]ge imp]ceptibly into ^! classic devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,figures ,,( ,,alligators ,,%[+ ,,/ages ,,( ,,simplification4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,,s]ies ,,%[+ ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,simplification ,,( ,,animal ,,*>act]s1 ,,beg9n+ ,,) ,,! ,,alligator ,,& ,,end+ ,,) ,,! ,,greek ,,cross4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bgh4 ,pr(essor ,holmes's !ory ( ! evolution ( ! cross f ! alligator & its location 9 ,*iriqui is oppos$ to t ( ,pr(essor ,goodye>1 :o1 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 ascribes ! orig9 ( ! cross to ! lotus & locates x 9 ,egypt4 ,i file :at 9 law w\ld be an int]plead]--,i admit my want ( k ( ! subject "u discussion1 & leave ! "q to ^! g5tlem54 ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,cross ,,into ,,am]ica4 ,pr(essor ,holmes is1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or1 correct :5 he insi/s ^u ! aborig9al "* ( ! cross 9 ,am]ica4 ,we all und]/& h[ x is /at$ t ! ,spani% mission>ies s\ght to d5y ?is & to connect ! app>ition ( ,/4 ,?omas ) ! appe>ance ( ! cross4 ,pr(essor ,holmes#cja says3 ,! fir/ explor]s 7 accompani$ by ,*ri/ian zealots :o sp>$ no ef=t to root out ! native sup]/ition & introduce a =eign religion ( :i* ! cross 0 ! all-important symbol4 ,?is emblem 0 g5]ally accept$ by ! savages z ! only tangible feature ( a new sy/em ( belief t 0 fill$ ) subtleties too pr(\nd = _! compreh5sion4 ,z a result1 ! cross 0 at once introduc$ into ! regalia ( ! natives1 at fir/ probably 9 a ,european =m & mat]ial1 atta*$ to a /r+ ( beads 9 precisely ! mann] !y _h be5 accu/om$ to susp5d _! own tr9kets & gorgets2 b soon1 no d\bt1 del9eat$ or c>v$ by _! own h&s ^u tablets ( /one & copp] & %ell 9 ! place ( _! own peculi> conceptions4 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce1 & to sp>e1 ( ! aborig9al use ( ! cross 9 "s ( its =ms1 )\t resort+ to ! unc]ta9 & =c$ explanation ( its introduction by ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,x is possible t ! prie/s & explor]s 71 l ,colonel ,mall]y's mission>y1 mi/ak5 z to ! int]pretation giv5 to ! cross by ! ,indians4 ,dr4 ,h(fman1 9 8 pap] on ! ,mide'wiw9 or ,gr& ,m$ic9e ,society ( ! ,ojibwa1#cjb /ates ! my? ( ! re-creation ( ! _w z ?r[n toge!r 9 a mangl$ =m by ,h5nep94 ,dr4 ,h(fman obs]ves3 ,x is evid5t t ! n>rator has suffici5tly di/ort$ ! traditions to make !m con=m z mu* z practicable to ! ,biblical /ory ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,& on ! same page he quotes f ,pre ,m>quette1 :o says3 ,i 0 v glad to see a great cross set up 9 ! middle ( ! village1 adorn$ ) sev]al :ite sk9s1 r$ girdles1 b[s1 & arr[s1 :i* t good p (f]$ to ! ,great ,manit\ to return him _! ?anks = ! c>e he _h tak5 ( !m dur+ ! w9t]1 & t he _h grant$ !m a prosp]\s hunt+4 ,m>quette comm5ts ,dr4 ,h(fman 01 )\t d\bt1 ignorant ( ! fact t ! cross is ! sacr$ po/1 & ! symbol ( ! f\r? degree ( ! ,mide'wiw91 z is fully expla9$ 9 connection ) t grade ( society4 ,! errone\s conclusion t ! cross 0 erect$ z an evid5ce ( ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity &1 possibly z a complim5t to ! visitor 0 a natural "o on ! "p ( ! prie/1 b ?is same symbol ( ! ,mide' society _h probably be5 erect$ & b$eck$ ) b>b>ic emblems & weapons mon?s be=e any?+ 0 kn[n ( him4 ,mo/ aborig9al objects be>+ crosses are f localities along ! ,ohio ,riv] & ?r\gh ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 a locality :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies nev] visit$1 & :]e ! cross ( ,*ri/ 0 r>ely1 if ev]1 display$ until aft] t t]ritory became "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p] contra1 ! localities among ! ,indians 9 :i* ! e>ly mission>ies mo/ conduct$ _! labors--t is to say1 along ! ,great ,lakes & ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,ill9ois--produce ! fewe/ numb] ( aborig9al crosses4 ,?is 0 ! c\ntry explor$ by ,fa!rs ,m>quette1 ,lasalle1 & ,h5nep91 & x 0 ! sc5e ( mo/ ( ! ,ca?olic mission>y labors4 ,pr(essor ,holmes seems to h recogniz$ ?is fact1 = he says3#cjc ,! cross 0 und\bt$ly us$ z a symbol by ! prehi/oric nations ( ! ,s\?1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x 0 probably also kn[n 9 ! ,nor?4 ,a great majority ( ! relics associat$ ) x 9 ! anci5t m\nds & burial places are und\bt$ly aborig9al4 ,9 ! case ( ! %ell gorgets1 ! tablets !mselves belong to an ,am]ican type1 & are highly *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,a majority ( ! designs engrav$ ^u !m are also *>act]i/ic ( ! same di/rict4 ,! au?or agrees he>tily ) ,pr(essor ,holmes's argum5t 9 ?is matt]1 & 8 conclusion1 :5 he says ( ^! objects 7p4 #bgj73 ,! workman%ip is purely aborig9al4 ,i h n se5 a s+le example ( engrav+ ^u %ell t sugge/$ a =eign h& or a design1 ) ! exception ( "o 7cross71 t c\ld claim a ,european d]ivation4 ,!re h be5 num]\s ,european or ,ca?olic crosses1 z well z _m o!r objects ( ,european manufacture or objects ( civiliz$ types1 f\nd among ! ,indians4 ,!re h be5 silv] crosses f\nd ) images ( ! ,virg9 !reon1 ) ,lat9 inscriptions1 or ( ,roman lett]s2 !re h be5 glass beads1 iron arr[heads1 & div]s o!r objects f\nd 9 ,indian graves :i* bore indubitable evid5ce ( contact ) ! :ites1 & no "o ) any ar*ological exp]i5ce ne$ be deceiv$ into ! belief t ^! 7 aborig9al or pre-,columbian manufacture4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 objects ( ,indian manufacture & ^? made by ! :ites is def9ite1 & no practic$ eye w mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r4 ,!re may be exceptions1 z :]e ! ,indian has liv$ ) ! :ites or a :ite man ) ! ,indians1 or :]e an object is made ) int5t to deceive4 ,9 su* cases "o may h m tr\ble 9 det]m9+ ! orig9 ( ! object4 ,!re 7 _m ,indians :o di$ & 7 buri$ )9 a c5tury pa/1 ^: graves might conta9 _m objects ( :ite man's "w4 ,black ,hawk & ,r$ ,jacket are examples1 &1 possibly1 ,k+ ,philip4 ,indian graves h be5 op5$ 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york conta9+ ! gun or firelock ( ! occupant ( ! grave buri$ ) him1 & t ?is 0 evid5ce ( ,european contact !re c be no d\bt4 ,s !re h be5 hundr$s1 possibly ?\s&s1 ( ,indians buri$ s9ce ! ,columbian discov]y d[n to )9 ! la/ decade ^: graves conta9 :ite man's tools or implem5ts4 ,b no p]son ) any ar*ological exp]i5ce ne$ be deceiv$ by ^! ?+s4 ,! !ory t ! ,lat9 or ,greek crosses or ,swa/ikas %[n on ^! gorgets1 disks1 & pott]y furni% evid5ce ( contact by ! aborig9es ) ,europeans 9 po/-,columbian times is )\t f\ndation & inadmissible4 ,,decorative ,,=ms ,,n ,,( ,,! ,,cross1 ,,b ,,alli$ ,,to ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,,color ,,/amps ,,f ,,mexico ,,& ,,v5ezuela4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ccg1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cda1 & #cdb4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,color ,,/amps ,,) ,,designs ,,simil> ,,to ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,mexico4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #iiabd1 #iiabg1 #bghhg1 #iiaae1 #iiaah1 #iiabb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,! aborig9es ( ,mexico & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica employ$ t]ra-cotta color /amps1 :i*1 be+ made into ! prop] patt]n 9 ! s(t clay1 7 burn$ h>d2 !n1 be+ fir/ coat$ ) color1 ! /amp 0 press$ ^u ! object to be decorat$1 & s transf]r$ its color1 z 9 ! me*anical op]ation ( pr9t+1 ?us giv+ ! int5d$ decoration4 ,patt]ns ( ^! /amps are ins]t$ 9 ?is pap] 9 connection ) ! ,swa/ika because ( ! resemblance--n 9 =m1 b 9 /yle4 ,!y are ( geometric =m1 crosses1 dots1 circles 7conc5tric & o!rwise71 loz5ges1 *evrons1 fret1 & labyr9? or me&]4 ,! /yle ( ?is decoration l5ds itself easily to ! ,swa/ika2 & yet1 ) ! v>iety ( patt]ns conta9$ 9 ! s]ies ( /amps belong+ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 %[n 9 figs4 #ccg to #cdb1 no ,swa/ika appe>s2 nor 9 ! simil> /amps belong+ to o!r collections1 notably t ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,d\glass1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 are any ,swa/ikas %[n4 ,( ! =ego+ figures1 all are f ,tlaltelolco1 ,mexico 7,blake collection71 except fig4 #cci1 :i* is f ! ,valley ( ,mexico1 & 0 receiv$ f ! ,museo ,nacional ( ,mexico4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,color ,,/amps ,,) ,,designs ,,simil> ,,to ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,pi>oa ,indians1 ,v5ezuela4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #ihb4 ,m>cano says3#cjd ,! pres5t ,pi>oas ( ,v5ezuela are 9 ! habit ( pa9t+ _! bodies by a process diff]5t f t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,!y make /amps ( wood1 :i*1 be+ color$ 7z types are ) ink71 !y apply to _! bodies4 ,fig4 #ihb %[s examples ( ^! /amps4 ,see fig4 #cdc ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,! designs are sub/antially ! same z "s petroglyphs4 ,!y ei!r copi$ ! models !y f\nd c>v$ on ! rocks by peoples :o prec$$ !m1 or !y knew ! mean+ & pres]v$ ! tradition4 ,! =m] is ! only t5able hypo!sis4 ,pa9t+ is to ! ,pi>oas bo? ornam5tation & necessity4 ,x s]ves1 n only z a g>m5t to protect !m aga9/ insects1 b becomes a fancy co/ume to grace _! fea/s & meet+s4 ,^! designs are n pres5t$ z ,swa/ikas nor ( any evolution or d]ivation f "o4 ,!y %[ a /yle common en\gh to ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 to ! ,antilles & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1#cje :i* might easily produce a ,swa/ika4 ,! aborig9al design] ( ^! might1 if we dep5d ^u ! !ory ( psy*ological simil>ity ( culture among all peoples1 at 8 next attempt make a ,swa/ika4 ,yet1 ) ! hundr$s ( simil> patt]ns made dur+ ! c5turies ( aborig9al occupation & ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntries nam$1 none ( ^! seem ev] to h produc$ a ,swa/ika4 ,v4--,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,! orig9 & e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,swa/ika are lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,all ! au?or has be5 able to f9d on ^! subjects is set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x is propos$ to exam9e ! possible uses ( ! ,swa/ika 9 an endeavor to discov] some?+ ( its significance4 ,! ,swa/ika might h s]v$3 ,i4 ,z a symbol-- #a1 ( a religion1 #b1 ( a nation or p1 #c1 ( a sect ) peculi> t5ets2 ,,ii4 ,z an amulet or *>m-- #a1 ( good luck1 or =tune1 or long life1 #b1 ( b5$iction1 or bless+1 #c1 aga9/ ! evil eye2 ,,iii4 ,z an ornam5t or decoration4 ,x may h be5 7#a7 orig9ally discov]$ or inv5t$ by a giv5 p 9 a giv5 c\ntry1 & transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ! next1 pass+ by migration f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 & x may h be5 transmitt$ by communication to widely sep>at$ c\ntries & among diff]5tly cultur$ peoples2 or 7#b7 x may h appe>$ 9 ^! latt] c\ntries by duplicate inv5tion or by accid5t1 & )\t contact or communication4 ,positive evid5ce conc]n+ its orig9 & e>lie/ migration is n obta9able1 & 9 its abs5ce we are driv5 to second>y & circum/antial evid5ce4 ,?is w consi/ 7#a7 ( comp>ison ( kn[n facts directly conc]n+ ! subject2 7#b7 ( facts indirectly conc]n+ x1 & 7#c7 reason1 induc$ by argum5t1 appli$ to ^! facts1 pres5t+ ea* truly1 & giv+ to ea* its prop] weight4 ,! possible migrations ( ! ,swa/ika1 & its appe>ance 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries & among diff]5tly cultur$ peoples1 af=d ! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 ?is subject to ar*ologi/s & an?ropologi/s4 ,! pres5t or mod]n sci5tific int]e/ 9 & inve/igation ( ! ,swa/ika z a symbol or a *>m alone are subsidi>y to ! great] "q ( ! cause & mann] ( its appe>ance 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 :e!r x 0 by migration & contact or by indep5d5t inv5tion4 ,9 argu+ ?is "q1 we mu/ keep cont9ually 9 m9d ! rules ( reason & ( logic1 & nei!r =ce ! facts nor seek to expla9 !m by unkn[n1 imag9>y1 or impossible me?ods4 ,!re mu/ be no dogmatic ass]tions nor fanciful !ories4 ,if we assume c]ta9 migrations ( ! ,swa/ika1 we mu/ consid] ^? ?+s :i* might h 7or mu/ h7 migrat$ ) x2 & we mu/ admit ! means necess>y to ! assum$ end4 ,! hi/ory ( ! beg9n+ & fir/ appe>ance ( any ( ! =ms ( ! cross is also lo/ 9 antiquity1 & x w\ld be haz>d\s = any p]son to ann\nce positively _! orig91 ei!r z to locality or "t4 ,! ,swa/ika 0 c]ta9ly prehi/oric 9 its orig94 ,x 0 9 ext5sive use dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? cities ( ! site ( anci5t ,troy1 ( ! hill ( ,hiss>lik2 s also 9 ! ,bronze ,age1 app>5tly dur+ its entire exi/5ce1 ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,x cont9u$ 9 use 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,iron ,age1 & also among ! ,etruscans1 ,greeks1 & ,trojans4 ,! "n ,swa/ika1 by :i* x is recogniz$ to-day 9 all lit]ature1 is a ,sanscrit ^w1 & 0 9 common use among ! ,sanscrit peoples s long ago t x _h a peculi> or individual pronunciation 9 ,pn9i's gramm> prior to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,"s au?orities are ( ! op9ion t x 0 an ,aryan symbol & us$ by ! ,aryan peoples be=e _! disp]sion ?r\gh ,asia & ,europe4 ,?is is a fair subject = inquiry & might s]ve z an explanation h[1 ei!r z a sacr$ symbol or *>m1 an amulet1 or tok5 ( good wi%es or good =tune1 ! ,swa/ika might h be5 c>ri$ to ! diff]5t peoples & c\ntries 9 :i* we n[ f9d x by ! splitt+ up ( ! ,aryan peoples & _! migrations & e/abli%m5t 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,sayce is ( ! op9ion t ! ,swa/ika 0 a ,hittite symbol & pass$ by communication to ! ,aryans or "s ( _! important bran*es be=e _! f9al disp]sion took place1 b he agrees t x 0 unkn[n 9 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,ph5icia1 or among ! ,egyptians4 ,:e!r ! ,swa/ika 0 9 use among ! ,*aldeans1 ,hittites1 or ! ,aryans be=e or dur+ _! disp]sion1 or :e!r x 0 us$ by ! ,brahm9s be=e ! ,buddhi/s came to ,india is1 aft] all1 b a matt] ( detail ( its migrations2 = x may be fairly cont5d$ t ! ,swa/ika 0 9 use1 m or less common among ! p ( ! ,bronze ,age ant]ior to ei!r ! ,*aldeans1 ,hittites1 or ! ,aryans4 ,! additional facts 9 ?is reg>d h be5 set =? 9 ! *apt] on ?is subject1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,! "q %\ld1 s f> z possible1 be dive/$ ( speculation1 & ! evid5ce accept$ 9 its ord9>y mean+ )\t prejudice or preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,a consid]ation ( ! subject 9 ! light ( ! mat]ial "h collect$ develops ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a7 ,0 ! ,swa/ika1 9 any ( its =ms1 ! symbol ( an anci5t religion or philosophy1 or 0 x only ! sign ( a p>ticul> sect1 t5et1 fai?1 or idea2 or 0 x bo?8 7#b7 ,0 x a *>m or amulet to be us$ by anyone :i* d]iv$ its value f ! signification giv5 to x8 7#c7 ,:at lesson c be ga!r$ f x conc]n+ ! e>ly migrations ( ! races ( man8 ,examples illu/rat+ ^! que/ions are to be f\nd 9 hi/ory z well z 9 ev]yday life4 ,! ,sc>abu ( ,egypt & ,etruria 0 a symbol ( et]nity4 ,! gold5 hoop on ! lady's f+] repres5t+ a snake swall[+ its tail1 is also a symbol ( et]nity4 ,^! repres5t a s5tim5t1 & are symbols ( t s5tim5t )\t reg>d to sect or organiz$ body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,maltese cross 0 ! symbol ( ! ,knights ( ,malta1 & has become1 9 lat] ye>s1 t ( ! ,masonic frat]nity2 :ile ! ?ree l9ks is ! symbol ( ! ,ord] ( ,odd ,fell[s4 ,! ,lat9 cross is a symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( a ,*ri/ian d5om9ation4 ,^u ! evid5ce submitt$1 we mu/ accept ! ,swa/ika fir/ z a symbol ( t sect ( ,ja9s )9 ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur* orig9ally 9 ,tibet1 :i* spread itself 9 ! ,asiatic c\ntry "u ! names ( ,tao-sse1 ,tir?ank>a1 ,t]1 ,mu/eg1 & ,pon or ,pon-po1 ! la/ signify+ purity 7ante1 p4 #ggd74 ,?is sect1 or ^! sects1 adopt$ ! ,swa/ika z _! symbol1 giv+ x ! translation su well1 a/i1 x is1 ! :ole ^w mean+ x is well1 or s be x1 imply+ resignation "u all circum/ances1 ! sect hold+1 9 accordance ) ! mean+ giv5 to _! symbol1 t cont5tm5t & peace ( m9d 7 ! *ief objects ( human life4 ,9 s f> z x conc]ns ?is sect1 ! ,swa/ika 0 a symbol ( bo? k9ds4 ,x repres5t$ a religi\s or at lea/ a moral & philosophic idea1 & also ! sect :i* held to ?is idea4 ,among ! ,buddhi/s prop]1 ! ,swa/ika seems to h be5 employ$ z a holy or sacr$ symbol2 its occurr5ce z "o ( ! signs 9 ! footpr9t ( ,buddha1 _! f\nd]1 ) "s relation ei!r to ! my/]y ( 8 appe>ance z a lead]1 a mission>y1 or ( ! holy & sacr$ object ( 8 mission1 causes ?is to be inf]r$4 ,_! use ( x on ! bronze /atues ( ,buddha1 & associat+ x ) solemn inscriptions 9 ! caves ( ,india1 leaves no d\bt z to its use z a symbol m or less ( ?is "*4 ,aga91 ! use 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian times ( diff]5t =ms ( ! cross1 c\pl$ ) ! ext5sive use by ! ,*ri/ians ( ! monogram ( ,*ri/ 7fig4 #f71 %[s h[ naturally !re may h be5 a conflict ( op9ion 9 ! selection ( a cross :i* %\ld be a repres5tative1 :ile we "k f hi/ory t !re 0 su* discussion1 & t diff]5t =ms ( ! cross 7 sugge/$4 ,among o!r =ms 0 ! ,swa/ika1 b to :at ext5t or ) :at idea ! au?or is n in=m$4 ,! ,swa/ika 0 us$1 ,burn\f says1 a ?\s& times on ,*ri/ians' tombs 9 ! catacombs at ,rome4 ,?is is evid5ce ( its use to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 a sacr$ or solemn & fun]eal "*1 :i* w\ld signify its use z ! symbol ( a religi\s idea4 ,beyond ^! in/ances ! au?or is unable to f9d evid5ce ( ! ,swa/ika hav+ s]v$ z a symbol ( any religi\s or philosophic idea or ( any sect or organization4 ,:e!r among ! ,bronze ,age p ( we/]n ,europe--among ! ,trojans1 ,greeks1 or ,etruscans--:e!r among ! semiciviliz$ peoples ( ,s\? or ,c5tral ,am]ica1 or among ! savages 7m\nd-build]s7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re is app>5tly no in/ance ( ! ,swa/ika hav+ be5 reg>d$ z holy or us$ on a sacr$ object--t is1 holy & sacr$ 9 ! light ( godl9ess1 piety1 or morality4 ,x may h be5 or may yet be discov]$ t "s ( ^! wild m5 us$ ! ,swa/ika ^u objects s]v+ at c]emonies or fe/ivals ( _! religion1 or :i* _h1 9 _! eyes1 a semi-sacr$ "*4 ,b x does n seem t x 0 us$ z a repres5tative ( a holy idea or ( any god or sup]natural be+ :o /ood = su* an idea4 ,! meal us$ 9 ! ,zui c]emony may h be5 reg>d$ z sacr$1 & x may1 inde$ mu/1 h be5 made on a /one metate1 yet nei!r ! metate nor ! /one !reby obta9$ any holy or sacr$ "*4 ,s1 also1 x may h be5 decorat$ ) a fret1 *evron1 h]r+bone1 or any ( ! num]\s /yles1 none ( :i* w\ld receive any sacr$ "* f su* use4 ,s x is believ$ to h be5 ) ! ,swa/ika f\nd on ^! objects2 x 0 n holy or sacr$ because ( ?is use4 ,! au?or decl9es to discuss ! possible relation ( ! ,swa/ika to ! sun or sun god1 to ! ra9 or ra9 god1 ! lightn+1 to ,dyaus1 ,zeus or ,agni1 to ,phebus or ,apollo1 or o!r ( ! my?ological deities4 ,?is "q w\ld be int]e/+ if x c\ld be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 or if ! det]m9ation w\ld be accept$ by any consid]able numb] ( p]sons4 ,b ?is is left = "s "o m compet5t & m int]e/$ ?an ! au?or4 ,! mo/ probable use ( ! ,swa/ika among prehi/oric peoples1 or among ,ori5tals o!r ?an ! ,buddhi/s1 0 z a *>m or amulet signify+ good =tune1 good luck1 long life1 or b5$iction & bless+4#cjf 7,see p4 #ghj47 ,look+ ov] ! entire prehi/oric _w1 we f9d ! ,swa/ika us$ on small & comp>atively insignificant objects1 ^? 9 common use1 su* z vases1 pots1 jugs1 implem5ts1 tools1 h\sehold goods & ut5sils1 objects ( ! toilet1 ornam5ts1 etc41 & infrequ5tly on /atues1 alt>s1 & ! l4 ,9 ,arm5ia x 0 f\nd on bronze p9s & buttons2 9 ! ,trojan cities on sp9dle-:orls2 9 ,greece on pott]y1 on gold & bronze ornam5ts1 & fibul4 ,9 ! ,bronze ,age 9 we/]n ,europe1 includ+ ,etruria1 x is f\nd on ! common objects ( life1 su* z pott]y1 ! bronze fibul1 ce9tures1 sp9dle-:orls1 etc4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 !re 7 peculi> uses ( ! ,swa/ika 9 c]ta9 localities3 ,9 ,italy on ! hut urns 9 :i* ! a%es ( ! dead are buri$2 9 ! ,swiss lakes /amp$ 9 ! pott]y2 9 ,sc&9avia on ! weapons1 swords1 etc41 & 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& on ! broo*es & p9s2 9 ,am]ica on ! metates = gr9d+ corn2 ! ,brazilian wom5 wore x on ! pott]y fig leaf2 ! ,pueblo ,indian pa9t$ x on 8 dance rattle1 :ile ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 at ! epo* ( ! m\nd build+ 9 ,arkansas & ,miss\ri1 pa9t$ x 9 spiral =m on 8 pott]y2 9 ,t5nessee he engrav$ x on ! %ell1 & 9 ,ohio cut x 9 its pla9e/ normal =m out ( %eets ( copp]4 ,s also among ! mod]n ,indians we f9d x employ$ on occasions ( c]emony1 z 9 ! m\nta9 *ant by ! ,navajoes1 & ! w> *ant ( ! ,kansas1 on ! necklace & c]emonial g>t]s ( ! ,sac woman1 & on ! w> %ields ( ! ,pimas4 ,z we d n f9d x repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica on aborig9al religi\s monum5ts1 on anci5t gods1 idols1 or o!r sacr$ or holy objects1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ t x 0 n "h us$ z a religi\s symbol2 :ile1 z x is f\nd only on tr9kets1 %ells1 copp] plaques1 sp9dle-:orls1 metates1 pott]y b[ls1 jugs1 bottles1 or vases2 z we f9d x sometimes squ>e1 sometimes spiral1 n[ outside1 n[ inside1 ( b[ls & j>s1 etc42 at "o "t a small rectangul> figure & at ano!r ( ext5sive convolutions cov]+ ! side ( ! vase2 z we f9d x on ! tools ( ! workm51 ! objects 9 ev]yday use1 :e!r 9 ! h\se or ! %op1 us$ indiscrim9ately by m5 & wom51 or on gam+ implem5ts or dance rattles1 ! cont5tion seems ju/ifiable t x 0 us$ z an ornam5t or z a *>m = good luck & n z a religi\s symbol4 ,yet we "k x 0 us$ on c]ta9 c]emonial occasions :i* may !mselves h _h m or less a sacr$ "*4 ,?us1 aft] ! fulle/ exam9ation1 we f9d ! ,swa/ika 0 conf9$ to ! common] uses1 implem5ts1 h\sehold ut5sils1 & objects = ! toilet & p]sonal decoration4 ,! specim5s ( ?is k9d numb] a hundr$ to "o ( a sacr$ k9d4 ,) ?is prepond]ance 9 favor ( ! common use1 x w\ld seem t1 except among ! ,buddhi/s & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & ! m or less sacr$ c]emonies ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 all pret5se ( ! holy or sacr$ "* ( ! ,swa/ika %\ld be giv5 up1 & x %\ld 7/ill ) ^! exceptions7 be consid]$ z a *>m1 amulet1 tok5 ( good luck or good =tune1 or z an ornam5t & = decoration4 ,,vi4--,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,symbols4 ,,migration ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,! "q ( ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika & ( ! objects on :i* x 0 m>k$1 :i* furni%$ its only means ( transportation1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,x is propos$ to exam9e1 9 a cursory mann] p]haps1 n only ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika itself1 b "s ( ^! objects1 sp9dle :orls especially1 ) a view to discov] by simil>ity or peculi>ity ( =m or decoration any relation%ip !y may h _h ) ea* o!r :5 f\nd 9 di/ant c\ntries & us$ by diff]5t peoples4 ,?us1 we may be able to op5 ! way to a consid]ation ( ! "q :e!r ?is simil>ity ( ,swa/ikas or o!r decorations1 or ( ! objects on :i* !y 7 plac$1 result$ f ! migration ( or contact or communication betwe5 di/ant peoples1 or 0 x accid5tal & ! result ( indep5d5t discov]ies & duplicate inv5tions--an evid5ce ( ! p>allelism ( human ?\ght8 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 9 a communication be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1#cjg />ts out ) a polemical discussion ^u ! subject ( ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika & its possible ,am]ican migration1 z foll[s3 ,my int5tion is to combat ! op9ion ( ^? writ]s :o1 l ,dr4 ,hamy1 ,m4 ,beauvois1 & _m o!rs1 ass]t t because c]ta9 well-kn[n ,ori5tal symbols1 z ! ,ta ,ki1 ! ,triskeles1 ! ,sva/ika1 & ! cross1 are f\nd among ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 !y are evid5ce ( ,mongolian1 ,buddhi/ic1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,aryan immigrations previ\s to ! discov]y by ,columbus1 & ,i %all also try to %[ t ! position is errone\s ( ^? :o1 l ,william ,h4 ,holmes1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ma9ta9 t x is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! religi\s significance ( ! cross z a religi\s symbol 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 opposition to bo? ^! views1 ,i propose to %[ t ! prim>y significance ( all ^! widely ext5d$ symbols is q cle>1 & t !y c be %[n to h aris5 f c]ta9 fix$ relations ( man to 8 environm5t1 ! same ev]y:]e1 & h5ce sugge/+ ! same graphic repres5tations among tribes mo/ div]g5t 9 location & race1 &1 !re=e1 t su* symbols are ( little value 9 trac+ e?nic aff9ities or ! curr5ts ( civilization4 ,i am sorry to be compell$ to diff] ) ,dr4 ,br9ton 9 ^! views4 ,i may n attempt mu* argum5t ^u ?is bran* ( ! subject1 b :atev] argum5t is pres5t$ w be 9 opposition to ?is view1 z n be+ borne out by ! evid5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! l>ge/ portion ( ! discussion ( ?is subject mu/ consi/ ( !ory & argum5t1 b su* facts z are kn[n1 :5 subject$ to an analysis ( reason1 seem to produce a result contr>y to t ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,br9ton4 ,x is conc$$ t ! duplication ( ! cross by diff]5t or di/ant peoples is no evid5ce ( migrations ( or contact betwe5 ^! peoples1 h[ev] close _! relations might h be54 ,! sign ( ! cross itself 0 s simple1 consi/+ ( only two m>ks or pieces int]sect+ ea* o!r at a "r or o!r angle1 t we may easily suppose x to h be5 ! result ( indep5d5t inv5tion4 ,! same conclusion has be5 argu$ ) reg>d to ! ,swa/ika4 ,b ?is is a non sequitur4 ,fir/1 ,i dispute ! proposition ( fact t ! ,swa/ika is1 l ! cross1 a simple design--"o :i* w\ld come to ! m9d ( any p]son & w\ld be easy to make4 ,= evid5ce ( ?is1 ,i cite ! fact t x is n 9 common use1 t x is almo/ unkn[n among ,*ri/ian peoples1 t x is n includ$ 9 any ( ! designs =1 nor m5tion$ 9 any ( ! mod]n ,european or ,am]ican works on1 decoration1 nor is x kn[n to or practic$ by arti/s or decorators ( ei!r c\ntry4#cjh ,= ! tru? ( ?is1 ,i appeal to ! exp]i5ce ( arti/s & decorators1 & w\ld put ! "q :e!r1 ( _! own k1 by _! own inv5tions1 !y h ev] discov]$ or made ,swa/ikas1 or :e!r _! bro!r arti/s h done s1 & if !y answ] 9 ! affirmative1 ,i w\ld ask :e!r ^? cases 7 n r>e4 ,x may be grant$ t :5 ! ,swa/ika has be5 se5 by an arti/ or decorator x is easily und]/ood & n difficult to execute1 b1 nev]!less1 ,i insi/ t its inv5tion & use among arti/s & decorators dur+ ! c5turies s9ce ! ,r5naissance is r>e4 ,x is argu$ by ,zmigrodzki t ! ,swa/ika on s _m specim5s1 especially ! ,trojan sp9dle-:orls1 hav+ be5 made regul>ly1 sometimes turn+ "o way1 sometimes ano!r1 sometimes squ>e1 o!r times curv$1 goes to %[ ! rapidity ) :i* ! sign 0 made1 t x did n require an arti/1 t its use 0 s common t x _h become a habit & 0 execut$ 9 a rapid & sket*y mann]1 z evid5c$ by ! appe>ance ( ! m>ks !mselves ^u ! :orls4 ,he lik5s ?is to ! easy & unconsid]$ way :i* m5 h ( sign+ _! names1 :i* !y are able to d )\t att5tion4 ,he lik5s x also to ! sign ( ! cross made by ,roman ,ca?olics s rapidly z to be unnotic$ by ^? :o are unaw>e ( its significance4 ,) ?is l9e ( argum5t1 ,zmigrodzki reasons t ! ,swa/ika 0 9 its "t conf9$ to common use & ?us he acc\nts = ! numb] ( ill-=m$ specim5s4 ,?is only acc\nts = ! comp>atively few ill-=m$ specim5s1 b n = ! great numb]1 ! mass ( ^? well =m$ & well drawn4 ,in/ead ( ! ,swa/ika be+ a sign easily made1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ] is ! contr>y4 ,a simple cross l ! ,lat91 ,greek1 ,/4 ,&rew's1 & o!r common =ms may be v easy to make1 b a really good specim5 ( ! ,swa/ika is difficult to make4 ,any "o :o d\bts ?is has only to make ! exp]im5t = himself1 & make correctly su* a specim5 z fig4 #i4 ,:ile x may be easy en\gh to make ! ,greek cross ) two l9es ( equal l5g? int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & :ile ?is =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! ,swa/ikas1 x is at its conclusion t ! tr\ble ( mak+ a p]fect ,swa/ika beg9s4 ,x w be f\nd difficult1 requir+ c>e & att5tion1 to make ! project+ arms ( equal l5g?1 to see t !y are all at ! same angle2 & if x is b5t aga9 & aga91 two or ?ree turns ^u ea* o!r1 ! difficulty increases4 ,if a p]son ?9ks t ! ,swa/ika1 ei!r 9 ! squ>e or ! ogee curves or ! spiral volutes1 is easy to make1 he has b to try x ) pap] & p5cil1 &1 if t is 8 fir/ attempt1 he w soon be conv9c$ ( 8 error4 ,! arti/ :o drew ! spirals = ?is pap] pron\nces !m to be ! mo/ difficult ( all2 ! curves are p>abolic1 no two portions ( any "o are 9 ! same circle1 ! circle cont9ually wid5s1 & no two circles nor any two portions ( ! same circle h ! same c5t]4 ,to keep ^! l9es true & p>allel1 ! curve regul>1 ! di/ances ! same1 & at ! same "t sweep+ outw>d 9 ! spiral =m1 ! arti/ pron\nces a mo/ difficult "w1 requir+ c>e1 "t1 & att5tion 7fig4 #bie74 ,ev5 ! squ>e & me&] ,swa/ikas 7figs4 #aj1 #aa7 require a rule & angle to make !m exact4 ,all ?is goes to %[ ! int5tion ( ! arti/ to h be5 m or less delib]ate2 & t ! object he made 0 = a special purpose1 ) a p>ticul> idea1 ei!r z a symbol1 *>m1 or ornam5t1 & n a mean+less figure to fill a vacant space4 ,yet x is practically ?is difficult =m ( ! cross :i* appe>s to h spread itself ?r\gh ! wide/ culture areas1 ext5d+ almo/ to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,all ?is is f\ndation = ! sugge/ion t ! ,swa/ika 0 n ! result ( duplicate inv5tion or indep5d5t discov]y1 t x is n an illu/ration ( p>allelism 9 human ?\ght1 b t x 0 transmitt$ f p]son to p]son1 or pass$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 ei!r by ! migration ( its p1 by _! contact or communication1 or by ! migration & transmission ( ! symbol & ! sign itself4 ,pu%+ ! argum5t ( ! difficulty ( its mak+1 to acc\nt = ! r>ity ( ! design1 x is alleg$ t 9 mod]n times ! ,swa/ika is practically unkn[n among ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,x pass$ out ( use among !m nigh a ?\s& ye>s ago & has be5 supplant$ by e o!r imag9able geometric =m4 ,! fret1 *evron1 h]r+bone1 crosses1 & circles ( e k9d1 spirals1 volutes1 ogees1 mold+s1 etc41 h all rema9$ 9 use s9ce neoli?ic times1 b no ,swa/ika4 ,! late/ use m5tion$ 9 ! lit]ature ^u ?is subject appe>s to h be5 9 ! ar*-,episcopal *air 9 ! ca!dral at ,milan1 :i* be>s ! ?ree anci5t ,*ri/ian crosses1 ! ,lat9 cross1 ! monogram ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,swa/ika1 ( :i* ! fir/ & la/ are c>v$ 9 alt]nates ar\nd ! p$e/al ( ! *air4 ,yet ! k ( ! ,swa/ika has be5 p]petuat$ 9 "s c\ntries & its use has n di$ out all ov] ! _w2 !re=e1 examples ( its use 9 mod]n times %\ld be not$ 9 ord] to prev5t misappreh5sion & contradiction4 ,! d\ble ,greek fret made ) two cont9u\s l9es 7fig4 #aci7 =ms a pseudo ,swa/ika at ea* int]section1 al?\gh we h se5 t ?is is n a real b only an app>5t ,swa/ika 7p4 #ghc74 ,?is is us$ 9 mod]n times by c>pet & l95 weav]s z bord]s = c>pets & tableclo?s1 & by tile mak]s 9 simil> decoration4 ,! ,swa/ika m>k has cont9u$ 9 use among ! ,ori5tals2 ! ,!osophi/s h adopt$ x z a seal or insignia2 ! ,japanese 7fig4 #cj71 ! ,koreans 7p4 #gii71 ! ,*9ese 7fig4 #ca71 ! ,ja9s 7figs4 #cc1 #cd71 &1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! ,navajo 7pl4 #ag71 & ^? ( ! ,kansas ,res]vation 7pls4 #ae & #af74 ,x is n us$ by ,european peoples 9 mod]n times1 except 9 ,lapl& & ,f9l&4 ,! ,national ,museum has lately receiv$ a collection ( mod]n h\sehold & dome/ic ut5sils f ,lapl&1 "s ( :i* be> ! m>ks ( ! cross & "o a *urn1 ! lid ( :i* be>s a possible ,swa/ika m>k4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,mason & ,mr4 ,cu%+1 ,i h receiv$ a draw+ ( ?is 7fig4 #cdd74 ,!odor ,s*v9dt1 9 ,suomalaisia kori/eita1#cji a book ( /&>d national ,f9ni% patt]ns = ! embroid]ies ( ! c\ntry1 gives ! ,swa/ika among o!rs2 b x is class$ among oblique designs & no m5tion is made ( x z a ,swa/ika or ( any "* correspond+ to x4 ,its l9es are always at angles ( #de degrees1 & are cont9ually ref]r$ to z oblique designs4 ,! ,swa/ika ornam5ts ,dani% baptismal fonts1 & accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hjaltal9 x 0 us$ 9 ,icel& a few ye>s s9ce z a magic sign1 b ) an obscur$ or corrupt$ mean+4 ,x arriv$ 9 t isl& 9 ! n9? c5tury ,a4 ,d4#caj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,,mod]n ,,*urn ,,lid ,,) ,,design ,,resembl+ ,,swa/ika4 ,lapl&4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! ,swa/ika m>k appe>s bo? 9 its normal & ogee =m 9 ! ,p]sian c>pets & rugs4#caa ,:ile writ+ ?is memoir1 ,i h f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian rug 9 my own b$*amb] sixte5 figures ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,9 ! l>ge rug 9 ! *ief cl]k's (fice ( ! ,national ,museum !re are no less ?an tw5ty-sev5 figures ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,on a piece ( imitation ,p]sian c>pet1 ) a heavy pile1 made probably 9 ,london1 ,i f\nd also figures ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,all ! =ego+ figures h be5 ( ! normal ,swa/ika1 ! arms cross+ ea* o!r & ! ends turn+ at "r angles1 ! l9es be+ ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,"s ( !m 7 b5t to ! "r & "s to ! left4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,wa%+ton ,i saw a l>ge ,india rug conta9+ a numb] ( ogee ,swa/ikas2 :ile ! arms cross$ ea* o!r at "r angles1 !y curv$1 "s to ! "r & "s to ! left1 b all ! l9es increas$ 9 size1 swell+ 9 ! middle ( ! curve1 b f9i%+ 9 a po9t4 ,! mod]n ,japanese wi/]ia workbaskets = ladies h "o or m ,swa/ikas wov5 9 _! sides or cov]s4 ,?us1 x appe>s t ! use ( ! ,swa/ika 9 mod]n times is conf9$ pr9cipally to ,ori5tal & ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 c\ntries :i* hold close relations to antiquity2 t1 9 we/]n ,europe1 :]e 9 anci5t times ! ,swa/ika 0 mo/ frequ5t1 x has1 dur+ ! la/ "o or two ?\s& ye>s1 become ext9ct4 ,& ?is 9 ! c\ntries :i* h l$ ! _w 9 culture4 ,if ! ,swa/ika 0 a symbol ( a religion 9 ,india & migrat$ z su* 9 times ( antiquity to ,am]ica1 x 0 necess>ily by human aid4 ,! individuals :o c>ri$ & taught x %\ld h c>ri$ ) x ! religi\s idea x repres5t$4 ,to d ?is requir$ a c]ta9 use ( language1 at lea/ ! "n ( ! symbol4 ,if ! sign bore among ! aborig9es 9 ,am]ica ! "n x bore 9 ,india1 ,swa/ika1 ! evid5ce ( contact & communication w\ld be greatly /r5g!n$4 ,if ! religion x repres5t$ 9 ,india %\ld be f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ! *a9 ( evid5ce might be consid]$ complete4 ,b 9 ord] to make x s x w be necess>y to %[ ! exi/5ce ( ^! names & ?is religion 9 ! same locality or among ! same p or _! desc5dants z is f\nd ! sign4 ,to f9d traces ( ! ,buddhi/ religion associat$ ) ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika among ! ,eskimo 9 ,alaska might be no evid5ce ( its prehi/oric migration1 = ?is might h occurr$ 9 mod]n times1 z we "k has happ5$ ) ! ,russian religion & ! ,*ri/ian cross4 ,:ile to f9d ! ,buddhi/ religion & ! ,swa/ika symbol toge!r 9 ,am]ica1 at a locality beyond ! possibility ( mod]n ,european or ,asiatic contact1 w\ld be evid5ce ( prehi/oric migration yet x w\ld seem to fix x at a p]iod :51 & f a c\ntry :]e1 ! two _h be5 us$ toge!r4 ,if ! ,swa/ika & ,buddhism migrat$ to ,am]ica toge!r x mu/ h be5 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,buddhi/ religion1 :i* is approximately fix$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,b !re has n be5 z yet 9 ,am]ica1 c]ta9ly n 9 ! localities :]e ! ,swa/ika has be5 f\nd1 any trace discov]$ ( ! ,buddhi/ religion1 nor ( its concomitants ( language1 art1 or cu/om4 ,adopt+ ! !ory ( migration ( ! ,swa/ika1 we may !re=e conclude t if ! ,swa/ika came f ,india or ,ea/]n ,asia1 x came e>li] ?an ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,if a giv5 religion ) a giv5 symbol1 bo? belong+ to ! ,old ,_w1 %\ld bo? be f\nd associat$ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 x w\ld be /rong evid5ce 9 favor ( ,old ,_w migration--c]ta9ly ( contact & communication4 ,is x n equally /rong evid5ce ( contact to f9d ! same sign us$ 9 bo? c\ntries z a *>m1 ) ! same significance 9 bo? c\ntries8 ,! argum5t has be5 made1 & x has prov$ satisfactory1 at lea/ to ! au?or1 t ?r\gh\t ,asia & ,europe1 ) ! exception ( ! ,buddhi/s & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! ,swa/ika 0 us$ habitually z a sign or m>k or *>m1 imply+ good luck1 good =tune1 long life1 mu* pleasure1 great success1 or some?+ simil>4 ,! mak]s & us]s ( ! ,swa/ika 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & among ! m\nd build]s ( ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 hav+ all pass$ away be=e ! adv5t ( hi/ory1 x is n n[1 & nev] has be51 possible = u to obta9 f !m a description ( ! mean+1 use1 or purpose = :i* ! ,swa/ika 0 employ$ by !m4 ,b1 by ! same l9e ( reason+ t ! proposition has be5 treat$ 9 ! prehi/oric c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia1 & :i* br\ght u to ! conclusion t ! ,swa/ika 0 !re us$ z a *>m or tok5 ( good luck1 or good =tune1 or aga9/ ! evil eye1 we may surmise t ! ,swa/ika sign 0 us$ 9 ,am]ica = mu* ! same purpose4 ,x 0 plac$ ^u ! same /yle ( object 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,x is n f\nd on any ( ! anci5t gods ( ,am]ica1 nor on any ( ! /atues1 monum5ts1 or alt>s1 nor ^u any sacr$ place or object1 b r ^u su* objects z indicate ! common & ev]yday use1 & on :i* ! ,swa/ika1 z a *>m = good luck1 w\ld be mo/ appropriate1 :ile = a sacr$ "* x w\ld be s+ul>ly inappropriate4 ,! !ory ( indep5d5t inv5tion has be5 invok$ to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( ! ,swa/ika 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries1 b ! au?or is m incl9$ to rely ^u migration & imitation z ! explanation4 ,:5 signs or symbols1 my?s or fables1 habits or cu/oms1 ut5sils1 implem5ts or weapons1 indu/ries1 tools or ma*9]y1 h be5 f\nd 9 c\ntries widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 bo? 9 c\ntries be>+ *>act]i/ics s mu* alike z to make !m practically ! same objects or indu/ries1 & :i* are made 9 ! same way1 !y pres5t a "q to :i* !re are only two possible solutions3 ,ei!r !y are indep5d5t discov]ies or inv5tions :i*1 ?\gh analog\s1 h be5 sep>ately conceiv$1 or else !y h be5 inv5t$ or discov]$ 9 "o ( ! c\ntries1 & pass$ to ! o!r by migration ( ! object or communication ( ! k necess>y to =m x1 or by contact betwe5 ! two peoples4 ,( ^! inv5tions or discov]ies said to h be5 made 9 duplicate1 ea* ( :i* is alleg$ to h sprung up 9 its own c\ntry z a *>act]i/ic ( humanity & by virtue ( a law ( physics or psy*ology1 x is b fair to say t 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or ! presumption is all aga9/ ?is4 ,duplicate inv5tions h be5 made & w be made aga91 b !y are uncommon4 ,!y are n ! rule1 b r ! exception4 ,! human intellect is =m$ on su* unkn[n bases1 is s unc]ta9 9 its me?ods1 is sway$ by su* slight consid]ations1 & arrives at s _m diff]5t conclusions1 t1 ) ! manifold div]sities ( human ne$s & desires1 ! *ances ( duplicate inv5tion by diff]5t p]sons 9 di/ant c\ntries1 )\t contact or communication betwe5 !m1 are almo/ z "o to inf9ity4 ,! old adage or prov]b says1 ,_m m5 ( _m m9ds1 & x only emphasizes ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s ph5om5a m5tion$4 ,!re are "s ?+s sure to happ51 yet x is entirely unc]ta9 z to ! way !y w happ54 ,no?+ is m unc]ta9 ?an ! sex ( a *ild yet to be born1 yet e p]son has "o *ance out ( two to =etell ! result correctly4 ,b ( c]ta9 o!r premises1 ! *ances ( produc+ ! same result are z "o to inf9ity4 ,n only does ! human intellect n produce ! same conclusion f ! same premises 9 diff]5t p]sons1 b x does n 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,x is unnecess>y to multiply words ov] ?is1 b illu/rations c be giv5 t are satisfactory4 ,a battle1 a /reet fight1 any ev5t happ5+ 9 ! pres5ce ( _m witnesses1 w nev] be se5 9 ! same way by all ( !m2 x w be report$ diff]5tly by ea* "o2 ea* witness w h a diff]5t /ory4 ,! jurors 9 our c\ntry are *os5 because ( ! abs5ce ( prejudice or bias4 ,_! intellect or reason are int5d$ to be subject$ to precisely ! same evid5ce & argum5t1 & yet h[ _m jurors disagree z to _! v]dict8 ,we h b to consid] ! diss5sions & diff]5ces develop$ 9 ! jury room :i* are settl$1 sometimes by argum5t1 by *ange ( conviction1 or by compromise4 ,:at w\ld be ! res\rces ( obta9+ ju/ice if we 7 to insi/ ^u unanimity ( decision ( ! jury ^u _! fir/ ballot or ! fir/ expression ( _! op9ion & )\t opportunity ( *ange8 ,yet ^! jurors h be5 *>g$1 tri$1 & sworn a true v]dict to r5d] accord+ to ! law & evid5ce z submitt$ to !m4 ,!re is no d\bt b t !y are endeavor+ to fulfill _! duty 9 ?is reg>d1 & :ile ! same evid5ce z to fact1 & *>ge z to law1 are pres5t$ to all ( !m at ! same "t1 :at diff]5t impressions are made & :at diff]5t conclusions are produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! diff]5t jurors4 ,illu/rations ( ?is exi/ 9 ! decisions ( our ,supreme ,c\rt1 :]e91 aft] full argum5t & fair inve/igation1 ) ample opportunity = comp>ison ( views1 explanations1 & argum5ts1 all bas$ ^u ! same /ate ( facts1 ! same witnesses2 yet1 9 h[ _m cases d we f9d diff]5ces ( op9ion among ! memb]s ( ! c\rt1 & que/ions ( ! grave/ import & ( ! mo/ vital "* settl$ = ! :ole nation by votes ( #h to #g & #e to #d8 ,! au?or has exam9$1 & 9 o!r places %[n1 ! fallacy ( ! rule t l produces l4 ,l causes produce l effects is a law ( nature1 b :5 ! decision re/s ^u ! judgm5t ( man & dep5ds ^u 8 reason & 8 intellect1 our common k te/ifies t ?is law has no application4 ,:5 ! proposition to be det]m9$ has to be submitt$ to individuals ( widely sep>at$ & di/9ct c\ntries betwe5 :om !re has be5 nei!r communication nor contact1 & :o h receiv$ no sugge/ion z to _! respective ideas or ne$s1 or ! means ( satisfy+ !m1 x seems to ! au?or t no rule c be pr$icat$ ^u ! simil>ity ( human condition1 ( human reason1 or ( human intellect1 c]ta9ly none :i* c be dep5d$ on to produce ! same conclusion4 ,consid]ation ( ! facility ) :i* symbols1 signs1 my?s1 fables1 /ories1 hi/ory1 etc41 are transmitt$ f "o p to ano!r & f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 %\ld n be omitt$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,x may h slight relation to ! ,swa/ika to m5tion ! migrations ( ! pres5t "t1 b x w give an idea ( ! possibility ( pa/ times4 ,9 ?is reg>d we h b to consid] ! imm5se numb] ( articles or objects 9 museums & collections1 public & private1 repres5t+ almo/ e c\ntry & p4 ,we !re f9d objects f all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 f ! five cont95ts1 & all ! isl&s ( ! sea4 ,"s ( !m are ( great antiquity1 & x is a matt] ( wond]m5t h[ !y %\ld h made su* long passages & h be5 pres]v$ f de/ruction by ! vicissitudes ( "t & space4 ,we h b to consid] h[ money passes f h& to h& & is always pres]v$ to be pass$ on to ! next4 ,e collection ( importance ?r\gh\t ! _w possesses a great] or less numb] ( ,greek & ,roman co9s ant$at+ ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we h an excell5t illu/ration ( ^? possibilities 9 ! ^w halloo1 commonly r5d]$ z hello4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is ^w1 0 peculi> to ! ,engli% language1 yet an incid5t lately occurr$ 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 )9 sight ( my own resid5ce1 by :i* ?is ^w1 hello1 has travel$ ! _w ar\nd1 has spread itself ov] l& & sea1 has atta*$ itself to & become "p ( mo/ e spok5 language ( civilization1 & )\t mu* consid]ation z to its mean+2 b be+ on ! procru/ean b$ ( imitation1 !re are p1 =eign]s1 :o believe t ! telephone c be only made to respond :5 ! dem& is made hello6 ,,migration ,,( ,,classic ,,symbols4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 9 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 traces _m anci5t symbols f :at he believes to be _! place ( orig9 to _! mod]n habitat4 ,! idea he elucidates 9 8 book is indicat$ 9 its title4 ,! sacr$ tree ( ! ,assyrians4--,?is he holds to be "o ( ! olde/ hi/oric symbols2 t x _h its orig9 9 ,mesopotamia1 "o ( ! e>lie/ civiliz$ c5t]s ( ! _w4 ,beg9n+ ) its simple/ =m1 ! sacr$ tree grew into an ornate & highly complex patt]n1 inv>iably associat$ ) religi\s subjects4 ,two liv+ creatures always /& on ei!r side1 fac+ x & ea* o!r4 ,fir/ !y 7 mon/]s1 l w+$ bulls or griff9s1 & aft] became human or semihuman p]sonages--prie/s or k+s1 usually 9 ! attitude ( devotion4 ,! ,c\nt says ! migration ( bo? ^! types c be readily trac$4 ,! tree betwe5 ! two mon/]s or animals pass$ f ,mesopotamia to ,india1 :]e x 0 employ$ by ! ,buddhi/s & ,brahm9s1 & has cont9u$ 9 use 9 t c\ntry to ! pres5t "t4 ,x pass$ to ! ,ph5icians1 & f ,asia ,m9or to ,greece4 ,f ! ,p]sians x 0 introduc$ to ! ,byzant9es1 & dur+ ! e>ly ages1 into ,*ri/ian symbolism 9 ,sicily & ,italy1 & ev5 p5etrat$ to ! we/ ( ,france4 ,! o!r type--t is1 ! tree betwe5 two semi-human p]sonages--foll[$ ! same r\te into ,india1 ,*9a1 & ea/]n ,asia1 &1 be+ f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,mexican & ,maya codices1 x =ms "p ( ! evid5ce cit$ by ! ,c\nt z a pre-,columbian communication betwe5 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new4 ,he argues ?is out by simil>ity ( ! details ( attitude & expression ( ! human figure1 ! arrangem5t ( ! bran*es ( ! sacr$ tree1 etc4 ,! sacr$ cone ( ,mesopotamia4--,?is 0 wor%ipp$ by ! we/]n ,semites z _! great goddess1 "u ! image ( a conical /one4 ,its figurative repres5tation is f\nd alike on monum5ts1 amulets1 & co9s4 ,on "s ,ph5ician monum5ts !re is to be se51 sup]-add$ to ! cone1 a horizontal crossb> on ! middle ( :i* re/s a h&le4 ,?is %ape be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! ,crux ansata 7fig4 #d71 &1 l x1 0 a symbol ( life 9 its wide/ & mo/ ab/ract mean+4 ,! resemblance betwe5 !m is suppos$ to h caus$ !m to h be5 mi/ak5 & employ$ "o = ! o!r 9 ! same "* ( symbol & talisman4 ,x is alleg$ t ! ,ephesian ,artemis 0 b ! sacr$ cone ( ,mesopotamia an?ropomorphiz$1 al?\gh1 ) ! halo add$ to ,artemis1 ! allegation ( relation%ip has be5 made 9 respect ( ! ,crux ansata4 ,! ,crux ansata1 ! key ( life4--,?is is probably m widely kn[n 9 mod]n times ?an any o!r ,egyptian symbol4 ,its hi]oglyphic "n is ,ankh1 & its signification is to live4 ,z an emblem ( life1 repres5t+ ! male & female pr9ciple unit$1 x is always borne 9 ! h&s ( ! gods1 x is p\r$ f a j> ov] ! head ( ! k+ 9 a species ( baptism1 & x is laid symbolically on ! lips ( ! mummy to revive x4 ,f ,egypt ! ,crux ansata spread fir/ among ! ,ph5icians1 & !n ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,semitic _w1 f ,s>d9ia to ,susiana4 ,! w+$ globe4--,?is 0 a widely spread & highly v5]at$ ,egyptian symbol4 ,f ,egypt x spread1 "u v>i\s modifications1 ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,_w4 ,x is =m$ by a comb9ation ( ! repres5tations ( ! sun t h prevail$ 9 diff]5t localities 9 ,egypt1 ! my?ology ( :i* end$ by becom+ a sol> drama4 ,two uru snakes or asps1 ) heads erect1 are twi/$ r\nd a globe-%ap$ disk1 beh9d :i* are ! out/ret*$ w+s ( a hawk1 & on its top ! horns ( a goat4 ,x commemorates ! victory ( ! pr9ciple ( light & good ov] t ( d>kness & evil4 ,x spread readily among ! ,ph5icians1 :]e x is f\nd susp5d$ ov] ! sacr$ tree & ! sacr$ cone1 & 0 c>ri$ :]esoev] _! art 0 introduc$--we/w>d to ,c>?age1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,cyprus1 ea/w>d to ,we/]n ,asia4 ,v e>ly x p5etrat$ on ! nor? to ! ,hittites1 & :5 x rea*$ ,mesopotamia1 9 ! "t ( ,s>gonid1 ! w+$ circle assum$ ! %ape ( ! :eel or rosette1 surm\nt$ by a scroll ) upcurl$ extremities & ) a fea!r$ tail op5+ out l a fan1 or a human figure 9 an attitude sometimes ( b5$iction1 sometimes w>like1 0 inscrib$ )9 ! disk4 ,!n x 0 no long] exclusively a sol> emblem1 b s]v$ to express ! g5]al idea ( div9ity4 ,f ,mesopotamia x pass$ to ,p]sia1 pr9cipally 9 ! an?ropoid type4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nev] adopt$ by ,greece1 & x is n[h]e met ) 9 ,europe1 except1 z be=e /at$1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean isl&s4 ,:5 ,greece took ov] f ,asia symbolic comb9ations 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally repres5t$1 %e replac$ x by ! ?und]bolt4 ,b ! aureole1 or halo1 :i* encircles ! heads ( h] div9ities1 & :i* ,*ri/ian art has borr[$ f ! classic1 0 directly d]iv$ f x4 ,! caduceus4--,?is is "o ( ! int]e/+ symbols ( antiquity4 ,x appe>s 9 _m phases & is an excell5t illu/ration ( ! migration ( symbols4 ,its classic type held 9 ! h& ( ,m]cury & us$ to-day z a symbol ( ! heal+ art--a w+$ rod r\nd :i* two s]p5ts are symmetrically entw9$--is due to ! my?ograph]s ( lat] times1 & is v remote f its primitive =m4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic hymn x is call$ ! gold5 rod1 ?ree-petal$ ( happ9ess & weal?1 :i* ,phoebus gave to ! y\?ful ,h]mes1 b on e>ly ,greek monum5ts ! ?ree leaves are repres5t$ by a disk surm\nt$ by an incomplete circle4 ,9 ?is %ape x con/antly appe>s on ,ph5ician monum5ts2 & at ,c>?age1 :]e x seems to h be5 ess5tially a sol> emblem1 x is ne>ly always associat$ ) ! sacr$ cone4 ,x is f\nd on ,hittite monum5ts1 :]e x assumes ! =m ( a globe surm\nt$ by horns4 ,num]\s orig9s & manifold antec$5ts h be5 attribut$ to x1 su* z an equival5t ( ! ?und]bolt1 a =m ( ! sacr$ tree1 or a comb9ation ( ! sol> globe ) ! lun> cresc5t4 ,"s examples seem to indicate a transition f ! sacr$ tree surm\nt$ by ! sol> disk1 to ! =m ( ! caduceus ( ! ,hittites4 ,our au?or believes x 0 employ$ orig9ally z a religi\s or milit>y /&>d or flag1 & t x 0 gradually modifi$ by com+ 9 contact ) o!r symbols4 ,"s ,assyrian bas-reliefs display a milit>y /&>d1 sometimes consi/+ ( a l>ge r+ plac$ ^u a /aff ) two loose b&elets atta*$1 sometimes ( a w+$ globe simil>ly dispos$4 ,?is ,assyrian milit>y /&>d may be ! prototype ( ! lab>um1 :i* ,con/ant9e1 aft] 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 *ose = 8 own /&>d1 & :i* might equally well h be5 claim$ by ! sun wor%ip]s4 ,"u its late/ trans=mation 9 ,greece1 a w+$ rod ) two s]p5ts tw9$ r\nd x1 x has come d[n to our own times repres5t+ two ( ! functions ( ,h]mes1 m ?an ev] 9 vogue among m51 indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,x has surviv$ 9 ,india "u ! =m ( two s]p5ts entw9$1 probably introduc$ 9 ! track ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,x 0 also met ) 9 t c\ntry 9 e>li] times 9 its simpl] =m1 a disk surm\nt$ by a cresc5t1 resembl+ our a/ronomical sign = ! planet ,m]cury4 ,?is e>lie/ type ( ! caduceus1 a disk surm\nt$ by a cresc5t1 appe>s at a remote date 9 ,india1 & seems to h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! trisula4 ,! trisula4--,?is =m ( ! trid5t peculi> to ! ,buddhi/s 0 ( great importance 9 ! symbolism ( ! ,h9dus2 b :e!r x 0 an imitation ( ! type ( ?und]bolt se5 on ,assyrian sculptures1 or 0 devis$ by !m spontane\sly1 is unc]ta94 ,its simple/ =m1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 r>ely met )1 is an omicron 7,greek3 o7 surm\nt$ by an omega 7,greek3 74 ,ne>ly always ! upp] portion is flank$ by two small circles1 or by two horizontal /rokes :i* (t5 take ! appe>ance ( leaves or small w+s4 ,! po9ts ( ! omega are g5]ally *ang$ into small circles1 leaves1 or trefoil2 & ! disk itself is plac$ on a p$e/al4 ,f its l[] arc !re fall two spires l s]p5ts' tails ) ! ends curv+1 sometimes up & sometimes d[n4 ,?is is a v complex symbol4 ,none ( ! ,buddhi/ texts give any positive in=mation 9 reg>d to its orig9 or mean+1 & few symbols h giv5 rise to m v>i$ explanations4 ,! upp] "p ( ! figure is frequ5tly f\nd sep>at$ f ! l[]2 sometimes ?is is pla9ly a trid5t sup]pos$ ^u a disk-%ap$ nucleus4 ,! trid5t may possibly h symboliz$ ! fla% ( lightn+1 z did ,neptune's trid5t among ! ,greeks1 b m probably x is ! image ( ! sol> radiation4 ,among ! nor!rn ,buddhi/s x p]sonifies ! heav5 ( pure flame sup]pos$ ^u ! heav5 ( ! sun4 ,?\gh und\bt$ly a ,h9du emblem1 its primitive %ape seems to h e>ly felt ! influ5ce ( ! caduceus1 :ile its m complex =ms exhibit a lik5ess to c]ta9 types ( ! w+$ globe4 ,/ill lat] ! trisula 0 conv]t$ by ,brahmanism into an an?ropoid figure1 & became ! image ( ,jag5a?4 ,! vegetable k+dom 0 also laid "u contribution1 & ! trisula came into a resemblance ( ! tree ( k4 ,al?\gh we h le>n$ ! probable signification ( its factors 9 ! cre$s t prec$$ ,buddhism1 we "k v little ab\t its mean+ 9 ! religion t us$ x mo/1 b x is a symbol be=e :i* millions h b[$ 9 rev]5ce4 ,! pla/ic developm5t ( ! trisula %[s ) :at facility emblems ( ! mo/ dissimil> orig9 may m]ge into ea* o!r :5 ! opportunity ( prop9quity is giv51 & !re is suffici5t simil>ity 9 =m & mean+4 ,! d\ble-head$ eagle on ! escut*eon ( ,au/ria & ,russia4--,c\nt ,d',alviella tells ! hi/ory ( ! migration ( ! symbol ( ! d\ble-head$ eagle on ! escut*eon ( ,au/ria & ,russia4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! type ( ! ,g>uda bird ( s\!rn ,india1 f\nd on temple sculptures1 9 c>v$ wood1 on embroid]ies1 pr9t$ & wov5 clo?s1 & on amulets4 ,x fir/ appe>s on ! s-call$ ,hittite sculptures at ,eyuk1 ! anci5t ,pt]ia 9 ,phrygia4 ,9 #abag x appe>$ on ! co9s & /&>ds ( ! ,turkoman conqu]ors ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 #abbg-bh ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii und]took ! six? crusade1 l&+ at ,acre 9 ! latt] ye>1 & be+ cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem 9 #abbi4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s f ^! dates ! symbol appe>$ on ! co9s ( c]ta9 ,flemi% pr9ces1 & 9 #acde x replac$ ! s+le-head$ eagle on ! armorial be>+ ( ! holy ,roman ,empire4 ,?us1 ! hi/oric evid5ce ( ! migration ( ?is symbol1 f ! f> ea/ to ! nations ( ! we/ by direct contact1 w\ld seem complete4 ,! lion rampant ( ,belgium4--,?is lion 0 incorporat$ into ! ,p]cy or ,nor?umb]l& escut*eon by ! m>riage ( ,jocel9e ( ,l\va91 ! second son ( ,godfrey1 ! ,duke ( ,brabant1 to ,agnes1 ! si/] & heir ( all ! ,p]cys4 ,! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s1 ,brabant1 & ,l\va9 bore z _! coat ( arms ! lion rampant fac+ to ! left1 :i* is ! pres5t coat ( arms ( ! ,k+ ( ,belgium4 ,! /ory is ?us told 9 ,burke's ,pe]age 7#ahie73 ,agnes de ,p]cy m>ri$ ,jocel9e ( ,l\va91 bro!r ( ,que5 ,adeliza1 second wife ( ,h5ry ,i1 & son ( ,godfrey ,b>balus1 ,duke ( ,l[] ,brabant & ,c\nt ( ,brabant1 :o 0 desc5d$ f ! ,emp]or ,*>lemagne4 ,h] lady%ip1 x is /at$1 w\ld only cons5t1 h[ev]1 to ?is great alliance ^u condition t ,jocel9e %\ld adopt ei!r ! surname or arms ( ,p]cy1 ! =m] ( :i*1 says ! old family tradition1 he accord+ly assum$1 & reta9$ 8 own pat]nal coat 9 ord] to p]petuate 8 claim to ! pr9cipality ( 8 fa!r1 %\ld ! eld] l9e ( ! reign+ duke become ext9ct4 ,! matt] is ?us /at$ 9 ! old p$igree at ,sion ,h\se3 ,! anci5t arms ( ,ha9ault ?is ,"l ,jocelyn reta9$1 & gave 8 *ildr5 ! surname ( ,p]cy4 ,! migration ( ?is lion rampant is int]e/+4 ,x 0 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! coat ( arms ( ! ,k+ ( ,albania4 ,phillippe d',alsace1 ! elde/ son ( ,?i]ry d',alsace1 0 ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 sixte5? 9 succession1 trac+ 8 ance/ry back to #fba ,a4 ,d4 ,! orig9al & anci5t coat ( arms ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s consi/$ ( a small %ield 9 ! c5t] ( a l>g] "o1 ) a sunbur/ ( six rays4 ,phillippe d',alsace reign$ z ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s & ,brabant f #aafh to #aaij ,a4 ,d4 ,he held an important comm& 9 two crusades to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,dur+ a battle 9 "o ( ^! crusades1 he kill$ ! ,k+ ( ,albania 9 a h&-to-h& conflict1 & c>ri$ (f 8 %ield ) its escut*eon ( ! lion rampant1 :i* ,phillippe transf]r$ to 8 own %ield1 took z 8 own coat ( arms1 & x has be5 s9ce t "t ! coat ( arms ( ! ,c\nts ( ,fl&]s & ,brabant1 & is n[ t ( ,belgium4 ,! lion 9 ! escut*eon c ?us be trac$ by direct hi/oric evid5ce ?r\gh ,nor?umb]l&1 ,fl&]s & ,l\va9 back to its orig9al own]1 ! ,k+ ( ,albania1 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,?us is ! migration ( ! symbol trac$ by communication & contact1 & ?us are %[n ! possibilities 9 ?is reg>d :i* g f> t[>d invalidat+1 if !y d n de/roy1 ! presumption ( sep>ate inv5tion 9 ^? cases :]e91 because ( our ignorance ( ! facts1 we h invok$ ! rule ( sep>ate inv5tion4 ,greek art & ar*itecture4--,x has come to be almo/ a prov]b 9 sci5tific inve/igation t we argue f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,we might argue f ?is prov]b 9 favor ( ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika symbol & its passage f "o p to ano!r by ! illu/ration ( ! ,greek fret1 :i* is 9 appe>ance closely relat$ to ! ,swa/ika2 &1 inde$1 we might ext5d ! illu/ration to all ,greek ar*itecture4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 e/abli%$ by numb]less hi/oric evid5ces1 t ! ,greek ar*itecture ( anci5t times migrat$--t is1 pass$ by communication & contact ( peoples1 & by transf] ( k f "o man to ano!r1 & f "o g5]ation to ! succe$+ g5]ation1 until x became kn[n ?r\gh\t all we/]n c\ntries4 ,! ar*itects ( ,rome1 ,vic5za1 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,philadelphia1 ,wa%+ton1 ,*icago1 & ,san ,francisco d]ive _! k ( ,grecian ar*itecture 9 its details ( ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian /yles by direct communication1 ei!r spok51 writt5 or graphic1 f ! ,greek ar*itects :o practic$1 if !y did n inv5t1 ^! /yles4 ,! ,greek fret4--,?is has migrat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z to its inv5tion or orig91 we h little to d 9 ! pres5t argum5t4 ,:e!r ! fret 0 ! ance/or or ! desc5dant ( ! ,swa/ika is ( no mom5t to our pres5t "q4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is pap] t bo? x & ! ,swa/ika _h a common exi/5ce 9 e>ly if n prehi/oric ,greece1 & t bo? 7 employ$ 9 p]fect$ =m on ! same specim5 ( ,ar*aic ,greek pott]y4 ,figs4 #acc & #acd demon/rate t ^! two signs migrat$ toge!r f ,greece to ,egypt1 = ! p>ticul> specim5 m5tion$ 0 f\nd at ,naukratis1 ,egypt4 ,f ?is high antiquity ! ,greek fret has migrat$ to practically e c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & has be5 employ$ dur+ all hi/oric "t by ! peoples ( e civilization4 ,! fret is kn[n hi/orically to h pass$ by means ( tea*]s1 ei!r ?r\gh speak+1 writ+1 or draw+1 & nev] yet a sugge/ion t its exi/5ce or appe>ance 9 di/ant c\ntries dep5d$ ^u sep>ate inv5tion or indep5d5t discov]y4 ,:y /ra9 at ! gnat ( indep5d5t inv5tion ( ! ,swa/ika :5 we are compell$ to swall[ ! camel ( migration :5 appli$ to ! ,greek fret & ar*itecture8 ,! same proposition ( migration applies to ,greek art1 :e!r ( sculpture1 engrav+1 or gem c>v+4 ,^! anci5t ,grecian arts are z well kn[n 9 all qu>t]s ( ! civiliz$ globe at ! pres5t day z !y 7 9 _! own c\ntry1 & ?is 0 all done by communication betwe5 peoples ei!r ?r\gh speak+1 writ+1 or draw+4 ,s f> f be+ sep>ate inv5tions1 ! mod]n sculptor or engrav]1 ) full hi/oric k ( ! orig9 or1 at lea/1 antiquity ( ^! arts1 & ) an opportunity = inspection & /udy ( ! specim5s1 is /ill unable to reproduce !m or to inv5t orig9al works ( s high an ord]4 ,! imag9>y & newly inv5t$ !ory t culture is ! result ( ! psy*ologic nature ( man manife/+ itself 9 all epo*s & c\ntries1 & among all peoples1 by ! evolution ( "s new discov]y made to fit a human ne$--t z all human ne$s 9 a giv5 /age are ! same1 !re=e all human culture mu/1 p] se1 pass ?r\gh ! same phases or /ages--is a !ory to :i* ,i refuse adhesion4 ,x receives a h>d bl[ :5 we take d[n ! b>s to ! mod]n sculptor1 requir+ ( him nei!r orig9al inv5tion nor indep5d5t discov]y1 b p]mitt+ him to use1 /udy1 adapt1 & ev5 s]vilely copy ! great ,greek art works1 & we "k t ) all ^! opportunities & advantages he c n atta9 to _! excell5ce1 nor rea* _! /age ( art culture4 ,,vii4--,,prehi/oric ,,objects ,,associat$ ,,) ,,! ,,swa/ika1 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,bo? ,,hemisph]es1 ,,& ,,believ$ ,,to ,,h ,,pass$ ,,by ,,migration4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,sp9dle-:orls are fir/ to be consid]$4 ,^! are ess5tially prehi/oric ut5sils1 & are to be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w :]e ! inhabitants 7 suffici5tly cultur$ to make twi/$ ?reads or cords1 :e!r = hunt+ or fi%+1 games1 textile fabrics1 or cov]+s1 ei!r = !mselves1 _! t5ts1 or o!r purposes4 ,9 we/]n ,asia1 all ( ,europe1 9 ! pueblos ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & among ! aborig9es--by :atev] "n !y are call$--( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! nor? & we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]ev] ! aborig9es employ$ cord1 clo?1 or fib]1 ! sp9dle-:orl is f\nd4 ,:]e !y us$ sk9s = ! cov]+s ( !mselves or _! t5ts1 ! sp9dle-:orl may n be f\nd4 ,?us1 9 ! ,eskimo l&1 & among c]ta9 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican savages1 sp9dle-:orls are r>ely if ev] f\nd4 ,! sp9dle-:orl 0 equally 9 use 9 ,europe & ,asia dur+ ! ,neoli?ic ,age z 9 ! ,bronze ,age4 ,x cont9u$ 9 use among ! peasants 9 remote & outly+ di/ricts into mod]n times4 ,dur+ ! ,neoli?ic ,age its mat]ials 7 /one & t]ra cotta2 dur+ ! ,bronze ,age !y 7 almo/ exclusively t]ra cotta4 ,!y are f\nd ( bo? mat]ials4 ,rec5tly a ,gallo-,roman tomb 0 op5$ at ,cl]mont-,f]r& & f\nd to conta9 ! skeleton ( a "y woman1 & ) x h] sp9dles & :orls4#cab ,! exi/5ce ( sp9dle-:orls 9 di/ant & widely sep>at$ c\ntries af=ds a c]ta9 am\nt ( presumptive evid5ce ( migrations ( peoples f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 or ( contact or communication betwe5 !m4 ,if ! p did n !mselves migrate & settle ! new c\ntry1 tak+ ! sp9dle-:orls & o!r objects ) !m1 !n ! sp9dle-:orl itself1 or ! k ( h[ to make & use x1 mu/ 9 "s o!r way h gott5 ov] to ! new c\ntry4 ,?is argum5t ( migration1 contact1 or communication does n re/ solely on ! simil>ity ( ! :orls 9 ! di/ant c\ntries1 b equally on ! fact ( sp9n+ ?read f ! fib]2 & ?is argum5t is re5=c$ by ! simil>ity ( ! op]ation & ( ! tool or ma*9e ) :i* x 0 done4 ,x has be5 said else:]e t ! probability ( communication betwe5 widely sep>at$ peoples by migration or contact dep5d$ = its value z evid5ce1 9 "s degree1 ^u ! correspond5ce or simil>ity ( ! object consid]$1 & t ?is value increas$ ) ! numb] ( items ( correspond5ce1 ! clos5ess ( simil>ity1 ! ext5t ( ! occurr5ce1 & ! difficulty ( its p]=mance4 ,s we pass to ! simil>ity 9 size1 appe>ance1 mode ( manufacture1 &1 f9ally1 ! use ( ! :orls ( ! two cont95ts4 ,,europe4 ,switz]l&--,lake dwell+s4--,figs4 #cde & #cdf %[ /one sp9dle-:orls f prehi/oric ,swiss lake dwell+s4 ,^! are 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ) !m are doz5s ( o!rs ( ! same k9d & /yle f all o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,fig4 #cdg %[s a /one sp9dle-:orl f ,lund1 ,sw$54 ,x is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & 0 contribut$ by ,pr(essor ,jillson4 ,figs4 #cdh1 #cdi1 & #cej repres5t t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orls f ! ,swiss lakes4 ,^! specim5s 7 select$ to %[ ! diff]5t patt]ns1 to illu/rate _! unlik5ess in/ead ( _! lik5ess1 to give an und]/&+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( :orls r ?an t !y 7 all "o k9d1 a fad :i* %\ld be kept 9 m9d dur+ ?is argum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cde & #cdf4 ,,/one ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,neoli?ic4 ,swiss lake dwell+s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,,/one ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,neoli?ic4 ,lund1 ,sw$54 ,cat4 ,no4 #ebha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,neoli?ic or ,bronze ,age4 ,swiss lake dwell+s4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,neoli?ic or ,bronze ,age4 ,swiss lake dwell+s4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aijfdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,swiss lake dwell+s4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfdg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,italy4--,figs4 #cea1 #ceb1 & #cec %[ t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orls f ,orvieto1 ,italy1 #gh miles nor? f ,rome4 ,figs4 #ced & #cee repres5t sp9dle-:orls f ,corneto1 ,italy1 #fc miles nor? f ,rome4 ,z rem>k$ above1 !y h be5 *os5 to repres5t ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ^! :orls f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,9 ! ,ar*ological ,exposition at ,tur91 #ahhd1 ! numb] 0 s great t !y 7 tw9$ ab\t ! columns1 !reby provid+ a place ( /orage z well z a place ( display4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cea1 #ceb1 & #cec4 ,,prehi/oric ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,orvieto1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #ajafga1 #ajafgb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,wurtemburg4--,dr4 ,*>les ,rau procur$ =1 & !re is n[ 91 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a sp9dle 7fig4 #cef7 ) its :orl :i* _h be5 9 use = sp9n+ f #ahfj to #ahgj1 & :i* he obta9$ 9 ,wurtemburg1 ,g]many1 f ! woman :o _h us$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ced & #cee4 ,,prehi/oric ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,corneto1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajaggc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,france4--,! au?or has se5 ! ,fr5* peasants 9 ,brittany sp9n+ _! ?read 9 ! same way1 & once took a photograph ( "o 9 ! hamlet ( ,pont-,av51 ,morbihan1 b x fail$ 9 developm5t4 ,9 #ahic ,mr4 ,h>le pur*as$ at ,/4 ,g]ons1 ,arde*e1 a m]*ant's entire /ock ( mod]n porcela9 sp9dle-:orls4 ,! manufactory 0 locat$ at ,m>tres-,tolosane1 & ! trade ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! ,pyr5ees4 ,he pres5t$ a s]ies to ! ,socit d',an?ropologie at ,p>is1 ,july1 #ahic4cac ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orls ,,( ,,mod]n ,,porcela9 ,,f ,,s\!rn ,,france4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afieih1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4 ,,mod]n ,,sp9dle ,,& ,,:orl ,,us$ ,,= ,,sp9n+ ,,?read4 ,wurtemburg1 ,g]many4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has lately receiv$1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! cole d',an?ropologie1 a s]ies ( n9e ( ^! porcela9 :orls 7pl4 #ba74 ,! :eel & mod]n ma*9es = sp9n+ h p5etrat$ ?is corn] ( ! _w1 & ^! :orls are ! la/ emblem ( an indu/ry dat+ slightly aft] ! adv5t ( man on e>? & already old 9 t locality :5 ,rol& cross$ ! m\nta9 pass ne> !re & s\nd$ 8 ,oliphant1 call+ = help f ,*>lemagne4 ,^! are ! dea? *ant ( ! indu/ry ( h& sp9n+ 9 t c\ntry4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica--,,pre-,,columbian ,,times4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians employ$ ru%es & animal sk9s z ! pr9cipal cov]+s = !mselves & _! t5ts4 ,!y us$ s9ews & ?ongs = ?read & cord1 & ?us avoid$ l>gely ! necessity = sp9n+ fib] or mak+ textiles2 = ^! or possibly o!r reasons1 we f9d few sp9dle-:orls among !m comp>$ ) ! numb] f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,yet ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians made & us$ textile fabrics1 & !re are pieces ( wov5 clo? f m\nds 9 ,ohio n[ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,prehi/oric ,an?ropology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians spun ?read & wove clo? 9 pre-,columbian times1 & ^? )9 ! ,/ates ( ,colorado & ,utah & ! adjo9+ ,t]ritories ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 p>ticul>ly ! ,navajoes1 h be5 long not$ = _! excell5ce 9 produc+ textile fabrics4 ,specim5s ( _! looms & ?read are on display 9 ! ,national ,museum & h be5 publi%$ 9 ! reports4 ,special att5tion is call$ to t by ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws 9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-hb4 ,dr4 ,mat!ws is ( ! op9ion t ! "w ( ! ,pueblo ,indians ant$at$ t ( ! ,navajoes1 t ! latt] le>n$ ! art f ! =m] s9ce ! adv5t ( ! ,spani>ds2 & he rem>ks t ! pupils n[ excel _! ma/]s 9 ! beauty & quality ( _! "w4 ,he decl>es t ! art ( weav+ has be5 c>ri$ to great] p]fection among ! ,navajoes ?an among any native tribe 9 ,am]ica nor? ( ! ,mexican b\nd>y2 :ile ) none 9 ! entire cont95t has x be5 less influ5c$ by contact ) ,europeans4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,navajo to ! ,pueblo "w results n only f a con/ant advance ( ! weav]s' art among ! =m]1 b f a det]ioration ( x among ! latt]4 ,?is det]ioration among ! ,pueblo ,indians he attributes to _! contact ) ! :ites1 _! incl9ation be+ to pur*ase r ?an to make wov5 fabrics1 :ile ^! influ5ces seem n to h affect$ ! ,navajoes4 ,he repres5ts a ,navajo woman sp9n+ 7see pl4 #bb ( ! pres5t pap]74 ,%e is seat$1 & app>5tly :orls ! sp9dle by rubb+ x on h] leg4 ,! sp9dle is ( wood1 z are all o!r sp9dles1 b ! :orl is also ( wood4 ,9 ?is ^! p are peculi> & p]haps unique4 ,! :orl1 among mo/ o!r savage or prehi/oric peoples1 z we h already se51 0 ( /one or clay4 ,^! wood5 :orls are ?9n] & l>g]1 b o!rwise !y are ! same4 ,an inspection ( ! plate w %[ t ) x ! sp9n+ app>atus =ms ! same ma*9e1 accompli%es ! same purpose1 & does x 9 ! same way4 ,! sole diff]5ce is 9 ! size & mat]ial ( ! :orl4 ,! diff]5ce 9 mat]ial acc\nts = ! diff]5ce 9 size4 ,x is n improbable t ! ,indian discov]$ t ! wood5 :orl w\ld s]ve z well z a /one or pott]y "o1 & t x 0 easi] made4 ,! ma*9e 9 ! h&s ( ! woman1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 is l>g] ?an usual1 :i* may be acc\nt$ = by ! ?read ( wool fib] us$ by ! ,navajo be+ ?ick] & occupy+ m space ?an ! flax5 ?read ( prehi/oric times2 s x may h be5 discov]$ t a l>ge :orl ( wood s]v$ _! purpose bett] ?an a small "o ( /one4 ,/one :orls ( l>ge size might be too heavy4 ,?us may be expla9$ ! *ange f small /one or pott]y :orls to l>ge wood5 ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,design ,,simil> ,,to ,,swa/ika4 ,valley ( ,mexico4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bghge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,navajo ,,woman ,,us+ ,,sp9dle ,,& ,,:orl4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-hb1 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 ,mexico4--,fig4 #ceg repres5ts ! two sides & edge ( a pott]y t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( a s]ies ( six 7,cat4 ,nos4 #bghge-bghhj7 f ! valley ( ,mexico1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ! ,mexican ,national ,museum 9 #ahgg4 ,fig4 #ceh also repres5ts "o ( a s]ies f ,mexico1 obta9$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,blake1 ,july1 #ahhf 7,cat4 ,nos4 #iijea-iijei74 ,! ,national ,museum possesses hundr$s ( ^! f ,mexico1 z well z ! small ones f ,p]u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4 ,,mexican ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,) ,,design ,,simil> ,,to ,,swa/ika4 ,^! specim5s are *os5 because !y are ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborately decorat$4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ at a glance h[ ! /yle ( decoration l5ds itself to ! ,swa/ika4 ,x consi/s mo/ly ( geometric figures1 *ief ( :i* is ! ,greek fret1 ! labyr9?1 ! circle1 & ! volute1 b z 9 ! color /amps 7pp4 #idf-idg7 !re is no ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cei & #cfj4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orls4 ,omotepe ,isl&1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #bhhih1 #bhhii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4 ,nic>agua4--,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #cei1 f ,omotepe ,isl&1 ,lake ,nic>agua1 is "o ( a s]ies ( pott]y sp9dle-:orls1 be>+1 h[ev]1 great resemblance to ^? ( /one4 ,fig4 #cfj %[s a specim5 f ! same locality4 ,x is ( pott]y & be>s mu* resemblance 9 =m to ! e>lie/ :orls f\nd by ,s*liemann on ! site ( ,troy on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik4 ,bo? ^! 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,brans=d1 & are 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,fig4 #cfa %[s a specim5 f ,granada1 ,nic>agua4 ,x is ( ! common %ape ( ! ,european prehi/oric sp9dle-:orl4 ,its flat surface is decorat$ ) a ,greek cross 9 incis$ l9es1 two qu>t]s ( :i* are fill$ ) hat* m>ks4 ,fig4 #cfb %[s a t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl f ,malacate1 ,nic>agua4 ,x is cone-%ap$4 ,bo? ^! specim5s 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,e>l ,fl9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,granada1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bcbie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,malacate1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bijji1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,*iriqui4--,figs4 #cfc1 #cfd1 & #cfe %[ t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orls f ,*iriqui1 ! mo/ nor!rn t]ritory 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & adjo9+ ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,!y are engrav$ natural size1 ) ornam5tation simil> to t on ! pott]y ( t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,made ,,( ,,gray ,,clay ,,& ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,annul> ,,nodes4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bah4 ,colombia4--,fig4 #cff %[s a cone-%ap$ t]ra-cotta :orl f ,manizales1 ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x has a />-%ap$ design on ! face & a ?ree-l9e zigzag or *evron patt]n4 ,p]u4--,plate #bc repres5ts a s]ies ( sp9dles & :orls f ,p]u4 ,!y 7 furni%$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,i4 ,v4 ,norton1 ( ,pla9ville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! :orls 7 orig9ally consid]$ to be beads1 & 7 )\t fur!r description4 ,! sp9dles 7 n ins]t$ 9 !m z at pres5t4 ,! sp9dles1 z well z :orls1 are exce$+ly small4 ,"s ( ! :orls are decorat$ by incis$ l9es 9 ! clay1 & _m ( ! sp9dles are decorat$ 9 ! middle ) pa9t 9 diff]5t colors1 9 l9es1 scrolls1 & *evrons4 ,^! are ! only :orls f ,p]u :i* ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has1 ?\gh x possesses an ext5sive s]ies ( ! sp9dles1 sev]al ( :i* /ill h ! spun ?read wrapp$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,aborig9al ,,sp9dles ,,& ,,:orls ,,f ,,p]u4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ageaj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,( ,,gray ,,clay ,,) ,,figures ,,( ,,animals4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,( ,,d>k ,,clay ,,) ,,p]=ations ,,& ,,incis$ ,,ornam5ts4 ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #bbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl4 ,manizales1 ,colombia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afhch1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,!re are c]ta9 di/+ui%+ peculi>ities to be rem>k$ :5 comp>+ ! sp9dle-:orls f ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ) ^? f ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,!re is great] div]sity 9 size1 =m1 & decoration 9 ! ,am]ican ?an 9 ! ,european :orls4 ,a s]ies ( ,european :orls f any giv5 locality w af=d a fair repres5tation ( ^? f almo/ e o!r locality4 ,b x is diff]5t ) ! ,am]ican specim5s4 ,ea* section 9 ,am]ica has a diff]5t /yle1 n only diff]5t f ! ,european specim5s1 b diff]5t f ^? ( neighbor+ sections4 ,among ! eighte5 ?\s& :orls f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik1 !re is sc>cely "o s l>ge z ^? "h %[n f ,mexico1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 only a few z small z ! l>ge/ ( ! s]ies f ,p]u4 ,! diff]5ce 9 size & mat]ial 9 ! ,pueblo :orls has already be5 notic$4 ,! ornam5tation is also peculi> 9 t x adopts1 n a p>ticul> /yle common to ! ut5sil1 b t x adopts ! /yles ( ! respective c\ntries4 ,! ,mexican :orl has a ,mexican /yle ( ornam5tation1 etc4 ,! ,nic>agua specim5s resemble ! ,european m ?an any o!r f ,am]ica 9 _! =ms & ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( decoration4 ,! =ego+ are ! diff]5ces2 b ) all ! numb] & ext5t ( ^! diff]5ces ! fact rema9s t ! :orls ( ! two hemisph]es are practically ! same1 & ! diff]5ces are insignificant4 ,9 /yle1 %ape1 & mann] ( use !y are s simil> 9 ! two hemisph]es z to be ! same inv5tion4 ,! :orls1 :5 put ^u _! sp9dles1 =m ! same ma*9e 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,!y 7 int5d$ = & !y accompli% ! same purpose1 & ! me?od ( _! p]=mance is practically ! same4 ,:ile ! simil>ity ( ! art ( sp9n+ & ! me*anism 7i4 e41 ! sp9dle & :orl7 by :i* x is accompli%$ may n prove conclusively t x migrat$ f ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 nor yet %[ positive connection or communication betwe5 ! two peoples1 x goes a long way t[>d e/abli%+ su* migration or communication4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! art & its me*anism appe>s to ! au?or to %[ su* resemblance ) ! l culture 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 & is s h>moni\s ) ! !ory ( migration or contact or communication1 t if !re %all be o!r objects f\nd :i* ei!r by _! numb] or condition w\ld prove to be a well-au!nticat$ in/ance ( migration f or contact or communication betwe5 ! c\ntries1 ! evid5ce ( ! simil>ity ( ! sp9dle-:orls w\ld =m a valuable addition to & l>gely increase ! evid5ce to e/abli% ! ma9 fact4 ,until t piece ( well-au!nticat$ evid5ce has be5 obta9$1 ! "q mu/1 s f> z conc]ns sp9dle-:orls1 rema9 only a probability4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are ( mann]1 & n ( matt]2 9 size & degree1 b n 9 k9d1 & are n o!r or great] ?an might easily arise f local adaptation ( an import$ inv5tion4 ,comp>e ! ,navajo sp9dle 7pl4 #bb7 ) t f ,wurtemburg1 ,g]many 7fig4 #cef71 & ^! ) ! sp9dles & :orls f ,p]u 7pl4 #bc74 ,^! facts are entirely 9 h>mony ) ! possibility t ! sp9dle & :orl1 z a ma*9e = sp9n+1 0 a s+le inv5tion1 & t its slight diff]5tiations result$ f its employm5t by diff]5t peoples--! result ( its int]tribal migrations4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison1 & to %[ ! simil>ity ( ^! objects 9 ,europe1 ! au?or has introduc$ a s]ies ( sp9dle-:orls f ,troy1 ,hiss>lik 7pls4 #bd & #be74 ,^! belong to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & =m "p ( ! valuable collection f ,mme4 ,s*liemann1 ! gift by h] tal5t$ husb& to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a tok5 ( 8 remembrance & grateful feel+s t[>d !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,select$ ,,specim5s ,,( ,,sp9dle-,,:orls ,,f ,,! ,,?ird1 ,,f\r?1 ,,& ,,fif? ,,cities ,,( ,,troy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,,select$ ,,specim5s ,,( ,,sp9dle-,,:orls ,,f ,,! ,,?ird1 ,,f\r?1 ,,& ,,fif? ,,cities ,,( ,,troy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,bobb9s4 ,,europe4 ,we h already se5 h[ an increase 9 ! numb] ( correspond5ces betwe5 objects f di/ant c\ntries increases ! weight ( _! evid5ce 9 favor ( contact or communication betwe5 ! peoples4 ,if x %\ld be f\nd ^u comp>ison t ! bobb9s on :i* ?read is to be w\nd1 z well z ! sp9dle-:orls ) :i* x is made1 _h be5 9 use dur+ prehi/oric times 9 ! two hemisph]es1 x w\ld add to ! evid5ce ( contact or communication4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum possesses a s]ies ( ^! bobb9s1 z !y are believ$ to h be51 runn+ f l>ge to small1 compris+ ab\t "o doz5 specim5s f ,italy1 "o f ,corneto & ! o!rs f ,bologna1 9 :i* places _m prehi/oric sp9dle :orls h be5 f\nd 7figs4 #cfg & #cfh74 ,^! are ( ! type ,villanova4 ,! end z well z ! side view is repres5t$4 ,! =m] is "o ( ! l>ge/1 ! latt] ( middle size1 ) o!rs small] =m+ a graduat+ s]ies4 ,! latt] is engrav$ on ! end by dott$ incisions 9 ?ree p>allel l9es arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross4 ,a simil> bobb9 f ,bologna be>s ! sign ( ! ,swa/ika on its end 7fig4 #aic74cad ,x 0 f\nd by ,c\nt ,gozzad9i & =ms "p ( 8 collection 9 ,bologna4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4 ,,bobb9 ,,or ,,spool ,,= ,,w9d+ ,,?read 7874 ,type ,villanova4 ,corneto1 ,italy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,bobb9 ,,or ,,spool ,,= ,,w9d+ ,,?read 7874 ,type ,villanova4 ,bologna1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajagga1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ?ree foll[+ figures repres5t clay & /one bobb9s1 all f ! ,/ate ( ,k5tucky4 ,fig4 #cfi %[s a bobb9 elaborately decorat$1 f a m\nd ne> ,maysville1 ,ky4 ,x has a hole drill$ longitud9ally ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,! end %[s a cross ( ! ,greek =m ) ?is hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! cross4 ,fig4 #cgj %[s a simil> object f ,lex+ton1 ,ky41 s5t by ! ,k5tucky ,univ]sity4 ,x is ( f9e-gra9$ s&/one1 is drill$ longitud9ally ?r\gh ! c5t] & decorat$ z %[n4 ,! end view %[s a s]ies ( conc5tric circles ) r[s ( dots 9 ! int]vals4 ,fig4 #cga %[s a simil> object ( f9e-gra9$ s&/one f ,lewis ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,x is also drill$ longitud9ally1 & is decorat$ ) r[s ( zigzag l9es z %[n4 ,! end view repres5ts f\r consecutive p5tagons laid "o on top ( ! o!r1 :i* increase 9 size z !y g outw>d1 ! hole ?r\gh ! bobb9 be+ 9 ! c5t] ( ^! p5tagons1 :ile ! outside l9e is decorat$ ) spikes or rays ext5d+ to ! p]iph]y ( ! bobb91 all ( :i* is said to repres5t ! sun4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #cgb1 ( f9e-gra9$ s&/one1 is f ,maysville1 ,ky4 ,! two ends are "h repres5t$ because ( ! peculi>ity ( ! decoration4 ,9 ! c5t] is ! hole1 next to x is a rude =m ( ,greek cross :i* on "o end is repeat$ z x goes f>!r f ! c5t]2 on ! o!r1 ! decoration consi/s ( ?ree conc5tric circles1 "o int]val ( :i* is divid$ by radiat+ l9es at regul> int]vals1 ea* =m+ a rectangle4 ,betwe5 ! out] l9es & ! p]iph]y are f\r radiat+ rays :i*1 if complet$ all ar\nd1 might =m a sun symbol4 ,bobb9s ( clay h be5 lately discov]$ 9 ,florida by ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,moore & not$ by ,pr(essor ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,,bobb9 787 ,,f ,a ,,m\nd ,,ne> ,,maysville1 ,,k5tucky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afgdh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 ,,bobb9 787 ,,f ,,lex+ton1 ,,k5tucky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #affia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,,bobb9 787 ,,( ,,f9e-,,gra9$ ,,s&/one4 ,lewis ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #eifha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,?us we f9d "s ( ! same objects :i* 9 ,europe 7 made & us$ by prehi/oric man & :i* bore ! ,swa/ika m>k h migrat$ to ,am]ica1 also 9 prehi/oric times1 :]e !y 7 put to ! same use & s]v$ ! same purpose4 ,?is is c]ta9ly no inconsid]able te/imony 9 favor ( ! migration ( ! sign4 ,,viii4--,,simil> ,,prehi/oric ,,arts1 ,,indu/ries1 ,,& ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,,europe ,,& ,,am]ica ,,z ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,culture4 ,! prehi/oric objects describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] are n ! only ones common to bo? ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,relat$ to ! sp9dle-:orls & bobb9s is ! art ( weav+1 & x is p]fectly susceptible ( demon/ration t ?is art 0 practic$ 9 ! two hemisph]es 9 prehi/oric times4 ,wov5 fabrics h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+s1 9 ,sc&9avia1 & 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!y belong$ to ! ,neoli?ic & ,bronze ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,,view ,,%[+ ,,bo? ,,ends ,,( ,a ,,bobb9787 ,,( ,,f9e-,,gra9$ ,,s&/one4 ,maysville1 ,k5tucky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afgdg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,figs4 #cgc & #cgd illu/rate textile fabrics 9 ! ,bronze ,age4 ,bo? specim5s are f ,d5m>k1 & ! ,national ,museum possesses ano!r specim5 7,cat4 ,no4 #acffae7 9 all respects simil>4 ,:ile prehi/oric looms may n h be5 f\nd 9 ,europe to be comp>$ ) ! looms ( mod]n savages 9 ,am]ica1 yet ^! specim5s ( clo?1 ) ! hundr$s ( o!rs f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+s1 af=d ! mo/ indubitable pro( ( ! use ( ! looms 9 bo? c\ntries dur+ prehi/oric times4 ,complem5t>y to ?is1 textile fabrics h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 f ! ,pueblo c\ntry ( ,utah & ,colorado1 s\? ?r\gh ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ( necessity ! looms ) :i* !y 7 made 7 !re also4 ,x is n meant to be said t ! looms ( ! two hemisph]es h be5 f\nd1 or t !y or ! textile fabrics are id5tical4 ,! prehi/oric looms h n be5 f\nd 9 ,europe1 & ^? 9 ,am]ica may h be5 affect$ by contact ) ! :ite man4 ,nor is x meant to be said t ! textile fabrics ( ! two hemisph]es are alike 9 ?read1 /it*1 or patt]n4 ,b ^! at be/ are only details4 ,! great fact rema9s t ! prehi/oric man ( ! two hemisph]es _h ! k to sp9 fib] into ?read1 to w9d x on bobb9s1 & to weave x into fabrics2 & :atev] diff]5ces !re may h be5 9 patt]n1 ?read1 or clo?1 !y 7 f9ally & sub/antially ! same art1 & s are likely to h be5 ! product ( ! same inv5tion4 ,:ile x is n ! int5tion to cont9ue ?is exam9ation among ! prehi/oric objects ( ! two hemisph]es 9 ord] to %[ _! simil>ity & ?us prove migration1 contact1 or communication1 yet x may be well to m5tion "s ( !m1 leav+ ! argum5t or pro( to a future occasion4 ,! poli%$ /one hat*ets ( ! two hemisph]es are sub/antially ! same4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( mat]ial1 ( c\rse1 = 9 ea* c\ntry ! workman 0 oblig$ to use su* mat]ial z 0 obta9able4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 =m betwe5 ! poli%$ /one hat*ets ( ! two hemisph]es1 b s !re are diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t localities 9 ! same hemisph]e4 ,"s hat*ets are long1 o!rs %ort1 "s r\nd1 o!rs flat1 "s h a po9t$ end1 o!rs a squ>e or ne>ly squ>e or unf9i%$ end2 "s are l>ge1 o!rs small4 ,b all ^! diff]5ces are to be f\nd equally well pron\nc$ )9 ea* hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,,woman',s ,,wool5 ,,dress ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,an ,,oak ,,c(f9 ,,at ,,borum-,,e%oi1 ,,d5m>k4 ,bronze ,age4 ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 7,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum71 #ahib1 pl4 ,,ci1 fig #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,,detail ,,( ,,dress ,,%[n ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,figure4 ,scrap]s h also be5 f\nd 9 bo? hemisph]es & 9 all ages4 ,!re are ! same diff]5ces 9 mat]ial1 =m1 & appe>ance z 9 ! poli%$ /one hat*et4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce to be m5tion$ ( ?is ut5sil--i4 e41 9 ,am]ica ! scrap] has be5 sometimes made ) a /em & ) not*es ne> ! base1 aft] ! mann] ( arr[- & spe>-heads1 evid5tly int5d$ to aid1 z 9 ! arr[- & spe>-head1 9 fa/5+ ! tool 9 its h&le4 ,?is peculi>ity is n f\nd 9 ,europe1 or1 if f\nd1 is extremely r>e4 ,x is consid]$ t ?is may h be5 caus$ by ! use ( a brok5 arr[- or spe>-head1 :i* seems n to h be5 done 9 ,europe4 ,b ?is is /ill only a diff]5ce 9 detail1 a diff]5ce slight & insignificant1 "o :i* occurs seldom & app>5tly gr[+ out ( peculi> & =tuit\s conditions4 ,! art ( drill+ 9 /one 0 kn[n ov] an ext5d$ area 9 prehi/oric times1 & we f9d innum]able examples :i* mu/ h be5 p]=m$ 9 bo? hemisph]es sub/antially 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same ma*9e4 ,! art ( saw+ /one 0 alike practic$ dur+ prehi/oric times 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,_m specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ! prehi/oric deposits ( bo?4 ,! aborig9al art ( mak+ pott]y 0 also c>ri$ on 9 ! same or a simil> mann] 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! examples ( ?is art are z num]\s z ! leaves on ! trees4 ,!re 7 diff]5ces 9 ! manipulation & treatm5t1 b ! pr9cipal fact rema9s t ! art 0 ! same 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,n only 7 ! products greatly simil>1 b ! same /yle ( geometric decoration by incis$ l9es is common to bo?4 ,great] progress 9 mak+ pott]y 0 made 9 ! ,we/]n ?an 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e dur+ prehi/oric times4 ,! :eel 0 unkn[n 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & 9 bo? ! manipulation ( clay 0 by h&4 ,true1 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e !re 0 great] dext]ity & a great] numb] ( me?ods employ$4 ,= example1 ! vase might be built up ) clay inside a basket1 :i* s]v$ to give bo? =m & decoration2 x 0 coil$1 ! damp clay be+ made 9 a /r+ & s built up by a circul> movem5t1 draw+ ! side 9 or out z ! /r+ ( clay 0 laid !reon1 until x rea*$ ! top2 x may h be5 decorat$ by ! pressure ( a textile fabric1 real or simulat$1 into ! damp clay4 ,a few ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 true to h said t pott]y decorat$ 9 ?is mann] 0 peculi> to ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 & t x _h nev] be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 b ,pr9ce ,p\tjat9e has lately f\nd on 8 prop]ty1 ,bologoje1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,novgorod1 midway betwe5 ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 _m pieces ( prehi/oric pott]y :i* be> evid5ce ( hav+ be5 made 9 ?is mann]1 & :ile x may be r>e 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 x is simil> 9 ^! respects to ?\s&s ( pieces ( prehi/oric pott]y 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! great puzzles = ar*ologi/s has be5 ! prehi/oric jade implem5ts f\nd 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,! raw mat]ial ( :i* ^! 7 made has nev] be5 f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities to ju/ify anyone 9 say+ t x is indig5\s to "o hemisph]e & n to ! o!r4 ,x may h be5 f\nd 9 ei!r hemisph]e & export$ to ! o!r4 ,b ( ?is we h no evid5ce except ! discov]y 9 bo? ( implem5ts made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,?is mat]ial is d5se & h>d4 ,x is extremely difficult to "w1 yet ! op]ations ( saw+1 drill+1 c>v+1 & poli%+ appe> to h be5 conduct$ 9 bo? hemisph]es ) su* simil>ity z t ! result is practically ! same4 ,prehi/oric fl9t-*ipp+ 0 also c>ri$ on 9 bo? hemisph]es ) su* simil>ity ( results1 ev5 :5 p]=m+ ! mo/ difficult & delicate op]ations1 z to conv9ce "o t !re mu/ h be5 "s communication betwe5 ! two peoples :o p]=m$ !m4 ,! b[ & arr[ is fairly good evid5ce ( prehi/oric migration1 because ( ! s+ul>ities ( ! =m & ! intricacies ( ! ma*9]y1 & because x is probably ! e>lie/ specim5 ( a ma*9e ( two sep>ate p>ts1 by ! use ( :i* a missile c\ld be s5t at a great] di/ance & ) great] =ce ?an if ?r[n by h&4 ,x is possible t ! sl+ 0 inv5t$ z e>ly z ! b[ & arr[1 al?\gh bo? 7 prehi/oric & _! orig9 unkn[n4 ,! b[ & arr[ 0 ! greate/ ( all human inv5tions--greate/ 9 t x m>k$ man's fir/ /ep 9 me*anics1 greate/ 9 adaptation ( means to ! end1 & z an inv5t$ ma*9e x manife/$ 9 ! mo/ practical & m>k$ mann] ! intellectual & reason+ p[] ( man & 8 sup]iority ov] ! brute creation4 ,x1 m ?an any o!r weapon1 demon/rat$ ! triumph ( man ov] ! brute1 recogniz+ ! limitations ( human physical capacity 9 conte/s ) ! brute4 ,) ?is ma*9e1 man fir/ successfully made up = 8 defici5cy 9 8 conte/s ) 8 enemies & ! capture ( 8 game4 ,x is useless to ask any?+ ( hi/ory ab\t ! beg9n+s ( ! b[ & arr[2 :]ev] hi/ory appe>s x records ! prior exi/5ce1 ! almo/ univ]sal pres5ce1 & ! p]fect$ use ( ! b[ & arr[ z a weapon4 ,yet ?is ma*9e1 s /range & curi\s1 ( su* intricacy ( manufacture & difficulty ( successful p]=mance1 _h ) all its simil>ities & lik5esses ext5d$ 9 prehi/oric times almo/ ?r\gh\t ! !n inhabit$ globe4 ,x is useless to specify ! "t1 = ! b[ & arr[ exi/$ e>li] ?an any "t ( :i* we "k2 x is useless = u to specify places1 = x 0 9 use ?r\gh\t ! _w :]ev] ! _w 0 occupi$ by neoli?ic man4 ,imitative creature z 0 man1 & sl[ & pa9ful z 7 8 /eps 9 progress & 9 inv5tion dur+ 8 infancy on e>?1 :5 he knew no?+ & _h ev]y?+ yet to le>n1 x is suffici5tly wond]ful t he %\ld h inv5t$ ! b[ & arr[ z a projectile ma*9e = 8 weapons2 b x becomes d\bly & trebly improbable t he %\ld h made duplicate & indep5d5t inv5tions !re( 9 ! diff]5t hemisph]es4 ,if we are to suppose ?is1 :y %\ld we be re/rict$ to a sep>ate inv5tion = ea* hemisph]e1 & :y may we n suppose t he made a sep>ate inv5tion = ea* c\ntry or ea* di/ant tribe )9 ! hemisph]e8 ,yet we are met ) ! a/oni%+ b1 nev]!less1 true proposition t ?r\gh\t ! entire _w ! b[ & arr[ exi/$ 9 ! e>ly times m5tion$1 & 0 sub/antially ! same ma*9e1 made 9 ! same way1 & s]v+ ! same purpose4 ,,conclusion4 ,! argum5t 9 ?is pap] on ! migration ( arts or symbols1 & ) !m ( peoples 9 prehi/oric times1 is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive4 ,at be/ x is only sugge/ive4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce available by :i* ! migration ( symbols1 arts1 or peoples 9 prehi/oric times c be prov$1 because ! ev5ts are beyond ! pale ( hi/ory4 ,!re=e we are1 ev]ybody is1 driv5 to ! second>y evid5ce ( ! simil>ity ( conditions & products1 & we c only subject !m to our reason & at la/ det]m9e ! tru? f ! probabilities4 ,9 proportion z ! probabilities ( migration increase1 x m ne>ly becomes a demon/rat$ fact4 ,x appe>s to ! au?or t ! probabilities ( ! migration ( ! ,swa/ika to ,am]ica f ! ,old ,_w is inf9itely great] ?an t x 0 an indep5d5t inv5tion4 ,! ,swa/ika is f\nd 9 ,am]ica 9 su* widely sep>at$ places1 among su* diff]5t civilizations1 z mu* sep>at$ by "t z by space1 t if we h to dep5d on ! !ory ( sep>ate inv5tions to expla9 its introduction into ,am]ica we mu/ also dep5d ^u ! same !ory = its introduction into ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,swa/ika ( ! anci5t m\nd build]s ( ,ohio & ,t5nessee is simil> 9 e respect1 except mat]ial1 to t ( ! mod]n ,navajo & ,pueblo ,indian4 ,yet ! ,swa/ikas ( ,mississippi & ,t5nessee belong to ! olde/ civilization we "k 9 ,am]ica1 :ile ! ,navajo & ,pueblo ,swa/ikas 7 made by m5 /ill liv+4 ,a consid]ation ( ! conditions br+ out ^! two curi\s facts3 7#a7 ,t ! ,swa/ika _h an exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica prior to any hi/oric k we h ( communication betwe5 ! two hemisph]es2 b 7#b7 we f9d x cont9u$ 9 ,am]ica & us$ at ! pres5t day1 :ile ! k ( x has long s9ce di$ out 9 ,europe4 ,! au?or is n unaw>e ( ! new !ories conc]n+ ! p>allelism ( human developm5t by :i* x is cont5d$ t absolute uni=mity ( man's ?\ghts & actions1 aims & me?ods1 is produc$ :5 he is 9 ! same degree ( developm5t1 no matt] 9 :at c\ntry or 9 :at epo* he lives4 ,?is !ory has be5 pu%$ until x has be5 said1 no?+ b geographical environm5t seems to modify ! monoton\s sam5ess ( man's creations4 ,! au?or does n accept ?is !ory1 yet he does n "h controv]t x4 ,x may be true to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x surely has its limitations1 & x is only applicable "u special conditions4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 x might apply to races & peoples b n to individuals4 ,if x builds on ! h]$it>y human in/9cts1 x does n take into acc\nt ! w1 en]gy1 & reason+ p[]s ( man4 ,mo/ ( all1 x leaves out ! egoism ( man & 8 selfi% desire = p[]1 improvem5t1 & happ9ess1 & all _! effects1 ?r\gh ! individual1 on human progress4 ,9 ! au?or's op9ion ! progress ( peoples ?r\gh consecutive /ages ( civilization is entirely compatible ) 8 belief t k ( specific objects1 ! uses ( mat]ial ?+s1 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites1 ! play+ ( c]ta9 games1 ! possession ( c]ta9 my?s & traditions1 & ! c>ry+ on ( c]ta9 indu/ries1 pass$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r by migration ( _! peoples1 or by contact or communication betwe5 !m2 & t ! k1 by sep>ate peoples1 ( ! same ?+s1 )9 reasonable b\nds ( simil>ity ( action & purpose1 & ) correspond+ difficulty ( p]=mance1 may well be treat$ z evid5ce ( su* migration1 contact1 or communication4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock expresses ! au?or's belief :5 he says1#cae ,!re c be no d\bt b t man orig9ally crept ov] ! e>?'s surface1 little by little1 ye> by ye>1 j1 = in/ance1 z ! we$s ( ,europe are n[ gradually b surely creep+ ov] ! surface ( ,au/ralia4 ,! ^w migration has be5 us$ by ! au?or 9 any s5se t p]mitt$ ! p1 or any numb] !re(1 to pass f "o c\ntry to ano!r c\ntry1 or f "o section ( a c\ntry to ano!r section ( ! same c\ntry1 by any means or 9 any numb]s z !y pleas$ or c\ld4 ,! !ory 79 opposition to ! =ego+7 is gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t any simil>ity ( culture betwe5 ! two hemisph]es is held to be pro( ( migration ( peoples4 ,x appe>s to ! au?or t ^! s*ools bo? run to excess 9 propagat+ _! respective !ories1 & t ! true condition ( affairs lies midway betwe5 !m4 ,t is to say1 !re 0 c]ta9 communication betwe5 ! two hemisph]es1 z indicat$ by ! simil>ities 9 culture & indu/ry1 ! objects ( :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 ! result ( indep5d5t inv5tion2 :ile !re are too _m dissimil> arts1 habits1 cu/oms1 & modes ( life belong+ to "o hemisph]e only1 n common to bo?1 to p]mit u to say !re 0 cont9u\s communication betwe5 !m4 ,^! dissimil>ities 7 inv5tions ( ea* hemisph]e indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,an illu/ration ( ! migration to ,am]ica is ! culture ( ,greece4 ,we "k t ,greek art & ar*itecture ent] into & =m an important "p ( ! culture ( ,am]icans ( ! pres5t day2 yet ! p ( ,am]ica are n ,greek1 nor d !y possess any consid]able %>e ( ,greek culture or civilization4 ,!y h none ( ! blood ( ! ,greeks1 nor _! physical traits1 nor _! mann]s1 habits1 cu/oms1 dress1 religion1 nor1 inde$1 any?+ except _! sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,n[1 !re 0 und\bt$ly communication betwe5 ! two c\ntries 9 s f> z p]ta9s to art & ar*itecture2 b x is equally true t !re has be5 no migration ( ! o!r elem5ts ( civilization m5tion$4 ,! same ?+ may be true ) reg>d to ! migrations ( prehi/oric civilization4 ,!re may h be5 communication betwe5 ! c\ntries by :i* su* objects z ! poli%$ /one hat*et1 ! b[ & arr[1 ! leaf-%ap$ implem5t1 *ipp$ arr[- & spe>-heads1 scrap]s1 sp9dle-:orls1 ! arts ( pott]y mak+1 ( weav+1 ( drill+ & saw+ /one1 etc41 pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 & ! same ( ! ,swa/ika2 yet ^! may all h be5 br\ght ov] 9 sporadic & isolat$ cases1 import+ simply ! g]m ( _! k1 leav+ ! indu/ry to be indep5d5tly work$ out on ?is side4 ,c]ta9 manife/ations ( culture1 dissimil> to ^? ( ! ,old ,_w1 are f\nd 9 ,am]ica2 we h ! rude not*$ ax1 ! groov$ ax1 /emm$ scrap]1 p]=ator1 mort> & pe/le1 pipes1 tubes1 ! c]emonial objects :i* are f\nd "h 9 su* inf9ite v>ieties ( %ape & =m1 ! metate1 ! pa9t$ pott]y1 etc41 all ( :i* belong to ! ,am]ican ,indian civilization1 b h no prototype 9 ! prehi/oric ,old ,_w4 ,^! ?+s 7 nev] br\ght ov] by migration or o!rwise4 ,!y are indig5\s to ,am]ica4 ,objects common to bo? hemisph]es exi/ 9 su* numb]s1 ( su* inf9ite detail & difficulty ( manufacture1 t ! probabilities ( _! migration or passage f "o c\ntry to ano!r is inf9itely great] ?an t !y 7 ! result ( indep5d5t inv5tion4 ,^! common objects are n re/rict$ to isolat$ cases4 ,!y are great 9 numb] & ext5sive 9 area4 ,!y h be5 ! common tools & ut5sils su* z might h belong$ to e man1 & no reason is kn[n :y !y might n h be5 us$ by1 & s repres5t1 ! millions ( prehi/oric individuals 9 ei!r hemisph]e4 ,?is great numb] ( correspond5ces betwe5 ! two hemisph]es1 & _! simil>ity z to means & results is good evid5ce ( migration1 contact1 or communication betwe5 ! peoples2 :ile ! ext5t to :i* ! common indu/ries 7 c>ri$ 9 ! two cont95ts1 _! delicacy & difficulty ( op]ation1 completes ! pro( & =ces conviction4 ,x is n to be und]/ood 9 ! few =ego+ illu/rations t ! numb] is !reby exhau/$1 or t all h be5 not$ :i* are )9 ! k ( ! au?or4 ,^! h be5 cit$ z illu/rative ( ! proposition & indicat+ possibilities ( ! argum5t4 ,if a complet$ argum5t 9 favor ( prehi/oric communication %\ld be prep>$1 x w\ld pres5t _m o!r illu/rations4 ,^! c\ld be f\nd1 n only among ! objects ( indu/ry1 ut5sils1 etc41 b 9 ! modes ( manufacture & ( use :i*1 ow+ to _! numb] & ! ext5t ( t]ritory :i* !y cov]1 & ! difficulty ( accompli%m5t1 w\ld add =ce to ! argum5t4 ,,bibliography ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika4 ,,abbott1 ,,*>les ,c4 ,primitive ,indu/ry3 or ,illu/rations ( ! ,h&iwork1 9 /one1 bone & clay1 ( ! ,native ,races ( ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic ,seabo>d ( ,am]ica4 ,by ,*>les ,c4 ,abbott1 ,m4 ,d4 ,cor4 ,memb] ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,fell[ ,royal ,soc4 ( ,antiq4 ( ! ,nor?4 ,cop5hag54 etc41 etc41 ,salem1 ,mass43 ,george ,a4 ,bates4 #ahha4 #h1 pp4 v-vi1 #a-efj1 fig4 #dbi4 ,groov$ ax1 ,pemb]ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,inscription ( ,swa/ika d5\nc$ z a fraud1 p4 #cb4 ,,all51 ,e4 ,a4 ,! ,prehi/oric ,_w or ,vani%$ ,races by ,e4 ,a4 ,all51 au?or ( ,! ,gold5 ,gems ( ,life4 ,ea* ( ! ,foll[+ well-kn[n ,s*ol>s review$ "o or m ,*apt]s1 & made valuable sugge/ions3 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ,a4 ,f4 ,b&eli]1 ,pr(4 ,*as4 ,rau1 ,alex&] ,w9*ell1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,cyrus ,?omas1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright4 ,c9c9nati3 ,c5tral ,publi%+ ,h\se4 #ahhe4 #h1 pp4 i-vi1 #a-hbj4 ,swa/ika reg>d$ z an ornam5t 9 ! ,bronze ,age1 p4 #bcc4 ,,am]ican ,,antiqu>ian & ,ori5tal ,j\rnal4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,jan41 #ahhd1 p4 #fb4 ,swa/ika f\nd 9 a tessellat$ ,mosaic pavem5t ( ,roman ru9s at ,wivelescombe1 ,engl&2 report$ by ,cornelius ,ni*olson1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 cit$ 9 ,munro's ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s1 note1 p4 #acb4 ,,am]ican ,,encyclop$ia4 ,title1 ,cross4 ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,no4 #a1 ,jan4-,m>*1 #ahif1 p4 #aa1 fig4 #aj4 ,&okides1 a ,greek vase pa9t] 7#ebe ,b4 ,c471 depict$ ,a!na on an amphora ) h] dress decorat$ ) _m ogee & me&] ,swa/ikas4 ,! specim5 is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,,&]son1 ,,joseph4 ,scotl& 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,times4 ,! ,swa/ika1 ?\gh ( ,pagan orig91 became a ,*ri/ian symbol f ! f\r? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bah4 ,cit$ 9 ,munro's ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s1 note1 p4 #acb4 ,,balf\r1 ,,edw>d4 ,cyclopdia ( ,india & ( ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,asia1 ,comm]cial1 ,indu/rial1 & ,sci5tific3 ,products ( ! ,m9]al1 ,vegetable & ,animal ,k+doms1 ,useful ,arts & ,manufactures2 edit$ by ,edw>d ,balf\r1 ,l4 ,r4 ,c4 ,s4 ,e41 ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,hospitals1 ,madras ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ,fell[ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,madras1 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,geologic ,in/itute1 ,vi5na4 ,second ,edition4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,madras3 ,pr9t$ at ! ,lawr5ce & ,adelphi ,presses1 #ahgc4 ,copyright4 #h1 pp4 #a-ief4 ,title1 ,swa/ika1 p4 #fef4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld1 ,s4 ,curi\s ,my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,by ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,m4 ,a41 ,new ,york3 ,hur/ ,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,no4 #abb ,nassau /reet4 #ab1 pp4 #a-bgb4 ,title1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,cross1 pp4 #aei-ahe4 ,,b]l9 ,,society = ,an?ropology1 ,e?nology1 & ,prehi/oric ,rese>*es1 ,sessional report (--4 ,,iii1 #ahga2 ,,viii1 ,july #ae1 #ahgf1 p4 #i4 ,,blake1 ,,willson ,w4 ,! ,cross1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,by ,willson ,w4 ,blake4 7,design7 ,new ,york3 ,anson ,d4 ,f4 ,r&olph & ,company4 #ahhh4 #h1 pp4 #a-eb4 ,,bra%1 ,,ri*>d ,,rolt4 ,! ,ogam ,inscrib$ ,monum5ts ( ! ,ga$hil 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s ) a diss]tation on ! ,ogam "*1 c4 ,illu/rat$ ) fifty ,photoli?ographic plates by ! late ,ri*>d ,rolt ,bra%1 ,m4 ,r4 ,i4 ,a41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,scot4 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,irel&2 & au?or ( ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture ( ,irel&4 ,edit$ by ,george ,m4 ,atk9son ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 ,york /reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 #ahgi4 #d1 pp4 i-xvi1 #a-dbe4 ,swa/ikas on ,ogam /one at ,agli% 7,irel&71 pl4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #ahg-ahi2 on ,newton /one ,ab]de5%ire1 7,scot471 pl4 ,,xlix1 p4 #cei2 ,logie /one1 7,scot471 pl4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #ceh2 ,bressay1 7,scot471 pl4 ,,xlvii4 ,,br9ton1 ,,daniel ,g4 ,! ,ta ,ki1 ! ,swa/ika1 & ! ,cross 9 ,am]ica4 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,,xxvi1 #ahhi1 pp4 #agg-ahg4 ---- ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w3 ,a treatise on ! ,symbolism & ,my?ology ( ! ,r$ ,race ( ,am]ica4 ,by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,memb] ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania1 ( ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society2 ,au?or ( ,notes on ! ,floridian ,p59sula1 etc4 7,design7 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfh4 #h1 pp4 i-viii1 #a-cjg4 ,! cross ( ,mexico1 pp4 #ie-ig1 #ahc-ahh4 ---- ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s4 ,a /udy ( ! ,native ,religions ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t4 ,by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society2 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society2 ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,phila41 etc42 ,au?or ( ,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w2 ,! ,religi\s ,s5ti- m5t1 etc4 ,philadelphia3 ,h4 ,c4 ,watts ,co41 #ejf ,m9or ,/reet1 #ahhb4 #h1 pp4 i-xvi1 #a-bea4 ,symbol ( ! cross 9 ,mexico4 ,! ra9 god1 ! tree ( life1 & ! god ( /r5g?1 p4 #abb2 9 ,pal5que1 ! f\r ra9 gods1 p4 #aee2 ! ,muscayas1 light1 sun1 p4 #bbb4 ,,br[ne1 ,g4 ,f4 ,basket-"w figures ( m5 on sculptur$ /ones4 ,triquetra4 ,ar*ologia1 ,vol4 ,l1 #ahhg1 pt4 #b1 p4 #bia1 pl4 ,,xxiii1 fig4 #g4 ,,burgess1 ,,james4 ,ar*ological ,survey ( ,we/]n ,india4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,report on ! ,buddhi/ ,cave ,temples & ,_! ,inscriptions ,be+ ,"p ( ,! ,results ( ! ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six? ,seasons' ,op]ations ( ! ,ar*ological ,survey ( ,we/]n ,india1 #ahgf-gg1 #ahgg-gh1 #ahgh-gi4 ,supplem5t>y to ! ,volume on ,cave ,temples ( ,india4 ,by ,jas4 ,burgess1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ( ! ,socit ,asiatique1 c4 ,ar*ological ,surveyor & ,report] to ,gov]nm5t = ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,india1 ,london3 ,trbn] ,co41 ,ludgate ,hill4 #ahhc4 7,all rights res]v$47 ,folio1 pp4 #adj4 ,inscriptions ) ,swa/ika1 vol4 ,,iv1 pls4 ,,xliv1 ,,xlvi1 ,,xlvii1 ,,xlix1 ,l1 ,,lii1 ,,lv2 vol4 ,v1 pl4 ,,li4 ---- ,! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 ,a ,j\rnal ( ,ori5tal ,rese>* 9 ,ar*ology1 ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 ,languages1 ,folk-,lore1 c41 c41 ,edit$ by ,jas4 ,burgess1 ,m4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 #c vols41 #ahgb-gd1 ,bombay3 ,pr9t$ at ! ,times ( ,india ,(fice4 ,london3 ,trbn] ,co4 ,p>is3 ,e4 ,l]\x4 ,b]l93 ,a%] ,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,brockhaus4 ,new ,york3 ,we/]mann ,co4 ,bombay3 ,?ack]1 ,v9+ ,co4 #d1 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,tw5ty-f\r ,ja9 ,sa9ts1 ,sup>sva1 son ( ,prati%?a by ,pri?oi1 "o ( :i* signs 0 ! ,swa/ika4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ace4 ,,burn\f1 ,,emile4 ,le ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 ,traduit du ,sanscrit1 ,accompagn d'un ,comm5taire et de ,v+t et un ,mmoires ,relatifs au ,buddhisme1 p> ,m4 ,e4 ,burn\f1 ,secrtaire ,p]ptuel de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres4 7,picture7 ,p>is4 ,imprim p> ,autorisation du ,g\v]nem5t l',imprim]ie ,nationale4 ,,mdccclii4 ,folio1 pp4 #a-hig4 ,sva/ikaya1 ,app5d4 ,,viii1 p4 #fbe4 ,n&av>taya1 p4 #fbf4 ---- ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religions by ,emile ,burn\f ,translat$ by ,julie ,liebe ) a preface by ,e4 ,j4 ,rapson1 ,m4 ,a41 ,m4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge ,london ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e91 ,l[rey ,co41 ,pat]no/] ,squ>e4 #ahhh4 ,swa/ika1 its relation to ! my? ( ,agni1 ! god ( fire1 & its alleg$ id5tity ) ! fire-cross1 pp4 #afe1 #bec-bef1 #beg4 ,,burton1 ,,ri*>d ,f4 ,! ,book ( ! ,sword by ,ri*>d ,f4 ,burton ,matre d',armes 7,brevette7 7,design7 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations ,london ,*atto & ,w9dus1 ,piccadilly #ahhd 7,all rights res]v$74 #d1 pp4 #bii4 ,swa/ika sect1 p4 #bjb1 note #b4 ,,c>nac1 ,h4 ,,rivett4 ,memor&um on ,clay ,disks call$ ,sp9dle-:orls & votive ,seals f\nd at ,sankisa1 ,beh>1 & o!r ,buddhi/ ru9s 9 ! ,nor?we/]n prov9ces ( ,india4 7,) ?ree plates74 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,vol4 ,,xlix1 pt4 #a1 #ahhj1 pp4 #abg-acg4 ,,c>tailhac1 ,,mile4 ,rsultats d',une ,mission ,sci5tifique du ,m9i/re de l',in/ruction ,publique ,les ges ,prhi/oriques de l',espagne et du ,portugal p> ,m4 mile ,c>tailhac1 ,directeur des ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire primitive de l'homme ,prface p> ,m4 ,a4 ,de ,quatrefages1 de l',in/itut ,avec ,quatre ,c5t ,c9quante ,gravures et ,quatre ,plan*es ,p>is ,*4 ,re9wald1 ,libraire #ae1 ,rue des ,sa9ts ,pres1 #ae #ahhf ,t\s droits rs]vs4 #d1 pp4 i-xxxv1 #a-cdg4 ,swa/ika1 p4 #bhe4 ,triskelion1 p4 #bhf4 ,tetraskelion1 p4 #bhf4 ,swa/ika 9 ,myc5 & ,sabraso4--,are !y ( ! 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prehi/oric ,si/res or t9t9nabula f\nd 9 ,swiss lake dwell+s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjf4 ,spirals1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 fig4 #ahf1 p4 #cja4 ---- ,notes ,an?ropologiques3 ,de l',orig9e ,ori5tale de la ,mtallurgie4 ,9-#h1 avec plan*es4 ,lyon1 #ahgi4 ---- ,notes ,an?ropologiques4 ,relations entre les ,si/res ,b\ddhiques et c]ta9s ,objets ,lacu/res de l',age du ,bronze4 ,9-#h4 ,lyon1 #ahgi4 ---- ,l'ge de la ,pi]re et l'ge du ,bronze en ,troade et en ,grce4 ,9-#h4 ,lyon1 #ahgd4 ---- ,l'ge de la ,pi]re et l'ge du ,bronze dans l',asie ,occid5tale4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?41 ,lyon1 t4 ,i1 fasc4 #b1 #ahhb47 ---- ,prehi/oric ,cemet]ies 9 ,caucasus4 7,ncropoles prhi/oriques du ,caucase1 r5f]m5t des crnes macrocphales47 ,matriaux1 seizime anne 7#af71 #b;e srie1 ,,xii1 #ahha4 ,swa/ika1 p4 #aff4 ,,*av]o1 ,d4 ,,alfr$o4 ,mexico ,a ,travs de los ,siglos ,hi/oria ,g5]al y ,completa del ,des5volvimi5to ,social1 ,poltico1 ,religioso1 ,milit>1 ,arti/ico1 ,ci5tfico1 y ,lit]>io de ,mxico desde la ,antigedad ,ms ,remota ha/a la poca ,actual 99 99 ,publicada bajo la ,direccin del ,g5]al ,d4 ,vic5te ,riva ,palacio 99 99 99 99 99 ,tomo ,prim]o ,hi/oria ,antigua y de la ,conqui/a ,escrita por el ,lic5ciado ,d4 ,alfr$o ,*av]o4 ,mxico ,ballesca y ,comp4a1 ,editores #d1 ,amor de ,dios1 #d4 ,folio1 pp4 i-lx1 #a-ibf4 ,ciclo de #eb aos4 7,atlas del ,p4 ,diego ,duran1 p4 #chf47 ,swa/ika work$ on %ell 7,fa9s ,isl&71 labrado con los cuatro puntos del ,nahui ,oll94 p4 #fgf4 ,,clavig]o1 ,c4 ,f4 ,/oria ,antica del ,messico4 ,ces5a1 #aghj4 ,swa/ika1 ,,ii1 p4 #aib1 fig4 ,a4 ,cit$ 9 ,hamy's ,decades ,amrican1 ,premire ,livraison1 #ahhd1 p4 #fg4 ,,cond]1 ,maj4 ,c4 ,r4 ,notes on ,h]r ,s*ick's pap] on ! 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,geological & ,numismatic ,societies ( ,london1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,read]1 & ,dy]4 #ahgb4 7,all rights res]v$47 #h1 pp4 l-xvi1 #a-fdj4 ,,fairholt1 ,f4 ,w4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,t]ms 9 ,art4 ,edit$ & ,illu/rat$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ) ,five ,hundr$ ,engrav+s ,on ,wood 7,design7 ,daldy1 ,isbi/] ,co4 #ef1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london4 #ab1 pp4 i-vi1 #a-dgd4 ,titles1 ,cross1 ,fret1 ,fylfot1 ,symbolism4 ,,f]gusson1 ,,james4 ,rude ,/one ,monum5ts 9 ,all ,c\ntries2 ,_! ,ages & ,uses4 ,by ,james ,f]gusson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s1 ,v4 ,p4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,f4 ,r4 ,i4 ,b4 ,a41 c4 7,picture47 ,) ,two ,hundr$ & ,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet4 #ahgb4 ,! ,"r ( translation res]v$4 #h1 pp4 i-xix1 #a-eei4 ,crosses1 ,celtic & ,scotti%1 pp4 #bgj-bgc4 ,,=r]1 ,r4 ,die ,graeb]- und ,textilfunde von ,a*mim-,panopolis von ,r4 ,=r] mit #af ,tafeln3 #bej ,abbildung5 9 ,photographie1 ,autographie1 ,f>b5druck und !ilweisem ,h&colorit1 neb/ ,cl9*-,abbildung5 im ,text2 ,text und ,tafeln auf ,c>tonpapi]4 ,nur 9 w5ig5 numm]irt5 ,exempl>5 h]ge/ellt4 7,design47 ,/rassburg1 #ahia ,druck von ,emil ,birkhus]1 ,basel4 ,photographie von ,ma?ias ,g]s*el1 ,/rassburg4 ,autographie und ,f>b5druck von ,r4 ,fretz1 ,zri*4 ,ni*t im ,bu*h&el4 ,folio1 pp4 #a-bg4 ,swa/ika1 ornam5t at ,a*m9-,panopolis1 ,egypt1 p4 #bj1 pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #c4 ,,frankl91 ,colonel4 ,swa/ika an emblem us$ 9 ! 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,gramm> ( ! ,lotus ,a new ,hi/ory ( ,classic ,ornam5t z a developm5t ( ,sun ,wor%ip ) ,obs]vations on ! ,bronze ,culture ( ,prehi/oric ,europe z d]iv$ f ,egypt2 bas$ on ! /udy ( ,patt]ns by ,wm4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 ,m4 ,a4 7,yale1 #ahfg7 ,curator ,dep>tm5t ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 99 99 99 ,london3 ,sampson1 ,l[1 ,m>/on ,company ,limit$ ,/4 ,dun/an's ,h\se1 ,fitt] ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4 ,c41 #ahia4 ,*apt]s on ,lotus & ,swa/ika4 ,,g\ld1 ,s4 ,c4 ,! ,ma/]'s ,mallet or ! ,hamm] ( ,?or4 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 7,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h471 ,vol4 ,,iii 7#ahhf71 pp4 #ic-ajh4 ,,haddon1 ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,evolution 9 ,art3 ,z ,illu/rat$ by ! ,life-,hi/ories ( ,designs4 ,by ,alfr$ ,c4 ,haddon1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,italian ,society ( ,an?ropology1 etc4 ,) #h ,plates1 & #acj ,figures 9 ! ,text4 ,london3 ,walt] ,scott1 ,ltd41 ,pat]no/] ,squ>e4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aec-aeg ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 #ahie4 ,! mean+ & di/ribution ( ! ,fylfot1 pp4 #bhb-cii4 ,,hampel1 ,,joseph4 ,antiquits prhi/oriques de la ,hongrie2 ,er/egom1 #ahgg4 ,no4 #c1 pl4 ,,xx4 ---- ,catalogue de l',exposition prhi/orique des ,muses de ,prov9ce2 ,budape/1 #ahgf1 p4 #ag4 ,,hamy1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,decades ,amrican ,mmoires d',ar*ologie et d',e?nographie ,amrica9es p> le ,dr4 ,e4-,t4 ,hamy ,cons]vateur du ,muse d',e?nographie du ,trocadro4 ,premire ,livraison 7,picture7 ,p>is ,erne/ ,l]\x1 ,editeur ,libraire de la ,socit ,asiatique de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes1 etc4 #bh1 ,rue ,bonap>te1 #bh #ahhd4 #h1 pp4 #a-fg4 ,le ,sva/ika et la r\e solaire en ,amrique1 pp4 #ei-fg4 ,,head1 ,,b>clay ,v4 ,synopsis ( ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,co9s & ,m$als4 ,a ,guide to ! pr9cipal gold & silv] ,co9s ( ! ,anci5ts1 f circa ,b4 ,c4 #gjj to ,a4 ,d4 #a4 ,) #gj ,plates4 ,by ,b>clay ,v4 ,head1 ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ,co9s4 ,second ,edition4 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,tru/ees4 ,longmans ,co41 ,pat]no/] ,r[2 ,b4 ,qu>it*1 #ae1 ,piccadilly2 ,a4 ,a%] ,co41 #ac1 ,b$=d ,/reet1 ,conv5t ,g>d51 & at ,b]l92 ,trbn] ,co41 #eg & #ei1 ,ludgate ,hill4 ,c4 ,roll9 ,feu>d5t1 #fa1 ,great ,russell ,/reet1 & #d1 ,rue de ,l\vois1 ,p>is4 #ahha4 #h1 pp4 i-viii1 #a-abh1 pl4 #gj4 ,triskelion1 7,lycian co9s71 ?ree cocks' heads1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #ce4 ,pun*-m>ks on anci5t co9s repres5t+ squ>es1 etc41 & n ,swa/ika4 ,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #c2 pl4 #d1 fig4 #bd2 pl4 #d1 figs4 #g1 #h1 #aj2 pl4 #e1 fig4 #af2 pl4 #f1 figs4 #cj1 #ca2 pl4 #ab1 figs4 #a1 #c1 #f4 ,,higg9s1 ,,godfrey4 ,anacalypsis or attempts to draw aside ! veil ( ! ,saitic ,isis or1 an inquiry into ! orig9 ( ,languages1 ,nations1 & ,religions by ,godfrey ,higg9s1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,asiat4 ,soc41 ,f4 ,r4 ,a/4 ,s4 ( ,skell[ ,grange1 ne> ,donca/]4 ,london ,longman1 c41 c41 ,pat]no/] ,r[ #ahcf4 ,vols4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,orig9 ( ! ,cross1 ,lambh or ,lama2 (ficial "n = ,gov]nor is ,anci5t ,tibetan = ,cross4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bcj4 ,,hirs*feld1 ,g4 ,vasi arcaici ,at5iesi4 ,roma1 #ahgb4 ,tav4 ,,xxxix & ,,xl4 ,,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,art 9 ,%ell ( ! ,anci5t ,am]icans4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha4 ,! cross1 pls4 ,,xxxvi1 ,,lii1 ,,liii4 ,spirals1 pls4 ,,liv1 ,,lv1 ,,lvi4 ,swa/ika1 7%ell gorget1 ! bird17 pls4 ,,lviii1 ,,lix4 ,spid]1 pl4 ,,lxi4 ,s]p5t1 pls4 ,,lxiii1 ,,lxiv4 ,human face1 pl4 ,,lxix4 ,human figure1 pls4 ,,lxxi1 ,,lxxii1 ,,lxxiii4 ,fight+ figures1 pl4 ,,lxxiv4 ---- ,catalogue ( ,bureau ,collections made 9 #ahha4 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-hb4 ,fight+ figures1 fig4 #abh1 p4 #deb4 ,swa/ika 9 %ell1 f ,fa9s ,isl&1 fig4 #adj1 p4 #dff4 ,spid]1 same1 fig4 #ada4 ,spirals on pott]y vase1 fig4 #afe1 p4 #dhd4 ---- ,anci5t ,pott]y ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc4 ,spirals on pott]y1 figs4 #djb1 p4 #cif2 #dac1 p4 #djc2 #dae1 #daf1 p4 #djd2 #dce1 p4 #daf2 #ddb1 p4 #dba2 9 basketry1 fig4 #dhe1 p4 #dfb4 ,maltese cross1 fig4 #deh1 p4 #dcj4 ---- ,anci5t ,art 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,*iriqui4 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhd-he4 ,conv5tional alligator1 s]ies ( d]ivations %[+ /ages ( simplification ( animal *>act]s1 figs4 #beg to #ebh1 pp4 #agc-aha4 ,sp9dle-:orls1 ,*iriqui1 figs4 #bah-bbj1 p4 #adi4 ---- ,! ,cross us$ z a ,symbol by ! ,anci5t ,am]icans4 ,trans4 ,an?rop4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #ahhc4 ,,humphreys1 ,h4 ,,noel4 ,! ,co9 ,collector's ,manual1 or guide to ! numismatic /ud5t 9 ! =mation ( ,a ,cab9et ( ,co9s3 ,compris+ ,an ,hi/orical & ,critical ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,co9age f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire2 ) ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,co9ages ( ,mod]n ,europe1 ,m especially ( ,great ,brita94 ,by ,h4 ,noel ,humphreys1 ,au?or ( ,! ,co9s ( ,engl&1 ,anci5t ,co9s & ,m$als1 etc41 etc4 ,) above "o hundr$ & fifty illu/rations on ,wood & ,/eel4 ,9 two volumes4 ,london3 ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn1 ,york ,/reet1 ,conv5t ,g>d54 #ahec4 #ab1 7#a71 pp4 i-xxiv1 #a-ceb2 7#b71 pp4 #cec-gbf4 ,pun*-m>ks on anci5t co9s1 ,vol4 ,i4 pls4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,triquetrum1 triskele or triskelion on co9s ( ,sicily1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eg1 & note4 ,,kell]1 ,,f]d9&4 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & ,o!r ,p>ts ( ,europe4 ,by ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,kell] ,presid5t ( ! ,antiqu>ian ,association ( ,zri* ,second ,edition1 ,greatly ,enl>g$ ,translat$ & ,arrang$ by ,john ,edw>d ,leo1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,au?or ( ,isca ,silurum etc4 ,9 ,two ,volumes ,vol4 ,i4 7,vol4 ,,ii7 ,london ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co4 #ahgh ,all rights res]v$4 #h1 ,vol4 ,i1 text1 pp4 i-xv1 #a-fif2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pls4 ,,ccvi4 ,swa/ika1 ,lake ,b\rget1 patt]n-/amp & pott]y impr9t1 p4 #cci1 note #a1 pl4 ,,clxi1 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,,langdon1 ,,ar?ur ,g4 ,ornam5ts ( ,e>ly ,crosses ( ,cornwall4 ,royal ,in/itute ( ,cornwall1 ,vol4 ,x1 pt4 #a1 ,may1 #ahij1 pp4 #cc-if4 ,,le ,,plongeon1 ,,augu/us4 ,sacr$ ,my/]ies ,among ! ,mayas & ! ,qui*es1 #aa1ejj ,ye>s ,ago4 ,_! ,relation to ! ,sacr$ ,my/]ies ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,*aldea & ,india4 ,free ,masonry ,9 ,times ,ant]ior to ,! ,temple ( ,solomon4 ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,augu/us ,le ,plongeon1 ,au?or ( ,essay on ! ,causes ( ,e>?quakes2 ,religion ( ,jesus ,comp>$ ) ! ,tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*2 ,! ,monum5ts ( ,mayas & _! ,hi/orical ,tea*+s4 ,new ,york3 ,rob]t ,macoy1 #d ,b>clay ,/reet4 #ahhf4 #h1 pp4 #afc4 ,cross & ,crux ansata1 p4 #abh4 ---- ,mayapan & ,maya ,inscriptions4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,antiq4 ,soc41 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 ,april #ba1 #ahha4 ,also pr9t$ z a sep>ate4 ,see pp4 #ae1 #ag1 & figs4 #g1 #ac1 & frontispiece4 ,,littr',s ,,fr5* ,,diction>y4 ,title1 ,sva/ika4 ,mc,a,d,a,m,s1 ,,william4 ,records ( ,anci5t ,races 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley2 ,be+ an acc\nt ( "s ( ! ,pictographs1 sculptur$ hi]oglyphics1 symbolic devices1 emblems1 & tra- ditions ( ! prehi/oric races ( ,am]ica1 ) "s sugge/ions z to _! orig94 ,) cuts & views illu/rat+ ov] ?ree hundr$ objects & symbolic devices4 ,by ,wm4 ,mc,adams1 ,au?or ( 99 99 99 99 99 ,/4 ,l\is3 ,c4 ,r4 ,b>ns ,publi%+ ,co4 #ahhg4 #d1 pp4 i-xii1 #a-abj4 ,m\nd vessels ) pa9t$ symbols1 sun symbols1 cross symbols1 cross ) b5t arms 7,swa/ika71 etc41 ,*ap4 ,,xv1 pp4 #fb-fh4 ,cites ,"l ,k9sbor\gh1 ,antiquities ( ,mexico1 = c]ta9 =ms ( ! cross1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! ,swa/ika & ! ?ird ! ,n&av>taya ,*ap4 xvii1 pp4 #fb-fh4 ,,macri*ie1 ,,david4 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,britons3 ,a ,retrospect4 ,london3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5* ,co41 #a ,pat]no/] ,squ>e4 #ahhd4 ,two vols41 #h4 7#a71 pp4 i-viii1 #a-dja2 7#b71 i-viii1 #a-ddi4 ,sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl& 7p4 #aae71 ! ,newton /one1 a comp\nd ( ,ori5tal & we/]n languages 7pp4 #aag-aah74 ,e?nologic resemblances betwe5 old & new _w peoples consid]$4 ,vol4 ,,ii 7app474 ,,mall]y1 ,,g>rick4 ,picture writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhh-hi1 pp4 #a-hjg1 pls4 ,i-,,liv1 figs4 #a-abij4 ,sun & /> symbols1 figs4 #aaah-aabi1 pp4 #fid-fig4 ,human =m 7cross7 symbols1 figs4 #aafd-aagc1 pp4 #gje-gji4 ,cross symbols1 figs4 #abbe-abcd1 pp4 #gbd-gcj4 ,pi>oa color /amps1 fret patt]n1 fig4 #ihb1 p4 #fba4 ,,m>*1 ,h4 ,,colley4 ,! ,fylfot & ! ,fu?ore ,tir4 ,cit$ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahhf4 ,,masson1 ----4 ,! ,swa/ika f\nd on l>ge rock ne> ,k>a*i4 ,balo*i/an1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #h1 cit$ 9 ,ogam ,monum5ts1 by ,bra%1 p4 #ahi4 ,,mat,,riaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme4 ,revue m5suelle illu/re4 7,fonde p> ,m4 ,g4 ,de ,mortillet1 #ahfe #ahfh47 ,dirige p> ,m4 mile ,c>tailhac4 99 99 99 ,swa/ika1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #ahha4 ,prehi/oric ,cemet]ies 9 ,caucasus1 by ,e4 ,*antre1 pp4 #aed-aff4 ,excavations at ,cyprus1 by ,g5]al di ,cesnola1 p4 #daf4 ,signification ( ! ,swa/ika1 by ,m4 ,gir>d de ,reale1 p4 #edh4 ,swa/ika1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 #ahhd4 tude sur quelques ,ncropoles ,hal/atti5nes de l',autri*e et de l',italie4 ,by ,erne/ ,*antre1 ,swa/ika on ,ar*aic ,vase1 fig4 #e1 p4 #h4 ,croix ,gamme1 figs4 #ab & #ac1 p4 #ad4 ,cross1 p4 #abb4 ,swa/ika1 pp4 #acg-aci4 ,swa/ika sculpt sur pi]re1 ,brit]os1 ,portugal1 fig4 #acc1 p4 #bid4 ,necropolis ( ,hal/att1 pp4 #ac1 #ad2 p4 #aci1 fig4 #hd2 p4 #bhj1 ,report ( spe>head ) ,swa/ika & runic inscription1 f\nd at ,torcello1 ne> ,v5ice1 by ,undset4 ,swa/ika1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 #ahhf4 ,frontispiece ( ,janu>y numb]4 ,swa/ika f ,museum1 ,may5ce4 ,,mat!ws1 ,,wa%+ton4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,*ant4 ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-hd1 pp4 #cgi-dfg1 pls4 ,x-,,xviii1 figs4 #ej-ei4 ,swa/ika 9 ,navajo ,m\nta9 ,*ant4 ,second 787 ,dry ,pa9t+1 pl4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #dej1 #dea4 ,,montelius1 ,,osc>4 ,! ,civilization ( ,sw$5 9 ,hea!n ,times by ,osc> ,montelius1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor at ! ,national ,hi/orical ,museum1 ,/ockholm4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,sw$i% ,edition ,revis$ & enl>g$ = ! au?or by ,rev4 ,f4 ,h4 ,woods1 ,b4 ,d4 ,vic> ( ,*alfont ,/4 ,pet]4 ,) ,map & ,two ,hundr$ & ,five ,illu/rations4 ,london ,macmillan & ,co4 & ,new ,york4 #ahhh4 pp4 i-xvi1 #a-bad4 ,! :eel ) cross on _m monum5ts ( ! ,bronze ,age became almo/ unkn[n dur+ ! ,age ( ,iron 79 ,sc&9avia74 ,x 0 ! contr>y ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,compte-,r5du1 ,cong4 ,int]4 d',an?rop4 et d',ar*4 ,prhi/orique4 #gme session1 #ahgd1 ,i1 pp4 #dci1 #dfj4 ,,moorehead1 ,,w>r5 ,k4 ,primitive ,man ,9 ,ohio by ,w>r5 ,k4 ,moorehead ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce ,au?or ( ,=t ,anci5t1 ! ,great ,prehi/oric ,e>?work ( ,ohio1 etc4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 #ahib4 pp4 i-xii1 #a-bdf4 ,discov]ies 9 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,*illico!1 ,rose ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 pp4 #ahd-aif4 ,swa/ika1 p4 #aic4 ,,morgan1 ,j4 ,,de4 ,mission ,sci5tifique au ,caucase ,etudes ,ar*ologiques et ,hi/oriques p> ,j4 ,de ,morgan ,tome ,premi] ,les ,premi]s ,ages ,des ,mtaux ,dans l',armnie ,russe ,p>is ,erne/ ,l]\x1 diteur #bh1 ,rue ,bonap>te1 #bh #ahhi4 #h1 7#a71 pp4 i-iii1 #a-bca2 7#b71 pp4 i-iv1 #a-cje4 ,swa/ikas on bronze p9-heads f prehi/oric ,arm5ian graves4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afj1 figs4 #agg1 #agh1 #agi4 ,,mortillet1 ,,gabriel et ,,adri5 ,,de4 ,muse ,prhi/orique p> ,gabriel et ,adri5 de ,mortillet ,photogravures ,mi*elet ,p>is ,c4 ,re9wald1 ,libraire-diteur #ae1 ,rue des ,sa9ts-,pres1 #ae #ahha ,t\s ,droits ,rs]vs4 #d4 ,plan*es ,c1 figs4 #abfi4 ,t9t9nabulum & ,buddha ) ,swa/ika1 pl4 ,,xcviii1 fig4 #abcj4 ,swiss ,lake pott]y1 fig4 #abca4 ,swa/ika1 _m repres5tations1 pl4 ,,xcix1 figs4 #abcc1 #abcd1 #abce1 #abci1 #abdj1 #abda1 #abdd1 #abdf1 #abdg1 #abdh1 #abdi2 pl4 ,c1 figs4 #abee1 #abef1 #abeg1 #abfa1 #abfc1 #abfd1 #abfe1 #abff1 #abfg4 ,crosses--div]s1 pl4 ,,xcix1 etc4 ,,mortillet1 ,,gabriel ,,de4 ,le ,prhi/orique ,antiquit de l',homme p> ,gabriel de ,mortillet ,pr(esseur d'an?ropologie prhi/orique l'cole d'an?ropologie de ,p>is4 #fd figures int]cales dans le texte4 ,p>is ,c4 ,re9wald1 ,libraire-diteur #ae1 ,rue des ,sa9ts-,pres1 #ae #ahhc ,t\s droits rs]vs4 #ab1 pp4 #a-fdb4 ,communications betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 ---- ,le ,signe de la ,croix ,avant le ,*ri/ianisme p> ,gabriel de ,mortillet ,directeur des ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire positive et philosophique de l'homme avec #aag gravures sur bois4 ,p>is ,c4 ,re9wald1 ,libraire-diteur #ae1 rue des ,sa9ts-,pre1 #ae #ahff ,t\s droits rs]vs4 ,see p4 #ahb4 ,m,,ll]1 ,f4 ,,max4 ,*ips f ,a ,g]man ,work%ip4 ,by ,max ,mll]1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,essays on 99 99 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]1 ,arm/rong ,co4 ,successors to ,*>les ,scribn] ,co4 ,essays on ,my?ology1 ,traditions1 & ,cu/oms4 ,sva/i1 ,sanscrit1 mean+ joy or happ9ess4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bd4 ,swa/ika4 ,lett] to ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 pp4 #cdf-cdi4 ,swa/ika1 ,review (1 ,a!num 7,lond471 ,no4 #cccb1 ,aug4 #bj1 #ahib1 p4 #bff4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,ludwig4 ,swa/ika4 ,proc4 ,royal ,dani% ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,fif? s]ies1 ,section ( ,hi/ory & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ic4 ,,munro1 ,,rob]t4 ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s or ,crannogs ) a ,supplem5t>y ,*apt] on ,rema9s ( ,lake ,dwell+s 9 ,engl& by ,rob]t ,munro1 ,m4 ,a4 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,scot4 7,design7 ,ed9burgh3 ,david ,d\glas #ahha ,all rights res]v$4 #h1 pp4 i-xx1 #a-cbf4 ,swa/ika on p9 & triskelion on plank1 crannog ( ,lo*lee1 figs4 #add & #adi1 pp4 #acj-acd4 ,note by ,montelius1 figs4 #aa & #ab1 p4 #aca4 ---- ,! ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe3 ,be+ ! ,rh9d ,lectures 9 ,ar*ology = #ahhh4 ,by ,rob]t ,munro1 ,m4 ,a41 ,m4 ,d41 ,secret>y ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&2 ,au?or ( ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s or ,crannogs4 ,cassell ,company1 ,limit$3 ,london1 ,p>is ,melb\rne4 #ahij 7,all rights res]v$74 #d1 pp4 i-xl1 #a-fjj4 ,swa/ika 9 ,lake ,b\rget 7,savoy71 fig4 #aie1 ,nos4 #aa & #ab1 pp4 #ecb & #ech2 9 ,lisnacrogh]a 7,irel&71 fig4 #abd1 ,no4 #bj2 triskele1 fig4 #abd1 ,no4 #bb1 pp4 #chc1 #ehe4 ,,nadaillac1 ,m>quis de4 ,prehi/oric ,am]ica by ! ,m>quis de ,nadaillac ,translat$ by ,n4 ,d',anv]s ,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 7,design ( ,vase7 ) #bai illu/rations ,new ,york & ,london ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #ahhd4 #h1 pp4 i-vii1 #a-eff4 ,swa/ika 787 alleg$ to be on ! ,pemb]ton hamm] f ,new ,j]sey1 pp4 #bb1 note #a1 cit+ ,pr(essor ,haldeman1 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahgg1 ,rep4 ,peabody ,museum1 #ahgh1 p4 #bee4 ,dr4 ,abbott d5\nces ?is inscription z a fraud4 ,primitive ,indu/ry1 p4 #cb4 ,,newton1 ,,john4 ,hi/ory ( ,migration ( ! ,triskelion f ,sicily to ! ,isle ( ,man1 ?r\gh ,h5ry ,,iii ( ,engl& & ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl&4 ,a!num1 ,no4 #cche1 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahib1 pp4 #cec1 #ced4 ,,ni*olson1 ,,cornelius4 ,report ( ,swa/ika f\nd 9 rec5tly explor$ ,mosaic pavem5t 9 ,isle ( ,wight1 ,munro's ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s1 note1 p4 #acb4 ,,petrie1 ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s4 ,naukratis 7,greek inscription74 ,"p ,i1 #ahhd-he by ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,) ,*apt]s by ,cecil ,smi?2 ,erne/ ,g>dn]1 ,b4 ,a42 & ,b>clay ,v4 ,head4 7,design1 two sides ( co947 ,?ird ,memoir ( ,! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund4 ,publi%$ by ,ord] ( ! ,committee4 ,london3 ,trbn] ,co41 #eg #ei1 ,ludgate ,hill4 #ahhf4 ,folio1 pp4 #a-ajj1 pls4 #a-bh4 ,swa/ika 9 ,egypt1 f\r? & fif? c5turies ,b4 ,c41 pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #c4 ,me&] ,swa/ikas1 pl4 ,v1 figs4 #ae1 #bd4 ,,pr,,hi/oris*e ,,bl,,tt]4 ,von ,dr4 ,julius ,nan1 9 ,mn*54 ,,vi4 ,jahrg41 #ahid4 ,mn*54 ,nr4 #e4 ,mit ,taf4 ,,xi-,,xv4 ,sd]b]g1 ,sv54 ,die ,?i]ornam5tik d] ,vlk]w&]ungszeit4 ,mit ,t]tabildung5 und ,tafel ,,xi-,,xv4 ,lund1 ,sw$54 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 p4 #gc4 ,,prime1 ,,william ,c4 ,pott]y & ,porcela9 ,( ,all ,times ,& ,nations ,) ,tables ( ,factory & ,arti/s' ,m>ks ,= ! ,use ( ,collectors by ,william ,c4 ,prime1 ,,ll4 ,d4 7,design7 ,new ,york ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,publi%]s ,frankl9 ,squ>e #ahgh4 #h1 pp4 #a-eca4 ,symbolic m>ks on ,*9ese porcela94 ,tablet ( honor inclos+ ,swa/ika4 ,fig4 #aee1 p4 #bed2 fig4 #cc1 p4 #fa4 ,,que5 ,,lace ,,book1 ,!4 ,a ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,acc\nt ( ! ,h&-,made ,antique ,laces ( ,all ,c\ntries4 99 99 ) ,?irty ,illu/rations ( ,lace ,specim5s1 & sev5 ,diagrams ( ,lace ,/it*es4 ,london3 ,! ,que5 ,(fice1 #cdf1 ,/r&1 ,w4 ,c4 #ahgd4 ,all rights res]v$4 pp4 i-viii1 #a-ch4 ,swa/ika design 9 l95 embroid]y & cutwork 7,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,geometric ,/yle74 pl4 #a1 fig4 #b4 ,,rawl9son1 ,,george4 ,! ,religions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,by ,george ,rawl9son1 ,m4 ,a4 ,au?or ( ,! ,sev5 ,great ,mon>*ies ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/]n ,_w1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,hur/ ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #abb ,nassau ,/reet4 #ab1 pp4 #a-ahj4 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,sanscrit ,indians4 ,agni1 ! god ( ,fire1 describ$ pp4 #hg1 #hi4 ,sun1 ,w9d1 ,dyaus 7,heav571 & ,pri?ivi 7,e>?74 ,no?+ said ab\t ,swa/ika or ,sol> circle4 ,,ri*t]1 ,,max ,,ohnefals*4 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus4 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 ,vol4 ,,xi 7s]4 ,,iii71 pp4 #ffi-fhb4 ,,rob9son1 ,,david4 ,a ,t\r ?r\gh ,! 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,au?or ,by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,i4 ,briti% ,ar*itects ,au?or ( ,troy & ,its ,rema9s1 ,myc51 etc4 ,) a ,preface1 ,app5dices1 & ,notes ,by ,pr(essors ,rudolf ,vir*[1 ,max ,mll]1 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy1 ,h4 ,brugs*-,bey1 ,p4 ,as*]son1 ,m4 ,a4 ,po/olaccas1 ,m4 ,e4 ,burn\f1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,calv]t1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,duffield4 7,greek ,v]se7 ,) ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,ab\t #a1hjj ,illu/rations4 ,new ,york ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,frankl9 ,squ>e #ahha4 #h1 pp4 i-xvi1 #a-hjj4 ,swa/ika3 ,introduction1 p4 xi1 & pp4 #bbi1 #bca1 #cjc1 #cdi1 #cec1 #daf1 #eah1 #ega1 #egc4 ,owl-fac$ 787 vases1 figs4 #bbg1 #abic1 #abid4 ,fig4 #ihf 7n owl1 b human1 ,vir*[71 pp4 xiii1 xiv4 ,figures ( ,swa/ika on sp9dle-:orls--passim--fig4 #ahej is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ---- ,myc52 ,a ,n>rative ( ,rese>*es & ,discov]ies at ,myc5 & ,tiryns4 ,by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann1 ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,au?or ( ,troy & ,its ,rema9s1 ,i?aque1 ,le ,peloponnse et ,troie1 & ,la ,*9e et le ,japon4 ,! ,preface ,by ! 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,nor!rn ,/> & o!r titles1 ) _m hundr$s ( fac-similes & illu/rations p>tly 9 gold1 silv]1 bronze & colors4 ,runic alphabets2 introductions2 app5dices2 ^w-li/s1 etc4 ,london1 ,john ,russell ,smi?4 ,kob5hav51 ,mi*aels5 & ,tillge4 ,pr9t$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,?iele1 #ahff-fg4 #h1 pp4 i-xi1 #a-fbe4 ,,/ev5son1 ,,james4 ,collections made 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 #ahgi1 by ,james ,/ev5son4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 pp4 #cjg-dfe1 figs4 #cdg-fig4 ,spiral 9 basketry1 fig4 #edb4 ,swa/ika 7dance-rattle71 fig4 #efb1 p4 #cid4 ,maltese cross1 fig4 #fdb4 ,greek cross1 fig4 #gjh1 p4 #dec4 ,,sykes1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,notes on ! religi\s1 moral1 & political /ate ( ,india be=e ! ,mohamm$an invasion1 *iefly f\nd$ on ! travels ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ prie/1 ,fa-,hian1 9 ,india1 ,a4 ,d4 #cii1 & on ! comm5t>ies ( ,messrs4 ,klapro?1 ,burn\f1 & ,l&resse4 ,j\rnal ,royal ,asiatic ,society ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bdh1 #bii1 #caj1 #ccd4 ,,?omas1 ,,cyrus4 ,burial ,m\nds ( ,nor!rn ,sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-hd1 pp4 #c-aai1 pls4 ,i-,,vi1 figs4 #a-di4 ,excavations 9 ,little ,et[ah ,m\nds4 ,human figures on copp] plates1 rep\ss "w1 figs4 #db1 #dc1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 ,eagle 7copp]7 ,m\nd ne> ,bluff ,lake1 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 fig4 #dh1 p4 #aje4 ---- ,report on ! ,m\nd ,explorations ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,twelf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahij-ia1 pp4 #a-gcj1 pls4 ,i-,,xlii1 figs4 #a-cdd4 ,human figures 7copp]71 rep\ss "w1 figs4 #ahf1 p4 #cjd2 #ahi1 p4 #cjf4 ,eagle ,m\nd 9 ,ill9ois1 fig4 #aib1 p4 #cji4 ,swa/ika on %ell1 ,big ,toco ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee1 fig4 #bfb1 p4 #chc4 ,,?omas1 ,g4 ,w4 ,excavations 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,cemet]y1 ,slea=d1 ,l9coln%ire4 ,swa/ika4 ,ar*ologia1 ,vol4 ,l1 #ahhg1 pt4 #b1 p4 #chf1 pl4 ,,xxiv1 fig4 #b4 ,,tylor1 ,,edw>d ,b4 ,an?ropology3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,man & ,civilization4 ,by ,edw>d ,b4 ,taylor1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 #a1 #c1 & #e ,bond ,/reet4 #ahha4 #ab1 pp4 #a-ddh4 ,sp9n+ & sp9dle :orls1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4 ---- ,primitive ,culture ,rese>*es into ! ,developm5t ( ,my?ology1 ,philosophy1 ,religion1 ,language1 ,art & ,cu/om by ,edw>d ,e4 ,tylor1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,au?or ( ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 etc4 7,quotation 9 ,fr5*7 ,fir/ ,am]ican1 f ! ,second ,engli% ,edition ,9 ,two ,volumes 7,design7 ,bo/on ,e/es ,lauriat #adc ,wa%+ton ,/reet #ahgd4 #h1 7#a71 pp4 i-xii1 #a-ejb2 7#b71 pp4 i-viii1 #a-dgj4 ,,wake1 ,c4 ,s4 ,! ,swa/ika & ,alli$ ,symbols4 ,am4 ,antiqu>ian1 #ahid1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #dac4 ,! writ] cites ,pr(4 ,alois ,raimond ,he91 ,me&]1 etc41 ,worbelornam5te 9 ,am]ika4 ,vi5na1 #ahia4 ,,w>+1 ,j4 ,b4 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages2 ,) ,essays on ! ,symbols ( ! ,circle1 ! ,cross & ,circle1 ! ,circle & ,ray ,ornam5t1 ! ,fylfot1 & ! ,s]p5t1 ,%[+ _! ,relation to ! ,primitive ,=ms ( ,sol> & ,nature ,wor%ip1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,w>+1 ,au?or ( ,/one ,monum5ts1 ,tumuli1 & ,ornam5t ( ,remote ,ages1 ,illu/rations ( ,ar*itecture & ,ornam5t1 ,! ,art ,treasures ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 c41 c4 ,london3 ,pr9t$ & ,publi%$ by ,john ,b4 ,day1 ,savoy ,/reet1 ,/r& #ahgd4 ,folio1 pp4 #a-abg1 pls4 #a-ee4 ,swa/ika2 ,triskelion2 ,anci5t co9s4 ,plates #b1 #c1 #g1 #bg1 #cc1 #da-dd4 ,,wi5]1 ,,*>les4 ,pr\ et ,bolivie ,rcit de ,voyage suivi d'tudes ,ar*ologiques et ,e?nograhiques et de ,notes ,sur l'criture et les ,langues des ,populations ,indi5nes p> ,*>les ,wi5] ,ouvrage ,cont5ant #ajj ,gravures1 #bg c>tes et #ah plans 7,design7 ,p>is ,librairie ,ha*ette et ,cie4 #gi1 ,b\lev>d ,sa9t-,g]ma91 #gi #ahhj ,droits de ,proprit et de traduction rs]vs4 #h1 pp4 i-xi1 #a-gif4 ,*ri/ian cross 9 ,am]ica4--,means us$ to implant x4 ,*ap4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gaf-gcj4 ,,wood1 ,j4 ,g4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man2 ,be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,unciviliz$ ,races ( ,m54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 etc41 etc4 ,) ,new ,designs by ,angas1 ,danby1 ,wolf1 ,zweck]1 etc41 etc4 ,engrav$ by ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel4 ,london3 ,george ,r\tl$ge & ,sons1 ,! ,broadway1 ,ludgate4 ,new ,york3 #daf ,broome ,/reet4 #ahfh4 #b vols41 #h1 pp4 #ggd1 #hfd4 ,! ,gurani ,indians we> ! queyu or bead apron2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fbf1 b ! ,w>aus we> only a triangul> bit ( b>k1 p4 #fbc4 ,,wright1 ,t4 ,f4 ,notes on ! ,swa/ika4 ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t1 ,london4 ,octob]1 #ahid1 p4 #cjj4 ,,zmigrodzki1 ,,mi*ael ,v4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,swa/ika von ,mi*ael ,v4 ,zmigrodzki ,mit ,vi] ,figur5 im ,text und ,vi] ,tafeln4 ,brauns*weig1 ,druck und ,v]lag von ,fri$]i* ,vieweg und ,sohn4 #ahij4 ---- ,hi/oire du ,sua/ika4 ,congrs ,int]national d',an?rop4 et ,ar*ol4 ,prhi/4 ,compte ,r5du de la dixime session ,p>is1 #ahhi pp4 #dgc-dij4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,fac+ page4 ,pl4 #a4 ,orig9 ( ,buddha1 ) ,swa/ika sign1 accord+ to ,tao ,%ih #hjj #b4 ,swa/ika decre$ by ,empress ,wu 7#fhd-gjd ,a4 ,d47 z a sign = sun 9 ,*9a #hjj #c4 ,swa/ika design on silk fabrics #hjj #d4 ,swa/ika 9 spid] web ov] fruit #hjj #e4 ,buffalo ) ,swa/ika on =ehead4 ,pres5t$ to ,emp]or ( ,sung ,dyna/y #hjj #f4 ,inc5se burn] ) ,swa/ika decoration4 ,s\? ,tang ,dyna/y #hjj #g4 ,h\se ( ,wa ,tsung-,*ih ( ,s9 ,%91 ) ,swa/ika 9 rail+ #hjj #h4 ,m\nta9 or wild date--fruit resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,*9a #hjj #i4 ,pun* m>ks on rev]se ( anci5t co9s #hgf ,fig4 #a4 ,co9 f ,lydia4 ,electrum4 ,rev]se4 ,oblong s9k+ betwe5 two squ>es4 ,babylonic /at]4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n co9age4 ,circa ,b4 ,c4 #gjj4 #b4 ,ph5ician half /at]4 ,electrum4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e ) cruci=m ornam5t4 #c4 ,silv] co9 ( ,teos4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e4 ,circa #edd ,b4 ,c4 #d4 ,silv] co9 ( ,acan?us4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e4 #e4 ,silv] co9 ( ,m5de4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse triangles4 #f4 ,silv] co9 ( ,t]one4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse4 #g4 ,co9 ( ,bisalt4#caf ,rev]se4 ,flat incuse squ>e4 ,octadra*m4 #h4 ,silv] co9 ( ,orrescii4#caf ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e4 ,octadra*m4 #i4 ,cor9?ian silv] co94 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e divid$ into eight triangul> comp>tm5ts4 #aj4 ,silv] co9 ( ,abd]a4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e4 #aa4 ,silv] co9 ( ,byzantium4 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e1 granulat$4 #ab4 ,silv] co9 ( ,?rasos 7,?race74 ,rev]se4 ,incuse squ>e4 #aj4 ,engrav$ ,fulgur 787 %ell resembl+ /atue ( ,buddha4 ,toco m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aaeefj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hhj #aa4 ,plan ( ,nor? ,=k 7,hopewell7 ,works1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,smi?sonian ,contrib4 to ,k1 ,i1 pl4 ,x #hhh #ab4 ,plan ( ,hopewell m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 9 :i* aborig9al copp] ,swa/ikas 7 f\nd4 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 pl4 ,,xxxiv #hhh #ac4 ,human skull1 ) copp]-cov]$ horns1 probably ( elk4 ,hopewell m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 frontispiece #hij #ad4 ,alt>1 ,hopewell m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,f\nd ne> ! copp] ,swa/ika %[n 9 fig4 #bdd4 ,primitive ,man 9 ,ohio1 fig4 ,,xxxvii4 ,cat4 ,no4 #adhffb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hij #ae4 ,bead necklace & g>t]s ) ,swa/ika ornam5tation4 ,sac ,indians #hid #af4 ,c]emonial bead g>t]s ) ,swa/ikas4 ,sac ,indians1 ,cook ,c\nty 7,kansas7 ,res]vation #hif #ag4 ,navajo ,m\nta9 ,*ant4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws4 ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhc-hd1 pl4 ,,xvii #hih #ah4 ,folium ,vitus 7fig leaves7--t]ra-cotta cov]s1 tunga1 us$ by aborig9es ( ,brazil4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #eijhi & #cfedb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ijd #ai4 ,v>i\s =ms ( crosses 9 use among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 f ,greek cross to ,swa/ika4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,liii #ibh ,fig4 #a4 ,greek cross4 #b4 ,greek cross4 #c4 ,cross on copp]4 #d4 ,cross on %ell4 #e4 ,greek cross4 #f4 ,greek cross4 #g4 ,lat9 cross1 copp]4 #h4 ,greek cross4 #i4 ,lat9 cross1 copp]4 #aj4 ,swa/ika on %ell4 #aa4 ,swa/ika on %ell4 #ab4 ,swa/ika on pott]y4 #ac4 ,swa/ika on pott]y4 #bj4 ,pal5que cross1 foliat$4 ,smi?sonian ,contrib4 to ,k1 ,,xxii1 fig4 #g1 p4 #cc #icb #ba4 ,mod]n porcela9 sp9dle-:orls4 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afieih1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifh #bb4 ,navajo woman us+ sp9dle & :orl4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahha-hb1 pl4 ,,xxxiv #igj #bc4 ,s]ies ( aborig9al sp9dles & :orls f ,p]u4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ageaj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igb #bd4 ,select$ specim5s ( sp9dle-:orls f ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif? cities ( ,troy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum #igd #be4 ,select$ specim5s ( sp9dle-:orls f ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif? cities ( ,troy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum #igd ,,text ,,figures4 ,page4 ,fig4 #a4 ,lat9 cross 7,crux immissa7 #gfe #b4 ,greek cross #gfe #c4 ,/4 ,&rew's cross 7,crux decussata7 #gfe #d4 ,egyptian cross 7,crux ansata71 ! ,key ( ,life #gff #e4 ,tan cross1 ,?or's hamm]1 ,/4 ,an?ony's cross #gff #f4 ,monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e #gff #g4 ,maltese cross #gff #h4 ,celtic crosses #gfg #i4 ,normal ,swa/ika4 ,arms cross+ at "r angles1 ) ends b5t to ! "r #gfg #aj4 ,suava/ika4 ,arms b5t to ! left #gfg #aa4 ,swa/ika #gfg #ab4 ,croix swa/icale 7,zmigrodzki7 #gfg #ac;a4 ,ogee & spiral ,swa/ikas4 ,tetraskelion 7f\r-arm$7 #gfh #ac;b4 ,spiral & volute4 ,triskelion 7?ree-arm$7 #gfh #ac;c4 ,spiral & volute 7five or _m arm$7 #gfh #ac;d4 ,ogee ,swa/ika ) circle #gfh #ad4 ,n&v>taya1 a ?ird sign ( ! footpr9t ( ,buddha4 ,burn\f1 ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 ,p>is1 #aheb1 p4 #fbf #ggd #ae4 ,typical lotuses on ,cyprian vases4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 p4 #gg #ghb #af4 ,typical lotus on ,rhodian vases4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc4 #ghb #ag4 ,typical lotus on ,melian vases4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus #ghb #ah4 ,detail ( ,cyprian vase %[+ lotuses ) curl+ sepals4 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlvii1 fig4 #a #ghb #ai4 ,details ( a ,cyprian amphora2 lotus ) curl+ sepals1 & diff]5t ,swa/ikas4 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlvii1 figs4 #b & #c #ghc #bj4 ,!ory ( ! evolution ( ! spiral scroll f lotus4 ,"o volute4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #ea #ghc #ba4 ,!ory ( lotus rudim5ts 9 spiral4 ,tomb #cc1 ,abd-el-,k\rneh1 ,!bes4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 p4 #if #ghc #bb4 ,conc5tric r+s connect$ by tang5ts4 ,petrie1 ,hi/ory ( ,sc>abs4 #ghd #bc4 ,conc5tric r+s ) disconnect$ tang5ts4 ,b>r+] ,coll41 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 ,pl4 ,,viii1 fig4 #bc #ghd #bd4 ,conc5tric r+s )\t connection4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,viii1 fig4 #be4 ,f>man ,coll41 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 #ghd #be4 ,special ,egyptian me&]4 ,an illu/ration ( ! !ory ( d]ivation f ! spiral4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,x1 fig4 #i #ghd #bf4 ,detail ( ,greek vase4 ,me&] & ,swa/ika4 ,no4 #bhdc 9 ,polyte*nic1 ,a!ns4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #agd #ghe #bg4 ,detail ( ,greek geometric vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,swa/ika1 "r1 ) sol> geese4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #agc1 p4 #cec #ghe #bh4 ,greek geometric vase4 ,swa/ika ) sol> geese4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #agb1 p4 #cec #ghe #bi4 ,bronze /atue ( ,buddha4 ,japan4 ,eight ,swa/ikas on p$e/al1 cane t9t9nabulum ) six movable r+s or bells4 ,c]nus*i ,coll4 ,"o-fifte5? natural size #gii #cj4 ,japanese pott]'s m>k on porcela94 ,swa/ika1 left4 ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,catalogue1 etc41 pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #aci2 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdh #gii #ca4 ,pott]'s m>k on porcela94 ,*9a4 ,tablet ( ,honor1 ) ,swa/ika4 ,prime1 ,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #bed #hja #cb4 ,footpr9t ( ,buddha ) ,swa/ika1 f ,am>avati ,tope4 ,f a figure by ,f]gusson & ,s*liemann #hjb #cc4 ,explanation ( ,ja9 ,swa/ika1 accord+ to ,g&hi #hjd 7#a7 ,ar*aic or protoplasmic life2 7#b7 plant & animal life2 7#c7 human life2 7#d7 cele/ial life4 #cd;a4 ,! =mation ( ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika--,fir/ /age #hjd #cd;b4 ,! =mation ( ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika--,second /age #hjd #cd;c4 ,! =mation ( ! ,ja9 ,swa/ika--,?ird /age #hje #ce4 ,bronze p9-head f ,*ei?an-?agh4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agg #hjg #cf4 ,bronze p9-head f ,ak?ala4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agh #hjh #cg4 ,swa/ika m>k on black pott]y4 ,*ei?an-?agh4 ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #agi #hjh #ch4 ,fragm5t ( bronze ce9ture4 ,necropolis ( ,koban1 ,caucasus4 ,swa/ika rep\ss4 ,natural size4 ,*antre1 ,le ,caucase1 pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #c #hjh #ci4 ,bronze agrafe or belt plate4 ,triskelion 9 spiral4 ,koban1 ,caucasus1 ,*antre1 ,le ,caucase1 pl4 ,,xi1 fig4 #d #hji #dj4 ,swa/ika signs f ,asia ,m9or4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 ,,xli1 figs4 #e & #f #hji #da4 ,br& = horses 9 ,circassia4 ,ogee ,swa/ika1 tetraskelion4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #bj;c #hji #db4 ,fragm5t ( lu/r\s black pott]y4 ,swa/ika1 "r4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #bdg #haj #dc4 ,sp9dle-:orl ) two ,swa/ikas & two crosses2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aheh #haa #dd4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 two ,swa/ikas2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgd #haa #de4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 two ,swa/ikas2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiai #haa #df4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 two ,swa/ikas2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbf #haa #dg4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ,swa/ikas2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahea #haa #dh4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 ,swa/ikas2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihb #hab #di4 ,sph]e1 eight segm5ts1 "o conta9+ ,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiii #hab #ej4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aidi #hab #ea4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 six ,swa/ikas2 #cc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahei #hac #eb4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 two ogee ,swa/ikas2 #cc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgf #hac #ec4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 f\r ,swa/ikas2 #cc feet dep?4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdj #hac #ed4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika2 #cc feet dep?4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abda #hac #ee4 ,conical sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ogee ,swa/ikas2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahej #had #ef4 ,conical sp9dle-:orl1 f\r ,swa/ikas1 v>i\s k9ds2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgi #had #eg4 ,conical sp9dle-:orl1 ,swa/ikas2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahid #had #eh4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihc #hae #ei4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ogee ,swa/ikas2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiij #hae #fj4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 two ,swa/ikas2 #af-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfc #hae #fa4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 five ogee ,swa/ikas2 #ah feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aije #haf #fb4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ,swa/ikas2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahee #haf #fc4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 f\r ogee ,swa/ikas1 ) spiral volutes2 #ah feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfh #haf #fd4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfe #haf #fe4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahff #hag #ff4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ,swa/ikas & ?ree burn+ alt>s2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgb #hag #fg4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 f\r ,swa/ikas ( ! ,ja9 /yle2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgc #hag #fh4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ,swa/ikas ( diff]5t /yles2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiab #hag #fi4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika ( ! figure-#h /yle2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfa #hah #gj4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika slightly ogee2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfd #hah #ga4 ,conical sp9dle-:orl1 ?ree ogee ,swa/ikas2 #ac-a_/b feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aheb4 ,gift ( ,mme4 ,s*liemann4 ,cat4 ,no4 #adigjd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hah #gb1 #gc1 #gd4 ,=ms ( :orls f fif? buri$ city ( ,hiss>lik1 = comp>ison4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 figs4 #ahja1 #ahjb1 & #ahjc #hai #ge4 ,t]ra-cotta sph]e1 ?irte5 ,swa/ikas4 ,?ird city2 #bf feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 figs4 #bde1 #bdf #hai #gf4 ,t]ra-cotta disk1 "o ,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahdi #hbj #gg4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 ogee ,swa/ika4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbb #hbj #gh4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 irregul> ,swa/ikas & crosses4 ,f\r? city2 #ac4f foot dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahga #hbj #gi4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 unc]ta9 & mal=m$ ,swa/ikas4 ,?ird city2 #cc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgj #hbj #hj4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 irregul> & p>tly =m$ ,swa/ika ) l>ge dot 9 c5t]4 ,f\r? city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahge #hba #ha4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 flatt5$1 two ,swa/ikas ) indef9ite decoration4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aidg #hba #hb4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 "o ,swa/ika & f\r segm5ts ( circles4 ,?ird city2 #cc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihi #hba #hc4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 flatt5$1 ogee ,swa/ika ) c5t] circle4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihg #hbb #hd4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 six ogee ,swa/ikas1 ) c5t] circle & dot4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfb #hbb #he4 ,sph]ical sp9dle-:orl1 flatt5$ top1 ogee l9es :i* d n =m ,swa/ikas4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahij #hbb #hf4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ogee curves n cross$ to =m ,swa/ikas4 ,f\r? city2 #aj4f feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahhi #hbb #hg4 ,sph]ical sp9dle-:orl flatt5$1 ) two ,swa/ikas comb9$ ) segm5ts & dots4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aihh #hbc #hh4 ,two sections ( t]ra-cotta sph]e1 c5tral circle & _m ext5d$ arms1 ogee & zigzag to ! left4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aiic #hbc #hi4 ,sph]ical sp9dle-:orl1 l>ge c5tral dot ) #ab arms1 9 same =m z ogee ,swa/ika4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #aidf #hbc #ij4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 c5tral dot ) ogee arms radiat+ !refrom1 turn+ 9 diff]5t directions1 b 9 =m ( ,swa/ika4 ,?ird city2 #bi feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcj #hbd #ia4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 c5tral hole ) radiat+ arms4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahdb #hbd #ib4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 l>ge c5tral circle ) _m arms4 ,f\r? city2 #ai4h feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcg #hbd #ic4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 c5tral hole & l>ge circle ) _m curv$ arms4 ,?ird city2 #bi feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahcc #hbd #id4 ,l>ge biconical sp9dle-:orl ) f\r l>ge crosses ) bifurcat$ arms4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahef #hbe #ie4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 hole & l>ge circle 9 c5t] ) broad arms ( ,greek cross4 ,?ird city2 #bf4d feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahbj #hbe #if4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 hole & l>ge circle 9 c5t]1 ext5d$ p>allel arms ( ,greek cross1 ) dots4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahag #hbe #ig4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 arms ( ,greek cross tap]+1 ) dots4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahah #hbe #ih4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 c5tral hole1 ?ree arms ornam5t$ ) dots4 ,?ird city2 #bc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahai #hbf #ii4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ) f\r animals associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,?ird city2 #cc feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahgg #hbf #ajj4 ,biconical sp9dle-:orl1 ) f\r animals associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika4 ,f\r? city2 #ai4f feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahfg #hbf #aja4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 figure-#h ,swa/ika 787 ) six burn+ alt>s4 ,f\r? city2 #ai4f feet dep?4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ahch #hbf #ajb to #aac4 ,trojan sp9dle-:orls4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios #hbg #aad to #abd4 ,trojan ,sp9dle-:orls4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios #hbh #abe4 ,lead5 idol1 ,artemis ,nana ( ,*aldea1 ) ,swa/ika4 ,hiss>lik1 #bc feet dep?1 #a-a_/c natural size4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #bbf #hbi #abf4 ,t]ra-cotta vase ) mamelon4 ,f\r? city2 #af-a_/b feet dep?4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,cat4 ,no4 #adifgf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hcj #abg4 ,t]ra-cotta vase ) circle or r+4 ,f\r? city2 #bj feet dep?4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ihh #hcj #abh4 ,t]ra-cotta vase1 ) circle or r+ ) ,croix swa/icale4 ,f\r? city2 #bj feet dep?4 ,"o-six? natural size4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 fig4 #ihf #hca #abi4 ,t]ra-cotta vase1 ) circle or r+ inclos+ ,swa/ika4 ,fif? city2 #aj feet dep?4 ,two-fif?s natural size4 ,s*liemann1 ,troja1 fig4 #aja #hca #acj4 ,greek vase %[+ de]1 geese1 & ?ree ,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt1 six? & fif? c5turies ,b4 ,c4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,?ird ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pt4 #a1 pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #c2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lx1 fig4 #b #hcd #acj;a4 ,detail ( vase %[n 9 ! prec$+ figure #hcd #aca4 ,pott]y fragm5ts ) two me&] ,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,?ird ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pt4 #a1 pl4 ,v1 figs4 #bd & #ae #hce #acb4 ,fragm5ts ( ,greek vase ) lion & ?ree me&] ,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pt4 #b1 pl4 ,v1 fig4 #g2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxx1 fig4 #b #hce #acc4 ,fragm5t ( ,greek vase ) figures ( sacr$ animals & ,swa/ikas associat$ ) ,greek fret4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pt4 #b1 pl4 ,,vi1 fig4 #a #hcf #acd4 ,fragm5t ( ,greek vase ) figures ( animals1 two me&] ,swa/ikas1 & ,greek fret4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt4 ,petrie1 ,six? ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pt4 #b1 pl4 ,,viii1 fig4 #a2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxx1 fig4 #aj #hcf #ace4 ,greek vase ) de] & me&] & figure-#h ,swa/ikas4 ,naukratis1 anci5t ,egypt4 ,six? ,mem4 ,egypt ,expl4 ,fund1 pl4 ,v1 fig4 #a #hcg #acf4 ,greek tape/ry4 ,coptos1 ,egypt4 ,fir/ & second c5turies ,a4 ,d4 ,=r]1 ,a*mim-,panopolis1 pl4 ,,ix1 fig4 #c #hcg #acg4 ,torus ( column ) ,swa/ikas4 ,roman ru9s1 ,alg]ia4 ,delam>e4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xliii1 fig4 #b #hch #ach4 ,bronze +ots captur$ at ,coomassee dur+ ,a%antee w>4 ,swa/ika on ea* #hch #aci4 ,v>iations ( ! ,greek fret4 ,! two cont9u\s l9es cross+ ea* o!r give ! appe>ance ( ,swa/ikas #hci #adj4 ,greek geometric vase ) goose & ,swa/ika 7panel74 ,smyrna4 ,leyd5 ,museum4 ,conze1 ,anfnge21 etc41 ,vi5na1 #ahgj2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lvi1 fig4 #d #hci #ada4 ,greek vase1 geometric ornam5t1 ,a!ns4 ,horses1 ,swa/ika 7panels74 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 vol4 ,i1 p4 cxiii #hci #adb4 ,greek vase ) ,swa/ikas 7panels74 ,conze1 ,anfnge1 etc41 vol4 #d2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lx1 fig4 #ac #hci #adc4 ,detail ( ,ar*aic ,greek vase ) sol> goose & ,swa/ika 7panel74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #ae #hdj #add4 ,cyprian pott]y plaque ) ,swa/ika 7panel74 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 ,its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 pl4 ,,xlvii1 fig4 #dj #hdj #ade4 ,detail f ,cyprian vase1 ,swa/ikas 9 triangles4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,i1 fig4 #aa #hdj #adf4 ,detail ( ,attic vase ) antelope 787 & ,swa/ika4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhe1 p4 #ej2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #i #hdj #adg4 ,cyprian vase ) ,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 etc41 app5dix by ,murray1 p4 #djd1 fig4 #ae #hda #adh4 ,t]ra-cotta figur9e ) ,swa/ikas 7panels74 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 p4 #cjj4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fha1 fig4 #aa #hda #adi4 ,t]ra-cotta vase1 ,swa/ika1 & figure ( horse #hda #aej4 ,bronze fibula ) ,swa/ika1 goose1 & fi%1 ,boeotia1 ,greece1 "o-half natural size4 ,ludwig ,mll]4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfe #hda #aea4 ,details ( ,greek vase ) birds & ,swa/ikas4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxxiii1 fig4 #bd2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlvi1 fig4 #e #hdb #aeb4 ,detail ( ,cyprian vase1 sun hawk1 lotus1 sol> disk1 ,swa/ikas4 ,blau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhf1 pl4 ,,viii2 ,re9a*1 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahhe1 ,,ii1 p4 #cfj2 ,*ipiez ,p]rot1 ,hi/4 ( ,art 9 ,antiq41 ,,iv1 p4 #efd2 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #c #hdb #aec4 ,detail ( ,greek geometric vase ) horses & ,swa/ika4 ,!ra4 ,leyd5 ,museum4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lxi1 fig4 #d #hdb #aed4 ,bronze fibula ) l>ge ,swa/ika on %ield4 ,greece4 ,muse ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfd4 ,"o-half natural size #hdc #aee4 ,greek vase1 o9o*o1 ) two pa9t$ ,swa/ikas4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdd4 ,"o-qu>t] natural size #hdc #aef4 ,cyprian vase ) animal & ,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlv1 fig4 #cf #hdc #aeg4 ,ar*aic ,greek pott]y fragm5t4 ,santor91 anci5t ,!ra4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #b #hdc #aeh4 ,cyprian vase ) bird1 lotus1 & ,swa/ikas4 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lx1 fig4 #ae #hdd #aei4 ,cyprian vase ) two ,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,coll41 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #aea #hdd #afj4 ,fragm5t ( t]ra-cotta vase ) ,swa/ikas1 f ru9s ( temple at ,paleo-,paphos2 #dj feet dep?4 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 etc41 p4 #baj #hde #afa4 ,wood5 button1 clasp1 or fibula1 cov]$ ) plates ( gold1 ogee ,swa/ika1 7tetraskelion7 9 c5t]4 ,s*liemann1 ,myc51 fig4 #che1 p4 #bei #hde #afb4 ,detail ( ,greek vase ) goose1 honeysuckle 7,an!mion71 spiral ,swa/ika4 ,!ra4 ,monum5ti ,in$ite1 ,,lxv1 #b4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlvi1 fig4 #g #hde #afc4 ,detail ( ,greek vase1 ,sphynx ) spiral scrolls1 two me&] ,swa/ikas 7"r74 ,melos4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 ,,xii2 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxxiv1 fig4 #h #hdf #afd4 ,detail ( ,greek vase1 ibex & scroll1 me&] ,swa/ika 7"r74 ,melos4 ,bhlau1 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhg1 p4 #aba2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxxix1 fig4 #b #hdf #afe4 ,detail ( ,greek vase ) ram1 me&] ,swa/ika 7left71 circles1 dots1 & crosses4 ,rhodian /yle4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,salzmann1 ,necropole de ,camire1 ,,li2 & ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #g #hdf #aff4 ,cyprian vase & details ) birds & ,swa/ikas4 ,p]rot ,*ipiez1 ,*ypre1 etc41 p4 #gjb2 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlviii1 figs4 #f & #ab2 ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 etc41 app5dix by ,murray1 pl4 ,,xliv1 fig4 #cd1 p4 #dab #hdg #afg4 ,cyprian vase ) lotus1 bosses1 buds1 & sepals1 & diff]5t ,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,coll41 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art41 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlviii1 fig4 #c #hdg #afh4 ,cyprian vase ) bosses1 lotus buds1 & diff]5t ,swa/ikas4 ,cesnola ,coll41 ,met4 ,mus4 ( ,art41 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlviii1 fig4 #ae #hdh #afi4 ,detail ( e>ly ,boeotian vase ) horse1 sol> diagram1 ,artemis ) geese1 & ,swa/ikas 7normal & me&]1 "r & left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lxi1 fig4 #ab #hdh #agj4 ,detail ( ,rhodian vase ) geese1 circles1 & dots1 ,swa/ikas 7"r & left74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxvii1 fig4 #i #hdi #aga4 ,detail ( ,rhodian vase ) geese1 lotus1 circles1 & two ,swa/ikas 7"r & left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 fig4 #ade1 pl4 #bga #hdi #agb4 ,greek vase ( typical ,rhodian /yle ) ibex1 geese1 lotus1 six ,swa/ikas 7normal1 me&]1 & ogee1 all left74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bea #hej #agc4 ,detail ( ,greek vase ) de]1 sol> diagrams1 ?ree ,swa/ikas 7s+le1 d\ble1 & me&]1 "r74 ,melos4 ,conze1 ,melios*e ,?ongefsse2 ,goodye> ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lx1 fig4 #h #hea #agd4 ,ar*aic ,greek vase f ,a!ns ) five ,swa/ikas1 ( f\r /yles1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,bir*1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 quot$ 9 ,w>+'s ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #ae2 ,d5nis1 ,etruria1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 xci #hea #age4 ,detail ( ,ar*aic ,boeotian vase ) two s]p5ts1 crosses1 eight ,swa/ikas 7normal1 "r1 left1 & me&]74 ,goodye>1 ,gramm>1 etc41 pl4 ,,lx1 fig4 #i #heb #agf4 ,attic vase = p]fume ) ,swa/ikas ( two k9ds & ,croix swa/icale4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgd1 fig4 #f #heb #agg4 ,detail ( ,cyprian vase1 ,swa/ika ) palm tree1 sacr$ to ,apollo4 ,citium1 ,cyprus4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgc1 fig4 #c #heb #agh4 ,cyprian vase1 birds1 ,swa/ika1 7panel74 ,muse ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgd1 fig4 #f #hec #agi4 ,*>iot ( ,apollo-,resef ) sun symbol 787 on a %ield2 f\r ,swa/ikas1 two "r & two left1 on quadrants ( *>iot :eels4 ,cesnola1 ,salamania1 p4 #bdj1 fig4 #bbf2 & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is #ahhh1 p4 #fge1 fig4 #g #hec #ahj4 ,t]ra-cotta /atue ( goddess1 ,aphrodite-,a/>te1 ) f\r ,swa/ikas4 ,curium1 ,cyprus4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgf1 fig4 #h #hec #aha4 ,cyprian c5taur ) "o ,swa/ika4 ,cesnola1 ,salamania1 p4 #bdc1 fig4 #bcj2 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgf1 fig4 #i #hec #ahb4 ,greek /atue1 ,aphrodite-,ariadne1 ) six ,swa/ikas1 f\r "r1 & two left4 ,f ,poli/is ,*rysokon4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgg1 fig4 #aj #hed #ahc4 ,hut urn 7,bronze ,age71 ,etruria4 ,burn+ ,alt> m>k associat$ ) ,swa/ikas4 ,vatican ,museum #hef #ahd4 ,fragm5t ( ,ar*aic ,greek pott]y ) ?ree ,swa/ikas4 ,cum1 ,campania1 ,italy4 ,ro*ette2 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #a #heh #ahe4 ,c9]>y urn ) ,swa/ikas 9 panels4 ,vatican ,museum4 ,san ,m>9o1 ne> ,albano4 ,pigor9i1 ,ar*ologia1 #ahfi #heh #ahf4 ,c9]>y urn ) ,swa/ikas inclos$ 9 incis$ l9es 9 intaglio 7panels74 ,c]vetri1 ,italy4 ,cone/abile due ,dis*i 9 ,bronzo1 pl4 ,v1 fig4 #b1 "o-six? natural size #heh #ahg4 ,gold fibula ) ,swa/ikas 7left74 ,etruscan ,museum1 ,vatican4 ,catalogue1 #a/ pt41 pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #f1 "o-half natural size #hei #ahh4 ,etruscan gold bulla1 ,swa/ika on bottom4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #d;a #hei #ahi4 ,ornam5tal ,swa/ika on ,etruscan silv] b[l1 ,c]vetri 7,cre71 ,etruria4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #ac #hei #aij4 ,bronze fibula ) two ,swa/ikas 7suppos$ rays ( sun71 ,etruria4 ,cop5hag5 ,museum4 ,goblet d',alviella4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfc #hei #aia4 ,pott]y urn ornam5t$ ) successive b&s1 9 intaglio1 two ( :i* b&s are ,swa/ikas4 ,necropolis ,arnoaldi1 ,italy1 ,museum ( ,bologna4 ,gozzad9i1 ,scavi ,ar*ologici1 etc41 pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #h #hfj #aib4 ,fragm5t ( pott]y1 r[ ( ,swa/ikas 9 intaglio1 ,necropole ,fels9ea1 ,italy1 ,museum ( ,bologna4 ,gozzad9i1 ,due ,sepolcri1 etc41 p4 #g1 "o-half natural size #hfj #aic4 ,swa/ika sign on clay bobb94 ,type ,villanova1 ,bologna4 ,gozzad9i ,coll4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abci #hfj #aid4 ,pott]y vase ornam5t$ ) bronze nail heads 9 =m ( ,swa/ika4 ,e/e1 ,italy4 ,matriaux1 etc41 #ahhd1 p4 #ad #hfa #aie4 ,fragm5t ( pott]y ) ,swa/ika /amp$ 9 relief #hfa #aif4 ,/amp = mak+ ,swa/ika sign on pott]y4 ,swiss lake dwell+ ( ,b\rget1 ,savoy1 ,muse de ,*ambry4 ,*antre1 ,age du ,bronze1 figs4 #ec & #ee2 & ,kell]1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 etc41 pl4 ,,clxi1 fig4 #c #hfa #aig4 ,fragm5t ( ce9ture1 ?9 bronze1 rep\ss1 ) ,swa/ikas ( v>i\s k9ds2 ,tumulus ,alsace4 ,bronze ,age1 ,hal/atti5 epo*4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abee #hfb #aih4 ,fragm5t ( ce9ture ( ?9 bronze1 op5work ) intricate ,swa/ikas2 ,tumulus ( ,metz/ett51 ,wurtemburg4 ,museum ( ,/uttg>t1 ,hal/atti5 epo*4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abeg1 & ,*antre1 ,caucasus1 etc41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ej1 fig4 #be #hfb #aii4 ,bronze fibula1 ! body ( :i* =ms a ,swa/ika4 ,museum ( ,may5ce4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abjf #hfb #bjj4 ,sepul*ral urn ) ,swa/ika4 ,nor? ,g]many4 ,lis* ,s*rt]1 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,vii1 fig4 #id #hfb #bja4 ,spe>head ) ,swa/ika1 ,croix swa/icale & triskelion4 ,br&5burg1 ,g]many4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xliv1 fig4 #ba4 ,vik+ ,age1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 fig4 #ccf #hfc #bjb4 ,bronze p9 ) ,swa/ika1 po9till1 f m\nd 9 ,bav>ia4 ,*antre1 ,matriaux1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ad1 #abj #hfc #bjc4 ,runic inscription on bronze sword1 inlaid ) silv]4 ,saebo1 ,norway4 ,"o ( ! *>act]s is a ,swa/ika #hfd #bjd;a4 ,swa/ika ) dots4 ,torcello1 ,italy4 ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 vol4 ,,ii1 fig4 #cce #hfe #bjd;b4 ,runic inscription on spe>head4 ,torcello1 ,italy4 ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 vol4 ,,ii1 fig4 #cce #hfe #bje4 ,r$d+ comb ) ,swa/ika4 ,sc&9avia #hfe #bjf4 ,bronze broo* or fibula ) comb9ation ( ,swa/ikas4 ,sc&9avia #hfe #bjg4 ,bronze broo* ) ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions71 "r & left2 triskelion1 left4 ,sc&9avia #hff #bjh4 ,plaque = ce9ture ) buckle1 two ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions7 #hff #bji4 ,sc&9avian sword scabb>d ) two ogee ,swa/ikas 7tetraskelions71 "r & left #hff #baj4 ,sc&9avian sword scabb>d ) ogee ,swa/ika #hff #baa4 ,sc&9avian sword scabb>d1 two triskelions1 "r & left #hff #bab4 ,gold broo* ) ogee ,swa/ika4 ,isl& ( ,fy54 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xliii1 fig4 #aa #hfg #bac4 ,sc&9avian bronze silv]-plat$ horse ge> ) ?ree ,swa/ikas1 "o elaborate4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xliv1 fig4 #af #hfg #bad4 ,sc&9avian sword scabb>d ) normal ,swa/ika4 ,vimose bog f9d #hfg #bae4 ,sculptur$ /one ) ,greek cross 9 circle1 normal ,swa/ika 9 squ>e1 & ogee ,swa/ika 9 quatrefoil #hfh #baf4 ,fragm5t ( ?9 bronze1 rep\ss1 ogee ,swa/ika4 ,irel&4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 pl4 #abd1 figs4 #bj-bb #hfh #bag4 ,fragm5t ( ?9 bronze1 triskelion4 ,irel&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #chd1 pl4 #abd1 figs4 #bj-bb #hfh #bah4 ,bronze p9 ) small normal ,swa/ika on head4 ,crannog ( ,lo*lee1 ,t>bolton1 ,scotl&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #dag #hfh #bai4 ,c>v$ triskelion f\nd on fragm5t ( a% wood4 ,crannog ( ,lo*lee1 ,t>bolton1 ,scotl&4 ,munro1 ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #dae #hfi #bbj4 ,/one alt> ) ,swa/ika on p$e/al4 ,france4 ,museum ( ,t\l\se4 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abfg #hfi #bba4 ,pott]y bottle ( d>k gray ) ,swa/ika1 & decoration 9 :ite b>bot9e4 ,gallo-,roman epo*4 ,museum ( ,r\54 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abdf #hgj #bbb4 ,anglo-,saxon bronze gilt fibula1 simulation ( ,swa/ika4 ,long ,witt5ham1 ,b]k%ire #hgj #bbc4 ,pott]y urn ) b& ( tw5ty ,swa/ikas made by h&4 ,:ite on blacki% gr\nd4 ,%ropham1 ,norfolk4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #ej #hga #bbd4 ,lycian co91 triskelion1 ) ?ree arms repres5t+ cocks' heads & necks #hga #bbe1 #bbf4 ,lycian co9s1 triskelions1 ) c5tral dots & circles1 #dhj ,b4 ,c4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 figs4 #ab & #ac #hga #bbg4 ,sicilian co9 ) quadriga & triskelion1 #ccf-bhj ,b4 ,c4 ,co9s ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,brit4 ,mus41 pl4 ,,xxxv1 fig4 #bh #hgc #bbh4 ,w>rior's %ield1 f a ,greek vase1 ,a*illes & ,hector1 ,agrig5tum1 ,sicily4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #bd #hgc #bbi4 ,cor9?ian co9 ) pun* m>k resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,obv]se & rev]se #hgf #bcj4 ,anci5t ,h9du co94 ,a cross ) ,swa/ika on extremity ( ea* arm4 ,cunn+ham1 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xli1 fig4 #ah #hgg #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,anci5t ,h9du co9s ) ,swa/ikas1 normal & ogee4 ,cunn+ham1 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xli1 figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc #hgg #bce4 ,anci5t co9 ) ,swa/ika4 ,gaza1 ,pale/9e4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #f #hgh #bcf4 ,gold bracteate ) ,ja9 ,swa/ika4 ,d5m>k4 ,?omson1 ,atlas1 ,table ,,vii4 ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art1 etc41 pl4 ,i1 fig4 #i #hgh #bcg4 ,%ell gorget ) engrav$ ,swa/ika1 circles1 & dots4 ,m\nd on ,fa9s ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,cat4 ,no4 #fbibh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m #hhj #bch4 ,engrav$ %ell ) ,swa/ika1 circles1 & dots4 ,toco ,m\nd1 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aaefbd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hhj #bci4 ,%ell gorget4 ,two fight+ figures1 triangul> bree*-cl\t1 dots & circles1 ?ree g>t]s & anklets4 ,f m\nd on ,fa9s ,isl&2 associat$ ) fig4 #bcg4 ,cat4 ,no4 #fbicj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahha-hb1 p4 #deb1 fig4 #abh #hhe #bdj4 ,copp] plate4 ,et[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaaac1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhc-hd #hhf #bda4 ,copp] plate4 ,rep\ss "w4 ,et[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaaag1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hhg #bdb4 ,engrav$ %ell4 ,triangul> bree*-cl\t1 ) dots & circles4 ,et[ah ,m\nd1 ,georgia4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaddc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hhh #bdc4 ,copp] plate rep\ss 7eagle74 ,m\nd 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iaejg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hhi #bdd4 ,swa/ika cross ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,"o-f\r? natural size #hhi #bde4 ,flat r+ ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,"o-fif? natural size #hhi #bdf4 ,/5cil ornam5t ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,"o-eigh? natural size #hhi #bdg4 ,/5cil ornam5t ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,"o-f\r? natural size #hij #bdh4 ,fi% ornam5t ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,"o-six? natural size #hij #bdi4 ,loz5ge-%ap$ /5cil ( ?9 copp]4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,?ree-f\r?s natural size #hij #bej4 ,spool-%ap$ object ( copp]4 ,rep\ss & intaglio decoration4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size #hia #bea4 ,fragm5t ( engrav$ bone repres5t+ a p>oquet4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size #hib #beb4 ,fragm5t ( engrav$ bone probably repres5t+ a ,mississippi kite or lea!r-back turtle4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size #hib #bec4 ,fragm5t ( engrav$ bone probably repres5t+ an ott] ) a fi% 9 8 m\?4 ,hopewell ,m\nd1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,natural size #hic #bed4 ,wat] jug1 r$ on yell[1 ,swa/ika 9 c5t]4 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,cat4 ,no4 #iabcj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #hic #bee4 ,kansa ,indian w> *>t4 ,swa/ika1 sign = w9ds & w9d songs4 ,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ,am4 ,naturali/1 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fgj #hid #bef4 ,dance rattle1 small g\rd 9 black1 :ite1 & r$1 ogee ,swa/ika on ea* side4 ,cat4 ,no4 #dbjdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 fig4 #efb #hif #beg4 ,pima ,indian w> %ield ) ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 9 ?ree /ripes ( color1 7#a7 blue1 7#b7 r$1 7#c7 :ite4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bghbi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ijj #beh4 ,pima ,indian w> %ield ) ogee ,swa/ika4 ,! hole ne> ! l[] arm ( ! ,swa/ika 0 made by an arr[ %ot4 7,prop]ty ( ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge7 #ijj #bei4 ,colonial pat*work ) patt]n resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #ahid #ija #bfj4 ,fragm5t ( ! foot ( a /one metate ) ,swa/ika4 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bcgbf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ijb #bfa4 ,fragm5t ( /one slab ) ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 f anci5t ,maya city ( ,mayapan4 ,inscription translat$ z fire by ,le ,plongeon4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,antiq4 ,soc41 ,april #ba1 #ahha #ijc #bfb4 ,diff]5t =ms ( ,swa/ika1 plac$ toge!r = comp>ison #ije #bfc4 ,%ell gorget1 cross1 circle1 sun rays 7871 & ! heads ( f\r ivory-bill$ woodpeck]s 787 arrang$ to =m a ,swa/ika4 ,mississippi #ijf #bfd4 ,%ell gorget f ,t5nessee #ijg #bfe4 ,%ell gorget f ,t5nessee #ijg #bff4 ,%ell gorget f ,t5nessee #ijh #bfg4 ,scallop$ %ell disk 7,fulgur71 ) ?ree spiral volutes 7triskelion74 ,f m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #iji #bfh4 ,scallop$ %ell disk ) circles1 dots1 & f\r spiral volutes 7tetraskelion74 ,m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #iaj #bfi4 ,%ell disk1 unf9i%$ engrav+1 dot & circle 9 c5t]1 & ogee ,swa/ika 7tetraskelion7 m>k$1 b n complet$4 ,brakebill m\nd1 ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5n4 #iaa #bgj1 #bga4 ,engrav$ %ell disk 7obv]se & rev]se7 ) ?ree-arm$ volutes 7triskelion7 #iaa #bgb4 ,engrav$ %ell disk ) ?ree-arm$ volute or spiral ,swa/ika 7triskelion74 ,f m\nds 9 ,t5nessee #iab #bgc4 ,engrav$ %ell disk4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,t5nessee #iab #bgd4 ,engrav$ %ell disk4 ,?ree-arm$ volute 7triskelion74 ,t5nessee #iac #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh4 ,engrav$ %ell gorgets 7,fulgur7 repres5t+ ! spid]1 ) circles & ,greek crosses4 ,f /one graves & m\nds 9 ,ill9ois & ,t5nessee #iac1 #iad1 #iae #bgi4 ,engrav$ %ell gorget 7,fulgur7 repres5t+ rattlesnake4 ,f ,mc,mahon m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lxiii #iae #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,engrav$ %ells 7,fulgur7 ) repres5tations ( ! human face4 7,= comp>ison47 ,f ,t5nessee & ,virg9ia #iaf1 #iag #bhf4 ,engrav$ %ell 7,fulgur74 ,human figure4 ,mc,mahon m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 7,= comp>ison47 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lxxi #iag #bhg4 ,engrav$ %ell 7,fulgur74 ,human figure4 7,= comp>ison47 ,m\nd 9 ,t5nessee4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lxxii #iah #bhh4 ,engrav$ %ell gorget 7,fulgur74 ,human figure4 7,= comp>ison47 ,miss\ri4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lxxiii #iai #bhi4 ,pott]y vessel1 ) f\r-arm$ volute1 ogee ,swa/ika1 7tetraskelion74 ,arkansas4 ,"o-?ird natural size #ibj #bij4 ,pott]y vessel1 f\r volutes resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,pecan ,po9t1 ,ark4 ,"o-?ird natural size #ibj #bia4 ,pott]y vessel1 animal %ap$1 volutes1 n9e arms4 ,pecan ,po9t1 ,ark4 ,"o-?ird natural size #ibj #bib4 ,pott]y b[l1 volutes ) _m arms4 ,arkansas4 ,"o-?ird natural size #iba #bic4 ,pott]y vase1 volutes4 ,arkansas #iba #bid4 ,tripod pott]y vase1 f\r-arm$ volutes mak+ spiral ,swa/ika4 ,arkansas4 ,"o-?ird natural size #ibb #bie4 ,pott]y b[l ) spiral ,swa/ika1 five arms1 9 bottom4 ,po9sett ,c\nty1 ,ark4 ,cat4 ,no4 #aadjce1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,two views1 top & side #ibc #bif4 ,vessel ( black w>e1 spiral scroll4 ,arkansas #ibd #big4 ,pott]y b[l1 bird %ap$ ) ?ree p>allel incis$ l9es ) ribbon fold4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 #ibd #bih4 ,pott]y bottle ) ?ree p>allel incis$ l9es turn+ ) ribbon fold4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 #ibe #bii4 ,basket "w ) _m arm$ volutes4 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhb-hc1 fig4 #dhe #ibe #cjj4 ,engrav$ %ell gorget disk4 ,greek cross resembl+ ,swa/ika1 incis$ l9es4 ,m\nd1 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 #ibf #cja4 ,engrav$ %ell gorget ) ,greek cross4 ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,li1 fig4 #b #ibg #cjb4 ,engrav$ %ell gorget disk4 ,greek cross1 in*oate ,swa/ika4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 ,pl4 ,,lii1 fig4 #c #ibh #cjc4 ,fragm5t ( copp] disk4 ,greek cross 9 c5t] circle4 ,ohio4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lii1 fig4 #d #ibh #cjd4 ,engrav$ %ell disk gorget1 rude cross ) _m dots4 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 ,,lii1 fig4 #b #ibi #cje4 ,engrav$ %ell1 ,greek cross1 hat*$4 ,caldwell ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,c4 ,cat4 ,no4 #hcafi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ibi #cjf4 ,engrav$ %ell ?ree-arm$ 7triskelion74 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 ,cat4 ,no4 #hcagj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ibi #cjg4 ,drill$ & engrav$ %ell or runtee ) dott$ ,greek cross 9 circle4 ,arizona #icj #cjh4 ,drill$ & engrav$ %ell or runtee1 dots & r+s =m+ circle & ,greek cross4 ,ohio #icj #cji4 ,drill$ & engrav$ %ell or runtee1 dots & r+s =m+ circle & ,greek cross4 ,new ,york #icj #caj4 ,pott]y j> ) crosses1 encircl+ rays & scallops4 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahha-hb1 fig4 #ahh #ica #caa4 ,olla1 decorat$ ) ,greek & ,maltese crosses4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 fig4 #gjh #icb #cab4 ,pott]y wat] vessel1 ,maltese cross4 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 fig4 #fdb #icb #cac4 ,pott]y vase f9ely decorat$ 9 r$ & :ite glaze4 ,mexico4 ,maltese cross ) sun symbol 7874 ,cat4 ,no4 #acbige1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #icc #cad4 ,greek cross repres5t+ w9ds f c>d9al po9ts4 ,dakota ,indians4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #abbe #icd #cae4 ,! cross 9 connection ) circle4 ,sun symbols 7874 ,petroglyphs a to f1 ,hopi ,indians1 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz42 g1 ,maya ,indians4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 figs4 #aaah1 #aabj1 & #aabf #ice #caf4 ,circles & rays1 probably repres5t+ sun symbols4 a to f1 ,hopi ,indians1 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz42 g to k--,ojibways #ice #cag4 ,crosses ) circles1 /> symbols4 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz4 #icf #cah4 ,/> symbol1 circle & rays )\t cross4 ,oakley ,spr+s1 ,ariz4 #icf #cai4 ,crosses1 circles1 & squ>es repres5t+ lodges4 ,dakota ,indians #icf #cbj4 ,lat9 cross repres5t+ dragon fly4 ,dakota ,indians #icf #cba4 ,d\ble cross ( six arms1 repres5t+ dragon fly4 ,moki ,indians1 ,arizona4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #aafe #icg #cbb4 ,crosses repres5t+ flocks ( birds1 ,eskimos4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #ddbaa & #dejbj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #abbh #icg #cbc4 ,l>ge :ite ,greek cross1 petroglyph4 ,tul>e ,valley1 ,cali=nia4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #abbi #icg #cbd4 ,petroglyphs f ,ow5s ,valley1 ,cali=nia4 a1 b1 ,greek cross2 c1 d\ble ,lat9 cross2 d to f1 ,lat9 crosses repres5t+ human figures4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #abcj #ich #cbe4 ,cross 9 zigzag l9es repres5t+ human =m4 ,navajo ,indians #ich #cbf4 ,maltese cross 7871 repres5t+ a woman2 brea? 9 ! c5t] #ici #cbg4 ,maltese & ,/4 ,&rew's crosses1 emblems ( maid5hood4 ,moki ,indians #ici #cbh4 ,cross ) bifurcat$ foot repres5t+ human =m4 ,%aman1 ,innuits #ici #cbi4 ,/4 ,&rew's crosses1 symbol = wood4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #abcc #idj #ccj4 ,graphic del9eation ( ! alligator1 f a vase ( ! lo/-color gr\p4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #beg #ida #cca4 ,graphic del9eation ( ! alligator1 f a vase ( ! lo/-color gr\p4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #beh #ida #ccb4 ,conv5tional figure ( alligator1 f lo/-color w>e4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bei #idb #ccc4 ,conv5tional figure ( alligator cr[d$ into a %ort rectangul> space4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bfe #idb #ccd4 ,conv5tional figure ( alligator cr[d$ into a circle4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bff #idb #cce4 ,s]ies ( figures ( alligators1 %[+ /ages ( simplification4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bgg #idc #ccf4 ,s]ies %[+ /ages 9 ! simplification ( animal *>act]s1 beg9n+ ) ! alligator & end+ ) ! ,greek cross4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bgh #idc #ccg to #cdb4 ,t]ra-cotta color /amps1 ,mexico1 ) designs simil> to ! ,swa/ika4 ,cat4 ,nos4 #iiabd1 #iiabg1 #bghhg1 #iiaae1 #iiaah1 & #iiabb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #idf #cdc4 ,t]ra-cotta color /amps1 ) designs simil> to ! ,swa/ika4 ,pi>oa ,indians1 ,v5ezuela4 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #ihb1 p4 #fba #idg #cdd4 ,mod]n *urn lid ) design resembl+ ,swa/ika4 ,lapl& #ief #cde4 ,/one sp9dle-:orl1 ,neoli?ic4 ,swiss lake dwell+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfda1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifg #cdf4 ,/one sp9dle-:orl1 ,neoli?ic4 ,swiss lake dwell+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfda1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifg #cdg4 ,/one sp9dle-:orl1 ,neoli?ic4 ,lund1 ,sw$54 ,cat4 ,no4 #ebha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifg #cdh4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl1 ,neoli?ic or ,bronze ,age4 ,swiss lake dwell+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifg #cdi4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl1 ,neoli?ic or ,bronze ,age4 ,swiss lake dwell+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifh #cej4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl1 ,swiss lake dwell+4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajjfdb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifh #cea1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,prehi/oric t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orls4 ,orvieto1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajafga1 #ajafgb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifh #ced1 #cee4 ,prehi/oric sp9dle-:orls4 ,corneto1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajaggc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ifh #cef4 ,mod]n sp9dle & :orl us$ = sp9n+ ?read4 ,wrtemb]g1 ,g]many4 #ifi #ceg4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl design simil> to ,swa/ika4 ,valley ( ,mexico4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bghge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igj #ceh4 ,mexican t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl design simil> to ,swa/ika4 #iga #cei4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,omotepe ,isl&1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bhhii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #iga #cfj4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,omotepe ,isl&1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bhhih1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #iga #cfa4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,granada1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bcbie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igb #cfb4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,malacate1 ,zapat]a ,isl&1 ,nic>agua4 ,cat4 ,no4 #bijji1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igb #cfc4 ,sp9dle-:orl1 gray clay decorat$ ) annul> nodes4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bah #igb #cfd4 ,sp9dle-:orl ( gray clay ) animal figures4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bai #igc #cfe4 ,sp9dle-:orl ( d>k clay ) p]=ations & incis$ ornam5ts4 ,*iriqui4 ,holmes1 ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol41 #ahhd-he1 fig4 #bbj #igc #cff4 ,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl4 ,manizales1 ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afhch1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igc #cfg4 ,bobb9 or spool = w9d+ ?read 7874 ,type ,villanova1 ,corneto1 ,italy4 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ige #cfh4 ,t]ra-cotta bobb9 or spool = w9d+ ?read 7874 ,type ,villanova1 ,bologna1 ,italy4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ajagga1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #ige #cfi4 ,bobb9 7874 ,m\nd ne> ,maysville1 ,ky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afgdh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igf #cgj4 ,bobb9 7874 ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #affia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igf #cga4 ,bobb9 7874 ,lewis ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,f9e-gra9$ s&/one4 ,cat4 ,no4 #eifha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igf #cgb4 ,bobb9 7874 ,end views4 ,f9e-gra9$ s&/one4 ,maysville1 ,ky4 ,cat4 ,no4 #afgdg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m4 #igg #cgc4 ,woman's wool5 dress f\nd 9 oak c(f94 ,borum-,e%oi1 ,d5m>k4 ,rep4 ,smi?sonian ,in/4 7,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m471 #ahib1 pl4 ,,ci1 fig4 #b #igh #cgd4 ,detail ( wov5 clo? %[n 9 ! prec$+ figure4 ,d5m>k4 ,rep4 ,smi?sonian ,in/4 7,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,m471 pl4 ,,ci1 fig4 #c #igi ,,map4 ,fac+ page4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,swa/ika #ijd ,,*>t4 ,page4 ,%[+ ! probable introduction ( ! ,swa/ika into diff]5t c\ntries #gid ,,footnotes3 #a ,william ,b]ry1 ,encyclopdia ,h]aldica1 #ahbh-ahdj4 #b ,higg9s1 ,anacalypsis1 ,london1 #ahcf1 ,i1 p4 #bcj4 #c ,des ,sci5ces et ,religion1 p4 #bef4 #d ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,! ,fylfot & ,swa/ika1 ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 "p #b1 #ahhe1 p4 #bih2 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ej #e ,/eph5s1 ,old ,nor!rn ,runic ,monum5ts1 "p ,,ii1 p4 #eji2 ,ludwig ,mll]1 quot$ on p4 #ggh ( ?is pap]2 ,goblet d',alviella1 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #de2 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 p4 #bhh4 #f ,page #ab4 #g ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #h ,le ,culte de la ,croix avant ,jsus-,*ri/1 9 ! ,correspondant1 ,octob] #be1 #ahhi1 & 9 ,sci5ce ,ca?olique1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahij1 p4 #afc4 #i ,same au?orities4 #aj ,page #caf1 et seq4 #aa ,! native ,buddhi/ mon>*s rul$ f ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ejj to ! conque/ ( ,alex&]1 ,b4 ,c4 #ccj4 ,see ,! ,swa/ika on anci5t co9s1 ,*apt] ,,ii ( ?is pap]1 & ,w>+1 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #hc4 #ab ,la ,migration des symboles1 p4 #ajd4 #ac ,ilios1 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh4 #ad ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgh4 #ae ,mr4 ,g&hi makes ! same rem>k 9 8 lett] on ! ,buddha %ell /atue %[n 9 pl4 #aj ( ?is pap]4 #af ,ilios1 p4 #cdh4 #ag ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 ,app4 ,,viii1 p4 #fbf1 note #d4 #ah ,ar*ologia1 p4 #cf4 #ai ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society ( ,great ,brita91 ,,iii1 p4 #abj4 #bj ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 ,app4 ,,viii1 p4 #fbe1 note #b4 #ba ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 p4 #fbf4 #bb ,notes on ! ,religi\s1 ,moral1 & ,political /ate ( ,india1 ,j\rn4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ,great ,brita91 ,,vi1 pp4 #caj-ccd4 #bc ,l[1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,great ,brita91 ,,iii1 pp4 #ccd1 #caj4 #bd ,ibid41 p4 #bii4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #bii4 #bf ,l[1 ,trans4 ,royal ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,great ,brita91 ,,iii1 p4 #caj4 #bg ,indian ,antiqu>y1 ,,ii1 ,may1 #ahgc1 p4 #ace4 #bh ,bilsa ,topes1 p4 #ag4 #bi ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #ab4 #cj ,t5? ,congress ,int]national d',an?ropologie et d',ar*ologie ,prehi/oriques1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4 #dgd4 #ca ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlvii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aei4 #cb ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #aa4 #cc ,see explanation ( ! ,swa/ika by ,mr4 ,g&hi accord+ to ! ,ja9 t5ets1 p4 #hjd4 #cd ,ilios1 p4 #cec4 #ce ,alphabetum ,tibet>ium1 ,rome1 #agfb1 pp4 #baa1 #dfj1 #gbe4 #cf ,rockhill1 ,di>y ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,mongolia & ,tibet1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid1 p4 #fg4 #cg ,des ,sci5ces et ,religion1 pp4 #beb1 #beg4 #ch ,vol4 ,,xi4 #ci ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #fa-fc4 #dj ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc4 #da ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #beg1 note ,c4 #db ,! ,book ( ! ,sword1 p4 #bjb1 note #b4 #dc ,burn\f1 ,des ,sci5ces et ,religion1 p4 #ah4 #dd ,! two pieces ( wood ( ,ficus religiosa1 us$ = k9dl+ fire4 #de ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #fc4 #df ,ar*ologia1 ,,xliii1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 #dg ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #fd4 #dh ,fylfot & ,swa/ika1 ,ar*ologia1 #ahhe1 p4 #bic4 #di ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #fe4 #ej ,le ,dieu gaulois du ,soleil et le symbolisme de la r\e1 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 #ea ,proc4 ,am]4 ,philosoph4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 pp4 #agg-ahg4 #eb ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages4 #ec ,! ,book ( ! ,sword1 p4 #bjb4 #ed ,trans4 ,lanca/] & ,*e%ire ,antiq4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 #ee ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 ,london1 #ahie1 p4 #bhh4 #ef ,sampson1 ,l[1 ,m>/on ,co41 ,london4 #eg ,goodye>1 ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #eh ,ibid41 p4 #f4 #ei ,goodye>1 ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #fa ,ibid41 pp4 #gd1 #gg4 #fb ,age du ,bronze1 ,deuxieme p>tie1 p4 #cja4 #fc ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 #c;d s]41 ,,viii1 p4 #f4 #fd ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #h1 p4 #ha4 #fe ,ibid41 pp4 #hb-id4 #ff ,ibid41 p4 #if4 #fg ,ibid41 pl4 ,x1 figs4 #g-i1 p4 #ig4 #fh ,ibid41 p4 #ced4 #fi ,ibid41 p4 #cec4 #gj ,ibid41 p4 #ced1 fig4 #agd4 #ga ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 p4 #daj4 #gb ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india1 p4 #ajg4 #gc ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,swa/ika4 #gd ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 *ap4 #b1 pt4 #c1 p4 #ff4 #ge ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #gf ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #fi4 #gg ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 #gh ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #gb1 #ge1 #gg4 #gi ,ibid41 p4 #fa4 #hj ,a!num1 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahib1 p4 #bff4 #ha ,numismatic ,*ronicle1 #ahhj1 ,,xx1 pp4 #ah-dh4 #hb ,madras ,j\rn4 ( ,lit4 & ,sci41 ,,iii1 pl4 #i4 #hc ,london1 #ahhj4 #hd ,rawl9son1 ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,v1 pl4 #fj2 ,trans4 ,soc4 ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,viii1 p4 #afe4 #he ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 ,i1 p4 #bjj1 fig4 #ga4 #hf ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fgd1 #fge4 #hg ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cbf4 #hh ,proc4 ,am]4 ,philosoph4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 ,,xxix1 p4 #ahj4 #hi ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ,janu>y1 #ahie1 pp4 #ha1 #he4 #ij ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pl4 #c4 #ia ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ic4 #ib ,ibid41 p4 #ajg4 #ic ,ilios1 p4 ,,xxi4 #id ,ibid41 p4 #ceb4 #ie ,ibid41 p4 #cec4 #if ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #dc4 #ig ,pe9tures cramiques de la ,grce propre4 ,i1 pl4 ,,xv1 fig4 #ag4 #ih ,hi/oire de l'art dans l'antiquit1 ,,iii1 figs4 #eac1 #eae1 #eah4 #ii ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ffi1 #fgi1 #fhj4 #ajj ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #cah et seq4 #aja ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlvii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aei4 #ajb ,ages ,prehi/orique de l',espagne et du ,portugal1 pp4 #bhe-bic4 #ajc ,ibid41 p4 #bhf4 #ajd ,ibid41 p4 #bic4 #aje ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #ac4 #ajf ,proc4 ,am]4 ,philosoph4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 ,,xxix1 p4 #agi4 #ajg ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abcj2 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bii1 #cac1 #cad4 #ajh ,catalogue ( ,ori5tal ,porcela9 & ,pott]y1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #aci4 #aji ,de ,morgan1 ,au ,caucase1 fig4 #ahj4 #aaj ,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #bed4 #aaa ,ilios1 p4 #ceb4 #aab ,le ,swa/ika et la r\e solaire en ,*9e1 ,revue d',e?nographie1 ,,iv1 pp4 #cai1 #cej4 #aac ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ce4 #aad ,new ,york ,indep5d5t1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahic2 ,sci5ce1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahid1 p4 #afb4 #aae ,di>y ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,mongolia & ,tibet 9 #ahia-ib1 p4 #fg4 #aaf ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ee1 cit+ note ,i1 ,j\rn4 ,asiatique1 #b;e srie1 ,,iv1 p4 #bde1 & ,pallas1 ,sammlung5 hi/oris*] ,na*ri*t5 b] die mongolis*5 ,vlk]s*aft51 ,i1 p4 #bgg4 #aag ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 #aah ,des ,sci5ces et ,religion1 p4 #bef4 #aai ,introduction to ,popul> ,religion & ,folk ,lore ( ,nor? ,india1 p4 #eh4 #abj ,trubn] ,co41 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #adj1 pl4 #fj4 #aba ge du ,bronze1 pt4 #a1 p4 #bjf4 #abb ,muse ,prhi/orique1 pl4 #ih2 ,notes de l',orig9e ,ori5tale de la ,mtallurgie1 ,lyon1 #ahgi2 ,l'ge de la ,pi]re et du ,bronze dans l',asie ,occid5tale1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,lyon1 ,i1 fasc4 #b1 #ahhb2 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop4 de ,p>is1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bii1 #cac1 & #cad4 #abc ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages4 #abd ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 #abe ,det ,saakaldte ,hagebors1 ,cop5hag51 #ahgg4 #abf ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 #abg ,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhh1 ,,xi1 p4 #fga4 #abh ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ea4 #abi ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 ,,iv4 #acj ,mission ,sci5tifique au ,caucase4 #aca ,re*]*es ,an?ropologiques dans le ,caucase1 tome deuxime1 priode protohi/orique1 ,atlas1 pl4 #aa1 fig4 #c4 #acb ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ea4 #acc ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #e & #f4 #acd ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #bj;c4 #ace ,m9es de l',ori5t1 ,v4 #acf ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #ahie4 #acg ,bullet9s de la ,soc4 d',an?rop41 #ahhh1 ,,ii1 p4 #fgh4 #ach ,dixime ,congrs ,int]national d',an?ropologie et d',ar*ologie ,prhi/orique1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4 #dgd4 #aci ,ilios1 pp4 #bbi1 #cej1 note #a4 #adj ,ibid41 figs4 #fc-gj1 p4 #bbi4 #ada ,ibid41 p4 #cjc4 #adb ,all sp9dle-:orls f ! hill ( ,hiss>lik are repres5t$ "o-half natural size4 #adc ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cbb4 #add ,ilios1 pp4 #eah1 #ega4 #ade ,ilios1 fig4 #aheb4 #adf ,ibid41 p4 #egc4 #adg ,t5? ,congr4 ,int]4 d',an?rop4 et d',ar*ol4 ,prehi/41 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4 #dgd4 #adh ,ilios1 p4 #dah4 #adi ,see p4 #ghf4 #aej ,ilios1 fig4 #bbf1 p4 #ccg4 #aea ,ibid41 p4 #fid4 #aeb ,ibid41 p4 #cch4 #aec ,see p4 #gie4 #aed ,g5esis i1 #bh4 #aee ,g5esis viii1 #ag2 ix1 #g4 #aef ,g5esis iii1 #af4 #aeg ,g5esis xiii1 #af2 xv1 #e4 #aeh ,ilios1 preface1 p4 xi4 #aei ,ilios1 app4 #a1 p4 #fhe4 #afj ,ibid41 app4 #f1 p4 #cgi4 #afa ,troja1 p4 xii4 #afb ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 #afc ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #hb4 #afd ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlvii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aei4 #afe ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cj1 figs4 #b & #aj1 p4 #cef4 #aff ,les ,tapiss]ies ,coptes1 sec4 #d1 pp4 #e1 #f4 #afg ,=r]1 ,die ,grb]-und ,textilfunde von ,a*mim-,panopolis1 p4 #bj4 #afh ,bull4 ,soc4 ,franaise de numism4 et d'ar*ol41 ,,ii1 pl4 #c1 p4 #c4 #afi ,ilios1 p4 #cec4 #agj ,see p4 #hde4 #aga ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #ceb4 #agb ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #fa1 fig4 #a4 #agc ,see p4 #gie4 #agd ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 ,,xviii1 p4 #ad4 #age ,a!nic vases pa9t$ by ,&okides1 ab\t #ebe ,b4 ,c41 repres5t ! dress ( ! goddess1 ornam5t$ ) ,swa/ika & ,croix swa/icale4 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ,ar*ol41 ,janu>y-,m>*1 #ahif1 ,,xi1 ,no4 #a1 figs4 #i1 #aa4 #agf ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pp4 #cdh1 #cec4 #agg ,cyprus1 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples1 pl4 #de1 fig4 #cf4 #agh ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,ph5icia & ,cyprus1 ,,ii1 p4 #cjb1 fig4 #bci4 #agi ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #db1 fig4 #b4 #ahj ,troja1 p4 #abc4 #aha ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 frontispiece1 fig4 #c1 & p4 #aae4 #ahb ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 #ahha1 ,,xvi1 p4 #daf4 #ahc ,ano!r ,rhodian vase1 simil> 9 /yle1 ) ,swa/ikas1 is %[n 9 ! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d4 #ahd ,g4 ,hirs*field1 ,vasi ar*aici ,at5iesi1 ,annali dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*ologica1 #ahgb1 ,tav4 d',ag4 ,k4 #f1 #eb4 #ahe ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 pp4 #fgd-fge4 #ahf ,ibid41 p4 #fge4 #ahg ,salam9ia1 p4 #bdj1 fig4 #bbf4 #ahh ,aphrodite ,ph5ician ,a%tore?1 ,a/>te ,babylonian ,i%t>4 #ahi ,see p4 #ggc4 #aij ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cje4 #aia ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 p4 #fgi4 #aib ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 ,i1 p4 #fi4 #aic ,ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #deg4 #aid ,annali dell' ,in/ituto1 ,rome1 #ahga1 pp4 #bci-bgi2 ,bullet9o ,in/ituto1 ,rome1 #ahga1 pp4 #ca-eb2 ,pigor9i & ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,notes on ,hut ,urns & o!r objects f ,m>9o1 ,london1 #ahfi2 ,vir*[1 ,die ,hutt5uru5 von ,m>9o1 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 #aie ,troja1 p4 #abb4 #aif ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 ,i1 p4 lxxxix4 #aig ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #fg4 #aih ,see p4 #ghf4 #aii ,ilios1 p4 #ceb4 #bjj ,!re are bronze hat*ets f ,italy1 ) ,swa/ikas 9 intaglio & 9 relief1 9 ,muse ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 figs4 #aaec1 #aaed4 #bja ,lake ,dwell+s1 pl4 #afa1 figs4 #c1 #d4 #bjb ,age du ,bronze1 pt4 #b1 figs4 #ec-ee1 p4 #aie4 #bjc ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nographie1 ,b]l91 #ahga & #ahgf4 #bjd ,coll4 ,majla? ,bela2 ,hampel1 ,antiquits ,prhi/oriques de la ,hongrie2 ,erzt]gom1 #ahgg1 pl4 #bj1 ,no4 #c4 #bje ,hampel1 ,catalogue de l',exposition des ,muses des ,prov9ces1 ,budape/1 #ahgf1 p4 #ag2 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 p4 #ceb4 #bjf ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,primitive et ,naturelle de l',homme1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ad1 #abj4 #bjg ,old ,nor!rn ,runic ,monum5ts1 pt4 #c1 p4 #djg4 #bjh ,proce$+s ( ! ,eigh? ,session1 ,i1 pp4 #deg-dfj4 #bji ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 ,i1 fig4 #cce4 #baj ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aa2 ,vik+ ,age1 ,,ii1 fig4 #acaa2 ,engleh>dt1 ,l',anci5 ,age de ,f]4 fig4 #bh4 #baa ,du ,*aillu1 ,vik+ ,age1 ,i1 fig4 #cgi4 #bab ,ogam ,inscrib$ ,monum5ts1 p4 #cei1 pl4 xlix4 #bac ,ibid41 p4 #ceh1 pl4 xlviii4 #bad ,greg1 ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 #b1 pl4 #ai1 fig4 #bg4 #bae ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #di4 #baf ,zmigrodzki1 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,sua/ika1 taf4 #f1 fig4 #bdh4 #bag ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,europe1 p4 #chd1 pl4 #abd1 figs4 #bj-bb4 #bah ,l',autel de ,sa9tes et les triades gauloises1 ,revue ,ar*ol41 #ahhj1 ,,xxxix1 p4 #cdc4 #bai ,in/itut ,ar*ologique ,ligeois1 ,x1 #ahgj1 p4 #ajf1 pl4 #ac4 #bbj ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #dg1 fig4 #ac4 #bba ,see fig4 #bch4 #bbb ,ar*ologia1 ,l1 pt4 #b1 p4 #djf1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #g4 #bbc ,ar*ologia1 ,,xxxi4 #bbd ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aj4 #bbe ,ibid41 pl4 #c1 fig4 #ej4 #bbf ,see p4 #ghg4 #bbg ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phrygia1 ,lydia1 ,c>ia1 & ,lycia1 p4 #cia4 #bbh ,an unique ca/ ( ?is tripod is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,antiquities4 #bbi ,! numb] ( heads may h be5 regulat$ by ! size ( ! co9s 9 "q1 probably answ]+ to diff]5t values4 #bcj ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #he4 #bca ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #ac1 fig4 #bd4 #bcb ,ibid41 pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ba4 #bcc ,a!num1 ,no4 #cche1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahib1 p4 #cec4 #bcd ,debrett's ,complete ,pe]age ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 #bce ,sn[d51 ,m9t ,manual ( ,co9s ( all ,nations1 ,introduction1 pp4 ix-xiv2 ,ack]man1 ,roman ,co9s1 pl4 #ad4 #bcf ,! ,bisalt & ,orrescii 7 ,?racian tribes :o dwelt 9 ! valleys ( ! ,/rymon & ! ,angites1 to ! nor? ( ! ,pangan ,range4 #bcg ,see p4 #ghh4 #bch ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #bj-bc4 #bci ,numismatic ,*ron41 7new s]ies71 ,,iv4 #bdj ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 figs4 #ag1 #abc4 #bda ,edw>d ,?omas1 ,j\rn4 ,royal ,asiatic ,soc4 7new s]ies71 ,i1 p4 #dge4 #bdb ,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #hc4 #bdc ,numismatic ,*ron41 pt4 ,i1 #ahhj4 ,see p4 #ghh ( ?is pap]4 #bdd ,ar*ologia1 ,,xlviii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #ahhe1 p4 #cjf4 #bde ,a!num1 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahib4 #bdf ,vik+ ,age1 ,,ii1 figs4 #acjg1 #acji4 #bdg ,page #dcf1 fig4 #adj4 #bdh ,proc4 ,royal ,dani% ,acad4 ,sci41 #e? s]41 ,,iii1 p4 #id1 fig4 a2 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ej1 fig4 #af4 #bdi ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-hb1 p4 #dfd et seq41 figs4 #aci-ada4 #bej ,?is !ory 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,antonio de ,montez9os & publi%$ by ,,manasseh b5 ,,israel 9 ,am/]dam1 #afcf4 ,9 ,les] ,libr>y1 ,phil41 & ,coh5 ,libr>y1 ,balto4 ,catalogu$ by ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adl]4 ,fir/ ,engli% ,ed4 by ,moses ,wall1 ,london3 #afea1 republi%$ by ,dr4 ,grossmann1 ,am4 ,jews' ,annual1 #ahhi1 p4 #hc4 #bea ,max ,mll] & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] agree ) ?is4 ,see pp4 #ggb1 #ggc ( ?is pap]4 #beb ,cf4 ,gh&i1 p4 #hhb1 ( ?is pap]4 #bec ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhc-hd1 pp4 #if-ajf1 figs4 #db1 #dc1 #de4 #bed ,^! explorations 7 made = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,e?nology at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 ,*icago1 #ahic4 #bee ,prehi/oric ,am]ica1 p4 #bb1 note #bd1 fig4 #i4 #bef ,primitive ,indu/ry1 p4 #cb4 #beg ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,,xix1 ,july1 #ahhe1 p4 #fgj4 #beh ,ibid41 pl4 #bj4 #bei ,?is 0 ! la/ "t ,i ev] saw ,mr4 ,dorsey4 ,he di$ )9 a mon?1 belov$ & regrett$ by all :o knew him4 #bfj ,troja1 p4 #abc4 #bfa ,! ,cliff ,dwell]s ( ! ,mesa ,v]de1 ,s\?we/]n ,colorado1 ,p4 ,a4 ,nor/$t ,son1 ,*icago1 #ahic4 #bfb ,f lett] ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,h\gh1 ,w9sl[1 ,ariz4 ,i s5d y two pieces ( pott]y be>+ _m ogee ,swa/ikas f ! ru9s ne> "h =m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,moki4 ,_m ( ! b[ls :i* we h f\nd 9 ?is ru9 _h ! ,swa/ika z a major motif 9 ! decoration4 ,see also ,! ,ar*ologi/1 ,,iii1 ,no4 #g1 p4 #bdh4 #bfc ,troja1 p4 #abb4 #bfd ,! pres5ce ( ! ,swa/ika is ! only purpose ( ?is citation4 ,! correctness ( ! translation is n involv$ & is n v\*$ =4 #bfe ,equival5t to ,i/> ( ,assyria & ,babylon1 ,a/>te ( ,ph5icia1 to ! ,greek ,aphrodite1 & ! ,roman ,v5us4 #bff ,cit$ 9 ,misson ,voyage d',italie1 tome #a1 p4 #bag2 ,dulaure1 ,hi/oire des ,diff]5s ,cultes1 ,,ii2 ,brantne1 ,dames ,galantes2 ,rabelais1 ,pantagruel1 #c1 *ap4 #ce4 #bfg ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #ei4 #bfh ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #bgc1 pl4 #ed4 #bfi ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 #ee1 fig4 #a4 #bgj ,ibid41 pl4 #ee1 fig4 #b4 #bga ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #bgf1 pl4 #ef1 figs4 #a1 #b4 #bgb ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgf1 pl4 #ef1 figs4 #c1 #e1 #f4 #bgc ,op4 cit41 p4 #bha4 #bgd ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 #fa4 #bge ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 pls4 #fi-gc4 #bgf ,figs4 #djb1 #dac1 #dae1 #daf4 #bgg ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 fig4 #aeg4 #bgh ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc1 fig4 #ddb4 #bgi ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc1 p4 #cdc1 fig4 #cca4 #bhj ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahha-hb1 fig4 #afe4 #bha ,ibid41 pp4 #ejb1 #ejc1 figs4 #ahf1 #ahi4 #bhb ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #bga1 pl4 #ea1 fig4 #a4 #bhc ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc4 #bhd ,s*oolcraft1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,tribes1 ,,iii1 pl4 #be2 ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 pl4 #cf4 #bhe ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 p4 #cc1 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g4 #bhf ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 p4 #ah4 #bhg ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhh-hi1 figs4 #aaah-aabi4 #bhh ,eigh? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bhc4 #bhi ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhh-hi1 fig4 #aafe4 #bij ,ibid41 fig4 #abcb4 #bia ,ibid41 fig4 #abca4 #bib ,ibid41 p4 #gbi4 #bic ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #fa4 #bid ,contrib4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,v1 p4 #add4 #bie ,hi/oria de ,mexico1 ,i1 p4 #bch4 #bif ,n9? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhg-hh1 p4 #dgi4 #big ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 p4 #if4 #bih ,gaspesi1 ,london1 #afia1 pp4 #agj1 #agb1 #aii4 #bii ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #bgj4 #cjj ,six? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #agc et seq41 figs4 #beg-bgh4 #cja ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bfi4 #cjb ,sev5? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #aee4 #cjc ,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bfi4 #cjd ,mem4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 #ahij1 p4 #bjj4 #cje ,de ,quatrefages1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale du ,races ,huma9es1 ,introduction1 p4 #bci1 figs4 #ahe-aia1 #aic-aid4 #cjf ,goblet d',alviella1 ,la ,migration des ,symboles1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 #cjg ,proc4 ,am4 ,philosoph4 ,soc41 xxvi1 p4 #agg4 #cjh ,= g5]al lack ( k ( ,swa/ika 9 mod]n times1 see ,preface1 p4 #gfc4 #cji ,f9nis*e ,ornam5te4 #a4 ,/i*ornam5te4 ,heft #a-d4 ,s\malais5 ,kirjallisuud5 ,seura ,hels+iss1 #ahid4 #caj ,k>l ,bl9d1 ,discov]y ( ,od9ic songs 9 ,%etl&1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june1 #ahgi1 p4 #ajih1 cit$ by ,alfr$ ,c4 ,haddon 9 ,evolution 9 ,art1 ,london1 #ahie1 p4 #bhe4 #caa ,miss ,fanny ,d4 ,b]g51 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 #cab ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 ,octob]1 #ahic1 p4 #fjj4 #cac ,bull4 ,soc4 d',an?rop41 ,p>is1 pp4 #dfa-dfb4 #cad ,de ,mortillet1 ,muse ,prhi/orique1 fig4 #abci4 #cae ,prehi/oric ,man1 p4 #fja4 #caf ,! ,basalt & ,orrescii 7 ,?racian tribes :o dwelt 9 ! valleys ( ! ,/rymon & ! ,angites1 to ! nor? ( ! ,pangan ,range4