,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,on ,p4 #dce1 !re are f\r in/ances ( #b 9 brackets4 #b indicates a subscript #b4 #b indicates a sup]script #b4 9 ,footnote #fi indicates a l>g] ?an normal plus sign4 ,rema9+ transcrib]'s notes are at ! end ( ! text4 ,,essays ,,9 ,,exp]im5tal ,,logic ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,,copyright #aiaf ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,june #aiaf ,second ,impression ,may #aiah ,?ird ,impression ,octob] #aibj ,compos$ & ,pr9t$ ,by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,9 #aijc a volume 0 publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 entitl$ ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 z a "p ( ! ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! volume conta9$ contributions by ,drs4 ,?ompson 7n[ ,mrs4 ,woolley71 ,mc,lennan1 ,a%ley1 ,gore1 ,heidel1 ,/u>t1 & ,moore1 9 addition to f\r essays by ! pres5t writ] :o 0 also g5]al editor ( ! volume4 ,! edition ( ! ,/udies be+ rec5tly exhau/$1 ! ,director ( ! ,press sugge/$ t my own essays be repr9t$1 toge!r ) o!r /udies ( m9e 9 ! same field4 ,! v>i\s contributors to ! orig9al volume cordially gave ass5t1 & ! pres5t volume is ! outcome4 ,*aps4 ii-v1 inclusive1 repres5t 7) editorial revisions1 mo/ly omissions7 ! essays tak5 f ! old volume4 ,! fir/ & introductory *apt] has be5 especially writt5 = ! volume4 ,! o!r essays are 9 "p repr9t$ & 9 "p rewritt51 ) additions1 f v>i\s contributions to philosophical p]iodicals4 ,i %\ld l to po9t out t ! essay on ,"s ,/ages ( ,logical ,?\ght ant$ates ! essays tak5 f ! volume ( ,/udies1 hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 #aijj2 ! o!r essays h be5 writt5 s9ce !n4 ,i %\ld also l to po9t out t ! essays 9 _! psy*ological phases are writt5 f ! /&po9t ( :at is n[ t]m$ a behaviori/ic psy*ology1 ?\gh "s ( !m ant$ate ! use ( t t]m z a descriptive epi!t4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,april #c1 #aiaf ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt] #ge ,,iii4 ,,! ,,antec$5ts ,,& ,,/imuli ,,( ,,?9k+ #ajc ,,iv4 ,,data ,,& ,,mean+s #acf ,v4 ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,?\ght #aeg ,,vi4 ,,"s ,,/ages ,,( ,,logical ,,?\ght #ahc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,logical ,,"* ,,( ,,ideas #bbj ,,viii4 ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,ideas ,,by ,,facts #bcj ,,ix4 ,,na,,ve ,,realism ,,vs4 ,,pres5tative ,,realism #bej ,x4 ,,epi/emological ,,realism3 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,ubiquity ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,relation #bfd ,,xi4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,a ,,logical ,,problem #bha ,,xii4 ,,:at ,,pragmatism ,,means ,,by ,,practical #cjc ,,xiii4 ,,an ,,add$ ,,note ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,practical #ccj ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,practice #cce ,index #ddc ,i ,,introduction ,! key to und]/&+ ! doctr9e ( ! essays :i* are h]e) repr9t$ lies 9 ! passages reg>d+ ! temporal developm5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,sett+ out f a conviction 7m curr5t at ! "t :5 ! essays 7 writt5 ?an x n[ is7 t k implies judgm5t 7& h5ce1 ?9k+7 ! essays try to %[ 7#a7 t su* t]ms z ?9k+1 reflection1 judgm5t d5ote inquiries or ! results ( inquiry1 & 7#b7 t inquiry occupies an int]m$iate & m$iat+ place 9 ! developm5t ( an exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is be grant$1 x foll[s at once t a philosophical discussion ( ! di/9ctions & relations :i* figure mo/ l>gely 9 logical !ories dep5ds ^u a prop] plac+ ( !m 9 _! temporal context2 & t 9 default ( su* plac+ we are prone to transf] ! traits ( ! subject-matt] ( "o phase to t ( ano!r--) a confus+ outcome4 ,i #a4 ,an int]m$i>y /age = k 7t is1 = k compris+ reflection & hav+ a di/9ctively intellectual quality7 implies a prior /age ( a diff]5t k9d1 a k9d v>i\sly *>act]iz$ 9 ! essays z social1 affectional1 te*nological1 ae/hetic1 etc4 ,x may mo/ easily be describ$ f a negative po9t ( view3 x is a type ( exp]i5ce :i* _c be call$ a k exp]i5ce )\t do+ viol5ce to ! t]m k & to exp]i5ce4 ,x may conta9 k result+ f prior inquiries2 x may include ?9k+ )9 itself2 b n s t !y dom9ate ! situation & give x its peculi> flavor4 ,positively1 anyone recognizes ! diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]i5ce ( qu5*+ ?ir/ :]e ! p]ception ( wat] is a m]e incid5t1 & an exp]i5ce ( wat] :]e k ( :at wat] is1 is ! controll+ int]e/2 or betwe5 ! enjoym5t ( social conv]se among fri5ds & a /udy delib]ately made ( ! "* ( "o ( ! p>ticipants2 betwe5 ae/hetic appreciation ( a picture & an exam9ation ( x by a connoisseur to e/abli% ! arti/1 or by a deal] :o has a comm]cial int]e/ 9 det]m9+ its probable sell+ value4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two types ( exp]i5ce is evid5t to anyone :o w take ! tr\ble to recall :at he does mo/ ( ! "t :5 n engag$ 9 m$itation or inquiry4 ,b s9ce "o does n ?9k ab\t k except :5 he is ?9k+1 except1 t is1 :5 ! intellectual or cognitional int]e/ is dom9ant1 ! pr(essional philosoph] is only too prone to ?9k ( all exp]i5ces z if !y 7 ( ! type he is specially engag$ 91 & h5ce unconsci\sly or int5tionally to project its traits into exp]i5ces to :i* !y are ali54 ,unless he takes ! simple precaution ( hold+ be=e 8 m9d contra/+ exp]i5ces l ^? j m5tion$1 he g5]ally =ms a habit ( suppos+ t no qualities or ?+s at all are pres5t 9 exp]i5ce except z objects ( "s k9d ( appreh5sion or aw>5ess4 ,ov]look+1 & aft]w>d d5y+1 t ?+s & qualities are pres5t to mo/ m5 mo/ ( ! "t z ?+s & qualities 9 situations ( priz+ & av]sion1 ( seek+ & f9d+1 ( conv]se1 enjoym5t & suff]+1 ( production & employm5t1 ( manipulation & de/ruction1 he ?9ks ( ?+s z ei!r totally abs5t f exp]i5ce or else !re z objects ( consci\sness or kn[+4 ,?is habit is a tribute to ! importance ( reflection & ( ! k :i* accrues f x4 ,b a discussion ( k p]v]t$ at ! outset by su* a misconception is n likely to proce$ prosp]\sly4 ,all ?is is n to d5y t "s elem5t ( reflection or inf]5ce may be requir$ 9 any situation to :i* ! t]m exp]i5ce is applicable 9 any way :i* contra/s )1 say1 ! exp]i5ce ( an oy/] or a gr[+ bean v9e4 ,m5 exp]i5ce illness4 ,:at !y exp]i5ce is c]ta9ly some?+ v diff]5t f an object ( appreh5sion1 yet x is q possible t :at makes an illness into a consci\s exp]i5ce is precisely ! intellectual elem5ts :i* int]v5e--a c]ta9 tak+ ( "s ?+s z repres5tative ( o!r ?+s4 ,my !sis ab\t ! prim>y "* ( non-reflectional exp]i5ce is n int5d$ to preclude ?is hypo!sis--:i* appe>s to me a highly plausible "o4 ,b x is indisp5sable to note t1 ev5 9 su* cases1 ! intellectual elem5t is set 9 a context :i* is non-cognitive & :i* holds )9 x 9 susp5se a va/ complex ( o!r qualities & ?+s t 9 ! exp]i5ce itself are objects ( e/eem or av]sion1 ( decision1 ( use1 ( suff]+1 ( endeavor & revolt1 n ( k4 ,:51 9 a subsequ5t reflective exp]i5ce1 we look back & f9d ^! ?+s & qualities 7quales w\ld be a bett] ^w1 or values1 if ! latt] ^w 7 n s op5 to miscon/ruction71 we are only too prone to suppose t !y 7 !n :at !y are n[--objects ( a cognitive reg>d1 !mes ( an intellectual ge/ure4 ,h5ce1 ! errone\s conclusion t ?+s are ei!r j out ( exp]i5ce1 or else are 7m or less badly7 kn[n objects4 ,9 any case ! be/ way to /udy ! "* ( ^? cognitional factors :i* are m]ely incid5tal 9 s _m ( our exp]i5ces is to /udy !m 9 ! type ( exp]i5ce :]e !y are mo/ prom95t1 :]e !y dom9ate2 :]e kn[+1 9 %ort1 is ! prime conc]n4 ,su* /udy w also1 by a reflex ref]5ce1 ?r[ into great] relief ! contra/$ *>act]i/ic traits ( ! non-reflectional types ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 su* contra/ ! significant traits ( ! latt] are se5 to be int]nal organization3 7#a7 ! factors & qualities hang toge!r2 !re is a great v>iety ( !m b !y are saturat$ ) a p]vasive quality4 ,be+ ill ) ! grippe is an exp]i5ce :i* includes an imm5se div]sity ( factors1 b none ! less is ! "o qualitatively unique exp]i5ce :i* x is4 ,philosoph]s 9 _! exclusively intellectual preoccupation ) analytic kn[+ are only too mu* giv5 to ov]look+ ! prim>y import ( ! t]m ?+3 namely1 res1 an affair1 an occupation1 a cause2 some?+ :i* is simil> to hav+ ! grippe1 or conduct+ a political campaign1 or gett+ rid ( an ov]/ock ( cann$ tomatoes1 or go+ to s*ool1 or pay+ att5tion to a "y woman3--9 %ort1 j :at is meant 9 non-philosophic disc\rse by an exp]i5ce4 ,not+ ?+s only z if !y 7 objects--t is1 objects ( k--cont9uity is r5d]$ a my/]y2 qualitative1 p]vasive unity is too (t5 reg>d$ z a subjective /ate inject$ into an object :i* does n possess x1 z a m5tal con/ruct1 or else z a trait ( be+ to be atta9$ to only by rec\rse to "s curi\s organ ( k t]m$ intuition4 ,9 l fa%ion1 organization is ?\ght ( z ! a*iev$ outcome ( a highly sci5tific k1 or z ! result ( transc5d5tal rational syn!sis1 or z a fiction sup]9duc$ by association1 ^u elem5ts ea* ( :i* 9 its own "r is a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,"o advantage ( an excursion by "o :o philosophizes ^u k into prim>y non-reflectional exp]i5ce is t ! excursion s]ves to rem9d him t e empirical situation has its own organization ( a direct1 non-logical "*4 7#b7 ,ano!r trait ( e res is t x has focus & context3 brilliancy & obscurity1 conspicu\sness or app>5cy1 & concealm5t or res]ve1 ) a con/ant movem5t ( r$i/ribution4 ,movem5t ab\t an axis p]si/s1 b :at is 9 focus con/antly *anges4 ,consci\sness1 9 o!r words1 is only a v small & %ift+ portion ( exp]i5ce4 ,! scope & cont5t ( ! focus$ app>5cy h imm$iate dynamic connections ) portions ( exp]i5ce n at ! "t obvi\s4 ,! ^w :i* ,i h j writt5 is mom5t>ily focal2 ar\nd x !re %ade (f into vagu5ess my typewrit]1 ! desk1 ! room1 ! build+1 ! campus1 ! t[n1 & s on4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce1 & 9 x 9 su* a way z to qualify ev5 :at is %9+ly app>5t1 are all ! physical features ( ! environm5t ext5d+ out into space no "o c say h[ f>1 & all ! habits & int]e/s ext5d+ backw>d & =w>d 9 "t1 ( ! organism :i* uses ! typewrit] & :i* notes ! writt5 =m ( ! ^w only z tempor>y focus 9 a va/ & *ang+ sc5e4 ,i %all n dwell ^u ! import ( ?is fact 9 its critical be>+s ^u !ories ( exp]i5ce :i* h be5 curr5t4 ,i %all only po9t out t :5 ! ^w exp]i5ce is employ$ 9 ! text x means j su* an imm5se & op]ative _w ( div]se & int]act+ elem5ts4 ,x might seem wis]1 9 view ( ! fact t ! t]m exp]i5ce is s frequ5tly us$ by philosoph]s to d5ote some?+ v diff]5t f su* a _w1 to use an ackn[l$g$ly objective t]m3 to talk ab\t ! typewrit]1 = example4 ,b exp]i5ce 9 ord9>y usage 7z di/9ct f its te*nical use 9 psy*ology & philosophy7 expressly d5otes some?+ :i* a specific t]m l typewrit] does n designate3 namely1 ! indef9ite range ( context 9 :i* ! typewrit] is actually set1 its spatial & temporal environm5t1 includ+ ! habitudes1 plans1 & activities ( its op]ator4 ,& if we are ask$ :y n !n use a g5]al objective t]m l _w1 or environm5t1 ! answ] is t ! ^w exp]i5ce sugge/s some?+ indisp5sable :i* ^! t]ms omit3 namely1 an actual focus+ ( ! _w at "o po9t 9 a focus ( imm$iate %9+ app>5cy4 ,9 o!r words1 9 its ord9>y human usage1 ! t]m exp]i5ce 0 inv5t$ & employ$ previ\sly because ( ! necessity ( hav+ "s way to ref] p]emptorily to :at is indicat$ 9 only a r\ndab\t & divid$ way by su* t]ms z organism & environm5t1 subject & object1 p]sons & ?+s1 m9d & nature1 & s on4#a ,,ii ,_h ?is backgr\nd ( ! essays be5 m explicitly depict$1 ,i d n "k :e!r !y w\ld h met ) m acceptance1 b x is likely t !y w\ld n h met ) s _m misund]/&+s4 ,b ! essays1 save = slight incid5tal ref]5ces1 took ?is backgr\nd = grant$ 9 ! allusions to ! univ]se ( non-reflectional exp]i5ce ( our do+s1 suff]+s1 enjoym5ts ( ! _w & ( "o ano!r4 ,x 0 _! purpose to po9t out t reflection 7&1 h5ce1 k hav+ logical prop]ties7 arises because ( ! appe>ance ( incompatible factors )9 ! empirical situation j po9t$ at3 incompatible n 9 a m]e /ructural or /atic s5se1 b 9 an active & progressive s5se4 ,!n oppos$ responses are provok$ :i* _c be tak5 simultane\sly 9 ov]t action1 & :i* accord+ly c be dealt )1 :e!r simultane\sly or successively1 only aft] !y h be5 br\ght into a plan ( organiz$ action by means ( analytic resolution & syn!tic imag9ative conspectus2 9 %ort1 by means ( be+ tak5 cognizance (4 ,9 o!r words1 reflection appe>s z ! dom9ant trait ( a situation :5 !re is some?+ s]i\sly ! matt]1 "s tr\ble1 due to active discordance1 diss5ti5cy1 conflict among ! factors ( a prior non-intellectual exp]i5ce2 :51 9 ! phraseology ( ! essays1 a situation becomes t5sional4#b ,giv5 su* a situation1 x is obvi\s t ! mean+ ( ! situation z a :ole is unc]ta94 ,?r\gh call+ out two oppos$ modes ( behavior1 x pres5ts itself z mean+ two incompatible ?+s4 ,! only way out is ?r\gh c>eful inspection ( ! situation1 involv+ resolution into elem5ts1 & a go+ out beyond :at is f\nd ^u su* inspection to be giv51 to some?+ else to get a lev]age = und]/&+ x4 ,t is1 we h 7a7 to locate ! difficulty1 & 7b7 to devise a me?od ( cop+ ) x4 ,any su* way ( look+ at ?9k+ dem&s moreov] t ! difficulty be locat$ 9 ! situation 9 "q 7v lit]ally 9 "q74 ,kn[+ always has a p>ticul> purpose1 & its solution mu/ be a function ( its conditions 9 connection ) additional ones :i* are br\ght to be>4 ,e reflective k1 9 o!r words1 has a specific task :i* is set by a concrete & empirical situation1 s t x c p]=m t task only by detect+ & rema9+ fai?ful to ! conditions 9 ! situation 9 :i* ! difficulty arises1 :ile its purpose is a reorganization ( its factors 9 ord] to get unity4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 !re is no accompli%$ k1 b only k com+ to be--le>n+1 9 ! classic ,greek conception4 ,?9k+ gets no f>!r1 z ?9k+1 ?an a /atem5t ( elem5ts con/itut+ ! difficulty at h& & a /atem5t--a prop\nd+1 a proposition--( a me?od = resolv+ !m4 ,9 fix+ ! framework ( e reflective situation1 ?is /ate ( affairs also det]m9es ! fur!r /ep :i* is ne$$ if !re is to be k--k 9 ! eulogi/ic s5se1 z di/9ct f op9ion1 dogma1 & guesswork1 or f :at casually passes curr5t z k4 ,ov]t action is dem&$ if ! wor? or validity ( ! reflective consid]ations is to be det]m9$4 ,o!rwise1 we h1 at mo/1 only a hypo!sis t ! conditions ( ! difficulty are su* & su*1 & t ! way to g at !m s z to get ov] or ?r\gh !m is ?us & s4 ,?is way mu/ be tri$ 9 action2 x mu/ be appli$1 physically1 9 ! situation4 ,by f9d+ out :at !n happ5s1 we te/ our intellectual f9d+s--our logical t]ms or project$ metes & b\nds4 ,if ! requir$ reorganization is effect$1 !y are confirm$1 & reflection 7on t topic7 ceases2 if n1 !re is fru/ration1 & inquiry cont9ues4 ,t all k1 z issu+ f reflection1 is exp]im5tal 79 ! lit]al physical s5se ( exp]im5tal7 is !n a con/itu5t proposition ( ?is doctr9e4 ,^u ?is view1 ?9k+1 or k-gett+1 is f> f be+ ! arm*air ?+ x is (t5 suppos$ to be4 ,! reason x is n an arm*air ?+ is t x is n an ev5t go+ on exclusively )9 ! cortex or ! cortex & vocal organs4 ,x involves ! explorations by :i* relevant data are procur$ & ! physical analyses by :i* !y are ref9$ & made precise2 x comprises ! read+s by :i* in=mation is got hold (1 ! words :i* are exp]im5t$ )1 & ! calculations by :i* ! significance ( ent]ta9$ conceptions or hypo!ses is elaborat$4 ,h&s & feet1 app>atus & appliances ( all k9ds are z mu* a "p ( x z *anges 9 ! bra94 ,s9ce ^! physical op]ations 7includ+ ! c]ebral ev5ts7 & equipm5ts are a "p ( ?9k+1 ?9k+ is m5tal1 n because ( a peculi> /uff :i* ent]s into x or ( peculi> non-natural activities :i* con/itute x1 b because ( :at physical acts & appliances d3 ! di/9ctive purpose = :i* !y are employ$ & ! di/9ctive results :i* !y accompli%4 ,t reflection t]m9ates1 ?r\gh a def9itive ov]t act1#c 9 ano!r non-reflectional situation1 )9 :i* incompatible responses may aga9 9 "t be ar\s$1 & s ano!r problem 9 reflection be set1 goes )\t say+4 ,c]ta9 ?+s ab\t ?is situation1 h[ev]1 d n at ! pres5t "t speak = !mselves & ne$ to be set =?4 ,let me 9 ! fir/ place call att5tion to an ambiguity 9 ! t]m k4 ,! /atem5t t all k involves reflection--or1 m concretely1 t x d5otes an inf]5ce f evid5ce--gives (f5se to _m2 x seems a dep>ture f fact z well z a wilful limitation ( ! ^w k4 ,i h 9 ?is ,introduction endeavor$ to mitigate ! obnoxi\sness ( ! doctr9e by ref]r+ to k :i* is intellectual or logical 9 "*4 ,le/ ?is expression be reg>d$ z a futile evasion ( a real issue1 ,i %all n[ be m explicit4 7#a7 ,x may well be admitt$ t !re is a real s5se 9 :i* k 7z di/9ct f ?9k+ or inquir+ ) a guess atta*$7 does n come into exi/5ce till ?9k+ has t]m9at$ 9 ! exp]im5tal act :i* fulfils ! specifications set =? 9 ?9k+4 ,b :at is also true is t ! object ?us det]m9$ is an object ( k only because ( ! ?9k+ :i* has prec$$ x & to :i* x sets a happy t]m4 ,to run aga9/ a h>d & pa9ful /one is n ( itself1 ,i %\ld say1 an act ( kn[+2 b if runn+ into a h>d & pa9ful ?+ is an outcome pr$ict$ aft] inspection ( data & elaboration ( a hypo!sis1 !n ! h>dness & ! pa9ful bruise :i* def9e ! ?+ z a /one also con/itute x emphatically an object ( k4 ,9 %ort1 ! object ( k 9 ! /rict s5se is its objective2 & ?is objective is n con/itut$ till x is rea*$4 ,n[ ?is conclusion--z ! ^w d5otes--is ?9k+ br\ght to a close1 done )4 ,if ! read] does n f9d ?is /atem5t satisfactory1 he may1 p5d+ fur!r discussion1 at lea/ recognize t ! doctr9e set =? has no difficulty 9 connect+ k ) inf]5ce1 & at ! same "t admitt+ t k 9 ! emphatic s5se does n exi/ till inf]5ce has ceas$4 ,se5 f ?is po9t ( view1 s-call$ imm$iate k or simple appreh5sion or acqua9tance-k repres5ts a critical skill1 a c]ta9ty ( response :i* has accru$ 9 consequ5ce ( reflection4 ,a l sur5ess ( foot+ ap>t f prior inve/igations & te/+s is f\nd 9 in/9ct & habit4 ,i d n d5y t ^! may be bett] ?an kn[+1 b ,i see no reason = complicat+ an already too confus$ situation by giv+ !m ! "n k ) its usual intellectual implications4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! subject-matt] ( k is precisely t :i* we d n ?9k (1 or m5tally ref] to 9 any way1 be+ t :i* is tak5 z matt] ( c\rse1 b x is nev]!less k 9 virtue ( ! inquiry :i* has l$ up to x4 7#b7 ,def9it5ess1 dep?1 & v>iety ( mean+ atta* to ! objects ( an exp]i5ce j 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y h be5 previ\sly ?\ght ab\t1 ev5 :5 pres5t 9 an exp]i5ce 9 :i* !y d n evoke inf]5tial proc$ures at all4 ,su* t]ms z mean+1 significance1 value1 h a d\ble s5se4 ,sometimes !y mean a function3 ! (fice ( "o ?+ repres5t+ ano!r1 or po9t+ to x z impli$2 ! op]ation1 9 %ort1 ( s]v+ z sign4 ,9 ! ^w symbol ?is mean+ is practically exhau/ive4 ,b ! t]ms also sometimes mean an inh]5t quality1 a quality intr9sically *>act]iz+ ! ?+ exp]i5c$ & mak+ x wor? :ile4 ,! ^w s5se1 z 9 ! phrase s5se ( a ?+ 7& non-s5se7 is devot$ to ?is use z def9itely z are ! words sign & symbol to ! o!r4 ,9 su* a pair z import & importance1 ! fir/ t5ds to select ! ref]5ce to ano!r ?+ :ile ! second names an intr9sic cont5t4 ,9 reflection1 ! extr9sic ref]5ce is always prim>y4 ,! height ( ! m]cury means ra92 ! color ( ! flame means sodium2 ! =m ( ! curve means factors di/ribut$ accid5tally4 ,9 ! situation :i* foll[s ^u reflection1 mean+s are intr9sic2 !y h no in/rum5tal or subs]vi5t (fice1 because !y h no (fice at all4 ,!y are z mu* qualities ( ! objects 9 ! situation z are r$ & black1 h>d & s(t1 squ>e & r\nd4 ,& e reflective exp]i5ce adds new %ades ( su* intr9sic qualifications4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile reflective kn[+ is in/rum5tal to ga9+ control 9 a tr\bl$ situation 7& ?us has a practical or utilit>ian =ce71 x is also in/rum5tal to ! enri*m5t ( ! imm$iate significance ( subsequ5t exp]i5ces4 ,& x may well be t ?is by-product1 ?is gift ( ! gods1 is incomp>ably m valuable = liv+ a life ?an is ! prim>y & int5d$ result ( control1 ess5tial z is t control to hav+ a life to live4 ,words are trea*]\s 9 ?is field2 !re are no accept$ crit]ia = assign+ or measur+ _! mean+s2 b if "o use ! t]m consci\sness to d5ote imm$iate values ( objects1 !n x is c]ta9ly true t consci\sness is a lyric cry ev5 9 ! mid/ ( bus9ess4 ,b x is equally true t if someone else und]/&s by consci\sness ! function ( effective reflection1 !n consci\sness is a bus9ess--ev5 9 ! mid/ ( writ+ or s++ lyrics4 ,b ! /atem5t rema9s inadequate until we add t kn[+ z a bus9ess1 inquiry & inv5tion z ent]prises1 z practical acts1 become !mselves *>g$ ) ! mean+ ( :at !y accompli% z _! own imm$iate quality4 ,!re exi/s no disjunction betwe5 ae/hetic qualities :i* are f9al yet idle1 & acts :i* are practical or in/rum5tal4 ,! latt] h _! own delights & sorr[s4 ,,iii ,speak+1 !n1 f ! /&po9t ( temporal ord]1 we f9d reflection1 or ?\ght1 occupy+ an int]m$iate & recon/ructive position4 ,x comes betwe5 a temporally prior situation 7an organiz$ int]action ( factors7 ( active & appreciative exp]i5ce1 :]e9 "s ( ! factors h become discordant & incompatible1 & a lat] situation1 :i* has be5 con/itut$ out ( ! fir/ situation by means ( act+ on ! f9d+s ( reflective inquiry4 ,?is f9al situation !re=e has a ri*ness ( mean+1 z well z a controll$ "* lack+ to its orig9al4 ,by x is fix$ ! logical validity or intellectual =ce ( ! t]ms & relations di/+ui%$ by reflection4 ,ow+ to ! cont9uity ( exp]i5ce 7! ov]lapp+ & recurr5ce ( l problems71 ^! logical fixations become ( ! greate/ assi/ance to subsequ5t inquiries2 !y are its work+ means4 ,9 su* fur!r uses1 !y get fur!r te/$1 def9$1 & elaborat$1 until ! va/ & ref9$ sy/ems ( ! te*nical objects & =mulae ( ! sci5ces come into exi/5ce--a po9t to :i* we %all return lat]4 ,ow+ to circum/ances ^u :i* x is unnecess>y to dwell1 ! position ?us sket*$ 0 n develop$ prim>ily ^u its own indep5d5t acc\nt1 b r 9 ! c\rse ( a criticism ( ano!r type ( logic1 ! ideali/ic logic f\nd 9 ,lotze4 ,x is obvi\s t ! !ory 9 "q has critical be>+s4 ,accord+ to x1 reflection 9 its di/9ctions & processes c be und]/ood only :5 plac$ 9 its int]m$iate pivotal temporal position--z a process ( control1 ?r\gh reorganization1 ( mat]ial alogical 9 "*4 ,x intimates t ?9k+ w\ld n exi/1 & h5ce k w\ld n be f\nd1 9 a _w :i* pres5t$ no tr\bles or :]e !re are no problems ( evil2 & on ! o!r h& t a reflective me?od is ! only sure way ( deal+ ) ^! tr\bles4 ,x intimates t :ile ! results ( reflection1 because ( ! cont9uity ( exp]i5ce1 may be ( wid] scope ?an ! situation :i* calls out a p>ticul> inquiry & inv5tion1 reflection itself is always specific 9 orig9 & aim2 x always has some?+ special to cope )4 ,= tr\bles are concretely specific4 ,x intimates also t ?9k+ & reflective k are nev] an end-all1 nev] _! own purpose nor ju/ification1 b t !y pass naturally into a m direct & vital type ( exp]i5ce1 :e!r te*nological or appreciative or social4 ,?is doctr9e implies1 moreov]1 t logical !ory 9 its usual s5se is ess5tially a descriptive /udy2 t x is an acc\nt ( ! processes & tools :i* h actually be5 f\nd effective 9 inquiry1 compris+ 9 ! t]m inquiry bo? delib]ate discov]y & delib]ate inv5tion4 ,s9ce ! doctr9e 0 prop\nd$ 9 an intellectual environm5t :]e su* /atem5ts 7 n commonplaces1 :]e 9 fact a logic 0 reign+ :i* *all5g$ ^! convictions at e po9t1 x is n surpris+ t x 0 put =? ) a controv]sial color+1 be+ direct$ p>ticul>ly at ! dom9ant ideali/ic logic4 ,! po9t ( contact & h5ce ! po9t ( conflict betwe5 ! logic set =? & ! ideali/ic logic are n f> to seek4 ,! logic bas$ on idealism _h1 z a matt] ( fact1 treat$ k f ! /&po9t ( an acc\nt ( ?\ght--( ?\ght 9 ! s5se ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5tial reason+4 ,b :ile x _h inh]it$ ?is view f ! old] rationalism1 x _h also le>n$ f ,hume1 via ,kant1 t direct s5se or p]ceptual mat]ial mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,h5ce x _h1 9 effect1 =mulat$ ! problem ( logic z ! problem ( ! connection ( logical ?\ght ) s5se-mat]ial1 & _h attempt$ to set =? a metaphysics ( reality bas$ ^u v>i\s asc5d+ /ages ( ! complet5ess ( ! rationalization or idealization ( giv51 brute1 fragm5t>y s5se mat]ial by syn!tic activity ( ?\ght4 ,:ile consid]ations ( a mu* less =mal k9d 7 *iefly influ5tial 9 br++ idealism to its mod]n vogue1 su* z ! conciliation ( a sci5tific ) a religi\s & moral po9t ( view & ! ne$ ( rationaliz+ social & hi/oric in/itutions s z to expla9 _! cultural effect1 yet ?is logic con/itut$ ! te*nique ( idealism--its /rictly intellectual claim = acceptance4 ,! po9t ( contact1 & h5ce ( conflict1 betwe5 x & su* a doctr9e ( logic & reflective ?\ght z is set =? above is1 ,i repeat1 fairly obvi\s4 ,bo? fix ^u ?9k+ z ! key to ! situation4 ,i /ill believe 7:at ,i believ$ :5 ,i wrote ! essays7 t "u ! influ5ce ( idealism valuable analyses & =mulations ( ! "w ( reflective ?\ght1 9 its relation to secur+ k ( objects1 7 execut$4 ,b--& ! b is "o ( exceptional gravity--! ideali/ic logic />t$ f ! di/9ction betwe5 imm$iate plural data & unify+1 rationaliz+ mean+s z a di/9ction ready-made 9 exp]i5ce1 & x set up z ! goal ( k 7& h5ce z ! def9ition ( true reality7 a complete1 exhau/ive1 compreh5sive1 & et]nal sy/em 9 :i* plural & imm$iate data are =ev] wov5 into a fabric & patt]n ( self-lum9\s mean+4 ,9 %ort1 x ignor$ ! temporally int]m$iate & in/rum5tal place ( reflection2 & because x ignor$ & d5i$ ?is place1 x ov]look$ its ess5tial feature3 control ( ! environm5t 9 behalf ( human progress & well-be+1 ! ef=t at control be+ /imulat$ by ! ne$s1 ! defects1 ! tr\bles1 :i* accrue :5 ! environm5t co]ces & suppresses man or :5 man endeavors 9 ignorance to ov]ride ! environm5t4 ,h5ce x miscon/ru$ ! crit]ion ( ! "w ( intellig5ce2 x set up z its crit]ion an ,absolute & ,non-temporal reality at l>ge1 in/ead ( us+ ! crit]ion ( specific temporal a*ievem5t ( consequ5ces ?r\gh a control suppli$ by reflection4 ,& ) ?is outcome1 x prov$ fai?less to ! cause :i* _h g5]at$ x & giv5 x its reason = be+3 ! magnification ( ! "w ( intellig5ce 9 our actual physical & social _w4 ,= a !ory :i* ends by decl>+ t ev]y?+ is1 really & et]nally1 ?or\ghly ideal & rational1 cuts ! n]ve ( ! specific dem& & "w ( intellig5ce4 ,f ?is g5]al /atem5t1 let me desc5d to ! te*nical po9t ^u :i* turns ! criticism ( ideali/ic logic by ! essays4 ,grant1 = a mom5t1 z a hypo!sis1 t ?9k+ />ts nei!r f an implicit =ce ( rationality desir+ to realize itself completely 9 & ?r\gh & aga9/ ! limitations :i* are impos$ ^u x by ! conditions ( our human exp]i5ce 7z all idealisms h taught71 nor f ! fact t 9 ea* human be+ is a m9d ^: bus9ess x is j to "k--to !orize 9 ! ,ari/otelian s5se2 b1 r1 t x />ts f an ef=t to get out ( "s tr\ble1 actual or m5ac+4 ,x is q cle> t ! human race has tri$ _m ano!r way out besides reflective inquiry4 ,its favorite resort has be5 a comb9ation ( magic & poetry1 ! =m] to get ! ne$$ relief & control2 ! latt] to import into imag9ation1 & h5ce into emotional consummation1 ! realizations d5i$ 9 fact4 ,b z f> z reflection does em]ge & gets a work+ foo?old1 ! nature ( its job is set = x4 ,on ! "o h&1 x mu/ discov]1 x mu/ f9d out1 x mu/ detect2 x mu/ inv5tory :at is !re4 ,all ?is1 or else x w nev] "k :at ! matt] is2 ! human be+ w n f9d out :at /ruck him1 & h5ce w h no idea ( :]e to seek = a rem$y--= ! ne$$ control4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ inv5t1 x mu/ project1 x mu/ br+ to be> ^u ! giv5 situation :at is n1 z x exi/s1 giv5 z a "p ( x4 ,?is seems to be q empirical & q evid5t4 ,! essays submitt$ ! !sis t ?is simple di*otomization ( ! practical situation ( p[] & enjoym5t1 :5 m5ac$1 into :at is !re 7:e!r z ob/acle or z res\rce71 & into sugge/$ inv5tions--projections ( some?+ else to be br\ght to be> ^u x1 ways ( deal+ ) x--is ! explanation ( ! "t-honor$ logical det]m9ations ( brute fact1 datum & mean+ or ideal quality2 ( 79 m psy*ological t]m9ology7 s5se-p]ception & conception2 ( p>ticul>s 7p>ts1 fragm5ts7 & univ]sals-g5]ics2 & also ( :atev] !re is ( intr9sic significance 9 ! traditional subject-pr$icate s*eme ( logic4 ,x held1 less =mally1 t ?is view expla9$ ! eulogi/ic connotations always atta*+ to reason & to ! "w ( reason 9 effect+ unity1 h>mony1 compreh5sion1 or syn!sis1 & to ! traditional comb9ation ( a depreciatory attitude t[>d brute facts ) a grudg+ concession ( ! necessity :i* ?\ght is "u ( accept+ !m & tak+ !m = its own subject-matt] & *ecks4 ,m specifically1 x is held t ?is view suppli$ 7& ,i %\ld v5ture to say = ! fir/ "t7 an explanation ( ! traditional !ory ( tru? z a correspond5ce or agreem5t ( exi/5ce & m9d or ?\ght4 ,x %[$ t ! correspond5ce or agreem5t 0 l t betwe5 an inv5tion & ! conditions :i* ! inv5tion is int5d$ to meet4 ,!reby a lot ( epi/emological hang]s-on to logic 7 elim9at$2 = ! di/9ctions :i* epi/emology _h misund]/ood 7 locat$ :]e !y belong3--9 ! art ( inquiry1 consid]$ z a jo9t process ( asc]ta9m5t & inv5tion1 projection1 or hypo!siz+--( :i* m bel[4 ,,iv ,! essays 7 publi%$ 9 #aijc4 ,at t "t 7z has be5 not$7 idealism 0 9 practical comm& ( ! philosophic field 9 bo? ,engl& & ?is c\ntry2 ! logics 9 vogue 7 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,kantian & po/-,kantian ?\ght4 ,empirical logics1 ^? conceiv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,mill1 /ill exi/$1 b _! light 0 dimm$ by ! radiance ( ! regnant idealism4 ,moreov]1 f ! /&po9t ( ! doctr9e exp\nd$ 9 ! essays1 ! empirical logic committ$ ! same logical fault z did ! ideali/ic1 9 tak+ s5se-data to be primitive 7in/ead ( be+ resolutions ( ! ?+s ( prior exp]i5ces into elem5ts = ! aim ( secur+ evid5ce72 :ile x _h no recognition ( ! specific s]vice r5d]$ by intellig5ce 9 ! developm5t ( new mean+s & plans ( new actions4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s may expla9 ! controv]sial nature ( ! essays1 & _! selection 9 p>ticul> ( an ideali/ic logic = animadv]sion4 ,s9ce ! essays 7 writt51 !re has be5 an impressive revival ( realism1 & also a developm5t ( a type ( logical !ory--! s-call$ ,analytic ,logic--correspond+ to ! philosophical aspirations ( ! new realism4 ,?is m>k$ alt]ation ( intellectual environm5t subjects ! doctr9e ( ! essays to a te/ n contemplat$ :5 !y 7 writt54 ,x is "o ?+ to develop a hypo!sis 9 view ( a p>ticul> situation2 x is ano!r to te/ its wor? 9 view ( proc$ures & results hav+ a radically diff]5t motivation & direction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to discuss ! analytic logic 9 ?is place4 ,a consid]ation ( h[ "s ( its ma9 t5ets comp>e ) ! conclusions outl9$ above w1 h[ev]1 ?r[ "s light ^u ! mean+ & ! wor? ( ! latt]4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 =mulat$ ) ! ideali/ic & s5sationali/ic logics 9 m9d1 ! hypo!sis t k c be rightly und]/ood only 9 connection ) consid]ations ( "t & temporal position is a g5]al "o4 ,if x is valid1 x %\ld be readily applicable to a critical plac+ ( any !ory :i* ignores & d5ies su* temporal consid]ations4 ,& :ile ,i h le>n$ mu* f ! reali/ic movem5t ab\t ! full =ce ( ! position sket*$ 9 ! essays :5 adequately develop$2 & :ile lat] discussions h made x cle> t ! language employ$ 9 ! essays 0 sometimes unnecess>ily 7?\gh naturally7 infect$ by ! subjectivism ( ! positions aga9/ :i* x 0 direct$1 ,i f9d t ! analytic logic is also guilty ( ! fault ( temporal dislocation4 ,9 "o respect1 ideali/ic logic takes cognizance ( a temporal contra/2 inde$1 x may fairly be said to be bas$ ^u x4 ,x seizes ^u ! contra/ 9 intellectual =ce1 consi/5cy1 & compreh5siv5ess betwe5 ! crude or raw data ) :i* sci5ce sets out & ! def9$1 ord]$1 & sy/ematic totality at :i* x aims--& :i* 9 "p x a*ieves4 ,?is diff]5ce is a g5u9e empirical diff]5ce4 ,idealism not$ t ! diff]5ce may prop]ly be ascrib$ to ! int]v5tion ( ?9k+--t ?\ght is :at makes ! diff]5ce4 ,n[ s9ce ! outcome ( sci5ce is ( high] intellectual rank ?an its data1 & s9ce ! intellectuali/ic tradition 9 philosophy has always id5tifi$ degrees ( logical adequacy ) degrees ( reality1 ! conclusion 0 naturally drawn t ! real _w--absolute reality--0 an ideal or ?\ght-_w1 & t ! s5se-_w1 ! commons5se-_w1 ! _w ( actual & hi/oric exp]i5ce1 is simply a ph5om5al _w pres5t+ a fragm5t>y manife/ation ( t ?\ght :i* ! process ( human ?9k+ makes progressively explicit & articulate4 ,?is p]ception ( ! intellectual sup]iority ( objects :i* are con/itut$ at ! conclusion ( ?9k+ ov] ^? :i* =m$ its data may fairly be t]m$ ! empirical factor 9 ! ideali/ic logic4 ,! ess5ce ( ! reali/ic reaction1 on its logical side1 is exce$+ly simple4 ,x />ts f ^? objects ) :i* sci5ce1 approv$ sci5ce1 ends4 ,s9ce !y are ! objects :i* are kn[n1 :i* are true1 !y are ! real objects4 ,t !y are also objects = int]v5+ ?9k+ is an int]e/+ en\gh hi/orical & psy*ological fact1 b "o q irrelevant to _! natures1 :i* are precisely :at k f9ds !m to be4 ,9 ! biography ( human be+s x may hold good t appreh5sion ( objects is arriv$ at only ?r\gh c]ta9 w&]+s1 endeavors1 ex]cises1 exp]im5ts2 possibly acts call$ s5sation1 memory1 reflection may be ne$$ by m5 9 rea*+ a grasp ( ! objects4 ,b su* ?+s d5ote facts ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! kn[]1 n ab\t ! nature ( ! kn[n object4 ,analysis w %[1 moreov]1 t any intelligible acc\nt ( ?is hi/ory1 any v]ifi$ /atem5t ( ! psy*ology ( kn[+ assumes objects :i* are unaffect$ by ! kn[+--o!rwise ! pret5d$ hi/ory is m]ely pret5se & n to be tru/$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! process ( kn[+1 moreov]1 implies also ! t]ms & propositions--tru?s--( logic4 ,t logic mu/ !re=e be assum$ z a sci5ce ( objects real & true1 q ap>t f any process ( ?9k+ !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! requirem5t is t we %all ?9k ?+s z !y are !mselves1 n make !m into objects con/ruct$ by ?9k+4 ,?is revival ( realism co9cid$ also ) an important movem5t 9 ma!matics & logic3 ! attempt to treat logical di/9ctions by ma!matical me?ods2 :ile at ! same "t ma!matical subject-matt] _h become s g5]aliz$ t x 0 a !ory ( types & ord]s ( t]ms & propositions--9 %ort1 a logic4 ,c]ta9 m9ds h always f\nd ma!matics ! type ( k1 because ( its def9it5ess1 ord]1 & compreh5siv5ess4 ,! wond]ful accompli%m5ts ( mod]n ma!matics1 includ+ its developm5t into a type ( highly g5]aliz$ logic1 0 n calculat$ to less5 ! t5d5cy4 ,& :ile prior philosoph]s h g5]ally play$ _! admiration ( ma!matics into ! h&s ( idealism 7reg>d+ ma!matical subject-matt] z ! embodim5t or manife/ation ( pure ?\ght71 ! new philosophy insi/$ t ! t]ms & types ( ord] con/itut+ ma!matical & logical subject-matt] 7 real 9 _! own "r1 & 7at mo/7 m]ely l$ up to & discov]$ by ?9k+--an op]ation1 moreov]1 itself subject$ 7z has be5 po9t$ out7 to ! entities & relation%ips set =? by logic4 ,! inadequacy ( ?is summ>y acc\nt may be p>don$ 9 view ( ! fact t no adequate exposition is int5d$2 all t is want$ is su* a /atem5t ( ! g5]al relation%ip ( idealism to realism z may s]ve z ! po9t ( dep>ture = a comp>ison ) ! in/rum5talism ( ! essays4 ,9 b>e outl9e1 x is obvi\s t ! two latt] agree 9 reg>d+ ?9k+ z in/rum5tal1 n z con/itutive4 ,b ?is agreem5t turns out to be a =mal matt] 9 contra/ ) a disagreem5t conc]n+ t to :i* ?9k+ is in/rum5tal4 ,! new realism f9ds t x is in/rum5tal simply to k ( objects4 ,f ?is x inf]s 7) p]fect correctness & inevitabl5ess7 t ?9k+ 7includ+ all ! op]ations ( discov]y & te/+ z !y might be set =? 9 an inductive logic7 is a m]e psy*ological prelim9>y1 utt]ly irrelevant to any conclusions reg>d+ ! nature ( objects kn[n4 ,! !sis ( ! essays is t ?9k+ is in/rum5tal to a control ( ! environm5t1 a control effect$ ?r\gh acts :i* w\ld n be und]tak5 )\t ! prior resolution ( a complex situation into assur$ elem5ts & an accompany+ projection ( possibilities--)\t1 t is to say1 ?9k+4 ,su* an in/rum5talism seems to analytic realism b a v>iant ( idealism4 ,= x ass]ts t processes ( reflective inquiry play a "p 9 %ap+ ! objects--namely1 t]ms & propositions--:i* con/itute ! bodies ( sci5tific k4 ,n[ x mu/ n only be admitt$ b proclaim$ t ! doctr9e ( ! essays holds t intellig5ce is n an otiose affair1 nor yet a m]e prelim9>y to a spectator-l appreh5sion ( t]ms & propositions4 ,9 s f> z x is ideali/ic to hold t objects ( k 9 _! capacity ( di/9ctive objects ( k are det]m9$ by intellig5ce1 x is ideali/ic4 ,x believes t fai? 9 ! con/ructive1 ! creative1 compet5cy ( intellig5ce 0 ! r$eem+ elem5t 9 hi/oric idealisms4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 we be misl$ by g5]al t]ms1 ! scope & limits ( ?is idealism mu/ be =mulat$4 7#a7 ,its di/+ui%+ trait is t x def9es ?\ght or intellig5ce by function1 by "w done1 by consequ5ces effect$4 ,x does n />t ) a p[]1 an entity or sub/ance or activity :i* is ready-made ?\ght or reason & :i* z su* con/itutes ! _w4 ,?\ght1 intellig5ce1 is to x j a "n = ! ev5ts & acts :i* make up ! processes ( analytic inspection & project$ inv5tion & te/+ :i* h be5 describ$4 ,^! ev5ts1 ^! acts1 are :olly natural2 !y are reali/ic2 !y comprise ! /icks & /ones1 ! bread & butt]1 ! trees & horses1 ! eyes & e>s1 ! lov]s & hat]s1 ! sighs & delights ( ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ is :at "s ( ! actual exi/5ces d4 ,!y are 9 no s5se con/itut$ by ?9k+2 on ! contr>y1 ! problems ( ?\ght are set by _! difficulties & its res\rces are furni%$ by _! efficacies2 its acts are _! do+s adapt$ to a di/9ctive end4 7#b7 ,! reorganization1 ! modification1 effect$ by ?9k+ is1 by ?is hypo!sis1 a physical "o4 ,?9k+ ends 9 exp]im5t & exp]im5t is an actual alt]ation ( a physically antec$5t situation 9 ^? details or respects :i* call$ = ?\ght 9 ord] to d away ) "s evil4 ,to suff] a disease & to try to d some?+ = x is a primal exp]i5ce2 to look into ! disease1 to try & f9d out j :at makes x a disease1 to inv5t--or hypo!cate--rem$ies is a reflective exp]i5ce2 to try ! sugge/$ rem$y & see :e!r ! disease is help$ is ! act :i* trans=ms ! data & ! int5d$ rem$y into k objects4 ,& ?is trans=mation into k objects is also effect$ by *ang+ physical ?+s by physical means4 ,speak+ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! decisive consid]ation z betwe5 in/rum5talism & analytic realism is :e!r ! op]ation ( exp]im5tation is or is n necess>y to k4 ,! in/rum5tal !ory holds t x is2 analytic realism holds t ev5 ?\gh x 7 ess5tial 9 gett+ k 7or 9 le>n+71 x has no?+ to d ) k itself1 & h5ce no?+ to d ) ! kn[n object3 t x makes a *ange only 9 ! kn[]1 n 9 :at is to be kn[n4 ,& = precisely ! same reason1 in/rum5talism holds t an object z a k-object is nev] a :ole2 t x is surr\nd$ ) & inclos$ by ?+s :i* are q o!r ?an objects ( k1 s t k _c be und]/ood 9 isolation or :5 tak5 z m]e behold+ or grasp+ ( objects4 ,t is to say1 :ile x is mak+ ! sick man bett] or worse 7or leav+ him j ! same7 :i* det]m9es ! k-value ( c]ta9 f9d+s ( fact & c]ta9 conceptions z to mode ( treatm5t 7s t by ! treatm5t !y become def9itely k-objects71 yet improvem5t or det]ioration ( ! pati5t is o!r ?an an object ( cognitive appreh5sion4 ,its k-object phase is a selection 9 ref]5ce to prior reflections4 ,s ! laboratory exp]im5t ( a *emi/ :i* br+s to a head a long reflective inquiry & settles ! intellectual /atus ( its f9d+s & !oriz+s 7!reby mak+ !m into cognitive conc]ns or t]ms & propositions7 is itself mu* m ?an a k ( t]ms & propositions1 & only by virtue ( ?is surplusage is x ev5 contemplative k4 ,he kn[s1 say1 t91 :5 he has made t9 into an outcome ( 8 inve/igat+ proc$ures1 b t9 is mu* m ?an a t]m ( k4 ,putt+ ! matt] 9 a slightly diff]5t way1 logical 7z di/9ct f nave7 realism confuses means ( k ) objects ( k4 ,! means are tw(old3 !y are 7a7 ! data ( a p>ticul> inquiry s f> z !y are significant because ( prior exp]im5tal inquiries2 & 7b7 !y are ! mean+s :i* h be5 settl$ 9 consequ5ce ( prior intellectual und]tak+s3 on ! "o h&1 p>ticul> ?+s or qualities z signs2 on ! o!r1 g5]al mean+s z possibilities ( :at is signifi$ by giv5 data4 ,our physician has 9 advance a te*nique = tell+ t c]ta9 p>ticul> traits1 if he f9ds !m1 are symptoms1 signs2 & he has a /ore ( diseases & rem$ies 9 m9d :i* may possibly be meant 9 any giv5 case4 ,f prior reflective exp]im5ts he has le>n$ to look = temp]ature1 = rate ( he>tbeats1 = sore spots 9 c]ta9 places2 to take specim5s ( blood1 sputum1 ( membrane1 & subject !m to cultures1 microscopic exam9ation1 etc4 ,he has acquir$ c]ta9 habits1 9 o!r words1 9 virtue ( :i* c]ta9 physical qualities & ev5ts are m ?an physical1 9 virtue ( :i* !y are signs or indications ( some?+ else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is some?+ else is a some:at n physically pres5t at ! "t3 x is a s]ies ( ev5ts /ill to happ54 ,x is sugge/$ by :at is giv51 b is no "p ( ! giv54 ,n[1 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! physician comes to ! exam9ation ( :at is !re ) a l>ge & compreh5sive /ock ( su* possibilities or mean+s 9 m9d1 he w be intellectually res\rceful 9 deal+ ) a p>ticul> case4 ,!y 7! concepts or univ]sals ( ! situation7 are 7toge!r ) ! sign-capacity ( ! data7 ! means ( kn[+ ! case 9 h&2 !y are ! ag5cies ( trans=m+ x1 ?r\gh ! actions :i* !y call =1 into an object--an object ( k1 a tru? to be /at$ 9 propositions4 ,b s9ce ! pr(essional 7z di/9ct f ! human7 kn[] is p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) ! elaboration ( ^! tools1 ! pr(essional kn[]--( :i* ! class philosoph] pres5ts ( c\rse "o case--ung5]\sly drops f sight ! situation 9 its integrity & treats ^! in/rum5talities ( k z objects ( k4 ,ea* ( ^! aspects--signs & ?+s signifi$--is suffici5tly important to des]ve a section on its own acc\nt4 ,v ,! position tak5 9 ! essays is frankly reali/ic 9 ackn[l$g+ t c]ta9 brute exi/5ces1 detect$ or laid b>e by ?9k+ b 9 no way con/itut$ out ( ?\ght or any m5tal process1 set e problem = reflection & h5ce s]ve to te/ its o!rwise m]ely speculative results4 ,x is simply insi/$ t z a matt] ( fact ^! brute exi/5ces are equival5t nei!r to ! objective cont5t ( ! situations1 te*nological or arti/ic or social1 9 :i* ?9k+ orig9ates1 nor to ! ?+s to be kn[n--to ! objects ( k4 ,let u take ! sequ5ce ( m9]al rock 9 place1 pig iron & ! manufactur$ article1 comp>+ ! raw mat]ial 9 its undi/urb$ place 9 nature to ! orig9al res ( exp]i5ce1 comp>e ! manufactur$ article to ! objective & object ( k1 & ! brute datum to ! metal und]go+ extraction f raw ore = ! sake ( be+ wr\ght into a useful ?+4 ,& we %\ld add t j z ! manufactur] always has a lot ( already extract$ ore on h& = use 9 ma*9e processes z x is want$1 s e p]son ( any maturity1 especially if he lives 9 an environm5t affect$ by previ\s sci5tific "w1 has a lot ( extract$ data--or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( ready-made tools ( extraction--= use 9 inf]5ce z !y are requir$4 ,we g ab\t ) a disposition to id5tify c]ta9 %apes z tables1 c]ta9 s\nds z words ( ! ,fr5* language1 c]ta9 cries z evid5ces ( di/ress1 c]ta9 mass$ colors z woods 9 ! di/ance1 c]ta9 empty spaces z buttonholes1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! examples are trivial en\gh4 ,b if m complicat$ matt]s 7 tak51 x w\ld be se5 t a l>ge "p ( ! te*nique ( sci5ce 7all ( sci5ce :i* is specifically inductive 9 "*7 consi/s ( me?ods ( f9d+ out j :at qualities are unambigu\s1 economical1 & dep5dable signs ( ^? o!r ?+s :i* _c be got at z directly z c ! sign-be>+ elem5ts4 ,& if we />t$ f ! m obscure & complex difficulties ( id5tification & diagnosis ) :i* ! sci5ces ( physiology1 botany1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 etc41 deal1 we %\ld be =c$ to recognize t ! id5tifications ( ev]yday life--our p]ceptions ( *airs1 tables1 trees1 fri5ds--diff] only 9 pres5t+ que/ions mu* easi] ( solution4 ,9 e case1 x is a matt] ( fix+ "s giv5 physical exi/5ce z a sign ( "s o!r exi/5ces n giv5 9 ! same way z is t :i* s]ves z a sign4 ,^! words ( ,mill might well be made ! motto ( e logic3 ,to draw inf]5ces has be5 said to be ! great bus9ess ( life4 ,ev]yone has daily1 h\rly1 & mom5t>y ne$ ( asc]ta9+ facts :i* he has n directly obs]v$4444 ,x is ! only occupation 9 :i* ! m9d nev] ceases to be engag$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! indisp5sable condition ( do+ ! bus9ess well is ! c>eful det]m9ation ( ! sign-=ce ( specific ?+s 9 exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is condition c nev] be fulfill$ z long z a ?+ is pres5t$ to u1 s to say1 9 bulk4 ,! complex organizations :i* are ! subject-matt] ( our direct activities & enjoym5ts are grossly unfit to s]ve z intellectual indications or evid5ce4 ,_! te/imony is almo/ wor?less1 !y speak s _m languages4 ,9 _! complexity1 !y po9t equally 9 all directions2 9 _! unity1 !y run 9 a groove & po9t to :atev] is mo/ cu/om>y4 ,to break up ! complexity1 to resolve x into a numb] ( indep5d5t v>iables ea* z irr$ucible z x is possible to make x1 is ! only way ( gett+ secure po9t]s z to :at is indicat$ by ! occurr5ce ( ! situation 9 "q4 ,! objects ( ord9>y life1 /ones1 plants1 cats1 rocks1 moon1 etc41 are nei!r ! data ( sci5ce nor ! objects at :i* sci5ce arrives4 ,we are "h face to face ) a crucial po9t 9 analytic realism4 ,realism argues t we h no alt]native except ei!r to reg>d analysis z falsify+ 7 la ,b]gson71 & ?us commit ourselves to di/ru/ ( sci5ce z an organ ( k1 or else to admit t some?+ eulogi/ically t]m$ ,reality 7especially z ,exi/5ce1 ,be+ z subject to space & "t det]m9ations7 is b a complex made up ( fix$1 mutually indep5d5t simples3 viz41 t ,reality is truly conceiv$ only "u ! caption ( :ole & p>ts1 :]e ! p>ts are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & consequ5tly ( ! :ole4 ,= in/rum5talism1 h[ev]1 ! alleg$ dilemma simply does n exi/4 ,! results ( ab/raction & analysis are p]fectly real2 b !y are real1 l ev]y?+ else1 :]e !y are real3 t is to say1 9 "s p>ticul> coexi/5ce 9 ! situation :]e !y orig9ate & op]ate4 ,! rem>k is p]haps m cryptic ?an enlight5+4 ,its int5t is t reflection is an actual occurr5ce z mu* s z a ?und]/orm or a gr[+ plant1 & z an actual exi/5ce x is *>act]iz$ by specific exi/5tial traits uniquely belong+ to x3 ! entities ( simple data z su*4 ,x is 9 control ( ! evid5tial function t irr$ucible & indep5d5t simples or elem5ts exi/4 ,!y c]ta9ly are f\nd !re2 z we h se5 !y are common-s5se objects brok5 up into exp$iti\s & unambigu\s signs ( conclusions to be drawn1 conclusions ab\t o!r ?+s ) :i* !y--! elem5ts--are cont9u\s 9 "s respects1 al?\gh discrete#d ) respect to _! s5sory conditions4 ,b !re is no m reason = suppos+ t !y exi/ else:]e 9 ! same mann] ?an !re is = suppos+ t c5taurs coexi/ along ) dome/ic horses & c[s because !y coexi/ ) ! mat]ial ( folk-tales or rites1 or = suppos+ t pigs ( iron pre-exi/$ z pigs 9 ! m9e4 ,!re is no falsify+ 9 analysis because ! analysis is c>ri$ on )9 a situation :i* controls x4 ,! fallacy & falsify+ is on ! "p ( ! philosoph] :o ignores ! contextual situation & :o transf]s ! prop]ties :i* ?+s h z dep5dable evid5tial signs ov] to ?+s 9 o!r modes ( behavior4 ,x is no reply to ?is position to say t ! elem5ts or simples 7 !re prior to inquiry & to analysis & ab/raction4 ,( c\rse _! subject-matt] 0 9 "s s5se !re2 &1 be+ !re1 0 f\nd1 discov]$1 or detect$--hit ^u4 ,i am n que/ion+ ?is /atem5t2 r1 ,i h be5 ass]t+ x4 ,b ,i am ask+ = pati5ce & indu/ry to consid] ! matt] some:at fur!r4 ,i w\ld ask ! man :o takes ! t]ms ( logical analysis 7physical resolution = ! sake ( gett+ assur$ evid5tial indications ( objects z yet unkn[n7 to be ?+s :i* coexi/ ) ! ?+s ( a non-inf]5tial situation1 to inquire 9 :at way 8 indep5d5t giv5 ultimates 7 !re prior to analysis4 ,i w\ld po9t out t 9 any case !y did n pre-exi/ z signs4 7a7 ,consequ5tly1 :atev] traits or prop]ties !y possess z signs mu/ at lea/ be ref]r$ exclusively to ! reflective situation4 ,& !y mu/ possess "s di/+ui%+ traits z signs2 o!rwise !y w\ld be indi/+ui%able f any?+ else :i* happ5s to be ?\ght (1 & c\ld n be employ$ z evid5ce3 c\ld n be1 9 %ort1 :at !y are4 ,if ! read] w s]i\sly ask j :at traits data d possess z signs1 or evid5ce1 ,i %all be q cont5t to leave ! issue to ! results ( 8 own inquiries4 7b7 ,any inquiry z to h[ ! data antec$5tly exi/ w1 ,i am confid5t1 %[ t !y d n exi/ 9 ! same purity1 ! same ext]nal exclusiv5ess & int]nal homog5eity1 :i* !y pres5t )9 ! situation ( inf]5ce1 any m ?an ! iron :i* pre-exi/$ 9 ! rocks 9 ! m\nta9s 0 j ! same z ! flux$ & extract$ ore4 ,h5ce !y did n exi/ 9 ! same isolat$ simplicity4 ,i h n ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 exagg]at+ ! scope ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,! important matt] is n its ext5t or range1 b :at su* a *ange--h[ev] small--indicates3 namely1 t ! mat]ial is ent]+ into a new environm5t1 & has be5 subject$ to ! *anges :i* w make x useful & effective 9 t environm5t4 ,x is trivial to suppose t ! sole or ev5 ! prim>y difficulty :i* an analytic realism has to face is ! occurr5ce ( error & illusions1 ( second>y qualities1 etc4 ,! difficulty resides 9 ! contra/ ( ! _w ( a nave1 say ,ari/otelian1 realism ) t ( a highly intellectualiz$ & analytic dis9tegration ( ! ev]yday _w ( ?+s4 ,if realism is g5]\s en\gh to h a place )9 its _w 7z a res hav+ social & temporal qualities z well z spatial ones7 = data 9 process ( con/ruction ( new objects1 ! outlook is radically diff]5t f ! case :]e1 9 ! int]e/s ( a !ory1 a realism insi/s t analytic det]m9ations are ! sole real ?+s4#e ,if x be n only conc$$ b ass]t$ t ! subject-matt] g5]at+ ! data ( sci5tific proc$ure ant$ates ! proc$ure1 x may be ask$3 :at is ! po9t ( insi/+ s mu* ^u ! fact t data exi/ only )9 ! proc$ure8 ,is n ! /atem5t ei!r a trivial tautology or else an attempt to inject1 sub rosa1 a c]ta9 ideali/ic dep5d5ce ^u ?\ght into ev5 brute facts8 ,! "q is a fair "o4 ,& ! clew to ! reply may be f\nd 9 ! consid]ation t x 0 n hi/orically an easy matt] to r$uce ! iron ( ! rocks to ! iron :i* c\ld freely & effectively be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles4 ,x involv$ hitt+ ^u a highly complicat$ art1 b an art1 nev]!less1 :i* anyone ) ! necess>y capital & education c comm& today z a matt] ( c\rse1 giv+ no ?\ght to ! fact t "o is us+ an art con/ruct$ orig9ally ) va/ pa9s4 ,simil>ly x is by art1 by a c>efully det]m9$ te*nique1 t ! ?+s ( our prim>y exp]i5ce are resolv$ into unque/ion$ & irr$ucible data1 lack+ 9 inn] complexity & h5ce unambigu\s4 ,!re is no call = ! sci5tific man 9 ! pursuit ( 8 call+ to take acc\nt ( ?is fact1 any m ?an ! manufactur] ne$ reckon ) ! arts :i* are requir$ to deliv] him 8 mat]ial4 ,b a logician1 a philosoph]1 is suppos$ to take a some:at broad] survey2 & = 8 purposes ! fact :i* ! sci5tific inquir] c leave out ( acc\nt1 because x is no "p ( 8 bus9ess1 may be ! important fact4 ,= ! logician1 x w\ld seem1 is conc]n$ n ) ! significance ( ^! or ^? data1 b ) ! significance ( !re be+ su* ?+s z data1 ) _! traits ( irr$ucibl5ess1 brut5ess1 simplicity1 etc4 ,n[1 z ! special sci5tific inquir] answ]s ! "q z to ! significance ( 8 special brute facts by discov]+ o!r facts ) :i* !y are connect$1 s x w\ld seem t ! logician c f9d out ! significance ( ! exi/5ce ( data 7! fact :i* conc]ns him7 only by f9d+ out ! o!r facts ) :i* !y coexi/--_! significance be+ _! factual cont9uities4 ,& ! fir/ /ep 9 ! se>* = ^! o!r facts :i* supply significance is ! recognition t !y h be5 extract$ = a purpose--= ! purpose ( guid+ inf]5ce4 ,x is ?is purposeful situation ( inquiry :i* supplies ! o!r facts :i* give ! exi/5ce ( brute data _! significance4 ,& unless !re is su* a discov]y 7or "s bett] "o71 ! logician w inevitably fail 9 conceiv+ ! import ( ! exi/5ce ( brute data4 ,& ?is misconception is1 ,i repeat1 j ! defect f :i* an analytic pres5tative realism suff]s4 ,to p]ceive t ! brute data laid b>e 9 sci5tific proce$+s are always traits ( an ext5sive situation1 & ( t situation z "o :i* ne$s control & :i* is to und]go modification 9 "s respects1 is to be protect$ f any temptation to turn logical specification into metaphysical atomism4 ,! ne$ = ! protection is suffici5tly great to ju/ify sp5d+ "s en]gy 9 po9t+ out t ! brute objective facts ( sci5tific discov]y are discov]$ facts1 discov]$ by physical manipulations :i* deta* !m f _! ord9>y sett+4 ,we h /at$ t1 /rictly speak+1 data 7z ! imm$iate consid]ations f :i* controll$ inf]5ce proce$s7 are n objects b means1 in/rum5talities1 ( k3 ?+s by :i* we "k r ?an ?+s kn[n4 ,x is by ! color /a9 t we "k a cellul> /ructure2 x is by m>ks on a page t we "k :at "s man believes2 x is by ! height ( ! b>omet] t we "k ! probability ( ra92 x is by ! scrat*es on ! rock t we "k t ice 0 once !re2 x is by qualities detect$ 9 *emical & microscopic exam9ation t we "k t a ?+ is human blood & n pa9t4 ,j :at ! reali/ ass]ts ab\t s-call$ m5tal /ates ( s5sations1 images1 & ideas1 namely1 t !y are n ! subject-matt] ( k b its ag5cies1 holds ( ! *airs & tables to :i* he appeals 9 support ( 8 doctr9e ( an imm$iate cognitive pres5tation1 ap>t f any problem & any reflection4 ,& !re is v solid gr\nd = in/itut+ ! comp>ison3 ! s5sations1 images1 etc41 ( ! ideali/ are no?+ b ! *airs1 tables1 etc41 ( ! reali/ 9 _! ultimate irr$ucible qualities4#f ,! problem 9 :i* ! reali/ appeals to ! imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! table is ! epi/emological problem1 & he appeals to ! table n z an object ( k 7z he ?9ks he does71 b z evid5ce1 z a means ( kn[+ 8 conclusion--8 real object ( k4 ,he has only to exam9e 8 own evid5ce to see t x is evid5ce1 & h5ce a t]m 9 a reflective inquiry1 :ile ! nature ( k is ! object ( 8 k4 ,aga91 ! "q may be ask$3 ,s9ce in/rum5talism admits t ! table is really !re1 :y make su* a fuss ab\t :e!r x is !re z a means or z an object ( k8 ,is n ! di/9ction m]e hair-splitt+ unless x is a way ( smuggl+ 9 a quasi-ideali/ic dep5d5ce ^u ?\ght8 ,! reply w1 ,i hope1 cl9* ! significance ( ! di/9ction1 :e!r or no x makes x acceptable4 ,respect = k & its object is ! gr\nd = insi/+ ^u ! di/9ction4 ,! object ( k is1 s to speak1 a m dignifi$1 a m complete1 suffici5t1 & self-suffic+ ?+ ?an any datum c be4 ,to transf] ! traits ( ! object z kn[n to ! datum ( rea*+ x1 is a mat]ial1 n a m]ely v]bal1 affair4 ,x is precisely ?is %ift :i* leads ! pres5tative reali/ to sub/itute = irr$ucibility & unambiguity ( logical function 7use 9 inf]5ce7 physical & metaphysical isolation & elem5t>9ess4 ,x is ?is %ift :i* g5]ates ! ne$ ( reconcil+ ! deliv]ances ( sci5ce ) ! /ructure & qualities ( ! _w 9 :i* we directly live1 s9ce x sets up a rivalry betwe5 ! claims ( ! data1 ( common-s5se objects1 & ( sci5tific objects 7! results ( adequate inquiry74 ,above all x commits u to a view t *ange is 9 "s s5se unreal1 s9ce ultimate & prim>y entities1 be+ simple1 d n p]mit ( *ange4 ,no2 :atev] is to be said ab\t ! validity ( ! di/9ction cont5d$ =1 x _c be said to be insignificant4 ,a !ory :i* commits u to ! conception ( a _w ( ,eleatic fixities z prim>y & :i* reg>ds alt]ation & organization z second>y has su* pr(\nd consequ5ces = ?\ght & conduct t a detection ( its motivat+ fallacy makes a sub/antial diff]5ce4 ,no m fundam5tal "q c be rais$ ?an ! range & =ce ( ! applicability to nature1 life1 & society ( ! :ole-&-"p conception4 ,& if we confuse our premises by tak+ ! exi/5tial in/rum5talities ( k = its real objects1 all di/9ctions & relations 9 nature1 life1 & society are !reby requisition$ to be really only cases ( ! :ole-&-"p nature ( ?+s4 ,,vi ,! in/rum5tal !ory ackn[l$ges ! objectivity ( mean+s z well z ( data4 ,!y are ref]r$ to & employ$ 9 reflective inquiry ) ! confid5ce atta*$ to ! h>d facts ( s5se4 ,pragmatic1 z di/9ct f s5sational1 empiricism may claim to h ant$at$ neo-realism 9 criticism ( resolution ( mean+s into /ates or acts ( consci\sness4 ,z previ\sly not$1 mean+s are indisp5sable in/rum5talities ( reflection1 /rictly co9cid5t ) & correlative to :at is analytically detect$ to be giv51 or irremovably !re4 ,data 9 _! fragm5t>y "* pose a problem2 !y also def9e x4 ,!y sugge/ possible mean+s4 ,:e!r !y indicate !m z well z sugge/ !m is a "q to be resolv$4 ,b ! mean+s sugge/$ are g5u9ely & exi/5tially sugge/$1 & ! problem describ$ by ! data _c be solv$ )\t _! ackn[l$gm5t & use4 ,t ?is in/rum5tal necessity has l$ to a metaphysical hypo/atiz+ ( mean+s into ess5ces or subsi/5ces hav+ "s sort ( my/]i\s be+ ap>t f qualitative ?+s & *anges is a s\rce ( regret2 x is h>dly an occasion = surprise4 ,to be sure ( our foot+1 let u return to empirical gr\nd4 ,x is z c]ta9 an empirical fact t "o ?+ sugge/s ano!r z t fire alt]s ! ?+ burn$4 ,! sugge/+ ?+ has to be !re or giv52 some?+ has to be !re to d ! sugge/+4 ,! sugge/$ ?+ is obvi\sly n !re 9 ! same way z t :i* sugge/s2 if x 71 x w\ld n h to be sugge/$4 ,a sugge/ion t5ds1 9 ! natural man1 to excite action1 to op]ate z a /imulus4 ,i may respond m readily & en]getically to a sugge/$ fire ?an to ! ?+ f :i* ! sugge/ion sprang3 t is1 ! ?+ by itself may leave me cold1 ! ?+ z sugge/+ some?+ else may move me vigor\sly4 ,! response if effect$ has all ! =ce ( a belief or conviction4 ,x is z if we believ$1 on intellectual gr\nds1 t ! ?+ is a fire4 ,b x is discov]$ t n all sugge/ions are indications1 or signifi]s4 ,! :ale sugge/$ by ! cl\d =m does n /& on ! same level z ! fire sugge/$ by smoke1 & ! sugge/$ fire does n always turn out fire 9 fact4 ,we are l$ to exam9e ! orig9al po9t ( dep>ture & we f9d out t x 0 n really smoke4 ,9 a _w :]e skim-milk & cream sugge/ions1 act$ ^u1 h respectively diff]5t consequ5ces1 & :]e a ?+ sugge/s "o z readily z ! o!r 7or skim-milk masqu]ades z cream71 ! importance ( exam9ation ( ! ?+ ex]cis+ ! sugge/ive =ce prior to act+ ^u :at x sugge/s is obvi\s4 ,h5ce ! act ( response naturally /imulat$ is turn$ into *annels ( inspection & exp]im5tal 7physical7 analysis4 ,we move our body to get a bett] hold on x1 & we pick x to pieces to see :at x is4 ,?is is ! op]ation :i* we h be5 discuss+ 9 ! la/ section4 ,b exp]i5ce also te/ifies t ! ?+ sugge/$ is wor? att5tion on its own acc\nt4 ,p]haps we _c get v readily at ! ?+ :i*1 sugge/+ flame1 sugge/s fire4 ,x may be t reflection ^u ! mean+ 7or conception71 fire1 w help u4 ,fire--"h1 !re1 or any:]e1 ! ess5ce fire--means ?us & s2 if ?is ?+ really means fire1 x w h c]ta9 traits1 c]ta9 attributes4 ,are !y !re8 ,!re are flames on ! /age z "p ( ! sc5]y4 ,d !y really indicate fire8 ,fire w\ld mean dang]2 b x is n possible t su* a risk w\ld be tak5 ) an audi5ce 7o!r mean+s1 risk1 audi5ce1 dang]1 be+ br\ght 974 ,x mu/ be some?+ else4 ,well1 x is probably color$ tissue-pap] 9 /rips rapidly bl[n ab\t4 ,?is mean+ leads u to clos] inspection2 x directs our obs]vations to hunt = corroborations or negations4 ,if conditions p]mitt$1 x w\ld lead u to walk up & get at ! ?+ 9 close qu>t]s4 ,9 %ort1 devotion to a sugge/ion1 prior to accept+ x z /imulus1 leads fir/ to o!r sugge/ions :i* may be m applicable2 &1 secondly1 x af=ds ! /&po9t & ! proc$ure ( a physical exp]im5tation to detect ^? elem5ts :i* are ! m reliable signs1 indicators 7evid5ce74 ,sugge/ions ?us treat$ are precisely :at con/itute mean+s1 subsi/5ces1 ess5ces1 etc4 ,)\t su* developm5t & h&l+ ( :at is sugge/$1 ! process ( analyz+ ! situation to get at its h>d facts1 & especially to get at j ^? :i* h a "r to det]m9e inf]5ce1 is haphaz>d--ineffectively done4 ,9 ! actual /ress ( any su* ne$$ det]m9ation x is ( ! greate/ importance to h a l>ge /ock ( possible mean+s to draw on1 & to h !m ord]$ 9 su* a way t we c develop ea* promptly & accurately1 & move quickly f "o to ano!r4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at !n t we n only cons]ve su* sugge/ions z h be5 previ\sly conv]t$ successfully into mean+s1 b also t we 7or "s m5 at lea/7 turn pr(essional inquir]s & ?9k]s2 t mean+s are elaborat$ & ord]$ 9 relat$ sy/ems q ap>t f any imm$iately urg5t situation2 or t a realm ( ess5ces is built up ap>t f t ( exi/5ces4 ,t sugge/ion occurs is d\btless a my/]y1 b s is x a my/]y t hydrog5 & oxyg5 make wat]4 ,x is "o ( ! h>d1 brute facts t we h to take acc\nt (4 ,we c inve/igate ! conditions "u :i* ! happ5+ takes place1 we c trace ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ! happ5+4 ,by ^! means we c s control ! happ5+ t x w take place 9 a m secure & fruitful mann]4 ,b all ?is dep5ds ^u ! he>ty acceptance ( ! happ5+ z fact4 ,sugge/ion does n ( itself yield mean+s2 x yields only sugge/$ ?+s4 ,b ! mom5t we take a sugge/$ ?+ & develop x 9 connection ) o!r mean+s & employ x z a guide ( inve/igation 7a me?od ( inquiry71 t mom5t we h a full-fl$g$ mean+ on our h&s1 possess+ all ! v]ifiable features :i* h be5 import$ at any "t to ideas1 =ms1 species1 ess5ces1 subsi/5ces4 ,?is empirical id5tification ( mean+ by means ( ! specific fact ( sugge/ion cuts deep--if ,occam's razor /ill cuts4 ,a sugge/ion lies betwe5 adequate /imulation & logical indication4 ,a cry ( fire may />t u runn+ )\t reflection2 we may h le>n$1 z *ildr5 are taught 9 s*ool1 to react )\t que/ion+4 ,!re is ov]t /imulation1 b no sugge/+4 ,b if ! response is held (f or po/pon$1 x may p]si/ z sugge/ion3 ! cry sugge/s fire & sugge/s ! advisability ( flight4 ,we may1 9 a s5se we mu/1 call sugge/ion m5tal4 ,b x is important to note :at is meant by ?is t]m4 ,fire1 runn+1 gett+ burn$1 are n m5tal2 !y are physical4 ,b 9 _! /atus ( be+ sugge/$ !y may be call$ m5tal :5 we recognize ?is di/9ctive /atus4 ,?is means no m ?an t !y are implicat$ 9 a specific way 9 a reflective situation1 9 virtue ( :i* !y are susceptible ( c]ta9 modes ( treatm5t4 ,_! /atus z sugge/$ by c]ta9 features ( ! actual situation 7& possibly meant or indicat$ z well z sugge/$7 may be def9itely fix$2 !n we get mean+s1 logical t]ms--det]m9ations4#g ,words are ( c\rse ! ag5cies ( fixation *iefly employ$1 ?\gh any k9d ( physical exi/5ce--a ge/ure1 a muscul> contraction 9 ! f+] or leg or *e/--"u ready comm& may be us$4 ,:at is ess5tial is t !re be a specific physical exi/5ce at h& :i* may be us$ to concrete & hold on to ! sugge/ion1 s t ! latt] may be h&l$ on its own acc\nt4 ,until ?us deta*$ & refix$ !re are ?+s sugge/$1 b h>dly a sugge/ion2 ?+s meant1 b h>dly a mean+2 ?+s ideat$1 b h>dly an idea4 ,& ! sugge/$ ?+ until deta*$ is /ill too lit]al1 too ti$ up ) o!r ?+s1 to be fur!r develop$ or to be successfully us$ z a me?od ( exp]im5tation 9 new directions s z to br+ to light new traits4 ,z data are signs :i* indicate o!r exi/5ces1 s mean+s are signs :i* imply o!r mean+s4#h ,i am d\btful1 = example1 :e!r ?is is a man or n2 t is1 ,i am d\btful z to "s giv5 traits :5 !y are tak5 z signs or evid5ces1 b ,i am incl9$ to ! hypo!sis ( a man4 ,hav+ su* a t5tative or conceptual object 9 m9d1 ,i am enabl$ to explore economically & effectively1 in/ead ( at r&om1 :at is pres5t1 provid$ ,i c elaborate ! implications ( ! t]m man4 ,to develop its implications is all "o ) tell+ its mean+ 9 connection ) o!r mean+s4 ,be+ a man means1 = example1 speak+ :5 spok5 to--ano!r mean+ :i* ne$ h be5 no "p ( man z orig9ally sugge/$4 ,?is mean+ ( answ]+ que/ions w !n sugge/ a proc$ure :i* ! t]m man 9 its fir/ mean+ did n possess2 x is an implication or impli$ mean+ :i* puts me 9 a new & possibly m fruitful relation to ! ?+4 7,! process ( develop+ implications is usually t]m$ disc\rse or ratioc9ation47 ,n[1 be x not$1 reply+ to que/ions is no "p ( ! def9ition ( man2 x w\ld n be n[ an implication ( ,plato or ( ! ,russian ,cz> = me4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is some?+ 9 ! actual situation :i* sugge/s inquir+ z well z man2 & x is ! int]action betwe5 ^! two sugge/ions :i* is fruitful4 ,!re is consequ5tly no my/]y ab\t ! fruitfulness ( d$uction--?\gh ?is fruitfulness has be5 urg$ z ?\gh x (f]$ an insup]able objection to in/rum5talism4 ,on ! contr>y1 in/rum5talism is ! only !ory to :i* d$uction is n a my/]y4 ,if a v>iety ( :eels & cams & rods :i* h be5 inv5t$ ) ref]5ce to do+ a giv5 task are put toge!r1 "o expects f ! assembl$ p>ts a result :i* c\ld n h be5 got f any "o ( !m sep>ately or f all ( !m toge!r 9 a heap4 ,because !y are indep5d5t & unlike /ructures1 work+ on "o ano!r1 some?+ new happ5s4 ,! same is true ( t]ms 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,:5 ^! are br\ght to be> ^u "o ano!r1 some?+ new1 some?+ q unexpect$ happ5s1 q z :5 "o tries an acid ) :i* he is n famili> ^u a rock ) :i* he is unfamili>--t is1 unfamili> 9 su* a conjunction1 9 spite ( intimate acqua9tance else:]e4 ,a def9ition may fix a c]ta9 modicum ( mean+ 9 ! ab/ract1 z we say2 x is a specification ( a m9imum :i* gives ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 e int]action ( a t]m ) o!r t]ms4 ,b no?+ foll[s f ! def9ition by itself or 9 isolation4 ,x is explicit 7bor+ly s7 & has no implications4 ,b br+ x 9 connection ) ano!r t]m ) :i* x has n previ\sly int]act$ & x may behave 9 ! mo/ delightful or 9 ! mo/ disgu/+ly disappo9t+ way4 ,! necessity = indep5d5t t]ms is made obvi\s 9 ! mod]n !ory ( axioms4 ,x escapes att5tion 9 mu* ( ! contempor>y logic ( transitive & non-transitive1 symmetrical & non-symmetrical relations1 because ! t]ms are s load$ t !re are no propositions at all1 b only discrim9ations ( ord]s ( t]ms4 ,! t]ms :i* figure 9 ! discussions1 9 o!r words1 are correlatives--bro!r1 p>5t1 up1 to ! "r (1 l1 great]1 aft]4 ,su* t]ms are n logical t]ms2 !y are halves ( su* t]ms z bro!r-o!r-(fspr+-(-!-same-p>5ts2 p>5t-*ild2 up-d[n2 "r-left2 ?+-simil>-to-ano!r-?+2 great]-less2 aft]-be=e4 ,!y express positions 9 a det]m9$ situation2 !y are relatives1 n relations4 ,!y lack implications1 be+ explicit4 ,b a man :o is a bro!r & also a rival 9 love1 & a poor] man ?an 8 rival bro!r1 expresses an int]action ( diff]5t t]ms f :i* some?+ might happ53 t]ms ) implications1 t]ms con/itut+ a proposition1 :i* a correlative t]m nev] does--till br\ght into conjunction ) a t]m ( :i* x is n a relative4 ,to h call$ a ?+ up or bro!r is to h already solv$ its import 9 "s situation4 ,x is dead till set to "w 9 "s o!r situation4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 moreov]1 t c]ta9 qualities ( ?+s are mu* m fruitful & mu* m controllable ?an o!rs :5 tak5 z mean+s to be us$ 9 draw+ conclusions4 ,! t]m mu/ be ( a nature to develop a me?od ( behavior by :i* to te/ :e!r x is ! mean+ ( ! situation4 ,s9ce x is desirable to h a /ock ( mean+s on h& :i* are s connect$ t we c move readily f "o to ano!r 9 any direction1 ! /ock is effective 9 j ! degree 9 :i* x has be5 work$ into a sy/em--a compreh5sive & ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,h5ce1 :ile all mean+s are d]iv$ f ?+s :i* ant$ate sugge/ion--or ?9k+ or consci\sness--n all qualities are equally fitt$ to be mean+s ( a wide effici5cy1 & x is a "w ( art to select ! prop] qualities = do+ ! "w4 ,?is corresponds to ! work+ ov] ( raw mat]ial into an effective tool4 ,a spade or a wat*spr+ is made out ( antec$5t mat]ial1 b does n pre-exi/ z a ready-made tool2 &1 ! m delicate & complicat$ ! "w :i* x has to d1 ! m art int]v5es4 ,^! summ>y rem>ks w h to pass mu/] z indicat+ :at a m ext5sive treatm5t ( a ma!matical sy/em ( t]ms w\ld %[4 ,man began by work+ su* qualities z hate & love & fe> & beauty into ! mean+s by :i* to int]pret & control ! p]plexities ( life4 ,:5 !y demon/rat$ _! inefficacy1 he _h rec\rse to su* qualities z heavy & light1 wet & dry1 mak+ !m into natural ess5ces or explanatory & regulatory mean+s4 ,t ,greek m$iaeval sci5ce did n get v f> on ^! l9es is a commonplace4 ,sci5tific progress & practical control z sy/ematic & delib]ate matt]s date f ! c5tury ( ,galileo1 :5 qualities :i* l5d !mselves to ma!matical treatm5t 7 seiz$ ^u4 ,! mo/ promis+ ( ^! ideal sy/ems at fir/ 7 ( c\rse ! ri*] ones1 ! s5tim5tal ones4 ,! balde/ & lea/ promis+ ones 7 ! ma!matical ones2 b ! hi/ory ( ! latt]'s application is a hi/ory ( /eadily advanc+ successes1 :ile t ( ! s5tim5tally ri*] ones is "o ( relative /]ility & failure4#i ,!re is no problem ( :y & h[ ! pl[ fits1 or applies to1 ! g>d51 or ! wat*spr+ to "t-keep+4 ,!y 7 made = ^? respective purposes2 ! "q is h[ well !y d _! "w1 & h[ !y c be re%ap$ to d x bett]4 ,yet !y 7 made out ( physical mat]ial2 m5 us$ ready limbs or roots ( trees ) :i* to pl[ be=e !y us$ metal4 ,we d n measure ! wor? or reality ( ! tool by its clos5ess to its natural prototype1 b by its effici5cy 9 do+ its "w--:i* connotes a great deal ( int]v5+ art4 ,! !ory propos$ = ma!matical di/9ctions & relations is precisely analog\s4 ,!y are n ! creations ( m9d except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a telephone is a creation ( m9d4 ,!y fit nature because !y are d]iv$ f natural conditions4 ,?+s naturally bulge1 s to speak1 & naturally alt]4 ,to seize ^u ^! qualities1 to develop !m into keys = discov]+ ! mean+s ( brute1 isolat$ ev5ts1 & to accompli% ?is effectively1 to develop & ord] !m till !y become economical tools 7& tools ^u tools7 = mak+ an unkn[n & unc]ta9 situation into a kn[n & c]ta9 "o1 is ! record$ triumph ( human intellig5ce4 ,! t]ms & propositions ( ma!matics are n fictions2 !y are n call$ into be+ by t p>ticul> act ( m9d 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,no m is a self-b9d+ reap] a figm5t1 nor is x call$ mom5t>ily into be+ by ! man :o wants to h>ve/ 8 gra94 ,b bo? alike are works ( art1 con/ruct$ = a purpose 9 do+ ! ?+s :i* h to be done4 ,we may say ( t]ms :at ,santayana s happily said ( expression3 ,expression is a mislead+ t]m :i* sugge/s t some?+ previ\sly kn[n is imitat$ or r5d]$2 :]eas ! expression is itself an orig9al fact1 ! values ( :i* are !n ref]r$ to ! ?+ express$1 mu* z ! honors ( a ,*9ese m&>9 are attribut$ retroactively to 8 p>5ts4 ,! natural hi/ory ( imputation ( virtue %\ld prove to ! philosoph] a pr(itable !me4 ,ev5 9 its mo/ sup]/iti\s =ms 7p]haps m obvi\sly 9 !m ?an else:]e7 x te/ifies to ! s5se ( a s]vice to be p]=m$ & to a dem& = application4 ,! sup]/ition lies 9 mak+ ! application to antec$5ts & to ance/ors1 :]e x is b a %r\d1 in/ead ( to desc5dants1 :]e x is a g5]at+ factor4 ,e reflection leaves beh9d x a d\ble effect4 ,its imm$iate outcome is 7z ,i tri$ to %[ e>li]7 ! direct reorganization ( a situation1 a reorganization :i* conf]s ^u its cont5ts new increm5ts ( intr9sic mean+4 ,its indirect & intellectual product is ! def9+ ( a mean+ :i* 7:5 fix$ by a suitable exi/5ce7 is a res\rce 9 subsequ5t inve/igations4 ,i w\ld n despise ! assi/ance l5t by ! words t]m & proposition4 ,z slang has x1 a pit*$ baseball is to ! batt] a proposition2 x /ates1 or makes explicit1 :at he has to deal ) next amid all ! surr\nd+ & mom5t>ily irrelevant circum/ance4 ,e /atem5t extracts & sets =? ! net result ( reflection up to date z a condition ( subsequ5t reflection4 ,?is extraction ( ! k]nel ( pa/ reflections makes possible a ?r[+ to "o side ( all ! consequ5ces ( prior false & futile /eps2 x enables "o to disp5se ) ! exp]i5ces !mselves & to deal only ) _! net pr(it4 ,9 a favorite phrase ( realism1 x gives an object z if !re 7 no exp]i5ce4 ,x is unnecess>y to descant ^u ! economy ( ?is proc$ure4 ,x elim9ates ev]y?+ :i* 9 spite ( its imm$iate urg5cy1 or vividness1 or weight ( pa/ au?ority1 is rubbi% = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,x enables "o to get d[n to bus9ess ) j t :i* 7presumably7 is ( importance 9 subsequ5t proc$ure4 ,x is no wond] t ^! logical k]nels h be5 elevat$ into metaphysical ess5ces4 ,! ^w t]m sugge/s ! limit+ condition ( e process ( reflection4 ,x sets a f5ce beyond :i* x is1 presumably1 a wa/e to w&]--an error4 ,x sets =? t :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt--a limit :i* is inescapable1 some?+ :i* is to ratioc9ation :at ! brute datum is to obs]vation4 ,9 classic phrase1 x is a notion1 t is1 a not+1 ( ! di/9ctions :i* h be5 fix$ = ! purposes ( ! k9d ( inquiry n[ engag$ 94 ,"o has only to comp>e ! t]ms ( pres5t sci5tific disc\rse ) ^? (1 say1 ,ari/otle1 to see t ! importance ( t]ms z in/rum5ts ( a prop] survey ( & attack ^u exi/5tial situations is su* t ! t]ms result+ naturally & spontane\sly f reflection h be5 dropp$ & m effective ones sub/itut$4 ,9 "o s5se1 !y are all equally objective2 aquosity is z g5u9e1 z well z m obvi\s1 a notion z ! pres5t *emical conception4 ,b ! latt] is able to ent] a mu* wid] scope ( inquiries & to figure 9 !m m prosp]\sly4 ,z a special class ( sci5tific inquir]s develops1 t]ms t 7 orig9ally by-products ( reflection become prim>y objects = ! intellectual class4 ,! tr\bles :i* occasion reflection are !n intellectual tr\bles1 discrepancies )9 "s curr5t s*eme ( propositions & t]ms4 ,! situation :i* und]goes reorganization & increase ( compris$ significance is t ( ! subject-matt] ( specializ$ inve/igation4 ,nev]!less ! same g5]al me?od recurs )9 x1 & ! result+ objects--! t]ms & propositions--are = all1 except ^? :o produce !m1 in/rum5ts1 n t]m9al objects4 ,! objection to analytic realism z a metaphysics ( exi/5ce is n s mu* an undue =malism z its affront to ! commons5se-_w ( action1 appreciation1 & affection4 ,! affront1 due to hypo/atiz+ t]ms into objects1 is z great z t ( idealism4 ,a nave realism )/&s bo? affronts4 ,my int]e/1 h[ev]1 is n to animadv]t ^u analytic realism4 ,x is to %[ h[ ! ma9 t5ets ( in/rum5tal logic /& 9 relation to consid]ations :i*1 al?\gh ignor$ by ! idealism :i* 0 curr5t :5 ! !ory receiv$ its fir/ =mulation1 dem& att5tion3 ! objective /atus ( data & t]ms ) respect to /ates ( m9d or acts ( aw>5ess4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! !ory1 )\t mutilation or tortur+1 makes provision = ^! consid]ations4 ,!y are n objections to x2 !y are consid]ations :i* are involv$ 9 x4 ,!re are que/ions at issue1 b !y conc]n n matt]s ( logic b matt]s ( fact4 ,!y are que/ions ( ! exi/5tial sett+ ( c]ta9 logical di/9ctions & relations4 ,z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! two s*emes1 ,i h no?+ to say beyond :at has be5 said1 save t ! t5d5cy ( ! analytic realism is inevitably to treat a diff]5ce betwe5 ! logic ( inquiry & ( dialectic z if x 7 itself a matt] to be settl$ by ! logic ( dialectic4 ,i confess to "s fe> t a philosophy :i* fails to id5tify sci5ce ) t]ms & propositions ab\t ?+s :i* are n t]ms & propositions1 w fir/ exagg]ate & !n miscon/rue ! function ( dialectics1 & l& philosophy 9 a =malism l unto ! s*ola/icism f :i* ! old] empiricism ) all its defects emancipat$ ^? :o took x to he>t4 ,,vii ,return ) me1 if y please1 to fundam5tals4 ,! ^w exp]i5ce is us$ freely 9 ! essays & )\t mu* explanation4 ,9 view ( ! curr5cy ( subjectivi/ic int]pretations ( t t]m1 ! *ief wond] is probably t ! doctr9e ( ! essays 0 n m misund]/ood ?an 0 actually ! case4 ,i h already said some?+ design$ to cl>ify ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m 0 us$4 ,i n[ come back to ! matt]4 ,:at is ! reason = us+ ! t]m at all 9 philosophy8 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy supplies1 ,i ?9k1 ! answ]4 ,no matt] h[ subjective a turn 0 giv5 to ! ^w by ,hume & ,kant1 we h only to g to an e>li] p]iod to see t ! appeal to exp]i5ce 9 philosophy 0 co9cid5t ) ! emancipation ( sci5ce f occult ess5ces & causes1 & ) ! sub/itution ( me?ods ( obs]vation1 controll$ by exp]im5tation & employ+ ma!matical consid]ations1 = me?ods ( m]e dialectic def9ition & classification4 ,! appeal to exp]i5ce 0 ! cry ( ! man f ,miss\ri--! dem& to be %[n4 ,x sprang f ! desire to comm& nature by obs]v+ h]1 in/ead ( anticipat+ h] 9 ord] to deck h] ) ae/hetic g>l&s & hold h] ) !ological *a9s4 ,! significance ( exp]i5ce 0 n t sun & moon1 /ick & /one1 are creatures ( ! s5ses1 b t m5 w\ld n put _! tru/ any long] 9 ?+s :i* are said1 h[ev] au?oritatively1 to exi/1 unless ^! ?+s are capable ( ent]+ into specifiable connections ) ! organism & ! organism ) !m4 ,x 0 an emphatic ass]tion t until m5 c\ld see h[ ?+s got into belief1 & :at !y did :5 !y got !re1 intellectual acceptance w\ld be )held4 ,has n ! lesson1 h[ev]1 be5 s well le>n$ t we c drop ref]5ce to exp]i5ce8 ,w\ld t su* 7 ! case4 ,b ! "t does n seem to h come4 ,"s ?+s ent] by way ( ! imag9ation1 /imulat$ by emotional pref]5ces & biases4 ,= c]ta9 purposes1 !y are n ! worse = hav+ ent]$ by t gate1 in/ead ( ?r\gh s5sory-motor adju/m5ts4 ,or !y may h ent]$ because ( ! love ( man = logical =m & symmetry & sy/em1 & because ( ! emotional satisfaction :i* h>mony awak5s 9 a s5sitive s\l4 ,!y too ne$ n be any worse = all t4 ,b surely x is among ! bus9esses ( philosophy to discrim9ate betwe5 ! k9ds ( goodness possess$ by diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s4 ,& h[ c x discrim9ate unless by tell+ by :at road !y got into our exp]i5ce & :at !y d aft] !y get !re8 ,assur$ly ! diff]5ce is n 9 intr9sic cont5t4 ,x is n because ( self-obvi\s & self-conta9$ traits ( ! imm$iate t]ms t ,dante's _w belongs to poetry & ,newton's to sci5tific a/ronomy4 ,no am\nt ( pure inspection & excogitation c\ld decide :i* belongs to :i* _w4 ,! diff]5ce 9 /atus & claim is made by :at we call exp]i5ce3 by ! place ( ! two sy/ems 9 exp]i5ce ) respect to _! g5]ation & consequ5ces4 ,& assur$ly any philosophy :i* takes sci5ce to be n an acc\nt ( ! _w 7:i* x is71 b a lit]al & exhau/ive appreh5sion ( x 9 its full reality1 a philosophy :i* !re=e has no place = poetry or possibilities1 /ill ne$s a !ory ( exp]i5ce4 ,if a sci5tific man be ask$ :at is tru?1 he w reply--if he frame 8 reply 9 t]ms ( 8 practice & n ( "s conv5tion--t :i* is accept$ ^u adequate evid5ce4 ,& if he is ask$ = a description ( adequacy ( evid5ce1 he c]ta9ly w ref] to matt]s ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,x is n ! self-inclos$ "* ( ! t]ms & propositions nor _! sy/ematic ord]+ :i* settles ! case = him2 x is ! way !y 7 obta9$ & :at he c d ) !m 9 gett+ o!r ?+s4 ,& :5 a ma!matician or logician asks philosophy to ab&on ?is me?od1 !n is j ! "t to be mo/ vigor\s 9 insi/+ ^u ! necessity ( ref]5ce to exp]i5ce 9 ord] to fix ! import ( ma!matical & logical pret5sions4 ,:5 /ud5ts influ5c$ by ! symmetry & sy/em ( ma!matics cease build+ up _! philosophies 9 t]ms ( traits ( ma!matical subject-matt] 9 isolation1 !n empirical philosoph]s w h less call to m5tion exp]i5ce4 ,meantime1 ,i "k ( no way ( fix+ ! scope & claims ( ma!matics 9 philosophy save to try to po9t out j at :at juncture x ent]s exp]i5ce & :at "w x does aft] x has got entrance4 ,i h made su* an attempt 9 my acc\nt ( ! fixation & h&l+ ( sugge/ions z mean+s4 ,x is defective en\gh1 b ! defects are to be rem$i$ by a bett] empirical acc\nt & n by sett+ up aga9/ exp]i5ce ! claims ( a logic alo( f exp]i5ce4 ,! objection !n to a logic :i* rules out k gett+1 & :i* bases logic exclusively ^u ! traits ( kn[n objects1 is t x is self-contradictory4 ,!re is no way to "k :at are ! traits ( kn[n objects1 z di/9ct f imag9>y objects1 or objects ( op9ion1 or objects ( unanalytic common-s5se1 save by ref]r+ to ! op]ations ( gett+1 us+1 & te/+ evid5ce--! processes ( k gett+4 ,i am mak+ no appeal = skepticism at l>ge2 ,i am n que/ion+ ! "r ( ! physici/1 ! ma!matician1 or ! symbolic logici/ to g ahead ) accept$ objects & d :at he c ) !m4 ,i am po9t+ out t anyone :o pr(esses to be conc]n$ ) f9d+ out :at k is1 has = 8 prim>y "w ! job ( f9d+ out :y x is s mu* saf] to proce$ ) j ^! objects1 ?an ) ^?1 say1 ( ,ari/otelian sci5ce4 ,ari/otle 0 n lack+ 9 acut5ess nor 9 le>n+4 ,to him x 0 cle> t objects ( k are ! ?+s ( ord9>y p]ception1 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to a =m :i* comp>ison ( p]ceiv$ ?+s1 9 ! light ( a f9al cause1 makes evid5t4 ,if ?is view ( ! objects ( k has gone into ! disc>d1 if q o!r objects ( k are n[ receiv$ & employ$1 x is because ! me?ods ( gett+ k h be5 trans=m$1 till1 = ! work+ sci5ti/1 objects ( k mean precisely ! objects :i* h be5 obta9$ by approv$ processes ( inquiry4 ,to exclude consid]ation ( ^! processes is ?us to ?r[ away ! key to und]/&+ k & its objects4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ironical humor 9 tak+ advantage ( all ! improv$ me?ods ( exp]im5tal inquiry ) respect to all objects ( k--save "o1 k itself2 9 d5y+ _! relevancy to kn[+ k1 & fall+ back ^u ! me?od ev]y:]e else disav[$--! me?od ( rely+ ^u isolat$1 self-conta9$ prop]ties ( subject-matt]4 ,"o ( ! po9ts :i* gave mu* (f5se 9 ! essays 0 ! ref]5ce to g5etic me?od--to a natural hi/ory ( k4 ,i hope :at has n[ be5 said makes cle>] ! nature ( t ref]5ce4 ,i 0 to blame = n mak+ ! po9t m explicit2 b ,i _c altoge!r blame myself = my navet 9 suppos+ t o!rs und]/ood by a natural hi/ory ( k :at ,i und]/ood by x4 ,x _h n occurr$ to me t anyone w\ld ?9k t ! hi/ory by :i* human ignorance1 error1 dogma1 & sup]/ition _h be5 trans=m$1 ev5 9 its pres5t degree ( trans=mation1 into k 0 some?+ :i* _h gone on exclusively inside ( m5's heads1 or 9 an inn] consci\sness4 ,i ?\ght ( x z some?+ go+ on 9 ! _w1 9 ! obs]vatory & ! laboratory1 & 9 ! application ( laboratory results to ! control ( human heal?1 well-be+1 & progress4 ,:5 a biologi/ says t ! way to und]/& an organ1 or ! sociologi/ t ! way to "k an in/itution1 resides 9 its g5esis & hi/ory1 he is und]/ood to mean its hi/ory4 ,i took ! same lib]ty = k1 t is1 = sci5ce4 ,! accusation ( subjectivisim tak5 9 ?is light appe>s z a depress+ revelation ( :at ! curr5t op9ion ab\t ! processes ( k is4 ,to /umble on a /one ne$ n be a process ( k2 to hit x ) a hamm]1 to p\r acid ^u x1 to put pieces 9 ! crucible1 to subject ?+s to heat & pressure to see if "o c make a simil> /one1 are processes ( k4 ,s is fix+ sugge/ions by atta*+ names1 & s is devis+ ways ( putt+ ^! t]ms toge!r s t new sugge/ions w arise1 or s t sugge/ions may be transf]r$ f "o situation to ano!r4 ,b n "o ( ^! processes is subjective 9 any s5se :i* puts subjectivity 9 opposition to ! public out-(-doors _w ( nature & human companion%ip4 ,to set g5esis 9 opposition to analysis is m]ely to ov]look ! fact t ! sci5ces ( exi/5ce h f\nd t consid]ations ( g5esis af=d _! mo/ effective me?ods ( analysis4#aj ,! same k9d ( consid]ation applies to ! favorable view tak5 ( psy*ology4 ,if ref]5ce to modes & ways ( exp]i5ce--to exp]i5c+--is important = und]/&+ ! ?+s ) :i* philosophy deals1 !n psy*ology is useful z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,= :at is meant by psy*ology is precisely a discrim9ation ( ! acts & attitudes ( ! organism :i* h a be>+ ^u respective subject-matt]s & :i* h accord+ly to be tak5 acc\nt ( be=e ! subject-matt]s c be prop]ly discrim9at$4 ,! matt] 0 especially /rik+ 9 ! case ( ,lotze4 ,he prote/$ con/antly aga9/ ! use ( psy*ology1 & yet 8 own data & proc$ures 7 infect$ at e turn by psy*ology1 &1 if ,i am at all correct1 by a false psy*ology4 ,! p>ticul> sep>ation :i* he made betwe5 psy*ology & logic re/$ inde$ ^u a p>ticul> psy*ological assumption4 ,! "q is wor? ask+3 ,is n ! m>k$ av]sion on ! "p ( "s philosoph]s to any ref]5ce to psy*ology a ,freudian symptom8 ,a ^w m ^u ! place assign$ by ! essays to ne$ & purpose & ! humani/ic factor g5]ally4 ,to save "t ,i may quote a s5t5ce f an e>ly review :i* attributes to ! essays ! foll[+ doctr9e3 ,if ! plan turns out to be useful = our ne$1 x is correct--! judgm5t is true4 ,! real-ideal di/9ction is t betwe5 /imulus ( environm5t & plan ( action or t5tative response4 ,bo? real & ideal are equally exp]i5ces ( ! individual man4 ,^! words c be int]pret$ ei!r s z to convey ! position fairly1 or s z radically to misconceive x2 ! latt] c\rse is a little easi]1 z ! words /&4 ,t real & ideal are exp]i5ces ( ! individual man 9 ! s5se t !y actually pres5t !mselves z specifications :i* c be /udi$ by any man :o desires to /udy !m is true en\gh4 ,t su* a /udy is z mu* requir$ = det]m9+ _! *>act]s z x is = det]m9+ ^? ( c>bon dioxide or ( ! con/itution ( ,great ,brita9 is also ! cont5tion ( ! pap]4 ,b if ! words quot$ sugge/ to anyone t ! real or ev5 ! ideal are someh[ possessions ( an individual man1 ?+s secret$ some:]e ab\t him & !n eject$1 ,i c only say t ,i _c und]/& ! doctr9e4 ,i "k ( no ready-made & antec$5t conception ( ! individual man4 ,in/ead ( tell+ ab\t ! nature ( exp]i5ce by means ( a prior conception ( individual man1 ,i f9d x necess>y to g to exp]i5ce to f9d out :at is meant by individual & by man2 & also by !4 ,consequ5tly ev5 9 su* an expression z my exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld wi% n to contradict ?is idea ( me?od by us+ ! t]m my to swall[ up ! t]m exp]i5ce1 any m ?an if ,i said my h\se1 or my c\ntry4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld expect t any intelligible & def9ite use ( su* phrases w\ld ?r[ mu* m light ^u me ?an ^u h\se or c\ntry--or exp]i5ce4 ,! possible misund]/&+ is1 ,i ?9k1 actual 9 ! ref]5ce to our ne$s z a crit]ion ( ! correctness ( tru? ( an idea or plan4 ,accord+ to ! essays1 x is ! ne$s ( a situation :i* are det]m9ative4 ,!y evoke ?\ght & ! ne$ ( kn[+1 & x is only )9 ! situation t ! id5tification ( ! ne$s ) a self occurs2 & x is only by reflection ^u ! place ( ! ag5t 9 ! encompass+ situation t ! nature ( 8 ne$s c be det]m9$4 ,9 fact1 ! actual occurr5ce ( a di/urb$1 incomplete1 & ne$y situation indicates t my pres5t ne$ is precisely to inve/igate1 to explore1 to hunt1 to pull ap>t ?+s n[ ti$ toge!r1 to project1 to plan1 to inv5t1 & !n to te/ ! outcome by see+ h[ x works z a me?od ( deal+ ) h>d facts4 ,"o s\rce ( ! dem&1 9 %ort1 = ref]5ce to exp]i5ce z ! encompass+ univ]se ( disc\rse is to keep u f tak+ su* t]ms z self1 my1 ne$1 satisfaction1 etc41 z t]ms ^: mean+s c be accept$ & prov$ ei!r by !mselves or by ev5 ! mo/ ext5sive dialectic ref]5ce to o!r t]ms4 ,t]ms l real & ideal1 individual1 man1 my1 c]ta9ly all[ ( pr(itable dialectic 7or purely prepositional7 cl>ification & elaboration4 ,b no?+ is settl$ until ^! discursive f9d+s h be5 appli$1 ?r\gh action1 to ?+s1 & an exp]i5ce has be5 effect$1 :i* ei!r meets or evades ! specification conceptually laid d[n4 ,to suppose1 = example1 t ! import ( ! t]m ideal c be settl$ ap>t f exhibit+ 9 exp]i5ce "s specific affair1 is to ma9ta9 9 philosophy t belief 9 ! occult ess5ce & hidd5 cause :i* sci5ce _h to get rid ( be=e x got on ! "r track4 ,! ideali/ic misconception ( exp]i5ce is no reason = ?r[+ away its significant po9t ( contact ) mod]n sci5ce & = hav+ rec\rse !n to objects di/+ui%$ f old-fa%ion$ ,d+e an ,si* only because !y involve j t ref]5ce to ^? exp]i5ces by :i* !y 7 e/abli%$ & to :i* !y are appli$ t propositional or analytic realism pr(ess$ly & elaborately ignores4 ,9 rev5ge1 ?is ignor+ leaves on our h&s ! me1 or kn[+ self1 z a sep>ate ?+ )9 :i* exp]i5ce falls 7in/ead ( its fall+ 9 a specifiable place )9 exp]i5ce71 & g5]ates ! insoluble problem ( h[ a subjective exp]i5ce c beget objective k4 ,9 conclud+1 let me say t ref]5ce to exp]i5ce seems at pres5t to be ! easie/ way ( realiz+ ! cont9uities among subject-matt]s t are always gett+ split up into dualisms4 ,a creation ( a _w ( subsi/5ces or ess5ces :i* are q o!r ?an ! _w ( natural exi/5ces 7:i* are o!r ?an natural exi/5ces adapt$ to ! successful p]=mance ( inf]5ce7 is 9 itself a te*nical matt]1 ?\gh a disc\rag+ "o to a philosoph] exp]tly acqua9t$ ) all ! difficulties :i* t view has g5]at$ f ! "t ( ,plato d[n4 ,b ! assi/ance :i* su* a philosophy l5ds to ! practical & curr5t divorce ( ! ideal f ! natural _w makes x a ?+ to be dread$ = o!r ?an pr(essional reasons4 ,god only kn[s h[ _m ( ! suff]+s ( life are due to a belief t ! natural sc5e & op]ations ( our life are lack+ 9 ideal import1 & to ! consequ5t t5d5cy to flee = ! lack+ ideal factors to "s o!r _w inhabit$ exclusively by ideals4 ,t su* a cut-(f1 ideal _w is impot5t = direction & control & *ange ( ! natural _w foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is a luxury2 x belongs to ! g5teel tradition ( life1 ! p]si/5ce ( an upp] class giv5 to a deta*$ & p>asitic life4 ,moreov]1 x places ! sci5tific inquir] )9 t irresponsible class4 ,if philosoph]s c\ld aid 9 mak+ x cle> to a tr\bl$ humanity t ideals are cont9u\s ) natural ev5ts1 t !y b repres5t _! possibilities1 & t recogniz$ possibilities =m me?ods = a conduct :i* may realize !m 9 fact1 philosoph]s w\ld en=ce ! s5se ( a social call+ & responsibility4 ,i d n say t po9t+ out ! cont9uity & int]action ( v>i\s attitudes & int]e/s 9 exp]i5ce is ! only way ( effect+ ?is consummation4 ,b = a l>ge numb] ( p]sons today x is ! readie/ way4 ,mu* may be said ab\t t o!r great rupture ( cont9uity :i* analytic realism w\ld ma9ta93 t betwe5 ! _w & ! kn[] z some?+ outside ( x1 engag$ 9 an otiose contemplative survey ( x4 ,i c und]/& ! social conditions :i* g5]at$ ?is conception ( an alo( kn[]4 ,i c see h[ x protect$ ! gr[? ( responsible inquiry :i* takes effect 9 *ange ( ! environm5t1 by cultivat+ a s5se ( ! innocu\sness ( kn[+1 & ?us lull+ to sleep ! animosity ( ^? :o1 be+ 9 control1 _h no desire to p]mit reflection :i* _h practical import4 ,i c see h[ speciali/s at any "t1 pr(essional kn[]s1 s to speak1 f9d 9 ?is doctr9e a salve = consci5ce--a solace :i* all ?9k]s ne$ z long z an effective %>e 9 ! conduct ( affairs is n p]mitt$ !m4 ,above all1 ,i c see h[ seclusion & ! abs5ce ( ! pressure ( imm$iate action develop$ a m v>i$ curiosity1 great] imp>tiality1 & a m g5]\s outlook4 ,b all ?is is no reason = cont9u+ ! idealization ( a remote & sep>ate m9d or kn[] n[ t ! me?od ( intellig5ce is p]fect$1 & *ang$ social conditions n only p]mit b dem& t intellig5ce be plac$ )9 ! procession ( ev5ts4 ,an intellectual integrity1 an imp>tiality & deta*m5t1 :i* is ma9ta9$ only 9 seclusion is unpleasantly rem9isc5t ( o!r id5tifications ( virtue ) ! innoc5ce ( ignorance4 ,to place k :]e x arises & op]ates 9 exp]i5ce is to "k t1 z x arose because ( ! tr\bles ( man1 x is confirm$ 9 recon/ruct+ ! conditions :i* occasion$ ^? tr\bles4 ,g5u9e intellectual integrity is f\nd 9 exp]im5tal kn[+4 ,until ?is lesson is fully le>n$1 x is n safe to dissociate k f exp]im5t nor exp]im5t f exp]i5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i am indebt$ to an unpubli%$ manuscript ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,klyce ( ,w9*e/]1 ,massa*usetts1 = ! significance ( ! fact t our words divide into t]ms 7( :i* m 9 ! sequel7 & into names :i* are n 7/rictly speak+7 t]ms at all1 b :i* s]ve to rem9d u ( ! va/ & vague cont9uum1 select portions ( :i* only are designat$ by words z t]ms4 ,he calls su* words inf9ity & z]o words4 ,! ^w exp]i5ce is a typical in/ance ( an inf9ity ^w4 ,mr4 ,klyce has br\ght out v cle>ly t a direct situation ( exp]i5ce 7situation z ,i employ x is ano!r su* ^w7 has no ne$ ( any ^w = itself1 ! ?+ to :i* ! ^w w\ld po9t be+ s egregi\sly !re on its own behalf4 ,b :5 communication ab\t x takes place 7z x does1 n only 9 conv]se ) o!rs1 b :5 a man attempts a mutual ref]5ce ( diff]5t p]iods ( 8 own life7 a ^w is ne$$ to rem9d bo? p>ties ( ?is tak5-=-grant$ :ole 7ano!r inf9ity t]m71 :ile confusion arises if explicit att5tion is n call$ to ! fact t x is a v diff]5t sort ( ^w f ! def9ite t]ms ( disc\rse :i* d5ote di/9ctions & _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! text1 att5tion is call$ to ! fact t ! bus9ess man wre/l+ ) a difficulty or a sci5tific man engag$ 9 an inquiry f9ds 8 *ecks & control specifically 9 ! situation 9 :i* he is employ$1 :ile ! !oriz] at l>ge leaves out ^! *ecks & limits1 & s loses 8 clews4 ,well1 ! words exp]i5ce1 situation1 etc41 are us$ to rem9d ! ?9k] ( ! ne$ ( rev]sion to precisely some?+ :i* nev] c be "o ( ! t]ms ( 8 reflection b :i* nev]!less furni%es ! exi/5tial mean+ & /atus ( !m all4 ,intuition1 my/icism1 philosophiz$ or sophi/icat$ monism1 are all ( !m ab]rant ways ( prote/+ aga9/ ! consequ5ces :i* result f fail+ to note :at is convey$ by words :i* are n t]ms4 ,7 ,i rewrit+ ^! essays 9 toto ,i %\ld try to take advantage ( ^! & o!r indisp5sable consid]ations advanc$ by ,mr4 ,klyce2 b z ! essays mu/ /& sub/antially z !y 7 orig9ally writt51 & z an ,introduction to !m mu/1 9 ord] to be intelligible1 be /at$ 9 n incongru\s phraseology1 ,i wi% simply to ask ! read] to be> 9 m9d ?is radical diff]5ce betwe5 su* words z exp]i5ce1 reality1 univ]se1 situation1 & su* t]ms z typewrit]1 me1 consci\sness1 exi/5ce1 :5 us$ 7z !y mu/ be us$ if !y are to be t]ms7 9 a diff]5tial s5se4 ,! t]m reality is p>ticul>ly trea*]\s1 = ! c>eless tradition ( philosophy 7a c>elessness fo/]$1 ,i am sure1 by failure to make v]bally explicit ! di/9ction to :i* ,mr4 ,klyce has call$ att5tion7 uses reality bo? z a t]m ( indiff]5t ref]5ce1 equival5t to ev]y?+ tak5 toge!r or ref]r$ to en masse z ov] aga9/ "s discrim9ation1 & also z a discrim9ative t]m ) a highly eulogi/ic flavor3 z real money 9 di/9ction f c\nt]feit money4 ,!n1 al?\gh e inquiry 9 daily life1 :e!r te*nological or sci5tific1 asks :e!r a ?+ is real only 9 ! s5se ( ask+ :at ?+ is real1 philosophy concludes to a :olesale di/9ction betwe5 ! real & ! unreal1 ! real & ! app>5t1 & s creates a :olly artificial problem4 ,if ! philosoph]1 :e!r ideali/ic or reali/ic1 :o holds t x is self-contradictory to criticize purely intellectuali/ic conceptions ( ! _w1 because ! criticism itself goes on intellectuali/ic t]ms1 s t its validity dep5ds ^u intellectual 7or cognitive7 conditions1 w b ?9k ( ! v brute do+s 9 :i* a *emi/ engages to fix ! mean+s ( 8 t]ms & to te/ 8 !ories & conceptions1 he w p]ceive t all intellectual kn[+ is b a me?od = conduct+ an exp]im5t1 & t argum5ts & objections are b /imuli to induce somebody to try a c]ta9 exp]im5t--to h rec\rse1 t is1 to a non-logical non-intellectual affair4 ,or aga91 ! argum5t is an invitation to him to note t at ! v "t 9 :i* he is ?9k+1 8 ?9k+ is set 9 a cont9uum :i* is n an object ( ?\ght4 ,! importance atta*$ to ! ^w exp]i5ce1 !n1 bo? 9 ! essays & 9 ?is ,introduction1 is to be und]/ood z an invitation to employ ?\ght & discrim9ative k z a means ( plung+ into some?+ :i* no argum5t & no t]m c express2 or r z an invitation to note ! fact t no plunge is ne$$1 s9ce "o's own ?9k+ & explicit k are already con/itut$ by & )9 some?+ :i* does n ne$ to be express$ or made explicit4 ,& f9ally1 !re is no?+ my/ical ab\t ?is1 ?\gh my/icism d\btless roots 9 ?is fact4 ,its import is only to call notice to ! mean+ (1 say1 =mulae communicat$ by a *emi/ to o!rs z ! result ( 8 exp]im5t4 ,all t c be communicat$ or express$ is t "o believes su* & su* a ?+4 ,! communication has sci5tific in/ead ( m]ely social significance because ! communicat$ =mula is a direction to o!r *emi/s to try c]ta9 proc$ures & see :at !y get4 ,! direction is capable ( expression2 ! result ( ! exp]im5t1 ! exp]i5ce1 to :i* ! propositions ref] & by :i* !y are te/$1 is n expressible4 7,poetry1 ( c\rse1 is a m compet5t organ ( sugge/+ x ?an sci5tific prose47 ,! ^w exp]i5ce is1 ,i repeat1 a notation ( an inexpressible z t :i* decides ! ultimate /atus ( all :i* is express$2 inexpressible n because x is s remote & transc5d5t1 b because x is s imm$iately engross+ & matt] ( c\rse4 #b ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ?is doctr9e & t ( ,holt reg>d+ contradictions & t ( ,montague reg>d+ consci\sness z a case ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,b ! latt] doctr9e seems to me to suff]1 fir/1 f an isolation ( ! bra9 f ! organism1 :i* leads to ignor+ ! active do+1 &1 secondly1 f an isolation ( ! mom5t ( r$uction ( actual to pot5tial en]gy4 ,x appe>s z a curi\sly isolat$ & self-suffici5t ev5t1 in/ead ( z ! focus ( readju/m5t 9 an organiz$ activity at ! pivotal po9t ( maximum t5sion--t is1 ( greate/ inhibition 9 connection ) greate/ t5d5cy to dis*>ge4 ,& :ile ,i ?9k ,holt is :olly "r 9 connect+ ! possibility ( error ) objectively plural & conflict+ =ces1 ,i %\ld h>dly reg>d x z l+ui/ically exp$i5t to call c\nt]balanc+ =ces contradictory4 ,! c\nt]balanc+ =ces ( ! vault+ d n seem to me contradictory 9 ! ar*4 ,b if _! pres5ce l$ me to attempt to say up & d[n at ! same "t !re w\ld be contradiction4 ,b ev5 admitt+ t contradictory propositions are m]ely ab\t =ces :i* are contradictory--heat+ & cool+--x is /ill a long way to error4 ,= propositions ab\t su* contradictions are obvi\sly true propositions4 ,x is only :5 we make t reaction to "o factor :i* is appropriate to deal+ ) ! o!r t !re is error2 & ?is c happ5 :]e !re are no contradictory =ces at all beyond ! fact t ! ag5t is pull$ two incompatible & oppos$ ways at ! same "t4 #c ,= emphasis ,i am "h exagg]at+ by cond5s+ into a s+le decisive act an op]ation :i* is cont9u\sly go+ on4 #d ,i w\ld rem>k 9 pass+ t a recognition t a ?+ may be cont9u\s 9 "o respect & discrete 9 ano!r w\ld obviate a good _m difficulties4 #e ,9 effect1 ! fallacy is ! same z t ( an ideali/ic !ory :i* holds t all objects are really associations ( s5sations4 #f ,?is /atem5t is meant lit]ally4 ,! s5sations ( color1 s\nd1 etc41 to :i* appeal is made 9 a sci5tific inquiry are no?+ m5tal 9 /ructure or /uff2 !y are actual1 extra-organic ?+s analyz$ d[n to :at is s indubitably !re t x may safely be tak5 z a basis ( inf]5ce4 #g ,a t]m is n ( c\rse a m]e ^w2 a m]e ^w is non-s5se1 = a s\nd by itself is n a ^w at all4 ,nor is x a m]e mean+1 :i* is n ev5 natural non-s5se1 be+ 7if x be at all7 sup]natural or transc5d5tal nons5se4 ,t]ms signify t c]ta9 abs5t exi/5ces are indicat$ by c]ta9 giv5 exi/5ces1 9 ! respect t !y are ab/ract$ & fix$ = intellectual use by "s physically conv5i5t means1 su* z a s\nd or a muscul> contraction ( ! vocal organs4 #h ,?is di/9ction ( indication z exi/5tial & implication z conceptual or ess5tial1 ,i owe to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sidgwick4 ,see 8 ,fallacies1 p4 #ej4 #i ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,,ii1 #ffe4 #aj ,i h ev5 se51 9 a criticism ( ! essays1 ! me?od ( g5esis oppos$ to ! me?od ( exp]im5tation--z if exp]im5tation 7 any?+ b ! g5]ation ( "s special object6 ,,ii ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt] ,no "o d\bts t ?\ght1 at lea/ reflective z di/9ct f :at is sometimes call$ con/itutive ?\ght1 is d]ivative & second>y4 ,x comes aft] some?+ & out ( some?+1 & = ! sake ( some?+4 ,no "o d\bts t ! ?9k+ ( ev]yday practical life & ( sci5ce is ( ?is reflective type4 ,we ?9k ab\t2 we reflect ov]4 ,if we ask :at x is :i* is prim>y & radical to ?\ght2 if we ask :at is ! f9al objective = ! sake ( :i* ?\ght int]v5es2 if we ask 9 :at s5se we are to und]/& ?\ght z a d]iv$ proc$ure1 we are plung+ ourselves into ! v he>t ( ! logical problem3 ! relation ( ?\ght to its empirical antec$5ts & to its consequ5t1 tru?1 & ! relation ( tru? to reality4 ,yet f ! nave po9t ( view no difficulty atta*es to ^! que/ions4 ,! antec$5ts ( ?\ght are our univ]se ( life & love2 ( appreciation & /ruggle4 ,we ?9k ab\t any?+ & ev]y?+3 sn[ on ! gr\nd2 ! alt]nat+ clanks & ?uds t rise f bel[2 ! relation ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e to ! embroglio 9 ,v5ezuela2 ! relation ( art to indu/ry2 ! poetic quality ( a pa9t+ by ,botticelli2 ! battle ( ,m>a?on2 ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory2 ! prop] def9ition ( cause2 ! be/ me?od ( r$uc+ exp5ses2 :e!r & h[ to r5ew ! ties ( a brok5 fri5d%ip2 ! int]pretation ( an equation 9 hydrodynamics1 etc4 ,?r\gh ! madness ( ?is miscellane\s citation !re appe>s s mu* ( me?od3 any?+--ev5t1 act1 value1 ideal1 p]son1 or place--may be an object ( ?\ght4 ,reflection busies itself alike ) physical nature1 ! record ( social a*ievem5t1 & ! endeavors ( social aspiration4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to su* affairs t ?\ght is d]ivative2 x is ) ref]5ce to !m t x int]v5es or m$iates4 ,tak+ "s "p ( ! univ]se ( action1 ( affection1 ( social con/ruction1 "u its special *>ge1 & hav+ busi$ itself !re) suffici5tly to meet ! special difficulty pres5t$1 ?\ght releases t topic & ent]s into fur!r m direct exp]i5ce4 ,/ick+ = a mom5t to ?is nave /&po9t1 we recognize a c]ta9 rhy?m ( direct practice & d]iv$ !ory2 ( prim>y con/ruction & ( second>y criticism2 ( liv+ appreciation & ( ab/ract description2 ( active endeavor & ( pale reflection4 ,we f9d t e m direct prim>y attitude passes ^u occasion into its second>y delib]ative & discursive c\nt]p>t4 ,we f9d t :5 ! latt] has done its "w x passes away & passes on4 ,f ! nave /&po9t su* rhy?m is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!re is no attempt ei!r to /ate ! nature ( ! occasion :i* dem&s ! ?9k+ attitude1 or to =mulate a !ory ( ! /&>d by :i* is judg$ its success4 ,no g5]al !ory is prop\nd$ z to ! exact relation%ip betwe5 ?9k+ & :at antec$es & succe$s x4 ,mu* less d we ask h[ empirical circum/ances c g5]ate rationality ( ?\ght2 nor h[ x is possible = reflection to lay claim to p[] ( det]m9+ tru? & !reby ( con/ruct+ fur!r reality4 ,if we 7 to ask ! ?9k+ ( nave life to pres5t1 ) a m9imum ( !oretical elaboration1 its conception ( its own practice1 we %\ld get an answ] runn+ n unlike ?is3 ,?9k+ is a k9d ( activity :i* we p]=m at specific ne$1 j z at o!r ne$ we engage 9 o!r sorts ( activity3 z conv]se ) a fri5d2 draw a plan = a h\se2 take a walk2 eat a d9n]2 pur*ase a suit ( clo!s1 etc4 ,9 g5]al1 its mat]ial is any?+ 9 ! wide univ]se :i* seems to be relevant to ?is ne$--any?+ :i* may s]ve z a res\rce 9 def9+ ! difficulty or 9 sugge/+ modes ( deal+ effectively ) x4 ,! measure ( its success1 ! /&>d ( its validity1 is precisely ! degree 9 :i* ! ?9k+ actually disposes ( ! difficulty & all[s u to proce$ ) m direct modes ( exp]i5c+1 t are =?) possess$ ( m assur$ & deep5$ value4 ,if we inquire :y ! nave attitude does n g on to elaborate ^! implications ( its own practice into a sy/ematic !ory1 ! answ]1 on its own basis1 is obvi\s4 ,?\ght arises 9 response to its own occasion4 ,& ?is occasion is s exact+ t !re is "t1 z !re is ne$1 only to d ! ?9k+ :i* is ne$$ 9 t occasion--n to reflect ^u ! ?9k+ itself4 ,reflection foll[s s naturally ^u its appropriate cue1 its issue is s obvi\s1 s practical1 ! entire relation%ip is s organic1 t once grant ! position t ?\ght arises 9 reaction to specific dem&1 & !re is n ! p>ticul> type ( ?9k+ call$ logical !ory because !re is n ! practical dem& = reflection ( t sort4 ,our att5tion is tak5 up ) p>ticul> que/ions & specific answ]s4 ,:at we h to reckon ) is n ! problem (1 ,h[ c ,i ?9k b]haupt8 b1 ,h[ %all ,i ?9k "r "h & n[8 ,n :at is ! te/ ( ?\ght at l>ge1 b :at validates & confirms ?is ?\ght8 ,9 con=mity ) ?is view1 x foll[s t a g5]ic acc\nt ( our ?9k+ behavior1 ! g5]ic acc\nt t]m$ logical !ory1 arises at hi/oric p]iods 9 :i* ! situation has lo/ ! organic "* above describ$4 ,! g5]al !ory ( reflection1 z ov] aga9/ its concrete ex]cise1 appe>s :5 occasions = reflection are s ov]:elm+ & s mutually conflict+ t specific adequate response 9 ?\ght is block$4 ,aga91 x %[s itself :5 practical affairs are s multif>i\s1 complicat$1 & remote f control t ?9k+ is held (f f successful passage into !m4 ,anyh[ 7/ick+ to ! nave /&po9t71 x is true t ! /imulus to t p>ticul> =m ( reflective ?9k+ t]m$ logical !ory is f\nd :5 circum/ances require ! act ( ?9k+ & nev]!less imp$e cle> & coh]5t ?9k+ 9 detail2 or :5 !y occasion ?\ght & !n prev5t ! results ( ?9k+ f ex]cis+ directive influ5ce ^u ! imm$iate conc]ns ( life4 ,"u ^! conditions we get su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,:at is ! relation ( rational ?\ght to crude or unreflective exp]i5ce8 ,:at is ! relation ( ?\ght to reality8 ,:at is ! b>ri] :i* prev5ts reason f complete p5etration into ! _w ( tru?8 ,:at is x t makes u live alt]nately 9 a concrete _w ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* ?\ght z su* f9ds n satisfaction1 & 9 a _w ( ord]$ ?\ght :i* is yet only ab/ract & ideal8 ,x is n my int5tion "h to pursue ! l9e ( hi/orical inquiry ?us sugge/$4 ,inde$1 ! po9t w\ld n be m5tion$ did x n s]ve to fix att5tion ^u ! nature ( ! logical problem4 ,x is 9 deal+ ) ?is latt] type ( "q t logical !ory has tak5 a turn :i* sep>ates x widely f ! !oretical implications ( practical delib]ation & ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! two latt]1 h[ev] mu* !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 detail1 agree 9 a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,!y bo? assume t e reflective problem & op]ation arises ) ref]5ce to "s specific situation1 & has to subs]ve a specific purpose dep5d5t ^u its own occasion4 ,!y assume & obs]ve di/9ct limits--limits f :i* & to :i*4 ,!re is ! limit ( orig9 9 ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> situation :i* evokes reflection4 ,!re is ! limit ( t]m9us 9 successful deal+ ) ! p>ticul> problem pres5t$--or 9 retir+1 baffl$1 to take up "s o!r "q4 ,! qu]y t at once faces u reg>d+ ! nature ( logical !ory is :e!r reflection ^u reflection %all recognize ^! limits1 endeavor+ to =mulate !m m exactly & to def9e _! relation%ips to ea* o!r m adequately2 or %all x aboli% limits1 d away ) ! matt] ( specific conditions & specific aims ( ?\ght1 & discuss ?\ght & its relation to empirical antec$5ts & rational consequ5ts 7tru?7 at l>ge8 ,at fir/ blu%1 x might seem z if ! v nature ( logical !ory z g5]alization ( ! reflective process mu/ ( necessity disreg>d ! matt] ( p>ticul> conditions & p>ticul> results z irrelevant4 ,h[1 ! implication runs1 c\ld reflection become g5]aliz$ save by elim9ation ( details z irrelevant8 ,su* a conception 9 fix+ ! c5tral problem ( logic fixes once = all its future c>e] & mat]ial4 ,! ess5tial bus9ess ( logic is h5ce=? to discuss ! relation ( ?\ght z su* to reality z su*4 ,x may1 inde$1 involve mu* psy*ological mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! discussion ( ! processes :i* antec$e ?9k+ & :i* call x out4 ,x may involve mu* discussion ( ! concrete me?ods ( inve/igation & v]ification employ$ 9 ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,x may busily conc]n itself ) ! diff]5tiation ( v>i\s types & =ms ( ?\ght--diff]5t modes ( conceiv+1 v>i\s con=mations ( judgm5t1 v>i\s types ( inf]5tial reason+4 ,b x conc]ns itself ) any & all ( ^! ?ree fields1 n on _! own acc\nt or z ultimate1 b z subsidi>y to ! ma9 problem3 ! relation ( ?\ght z su*1 or at l>ge1 to reality z su*1 or at l>ge4 ,"s ( ! detail$ consid]ations ref]r$ to may ?r[ light ^u ! t]ms "u :i* ?\ght transacts its bus9ess ) reality2 ^u1 say1 c]ta9 peculi> limitations x has to submit to z be/ x may4 ,o!r consid]ations ?r[ light ^u ! ways 9 :i* ?\ght gets at reality4 ,/ill o!r consid]ations ?r[ light ^u ! =ms :i* ?\ght assumes 9 attack+ & appreh5d+ reality4 ,b 9 ! end all ?is is incid5tal4 ,9 ! end ! "o problem holds3 ,h[ d ! specifications ( ?\ght z su* hold good ( reality z su*8 ,9 f9e1 logic is suppos$ to gr[ out ( ! epi/emological inquiry & to lead up to its solution4 ,f ?is po9t ( view v>i\s aspects ( logical !ory are well /at$ by an au?or :om lat] on we %all consid] 9 "s detail4 ,lotze#aa ref]s to univ]sal =ms & pr9ciples ( ?\ght :i* hold good ev]y:]e bo? 9 judg+ ( reality & 9 weigh+ possibility1 irrespective ( any diff]5ce 9 ! objects4 ,?is def9es ! bus9ess ( pure logic4 ,?is is cle>ly ! "q ( ?\ght z su*--( ?\ght at l>ge or 9 g5]al4 ,!n we h ! "q ( h[ f> ! mo/ complete /ructure ( ?\ght 444 c claim to be an adequate acc\nt ( t :i* we seem compell$ to assume z ! object & occasion ( our ideas4 ,?is is cle>ly ! "q ( ! relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge4 ,x is epi/emology4 ,!n comes appli$ logic1 hav+ to d ) ! actual employm5t ( concrete =ms ( ?\ght ) ref]5ce to inve/igation ( specific topics & subjects4 ,?is appli$ logic w\ld1 if ! /&po9t ( practical delib]ation & ( sci5tific rese>* 7 adopt$1 be ! sole g5u9e logic4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght 9 itself hav+ be5 agre$ ^u1 we h 9 ?is appli$ logic only an incid5tal inquiry ( h[ ! p>ticul> resi/ances & oppositions :i* pure ?\ght meets f p>ticul> matt]s may be/ be disc\nt$4 ,x is conc]n$ ) me?ods ( inve/igation :i* obviate defects 9 ! relation%ip ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge1 z ^! pres5t !mselves "u ! limitations ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x deals m]ely ) h9drances1 & ) devices = ov]com+ !m2 x is direct$ by consid]ations ( utility4 ,:5 we reflect t ?is field includes ! entire proc$ure ( practical delib]ation & ( concrete sci5tific rese>*1 we beg9 to realize some?+ ( ! significance ( ! !ory ( logic :i* reg>ds ! limitations ( specific orig9ation & specific outcome z irrelevant to its ma9 problem1 :i* assumes an activity ( ?\ght pure or 9 itself1 t is1 irrespective ( any diff]5ce 9 its objects4 ,?is sugge/s1 by contra/1 ! opposite mode ( /at+ ! problem ( logical !ory4 ,g5]alization ( ! nature ( ! reflective process c]ta9ly involves elim9ation ( mu* ( ! specific mat]ial & cont5ts ( ! ?\ght-situations ( daily life & ( critical sci5ce4 ,q compatible ) ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! notion t x seizes ^u c]ta9 specific conditions & factors1 & aims to br+ !m to cle> consci\sness--n to aboli% !m4 ,:ile elim9at+ ! p>ticul> mat]ial ( p>ticul> practical & sci5tific pursuits1 7#a7 x may /rive to hit ^u ! common d5om9ator 9 ! v>i\s situations :i* are antec$5t or prim>y to ?\ght & :i* evoke x2 7#b7 x may attempt to %[ h[ typical features 9 ! specific antec$5ts ( ?\ght call out div]se typical modes ( ?\ght-reaction2 7#c7 x may attempt to /ate ! nature ( ! specific consequ5ces 9 :i* ?\ght fulfils its c>e]4 7#a7 ,x does n elim9ate dep5d5ce ^u specific occasions z provocative ( ?\ght1 b endeavors to def9e :at 9 ! v>i\s occasions r5d]s !m ?\ght-provok+4 ,! specific occasion is n elim9at$1 b insi/$ ^u & br\ght into ! =egr\nd4 ,consequ5tly1 empirical consid]ations are n subsidi>y incid5ts1 b are ( ess5tial importance s f> z !y enable u to trace ! g5]ation ( ! ?\ght-situation4 7#b7 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! v>i\s types & modes ( conceiv+1 judg+1 & inf]5ce are treat$1 n z qualifications ( ?\ght p] se or at l>ge1 b ( reflection engag$ 9 its specific1 mo/ economic1 effective response to its own p>ticul> occasion2 !y are adaptations = control ( /imuli4 ,! di/9ctions & classifications t h be5 accumulat$ 9 =mal logic are relevant data2 b !y dem& int]pretation f ! /&po9t ( use z organs ( adju/m5t to mat]ial antec$5ts & /imuli4 7#c7 ,f9ally ! "q ( validity1 or ultimate objective ( ?\ght1 is relevant2 b relevant z a matt] ( ! specific issue ( ! specific c>e] ( a ?\ght-function4 ,all ! typical inve/igatory & v]ificatory proc$ures ( ! v>i\s sci5ces indicate ! ways 9 :i* ?\ght actually br+s to successful fulfilm5t its deal+ ) v>i\s types ( problems4 ,:ile ! epi/emological type ( logic may1 z we h se51 leave 7"u ! "n ( appli$ logic7 a subsidi>y place op5 = ! in/rum5tal type1 ! type :i* deals ) ?9k+ z a specific proc$ure relative to a specific antec$5t occasion & to a subsequ5t specific fulfilm5t is n able to reciprocate ! favor4 ,f its po9t ( view1 an attempt to discuss ! antec$5ts1 data1 =ms1 & objectives ( ?\ght1 ap>t f ref]5ce to p>ticul> position occupi$ & p>ticul> "p play$ 9 ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce1 is to rea* results :i* are n s mu* ei!r true or false z !y are radically mean+less--because !y are consid]$ ap>t f limits4 ,its results are n only ab/ractions 7= all !oriz+ ends 9 ab/ractions71 b ab/ractions )\t possible ref]5ce or be>+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! tak+ ( some?+ 7:e!r t some?+ be a ?9k+ activity1 its empirical /imulus1 or its objective goal71 ap>t f ! limits ( a hi/oric or develop+ situation1 is ! ess5ce ( metaphysical proc$ure--9 t s5se ( metaphysics :i* makes a gulf betwe5 x & sci5ce4 ,z ! read] has d\btless anticipat$1 x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to pres5t ! problem & indu/ry ( reflective ?\ght f ! /&po9t ( nave exp]i5ce1 us+ ! t]m 9 a s5se wide en\gh to cov] bo? practical proc$ure & concrete sci5tific rese>*4 ,i resume by say+ t ?is po9t ( view kn[s no fix$ di/9ction betwe5 ! empirical ?+s & values ( unreflective life & ! mo/ ab/ract process ( rational ?\ght4 ,x kn[s no fix$ gulf betwe5 ! highe/ flight ( !ory & a control ( ! details ( practical con/ruction & behavior4 ,x passes1 accord+ to ! occasion & opportunity ( ! mom5t1 f ! attitude ( lov+ & /ruggl+ & do+ to t ( ?9k+ & ! rev]se4 ,its cont5ts or mat]ial %ift _! values back & =? f te*nological or utilit>ian to ae/hetic1 e?ical1 or affectional4 ,x utilizes data ( p]ception1 ( mean+ or ( discursive ideation z ne$ calls1 j z an inv5tor n[ utilizes heat1 n[ me*anical /ra91 n[ electricity1 accord+ to ! dem&s set by 8 aim4 ,any?+ f pa/ exp]i5ce may be tak5 :i* appe>s to be an elem5t 9 ei!r ! /atem5t or ! solution ( ! pres5t problem4 ,?us we und]/& ! coexi/5ce1 )\t contradiction1 ( an indet]m9ate possible field & a limit$ actual field4 ,! undef9$ range ( possible mat]ials becomes specific ?r\gh ref]5ce to an end4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is no diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 ! me?ods ( sci5ce & ^? ( ! pla9 man4 ,! diff]5ce is ! great] control by sci5ce ( ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 & ( ! selection & use ( relevant mat]ial1 bo? s5sible & conceptual4 ,! two are relat$ to ea* o!r j z ! hit-or-miss1 trial-&-error inv5tions ( unciviliz$ man /& to ! delib]ate & consecutively p]si/5t ef=ts ( a mod]n inv5tor to produce a c]ta9 complicat$ device = do+ a compreh5sive piece ( "w4 ,nei!r ! pla9 man nor ! sci5tific inquir] is aw>e1 z he engages 9 8 reflective activity1 ( any transition f "o sph]e ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,he kn[s no two fix$ worlds--reality on "o side & m]e subjective ideas on ! o!r2 he is aw>e ( no gulf to cross4 ,he assumes un9t]rupt$1 free1 & fluid passage f ord9>y exp]i5ce to ab/ract ?9k+1 f ?\ght to fact1 f ?+s to !ories & back aga94 ,obs]vation passes into developm5t ( hypo!sis2 d$uctive me?ods pass into use 9 description ( ! p>ticul>2 inf]5ce passes into action1 all ) no s5se ( difficulty save ^? f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> task 9 "q4 ,! fundam5tal assumption is cont9uity4 ,?is does n mean t fact is confus$ ) idea1 or obs]v$ datum ) volunt>y hypo!sis1 !ory ) do+1 any m ?an a travel] confuses l& & wat] :5 he j\rneys f "o to ! o!r4 ,x simply means t ea* is plac$ & us$ ) ref]5ce to s]vice r5d]$ ! o!r1 & ) ref]5ce to ! future use ( ! o!r4 ,only ! epi/emological spectator ( traditional controv]sies is aw>e ( ! fact t ! ev]yday man & ! sci5tific man 9 ?is free & easy int]c\rse are ra%ly assum+ ! "r to glide ov] a cleft 9 ! v /ructure ( reality4 ,?is fact raises a qu]y n favorable to ! epi/emologi/4 ,:y is x t ! sci5tific man1 :o is con/antly ply+ 8 v5tur\s traffic ( ex*ange ( facts = ideas1 ( !ories = laws1 ( real ?+s = hypo!ses1 %\ld be s :olly unaw>e ( ! radical & g5]ic 7z di/9ct f specific7 difficulty ( ! und]tak+s 9 :i* he is engag$8 ,we ?us come afre% to our inquiry3 ,does n ! epi/emological logician unwitt+ly transf] ! specific difficulty :i* always faces ! sci5tific man--! difficulty 9 detail ( correct & adequate translation back & =? ( ?is set ( facts & ?is gr\p ( reflective consid]ation--into a totally diff]5t problem ( ! :olesale relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality 9 g5]al8 ,if su* be ! case1 x is cle> t ! v way 9 :i* ! epi/emological type ( logic /ates ! problem ( ?9k+1 9 relation bo? to empirical antec$5ts & to objective tru?1 makes t problem insoluble4 ,work+ t]ms1 t]ms :i* z work+ are flexible & hi/oric1 relative & me?odological1 are trans=m$ into absolute1 fix$1 & pr$et]m9$ prop]ties ( be+4 ,we come a little clos] to ! problem :5 we recognize t e sci5tific inquiry passes hi/orically ?r\gh at lea/ f\r /ages4 7a7 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ages is1 if ,i may be all[$ ! bull1 t 9 :i* sci5tific inquiry does n take place at all1 because no problem or difficulty 9 ! quality ( ! exp]i5ce pres5ts itself to provoke reflection4 ,we h only to ca/ our eye back f ! exi/+ /atus ( any sci5ce1 or back f ! /atus ( any p>ticul> topic 9 any sci5ce1 to discov] a "t :5 no reflective or critical ?9k+ busi$ itself ) ! matt]--:5 ! facts & relations 7 tak5 = grant$ & ?us 7 lo/ & absorb$ 9 ! net mean+ :i* accru$ f ! exp]i5ce4 7b7 ,aft] ! dawn+ ( ! problem !re comes a p]iod ( occupation ) relatively crude & unorganiz$ facts--hunt+ =1 locat+1 & collect+ raw mat]ial4 ,?is is ! empiric /age1 :i* no exi/+ sci5ce1 h[ev] pr\d 9 its atta9$ rationality1 c disav[ z its own prog5itor4 7c7 ,!n !re is also a speculative /age3 a p]iod ( guess+1 ( mak+ hypo!ses1 ( fram+ ideas :i* lat] on are label$ & condemn$ z only ideas4 ,!re is a p]iod ( di/9ction-mak+ & classification-mak+ :i* lat] on is reg>d$ z only m5tally gymna/ic 9 "*4 ,& no sci5ce1 h[ev] pr\d 9 its pres5t security ( exp]im5tal assurance1 c disav[ a s*ola/ic ance/or4 7d7 ,f9ally1 !re comes a p]iod ( fruitful int]action betwe5 ! m]e ideas & ! m]e facts3 a p]iod :5 obs]vation is det]m9$ by exp]im5tal conditions dep5d+ ^u ! use ( c]ta9 guid+ conceptions2 :5 reflection is direct$ & *eck$ at e po9t by ! use ( exp]im5tal data1 & by ! necessity ( f9d+ su* a =m = itself z w enable x to s]ve 9 a d$uction lead+ to evolution ( new mean+s1 & ultimately to exp]im5tal inquiry :i* br+s to light new facts4 ,9 ! em]g+ ( a m ord]ly & significant region ( fact1 & ( a m coh]5t & self-lum9\s sy/em ( mean+1 we h ! natural limit ( evolution ( ! logic ( a giv5 sci5ce4 ,b consid] :at has happ5$ 9 ?is hi/oric record4 ,unanalyz$ exp]i5ce has brok5 up into di/9ctions ( facts & ideas2 ! factual side has be5 develop$ by indef9ite & almo/ miscellane\s descriptions & cumulative li/+s2 ! conceptual side has be5 develop$ by un*eck$ & speculative elaboration ( def9itions1 classifications1 etc4 ,!n !re has be5 a relegation ( accept$ mean+s to ! limbo ( m]e ideas2 !re has be5 a passage ( "s ( ! accept$ facts into ! region ( m]e hypo!sis & op9ion4 ,conv]sely1 !re has be5 a cont9u$ issu+ ( ideas f ! region ( hypo!ses & !ories into t ( facts1 ( accept$ objective & mean+ful objects4 ,out ( a _w ( only seem+ facts1 & ( only d\btful ideas1 !re em]ges a _w cont9ually gr[+ 9 def9it5ess1 ord]1 & lum9osity4 ,?is progress1 v]ifi$ 9 e record ( sci5ce1 is an absolute mon/rosity f ! /&po9t ( ! epi/emology :i* assumes a ?\ght 9 g5]al1 on "o side1 & a reality 9 g5]al1 on ! o!r4 ,! reason t x does n pres5t itself z su* a mon/] & miracle to ^? actually conc]n$ ) x is because cont9uity ( ref]5ce & ( use controls all div]sities 9 ! modes ( exi/5ce specifi$ & ! types ( significance assign$4 ,! di/9ction ( mean+ & fact is treat$ 9 ! gr[? ( a sci5ce1 or ( any p>ticul> sci5tific problem1 z an induc$ & int5tional practical division ( labor2 z assignm5ts ( relative position ) ref]5ce to p]=mance ( a task2 z delib]ate di/ribution ( =ces at comm& = _! m economic use4 ,! absorption ( bald fact & hypo!tical idea into ! =mation ( a s+le _w ( sci5tific appreh5sion & compreh5sion is b ! successful a*iev+ ( ! aim on acc\nt ( :i* ! di/9ctions 9 "q 7 in/itut$4 ,?us we come back to ! problem ( logical !ory4 ,to take ! di/9ctions ( ?\ght & fact1 etc41 z ontological1 z inh]5tly fix$ 9 ! makeup ( ! /ructure ( be+1 results 9 treat+ ! actual te*nique ( sci5tific inquiry & sci5tific control z a m]e subsidi>y topic--ultimately ( only utilit>ian wor?4 ,x also /ates ! t]ms ^u :i* ?\ght & be+ transact bus9ess 9 a way s totally ali5 to concrete exp]i5ce t x creates a problem :i* c be discuss$ only 9 t]ms ( itself--n 9 t]ms ( ! conduct ( life4 ,z aga9/ ?is1 ! logic :i* aligns itself ) ! orig9 & employ ( reflective ?\ght 9 ev]yday life & critical sci5ce foll[s ! natural hi/ory ( ?9k+ z a life-process hav+ its own g5]at+ antec$5ts & /imuli1 its own /ates & c>e]1 & its own specific objective or limit4 ,?is po9t ( view makes x possible = logical !ory to come to t]ms ) psy*ology4 ,:5 logic is consid]$ z hav+ to d ) ! :olesale activity ( ?\ght p] se1 ! "q ( ! hi/oric process by :i* ?is or t p>ticul> ?\ght came to be1 ( h[ its object happ5s to pres5t itself z s5sory1 or p]ceptual1 or conceptual1 is q irrelevant4 ,^! ?+s are m]e temporal accid5ts4 ,! psy*ologi/ 7n lift+ 8 gaze f ! realm ( ! *angeable7 may f9d 9 !m matt]s ( int]e/4 ,8 :ole indu/ry is j ) natural hi/ory--to trace ev5ts z !y mutually excite & inhibit "o ano!r4 ,b ! logician1 we are told1 has a deep] problem & an outlook ( m unb\nd$ horizon4 ,he deals ) ! "q ( ! et]nal nature ( ?\ght & its et]nal validity 9 relation to an et]nal reality4 ,he is conc]n$1 n ) g5esis1 b ) value1 n ) a hi/oric cycle1 b ) absolute entities & relations4 ,/ill ! qu]y haunts u3 ,is ?is s 9 tru?8 ,or has ! logician ( a c]ta9 type arbitr>ily made x s by tak+ 8 t]ms ap>t f ref]5ce to ! specific occasions 9 :i* !y arise & situations 9 :i* !y function8 ,if ! latt]1 !n ! v d5ial ( hi/oric relation%ip1 ! d5ial ( ! significance ( hi/oric me?od1 is indicative ( ! unreal "* ( 8 own ab/raction4 ,x means 9 effect t ! affairs "u consid]ation h be5 isolat$ f ! conditions 9 :i* alone !y h det]m9able mean+ & assignable wor?4 ,x is a/oni%+ t1 9 ! face ( ! advance ( ! evolution>y me?od 9 natural sci5ce1 any logician c p]si/ 9 ! ass]tion ( a rigid diff]5ce betwe5 ! problem ( orig9 & ( nature2 betwe5 g5esis & analysis2 betwe5 hi/ory & validity4 ,su* ass]tion simply reit]ates z f9al a di/9ction :i* grew up & _h mean+ 9 pre-evolution>y sci5ce4 ,x ass]ts1 aga9/ ! mo/ m>k$ advance :i* sci5tific me?od has yet made1 a survival ( a crude p]iod ( logical sci5tific proc$ure4 ,we h no *oice save ei!r to conceive ( ?9k+ z a response to a specific /imulus1 or else to reg>d x z some?+ 9 itself1 hav+ j 9 & ( itself c]ta9 traits1 elem5ts1 & laws4 ,if we give up ! la/ view1 we mu/ take ! =m]4 ,9 ?is case x w /ill possess di/9ctive traits1 b !y w be traits ( a specific response to a specific /imulus4 ,! significance ( ! evolution>y me?od 9 biology & social hi/ory is t e di/9ct organ1 /ructure1 or =mation1 e gr\p+ ( cells or elem5ts1 is to be treat$ z an in/rum5t ( adju/m5t or adaptation to a p>ticul> environ+ situation4 ,its mean+1 its "*1 its =ce1 is kn[n :51 & only :51 x is consid]$ z an arrangem5t = meet+ ! conditions involv$ 9 "s specific situation4 ,?is analysis is c>ri$ out by trac+ successive /ages ( developm5t--by endeavor+ to locate ! p>ticul> situation 9 :i* ea* /ructure has its orig91 & by trac+ ! successive modifications ?r\gh :i*1 9 response to *ang+ m$ia1 x has rea*$ its pres5t con=mation4#ab ,to p]si/ 9 condemn+ natural hi/ory f ! /&po9t ( :at natural hi/ory meant be=e x id5tifi$ itself ) an evolution>y process is n s mu* to exclude ! natural-hi/ory /&po9t f philosophic consid]ation z x is to ev9ce ignorance ( :at x signifies4 ,psy*ology z ! natural hi/ory ( ! v>i\s attitudes & /ructures ?r\gh :i* exp]i5c+ passes1 z an acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* ?is or t attitude em]ges1 & ( ! way 9 :i* x influ5ces1 by /imulation or inhibition1 production ( o!r /ates or con=mations ( reflection1 is indisp5sable to logical evaluation ! mom5t we treat logical !ory z an acc\nt ( ?9k+ z a response to its own g5]at+ conditions1 & consequ5tly judge its validity by ref]5ce to its effici5cy 9 meet+ its problems4 ,! hi/orical po9t ( view describes ! sequ5ce2 ! normative foll[s ! hi/ory to its conclusion1 & !n turns back & judges ea* hi/orical /ep by view+ x 9 ref]5ce to its own outcome4 ,9 ! c\rse ( *ang+ exp]i5ce we keep our balance 9 mov+ f situations ( an affectional quality to ^? :i* are practical or appreciative or reflective1 because we be> con/antly 9 m9d ! context 9 :i* any p>ticul> di/9ction pres5ts itself4 ,z we submit ea* *>act]i/ic function & situation ( exp]i5ce to our gaze1 we f9d x has a dual aspect4 ,:]ev] !re is /riv+ !re are ob/acles2 :]ev] !re is affection !re are p]sons :o are atta*$2 :]ev] !re is do+ !re is accompli%m5t2 :]ev] !re is appreciation !re is value2 :]ev] !re is ?9k+ !re is mat]ial-9-"q4 ,we keep our foot+ z we move f "o attitude to ano!r1 f "o *>act]i/ic quality to ano!r1 because ( ! position occupi$ 9 ! :ole movem5t by ! p>ticul> function 9 :i* we are engag$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ea* attitude & function & its pr$ecessor & successor is s]ial1 dynamic1 op]ative4 ,! di/9ctions )9 any giv5 op]ation or function are /ructural1 contemporane\s1 & di/ributive4 ,?9k+ foll[s1 we w say1 /riv+1 & do+ foll[s ?9k+4 ,ea* 9 ! fulfilm5t ( its own function inevitably calls out its successor4 ,b co9cid5t1 simultane\s1 & correspond5t )9 do+ is ! di/9ction ( do] & ( de$2 )9 ! function ( ?\ght1 ( ?9k+ & mat]ial ?\ght ^u2 )9 ! function ( /riv+1 ( ob/acle & aim1 ( means & end4 ,we keep our pa?s /raight because we d n confuse ! sequ5tial & functional relation%ip ( types ( exp]i5ce ) ! contemporane\s & /ructural di/9ctions ( elem5ts )9 a giv5 function4 ,9 ! seem+ maze ( endless confusion & unlimit$ %ift+s1 we f9d our way by ! means ( ! /imulations & *ecks occurr+ )9 ! process 9 :i* we are actually engag$4 ,op]at+ )9 empirical situations we d n contra/ or confuse a condition :i* is an elem5t 9 ! =mation ( "o op]ation ) ! /atus :i* is "o ( ! di/ributive t]ms ( ano!r function4 ,:5 we ignore ^! specific empirical clues & limitations1 we h at once an insoluble1 because mean+less1 problem ^u our h&s4 ,n[ ! epi/emological logician delib]ately %uts himself (f f ^? cues & *ecks ^u :i* ! pla9 man in/9ctively relies1 & :i* ! sci5tific man delib]ately se>*es = & adopts z con/itut+ 8 te*nique4 ,consequ5tly he is likely to set ! attitude :i* has place & significance only 9 "o ( ! s]ial functional situations ( exp]i5ce ov] aga9/ ! active attitude :i* describes "p ( ! /ructural con/itution ( ano!r situation2 or ) equal lack ( ju/ification to assimilate mat]ials *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t /ages to "o ano!r4 ,he sets ! ag5t1 z he is f\nd 9 ! intimacy ( love or appreciation1 ov] aga9/ ! ext]nality ( ! fact1 z t is def9$ )9 ! reflective process4 ,he takes ! mat]ial :i* ?\ght selects z its problematic data z id5tical ) ! significant cont5t :i* results f successful pursuit ( inquiry2 & ?is 9 turn he reg>ds z ! mat]ial :i* 0 pres5t$ be=e ?9k+ began1 ^: peculi>ities 7 ! means ( awak5+ ?\ght4 ,he id5tifies ! f9al deposit ( ! ?\ght-function ) its own g5]at+ antec$5t1 & !n disposes ( ! result+ surd by ref]5ce to "s metaphysical consid]ation1 :i* rema9s :5 logical inquiry1 :5 sci5ce 7z int]pret$ by him71 has done its "w4 ,he does ?is1 n because he pref]s confusion to ord]1 or error to tru?1 b simply because1 :5 ! *a9 ( hi/oric sequ5ce is cut1 ! vessel ( ?\ght is afloat to ve] ^u a sea )\t s\nd+s or moor+s4 ,!re are b two alt]natives3 ei!r !re is an object 9 itself ( m9d 9 itself1 or else !re are a s]ies ( situations :]e elem5ts v>y ) ! v>y+ functions to :i* !y belong4 ,if ! latt]1 ! only way 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic t]ms ( situations c be def9$ is by discrim9at+ ! functions to :i* !y belong4 ,& ! epi/emological logician1 9 *oos+ to take 8 "q z "o ( ?\ght :i* has its own =m j z ?\ght1 ap>t f ! limits ( ! special "w x has to d1 has depriv$ himself ( ^! supports & /ays4 ,! problem ( logic has a m g5]al & a m specific phase4 ,9 its g5]ic =m1 x deals ) ?is "q3 ,h[ does "o type ( functional situation & attitude 9 exp]i5ce pass out ( & into ano!r2 = example1 ! te*nological or utilit>ian into ! ae/hetic1 ! ae/hetic into ! religi\s1 ! religi\s into ! sci5tific1 & ?is into ! socio-e?ical & s on8 ,! m specific "q is3 ,h[ does ! p>ticul> functional situation t]m$ ! reflective behave8 ,h[ %all we describe x8 ,:at 9 detail are its div]se contemporane\s di/9ctions1 or divisions ( labor1 its correspond5t /atuses2 9 :at specific ways d ^! op]ate ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r s z to effect ! specific aim :i* is propos$ by ! ne$s ( ! affair8 ,?is *apt] may be br\ght to conclusion by ref]5ce to ! m ultimate value ( ! logic ( exp]i5ce1 ( logic tak5 9 its wid] s5se2 t is1 z an acc\nt ( ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s typical functions or situations ( exp]i5ce 9 _! det]m9+ relations to "o ano!r4 ,philosophy1 def9$ z su* a logic1 makes no pret5se to be an acc\nt ( a clos$ & f9i%$ univ]se4 ,its bus9ess is n to secure or gu>antee any p>ticul> reality or value4 ,p] contra1 x gets ! significance ( a me?od4 ,! "r relation%ip & adju/m5t ( ! v>i\s typical phases ( exp]i5ce to "o ano!r is a problem felt 9 e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,intellectual rectification & control ( ^! adju/m5ts _c fail to reflect itself 9 an add$ cle>ness & security on ! practical side4 ,x may be t g5]al logic _c become an in/rum5t 9 ! imm$iate direction ( ! activities ( sci5ce or art or indu/ry2 b x is ( value 9 criticiz+ & organiz+ tools ( imm$iate rese>*4 ,x also has direct significance 9 ! valuation = social or life-purposes ( results a*iev$ 9 p>ticul> bran*es4 ,mu* ( ! imm$iate bus9ess ( life is badly done because we d n "k ! g5esis & outcome ( ! "w t occupies u4 ,! mann] & degree ( appropriation ( ! goods a*iev$ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social int]e/ & vocation are p>tial & faulty because we are n cle> z to ! due rights & responsibilities ( "o function ( exp]i5ce 9 ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,! value ( rese>* = social progress2 ! be>+ ( psy*ology ^u educational proc$ure2 ! mutual relations ( f9e & indu/rial art2 ! "q ( ! ext5t & nature ( specialization 9 sci5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! claims ( appli$ sci5ce2 ! adju/m5t ( religi\s aspirations to sci5tific /atem5ts2 ! ju/ification ( a ref9$ culture = a few 9 face ( economic insuffici5cy = ! mass2 ! relation ( organization to individuality--su* are a few ( ! _m social que/ions ^: answ] dep5ds ^u ! possession & use ( a g5]al logic ( exp]i5ce z a me?od ( inquiry & int]pretation4 ,i d n say t headway _c be made 9 su* que/ions ap>t f ! me?od indicat$3 a logic ( exp]i5ce4 ,b unless we h a critical & assur$ view ( ! juncture 9 :i* & ) ref]5ce to :i* a giv5 attitude or int]e/ arises1 unless we "k ! s]vice x is !reby call$ ^u to p]=m1 & h5ce ! organs or me?ods by :i* x be/ functions 9 t s]vice1 our progress is imp$$ & irregul>4 ,we take a "p = a :ole1 a means = an end2 or we attack :olesale "s int]e/ because x int]f]es ) ! deifi$ sway ( ! "o we h select$ z ultimate4 ,a cle> & compreh5sive cons5sus ( social conviction & a consequ5t conc5trat$ & economical direction ( ef=t are assur$ only z !re is "s way ( locat+ ! position & rle ( ea* typical int]e/ & occupation4 ,! doma9 ( op9ion is "o ( conflict2 its rule is arbitr>y & co/ly4 ,only intellectual me?od af=ds a sub/itute = op9ion4 ,a g5]al logic ( exp]i5ce alone c d = social qualities & aims :at ! natural sci5ces aft] c5turies ( /ruggle are do+ = activity 9 ! physical realm4 ,?is does n mean t sy/ems ( philosophy :i* h attempt$ to /ate ! nature ( ?\ght & ( reality at l>ge1 ap>t f limits ( p>ticul> situations 9 ! movem5t ( exp]i5ce1 h be5 wor?less--?\gh x does mean t _! indu/ry has be5 some:at misappli$4 ,! unfold+ ( metaphysical !ory has made l>ge contributions to positive evaluations ( ! typical situations & relation%ips ( exp]i5ce--ev5 :5 its consci\s int5tion has be5 q o!rwise4 ,e sy/em ( philosophy is itself a mode ( reflection2 consequ5tly 7if our ma9 cont5tion be true71 x too has be5 evok$ out ( specific social antec$5ts1 & has _h its use z a response to !m4 ,x has effect$ some?+ 9 modify+ ! situation )9 :i* x f\nd its orig94 ,x may n h solv$ ! problem :i* x consci\sly put itself2 9 _m cases we may freely admit t ! "q put has be5 f\nd aft]w>d to be s wrongly put z to be insoluble4 ,yet exactly ! same ?+ is true1 9 precisely ! same s5se1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 x is impossible = ! sci5tific man to ca/ ! fir/ /one at ! philosoph]4 ,! progress ( sci5ce 9 any bran* cont9ually br+s ) x a realization t problems 9 _! previ\s =m ( /atem5t are insoluble because put 9 t]ms ( unreal conditions2 because ! real conditions h be5 mix$ up ) m5tal artifacts or miscon/ructions4 ,e sci5ce is cont9ually le>n+ t its suppos$ solutions are only app>5t because ! solution solves1 n ! actual problem1 b "o :i* has be5 made up4 ,b ! v putt+ ( ! "q1 ! v giv+ ( ! wrong answ]1 induces modification ( exi/+ intellectual habits1 /&po9ts1 & aims4 ,wre/l+ ) ! problem1 !re is evolution ( new te*nique to control inquiry1 !re is se>* = new facts1 in/itution ( new types ( exp]im5tation2 !re is ga9 9 ! me?odic control ( exp]i5ce4 ,& all ?is is progress4 ,x is only ! worn-out cynic1 ! de-vitaliz$ s5suali/1 & ! fanatical dogmati/ :o int]pret ! cont9u\s *ange ( sci5ce z prov+ t1 s9ce ea* successive /atem5t is wrong1 ! :ole record is error & folly2 & t ! pres5t tru? is only ! error n yet f\nd out4 ,su* draw ! moral ( c>+ naught = all ^! ?+s1 or ( fly+ to "s ext]nal au?ority :i* w deliv] once = all ! fix$ & un*angeable tru?4 ,b hi/oric philosophy ev5 9 its ab]rant =ms has prov$ a factor 9 ! valuation ( exp]i5ce2 x has br\ght problems to light1 x has provok$ intellectual conflicts )\t :i* values are only nom9al2 ev5 ?r\gh its w\ld-be absoluti/ic isolations x has secur$ recognition ( mutual dep5d5cies & reciprocal re9=cem5ts4 ,yet if x c def9e its "w m cle>ly1 x c conc5trate its en]gy ^u its own *>act]i/ic problem3 ! g5esis & function+ 9 exp]i5ce ( v>i\s typical int]e/s & occupations ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,italics m9e4 #ab ,see ,philosophical ,review1 ,,xi1 #aag-bj4 ,,iii ,,! ,,antec$5ts ,,& ,,/imuli ,,( ,,?9k+ ,we h discrim9at$ logic 9 its wid] s5se--conc]n$ ) ! sequ5ce ( *>act]i/ic functions & attitudes 9 exp]i5ce--f logic 9 its /rict] mean+1 conc]n$ ) ! function ( reflective ?\ght4 ,we mu/ avoid yield+ to ! temptation ( id5tify+ logic ) ei!r ( ^! to ! exclusion ( ! o!r2 or ( suppos+ t x is possible to isolate "o f9ally f ! o!r4 ,! m detail$ treatm5t ( ! organs & me?ods ( reflection _c be c>ri$ on ) security save z we h a correct idea ( ! position ( reflection amid ! typical functions ( exp]i5ce4 ,yet x is impossible to det]m9e ?is l>g] plac+1 save z we h a def9$ & analytic1 z di/9ct f a m]ely vague & gross1 view ( :at we mean by reflection--:at is its actual con/itution4 ,x is necess>y to "w back & =? betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] fields1 trans=m+ e increm5t ^u "o side into a me?od ( "w ^u ! o!r1 & !reby te/+ x4 ,! evid5t confusion ( exi/+ logical !ory1 its unc]ta9ty z to its own b\nds & limits1 its t5d5cy to oscillate f l>g] que/ions ( ! mean+ ( judgm5t & ! validity ( inf]5ce ov] to details ( sci5tific te*nique1 & to translate di/9ctions ( =mal logic into acts 9 an inve/igatory or v]ificatory process1 are indications ( ! ne$ ( ?is d\ble movem5t4 ,9 ! next ?ree *apt]s x is propos$ to take up "s ( ! consid]ations t lie on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] conceptions ( logical !ory4 ,i %all discuss ! locus ( ! function ( ?\ght 9 exp]i5ce s f> z su* locus enables u to *>act]ize "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal di/9ctions1 or divisions ( labor1 )9 ! reflective process4 ,9 tak+ up ! problem ( ! subject-matt] ( ?\ght1 ,i %all try to make cle> t x assumes ?ree q di/9ct =ms accord+ to ! epo*al mom5t rea*$ 9 control ( exp]i5ce4 ,i %all attempt to %[ t we mu/ consid] subject-matt] f ! /&po9t1 fir/1 ( ! antec$5ts or conditions t evoke ?\ght2 secondly1 ( ! datum or imm$iate mat]ial pres5t$ to ?\ght2 &1 ?irdly1 ( ! prop] objective ( ?\ght4 ,( ^! ?ree di/9ctions ! fir/1 t ( antec$5t & /imulus1 cle>ly ref]s to ! situation t is imm$iately prior to ! ?\ght-function z su*4 ,! second1 t ( datum or imm$iately giv5 matt]1 ref]s to a di/9ction :i* is made )9 ! ?\ght-process z a "p ( & = ! sake ( its own modus op]&i4 ,x is a /atus 9 ! s*eme ( ?9k+4 ,! ?ird1 t ( cont5t or object1 ref]s to ! progress actually made 9 any ?\ght-function2 mat]ial :i* is organiz$ by inquiry s f> z inquiry has fulfill$ its purpose4 ,?is *apt] w get at ! matt] ( prelim9>y conditions ( ?\ght indirectly r ?an directly1 by indicat+ ! contradictory positions into :i* "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & acute ( mod]n logicians1 ,lotze1 has be5 =c$ ?r\gh fail+ to def9e logical di/9ctions 9 t]ms ( ! hi/ory ( readju/m5t & control ( ?+s 9 exp]i5ce1 & be+ !reby compell$ to int]pret c]ta9 notions z absolute in/ead ( z hi/oric & me?odological4 ,be=e pass+ directly to ! exposition & criticism ( ,lotze1 x w be well1 h[ev]1 to take ! matt] 9 a some:at fre] way4 ,we _c approa* logical inquiry 9 a :olly direct & uncompromis$ mann]4 ,( necessity we br+ to x c]ta9 di/9ctions--di/9ctions p>tly ! outcome ( concrete exp]i5ce2 p>tly due to ! logical !ory :i* has got embodi$ 9 ord9>y language & 9 curr5t intellectual habits2 p>tly results ( delib]ate sci5tific & philosophic inquiry4 ,^! m or less ready-made results are res\rces2 !y are ! only weapons ) :i* we c attack ! new problem4 ,yet !y are full ( unexam9$ assumptions2 !y commit u to all sorts ( logically pr$et]m9$ conclusions4 ,9 "o s5se our /udy ( ! new subject-matt]1 let u say logical !ory1 is 9 tru? only a review1 a rete/+ & criticiz+ ( ! intellectual /&po9ts & me?ods :i* we br+ ) u to ! /udy4 ,n[adays ev]yone comes ) c]ta9 di/9ctions already made betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective1 betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal1 betwe5 ! intellectual & ! factual4 7#a7 ,we h le>n$ to reg>d ! region ( emotional di/urbance1 ( unc]ta9ty & aspiration1 z belong+ peculi>ly to ourselves2 we h le>n$ to set ov] aga9/ ?is ! _w ( obs]vation & ( valid ?\ght z some?+ unaffect$ by our moods1 hopes1 fe>s1 & op9ions4 7#b7 ,we h also come to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is imm$iately pres5t 9 our exp]i5ce & ! pa/ & ! future2 we contra/ ! realms ( memory & anticipation ) t ( s5se p]ception2 m g5]ally we contra/ ! giv5 ) ! inf]5tial4 7#c7 ,we are confirm$ 9 a habit ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at we call actual fact & our m5tal attitude t[>d t fact--! attitude ( surmise or wond] or reflective inve/igation4 ,:ile "o ( ! aims ( logical !ory is precisely to make u critically consci\s ( ! significance & be>+ ( ^! v>i\s di/9ctions1 to *ange !m f ready-made assumptions into controll$ conceptions1 our m5tal habits are s set t !y t5d to h _! own way ) u2 we read into logical !ory conceptions t 7 =m$ be=e we _h ev5 dream$ ( ! logical und]tak+ :i* aft] all has = its bus9ess to assign to ! t]ms 9 "q _! prop] mean+4 ,our conclusions are ?us controll$ by ! v notions :i* ne$ criticism & revision4 ,we f9d 9 ,lotze an unusually explicit inv5tory ( ^! v>i\s prelim9>y di/9ctions1 & an unusually s]i\s ef=t to deal ) ! problems :i* arise f introduc+ !m into ! /ructure ( logical !ory4 7#a7 ,he expressly sep>ates ! matt] ( logical wor? f t ( psy*ological g5esis4 ,he consequ5tly ab/racts ! subject-matt] ( logic z su* :olly f ! "q ( hi/oric locus & situs4 7#b7 ,he agrees ) common-s5se 9 hold+ t logical ?\ght is reflective & ?us presupposes a giv5 mat]ial4 ,he occupies himself ) ! nature ( ! antec$5t conditions4 7#c7 ,he wre/les ) ! problem ( h[ a mat]ial =m$ prior to ?\ght & irrespective ( x c yet af=d /uff ^u :i* ?\ght may ex]cise itself4 7#d7 ,he expressly raises ! "q ( h[ ?\ght work+ indep5d5tly & f )\t ^u a =eign mat]ial c %ape ! latt] into results :i* are valid--t is1 objective4 ,if ?is discussion is successful2 if ,lotze c provide ! int]m$i>ies :i* span ! gulf betwe5 ! ex]cise ( logical functions by ?\ght ^u a mat]ial :olly ext]nal to x2 if he c %[ t ! "q ( ! orig9 ( subject-matt] ( ?\ght & ( ?\ght-activity is irrelevant to ! "q ( its mean+ & validity1 we %all h to surr5d] ! position already tak54 ,b if we f9d t ,lotze's elaborations only elaborate ! fundam5tal difficulty1 pres5t+ x n[ 9 ?is light & n[ 9 t1 b always pres5t+ ! problem z if x 7 its own solution1 we %all be confirm$ 9 our idea ( ! ne$ ( consid]+ logical que/ions f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,if we f9d t1 :atev] 8 =mal treatm5t1 he always1 z a matt] ( fact1 falls back ^u "s organiz$ situation or function z ! s\rce ( bo? ! mat]ial & ! process ( inquiry1 we %all h 9 s f> an elucidation & ev5 a corroboration ( our !ory4 ,we beg9 ) ! "q ( ! mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght--antec$5ts :i* condition reflection1 & :i* call x out z reaction or response1 by giv+ its cue4 ,lotze diff]s f _m logicians ( ! same type 9 furni%+ an explicit acc\nt ( ^! antec$5ts4 #a4 ,! ultimate mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght are f\nd 9 impressions :i* are due to ext]nal objects z /imuli4 ,tak5 9 !mselves1 ^! impressions are m]e psy*ical /ates or ev5ts4 ,!y exi/ 9 u side by side1 or "o aft] ! o!r1 accord+ z ! objects :i* excite !m op]ate simultane\sly or successively4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! v>i\s psy*ical /ates is n1 h[ev]1 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( ! excit+ ?+4 ,aft] a /ate has once be5 excit$1 x gets ! p[] ( reawak5+ o!r /ates :i* h accompani$ x or foll[$ x4 ,! associative me*anism ( revival plays a "p4 ,if we _h a complete k ( bo? ! /imulat+ object & its effects1 & ( ! details ( ! associative me*anism1 we %\ld be able f giv5 data to pr$ict ! :ole c\rse ( any giv5 tra9 or curr5t ( ideas 7= ! impressions z conjo9$ simultane\sly or successively become ideas & a curr5t ( ideas74 ,tak5 9 itself1 a s5sation or impression is no?+ b a /ate ( our consci\sness1 a mood ( ourselves4 ,any giv5 curr5t ( ideas is a necess>y sequ5ce ( exi/5ces 7j z necess>y z any succession ( mat]ial ev5ts71 happ5+ 9 "s p>ticul> s5sitive s\l or organism4 ,j because1 "u _! respective conditions1 e su* s]ies ( ideas hangs toge!r by ! same necessity & law z e o!r1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = mak+ any su* di/9ction ( value z t betwe5 tru? & untru?1 ?us plac+ "o gr\p 9 opposition to all ! o!rs4#ac #b4 ,?us f>1 z ! la/ quotation cle>ly indicates1 !re is no "q ( reflective ?\ght1 & h5ce no "q ( logical !ory4 ,b fur!r exam9ation reveals a peculi> prop]ty ( ! curr5t ( ideas4 ,"s ideas are m]ely co9cid5t1 :ile o!rs may be t]m$ coh]5t4 ,t is to say1 ! excit+ causes ( "s ( our simultane\s & successive ideas really belong toge!r2 :ile 9 o!r cases !y simply happ5 to act at ! same "t1 )\t !re be+ a real connection betwe5 !m4 ,by ! associative me*anism1 h[ev]1 bo? ! coh]5t & ! m]ely co9cid5t comb9ations recur4 ,! fir/ type ( recurr5ce supplies positive mat]ial = k2 ! second gives occasion = error4 #c4 ,x is a peculi> mixture ( ! co9cid5t & ! coh]5t :i* sets ! peculi> problem ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! bus9ess ( ?\ght is to recov] & confirm ! coh]5t1 ! really connect$1 add+ to its re9/atem5t an accessory ju/ify+ notion ( ! real gr\nd ( coh]5ce1 :ile x elim9ates ! co9cid5t z su*4 ,:ile ! m]e curr5t ( ideas is some?+ :i* j happ5s )9 u1 ! process ( elim9ation & ( confirmation by means ( /atem5t ( real gr\nd & basis ( connection is an activity :i* m9d1 z su*1 ex]cises4 ,?is di/9ction m>ks (f ?\ght z activity f any psy*ical ev5t & f ! associative me*anism z m]e happ5+s4 ,"o is conc]n$ ) m]e de facto coexi/5ces & sequ5ces2 ! o!r ) ! cognitive wor? ( ^! comb9ations4#ad ,consid]ation ( ! peculi> "w ( ?\ght 9 go+ ov]1 sort+ out1 & det]m9+ v>i\s ideas accord+ to a /&>d ( value w occupy u 9 our next *apt]4 ,"h we are conc]n$ ) ! mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght z !y are describ$ by ,lotze4 ,at fir/ glance1 he seems to prop\nd a satisfactory !ory4 ,he avoids ! extravagancies ( transc5d5tal logic1 :i* assumes t all ! matt] ( exp]i5ce is det]m9$ f ! v />t by rational ?\ght2 & he also avoids ! pitfall ( purely empirical logic1 :i* makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! m]e occurr5ce & association ( ideas & ! real wor? & validity ( ! v>i\s conjunctions ?us produc$4 ,he all[s unreflective exp]i5ce1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( s5sations & _! comb9ations1 to provide mat]ial conditions = ?9k+1 :ile he res]ves = ?\ght a di/9ctive "w & dignity ( its own4 ,s5se exp]i5ce furni%es ! antec$5ts2 ?\ght has to introduce & develop sy/ematic connection--rationality4 ,a fur!r analysis ( ,lotze's treatm5t may1 h[ev]1 lead u to believe t 8 /atem5t is riddl$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions2 t1 inde$1 any "o "p ( x c be ma9ta9$ only by ! d5ial ( "s o!r portion4 #a4 ,! impression is ! ultimate antec$5t 9 its pure/ or crude/ =m 7accord+ to ! angle f :i* "o views x74 ,x is t :i* has nev] felt1 = good or = bad1 ! influ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,comb9$ into ideas1 ^! impressions /imulate or ar\se ! activities ( ?\ght1 :i* are =?) direct$ ^u !m4 ,z ! recipi5t ( ! activity :i* !y h excit$ & br\ght to be> ^u !mselves1 !y furni% also ! mat]ial cont5t ( ?\ght--its actual /uff4 ,z ,lotze says ov] & ov] aga93 ,x is ! relations !mselves already subsi/+ betwe5 impressions1 :5 we become consci\s ( !m1 by :i* ! action ( ?\ght :i* is nev] any?+ b reaction1 is attract$2 & ?is action consi/s m]ely 9 int]pret+ relations :i* we f9d exi/+ betwe5 our passive impressions into aspects ( ! matt] ( impressions4#ae ,& aga93 ,?\ght c make no diff]5ce :]e x f9ds none already 9 ! matt] ( ! impressions4#af ,& aga93 ,! possibility & ! success ( ?\ght's proc$ure dep5ds ^u ?is orig9al con/itution & organization ( ! :ole _w ( ideas1 a con/itution :i*1 ?\gh n necess>y 9 ?\ght1 is all ! m necess>y to make ?9k+ possible4#ag ,! impressions & ideas ?us play a v]satile rle2 !y n[ assume ! "p ( ultimate antec$5ts & provocative conditions2 ( crude mat]ial2 & someh[1 :5 arrang$1 ( cont5t = ?\ght4 ,?is v v]satility awak5s suspicion4 ,:ile ! impression is m]ely subjective & a b>e /ate ( our own consci\sness1 yet x is det]m9$1 bo? z to its exi/5ce & z to its relation to o!r simil> exi/5ces1 by ext]nal objects z /imuli1 if n z causes4 ,x is also det]m9$ by a psy*ical me*anism s ?or\ghly objective or regul> 9 its work+s z to give ! same necess>y "* to ! curr5t ( ideas t is possess$ by any physical sequ5ce4 ,?us t :i* is no?+ b a /ate ( our consci\sness turns out /raightway to be a specifically det]m9$ objective fact 9 a sy/em ( facts4 ,t ?is absolute trans=mation is a contradiction is no cle>] ?an t j su* a contradiction is indisp5sable to ,lotze4 ,if impressions 7 no?+ b /ates ( consci\sness1 moods ( ourselves1 b>e psy*ical exi/5ces1 x is sure en\gh t we %\ld nev] ev5 "k !m to be su*1 to say no?+ ( cons]v+ !m z adequate conditions & mat]ial = ?\ght4 ,x is only by treat+ !m z real facts 9 a real _w1 & only by c>ry+ ov] into !m1 9 "s assum$ & unexpla9$ way1 ! capacity ( repres5t+ ! cosmic facts :i* cause !m1 t impressions or ideas come 9 any s5se )9 ! scope ( ?\ght4 ,b if ! antec$5ts are really impressions-9-_!-objective-sett+1 !n ,lotze's :ole way ( di/+ui%+ ?\ght-wor? f m]e exi/5ce or ev5t )\t objective significance mu/ be radically modifi$4 ,! implication t impressions h actually a quality or mean+ ( _! own becomes explicit :5 we ref] to ,lotze's !ory t ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ?\ght is f\nd 9 ! matt] ( ideas4 ,:5 ?\ght is said to take cognizance ( relations :i* its own activity does n orig9ate1 b :i* h be5 prep>$ = x by ! unconsci\s me*anism ( ! psy*ic /ates1#ah ! attribution ( objective cont5t1 ( ref]5ce & mean+ to ideas1 is unambigu\s4 ,! idea =ms a mo/ conv5i5t halfway h\se = ,lotze4 ,on "o h&1 z absolutely prior to ?\ght1 z mat]ial antec$5t condition1 x is m]ely psy*ical1 bald subjective ev5t4 ,b z subject-matt] = ?\ght1 z antec$5t :i* af=ds /uff = ?\ght's ex]cise1 x *>act]i/ically qualifies cont5t4 ,al?\gh we h be5 told t ! impression is a m]e receptive irritation )\t p>ticipation ( m5tal activity1 we are n surpris$1 9 view ( ?is capacity ( ideas1 to le>n t ! m9d actually has a det]m9+ %>e 9 bo? ! reception ( /imuli & 9 _! fur!r associative comb9ations4 ,! subject always ent]s into ! pres5tation ( any m5tal object1 ev5 ! s5sational1 to say no?+ ( ! p]ceptional & ! imag$4 ,! p]ception ( a giv5 /ate ( ?+s is possible only on ! assumption t ! p]ceiv+ subject is at once enabl$ & compell$ by its own nature to comb9e ! excitations :i* rea* x f objects into ^? =ms :i* x is to p]ceive 9 ! objects1 & :i* x supposes itself simply to receive f !m4#ai ,x is only by cont9ual transition f impression & ideas z m5tal /ates & ev5ts to ideas z logical objects or cont5ts1 t ,lotze bridges ! gulf f b>e excit+ antec$5t to concrete mat]ial conditions ( ?\ght4 ,?is contradiction1 aga91 is necess>y to ,lotze's /&po9t4 ,to set out frankly ) objects z antec$5ts w\ld dem& reconsid]ation ( ! :ole viewpo9t1 :i* supposes t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! logical & its antec$5t is a matt] ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 wor? & m]e exi/5ce or occurr5ce4 ,x w\ld indicate t s9ce mean+ or value is already !re1 ! task ( ?\ght mu/ be t ( ! trans=mation or recon/ruction ( mean+ ?r\gh an int]m$i>y process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to /ick by ! /&po9t ( m]e exi/5ce is n to get any?+ :i* c be call$ ev5 antec$5t ( ?\ght4 #b4 ,:y is !re a task ( trans=mation8 ,consid]ation ( ! mat]ial 9 its function ( evok+ ?\ght1 giv+ x its cue1 w s]ve to complete ! picture ( ! contradiction & ( ! real facts4 ,x is ! conflict betwe5 ideas z m]ely co9cid5t & ideas z coh]5t :i* con/itutes ! ne$ t provokes ! response ( ?\ght4 ,"h ,lotze vibrates 7a7 betwe5 consid]+ bo? co9cid5ce & coh]5ce z psy*ical ev5ts2 7b7 consid]+ co9cid5ce z purely psy*ical & coh]5ce z at lea/ quasi-logical1 & 7c7 mak+ !m bo? det]m9ations )9 ! sph]e ( reflective ?\ght4 ,9 /rict accordance ) 8 own premises1 co9cid5ce & coh]5ce ought bo? to be m]e peculi>ities ( ! curr5t ( ideas z ev5ts )9 ourselves4 ,b s tak5 ! di/9ction becomes absolutely mean+less4 ,ev5ts d n coh]e2 at ! mo/ c]ta9 sets ( !m happ5 m or less frequ5tly ?an o!r sets2 ! only intelligible diff]5ce is "o ( frequ5cy ( co9cid5ce4 ,& ev5 ?is attributes to an ev5t ! sup]natural trait ( reappe>+ aft] x has disappe>$4 ,ev5 co9cid5ce has to be def9$ 9 t]ms ( relation ( ! objects :i* are suppos$ to excite ! psy*ical ev5ts t happ5 toge!r4 ,z rec5t psy*ological discussion has made cle> en\gh1 x is ! matt]1 mean+1 or cont5t ( ideas t is associat$1 n ! ideas z /ates or exi/5ces4 ,take su* an idea z sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>?4 ,we may say x means ! conjunction ( v>i\s s5se impressions1 b x is connection1 or mutual ref]5ce1 ( attributes t we h 9 m9d 9 ! ass]tion4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t our psy*ical image ( ! sun is n psy*ically engag$ 9 revolv+ ab\t our psy*ical image ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be amus+ if su* 7 ! case2 !at]s & all dramatic repres5tations w\ld be at a disc\nt4 ,b 9 tru?1 sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? is a s+le mean+ or intellectual object2 x is a unifi$ subject-matt] )9 :i* c]ta9 di/9ctions ( ref]5ce appe>4 ,x is conc]n$ ) :at we int5d :5 we ?9k e>? & sun1 & ?9k !m 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,x is a rule1 specification1 or direction ( h[ to ?9k :5 we h occasion to ?9k a c]ta9 subject-matt]4 ,to treat ?is mutual ref]5ce z if x 7 simply a case ( conjunction ( m5tal ev5ts produc$ by psy*o-physical irritation & association is a pr(\nd case ( ! psy*ological fallacy4 ,we may1 inde$1 analyze an exp]i5ce involv+ belief 9 an object ( a c]ta9 k9d & f9d t x _h its orig9 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ! s5sitive organism1 9 c]ta9 peculi>ities ( p]ception & ( association1 & h5ce conclude t ! belief involv$ 9 x 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! facts !mselves4 ,b ! significance ( ! belief 9 sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? by ^? :o held x1 consi/$ precisely 9 ! fact t x 0 tak5 n z a m]e association ( feel+s1 b z a def9ite portion ( ! :ole /ructure ( objective exp]i5ce1 gu>ante$ by o!r p>ts ( ! fabric1 & l5d+ its support & giv+ its tone to !m4 ,x 0 to !m "p ( ! exp]i5c$ frame ( ?+s--( ! real _w4 ,put ! o!r way1 if su* an in/ance meant a m]e conjunction ( psy*ical /ates1 !re w\ld be 9 x absolutely no?+ to evoke ?\ght4 ,ea* idea z ev5t1 z ,lotze himself po9ts out 7,i1 #b71 may be reg>d$ z adequately & necess>ily det]m9$ to ! place x occupies4 ,!re is absolutely no "q on ! side ( ev5ts ( m]e co9cid5ce v]sus g5u9e connection4 ,z ev5t1 x is !re & x belongs !re4 ,we _c treat some?+ z at once a b>e fact ( exi/5ce & a problematic subject-matt] ( logical inquiry4 ,to take ! reflective po9t ( view is to consid] ! matt] 9 a totally new light2 z ,lotze says1 x is to raise ! "q ( rightful claims to a position or relation4 ,! po9t becomes cle>] :5 we contra/ co9cid5ce ) connection4 ,to consid] co9cid5ce z simply psy*ical1 & coh]5ce z at lea/ quasi-logical1 is to put ! two on su* diff]5t bases t no "q ( contra/+ !m c arise4 ,! co9cid5ce :i* prec$es a valid or gr\nd$ coh]5ce 7! conjunction :i* z coexi/5ce ( objects & sequ5ce ( acts is p]fectly adequate7 nev] is1 z antec$5t1 ! co9cid5ce :i* is set ov] aga9/ coh]5ce4 ,! side-by-sid5ess ( books on my book%elf1 ! succession ( noises t rise ?r\gh my w9d[1 d n tr\ble me logically4 ,!y d n appe> z errors or ev5 z problems4 ,"o coexi/5ce is j z good z any o!r until "s new po9t ( view1 or new end1 pres5ts itself4 ,if x is a "q ( ! conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t ( books1 !n ! value ( _! pres5t collocation becomes a problem4 ,!n ,i contra/ _! pres5t /ate z b>e conjunction ov] aga9/ ano!r s*eme z "o :i* is coh]5t4 ,if ,i reg>d ! sequ5ce ( noises z a case ( articulate spee*1 _! ord] becomes important--x is a problem to be det]m9$4 ,! inquiry :e!r a giv5 comb9ation pres5ts app>5t or real connection %[s t reflective inquiry is already go+ on4 ,does ?is phase ( ! moon really mean ra91 or does x j happ5 t ! ra9-/orm comes :5 ! moon has rea*$ ?is phase8 ,to ask su* que/ions %[s t a c]ta9 portion ( ! univ]se ( objective exp]i5ce is subject$ to critical analysis = purposes ( def9itive re/atem5t4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d "s comb9ation z m]e co9cid5ce is absolutely a "p ( ! movem5t ( m9d 9 its se>* = ! real connection4 ,if coexi/5ce z su* is to be set aga9/ coh]5ce z su*1 z ! non-logical aga9/ ! logical1 !n1 s9ce our :ole spatial univ]se is "o ( collocation1 & s9ce ?\ght 9 ?is univ]se c nev] get f>!r ?an sub/itut+ "o collocation = ano!r1 ! :ole realm ( space-exp]i5ce is condemn$ (fh& & 9 p]petuity to anti-rationality4 ,b1 9 tru?1 co9cid5ce z ov] aga9/ coh]5ce1 conjunction z ov] aga9/ connection1 is j suspect$ coh]5ce1 "o :i* is "u ! fire ( active inquiry4 ,! di/9ction is "o :i* arises only )9 ! logical or reflective function4 #c4 ,?is br+s u explicitly to ! fact t !re is nei!r co9cid5ce nor coh]5ce 9 t]ms ( ! elem5ts or mean+s conta9$ 9 any c\ple or pair ( ideas tak5 by itself4 ,x is only :5 !y are co-factors 9 a situation or function :i* includes m ?an ei!r ! co9cid5t or ! coh]5t & m ?an ! ari?metical sum ( ! two1 t ?\ght's activity c be evok$4 ,lotze is cont9ually 9 ?is dilemma3 ,?\ght ei!r %apes its own mat]ial or else j accepts x4 ,9 ! fir/ case 7s9ce ,lotze _c rid himself ( ! presumption t ?\ght mu/ h a fix$ ready-made antec$5t7 its activity c only alt] ?is /uff & ?us lead ! m9d f>!r away f reality4 ,b if ?\ght j accepts its mat]ial1 h[ c !re be any di/9ctive aim or activity ( ?\ght at all8 ,z we h se51 ,lotze endeavors to escape ?is dilemma by suppos+ t1 :ile ?\ght receives its mat]ial yet *ecks x up1 x elim9ates c]ta9 portions ( x & re9/ates o!rs1 plus ! /amp & seal ( its own validity4 ,lotze objects mo/ /r5u\sly to ! ,kantian notion t ?\ght awaits its subject-matt] ) c]ta9 ready-made modes ( appreh5sion4 ,?is notion w\ld raise ! insoluble "q ( h[ ?\ght contrives to br+ ! matt] ( ea* impression "u t p>ticul> =m :i* is appropriate to x 7,i1 #bd74 ,b he has n avoid$ ! difficulty4 ,h[ does ?\ght "k :i* ( ! comb9ations are m]ely co9cid5t & :i* are m]ely coh]5t8 ,h[ does x "k :i* to elim9ate z irrelevant & :i* to confirm z gr\nd$8 ,ei!r ?is evaluation is an imposition ( its own1 or else gets its cue & clue f ! subject-matt]4 ,n[1 if ! co9cid5t & ! coh]5t tak5 9 & ( !mselves are compet5t to give ?is direction1 !y are already label$4 ,! fur!r "w ( ?\ght is "o ( sup]]ogation4 ,x has at mo/ b>ely to note & seal ! mat]ial comb9ations t are already !re4 ,su* a view cle>ly r5d]s ?\ght's "w z unnecess>y 9 =m z x is futile 9 =ce4 ,b !re is no alt]native except to recognize t an entire situation or environm5t1 )9 :i* exi/ bo? t :i* is aft]w>d f\nd to be m]e co9cid5ce & t f\nd to be real connection1 actually provokes ?\ght4 ,x is only z an exp]i5ce previ\sly accept$ comes up 9 its :ol5ess aga9/ ano!r "o equally integral2 & only z "s l>g] exp]i5ce dawns :i* requires ea* z a "p ( itself & yet )9 :i* ! requir$ factors %[ !mselves mutually incompatible1 t ?\ght arises4 ,x is n b>e co9cid5ce1 or b>e connection1 or b>e addition ( "o to ! o!r1 t excites ?\ght4 ,! /imulus is a situation :i* is organiz$ or con/itut$ z a :ole1 & yet :i* is fall+ to pieces 9 its p>ts--a situation :i* is 9 conflict )9 itself--t ar\ses ! se>* to f9d :at really goes toge!r1 & a correspond5t ef=t to %ut out :at only seem+ly goes toge!r4 ,& real coh]5ce means precisely capacity to exi/ )9 ! compreh5d+ :ole4 ,to read back into ! prelim9>y situation ^? di/9ctions ( m]e conjunction ( mat]ial & ( valid coh]5ce :i* get exi/5ce1 to say no?+ ( fixation1 only )9 ! process ( inquiry is a fallacy4 ,we mu/ n leave ?is phase ( ! discussion1 h[ev]1 until x is q cle> t our objection is n to ,lotze's position t reflective ?\ght arises f an antec$5t :i* is n reflectional 9 "*2 nor yet to 8 idea t ?is antec$5t has a c]ta9 /ructure & cont5t ( its own sett+ ! peculi> problem ( ?\ght1 giv+ ! cue to its specific activities & det]m9+ its object4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ?is latt] po9t ^u :i* we w\ld insi/2 s z 7by insi/+7 to po9t out1 negatively1 t ?is view is absolutely inconsi/5t ) ,lotze's !ory t psy*ical impressions & ideas are ! true antec$5ts ( ?\ght2 &1 positively1 to %[ t x is ! situation z a :ole1 & n any "o isolat$ "p ( x1 or di/9ction )9 x1 t calls =? & directs ?9k+4 ,we mu/ bew>e ! fallacy ( assum+ t "s "o elem5t 9 ! prior situation 9 isolation or deta*m5t induces ! reflection :i* 9 reality comes =? only f ! :ole di/urb$ situation4 ,on ! negative side1 *>act]izations ( impression & idea are di/9ctions :i* arise only )9 reflection ^u t situation :i* is ! g5u9e antec$5t ( ?\ght4 ,positively1 x is ! :ole dynamic exp]i5ce ) its qualitative & p]vasive cont9uity1 & its inn] active di/raction1 its elem5ts at odds ) ea* o!r1 9 t5sion aga9/ ea* o!r1 ea* cont5d+ = its prop] plac+ & relation%ip1 :i* g5]ates ! ?\ght-situation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 at ?is p]iod ( developm5t1 ! di/9ctions ( objective & subjective h a *>act]i/ic mean+4 ,! antec$5t1 to repeat1 is a situation 9 :i* ! v>i\s factors are actively incompatible ) ea* o!r1 & yet 9 & ?r\gh ! /riv+ t5d to a re-=mation ( ! :ole & to a re/atem5t ( ! p>ts4 ,?is situation z su* is cle>ly 'objective4' ,x is !re2 x is !re z a :ole2 ! v>i\s p>ts are !re2 & _! active incompatibility ) "o ano!r is !re4 ,no?+ is convey$ at ?is po9t by ass]t+ t any p>ticul> "p ( ! situation is illusory or subjective1 or m]e appe>ance2 or t any o!r is truly real4 ,! exp]i5ce exi/s z "o ( vital & active confusion & conflict among its elem5ts4 ,! conflict is n only objective 9 a de facto s5se 7t is1 really exi/5t71 b is objective 9 a logical s5se z well2 x is j ?is conflict :i* effects a transition into ! ?\ght-situation--?is1 9 turn1 be+ only a con/ant movem5t t[>d a def9$ equilibrium4 ,! conflict has objective wor? because x is ! antec$5t condition & cue ( ?\ght4 ,d5y an organization ( ?+s )9 :i* compet+ incompatible t5d5cies appe> & ?9k+ becomes m]ely m5tal4 ,e reflective attitude & function1 :e!r ( nave life1 delib]ate inv5tion1 or controll$ sci5tific rese>*1 has ris5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s su* total objective situation4 ,! ab/ract logician may tell u t s5sations or impressions1 or associat$ ideas1 or b>e physical ?+s1 or conv5tional symbols1 are antec$5t conditions4 ,b su* /atem5ts _c be v]ifi$ by ref]5ce to a s+le in/ance ( ?\ght 9 connection ) actual practice or actual sci5tific rese>*4 ,( c\rse1 by extreme m$iation symbols may become conditions ( evok+ ?\ght4 ,!y get to be objects 9 an active exp]i5ce4 ,b !y are /imuli to ?9k+ only 9 case _! manipulation to =m a new :ole occasions resi/ance1 & ?us reciprocal t5sion4 ,symbols & _! def9itions develop to a po9t :]e deal+ ) !m becomes itself an exp]i5ce1 hav+ its own id5tity2 j z ! h&l+ ( comm]cial commodities1 or arrangem5t ( p>ts ( an inv5tion1 is a specific exp]i5ce4 ,!re is always z antec$5t to ?\ght an exp]i5ce ( subject-matt] ( ! physical or social _w1 or ! previ\sly organiz$ intellectual _w1 ^: p>ts are actively at w> ) ea* o!r--s mu* s t !y ?reat5 to disrupt ! situation1 :i* accord+ly = its own ma9t5ance requires delib]ate r$ef9ition & re-relation ( its t5sional p>ts4 ,?is r$ef9+ & re-relat+ is ! con/ructive process t]m$ ?9k+3 ! recon/ructive situation1 ) its p>ts 9 t5sion & 9 su* movem5t t[>d ea* o!r z t5ds to a unifi$ arrangem5t ( ?+s1 is ! ?\ght-situation4 ,?is at once sugge/s ! subjective phase4 ,! situation1 ! exp]i5ce z su*1 is objective4 ,!re is an exp]i5ce ( ! confus$ & conflict+ t5d5cies4 ,b j :at 9 p>ticul> is objective1 j :at =m ! situation %all take z an organiz$ h>moni\s :ole1 is unkn[n2 t is ! problem4 ,x is ! unc]ta9ty z to ! :at ( ! exp]i5ce toge!r ) ! c]ta9ty t !re is su* an exp]i5ce1 t evokes ! ?\ght-function4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t ( unc]ta9ty1 ! situation z a :ole is subjective4 ,no p>ticul> cont5t or ref]5ce c be ass]t$ (fh&4 ,def9ite ass]tion is expressly res]v$--x is to be ! outcome ( ! proc$ure ( reflective inquiry n[ und]tak54 ,?is hold+ (f ( cont5ts f def9itely ass]t$ position1 ?is view+ !m z c&idates = re=m1 is :at we mean1 at ?is /age ( ! natural hi/ory ( ?\ght1 by ! subjective4 ,we h foll[$ ,lotze ?r\gh 8 tortu\s c\rse ( inconsi/5cies4 ,x is bett]1 p]haps1 to run ! risk ( va9 repetition ?an t ( leav+ ! impression t ^! are m]e dialectical contradictions4 ,x is an idle task to expose contradictions unless we realize !m 9 relation to ! fundam5tal assumption :i* bre$s !m4 ,lotze is b\nd to diff]5tiate ?\ght f its antec$5ts4 ,he is int5t ^u do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a preconception t m>ks (f ! ?\ght-situation radically f its pr$ecessor1 ?r\gh a diff]5ce t is complete1 fix$ & absolute1 or at l>ge4 ,x is a total contra/ ( ?\ght z su* to some?+ else z su* t he requires1 n a contra/ )9 exp]i5ce ( "o temporal phase ( a process1 "o p]iod ( a rhy?m1 f o!rs4 ,?is complete & rigid diff]5ce ,lotze f9ds 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]i5ce :i* is m]e exi/5ce or occurr5ce1 & "o :i* has to d ) wor?1 tru?1 "r relation%ip4 ,n[ ?+s h connection1 organization1 value or =ce1 practical & ae/hetic mean+1 on _! own acc\nt4 ,! same is true ( de$s1 affections1 etc4 ,only /ates ( feel+s1 b>e impressions1 etc41 seem to fulfil ! pr]equisite ( be+ giv5 z exi/5ce1 & yet )\t qualification z to wor?1 etc4 ,!n ! curr5t ( ideas (f]s itself1 a ready-made /ream ( ev5ts1 ( exi/5ces1 :i* c be *>act]iz$ z :olly innoc5t ( reflective det]m9ation1 & z ! natural pr$ecessor ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is /ream ( exi/5ces is no soon] reg>d$ ?an its total incapacity to (ficiate z mat]ial condition & cue ( ?\ght appe>s4 ,x is ab\t z relevant to ?9k+ z are *anges t may be happ5+ on ! o!r side ( ! moon4 ,s1 "o by "o1 ! :ole s]ies ( det]m9ations ( =ce & wor? already trac$ are introduc$ into ! v make-up1 ! inn] /ructure1 ( :at 0 to be m]e exi/5ce3 viz41 7#a7 ?+s ( ^: spatial & temporal relations ! m]e impressions are someh[ repres5tative2 7#b7 mean+--! idea z significant1 possess$ ( quality1 & n a m]e ev5t2 7#c7 di/+ui%$ traits ( co9cid5ce & coh]5ce )9 ! /ream4 ,all ^! features are explicitly ass]t$1 z we h se52 und]ly+ & runn+ ?r\gh !m all is ! recognition ( ! supreme value ( a situation :i* has be5 organiz$ z a :ole1 yet is n[ conflict+ 9 its inn] con/itution4 ,^! contradictions all arise 9 ! attempt to put ?\ght's "w1 z conc]n$ ) objective validity1 ov] aga9/ exp]i5ce z a m]e antec$5t happ5+1 or occurr5ce4 ,?is contra/ arises because ( ! attempt to consid] ?\ght z an indep5d5t some:at 9 g5]al :i* nev]!less1 9 our exp]i5ce1 is dep5d5t ^u a raw mat]ial ( m]e impressions giv5 to x4 ,h5ce ! sole radical avoidance ( ! contradictions c be secur$ only :5 ?9k+ is se5 to be a specific ev5t 9 ! movem5t ( exp]i5c$ ?+s1 hav+ its own specific occasion or dem&1 & its own specific place4 ,! nature ( ! organization & =ce t ! antec$5t conditions ( ! ?\ght-function possess is too l>ge a "q "h to ent] ^u 9 detail4 ,lotze himself sugge/s ! answ]4 ,he speaks ( ! curr5t ( ideas1 j z a curr5t1 supply+ u ) ! mass ( well-gr\nd$ in=mation :i* regulates daily life 7,i1 #d74 ,x gives rise to useful comb9ations1 correct expectations1 seasonable reactions 7,i1 #g74 ,he speaks ( x1 inde$1 z if x 7 j ! ord9>y _w ( nave exp]i5ce1 ! s-call$ empirical _w1 z di/9ct f ! _w z critically revis$ & rationaliz$ 9 sci5tific & philosophic inquiry4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ?is int]pretation & t ( a m]e /ream ( psy*ical impressions is only ano!r in/ance ( ! difficulty already discuss$4 ,b ! phraseology sugge/s ! real /ate ( ?+s4 ,! unreflective _w is a _w ( practical ?+s2 ( ends & means1 ( _! effective adaptations2 ( control & regulation ( conduct 9 view ( results4 ,! _w ( uncritical exp]i5ce also is a _w ( social aims & means1 involv+ at e turn ! goods & objects ( affection & atta*m5t1 ( competition & co-op]ation4 ,x has incorporate also 9 its own be+ ! surprise ( ae/hetic values--! sudd5 joy ( light1 ! graci\s wond] ( tone & =m4 ,i d n mean t ?is holds 9 gross ( ! unreflective _w ( exp]i5ce ov] aga9/ ! critical ?\ght-situation--su* a contra/ implies ! v :olesale1 at l>ge1 consid]ation ( ?\ght :i* ,i am /riv+ to avoid4 ,d\btless _m & _m an act ( ?\ght has int]v5$ 9 effect+ ! organization ( our commone/ practical-affectional-ae/hetic environm5t4 ,i only mean to indicate t ?\ght does take place 9 su* a _w2 n aft] a _w ( b>e exi/5ces2 & t :ile ! m sy/ematic reflection we call organiz$ sci5ce may1 9 "s fair s5se1 be said to come aft]1 x comes aft] affectional1 arti/ic1 & te*nological int]e/s :i* h f\nd realization4 ,hav+ ent]$ s f> ^u a sugge/ion :i* _c be foll[$ out1 ,i v5ture "o o!r digression4 ,! notion t value or significance z di/9ct f m]e exi/5tiality is ! product ( ?\ght or reason1 & t ! s\rce ( ,lotze's contradictions lies 9 ! ef=t to f9d any situation prior or antec$5t to ?\ght1 is a famili> "o--x is ev5 possible t my criticisms ( ,lotze h be5 int]pret$ by "s read]s 9 ?is s5se4#bj ,?is is ! position frequ5tly call$ neo-,hegelian 7?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 ) que/ionable accuracy71 & has be5 develop$ by _m writ]s 9 criticiz+ ,kant4 ,?is position & t tak5 9 ?is *apt] d inde$ agree 9 c]ta9 g5]al reg>ds4 ,!y are at "o 9 d5ial ( ! factuality & ! possibility ( develop+ fruitful reflection out ( antec$5t b>e exi/5ce or m]e ev5ts4 ,!y unite 9 d5y+ t !re is or c be any su* ?+ z m]e exi/5ce--ph5om5on unqualifi$ z respects organization & =ce1 :e!r su* ph5om5on be psy*ic or cosmic4 ,!y agree t reflective ?\ght gr[s organically out ( an exp]i5ce :i* is already organiz$1 & t x functions )9 su* an organism4 ,b !y "p company :5 a fundam5tal "q is rais$3 ,is all organiz$ mean+ ! "w ( ?\ght8 ,does x !re=e foll[ t ! organization out ( :i* reflective ?\ght gr[s is ! "w ( ?\ght ( "s o!r type--( ,pure ,?\ght1 ,creative or ,con/itutive ,?\ght1 ,intuitive ,reason1 etc48 ,i %all indicate briefly ! reasons = div]g5ce at ?is po9t4 ,to cov] all ! practical-social-ae/hetic objects involv$1 ! t]m ?\ght has to be s /ret*$ t ! situation might z well be call$ by any o!r "n t describes a typical =m ( exp]i5ce4 ,m specifically1 :5 ! diff]5ce is m9imiz$ betwe5 ! organiz$ & arrang$ s*eme out ( :i* reflective inquiry proce$s1 & reflective inquiry itself 7& !re c be no o!r reason = insi/+ t ! antec$5t ( reflective ?\ght is itself someh[ ?\ght71 exactly ! same type ( problem recurs :i* pres5ts itself :5 ! di/9ction is exagg]at$ into "o betwe5 b>e exi/5ces & rational coh]5t mean+s4 ,= ! m "o insi/s t ! antec$5t situation is con/itut$ by ?\ght1 ! m "o has to wond] :y ano!r type ( ?\ght is requir$2 :at ne$ ar\ses x1 & h[ x is possible = x to improve ^u ! "w ( previ\s con/itutive ?\ght4 ,?is difficulty at once =ces ideali/s f a logic ( exp]i5ce z x is concretely exp]i5c$ into a metaphysic ( a purely hypo!tical exp]i5ce4 ,con/itutive ?\ght prec$es our consci\s ?\ght-op]ations2 h5ce x mu/ be ! work+ ( "s absolute univ]sal ?\ght :i*1 unconsci\sly to our reflection1 builds up an organiz$ _w4 ,b ?is rec\rse only deep5s ! difficulty4 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! absolute con/itutive & intuitive ,?\ght does su* a poor & bungl+ job t x requires a f9ite discursive activity to pat* up its products8 ,"h m metaphysic is call$ =3 ,! ,absolute ,reason is n[ suppos$ to "w "u limit+ conditions ( f9itude1 ( a s5sitive & temporal organism4 ,! antec$5ts ( reflective ?\ght are n1 !re=e1 det]m9ations ( ?\ght pure & undefil$1 b ( :at ?\ght c d :5 x /oops to assume ! yoke ( *ange & ( feel+4 ,i pass by ! metaphysical problem left unsolv$ by ?is flight3 ,:y & h[ %\ld a p]fect1 absolute1 complete1 f9i%$ ?\ght f9d x necess>y to submit to ali51 di/urb+1 & corrupt+ conditions 9 ord]1 9 ! end1 to recov] ?r\gh reflective ?\ght 9 a p>tial1 piecemeal1 :olly inadequate way :at x possess$ at ! outset 9 a mu* m satisfactory way8 ,i conf9e myself to ! logical difficulty4 ,h[ c ?\ght relate itself to ! fragm5t>y s5sations1 impressions1 feel+s1 :i*1 9 _! contra/ ) & disp>ity f ! work+s ( con/itutive ?\ght1 m>k x (f f ! latt]2 & :i* 9 _! connection ) its products give ! cue to reflective ?9k+8 ,"h we h aga9 exactly ! problem ) :i* ,lotze has be5 wre/l+3 we h ! same insoluble "q ( ! ref]5ce ( ?\ght-activity to a :olly indet]m9ate unrationaliz$1 indep5d5t1 prior exi/5ce4 ,! absolute ideali/ :o takes up ! problem at ?is po9t w f9d himself =c$ into ! same cont9u\s seesaw1 ! same s*eme ( alt]nate rude robb]y & gratuit\s gift1 t ,lotze engag$ 94 ,! simple fact is t "h is j :]e ,lotze began2 he saw t previ\s transc5d5tal logicians _h left unt\*$ ! specific "q ( relation ( our suppos$ly f9ite1 reflective ?\ght to its own antec$5ts1 & he set out to make good ! defect4 ,if reflective ?\ght is requir$ because con/itutive ?\ght works "u ext]nally limit+ conditions ( s5se1 !n we h "s elem5ts :i* are1 aft] all1 m]e exi/5ces1 ev5ts1 etc4 ,or1 if !y h organization f "s o!r s\rce ?an ?\ght1 & induce reflective ?\ght n z b>e impressions1 etc41 b ?r\gh _! place 9 "s :ole1 !n we h admitt$ ! possibility ( organization 9 exp]i5ce1 ap>t f ,reason1 & ! gr\nd = assum+ ,pure ,con/itutive ,?\ght is ab&on$4 ,! contradiction appe>s equally :5 view$ f ! side ( ?\ght-activity & its *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,all our k1 aft] all1 ( ?\ght z con/itutive is ga9$ by consid]ation ( ! op]ations ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! p]fect sy/em ( ?\ght is s p]fect t x is a lum9\s1 h>moni\s :ole1 )\t def9ite p>ts or di/9ctions--or1 if !re are su*1 x is only reflection t br+s !m out4 ,! categories & me?ods ( con/itutive ?\ght itself mu/ !re=e be *>act]iz$ 9 t]ms ( ! modus op]&i ( reflective ?\ght4 ,yet ! latt] takes place j because ( ! peculi> problem ( ! peculi> conditions "u :i* x arises4 ,its "w is progressive1 re=matory1 recon/ructive1 syn!tic1 9 ! t]m9ology made famili> by ,kant4 ,we are n only n ju/ifi$1 accord+ly1 9 transf]r+ its det]m9ations ov] to con/itutive ?\ght1 b are prohibit$ f attempt+ any su* transf]4 ,to id5tify logical processes1 /ates1 devices1 results :i* are condition$ ^u ! prim>y fact ( resi/ance to ?\ght z con/itutive ) ! /ructure ( con/itutive ?\ght is z complete an in/ance ( ! fallacy ( rec\rse f "o g5us to ano!r z c\ld well be f\nd4 ,con/itutive & reflective ?\ght are1 fir/1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( _! dissimil>ity & ev5 opposition1 & !n )\t m ado ! =ms ( ! description ( ! latt] are c>ri$ ov] bodily to ! =m]6 ,?is is n a m]ely controv]sial criticism4 ,x po9ts positively t[>d ! fundam5tal !sis ( ^! *apt]s3 ,all ! di/9ctions discov]$ )9 ?9k+1 ( conception z ov] aga9/ s5se p]ception1 ( v>i\s modes & =ms ( judgm5t1 ( inf]5ce 9 its va/ div]sity ( op]ation--all ^! di/9ctions come )9 ! ?\ght-situation z gr[+ out ( a *>act]i/ic antec$5t typical =mation ( exp]i5ce2 & h = _! purpose ! solution ( ! peculi> problem ) respect to :i* ! ?\ght-function is g5]at$ or evolv$3 ! re/oration ( a delib]ately integrat$ exp]i5ce f ! inh]5t conflict into :i* x has fall54 ,! failure ( transc5d5tal logic has ! same orig9 z ! failure ( ! empiri/ic 7:e!r tak5 pure or 9 ! mix$ =m 9 :i* ,lotze pres5ts x74 ,x makes into absolute & fix$ di/9ctions ( exi/5ce & mean+1 & ( "o k9d ( mean+ & ano!r k9d1 ?+s :i* are hi/oric or temporal 9 _! orig9 & _! significance4 ,x views ?\ght z attempt+ to repres5t or /ate reality once = all1 in/ead ( try+ to det]m9e "s phases or cont5ts ( x ) ref]5ce to _! m effective & significant employ--in/ead ( z recon/ructive4 ,! rock aga9/ :i* e su* logic splits is t ei!r exi/5ce already has ! /atem5t :i* ?\ght is endeavor+ to give x1 or else x has n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ?\ght is futilely reit]ative2 9 ! latt]1 x is falsificatory4 ,! significance ( ,lotze = critical purposes is t 8 peculi> ef=t to comb9e a transc5d5tal view ( ?\ght 7i4e41 ( ,?\ght z active 9 =ms ( its own1 pure 9 & ( !mselves7 ) c]ta9 obvi\s facts ( ! dep5d5ce ( our ?\ght ^u specific empirical antec$5ts1 br+s to light fundam5tal defects 9 bo? ! empiri/ic & ! transc5d5tal logics4 ,we discov] a common failure 9 bo?3 ! failure to view logical t]ms & di/9ctions ) respect to _! necess>y function 9 ! r$9tegration ( exp]i5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,lotze1 ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,i1 #b4 ,= ! prec$+ exposition see ,i1 #a1 #b1 #ac1 #ad1 #cg1 #ch2 also ,microkosmus1 ,book ,v1 *ap4 iv4 #ad ,lotze1 ,logic1 ,i1 #f1 #g4 #ae ,lotze1 ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,i1 #be4 #af ,ibid41 #cf4 #ag ,ibid4 #ah ,microkosmus1 ,book ,v1 *ap4 iv4 #ai ,logic1 ,,ii1 #bce2 see ! :ole discussion1 #cbe-cbg4 #bj ,we h a mo/ acute & valuable criticism ( ,lotze f ?is po9t ( view 9 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,jones1 ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie4 ,my specific criticisms agree 9 ! ma9 ) 81 & ,i am glad to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness4 ,b ,i _c agree 9 ! belief t ! bus9ess ( ?\ght is to qualify reality z su*2 its occupation appe>s to me to be det]m9+ ! recon/ruction ( "s aspect or portion ( reality1 & to fall )9 ! c\rse ( reality itself2 be+1 inde$1 ! *>act]i/ic m$ium ( its activity4 ,& ,i _c agree t reality z su*1 ) increas+ fulness ( k1 pres5ts itself z a ?\ght-sy/em1 ?\gh1 z j indicat$1 ,i h no d\bt t practical exi/5ce pres5ts itself 9 its temporal c\rse z ?\ght-specifications1 j z x does z affectional & ae/hetic & ! re/ ( !m4 ,,iv ,,data ,,& ,,mean+s ,we h rea*$ ! po9t ( conflict 9 ! matt]s ( an exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is conflict & because ( x t ! matt]s1 or significant quales1 /& out z matt]s4 ,z long z ! sun revolves ab\t e>? )\t "q1 ?is cont5t is n 9 any way ab/ract$4 ,its di/9ction f ! =m or mode ( exp]i5ce z its matt] is ! "w ( reflection4 ,! same conflict makes o!r exp]i5ces assume discrim9at$ objectification2 !y1 too1 cease to be ways ( liv+1 & become di/9ct objects ( obs]vation & consid]ation4 ,! movem5ts ( planets1 eclipses1 etc41 are cases 9 po9t4#ba ,! ma9t5ance ( a unifi$ exp]i5ce has become a problem1 an end1 = x is no long] secure4 ,b ?is involves su* re/atem5t ( ! conflict+ elem5ts z w enable !m to take a place some:]e 9 ! _w ( ! new exp]i5ce2 !y mu/ be dispos$ ( someh[1 & !y c be dispos$ ( f9ally only z !y are provid$ =4 ,t is1 !y _c be simply d5i$ or exclud$ or elim9at$2 !y mu/ be tak5 into ! fold4 ,b su* introduction cle>ly dem&s m or less modification or trans=mation on _! "p4 ,! ?\ght-situation is ! delib]ate ma9t5ance ( an organization 9 exp]i5ce1 ) a critical consid]ation ( ! claims ( ! v>i\s conflict+ cont5ts to a place1 & a f9al assignm5t ( position4 ,! conflict+ situation inevitably pol>izes or di*otomizes itself4 ,!re is some:at :i* is unt\*$ 9 ! cont5tion ( incompatibles4 ,!re is some?+ :i* rema9s secure1 unque/ion$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are elem5ts :i* are d\btful & prec>i\s4 ,?is gives ! framework ( ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! field into facts1 ! giv51 ! pres5t$1 ! ,datum2 & ideas1 ! ,quaesitum1 ! conceiv$1 ! ,inf]5tial4 a7 ,!re is always some?+ unque/ion$ 9 any problematic situation at any /age ( its process1#bb ev5 if x be only ! fact ( conflict or t5sion4 ,= ?is is nev] m]e t5sion at l>ge4 ,x is ?or\ghly qualifi$1 or *>act]i/ically ton$ & color$1 by ! p>ticul> elem5ts :i* are 9 /rife4 ,h5ce x is ?is conflict1 unique & irreplaceable4 ,t x comes n[ means precisely t x has nev] come be=e2 t x is n[ pass$ 9 review & "s sort ( a settlem5t rea*$1 means t j ?is conflict w nev] recur4 ,9 a ^w1 ! conflict is imm$iately ( j ?is & no o!r sort1 & ?is imm$iately giv5 quality is an irr$ucible datum4 ,x is fact1 ev5 if all else be d\btful4 ,z x is subject$ to exam9ation1 x loses vagu5ess & assumes m def9ite =m4 ,only 9 v extreme cases1 h[ev]1 does ! assur$1 unque/ion$ elem5t r$uce to t]ms z l[ z we h "h imag9$4 ,c]ta9 ?+s come to /& =? z facts1 no matt] :at else may be d\bt$4 ,!re are c]ta9 app>5t diurnal *anges ( ! sun2 !re is a c]ta9 annual c\rse or track4 ,!re are c]ta9 nocturnal *anges 9 ! planets1 & c]ta9 seasonal rhy?mic pa?s4 ,! significance ( ^! may be d\bt$3 ,d !y mean real *ange 9 ! sun or 9 ! e>?8 ,b *ange1 & *ange ( a c]ta9 def9ite & num]ically det]m9ate "*1 is !re4 ,x is cle> t su* out-/&+ facts 7ex-i/5ces7 con/itute ! data1 ! giv5 or pres5t$1 9 ! ?\ght-function4 b7 ,x is obvi\s t ?is is only "o correspond5t1 or /atus1 9 ! total situation4 ,) ! consci\sness ( ?is z c]ta91 z giv5 to be reckon$ )1 goes ! consci\sness ( unc]ta9ty z to :at x means--( h[ x is to be und]/ood or int]pret$1 t is1 ( its ref]5ce & connection4 ,! facts qua pres5tations or exi/5ces are sure2 qua mean+s 7position & relation%ip 9 an exp]i5ce yet to be secur$7 !y are d\btful4 ,yet d\bt does n preclude memory or anticipation4 ,inde$1 x is possible only ?r\gh !m4 ,! memory ( pa/ exp]i5ce makes sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? an object ( att5tive reg>d4 ,! recollection ( c]ta9 o!r exp]i5ces sugge/s ! idea ( e>?-rotat+-daily-on-axis & revolv+-annually-ab\t-sun4 ,^! cont5ts are z mu* pres5t z is ! obs]vation ( *ange1 b z respects connection !y are only possibilities4 ,accord+ly1 !y are categoriz$ or dispos$ ( z ideas1 mean+s1 ?\ghts1 ways ( conceiv+1 compreh5d+1 int]pret+ facts4 ,correspond5ce ( ref]5ce "h is z obvi\s z correlation ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! logical process1 ! datum is n j ext]nal exi/5ce1 & ! idea m]e psy*ical exi/5ce4 ,bo? are modes ( exi/5ce--"o ( giv5 exi/5ce1 ! o!r ( possible1 ( inf]r$ exi/5ce4 ,& if ! latt] is reg>d$1 f ! /&po9t ( ! unifi$ exp]i5ce aim$ at1 z hav+ only possible exi/5ce1 ! datum also is reg>d$ z incomplete & unassur$4 ,or1 z we commonly put x1 :ile ! ideas are impressions1 sugge/ions1 guesses1 !ories1 e/imates1 etc41 facts are crude1 raw1 unorganiz$1 brute4 ,!y lack relation%ip1 t is1 assur$ place2 !y are defici5t z to cont9uity4 ,m]e *ange ( relative position ( sun1 :i* is absolutely unque/ion$ z datum1 is a %e] ab/raction f ! /&po9t ei!r ( ! organiz$ exp]i5ce left beh9d1 or ( ! reorganiz$ exp]i5ce :i* is ! end--! objective4 ,x is impossible z a p]si/5t object4 ,9 o!r words1 datum & ideatum are divisions ( labor1 co-op]ative in/rum5talities1 = economical deal+ ) ! problem ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! integrity ( exp]i5ce4 ,once m1 & briefly1 bo? datum & ideatum may 7& positively1 v]itably1 d7 break up1 ea* = itself1 into physical & m5tal4 ,9 s f> z ! conviction ga9s gr\nd t ! e>? revolves ab\t ! sun1 ! old fact is brok5 up into a new cosmic exi/5ce1 & a new psy*ological condition--! recognition ( a process 9 virtue ( :i* movem5ts ( small] bodies 9 relation to v remote l>g] bodies are int]pret$ 9 a rev]se s5se4 ,we d n j elim9ate ! s\rce ( error 9 ! old cont5t4 ,we re9t]pret x z valid 9 its own place1 viz41 a case ( ! psy*ology ( p]ception1 al?\gh invalid z a matt] ( cosmic /ructure4 ,until we h detect$ ! s\rce ( error z itself a p]fectly g5u9e exi/5ce1 we are n1 sci5tifically1 satisfi$4 ,if we decide t ! snake is b a halluc9ation1 our reflection is n1 9 purport1 complete until we h f\nd "s fact j z exi/5tial z ! snake w\ld h be5 _h x be5 !re1 :i* acc\nts = ! halluc9ation4 ,we nev] /op1 except tempor>ily1 ) a ref]5ce to ! m9d or kn[] z s\rce ( an error4 ,we hunt = a specific exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ) increas+ accuracy ( det]m9ation ( ! giv51 !re comes a di/9ction1 = me?odological purposes1 betwe5 ! quality or matt] ( ! s5se exp]i5ce & its =m--! s5se p]ceiv+1 z itself a psy*ological fact1 hav+ its own place & laws or relations4 ,moreov]1 ! old exp]i5ce1 t ( sun-revolv+1 abides4 ,b x is reg>d$ z belong+ to me--to ?is exp]i5c+ individual r ?an to ! cosmic _w4 ,"h1 !n1 )9 ! gr[? ( ! ?\ght-situation & z a "p ( ! process ( det]m9+ specific tru? "u specific conditions1 we get = ! fir/ "t ! clue to t di/9ction ) :i*1 z ready-made & prior to all ?9k+1 ,lotze />t$ out1 namely1 ! sep>ation ( ! matt] ( impression f impression z a p]sonal ev5t4 ,! sep>ation :i*1 tak5 at l>ge1 eng5d]s an insoluble problem1 appe>s )9 a p>ticul> reflective inquiry1 z an inevitable diff]5tiation ( a s*eme ( exi/5ce4 ,! same sort ( ?+ occurs on ! side ( ?\ght1 or mean+4 ,! mean+ or idea :i* is gr[+ 9 acceptance1 :i* is ga9+ gr\nd z mean+-(-datum1 gets logical or intellectual or objective =ce2 t :i* is los+ /&+1 :i* is increas+ly d\btful1 gets qualifi$ z j a notion1 a fancy1 a prejudice1 misconception--or f9ally j an error1 a m5tal slip4 ,evaluat$ z fanciful 9 validity x becomes a m]e fancy 9 its exi/5ce4#bc ,x is n elim9at$1 b receives a new ref]5ce or mean+4 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity is n "o betwe5 mean+ z su* & datum z su*4 ,x is a specification t em]ges1 correspond5tly1 9 bo? datum & ideatum4 ,t :i* is left beh9d 9 ! evolution ( accept$ mean+ is /ill *>act]iz$ z real1 b real n[ 9 relation only to a way ( exp]i5c+--to a peculi>ity ( ! organism4 ,t :i* is mov$ t[>d is reg>d$ z real 9 a cosmic or extra-organic s5se4 #a4 ,! data ( ?\ght4--,:5 we turn to ,lotze1 we f9d t he makes a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! pres5t$ mat]ial ( ?\ght1 its datum1 & ! typical *>act]i/ic modes ( ?9k+ 9 virtue ( :i* ! datum gets organization or sy/em4 ,x is int]e/+ to note also t he /ates ! datum 9 t]ms diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* ! antec$5ts ( ?\ght are def9$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! data or mat]ial ^u :i* ideas ex]cise !mselves1 x is n co9cid5ce1 collocation1 or succession t c\nts1 b gradation ( degrees 9 a scale4 ,x is n ?+s 9 spatial or temporal arrangem5t t are emphasiz$1 b qualities z mutually di/+ui%$1 yet resembl+ & class$4 ,!re is no inh]5t inconceivability 9 ! idea t e impression %\ld be z incomp>ably diff]5t f e o!r z sweet is f w>m4 ,b by a rem>kable circum/ance su* is n ! case4 ,we h s]ies1 & networks ( s]ies4 ,we h div]sity ( a common--div]se colors1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/es1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 ! data are s5se qualities :i*1 =tunately = ?\ght1 are giv5 arrang$ z %ades1 degrees1 v>iations1 or qualities ( some:at t is id5tical4#bd ,all ?is is giv51 pres5t$1 to our ideational activities4 ,ev5 ! univ]sal1 ! common color :i* runs ?r\gh ! v>i\s qualities ( blue1 gre51 :ite1 etc41 is n a product ( ?\ght1 b some?+ :i* ?\ght f9ds already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x conditions comp>ison & reciprocal di/9ction4 ,p>ticul>ly all ma!matical det]m9ations1 :e!r ( c\nt+ 7numb]71 degree 7m or less71 & quantity 7greatness & smallness71 come back to ?is peculi>ity ( ! datum4 ,"h ,lotze dwells at consid]able l5g? ^u ! fact t ! v possibility1 z well z ! success1 ( ?\ght is due to ?is peculi> univ]salization or prima facie ord]+ ) :i* its mat]ial is giv5 to x4 ,su* pre-e/abli%$ fitness 9 ! meet+ ( two ?+s t h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r is c]ta9ly cause en\gh = wond] & congratulation4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to see :y ,lotze uses diff]5t categories 9 describ+ ! mat]ial ( ?\ght f ^? employ$ 9 describ+ its antec$5t conditions1 ev5 ?\gh1 accord+ to him1 ! two are absolutely ! same4#be ,he has diff]5t functions 9 m9d4 ,9 "o case1 ! mat]ial mu/ be *>act]iz$ z evok+1 z inc5tive1 z /imulus--f ?is po9t ( view ! peculi> feature ( spatial & temporal arrangem5t 9 contra/ ) coh]5ce or connection is emphasiz$4 ,b 9 ! o!r case ! mat]ial mu/ be *>act]iz$ z af=d+ /uff1 actual subject-matt]4 ,data are n only :at is giv5 to ?\ght1 b !y are also ! food1 ! raw mat]ial1 ( ?\ght4 ,!y mu/ be describ$ z1 on ! "o h&1 :olly outside ( ?\ght4 ,?is cle>ly puts !m into ! region ( s5se p]ception4 ,!y are matt]s ( s5sation giv5 free f all inf]r+1 judg+1 relat+ influ5ce4 ,s5sation is j :at is n call$ up 9 memory or 9 anticipat$ projection--x is ! imm$iate1 ! irr$ucible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s5sory-matt] is qualitative1 & quales are made up on a common basis4 ,!y are degrees or grades ( a common quality4 ,?us !y h a c]ta9 ready-made sett+ ( mutual di/9ction & ref]5ce :i* is already almo/1 if n q1 ! effect ( comp>+1 ( relat+1 effects :i* are ! express traits ( ?9k+4 ,x is easy to int]pret ?is miracul\s gift ( grace 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said4 ,! data are 9 tru? precisely t :i* is select$ & set aside z pres5t1 z imm$iate4 ,?us !y are giv5 to fur!r ?\ght4 ,b ! selection has occurr$ 9 view ( ! ne$ = ?\ght2 x is a li/+ ( ! capital 9 ! way ( ! undi/urb$1 ! undiscuss$1 :i* ?\ght c c\nt ^u 9 ?is p>ticul> problem4 ,h5ce x is n /range t x has a peculi> fitness ( adaptation = ?\ght's fur!r "w4 ,hav+ be5 select$ ) precisely t end 9 view1 ! wond] w\ld be if x 7 n s fitt$4 ,a man may co9 c\nt]feit money = use ^u o!rs1 b h>dly ) ! int5t ( pass+ x (f ^u himself4 ,our only difficulty "h is t ! m9d flies away f ! logical int]pretation ( s5se datum to a ready-made notion ( x br\ght ov] f ab/ract psy*ological inquiry4 ,! belief 9 isolat$ s5sory quales :i* are someh[ =c$ ^u u1 & =c$ ^u u at l>ge1 & ?us condition+ ?\ght :olly ab extra1 in/ead ( det]m9+ x z in/rum5talities or elem5ts select$ f exp]i5c$ ?+s = t v purpose1 is too fix$4 ,s5sory qualities are =c$ ^u u1 b n at l>ge4 ,! s5sory data ( exp]i5ce always come 9 a context2 !y always appe> z v>iations 9 a cont9uum4 ,ev5 ! ?und] :i* breaks 9 ^u me 7to take ! extreme ( app>5t discont9uity & irrelevancy7 di/urbs me because x is tak5 z ?und]3 z a "p ( ! same space-_w z t 9 :i* my *air & room & h\se are locat$2 & x is tak5 z an influ5ce :i* int]rupts & di/urbs1 because x is "p ( a common _w ( causes & effects4 ,! solution ( cont9uity is itself practical or teleological1 & ?us presupposes & affects cont9uity ( purpose1 occupations1 & means 9 a life-process4 ,x is n metaphysics1 x is biology :i* en=ces ! idea t actual s5sation is n only det]m9$ z an ev5t 9 a _w ( ev5ts1#bf b is an occurr5ce occurr+ at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! control & use ( /imuli4#bg #b4 ,=ms ( ?9k+ data4--,z s5sory datum is mat]ial set = "w ( ?\ght1 s ! ideational =ms ) :i* ?\ght does its "w are apt & prompt to meet ! ne$s ( ! mat]ial4 ,! accessory#bh notion ( gr\nd ( coh]5ce turns out1 9 tru?1 n to be a =mal1 or ext]nal1 addition to ! data1 b a requalification ( !m4 ,?\ght is accessory z accomplice1 n z add5dum4 ,?\ght is to elim9ate m]e co9cid5ce1 & to ass]t gr\nd$ coh]5ce4 ,lotze makes x cle> t he does n at bottom conceive ( ?\ght z an activity 9 itself impos+ a =m ( coh]5ce2 b t ! organiz+ "w ( ?\ght is only ! progressive realization ( an inh]5t unity1 or sy/em1 9 ! mat]ial exp]i5c$4 ,! specific modes 9 :i* ?\ght br+s its accessory p[] to be>--names1 conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce--are successive /ages 9 ! adequate organization ( ! matt] :i* comes to u fir/ z data2 !y are successive /ages ( ! ef=t to ov]come ! orig9al defects ( ! data4 ,conception />ts f ! univ]sal 7! common elem5t7 ( s5se4 ,yet 7& ?is is ! significant po9t7 x does n simply ab/ract ?is common elem5t1 & consci\sly g5]alize x ov] aga9/ its own diff]5ces4 ,su* a univ]sal is n coh]5ce j because x does n include & dom9ate ! temporal & local het]og5eity4 ,! true concept 7see ,i1 #ch7 is a sy/em ( attributes1 held toge!r on ! basis ( "s gr\nd1 or det]m9+1 dom9at+ pr9ciple--a gr\nd :i* s controls all its own in/ances z to make !m into an inw>dly connect$ :ole1 & :i* s specifies its own limits z to be exclusive ( all else4 ,if we ab/ract color z ! common elem5t ( v>i\s colors1 ! result is n a sci5tific idea or concept4 ,discov]y ( a process ( light-waves ^: v>i\s rates con/itute ! v>i\s colors ( ! spectrum gives ! concept4 ,& :5 we get su* a concept1 ! =m] m]e temporal abruptness ( color exp]i5ces gives way to ord]$ p>ts ( a color sy/em4 ,! logical product--! concept1 9 o!r words--is n a =mal seal or /amp2 x is a ?or\ghgo+ connection ( data 9 a dynamic cont9uity ( exi/5ce4 ,! =m or mode ( ?\ght :i* m>ks ! cont9u$ trans=mation ( ! data & ! idea 9 ref]5ce to ea* o!r is judgm5t4 ,judgm5t makes explicit ! assumption ( a pr9ciple :i* det]m9es connection )9 an individualiz$ :ole4 ,x def9itely /ates r$ z ?is case or in/ance ( ! law or process ( color1 & ?us fur!r ov]comes ! defect 9 subject-matt] or data /ill left by conception4#bi ,n[ judgm5t logically t]m9ates 9 disjunction4 ,x gives a univ]sal :i* may det]m9e any "o ( a numb] ( alt]native def9$ p>ticul>s1 b :i* is arbitr>y z to :at "o is select$4 ,sy/ematic inf]5ce br+s to light ! mat]ial conditions "u :i* ! law1 or dom9at+ univ]sal1 applies to ?is1 r ?an t alt]native p>ticul>1 & s completes ! ideal organization ( ! subject-matt]4 ,if ?is act 7 complete1 we %\ld f9ally h pres5t to u a :ole on :i* we %\ld "k ! det]m9+ & effective or au?oriz+ elem5ts1 & ! ord] ( developm5t or hi]>*y ( dep5d5ce1 9 :i* o!rs foll[ f !m4#cj ,9 ?is acc\nt by ,lotze ( ! op]ations ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 !re is cle>ly put be=e u ! picture ( a cont9u\s correlative det]m9ation ( datum on "o side & ( idea or mean+ on ! o!r1 till exp]i5ce is aga9 integral1 data be+ ?or\ghly def9$ & connect$1 & ideas be+ ! relevant mean+s ( subject-matt]4 ,t we h "h 9 outl9e a description ( :at actually occurs !re c be no d\bt4 ,b !re is z little d\bt t ! description is ?or\ghly inconsi/5t ) ,lotze's supposition t ! mat]ial or data ( ?\ght is precisely ! same z ! antec$5t ( ?\ght2 or t ideas1 conceptions1 are purely m5tal some:ats extrane\sly br\ght to be>1 z ! sole ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ?\ght1 ^u a mat]ial provid$ ready-made4 ,x means b "o ?+3 ,! ma9t5ance ( unity & :ol5ess 9 exp]i5ce ?r\gh conflict+ cont5ts occurs by means ( a /rictly correspond5t sett+ ap>t ( facts to be accurately describ$ & prop]ly relat$1 & mean+s to be adequately con/ru$ & prop]ly ref]r$4 ,! datum is giv5 9 ! ?\ght-situation1 & to fur!r qualification ( ideas or mean+s4 ,b ev5 9 ?is aspect x pres5ts a problem4 ,to f9d out :at is giv5 is an inquiry :i* taxes reflection to ! utt]mo/4 ,e important advance 9 sci5tific me?od means bett] ag5cies1 m skill$ te*nique = simply deta*+ & describ+ :at is b>ely !re1 or giv54 ,to be able to f9d out :at c safely be tak5 z !re1 z giv5 9 any p>ticul> inquiry1 & h5ce be tak5 z mat]ial = ord]ly & v]ifiable inf]5ce1 = fruitful hypo!sis-mak+1 = ent]ta9+ ( explanatory & int]pretative ideas1 is "o phase ( ! ef=t ( sy/ematic sci5tific inquiry4 ,x m>ks its inductive phase4 ,to take :at is discov]$ to be reliable evid5ce )9 a m complex situation z if x 7 giv5 absolutely & 9 isolation1 or ap>t f a p>ticul> hi/oric situs & context1 is ! fallacy ( empiricism z a logical !ory4 ,to reg>d ! ?\ght-=ms ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce z qualifications ( pure ?\ght1 ap>t f any diff]5ce 9 objects1 in/ead ( z successive dispositions 9 ! progressive organization ( ! mat]ial 7or objects71 is ! fallacy ( rationalism4 ,lotze1 l ,kant1 attempts to comb9e ! two1 ?9k+ !reby to correct ea* by ! o!r4 ,lotze recognizes ! futility ( ?\ght if ! s5se data z data are f9al1 if !y alone are real1 ! truly exi/5t1 self-ju/ificatory & valid4 ,he sees t1 if ! empirici/ 7 "r 9 8 assumption z to ! real wor? ( ! giv5 data1 ?9k+ w\ld be a ridicul\s pret5d]1 ei!r toilfully & poorly do+ ov] aga9 :at ne$s no do+1 or mak+ a wilful dep>ture f tru?4 ,he realizes t ?\ght is evok$ because x is ne$$2 & t x has a "w to d :i* is n m]ely =mal1 b :i* effects a modification ( ! subject-matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly he assumes a ?\ght-9-itself1 ) c]ta9 =ms & modes ( action ( its own1 a realm ( mean+ possess$ ( a directive & normative wor? ( its own--! root-fallacy ( rationalism4 ,8 attempt$ compromise betwe5 ! two turns out to be bas$ on ! assumption ( ! indef5sible ideas ( bo?--! notion ( an indep5d5t matt] giv5 to ?\ght1 on "o side1 & ( an indep5d5t wor? or =ce ( ?\ght-=ms1 on ! o!r4 ,?is po9t+ out ( inconsi/5cies becomes /ale & unpr(itable save z we br+ !m back into connection ) _! root-orig9--! erection ( di/9ctions t are g5etic & hi/oric1 & work+ or in/rum5tal divisions ( labor1 into rigid & ready-made /ructural diff]5ces ( reality4 ,lotze cle>ly recognizes t ?\ght's nature is dep5d5t ^u its aim1 its aim ^u its problem1 & ?is ^u ! situation 9 :i* x f9ds its inc5tive & excuse4 ,its "w is cut out = x4 ,x does n :at x w\ld1 b :at x mu/4 ,z ,lotze puts x1 ,logic has to d ) ?\ght1 n z x w\ld be "u hypo!tical conditions1 b z x is 7,i1 #cc71 & ?is /atem5t is made 9 explicit comb9ation ) /atem5ts to ! effect t ! peculi>ity ( ! mat]ial ( ?\ght conditions its activity4 ,simil>ly he says1 9 a passage already ref]r$ to3 ,! possibility & ! success ( ?\ght's production 9 g5]al dep5ds ^u ?is orig9al con/itution & organization ( ! :ole _w ( ideas1 a con/itution :i*1 ?\gh n necess>y 9 ?\ght1 is all ! m necess>y to make ?\ght possible4#ca ,z we h se51 ! ess5tial nature ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce is dep5d5t ^u peculi>ities ( ! prop\nd$ mat]ial1 !y be+ =ms dep5d5t = _! significance ^u ! /age ( organization 9 :i* !y beg94 ,f ?is only "o conclusion is possible4 ,if ?\ght's nature is dep5d5t ^u its actual conditions & circum/ances1 ! prim>y logical problem is to /udy ?\ght-9-its-condition+2 x is to detect ! crisis )9 :i* ?\ght & its subject-matt] pres5t !mselves 9 _! mutual di/9ction & cross-ref]5ce4 ,b ,lotze is s ?or\ghly committ$ to a ready-made antec$5t ( "s sort1 t ?is g5etic consid]ation is ( no acc\nt to him4 ,! hi/oric me?od is a m]e matt] ( psy*ology1 & has no logical wor? 7,i1 #b74 ,we mu/ presuppose a psy*ological me*anism & psy*ological mat]ial1 b logic is conc]n$ n ) orig9 or hi/ory1 b ) au?ority1 wor?1 value 7,i1 #aj74 ,aga93 ,logic is n conc]n$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts utiliz$ by ?\ght come into exi/5ce1 b _! value aft] !y h someh[ come into exi/5ce1 = ! c>ry+ out ( intellectual op]ations 7,i1 #cd74 ,& f9ally3 ,i h ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t my "w t logic _c d]ive any s]i\s advantage f a discussion ( ! conditions "u :i* ?\ght z a psy*ological process comes ab\t4 ,! significance ( logical =ms 444 is to be f\nd 9 ! utt]ances ( ?\ght1 ! laws :i* x imposes1 aft] or dur+ ! act ( ?9k+1 n 9 ! conditions :i* lie back ( any :i* produce ?\ght4#cb ,lotze1 9 tru?1 repres5ts a halt+-/age 9 ! evolution ( logical !ory4 ,he is too f> along to be cont5t$ ) ! reit]ation ( ! purely =mal di/9ctions ( a m]ely =mal ?\ght-by-itself4 ,he recognizes t ?\ght z =mal is ! =m ( "s matt]1 & has its wor? only z organiz+ t matt] to meet ! ideal dem&s ( reason2 & t reason is 9 tru? only an adequate sy/ematization ( ! matt] or cont5t4 ,consequ5tly he has to op5 ! door to admit psy*ical processes :i* furni% ?is mat]ial4 ,hav+ let 9 ! mat]ial1 he is b\nd to %ut ! door aga9 9 ! face ( ! processes f :i* ! mat]ial proce$$--to dismiss !m z imp]t95t intrud]s4 ,if ?\ght gets its data 9 su* a surreptiti\s mann]1 !re is no occasion = wond] t ! legitimacy ( its deal+s ) ! mat]ial rema9s an op5 "q4 ,logical !ory1 l e bran* ( ! philosophic discipl9es1 waits ^u a surr5d] ( ! ob/9ate conviction t1 :ile ! "w & aim ( ?\ght is condition$ by ! mat]ial suppli$ to x1 yet ! wor? ( its p]=mances is some?+ to be pass$ ^u 9 complete ab/raction f conditions ( orig9 & developm5t4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,?is is b to say t ! pres5tation ( objects z specifically diff]5t ?+s 9 exp]i5ce is ! "w ( reflection1 & t ! discrim9ation ( some?+ exp]i5ced f modes ( exp]i5c+ is also ! "w ( reflection4 ,! latt] /atem5t is1 ( c\rse1 b a p>ticul> case ( ! fir/2 = an act ( exp]i5c+ is "o object1 among o!rs1 :i* may be discrim9at$ out ( ! orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,:5 s discrim9at$1 x has exactly ! same exi/5tial /atus z any o!r discrim9at$ object2 see+ & ?+ se5 /& on ! same level ( exi/5tiality4 ,b prim>y exp]i5ce is innoc5t ( ! discrim9ation ( ! :at exp]i5c$ & ! h[1 or mode1 ( exp]i5c+4 ,we are n 9 x aw>e ( ! see+1 nor yet ( objects z some?+ se54 ,any exp]i5ce 9 all ( its non-reflective phases is innoc5t ( any discrim9ation ( subject & object4 ,x involves )9 itself :at may be reflectively discrim9at$ into objects locat$ outside ! organism & objects ref]r$ to ! organism4 ,note add$ 9 revision4 #bb ,( c\rse1 ?is v elem5t may be ! prec>i\s1 ! ideal1 & possibly fanciful ( "s o!r situation4 ,b x is to *ange ! hi/oric into ! absolute to conclude t !re=e ev]y?+ is unc]ta91 all at once1 or z su*4 ,?is gives metaphysical skepticism z di/9ct f ! work+ skepticism :i* is an inh]5t factor 9 all reflection & sci5tific inquiry4 #bc ,b ?is is a sl[ progress )9 reflection4 ,plato1 :o 0 influ5tial 9 br++ ?is g5]al di/9ction to consci\sness1 /ill ?\ght & wrote z if image 7 itself a que] sort ( objective exi/5ce2 x 0 only gradually t x 0 dispos$ ( z a phase ( p]sonal exp]i5c+4 #bd ,i1 #bh-cd4 #be ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ explicitly ,lotze is compell$ f9ally to diff]5tiate two aspects 9 ! antec$5ts ( ?\ghts1 "o ( :i* is necess>y 9 ord] t !re may be any?+ to call out ?\ght 7a lack1 or problem72 ! o!r 9 ord] t :5 ?\ght is evok$ x may f9d data at h&--t is1 mat]ial 9 %ape to receive & respond to its ex]cise4 ,! manifold matt] ( ideas is br\ght be=e u1 n only 9 ! sy/ematic ord] ( its qualitative relation%ips1 b 9 ! ri* v>iety ( local & temporal comb9ations4444 ,! comb9ations ( het]og5e\s ideas 444 =m ! problems1 9 connection ) :i* ! ef=ts ( ?\ght to r$uce coexi/5ce to coh]5ce w subsequ5tly be made4 ,! homog5e\s or simil> ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 give occasion to sep>ate1 to connect1 & to c\nt _! repetitions 7,i1 #cc1 #cd2 italics m9e74 ,)\t ! het]og5e\s v>iety ( ! local & temporal juxtapositions !re w\ld be no?+ to excite ?\ght4 ,)\t ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( quality !re w\ld be no?+ to meet ?\ght & rew>d x = its ef=ts4 ,! homog5eity ( qualitative relation%ips1 9 ! pre-?\ght mat]ial1 gives ! tools or in/rum5ts by :i* ?\ght is enabl$ successfully to tackle ! het]og5eity ( collocations & conjunctions also f\nd 9 ! same mat]ial6 ,"o w\ld suppose t :5 ,lotze rea*$ ?is po9t he might h be5 l$ to suspect t 9 8 rem>kable adju/m5t ( ?\ght-/imuli1 ?\ght-mat]ial1 & ?\ght-tools to "o ano!r1 he mu/ aft] all be deal+1 n ) some?+ prior to ! ?\ght-function1 b ) ! necess>y /ructures & tools ( ! ?\ght-situation4 #bf ,supra1 p4 #aac4 #bg ,= ! id5tity ( s5sory exp]i5ce ) ! po9t ( greate/ /ra9 & /ress 9 conflict+ or t5sional exp]i5ce1 see ,! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,,iii1 #eg4 #bh ,= ! accessory "* ( ?\ght1 see ,lotze1 ,i1 #g1 #be-bg1 #fa1 etc4 #bi ,bosanquet 7,logic1 ,i1 #cj-cd7 & ,jones 7,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie1 *ap4 iv7 h call$ att5tion to a curi\s inconsi/5cy 9 ,lotze's treatm5t ( judgm5t4 ,on "o h&1 ! /atem5t is z giv5 above4 ,judgm5t gr[s out ( conception 9 mak+ explicit ! det]m9+ relation ( univ]sal to its own p>ticul>1 impli$ 9 conception4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 judgm5t gr[s n out ( conception at all1 b out ( ! "q ( det]m9+ connection 9 *ange4 ,lotze's nom9al reason = ?is latt] view is t ! conceptual _w is purely /atic2 s9ce ! actual _w is "o ( *ange1 we ne$ to pass ^u :at really goes toge!r 7is causal7 9 ! *ange z di/9ct f su* z are m]ely co9cid5t4 ,b1 z ,jones cle>ly %[s1 x is also connect$ ) ! fact t1 :ile ,lotze nom9ally ass]ts t judgm5t gr[s out ( conception1 he treats conception z ! result ( judgm5t s9ce ! fir/ view makes judgm5t a m]e explication ( ! cont5t ( an idea1 & h5ce m]ely expository or analytic 79 ! ,kantian s5se7 & s ( m ?an d\btful applicability to reality4 ,! affair is too l>ge to discuss "h1 & ,i w cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to ! oscillation betwe5 conflict+ cont5ts & gradation ( s5sory qualities already discuss$ 7p4 #add1 note74 ,x is judgm5t :i* gr[s out ( ! =m]1 because judgm5t is ! :ole situation z su*2 conception is ref]able to ! latt] because x is "o ab/raction )9 ! :ole 7! solution ( possible mean+s ( ! data7 j z ! datum is ano!r4 ,9 tru?1 s9ce ! s5sory datum is n absolute1 b comes 9 a hi/orical context1 ! qualities appreh5d$ z con/itut+ ! datum simply def9e ! locus ( conflict 9 ! entire situation4 ,!y are attributives ( ! cont5ts-9-t5sion ( ! collid+ ?+s1 n calm untr\bl$ ultimates4 ,on pp4 #cc & #cd ( ,vol4 ,i1 ,lotze recognizes 7z we h j se57 t1 z matt] ( fact1 x is bo? s5sory qualities 9 _! sy/ematic grad+1 or quantitative det]m9ations 7see ,i1 #dc1 = ! recognition ( ! necess>y place ( ! quantitative 9 ! true concept71 & ! ri* v>iety ( local & temporal comb9ations1 t provoke ?\ght & supply x ) mat]ial4 ,b1 z usual1 he treats ?is simply z a hi/orical accid5t1 n z furni%+ ! key to ! :ole matt]4 ,9 f9e1 :ile ! het]og5e\s collocations & successions con/itute ! problematic elem5t t /imulates ?\ght1 quantitative det]m9ation ( ! s5sory quality furni%es "o ( ! two *ief means ?r\gh :i* ?\ght deals ) ! problem4 ,x is a r$uction ( ! orig9al collid+ cont5ts to a =m 9 :i* ! ef=t at r$9tegration gets maximum effici5cy4 ,! concept1 z ideal mean+1 is ( c\rse ! o!r p>tn] to ! transaction4 ,x is gett+ ! v>i\s possible mean+s-(-!-data into su* %ape z to make !m mo/ useful 9 con/ru+ ! data4 ,! be>+ ( ?is ^u ! subject & pr$icate ( judgm5t _c be discuss$ "h4 #cj ,see ,i1 #ch1 #ei1 #fa1 #aje1 #abi1 #aig1 = ,lotze's treatm5t ( ^! di/9ctions4 #ca ,i1 #cf2 see also ,,ii1 #bij1 #bia4 #cb ,,ii1 #bdf2 ! same is reit]at$ 9 ,,ii1 #bej1 :]e ! "q ( orig9 is ref]r$ to z a corruption 9 logic4 ,c]ta9 psy*ical acts are necess>y z conditions & occasions ( logical op]ations1 b ! deep gulf betwe5 psy*ical me*anism & ?\ght rema9s unfill$4 ,v ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,?\ght ,9 ! =ego+ discussion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we 7 repeat$ly l$ to recognize t ?\ght has its own di/9ctive objects4 ,at times ,lotze gives way to ! t5d5cy to def9e ?\ght entirely 9 t]ms ( modes & =ms ( activity :i* are ex]cis$ by x ^u a /rictly =eign mat]ial4 ,b two motives cont9ually pu% him 9 ! o!r direction4 7#a7 ,?\ght has a di/9ctive "w to d1 "o :i* involves a qualitative trans=mation ( 7at lea/7 ! relation%ips ( ! pres5t$ matt]2 z fa/ z x accompli%es ?is "w1 ! subject-matt] becomes someh[ ?\ght's subject-matt]4 ,z we h j se51 ! data are progressively organiz$ to meet ?\ght's ideal ( a complete :ole1 ) its memb]s int]connect$ accord+ to a det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,su* progressive organization ?r[s backw>d d\bt ^u ! assumption ( ! orig9al total irrelevancy ( ! data & ?\ght-=ms to ea* o!r4 7#b7 ,a l motive op]ates f ! side ( ! subject-matt]4 ,z m]ely =eign & ext]nal1 x is too het]og5e\s to l5d itself to ?\ght's ex]cise & influ5ce4 ,! idea1 z we saw 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 is ! conv5i5t m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,lotze passes f ! purely het]og5e\s psy*ical impression or ev5t1 :i* is totally irrelevant to ?\ght's purpose & work+1 ov] to a /ate ( affairs :i* c rew>d ?\ght4 ,idea z mean+ =ms ! bridge ov] f ! brute factuality ( ! psy*ical impression to ! coh]5t value ( ?\ght's own cont5t4 ,we h1 9 ?is *apt]1 to consid] ! "q ( ! idea or cont5t ( ?\ght f two po9ts ( view3 fir/ ! possibility ( su* a cont5t--its consi/5cy ) ,lotze's fundam5tal premises2 secondly1 its objective "*--its validity & te/4 ,i4 ,! "q ( ! possibility ( a specific cont5t ( ?\ght is ! "q ( ! nature ( ! idea z mean+4 ,mean+ is ! *>act]i/ic object ( ?\ght4 ,we h ?us f> left unque/ion$ ,lotze's cont9ual assumption ( mean+ z a sort ( ?\ght-unit2 ! build+-/one ( ?\ght's con/ruction4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( mean+1 ,lotze's contradictions reg>d+ ! antec$5ts1 data1 & cont5t ( ?\ght rea* _! full conclusion4 ,he expressly makes mean+ to be ! product ( ?\ght's activity & also ! unreflective mat]ial out ( :i* ?\ght's op]ations gr[4 ,?is contradiction has be5 work$ out 9 accurate & complete detail by ,pr(essor ,jones4#cc ,he summ>izes x z foll[s 7p4 #ii73 ,no o!r way 0 left to him ,lotze except+ ?is ( fir/ attribut+ all to s5se & aft]w>ds attribut+ all to ?\ght1 &1 f9ally1 ( attribut+ x to ?\ght only because x 0 already 9 its mat]ial4 ,?is seesaw is ess5tial to 8 !ory2 ! elem5ts ( k z he describes !m c subsi/ only by ! alt]nate robb]y ( ea* o!r4 ,we h already se5 h[ /r5u\sly ,lotze insi/s ^u ! fact t ! giv5 subject-matt] ( ?\ght is to be reg>d$ :olly z ! "w ( a physical me*anism1 )\t any action ( ?\ght4#cd ,b ,lotze also /ates t if ! products ( ! psy*ical me*anism are to admit ( comb9ation 9 ! def9ite =m ( a ?\ght1 !y ea* require "s previ\s %ap+ to make !m into logical build+-/ones & to conv]t !m f impressions into ideas4 ,no?+ is really m famili> to u ?an ?is fir/ op]ation ( ?\ght2 ! only reason :y we usually ov]look x is t 9 ! language :i* we inh]it1 x is already c>ri$ out1 & x seems1 !re=e1 to belong to ! self-evid5t presuppositions ( ?\ght1 n to its own specific "w4#ce ,& aga9 7,i1 #bc71 judgm5ts c consi/ ( no?+ b comb9ations ( ideas :i* are no long] m]e impressions3 e su* idea mu/ h und]gone at lea/ ! simple =mation m5tion$ above4 ,su* ideas are1 ,lotze goes on to urge1 already rudim5t>y concepts--t is to say1 logical det]m9ations4 ,! obvi\sness ( ! logical contradiction ( attribut+ to a prelim9>y specific "w ( ?\ght exactly ! condition ( affairs :i* is else:]e explicitly attribut$ to a psy*ical me*anism prior to any ?\ght-activity1 %\ld n bl9d u to its import & relative necessity4 ,! impression1 x w be recall$1 is a m]e /ate ( our own consci\sness--a mood ( ourselves4 ,z su* x has simply de facto relations z an ev5t to o!r simil> ev5ts4 ,b reflective ?\ght is conc]n$ ) ! relation%ip ( a cont5t or matt] to o!r cont5ts4 ,h5ce ! impression mu/ h a matt] be=e x c come at all )9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght's ex]cise4 ,h[ %all x secure ?is8 ,:y1 by a prelim9>y activity ( ?\ght :i* objectifies ! impression4 ,blue z a m]e s5su\s irritation or feel+ is giv5 a quality1 ! mean+ blue--blu5ess2 ! s5se impression is objectifi$2 x is pres5t$ no long] z a condition :i* we und]go1 b z a some?+ :i* has its be+ & its mean+ 9 itself1 & :i* cont9ues to be :at x is1 & to mean :at x means :e!r we are consci\s ( x or n4 ,x is easy to see "h ! necess>y beg9n+ ( t activity :i* we above appropriat$ to ?\ght z su*3 x has n yet got s f> z conv]t+ coexi/5ce into coh]5ce4 ,x has fir/ to p]=m ! previ\s task ( inve/+ ea* s+le impression ) an indep5d5t validity1 )\t :i* ! lat] opposition ( _! real coh]5ce to m]e coexi/5ce c\ld n be made 9 any intelligible s5se4#cf ,?is objectification1 :i* conv]ts a s5sitive /ate into a s5sible matt] to :i* ! s5sitive /ate is ref]r$1 also gives ?is matt] position1 a c]ta9 typical "*4 ,x is n objectifi$ 9 a m]ely g5]al way1 b is giv5 a specific sort ( objectivity4 ,( ^! sorts ( objectivity !re are ?ree m5tion$3 t ( a sub/antive cont5t2 t ( an atta*$ dep5d5t cont5t2 t ( an active relation%ip connect+ ! v>i\s cont5ts ) ea* o!r4 ,9 %ort1 we h ! types ( mean+ embodi$ 9 language 9 ! =m ( n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is prelim9>y =mative activity ( ?\ght t reflective or logical ?\ght has pres5t$ to x a _w ( mean+s rang$ 9 an ord] ( relative indep5d5ce & dep5d5ce1 & arrang$ z elem5ts 9 a complex ( mean+s ^: v>i\s con/itu5t p>ts mutually influ5ce "o ano!r's mean+s4#cg ,z usual1 ,lotze m$iates ! contradiction betwe5 mat]ial con/itut$ by ?\ght & ! same mat]ial j pres5t$ to ?\ght1 by a fur!r position s disp>ate to ea* t1 tak5 9 connection ) ea* by turns1 x seems to bridge ! gulf4 ,aft] describ+ ! prior con/itutive "w ( ?\ght z above1 he goes on to discuss a second phase ( ?\ght :i* is int]m$i>y betwe5 ?is & ! ?ird phase1 viz41 reflective ?\ght prop]4 ,?is second activity is t ( arrang+ exp]i5c$ quales 9 s]ies & gr\ps1 ?us ascrib+ a sort ( univ]sal or common some:at to v>i\s in/ances 7z already describ$2 see p4 #add74 ,on "o h&1 x is cle>ly /at$ t ?is second phase ( ?\ght's activity is 9 reality ! same z ! fir/ phase3 s9ce all objectification involves posit+1 s9ce posit+ involves di/9ction ( "o matt] f o!rs1 & s9ce ?is involves plac+ x 9 a s]ies or gr\p 9 :i* ea* is measurably m>k$ (f1 z to ! degree & nature ( its div]sity1 f e o!r4 ,we are told t we are only consid]+ a really insep>able op]ation ( ?\ght f two diff]5t sides3 fir/1 z to ! effect :i* objectify+ ?\ght has ^u ! matt] z set ov] aga9/ ! feel+ subject2 secondly1 ! effect :i* ?is objectification has ^u ! matt] 9 relation to o!r matt]s4#ch ,aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 ^! two op]ations are decl>$ to be radically diff]5t 9 type & nature4 ,! fir/ is det]m9ant & =mative2 x gives ideas ! %ape )\t :i* ! logical _s c\ld n accept !m4 ,9 a way x dictates its own laws to its object-matt]4#ci ,! second activity ( ?\ght is r passive & receptive4 ,x simply recognizes :at is already !re4 ,?\ght c make no diff]5ce :]e x f9ds none already 9 ! matt] ( impressions4#dj ,! fir/ univ]sal1 z we saw1 c only be exp]i5c$ 9 imm$iate s5sation4 ,x is no product ( ?\ght1 b some?+ t ?\ght f9ds already 9 exi/5ce4#da ,! obvi\sness ( ?is fur!r contradiction is p>allel$ only by its inevitabl5ess4 ,?\ght is 9 ! air1 is arbitr>y & wild 9 deal+ ) mean+s1 unless x gets its />t & cue f actual exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( insi/+ ^u ?\ght's activity z j recogniz+ ! cont5ts already giv54 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 prior to ! "w ( ?\ght !re is to ,lotze no cont5t or mean+4 ,x requires a "w ( ?\ght to deta* any?+ f ! flux ( s5se irritations & inve/ x ) a mean+ ( its own4 ,?is dilemma is inevitable to any writ] :o decl9es to consid] z correlative ! nature ( ?\ght-activity & ?\ght-cont5t f ! /&po9t ( _! g5]at+ conditions 9 ! movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,view$ f su* a /&po9t ! pr9ciple ( solution is cle> en\gh4 ,z we h already se5 7p4 #aba71 ! int]nal diss5sion ( an exp]i5ce leads to deta*+ c]ta9 factors previ\sly integrat$ 9 ! concrete exp]i5ce z aspects ( its own qualitative color+1 & to relegat+ !m1 = ! "t be+ 7p5d+ integration into fur!r imm$iate qualities ( a recon/itut$ exp]i5ce71 into a _w ( b>e mean+s1 a sph]e qualifi$ z ideal ?r\gh\t4 ,^! mean+s !n become ! tools ( ?\ght 9 int]pret+ ! data1 j z ! s5se qualities :i* def9e ! pres5t$ situation are ! imm$iate matt] = ?\ght4 ,! two z mutually ref]r$ are cont5t4 ,t is1 ! datum & ! mean+ z reciprocally qualifi$ by ea* o!r con/itute ! objective ( ?\ght4 ,to rea* ?is unification is ?\ght's objective or goal4 ,e successive cross-section ( reflective inquiry pres5ts :at may be tak5 = grant$ z ! outcome ( previ\s ?9k+1 & z ! det]m9ant ( fur!r reflective proc$ure4 ,tak5 z def9+ ! po9t rea*$ 9 ! ?\ght-function & s]v+ z con/itu5t unit 9 fur!r ?\ght1 x is cont5t or logical object4 ,lotze's in/9ct is sure 9 id5tify+ & sett+ ov] aga9/ ea* o!r ! mat]ial giv5 to ?\ght & ! cont5t :i* is ?\ght's own build+-/one4 ,8 contradictions arise simply f ! fact t 8 absolute1 non-hi/oric me?od does n p]mit him to int]pret ?is jo9t id5tity & di/9ction 9 a work+1 & h5ce relative1 s5se4 ,,ii4 ,! "q ( h[ ! exi/5ce ( mean+s1 or ?\ght-cont5ts1 is to be und]/ood m]ges imp]ceptibly into ! "q ( ! real objectivity or validity ( su* cont5ts4 ,! difficulty = ,lotze is ! n[ famili> "o3 ,s f> z 8 logic compels him to insi/ t ^! mean+s are ! possession & product ( ?\ght 7s9ce ?\ght is an indep5d5t activity71 ! ideas are m]ely ideas2 !re is no te/ ( objectivity beyond ! ?or\ghly unsatisfactory & =mal "o ( _! own mutual consi/5cy4 ,9 reaction f ?is ,lotze is ?r[n back ^u ! idea ( ^! cont5ts z ! orig9al matt] giv5 9 ! impressions !mselves4 ,"h !re seems to be an objective or ext]nal te/ by :i* ! reality ( ?\ght's op]ations may be tri$2 a giv5 idea is v]ifi$ or f\nd false accord+ to its measure ( correspond5ce ) ! matt] ( exp]i5ce z su*4 ,b n[ we are no bett] (f4 ,! orig9al indep5d5ce & het]og5eity ( impressions & ( ?\ght is s great t !re is no way to comp>e ! results ( ! latt] ) ! =m]4 ,we _c comp>e or contra/ di/9ctions ( wor? ) b>e diff]5ces ( factual exi/5ce 7,i1 #b74 ,! /&>d or te/ ( objectivity is s ?or\ghly ext]nal t by orig9al def9ition x is :olly outside ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,h[ c ?\ght comp>e mean+s ) exi/5ces8 ,or aga91 ! giv5 mat]ial ( exp]i5ce ap>t f ?\ght is precisely ! relatively *aotic & unorganiz$2 x ev5 r$uces itself to a m]e sequ5ce ( psy*ical ev5ts4 ,:at s5se is !re 9 direct+ u to comp>e ! highe/ results ( sci5tific inquiry ) ! b>e sequ5ce ( our own /ates ( feel+2 or ev5 ) ! orig9al data ^: fragm5t>y & unc]ta9 "* 0 ! exact motive = ent]+ ^u sci5tific inquiry8 ,h[ c ! =m] 9 any s5se give a *eck or te/ ( ! value ( ! latt]8 ,?is is pr(ess$ly to te/ ! validity ( a sy/em ( mean+s by comp>ison ) t ^: defects call =? ! con/ruction ( ! sy/em ( mean+s4 ,our subsequ5t inquiry simply consi/s 9 trac+ "s ( ! phases ( ! *>act]i/ic seesaw f "o to ! o!r ( ! two horns ( ! n[ famili> dilemma3 ei!r ?\ght is sep>ate f ! matt] ( exp]i5ce1 & !n its validity is :olly its own private bus9ess1 or else ! objective results ( ?\ght are already 9 ! antec$5t mat]ial1 & !n ?\ght is ei!r unnecess>y or else has no way ( *eck+ its own p]=mances4 #a4 ,lotze assumes1 z we h se51 a c]ta9 indep5d5t validity 9 ea* mean+ or qualifi$ cont5t1 tak5 9 & ( itself4 ,blue has a c]ta9 mean+1 9 & ( itself2 x is an object = consci\sness z su*1 n m]ely its /ate or mood4 ,aft] ! orig9al s5se irritation ?r\gh :i* x 0 m$iat$ has entirely disappe>$1 x p]si/s z a valid mean+4 ,moreov]1 x is an object or cont5t ( ?\ght = o!rs z well4 ,?us x has a d\ble m>k ( validity3 9 ! comp>ison ( "o "p ( my own exp]i5ce ) ano!r1 & 9 ! comp>ison ( my exp]i5ce z a :ole ) t ( o!rs4 ,"h we h a sort ( validity :i* does n raise at all ! "q ( metaphysical reality 7,i1 #ad1 #ae74 ,lotze ?us seems to h escap$ f ! necessity ( employ+ z *eck or te/ = ! validity ( ideas any ref]5ce to a real outside ! sph]e ( ?\ght itself4 ,su* t]ms z conjunction1 fran*ise1 con/itution1 algebraic z]o1 etc41 claim to possess objective validity4 ,yet none ( ^! pr(esses to ref] to a reality beyond ?\ght4 ,g5]aliz+ ?is po9t ( view1 validity or objectivity ( mean+ means simply t :i* is id5tical = all consci\sness 7,i1 #c72 x is q indiff]5t :e!r c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w ( ?\ght indicate some?+ :i* has beside an indep5d5t reality outside ( ?9k+ m9ds1 or :e!r all t x conta9s exi/s only 9 ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o ?9k x1 b ) equal validity = !m all 7,i1 #af74 ,s f> x seems cle> sail+4 ,difficulties1 h[ev]1 %[ !mselves ! mom5t we inquire :at is meant by a self-id5tical cont5t = all ?\ght4 ,is ?is to be tak5 9 a /atic or 9 a dynamic way8 ,t is to say3 ,does x express ! fact t a giv5 cont5t or mean+ is de facto pres5t$ to ! consci\sness ( all alike8 ,does ?is coequal pres5ce gu>antee an objectivity8 ,or does validity atta* to a giv5 mean+ or cont5t 9 ! s5se t x directs & controls ! fur!r ex]cise ( ?9k+1 & ?us ! =mation ( fur!r new objects ( k8 ,! =m] int]pretation is alone consi/5t ) ,lotze's notion t ! indep5d5t idea z su* is inve/$ ) a c]ta9 validity or objectivity4 ,x alone is consi/5t ) 8 ass]tion t concepts prec$e judgm5ts4 ,x alone1 t is to say1 is consi/5t ) ! notion t reflective ?9k+ has a sph]e ( ideas or mean+s suppli$ to x at ! outset4 ,b x is impossible to ent]ta9 ?is belief4 ,! /imulus :i*1 accord+ to ,lotze1 goads ?\ght on f ideas or concepts to judgm5ts & inf]5ces is 9 tru? simply ! lack ( validity1 ( objectivity 9 its orig9al indep5d5t mean+s or cont5ts4 ,a mean+ z indep5d5t is precisely t :i* is n inve/$ ) validity1 b :i* is a m]e idea1 a notion1 a fancy1 at be/ a surmise :i* may turn out to be valid 7& ( c\rse ?is indicates possible ref]5ce72 a /&po9t to h its value det]m9$ by its fur!r active use4 ,blue z a m]e deta*$ float+ mean+1 an idea at l>ge1 w\ld n ga9 9 validity simply by be+ ent]ta9$ cont9u\sly 9 a giv5 consci\sness1 or by be+ made at "o & ! same "t ! p]si/5t object ( att5tive reg>d by all human consci\snesses4 ,if ?is 7 all t 7 requir$1 ! *im]a1 ! c5taur1 or any o!r subjective con/ruction c\ld easily ga9 validity4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has made j ?is notion ! basis ( its philosophy4 ,! simple fact is t 9 su* illu/rations z blue1 fran*ise1 conjunction1 ,lotze in/9ctively takes cases :i* are n m]e indep5d5t & deta*$ mean+s1 b :i* involve ref]5ce to a region ( exp]i5ce1 to a region ( mutually det]m9+ social activities4 ,! conception t ref]5ce to a social activity does n involve ! same sort ( ref]5ce ( a mean+ beyond itself t is f\nd 9 physical matt]s1 & h5ce may be tak5 q innoc5t & free ( ! problem ( ref]5ce to exi/5ce beyond mean+1 is "o ( ! /range/ t has ev] f\nd lodgm5t 9 human ?9k+4 ,ei!r bo? physical & social ref]5ce or nei!r is logical2 if nei!r1 !n x is because ! mean+ functions1 z x orig9ates1 9 a specific situation :i* c>ries ) x its own te/s 7see p4 #if74 ,lotze's conception is made possible only by unconsci\sly sub/itut+ ! idea ( an object z a cont5t ( ?\ght = a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 7or a de facto some:at = e consci\sness71 = ! g5u9e def9ition ( object z a det]m9ant 9 a s*eme ( activity4 ,! =m] is consi/5t ) ,lotze's conception ( ?\ght1 b :olly indet]m9ate z to validity or int5t4 ,! latt] is ! te/ us$ exp]im5tally 9 all concrete ?9k+1 b involves a radical trans=mation ( all ,lotze's assumptions4 ,a giv5 idea ( ! conjunction ( ! fran*ise1 or ( blue1 is valid1 n because ev]ybody happ5s to ent]ta9 x1 b because x expresses ! factor ( control or direction 9 a giv5 movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,! te/ ( validity ( idea#db is its functional or in/rum5tal use 9 effect+ ! transition f a relatively conflict+ exp]i5ce to a relatively integrat$ "o4 ,if ,lotze's view 7 correct1 blue valid once w\ld be valid always--ev5 :5 r$ or gre5 7 actually call$ = to fulfil specific conditions4 ,?is is to say validity really ref]s to rightfulness or adequacy ( p]=mance 9 an ass]t+ ( connection--n to a mean+ z contemplat$ 9 deta*m5t4 ,if we ref] aga9 to ! fact t ! g5u9e antec$5t ( ?\ght is a situation :i* is disorganiz$ 9 its /ructural elem5ts1 we c easily und]/& h[ c]ta9 cont5ts may be deta*$ & held ap>t z mean+s or ref]5ces1 actual or possible4 ,we c und]/& h[ su* deta*$ cont5ts may be ( use 9 effect+ a review ( ! entire exp]i5ce1 & z af=d+ /&po9ts & me?ods ( a recon/ruction :i* w ma9ta9 ! integrity ( behavior4 ,we c und]/& h[ validity ( mean+ is measur$ by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* is n m]e mean+2 by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* lies beyond x z su*--viz41 ! recon/itution ( an exp]i5ce into :i* x ent]s z me?od ( control4 ,t p>adox ( ord9>y exp]i5ce & ( sci5tific inquiry by :i* objectivity is giv5 alike to matt] ( p]ception & to conceiv$ relations--to facts & to laws--af=ds no peculi> difficulty because ! te/ ( objectivity is ev]y:]e ! same3 any?+ is objective 9 s f> z1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( conflict1 x controls ! movem5t ( exp]i5ce 9 its recon/ructive transition4 ,!re is n fir/ an object1 :e!r ( s5se p]ception or ( conception1 :i* aft]w>d someh[ ex]cises ?is controll+ influ5ce2 b ! objective is any exi/5ce ex]cis+ ! function ( control4 ,x may only control ! act ( inquiry2 x may only set on foot d\bt1 b ?is is direction ( subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 &1 9 s f>1 is a tok5 ( objectivity4 ,x has to be reckon$ )4 ,s mu* = ! ?\ght-cont5t or mean+ z hav+ a validity ( its own4 ,x does n h x z isolat$ or giv5 or /atic2 x has x 9 its dynamic ref]5ce1 its use 9 det]m9+ fur!r movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mean+1 hav+ be5 select$ & made up ) ref]5ce to p]=m+ a c]ta9 (fice 9 ! evolution ( a unifi$ exp]i5ce1 c be te/$ 9 no o!r way ?an by discov]+ :e!r x does :at x 0 int5d$ to d & :at x purports to d4#dc #b4 ,lotze has to wre/le ) ?is "q ( validity 9 a fur!r respect3 ,:at con/itutes ! objectivity ( ?9k+ z a total attitude1 activity1 or function8 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 ! mean+s or valid ideas are aft] all only build+-/ones = logical ?\ght4 ,validity is ?us n a prop]ty ( !m 9 _! indep5d5t exi/5ces1 b ( _! mutual ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,?9k+ is ! process ( in/itut+ ^! mutual ref]5ces2 ( build+ up ! v>i\s scatt]$ & indep5d5t build+-/ones into ! coh]5t sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,:at is ! validity ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ?9k+ :i* f9d expression 9 ! v>i\s types ( judgm5t & 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( inf]5ce8 ,categorical1 hypo!tical1 disjunctive judgm5t2 inf]5ce by induction1 by analogy1 by ma!matical equation2 classification1 !ory ( explanation--all ^! are processes ( reflection by :i* connection 9 an organiz$ :ole is giv5 to ! fragm5t>y mean+s ) :i* ?\ght sets out4 ,:at %all we say ( ! validity ( su* processes8 ,on "o po9t ,lotze is q cle>4 ,^! v>i\s logical acts d n really ent] into ! con/itution ( ! valid _w4 ,! logical =ms z su* are ma9ta9$ only 9 ! process ( ?9k+4 ,! _w ( valid tru? does n und]go a s]ies ( contortions & evolutions1 p>allel+ 9 any way ! successive /eps & mis/eps1 ! succession ( t5tative trials1 )drawals1 & retrac+s1 :i* m>k ! c\rse ( our own ?9k+4#dd ,lotze is explicit ^u ! po9t t only ! ?\ght-cont5t 9 :i* ! process ( ?9k+ issues has objective validity2 ! act ( ?9k+ is purely & simply an inn] movem5t ( our own m9ds1 made necess>y to u by reason ( ! con/itution ( our nature & ( our place 9 ! _w 7,,ii1 #bgi74 ,"h ! problem ( validity pres5ts itself z ! problem ( ! relation ( ! act ( ?9k+ to its own product4 ,9 8 solution ,lotze uses two metaphors3 "o d]iv$ f build+ op]ations1 ! o!r f travel+4 ,! con/ruction ( a build+ requires ( necessity c]ta9 tools & extrane\s con/ructions1 /ag+s1 scaffold+s1 etc41 :i* are necess>y to effect ! f9al con/ruction1 b :i* d n ent] into ! build+ z su*4 ,! activity has an in/rum5tal1 ?\gh n a con/itutive1 value z reg>ds its product4 ,simil>ly1 9 ord] to get a view f ! top ( a m\nta9--?is view be+ ! objective--! travel] has to g ?r\gh prelim9>y movem5ts along devi\s c\rses4 ,^! aga9 are antec$5t pr]equisites1 b d n con/itute a portion ( ! atta9$ view4 ,! problem ( ?\ght z activity1 z di/9ct f ?\ght z cont5t1 op5s up altoge!r too l>ge a "q to receive complete consid]ation at ?is po9t4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! previ\s discussion enables u to n>r[ ! po9t :i* is 9 issue j "h4 ,! "q is :e!r ! activity ( ?\ght is to be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t function sup]v5+ entirely f )\t ^u antec$5ts1 & direct$ f )\t ^u data1 or :e!r x m>ks ! phase ( ! trans=mation :i* ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce 7:e!r practical1 or arti/ic1 or socially affectional or :atev]7 und]goes = ! sake ( its delib]ate control4 ,if x be ! latt]1 a ?or\ghly intellig5t s5se c be giv5 to ! proposition t ! activity ( ?9k+ is in/rum5tal1 & t its wor? is f\nd1 n 9 its own successive /ates z su*1 b 9 ! result 9 :i* x comes to conclusion4 ,b ! conception ( ?9k+ z an indep5d5t activity someh[ occurr+ aft] an indep5d5t antec$5t1 play+ ^u an indep5d5t subject-matt]1 & f9ally effect+ an indep5d5t result1 pres5ts u ) j "o miracle ! m4 ,i d n "q ! /rictly in/rum5tal "* ( ?9k+4 ,! problem lies n "h1 b 9 ! int]pretation ( ! nature ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! difficulty ) ,lotze's position is t x =ces u into ! assumption ( a means & an end :i* are simply & only ext]nal to ea* o!r1 & yet necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r--a position :i*1 :5ev] f\nd1 is ?or\ghly self-contradictory4 ,lotze vibrates betwe5 ! notion ( ?\ght z a tool 9 ! ext]nal s5se1 a m]e scaffold+ to a f9i%$ build+ 9 :i* x has no "p nor lot1 & ! notion ( ?\ght z an imman5t tool1 z a scaffold+ :i* is an integral "p ( ! v op]ation ( build+1 & :i* is set up = ! sake ( ! build+-activity :i* is c>ri$ on effectively only ) & ?r\gh a scaffold+4 ,only 9 ! =m] case c ! scaffold+ be consid]$ z a m]e tool4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ext]nal scaffold+ is n ! in/rum5tality2 ! actual tool is ! action ( erect+ ! build+1 & ?is action involves ! scaffold+ z a con/itu5t "p ( itself4 ,! "w ( build+ is n set ov] aga9/ ! complet$ build+ z m]e means to an end2 x is ! end tak5 9 process or hi/orically1 longitud9ally1 temporally view$4 ,! scaffold+1 moreov]1 is n an ext]nal means to ! process ( erect+1 b an organic memb] ( x4 ,x is no m]e accid5t ( language t build+ has a d\ble s5se--mean+ at once ! process & ! f9i%$ product4 ,! outcome ( ?\ght is ! ?9k+ activity c>ri$ on to its own completion2 ! activity1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! outcome tak5 any:]e %ort ( its own realization1 & !reby /ill go+ on4 ,! only consid]ation :i* prev5ts easy & imm$iate acceptance ( ?is view is ! notion ( ?9k+ z some?+ purely =mal4 ,x is /range t ! empirici/ does n see t 8 insi/5ce ^u a matt] accid5tally giv5 to ?\ght only /r5g!ns ! h&s ( ! rationali/ ) 8 claim ( ?9k+ z an indep5d5t activity1 sep>ate f ! actual make-up ( ! affairs ( exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ z a m]ely =mal activity ex]cis$ ^u c]ta9 s5sations or images or objects sets =? an absolutely mean+less proposition4 ,! psy*ological id5tification ( ?9k+ ) ! process ( association is mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,x is1 inde$1 on ! way to ! tru?4 ,we ne$ only to recognize t association is ( matt]s or mean+s1 n ( ideas z exi/5ces or ev5ts2 & t ! type ( association we call ?9k+ diff]s f casual fancy & rev]y by control 9 ref]5ce to an end1 to appreh5d h[ completely ?9k+ is a recon/ructive movem5t ( actual cont5ts ( exp]i5ce 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,!re is no miracle 9 ! fact t tool & mat]ial are adapt$ to ea* o!r 9 ! process ( rea*+ a valid conclusion4 ,7 !y ext]nal 9 orig9 to ea* o!r & to ! result1 ! :ole affair w\ld1 inde$1 pres5t an insoluble problem--s insoluble t1 if ?is 7 ! true condition ( affairs1 we nev] %\ld ev5 "k t !re 0 a problem4 ,b1 9 tru?1 bo? mat]ial & tool h be5 secur$ & det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to economy & effici5cy 9 effect+ ! end desir$--! ma9t5ance ( a h>moni\s exp]i5ce4 ,! build] has discov]$ t 8 build+ means build+ tools1 & also build+ mat]ial4 ,ea* has be5 sl[ly evolv$ ) ref]5ce to its fit employ 9 ! entire function2 & ?is evolution has be5 *eck$ at e po9t by ref]5ce to its own correspond5t4 ,! c>p5t] has n ?\ght at l>ge on 8 build+ & !n con/ruct$ tools at l>ge1 b has ?\ght ( 8 build+ 9 t]ms ( ! mat]ial :i* ent]s into x1 & ?r\gh t m$ium has come to ! consid]ation ( ! tools :i* are helpful4 ,?is is n a =mal "q1 b "o ( ! place & relations ( ! matt]s actually ent]+ into exp]i5ce4 ,& !y 9 turn det]m9e ! tak+ up ( j ^? m5tal attitudes1 & ! employ+ ( j ^? intellectual op]ations :i* mo/ effectively h&le & organize ! mat]ial4 ,?9k+ is adaptation to an end ?r\gh ! adju/m5t ( p>ticul> objective cont5ts4 ,! ?9k]1 l ! c>p5t]1 is at once /imulat$ & *eck$ 9 e /age ( 8 proc$ure by ! p>ticul> situation :i* confronts him4 ,a p]son is at ! /age ( want+ a new h\se3 well1 !n1 8 mat]ials are available res\rces1 ! price ( labor1 ! co/ ( build+1 ! /ate & ne$s ( 8 family1 pr(ession1 etc42 8 tools are pap] & p5cil & compass1 or possibly ! bank z a cr$it in/rum5tality1 etc4 ,aga91 ! "w is beg9n+4 ,! f\ndations are laid4 ,?is 9 turn det]m9es its own specific mat]ials & tools4 ,aga91 ! build+ is almo/ ready = occupancy4 ,! concrete process is t ( tak+ away ! scaffold+1 cle>+ up ! gr\nds1 furni%+ & decorat+ rooms1 etc4 ,?is specific op]ation aga9 det]m9es its own fit or relevant mat]ials & tools4 ,x def9es ! "t & mode & mann] ( beg9n+ & ceas+ to use !m4 ,logical !ory w get along z well z does ! practice ( kn[+ :5 x /icks close by & obs]ves ! directions & *ecks inh]5t 9 ea* successive phase ( ! evolution ( ! cycle ( exp]i5ce4 ,! problem 9 g5]al ( validity ( ! ?9k+ process z di/9ct f ! validity ( ?is or t process arises only :5 ?9k+ is isolat$ f its hi/oric position & its mat]ial context 7see ante1 p4 #ie74 #c4 ,b ,lotze is n yet done ) ! problem ( validity1 ev5 f 8 own /&po9t4 ,! gr\nd %ifts aga9 "u 8 feet4 ,x is no long] a "q ( ! validity ( ! idea or mean+ ) :i* ?\ght is suppos$ to set out2 x is no long] a "q ( ! validity ( ! process ( ?9k+ 9 ref]5ce to its own product2 x is ! "q ( ! validity ( ! product4 ,suppos+1 aft] all1 t ! f9al mean+1 or logical idea1 is ?or\ghly coh]5t & organiz$2 suppos+ x is an object = all consci\sness z su*4 ,once m arises ! "q3 ,:at is ! validity ( ev5 ! mo/ coh]5t & complete idea8--a "q :i* arises & w n d[n4 ,we may recon/ruct ! notion ( ! *im]a until x ceases to be an indep5d5t idea & becomes a "p ( ! sy/em ( ,greek my?ology4 ,has x ga9$ 9 validity 9 ceas+ to be an indep5d5t my?1 9 becom+ an elem5t 9 sy/ematiz$ my?8 ,my? x 0 & my? x rema9s4 ,my?ology does n get validity by gr[+ bigg]4 ,h[ d we "k ! same is n ! case ) ! ideas :i* are ! product ( our mo/ delib]ate & ext5d$ sci5tific inquiry8 ,! ref]5ce aga9 to ! cont5t z ! self-id5tical object ( all consci\sness proves no?+2 ! subject-matt] ( a halluc9ation does n ga9 validity 9 proportion to its social contagi\sness4 ,accord+ to ,lotze1 ! f9al product is1 aft] all1 /ill ?\ght4 ,n[1 ,lotze is committ$ once = all to ! notion t ?\ght1 9 any =m1 is direct$ by & at an outside reality4 ,! gho/ haunts him to ! la/4 ,h[1 aft] all1 does ev5 ! ideally p]fect valid ?\ght apply or ref] to reality8 ,its g5u9e subject is /ill beyond itself4 ,at ! la/ ,lotze c dispose ( ?is "q only by reg>d+ x z a metaphysical1 n a logical1 problem 7,,ii1 #bha1 #bhb74 ,9 o!r words1 logically speak+1 we are at ! end j exactly :]e we 7 at ! beg9n+--9 ! sph]e ( ideas1 & ( ideas only1 plus a consci\sness ( ! necessity ( ref]r+ ^! ideas to a reality :i* is beyond !m1 :i* is utt]ly inaccessible to !m1 :i* is out ( rea* ( any influ5ce :i* !y may ex]cise1 & :i* transc5ds any possible comp>ison ) _! results4 ,x is va91 says ,lotze1 to %r9k f ackn[l$g+ ! circle "h involv$ 444 all we "k ( ! ext]nal _w dep5ds ^u ! ideas ( x :i* are )9 u 7,,ii1 #ahe74 ,x is !n ?is v>i$ _w ( ideas )9 u :i* =ms ! sole mat]ial directly giv5 to u 7,,ii1 #ahf74 ,z x is ! only mat]ial giv5 to u1 s x is ! only mat]ial ) :i* ?\ght c end4 ,to talk ab\t kn[+ ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh ideas :i* are m]ely )9 u is to talk ( an inh]5t self-contradiction4 ,!re is no common gr\nd 9 :i* ! ext]nal _w & our ideas c meet4 ,9 o!r words1 ! orig9al sep>ation betwe5 an indep5d5t ?\ght-mat]ial & an indep5d5t ?\ght-function & purpose l&s u inevitably 9 ! metaphysics ( subjective idealism1 plus a belief 9 an unkn[n reality beyond1 :i* al?\gh unkn[able is yet tak5 z ! ultimate te/ ( ! value ( our ideas4 ,at ! end1 aft] all our maneuv]+ we are :]e we began3 ) two sep>ate disp>ates1 "o ( mean+1 b no exi/5ce1 ! o!r ( exi/5ce1 b no mean+4 ,! o!r aspect ( ,lotze's contradiction :i* completes ! circle is cle> :5 we ref] to 8 orig9al propositions1 & recall t at ! outset he 0 compell$ to reg>d ! orig9ation & conjunctions ( ! impressions1 ! elem5ts ( ideas1 z !mselves ! effects ex]cis$ by a _w ( ?+s already 9 exi/5ce 7see p4 #ca74 ,he sets up an indep5d5t _w ( ?\ght1 & yet has to confess t bo? at its orig9 & at its t]m9ation x po9ts ) absolute necessity to a _w beyond itself4 ,only ! /ubborn refusal to take ?is initial & t]m9al ref]5ce ( ?\ght beyond itself z hav+ a hi/oric or temporal mean+1 indicat+ a p>ticul> place ( g5]ation & a p>ticul> po9t ( fulfilm5t1 compels ,lotze to give su* objective ref]5ces a transc5d5tal turn4 ,:5 ,lotze goes on to say 7,,ii1 #aia7 t ! measure ( tru? ( p>ticul> p>ts ( exp]i5ce is f\nd 9 ask+ :e!r1 :5 judg$ by ?\ght1 !y are 9 h>mony ) o!r p>ts ( exp]i5ce2 :5 he goes on to say t !re is no s5se 9 try+ to comp>e ! entire _w ( ideas ) a reality :i* is non-exi/5t 7except+ z x itself %\ld become an idea71 he l&s :]e he might bett] h frankly comm5c$4#de ,he saves himself f utt] skepticism only by claim+ t ! explicit assumption ( skepticism--! ne$ ( agreem5t ( a ready-made idea z su* ) an extrane\s ready-made mat]ial z su*--is mean+less4 ,he def9es correctly ! "w ( ?\ght z consi/+ 9 h>moniz+ ! v>i\s portions ( exp]i5ce ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is case ! te/ ( ?\ght is ! h>mony or unity ( exp]i5ce actually effect$4 ,! te/ ( validity ( ?\ght is beyond ?\ght1 j z at ! o!r limit ?\ght orig9ates out ( a situation :i* is n dep5d5t ^u ?\ght4 ,int]pret ?is be=e & beyond 9 a hi/oric s5se1 z an affair ( ! place occupi$ & rle play$ by ?9k+ z a function 9 exp]i5ce 9 relation to o!r non-intellectual exp]i5ces ( ?+s1 & !n ! int]m$iate & in/rum5tal "* ( ?\ght1 its dep5d5ce ^u unreflective antec$5ts = its exi/5ce1 & ^u a consequ5t exp]i5ce = its f9al te/1 becomes significant & necess>y4 ,tak5 at l>ge1 ap>t f temporal developm5t & control1 x plunges u 9 ! dep?s ( a hopelessly complicat$ & self-revolv+ metaphysic4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 *ap4 iii1 ,?\ght & ! ,prelim9>y ,process ( ,exp]i5ce4 #cd ,i1 #ch4 #ce ,i1 #ac2 la/ italics m9e4 #cf ,i1 #ad2 italics m9e4 #cg ,see ,i1 #af-bj4 ,on p4 #bb ?is "w is decl>$ to be n only ! fir/ b ! mo/ indisp5sable ( all ?\ght's op]ations4 #ch ,i1 #bf4 #ci ,i1 #ce4 #dj ,i1 #cf2 see ! /rong /atem5ts already quot$1 p4 #aab4 ,:at if ?is canon 7 appli$ 9 ! fir/ act ( ?\ght ref]r$ to above3 ! orig9al objectification :i* trans=ms ! m]e /ate into an abid+ quality or mean+8 ,suppose1 t is1 x 7 said t ! fir/ objectify+ act _c make a sub/antial 7or atta*$7 quale out ( a m]e /ate ( feel+2 x mu/ f9d ! di/9ction x makes !re already6 ,x is cle> we %\ld at once get a regressus ad inf9itum4 ,we "h f9d ,lotze face to face ) ?is fundam5tal dilemma3 ?\ght ei!r arbitr>ily =ces 9 its own di/9ctions1 or else j repeats :at is already !re--is ei!r falsify+ or futile4 ,?is same contradiction1 s f> z x affects ! impression1 has already be5 discuss$4 ,see p4 #aad4 #da ,i1 #ca4 #db ,z we h already se51 ! concept1 ! mean+ z su*1 is always a factor or /atus 9 a reflective situation2 x is always a pr$icate ( judgm5t1 9 use 9 int]pret+ & develop+ ! logical subject1 or datum ( p]ception4 #dc ,royce1 9 8 ,_w & ,individual1 ,i1 *aps4 vi & vii1 has criticiz$ ! conception ( mean+ z valid1 b 9 a way :i* implies t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 validity & reality1 9 ! s5se t ! mean+ or cont5t ( ! valid idea becomes real only :5 x is exp]i5c$ 9 direct feel+4 ,! =ego+ implies1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5ce betwe5 validity & reality1 b f9ds ! te/ ( validity 9 ex]cise ( ! function ( direction or control to :i* ! idea makes pret5sion or claim4 ,! same po9t ( view w\ld pr(\ndly modify ,royce's int]pretation ( :at he t]ms inn] & out] mean+4 ,see ,moore1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,dec5nial ,publications1 ,,iii1 on ,exi/5ce1 ,mean+1 & ,reality4 #dd ,,ii1 #beg1 #bfe1 & 9 g5]al ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 iv4 ,x is significant t ?\ght itself1 appe>+ z an act ( ?9k+ ov] aga9/ its own cont5t1 is "h treat$ z psy*ical r ?an z logical4 ,consequ5tly1 z we see 9 ! text1 x gives him "o m difficulty to wre/le )3 h[ a process :i* is ex (ficio purely psy*ical & subjective c yet yield results :i* are valid 9 a logical1 to say no?+ ( an ontological1 s5se4 #de ,lotze ev5 goes s f> 9 ?is connection z to say t ! anti!sis betwe5 our ideas & ! objects to :i* !y are direct$ is itself a "p ( ! _w ( ideas 7,,ii1 #aib74 ,b>r+ ! phrase _w ( ideas 7z aga9/ _w ( cont9u\s exp]i5ce71 he ne$ only h comm5c$ at ?is po9t to h travel$ /raight & arriv$ some:]e4 ,b x is absolutely impossible to hold bo? ?is view & t ( ! orig9al indep5d5t exi/5ce ( some?+ giv5 to & 9 ?\ght & an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( a ?\ght-activity1 ?\ght-=ms1 & ?\ght-cont5ts4 ,,vi ,,"s ,,/ages ,,( ,,logical ,,?\ght ,! man 9 ! /reet1 :5 ask$ :at he ?9ks ab\t a c]ta9 matt]1 (t5 replies t he does n ?9k at all2 he kn[s4 ,! sugge/ion is t ?9k+ is a case ( active unc]ta9ty set ov] aga9/ conviction or unque/ion+ assurance4 ,:5 he adds t he does n h to ?9k1 b kn[s1 ! fur!r implication is t ?9k+1 :5 ne$$1 leads to k2 t its purpose or object is to secure /able equilibrium4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is pap] to %[ "s ( ! ma9 /ages ?r\gh :i* ?9k+1 und]/ood 9 ?is way1 actually passes 9 its attempt to rea* its mo/ effective work+2 t is1 ! maximum ( reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,i wi% to %[ h[ a v>iety ( modes ( ?9k+1 easily recognizable 9 ! progress ( bo? ! race & ! individual1 may be id5tifi$ & arrang$ z successive species ( ! relation%ip :i* d\bt+ be>s to assurance2 z v>i\s ratios1 s to speak1 :i* ! vigor ( d\bt+ be>s to m]e acquiesc5ce4 ,! presumption is t ! function ( que/ion+ is "o :i* has cont9ually gr[n 9 int5sity & range1 t d\bt is cont9ually *as$ back1 &1 be+ corn]$1 fights m desp]ately1 & ?us cle>s ! gr\nd m ?or\ghly4 ,its successive /ations or arre/s con/itute /ages ( ?9k+4 ,or to *ange ! metaphor1 j 9 ! degree t :at has be5 accept$ z fact--! object ( assurance--loses /able equilibrium1 ! t5sion involv$ 9 ! que/ion+ attitude increases1 until a readju/m5t gives a new & less easily %ak5 equilibrium4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( man is n to press home a d\bt1 b to cut inquiry z %ort z possible4 ,! practical man's impati5ce ) !ory has become a prov]b2 x expresses j ! feel+ t1 s9ce ! ?9k+ process is ( use only 9 sub/itut+ c]ta9ty = d\bt1 any app>5t prolongation ( x is useless speculation1 wa/+ "t & div]t+ ! m9d f important issues4 ,to foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is to cut %ort ! /ay 9 ! sph]e ( d\bts & sugge/ions1 & to make ! spe$ie/ return into ! _w :]e "o c act4 ,! result1 ( c\rse1 is t difficulties are evad$ or surm\nt$ r ?an really dispos$ (4 ,h5ce1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! w\ld-be practical man1 ! ne$s ( practice1 ( economy1 & ( effici5cy h !mselves compell$ a cont9ual deep5+ ( d\bt & wid5+ ( ! area ( inve/igation4 ,x is )9 ?is evolution t we h to f9d our /ages ( ?9k+4 ,! initial /age is :]e ! d\bt is h>dly endur$ b n ent]ta9$2 x is no welcome gue/ b an intrud]1 to be got rid ( z spe$ily z possible4 ,developm5t ( alt]native & competitive sugge/ions1 ! =m+ ( suppositions 7( ideas71 goes b a little way4 ,! m9d seizes ^u ! ne>e/ or mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t ( dismiss+ d\bt & reatta9+ security4 ,at ! o!r end is ! def9itive & consci\s se>* = problems1 & ! developm5t ( elaborate & sy/ematiz$ me?ods ( inve/igation--! indu/ry & te*nique ( sci5ce4 ,betwe5 ^! limits come processes :i* h />t$ out ^u ! pa? ( d\bt & inquiry1 & !n halt$ by ! way4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( ! j\rney1 beliefs are treat$ z some?+ fix$ & /atic4 ,to ^? :o are us+ !m !y are simply ano!r k9d ( fact4 ,!y are us$ to settle d\bts1 b ! d\bts are treat$ z aris+ q outside ! ideas !mselves4 ,no?+ is fur!r f recognition ?an t ideas !mselves are op5 to d\bt1 or ne$ criticism & revision4 ,inde$1 ! "o :o uses /atic mean+s is n ev5 aw>e t !y orig9at$ & h be5 elaborat$ = ! sake ( deal+ ) conflicts & problems4 ,! ideas are j !re1 & !y may be us$ l any provid5tial disp5sation to help m5 out ( ! tr\bles into :i* !y h fall54 ,words are g5]ally held responsible = ?is fixation ( ! idea1 = ?is sub/antiation ( x into a k9d ( ?+4 ,a long l9e ( critics has made u famili> ) ! inv9cible habit ( suppos+ t :]ev] !re is a "n !re is "s reality correspond+ to x2 ( suppos+ t g5]al & ab/ract words h _! equival5t objects some:]e 9 r]um natura1 z h also s+ul> & prop] names4 ,we "k ) :at simplicity ( self-confid5ce ! ,engli% empirical s*ool has acc\nt$ = ! ontological speculation ( ,plato4 ,words t5d to fix intellectual cont5ts1 & give !m a c]ta9 air ( indep5d5ce & individuality4 ,t "s tru? is "h express$ !re c be no "q4 ,inde$1 ! attitude ( m9d ( :i* we are speak+ is well illu/rat$ 9 ! p]son :o goes to ! diction>y 9 ord] to settle "s problem 9 morals1 politics1 or sci5ce2 :o w\ld end "s discussion reg>d+ a mat]ial po9t by le>n+ :at mean+ is atta*$ to t]ms by ! diction>y z au?ority4 ,! "q is tak5 z ly+ outside ( ! sph]e ( sci5ce or intellectual inquiry1 s9ce ! mean+ ( ! ^w--! idea--is unque/ionable & fix$4 ,b ?is petrify+ influ5ce ( words is aft] all only a sup]ficial explanation4 ,!re mu/ be "s mean+ pres5t or ! ^w c\ld n fix x2 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* acc\nts = ! disposition to use names z a m$ium ( fossilization4 ,!re is1 9 tru?1 a c]ta9 real fact--an exi/5t reality--beh9d bo? ! ^w & ! mean+ x /&s =4 ,?is reality is social usage4 ,! p]son :o consults a diction>y is gett+ an e/abli%$ fact :5 he turns !re = ! def9ition ( a t]m4 ,he f9ds ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is curr5tly us$4 ,social cu/oms are no less real ?an physical ev5ts4 ,x is n possible to dispose ( ?is fact ( common usage by ref]5ce to m]e conv5tion1 or any o!r arbitr>y device4 ,a =m ( social usage is no m an express inv5tion ?an any o!r social in/itution4 ,x embodies ! p]man5t attitude1 ! habit tak5 t[>d c]ta9 recurr+ difficulties or problems 9 exp]i5ce4 ,ideas1 or mean+s fix$ 9 t]ms1 %[ ! s*eme ( values :i* ! community uses 9 apprais+ matt]s t ne$ consid]ation & :i* are indet]m9ate or unassur$4 ,!y are held up z /&>ds = all its memb]s to foll[4 ,"h is ! solution ( ! p>adox4 ,! fix$ or /atic idea is a fact express+ an e/abli%$ social attitude1 a cu/om4 ,x is n m]ely v]bal1 because x d5otes a =ce :i* op]ates1 z all cu/oms d1 9 controll+ p>ticul> cases4 ,b s9ce x m>ks a mode ( int]pretation1 a s*eme = assign+ values1 a way ( deal+ ) d\btful cases1 x falls )9 ! sph]e ( ideas4 ,or1 com+ to ! life ( ! individual1 ! fix$ mean+ repres5ts1 n a /ate ( consci\sness fix$ by a "n1 b a recognition ( a habitual way ( belief3 a habit ( und]/&+4 ,we f9d an apt illu/ration ( fix$ ideas 9 ! rules preval5t 9 primitive communities1 rules :i* m9utely det]m9e all acts 9 :i* ! community z a :ole is felt to h an int]e/4 ,^! rules are facts because !y express cu/oms1 & c>ry ) !m c]ta9 sanctions4 ,_! mean+ does n cease ) judicial utt]ance4 ,!y are made valid at once 9 a practical way aga9/ anyone :o dep>ts f !m4 ,yet z rules !y are ideas1 = !y express g5]al ways ( def9+ d\btful matt]s 9 exp]i5ce & ( re-e/abli%+ c]ta9ty4 ,an individual may fail 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( !m & explicit ref]5ce is !n necess>y4 ,= "o :o has lo/ himself 9 ! notion t ideas are psy*ical & subjective1 ,i "k ( no bett] way to appreciate ! significance ( an idea ?an to consid] t a social rule ( judgm5t is no?+ b a c]ta9 way ( view+ or int]pret+ facts2 z su* x is an idea4 ,! po9t t is ( special int]e/ to u "h1 h[ev]1 is t ^! ideas are tak5 z fix$ & unque/ionable1 & t ! cases to :i* !y are to apply are reg>d$ z 9 !mselves equally fix$4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! attitude ( ^? :o employ ?is sort ( ideas1 ! d\bt is simply z to :at idea %\ld be 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,ev5 ! ,a!nian ,greeks1 = in/ance1 long kept up ! =m ( indict+ & try+ a tree or implem5t ?r\gh :i* "s individual _h be5 kill$4 ,!re 0 a rule--a fix$ idea--= deal+ ) all :o (f5d$ aga9/ ! community by de/roy+ "o ( its citiz5s4 ,! fact t an inanimate object1 a ?+ )\t int5tion or volition1 (f5d$ 0 n a mat]ial circum/ance4 ,x made no diff]5ce 9 ! case2 t is1 !re 0 no d\bt z to ! nature ( ! fact4 ,x 0 z fix$ z 0 ! rule4 ,) advance 9 ! complexity ( life1 h[ev]1 rules accumulate1 & discrim9ation--t is1 a c]ta9 degree ( inquir+ & critical attitude--ent]s 94 ,inquiry takes effect1 h[ev]1 9 seek+ among a collection ( fix$ ideas j ! "o to be us$1 r ?an 9 direct+ suspicion aga9/ any rule or idea z su*1 or 9 an attempt to discov] or con/itute a new "o4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to ref] to ! developm5t ( casui/ry1 or to ! multiplication ( di/9ctions )9 dogmas1 or to ! gr[? ( c]emonial law 9 cumbr\s detail1 to indicate :at ! outcome ( ?is logical /age is likely to be4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t d\bt & inquiry are direct$ nei!r at ! nature ( ! intr9sic fact itself1 nor at ! value ( ! idea z su*1 b simply at ! mann] 9 :i* "o is atta*$ to ! o!r4 ,?9k+ falls outside bo? fact & idea1 & into ! sph]e ( _! ext]nal connection4 ,x is /ill a fiction ( judicial proc$ure t !re is already 9 exi/5ce "s cu/om or law "u :i* e possible dispute--t is1 e d\btful or unassur$ case--falls1 & t ! judge only decl>es :i* law is applicable 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,?is po9t ( view has trem5d\sly affect$ ! !ory ( logic 9 its hi/oric developm5t4 ,"o ( ! *ief1 p]haps ! mo/ important1 in/rum5talities 9 develop+ & ma9ta9+ fix$ ideas is ! ne$ ( in/ruction & ! way 9 :i* x is giv54 ,if ideas 7 call$ into play only :5 d\btful cases actually arise1 !y c\ld n help reta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( vitality & flexibility2 b ! community always in/ructs its new memb]s z to its way ( dispos+ ( ^! cases be=e !y pres5t !mselves4 ,ideas are pr(f]$1 9 o!r words1 sep>at$ f pres5t d\bt & remote f application1 9 ord] to escape future difficulties & ! ne$ ( any ?9k+4 ,9 primitive communities ?is is ! ma9 purport ( in/ruction1 & x rema9s su* to a v consid]able degree4 ,!re is a prejudgm5t r ?an judgm5t prop]4 ,:5 ! community uses its res\rces to fix c]ta9 ideas 9 ! m9d--t is1 c]ta9 ways ( int]pret+ & reg>d+ exp]i5ce--ideas are necess>ily =mulat$ s z to assume a rigid & indep5d5t =m4 ,!y are d\bly remov$ f ! sph]e ( d\bt4 ,! attitude is uncritical & dogmatic 9 ! extreme--s mu* s t "o might "q :e!r x is to be prop]ly designat$ z a /age ( ?9k+4 ,9 ?is =m ideas become ! *ief in/rum5ts ( social cons]vation4 ,judicial decision & p5al correction are re/rict$ & ineffective me?ods ( ma9ta9+ social in/itutions un*ang$1 comp>$ ) in/ill+ 9 advance uni=m ideas--fix$ modes ( apprais+ all social que/ions & issues4 ,^! set ideas ?us become ! embodim5t ( ! values :i* any gr\p has realiz$ & int5ds to p]petuate4 ,! fixation supports !m aga9/ dissipation ?r\gh attrition ( circum/ance1 & aga9/ de/ruction ?r\gh ho/ile attack4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to foll[ out ! ways 9 :i* su* values are put "u ! protection ( ! gods & ( religi\s rites1 or !mselves erect$ into quasi-div9ities--z among ! ,romans4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld h>dly add any?+ to ! logic ( ! discussion1 al?\gh x w\ld indicate ! importance atta*$ to ! fixation ( ideas1 & ! ?or\ghgo+ "* ( ! means us$ to secure immobilization4 ,! cons]v+ value ( ! dogmatic attitude1 ! po9t ( view :i* takes ideas z fix$1 is n to be ignor$4 ,:5 society has no me?ods ( sci5ce = protect+ & p]petuat+ its a*iev$ values1 !re is practically no o!r resort ?an su* cry/allization4 ,moreov]1 ) any possible sci5tific progress1 "s equival5t ( ! fix$ idea mu/ rema94 ,! ne>] we get to ! ne$s ( action ! great] absolut5ess mu/ atta* to ideas4 ,! necessities ( action d n await our conv5i5ce4 ,em]g5cies cont9ually pres5t !mselves :]e ! fixity requir$ = successful activity _c be atta9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( inve/igation4 ,! alt]native to vacillation1 confusion1 & futility ( action is importation to ideas ( a positive & secur$ "*1 n 9 /rict logic belong+ to !m4 ,x is ?is sort ( det]m9ation t ,hegel seems to h 9 m9d 9 :at he t]ms ,v]/&--! und]/&+4 ,ap>t f ,v]/&1 he says1 !re is no fixity or accuracy 9 ! region ei!r ( !ory or practice2 &1 aga91 ,v]/& /icks to fixity ( *>act]s & _! di/9ctions f "o ano!r2 x treats e mean+ z hav+ a subsi/5ce ( its own4 ,9 te*nical t]m9ology1 also1 ?is is :at is meant by posit+ ideas--h>d5+ mean+s4 ,9 recogniz+1 h[ev]1 t fixation ( intellectual cont5t is a precondition ( effective action1 we mu/ n ov]look ! modification t comes ) ! advance ( ?9k+ into m critical =ms4 ,at ! outset fixity is tak5 z ! rightful possession ( ! ideas !mselves2 x belongs to !m & is _! ess5ce4 ,z ! sci5tific _s develops1 we see t x is we :o l5d fixity to ! ideas1 & t ?is loan is = a purpose to :i* ! mean+ ( ! ideas is accommodat$4 ,fixity ceases to be a matt] ( intr9sic /ructure ( ideas1 & becomes an affair ( security 9 us+ !m4 ,h5ce ! important ?+ is ! way 9 :i* we fix ! idea--! mann] ( ! inquiry :i* results 9 def9ition4 ,we take ! idea z if x 7 fix$1 9 ord] to secure ! necess>y /ability ( action4 ,! crisis pa/1 ! idea drops its borr[$ inve/iture1 & reappe>s z surmise4 ,:5 we sub/itute = ideas z uni=m rules by :i* to decide d\btful cases t mak+ ov] ( ideas :i* is requisite to make !m fit1 ! quality ( ?\ght alt]s4 ,we may fairly say t we h come into ano!r /age4 ,! idea is n[ reg>d$ z ess5tially subject to *ange1 z a manufactur$ article ne$+ to be made ready = use4 ,to det]m9e ! conditions ( ?is transition lies beyond my purpose1 s9ce ,i h 9 m9d only a descriptive sett+ =? ( ! p]iods ?r\gh :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?\ght has pass$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! inquiry function1 )\t rais+ ! problem ( its :y & h[4 ,at ?is po9t we %all n d m ?an note t1 z ! s*$ul$ /ock ( fix$ ideas gr[s l>g]1 _! application to specific que/ions becomes m difficult1 prolong$1 & r\ndab\t4 ,!re has to be a def9ite hunt+ = ! specific idea :i* is appropriate2 !re has to be comp>ison ( x ) o!r ideas4 ,?is comes to involve a c]ta9 am\nt ( mutual compromise & modification be=e selection is possible4 ,! idea ?us gets some:at %ak54 ,x has to be made ov] s t x may h>monize ) o!r ideas possess+ equal wor?4 ,(t5 ! v accumulation ( fix$ ideas comm&s ?is recon/ruction4 ,! dead weight ( ! mat]ial becomes s great t x _c su/a9 itself )\t a readju/m5t ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,simplification & sy/ematization are requir$1 & ^! call = reflection4 ,critical cases come up 9 :i* ! fiction ( an idea or rule already 9 exi/5ce _c be ma9ta9$4 ,x is impossible to conceal t old ideas h to be radically modifi$ be=e ! situation c be dealt )4 ,! friction ( circum/ance melts away _! congeal$ fixity4 ,judgm5t becomes legislative4 ,seek+ illu/rations at l>ge1 we f9d ?is *ange typifi$ 9 ,hebrew hi/ory 9 ! gr[+ importance ( ! prophet ov] ! judge1 9 ! transition f a ju/ification ( conduct ?r\gh br++ p>ticul> cases into con=mity ) exi/5t laws1 into t effect$ by p]sonal "r-m9d$ness enabl+ ! individual to see ! law 9 ea* case = himself4 ,pr(\ndly z ?is *ang$ conception ( ! relation betwe5 law & p>ticul> case affect$ moral life1 x did n1 among ,semites1 directly influ5ce ! logical sph]e4 ,) ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 we f9d a cont9u\s & m>k$ dep>ture f positive decl>ation ( cu/om4 ,we h assemblies meet+ to discuss & dispute1 & f9ally1 ^u ! basis ( ! consid]ations ?us br\ght to view1 to decide4 ,! man ( c\nsel is set side by side ) ! man ( de$4 ,odysseus 0 mu* exp]i5c$1 n only because he knew ! cu/oms & ways ( old1 b ev5 m because f ! ri*ness ( 8 exp]i5ce he c\ld make ! pregnant sugge/ion to meet ! new crisis4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t x 0 ! emphasis put by ! ,greek m9d ^u discussion--at fir/ z prelim9>y to decision1 & aft]w>d to legislation--:i* g5]at$ logical !ory4 ,discussion is ?us an apt "n = ?is attitude ( ?\ght4 ,x is br++ v>i\s beliefs toge!r2 %ak+ "o aga9/ ano!r & te>+ d[n _! rigidity4 ,x is conv]sation ( ?\ghts2 x is dialogue--! "m ( dialectic 9 m ?an ! etymological s5se4 ,no process is m recurr5t 9 hi/ory ?an ! transf] ( op]ations c>ri$ on betwe5 diff]5t p]sons into ! ar5a ( ! individual's own consci\sness4 ,! discussion :i* at fir/ took place by br++ ideas f diff]5t p]sons into contact1 by introduc+ !m into ! =um ( competition1 & by subject+ !m to critical comp>ison & selective decision1 f9ally became a habit ( ! individual ) himself4 ,he became a m9iature social assemblage1 9 :i* pros & cons 7 br\ght into play /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y--= f9al conclusion4 ,9 "s su* way we conceive reflection to be born4 ,x is evid5t t discussion1 ! agitation ( ideas1 if judg$ f ! /&po9t ( ! old] fix$ ideas1 is a de/ructive process4 ,ideas are n only %ak5 toge!r & ap>t1 !y are s %ak5 9 !mselves t _! :ole validity becomes d\btful4 ,m9d1 & n m]ely beliefs1 becomes unc]ta94 ,! attempt to h>monize diff]5t ideas means t 9 !mselves !y are discrepant4 ,! se>* = a conclusion means t accept$ ideas are only po9ts ( view1 & h5ce p]sonal affairs4 ,ne$less to say x 0 ! ,sophi/s :o emphasiz$ & g5]aliz$ ?is negative aspect--?is presupposition ( loss ( assurance1 ( inconsi/5cy1 ( subjectivity4 ,!y took x z apply+ n only to ?is1 t1 & ! o!r idea1 b to ideas z ideas4 ,s9ce ideas are no long] fix$ cont5ts1 !y are j expressions ( an individual's way ( ?9k+4 ,lack+ inh]5t value1 !y m]ely express ! int]e/s t induce ! individual to look ?is way r ?an t4 ,!y are made by ! individual's po9t ( view1 & h5ce w be unmade if he c be l$ to *ange 8 po9t ( view4 ,:]e all 0 fixity1 n[ all is in/ability3 :]e all 0 c]titude1 no?+ n[ exi/s save op9ion bas$ on prejudice1 int]e/1 or arbitr>y *oice4 ,! mod]n po9t ( view1 :ile condemn+ sophi/ry1 yet (t5 agrees ) x 9 limit+ ! reflective attitude z su* to self-involution & self-conceit4 ,f ,bacon d[n1 ! appeal is to obs]vation1 to att5tion to facts1 to conc]n ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,! sole g5u9e gu>anty ( tru? is tak5 to be appeal to facts1 & ?9k+ z su* is some?+ diff]5t4 ,if reflection is n consid]$ to be m]ely v>iable matt]1 x is consid]$ to be at lea/ an endless mull+ ov] ( ?+s4 ,x is ! futile attempt to sp9 tru? out ( inn] consci\sness4 ,x is introspection1 & !oriz+1 & m]e speculation4 ,su* :olesale depreciation ignores ! value inh]5t ev5 9 ! mo/ subjective reflection1 = x takes ! settl$ e/ate :i* is pro( t ?\ght is n ne$$1 or t x has done its "w1 z if x suppli$ ! /&>d = ! occasions 9 :i* problems are h>d ^u u1 & d\bt is rife4 ,x takes ! conditions :i* come ab\t aft] & because we h ?\ght to measure ! conditions :i* call out ?9k+4 ,:5ev] we really ne$ to reflect1 we _c appeal directly to ! fact1 = ! adequate reason t ! /imulus to ?9k+ arises j because facts h slipp$ away f u4 ,! fallacy is neatly committ$ by ,mill 9 8 discussion ( ,:ewell's acc\nt ( ! ne$ ( m5tal conception or hypo!sis 9 colligat+ facts4 ,he insi/s t ! conception is obta9$ f ! facts 9 :i* x exi/s1 is impress$ ^u u f )\t1 & also t x is ! d>kness & confusion ( ! facts t make u want ! conception 9 ord] to create light & ord]4#df ,reflection involves runn+ ov] v>i\s ideas1 sort+ !m out1 comp>+ "o ) ano!r1 try+ to get "o :i* w unite 9 itself ! /r5g? ( two1 se>*+ = new po9ts ( view1 develop+ new sugge/ions2 guess+1 sugge/+1 select+1 & reject+4 ,! great] ! problem1 & ! great] ! %ock ( d\bt & resultant confusion & unc]ta9ty1 ! m prolong$ & m necess>y is ! process ( m]e ?9k+4 ,x is a m obvi\s phase ( biology ?an ( physics1 ( sociology ?an ( *emi/ry2 b x p]si/s 9 e/abli%$ sci5ces4 ,if we take ev5 a ma!matical proposition1 n aft] x has be5 demon/rat$--& is ?us capable ( /atem5t 9 adequate logical =m--b :ile 9 process ( discov]y & pro(1 ! op]ation ( ?is subjective phase is manife/1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t a di/+ui%$ mod]n ma!matician has said t ! pa?s :i* ! ma!matical inquir] trav]ses 9 any new field are m ak9 to ^? ( ! exp]im5tali/1 & ev5 to ^? ( ! poet & arti/1 ?an to ^? ( ! ,euclidean geomet]4 ,:at makes ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n rese>* & ! reflection (1 say1 ! ,greeks1 is n ! abs5ce ( m]e ?9k+1 b ! pres5ce ( conditions = te/+ its results2 ! elaborate sy/em ( *ecks & balances f\nd 9 ! te*nique ( mod]n exp]im5tation4 ,! ?9k+ process does n n[ g on endlessly 9 t]ms ( itself1 b seeks outlet ?r\gh ref]5ce to p>ticul> exp]i5ces4 ,x is te/$ by ?is ref]5ce2 n1 h[ev]1 z if a !ory c\ld be te/$ by directly comp>+ x ) facts--an obvi\s impossibility--b ?r\gh use 9 facilitat+ comm]ce ) facts4 ,x is te/$ z glasses are te/$2 ?+s are look$ at ?r\gh ! m$ium ( specific mean+s to see if !reby !y assume a m ord]ly & cle>] aspect1 if !y are less blurr$ & obscure4 ,! reaction ( ! ,socratic s*ool aga9/ ! ,sophi/ic may s]ve to illu/rate ! ?ird /age ( ?9k+4 ,?is movem5t 0 n int]e/$ 9 ! de facto %ak+ ( receiv$ ideas & a discr$it+ ( all ?9k+4 ,x 0 conc]n$ r ) ! virtual appeal to a common d5om9ator involv$ 9 br++ diff]5t ideas into relation ) "o ano!r4 ,9 _! comp>ison & mutual modification x saw evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( a /&>d p]man5t mean+ pass+ judgm5t ^u _! conflict1 & reveal+ a common pr9ciple & /&>d ( ref]5ce4 ,x dealt n ) ! %ak+ & dissolution1 b ) a compreh5sive p]man5t ,idea f9ally to em]ge4 ,controv]sy & discussion among diff]5t individuals may result 9 ext5d+ d\bt1 manife/+ ! incoh]5cy ( accept$ ideas1 & s ?r[+ an individual into an attitude ( di/ru/4 ,b x also involves an appeal to a s+le ?\ght to be accept$ by bo? p>ties1 ?us putt+ an end to ! dispute4 ,?is appeal to a high] c\rt1 ?is possibility ( atta9+ a total & abid+ intellectual object1 :i* %\ld br+ into relief ! agree+ elem5ts 9 cont5d+ ?\ghts1 & bani% ! incompatible factors1 animat$ ! ,socratic se>* = ! concept1 ! elaboration ( ! ,platonic hi]>*y ( ,ideas 9 :i* ! high] sub/antiate ! l[]1 & ! ,ari/otelian exposition ( ! sy/ematiz$ me?ods by :i* g5]al tru?s may be employ$ to prove propositions o!rwise d\btful4 ,at lea/1 ?is hi/oric developm5t w s]ve to illu/rate :at is involv$ 9 ! transition f ! second to ! ?ird /age2 ! trans=mation ( discussion into reason+1 ( subjective reflection into me?od ( pro(4 ,discussion1 :e!r ) ourselves or o!rs1 goes on by sugge/ion ( clues1 z ! upp]mo/ object ( int]e/ op5s a way "h or !re4 ,x is discursive & haphaz>d4 ,?is gives x ! devi\s t5d5cy indicat$ 9 ,plato's rem>k t x ne$s to be ti$ to ! po/ ( reason4 ,x ne$s1 t is1 to h ! gr\nd or basis ( its v>i\s compon5t /atem5ts br\ght to consci\sness 9 su* a way z to def9e ! exact value ( ea*4 ,! ,socratic cont5tion is ! ne$ ( compell+ ! common d5om9ator1 ! common subject1 und]ly+ ! div]sity ( views to exhibit itself4 ,x alone gives a sure /&>d by :i* ! claims ( all ass]tions may be measur$4 ,until ?is ne$ is met1 discussion is a self-deceiv+ play ) unjudg$1 unexam9$ matt]s1 :i*1 confus$ & %ift+1 impose !mselves ^u u4 ,we are famili> en\gh ) ! !ory t ! ,socratic univ]sal1 ! ,platonic idea1 0 g5]at$ by an ignorant trans=mation ( psy*ological ab/ractions into self-exi/5t entities4 ,to insi/ ^u ?is z ! key to ! ,socratic logic is m]e c>icature4 ,! objectivity ( ! univ]sal /ood = ! s5se ( some?+ decisive & controll+ 9 all reflection1 :i* o!rwise is j manipulation ( p]sonal prejudices4 ,?is s5se is z active 9 mod]n sci5ce z x 0 9 ! ,platonic dialectic4 ,:at ,socrates felt 0 ! op9ionat$1 conceit$ quality ( ! t]ms us$ 9 ! moral & political discussion ( 8 day1 z t contra/$ ) ! subject-matt]1 :i*1 if rightly grasp$1 w\ld put an end to m]e views & argum5tations4 ,by ,ari/otle's "t ! int]e/ 0 n s mu* 9 ! exi/5ce ( /&>ds ( decision 9 cases ( d\bt & dispute z 9 ! te*nique ( _! use4 ,! judge 0 firmly seat$ on ! b5*4 ,! p>ties 9 controv]sy recogniz$ 8 jurisdiction1 & _! respective claims 7 submitt$ = adjudicature4 ,! ne$ 0 = rules ( proc$ure by :i* ! judge might1 9 an obvi\s & imp>tial way1 br+ ! recogniz$ univ]sal or decisive law to be> ^u p>ticul> matt]s4 ,h5ce ! elaboration ( ^? rules ( evid5ce1 ^? canons ( demon/rative =ce1 :i* are ! backbone ( ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,!re 0 a code by :i* to decide ^u ! admissibility & value ( pr(f]$ te/imony--! rules ( ! syllogism4 ,! figures & t]ms ( ! syllogism provid$ a s*eme = decid+ ^u ! exact be>+ ( e /atem5t prop\nd$4 ,! plan ( arrangem5t ( major & m9or premises1 ( major1 m9or1 & middle t]ms1 furni%$ a manife/o ( ! exact proc$ure to be foll[$ 9 det]m9+ ! probative =ce ( ea* elem5t 9 reason+4 ,! judge knew :at te/imony to p]mit1 :5 & h[ x %\ld be introduc$1 h[ x c\ld be impea*$ or h its compet5ce less5$1 & h[ ! evid5ce 0 to be arrang$ s t a summ>y w\ld also be an exhibit ( its value 9 e/abli%+ a conclusion4 ,?is means t !re n[ is a di/9ctive type ( ?9k+ m>k$ (f f m]e discussion & reflection4 ,x may be call$ ei!r reason+ or pro(4 ,x is reason+ :5 we ?9k ( ! regul>ity ( ! me?od = gett+ at & employ+ ! unque/ion$ gr\nds :i* give validity to o!r /atem5ts4 ,x is pro( z reg>ds ! degree ( logical des]t !reby measur$ out to su* propositions4 ,pro( is ! acceptance or rejection ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! reason+4 ,to quote f ,mill3 ,to give cr$5ce to a proposition z a conclusion f some?+ else is to reason 9 ! mo/ ext5sive s5se ( ! t]m4 ,we say ( a fact or /atem5t1 x is prov$1 :5 we believe its tru? by reason ( "s o!r fact or /atem5t f :i* x is said to foll[4#dg ,reason+ is m>%al+ a s]ies ( t]ms & propositions until we c b9d "s d\btful fact firmly to an unque/ion$1 al?\gh remote1 tru?2 x is ! regul> way 9 :i* a c]ta9 proposition is br\ght to be> on a prec>i\s "o1 clo?+ ! latt] ) some?+ ( ! p]emptory quality ( ! =m]4 ,s f> z we rea* ?is result1 & s f> z we c exhibit ea* /ep 9 ! nexus & be sure x has be5 rightly p]=m$1 we h pro(4 ,b que/ions /ill face u4 ,h[ ab\t t tru? ^u :i* we fall back z gu>antee+ ! cr$ibility ( o!r /atem5ts--h[ ab\t our major premise8 ,:5ce does x d]ive its gu>anty8 ,quis cu/odes cu/odiet8 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 9 turn subsume x "u "s fur!r major premise1 b an inf9ite regress is impossible1 & on ?is track we are f9ally left hang+ 9 ! air4 ,= practical purposes ! unque/ion$ pr9ciple may be tak5 z signify+ mutual concession or agreem5t--x d5otes t z a matt] ( fact its tru? is n call$ 9 "q by ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,?is does admirably = settl+ argum5ts & controv]sies4 ,x is a good way ( amicably arrang+ matt]s among ^? already fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s4 ,b sci5tifically ! widespread acceptance ( an idea seems to te/ify to cu/om r ?an to tru?2 prejudice is /r5g!n$ 9 influ5ce1 b h>dly 9 value1 by ! numb] :o %>e x2 conceit is none ! less self-conceit because x turns ! heads ( _m4 ,great int]e/ 0 inde$ aft]w>d tak5 9 ! range ( p]sons :o hold tru?s 9 common4 ,! quod semp] ubique omnibus became ( great importance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n1 9 !ory at lea/1 because common agreem5t 0 suppos$ to con/itute ! major premise1 b because x af=d$ confirmatory evid5ce ( its self-evid5t & univ]sal "*4 ,h5ce ! ,ari/otelian logic necess>ily assumes c]ta9 fir/ or fundam5tal tru?s unque/ion$ & unque/ionable1 self-evid5t & self-evid5c+1 nei!r e/abli%$ nor modifi$ by ?\ght1 b /&+ firm 9 _! own "r4 ,?is assumption 0 n1 z mod]n deal]s 9 =mal logic w\ld sometimes h x1 an ext]nal psy*ological or metaphysical atta*m5t to ! !ory ( reason+1 to be omitt$ at w f logic z su*4 ,x 0 an ess5tial factor ( k t !re %\ld be necess>y propositions directly appreh5d$ by reason & p>ticul> ones directly appreh5d$ by s5se4 ,reason+ c\ld !n jo9 !m4 ,)\t ! tru?s we h only ! play ( subjective1 arbitr>y1 futile op9ion4 ,judgm5t has n tak5 place1 & ass]tion is )\t w>rant4 ,h5ce ! s*$ul+ ( fir/ tru?s is an organic "p ( any reason+ :i* is occupi$ ) secur+ demon/ration1 surety ( ass5t1 or valid conviction4 ,to d5y ! necess>y place ( ultimate tru?s 9 ! logical sy/em ( ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s is to make !m play]s 9 a game ( social conv5tion4 ,x is to ov]look1 to inv]t1 ! fact t !y 7 s9c]ely conc]n$ ) ! "q ( atta9+ ! gr\nds & process ( assurance4 ,h5ce !y 7 oblig$ to assume prim>y intuitions1 metaphysical1 physical1 moral1 & ma!matical axioms1 9 ord] to get ! pegs ( c]ta9ty to :i* to tie ! bundles ( o!rwise cont+5t propositions4 ,x w\ld be go+ too f> to claim t ! reg>d = ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 ( ! fa!rs1 ( ! ,scriptures1 ( anci5t writ]s1 ( ,ari/otle himself1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! direct outcome ( ?is presupposition ( tru?s fix$ & unque/ionable 9 !mselves4 ,b ! logical connection is sure4 ,! supply ( absolute premises t ,ari/otle 0 able to pr(f] 0 scant4 ,9 8 own g5]ation & situation ?is paucity made comp>atively little diff]5ce2 = to ! mass ( m5 ! great bulk ( values 0 /ill c>ri$ by cu/om1 by religi\s belief1 & social in/itution4 ,x 0 only 9 ! comp>atively small sph]e ( p]sons :o _h come "u ! philosophic influ5ce t ne$ = ! logical mode ( confirmation 0 felt4 ,9 ! m$iaeval p]iod1 h[ev]1 all important beliefs requir$ to be conc5trat$ by "s fix$ pr9ciple giv+ !m /ay & p[]1 = !y 7 contr>y to obvi\s common-s5se & natural tradition4 ,! situation 0 exactly su* z to call into active use ! ,ari/otelian s*eme ( ?\ght4 ,au?ority supplem5t$ ! meag]ness ( ! /ore ( univ]sals kn[n by direct intuition1 ! ,ari/otelian plan ( reason+ af=d$ ! precise in/rum5tality ?r\gh :i* ! vague & *aotic details ( life c\ld be r$uc$ to ord] by subject+ !m to au?oritative rules4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = ! ultimate major premises1 = ! uncondition$ gr\nds ^u :i* cr$ibility is assign$4 ,we h also to report :]e ! o!r side comes f3 matt]s s unc]ta9 9 !mselves z to require t !y h _! gr\nds suppli$ f outside4 ,! answ] 9 ! ,ari/otelian s*eme is an obvi\s "o4 ,x is ! v nature ( s5se1 ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 to supply u ) matt]s :i* 9 !mselves are only cont+5t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 portion ( ! intellectual sph]e1 t d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* is infect$ ?r\gh\t by its unwor?y orig94 ,x /&s =ev] condemn$ to be m]ely empirical--p>ticul>1 m or less accid5tal1 inh]5tly irrational4 ,y _c make gold f dross1 & ! be/ t c be done = & ) mat]ial ( ?is sort is to br+ x "u ! protection ( tru? :i* has w>rant & weight 9 itself4 ,we may n[ *>act]ize ?is /age ( ?9k+ ) ref]5ce to our orig9al rem>k t diff]5t /ages d5ote v>i\s degrees 9 ! evolution ( ! d\bt-inquiry function4 ,z comp>$ ) ! p]iod ( fix$ ideas1 d\bt is awake1 & inquiry is active1 b 9 itself x is rigidly limit$4 ,on "o side x is b\nd$ by fix$ ultimate tru?s1 ^: v nature is t !y _c be d\bt$1 :i* are n products or functions 9 inquiry1 b bases t inve/igation =tunately re/s ^u4 ,9 ! o!r direction all matt]s ( fact1 all empirical tru?s belong to a p>ticul> sph]e or k9d ( exi/5ce1 & "o intr9sically op5 to suspicion4 ,! region is condemn$ 9 a :olesale way4 ,9 itself x exhales d\bt2 x _c be re=m$2 x is to be %unn$1 or1 if ?is is n possible1 to be escap$ f by climb+ up a ladd] ( int]m$iate t]ms until we lay hold on ! univ]sal4 ,! v way 9 :i* d\bt is objectifi$1 tak5 all 9 a piece1 m>ks its lack ( vitality4 ,x is arre/$ & coop$ up 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,z ) any d\btful "*1 ! less ( its company ! bett]4 ,unc]ta9ty is n realiz$ z a necess>y in/rum5t 9 compell+ exp]i5c$ matt]s to reveal _! mean+ & inh]5t ord]4 ,?is limitation ^u inquiry settles ! int]pretation to be giv5 ?\ght at ?is /age--x is ( necessity m]ely connective1 m]ely m$iat+4 ,x goes betwe5 ! fir/ pr9ciples--!mselves1 z to _! validity1 outside ! prov9ce ( ?\ght--& ! p>ticul>s ( s5se--also1 z to _! /atus & wor?1 beyond ! dom9ion ( ?\ght4 ,?9k+ is subsumption--j plac+ a p>ticul> proposition "u its univ]sal4 ,x is inclusion1 f9d+ a place = "s que/ion$ matt] )9 a region tak5 z m c]ta94 ,x is use ( g5]al tru?s to af=d support to ?+s o!rwise %aky--an application t improves _! /&+1 :ile leav+ _! cont5t un*ang$4 ,?is means t ?\ght has only a =mal value4 ,x is ( s]vice 9 exhibit+ & arrang+ gr\nds ^u :i* any p>ticul> proposition may be acquitt$ or condemn$1 ^u :i* any?+ already curr5t may be ass5t$ to1 or ^u :i* belief may reasonably be )held4 ,! metaphor ( ! law c\rt is apt4 ,!re is assum$ "s matt] to be ei!r prov$ or disprov$4 ,z matt]1 z cont5t1 x is furni%$4 ,x is n to be f\nd out4 ,9 ! law c\rt x is n a "q ( discov]+ :at a man specifically is1 b simply ( f9d+ reasons = reg>d+ him z guilty or innoc5t4 ,!re is no all-ar\nd play ( ?\ght direct$ to ! in/itution ( some?+ z fact1 b a "q ( :e!r gr\nds c be adduc$ ju/ify+ acceptance ( "s proposition already set =?4 ,! significance ( su* an attitude comes into relief :5 we contra/ x ) :at is done 9 ! laboratory4 ,9 ! laboratory !re is no "q ( prov+ t ?+s are j ?us & s1 or t we mu/ accept or reject a giv5 /atem5t2 !re is simply an int]e/ 9 f9d+ out :at sort ( ?+s we are deal+ )4 ,any quality or *ange t pres5ts itself may be an object ( inve/igation1 or may sugge/ a conclusion2 = x is judg$1 n by ref]5ce to pre-exi/5t tru?s1 b by its sugge/iv5ess1 by :at x may lead to4 ,! m9d is op5 to inquiry 9 any direction4 ,or we may illu/rate by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! auditor & an actu>y 9 an insurance company4 ,"o simply passes & rejects1 issues v\*]s1 comp>es & balances /atem5ts already made out4 ,! o!r inve/igates any "o ( ! items ( exp5se or receipt2 inquires h[ x comes to be :at x is1 :at facts1 z reg>ds1 say1 l5g? ( life1 condition ( money m>ket1 activity ( ag5ts1 are involv$1 & :at fur!r rese>*es & activities are indicat$4 ,! illu/rations ( ! laboratory & ! exp]t rem9d u ( ano!r attitude ( ?\ght 9 :i* inve/igation attacks matt]s hi!rto res]v$4 ,! gr[?1 = example1 ( fre$om ( ?\ght dur+ ! ,r5aissance 0 a revelation ( ! intr9sic mom5tum ( ! ?\ght-process itself4 ,x 0 n a m]e reaction f & aga9/ m$iaeval s*ola/icism4 ,x 0 ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! ma*9]y :i* ! s*ola/ics _h set a-go+4 ,d\bt & inquiry 7 ext5d$ into ! region ( p>ticul>s1 ( matt]s ( fact1 ) ! view ( recon/itut+ !m ?r\gh discov]y ( _! own /ructure1 no long] ) ! int5tion ( leav+ t un*ang$ :ile trans=m+ _! claim to cr$5ce by connect+ !m ) "s au?oritative pr9ciples4 ,?\ght no long] f\nd satisfaction 9 apprais+ !m 9 a scale ( values accord+ to _! ne>ness to1 or remot5ess f1 fix$ tru?s4 ,su* "w _h be5 done to a nicety1 & x 0 futile to repeat x4 ,?9k+ mu/ f9d a new outlet4 ,x 0 out ( employm5t1 & set to discov] new l&s4 ,galileo & ,cop]nicus 7 travel]s--z mu* s z ! crusad]1 ,m>co ,polo1 & ,columbus4 ,h5ce ! f\r? /age--cov]+ :at is popul>ly kn[n z inductive & empirical sci5ce4 ,?\ght takes ! =m ( inf]5ce in/ead ( pro(4 ,pro(1 z we h already se51 is accept+ or reject+ a giv5 proposition on ! gr\nd ( its connection or lack ( connection ) "s o!r proposition conc$$ or e/abli%$4 ,b inf]5ce does n t]m9ate 9 any giv5 proposition2 x is aft] precisely ^? n giv54 ,x wants m facts1 diff]5t facts4 ,?9k+ 9 ! mode ( inf]5ce insi/s ^u t]m9at+ 9 an intellectual advance1 9 a consci\sness ( tru?s hi!rto escap+ u4 ,our ?9k+ mu/ n n[ pass c]ta9 propositions aft] *all5g+ !m1 mu/ n admit !m because !y exhibit c]ta9 cr$5tials1 %[+ a "r to be receiv$ into ! upp] circle ( intellectual society4 ,?9k+ endeavors to compel ?+s z !y pres5t !mselves1 to yield up some?+ hi!rto obscure or conceal$4 ,?is advance & ext5sion ( k ?r\gh ?9k+ seems to be well designat$ by ! t]m inf]5ce4 ,x does n c]tify :at is o!rwise d\btful1 b goes f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,x aims at pu%+ out ! fronti]s ( k1 n at m>k+ ^? already atta9$ ) signpo/s4 ,its te*nique is n a s*eme = assign+ /atus to beliefs already possess$1 b is a me?od = mak+ fri5ds ) facts & ideas hi!rto ali54 ,inf]5ce rea*es out1 fills 9 gaps4 ,its "w is measur$ n by ! pat5ts ( /&+ x issues1 b by ! mat]ial increm5ts ( k x yields4 ,inv5tio is m important ?an judicium1 discov]y ?an pro(4 ,) ! developm5t ( empirical rese>*1 unc]ta9ty or cont+5cy is no long] reg>d$ z infect+ 9 a :olesale way an entire region1 discr$it+ x save z x c be br\ght "u ! protect+ aegis ( univ]sal tru?s z major premises4 ,unc]ta9ty is n[ a matt] ( detail4 ,x is ! "q :e!r ! p>ticul> fact is really :at x has be5 tak5 to be4 ,x involves contra/1 n ( a fact z a fix$ p>ticul> ov] aga9/ "s fix$ univ]sal1 b ( ! exi/+ mode ( appreh5sion ) ano!r possible bett] appreh5sion4 ,f ! /&po9t ( reason+ & pro( ! intellectual field is absolutely measur$ out 9 advance4 ,c]ta9ty is locat$ 9 "o "p1 intellectual indet]m9at5ess or unc]ta9ty 9 ano!r4 ,b :5 ?9k+ becomes rese>*1 :5 ! d\bt-inquiry function comes to its own1 ! problem is j3 ,:at is ! fact8 ,h5ce ! extreme int]e/ 9 details z su*2 9 obs]v+1 collect+1 & comp>+ p>ticul> causes1 9 analysis ( /ructure d[n to its con/itu5t elem5ts1 int]e/ 9 atoms1 cells1 & 9 all matt]s ( arrangem5t 9 space & "t4 ,! microscope1 telescope1 & spectroscope1 ! scalpel & microtome1 ! kymograph & ! cam]a are n m]e mat]ial app5dages to ?9k+2 !y are z integral p>ts ( inve/igative ?\ght z 7 ,b>b>a1 ,cel>5t1 etc41 ( ! logic ( reason+4 ,facts mu/ be discov]$1 & to accompli% ?is1 app>5t facts mu/ be resolv$ into _! elem5ts4 ,?+s mu/ be readju/$ 9 ord] to be held free f intrusion ( imp]t95t circum/ance & mislead+ sugge/ion4 ,in/rum5talities ( ext5d+ & rectify+ rese>* are1 !re=e1 ( !mselves organs ( ?9k+4 ,! specialization ( ! sci5ces1 ! almo/ daily bir? ( a new sci5ce1 is a logical necessity--n a m]e hi/orical episode4 ,e phase ( exp]i5ce mu/ be inve/igat$1 & ea* *>act]i/ic aspect pres5ts its own peculi> problems :i* dem&1 !re=e1 _! own te*nique ( inve/igation4 ,! discov]y ( difficulties1 ! sub/itution ( d\bt = quiesc5t acceptance1 are m important ?an ! sanction+ ( belief ?r\gh pro(4 ,h5ce ! importance ( not+ app>5t exceptions1 negative in/ances1 extreme cases1 anomalies4 ,! int]e/ is 9 ! discrepant because t /imulates inquiry1 n 9 ! fix$ univ]sal :i* w\ld t]m9ate x once = all4 ,h5ce ! roam+ ov] ! e>? & ?r\gh ! skies = new facts :i* may be incompatible ) old !ories1 & :i* may sugge/ new po9ts ( view4 ,to illu/rate ^! matt]s 9 detail w\ld be to write ! hi/ory ( e mod]n sci5ce4 ,! int]e/ 9 multiply+ ph5om5a1 9 increas+ ! area ( facts1 9 develop+ new di/9ctions ( quantity1 /ructure1 & =m1 is obvi\sly *>act]i/ic ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,b we d n always he$ its logical significance--t x makes ?9k+ to consi/ 9 ! ext5sion & control ( contact ) new mat]ial s z to lead regul>ly to ! developm5t ( new exp]i5ce4 ,! elevation ( ! region ( facts--! =m]ly condemn$ region ( ! inh]5tly cont+5t & v>iable--to some?+ t invites & rew>ds inquiry1 def9es ! import1 !re=e1 ( ! l>g] aspects ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,?is _s prides itself ^u be+ positivi/ic--x deals ) ! obs]v$ & ! obs]vable4 ,x w h naught to d ) ideas t _c v]ify !mselves by %[+ !mselves 9 propria p]sona4 ,x is n en\gh to pres5t cr$5tials f m sov]eign tru?s4 ,^! are h>dly acceptable ev5 z lett]s ( introduction4 ,refutation ( ,newton's claim1 t he did n make hypo!ses1 by po9t+ out t no "o 0 busi] 9 ?is direction ?an he1 & t sci5tific p[] is g5]ally 9 direct ratio to ability to imag9e possibilities1 is z easy z x is irrelevant4 ,! hypo!ses1 ! ?\ghts1 t ,newton employ$ 7 ( & ab\t fact2 !y 7 = ! sake ( exact+ & ext5d+ :at c be appreh5d$4 ,in/ead ( be+ sacrosanct tru?s af=d+ a r$emption by grace to facts o!rwise ambigu\s1 !y 7 ! articulat+ ( ord9>y facts4 ,h5ce ! notion ( law *anges4 ,x is no long] some?+ gov]n+ ?+s & ev5ts f on high2 x is ! /atem5t ( _! own ord]4 ,?us ! exil+ ( occult =ces & qualities is n s mu* a specific a*ievem5t z x is a dem& ( ! *ang$ attitude4 ,:5 ?9k+ consi/s 9 ! detection & det]m9ation ( obs]vable detail1 =ces1 =ms1 qualities at l>ge1 are ?r[n out ( employm5t4 ,!y are n s mu* prov$ non-exi/5t z r5d]$ nugatory4 ,disuse bre$s _! deg5]ation4 ,:5 ! univ]sal is b ! ord] ( ! facts !mselves1 ! m$iat+ ma*9]y disappe>s along ) ! ess5ces4 ,!re is sub/itut$ = ! hi]>*ical _w 9 :i* ea* degree 9 ! scale has its righte\sness imput$ f above a _w homog5e\s 9 /ructure & 9 ! s*eme ( its p>ts2 ! same 9 heav51 e>?1 & ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea4 ,! ladd] ( values f ! sublun>y _w ) its irregul>1 extravagant1 imp]fect motion up to ! /ell> univ]se1 ) its self-return+ p]fect ord]1 correspond$ to ! middle t]ms ( ! old] logic4 ,! /eps 7 graduat$1 asc5d+ f ! indet]m9ate1 unassur$ matt] ( s5se up to ! et]nal1 unque/ionable tru?s ( rational p]ception4 ,b :5 int]e/ is occupi$ 9 f9d+ out :at any?+ & ev]y?+ is1 any fact is j z good z its fell[4 ,! obs]vable _w is a democracy4 ,! diff]5ce :i* makes a fact :at x is is n an exclusive di/9ction1 b a matt] ( position & quantity1 an affair ( locality & aggregation1 traits :i* place all facts ^u ! same level1 s9ce all o!r obs]vable facts also possess !m & are1 inde$1 conjo9tly responsible = !m4 ,laws are n edicts ( a sov]eign b9d+ a _w ( subjects o!rwise lawless2 !y are ! agreem5ts1 ! compacts ( facts !mselves1 or1 9 ! famili> language ( ,mill1 ! common attributes1 ! resemblances4 ,! emphasis ( mod]n sci5ce ^u control fl[s f ! same s\rce4 ,int]e/ is 9 ! new1 9 ext5sion1 9 discov]y4 ,inf]5ce is ! advance into ! unkn[n1 ! use ( ! e/abli%$ to w9 new worlds f ! void4 ,?is requires & employs regulation--t is1 me?od--9 proc$ure4 ,!re _c be a bl9d attack4 ,a plan ( campaign is ne$$4 ,h5ce ! s-call$ practical applications ( sci5ce1 ! ,baconian k is p[]1 ! ,comteian sci5ce is prevision1 are n extra-logical add5da or sup]]ogatory b5efits4 ,!y are intr9sic to ! logical me?od itself1 :i* is j ! ord]ly way ( approa*+ new exp]i5ces s z to grasp & hold !m4 ,! attitude ( rese>* is necess>ily t[>d ! future4 ,! application ( sci5ce to ! practical affairs ( life1 z 9 ! /ation>y eng9e1 or telephone1 does n diff] 9 pr9ciple f ! det]m9ation ( wave-l5g?s ( light ?r\gh ! exp]im5tal control ( ! laboratory4 ,sci5ce lives only 9 arrang+ = new contacts1 new insights4 ,! s*ool ( ,kant agrees ) t ( ,mill 9 ass]t+ t judgm5t mu/1 9 ord] to be judgm5t1 be syn!tic or in/ructive2 x mu/ ext5d1 in=m1 & purvey4 ,:5 we recognize t ?is s]vice ( judgm5t 9 effect+ gr[? ( exp]i5ce is n accid5tal1 b t judgm5t means exactly ! devis+ & us+ ( suitable in/rum5talities = ?is end1 we rem>k t ! s-call$ practical uses ( sci5ce are only ! fur!r & fre] play ( ! intr9sic movem5t ( discov]y itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we began ) ! assumption t ?\ght is to be int]pret$ z a d\bt-inquiry function1 conduct$ = ! purpose ( arriv+ at t m5tal equilibrium kn[n z assurance or k4 ,we assum$ t v>i\s /ages ( ?9k+ c\ld be m>k$ out accord+ to ! am\nt ( play :i* !y give to d\bt1 & ! consequ5t s9c]ity ) :i* ?9k+ is id5tifi$ ) free inquiry4 ,mod]n sci5tific proc$ure1 z j set =?1 seems to def9e ! ideal or limit ( ?is process4 ,x is inquiry emancipat$1 univ]saliz$1 ^: sole aim & crit]ion is discov]y1 & h5ce x m>ks ! t]m9us ( our description4 ,x is idle to conceal f ourselves1 h[ev]1 t sci5tific proc$ure z a practical und]tak+1 has n z yet reflect$ itself into any coh]5t & g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ?9k+1 into any accept$ doctr9e ( logic :i* is comp>able to ! ,ari/otelian4 ,kant's conviction t logic is a complete & settl$ sci5ce1 :i* ) absolutely c]ta9 b\nd>ies has ga9$ no?+ & lo/ no?+ s9ce ,ari/otle1 is />tl+ly contradict$ by ! exi/+ /ate ( discussion ( logical doctr9e4 ,! simple fact ( ! case is t !re are at lea/ ?ree rival !ories on ! gr\nd1 ea* claim+ to furni% ! sole prop] int]pretation ( ! actual proc$ure ( ?\ght4 ,! ,ari/otelian logic is f> f hav+ )drawn its claim4 ,x /ill (f]s its framework z t into :i* ! m]ely empirical results ( obs]vation & exp]im5tal inquiry mu/ be fitt$ if !y are to be reg>d$ z really prov$4 ,ano!r s*ool ( logicians1 />t+ pr(ess$ly f mod]n psy*ology1 discr$its ! :ole traditional indu/ry & rev]ses ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( validity2 x holds t only p>ticul> facts are self-support+1 & t ! au?ority all[$ to g5]al pr9ciples is d]ivative & second h&4 ,a ?ird s*ool ( philosophy claims1 by analysis ( sci5ce & exp]i5ce1 to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! univ]se itself is a con/ruction ( ?\ght1 giv+ evid5ce ?r\gh\t ( ! p]vasive & con/itutive action ( reason1 & holds1 consequ5tly1 t our logical processes are simply ! read+ (f or com+ to consci\sness ( ! inh]5tly rational /ructure already possess$ by ! univ]se 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce )9 x ( ?is p]vasive & con/itutive action ( ?\ght4 ,x ?us d5ies bo? ! claim ( ! traditional logic1 t matt]s ( exp]i5c$ fact are m]e p>ticul>s hav+ _! rationality 9 an ext]nal gr\nd1 & ! claim ( ! empirical logic1 t ?\ght is j a gymna/ic by :i* we vault f "o pres5t$ fact to ano!r remote 9 space & "t4 ,:i* ( ! ?ree doctr9es is to be reg>d$ z ! legitimate expon5t ( ! proc$ure ( ?\ght manife/$ 9 mod]n sci5ce8 ,:ile ! ,ari/otelian logic is will+ to waive a claim to be reg>d$ z exp\nd] ( ! actual proc$ure1 x /ill insi/s ^u its "r to be reg>d$ z ! sole ultimate umpire ( ! validity or prov$ "* ( ! results rea*$4 ,b ! empirical & transc5d5tal logics /& face to face z rivals1 ea* ass]t+ t x alone tells ! /ory ( :at sci5ce does & h[ x does x4 ,) ! consci\sness ( ?is conflict my discussion 9 its pres5t1 or descriptive1 phase mu/ cease4 ,its close1 h[ev]1 sugge/s a fur!r "q4 ,9 s f> z we adopt ! conception t ?9k+ is itself a d\bt-inquiry process1 mu/ we n d5y ! claims ( all ( ! ?ree doctr9es to be ! articulate voic+ ( ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal sci5ce8 ,d !y n all agree 9 sett+ up some?+ fix$ outside inquiry1 supply+ bo? its mat]ial & its limit8 ,t ! fir/ pr9ciple & ! empirical matt]s ( fact ( ! ,ari/otelian logic fall outside ! ?9k+ process1 & condemn ! latt] to a purely ext]nal & g-betwe5 ag5cy1 has be5 already suffici5tly descant$ ^u4 ,b x is also true t ! fix$ p>ticul>s1 giv5 facts1 or s5sations--:atev] ! empirical logician />ts f--are mat]ial giv5 ready-made to ! ?\ght-process1 & ext]nally limit+ inquiry1 in/ead ( be+ di/9ctions aris+ )9 & because ( se>* = tru?4 ,nor1 z reg>ds ?is po9t1 is ! transc5d5tal 9 any position to ?r[ /ones at ! empirical logic4 ,?\ght 9 itself is s f> f a process ( inquiry t x is tak5 to be ! et]nal1 fix$ /ructure ( ! univ]se2 our ?9k+1 involv+ d\bt & inve/igation1 is due :olly to our f9ite1 imp]fect "*1 :i* condemns u to ! task ( m]ely imitat+ & re9/at+ ?\ght 9 itself1 once & =ev] complete1 ready-made1 fix$4 ,! practical proc$ure & practical assumptions ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce1 s9ce !y make ?9k+ ess5tially & n m]ely accid5tally a process ( discov]y1 seem irreconcilable ) bo? ! empirical & transc5d5tal int]pretations4 ,at all ev5ts !re is "h suffici5t discrepancy to give occasion = fur!r se>*3 ,does n an acc\nt ( ?9k+1 bas+ itself on mod]n sci5tific proc$ure1 dem& a /atem5t 9 :i* all ! di/9ctions & t]ms ( ?\ght--judgm5t1 concept1 inf]5ce1 subject1 pr$icate1 & copula ( judgm5t1 etc41 ad inf9itum--%all be int]pret$ simply & entirely z di/9ctive functions or divisions ( labor )9 ! d\bt-inquiry process8 ,,footnotes3 #df ,logic1 ,book ,,iv1 *ap4 ii1 #b4 #dg ,logic1 ,book ,,ii1 *ap4 i1 #a4 ,i h *ang$ ! ord] ( ! s5t5ces quot$1 & h omitt$ "s phrases4 ,,vii ,,! ,,logical ,,"* ,,( ,,ideas ,said ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 ,to draw inf]5ces has be5 said to be ! great bus9ess ( life4444 ,x is ! only occupation 9 :i* ! m9d nev] ceases to be engag$4 ,if ?is be s1 x seems a pity t ,mill did n recognize t ?is bus9ess id5tifies :at we mean :5 we say m9d4 ,if he _h recogniz$ ?is1 he w\ld h ca/ ! weight ( 8 imm5se influ5ce n only aga9/ ! conception t m9d is a sub/ance1 b also aga9/ ! conception t x is a collection ( exi/5tial /ates or attributes )\t any sub/ance 9 :i* to inh]e2 & he w\ld !reby h done mu* to free logic f epi/emological metaphysics4 ,9 any case1 an acc\nt ( intellectual op]ations & conditions f ! /&po9t ( ! rle play$ & position occupi$ by !m 9 ! bus9ess ( draw+ inf]5ces is a diff]5t sort ( ?+ f an acc\nt ( !m z hav+ an exi/5ce p] se1 f treat+ !m z mak+ up "s sort ( exi/5tial mat]ial di/9ct f ! ?+s :i* figure 9 inf]5ce-draw+4 ,?is latt] type ( treatm5t is t :i* und]lies ! psy*ology :i* itself has adopt$ uncritically ! remnants ( ! metaphysics ( s\l sub/ance3 ! idea ( accid5ts )\t ! sub/ance4#dh ,?is assumption f metaphysical psy*ology--! assumption ( consci\sness z an exi/5t /uff or exi/5t process--is !n c>ri$ ov] into an exam9ation ( k1 s z to make ! !ory ( k n logic 7an acc\nt ( ! ways 9 :i* valid inf]5ces or conclusions f ?+s to o!r ?+s are made71 b epi/emology4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! result 7s un=tunate = logic7 t logic is n free to g its own way1 b is compromis$ by ! assumption t k goes on n 9 t]ms ( ?+s 7,i use ?+s 9 ! broade/ s5se1 z equal+ res1 & cov]+ affairs1 conc]ns1 acts1 z well z ?+s 9 ! n>r[] s5se71 b 9 t]ms ( a relation betwe5 ?+s & a peculi> exi/5ce made up ( consci\sness1 or else betwe5 ?+s & functional op]ations ( ?is exi/5ce4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t psy*ology is ess5tially n a sci5ce ( /ates ( consci\sness1 b ( behavior1 conceiv$ z a process ( cont9u\s readju/m5t1 !n ! und\bt$ facts :i* g by ! "n ( s5sation1 p]ception1 image1 emotion1 concept1 w\ld be int]pret$ to mean peculi> 7i4e41 specifically qualitative7 epo*s1 phases1 & crises 9 ! s*eme ( behavior4 ,! suppos$ly sci5tific basis = ! belief t /ates ( consci\sness inh]5tly def9e a sep>ate type ( exi/5ce w\ld be done away )4 ,inf]5tial k1 k involv+ reflection1 psy*ologically view$1 w\ld be assimilat$ to a c]ta9 mode ( readaptation ( functions1 involv+ %ock & ! ne$ ( control2 'k' 9 ! s5se ( direct non-reflective pres5ce ( ?+s w\ld be id5tifi$ 7psy*ologically7 ) relatively /able or complet$ adju/m5ts4 ,i c n pr(ess to speak = psy*ologi/s1 b x is an obvi\s *>act]i/ic ( ! contempor>y /atus ( psy*ology t "o s*ool 7! s-call$ functional or dynamic7 op]ates ) no?+ m ?an a conv5tional & p]functory ref]5ce to /ates ( consci\sness2 :ile ! or?odox s*ool makes con/ant concessions to ideas ( ! behavior type4 ,x introduces ! conceptions ( fatigue1 practice1 & habituation4 ,x makes its fundam5tal classifications on ! basis ( physiological di/9ctions 7e4g41 ! c5trally initiat$ & ! p]iph]ally initiat$71 :i*1 f a biological /&po9t1 are c]ta9ly di/9ctions ( /ructures involv$ 9 ! p]=mance ( acts4 ,"o ( ! aims ( ! ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory 0 to %[1 on ! negative or critical side1 t ! type ( logical !ory :i* pr(ess$ly />ts its acc\nt ( k f m]e /ates ( consci\sness is compell$ at e crucial juncture to assume ?+s1 & to def9e its s-call$ m5tal /ates 9 t]ms ( ?+s2#di &1 on ! positive side1 to %[ t1 logically consid]$1 su* di/9ctions z s5sation1 image1 etc41 m>k in/rum5ts & crises 9 ! developm5t ( controll$ judgm5t1 i4e41 ( inf]5tial conclusions4 ,x 0 p]haps n surpris+ t ?is ef=t %\ld h be5 criticiz$ n on its own m]its1 b on ! assumption t ?is correspond5ce ( ! 7functional7 psy*ological & ! logical po9ts ( view 0 int5d$ 9 t]ms ( ! psy*ology :i* obta9$ 9 ! critic's m9d--to wit1 ! psy*ology bas$ on ! assumption ( consci\sness z a sep>ate exi/5ce or process4 ,^! consid]ations sugge/ t be=e we c intellig5tly raise ! "q ( ! tru? ( ideas we mu/ consid] _! /atus 9 judgm5t1 judgm5t be+ reg>d$ z ! typical expression ( ! inf]5tial op]ation4 7#a7 ,d ideas pres5t !mselves except 9 situations :i* are d\btful & inquir$ into8 ,d !y exi/ side by side ) ! facts :5 ! facts are !mselves kn[n8 ,d !y exi/ except :5 judgm5t is 9 susp5se8 7#b7 ,are ideas any?+ else except ! sugge/ions1 conjectures1 hypo!ses1 !ories 7,i use an asc5d+ scale ( t]ms7 t5tatively ent]ta9$ dur+ a susp5d$ conclusion8 7#c7 ,d !y h any "p to play 9 ! conduct ( inquiry8 ,d !y s]ve to direct obs]vation1 colligate data1 & guide exp]im5tation1 or are !y otiose8#ej 7#d7 ,if ! ideas h a function 9 direct+ ! reflective process 7express$ 9 judgm5t71 does success 9 p]=m+ ! function 7t is1 9 direct+ to a conclusion :i* is /able7 h any?+ to d ) ! logical wor? or validity ( ! ideas8 7#e7 ,&1 f9ally1 does validity h any?+ to d ) tru?8 ,does tru? mean some?+ inh]5tly diff]5t f ! fact t ! conclusion ( "o judgm5t 7! kn[n fact1 previ\sly unkn[n1 9 :i* judg+ t]m9ates7 is itself applicable 9 fur!r situations ( d\bt & inquiry8 ,& is judgm5t prop]ly m ?an t5tative save z x t]m9ates 9 a kn[n fact1 i4e41 a fact pres5t )\t ! int]m$i>y ( reflection8 ,:5 ^! que/ions--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 que/ions :i* are exemplifi$ 9 ^! qu]ies--are answ]$1 we %all1 p]haps1 h gone z f> z x is possible to g ) ref]5ce to ! logical "* ( ideas4 ,! "q may !n recur z to :e!r ! ideas ( ! epi/emologi/ 7t is1 exi/5ces 9 a purely private /ream ( consci\sness7 rema9 z some?+ ov] & above1 n yet acc\nt$ =2 or :e!r !y are p]v]sions & misrepres5tations ( logical *>act]s4 ,i propose to give a brief dogmatic reply 9 ! latt] s5se4 ,:]e1 & 9 s f> z1 !re are unque/ion$ objects1 !re is no consci\sness4 ,!re are j ?+s4 ,:5 !re is unc]ta9ty1 !re are dubi\s1 suspect$ objects--?+s h9t$ at1 guess$ at4 ,su* objects h a di/9ct /atus1 & x is ! "p ( good s5se to give !m1 z occupy+ t /atus1 a di/9ct caption4 ,consci\sness is a t]m (t5 us$ = ?is purpose2 & ,i see no objection to t t]m1 provid$ x is recogniz$ to mean su* objects z are problematic1 plus ! fact t 9 _! problematic "* !y may be us$1 z effectively z accr$it$ objects1 to direct obs]vations & exp]im5ts :i* f9ally relieve ! d\btful features ( ! situation4 ,su* objects may turn out to be valid1 or !y may n4 ,b1 9 any case1 !y may be us$4 ,!y may be int]nally manipulat$ & develop$ ?r\gh ratioc9ation into explicit /atem5t ( _! implications2 !y may be employ$ z /&po9ts = select+ & arrang+ data1 & z me?ods = conduct+ exp]im5ts4 ,9 %ort1 !y are n m]ely hypo!tical2 !y are work+ hypo!ses4 ,mean:ile1 _! alo(ness f accr$it$ objectivity may lead u to *>act]ize !m z m]ely ideas1 or ev5 z m5tal /ates1 provid$ once m we mean by m5tal /ate j ?is logical /atus4 ,we h examples ( su* ideas 9 symbols4 ,a symbol1 ,i take x1 is always itself1 exi/5tially1 a p>ticul> object4 ,a ^w1 an algebraic sign1 is j z mu* a concrete exi/5ce z is a horse1 a fire-eng9e1 or a flyspeck4 ,b its value resides 9 its repres5tative "*3 9 its sugge/ive & directive =ce = op]ations t :5 p]=m$ lead u to non-symbolic objects1 :i* )\t symbolic op]ations w\ld n be appreh5d$1 or at lea/ w\ld n be s easily appreh5d$4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 wor? not+ t ! capacity 7a7 = reg>d+ objects z m]e symbols & 7b7 = employ+ symbols in/rum5tally furni%es ! only safegu>d aga9/ dogmatism1 i4e41 uncritical acceptance ( any sugge/ion t comes to u vividly2 & also t x furni%es ! only basis = intellig5tly controll$ exp]im5ts4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld h ! t5d5cy to reg>d ideas z private1 z p]sonal1 if we /opp$ %ort at ?is po9t4 ,if we _h only words or o!r symbols utt]$ by o!rs1 or writt51 or pr9t$1 we might call !m1 :5 9 objective susp5se1 m]e ideas4 ,b we %\ld h>dly ?9k ( ^! ideas z our own4 ,su* extra-organic /imuli1 h[ev]1 are n adequate logical devices4 ,!y are too rigid1 too objective 9 _! own exi/5tial /atus4 ,_! mean+ & "* are too def9itely fix$4 ,= effective discov]y we ne$ ?+s :i* are m easily manipulat$1 :i* are m transitive1 m easily dropp$ & *ang$4 ,intra-organic ev5ts1 adju/m5ts )9 ! organism1 t is1 adju/m5ts ( ! organism consid]$ n ) ref]5ce to ! environm5t b ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 are mu* bett] suit$ to /& z repres5tatives ( g5u9ely dubi\s objects4 ,an object :i* is really d\bt$ is by its nature prec>i\s & in*oate1 vague4 ,:at is a ?+ :5 x is n yet discov]$ & yet is t5tatively ent]ta9$ & te/$8 ,anci5t logic nev] got beyond ! conception ( an object ^: logical place1 ^: subsumptive position z a p>ticul> ) ref]5ce to "s univ]sal1 0 d\btful4 ,x nev] got to ! po9t :]e x c\ld se>* = p>ticul>s :i* 9 !mselves z p>ticul>s are d\btful4 ,h5ce x 0 a logic ( pro(1 ( d$uction1 n ( inquiry1 ( discov]y1 & ( induction4 ,x 0 h>d up aga9/ its own dilemma3 ,h[ c a man inquire8 ,= ei!r he kn[s t = :i* he seeks1 & h5ce does n seek3 or he does n "k1 9 :i* case he c n seek1 nor c\ld he tell if he f\nd4 ,! individuali/ic movem5t ( mod]n life deta*$1 z x 71 ! individual1 & all[$ p]sonal 7i4e41 intra-organic7 ev5ts to h1 transitively & tempor>ily1 a wor? ( _! own4 ,^! ev5ts are cont9u\s ) extra-organic ev5ts 79 orig9 & ev5tual outcome72 b !y may be consid]$ 9 tempor>y displacem5t z uniquely exi/5tial4 ,9 ?is capacity !y s]ve z means = ! elaboration ( a delay$ b m adequate response 9 a radically diff]5t direction4 ,s treat$1 !y are t5tative1 dubi\s b exp]im5tal1 anticipations ( an object4 ,!y are subjective 7i4e41 individuali/ic7 surrogates ( public1 cosmic ?+s1 :i* may be s manipulat$ & elaborat$ z to t]m9ate 9 public ?+s :i* )\t !m w\ld n exi/ z empirical objects4#ea ,! recognition !n ( intra-organic ev5ts1 :i* are n m]ely effects nor di/ort$ refractions ( cosmic objects1 b in*oate future cosmic objects 9 process ( exp]im5tal con/ruction1 resolves1 to my m9d1 ! p>adox ( s-call$ subjective & private ?+s t h objective & univ]sal ref]5ce1 & t op]ate s z to lead to objective consequ5ces :i* te/ _! own value4 ,:5 a man c say3 ,?is color is n necess>ily ! color ( ! glass nor ! picture nor ev5 ( an object reflect$ b is at lea/ an ev5t 9 my n]v\s sy/em1 an ev5t :i* ,i may ref] to my organism till ,i get surety ( o!r ref]5ce--he is = ! fir/ "t emancipat$ f ! dogmatism ( unque/ion$ ref]5ce1 & is set ^u a pa? ( exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,i am n "h conc]n$ ) try+ to demon/rate t ?is is ! correct mode ( int]pretation4 ,i am only conc]n$ ) po9t+ out its radical diff]5ce f ! view ( a critic :o1 hold+ to ! two-_w !ory ( exi/5ces :i* f ! />t are divid$ into ! fix$ly objective & ! fix$ly psy*ical1 int]prets 9 t]ms ( 8 own !ory ! view t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! objective & ! subjective is a logical-practical di/9ction4 ,:e!r ! logical1 z aga9/ ! ontological1 !ory be true or false1 x c h>dly be fruitfully discuss$ )\t a prelim9>y appreh5sion ( x z a logical conception4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,?is conception ( consci\sness z a sort ( r$uplicate _w ( ?+s comes to u1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly f ,hume's conception t ! m9d is no?+ b a heap1 a collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 unit$ toge!r by c]ta9 relations4--,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ,book ,i1 ,"p ,,iv1 sec4 #b4 ,= ! evolution ( ?is sort ( notion out ( ! immat]ial sub/ance notion1 see ,bu%1 ,a ,factor 9 ! ,g5esis ( ,idealism1 9 ! ,james ,fe/s*rift4 #di ,see1 = example1 p4 #aac4 ,?us t :i* is 'no?+ b a /ate ( our consci\sness' turns out /raightway to be a specifically det]m9$ objective fact 9 a sy/em ( facts1 &1 p4 #adg1 actual s5sation is det]m9$ z an ev5t 9 a _w ( ev5ts4 #ej ,:5 x is said t an idea is a plan ( action1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! t]m plan ( action is a =mal t]m4 ,x ?r[s no light ^u :at ! action is ) respect to :i* an idea is ! plan4 ,x may be *opp+ d[n a tree1 f9d+ a trail1 or conduct+ a sci5tific rese>* 9 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 or *emi/ry4 #ea ,i owe ?is idea1 bo? 9 its hi/orical & 9 its logical aspects1 to my =m] colleague1 ,pr(essor ,mead1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,viii ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,ideas ,,by ,,facts ,i ,!re is some?+ a little baffl+ 9 mu* ( ! curr5t discussion reg>d+ ! ref]5ce ( ideas to facts4 ,! n uncommon assumption is t !re 0 a satisfactory & consi/5t !ory ( _! relation 9 exi/5ce prior to ! some:at imp]t95t intrusion ( a functional & practical int]pretation ( !m4 ,! way ! in/rum5tal logician has be5 turn$ ^u by bo? ideali/ & reali/ is sugge/ive ( ! way 9 :i* ! outsid] :o int]v5es 9 a family j> is prov]bially treat$ by bo? husb& & wife1 :o manife/ _! unity by b]at+ ! ?ird p>ty4 ,i feel t ! situation is due p>tly to v>i\s misappreh5sions1 inevitable p]haps 9 ! fir/ pres5tation ( a new po9t ( view#eb & multipli$ 9 ?is in/ance by ! co9cid5ce ( ! pres5tation ( ?is logical po9t ( view ) t ( ! l>g] philosophical movem5ts1 humanism & pragmatism4 ,i wi% "h to und]take a summ>y /atem5t ( ! logical view on its own acc\nt1 hop+ x may receive cle>] und]/&+ on its own m]its4 ,9 ! fir/ place x 0 7ap>t f ! frightful confusion ( logical !ories7 precisely ! lack ( an adequate & g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! nature ( fact & idea1 & ( ! k9d ( agreem5t or correspond5ce betwe5 !m :i* con/itutes ! tru? ( ! idea1 t l$ to ! developm5t ( a functional !ory ( logic4 ,a brief /atem5t ( ! difficulties 9 ! traditional views may !re=e be p]t95t4 ,t fruitful ?9k+--?\ght t t]m9ates 9 valid k--goes on 9 t]ms ( ! di/9ction ( facts & judgm5t1 & t valid k is precisely g5u9e correspond5ce or agreem5t1 ( "s sort1 ( fact & judgm5t1 is ! common & und5iable assumption4 ,b ! discussions are l>gely c>ri$ on 9 t]ms ( an epi/emological dualism1 r5d]+ ! solution ( ! problem impossible 9 virtue ( ! v t]ms 9 :i* x is /at$4 ,! di/9ction is at once id5tifi$ ) t betwe5 m9d & matt]1 consci\sness & objects1 ! psy*ical & ! physical1 :]e ea* ( ^! t]ms is suppos$ to ref] to "s fix$ ord] ( exi/5ce1 a _w 9 itself4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !re comes up ! "q ( ! nature ( ! agreem5t1 & ( ! recognition ( x4 ,:at is ! exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! survey ( bo? idea & exi/5ce is made & _! agreem5t recogniz$8 ,is x an idea8 ,is ! agreem5t ultimately a matt] ( self-consi/5cy ( ideas8 ,!n :at has become ( ! po/ulate t tru? is agreem5t ( idea ) exi/5ce beyond idea8 ,is x an absolute :i* transc5ds & absorbs ! diff]5ce8 ,!n1 once m1 :at is ! te/ ( any specific judgm5t8 ,:at has become ( ! correspond5ce ( fact & ?\ght8 ,or1 m urg5tly1 s9ce ! press+ problem ( life1 ( practice & ( sci5ce1 is ! discrim9ation ( ! relative1 or sup]ior1 validity ( ?is or t !ory1 plan1 or int]pretation1 :at is ! crit]ion ( tru? )9 pres5t non-absoluti/ic exp]i5ce1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 factual conditions & ?\ghts & ! necessity ( "s work+ adju/m5t p]si/8 ,putt+ ! problem 9 yet ano!r way1 ei!r bo? fact & idea are pres5t all ! "t or else only "o ( !m is pres5t4 ,b if ! =m]1 :y %\ld !re be an idea at all1 & :y %\ld x h to be te/$ by ! fact8 ,:5 we already h :at we want1 namely1 exi/5ce1 reality1 :y %\ld we take up ! :olly sup]num]>y task ( =m+ m or less imp]fect ideas ( ^? facts1 & !n engage 9 ! idle p]=mance ( te/+ !m by :at we already "k to be8 ,b if only ideas are pres5t1 x is idle to speak ( comp>+ an idea ) facts & te/+ its validity by its agreem5t4 ,! elaboration & ref9em5t ( ideas to ! utt]mo/ /ill leaves u ) an idea1 & :ile a self-consi/5t idea /&s a %[ ( be+ true 9 a way 9 :i* an incoh]5t "o does n1 a self-consi/5t idea is /ill b a hypo!sis1 a c&idate = tru?4 ,ideas are n made true by gett+ bigg]4 ,b if only 'facts' are pres5t1 ! :ole conception ( agreem5t is once m giv5 up--n to m5tion t su* a situation is "o 9 :i* !re is by def9ition no ?9k+ or reflective factor at all4 ,?is sugge/s t a /rictly moni/ic epi/emology1 :e!r ideali/ic or reali/ic1 does n get rid ( ! problem4 ,suppose = example we take a s5sationali/ic idealism4 ,x does away ) ! ontological gulf betwe5 ideas & facts1 & by r$uc+ bo? t]ms to a common d5om9ator seems to facilitate fruitful discussion ( ! problem4 ,b ! problem ( ! di/9ction & ref]5ce 7agreem5t1 correspond5ce7 ( two types or sorts ( s5sations /ill p]si/s4 ,if ,i say ! box !re is squ>e1 & call box "o ( a gr\p ( ideas or s5sations & squ>e ano!r s5sation or idea1 ! old "q comes up3 ,is squ>e already a "p ( ! facts ( ! box1 or is x n8 ,if x is1 x is a sup]num]>y1 an idle ?+1 bo? z an idea & z an ass]tion ( fact2 if x is n1 h[ c we comp>e ! two ideas1 & :at on e>? or 9 heav5 does _! agreem5t or correspond5ce mean8 ,if x means simply t we exp]i5ce ! two s5sations 9 juxtaposition1 !n ! same is true1 ( c\rse1 ( any casual association or halluc9ation4 ,on ! s5sational basis1 accord+ly1 !re is /ill a di/9ction ( some?+ giv51 !re1 brutally factual1 ! box1 & some?+ else :i* /&s on a diff]5t level1 ideal1 abs5t1 int5d$1 dem&$1 ! squ>e1 :i* is ass]t$ to hold good or be true ( ! ?+ box4 ,! fact t bo? are s5sations ?r[s no light on ! logical validity ( any proposition or belief1 because by !ory a l /atem5t holds ( e possible proposition4#ec ,! same problem recurs on a reali/ic basis4 ,= example1 !re has rec5tly be5 prop\nd$#ed ! doctr9e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 relations ( space & "t & relations ( mean+ or significance1 z a key to ! problem ( k4 ,?+s exi/ 9 _! own *>act]s1 9 _! temporal & spatial relations4 ,:5 k int]v5es1 !re is no?+ new ( a subjective or psy*ical sort1 b simply a new relation ( ! ?+s--! sugge/+ or signify+ ( "o ?+ by ano!r4 ,n[ ?is seems to be an excell5t way ( /at+ ! logical problem1 b1 ,i take x1 x /ates & does n solve4 ,= ! *>act]i/ic ( su* situations1 claim+ to t]m9ate 9 k1 is precisely t ! mean+-relation is pr$icat$ ( ! o!r relations2 x is ref]r$ to !m2 x is n simply a sup]v5tion exi/+ side by side ) !m1 l casual sugge/ions or ! play ( phantasy4 ,x is some?+ :i* ! facts1 ! qualitative space & "t ?+s1 mu/ be> ! burd5 (1 mu/ accept & take unto !mselves z "p ( !mselves4 ,until ?is happ5s1 we h only ?9k+1 n accompli%$ k4 ,h5ce1 logically1 ! exi/5tial relations play ! rle ( fact1 & ! relation ( signification t ( idea1#ee di/+ui%$ f fact & yet1 if valid1 to hold ( fact4 ,?is appe>s q cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,x is ! ice :i* means t x w cool ! wat]1 j z mu* z x is ! ice :i* does cool ! wat] :5 put into x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a possible ambiguity 9 ! /atem5t1 to :i* we %all return lat]4 ,t ! ice 7! ?+ reg>d$ z ice7 sugge/s cool+ is z real z is a case ( actual cool+4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 n e sugge/ion is valid4 ,! ice may be a cry/al1 & x w n cool wat] at all4 ,s f> z x is already c]ta9 t ?is is ice1 & also c]ta9 t ice1 "u all circum/ances1 cools wat]1 ! mean+-relation /&s on ! same level z ! physical1 be+ n m]ely sugge/$1 b "p ( ! facts asc]ta9$4 ,x is n a mean+-relation z su* at all4 ,we already h tru?2 ! entire "w ( kn[+ z logical is done2 we h no long] ! relation *>act]i/ic ( reflective situations4 ,"h aga9 ! implication ( ! ?9k+ situation is ( "s correspond5ce or agreem5t betwe5 two sets ( di/+ui%$ relations2 ! problem ( valid det]m9ation rema9s ! c5tral "q ( any !ory ( kn[+ 9 its relation to facts & tru?4#ef ,,ii ,i hope ?is /atem5t ( ! difficulty1 h[ev] inadequate1 w s]ve at lea/ to indicate t a functional logic inh]its ! problem 9 "q & does n create x2 t x has nev] = a mom5t d5i$ ! prima facie work+ di/9ction betwe5 ideas1 ?\ghts1 mean+s1 & facts1 exi/5ces1 ! environm5t1 nor ! necessity ( a control ( mean+ by facts4 ,x is conc]n$ n ) d5y+1 b ) und]/&+4 ,:at is d5i$ is n ! g5u95ess ( ! problem ( ! t]ms 9 :i* x is /at$1 b ! reality & value ( ! or?odox int]pretation4 ,:at is insi/$ ^u is ! relative1 in/rum5tal1 or work+ "* ( ! di/9ction--t x is a logical di/9ction1 in/itut$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! int]e/s ( intellig5ce1 ) all t intellig5ce imports 9 ! ex]cise ( ! life functions4 ,to ?is positive side ,i n[ turn4 ,9 ! analysis x may prove conv5i5t to take an illu/ration ( a man lo/ 9 ! woods1 tak+ ?is case z typical ( any reflective situation 9 s f> z x involves p]plexity--a problem to be solv$4 ,! problem is to f9d a correct idea ( ! way home--a practical idea or plan ( action :i* w lead to success1 or ! realization ( ! purpose to get home4 ,n[ ! critics ( ! exp]im5tal !ory ( logic make ! po9t t ?is practical idea1 ! tru? ( :i* is evid5c$ 9 ! successful meet+ ( a ne$1 is dep5d5t = its success ^u a purely pres5tative idea1 t ( ! exi/5t environm5t1 ^: validity has no?+ to d ) success b dep5ds on agreem5t ) ! giv5 /ate ( affairs4 ,x is said t :at makes a man's idea ( 8 environm5t true is its agreem5t ) ! actual environm5t1 & g5]ally a true idea 9 any situation consi/s 9 its agreem5t ) reality4 ,i h already indicat$ my acceptance ( ?is =mula4 ,b x 0 long my mis=tune n to be possess$ (fh& ( ^? p]fectly cle> notions ( j :at is meant 9 ?is =mula by ! t]ms idea1 exi/5ce1 & agreem5t :i* are possess$ by o!r writ]s on epi/emology2 & :5 ,i analyz$ ^! notions ,i f\nd ! di/9ction betwe5 ! practical idea & ! !oretical n fix$ nor f9al1 & ,i f\nd a some:at />tl+ simil>ity betwe5 ! notions ( success & agreem5t4 ,j :at is ! environm5t ( :i* an idea is to be =m$3 i4e41 :at is ! intellectual cont5t or objective detail to be assign$ to ! t]m environm5t8 ,x c h>dly mean ! actual visible environm5t--! trees1 rocks1 etc41 :i* a man is actually look+ at4 ,^! ?+s are !re & x seems sup]flu\s to =m an idea ( !m2 moreov]1 ! wayf>+ man1 ?\gh lo/1 w\ld h to be an unusually p]v]se fool if "u su* circum/ances he 7 unable to =m an idea 7suppos+ he *ose to engage 9 ?is luxury7 9 agreem5t ) ^! facts4 ,! environm5t mu/ be a l>g] environm5t ?an ! visible facts2 x mu/ include ?+s n )9 ! direct k5 ( ! lo/ man2 x mu/1 = in/ance1 ext5d f :]e he is n[ to 8 home1 or to ! po9t f :i* he />t$4 ,x mu/ include unp]ceiv$ elem5ts 9 _! contra/ ) ! p]ceiv$4 ,o!rwise ! man w\ld n be lo/4 ,n[ we are at once /ruck ) ! facts t ! lo/ man has no alt]native except ei!r to w&] aimlessly or else to conceive ?is inclusive environm5t2 & t ?is conception is j :at is meant by idea4 ,x is n "s little psy*ical entity or piece ( consci\sness-/uff1 b is ! int]pretation ( ! locally pres5t environm5t 9 ref]5ce to its abs5t portion1 t "p to :i* x is ref]r$ z ano!r "p s z to give a view ( a :ole4 ,j h[ su* an idea w\ld diff] f "o's plan ( action 9 f9d+ "o's way1 ,i d n "k4 ,= "o's plan 7if x be really a plan1 a me?od7 is a conception ( :at is giv5 9 its hypo!tical relations to :at is n giv51 employ$ z a guide to t act :i* results 9 ! abs5t be+ also giv54 ,x is a map con/ruct$ ) "o's self lo/ & "o's self f\nd1 :e!r at />t+ or at home aga91 z its two limits4 ,if ?is map 9 its specific "* is n also ! only guide to ! way home1 "o's only plan ( action1 !n ,i hope ,i may nev] be lo/4 ,x is ! practical facts ( be+ lo/ & desir+ to be f\nd :i* con/itute ! limits & ! cont5t ( ! environm5t4 ,!n comes ! te/ ( agreem5t ( ! idea & ! environm5t4 ,suppos+ ! individual /&s /ill & attempts to comp>e 8 idea ) ! reality1 ) :at reality is he to comp>e x8 ,n ) ! pres5t$ reality1 = t reality is ! reality ( himself lo/2 n ) ! complete reality1 = at ?is /age ( proce$+s he has only ! idea to /& = ! complete !ory4 ,:at k9d ( comp>ison is possible or desirable !n1 save to treat ! m5tal lay\t ( ! :ole situation z a work+ hypo!sis1 z a plan ( action1 & proce$ to act ^u x1 to use x z a director & controll] ( "o's divagations in/ead ( /umbl+ bl9dly ar\nd until "o is ei!r exhau/$ or accid5tally gets out8 ,n[ suppose "o uses ! idea--t is to say1 ! pres5t facts project$ into a :ole 9 ! light ( abs5t facts--z a guide ( action4 ,suppose1 by means ( its specifications1 "o works "o's way along until "o comes ^u famili> gr\nd--f9ds "o's self4 ,n[1 "o may say1 my idea 0 "r1 x 0 9 accord ) facts2 x agrees ) reality4 ,t is1 act$ ^u s9c]ely1 x has l$ to ! desir$ conclusion2 x has1 ?r\gh action1 work$ out ! /ate ( ?+s :i* x contemplat$ or int5d$4 ,! agreem5t1 correspond5ce1 is betwe5 purpose1 plan1 & its own execution1 fulfillm5t2 betwe5 a map ( a c\rse con/ruct$ = ! sake ( guid+ behavior & ! result atta9$ 9 act+ ^u ! indications ( ! map4 ,j h[ does su* agreem5t diff] f success8 ,,iii ,if we exclude act+ ^u ! idea1 no conceivable am\nt or k9d ( intellectuali/ic proc$ure c confirm or refute an idea1 or ?r[ any light ^u its validity4 ,h[ does ! non-pragmatic view consid] t v]ification takes place8 ,does x suppose t we fir/ look a long :ile at ! facts & !n a long "t at ! idea1 until by "s magical process ! degree & k9d ( _! agreem5t become visible8 ,unless !re is "s su* conception z ?is1 :at conception ( agreem5t is possible except ! exp]im5tal or practical "o8 ,& if x be admitt$ t v]ification involves action1 h[ c t action be relevant to ! tru? ( an idea1 unless ! idea is itself already relevant to action8 ,if by act+ 9 accordance ) ! exp]im5tal def9ition ( facts1 viz41 z ob/acles & conditions1 & ! exp]im5tal def9ition ( ! end or int5t1 viz41 z plan & me?od ( action1 a h>moniz$ situation effectually pres5ts itself1 we h ! adequate & ! only conceivable v]ification ( ! intellectual factors4 ,if ! action indicat$ be c>ri$ out & ! disord]$ or di/urb$ situation p]si/s1 !n we h n m]ely confut$ ! t5tative positions ( intellig5ce1 b we h 9 ! v process ( act+ introduc$ new data & elim9at$ "s ( ! old ones1 & ?us af=d$ an opportunity = ! resurvey ( ! facts & ! revision ( ! plan ( action4 ,by act+ fai?fully ^u an inadequate reflective pres5tation1 we h at lea/ secur$ ! elem5ts = its improvem5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 gives no absolute gu>anty t ! reflection w at any "t be s p]=m$ z to prove its validity 9 fact4 ,b ! self-rectification ( intellectual cont5t ?r\gh act+ ^u x 9 good fai? is ! absolute ( k1 loyalty to :i* is ! religion ( intellect4 ,! intellectual def9ition or delimitation assign$ to ! giv5 is ?us z t5tative & exp]im5tal z t ascrib$ to ! idea4 ,9 =m bo? are categorical1 & 9 cont5t bo? are hypo!tical4 ,facts really exi/ j z facts1 & mean+s exi/ z mean+s4 ,"o is no m sup]flu\s1 m subjective1 or less necessitat$ ?an ! o!r4 ,9 & ( !mselves z exi/5ces bo? are equally reali/ic & compulsive4 ,b on ! basis ( exi/5ce1 !re is no elem5t 9 ei!r :i* may be /rictly describ$ z intellectual or cognitional4 ,!re is only a practical situation 9 its brute & unrationaliz$ =m4 ,:at is unc]ta9 ab\t ! facts z giv5 at any mom5t is :e!r ! "r exclusions & selections h be5 made4 ,s9ce t is a "q :i* c be decid$ f9ally only by ! exp]im5tal issue1 ?is ascription ( "* is itself t5tative & exp]im5tal4 ,if x works1 ! *>act]ization & del9eation are f\nd to be prop] ones2 b e admission prior to inquiry1 ( unque/ion$1 categorical1 rigid objectivity1 compromises ! probability t x w "w4 ,! "* assign$ to ! datum mu/ be tak5 z hypo!tically z possible 9 ord] to pres]ve ! ela/icity ne$$ = easy & prompt reconsid]ation4 ,any o!r proc$ure virtually insi/s t all facts & details any:]e happ5+ to exi/ & happ5+ to pres5t !mselves 7all be+ equally real7 mu/ all be giv5 equal /atus & equal weight1 & t _! out] ramifications & int]nal complexities mu/ be indef9itely foll[$ up4 ,! wor?lessness ( ?is %e] accumulation ( realities1 its total irrelevancy1 ! lack ( any way ( judg+ ! significance ( ! accumulations1 are good pro(s ( ! fallacy ( any !ory :i* ascribes objective logical cont5t to facts :olly ap>t f ! ne$s & possibilities ( a situation4 ,! m /ubbornly "o ma9ta9s ! full reality ( ei!r 8 facts or 8 ideas1 j z !y /&1 ! m accid5tal is ! discov]y ( relevantly significant facts & ( valid ideas--! m accid5tal1 ! less rational1 is ! issue ( ! k situation4 ,due progress is reasonably probable 9 j ! degree 9 :i* ! mean+1 categorical 9 its exi/+ imp]ativ5ess1 & ! fact1 equally categorical 9 its brute co]civ5ess1 are assign$ only a provisional & t5tative nature ) ref]5ce to control ( ! situation4 ,t ?is surr5d] ( a rigid & f9al "* = ! cont5t ( k on ! sides bo? ( fact & ( mean+1 9 favor ( exp]im5tal & function+ e/imations1 is precisely ! *ange :i* has m>k$ ! developm5t ( mod]n f m$iaeval & ,greek sci5ce1 seems und\bt$4 ,to le>n ! lesson "o has only to contra/ ! rigidity ( ph5om5a & conceptions 9 ,greek ?\ght 7,platonic ideas1 ,ari/otelian =ms7 ) ! mod]n exp]im5tal selection & det]m9+ ( facts & exp]im5tal employm5t ( hypo!ses4 ,! =m] h ceas$ to be ultimate realities ( a nondescript sort & h become provisional data2 ! latt] h ceas$ to be et]nal mean+s & h become work+ !ories4 ,! fruitful application ( ma!matics & ! evolution ( a te*nique ( exp]im5tal inquiry h co9cid$ ) ?is *ange4 ,t realities exi/ indep5d5tly ( _! use z intellectual data1 & t mean+s exi/ ap>t f _! utilization z hypo!ses1 are ! p]man5t tru?s ( ,greek realism z aga9/ ! exagg]at$ subjectivism ( mod]n philosophy2 b ! conception t ?is exi/5ce is to be def9$ 9 ! same way z are cont5ts ( k1 s t p]fect be+ is object ( p]fect k & imp]fect be+ object ( imp]fect k1 is ! fallacy :i* ,greek ?\ght project$ into mod]n4 ,sci5ce has advanc$ 9 its me?ods 9 j ! degree 9 :i* x has ceas$ to assume t prior realities & prior mean+s reta9 fix$ly & f9ally1 :5 ent]+ into reflective situations1 ! *>act]s !y _h prior to ?is entrance1 & 9 :i* x has realiz$ t _! v pres5ce )9 ! k situation signifies t !y h to be r$ef9$ & revalu$ f ! /&po9t ( ! new situation4 ,,iv ,?is conception does n1 h[ev]1 commit u to ! view t !re is any consci\s situation :i* is totally non-reflective4 ,x may be true t any exp]i5ce :i* c prop]ly be t]m$ su* comprises some?+ :i* is meant ov] & aga9/ :at is giv5 or !re4 ,b !re are _m situations into :i* ! rational factor--! mutual di/9ction & mutual ref]5ce ( fact & mean+--ent]s only incid5tally & is slurr$1 n acc5tuat$4 ,_m di/urbances are relatively trivial & induce only a slight & sup]ficial r$ef9ition ( cont5ts4 ,?is pass+ t5sion ( facts aga9/ mean+ may suffice to call up & c>ry a wide range ( mean+ful facts :i* are q irrelevant to ! intellectual problem4 ,su* is ! case :]e ! individual is f9d+ 8 way ?r\gh any field :i* is ^u ! :ole famili>1 & :i*1 accord+ly1 requires only an occasional resurvey & revaluation at mom5ts ( slight p]plexity4 ,we may call ^! situations1 if we w1 k situations 7= ! reflective function *>act]i/ic ( k is pres5t71 b s d5om9at+ !m does n d away ) _! %>p diff]5ce f ^? situations 9 :i* ! critical qualification ( facts & def9ition ( mean+s con/itute ! ma9 bus9ess4 ,to speak ( ! pass+ att5tion :i* a travel] has occasionally to give to ! indications ( 8 prop] pa? 9 a fairly famili> & beat5 highway z k1 9 j ! same s5se 9 :i* ! delib]ate inquiry ( a ma!matician or a *emi/ or a logician is k1 is z confus+ to ! real issue involv$ z w\ld be ! d5ial to x ( any reflective factor4 ,if1 !n1 "o be>s 9 m9d ^! two consid]ations--7#a7 ! unique problem & purpose ( e reflective situation1 & 7#b7 ! diff]5ce z to range & ?or\ghness ( logical function 9 diff]5t types ( reflective situations--"o ne$ h no difficulty ) ! doctr9e t ! great ob/acle 9 ! developm5t ( sci5tific kn[+ is t facts & mean+s ent] su* situations ) /ubborn & ali5 *>act]i/ics import$ f o!r situations4 ,?is af=ds an opportunity to speak aga9 ( ! logical problem to :i* ref]5ce & promise ( return 7 made e>li] 9 ?is pap]4 ,facts may be reg>d$ z exi/+ qualitatively & 9 c]ta9 spatial & temporal relations2 :5 !re is k ano!r relation is add$1 t ( "o ?+ mean+ or signify+ ano!r4 ,wat] exi/s1 = example1 z wat]1 9 a c]ta9 place1 9 a c]ta9 temporal sequ5ce4 ,b x may signify ! qu5*+ ( ?ir/2 & ?is signification-relation con/itutes k4#eg ,?is /atem5t may be tak5 9 a way congru\s ) ! acc\nt develop$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,b x may also be tak5 9 ano!r s5se1 consid]ation ( :i* w s]ve to en=ce ! po9t reg>d+ ! t5tative nature ( ! *>act]ization ( ! giv51 z di/9ct f ! int5d$ & abs5t4 ,wat] means qu5*+ ?ir/2 x is drunk1 & dea? foll[s4 ,x 0 n wat]1 b a poison :i* look$ l wat]4 ,or x is drunk1 & is wat]1 b does n qu5* ?ir/1 = ! dr9k] is 9 an abnormal condition & dr9k+ wat] only int5sifies ! ?ir/4 ,or x is drunk & qu5*es ?ir/2 b x also br+s on typhoid fev]1 be+ n m]ely wat]1 b wat] plus g]ms4 ,n[ all ^! ev5ts demon/rate t error may app]ta9 q z mu* to ! *>act]ization ( exi/+ ?+s1 sugge/+ or sugge/$1 z to ! sugge/ion qua sugge/ion4 ,!re is no gr\nd = giv+ ! ?+s any sup]ior reality4 ,9 ^! cases1 inde$1 x may fairly be said t ! mi/ake is made because qualitative ?+ & sugge/$ or mean+-relation 7 n discrim9at$4 ,! signify+ =ce 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( ! direct quality ( ! giv5 fact1 q z mu* z its color1 liquidity1 etc42 x is only 9 ano!r situation t x is discrim9at$ z a relation in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z an elem5t4 ,x is q z true to say t a ?+ is call$ wat] because x sugge/s ?ir/-qu5*+ z to say t x sugge/s ?ir/-qu5*+ because x is *>act]iz$ z wat]4 ,! k function becomes prom95t or dom9ant 9 ! degree 9 :i* !re is a consci\s discrim9ation betwe5 ! fact-relations & ! mean+-relations4 ,& ?is inevitably means t ! wat] ceases to be surely wat]1 j z x becomes d\btful or hypo!tical :e!r ?is ?+1 :atev] x is1 really means ?ir/-qu5*+4 ,if x really means ?ir/-qu5*+1 x is wat]2 s f> z x may n mean x1 x p]haps is n wat]4 ,x is n[ j z mu* a "q :at ?is is z :at x means4 ,:atev] w resolve "o "q w resolve ! o!r4 ,9 j ! degree1 !n1 9 :i* an exi/5ce or ?+ gets intellectualiz$ =ce or function1 x becomes a fragm5t>y & dubi\s ?+1 to be circumscrib$ & describ$ = ! sake ( op]at+ z sign1 or clue ( a future reality to be realiz$ ?r\gh action4 ,only z reality is r$uc$ to a sign1 & que/ions ( its nature z sign are consid]$1 does x get intellectual or cognitional /atus4 ,! be>+ ( ?is ^u ! "q ( practical "* ( ! di/9ctions ( fact & idea is obvi\s4 ,no "o1 ,i take x1 w\ld d5y t action ( "s sort does foll[ ^u judgm5t2 no "o w\ld d5y t ?is action does someh[ s]ve to te/ ! value ( ! intellectual op]ations ^u :i* x foll[s4 ,b if ?is subsequ5t action is m]ely subsequ5t1 if ! intellectual categories1 op]ations1 & di/9ctions are complete 9 !mselves1 )\t inh]5t ref]5ce to x1 :at gu>anty is !re t !y pass into relevant action1 & by :at miracle does ! action manage to te/ ! wor? ( ! idea8 ,b if ! intellectual id5tification & description ( ! ?+ are z t5tative & in/rum5tal z is ! ascription ( significance1 !n ! exig5cies ( ! active situation are op]ative 9 all ! categories ( ! k situation4 ,action is n a m or less accid5tal app5dage or aft]?\ght1 b is und]go+ developm5t & giv+ direction 9 ! entire k function4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i rem>k t ! ease ) :i* ! practical "* ( ^! fundam5tal logical categories1 fact1 mean+1 & agreem5t1 may be ov]look$ or d5i$ is due to ! organic way 9 :i* practical import is inc>nate 9 !m4 ,x c be ov]look$ because x is s involv$ 9 ! t]ms !mselves t x is assum$ at e turn4 ,! pragmati/ is 9 ! position ( "o :o is *>g$ ) d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ because1 9 po9t+ out a c]ta9 fundam5tal feature ( x1 he puts x 9 a /range light4 ,su* confusion always occurs :5 ! famili> is br\ght to def9ition4 ,! difficulties are m psy*ological--difficulties ( ori5tation & m5tal adju/m5t--?an logical1 & 9 ! long run w be done away ) by our gett+ us$ to ! diff]5t viewpo9t1 r ?an by argum5t4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aijc4 #ec ,mill's doctr9e ( ! ambiguity ( ! copula 7,logic1 ,book ,i1 *ap4 ,,iv1 #a7 is an in/ance ( "o typical way ( evad+ ! problem4 ,aft] insi/+ ) prop] =ce & cle>ness ^u ! objective "* ( our intellectual beliefs & propositions1 viz41 t :5 we say fire causes heat we mean actual ph5om5a1 n our ideas ( fire & heat 7,book ,i1 *ap4 ,,ii & *ap4 ,,xi1 #a1 & *ap4 ,v1 #a71 he ?9ks to dispose ( ! :ole problem ( ! is 9 judgm5t by say+ t x is only a sign ( affirmation 7*ap4 ,i1 #b1 & *ap4 ,,iv1 #a74 ,( c\rse x is4 ,b unless ! affirmation 7! sign ( ?\ght7 agrees or corresponds ) ! relations ( ! ph5om5a1 :at becomes ( ! doctr9e ( ! objective import ( propositions8 ,h[ o!rwise %all we ma9ta9 ) ,mill 7& ) common-s5se & sci5ce7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ass]t+ a fact ( ext]nal nature & a fact 9 my m5tal hi/ory8 #ed ,/udies 9 ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 article by ,woodbridge on ,! ,problem ( ,consci\sness1 especially pp4 #aei-fj4 #ee ,9 o!r words1 ideas is a t]m capable ( assum+ any def9ition :i* is logically appropriate--say1 mean+4 ,x ne$ n h any?+ to d ) ! conception ( little subjective entities or psy*ical /uffs4 #ef ,( c\rse1 ! moni/ic epi/emologies h an advantage 9 ! /atem5t ( ! problem ov] ! duali/ic--!y d n /ate x 9 t]ms :i* presuppose ! impossibility ( ! solution4 #eg ,?is view 0 orig9ally advanc$ 9 ! discussion ( q ano!r problem ?an ! "o "h discuss$1 viz41 ! problem ( consci\sness2 & x may n be q j to dissev] x f t context4 ,b z a =mula = k x has en\gh simil>ity ) ! "o br\ght out 9 ?is pap] to sugge/ fur!r treatm5t2 x is n int5d$ t ! results rea*$ "h %all apply to ! problem ( consci\sness z su*4 ,,ix ,,na,,ve ,,realism ,,vs4 ,,pres5tative ,,realism#eh ,i ,9 spite ( ! elucidations ( contempor>y reali/s1 a numb] ( ideali/s cont9ue to adduce 9 behalf ( idealism c]ta9 facts hav+ an obvi\s physical nature & explanation4 ,! visible conv]g5ce ( ! railway tracks1 = example1 is cit$ z evid5ce t :at is se5 is a m5tal cont5t4 ,yet ?is conv]g5ce foll[s f ! physical prop]ties ( light & a l5s1 & is physically demon/rat$ 9 a cam]a4 ,is ! photograph1 !n1 to be conceiv$ z a psy*ical some:at8 ,t ! "t ( ! visibility ( a light does n co9cide ) ! "t at :i* a di/ant body emitt$ ! light is employ$ to support a simil> ideali/ic conclusion1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! exact diff]5ce 9 "t may be d$uc$ f a physical prop]ty ( light--its rate4 ,! dislocation 9 space ( ! light se5 & ! a/ronomical /> is us$ z evid5ce ( ! m5tal nature ( ! =m]1 ?\gh ! exact angul> diff]5ce is a matt] ( simple computation f purely physical data4 ,! d\bl+ ( images (1 say1 ! f+] :5 ! eyeball is press$1 is frequ5tly pr(f]$ z a cl9*]4 ,yet x is a simple matt] to take any body t reflects light1 & by a suitable arrangem5t ( l5ses to produce n only two b _m images1 project$ into space4 ,if ! fact t "u def9ite physical conditions 7misplacem5t ( l5ses71 a f+] yields two images proves ! psy*ical "* ( ! latt]1 !n ! fact t "u c]ta9 conditions a s\nd+ body yields "o or m e*oes is1 by p>ity ( reason+1 pro( t ! e*o is made ( m5tal /uff4#ei ,if1 once m1 ! diff]5ces 9 =m & color ( a table to diff]5t obs]v]s1 occupy+ diff]5t physical positions1 is pro( t :at ea* sees is a psy*ical1 private1 isolat$ some:at1 !n ! fact t "o & ! same physical body has diff]5t effects ^u1 or relations )1 diff]5t physical m$ia is pro( ( ! m5tal nature ( ^! effects4 ,take a lump ( wax & subject x to ! same heat1 locat$ at diff]5t positions2 n[ ! wax is solid1 n[ liquid--x might ev5 be gase\s4 ,h[ psy*ical ^! ph5om5a6 ,x almo/ seems z if ! trans=mation ( ! physical into ! m5tal 9 ! cases cit$ exemplifies an int]e/+ psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,9 ea* case ! beg9n+ is ) a real & physical exi/5ce4 ,tak+ ! real object1 ! a/ronomical />1 on ! basis ( its physical reality1 ! ideali/ concludes to a psy*ical object1 radically diff]5t6 ,tak+ ! s+le object1 ! f+]1 f ! premise ( its real s+l5ess1 he concludes to a d\ble m5tal cont5t1 :i* !n takes ! place ( ! orig9al s+le ?+6 ,tak+ "o-&-!-same-object1 ! table1 pres5t+ its diff]5t surfaces & reflections ( light to diff]5t real organisms1 he elim9ates ! "o-table-9-its-diff]5t-relations 9 behalf ( a multiplicity ( totally sep>ate psy*ical tables6 ,! logic rem9ds u ( ! /ory ( ! c\ntryman :o1 aft] gaz+ at ! giraffe1 rem>k$1 ,!re a9't no su* animal4 ,x almo/ seems1 ,i repeat1 z if ?is self-contradiction 9 ! argum5t creates 9 "s m9ds ! impression t ! object--n ! argum5t--is und]go+ ! extraord9>y rev]sal ( =m4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! problem indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ cases is simply ! good old problem ( ! _m 9 "o1 or1 less cryptically1 ! problem ( ! ma9t5ance ( a cont9uity ( process ?r\gh\t diff]5ces4 ,i d n pret5d t ?is situation1 ?\gh ! mo/ famili> ?+ 9 life1 is :olly )\t difficulties4 ,b its difficulty is n "o ( epi/emology1 t is1 ( ! relation ( kn[n to a kn[]2 to take x z su*1 & !n to use x z pro( ( ! psy*ical nature ( a f9al t]m1 is also to prove t ! trail ! rocket /ick leaves beh9d is psy*ical1 or t ! fl[] :i* comes 9 a cont9uity ( process f a se$ is m5tal4 ,,ii ,contempor>y reali/s h s frequ5tly & cle>ly exp\nd$ ! physical explanation ( su* cases z h be5 cit$ t "o is at a loss z to :y ideali/s g on repeat+ ! cases )\t ev5 allud+ to ! reali/ic explanation4 ,"o is mov$ to wond] :e!r ?is neglect is j "o ( ^? circum/ances :i* p]si/5tly dog philosophical discussions1 or :e!r some?+ 9 ! reali/ic position gives gr\nd 7f at lea/ an ad hom9em po9t ( view7 = ! neglect4 ,!re is a reason = adopt+ ! latt] alt]native4 ,_m reali/s1 9 (f]+ ! type ( explanation adduc$ above1 h treat$ ! cases ( se5 light1 d\bl$ imag]y1 z p]ception 9 a way t ascribes to p]ception an inh]5t cognitive /atus4 ,!y h treat$ ! p]ceptions z cases ( k1 in/ead ( z simply natural ev5ts hav+1 9 !mselves 7ap>t f a use t may be made ( !m71 no m k /atus or wor? ?an1 say1 a %[] or a fev]4 ,:at ,i int5d to %[ is t if p]ceptions are reg>d$ z cases ( k1 ! gate is op5$ to ! ideali/ic int]pretation4 ,! physical explanation holds ( !m z long z !y are reg>d$ simply z natural ev5ts--a doctr9e ,i %all call nave realism2 x does n hold ( !m consid]$ z cases ( k--! view ,i call pres5tative realism4 ,! ideali/s attribute to ! reali/s ! doctr9e t ! p]ceiv$ object is ! real object4 ,please note ! word+2 x assumes t !re is ! real object1 some?+ :i* /&s 9 a contra/+ relation ) objects n real or else less real4 ,s9ce x is easily demon/rable t !re is a num]ical duplicity betwe5 ! a/ronomical /> & its effect ( visible light1 betwe5 ! s+le f+] & ! d\bl$ images1 ! latt] evid5tly1 :5 ! =m] is dubb$ ! real object1 /&s 9 disp>ag+ contra/ to its reality4 ,if x is a case ( k1 ! k ref]s to ! />2 & yet n ! />1 b some?+ m or less unreal 7t is1 if ! /> be ! real object71 is kn[n4 ,consid] h[ simply ! matt] /&s 9 :at ,i h call$ nave realism4 ,! a/ronomical /> is a real object1 b n ! real object2 ! visible light is ano!r real object1 f\nd1 :5 k sup]v5es1 to be an occurr5ce /&+ 9 a process cont9u\s ) ! />4 ,s9ce ! se5 light is an ev5t )9 a cont9u\s process1 !re is no po9t ( view f :i* its reality contra/s ) t ( ! />4 ,b suppose t ! reali/ accepts ! tradition>y psy*ology accord+ to :i* e ev5t 9 ! way ( a p]ception is also a case ( kn[+ some?+4 ,is ! way out n[ s simple8 ,9 ! case ( ! d\bl$ f+]s or ! se5 light1 ! ?+ kn[n 9 p]ception contra/s ) ! physical s\rce & cause ( ! k4 ,!re is a num]ical duplicity4 ,moreov] ! ?+ kn[n by p]ception is by ?is hypo!sis 9 relation to a kn[]1 :ile ! physical cause is n4 ,is n ! mo/ plausible acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical cause ( ! p]ceptive k & :at ! latt] pres5ts precisely ?is latt] diff]5ce--namely1 pres5tation to a kn[]8 ,if p]ception is a case ( kn[+1 x mu/ be a case ( kn[+ ! />2 b s9ce ! real /> is n kn[n 9 ! p]ception1 ! k relation mu/ someh[ h *ang$ ! object into a cont5t4 ,?us :5 ! reali/ conceives ! p]ceptual occurr5ce z an intr9sic case ( k or ( pres5tation to a m9d or kn[]1 he lets ! nose ( ! ideali/ camel into ! t5t4 ,he has !n no great cause = surprise :5 ! camel comes 9--& dev\rs ! t5t4 ,p]haps x w seem z if 9 ?is la/ p>agraph ,i _h gone back on :at ,i said e>li] reg>d+ ! physical explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! visible light & ! a/ronomical />4 ,on ! contr>y1 my po9t is t ?is explanation1 ?\gh :olly adequate z long z we conceive ! p]ception to be itself simply a natural ev5t1 is n at all available :5 we conceive x to be an attempt at kn[+ its cause4 ,9 ! =m] case1 we are deal+ ) a relation betwe5 natural ev5ts4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we are deal+ ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 an object z a cause ( k & an object z kn[n1 & h5ce 9 relation to m9d4 ,by ! me?od ( diff]5ce ! sole explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two objects is !n ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( relation to a kn[]4 ,9 ! case ( ! se5 light1#fj ref]5ce to ! velocity ( light is q adequate to acc\nt = its "t & space diff]5ces f ! />4 ,b view$ z a case ( :at is kn[n 7on ! supposition t p]ception is kn[+71 ref]5ce to x only increases ! contra/ betwe5 ! real object & ! object kn[n 9 p]ception4 ,=1 be+ j z mu* a "p ( ! object t causes ! p]ception z is ! /> itself1 x 7! velocity ( light7 ought logically to be "p ( :at is kn[n 9 ! p]ception1 :ile x is n4 ,s9ce ! velocity ( light is a con/itu5t elem5t 9 ! />1 x %\ld be kn[n 9 ! p]ception2 s9ce x is n s kn[n1 ref]5ce to x only increases ! discrepancy betwe5 ! object ( ! p]ception--! se5 light--& ! real1 a/ronomical />4 ,! same is true ( any physical condition t might be ref]r$ to3 ,! v ?+s t1 f ! /&po9t ( p]ception z a natural ev5t1 are conditions t acc\nt = its happ5+ are1 f ! /&po9t ( p]ception z a case ( k1 "p ( ! object :i*1 if k is to be valid1 ought to be kn[n1 b is n4 ,9 ?is fact we h1 p]haps1 ! gr\nd ( ! ideali/'s disreg>d ( ! (t-pr(f]$ physical explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]ceptual ev5t & ! 7s-call$7 real object4 ,& x is q possible t "s reali/s :o read ^! l9es w feel t 9 my la/ p>agraphs ,i h be5 mak+ a cov]t argum5t = idealism4 ,n s1 ,i repeat2 !y are an argum5t = a truly nave realism4 ,! pres5tative reali/1 9 8 appeal to common-s5se & ! pla9 man1 fir/ sophi/icates ! umpire & !n appeals4 ,he /ops a good way %ort ( a g5u9e navet4 ,! pla9 man1 = a surety1 does n reg>d noises he>d1 lights se51 etc41 z m5tal exi/5ces2 b nei!r does he reg>d !m z ?+s kn[n4 ,t !y are j ?+s is good en\gh = him4 ,t !y are 9 relation to m9d1 or 9 relation to m9d z _! kn[]1 no m occurs to him ?an t !y are m5tal4 ,by ?is ,i mean mu* m ?an t ! =mulae ( epi/emology are =eign to him2 ,i mean t 8 attitude to ^! ?+s z ?+s involves _! n be+ 9 relation to him z a m9d or a kn[]4 ,he is 9 ! attitude ( a lik] or hat]1 a do] or an appreciator4 ,:5 he takes ! attitude ( a kn[] he beg9s to inquire4 ,once dep>t f ?or\gh navet1 & sub/itute = x ! psy*ological !ory t p]ception is a cognitive pres5tation to a m9d ( a causal object1 & ! fir/ /ep is tak5 on ! road :i* ends 9 an ideali/ic sy/em4 ,,iii ,= simplicity's sake1 ,i h writt5 z if my ma9 problem 7 to %[ h[1 9 ! face ( a suppos$ difficulty1 a /rictly reali/ic !ory ( ! p]ceptual ev5t may be ma9ta9$4 ,b my int]e/ is prim>ily 9 ! facts1 & 9 ! !ory only because ( ! facts x =mulates4 ,! significance ( ! facts ( ! case may1 p]haps1 be indicat$ by a consid]ation :i* has ?us f> be5 ignor$4 ,9 reg>d+ a p]ception z a case ( k1 ! pres5tative reali/ does m ?an %ove into x a relation to m9d :i* !n1 naturally & inevitably1 becomes ! explanation ( any diff]5ces t exi/ betwe5 its subject-matt] & "s causal object ) :i* x contra/s4 ,9 _m cases--v important cases1 too1 9 ! physical sci5ces--! contra/+ real object becomes kn[n by a logical process1 by inf]5ce--z ! contempor>y position ( ! /> is det]m9$ by calculations f data1 n by p]ception4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! situation ( ! pres5tative reali/3 ,if p]ception is k ( its cause1 x /&s 9 unfavorable contra/ ) ano!r indirect mode ( k2 its object is less valid ?an ! object ( inf]5ce4 ,i d n adduce ^! consid]ations z %[+ t ! case is hopeless = ! pres5tative reali/2#fa ,i am will+ to conc$e he c f9d a satisfactory way out4 ,b ! difficulty exi/s2 & 9 exi/+ x calls emphatic att5tion to a case :i* is c]ta9ly & indisputably a case ( k--namely1 propositions arriv$ at ?r\gh inf]5ce1 judgm5ts z logical ass]tions4 ,) relation to ! unque/ionable case ( k1 ! logical or inf]5tial case1 p]ceptions occupy a unique /atus1 "o :i* readily acc\nts = _! be+ reg>d$ z cases ( k1 al?\gh 9 !mselves !y are natural ev5ts4 7#a7 ,!y are ! sole ultimate data1 ! sole m$ia1 ( inf]5ce to all natural objects & processes4 ,:ile we d n1 9 any intelligible or v]ifiable s5se1 "k !m1 we "k all ?+s t we d "k ) or by !m4 ,!y furni% ! only ultimate evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! objects :i* we inf]1 & !y are ! sole ultimate *ecks & te/s ( ! inf]5ces4 ,! visible light is a necess>y "p ( ! evid5ce on ! basis ( :i* we inf] ! exi/5ce1 place1 & /ructure ( ! a/ronomical />1 & "s o!r p]ception is ! v]ify+ *eck on ! value ( ! inf]5ce4 ,because ( ?is *>act]i/ic use ( p]ceptions1 ! p]ceptions !mselves acquire1 by second int5tion1 a k /atus4 ,!y become objects ( m9ute1 accurate1 & exp]im5tal scrut9y4 ,s9ce ! body ( propositions t =ms natural sci5ce hangs ^u !m1 = sci5tific purposes _! nature z evid5ce1 z signs1 entirely ov]%ad[s _! natural /atus1 t ( be+ simply natural ev5ts4 ,! sci5tific man1 z sci5tific1 c>es = p]ceptions n 9 !mselves1 b z !y ?r[ light ^u ! nature ( "s object rea*$ by evid5ce4 ,& s9ce e su* inf]5ce tries to t]m9ate 9 a fur!r p]ception 7z its te/ ( validity71 ! value ( inf]5tial kn[+ dep5ds on p]ception4 7#b7 ,indep5d5tly ( sci5ce1 daily life uses p]ceptions z signs ( o!r p]ceptions4 ,:5 a p]ception ( a c]ta9 k9d frequ5tly recurs & is con/antly us$ z evid5ce ( "s o!r imp5d+ p]ceptual ev5t1 ! function ( habit 7a natural function1 be x not$1 n a psy*ical or epi/emological function7 (t5 br+s x ab\t t ! p]ception loses its orig9al quality 9 acquir+ a sign-value4 ,language is1 ( c\rse1 ! typical case4 ,noises1 9 !mselves m]e natural ev5ts1 ?r\gh habitual use z signs ( o!r natural ev5ts become integrat$ ) :at !y mean4 ,:at !y /& = is telescop$1 z x 71 into :at !y are4 ,?is happ5s also ) o!r natural ev5ts1 colors1 ta/es1 etc4 ,?us1 = practical purposes1 _m p]ceptual ev5ts are cases ( k2 t is1 !y h be5 us$ z su* s (t5 t ! habit ( s us+ !m is e/abli%$ or automatic4 ,9 ?is brief ref]5ce to facts t are p]fectly famili>1 ,i h tri$ to sugge/ ?ree po9ts ( crucial importance = a nave realism3 fir/1 t inf]5tial or evid5tial k 7t involv+ logical relation7 is 9 ! field z an obvi\s & undisput$ case ( k2 second1 t ?is function1 al?\gh embody+ ! logical relation1 is itself a natural & specifically detectable process among natural ?+s--x is n a non-natural or epi/emological relation2 ?ird1 t ! use1 practical & sci5tific1 ( p]ceptual ev5ts 9 ! evid5tial or inf]5tial function is su* z to make !m become objects ( inquiry & limits ( k1 & to su* a degree t ?is acquir$ *>act]i/ic q ov]%ad[s1 9 _m cases1 _! prim>y nature4 ,if we add to :at has be5 said ! fact t1 l e natural function1 ! inf]5tial function turns out bett] 9 "s cases & worse 9 o!rs1 we get a naturali/ic or navely reali/ic conception ( ! problem ( k3 ,control ( ! conditions ( inf]5ce--! only type ( k detectable 9 direct exi/5ce--s z to guide x t[>d bett] conclusions4 ,,iv ,i d n flatt] myself t ,i w receive mu* gratitude f reali/s = attempt+ to rescue !m f t error ( fact :i* exposes _! doctr9e to an ideali/ic int]pretation4 ,! sup]/ition1 gr[+ up 9 a false physics & physiology & p]petuat$ by psy*ology1 t s5sations-p]ceptions are cases ( k1 is too +ra9$4 ,b--cr$e exp]to--let !m try ! exp]im5t ( conceiv+ p]ceptions z pure natural ev5ts1 n z cases ( aw>5ess or appreh5sion1 & !y w be surpris$ to see h[ little !y miss--save ! burd5 ( c>ry+ tradition>y problems4 ,meantime1 :ile philosophic argum5t1 su* z ?is1 w d little to *ange ! /ate ( belief reg>d+ p]ceptions1 ! developm5t ( biology & ! ref9em5t ( physiology w1 9 due season1 d ! "w4 ,9 conclud+ my article1 ,i ought to ref]1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ misappreh5sion1 to a reply t ! pres5tative reali/ might make to my objection4 ,he might say t :ile ! se5 light is a case ( k or pres5tative aw>5ess1 x is n a case ( k ( ! />1 b simply ( ! se5 light1 j z x is4 ,9 ?is case ! appeal to ! physical explanations ( ! diff]5ce ( ! se5 light f its objective s\rce is q legitimate4 ,at fir/ sight1 su* a position seems innoc5t & t5able4 ,ev5 if innoc5t1 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ungr\nd$1 s9ce !re is no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a kn[]1 & ( its relation to ! se5 light4 ,b fur!r consid]ation w reveal t !re is a mo/ fundam5tal objection4 ,if ! notion ( p]ception z a case ( adequate k ( its own object-matt] be accept$1 ! k relation is absolutely ubiquit\s2 x is an all-inclusive net4 ,! ego-c5tric pr$icam5t is inevitable4 ,?is result ( mak+ p]ception a case ( kn[+ w n[ occupy u4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,bu%'s article on ,k & ,p]ception1 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cic1 & to ,pr(essor ,woodbridge's article on ,p]ception & ,epi/emology 9 ! ,james ,memorial ,volume1 z well z to 8 pap] on ,s5sations1 read at ! #aiaj meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association4 ,s9ce my po9t ( dep>ture & aim are some:at diff]5t1 ,i make ?is g5]al ackn[l$gm5t 9 lieu ( m specific ref]5ces4 #ei ,plato's use ( %ad[s1 ( reflections 9 ! wat]1 & o!r images or imitations to prove ! pres5ce 9 nature ( non-be+ 01 consid]+ ! /ate ( physical sci5ce 9 8 day1 a mu* m s5sible conclusion ?an ! mod]n use ( c]ta9 images z pro( t ! object 9 p]ception is a psy*ical cont5t4 ,hobbes expressly treats all images z physical1 z on ! same plane z reflections 9 ! wat] & e*oes2 ! comp>ison is 84 #fj ,x is impossible1 9 ?is brief treatm5t1 to =e/all e misappreh5sion & objection4 ,yet to _m ! use ( ! t]m se5 w appe> to be an admission t a case ( k is involv$4 ,b is smell+ a case ( k8 ,or 7if ! sup]/ition p]si/s z to smell7 is gnaw+ or pok+ a case ( k8 ,my po9t1 ( c\rse1 is t se5 involves a relation to organic activity1 n to a kn[]1 or m9d4 #fa ,?is is ! phase ( ! matt]1 ( c\rse1 :i* ! rationali/ic or objective reali/1 ! reali/ ( ! type ( ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 emphasizes4 ,put 9 t]ms ( sy/ems1 ! difficulty is t 9 escap+ ! subjectivism lat5t 9 treat+ p]ception z a case ( k1 ! reali/ runs into ! wait+ arms ( ! objective ideali/4 ,x ,,epi/emological ,,realism3 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,ubiquity ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,relation ,i h po9t$ out t if p]ception be treat$ z a case ( k1 k ( e =m & k9d mu/ be treat$ z a case ( a pres5tation to a kn[]4 ,! alleg$ discipl9e ( epi/emology is !n inevitable4 ,9 common usage1 ! t]m k t5ds to be employ$ eulogi/ically2 its mean+ approa*es ! connotation ( ! t]m sci5ce4 ,m loosely1 x is us$1 ( c\rse1 to designate all beliefs & propositions t are held ) assurance1 especially ) ! implication t ! assurance is reasonable1 or gr\nd$4 ,9 its practical s5se1 x is us$ z ! equival5t ( kn[+ h[1 ( skill or ability involv+ su* acqua9tance ) ?+s & p]sons z enables "o to anticipate h[ !y behave "u c]ta9 conditions & to take /eps accord+ly4 ,su* usages ( ! t]m are all diff]5tial2 !y all involve def9ite contra/s--) ungr\nd$ conviction1 or ) d\bt & m]e guesswork1 or ) ! inexp]tness t accompanies lack ( famili>ity4 ,9 its epi/emological use1 ! t]m k has a blanket value :i* is absolutely unkn[n 9 common life4 ,x cov]s any & e pres5tation ( any & e ?+ to a kn[]1 to an aw>]1 if ,i may co9 a ^w = ! sake ( avoid+ "s ( ! pitfalls ( ! t]m consci\sness4 ,&1 ,i repeat1 ?is indiscrim9ate use ( ! t]m k1 s =eign to sci5ce & daily life1 is absolutely unavoidable if p]ception be reg>d$ z1 9 itself1 a mode ( k4 ,& !n--& only !n--! problem ( ! possibility1 nature1 & ext5t ( k 9 g5]al is also inevitable4 ,i hope ,i %all n be reg>d$ z (f5sively pragmatic if ,i sugge/ t ?is undesirable consequ5ce is a good reason = n accept+ ! premise f :i* x foll[s1 unless t premise be absolutely =c$ ^u u4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^u ! supposition ( ! ubiquity ( ! k relation 9 respect to a self1 pres5tative realism is compell$ to accept ! g5u95ess ( ! epi/emological problem1 & ?us to conv]t itself into an epi/emological realism1 gett+ "o m /ep away f bo? nave & naturali/ic realism4 ,! problem is especially acute = a pres5tative realism because idealism has made precisely ?is ubiquity ( relation%ip its axiom1 its %ort-cut4 ,"o sample is z good z a ?\s&4 ,says ,ba93 ,!re is no possible k ( a _w except 9 relation to our m9ds4 ,k means a /ate ( m9d2 ! notion ( mat]ial ?+s is a m5tal fact4 ,we are incapable ev5 ( discuss+ ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t mat]ial _w2 ! v act is a contradiction4 ,we c speak only ( a _w pres5t$ to our own m9ds4 ,on ! supposition ( ! ubiquity ( ! relation1 realism & idealism exhau/ ! alt]natives2 if ! ubiquity ( ! relation is a my?1 bo? doctr9es are unreal1 because !re is no problem ( :i* !y are ! solution4 ,my fir/ /ep 9 indicat+ ! unreality ( bo? solutions is =mal4 ,i %all try to %[ t if ! k relation ( ?+s to a self is ! exhau/ive & inclusive relation1 !re is no intelligible po9t at issue betwe5 idealism & realism2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are ei!r v]bal or else due to a failure on ! "p ( "o or ! o!r to /ick to _! common premise4 ,i ,to my m9d1 ,pr(essor ,p]ry r5d]$ philosophic discussion a real s]vice :5 he co9$ ! phrase ego-c5tric pr$icam5t4 ,! phrase designat$ some?+ :i*1 :e!r or no x be real 9 itself1 is v real 9 curr5t discussion1 & designat+ x r5d]$ x m accessible to exam9ation4 ,9 t]m+ ! alleg$ uni=m complicity ( a kn[] a pr$icam5t1 x is int5d$1 ,i take x1 to sugge/1 among o!r ?+s1 t we h "h a difficulty ) :i* all s*ools ( ?\ght alike mu/ reckon1 s t x is a difficulty t _c be us$ z an argum5t 9 behalf ( "o s*ool & aga9/ ano!r4 ,if ! relation be ubiquit\s1 x affects alike e view1 e !ory1 e object exp]i5c$2 x is no respect] ( p]sons1 no respect] ( doctr9es4 ,s9ce x _c make any diff]5ce to any p>ticul> object1 to any p>ticul> logical ass]tion1 or to any p>ticul> !ory1 x does n support an ideali/ic z aga9/ a reali/ic !ory4 ,be+ a univ]sal common d5om9ator ( all !ories1 x cancels out ( all ( !m alike4 ,x leaves ! issue "o ( subject-matt]1 to be decid$ on ! basis ( t subject-matt]1 n on ! basis ( an unescapable att5dant consid]ation t ! subject-matt] mu/ be kn[n 9 ord] to be discuss$4 ,9 %ort1 ! moral is q lit]ally1 ,=get x1 or ,cut x out4 ,b ! ideali/ may be imag9$ to reply some:at z foll[s3 ,if ! ubiquity 7 ( any k9d o!r ?an precisely ! k9d x is1 ! advice to disreg>d x z a m]e att5dant circum/ance ( discussion w\ld be relevant4 ,?us1 = example1 we disreg>d gravitation :5 we are consid]+ a p>ticul> *emical reaction2 !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t x affects a reaction 9 any way t modifies x z a *emical reaction4 ,& if ! 'ego-c5tric' relation 7 cit$ :5 ! po9t at issue is some?+ ab\t "o gr\p ( facts 9 di/9ction f ano!r gr\p1 x ought c]ta9ly to be cancel$ f any /atem5t ab\t !m4 ,b s9ce ! po9t at issue is precisely ! mo/ univ]sally def9+ trait ( exi/5ce z kn[n1 ! invitation delib]ately to disreg>d ! mo/ univ]sal trait is no?+ m or less ?an an invitation to philosophic suicide4 ,if ! ideali/ ,i h imag9$ z mak+ ! =ego+ retort 7 up 9 rec5t reali/ic lit]ature1 he might add ! foll[+ argum5t ad hom9em3 ,y1 my reali/ic oppon5t1 say t ! doctr9e ( ! ext]nal relation ( t]ms expresses a ubiquit\s m>k ( e g5u9e proposition or relational complex1 & t ?is ubiquity is a /rong presumption 9 favor ( realism4 ,:y s unev51 s p>tial1 9 y\r attitude t[>d ubiquit\s relations8 ,is x p]*ance t y 7 s uneasy at our possession ( a ubiquit\s relation t gives a %ort cut to idealism t y felt y mu/ also h a %ort cut to realism8 ,if ,i t]m9ate ! controv]sy at ?is po9t1 x is n because ,i ?9k ! reali/ is unable to come back4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i /op "h because ,i believe 7= reasons t w come out %ortly7 t bo? reali/ & ideali/1 hav+ ! same prim>y assumption1 c come back at ea* o!r indef9itely4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i wi% to employ ! exi/5ce ( ?is tu quoque controv]sy to raise ! "q3 ,"u :at conditions is ! relation ( kn[] to kn[n an intelligible "q8 ,& ,i wi% to %[ t x is n intelligible1 if ! k relation be ubiquit\s & homog5e\s4 ,! controv]sy back & =? is 9 fact a w>n+ ( ea* side by ! o!r n to dep>t f _! common premise4 ,if ! ideali/ beg9s to argue 7z he con/antly does7 z if ! relation to m9d or to consci\sness made "s diff]5ce ( a specific sort1 l t betwe5 error & fact1 or betwe5 s\nd p]ception & halluc9ation1 he may be rem9d$ t1 s9ce ?is relation is uni=m1 x sub/antiates & nullifies all ?+s alike4 ,& ! reali/ is q )9 ! common premise :5 he po9ts out t e special fact mu/ be admitt$ = :at x is specifically kn[n to be2 no ideali/ic doctr9e c turn ! edge ( ! fact t k has evolv$ hi/orically out ( a /ate 9 :i* !re 0 no m9d1 or ( ! fact t k is ev5 n[ dep5d5t on ! bra91 provid$ t specific evid5ce %[s ^! to be facts4 ,! reali/1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ admit t1 aft] all1 ! entire body ( kn[n facts1 or ( sci5ce1 includ+ su* facts z ! above1 is held fa/ & tight 9 ! net ( relation to a m9d or consci\sness4 ,9 specific cases ?is relation may be ignor$1 b ! exact gr\nd = su* an ignor+ is precisely t ! relation is n a specific fact1 b a uni=m relation ( facts4 ,& to call x an ext]nal relation makes no practical diff]5ce if x is univ]sal & uni=m4 ,s ! ideali/ might reply4 ,imag9e a situation l ! foll[+3 ,! sole relation an organism be>s to ?+s is t ( eat]2 ! sole relation ! environm5t be>s to ! organism is t ( food1 t is1 ?+s-to-eat4 ,?is relation1 !n1 is exhau/ive4 ,x def9es1 or id5tifies1 ea* t]m 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,b ?is means t !re are n1 z respects organism & environm5t1 two t]ms at all4 ,eat]-(-food & food-be+-eat5 are two names = "o & ! same situation4 ,c\ld !re be imag9$ a great] absurdity ?an to set to "w to discuss ! relation ( eat] to food1 ( organism to ! environm5t1 or to argue z to :e!r "o modifies ! o!r or n8 ,giv5 ! premise1 ! /atem5ts 9 su* a discussion c\ld h only a v]bal diff]5ce f "o ano!r4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ! discussion has someh[ got "u way4 ,sides h be5 tak52 ! philosophical _w is divid$ into two great camps1 foodi/s & eat]i/s4 ,! eat]i/s 7ideali/s7 cont5d t no object exi/s except 9 relation to eat+2 h5ce t ev]y?+ is con/itut$ a ?+ by its relation to eat+4 ,special sci5ces exi/ inde$ :i* discuss ! nature ( v>i\s sorts ( ?+s 9 relation to "o ano!r1 & h5ce 9 legitimate ab/raction f ! fact t !y are all foods4 ,b ! discussion ( _! nature an si* dep5ds ^u eatology1 :i* deals prim>ily ) ! problem ( ! possibility1 nature1 & ext5t 7or limits7 ( eat+ food 9 g5]al1 & !reby det]m9es :at food 9 g5]al1 b]haupt1 is & means4 ,nay1 replies ! foodi/ 7reali/74 ,s9ce ! eat+ relation is uni=m1 x is negligible4 ,all propositions :i* h any intelligible mean+ are ab\t objects j z !y are1 & 9 ! relations !y be> to "o ano!r4 ,foods pass 9 & out ( ! relation to eat] ) no *ange 9 _! own traits4 ,moreov]1 ! position ( ! eat]i/s is self-contradictory4 ,h[ c a ?+ be eat5 unless x is1 9 & ( itself1 a food8 ,to suppose t a food is con/itut$ by eat+ is to presuppose t eat+ eats eat+1 & s on 9 inf9ite regress4 ,9 %ort1 to be an eat] is to be an eat] ( food2 take away ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( foods1 & y d5y ! exi/5ce & ! possibility ( an eat]4 ,i respectfully submit t !re is no t]m9us to su* a discussion4 ,= ei!r bo? sides are say+ ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words1 or else bo? ( !m dep>t f _! common premise1 & unwitt+ly smuggle 9 "s relations betwe5 ! organism & environm5t o!r ?an t ( food-eat]4 ,if to be an eat] means t an organism :i* is m & o!r ?an an eat] is do+ some?+ di/9ctive1 because contra/+ ) its o!r functions1 9 eat+ !n1 & !n only1 is !re an issue4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! ?+ :i* is food may1 ( c\rse1 be prov$ to be some?+ besides food1 because ( "s diff]5t relation to ! organism ?an t ( eat+4 ,b if bo? /ick consi/5tly to _! common premise1 we get ! foll[+ trivial situation4 ,! ideali/ says3 ,e philosophy purports to be k1 k ( objects2 all k implies relation to m9d2 !re=e e object ) :i* philosophy deals is object-9-relation-to-m9d4 ,! reali/ says3 ,to be a m9d is to be a kn[]2 to be a kn[] is to be a kn[]-(-objects4 ,)\t ! objects to be kn[n1 m9d1 ! kn[]1 is & means no?+4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! discussion ( epi/emology are 9 no way att5dant ^u ! special subject-matt] ( epi/emology4 ,!y are f\nd :]ev] any reciprocal relation is tak5 to def9e1 exclusively & exhau/ively1 all ! connections betwe5 any pair ( ?+s4 ,if !re are two ?+s t /& solely z buy] & sell] to ea* o!r1 or z husb& & wife1 !n t relation is unique1 & undef9able2 to discuss ! relation ( ! relation to ! t]ms ( :i* x is ! relation1 is an obvi\s absurdity2 to ass]t t ! relation does n modify ! sell]1 ! wife1 or ! object kn[n1 is to discuss ! relation ( ! relation j z mu* z to ass]t ! opposite4 ,! only reason1 ,i ?9k1 :y anyone has ev] suppos$ ! case ( kn[]-kn[n to diff] f any case ( an alleg$ exhau/ive & exclusive correlation is t :ile ! kn[] is only "o--j kn[]--! objects kn[n are obvi\sly _m1 & su/a9 _m relations to "o ano!r :i* v>y indep5d5tly ( _! relation to ! kn[]4 ,?is is ! und\bt$ fact at ! bottom ( epi/emological realism4 ,b ! ideali/ is entitl$ to reply t ! objects 9 _! v>iable relations to "o ano!r nev]!less fall )9 a relation to a kn[]1 z long z t relation is reg>d$ by bo? z exhau/ive or ubiquit\s4 ,,ii ,nev]!less1 ,i d n conceive t ! reali/ic ass]tion & ! ideali/ic ass]tion 9 ?is dilemma /& on ! same level1 or h ! same value4 ,! fact t objects v>y 9 relation to "o ano!r indep5d5tly ( _! relation to ! kn[] is a fact1 & a fact recogniz$ by all s*ools4 ,! ideali/ic ass]tion re/s simply ^u ! presupposition ( ! ubiquity ( ! k relation1 & consequ5tly has only an ad hom9em =ce1 t is a =ce z aga9/ epi/emological reali/s--aga9/ ^? :o admit t ! sole & exhau/ive relation ( ! self or ego to objects is t ( kn[] ( !m4#fb ,! relation ( buy] & sell] is a discussable relation2 = buy] does n exhau/ "o p>ty & sell] does n exhau/ ! o!r4 ,ea* is a man or a woman1 a consum] or a produc] or a middleman1 a gre5-groc] or a dry-goods m]*ant1 a taxpay] or a vot]1 & s on indef9itely4 ,nor is x true t su* additional relations are borne m]ely to o!r ?+s2 ! buy]-sell]s are m ?an & o!r ?an buy]-sell] to ea* o!r4 ,!y may be fell[-clubm51 belong to opposite political p>ties1 dislike ea* o!r's looks1 & be second c\s9s4 ,h5ce ! buy]-sell] relation /&s 9 intellig5t connection & contra/ ) o!r relations1 s t x c be discrim9at$1 def9$1 analyz$4 ,moreov]1 !re are specific diff]5ces 9 ! buy+-sell+ relation4 ,because x is n ubiquit\s1 x is n homog5e\s4 ,if weal?y & a h\sehold]1 ! "o :o buys is a diff]5t buy]--i4e41 buys diff]5tly--?an if poor & a bo>d]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sell] sells diff]5tly1 has m or less goods left to sell1 m or less income to exp5d on o!r ?+s1 & s on indef9itely4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to be a buy] ! man has to h be5 o!r ?+s2 i4e41 he is n a buy] p] se1 b becomes a buy] because he is an eat]1 we>s clo!s1 is m>ri$1 etc4 ,x is also q cle> t ! organism is some?+ else ?an an eat]1 or some?+ 9 relation to food alone4 ,i w n aga9 call ! roll ( p]fectly famili> facts2 ,i w less5 my appeal to ! read]'s pati5ce by conf9+ my reit]ation to "o po9t4 ,ev5 9 relation to ! ?+s t are food1 ! organism is some?+ m ?an _! eat]4 ,he is _! acquir]1 _! pursu]1 _! cultivator1 _! behold]1 ta/]1 etc42 he becomes _! eat] only because he is s _m o!r ?+s1 & 8 becom+ an eat] is a natural episode 9 ! natural unfold+ ( ^! o!r ?+s4 ,precisely ! same sort ( ass]tions may be made ab\t ! kn[]-kn[n relation4 ,if ! "o :o is kn[] is some?+ else & m ?an ! kn[] ( objects1 & if objects are1 9 relation to ! "o :o kn[s !m1 some?+ else & o!r ?an ?+s 9 a k relation1 !re is some:at to def9e & discuss2 o!rwise we are rais+1 z we h already se51 ! q fooli% "q z to :at is ! relation ( a relation to itself1 or ! equally fooli% "q ( :e!r be+ a ?+ modifies ! ?+ t x is4 ,&1 moreov]1 epi/emological realism & idealism bo? say ! same ?+3 realism t a ?+ does n modify itself1 idealism t1 s9ce ! ?+ is :at x is1 x /&s 9 ! relation t x does /& 94 ,!re are _m facts :i*1 prima facie1 support ! claim t kn[+ is a connection ( ?+s :i* dep5ds ^u o!r & m prim>y connections betwe5 a self & ?+s2 a connection :i* gr[s out ( ^! m fundam5tal connections & :i* op]ates 9 _! int]e/s at specifiable crises4 ,i w n repeat :at is s g5]ally admitt$ & s little tak5 into acc\nt1 t kn[+ is1 biologically1 a diff]5tiation ( organic behavior1 b w cite "s facts t are ev5 m obvi\s & ev5 m neglect$4 #a4 ,if we take a case ( p]ception1 we f9d ^u analysis t1 s f> z a self or organism is conc]n$ 9 x at all1 ! self is1 s to say1 inside ( x r ?an outside ( x4 ,x w\ld be mu* m correct to say t a self is conta9$ 9 a p]ception ?an t a p]ception is pres5t$ to a self4 ,t is to say1 ! organism is involv$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( ! p]ception 9 ! same sort ( way t hydrog5 is involv$ 9 ! happ5+--produc+--( wat]4 ,we might ab\t z well talk ( ! production ( a specim5 ( wat] z a pres5tation ( wat] to hydrog5 z talk 9 ! way we are only too accu/om$ to talk ab\t p]ceptions & ! organism4 ,:5 we consid] a p]ception z a case ( app]ception1 ! same ?+ holds good4 ,habits ent] into ! con/itution ( ! situation2 !y are 9 & ( x1 n1 s f> z x is conc]n$1 some?+ outside ( x4 ,"h1 if y please1 is a unique relation ( self & ?+s1 b x is unique n 9 be+ :olly incomp>able to all natural relations among ev5ts1 b 9 ! s5se ( be+ di/9ctive or j ! relation t x is4 #b4 ,tak+ ! _m cases :]e ! self may be said1 9 an intelligible s5se1 to lie outside a ?+ & h5ce to h deal+s ) x1 we f9d t !y are ext5sively & prim>ily cases :]e ! self is ag5t-pati5t1 do]1 suff]]1 & enjoy]4 ,?is means1 ( c\rse1 t ?+s1 ! ?+s t lat] come to be kn[n1 are prim>ily n objects ( aw>5ess1 b causes ( weal & woe1 ?+s to get & ?+s to avoid1 means & ob/acles1 tools & results4 ,to a nave spectator1 ! ord9>y assumption t a ?+ is 9 exp]i5ce only :5 x is an object ( aw>5ess 7or ev5 only :5 a p]ception71 is no?+ less ?an extraord9>y4 ,! self exp]i5ces :atev] x und]goes1 & !re is no fact ab\t life m assur$ or m tragic ?an t :at we are aw>e ( is det]m9$ by ?+s t we are und]go+ b ( :i* we are n consci\s & :i* we _c be consci\s ( "u ! p>ticul> conditions4 #c4 ,s f> z ! "q ( ! relation ( ! self to kn[n objects is conc]n$1 kn[+ is b "o special case ( ! ag5t-pati5t1 ( ! behav]-enjoy]-suff]] situation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! case con/antly increas+ 9 relative importance4 ,! connections ( ! self ) ?+s by way ( weal or woe are progressively f\nd to dep5d ^u ! connections e/abli%$ 9 kn[+ ?+s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! progress1 ! advance1 ( sci5ce is f\nd to dep5d m & m ^u ! c\rage & pati5ce ( ! ag5t 9 mak+ ! wid5+ & buttress+ ( k a bus9ess4 ,x is impossible to ov]/ate ! significance1 ! reality1 ( ! relation ( self z kn[] to ?+s :5 x is ?\ght ( z a moral relation1 a delib]ate & responsible und]tak+ ( a self4 ,ultimately ! mod]n insi/5ce ^u ! self 9 ref]5ce to k 79 contra/ ) ! classic ,greek view7 w be f\nd to reside precisely "h4 ,my purpose 9 cit+ ! =ego+ facts is n to prove a positive po9t1 viz41 t !re are _m relations ( self & ?+s1 ( :i* kn[+ is b "o diff]5tiat$ case4 ,x conc]ns some?+ less obvi\s3 viz41 %[+ :at is meant by say+ t ! problems at issue conc]n matt]s ( fact1 & are n matt]s to be decid$ by assumption1 def9ition1 & d$uction4 ,i mean also to sugge/ :at k9d ( matt]s ( fact w\ld naturally be adduc$ z evid5tial 9 su* a discussion4 ,negatively put1 my po9t is t ! :ole "q ( ! relation ( kn[] to kn[n is radically misconceiv$ 9 :at passes z epi/emology1 because ( an und]ly+ unexam9$ assumption1 an assumption :i*1 moreov]1 :5 exam9$1 makes ! controv]sy v]bal or absurd4 ,positively put1 my po9t is t s9ce1 prima facie1 pl5ty ( connections o!r ?an ! kn[]-kn[n "o exi/ betwe5 self & ?+s1 !re is a context 9 :i* ! problem ( _! relation conc]ns matt]s ( fact capable ( empirical det]m9ation by matt]-(-fact inquiry4 ,! po9t ab\t a diff]5ce be+ made 7or r mak+7 9 ?+s :5 kn[n is precisely ( ?is sort4 ,,iii ,t "q is n1 save ^u ! assumption ( ! ubiquity ( ! k relation1 ! absurd "q ( :e!r k makes any diff]5ce to ?+s already kn[n or to ?+s z k-objects1 z facts or tru?s4 ,until ! epi/emological reali/s h s]i\sly consid]$ ! ma9 propositions ( ! pragmatic reali/s1 viz41 t kn[+ is some?+ t happ5s to ?+s 9 ! natural c\rse ( _! c>e]1 n ! sudd5 introduction ( a unique non-natural type ( relation--t to a m9d or consci\sness--!y are h>dly 9 a position to discuss ! second & d]iv$ pragmatic proposition t1 9 ?is natural cont9uity1 ?+s 9 becom+ kn[n und]go a specific & detectable qualitative *ange4 ,i _h occasion e>li] to rem>k t if "o id5tifies k ) situations involv+ ! function ( inf]5ce1 ! problem ( k means ! art ( guid+ ?is function mo/ effectively4 ,t /atem5t holds :5 we take k z a relation ( ! ?+s 9 ! k situation4 ,if we are once conv9c$ ( ! artificiality ( ! notion t ! k relation is ubiquit\s1 !re w be an exi/5tial problem z to ! self & k2 b x w be a radically diff]5t problem f t discuss$ 9 epi/emology4 ,! relation ( kn[+ to exi/5ce w be recogniz$ to =m ! subject-matt] ( no problem1 because involv+ an ungr\nd$ & ev5 absurd preconception4 ,b ! problem ( ! relation ( an exi/5ce 9 ! way ( kn[+ to o!r exi/5ces--or ev5ts--) :i* x =ms a cont9u\s process w !n be se5 to be a natural problem to be attack$ by natural me?ods4 ,,footnote3 #fb ,pr(essor ,p]ry says 7,! ,new ,realism1 p4 #aae73 ,pr(essor ,dewey is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t realism assumes '! ubiquity ( ! k-relation4' ,realism does n argue f ! 'ego-c5tric pr$icam5t1' i4e41 f ! b>e pres5ce ( ! k-relation 9 all cases ( k4 ,if ! text has n made my po9t cle>1 x is probably too mu* to expect t a footnote w d s4 ,b ,i h n accus$ ! reali/ ( argu+ f ! ego-c5tric pr$icam5t4 ,i h said t if any reali/ holds t ! sole & exclusive relation ( ! "o :o is kn[] to ?+s is t ( be+ _! kn[]1 !n ! reali/ _c escape ! impact ( ! pr$icam5t4 ,b if ! "o :o kn[s ?+s also /&s 9 o!r connections ) !m1 !n x is possible to make an intelligible contra/ betwe5 ?+s z kn[n & ?+s z lov$ or hat$ or appreciat$1 or se5 or he>d or :atev]4 ,! argum5t1 x %\ld be not$1 /&s 9 connection ) t ( ! la/ section z to :e!r he>+ a s\nd & see+ a color are ( !mselves 7ap>t f ! use made ( !m 9 inf]5ce7 cases ( k4 ,x is significant t ,p]ry holds 7,new ,realism1 p4 #aej7 t s5s+ is p] se a case ( kn[+4 ,h5ce x mu/ be 9 relation to a kn[]2 x mu/ fall )9 ! pr$icam5t1 = x makes ! m9d aw>e ( a *>act]i/ic ( ! environm5t4 ,t x is us$ 7or may be us$7 to make u aw>e ( "s *>act]i/ic ( ! environm5t1 ,i ( c\rse hold4 ,to say t x is an aw>5ess by ! m9d ( a *>act]i/ic ( ! environm5t is at once to involve a philosoph] imm$iately 9 ! discussion ( :e!r r$ qualities1 or only c]ta9 vibrations1 are really *>act]i/ics ( ! environm5t4 ,!n1 :5 ! au?ority ( physics is invok$ 9 behalf ( ! latt] proposition1 ! epi/emologi/ 7h[ev] reali/ic 9 8 int5tion7 is =c$ to consid] color z a misappreh5sion ( ! environm5t1 a case ( error or illusion1 :ile ! ideali/ triumphantly fl\ri%es x z a case ( ! trans=mative or con/itutive efficacy ( m9d 9 kn[+4 ,b if ! color is simply a natural ev5t1 & if m9d does n ent] except :5 color is made ! basis ( inf]5ce to "s *>act]i/ic ( ! environm5t1 !n !re is no pr$icam5t2 & !re is no problem ( error save z a false inf]5ce is made4 ,moreov]1 s9ce errors 9 inf]5ce are an und\bt$ fact1 ! pr9ciple t entities are n to be multipli$ beyond ne$ gives a prima facie sup]iority to any !ory :i* connects all error ) inf]5ce till adequate evid5ce to ! contr>y is produc$4 ,,xi ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,a ,,logical ,,problem ,( ! two p>ts ( ?is pap] ! fir/ is a /udy 9 =mal analysis4 ,x attempts to %[ t !re is no problem1 logically speak+1 ( ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,its po9t is to %[ t ! v attempt to /ate ! problem involves a self-contradiction3 t ! t]ms _c be /at$ s z to g5]ate a problem )\t assum+ :at is pr(ess$ly br\ght into "q4 ,! second "p is a summ>y endeavor to /ate ! actual "q :i* has giv5 rise to ! unreal problem & ! conditions :i* h l$ to its be+ miscon/ru$4 ,s f> z subject-matt] is conc]n$1 x supplem5ts ! fir/ "p2 b ! argum5t ( ! fir/ "p 9 no way dep5ds ^u any?+ said 9 ! second4 ,! latt] may be false & its falsity h no implications = ! fir/4 ,i ,!re are _m ways ( /at+ ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,i %all make t ( ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell ! basis ( my exam9ations1 z x is set =? 9 8 rec5t book ,our ,k ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w z a ,field = ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy4 ,i d ?is bo? because 8 /atem5t is "o rec5tly made 9 a book ( comm&+ importance1 & because x seems to me to be a m c>eful /atem5t ?an mo/ ( ^? 9 vogue4 ,if my po9t c be made out = 8 /atem5t1 x w apply1 a =tiori1 to o!r /atem5ts4 ,ev5 if !re be ^? to :om ?is does n seem to be ! case1 x w be admitt$ t my analysis mu/ beg9 some:]e4 ,i _c take ! space to repeat ! analysis 9 application to diff]+ modes ( /atem5t ) a view to %[+ t ! me?od employ$ w yield l results 9 all cases4 ,b ,i take ! lib]ty ( ?r[+ ! burd5 ^u ! read] & ask+ him to %[ cause :y x does n s apply4 ,aft] reject+ c]ta9 famili> =mulations ( ! "q because !y employ ! n easily def9able notions ( ! self & indep5d5ce1 ,mr4 ,russell makes ! foll[+ =mulation3 ,c we "k t objects ( s5se 444 exi/ at times :5 we are n p]ceiv+ !m8 7op4 cit41 p4 #ge74 ,or1 9 ano!r mode ( /atem5t3 ,c ! exi/5ce ( any?+ o!r ?an our own#fc h>d data be inf]r$ f ! exi/5ce ( ^? data8 7pp4 #gc & #hc74 ,i %all try to %[ t id5tification ( ! data ( s5se z ! sort ( t]m :i* w g5]ate ! problem involves an affirmative answ] to ! "q--t x mu/ h be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative be=e ! "q c be ask$4 ,& ?is1 ,i take x1 is to say t x is n a "q at all4 ,a po9t ( dep>ture may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ z probable t ! imm$iate objects ( s5se dep5d = _! exi/5ce ^u physiological conditions 9 ourselves1 & t1 = example1 ! color$ surfaces :i* we see cease to exi/ :5 we %ut our eyes 7p4 #fd74 ,i h n quot$ ! passage = ! sake ( ga9+ an easy victory by po9t+ out t ?is /atem5t involves ! exi/5ce ( physiological conditions4 ,= ,mr4 ,russell himself affirms t fact4 ,z he po9ts out1 su* argum5ts assume precisely ! common s5se _w ( /able objects pr(ess$ly put 9 d\bt 7p4 #he74 ,my purpose is to ask :at ju/ification !re is = call+ imm$iate data objects ( s5se4 ,/atem5ts ( ?is type always call color visual1 s\nd auditory1 & s on4 ,if x 7 m]ely a matt] ( mak+ c]ta9 admissions = ! sake ( be+ able to play a c]ta9 game1 !re w\ld be no objection4 ,b if we are conc]n$ ) a matt] ( s]i\s analysis1 "o is b\nd to ask1 ,:5ce come ^! adjectives8 ,t color is visual 9 ! s5se ( be+ an object ( vision is c]ta9ly admitt$ 9 ! common-s5se _w1 b ?is is ! _w we h left4 ,t color is visual is a proposition ab\t color & x is a proposition :i* color itself does n utt]4 ,visible or visual color is already a syn!tic proposition1 n a t]m nor an analysis ( a s+le t]m4 ,t color is se51 or is visible1 ,i d n call 9 "q2 b ,i insi/ t fact already assumes an answ] to ! "q :i* ,mr4 ,russell has put4 ,x presupposes exi/5ce beyond ! color itself4 ,to call ! color a s5sory object involves ano!r assumption ( ! same k9d b ev5 m complex--involv+1 t is1 ev5 m exi/5ce beyond ! color4 ,i see no reply to ?is /atem5t except to urge t ! t]ms visual & s5sory z appli$ to ! object are pieces ( v]bal sup]]ogation hav+ no =ce 9 ! /atem5t4 ,?is supposititi\s answ] br+s ! matt] to a focus4 ,is x possible to in/itute ev5 a prelim9>y disp>ag+ contra/ betwe5 imm$iate objects & a _w ext]nal to !m unless ! t]m s5sory has a def9ite effect ^u ! mean+ assign$ to imm$iate data or objects8 ,be=e tak+ up ?is "q ,i %all1 h[ev]1 call att5tion to ano!r implication ( ! passage quot$4 ,x appe>s to be impli$ t exi/5ce ( color & be+ se5 are equival5t t]ms4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 simil> argum5ts ! id5tification is frequ5tly made4 ,b by description all t is requir$ = ! exi/5ce ( color is c]ta9 physiological conditions4 ,!y may be pres5t & color exi/ & yet n be se54 ,?+s con/antly act ^u ! optical app>atus 9 a way :i* fulfils ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( color )\t color be+ se54 ,?is /atem5t does n involve any dubi\s psy*ology ab\t an act ( att5tion4 ,i only mean t ! argum5t implies ov] & above ! exi/5ce ( color some?+ call$ see+ or p]ceiv+--not+ is p]haps a conv5i5t neutral t]m4 ,& ?is cle>ly involves an assumption ( some?+ beyond ! exi/5ce ( ! datum--& ?is datum is by def9ition an ext]nal _w4 ,)\t ?is assumption ! t]m imm$iate c\ld n be introduc$4 ,is ! object imm$iate or is x ! object ( an imm$iate not+8 ,if ! latt]1 !n ! h>d datum already /&s 9 connection ) some?+ beyond itself4 ,& ?is br+s u to a fur!r po9t4 ,! s5se objects are repeat$ly spok5 ( z kn[n4 ,= example3 ,x is obvi\s t s9ce ! s5ses give k ( ! latt] k9d believ$ on _! own acc\nt1 )\t ! support ( any outside evid5ce ! imm$iate facts p]ceiv$ by sight or t\* or he>+ d n ne$ to be prov$ by argum5t b are completely self-evid5t 7p4 #fh74 ,aga91 !y are spok5 ( z facts ( s5se#fd 7p4 #gj71 & z facts go+ along1 = k1 ) ! laws ( logic 7p4 #gb74 ,i d n "k :at belief or k means "h3 nor d ,i und]/& :at is meant by a fact be+ evid5ce = itself4#fe ,b obvi\sly ,mr4 ,russell kn[s1 & kn[s _! application to ! s5se object4 ,& "h is a fur!r assumption ( :at1 by def9ition1 is a _w ext]nal to ! datum4 ,aga91 we h assum$ 9 gett+ a "q /at$ j :at is pr(ess$ly call$ into "q4 ,& ! assumption is n made ! less simple 9 t ,mr4 ,russell has def9$ belief z a case ( a triadic relation1 & said t )\t ! recognition ( ! ?ree-t]m relation ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]ception & belief is inexplicable 7p4 #ej74 ,we come to ! "q pass$ ov]4 ,c su* t]ms z visual1 s5sory1 be neglect$ )\t modify+ ! =ce ( ! "q--t is1 )\t affect+ ! implications :i* give x ! =ce ( a problem8 ,c we "k t objects ( s5se1 or v simil> objects1 exi/ at times :5 we are n p]ceiv+ !m8 ,secondly1 if ?is _c be kn[n1 c we "k t o!r objects1 inf]able f objects ( s5se b n necess>ily resembl+ !m1 exi/ ei!r :5 we are p]ceiv+ ! objects ( s5se or at any o!r "t 7p4 #ge78 ,i ?9k a little reflection w make x cle> t )\t ! limitation ( ! t]m p]ceiv+ by ! t]m s5se no problem z to exi/5ce at o!r times c possibly arise4 ,= nei!r 7a7 ref]5ce to "t nor 7b7 limitation to a p>ticul> "t is giv5 ei!r 9 ! fact ( exi/5ce ( color or ( p]ceiv+ color4 ,mr4 ,russell1 = example1 makes allusion to a pat* ( color :i* is mom5t>ily se5 7p4 #gf74 ,?is is ! sort ( ?+ t may pass )\t *all5ge 9 ! common-s5se _w1 b h>dly 9 an analysis :i* pr(esses to call t _w 9 "q4 ,mr4 ,russell makes ! allusion 9 connection ) discrim9at+ betwe5 s5sation z signify+ ! m5tal ev5t ( our be+ aw>e & ! s5sation z object ( :i* we are aw>e--! s5se object4 ,he c h>dly be guilty1 !n1 9 ! imm$iate context1 ( proce$+ to id5tify ! mom5t>9ess ( ! ev5t ) ! mom5t>9ess ( ! object4 ,!re mu/ be "s gr\nds = assum+ ! temporal quality ( ! object--& t imm$iat5ess belongs to x 9 any o!r way ?an z an object ( imm$iate see+4 ,:at are ^! gr\nds8 ,h[ is x1 moreov]1 t ev5 ! act ( be+ aw>e is describable z mom5t>y8 ,i "k ( no way ( s id5tify+ x except by discov]+ t x is delimit$ 9 a "t cont9uum4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 x is surely sup]flu\s to bo!r ab\t inf]5ce to o!r times4 ,!y are assum$ 9 /at+ ! "q--:i* ?us turns out aga9 to be no "q4 ,x may be only a trivial matt] t ,mr4 ,russell speaks ( t pat* ( color :i* is mom5t>ily se5 :5 we look at ! table 7p4 #gf1 italics m9e74 ,i w\ld n atta* undue importance to su* phrases4 ,b ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y pres5t !mselves 9 discussions ( ?is type sugge/s ! "q :e!r z matt] ( fact ! pat* ( color is n det]m9$ by ref]5ce to an object--! table--& n vice v]sa4 ,z we %all see lat]1 !re is good gr\nd = ?9k+ t ,mr4 ,russell is really engag$1 n 9 br++ into "q ! exi/5ce ( an object beyond ! datum1 b 9 redef9+ ! nature ( an object1 & t ! ref]5ce to ! pat* ( color z some?+ m primitive ?an ! table is really relevant to ?is recon/ruction ( traditional metaphysics4 ,9 o!r words1 x is relevant to def9+ an object z a con/ant correlation ( v>iations 9 qualities1 in/ead ( def9+ x z a sub/ance 9 :i* attributes inh]e--or a subject ( pr$icates4 a7 ,if any?+ is an et]nal ess5ce1 x is surely su* a ?+ z color tak5 by itself1 z by def9ition x mu/ be tak5 9 ! /atem5t ( ! "q by ,mr4 ,russell4 ,any?+ m simple1 timeless1 & absolute ?an a r$ c h>dly be ?\ght (4 ,"o might "q ! et]nal "* ( ! receiv$ /atem5t (1 say1 ! law ( gravitation on ! gr\nd t x is s complex t x may dep5d ^u conditions n yet discov]$ & ! discov]y ( :i* w\ld involve an alt]ation 9 ! /atem5t4 ,if #b plus #b equal #d be tak5 z an isolat$ /atem5t1 x might be conceiv$ to dep5d ^u hidd5 conditions & to be alt]able ) !m4 ,b by conception we are deal+ 9 ! case ( ! color$ surface ) an ultimate1 simple datum4 ,x c h no implications beyond itself1 no conceal$ dep5d5cies4 ,h[ !n c its exi/5ce1 ev5 if its p]ception be b mom5t>y1 raise a "q ( o!r times at all8 b7 ,suppose a p]ceiv$ blue surface to be replac$ by a p]ceiv$ r$ surface--& x w be conc$$ t ! *ange1 or replacem5t1 is also p]ceiv$4 ,!re is /ill no gr\nd = a belief 9 ! temporally limit$ duration ( ei!r ! r$ or ! blue surface4 ,any?+ t leads to ?is conclusion w\ld lead to ! conclusion t ! numb] two ceases :5 we turn to ?9k ( an atom4 ,!re is no way !n ( escap+ ! conclusion t ! adjective s5se 9 ! t]m s5se object is n tak5 innoc5tly4 ,x is tak5 z qualify+ 7= ! purposes ( /atem5t ( ! problem7 ! nature ( ! object4 ,aside f ref]5ce to ! mom5t>9ess ( ! m5tal ev5t--a ref]5ce :i* is expressly rul$ out--!re is no way ( introduc+ delimit$ temporal exi/5ce into ! object save by ref]5ce to "o & ! same object :i* is p]ceiv$ at diff]5t times to h diff]5t qualities4 ,if ! same object--h[ev] object be def9$--is p]ceiv$ to be ( "o color at "o "t & ( ano!r color at ano!r "t1 !n z a matt] ( c\rse ! color-datum ( ei!r ! e>li] or lat] "t is id5tifi$ z ( transitory duration4 ,b equally1 ( c\rse1 !re is no "q ( inf]5ce to o!r times4 ,o!r times h already be5 us$ to describe1 def9e1 & delimit ?is 7brief7 "t4 ,a mod]ate am\nt ( unbias$ reflection w1 ,i am confid5t1 conv9ce anyone t ap>t f a ref]5ce to ! same exi/5ce p]dur+ ?r\gh diff]5t times :ile *ang+ 9 "s respect1 no temporal delimitation ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z s\nd or color c be made4 ,ev5 ,plato nev] d\bt$ ! et]nal nature ( r$2 he only argu$ f ! fact t a ?+ is r$ at "o "t & blue at ano!r to ! un/able1 & h5ce ph5om5al1 "* ( ! ?+4 ,or1 put 9 a diff]5t way1 we c "k t a r$ is a mom5t>y or transitory exi/5ce only if we "k ( o!r ?+s :i* det]m9e its beg9n+ & cessation4 ,mr4 ,russell gives a specific illu/ration ( :at he takes to be ! correct way ( /at+ ! "q 9 an acc\nt ( :at1 9 ! common-s5se univ]se ( disc\rse1 w\ld be t]m$ walk+ ar\nd a table4 ,if we exclude consid]ations to :i* we h 7ap>t f assum+ j ! ?+s :i* are d\btful7 no "r1 ! datum turns out to be some?+ to be /at$ z foll[s3 ,:at is really kn[n#ff is a correlation ( muscul> & o!r bodily s5sations ) *anges 9 visual s5sations 7p4 #gg74 ,by s5sations mu/ be meant s5sible objects1 n m5tal ev5ts4 ,?is /atem5t repeats ! po9t already dealt )3 muscul>1 visual1 & o!r bodily are all t]ms :i* are indisp5sable & :i* also assume ! v ?+ pr(ess$ly br\ght into "q3 ! ext]nal _w z t 0 def9$4 ,really kn[n assumes bo? not+ & belief1 ) :atev] complex implications !y may involve--implications :i*1 = all t appe>s to ! contr>y1 may be indef9itely complex1 & :i*1 by ,mr4 ,russell's own /atem5t1 involve relation%ip to at lea/ two o!r t]ms besides ! datum4 ,b 9 addition !re appe>s ! new t]m correlation4 ,i _c avoid ! conclusion t ?is t]m involves an explicit ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! correlation 9 "q is n simple3 x is ?reefold1 be+ a correlation ( correlations4 ,! *anges 9 visual s5sations 7objects7 mu/ be correlat$ 9 a temporal cont9uum2 ! muscul> & o!r bodily s5sations 7objects7 mu/ also con/itute a connect$ s]ies4 ,"o set ( *anges belongs to ! s]ial class visual2 ! o!r set to ! s]ial class muscul>4 ,& ^! two classes su/a9 a po9t-to-po9t correspond5ce to ea* o!r--!y are correlat$4 ,i am n rais+ ! old "q ( h[ su* complex correlations c be said to be ei!r giv5 or kn[n 9 s5se1 ?\gh x is wor? a pass+ notice t x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is sort ( ph5om5on t ,kant po/ulat$ 8 ?reefold intellectual syn!sis ( appreh5sion1 reproduction1 & recognition 9 conception2 & t x is ^u ! basis ( necessity = su* correlations t ! rationali/s h always criticiz$ s5sationali/ empiricism4 ,p]sonally ,i agree t temporal & spatial qualities are q z mu* giv5 9 exp]i5ce z are p>ticul>s--9 fact1 z ,i h be5 try+ to %[1 p>ticul>s c be id5tifi$ z p>ticul>s only 9 a relational complex4 ,my po9t is r 7i7 t any su* giv5 is already precisely :at is meant by ! _w2 & 7ii7 t su* a highly specifi$ correlation z ,mr4 ,russell "h sets =? is 9 no case a psy*ological1 or hi/orical1 primitive1 b is a logical primitive arriv$ at by an analysis ( an empirical complex4 7i7 ,! /atem5t involves ! assumption ( two temporal spreads :i*1 moreov]1 are det]m9ately specifi$ z to _! con/itu5t elem5ts & z to _! ord]4 ,& ^! su/a9 to ea* o!r a correlation1 elem5t to elem5t4 ,! elem5ts1 moreov]1 are all specifically qualitative & "s ( !m1 at lea/1 are spatial4 ,h[ ?is diff]s f ! ext]nal _w ( common-s5se ,i am totally unable to see4 ,x may n be a v big ext]nal _w1 b hav+ begg$ a small ext]nal _w1 ,i d n see :y "o %\ld be too squeami% ab\t ext5d+ x ov] ! edges4 ,! reply1 ,i suppose1 is t ?is complex def9$ & ord]$ object is by conception ! object ( a s+le p]ception1 s t ! "q rema9s z to ! possibility ( inf]r+ f x to some?+ beyond4#fg ,b ! reply only ?r[s u back ^u ! po9t previ\sly made4 ,a p>ticul> or s+le ev5t ( p]ceptual aw>5ess c be det]m9$ z to its +r$i5ts & /ructure only 9 a cont9uum ( objects4 ,t is1 ! s]ies ( *anges 9 color & %ape c be det]m9$ z j su* & su* an ord]$ s]ies ( specific elem5ts1 ) a det]m9ate beg9n+ & end1 only 9 respect to a temporal cont9uum ( ?+s antec$+ & succe$+4 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9ation involves an analysis :i* dis5tangles qualities & %apes f contemporane\sly giv5 objects :i* are irrelevant4 ,9 a ^w1 ,mr4 ,russell's object already ext5ds beyond itself2 x already belongs to a l>g] _w4 7ii7 ,a s5sible object :i* c be describ$ z a correlation ( an ord]$ s]ies ( %apes & colors ) an ord]$ s]ies ( muscul> & o!r bodily objects pres5ts a def9ition ( an object1 n a psy*ological datum4 ,:at is /at$ is ! def9ition ( an object1 ( any object 9 ! _w4 ,b>r+ ambiguities#fh 9 ! t]ms muscul> & bodily1 x seems to be an excell5t def9ition4 ,b good def9ition or poor1 x /ates :at a datum is kn[n to be z an object 9 a kn[n sy/em2 viz41 def9ite correlations ( specifi$ & ord]$ elem5ts4 ,z a def9ition1 x is g5]al4 ,x is n made f ! /&po9t ( any p>ticul> p]cipi5t4 ,x says3 ,if !re be any p]cipi5t at a specifi$ position 9 a space cont9uum1 !n ! object may be p]ceiv$ z su* & su*4 ,& ?is implies t a p]cipi5t at any o!r position 9 ! space cont9uum c d$uce f ! kn[n sy/em ( correlations j :at ! s]ies ( %apes & colors w be f ano!r position4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! correlation ( ! s]ies ( *anges ( %ape assumes a spatial cont9uum2 h5ce "o p]spective projection may be correlat$ ) t ( any position 9 ! cont9uum4 ,i h no direct conc]n ) ,mr4 ,russell's solution ( 8 problem4 ,b if ! prior analysis is correct1 "o may anticipate 9 advance t x w consi/ simply 9 mak+ explicit ! assumptions :i* h tacitly be5 made 9 /at+ ! problem--subject to ! conditions involv$ 9 failure to recognize t !y h be5 made4 ,& ,i ?9k an analytic read+ ( ! solution w be> out ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,8 v>i\s peculi>1 private po9ts ( view & _! p]spectives are no?+ b names = ! positions & projectional p]spectives ( ! ord9>y space ( ! public worlds4 ,_! correlation by lik5ess is no?+ b ! explicit recognition t !y are all def9$ & locat$1 f ! />t1 9 "o common spatial cont9uum4 ,"o quotation mu/ suffice4 ,if two m5 are sitt+ 9 a room1 two some:at simil> worlds are p]ceiv$ by !m2 if a ?ird man ent]s & sits betwe5 !m1 a ?ird _w1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! two o!rs1 beg9s to be p]ceiv$ 7pp4 #hg-hh74 ,pray :at is ?is room & :at def9es ! position 7/&po9t & p]spective7 ( ! two m5 & ! /&po9t int]m$iate betwe5 !m8 ,if ! room & all ! positions & p]spectives :i* !y det]m9e are only )91 say1 ,mr4 ,russell's private _w1 t private _w is int]e/+ly complex1 b x gives only ! orig9al problem ov] aga91 n a solution ( x4 ,x is a long way f lik5esses )9 a private _w to lik5esses betwe5 private worlds4 ,& if ! worlds are all private1 pray :o judges _! lik5ess or unlik5ess8 ,?is sort ( ?+ makes "o conclude t ,mr4 ,russell's actual proc$ure is ! rev]se ( 8 pr(ess$ "o4 ,he really />ts ) "o room z a spatial cont9uum )9 :i* diff]5t positions & projections are det]m9$1 & :i* are readily correlat$ ) "o ano!r j because !y are projections f positions )9 "o & ! same space-room4 ,hav+ employ$ ?is1 he1 !n1 c assign diff]5t positions to diff]5t p]cipi5ts & in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 :at ea* p]ceives & pass ^u ! ext5t ( ! lik5ess :i* exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,:at is ! be>+ ( ?is acc\nt ^u ! empirical datum8 ,j ?is3 ,! correlation ( correlative s]ies ( *anges :i* def9es ! object ( s5se p]ception is 9 no s5se an orig9al hi/oric or psy*ologic datum4 ,x signifies ! result ( an analysis ( ! usual crude empirical data1 & an analysis :i* is made possible only by a v complex k ( ! _w4 ,x m>ks n a primitive psy*ologic datum b an outcome1 a limit1 ( analysis ( a va/ am\nt ( empirical objects4 ,! def9ition ( an object z a correlation ( v>i\s subcorrelations ( *anges repres5ts a great advance--s x seems to me--ov] ! def9ition ( an object z a numb] ( adjectives /uck into a sub/antive2 b x repres5ts an improv$ def9ition made possible by ! advance ( sci5tific k ab\t ! common-s5se _w4 ,x is a def9ition n only :olly indep5d5t ( ! context 9 :i* ,mr4 ,russell arrives at x1 b is "o :i* 7once m & f9ally7 assumes ext5sive & accurate k ( j ! _w pr(ess$ly call$ into "q4 ,,ii ,i h come to ! po9t ( transition to ! o!r "p ( my pap]4 ,a =mal analysis is necess>ily dialectical 9 "*4 ,z an empirici/ ,i %>e 9 ! dissatisfaction :i* ev5 ! mo/ correct dialectical discussion is likely to ar\se :5 br\ght to be> on matt]s ( fact4 ,i d n d\bt t read]s w feel t "s fact ( an important "* 9 ,mr4 ,russell's /atem5t has be5 left unt\*$ by ! previ\s analysis--ev5 ^u ! supposition t ! criticisms are j4 ,p>ticul>ly w x be felt1 ,i ?9k1 t psy*ology af=ds to 8 /atem5t ( ! problem a support ( fact n affect$ by any logical treatm5t4 ,= ?is reason ,i app5d a summ>y /atem5t z to ! facts :i* are miscon/ru$ by any /atem5t :i* makes ! exi/5ce ( ! _w problematic4 ,i d n believe a psy*ologi/ w\ld g z f> z to admit t a def9ite correlation ( elem5ts z specific & ord]$ z t ( ,mr4 ,russell's /atem5t is a primitive psy*ological datum4 ,_m w\ld d\btless hold t pat*es ( color$ ext5sity1 s\nds1 k9ae/hetic qualities1 etc41 are psy*ologically mu* m primitive ?an1 say1 a table1 to say no?+ ( a gr\p ( objects 9 space or a s]ies ( ev5ts 9 "t2 !y w\ld say1 accord+ly1 t !re is a real problem z to h[ we inf] or con/ruct ! latt] on ! basis ( ! =m]4 ,at ! same "t ,i d n believe t !y w\ld d5y t _! own k ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! ultimate & irr$ucible qualities ( s5se is ! product ( a long1 c>eful1 & elaborate analysis to :i* ! sci5ces ( physiology1 anatomy1 & controll$ processes ( exp]im5tal obs]vation h contribut$4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( reconcil+ ^! two seem+ly inconsi/5t positions is to assume t ! orig9al s5sible data ( exp]i5ce1 z !y occurr$ 9 infancy1 h be5 ov]laid by all k9ds ( associations & inf]5tial con/ructions s t x is n[ a "w ( intellectual art to recov] !m 9 _! innoc5t purity4 ,n[ ,i might urge t z matt] ( fact ! recon/ruction ( ! exp]i5ce ( infancy is itself an inf]5ce f pres5t exp]i5ce ( an objective _w1 & h5ce _c be employ$ to make a problem out ( ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( t _w4 ,b su* a retort involves j ! dialectic excursus :i* ,i am "h anxi\s to avoid4 ,i am on matt]-(-fact gr\nd :5 ,i po9t out t ! assumption t ev5 infancy beg9s ) su* highly discrim9at$ p>ticul>s z ^? enum]at$ is n only highly dubi\s b has be5 *all5g$ by em95t psy*ologi/s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,james1 = example1 ! orig9al datum is l>ge b confus$1 & specific s5sible qualities repres5t ! result ( discrim9ations4 ,9 ?is case1 ! elem5t>y data1 in/ead ( be+ primitive empirical data1 are ! la/ t]ms1 ! limits1 ( ! discrim9ations we h be5 able to make4 ,t k gr[s f a confus$ly exp]i5c$ ext]nal _w to a _w exp]i5c$ z ord]$ & specifi$ w\ld !n be ! tea*+ ( psy*ological sci5ce1 b at no po9t w\ld ! m9d be confront$ ) ! problem ( inf]r+ a _w4 ,into ! argum5ts 9 behalf ( su* a psy*ology ( orig9al exp]i5ce ,i %all n g1 beyond po9t+ out ! extreme improbability 79 view ( :at is kn[n ab\t in/9cts & ab\t ! n]v\s sy/em7 t ! />t+-po9t is a quality correspond+ to ! function+ ( a s+le s5se organ1 mu* less ( a s+le neuronic unit ( a s5se organ4 ,if "o adds1 z a hypo!sis1 t ev5 ! mo/ rudim5t>y consci\s exp]i5ce conta9s )9 itself ! elem5t ( sugge/ion or expectation1 x w be grant$ t ! object ( consci\s exp]i5ce ev5 ) an infant is homog5e\s ) ! _w ( ! adult4 ,"o may be unwill+ to conc$e ! hypo!sis4 ,b no "o c d5y t inf]5ce f "o ?+ to ano!r is itself an empirical ev5t1 & t j z soon z su* inf]5ce occurs1 ev5 9 ! simple/ =m ( anticipation & prevision1 a _w exi/s l 9 k9d to t ( ! adult4 ,i _c ?9k t x is a trivial co9cid5ce t psy*ological analysis ( s5se p]ception came into exi/5ce along ) t me?od ( exp]im5tally controll$ obs]vation :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,mod]n sci5ce did n beg9 ) discov]y ( any new k9d ( inf]5ce4 ,x began ) ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( diff]5t data if inf]5ce is to proce$ safely4 ,x 0 cont5d$ t />t+ ) ! ord9>y--or cu/om>y--objects ( p]ception hopelessly compromis$ 9 advance ! "w ( inf]5ce & classification4 ,h5ce ! dem& = an exp]im5tal resolution ( ! common-s5se objects 9 ord] to get data less ambigu\s1 m m9ute1 & m ext5sive4 ,increas+ k ( ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em fell 9 ) increas$ k ( o!r objects to make possible a discrim9ation ( specific qualities 9 all _! div]sity2 x br\ght to light t habits1 individual & social 7?r\gh influ5ce on ! =mation ( individual habits71 7 l>ge factors 9 det]m9+ ! accept$ or curr5t sy/em ( objects4 ,x 0 br\ght to light1 9 o!r words1 t factors ( *ance1 habit1 & o!r non-rational factors 7 great] influ5ces ?an intellectual inquiry 9 det]m9+ :at m5 curr5tly believ$ ab\t ! _w4 ,:at psy*ological analysis contribut$ 01 !n1 n primitive hi/oric data out ( :i* a _w _h someh[ to be extract$1 b an analysis ( ! _w :i* _h be5 previ\sly ?\ght ( & believ$ 91 into data mak+ possible bett] inf]5ces & beliefs ab\t ! _w4 ,analysis ( ! influ5ces cu/om>ily det]m9+ belief & inf]5ce 0 a p[]ful =ce 9 ! movem5t to improve k ( ! _w4 ,?is /atem5t ( matt]s ( fact be>s out1 x w be obs]v$1 ! conclusions ( ! dialectical analysis4 ,t br\ght out ! fact t ! ultimate & elem5t>y data ( s5se p]ception are id5tifi$ & describ$ z limit+ elem5ts 9 a complex _w4 ,:at is n[ add$ is t su* an id5tification ( elem5ts m>ks a significant addition to ! res\rces ( ! te*nique ( inquiry devot$ to improv+ k ( ! _w4 ,:5 ^! data are isolat$ f _! logical /atus & (fice1 !y are inevitably treat$ z self-suffici5t1 & !y leave ^u our h&s ! insoluble1 because self-contradictory1 problem ( d]iv+ f !m ! _w ( common-s5se & sci5ce4 ,tak5 = :at !y really are1 !y are elem5ts detect$ 9 ! _w & s]v+ to guide & *eck our inf]5ces ab\t x4 ,!y are nev] self-inclos$ p>ticul>s2 !y are always--ev5 z crudely giv5--connect$ ) o!r ?+s 9 exp]i5ce4 ,b analysis gets !m 9 ! =m :]e !y are keys to mu* m significant relations4 ,9 %ort1 ! p>ticul>s ( p]ception1 tak5 z complete & indep5d5t1 make nons5se4 ,tak5 z objects discrim9at$ = ! purposes ( improv+1 reorganiz+1 & te/+ k ( ! _w !y are invaluable assets4 ,! mat]ial fallacy ly+ beh9d ! =mal fallacy :i* ! fir/ "p ( ?is pap] not$ is ! failure to recognize t :at is d\btful is n ! exi/5ce ( ! _w b ! validity ( c]ta9 cu/om>y yet inf]5tial beliefs ab\t ?+s 9 x4 ,x is n ! common-s5se _w :i* is d\btful1 or :i* is inf]5tial1 b common-s5se z a complex ( beliefs ab\t specific ?+s & relations 9 ! _w4 ,h5ce nev] 9 any actual proc$ure ( inquiry d we ?r[ ! exi/5ce ( ! _w into d\bt1 nor c we d s )\t self-contradiction4 ,we d\bt "s receiv$ piece ( k ab\t "s specific ?+ ( t _w1 & !n set to "w1 z be/ we c1 to rectify x4 ,! contribution ( psy*ological sci5ce to det]m9+ unambigu\s data & elim9at+ ! irrelevant influ5ces ( passion & habit :i* control ! inf]5ces ( common-s5se is an important aid 9 ! te*nique ( su* rectifications4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,i %all pass ov] ! t]ms our own s f> z specific ref]5ce is conc]n$1 b ! me?od employ$ applies equally to !m4 ,:o are ! we1 & :at does own mean1 & h[ is own]%ip e/abli%$8 #fd ,contra/ ! /atem5t3 ,:5 ,i speak ( a fact1 ,i d n mean "o ( ! simple ?+s ( ! _w1 ,i mean t a c]ta9 ?+ has a c]ta9 quality1 or t c]ta9 ?+s h a c]ta9 relation 7p4 #ea74 #fe ,9 view ( ! assumption1 %>$ by ,mr4 ,russell1 t !re is su* a ?+ z non-inf]5tial k1 ! conception t a ?+ (f]s evid5ce = itself ne$s analysis4 ,self-evid5ce is m]ely a conv5i5t t]m = disguis+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! indubitably giv5 & ! believ$ 94 ,hypo!ses1 = example1 are self-evid5t sometimes1 t is1 obvi\sly pres5t = j :at !y are1 b !y are /ill hypo!ses1 & to (f] _! self-evid5t "* z evid5ce w\ld expose "o to ridicule4 ,mean+s may be self-evid5t 7! ,c>tesian cle> & di/9ct7 & tru? dubi\s4 #ff ,really kn[n is an ambigu\s t]m4 ,x may signify und]/ood1 or x may signify kn[n to be !re or giv54 ,ei!r mean+ implies ref]5ce beyond4 #fg ,! reply implies t ! exhau/ive1 all-at-once p]ception ( ! entire univ]se assum$ by "s ideali/ic writ]s does n involve any ext]nal _w4 ,i d n make ?is rem>k = ! sake ( id5tify+ myself ) ?is s*ool ( ?9k]s1 b to sugge/ t ! limit$ "* ( empirical data is :at occasions inf]5ce4 ,b x is a fallacy to suppose t ! nature ( ! limitations is psy*ologically giv54 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h to be det]m9$ by descriptive id5tifications :i* involve ref]5ce to ! m ext5sive _w4 ,h5ce no matt] h[ self-evid5t ! exi/5ce ( ! data may be1 x is nev] self-evid5t t !y are rightly delimit$ ) respect to ! specific inf]5ce 9 process ( mak+4 #fh ,! ambiguities reside 9 ! possibility ( treat+ ! muscul> & o!r bodily s5sations z mean+ some?+ o!r ?an data ( motion & corporealness--h[ev] ^! be def9$4 ,muscul> s5sation may be an aw>5ess ( motion ( ! muscles1 b ! phrase ( ! muscles does n alt] ! nature ( motion z motion2 x only specifies :at motion is involv$4 ,& ! long controv]sy ab\t ! exi/5ce ( imm$iate muscul> s5sations te/ifies to :at a complex cognitive det]m9ation we are "h deal+ )4 ,anatomical directions & long exp]im5tation 7 requir$ to answ] ! "q4 ,7 !y psy*ologically primitive data no su* que/ions c\ld ev] h aris54 ,,xii ,,:at ,,pragmatism ,,means ,,by ,,practical ,pragmatism1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,james1 is a temp] ( m9d1 an attitude2 x is also a !ory ( ! nature ( ideas & tru?2 &1 f9ally1 x is a !ory ab\t reality4 ,x is pragmatism z me?od :i* is emphasiz$1 ,i take x1 9 ! subtitle1 a new "n = "s old ways ( ?9k+4#fi ,x is ?is aspect :i* ,i suppose to be upp]mo/ 9 ,mr4 ,james's own m9d2 "o frequ5tly gets ! impression t he conceives ! discussion ( ! o!r two po9ts to be illu/rative mat]ial1 m or less hypo!tical1 ( ! me?od4 ,! briefe/ & at ! same "t ! mo/ compreh5sive =mula = ! me?od is3 ,! attitude ( look+ away f fir/ ?+s1 pr9ciples1 'categories1' suppos$ necessities2 & ( look+ t[>ds la/ ?+s1 fruits1 consequ5ces1 facts 7pp4 #ed-ee74 ,& z ! attitude look$ away f is ! rationali/ic1 p]haps ! *ief aim ( ! lectures is to exemplify "s typical diff]5ces result+ f tak+ "o outlook or ! o!r4 ,b pragmatism is us$ 9 a /ill wid] s5se1 z mean+ also a c]ta9 !ory ( tru? 7p4 #ee72 x is a g5etic !ory ( :at is meant by tru? 7p4 #fe74 ,tru? means1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 agreem5t1 correspond5ce1 ( idea & fact 7p4 #aih71 b :at d agreem5t1 correspond5ce1 mean8 ,) rationalism !y mean a /atic1 in]t relation1 :i* is s ultimate t ( x no?+ m c be said4 ,) pragmatism !y signify ! guid+ or lead+ p[] ( ideas by :i* we dip into ! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce aga91 & if by its aid we set up ! arrangem5ts & connections among exp]i5c$ objects :i* ! idea int5ds1 ! idea is v]ifi$2 x corresponds ) ! ?+s x means to squ>e ) 7pp4 #bje-f74 ,! idea is true :i* works 9 lead+ u to :at x purports 7p4 #hj74gj ,or1 any idea t w c>ry u prosp]\sly f any "o "p ( exp]i5ce to any o!r "p1 l9k+ ?+s satisfactorily1 work+ securely1 simplify+1 sav+ labor1 is true = j s mu*1 true 9 s f> =? 7p4 #eh74 ,?is notion presupposes t ideas are ess5tially int5tions 7plans & me?ods71 & t :at !y1 z ideas1 ultimately int5d is prospective--c]ta9 *anges 9 prior exi/+ ?+s4 ,?is contra/s aga9 ) rationalism1 ) its copy !ory1 :]e ideas1 z ideas1 are ineffective & impot5t1 s9ce !y mean only to mirror a reality 7p4 #fi7 complete )\t !m4 ,?us we are l$ to ! ?ird aspect ( pragmatism4 ,! alt]native betwe5 rationalism & pragmatism conc]ns ! /ructure ( ! univ]se itself 7p4 #beh74 ,! ess5tial contra/ is t reality 444 = pragmatism is /ill 9 ! mak+ 7p4 #beg74 ,& 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1#ga he says3 ,i 0 prim>ily conc]n$ 9 my lectures ) contra/+ ! belief t ! _w is /ill 9 ! process ( mak+ ) ! belief t !re is an et]nal edition ( x ready-made & complete4 ,i ,x w be foll[+ ,mr4 ,james's example1 ,i ?9k1 if we "h reg>d pragmatism z prim>ily a me?od1 & treat ! acc\nt ( ideas & _! tru? & ( reality some:at incid5tally s f> z ! discussion ( !m s]ves to exemplify or en=ce ! me?od4 ,reg>d+ ! attitude ( ori5tation :i* looks to outcomes & consequ5ces1 "o readily sees t x has1 z ,mr4 ,james po9ts out1 po9ts ( contact ) hi/oric empiricism1 nom9alism1 & utilit>ianism4 ,x insi/s t g5]al notions %all ca% 9 z p>ticul> objects & qualities 9 exp]i5ce2 t pr9ciples are ultimately subsum$ "u facts1 r ?an ! rev]se2 t ! empirical consequ5ce r ?an ! a priori basis is ! sanction+ & w>rant+ factor4 ,b all ( ^! ideas are color$ & trans=m$ by ! dom9ant influ5ce ( exp]im5tal sci5ce3 ! me?od ( treat+ conceptions1 !ories1 etc41 z work+ hypo!ses1 z directors = c]ta9 exp]im5ts & exp]im5tal obs]vations4 ,pragmatism z attitude repres5ts :at ,mr4 ,peirce has happily t]m$ ! laboratory habit ( m9d ext5d$ into e area :]e inquiry may fruitfully be c>ri$ on4 ,a sci5ti/ w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 wond] n s mu* at ! me?od z at ! lat5ess ( philosophy's conv]sion to :at has made sci5ce :at x is4 ,nev]!less x is impossible to =eca/ ! intellectual *ange t w\ld proce$ f c>ry+ ! me?od s9c]ely & unres]v$ly into all fields ( inquiry4 ,leav+ philosophy out ( acc\nt1 :at a *ange w\ld be wr\ght 9 ! hi/orical & social sci5ces--9 ! conceptions ( politics & law & political economy6 ,mr4 ,james does n claim too mu* :5 he says3 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( philosophy mu/ alt] its place4 ,! e>? ( ?+s1 long ?r[n into %ad[ by ! glories ( ! upp] e!r1 mu/ resume its rights4444 ,x w be an alt]ation 9 ! 'seat ( au?ority' t rem9ds "o almo/ ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 7p4 #abc74 ,i c imag9e t _m w\ld n accept ?is me?od 9 philosophy = v div]se reasons1 p]haps among ! mo/ pot5t ( :i* is lack ( fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! elem5ts & processes ( exp]i5ce & life to gu>antee _! own security & prosp]ity2 because1 t is1 ( ! feel+ t ! _w ( exp]i5ce is s un/able1 mi/ak51 & fragm5t>y t x mu/ h an absolutely p]man5t1 true1 & complete gr\nd4 ,i _c imag9e1 h[ev]1 t s mu* unc]ta9ty & controv]sy z actually exi/s %\ld arise ab\t ! cont5t & import ( ! doctr9e on ! basis ( ! g5]al =mula4 ,x is :5 ! me?od is appli$ to special po9ts t que/ions arise4 ,mr4 ,james rem9ds u 9 8 preface t ! pragmatic movem5t has f\nd expression f s _m po9ts ( view1 t mu* unconc]t$ /atem5t has result$4 ,& speak+ ( 8 lectures he goes on to say3 ,i h s\ght to unify ! picture z x pres5ts itself to my own eyes1 deal+ 9 broad /rokes4 ,! diff]5t po9ts ( view "h spok5 ( h conc]n$ !mselves ) view+ pragmatically a numb] ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,& x is1 ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,james's ef=t to comb9e !m1 z !y /&1 :i* occasions misund]/&+ among ,mr4 ,james's read]s4 ,mr4 ,james himself appli$ x1 = example1 9 #ahih to philosophic controv]sies to indicate :at !y mean 9 t]ms ( practical issues at /ake4 ,be=e t1 ,mr4 ,peirce himself 79 #ahgh7 _h appli$ ! me?od to ! prop] way ( conceiv+ & def9+ objects4 ,!n x has be5 appli$ to ideas 9 ord] to f9d out :at !y mean 9 t]ms ( :at !y int5d1 & :at & h[ !y mu/ int5d 9 ord] to be true4 ,aga91 x has be5 appli$ to beliefs1 to :at m5 actually accept1 hold to1 & affirm4 ,inde$1 x lies 9 ! nature ( pragmatism t x %\ld be appli$ z widely z possible2 & to ?+s z div]se z controv]sies1 beliefs1 tru?s1 ideas1 & objects4 ,b yet ! situations & problems are div]se2 s mu* s t1 :ile ! mean+ ( ea* may be told on ! basis ( la/ ?+s1 fruits1 consequ5ces1 facts1 x is q c]ta9 t ! specific la/ ?+s & facts w be v diff]5t 9 ! div]se cases1 & t v diff]5t types ( mean+ w /& out4 ,mean+ w itself mean some?+ q diff]5t 9 ! case ( objects f :at x w mean 9 ! case ( ideas1 & = ideas some?+ diff]5t f tru?s4 ,n[ ! explanation to :i* ,i h be5 l$ ( ! unsatisfactory condition ( contempor>y pragmatic discussion is t 9 compos+ ^! diff]5t po9ts ( view into a s+le pictorial :ole1 ! di/9ct type ( consequ5ce & h5ce ( mean+ ( practical appropriate to ea* has n be5 suffici5tly emphasiz$4 #a4 ,:5 we consid] sep>ately ! subjects to :i* ! pragmatic me?od has be5 appli$1 we f9d t ,mr4 ,james has provid$ ! necess>y =mula = ea*--) 8 nev]-fail+ in/9ct = ! concrete4 ,we take fir/ ! "q ( ! significance ( an object3 ! mean+ :i* %\ld prop]ly be conta9$ 9 its conception or def9ition4 ,to atta9 p]fect cle>ness 9 our ?\ghts ( an object1 !n1 we ne$ only consid] :at conceivable effects ( a practical k9d ! object may involve--:at s5sations we are to expect f x & :at reactions we mu/ prep>e 7pp4 #df-dg74 ,or1 m %ortly1 z x is quot$ f ,o/wald1 ,all realities influ5ce our practice1 & t influ5ce is _! mean+ = u 7p4 #dh74 ,"h x w be not$ t ! />t is f objects already empirically giv5 or pres5t$1 exi/5tially v\*$ =1 & ! "q is z to _! prop] conception--,:at is ! prop] mean+1 or idea1 ( an object8 ,& ! mean+ is ! effects ^! giv5 objects produce4 ,"o might d\bt ! correctness ( ?is !ory1 b ,i d n see h[ "o c\ld d\bt its import1 or c\ld accuse x ( subjectivism or idealism1 s9ce ! object ) its p[] to produce effects is assum$4 ,mean+ is expressly di/+ui%$ f objects1 n confus$ ) !m 7z 9 idealism71 & is said to consi/ 9 ! practical reactions objects exact ( u or impose ^u u4 ,:51 !n1 x is a "q ( an object1 mean+ signifies its conceptual cont5t or connotation1 & practical means ! future responses :i* an object requires ( u or commits u to4 #b4 ,b we may also />t f a giv5 idea1 & ask :at ! idea means4 ,pragmatism w1 ( c\rse1 look to future consequ5ces1 b !y w cle>ly be ( a diff]5t sort :5 we />t f an idea z idea1 ?an :5 we />t f an object4 ,= :at an idea z idea means1 is precisely t an object is n giv54 ,! pragmatic proc$ure "h is to set ! idea at "w )9 ! /ream ( exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s less z a solution ?an z a program = m "w1 & p>ticul>ly z an indication ( ! ways 9 :i* exi/+ realities may be *ang$4 ,!ories1 ?us1 become in/rum5ts4444 ,we don't lie back on !m1 we move =w>d1 &1 on occasion1 make nature ov] aga9 by _! aid 7p4 #ec74 ,9 o!r words1 an idea is a draft drawn ^u exi/+ ?+s1 & int5tion to act s z to arrange !m 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,f :i* x foll[s t if ! draft is honor$1 if exi/5ces1 foll[+ ^u ! actions1 re>range or readju/ !mselves 9 ! way ! idea int5ds1 ! idea is true4 ,:51 !n1 x is a "q ( an idea1 x is ! idea itself :i* is practical 7be+ an int5t7 & its mean+ resides 9 ! exi/5ces :i*1 z *ang$1 x int5ds4 ,:ile ! mean+ ( an object is ! *anges x requires 9 our attitude1#gb ! mean+ ( an idea is ! *anges x1 z our attitude1 effects 9 objects4 #c4 ,!n we h ano!r =mula1 applicable n to objects nor ideas z objects & ideas1 b to tru?s--to ?+s1 t is1 :]e ! mean+ ( ! object & ( ! idea is assum$ to be already asc]ta9$4 ,x reads3 ,:at diff]5ce w\ld x practically make to anyone if ?is notion r ?an t notion 7 true8 ,if no practical diff]5ce :atev] c be trac$1 !n ! alt]natives mean practically ! same ?+1 & all dispute is idle 7p4 #de74 ,!re c be no diff]5ce 9 ab/ract tru? t doesn't express itself 9 a diff]5ce 9 concrete fact1 & 9 conduct consequ5t ^u ! fact1 impos$ on somebody 7p4 #ej74gc ,n[ :5 we />t ) some?+ :i* is already a tru? 7or tak5 to be tru?71 & ask = its mean+ 9 t]ms ( its consequ5ces1 x is impli$ t ! conception1 or conceptual significance1 is already cle>1 & t ! exi/5ces x ref]s to are already 9 h&4 ,mean+ "h1 !n1 c be nei!r ! connotative nor d5otative ref]5ce ( a t]m2 !y are cov]$ by ! two prior =mulae4 ,mean+ "h means value1 importance4 ,! practical factor is1 !n1 ! wor? "* ( ^! consequ5ces3 !y are good or bad2 desirable or undesirable2 or m]ely nil1 indiff]5t1 9 :i* latt] case belief is idle1 ! controv]sy a va9 & conv5tional1 or v]bal1 "o4 ,! t]m mean+ & ! t]m practical tak5 9 isolation1 & )\t explicit def9ition f _! specific context & problem1 are triply ambigu\s4 ,! mean+ may be ! conception or def9ition ( an object2 x may be ! d5otative exi/5tial ref]5ce ( an idea2 x may be actual value or importance4 ,s practical 9 ! correspond+ cases may mean ! attitudes & conduct exact$ ( u by objects2 or ! capacity & t5d5cy ( an idea to effect *anges 9 prior exi/5ces2 or ! desirable & undesirable quality ( c]ta9 ends4 ,! g5]al pragmatic attitude1 none ! less1 is appli$ 9 all cases4 ,if ! diff]+ problems & ! correlative div]se significations ( ! t]ms mean+ & practical are borne 9 m9d1 n all w be conv]t$ to pragmatism1 b ! pres5t unc]ta9ty z to :at pragmatism is1 anyway1 & ! pres5t con/ant compla9ts on bo? sides ( misund]/&+ w1 ,i ?9k1 be m9imiz$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i h rea*$ ! conclusion t :at ! pragmatic movem5t j n[ wants is a cle> & consi/5t be>+ 9 m9d ( ^! diff]5t problems & ( :at is meant by practical 9 ea*4 ,accord+ly ! re/ ( ?is pap] is an endeavor to elucidate f ! /&po9t ( pragmatic me?od ! importance ( en=c+ ^! di/9ctions4 ,,ii ,fir/1 z to ! problems ( philosophy :5 pragmatically approa*$1 ,mr4 ,james says3 ,! :ole function ( philosophy ought to be to f9d out :at def9ite diff]5ce x w make to y & me1 at def9ite in/ants ( our life1 if ?is _w-=mula or t _w-=mula be true 7p4 #ej74 ,"h ! _w-=mula is assum$ z already giv52 x is !re1 def9$ & con/itut$1 & ! "q is z to its import if believ$4 ,b f ! second /&po9t1 t ( idea z work+ hypo!sis1 ! *ief function ( philosophy is n to f9d out :at diff]5ce ready-made =mulae make1 if true1 b to arrive at & to cl>ify _! mean+ z programs ( behavior = modify+ ! exi/5t _w4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ! mean+ ( a _w-=mula is practical & moral1 n m]ely 9 ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f accept+ a c]ta9 conceptual cont5t z true1 b z reg>ds t cont5t itself4 ,& ?us at ! v outset we are compell$ to face ?is "q3 ,does ,mr4 ,james employ ! pragmatic me?od to discov] ! value 9 t]ms ( consequ5ces 9 life ( "s =mula :i* has its logical cont5t already fix$2 or does he employ x to criticize & revise &1 ultimately1 to con/itute ! mean+ ( t =mula8 ,if x is ! fir/1 !re is dang] t ! pragmatic me?od w be employ$ only to vivify1 if n validate1 doctr9es :i* 9 !mselves are pieces ( rationali/ic metaphysics1 n inh]5tly pragmatic4 ,if ! la/1 !re is dang] t "s read]s w ?9k old notions are be+ confirm$1 :5 9 tru? !y are be+ translat$ into new & inconsi/5t notions4 ,consid] ! case ( design4 ,mr4 ,james beg9s ) accept+ a ready-made notion1 to :i* he !n applies ! pragmatic crit]ion4 ,! traditional notion is t ( a see+ =ce t runs ?+s4 ,?is is rationali/ically & retrospectively empty2 its be+ !re makes no diff]5ce4 7,?is seems to ov]look ! fact t ! pa/ _w may be j :at x is 9 virtue ( ! diff]5ce :i* a bl9d =ce or a see+ =ce has already made 9 x4 ,a pragmati/ z well z a rationali/ may reply t x makes no diff]5ce retrospectively only because we leave out ! mo/ important retrospective diff]5ce74 ,b return+ ) x into exp]i5ce1 we ga9 a m confid+ outlook on ! future4 ,if n a bl9d =ce1 b a see+ =ce1 runs ?+s1 we may reasonably expect bett] issues4 ,?is vague confid5ce 9 ! future is ! sole pragmatic mean+ at pres5t disc]nible 9 ! t]ms design & design] 7p4 #aae1 italics m9e74 ,n[ is ?is mean+ int5d$ to replace ! mean+ ( a see+ =ce :i* runs ?+s8 ,or is x int5d$ to sup]add a pragmatic value & validation to t concept ( a see+ =ce8 ,or does x mean t1 irrespective ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* object1 a belief 9 x has t value8 ,/rict pragmatism w\ld seem to require ! fir/ int]pretation4 ,! same difficulties arise 9 ! discussion ( spirituali/ic !ism v]sus mat]ialism4 ,comp>e ! two foll[+ /atem5ts3 ,! notion ( ,god 444 gu>antees an ideal ord] t %all be p]man5tly pres]v$ 7p4 #ajf74 ,"h1 !n1 9 ^! diff]5t emotional & practical appeals1 9 ^! adju/m5ts ( our attitudes ( hope & expectation1 & all ! delicate consequ5ces :i* _! diff]5ces entail1 lie ! real mean+s ( mat]ialism & spiritualism 7p4 #ajg1 italics m9e74 ,does ! latt] me?od ( det]m9+ ! mean+ (1 say1 a spiritual ,god af=d ! sub/itute = ! conception ( him z a sup]human p[] effect+ ! et]nal pres]vation ( some?+2 does x1 t is1 def9e ,god1 supply ! cont5t = our notion ( ,god8 ,or does x m]ely sup]add a value to a mean+ already fix$8 ,&1 if ! latt]1 does ! object1 ,god z def9$1 or ! notion1 or ! belief 7! acceptance ( ! notion7 effect ^! consequ5t values8 ,9 ei!r ( ! latt] alt]natives1 ! good or valuable consequ5ces _c cl>ify ! mean+ or conception ( ,god2 =1 by ! argum5t1 !y proce$ f a prior def9ition ( ,god4 ,!y _c prove1 or r5d] m probable1 ! exi/5ce ( su* a be+1 =1 by ! argum5t1 ^! desirable consequ5ces dep5d ^u accept+ su* an exi/5ce2 & n ev5 pragmatism c prove an exi/5ce f desirable consequ5ces :i* !mselves exi/ only :5 & if t o!r exi/5ce is !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! pragmatic me?od is n appli$ simply to tell ! value ( a belief or controv]sy1 b to fix ! mean+ ( ! t]ms involv$ 9 ! belief1 result+ consequ5ces w\ld s]ve to con/itute ! entire mean+1 intellectual z well z practical1 ( ! t]ms2 & h5ce ! pragmatic me?od w\ld simply aboli% ! mean+ ( an antec$5t p[] :i* w p]petuate et]nally "s exi/5ce4 ,= t consequ5ce fl[s n f ! belief or idea1 b f ! exi/5ce1 ! p[]4 ,x is n pragmatic at all4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,mr4 ,james says3 ,o!r ?an ?is practical significance1 ! words ,god1 free w1 design1 h none4 ,yet d>k ?\gh !y be 9 !mselves1 or intellectuali/ically tak51 :5 we be> !m on to life's ?icket ) u1 ! d>kness !n gr[s light ab\t u 7p4 #aba1 italics m9e71 :at is meant8 ,is x meant t :5 we take ! intellectuali/ic notion & employ x1 x gets value 9 ! way ( results1 & h5ce !n has "s value ( its own2 or is x meant t ! intellectual cont5t itself mu/ be det]m9$ 9 t]ms ( ! *anges effect$ 9 ! ord]+ ( life's ?icket8 ,an explicit decl>ation on ?is po9t w\ld settle1 ,i ?9k1 n m]ely a po9t int]e/+ 9 itself1 b "o ess5tial to ! det]m9ation ( :at is pragmatic me?od4 ,= myself1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t x seems unpragmatic = pragmatism to cont5t itself ) f9d+ out ! value ( a conception ^: own inh]5t significance pragmatism has n fir/ det]m9$2 a fact :i* entails t x be tak5 n z a tru? b simply z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case 9 "q1 moreov]1 x is difficult to see h[ ! pragmatic me?od c\ld possibly be appli$ to a notion ( et]nal p]petuation1 :i*1 by its nature1 c nev] be empirically v]ifi$1 or ca%$ 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( tru?4 ,! problem "h is also ambigu\s 9 advance ( def9ition4 ,does ! problem ( :at is tru? ref] to discov]+ ! true mean+ ( some?+2 or to discov]+ :at an idea has to effect1 & h[1 9 ord] to be true2 or to discov]+ :at ! value ( tru? is :5 x is an exi/5t & accompli%$ fact8 7#a7 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 f9d ! true mean+ ( a ?+1 z di/9ct f its incorrect int]pretation1 )\t !reby e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ! true mean+--z we may dispute ab\t ! true mean+ ( a passage 9 ! classics conc]n+ ,c5taurs1 )\t ! det]m9ation ( its true s5se e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ! notion t !re are ,c5taurs4 ,occasionally ?is true mean+ seems to be :at ,mr4 ,james has 9 m9d1 z :51 aft] ! passage ^u design already quot$1 he goes on3 ,b if cosmic confid5ce is "r1 n wrong1 bett]1 n worse1 t vague confid5ce 9 ! future is a mo/ important mean+4 ,t mu* at lea/ ( possible 'tru?' ! t]ms w !n h 9 !m 7p4 #aae74 ,tru? "h seems to mean t design has a g5u9e1 n m]ely conv5tional or v]bal1 mean+3 t some?+ is at /ake4 ,& !re are frequ5tly po9ts :]e tru? seems to mean j mean+ t is g5u9e z di/9ct f empty or v]bal4 7#b7 ,b ! problem ( ! mean+ ( tru? may also ref] to ! mean+ or value ( tru?s t already exi/ z tru?s4 ,we h !m2 !y exi/2 n[ :at d !y mean8 ,! answ] is3 ,true ideas lead u into useful v]bal & conceptual qu>t]s z well z directly up to useful s5sible t]m9i4 ,!y lead to consi/5cy1 /ability1 & fl[+ human int]c\rse 7p4 #bae74 ,?is1 ref]r+ to ?+s already true1 ,i d n suppose ! mo/ case-h>d5$ rationali/ w\ld "q2 & ev5 if he que/ions ! pragmatic cont5tion t ^! consequ5ces def9e ! mean+ ( tru?1 he %\ld see t "h is n giv5 an acc\nt ( :at x means = an idea to become true1 b only ( :at x means aft] x has become true1 tru? z fait accompli4 ,x is ! mean+ ( tru? z fait accompli :i* is "h def9$4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ,i d n "k :y a mild-temp]$ rationali/ %\ld object to ! doctr9e t tru? is valuable n p] se1 b because1 :5 giv51 x leads to desirable consequ5ces4 ,! true ?\ght is useful "h because ! home :i* is its object is useful4 ,! practical value ( true ideas is ?us prim>ily d]iv$ f ! practical importance ( _! objects to u 7p4 #bjc74 ,& _m besides confirm$ pragmati/s1 any utilit>ian1 = example1 w\ld be will+ to say t our duty to pursue tru? is condition$ ^u its lead+ to objects :i* ^u ! :ole are valuable4 ,! concrete b5efits we ga9 are :at we mean by call+ ! pursuit a duty 7p4 #bca1 comp>e p4 #gf74 7#c7 ,difficulties h aris5 *iefly because ,mr4 ,james is *>g$ ) conv]t+ simply ! =ego+ proposition1 & argu+ t s9ce true ideas are good1 any idea if good 9 any way is true4 ,c]ta9ly transition f "o ( ^! conceptions to ! o!r is facilitat$ by ! fact t ideas are te/$ z to _! validity by a c]ta9 goodness1 viz41 :e!r !y are good = accompli%+ :at !y int5d1 = :at !y claim to be good =1 t is1 c]ta9 modifications 9 prior giv5 exi/5ces4 ,9 ?is case1 x is ! idea :i* is practical1 s9ce x is ess5tially an int5t & plan ( alt]+ prior exi/5ces 9 a specific situation1 :i* is indicat$ to be unsatisfactory by ! v fact t x ne$s or sugge/s a specific modification4 ,!n arises ! !ory t ideas z ideas are always work+ hypo!ses conc]n+ ! atta9+ ( p>ticul> empirical results1 & are t5tative programs 7or sket*es ( me?od7 = atta9+ !m4 ,if we /ick consi/5tly to ?is notion ( ideas1 only consequ5ces :i* are actually produc$ by ! work+ ( ! idea 9 co-op]ation )1 or application to1 prior exi/5ces are good consequ5ces 9 ! specific s5se ( good :i* is relevant to e/abli%+ ! tru? ( an idea4 ,?is is1 at times1 unequivocally recogniz$ by ,mr4 ,james4 7,see1 = example1 ! ref]5ce to v]i-fication1 on p4 #bja2 ! acceptance ( ! idea t v]ification means ! adv5t ( ! object int5d$1 on p4 #bje47 ,b at o!r times any good :i* fl[s f acceptance ( a belief is treat$ z if x 7 an evid5ce1 9 s f>1 ( ! tru? ( ! idea4 ,?is holds p>ticul>ly :5 !ological notions are "u consid]ation4 ,light w\ld be ?r[n ^u h[ ,mr4 ,james conceives ?is matt] by /atem5ts on su* po9ts z ^!3 ,if ideas t]m9ate 9 good consequ5ces1 b yet ! goodness ( ! consequ5ces 0 no "p ( ! int5tion ( an idea1 does ! goodness h any v]ify+ =ce8 ,if ! goodness ( consequ5ces arises f ! context ( ! idea 9 belief r ?an f ! idea itself1 does x h any v]ify+ =ce8#gd ,if an idea leads to consequ5ces :i* are good 9 ! "o respect only ( fulfill+ ! int5t ( ! idea 7z :5 "o dr9ks a liquid to te/ ! idea t x is a poison71 does ! badness ( ! consequ5ces 9 e o!r respect detract f ! v]ify+ =ce ( consequ5ces8 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,james has ref]r$ to me z say+ tru? is :at gives satisfaction 7p4 #bcd71 ,i may rem>k 7ap>t f ! fact t ,i d n ?9k ,i ev] said t tru? is :at gives satisfaction7 t ,i h nev] id5tifi$ any satisfaction ) ! tru? ( an idea1 save t satisfaction :i* arises :5 ! idea z work+ hypo!sis or t5tative me?od is appli$ to prior exi/5ces 9 su* a way z to fulfil :at x int5ds4 ,my f9al impression 7:i* ,i _c adequately prove7 is t ^u ! :ole ,mr4 ,james is mo/ conc]n$ to en=ce1 z aga9/ rationalism1 two conclusions ab\t ! "* ( tru?s z faits accomplis3 namely1 t !y are made1 n a priori1 or et]nally 9 exi/5ce1#ge & t _! value or importance is n /atic1 b dynamic & practical4 ,! special "q ( h[ tru?s are made is n p>ticul>ly relevant to ?is anti-rationali/ic crusade1 :ile x is ! *ief "q ( int]e/ to _m4 ,because ( ?is conflict ( problems1 :at ,mr4 ,james says ab\t ! value ( tru? :5 accompli%$ is likely to be int]pret$ by "s z a crit]ion ( ! tru? ( ideas2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,james himself is likely to pass lightly f ! consequ5ces t det]m9e ! wor? ( a belief to ^? :i* decide ! wor? ( an idea4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,james says ! function ( giv+ satisfaction 9 m>ry+ previ\s p>ts ( exp]i5ce ) new] p>ts is necess>y 9 ord] to e/abli% tru?1 ! doctr9e is unambigu\s4 ,! satisfactory "* ( consequ5ces is itself measur$ & def9$ by ! conditions :i* l$ up to x2 ! inh]5tly satisfactory quality ( results is n tak5 z validat+ ! antec$5t intellectual op]ations4 ,b :5 he says 7n ( 8 own position1 b ( an oppon5t's#gf7 ( ! idea ( an absolute1 s f> z x af=ds su* com=t x surely is n /]ile1 x has t am\nt ( value2 x p]=ms a concrete function4 ,z a good pragmati/ ,i myself ought to call ! absolute true 9 s f> =? !n2 & ,i unhesitat+ly n[ d s 7p4 #gc71 ! doctr9e seems to be z unambigu\s 9 ! o!r direction3 t any good1 consequ5t ^u acceptance ( a belief is1 9 s f> =?1#gg a w>rant ( tru?4 ,9 su* passages z ! foll[+ 7:i* are ( ! common type7 ! two notions seem bl5d$ toge!r3 ,ideas become true j 9 s f> z !y help u to get into satisfactory relations ) o!r p>ts ( our exp]i5ce 7p4 #eh72 &1 aga91 on ! same page3 ,any idea t w c>ry u prosp]\sly f any "o "p ( our exp]i5ce to any o!r "p1 l9k+ ?+s satisfactorily1 work+ securely1 simplify+1 sav+ labor1 is true = j s mu* 7italics m9e74 ,an explicit /atem5t z to :e!r ! c>ry+ function1 ! l9k+ ( ?+s1 is satisfactory & prosp]\s & h5ce true 9 s f> z x executes ! int5t ( an idea2 or :e!r ! satisfaction & prosp]ity reside 9 ! mat]ial consequ5ces on _! own acc\nt & 9 t aspect make ! idea true1 w\ld1 ,i am sure1 locate ! po9t at issue & economize & fructify future discussion4 ,at pres5t pragmatism is accept$ by ^? ^: own notions are ?or\ghly rationali/ic 9 make-up z a means ( refurbi%+1 galvaniz+1 & ju/ify+ ^? v notions4 ,x is reject$ by non-rationali/s 7empirici/s & naturali/ic ideali/s7 because x seems to !m id5tifi$ ) ! notion t pragmatism holds t ! desirability ( c]ta9 beliefs ov]rides ! "q ( ! mean+ ( ! ideas involv$ 9 !m & ! exi/5ce ( objects d5ot$ by !m4 ,o!rs 7l myself71 :o believe ?or\ghly 9 pragmatism z a me?od ( ori5tation1 z def9$ by ,mr4 ,james1 & :o w\ld apply ! me?od to ! det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( objects1 ! int5t & wor? ( ideas z ideas1 & to ! human & moral value ( beliefs1 :5 ^! v>i\s problems are c>efully di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 d n "k :e!r !y are pragmati/s 9 "s o!r s5se1 because !y are n sure :e!r ! practical1 9 ! s5se ( desirable facts :i* def9e ! wor? ( a belief1 is confus$ ) ! practical z an attitude impos$ by objects1 & ) ! practical z a p[] & function ( ideas to effect *anges 9 prior exi/5ces4 ,h5ce ! importance ( kn[+ :i* "o ( ! ?ree s5ses ( practical is convey$ 9 any giv5 passage4 ,x w\ld d ,mr4 ,james an inju/ice1 h[ev]1 to /op "h4 ,8 real doctr9e is t a belief is true :5 x satisfies bo? p]sonal ne$s & ! requirem5ts ( objective ?+s4 ,speak+ ( pragmatism1 he says1 ,h] only te/ ( probable tru? is :at works be/ 9 ! way ( lead+ u1 :at fits e "p ( life be/ & comb9es ) ! collectivity ( exp]i5ce's dem&s1 no?+ be+ omitt$ 7p4 #hj1 italics m9e74 ,& aga91 ,t new idea is true/ :i* p]=ms mo/ felicit\sly its function ( satisfy+ our d\ble urg5cy 7p4 #fd74 ,x does n appe> c]ta9 f ! context t ?is d\ble urg5cy is t ( ! p]sonal & ! objective dem&s1 respectively1 b x is probable 7see1 also1 p4 #bag1 :]e consi/5cy ) previ\s tru? & novel fact is said to be always ! mo/ imp]i\s claimant74 ,on ?is basis1 ! 9 s f> =? ( ! tru? ( ! absolute because ( ! com=t x supplies1 means t "o ( ! two conditions :i* ne$ to be satisfi$ has be5 met1 s t if ! idea ( ! absolute met ! o!r "o also1 x w\ld be q true4 ,i h no d\bt ?is is ,mr4 ,james's mean+1 & x suffici5tly safegu>ds him f ! *>ge t pragmatism means t any?+ :i* is agreeable is true4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i d n ?9k1 9 logical /rictness1 t satisfy+ "o ( two te/s1 :5 satisfaction ( bo? is requir$1 c be said to con/itute a belief true ev5 9 s f> =?4 ,,iii ,at all ev5ts ?is raises a "q n t\*$ s f>3 ! place ( ! p]sonal 9 ! det]m9ation ( tru?4 ,mr4 ,james1 = example1 emphasizes ! doctr9e sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,we say ?is !ory solves x ! problem m satisfactorily ?an t !ory2 b t means m satisfactorily to ourselves1 & individuals w emphasize _! po9ts ( satisfaction diff]5tly 7p4 #fa1 italics m9e74 ,?is op5s out into a "q :i*1 9 its l>g] aspects--! place ( ! p]sonal factor 9 ! con/itution ( k sy/ems & ( reality--,i _c "h ent] ^u1 save to say t a syn!tic pragmatism su* z ,mr4 ,james has v5tur$ ^u w take a v diff]5t =m accord+ z ! po9t ( view ( :at he calls ! ,*icago ,s*ool or t ( humanism is tak5 z a basis = int]pret+ ! nature ( ! p]sonal4 ,accord+ to ! latt] view1 ! p]sonal appe>s to be ultimate & unanalyzable1 ! metaphysically real4 ,associations ) idealism1 moreov]1 give x an ideali/ic turn1 a translation1 9 effect1 ( moni/ic intellectuali/ic idealism into plurali/ic1 volunt>i/ic idealism4 ,b1 accord+ to ! =m]1 ! p]sonal is n ultimate1 b is to be analyz$ & def9$1 biologically on its g5etic side1 e?ically on its prospective & function+ side4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o phase ( ! tea*+ illu/rat$ by ! quotation :i* is directly relevant "h4 ,because ,mr4 ,james recognizes t ! p]sonal elem5t ent]s into judgm5ts pass$ ^u :e!r a problem has or has n be5 satisfactorily solv$1 he is *>g$ ) extreme subjectivism1 ) enc\rag+ ! elem5t ( p]sonal pref]5ce to run r\gh-%od ov] all objective controls4 ,n[ ! "q rais$ 9 ! quotation is prim>ily "o ( fact1 n ( doctr9e4 ,is or is n a p]sonal factor f\nd 9 tru? evaluations8 ,if x is1 pragmatism is n responsible = introduc+ x4 ,if x is n1 x ought to be possible to refute pragmatism by appeal to empirical fact1 r ?an by revil+ x = subjectivism4 ,n[ x is an old /ory t philosoph]s1 9 common ) !ologians & social !ori/s1 are z sure t p]sonal habits & int]e/s %ape _! oppon5ts' doctr9es z !y are t _! own beliefs are absolutely univ]sal & objective 9 quality4 ,h5ce arises t di%one/y1 t ins9c]ity *>act]i/ic ( philosophic discussion4 ,z ,mr4 ,james says 7p4 #h71 ,! mo/ pot5tial ( all our premises is nev] m5tion$4 ,n[ ! mom5t ! complicity ( ! p]sonal factor 9 our philosophic valuations is recogniz$1 is recogniz$ fully1 frankly1 & g5]ally1 t mom5t a new era 9 philosophy w beg94 ,we %all h to discov] ! p]sonal factors t n[ influ5ce u unconsci\sly1 & beg9 to accept a new & moral responsibility = !m1 a responsibility = judg+ & te/+ !m by _! consequ5ces4 ,s long z we ignore ?is factor1 its de$s w be l>gely evil1 n because x is evil1 b because1 fl\ri%+ 9 ! d>k1 x is )\t responsibility & )\t *eck4 ,! only way to control x is by recogniz+ x4 ,& :ile ,i w\ld n prophesy ( pragmatism's future1 ,i w\ld say t ?is elem5t :i* is n[ s g5]ally condemn$ z intellectual di%one/y 7p]haps because ( an uneasy1 in/9ctive recognition ( ! se>*+ ( he>ts its acceptance w\ld involve7 w 9 ! future be acc\nt$ unto philosophy = righte\sness' sake4 ,s mu* 9 g5]al4 ,9 p>ticul> cases1 x is possible t ,mr4 ,james's language occasionally leaves ! impression t ! fact ( ! inevitable involution ( ! p]sonal factor 9 e belief gives "s special sanction to "s special belief4 ,mr4 ,james says t 8 essay on ! "r to believe 0 unluckily entitl$ ! ,w to believe 7p4 #beh74 ,well1 ev5 ! t]m "r is un=tunate1 if ! p]sonal or belief factor is inevitable--un=tunate because x seems to indicate a privilege :i* might be ex]cis$ 9 special cases1 9 religion1 = example1 ?\gh n 9 sci5ce2 or1 because x sugge/s to "s m9ds t ! fact ( ! p]sonal complicity involv$ 9 belief is a w>rant = ?is or t special p]sonal attitude1 in/ead ( be+ a w>n+ to locate & def9e x s z to accept responsibility = x4 ,if we mean by w n some?+ delib]ate & consci\sly int5tional 7mu* less1 some?+ ins9c]e71 b an active p]sonal p>ticipation1 !n belief z w1 r ?an ei!r ! "r or ! w to believe seems to phrase ! matt] correctly4 ,i h attempt$ to review n s mu* ,mr4 ,james's book z ! pres5t /atus ( ! pragmatic movem5t :i* is express$ 9 ! book2 & ,i h select$ only ^? po9ts :i* seem to be> directly ^u matt]s ( contempor>y controv]sy4 ,ev5 z an acc\nt ( ?is limit$ field1 ! =ego+ pages d an inju/ice to ,mr4 ,james1 save z x is recogniz$ t 8 lectures 7 popul> lectures1 z ! title-page advises u4 ,we _c expect 9 su* lectures ! k9d ( explicitness :i* w\ld satisfy ! pr(essional & te*nical int]e/s t h inspir$ ?is review4 ,moreov]1 x is inevitable t ! attempt to compose diff]5t po9ts ( view1 hi!rto unco-ord9at$1 into a s+le :ole %\ld give rise to problems =eign to any "o factor ( ! syn!sis1 left to itself4 ,! ne$ & possibility ( ! discrim9ation ( v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! pragmatic mean+ ( practical1 attempt$ 9 ?is review1 w\ld h>dly h be5 recogniz$ by me 7 x n = by-products ( p]plexity & confusion :i* ,mr4 ,james's comb9ation has effect$4 ,mr4 ,james has giv5 s _m evid5ces ( ! s9c]ity ( 8 intellectual aims1 t ,i tru/ to 8 p>don = ! inju/ice :i* ! "* ( my review may h done him1 9 view ( :atev] s]vice x may r5d] 9 cl>ify+ ! problem to :i* he is devot$4 ,z = ! book itself1 x is 9 any case beyond a critic's praise or blame4 ,x is m likely to take place z a philosophical classic ?an any o!r writ+ ( our day4 ,a critic :o %\ld attempt to appraise x w\ld probably give "o m illu/ration ( ! /]ility ( criticism comp>$ ) ! productiv5ess ( creative g5ius4 ,ev5 ^? :o dislike pragmatism c h>dly fail to f9d mu* ( pr(it 9 ! exhibition ( ,mr4 ,james's in/9ct = concrete facts1 ! bread? ( 8 sympa?ies1 & 8 illum9at+ insights4 ,unres]v$ frankness1 lucid imag9ation1 v>i$ contacts ) life dige/$ into summ>y & tr5*ant conclusions1 ke5 p]ceptions ( human nature 9 ! concrete1 a con/ant s5se ( ! subord9ation ( philosophy to life1 capacity to put ?+s into an ,engli% :i* projects ideas z if bodily into space till !y are solid ?+s to walk ar\nd & survey f diff]5t sides--^! ?+s are n s common 9 philosophy t !y may n smell sweet ev5 by ! "n ( pragmatism4 ,,footnotes3 #fi ,william ,james1 ,pragmatism4 ,a ,new ,"n = ,"s ,old ,ways ( ,?9k+4 7,popul> ,lectures on ,philosophy47 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,co41 #aijg4 ,pp4 xiii#cji4 #gj ,c]ta9 aspects ( ! doctr9e are "h purposely omitt$1 & w meet u lat]4 #ga ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #edg4 #gb ,only ^? :o h already lo/ 9 ! ideali/ic confusion ( exi/5ce & mean+ w take ?is to mean t ! object is ^? *anges 9 our reactions4 #gc ,i assume t ! read] is suffici5tly famili> ) ,mr4 ,james's book n to be misl$ by ! text into ?9k+ t ,mr4 ,james himself discrim9ates z ,i h done ^! ?ree types ( problems f "o ano!r4 ,he does n2 b1 none ! less1 ! ?ree =mulae = ! ?ree situations are !re4 #gd ,! idea ( immortality1 or ! traditional !i/ic idea ( ,god1 = example1 may produce its good consequ5ces1 n 9 virtue ( ! idea z idea1 b f ! "* ( ! p]son :o ent]ta9s ! belief2 or x may be ! idea ( ! supreme value ( ideal consid]ations1 r ?an t ( _! temporal duration1 :i* works4 #ge ,et]nal tru? is "o ( ! mo/ ambigu\s phrases t philosoph]s trip ov]4 ,x may mean et]nally 9 exi/5ce2 or t a /atem5t :i* is ev] true is always true 7if x is true a fly is buzz+1 x is et]nally true t j n[ a fly buzz$72 or x may mean t "s tru?s1 9 s f> z :olly conceptual1 are irrelevant to any p>ticul> "t det]m9ation1 s9ce !y are non-exi/5tial 9 import--e4g41 ! tru? ( geometry dialectically tak5--t is1 )\t ask+ :e!r any p>ticul> exi/5ce exemplifies !m4 #gf ,su* /atem5ts1 x ought 9 fairness to be said1 g5]ally come :5 ,mr4 ,james is speak+ ( a doctr9e :i* he does n himself believe1 & arise1 ,i ?9k1 9 t fairness & frankness ( ,mr4 ,james1 s unusual 9 philosoph]s1 :i* cause him to lean ov] backw>d--unpragmatically1 x seems to me4 ,z to ! claim ( 8 own doctr9e1 he consi/5tly /icks to 8 /atem5t3 ,p5t 91 z ! pragmati/1 m ?an any "o1 sees himself to be1 betwe5 ! :ole body ( fund$ tru?s squeez$ f ! pa/ & ! co]cions ( ! _w ( s5se ab\t him1 :o1 s well z he1 feels ! imm5se pressure ( objective control "u :i* our m9ds p]=m _! op]ations8 ,if anyone imag9es t ?is law is lax1 let him keep its comm&m5ts "o day1 says ,em]son 7p4 #bcc74 #gg ,( c\rse1 ,mr4 ,james holds t ?is 9 s f> goes a v small way4 ,see pp4 #gg-gi4 ,b ev5 ! slighte/ concession is1 ,i ?9k1 non-pragmatic unless ! satisfaction is relevant to ! idea z int5t4 ,n[ ! satisfaction 9 "q comes n f ! idea z idea1 b f its acceptance z true4 ,c a satisfaction dep5d5t on an assumption t an idea is already true be relevant to te/+ ! tru? ( an idea8 ,& c an idea1 l t ( ! absolute1 :i*1 if true1 absolutely precludes any appeal to consequ5ces z te/ ( tru?1 be confirm$ by use ( ! pragmatic te/ )\t %e] self-contradiction8 ,9 o!r words1 we h a confusion ( ! te/ ( an idea z idea1 ) t ( ! value ( a belief z belief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible t all ,mr4 ,james int5ds by tru? "h is true 7i4e41 g5u9e7 mean+ at /ake 9 ! issue--true n z di/9ct f false1 b f mean+less or v]bal4 ,,xiii ,,an ,,add$ ,,note ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,practical ,x is easi] to />t a leg5d ?an to prev5t its cont9u$ circulation4 ,no misconception ( ! in/rum5tal logic has be5 m p]si/5t ?an ! belief t x makes k m]ely a means to a practical end1 or to ! satisfaction ( practical ne$s--practical be+ tak+ to signify "s q def9ite utilities ( a mat]ial or bread-&-butt] type4 ,habitual associations ar\s$ by ! ^w pragmatic h be5 /rong] ?an ! mo/ explicit & emphatic /atem5ts :i* any pragmati/ has be5 able to make4 ,b ,i aga9 affirm t ! t]m pragmatic means only ! rule ( ref]r+ all ?9k+1 all reflective consid]ations1 to consequ5ces = f9al mean+ & te/4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ! nature ( ! consequ5ces2 !y may be ae/hetic1 or moral1 or political1 or religi\s 9 quality--any?+ y please4 ,all t ! !ory requires is t !y be 9 "s way consequ5ces ( ?9k+2 n1 inde$1 ( x alone1 b ( x act$ ^u 9 connection ) o!r ?+s4 ,?is is no aft]-?\ght ins]t$ to less5 ! =ce ( objections4 ,mr4 ,peirce expla9$ t he took ! t]m pragmatic f ,kant1 9 ord] to d5ote empirical consequ5ces4 ,:5 he ref]s to _! practical "* x is only to indicate a crit]ion by :i* to avoid purely v]bal disputes4 ,diff]5t consequ5ces are alleg$ to con/itute rival mean+s ( a t]m4 ,is a diff]5ce m ?an m]ely "o ( =mulation8 ,! way to get an answ] is to ask :e!r1 if realiz$1 ^! consequ5ces w\ld exact ( u diff]5t modes ( behavior4 ,if !y d n make su* a diff]5ce 9 conduct ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is conv5tional4 ,x is n t consequ5ces are !mselves practical1 b t practical consequ5ces f !m may at times be appeal$ to 9 ord] to decide ! specific "q ( :e!r two propos$ mean+s diff] save 9 words4 ,mr4 ,james says expressly t :at is important is t ! consequ5ces %\ld be specific1 n t !y %\ld be active4 ,:5 he said t g5]al notions mu/ ca% 91 he meant ( c\rse t !y mu/ be translatable into v]ifiable specific ?+s4 ,b ! words ca% 9 7 en\gh = "s ( 8 critics1 :o pride !mselves ^u a logical rigor unatta9able by m]e pragmati/s4 ,9 ! logical v]sion ( pragmatism t]m$ in/rum5talism1 action or practice does inde$ play a fundam5tal rle4 ,b x conc]ns n ! nature ( consequ5ces b ! nature ( kn[+4 ,to use a t]m :i* is n[ m fa%ionable 7& surely to "s ext5t 9 consequ5ce ( pragmatism7 ?an x 0 e>li]1 in/rum5talism means a behaviori/ !ory ( ?9k+ & kn[+4 ,x means t kn[+ is lit]ally some?+ :i* we d2 t analysis is ultimately physical & active2 t mean+s 9 _! logical quality are /&po9ts1 attitudes1 & me?ods ( behav+ t[>d facts1 & t active exp]im5tation is ess5tial to v]ification4 ,put 9 ano!r way x holds t ?9k+ does n mean any transc5d5t /ates or acts sudd5ly introduc$ into a previ\sly natural sc5e1 b t ! op]ations ( kn[+ are 7or are artfully d]iv$ f7 natural responses ( ! organism1 :i* con/itute kn[+ 9 virtue ( ! situation ( d\bt 9 :i* !y arise & 9 virtue ( ! uses ( inquiry1 recon/ruction1 & control to :i* !y are put4 ,!re is no w>rant 9 ! doctr9e = c>ry+ ov] ?is practical quality into ! consequ5ces 9 :i* action culm9ates1 & by :i* x is te/$ & correct$4 ,a kn[+ z an act is in/rum5tal to ! resultant controll$ & m significant situation2 ?is does n imply any?+ ab\t ! intr9sic or ! in/rum5tal "* ( ! consequ5t situation4 ,t is :atev] x may be 9 a giv5 case4 ,!re is no?+ novel nor het]odox 9 ! notion t ?9k+ is in/rum5tal4 ,! v ^w is r$ol5t ( an ,organum--:e!r novum or vet]um4 ,! t]m in/rum5tality1 appli$ to ?9k+1 raises at once1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( :e!r ?9k+ z a tool falls )9 or )\t ! subject-matt] :i* x %apes into k4 ,! answ] ( =mal logic 7adopt$ moreov] by ,kant & foll[$ 9 "s way by all neo-,kantian logics7 is unambigu\s4 ,to call logic =mal means precisely t m9d or ?\ght supplies =ms =eign to ! orig9al subject-matt]1 b yet requir$ 9 ord] t x %\ld h ! appropriate =m ( k4 ,9 ?is reg>d x deviates f ! ,ari/otelian ,organon :i* x pr(esses to foll[4 ,= accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! processes ( kn[+--( tea*+ & le>n+--:i* lead up to k are b ! actualization ?r\gh ! pot5tialities ( ! human body ( ! same =ms or natures :i* are previ\sly actualiz$ 9 ,nature ?r\gh ! pot5tialities ( extra-organic bodies4 ,?9k+ :i* is n in/rum5tal to tru?1 :i* is m]ely =mal 9 ! mod]n s5se1 w\ld h be5 a mon/rosity inconceivable to him4 ,b ! disc>d+ ( ! metaphysics ( =m & matt]1 ( cyclic actualizations & et]nal species1 depriv$ ! ,ari/otelian ?\ght ( any place )9 ! s*eme ( ?+s1 & left x an activity ) =ms ali5 to subject-matt]4 ,to conceive ( ?9k+ z in/rum5tal to tru? or k1 & z a tool %ap$ out ( ! same subject-matt] z t to :i* x is appli$1 is b to return to ! ,ari/otelian tradition ab\t logic4 ,t ! practice ( sci5ce has 9 ! meantime sub/itut$ a logic ( exp]im5tal discov]y 7( :i* def9ition & classification are !mselves b auxili>y tools7 = a logic ( arrangem5t & exposition ( :at is already kn[n1 necessitates1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t sort ( ,organon4 ,x makes necess>y ! conception t ! object ( k is n some?+ ) :i* ?9k+ sets out1 b some?+ ) :i* x ends3 some?+ :i* ! processes ( inquiry & te/+1 t con/itute ?9k+1 !mselves produce4 ,?us ! object ( k is practical 9 ! s5se t x dep5ds ^u a specific k9d ( practice = its exi/5ce--= its exi/5ce z an object ( k4 ,h[ practical x may be 9 any o!r s5se ?an ?is is q ano!r /ory4 ,! object ( k m>ks an a*iev$ triumph1 a secur$ control--t holds by ! v nature ( k4 ,:at o!r uses x may h dep5ds ^u its own inh]5t "*1 n ^u any?+ 9 ! nature ( k4 ,we d n "k ! orig9 & nature & ! cure ( mal>ia till we c bo? produce & elim9ate mal>ia2 ! value ( ei!r ! production or ! removal dep5ds ^u ! "* ( mal>ia 9 relation to o!r ?+s4 ,& s x is ) ma!matical k1 or ) k ( politics or art4 ,_! respective objects are n kn[n till !y are made 9 c\rse ( ! process ( exp]im5tal ?9k+4 ,_! usefulness :5 made is :atev]1 f inf9ity to z]o1 exp]i5ce may subsequ5tly det]m9e x to be4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,practice ,,_! ,,nature ,9 introduc+ ! discussion1 ,i %all fir/ say a ^w to avoid possible misund]/&+s4 ,x may be object$ t su* a t]m z practical judgm5t is mislead+2 t ! t]m practical judgm5t is a misnom]1 & a dang]\s "o1 s9ce all judgm5ts by _! v nature are intellectual or !oretical4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is a dang] t ! t]m w lead u to treat z judgm5t & k some?+ :i* is n really k at all & ?us />t u on ! road :i* ends 9 my/icism or obscurantism4 ,all ?is is admitt$4 ,i d n mean by practical judgm5t a type ( judgm5t hav+ a diff]5t organ & s\rce f o!r judgm5ts4 ,i mean simply a k9d ( judgm5t hav+ a specific type ( subject-matt]4 ,propositions exi/ relat+ to ag5da--to ?+s to d or be done1 judgm5ts ( a situation dem&+ action4 ,!re are1 = example1 propositions ( ! =m3 ,m4 ,n4 %\ld d ?us & s2 x is bett]1 wis]1 m prud5t1 "r1 advisable1 opportune1 exp$i5t1 etc41 to act ?us & s4 ,& ?is is ! type ( judgm5t ,i d5ote practical4 ,x may also be object$ t ?is type ( subject-matt] is n di/9ctive2 t !re is no gr\nd = m>k+ x (f f judgm5ts ( ! =m ,,sp1 or m,rn4 ,i am will+1 aga91 to admit t su* may turn out to be ! fact4 ,b mean:ile ! prima facie diff]5ce is wor? consid]+1 if only = ! sake ( rea*+ a conclusion z to :e!r or no !re is a k9d ( subject-matt] s di/9ctive z to imply a di/9ctive logical =m4 ,to assume 9 advance t ! subject-matt] ( practical judgm5ts mu/ be r$ucible to ! =m ,,sp or m,rn is assur$ly z gratuit\s z ! contr>y assumption4 ,x begs "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions ab\t ! _w :i* c be ask$3 ! nature ( "t4 ,moreov]1 curr5t discussion exhibits1 if n a complete void1 at lea/ a decid$ lacuna z to propositions ( ?is type4 ,mr4 ,russell has rec5tly said t ( ! two p>ts ( logic ! fir/ enum]ates or inv5tories ! diff]5t k9ds or =ms ( propositions4#gh ,x is noticeable t he does n ev5 m5tion ?is k9d z a possible k9d4 ,yet x is conceivable t ?is omission s]i\sly compromises ! discussion ( o!r k9ds4 ,additional specim5s ( practical judgm5ts may be giv53 ,he _h bett] consult a physician2 x w\ld n be advisable = y to inve/ 9 ^? bonds2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ei!r modify its ,monroe ,doctr9e or else make m effici5t milit>y prep>ations2 ?is is a good "t to build a h\se2 if ,i d t ,i %all be do+ wrong1 etc4 ,x is silly to dwell ^u ! practical importance ( judgm5ts ( ?is sort1 b n :olly silly to say t _! practical importance ar\ses suspicion z to ! gr\nds ( _! neglect 9 discussion ( logical =ms 9 g5]al4 ,reg>d+ !m1 we may say3 #a4 ,_! subject-matt] implies an incomplete situation4 ,?is incomplet5ess is n psy*ical4 ,some?+ is !re1 b :at is !re does n con/itute ! entire objective situation4 ,z !re1 x requires some?+ else4 ,only aft] ?is some?+ else has be5 suppli$ w ! giv5 co9cide ) ! full subject-matt]4 ,?is consid]ation has an important be>+ ^u ! conception ( ! indet]m9ate & cont+5t4 ,x is sometimes assum$ 7bo? by adh]5ts & by oppon5ts7 t ! validity ( ^! notions entails t ! giv5 is itself indet]m9ate--:i* appe>s to be nons5se4 ,! logical implication is t ( a subject-matt] z yet unt]m9at$1 unf9i%$1 or n :olly giv54 ,! implication is ( future ?+s4 ,moreov]1 ! incomplet5ess is n p]sonal4 ,i mean by ?is t ! situation is n conf9$ )9 ! "o mak+ ! judgm5t2 ! practical judgm5t is nei!r exclusively nor prim>ily ab\t "o's self4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a judgm5t ab\t "o's self only z x is a judgm5t ab\t ! situation 9 :i* "o is includ$1 & 9 :i* a multitude ( o!r factors ext]nal to self are includ$4 ,! contr>y assumption is s con/antly made ab\t moral judgm5ts t ?is /atem5t mu/ appe> dogmatic4 ,b surely ! prima facie case is t :5 ,i judge t ,i %\ld n give money to ! /reet begg> ,i am judg+ ! nature ( an objective situation1 & t ! conclusion ab\t myself is gov]n$ by ! proposition ab\t ! situation 9 :i* ,i happ5 to be includ$4 ,! full1 complex proposition includes ! begg>1 social conditions & consequ5ces1 a *>ity organization society1 etc41 on exactly ! same foot+ z x conta9s myself4 ,aside f ! fact t x seems impossible to def5d ! objectivity ( moral propositions on any o!r gr\nd1 we may at lea/ po9t to ! fact t judgm5ts ( policy1 :e!r made ab\t ourselves or "s o!r ag5t1 are c]ta9ly judgm5ts ( a situation :i* is tempor>ily unf9i%$4 ,n[ is a good "t = me to buy c]ta9 railway bonds is a judgm5t ab\t myself only because x is prim>ily a judgm5t ab\t hundr$s ( factors :olly ext]nal to myself4 ,if ! g5u9e exi/5ce ( su* propositions be admitt$1 ! only "q ab\t moral judgm5ts is :e!r or no !y are cases ( practical judgm5ts z ! latt] h be5 def9$--a "q ( utmo/ importance = moral !ory1 b n ( crucial import = our logical discussion4 #b4 ,_! subject-matt] implies t ! proposition is itself a factor 9 ! completion ( ! situation1 c>ry+ x =w>d to its conclusion4 ,accord+ z ! judgm5t is t ?is or t %\ld be done1 ! situation w1 :5 complet$1 h ?is or t subject-matt]4 ,! proposition t x is well to d ?is is a proposition to treat ! giv5 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,s9ce ! way is e/abli%$ by ! proposition1 ! proposition is a det]m9+ factor 9 ! outcome4 ,z a proposition ab\t ! supplem5tation ( ! giv51 x is a factor 9 ! supplem5tation--& ?is n z an extrane\s matt]1 some?+ subsequ5t to ! proposition1 b 9 its own logical =ce4 ,"h is f\nd1 prima facie at lea/1 a m>k$ di/9ction ( ! practical proposition f descriptive & n>rative propositions1 f ! famili> ,,sp propositions & f ^? ( pure ma!matics4 ,! latt] imply t ! proposition does n ent] into ! con/itution ( ! subject-matt] ( ! proposition4 ,!re also is a di/9ction f ano!r k9d ( cont+5t proposition1 namely1 t :i* has ! =m3 ,he has />t$ = y\r h\se2 ,! h\se is /ill burn+2 ,x w probably ra94 ,! unf9i%$ness ( ! giv5 is impli$ 9 ^! propositions1 b x is n impli$ t ! proposition is a factor 9 det]m9+ _! completion4 #c4 ,! subject-matt] implies t x makes a diff]5ce h[ ! giv5 is t]m9at$3 t "o outcome is bett] ?an ano!r1 & t ! proposition is to be a factor 9 secur+ 7z f> z may be7 ! bett]4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is some?+ objectively at /ake 9 ! =m+ ( ! proposition4 ,a "r or wrong descriptive judgm5t 7a judgm5t conf9$ to ! giv51 :e!r temporal1 spatial1 or subsi/5t7 does n affect its subject-matt]2 x does n help or h9d] its developm5t1 = by hypo!sis x has no developm5t4 ,b a practical proposition affects ! subject-matt] = bett] or worse1 = x is a judgm5t z to ! condition 7! ?+ to be done7 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! complete subject-matt]4#gi #d4 ,a practical proposition is b9>y4 ,x is a judgm5t t ! giv5 is to be treat$ 9 a specifi$ way2 x is also a judgm5t t ! giv5 admits ( su* treatm5t1 t x admits ( a specifi$ objective t]m9ation4 ,x is a judgm5t1 at ! same /roke1 ( end--! result to be br\ght ab\t--& ( means4 ,e?ical !ories :i* disconnect ! discussion ( ends--z s _m ( !m d--f det]m9ation ( means1 !reby take discussion ( ends out ( ! region ( judgm5t4 ,if !re be su* ends1 !y h no intellectual /atus4 ,to judge t ,i %\ld see a physician implies t ! giv5 elem5ts ( ! situation %\ld be complet$ 9 a specific way & also t !y af=d ! conditions :i* make ! propos$ completion practicable4 ,! proposition conc]ns bo? res\rces & ob/acles--intellectual det]m9ation ( elem5ts ly+ 9 ! way (1 say1 prop] vigor1 & ( elem5ts :i* c be utiliz$ to get ar\nd or surm\nt ^! ob/acles4 ,! judgm5t reg>d+ ! ne$ ( a physician implies ! exi/5ce ( h9drances 9 ! pursuit ( ! normal occupations ( life1 b x equally implies ! exi/5ce ( positive factors :i* may be set 9 motion to surm\nt ! h9drances & re9/ate normal pursuits4 ,x is wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! reciprocal "* ( ! practical judgm5t 9 its be>+ ^u ! /atem5t ( means4 ,f ! side ( ! end1 ! reciprocal nature locates & condemns utopianism & romanticism3 :at is sometimes call$ idealism4 ,f ! side ( means1 x locates & condemns mat]ialism & pr$et]m9ism3 :at is sometimes call$ me*anism4 ,by mat]ialism ,i mean ! conception t ! giv5 conta9s exhau/ively ! entire subject-matt] ( practical judgm5t3 t ! facts 9 _! giv5ness are all !re is to x4 ,! giv5 is und\bt$ly j :at x is2 x is det]m9ate ?r\gh\t4 ,b x is ! giv5 ( some?+ to be done4 ,! survey & inv5tory ( pres5t conditions 7( facts7 are n some?+ complete 9 !mselves2 !y exi/ = ! sake ( an intellig5t det]m9ation ( :at is to be done1 ( :at is requir$ to complete ! giv54 ,to conceive ! giv5 9 any su* way1 !n1 z to imply t x negates 9 its giv5 "* ! possibility ( any do+1 ( any modification1 is self-contradictory4 ,z a "p ( a practical judgm5t1 ! discov]y t a man is suff]+ f an illness is n a discov]y t he mu/ suff]1 or t ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ev5ts is det]m9$ by 8 illness2 x is ! indication ( a ne$$ & a possible c\rse by :i* to re/ore heal?4 ,ev5 ! discov]y t ! illness is hopeless falls )9 ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is an indication n to wa/e "t & money on c]ta9 fruitless endeavors1 to prep>e affairs ) respect to dea?1 etc4 ,x is also an indication ( se>* = conditions :i* w r5d] 9 ! future simil> cases rem$iable1 n hopeless4 ,! :ole case = ! g5u95ess ( practical judgm5ts /&s or falls ) ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is op5 to "q4 ,b decision z to its validity mu/ re/ ^u empirical evid5ce4 ,x _c be rul$ out ( c\rt by a dialectic developm5t ( ! implications ( propositions ab\t :at is already giv5 or :at has already happ5$4 ,t is1 its invalidity _c be d$uc$ f an ass]tion t ! "* ( ! sci5tific judgm5t z a discov]y & /atem5t ( :at is =bids x1 mu* less f an analysis ( ma!matical propositions4 ,= ?is me?od only begs ! "q4 ,unless ! facts are complicat$ by ! surreptiti\s introduction ( "s preconception1 ! prima facie empirical case is t ! sci5tific judgm5t--! det]m9ate diagnosis--favors in/ead ( =bidd+ ! doctr9e ( a possibility ( *ange ( ! giv54 ,to ov]?r[ ?is presumption means1 ,i repeat1 to discov] specific evid5ce :i* makes x impossible4 ,& 9 view ( ! imm5se body ( empirical evid5ce %[+ t we add to control ( :at is giv5 7! subject-matt] ( sci5tific judgm5t7 by means ( sci5tific judgm5t1 ! likelihood ( any su* discov]y seems slight4 ,^! consid]ations ?r[ light ^u ! prop] mean+ ( 7practical7 idealism & ( me*anism4 ,idealism 9 action does n seem to be any?+ except an explicit recognition ( j ! implications we h be5 consid]+4 ,x signifies a recognition t ! giv5 is giv5 z ob/acles to "o c\rse ( active developm5t or completion & z res\rces = ano!r c\rse by :i* developm5t ( ! situation directly block$ may be indirectly secur$4 ,x is n a bl9d in/9ct ( hopefulness or t miscellane\s obscuranti/ emotionalism (t5 call$ optimism1 any m ?an x is utopianism4 ,x is recognition ( ! increas$ lib]ation & r$irection ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts a*iev$ ?r\gh accurate discov]y4 ,or1 m specifically1 x is ?is recognition op]at+ z a rul+ motive 9 ext5d+ ! "w ( discov]y & utiliz+ its results4 ,me*anism means ! reciprocal recognition on ! side ( means4 ,x is ! recognition ( ! import )9 ! practical judgm5t1 ( ! giv51 ( fact1 9 its det]m9ate "*4 ,! facts 9 _! isolation1 tak5 z complete 9 !mselves1 are n me*ani/ic4 ,at mo/1 !y j are1 & t is ! end ( !m4 ,!y are me*ani/ic z indicat+ ! me*anism1 ! means1 ( accompli%+ ! possibilities :i* !y indicate4 ,ap>t f a =w>d look 7! anticipation ( ! future movem5t ( affairs7 me*anism is a mean+less conception4 ,!re is no s5se 9 apply+ ! conception to a f9i%$ _w1 to any sc5e :i* is simply & only done )4 ,propositions reg>d+ a pa/ _w1 j z pa/ 7n z furni%+ ! conditions ( :at is to be done71 might be complete & accurate1 b !y w\ld be ( ! nature ( a complex catalogue4 ,to introduce1 9 addition1 ! conception ( me*anism is to introduce ! implication ( possibilities ( future accompli%m5t4#hj #e4 ,! judgm5t ( :at is to be done implies1 z we h j se51 a /atem5t ( :at ! giv5 facts ( ! situation are1 tak5 z indications ( ! c\rse to pursue & ( ! means to be employ$ 9 its pursuit4 ,su* a /atem5t dem&s accuracy4 ,complet5ess is n s mu* an additional requirem5t z x is a condition ( accuracy4 ,= accuracy dep5ds fundam5tally ^u relevancy to ! det]m9ation ( :at is to be done4 ,complet5ess does n mean exhau/iv5ess p] se1 b adequacy z respects end & its means4 ,to include too mu*1 or :at is irrelevant1 is a violation ( ! dem& = accuracy q z well z to leave out--to fail to discov]--:at is important4 ,cle> recognition ( ?is fact w enable "o to avoid c]ta9 dialectic confusions4 ,x has be5 argu$ t a judgm5t ( giv5 exi/5ce1 or fact1 _c be hypo!tical2 t factuality & hypo!tical "* are contradictions 9 t]ms4 ,!y w\ld be if ! two qualifications 7 us$ 9 ! same respect4 ,b !y are n4 ,! hypo!sis is t ! facts :i* con/itute ! t]ms ( ! proposition ( ! giv5 are relevant & adequate = ! purpose 9 h&--! det]m9ation ( a possibility to be accompli%$ 9 action4 ,! data may be z factual1 z absolute z y please1 & yet 9 no way gu>antee t !y are ! data ( ?is p>ticul> judgm5t4 ,suppose ! ?+ to be done is ! =mation ( a pr$iction reg>d+ ! return ( a comet4 ,! prime difficulty is n 9 mak+ obs]vations1 or 9 ! ma!matical calculations bas$ ^u !m--difficult z ^! ?+s may be4 ,x is mak+ sure t we h tak5 z data ! obs]vations really implicat$ 9 ! do+ rightly ( ?is p>ticul> ?+3 t we h n left out some?+ :i* is relevant1 or includ$ some?+ :i* has no?+ to d ) ! fur!r movem5t ( ! comet4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( natural selection does n /& or fall ) ! correctness ( 8 propositions reg>d+ bre$+ ( animals 9 dome/ication4 ,! facts ( artificial selection may be z /at$--9 !mselves !re may be no?+ hypo!tical ab\t !m4 ,b _! be>+ ^u ! orig9 ( species is a hypo!sis4 ,logically1 any factual proposition is a hypo!tical proposition :5 x is made ! basis ( any inf]5ce4 #f4 ,! be>+ ( ?is rem>k ^u ! nature ( ! tru? ( practical judgm5ts 7includ+ ! judgm5t ( :at is giv57 is obvi\s4 ,_! tru? or falsity is con/itut$ by ! issue4 ,! det]m9ation ( end-means 7con/itut+ ! t]ms & relations ( ! practical proposition7 is hypo!tical until ! c\rse ( action indicat$ has be5 tri$4 ,! ev5t or issue ( su* action is ! tru? or falsity ( ! judgm5t4 ,?is is an imm$iate conclusion f ! fact t only ! issue gives ! complete subject-matt]4 ,9 ?is case1 at lea/1 v]ification & tru? completely co9cide--unless !re is "s s]i\s error 9 ! prior analysis4 ,?is completes ! acc\nt1 prelim9>y to a consid]ation ( o!r matt]s4 ,b ! acc\nt sugge/s ano!r & indep5d5t "q ) respect to :i* ,i %all make an excursus4 ,h[ f> is x possible & legitimate to ext5d or g5]alize ! results rea*$ to apply to all propositions ( facts8 ,t is to say1 is x possible & legitimate to treat all sci5tific or descriptive /atem5ts ( matt]s ( fact z imply+ indirectly if n directly1 some?+ to be done1 future possibilities to be realiz$ 9 action8 ,! "q z to legitimacy is too complicat$ to be discuss$ 9 an incid5tal way4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t !re is a possibility ( su* application1 nor t ! possibility is wor? c>eful exam9ation4 ,we may frame at lea/ a hypo!sis t all judgm5ts ( fact h ref]5ce to a det]m9ation ( c\rses ( action to be tri$ & to ! discov]y ( means = _! realization4 ,9 ! s5se already expla9$ all propositions :i* /ate discov]ies or asc]ta9m5ts1 all categorical propositions1 w\ld be hypo!tical1 & _! tru? w\ld co9cide ) _! te/$ consequ5ces effect$ by intellig5t action4 ,?is !ory may be call$ pragmatism4 ,b x is a type ( pragmatism q free f dep5d5ce ^u a volunt>i/ic psy*ology4 ,x is n complicat$ by ref]5ce to emotional satisfactions or ! play ( desires4 ,i am n argu+ ! po9t4 ,b possibly critics ( pragmatism w\ld get a new light ^u its mean+ 7 !y to set out ) an analysis ( ord9>y practical judgm5ts & !n proce$ to consid] ! be>+ ( its result ^u judgm5ts ( facts & ess5ces4 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell has rem>k$#ha t pragmatism orig9at$ z a !ory ab\t ! tru? ( !ories1 b ignor$ ! tru?s ( fact ^u :i* !ories re/ & by :i* !y are te/$4 ,i am n conc]n$ to "q ?is s f> z ! orig9 ( pragmatism is conc]n$4 ,philosophy1 at lea/1 has be5 ma9ly a matt] ( !ories2 & ,mr4 ,james 0 consci5ti\s en\gh to be tr\bl$ ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! mean+ ( su* !ories is to be settl$ & ! way 9 :i* !y are to be te/$4 ,8 pragmatism 0 9 effect 7z ,mr4 ,russell recognizes7 a /atem5t ( ! ne$ ( apply+ to philosophic !ories ! same k9ds ( te/ z are us$ 9 ! !ories ( ! inductive sci5ces4 ,b ?is does n preclude ! application ( a l me?od to deal+ ) s-call$ tru?s ( fact4 ,facts may be facts1 & yet n be ! facts ( ! inquiry 9 h&4 ,9 all sci5tific inquiry1 h[ev]1 to call !m facts or data or tru?s ( fact signifies t !y are tak5 z ! relevant facts ( ! inf]5ce to be made4 ,if 7z ?is w\ld seem to indicate7 !y are !n implicat$ h[ev] indirectly 9 a proposition ab\t :at is to be done1 !y are !mselves !oretical 9 logical quality4 ,accuracy ( /atem5t & correctness ( reason+ w\ld !n be factors 9 tru?1 b s also w\ld be v]ification4 ,tru? w\ld be a triadic relation1 b ( a diff]5t sort f t exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,russell4 ,= accuracy & correctness w\ld bo? be functions ( v]ifiability4 ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,value ,i ,x is my purpose to apply ! conclusions previ\sly drawn z to ! implications ( practical judgm5t to ! subject ( judgm5ts ( value4 ,fir/1 ,i %all try to cle> away "s s\rces ( misund]/&+4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is a deep-seat$ ambiguity :i* makes x difficult to dismiss ! matt] ( value summ>ily4 ,! exp]i5ce ( a good & ! judgm5t t some?+ is a value ( a c]ta9 k9d & am\nt h be5 almo/ inextricably confus$4 ,! confusion has a long hi/ory4 ,x is f\nd 9 m$iaeval ?\ght2 x is reviv$ by ,desc>tes2 rec5t psy*ology has giv5 x a new c>e]4 ,! s5ses 7 reg>d$ z modes ( k ( great] or less adequacy1 & ! feel+s 7 reg>d$ z modes ( s5se1 & h5ce z modes ( cognitive appreh5sion4 ,desc>tes 0 int]e/$ 9 %[+1 = sci5tific purposes1 t ! s5ses are n organs ( appreh5d+ ! qualities ( bodies z su*1 b only ( appreh5d+ _! relation to ! well-be+ ( ! s5ti5t organism4 ,s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 along ) ^? ( hung]1 ?ir/1 etc41 mo/ easily l5t !mselves to ?is treatm5t2 colors1 tones1 etc41 7 !m assimilat$4 ,( !m all he says3 ,^! p]ceptions ( s5se h be5 plac$ )9 me by nature = ! purpose ( signify+ :at ?+s are b5eficial or h>mful4#hb ,?us x 0 possible to id5tify ! real prop]ties ( bodies ) _! geometrical ones1 )\t expos+ himself to ! conclusion t ,god 7or nature7 deceives u 9 ! p]ception ( color1 s\nd1 etc4 ,^! p]ceptions are only int5d$ to tea* u :at ?+s to pursue & avoid1 & z su* appreh5sions !y are adequate4 ,8 id5tification ( any & e exp]i5ce ( good ) a judgm5t or cognitive appreh5sion is cle> 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,:5 we are giv5 news ! m9d fir/ judges ( x & if x is good x rejoices4#hc ,?is is a survival ( ! s*ola/ic psy*ology ( ! vis ae/imativa4 ,lotze's !ory t ! emotions1 z involv+ pleasure & pa91 are organs ( value judgm5ts1 or 9 m rec5t t]m9ology1 t !y are cognitive appreciations ( wor? 7correspond+ to imm$iate appreh5sions ( s5sory qualities7 pres5ts ! same tradition 9 a new t]m9ology4 ,z aga9/ all ?is1 ! pres5t pap] takes its /& ) ! position /at$ by ,hume1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,a passion is an orig9al exi/5ce1 or1 if y w1 modification ( exi/5ce2 & conta9s n any repres5tative quality1 :i* r5d]s x a copy ( any o!r exi/5ce or modification4 ,:5 ,i am angry ,i am actually posse/ ) ! passion1 & 9 t emotion h no m a ref]5ce to any o!r object1 ?an :5 ,i am ?ir/y1 or sick1 or m ?an five feet high4#hd ,9 s do+1 ,i may seem to "s to be begg+ ! "q at issue4 ,b su* is surely ! prima facie fact ( ! matt]4 ,only a prior dogma to ! effect t e consci\s exp]i5ce is1 ipso facto1 a =m ( cognition leads to any obscuration ( ! fact1 & ! burd5 ( pro( is ^u ^? :o uphold ! dogma4#he ,a fur!r ^w ^u appreciation seems specially call$ = 9 view ( ! curr5cy ( ! doctr9e t appreciation is a peculi> k9d ( k1 or cognitive revelation ( reality3 peculi> 9 hav+ a di/9ct type ( reality = its object & 9 hav+ = its organ a peculi> m5tal condition diff]+ f ! intellig5ce ( ev]yday k & ( sci5ce4 ,actually1 !re d n seem to be any gr\nds = reg>d+ appreciation z any?+ b an int5tionally enhanc$ or int5sifi$ exp]i5ce ( an object4 ,its opposite is n descriptive or explanatory k1 b depreciation--a degrad$ realization ( an object4 ,a man may climb a m\nta9 to get a bett] realization ( a l&scape2 he may travel to ,greece to get a realization ( ! ,p>!non m full ?an t :i* he has _h f pictures4 ,intellig5ce1 k1 may be involv$ 9 ! /eps tak5 to get ! enhanc$ exp]i5ce1 b t does n make ! l&scape or ! ,p>!non z fully savor$ a cognitive object4 ,s ! fulness ( a musical exp]i5ce may dep5d ^u prior critical analysis1 b t does n necess>ily make ! he>+ ( music a k9d ( non-analytic cognitive act4 ,ei!r appreciation means j an int5sifi$ exp]i5ce1 or x means a k9d ( criticism1 & !n x falls )9 ! sph]e ( ord9>y judgm5t1 diff]+ 9 be+ appli$ to a "w ( art in/ead ( to "s o!r subject-matt]4 ,! same mode ( analysis may be appli$ to ! old] b cognate t]m intuition4 ,! t]ms acqua9tance & famili>ity & recognition 7ackn[l$gm5t7 are full ( l pitfalls ( ambiguity4 ,9 contempor>y discussion ( value-judgm5ts1 h[ev]1 appreciation is a peculi>ly trea*]\s t]m4 ,x is fir/ ass]t$ 7or assum$7 t all exp]i5ces ( good are modes ( kn[+3 t good is a t]m ( a proposition4 ,!n :5 exp]i5ce =ces home ! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 evaluation z a critical process 7a process ( inquiry = ! det]m9ation ( a good precisely simil> to t :i* is und]tak5 9 sci5ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! nature ( an ev5t7 & ord9>y exp]i5ce ( good & evil1 appeal is made to ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct appreh5sion & indirect or inf]5tial k1 & appreciation is call$ 9 to play ! conv5i5t rle ( an imm$iate cognitive appreh5sion4 ,?us a second error is us$ to cov] up & protect a prim>y "o4 ,to savor a ?+ fully--z ,arnold ,b5nett's h]o9es are wont to d--is no m a kn[+ ?an is ! *ance savor+ :i* arises :5 ?+s smell$ are f\nd good1 or ?an is be+ angry or ?ir/y or m ?an five feet high4 ,all ! language :i* we c employ is *>g$ ) a =ce acquir$ ?r\gh reflection4 ,ev5 :5 ,i speak ( a direct exp]i5ce ( a good or bad1 "o is only too likely to read 9 traits *>act]iz+ a ?+ :i* is f\nd 9 consequ5ce ( ?9k+1 to be good2 "o has to use language simply to /imulate a rec\rse to a direct exp]i5c+ 9 :i* language is n dep5d$ ^u4 ,if "o is will+ to make su* an imag9ative excursion--no "o c be compell$--he w note t f9d+ a ?+ good ap>t f reflective judgm5t means simply treat+ ! ?+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 hang+ on to x1 dwell+ ^u x1 welcom+ x & act+ to p]petuate its pres5ce1 tak+ delight 9 x4 ,x is a way ( behav+ t[>d x1 a mode ( organic reaction4 ,a psy*ologi/ may1 inde$1 br+ 9 ! emotions1 b if 8 contribution is relevant x w be because ! emotions :i* figure 9 8 acc\nt are j "p ( ! prim>y organic reaction to ! object4 ,9 contr>y fa%ion1 to f9d a ?+ bad 79 a direct exp]i5ce z di/9ct f ! result ( a reflective exam9ation7 is to be mov$ to reject x1 to try to get away f x1 to de/roy or at lea/ to displace x4 ,x connotes n an act ( appreh5sion b an act ( repugn+1 ( repell+4 ,to t]m ! ?+ good or evil is to /ate ! fact 7not$ 9 recollection7 t x 0 actually involv$ 9 a situation ( organic acceptance or rejection1 ) :atev] qualities specifically *>act]ize ! act4 ,all ?is is said because ,i am conv9c$ t contempor>y discussion ( values & valuation suff]s f confusion ( ! two radically diff]5t attitudes--t ( direct1 active1 non-cognitive exp]i5ce ( goods & bads & t ( valuation1 ! latt] be+ simply a mode ( judgm5t l any o!r =m ( judgm5t1 diff]+ 9 t its subject-matt] happ5s to be a good or a bad in/ead ( a horse or planet or curve4 ,b un=tunately = discussions1 to value means two radically diff]5t ?+s3 to prize & appraise2 to e/eem & to e/imate3 to f9d good 9 ! s5se describ$ above1 & to judge x to be good1 to "k x z good4 ,i call !m radically diff]5t because to prize names a practical1 non-intellectual attitude1 & to appraise names a judgm5t4 ,t m5 love & hold ?+s de>1 t !y *]i% & c>e = "s ?+s1 & neglect & contemn o!r ?+s1 is an und\bt$ fact4 ,to call ^! ?+s values is j to repeat t !y are lov$ & *]i%$2 x is n to give a reason = _! be+ lov$ & *]i%$4 ,to call !m values & !n import into !m ! traits ( objects ( valuation2 or to import into values1 mean+ valuat$ objects1 ! traits :i* ?+s possess z held de>1 is to confuse ! !ory ( judgm5ts ( value pa/ all rem$y4 ,& be=e com+ to ! m te*nical discussion1 ! curr5cy ( ! confusion & ! bad result consequ5ces may ju/ify dwell+ ^u ! matt]4 ,! di/9ction may be comp>$ to t betwe5 eat+ some?+ & inve/igat+ ! food prop]ties ( ! ?+ eat54 ,a man eats some?+2 x may be said t 8 v eat+ implies t he took x to be food1 t he judg$ x1 or reg>d$ x cognitively1 & t ! "q is j :e!r he judg$ truly or made a false proposition4 ,n[ if anybody w condesc5d to a concrete exp]i5ce he w p]ceive h[ (t5 a man eats )\t ?9k+2 t he puts into 8 m\? :at is set be=e him f habit1 z an infant does f in/9ct4 ,an onlook] or anyone :o reflects is ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t he acts z if he judg$ ! mat]ial to be food4 ,he is n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t any judgm5t or intellectual det]m9ation has ent]$ 94 ,he has act$2 he has behav$ t[>d some?+ z food3 t is only to say t he has put x 9 8 m\? & swall[$ x in/ead ( spew+ x =?4 ,! object may !n be call$ food4 ,b ?is does n mean ei!r t x is food 7namely1 dige/ible & n\ri%+ mat]ial7 or t ! eat] judg$ x to be food & s =m$ a proposition :i* is true or false4 ,! proposition w\ld arise only 9 case he is 9 "s d\bt1 or if he reflects t 9 spite ( 8 imm$iate attitude ( av]sion ! ?+ is :olesome & 8 sy/em ne$s recup]ation1 etc4 ,or lat]1 if ! man is ill1 a physician may inquire :at he ate1 & pron\nce t some?+ n food at all1 b poison4 ,9 ! illu/ration employ$1 !re is no dang] ( any h>m aris+ f us+ ! retroactive t]m food2 !re is no likelihood ( confus+ ! two s5ses actually eat5 & n\ri%+ article4 ,b ) ! t]ms value & good !re is a /&+ dang] ( j su* a confusion4 ,ov]look+ ! fact t good & bad z reasonable t]ms involve a relation%ip to o!r ?+s 7exactly simil> to t impli$ 9 call+ a p>ticul> article food or poison71 we suppose t :5 we are reflect+ ^u or inquir+ into ! good or value ( "s act or object1 we are deal+ ) some?+ z simple1 z self-inclos$1 z ! simple act ( imm$iate priz+ or welcom+ or *]i%+ p]=m$ )\t rhyme or reason1 f in/9ct or habit4 ,9 tru? j z det]m9+ a ?+ to be food means consid]+ its relations to dige/ive organs1 to its di/ribution & ultimate de/9ation 9 ! sy/em1 s det]m9+ a ?+ f\nd good 7namely1 treat$ 9 a c]ta9 way7 to be good means precisely ceas+ to look at x z a direct1 self-suffici5t ?+ & consid]+ x 9 its consequ5ces--t is1 9 its relations to a l>ge set ( o!r ?+s4 ,if ! man 9 eat+ consci\sly implies t :at he eats is food1 he anticipates or pr$icts c]ta9 consequ5ces1 ) m or less adequate gr\nds = s do+4 ,he passes a judgm5t or appreh5ds or kn[s--truly or falsely4 ,s a man may n only enjoy a ?+1 b he may judge ! ?+ enjoy$ to be good1 to be a value4 ,b 9 s do+ he is go+ beyond ! ?+ imm$iately pres5t & mak+ an inf]5ce to o!r ?+s1 :i*1 he implies1 are connect$ ) x4 ,! ?+ tak5 into ! m\? & /oma* has consequ5ces :e!r a man ?9ks ( !m or n4 ,b he does n "k ! ?+ he eats--he does n make x a t]m ( a c]ta9 "*--unless he ?9ks ( ! consequ5ces & connects !m ) ! ?+ he eats4 ,if he j /ops & says ,oh1 h[ good ?is is1 he is n say+ any?+ ab\t ! object except ! fact t he enjoys eat+ x4 ,we may if we *oose reg>d ?is exclamation z a reflection or judgm5t4 ,b if x is intellectual1 x is ass]t$ = ! sake ( enhanc+ ! enjoym5t2 x is a means to an end4 ,a v hungry man w g5]ally satisfy 8 appetite to "s ext5t be=e he indulges 9 ev5 su* rudim5t>y propositions4#hf ,,ii ,b we mu/ return to a plac+ ( our problem 9 ?is context4 ,my !me is t a judgm5t ( value is simply a case ( a practical judgm5t1 a judgm5t ab\t ! do+ ( some?+4 ,?is conflicts ) ! assumption t x is a judgm5t ab\t a p>ticul> k9d ( exi/5ce indep5d5t ( action1 conc]n+ :i* ! ma9 problem is :e!r x is subjective or objective4 ,x conflicts ) e t5d5cy to make ! det]m9ation ( ! "r or wrong c\rse ( action 7:e!r 9 morals1 te*nology1 or sci5tific inquiry7 dep5d5t ^u an indep5d5t det]m9ation ( "s gho/ly ?+s call$ value-objects--:e!r _! gho/ly "* is attribut$ to _! exi/+ 9 "s transc5d5tal et]nal realm or 9 "s realm call$ /ates ( m9d4 ,x ass]ts t value-objects mean simply objects z judg$ to possess a c]ta9 =ce )9 a situation temporally develop+ t[>d a det]m9ate result4 ,to f9d a ?+ good is1 ,i repeat1 to attribute or impute no?+ to x4 ,x is j to d some?+ to x4 ,b to consid] :e!r x is good & h[ good x is1 is to ask h[ x1 z if act$ ^u1 w op]ate 9 promot+ a c\rse ( action4 ,h5ce ! great contra/ :i* may exi/ betwe5 a good or an imm$iate exp]i5ce & an evaluat$ or judg$ good4 ,! ra9 may be mo/ uncom=table 7j be x1 z a man is m ?an five feet tall7 & yet be good = gr[+ crops--t is1 favor or promote _! movem5t 9 a giv5 direction4 ,?is does n mean t two contra/+ judgm5ts ( value are pass$4 ,x means t no judgm5t has yet tak5 place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i am mov$ to pass a value-judgm5t ,i %\ld probably say t 9 spite ( ! disagreeabl5ess ( gett+ wet1 ! %[] is a good ?+4 ,i am n[ judg+ x z a means 9 two contra/+ situations1 z a means ) respect to two ends4 ,i comp>e my discom=t z a consequ5ce ( ! ra9 ) ! prospective crops z ano!r consequ5ce1 & say let ! latt] consequ5ce be4 ,i id5tify myself z ag5t ) x1 r ?an ) ! imm$iate discom=t ( ! wett+4 ,x is q true t 9 ?is case ,i _c d any?+ ab\t x2 my id5tification is1 s to speak1 s5tim5tal r ?an practical s f> z /opp+ ! ra9 or gr[+ ! crops is conc]n$4 ,b 9 effect x is an ass]tion t "o w\ld n on acc\nt ( ! discom=t ( ! ra9 /op x2 t "o w\ld1 if "o c\ld1 enc\rage its cont9uance4 ,g x1 ra91 "o says4 ,! specific int]v5tion ( action is obvi\s en\gh 9 pl5ty ( o!r cases4 ,x occurs to me t ?is agreeable food :i* ,i am eat+ isn't a food = me2 x br+s on indige/ion4 ,x functions no long] z an imm$iate good2 z some?+ to be accept$4 ,if ,i cont9ue eat+1 x w be aft] ,i h delib]at$4 ,i h consid]$ x z a means to two conflict+ possible consequ5ces1 ! pres5t enjoym5t ( eat+ & ! lat] /ate ( heal?4 ,"o or o!r is possible1 n bo?--?\gh ( c\rse ,i may solve ! problem by p]suad+ myself t 9 ?is in/ance !y are congru5t4 ,! value-object n[ means ?+ judg$ to be a means ( procur+ ?is or t end4 ,z priz+1 e/eem+1 hold+ de> d5ote ways ( act+1 s valu+ d5otes a pass+ judgm5t ^u su* acts ) ref]5ce to _! connection ) o!r acts1 or ) respect to ! cont9uum ( behavior 9 :i* !y fall4 ,valuation means *ange ( mode ( behavior f direct acceptance & welcom+ to d\bt+ & look+ into--acts :i* involve po/ponem5t ( direct 7or s-call$ ov]t7 action & :i* imply a future act hav+ a diff]5t mean+ f t j n[ occurr+--= ev5 if "o decides to cont9ue 9 ! previ\s act its mean+-cont5t is diff]5t :5 x is *os5 aft] reflective exam9ation4 ,a practical judgm5t has be5 def9$ z a judgm5t ( :at to d1 or :at is to be done3 a judgm5t respect+ ! future t]m9ation ( an incomplete & 9 s f> indet]m9ate situation4 ,to say t judgm5ts ( value fall )9 ?is field is to say two ?+s3 "o1 t ! judgm5t ( value is nev] complete 9 itself1 b always 9 behalf ( det]m9+ :at is to be done2 ! o!r1 t judgm5ts ( value 7z di/9ct f ! direct exp]i5ce ( some?+ z good7 imply t value is n any?+ previ\sly giv51 b is some?+ to be giv5 by future action1 itself condition$ ^u 7v>y+ )7 ! judgm5t4 ,?is /atem5t may appe> to contradict ! rec5t ass]tion t a value-object = k means "o inve/igat$ z a means to compet+ ends4 ,= su* a means x already is2 ! lob/] w give me pres5t enjoym5t & future indige/ion if ,i eat x4 ,b z long z ,i judge1 value is indet]m9ate4 ,! "q is n :at ! ?+ w d--,i may be q cle> ab\t t3 x is :e!r to p]=m ! act :i* w actualize its pot5tiality4 ,:at w ,i h ! situation become z betwe5 alt]natives8 ,& t means :at =ce %all ! ?+ z means be giv58 ,%all ,i take x z means to pres5t enjoym5t1 or z a 7negative7 condition ( future heal?8 ,:5 its /atus 9 ^! respects is det]m9$1 its value is det]m9$2 judgm5t ceases1 action goes on4 ,practical judgm5ts d n !re=e prim>ily conc]n !mselves ) ! value ( objects2 b ) ! c\rse ( action dem&$ to c>ry an incomplete situation to its fulfilm5t4 ,! adequate control ( su* judgm5ts may1 h[ev]1 be facilitat$ by judgm5t ( ! wor? ( objects :i* ent] z ends & means into ! action contemplat$4 ,= example1 my prim>y 7& ultimate7 judgm5t has to d1 say1 ) buy+ a suit ( clo!s3 :e!r to buy &1 if s1 :at8 ,! "q is ( bett] & worse ) respect to alt]native c\rses ( action1 n ) respect to v>i\s objects4 ,b ! judgm5t w be a judgm5t 7& n a *ance reaction7 9 ! degree 9 :i* x takes = its int]v5+ subject-matt] ! value-/atus ( v>i\s objects4 ,:at are ! prices ( giv5 suits8 ,:at are _! /yles 9 respect to curr5t fa%ion8 ,h[ d _! patt]ns comp>e8 ,:at ab\t _! durability8 ,h[ ab\t _! respective adaptability to ! *ief we>+ use ,i h 9 m9d8 ,relative1 or comp>ative1 durability1 *eapness1 suitability1 /yle1 ae/hetic attractiv5ess con/itute value traits4 ,!y are traits ( objects n p] se1 b z ent]+ into a possible & =ese5 complet+ ( ! situation4 ,_! value is _! =ce 9 precisely ?is function4 ,! decision ( bett] & worse is ! det]m9ation ( _! respective capacities & int5sities 9 ?is reg>d4 ,ap>t f _! /atus 9 ?is (fice1 !y h no traits ( value = k4 ,a det]m9ation ( bett] value z f\nd 9 "s "o suit is equival5t to 7has ! =ce (7 a decision z to :at x is bett] to d4 ,x provid$ ! lack+ /imulus s t action occurs1 or passes f its indet]m9ate-indecisive-/ate into decision4 ,ref]5ce to ! t]ms subjective & objective w1 p]haps1 raise a cl\d ( ambiguities4 ,b = ?is v reason x may be wor? :ile to po9t out ! ambigu\s nature ( ! t]m objective z appli$ to valuations4 ,objective may be id5tifi$1 q errone\sly1 ) qualities exi/+ outside ( & indep5d5tly ( ! situation 9 :i* a decision z to a future c\rse ( action has to be rea*$4 ,or1 objective may d5ote ! /atus ( qualities ( an object 9 respect to ! situation to be complet$ ?r\gh judgm5t4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! situation requir+ practical judgm5t1 clo!s already h a giv5 price1 durability1 patt]n1 etc4 ,^! traits are n affect$ by ! judgm5t4 ,!y exi/2 !y are giv54 ,b z giv5 !y are n det]m9ate values4 ,!y are n objects ( valuation2 !y are data = a valuation4 ,we may h to take pa9s to discov] t ^! giv5 qualities are1 b _! discov]y is 9 ord] t !re may be a subsequ5t judgm5t ( value4 ,7 !y already def9ite values1 !y w\ld n be e/imat$2 !y w\ld be /imuli to direct response4 ,if a man _h already decid$ t *eapness con/itut$ value1 he w\ld simply take ! *eape/ suit (f]$4 ,:at he judges is ! value ( *eapness1 & ?is dep5ds ^u its weight or importance 9 ! situation requir+ action1 z comp>$ ) durability1 /yle1 adaptability1 etc4 ,discov]y ( %oddy w\ld n affect ! de facto durability ( ! goods1 b x w\ld affect ! value ( *eapness--t is1 ! weight assign$ t trait 9 influ5c+ judgm5t--:i* x w\ld n d1 if *eapness already _h a def9ite value4 ,a value1 9 %ort1 means a consid]ation1 & a consid]ation does n mean an exi/5ce m]ely1 b an exi/5ce hav+ a claim ^u judgm5t4 ,value judg$ is n exi/5tial quality not$1 b is ! influ5ce atta*$ by judgm5t to a giv5 exi/5tial quality 9 det]m9+ judgm5t4 ,! conclusion is n t value is subjective1 b t x is practical4 ,! situation 9 :i* judgm5t ( value is requir$ is n m5tal1 mu* less fanciful4 ,i c b ?9k t mu* ( ! rec5t discussion ( ! objectivity ( value & ( value-judgm5ts re/s ^u a false psy*ological !ory4 ,x re/s ^u giv+ c]ta9 t]ms mean+s t fl[ f an introspective psy*ology :i* accepts a realm ( purely private /ates ( consci\sness1 private n 9 a social s5se 7a s5se imply+ c\rtesy or mayhap secrecy t[>d o!rs71 b exi/5tial indep5d5ce & sep>at5ess4 ,to ref] value to *oice or desire1 = example1 is 9 t case to say t value is subjectively condition$4 ,q o!rwise1 if we h /e]$ cle> f su* a psy*ology4 ,*oice1 decision1 means prim>ily a c]ta9 act1 a piece ( behavior on ! "p ( a p>ticul> ?+4 ,t a horse *ooses to eat hay means only t x eats hay2 t ! man *ooses to /eal means 7at lea/7 t he tries to /eal4 ,?is trial may come1 h[ev]1 aft] an int]v5+ act ( reflection4 ,x !n has a c]ta9 intellectual or cognitive quality4 ,b x may mean simply ! b>e fact ( an action :i* is retrospectively call$ a *oice3 z a man1 9 spite ( all temptation to belong to ano!r nation1 *ooses to be born an ,engli%man1 :i*1 if x has any s5se at all1 signifies a *oice to cont9ue 9 a l9e adopt$ )\t *oice4 ,tak5 9 ?is latt] s5se 79 :i* case1 t]ms l *oice & desire ref] to ways ( behavior71 _! use is only a specification ( ! g5]al doctr9e t all valuation has to d ) ! det]m9ation ( a c\rse ( action4 ,*oice1 pref]5ce1 is orig9ally only a bias 9 a giv5 direction1 a bias :i* is no m subjective or psy*ical ?an is ! fact t a ball ?r[n is sw]v+ 9 a p>ticul> direction r ?an 9 "s o!r curve4 ,x is j a "n = ! diff]5tial "* ( ! action4 ,b let cont9uance 9 a c]ta9 l9e ( action become que/ionable1 let1 t is to say1 x be reg>d$ z a means to a future consequ5ce1 :i* consequ5ce has alt]natives1 & !n *oice gets a logical or intellectual s5se2 a m5tal /atus if ! t]m m5tal is res]v$ = acts hav+ ?is intellectualiz$ quality4 ,*oice /ill means ! fix+ ( a c\rse ( action2 x means at lea/ a set to be releas$ z soon z physically possible4 ,o!rwise man has n *os51 b has quiet$ himself into a belief t he has *os5 9 ord] to relieve himself ( ! /ra9 ( susp5se4 ,exactly ! same analysis applies to desire4 ,div]se anticipat$ ends may provoke divid$ & compet+ pres5t reactions2 ! organism may be torn betwe5 diff]5t c\rses1 ea* int]f]+ ) ! completion ( ! o!r4 ,?is intra-organic pull+ & haul+1 ?is /rife ( active t5d5cies1 is a g5u9e ph5om5on4 ,! pull 9 a giv5 direction measures ! imm$iate hold ( an anticipat$ t]m9ation or end ^u u1 z comp>$ ) t ( "s o!r4 ,if "o ask$ aft] ! me*anism ( ! valu+ process1 ,i h no d\bt t ! answ] w\ld be 9 t]ms ( desires ?us conceiv$4 ,b unless ev]y?+ relat+ to ! activity ( a highly organiz$ be+ is to be d5om9at$ subjective1 ,i see no gr\nd = call+ x subjective4 ,s f> z ,i c make out1 ! emphasis ^u a psy*ological treatm5t ( value & valuation 9 a subjective s5se is b a highly awkw>d & negative way ( ma9ta9+ a positive tru?3 t value & valuation fall )9 ! univ]se ( action3 t z welcom+1 accept+1 is an act1 s valuation is a pres5t act det]m9+ an act to be done1 a pres5t act tak+ place because ! future act is unc]ta9 & incomplete4 ,x does foll[ f ?is fact t valuation is n simply a recognition ( ! =ce or effici5cy ( a means ) respect to cont9u+ a process4 ,= unless !re is "q ab\t its cont9uation1 ab\t its t]m9ation1 valuation w n occur4 ,& !re is no "q save :]e activity is hesitant 9 direction because ( conflict )9 x4 ,metaphorically we may say t ra9 is good to lay ! du/1 id5tify+ =ce or effici5cy ) value4 ,i d n believe t valuations occur & values are br\ght into be+ save 9 a cont9u+ situation :]e ?+s h pot5cy = c>ry+ =w>d processes4 ,!re is a close relation%ip betwe5 prevail+1 valiancy1 val5cy1 & value4 ,b ! t]m value is n a m]e r$uplication ( ! t]m effici5cy3 x adds some?+4 ,:5 we are mov+ t[>d a result & at ! same "t are /imulat$ to move t[>d some?+ else :i* is incompatible ) x 7z 9 ! case ( ! lob/] z a cause ( bo? enjoym5t & indige/ion71 a ?+ has a dual pot5cy4 ,n until ! end has be5 e/abli%$ is ! value ( ! lob/] settl$1 al?\gh !re ne$ be no d\bt ab\t its effici5cies4 ,z 0 po9t$ out e>li]1 ! practical judgm5t det]m9es means & end at ! same "t4 ,h[ !n c value be giv51 z effici5cy is giv51 until ! end is *os58 ,! ra9 is 7metaphorically7 valuable = lay+ du/4 ,:e!r x is valuable = u to h ! du/ laid--& if s1 h[ valuable--we %all nev] "k until "s activity ( our own :i* is a factor 9 du/-lay+ comes into conflict ) an incompatible activity4 ,its value is its =ce1 inde$1 b x is its =ce 9 mov+ u to "o end r ?an to ano!r4 ,n e pot5cy1 9 o!r words1 b pot5cy ) ! specific qualification ( fall+ )9 judgm5t ab\t future action1 means value or valuable ?+4 ,consequ5tly !re is no value save 9 situations :]e desires & ! ne$ ( delib]ation 9 ord] to *oose are f\nd1 & yet ?is fact gives no excuse = reg>d+ desire & delib]ation & decision z subjective ph5om5a4 ,to use an ,iri% bull1 z long z a man kn[s :at he desires !re is no desire2 !re is movem5t or endeavor 9 a giv5 direction4 ,desire is desires1 & simultane\s desires are incompatible2 !y m>k1 z we h not$1 compet+ activities1 movem5ts 9 directions1 :i* _c bo? be ext5d$4 ,reflection is a process ( f9d+ out :at we want1 :at1 z we say1 we really want1 & ?is means ! =mation ( new desire1 a new direction ( action4 ,9 ?is process1 ?+s get values--some?+ !y did n possess be=e1 al?\gh !y _h _! effici5cies4 ,at :atev] risk ( %ock1 ?is doctr9e %\ld be expos$ 9 all its nak$ness4 ,to judge value is to engage 9 in/itut+ a det]m9ate value :]e none is giv54 ,x is n necess>y t antec$5tly giv5 values %\ld be ! data ( ! valuation2 & :]e !y are giv5 data !y are only t]ms 9 ! det]m9ation ( a n yet exi/+ value4 ,:5 a man is ill & aft] delib]ation concludes t x be well to see a doctor1 ! doctor d\btless exi/s antec$5tly4 ,b x is n ! doctor :o is judg$ to be ! good ( ! situation1 b ! see+ ( ! doctor3 a ?+ :i*1 by description1 exi/s only because ( an act dep5d5t ^u a judgm5t4 ,nor is ! heal? ! man antec$5tly possess$ 7or :i* somebody has7 ! ?+ :i* he judges to be a value2 ! ?+ judg$ to be a value is ! re/or+ ( heal?--some?+ by description n yet exi/+4 ,! results fl[+ f 8 pa/ heal? w d\btless influ5ce him 9 rea*+ 8 judgm5t t x w be a good to h re/or$ heal?1 b !y d n con/itute ! good :i* =ms 8 subject-matt] & object ( 8 judgm5t4 ,he may judge t !y 7 good )\t judg+ t !y are n[ good1 = to be judg$ n[ good means to be judg$ to be ! object ( a c\rse ( action /ill to be und]tak54 ,& to judge t !y 7 good 7z di/9ct f m]ely recall+ c]ta9 b5efits :i* accru$ f heal?7 is to judge t if ! situation _h requir$ a reflective det]m9ation ( a c\rse ( action "o w\ld h judg$ heal? an exi/5ce to be atta9$ or pres]v$ by action4 ,!re are dialectic difficulties :i* may be rais$ ab\t judgm5ts ( ?is sort4 ,= !y imply ! seem+ p>adox ( a judgm5t ^: prop] subject-matt] is its own det]m9ate =mation4 ,b no?+ is ga9$ by obscur+ ! fact t su* is ! nature ( ! practical judgm5t3 x is a judgm5t ( :at & h[ to judge--( ! weight to be assign$ to v>i\s factors 9 ! det]m9ation ( judgm5t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to inquire into ! "q :e!r ?is peculi>ity may n ?r[ light ^u ! nature ( consci\sness1 b into t field we _c n[ g4 ,,iii ,f :at has be5 said1 x imm$iately foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t a det]m9ate value is in/itut$ z a decisive factor ) respect to :at is to be done4 ,:]ev] a det]m9ate good exi/s1 !re is an adequate /imulus to action1 & no judgm5t ( :at is to be done or ( ! value ( an object is call$ =4 ,x is frequ5tly assum$1 h[ev]1 t valuation is a process ( apply+ "s fix$ or det]m9ate value to ! v>i\s compet+ goods ( a situation2 t valuation implies a prior /&>d ( value & consi/s 9 comp>+ v>i\s goods ) ! /&>d z ! supreme value4 ,?is assumption requires exam9ation4 ,if x is s\nd x deprives ! position :i* has be5 tak5 ( any validity4 ,= x r5d]s ! judgm5t ( :at to d a matt] ( apply+ a value exi/+ ready-made1 in/ead ( mak+--z we h done--! valuation a det]m9ation )9 ! practical judgm5t4 ,! argum5t w\ld run ?is way3 ,e practical judgm5t dep5ds ^u a judgm5t ( ! value ( ! end to be atta9$2 ?is end may be su* only proximately1 b t implies some?+ else judg$ to be good1 & s1 logically1 till we h arriv$ at ! judgm5t ( a supreme good1 a f9al end or summum bonum4 ,if ?is /atem5t correctly describes ! /ate ( ! case !re c be no d\bt t a practical judgm5t dep5ds ^u a prior recognition ( value2 consequ5tly ! hypo!sis ^u :i* we h be5 proce$+ rev]ses ! actual facts4 ,! fir/ ?+ by way ( critical comm5t is to po9t out ! ambiguity 9 ! t]m end4 ,i %\ld l to fall back ^u :at 0 said e>li] ab\t ! ?or\ghly reciprocal "* ( means & end 9 ! practical judgm5t4 ,if ?is be admitt$ x is also admitt$ t only by a judgm5t ( means--?+s hav+ value 9 ! c>ry+ ( an indet]m9ate situation to a completion--is ! end det]m9ately made out 9 judgm5t4 ,b ,i fe> ,i _c c\nt ^u ?is z grant$4 ,s ,i w po9t out t end may mean ei!r ! de facto limit to judgm5t1 :i* by def9ition does n ent] into judgm5t at all1 or x may mean ! la/ & complet+ object ( judgm5t1 ! conception ( t object 9 :i* a transitive incompletely giv5 situation w\ld come to re/4 ,( end 9 ! fir/ s5se1 x is to be said t x is n a value at all2 ( end 9 ! second s5se1 t x is id5tical ) a f9ale ( ! k9d we h j be5 discuss+ or t x is det]m9$ 9 judgm5t1 n a value giv5 by :i* to control ! judgm5t4 ,x may be ass]t$ t 9 ! illu/ration us$ "s typical suit ( clo!s is ! value :i* af=ds ! /&>d ( valuation ( all ! suits :i* are (f]$ to ! buy]2 t he passes judgm5t on _! value z comp>$ ) ! /&>d suit z an end & supreme value4 ,?is /atem5t br+s out ! ambiguity j ref]r$ to4 ,! ne$ ( some?+ to we> is ! /imulus to ! judgm5t ( ! value ( suits (f]$1 & possession ( a suit puts an end to judgm5t4 ,x is an end ( judgm5t 9 ! objective1 n 9 ! possessive1 s5se ( ! preposition (2 x is an end n 9 ! s5se ( aim1 b 9 ! s5se ( a t]m9at+ limit4 ,:5 possession beg9s1 judgm5t has already ceas$4 ,& if argum5t ad v]ucundiam has any weight ,i may po9t out t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle :5 he says we nev] delib]ate ab\t ends1 b only ab\t means4 ,t is to say1 9 all delib]ation 7or practical judgm5t or inquiry7 !re is always some?+ outside ( judgm5t :i* fixes its beg9n+ & end or t]m9us4 ,& ,i w\ld add t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 delib]ation always ceases :5 we h come to ! fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( causes1 :i* is la/ 9 ! ord] ( discov]y1 & ?is means :5 we h trac$ back ! *a9 ( causes means to ourselves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! la/ end-9-view is always t :i* op]ates z ! direct or imm$iate means ( sett+ our own p[]s 9 op]ation4 ,! end-9-view ^u :i* judgm5t ( action settles d[n is simply ! adequate or complete means to ! do+ ( some?+4 ,we d delib]ate1 h[ev]1 ab\t aims1 ab\t ends-9-view--a fact :i* %[s _! radically diff]5t nature f ends z limits to delib]ation4 ,! aim 9 ! pres5t in/ance is n ! suit ( clo!s1 b ! gett+ ( a prop] suit4 ,t is :at is precisely e/imat$ or valuat$2 & ,i ?9k ,i may claim to h %[n t ! det]m9ation ( ?is aim is id5tical ) ! det]m9ation ( ! value ( a suit ?r\gh comp>ison ( ! values ( *eapness1 durability1 /yle1 patt]n ( diff]5t suits (f]$4 ,value is n det]m9$ by comp>+ v>i\s suits ) an ideal model1 b by comp>+ v>i\s suits ) respect to *eapness1 durability1 adaptability ) "o ano!r--involv+1 ( c\rse1 ref]5ce also to l5g? ( purse1 suits already possess$1 etc41 & o!r specific elem5ts 9 ! situation :i* dem&s t some?+ be done4 ,! pur*as] may1 ( c\rse1 h settl$ ^u some?+ :i* s]ves z a model be=e he goes to buy2 b t only means t 8 judg+ has be5 done be=eh&2 ! model does n !n function 9 judgm5t1 b 9 8 act z /imulus to imm$iate action4 ,& !re is a consid]ation "h involv$ ( ! utmo/ importance z to practical judgm5ts ( ! moral type3 ,! m completely ! notion ( ! model is =m$ outside & irrespective ( ! specific conditions :i* ! situation ( action pres5ts1 ! less intellig5t is ! act4 ,mo/ m5 might h _! ideals ( ! model *ang$ some:at 9 ! face ( ! actual (f]+1 ev5 9 ! case ( buy+ clo!s4 ,! man :o is n accessible to su* *ange 9 ! case ( moral situations has ceas$ to be a moral ag5t & become a react+ ma*9e4 ,9 %ort1 ! /&>d ( valuation is =m$ 9 ! process ( practical judgm5t or valuation4 ,x is n some?+ tak5 f outside & appli$ )9 x--su* application means !re is no judgm5t4 ,,iv ,no?+ has be5 said ?us f> ab\t a /&>d4 ,yet ! conception ( a /&>d1 or a measure1 is s closely connect$ ) valuation t its consid]ation af=ds a te/ ( ! conclusions rea*$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! concepts ( ! nature ( a /&>d po9t$ to by ! c\rse ( ! prior discussion is n 9 con=mity ) curr5t conceptions4 ,= ! argum5t po9ts to a /&>d :i* is det]m9$ )9 ! process ( valuation1 n outside ( x1 & h5ce n capable ( be+ employ$ ready-made1 !re=e1 to settle ! valu+ process4 ,to _m p]sons1 ?is w seem absurd to ! po9t ( self-contradiction4 ,! prevail+ conception1 h[ev]1 has be5 adopt$ )\t exam9ation2 x is a preconception4 ,if accept$1 x deprives judgm5t & k ( all significant import 9 connection ) moral action4 ,if ! /&>d is already giv51 all t rema9s is its me*anical application to ! case 9 h&--z "o w\ld apply a y>d rule to dry-goods4 ,g5u9e moral unc]ta9ty is !n impossible2 :]e x seems to exi/1 x is only a "n = a moral unwill+ness1 due to inh]5t vici\sness1 to recognize & apply ! rules already made & provid$1 or else = a moral corruption :i* has enfeebl$ man's p[] ( moral appreh5sion4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( /&>ds prior to & indep5d5t ( moral judgm5ts is accompani$ by ^! o!r doctr9es ( orig9al s9 & corruption1 "o mu/ respect ! ?or\ghgo+ logic ( ! doctr9e4 ,su* is n1 h[ev]1 ! case ) ! mod]n !ories :i* make ! same assumption ( /&>ds prec$+ in/ead ( result+ f moral judgm5ts1 & :i* ignore ! "q ( unc]ta9ty & error 9 _! appreh5sion4 ,su* consid]ations d n1 inde$1 decide any?+1 b !y may s]ve to get a m unprejudic$ he>+ = a hypo!sis :i* runs c\nt] to curr5t !ories1 s9ce x b =mulates ! tr5d ( curr5t practices 9 _! increas+ t5d5cy to make ! act ( intellig5ce ! c5tral factor 9 morals4 ,let u1 accord+ly1 consid] ! alt]natives to reg>d+ ! /&>d ( value z some?+ evolv$ 9 ! process ( reflective valuation4 ,h[ c su* a /&>d be kn[n8 ,ei!r by an a priori me?od ( intuition1 or by ab/raction f prior cases4 ,! latt] conception ?r[s u into ! arms ( h$onism4 ,= ! h$oni/ic !ory ( ! /&>d ( value d]ives its logical effici5cy f ! consid]ation t ! notion ( a prior & fix$ /&>d 7"o :i* is n det]m9$ )9 ! situation by reflection7 =ces u back ^u antec$5t irr$ucible pleasures & pa9s :i* alone are values def9ite & c]ta9 en\gh to supply /&>ds4 ,!y alone are simple en\gh to be indep5d5t & ultimate4 ,! app>5tly common-s5se alt]native w\ld be to take ! value ( prior situations 9 toto1 say1 ! value ( an act ( k9dness to a suff]]4 ,b any su* good is a function ( ! total unanalyz$ situation2 x has1 consequ5tly1 no application to a new situation unless ! new exactly repeats ! old "o4 ,only :5 ! good is resolv$ into simple & unalt]able units1 9 t]ms ( :i* old situations c be equat$ to new ones on ! basis ( ! numb] ( units conta9$1 c an unambigu\s /&>d be f\nd4 ,! logic is unimpea*able1 & po9ts to irr$ucible pleasures & pa9s z ! /&>d ( valuation4 ,! difficulty is n 9 ! logic b 9 empirical facts1 facts :i* v]ify our prior cont5tion4 ,conc$+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t !re are def9ite exi/5ces su* z are call$ pleasures & pa9s1 !y are n value-objects1 b are only ?+s to be valu$4 ,exactly ! same pleasure or pa91 z an exi/5ce1 has diff]5t values at diff]5t times accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x is judg$4 ,:at is ! value ( ! pleasure ( eat+ ! lob/] z comp>$ ) ! pa9s ( indige/ion8 ,! rule tells u1 ( c\rse1 to break up ! pleasure & pa9 into elem5t>y units & c\nt4#hg ,su* ultimate simple units seem1 h[ev]1 to be ab\t z mu* )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y k z atoms or electrons are )9 ! grasp ( ! man ( ! /reet4 ,_! resemblance to ! ultimate1 neutral units :i* analytic psy*ologi/s h po/ulat$ z a me?odological necessity is evid5t4 ,s9ce ! value ( ev5 su* a def9ite entity z a too?a*e v>ies accord+ to ! organization con/ruct$ & pres5t$ 9 reflection1 x is cle> t ord9>y empirical pleasures & pa9s are highly complex4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 may be waiv$4 ,we may ev5 waive ! fact t a !ory :i* set out to be ultra-empirical is n[ enme%$ 9 ! ne$ = mak+ empirical facts meet dialectical requirem5ts4 ,ano!r difficulty is too insup]able to be waiv$4 ,9 any case ! quantity ( elem5t>y exi/5ces :i* con/itutes ! crit]ion ( measurem5t is dep5d5t ^u ! v judgm5t :i* is assum$ to be regulat$ by x4 ,! /&>d ( valuation is ! units :i* w result f an act2 !y are future consequ5ces4 ,n[ ! "* ( ! ag5t judg+ is "o ( ! conditions ( ! production ( ^! consequ5ces4 ,a call\s p]son n only w n =esee c]ta9 consequ5ces1 & w n be able to give !m prop] weight1 b he does n af=d ! same condition ( _! occurr5ce :i* is con/itut$ by a s5sitive man4 ,x is q possible to employ judgm5t s z to produce acts :i* w increase ?is organic call\sness4 ,! analytic conception ( ! moral crit]ion provides--logically--= delib]ate blunt+ ( susceptibilities4 ,if ! matt] at issue is simply "o ( numb] ( units ( pleasure ov] pa91 arrange matt]s s t c]ta9 pa9s w n1 z matt] ( fact1 be felt4 ,:ile ?is result may be a*iev$ by manipulation ( extra-organic conditions1 x may also be effect$ by r5d]+ ! organism ins5sitive4 ,p]si/5ce 9 a c\rse :i* 9 ! %ort run yields uneas9ess & sympa!tic pangs1 w 9 ! long run elim9ate ^! pa9s & leave a net pleasure balance4 ,?is is a "t-honor$ criticism ( h$onism4 ,my pres5t conc]n ) x is purely logical4 ,x %[s t ! attempt to br+ ov] f pa/ objects ! elem5ts ( a /&>d = valu+ future consequ5ces is a hopeless "o4 ,! express object ( a valuation-judgm5t is to release factors :i* be+ new1 _c be measur$ on ! basis ( ! pa/ alone4 ,?is discussion ( ! analytic logic z appli$ 9 morals w\ld1 h[ev]1 probably n be wor? :ile did x n s]ve to ?r[ into relief ! significance ( any appeal to fulfilm5t ( a sy/em or organization z ! moral good--! /&>d4 ,su* an appeal1 if x is w>y1 is an appeal to ! pres5t situation z und]go+ t reorganization t w conf] ^u x ! unification :i* x lacks2 to organization z some?+ to be br\ght ab\t1 to be made4 ,& x is cle> t ?is appeal meets all ! specifications ( judgm5ts ( practice z !y h be5 describ$4 ,! organization :i* is to be fulfill$ ?r\gh action is an organization :i*1 at ! "t ( judg+1 is pres5t 9 conception1 9 idea--91 t is1 reflective inquiry z a phase ( reorganiz+ activity4 ,& s9ce its pres5ce 9 conception is bo? a condition ( ! organization aim$ at & a function ( ! adequacy ( ! reflective inquiry1 x is evid5t t !re is "h a confirmation ( our /atem5t t ! practical judgm5t is a judgm5t ( :at & h[ to judge z an integral "p ( ! completion ( an incomplete temporal situation4 ,m specifically1 x also appe>s t ! /&>d is a rule = conduct+ inquiry to its completion3 x is a c\nsel to make exam9ation ( ! op]ative factors complete1 a w>n+ aga9/ suppress+ recognition ( any ( !m4 ,h[ev] a man may impose ^u himself or ^u o!rs1 a man's real measure ( value is exhibit$ 9 :at he does1 n 9 :at he consci\sly ?9ks or says4 ,= ! do+ is ! actual *oice4 ,x is ! complet$ reflection4 ,x is comp>atively easy at ! pres5t "t 9 moral !ory to slam bo? h$onism & apriorism4 ,x is n s easy to see ! logical implications ( ! alt]native to !m4 ,! conception ( an organization ( int]e/s or t5d5cies is (t5 treat$ z if x 7 a conception :i* is def9ite 9 subject-matt] z well z cle>-cut 9 =m4 ,x is tak5 n z a rule = proc$ure 9 inquiry1 a direction & a w>n+ 7:i* x is71 b z some?+ all ( ^: con/itu5ts are already giv5 = k1 ev5 ?\gh n giv5 9 fact4 ,! act ( fulfill+ or realiz+ mu/ !n be treat$ z devoid ( intellectual import4 ,x is a m]e do+1 n a le>n+ & a te/+4 ,b h[ c a situation :i* is incomplete 9 fact be completely kn[n until x is complete8 ,%ort ( ! fulfilm5t ( a conceiv$ organization1 h[ c ! conception ( ! propos$ organization be any?+ m ?an a work+ hypo!sis1 a me?od ( treat+ ! giv5 elem5ts 9 ord] to see :at happ5s8 ,does n e notion :i* implies ! possibility ( an appreh5sion ( k ( ! end to be rea*$#hh also imply ei!r an a priori revelation ( ! nature ( t end1 or else t organization is no?+ b a :ole compos$ ( elem5t>y p>ts already giv5--! logic ( h$onism8 ,! logic ( subsumption 9 ! physical sci5ces meant t a giv5 /ate ( ?+s c\ld be comp>$ ) a ready-made concept z a model--! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s ) ! implications (1 say1 ! circle4 ,! me?ods ( exp]im5tal sci5ce broke d[n ?is motion2 !y sub/itut$ = an alleg$ regulative model a =mula :i* 0 ! integrat$ function ( ! p>ticul> ph5om5a !mselves1 a =mula to be us$ z a me?od ( fur!r obs]vations & exp]im5ts & !reby te/$ & develop$4 ,! unwill+ness to believe t1 9 a simil> fa%ion1 moral /&>ds or models c be tru/$ to develop out ( ! specific situations ( action %[s h[ little ! g5]al logical =ce ( ! me?od ( sci5ce has be5 grasp$4 ,physical k did n z matt] ( fact advance till ! dogma ( models or =ms z /&>ds ( k _h be5 ou/$4 ,yet we hang t5aci\sly to a l doctr9e 9 morals = fe> ( moral *aos4 ,x once seem$ to be impossible t ! disord]$ ph5om5a ( p]ception c\ld g5]ate a k ( law & ord]2 x 0 suppos$ t indep5d5t pr9ciples ( ord] mu/ be suppli$ & ! ph5om5a measur$ by approa* to or deviation f ! fix$ models4 ,! ord9>y conception ( a /&>d 9 practical affairs is a precise analogue4 ,physical k />t$ on a secure c>e] :5 m5 _h c\rage to />t f ! irregul> sc5e & to treat ! sugge/ions to :i* x gave rise z me?ods = in/itut+ new obs]vations & exp]i5ces4 ,act+ ^u ! sugge/$ conceptions analyz$1 ext5d$1 & ord]$ ph5om5a & ?us made improv$ conceptions--me?ods ( inquiry--possible4 ,x is reasonable to believe t :at holds moral k back is above all ! conception t !re are /&>ds ( good giv5 to k ap>t f ! "w ( reflection 9 con/ruct+ me?ods ( action4 ,z ! br+] ( bad news gets a bad "n1 be+ made to %>e 9 ! production ( ! evil :i* he reports1 s hone/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! moral situation & ( ! hypo!tical "* ( all rules ( moral m5suration prior to act+ ^u !m1 is treat$ z if x orig9at$ ! unc]ta9ty & creat$ ! skepticism4 ,x may be cont5d$1 h[ev]1 t all ?is does n ju/ify ! e>li] /atem5t t ! limit+ situation :i* occasions & cuts (f judgm5t is n itself a value4 ,:y1 x w be ask$1 does a man buy a suit ( clo!s unless t is a value1 or at lea/ a proximate means to a fur!r value8 ,! answ] is %ort & simple3 ,because he has to2 because ! situation 9 :i* he lives dem&s x4 ,! answ] probably seems too summ>y4 ,b x may sugge/ t :ile a man lives1 he nev] is call$ ^u to judge :e!r he %all act1 b simply h[ he %all act4 ,a decision n to act is a decision to act 9 a c]ta9 way2 x is nev] a judgm5t n to act1 unqualifi$ly4 ,x is a judgm5t to d some?+ else--to wait1 = example4 ,a judgm5t t ! be/ ?+ to d is to retire f active life1 to become a ,simon ,/ylites1 is a judgm5t to act 9 a c]ta9 way1 condition$ ^u ! necessity t1 irrespective ( judg+1 a man w h to act someh[ anyway4 ,a decision to commit suicide is n a decision to be dead2 x is a decision to p]=m a c]ta9 act4 ,! act may dep5d ^u rea*+ ! conclusion t life is n wor? liv+4 ,b z a judgm5t1 ?is is a conclusion to act 9 a way to t]m9ate ! possibility ( fur!r situations requir+ judgm5t & action4 ,& x does n imply t a judgm5t ab\t life z a supreme value & /&>d und]lies all judgm5ts z to h[ to live4 ,m specifically1 x is n a judgm5t ^u ! value ( life p] se1 b a judgm5t t "o does n f9d at h& ! specific means ( mak+ life wor? :ile4 ,z an act to be done1 x falls )9 & assumes life4 ,z a judgm5t ^u ! value ( life1 by def9ition x evades ! issue4 ,no "o ev] influ5c$ a p]son consid]+ committ+ suicide by argum5ts conc]n+ ! value ( life1 b only by sugge/+ or supply+ conditions & means :i* make life wor? liv+2 9 o!r words1 by furni%+ direct /imuli to liv+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i fe> t all ?is argum5t may only obscure a po9t obvi\s )\t argum5t1 namely1 t all delib]ation ^u :at to d is conc]n$ ) ! completion & det]m9ation ( a situation 9 "s respect incomplete & s indet]m9ate4 ,e su* situation is specific2 x is n m]ely incomplete2 ! incomplet5ess is ( a specific situation4 ,h5ce ! situation sets limits to ! reflective process2 :at is judg$ has ref]5ce to x & t :i* limits nev] is judg$ 9 ! p>ticul> situation 9 :i* x is limit+4 ,n[ we h 9 ord9>y spee* a ^w :i* expresses ! nature ( ! conditions :i* limit ! judgm5ts ( value4 ,x is ! ^w invaluable4 ,! ^w does n mean some?+ ( supreme value z comp>$ ) o!r ?+s any m ?an x means some?+ ( z]o value4 ,x means some?+ out ( ! scope ( valuation--some?+ out ( ! range ( judgm5t2 :atev] 9 ! situation at h& is n & _c be any "p ( ! subject-matt] ( judgm5t & :i* yet in/igates & cuts %ort ! judgm5t4 ,x means1 9 %ort1 t judgm5t at "s po9t runs aga9/ ! brute act ( hold+ some?+ de> z its limit4 ,v ,! /atem5t t values are det]m9$ 9 ! process ( judgm5t ( :at to d 7t is1 9 situations :]e pref]5ce dep5ds ^u reflection ^u ! conditions & possibilities ( a situation requir+ action7 w be met by ! objection t our practical delib]ations usually assume prec$5t specific values & also a c]ta9 ord] or grade among !m4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ,i am n conc]n$ to d5y ?is4 ,our delib]ate *oices g on 9 situations m or less l ^? 9 :i* we h previ\sly *os54 ,:5 delib]ation has rea*$ a valuation1 & action has confirm$ or v]ifi$ ! conclusion1 ! result rema9s4 ,situations ov]lap4 ,! m :i* is judg$ bett] ?an n 9 "o situation is f\nd worse ?an l 9 ano!r1 & s on2 ?us a c]ta9 ord] ( prec$5ce is e/abli%$4 ,& we h to broad5 ! field to cov] ! habitual ord] ( reflective pref]5ces 9 ! community to :i* we belong4 ,! valu-eds or valuables ?us con/itut$ pres5t !mselves z facts 9 subsequ5t situations4 ,moreov]1 by ! same k9d ( op]ation1 ! dom9at+ objects ( pa/ valuations pres5t !mselves z /&>diz$ values4 ,b we h to note t su* value-/&>ds are only presumptive4 ,_! /atus dep5ds1 on "o h&1 ^u ! ext5t 9 :i* ! pres5t situation is l ! pa/4 ,9 a progressive or rapidly alt]+ social life1 ! presumption ( id5tical pres5t value is weak5$4 ,& :ile x w\ld be fooli% n to avail "o's self ( ! assi/ance 9 pres5t valuations ( ! valuables e/abli%$ 9 o!r situations1 we h to rememb] t habit op]ates to make u ov]look diff]5ces & presume id5tity :]e x does n exi/--to ! mislead+ ( judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contributory wor? ( pa/ det]m9ations ( value is dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t 9 :i* !y 7 critically made2 especially ^u ! ext5t 9 :i* ! consequ5ces br\ght ab\t ?r\gh act+ ^u !m h be5 c>efully not$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! presumptive =ce ( a pa/ value 9 pres5t judgm5t dep5ds ^u ! pa9s tak5 ) its v]ification4 ,9 any case1 s f> z judgm5t takes place 7in/ead ( ! rem9isc5ce ( a prior good op]at+ z a direct /imulus to pres5t action7 all valuation is 9 "s degree a revaluation4 ,nietzs*e w\ld probably n h made s mu* ( a s5sation1 b he w\ld h be5 )9 ! limits ( wisdom1 if he _h conf9$ himself to ! ass]tion t all judgm5t1 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is critically intellig5t1 is a transvaluation ( prior values4 ,i _c escape recognition t any allusion to modification or trans=mation ( an object ?r\gh judgm5t ar\ses p>tisan suspicion & ho/ility4 ,to _m x appe>s to be a survival ( an ideali/ic epi/emology4 ,b ,i see only ?ree alt]natives4 ,ei!r !re are no practical judgm5ts--z judgm5ts !y are :olly illusory2 or ! future is b\nd to be b a repetition ( ! pa/ or a reproduction ( some?+ et]nally exi/5t 9 "s transc5d5t realm 7:i* is ! same ?+ logically71#hi or ! object ( a practical judgm5t is "s *ange1 "s alt]ation1 to be br\ght ab\t 9 ! giv51 ! nature ( ! *ange dep5d+ ^u ! judgm5t & yet con/itut+ its subject-matt]4 ,unless ! epi/emological reali/ accepts "o ( ! two fir/ alt]natives1 he seems b\nd1 9 accept+ ! ?ird1 to admit n m]ely t practical judgm5ts make a diff]5ce 9 ?+s z an aft]-effect 7?is he seems ready en\gh to admit71 b t ! import & validity ( judgm5ts is a matt] ( ! diff]5ce ?us made4 ,"o may1 ( c\rse1 hold t ?is is j :at m>ks ! di/9ction ( ! practical judgm5t f ! sci5tific judgm5t4 ,b "o :o admits ?is fact z respects a practical judgm5t c no long] claim t x is fatal to ! v idea ( judgm5t to suppose t its prop] object is "s diff]5ce to be br\ght ab\t 9 ?+s1 & t ! tru? ( ! judgm5t is con/itut$ by ! diff]5ces 9 consequ5ces actually made4 ,& a logical reali/ :o takes s]i\sly ! notion t moral good is a fulfilm5t ( an organization or integration mu/ admit t any proposition ab\t su* an object is prospective 7= x is some?+ to be atta9$ ?r\gh action71 & t ! proposition is made = ! sake ( fur!r+ ! fulfilm5t4 ,let "o />t at ?is po9t & c>ry back ! conception into a consid]ation ( o!r k9ds ( propositions1 & "o w h1 ,i ?9k1 ! readie/ means ( appreh5d+ ! int5t ( ! !ory t all propositions are b ! prop\nd+s ( possible k1 n k itself4 ,= unless "o m>ks (f ! judgm5t ( good f o!r judgm5t by means ( an arbitr>y division ( ! organism f ! environm5t1 or ( ! subjective f ! objective1 no gr\nd = any %>p l9e ( division 9 ! propositional-cont9uum w appe>4 ,b 7to obviate misund]/&+7 ?is does n mean t "s psy*ic /ate or act makes ! diff]5ce 9 ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subject-matt] ( ! judgm5t is a *ange to be br\ght ab\t2 &1 9 ! second place1 ?is subject-matt] does n become an object until ! judgm5t has issu$ 9 act4 ,x is ! act :i* makes ! diff]5ce1 b nev]!less ! act is b ! complete object ( judgm5t & ! judgm5t is complete z a judgm5t only 9 ! act4 ,! anti-pragmati/s h be5 ask$ 7notably by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w4 ,moore7 h[ !y %>ply di/+ui% betwe5 judgm5t--or k--& act & yet freely admit & insi/ t k makes a diff]5ce 9 action & h5ce 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! crux ( ! :ole matt]4 ,& x is a logical "q4 ,x is n a qu]y 7z x seems to h be5 consid]$7 z to h[ ! m5tal c influ5ce a physical ?+ l action--a v>iant ( ! old "q ( h[ ! m9d affects ! body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! implication is t ! relation ( k to action becomes a problem ( ! action ( a m5tal 7or logical7 entity ^u a physical "o only :5 ! logical import ( judgm5t has be5 misconceiv$4 ,! positive cont5tion is t ! realm ( logical propositions pres5ts 9 a realm ( possibility ! specific re>rangem5t ( ?+s :i* ov]t action pres5ts 9 actuality4 ,h5ce ! passage ( a proposition into action is n a miracle1 b ! realization ( its own "*--its own mean+ z logical4 ,i d n pr(ess1 ( c\rse1 to h %[n t su* is ! case = all propositions2 t is a matt] :i* ,i h n discuss$4 ,b 9 %[+ ! t5ability ( ! hypo!sis t practical judgm5ts are ( t nature1 ,i h at lea/ rul$ out any purely dialectic pro( t ! nature ( k z su* =bids ent]ta9+ ! hypo!sis t ! import--indirect if n direct--( all logical propositions is "s diff]5ce to be br\ght ab\t4 ,! road is at lea/ cle>$ = a m unprejudic$ consid]ation ( ?is hypo!sis on its own m]its4 ,,s5se ,,p]ception ,,z ,,k ,i m5tion$ incid5tally 9 ! fir/ section t x is conceivable t failure to give adequate consid]ation to practical judgm5ts may h a compromis+ effect ^u ! consid]ation ( o!r types4 ,i n[ int5d to develop ?is rem>k ) reg>d to s5se p]ception z a =m ( k4 ,! topic is s b\nd up ) a multitude ( p]plex+ psy*ological & epi/emological traditions t ,i h fir/ to make x reasonably cle> :at x is & :at x is n :i* ,i propose to discuss4 ,i endeavor$ 9 an e>li] s]ies ( pap]s#ij to po9t out t ! "q ( ! mat]ial ( s5se p]ception is n1 z su*1 a problem ( ! !ory ( k at all1 b simply a problem ( ! occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 mat]ial--a problem ( causal conditions & consequ5ces4 ,t is to say1 ! problem pres5t$ by an image#ia ( a b5t /ick1 or by a dream1 or by second>y s5sory qualities is prop]ly a problem ( physics--( conditions ( occurr5ce1 & n ( logic1 ( tru? or falsity1 fact or fiction4 ,t ! exi/5ce ( a r$ quale is dep5d5t ^u di/urbances ( a c]ta9 velocity ( a m$ium 9 connection ) c]ta9 *anges ( ! organism is n to be confus$ ) ! notion t r$ is a way ( kn[+1 9 "s m or less adequate fa%ion1 "s m real object or else ( kn[+ itself4 ,! fact ( causation--or functional dep5d5ce--no m makes ! quale an appe>ance to ! m9d ( some?+ m real ?an itself or ( itself ?an x makes bubbles on ! wat] a real fi% transf]r$ by "s cognitive di/ortion into a region ( appe>ance4 ,) a little /ret*+ we may use ! t]m appe>ance 9 ei!r case1 b ! t]m only means t ! r$ quale or ! wat]-bubble is an obvi\s or conspicu\s ?+ f :i* we inf] some?+ else n s obvi\s4 ,?is position ?us freely resum$ "h ne$s to be adequately gu>d$ on all sides4 ,x implies t ! "q ( ! exi/5ce or pres5ce ( ! subject-matt] ( ev5 a complex s5se p]ception may be treat$ z a "q ( physics4 ,x also implies t ! exi/5ce ( a s5se p]ception may be treat$ z a problem ( physics4 ,b ! position is n t all ! problems ( s5se p]ception are !reby exhau/$4 ,!re is /ill1 on ! contr>y1 ! problem ( ! cognitive /atus ( s5se p]ception4 ,s f> f d5y+ ?is fact1 ,i mean r to emphasize x 9 hold+ t ?is k aspect is n to be id5tifi$--z x has be5 9 bo? reali/ic & ideali/ic epi/emologies--) ! simple occurr5ce ( pres5t$ subject-matt] & ) ! occurr5ce ( a p]ceptive act4 ,x is (t5 /at$1 = example1 t primitive s5se objects :5 !y are /ripp$ ( all inf]5tial mat]ial _c possibly be false--b ) ! implication t !y1 !re=e1 mu/ be true4 ,well1 ,i meant to g ?is /atem5t "o bett]--to /ate t !y are nei!r true nor false--t is1 t ! di/9ction ( true-or-false is z irrelevant & inapplicable z to any o!r exi/5ce1 z x is1 say1 to be+ m ?an five feet high or hav+ a l[ blood pressure4 ,?is position :5 tak5 leaves ov] ! "q ( s5se p]ception z k1 z capable ( tru? or falsity4 ,x is ?is "q1 !n1 :i* ,i int5d to discuss 9 ?is pap]4 ,i ,my fir/ po9t is t "s s5se p]ceptions at lea/ 7z matt] ( fact ! great bulk ( !m71 are )\t any d\bt =ms ( practical judgm5t--or1 m accurately1 are t]ms 9 practical judgm5ts z propositions ( :at to d4 ,:5 9 walk+ d[n a /reet ,i see a sign on ! lamp-po/ at ! corn]1 ,i assur$ly see a sign4 ,n[ 9 ord9>y context 7,i d n say always or necess>ily7 ?is is a sign ( :at to d--to cont9ue walk+ or to turn4 ,! o!r t]m ( ! proposition may n be /at$ or x may be2 x is probably m (t5 tacit4 ,( c\rse1 ,i h tak5 ! case ( ! sign purposely4 ,b ! case may be ext5d$4 ,! lamp-po/ z p]ceiv$ is to a lamp-light] a sign ( some?+ else ?an a turn1 b /ill a sign ( some?+ to be done4 ,to ano!r man1 x may be a sign ( a possible support4 ,i am anxi\s n to =ce ! scope ( cases ( ?is class beyond :at w\ld be accept$ by an unbias$ p]son1 b ,i wi% to po9t out t c]ta9 features ( ! p]ceiv$ object1 z a cognitive t]m1 :i* d n seem at fir/ sight to fall )9 ?is conception ( ! object1 z1 an intellectual sign ( :at to d1 turn out ^u analysis to be cov]$ by x4 ,x may be said1 = example1 t our suppos$ p$e/rian p]ceives mu* besides t :i* s]ves z evid5ce ( ! ?+ to be done4 ,he p]ceives ! lamp-po/1 = example1 & possibly ! c>bons ( ! arc4 ,& ^! assur$ly d n ent] into ! indication ( :at to d or h[ to d x4 ,! reply is ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is easy--& usual--to read back into ! s5se p]ception m ?an 0 actually 9 x4 ,x is easy to recall ! famili> features ( ! lamp-po/2 x is practically impossible--or at lea/ v unusual--to recall :at 0 actually p]ceiv$4 ,s we read ! =m] into ! latt]4 ,! t5d5cy is = actual p]ception to limit itself to ! m9imum :i* w s]ve z sign4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 s9ce x is nev] :olly s limit$1 s9ce !re is always a surplusage ( p]ceiv$ object1 ! fact /at$ 9 ! objection is admitt$4 ,b x is precisely ?is surplusage :i* has n cognitive /atus4 ,x does n s]ve z a sign1 b nei!r is x kn[n1 or a t]m 9 k4 ,a *ild1 walk+ by 8 fa!r's side1 ) no aim & h5ce no reason = secur+ indications ( :at to d1 w probably see m 9 8 idle curiosity ?an 8 p>5t4 ,he w h m pres5t$ mat]ial4 ,b ?is does n mean t he is mak+ m propositions1 b only t he is gett+ m mat]ial = possible propositions4 ,x means1 9 %ort1 t he is 9 an ae/hetic attitude ( realization r ?an 9 a cognitive attitude4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ economical obs]v] has "s ae/hetic1 non-cognitive surplusage4#ib ,9 ! ?ird place1 surplusage is necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! signify+ function4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! fact t surplusage may be requir$ to r5d] ! sign specific1 action is free 7its v>iation is "u control7 9 ! degree 9 :i* alt]natives are pres5t4 ,! p$e/rian has probably ! two alt]natives 9 m9d3 to g /raight on or to turn4 ,! p]ceiv$ object might indicate to him ano!r alt]native--to /op & inquire ( a pass]-by4 ,&1 z is obvi\s 9 a m complicat$ case1 x is ! ext5t ( ! p]ceiv$ object :i* bo? multiplies alt]native ways ( act+ & gives ! gr\nds = select+ among !m4 ,a physician1 = example1 delib]ately avoids su* h>d-&-fa/ alt]natives z h be5 po/ulat$ 9 our in/ance4 ,he does n obs]ve simply to get an indication ( :e!r ! man is well or ill2 b 9 ord] to det]m9e :at to d he ext5ds 8 explorations ov] a wide field4 ,mu* ( 8 p]ceiv$ object field is immat]ial to :at he f9ally does2 t is1 does n s]ve z sign4 ,b x is all relevant to judg+ :at he is to d4 ,s5se p]ception z a t]m 9 practical judgm5t mu/ include m ?an ! elem5t :i* f9ally s]ves z sign4 ,if x did n1 !re w\ld be no p]ception1 b only a direct /imulus to action4#ic ,! conclusion t su* p]ceptions z we h be5 consid]+ are t]ms 9 an inf]5ce is to be c>efully discrim9at$ f ! loose /atem5t t s5se p]ceptions are unconsci\s inf]5ces4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 say+ t ! p]ception ( a %ape af=ds an indication = an inf]5ce & say+ t ! p]ception ( %ape is itself an inf]5ce4 ,t def9ite %apes w\ld n be p]ceiv$1 7 x n = neural *anges br\ght ab\t 9 prior inf]5ces1 is a possibility2 x may be1 = aught ,i "k1 an asc]ta9$ fact4 ,su* telescop+ ( a p]ceiv$ object ) ! object inf]r$ f x may be a con/ant function2 b 9 any case ! telescop+ is n a matt] ( a pres5t inf]5ce go+ on unconsci\sly1 b is ! result ( an organic modification :i* has occurr$ 9 consequ5ce ( prior inf]5ces4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 to say t to see a table is to get an indication ( some?+ to write on is 9 no way to say t ! p]ception ( a table is an inf]5ce f s5sory data4 ,to say t c]ta9 e>li] p]ceiv$ objects n hav+ z p]ceiv$ ! "* ( a table h n[ fus$ ) ! results ( inf]5ces drawn f !m is n to say t ! p]ception ( ! table is n[ an inf]5ce4 ,suppose we say t ! fir/ p]ception 0 ( color$ pat*es2 t we inf]r$ f ?is ! possibility ( rea*+ & t\*+1 & t on p]=m+ ^! acts we secur$ c]ta9 qualities ( h>dness1 smoo?ness1 etc41 & t ^! are n[ all fus$ ) ! color-pat*es4 ,at mo/ ?is only signifies t c]ta9 previ\sly inf]r$ qualities h n[ become consolidat$ ) qualities f :i* !y 7 =m]ly inf]r$4 ,& su* fusion or consolidation is precisely n inf]5ce4 ,z matt] ( fact1 su* fusion ( qualities1 giv5 & =m]ly inf]r$1 is b a matt] ( speak+4 ,:at has really happ5$ is t bra9 processes :i* =m]ly happ5$ successively n[ happ5 simultane\sly4 ,:at we are deal+ ) is n a fact ( cognition1 b a fact ( ! organic conditions ( ! occurr5ce ( an act ( p]ception4 ,let u apply ! results to ! "q ( s5se illusions4 ,! b5t re$ 9 ! wat] comes naturally to m9d4 ,purely physical consid]ations acc\nt = ! refraction ( ! light :i* produces an optical image ( a b5t /ick4 ,?is has no?+ to d ) k or ) s5se p]ception--) see+4 ,x is simply & :olly a matt] ( ! prop]ties ( light & a l5s4 ,su* refractions are con/antly produc$ )\t our not+ !m4 ,9 ! pa/1 h[ev]1 light refract$ & unrefract$ has be5 a con/ant /imulus to responsive actions4 ,x is a matt] ( ! native con/itution ( ! organism t light /imulates ! eyes to foll[ & ! arms to rea* & ! h&s to clut* & h&le4 ,z a consequ5ce1 c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( reflect$ & refract$ light h become a sign to p]=m c]ta9 specific acts ( h&l+ & t\*+4 ,z a rule1 /imuli & reactions occur 9 an approximately homog5e\s m$ium--! air4 ,! sy/em ( signs or indexes ( action set up has be5 bas$ ^u ?is fact & accommodat$ to x4 ,a habit or bias 9 favor ( a c]ta9 k9d ( inf]5ce has be5 set up4 ,we inf] f a b5t ray ( light t ! h&1 9 t\*+ ! reflect+ object1 w1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 h to *ange its direction4 ,?is habit is c>ri$ ov] to a m$ium 9 :i* ! conclusion does n hold4 ,in/ead ( say+ t light is b5t--:i* x is--we inf] t ! /ick is b5t3 we inf] t ! h& c\ld n protract a /raight c\rse 9 h&l+ ! object4 ,b an exp]t fi%]man nev] makes su* an error 9 spe>+ fi%4 ,react+ 9 m$ia ( diff]5t refractive capacities1 he bases 8 signs & inf]5ces ^u ! conditions & results ( 8 m$ia4 ,i see no diff]5ce betwe5 ^! cases & t ( a man :o c read 8 own tongue4 ,he sees ! ^w pa9 & inf]s x means a c]ta9 physical discom=t4 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! ?+ p]ceiv$ exi/s 9 an unfamili> m$ium & signifies bread4 ,to ! "o accu/om$ to ! ,fr5* language ! "r inf]5ce occurs4#id ,!re is nei!r error nor tru? 9 ! optical image3 ,x j exi/s physically4 ,b we take x = some?+ else1 we behave to x z if x 7 some?+ else4 ,we mis-take x4 ,,ii ,s f> z ,i c see1 ! pron\nc$ t5d5cy to reg>d ! p]ceiv$ object z itself ! object ( a peculi> k9d ( k in/ead ( z a t]m 9 k ( ! practical k9d has two causes4 ,"o is ! confirm$ habit ( neglect+ ! wide scope & import ( practical judgm5ts4 ,?is leads to ov]look+ ! responsive act z ! o!r t]m indicat$ by ! p]ception1 & to tak+ ! p]ceiv$ object z ! :ole ( ! situation j by itself4 ,! o!r cause is ! fact t because p]ceiv$ objects are con/antly employ$ z evid5ce ( :at is to be done--or h[ to d some?+--!y !mselves become ! objects ( prolong$ & c>eful scrut9y4 ,we pass naturally & inevitably f recognition to obs]vation4 ,inf]5ce w usually take c>e ( itself if ! datum is prop]ly det]m9$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 a skill$ physician w h little difficulty 9 inf]r+ typhoid in/ead ( mal>ia f c]ta9 symptoms provid$ he c make c]ta9 obs]vations--t is1 secure c]ta9 data f :i* to inf]4 ,! labor ( intellig5ce is ?us transf]r$ f inf]5ce to ! det]m9ation ( data1 ! data be+ det]m9$1 h[ev]1 9 ! int]e/s ( inf]5ce & z p>ts ( an inf]5ce4 ,at ?is po9t1 a significant complication ent]s 94 ,! ord9>y assumption 9 ! discussion ( ! relation ( p]ceiv$ objects to k is t ! object--! real object--( k 9 p]ception is ! ?+ :i* caus$ ! qualities :i* are giv54 ,x is assum$1 t is1 t ! o!r t]m ( a proposition 9 :i* a s5se datum is "o t]m mu/ be ! ?+ :i* produc$ x4 ,s9ce ?is produc+ object does n = ! mo/ "p appe> 9 ord9>y s5se p]ception1 we h on our h&s p]ception z an epi/emological problem--! relation ( an appe>ance to "s reality :i* x1 someh[1 conceals r ?an indicates4 ,h5ce also ! difficulties ( reconcil+ sci5tific k 9 physics :]e ^! causes are ! t]ms ( ! propositions ) empirical or s5se p]ception k :]e !y d n ev5 appe>4 ,"h is :]e ! prim>y advantage ( recogniz+ t ord9>y s5se p]ceptions are =ms ( practical judgm5t comes 94 ,9 practical judgm5ts1 ! o!r t]m is z op5 & abovebo>d z is ! s5sory quality3 x is ! ?+ to be done1 ! response to be select$4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration ( ,pr(essor ,woodbridge's3 ,a c]ta9 s\nd indicates to ! "m t h] baby ne$s att5tion4 ,if %e turns out to be 9 error1 x is n because s\nd ought to mean s _m vibrations ( ! air1 & z matt] ( fact doesn't ev5 sugge/ air vibrations1 b because !re is wrong inf]5ce z to ! act to be p]=m$4 ,i imag9e t if error nev] occurr$ 9 inf]5ces ( ?is practical sort ! human race w\ld h gone on q cont5t$ ) !m4 ,h[ev] t may be1 errors d occur & ! endeavor to control inf]5ce z to consequ5ces 7s z to r$uce _! likelihood ( error7 leads to propositions :]e ! k-object ( ! p]ceiv$ ?+ is n some?+ to be done1 b ! cause :i* produc$ x4 ,! "m f9ds h] baby peacefully sleep+ & says ! baby didn't make ! noise4 ,%e inve/igates & decides a sw++ door made x4 ,in/ead ( inf]r+ a consequ5ce1 %e inf]s a cause4 ,if %e _h id5tifi$ ! noise 9 ! fir/ place1 %e w\ld h conclud$ t ! h+es ne$$ oil+4 ,n[ :]e does ! argum5t /&8 ,! prop] control ( inf]5ce 9 specific cases is f\nd 7a7 to lie 9 ! prop] id5tification ( ! datum4 ,if ! p]ception is ( a c]ta9 k9d1 ! inf]5ce takes place z a matt] ( c\rse2 or else inf]5ce c be susp5d$ until m adequate data are f\nd1 & ?us error is avoid$ ev5 if tru? be n f\nd4 ,fur!rmore 7b7 x is discov]$ t ! mo/ effective way ( id5tify+ datum 7& secur+ adequate data7 is by inf]5ce to its cause4 ,! "m /ops %ort ) ! baby & ! door z causes4 ,b ! same motives :i* made h] transf] h] inf]5ce f consequ5ces to conditions are ! motives :i* lead o!rs to inf]r+ f s\nds to vibrations ( air4 ,h5ce our sci5tific propositions ab\t s5sory data4 ,!y are n1 z su*1 ab\t ?+s to d1 b ab\t ?+s :i* h be5 done1 h happ5$--facts4 ,b !y h ref]5ce1 nev]!less1 to inf]5ces reg>d+ consequ5ces to be effect$4 ,!y are ! means ( secur+ data :i* w prev5t errors :i* w\ld o!rwise occur1 & :i* facilitate an entirely new crop ( inf]5ces z to possibilities--means & ends--( action4 ,t sci5tific m5 %\ld be consci\s ( ?is ref]5ce or ev5 int]e/$ 9 x is n at all necess>y1 = ,i am talk+ ab\t ! logic ( propositions1 n ab\t biography nor psy*ology4 ,if ,i rev]t$ to psy*ology1 x w\ld be to po9t out t !re is no reason 9 ! _w :y ! practical activity ( "s m5 %\ld n be pr$om9antly direct$ into ! pursuits connect$ ) discov]y4 ,! ext5t 9 :i* !y actually are s direct$ dep5ds ^u social conditions4 ,,iii ,we are br\ght to a consid]ation ( ! notion ( primitive s5se data4 ,x 0 long cu/om>y to treat ! attempt to def9e true k 9 t]ms d]iv$ f s5se data z a confusion ( psy*ology--or ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( k--) logic1 ! !ory ( ! "* ( k z k4 ,z matt] ( fact1 !re is confusion1 b 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! attempt involv$ a confusion ( logic ) psy*ology--t is1 x treat$ a phase ( ! te*nique ( inf]5ce z if x 7 a natural hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ideas & beliefs4 ,! *ief s\rce ( error 9 ord9>y inf]5ce is an unrecogniz$ complexity ( data4 ,p]ception :i* is n exp]im5tally controll$ fails to pres5t suffici5tly wide data to secure diff]5tia ( possible inf]5ces1 & x fails to pres5t1 ev5 9 :at is giv51 l9es ( cleavage :i* are important = prop] inf]5ce4 ,?is is only an elaborate way ( say+ :at sci5tific inquiry has made cle>1 t1 = purposes ( inf]5ce z to conditions ( production ( :at is pres5t1 ord9>y s5se p]ception is too n>r[1 too confus$1 too vivid z to "s quales & too blurr$ z to "s o!rs4 ,let u conf9e our att5tion = ! mom5t to confusion4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t s5se qualities be+ j :at !y are1 x is illegitimate to introduce su* notions z obscurity or confusion into !m3 a slightly illum9at$ color is j z irretrievably :at x is1 z cle>ly itself1 z an object 9 ! broad gl>e ( noonday4 ,b ! case /&s o!rwise :5 ! quale is tak5 z a datum = inf]5ce4 ,x is n s easy to id5tify a p]ceiv$ object = purposes ( inf]5ce 9 ! dusk z 9 bright light4 ,f ! /&po9t ( an inf]5ce to be effect$1 ! confusion is ! same z an unju/ifiable simplification4 ,?is ov]-simplification has ! effect ( mak+ ! quale1 z a t]m ( inf]5ce1 ambigu\s4 ,to inf] f x is to subject ourselves to ! dang] ( all fallacies ( ambiguity :i* are exp\nd$ 9 ! textbooks4 ,! rem$y is cle>ly ! resolution1 by exp]im5tal means1 ( :at seems to be a simple datum into its elem5ts4 ,?is is a case ( analysis2 x diff]s f o!r modes ( analysis only 9 ! subject-matt] ^u :i* x is direct$1 viz41 some?+ :i* _h be5 previ\sly accept$ z a simple :ole4 ,! result ( ?is analysis is ! exi/5ce z objects ( p]ception ( isolat$ qualities l ! colors ( ! spectrum sci5tifically det]m9$1 ! tones ( ! scale 9 all _! v>y+ int5sities1 etc41 9 %ort1 ! s5sations or s5se qualities ( contempor>y psy*ology textbooks or ! simple ideas ( s5sation ( ,locke or ! objects ( s5se ( ,russell4 ,!y are ! mat]ial ( s5se p]ception discrim9at$ = ! purpose ( bett] inf]5ces4 ,note t ^! simple data or elem5ts are n orig9al1 psy*ologically or hi/orically2 !y are logical primitives--t is1 irr$ucible = purposes ( inf]5ce4 ,!y are simply ! mo/ unambigu\s & be/ def9$ objects ( p]ception :i* c be secur$ to s]ve z signs4 ,!y are exp]im5tally det]m9$1 ) great art1 precisely because ! naturally giv51 ! cu/om>y1 objects 9 p]ception h be5 ambigu\s or confus$ t]ms 9 inf]5ce4 ,h5ce !y are replac$1 ?r\gh exp]im5tal means involv+ ! use ( wide sci5tific k d$uctively employ$1 by simpl] s5se objects4 ,/at$ 9 curr5t phraseology1 s5sations 7i4e41 qualities pres5t to s5se7 are n ! elem5ts out ( :i* p]ceptions are compos$1 con/itut$1 or con/ruct$2 !y are ! f9e/1 mo/ c>efully discrim9at$ objects ( p]ception4 ,we d n fir/ p]ceive a s+le1 ?or\ghly def9$ %ade1 a t9t & hue ( r$2 its p]ception is ! la/ ref9em5t ( obs]vation4 ,su* ?+s are ! limits ( p]ception1 b !y are f9al1 n initial1 limits4 ,!y are :at is p]ceiv$ to be giv5 "u ! mo/ favorable possible conditions2 conditions1 moreov]1 :i* d n pres5t !mselves accid5tally1 b :i* h to be int5tionally & exp]im5tally e/abli%$1 & detection ( :i* exacts ! use ( a va/ body ( sci5tific propositions4 ,i hope x is n[ evid5t :at 0 meant by say+ t curr5t logic pres5ts u n ) a confusion ( psy*ology ) logic1 b ) a :olesale mi/ak+ ( logical det]m9ations = facts ( psy*ology4 ,! confusion 0 begun by ,locke--or r made completely curr5t ?r\gh ! enorm\s influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,locke--& "s ref]5ce to ,locke may be ( aid 9 cle>+ up ! po9t4 ,locke's conception ( k 0 logical1 n psy*ological4 ,he meant by k ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ beliefs or propositions1 c]ta9ty1 & c>efully di/+ui%$ x f :at pass$ curr5t z k at a giv5 "t4 ,! latt] he call$ ass5t1 op9ion1 belief1 or judgm5t4 ,moreov]1 8 int]e/ 9 ! latt] 0 logical4 ,he 0 aft] an art ( controll+ ! prop] degree ( ass5t to be giv5 9 matt]s ( probability4 ,9 %ort1 8 sole aim 0 to det]m9e c]ta9ty :]e c]ta9ty is possible & to det]m9e ! due degree ( probability 9 ! mu* va/] range ( cases :]e only probability is atta9able4 ,a natural hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( k 9 ! s5se ( :at happ5s to pass = k 0 ! la/ ( 8 int]e/s4 ,b he 0 completely "u ! dom9ation ( ! rul+ idea ( 8 "t2 namely1 t ,nature is ! norm ( tru?4 ,n[ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( human life pres5ts ! "w ( nature 9 its pure & unadult]at$ =m4 ,! normal is ! orig9al1 & ! orig9al is ! normative4 ,nature is bo? b5efic5t & tru?ful 9 its "w2 x reta9s all ! prop]ties ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ^: vice-reg5t x is4 ,to get ! logical ultimates we h only1 !re=e1 to get back to ! natural primitives4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* dei/ic ideas1 ,locke writes a my?ology ( ! hi/ory ( k1 />t+ f cle> & di/9ct mean+s1 ea* simple1 well def9$1 %>ply & unambigu\sly j :at x is on its face1 )\t concealm5ts & complications1 & proce$s by natural comp\nd+s up to ! /ore ( complex ideas1 & to ! p]ception ( simple relations ( agreem5t among ideas3 a p]ception always c]ta9 if ! ideas are simple1 & always controllable 9 ! case ( complex ideas if we consid] ! simple ideas & _! comp\nd+s4 ,?us he e/abli%$ ! habit ( tak+ logical discrim9ations z hi/orical or psy*ological primitives--z s\rces ( beliefs & k in/ead ( z *ecks ^u inf]5ce & z means ( kn[+4 ,i hope ref]5ce to ,locke w n make a scapegoat4 ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ him if x 7 n t ?is way ( look+ at ?+s f\nd its way ov] into or?odox psy*ology & !n back aga9 into ! f\ndations ( logical !ory4 ,x may be said to be ! /ock 9 trade ( ! s*ool ( empirici/ logicians1 & 7:at is ev5 m important7 ( ! o!r s*ools ( logic :5ev] !y are deal+ ) propositions ( p]ception & obs]vation3 vide ,russell's tru/+ confid5ce 9 atomic propositions z psy*ological primitives4 ,x l$ to ! supposition t !re is a k9d ( k or simple appreh5sion 7or s5se acqua9tance7 imply+ no inf]5ce & yet basic to inf]5ce4 ,note1 if y please1 ! multitude ( problems g5]at$ by ?9k+ ( :atev] is pres5t 9 exp]i5ce 7z s5sory qualities are pres5t7 z if x 7 intr9sically & ap>t f ! use made ( its subject-matt] ( k4 a7 ,! m9d-body problem becomes an integral "p ( ! problem ( k4 ,s5se organs1 neurones1 & neuronic connections are c]ta9ly involv$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( a s5se quality4 ,if ! occurr5ce ( ! latt] is 9 & ( itself a mode ( k1 x becomes a matt] ( utmo/ importance to det]m9e j h[ ! s5se organs take "p 9 x4 ,if "o is an ideali/ he responds ) joy to any intimation t ! process ( appreh5sion 7t is1 speak+ truly1 ! physical conditions ( ! occurr5ce ( ! s5sory datum7 trans=ms ! extra-organic /imulus3 ! alt]ation is te/imony someh[ to ! con/itutive nature ( m9d6 ,b if he is a reali/ he conceives himself "u obligation to %[ t ! ext]nal /imulus is transmitt$ )\t any alt]ation & is appreh5d$ j z x is2 color mu/ be %[n to be simply1 aft] all1 a compact+ ( vibrations--or else ! validity ( k is impugn$6 ,recognize t k is some?+ ab\t ! color1 :e!r ab\t its conditions or causes or consequ5ces or :atev]1 & t we don't h to id5tify color itself ) a mode ( kn[+1 & ! situation *anges4 ,we "k a color :5 we und]/&1 j z we "k a ?und]-/orm :5 we und]/&4 ,m g5]ally speak+1 ! relation ( bra9-*ange to consci\sness is ?\ght to be an ess5tial "p ( ! problem ( k4 ,b if ! bra9 is involv$ 9 kn[+ simply z "p ( ! me*anism ( act+1 z ! me*anism = co-ord9at+ p>tial & compet+ /imuli into a s+le s*eme ( response1 z "p ( ! me*anism ( actual exp]im5tal inquiry1 !re is no miracle ab\t ! p>ticipation ( ! bra9 9 kn[+4 ,"o might z well make a problem ( ! fact t x takes a hamm] to drive a nail & takes a h& to hold ! hamm] z to make a problem out ( ! fact t x also requires a physical /ructure to discov] & to adapt ! p>ticul> acts ( hold+ & /rik+ :i* are ne$$4 b7 ,! propositions ( physical sci5ce are n f\nd among ! data ( appreh5sion4 ,ma!matical propositions may be dispos$ ( by mak+ !m purely a priori2 propositions ab\t s5se objects by mak+ !m purely a po/]iori4#ie ,b physical propositions1 su* z make up physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 to say no?+ ( propositions ( hi/ory1 an?ropology1 & society1 are nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,i _c /ate ! case bett] ?an ,mr4 ,russell has /at$ x1 al?\gh1 ,i am b\nd to add1 ! /at+ did n ar\se 9 ,mr4 ,russell any suspicion ( ! premises ) :i* he 0 op]at+4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 = ! mo/ "p1 are will+ to condemn imm$iate data z 'm]ely subjective1' :ile yet ma9ta9+ ! tru? ( ! physics inf]r$ f ^? data4 ,b su* an attitude1 ?\gh x may be capable ( ju/ification1 obvi\sly /&s 9 ne$ ( x2 & ! only ju/ification possible mu/ be "o :i* exhibits matt] z a logical con/ruction f s5se data4444 ,x is !re=e necess>y to f9d "s way ( bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 ! _w ( physics & ! _w ( s5se4#if ,i d n see h[ anyone famili> ) ! two-_w s*emes :i* h play$ su* a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity c read ?is /atem5t )\t depression4 ,& if x occurr$ to "o t ! sole g5]at+ condition ( ^! two worlds is ! assumption t s5se objects are modes ( appreh5sion or k 7are s intr9sically & n 9 ! use made ( !m71 he might ?9k x a small price to pay to inquire into ! /&+ ( ?is assumption4 ,= x 0 precisely ! fact t s5se p]ception & physical sci5ce appe>$ hi/orically 79 ! sev5te5? c5tury7 z rival modes ( kn[+ ! same _w :i* l$ to ! conception ( s5se objects z subjective--s9ce !y 7 s diff]5t f ! objects ( sci5ce4 ,unless s5se & sci5ce _h bo? fir/ be5 ?\ght ( z modes ( kn[+ & !n z modes ( kn[+ ! same ?+s1 !re w\ld n h be5 ! slighte/ reason = reg>d+ imm$iate data1 z m]ely subjective4 ,!y w\ld h be5 natural ph5om5a1 l any o!r4 ,t !y are ph5om5a :i* involve ! int]action ( an organism ) o!r ?+s is j an important discov]y ab\t !m1 z is also a discov]y ab\t />* 9 plants4 ,physical sci5ce is ! k ( ! _w by _! means4 ,x is a rival1 n ( !m1 b ( ! m$ley ( prior dogmas1 sup]/itions1 & *ance op9ions ab\t ! _w--a m$ley :i* grew up & n\ri%$ precisely because ( abs5ce ( a w to explore & ( a te*nique = detect+ unambigu\s data4 ,t ,mr4 ,russell1 :o is a pr(ess$ reali/1 c d no bett] ) ! problem 7once committ$ to ! notion t s5se objects are ( !mselves objects ( k7 ?an to hold t al?\gh ! _w ( physics is n a legitimate inf]5ce f s5se data1 x is a p]missible logical con/ruction f !m--p]missible 9 t x involves no logical inconsi/5cies--sugge/s t ! pragmatic diff]5ce betwe5 ideali/ & reali/--( ?is type--is n v great4 ,f necess>y ideal con/ructions to p]missible logical con/ructions involves consid]able diff]5ce 9 te*nique b no p]ceptible practical diff]5ce4 ,& ! po9t ( ?is family lik5ess is t bo? views spr+ f reg>d+ s5se p]ception & sci5ce z ways ( kn[+ ! same objects1 & h5ce z rivals until "s s*eme ( conciliation has be5 devis$4 c7 ,x is b a v>iant ( ?is problem to pass to :at may be call$ ei!r ! ego-c5tric pr$icam5t or ! private-public problem4 ,s5se data diff] f individual to individual4 ,if !y are recogniz$ to be natural ev5ts1 ?is v>iation is no m significant ?an any *ange dep5d+ ^u v>iation ( g5]at+ conditions4 ,"o does n expect two lumps ( wax at diff]5t di/ances f a hot body to be affect$ exactly alike2 ! upsett+ ?+ w\ld be if !y 74 ,nei!r does "o expect ca/-iron to react exactly z does /eel4 ,t organisms1 because ( diff]5t positions or diff]5t int]nal /ructures1 %\ld introduce diff]5ces 9 ! ph5om5a :i* !y respectively h a %>e 9 produc+ is a fact ( ! same nature4 ,b make ! s5se qualities ?us produc$ n natural ev5ts 7:i* may !n be made ei!r objects ( inquiry or means ( inquiry into some?+ else7 b modes ( kn[+1 & e su* deviation m>ks a dep>ture f true kn[+3 x con/itutes an anomaly4 ,tak5 en masse ! deviations are s m>k$ z to lead to ! conclusion 7ev5 on ! "p ( a reali/ l ,mr4 ,russell7 t !y con/itute a _w ( private exi/5ces1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be correlat$ )\t logical inconsi/5cy ) o!r su* worlds4 ,n all reali/s are ,leibnizian monadi/s z is ,mr4 ,russell2 ,i d n wi% to leave ! impression t all come to j ?is solution4 ,b all :o reg>d s5se data z appreh5sions h on _! h&s 9 "s =m ! problem ( ! seem+ly di/ort+ action ex]cis$ by ! individual kn[] ^u a public or common ?+ kn[n or believ$ 94 ,,iv ,i am n try+ to discuss or solve ^! problems4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am try+ to %[ t ^! problems exi/ only because ( ! id5tification ( a datum det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to control ( inf]5ce ) a self-suffici5t k-object4 ,z aga9/ ?is assumption ,i po9t to ! foll[+ facts4 ,:at is actually giv5 z matt] ( empirical fact may be indef9itely complicat$ & diffus$4 ,z empirically exi/5t1 p]ceiv$ objects nev] con/itute ! :ole scope ( ! giv52 !y h a context ( indef9ite ext5t 9 :i* !y are set4 ,to control inf]5ce x is necess>y to analyze ?is complex situation--to det]m9e :at is data = inf]5ce & :at is irrelevant4 ,?is analysis involves discrim9ative resolution into m ultimate simples4 ,! res\rces ( exp]im5tation1 all sorts ( microscopic1 telescopic1 & regi/]+ app>atus1 are call$ 9 to p]=m t analysis4 ,z a result we diff]5tiate n m]ely visual data f auditory--a discrim9ation effect$ by exp]im5ts )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody--b a va/ multitude ( visual & auditory data4 ,physics & physiology & anatomy all play a "p 9 ! analysis4 ,we ev5 c>ry ! analysis to ! po9t ( reg>d+1 say1 a color z a self-includ$ object unref]r$ to any o!r object4 ,we may avoid a false inf]5ce by conceiv+ x1 n z a quality ( any object1 b z m]ely a product ( a n]v\s /imulation & reaction4 ,in/ead ( ref]r+ x to a ribbon or piece ( pap] we may ref] x to ! organism4 ,b ?is is only z a "p ( ! te*nique ( susp5d$ inf]5ce4 ,we avoid "s habitual inf]5ce 9 ord] to make a m c>eful inf]5ce4 ,?us we escape1 by a /raight5+ out ( our logic 7by avoid+ erect+ a sy/em ( logical di/9ctions & *ecks into a my?ological natural hi/ory71 ! epi/emological problems4 ,we also avoid ! contradiction :i* haunts e epi/emological s*eme s f> prop\nd$4 ,z matt] ( fact e proposition reg>d+ :at is giv5 to s5sation or p]ception is dep5d5t ^u ! assumption ( a va/ am\nt ( sci5tific k :i* is ! result ( a multitude ( prior analyses1 v]ifications1 & inf]5ces4 ,:at a comb9ation ( ,tantalus & ,sisyphus we get :5 we fancy t we h cle>$ ! slate ( all ^! mat]ial implications1 fancy t we h really />t$ ) simple & indep5d5t giv5s1 & !n try to %[ h[ f ^! orig9al giv5s we c arrive at ! v k :i* we h all ! "t employ$ 9 ! discov]y & fixation ( ! simple s5se data6#ig ,,sci5ce ,,z ,a ,,practical ,,art ,no "o w d5y t1 z se5 f "o angle sci5ce is a pursuit1 an ent]prise--a mode ( practice4 ,x is at lea/ t1 no matt] h[ mu* m or else x is4 ,9 c\rse ( ! practice ( kn[+ di/9ctive practical judgm5ts w !n naturally be made4 ,especially does ?is hold good :5 an intellectual class is develop$1 :5 !re is a body ( p]sons work+ at kn[+ z ano!r body is work+ at f>m+ or eng9e]+4 ,moreov]1 ! in/rum5talities ( ?is inquir+ class ga9 9 importance = all classes 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is realiz$ t success 9 ! conduct ( ! practice ( f>m+ or eng9e]+ or m$ic9e dep5ds ^u use ( ! successes a*iev$ 9 ! bus9ess ( kn[+4 ,! importance ( ! latt] is ?r[n into relief f ano!r angle if we consid] ! ent]prises1 l diplomacy1 politics1 &1 to a consid]able ext5t1 morals1 :i* d n ackn[l$ge a ?or\ghgo+ & con/ant dep5d5ce ^u ! practice ( sci5ce4 ,z ,hobbes 0 wont to say1 ! advantages ( a sci5ce ( morals are mo/ obvi\s 9 ! evils :i* we suff] f its lack4 ,to say t some?+ is to be le>n$1 is to be f\nd out1 is to be asc]ta9$ or prov$ or believ$1 is to say t some?+ is to be done4 ,e su* proposition 9 ! concrete is a practical proposition4 ,e su* proposition ( inquiry1 discov]y & te/+ w h !n ! traits assign$ to ! class ( practical propositions4 ,!y imply an incomplete situation go+ =w>d to completion1 & ! proposition z a specific organ ( c>ry+ on ! movem5t4 ,i h n ! int5tion ( dwell+ at l5g? ^u ?is !me4 ,i wi% to raise 9 z def9ite & emphatic a way z possible a c]ta9 "q4 ,suppose t ! propositions aris+ )9 ! practice ( kn[+ & function+ z ag5cies 9 its conduct c\ld be %[n to pres5t all ! di/9ctions & relations *>act]i/ic ( ! subject-matt] ( logic3 :at w\ld be ! conclusion8 ,to an unbias$ m9d ! "q probably answ]s itself3 ,all purely logical t]ms & propositions fall )9 ! scope ( ! class ( propositions ( inquiry z a special =m ( propositions ( practice4 ,my fur!r rem>ks are n aim$ at prov+ t ! case accords ) ! hypo!sis prop\nd$1 b are int5d$ to procure hospitality = ! hypo!sis4 ,if ?9k+ is ! art by :i* k is practic$1 !n ! mat]ials ) :i* ?9k+ deals may be suppos$1 by analogy ) ! o!r arts1 to take on 9 consequ5ce special %apes4 ,! man :o is mak+ a boat w give wood a =m :i* x did n h1 9 ord] t x may s]ve ! purposes to :i* x is to be put4 ,?9k+ may !n be suppos$ to give its mat]ial ! =m :i* w make x am5able to its purpose--atta9+ k1 or1 z x is ord9>ily put1 go+ f ! unkn[n to ! kn[n4 ,t physical analysis & syn!sis are includ$ 9 ! processes ( inve/igation ( natural objects makes !m a "p ( ! practice ( kn[+4 ,& x makes any g5]al traits :i* result 9 consequ5ce ( su* treatm5t *>act]s ( objects z !y are involv$ 9 k-gett+4 ,t is to say1 if !re are any features :i* natural exi/5ces assume 9 ord] t inf]5ce may be m f]tile & m safe ?an x w\ld o!rwise be1 ^? features correspond to ! special traits :i* w\ld be giv5 to wood 9 process ( con/ruct+ a boat4 ,!y are manufactur$1 )\t be+ any worse because ( x4 ,! "q :i* ,i rais$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph may !n be re/at$ 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,are !re su* features8 ,if !re are1 are !y l ^? *>act]s :i* books on logic talk ab\t8 ,comp>ison ) language may help u4 ,language--,i conf9e myself = conv5i5ce to spok5 language--consi/s ( s\nds4 ,b x does n consi/ simply ( ^? s\nds :i* issue f ! human organs prior to ! attempt to communicate4 ,x has be5 said t an ,am]ican baby be=e talk+ makes almo/ e s\nd f\nd 9 any language4 ,b elim9ation takes place4 ,& s does int5sification4 ,c]ta9 s\nds orig9ally slurr$ ov] are made prom95t2 ! baby has to "w = !m & ! "w is "o :i* he nei!r und]takes nor accompli%es except "u ! incitation ( o!rs4 ,language is *iefly m>k$ (f1 h[ev]1 by articulation2 by ! arrangem5t ( :at is select$ into an ord]ly sequ5ce ( v[els & consonants ) c]ta9 rules ( /ress1 etc4 ,x may fairly be said t spee* is a manufactur$ article3 x consi/s ( natural ebullitions ( s\nd :i* h be5 %ap$ = ! sake ( be+ effective in/rum5talities ( a purpose4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! mak+ has gone on "u ! /ress ( ! necessities ( communication ) little delib]ate control4 ,works on phonetics1 diction>ies1 gramm>s1 rhetorics1 etc41 m>k "s p>ticipation ( delib]ate int5tion 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,if we br+ writt5 language into ! acc\nt1 we %\ld f9d ! consci\s factor ext5d$ some:at4 ,b mak+1 %ap+ = an end1 !re is1 :e!r ) or )\t consci\s control4 ,n[ :ile !re is some?+ 9 ! antec$5t prop]ties ( s\nd :i* ent]s into ! det]m9ation ( spee*1 ! wor? ( spee* is 9 no way measur$ by fai?fulness to ^! antec$5t prop]ties4 ,x is measur$ only by its effici5cy & economy 9 realiz+ ! special results = :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,writt5 language ne$ n look l s\nds any m ?an s\nds look l objects4 ,x mu/ repres5t articulate s\nds1 b fai?ful repres5tation is :olly a matt] ( c>ry+ ! m9d to ! same outcome1 ( ex]cis+ ! same function1 n ( resemblance or copy+4 ,orig9al /ructure limits :at may be made out ( any?+3 "o _c 7at lea/ at pres5t7 make a silk purse out ( pigs' bri/les4 ,b ?is condition+ relation%ip is v diff]5t f "o 9 :i* ! antec$5t exi/5ces are a model or prototype to :i* ! consequ5t mu/ be s]vilely fai?ful4 ,! boatmak] mu/ take acc\nt ( ! gra9 & /r5g? ( 8 wood4 ,to take acc\nt (1 to reckon )1 is a v diff]5t matt]1 h[ev]1 f repetition or lit]al loyalty4 ,! measure is f\nd 9 ! consequ5ces = :i* exi/5ces are us$4 ,i wi%1 ( c\rse1 to sugge/ t logical traits are j features ( orig9al exi/5ces z !y h be5 work$ ov] = use 9 inf]5ce1 z ! traits ( manufactur$ articles are qualities ( crude mat]ials modifi$ = specific purposes4 ,^u ! :ole1 pa/ !ories h vibrat$ betwe5 treat+ logical traits z subjective1 some?+ resid5t 9 m9d 7m9d be+ ?\ght ( z an immat]ial or psy*ical exi/5ce indep5d5t ( natural ?+s & ev5ts71 & ascrib+ ontological pre-exi/5ce to !m4 ,?us f> 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ea* me?od has fl\ri%$ a:ile & !n call$ out a reaction to its opposite4 ,! reification 7,i use ! ^w "h )\t prejudice7 ( logical traits has tak5 bo? an ,ideali/ic =m 7because ( emphasis ^u _! spiritual or ideal nature & /uff7 & a ,reali/ic "o1 due to emphasis ^u _! imm$iate appreh5sion & giv5ness4 ,t ma!matics h be5 f ,plato to ,desc>tes & contempor>y analytic realism ! great provocative ( ,reali/ic ,idealisms is a famili> fact4 ,! hypo!sis "h prop\nd$ is a via m$ia4 ,:at has be5 ov]look$ is ! reality & importance ( art & its works4 ,! tools & works ( art are nei!r m5tal1 subjective ?+s1 nor are !y antec$5t entities l crude or raw mat]ial4 ,!y are ! latt] %ap$ = a purpose4 ,x is impossible to ov]/ate _! objectivity f ! /&po9t ( _! exi/5ce & _! efficacy )9 ! op]ations 9 "q2 nor _! objectivity 9 ! s5se ( _! dep5d5ce ^u prior natural exi/5ces ^: traits h to be tak5 acc\nt (1 or reckon$ )1 by ! op]ations ( art4 ,9 ! case ( ! art ( inf]5ce1 ! art securely ( go+ f ! giv5 to ! abs5t1 ! dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u inf]5ce1 ! fact t :]ev] inf]5ce occurs we h a consci\s ag5t--"o :o recognizes1 plans1 inv5ts1 seeks out1 delib]ates1 anticipates1 & :o1 react+ to anticipations1 fe>s1 hates1 desires1 etc4--expla9s ! !ories :i*1 because ( misconception ( ! nature ( m9d & consci\sness1 h label$ logical di/9ctions psy*ical & subjective4 ,9 %ort1 ! !ory %[s :y logical features h be5 made into ontological entities & into m5tal /ates4 ,to elaborate ?is !sis w\ld be to repeat :at has be5 said 9 all ! essays ( ?is volume4 ,i wi% only to call att5tion to c]ta9 consid]ations :i* may focus o!r discussions ^u ?is hypo!sis4 #a4 ,! exi/5ce ( inf]5ce is a fact1 a fact z c]ta9 & unque/ion$ z ! exi/5ce ( eyes or e>s or ! gr[? ( plants1 or ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,"o obs]ves x tak+ place ev]y:]e :]e human be+s exi/4 ,a /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( man f9ds t hi/ory is compos$ ( beliefs1 in/itutions1 & cu/oms :i* are inexplicable )\t acts ( inf]5ce4 ,?is fact ( inf]5ce is z mu* a datum--a h>d fact--= logical !ory z any s5sory quality :atsoev]4 ,x is some?+ m5 d z !y walk1 *ew1 or jump4 ,!re is no?+ a priori or ideological ab\t x4 ,x is j a brute empirically obs]vable ev5t4 #b4 ,its importance is almo/ z conspicu\s z its exi/5ce4 ,e act ( human life1 n spr++ f in/9ct or me*anical habit1 conta9s x2 mo/ habits are dep5d5t ^u "s am\nt ( x = _! =mation1 z !y are dep5d5t ^u x = _! readaptation to novel circum/ances4 ,f ! humble/ act ( daily life to ! mo/ intricate calculations ( sci5ce & ! det]m9ation & execution ( social1 legal1 & political policies1 ?+s are us$ z signs1 indications1 or evid5ce f :i* "o proce$s to some?+ else n yet directly giv54 #c4 ,! act ( inf]r+ takes place naturally1 i4e41 )\t int5tion4 ,x is at fir/ some?+ we d1 n some?+ :i* we mean to d4 ,we d x z we brea! or walk or ge/ure4 ,only aft] x is done d we notice x & reflect ^u x--& ! great mass ( m5 no m reflect ^u x aft] its occurr5ce ?an !y reflect ^u ! process ( walk+ & try to discov] its conditions & me*anism4 ,t an individual1 an animal organism1 a man or a woman p]=ms ! acts is to say some?+ capable ( direct pro( ?r\gh appeal to obs]vation2 to say t some?+ call$ m9d1 or consci\sness does x is itself to employ inf]5ce & dubi\s inf]5ce4 ,! fact ( inf]5ce is mu* sur]1 9 o!r words1 ?an t ( a p>ticul> inf]5ce1 su* z t to some?+ call$ reason or consci\sness1 9 connection ) x2 save z m9d is b ano!r ^w = ! fact ( inf]5ce1 9 :i* case ( c\rse x _c be re-ref]r$ to z its cause1 s\rce1 or au?or4 ,moreov]1 by all pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 inf]5ce _c be ref]r$ to m9d or consci\sness z its condition1 unless !re is indep5d5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( t m9d to :i* x is ref]r$4 ,prima facie we are consci\s or aw>e ( inf]5ce precisely z we are ( any?+ else1 n by introspection ( some?+ )9 ! v consci\sness :i* is suppos$ to be its s\rce1 b by obs]vation ( some?+ tak+ place 9 ! _w--z we are consci\s ( walk+ aft] we h walk$4 ,aft] x has be5 done naturally--or unconsci\sly--x may be done consci\sly1 t is1 ) int5t or on purpose4 ,b ?is means t x is done ) consci\sness 7:atev] consci\sness may be discov]$ to mean71 n t x is done by consci\sness4 ,n[ if o!r natural ev5ts *>act]i/ic only 7s f> z c be asc]ta9$7 ( highly organiz$ be+s are m>k$ by unique or by di/9ctive traits1 !re is good gr\nd = ! assumption t inf]5ce w be s m>k$4 ,z we d n f9d ! circulation ( blood or ! /imulation ( n]ves 9 a /one1 & z we expect z a matt] ( c\rse to f9d peculi> conditions1 qualities1 & consequ5ces 9 ! be+ :]e su* op]ations occur1 s we d n f9d ! act ( inf]5ce 9 a /one1 & we expect peculi> conditions1 qualities1 & consequ5ces 9 :atev] be+s p]=m ! act4 ,unless1 9 o!r words1 all ! ord9>y canons ( inquiry are susp5d$1 inf]5ce is n an isolat$ nor a m]ely =mal ev5t4 ,z aga9/ ! latt]1 x has its own di/9ctive /ructure & prop]ties2 z aga9/ ! =m]1 x has specific g5]at+ conditions & specific results4 #d4 ,possibly all ?is seems too obvi\s = m5tion4 ,b !re is (t5 a virtual conspiracy 9 philosophy1 n to m5tion obvi\s ?+s nor to dwell ^u !m3 o!rwise remote speculations might be br\ght to a sudd5 halt4 ,! po9t ( ^! commonplaces resides 9 ! pu% !y may give anyone to engage 9 a se>* = di/9ctive features 9 ! act ( inf]5ce4 ,! se>* may p]haps be be/ initiat$ by not+ ! seem+ inconsi/5cy betwe5 :at has be5 said ab\t inf]5ce z an art & inf]5ce z a natural1 unprem$itat$ occurr5ce4 ,! obvi\s function ( spontane\s inf]5ce is to br+ be=e an ag5t abs5t consid]ations to :i* he may respond z he o!rwise responds to ! /imulat+ =ce ( ! giv5 situation4 ,to inf] ra9 is to enable "o to behave n[ z giv5 conditions w\ld n o!rwise enable him to conduct himself4 ,?is in/igation to behave t[>d ! remote 9 space or "t is ! prim>y trait ( ! inf]5tial act2 descriptively speak+1 ! act consi/s 9 tak+ up an attitude ( response to an abs5t ?+ z if x 7 pres5t4 ,b j because ! ?+ is abs5t1 ! attitude tak5 may be ei!r irrelevant & positively h>mful or extremely p]t95t & advantage\s4 ,we may inf] ra9 :5 ra9 is n go+ to happ51 & act+ ^u ! inf]5ce be worse (f ?an if !re _h be5 no inf]5ce4 ,or we may make prep>ations1 :i* we w\ld n o!rwise h made2 ! ra9 may come1 & ! inf]5ce save our lives--z ! ark sav$ ,noah4 ,inf]5ce br+s1 9 %ort1 tru? & falsity into ! _w1 j z def9itely z ! circulation ( ! blood br+s its di/9ctive consequ5ces1 bo? advantages & liabilities into ! _w1 or z ! exi/5ce ( bank+ br+s ) x consequ5ces ( bus9ess ext5sion & ( bankruptcy n previ\sly exi/5t4 ,if ! read] objects to ! introduction ( ! t]ms tru? & falsity1 ,i am p]fectly will+ to leave ! *oice ( words to him1 provid$ ! fact is recogniz$ t ?r\gh inf]5ce m5 are capable ( a k9d ( success & expos$ to a k9d ( failure n o!rwise possible3 dep5d5t ^u ! fact t inf]5ce takes abs5t ?+s z be+ 9 a c]ta9 real cont9uum ) pres5t ?+s1 s t our attitude t[>d ! latt] is b\nd up ) our reaction to ! =m] z p>ts ( ! same situation4 ,& 9 any ev5t1 ,i wi% to prote/ aga9/ a possible objection to ! introduction ( ! t]ms false & true4 ,x may be said t inf]5ce is n responsible = ! occurr5ce ( errors & tru?s1 because ^! accompany simple appreh5sions :]e !re is no inf]5ce3 z :5 ,i see a snake :i* isn't !re--or any o!r case :i* may appe> to ! objector to af=d an illu/ration ( 8 po9t4 ,! objection illu/rates my po9t4 ,to affirm a snake is to affirm pot5tialities go+ beyond :at is actually giv52 x says t :at is giv5 is go+ to d some?+--! do+ *>act]i/ic ( a snake1 s t we are to react to ! giv5 z to a snake4 ,or if we take ! case ( a face 9 ! cl\d recogniz$ z a phantasy2 !n 7to say no?+ ( 9 ! cl\d :i* involves ref]5ce beyond ! giv57 phantasy1 dream1 equally means a ref]5ce to objects & consid]ations n giv5 z ! actual datum is giv54 ,we h n got v f> ) our "q ( di/9ctive1 unique traits call$ into exi/5ce by inf]5ce1 b we h got f> en\gh to h light ^u :at is call$ ! transc5d5ce ( k4 ,all inf]5ce is a go+ beyond ! assur$ly pres5t to an abs5t4 ,h5ce x is a m or less prec>i\s j\rney4 ,x is transc5d+ limits ( security ( imm$iate response4 ,! /one :i* reacts only to /imuli ( ! pres5t1 n ( ! future1 _c make ! mi/akes :i* a be+ react+ to a future tak5 to be connect$ ) ! pres5t is sure to make4 ,b x is important to note j :at ?is transc5d5ce consi/s 94 ,x has no?+ to d ) transc5d+ m5tal /ates to arrive at an ext]nal object4 ,x is behav+ to ! giv5 situation z involv+ some?+ n giv54 ,x is ,rob9son ,crusoe go+ f a se5 foot to an unse5 man1 n f a m5tal /ate to some?+ unm5tal4 #e4 ,! mi/akes & failures result+ f inf]5ce con/itute ! gr\nd = transition f natural spontane\s p]=mance to a te*nique or delib]ate art ( inf]5ce4 ,!re is some?+ humor\s ab\t ! discussion ( ! problem ( error z if x 7 a r>e or exceptional ?+--an anomaly--:5 ! b>e/ glance at human hi/ory %[s t mi/akes h be5 ! rule1 & t tru? lies at ! bottom ( a well4 ,z to inf]5ces b\nd up ) b>ely keep+ alive1 man has _h to effect a consid]able balance ( good guesses ov] bad4 ,aside f ?is some:at n>r[ field1 ! orig9al appe>ance ( inf]5ce ^u ! sc5e probably add$ to ! int]e/ ( life r ?an to its effici5cy4 ,if ! classic def9ition ( man z a rational animal means simply an inf]r+ or guess+ animal1 x applies to ! natural man1 = x all[s = ! guesses be+ mo/ly wrong4 ,if x is us$ ) its cu/om>y eulogi/ic connotations1 x applies only to man *a/5$ to ! use ( a h>dly won & toilsome art4 ,if x alleges t man has any natural pref]5ce = a reasonable inf]5ce or t ! rationality ( an inf]5ce is a measure ( its hold ^u him1 x is grotesquely wrong4 ,to propagate ?is error is to enc\rage man 9 8 mo/ baleful illusion1 & to po/pone ! day ( an effective & widespread adoption ( a p]fect$ art ( kn[+4 ,summ>ily put1 ! wa/e & loss consequ5t ^u ! natural happ5+ ( inf]5ce l$ man1 sl[ly & grudg+ly1 to ! adoption ( safegu>ds 9 its p]=mance4 ,9 "s "p1 ! scope ( :i* is easily exagg]at$1 man has come to attribute _m ( ! ills f :i* he suff]s to 8 own premature1 inept1 & ungu>d$ p]=m+ ( inf]5ce1 in/ead ( to fate1 bad luck1 & accid5t4 ,9 "s ?+s1 & to "s ext5t 9 all ?+s1 he has inv5t$ & p]fect$ an art ( inquiry3 a sy/em ( *ecks & te/s to be us$ be=e ! conclusion ( inf]5ce is categorically affirm$4 ,its nature has be5 consid]$ 9 _m o!r places 9 ^! pages1 b x may prove in/ructive to re/ate x 9 ?is context4 a7 ,no?+ is less adapt$ to a successful accompli%+ ( an inf]5ce ?an ! subject-matt] f :i* x ord9>ily f>es =?4 ,t subject-matt] is a ne/ ( obscurities & ambiguities4 ,! ord9>y w>n+s aga9/ tru/+ to imag9ation1 ! bad "n :i* has come intellectually to atta* to fancy1 are evid5ces t any?+ may sugge/ any?+4 ,reg>d+ mo/ ( ! important happ5+s 9 life no inf]5ce has be5 too extravagant to obta9 foll[]s & influ5ce action1 because subject-matt] 0 s v>iegat$ & complex t any objects :i* x sugge/$ _h a prima facie plausibility4 ,t e advance 9 k has be5 effect$ by us+ ag5cies :i* break up a complex subject-matt] into indep5d5t v>iables 7f ea* ( :i* a di/9ct inf]5ce may be drawn71 & by attack+ ea* "o ( ^! ?+s by e conceivable tool = fur!r resolution s z to make sure we are deal+ ) some?+ s simple z to be unambigu\s1 is ! report ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,x is sometimes held t k comes ultimately to a necessity ( belief1 or acceptance1 :i* is ! equival5t ( an incapacity to ?9k o!rwise ?an s & s4 ,well1 ev5 9 ! case ( su* an app>5tly simple self-evid5t ?+ z a r$1 ?is inability1 if x is wor? any?+1 is a residuum f exp]im5tal analysis4 ,we d n believe 9 ! ?+ z r$ 7:5ev] !re is a ne$ ( sci5tific te/+7 till we h exhau/$ all k9ds ( active attack & f9d ! r$ /ill resi/+ & p]si/+4 ,ord9>ily we move ! head2 we %ade ! eyes2 we turn ! ?+ ov]2 we take x to a diff]5t light4 ,! use ( l5s1 prism1 or :atev] device1 is simply c>ry+ f>!r ! use ( l me?ods z ( physical resolution4 ,:atev] endures all ^! active 7n m5tal7 attacks1 we accept--p5d+ inv5tion ( m effective weapons4 ,to make sure t a giv5 fact is j & su* a %ade ( r$ is1 "o may say1 a f9al triumph ( sci5tific me?od4 ,to turn ar\nd & treat x z some?+ naturally or psy*ologically giv5 is a mon/r\s sup]/ition4 ,:5 assur$1 su* a simple datum is = ! sake ( gu>d+ ! act ( inf]5ce4 ,color may mean a lot ( ?+s2 any r$ may mean a lot ( ?+s2 su* ?+s are ambigu\s2 !y af=d unreliable evid5ce or signs4 ,to get ! color d[n to ! la/ t\* ( possible discrim9ation is to limit its range ( te/imony2 ideally1 x is to secure a voice :i* says b "o ?+ & says t unmi/akably4 ,its simplicity is n id5tical ) isolation1 b ) specifi$ relation%ip4 ,?us ! h>d facts1 ! brute data1 ! simple qualities or ideas1 ! s5se elem5ts ( traditional & ( contempor>y logic1 get plac$ & id5tifi$ )9 ! art ( controll+ inf]5ce4 ,! alli$ t]ms self-evid5t1 s5sory tru?s1 simple appreh5sions h _! mean+s unambigu\sly det]m9$ 9 ?is same context2 :ile ap>t f x !y are ! s\rce ( all k9ds ( error4 ,!y are no long] notions to conjure )4 ,!y express ! la/ results atta9able by pres5t physical me?ods ( discrim9ative analysis employ$ 9 ! se>* = dep5dable data = inf]5ce4 ,improve ! physical means ( exp]im5tation1 improve ! microscope or ! regi/]+ app>atus or ! *emical reag5t1 & !y may be replac$ tomorr[ by new1 simple appreh5sions ( simple & ultimate data4 b7 ,natural or spontane\s inf]5ce dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! habits ( ! individual 9 :om inf]r+ takes place4 ,^! habits dep5d 9 turn v l>gely ^u ! cu/oms ( ! social gr\p 9 :i* he has be5 br\ght up4 ,an eclipse sugge/s v diff]5t ?+s accord+ to ! rites1 c]emonies1 leg5ds1 traditions1 etc41 ( ! gr\p to :i* ! spectator belongs4 ,! av]age layman 9 a civiliz$ gr\p may h no m p]sonal sci5ce ?an an ,au/ralian ,bu%man1 b ! leg5ds :i* det]m9e 8 reactions are diff]5t4 ,8 inf]5ce is bett]1 nei!r because ( sup]ior intellectual capacity1 nor because ( m c>eful p]sonal me?ods ( kn[+1 b because 8 in/ruction has be5 sup]ior4 ,! in/ruction ( a sci5tific inquir] 9 ! be/ sci5tific k ( 8 day is j z mu* a "p ( ! control 7or art7 ( inf]5ce z is ! te*nique ( obs]vational analysis :i* he uses4 ,z ! bulk ( prior asc]ta9m5ts increases1 ! t5d5cy is to id5tify ?is /ock ( le>n+1 ?is /ore ( a*iev$ tru?1 ) k4 ,!re is no objection to ?is id5tification save z x leads ! logician or epi/emologi/ to ignore t :i* made x k 7t :i* gives x a "r to ! title71 & z a consequ5ce to fall into two errors3 "o1 ov]look+ its function 9 ! guidance & h&l+ ( future inf]5ces2 ! o!r1 confus+ ! m]e act ( ref]5ce to :at is kn[n 7kn[n s f> z x has accru$ f prior te/$ inquiries7 ) kn[+4 ,to rem9d myself ( :at is kn[n z to ! topic ) :i* ,i am deal+ is an indisp5sable p]=mance1 b to call ?is rem9d] kn[+ 7z ! pres5tative reali/ usually does7 is to confuse a psy*ological ev5t ) a logical a*ievem5t4 ,x is f misconception ( ?is act ( rem9d+ "o's self ( :at is kn[n1 z a *eck 9 "s actual inquiry1 t arise mo/ ( ! fallacies ab\t simple acqua9tance1 m]e appreh5sion1 etc4--! fallacies :i* elim9ate inquiry & inf]r+ f k4 c7 ,! art ( inf]5ce gives rise to specific features *>act]iz+ ! inf]r$ ?+4 ,! natural man reacts to ! sugge/$ ?+ z he w\ld to some?+ pres5t4 ,t is1 he t5ds to accept x uncritically4 ,! man call$ up by ! footpr9t on ! s& is j z real a man z ! footpr9t is a real footpr9t4 ,x is a man1 n ! idea ( a man1 :i* is indicat$4 ,:at a ?+ means is ano!r ?+2 x doesn't mean a mean+4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! ?+ indicat$ is f>!r (f1 or m conceal$1 & h5ce 7probably7 m my/]i\s1 m p[]ful & awesome1 on t acc\nt4 ,! man indicat$ to ,crusoe by ! footpr9ts 0 l a man ( m5ac+ p[]s se5 at a di/ance ?r\gh a telescope4 ,?+s naturally inf]r$ are accept$1 9 o!r words1 by ! natural man on altoge!r too reali/ic a basis = adequate control2 !y impose !mselves too directly & irretrievably4 ,!re are no alt]natives save ei!r acceptance or rejection 9 toto4 ,:at is ne$$ = control is "s device by :i* !y c be treat$ = j :at !y are1 namely1 inf]r$ objects :i*1 h[ev] assur$ z objects ( prior exp]i5ces1 are unc]ta9 z to _! exi/5ce 9 connection ) ! object f :i* pres5t inf]5ce sets out4 ,:ile m c>eful inspection ( ! giv5 object--to see if x be really a footpr9t1 h[ fre%1 etc4--may d mu* = safe-gu>d+ inf]5ce2 & :ile =ays into :atev] else is kn[n may help1 !re is /ill ne$ = some?+ else4 ,we ne$ "s me?od ( freely exam9+ & h&l+ ! object 9 its /atus z an inf]r$ object4 ,?is means "s way ( deta*+ x1 z x 71 f ! p>ticul> act ( inf]5ce 9 :i* x pres5ts itself4 ,)\t "s su* deta*m5t1 ,crusoe c nev] get into a free & effective relation ) ! man indicat$ by ! footpr9t4 ,he c only1 s to speak1 g on repeat+1 ) cont9u\sly increas+ fright1 ,!re's a man ab\t1 !re's a man ab\t4 ,! man ne$s to be treat$1 n z man1 b z some?+ hav+ a m]ely inf]r$ & h5ce pot5tial /atus2 z a mean+ or ?\ght1 or idea4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 mean+ & a mean+4 ,mean+ is simply a function ( ! situation3 ?is ?+ means t ?+3 mean+ is ?is relation%ip4 ,a mean+ is some?+ q diff]5t2 x is n a function1 b a specific entity1 a peculi> ?+1 namely ! man z sugge/$4 ,words are ! great in/rum5t ( translat+ a relation ( inf]5ce exi/+ betwe5 two ?+s into a new k9d ( ?+ :i* c be op]at$ ) on its own acc\nt2 ! t]m ( disc\rse or reflection is ! solution ( ! requirem5t = great] flexibility & lib]ation4 ,let me repeat3 ,crusoe's inquiry c play freely ar\nd & ab\t ! man inf]r$ f ! footpr9t only z he c1 s to say1 get away f ! imm$iate sugge/ive =ce ( ! footpr9t4 ,z x orig9ally /&s1 ! man sugge/$ is on ! same co]cive level z ! sugge/ive footpr9t4 ,!y are relat$1 ti$ toge!r4 ,b a ge/ure1 a s\nd1 may be us$ z a sub/itute = ! ?+ inf]r$4 ,x exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! footpr9t & may !re=e be ?\ght ab\t & ideally exp]im5t$ ) irrespective ( ! footpr9t4 ,x at once pres]ves ! mean+-=ce ( ! situation & deta*es x f ! imm$iacy ( ! situation4 ,x is a mean+1 an idea4 ,"h we h1 ,i submit1 ! explanation ( notions1 =ms1 ess5ces1 t]ms1 subsi/5ces1 ideas1 mean+s1 etc4 ,!y are surrogates ( ! objects ( inf]5ce ( su* a "* t !y may be elaborat$ & manipulat$ exactly z prim>y ?+s may be1 s f> z inf]5ce is conc]n$4 ,!y c be br\ght into relation ) "o ano!r1 q irrespective ( ! ?+s :i* orig9ally sugge/$ !m4 ,)\t su* free play reflective inquiry is mock]y1 & control ( inf]5ce an impossibility4 ,:5 a speck ( light sugge/s to ! a/ronom] a comet1 he w\ld h no?+ to d b ei!r to accept ! inf]r$ object z a real "o1 or to reject x z a m]e fancy unless he c\ld treat comet = ! "t be+ n z a ?+ at all1 b z a mean+1 a conception2 a mean+ hav+1 moreov]1 by connection ) o!r mean+s1 implications--mean+s consequ5t f x4 ,unless a mean+ is an inf]r$ object1 deta*$ & fix$ z a t]m capable ( indep5d5t developm5t1 :at sort ( a gho/ly ,be+ is x8 ,except on ! basis /at$1 :at is ! transition f ! function ( mean+ to a mean+ z an entity 9 reason+8 ,&1 once m1 unless !re is su* a transition1 is reason+ possible8 ,cats h claws & tee? & fur4 ,!y d n h implications4 ,no physical ?+ has implications4 ,! t]m cat has implications4 ,h[ c ?is diff]5ce be expla9$8 ,on ! gr\nd t we _c use ! cat object inf]r$ f giv5 indications 9 su* a way z w te/ ! inf]5ce & make x fruitful1 helpful1 unless we c deta* x f its exi/5tial dep5d5ce ^u ! p>ticul> ?+s :i* sugge/ x4 ,we ne$ to "k :at a cat w\ld be if x 7 !re2 :at o!r ?+s w\ld also be indicat$ if ! cat is really indicat$4 ,we !re=e create a new object3 we take some?+ to /& = ! cat-9-its-/atus-z-inf]r$ 9 contra/ ) ! cat z a live ?+4 ,a s\nd or a visible m>k is ! ord9>y me*anism = produc+ su* a new object4 ,:atev] ! physical means employ$1 we n[ h a new object2 a t]m1 a mean+1 a notion1 an ess5ce1 a =m or species1 accord+ to ! t]m9ology :i* may be 9 vogue4 ,x is z mu* a specific exi/5ce z any s\nd or m>k is4 ,b x is a m>k :i* notes1 conc5trates1 & records an outcome ( an inf]5ce :i* is n yet accept$ & affirm$4 ,t is to say1 x designates an object :i* is n yet to be react$ to z "o reacts to ! giv5 /imulus1 b :i* is an object ( fur!r exam9ation & inquiry1 a m$ium ( a po/pon$ conclusion & ( inve/igation cont9u$ till bett] gr\nds = affirm+ an object 7mak+ a def9ite1 unifi$ response7 are giv54 ,a t]m is an object s f> z t object is und]go+ %ap+ 9 a direct$ act ( inquiry4 ,x may be call$ a possible object or a hypo!tical object4 ,su* objects d n walk or bite or scrat*1 b !y are nev]!less actually pres5t z ! vital ag5cies ( reflection4 ,if we b =get :]e !y live & op]ate--)9 ! ev5t ( controll$ inf]5ce--we h on our h&s all ! my/]ies ( ! d\ble _w ( exi/5ce & ess5ce1 p>ticul> & univ]sal1 ?+ & idea1 ord9>y life & sci5ce4 ,= ! _w ( sci5ce1 especially ( ma!matical sci5ce1 is ! _w ( consid]ations :i* h approv$ !mselves to be effectively regulative ( ! op]ations ( inf]5ce4 ,x is easi] to wa% ) ord9>y wat] ?an ) ,h#b,o1 & !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 fall+ (f a build+ & #a_/b;gt#b4 ,b ,h#b,o & #a_/b;gt#b are z pot5t = ! di/9ctive act ( inf]5ce--z g5u9e & di/9ctive an act z wa%+ ! h&s or roll+ d[n hill--z ord9>y wat] & fall+ are impot5t4 ,sci5tific m5 c h&le ^! ?+s-(-inf]5ce precisely z ! blacksmi? h&les 8 tools4 ,!y are n ?\ghts z !y are ord9>ily us$1 n ev5 9 ! logical s5se ( ?\ght4 ,!y are r ?+s ^: manipulation 7z ! blacksmi? manipulates 8 tools7 yield k--or me?ods ( k--) a m9imum ( rec\rse to ?9k+ & a maximum ( effici5cy4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! importance ( ! ent]prise ( k1 x is n surpris+ t appropriate tools h be5 devis$ = c>ry+ x on1 & t ^! tools h no prototypes 9 pre-exi/5t mat]ials4 ,!y are real objects1 b !y are j ! real objects :i* !y are & n "s o!r objects4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,our la/ p>agraphs h t\*$ ^u ! nature ( sci5ce4 ,!y conta91 by way ( intimation1 an explanation ( ! di/ance :i* lies betwe5 ! ?+s ( daily int]c\rse & ! t]ms ( sci5ce4 ,controll$ inf]5ce is sci5ce1 & sci5ce is1 accord+ly1 a highly specializ$ indu/ry4 ,x is su* a specializ$ mode ( practice t x does n appe> to be a mode ( practice at all4 ,?is high specialization is "p ( ! reason = ! curr5t anti!sis ( !ory & practice1 k & conduct1 ! o!r "p be+ ! survival ( ! anci5t conception ( k z intuitive & dialectical--! conception :i* is set =? 9 ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,/>t+ f ! hypo!sis t ! art ( controll$ inf]5ce requires = its effici5t ex]cise specially adapt$ entities1 x foll[s t ! v>i\s sci5ces are ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! indu/ry ( controll$ inquiry assumes4 ,x foll[s t ! conceptions & =mulations ( ! sci5ces--physical & ma!matical--conc]n ?+s :i* h be5 re%ap$ 9 view ( ! exig5cies ( regulat$ & f]tile inf]5ce4 ,to get ?+s into ! e/ate :]e su* inf]5ce is practicable1 _m qualities ( ! wat] & air1 cats & dogs1 /ones & />s1 ( daily int]c\rse ) ! _w h be5 dropp$ or depress$4 ,mu* t 0 trivial or remote has be5 elevat$ & exagg]at$4 ,nei!r ! omissions nor ! acc5tuations are arbitr>y4 ,!y are purposeful4 ,!y repres5t ! *anges 9 ! ?+s ( ord9>y life :i* are ne$$ to safegu>d ! important bus9ess ( inf]5ce4 ,!re is !n a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! entities ( sci5ce & ! ?+s ( daily life4 ,?is may be fully ackn[l$g$4 ,b unless ! admission is accompani$ by an ignor+ ( ! function ( inf]5ce1 x creates no problem ( conciliation1 no ne$ ( apologiz+ = ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,x g5]ates no problem ( ! real & ! app>5t4 ,! real or true objects ( sci5ce are ^? :i* be/ fulfil ! dem&s ( secure & f]tile inf]5ce4 ,to arrive at !m is su* a difficult op]ation1 !re are s _m speci\s c&idates clamor+ = ! (fice1 t x is no wond] t :5 ! objects suitable = inf]5ce are con/itut$1 !y t5d to impose !mselves z ! real objects1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! ?+s ( ord9>y life are b impressions made ^u u 7accord+ to mu* mod]n ?\ght71 or defective samples ( ,be+--accord+ to mu* ( anci5t ?\ght4 ,b "o has only to note t _! g5u9ely *>act]i/ic feature is fitness = ! aims ( inf]5ce to awak5 f ! nightm>e ( all su* problems4 ,!y diff] f ! ?+s ( ! common _w ( action & association z ! means & ends ( "o occupation diff] f ^? ( ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce is n t :i* exi/s betwe5 reality & appe>ance1 b is t betwe5 ! subject-matt] ( crude occupations & ( a highly specializ$ & difficult art1 ^u ! success ( :i* 7s x is discov]$7 ! progress ( o!r occupations ultimately dep5ds4 ,! entities ( sci5ce are n only f ! sci5ti/2 !y are also = him4 ,!y express1 t is1 n only ! outcome ( reflective inquiries1 b express !m 9 ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* !y c ent] mo/ directly & effici5tly into subsequ5t inquiries4 ,! fact t !y are su/a9$ )9 ! univ]se ( inquiry acc\nts = _! remot5ess f ! ?+s ( daily life1 ! latt] be+ promptly precipitat$ out ( susp5se 9 su* solutions4 ,t mo/ ( ! imm$iate qualities ( ?+s 7includ+ ! s-call$ second>y qualities7 are dropp$ signifies t su* qualities h n turn$ out to be fruitful = inf]5ce4 ,t ma!matical1 me*anical1 & prim>y di/9ctions & relations h come to con/itute ! prop] subject-matt] ( sci5ce signifies t !y repres5t su* qualities ( orig9al ?+s z are mo/ manipul> = k-gett+ or assur$ & ext5sive inf]5ce4 ,consid] :at a h>d "t ! sci5tific man _h 9 gett+ away f o!r qualities1 & h[ ! m imm$iate qualities h be5 press$ ^u him f all qu>t]s1 & x is n surpris+ t he incl9es to ?9k ( ! intellectually useful prop]ties z alone real & to relegate all o!rs to a quasi-illusory field4 ,b 8 victory is n[ suffici5tly a*iev$ s t ?is t5sion may well relax2 x may be ackn[l$g$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific entities & ord9>y ?+s is "o ( function1 ! =m] be+ select$ & arrang$ = ! successful conduct ( inf]5tial kn[+s4 ,i conclude ) an attempt to %[ h[ bootless ! ord9>y anti!sis betwe5 k 7or !ory7 & practice becomes :5 we recognize t x really involves only a contra/ betwe5 ! k9ds ( judgm5ts appropriate to ord9>y modes ( practice & ^? appropriate to ! specializ$ indu/ry ( k-gett+4 ,x is n true t to insi/ t sci5tific propositions fall )9 ! doma9 ( practice is to depreciate !m4 ,on its face1 ! insi/5ce means simply t all k involves exp]im5tation1 ) :atev] appliances are suit$ to ! problem 9 h&1 ( an active & physical type4 ,in/ead ( ?is doctr9e lead+ to a l[ e/imate ( k1 ! contr>y is ! case4 ,?is art ( exp]im5tal ?9k+ turns out to give ! key to ! control & developm5t ( o!r modes ( practice4 ,i h t\*$ else:]e 9 ^! essays ^u ! way 9 :i* k is ! in/rum5t ( regulation ( our human und]tak+s1 & ,i h also po9t$ out t intr9sic increm5ts ( mean+ accrue 9 consequ5ce ( ?9k+4 ,i wi% "h to po9t h[ t mode ( practice :i* is call$ !oriz+ emancipates exp]i5ce--h[ x makes = /eady progress4 ,no matt] h[ mu* specializ$ skill improves1 we are re/rict$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* our ends rema9 con/ant or fix$4 ,significant progress1 progress :i* is m ?an te*nical1 dep5ds ^u ability to =esee new & diff]5t results & to arrange conditions = _! effectuation4 ,sci5ce is ! in/rum5t ( increas+ our te*nique 9 atta9+ results already kn[n & *]i%$4 ,m important yet1 x is ! me?od ( emancipat+ u f enslavem5t to cu/om>y ends1 ! ends e/abli%$ 9 ! pa/4 ,let me borr[ f political philosophy a k9d ( c>icature ( ! facts4 ,z social philosoph]s us$ to say t ! /ate came into exi/5ce :5 individuals agre$ to surr5d] "s ( _! native p]sonal rights = ! sake ( gett+ ! advantages ( non-int]f]5ce & aid f o!rs :o made a l surr5d]1 s we might say t sci5ce began :5 m5 gave up ! claim to =m ! /ructure ( k ea* f himself z a c5t] & measure ( mean+--:5 !re 0 an agreem5t to take an imp]sonal /&po9t4 ,non-sci5tific modes ( practice1 left to _! natural gr[?1 repres5t1 9 o!r words1 arrangem5ts ( objects :i* clu/] ab\t ! self1 & :i* are closely ti$ d[n to ! habits ( ! self4 ,sci5ce or !ory means a sy/em ( objects deta*$ f any p>ticul> p]sonal /&po9t1 & !re=e available = any & e possible p]sonal /&po9t4 ,ev5 ! exig5cies ( ord9>y social life require a slight am\nt ( su* deta*m5t or ab/raction4 ,i mu/ neglect my own peculi> ends en\gh to take "s acc\nt ( my neighbor if ,i am go+ to be intelligible to him4 ,i mu/ at lea/ f9d common gr\nd4 ,sci5ce sy/ematizes & indef9itely ext5ds ?is pr9ciple4 ,x takes its /&1 n ) :at is common ) "s p>ticul> neighbor liv+ at ?is especial date 9 ?is p>ticul> village1 b ) any possible neighbor 9 ! wide /ret*es ( "t & space4 ,& x does s by ! m]e fact t x is cont9ually re%ap+ its peculi> objects ) an eye s+le to availability 9 inf]5ce4 ,! m ab/ract1 ! m imp]sonal1 ! m imp>tially objective are its objects1 ! great] ! v>iety & scope ( inf]5ce made possible4 ,e /reet ( exp]i5ce :i* is laid out by sci5ce has its tracks = transportation1 & e l9e issues transf] *ecks to e o!r l9e4 ,y & ,i may keep runn+ 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> ruts1 b conditions are provid$ = somebody else to =esee--or inf]--new comb9ations & new results4 ,! dep]sonaliz+ ( ! ?+s ( ev]yday practice becomes ! *ief ag5cy ( _! rep]sonaliz+ 9 new & m fruitful modes ( practice4 ,! p>adox ( !ory & practice is t !ory is ) respect to all o!r modes ( practice ! mo/ practical ( all ?+s1 & ! m imp>tial & imp]sonal x is1 ! m truly practical x is4 ,& ?is is ! sole p>adox4 ,b le/ ! man ( sci5ce1 ! man ( dom9antly reflective habits1 be puff$ up ) 8 own conceits1 he mu/ be> 9 m9d t practical application--t is1 exp]im5t--is a condition ( 8 own call+1 t x is indisp5sable to ! in/itution ( k or tru?4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t he keep 8 own balance1 x is ne$$ t 8 f9d+s be ev]y:]e appli$4 ,! m _! application is conf9$ )9 8 own special call+1 ! less mean+ d ! conceptions possess1 & ! m expos$ !y are to error4 ,! wide/ possible range ( application is ! means ( ! deepe/ v]ification4 ,z long z ! speciali/ hugs 8 own results !y are vague 9 mean+ & unsafe 9 cont5t4 ,t individuals 9 e bran* ( human endeavor %\ld be exp]im5tali/s engag$ 9 te/+ ! f9d+s ( ! !ori/ is ! sole f9al gu>anty = ! sanity ( ! !ori/4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy1 p4 #eg4 #gi ,! analytic reali/s h %[n a peculi> dis9cl9ation to discuss ! nature ( future consequ5ces z t]ms ( propositions4 ,!y c]ta9ly are n id5tical ) ! m5tal act ( ref]r+ to !m2 !y are objective to x4 ,d !y1 !re=e1 already subsi/ 9 "s realm ( subsi/5ce8 ,or is subsi/5ce b a "n = ! fact ( logical ref]5ce1 leav+ ! det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( subsi/5ce dep5d5t ^u a det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( logical8 ,m g5]ally1 :at is ! position ( analytic realism ab\t ! future8 #hj ,suppos+ ! "q to be t ( "s molt5 /ate ( ! e>? 9 pa/ geologic ages4 ,tak5 z ! complete subject-matt] ( a proposition--or sci5ce--! facts discov]$ _c be reg>d$ z causative (1 or a me*anism (1 ! appe>ance ( life4 ,= by def9ition !y =m a clos$ sy/em2 to introduce ref]5ce to a future ev5t is to d5y ! def9ition4 ,contr>iwise1 a /atem5t ( t pa/ condition ( ! e>? z a me*anical condition ( ! lat] em]g5ce ( life means t t pa/ /age is tak5 n m]ely z pa/1 b z 9 process ( transition to its future1 z 9 process ( alt]ation 9 ! direction ( life4 ,*ange 9 ?is direction is an integral "p ( a /atem5t ( ! e>ly /age ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,a purely geologic /atem5t may be q accurate 9 its own univ]se ( disc\rse & yet q incomplete & h5ce inaccurate 9 ano!r univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,t is to say1 a geologi/'s propositions may accurately set =? a prior /ate ( ?+s1 :ile ignor+ any ref]5ce to a lat] /ate entail$ by !m4 ,b a w\ld-be philosophy may n ignore ! impli$ future4 #ha ,philosophical ,essays1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje4 #hb ,six? ,m$itation4 #hc ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 p4 #ij4 #hd ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ,"p ,,iii1 sec4 iii4 #he ,x is p]haps poor tactics on my "p to complicate ?is matt] ) any?+ else4 ,b x is evid5t t passions & pa9s & pleasures may be us$ z evid5ces ( some?+ beyond !mselves 7z may ! fact ( be+ m ?an five feet high7 & s get a repres5tative or cognitive /atus4 ,is !re n also a prima facie presumption t all s5sory qualities are ( !mselves b>e exi/5ces or occurr5ces )\t cognitive pret5sion1 & t !y acquire ! latt] /atus z signs or evid5ce ( some?+ else8 ,epi/emological ideali/s or reali/s :o admit ! non-cognitive "* ( pleasure & pa9 w\ld seem to be "u special obligations c>efully to consid] ! !sis ( ! non-cognitive nature ( all s5sory qualities except z !y are employ$ z indications or indexes ( "s o!r ?+4 ,?is recognition frees logic f ! epi/emological discussion ( second>y qualities4 #hf ,to read]s :o h grasp$ ! ?\ght ( my argum5t1 x may n be mean+less to say t ! typical ideali/ic fallacy is to import into ! direct exp]i5ce ! results ( ! intellectual or reflective exam9ation1 :ile t ( realism is to treat ! reflective op]ation z deal+ ) precisely ! same subject-matt] z ! orig9al act 0 conc]n$ )--tak+ ! good ( reason & ! good ( imm$iate behavior to be ! same sort ( ?+s4 ,& bo? fallacies w result f any assimilation ( two diff]5t acts to "o ano!r ?r\gh giv+ !m bo? ! title k1 & h5ce treat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m z simply ! diff]5ce betwe5 a direct appreh5sion & a m$iat$ "o4 #hg ,analytic realism ought to be favorable to su* a h$onism2 ! fact t pres5t-day analytic reali/s are n favorable w\ld seem to indicate t !y h n tak5 _! logic s]i\sly en\gh1 b h be5 re/ra9$1 by practical motives1 f apply+ x ?or\ghly4 ,to say t ! moral life pres5ts a high degree ( organization & integration is to say some?+ :i* is true1 b is also to say some?+ :i* by ! analytic logic calls = its resolution into ultimate & indep5d5t simples4 ,unless !y accept ! pleasures & pa9s ( ,b5?am z su* ultimates1 !y are b\nd to pres5t acceptable sub/itutes4 ,b "h !y t5d to %ift _! logic & to make ! fulfilm5t ( "s organization 7v>i\sly def9$7 ! /&>d good4 ,consi/5cy w\ld !n admit ! hypo!sis t 9 all cases an ev5tual organization r ?an antec$5t simples supply ! /&>d ( k4 ,mean:ile ! t]m fulfilm5t 7or any simil> t]m7 /&s z an ackn[l$gm5t t ! organization 9 "q is n some?+ ontologically prior b is "o yet to be a*iev$4 #hh ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t a m]e rem9d] ( an end previ\sly settl$ ^u may op]ate z a suffici5t /imulus to action4 ,x is probably ?is act ( call+ ! end to m9d :i* ! reali/ confuses ) k1 & !re=e t]ms appreh5sion4 ,b !re is no?+ cognitive ab\t x1 any m ?an !re is 9 press+ a button to give ! signal = an act already decid$ ^u4 #hi ,uphold]s ( ?is view g5]ally disguise ! assumption ( repetition by ! notion t :at is judg$ is progress 9 ! direction ( approximation to an et]nal value4 ,b z matt] ( fact1 progress is nev] judg$ 7z ,i h _h repeat$ occasion to po9t out7 by ref]5ce to a transc5d5t et]nal value1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! success ( ! end-9-view 9 meet+ ! ne$s & conditions ( ! specific situation--a surr5d] ( ! doctr9e 9 favor ( ! "o set =? 9 ! text4 ,logically1 ! notion ( progress z approximation has no place4 ,! !sis %\ld read t we always try to repeat a giv5 value1 b always fail z a matt] ( fact4 ,& con/ant failure is a que] "n = progress4 #ij ,see ,,ix & ,x ante4 #ia ,i use ! t]m image 9 ! s5se ( optics1 n ( psy*ology4 #ib ,t some?+ ( ! cognitive1 some?+ ( ! sign or t]m function1 ent]s 9 z a catalyz]1 s to speak1 9 ev5 ! mo/ ae/hetic exp]i5ces1 seems to be altoge!r probable1 b t "q x is n necess>y to raise "h4 #ic ,! sup]/ition t :atev] influ5ces ! action ( a consci\s be+ mu/ be an unconsci\s s5sation or p]ception1 if x is n a consci\s "o1 %\ld be summ>ily dismiss$4 ,we are active be+s f ! />t & are naturally1 :olly ap>t f consci\sness1 engag$ 9 r$irect+ our action 9 response to *anges 9 our surr\nd+s4 ,alt]native possibilities1 & h5ce an indet]m9ate situation1 *ange direct response into a response m$iat$ by a p]ception z a sign ( possibilities1 t is1 a physiological /imulus into a p]ceiv$ quality3 a s5sory datum4 #id ,comp>e ,woodbridge1 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology1 ,x1 #e4 #ie ,see ,russell1 ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy1 p4 #ec4 #if ,ibid41 p4 #aja4 #ig ,see ! essay on ,! ,exi/5ce ( ! ,_w z a ,logical ,problem4 ,,index ,analysis1 #cg ff41 #dbf ff4 ,see also ,data2 ,s5sations4 ,appreciation1 #cea ff41 #cid4 ,appreh5sion1 simple 7also ,acqua9tance71 #ae1 #ceb1 #chj1 #djh1 #dbj1 #dcj4 ,see also ,inf]5ce2 ,p]ception2 ,pres5tationalism4 ,behavior1 #bba1 #cac1 #ced4 ,see also ,consequ5ces2 ,practical4 ,bosanquet1 ,b41 #adi n4 ,bu%1 ,w4 ,t41 #bba n41 #bej n4 ,conflict1 z /imulus to ?9k+1 #aj ff41 #bj1 #bd1 ,,iii1 #acf ff41 #afc1 #bde1 #cda4 ,see also ,practical4 ,consci\sness1 #ah1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bcd1 #bdf4 ,consequ5ces1 #ca1 #bac1 #cjh1 #cba ff41 #ccj ff4 ,con/itutive ?\ght1 #acj4 ,data1 #db ff41 #hg1 ,,iv1 ,,viii1 ,,xi1 #cde1 #dja1 #dbg4 ,see also ,s5sations4 ,d$uction1 #ec1 #dce ff4 ,desc>tes1 #cej4 ,design1 #cad ff4 ,desire1 #cfd ff4 ,dialectic1 #baf4 ,d\bt1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bab1 #baf1 #bdh4 ,see also ,conflict4 ,ego-c5tric pr$icam5t1 #bfc1 #bff1 #daj4 ,see also ,subjectivity4 ,ends & means1 #cdj ff41 #cfg ff41 #cga ff4 ,error1 #cih ff4 ,ess5ce1 #di1 #eh1 #ga1 #bhh1 #dca ff4 ,see also ,mean+4 ,evid5ce1 #cf1 #ci ff41 #bbf1 #bfj1 #cib1 #djc4 ,see also ,inf]5ce4 ,exp]i5ce1 #b ff41 #aj n41 #fa ff41 #ga ff41 #gi1 #abb1 #acf n41 #bda1 #bih1 #ccd1 #cdi1 #dab4 ,exp]im5t4 ,see ,exp]i5ce4 ,facts4 ,see ,data4 ,g5etic1 #ff1 #ib1 #aec4 ,h$onism1 #cge ff4 ,hegel1 #aia4 ,holt1 ,e4 ,b41 #aa n4 ,hume1 #bba n41 #cej4 ,hypo!sis4 ,see ,idea2 ,mean+4 ,idea1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aci1 #agi1 #ahe ff41 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 #bci ff41 #cjd1 #dca4 ,see also ,mean+4 ,idealism1 #bj ff41 #acj ff41 #bcc ff41 #bfg ff41 #cdc1 #ceh n4 ,illusions1 #cif ff4 ,image1 #adb n41 #bea1 #cij4 ,implication1 #eb n41 #dcc4 ,see also ,inf]5ce4 ,indet]m9ate1 #ccd4 ,inf]5ce1 #cf1 #bji ff41 #bbj1 #bei1 #bgd n41 #bhj1 #bii1 #djb-ac1 #dai ff41 #dbc4 ,see also ,data2 ,evid5ce2 ,ideas2 ,?9k+4 ,in/rum5talism1 #ag1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch1 #dd1 #he1 #age1 #bcj1 #cca4 ,invaluable1 #chd4 ,james1 ,william1 #ef1 ,,xii1 #cca1 #cdh4 ,jones1 ,h41 #abi n41 #aeh1 #aei n4 ,klyce1 ,s41 #h-aj n4 ,k1 #ae ff41 #cc1 #fd ff41 ,v1 #bbb1 #bed ff41 #chb1 #dbi1 #dcg ff4 ,see also ,appreh5sion2 ,p]ception2 ,?9k+4 ,language1 #ea1 #ahf1 #daf1 #dca1 #dcd4 ,locke1 #dcc ff4 ,logical !ory1 #gh1 #ha ff41 #ig ff41 #acd1 #agh1 #bja1 #bbb1 #ccf1 #dae4 ,lotze1 ,,ii-,v1 #cej4 ,ma!matics1 #bi1 #ef1 #fd1 #dah1 #dcd4 ,mead1 ,g4 ,h41 #bbh4 ,mean+1 #af ff41 #cc1 #df1 #dh1 #ee1 #ij1 #aae1 ,,iv1 #aeh ff41 #aii1 #bcd1 #cji1 #dca ff4 ,see also ,ess5ce2 ,idea4 ,me*anism1 #cdc4 ,montague1 ,w4 ,p41 #aa n4 ,moore1 ,a4 ,w41 #chh4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #cf1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bbj1 #bcd n4 ,nature z norm1 #dje4 ,organization1 #e1 #abg1 #bic1 #chj4 ,peirce1 ,c4 ,s41 #cjf1 #ccj4 ,p]ception1 #bed ff41 #cdi1 #cij-dac4 ,p]ry1 ,r4 ,b41 #bff1 #bgc n4 ,philosophy1 #ih ff4 ,practical1 ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 ,,xiv4 ,pragmatism1 ,,xii1 #cdf4 ,see also ,conflict2 ,consequ5ces2 ,purpose4 ,pres5tationalism1 ,,ix4 ,privacy1 #bbh1 #bie4 ,see also ,subjectivity4 ,psy*ology1 #fg1 #ib1 #id1 #adj1 #aee1 #bba1 #bif ff41 #djd4 ,see also ,logical !ory4 ,purpose1 #ab1 #bj1 #db1 #fh ff41 #gg4 ,realism1 #bf ff41 #ci ff41 #fj1 #gb1 #bcd1 ,,ix1 ,x1 #ceh1 #cgg n4 ,reality1 #dcg ff4 ,royce1 ,j41 #agb n4 ,russell1 ,b41 ,,xi1 #ccf1 #cdh1 #djc ff4 ,santayana1 ,g41 #ah1 #eg4 ,self4 ,see ,subjectivity4 ,s5sation1 #ade ff41 #afj ff41 #bcc1 ,,xi1 #djb ff41 #dbh4 ,see also ,data4 ,sidgwick1 ,a41 #eb n4 ,sign4 ,see ,evid5ce4 ,subjectivity1 #ff ff41 #ajf1 #aab1 #abe1 #adb1 #aig1 #bbf1 #bgh1 #cbe1 #ccg1 #cfd4 ,sugge/ion1 #dg ff41 #dcg ff4 ,temporal place1 #a1 #ai1 #bg1 #ie ff41 #ahb1 #ccg ff41 #cdc4 ,t]ms1 #ea ff41 #dcd ff4 ,?9k+1 #a ff41 #ac1 #ca ff41 #ge ff41 #abh1 #ahc1 #bce1 ,,ii-,,vi4 ,transc5d5ce1 #dbd4 ,tru?1 #bd1 #fc1 #aha1 #bbd1 #bca1 #bdj1 #cjd1 #caj1 #caf1 #cdf1 #chg1 #cib1 #dbc4 ,two worlds1 #dji1 #dcd4 ,value1 #cdi-hi4 ,woodbridge1 ,f4 ,j4 ,e41 #bcd n41 #bej n41 #cih n41 #djj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors 7 repair$4 ,o!rwise reta9$ spell+s & punctuation 7includ+ hyp5ation v>iations7 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,p4 #aef3 philosophic discipl9es2 orig9al reads philosophic disciples4 ,p4 #ced3 79 a direct exp]i5ce2 orig9al reads 9 direct a exp]i5ce4 ,transposition correct$4 ,t5 cases ( lett]$ p>agraph labels ) clos+ b no op5+ p>5!ses 7 reta9$--a7 on ,p4 #acg1 #bhh1 #djg & #dbf1 b7 on ,p4 #aci1 #bhi1 #djh & #dbi1 & c7 on ,p4 #daj & #dcj4