,,transcrib]',s ,,note3    ,italic text 
has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,a li/ (     
corrections to  ! text c be f\nd at !   
end ( ! docum5t4 ,inconsi/5cies 9       
spell+ or hyph5ation h n be5 correct$4  
,,contributions ,,to ,,education        
,,numb] ,,ii            ,,! ,,univ]sity 
,,( ,,*icago    ,,f\nd$ ,,by ,,john ,d4 
,,rockefell]        ,,contributions ,,to
 ,,education    ,,numb] ,,ii            
,,psy*ology ,,& ,,social    ,,practice  
,,by    ,,john ,,dewey      ,,pr(essor  
,,& ,,head ,,( ,,dep>tm5ts ,,(          
,,philosophy ,,& ,,education            
,,*icago    ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago
 ,,press    #aija                       
,,copyright1 #aija1 ,,by    ,,!         
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago    ,,*icago1   
,,ill4          ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,social
 ,,practice          ,,psy*ology ,,&    
,,social ,,practice4#a        #a        
,address ( ! ,presid5t be=e ! ,am]ican  
,psy*ological ,association1 ,new ,hav51 
#ahii4      ,9 com+ be=e y ,i _h hop$ to
 deal ) ! problem ( !  relation (       

psy*ology to ! social sci5ces--& ?r\gh  
!m to  social practice1 to life itself4 
,naturally1 9 anticipation1 ,i _h       
conceiv$ a sy/ematic exposition (       
fundam5tal pr9ciples cov]+ !  :ole      
gr\nd1 & giv+ e factor its due rat+ &   
position4 ,t  discussion is n ready     
today4 ,i am loa?1 h[ev]1 completely to 
)draw f ! subject1 especially z !re     
happ5s to be a c]ta9  phase ( x ) :i* ,i
 h be5 m or less practically occupi$  )9
 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,i h 9 m9d ! relation (
 psy*ology to  education4 ,s9ce         
education is prim>ily a social affair1 &
 s9ce  educational sci5ce is fir/ ( all 
a social sci5ce1 we h "h a  section ( ! 
:ole field4 ,9 "s respects !re may be an
 advantage  9 approa*+ ! m compreh5sive 
"q ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o  ( its special    
cases4 ,! abs5ce ( elaborat$ & coh]5t   
view may be  made up = by a backgr\nd ( 
exp]i5ce1 :i* %all *eck !  projective   
p[] ( reflective ab/raction1 & secure a 
translation (  l>ge words & ideas into  
specific images4 ,?is special t]ritory1 

moreov]1 may be su* z to af=d bo?       
sign-po/s & broad av5ues to  ! l>g]     
sph]e--! place ( psy*ology among !      
social sci5ces4  ,because ,i anticipate 
su* an outcome1 & because ,i %all make a
 survey  ( ! broad field f ! special    
/&po9t tak51 ,i make no apology  =      
pres5t+ ?is discussion to an association
 ( psy*ologi/s r  ?an to a ga!r+ (      
educators4    ,9 deal+ ) ?is p>ticul>   
"q1 x is impossible n to h  9 m9d !     
brilliant & effective disc\rses rec5tly 
publi%$ by my  pr$ecessor 9 ?is *air4 ,i
 %all accord+ly make free to ref] to    
po9ts1 & at times to words1 9 8 treatm5t
 ( ! matt]4 ,yet1 z  p]haps ,i h>dly ne$
 say1 x is a problem ( ! mo/ fundam5tal 
importance = bo? psy*ology & social !ory
 t ,i wi% to discuss1  n any p>ticul>   
book or article4 ,inde$1 ) mu* ( :at    
,dr4  ,mn/]b]g says ab\t ! uselessness &
 ! dang] = ! tea*] (  miscellane\s      
scraps ( *ild /udy1 ( unorganiz$        
in=mation  reg>d+ ! n]v\s sy/em1 & (    
crude & un9t]pret$ results (  laboratory

 exp]im5t1 ,i am 9 full agreem5t4 ,x is 
d\btless necess>y  to prote/ aga9/ a    
ha/y & viol5t bolt+ ( psy*ological facts
  & pr9ciples :i*1 ( necessity1 de/roys 
_! sci5tific =m4 ,x  is necess>y to po9t
 out ! ne$ ( a prelim9>y work+ ov] (    
psy*ological mat]ial1 adapt+ x to ! ne$s
 ( education4 ,b  ^! are m9or po9ts4 ,! 
ma9 po9t is :e!r ! /&po9t (             
psy*ological sci5ce1 z a /udy (         
me*anism1 is indiff]5t &  oppos$ to !   
dem&s ( education ) its free int]play ( 
p]sonalities 9 _! vital attitudes &     
aims4      ,i4    ,! s*ool practice (   
today has a def9ite psy*ological basis4 
,tea*]s are already possess$ by specific
 psy*ological assumptions  :i* control  
_! !ory & _! practice4 ,! greate/       
ob/acle to  ! introduction ( c]ta9      
educational re=ms is precisely !        
p]meat+ p]si/5ce ( ! und]ly+            
psy*ological cre$4 ,trac$  back to its  
psy*ological ultimates1 !re are two     
controll+ bases (  exi/+ me?ods (       
in/ruction4 ,"o is ! assumption ( a     

fundam5tal  di/9ction betwe5 *ild       
psy*ology & ! adult psy*ology :]e 9     
reality id5tity reigns1 viz41 9 ! region
 ( ! motives &  conditions :i* make =   
m5tal p[]4 ,! o!r is ! assumption (     
lik5ess :]e m>k$ diff]5ce is ! feature  
mo/ significant =  educational purposes2
 ,i mean ! specialization ( aims &      
habits 9  ! adult1 comp>$ ) ! abs5ce (  
specialization 9 ! *ild1  & ! connection
 ( undiff]5tiat$ /atus ) ! full & free  
gr[? ( ! *ild4    ,! adult is prim>ily a
 p]son ) a c]ta9 call+ & position 9     
life4 ,^! devolve ^u him c]ta9 specific 
responsibilities :i*  he has to meet1 & 
call into play c]ta9 =m$ habits4 ,! *ild
 is  prim>ily "o ^: call+ is gr[?4 ,he  
is conc]n$ ) arriv+  at specific ends & 
purposes--in/ead ( hav+ a g5]al         
framework  already develop$4 ,he is     
engag$ 9 =m+ habits r ?an 9  def9itely  
utiliz+ ^? already =m$4 ,consequ5tly he 
is absorb$  9 gett+ t all-ar\nd contact 
) p]sons & ?+s1 t range  ( acqua9tance )
 ! physical & ideal factors ( life1 :i* 

%all  af=d ! backgr\nd & mat]ial = !    
specializ$ aims & pursuits  ( lat] life4
 ,he is1 or %\ld be1 busy 9 ! =mation ( 
a flexible  v>iety ( habits ^: sole     
imm$iate crit]ion is _! relation to     
full gr[?1 r ?an 9 acquir+ c]ta9 skills 
^: value is  measur$ by _! ref]5ce to   
specializ$ te*nical accompli%m5ts4  ,?is
 is ! radical psy*ological & biological 
di/9ction1 ,i take x1  betwe5 ! *ild & !
 adult4 ,x is because ( ?is di/9ction t 
*ildr5 are nei!r physiologically nor    
m5tally describable z little  m5 & wom54
    ,! full recognition ( ?is di/9ction 
means ( c\rse ! selection  & arrangem5t 
( all s*ool mat]ials & me?ods = !       
facilitation  ( full normal gr[?1 tru/+ 
to ! result 9 gr[? to provide !         
in/rum5talities ( lat] specializ$       
adaptation4 ,if education means  ! p]iod
 ( prolong$ infancy1 x means no?+ less  
?an ?is4 ,b  look at our s*ool sy/em &  
ask :e!r ! ?ree ,r's are taught1  ei!r z
 to subject-matt] or z to me?od1 )      
ref]5ce to gr[?1  to its pres5t dem&s & 

opportunities2 or z te*nical            
acquisitions  :i* are to be ne$$ 9 !    
specializ$ life ( ! adult4 ,ask !  same 
que/ions ab\t geography1 gramm>1 &      
hi/ory4 ,! gap betwe5  psy*ological !ory
 & ! exi/+ s*ool practice becomes       
pa9fully  app>5t4 ,we readily realize ! 
ext5t to :i* ! pres5t s*ool  sy/em is   
dom9at$ by c>ry+ ov] into *ild life a   
/&po9t &  me?od :i* are significant 9 ! 
psy*ology ( ! adult4    ,! n>r[ scope ( 
! traditional elem5t>y curriculum1 !    
premature  & excessive use ( logical    
analytic me?ods1 ! assumption (         
ready-made faculties ( obs]vation1      
memory1 att5tion1 etc41 :i* c  be br\ght
 into play if only ! *ild *ooses to d s1
 ! ideal (  =mal discipl9e--all ^! f9d a
 l>ge measure ( _! explanation  9       
neglect ( j ?is psy*ological di/9ction  
betwe5 ! *ild &  ! adult4 ,! hold ( ^!  
affairs ^u ! s*ool is s fix$ t x  is    
impossible to %ake x 9 any fundam5tal   
way1 except+ by a  ?or\gh appreciation (
 ! actual psy*ology ( ! case4 ,?is      

appreciation _c be conf9$ to !          
educational lead]s &  !ori/s4 ,no       
individual in/ructor c be s9c]e &       
:ole-he>t$1 to  say no?+ ( intellig5t1 9
 c>ry+ into effect ! ne$$ re=ms1  save z
 he g5u9ely und]/&s ! sci5tific basis & 
necessity (  ! *ange4    ,b 9 ano!r     
direction !re is ! assumption ( a       
fundam5tal  diff]5ce3 namely1 z to !    
conditions :i* secure intellectual &    
moral progress & p[]4#b ,no "o s]i\sly  
que/ions t1 ) an  adult1 p[] & control  
are obta9$ ?r\gh realization ( p]sonal  
ends & problems1 ?r\gh p]sonal selection
 ( means & mat]ials  :i* are relevant1 &
 ?r\gh p]sonal adaptation & application 
(  :at is ?us select$1 toge!r ) :atev] (
 exp]im5tation & (  te/+ is involv$ 9   
?is ef=t4 ,practically e "o ( ^! ?ree   
conditions ( increase 9 p[] = ! adult is
 d5i$ = ! *ild4  ,= him problems & aims 
are det]m9$ by ano!r m9d4 ,= him !      
mat]ial t is relevant & irrelevant is   
select$ 9 advance by  ano!r m9d4 ,&1 ^u 
! :ole1 !re is su* an attempt to tea*   

him  a ready-made me?od = apply+ 8      
mat]ial to ! solution ( 8  problems1 or 
! rea*+ ( 8 ends1 t ! factor (          
exp]im5tation is r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,) !
 adult we  unque/ion+ly assume t an     
attitude ( p]sonal inquiry1 bas$ ^u  !  
possession ( a problem :i* int]e/s &    
absorbs1 is a necess>y  precondition (  
m5tal gr[?4 ,) ! *ild we assume t !     
precondition is r ! will+ disposition   
:i* makes him ready to  submit to any   
problem & mat]ial pres5t$ f )\t4        
,al]tness  is our ideal 9 "o case2      
docility 9 ! o!r4 ,) "o we assume  t p[]
 ( att5tion develops 9 deal+ ) problems 
:i* make a  p]sonal appeal1 & ?r\gh     
p]sonal responsibility = det]m9+  :at is
 relevant4 ,) ! o!r we provide next to  
no opportunities  = ! evolution (       
problems out ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 & all[
  next to no free m5tal play = select+1 
assort+1 & adapt+ !  exp]i5ces & ideas t
 make = _! solution4 ,h[ pr(\nd a       
revolution 9 ! position & s]vice (      
text-book & tea*]1 & 9  me?ods (        

in/ruction dep5d+ !refrom1 w\ld be      
effect$ by a  s9c]e recognition ( !     
psy*ological id5tity ( *ild & adult 9   
^! respects c ) difficulty be realiz$4  
#b ,i owe ?is po9t specifically 7z well 
z o!rs m      g5]ally7 to my fri5d &    
colleague1 ,mrs4 ,ella ,flagg      ,"y4 
,"h aga9 x is n en\gh t ! educational   
comm&]s %\ld be  aw>e ( ! correct       
educational psy*ology4 ,! rank & file1 j
  because !y are p]sons deal+ ) p]sons1 
mu/ h a suffici5t  gr\nd+ 9 ! psy*ology 
( ! matt] to realize ! necessity &  !   
significance ( :at !y are do+4 ,any re=m
 in/itut$ )\t  su* conviction on ! "p ( 
^? :o h to c>ry x into effect  w\ld nev]
 be und]tak5 9 good fai?1 nor 9 ! _s :i*
 its  ideal inevitably dem&s2           
consequ5tly x c\ld lead only to disa/]4 
,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! issue def9es     
itself some:at m n>r[ly4  ,x may be     
true1 x is true1 we are told1 t "s %\ld 
take hold (  psy*ological me?ods &      
conclusions1 & organize !m ) ref]5ce  to
 ! assi/ance :i* !y may give to ! cause 

( education4 ,b  ?is is n ! "w ( !      
tea*]4 ,x belongs to ! g5]al            
educational !ori/3 ! middleman betwe5 ! 
psy*ologi/ & !  educational practition]4
 ,he %\ld put ! matt] into su* %ape t  !
 tea*] may take ! net results 9 ! =m (  
advice & rules =  action2 b ! tea*] :o  
comes 9 contact ) ! liv+  p]sonalities  
mu/ n assume ! psy*ological attitude4   
,if he does1 he  r$uces p]sons to       
objects1 & !reby di/orts1 or r de/roys1 
! e?ical relation%ip :i* is ! vital n]ve
 ( in/ruction  7,psy*ology & ,life1 p4  
#abb1 & pp4 #acf-h74    ,t !re is "s    
legitimate division ( labor betwe5 !    
g5]al  educational !ori/ & ! actual     
in/ructor1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no  d\bt4 ,z
 a rule1 x w n be ! "o actively employ$ 
9  in/ruction :o w be mo/ consci\s ( !  
psy*ological basis &  equival5ts ( !    
educational "w1 nor mo/ occupi$ 9 f9d+ !
  p$agogical r5d]+ ( psy*ological facts 
& pr9ciples4 ,(  necessity1 ! /ress (   
int]e/ w be else:]e4 ,b we h already    
f\nd reason = que/ion+ ! possibility (  

mak+ ! some:at  diff]5t direction (     
int]e/ into a rigid dualism ( a         
legislative  class on "o side & an      
ob$i5t subject class on ! o!r4 ,c !     
tea*] ev] receive obligatory            
prescriptions8 ,c he receive f  ano!r a 
/atem5t ( ! means by :i* he is to rea* 8
 ends1 &  n become hopelessly s]vile 9 8
 attitude8 ,w\ld n su* a result  be ev5 
worse ?an ! exi/+ mixture ( empiricism &
  inspiration8--j because x w\ld =ev]   
fossilize ! empirical  elem5t & dispel !
 inspiration :i* n[ quick5s r\t9e4 ,c a 
passive1 receptive attitude on ! "p ( ! 
in/ructor 7sugge/+  ! soldi] await+     
ord]s f a comm&+ g5]al7 be avoid$1      
unless ! tea*]1 z a /ud5t ( psy*ology1  
himself sees ! reasons  & import ( !    
sugge/ions & rules t are pr(f]$ him8    
,i quote a passage t seems (            
significance3 ,d we n lay a special     
l9k+ sci5ce ev]y:]e else betwe5 ! !ory &
 practical "w8  ,we h eng9e]+ betwe5    
physics & ! practical work+m5 9 !       
mills2 we h a sci5tific m$ic9e betwe5 ! 

natural sci5ce & !  physician 7p4 #ach74
 ,! s5t5ces sugge/1 9 an almo/ />tl+    
way1  t ! real ess5ce ( ! problem is    
f\nd 9 an organic connection  betwe5 !  
two extreme t]ms--betwe5 ! !ori/ & !    
practical  work]--?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! l9k+
 sci5ce4 ,! decisive matt]  is ! ext5t  
to :i* ! ideas ( ! !ori/ actually       
project  !mselves1 ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( 
! middleman1 into !  consci\sness ( !   
practition]4 ,x is ! p>ticipation by !  
practical man 9 ! !ory1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( 
! l9k+ sci5ce1  t det]m9es at once !    
effectiv5ess ( ! "w done1 & !  moral    
fre$om & p]sonal developm5t ( ! "o      
engag$ 9 x4 ,x is  because ! physician  
no long] foll[s rules1 :i*1 h[ev]       
rational  9 !mselves1 are yet arbitr>y  
to him 7because gr\nd$ 9 pr9ciples  t he
 does n und]/&71 t 8 "w is becom+       
lib]al1  atta9+ ! dignity ( a pr(ession1
 in/ead ( rema9+ a mixture (  empiricism
 & quack]y4 ,x is because1 alas1 eng9e]+
 makes only a  =mal & n a real          
connection betwe5 physics & ! practical 

work+m5 9 ! mills t our indu/rial       
problem is an e?ical  problem ( ! mo/   
s]i\s k9d4 ,! "q ( ! am\nt ( wages  !   
labor] receives1 ( ! pur*as+ value ( ?is
 wage1 ( ! h\rs  & conditions ( labor1  
are1 aft] all1 second>y4 ,! problem     
prim>ily roots 9 ! fact t ! m$iat+      
sci5ce does n connect  ) 8 consci\sness1
 b m]ely ) 8 outw>d actions4 ,he does  n
 appreciate ! significance & be>+ ( :at 
he does2 & he does  n p]=m 8 "w because 
( %>+ 9 a l>g] sci5tific &  social      
consci\sness4 ,if he did1 he w\ld be    
free4 ,all o!r prop]  accompanim5ts (   
wage1 & h\rs1 heal?ful & inspir+        
conditions1  w\ld be add$ unto him1     
because he w\ld h ent]$ into ! e?ical   
k+dom4 ,%all we seek analogy ) ! tea*]'s
 call+ 9 !  work+m5 9 ! mill1 or 9 !    
sci5tific physician8    ,x is q likely t
 ,i %all be rem9d$ t ,i am ov]look+ an  
ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! physician1 x w be 
said1 is deal+ ) a  body :i* ei!r is 9  
itself a pure object1 a causal int]play 
(  anatomical elem5ts1 or is some?+ :i* 

l5ds itself naturally &  )\t ess5tial   
loss to treatm5t f ?is po9t ( view2 :ile
 !  case is q diff]5t 9 ! mat]ial ) :i* 
! tea*] deals4  ,"h is p]sonality1 :i*  
is de/roy$ :5 reg>d$ z an object4 ,b  ! 
gap is n s pron\nc$ nor s s]i\s z ?is   
objection implies4  ,! physician1 aft]  
all1 is n deal+ ) a lifeless body2 ) a  
simple anatomical /ructure1 or int]play 
( me*anical elem5ts4  ,life-functions1  
active op]ations1 are ! reality :i*     
confronts him4  ,we d n h to g back _m  
c5turies 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e to  f9d a  
"t :5 ! physician attempt$ to deal ) ^! 
functions  directly & imm$iately4 ,!y 7 
s ov]p[]+ly pres5t1 !y  =c$ !mselves ^u 
him s obvi\sly & s con/antly1 t he _h   
no res\rce save a mixture ( magic &     
empiricism3 magic s f> z he  foll[$     
me?ods d]iv$ f uncritical analogy1 or f 
purely g5]al  speculation on ! univ]se &
 life2 empiricism s long z he j  foll[$ 
proc$ures :i* _h be5 f\nd helpful be=e 9
 cases :i*  some:at resembl$ ! pres5t4  
,we h only to trace ! int]v5+  hi/ory ( 

m$ic9e to appreciate t x is precisely ! 
ability to  /ate function 9 t]ms (      
/ructure1 to r$uce life 9 its active    
op]ations to t]ms ( a causal me*anism1  
:i* has tak5 ! m$ical  call+ out ( ?is  
dep5d5ce ^u a vibration betwe5          
sup]/ition &  r\t9e4 ,progress has come 
by tak+ :at is really an activity z if  
x 7 only an object4 ,x is ! capacity to 
effect ?is trans=mation  ( life-activity
 :i* measures bo? ! sci5tific "* ( !    
physician's proc$ure & 8 practical      
control1 ! c]ta9ty &  efficacy ( :at he1
 z a liv+ man1 does 9 relation to "s o!r
  liv+ man4    ,x is an old /ory1 h[ev]1
 t we mu/ n cont5t ourselves )          
analogies4 ,we mu/ f9d "s specific      
reason 9 ! pr9ciples ( !  tea*]'s own   
activities = believ+ t psy*ology--!     
ability to  trans=m a liv+ p]sonality   
into an objective me*anism = ! "t       
be+--is n m]ely an incid5tal help1 b an 
organic necessity4 ,^u  ! :ole1 ! be/   
ef=ts ( tea*]s at pres5t are p>tly      
p>alyz$1  p>tly di/ort$1 & p>tly r5d]$  

futile precisely f ! fact  t !y are 9   
su* imm$iate contact ) %e]1 unanalyz$   
p]sonality4 ,! relation is su* a purely 
e?ical & p]sonal "o t  ! tea*] _c get   
en\gh outside ! situation to h&le x     
intellig5tly & effectively4 ,he is 9    
precisely ! condition 9 :i*  ! physician
 0 :5 he _h no rec\rse save to deal )   
heal? z  entity or =ce on "o side1 &    
disease z oppos+ ag5cy or invad+        
influ5ce ^u ! o!r4 ,! tea*] reacts en   
bloc1 9 a gross  :olesale way1 to some?+
 :i* he takes 9 an equally undef9$ &    
total way 9 ! *ild4 ,x is ! inability to
 reg>d1 ^u occasion1  bo? himself & !   
*ild z j objects work+ ^u ea* o!r 9     
specific ways t compels him to resort to
 purely arbitr>y measures1  to fall back
 ^u m]e r\t9e traditions ( s*ool-tea*+1 
or to fly  to ! late/ fad ( p$agogical  
!ori/s--! late/ panacea p$dl$  out 9    
s*ool j\rnals or tea*]s' in/itutes--j z 
! old  physician reli$ ^u 8 magic =mula4
    ,i repeat1 x is ! fundam5tal        
weakness ( our tea*+ =ce today  7putt+  

aside tea*]s :o are actually incompet5t 
by reason ei!r (  wrong motives or      
inadequate prep>ation7 t !y react 9     
gross to !  *ild's exhibitions 9 gross  
)\t analyz+ !m into _! detail$  &       
con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,if ! *ild is angry1 
he is dealt ) simply  z an angry be+2   
ang] is an entity1 a =ce1 n a symptom4  
,if a  *ild is inatt5tive1 ?is aga9 is  
treat$ z a m]e case ( refusal to  use ! 
faculty or function ( att5tion1 ( %e]   
unwill+ness to act4  ,tea*]s tell y t a 
*ild is c>eless or inatt5tive 9 ! same  
f9al way 9 :i* !y w\ld tell y t a piece 
( pap] is :ite4  ,x is j a fact1 & t is 
all !re is ( x4 ,n[1 x is only  ?r\gh "s
 recognition ( att5tion z a me*anism1 "s
 aw>5ess (  ! int]play ( s5sations1     
images1 & motor impulses :i*  con/itute 
x z an objective fact1 t ! tea*] c deal 
effectively ) att5tion z a function4 ,&1
 ( c\rse1 ! same is  true ( memory1     
quick & useful obs]vation1 good judgm5t1
 & all !  o!r practical p[]s ! tea*] is 
attempt+ to cultivate4    ,consid]ation 

( ! ab/ract concepts ( me*anism &       
p]sonality is  important4 ,too mu*      
preoccupation ) !m 9 a g5]al fa%ion1    
h[ev]1 )\t translation into relevant    
imag]y ( actual conditions1  is likely  
to give rise to unreal difficulties4 ,! 
e?ical p]sonality  does n g to s*ool    
nak$2 x takes ) x ! body z ! in/rum5t   
?r\gh :i* all influ5ces rea* x1 & ?r\gh 
control ( :i* its  ideas are bo?        
elaborat$ & express$4 ,! tea*] does n   
deal )  p]sonality at l>ge1 b z express$
 9 intellectual & practical  impulses & 
habits4 ,! e?ical p]sonality is n =m$--x
 is  =m+4 ,! tea*] mu/ provide /imuli   
lead+ to ! equipm5t (  p]sonality )     
active habits & int]e/s4 ,:5 we consid] 
!  problem ( =m+ habits & int]e/s1 we   
f9d ourselves at once  confront$ )      
matt]s ( ?is sort3 ,:at /imuli %all be  
pres5t$ to  ! s5se-organs & h[8 ,:at    
/able complexes ( associations %all be  
organiz$8 ,:at motor impulses %all be   
evok$1 & to :at ext5t8 ,h[  %all !y be  
induc$ 9 su* a way z to br+ favorable   

/imuli "u  great] control1 & to less5 ! 
dang] ( excitation f undesirable        
/imuli8 ,9 a ^w1 ! tea*] is deal+ ) !   
psy*ical factors  t are conc]n$ )       
fur!rance ( c]ta9 habits1 & !           
inhibition ( o!rs--habits intellectual1 
habits emotional1 habits 9  ov]t action4
    ,moreov]1 all ! in/rum5ts & mat]ials
 ) :i* ! tea*] deals  mu/ be consid]$ z 
psy*ical /imuli4 ,su* consid]ation      
involves (  necessity a k ( _!          
reciprocal reactions--( :at goes by !   
"n ( causal me*anism4 ,! introduction ( 
c]ta9 *anges into a  network (          
associations1 ! re9=cem5t ( c]ta9       
s5sori-motor  connections1 ! weak5+ or  
displac+ ( o!rs--?is is !  psy*ological 
r5d]+ ( ! great] "p ( ! tea*]'s actual  
bus9ess4 ,x is n t "o tea*] employs     
me*anical consid]ations1  & t ! o!r does
 n1 appeal+ to high] ends2 x is t "o    
does n "k 8 me*anism1 & consequ5tly acts
 s]vilely1  sup]/iti\sly1 & bl9dly1 :ile
 ! o!r1 kn[+ :at he is ab\t1  acts      
freely1 cle>ly1 & effectively4#c        

#c ,t "s tea*]s get _! psy*ology by     
in/9ct      m effectively ?an o!rs by   
any am\nt ( reflective      /udy may be 
unres]v$ly /at$4 ,x is n a "q (         
manufactur+ tea*]s1 b ( re9=c+ &        
enlight5+ ^? :o h a "r to tea*4    ,!   
same ?+ is true on ! side ( mat]ials (  
in/ruction--!  s*ool /udies4 ,no am\nt (
 exaltation ( teleological p]sonality   
7h[ev] true1 & h[ev] necess>y !         
emphasis7 c disguise f u  ! fact t      
in/ruction is an affair ( br++ a *ild   
into intimate  relations ) concrete     
objects1 positive facts1 def9ite ideas1 
&  specific symbols4 ,! symbols are     
objective ?+s 9 ari?metic1  read+1 &    
writ+4 ,! ideas are tru?s ( hi/ory & (  
sci5ce4  ,! facts are d]iv$ f su*       
specific discipl9es z geography &       
language1 botany & a/ronomy4 ,to suppose
 t by "s influ5ce (  pure p]sonality ^u 
pure p]sonality1 conjo9$ ) a k (  rules 
=mulat$ by an educational !ori/1 an     
effective int]play (  ?is body (        
physical & ideal objects ) ! life ( !   

*ild c  be effective1 is1 ,i submit1    
no?+ b an appeal to magic1 plus         
dep5d5ce ^u s]vile r\t9e4 ,symbols 9    
read+ & writ+ &  numb] are1 bo? 9       
!mselves & 9 ! way 9 :i* !y /& =  ideas1
 elem5ts 9 a me*anism :i* has to be     
r5d]$ op]ative  )9 ! *ild4 ,to br+ ab\t 
?is influ5ce 9 ! mo/ helpful &          
economical way1 9 ! mo/ fruitful &      
lib]at+ way1 is absolutely  impossible  
save z ! tea*] has "s p[] to transmute  
symbols &  cont5ts into _! work+        
psy*ical equival5ts2 & save z he also   
has ! p[] to see :at x is 9 ! *ild1 z a 
psy*ical me*anism1  t af=ds maximum     
lev]age4    ,probably ,i %all n[ he> t  
at pres5t ! dang] is n ( deal+  ) acts &
 p]sons 9 a gross1 arbitr>y way1 b 7s f>
 z :at is  call$ new education is       
conc]n$7 9 treat+ ! *ildr5 too mu* z    
me*anism1 & consequ5tly seek+ = all k9ds
 ( /imuli to /ir &  attract--t1 9 a ^w1 
! t5d5cy to r$uce in/ruction to a m]ely 
agreeable ?+1 weak5+ ! *ild's p]sonality
 & indulg+ 8  m]e love ( excitem5t &    

pleasure1 is precisely ! result ( tak+  
! psy*o-me*anical po9t ( view4 ,i       
welcome ! objection1 = x  s]ves to cle> 
up ! precise po9t4 ,x is ?r\gh a p>tial 
&  defective psy*ology t ! tea*]1 9 8   
reaction f dead r\t9e  & arbitr>y moral 
& intellectual discipl9e1 has sub/itut$ 
an  appeal to ! satisfaction ( mom5t>y  
impulse4 ,x is n because !  tea*] has a 
k ( ! psy*o-physical me*anism1 b because
 he  has a p>tial k ( x4 ,he has come to
 consci\sness ( c]ta9  s5sations & c]ta9
 impulses1 & ( ! ways 9 :i* ^! may be   
/imulat$ & direct$1 b he is 9 ignorance 
( ! l>g] me*anism  7j z a me*anism71 & (
 ! causal relations :i* subsi/ betwe5  !
 unkn[n "p & ! elem5ts ^u :i* he is     
play+4 ,:at is  ne$$ to correct 8 errors
 is n to in=m him t he gets only        
mislead+ f tak+ ! psy*ical po9t ( view1 
b to reveal to him  ! scope & intricate 
int]actions ( ! me*anism z a :ole4 ,!n  
he w realize t1 :ile he is ga9+ app>5t  
efficacy 9 "s  sup]ficial "p ( !        
me*anism1 he is dis>rang+1 dislocat+1 & 

dis9tegrat+ mu* m fundam5tal factors 9  
x4 ,9 a ^w1 he is  op]at+1 n z a        
psy*ologi/1 b z a poor psy*ologi/1 & !  
only cure = a p>tial psy*ology is a     
full] "o4 ,he is ga9+ !  mom5t>y        
att5tion ( ! *ild ?r\gh an appeal to    
pleasant color1 or  excit+ tone1 or     
agreeable association1 b at ! exp5se (  
isolat+  "o cog & rat*et 9 ! ma*9]y1 &  
mak+ x op]ate  indep5d5tly ( ! re/4 ,9  
!ory1 x is z possible to demon/rate  ?is
 to a tea*]1 %[+ h[ ! faulty me?od      
reacts unhappily into  ! p]sonality1 z x
 is to locate ! po9ts ( wrong           
con/ruction &  ( ineffective transf] (  
en]gy 9 a physical app>atus4    ,?is    
sugge/s ! admission made by writ]s1 9 _m
 respects z f>  ap>t z ,dr4 ,h>ris &    
,dr4 ,mn/]b]g1 t sci5tific psy*ology is 
( use on ! pa?ological side1 :]e        
que/ions ( physical & m5tal  heal? are  
conc]n$4 ,b is !re any?+ ) :i* ! tea*]  
has  conc]n t is n includ$ 9 ! ideal (  
physical & m5tal heal?8  ,does heal?    
def9e to u any?+ less ?an ! tea*]'s :ole

 end &  aim8 ,:]e does pa?ology leave (f
 9 ! scale & s]ies ( vici\s  aims &     
defective means8 ,i see no l9e betwe5 ! 
m obvi\s me?ods  & mat]ials :i* result 9
 n]v\s irritation & fatigue1 9  weak5+ !
 p[] ( vision1 9 e/abli%+ sp9al         
curvatures1 &  o!rs :i*1 9 m remote &   
subtle1 b equally real1 ways leave  !   
*ild )1 say1 a muscul> sy/em :i* is only
 p>tially at !  s]vice ( 8 ideas1 )     
block$ & in]t bra9 pa?s betwe5 eye &    
e>1 & ) a p>tial & disconnect$          
developm5t ( ! c]ebral  pa?s ( visual   
imag]y4 ,:at error 9 in/ruction is !re  
:i* c\ld  n1 ) prop] psy*ological !ory1 
be /at$ 9 j su* t]ms z  ^!8 ,a wrong    
me?od ( tea*+ read+1 wrong1 ,i mean1 9 !
 full  educational & e?ical s5se1 is    
also a case ( pa?ological use ( !       
psy*o-physical me*anism4 ,a me?od is    
e?ically defective t1 :ile  giv+ ! *ild 
a glibness 9 ! me*anical facility (     
read+1  leaves him at ! m]cy ( sugge/ion
 & *ance environm5t to decide  :e!r he  
reads ! yell[ j\rnal1 ! tra%y novel1 or 

!  lit]ature :i* inspires & makes m     
valid 8 :ole life4 ,is x any  less c]ta9
 t ?is failure on ! e?ical side is      
repeat$ 9 "s  lack ( adequate gr[? &    
connection 9 ! psy*ical &  physiological
 factors involv$8 ,if a k ( psy*ology is
  important to ! tea*] 9 ! gross] & m   
ov]t cases ( m5tal  pa?ology1 is x n ev5
 m important 9 ^! hidd5 & indirect      
matt]s--j because !y are less evid5t1 & 
m circuit\s 9  _! op]ation &            
manife/ation8    ,! argum5t may be      
summ>iz$ by say+ t !re is controv]sy    
nei!r z to ! e?ical "* ( education1 nor 
z to !  ab/raction :i* psy*ology p]=ms 9
 r$uc+ p]sonality to an  object4 ,!     
tea*] is1 inde$1 a p]son occupi$ ) o!r  
p]sons4 ,he  lives 9 a social sph]e--he 
is a memb] & an organ ( a social life4  
,8 aims are social aims2 ! developm5t ( 
individuals tak+ ev]  m responsible     
positions 9 a circle ( social activities
 cont9ually  increas+ 9 radius & 9      
complexity4 ,:atev] he z a tea*]        
effectively does1 he does z a p]son2 &  

he does ) & t[>d  p]sons4 ,8 me?ods1 l 8
 aims1 :5 actively 9 op]ation1 are      
practical1 are social1 are e?ical1 are  
any?+ y please--save m]ely  psy*ical4 ,9
 comp>ison ) ?is1 ! mat]ial & ! data1 ! 
/&po9t & ! me?ods ( psy*ology1 are      
ab/ract4 ,!y trans=m  specific acts &   
relations ( individuals into a fl[ (    
processes 9  consci\sness2 & ^!         
processes c be adequately id5tifi$ &    
relat$ only ?r\gh ref]5ce to a          
biological organism4 ,i d n ?9k  !re is 
dang] ( go+ too f> 9 ass]t+ ! social &  
teleological nature ( ! "w ( ! tea*]2 or
 9 ass]t+ !  ab/ract & p>tial "* ( !    
me*anism into :i* !  psy*ologi/1 z a    
psy*ologi/1 transmutes ! play ( vital   
values4    ,does x foll[ f ?is t any    
attempt on ! "p ( ! tea*] to  p]=m ?is  
ab/raction1 to see ! pupil z a me*anism1
 to def9e 8  own relations & t ( ! /udy 
taught 9 t]ms ( causal influ5ces  act+  
^u ?is me*anism1 is useless & h>mful8   
,on ! face ( x1  ,i _c und]/& ! logic   
:i* says t because me*anism is          

me*anism1 & because acts1 aims1 values  
are vital1 !re=e a  /atem5t 9 t]ms ( "o 
is ali5 to ! compreh5sion & prop]       
managem5t ( ! o!r4 ,ends are n          
compromis$ :5 ref]r$ to !  means        
necess>y to realize !m4 ,values d n     
cease to be values :5  !y are m9utely & 
accurately measur$4 ,acts are n de/roy$ 
:5  _! op]ative ma*9]y is made manife/4 
,! /atem5t ( !  disp>ity ( me*anism &   
actual life1 be x nev] s true1 solves no
  problem4 ,x is no di/9ction t may be  
us$ (f-h& to decide !  "q ( ! relation (
 psy*ology to any =m ( practice4 ,x is  
a valuable & necess>y di/9ction2 b x is 
only prelim9>y4 ,!  purport ( our       
discussion has1 inde$1 l$ u /rongly to  
suspect any  ideal :i* exi/s purely at  
l>ge1 out ( relation to ma*9]y (        
execution1 & equally a ma*9]y t op]ates 
9 no p>ticul>  direction4    ,!         
proposition t a description &           
explanation ( /ones1 iron1 &  mort>1 z  
an absolutely necess>y causal nexus (   
me*anical  conditions1 makes ! results (

 physical sci5ce unavailable =  purposes
 ( practical life1 w\ld h>dly receive   
att5tion today4 ,e  sky-scrap]1 e       
railway bridge1 is a refutation1 comp>$ 
) :i*  oceans ( talk are futile4 ,"o    
w\ld n f9d x easy to /ir up a  problem1 
ev5 if he w5t on to include1 9 ?is same 
me*anical sy/em1  ! /eam d]ricks t hoi/ 
! /ones & iron1 & ! muscles &  n]ves (  
ar*itect1 mason1 & /eel work]4 ,! simple
 fact is /ill  too obvi\s3 ! m ?or\ghgo+
 & complete ! me*anical &  causal       
/atem5t1 ! m controll$1 ! m economical1 
are !  discov]y & realization ( human   
aims4 ,x is n 9 spite (1 nor 9  neglect 
(1 b because (1 ! me*anical /atem5t t   
human activity  has be5 fre$1 & made    
effective 9 ?\s&s ( new practical       
directions1 ^u a scale & ) a c]ta9ty    
hi!rto undream$ (4 ,our  discussion t5ds
 to sugge/ t we ent]ta9 a simil> "q     
reg>d+ psy*ology only because we h z yet
 made s little  headway--j because !re  
is s little sci5tific control ( our     
practice 9 ^! directions2 t at bottom   

our difficulty is local &               
circum/antial1 n intr9sic & doctr9al4   
,if our tea*]s 7  tra9$ z ar*itects are 
tra9$2 if our s*ools 7 actually manag$  
on a psy*ological basis z great         
factories are run on ! basis (  *emical 
& physical sci5ce2 if our psy*ology 7   
suffici5tly  organiz$ & coh]5t to give z
 adequate a me*anical /atem5t (  human  
nature z physics does ( its mat]ial1 we 
%\ld nev] dream (  discuss+ ?is "q4     
,i _c pass on f ?is phase ( ! discussion
 )\t at lea/  incid5tal rem>k ( ! obv]se
 side ( ! situation4 ,! difficulties  ( 
psy*ological obs]vation & int]pretation 
are great en\gh 9 any  case4 ,we _c af=d
 to neglect any possible auxili>y4 ,!   
great  advantage ( ! psy*o-physical     
laboratory is paid = by c]ta9  obvi\s   
defects4 ,! complet] control (          
conditions1 ) result+  great] accuracy (
 det]m9ation1 dem&s an isolation1 a rul+
 out (  ! usual m$ia ( ?\ght & action1  
:i* leads to a c]ta9  remot5ess1 &      
easily to a c]ta9 artificiality4 ,:5 !  

result (  laboratory exp]im5t in=ms u1 =
 example1 t repetition is !  *ief factor
 influ5c+ recall1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !  
result is  obta9$ ) nons5se mat]ial1 i4 
e41 by exclud+ ! conditions (  ord9>y   
memory4 ,! result is p]t95t if we /ate x
 ?us3 ,! m  we exclude ! usual          
environm5tal adaptations ( memory1 !    
great]  importance atta*es to %e]       
repetition4 ,x is dubi\s 7& probably    
p]v]se7 if we say3 ,repetition is !     
prime influ5ce 9 memory4    ,n[1 ?is    
illu/rates a g5]al pr9ciple4 ,unless our
 laboratory results  are to give u      
artificialities1 m]e sci5tific          
curiosities1 !y mu/  be subject$ to     
int]pretation by gradual reapproximation
 to conditions  ( life4 ,! results may  
be v accurate1 v def9itive 9 =m2 b  !   
task ( re-view+ !m s z to see _! actual 
import is cle>ly  "o ( great delicacy & 
liability to error4 ,! laboratory1 9 a  
^w1  af=ds no f9al refuge t enables u to
 avoid ! ord9>y sci5tific  difficulties 
( =m+ hypo!ses1 int]pret+ results1 etc4 

,9 "s  s5se 7f ! v accuracy &           
limitations ( its results7 x adds to    
our responsibilities 9 ?is direction4   
,n[ ! s*ool1 =  psy*ological purposes1  
/&s 9 _m respects midway betwe5 !       
extreme simplifications ( ! laboratory &
 ! confus$ complexities  ( ord9>y life4 
,its conditions are ^? ( life at l>ge2  
!y are  social & practical4 ,b x        
approa*es ! laboratory 9 s f> z !  ends 
aim$ at are r$uc$ 9 numb]1 are def9ite1 
& ?us simplify  ! conditions2 & _!      
psy*ological phase is upp]mo/--!        
=mation ( habits ( att5tion1 obs]vation1
 memory1 etc4--:ile 9  ord9>y life ^!   
are second>y & swall[$ up4    ,if !     
biological & evolution>y attitude is "r 
9 look+ at m9d  z fundam5tally an       
in/rum5t ( adaptation1 !re are c]ta9ly  
advantages 9 any mode ( approa* :i* br+s
 u ne> to its v>i\s  adaptations :ile !y
 are /ill =m+1 & "u conditions select$  
) special ref]5ce to promot+ ^!         
adaptations 7or faculties74  ,& ?is is  
precisely ! situation we %\ld h 9 a     

prop]ly  organiz$ sy/em ( education4    
,:ile ! psy*ological !ory w\ld  guide & 
illum9ate ! practice1 act+ ^u ! !ory    
w\ld  imm$iately te/ x1 & ?us criticise 
x1 br++ ab\t its revision  & gr[?4 ,9 ! 
l>ge & op5 s5se ( ! words1 psy*ology    
becomes  a work+ hypo!sis1 in/ruction is
 ! exp]im5tal te/ &  demon/ration ( !   
hypo!sis2 ! result is bo? great]        
practical  control & cont9u$ gr[? 9     
!ory4      ,,ii4    ,i mu/ rem9d myself 
t my purpose does n conclude ) a /atem5t
  ( ! auxili>y relation ( psy*ology to  
education2 b t we are  conc]n$ ) ?is z a
 type case ( a wid] problem--! relation 
(  psy*ology to social practice 9 g5]al4
 ,s f> ,i h tri$ to %[  t x is n 9 spite
 ( its /atem5t ( p]sonal aims & social  
relations 9 t]ms ( me*anism t psy*ology 
is useful1 b because  ( ?is trans=mation
 & ab/raction4 ,?r\gh r$uction ( e?ical 
relations to pres5t$ objects we are     
enabl$ to get outside ( !  exi/+        
situation2 to see x objectively1 n m]ely
 9 relation to our  traditional habits1 

vague aspirations1 & caprici\s desires4 
,we are  able to see cle>ly ! factors   
:i* %ape x1 & !re=e to get an  idea ( h[
 x may be modifi$4 ,! assumption ( an   
id5tical  relation%ip ( physics &       
psy*ology to practical life is ju/ifi$4 
,our fre$om ( action comes ?r\gh its    
/atem5t 9 t]ms ( necessity4  ,by ?is    
translation our control is enl>g$1 our  
p[]s are direct$1  our en]gy cons]v$1   
our aims illum9at$4    ,! s*ool is an   
especially favorable place 9 :i* to /udy
 !  availability ( psy*ology = social   
practice2 because 9 ! s*ool  ! =mation (
 a c]ta9 type ( social p]sonality1 ) a  
c]ta9  attitude & equipm5t ( work+ p[]s1
 is ! express aim4 ,9 idea1  at lea/1 no
 o!r purpose re/ricts or compromises !  
dom9ance ( !  s+le purpose4 ,su* is n ! 
case 9 bus9ess1 politics1 & !           
pr(essions4 ,all ^! h ^u _! surface1    
tak5 directly1 o!r  ends to s]ve4 ,9 _m 
in/ances ^! o!r aims are ( f> great]    
imm$iate importance2 ! e?ical result is 
subord9ate or ev5  incid5tal4 ,yet z x  

pr(ite? a man no?+ to ga9 ! :ole _w  &  
lose 8 own self1 s indirectly &         
ultimately all ^! o!r  social           
in/itutions mu/ be judg$ by !           
contribution :i* !y make  to ! value (  
human life4 ,o!r ends may be imm$iately 
upp]mo/1 b  ^! ends mu/ 9 turn be means2
 !y mu/ subs]ve ! int]e/s (  consci\s   
life or else /& condemn$4    ,9 o!r     
words1 ! mom5t we apply an e?ical /&>d  
to !  consid]ation ( social in/itutions1
 t mom5t !y /& on exactly  ! same level 
z does ! s*ool1 viz41 z organs = !      
increase 9  dep? & area ( ! realiz$     
values ( life4 ,9 bo? cases !  /atem5t (
 ! me*anism1 ?r\gh :i* ! e?ical ends are
 realiz$1  is n only p]missible1 b      
absolutely requir$4 ,x is n m]ely       
incid5tally1 z a grateful addition to   
its normal task1 t  psy*ology s]ves u4  
,! ess5tial nature ( ! /&po9t :i* calls 
x into exi/5ce1 & ( ! ab/raction :i* x  
p]=ms1 is to put  9 our possession !    
me?od by :i* values are introduc$ &     
effect$  9 life4 ,! /atem5t ( p]sonality

 z an object1 ( social relations  z a   
me*anism ( /imuli & inhibitions1 is     
precisely ! /atem5t  ( ends 9 t]ms ( !  
me?od ( _! realization4    ,x is        
rem>kable t m5 are s bl9d to ! futility 
( a morality  :i* m]ely blazons ideals1 
erects /&>ds1 ass]ts laws )\t  f9d+ 9 !m
 any organic provision = _! own         
realization4 ,=  ideals are held up to  
foll[2 /&>ds are giv5 to "w by2 laws are
  provid$ to guide action4 ,! sole &    
only reason = _! consci\s  moral /atem5t
 is1 9 a ^w1 t !y may influ5ce & direct 
conduct4 ,if !y _c d ?is1 n m]ely by    
accid5t1 b ( _!  own intr9sic nature1 !y
 are worse ?an in]t4 ,!y are impud5t    
impo/ors & logical self-contradictions4 
,:5 m5 d]ive _! moral ideals & laws f   
cu/om1 !y also  realize !m ?r\gh cu/om2 
b :5 !y are 9 any way divorc$ f  habit &
 tradition1 :5 !y are consci\sly        
proclaim$1 !re mu/ be  "s sub/itute =   
cu/om z an organ ( execution4 ,we mu/ "k
 !  me?od ( _! op]ation & "k x 9 detail4
 ,o!rwise ! m  e>ne/ly we insi/ ^u our  

categorical imp]atives1 & ^u _!  supreme
 "r ( control1 ! m flagrantly helpless  
we are z to  _! actual dom9ation4 ,!    
fact t consci\s1 z di/9ct f  cu/om>y1   
morality & psy*ology h _h a hi/oric     
p>allel m>* is  j ! concrete recognition
 ( ! necess>y equival5ce betwe5 ends    
consci\sly conceiv$1 & int]e/ 9 ! means 
^u :i* ! ends  dep5d4 ,we h ! same      
reality /at$ twice ov]3 once z value to 
be  realiz$1 & once z me*anism (        
realization4 ,s long z cu/om  reigns1 z 
tradition prevails1 s long z social     
values are det]m9$  by in/9ct & habit1  
!re is no consci\s "q z to ! me?od  ( _!
 a*ievem5t1 & h5ce no ne$ ( psy*ology4  
,social  in/itutions "w ( _! own in]tia1
 !y take ! individual up into  !mselves 
& c>ry him along 9 _! own sweep4 ,!     
individual is  dom9at$ by ! mass life ( 
8 gr\p4 ,in/itutions & ! cu/oms  atta*+ 
to !m take c>e ( society bo? z to its   
ideals & its  me?ods4 ,b :5 once !      
values come to consci\sness1 :5 once a  
,socrates insi/s ^u ! organic relation (

 a reflective life &  morality1 !n !    
means1 ! ma*9]y by :i* e?ical ideals are
  project$ & manife/$1 comes to         
consci\sness also4 ,psy*ology mu/  ne$s 
be born z soon z morality becomes       
reflective4    ,moreov]1 psy*ology1 z an
 acc\nt ( ! me*anism ( work+s (         
p]sonality1 is ! only alt]native to an  
arbitr>y & class view (  society1 to an 
ari/ocratic view 9 ! s5se ( re/rict+ !  
realization ( ! full wor? ( life to a   
section ( society4 ,!  gr[? ( a         
psy*ology t1 z appli$ to hi/ory &       
sociology1 tries  to /ate ! int]actions 
( gr\ps ( m5 9 famili> psy*ical         
categories ( /imulus & inhibition1 is   
evid5ce t we are ceas+  to take exi/+   
social =ms z f9al & unque/ion$4 ,!      
application  ( psy*ology to social      
in/itutions is ! only sci5tific way (   
deal+ ) _! e?ical values 9 _! pres5t    
unequal di/ribution1  _! haphaz>d       
execution1 & _! ?w>t$ developm5t4 ,x    
m>ks j  ! recognition ( ! pr9ciple (    
suffici5t reason 9 ! l>ge  matt]s (     

social life4 ,x is ! recognition t !    
exi/+ ord] is  det]m9$ nei!r by fate nor
 by *ance1 b is bas$ on law &  ord]1 on 
a sy/em ( exi/+ /imuli & modes (        
reaction1 ?r\gh  k ( :i* we c modify !  
practical outcome4 ,!re is no  logical  
alt]native1 save ei!r to recognize &    
se>* = !  me*anism ( ! int]play (       
p]sonalities t controls ! exi/+         
di/ributions ( values1 or to accept z   
f9al a fix$ hi]>*y (  p]sons 9 :i* !    
lead]s ass]t1 on no basis save _! own   
suppos$  sup]ior p]sonality1 c]ta9 ends 
& laws :i* ! mass ( m5  passively       
receive & imitate4 ,! ef=t to apply     
psy*ology to social  affairs means t !  
det]m9ation ( e?ical values lies1 n 9   
any  set or class1 h[ev] sup]ior1 b 9 ! 
work+s ( ! social :ole2  t ! explanation
 is f\nd 9 ! complex int]actions &      
int]relations :i* con/itute ?is :ole4   
,to save p]sonality 9 all1  we mu/ s]ve 
all alike--/ate ! a*ievem5ts ( all 9    
t]ms (  me*anism1 t is1 ( ! ex]cise (   
reciprocal influ5ce4 ,to affirm         

p]sonality indep5d5t ( me*anism is to   
re/rict its full mean+ to  a few1 & to  
make its expression 9 ! few irregul> &  
arbitr>y4    ,! anomaly 9 our pres5t    
social life is obvi\s en\gh4 ,)         
trem5d\s increase 9 control ( nature1 9 
ability to utilize nature  = ! indef9ite
 ext5sion & multiplication ( commodities
 = human  use & satisfaction1 we f9d !  
actual realization ( ends1 !  enjoym5t (
 values1 gr[+ unassur$ & prec>i\s4 ,at  
times x seems  z if we 7 caught 9 a     
contradiction2 ! m we multiply means1 ! 
less c]ta9 & g5]al is ! use we are able 
to make ( !m4 ,no  wond] a ,c>lyle or a 
,rusk9 puts our :ole indu/rial          
civilization  "u a ban1 :ile a ,tol/oi  
proclaims a return to ! des]t4 ,b !     
only way to see ! situation /eadily1 &  
to see x z a :ole1 is to  keep 9 m9d t !
 entire problem is "o ( ! developm5t (  
sci5ce1 & ( its application to life4    
,our control ( nature1 )  ! accompany+  
output ( mat]ial commodities1 is !      
necess>y result  ( ! gr[? ( physical    

sci5ce--( our ability to /ate ?+s z     
int]connect$ p>ts ( a me*anism4         
,physical sci5ce has = ! "t  be+ f>     
outrun psy*ical4 ,we h ma/]$ ! physical 
me*anism  suffici5tly to turn out       
possible goods2 we h n ga9$ a k  ( !    
conditions ?r\gh :i* possible values    
become actual 9 life1  & s are /ill at !
 m]cy ( habit1 ( haphaz>d1 & h5ce (     
=ce4    ,psy*ology1 aft] all1 simply    
/ates ! me*anism ?r\gh :i*  consci\s    
value & mean+ are introduc$ into human  
exp]i5ce4 ,z x  makes its way1 & is     
progressively appli$ to hi/ory & all !  
social sci5ces1 we c anticipate no o!r  
outcome ?an increas+  control 9 ! e?ical
 sph]e--! nature & ext5t ( :i* c be  be/
 judg$ by consid]+ ! revolution t has   
tak5 place 9 !  control ( physical      
nature ?r\gh a k ( h] ord]4 ,psy*ology  
w nev] provide ready-made mat]ials &    
prescriptions = !  e?ical life1 any m   
?an physics dictates (f-h& ! /eam-eng9e 
& ! dynamo4 ,b sci5ce1 bo? physical &   
psy*ological1 makes  kn[n ! conditions  

^u :i* c]ta9 results dep5d1 & !re=e     
puts at ! disposal ( life a me?od =     
controll+ !m4 ,psy*ology  w nev] tell u 
j :at to d e?ically1 nor j h[ to d x4 ,b
  x w af=d u insight into ! conditions  
:i* control !  =mation & execution (    
aims1 & ?us enable human ef=t to exp5d  
itself sanely1 rationally1 & )          
assurance4 ,we are n call$ ^u to  be    
ei!r boa/]s or s5tim5tali/s reg>d+ !    
possibilities ( our  sci5ce4 ,x is be/1 
= ! mo/ "p1 t we %\ld /ick to our       
p>ticul> jobs ( inve/igation &          
reflection z !y come to u4 ,b  we       
c]ta9ly are entitl$ 9 ?is daily "w to be
 su/a9$ by !  conviction t we are n     
work+ 9 indiff]5ce to or at             
cross-purposes ) ! practical /riv+s (   
our common humanity4 ,!  psy*ologi/1 9 8
 mo/ remote & te*nical occupation )     
me*anism1 is contribut+ 8 bit to t ord]$
 k :i* alone  enables mank9d to secure a
 l>g] & to direct a m equal fl[ (       
values 9 life4          ,,corrections3  
page    orig9al text                    

correction    #cd      ,,ii             
,,ii4    #dj      reciprocal influ5ce   
reciprocal influ5ce4    ,! foll[+ s5t5ce
 on page #bf is left un*ang$3 444 he    
gets only  mislead+ f tak+ ! psy*ical   
po9t ( view1 ,a repr9t ( ! essay  9     
,educational ,essays by ,john ,dewey    
7edit$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,f9lay7 has 444 he  is
 only misl$ by tak+ ! psy*ical po9t (   
view1