file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #djgjf-;h4htm or #djgjf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #djgjf_/pg#djgjf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#djgj f_/djgjf-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/introducti ontohi#jjlibb ,transcrib]'s note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible4 ,"s *anges h be5 made4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text1 ap>t f "s *anges ( puctuation 9 ! ,index4 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,*>act]s enclos$ by curly braces are subscripts 7example3 ,h#b,o74 ,dalton's symbols = ! elem5ts h be5 repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,:ite circle 7 7 ,hydrog5 ,circle ) v]tical b> 77 ,nitrog5 ,circle ) c5tral dot 77 ,oxyg5 ,black cirle 7997 ,c>bon ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce by ,,walt] ,,libby1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology ,illu/ration ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,walt] ,libby ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge4 ,massa*usetts ,u 4 ,s 4 ,a ,,to ,,my ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,twelve ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,*icago ,,& ,,pittsburgh ,,di/ricts ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,9 ,,fur!rance ,,( ,,! ,,endeavor ,,to ,,inculcate ,a ,,democratic ,,culture1 ,,ev] ,,m9dful ,,( ,,! ,,daily ,,task1 ,,n ,,altoge!r ,,ignorant ,,( ,,! ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,preface ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce has some?+ to (f] to ! humble/ intellig5ce4 ,x is a means ( imp>t+ a k ( sci5tific facts & pr9ciples to uns*ool$ m9ds4 ,at ! same "t x af=ds a simple me?od ( s*ool in/ruction4 ,^? :o und]/& a bus9ess or an in/itution be/1 z a contempor>y writ] on f9ance rem>ks1 are ^? :o h made x or gr[n up ) x1 & ! next be/ ?+ is to "k h[ x has gr[n up1 & !n wat* or take "p 9 its actual work+4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we "k be/ :at we "k 9 its orig9s4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is an aid 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,x places ! /ud5t 9 ! curr5t ( sci5tific ?\ght1 & gives him a clue to ! purpose & necessity ( ! !ories he is requir$ to ma/]4 ,x pres5ts sci5ce z ! con/ant pursuit ( tru? r ?an ! =mulation ( tru? long s9ce reveal$2 x %[s sci5ce z progressive r ?an fix$1 dynamic r ?an /atic1 a gr[? to :i* ea* may contribute4 ,x does n p>alyze ! self-activity ( y\? by ! record ( an infallible pa/4 ,x is only by tea*+ ! sci5ces 9 _! hi/orical developm5t t ! s*ools c be true to ! two pr9ciples ( mod]n education1 t ! sci5ces %\ld occupy ! =emo/ place 9 ! curriculum & t ! individual m9d 9 its evolution %\ld rehe>se ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce %\ld be giv5 a l>g] place ?an at pres5t 9 g5]al hi/ory2 =1 z ,bacon said1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w )\t a hi/ory ( le>n+ is l a /atue ( ,polyphemus ) ! eye out4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce /udies ! pa/ = ! sake ( ! future4 ,x is a /ory ( cont9u\s progress4 ,x is ri* 9 biographical mat]ial4 ,x %[s ! sci5ces 9 _! int]relations1 & saves ! /ud5t f n>r[ness & premature specialization4 ,x af=ds a unique approa* to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,x gives new motive to ! /udy ( =eign languages4 ,x gives an int]e/ 9 ! applications ( k1 (f]s a clue to ! complex civilization ( ! pres5t1 & r5d]s ! m9d hospitable to new discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ho/ile to ! _s ( ca/e4 ,x %[s ! sci5ces ris+ f daily ne$s & occupations1 =mulat$ by philosophy1 enri*+ philosophy1 giv+ rise to new indu/ries1 :i* react 9 turn ^u ! sci5ces4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce reveals m5 ( all grades ( intellig5ce & ( all social ranks cop]at+ 9 ! cause ( human progress4 ,x is a basis ( intellectual & social homog5eity4 ,sci5ce is int]national1 ,engli%1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,italians1 ,russians--all nations--contribut+ to advance ! g5]al int]e/s4 ,accord+ly1 a survey ( ! sci5ces t5ds to increase mutual respect1 & to height5 ! humanit>ian s5tim5t4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce c be taught to p ( all cre$s & colors1 & _c fail to enhance 9 ! brea/ ( e "y man1 or woman1 fai? 9 human progress & good-w to all mank9d4 ,?is book is int5d$ z a simple introduction1 tak+ advantage ( ! int]e/s ( y\? ( f sev5te5 to tw5ty-two ye>s ( age 7& _! intellectual compe]s7 9 ord] to direct _! att5tion to ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces4 ,x makes no claim to be 9 any s5se complete or compreh5sive4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a psy*ological introduction1 hav+ ! m5tal capacity ( a c]ta9 class ( read]s always 9 view1 r ?an a logical introduction1 :i* w\ld presuppose 9 all read]s bo? full maturity ( intellect & consid]able initial int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,i _c conclude ?is preface )\t ?ank+ ^? :o h assi/$ me 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book--,sir ,william ,osl]1 :o read ! fir/ draft ( ! manuscript1 & aid$ me ) 8 c\nsel2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,s+]1 :o read all ! *apt]s 9 manuscript1 & to :om ,i am indebt$ = advice 9 ref]5ce to ! illu/rations & = _m o!r valuable sugge/ions2 ! (fic]s ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ^: c\rtesy 0 unfail+ dur+ ! ye> ,i work$ !re2 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,crew1 :o help$ 9 ! revision ( two ( ! *apt]s by 8 judici\s criticism2 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,ru%1 ^: k ( bact]iology improv$ ! *apt] on ,pa/eur2 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,o4 ,grondahl1 :o read "o ( ! *apt]s relat+ to ! hi/ory ( physics & sugge/$ important em5dations2 & ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,bra%e>1 :o contribut$ valuable in=mation 9 ref]5ce to ! activities ( ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley4 ,i wi% to express my gratitude also to ,miss ,flor5ce ,bonnet = aid 9 ! correction ( ! manuscript4 ,w4 ,,libby4 ,febru>y #b1 #aiag4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practical ,,ne$s--,,egypt ,,& ,,babylonia #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,?\ght--,,greece3 ,,ari/otle #ae ,,iii4 ,,sci5tific ,,!ory ,,subord9at$ ,,to ,,application--,,rome3 ,,vitruvius #cj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,sci5ce--,,! ,,m$ieval ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,arabs #dc ,v4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces--,,francis ,,bacon #eg ,,vi4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?od--,,gilb]t1 ,,galileo1 ,,h>vey1 ,,desc>tes #gb ,,vii4 ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,measurem5t--,,ty*o ,,brahe1 ,,kepl]1 ,,boyle #hf ,,viii4 ,,co,,p]ation ,,9 ,,sci5ce--,,! ,,royal ,,society #ii ,,ix4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,lib]ty--,,b5jam9 ,,frankl9 #aad ,x4 ,,! ,,int]action ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces--,,w]n]1 ,,hutton1 ,,black1 ,,hall1 ,,william ,,smi? #abi ,,xi4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion--,,kant1 ,,lamb]t1 ,,laplace1 ,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el #adb ,,xii4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,law--,,dalton1 ,,j\le #aee ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,sci5ti/--,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy #agj ,,xiv4 ,,sci5tific ,,pr$iction--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,neptune #ahd ,,xv4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,travel--,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,beagle #aig ,,xvi4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,w>--,,pa/eur1 ,,li/] #bac ,,xvii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,inv5tion--,,langley',s ,,a]oplane #bca ,,xviii4 ,,sci5tific ,,hypo!sis--,,radioactive ,,sub/ances #bde ,,xix4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,imag9ation #beh ,,xx4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,democratic ,,culture #bgj ,,index #bhc ,,illu/rations ,,e>lie/ ,,picture ,,kn[n ,,( ,a ,,surgical ,,op]ation4 ,,egypt1 #bejj ,b4,c4 #f ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,,ov]com+ ,,av]ro,s #ed ,,dr4 ,,gilb]t ,,%[+ ,,8 ,,electrical ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,& ,,h] ,,c\rt #gb ,,! ,,ti*onic ,,quadrant #hh ,,wadham ,,college1 ,,ox=d #ajd ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton #aab ,,john ,,dalton ,,collect+ ,,m>% ,,gas #afb ,,! ,,fir/ ,,successful ,,heavi]-,,?an-,,air ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e #bcf ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practical ,,ne$s--,,egypt ,,& ,,babylonia ,if y consult encyclop$ias & special works 9 ref]5ce to ! e>ly hi/ory ( any "o ( ! sci5ces1--a/ronomy1 geology1 geometry1 physiology1 logic1 or political sci5ce1 = example1--y w f9d /rongly emphasiz$ ! "p play$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! developm5t ( organiz$ k4 ,great1 inde$1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 are ! contributions to ! gr[? ( sci5ce ( ?is highly rational & speculative p4 ,x mu/ be conc$$1 also1 t ! influ5ce on ,we/]n sci5ce ( civilizations e>li] ?an !irs has come to u1 to a consid]able ext5t at lea/1 ?r\gh ! *annels ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,nev]!less1 if y seek ! v orig9s ( ! sci5ces1 y w inevitably be drawn to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & to ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,"h1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 dwelt f v remote times nations ^: g5ius 0 practical & religi\s r ?an intellectual & !oretical1 & ^: m5tal life1 !re=e1 0 m ak9 to our own ?an 0 ! highly evolv$ culture ( ! ,greeks4 ,?\gh m remote 9 "t1 ! wisdom & practical k ( ,!bes & ,memphis1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 are m readily compreh5d$ by our m9ds ?an ! difficult speculations ( ,a!nian philosophy4 ,mu* t we h inh]it$ f ! e>lie/ civilizations is s famili>1 s homely1 t we simply accept x1 mu* z we may light1 or air1 or wat]1 )\t analysis1 )\t inquiry z to its orig91 & )\t full recognition ( h[ indisp5sable x is4 ,:y are !re sev5 days 9 ! week1 & n eight8 ,:y are !re sixty m9utes 9 ! h\r1 & :y are !re n sixty h\rs 9 ! day8 ,^! artificial divisions ( "t are accept$ s unque/ion+ly t to ask a reason = !m may1 to an indol5t m9d1 seem almo/ absurd4 ,?is acceptance ( a week ( sev5 days & ( an h\r ( sixty m9utes 7almo/ z if !y 7 natural divisions ( "t l day & night7 is ow+ to a tradition t is ,babylonian 9 its orig94 ,f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7:i* is "o ( ! greate/ factors 9 pres]v+ ! cont9uity ( human culture1 & ! only anci5t book :i* speaks ) au?ority conc]n+ ,babylonian hi/ory7 we le>n t ,abraham1 ! prog5itor ( ! ,hebrews1 migrat$ to ! we/ f s\!rn ,babylonia ab\t tw5ty-?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,ev5 9 t remote age1 h[ev]1 ! ,babylonians _h e/abli%$ ^? divisions ( "t :i* are famili> to u4 ,! sev5 days ( ! week 7 closely associat$ 9 m5's ?9k+ ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 our mod]n languages !y are nam$ aft] ! sun1 ! moon1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ,saturn1 :i* f ! remote/ times 7 p]sonifi$ & wor%ip$4 ,?us we see t ! usage ( mak+ sev5 days a unit ( "t dep5ds on ! religi\s belief & a/ronomical sci5ce ( a v remote civilization4 ,! usage is s completely e/abli%$ t by ! majority x is simply tak5 = grant$4 ,ano!r piece ( commonplace k--! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass--may be accept$1 likewise1 )\t inquiry or )\t recognition ( its importance4 ,unless ?r[n on y\r own res\rces 9 an unsettl$ c\ntry or on unkn[n wat]s1 y may long fail to realize h[ indisp5sable to ! practical conduct ( life is ! k ( ea/ & we/ & nor? & s\?4 ,9 ?is matt]1 aga91 ! records ( anci5t civilizations %[ ! pa9s t 7 tak5 to fix ^! ess5tials ( sci5ce4 ,mod]n excavations h demon/rat$ t ! sides or ! corn]s ( ! temples & palaces ( ,assyria & ,babylonia 7 direct$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass4 ,9 ,egypt ! pyramids1 erect$ be=e #cjjj ,b4,c41 7 laid out ) su* /rict reg>d to direction t ! conjecture has be5 put =w>d t _! ma9 purpose 0 to e/abli%1 9 a l& ( %ift+ s&s1 ea/ & we/ & nor? & s\?4 ,t conjecture seems extravagant2 b ! fact t ! ,phnicians /udi$ a/ronomy m]ely because ( its practical value 9 navigation1 ! e>ly inv5tion ( ! compass 9 ,*9a1 ! influ5ce on discov]y ( ! lat] improvem5ts ( ! compass1 make u realize ! importance ( ! alleg$ purpose ( ! pyramids4 ,)\t fix$ po9ts1 )\t some?+ to g by1 m51 be=e !y _h acquir$ ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy1 7 altoge!r at sea4 ,z !y advanc$ 9 k !y look$ to ! />s = guidance1 especially to ! pole /> & ! imp]i%able />-gr\p ( ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,! ,egyptians ev5 develop$ an app>atus = tell+ ! "t by ref]5ce to ! />s--a />-clock simil> 9 its purpose to ! sundial4 ,by ! ,egyptians1 also1 0 c>efully obs]v$ ! season ( ! ye> at :i* c]ta9 />s & con/ellations 7 visible at dawn4 ,?is 0 ( special importance 9 ! case ( ,sirius1 = its heliacal ris+1 t is1 ! p]iod :5 x rose 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 m>k$ ! com+ ( ! ,nile flood 7s important 9 ! lives ( ! inhabitants7 & ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>4 ,n unnaturally ,sirius 0 an object ( wor%ip4 ,"o temple is said to h be5 s con/ruct$ z to face t "p ( ! ea/]n horizon at :i* ?is /> arose at ! critical season ( inundation4 ,( ano!r temple we are told t only at sunset at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice did ! sun ?r[ its rays ?r\gh\t ! edifice4 ,! fact t a/ronomy 9 ,egypt z 9 ,babylonia1 :]e ! temples 7 obs]vatories1 0 closely associat$ ) religion confirms ! view t ?is sci5ce 0 fir/ cultivat$ because ( its be>+ on ! practical ne$s ( ! p4 ,! prie/s 7 ! pres]v]s ( su* wisdom z _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( man's immemorial /ruggle ) ! =ces ( nature4 ,x is well kn[n t geometry _h its orig9 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 t x arose to meet a practical ne$1 & t x 0 9 ! fir/ place1 z its "n implies1 a measurem5t ( ! e>?--a crude survey+1 employ$ 9 ! re/oration ( b\nd>ies oblit]at$ by ! annual inundations ( ! riv]4 ,egyptian geometry c>$ little = !ory4 ,x address$ itself to actual problems1 su* z det]m9+ ! area ( a squ>e or triangul> field f ! l5g? ( ! sides4 ,to f9d ! area ( a circul> field1 or floor1 or vessel1 f ! l5g? ( ! diamet] 0 r beyond ! sci5ce ( #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 a practical problem :i* _h to be solv$1 ev5 if ! solution 7 n p]fect4 ,! practice 0 to squ>e ! diamet] r$uc$ by "o n9?4 ,9 all ! ,egyptian ma!matics ( :i* we h record !re is to be obs]v$ a simil> practical b5t4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a temple or a pyramid n m]ely 0 x necess>y to h reg>d to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! sides at "r angles4 ,?is requir$ ! int]v5tion ( speciali/s1 exp]t rope-fa/5]s1 :o laid (f a triangle by means ( a rope divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ( ?ree1 f\r1 & five units4 ,! ,babylonians foll[$ mu* ! same practice 9 fix+ a "r angle4 ,9 addition !y le>n$ h[ to bisect & trisect ! angle4 ,h5ce we see 9 _! designs & ornam5ts ! division ( ! circle into twelve p>ts1 a division :i* does n appe> 9 ,egyptian ornam5tation till aft] ! incursion ( ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,!re is no ne$1 h[ev]1 to multiply examples2 ! t5d5cy ( all ,egyptian ma!matics 01 z already /at$1 conc]n$ ) ! practical solution ( concrete problems--m5suration1 ! cubical cont5ts ( b>ns & gran>ies1 ! di/ribution ( bread1 ! am\nts ( food requir$ by m5 & animals 9 giv5 numb]s & = giv5 p]iods ( "t1 ! proportions & ! angle ( elevation 7ab\t #eb7 ( a pyramid1 etc4 ,moreov]1 !y work$ simple equations involv+ "o unkn[n1 & _h a hi]oglyph = a million 7! draw+ ( a man ov]come ) wond]71 & ano!r = t5 million4 ,! ,rh9d ma!matical papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ! ma9 s\rce ( our pres5t k ( e>ly ,egyptian ari?metic1 geometry1 & ( :at might be call$ _! trigonometry & algebra4 ,x describes itself z ,in/ructions = arriv+ at ! k ( all ?+s1 & ( ?+s obscure1 & ( all my/]ies4 ,x 0 copi$ by a prie/ ab\t #afjj ,b4,c4--! classical p]iod ( ,egyptian culture--f a docum5t sev5 hundr$ ye>s old]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,picture ,,kn[n ,,( ,a ,,surgical ,,op]ation4 ,,egypt1 #bejj ,b4,c4 ,m$ic9e1 :i* is almo/ c]ta9 to develop 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( a p 9 response to _! urg5t ne$s1 has be5 ju/ly call$ ! fo/]-"m ( _m sci5ces4 ,9 ! records ( ,egyptian m$ical practice c be trac$ ! orig9 ( *emi/ry1 anatomy1 physiology1 & botany4 ,our mo/ def9ite in=mation conc]n+ ,egyptian m$ic9e belongs to ! same g5]al p]iod z ! ma!matical docum5t to :i* we h j ref]r$4 ,x is true some?+ is kn[n ( remot] times4 ,! fir/ physician ( :om hi/ory has pres]v$ ! "n1 ,i-em-hetep 7,he-:o-come?-9-peace71 liv$ ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4 ,rec5t rese>*es h also br\ght to light1 ne> ,memphis1 pictures1 n lat] ?an #bejj ,b4,c41 ( surgical op]ations4 ,!y 7 f\nd sculptur$ on ! doorpo/s at ! entrance to ! tomb ( a high (ficial ( "o ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,! pati5ts1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 are suff]+ pa91 &1 accord+ to ! inscription1 "o cries out1 ,d ?is & let me g1 & ! o!r1 ,don't hurt me s6 ,our mo/ satisfactory data 9 ref]5ce to ,egyptian m$ic9e are d]iv$1 h[ev]1 f ! ,eb]s papyrus4 ,?is docum5t displays "s little k ( ! pulse 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 ( a relation betwe5 ! he>t & ! o!r organs1 & ( ! passage ( ! brea? to ! lungs 7& he>t74 ,x conta9s a li/ ( diseases4 ,9 ! ma9 x is a collection ( prescriptions = ! eyes1 e>s1 /oma*1 to r$uce tumors1 effect purgation1 etc4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( a t5d5cy to homeopa?y1 b m5tal heal+ seems to h be5 call$ into play by ! use ( num]\s spells & incantations4 ,ea* prescription1 z 9 m$ical practice to-day1 conta9s z a rule sev]al +r$i5ts4 ,among ! sev5 hundr$ recogniz$ rem$ies are to be not$ poppy1 ca/or-oil1 g5tian1 col*icum1 squills1 & _m o!r famili> m$ic9al plants1 z well z bic>bonate ( soda1 antimony1 & salts ( lead & copp]4 ,! fat ( ! lion1 hippopotamus1 crocodile1 goose1 s]p5t1 & wild goat1 9 equal p>ts1 s]v$ z a prescription = baldness4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( 8 art ! m$ical practition] ransack$ ! res\rces ( organic & inorganic nature4 ,! ,eb]s papyrus %[s t ! ,egyptians knew ( ! developm5t ( ! beetle f ! egg1 ( ! bl[-fly f ! l>va1 & ( ! frog f ! tadpole4 ,moreov]1 = precision 9 ! use ( m$icam5ts weights ( v small d5om9ations 7 employ$4 ,! ,egyptian embalm]s reli$ on ! pres]vative prop]ties ( common salt1 w9e1 aromatics1 myrrh1 cassia1 etc4 ,by ! use ( l95 sme>$ ) gum !y exclud$ all putrefactive ag5cies4 ,!y und]/ood ! virtue ( extreme dryness 9 ! ex]cise ( _! antiseptic art4 ,"s k ( anatomy 0 involv$ 9 ! removal ( ! visc]a1 & mu* m 9 a p>ticul> me?od !y foll[$ 9 remov+ ! bra94 ,9 _! v>i\s indu/ries ! ,egyptians made use ( gold1 silv]1 bronze 7:i* on analysis is f\nd to consi/ ( copp]1 t91 & a trace ( lead1 etc471 metallic iron & copp] & _! oxides1 manganese1 cobalt1 alum1 c9nab>1 indigo1 madd]1 brass1 :ite lead1 lampblack4 ,!re is cle> evid5ce t !y smelt$ iron ore z e>ly z #cdjj ,b4,c4 ma9ta9+ a bla/ by means ( lea!r tread-bell[s4 ,!y also contriv$ to temp] ! metal1 & to make helmets1 swords1 lance-po9ts1 pl\ghs1 tools1 & o!r implem5ts ( iron4 ,besides metallurgy !y practic$ ! arts ( weav+1 dye+1 di/illation4 ,!y produc$ soap 7f soda & oil71 transp>5t & color$ glass1 enamel1 & c]amics4 ,!y 7 skill$ 9 ! prep>ation ( lea!r4 ,!y %[$ aptitude = pa9t+1 & = ! o!r f9e arts4 ,!y 7 exp]t build]s1 & possess$ ! eng9e]+ skill to erect obelisks weigh+ hundr$s ( tons4 ,!y cultivat$ num]\s vegetables1 gra9s1 fruits1 & fl[]s4 ,!y _h _m dome/ic animals4 ,9 seek+ ! satisfaction ( _! practical ne$s !y laid ! f\ndation ( geometry1 botany1 *emi/ry 7nam$1 z "s ?9k1 f ! ,egyptian ,khem1 ! god ( m$ic9al h]bs71 & o!r sci5ces4 ,b _! practical a*ievem5ts f> transc5d$ _! !oretical =mulations4 ,to all "t !y w be kn[n z an arti/ic1 noble1 & religi\s p1 :o *]i%$ _! dead & w\ld n all[ t ! good & beautiful & great %\ld altoge!r pass away4 ,excavations 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 especially s9ce #ahdc1 h br\ght to our k an anci5t culture /ret*+ back f\r or five ?\s& ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 are fragm5t>y & /ill 9 ne$ ( int]pretation4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 x is ! fundam5tal1 ! indisp5sable1 ! practical =ms ( k t /& reveal$ r ?an ! !oretical1 speculative1 & purely intellectual4 ,by ! ,babylonian prie/s ! heav5s 7 made ! object ( exp]t obs]vation z e>ly z #chjj ,b4,c4 ,! l5g? ( ! ye>1 ! l5g? ( ! mon?1 ! com+ ( ! seasons1 ! c\rse ( ! sun 9 ! heav5s1 ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 ! recurr5ce ( eclipses1 comets1 & meteors1 7 /udi$ ) p>ticul> c>e4 ,"o motive 0 ! ne$ ( a measurem5t ( "t1 ! same motive z und]lies ! common int]e/ 9 ! cal5d> & almanac4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ye> conta9$ m ?an #cfe days1 ! mon? 7synodic7 m ?an #bi days1 #ab h\rs1 & #dd m9utes4 ,! sun's app>5t diamet] 0 conta9$ #gbj times 9 ! ecliptic1 t is1 9 ! app>5t pa? ( ! sun ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,l ! ,egyptians1 ! ,babylonians took special note ( ! />s & />-gr\ps t 7 to be se5 at dawn at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,^! con/ellations1 ly+ 9 ! imag9>y belt encircl+ ! heav5s on ei!r side ( ! ecliptic1 bore names correspond+ to ^? we h adopt$ = ! signs ( ! zodiac1--,balance1 ,ram1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 ,scorpion1 ,ar*]1 etc4 ,! ,babylonian a/ronom]s also obs]v$ t ! successive v]nal 7or autumnal7 equ9oxes foll[ ea* o!r at int]vals ( a few seconds less ?an a ye>4 ,a second motive t influ5c$ ! ,babylonian prie/s 9 /udy+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 ! hope ( =etell+ ev5ts4 ,! planets1 se5 to %ift _! positions ) ref]5ce to ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 7 call$ mess5g]s1 or angels4 ,! appe>ance ( ,m>s1 p]haps on acc\nt ( its r$di% color1 0 associat$ 9 _! imag9ations ) w>4 ,comets1 meteors1 & eclipses 7 consid]$ z om5s port5d+ pe/il5ce1 national disa/]1 or ! fate ( k+s4 ,! =tunes ( individuals c\ld be pr$ict$ f a k ( ! aspect ( ! heav5s at ! h\r ( _! bir?4 ,?is int]e/ 9 a/rology1 or div9ation by means ( ! />s1 no d\bt /imulat$ ! prie/s to make c>eful obs]vations & to pres]ve religi\sly ! record ( a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,x 0 ev5 e/abli%$ t !re is a cycle 9 :i* eclipses1 sol> & lun>1 repeat !mselves1 a p]iod 7s>os7 some:at m ?an eighte5 ye>s & elev5 mon?s4 ,moreov]1 f ! ,babylonians we d]ive "s ( our mo/ sublime religi\s & sci5tific conceptions4 ,!y held t /rict law gov]ns ! app>5tly erratic movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,_! creation my? proclaims3 ,m]oda* next arrang$ ! />s 9 ord]1 along ) ! sun & moon1 & gave !m laws :i* !y 7 nev] to transgress4 ,! ma!matical k ( ! ,babylonians is relat$ on ! "o h& to _! a/ronomy & on ! o!r to _! comm]cial pursuits4 ,!y possess$ highly develop$ sy/ems ( measur+1 weigh+1 & c\nt+--processes1 :i*1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 are ess5tial to sci5tific ?\ght4 ,ab\t #bcjj ,b4,c4 !y _h multiplication tables runn+ f #a to #acej1 :i* 7 probably us$ 9 connection ) a/ronomical calculations4 ,unlike ! ,egyptians !y _h no symbol = a million1 ?\gh ! t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& ( ! ,bible 7,daniel ,,vii3 #aj7 may indicate t ! conception ( ev5 l>g] numb]s 0 n altoge!r =eign to !m4 ,!y c\nt$ 9 sixties z well z 9 t5s4 ,_! h\rs & m9utes _h ea* sixty subdivisions4 ,!y divid$ ! circle into six p>ts & into six-times-sixty subdivisions4 ,tables ( squ>es & cubes discov]$ 9 s\!rn ,babylonia 7 int]pret$ correctly only on a sexagesimal basis1 ! /atem5t t #a plus #d is ! squ>e ( #h imply+ t ! fir/ unit is #fj4 ,z we h already se51 consid]able k ( geometry is app>5t 9 ,babylonian designs & con/ructions4 ,accord+ to a ,greek hi/orian ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 !re 7 no physicians at ,babylon1 :ile a lat] ,greek hi/orian 7( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c47 speaks ( a ,babylonian univ]sity :i* _h atta9$ celebrity1 & :i* is n[ believ$ to h be5 a s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,mod]n rese>* has made kn[n lett]s by a physician address$ to an ,assyrian k+ 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ref]r+ to ! k+'s *ief physician1 giv+ directions = ! treatm5t ( a ble$+ f ! nose f :i* a fri5d ( ! pr9ce 0 suff]+1 & report+ ! probable recov]y ( a poor fell[ ^: eyes 7 diseas$4 ,o!r lett]s f ! same g5]al p]iod m5tion ! pres5ce ( physicians at c\rt4 ,we h ev5 recov]$ ! "n 7,ilu-bani7 ( a physician :o liv$ 9 s\!rn ,babylonia ab\t #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ in=mation1 h[ev]1 9 ref]5ce to ,babylonian m$ic9e dates f ! "t ( ,hammurabi1 a contempor>y ( ! patri>* ,abraham4 ,x appe>s f ! code drawn up 9 ! reign ( t mon>* t ! ,babylonian surgeons op]at$ 9 case ( cat>act2 t !y 7 entitl$ to tw5ty silv] %ekels 7half ! sum = :i* ,joseph 0 sold into slav]y1 & equival5t to sev5 or eight doll>s7 = a successful op]ation2 & t 9 case ! pati5t lo/ 8 life or 8 sight z ! result ( an unsuccessful op]ation1 ! surgeon 0 condemn$ to h 8 h&s amputat$4 ,! ,babylonian records ( m$ic9e l ^? ( a/ronomy reveal ! preval5ce ( _m sup]/iti\s beliefs4 ,! spirits ( evil br+ maladies ^u u2 ! gods heal ! diseases t afflict u4 ,! ,babylonian books ( m$ic9e conta9$ /range int]m+l+s ( prescription & incantation4 ,! prie/s /udi$ ! liv]s ( sacrificial animals 9 ord] to div9e ! ?\ghts ( ! gods--a practice :i* /imulat$ ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,! ma9t5ance ( /ate m5ag]ies no d\bt _h a simil> influ5ce on ! /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( animals4 ,! ,babylonians 7 a nation ( agriculturi/s & m]*ants4 ,s>gon ( ,akkad1 :o f\nd$ ! fir/ ,semitic empire 9 ,asia 7#chjj ,b4,c471 0 br\ght up by an irrigator1 & 0 himself a g>d5]4 ,bel%azz>1 ! son ( ! la/ ,babylonian k+1 dealt 9 wool on a consid]able scale4 ,excavation 9 ! l& wat]$ by ! ,tigris & ,euphrates tells ! tale ( ! money-l5d]s1 import]s1 dy]s1 full]s1 tann]s1 saddl]s1 smi?s1 c>p5t]s1 %oemak]s1 /onecutt]s1 ivory-cutt]s1 brickmak]s1 porcela9-mak]s1 pott]s1 v9tn]s1 sailors1 but*]s1 eng9e]s1 ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 musicians1 deal]s 9 rugs1 clo?+ & fabrics1 :o contribut$ to ! culture ( ?is great hi/oric p4 ,x is n surpris+ t sci5ce %\ld f9d its matrix 9 s ri* a civilization4 ,! lev] & ! pulley1 la!s1 picks1 saws1 hamm]s1 bronze op]at+-lances1 sundials1 wat]-clocks1 ! gnomon 7a v]tical pill> = det]m9+ ! sun's altitude7 7 9 use4 ,gem-cutt+ 0 highly develop$ z e>ly z #chjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,babylonians made use ( copp] h>d5$ ) antimony & t91 lead1 incis$ %ells1 glass1 alaba/]1 lapis-lazuli1 silv]1 & gold4 ,iron 0 n employ$ be=e ! p]iod ( contact ) ,egyptian civilization4 ,_! build+s 7 furni%$ ) sy/ems ( dra9s & flu%es t seem to u altoge!r mod]n4 ,our museums are enri*$ by specim5s ( _! h&icraft--reali/ic /atu>y 9 dol]ite ( #bgjj ,b4,c42 rock cry/al work$ to ! =m ( a plano-convex l5s1 #chjj ,b4,c42 a beautiful silv] vase ( ! p]iod #ciej ,b4,c42 & ! head ( a goat 9 copp] ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,excavation has n disclos$ nor s*ol>%ip int]pret$ ! full record ( ?is anci5t p 9 ! valley ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 n f> f ! ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 sup]ior 9 religi\s inspiration1 n inf]ior 9 practical a*ievem5ts to ! ,egyptians4 ,bo? ^! great nations ( antiquity1 h[ev]1 fail$ to c>ry ! sci5ces t arose 9 connection ) _! arts to a high degree ( g5]alization4 ,t 0 res]v$ = ano!r p ( anci5t times1 namely1 ! ,greeks4 ,,ref]5ces ,f4 ,h4 ,g>rison1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,h4 ,v4 ,hilpre*t1 ,excavations 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,max ,neuburg]1 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,?\ght--,,greece3 ,,ari/otle ,no soon] did ! ,greeks turn _! att5tion to ! sci5ces :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia ?an ! *>act]i/ic intellectual quality ( ! ,hell5ic g5ius reveal$ itself4 ,?ales 7#fdj-edf ,b4,c471 :o is usually reg>d$ z ! fir/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 0 ! f\nd] ( ,greek geometry & a/ronomy4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece1 & might be call$ ! ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ( antiquity1 = he 0 int]e/$ 9 comm]ce1 fam\s = political sagacity1 & honor$ = 8 dis9t]e/$ love ( g5]al tru?4 ,8 bir?place 0 ,miletus1 a ,greek city on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,!re is evid5ce t he acquir$ a k ( ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,! pursuit ( comm]ce c>ri$ him to ,egypt1 & !re he ga9$ a k ( geometry4 ,n only s1 b he 0 able to advance ?is /udy by g5]aliz+ & =mulat+ its tru?s4 ,= ! ,egyptians1 geometry 0 conc]n$ ) surfaces & dim5sions1 ) areas & cubical cont5ts2 = ! ,greek1 ) 8 p[]s ( ab/raction1 x became a /udy ( l9e & angle4 ,= example1 ,?ales saw t ! angles at ! base ( an isosceles triangle are equal1 & t :5 two /raight l9es cut "o ano!r ! v]tically opposite angles are equal4 ,h[ev]1 aft] hav+ e/abli%$ g5]al pr9ciples1 he %[$ himself capable ( apply+ !m to ! solution ( p>ticul> problems4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 to :i* class he 0 solely indebt$ = in/ruction1 ,?ales demon/rat$ a me?od ( measur+ ! height ( a pyramid by ref]5ce to its %ad[4 ,& aga91 on ! basis ( 8 k ( ! relation ( ! sides ( a triangle to its angles1 he develop$ a practical rule = asc]ta9+ ! di/ance ( a %ip f ! %ore4 ,! philosophical m9d ( ,?ales laid hold1 no d\bt1 ( "s ( ! ess5tials ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! p>ticul>s usually br\ght =w>d to prove 8 orig9ality t5d r to %[ 8 indebt$ness to ! ,babylonians4 ,! numb] ( days 9 ! ye>1 ! l5g? ( ! synodic mon?1 ! relation ( ! sun's app>5t diamet] to ! ecliptic1 ! times ( recurr5ce ( eclipses1 7 matt]s t _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,babylonians1 z well z to ! ,*9ese4 ,h[ev]1 he ar\s$ great int]e/ 9 a/ronomy among ! ,greeks by ! pr$iction ( a sol> eclipse4 ,?is 0 probably ! eclipse ( #ehe ,b4,c41 :i* int]rupt$ a fi]ce battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ! ,lydians4 ,! advice ( ,?ales to m>9]s to /e] by ! ,less] ,be>1 z ne>] ! pole1 r ?an by ! ,great ,be>1 %[s also t 9 8 a/ronomical /udies z 9 8 geometrical he 0 n indiff]5t to ! applications ( sci5tific k4 ,9 fact1 "s writ]s ma9ta9 t ,?ales 0 n a philosoph] at all1 b r an a/ronom] & eng9e]4 ,we "k v little ( 8 purely speculative ?\ght4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t he arriv$ at a g5]alization--fanta/ic to mo/ m9ds--t all ?+s are wat]4 ,attempts h be5 made to add to ?is /atem5t1 & to expla9 x away4 ,its great int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( ?\ght lies 9 ! fact t x is ! result ( seek+ ! con/ant 9 ! v>iable1 ! unit>y pr9ciple 9 ! multiple ph5om5a ( nature4 ,?is ab/ract & g5]al view 7?\gh p]haps sugge/$ by ! ,babylonian belief t ! _w orig9at$ 9 a wat]y *aos1 or by ! tea*+ ( ,egyptian prie/s7 0 prem95tly ,greek1 & 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( attempts to discov] ! basis or orig9 ( all ?+s4 ,"o ( ! foll[]s ( ,?ales taught t air 0 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple2 :ile ,h]aclitus1 anticipat+ to "s ext5t mod]n !ories ( ! orig9 ( ! cosmos1 decl>$ 9 favor ( a fi]y vapor subject to ceaseless *ange4 ,emp$ocles1 ! great philosoph]-physician1 fir/ set =? ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts--e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,= ,democritus indivisible p>ticles or atoms are fundam5tal to all ph5om5a4 ,x is evid5t t ! !ory ( ,?ales 0 a />t+ po9t = ,greek ab/ract ?\ght1 & t 8 incl9ation to seek out pr9ciples & g5]al laws acc\nts = 8 influ5ce on ! developm5t bo? ( philosophy & ! sci5ces4 ,py?agoras1 on ! advice ( ,?ales1 visit$ ,egypt 9 ! pursuit ( ma!matics4 ,!re is reason to believe t he also visit$ ,babylonia4 ,= him & 8 foll[]s ma!matics became a philosophy--almo/ a religion4 ,!y _h discov]$ 7by exp]im5t+ ) ! mono*ord1 ! fir/ piece ( physical-laboratory app>atus1 consi/+ ( a t5se h>p/r+ ) a movable bridge7 ! effect on ! tone ( ! /r+ ( a musical in/rum5t :5 ! l5g? is r$uc$ by "o half1 & also t /r+s ( l ?ickness & "u equal t5sion yield h>moni\s tones :5 _! l5g?s are relat$ z #a3b1 #b3c1 #c3d1 #d3e4 ,! ,py?agoreans drew f ?is ! extravagant inf]5ce t ! heav5ly bodies w\ld be 9 di/ance f ! e>? z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 ,mu* ( _! !ory mu/ seem to ! mod]n m9d m]ely fanciful & unsupport$ speculation4 ,at ! same "t x is only j to ?is s*ool ( philosoph]s to recognize t _! assumption t simple ma!matical relation%ips gov]n ! ph5om5a ( nature has _h an imm5se influ5ce on ! advance ( ! sci5ces4 ,:e!r _! fanaticism = numb] 0 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,egyptian prie/s or _h an ,ori5tal orig91 x gave to ! ,py?agoreans an en?usiasm = pure ma!matics4 ,!y disreg>d$ ! be>+ ( _! sci5ce on ! practical ne$s ( life4 ,old problems l squ>+ ! circle1 trisect+ ! angle1 & d\bl+ ! cube1 7 n[ attempt$ 9 a new _s & ) fre% vigor4 ,! fir/1 second1 & f\r? books ( ,euclid are l>gely ( ,py?agorean orig94 ,= solid geometry z a sci5ce we are also indebt$ to ?is sect ( numb]-wor%ip]s4 ,"o ( !m 7,ar*ytas1 #dbh-cdg ,b4,c41 a fri5d ( ,plato7 0 ! fir/ to apply geometry to me*anics4 ,we see aga9 "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,?ales1 t ! love ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ! pursuit ( sci5ce z sci5ce1 did n int]f]e ) ultimate practical applications4 ,plato 7#dbi-cdg ,b4,c471 l _m o!r ,greek philosoph]s1 travel$ ext5sively1 visit+ ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt1 & ,l[] ,italy1 :]e ,py?agorean influ5ce 0 p>ticul>ly /rong4 ,8 *ief int]e/ lay 9 speculation4 ,= him !re 7 two worlds1 ! _w ( s5se & ! _w ( ideas4 ,! s5ses deceive u2 !re=e1 ! philosoph] %\ld turn 8 back ^u ! _w ( s5sible impressions1 & develop ! reason4 ,9 8 ,dialogues he outl9$ a c\rse ( tra9+ & /udy1 ! pr(ess$ object ( :i* 0 to educate a class ( philosoph]s4 7,/range to say1 ,plato's curriculum1 plann$ orig9ally = ! intellectual lite1 /ill dictates 9 our s*ools ! education ( millions ( boys & girls ^: c>e]s d n call = a tra9+ m]ely ( ! reason47 ,ov] ! por* ( 8 s*ool1 ! ,academy at ,a!ns1 7 inscrib$ ! words1 ,let no "o :o is unacqua9t$ ) geometry ent] "h4 ,x 0 n because x 0 useful 9 ev]yday life t ,plato laid su* insi/5ce on ?is /udy1 b because x increas$ ! /ud5ts' p[]s ( ab/raction & tra9$ ! m9d to correct & vigor\s ?9k+4 ,f 8 po9t ( view ! *ief good ( geometry is lo/ unless we c ?r\gh x )draw ! m9d f ! p>ticul> & ! mat]ial4 ,he delight$ 9 cle>ness ( conception4 ,8 ma9 sci5tific int]e/ 0 9 a/ronomy & ma!matics4 ,we owe to him ! def9ition ( a l9e z l5g? )\t bread?1 & ! =mulation ( ! axiom1 ,equals subtract$ f equals leave equals4 ,plato _h an imm$iate influ5ce 9 /imulat+ ma!matical /udies1 & has be5 call$ a mak] ( ma!maticians4 ,euclid1 :o 0 active at ,alex&ria t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 0 n "o ( ,plato's imm$iate disciples b %>$ ! great philosoph]'s po9t ( view4 ,! /ory is told t "o ( 8 pupils1 arriv$ p]haps at ! pons as9orum1 ask$1 ,:at d ,i get by le>n+ ^! ?+s8 ,euclid1 call+ 8 s]vant1 said1 ,give him sixp5ce1 s9ce he mu/ make ga9 out ( :at he le>ns4 ,adults 7 also f\nd1 ev5 among ! nimble-witt$ ,greeks1 to :om ab/ract reason+ 0 n altoge!r cong5ial4 ,?is is atte/$ by ! famili> /ory ( ,ptolemy1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 :o once ask$ ,euclid :e!r geometry c\ld n be le>n$ 9 "s easi] way ?an by /udy+ ! geomet]'s book1 ,! ,elem5ts4 ,to ?is ! s*oolma/] repli$1 ,!re is no royal road to geometry4 ,= ! academic intellig5ce ab/ract & ab/ruse ma!matics are tonic & an end 9 !mselves4 ,z already /at$1 _! ultimate practical value is also imm5se4 ,"o ( ,plato's associates1 work+ "u 8 direction1 inve/igat$ ! curves produc$ by cutt+ cones ( diff]5t k9ds 9 a c]ta9 plane4 ,^! curves--! ellipse1 ! p>abola1 ! hyp]bola--play a l>ge "p 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( a/ronomy & me*anics4 ,ano!r ,platoni/ made ! fir/ measurem5t ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,ari/otle1 ! greate/ pupil ( ,plato1 0 born at ,/agira 9 #chd ,b4,c4 ,he came ( a family ( physicians1 0 tra9$ = ! m$ical pr(ession1 & _h 8 att5tion e>ly direct$ to natural ph5om5a4 ,he ent]$ ! ,academy at ,a!ns ab\t #cfg ,b4,c41 & /udi$ !re till ! dea? ( ,plato tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,he 0 a dilig5t b1 z 0 natural1 consid]+ ! "* ( 8 e>ly education1 by no means a passive /ud5t4 ,plato said t ,ari/otle react$ aga9/ 8 in/ructor z a vigor\s colt kicks ! "m t n\ri%es x4 ,! physician's son did n accept )\t modification ! view t ! philosoph] %\ld turn 8 back ^u ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,he _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! physical sci5ce ( ! "t1 & believ$ 9 ! reality ( concrete ?+s4 ,at ! same "t he absorb$ :at he f\nd ( value 9 8 ma/]'s tea*+s4 ,he ?\ght t sci5ce did n consi/ 9 a m]e /udy ( individual ?+s1 b t we mu/ pass on to a =mulation ( g5]al pr9ciples & !n return to a /udy ( ! concrete4 ,8 0 a great sy/ematiz+ intellect1 :i* has left its impr9t on ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( k4 ,physical a/ronomy1 physical geography1 meteorology1 physics1 *emi/ry1 geology1 botany1 anatomy1 physiology1 embryology1 & zology 7 enri*$ by 8 tea*+4 ,x 0 ?r\gh him t logic1 e?ics1 psy*ology1 rhetoric1 /hetics1 political sci5ce1 zology 7especially i*?yology71 fir/ receiv$ sy/ematic treatm5t4 ,z a great mod]n philosoph] has said1 ,ari/otle press$ 8 way ?r\gh ! mass ( ?+s kn[able1 & subject$ its div]sity to ! p[] ( 8 ?\ght4 ,no wond] t = ages he 0 kn[n z ,! ,philosoph]1 ma/] ( ^? :o "k4 ,8 purpose 0 to compreh5d1 to def9e1 to classify ! ph5om5a ( organic & inorganic nature1 to sy/ematize ! k ( 8 own "t4 ,tw5ty ye>s' appr5tice%ip 9 ! s*ool ( ,plato _h %>p5$ 8 logical p[]s & add$ to 8 /ock ( g5]al ideas1 b _h n taught him to di/ru/ 8 s5ses4 ,:5 we say t our eyes deceive u1 we really confess t we h mis9t]pret$ ! data t our sight has furni%$4 ,prop]ly to "k involves ! "r use ( ! s5ses z well z ! "r use ( reason4 ,! advance ( sci5ce dep5ds on ! developm5t bo? ( speculation & obs]vation4 ,ari/otle advis$ inve/igators to make sure ( ! facts be=e seek+ ! explanation ( ! facts4 ,:]e preconceiv$ !ory 0 at v>iance ) obs]v$ facts1 ! =m] mu/ ( c\rse give way4 ,?\gh x has be5 said t :ile ,plato 0 a dream]1 ,ari/otle 0 a ?9k]1 yet x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ 9 qualification t ,plato (t5 %[$ g5u9e k ( natural ph5om5a 9 anatomy & o!r dep>tm5ts ( /udy1 & t ,ari/otle 0 c>ri$ away at times by 8 own presuppositions1 or fail$ to br+ 8 !ories to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,! ,/agirite held t ! velocity ( fall+ bodies is proportional to _! weight1 t ! function ( ! diaphragm is to divide ! region ( ! nobl] f t ( ! animal passions1 & t ! bra9 is int5d$ to act 9 opposition to ! he>t1 ! bra9 be+ =m$ ( e>?y & wat]y mat]ial1 :i* br+s ab\t a cool+ effect4 ,! !ory ( ! f\r elem5ts--! hot1 ! cold1 ! moi/1 ! dry--l$ to dogmatic /atem5ts ) little attempt at v]ification4 ,f ! /&po9t ( mod]n /udies x is easy to po9t out ! mi/akes ( ,ari/otle ev54 ,sci5ce is progressive1 n infallible4 ,9 8 own "t he 0 r reproa*$ = :at 0 consid]$ an undignifi$ & sordid famili>ity ) obs]v$ facts4 ,8 critics said t hav+ squ&]$ 8 patrimony1 he _h s]v$ 9 ! army1 &1 fail+ !re1 _h become a sell] ( drugs4 ,8 obs]vations on ! effects ( heat seem to h be5 drawn f ! common processes ( ! home & ! work%op4 ,ev5 9 ! rip5+ ( fruits heat appe>s to him to h a cook+ effect4 ,heat di/orts articles made ( pott]s' clay aft] !y h be5 h>d5$ by cold4 ,aga9 we f9d him describ+ ! manufacture ( pota% & ( /eel4 ,he is n disda9ful ( ! /udy ( ! l[] animals1 b invites u to inve/igate all =ms 9 ! expectancy ( discov]+ some?+ natural & beautiful4 ,9 a simil> _s ( sci5tific curiosity ! ,ari/otelian "w ,! ,problems /udies ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]1 ! rudd]1 ! :eel & axle1 ! =ceps1 ! balance1 ! beam1 ! w$ge1 z well z o!r me*anical pr9ciples4 ,9 ,ari/otle1 9 fact1 we f9d a m9d exceptionally able to =m cle> ideas1 & at ! same "t to obs]ve ! ri* v>iety ( nature4 ,he paid homage bo? to ! multiplicity & ! uni=mity ( nature1 ! weal? ( ! ph5om5a & ! simplicity ( ! law expla9+ ! ph5om5a4 ,_m g5]al & ab/ract ideas 7category1 en]gy1 entomology1 ess5ce1 mean betwe5 extremes1 metaphysics1 meteorology1 motive1 natural hi/ory1 pr9ciple1 syllogism7 h ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle become ! common prop]ty ( educat$ p ! _w ov]4 ,plato 0 a ma!matician & an a/ronom]4 ,ari/otle 0 fir/ & =emo/ a biologi/4 ,8 books treat$ ! hi/ory ( animals1 ! p>ts ( animals1 ! locomotion ( animals1 ! g5]ation ( animals1 respiration1 life & dea?1 l5g? & %ortness ( life1 y\? & old age4 ,8 psy*ology is1 l t ( ! pres5t day1 a biological psy*ology4 ,9 8 contributions to biological sci5ce is manife/$ 8 *>act]i/ic incl9ation to be at once ab/ract & concrete4 ,8 works display a k ( ov] five hundr$ liv+ =ms4 ,he dissect$ specim5s ( fifty diff]5t species ( animals4 ,"o might m5tion especially 8 m9ute k ( ! sea-ur*91 ( ! murex 7s\rce ( ! fam\s ,tyrian dye71 ( ! *ameleon1 ( ! habits ( ! torp$o1 ! s-call$ fi%+-frog1 & ne/-mak+ fi%es1 z well z ( ! mann] ( reproduction ( :ales & c]ta9 species ( %>ks4 ,"o ( 8 *ief contributions to anatomy is ! description ( ! he>t & ( ! arrangem5t ( ! blood-vessels4 ,a repugnance to ! dissection ( ! human body seems to h *eck$ to "s ext5t 8 curiosity 9 ref]5ce to ! anatomy ( man1 b he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure ( ! int]nal e>1 ! passage lead+ f ! ph>ynx to ! middle e>1 & ! two out] membranes ( ! bra9 ( man4 ,ari/otle's g5ius did n p]mit him to get lo/ 9 ! m]e details ( obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,he recogniz$ resemblances & diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s species1 classifi$ animals z belong+ to two l>ge gr\ps1 di/+ui%$ :ales & dolph9s f fi%es1 recogniz$ ! family lik5ess ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 ! wood pigeon1 ! rock pigeon1 & ! turtle dove4 ,he laid d[n ! *>act]i/ics ( ! class ( inv]tebrates to :i* octopus & sepia belong4 ,man takes a place 9 ,ari/otle's sy/em ( nature z a social animal1 ! highe/ type ( ! :ole s]ies ( liv+ be+s1 *>act]iz$ by c]ta9 p[]s ( recall1 reason1 delib]ation4 ,( c\rse x 0 n to be expect$ t ,ari/otle %\ld "w out a fully satisfactory classification ( all ! v>ieties ( plants & animals kn[n to him4 ,yet 8 purpose & me?od m>k him z ! fa!r ( natural sci5ce4 ,he _h ! eye to obs]ve & ! m9d to grasp ! relation%ips & ! import ( :at he obs]v$4 ,8 attempt to classify animals accord+ to ! nature ( _! tee? 7d5tition7 has be5 criticiz$ z unsuccessful1 b ?is pr9ciple ( classification is /ill ( use1 & may be reg>d$ z typical ( 8 m9d1 at once c>eful & compreh5sive4 ,"o in/ance ( ,ari/otle's comb9+ philosophical speculation ) acute obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a is af=d$ by 8 "w on g5]ation & developm5t4 ,he knew t ! transmission ( life des]ves special /udy z ! pr$om9ant function ( ! v>i\s species ( plants & animals4 ,de=m$ p>5ts may h well-=m$ (fspr+4 ,*ildr5 may resemble gr&p>5ts r ?an p>5ts4 ,x is only t[>d ! close ( its developm5t t ! embryo exhibits ! *>act]i/ics ( its p>5t species4 ,ari/otle trac$ ) "s c>e ! embryological developm5t ( ! *ick f ! f\r? day ( incubation4 ,8 k ( ! propagation ( animals 01 h[ev]1 n suffici5t to make him reject ! belief 9 spontane\s g5]ation f mud1 s&1 foam1 & dew4 ,8 errors are readily compreh5sible1 z1 = example1 9 attribut+ spontane\s g5]ation to eels1 ! habits & mode ( reproduction ( :i* only rec5t /udies h made fully kn[n4 ,9 reg>d to g5]ation1 z 9 o!r sci5tific fields1 ! philosophic m9d ( ,ari/otle anticipat$ mod]n !ories1 & also rais$ g5]al que/ions only to be solv$ by lat] inve/igation ( ! facts4 ,only "o indication ne$ be giv5 ( ! practical results t fl[$ f ,ari/otle's sci5tific "w4 ,9 "o ( 8 writ+s he has /at$ t ! sph]icity ( ! e>? c be obs]v$ f ! fact t its %ad[ on ! moon at ! "t ( eclipse is an arc4 ,t x is bo? sph]ical & small 9 comp>ison ) ! heav5ly bodies appe>s1 moreov]1 f ?is1 t />s visible 9 ,egypt are invisible 9 c\ntries f>!r nor?2 :ile />s always above ! horizon 9 nor!rn c\ntries are se5 to set f c\ntries to ! s\?4 ,consequ5tly ! e>? is n only sph]ical b also n l>ge2 o!rwise ?is ph5om5on w\ld n pres5t itself on s limit$ a *ange ( position on ! "p ( ! obs]v]4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 n incr$ible t ! region ab\t ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules ,gibralt> is connect$ ) t ( ,india1 & t !re is ?us only "o ocean4 ,x is kn[n t ?is passage f ,! ,philosoph] influ5c$ ,columbus 9 8 und]tak+ to rea* ! ,ori5t by sail+ we/ f ! coa/ ( ,spa94 ,we mu/ pass ov] ,ari/otle's obs]vation ( a relation%ip 7homology7 betwe5 ! arms ( man1 ! =elegs ( quadrup$s1 ! w+s ( birds1 & ! pectoral f9s ( fi%es1 z well z _m o!r tru?s to :i* 8 g5ius = g5]alization l$ him4 ,9 ! field ( botany ,ari/otle _h a wide k ( natural ph5om5a1 & rais$ g5]al que/ions z to mode ( propagation1 n\ri%m5t1 relation ( plants to animals1 etc4 ,8 pupil & lifelong fri5d1 & successor z lead] ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool ( philosophy1 ,!ophra/us1 comb9$ a k ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 botany1 & m9]alogy4 ,8 ,hi/ory ( ,plants describes ab\t five hundr$ species4 ,at ! same "t he treats ! g5]al pr9ciples ( botany1 ! di/ribution ( plants1 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant ?r\gh leaf z well z root1 ! sexuality ( date palm & t]eb9?4 ,he lays great /ress on ! uses ( plants4 ,8 classification ( plants is inf]ior to ,ari/otle's classification ( animals4 ,8 views 9 ref]5ce to spontane\s g5]ation are m gu>d$ ?an ^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,8 "w ,on ,/ones is dom9at$ by ! practical r ?an ! g5]aliz+ _s4 ,x is evid5tly inspir$ by a k ( m9es1 su* z ! celebrat$ ,laurium1 f :i* ,a!ns drew its supply ( silv]1 & ! weal? f :i* enabl$ ! ,a!nians to develop a sea-p[] t ov]mat*$ t ( ! ,p]sians4 ,ev5 to-day en\gh rema9s ( ! gall]ies1 %afts1 scoria1 m9e-lamps1 & o!r ut5sils to give a cle> idea ( ?is sc5e ( anci5t indu/ry4 ,!ophra/us consid]$ ! m$ic9al uses ( m9]als z well z ( plants4 ,we h fail$ to m5tion ,hippocrates 7#dfj-cgj ,b4,c471 ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e1 9 :om is f\nd an intimate union ( practical sci5ce & speculative philosophy4 ,we mu/ also pass ov] su* lat] ,greek sci5ti/s z ,ari/>*us & ,hipp>*us :o confut$ ! !ories ( ,py?agoras & ,plato 9 ref]5ce to ! relative di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies f ! e>?4 ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse dem&s1 h[ev]1 p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,he liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & has be5 call$ ! greate/ ma!matician ( antiquity4 ,9 him we f9d ! devotion to ! ab/ract t m>k$ ! ,greek intellig5ce4 ,he w5t s f> z to say t e k9d ( art is ignoble if connect$ ) daily ne$s4 ,8 int]e/ lay 9 ab/ruse ma!matical problems4 ,8 special pride 0 9 hav+ det]m9$ ! relative dim5sions ( ! sph]e & ! enclos+ cyl9d]4 ,he work$ out ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]4 ,give me1 he said1 a place on :i* to /& & ,i w move ! e>?4 ,he approximat$ m closely ?an ! ,egyptians ! solution ( ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 ! area ( a circle & ! radius4 ,8 "w _h practical value 9 spite ( himself4 ,at ! reque/ ( 8 fri5d ! ,k+ ( ,sicily1 he appli$ 8 +5uity to discov] :e!r a c]ta9 cr[n 7 pure gold or alloy$ ) silv]1 & he hit ^u a me?od :i* has f\nd _m applications 9 ! indu/ries4 ,8 "n is associat$ ) ! endless screw4 ,9 fact1 8 practical contrivances won su* repute t x is n easy to sep>ate ! hi/orical facts f ! leg5ds t en%r\d 8 "n4 ,he aid$ 9 ! def5se ( 8 native city aga9/ ! ,romans 9 #bab ,b4,c41 & devis$ w>-eng9es ) :i* to repel ! besieg]s4 ,aft] ! enemy _h ent]$ ! city1 says tradition1 he /ood absorb$ 9 a ma!matical problem :i* he _h diagramm$ on ! s&4 ,z a rude ,roman soldi] approa*$1 ,ar*im$es cri$1 ,don't spoil my circles1 & 0 in/antly kill$4 ,! victori\s g5]al1 h[ev]1 buri$ him ) honor1 & on ! tomb ( ! ma!matician caus$ to be inscrib$ ! sph]e ) its enclos+ cyl9d]4 ,! triumphs ( ,greek ab/ract ?\ght tea* ! lesson t practical m5 %\ld pay homage to speculation ev5 :5 !y fail to compreh5d a fraction ( x4 ,,ref]5ces ,ari/otle1 ,hi/oria ,animalium2 translat$ by ,d',a4 ,w4 ,?ompson4 7,vol4 ,,iv ( ! ,works ( ,ari/otle ,translat$ into ,engli%4 ,ox=d3 ,cl>5don ,press47 ,a4 ,b4 ,buckley 7,mrs4 ,buckley ,fi%]71 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 ,ari/otle2 ,a ,*apt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,t4 ,e4 ,lones1 ,ari/otle's ,rese>*es 9 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,d',a4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ,on ,ari/otle z a ,biologi/4 ,william ,:ewell1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,alfr$ ,web]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sci5tific ,,!ory ,,subord9at$ ,,to ,,application--,,rome3 ,,vitruvius ,vitruvius 0 a cultur$ eng9e] & ar*itect4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,roman ,/ate at ! "t ( ,augu/us1 %ortly be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he plann$ basilicas & aqu$ucts1 & design$ p[]ful w>-eng9es capable ( hurl+ rocks weigh+ ?ree or f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,he knew ! arts & ! sci5ces1 held l(ty ideals ( pr(essional conduct & dignity1 & 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ,greek philosophy4 ,we "k ( him *iefly f 8 t5 %ort books on ,ar*itecture 7,de ,ar*itectura1 ,libri ,decem71 9 :i* he t\*es ^u mu* ( ! le>n+ ( 8 "t4 ,ar*itecture = ,vitruvius is a sci5ce aris+ out ( _m o!r sci5ces4 ,practice & !ory are its p>5ts4 ,! m]ely practical man loses mu* by n kn[+ ! backgr\nd ( 8 activities2 ! m]e !ori/ fails by mi/ak+ ! %ad[ = ! sub/ance4 ,vitruvius 9 ! !oretical & hi/orical p>ts ( 8 book draws l>gely on ,greek writ]s2 b 9 ! p>ts be>+ on practice he sets =?1 ) consid]able %rewdness1 ! outcome ( ye>s ( ?\ghtful pr(essional exp]i5ce4 ,"o _c read 8 pages )\t feel+ t he is m at home 9 ! concrete ?an 9 ! ab/ract & speculative1 9 describ+ a catapult ?an 9 expla9+ a sci5tific !ory or a philosophy4 ,he 0 n a ,plato or an ,ar*im$es1 b an effici5t (fic] ( ,/ate1 consci\s ( indebt$ness to ! great sci5ti/s & philosoph]s4 ,) a j s5se ( 8 limitations he und]took to write1 n z a lit]>y man1 b z an ar*itect4 ,8 education _h be5 ma9ly pr(essional1 b1 ! :ole circle ( le>n+ be+ "o h>moni\s sy/em1 he _h be5 drawn to _m bran*es ( k 9 s f> z !y 7 relat$ to 8 call+4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ,vitruvius an ar*itect %\ld be a good writ]1 able to give a lucid explanation ( 8 plans1 a skillful draftsman1 v]s$ 9 geometry & optics1 exp]t at figures1 acqua9t$ ) hi/ory1 in=m$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( physics & ( e?ics1 kn[+ some?+ ( music 7tones & ac\/ics71 n ignorant ( law1 or ( hygi5e1 or ( ! motions1 laws1 & relations to ea* o!r ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,=1 s9ce ar*itecture is f\nd$ ^u & adorn$ ) s _m diff]5t sci5ces1 ,i am ( op9ion t ^? :o h n1 f _! e>ly y\?1 gradually climb$ up to ! summit1 _c )\t presumption1 call !mselves ma/]s ( x4 ,vitruvius 0 f> f %>+ ! view ( ,ar*im$es t art :i* 0 connect$ ) ! satisfaction ( daily ne$s 0 necess>ily ignoble & vulg>4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 int]e/ c5t]$ 9 ! practical2 & he 0 ma9ly conc]n$ ) sci5tific !ory by reason ( its application 9 ! arts4 ,geometry help$ him plan a /aircase2 a k ( tones 0 necess>y 9 dis*>g+ catapults2 law dealt ) b\nd>y-l9es1 sewage-disposal1 & contracts2 hygi5e enabl$ ! ar*itect to %[ a ,hippocratic wisdom 9 ! *oice ( build+-sites ) due ref]5ce to airs & wat]s4 ,vitruvius _h ! ,roman practical & regulative g5ius1 n ! ab/ract & speculative g5ius ( ,a!ns4 ,! second book beg9s ) an acc\nt ( diff]5t philosophical views conc]n+ ! orig9 ( matt]1 & a discussion ( ! e>lie/ dwell+s ( man4 ,its real !me1 h[ev]1 is build+-mat]ial--brick1 s&1 lime1 /one1 concrete1 m>ble1 /ucco1 timb]1 pozzolano4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! la/ 7volcanic a% comb9$ ) lime & rubble to =m a cem5t7 ,vitruvius writes 9 a way t indicates a discrim9at+ k ( geological =mations4 ,likewise 8 discussion ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,ap5n9es on ! ra9fall1 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! timb] ( ! firs on ! ea/ & we/ ( ! range1 %[s a grasp ( meteorological pr9ciples4 ,8 real p[] to g5]alize is %[n 9 connection ) 8 specialty1 9 8 treatm5t ( ! s\rces ( build+-mat]ial1 r ?an 9 8 consid]ation ( ! orig9 ( matt]4 ,simil>ly ! fif? book beg9s ) a discussion ( ! !ories ( ,py?agoras1 b its real topic is public build+s--=a1 basilicas1 !at]s1 ba?s1 pal/ras1 h>bors1 & quays4 ,9 ! !at]s bronze vases ( v>i\s sizes1 arrang$ accord+ to ,py?agorean musical pr9ciples1 7 to be us$ 9 ! auditorium to re9=ce ! voice ( ! actor4 7,?is recomm5dation 0 misund]/ood c5turies lat]1 :5 ,vitruvius 0 consid]$ ( great au?ority1 & l$ to ! futile practice ( plac+ e>!nw>e j>s b5ea? ! floors ( *ur* *oirs47 ,accord+ to our au?or1 ,! voice arises f fl[+ brea?1 s5sible to ! he>+ ?r\gh its p]cussion on ! air4 ,x is comp>$ to ! wavelets produc$ by a /one dropp$ 9 wat]1 only t 9 ! case ( s\nd ! waves are n conf9$ to "o plane4 ,?is g5]alization conc]n+ ! nature ( s\nd 0 probably n orig9al1 h[ev]2 x may h be5 sugge/$ to ,vitruvius by "o ( ! ,ari/otelian writ+s4 ,! sev5? book treats ( int]ior decoration--mosaic floors1 gypsum m\ld+s1 wall pa9t+1 :ite lead1 r$ lead1 v]digris1 m]cury 7:i* may be us$ to recov] gold f worn-out pieces ( embroid]y71 encau/ic pa9t+ ) hot wax1 colors 7black1 blue1 g5u9e & imitation murex purple74 ,! eigh? book deals ) wat] & ) hydraulic eng9e]+1 hot spr+s1 m9]al wat]s1 level+ in/rum5ts1 con/ruction ( aqu$ucts1 lead & clay pip+4 ,vitruvius 0 n ignorant ( ! fact t wat] seeks its own level1 & he ev5 argu$ t air mu/ h weight 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! rise ( wat] 9 pumps4 ,9 8 "t x 0 m economical to convey ! h>d wat] by aqu$ucts ?an by su* pipes z c\ld !n be con/ruct$4 ,! n9? book und]takes to rehe>se ! elem5ts ( geometry & a/ronomy--! signs ( ! zodiac1 ! sun1 moon1 planets1 ! phases ( ! moon1 ! ma!matical divisions ( ! gnomon1 ! use ( ! sundial1 etc4 ,"o feels 9 read+ ,vitruvius t 8 purpose 0 to turn to practical acc\nt :at he _h ga9$ f ! /udy ( ! sci5ces2 &1 at ! same "t1 "o is conv9c$ t 8 applications t5d to react on !oretical k1 & lead to new insights ?r\gh ! sugge/ion ( new problems4 ,! t5? book ( ! s-call$ ,de ,ar*itectura is conc]n$ ) ma*9]y--w9dmills1 w9dlasses1 axles1 pulleys1 cranes1 pumps1 fire-eng9es1 revolv+ spiral tubes = rais+ wat]1 :eels = irrigation work$ by wat]-p[]1 :eels to regi/] di/ance travel$ by l& or wat]1 scal+-ladd]s1 batt]+-rams1 tortoises1 catapults1 scorpions1 & balli/4 ,on ! subject ( w>-eng9es ,vitruvius speaks ) special au?ority1 z he _h s]v$1 probably z milit>y eng9e]1 "u ,julius ,cs> 9 #df ,b4,c41 & _h be5 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( balli/ & o!r milit>y eng9es 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,x 0 to ! div9e ,emp]or t 8 book 0 d$icat$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! adm9i/ration ( ,roman public works4 ,9 its pages we see reflect$ ! life ( a nation employ$ 9 conqu]+ & rul+ ! _w1 ) a g5ius m di/+ui%$ = practical a*ievem5t ?an = !ory & speculation4 ,its au?or is truly repres5tative ( ,roman culture1 = ne>ly ev]y?+ t ,rome _h ( a sci5tific & intellectual sort x drew f ,greece1 & x select$ t "p ( ,greek wisdom t m9i/]$ to ! daily ne$s ( ! times4 ,9 8 "w on ar*itecture1 ,vitruvius %[s himself a dilig5t & devot$ /ud5t ( ! sci5ces 9 ord] t he may turn !m to acc\nt 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( te*nology4 ,if y glance at ! /udy ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & m$ic9e among ! ,romans prior to ! "t ( ,greek influ5ce1 y f9d t next to no?+ _h be5 accompli%$4 ,_! me?od ( field measurem5t 0 f> less develop$ ?an ! anci5t ,egyptian geometry1 & ev5 = x 7z well z = _! sy/em ( num]als7 !y 7 indebt$ to ! ,etruscans4 ,! hi/ory ( a/ronomy has no?+ to record ( sci5tific accompli%m5t on ! "p ( ! ,romans4 ,!y reckon$ "t by mon?s1 & 9 ! e>li] p]iod kept a rude tally ( ! ye>s by driv+ nails into a /atue ( ,janus1 ! anci5t sun-god4 ,z we %all see1 !y 7 unable to regulate ! cal5d>4 ,aga91 s f> 7 !y f contribut+ to ! developm5t ( m$ic9e t !y _h no physicians = ! six hundr$ ye>s prec$+ ! com+ ( ,greek sci5ce4 ,a m$ical slave act$ z ov]se] ( ! family heal?1 & disease 0 combat$ 9 primitive fa%ion by pray]s & (f]+s to v>i\s gods1 :o 7 suppos$ to furni% g5]al heal? or to influ5ce ! functions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,s rude 0 ! native culture ( ! ,romans t x is d\btful :e!r !y _h any s*ools be=e ! adv5t ( ,greek le>n+4 ,! girls 7 tra9$ by _! mo!rs1 ! boys ei!r by _! fa!rs or by "s ma/] to :om !y 7 appr5tic$4 ,! ,greeks 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans 9 #adf ,b4,c41 b be=e t "t ,roman life & in/itutions _h be5 t\*$ by ,hell5ic culture4 ,cato ! ,c5sor 7:o di$ 9 #adi ,b4,c47 & o!r cons]vatives tri$ 9 va9 to resi/ ! invasion ( ,greek sci5ce1 philosophy1 & ref9em5t4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece ! ma/] became pupil1 & ! conqu]or 0 tak5 captive4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 nev] rose to prem95ce 9 sci5ce or ! f9e arts4 ,a fur!r developm5t 9 te*nology correspond$ m closely to _! national ne$s1 & 9 ?is field !y came und\bt$ly to surpass ! ,greeks4 ,bridges1 %ips1 milit>y roads1 w>-eng9es1 aqu$ucts1 public build+s1 organization ( ! ,/ate & ! army1 ! =mulation ( legal proc$ure1 ! enactm5t & codification ( laws1 7 necess>y to secure & ma9ta9 ! ,empire4 ,! use 9 build+ con/ruction ( a k ( ! "r-angl$ triangle z well z o!r matt]s kn[n to ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians1 & ,ar*im$es' me?od ( det]m9+ specific gravity 7 ( peculi> int]e/ to ! practical ,romans4 ,julius ,cs>1 #ajb-dd ,b4,c41 in/itut$ a re=m ( ! cal5d>4 ,?is 0 v mu* ne$$1 z ! ,romans 7 eighty-five days out ( _! reckon+1 & ! date = ! spr+ equ9ox1 in/ead ( com+ at ! prop] "t1 0 fall+ 9 ! middle ( w9t]4 ,an ,alex&rian a/ronom] 7,sosig5es7 assi/$ 9 e/abli%+ ! new 7,julian7 cal5d>4 ,! pr9ciple foll[$ 0 bas$ on anci5t ,egyptian practice4 ,among ! #cfe days ( ! ye> 0 to be ins]t$1 or int]calat$1 e f\r? ye> an extra day4 ,?is ! ,romans did by giv+ to two days 9 leap-ye> ! same "n2 ?us ! six? day be=e ! fir/ ( ,m>* 0 repeat$1 & leap-ye> 0 kn[n z a bissextile ye>4 ,cs>1 tra9$ himself 9 ! ,greek le>n+ & kn[n to 8 contempor>ies z a writ] on ma!matics & a/ronomy1 also plann$ a survey ( ! ,empire1 :i* 0 f9ally c>ri$ into execution by ,augu/us4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! ne$ ( te*nically tra9$ m5 became m & m press+ z ! ,empire develop$4 ,at fir/ !re 7 no special tea*]s or s*ools4 ,lat] we f9d m5tion ( tea*]s ( ar*itecture & me*anics4 ,!n ! ,/ate came to provide classrooms = te*nical in/ruction & to pay ! sal>ies ( ! tea*]s4 ,f9ally1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 fur!r measures 7 adopt$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e writes to "o ( 8 (ficials3 ,we ne$ z _m eng9e]s z possible4 ,s9ce ! supply is small1 induce to beg9 ?is /udy y\?s ( ab\t eighte5 ye>s ( age :o are already acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ces requir$ 9 a g5]al education4 ,relieve _! p>5ts f ! paym5t ( taxes1 & furni% ! /ud5ts ) ample means4 ,pl9y ! ,eld] 7#bc-gi ,a4,d471 9 ! encyclop$ic "w :i* he compil$ "u ! title ,natural ,hi/ory1 drew freely on hundr$s ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors = 8 facts & fables4 ,9 ! selection t he made f 8 s\rces c be trac$1 z 9 ! "w ( ,vitruvius & o!r ,lat9 writ]s1 ! t5d5cy to make ! sci5ces subs]vi5t to ! arts4 ,= example1 ! "o ?\s& species ( plants ( :i* he makes m5tion are consid]$ f ! m$ic9al or f ! economic po9t ( view4 ,x 0 l>gely 9 ! int]e/ ( _! practical uses t ! ,roman reg>d$ bo? plants & animals2 8 *ief motive 0 n a dis9t]e/$ love ( tru?4 ,pl9y ?\ght t ea* plant _h its special virtue1 & mu* ( 8 botany is appli$ botany4 ,s compreh5sive a "w z ! ,natural ,hi/ory 0 sure to conta9 int]e/+ anticipations ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,pl9y held t ! e>? hov]s 9 ! heav5s upheld by ! air1 t its sph]icity is prov$ by ! fact t ! ma/ ( a %ip approa*+ ! l& is visible be=e ! hull comes 9 sight4 ,he also taught t !re are inhabitants on ! o!r side ( ! e>? 7antipodes71 t at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice ! pol> night mu/ la/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & t ! moon plays a "p 9 ! production ( ! tides4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole book is p]meat$ by ! idea t ! purpose ( nature is to m9i/] to ! ne$s ( man4 ,x fur!r m>ks ! practical _s among ! ,romans t a "w on agriculture by a ,c>?ag9ian 7,mago7 0 translat$ by ord] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,cato 7#bcd-adi ,b4,c471 s *>act]i/ically ,roman 9 8 g5ius1 wrote 7,de ,re ,ru/ica7 conc]n+ gra9s & ! cultivation ( fruits4 ,columella wrote treatises on agriculture & =e/ry4 ,among ! te*nical writ+s ( ,v>ro besides ! book on agriculture1 :i* is extant1 are numb]$ works on law1 m5suration1 & naval tactics4 ,x 0 b natural t at ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire !re %\ld be great advances 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,a ,roman's int]e/ 9 a sci5ce 0 ke5 :5 x c\ld be prov$ to h imm$iate be>+ on practical life4 ,! greate/ physician ( ! "t1 h[ev]1 0 a ,greek4 ,gal5 7#aca-bja ,a4,d471 :o c\nt$ himself a disciple ( ,hippocrates1 began to practice at ,rome at ! age ( ?irty-?ree4 ,he 0 ! only exp]im5tal physiologi/ be=e ! "t ( ,h>vey4 ,he /udi$ ! vocal app>atus 9 ! l>ynx1 & und]/ood ! contraction & relaxation ( ! muscles1 &1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! motion ( ! blood ?r\gh ! he>t1 lungs1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,he 0 a vivisector1 made sections ( ! bra9 9 ord] to det]m9e ! functions ( its p>ts1 & sev]$ ! gu/atory1 optic1 & auditory n]ves ) a simil> end 9 view4 ,8 dissections 7 conf9$ to ! l[] animals4 ,yet 8 works on human anatomy & physiology 7 au?oritative = ! subsequ5t ?irte5 c5turies4 ,x is difficult to say h[ mu* ( ! "w & cr$it ( ?is practical sci5ti/ is to be giv5 to ! race f :i* he sprang & h[ mu* to ! social environm5t ( 8 pr(essional c>e]4 7,9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 de/roy$ 9 #gi ,a4,d41 h be5 recov]$ "s two hundr$ k9ds ( surgical in/rum5t1 & 9 ! lat] ,empire c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( surg]y develop$ to a degree n surpass$ till ! sixte5? c5tury47 ,if x is too mu* to say t ! ,roman environm5t is responsible = ,gal5's a*ievem5ts1 we c at lea/ say t x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman p to welcome su* sci5ce z 81 capable ( demon/rat+ its utility4 ,dioscorides 0 also a ,greek :o1 long resid5t at ,rome1 appli$ 8 sci5ce 9 practice4 ,he knew six hundr$ diff]5t plants1 "o hundr$ m ?an ,!ophra/us4 ,! latt] laid mu* /ress1 z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 on ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( plants1 b 9 ?is respect he 0 outdone by ,dioscorides 7z well z by ,pl9y74 ,!ophra/us 0 ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( botany1 ,dioscorides ! f\nd] ( mat]ia m$ica4 ,qu9tilian1 born 9 ,spa91 sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life z a tea*] ( rhetoric 9 ,rome4 ,he valu$ ! sci5ces1 n on _! own acc\nt1 b z !y might subs]ve ! purposes ( ! orator4 ,music1 a/ronomy1 logic1 & ev5 !ology1 might be exploit$ z aids to public spee*4 ,9 ! "t ( ,qu9tilian 7fir/ c5tury ,a4,d471 z 9 our own1 oratory 0 consid]$ "o ( ! great factors 9 a "y man's success2 mock debat+ conte/s 7 frequ5t1 & ! p]iods ( ! future orators rev]b]at$ among ! sev5 hills ( ,rome4 ,to him our s*ools are also indebt$ = ! me?od ( tea*+ =eign languages by decl5sions1 conjugations1 vocabul>ies1 =mal rhetoric & annotations4 ,he consid]$ e?ics ! mo/ valuable "p ( philosophy4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld n be press+ our argum5t unduly to say t1 s f> z ! m9ds ( ! ,romans turn$ to speculation1 x 0 ! t5d5cy to practical philosophy--,epicureanism or ,/oicism--t 0 mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,?is 0 true ev5 ( ,lucretius 7#ih-ee ,b4,c471 au?or ( ! noble poem conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,?+s 7,de ,r]um ,natura74 ,9 ?is "w he writes "u ! inspiration ( ,greek philosophy4 ,8 model 0 a poem by ,emp$ocles on ,nature1 ! gr& hexamet]s ( :i* _h fasc9at$ ! ,roman poet4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! "w ( ,lucretius is ! purpose1 e?ical r ?an speculative1 to curb ! ambition1 passion1 luxury ( ^? h>d pagan times1 & likewise to free ! s\ls ( 8 c\ntrym5 f ! fe> ( ! gods & ! fe> ( dea?1 & to replace sup]/ition by peace ( m9d & purity ( he>t4 ,f ! "w on ,physical ,sci5ce 7,qu/ionum ,naturalium1 ,libri ,septem7 ( ,s5eca1 ! tutor ( ,n]o1 we le>n t ! ,romans made use ( globes fill$ ) wat] z magnifi]s1 employ$ ho?\ses 9 _! highly develop$ horticulture1 & obs]v$ ! refraction ( colors by ! prism4 ,at ! same "t ! book conta9s int]e/+ conjectures 9 ref]5ce to ! relation ( e>?quakes & volcanoes1 & to ! fact t comets travel 9 fix$ orbits4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ?is "w is an attempt to f9d a basis = e?ics 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,s5eca 0 a ,/oic1 z ,lucretius 0 an ,epicurean1 morali/4 ,:5 we glance back at ! culture1 or cultures1 ( ! great peoples ( antiquity1 ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,greek1 & ,roman1 t :i* _h its c5t] on ! banks ( ! ,tib] (f]s ! close/ analogy to our own4 ,among ,engli%-speak+ peoples z among ! ,romans !re is noticeable a c]ta9 contempt = sci5tific /udies /rangely m+l$ ) an incl9ation to exploit all !ory 9 ! int]e/ ( imm$iate application4 ,an ,engli% au?or1 writ+ 9 #ahcd1 rem>ks t ! ,romans1 em95t 9 w>1 9 polite lit]ature1 & civil policy1 %[$ at all times a rem>kable indisposition to ! pursuit ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce4 ,geometry & a/ronomy1 s highly e/eem$ by ! ,greeks1 7 n m]ely disreg>d$ by ! ,italians1 b ev5 consid]$ b5ea? ! att5tion ( a man ( good bir? & lib]al education2 !y 7 imag9$ to p>take ( a me*anical1 & !re=e s]vile1 "*4 ,! results 7 se5 to be made use ( by ! me*anical arti/1 & ! ab/ract pr9ciples 7 !re=e suppos$ to be1 z x 71 contam9at$ by 8 t\*4 ,?is un=tunate peculi>ity 9 ! ta/e ( 8 c\ntrym5 is rem>k$ by ,cic]o4 ,& x may n be irrelevant to inquire1 :e!r simil> prejudices d n prevail to "s ext5t ev5 among ourselves4 ,to ,am]icans also mu/ be attribut$ an impati5ce ( !ory z !ory1 & a pr$om9ant int]e/ 9 ! applications ( sci5ce4 ,,ref]5ces ,lucretius1 ,! ,nature ( ,?+s2 translat$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro4 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory2 translat$ by ,philemon ,holl&4 ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,s5eca1 ,physical ,sci5ce2 translat$ by ,john ,cl>ke4 ,vitruvius1 ,ar*itecture2 translat$ by ,joseph ,gwilt1 #ahbf4 ,vitruvius1 ,ar*itecture2 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,h4 ,morgan1 #aiad4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,sci5ce--,,! ,,m$ieval ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,arabs ,le>n+ has v (t5 & v aptly be5 comp>$ to a tor* pass$ f h& to h&4 ,by ! writt5 sign or spok5 ^w x is transmitt$ f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,v little advance 9 culture c\ld be made ev5 by ! greate/ man ( g5ius if he 7 dep5d5t1 = :at k he might acquire1 m]ely on 8 own p]sonal obs]vation4 ,inde$1 x might be said t exceptional m5tal ability involves a p[] to absorb ! ideas ( o!rs1 & ev5 t ! mo/ orig9al p are ^? :o are able to borr[ ! mo/ freely4 ,9 recall+ ! lives ( c]ta9 great m5 we may at fir/ be incl9$ to d\bt ?is tru?4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! "p play$ 9 ! progress ( civilization by ! ru/ic ,burns1 ! village-br$ ,%akespe>e1 or by ,l9coln ! fronti]sman8 ,:51 h[ev]1 we scrut9ize ! case ( any "o ( ^!1 we discov]1 ( c\rse1 exceptional natural end[m5t1 susceptibility to m5tal influ5ce1 rem>kable p[]s ( acquisition1 b no ability to produce any?+ absolutely orig9al4 ,9 ! case ( ,l9coln1 = example1 we f9d t 9 8 y\? he 0 z di/+ui%$ by dilig5ce 9 /udy z by physical /ature & pr[ess4 ,aft] he )drew f s*ool1 he read1 wrote1 & ciph]$ 79 ! int]vals ( manual "w7 almo/ incessantly4 ,he read ev]y?+ he c\ld lay h&s on4 ,he copi$ out :at mo/ appeal$ to him4 ,a few books he read & re-read till he _h almo/ memoriz$ !m4 ,:at con/itut$ 8 libr>y8 ,! ,bible1 sop's ,fables1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 a ,life ( ,wa%+ton1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! e/abli%$ = him a vital relation ) ! pa/1 & laid ! f\ndations ( a democratic culture2 n ! culture ( a ,*e/]field1 to be sure1 b some?+ immeasurably bett]1 & none ! less good = be+ almo/ univ]sally accessible4 ,l9coln develop$ 8 logical p[]s conn+ ! diction>y4 ,long be=e he und]took ! regul> /udy ( ! law1 he sp5t long h\rs por+ ov] ! revis$ /atutes ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* he 0 liv+4 ,f a book he ma/]$ ) a purpose ! pr9ciples ( gramm>4 ,9 ! same _s he le>n$ survey+1 also by means ( a book4 ,!re is no ne$ to ignore any ( ! influ5ces t told t[>d ! developm5t ( ?is great /atesman1 ! greate/ ( ,engli%-speak+ orators1 b x is evid5t t remote z 0 8 habitation f all ! fam\s c5t]s ( le>n+ he 01 nev]!less1 e>ly imm]s$ 9 ! curr5t ( ! _w's be/ ?\ght4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 e great ?9k] has 8 intellectual p$igree4 ,ari/otle 0 ! pupil ( ,plato1 ,plato 0 ! disciple ( ,socrates1 & ! latt]'s intellectual g5ealogy 9 turn c readily be trac$ to ,?ales1 & beyond--to ,egyptian prie/s & ,babylonian a/ronom]s4 ,! city ( ,alex&ria1 f\nd$ by ! pupil ( ,ari/otle 9 #ccb ,b4,c41 succe$$ ,a!ns z ! c5t] ( ,greek culture4 ,on ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,egypt 0 rul$ by "o ( 8 g5]als1 ,ptolemy1 :o assum$ ! title ( k+4 ,?is mon>*1 ?\gh (t5 engag$ 9 w>1 f\nd "t to enc\rage le>n+1 & drew to 8 capital s*ol>s & philosoph]s f ,greece & o!r c\ntries4 ,he wrote himself a hi/ory ( ,alex&]'s campaigns1 & in/itut$ ! fam\s libr>y ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is 0 greatly develop$ 7& supplem5t$ ) s*ools ( sci5ce & an obs]vatory7 by 8 son ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 a pr9ce di/+ui%$ by 8 zeal 9 promot+ ! good ( ! human species4 ,he collect$ va/ numb]s ( manuscripts1 _h /range animals br\ght f di/ant l&s to ,alex&ria1 & o!rwise promot$ sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is movem5t 0 cont9u$ "u ,ptolemy ,,iii 7#bdf-bba ,b4,c474 ,some?+ has already be5 said ( ! e>ly a/ronom]s & ma!maticians ( ,alex&ria4 ,! sci5tific movem5t ( ! lat] ,alex&rian p]iod f\nd its consummation 9 ! geograph]1 a/ronom]1 & ma!matician ,claudius ,ptolemy 7n to be confus$ ) ! rul]s ( t "n74 ,he 0 mo/ active #abg-aea ,a4,d41 & is be/ kn[n by 8 "w ! ,syntaxis1 :i* summ>iz$ :at 0 kn[n 9 a/ronomy at t "t4 ,ptolemy drew up a catalogue ( #ajhj />s bas$ on ! e>li] "w ( ,hipp>*us4 ,he foll[$ t a/ronom] 9 tea*+ t ! e>? is ! c5t] ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ?is geoc5tric sy/em ( ! heav5s became kn[n z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,to ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy we owe also ! beg9n+s ( ! sci5ce ( trigonometry4 ,! ,syntaxis sets =? 8 me?od ( draw+ up a table ( *ords4 ,= example1 ! side ( a hexagon inscrib$ 9 a circle is equal to ! radius1 & is ! *ord ( #fj1 or ( ! six? "p ( ! circle4 ,! radius is divid$ into sixty equal p>ts1 & ^! aga9 divid$ & subdivid$ sexagesimally4 ,! small] divisions & ! subdivisions are kn[n z prime m9ute p>ts & second m9ute p>ts 7p>tes m9ut prim & p>tes m9ut secund71 :5ce our t]ms m9ute & second4 ,! sexagesimal me?od ( divid+ ! circle & its p>ts 01 z we h se5 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ( ,babylonian orig94 ,ptolemy 0 ! la/ ( ! great ,greek a/ronom]s4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury & at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif?1 ,!on & 8 illu/ri\s daught] ,hypatia comm5t$ on & taught ! a/ronomy ( ,ptolemy4 ,9 ! ,greek s*ools ( philosophy ,plato's doctr9e ( ! supreme reality ( ! invisible _w 0 h>moniz$ = a "t ) ,*ri/ian my/icism1 b ^! s*ools 7 suppress$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! ext9ction ( sci5tific & ( all o!r le>n+ seem$ imm95t4 ,:at 7 ! causes ( ?is ?reat5$ break 9 ! hi/orical cont9uity ( sci5ce8 ,!y 7 too _m & too v>i$ to admit ( adequate /atem5t "h4 ,f ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 ov]run by ! ,visigo?s1 ! ,v&als1 ! ,huns1 ! ,o/rogo?s1 ! ,lomb>ds1 & o!r b>b>ians4 ,ev5 be=e ^! incursions le>n+ _h suff]$ "u ! calamity ( w>4 ,9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs> ! l>g] ( ! fam\s libr>ies ( ,alex&ria1 conta9+1 x is comput$1 "s #dij1jjj rolls1 caught fire f %ips burn+ 9 ! h>bor1 & p]i%$4 ,?is alone involv$ an incalculable setback to ! m>* ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,ano!r influ5ce t5d+ to *eck ! advance ( ! sci5ces 0 ! cla% betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan ideals4 ,to _m ( ! bi%ops ( ! ,*ur* ! aims & pursuits ( sci5ce seem$ va9 & trivial :5 comp>$ ) ! pres]vation ( purity ( "* or ! assurance ( et]nal felicity4 ,_m 7 conv9c$ t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&1 & /rove to fix _! ?\ghts solely on ! _w to come4 ,_! au/]e disreg>d ( ?is life f\nd "s support 9 a noble tea*+ ( ! ,/oic philosophy t dea? itself is no evil to ! j man4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian tea*]s held t ! body %\ld be mortifi$ if x int]f]$ ) spiritual welf>e4 ,disease is a puni%m5t1 or a discipl9e to be pati5tly borne4 ,"o %\ld *oose physical uncleanl9ess r ?an run any risk ( moral contam9ation4 ,x is n impossible = enlight5$ p at ! pres5t "t to assume a tol]ant attitude t[>d ! worldly ,greeks or ! o!r-worldly ,*ri/ians4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 mutual antipa?y 0 int5se4 ,! long & cruel w> betwe5 sci5ce & ,*ri/ian !ology _h begun4 ,n all ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops1 to be sure1 took a ho/ile view ( ,greek le>n+4 ,"s reg>d$ ! great philosoph]s z ! allies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,"s held t *ur*m5 %\ld /udy ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks 9 ord] ! bett] to refute !m4 ,o!rs held t ! inve/igation ( tru? 0 no long] necess>y aft] mank9d _h receiv$ ! revelation ( ! gospel4 ,"o ( ! able/ ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs regrett$ 8 e>ly education & said t x w\ld h be5 bett] = him if he _h nev] he>d ( ,democritus4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ] ,lactantius ask$ %rewdly :5ce atoms came1 & :at pro( !re 0 ( _! exi/5ce4 ,he also all[$ himself to ridicule ! idea ( ! antipodes1 a topsy-turvy _w ( unimag9able disord]4 ,9 #chi ,a4,d4 "o ( ! libr>ies at ,alex&ria 0 de/roy$ & its books 7 pillag$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 #dae ,hypatia1 ,greek philosoph] & ma!matician1 0 murd]$ by a ,*ri/ian mob4 ,9 #fdb ! ,arabs hav+ pu%$ _! conque/ into nor!rn ,africa ga9$ possession ( ,alex&ria4 ,! cause ( le>n+ seem$ f9ally & irrecov]ably lo/4 ,! ,arab conqu]ors1 h[ev]1 %[$ !mselves s+ul>ly hospitable to ! culture ( ! nations ov] :i* !y _h ga9$ control4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,alex&] !re _h be5 _m ,greek settl]s 9 ! l>g] cities ( ,syria & ,p]sia1 & "h le>n+ _h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,jews & ( a sect ( ,*ri/ians 7,ne/orians71 :o 7 p>ticul>ly active z educators f ! fif? c5tury to ! elev5?4 ,! pr9cipal ,greek works on sci5ce _h be5 translat$ into ,syrian4 ,h9du ari?metic & a/ronomy _h f\nd _! way into ,p]sia4 ,by ! n9? c5tury all ^! s\rces ( sci5tific k _h be5 appropriat$ by ! ,arabs4 ,"s fanatics among !m1 to be sure1 held t "o book1 ! ,koran1 0 ( itself suffici5t to insure ! well-be+ ( ! :ole human race1 b happily a m enlight5$ view prevail$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,h>un ,al-,ra%id 7#hjj ,a4,d471 & 8 son1 ! ,caliphate ( ,bagdad 0 ! c5t] ( ,arab sci5ce4 ,ma!matics & a/ronomy 7 especially cultivat$2 an obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$2 & ! "w ( translation 0 sy/ematically c>ri$ on by a sort ( in/itute ( translators1 :o r5d]$ ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,euclid1 ,ptolemy1 & o!r ,greek sci5ti/s1 into ,arabic4 ,! names ( ! great ,arab a/ronom]s & ma!maticians are n popul>ly kn[n to u2 _! influ5ce is great] ?an _! fame4 ,"o ( !m describes ! me?od pursu$ by him 9 ! n9? c5tury 9 tak+ measure ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,a second develop$ a trigonometry ( s9es to replace ! ,ptolemaic trigonometry ( *ords4 ,a ?ird made use ( ! s-call$ ,arabic 7really ,h9du7 sy/em ( num]als1 & wrote ! fir/ "w on ,algebra "u t "n4 ,9 ?is ! writ] did n aim at ! m5tal discipl9e ( /ud5ts1 b s\ght to conf9e himself to :at is easie/ & mo/ useful 9 calculation1 su* z m5 con/antly require 9 cases ( inh]itance1 legacies1 p>tition1 law-suits1 & trade1 & 9 all _! deal+s ) "o ano!r1 or :]e ! measur+ ( l&s1 ! digg+ ( canals1 geometrical computation1 & o!r objects ( v>i\s sorts & k9ds are conc]n$4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies ,arab in/itutions ( high] le>n+ 7 widely di/ribut$ & ! flood-tide ( ,arab sci5ce 0 borne f>!r we/4 ,at ,cairo ab\t ! close ( ! t5? c5tury ! fir/ accurate records ( eclipses 7 made1 & tables 7 con/ruct$ ( ! motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,"h z else:]e ! ,arabs display$ +5uity 9 ! mak+ ( sci5tific app>atus1 cele/ial globes1 sextants ( l>ge size1 quadrants ( v>i\s sorts1 & contrivances f :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 develop$ mod]n survey+ in/rum5ts = measur+ horizontal & v]tical angles4 ,be=e ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury an ,arab born at ,cordova1 ! capital ( ,moori% ,spa91 con/ruct$ ! ,toletan ,tables4 ,^! 7 foll[$ 9 #abeb by ! publication ( ! ,alphons9e ,tables1 an ev5t :i* a/ronom]s reg>d z m>k+ ! dawn ( ,european sci5ce4 ,physics & *emi/ry1 z well z ma!matics & a/ronomy1 owe mu* 9 _! developm5t to ! ,arabs4 ,an ,arabian sci5ti/ ( ! elev5? c5tury /udi$ ! ph5om5a ( ! reflection & refraction ( light1 expla9$ ! causes ( morn+ & ev5+ twilight1 und]/ood ! magnify+ p[] ( l5ses & ! anatomy ( ! human eye4 ,our use ( ! t]ms ret9a1 cornea1 & vitre\s humor may be trac$ to ! translation ( 8 "w on optics4 ,! ,arabs also made fair approximations to ! correct specific weights ( gold1 copp]1 m]cury1 & lead4 ,_! al*emy 0 closely associat$ ) metallurgy1 ! mak+ ( alloys & amalgams1 & ! h&icrafts ( ! goldsmi?s & silv]smi?s4 ,! al*emi/s s\ght to discov] processes :]eby "o metal might be transmut$ into ano!r4 ,sulphur affect$ ! color & sub/ance4 ,m]cury 0 suppos$ to play an important "p 9 metal transmutations4 ,!y ?\ght1 = example1 t t9 conta9$ m m]cury ?an lead1 & t ! bas]1 m unheal?y metal might be conv]t$ into ! nobl] & m heal?y by ! addition ( m]cury4 ,!y ev5 s\ght = a sub/ance t might effect all transmutations1 & be = mank9d a cure = all ailm5ts1 ev5 t ( gr[+ old4 ,! writ+s t h be5 attribut$ to ,geb] %[ ! advances t *emi/ry made ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,arabs4 ,!y produc$ sulphuric & nitric acids1 & aqua regia1 able to dissolve gold1 ! k+ ( metals4 ,!y c\ld make use ( wet me?ods1 & =m metallic salts su* z silv] nitrate4 ,laboratory processes l di/ill+1 filt]+1 cry/allization1 sublimation1 became kn[n to ! ,europeans ?r\gh !m4 ,!y obta9$ pota% f w9e lees1 soda f sea-plants1 & f quicksilv] ! m]curic oxide :i* play$ s int]e/+ a "p 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( *emi/ry4 ,mu* ( ! sci5ce lore ( ! ,arabs arose f _! ext5sive trade1 & 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,!y introduc$ sug>-cane into ,europe1 improv$ ! me?ods ( manufactur+ pap]1 discov]$ a me?od ( obta9+ alcohol1 knew ! uses ( gypsum & ( :ite ars5ic1 7 exp]t 9 ph>macy & le>n$ 9 mat]ia m$ica4 ,!y are sometimes cr$it$ ) introduc+ to ! ,we/ ! k ( ! m>9]'s compass & ( gunp[d]4 ,avic5na 7#ihj-ajcg71 ! ,arab physician1 n only wrote a l>ge "w on m$ic9e 7! ,canon7 bas$ on ! lore ( ,gal51 :i* 0 us$ z a text-book = c5turies 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe1 b wrote comm5t>ies on all ! works ( ,ari/otle4 ,= ,av]ros 7#aabf-aaih71 ! ,arab physician & philosoph]1 0 res]v$ ! title ,! ,comm5tator1 due to 8 devotion to ! works ( ! ,greek biologi/ & philosoph]4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! comm5t>ies ( ,av]ros t ,ari/otelian sci5ce became kn[n 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 8 view ,ari/otle 0 ! f\nd] & p]fect] ( sci5ce2 yet he %[$ an indep5d5t k ( physics & *emi/ry1 & wrote on a/ronomy & m$ic9e z well z philosophy4 ,he set =? ! facts 9 ref]5ce to natural ph5om5a purely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! tru?4 ,he c\ld n conceive ( any?+ be+ creat$ f no?+4 ,at ! same "t he taught t ,god is ! ess5ce1 ! et]nal cause1 ( progress4 ,x is 9 humanity t intellect mo/ cle>ly reveals itself1 b !re is a transc5d5t intellect beyond1 union ) :i* is ! highe/ bliss ( ! individual s\l4 ,) ! dea? ( ! ,comm5tator ! culture ( lib]al sci5ce among ! ,arabs came to an end1 b 8 influ5ce 7& ?r\gh him t ( ,ari/otle7 0 p]petuat$ 9 all ! we/]n c5t]s ( education4 ,! pres]vation ( ! anci5t le>n+ _h n1 h[ev]1 dep5d$ solely on ! ,arabs4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 be=e ! tak+ ( ,alex&ria by ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 ,/4 ,b5$ict _h f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o 9 ,italy4 ,"h 0 begun ! copy+ ( manuscripts1 & ! prep>ation ( comp5diums treat+ ( gramm>1 dialectic1 rhetoric1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 music1 & geometry4 ,^! 7 bas$ on anci5t1 ,roman writ+s4 ,works l ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! encyclop$ia ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _h surviv$ all ! w>s by :i* ,rome _h be5 deva/at$4 ,le>n+1 :i* 9 ,rome's d>ke/ days _h f\nd refuge 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 return$ book 9 h&4 ,*>lemagne 7#hjj7 call$ ,alcu9 f ,york to in/ruct pr9ces & nobles at ! ,franki% c\rt4 ,at ?is same palace s*ool half a c5tury lat] ! ,iri%man ,scotus ,erig5a exhibit$ 8 le>n+1 wit1 & logical acum54 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,g]b]t 7,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii7 le>n$ ma!matics at ,arab s*ools 9 ,spa94 ,! translation ( ,arab works on sci5ce into ! ,lat9 language1 fre] int]c\rse ( ,european peoples ) ! ,ea/ ?r\gh w> & trade1 economic prosp]ity1 ! lib]ation ( s]fs & ! developm5t ( a well-to-d middle class1 ! voyages ( ,m>co ,polo to ! ,ori5t1 ! f\nd+ ( univ]sities1 ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! /udy ( logic by ! s*oolm51 7 all indicative ( a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! le>n$ ,dom9ican ,alb]tus ,magnus 7#aaic-abhj7 0 a c>eful /ud5t ( ,ari/otle z well z ( 8 ,arabian comm5tators4 ,9 8 _m books on natural hi/ory he ( c\rse pays great def]5ce to ! ,philosoph]1 b he is n devoid ( orig9al obs]vation4 ,z ! (ficial visitor ( 8 ord] he _h travel$ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,g]many on foot1 & ) a ke5 eye = natural ph5om5a 0 able to enri* botany & zology by mu* accurate in=mation4 ,8 intimacy ) ! details ( natural hi/ory made him suspect$ by ! ignorant ( ! practice ( magical arts4 ,8 pupil & disciple ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbg-abgd7 0 ! philosoph] & recogniz$ *ampion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahgi ,pope ,leo ,,xiii1 :ile proclaim+ t e wise say+1 e useful discov]y1 by :omsoev] x may be wr\ght1 %\ld be welcom$ ) a will+ & grateful m9d1 exhort$ ! lead]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* to re/ore ! gold5 wisdom ( ,/4 ,?omas & to propagate x z widely z possible = ! good ( society & ! advancem5t ( all ! sci5ces4 ,c]ta9ly ! g5ius ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as seems compreh5sive en\gh to embrace all sci5ce z well z all philosophy f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,accord+ to him !re are two s\rces ( k1 reason & revelation4 ,^! are n irreconcilably oppos$4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s speak ) ! voice ( reason4 ,x is ! duty ( !ology to br+ all k into h>mony ) ! tru?s ( revelation imp>t$ by ,god = ! salvation ( ! human race4 ,av]ros is 9 error :5 he argues ! impossibility ( some?+ be+ creat$ f no?+1 & aga9 :5 he implies t ! individual intellect becomes m]g$ 9 a transc5d5tal intellect2 = su* tea*+ w\ld be ! contr>y ( :at has be5 reveal$ 9 ref]5ce to ! creation ( ! _w & ! immortality ( ! individual s\l4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration we see ,/4 ,?omas inspir$ by ,*ri/ 9 glory1 guid$ by ,moses1 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! ,evangeli/s1 & in/ruct$ by ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,he has ov]come ! hea!n philosoph] ,av]ros1 :o lies bel[ discomfit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,,ov]com+ ,,av]ro,s ,! ,engli% ,franciscan ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-abid7 des]ves to be m5tion$ ) ! two great ,dom9icans4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! ,greek & ,arabian sci5ti/s4 ,he transmitt$ 9 a treatise t fell "u ! eye ( ,columbus ! view ( ,ari/otle 9 ref]5ce to ! proximity ( ano!r cont95t on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic2 he anticipat$ ! pr9ciple on :i* ! telescope 0 aft]w>ds con/ruct$2 he advocat$ bas+ natural sci5ce on exp]i5ce & c>eful obs]vation r ?an on a process ( reason+4 ,rog] ,bacon's writ+s are *>act]iz$ by a philosophical bread? ( view4 ,to 8 m9d ! e>? is only an insignificant dot 9 ! c5t] ( ! va/ heav5s4 ,9 ! c5turies t foll[$ ! dea? ( ,bacon ! relation ( ?is planet to ! heav5ly bodies 0 made an object ( /udy by a succession ( sci5ti/s :o l him 7 v]s$ 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( prec$+ ages4 ,peurba* 7#adbc-adfa71 au?or ( ,new ,!ories ( ! ,planets1 develop$ ! trigonometry ( ! ,arabians1 b di$ be=e fulfill+ 8 plan to give ,europe an epitome ( ! a/ronomy ( ,ptolemy4 ,8 pupil1 ,regiomontanus1 h[ev]1 m ?an made good ! int5tions ( 8 ma/]4 ,! "w ( ,peurba* _h z comm5tator ! fir/ tea*] 9 a/ronomy ( ,cop]nicus 7#adgc-aedc74 ,lat] ,cop]nicus sp5t n9e ye>s 9 ,italy1 /udy+ at ! univ]sities & acqua9t+ himself ) ,ptolemaic & o!r anci5t views conc]n+ ! motions ( ! planets4 ,he came to see t ! app>5t revolution ( ! heav5ly bodies ab\t ! e>? f ea/ to we/ is really ow+ to ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis f we/ to ea/4 ,?is view 0 s contr>y to prevail+ beliefs t ,cop]nicus refus$ to publi% 8 !ory = ?irty-six ye>s4 ,a copy ( 8 book1 tea*+ t our e>? is n ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 0 br\ght to him on 8 dea?b$1 b he nev] op5$ x4 ,mom5t\s z 0 ?is discov]y1 sett+ aside ! geoc5tric sy/em :i* _h held captive ! be/ m9ds = f\rte5 sl[ c5turies & sub/itut+ ! helioc5tric1 x 0 b a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( successes 9 a/ronomy to :i* ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 & _! foll[]s contribut$4 ,,ref]5ces ,! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/ems4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,arabian ,philosophy2 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,w4 ,j4 ,t[ns5d1 ,! ,great ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,r4 ,b4 ,vaughan1 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu92 8 ,life & ,lab\rs4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces--,,francis ,,bacon ,! prec$+ *apt] has %[n t !re is a cont9uity 9 ! developm5t ( s+le sci5ces4 ,! a/ronomy1 or ! *emi/ry1 or ! ma!matics1 ( "o p]iod dep5ds s directly on ! respective sci5ce ( ! =ego+ p]iod1 t "o feels ju/ifi$ 9 us+ ! t]m gr[?1 or evolution1 to describe _! progress4 ,n[ a vital relation%ip c be obs]v$ n only among diff]5t /ages ( ! same sci5ce1 b also among ! diff]5t sci5ces4 ,physics1 a/ronomy1 & *emi/ry h mu* 9 common2 geometry1 trigonometry1 ari?metic1 & algebra are call$ bran*es ( ma!matics2 zology & botany are biological sci5ces1 z hav+ to d ) liv+ species4 ,9 ! c5tury foll[+ ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 two great sci5ti/s1 ,bacon & ,desc>tes1 comp>$ all k to a tree1 ( :i* ! sep>ate sci5ces are bran*es4 ,!y ?\ght ( all k z a liv+ organism ) an int]connection or cont9uity ( p>ts1 & a capability ( gr[?4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! sci5ces 7 s consid]able t 9 ! int]e/ ( fur!r progress a compreh5sive view ( ! tree ( k1 a survey ( ! field ( le>n+1 0 ne$$4 ,! task ( mak+ ?is survey 0 und]tak5 by ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam 7#aefa-afbf74 ,8 classification ( human k 0 celebrat$1 & v influ5tial 9 ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,he kept "o cle> purpose 9 view1 namely1 ! control ( nature by man4 ,he wi%$ to take /ock ( :at _h already be5 accompli%$1 to supply defici5cies1 & to enl>ge ! b\nds ( human empire4 ,he 0 acutely consci\s t ?is 0 an ent]prise too great = any "o man1 & he us$ 8 utmo/ endeavors to induce ,james ,i to become ! patron ( ! plan4 ,8 project admits ( v simple /atem5t n[2 he wi%$ to edit an encyclop$ia1 b fe>$ t x might prove impossible )\t cop]ation & )\t /ate support4 ,he felt capable ( furni%+ ! plans = ! build+1 b ?\ght x a h>d%ip t he 0 compell$ to s]ve bo? z ar*itect & labor]4 ,! wor?9ess ( ^! plans 0 atte/$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! great ,fr5* ,encyclopa$ia 0 project$ by ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t4 ,! =m]1 its *ief editor & contributor1 wrote 9 ! ,prospectus3 ,if we come out successful f ?is va/ und]tak+1 we %all owe x ma9ly to ,*ancellor ,bacon1 :o sket*$ ! plan ( a univ]sal diction>y ( sci5ces & arts at a "t :5 !re 7 n1 s to speak1 ei!r arts or sci5ces4 ,?is extraord9>y g5ius1 :5 x 0 impossible to write a hi/ory ( :at m5 knew1 wrote "o ( :at !y _h to le>n4 ,bacon1 z we %all amply see1 0 a firm believ] 9 ! /udy ( ! arts & occupations1 & at ! same "t reta9$ 8 devotion to pr9ciples & ab/ract ?\ght4 ,he knew t philosophy c\ld aid ! arts t supply daily ne$s2 also t ! arts & occupations enri*$ ! field ( philosophy1 & t ! basis ( our g5]alizations mu/ be ! univ]se ( ?+s kn[able4 ,=1 he writes1 if m5 judge t le>n+ %\ld be ref]r$ to use & action1 !y judge well2 b x is easy 9 ?is to fall into ! error po9t$ out 9 ! anci5t fable2 9 :i* ! o!r p>ts ( ! body f\nd fault ) ! /oma*1 because x nei!r p]=m$ ! (fice ( motion z ! limbs d1 nor ( s5se1 z ! head does2 b yet not)/&+ x is ! /oma* :i* dige/s & di/ributes ! alim5t to all ! re/4 ,s t if any man ?9k t philosophy & univ]sality are idle & unpr(itable /udies1 he does n consid] t all arts & pr(essions are f !nce suppli$ ) sap & /r5g?4 ,= ,bacon1 z = ,desc>tes1 natural philosophy 0 ! trunk ( ! tree ( k4 ,human ,le>n+ 7,bacon's ,classification7 ,column ,key3 7,a7 ,reason ,philosophy1 or ! ,sci5ces 7,b7 ,imag9ation ,poesy 7,c7 ,memory ,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,philosophia prima1 or sapi5ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 7,a7 ,civil ,philosophy ,int]c\rse ,n 7,/&>ds ( ,bus9ess a "r 937 ,gov]nm5t t ,man ---------------------------------------- -------------- u ,philosophy ,body ,m$ic9e1 ,a?letics1 etc4 r ( ,humanity --------------------------------------- a 7,an?ropology7 ,logic l ,s\l ,e?ics ,p ---------------------------------------- ------------------- h ,physics ,concrete i 7,mat]ial & ,m l ,second>y ,ab/ract a o ,causes7 t s ,nature ,speculative h o ,metaphysics ,concrete e p 7,=m & ,f9al m h ,causes7 ,ab/ract a y ---------------------------------------- t ,me*anics i ,op]ative c ,purifi$ ,magic s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,god ,natural ,!ology1 ,nature ( ,angels & ,spirits ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,div9ity ,revelation ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- 7,b7 ,n>rative1 or ,h]oical ,dramatic ,p>abolic 7,fables7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7,c7 ,political ,memorials ,civil 7,civil ,hi/ory prop]7 ,antiquities ,p]fect ,hi/ory ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,le>n+ ,lit]>y ,arts ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ecclesia/ical ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bonds ,arts ,me*anical 7,control by ,man7 ,exp]im5tal ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,errors ,pret]g5]ations ,natural 7,anomics7 7,mon/]s7 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fre$om ,g5]ations ,a/ronomical ,physics 7,nomic ,law7 ,physical ,geography ,physics ( ,matt] ,organic ,species ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,k ,classifi$ 7,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 d4 #aada74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,!oretical ,!ology ,natural ,philosophy 7,physic7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ma!matics ,ari?metic ,music 7/udy ( h>mony7 ,geometry ,a/ronomy ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,practical ,e?ics1 or individual morality 7,moral7 ,economics1 or family morality ,politics1 or civics ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,me*anical ,weav+1 sp9n+1 sew+2 "w 9 wool1 flax1 etc4 ,equipm5t--arms1 %ips2 "w 9 /one1 wood1 metal ,navigation ,agriculture ,hunt+1 fi%+1 foods ,m$ic9e ,!atricals--drama1 music1 a?letics1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,logical ,oratory ,gramm> ,dialectic ,rhetoric ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,on ! o!r h&1 he look$ to ! arts1 crafts1 & occupations z a s\rce ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,9 8 survey ( le>n+ he f\nd "s records ( agriculture & likewise ( _m me*anical arts4 ,"s ?9k !m a k9d ( di%onor4 ,b if my judgm5t be ( any weight1 ! use ( ,hi/ory ,me*anical is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ radical & fundam5tal t[>ds natural philosophy4 ,:5 ! diff]5t arts are kn[n1 ! s5ses w furni% suffici5t concrete mat]ial = ! in=mation ( ! und]/&+4 ,! record ( ! arts is ( mo/ use because x exhibits ?+s 9 motion1 & leads m directly to practice4 ,^u ?is hi/ory1 !re=e1 me*anical & illib]al z x may seem 7all f95ess & da9t9ess set aside71 ! greate/ dilig5ce mu/ be be/[$4 ,aga91 among ! p>ticul> arts ^? are to be pref]r$ :i* exhibit1 alt]1 & prep>e natural bodies & mat]ials ( ?+s z agriculture1 cook+1 *emi/ry1 dye+2 ! manufacture ( glass1 enamel1 sug>1 gunp[d]1 artificial fires1 pap] & ! l4 ,weav+1 c>p5try1 ar*itecture1 manufacture ( mills1 clocks1 etc4 foll[4 ,! purpose is n solely to br+ ! arts to p]fection1 b all me*anical exp]im5ts %\ld be z /reams fl[+ f all sides into ! sea ( philosophy4 ,%ortly aft] ,james ,i came to ! ?rone 9 #afjc1 ,bacon publi%$ 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,he cont9u$ 9 o!r writ+s1 h[ev]1 to develop ! organization ( k1 & 9 #afbc summ$ up 8 plan 9 ! ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um4 ,a rec5t writ] 7,pe>son1 #aijj7 has attempt$ to summ>ize ,bacon's classification ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( le>n+4 ,:5 "o comp>es ?is summ>y ) an outl9e ( ! classification ( k made by ! ,fr5* monk1 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 :o /&s midway betwe5 ,isidore ( ,seville 7#egj-fcf7 & ,bacon1 "s po9ts ( resemblance are ( c\rse obvi\s4 ,moreov]1 ,hugo1 l ,bacon1 insi/$ on ! importance ( n be+ n>r[ly utilit>ian4 ,m51 he says1 are (t5 accu/om$ to value k n on its own acc\nt b = :at x yields4 ,?us x is ) ! arts ( husb&ry1 weav+1 pa9t+1 & ! l1 :]e skill is consid]$ absolutely va91 unless x results 9 "s useful product4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we judg$ aft] ?is fa%ion ( ,god's wisdom1 !n1 no d\bt1 ! creation w\ld be pref]r$ to ! ,creator4 ,b wisdom is life1 & ! love ( wisdom is ! joy ( life 7felicitas vit74 ,nev]!less1 :5 we comp>e ^! classifications dilig5tly1 we f9d v m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ,bacon's views & ! m$ieval4 ,! weake/ "p ( ,hugo's classification is t :i* deals ) natural philosophy4 ,physica1 he says1 und]takes ! inve/igation ( ! causes ( ?+s 9 _! effects1 & ( effects 9 _! causes4 ,x deals ) ! explanation ( e>?quakes1 tides1 ! virtues ( plants1 ! fi]ce in/9cts ( wild animals1 e species ( /one1 %rub1 & reptile4 ,:5 we turn to 8 special "w1 h[ev]1 on ?is bran* ( k1 ,conc]n+ ,bea/s & ,o!r ,?+s1 we f9d no attempt to subdivide ! field ( physica1 b a s]ies ( details 9 botany1 geology1 zology1 & human anatomy1 mo/ly arrang$ 9 diction>y =m4 ,:5 we ref] to ,bacon's classification we f9d t ,physics corresponds to ,hugo's ,physica4 ,x /udies natural ph5om5a 9 relation to _! mat]ial causes4 ,= ?is /udy1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 accord+ to ,bacon1 supplies ! facts4 ,let u glance1 !n1 at 8 "w on natural hi/ory1 & see h[ f> he _h advanc$ f ! m$ieval t[>d ! mod]n conception ( ! sci5ces4 ,= purposes ( sci5tific /udy he divid$ ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se into 7#a7 ,cele/ial ph5om5a2 7#b7 ,atmosph]e2 7#c7 ,globe2 7#d7 ,sub/ance ( e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]2 7#e7 ,g5]a1 species1 etc4 ,great scope is giv5 to ! natural hi/ory ( man4 ,! arts are classifi$ z nature modifi$ by man4 ,hi/ory means1 ( c\rse1 descriptive sci5ce4 ,bacon's ,catalogue ( ,p>ticul> ,hi/ories by ,titles 7#afbj7 #a4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies2 or ,a/ronomical ,hi/ory4 #b4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,configuration ( ! ,heav5s & ! p>ts !re( t[>ds ! ,e>? & ! p>ts !re(2 or ,cosmographical ,hi/ory4 #c4 ,hi/ory ( ,comets4 #d4 ,hi/ory ( ,fi]y ,meteors4 #e4 ,hi/ory ( ,lightn+s1 ,?und]bolts1 ,?und]s1 & ,coruscations4 #f4 ,hi/ory ( ,w9ds & ,sudd5 ,bla/s & ,undulations ( ! ,air4 #g4 ,hi/ory ( ,ra9b[s4 #h4 ,hi/ory ( ,cl\ds1 z !y are se5 above4 #i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,blue ,expanse1 ( ,twilight1 ( ,mock-,suns1 ,mock-,moons1 ,haloes1 v>i\s col\rs ( ! ,sun2 & ( e v>iety 9 ! aspect ( ! heav5s caus$ by ! m$ium4 #aj4 ,hi/ory ( ,%[]s1 ,ord9>y1 ,/ormy1 & ,prodigi\s2 also ( ,wat]sp\ts 7z !y are call$72 & ! l4 #aa4 ,hi/ory ( ,hail1 ,sn[1 ,fro/1 ,ho>-fro/1 ,fog1 ,dew1 & ! l4 #ab4 ,hi/ory ( all o!r ?+s t fall or desc5d f above1 & t are g5]at$ 9 ! upp] region4 #ac4 ,hi/ory ( ,s\nds 9 ! upp] region 7if !re be any71 besides ,?und]4 #ad4 ,hi/ory ( ,air z a :ole1 or 9 ! ,configuration ( ! ,_w4 #ae4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,seasons or ,temp]atures ( ! ,ye>1 z well accord+ to ! v>iations ( ,regions z accord+ to accid5ts ( ,times & ,p]iods ( ,ye>s2 ( ,floods1 ,heats1 ,dr\ghts1 & ! l4 #af4 ,hi/ory ( ,e>? & ,sea2 ( ! ,%ape & ,compass ( !m1 & _! ,configurations comp>$ ) ea* o!r2 & ( _! broad5+ or n>r[+2 ( ,isl&s 9 ! ,sea2 ( ,gulfs ( ! ,sea1 & ,salt ,lakes )9 ! ,l&2 ,i/hmuses & ,promontories4 #ag4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,motions 7if any be7 ( ! ,globe ( ,e>? & ,sea2 & ( ! ,exp]im5ts f :i* su* motions may be collect$4 #ah4 ,hi/ory ( ! great] motions & ,p]turbations 9 ,e>? & ,sea2 ,e>?quakes1 ,trembl+s & ,yawn+s ( ! ,e>?1 ,isl&s newly appe>+2 ,float+ ,isl&s2 ,break+s (f ( ,l& by entrance ( ! ,sea1 ,encroa*m5ts & ,inundations & contr>iwise ,recessions ( ! ,sea2 ,eruptions ( ,fire f ! ,e>?2 ,sudd5 ,eruptions ( ,wat]s f ! ,e>?2 & ! l4 #ai4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,geography2 ( ,m\nta9s1 ,vallies1 ,woods1 ,pla9s1 ,s&s1 ,m>%es1 ,lakes1 ,riv]s1 ,torr5ts1 ,spr+s1 & e v>iety ( _! c\rse1 & ! l2 leav+ ap>t ,nations1 ,prov9ces1 ,cities1 & su* l matt]s p]ta9+ to ,civil life4 #bj4 ,hi/ory ( ,ebbs & ,fl[s ( ! ,sea2 ,curr5ts1 ,undulations1 & o!r ,motions ( ! ,sea4 #ba4 ,hi/ory ( o!r ,accid5ts ( ! ,sea2 its ,saltness1 its v>i\s ,col\rs1 its ,dep?2 also ( ,rocks1 ,m\nta9s1 & ,vallies "u ! ,sea1 & ! l4 ,next come ,hi/ories ( ! ,great] ,masses #bb4 ,hi/ory ( ,flame & ( ?+s ,ignit$4 #bc4 ,hi/ory ( ,air1 9 ,sub/ance1 n 9 ! ,configuration ( ! ,_w4 #bd4 ,hi/ory ( ,wat]1 9 ,sub/ance1 n 9 ! ,configuration ( ! ,_w4 #be4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ! div]sity !re(1 9 ,sub/ance1 n 9 ! ,configuration ( ! ,_w4 ,next come ,hi/ories ( ,species #bf4 ,hi/ory ( p]fect ,metals1 ,gold1 ,silv]2 & ( ! ,m9es1 ,ve9s1 ,m>casites ( ! same2 also ( ! ,work+ 9 ! ,m9es4 #bg4 ,hi/ory ( ,quicksilv]4 #bh4 ,hi/ory ( ,fossils2 z ,vitriol1 ,sulphur1 etc4 #bi4 ,hi/ory ( ,gems2 z ! ,diamond1 ! ,ruby1 etc4 #cj4 ,hi/ory ( ,/ones2 z ,m>ble1 ,t\*/one1 ,fl9t1 etc4 #ca4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,magnet4 #cb4 ,hi/ory ( ,miscellane\s ,bodies1 :i* are nei!r entirely ,fossil nor ,vegetable2 z ,salts1 ,amb]1 ,amb]gris1 etc4 #cc4 ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ,metals & ,m9]als4 #cd4 ,hi/ory ( ,plants1 ,trees1 ,%rubs1 ,h]bs2 & ( _! p>ts1 ,roots1 ,/alks1 ,wood1 ,leaves1 ,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 ,se$s1 ,gums1 etc4 #ce4 ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ,vegetables4 #cf4 ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es1 & ! ,p>ts & ,g5]ation ( !m4 #cg4 ,hi/ory ( ,birds1 & ! ,p>ts & ,g5]ation ( !m4 #ch4 ,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s1 & ! ,p>ts & ,g5]ation ( !m4 #ci4 ,hi/ory ( ,s]p5ts1 ,worms1 ,flies1 & o!r insects2 & ( ! ,p>ts & ,g5]ation ( !m4 #dj4 ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ?+s :i* are tak5 by ,animals4 ,next come ,hi/ories ( ,man #da4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,figure & ,ext]nal ,limbs ( man1 8 ,/ature1 ,frame1 ,c\nt5ance1 & ,features2 & ( ! v>iety ( ! same accord+ to ,races & ,climates1 or o!r small] diff]5ces4 #db4 ,physiognomical ,hi/ory ( ! same4 #dc4 ,anatomical ,hi/ory1 or ( ! ,int]nal ,memb]s ( ,man2 & ( ! v>iety ( !m1 z x is f\nd 9 ! ,natural ,frame & ,/ructure1 & n m]ely z reg>ds ,diseases & ,accid5ts out ( ! c\rse ( ,nature4 #dd4 ,hi/ory ( ! p>ts ( ,uni=m ,/ructure 9 ,man2 z ,fle%1 ,bones1 ,membranes1 etc4 #de4 ,hi/ory ( ,hum\rs 9 ,man2 ,blood1 ,bile1 ,se$1 etc4 #df4 ,hi/ory ( ,excrem5ts2 ,spittle1 ,ur9e1 ,sweats1 ,/ools1 ,hair ( ! ,head1 ,hairs ( ! ,body1 ,:itl[s1 ,nails1 & ! l4 #dg4 ,hi/ory ( ,faculties2 ,attraction1 ,dige/ion1 ,ret5tion1 ,expulsion1 ,sanguification1 ,assimilation ( ,alim5t into ! memb]s1 conv]sion ( ,blood & ,fl[] ( ,blood into ,_s1 etc4 #dh4 ,hi/ory ( ,natural & ,involunt>y ,motions2 z ,motion ( ! ,he>t1 ! ,pulses1 ,sneez+1 ,lungs1 ,erection1 etc4 #di4 ,hi/ory ( ,motions p>tly ,natural & ,p>tly ,viol5t2 z ( ,respiration1 ,c\gh1 ,ur9e1 ,/ool1 etc4 #ej4 ,hi/ory ( ,volunt>y ,motions2 z ( ! ,in/rum5ts ( ,articulation ( ,words2 ,motions ( ! ,eyes1 ,tongue1 ,jaws1 ,h&s1 ,f+]s2 ( ,swall[+1 etc4 #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,sleep & ,dreams4 #eb4 ,hi/ory ( diff]5t habits ( ,body--,fat1 ,lean2 ( ! ,complexions 7z !y call !m71 etc4 #ec4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g5]ation ( ,man4 #ed4 ,hi/ory ( ,conception1 ,vivification1 ,ge/ation 9 ! ,womb1 ,bir?1 etc4 #ee4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,food ( ,man2 & ( all ?+s ,eatable & ,dr9kable2 & ( all ,diet2 & ( ! v>iety ( ! same accord+ to nations & small] diff]5ces4 #ef4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,gr[? & ,increase ( ! ,body1 9 ! :ole & 9 its p>ts4 #eg4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\rse ( ,age2 ,infancy1 ,boyhood1 ,y\?1 ,old ,age2 ( ,l5g? & ,%ortness ( ,life1 & ! l1 accord+ to nations & less] diff]5ces4 #eh4 ,hi/ory ( ,life & ,dea?4 #ei4 ,hi/ory ,m$ic9al ( ,diseases1 & ( ! ,symptoms & ,signs ( !m4 #fj4 ,hi/ory ,m$ic9al ( ! ,treatm5t & ,rem$ies & ,cures ( ,diseases4 #fa4 ,hi/ory ,m$ic9al ( ^? ?+s :i* pres]ve ! ,body & ! ,heal?4 #fb4 ,hi/ory ,m$ic9al ( ^? ?+s :i* relate to ! ,=m & ,comel9ess ( ! ,body4 #fc4 ,hi/ory ,m$ic9al ( ^? ?+s :i* alt] ! ,body1 & p]ta9 to ,alt]ative ,regim54 #fd4 ,hi/ory ( ,drugs4 #fe4 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y4 #ff4 ,*emical ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9es4 #fg4 ,hi/ory ( ,vision1 & ( ?+s ,visible4 #fh4 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,modell+1 etc4 #fi4 ,hi/ory ( ,he>+ & ,s\nd4 #gj4 ,hi/ory ( ,music4 #ga4 ,hi/ory ( ,smell & ,smells4 #gb4 ,hi/ory ( ,ta/e & ,ta/es4 #gc4 ,hi/ory ( ,t\*1 & ! objects ( ,t\*4 #gd4 ,hi/ory ( ,v5us1 z a species ( ,t\*4 #ge4 ,hi/ory ( ,bodily ,pa9s1 z species ( ,t\*4 #gf4 ,hi/ory ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 9 g5]al4 #gg4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,affections2 z ,ang]1 ,love1 ,%ame1 etc4 #gh4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,faculties2 ,reflexion1 ,imag9ation1 ,disc\rse1 ,memory1 etc4 #gi4 ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,div9ations4 #hj4 ,hi/ory ( ,diagno/ics1 or ,secret ,natural ,judgem5ts4 #ha4 ,hi/ory ( ,cook]y1 & ( ! arts !reto belong+1 z ( ! ,but*]1 ,p\lt]]1 etc4 #hb4 ,hi/ory ( ,bak+1 & ! ,mak+ ( ,bread1 & ! arts !reto belong+1 z ( ! ,mill]1 etc4 #hc4 ,hi/ory ( ,w9e4 #hd4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,cell> & ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,dr9k4 #he4 ,hi/ory ( ,sweetmeats & ,confections4 #hf4 ,hi/ory ( ,honey4 #hg4 ,hi/ory ( ,sug>4 #hh4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,dairy4 #hi4 ,hi/ory ( ,ba?s & ,o9tm5ts4 #ij4 ,miscellane\s ,hi/ory conc]n+ ! c>e ( ! body--z ( ,b>b]s1 ,p]fum]s1 etc4 #ia4 ,hi/ory ( ! work+ ( ,gold1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #ib4 ,hi/ory ( ! manufactures ( ,wool1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #ic4 ,hi/ory ( ! manufactures ( ,silk1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #id4 ,hi/ory ( ! manufactures ( ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,cotton1 ,hair1 & o!r k9ds ( ,?read1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #ie4 ,hi/ory ( manufactures ( ,fea!rs4 #if4 ,hi/ory ( ,weav+1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #ig4 ,hi/ory ( ,dye+4 #ih4 ,hi/ory ( ,lea!r-mak+1 ,tann+1 & ! arts !reto belong+4 #ii4 ,hi/ory ( ,tick+ & ,fea!rs4 #ajj4 ,hi/ory ( work+ 9 ,iron4 #aja4 ,hi/ory ( ,/one-cutt+4 #ajb4 ,hi/ory ( ! mak+ ( ,bricks & ,tiles4 #ajc4 ,hi/ory ( ,pott]y4 #ajd4 ,hi/ory ( ,cem5ts1 etc4 #aje4 ,hi/ory ( work+ 9 ,wood4 #ajf4 ,hi/ory ( work+ 9 ,lead4 #ajg4 ,hi/ory ( ,glass & all vitre\s sub/ances1 & ( ,glass-mak+4 #ajh4 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture g5]ally4 #aji4 ,hi/ory ( ,waggons1 ,*>iots1 ,litt]s1 etc4 #aaj4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 ( ,books1 ( ,writ+1 ( ,seal+2 ( ,ink1 ,p51 ,pap]1 ,p>*m5t1 etc4 #aaa4 ,hi/ory ( ,wax4 #aab4 ,hi/ory ( ,basket-mak+4 #aac4 ,hi/ory ( ,mat-mak+1 & ( manufactures ( ,/raw1 ,ru%es1 & ! l4 #aad4 ,hi/ory ( ,wa%+1 ,sc\r+1 etc4 #aae4 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture1 ,pa/urage1 ,culture ( ,woods1 etc4 #aaf4 ,hi/ory ( ,g>d5+4 #aag4 ,hi/ory ( ,fi%+4 #aah4 ,hi/ory ( ,hunt+ & ,f[l+4 #aai4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,w>1 & ( ! arts !reto belong+1 z ,arm\ry1 ,b[-mak+1 ,arr[-mak+1 ,musketry1 ,ordnance1 ,cross-b[s1 ,ma*9es1 etc4 #abj4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,navigation1 & ( ! crafts & arts !reto belong+4 #aba4 ,hi/ory ( ,a?letics & ,human ,ex]cises ( all k9ds4 #abb4 ,hi/ory ( ,horseman%ip4 #abc4 ,hi/ory ( ,games ( all k9ds4 #abd4 ,hi/ory ( ,juggl]s & ,m\ntebanks4 #abe4 ,miscellane\s ,hi/ory ( v>i\s ,artificial ,mat]ials1--,enamel1 ,porcela91 v>i\s cem5ts1 etc4 #abf4 ,hi/ory ( ,salts4 #abg4 ,miscellane\s ,hi/ory ( v>i\s ,ma*9es & ,motions4 #abh4 ,miscellane\s ,hi/ory ( ,common ,exp]im5ts :i* h n gr[n into an ,art4 ,hi/ories mu/ also be writt5 ( ,pure ,ma!matics2 ?\gh !y are r obs]vations ?an exp]im5ts #abi4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,natures & ,p[]s ( ,numb]s4 #acj4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,natures & ,p[]s ( ,figures4 ,! fragm5t conta9+ ?is catalogue 7,p>asceve--,day ( ,prep>ation7 0 add$ to ,bacon's "w on me?od1 ,! ,new ,logic 7,novum ,organum71 #afbj4 ,besides complet+ 8 survey & classification ( ! sci5ces 7,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um71 #afbc1 he publi%$ a few sep>ate writ+s on topics 9 ! catalogue--,w9ds1 ,life & ,dea?1 ,tides1 etc4 ,9 #afbg1 a ye> aft] 8 dea?1 appe>$ 8 mu* misund]/ood "w1 ,sylva ,sylv>um4 ,he _h f\nd t ! ,lat9 ^w sylva meant /uff or raw mat]ial1 z well z a wood1 & call$ ?is f9al "w ,sylva ,sylv>um1 :i* ,i w\ld translate1 ,jungle ( ,raw ,mat]ial4 ,he himself ref]r$ to x z an undige/$ heap ( p>ticul>s2 yet he 0 will+ x %\ld be publi%$ because he pref]r$ ! good ( m5 to any?+ t might h relation to himself4 ,9 x1 foll[+ 8 catalogue1 he fulfill$ ! promise made 9 #afbj1 ( putt+ nature & ! arts to "q4 ,"s ( ! problems sugge/$ = inve/igation are3 congeal+ ( air1 turn+ air into wat]1 ! secret nature ( flame1 motion ( gravity1 production ( cold1 n\ri%+ ( "y creatures 9 ! egg or womb1 prolongation ( life1 ! m$ia ( s\nd1 infecti\s diseases1 accel]at+ & prev5t+ putrefaction1 accel]at+ & /ay+ gr[?1 produc+ fruit )\t core or se$1 production ( compo/s & helps = gr\nd1 fly+ 9 ! air4 ,9 ! ,new ,atlantis1 a "w ( imag9ation1 ,bacon _h repres5t$ z already a*iev$ = mank9d "s ( ! b5efits he wi%$ =3 artificial metals1 v>i\s cem5ts1 excell5t dyes1 animals = vivisection & m$ical exp]im5t1 in/rum5ts :i* g5]ate heat solely by motion1 artificial preci\s /ones1 conveyance ( s\nd = great di/ances & 9 tortu\s l9es1 new explosives4 ,we imitate1 says ! guide 9 ! ,utopian l&1 also flights ( birds2 we h "s degree ( fly+ 9 ! air2 we h %ips & boats = go+ "u wat]4 ,bacon believ$ 9 honor+ ! great discov]]s & inv5tors1 & advocat$ ma9ta9+ a cal5d> ( inv5tions4 ,he 0 a f]tile & /imulat+ ?9k]1 & mu* ( 8 great influ5ce arose f ! compreh5siv5ess t l$ to 8 celebrat$ classification ( ! sci5ces4 ,,ref]5ces ,bacon's ,philosophical ,works1 vol4 ,,iv1 ,p>asceve1 edit$ by ,r4 ,l4 ,ellis1 ,j4 ,sp$d+1 & ,d4 ,d4 ,hea?4 ,k>l ,pe>son1 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson1 ,introduction to ,sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,sci5tific ,,me?od--,,gilb]t1 ,,galileo1 ,,h>vey1 ,,desc>tes ,! previ\s *apt] has giv5 "s indication ( ! range ( ! mat]ial :i* 0 dem&+ sci5tific inve/igation at ! end ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! same p]iod witness$ a consci\s developm5t ( ! me?od1 or me?ods1 ( inve/igation4 ,z we h se51 ,bacon wrote 9 #afbj a consid]able "w1 ,! ,new ,logic 7,novum ,organum71 s call$ to di/+ui% x f ! traditional d$uctive logic4 ,x aim$ to furni% ! organ or in/rum5t1 to indicate ! correct m5tal proc$ure1 to be employ$ 9 ! discov]y ( natural law4 ,"s sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man ,r5 ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej7 publi%$ 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,me?od ( rightly conduct+ ! ,reason & seek+ ,tru? 9 ! ,sci5ces4 ,bo? ( ^! philosoph]s illu/rat$ by _! own inve/igations ! effici5cy ( ! me?ods :i* !y advocat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t+ by ,a4 ,ackl& ,hunt ,,dr4 ,,gilb]t ,,%[+ ,,8 ,,electrical ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,& ,,h] ,,c\rt ,be=e #afbj1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5tal me?od _h already yield$ brilliant results 9 ! h&s ( o!r sci5ti/s4 ,we pass ov] ,leon>do da ,v9ci & _m o!rs 9 ,italy & else:]e1 ^: names %\ld be m5tion$ if we 7 trac+ ?is me?od to its orig94 ,by #afjj ,william ,gilb]t 7#aedj-afjc71 physician to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 be=e :om1 z a picture 9 8 bir?place illu/rates1 he 0 call$ to demon/rate 8 discov]ies1 _h publi%$ 8 "w on ! ,magnet1 ! outcome ( ab\t eighte5 ye>s ( critical rese>*4 ,he may be consid]$ ! f\nd] ( electrical sci5ce4 ,galileo1 :o discov]$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( dynamics & ?us laid ! basis ( mod]n physical sci5ce1 al?\gh he did n publi% 8 mo/ important "w till #afch1 _h ev5 be=e ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury prep>$ ! way = ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 pr9ciples by ye>s ( /rict exp]im5t4 ,by ! ye> #afaf1 ,william ,h>vey 7#aegh-afeg71 physician at ! c\rt ( ,james ,i1 &1 lat]1 ( ,*>les ,i1 _h1 z ! fir/ mod]n exp]im5tal physiologi/1 ga9$ important results ?r\gh 8 /udy ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,x is n )\t significance t bo? ,gilb]t & ,h>vey _h sp5t ye>s 9 ,italy1 :]e1 z we h impli$1 ! exp]im5tal me?od ( sci5tific rese>* 0 e>ly develop$4 ,h>vey 0 at ,padua 7#aeih-afjb7 )9 ! "t ( ,galileo's popul> pr(essoriate1 & may well h be5 inspir$ by ! physici/ to expla9 on dynamical pr9ciples ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh art]ies & ve9s4 ,?is conjecture is ! m probable1 s9ce ,galileo1 l ,h>vey & ,gilb]t1 _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,bacon 9 turn _h 9 8 y\? le>n$ some?+ ( ! exp]im5tal me?od on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 &1 lat]1 0 well aw>e ( ! /udies ( ,gilb]t & ,galileo1 z well z ( ,h>vey1 :o 0 inde$ 8 p]sonal physician4 ,al?\gh ^! facts seem to indicate t me?od may be transmitt$ 9 a nation or a pr(ession1 or ?r\gh p]sonal association1 !re /ill rema9s "s d\bt z to :e!r any?+ s intimate z ! m5tal proc$ure involv$ 9 inv5tion & 9 ! discov]y ( tru? c be successfully imp>t$ by in/ruction4 ,! individuality ( ! man ( g5ius engag$ 9 inve/igation mu/ rema9 a factor difficult to analyze4 ,bacon1 ^: purpose 0 to ha/5 man's empire ov] nature ?r\gh increas+ ! numb] ( inv5tions & discov]ies1 recogniz$ t ! me?od he illu/rat$ is n ! sole me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 fact1 he def9itely /ates t ! me?od set =? 9 ! ,novum ,organum is n orig9al1 or p]fect1 or indisp5sable4 ,he 0 aw>e t 8 me?od t5d$ to ! ignor+ ( g5ius & to ! putt+ ( intellig5ces on "o level4 ,he knew t1 al?\gh x is desirable = ! inve/igator to free 8 m9d f prepossessions1 & to avoid premature g5]alizations1 int]pretation is ! true & natural "w ( ! m9d :5 free f imp$im5ts1 & t ! conjecture ( ! man ( g5ius mu/ at times anticipate ! sl[ process ( pa9ful induction4 ,z we %all see 9 ! n9ete5? *apt]1 ! psy*ology ( to-day does n "k en\gh ab\t ! work+s ( ! m9d to prescribe a fix$ m5tal attitude = ! inve/igator4 ,nev]!less1 ,bacon 0 n wrong 9 po9t+ out ! virtues ( a me?od :i* he & _m o!rs turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,let u fir/ glance1 h[ev]1 at ! activities ( ^? sci5ti/s :o prec$$ ,bacon 9 ! employm5t ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,gilb]t reli$1 9 8 inve/igations1 on (t-repeat$ & v]ifiable exp]im5ts1 z c be se5 f 8 "w ,de ,magnete4 ,he directs ! exp]im5t]1 = example1 to take a piece ( load/one ( conv5i5t size & turn x on a la! to ! =m ( a ball4 ,x !n may be call$ a t]rella1 or e>?k94 ,place on x a piece ( iron wire4 ,! ends ( ! wire move r\nd its middle po9t & sudd5ly come to a /&/ill4 ,m>k ) *alk ! l9e along :i* ! wire lies /ill & /icks4 ,!n move ! wire to o!r spots on ! t]rella & repeat y\r proc$ure4 ,! l9es ?us m>k$1 if produc$1 w =m m]idians1 all com+ toge!r at ! poles4 ,aga91 place ! magnet 9 a wood5 vessel1 & !n set ! vessel afloat 9 a tub or ci/]n ( /ill wat]4 ,! nor? pole ( ! /one w seek approximately ! direction ( ! s\? pole ( ! e>?1 etc4 ,x 0 on ! basis ( scores ( exp]im5ts ( ?is sort1 c>ri$ on f ab\t #aehb till #afjj1 t ,gilb]t felt ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! t]re/rial globe is a magnet4 ,?is !ory has s9ce t "t be5 abundantly confirm$ by navigators4 ,! full title ( 8 book is ,conc]n+ ! ,magnet & ,magnetic ,bodies1 & conc]n+ ! ,great ,magnet ! ,e>?3 ,a ,new ,natural ,hi/ory 7,physiologia7 demon/rat$ by _m ,argum5ts & ,exp]im5ts4 ,x does n detract f ! cr$it ( ,gilb]t's result to /ate t 8 initial purpose 0 n to discov] ! nature ( magnetism or electricity1 b to det]m9e ! true sub/ance ( ! e>?1 ! inn]mo/ con/itution ( ! globe4 ,he 0 fully consci\s ( 8 own me?od & speaks ) scorn ( c]ta9 writ]s :o1 hav+ made no magnetical exp]im5ts1 con/ruct$ ratioc9ations on ! basis ( m]e op9ions & old-womani%ly dream$ ! ?+s t 7 n4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb7 ev5 z a *ild display$ some?+ ( ! inv5tor's +5uity1 & :5 he 0 n9ete51 %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts1 8 ke5 p]ception = ! ph5om5a ( motion l$ to 8 mak+ a discov]y ( great sci5tific mom5t4 ,he obs]v$ a lamp sw++ by a long *a9 9 ! ca!dral ( 8 native city ( ,pisa1 & notic$ t1 no matt] h[ mu* ! range ( ! oscillations might v>y1 _! times 7 con/ant4 ,he v]ifi$ 8 fir/ impressions by c\nt+ 8 pulse1 ! only available timepiece4 ,lat] he inv5t$ simple p5dulum devices = tim+ ! pulse ( pati5ts1 & ev5 made "s advances 9 apply+ 8 discov]y 9 ! con/ruction ( p5dulum clocks4 b --------- --------- --------- c d e ,9 #aehi he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 & )9 a ye> or two e/abli%$ ?r\gh exp]im5t ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( dynamics4 ,z e>ly z #aeij he put on record1 9 a ,lat9 treatise ,conc]n+ ,motion 7,de ,motu71 8 diss5t f ! !ories ( ,ari/otle 9 ref]5ce to mov+ bodies1 confut+ ! ,philosoph] bo? by reason & ocul> demon/ration4 ,ari/otle _h held t two mov+ bodies ( ! same sort & 9 ! same m$ium h velocities 9 proportion to _! weights4 ,if a mov+ body1 ^: weight is repres5t$ by b1 be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! l9e c--e :i* is divid$ 9 ! po9t d1 if1 also1 ! mov+ body is divid$ accord+ to ! same proportion z l9e c--e is 9 ! po9t d1 x is manife/ t 9 ! "t tak5 to c>ry ! :ole body ?r\gh c--e1 ! "p w be mov$ ?r\gh c--d4 ,galileo said t x is z cle> z daylight t ?is view is ridicul\s1 = :o w\ld believe t :5 two lead sph]es are dropp$ f a great height1 ! "o be+ a hundr$ times heavi] ?an ! o!r1 if ! l>g] took an h\r to rea* ! e>?1 ! small] w\ld take a hundr$ h\rs8 ,or1 t if f a high t[] two /ones1 "o twice ! weight ( ! o!r1 %\ld be pu%$ out at ! same mom5t1 ! l>g] w\ld /rike ! gr\nd :ile ! small] 0 /ill midway8 ,8 biography tells t ,galileo 9 ! pres5ce ( pr(essors & /ud5ts dropp$ bodies ( diff]5t weights f ! height ( ! ,lean+ ,t[] ( ,pisa to demon/rate ! tru? ( 8 views4 ,if all[ance be made = ! friction ( ! air1 all bodies fall f ! same height 9 equal times3 ! f9al velocities are proportional to ! times2 ! spaces pass$ ?r\gh are proportional to ! squ>es ( ! times4 ,! exp]im5tal basis ( ! la/ two /atem5ts 0 furni%$ by means ( an incl9$ plane1 d[n a smoo? groove 9 :i* a bronze ball 0 all[$ to pass1 ! "t be+ asc]ta9$ by means ( an improvis$ wat]-clock4 ,galileo's mature views on dynamics receiv$ expression 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #afch1 ,ma!matical ,disc\rses & ,demon/rations conc]n+ ,two ,new ,sci5ces relat+ to ,me*anics & ,local ,movem5ts4 ,x treats ( cohesion & resi/ance to fracture 7/r5g? ( mat]ials71 & uni=m1 accel]at$1 & projectile motion 7dynamics74 ,! discussion is 9 conv]sation =m4 ,! op5+ s5t5ce %[s ,galileo's t5d5cy to base !ory on ! empirical4 ,x might be freely translat$ ?us3 ,l>ge scope = intellectual speculation1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 w\ld be af=d$1 g5tlem51 by frequ5t visits to y\r fam\s ,v5etian ,docky>d 7ars5ale71 especially t "p :]e me*anics are 9 dem&2 see+ t !re e sort ( in/rum5t & ma*9e is put to use by numb]s ( workm51 among :om1 taught bo? by tradition & _! own obs]vation1 !re mu/ be "s v skillful & also able to talk4 ,! view ( ! %ipbuild]s1 t a l>ge galley be=e be+ set afloat is 9 great] dang] ( break+ "u its own weight ?an a small galley1 is ! />t+-po9t ( ?is mo/ important ( ,galileo's contributions to sci5ce4 ,vesalius 7#aead-aefd7 _h 9 8 "w on ! /ructure ( ! human body 7,de ,humani ,corporis ,fabrica1 #aedc7 %ak5 ! au?ority ( ,gal5's anatomy2 x rema9$ = ,h>vey on ! basis ( ! new anatomy to improve ^u ! ,greek physician's exp]im5tal physiology4 ,h>vey pr(ess$ to le>n & tea* anatomy1 n f books1 b f dissections1 n f ! dogmas ( ! philosoph]s1 b f ! fabric ( nature4 ,!re h come d[n to u notes ( 8 lectures on anatomy deliv]$ fir/ 9 #afaf4 ,a brief extract w %[ t ev5 at t date he _h already =mulat$ a !ory ( ! circulation ( ! blood3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,: monogram#a ,by ! /ructure ( ! he>t x appe>s t ! blood is cont9ually transfus$ ?r\gh ! lungs to ! aorta--z by ! two clacks ( a wat]-ram = rais+ wat]4 ,x is %[n by ligature t !re is cont9u\s motion ( ! blood f art]ies to ve9s4 ,:5ce x is demon/rat$ t !re is a cont9u\s motion ( ! blood 9 a circle1 affect$ by ! beat ( ! he>t4 ,x 0 n till #afbh t ,h>vey publi%$ 8 ,anatomical ,disquisition on ! ,motion ( ! ,he>t & ,blood 9 ,animals4 ,x gives ! exp]im5tal basis ( 8 conclusions4 ,if a live snake be laid op51 ! he>t w be se5 pulsat+ & propell+ its cont5ts4 ,compress ! l>ge ve9 ent]+ ! he>t1 & ! "p int]v5+ betwe5 ! po9t ( con/riction & ! he>t becomes empty & ! organ pales & %r9ks4 ,remove ! pressure1 & ! size & color ( ! he>t are re/or$4 ,n[ compress ! art]y lead+ f ! organ1 & ! "p betwe5 ! he>t & ! po9t ( pressure1 & ! he>t itself1 become di/5d$ & take on a deep purple color4 ,! c\rse ( ! blood is evid5tly f ! v5a cava ?r\gh ! he>t to ! aorta4 ,h>vey 9 8 inve/igations made use ( _m species ( animals--at lea/ eighty-sev54 ,x 0 believ$ by "s1 be=e ,h>vey's demon/rations1 t ! art]ies 7 holl[ pipes c>ry+ air f ! lungs ?r\gh\t ! body1 al?\gh ,gal5 _h %[n by cutt+ a dog's tra*ea1 inflat+ ! lungs & ty+ ! tra*ea1 t ! lungs 7 9 an enclos+ sack :i* reta9$ ! air4 ,h>vey1 foll[+ ,gal51 held t ! pulmon>y art]y1 c>ry+ blood to ! lungs f ! "r side ( ! he>t1 & ! pulmon>y ve9s1 c>ry+ blood f ! lungs to ! left side ( ! he>t1 int]communicate 9 ! hidd5 porosities ( ! lungs & ?r\gh m9ute inosculations4 ,9 man ! v5a cava c>ries ! blood to ! "r side ( ! he>t1 ! pulmon>y art]y inosculates ) ! pulmon>y ve9s1 :i* convey x to ! left side ( ! he>t4 ,?is muscul> pump drives x into ! aorta4 ,x /ill rema9s to be %[n t 9 ! limbs ! blood passes f ! art]ies to ! ve9s4 ,b&age ! arm s tightly t no pulse is felt at ! wri/4 ,! h& appe>s at fir/ natural1 & !n gr[s cold4 ,loose ! b&age suffici5tly to re/ore ! pulse4 ,! h& & =e>m become suffus$ & swoll54 ,9 ! fir/ place ! supply ( blood f ! deep-ly+ art]ies is cut (f4 ,9 ! second case ! blood return+ by ! sup]ficial ve9s is damm$ back4 ,9 ! limbs z 9 ! lungs ! blood passes f art]y to ve9 by ana/omoses & porosities4 ,all ^! art]ies h _! s\rce 9 ! aorta2 all ^! ve9s p\r _! /ream ultimately into ! v5a cava4 ,! ve9s h valves1 :i* prev5t ! blood fl[+ except t[>d ! he>t4 ,aga91 ! ve9s & art]ies =m a connect$ sy/em2 = ?r\gh ei!r a ve9 or an art]y all ! blood may be dra9$ (f4 ,! argum5ts by :i* ,h>vey support$ 8 view 7 v>i\s4 ,! op5+ clause ( 8 fir/ *apt]1 ,:5 ,i fir/ gave my m9d to vivisection z a means ( discov]+ ! motions & uses ( ! he>t1 ?r[s a /rong light on 8 special me?od ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,bacon1 /imulat$ by :at he call$ philan?ropia1 always aim$1 z we h se51 to e/abli% man's control ov] nature4 ,b all p[] ( a high ord] dep5ds on an und]/&+ ( ! ess5tial "*1 or law1 ( heat1 light1 s\nd1 gravity1 & ! l4 ,no?+ %ort ( a k ( ! und]ly+ nature ( ph5om5a c give sci5ce advantage ov] *ance 9 hitt+ ^u useful discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 natural to f9d him apply+ 8 me?od ( induction--8 special me?od ( true induction--to ! inve/igation ( heat4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let !re be mu/]$1 )\t premature speculation1 all ! in/ances 9 :i* heat is manife/$--flame1 lightn+1 sun's rays1 quicklime spr9kl$ ) wat]1 damp hay1 animal heat1 hot liquids1 bodies subject$ to friction4 ,add to ^!1 in/ances 9 :i* heat seems to be abs5t1 z moon's rays1 sun's rays on m\nta9s1 oblique rays 9 ! pol> circle4 ,try ! exp]im5t ( conc5trat+ on a !rmoscope1 by means ( a burn+-glass1 ! moon's rays4 ,try ) ! burn+-glass to conc5trate heat f hot iron1 f common flame1 f boil+ wat]4 ,try a concave glass ) ! sun's rays to see :e!r a dim9ution ( heat results4 ,!n make record ( o!r in/ances1 9 :i* heat is f\nd 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,= example1 an anvil gr[s hot "u ! hamm]4 ,a ?9 plate ( metal "u cont9u\s bl[s might gr[ r$ l ignit$ iron4 ,let ?is be tri$ z an exp]im5t4 ,aft] ! pres5tation ( ^! in/ances induction itself mu/ be set to "w to f9d out :at factor is ev] pres5t 9 ! positive in/ances1 :at factor is ev] want+ 9 ! negative in/ances1 :at factor always v>ies 9 ! in/ances :i* %[ v>iation4 ,accord+ to ,bacon x is 9 ! process ( exclusion t ! f\ndations ( true induction are laid4 ,we c be c]ta91 = example1 t ! ess5tial nature ( heat does n consi/ 9 light & brightness1 s9ce x is pres5t 9 boil+ wat] & abs5t 9 ! moon's rays4 ,! induction1 h[ev]1 is n complete till some?+ positive is e/abli%$4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! inve/igation x is p]missible to v5ture an hypo!sis 9 ref]5ce to ! ess5tial "* ( heat4 ,f a survey ( ! in/ances1 all & ea*1 x appe>s t ! nature ( :i* heat is a p>ticul> case is motion4 ,?is is sugge/$ by flame1 simm]+ liquids1 ! excitem5t ( heat by motion1 ! ext9ction ( fire by compression1 etc4 ,motion is ! g5us ( :i* heat is ! species4 ,heat itself1 its ess5ce1 is motion & no?+ else4 ,x rema9s to e/abli% its specific diff]5ces4 ,?is accompli%$1 we arrive at ! def9ition3 ,heat is a motion1 expansive1 re/ra9$1 & act+ 9 its /rife ^u ! small] p>ticles ( bodies4 ,bacon1 glanc+ t[>d ! application ( ?is discov]y1 adds3 ,if 9 any natural body y c excite a dilat+ or exp&+ motion1 & c s repress ?is motion & turn x back ^u itself1 t ! dilation %all n proce$ equally1 b h its way 9 "o "p & be c\nt]act$ 9 ano!r1 y w und\bt$ly g5]ate heat4 ,! read] w recall t ,bacon look$ = ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts t w\ld g5]ate heat solely by motion4 ,desc>tes 0 a philosoph] & ma!matician4 ,9 8 ,disc\rse on ,me?od & 8 ,rules = ! ,direction ( ! ,m9d 7#afbh7 he laid emphasis on d$uction r ?an on induction4 ,9 ! subord9ation ( p>ticul>s to g5]al pr9ciples he exp]i5c$ a satisfaction ak9 to ! s5se ( beauty or ! joy ( arti/ic production4 ,he speaks en?usia/ically ( t pleasure :i* "o feels 9 tru?1 & :i* 9 ?is _w is ab\t ! only pure & unmix$ happ9ess4 ,at ! same "t he %>$ ,bacon's di/ru/ ( ! ,ari/otelian logic & ma9ta9$ t ord9>y dialectic is valueless = ^? :o desire to inve/igate ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,!re is ne$ ( a me?od = f9d+ out ! tru?4 ,he comp>es himself to a smi? =c$ to beg9 at ! beg9n+ by fa%ion+ tools ) :i* to "w4 ,9 8 me?od ( discov]y he det]m9$ to accept no?+ z true t he did n cle>ly recognize to be s4 ,he /ood aga9/ assumptions1 & insi/$ on rigid pro(4 ,tru/ only :at is completely kn[n4 ,atta9 a c]titude equal to t ( ari?metic & geometry4 ,?is attitude ( /rict criticism is *>act]i/ic ( ! sci5tific m9d4 ,aga91 ,desc>tes 0 b5t on analyz+ ea* difficulty 9 ord] to solve x2 to neglect no int]m$iate /eps 9 ! d$uction1 b to make ! enum]ation ( details adequate & me?odical4 ,pres]ve a c]ta9 ord]2 d n attempt to jump f ! gr\nd to ! gable1 b rise gradually f :at is simple & easily und]/ood4 ,desc>tes' int]e/ 0 n 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( ma!matics2 r he wi%$ to e/abli% a univ]sal ma!matics1 a g5]al sci5ce relat+ to ord] & measurem5t4 ,he consid]$ all physical nature1 includ+ ! human body1 z a me*anism1 capable ( explanation on ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,b 8 imm$iate int]e/ lay 9 num]ical relation%ips & geometrical proportions4 ,recogniz+ t ! und]/&+ 0 dep5d5t on ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 ,desc>tes resort$ 9 8 ma!matical demon/rations to ! use ( l9es1 because he c\ld f9d no me?od1 z he says1 m simple or m capable ( appeal+ to ! imag9ation & s5ses4 ,he consid]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ord] to be> ! relation%ips 9 memory or to embrace sev]al at once1 x 0 ess5tial to expla9 !m by c]ta9 =mul1 ! %ort] ! bett]4 ,& = ?is purpose x 0 requisite to borr[ all t 0 be/ 9 geometrical analysis & algebra1 & to correct ! errors ( "o by ! o!r4 ,desc>tes 0 above all a ma!matician1 & z su* he may be reg>d$ z a =]unn] ( ,newton & o!r sci5ti/s2 at ! same "t he develop$ an exact sci5tific me?od1 :i* he believ$ applicable to all dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght4 ,^? long *a9s ( reason+1 he says1 q simple & easy1 :i* geomet]s are wont to employ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( _! mo/ difficult demon/rations1 l$ me to ?9k t ev]y?+ :i* might fall "u ! cognizance ( ! human m9d might be connect$ toge!r 9 ! same mann]1 & t1 provid$ only "o %\ld take c>e n to receive any?+ z true :i* 0 n s1 & if "o 7 always c>eful to pres]ve ! ord] necess>y = d$uc+ "o tru? f ano!r1 !re w\ld be none s remote at :i* he might n at la/ arrive1 or s conceal$ :i* he might n discov]4 ,,ref]5ces ,francis ,bacon1 ,philosophical ,works 7,ellis & ,sp$d+ edition71 vol4 ,,iv1 ,novum ,organum4 ,j4 ,j4 ,fahie1 ,galileo2 ,8 ,life & ,"w4 ,galileo1 ,two ,new ,sci5ces2 translat$ by ,h5ry ,crew & ,alphonse ,de ,salvio4 ,william ,gilb]t1 ,on ! ,load/one2 translat$ by ,p4 ,f4 ,mottelay4 ,william ,h>vey1 ,an ,anatomical ,disquisition on ! ,motion ( ! ,he>t & ,blood 9 ,animals4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,me?od & ,results4 ,d',arcy ,p[]1 ,william ,h>vey 79 ,ma/]s ( ,m$ic9e74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is is ,h>vey's monogram1 :i* he us$ 9 8 notes to m>k any orig9al obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,sci5ce ,,z ,,measurem5t--,,ty*o ,,brahe1 ,,kepl]1 ,,boyle ,consid]+ ! value = cle>ness ( ?\ght ( c\nt+1 measur+ & weigh+1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ev5 at ! end ( ! sixte5?1 ! advance ( ! sci5ces 0 accompani$ by increas$ exactness ( measurem5t & by ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,! improvem5t ( ! simple microscope1 ! inv5tion ( ! comp\nd microscope1 ( ! telescope1 ! micromet]1 ! b>omet]1 ! !rmoscope1 ! !rmomet]1 ! p5dulum clock1 ! improvem5t ( ! mural quadrant1 sextant1 sph]es1 a/rolabes1 belong to ?is p]iod4 ,measur+ is a sort ( c\nt+1 & weigh+ a =m ( measur+4 ,we may c\nt disp>ate ?+s :e!r l or unlike4 ,:5 we measure or weigh we apply a /&>d & c\nt ! times t ! unit--cubit1 p\nd1 h\r--is f\nd to repeat itself4 ,we apply our measure to uni=m ext5sion1 met+ out ! wat]s by fa?oms or space by ! sun's diamet]1 & ev5 subject "t to arbitr>y divisions4 ,! human m9d has be5 develop$ ?r\gh contact ) ! multiplicity ( physical objects1 & we f9d x impossible to ?9k cle>ly & sci5tifically ab\t our environm5t )\t divid+1 weigh+1 measur+1 c\nt+4 ,9 measur+ "t we _c rely on our inw>d impressions2 we ev5 criticize ^! impressions & speak ( "t z go+ sl[ly or quickly4 ,we are compell$ 9 ! int]e/s ( accuracy to provide an objective /&>d 9 ! clock1 or ! revolv+ e>?1 or "s o!r measurable ?+4 ,simil>ly ) weight & heat2 we _c rely on ! subjective impression1 b mu/ devise app>atus to record by a measurable movem5t ! am\nt ( ! pressure or ! degree ( temp]ature4 ,god ord]$ all ?+s by measure1 numb]1 & weight4 ,! sci5tific m9d does n re/ satisfi$ till x is able to see ph5om5a 9 _! numb] relation%ips4 ,sci5tific ?\ght is 9 ?is s5se ,py?agorean1 t x inquires 9 ref]5ce to quantity & proportion4 ,z impli$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 numb] relations are n cle>ly grasp$ by primitive races4 ,_m primitive languages h no words = num]als high] ?an five4 ,t fact does n imply t ^! races d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 l>ge & small numb]s1 b precision gr[s ) civilization1 ) comm]cial pursuits1 & o!r activities1 su* z ! practice ( m$ic9e1 to :i* ! use ( weights & measures is ess5tial4 ,sci5tific accuracy is dep5d5t on words & o!r means ( num]ical expression4 ,f ! use ( f+]s & toes1 a rude score or tally1 knots on a /r+1 or a simple abacus1 ! race advances to great] ref9em5t ( num]ical expression & ! employm5t ( m & m accurate app>atus4 ,"o ( ! greate/ contributors to ?is advance 0 ! celebrat$ ,dani% a/ronom]1 ,ty*o ,brahe 7#aedf-afja74 ,be=e #aeig he _h complet$ 8 great mural quadrant at ! obs]vatory ( ,uraniborg4 ,he call$ x ) *>act]i/ic vanity ! ,ti*onic quadrant4 ,x consi/$ ( a graduat$ arc ( solid poli%$ brass five in*es broad1 two in*es ?ick1 & ) a radius ( ab\t six & ?ree qu>t]s feet4 ,ea* degree 0 divid$ into m9utes1 & ea* m9ute into six p>ts4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts 0 !n subdivid$ into t5 seconds1 :i* 7 indicat$ by dots arrang$ 9 transv]se oblique l9es on ! wid? ( brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ti*onic ,,quadrant ,! arc 0 atta*$ 9 ! obs]vation room to a wall runn+ exactly nor?1 & s secur$ ) screws 7firmissimis co*leis7 t no =ce c\ld move x4 ,) its concavity t[>d ! s\!rn sky x 0 closely comp>able1 ?\gh rev]se1 to ! cele/ial m]idian ?r\gh\t its l5g? f horizon to z5i?4 ,! s\? wall1 above ! po9t :]e ! radii ( ! quadrant met1 0 pi]c$ by a cyl9d] ( gild$ brass plac$ 9 a rectangul> op5+1 :i* c\ld be op5$ or clos$ f ! outside4 ,! obs]vation 0 made ?r\gh "o ( two sights t 7 atta*$ to ! graduat$ arc & c\ld be mov$ f po9t to po9t on x4 ,9 ! sights 7 p>allel slits1 "r1 left1 upp]1 l[]4 ,if ! altitude & ! transit ?r\gh ! m]idian 7 to be tak5 at ! same "t ! f\r directions 7 to be foll[$4 ,x 0 ! practice = ! /ud5t mak+ ! obs]vation to read (f ! numb] ( degrees1 m9utes1 etc41 ( ! angle at :i* ! altitude or transit 0 obs]v$1 s t x might be record$ by a second /ud5t4 ,a ?ird took ! "t f two clock dials :5 ! obs]v] gave ! signal1 & ! exact mom5t ( obs]vation 0 also record$ by /ud5t numb] two4 ,! clocks record$ m9utes & ! small] divisions ( "t2 great c>e1 h[ev]1 0 requir$ to obta9 good results f !m4 ,!re 7 f\r clocks 9 ! obs]vatory1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ _h ?ree :eels1 "o :eel ( pure solid brass hav+ twelve hundr$ tee? & a diamet] ( two cubits4 ,le/ any space on ! wall %\ld lie empty a numb] ( pa9t+s 7 add$3 ,ty*o himself 9 an easy attitude seat$ at a table & direct+ f a book ! "w ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,ov] 8 head is an automatic cele/ial globe inv5t$ by ,ty*o & con/ruct$ at 8 own exp5se 9 #aeij4 ,ov] ! globe is a "p ( ,ty*o's libr>y4 ,on ei!r side are repres5t$ z hang+ small pictures ( ,ty*o's patron1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii ( ,d5m>k 7d4 #aehh7 & ,que5 ,sophia4 ,!n o!r in/rum5ts & rooms ( ! obs]vatory are pictur$2 ,ty*o's /ud5ts1 ( :om !re 7 always at lea/ six or eight1 n to m5tion y\ng] pupils4 ,!re appe>s also 8 great brass globe six feet 9 diamet]4 ,!n !re is pictur$ ,ty*o's *emical laboratory1 on :i* he has exp5d$ mu* money4 ,f9ally comes "o ( ,ty*o's hunt+ dogs--v fai?ful & sagaci\s2 he s]ves "h z a hi]oglyph ( 8 ma/]'s nobility z well z ( sagacity & fidelity4 ,! exp]t ar*itect & ! two arti/s :o assi/$ ,ty*o are del9eat$ 9 ! l&scape & ev5 9 ! sett+ sun 9 ! top-mo/ "p ( ! pa9t+1 & 9 ! decoration above4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ?is l>ge/ quadrant 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! angle ( elevation ( ! />s )9 ! six? "p ( a m9ute1 ! coll9eation be+ made by means ( "o ( ! sights1 ! p>allel horizontal slits 9 :i* 7 align$ ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! altitude 0 record$ accord+ to ! position ( ! sight atta*$ to ! graduat$ arc4 ,ty*o ,brahe _h a great rev]5ce = ,cop]nicus1 b he did n accept 8 planet>y sy/em2 & he felt t advance 9 a/ronomy dep5d$ on pa9/ak+ obs]vation4 ,= ov] tw5ty ye>s "u ! k+s ( ,d5m>k he _h good opportunities = pursu+ 8 inve/igation4 ,! isl& ( ,hv5 became 8 prop]ty4 ,a ?or\ghly equipp$ obs]vatory 0 provid$1 includ+ pr9t+-press & work%ops = ! con/ruction ( app>atus4 ,z already impli$1 capable assi/ants 7 at ! a/ronom]'s comm&4 ,9 #aeih1 aft] hav+ left ,d5m>k1 ,ty*o 9 a spl5did illu/rat$ book 7,a/ronomi ,in/aurat ,me*anica7 gave an acc\nt ( ?is a/ronomical p>adise on ! ,insula ,v5usia z he at times call$ x4 ,! book1 prep>$ = ! h&s ( pr9ces1 conta9s ab\t tw5ty full-page color$ illu/rations ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts 7includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! mural quadrant71 ( ! ext]ior ( ! obs]vatory ( ,uraniborg1 etc4 ,! au?or _h a consci\sness ( 8 own wor?1 & des]ves ! "n ,ty*o ! ,magnific5t4 ,! results t he obta9$ 7 n unwor?y ( ! app>atus employ$ 9 8 obs]vations1 & be=e he di$ at ,prague 9 #afja1 ,ty*o ,brahe _h consign$ to ! wor?ie/ h&s ! pa9/ak+ record ( 8 labors4 ,johann ,kepl] 7#aega-afcj7 _h be5 call$1 z ! a/ronom]'s assi/ant1 to ! ,bohemian capital 9 #afjj & 9 a few mon?s fell heir to ,ty*o's data 9 ref]5ce to #ggg />s1 :i* he made ! basis ( ! ,rudolph9e tables ( #afbg4 ,kepl]'s g5ius 0 complem5t>y to t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he 0 gift$ ) an imag9ation to turn obs]vations to acc\nt4 ,8 a/ronomy did n re/ 9 m]e description1 b s\ght ! physical explanation4 ,he _h ! arti/'s feel+ = ! beauty & h>mony1 :i* he div9$ be=e he demon/rat$1 9 ! numb] relations ( ! planet>y movem5ts4 ,aft] special /udies ( ,m>s bas$ on ,ty*o's data1 he set =? 9 #afji 7,a/ronomia ,nova7 7#a7 t e planet moves 9 an ellipse ( :i* ! sun occupies "o focus1 & 7#b7 t ! area swept by ! radius vector f ! planet to ! sun is proportional to ! "t4 ,luckily = ! success ( 8 inve/igation ! planet on :i* he _h conc5trat$ 8 att5tion is ! "o ( all ! planets !n kn[n1 ! orbit ( :i* mo/ widely diff]s f a circle4 ,9 a lat] "w 7,h>monica ,mundi1 #afai7 ! title ( :i*1 ! ,h>monics ( ! ,univ]se1 proclaim$ 8 incl9ation to ,py?agorean views1 he demon/rat$ 7#c7 t ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic "t ( any planet is proportional to ! cube ( its mean di/ance f ! sun4 ,kepl]'s /udies 7 facilitat$ by ! inv5tion1 9 #afad by ,john ,napi]1 ( log>i?ms1 :i* h be5 said1 by abridg+ t$i\s calculations1 to d\ble ! life ( an a/ronom]4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,kepl] 9 pur*as+ "s w9e 0 /ruck by ! r\gh-&-ready me?od us$ by ! m]*ant to det]m9e ! capacity ( ! w9e-vessels4 ,he appli$ himself = a few days to ! problems ( m5suration involv$1 & 9 #afae publi%$ 8 treatise 7,/]eometria ,doliorum7 on ! cubical cont5ts ( casks 7or w9e-j>s71 a s\rce ( inspiration to all lat] writ]s on ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! volume ( solids4 ,he help$ o!r sci5ti/s & 0 himself ri*ly help$4 ,z e>ly z #afaj !re _h be5 pres5t$ to him a means ( precision ( ! fir/ importance to ! progress ( a/ronomy1 namely1 a ,galilean telescope4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( telescopes %[s t ! effect ( comb9+ two l5ses 0 und]/ood by sci5ti/s long be=e any p>ticul> use 0 made ( ?is k2 & t ^? :o are accr$it$ ) introduc+ p]spective glasses to ! public hit by accid5t ^u ! inv5tion4 ,priority 0 claim$ by two firms ( spectacle-mak]s 9 ,middelburg1 ,holl&1 namely1 ,za*>ias1 miscall$ ,jans51 & ,lipp]%ey4 ,galileo he>d ( ! contrivance 9 ,july1 #afji1 & soon furni%$ s p[]ful an in/rum5t ( discov]y t ?+s se5 ?r\gh x appe>$ m ?an ?irty times ne>] & almo/ a ?\s& times l>g] ?an :5 se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,he 0 able to make out ! m\nta9s 9 ! moon1 ! satellites ( ,jupit] 9 rotation1 ! spots on ! revolv+ sun2 b 8 telescope af=d$ only an imp]fect view ( ,saturn4 ,( c\rse ^! facts1 publi%$ 9 #afaj 7,sid]eus ,nuncius71 /r5g!n$ 8 advocacy ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,galileo laugh+ly wrote ,kepl] t ! pr(essors ( philosophy 7 afraid to look ?r\gh 8 telescope le/ !y %\ld fall into h]esy4 ,! ,g]man a/ronom]1 :o _h ye>s be=e writt5 on ! optics ( a/ronomy1 n[ 7#afaa7 produc$ 8 ,dioptrice1 ! fir/ satisfactory /atem5t ( ! !ory ( ! telescope4 ,ab\t #afci ,gascoigne1 a "y ,engli%man1 inv5t$ ! micromet]1 :i* enables an obs]v] to adju/ a telescope ) v great precision4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! micromet] exactitude 0 impossible1 because ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t dep5d$ on ! discrim9ation ( ! nak$ eye4 ,! micromet] 0 a fur!r advance 9 exact measurem5t4 ,gascoigne's det]m9ations (1 = example1 ! diamet] ( ! sun1 be> comp>ison ) ! f9d+s ( ev5 rec5t a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! microscope is closely connect$ ) t ( ! telescope4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! simple microscope came into use4 ,x 0 develop$ f ! convex l5s1 :i*1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 _h be5 kn[n = c5turies1 if n f remote antiquity4 ,) ! simple microscope ,leeuw5hoek be=e #afgc _h /udi$ ! /ructure ( m9ute animal organisms & t5 ye>s lat] _h ev5 obta9$ sight ( bact]ia4 ,v e>ly 9 ! same c5tury ,za*>ias _h pres5t$ ,pr9ce ,maurice1 ! comm&] ( ! ,dut* =ces1 & ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t1 gov]nor ( ,holl&1 ) comp\nd microscopes4 ,kir*] 7#afja-afhj7 made use ( an in/rum5t t repres5t$ microscopic =ms z "o ?\s& times l>g] ?an _! actual size1 & by means ( ! comp\nd microscope ,malpighi 0 able 9 #affa to see blood fl[+ f ! m9ute art]ies to ! m9ute ve9s on ! lung & on ! di/5d$ bladd] ( ! live frog4 ,! ,italian microscopi/ ?us1 among 8 _m a*ievem5ts1 v]ifi$ by obs]vation :at ,h>vey 9 #afbh _h argu$ mu/ take place4 ,9 ?is same epo* app>atus ( precision develop$ 9 o!r fields4 ,weight clocks _h be5 9 use z "t-measur]s s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b !y 71 z we h se51 difficult to control & o!rwise unreliable4 ,ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury sci5ti/s 9 _! exp]im5ts pref]r$ "s =m ( wat]-clock4 ,9 #afcf ,galileo1 9 a lett]1 m5tion$ ! feasibility ( con/ruct+ a p5dulum clock1 & 9 #afda he dictat$ a description ( ! project$ app>atus to 8 son ,v9c5zo & to 8 disciple ,viviani4 ,he himself 0 !n bl9d1 & he di$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,8 in/ructions 7 nev] c>ri$ into effect4 ,h[ev]1 9 #afeg ,*ri/ian ,huyg5s appli$ ! p5dulum to weight clocks ( ! old /amp4 ,9 #afgd he gave directions = ! manufacture ( a wat*1 ! movem5t ( :i* 0 driv5 by a spr+4 ,galileo1 to :om ! advance 9 exact sci5ce is s l>gely indebt$1 mu/ also be cr$it$ ) ! fir/ app>atus = ! measurem5t ( temp]atures4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ be=e #afjc & consi/$ ( a glass bulb ) a long /em ( ! ?ickness ( a /raw4 ,! bulb 0 fir/ heat$ & ! /em plac$ 9 wat]4 ,! po9t at :i* ! wat]1 :i* rose 9 ! tube1 might /& 0 an indication ( ! temp]ature4 ,9 #afca ,jean ,rey j inv]t$ ?is contrivance1 fill+ ! bulb ) wat]4 ,( c\rse ^! !rmoscopes w\ld regi/] ! effect ( v>y+ pressures z well z temp]atures1 & !y soon made way = ! !rmomet] & ! b>omet]4 ,be=e #afda a true !rmomet] 0 con/ruct$ by seal+ ! top ( ! tube aft] driv+ out ! air by heat4 ,spirits ( w9e 7 us$ 9 place ( wat]4 ,m]cury 0 n employ$ till #afgj4 ,desc>tes & ,galileo _h br\ght "u criticism ! anci5t idea t nature abhors a vacuum4 ,!y knew t ! horror vacui 0 n suffici5t to raise wat] 9 a pump m ?an ab\t ?irty-?ree feet4 ,!y _h also kn[n t air has weight1 a fact :i* soon s]v$ to expla9 ! s-call$ =ce ( suction4 ,galileo's associate ,torricelli reason$ t if ! pressure ( ! air 0 suffici5t to support a column ( wat] ?irty-?ree feet 9 height1 x w\ld support a column ( m]cury ( equal weight4 ,accord+ly 9 #afdc he made ! exp]im5t ( fill+ ) m]cury a glass tube f\r feet long clos$ at ! upp] end1 & !n op5+ ! l[] end 9 a bas9 ( m]cury4 ,! m]cury 9 ! tube sank until its level 0 ab\t ?irty in*es above t ( ! m]cury 9 ! bas91 leav+ a vacuum 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,z ! specific gravity ( m]cury is #ac1 ,torricelli knew t 8 supposition _h be5 correct & t ! column ( m]cury 9 ! tube & ! column ( wat] 9 ! pump 7 ow+ to ! pressure or weight ( ! air4 ,pascal ?\ght t ?is pressure w\ld be less at a high altitude4 ,8 supposition 0 te/$ on a *ur* /eeple at ,p>is1 &1 lat]1 on ! ,puy de ,dme1 a m\nta9 9 ,auv]gne4 ,9 ! latt] case a diff]5ce ( ?ree in*es 9 ! column ( m]cury 0 %[n at ! summit & base ( ! asc5t4 ,lat] ,pascal exp]im5t$ ) ! siphon & succe$$ 9 expla9+ x on ! pr9ciple ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,torricelli 9 ! space at ! top ( 8 b>omet] 7pressure-gauge7 _h produc$ :at is call$ a ,torricellian vacuum4 ,otto von ,gu]icke1 a burgoma/] ( ,magdeburg1 :o _h travel$ 9 ,france & ,italy1 succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an air-pump by means ( :i* air might be exhau/$ f a vessel4 ,"s ( 8 results became widely kn[n 9 #afeg1 ?\gh 8 works 7 n publi%$ till #afgc4 ,rob]t ,boyle 7#afbf-afia71 born at ,ca/le ,lismore 9 ,irel&1 0 ! sev5? son & f\rte5? *ild ( ! di/+ui%$ fir/ ,e>l ( ,cork4 ,he 0 e>ly acqua9t$ ) ^! v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! air1 z well z ) ,desc>tes' !ory t air is no?+ b a cong]ies or heap ( small1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 flexible p>ticles4 ,9 #afei he wrote 8 ,new ,exp]im5ts ,physico-,me*anical t\*+ ! ,spr+ ( ! ,air4 ,in/ead ( spr+1 he at times us$ ! ^w elat] 774 ,9 ?is treatise he describes exp]im5ts ) ! improv$ air-pump con/ruct$ at 8 sugge/ion by 8 assi/ant1 ,rob]t ,hooke4 ,"o ( ,boyle's critics1 a pr(essor at ,l\va91 :ile admitt+ t air _h weight & ela/icity1 d5i$ t ^! 7 suffici5t to acc\nt = ! results ascrib$ to !m4 ,boyle !reupon publi%$ a ,def5ce ( ! ,doctr9e t\*+ ! ,spr+ & ,weight ( ! ,air4 ,he felt able to prove t ! ela/icity ( ! air c\ld "u circum/ances d f> m ?an su/a9 tw5ty-n9e or ?irty in*es ( m]cury4 ,9 support ( 8 view he cit$ a rec5t exp]im5t4 ,he _h tak5 a piece ( /rong glass tub+ fully twelve feet 9 l5g?4 7,! exp]im5t 0 made by a well-light$ /aircase1 ! tube be+ susp5d$ by /r+s47 ,! glass 0 heat$ m ?an a foot f ! l[] end1 & b5t s t ! %ort] leg ( twelve in*es 0 p>allel ) ! long]4 ,! =m] 0 h]metically seal$ at ! top & m>k$ (f 9 =ty-eight qu>t]-in* spaces4 ,into ! op5+ ( ! long] leg1 also graduat$1 m]cury 0 p\r$4 ,at fir/ only en\gh 0 introduc$ to fill ! ar*1 or b5t "p ( ! tube bel[ ! graduat$ legs4 ,! tube 0 !n incl9$ s t ! air might pass f "o leg to ! o!r1 & equality ( pressure at ! />t be assur$4 ,!n m m]cury 0 introduc$ & e "t t ! air 9 ! %ort] leg 0 compress$ a half or a qu>t] ( an in*1 a record 0 made ( ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! long leg ( ! tube4 ,boyle reason$ t ! compress$ air 0 su/a9+ ! pressure ( ! column ( m]cury 9 ! long leg plus ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! tube's op5+1 equival5t to #bi-b_/af in*es ( m]cury4 ,"s ( ! results 7 z foll[s3 ,:5 ! air 9 ! %ort tube 0 compress$ f #ab to #c in*es1 x 0 "u a pressure ( #aag-i_/af in*es ( m]cury2 :5 compress$ to #d x 0 "u pressure ( #hg-ae_/af in*es ( m]cury2 :5 compress$ to #f1 #eh-ac_/af2 to #i1 #ci-e_/h4 ,( c\rse1 :5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t !re 7 #ab in*es ( air 9 ! %ort tube1 x 0 "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 equal to t ( #bi-b_/af in*es ( m]cury4 ,boyle ) *>act]i/ic caution 0 n incl9$ to draw too g5]al a conclusion f 8 exp]im5t4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 evid5t1 mak+ all[ance = "s slight irregul>ity 9 ! exp]im5tal results1 t air r$uc$ "u pressure to "o half its orig9al volume1 d\bles its resi/ance2 & t if x is fur!r r$uc$ to "o half1--= example1 f six to ?ree in*es1--x has f\r times ! resi/ance ( common air4 ,9 fact1 ,boyle _h su/a9$ ! hypo!sis t supposes ! pressures & expansions to be 9 reciprocal proportions4 ,,ref]5ces ,sir ,rob]t ,s4 ,ball1 ,great ,a/ronom]s4 ,rob]t ,boyle1 ,works 7edit$ by ,?omas ,bir*74 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,m>tyrs ( ,sci5ce4 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,pione]s ( ,sci5ce4 ,flora ,masson1 ,rob]t ,boyle2 a ,biography4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,co,,p]ation ,,9 ,,sci5ce--,,! ,,royal ,,society ,! p]iod f #afcg to #afhg af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! value = ! progress ( sci5ce ( ! cop]ation 9 ! pursuit ( tru? ( m5 ( diff]5t cre$s1 nationalities1 vocations1 & social ranks4 ,at1 or ev5 be=e1 ! beg9n+ ( t p]iod ! ne$ ( cop]ation 0 indicat$ by ! activities ( two m5 ( pron\nc$ly social temp]am5t & int]e/s1 namely1 ! ,fr5* ,m9im fa!r1 ,m]s5ne1 & ! ,prote/ant ,prussian m]*ant1 ,samuel ,h>tlib4 ,m]s5ne 0 a /imulat+ & indefatigable correspond5t4 ,8 lett]s to ,galileo1 ,jean ,rey1 ,hobbes1 ,desc>tes1 ,gass5di1 n to m5tion o!r sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 con/itute an encyclop$ia ( ! le>n+ ( ! "t4 ,a ma!matician & exp]im5t] himself1 he _h a g5ius = elicit+ discussion & rese>* by means ( adroit que/ions4 ,?r\gh him ,desc>tes 0 drawn into debate ) ,hobbes1 & ) ,gass5di1 a *ampion ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,?r\gh him ! discov]ies ( ,h>vey1 ,galileo1 & ,torricelli1 z well z ( _m o!rs1 became widely kn[n4 ,8 lett]s1 9 ! de>? ( sci5tific associations & ! abs5ce ( sci5tific p]iodicals1 s]v$ z a g5]al news ag5cy among ! le>n$ ( 8 "t4 ,x is n surpris+ t a cot]ie ga!r$ ab\t him at ,p>is4 ,hobbes sp5t mon?s 9 daily int]c\rse ) ?is gr\p ( sci5ti/s 9 ! w9t] ( #afcf-cg4 ,h>tlib1 ?\gh he sc>cely takes rank ) ,m]s5ne z a sci5ti/1 0 no less influ5tial4 ,( a g5]\s & philan?ropic disposition1 he repeat$ly impov]i%$ himself 9 ! cause ( human bett]m5t4 ,8 *ief reliance 0 on education & improv$ me?ods ( husb&ry1 b he resembl$ ,horace ,greeley 9 8 hospitality to any project = ! public welf>e4 ,"o ( ,h>tlib's *ief hopes = ! reg5]ation ( ,engl&1 if n ( ! :ole _w1 re/$ on ! tea*+s ( ! educational re=m] ,com5ius1 a bi%op ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,9 #afcg1 ,com5ius hav+ %[n himself r reluctant to put 8 mo/ *]i%$ plans be=e ! public1 8 zeal\s disciple precipitat$ matt]s1 & on 8 own responsibility1 & unkn[n to ,com5ius1 issu$ f 8 libr>y at ,ox=d ,preludes to ! ,endeavors ( ,com5ius4 ,besides ,h>tlib's preface x conta9$ a treatise by ! great educator on a ,sem9>y ( ,*ri/ian ,pansophy1 a me?od ( imp>t+ an encyclop$ic k ( ! sci5ces & arts4 ,! two fri5ds 7 foll[]s ( ! ,baconian philosophy4 ,!y 7 influ5c$1 z _m o!rs ( ! "t1 by ! ,new ,atlantis1 :i* w5t ?r\gh t5 editions betwe5 #afbg & #afgj1 & :i* outl9$ a plan = an end[$ college ) ?irty-six ,fell[s divid$ into gr\ps--:at w\ld be call$ to-day a univ]sity ( rese>* end[$ by ! ,/ate4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d ,com5ius 7:o 9 8 /ud5t days _h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,al/$1 au?or ( an encyclop$ia on ,baconian l9es7 speak+ 9 #afch on ! ne$ ( a collegiate society = c>ry+ on ! educational "w t he himself _h at he>t4 ,9 #afda ,h>tlib publi%$ a "w ( fiction 9 ! mann] ( ! ,new ,atlantis1 & d$icat$ x to ! ,long ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! same ye> he urg$ ,com5ius to come to ,london1 & publi%$ ano!r "w1 ,a ,re=mation ( ,s*ools4 ,he _h great influ5ce & did n hesitate to use x 9 8 adoptive c\ntry4 ,ev]ybody knew ,h>tlib1 & he 0 acqua9t$ ) all ! /rata ( ,engli% society2 = al?\gh 8 fa!r _h be5 a m]*ant1 fir/ 9 ,pol& & lat] 9 ,elb+1 8 "m 0 ! daught] ( ! ,deputy ( ! ,engli% ,company 9 ,dantzic & _h relatives ( rank 9 ,london1 :]e ,h>tlib sp5t mo/ ( 8 life4 ,he ga9$ ! good-w ( ! ,puritan ,gov]nm5t1 & ev5 aft] ,cromwell's dea? 0 work+1 9 conjunction ) ,boyle1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a national c\ncil ( univ]sal le>n+ ) ,wilk9s z presid5t4 ,:5 ,com5ius arriv$ 9 ,london he le>n$ t ! invitation _h be5 s5t by ord] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,?is body 0 v anxi\s to take up ! "q ( education1 especially univ]sity education4 ,bacon's criticisms ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge 7 /ill borne 9 m9d2 ! legislators consid]$ t ! college curriculum 0 9 ne$ ( re=mation1 t !re ought to be m frat]nity & correspond5ce among ! univ]sities ( ,europe1 & !y ev5 contemplat$ ! end[m5t by ! ,/ate ( sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,!y spoke ( erect+ a univ]sity at ,london1 :]e ,gre%am ,college _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 #aeig & ,*elsea ,college 9 #afaj4 ,x 0 propos$ to place ,gre%am ,college1 ! ,savoy1 or ,w9*e/] ,college1 at ! disposition ( ! pansophi/s4 ,com5ius ?\ght t no?+ 0 m c]ta9 ?an t ! design ( ! great ,v]ulam conc]n+ ! op5+ some:]e ( a univ]sal college1 devot$ to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,! imp5d+ /ruggle1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,*>les ,i & ! ,p>liam5t prev5t$ ! attempt to realize ! pansophic dream1 & ! ,au/rian ,slav1 :o knew some?+ ( ! horrors ( civil w>1 )drew1 disc\rag$1 to ! ,cont95t4 ,nev]!less1 ,h>tlib did n ab&on ! cause1 b 9 #afdd broa*$ ,milton on ! subject ( educational re=m1 & drew f him ! brief b influ5tial tract on ,education4 ,9 ?is its au?or alludes r slight+ly to ,com5ius1 :o _h some?+ ( ,bacon's infelicity 9 *oice ( titles & epi!ts & :o mu/ h seem$ outl&i% to ! au?or ( ,lycidas & ,comus4 ,b ,milton jo9$ 9 ! criticism ( ! univ]sities--! /udy ( words r ?an ?+s--& advocat$ an encyclop$ic education bas$ on ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s ( a practical & sci5tific t5d5cy 7,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,cato1 ,v>ro1 ,vitruvius1 ,s5eca1 & o!rs74 ,he outl9$ a plan = ! e/abli%m5t ( an in/itution to be kn[n by ! classical 7& ,%akespe>ian7 "n ,academy--a plan de/9$ to h a great effect on education 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! fri5ds ( pansophia4 ,9 ?is same ye> ,rob]t ,boyle1 !n an eag] /ud5t ( eighte5 j return$ to ,engl& f resid5ce abroad1 came "u ! influ5ce ( ! g5ial ,h>tlib4 ,9 #afdf he writes 8 tutor inquir+ ab\t books on me?ods ( husb&ry & ref]r+ to ! new philosophical college1 :i* valu$ no k b z x _h a t5d5cy to use4 ,a few mon?s lat] he 0 9 correspond5ce ) ,h>tlib 9 ref]5ce to ! ,invisible ,college1 & _h writt5 a ?ird fri5d t ! corn]-/ones ( ! invisible1 or1 z !y t]m$ !mselves1 ! philosophical college1 did n[ & !n honor him ) _! company4 ,^! philosoph]s :om ,boyle ent]ta9$1 & ^: sci5tific acum51 bread? ( m9d1 humility1 & univ]sal good-w he f\nd s cong5ial1 7 ! nucleus ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ( :i*1 on its def9ite organization 9 #affb1 he 0 ! =emo/ memb]4 ,!y _h begun to meet toge!r 9 ,london ab\t #afde1 wor?y p]sons inquisitive into natural philosophy--,wilk9s1 int]e/$ 9 ! navigation ( ! air & ( wat]s bel[ ! surface2 ,wallis1 ma!matician & gramm>ian2 ! _m-sid$ ,petty1 political economi/1 & inv5tor ( a d\ble-bottom$ boat1 :o _h z a y\? ( tw5ty /udi$ ) ,hobbes 9 ,p>is 9 #afdc1 & 9 #afdh 0 to write 8 fir/ treatise on indu/rial education at ! sugge/ion ( ,h>tlib1 & f9ally make a survey ( ,irel& & acquire l>ge e/ates2 ,fo/]1 pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ,gre%am ,college2 ,!odore ,haak f ! ,pfalz2 a numb] ( m$ical m51 ,dr4 ,m]ret1 ,dr4 ,ent1 a fri5d ( ,h>vey1 ,dr4 ,godd>d1 :o c\ld always be reli$ ^u to und]take an exp]im5t1 ,dr4 ,glisson1 ! physiologi/1 au?or 9 #afed ( a treatise on ! liv] 7,de ,hepate71 & o!rs4 ,!y met once a week at ,godd>d's 9 ,wood ,/reet1 at ! ,bull's ,head ,tav]n 9 ,*eapside1 & at ,gre%am ,college4 ,dr4 ,wilk9s1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,cromwell1 :o is reg>d$ by "s z ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,society1 remov$ to ,ox=d1 z ,w>d5 ( ,wadham1 9 #afdi4 ,"h he held meet+s & conduct$ exp]im5ts 9 conjunction ) ,wallis1 ,godd>d1 ,petty1 ,boyle1 & o!rs1 includ+ ,w>d 7aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,salisbury7 int]e/$ 9 ,bulliau's ,a/ronomy2 & ! celebrat$ physician & anatomi/1 ,?omas ,willis1 au?or ( a "w on ! bra9 7,c]ebri ,anatome71 & ano!r on fev]s 7,de ,febribus71 9 :i* he describ$ epidemic typhoid z x occurr$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 9 #afdc4 ,9 ! mean "t ! weekly meet+s 9 ,london cont9u$1 & 7 att5d$ :5 conv5i5t by memb]s ( ! ,ox=d gr\p4 ,at ,gre%am ,college by #afeh x 0 ! cu/om to rema9 = discussion ,w$nesdays & ,?ursdays aft] ,mr4 ,wr5's lecture & ,mr4 ,rooke's4 ,dur+ ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! c\ntry aft] ,cromwell's dea? !re 0 "s int]ruption ( ! meet+s1 b ) ! accession ( ,*>les ,,ii 9 #affj !re came a great] s5se ( security4 ,new names appe> on ! records1 ,"l ,br\nck]1 ,sir ,rob]t ,moray1 ,john ,evelyn1 ,br]eton1 ,ball1 ,rob]t ,hooke1 & ,abraham ,c[ley4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a pr9t ( #afge ,,wadham ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,plans 7 discuss$ = a m p]man5t =m ( organization1 especially on ,novemb] #bh1 #affj1 :5 some?+ 0 said ( a design to f\nd a college = ! promotion ( physico-ma!matical exp]im5tal le>n+4 ,a few mon?s lat] 0 publi%$ ,c[ley's proposition = an end[$ college ) tw5ty pr(essors1 f\r ( :om %\ld be con/antly travel+ 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,! sixte5 resid5t pr(essors %\ld be b\nd to /udy & tea* all sorts ( natural1 exp]im5tal philosophy1 to consi/ ( ! ma!matics1 me*anics1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 *emi/ry1 ! hi/ory ( animals1 plants1 m9]als1 elem5ts1 etc42 agriculture1 ar*itecture1 art milit>y1 navigation1 g>d5+2 ! my/]ies ( all trades & improvem5t ( !m2 ! facture ( all m]*&ise1 all natural magic or div9ation2 & briefly all ?+s conta9$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,natural ,hi/ories annex$ to my ,"l ,bacon's ,organon4 ,! e>ly (ficial hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society 7,sprat1 #affg7 says t ?is proposal ha/5$ v mu* ! adoption ( a plan ( organization4 ,c[ley wi%$ to educate y\? & incur great exp5se 7#d1jjj71 b mo/ ( ! o!r p>ticul>s ( 8 draught ! ,royal ,society is n[ putt+ 9 practice4 ,a *>t] ( incorporation 0 grant$ 9 ,july1 #affb2 &1 lat]1 ,*>les ,,ii proclaim$ himself f\nd] & patron ( ! ,royal ,society = ! advancem5t ( natural sci5ce4 ,*>les cont9u$ to take an int]e/ 9 ?is organization1 devot$ to ! discov]y ( tru? by ! corporate action ( m52 he propos$ subjects = inve/igation1 & ask$ _! cop]ation 9 a m accurate measurem5t ( a degree ( latitude4 ,he %[$ himself tactful to take acc\nt ( ! democratic _s ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & recomm5d$ to ! ,royal ,society ,john ,graunt1 ! au?or ( a "w on mortality /ati/ics fir/ publi%$ 9 #affa4 ,graunt 0 a %op-keep] ( ,london1 & ,*>les said t if !y f\nd any m su* tradesm51 !y %\ld be sure to admit !m all )\t m ado4 ,x 0 a recogniz$ pr9ciple ( ! ,society freely to admit m5 ( diff]5t religions1 c\ntries1 pr(essions4 ,sprat said t !y op5ly pr(ess$1 n to lay ! f\ndation ( an ,engli%1 ,scot*1 ,iri%1 ,popi% or ,prote/ant philosophy1 b a philosophy ( mank9d4 ,!y s\ght 7hat+ w> z mo/ ( !m did7 to e/abli% a univ]sal culture1 or1 z !y phras$ x1 a con/ant intellig5ce ?r\gh\t all civil nations4 ,ev5 = ! special purposes ( ! ,society1 hospitality t[>d all nations 0 necess>y2 = ! ideal sci5ti/1 ! p]fect philosoph]1 %\ld h ! dilig5ce & inquisitiv5ess ( ! nor!rn nations1 & ! cold & circumspect & w>y disposition ( ! ,italians & ,spani>ds4 ,haak f ! ,g]man ,palat9ate 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,fell[s ( ! ,society1 & is ev5 cr$it$ by ,wallis ) be+ ! fir/ to sugge/ ! meet+s ( #afde4 ,old5burg f ,brem5 act$ z secret>y 7along ) ,wilk9s7 & c>ri$ on an ext5sive =eign correspond5ce4 ,huyg5s ( ,holl& 0 "o ( ! orig9al ,fell[s 9 #affc1 :ile ! names ( ,auz\t1 ,sorbire1 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 ,bulliau1 ,cass9i1 ,malpighi1 ,leibnitz1 ,leeuw5hoek 7z well z ,w9?rop & ,rog] ,williams7 appe> 9 ! records ( ! ,society )9 ! fir/ decade4 ,x seem$ fitt+ t ?is cosmopolitan organization %\ld be locat$ 9 ! _w's metropolis r ?an 9 a m]e univ]sity t[n4 ,sprat ?\ght ,london ! natural seat ( a univ]sal philosophy4 ,z already impli$1 ! ,royal ,society 0 n exclusive 9 its attitude t[>d ! diff]5t vocations4 ,a _s ( true fell[%ip prevail$ 9 ,gre%am ,college1 z ! ,society 0 sometimes call$4 ,! m$ical pr(ession1 ! univ]sities1 ! *ur*es1 ! c\rt1 ! army1 ! navy1 trade1 agriculture1 & o!r indu/ries 7 !re repres5t$4 ,social p>tition walls 7 brok5 d[n1 & ! ,fell[s1 sob]$ by ye>s ( political & religi\s /rife1 jo9$1 mutually assi/+ "o ano!r1 9 ! advance ( sci5ce = ! sake ( ! common weal4 ,_! express purpose 0 ! improvem5t ( all pr(essions f ! highe/ g5]al to ! l[e/ artisan4 ,p>ticul> att5tion 0 paid to ! trades1 ! me*anic arts1 & ! fo/]+ ( inv5tions4 ,"o ( _! eight committees dealt ) ! hi/ories ( trades2 ano!r 0 conc]n$ ) me*anical inv5tions1 & ! k+ orda9$ 9 #affb t no me*anical device %\ld receive a pat5t be=e und]go+ _! scrut9y4 ,a great _m inv5tions emanat$ f ! ,fell[s !mselves--,hooke's hygroscope2 ,boyle's hydromet]1 ( use 9 ! detection ( c\nt]feit co92 &1 aga91 ! tablet anemomet] us$ by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 7! ,leon>do da ,v9ci ( 8 age7 to regi/] ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,a ?ird committee devot$ itself to agriculture1 & 9 ! ,society's museum 7 collect$ products & curiosities ( ! %op1 m9e1 sea1 etc4 ,"o ,fell[ advis$ t att5tion %\ld be paid ev5 to ! lea/ & pla9e/ ( ph5om5a1 z o!rwise !y might le>n ! romance ( nature r ?an its true hi/ory4 ,s b5t 7 !y on pres]v+ a _s ( simplicity & /raight=w>dness t 9 _! sob] discussions !y s\ght to employ ! language ( artisans1 c\ntrym51 & m]*ants r ?an t ( wits & s*ol>s4 ,( c\rse !re 0 9 ! ,society a pr$om9ance ( g5tlem5 ( means & leisure1 free & unconf9$4 ,_! pres5ce 0 ?\ght to s]ve a d\ble purpose4 ,x *eck$ ! t5d5cy to sacrifice ! se>* ( tru? to imm$iate pr(it1 & to lay su* emphasis on application1 z1 9 ! words ( a subsequ5t presid5t ( ! ,society1 w\ld make tru?1 & wisdom1 & k ( no importance = _! own sakes4 ,9 ! second place _! pres5ce 0 held to *eck dogmatism on ! "p ( ! lead]s1 & subs]vi5ce on ! "p ( _! foll[]s4 ,!y und]/ood h[ difficult x is to transmit k )\t putt+ initiative 9 jeop>dy & t quiet intellect is easily dismay$ 9 ! pres5ce ( bold spee*4 ,! ,society accept$ ! au?ority ( no "o1 & adopt$ z its motto ,nullius 9 ,v]ba4 ,9 ?is attitude !y 7 aid$ by _! subject & me?od4 ,se>* = sci5tific tru? by laboratory proc$ure does n favor dogmatism4 ,! e>ly meet+s 7 tak5 up ) exp]im5ts & discussions4 ,! ,fell[s recogniz$ t ! m5tal p[]s are rais$ to a high] degree 9 company ?an 9 solitude4 ,!y welcom$ div]sity ( view & ! common-s5se judgm5t ( ! onlook]4 ,z 9 ! ,civil ,w> ! private citiz5 _h held 8 own ) ! pr(essional soldi]1 s "h ! contribution ( ! amateur to ! discussion 0 n to be despis$4 ,!y _h be5 taught to %un all =ms ( n>r[ness & intol]ance4 ,!y wi%$ to avoid ! p$antry ( ! m]e s*ol>1 & ! alli$ /ates ( m9d to :i* all individuals are liable2 !y valu$ ! concurr+ te/imony ( ! well-in=m$ assembly4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( tru? by ! exp]im5tal me?od !y ev5 arriv$ at ! view t true exp]im5t+ has ?is "o ?+ insep>able f x1 nev] to be a fix$ & settl$ art1 & nev] to be limit$ by con/ant rules4 ,9 its incipi5ce at lea/ x is evid5t t ! ,royal ,society 0 fill$ ) ! _s ( tol]ance & cop]ation1 & 0 s+ul>ly free f ! _s ( envy & faction4 ,n lea/ important ( ! jo9t labors ( ! ,society 7 its publications1 :i* e/abli%$ contacts & /imulat$ rese>* ?r\gh\t ! sci5tific _w4 ,besides ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 :i*1 s9ce _! fir/ appe>ance 9 #affe1 are ! mo/ important s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+ ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! ,royal ,society pr9t$ _m important works1 among :i* ! foll[+ w indicate its e>ly a*ievem5ts3-- ,hooke1 ,rob]t1 ,micrographia3 or "s ,physiological ,descriptions ( ,m9ute ,bodies made by ,magnify+ ,glasses4 #affe4 ,graunt1 ,john1 ,natural & ,political ,obs]vations 444 made ^u ! ,bills ( ,mortality1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,religion1 ,trade1 ,gr[?1 ,air1 ,diseases1 & ! sev]al *anges ( ! ,city4 #c;d edition1 #affe4 ,sprat1 ,?omas1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 = ! ,improv+ ( ,natural ,k4 #affg4 ,malpighi1 ,m>cello1 ,diss]tatio epi/olica de ,bombyce2 ,societati ,regi ,lond9i dicata4 #affi4 7,on ! silkworm47 ,evelyn1 ,john1 ,sylva1 or a ,disc\rse ( ,=e/ ,trees4 #afgj4 ,horrocks1 ,j]emiah1 ,op]a ,a/ronomica po/uma4 #afgc4 ,malpighi1 ,m>cello1 ,anatome ,plant>um4 #afge4 ,willughby1 ,francis1 ,orni?ology 7revis$ by ,john ,ray74 #afgf4 ,evelyn1 ,john1 ,a ,philosophical ,disc\rse ( ,e>?1 relat+ to ! ,culture & ,improvem5t ( x = ,vegetation4 #afgf4 ,grew1 ,nehemiah1 ,! ,anatomy ( ,plants4 #afhb4 ,willughby1 ,f41 ,hi/oria ,piscium4 #afhf4 ,ray1 ,john1 ,hi/oria ,plant>um4 #b vols41 #afhf-hh4 ,flam/e$1 ,john1 ,tide-,table = #afhg4 ,newton1 ,isaac1 ,philosophi ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica4 ,autore ,is4 ,newton4 ,imprimatur3 ,s4 ,pepys1 ,reg4 ,soc4 ,prses4 ,julii #e1 #afhf4 #dto4 ,lond9i1 #afhg4 ,aft] ! ,society _h ord]$ t ,newton's ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy %\ld be pr9t$1 x 0 f\nd t ! funds _h be5 exhau/$ by ! publication ( ,willughby's book on fi%es4 ,x 0 accord+ly agre$ t ,halley %\ld und]take ! bus9ess ( look+ aft] x1 & pr9t+ x at 8 own *>ge1 :i* he _h engag$ to d4 ,%ortly aft]1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys1 0 desir$ to lic5se ,mr4 ,newton's book4 ,x 0 n m]ely by defray+ ! exp5se ( publication t ,halley contribut$ to ! success ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,he1 ,wr51 ,hooke1 & o!r ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 conclud$ 9 #afhd t if ,kepl]'s ?ird law 7 true1 !n ! attraction ex]t$ on ! diff]5t planets w\ld v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! orbit ( a planet "u a c5tral attraction v>y+ z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance8 ,halley f\nd t ,newton _h already det]m9$ t ! =m ( ! orbit w\ld be an ellipse4 ,newton _h be5 occupi$ ) ! problem ( gravitation = ab\t eighte5 ye>s1 b until ,halley induc$ him to d s1 _h hesitat$1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 unsettl$ po9ts1 to publi% 8 results4 ,he writes3 ,i began 7#afff7 to ?9k ( gravity ext5d+ to ! orb ( ! moon1 444 & !reby comp>$ ! =ce requisite to keep ! moon 9 h] orb ) ! =ce ( gravity at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & f\nd !m answ] pretty ne>ly4 ,z e>ly z ,m>* ( t same ye> ,hooke _h communicat$ to ! ,society an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! =ce ( gravity at diff]5t di/ances f ! surface ( ! e>?1 ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,at ?is & at e po9t 9 ,newton's discov]y ! records ( co-work]s are to be f\nd4 ,by ,flam/e$1 ! fir/ ,royal ,a/ronom]1 7 suppli$ m accurate data = ! det]m9ation ( planet>y orbits4 ,to ,huyg5s ,newton 0 indebt$ = ! laws ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,two d\bts _h made 8 meticul\s m9d pause--"o1 ( ! accuracy ( ! data 9 ref]5ce to ! measurem5t ( ! m]idian1 ano!r1 ( ! attraction ( a sph]ical %ell ^u an ext]nal po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ matt] ! ,royal ,society1 z we h se51 _h be5 long int]e/$1 & ,pic>d1 :o _h work$ on ! measurem5t ( ! e>? "u ! auspices ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 br\ght 8 results1 :i* came to ! att5tion ( ,newton1 be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 #afgb4 ,! second difficulty 0 solv$ by ,newton himself 9 #afhe1 :5 he prov$ t a s]ies ( conc5tric sph]ical %ells w\ld act on an ext]nal po9t z if _! mass 7 conc5trat$ at ! c5t]4 ,= 8 calculations h5ce=? ! planets & />s1 comets & all o!r bodies are po9ts act$ on by l9es ( =ce1 & ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! mutual di/ances1 & directly z ! mass ( ! attract+ p>ticle4 ,he d$uc$ f ?is law t ! e>? mu/ be flatt5$ at ! poles2 he det]m9$ ! orbit ( ! moon & ( comets2 he expla9$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! semi-diurnal tides1 ! ratio ( ! mass ( ! moon & ! e>?1 ( ! sun & ! e>?1 etc4 ,no wond] t ,laplace consid]$ t ,newton's ,pr9cipia 0 assur$ a prem95ce above all ! o!r productions ( ! human intellect4 ,x is no detraction f ,newton's m]it to say t ,halley1 ,hooke1 ,wr51 ,huyg5s1 ,bulliau1 ,pic>d1 & _m o!r contempor>ies 7n to m5tion ,kepl] & 8 pr$ecessors71 z well z ! organizations 9 :i* !y 7 units1 %>e ! glory ( ! result :i* !y cop]at$ to a*ieve4 ,on ! contr>y1 he seems mu* m conspicu\s 9 ! social firmam5t because1 9 spite ( ! au/]ity & seem+ indep5d5ce ( 8 g5ius1 he =m$ "p ( a sy/em1 & 0 "u its law4 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait by ,john ,van d] ,bank ,by p]mission ( ,w4 ,a4 ,maxwell ,co4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,%ortly aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! ,royal ,society1 correspond5ce1 = :i* a committee 0 appo9t$1 _h be5 adopt$ z a means ( ga9+ ! cop]ation ( m5 & societies else:]e4 ,sir ,john ,moray1 z ,presid5t1 wrote to ,monsieur de ,monmort1 ar\nd :om1 aft] ! dea? ( ,m]s5ne1 ! sci5tific cot]ie 9 ,p>is _h ga!r$4 ,?is gr\p ( m51 :i* t[>d ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury reg>d$ itself1 n unnaturally1 z ! p>5t society1 0 9 #afff def9itely organiz$ z ! ,acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces4 ,f9ally1 ,leibnitz1 :o _h be5 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society z e>ly z #afgc1 & _h sp5t ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,dukes ( ,brunswick1 0 in/rum5tal 9 ! e/abli%m5t 9 #agjj ( ! ,prussian ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 at ,b]l94 ,,ref]5ces ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,memoirs ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,e4 ,conradi1 ,le>n$ ,societies & ,academies 9 ,e>ly ,times1 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 vol4 ,,xii 7#aije71 pp4 #chd-dbf4 ,abraham ,c[ley1 ,a ,proposition = ! ,advancem5t ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,d4 ,masson1 ,life ( ,milton4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,?omas ,sprat1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,! ,record ( ! ,royal ,society 7?ird edition1 #aiab74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,lib]ty--,,b5jam9 ,,frankl9 ,( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7#agjf-agij7 is ! mo/ repres5tative ( t age ( enlight5m5t :i* _h its orig9 9 ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,frankl9 repres5ts ! eighte5? c5tury 9 8 /eadfa/ pursuit ( intellectual1 social1 & political emancipation4 ,& 9 8 long fight1 calmly wag$1 aga9/ ! =ces ( want1 sup]/ition1 & intol]ance1 su* z /ill hamp] ! developm5t ( aspir+ y\? 9 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & else:]e1 he f\nd sci5ce no mean ally4 ,!re is "s reason = believ+ t ! ,frankl9s 7francus--free7 7 ( a free l9e1 free f t vassalage to an ov]lord1 :i* 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe did n cease to exi/ ) ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s !y _h liv$ obscurely ne> ,nor?ampton4 ,!y _h e>ly jo9$ ! revolt aga9/ ! papal au?ority4 ,= g5]ations !y 7 blacksmi?s & husb&m54 ,frankl9's great-gr&fa!r _h be5 imprison$ = writ+ satirical v]ses ab\t "s prov9cial magnate4 ,( ! gr&fa!r's f\r sons ! elde/ became a smi?1 b hav+ "s +5uity & s*ol>ly ability turn$ conveyanc]1 & 0 recogniz$ z able & public-spirit$4 ,! o!r ?ree 7 dy]s4 ,frankl9's fa!r ,josiah & 8 ,uncle ,b5jam9 7 noncon=mi/s1 & conceiv$ ! plan ( emigrat+ to ,am]ica 9 ord] to enjoy _! way ( religion ) fre$om4 ,b5jam91 born at ,bo/on1 tw5ty-"o ye>s aft] 8 fa!r's emigration1 0 ! y\nge/ ( t5 sons1 all ( :om 7 ev5tually appr5tic$ to trades4 ,! fa!r 0 a man ( s\nd judgm5t :o enc\rag$ s5sible conv]sation 9 8 home4 ,uncle ,b5jam91 :o did n emigrate till mu* lat]1 %[$ int]e/ 9 8 precoci\s namesake4 ,bo? he & ! mat]nal gr&fa!r express$ 9 v]se dislike ( w> & intol]ance1 ! "o ) consid]able lit]>y skill1 ! o!r ) a good deal ( dec5t pla9ness & manly fre$om1 z 8 gr&son said4 ,b5jam9 0 int5d$ z a ti! to ! ,*ur*1 b ! plan 0 ab&on$ because ( lack ( means to s5d him to college4 ,aft] "o ye> at ! ,lat9 ,gramm> ,s*ool1 & "o ye> at an ari?metic & writ+ s*ool1 = bett] or worse1 8 education ( t sort ceas$2 & at ! age ( t5 he began to assi/ 9 8 fa!r's occupation1 n[ t ( tall[-*&l] & soap-boil]4 ,he wi%$ to g to sea1 & gave indications ( lead]%ip & ent]prise4 ,8 fa!r took him to visit ! %ops ( jo9]s1 bricklay]s1 turn]s1 brazi]s1 cutl]s1 & o!r artisans1 ?us /imulat+ 9 him a delight 9 h&icraft4 ,f9ally1 because ( a booki% turn he _h be5 exhibit+1 ! boy 0 b\nd appr5tice to 8 bro!r ,james1 :o ab\t #agbj began to publi% ! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant1 ! f\r? newspap] to be e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,among ! books e>ly read by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 c]ta9 hi/orical collections1 a book on navigation1 works ( ,prote/ant controv]sy1 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,greek fre$om1 ,dr4 ,ma!r's ,bonifacius1 & ,defoe's ,essay on ,projects4 ,! la/ two seem$ to give him a way ( ?9k+1 to adopt ,frankl9's phraseology1 t _h an influ5ce on "s ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,defoe1 an ard5t noncon=mi/1 educat$ 9 "o ( ! ,academies 7e/abli%$ on ,milton's model7 & especially tra9$ 9 ,engli% & curr5t hi/ory1 advocat$ among o!r projects a milit>y academy1 an academy = improv+ ! v]nacul>1 & an academy = wom54 ,he ?\ght x b>b>\s t a civiliz$ & ,*ri/ian c\ntry %\ld d5y ! advantages ( le>n+ to wom54 ,!y %\ld be br\ght to read books & especially hi/ory4 ,defoe c\ld n ?9k t ,god ,almighty _h made wom5 s glori\s1 ) s\ls capable ( ! same accompli%m5ts ) m51 & all to be only /ew>ds ( our h\ses1 cooks1 & slaves4 ,b5jam9 /ill _h a hank]+ = ! sea1 b he recogniz$ 9 ! pr9t+-(fice & access to books o!r means ( escape f ! n>r[ness ( ! ,bo/on ( #agbj4 ,betwe5 him & ano!r booki% boy1 ,john ,coll9s1 arose an argum5t 9 ref]5ce to ! education ( wom54 ,! argum5t took ! =m ( correspond5ce4 ,josiah ,frankl9's judici\s criticism l$ ,b5jam9 to und]take ! well-kn[n plan ( develop+ 8 lit]>y /yle4 ,pass+ ov] 8 read+ ( ! ,spectator1 h[ev]1 x is rem>kable h[ soon 8 m9d s\ght out & assimilat$ its appropriate n\ri%m5t1 ,locke's ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* began ! mod]n epo* 9 psy*ology2 ! ,port ,royal ,logic1 prep>$ by t brilliant gr\p ( noble ,ca?olics ab\t ,pascal2 ! works ( ,locke's disciple ,coll9s1 ^: ,disc\rse on ,free?9k+ appe>$ 9 #agac2 ! e?ical writ+s 7#agjh-agac7 ( ,%aftesbury1 :o def5d$ lib]ty & ju/ice1 & dete/$ all p]secution4 ,a few pages ( translation ( ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia gave him a h9t z to ,socrates' mann] ( discussion1 & he made x 8 own1 & avoid$ dogmatism4 ,frankl9 rapidly became exp]t z a pr9t]1 & e>ly contribut$ articles to ! pap]4 ,8 bro!r1 h[ev]1 to :om he _h be5 b\nd appr5tice = a p]iod ( n9e ye>s1 humiliat$ & beat him4 ,b5jam9 ?\ght t ! h>% & tyrannical treatm5t he receiv$ at ?is "t 0 ! means ( impress+ him ) t av]sion to arbitr>y p[] t /uck to him ?r\gh 8 :ole life4 ,he _h a /rong desire to escape f 8 bondage1 &1 aft] five ye>s ( s]vitude1 f\nd ! opportunity4 ,james ,frankl91 on acc\nt ( "s (f5sive utt]ances 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant1 0 summon$ be=e ! ,c\ncil & s5t to jail = "o mon?1 dur+ :i* "t ,b5jam91 9 *>ge ( ! pap]1 took ! side ( 8 bro!r & made bold to give ! rul]s "s rubs4 ,lat]1 ,james 0 =bidd5 to publi% ! pap] )\t submitt+ to ! sup]vision ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,to evade ! difficulty ! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant 0 publi%$ 9 ,b5jam9's "n1 ,james ann\nc+ 8 own retirem5t4 ,9 fe> t ?is subt]fuge might be *all5g$1 he gave ,b5jam9 a dis*>ge ( 8 ind5tures1 b at ! same "t sign$ ) him a new secret contract4 ,fre% qu>rels arose betwe5 ! bro!rs1 h[ev]1 & ,b5jam91 kn[+ t ! editor d>$ n plead be=e c\rt ! second contract1 took ^u himself to ass]t 8 fre$om1 a /ep :i* he lat] regrett$ z n dictat$ by ! highe/ pr9ciple4 ,unable to f9d o!r employm5t 9 ,bo/on1 condemn$ by 8 fa!r's judgm5t 9 ! matt] ( ! contract1 some:at "u public criticism also = 8 satirical ve9 & het]odoxy1 ,frankl9 det]m9$ to try 8 =tunes else:]e4 ,?us1 at ! age ( sev5te5 he made 8 escape f ,bo/on4 ,unable to f9d "w 9 ,new ,york1 he arriv$ aft] "s difficulties 9 ,philadelphia 9 ,octob]1 #agbc4 ,he _h br\ght no recomm5dations f ,bo/on2 8 supply ( money 0 r$uc$ to "o ,dut* doll> & a %ill+ 9 copp]4 ,b he t ha? a ,trade ha? an ,e/ate 7z ,poor ,ri*>d says74 ,8 capital 0 8 indu/ry1 8 skill z a pr9t]1 8 good-w1 8 %rewd p[]s ( obs]vation1 8 k ( books1 & ability to write4 ,frankl91 recogniz$ z a promis+ "y man by ! ,gov]nor1 ,sir ,william ,kei?1 z previ\sly by ,gov]nor ,burnet ( ,new ,york1 _h a gr[+ s5se ( p]sonal fre$om & self-reliance4 ,b increas$ fre$om = ^? :o des]ve x means increas$ responsibility2 = x implies ! possibility ( error4 ,frankl91 int5t above all on ! wise conduct ( life1 0 deeply p]turb$ 9 8 n9ete5? & tw5tie? ye>s by a premature engagem5t1 9 :i* 8 ev]-passionate nature _h involv$ him1 by 8 failure to pay ov] money collect$ = a fri5d1 & by ! unsettl$ /ate ( 8 religi\s & e?ical beliefs4 ,enc\rag$ by ,kei? to pur*ase ! equipm5t = an indep5d5t pr9t+-(fice1 ,frankl91 ?\gh unable to ga9 8 fa!r's support = ! project1 w5t to ,london 7= ! o/5sible purpose ( select+ ! /ock7 at ! close ( ! ye> #agbd4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,london a ye> & a half1 work+ 9 two ( ! lead+ pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts ( ! metropolis1 :]e 8 skill & reliability 7 soon priz$4 ,he f\nd ! ,engli% artisans ( t "t great guzzl]s ( be]1 & influ5c$ "s ( 8 co-work]s to adopt 8 own m ab/95t & hygi5ic habits ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,ab\t ?is "t a book1 ,religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$1 by ,william ,wolla/on 7great-gr&fa!r ( ! sci5ti/ ,wolla/on7 s r\s$ ,frankl9's opposition t he wrote a reply1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 pamphlet =m be=e leav+ ,london 9 #agbf1 & ! composition ( :i* he aft]w>ds regrett$4 ,he return$ to ,philadelphia 9 ! employ ( a ,quak] m]*ant1 on ^: dea? he resum$ "w z pr9t] "u 8 =m] employ]4 ,he 0 giv5 control ( ! (fice1 und]took to make 8 own type1 contriv$ a copp]-plate press1 ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica1 & pr9t$ pap] money = ,new ,j]sey4 ,! sub/ance ( "s lectures 9 def5se ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 c\rses end[$ by ! w ( ,rob]t ,boyle1 made ,frankl9 a ,dei/4 ,at ! same "t 8 views on moral que/ions 7 cl>ifi$1 & he came to recognize t tru?1 s9c]ity1 & integrity 7 ( ! utmo/ importance to ! felicity ( life4 ,:at he _h atta9$ by 8 own indep5d5t ?\ght r5d]$ him ultimately m c>eful r ?an m reckless4 ,he n[ set value on 8 own "*1 & resolv$ to pres]ve x4 ,9 #agbg1 /ill only tw5ty-"o1 he drew toge!r a numb] ( "y m5 9 a sort ( club1 call$ ! ,junto1 = mutual b5efit 9 bus9ess & = ! discussion ( morals1 politics1 & natural philosophy4 ,!y pr(ess$ tol]ance1 b5evol5ce1 love ( tru?4 ,!y discuss$ ! effect on bus9ess ( ! issue ( pap] money1 v>i\s natural ph5om5a1 & kept a %>p look-out = any encroa*m5t on ! rights ( ! p4 ,x is n unnatural to f9d t 9 a ye> or two 7#agbi71 aft] ,frankl9 & a fri5d _h e/abli%$ a pr9t+ bus9ess ( _! own & acquir$ ! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 ! "y politician *ampion$ ! cause ( ! ,massa*usetts ,assembly aga9/ ! claims fir/ put =w>d by ,gov]nor ,burnet1 & t he us$ spirit$ language ref]r+ to ,am]ica z a nation & clime =eign to ,engl&4 ,9 #agcj ,frankl9 b\ght out 8 p>tn]1 & 9 ! same ye> publi%$ dialogues 9 ! ,socratic mann] 9 ref]5ce to virtue & pleasure1 :i* %[ a rapid developm5t 9 8 g5]al views4 ,ab\t ! same "t he m>ri$1 re/or$ ! money t _h long be5 ow+1 & =mulat$ 8 e?ical code & religi\s cre$4 ,he began 9 #agcb ! ,poor ,ri*>d ,almanacks1 said to (f] 9 _! homely wisdom ! be/ c\rse 9 exi/5ce 9 practical morals4 ,z e>ly z #agbi ,frankl9 _h publi%$ a pamphlet on ,pap] ,curr5cy4 ,x 0 a well-reason$ discussion on ! relation ( ! issue ( pap] curr5cy to rate ( int]e/1 l& values1 manufactures1 population1 & wages4 ,! want ( money disc\rag$ labor+ & h&icraftsm54 ,"o mu/ consid] ! nature & value ( money 9 g5]al4 ,?is essay accompli%$ its purpose 9 ! ,assembly4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ^? contributions :i*1 aris+ f ,frankl9's consid]ation ( ! social & indu/rial circum/ances ( ! times1 ga9$ = him recognition z ! fir/ ,am]ican economi/4 ,x 0 9 ! same _s t 9 #agea he discuss$ ! "q ( population aft] ! passage ( ! ,briti% ,act =bidd+ ! erection or ! op]ation ( iron or /eel mills 9 ! colonies4 ,sci5ce = ,frankl9 0 no extrane\s int]e/2 he 0 all ( a piece1 & x 0 z a citiz5 ( ,philadelphia he wrote ^? essays t comm&$ ! att5tion ( ,adam ,smi?1 ,mal?us1 & ,turgot4 ,9 #agca he 0 in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ ! fir/ ( ^? public libr>ies1 :i* 7along ) a free press7 h made ,am]ican tradesm5 & f>m]s z intellig5t1 9 ,frankl9's judgm5t1 z mo/ g5tlem5 f o!r c\ntries1 & contribut$ to ! _s ) :i* !y def5d$ _! lib]ties4 ,! diffusion ( k became s g5]al 9 ! colonies t 9 #agff ,frankl9 0 able to tell ! ,engli% legislators t ! se$s ( lib]ty 7 univ]sally f\nd !re & t no?+ c\ld eradicate !m4 ,frankl9 became cl]k ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly & po/ma/]1 improv$ ! pav+ & light+ ( ! city /reets1 & e/abli%$ ! fir/ fire brigade & ! fir/ police =ce 9 ,am]ica4 ,!n 9 #agdc 9 ! same _s ( public b5efic5ce ,frankl9 put =? 8 ,proposal = ,promot+ ,useful ,k among ! ,briti% ,plantations 9 ,am]ica4 ,x outl9es 8 plan = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,correspond5ce _h already be5 e/abli%$ ) ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,x is n difficult to see 9 ,frankl9 ! same _s t _h animat$ ,h>tlib1 ,boyle1 ,petty1#b ,wilk9s1 & _! fri5ds "o hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,9 fact1 ,frankl9 0 ! embodim5t ( t union ( sci5tific ideas & practical skill 9 ! indu/ries t ) !m 0 m]ely a pi\s wi%4 ,9 ?is same ye> ( #agdc an eclipse ( ! moon1 :i* c\ld n be se5 at ,philadelphia on acc\nt ( a nor!a/ /orm1 0 yet visible at ,bo/on1 :]e ! /orm came1 z ,frankl9 le>n$ f 8 bro!r1 ab\t an h\r aft] ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,frankl91 :o knew some?+ ( fireplaces1 expla9$ ! matt] ?us3 ,:5 ,i h a fire 9 my *imney1 !re is a curr5t ( air con/antly fl[+ f ! door to ! *imney1 b ! beg9n+ ( ! motion 0 at ! *imney4 ,s 9 a mill-race1 wat] /opp$ by a gate is l air 9 a calm4 ,:5 ! gate is rais$1 ! wat] moves =w>d1 b ! motion1 s to speak1 runs backw>d4 ,?us ! pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ 9 meteorology t nor!a/ /orms arise to ! s\?we/4 ,no d\bt ,frankl9 0 n oblivi\s ( ! practical value ( ?is discov]y1 =1 z ,sir ,humphry ,davy rem>k$1 he 9 no in/ance exhibit$ t false dignity1 by :i* philosophy is kept alo( f common applications4 ,9 fact1 ,frankl9 0 r apologetic 9 ref]5ce to ! magic squ>es & circles1 ) :i* he sometimes amus$ 8 leisure1 z a sort ( +5i\s trifl+4 ,at ! v "t t ! "q ( ! propagation ( /orms arose 9 8 m9d he _h contriv$ ! ,p5nsylvania fireplace1 :i* 0 to a*ieve *eap1 adequate1 & uni=m heat+ = ,am]ican homes4 ,8 aspiration 0 = a free p1 well %elt]$1 well f$1 well clad1 well in/ruct$4 ,9 #agdg ,frankl9 made :at is g5]ally consid]$ 8 *ief contribution to sci5ce4 ,"o ( 8 correspond5ts1 ,coll9son 7a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society & a botani/ int]e/$ 9 useful plants1 ?r\gh :om ! v9e 0 introduc$ into ,virg9ia71 _h s5t to ! ,libr>y ,company at ,philadelphia "o ( ! rec5tly inv5t$ ,leyd5 j>s ) in/ructions = its use4 ,frankl91 :o _h already se5 simil> app>atus at ,bo/on1 & 8 fri5ds1 set to "w exp]im5t+4 ,= mon?s he _h leisure = no?+ else4 ,9 ?is sort ( activity he _h a spontane\s & irrepressible delight4 ,by ,m>*1 #agdg1 !y felt t !y _h made discov]ies1 & 9 ,july1 & subsequ5tly1 ,frankl9 report$ results to ,coll9son4 ,he _h obs]v$ t a po9t$ rod br\ght ne> ! j> 0 mu* m efficaci\s ?an a blunt rod 9 draw+ (f ! *>ge2 also t if a po9t$ rod 7 atta*$ to ! j>1 ! *>ge w\ld be ?r[n (f1 & accumulation ( *>ge prev5t$4 ,frankl91 moreov]1 f\nd t ! nature ( ! *>ges on ! inside & on ! outside ( ! glass 0 diff]5t4 ,he spoke ( "o z plus & ! o!r z m9us4 ,aga91 ,we say ,b 7& bodies l-circum/anc$7 is electriciz$ positively2 ,a negatively4 ,dufay _h recogniz$ two sorts ( electricity1 obta9$ by rubb+ a glass rod & a /ick ( res91 & _h spok5 ( !m z vitre\s & res9\s4 ,= ,frankl9 electricity 0 a s+le subtle fluid1 & electrical manife/ations 7 ow+ to ! degree ( its pres5ce1 to int]ruption or re/oration ( equilibrium4 ,8 m9d1 h[ev]1 0 b5t on ! use1 ! applications1 ! inv5tions1 to foll[4 ,he contriv$ an electric jack driv5 by two ,leyd5 j>s & capable ( c>ry+ a l>ge f[l ) a motion fit = roa/+ be=e a fire4 ,he also succe$$ 9 driv+ an automatic :eel by electricity1 b he regrett$ n be+ able to turn 8 discov]ies to great] acc\nt4 ,he ?\ght lat]--9 #agdh--t !re 7 _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 lightn+ & ! sp>k f a ,leyd5 j>1 & sugge/$ an exp]im5t to te/ ! id5tity ( _! natures4 ,! sugge/ion 0 act$ ^u at ,m>ly 9 ,france4 ,an iron rod ab\t =ty feet long & %>p at ! end 0 plac$ upright 9 ! hope ( draw+ electricity f ! /orm-cl\ds4 ,a man 0 in/ruct$ to wat* = /orm-cl\ds1 & to t\* a brass wire1 atta*$ to a glass bottle1 to ! rod4 ,! conditions seem$ favorable ,may #aj1 #ageb2 sp>ks betwe5 ! wire & rod & a sulphur\s odor 7 p]ceiv$ 7! manife/ations ( wra?674 ,frankl9's well-kn[n kite exp]im5t foll[$4 ,9 #agec he receiv$ f ! ,royal ,society a m$al = ! id5tification & control ( ! =ces ( lightn+2 subsequ5tly he 0 elect$ ,fell[1 became a memb] ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 & ( o!r le>n$ bodies4 ,by #aghb !re 7 z _m z f\r hundr$ lightn+ rods 9 use 9 ,philadelphia alone1 ?\gh "s cons]vative p reg>d$ _! employm5t z impi\s4 ,frankl9's good-w1 cle>ness ( conception1 & common s5se triumph$ ev]y:]e4 ,"o has only to recall t 9 #agec he 7along ) ,hunt]7 0 9 *>ge ( ! po/al s]vice ( ! colonies1 t 9 #aged z delegate to ! ,albany ,conv5tion he drew up ! fir/ plan = colonial union1 & t 9 ! foll[+ ye> he furni%$ ,braddock ) transportation = ! exp$ition aga9/ ,=t ,duquesne1 to realize ! di/ractions amid :i* he pursu$ sci5ce4 ,9 #agdh he _h sold 8 pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ) ! purpose ( devot+ himself to physical exp]im5t1 b ! conditions ( ! "t sav$ him f specialization4 ,9 #agdi he drew up proposals relat+ to ! education ( y\? 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* l$1 two ye>s lat]1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ ,am]ican ,academy4 ,8 plan 0 s advanc$1 s democratic1 spr++ z x did f 8 own exp]i5ce1 t no second>y s*ool has yet tak5 full advantage ( its wisdom4 ,! s*ool1 *>t]$ 9 #agec1 grew ultimately into ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,moreov]1 x became ! prototype ( ?\s&s ( s*ools1 :i* dep>t$ f ! ,lat9 ,gramm> ,s*ools & ! ,colleges by ! introduction ( ! sci5ces & practical /udies into ! curriculum4 ,frankl9 des]ves m5tion n only 9 connection ) economics1 meteorology1 practical e?ics1 electricity1 & p$agogy2 8 biograph] enum]ates n9ete5 sci5ces to :i* he made orig9al contributions or :i* he advanc$ by intellig5t criticism4 ,9 m$ic9e he inv5t$ bifocal l5ses & f\nd$ ! fir/ ,am]ican public hospital2 9 navigation he /udi$ ! ,gulf ,/ream & wat]sp\ts1 & sugge/$ ! use ( oil 9 /orms & ! con/ruction ( %ips ) wat]-tight comp>tm5ts2 9 agriculture he exp]im5t$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is z a f]tiliz] & introduc$ 9 ,am]ica ! use ( rhub>b2 9 *emi/ry he aid$ ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts by in=mation 9 ref]5ce to m>% gas4 ,he =esaw ! employm5t ( air craft 9 w>4 ,?9k+ ! ,engli% sl[ to take up ! int]e/ 9 balloons1 he wrote t we %\ld n suff] pride to prev5t our progress 9 sci5ce4 ,pride t d9es on vanity sups on contempt1 z ,poor ,ri*>d says4 ,:5 x 0 m5tion$ 9 8 pres5ce t birds fly 9 incl9$ planes1 he laun*$ a half %eet ( pap] to indicate t 8 previ\s obs]vations _h prep>$ 8 m9d to respond readily to ! discov]y4 ,8 quickness & v]satility made him s\ght aft] by ! be/ intellects ( ,europe4 ,i pass ov] 8 analysis ( mesm]ism1 8 conception ( light z dep5d5t 7l lightn+7 on a subtle fluid1 8 exp]im5ts ) color$ clo?s1 8 view ( ! nature ( epidemic colds1 int]e/ 9 inoculation = smallpox1 9 v5tilation1 veget>ianism1 a /ove to consume its own smoke1 ! /eamboat1 & 8 own inv5tions 7clock1 h>monica1 etc471 = :i* he refus$ to take out pat5ts4 ,h[ev]1 f ! _m examples ( 8 sci5tific acum5 ,i select "o m4 ,z e>ly z #agdg he _h be5 int]e/$ 9 geology & _h se5 specim5s ( ! fossil rema9s ( m>9e %ells f ! /rata ( ! highe/ p>ts ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,lat] he /at$ t ei!r ! sea _h once /ood at a high] level1 or t ^! /rata _h be5 rais$ by ! =ce ( e>?quakes4 ,su* convulsions ( nature are n :olly injuri\s1 s9ce1 by br++ a great numb] ( /rata ( diff]5t k9ds today1 !y h r5d]$ ! e>? m fit = use1 m capable ( be+ to mank9d a conv5i5t & com=table habitation4 ,he ?\ght x unlikely t a great b\lev]sem5t %\ld happ5 if ! e>? 7 solid to ! c5t]4 ,r ! surface ( ! globe 0 a %ell re/+ on a fluid ( v great specific gravity1 & 0 ?us capable ( be+ brok5 & disord]$ by viol5t movem5t4 ,z late z #aghh ,frankl9 wrote 8 qu]ies & conjectures relat+ to magnetism & ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,did ! e>? become magnetic by ! developm5t ( iron ore8 ,is n magnetism r int]planet>y & int]/ell>8 ,may n ! ne> pass+ ( a comet ( great] magnetic =ce ?an ! e>? h be5 a means ( *ang+ its poles & !reby wreck+ & d]ang+ its surface1 & rais+ & depress+ ! sea level8 ,we are n "h directly conc]n$ ) 8 political c>e]1 9 8 *eck+ ( gov]nors & propriet>ies1 9 8 activities z ! greate/ ( ,am]ican diplomats1 z ! sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ( ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles1 & ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 nor z ! presid5t ( ! ,supreme ,executive ,c\ncil ( ,p5nsylvania 9 8 eightie?1 eighty-fir/1 & eighty-second ye>s4 ,:5 he 0 eighty-f\r1 z presid5t ( ! ,society = ,promot+ ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y1 he sign$ a petition to ,congress aga9/ t atroci\s debasem5t ( human nature1 & six weeks lat]1 )9 a few weeks ( 8 dea?1 def5d$ ! petition ) 8 accu/om$ vigor1 humor1 wisdom1 & ard5t love ( lib]ty4 ,turgot wittily summ$ up ,frankl9's c>e] by say+ t he _h snat*$ ! lightn+ f ! heav5s & ! scept] f ! h&s ( tyrants 7eripuit clo fulm5 sceptrumque tyrannis72 = bo? 8 political & sci5tific activities sprang f ! same impell+ emotion--hatr$ ( ! ex]cise ( arbitr>y p[] & desire = human welf>e4 ,x is no wond] t ! ,fr5* ,national ,assembly1 promulgators ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 paus$ 9 _! labors to pay homage to ! simple citiz51 :o1 repres5t+ ,am]ica 9 ,p>is f 8 sev5ty-fir/ till 8 eightie? ye>1 _h by 8 wisdom & urbanity illu/rat$ ! be/ fruits ( an in/ruct$ democracy4 ,,ref]5ces ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,record ( ! ,celebration ( ! ,two ,hundr$? ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,bir? ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,s4 ,g4 ,fi%]1 ,! ,true ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,paul ,l4 ,=d1 ,_m-sid$ ,frankl94 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,complete ,works1 edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,smy?1 t5 volumes1 vol4 ,x conta9+ biography4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,see ,! ,advice ( ,w4 ,p4 to ,mr4 ,samuel ,h>tlib = ! ,advancem5t ( "s ,p>ticul> ,p>ts ( ,le>n+1 9 :i* is advocat$ a ,gymnasium ,me*anicum or a ,college ( ,tradesm5 ) fell[%ips = exp]ts4 ,petty want$ trade encyclop$ias prep>$1 & hop$ = inv5tions 9 abundance4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,int]action ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces--,,w]n]1 ,,hutton1 ,,black1 ,,hall1 ,,william ,,smi? ,! view express$ by ,frankl9 reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( a fi]y mass und]ly+ ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 n 9 8 "t univ]sally accept$4 ,9 fact1 x 0 a "q v vigor\sly disput$ :at "p ! int]nal or volcanic fire play$ 9 ! =mation & modification ( rock masses4 ,div]g5t views 7 repres5t$ by m5 :o _h come to ! /udy ( geology ) v>y+ aims & div]se sci5tific s*ool+1 & ! advance ( ! sci5ce ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 ow+ 9 no small measure to ! int]action ( ! diff]5t sci5ces :i* ! expon5ts ( ! v>i\s po9ts ( view br\ght to be>4 ,abraham ,gottlob ,w]n] 7#agej-ahag7 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s & influ5tial *ampion on ! side ( ! argum5t oppos$ to ! acceptance ( volcanic action z "o ( ! *ief causes ( geologic =mations4 ,he 0 born 9 ,saxony & came ( a family :i* _h engag$ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 m9+ & metal work+4 ,!y 7 active 9 ,saxony :5 ,george ,agricola prep>$ 8 fam\s works on metallurgy & m9]alogy inspir$ by ! traditional wisdom ( ! local iron indu/ry4 ,w]n]'s fa!r 0 an ov]se] ( iron-works1 & furni%$ 8 son ) m9]al specim5s z play?+s be=e ! *ild c\ld pron\nce _! names4 ,9 #agfi ,w]n] 0 invit$ to att5d ! newly f\nd$ ,b]gakademie 7,s*ool ( ,m9es7 at ,freib]g4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 b1 true to 8 fir/ en?usiasm1 wrote 9 #aggd conc]n+ ! outw>d *>act]i/ics ( m9]als 7,von d5 uss]li*5 ,k5nzei*5 d] ,fossili574 ,! next ye> he 0 recall$ to ,freib]g z tea*] ( m9]alogy & curator ( collections4 ,he 0 int5t on classification1 & might be comp>$ 9 t respect ) ! naturali/ ,buffon1 or ! botani/ ,l9nu4 ,he knew t *emi/ry af=d$ a sur]1 b sl[]1 proc$ure2 8 0 a practical1 intuitive1 field me?od4 ,he obs]v$ ! color1 ! h>dness1 weight1 fracture ( m9]als1 & exp]i5c$ ! joy ! y\?ful m9d feels 9 rapid id5tification4 ,he translat$ ,cron/$t's book on m9]alogy descriptive ( ! practical bl[-pipe te/s4 ,aft] ! id5tification ( m9]als1 ,w]n] 0 int]e/$ 9 _! discov]y1 ! location ( deposits1 _! geographical di/ribution1 & ! relative positions ( diff]5t k9ds ( rocks1 especially ! con/ant juxtaposition or sup]position ( "o /ratum 9 relation to ano!r4 ,w]n] 0 an eloqu5t1 sy/ematic tea*] ) great *>m ( mann]4 ,he kept 9 m9d ! practical purposes ( m9+1 & soon p flock$ to ,freib]g to he> him f all ! qu>t]s ( ,europe4 ,he _h be=e long disciples 9 e l&4 ,he saw all ph5om5a f ! /&po9t ( ! geologi/4 ,he knew ! m$ic9al1 z well z ! economic1 value ( m9]als4 ,he knew ! relation ( ! soil to ! rocks1 & ! effects ( bo? on racial *>act]i/ics4 ,build+-/one det]m9es /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,m\nta9s & riv]-c\rses h be>+ on milit>y tactics4 ,he turn$ 8 l+ui/ic k to acc\nt & furni%$ geology ) a def9ite nom5clature4 ,alex4 v4 ,humboldt1 ,rob]t ,jameson1 ,d',aubuisson1 ,weiss 7! tea*] ( ,froebel71 7 among 8 /ud5ts4 ,cry/allography & m9]alogy became ! fa%ion4 ,goe! 0 among ! en?usia/s1 & philosoph]s l ,s*ell+1 "u ! spell ( ! new sci5ce1 almo/ deifi$ ! physical univ]se4 ,w]n] consid]$ all rocks z hav+ orig9at$ by cry/allization1 ei!r *emical or me*anical1 f an aque\s solution--a univ]sal primitive ocean4 ,he 0 a ,neptuni/1 z oppos$ to ! ,vulcani/s or ,plutoni/s1 :o believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral fi]y mass4 ,w]n] ?\ght t ! e>? %[$ univ]sal /rata l ! lay]s ( an onion1 ! m\nta9s be+ =m$ by erosion1 subsid5ce1 cav+s-94 ,9 8 judgm5t granite 0 a primitive rock =m$ previ\s to animal & vegetable life 7h5ce )\t organic rema9s7 by *emical precipitation4 ,silici\s slate 0 =m$ lat] by me*anical cry/allization4 ,at ?is p]iod organiz$ fossils fir/ appe>4 ,s$im5t>y rocks1 l old r$ s&/one1 &1 accord+ to ,w]n]1 basalt1 are 9 a ?ird class4 ,drift1 s&1 rubble1 b\ld]s1 come next2 & f9ally volcanic products1 l lava1 a%es1 pumice4 ,he 0 q positive t all basalt 0 ( aque\s orig9 & ( q rec5t =mation4 ,?is "p ( 8 tea*+ 0 soon *all5g$4 ,he 0 tru] to 8 own ess5tial purposes 9 writ+ a valuable treatise on metallif]\s ve9s 7,die ,neue ,!orie d] ,erzgnge71 b ev5 !re 8 g5]al views are app>5t1 = he holds t ve9s are clefts fill$ 9 f above by cry/allization f aque\s solution4 ,be=e ,w]n] _h begun 8 tea*+ c>e] at ,freib]g1 ,desm>e/1 ! ,fr5* geologi/1 _h made a special /udy ( ! basalts ( ,auv]gne4 ,z a ma!matician he 0 able to make a trigonometrical survey ( t di/rict1 & con/ruct$ a map %[+ ! crat]s ( volcanoes ( diff]5t ages1 ! /reams ( lava foll[+ ! riv] c\rses1 & ! relation ( basalt to lava1 scoria1 a%es1 & o!r recogniz$ products ( volcanic action4 ,9 #aghh he 0 made inspector-g5]al ( ,fr5* manufactures1 lat] sup]9t5d5t ( ! porcela9 works at ,svres4 ,he liv$ to ! age ( n9ety1 & :5ev] ,neptuni/s w\ld try to draw him into argum5t1 ! old man w\ld simply say1 ,g & see4 ,james ,hutton 7#agbf-agig71 ! illu/ri\s ,scot* geologi/1 _h some?+ ( ! same av]sion to speculation t did n re/ on evid5ce2 ?\gh he 0 em95tly a philosoph] 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 z 8 ?ree qu>to volumes on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,k be> witness4 ,hutton 0 well tra9$ at ,ed9burgh 9 ! ,high ,s*ool & ,univ]sity4 ,9 a lecture on logic an illu/rative ref]5ce to aqua regia turn$ 8 m9d to ! /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,he engag$ 9 exp]im5ts1 & ultimately made a =tune by a process = ! manufacture ( sal ammoniac f coal-soot4 ,9 ! mean "t he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,ed9burgh1 ,p>is1 & ,leyd51 & cont9u$ ! pursuit ( *emi/ry4 ,!n1 hav+ inh]it$ l& 9 ,b]wick%ire1 he /udi$ husb&ry 9 ,norfolk & took int]e/ 9 ! surface ( ! l& & wat]-c\rses2 lat] he pursu$ ^! /udies 9 ,fl&]s4 ,dur+ ye>s ( highly successful f>m+1 dur+ :i* ,hutton introduc$ new me?ods 9 ,b]wick%ire1 he 0 int]e/$ 9 meteorology1 & 9 geology z relat$ to soils4 ,9 #agfh1 f9ancially indep5d5t1 ,dr4 ,hutton retir$ to reside 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,he 0 v g5ial & sociable & 0 9 close association ) ,adam ,smi?1 ! economi/1 & ) ,black1 kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry 9 connection ) c>bonic acid1 lat5t heat1 & exp]im5ts 9 magnesia1 quicklime1 & o!r alkal9e sub/ances 7#aggg74 ,playfair1 pr(essor ( ma!matics1 & lat] ( natural philosophy1 0 ,hutton's disciple & intimate fri5d4 ,9 ! di/+ui%$ company ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 e/abli%$ 9 #aghb1 ! f\nd] ( dynamic geology 0 /imulat$ by ^! & o!r di/+ui%$ m5 l ,william ,rob]tson1 ,"l ,kames1 & ,watt4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,transactions conta9s 8 ,!ory ( ,ra9s1 & ! fir/ /atem5t ( 8 fam\s ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,he 0 v broad-m9d$ & en?usia/ic & w\ld rejoice 9 ,watt's improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e or ,cook's discov]ies 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,)\t emphasiz+ 8 indebt$ness to ,horace-,bndict de ,saussure1 physici/1 geologi/1 meteorologi/1 botani/1 :o gave to ,europeans an appreciation ( ! sublime 9 nature1 nor dwell+ fur!r on ! range ( ,hutton's /udies 9 language1 g5]al physics1 etc41 x is already made evid5t t 8 m9d 0 su* z to af=d compreh5siv5ess ( view4 ,he express$ ! wi% to induce m5 :o _h suffici5t k ( ! p>ticul> bran*es ( sci5ce1 to employ _! acquir$ tal5ts 9 promot+ g5]al sci5ce1 or k ( ! great sy/em1 :]e ends & means are wisely adju/$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,philosophy1 he says1 is surely ! ultimate end ( human k1 or ! object at :i* all sci5ces prop]ly mu/ aim4 ,sci5ces no d\bt %\ld promote ! arts ( life2 b1 he proce$s1 :at are all ! arts ( life1 or all ! enjoym5ts ( m]e animal nature1 comp>$ ) ! art ( human happ9ess1 ga9$ by education & br\ght to p]fection by philosophy8 ,man mu/ le>n to "k himself2 he mu/ see 8 /ation among creat$ ?+s2 he mu/ become a moral ag5t4 ,b x is only by /udy+ ?+s 9 g5]al t he may arrive at ?is p]fection ( 8 nature4 ,to philosophize1 !re=e1 )\t prop] sci5ce1 is 9 va92 al?\gh x is n va9 to pursue sci5ce1 )\t proce$+ to philosophy4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #aghe ,dr4 ,hutton pres5t$ 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 9 n9ety-six pages ( p]fectly lucid ,engli%4 ,! globe is /udi$ z a ma*9e adapt$ to a c]ta9 end1 namely1 to provide a habitable _w = plants1 = animals1 &1 above all1 = intellectual be+s capable ( ! contemplation & ! appreciation ( ord] & h>mony4 ,hutton's !ory might be made pla9 by draw+ an analogy betwe5 geological & meteorological activities4 ,! ra9 desc5ds on ! e>?2 /reams & riv]s be> x to ! sea2 ! aque\s vapors1 drawn f ! sea1 supply ! cl\ds1 & ! circuit is complete4 ,simil>ly1 ! soil is =m$ f ! ov]hang+ m\nta9s2 x is wa%$ z s$im5t into ! sea2 x is elevat$1 aft] consolidation1 into ! ov]hang+ m\nta9s4 ,! e>? is m ?an a me*anism1 x is an organism t repairs & re/ores itself 9 p]petuity4 ,?us ,hutton expla9$ ! composition1 dissolution1 & re/oration ( l& ^u ! globe on a g5]al pr9ciple1 ev5 z ,newton _h br\ght a mass ( details "u ! s+le law ( gravitation4 ,aga91 z ,newton _h wid5$ man's conception ( space1 s ,hutton 7& ,buffon7 enl>g$ 8 conception ( "t4 ,= ! geologi/ did n und]take to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?+s2 he f\nd no ve/ige ( a beg9n+1--no prospect ( an end2 & at ! same "t he conjur$ up no hypo!tical causes1 no cata/rophes1 or sudd5 convulsions ( nature2 nei!r did he 7l ,w]n]7 believe t ph5om5a n[ pres5t1 7 once abs5t2 b he und]took to expla9 all geological *ange by processes 9 action n[ z h]et(ore4 ,c\ntless ages 7 requisite to =m ! soil ( our smil+ valleys1 b ,"t1 :i* measures ev]y?+ 9 our idea1 & is (t5 defici5t to our s*emes1 is to nature endless & z no?+4 ,! calc>e\s rema9s ( m>9e animals 9 ! solid body ( ! e>? be> witness ( a p]iod to :i* no o!r species ( *ronology is able to rem\nt4 ,hutton's imag9ation1 on ! basis ( :at c be obs]v$ to-day1 pictur$ ! *emical & me*anical dis9tegration ( ! rocks2 & saw ice-/reams be>+ huge granite b\ld]s f ! declivities ( primitive & m gigantic ,alps4 ,he believ$ 7z ,desm>e/7 t rivulets & riv]s h con/ruct$1 & are con/ruct+1 _! own valley sy/ems1 & t ! d5udation ev] 9 progress w\ld be ev5tually fatal to ! su/5ance ( plant & animal & man1 if ! e>? 7 n a r5ewable organism1 9 :i* repair is correlative ) wa/e4 ,all /rata are s$im5t>y1 consolidat$ at ! bottom ( ! sea by ! pressure ( ! wat] & by subt]ranean heat4 ,h[ are /rata rais$ f ! ocean b$8 ,by ! same subt]ranean =ce t help$ consolidate !m4 ,! p[] ( heat = ! expansion ( bodies1 is1 says ,hutton 7possibly hav+ 9 m9d ! /eam eng9e71 s f> z we "k1 unlimit$4 ,we see liquid /one p\r+ f ! crat] ( a l(ty volcano & ca/+ huge rocks into mid-air1 & yet f9d x difficult to believe t ,vesuvius & ,etna !mselves h be5 =m$ by volcanic action4 ,! int]ior ( ! planet may be a fluid mass1 melt$1 b un*ang$ by ! action ( heat4 ,! volcanoes are spiracles or safety-valves1 & are widely di/ribut$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,hutton believ$ t basalt1 & ! :9/ones g5]ally1 are ( igne\s orig94 ,moreov]1 he put granite 9 ! same category1 & believ$ x _h be5 inject$1 z also metallif]\s ve9s1 9 liquid /ate into ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,if 8 supposition 7 correct1 !n granite w\ld be f\nd s5d+ out ve9s f its l>ge masses to pi]ce ! /ratifi$ rocks & to crop out :]e /ratum meets /ratum4 ,8 conjecture 0 corroborat$ at ,gl5 ,tilt 7& 9 ! isl& ( ,arran74 ,hutton 0 s elat$ at ! v]ification ( 8 view t ! ,scot* guides ?\ght he _h /ruck gold1 or silv] at ! v lea/4 ,9 ! b$ ( ! riv] ,tilt he c\ld see at six po9ts )9 half a mile p[]ful ve9s ( r$ granite pi]c+ ! black micace\s s*i/ & giv+ e indication ( hav+ be5 intrud$ f b5ea?1 ) great viol5ce1 into ! e>li] =mation4 ,hutton felt confirm$ 9 8 view t 9 nature !re is wisdom1 sy/em1 & consi/5cy4 ,ev5 ! volcano & e>?quake1 in/ead ( be+ accid5ts1 or arbitr>y manife/ations ( div9e wra?1 are "p ( ! economy ( nature1 & ! be/ clue we h to ! /up5d\s =ce necess>y to heave up ! /rata1 inject ve9s ( metals & igne\s rocks1 & insure a succession ( habitable worlds4 ,9 #agie ,dr4 ,hutton publi%$ a m elaborate /atem5t ( 8 !ory 9 two volumes4 ,9 #ahjb ,playfair pr9t$ ,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 a simplification1 hav+1 naturally1 little orig9ality4 ,be=e 8 dea? 9 #agig ,hutton devot$ 8 "t to read+ new volumes by ,saussure on ! ,alps1 & to prep>+ a book on ,! ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture4 ,sir ,james ,hall ( ,dunglass 0 a reluctant conv]t to ,hutton's sy/em ( geology4 ,?ree argum5ts aga9/ ! ,huttonian hypo!sis gave him cause = d\bt4 ,w\ld n matt] solidify+ aft] fusion =m a glass1 a vitre\s1 r ?an a cry/all9e product8 ,:y d basalts1 :9/ones1 & o!r suppos$ly volcanic rocks diff] s mu* 9 /ructure f lava8 ,h[ c m>ble & o!r lime/ones h be5 fus$1 see+ t !y are readily calc9$ by heat8 ,hutton ?\ght t ! compression "u :i* ! subt]ranean heat _h be5 appli$ 0 a factor 9 ! solution ( ^! problems4 ,he 0 enc\rag$ 9 ?is view by ,black1 :o1 z already impli$1 _h made a special /udy ( lime/one & _h demon/rat$ t lime acquires its cau/icity ?r\gh ! expulsion ( c>bonic acid4 ,hall conjectur$ 9 addition t ! rate at :i* ! fus$ mass cool$ might h "s be>+ on ! /ructure ( igne\s rocks4 ,an accid5t 9 ! ,lei? glass works /r5g!n$ ! probability ( 8 conjecture & enc\rag$ him to exp]im5t4 ,a pot ( gre5 bottle-glass _h be5 all[$ to cool sl[ly ) ! result t x _h a /ony1 r ?an a vitre\s /ructure4 ,hall exp]im5t+ ) glass c\ld secure ei!r /ructure at w by cool+ rapidly or sl[ly1 & t ) ! same specim54 ,he lat] enclos$ "s fragm5ts ( :9/one 9 a black-lead crucible & subject$ x to int5se heat 9 ! rev]b]at+ furnace ( an iron f\ndry4 7,he 0 9 consultation ) ,mr4 ,w$gwood on ! scale ( heat1 & ) ,dr4 ,hope & ,dr4 ,k5n$y1 *emi/s47 ,aft] boil+1 & !n cool+ rapidly1 ! cont5ts ( ! crucible prov$ a black glass4 ,hall repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 & cool$ m sl[ly4 ,! result 0 an int]m$iate sub/ance1 nei!r glass nor :9/one--a sort ( slag4 ,aga9 he heat$ ! crucible 9 ! furnace1 & remov$ quickly to an op5 fire1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ "s h\rs & !n p]mitt$ to die out4 ,! result 9 ?is case 0 a p]fect :9/one4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ ) regul> basalts & diff]5t specim5s ( igne\s rock4 ,hall next exp]im5t$ ) lava f ,vesuvius1 ,etna1 ,icel&1 & else:]e1 & f\nd t x behav$ l :9/one4 ,dr4 ,k5n$y by c>eful *emical analysis confirm$ ,hall's judgm5t ( ! simil>ity ( ^! two igne\s products4 ,/ill lat] ,hall introduc$ *alk & p[d]$ lime/one into porcela9 tubes1 gun b>rels1 & tubes bor$ 9 solid iron1 :i* he seal$ & br\ght to v high temp]atures4 ,he obta9$1 by fusion1 a cry/all9e c>bonate resembl+ m>ble4 ,"u ! high pressure 9 ! tube ! c>bonic acid 0 reta9$4 ,by ^! & o!r exp]im5ts ?is d\bt+ disciple confirm$ ,hutton's !ory1 & became "o ( ! great f\nd]s ( exp]im5tal geology4 ,x rema9$ = ,william ,smi? 7#agfi-ahci71 surveyor & eng9e]1 to develop t species ( *ronology t ,hutton _h ascrib$ to organic rema9s 9 ! solid /rata1 to arrange ^! /rata 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & ?us to become ! f\nd] ( hi/oric geology4 ,= ?is task 8 e>ly education might at fir/ glance seem inadequate4 ,8 only s*ool+ 0 receiv$ 9 an elem5t>y in/itution 9 ,ox=d%ire4 ,he manag$1 h[ev]1 to acquire "s k ( geometry1 & at eighte5 ent]$1 z assi/ant1 a surveyor's (fice4 ,he nev] atta9$ any lit]>y facility1 & 0 always m successful 9 convey+ 8 obs]vations by maps1 draw+s1 & conv]sation ?an by books4 ,h[ev]1 he e>ly began 8 collection ( m9]als & obs]v$ ! relation ( ! soil & ! vegetation to ! und]ly+ rocks4 ,engag$ at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r 9 tak+ level+s = a canal1 he notic$ t ! /rata 7 n exactly horizontal1 b dipp$ to ! ea/ l slices ( bread & butt]1 a ph5om5on he consid]$ ( sci5tific significance4 ,9 connection ) 8 call+ he _h an opportunity ( travel+ to ! nor? ( ,engl& & s ext5d$ ! range ( 8 obs]vation1 always exceptionally al]t4 ,= six ye>s he 0 engag$1 z eng9e]1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,som]set ,coal ,canal1 :]e he enl>g$ & turn$ to practical acc\nt 8 k ( /rata4 ,collectors ( fossils 7z ,lam>ck aft]w>ds call$ organic rema9s7 7 surpris$ to f9d ,smi? able to tell 9 :at =mation _! diff]5t specim5s _h be5 f\nd1 & /ill m :5 he enunciat$ ! view t :atev] /rata 7 to be f\nd 9 any "p ( ,engl& ! same rema9s w\ld be f\nd 9 x & no o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! same ord] ( sup]position 0 con/ant among ! /rata1 z ,w]n]1 ( :om ,smi? knew no?+1 _h inde$ taught4 ,smi? 0 able to dictate a ,tabul> ,view ( ,briti% ,/rata f coal to *alk ) ! *>act]i/ic fossils1 e/abli%+ an ord] t 0 f\nd to obta9 on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe z well z 9 ,brita94 ,he con/ruct$ geological maps ( ,som]set & f\rte5 o!r ,engli% c\nties1 to :i* ! att5tion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 0 call$4 ,!y %[$ ! surface outcrops ( /rata1 & 7 int5d$ to be ( assi/ance 9 m9+1 roadmak+1 canal con/ruction1 dra9+1 & wat] supply4 ,x 0 at ! "t ( ,william ,smi?'s sci5tific discov]ies t ! public int]e/ 9 canal transportation 0 at its height 9 ,engl&1 & 8 /udy ( ! /rata 0 a direct outcome ( 8 pr(essional activity4 ,he call$ himself a m9]al surveyor1 & he travel$ _m ?\s& miles ye>ly 9 connection ) 8 call+ & 8 int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( geology4 ,9 #ahae he complet$ an ext5sive geological map ( ,engl&1 on :i* all subsequ5t geological maps h be5 model$4 ,x took into acc\nt ! colli]ies1 m9es1 canals1 m>%es1 f5s1 & ! v>ieties ( soil 9 relation to ! sub/rata4 ,lat] 7#ahaf-ahai7 ,smi? publi%$ f\r volumes1 ,/rata ,id5tifi$ by ,organiz$ ,fossils1 :i* put on record "s ( 8 ext5sive obs]vations4 ,8 m9d 0 practical & little giv5 to speculation4 ,x does n lie 9 our prov9ce "h to trace 8 influ5ce on ,cuvi] & o!r sci5ti/s1 b to add 8 "n z a surveyor & eng9e] to ! repres5tatives ( m9]alogy1 *emi/ry1 physics1 ma!matics1 philosophy1 & v>i\s indu/ries & vocations1 :i* contribut$ to ! e>ly developm5t ( mod]n geology4 ,,ref]5ces ,sir ,a4 ,geikie1 ,f\nd]s ( ,geology4 ,james ,hutton1 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,john ,playfair1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory4 ,k4 ,a4 v4 ,zittel1 ,hi/ory ( ,geology & ,palontology4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion--,,kant1 ,,lamb]t1 ,,laplace1 ,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el ,hutton _h advanc$ ! /udy ( geology by conc5trat+ att5tion on ! obs]vable ph5om5a ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & turn+ away f speculations ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! relation ( ?is sph]e to o!r units ( ! cosmos4 ,9 ! same c5tury1 h[ev]1 o!r sci5ti/s & philosoph]s 7 attract$ by ^! v problems :i* seem$ n to promise imm$iate or demon/rative solution1 & ?r\gh _! /udies !y arriv$ at conclusions :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! sci5ce1 ! e?ics1 & ! religion ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,:e!r religion be def9$ z a complex feel+ ( elation & humility--a sacr$ fe>--ak9 to ! /hetic s5se ( ! sublime2 or1 z an intellectual recognition ( "s high p[]s :i* gov]n u bel[--( "s au?or ( all ?+s1 ( "s =ce social or cosmic :i* t5ds to righte\sness2 or1 z ! outcrop ( ! moral life t\*$ ) light & radiant ) en?usiasm2 or1 z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( all ^!3 x _c be d5i$ t ! eighte5? c5tury contribut$ to its cl>ification & =mulation1 especially ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd74 ,yet x is n difficult to %[ t ! philosophy ( ,kant & ( ^? associat$ ) him 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! sci5ce ( ! "t1 & t1 9 fact1 9 8 e>ly life he 0 a sci5ti/ r ?an a philosoph] 9 ! /rict] s5se4 ,8 ,g5]al ,natural ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s1 writt5 at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 enables u to foll[ 8 transition f sci5ce to philosophy1 &1 m especially1 to trace ! influ5ce ( 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! heav5ly bodies on 8 religi\s conceptions4 ,= "p ( ?is !ory ,kant 0 indebt$ to ,?omas ,wright ( ,durham 7#agaa-aghf74 ,wright 0 ! son ( a c>p5t]1 became appr5tic$ to a wat*mak]1 w5t to sea1 lat] became an engrav]1 a mak] ( ma!matical in/rum5ts1 rose to afflu5ce1 wrote a book on navigation1 & 0 (f]$ a pr(essor%ip ( navigation 9 ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,x 0 9 #agej t he publi%$1 9 ! =m ( n9e lett]s1 ! "w t /imulat$ ! m9d ( ,kant1 ,an ,orig9al ,!ory or ,new ,hypo!sis ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! au?or ?\ght t ! revelation ( ! /ructure ( ! heav5s naturally t5d$ to propagate ! pr9ciples ( virtue & v9dicate ! laws ( ,provid5ce4 ,he reg>d$ ! univ]se z an inf9ity ( worlds act$ ^u by an et]nal ,ag5t1 & full ( be+s1 t5d+ ?r\gh _! v>i\s /ates to a f9al p]fection4 ,:o1 consci\s ( ?is sy/em1 c avoid be+ fill$ ) a k9d ( en?usia/ic ambition to contribute 8 atom t[>d ! due admiration ( its great & ,div9e ,au?or8 ,wright discuss$ ! nature ( ma!matical c]ta9ty & ! v>i\s degrees ( moral probability prop] = conjecture 7?us po9t+ to a di/9ction t ultimately became basal 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant74 ,:5 he claim$ t ! sun is a va/ body ( blaz+ matt]1 & t ! mo/ di/ant /> is also a sun surr\nd$ by a sy/em ( planets1 he knew t he 0 reason+ by analogy & n enunciat+ :at is imm$iately demon/rable4 ,yet ?is multitude ( worlds op5s out to u an imm5se field ( probation & an endless sc5e ( hope to gr\nd our expectation ( an ev] future happ9ess ^u1 suitable to ! native dignity ( ! awful ,m9d :i* made & compreh5d$ x4 ,! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ,wright's ,orig9al ,!ory relates to ! con/ruction ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* he ?\ght analog\s 9 =m to ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,f ! c5t] ! arrangem5t ( ! sy/ems & ! h>mony ( ! movem5ts c\ld be disc]n$1 b our sol> sy/em occupies a section ( ! belt1 & :at we see ( ! creation gives b a confus$ picture1 unless by an ef=t ( imag9ation we atta9 ! "r po9t ( view4 ,! v>i\s cl\dy />s or light appe>ances are no?+ b a d5se accumulation ( />s4 ,:at less ?an inf9ity c circumscribe !m1 less ?an et]nity compreh5d !m1 or less ?an ,omnipot5ce produce or support !m8 ,he passes on to a discussion ( "t & space ) reg>d to ! kn[n objects ( imm5sity & duration1 & 9 ! n9? lett] says t1 grant+ ! creation to be circul> or orbicul>1 we c suppose 9 ! c5t] ( ! :ole an intellig5t pr9ciple1 ! to-all-ext5d+ eye ( ,provid5ce1 or1 if ! creation is real1 & n m]ely ideal1 a sph]e ( "s sort4 ,ar\nd ?is ! suns keep _! orbits h>moni\sly1 all app>5t irregul>ities aris+ f our ecc5tric view4 ,moreov]1 space is suffici5t = _m su* sy/ems4 ,kant resembl$ 8 pr$ecessor 9 8 recognition ( ! be>+ on moral & religi\s conceptions ( ! /udy ( ! heav5s & also 9 8 treatm5t ( _m a/ronomical details1 sometimes m]ely adopt+1 m frequ5tly develop+ or modify+1 ! tea*+s ( ,wright4 ,he held t ! />s con/itute a sy/em j z mu* z d ! planets ( our sol> sy/em1 & t o!r sol> sy/ems & o!r ,milky ,ways may h be5 produc$ 9 ! b\ndless fields ( space4 ,inde$1 he is incl9$ to id5tify ) ! latt] sy/ems ! small lum9\s elliptical areas 9 ! heav5s report$ by ,maup]tuis 9 #agdb4 ,kant also accept$ ,wright's conjecture ( a c5tral sun or globe & ev5 made selection ( "o ( ! />s to s]ve 9 t (fice1 & taught t ! />s consi/ l our sun ( a fi]y mass4 ,"o _c contemplate ! _w-/ructure )\t recogniz+ ! excell5t ord]l9ess ( its arrangem5t1 & p]ceiv+ ! sure indications ( ! h& ( ,god 9 ! complet5ess ( its relations4 ,reason1 he says 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,naturges*i*te1 refuses to believe x ! "w ( *ance4 ,x mu/ h be5 plann$ by supreme wisdom & c>ri$ into effect by ,omnipot5ce4 ,kant 0 especially /imulat$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! ,milky ,way & ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,he did n agree ) ,wright t !y1 or ! cl\dy areas1 w\ld prove to be />s or small satellites1 b r t bo? consi/$ ( vapor p>ticles4 ,giv+ full scope to 8 imag9ation1 he asks if ! e>? z well z ,saturn may n h be5 surr\nd$ by a r+4 ,might n ?is r+ expla9 ! sup]cele/ial wat]s t gave su* cause = +5uity to ! m$ieval writ]s8 ,n only s1 b1 _h su* a vapor\s r+ brok5 & be5 precipitat$ to ! e>?1 x w\ld h caus$ a prolong$ ,deluge1 & ! subsequ5t ra9b[ 9 ! heav5s might v well h be5 int]pret$ z an allusion to ! vani%$ r+1 & z a promise4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ,kant's *>act]i/ic mann] 9 support+ moral & religi\s tru?4 ,to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! ,g]man philosoph] assumes t at ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s ! mat]ial ( :i* ! sun1 planets1 satellites1 & comets consi/1 0 uncomp\nd$1 9 its prim>y elem5ts1 & fill$ ! :ole space 9 :i* ! bodies =m$ out ( x n[ revolve4 ,?is /ate ( nature seem$ to be ! v simple/ t c\ld foll[ ^u no?+4 ,9 a space fill$ 9 ?is way a /ate ( re/ c\ld n la/ = m ?an a mom5t4 ,! elem5ts ( a d5s] k9d w\ld1 accord+ to ! law ( gravitation1 attract matt] ( less specific gravity4 ,repulsion1 z well z attraction1 plays a "p among ! p>ticles ( matt] dissem9at$ 9 space4 ,?r\gh x ! direct fall ( p>ticles may be div]t$ into a circul> movem5t ab\t ! c5t] t[>d :i* !y are gravitat+4 ,( c\rse1 9 our sy/em ! c5t] ( attraction is ! nucleus ( ! sun4 ,! mass ( ?is body increases rapidly1 z also its p[] ( attraction4 ,( ! p>ticles gravitat+ to x ! heavi] become heap$ up 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 fall+ f diff]5t heights t[>d ?is common focus ! p>ticles _c h su* p]fect equality ( resi/ance t no lat]al movem5ts %\ld be set up4 ,a g5]al circulatory motion is 9 fact e/abli%$ ultimately 9 "o direction ab\t ! c5tral mass1 :i* receiv+ new p>ticles f ! encircl+ curr5t rotates 9 h>mony ) x4 ,mutual int]f]5ce 9 ! p>ticles outside ! mass ( ! sun prev5ts all accumulation except 9 "o plane & t takes ! =m ( a ?9 disk cont9u\s ) ! sun's equator4 ,9 ?is circulat+ vapor\s disk ab\t ! sun diff]5ces ( d5sity give rise to zones n unlike ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,^! zones ultimately contract to =m planets1 & z ! planets are ?r[n (f f ! c5tral sol> mass till an equilibrium is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 s ! satellites 9 turn are =m$ f ! planets4 ,! comets are to be reg>d$ z p>ts ( ! sy/em1 ak9 to ! planets1 b m remote f ! control ( ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! sun4 ,x is ?us t ,kant conceiv$ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 acc\nt+ 7?r\gh ! =mation ( ! heav5ly bodies f a cl\dy vapor simil> to t /ill obs]vable ?r\gh ! telescope7 = ! revolution ( ! planets 9 "o direction ab\t ! sun2 ! rotation ( sun & planets2 ! revolution & rotation ( satellites2 ! comp>ative d5sities ( ! heav5ly bodies2 ! mat]ials 9 ! tails ( comets2 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 & o!r cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,newton1 f9d+ no matt] betwe5 ! planets to ma9ta9 ! community ( _! movem5ts1 ass]t$ t ! imm$iate h& ( ,god _h in/itut$ ! arrangem5t )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,8 disciple ,kant n[ und]took to expla9 an additional numb] ( ph5om5a on me*anical pr9ciples4 ,grant$ ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 he felt capable ( trac+ ! cosmic evolution1 b at ! same "t he ma9ta9$ & /r5g!n$ 8 religi\s position1 & did n assume 7l ,democritus & ,epicurus7 et]nal motion )\t a ,creator or ! com+ toge!r ( atoms by accid5t or haphaz>d4 ,x might be object$1 he says1 t ,nature is suffici5t unto itself2 b univ]sal laws ( ! action ( matt] s]ve ! plan ( ! ,supreme ,wisdom4 ,!re is conv9c+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ! v fact t ,nature1 ev5 9 *aos1 _c proce$ o!rwise ?an regul>ly & accord+ to law4 ,ev5 9 ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ! elem5ts t con/itut$ ! *aos1 !re c\ld be trac$ ! m>k ( t p]fection :i* !y h d]iv$ f _! orig91 _! ess5tial "* be+ a consequ5ce ( ! et]nal idea ( ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,matt]1 :i* appe>s to be m]ely passive & want+ 9 =m & arrangem5t1 has 9 its simple/ /ate a t5d5cy to fa%ion itself by a natural developm5t into a m p]fect con/itution4 ,matt] mu/ be consid]$ z creat$ by ,god 9 accordance ) law & z ev] ob$i5t to law1 n z an indep5d5t or ho/ile =ce ne$+ occasional correction4 ,to suppose ! mat]ial _w n "u law w\ld be to believe 9 a bl9d fate r ?an 9 ,provid5ce4 ,x is ,nature's h>mony & ord] reveal$ to our und]/&+ t give u a clue to its creation by an und]/&+ ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,9 a "w writt5 eight ye>s lat] ,kant s\ght to furni% p ( ord9>y intellig5ce ) a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x might seem irrelevant 9 su* a production to give an exposition ( physical ph5om5a1 b1 int5t on 8 me?od ( m\nt+ to a k ( ,god by means ( natural sci5ce1 he "h repeats 9 summ>iz$ =m 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,moreov]1 ! influ5ce ( 8 a/ronomical /udies p]si/$ 9 8 mature/ philosophy1 z c be se5 9 ! well-kn[n passage at ! conclusion ( 8 e?ical "w1 ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason 7#aghh73 ,!re are two ?+s t fill my _s ) ev] new & increas+ awe & rev]5ce--! m frequ5tly & ! m int5tly ,i contemplate !m--! />-/rewn sky above me & ! moral law )94 ,8 religi\s & e?ical conceptions 7 closely associat$ )--inde$1 dep5d5t ^u--an ord]ly & inf9ite physical univ]se4 ,9 ! ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 physici/1 & philosoph]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,lamb]t 7#agbh-aggg71 ,kant f\nd a g5ius ak9 to 8 own1 & ?r\gh him hop$ = a re=mation ( philosophy on ! basis ( ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,lamb]t l 8 contempor>y 0 a disciple ( ,newton1 & 9 #agfa he publi%$ a book 9 ! =m ( lett]s express+ views 9 ref]5ce to ! ,milky ,way1 fix$ />s1 c5tral sun1 v simil> to ^? publi%$ by ,kant 9 #agee4 ,lamb]t _h he>d ( ,wright's "w1 s simil> to 8 own1 a ye> aft] ! latt] 0 writt54 ,comets1 n[ robb$ ( _m ( ! t]rors ) :i* anci5t sup]/ition end[$ !m1 might1 he says1 seem to ?reat5 cata/rophe1 by collid+ ) ! planets or by c>ry+ (f a satellite4 ,b ! same h& :i* has ca/ ! cele/ial sph]es 9 space1 has trac$ _! c\rse 9 ! heav5s1 & does n all[ !m to w&] at r&om to di/urb & de/roy ea* o!r4 ,lamb]t imag9es t all ^! bodies h exactly ! volume1 weight1 position1 direction1 & spe$ necess>y = ! avoidance ( collisions4 ,if we confess a ,supreme ,rul] :o br\ght ord] f *aos1 & gave =m to ! univ]se2 x foll[s t ?is univ]se is a p]fect "w1 ! impress1 picture1 reflex ( its ,creator's p]fection4 ,no?+ is left to bl9d *ance4 ,means are fitt$ to ends4 ,!re is ord] ?r\gh\t1 & 9 ?is ord] ! du/ b5ea? our feet1 ! />s above our heads1 atoms & worlds1 are alike compreh5d$4 ,laplace 9 8 /atem5t ( ! nebul> hypo!sis made no m5tion ( ,kant4 ,he sets =?1 9 ! ,exposition ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ! a/ronomical data t ! !ory is design$ to expla93 ! movem5ts ( ! planets 9 ! same direction & almo/ 9 ! same plane2 ! movem5ts ( ! satellites 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! planets2 ! rotation ( ^! diff]5t bodies & ( ! sun 9 ! same direction z _! projection1 & 9 planes little diff]5t2 ! small ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( planets & satellites2 ! great ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( comets4 ,h[ on ! gr\nd ( ^! data are we to arrive at ! cause ( ! e>lie/ movem5ts ( ! planet>y sy/em8 ,a fluid ( imm5se ext5t mu/ be assum$1 embrac+ all ^! bodies4 ,x mu/ h circulat$ ab\t ! sun l an atmosph]e &1 9 virtue ( ! excessive heat :i* 0 eng5d]$1 x may be assum$ t ?is atmosph]e orig9ally ext5d$ beyond ! orbits ( all ! planets1 & 0 contract$ by /ages to its pres5t =m4 ,9 its primitive /ate ! sun resembl$ ! nebul1 :i* are to be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! telescope1 ) fi]y c5t]s & cl\dy p]iph]y4 ,"o c imag9e a m & m diffuse /ate ( ! nebul\s matt]4 ,planets 7 =m$1 9 ! plane ( ! equator & at ! successive limits ( ! nebul\s atmosph]e1 by ! cond5sation ( ! diff]5t zones :i* x ab&on$ z x cool$ & contract$4 ,! =ce ( gravity & ! c5trifugal =ce suffic$ to ma9ta9 9 its orbit ea* successive planet4 ,f ! cool+ & contract+ masses t 7 to con/itute ! planets small] zones & r+s 7 =m$4 ,9 ! case ( ,saturn !re 0 su* regul>ity 9 ! r+s t ! annul> =m 0 ma9ta9$2 z a rule f ! zones ab&on$ by ! planet-mass satellites result$4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature & d5sity ( ! p>ts ( ! orig9al mass acc\nt = ! ecc5tricity ( orbits1 & deviations f ! plane ( ! equator4 ,9 8 ,cele/ial ,me*anics 7#ahbe7 ,laplace /ates t1 accord+ to ,h]s*el's obs]vations1 ,saturn's rotation is slightly quick] ?an t ( its r+s4 ,?is seem$ a confirmation ( ! hypo!sis ( ! ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde4 ,:5 ,laplace pres5t$ ! fir/ edition ( ?is e>li] "w to ,napoleon1 ! ,fir/ ,consul said3 ,newton has spok5 ( ,god 9 8 book4 ,i h already gone ?r\gh y\rs1 & ,i h n f\nd t "n 9 x a s+le "t4 ,to ?is ,laplace is said to h repli$3 ,fir/ ,citiz5 ,consul1 ,i h n _h ne$ ( t hypo!sis4 ,! a/ronom] did n1 h[ev]1 pr(ess a!ism2 l ,kant he felt compet5t to expla9 on me*anical pr9ciples ! developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em f ! po9t at :i* he und]took x4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he desir$ t ! mislead+ anecdote %\ld be suppress$4 ,s f> 0 he f self-suffici5cy & dogmatism t 8 la/ utt]ance proclaim$ ! limitations ( ev5 ! greate/ intellects3 ,:at we "k is little en\gh1 :at we don't "k is imm5se 7,ce que n\s connaissons e/ peu de *ose1 ce que n\s ignorons e/ imm5se74 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's obs]vations1 ext5d$ ov] _m ye>s1 confirm$ bo? ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! !ory ( ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! />s4 ,he made use ( telescopes #bj & #dj feet 9 focal l5g?1 & ( #ah4g & #dh in*es ap]ture1 & 0 !reby enabl$1 z ,humboldt said1 to s9k a plummet amid ! fix$ />s1 or1 9 8 own phrase1 to gauge ! heav5s4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,heav5s 0 always ! ultimate object ( 8 obs]vations4 ,9 a contribution on ?is subject submitt$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #aghg he ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( #dff new nebul & clu/]s ( />s4 ,! sid]eal heav5s are n to be reg>d$ z ! concave surface ( a sph]e1 f ! c5t] ( :i* ! obs]v] might be suppos$ to look1 b r z resembl+ a ri* ext5t ( gr\nd or *a9s ( m\nta9s 9 :i* ! geologi/ discov]s _m /rata consi/+ ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,! ,milky ,way is "o /ratum & 9 x our sun is plac$1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 ! v c5t] ( its ?ickness4 ,by #ahaa he _h greatly increas$ 8 obs]vations ( ! nebul & c\ld arrange !m 9 s]ies diff]+ 9 ext5t1 cond5sation1 brightness1 g5]al =m1 possession ( nuclei1 situation1 & 9 resemblance to comets & to />s4 ,!y rang$ f a fa9t trace ( ext5sive diffuse nebulosity to a nebul\s /> ) a m]e ve/ige ( cl\d9ess4 ,h]s*el 0 able to make ! s]ies s complete t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! memb]s 0 no m ?an c\ld be f\nd 9 a s]ies ( pictures ( ! human figure tak5 f ! bir? ( a *ild till he comes to be a man 9 8 prime4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diffuse nebul\s matt] & ! /> is s /rik+ t ! idea ( conv]sion f "o to ! o!r w\ld h>dly occur to any "o )\t evid5ce ( ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,x is highly probable t ea* successive /ate is ! result ( ! action ( gravity4 ,9 8 la/ /atem5t1 #ahah1 he admitt$ t to 8 telescopes ! ,milky ,way _h prov$ fa?omless1 b on ei!r side ( ?is assemblage ( />s1 presumably 9 ceaseless motion r\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity1 ,h]s*el discov]$ a canopy ( discrete nebul\s masses1 su* z ^? f ! cond5sation ( :i* he suppos$ ! :ole /ell> univ]se to be =m$4 ,9 ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z set =? by ,kant1 ,laplace1 & ,h]s*el1 x 0 assum$ t ! elem5ts t compos$ ! e>? are also to be f\nd else:]e ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em & ! univ]se4 ,! validity ( ?is assumption 0 f9ally e/abli%$ by spectrum analysis4 ,b ?is v9dication 0 9 "p anticipat$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 by ! analysis ( meteorites4 ,9 ^! 7 f\nd l>ge quantities ( iron1 consid]able p]c5tages ( nickel1 z well z cobalt1 copp]1 silicon1 phosphorus1 c>bon1 magnesium1 z9c1 & manganese4 ,,ref]5ces ,g4 ,f4 ,beck]1 ,kant z a ,natural ,philosoph]1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,v 7#ahih71 pp4 #ig-aab4 ,w4 ,w4 ,bryant1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,agnes ,m4 ,cl]ke1 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,agnes ,m4 ,cl]ke1 ,! ,h]s*els & ,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ,pap]s on ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,heav5s 7,philosophical ,transactions1 #aghd1 #ahaa1 etc474 ,a4 ,r4 ,h9ks1 ,a/ronomy 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]s1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ! ,/>s 7,! ,p's ,books74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,law--,,dalton1 ,,j\le ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,lamb]t & ,kant 7 recogniz+ sy/em & design 9 ! heav5s1 little progress _h be5 made t[>d discov]+ ! con/itution ( matt] or reveal+ ! laws ( ! hidd5 motions ( ?+s4 ,boyle _h1 inde$1 made a beg9n+1 n only by 8 /udy ( ! ela/icity ( ! air1 b by 8 di/9ction ( ! elem5ts & comp\nds & 8 def9ition ( *emi/ry z ! sci5ce ( ! composition ( sub/ances4 ,h[ little _h be5 accompli%$1 h[ev]1 is evid5t f ! fact t 9 #agej ! s-call$ elem5ts--e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]--:i* ,bacon _h m>k$ = exam9ation 9 #afbj1 7 /ill unanalyz$1 & t no advance _h be5 made beyond 8 conception ( ! nature ( heat1 ! majority1 inde$1 ( ! le>n$ _w hold+ t heat is a sub/ance 7v>i\sly id5tifi$ ) sulphur1 c>bon1 or hydrog57 r ?an a mode ( motion4 ,h[ sci5tific ?\ght succe$$ 9 br++ ord] out ( confusion & *aos 9 ! subsequ5t "o hundr$ ye>s1 & especially at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 c well be illu/rat$ by ^! v matt]s1 ! /udy ( combu/ion1 ( heat z a =m ( en]gy1 ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & ( ! *emi/ry ( wat] & ( ! e>?4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,black's discov]y ( c>bonic acid1 & ( ! ph5om5a :i* he ascrib$ to lat5t heat4 ,! fir/ discov]y 7#aged7 0 ! result ( ! prep>ation ( quicklime 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e2 ! second 7#agfa7 involv+ exp]im5ts on ! temp]atures ( melt+ ice1 boil+ wat]1 & /eam1 /imulat$ ,watt 9 8 improvem5t ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,9 #agff ,joseph ,prie/ley began 8 /udy ( airs1 or gases4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> obs]vation ( "w 9 a brew]y r\s$ 8 curiosity 9 ref]5ce to c>bonic acid4 ,9 #aggb he exp]im5t$ ) nitric oxide4 ,9 ! previ\s c5tury ,may[ _h obta9$ nitric oxide by treat+ iron ) nitric acid4 ,he _h !n introduc$ ?is gas into ord9>y air conf9$ ov] wat]1 & f\nd t ! mixture suff]$ a r$uction ( volume4 ,prie/ley appli$ ?is process to ! analysis ( common air1 :i* he discov]$ to be complex & n simple4 ,9 #aggd1 by heat+ r$ oxide ( m]cury by means ( a burn+-glass1 he obta9$ a gas :i* support$ combu/ion bett] ?an common air4 ,he inhal$ x1 & exp]i5c$ a s5se ( exhil>ation4 ,:o c tell1 he writes1 b 9 "t ?is pure air may become a fa%ionable article 9 luxury8 ,hi!rto only two mice & myself h _h ! privilege ( brea?+ x4 ,! ,sw$i% inve/igator ,s*eele _h1 h[ev]1 discov]$ ?is same con/itu5t ( ! air be=e #aggc4 ,he ?\ght t ! atmosph]e mu/ consi/ ( at lea/ two gases1 & he prov$ t c>bonic acid results f combu/ion & respiration4 ,9 #aggb ! great ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,lavoisi] f\nd t sulphur1 :5 burn$1 ga9s weight in/ead ( los+ weight1 & five ye>s lat] he conclud$ t air consi/s ( two gases1 "o capable ( absorption by burn+ bodies1 ! o!r incapable ( support+ combu/ion4 ,he call$ ! fir/ oxyg54 ,9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry ,lavoisi] gave a cle> exposition ( 8 sy/em ( *emi/ry & ( ! discov]ies ( o!r ,european *emi/s4 ,aft] 8 /udies ! atmosph]e 0 no long] reg>d$ z my/]i\s & *aotic4 ,x 0 kn[n to consi/ l>gely ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 & to conta9 9 addition aque\s vapor1 c>bonic acid1 & ammonia :i* might be br\ght to e>? by ra94 ,cav5di% obta9$ nitrog5 f air by us+ nitric oxide to remove ! oxyg51 & f\nd t air consi/s ( ab\t sev5ty-n9e p] c5t nitrog5 & ab\t tw5ty-"o p] c5t oxyg54 ,he also by use ( ! electric sp>k caus$ ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! air to unite to =m nitric acid4 ,:5 ! nitrog5 0 exhau/$ & ! r$undant oxyg5 remov$1 only a small bubble ( air rema9$ unabsorb$4 ,simil>ly ,cav5di% _h f\nd t wat] results f ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,watt _h likewise held t wat] is n an elem5t1 b a comp\nd ( two elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,?us ! great masses1--e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]1--assum$ z simple by _m philosoph]s f ! e>lie/ times1 7 resolv+ into _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,at ! same "t o!r problems 7 dem&+ solution4 ,:at are ! laws ( *emical comb9ation8 ,:at is ! relation ( heat to o!r =ms ( en]gy8 ,to ! answ]+ ( ^! que/ions 7z ( ^? f :i* ^! grew7 ! great manufactur+ c5t]s contribut$1 & no city m pot5tly ?an ,man*e/] ?r\gh ,dalton & 8 pupil & foll[] ,j\le4 ,john ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd7 0 born 9 ,cumb]l&1 w5t to ,k5dal to tea* s*ool at ! age ( fifte51 & rema9$ 9 ! ,lake ,di/rict ( ,engl& till #agic4 ,9 ?is region1 :]e ! annual ra9fall exce$s =ty in*es1 & 9 "s localities is almo/ tropical1 ! "y /ud5t's att5tion 0 e>ly drawn to meteorology4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( rude home-made ra9-gauges1 !rmomet]s1 & b>omet]s4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! heat1 moi/ure1 & con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e cont9u$ ?r\gh\t life1 & ,dalton made 9 all "s #bjj1jjj meteorological obs]vations4 ,we ga9 a clue to 8 motive 9 ^! /udies f a lett] writt5 9 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! advantages t might accrue to ! husb&man1 ! m>9]1 & to mank9d 9 g5]al if we 7 able to pr$ict ! /ate ( ! wea!r ) tol]able precision4 ,9 #agic ,dalton took up 8 p]man5t resid5ce 9 ,man*e/]1 & 9 t ye> appe>$ 8 fir/ book1 ,meteorological ,obs]vations & ,essays4 ,"h he deals1 among o!r ?+s1 ) ra9fall1 ! =mation ( cl\ds1 evaporation1 & ! di/ribution & "* ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,x seem$ to him t aque\s vapor always exi/s z a di/9ct fluid ma9ta9+ its id5tity among ! o!r fluids ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he ?\ght ( atmosph]ic moi/ure z consi/+ ( m9ute drops ( wat]1 or globules among ! globules ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,newton's 7to :om1 inde$1 ,dalton _h "s p]sonal lik5ess71 :o look$ ^u matt] z consi/+ ( solid1 massy1 h>d1 imp5etrable1 movable p>ticles1 ( su* sizes & figures1 & ) su* o!r prop]ties1 & 9 su* proportion1 z mo/ conduc$ to ! end = :i* ,god =m$ !m4 ,dalton 0 s mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! idea t ! physical univ]se is made up ( ^! indivisible p>ticles1 or atoms1 t 8 biograph] describes him z ?9k+ corpuscul>ly4 ,x is probable t 8 imag9ation 0 ( ! visualiz+ type & t he c\ld picture to himself ! arrangem5t ( atoms 9 elem5t>y & comp\nd sub/ances4 ,n[ ,dalton's ma/] _h taught t ! atoms ( matt] 9 a gas 7ela/ic fluid7 repel "o ano!r by a =ce increas+ 9 proportion z _! di/ance dim9i%es4 ,h[ did ?is tea*+ apply to ! atmosph]e1 :i* ,prie/ley & o!rs _h prov$ to consi/ ( ?ree or m gases8 ,:y does ?is mixture appe> simple & homog5e\s8 ,:y does n ! air =m /rata ) ! oxyg5 bel[ & ! nitrog5 above8 ,cav5di% _h %[n1 & ,dalton himself lat] prov$1 t common air1 :]ev] exam9$1 conta9s oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 fairly con/ant proportions4 ,fr5* *emi/s _h s\ght to apply ! pr9ciple ( *emical aff9ity 9 expla9+ ! app>5t homog5eity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y suppos$ t oxyg5 & nitrog5 ent]$ into *emical union1 ! "o elem5t dissolv+ ! o!r4 ,! resultant comp\nd 9 turn dissolv$ wat]2 h5ce ! ph5om5a ( evaporation4 ,dalton tri$ 9 va9 to reconcile ?is supposition ) 8 belief 9 ! atomic nature ( matt]4 ,he drew diagrams comb9+ an atom ( oxyg5 ) an atom ( nitrog5 & an atom ( aque\s vapor4 ,! :ole atmosph]e c\ld n consi/ ( su* gr\ps ( ?ree because ! wat]y p>ticles 7 b a small portion ( ! total atmosph]e4 ,he made a diagram 9 :i* "o atom ( oxyg5 0 comb9$ ) "o atom ( nitrog51 b 9 ?is case ! oxyg5 0 insuffici5t to satisfy all ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! air 0 made up p>tly ( pure nitrog51 p>tly ( a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & oxyg51 & p>tly ( a comp\nd ( nitrog51 oxyg51 & aque\s vapor1 !n ! triple comp\nd1 z heavie/1 w\ld collect t[>d ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! d\ble comp\nd & ! simple sub/ance w\ld =m two /rata above4 ,if to ! comp\nds heat 7 add$ 9 ! hope ( produc+ an un/ratifi$ mixture1 ! atmosph]e w\ld acquire ! specific gravity ( nitrog5 gas4 ,9 %ort1 says ,dalton1 ,i 0 oblig$ to ab&on ! hypo!sis ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! atmosph]e altoge!r z irreconcilable to ! ph5om5a4 ,he _h to return to ! conception ( ! individual p>ticles ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & wat]1 ea* a c5t] ( repulsion4 ,/ill he c\ld n expla9 :y ! oxyg5 did n gravitate to ! l[e/ place1 ! nitrog5 =m a /ratum above1 & ! aque\s vapor swim ^u ! top4 ,9 #ahja1 h[ev]1 ,dalton hit ^u ! idea t gases act z vacua = "o ano!r1 t x is only l p>ticles :i* repel ea* o!r1 atoms ( oxyg5 repell+ atoms ( oxyg5 & atoms ( nitrog5 repell+ atoms ( nitrog5 :5 ^! gases are int]m+l$ 9 ! atmosph]e j z !y w\ld if exi/+ 9 an unmix$ /ate4 ,accord+ to ?is1 we 7 to suppose t atoms ( "o k9d did n repel ! atoms ( ano!r k9d1 b only ^? ( _! own k9d4 ,a mix$ atmosph]e is z free f /ratifications1 z ?\gh x 7 really homog5e\s4 ,9 8 analyses ( air ,dalton made use ( ! old nitric oxide me?od4 ,9 #ahjb ?is l$ to an int]e/+ discov]y4 ,if 9 a tube 4#c ( an in* wide he mix$ #ajj p>ts ( common air ) #cf p>ts ( nitric oxide1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air comb9$ ) ! nitric oxide1 & a residue ( #gi p>ts ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 rema9$4 ,& if he mix$ #ajj p>ts ( common air ) #gb ( nitric oxide1 b 9 a wide vessel ov] wat] 79 :i* conditions ! comb9ation is m quickly effect$71 ! oxyg5 ( ! air aga9 comb9$ ) ! nitric oxide & a residue ( #gi p>ts ( nitrog5 aga9 result$4 ,b 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 if less ?an #gb p>ts ( nitric oxide be employ$1 !re w be a residue ( oxyg5 z well z nitrog52 & if m ?an #gb1 !re w be a residue ( nitric oxide 9 addition to ! nitrog54 ,9 ! words ( ,dalton1 oxyg5 may comb9e ) a c]ta9 portion ( nitr\s gas z he call$ nitric oxide1 or ) twice t portion1 b ) no int]m$iate portion4 ,naturally ^! exp]im5tal facts 7 to be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( :i* ! v>i\s gases are compos$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,dalton gave graphic repres5tation to 8 idea ( ! atomic con/itution ( *emical elem5ts & comp\nds4 7 7 ,hydrog5 77 ,nitrog5 77 ,oxyg5 7997 ,c>bon 77 77 ,nitric oxide 77 77 77 ,nitr\s oxide 77 7997 77 ,c>bonic acid ,mu* aga9/ ,dalton's w 8 me?od ( indicat+ *emical elem5ts & _! comb9ations _h to yield to a me?od introduc$ by ! great ,sw$i% *emi/ ,b]zelius4 ,9 #ahcg ,dalton wrote3 ,b]zelius's symbols are horrify+3 a "y /ud5t 9 *emi/ry might z soon le>n ,hebrew z make himself acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,!y appe> l a *aos ( atoms 444 & to equally p]plex ! adepts ( sci5ce1 to disc\rage ! le>n]1 z well z to cl\d ! beauty & simplicity ( ! ,atomic ,!ory4 ,meantime ,dalton's m9d _h be5 turn+ to ! consid]ation ( ! relative sizes & weights ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ent]+ into comb9ation ) "o ano!r4 ,he argu$ t if !re be n exactly ! same numb] ( atoms ( oxyg5 9 a giv5 volume ( air z ( nitrog5 9 ! same volume1 !n ! sizes ( ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 mu/ be diff]5t f ^? ( nitrog54 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! absorption ( gases by wat]1 9 ! reciprocal diffusion ( gases1 z well z 9 ! ph5om5a ( *emical comb9ation1 /imulat$ ,dalton to det]m9e ! relative size & weight ( ! atoms ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,dalton said no?+ ( ! absolute weight ( ! atom4 ,b on ! assumption t :5 only "o comp\nd ( two elem5ts is kn[n to exi/1 ! molecule ( ! comp\nd consi/s ( "o atom ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts1 he proce$$ to inve/igate ! relative weights ( equal numb]s ( ! two sorts ( atoms4 ,9 #ahjc he pursu$ ?is inve/igation ) rem>kable success1 & tak+ hydrog5 7! lighte/ gas kn[n to him7 z unity1 he arriv$ at a /atem5t ( ! relative atomic weights ( oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bon1 etc4 ,dalton ?us introduc$ into ! /udy ( *emical comb9ation a v def9ite idea ( quantitative relation%ip4 ,by him ! atomic !ory ( ! con/itution ( matt] 0 made def9ite & applicable to all ! ph5om5a kn[n to *emi/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t+ by ,=d ,madox ,br[n ,by p]mission ( ! ,t[n ,hall ,committee ( ! ,man*e/] ,corporation ,,john ,,dalton ,,collect+ ,,m>% ,,gas ,dur+ ! foll[+ mon?s he return$ to ! /udy ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! same elem5ts comb9e to =m m ?an "o comp\nd4 ,we h se5 t oxyg5 unites ) nitric oxide to =m two comp\nds1 & t into ! "o comp\nd twice z mu* nitric oxide 7by weight7 ent]s z into ! o!r4 ,a l relation 0 f\nd 9 ! weight ( oxyg5 comb9+ ) c>bon 9 ! two comp\nds c>bon monoxide & c>bonic acid4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahjd he inve/igat$ ! composition ( two comp\nds ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 m>% gas 7me?ane7 & olefiant gas 7e?yl5e71 & f\nd t ! fir/ conta9$ j twice z mu* hydrog5 9 relation to ! c>bon z ! second comp\nd conta9$4 ,9 a s]ies ( comp\nds ( ! same two elem5ts "o atom ( "o unites ) "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m atoms ( ! o!r2 t is1 a simple ratio exi/s betwe5 ! weights 9 :i* ! second elem5t ent]s into comb9ation ) ! fir/4 ,?is law ( multiple proportions af=d$ confirmation ( ,dalton's atomic !ory1 or *emical !ory ( def9ite proportions4 ,)\t su* a !ory1 says ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe1 mod]n *emi/ry w\ld be a *aos2 ) x1 ord] reigns supreme1 & e app>5tly contradictory discov]y only m>ks out m di/9ctly ! value & importance ( ,dalton's "w4 ,9 #ahbf ,sir ,humphry ,davy recogniz$ ,dalton's s]vices to sci5ce 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,f9d+ t 9 c]ta9 comp\nds ( gase\s bodies ! same elem5ts always comb9$ 9 ! same proportions1 & t :5 !re 0 m ?an "o comb9ation ! quantity ( ! elem5ts always _h a con/ant relation1--su* z #a to #b1 or #a to #c1 or #a to #d1--;he expla9$ ?is fact on ! ,newtonian doctr9e ( indivisible atoms2 & cont5d$ t1 ! relative weight ( "o atom to t ( any o!r atom be+ kn[n1 its proportions or weight 9 all its comb9ations might be asc]ta9$1 ?us mak+ ! /atics ( *emi/ry dep5d ^u simple que/ions 9 subtraction or multiplication & enabl+ ! /ud5t to d$uce an imm5se numb] ( facts f a few well-au!nticat$ exp]im5tal results4 ,mr4 ,dalton's p]man5t reputation w re/ ^u 8 hav+ discov]$ a simple pr9ciple univ]sally applicable to ! facts ( *emi/ry1 9 fix+ ! proportions 9 :i* bodies comb9e1 & ?us lay+ ! f\ndation = future labors respect+ ! sublime & transc5d5tal p>ts ( ! sci5ce ( corpuscul> motion4 ,8 m]its 9 ?is respect resemble ^? ( ,kepl] 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 #ahjh ,dalton's atomic !ory receiv$ /rik+ confirmation ?r\gh ! inve/igations ( ! ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,gay-,lussac1 :o %[$ t gases1 "u simil> circum/ances ( temp]ature & pressure1 always comb9e 9 simple proportions by volume :5 !y act on "o ano!r1 & t :5 ! result ( ! union is a gas1 its volume also is 9 a simple ratio to ! volumes ( its compon5ts4 ,"o ( ,dalton's fri5ds summ$ up ! result ( ,gay-,lussac's rese>* 9 ?is simple fa%ion3 ,8 pap] is on ! comb9ation ( gases4 ,he f9ds t all unite 9 equal bulks1 or two bulks ( "o to "o ( ano!r1 or ?ree bulks ( "o to "o ( ano!r4 ,:5 ,dalton _h inve/igat$ ! relative weights ) :i* elem5ts comb9e1 he _h f\nd no simple ari?metical relation%ip betwe5 atomic weight & atomic weight4 ,:5 two or m comp\nds ( ! same elem5ts are =m$1 ,dalton f\nd1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 t ! proportion ( ! elem5t add$ to =m ! second or ?ird comp\nd is a multiple by weight ( ! fir/ quantity4 ,gay-,lussac n[ %[$ t gases1 9 :atev] proportions !y may comb9e1 always give rise to comp\nds ^: elem5ts by volume are multiples ( ea* o!r4 ,9 #ahaa ,avogadro1 9 an essay on ! relative masses ( atoms1 succe$$ 9 fur!r confirm+ ,dalton's !ory & 9 expla9+ ! atomic basis ( ,gay-,lussac's discov]y ( simple volume relations 9 ! =mation ( *emical comp\nds4 ,accord+ to ! ,italian sci5ti/ ! numb] ( molecules 9 all gases is always ! same = equal volumes1 or always proportional to ! volumes1 x be+ tak5 = grant$ t ! temp]ature & pressure are ! same = ea* gas4 ,dalton _h suppos$ t wat] is =m$ by ! union ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 atom = atom4 ,gay-,lussac f\nd t two volumes ( hydrog5 comb9$ ) "o volume ( oxyg5 to produce two volumes ( wat] vapor4 ,accord+ to ,avogadro ! wat] vapor conta9s twice z _m atoms ( hydrog5 z ( oxyg54 ,"o volume ( hydrog5 has ! same numb] ( molecules z "o volume ( oxyg54 ,:5 ! two volumes comb9e ) "o1 ! comb9ation does n take place1 z ,dalton _h suppos$1 atom = atom1 b ea* half-molecule ( oxyg5 comb9es ) "o molecule ( hydrog54 ,! symbol = wat] is1 !re=e1 n ,,ho b ,h#b,o4 ,en\gh has be5 said to e/abli% ,dalton's claim to be /yl$ a great lawgiv] ( *emical sci5ce4 ,8 influ5ce 9 fur!r advanc+ def9itely =mulat$ k ( physical ph5om5a c "h be indicat$ only 9 "p4 ,9 #ahjj he wrote a pap] ,on ! ,heat & ,cold produc$ by ! ,me*anical ,cond5sation & ,r>efaction ( ,air4 ,?is conta9s1 accord+ to ,dalton's biograph]1 ! fir/ quantitative /atem5t ( ! heat evolv$ by compression & ! heat evolv$ by dilatation4 ,8 contribution to ! !ory ( heat has be5 /at$ ?us3 ,! volume ( a gas "u con/ant pressure exp&s :5 rais$ to ! boil+ temp]ature by ! same fraction ( itself1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! gas4 ,9 #agih ,c\nt ,rum=d _h report$ to ! ,royal ,society 8 ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,s\rce ( ,heat excit$ by ,friction1 ! data = :i* _h be5 ga!r$ at ,muni*4 ,int]e/$ z he 0 9 ! practical problem ( provid+ heat = ! homes ( ! city poor1 ,rum=d _h be5 /ruck by ! am\nt ( heat develop$ 9 ! bor+-out ( cannon at ! ars5al4 ,he conclud$ t any?+ :i* c\ld be creat$ indef9itely by a process ( friction c\ld n be a sub/ance1 su* z sulphur or hydrog51 b mu/ be a mode ( motion4 ,9 ! same ye> ! y\?ful ,davy 0 foll[+ indep5d5tly ?is l9e ( inve/igation by rubb+ two pieces ( ice toge!r1 by clock-"w1 9 a vacuum4 ,! friction caus$ ! ice to melt1 al?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 und]tak5 9 a temp]ature ( #bi ,fahr5heit4 ,= ,james ,prescott ,j\le 7#ahah-ahhi71 :o came ( a family ( brew]s & 0 e>ly engag$ himself 9 ! brew+ indu/ry1 0 res]v$1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction ( discov]+ ! exact relation betwe5 heat & me*anical en]gy4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ *emi/ry "u ,dalton at ,man*e/]1 he became engross$ 9 physical exp]im5tation4 ,9 #ahdc he prep>$ a pap] ,on ! ,calorific ,effects ( ,magneto-,electricity & on ! ,me*anical ,value ( ,heat4 ,9 ?is he dealt ) ! relations betwe5 heat & ! ord9>y =ms ( me*anical p[]1 & demon/rat$ t ! me*anical en]gy sp5t 9 turn+ a magneto-electrical ma*9e is conv]t$ into ! heat evolv$ by ! passage ( ! curr5ts ( induction ?r\gh its coils2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! motive p[] ( ! electro-magnetic eng9e is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! heat due to ! *emical reactions ( ! batt]y by :i* x is work$4 ,9 #ahdd he proce$$ to apply ! pr9ciples ma9ta9$ 9 8 e>li] /udy to *anges ( temp]ature z relat$ to *anges 9 ! d5sity ( gases4 ,he 0 consci\s ( ! practical1 z well z ! !oretical1 import ( 8 inve/igation4 ,inde$1 x 0 ?r\gh ! det]m9ation by ?is illu/ri\s pupil ( ,dalton's ( ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by ! compression ( gases t "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e 0 lat] effect$4 ,j\le felt t 8 inve/igation at ! same "t confirm$ ! dynamical !ory ( heat :i* orig9at$ ) ,bacon1 & _h at a subsequ5t p]iod be5 s well support$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,rum=d1 ,davy1 & o!rs4 ,already1 9 ?is pap] ( ,june1 #ahdd1 ,j\le _h express$ ! hope ( asc]ta9+ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat ) ! accuracy t its importance = physical sci5ce dem&$4 ,he return$ to ?is "q aga9 & aga94 ,accord+ to 8 f9al result ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise "o p\nd ( wat] 9 temp]ature by "o degree ,fahr5heit is equival5t to ! me*anical en]gy requir$ to raise #ggb4ee p\nds ?r\gh a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,heat 0 ?us demon/rat$ to be a =m ( en]gy1 ! relation be+ con/ant betwe5 x & me*anical en]gy4 ,me*anical en]gy may be conv]t$ into heat2 if heat disappe>s1 "s o!r =m ( en]gy1 equival5t 9 am\nt to ! heat lo/1 mu/ replace x4 ,! doctr9e t a c]ta9 quantity ( heat is always equival5t to a c]ta9 am\nt ( me*anical en]gy is only a special case ( ! ,law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 fir/ cle>ly enunciat$ by ,j\le & ,helmholtz 9 #ahdg1 & g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ important sci5tific discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,roscoe1 ref]r+ to ! two life-siz$ m>ble /atues :i* face ea* o!r 9 ! ,man*e/] ,t[n ,hall1 says ) p>donable pride3 ,?us honor is done to ,man*e/]'s two greate/ sons--to ,dalton1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,*emi/ry & ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 & ! discov]] ( ! laws ( *emical comb9+ proportions2 to ,j\le1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,physics & ! discov]] ( ! ,law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,,ref]5ces ,alembic ,club ,repr9ts1 ,f\ndations ( ! ,atomic ,!ory4 ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 ,! ,gases ( ! ,atmosph]e & ! ,hi/ory ( _! ,discov]y4 ,sir ,h5ry ,e4 ,roscoe1 ,john ,dalton4 ,sir ,e4 ,?orpe1 ,essays 9 ,hi/orical ,*emi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,sci5ti/--,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy ,humphry ,davy 7#aggh-ahbi7 0 born 9 ,cornwall1 a "p ( ,engl& kn[n = its v mild climate & ! comb9$ beauty & maje/y ( its sc5]y4 ,on ei!r side ( ! p59sula ! ,atlantic 9 v>y+ mood lies ext5d$ 9 summ] sun%9e1 or f its %r\d ( mi/ ?und]s on ! black cliffs & _! "t-sculptur$ s&/ones4 ,f ! coa/ inl&1 /ret*1 betwe5 fl[]$ lanes & h$ges1 roll+ pa/ure-l&s ( ri* gre5 made all ! m vivid by ! deep r$di% t9t ( ! pl\gh$ fields4 ,9 ,p5zance1 !n a t[n ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& inhabitants1 & 9 its picturesque vic9ity1 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,davy's life 7 pass$4 ,across ! bay rose ! great vision ( ! gu>d$ m\nt 7,/4 ,mi*ael's7 ( :i* ,milton's v]se speaks4 ,f>!r to ! ea/ lay ,liz>d ,head1 ! s\!rnmo/ promontory ( ,engl&1 & a few miles to ! nor? ,/4 ,ives ) its sweep ( s&y bea*2 :ile n f> to ! we/ ( ,p5zance ,l&'s ,end /ood s5try ',twixt two unb\nd$ seas4 ,! y\?ful ,davy 0 ke5ly alive to ! *>ms ( 8 e>ly environm5t1 & 8 g5ius 0 susceptible to ! belief 9 sup]natural ag5cies native to ! imag9ative ,celtic p among :om he 0 re>$4 ,z a precoci\s *ild ( five he improvis$ rhymes1 & z a y\? set =? 9 excell5t v]se ! glories ( ,m\nt's ,bay3-- ,!re did ,i fir/ rejoice t ,i 0 born ,amid/ ! maje/y ( azure seas4 ,davy receiv$ :at is usually call$ a lib]al education1 putt+ 9 n9e ye>s 9 ! ,p5zance & "o ye> 9 ! ,truro ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,8 be/ ex]cises 7 translations f ! classics into ,engli% v]se4 ,he 0 r idle1 fond ( fi%+ 7an en?usiasm he reta9$ ?r\gh\t life7 & %oot+1 & less appreciat$ & belov$ by 8 ma/]s ?an by 8 s*ool-fell[s1 :o recogniz$ 8 wond]ful abilities1 s\ght 8 aid 9 _! ,lat9 compositions 7z well z 9 ! writ+ ( lett]s & val5t9es71 & li/5$ eag]ly to 8 imag9ative tales ( wond] & horror4 ,ye>s lat] he wrote to 8 "m3 ,aft] all1 ! way 9 :i* we are taught ,lat9 & ,greek does n mu* influ5ce ! important /ructure ( our m9ds4 ,i consid] x =tunate t ,i 0 left mu* to myself :5 a *ild1 & put ^u no p>ticul> plan ( /udy1 & t ,i enjoy$ mu* idl5ess at ,mr4 ,coryton's s*ool4 ,i p]haps owe to ^! circum/ances ! little tal5ts t ,i h & _! peculi> application4 ,:5 ,davy 0 ab\t sixte5 ye>s old1 8 fa!r di$1 leav+ ! wid[ & h] five *ildr51 ( :om ,humphry 0 ! elde/1 ) v scanty provision4 ,! m9d ( ! y\? seem$ to und]go an imm$iate *ange4 ,he express$ 8 resolution 7:i* he nobly c>ri$ out7 to play 8 "p z son & bro!r4 ,)9 a few weeks he became appr5tic$ to an apo!c>y & surgeon1 &1 hav+ ?us f\nd 8 vocation1 drew up 8 own p>ticul> plan ( self-education1 to :i* he rigidly adh]$4 ,8 bro!r1 ,dr4 ,john ,davy1 be>s witness t ! foll[+ is transcrib$ f a notebook ( ,humphry's1 be>+ ! date ( ! same ye> z 8 appr5tice%ip 7#agie73-- #a4 ,!ology or ,religion ,taught by ,nature4 ,e?ics or ,moral ,virtues by ,revelation4 #b4 ,geography4 #c4 ,my ,pr(ession-- #a4 ,botany4 #b4 ,ph>macy4 #c4 ,nosology4 #d4 ,anatomy4 #e4 ,surg]y4 #f4 ,*emi/ry4 #d4 ,logic4 #e4 ,language1 etc4 ,a s]ies ( essays :i* ,davy wrote 9 pursu+ 8 s*eme ( self-culture proves h[ rapidly 8 m9d drew away f ! sup]/itions :i* *>act]iz$ ! masses ( ! p among :om he liv$4 ,he _h z a boy be5 haunt$ by ! fe> ( mon/]s & wit*es 9 :i* ! cr$ul\s ( all classes !n believ$4 ,8 notebook %[s t he 0 n[ subject+ to exam9ation ! religi\s & political op9ions ( 8 "t4 ,he compos$ essays on ! immortality & immat]iality ( ! s\l1 on gov]nm5ts1 on ! cr$ulity ( mortals1 on ! dep5d5ce ( ! ?9k+ p[]s on ! organization ( ! body1 on ! ultimate end ( be+1 on happ9ess1 & on moral obligation4 ,he /udi$ ! writ+s ( ,locke1 ,h>tley1 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 ,helvetius1 ,condorcet1 & ,reid1 & knew some?+ ( ,g]man philosophy4 ,x 0 n till he 0 n9ete5 t ,davy ent]$ on ! exp]im5tal /udy ( *emi/ry4 ,guid$ by ! ,elem5ts ( ,lavoisi]1 enc\rag$ by ! fri5d%ip ( ,gregory ,watt 7a son ( ,james ,watt7 & by ano!r g5tleman ( univ]sity education1 /imulat$ by contact ) ! ,corni% m9+ indu/ry1 ,davy pursu$ ?is new /udy ) zeal1 & )9 a few mon?s _h writt5 two essays full ( d>+ g5]alizations on ! physical sci5ces4 ,^! 7 publi%$ e>ly 9 #agii4 ,p>tly on ! basis ( ! +5i\s exp]im5t m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 he came to ! conclusion t ,heat1 or t p[] :i* prev5ts ! actual contact ( ! corpuscles ( bodies1 & :i* is ! cause ( our peculi> s5sations ( heat & cold1 may be def9$ z a peculi> motion1 probably a vibration1 ( ! corpuscles ( bodies1 t5d+ to sep>ate !m4 ,o!r passages might be quot$ f ^! essays to %[ h[ ! gift$ y\? ( n9ete5 anticipat$ ! sci5ce ( subsequ5t decades1 b 9 ! ma9 ^! e>ly ef=ts 7 *>act]iz$ by ! faults ( ov]wr\ght speculation & incomplete v]ification4 ,he soon regrett$ ! premature publication ( 8 /udies4 ,:5 ,i consid]1 he wrote1 ! v>iety ( !ories t may be =m$ on ! sl5d] f\ndation ( "o or two facts1 ,i am conv9c$ t x is ! bus9ess ( ! true philosoph] to avoid !m altoge!r4 ,x is m labori\s to accumulate facts ?an to reason conc]n+ !m2 b "o good exp]im5t is ( m value ?an ! +5uity ( a bra9 l ,newton's4 ,9 ! mean "t ,davy _h be5 *os5 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,pneumatic ,in/itution at ,bri/ol by ,dr4 ,b$does1 its f\nd]4 ,x 0 support$ by ! contributions ( ,?omas ,w$gwood & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sons1 & aim$ at discov]+ by means ( exp]im5t ! physiological effect ( inhal+ diff]5t gases1 or factiti\s airs1 z !y 7 call$4 ,! f\nd+ ( su* an e/abli%m5t has be5 t]m$ a sci5tific ab]ration1 b ! use n[ made 9 m$ical practice ( oxyg51 nitr\s oxide1 *lor(orm1 & o!r inhalations be>s witness to ! sanity ( ! sort ( rese>* !re set on foot4 ,ev5 be=e go+ to ,bri/ol1 ,davy _h inhal$ small quantities ( nitr\s oxide mix$ ) air1 9 spite ( ! fact t ?is gas _h be5 held by a m$ical man to be ! pr9ciple ( contagion4 ,he n[ c>ri$ on a s]ies ( te/s1 & f9ally und]took an ext5d$ exp]im5t ) ! assi/ance ( a doctor4 ,9 an air-tight or box-*amb] he inhal$ great quantities ( ! suppos$ly dang]\s gas4 ,aft] he _h be5 9 ! box an h\r & a qu>t]1 he respir$ tw5ty qu>ts ( pure nitr\s oxide4 ,he describ$ ! exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,a ?rill+1 ext5d+ f ! *e/ to ! extremities1 0 almo/ imm$iately produc$4 ,i felt a s5se ( tangible ext5sion highly pleasurable 9 e limb2 my visible impressions 7 dazzl+1 & app>5tly magnifi$2 ,i he>d e s\nd 9 ! room1 & 0 p]fectly aw>e ( my situation4 ,by degrees1 z ! pleasurable s5sations increas$1 ,i lo/ all connection ) ext]nal ?+s2 tra9s ( vivid visible images rapidly pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 & 7 connect$ ) words 9 su* a mann]1 z to produce p]ceptions p]fectly novel4 ,i exi/$ 9 a _w ( newly connect$ & newly modifi$ ideas3 ,i !oriz$1 ,i imag9$ t ,i made discov]ies4 ,:5 ,i 0 awak5$ f ?is semi-deliri\s trance by ,dr4 ,k+lake1 :o took ! bag f my m\?1 indignation & pride 7 ! fir/ feel+s produc$ by ! sight ( ! p]sons ab\t me4 ,my emotions 7 en?usia/ic & sublime1 & = a m9ute ,i walk$ r\nd ! room p]fectly reg>dless ( :at 0 said to me4 ,z ,i recov]$ my =m] /ate ( m9d1 ,i felt an incl9ation to communicate ! discov]ies ,i _h made dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,i endeavor$ to recall ! ideas3 !y 7 feeble & indi/9ct2 "o collection ( t]ms1 h[ev]1 pres5t$ itself2 & ) ! mo/ int5se belief & prophetic mann]1 ,i exclaim$ to ,dr4 ,k+lake1 ',no?+ exi/s b ?\ghts6 ,! univ]se is compos$ ( impressions1 ideas1 pleasures & pa9s6' ,davy ar\s$ ! admiration & int]e/ ( e "o :o met him4 ,a lit]>y man to :om he 0 introduc$ %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,bri/ol spoke ( ! intellectual "* ( ! "y man's face4 ,8 eye 0 pi]c+1 & :5 he 0 n engag$ 9 conv]sation1 its expression indicat$ ab/raction1 z ?\gh 8 m9d 7 pursu+ "s sev]e tra9 ( ?\ght sc>cely to be int]rupt$ by ext]nal objects2 &1 ?is writ] adds1 8 +5u\sness impress$ me z mu* z 8 m5tal sup]iority4 ,mrs4 ,b$does1 a gay1 witty1 & elegant lady1 & an ard5t admir] ( ! y\?ful sci5ti/1 0 a si/] ( ,m>ia ,edgewor?4 ,! noveli/'s tol]ance ( ,davy's en?usiasm soon pass$ into a cle> recognition ( 8 comm&+ g5ius4 ,col]idge1 ,s\!y1 & o!r cong5ial fri5ds1 :om ! *emi/ met "u ,dr4 ,b$does' ro(1 %>$ 9 ! g5]al admiration ( 8 m5tal & social qualities4 ,s\!y spoke ( him z a miracul\s "y man1 at ^: tal5ts he c\ld only wond]4 ,col]idge1 :5 ask$ h[ ,davy comp>$ ) ! clev]e/ m5 he _h met on a visit to ,london1 repli$ expressively3 ,:y1 ,davy c eat !m all6 ,!re is an en]gy1 an ela/icity 9 8 m9d1 :i* enables him to seize on & analyze all que/ions1 pu%+ !m to _! legitimate consequ5ces4 ,e subject 9 ,davy's m9d has ! pr9ciple ( vitality4 ,liv+ ?\ghts spr+ up l turf "u 8 feet4 ,he ?\ght t if ,davy _h n be5 ! fir/ *emi/ he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ poet ( ! age4 ,_! correspond5ce atte/s ! intimate int]*ange ( ideas & s5tim5ts betwe5 ^! two m5 ( g5ius1 s diff]5t1 yet ) s mu* 9 common4 ,9 #ahja ,davy 0 appo9t$ assi/ant lectur] 9 *emi/ry at ! ,royal ,in/itution 7,albem>le ,/reet1 ,london71 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ f philan?ropic motives by ,c\nt ,rum=d 9 #agii4 ,its aim 0 to promote ! application ( sci5ce to ! common purposes ( life4 ,its f\nd] desir$ :ile b5efit+ ! poor to enli/ ! sympa?ies ( ! fa%ionable _w4 ,davy1 ) a zeal = ! cause ( humanity & a cle> recognition ( ! value ( a k ( *emi/ry 9 te*nical indu/ries & o!r daily occupations1 l5t himself readily to ! f\nd]'s plans4 ,8 success z a public expositor ( sci5ce soon won him promotion to ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry 9 ! new in/itution1 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce an int]e/ 9 sci5tific inve/igation became ! vogue ( ,london society4 ,8 popul>ity z a lectur] 0 s great t 8 be/ fri5ds fe>$ t ! head ( ! brilliant prov9cial y\? ( tw5ty-two might be turn$ by ! adulation ( :i* he soon became ! object4 ,i h read1 writes 8 bro!r1 copies ( v]ses address$ to him !n1 444 anonym\s effusions1 "s ( !m display+ mu* poetical ta/e z well z f]vor ( writ+1 & all %[+ ! influ5ce :i* 8 appe>ance & mann] _h on ! m susceptible ( 8 audi5ce4 ,8 /udy ( ! tann+ indu/ry 7#ahja-ahjb7 & 8 lectures on agricultural *emi/ry 7#ahjc-ahac7 are indicative ( ! e>ly purpose ( ! ,royal ,in/itution & ( ,davy's lifelong incl9ation4 ,! focus ( 8 sci5tific int]e/1 h[ev]1 re/$ on ! fur!rance ( ! application ( ! electrical /udies ( ,galvani & ,volta 9 *emical analysis4 ,9 a lett] to ! *airman ( manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ,volta _h 9 #ahjj describ$ 8 voltaic pile made up ( a succession ( z9c & copp] plates 9 pairs sep>at$ by a moi/ conductor1 & be=e ! end ( ! same ye> ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle _h employ$ an electric curr5t1 produc$ by ?is newly devis$ app>atus1 9 ! decomposition ( wat] into its elem5ts4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye> ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e /ates3 ,we h also to notice a c\rse ( lectures1 j comm5c$ at ! in/itution1 on a new bran* ( philosophy--we mean ,galvanic ,ph5om5a4 ,on ?is int]e/+ bran* ,mr4 ,davy 7late ( ,bri/ol7 gave ! fir/ lecture on ! #be? ( ,april4 ,he began ) ! hi/ory ( ,galvanism1 detail$ ! successive discov]ies1 & describ$ ! diff]5t me?ods ( accumulat+ influ5ce4444 ,he %[$ ! effects ( galvanism on ! legs ( frogs1 & exhibit$ "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! galvanic effects on ! solutions ( metals 9 acids4 ,9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahjf1 ,on ,"s ,*emical ,ag5cies ( ,electricity1 ,davy put on record ! result ( ye>s ( exp]im5t4 ,= example1 z /at$ by 8 biograph]1 he _h connect$ a cup ( gypsum ) "o ( agate by means ( asbe/os1 & fill+ ea* ) purifi$ wat]1 _h ins]t$ ! negative wire ( ! batt]y 9 ! agate cup1 & ! positive wire 9 t ( ! sulphate ( lime4 ,9 ab\t f\r h\rs he _h f\nd a /rong solution ( lime 9 ! agate cup1 & sulphuric acid 9 ! cup ( gypsum4 ,on 8 rev]s+ ! arrangem5t1 & c>ry+ on ! process = a simil> l5g? ( "t1 ! sulphuric acid appe>$ 9 ! agate cup1 & ! solution ( lime on ! opposite side4 ,x 0 ?us t he /udi$ ! transf] ( c]ta9 ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( bodies by ! action ( electricity4 ,x is v natural to suppose1 says ,davy1 t ! repell5t & attractive en]gies are communicat$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r p>ticle ( ! same k9d1 s z to e/abli% a conduct+ *a9 9 ! fluid4 ,!re may be a succession ( decompositions & recompositions be=e ! electrolysis is complete4 ,! publication ( ?is pap] 9 #ahjf attract$ mu* att5tion abroad1 & ga9$ = him--9 spite ( ! fact t ,engl& & ,france 7 !n at w>--a m$al aw>d$1 "u an arrangem5t in/itut$ by ,napoleon a few ye>s previ\sly1 = ! be/ exp]im5tal "w on ! subject ( electricity4 ,"s p1 said ,davy1 say ,i ought n to accept ?is prize2 & !re h be5 fooli% p>agraphs 9 ! pap]s to t effect2 b if ! two c\ntries or gov]nm5ts are at w>1 ! m5 ( sci5ce are n4 ,t w\ld1 inde$1 be a civil w> ( ! wor/ description3 we %\ld r1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( m5 ( sci5ce1 s(t5 ! asp]ities ( national ho/ility4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,davy report$ o!r *emical *anges produc$ by electricity2 he _h succe$$ 9 decompos+ ! fix$ alkalis & discov]+ ! elem5ts potassium & sodium4 ,to analyze a small piece ( pure pota% slightly moi/ f ! atmosph]e1 he _h plac$ x on an insulat$ plat9um disk connect$ ) ! negative side ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,a plat9um wire connect$ ) ! positive side 0 br\ght 9 contact ) ! upp] surface ( ! alkali4 ,! pota% began to fuse at bo? its po9ts ( electrization4 ,at ! l[] 7negative7 surface small globules hav+ a high metallic lu/] l quicksilv] appe>$1 "s ( :i* burn$ ) explosion & flame :ile o!rs rema9$ & became t>ni%$4 ,:5 ,davy saw ^! globules ( a hi!rto unkn[n metal1 he danc$ ab\t ! laboratory 9 ec/asy & = "s "t 0 too mu* excit$ to cont9ue 8 exp]im5ts4 ,aft] recov]+ f a v sev]e illness1 ow+ 9 ! judgm5t ( "s to ov]application to exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & 9 8 own judgm5t to a visit to ,newgate ,prison ) ! purpose ( improv+ its sanit>y condition1 ,davy made an inve/igation ( ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,he fail$ 9 8 endeavor to obta9 f ^! s\rces pure metals1 b he gave names to b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 & magnesium1 conjectur+ t ! alkal9e e>?s 71 l pota% & soda1 metallic oxides4 ,9 addition ,davy anticipat$ ! isolation ( silicon1 alum9ium1 & zirconium4 ,no d\bt :at gave special ze/ to 8 /udy ( ! alkalis 0 ! hope ( ov]?r[+ ! doctr9e ( ,fr5* *emi/s t oxyg5 0 ! ess5tial elem5t ( e acid4 ,lavoisi] _h giv5 x1 inde$1 ! "n oxyg5 7acid-produc]7 on t supposition4 ,davy %[$1 h[ev]1 t ?is elem5t is a con/itu5t ( _m alkalis4 ,9 #ahaj he advanc$ 8 controv]sy by expla9+ ! nature ( *lor9e4 ,discov]$ long be=e by ! indefatigable ,s*eele1 x bore at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "n oxymuriatic acid4 ,davy prov$ t x conta9$ nei!r oxyg5 nor muriatic 7hydro*loric7 acid 7?\gh1 z we "k1 x =ms1 ) hydrog51 muriatic acid74 ,he gave ! "n *lor9e because ( ! color ( ! gas 71 pale gre574 ,davy /udi$ lat] ! comp\nds ( fluor9e1 & ?\gh unable to isolate ! elem5t1 conjectur$ its lik5ess to *lor9e4 ,he lectur$ be=e ! ,dubl9 ,society 9 #ahaj1 & aga9 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 on ! occasion ( 8 second visit receiv+ ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 f ,tr9ity ,college4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahab1 & 0 m>ri$ to a h&some1 intellectual1 & weal?y lady4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,honor>y ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,8 new indep5d5ce gave him full lib]ty to pursue 8 sci5tific int]e/s4 ,t[>d ! close ( #ahab he writes to ,lady ,davy3-- ,ye/]day ,i began "s new exp]im5ts to :i* a v int]e/+ discov]y & a slight accid5t put an end4 ,i made use ( a comp\nd m p[]ful ?an gunp[d] de/9$ p]haps at "s "t to *ange ! nature ( w> & influ5ce ! /ate ( society4 ,an explosion took place :i* has done me no o!r h>m ?an t ( prev5t+ me f work+ ?is day & ! effects ( :i* w be gone to-morr[ & :i* ,i %\ld n m5tion at all1 except t y may he> "s fooli% exagg]at$ acc\nt ( x1 = x really is n wor? m5tion+4444 ,! comp\nd on ! inve/igation ( :i* he 0 !n engag$ is n[ kn[n z ! tri*loride ( nitrog54 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahac ,sir ,humphry & ,lady ,davy1 accompani$ by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :o on ,davy's recomm5dation _h 9 ! spr+ ( ! same ye> receiv$ a po/ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 set out1 9 spite ( ! cont9uance ( ! w>1 on a ,cont95tal t\r4 ,at ,p>is ,sir ,humphry 0 welcom$ by ! ,fr5* sci5ti/s ) e m>k ( di/9ction4 ,a sub/ance :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! a%es ( seawe$ two ye>s previ\sly1 by a soap-boil] & manufactur] ( saltpet]1 0 submitt$ to ,davy = *emical exam9ation4 ,until ,davy's arrival 9 ,p>is little _h be5 done to det]m9e its real "*4 ,on ,decemb] #f ,gay-,lussac pres5t$ a brief report on ! new sub/ance1 :i* he nam$ iode & consid]$ analog\s to *lor9e4 ,davy1 work+ ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 rivals1 0 able a week lat] to sket* ! *ief *>act]s ( ?is new elem5t1 n[ kn[n by ! "n he *ose = x--iod9e4 ,we h pass$ ov] 8 inve/igation ( boracic acid1 ammonium nitrate1 & o!r comp\nds2 we c m]ely m5tion 9 pass+ 8 lat] /udies ( ! diamond & o!r =ms ( c>bon1 ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! pigm5ts us$ by ! anci5ts1 8 inve/igation ( ! torp$o fi%1 & 8 anticipation ( ! arc light4 ,x seems fitt+ t ,sir ,humphry ,davy %\ld be popul>ly rememb]$ = 8 inv5tion ( ! m9]'s safety-lamp4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! developm5t ( ! iron indu/ry1 ! increas+ use ( ! /eam eng9e & ( ma*9]y 9 g5]al l$ to great activity & ent]prise 9 ! work+ ( ! coal m9es4 ,colli]y explosions ( fire-damp 7m>% gas7 became al>m+ly frequ5t1 especially 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,! m9e-own]s 9 "s cases s\ght to suppress ! news ( fatalities4 ,a society1 h[ev]1 0 =m$ to protect ! m9]s f injury ?r\gh gas explosions1 & ,davy 0 ask$ = advice4 ,on 8 return f ! ,cont95t 9 #ahae he appli$ himself en]getically to ! matt]4 ,he visit$ ! m9es & analyz$ ! gas4 ,he f\nd t fire-damp explodes only at high temp]ature1 & t ! flame ( ?is explosive mixture w n pass ?r\gh small ap]tures4 ,a m9]'s lamp 0 !re=e con/ruct$ ) wire gauze ab\t ! flame to admit air = combu/ion4 ,! fire-damp ent]+ ! gauze burn$ quietly inside1 b c\ld n c>ry a high en\gh temp]ature ?r\gh ! gauze to explode ! l>ge quantity outside4 ,to "o ( ! memb]s ( ! philan?ropic society :i* _h appeal$ to him ,davy wrote3 ,i h nev] receiv$ s mu* pleasure f ! result ( any ( my *emical lab\rs2 = ,i tru/ ! cause ( humanity w ga9 some?+ by x4 ,davy 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahbj1 & reta9$ t dignity till he felt compell$ by ill heal? to rel9qui% x 9 #ahbg4 ,x 0 8 wi%1 says 8 bro!r1 to h se5 ! ,royal ,society an effici5t e/abli%m5t = all ! great practical purposes ( sci5ce1 simil> to ! college contemplat$ by ,"l ,bacon1 & sket*$ 9 8 ,new ,atlantis2 hav+ subord9ate to x ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* = a/ronomy2 ! ,briti% ,museum1 = natural hi/ory1 9 its mo/ ext5sive acceptation4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 aft] a life cr[d$ ) spl5did a*ievem5ts1 di$ at ,g5eva 9 #ahbi ) _m ( 8 noble/ dreams unfulfill$4 ,=tunately 9 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :o is sometimes ref]r$ to z ! greate/ ( 8 discov]ies1 he _h a successor :o 0 fully adequate to ! task ( fur!r+ ! v>i\s inve/igations t 8 g5ius _h set on foot1 & :o1 to ! majority ( m5 ( mature m9d1 is no less p]sonally int]e/+ ?an ! ,corni% sci5ti/1 poet1 & philosoph]4 ,,ref]5ces ,john ,davy1 ,works ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,john ,davy1 ,fragm5t>y ,rema9s1 lit]>y & sci5tific1 ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,b>t4 ,b5ce ,jones1 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday4 ,john ,tyndall1 ,f>aday z a ,discov]]4 ,e4 v4 ,mey]1 ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday2 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,sir ,edw>d ,?orpe1 ,humphry ,davy1 ,poet & ,philosoph]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,sci5tific ,,pr$iction--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,neptune ,"u ?is head+ we h to consid] a s+le illu/ration--! pr$iction1 & ! discov]y1 9 #ahdf1 ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,?is ev5t r\s$ great en?usiasm among sci5ti/s z well z 9 ! popul> m9d1 af=d$ pro( ( ! reliability ( ! ,newtonian hypo!sis1 & demon/rat$ ! precision to :i* ! calculation ( cele/ial motions _h atta9$4 ,sci5tific law appe>$ n m]ely z a =mulation & explanation ( obs]v$ ph5om5a b z a means = ! discov]y ( new tru?s4 ,w\ld x n be admirable1 wrote ,valz to ,arago 9 #ahce1 to arrive ?us at a k ( ! exi/5ce ( a body :i* _c be p]ceiv$8 ,! pr$iction & discov]y ( ,neptune1 to :i* _m m9ds contribut$1 & :i* has be5 describ$ ) a %[ ( ju/ice z a movem5t ( ! times1 arose f ! previ\s discov]y ( ! planet ,uranus by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 #agha4 ,aft] t ev5t ,bode sugge/$ t x 0 possible o!r a/ronom]s _h obs]v$ ,uranus be=e1 )\t recogniz+ x z a planet4 ,by a /udy ( ! /> catalogues ?is conjecture 0 soon v]ifi$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ,flam/e$ _h made1 9 #afij1 ! fir/ obs]vation ( ! heav5ly body n[ call$ ,uranus4 ,ultimately x 0 %[n t !re 7 at lea/ sev5te5 simil> obs]vations prior to #agha4 ,x might naturally be suppos$ t ^! s-call$ anci5t obs]vations w\ld lead to a ready det]m9ation ( ! planet's orbit1 mass1 mean di/ance1 longitude ) ref]5ce to ! sun1 etc4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 seem$ to be ! case4 ,:5 ,alexis ,b\v>d1 ! associate ( ,laplace1 prep>$ 9 #ahba tables ( ,uranus1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,mcanique ,cle/e1 he 0 unable to fix an orbit = ,uranus :i* w\ld h>monize ) ! data ( anci5t & mod]n obs]vations1 t is1 ^? antec$5t & subsequ5t to ,h]s*el's discov]y 9 #agha4 ,if he comput$ an orbit f ! two sets ( data comb9$1 ! requirem5ts ( ! e>li] obs]vations 7 fairly well met1 b ! lat] obs]vations 7 n repres5t$ ) suffici5t precision4 ,if on ! o!r h& only ! mod]n data 7 tak5 into acc\nt1 tables c\ld be con/ruct$ meet+ all ! obs]vations subsequ5t to #agha1 b fail+ to satisfy ^? prior to t date4 ,a consi/5t result c\ld be obta9$ only by sacrific+ ! mod]n or ! anci5t obs]vations4 ,i h ?\ght x pref]able1 says ,b\v>d1 to abide by ! second alt]native1 z be+ t :i* comb9es ! great] numb] ( probabilities 9 favor ( ! tru?1 & ,i leave x to ! future to make kn[n :e!r ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! two sy/ems result f ! inaccuracy ( anci5t obs]vations1 or :e!r x dep5d ^u "s extrane\s & unkn[n influ5ce1 :i* has act$ on ! planet4 ,x 0 n till ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,alexis ,b\v>d t ! extrane\s influ5ce1 ( :i* he ?us gave 9 #ahba "s indication1 became fully kn[n4 ,almo/ imm$iately1 h[ev]1 aft] ! publication ( ! tables1 fre% discrepancies arose betwe5 computation & obs]vation4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahcb ,pr(essor ,airy 9 a pap] on ! ,progress ( ,a/ronomy %[$ t obs]vational data 9 ref]5ce to ! planet ,uranus div]g$ widely f ! tables ( #ahba4 ,9 #ahcc ?r\gh 8 influ5ce ! r$uction ( all ! planet>y obs]vations made at ,gre5wi* f #agej 0 und]tak54 ,airy became ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 #ahce1 & cont9u$ to take special int]e/ 9 ,uranus1 lay+ p>ticul> emphasis on ! fact t ! radius vector assign$ 9 ! tables to ?is planet 0 mu* too small4 ,9 #ahcd ! ,rev]5d ,t4 ,j4 ,hussey1 an amateur a/ronom]1 _h writt5 to ,airy 9 ref]5ce to ! irregul>ities 9 ! orbit ( ,uranus3 ,! app>5tly inexplicable discrepancies betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n obs]vations sugge/$ to me ! possibility ( "s di/urb+ body beyond ,uranus1 n tak5 into acc\nt because unkn[n4444 ,subsequ5tly1 9 conv]sation ) ,b\v>d1 ,i inquir$ if ! above might n be ! case4 ,b\v>d answ]$ t ! idea _h occurr$ to him2 inde$1 he _h _h "s correspond5ce 9 ref]5ce to x 9 #ahbi ) ,hans51 an au?ority on planet>y p]turbations4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,nicolai 7z well z ,valz7 0 int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( an ultra-,uranian planet 9 connection ) ! orbit ( ,halley's comet 7itself ! subject ( a /rik+ sci5tific pr$iction fulfill$ 9 #ageh71 n[ reappe>+1 & "u ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ,jupit]4 ,9 fact1 ! probability ( ! approa*+ discov]y ( a new planet soon f\nd expression 9 popul> treatises on a/ronomy4 ,mrs4 ,som]ville 9 h] book on ,! ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces 7#ahcf7 said t ! discrepancies 9 ! records ( ,uranus might reveal ! exi/5ce & ev5 ! mass & orbit ( a body plac$ = ev] beyond ! sph]e ( vision4 ,simil>ly ,mdl] 9 8 ,popul> ,a/ronomy 7#ahda7 took ! view t ,uranus might h be5 pr$ict$ by /udy ( ! p]turbations x produc$ 9 ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,apply+ ?is conclusion to a body beyond ,uranus we1 he cont9u$1 may1 inde$1 express ! hope t analysis w "o day or o!r solemnize ?is1 h] highe/1 triumph1 mak+ discov]ies ) ! m9d's eye 9 regions :]e1 9 our actual /ate1 we are unable to p5etrate4 ,"o %\ld n pass ov] 9 ?is acc\nt ! labors ( ,eugne ,b\v>d1 ! nephew ( ,alexis1 :o cont9u$ to note anomalies 9 ! orbit ( ,uranus & to con/ruct new planet>y tables till ! v eve ( ! discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,9 #ahcg he wrote to ,airy t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! obs]vations ( ,uranus & ! calculation 7 l>ge & 7 becom+ cont9ually l>g]3 ,is t ow+ to a p]turbation br\ght ab\t 9 ?is planet by "s body situat$ beyond x8 ,i don't "k1 b t's my uncle's op9ion4 ,9 #ahdj ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom] ,bessel decl>$ t attempts to expla9 ! discrepancies mu/ be bas$ on ! endeavor to discov] an orbit & a mass = "s unkn[n planet1 ( su* a nature1 t ! result+ p]turbations ( ,uranus may reconcile ! pres5t want ( h>mony 9 ! obs]vations4 ,two ye>s lat] he und]took rese>*es 9 ref]5ce to ! new planet ( ^: exi/5ce he felt c]ta94 ,8 labors1 h[ev]1 7 int]rupt$ by ! dea? ( 8 assi/ant ,flemm+1 & by 8 own illness1 :i* prov$ fatal 9 #ahdf1 a few mon?s be=e ! actual discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,x is evid5t t ! que/ ( ! new planet _h become g5]al4 ,! error ( ,uranus /ill am\nt$ to less ?an two m9utes4 ,?is deviation f ! comput$ place is n appreciable by ! nak$ eye1 yet x 0 felt1 by ! sci5tific _w1 to *all5ge ! validity ( ! ,newtonian !ory1 or to =e%ad[ ! addition ( /ill ano!r planet to our sol> sy/em4 ,9 ,july1 #ahda1 ,john ,c\* ,adams1 a "y und]graduate ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ^: int]e/ _h be5 ar\s$ by read+ ,airy's pap] on ! ,progress ( ,a/ronomy1 made note ( 8 resolution to attempt1 aft] complet+ 8 college c\rse1 ! solution ( ! problem !n =m+ 9 s _m m9ds4 ,aft] a*iev+ ! ,b4,a4 z s5ior wrangl] at ! beg9n+ ( #ahdc1 ,adams und]took to f9d ! mo/ probable orbit & mass ( ! di/urb+ body :i* has act$ on ,uranus4 ,! ord9>y problem 9 planet>y p]turbations calls = ! det]m9ation ( ! effect on a kn[n orbit ex]t$ by a body ( kn[n mass & motion4 ,?is 0 an inv]se problem2 ! p]turbation be+ giv51 x 0 requir$ to f9d ! position1 mass1 & orbit ( ! di/urb+ planet4 ,! data 7 fur!r equivocal 9 t ! elem5ts ( ! giv5 planet ,uranus 7 !mselves 9 d\bt2 ! unreliability ( its planet>y tables1 9 fact1 be+ ! occasion ( ! inve/igation n[ und]tak54 ,t ?irte5 unkn[n quantities 7 involv$ indicates suffici5tly ! difficulty ( ! problem4 ,adams />t$ ) ! assumptions1 n improbable1 t ! orbit ( ! unkn[n planet 0 a circle1 & t its di/ance f ! sun 0 twice t ( ,uranus4 ,?is latt] assumption 0 9 accord ) ! s-call$ ,bode's ,law1 :i* taught t a simple num]ical relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ! planet>y di/ances 7#d1 #g1 #aj1 #af1 #bh1 #eb1 #ajj1 #aif71 & t ! planets z !y lie m remote f ! sun t5d to be m ne>ly d\ble ! di/ance ( ! next prec$+4 ,adams 0 enc\rag$1 by 8 fir/ attempt1 to und]take a m precise det]m9ation4 ,on 8 behalf ,pr(essor ,*allis ( ,cambridge appli$ to ,a/ronom] ,royal ,airy1 :o furni%$ ! ,r$uctions ( ! ,planet>y ,obs]vations made at ,gre5wi* f #agej till #ahcj4 ,9 8 second endeavor ,adams assum$ t ! unkn[n planet _h an elliptical orbit4 ,he approa*$ ! solution gradually1 ev] tak+ into acc\nt m t]ms ( ! p]turbations4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahde1 he gave ! results to ,*allis1 :o wrote to ,airy on ! #bb;d ( t mon? t ,adams s\ght an opportunity to submit ! solution p]sonally to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #ahde1 ! "y ma!matician1 twice disappo9t$ 9 8 attempt to meet ,airy1 left at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory a pap] conta9+ ! elem5ts ( ! new planet4 ,! position assign$ to x 0 )9 ab\t "o degree ( its actual place4 ,on ,novemb] #e ,airy wrote to ,adams &1 among o!r ?+s1 inquir$ :e!r ! solution obta9$ w\ld acc\nt = ! errors ( ! radius vector z well z = ^? ( helioc5tric longitude4 ,= ,airy ?is 0 a crucial "q2 b to ,adams x seem$ uness5tial1 & he fail$ to reply4 ,by ?is "t a =midable rival _h ent]$ ! field4 ,lev]ri] at ! reque/ ( ,arago _h und]tak5 to inve/igate ! irregul>ities 9 ! tables ( ,uranus4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> ,eugne ,b\v>d _h pres5t$ new tables ( t planet4 ,lev]ri] act$ v promptly & sy/ematically4 ,8 fir/ pap] on ! problem und]tak5 appe>$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ,novemb] #aj1 #ahde4 ,he _h submitt$ to rigor\s exam9ation ! data 9 ref]5ce to ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ,jupit] & ( ,saturn on ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,9 8 second pap]1 ,june #a1 #ahdf1 ,lev]ri] review$ ! records ( ! anci5t & mod]n obs]vations ( ,uranus 7#bgi 9 all71 subject$ ,b\v>d's tables to sev]e criticism1 & decid$ t !re exi/$ 9 ! orbit ( ,uranus anomalies t c\ld n be acc\nt$ due to errors ( obs]vation4 ,!re mu/ exi/ "s extrane\s influ5ce1 hi!rto unkn[n to a/ronom]s4 ,"s sci5ti/s _h ?\ght t ! law ( gravitation did n hold at ! conf9es ( ! sol> sy/em 7o!rs t ! attractive =ce ( o!r sy/ems might prove a factor71 b ,lev]ri] reject$ ?is conception4 ,o!r !ories be+ likewise disc>d$ he ask$3 ,is x possible t ! irregul>ities ( ,uranus are due to ! action ( a di/urb+ planet1 situat$ 9 ! ecliptic at a mean di/ance d\ble t ( ,uranus8 ,& if s1 at :at po9t is ?is planet situat$8 ,:at is its mass8 ,:at are ! elem5ts ( ! orbit :i* x describes8 ,! conclusion rea*$ by ! calculations record$ 9 ?is second pap] 0 t all ! s-call$ anomalies 9 ! obs]vations ( ,uranus c\ld be expla9$ z ! p]turbation caus$ by a planet ) a helioc5tric longitude ( #beb on ,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,?is w\ld correspond to #cbe ,janu>y #a1 #ahdg4 ,airy receiv$ ,lev]ri]'s second pap] on ,june #bc1 & 0 /ruck by ! fact t ! ,fr5* ma!matician assign$ ! same place to ! new planet z _h ,adams 9 ! prec$+ ,octob]4 ,he wrote to ,lev]ri] 9 ref]5ce to ! errors ( ! radius vector & receiv$ a satisfactory & suffici5tly compliant reply4 ,at "o "t ! ,a/ronom] ,royal _h felt v skeptical ab\t ! possibility ( ! discov]y :i* 8 own labors _h contribut$ to advance4 ,he _h always1 to quote 8 own r nebul\s /atem5t1 consid]$ ! correctness ( a di/ant ma!matical result to be ! subject ( moral r ?an ( ma!matical evid5ce4 ,n[ t corroboration ( ,adams's results _h arriv$1 he felt x urg5t to make a telescopic exam9ation ( t "p ( ! heav5s indicat$ by ! !oretical f9d+s ( ,adams & ,lev]ri]4 ,he accord+ly wrote to ,pr(essor ,*allis1 ,july #i1 reque/+ him to employ = ! purpose ! great ,nor?umb]l& equatorial ( ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory4 ,pr(essor ,*allis _h felt1 to use 8 own language1 t x 0 s novel a ?+ to und]take obs]vations 9 reliance ^u m]ely !oretical d$uctions1 t1 :ile mu* labor 0 c]ta91 success appe>$ v d\btful4 ,nev]!less1 hav+ receiv$ fre% in/ructions f ,adams relative to ! !oretical place ( ! new planet1 he began obs]vations ,july #bi4 ,on ,augu/ #d 9 fix+ c]ta9 ref]5ce po9ts he not$1 b mi/ook = a />1 ! new planet4 ,on ,augu/ #ab1 hav+ direct$ ! telescope 9 accordance ) ,adams's in/ructions he aga9 not$ ! same heav5ly body1 z a />4 ,be=e ,*allis _h comp>$ ! results ( ! obs]vation ( ,augu/ #ab ) ! results ( an obs]vation ( ! same region made on ,july #cj1 & arriv$ at ! inf]5ce t ! body 9 "q1 be+ abs5t 9 ! latt] obs]vation1 0 n a /> b a planet1 ! prize ( discov]y _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ano!r obs]v]4 ,on ,augu/ #ca _h appe>$ ,lev]ri]'s ?ird pap]1 9 :i* 7 /at$ ! new planet's orbit1 mass1 di/ance f ! sun1 ecc5tricity1 & longitude4 ,! true helioc5tric longitude 0 giv5 z #cbf #cb' = ,janu>y #a1 #ahdg4 ,?is det]m9ation plac$ ! planet ab\t #e to ! ea/ ( /> ( ,capricorn4 ,lev]ri] said x might be recogniz$ by its disk1 :i*1 moreov]1 w\ld subt5d a c]ta9 angle4 ,! sy/ematic & conclusive "* ( ,lev]ri]'s rese>*1 submitt$ to "o ( ! greate/ academies ( sci5ce1 c>ri$ conviction to ! m9ds ( a/ronom]s4 ,! le>n$ _w felt itself on ! eve ( a great discov]y4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 an address be=e ! ,briti% ,association on ,septemb] #aj1 said t ! ye> pa/ _h giv5 prospect ( a new planet4 ,we see x z ,columbus saw ,am]ica f ! %ores ( ,spa94 ,its movem5ts h be5 felt trembl+ along ! f>-rea*+ l9e ( our analysis ) a c]ta9ty h>dly inf]ior to ocul> demon/ration4 ,on ,septemb] #ah ,lev]ri] s5t a lett] to ,dr4 ,galle1 ( ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory1 :i* 0 provid$ ) a set ( /> maps1 prep>$ at ! in/ance ( ,bessel4 ,galle repli$ "o week lat]4 ,! planet1 ( ! position ( :i* y gave ! indication1 really exi/s4 ,! same day t ,i receiv$ y\r lett] ,septemb] #bc ,i f\nd a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 :i* 0 n inscrib$ 9 ! excell5t map 7prep>$ by ,dr4 ,bremik]7 belong+ to ! collection ( /> maps ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l94 ,! obs]vation ( ! foll[+ day %[$ decisively t x 0 ! planet s\ght4 ,x 0 only #eg' f ! po9t pr$ict$4 ,arago said t ! discov]y made by ,lev]ri] 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant manife/ations ( ! precision ( mod]n a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,x w\ld enc\rage ! be/ geomet]s to seek ) r5ew$ ardor ! et]nal tru?s :i*1 9 ,pl9y's phrase1 are lat5t 9 ! maje/y ( !ory4 ,pr(essor ,*allis receiv$ ,lev]ri]'s ?ird pap] on ,septemb] #bi1 & 9 ! ev5+ turn$ 8 magnific5t refractor to ! "p ( ! heav5s t ,lev]ri] _h s def9itely & s confid5tly indicat$4 ,among ! ?ree hundr$ />s obs]v$ ,*allis 0 /ruck by ! appe>ance ( "o :i* pres5t$ a disk & %one ) ! brightness ( a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude4 ,?is prov$ to be ! planet4 ,on ,octob] #a ,*allis he>d t ! ,g]man obs]v] _h anticipat$ him4 ,arago1 :ile recogniz+ ! excell5t "w done by ,adams 9 8 calculations1 ?\ght t ! fact t ! "y ma!matician _h fail$ to publi% 8 results %\ld deprive him ( any %>e :atev] 9 ! glory ( ! discov]y ( ! new planet1 & t hi/ory w\ld confirm ?is def9ite judgm5t4 ,arago nam$ ! new planet aft] ! ,fr5* discov]]1 b soon acquiesc$ 9 ! "n ,neptune1 :i* has s9ce prevail$4 ,airy1 9 ^: possession ,adams's results _h rema9$ = mon?s unpubli%$ & unhe$$1 wrote ,lev]ri]3 ,y are to be recogniz$ beyond d\bt z ! pr$ictor ( ! planet's place4 ,a vigor\s (ficial himself1 ,airy 0 deeply impress$ by ! calm decisiv5ess & def9ite directions ( ! ,fr5* ma!matician4 ,x is "h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 t we see a "* f> sup]ior to t ( ! able1 or ent]pris+1 or indu/ri\s ma!matician2 x is "h t we see ! philosoph]4 ,?is expla9s1 if any?+ c\ld1 8 view t a di/ant ma!matical result is ! subject ( e?ical r ?an ( ma!matical evid5ce4 ,adams's fri5ds felt t he _h n receiv$ f ei!r ( ! a/ronom]s1 to :om he confid$ 8 results1 ! k9d ( help or advice he %\ld h receiv$4 ,*allis 0 k9dly1 b want+ 9 initiative4 ,al?\gh he _h comm& ( ! great ,nor?umb]l& telescope1 he _h no ?\ght ( comm5c+ ! se>* 9 #ahde1 =1 )\t mi/ru/+ ! evid5ce :i* ! !ory gave ( ! exi/5ce ( ! planet1 x might be reasonable to suppose t its position 0 det]m9$ b r\ghly1 & t a se>* = x mu/ necess>ily be long & labori\s4 ,9 ! view ( ,simon ,newcomb1#c ,adams's results1 :i* 7 deliv]$ at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory ,octob] #ba1 #ahde1 7 s ne> to ! m>k t a few h\rs' close se>* c\ld n h fail$ to make ! planet kn[n4 ,bo? ,adams & ,lev]ri] _h assum$ z a r\gh approximation at />t+ t ! orbit ( ! new planet 0 circul> & t1 9 accordance ) ,bode's ,law1 its di/ance 0 twice t ( ,uranus4 ,s4 ,c4 ,walk]1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 0 able to det]m9e ! elem5ts ( ! orbit ( ,neptune accurately 9 #ahdg4 ,9 ,febru>y ( t ye> he _h f\nd 7z _h ,pet]s5 ( ,altona ab\t ! same "t7 t ,lal&e _h 9 ,may1 #agie1 obs]v$ ,neptune & mi/ak5 x = a fix$ />4 ,:5 ,lal&e's records 9 ,p>is 7 /udi$1 x 0 f\nd t he _h made two obs]vations ( ,neptune on ,may #h & #aj4 ,_! failure to agree caus$ ! obs]v] to reject "o & m>k ! o!r z d\btful4 ,_h he repeat$ ! obs]vation1 he might h not$ t ! /> mov$1 & 0 9 reality a planet4 ,neptune's orbit is m ne>ly circul> ?an t ( any ( ! major planets except ,v5us4 ,its di/ance is ?irty times t ( ! e>? f ! sun in/ead ( ?irty-n9e times1 z ,bode's ,law w\ld require4 ,t g5]alization 0 a presupposition ( ! calculations lead+ to ! discov]y4 ,x 0 !n reject$ l a discr$it$ ladd]4 ,man's conception ( ! univ]se is wid5$ at ! ?\ght t ! outmo/ kn[n planet ( our sol> sy/em is ab\t #b1gif1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun & requires ab\t #afe ye>s = "o revolution4 ,pr(essor ,peirce1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 po9t+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! calculations ( ,lev]ri] & ! facts1 put =w>d ! view t ! discov]y made by ,galle mu/ be reg>d$ z a happy accid5t4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 has n be5 su/a9$4 ,,ref]5ces ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ,neptune's ,jubilee ,ye>1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,supplem5t1 ,oct4 #aj1 #ahif4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 *ap4 ,,xv4 ,b4 ,a4 ,g\ld1 ,report on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y ( ,neptune1 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 #ahej4 ,rob]t ,grant1 ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy4 ,simon ,newcomb1 ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,b5jam9 ,peirce1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eg-fh1 #add1 #bhe1 #cch-da1 etc4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,see article ,neptune1 ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,travel--,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,beagle ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcj-ahcc1 says3 ,if x be true t deliv]y be ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird requisite 9 a popul> orator1 x is no less c]ta9 t travel is ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird importance to ^? :o desire to orig9ate j & compreh5sive views conc]n+ ! /ructure ( our globe4 ,! value ( travel to sci5ce 9 g5]al might v well be illu/rat$ by ,lyell's own c>e]1 8 /udy ( ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,france1 8 calculation ( ! recession ( ,niag>a ,falls & ( ! s$im5t>y deposits ( ! ,mississippi1 8 obs]vations ( ! coal =mations ( ,nova ,scotia1 & ( ! composition ( ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp ( ,virg9ia--sugge/ive ( ! organic orig9 ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,al?\gh x is n ) ,lyell t we h "h pr9cipally to deal1 x is n irrelevant to say t ! ma9 purpose ( 8 "w 0 to %[ t all pa/ *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/ are ref]able to causes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,diff]+ f ,hutton z to ! "p play$ 9 ^? *anges by subt]ranean heat1 ,lyell agre$ ) 8 =]unn] 9 ascrib+ geological trans=mations to ! sl[ ag5cy ( exi/+ causes4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! lead] ( ! uni=mit>ians & oppos$ ^? geologi/s :o held t ! contempor>y /ate ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 ow+ to a s]ies ( cata/rophes1 /up5d\s exhibitions ( natural =ce to :i* rec5t hi/ory (f]$ no p>allel4 ,also enlight5$ z to ! significance ( organic rema9s 9 /ratifi$ rock1 ,lyell 9 #ahcj felt ! ne$ ( fur!r k 9 ref]5ce to ! relation ( ! plants & animals repres5t$ 9 ! fossils to ! fauna & flora n[ exi/+4 ,x is to ,lyell's disciple1 ,*>les ,d>w91 h[ev]1 t we turn = our ma9 illu/ration ( ! value ( travel = compreh5sive sci5tific g5]alization4 ,born1 l ano!r great lib]ator1 on ,febru>y #ab1 #ahji1 ,d>w9 0 only tw5ty-two ye>s old :5 he receiv$ appo9tm5t z naturali/ on ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 ab\t to sail f ,devonport on a voyage ar\nd ! _w4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! exp$ition1 "u comm& ( ! y\?ful ,capta9 ,fitzroy1 ?ree or f\r ye>s old] ?an ,d>w91 0 to make a survey ( c]ta9 coa/s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 & to c>ry a l9e ( *ronometrical measurem5ts ab\t ! globe4 ,look+ back 9 #ahgf on ?is memorable exp$ition1 ! naturali/ wrote1 ,! voyage ( ! ,beagle has be5 by f> ! mo/ important ev5t 9 my life1 & has det]m9$ my :ole c>e]4 ,9 spite ( ! ye>s he _h sp5t at s*ool & college he reg>d$ ?is exp]i5ce z ! fir/ real tra9+ or education ( 8 m9d4 ,d>w9 _h /udi$ m$ic9e at ,ed9burgh1 b f\nd surg]y di/a/eful4 ,he mov$ to ,cambridge1 ) ! idea ( becom+ a cl]gyman ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,z a boy he _h att5d$ ) 8 "m1 daught] ( ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ! ,unit>ian s]vices4 ,at ,cambridge he graduat$ )\t di/9ction at ! beg9n+ ( #ahca4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ! traditional /udies 7 p>ticul>ly ill suit$ to 8 ca/ ( m9d1 t he _h n be5 idle1 & _h develop$ p>ticul> dilig5ce 9 diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce1 & above all z a collector4 ,he 0 six feet tall1 fond ( %oot+ & hunt+1 & able to ride sev5ty-five or eighty miles )\t tir+4 ,he _h %[n himself at college fond ( company1 & a little extravagant4 ,he 01 ?\gh a sportsman1 extremely humane2 _h a horror ( inflict+ pa91 & su* repugnance at ! ?\ght ( slav]y t he qu>rel$ viol5tly ) ,capta9 ,fitzroy :5 ! latt] condon$ ! abom9ation4 ,d>w9 0 n1 h[ev]1 ( a turbul5t disposition4 ,sir ,james ,sulivan1 :o _h accompani$ ! exp$ition z second lieut5ant1 said _m ye>s aft]3 ,i c confid5tly express my belief t dur+ ! five ye>s 9 ! ,beagle1 he 0 nev] kn[n to be out ( temp]1 or to say "o unk9d or ha/y ^w ( or to any "o4 ,d>w9's fa!r 0 rem>kable = 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 :ile ! gr&fa!r1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 is well kn[n = 8 t5d5cy to speculation4 ,*>les ,d>w9 possess$ bo? ^! m5tal *>act]i/ics 9 an em95t degree4 ,"o :o has conv]s$ ) him reports t :at impress$ him mo/ 9 meet+ ! great naturali/ 0 8 cle> blue eyes1 :i* seem$ to possess almo/ telescopic vision1 & t ! really rem>kable ?+ ab\t ,d>w9 0 t he saw m ?an o!r p4 ,at ! same "t x w sc>cely be d5i$ t 8 vision 0 z mu* m>k$ by insight z by c>eful obs]vation1 t 8 reason+ 0 logical & s+ul>ly t5aci\s1 & 8 imag9ation vivid4 ,x 0 be=e ?is supreme se] t ! panorama ( t]re/rial creation 0 display$ dur+ a five ye>s' voyage4 ,no "o c read ,d>w9's ,j\rnal descriptive ( ! voyage ( ! ,beagle & cont9ue to ent]ta9 any d\bts 9 ref]5ce to 8 /hetic s5se & poetic appreciation ( ! v>i\s moods ( nature4 ,?r\gh\t ! voyage ! sc5]y 0 = him ! mo/ con/ant & highe/ s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,8 emotions respond$ to ! glories ( tropical vegetation 9 ! ,brazilian =e/s1 & to ! sublimity ( ,patagonian wa/es & ! =e/-clad hills ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,x is easy1 writes ! gift$ adolesc5t1 to specify ! individual objects ( admiration 9 ^! gr& sc5es2 b x is n possible to give an adequate idea ( ! high] feel+s ( wond]1 a/oni%m5t1 & devotion1 :i* fill & elevate ! m9d4 ,simil>ly1 on ! heights ( ! ,&es1 li/5+ to ! /ones borne seaw>d day & night by ! m\nta9 torr5ts1 ,d>w9 rem>k$3 ,! s\nd spoke eloqu5tly to ! geologi/2 ! ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( /ones1 :i* /rik+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 made ! "o dull uni=m s\nd1 7 all hurry+ 9 "o direction4 ,x 0 l ?9k+ on "t1 :]e ! m9ute t n[ glides pa/ is irrecov]able4 ,s 0 x ) ^! /ones1 ! ocean is _! et]nity1 & ea* note ( t wild music told ( "o m /ep t[>ds _! de/9y4 ,:5 ! ,beagle left ,devonport1 ,decemb] #bg1 #ahca1 ! "y naturali/ 0 )\t any !ory1 & :5 ! %ip ent]$ ,falm\? h>bor1 ,octob] #b1 #ahcf1 ?\gh he felt ! ne$ ( a !ory 9 ref]5ce to ! relations ( ! v>i\s species ( plants & animals1 he _h n =mulat$ "o4 ,x 0 n till #ahei t 8 fam\s "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$4 ,he w5t m]ely z a collector1 & frequ5tly 9 ! c\rse ( ! voyage felt a "y man's misgiv+s z to :e!r 8 collections w\ld be ( value to 8 ,cambridge pr(essors & o!r mature sci5ti/s4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 ! botani/1 ?r\gh :om ,d>w9 _h be5 (f]$ ! opportunity to accompany ! exp$ition1 _h pres5t$ 8 pupil ) ! fir/ volume ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 7,p]haps1 aft] ,lyell1 ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce on ,d>w9's m9d at ?is "t 0 t ( ,humboldt & o!r r5[n$ travel]s1 ^: works he read ) avidity47 ,at ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s he made "s int]e/+ obs]vations ( a :ite calc>e\s /ratum :i* ran = miles along ! coa/ at a height ( ab\t =ty-five feet above ! wat]4 ,x re/$ on volcanic rocks & 0 itself cov]$ ) basalt1 t is1 lava :i* _h cry/alliz$ "u ! sea4 ,x 0 evid5t t subsequ5tly to ! =mation ( ! basalt t portion ( ! coa/ conta9+ ! :ite /ratum _h be5 elevat$4 ,! %ells 9 ! /ratum 7 rec5t1 t is1 correspond$ to ^? /ill to be f\nd on ! neighbor+ coa/4 ,x occurr$ to ,d>w9 t ! voyage might af=d mat]ial = a book on geology4 ,lat] 9 ! voyage1 hav+ read portions ( 8 ,j\rnal to ,capta9 ,fitzroy1 ,d>w9 0 enc\rag$ to believe t ?is also might prove wor?y ( publication4 ,d>w9's acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures & manifold obs]vations is s in=mal1 s ri* 9 detail1 z n to admit ( summ>y4 ,8 eye took 9 ! mo/ div]se ph5om5a1 ! color ( ! sea or ( riv]s1 cl\ds ( butt]flies & ( locu/s1 ! cacique ) 8 little boy cl++ to ! side ( a horse 9 headlong flight1 ! great e>?quake on ! coa/ ( ,*ile1 ! endless v>iety ( plant & animal life1 ! sup]/ition ( savage & padre1 ! *>ms ( ,tahiti1 ! unconsci\s humor ( 8 m\nta9 guides = :om at an altitude ( elev5 ?\s& feet ! curs$ pot 7:i* 0 a new "o7 did n *oose to boil potatoes--all f\nd response 9 ,d>w9's op5 m9d2 ev]y?+ 0 gri/ to 8 mill4 ,any selection f ! ri*ness ( ! orig9al is almo/ sure to %[ a t5d5cy n obvi\s 9 ! ,j\rnal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j su* multiplicity ( ph5om5a z ! ,j\rnal mirrors t impels e ord]ly m9d to seek = causes1 = explanation4 ,! human intellect _c re/ till law gives =m to ! wild *aos ( fact4 ,no disciple ( ,lyell c\ld fail to be conv9c$ ( ! immeasurable lapse ( "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,= ?is pr9ciple ,d>w9 f\nd abundant evid5ce dur+ ! ye>s sp5t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,on ! heights ( ! ,&es he f\nd m>9e %ell fossils at a height ( f\rte5 ?\s& feet above sea-level4 ,t su* an elevation ( subm>9e /rata %\ld be a*iev$ by =ces /ill at ,nature's comm& might well te/ ! fai? ( ! mo/ ard5t disciple4 ,( h[ great ^? =ces are ,d>w9 receiv$ demon/ration on ! coa/ ( ,*ile 9 #ahce4 ,"u date ( ,febru>y #ab1 he writes3 ,?is day has be5 memorable 9 ! annals ( ,valdivia = ! mo/ sev]e e>?quake exp]i5c$ by ! olde/ inhabitant4444 ,a bad e>?quake de/roys our olde/ associations2 ! e>?1 ! v emblem ( solidity1 has mov$ b5ea? our feet l a ?9 cru/ ov] a fluid4 ,he obs]v$ t ! mo/ rem>kable effect ( ?is e>?quake 0 ! p]man5t elevation ( ! l&4 ,ar\nd ! ,bay ( ,concepcion x 0 rais$ two or ?ree feet1 :ile at ! isl& ( ,santa ,m>ia ! elevation 0 mu* great]2 on "o "p ,capta9 ,fitzroy f\nd b$s ( putrid mussel %ells /ill adh]+ to ! rocks1 t5 feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,on ! same day ! volcanoes ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7 active4 ,! area f "u :i* volcanic matt] 0 actually erupt$ 0 #gbj miles 9 "o l9e & #djj 9 ano!r at "r angles to x4 ,great z is ! =ce at "w1 ages are requir$ to produce a range ( m\nta9s l ! ,cordill]as2 moreov]1 progress is n uni=m & subsid5ce may alt]nate ) elevation4 ,x 0 on ! pr9ciple ( ! gradual subsid5ce 7& elevation7 ( ! b$ ( ! ,pacific ,ocean t ,d>w9 acc\nt$ = ! =mation ( coral reefs4 ,no?+ is s un/able z ! level ( ! cru/ ( ?is e>?4 ,closely associat$ ) ! evid5ce ( ! imm5sity ( ! =ce ( volcanic action & ! inf9itude ( "t elaps$1 ,d>w9 _h te/imony ( ! multitude ( plant & animal species1 "s gigantic1 o!rs almo/ inf9itely small1 "s liv+1 o!rs ext9ct4 ,we "k t 8 ?\ght 0 greatly affect$ by 8 discov]y 9 ,uruguay & ,patagonia ( ! fossil rema9s ( ext9ct mammals1 all ! m s because !y seem$ to be> relation%ip to p>ticul> liv+ species & at ! same "t to %[ lik5ess to o!r species4 ,! ,toxodon 7b[-too?71 = example1 0 a gigantic rod5t ^: fossil rema9s 7 discov]$ 9 ! same region :]e ,d>w9 f\nd liv+ ! capyb>a1 a rod5t z l>ge z a pig2 at ! same "t ! ext9ct species %[$ 9 its /ructure c]ta9 aff9ities to ! ,ed5tata 7slo?s1 ant-eat]s1 armadillos74 ,o!r fossils repres5t$ gigantic =ms di/9ctly ( ! ed5tate ord] & comp>able to ! ,cape ant-eat] & ! ,great ,armadillo 7,dasypus gigas74 ,aga91 rema9s 7 f\nd ( a ?ick-sk9n$ non-rum9ant ) c]ta9 /ructural lik5ess to ! ,camelid1 to :i* ! liv+ species ( ,s\? ,am]ican rum9ants1 ! guanacos1 belong4 ,:y h c]ta9 species ceas$ to exi/8 ,z ! individual sick5s & dies1 s c]ta9 species become r>e & ext9ct4 ,d>w9 f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,patagonia evid5ce ( ! ,equus curvid5s1 an ext9ct species ( native ,am]ican horse4 ,:at _h caus$ ?is species to die out8 ,import$ horses 7 introduc$ at ,bu5os ,ayres 9 #aecg1 & s fl\ri%$ 9 ! wild /ate t 9 #aehj !y 7 f\nd z f> s\? z ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,d>w9 0 well fitt$ by ! compreh5siv5ess ( 8 obs]vations to deal ) ! v>i\s factors ( ext9ction & survival4 ,he /udi$ ! species 9 _! natural sett+1 ! habitat1 & range1 & habits1 & food ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,travel+ = ?ree ye>s & a half nor? & s\? on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 he notic$ "o species replac+ ano!r1 p]haps closely alli$1 species4 ,( ! c>rion-fe$+ hawks ! condor has an imm5se range1 b %[s a pr$ilection = p]p5dicul> cliffs4 ,if an animal die on ! pla9 ! polyborus has pr]ogative ( fe$+ fir/1 & is foll[$ by ! turkey buzz>d & ! gall9azo4 ,european horses & cattle runn+ wild 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s are some:at modifi$2 ! horse z a species deg5]at+1 ! cattle increas+ 9 size & t5d+ to =m v>ieties ( diff]5t color4 ,! soil be+ s(t ! ho(s ( ! horse gr[ long & produce lam5ess4 ,aga91 on ! ma9l&1 ! niata1 a bre$ ( cattle suppos$ to h orig9at$ among ! ,indians s\? ( ! ,plata1 are1 on acc\nt ( ! projection ( ! l[] jaw1 unable to br[se z effectually z o!r bre$s4 ,?is r5d]s !m liable to de/ruction 9 times ( dr\ght4 ,a simil> v>iation 9 /ructure _h *>act]iz$ a species ( ext9ct rum9ant 9 ,india4 ,h[ disa/r\s a great dr\ght might prove to ! cattle ( ! ,pampas is %[n by ! records ( #ahbe & ( #ahcj4 ,s little ra9 fell t !re 0 a complete failure ( vegetation4 ,! loss ( cattle 9 "o prov9ce alone 0 e/imat$ at "o million4 ,( "o p>ticul> h]d ( tw5ty ?\s& n a s+le "o surviv$4 ,d>w9 _h _m o!r in/ances ( nature's deva/ations4 ,aft] ! ,beagle sail$ f ! ,plata1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahcc1 va/ numb]s ( butt]flies 7 se5 z f> z ! eye c\ld range 9 b&s ( c\ntless myriads4 ,be=e sunset a /rong breeze sprung up f ! nor?1 & ?is mu/ h caus$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! butt]flies & o!r insects to p]i%4 ,two or ?ree mon?s be=e ?is he _h ocul> pro( ( ! effect ( a hail/orm1 :i* 9 a v limit$ area kill$ tw5ty de]1 fifte5 o/ri*es1 numb]s ( ducks1 hawks1 & p>tridges4 ,9 ! w> ( ext]m9ation t 0 ev] be=e ! great naturali/'s eye 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :at is x t favors a species' survival or det]m9es its ext9ction8 ,n only is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! animals & inanimate nature1 ! plants & inanimate nature1 plant & animal1 rival animals1 & rival plants2 x goes on betwe5 man & 8 environm5t1 &1 v fi]cely1 betwe5 man & man4 ,d>w9 0 mov$ by int5se indignation at ! slav]y on ! ea/ coa/ & ! cruel oppression ( ! labor] on ! we/ coa/4 ,he 0 9 close contact ) ! sangu9>y political /ruggles ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ) a w> ( attempt$ ext]m9ation aga9/ ! ,indian4 ,he ref]s to ! %ock+ b unque/ionable fact1 t 9 ! latt] /ruggle all ! wom5 :o appe> above tw5ty ye>s old are massacr$ 9 cold blood6 ,:5 ,i exclaim$ t ?is appe>$ r inhuman1 he ! in=mant answ]$1 ',:y1 :at c be done8 !y bre$ s6' ,9 all 8 travels no?+ t ,d>w9 beheld made a deep] impression on 8 s5sitive m9d ?an primitive man4 ,( individual objects1 p]haps no?+ is m c]ta9 to create a/oni%m5t ?an ! fir/ sight 9 8 native haunt ( a b>b>ian--( man 9 8 l[e/ & mo/ savage /ate4 ,"o's m9d hurries back ov] pa/ c5turies1 & !n asks1 c\ld our prog5itors h be5 m5 l ^!8444 ,i d n believe x is possible to describe or pa9t ! diff]5ce betwe5 savage & civiliz$ man4 ,x 0 at ,ti]ra del ,fuego t he 0 p>ticul>ly %ock$4 ,he admir$ ! ,tahitians2 he piti$ ! natives ( ,tasmania1 corrall$ l wild animals & =c$ to migrate2 he ?\ght ! black aborig9es ( ,au/ralia _h be5 und]e/imat$ & rem>k$ ) regret t _! numb]s 7 decreas+ ?r\gh _! association ) civiliz$ man1 ! introduction ( spirits1 ! increas$ difficulty ( procur+ food1 & contact ) ,european diseases4 ,9 ?is la/ cause t5d+ to br+ ab\t ext9ction !re 0 a my/]i\s elem5t4 ,9 ,*ile 8 sci5tific acum5 _h be5 baffl$ 9 ! attempt to expla9 ! invasion ( ! /range & dreadful disease hydrophobia4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! problem ( ! transmission to ! natives ( v>i\s diseases1 ev5 by ,europeans 9 app>5t heal?1 confront$ 8 intellig5ce4 ,! v>ieties ( man seem to act on ea* o!r 9 ! same way z diff]5t specim5s ( animals--! /rong] always extirpat+ ! weak]4 ,x 0 at ,wolla/on ,isl&1 ne> ,cape ,horn1 h[ev]1 t ,d>w9 saw savage m5 held 9 extremity by ! h>d conditions ( life1 & at bay4 ,!y _h nei!r food1 nor %elt]1 nor clo?+4 ,!y /ood absolutely nak$ z ! sleet fell on !m & melt$4 ,at night1 nak$ & sc>cely protect$ f ! w9d & ra9 ( ?is tempe/u\s climate1 !y slept on ! wet gr\nd coil$ up l animals4 ,!y subsi/$ on %ell fi%1 putrid :ale's blubb]1 or a few ta/eless b]ries & fungi4 ,at w>1 ! diff]5t tribes are cannibals4 ,d>w9 writes1 ,x is c]ta9ly true1 t :5 press$ 9 w9t] by hung]1 !y kill & dev\r _! old wom5 be=e !y kill _! dogs4 ,a native boy1 :5 ask$ by a travel] :y !y d ?is1 _h answ]$1 ,doggies cat* ott]s1 old wom5 no4 ,9 su* h>d conditions :at are ! *>act]i/ics t w\ld det]m9e ! survival ( individual or tribe8 ,"o might be tempt$ to lay almo/ exclusive emphasis on physical /r5g?1 b ,d>w9 0 too wise ultimately to answ] ?us ! "q t = six or sev5 ye>s 0 =m+ 9 8 accurate & discrim9at+ m9d4 ,on its way we/ 9 ! ,pacific ! ,beagle sp5t a mon? at ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 :i* lies "u ! equator five or six hundr$ miles f ! ma9l&4 ,mo/ ( ! organic productions are aborig9al creations1 f\nd n[h]e else2 !re is ev5 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! diff]5t isl&s2 yet all %[ a m>k$ relation%ip ) ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,:y %\ld ! plants & animals ( ! isl&s resemble ^? ( ! ma9l&1 or ! inhabitants ( "o isl& diff] f ^? ( a neighbor+ isl&8 ,d>w9 _h always held t species 7 creat$ immutable1 & t x 0 impossible = "o species to give rise to ano!r4 ,9 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago he f\nd only "o species ( t]re/rial mammal1 a new species ( m\se1 & t only on ! mo/ ea/]ly isl& ( ! gr\p4 ,on ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t !re 7 at lea/ =ty species ( mice1 ^? ea/ ( ! ,&es be+ di/9ct f ^? on ! we/ coa/4 ,( l&-birds he obta9$ tw5ty-six k9ds1 tw5ty-five ( :i* 7 to be f\nd n[h]e else4 ,among ^!1 a hawk seem$ 9 /ructure int]m$iate betwe5 ! buzz>d & polyborus1 z ?\gh x _h be5 modifi$ & induc$ to take ov] ! functions ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican c>rion-hawk4 ,!re 7 ?ree species ( mock+-?ru%1 two ( !m conf9$ to "o isl& ea*4 ,!re 7 ?irte5 species ( f9*es1 all peculi> to ! ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! diff]5t species ( geospiza !re is a p]fect gradation 9 ! size ( ! beaks1 only to be appreciat$ by see+ ! specim5s or _! illu/rations4 ,few ( ! birds 7 ( brilliant coloration4 ,! same 0 true ( ! plants & insects4 ,d>w9 look$ 9 va9 = "o brilliant fl[]4 ,?is 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! fauna & flora ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican tropics4 ,! coloration ( ! species sugge/$ comp>ison ) t ( ! plants & animals ( ,patagonia4 ,amid brilliant tropical plants brilliant plumage may af=d means ( concealm5t1 z well z be+ a factor 9 ! secur+ ( mates4 ,d>w9 f\nd ! reptiles ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! zology ( ! isl&s4 ,!y seem to take ! place ( ! h]bivor\s mammalia4 ,! huge tortoise 7,te/udo nigra7 native 9 ! ar*ipelago is s heavy z to be lift$ only by six or eight m54 7,! "y naturali/ frequ5tly got on ! back ( a tortoise1 b z x mov$ =w>d "u 8 enc\ragem5t1 he f\nd x v difficult to keep 8 balance47 ,diff]5t v>ieties1 if n species1 *>act]ize ! diff]5t isl&s4 ,( ! o!r reptilia %\ld be not$ two species ( liz>d ( a g5us 7,amblyrhyn*us7 conf9$ to ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,"o1 aquatic1 a y>d long1 fifte5 p\nds 9 weight1 ) limbs & /rong claws admirably adapt$ = crawl+ ov] ! rugg$ & fissur$ masses ( lava1 fe$s on seawe$4 ,:5 fright5$ x in/9ctively %uns ! wat]1 z ?\gh x fe>$ especially its aquatic enemies4 ,! t]re/rial species is conf9$ to ! c5tral "p ( ! gr\p2 x is small] ?an ! aquatic species1 & fe$s on cactus1 leaves ( trees1 & b]ries4 ,fifte5 new species ( sea-fi% 7 obta9$1 di/ribut$ 9 twelve g5]a4 ,! ar*ipelago1 ?\gh n ri* 9 insects1 af=d$ sev]al new g5]a1 ea* isl& ) its di/9ct k9ds4 ,! flora ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s prov$ equally di/9ctive4 ,m ?an half ( ! fl[]+ plants are native1 & ! species ( ! diff]5t isl&s %[ wond]ful diff]5ces4 ,= example1 ( sev5ty-"o species f\nd on ,james ,isl& ?irty-eight are conf9$ to ! ar*ipelago & ?irty to ?is "o isl&4 ,9 ,octob] ! ,beagle sail$ we/ to ,tahiti1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,keel+ or ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,mauritius1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion2 arriv$ at ,bahia1 ,brazil1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahcf2 & f9ally proce$$ f ,brazil to ,engl&4 ,among 8 _m obs]vations1 ,d>w9 not$ ! peculi> animals ( ,au/ralia1 ! kang>oo-rat1 & sev]al ( ! fam\s ,orni?orhyn*us p>adoxus1 or duckbill4 ,on ! ,keel+ or ,cocos ,isl&s ! *ief vegetable production is ! cocoanut4 ,"h ,d>w9 obs]v$ crabs ( mon/r\s size1 ) a /ructure :i* enabl$ !m to op5 ! cocoanuts4 ,!y ?us secur$ _! food1 & accumulat$ surpris+ quantities ( ! pick$ fibres ( ! cocoanut husk1 on :i* !y re/ z a b$4 ,9 prep>+ 8 ,j\rnal = publication 9 ! autumn ( #ahcf ! "y naturali/ saw h[ _m facts po9t$ to ! common desc5t ( species4 ,he ?\ght t by collect+ all facts t bore on ! v>iation ( plants & animals1 wild or dome/icat$1 light might be ?r[n on ! :ole subject4 ,i work$ on true ,baconian pr9ciples1 &1 )\t any !ory1 collect$ facts on a :olesale scale4 ,he saw t pigeon-fanci]s & /ock-bre$]s develop c]ta9 types by pres]v+ ^? v>iations t h ! desir$ *>act]i/ics4 ,?is is a process ( artificial selection4 ,h[ is selection made by ,nature8 ,9 #ahch he read ,mal?us' ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population1 :i* %[$ h[ great & rapid1 )\t *ecks l w> & disease1 ! increase 9 numb] ( ! human race w\ld be4 ,he _h se5 some?+ 9 8 travels ( rivalry = ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,he n[ p]ceiv$ t "u ^! circum/ances favorable v>iations w\ld t5d to be pres]v$1 & unfavorable ones to be de/roy$4 ,! results ( ?is w\ld be ! =mation ( a new species4 ,z special bre$s are develop$ by artificial selection1 s new species evolve by a process ( natural selection4 ,^? g5]a survive :i* give rise to species adapt$ to new conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,9 #aheh1 be=e ,d>w9 _h publi%$ 8 !ory1 he receiv$ f ano!r great travel]1 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 !n at ,t]nate 9 ! ,moluccas1 a manuscript essay1 sett+ =? an almo/ id5tical view ( ! developm5t ( new species ?r\gh ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,,ref]5ces ,*>les ,d>w91 ,a ,naturali/'s ,j\rnal4 ,francis ,d>w91 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,w4 ,a4 ,locy1 ,biology & its ,mak]s 7?ird revis$ edition71 *ap4 ,,xix4 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes1 ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w91 vol4 ,i4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism4 ,see also ,john ,w4 ,judd1 ,! ,com+ ( ,evolution 7,! ,cambridge ,manuals ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,w>--,,pa/eur1 ,,li/] ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce w> is no m]e int]ruption1 b a great /imulat+ influ5ce1 promot+ directly or indirectly ! lib]ties ( ! p1 call+ into play ! en]gy ( artisan & manufactur]1 & increas+ ! dem& = useful & practical /udies4 ,9 ! activities ( naval & milit>y equipm5t & organization ?is influ5ce is obvi\s en\gh2 x is no less real 9 ! reaction f w> :i* impels all to turn ) new ze/ to ! arts & indu/ries ( peace & to *]i% :atev] may t5d to culture & civil progress4 ,n infrequ5tly w> gives rise1 n only to new educational ideals1 b to new in/itutions & to new types ( in/itution favorable to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,z we h already se51 ! ,royal ,society & ,milton's ,academies ow$ _! orig9 to ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,simil>ly ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 "m ( _m sci5tific discov]ies1 rose 9 answ] to ! ne$s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,no less notewor?y 0 ! recon/ruction ( education "u ! practical g5ius ( ,napoleon ,i1 ! division ( ,france into acadmies1 ! f\nd+ ( ! lyces1 ! re/abli%m5t ( ! great ,ecole ,normale1 & ! organization ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ) new sci5ce c\rses & new prov9cial ,faculties at ,r5nes1 ,lille1 & else:]e4 ,) all ^! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( w> makes itself felt 9 ! progress ( sci5ce ! life & c>e] ( ,l\is ,pa/eur 7#ahbb-ahie71 ! f\nd] ( bact]iology1 /ood intimately associat$4 ,he 0 born at ,dle1 b ! family a few ye>s lat] settl$ at ,arbois4 ,= ?ree g5]ations ! ,pa/eurs _h be5 tann]s 9 ! ,jura1 & !y naturally adh]$ to t portion ( ! population :i* hail$ ! ,revolution z a deliv]ance4 ,! great-gr&fa!r 0 ! fir/ freeman ( ,pa/eur's =be>s1 hav+ pur*as$ ) money 8 emancipation f s]fdom4 ,! fa!r 9 #ahaa1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 0 "o ( ,napoleon's conscripts1 & 9 #ahad receiv$ f ! ,emp]or1 = valor & fidelity1 ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,! directness & endurance ( ! influ5ce ( ?is tra9$ vet]an on 8 gift$ son a hundr$ f9e incid5ts atte/4 ,9 #ahdh--ye> ( revolt 9 ! mon>*ies ( ,europe--! "y sci5ti/ enroll$ himself 9 ! ,national ,gu>d1 &1 see+ "o day 9 ! ,place du ,pan?on a /ructure inscrib$ ) ! words autel de la patrie1 he plac$ ^u x all ! humble means--"o hundr$ & fifty francs--!n at 8 disposal4 ,x 0 9 t same ye> t ,pa/eur put on record 8 discov]y ( ! nature ( racemic acid1 8 fir/ great s]vice to sci5ce1 f :i* all 8 o!r s]vices 7 to proce$4 ,z a boy he _h att5d$ ! collge at ,arbois :]e 8 tea*] _h inspir$ him ) an ambition to ent] ! great ,ecole ,normale4 ,be=e rea*+ t goal he took 8 ba*elor's degree 9 sci5ce z well z 9 arts at ! ,besanon college4 ,at ,p>is he came 9 contact ) ! lead]s ( ! sci5tific _w--,claude ,b]n>d1 ,bal>d1 ,dumas1 ,biot4 ,j4 ,b4 ,biot _h ent]$ ! ranks ( sci5ce by way ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique & ! artill]y s]vice4 ,9 #ahai he _h ann\nc$ t ! plane ( pol>iz$ light--= example1 a ray pass$ ?r\gh ,icel& sp>--is deflect$ to "r or left by v>i\s *emical sub/ances4 ,among ^! is common t>t>ic acid--! acid ( grape-juice1 obta9$ f w9e lees4 ,racemic acid1 h[ev]1 :i* is id5tical ) t>t>ic acid 9 its *emical con/itu5ts1 is optically inactive1 rotat+ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light nei!r to ! "r nor ! left4 ,?is sub/ance ,pa/eur subject$ to special inve/igation4 ,he scrut9iz$ ! cry/als ( sodium ammonium racemate obta9$ f aque\s solution4 ,^! he obs]v$ to be ( two k9ds diff]+ 9 =m z a "r glove f a left1 or z an object f its mirror-image4 ,sep>at+ ! cry/als accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( =m1 he made a solution f ea* gr\p4 ,"o solution1 te/$ 9 ! pol>iz$-light app>atus1 turn$ ! plane to ! "r2 ! o!r solution turn$ x to ! left4 ,he _h made a capital discov]y ( f>-rea*+ importance1 namely1 t racemic acid is composite1 consi/+ ( dextro-t>t>ic & lvo-t>t>ic acids4 ,biot hesitat$ to cr$it a m]e tyro ) su* an a*ievem5t4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,conv9c$ by ocul> demon/ration1 he 0 almo/ ov]come ) emotion4 ,my de> boy1 he exclaim$1 ,i h lov$ ! sci5ces s mu* my life ?r\gh t t makes my he>t jump4 ,pa/eur began 8 regul> pr(essional exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( physics 9 ! ,dijon lyce1 b he 0 soon transf]r$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rasburg 7#ahdi74 ,!re he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! rector ( ! acadmie1 & ?ree ye>s lat] became ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,9 #ahed he 0 appo9t$ ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces at ,lille1 a t[n !n (ficially describ$ z ! ri*e/ c5t] ( indu/rial activity 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,9 8 op5+ address he %[$ ! value & attractiv5ess ( practical /udies4 ,he believ$ z an educator 9 ! close alliance ( laboratory & factory4 ,application %\ld always be ! aim1 b re/+ on ! sev]e & solid basis ( sci5tific pr9ciples2 = x is !ory alone :i* c br+ =? & develop ! _s ( inv5tion4 ,8 own /udy ( racemic acid1 begun 9 ! laboratories ( ,p>is1 & foll[$ up 9 ! factories ( ,leipzig1 ,prag1 & ,vi5na1 _h l$ to 8 !ory ( molecul> dissymmetry1 ! />t+ po9t ( mod]n /]eo-*emi/ry4 ,x n[ gave rise on ,pa/eur's "p to new /udies & to new applications to ! indu/ries4 ,he tri$ an exp]im5t :i* seems almo/ :imsical1 plac+ ammonium racemate 9 ! ord9>y conditions ( f]m5tation1 & obs]v$ t only "o "p--! dextro-rotatory--f]m5ts or putrefies4 ,:y8 ,because ! f]m5ts ( t f]m5tation fe$ m easily on ! "r h& ?an on ! left h& molecules4 ,he succe$$ 9 keep+ alive "o ( ! commone/ m\lds on ! surface ( a%es & racemic acid1 & saw ! lvo-t>t>ic acid appe>4 ,x 0 ?us t he pass$ f ! /udy ( cry/als to ! /udy ( f]m5ts4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury little 0 kn[n ( ! nature ( f]m5tation1 ?\gh "s s\ght to expla9 by ?is ill-und]/ood process ! orig9 ( v>i\s diseases & ( putrefaction4 ,:y does fruit-juice produce alcohol1 w9e turn to v9eg>1 milk become s\r1 & butt] rancid8 ,pa/eur's int]e/ 9 ^! problems ( f]m5tation 0 /imulat$ by "o ( ! indu/ries ( ,lille4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to visit ) 8 /ud5ts ! factories ( t place z well z ^? ( neighbor+ ,fr5* & ,belgian cities4 ,! fa!r ( "o ( 8 /ud5ts 0 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( alcohol f beetroot sug>1 & ,pa/eur came to be consult$ :5 difficulties arose 9 ! manufactur+ process4 ,he discov]$ a relation%ip betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! yea/ & ! success or failure ( ! f]m5tation1 ! yea/ globules z se5 "u ! microscope %[+ an alt]ation ( =m :5 ! f]m5tation 0 n proce$+ satisfactorily4 ,9 #aheg ,pa/eur on ! basis ( ?is /udy 0 able to demon/rate t alcoholic f]m5tation1 t is1 ! conv]sion ( sug> into alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 & o!r comp\nds1 dep5ds on ! action ( yea/1 ! cells ( :i* are widely dissem9at$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ?is ye> ( 8 second great triumph ,pa/eur 0 appo9t$ director ( sci5ce /udies 9 ! ,ecole ,normale1 f :i* he _h graduat$ 9 #ahdg4 ,two ye>s lat] ! loss ( 8 daught] by a communicable disease--typhoid fev]--_h a great effect on 8 s5sitive & pr(\nd m9d4 ,_m ( 8 oppon5ts1 x is true1 f\nd ,pa/eur implacable 9 controv]sy4 ,und\bt$ly he _h ! c\rage ( 8 convictions1 & 8 belief t1 = ! sake ( human welf>e1 "r views--8 views won by tireless exp]im5t--mu/ prevail1 ga9$ him ! "n ( a fight]4 ,b 9 all ! intimate relations ( life 8 ess5tial t5d]ness 0 manife/4 ,l ,d>w9 he _h a horror ( inflict+ pa91 & always insi/$1 :5 op]ations on animals 7 necess>y 9 ! laboratory1 on ! use ( an/hetics 7our comm& ( :i* _h be5 greatly advanc$ by ,simpson 9 #ahdg74 ,emile ,r\x said t ,pa/eur's agitation at witness+ ! slighte/ exhibition ( pa9 w\ld h be5 ludicr\s if1 9 s great a man1 x _h n be5 t\*+4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8 daught]'s dea? ,pa/eur wrote to "o ( 8 fri5ds3 ,i am pursu+ z be/ ,i c ^! /udies on f]m5tation1 :i* are ( great int]e/1 connect$ z !y are ) ! imp5etrable my/]y ( life & dea?4 ,i am hop+ to make a decisive advance v soon1 by solv+ )\t ! lea/ lack ( cle>ness ! fam\s "q ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,two ye>s previ\sly a sci5ti/ _h claim$ t animals & plants c\ld be g5]at$ 9 a m$ium ( artificial air or oxyg51 f :i* all atmosph]ic air & all g]ms ( organiz$ bodies _h be5 preclud$4 ,pa/eur n[ filt]$ atmosph]ic air ?r\gh a plug ( cotton or asbe/os 7a proc$ure :i* _h be5 foll[$ by o!rs 9 #ahed71 & prov$ t 9 air ?us treat$ no f]m5tation takes place4 ,no?+ 9 ! atmosph]e causes life except ! micro-organisms x conta9s4 ,he ev5 demon/rat$ t a putrescible fluid l blood w rema9 un*ang$ 9 an op5 vessel s con/ruct$ z to exclude atmosph]ic du/4 ,pa/eur's critics ma9ta9$ t if putrefaction & f]m5tation be caus$ solely by microscopic organisms1 !n ^! mu/ be f\nd ev]y:]e & 9 su* quantities z to encumb] ! air4 ,he repli$ t !y 7 less num]\s 9 "s p>ts ( ! atmosph]e ?an 9 o!rs4 ,to prove 8 cont5tion he set out = ,arbois ) a l>ge numb] ( glass bulbs ea* half fill$ ) a putrescible liquid4 ,! necks ( ! bulbs _h be5 drawn out & h]metically seal$ aft] ! cont5ts _h be5 boil$4 ,9 case ! necks 7 brok5 7to be aga9 seal$ imm$iately71 ! air w\ld ru% 91 & 7if x held ! requisite micro-organisms7 furni% ! conditions = putrefaction4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 e trial ! cont5ts ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ! bulbs always escap$ alt]ation4 ,tw5ty 7 op5$ 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,arbois free f human habitations4 ,eight out ( ! tw5ty %[$ signs ( putrefaction4 ,tw5ty 7 expos$ to ! air on ! heights ( ! ,jura at an altitude ( eight hundr$ & fifty met]s above sea-level2 ! cont5ts ( five ( ^! subsequ5tly putrefi$4 ,tw5ty o!rs 7 op5$ ne> ,mont ,blanc at an altitude ( two ?\s& met]s & :ile a w9d 0 bl[+ f ! ,m] de ,glace2 9 ?is case ! cont5ts ( only "o ( ! bulbs became putrefi$4 ,:ile 8 oppon5ts /ill pr(ess$ to believe 9 ! creation ( organiz$ be+s lack+ p>5ts1 ,pa/eur 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! !ory ( ! sl[ & progressive trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r1 & 0 becom+ aw>e ( phases ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce hi!rto %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,he wi%$ he said to pu% ^! /udies f> en\gh to prep>e ! way = a s]i\s inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( disease4 ,he return$ to ! /udy ( lactic f]m5tation1 %[$ t butyric f]m5tation may be caus$ by organisms :i* live 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 :ile v9eg> is produc$ f w9e ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bact]ia freely suppli$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,pa/eur 0 see+ ev] m cle>ly ! "p play$ by ! inf9itesimally small 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,)\t ^! microscopic be+s life w\ld become impossible1 because dea? w\ld be incomplete4 ,on ! basis ( ,pa/eur's /udy ( f]m5tation1 8 demon/ration t decomposition is ow+ to liv+ organisms & t m9ute =ms ( life spr+ f p>5ts l !mselves1 8 disciple ,joseph ,li/] began 9 #ahfd to develop antiseptic surg]y4 ,pa/eur's att5tion 0 next direct$ to ! w9e indu/ry1 :i* !n _h an annual value to ,france ( #ejj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,might n ! acidity1 bitt]ness1 defective flavor1 :i* 7 ?reat5+ ! =eign sale ( ,fr5* w9es1 be ow+ to f]m5ts8 ,he discov]$ t ?is 01 inde$1 ! case1 & t ! diseases ( w9e c\ld be cur$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( heat+ ! liquor = a few mom5ts to a temp]ature ( #ej to #fj ,c4 ,te/s on a consid]able scale 7 made by ord] ( ! naval au?orities4 ,! %ip ,jean ,b>t be=e />t+ on a voyage took on bo>d five hundr$ lit]s ( w9e1 half ( :i* _h be5 heat$ "u ,pa/eur's directions4 ,at ! end ( t5 mon?s ! pa/euriz$ w9e 0 mell[ & ( good color1 :ile ! w9e :i* _h n be5 heat$ _h an a/r+5t1 almo/ bitt]1 ta/e4 ,a m ext5sive te/--sev5 hundr$ hectolit]s1 ( :i* six hundr$ & fifty _h be5 pa/euriz$--0 c>ri$ out on ! frigate la ,sibylle ) satisfactory results4 ,previ\sly w9es _h be5 pres]v$ by ! addition ( alcohol1 :i* made !m bo? de>] & m detrim5tal to heal?4 ,9 #ahfe ,pa/eur 0 call$ ^u to ex]cise 8 sci5tific acum5 on behalf ( ! silk indu/ry4 ,a disease--pbr9e--_h appe>$ among silkworms 9 #ahde4 ,9 #ahdi ! effect on ! ,fr5* indu/ry 0 disa/r\s4 ,9 ! s+le arrondissem5t ( ,alais an annual income ( #abj1jjj1jjj francs 0 lo/ = ! subsequ5t fifte5 ye>s4 ,! mulb]ry plantations ( ! ,cv5nes 7 ab&on$ & ! :ole region 0 desolate4 ,pa/eur1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture1 und]took an inve/igation4 ,aft] f\r or five ye>s1 9 spite ( repeat$ dome/ic afflictions & ! breakd[n ( 8 own heal?1 he arriv$ at a successful conclusion4 ,pbr9e1 due to corpuscles readily detect$ "u ! microscope1 c\ld be recogniz$ at ! mom5t ( ! mo?'s =mation4 ,a second disease1 fla*]ie1 0 due to a micro-organism f\nd 9 ! dige/ive cavity ( ! mo?4 ,measures 7 tak5 to select ! se$ ( ! heal?y mo?s & to de/roy ! o!rs4 ,^! inve/igations reveal$ ! inf9itesimally small z disorganiz]s ( liv+ tissue1 & br\ght ,pa/eur ne>] 8 purpose ( arriv+1 z he _h express$ x to ,napoleon ,,iii 9 #ahfc1 at ! k ( ! causes ( putrid & contagi\s diseases4 ,return+ 9 ,july1 #ahgj1 f a visit to ,liebig at ,muni*1 ,pa/eur he>d at ,/rasburg ( ! imm95ce ( w>4 ,all 8 dreams ( conque/ ov] disease & dea? seem$ to vani%4 ,he hurri$ to ,p>is4 ,8 son1 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 set out ) ! army4 ,e /ud5t ( ! ,ecole ,normale enli/$4 ,pa/eur's laboratory 0 us$ to h\se soldi]s4 ,he himself wi%$ to be enroll$ 9 ! ,national ,gu>d1 & _h to be told t a half-p>alyz$ man c\ld n r5d] milit>y s]vice4 ,he 0 obsess$ ) horror ( wanton blood%$ & ) indignation at ! insol5ce ( arm$ inju/ice4 ,tra9$ to s]ve 8 c\ntry only 9 "o way he tri$1 b 9 va91 to resume 8 rese>*es4 ,he retir$ to ! old home t[n ( ,arbois1 & s\ght to di/ract 8 m9d f ! contemplation ( human bas5ess4 ,arbois 0 ent]$ by ! enemy 9 ,janu>y ) ! usual atrocities ( w>4 ,pa/eur accompani$ by wife & daught] _h gone 9 se>* ( 8 son1 sick at ,pont>li]4 ,! boy 0 re/or$ to heal? & return$ to 8 regim5t ! foll[+ mon?4 ,dur+ ?is crisis ,pa/eur & 8 fri5ds felt1 z _m ,engli% sci5ti/s feel 9 #aiag1 9 ref]5ce to ignorance 9 high places4 ,we are pay+ ! p5alty1 he said1 ( fifty ye>s' =getfulness ( sci5ce1 & ( its conditions ( developm5t4 ,aga9 he speaks1 z ,engli%m5 to-day v well might1 ( ! neglect1 disda9 ev51 ( ! c\ntry = great intellectual m51 especially 9 ! realm ( exact sci5ce4 ,9 ! same /ra9 8 fri5d ,b]t9 said t aft] ! w> ev]y?+ w\ld h to be rebuilt f ! top to ! bottom1 ! top especially4 ,pa/eur recall$ ! p]iod ( #agib :5 ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet1 ,monge1 ,f\rcroy1 ,guyton de ,morveau1 ,*aptal1 ,cl\et1 & o!r sci5ti/s _h furni%$ ,france ) gunp[d]1 /eel1 cannon1 =tifications1 balloons1 lea!r1 & o!r means to repel unju/ invasion4 ,on ! day aft] ,s$an ! ,quak] surgeon ,li/] _h publi%$ directions = ! use ( aque\s solutions ( c>bolic acid to de/roy septic p>ticles 9 w\nds1 & ( oily solutions to prev5t putrefactive f]m5tation f )\t4 ,he recogniz$ t ! e>li] ! case comes f ! field ! great] ! prospect ( success4 ,sdillot 7! orig9ator ( ! t]m microbe71 at ! head ( an ambulance corps 9 ,alsace1 0 a pione] 9 ! rapid transport ( w\nd$ f ! field ( battle4 ,he knew ! horrors ( purul5t infection 9 milit>y hospitals1 & regrett$ t ! pr9ciples ( ,pa/eur & ,li/] 7 n m fully appli$4 ,aft] ! w> 0 ov]1 ,pa/eur kept repeat+ 8 life-long exhortation3 ,we mu/ "w--,travaillez1 travaillez t\j\rs6 ,he appli$ himself to a /udy ( ! brew+ indu/ry4 ,he did n believe 9 spontane\s alt]ations1 b f\nd t e m>k$ *ange 9 ! quality ( be] co9cides ) ! developm5t ( micro-organisms4 ,he 0 able to tell ! ,engli% brew]s ! defects 9 _! output by a microscopic exam9ation ( _! yea/4 7,we mu/ make "s fri5ds = our belov$ ,france1 he said47 ,bottl$ be] c\ld be pa/euriz$ by br++ x to a temp]ature ( #ej to #ee ,c4 ,:5ev] be] conta9s no f]m5ts x is unalt]able4 ,8 scrupul\s m9d 0 com+ ev] clos] to ! goal ( 8 ambition4 ,?is /udy ( ! diseases ( be] l$ him ne>] to a k ( infections4 ,_m micro-organisms may1 mu/1 be detrim5tal to ! heal? ( man & animals4 ,9 #ahgd ! ,gov]nm5t conf]r$ ^u ,pa/eur a life annuity ( twelve ?\s& francs1 an equival5t ( 8 sal>y z ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,sorbonne4 7,he _h receiv$ appo9tm5t 9 #ahfg1 b _h be5 compell$ by ill-heal? to rel9qui% 8 academic functions47 ,! grant 0 9 all respects wise4 ,huxley rem>k$ t ,pa/eur's discov]ies alone w\ld suffice to cov] ! w> indemnity ( five milli>ds paid by ,france to ,g]many 9 #ahga4 ,moreov]1 all 8 activities 7 dictat$ by patriotic motives4 ,he felt t sci5ce is ( no c\ntry & t its conque/s belong to mank9d1 b t ! sci5ti/ mu/ be a patriot 9 ! s]vice ( 8 native l&4 ,pa/eur n[ appli$ 8 en]gies to ! /udy ( virul5t diseases1 foll[+ ! pr9ciples ( 8 e>li] inve/igations4 ,he oppos$ ^? physicians :o believ$ 9 ! spontaneity ( disease1 & he wi%$ to wage a w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ all injuri\s organisms4 ,z e>ly z #ahej ,dava9e & ,ray] _h %[n t a rod-l micro-organism 0 always pres5t 9 ! blood ( animals dy+ ( an?rax1 a disease :i* 0 de/roy+ ! flocks & h]ds ( ,france4 ,dr4 ,ko*1 :o _h s]v$ 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 succe$$ 9 #ahgf 9 obta9+ pure cultures ( ?is bacillus & 9 def9+ its relation to ! disease4 ,pa/eur took up ! /udy ( an?rax 9 #ahgg1 v]ifi$ previ\s discov]ies1 &1 z we %all see1 s\ght means = ! prev5tion ( ?is pe/4 ,he discov]$ 7) ,j\b]t & ,*amb]l&7 ! bacillus ( malignant edema4 ,he appli$ ! pr9ciples ( bact]iology to ! treatm5t ( pu]p]al fev]1 :i* 9 #ahfd _h r5d]$ fatal #caj cases out ( #acej conf9em5ts 9 ! ,mat]nit 9 ,p>is4 ,"h he _h to fight aga9/ cons]vatism 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 & he f\ght /r5u\sly1 "o ( 8 disciples rem>k+ t x is *>act]i/ic ( l(ty m9ds to put passion into ideas4 ,sw9e plague1 :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahgi de/roy$ ov] a million hogs1 & *ick5 *ol]a1 also engag$ 8 att5tion4 ,cultures ( *ick5 *ol]a virus kept = "s "t became less active4 ,a h5 t *anc$ to be inoculat$ ) ! weak5$ virus develop$ ! disease1 b1 aft] a "t1 recov]$ 7mu* z pati5ts aft] ! old-"t smallpox inoculations74 ,x 0 !n inoculat$ ) a fre% culture suppos$ suffici5t to cause dea?4 ,x aga9 recov]$4 ,! use ( ! weak5$ inoculation _h develop$ its resi/ance to infection4 ,a weak5$ virus recov]$ its /r5g? :5 pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( sp>r[s1 ! second be+ inoculat$ ) virus f ! fir/1 ! ?ird f ! second1 & s on 7?is species be+ subject to ! disease74 ,h5s t _h n _h *ick5 *ol]a c\ld be r5d]$ immune by a s]ies ( att5uat$ inoculations gradually increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,9 ! case ( an?rax ! virus c\ld be weak5$ by keep+ x at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 :ile x c\ld be /r5g!n$ by passage ?r\gh a succession ( gu9ea-pigs4 ,!re are ( c\rse _m in/ances :]e pa?og5ic bact]ia lose virul5ce 9 pass+ f "o animal to ano!r1 ! human smallpox virus1 = example1 produc+ typical c[pox 9 an inoculat$ heif]4 ,^! facts help to expla9 :y c]ta9 infections h gr[n less virul5t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & :y infections ( :i* civiliz$ man has become tol]ant prove fatal :5 imp>t$ to ! primitive peoples ( ,au/ralia4 ,pa/eur's prev5tive inoculation = an?rax 0 te/$ "u dramatic circum/ances at ,melun 9 ,june1 #ahha4 ,sixty %eep & a numb] ( c[s 7 subject$ to exp]im5t4 ,none ( ! %eep t _h be5 giv5 ! prev5tive treatm5t di$ f ! crucial inoculation2 :ile all ^? succumb$ :i* _h n receiv$ previ\s treatm5t4 ,! te/ = ! c[s 0 likewise successful4 ,pa/eur ?\ght t 9 places :]e %eep dead ( an?rax _h be5 buri$1 ! microbes 7 br\ght to ! surface 9 ! ca/+s ( e>?worms4 ,h5ce he issu$ c]ta9 directions to prev5t ! transmission ( ! disease4 ,he also aid$ agriculture by discov]+ a vacc9e = sw9e plague4 ,:5 ,pa/eur at ! age ( fifte5 0 9 ,p>is1 ov]come ) homesickness1 he _h exclaim$1 ,if ,i c\ld only get a :iff ( ! old tann]y y>d1 ,i feel ,i %\ld be cur$4 ,c]ta9ly e "t he came 9 contact ) ! indu/ries--silk1 w9e1 be]1 wool--8 sci5tific insight1 ,antu-l1 seem$ to revive4 ,all 8 life he _h prea*$ ! doctr9e ( int]*ange ( s]vice betwe5 !ory & practice1 sci5ce & ! occupations4 ,:at he did is m eloqu5t ?an words4 ,8 !ory ( molecul> dissymmetry1 t ! atoms 9 a molecule may be arrang$ 9 left-h& & "r-h& spirals or o!r tridim5sional figures correspond+ to asymmetrical cry/als1 t\*es ! ab/ruse "q ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,8 prev5tive treatm5t brea!s new life into ! old dictum similia similibus curantur4 ,! view he adopt$ ( ! gradual trans=mation ( species (f]s a new int]pretation ( ! speculations ( philosophy 9 ref]5ce to be+ & becom+ & ! relation ( ! real to ! concrete4 ,yet ,pa/eur felt he c\ld le>n mu* ( value f ! simple/ %eph]d or v9e-dress]4 ,he 0 complete 9 ! simplicity ( 8 affections1 9 8 compassion = all suff]+1 9 ! w>m? ( 8 religi\s fai?1 & 9 8 devotion to 8 c\ntry4 ,he ?\ght ,france 0 to rega9 h] place 9 ! _w's e/eem ?r\gh sci5tific progress4 ,he 0 !re=e especially gratifi$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahha1 at ! ?und]s ( applause :i* greet$ 8 appe>ance at ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress 9 ,london4 ,!re he 0 introduc$ to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7fondateur de l',ent5te ,cordiale71 to :om ,i b[$1 say+ t ,i 0 happy to salute a fri5d ( ,france4 ,pa/eur's inve/igation ( rabies began 9 ?is same ye>4 ,difficulty 0 f\nd 9 isolat+ ! microbe ( ! rabic virus1 b an inoculation f ! m$ulla oblongata ( a mad dog inject$ into "o ( ! bra9 membranes 7dura mat]7 ( ano!r dog inv>iably br\ght on ! symptoms ( rabies4 ,to obta9 att5uation ( ! virus x 0 suffici5t to dry ! m$ulla tak5 f an infect$ rabbit4 ,! weak5$ virus increas$ 9 /r5g? :5 cultivat$ 9 a s]ies ( rabbits4 ,pa/eur obta9$ 9 inoculations ( grad$ virul5ce1 :i* c\ld be adm9i/]$ hypod]mically1 a means ( prophylaxis aft] bites4 ,he conjectur$ t 9 vacc9al immunity ! virus is accompani$ by a sub/ance :i* makes ! n]v\s tissue unfavorable = ! developm5t ( ! microbe4 ,x 0 n till #ahhe t he v5tur$ to use 8 discov]y to prev5t hydrophobia4 ,on ,july #f a little boy1 ,joseph ,mei/]1 f a small place 9 ,alsace 0 br\ght by 8 "m to ,p>is = treatm5t4 ,he _h be5 sev]ely bitt5 by a mad dog4 ,pa/eur1 ) great trepidation1 b mov$ by 8 usual compassion1 und]took ! case4 ,! inoculations ( ! att5uat$ virus began at once4 ,! boy suff]$ little inconv5i5ce1 play+ ab\t ! laboratory dur+ ! t5 days ! treatm5t la/$4 ,pa/eur 0 rack$ ) fe>s alt]nat+ ) hopes1 8 anxiety gr[+ m int5se z ! virul5ce ( ! inoculations increas$4 ,on ,augu/ #bj1 h[ev]1 ev5 he 0 conv9c$ t ! treatm5t 0 a complete success4 ,9 ,octob] a %eph]d lad1 :o1 ?\gh badly bitt5 himself1 _h sav$ "s o!r *ildr5 f ! attack ( a rabid dog1 0 ! second "o to b5efit by ! great discov]y4 ,pa/eur's ex*ange ( lett]s ) ^! boys aft] !y _h return$ to _! homes reveals ! k9dl9ess ( 8 disposition4 ,8 s5tim5t t[>d *ildr5 _h reg>d bo? to :at !y 7 & to :at !y might become4 ,"o pati5t1 br\ght to him ?irty-sev5 days aft] be+ bitt51 he fail$ to save4 ,by ,m>* #a ,pa/eur report$ t ?ree hundr$ & fifty cases _h be5 treat$ ) only "o dea?4 ,:5 subscriptions 7 op5$ = ! erection & end[m5t ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 a sum ( #b1ehf1fhj francs 0 receiv$ 9 contributions f _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,notewor?y among ! contributors 7 ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil1 ! ,cz> ( ,russia1 ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 & ! peasants ( ,alsace4 ,on ,novemb] #ad1 #ahhh1 ,presid5t ,c>not op5$ ! in/itution1 :i* 0 soon to witness ! triumphs ( ,r\x1 ,y]s91 ,met*nik(f1 & o!r disciples ( ,pa/eur4 ,9 ! address prep>$ = ?is occasion ! vet]an sci5ti/ wrote3-- ,if ,i might be all[$1 ,m4 le ,prsid5t1 to conclude by a philosophical rem>k1 inspir$ by y\r pres5ce 9 ?is home ( "w1 ,i %\ld say t two contr>y laws seem to be wre/l+ ) ea* o!r at ! pres5t "t2 ! "o a law ( blood & dea?1 ev] devis+ new means ( de/ruction & =c+ nations to be con/antly ready = ! battlefield--! o!r1 a law ( peace1 "w1 & heal?1 ev] develop+ new means ( deliv]+ man f ! sc\rges :i* beset him4 ,! "o seeks viol5t conque/s1 ! o!r ! relief ( humanity4 ,! latt] places "o human life above any victory2 :ile ! =m] w\ld sacrifice hundr$s & ?\s&s ( lives to ! ambition ( "o4 ,! law ( :i* we are ! in/rum5ts seeks1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( c>nage1 to cure ! sangu9>y ills ( ! law ( w>2 ! treatm5t inspir$ by our antiseptic me?ods may pres]ve ?\s&s ( soldi]s4 ,:i* ( ^! two laws w ultimately prevail ,god alone kn[s4 ,b we may ass]t t ,fr5* sci5ce w h tri$1 by obey+ ! law ( humanity1 to ext5d ! fronti]s ( life4 ,,ref]5ces ,w4 ,w4 ,=d1 ,! ,life & ,"w ( ,rob]t ,ko*1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 ,dec4 #aiaa1 vol4 #bb4 ,c4 ,a4 ,h]t]1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,pa/eur on ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 ,dec4 #aijc1 vol4 #ad4 ,e4 ,o4 ,jordan1 ,g5]al ,bact]iology 7f\r? edition1 #aiae74 ,*>les ,c4 ,w4 ,judd1 ,! ,life & ,"w ( ,li/]1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 ,oct4 #aiaj1 vol4 #ba4 ,/eph5 ,paget1 ,pa/eur & ,aft] ,pa/eur4 ,w4 ,t4 ,s$gwick1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sanit>y ,sci5ce4 ,r5 ,vall]y-,radot1 ,life ( ,pa/eur4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,inv5tion--,,langley',s ,,a]oplane ,9 8 laudation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace v5tur$ to enum]ate ! *ief inv5tions ( t p]iod3 7#a7 ,railways2 7#b7 /eam navigation2 7#c7 electric telegraphs2 7#d7 ! telephone2 7#e7 friction mat*es2 7#f7 gas-light+2 7#g7 electric-light+2 7#h7 photography2 7#i7 ! phonograph2 7#aj7 electric transmission ( p[]2 7#aa7 ,rntg5 rays2 7#ab7 spectrum analysis2 7#ac7 an/hetics2 7#ad7 antiseptic surg]y4 ,all prec$+ c5turies--less glori\s ?an ! n9ete5?--c claim b sev5 or eight capital inv5tions3 7#a7 ,alphabetic writ+2 7#b7 ,arabic num]als2 7#c7 ! m>9]'s compass2 7#d7 pr9t+2 7#e7 ! telescope2 7#f7 ! b>omet] & !rmomet]2 7#g7 ! /eam eng9e4 ,simil>ly1 to ! n9ete5? c5tury ?irte5 important !oretical discov]ies are ascrib$1 to ! eighte5? only two1 & to ! sev5te5? five4 ,( c\rse ! v purpose ( ^! li/s--namely1 to comp>e ! a*ievem5ts ( "o c5tury ) ^? ( o!r c5turies--incl9es u to view ea* inv5tion z an isolat$ ph5om5on1 disreg>d+ its antec$5ts & its relation to contempor>y inv5tions4 ,/udi$ 9 its developm5t1 /eam navigation is b an application ( "o k9d ( /eam eng9e1 &1 moreov]1 mu/ be view$ z a phase 9 ! evolution ( navigation s9ce ! e>lie/ times4 ,l consid]ations w\ld apply to railways1 antiseptic surg]y1 or friction mat*es4 ,! n9ete5?-c5tury inv5tor ( ! friction mat* 0 c]ta9ly no m +5i\s 7consid]+ ! means t *emi/ry _h put at 8 disposal7 ?an _m ( ! savages :o contribut$ by _! intellig5ce to me?ods ( produc+1 ma9ta9+1 & us+ fire4 ,9 fact1 z we approa* ! consid]ation ( prehi/oric times x becomes difficult to di/+ui% inv5tions f ! sl[ results ( developm5t--9 metallurgy1 tool-mak+1 build+1 pott]y1 w>-ge>1 weav+1 cook+1 ! dome/ication ( animals1 ! selection & cultivation ( plants4 ,moreov]1 x is sc>cely 9 ! category ( inv5tion t ! acquisition ( alphabetic writ+ or ! use ( ,arabic num]als prop]ly belongs4 ,^! & o!r objections1 su* z ! omission ( explosives1 fire>ms1 pap]1 w readily occur to ! read]4 ,nev]!less1 ^! li/s1 plac$ side by side ) ! record ( !oretic discov]ies1 enc\rage ! belief t1 m & m1 s\nd !ory is productive ( useful inv5tions1 & t h5ce=? x mu/ fall to sci5tific endeavor r ?an to lucky accid5t to /r5g!n man's control ov] ,nature4 ,ev5 z late z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury accid5t & n sci5ce 0 reg>d$ z ! f\nta9-head ( inv5tion1 & ! view t a k ( ! causes & secret motions ( ?+s w\ld lead to ! enl>g+ ( ! b\nds ( human empire to ! effect+ ( all ?+s possible 0 sc\t$ z ! idle dream ( a doctr9aire4 ,9 ! ye> #ahif ?ree important advances 7 made 9 man's ma/]y ( 8 environm5t4 ,^! are associat$ ) ! names ( ,m>coni1 ,becqu]el1 & ,langley4 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> t ! la/-nam$1 long kn[n to ! sci5tific _w = 8 discov]ies 9 sol> physics1 demon/rat$ 9 ! judgm5t ( compet5t witnesses ! practicability ( me*anical flight4 ,?is 0 ! result ( n9e ye>s' exp]im5tation4 ,x 0 foll[$ by sev]al m ye>s ( fruitful inve/igation1 lead+ to t ultimate triumph :i* x 0 giv5 to ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley to see only ) ! eye ( fai?4 ,! ,engli% language has ne$ ( a new ^w 7plane7 to signify ! float+ ( a bird ^u ! w+ ) slight1 or no1 app>5t motion ( ! w+s 7plan]1 s*web574 ,to hov] has o!r connotations1 :ile to so> is prop]ly to fly upw>d1 & n to hang pois$ ^u ! air4 ,! miracle ( a bird's flight1 t /eady & almo/ ef=tless motion1 _h int]e/$ ,langley int5sely--z _h also ! sun's radiation--f ! ye>s ( 8 *ildhood4 ,! ph5om5on 7! way ( an eagle 9 ! air7 has always1 inde$1 fasc9at$ ! human imag9ation & at ! same "t baffl$ ! compreh5sion4 ,! skat] on smoo? ice1 ! %ip rid+ at sea1 or ev5 ! fi% float+ 9 wat]1 (f]s only an incomplete analogy2 = ! fi% has approximately ! same weight z ! wat] x displaces1 :ile a turkey buzz>d ( two or ?ree p\nds' weight w circle by ! half-h\r on motionless w+ upheld only by ! ?9 m$ium ( ! air4 ,9 #ahhg1 prior to 8 removal to ,wa%+ton z ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,langley began 8 exp]im5ts 9 a]odynamics at ! old obs]vatory 9 ,allegh5y--n[ a "p ( ! city ( ,pittsburgh4 ,8 *ief app>atus 0 a :irl+ table1 sixty feet 9 diamet]1 & ) an outside spe$ ( sev5ty miles an h\r4 ,?is 0 at fir/ driv5 by a gas eng9e1--ironically nam$ ,automatic1--= :i* a /eam eng9e 0 sub/itut$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,by means ( ! :irl+ table & a resi/ance-gauge 7dynamomet] *ronograph7 ,langley /udi$ ! effect ( ! air on planes ( v>y+ l5g?s & bread?s1 set at v>y+ angles1 & borne horizontally at diff]5t velocities4 ,at times he sub/itut$ /uff$ birds = ! metal planes1 on ! action ( :i* "u air pressure 8 sci5tific d$uctions 7 bas$4 ,9 #ahia he publi%$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,^! prov$--9 opposition to ! tea*+ ( "s v di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s--t ! =ce requir$ to su/a9 incl9$ planes 9 horizontal locomotion ?r\gh ! air dim9i%es ) increas$ velocity 7at lea/ )9 ! limits ( ! exp]im5t74 ,"h a m>k$ contra/ is %[n betwe5 a]ial locomotion on ! "o h&1 & l& & wat] locomotion on ! o!r2 :]eas 9 l& or m>9e transport increas$ spe$ is ma9ta9$ only by a disproportionate exp5diture ( p[]1 )9 ! limits ( exp]im5t 9 su* a]ial horizontal transport1 ! high] spe$s are m economical ( p[] ?an ! l[] ones4 ,aga91 ! exp]im5ts demon/rat$ t ! =ce necess>y to ma9ta9 at high velocity an app>atus consi/+ ( planes & motors c\ld be produc$ by means already available4 ,x 0 f\nd1 = example1 t "o horse-p[] rightly appli$ is suffici5t to ma9ta9 a plane ( two hundr$ p\nds 9 horizontal flight at a rate ( ab\t =ty-five miles an h\r4 ,langley _h 9 fact furni%$ exp]im5tal pro( t ! a]ial locomotion ( bodies _m times heavi] ?an air 0 possible4 ,he res]v$ = fur!r exp]im5tation ! "q ( a]odromics1 ! =m1 asc5t1 ma9t5ance 9 horizontal position1 & desc5t ( an a]odrome 71 trav]s+ ! air71 z he call$ ! prospective fly+ ma*9e4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! "t _h come = s]i\sly consid]+ ^! ?+s1 & intellig5t physici/s1 :o be=e ! publication ( ,langley's exp]im5ts _h reg>d$ all plans ( a]ial navigation z utopian1 soon came to %>e 8 belief4 ,accord+ to ,octave ,*anute !re 0 9 ,europe 9 #ahhi utt] disagreem5t & confusion 9 ref]5ce to fundam5tal que/ions ( a]odynamics4 ,he ?\ght ,langley _h giv5 firm gr\nd to /& ^u conc]n+ air resi/ances & reactions1 & t ! beg9n+ ( ! solution ( ! problem ( a]ial navigation w\ld date f ! ,am]ican sci5ti/'s exp]im5ts 9 a]odynamics4 ,v e>ly 9 8 inve/igations ,langley ?\ght he receiv$ ?r\gh wat*+ ! anemomet] a clue to ! my/]y ( flight4 ,obs]vations1 begun at ,pittsburgh 9 #ahhg & cont9u$ at ,wa%+ton 9 #ahic1 conv9c$ him t ! c\rse ( ! w9d is a s]ies ( complex & little-kn[n ph5om5a1 & t a w9d to :i* we may assign a mean velocity ( tw5ty or ?irty miles an h\r1 ev5 disreg>d+ ! "q ( /rata & curr5ts1 is f> f be+ a m]e mass movem5t1 & consi/s ( pulsations v>y+ bo? 9 rate & direction f second to second4 ,if ?is complexity is reveal$ by ! /ation>y anemomet]--:i* may regi/] a mom5t>y calm 9 ! mid/ ( a gale--h[ great a div]sity ( pressure mu/ exi/ 9 a l>ge ext5t ( atmosph]e4 ,?is int]nal "w ( ! w9d w lift ! so>+ bird at times to high] levels1 f :i* )\t special movem5t ( ! w+s x may desc5d 9 ! v face ( ! w9d's g5]al c\rse4 ,f ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 ( 8 exp]im5ts ,langley _h s\ght to devise a successful fly+ ma*9e4 ,9 #ahhg & ! foll[+ ye>s he con/ruct$ ab\t =ty rubb]-driv5 models1 all ( :i* 7 submitt$ to trial & modification4 ,f ^! te/s he felt t he le>n$ mu* ab\t ! conditions ( flight 9 free air :i* c\ld n be le>n$ f ! m def9itely controll$ te/s ) simple planes on ! :irl+ table4 ,8 ess5tial object 01 ( c\rse1 to r$uce ! pr9ciples ( equilibrium to practice4 ,besides diff]5t =ms & sizes he tri$ v>i\s mat]ials ( con/ruction1 & ultimately v>i\s means ( propulsion4 ,be=e he c\ld te/ 8 l>g] /eam-driv5 models1 made = ! mo/ "p ( /eel & weigh+ ab\t "o ?\s& times z mu* z ! air displac$1 ,langley sp5t _m mon?s contriv+ & con/ruct+ suitable laun*+ app>atus4 ,! solution ( ! problem ( safe desc5t aft] flight he 9 a s5se po/pon$1 conduct+ 8 exp]im5ts f a h\se-boat on ! ,potomac1 :]e ! model might come d[n )\t s]i\s damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,successful ,,heavi]-,,?an-,,air ,,fly+ ,,ma*9e ,a photograph tak5 at ! mom5t ( laun*+ ,langley's a]odrome ,may #f1 #ahif ,x 0 on ,may #f1 #ahif 7! anniv]s>y ( :i* date is n[ celebrat$ z ,langley ,day71 t ! success 0 a*iev$ :i* all :o witness$ x consid]$ decisive ( ! future ( me*anical flight4 ,! :ole app>atus--/eel frame1 m9iature /eam eng9e1 smoke /ack1 cond5s$-air *amb]1 gasol9e tank1 wood5 propell]s1 w+s--weigh$ ab\t tw5ty-f\r p\nds4 ,!re 0 develop$ a /eam pressure ( ab\t #aae p\nds1 & ! actual p[] 0 ne>ly "o horse-p[]4 ,at a giv5 signal ! a]oplane 0 releas$ f ! ov]head laun*+ app>atus on ! upp] deck ( ! h\se-boat4 ,x rose /eadily to an ultimate height ( f sev5ty to a hundr$ feet4 ,x circl$ 7ow+ to ! guys ( "o w+ be+ loose7 to ! "r1 complet+ two circles & beg9n+ a ?ird z x advanc$2 s t ! :ole c\rse _h ! =m ( a spiral4 ,at ! end ( "o m9ute & tw5ty seconds ! propell]s began to sl[ d[n ow+ to ! exhau/ion ( fuel4 ,! a]oplane desc5d$ sl[ly & gracefully1 appe>+ to settle on ! wat]4 ,x seem$ to ,alex&] ,graham ,bell t no "o c\ld witness ?is int]e/+ spectacle1 ( a fly+ ma*9e 9 p]fect equilibrium1 )\t be+ conv9c$ t ! possibility ( a]ial flight by me*anical means _h be5 demon/rat$4 ,on ! v day ( ! te/ he wrote to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces t !re _h nev] be=e be5 con/ruct$1 s f> z he knew1 a heavi]-?an-air fly+ ma*9e1 or a]odrome1 :i* c\ld by its own p[] ma9ta9 itself 9 ! air = m ?an a few seconds4 ,langley felt t he _h n[ complet$ ! "w 9 ?is field :i* prop]ly belong$ to him z a sci5ti/--! demon/ration ( ! practicability ( me*anical flight--& t ! public might look to o!rs = its developm5t & comm]cial exploitation4 ,l ,frankl9 & ,davy he decl9$ to take out pat5ts1 or 9 any way to make money f sci5tific discov]y2 & l ,h5ry1 ! fir/ ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 7to :om ! e>ly developm5t ( electro-magnetic ma*9es 0 due71 he pref]r$ to be kn[n z a sci5ti/ r ?an z an inv5tor4 ,nev]!less1 ,langley's desire to con/ruct a l>ge1 man-c>ry+ a]oplane ultimately became irresi/ible4 ,j be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,spani% ,w> 9 #ahih he felt t su* a ma*9e might be ( s]vice to 8 c\ntry 9 ! ev5t ( ho/ilities t seem$ to him imm95t4 ,! att5tion ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley 0 call$ to ! matt]1 & a jo9t commission ( ,army & ,navy (fic]s 0 appo9t$ to make inve/igation ( ! results ( ,pr(essor ,langley's exp]im5ts 9 a]ial navigation4 ,a favorable report hav+ be5 made by t body1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance & ,=tification recomm5d$ a grant ( fifty ?\s& doll>s to defray ! exp5ses ( fur!r rese>*4 ,langley 0 reque/$ to und]take ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e :i* might lead to ! developm5t ( an eng9e ( w>1 & 9 ,decemb]1 #ahih1 he =mally agre$ to g on ) ! "w4 ,he hop$ at fir/ to obta9 f manufactur]s a gasol9e eng9e suffici5tly light & suffici5tly p[]ful = a man-c>ry+ ma*9e4 ,aft] sev]al disappo9tm5ts1 ! automobile indu/ry be+ !n 9 its infancy1 he succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a five-cyl9d] gasol9e motor ( fifty-two horse-p[] & weigh+ only ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,he also con/ruct$ new laun*+ app>atus4 ,aft] te/s ) sup]pos$ su/a9+ surfaces1 he adh]$ to ! s+le-ti] plan4 ,!re is int]e/+ evid5ce t 9 #aijj ,langley r5ew$ 8 /udy ( ! flight ( so>+ birds1 ! area ( _! ext5d$ w+ surface 9 relation to weight1 & ! v]tical di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( pressure & ! c5t] ( gravity 9 gulls & diff]5t species ( buzz>ds4 ,he not$ among o!r ?+s t ! tilt+ ( a w+ 0 suffici5t to br+ ab\t a complete *ange ( direction4 ,by ! summ] ( #aijc two new ma*9es 7 ready = field trials1 :i* 7 und]tak5 f a l>ge h\se-boat1 especially con/ruct$ = ! purpose & !n moor$ 9 ! mid-/ream ( ! ,potomac ab\t =ty miles bel[ ,wa%+ton4 ,! l>g] ( ^! two ma*9es weigh$ sev5 hundr$ & five p\nds & 0 design$ to c>ry an eng9e] to control ! motor & direct ! flight4 ,! motive p[] 0 suppli$ by ! light & p[]ful gasol9e eng9e already ref]r$ to4 ,! small] a]oplane 0 a qu>t]-size model ( ! l>g] "o4 ,x weigh$ fifty-eight p\nds1 _h an eng9e ( betwe5 two & a half & ?ree horse-p[]1 & a su/a9+ surface ( sixty-six squ>e feet4 ,?is small] ma*9e 0 te/$ ,augu/ #h1 #aijc1 ! same laun*+ app>atus be+ employ$ z ) ! /eam-driv5 models ( #ahif4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t "o ( ! me*anics fail$ to )draw a c]ta9 p9 at ! mom5t ( laun*+1 & t "s breakage ( ! app>atus consequ5tly occurr$1 ! a]oplane made a good />t1 & fulfill$ ! ma9 purpose ( ! te/ by ma9ta9+ a p]fect equilibrium4 ,aft] mov+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet 9 a /raight c\rse x :eel$ a qu>t]-circle to ! "r1 at ! same "t desc5d+ slightly1 ! eng9e sl[+ d[n4 ,!n x began to rise1 mov+ /raight ahead aga9 = ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet1 ! propell]s pick+ up _! =m] rate4 ,once m ! eng9e slack5$1 b1 be=e ! a]oplane rea*$ ! wat]1 seem$ to rega9 its normal spe$4 ,= a ?ird "t ! eng9e sl[$ d[n1 &1 be=e x recov]$1 ! a]oplane _h t\*$ ! wat]4 ,x _h trav]s$ a di/ance ( "o ?\s& feet 9 tw5ty-sev5 seconds4 ,"o ( ! workm5 confess$ t he _h p\r$ into ! tank too mu* gasol9e4 ,?is _h caus$ an ov]fl[ into ! intake pipe1 :i* 9 turn int]f]$ ) ! action ( a valve4 ,! l>g] a]oplane ) ! eng9e] ,manly on bo>d 0 fir/ te/$ on ,octob] #g ( ! same ye>1 b ! front guy po/ caught 9 ! laun*+ c> & ! ma*9e plung$ into ! wat] a few feet f ! h\se-boat4 ,9 spite ( ?is disc\rag+ mi%ap ! eng9e]s & o!rs pres5t felt confid5ce 9 ! a]oplane's p[] to fly4 ,:at w\ld to-day be reg>d$ by an a]onaut z a slight setback seem$ at t mom5t l a tragic failure4 ,! fifty ?\s& doll>s _h be5 exhau/$ ne>ly two ye>s previ\sly2 ,pr(essor ,langley _h made z full use z seem$ to him advisable ( ! res\rces put at 8 disposal by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2 ! "y m5 ( ! press1 = :om ! suppos$ ab]ration ( a great sci5ti/ furni%$ excell5t copy1 7 virul5t 9 _! criticisms4 ,manly made "o m h]oic attempt "u v unfavorable conditions at ! close ( a w9t]'s day 7,decemb] #h1 #aijc74 ,aga9 difficulty occurr$ ) ! laun*+ ge>1 ! re> w+s & rudd] be+ wreck$ be=e ! a]oplane 0 cle> ( ! ways4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 n[ def9itely ab&on$1 & ! inv5tor 0 ov]:elm$ by ! s5se ( failure1 & /ill m by ! skepticism ) :i* ! public _h reg>d$ 8 endeavors4 ,9 #aije an acc\nt ( ,langley's a]oplane appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,italian ,a]onautical ,society4 ,two ye>s lat] ?is same publication 9 an article on a new ,blriot a]oplane said3 ,! ,blriot ,,iv 9 ! =m ( a bird 444 does n appe> to give good results1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! lack ( /ability1 & ,blriot1 in/ead ( try+ "s new modification :i* might rem$y su* a grave fault1 laid x aside & at once began ! con/ruction ( a new type1 ,no4 ,v1 adopt+ purely & simply ! arrangem5t ( ! ,am]ican1 ,langley1 :i* (f]s a good /ability4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijg ,blriot obta9$ /rik+ results ) ?is ma*9e1 ! laun*+ problem hav+ be5 solv$ 9 ! previ\s ye>--! ye> ( ,langley's dea?--by ! use ( :eels :i* p]mitt$ ! a]oplane to get "u way by runn+ along ! gr\nd "u its own driv+ p[]4 ,! e>ly flights ) ,no4 ,v 7 made at a few feet f ! gr\nd1 & ! clev] ,fr5* aviator c\ld affect ! direction ( ! ma*9e by slightly %ift+ 8 position1 & ev5 _h skill to br+ x d[n by simply lean+ =w>d4 ,by ! use ( ! /e]+ app>atus he circl$ to ! "r or to ! left ) ! grace ( a bird on ! w+4 ,:51 on ,july #be1 #aiji1 ,blriot cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 8 monoplane1 all ! _w knew t man's conque/ ( ! air 0 a fait accompli4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s aft] ,langley's dea? ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution e/abli%$ ! ,langley ,m$al = inve/igations 9 a]odromics 9 its application to aviation4 ,! fir/ aw>d w5t 7#aiji7 to ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 ! second 7#aiac7 to ,mr4 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss & ,m4 ,gu/ave ,eiffel4 ,on ! occasion ( ! pres5tation ( ! m$als ( ! second aw>d--,may #f1 #aiac--! ,langley ,memorial ,tablet1 erect$ 9 ! ma9 ve/ibule ( ! ,smi?sonian build+1 0 unveil$ by ! sci5ti/'s old fri5d1 ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,bra%e>4 ,9 ! words ( ! pres5t ,secret>y ( ! ,in/itution1 ! tablet repres5ts ,mr4 ,langley seat$ on a t]race :]e he has a cle> view ( ! heav5s1 &1 9 a m$itative mood1 is obs]v+ ! flight ( birds1 :ile 9 8 m9d he sees 8 a]odrome so>+ above !m4 ,! lett]+ ( ! tablet is z foll[s3-- ,,samuel ,,pi]pont ,,langley #ahcd-aijf ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution #ahhg-aijf ,,discov]$ ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,spe$ ,,& ,,angle ,,( ,,incl9ation ,,to ,,! ,,lift+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,surfaces ,,:5 ,,mov+ ,,9 ,,air ,i h br\ght to a close ! portion ( ! "w :i* seem$ to be especially m9e1 ! demon/ration ( ! practicability ( me*anical flight4 ,! great univ]sal highway ov]head is n[ soon to be op5$4--,langley1 #ahig4 ,a /ill m fitt+ tribute to ! memory ( ! great inv5tor came two ye>s lat] f a successful aviator4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiad ,mr4 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss 0 invit$ to s5d app>atus to ,wa%+ton = ! ,langley ,day ,celebration4 ,he express$ ! desire to put ! ,langley a]oplane itself 9 ! air4 ,! ma*9e 0 tak5 to ! ,curtiss ,aviation ,field at ,keuka ,lake1 ,new ,york4 ,langley's me?od ( laun*+ _h be5 prov$ practical1 b ,curtiss f9ally decid$ to />t f ! wat]1 & accord+ly fitt$ ! a]oplane ) hydroa]oplane floats4 ,9 spite ( ! great increase 9 weight involv$ by ?is addition1 ! ,langley a]oplane1 "u its own p[] plant1 skimm$ ov] ! wavelets1 rose f ! lake1 & so>$ gracefully 9 ! air1 ma9ta9+ its equilibrium1 on ,may #bh1 #aiad1 ov] eight ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its design]4 ,:5 furni%$ ) an eighty horse-p[] motor1 m suit$ to its increas$ weight1 ! a]odrome plan$ easily ov] ! wat] 9 m prolong$ flight4 ,9 ! p]iodical publications ( ,june1 #aiad1 may be read ! eloqu5t ann\ncem5t3 ,langley's ,folly ,flies4 ,,ref]5ces ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,me*anical ,flight1 ,nature1 ,may #bh1 #ahif4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ,! ,pione] ,a]ial ,flight1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,supplem5t1 ,feb4 #bf1 #aiaj4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,a]odynamics4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ,! ,fly+ ,ma*9e1 ,mc,clure's1 ,june1 #ahig 7illu/rat$74 ,langley ,memoir on ,me*anical ,flight1 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 vol4 #bg1 no4 #c 7illu/rat$74 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,jan4 #ac1 #aiab1 ,a ,memorial ,honor to a ,pione] ,inv5tor4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution #ahdf-ahif4 ,! ,hi/ory ( its ,fir/ ,half-,c5tury1 edit$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,goode4 ,a4 ,f4 ,zahm1 ,! ,fir/ ,man-c>ry+ ,a]oplane capable ( ,su/a9$ ,free ,flight1 ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aiad 7illu/rat$74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,sci5tific ,,hypo!sis--,,radioactive ,,sub/ances ,! untra9$ m9d1 reliant on s-call$ facts & di/ru/ful ( m]e !ory1 incl9es to ?9k ( tru? z fix$ r ?an progressive1 /atic r ?an dynamic4 ,x longs = c]ta9ty & repose1 & has little pati5ce = any au?ority t does n claim absolute infallibility4 ,_m a man ( ! _w is bewild]$ to f9d ,newton's disciples build+ ^u or refut+ ! tea*+s ( ! ma/]1 or to le>n t ,d>w9's doctr9e is itself subject to ! univ]sal law ( *ange & developm5t4 ,?\gh 9 e?ics & religion ! old] ord] *anges yield+ place to new1 & ! disp5sation ( an eye = an eye & a too? = a too? f9ds its fulfilm5t & culm9ation 9 a disp5sation ( =be>ance & non-resi/ance ( evil1 /ill _m look ^u ! ov]?r[ ( any sci5tific !ory n z a sign ( vitality & advance1 b z a symptom ( ! e>ly dissolution or at lea/ ( ! bankruptcy ( sci5ce4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! public reg>d ! sci5tific hypo!sis ) a k9d ( contempt2 = a hypo!sis 71 f\ndation1 supposition7 is necess>ily ephem]al4 ,:5 disprov$1 x is %[n to h be5 a false supposition2 :5 prov$1 x is no long] hypo!tic4 ,yet a page f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce %\ld indicate t hypo!ses play a rle 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce & lead to results t no devotee ( facts & scorn] ( m]e !ory c well ignore4 ,9 #ahie ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 :o 9 ! previ\s ye> _h discov]$ an in]t gas1 argon1 9 ! atmosph]e1 id5tifi$ a second in]t gas 7obta9$ f m9]als conta9+ uranium & ?orium7 z helium 71 sun71 an elem5t previ\sly reveal$ by spectrum analysis z a con/itu5t ( ! sun4 ,9 ! same ye> ,rntg51 :ile exp]im5t+ ) ! rays t /ream f ! ca?ode 9 a vacuum tube1 discov]$ new rays 7:i* he call$ ,x-rays7 possess$ ( wond]ful photographic p[]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahif ,h5ri ,becqu]el1 exp]im5t+ on ! supposition1 or hypo!sis1 t ! emission ( rays 0 associat$ ) phosphoresc5ce1 te/$ ! photographic effects ( a numb] ( phosphoresc5t sub/ances4 ,he expos$1 among o!r comp\nds1 cry/als ( ! d\ble sulphate ( uranium & potassium to sunlight & !n plac$ ^u ! cry/als a photographic plate wrapp$ 9 two ?icknesses ( heavy black pap]4 ,! outl9e ( ! phosphoresc5t sub/ance 0 develop$ on ! plate4 ,an image ( a co9 0 obta9$ by plac+ x betwe5 uranic salts & a photographic plate4 ,two or ?ree days aft] report+ ?is result ,becqu]el *anc$ 7! sunlight at ! "t seem+ to him too int]mitt5t = exp]im5tation7 to put away 9 ! same draw]1 & 9 juxtaposition1 a photographic plate & ^! phosphoresc5t salts4 ,to 8 surprise he obta9$ a cle> image :5 ! plate 0 develop$4 ,he n[ assum$ ! exi/5ce ( invisible rays simil> to ,x-rays4 ,!y prov$ capable ( pass+ ?r\gh %eets ( alum9um & ( copp]1 & ( dis*>g+ electrifi$ bodies4 ,days elaps$ )\t any app>5t dim9ution ( ! radiation4 ,on ! supposition t ! rays might resemble light he tri$ to refract1 reflect1 & pol>ize !m2 b ?is hypo!sis 0 by ! exp]im5ts ( ,ru!r=d1 & ( ,becqu]el himself1 ultimately ov]?r[n4 ,9 ! mean "t ! ,fr5* sci5ti/ obta9$ radiations f metallic uranium & f uran\s salts4 ,^!1 9 contra/ ) ! uranic salts1 are non-phosphoresc5t4 ,becqu]el's orig9al hypo!sis 0 ?us ov]?r[n4 ,radiation is a prop]ty inh]5t 9 uranium & indep5d5t bo? ( light & ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,on ,april #ac & ,april #bc 7#ahih7 respectively ,mme4 ,sklod[ska ,curie & ,g4 ,c4 ,s*midt publi%$ ! results ( _! /udies ( ! radiations ( ! salts ( ?orium4 ,ea* ( ^! /udies 0 bas$ on ! "w ( ,becqu]el4 ,mme4 ,curie exam9$ at ! same "t ! salts ( uranium & a numb] ( uranium ores4 ,among ! latt] %e made use ( ! composite m9]al pit*bl5de f ! m9es ( ,joa*im/hal & else:]e1 & f\nd t ! radiations f ! natural ores are m active ?an ^? f pure uranium4 ,?is discov]y naturally l$ to fur!r inve/igation1 on ! assumption t pit*bl5de conta9s m ?an "o radioactive sub/ance4 ,polonium1 nam$ by ,mme4 ,curie 9 honor ( h] native c\ntry1 0 ! ?ird radioactive elem5t to be discov]$4 ,9 ! *emical analysis ( pit*bl5de made by ,mme4 ,curie 7assi/$ by ,m4 ,curie7 polonium 0 f\nd associat$ ) bismu?4 ,radium1 also discov]$ 9 ?is analysis ( #ahih1 0 associat$ ) b>ium4 ,mme4 ,curie succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! pure *loride ( radium & 9 det]m9+ ! atomic weight ( ! new elem5t4 ,!re is 7accord+ to ,soddy7 ab\t "o "p ( radium 9 five million p>ts ( ! be/ pit*bl5de1 b ! new elem5t is ab\t "o million times m radioactive ?an uranium4 ,x 0 calculat$ by ,m4 ,curie t ! en]gy ( "o gram ( radium w\ld suffice to lift a weight ( five hundr$ tons to a height ( "o mile4 ,aft] discuss+ ! be>+ ( ! discov]y ( radioactivity on ! ?reat5$ exhau/ion ( ! coal supply ,soddy writes en?usia/ically3 ,b ! recognition ( ! b\ndless & inexhau/ible en]gy ( ,nature 7& ! intellectual gratification x af=ds7 bright5s ! :ole outlook ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! elem5t yields spontane\sly radium emanation )\t any app>5t dim9ution ( its own mass4 ,9 #ahii ,debi]ne discov]$1 also 9 ! highly complex pit*bl5de1 act9ium1 :i* has prov$ consid]ably less radioactive ?an radium4 ,dur+ ^! inve/igations ,m4 & ,mme4 ,curie1 ,m4 ,becqu]el1 & ^? associat$ ) !m 7 influ5c$ by ! hypo!sis t radioactivity is an atomic prop]ty ( radioactive sub/ances4 ,?is hypo!sis came to def9ite expression 9 #ahii & aga9 9 #aijb ?r\gh ,mme4 ,curie4 ,9 ! latt] ye> ! physici/ ,e4 ,ru!r=d & ! *emi/ ,f4 ,soddy1 :ile inve/igat+ ! radioactivity ( ?orium 9 ! laboratories ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal1 7 =c$ to recognize t ?orium cont9u\sly gives rise to new k9ds ( radioactive matt] diff]+ f itself 9 *emical prop]ties1 9 /ability1 & 9 radiant en]gy4 ,!y concurr$ 9 ! view held by all ! mo/ prom95t work]s 9 ?is subject1 namely1 t radioactivity is an atomic ph5om5on4 ,x is n molecul> decomposition4 ,!y decl>$ t ! radioactive sub/ances mu/ be und]go+ a spontane\s trans=mation4 ,! d>+ nature ( ?is hypo!sis & its likelihood to revolutionize physical sci5ce is br\ght home to "o by recall+ t ?ree decades previ\sly an em95t physici/ _h said t ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( ages cata/rophes h occurr$ & may yet occur 9 ! heav5s1 ?\gh anci5t sy/ems may be dissolv$ & new sy/ems evolv$ out ( _! ru9s1 ! molecules atoms out ( :i* ^! sy/ems are built--! f\ndation /ones ( ! mat]ial univ]se--rema9 unbrok5 & unworn4 ,9 #aijc ,ru!r=d & ,soddy /at$ def9itely _! hypo!sis1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,trans=mation ,!ory1 t ! atoms ( radioactive sub/ances suff] spontane\s dis9tegration1 a process unaffect$ by great *anges ( temp]ature 7or by physical or *emical *anges ( any k9d at ! disposal ( ! exp]im5t]7 & giv+ rise to new radioactive sub/ances diff]+ 9 *emical 7& physical7 prop]ties f ! p>5t elem5ts4 ,! radiations consi/ ( p>ticles 7atoms ( helium m9us two negative electrons71 p>ticles1 or electrons 7*>ges ( negative electricity71 & rays1 ( ! nature ( ,rntg5 rays & light b ( v mu* %ort] wave l5g? & ( v great p5etrat+ p[]4 ,x is by ! en]gy inh]5t 9 ! atom ( ! radioactive sub/ance t ! radiations are eject$1 sometimes1 9 ! case ( ! rays1 ) velocity suffici5t to p5etrate two feet ( lead4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! radiations t spontane\s trans=mation takes place4 ,aft] t5 ye>s ( fur!r inve/igation ,ru!r=d /at$ t ?is hypo!sis af=ds a satisfactory explanation ( all radioactive ph5om5a1 & gives unity to :at )\t x w\ld seem disconnect$ facts4 ,besides acc\nt+ = old exp]im5tal results x sugge/s new l9es ( "w & ev5 enables "o to pr$ict ! outcome ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,x does n really contradict1 z "s ?\ght might be ! case1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,! atom1 to be sure1 c no long] be consid]$ ! smalle/ unit ( matt]1 z ! mass ( a p>ticle is approximately "o sev5te5-hundr$?s t ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,/ill ! new hypo!sis is a modification & n a contradiction ( ! atomic !ory4 ,! assumption t ! s]ies ( radioactive sub/ances is due1 n to su* molecul> *anges z *emi/ry _h made famili>1 b to a breakd[n ( ! atom seem$ to ,ru!r=d 9 #aiac at lea/ ju/ifi$ by ! results ( ! inve/igators ^: proc$ure _h be5 dictat$ by t hypo!sis4 ,he set =? 9 tables ^! results 7s9ce some:at modifi$71 indicat+ aft] ! "n ( ea* radioactive sub/ance ! nature ( ! radiation ?r\gh ! emission ( :i* ! elem5t is trans=m$ into ! next-succe$+ memb] ( its s]ies4 ,li/ ( ,radioactive ,sub/ances ,,uranium p>ticles ,uranium ,x ,uranium ,y ,,ionium ,,radium sl[ ,emanation ,radium ,a ,radium ,b ,radium ,c ,c#a ,c#b ,,radium ,d ,,radio-,,lead sl[ ,radium ,e ,radium ,f ,polonium ,,?orium ,,meso?orium #a no rays ,meso?orium #b ,,radio?orium ,?orium ,x ,emanation ,?orium ,a ,?orium ,b sl[ ,?orium ,c ,c#a ,c#b ,?orium ,d ,,act9ium no rays ,radio-act9ium ,act9ium ,x ,emanation ,act9ium ,a ,act9ium ,b sl[ ,act9ium ,c ,act9ium ,d ,ev5 a glance at ?is long li/ ( new elem5ts reveals c]ta9 analogies betwe5 "o s]ies ( trans=mations & ano!r4 ,ea* s]ies conta9s an emanation1 or gas1 :i* ?r\gh ! loss ( p>ticles is trans=m$ into ! next foll[+ memb] ( ! s]ies4 ,cont9u+ ! comp>ison 9 ei!r direction1 up or d[n ! li/s1 "o c\ld readily detect o!r analogies4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = ?9k+ t lead is ! end product ( ! ,uranium s]ies4 ,to rev]se ! process ( ! trans=mation & produce radium f ! base metal lead w\ld be an a*ievem5t great] ?an ! vaunt$ transmutations ( ! al*emi/s4 ,al?\gh t seems beyond ! rea* ( possibility1 ! idea has /irr$ ! imag9ation ( m ?an "o sci5ti/4 ,! philosoph]'s /one1 writes ,soddy1 0 accr$it$ ! p[] n only ( transmut+ ! metals1 b ( act+ z ! elixir ( life4 ,n[1 :atev] ! orig9 ( ?is app>5tly mean+less jumble ( ideas may h be51 x is really a p]fect & b v slightly allegorical expression ( ! actual pres5t views we hold to-day4 ,aga91 x is conjectur$ t bismu? is ! end-product ( ! ?orium s]ies4 ,! pres5ce ( ! results ( atomic dis9tegration 7l lead & helium7 has prov$ ( int]e/ to geology & o!r sci5ces z af=d+ a clue to ! age ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd deposit$4 ,be=e ,ru!r=d1 ,mme4 ,curie1 & o!rs especially int]e/$ 9 radioactive sub/ances1 assum$ t atoms are f> diff]5t f ! massy1 h>d1 imp5etrable p>ticles t ,newton took = grant$1 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson & 8 s*ool 7 /udy+ ! con/itution ( ! atom f ano!r /&po9t b ) some:at simil> results4 ,?is great physici/ _h prov$ t ca?ode rays are compos$ n ( negatively *>g$ molecules1 z _h be5 suppos$1 b ( mu* small] p>ticles or corpuscles4 ,:]ev]1 z 9 ! vacuum tube1 ^! electrons appe>1 ! pres5ce ( positively *>g$ p>ticles c also be demon/rat$4 ,x is manife/ t ! atom1 in/ead ( be+ ! ultimate unit ( matt]1 is a sy/em ( positively & negatively *>g$ p>ticles4 ,ru!r=d 9 ! ma9 concurr$ 9 ?is view1 ?\gh diff]+ f ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z to ! arrangem5t ( corpuscles )9 ! atom4 ,let x suffice "h to /ate t ,ru!r=d assumes t ! great] mass ( ! atom consi/s ( negatively *>g$ p>ticles rotat+ ab\t a positive nucleus4 ,! surr\nd+ electrons r5d] ! atom electrically neutral4 ,?is corpuscul> !ory ( matt] may ?r[ light on ! laws ( *emical comb9ation4 ,! s-call$ *emical aff9ity betwe5 two atoms ( su* & su* val5cies1 :i* ,davy & o!rs s9ce 8 "t _h reg>d$ z ess5tially an electrical ph5om5on1 seems n[ to admit ( m def9ite int]pretation4 ,ea* atom is negatively or positively *>g$ accord+ to ! addition or subtraction ( electrons4 ,*emical composition takes place betwe5 atoms ! *>ges ( :i* are ( opposite sign1 & val5cy dep5ds on ! numb] ( unit *>ges ( electricity4 ,moreov]1 ! electrical !ory ( matt] l5ds support to ! hypo!sis t !re is a fundam5tal unit>y elem5t und]ly+ all ! s-call$ elem5ts4 ,! fact t elem5ts fall into gr\ps & t _! *emical prop]ties v>y ) _! atomic weights long ago sugge/$ ?is assumption ( a primitive matt]1 protyl1 f :i* all o!r sub/ances 7 d]iv$4 ,9 ! light ( ! corpuscul> !ory z well z ( ! trans=mation !ory x seems possible t ! helium atom & ! negative corpuscle w (f] a clue to ! g5esis ( ! elem5ts4 ,:at is to be le>n$ f ?is rapid sket*1 ( ! discov]y ( ! radioactive sub/ances1 conc]n+ ! nature & value ( sci5tific hypo!sis8 ,= "o ?+1 ! sci5tific hypo!sis is necess>y to ! exp]im5t]4 ,! m9d runs ahead ( & guides ! exp]im5t4 ,aga91 ! hypo!sis sugge/s new l9es ( rese>*1 enables "o 9 "s cases to anticipate ! outcome ( exp]im5t1 & may be abundantly ju/ifi$ by results4 ,x is safe to say1 writes ,ru!r=d1 t ! rapidity ( gr[? ( accurate k ( radioactive ph5om5a has be5 l>gely due to ! influ5ce ( ! dis9tegration !ory4 ,! valid hypo!sis s]ves to expla9 facts1 leads to discov]y1 & does n conflict ) kn[n facts or ) v]ifi$ g5]alizations1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x may modify o!r hypo!ses4 ,^? :o support a hypo!sis %\ld br+ x to ! te/ ( rigid v]ification1 avoid+ skepticism1 %unn+ cr$ulity4 ,ev5 a false assumption1 z we h se51 may prove valuable :5 c>efully put to ! pro(4 ,! layman's di/ru/ ( ! unv]ifi$ hypo!sis is 9 ! ma9 :olesome4 ,x is a duty n to believe x1 n to disbelieve x1 b to weigh judicially ! evid5ce = & aga9/4 ,! fact t assumption plays a l>ge "p 9 our m5tal attitude t[>d practical affairs %\ld make u w>y ( conte/+ ! legitimacy ( sci5tific hypo!ses4 ,no "o w\ld d5y ! "r ( =m+ a provisional assumption to ! intellig5ce (fic] int]pret+ a ciph]1 or to ! detective unravell+ ! my/]y ( a crime4 ,! fir/ assumes t ! message is 9 a c]ta9 language1 &1 p]haps1 t ea* symbol employ$ is ! equival5t ( a lett]1 8 assumption is put to ! pro( ( gett+ a reasonable & consi/5t mean+ f ! ciph]4 ,! detective assumes a motive = ! crime1 or ! employm5t ( c]ta9 means ( escape2 ev5 if 8 assumption does n cle> up ! my/]y1 x may h value z lead+ to a new & m adequate assumption4 ,h5ri ,po9c> has po9t$ out t "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s =ms ( hypo!sis is ! unconsci\s hypo!sis4 ,x is difficult to prove or disprove because x does n come to cle> /atem5t4 ,! alleg$ devotee ( facts & ( ?+s z !y are1 9 oppos+ ! assumptions ( an up-to-date sci5ce1 is (t51 unkn[n to himself1 /&+ on a plat=m ( outworn !ory1 or ( m]e vulg> assumption4 ,= example1 :5 ,napoleon 0 try+ to de/roy ! comm]cial weal? ( ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 he unconsci\sly bas$ 8 proc$ure on an antiquat$ doctr9e ( political economy4 ,= him ! tea*+s ( ,adam ,smi? & ,turgot 7 idle sophi/ries4 ,i seek1 he said to 8 ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance1 ! good t is practical1 n ! ideal be/3 ! _w is v old1 we mu/ pr(it by its exp]i5ce2 x tea*es t old practices are wor? m ?an new !ories3 y are n ! only "o :o kn[s trade secrets4 ,we are n "h especially conc]n$ ) ! "q ( :e!r ,napoleon 0 or 0 n pursu+ ! be/ means ( break+ d[n ,engli% cr$it4 ,he did try to prev5t ! ,engli% f ex*ang+ exports = ,european gold1 :ile p]mitt+ imports 9 ! hope ( deplet+ ,engl& ( gold4 ,b 9 pursu+ ?is policy he ?\ght he 0 proce$+ on ! gr\nd ( immemorial practice1 :ile he 0 m]ely pitt+ ! sev5te5?-c5tury doctr9e ( ,locke aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,adam ,smi? :i* _h sup]s$$ x4 ,accord+ to "o sci5tific hypo!sis1 ,species orig9at$ by means ( natural selection1 or1 ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( favor$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,?is assumption 0 rightly subject$ to close scrut9y 9 #ahei & ! ye>s foll[+4 ,! ephem]al nature ( ! va/ majority ( hypo!ses & ! dang] to progress ( accept+ an unv]ifi$ assumption ju/ify ! dem& = demon/rative evid5ce4 ,! te/imony hav+ be5 exam9$1 x is our privilege to /ate & to support ! oppos+ hypo!sis4 ,x 0 ?us t ! hypo!sis t ! planets move 9 circul> orbits1 recomm5d$ by its simplicity & /hetic quality1 0 =c$ to give way to ! hypo!sis ( elliptical orbits4 ,newton's hypo!sis t light is due to p>ticles emitt$ by all lum9\s bodies yield$1 at lea/ = ! "t1 to ! !ory ( light vibrations 9 an e!r p]vad+ all space4 ,! pa? ( sci5tific progress is /rewn ) ! ru9s ( ov]?r[n hypo!ses4 ,_m ( ! defeat$ assumptions h be5 m]ely implicit errors ( ! man 9 ! /reet1 & !y are ov]?r[n n by facts alone1 b by new hypo!ses v]ifi$ by facts & lead+ to fre% discov]ies4 ,accord+ to ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,x appe>s 444 to be a condition ( a g5u9ely sci5tific hypo!sis1 t x be n de/9$ always to rema9 an hypo!sis1 b be ( su* a nature z to be ei!r prov$ or disprov$ by t comp>ison ) obs]v$ facts :i* is t]m$ ,v]ification4 ,?is /atem5t is ( value 9 confirm+ ! g5]al di/ru/ ( m]e hypo!sis1 & 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! unv]ifi$ & unv]ifiable presupposition & ! legitimate assumption :i* ?r\gh v]ification may become e/abli%$ doctr9e4 ,,ref]5ces ,j4 ,cox1 ,beyond ! ,atom1 #aiac 7,cambridge ,manuals ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature74 ,r4 ,k4 ,duncan1 ,! ,new ,k1 #aije4 ,h4 ,po9c>1 ,sci5ce & ,hypo!sis4 ,e4 ,ru!r=d1 ,radioactive ,sub/ances & _! ,radiations4 ,f4 ,soddy1 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium4 ,f4 ,soddy1 ,matt] & ,en]gy 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,sir ,william ,a4 ,tild51 ,progress ( ,sci5tific ,*emi/ry 9 our ,own ,"t1 #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,imag9ation ,psy*ology1 or ! sci5ce ( m5tal life z reveal$ 9 behavior1 has be5 greatly indebt$ to physiologi/s & to /ud5ts ( m$ic9e 9 g5]al4 ,any attempt to catalogue ! names ( ^? :o h approa*$ ! /udy ( ! m9d f ! direction ( ! natural sci5ces is liable to prove unsatisfactory1 & a brief li/ is sure to entail _m important omissions4 ,! m5tion ( ,locke1 ,*eseld51 ,h>tley1 ,cabanis1 ,"y1 ,web]1 ,gall1 ,mll]1 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,bell1 ,mag5die1 ,helmholtz1 ,d>w91 ,lotze1 ,f]ri]1 ,goltz1 ,munk1 ,mosso1 ,maudsley1 ,c>p5t]1 ,galton1 ,h]+1 ,cl\/on1 ,james1 ,janet1 ,kraepel91 ,fle*sig1 & ,wundt w1 h[ev]1 s]ve to rem9d u ( ! ri*ness ( ! contribution ( ! natural sci5ces to ! s-call$ m5tal sci5ce4 ,inde$1 physiology w\ld be incomplete unless x took acc\nt ( ! functions ( ! s5se organs1 ( ! s5sory & motor n]ves1 ( ! bra9 ) its association areas1 z well z ! expression ( ! emotions1 & ! *anges ( function accompany+ ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 f ! =mation ( ! embryo till physical dissolution1 & f species ( ! simple/ to ^? ( ! mo/ complex organization4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,fr5* physician ,cabanis 0 dispos$ to id5tify human p]sonality ) m]e n]v\s organization react+ to physical impressions1 & to look ^u ! bra9 z ! organ = ! production ( m9d4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 )drew f ?is extreme position & express$ 8 conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( an immortal _s ap>t f ! body4 ,"o might say t ! bra9 is ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! m9d manife/s itself r ?an ! organ by :i* m9d is excret$4 ,ev5 s1 x mu/ be agre$ t ! relation betwe5 ! psy*ic ag5t & ! physical in/rum5t is s close t physiology mu/ take he$ ( m5tal ph5om5a & t psy*ology mu/ n ignore ! physical concomitants ( m5tal processes4 ,h5ce arises a new bran* ( natural sci5ce1 physiological psy*ology1 or1 z ,fe*n] 7#ahfj71 ! disciple ( ,web]1 call$ x1 psy*o-physics4 ,?r\gh ?is alliance betwe5 ! /udy ( ! m9d & ! /udy ( bodily functions ! intellig5ce ( ! l[] animals & its survival value1 ! m5tal gr[? ( ! *ild1 m5tal det]ioration 9 age & disease1 & ! psy*ological end[m5ts ( special classes or ( individuals1 became subjects = inve/igation4 ,n[ human psy*ology is recogniz$ z contribut+ to v>i\s bran*es ( an?ropology1 or ! g5]al /udy ( man4 ,wilhelm ,wundt1 :o1 z already impli$1 _h approa*$ ! /udy ( ! m9d f ! side ( ! natural sci5ces1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahge at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig ! fir/ psy*o-physical in/itute = ! exp]im5tal /udy ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,8 express purpose 0 to analyze ! cont5t ( consci\sness into its elem5ts1 to exam9e ^! elem5ts 9 _! qualitative & quantitative diff]5ces1 & to det]m9e ) precision ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce & succession4 ,?us sci5ce aft] contemplat+ a wide range ( out] ph5om5a--plants1 animals1 e>?'s cru/1 heav5ly bodies1 molecules & atoms--turns its att5tion ) ke5 scrut9y inw>d on ! ?9k+ m9d1 ! subjective process by :i* man becomes cognizant ( all objective ?+s4 ,! ne$ ( exp]t /udy ( ! human m9d z ! in/rum5t ( sci5tific discov]y might h be5 inf]r$ f ! fact t ! physici/ ,tyndall read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgj a pap] on ! ,sci5tific ,use ( ! ,imag9ation1 9 :i* he spoke ( ! imag9ation z ! ar*itect ( physical !ory1 cit$ ,newton1 ,dalton1 ,davy1 & ,f>aday z af=d+ examples ( ! j use ( ?is creative p[] ( ! m9d1 & quot$ a di/+ui%$ *emi/ z id5tify+ ! m5tal process ( sci5tific discov]y ) t ( arti/ic production4 ,tyndall ev5 *as$ ! psy*ologi/s 9 _! own field & /at$ t x 0 only by ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation t we c\ld ascribe ! possession ( m5tal p[]s to our fell[ creatures4 ,y believe t 9 society y are surr\nd$ by reasonable be+s l y\rself4444 ,:at is y\r w>rant = ?is conviction8 ,simply & solely ?is3 y\r fell[-creatures behave z if !y 7 reasonable4 ,on ! traces ( ?is brilliant incursion ( ! natural philosoph] into ! realm ( m5tal sci5ce1 lat] psy*ologi/s mu/ foll[ b halt+ly4 ,j z 9 ! hi/ory ( physics a long s]ies ( /udies int]v5$ betwe5 ,bacon's hypo!sis t heat is a k9d ( motion 7#afbj7 & ,tyndall's own "w1 ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion 7#ahfc71 s mu/ _m psy*ological inve/igations be made be=e an adequate psy*ology ( sci5tific discov]y c be =mulat$4 ,x may ultimately prove t ! passages 9 :i* ,tyndall & o!r sci5ti/s speak ( sci5tific imag9ation w\ld read z well if = ?is t]m1 intuition1 inspiration1 unconsci\s c]ebration1 or ev5 reason 7 sub/itut$4 ,at fir/ glance x w\ld seem t ! /udy ( ! s5sory elem5ts ( consci\sness1 motor1 tactile1 visual1 auditory1 olfactory1 gu/atory1 !rmal1 int]nal1 pursu$ = ! la/ half c5tury by ! exp]im5tal me?od1 w\ld furni% a clue to ! nature ( ! imag9ation4 ,a visual image1 or m5tal picture1 is popul>ly tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( ! imag9ative process4 ,9 fact1 ! di/+ui%$ psy*ologi/ ,william ,james devotes ! :ole ( 8 int]e/+ *apt] on ! imag9ation to ! discussion ( diff]5t types ( imag]y4 ,! s5sory elem5ts ( consci\sness are involv$1 h[ev]1 9 p]ception1 memory1 volition1 reason1 & s5tim5t1 z !y are 9 imag9ation4 ,!y h be5 recogniz$ z fundam5tal f antiquity4 ,no?+ is 9 ! intellect :i* 0 n previ\sly 9 ! s5ses4 ,to be out ( "o's s5ses is to lack ! purposive guidance ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! psy*ology ( individuals & gr\ps %[s />tl+ diff]5ces 9 ! k9d & vividness ( imag]y4 ,_m cases are on record :]e ! m5tal life is almo/ exclusively 9 visual1 9 auditory1 or 9 motor t]ms4 ,"o /ud5t le>ns a =eign language by writ+ out e ^w & s5t5ce2 ano!r is :olly dep5d5t on he>+ !m spok52 a ?ird c recall ! pr9t$ page ) an almo/ photographic vividness4 ,! hi/ory ( lit]ature & art furni%es u ) illu/rations ( rem>kable p[]s ( visualization4 ,blake & ,from5t9 7 able to reproduce 9 pictures sc5es long reta9$ 9 memory4 ,! latt] recogniz$ t 8 pa9t+ 0 n an exact reproduction ( :at he _h se51 b t x 0 none ! less arti/ic because ( ! selective influ5ce t 8 m9d _h ex]t$ on ! memory image4 ,wordswor? at times po/pon$ ! description ( a sc5e t appeal$ to 8 poetic fancy ) ! express purpose ( blurr+ ! outl9es1 b enhanc+ ! p]sonal factor4 ,goe! _h ! p[] to call up at w ! =m ( a fl[]1 to make x *ange f "o color to ano!r & to unfold be=e 8 m9d's eye4 ,pr(essor ,dil!y has collect$ _m o!r records ( ! halluc9atory cle>ness ( ! visual imag]y ( lit]>y arti/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,galton1 aft] 8 classical /udy ( m5tal imag]y 7#ahhc71 /at$ t sci5tific m51 z a class1 h feeble p[]s ( visual repres5tation4 ,he _h appeal$ = evid5ce ( visual recall to di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s because he ?\ght !m m capable ?an o!rs ( accurately /at+ ! results ( _! introspection4 ,he _h rec\rse n only to ,engli% b to =eign sci5ti/s1 includ+ memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute4 ,to my a/oni%m5t1 he writes1 ,i f\nd t ! great majority ( m5 ( sci5ce to :om ,i fir/ appli$ prote/$ t m5tal imag]y 0 unkn[n to !m1 & !y look$ on me z fanciful & fanta/ic 9 suppos+ t ! words 'm5tal imag]y' really express$ :at ,i believ$ ev]ybody suppos$ !m to mean4 ,!y _h no m notion ( its true nature ?an a color-bl9d man1 :o has n disc]n$ 8 defect1 has ( ! nature ( color4 ,"o sci5ti/ confess$ t x 0 only by a figure ( spee* t he c\ld describe 8 recollection ( a sc5e z a m5tal image to be p]ceiv$ ) ! m9d's eye4 ,:5 ,galton que/ion$ p]sons :om he met 9 g5]al society he f\nd an entirely diff]5t disposition to prevail4 ,_m m5 & a yet l>g] numb] ( wom51 & _m boys & girls1 decl>$ t !y habitually saw m5tal imag]y1 & t x 0 p]fectly di/9ct to !m & full ( color4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! psy*ology ( ! av]age di/+ui%$ sci5ti/ & ! av]age memb] ( g5]al society 0 greatly /r5g!n$ ^u cross-exam9ation4 ,galton attribut$ ! diff]5ce to ! sci5ti/'s habits ( highly g5]aliz$ & ab/ract ?\ght1 especially :5 ! /eps ( reason+ are c>ri$ on by words employ$ z symbols4 ,x is only by ! use ( words z symbols t sci5tific ?\ght is possible4 ,x is ?r\gh cop]ation 9 "w t mank9d has impos$ its w ^u ! creation1 & cop]ation c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ f> )\t ! developm5t ( language z a means ( communication4 ,7 x n = ! help ( words we %\ld be dep5d5t1 l ! l[] animals1 on ! fleet+ images ( ?+s4 ,we %\ld be b\nd to ! _w ( s5se & n h range 9 ! _w ( ideas4 ,words are a free m$ium = ?\ght1 = ! v reason t !y are capable ( %ift+ _! mean+ & tak+ on great] ext5sion or int5sion4 ,= example1 we may say t ! apple falls because x is heavy1 or we may sub/itute synonym\s phraseology t helps u to view ! fall+ apple 9 its univ]sal aspects4 ,! m9d acquires ?r\gh language a field ( activity indep5d5t ( ! objective _w4 ,we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt] t geometry develop$ z a sci5ce is becom+ gradually wean$ f ! art ( survey+4 ,triangles & rectangles cease to sugge/ mead[s1 or v9ey>ds1 or any def9ite imag]y ( t sort1 & are discuss$ 9 _! ab/ract relation%ip4 ,sci5ce dem&s ! conceptual r ?an ! m]ely s5sory4 ,! invisible real _w ( atoms & corpuscles has its beg9n+ 9 ! reason1 ! ^w4 ,to =mulate new tru?s 9 ! _w ( ideas is ! pr]ogative ( m9ds gift$ ) exceptional reason4 ,to be sure1 language itself may be reg>d$ z imag]y4 ,"s p]sons visualize e ^w spok5 z ?\gh x 7 se5 on ! pr9t$ page2 o!rs _c recall a lit]>y passage )\t motor imag]y ( ! spee* organs or ev5 incipi5t spee*2 :ile o!rs aga9 exp]i5ce motor imag]y ( ! writ+ h&4 ,) _m1 9 all =ms ( ^w-consci\sness1 ! auditory image is pr$om9ant4 ,9 ! s5se ( be+ accompani$ by imag]y all ?9k+ is imag9ative4 ,b x is ! use ( words t p]mits u to escape mo/ completely f ! m primitive =ms ( intellig5ce4 ,s directly does ! pr9t$ ^w convey its mean+ to ! tra9$ m9d t to reg>d x z s mu* black on :ite r ?an z a symbol is a r>e & r upsett+ m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,words diff] among !mselves 9 _! p[] to sugge/ images ( ! ?+ symboliz$4 ,! ^w exi/5ce is less image-produc+ ?an fl[]1 & fl[] ?an r$ rose4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! language ( sci5ce to sub/itute ! ab/ract or g5]al expression = ! concrete & picturesque4 ,:51 !re=e1 we are told t ! imag9ation has be5 at ! bottom ( all great sci5tific discov]ies1 t ! discov]y ( law is ! peculi> function ( ! creative imag9ation1 & t all great sci5ti/s h1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be5 great arti/s1 we are confront$ ) a p>adox4 ,9 :at dep>tm5t ( ?\ght is imag9ation m /rictly subord9at$ ?an 9 sci5ce8 ,g5etic psy*ology attempts to trace ! developm5t ( m9d z a means ( adju/m5t4 ,x exam9es ! in/9cts t s]ve s wond]fully ! survival ( v>i\s species ( insects4 ,x /udies ! m easily modifi$ in/9ct ( birds1 & notes _! ability to make intellig5t *oice on ! basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,does ! bird's ability to recognize imply ! possession ( memory1 or imag]y8 ,increas$ intellig5ce assures p]petuation ( o!r species 9 novel & un=ese5 conditions4 ,! m t5aci\s ! memory1 ! ri*] ! supply ( images1 ! great] ! p[]s ( adaptation & survival4 ,we "k some?+ conc]n+ ! motor memory ( rod5ts & horses1 & its biological value4 ,! *ild inh]its less def9itely organiz$ in/9cts1 b great] pla/icity1 ?an ! l[] animals4 ,its m5tal life is a *aos ( images4 ,x is ! "w ( education to discipl9e z well z to n\ri% ! s5ses1 to tea* =m z well z color1 to imp>t ! cl>ify+ s5se ( numb]1 weight1 & measurem5t1 to help di/+ui% betwe5 ! dream & ! reality1 to tea* language1 ! treasure-h\se ( our traditional wisdom1 & logic1 s closely relat$ to ! "r use ( language4 ,! facts ( abnormal1 z well z ^? ( animal & *ild psy*ology1 prove t ! subord9ation ( ! imag9ation & fancy to reason & und]/&+ is an ess5tial factor 9 intellectual developm5t4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 w claim t ! m5tal activity ( ! sci5tific discov]] is :olly unlike t ( any o!r class ( man2 b x leads only to confusion to seek to id5tify processes s unlike z sci5tific g5]alization & arti/ic production4 ,! arti/'s purpose is ! conveyance ( a mood4 ,! au?or ( ,macbe? employs e device to imp>t to ! auditor ! s5se ( blood-guilt9ess2 e lurid sc5e1 e somb] phrase1 s]ves to enhance ! s5tim5t4 ,a c]ta9 picture by ,dr]1 a c]ta9 poem ( ,br[n+'s1 convey 9 e detail ! feel+ ( dauntless resolution4 ,aga91 a l&scape pa9t]1 recogniz+ t 8 satisfaction 9 a c]ta9 sc5e dep5ds ^u a /ret* ( blue wat] ) a yell[ /r& & old-gold foliage1 proce$s to re>range nature = ! b5efit ( ! mood he desires to enliv5 & p]petuate4 ,x is surely a f> cry f ! attitude ( ^! arti/s manipulat+ impressions 9 ord] to imp>t to o!rs an individual mood1 to t ( ! sci5tific discov]] =mulat+ a law valid = all intellects4 ,9 ! psy*ology ( ! pres5t day !re is mu* t is rem9isc5t ( ! biological psy*ology ( ,ari/otle4 ,f ! primitive or nutri5t s\l :i* has to d ) ! vital functions ( gr[? & reproduction1 is develop$ ! s5ti5t s\l1 conc]n$ ) movem5t & s5sibility4 ,f9ally em]ges ! intellectual & reason+ s\l4 ,^! ?ree p>ts are n mutually exclusive1 b ! l[] =e%ad[ ! high] & are subsum$ 9 x4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 int]pret$ ! l[] by ! high] & n vice v]sa4 ,x is no complim5t to ! sci5tific discov]] to say t 8 l(tie/ intellectual a*ievem5t is closely ak9 to fiction1 or is ! result ( a m]e brood+ on facts1 or is accompani$ by emotional excitem5t1 or is ! "w ( bl9d in/9ct4 ,x w be f\nd t sci5tific discov]y1 :ile pr$om9antly an intellectual process1 v>ies ) ! nature ( ! ph5om5a ( ! diff]5t sci5ces & ! individual m5tal diff]5ces ( ! discov]]s4 ,z /at$ at ! outset ! psy*ology ( sci5tific discov]y mu/ be ! subject ( prolong$ inve/igation1 b "s data are already available4 ,"o great ma!matician1 ,po9c>1 attributes 8 discov]ies to intuition4 ,! ess5tial idea comes ) a s5se ( illum9ation4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by sudd5ness1 concis5ess1 & imm$iate c]ta9ty4 ,x may come unh]ald$1 z he is cross+ ! /reet1 walk+ on ! cliffs1 or /epp+ into a c>riage4 ,!re may h int]v5$ a consid]able p]iod ( "t free f consci\s ef=t on ! special "q involv$ 9 ! discov]y4 ,po9c> is incl9$ to acc\nt = ^! sudd5 solutions ( !oretical difficulties on ! assumption ( long p]iods ( previ\s unconsci\s "w4 ,!re are _m su* records f m5 ( g5ius4 ,at ! mom5t ! inv5tor obta9s ! solution ( 8 problem 8 m9d may seem to be lea/ engag$ ) x4 ,! long-s\ght-= idea comes l an inspiration1 some?+ freely imp>t$ r ?an volunt>ily acquir$4 ,no m5tal process is m wor?y to comm& respect2 b x may n lie beyond ! possibility ( explanation4 ,l e?ical insight1 or spiritual illum9ation1 ! sci5tific idea comes to ^? :o h /riv5 = x4 ,! door may op5 aft] we h ceas$ to knock1 or ! response come :5 we h =gott5 t we s5t 9 a call2 b ! discov]y comes only aft] consci\s "w4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce %[s t x is to ! work] t ! inspiration comes1 & t new ideas develop f old ideas4 ,x may detract /ill fur!r f ! my/]i\sness ( ! discov]y-process to add t ! illum9at+ idea may come 9 ! mid/ ( consci\s "w1 & t !n also x may appe> z a sudd5 gift r ?an ! legitimate outcome ( m5tal ef=t4 ,! spontaneity ( wit may af=d ano!r clue to ! my/]y ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,! utt]] ( a witticism is frequ5tly z mu* surpris$ by x z ! auditors1 probably because ! idea comes z v]bal imag]y1 & ! full realization ( _! significance is grasp$ only ) ! actual utt]ance ( ! words4 ,! fact t to ! sci5tific discov]] ! solution ( 8 problem arrives at ! mom5t :5 x is lea/ s\ght is analog\s to ! common exp]i5ce t ! ef=t to recall a "n may inhibit ! natural association4 ,! t5d5cy to emphasize unduly ! rle play$ by ! sci5tific imag9ation spr+s probably f ! misconception t ! imag9ation is a psy*ological sup]fluity1 "o ( ! luxuries ( ! m5tal life1 :i* %\ld n be )held f ^? :o des]ve ! be/4 ,! view l+]s ) reg>d to ! /hetic imag9ation4 ,james c\ld n und]/& ! biological function ( ! /hetic faculty4 ,on ! alleg$ uselessness ( ?is phase ( ! human m9d ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r has rec5tly bas$ an argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,?is view is /rik+ly at v>iance ) t :i* incl9es to id5tify x ) t m5tal process :i* creates sci5tific !ories & ?us paves ! way = ! adju/m5t ( po/]ity to e>?ly conditions4 ,,ref]5ces ,baldw91 ,j4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,psy*ology1 #aiac4 #b vols4 ,dessoir1 ,max1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,psy*ology1 #aiab4 ,klemm1 ,otto1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,psy*ology1 #aiad4 ,m]z1 ,j4 ,t41 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,xii1 ,on ! ,psy*o-physical ,view ( ,nature4 ,r&1 ,b5jam91 ,! ,classical ,psy*ologi/s1 #aiab4 ,ribot1 ,t4 ,a41 ,engli% ,psy*ology1 #ahhi4 ,ribot1 ,t4 ,a41 ,g]man ,psy*ology ( ,to-day1 #ahhf4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,democratic ,,culture ,education is ! ov]sight & guidance ( ! developm5t ( ! immature ) c]ta9 e?ical & social ends 9 view4 ,p$agogy1 !re=e1 is bas$ p>tly on psy*ology--:i*1 z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 is closely relat$ to ! biological sci5ces--& p>tly on e?ics1 or ! /udy ( morals1 closely relat$ to ! social sci5ces4 ,^! two aspects ( education1 ! psy*ological & ! sociological1 7 treat$ respectively 9 ,r\sseau's ,emile & ,plato's ,republic4 ,! =m] ill-und]/ood "w1 def9itely ref]r+ its read]s to ! latt] = ! social aspect ( education1 applies itself z exclusively z possible to ! /udy ( ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( ! individual *ild4 ,r\sseau consci\sly set aside ! problem ( nationality or citiz5%ip2 he 0 cosmopolitan1 & explicitly r5\nc$ ! idea ( plann+ ! education ( a ,fr5*man or a ,swiss4 ,nei!r did he desire to set =? ! education ( a wild man1 free & unre/ra9$4 ,he wi%$ r to depict ! developm5t ( a natural man 9 a /ate ( society2 b he emphasiz$ ! native h]$it>y end[m5t1 :ile express+ 8 admiration = ,plato's ,republic z ! great classic ( social p$agogy4 ,! titles ( ! two works1 "o f ! "n ( an individual *ild1 ! o!r f a =m ( gov]nm5t1 %\ld s]ve to rem9d u ( ! purpose & limitations ( ea*4 ,plato's ?\ght 0 c5t]$ on ! educational & moral ne$s ( ! city-/ate ( ,a!ns4 ,he 0 appreh5sive t ! city 0 becom+ corrupt$ ?r\gh ! wantonness & lack ( pr9ciple ( ! ,a!nian y\?4 ,he /rove to rebuild on reason$ f\ndations ! s5se ( social obligation & responsibility :i* _h 9 ! e>li] days ( ,a!ns re/$ ^u fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! gods4 ,z a cons]vative he hop$ to re/ore ! anci5t ,a!nian feel+ = duty & moral wor?1 & he ev5 envi$ "s ( ! educational practices ( ! rival city-/ate ,sp>ta1 by :i* ! citiz5 0 subord9at$ to ! /ate4 ,! novel feature ( ,plato's p$agogy 0 ! plan to educate ! direct+ classes1 m5 discipl9$ 9 8 own philosophical & e?ical conceptions4 ,he 01 9 fact1 an intellectual ari/ocrat1 & spoke ( democracy 9 v ironical t]ms1 z ! foll[+ s5t5ces w %[3-- ,& ?us democracy comes into be+ aft] ! poor h conqu]$ _! oppon5ts4444 ,& n[ :at is _! mann] ( life1 & :at sort ( a gov]nm5t h !y8 ,= z ! gov]nm5t is1 su* w be ! man4444 ,9 ! fir/ place1 are !y n free8 & ! city is full ( fre$om & frankness--a man may d z he likes4444 ,& :]e fre$om is1 ! individual is cle>ly able to ord] 8 own life z he pleases8444 ,!n 9 ?is k9d ( ,/ate !re w be ! greate/ v>iety ( human natures8444 ,?is !n w be ! faire/ ( ,/ates1 & w appe> ! faire/1 be+ spangl$ ) ! mann]s & *>act]s ( mank9d1 l an embroid]$ robe :i* is spangl$ ) e sort ( fl[]4 ,& j z wom5 & *ildr5 ?9k v>iety *>m+1 s !re are _m m5 :o w deem ?is to be ! faire/ ( ,/ates4444 ,& is n ! equanimity ( ! condemn$ (t5 *>m+8 ,"u su* a gov]nm5t !re are m5 :o1 :5 !y h be5 s5t5c$ to dea? or exile1 /ay :]e !y are & walk ab\t ! _w2 ! g5tleman convict p>ades l a h]o1 z ?\gh nobody saw or c>$4444 ,see too 444 ! =giv+ _s ( democracy & ! 'don't c>e' ab\t trifles1 & ! disreg>d ( all ! f9e pr9ciples :i* we solemnly affirm$ 444 h[ gr&ly does %e trample our words "u h] feet1 nev] giv+ a ?\ght to ! pursuits :i* make a /atesman1 & promot+ to honor anyone :o pr(esses to be ! p's fri5d4444 ,^! & o!r k9dr$ *>act]i/ics are prop] to democracy1 :i* is a *>m+ =m ( gov]nm5t1 full ( v>iety & disord]1 & disp5s+ equality to equals & unequals alike4444 ,consid] n[ 444 :at mann] ( man ! individual is 444 he lives ?r\gh ! day indulg+ ! appetite ( ! h\r2 & sometimes he is lapp$ 9 dr9k & /ra9s ( ! flute2 !n he is = total ab/95ce1 & tries to get ?92 !n1 aga91 he is at gymna/ics2 sometimes idl+ & neglect+ ev]y?+1 !n once m liv+ ! life ( a philosoph]2 (t5 he is 9 politics1 & />ts to 8 feet & says & does :atev] comes into 8 head2 &1 if he is emul\s ( anyone :o is a w>rior1 (f he is 9 t direction1 or ( m5 ( bus9ess1 once m 9 t4 ,8 life has nei!r ord] nor law2 s he goes on cont9ually1 & he t]ms ?is joy & fre$om & happ9ess4 ,yes1 8 life is all lib]ty & equality4 ,yes1 444 & multi=m1 & full ( ! mo/ v>i\s *>act]s2 444 he answ]s to ! ,/ate1 :i* we describ$ z fair & spangl$4444 ,let him !n be set ov] aga9/ democracy2 he may truly be call$ ! democratic man4 ,9 spite ( ! satirical tone ( ?is passage mu* ( x may be accept$ z ! unwill+ tribute ( a ho/ile critic4 ,democracy is ! triumph ( ! masses ov] ! olig>*s4 ,x is m]ciful 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,x %[s a magnanim\s _s & does n magnify ! importance ( trifles4 ,x pref]s ! rule ( its fri5ds to ! rule ( a despot4 ,"u its gov]nm5t p feel !mselves bless$ by happ9ess1 lib]ty1 & equality4 ,! culture ( ! democratic man is above all *>act]iz$ by adaptability4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,mat!w ,arnold1 ! apo/le ( culture1 discuss+ ! civilization ( a democratic nation ( _m millions1 unconsci\sly confirm$ ! views ( ,plato 9 "s respects1 :ile %[+ int]e/+ po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,he express$ 8 admiration ( ! in/itutions1 solid social conditions1 fre$om & equality1 p[]1 en]gy1 & weal? ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! da9t9ess ( ,am]ican h\se-ar*itecture1 & 9 ! natural mann]s ( ! free & happy ,am]ican wom5 he saw a real note ( civilization4 ,he felt t 8 own c\ntry _h a good deal to le>n f ,am]ica1 ?\gh he did n close 8 eyes to ! real dang]s to :i* all democratic nations are expos$4 ,arnold fail$ 9 8 analysis ( ,am]ican civilization to confirm ,plato's judgm5t conc]n+ ! v>iety ( natures to be f\nd 9 ! democratic ,/ate1 z well z ! ,greek philosoph]'s c5sure t democracy %[s disreg>d ( e?ical pr9ciples4 ,9 fact1 ,arnold consid]$ ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s+ul>ly homog5e\s1 s+ul>ly free f ! di/9ctions ( class2 we ! ,engli% are s little homog5e\s1 we are liv+ ) a sy/em ( classes s int5se1 t ! :ole action ( our m9ds is hamp]$ & fals5$ by x2 we are 9 consequ5ce want+ 9 lucidity1 we d n see cle> or ?9k /raight1 & ! ,am]icans h "h mu* ! advantage ( u4 ,z = ! second po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,arnold & ,plato1 ! ,engli% critic recogniz$ t ! ,am]ican p belong$ to ! great class 9 society 9 :i* ! s5se ( conduct & reg>d = e?ical pr9ciples are p>ticul>ly develop$4 ,ne>ly all ! old *>ges aga9/ ,am]ican democracy c be summ>iz$ 9 "o g5]al c5sure1--! lack ( calm & reason$ self-criticism1--& ?is g5]al defect is rapidly be+ made good4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to *>ity & good-w1 & x includes ! tol]ation ( ! m$iocre or inf]ior1 z1 = example1 9 ! !at]2 ! failure to recognize di/9ction1 & to pay def]5ce to ?+s des]v+ x2 ! glorification ( ! av]age man1 & ! hu/l]1 & ! lack ( special educational opportunities = ! exceptionally gift$ *ild4 ,t criticism z an art is /ill some:at beh9dh& 9 ,am]ica seems to be confirm$ by comp>+ ,fr5* & ,am]ican lit]>y criticism4 ,9 ,france x is a pr(ession practic$ by a corps ( exp]ts2 9 ,am]ica only a v few ( ! be/ p]iodicals c be reli$ on to give reviews bas$ on critical pr9ciples1 ( works 9 v]se or prose4 7,"o ,am]ican review] confesses t 9 a s+le day he has writt5 notices ( tw5ty new works ( fiction1 8 "w br++ him1 z remun]ation1 sev5ty-five c5ts a volume47 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ,am]icans z individuals are want+ 9 ! self-critical _s4 ,& = ,arnold ?is is vital1 see+ t ! wat*word ( ! culture he proclaims is ,"k ,?yself4 ,x is n a "q ( ga9+ a social advantage by a smatt]+ ( =eign languages4 ,x is m ?an intellectual curiosity4 ,culture is m prop]ly describ$ z hav+ its orig9 9 ! love ( p]fection4 ,x moves by ! =ce1 n m]ely or prim>ily ( ! sci5tific passion = pure k1 b also ( ! passion = do+ good4 ,human p]fection1 ! ess5ce ( culture1 is an int]nal condition1 b ! w to d good mu/ be guid$ by ! k ( :at is good to d2 act+ & in/itut+ are ( little use unless we "k h[ & :at we ought to act & in/itute4 ,moreov]1 because m5 are all memb]s ( "o great :ole1 & ! sympa?y :i* is human nature w n all[ "o memb] to be indiff]5t to ! re/1 ! expansion ( our humanity1 to suit ! idea ( p]fection :i* culture =ms1 mu/ be a g5]al expansion4 ,= ,arnold's contempor>y ,nietzs*e1 ! ,g]man expon5t ( ,ari/ocracy1 ! expansion ( education entail$ its dim9ution4 ,= him anci5t ,greece 0 ! only home ( culture1 & su* culture 0 n = all com]s4 ,! rights ( g5ius are n to be democratiz$2 n ! education ( ! masses1 b r ! education ( a few pick$ m5 mu/ be ! aim4 ,! "o purpose :i* education %\ld mo/ zeal\sly /rive to a*ieve is ! suppression ( all ridicul\s claims to indep5d5t judgm5t1 & ! inculcation ^u "y m5 ( ob$i5ce to ! scept] ( g5ius4 ,! sci5tific man & ! cultur$ man belong to two diff]5t sph]es :i*1 ?\gh com+ toge!r at times 9 ! same individual1 are nev] fully reconcil$4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! full p]v]s5ess1 f ! democratic /&po9t1 ( ,nietzs*e's view ( culture1 x is necess>y to glance at 8 political ideals z expla9$ by "o ( 8 sponsors4 ,nietzs*e repudiates ! usual conception ( morality1 :i* he calls slave-morality1 9 favor ( a morality ( ma/]s4 ,! =m] accord+ to him enc\rages ! det]ioration ( humanity2 ! latt] promotes advancem5t4 ,he favors a true ari/ocracy z ! be/ means ( produc+ a race ( sup]m54 ,in/ead ( advocat+ 'equal & inali5able rights to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1' = :i* !re is at pres5t su* an outcry 7a rgime :i* necess>ily elevates fools & knaves1 & l[]s ! hone/ & intellig5t71 ,nietzs*e advocates simple ju/ice--to individuals & families accord+ to _! m]its1 accord+ to _! wor? to society2 n equal rights1 !re=e1 b unequal rights1 & inequality 9 advantages g5]ally1 approximately proportionate to des]ts2 consequ5tly1 !re=e1 a g5u9ely sup]ior rul+ class at "o end ( ! social scale1 & an actually inf]ior rul$ class1 ) slaves at its basis1 at ! opposite social extreme4 ,s9ce x is ! view ( ?is ari/ocratic philosoph] t sci5ce is ! ally ( democracy--a view t e *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce s]ves to demon/rate--x is ( int]e/ to review 8 op9ion ( ! "* ( ! sci5ti/4 ,= ,nietzs*e ! sci5ti/ is n a h]oic sup]man1 b a commonplace type ( man1 ) commonplace virtues4 ,he lacks dom9ation1 au?ority1 self-suffici5cy2 he is r 9 ne$ ( recognition f o!rs & is *>act]iz$ by ! self-di/ru/ innate 9 all dep5d5t m5 & greg>i\s animals4 ,he is indu/ri\s1 pati5tly adaptable to rank & file1 equable & mod]ate 9 capacity & requirem5t4 ,he has a natural feel+ = p l himself1 & = t :i* !y require3 ,a fair compet5ce & ! gre5 mead[ )\t :i* !re is no re/ f labor4 ,! sci5ti/ %[s no rapture = exalt$ views2 9 fact1 ) an in/9ct = m$iocrity1 he is envi\s & /rives = ! de/ruction ( ! exceptional man4 ,a tra9+ 9 natural sci5ce t5ds to make "o objective4 ,b ! objective man1 9 ,nietzs*e's op9ion1 di/ru/s 8 own p]sonality & reg>ds x z some?+ to be set aside z accid5tal1 & a detrim5t to calm judgm5t4 ,! temp]am5tal philosoph] ?9ks ! sci5ti/ s]5e1 b t 8 s]5ity spr+s n f lack ( tr\ble1 b f incapacity to grasp & deal ) 8 own private grief4 ,8 is m]ely dis9t]e/$ k1 accord+ to ,nietzs*e4 ,! sci5ti/ is emotionally impov]i%$4 ,8 love is con/ra9$1 & 8 hatr$ artificial2 he is less int]e/+ to wom5 ?an ! w>rior4 ,8 mirror+ & ext]nally self-poli%$ s\l no long] kn[s h[ to affirm1 no long] h[ to d5y2 he does n comm&2 nei!r does he de/roy4 ,z we see 9 ! case ( ,leibnitz1 ! sci5ti/ contemns sc>cely any?+ 7,je ne mprise presque ri574 ,! sci5ti/ is an in/rum5t1 b n a goal2 he is some?+ ( a slave1 no?+ 9 himself--presque ri56 ,!re is 9 ! sci5ti/ no?+ bold1 p[]ful1 self-c5t]$1 t wants to be ma/]4 ,he is = ! mo/ "p a man )\t cont5t & def9ite outl9e1 a selfless man4 ,?is educational product1 :i* ! build]s ( mod]n ari/ocracy reject1 & describe aft] _! fa%ion1 we accept z ! ally ( ! masses ( ! p1 & we t]m x democratic culture4 ,! objective man1 at ! same "t1 may f9d ev5 9 ! vehem5t pages ( ,nietzs*e w>n+s & criticisms :i* ! fri5ds ( democracy %\ld n disreg>d4 ,extreme1 almo/ insane1 z 8 doctr9e und\bt$ly is1 x may h value z a corrective influ5ce1 an antidote = o!r extreme views4 ,x s]ves to rem9d u t democracy may be misl$ by feel+s 9 !mselves noble1 & may1 by grasp+ :at seems good1 miss :at is be/4 ,= example1 !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 defective or subnormal m5tally2 !re is a small] numb] ( p]sons exceptionally gift$ m5tally4 ,x is a poor =m ( social s]vice t w\ld exhau/ ! res\rces ( sci5ce & philan?ropy to c>e = ! =m] )\t mak+ any special provision = ! latt]4 ,g5ius is too great an asset to be wa/$ or misappli$4 ,all culture w\ld h suff]$ if ,newton _h be5 held1 9 8 e>ly life1 to exact+ adm9i/rative "w2 or if ,d>w9 _h devot$ 8 ye>s to alleviat+ ! conditions ( ! m9]s ( ,p]u ^: mis]y t\*$ him s pr(\ndly2 or if ,pa/eur _h be5 tak5 f ! laboratory & pure sci5ce to make a c\ntry doctor4 ,nor c democracy re/ satisfi$ ) any sub/itute = culture :i* w\ld disreg>d :at is great 9 lit]ature1 9 art1 & 9 philosophy1 or :i* w\ld ignore hi/ory1 & ! languages & civilizations ( ! pa/1 z if culture _h its beg9n+ ye/]day4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h consid]$ democracy & democratic culture f ! /&po9t ( ?ree writ]s on education1 a ,greek ari/ocrat1 a ,g]man advocate ( ! dom9ation ( ! classes ov] ! masses1 & an ,ox=d pr(essor1 all by tra9+ & temp]am5t m or less ho/ile critics4 ,a m direct proc$ure might h be5 employ$ to e/abli% ! claim ( sci5ce to af=d a basis ( intellectual & social homog5eity4 ,a brilliant lit]>y man ( ! pres5t day consid]s t places 9 ! fir/ ranks ( lit]ature are res]v$ = ! doctr9ally het]odox4 ,none ( ! great writ]s ( ,europe1 he ass]ts1 h be5 ! adh]5ts ( ! traditional fai?4 7,he makes an exception 9 favor ( ,rac9e3 b ?is is a ne$less concession1 = ,rac9e ow$ 8 e>ly education to ! ,port ,royali/s1 became ali5at$ f !m & wrote "u ! inspiration ( ! idea ( ! moral suffici5cy ( worldly honor2 !n1 aft] an exp]i5ce t %ook 8 fai? 9 8 own code1 he return$ to ! e>ly religi\s influ5ces 9 8 life & compos$ 8 ,e/h] & ,a?alie47 ,b1 unlike lit]ature1 ! /udy ( sci5ce is n exclusive4 ,9 ! front ranks ( sci5ce /& ! dev\t ,roman ,ca?olic ,pa/eur1 ! ,anglican ,d>w91 ! ,unit>ian ,prie/ley1 ! ,calv9i/ ,f>aday1 ! ,quak]s ,dalton1 ,"y1 & ,li/]1 ,huxley ! ,agno/ic1 & ,ari/otle ! pagan biologi/4 ,sci5ce has no ,te/ ,acts4 ,t ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces t5ds to promote a type ( culture t is democratic r ?an ari/ocratic1 sympa!tic r ?an au/]e1 inclusive r ?an exclusive1 is fur!r witness$ by ! fact t ! tradesman & artisan1 z well z ! diss5t]1 play a l>ge "p 9 _! developm5t4 ,we h se5 t ,pa/eur 0 ! son ( a tann]1 ,prie/ley ( a clo?-mak]1 ,dalton ( a weav]1 ,lamb]t ( a tailor1 ,kant ( a saddl]1 ,watt ( a %ipbuild]1 ,smi? ( a f>m]4 ,john ,ray 01 l ,f>aday1 ! son ( a blacksmi?4 ,j\le 0 a brew]4 ,davy1 ,s*eele1 ,dumas1 ,bal>d1 ,liebig1 ,whl]1 & a numb] ( o!r di/+ui%$ *emi/s1 7 apo!c>ies' appr5tices4 ,frankl9 0 a pr9t]4 ,at ! same "t o!r ranks ( society are repres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce by ,boyle1 ,cav5di%1 ,lavoisi]4 ,! physicians & ! sons ( physicians h borne a p>ticul>ly honorable "p 9 ! advancem5t ( physical z well z m5tal sci5ce4 ,! in/9ctive crav+ = p[]1 ! w to dom9ate1 ( :i* ,nietzs*e 0 ! lyrici/1 0 9 ^! m5 subdu$ to pati5ce1 indu/ry1 & philan?ropy4 ,! b5efic5t effect ( _! activities on ! heal? & g5]al welf>e ( ! masses ( ! p be>s witness to ! sanity & wor? ( ! culture t prompt$ ^! activities4 ,z 0 /at$ at ! outset ( ?is *apt]1 education is ! ov]sight & guidance ( ! developm5t ( ! immature ) c]ta9 e?ical & social ends 9 view4 ,! mat]ial ( in/ruction1 ! me?od ( in/ruction1 & ! type ( educational in/itution1 w v>y ) ! h]$it>y end[m5t1 age1 & probable social de/9y ( ! *ild4 ,9 a democratic c\ntry likely to become m1 r ?an less1 democratic1 ^? subjects w naturally be taught :i* h vital connection ) ! p's welf>e & progress 9 civilization4 ,at ! same "t ! me?od ( in/ruction w be less dogmatic & m incl9$ 7"u a free ?an "u an absolute gov]nm5t7 to evoke ! *ild's p[]s ( individual judgm5t2 arbitr>y discipl9e mu/ yield gradually to self-discipl9e4 ,! *anges "h indicat$ z desirable are already well "u way 9 ,am]ica4 ,z reg>ds types ( educational in/itution1 x is significant t ,am]ica ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury introduc$ ! ,miltonic1 noncon=mi/ ,academy1 ) its sci5ce curriculum1 9 place ( ! traditional ,lat9 gramm> s*ool4 ,lat] ! ,am]ican high s*ool1 in/itutions ( :i* type n[ h ov] a million pupils1 & tea* sci5ce by ! heuri/ic laboratory me?od1 became ! popul> =m ( second>y s*ool4 ,x is1 likewise1 n )\t social significance t ! ,k9d]g>t5 0 suppress$ 9 ,prussia aft] ! revolt ( ! p 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & t x f\nd a m cong5ial home 9 a democratic c\ntry4 ,its educational ideal ( develop+ self-activity )\t los+ sight ( ! ne$ ( social adaptation f9ds its coroll>y 9 sy/ematic tea*+ ( ! sci5ces 9 relation bo? to ! daily "w & to _! hi/orical & cultural antec$5ts4 ,,ref]5ces ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,essays 9 ,criticism1 & ,culture & ,an>*y4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,civilization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ,on ! ,future ( our ,educational ,in/itutions1 vol4 ,,vi4 ( ! ,complete ,works2 translation edit$ by ,dr4 ,osc> ,levy4 ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ,beyond ,good & ,evil1 vol4 ,v1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ( ! ,complete ,works4 ,plato1 ,republic1 ,book ,,viii2 vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,b5jam9 ,j[ett's translation ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 #ahge4 ,,index ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,academy1 at ,a!ns1 #ai2 ,milton's plan1 #ajb2 ,defoe's1 #aaf2 ,frankl9's1 #abe2 type ( second>y s*ool1 #bhb4 ,adams1 ,john ,c\*1 #ahh et seq4 ,a]odynamics1 #bcc4 ,agricola1 ,george1 #abi4 ,agriculture1 #ab1 #ch1 #ajg1 #abf1 #acg4 ,air1 #aeg4 ,air craft1 #ga1 #abf1 #bca et seq4 ,air-pump1 #if4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #aac4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #ec4 ,al*emy1 #ej1 #beb4 ,alcu91 #eb4 ,alex&ria1 #ai1 #dd et seq4 ,algebra1 #di4 ,alkal9e e>?s1 #agi4 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #aba4 ,anatomy1 #f1 #h1 #ch1 #ej1 #gh4 ,anemomet]1 #ajg1 #bce4 ,an?rax1 #bbd et seq4 ,antipodes1 #cg1 #dh4 ,antiseptic surg]y1 #bbj1 #bca4 ,application1 #cj et seq4 ,aqua regia1 #ea1 #acb4 ,aqu$ucts1 #cc4 ,aque\s vapor1 #aeg et seq4 ,arago1 #ahd4 ,ar*im$es1 #bg4 ,ar*itecture1 #cj et seq4 ,ar*ytas1 #ah4 ,ari/otle1 #bj et seq41 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #bff4 ,ari?metic1 #f1 #aa1 #dh4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #bgc4 ,a/rology1 #aj4 ,a/ronomy1 7,egyptian & ,babylonian7 #b et seq42 7,greek7 #af2 7,roman7 #cd2 7,alex&rian7 #de2 7,h9du7 #dh2 7,arabian7 #di1 #ej2 7,cop]nican7 #ee2 7,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl]7 #hg et seq42 7,newton7 #aaj et seq42 7nebul> hypo!sis7 #adb et seq42 7discov]y ( ,neptune7 #ahd et seq4 ,atmosph]e1 #aeg4 ,atomic ,!ory1 #aeh et seq41 #bej4 ,atoms1 #ag1 #adh1 #aeh1 #bec4 ,augu/us ,cs>1 #cf4 ,av]ros1 #ea et seq4 ,avic5na1 #ea4 ,avogadro1 #afe4 ,babylonia1 #a et seq4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 #eg et seq41 #hj et seq41 #aje2 ,baconian pr9ciples1 #baa4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ed4 ,bact]ia1 #ic4 ,bact]iology1 #bac et seq4 ,bagdad1 #di4 ,b>b>ians1 #df4 ,b>omet]1 #id et seq4 ,basalt1 #aca1 #acb1 #acf1 #acg1 #bja4 ,becqu]el1 #bcc1 #bdf et seq4 ,b$does1 #agc4 ,be]1 #bbc1 #bbf4 ,b]zelius1 #afb4 ,bessel1 #ahg4 ,biology1 #f1 #g1 #bc et seq41 #cg1 #ec1 #gh1 #aji1 #aig et seq41 #bac4 ,biot1 #bae et seq4 ,black1 #abi1 #acc4 ,bode's ,law1 #ahi4 ,botany1 #f1 #bf1 #cg1 #ci1 #ec1 #bca et seq4 ,b\v>d1 ,alexis1 #ahe4 ,b\v>d1 ,eugne1 #ahg4 ,boyle1 #if1 #ajg4 ,buffon1 #acj1 #ace4 ,build+ mat]ial1 #cb4 ,cabanis1 #beh4 ,cairo1 #di4 ,cal5d>1 #i1 #cf4 ,c>bonic acid1 #ach1 #aee1 #aeg1 #bag4 ,c>lisle1 #agg4 ,cato1 #ce1 #ch4 ,*allis1 #ahi4 ,*>lemagne1 #eb4 ,*>les ,,ii1 #aje4 ,*emical aff9ity1 #aei1 #bec4 ,*emi/ry1 #f1 #h1 #ej1 #ea1 #aee et seq41 #agj et seq41 #bde et seq4 ,*ick5 *ol]a1 #bbe4 ,*lor9e1 #ahj4 ,clocks1 #hi1 #id4 ,coll9son1 #abc4 ,columbus1 #bf1 #ed4 ,columella1 #ch4 ,com5ius1 #ajj4 ,comets1 #aj1 #dj1 #adi4 ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 #afh4 ,con/ant9e1 #cg4 ,cop]nicus1 #ee4 ,coral reefs1 #bjc4 ,cordova1 #ej4 ,c\nt+1 #f1 #aa1 #cd1 #di1 #hf4 ,c[ley1 #ajd et seq4 ,cron/$t1 #acj4 ,curie1 ,p4 & ,s41 #bdg et seq4 ,d',alemb]t1 #eh4 ,dalton1 #aee1 #aeg et seq4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #aih et seq4 ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 #aii4 ,davy1 #abb1 #afc1 #agj et seq4 ,d$uction1 #hb4 ,defoe1 #aaf4 ,democratic culture1 #dd1 #bgj et seq4 ,democritus1 #ag1 #dh1 #adh4 ,desc>tes1 #eg1 #gb1 #hb et seq4 ,desm>e/1 #acb4 ,dialogues ( ,plato1 #ai4 ,did]ot1 #eh4 ,dioscorides1 #ci4 ,dyes1 #bd1 #cc1 #ga1 #aha4 ,e>?quakes1 #dj1 #acg4 ,eb]s papyrus1 #g4 ,eclipses1 #aj1 #af1 #di4 ,education1 #ai1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #dd1 #eb1 #ec1 #ajj et seq41 #aaf1 #abb1 #abc1 #aga-gb1 #aih1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf1 #bgj et seq4 ,egypt1 #a et seq4 ,electricity1 #ge1 #abc et seq41 #agg1 #bca4 ,electrolysis1 #agh4 ,elem5ts1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #aee4 ,ellipse1 #bj4 ,embalm]s1 #g4 ,emp$ocles1 #ag1 #dj4 ,encyclopa$ia1 #eh4 ,e?ics1 #ba1 #dj1 #da4 ,euclid1 #ah1 #ai4 ,evelyn1 #aji4 ,exp]im5t1 #gb et seq4 ,ext9ction1 #bjf4 ,f>aday1 #aha4 ,f]m5tation1 #baf et seq4 ,fitzroy1 #aih4 ,fla*]ie1 #bba4 ,flam/e$1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #ahd4 ,fossils1 #adj4 ,frankl91 #ae1 #aad4 ,gal51 #ch1 #gi4 ,galileo1 #ge et seq41 #ie4 ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 #bjh et seq4 ,galle1 #aic4 ,galton1 #beh4 ,galvani1 #agg4 ,gascoigne1 #ic4 ,gass5di1 #ii4 ,gay-,lussac1 #afd1 #aha4 ,geb]1 #agg4 ,geology1 #abi et seq4 ,geometry1 #d1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #hd1 #bfd4 ,g]b]t1 #ec4 ,gilb]t1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf4 ,gl5 ,tilt1 #acf4 ,gnomon1 #ac1 #cc4 ,granite1 #aca4 ,graunt1 #aje1 #aji4 ,gravity1 #aaj et seq4 ,greece1 #ae et seq4 ,gre%am ,college1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,grew1 #aji4 ,gu]icke1 #if4 ,hall1 ,sir ,james1 #abi1 #acg et seq4 ,halley1 #aaj1 #aab1 #ahf4 ,hammurabi1 #ab4 ,h>tley1 #agb1 #beh4 ,h>tlib1 #ii4 ,h>un ,al-,ra%id1 #dh4 ,heat1 #hb1 #aee1 #aef1 #aff1 #afh1 #agc4 ,heliacal ris+1 #d4 ,helmholtz1 #afh1 #beh4 ,h5ry1 #bch4 ,h]aclitus1 #ag4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #aib4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 #aeb et seq41 #ahd4 ,h9du ari?metic & a/ronomy1 #dh1 #di4 ,hipp>*us1 #bg1 #de4 ,hippocrates1 #bg4 ,hobbes1 #ii4 ,homology1 #bf4 ,hooke1 #ajg1 #aji4 ,hope1 #ach4 ,horrocks1 #aji4 ,horse1 #bjd4 ,horticulture1 #dj4 ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 #fj4 ,humboldt1 #aca1 #bja4 ,hussey1 #ahf4 ,hutton1 #acb et seq4 ,huyg5s1 #id1 #aaa4 ,hydrophobia1 #bjg1 #bbg et seq4 ,hypatia1 #df1 #dh4 ,hypo!sis1 #adg1 #aej1 #bde et seq4 ,i-em-hetep1 #f4 ,ilu-bani1 #ab4 ,induction1 #ha1 #agg4 ,indu/ries1 #h1 #bg1 #fh et seq41 #agc1 #ahb1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbf4 ,inoculation1 #abf4 ,inv5tions1 #ajg1 #bcc et seq4 ,invisible ,college1 #ajc4 ,iod9e1 #aha4 ,iron1 #h1 #ac1 #ahb4 ,isidore ( ,seville1 #fj4 ,james1 ,william1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfh4 ,j\le1 #aee1 #afg et seq4 ,julius ,cs>1 #cf4 ,kant1 #adb1 #ade et seq4 ,kepl]1 #ij et seq41 #aaj4 ,k9d]g>t51 #bha4 ,kir*]1 #ic4 ,lactantius1 #dh4 ,lamb]t1 #adb1 #adi et seq4 ,langley1 #bca et seq4 ,laplace1 #aab1 #aej et seq4 ,laurium1 #bg4 ,lava1 #ach4 ,lavoisi]1 #aef1 #agb4 ,leeuw5hoek1 #ic4 ,leibnitz1 #ajf1 #aab1 #bgg4 ,l5ses1 #dj1 #ej4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #gb4 ,lev]ri]1 #aij et seq4 ,libr>ies1 #df1 #dh1 #aba4 ,l9coln1 #dc et seq4 ,l9nu1 #acj4 ,lipp]%ey1 #ib4 ,li/]1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbc4 ,locke1 #aaf1 #agb1 #beh4 ,log>i?ms1 #ia4 ,logic1 #ba1 #ec4 ,lucretius1 #dj4 ,lyell1 #aig1 #bja4 ,magnetism1 #ge1 #abg4 ,magnifi]s1 #dj4 ,malpighi1 #ic1 #ajf1 #aji4 ,mal?us1 #aba1 #baa4 ,man*e/]1 #aeg4 ,m>ble1 #aci4 ,m>s1 #aj1 #ia4 ,m>% gas1 #abf1 #afc1 #ahb4 ,mat]ia m$ica1 #ci1 #ea4 ,ma!matics1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #cd1 #dh1 #di1 #ee1 #hg et seq41 #aaj et seq41 #ahd et seq41 #bfd4 ,maup]tuis1 #ade4 ,may[1 #aef4 ,measur+1 #e1 #aj1 #hf et seq4 ,me*anics1 #ah1 #gg1 #bca et seq4 ,m$ic9e1 #f1 #aa1 #bg1 #cd1 #abf1 #agc et seq41 #bjg1 #baf et seq4 ,m5suration1 #e1 #ib4 ,m5tal imag]y1 #bfc4 ,m]cury1 #ej1 #ea1 #aef4 ,m]s5ne1 #ii1 #aab4 ,metallurgy1 #h1 #ac1 #bc1 #ej4 ,meteorology1 #abb1 #acc1 #aeh4 ,microscope1 #ic4 ,milky ,way1 #add4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #bef4 ,milton1 #ajb1 #bac4 ,m9]alogy1 #acj4 ,m9ute & second1 #df4 ,mono*ord1 #ag4 ,monte ,cass9o1 #eb4 ,moray1 #ajd1 #aab4 ,murex1 #bd1 #cc4 ,napi]1 #ia4 ,napoleon ,i1 #aea1 #agg1 #bad4 ,napoleon ,,iii1 #bba4 ,natural hi/ory1 #bc1 #cg1 #eb1 #fa4 ,navigation1 #c1 #af1 #bf1 #ed1 #abf1 #bca4 ,nebul> hypo!sis1 #adg1 #aej4 ,neptune1 #ahd et seq4 ,neptuni/1 #aca4 ,new ,atlantis1 #ga1 #ajj1 #ahc4 ,newton1 #aaj1 #ace1 #aeh4 ,ni*olson1 #agg4 ,nietzs*e1 #bgg et seq4 ,nitric oxide1 #aef1 #afa4 ,nitr\s oxide1 #agd4 ,novum ,organum1 #gj1 #gb4 ,num]als1 #f1 #aa1 #cd1 #di1 #hg1 #bca4 ,obs]vatories1 #d1 #di4 ,occupations1 #ab1 #ea1 #eh1 #fh et seq41 #ajg4 ,optics1 #ej1 #ed1 #ic4 ,organic rema9s1 #abf1 #adj4 ,orig9 ( ! sci5ces1 #a et seq4 ,orig9 ( ,species1 #bja4 ,pansophy1 #ajj4 ,pascal1 #ie1 #aag4 ,pa/eur1 #bac et seq4 ,pe>son1 ,k>l1 #fj4 ,peirce1 #aie4 ,pepys1 #aaj4 ,petty1 #ajc1 #abb4 ,peurba*1 #ee4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #aji4 ,philosophy1 #ae et seq41 #acd4 ,physics1 #ba1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #ej1 #ed1 #gd et seq41 #id et seq41 #aaj et seq41 #abh1 #aee et seq41 #agj et seq41 #bca et seq41 #bde et seq4 ,physiology1 #f1 #ba1 #ch1 #gh1 #agc et seq41 #bbe et seq4 ,pic>d1 #aaa4 ,plato1 #ah1 #bgj et seq4 ,playfair1 #acc1 #acg4 ,pl9y1 #cg4 ,pneumatic ,in/itution1 #agc4 ,po9c>1 ,h5ri1 #bee1 #bfg4 ,port ,royal1 #aaf1 #bgi4 ,pota%1 #bc1 #ea1 #agi4 ,potassium1 #agi4 ,precession ( ! equ9oxes1 #aj1 #aab4 ,prie/ley1 #abf1 #aef4 ,primitive man1 #bjf4 ,pr9cipia1 #aaj1 #aad4 ,prism1 #dj4 ,protyl1 #bed4 ,psy*ology1 #bc1 #bef et seq4 ,ptolemy1 #de1 #ee4 ,py?agoras1 #ag4 ,quadrants1 #ej1 #hf4 ,qu9tilian1 #ci4 ,rabies1 #bbg et seq4 ,racemic acid1 #bae4 ,radioactivity1 #bde et seq4 ,ramsay1 #bdf4 ,ray1 #aaj4 ,regiomontanus1 #ee4 ,religion1 #c1 #h1 #aj1 #dj1 #dc et seq41 #adb et seq4 ,rey1 #id4 ,rh9d papyrus1 #f4 ,rntg5 rays1 #bca4 ,r\sseau1 #bgj4 ,royal ,in/itution1 #agf4 ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #acc4 ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #ii et seq4 ,rum=d1 #aff4 ,ru!r=d1 #bdg et seq4 ,/4 ,b5$ict1 #eb4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #ec4 ,saturn1 #b1 #ib1 #ade4 ,saussure1 #acc4 ,s*eele1 #aef1 #ahj4 ,sci5tific app>atus1 #ag1 #di1 #hf et seq4 ,scotus ,erig5a1 #ec4 ,s5eca1 #dj4 ,%aftesbury1 #aag4 ,signs ( zodiac1 #i1 #cc4 ,silkworm1 #aji1 #bba et seq4 ,siphon1 #ie4 ,sirius1 #d4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 #aba1 #acc1 #bef4 ,smi?1 ,william1 #aci et seq4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aie1 #bcc1 #bch4 ,socrates1 #dd1 #aag4 ,soda1 #h1 #ea1 #agi4 ,soddy1 #bdh et seq4 ,sodium1 #agi4 ,sosig5es1 #cf4 ,s\nd1 #cc4 ,species1 #bd1 #aig et seq4 ,specific gravity1 #bh1 #cf1 #ej4 ,spectrum analysis1 #aec1 #bca4 ,sph]icity ( ! e>?1 #bf1 #cg4 ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #be1 #bah4 ,sprat1 #aje1 #aji4 ,/eel1 #h1 #bc4 ,sundial1 #ac4 ,survival1 #bjf4 ,syntaxis1 #de4 ,tables1 a/ronomical1 #di1 #ej1 #ia1 #ahe et seq4 ,tann+1 #agg4 ,te*nology1 #e1 #af1 #bj1 #bg1 #cj et seq41 #ej1 #fh et seq41 #hf et seq41 #ajc1 #ajg1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #aci-da1 #aef1 #afj1 #afg1 #agg1 #ahb1 #bca4 ,?ales1 #ae4 ,!ology1 #dg1 #fb1 #agb4 ,!on1 #df4 ,!ophra/us1 #bf1 #ci4 ,!ory1 #cj1 #da2 ,t4 ( ! ,e>?1 #acc4 ,tides1 #ch1 #aab4 ,torricelli1 #ie4 ,trade & trades1 #ab1 #ea1 #fh et seq41 #ajg1 #aae1 #aah4 ,trans=mation ,!ory1 #bdi et seq4 ,trigonometry1 #df1 #di1 #ee4 ,turgot1 #aba4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 #hg et seq4 ,tyndall1 #bfj-fa4 ,uranus1 #ahd et seq4 ,vacuum1 #ie4 ,v>ro1 #ch4 ,vesalius1 #gh4 ,vitruvius1 #cj et seq4 ,viviani1 #id4 ,vivisection1 #ch1 #ga1 #hj4 ,volcanoes1 #dj1 #acf4 ,volta1 #agg4 ,vulcani/1 #aca1 #acg4 ,wadham ,college1 #ajd4 ,walk]1 #aie4 ,wallace1 #baa1 #bca4 ,wallis1 #ajc4 ,w>1 #df1 #agh1 #bac et seq4 ,w>-eng9es1 #bh1 #cd4 ,wat*1 #id4 ,wat]1 #aeg1 #agg4 ,wat]-clocks1 #ac1 #id4 ,watt1 ,gregory1 #agb4 ,watt1 ,james1 #acc1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,w$gwoods1 #ach1 #agc1 #aii4 ,weigh+1 #g1 #aj1 #hf4 ,w]n]1 #abi et seq4 ,wilk9s1 #aja1 #ajd4 ,willis1 #ajd4 ,willughby1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,w9e1 #bbj1 #bbf4 ,wolla/on1 #aai4 ,wool1 #bbf4 ,wr51 #ajd1 #ajg4 ,wright1 #adc et seq4 ,wundt1 #beh1 #bei4 ,x5ophon1 #aag4 ,"y1 #beh1 #bgi4 ,za*>ias1 #ib4 ,zodiac1 #i1 #cc4 ,zology1 #g1 #ab1 #ba1 #bd1 #be1 #cg1 #ec1 #ff1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aig et seq4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( *anges made to ! orig9al4 ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4 p>abola1 hyp]bola--play a l>ge "p 9 ! subsequ5t p>abola1 ! hyp]bola--play a l>ge "p 9 ! subsequ5t ,s5eca1 ,physcial ,sci5ce2 translat$ by ,john ,cl>ke4 ,s5eca1 ,physical ,sci5ce2 translat$ by ,john ,cl>ke4 ,college by #aeeh x 0 ! cu/om to rema9 = discussion ,college by #afeh x 0 ! cu/om to rema9 = discussion sl[ly ) ! result t x _h a /ony1 r a sl[ly ) ! result t x _h a /ony1 r ?an a ,?is w\ld correspond to #cbe ,janu>y #a1 #ahdg4 ,?is w\ld correspond to #cbe on ,janu>y #a1 #ahdg4 sometimes1 9 ! case ( ! rays ) velocity sometimes1 9 ! case ( ! rays1 ) velocity positively & negatively *asg$ p>ticles4 ,ru!r=d positively & negatively *>g$ p>ticles4 ,ru!r=d