,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,for readability1 all small caps formatted text was not converted to ,,all ,,caps4 99499 is an asterism4 ,illustration3 ,,cabinet ,,aquarium4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,aquarium ,,and ,,water ,,cabinet2 ,,or ,practical ,instructions ,,on ,,the ,,formation1 ,,stocking1 ,,and ,,management1 ,,in ,,all ,,seasons1 ,,of ,,collections ,,of ,,fresh ,,water ,,and ,,marine ,,life3 ,,by ,,shirley ,,hibberd1 ,,author ,,of ,,rustic ,,adornments ,,for ,,homes ,,of ,,taste1 c41 c4 ,,london3 ,,groombridge ,,sons1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahef4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,collingridge1 ,,printer1 #a1 ,,long ,,lane4 ,,contents4 ,,the ,,fresh-,,water ,,tank4 ,,page ,chapter ,i4--,what is an ,aquarium8 #f ,the ,name and the ,object--,philosophy of the ,aquarium4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,proper ,kinds of ,vessels #aj ,rectangular ,tanks--,construction of ,tanks--,warington's ,stope-back ,tank--,bell ,glasses and ,vases--,stands for ,vases4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,fitting-up--,rockwork #ag ,the ,bottom--,mould--,planting--,the ,water--,aspect4 ,chapter ,,iv4--,plants for the ,aquarium #ba ,how to stock a ,tank quickly--,selection of ,plants--,water ,soldier--,starwort--,vallisneria--,anac haris--,myriophyllum-- ,potamogeton--,nuphar ,lutea--,pipewort--,utricularia--,isopel is-- ,subularia--,ranunculus--,hydrocaris--,a lisma--,lemna1 c4 ,chapter ,v4--,fishes for the ,aquarium #cb ,cyprinus ,carpio1 ,gibelio1 ,carassius1 ,auratus1 ,brama1 ,leucisus1 ,rutilus1 ,alburnus1 ,phoxinus1 ,gobio1 ,tinca1 ,barbus1 ,barbatula1 ,cephalus--,percid--,gasterosteus4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,reptiles1 ,mollusks1 and ,insects #dd ,chapter ,,vii4--,selection of ,stock #df ,chapter ,,viii4--,general ,management #dh ,feeding--,conferv--,uses of ,mollusks--,objections to ,mollusks--,use of ,confervoid ,growths--,periodical ,cleansing--,exhaustion of ,oxygen--,temperature--,dead ,specimens--,disease of ,fishes4 ,,the ,,marine ,,tank4 ,chapter ,i4--,the ,vessel #ec ,points in which the ,marine differs from the ,river ,tank-- ,stained ,glass4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,fitting-up #ef ,the ,bottom--,rocks1 ,arches1 and ,caves--,the ,water--,artificial ,sea ,water--,marine ,salts--,management of ,artificial ,water-- ,caution to the ,uninitiated--,filtering4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,collecting ,specimens #ff ,chapter ,,iv4--,the ,plants #fi ,chapter ,v4--,the ,animals #ga ,fishes--,mollusks--,annelides--,zoophyt es--,actinia ,mesembryanthemum--,anguicoma1 ,bellis1 ,gemmacea1 ,crassicornis1 ,parasitica1 ,dianthus1 c4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,what is an ,anemone8 #hd ,chapter ,,vii4--,general ,management #ia ,grouping of ,objects--,sulphuretted ,hydrogen--,preservation of the ,water--,aeration--,filter--,decay of ,plants--,death of ,anemones--,removal of ,objects--,density of the ,water-- ,green ,stain--,feeding--,the ,syphon--,purchase of ,specimens4 ,,the ,,water ,,cabinet4 ,chapter ,i4--,construction of ,cabinets #aja ,distinctions between the ,cabinet and the ,aquarium-- ,construction of a ,cabinet--,glasses4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,collecting and ,arranging ,specimens #ajf ,implements for ,collecting--,nets1 ,jars1 and ,phials-- ,pond ,fishing4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,the ,stock #aaj ,chapter ,,iv4--,larva #aad ,the ,dragon ,fly--,the ,gnat--,the ,case ,fly4 ,chapter ,v4--,coleoptera #acj ,dytiscus ,marginalis--,hydrous ,piceus--,colymbetes-- ,gyrinus ,natator4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,heteroptera #aci ,hydrometra--,notanecta1 ,nepa1 c4 ,chapter ,,vii4--,the ,frog--,notes on ,management #adj ,,list ,,of ,,engravings4 ,cabinet ,aquarium ,frontispiece4 ,tank containing ,vallisneria ,spiralis1 ,anacharis1 ,gold ,carp1 ,roach1 and ,minnow ,page #aa ,vase ,aquarium #ae ,callitriche #bb ,stratoides ,aloides #bd ,vallisneria ,spiralis #be ,myriophyllum ,spicatum #bg ,potamogeton ,densus #bh ,ranunculus ,aquatalis #cj ,hydrocaris ,morsus ,ran #ca ,tank containing ,gudgeon1 ,prussian ,carp1 ,loach1 and ,bream #cc ,tank containing ,minnow1 ,tench1 and ,perch #da ,tank containing ,planorbis ,corneus1 ,paludina ,vivipara1 ,lymnea ,stagnalis1 ,unio ,pictorum1 ,tumidus1 and ,anodon ,cygneus #de ,cleansing ,sponge #ej ,actinia ,mesembryanthemum1 ,dictyota ,dychotoma #fd ,porcellana ,platycheles1 and ,cancer ,pagurus #gb ,carcinas ,mnas #gc ,actinia ,anguicoma1 ,trochus ,ziziphinus1 ,ulva ,latissima1 ,bryopsis ,plumosa1 ,acorn ,barnacle #ge ,actinia ,bellis and ,gemmacea1 ,delesseria ,alata1 ,polysiphonia ,urceolata #gf ,actinia ,dianthus1 ,delesseria ,sanguinea1 ,callithamnium ,roseum1 ,griffithsia ,setacea #hb ,edwardsia ,vestita1 sop ,prawn1 ,enteromorpha ,compressa1 ,ulva ,latissima #hf ,dipping ,tube #if ,syphon #ii ,hand ,net #ajg ,diving ,spiders and ,nests #aab ,transformation of the ,dragon ,fly #abj ,virgin and ,green ,dragon ,flies #abb ,larva of the ,gnat #abd ,larva of ,stratiomys #abe ,larv and ,imago of ,case ,fly #abh ,grating of ,case ,worm1 ,magnified #abi ,dytiscus and ,larva1 ,reduced #acb ,hydrous ,piceus #acd ,colymbetes #ace ,gyrinus ,natator #acg ,gyrinus1 ,magnified #ach ,water ,scorpion #adb ,transformations of the ,tadpole #add1 #ade ,pocket ,lens #adg ,,preface4 ,every day adds to the popularity of the ,aquarium1 but every day does not add to the accuracy of the published descriptions of it1 or the perspicuity of the directions everywhere given for its formation and maintenance4 ,lately the periodical press has teemed with essays on the subject2 but it does not require a very close scrutiny for the practical man to discern that a majority of such papers express the enthusiasm rather than the knowledge of their authors--a few weeks' management of a tank seeming to be considered a sufficient qualification for the expounding of its philosophy1 though it demands an acquaintance with the minutest details of the most refined departments of botany and zoology to do anything like justice to it4 ,i have done my best to explain and illustrate the whole rationale of marine and fresh-water tanks in my lately published work1 ,rustic ,adornments for ,homes of ,taste2 but since that work1 owing to the expense incurred in its production1 is published at a price which every lover of the ,aquarium cannot command1 ,i have thought it no less a duty than a pleasure to treat the subject more briefly1 but still practically1 and ,i hope profitably1 in a volume of less dimensions and less cost1 written for another class of readers4 ,the object of this little work is to teach the beginner how to proceed safely and pleasurably in setting up aquaria1 whether for mere ornament or for the study of the novel forms of animal and vegetable life which these collections enable us to observe closely1 no less for the increase of our knowledge of the world1 than for the exaltation of our sense of the omnipotence and benignity of ,him who created it4 ,the ,nursery1 ,tottenham4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,aquarium4 ,,the ,,fresh ,,water ,,tank4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,what ,,is ,,an ,,aquarium8 ,the ,name4--,the term vivarium was first applied to the vessel containing a collection of specimens of aquatic life1 and the first vivarium of such a kind1 on anything like an extensive scale1 was that opened to public exhibition in the ,regent's ,park ,zoological ,gardens4 ,many naturalists had previously made experiments to ascertain some certain method of preserving aquatic animals in a living and healthy state2 and the vivarium1 which is the result of those experiments1 may be considered as an imitation of the means employed by nature herself in the preservation and perpetuation of the various forms of animal and vegetable life which people the oceans and the streams4 ,the vivarium is1 therefore1 no recent or sudden discovery1 but a growth of years2 and its present perfection is the fruit of many patient investigations1 trials1 disappointments1 and determinations to achieve success4 ,the term vivarium applies to any collection of animals1 to a park of deer1 a rabbit warren1 a menagerie1 or even a travelling show containing an asthmatic lion1 a seedy cockatoo1 and a pair of snakes that are hourly stirred up with a long pole4 ,hence such a term could never convey the very special idea of a vessel containing such specimens as form the stock of the aquarium4 ,when this was felt1 the affix aqua was added1 to convey the idea of the watery medium in which the specimens are immersed1 and hence we had aqua-vivarium1 a compound of too clumsy a character to remain long in use4 ,it is the water that gives the collection its special character2 and water always reminds us of old ,aquarius1 who treats us to an annual drenching from his celestial watering-pot4 ,aquarius triumphed1 and the pretty prison in which his cool companions of the sign ,pisces were doomed to be confined acquired his name2 and1 since it is better to follow than to oppose usage1 we leave the philological part of the question to the learned1 and adopt ,aquarium as the name of our collection4 ,the ,object of the ,aquarium is to enable us to study the economy and derive pleasure from the contemplation of various forms of aquatic life1 contributed by the lakes1 the mountain rills1 and the resounding sea4 ,collections of objects that inhabit rivers and lakes are of course called ,fresh-water aquaria2 those that owe their origin to the sea are called ,marine aquaria4 ,a more simple name for the first would be ,river aquarium1 which ,i humbly suggest it shall in future be called4 ,but an aquarium is not a mere cabinet of specimens2 it is a water garden in which we cultivate choice plants1 and it is also in some sort a menagerie1 in which we see living creatures of kinds hitherto the least studied by naturalists1 displaying to our close gaze their natural forms1 and colours1 and instincts1 and economy1 as freely and as happily as if they were still hidden from us in their native depths4 ,in this sense1 the aquarium remunerates for any trouble it may cost1 in the lessons it affords of the workings of ,almighty ,wisdom1 in those regions of life and wonder to which it introduces us4 ,the ,philosophy of the ,aquarium must be clearly understood by those who purpose to cultivate it4 ,it is a self-supporting1 self-renovating collection1 in which the various influences of animal and vegetable life balance each other1 and maintain within the vessel a correspondence of action which preserves the whole4 ,a mere globe of fish is not an aquarium in the sense here indicated2 because1 to preserve the fish for any length of time1 the water must be frequently changed2 and even then the excess of light to which they are exposed1 and the confinement in a small space1 in which they quickly exhaust the vital properties of the water1 are circumstances at variance with their nature1 and sooner or later prove fatal to their lives4 ,in an aquarium1 the water is not changed at all1 or at least only at long intervals1 as we shall explain hereafter2 and besides the enclosure of fishes in a vessel of water1 growing plants of a suitable kind1 always form a feature of the collection4 ,formed on this plan1 an aquarium is an imitation of ,nature on a small scale4 ,the tank is a lake containing aquatic plants and animals1 and these maintain each other in the water in the same way as terrestrial plants and animals contribute mutually to each other's support in the preservation of the purity of the air4 ,what happens when we put half-a-dozen gold fish into a globe8 ,the fishes gulp in water and expel it at the gills4 ,as it passes through the gills1 whatever free oxygen the water contains is absorbed1 and carbonic acid given in its place2 and in course of time the free oxygen of the water is exhausted1 the water becomes stale1 and at last poisonous1 from excess of carbonic acid4 ,if the water is not changed the fishes come to the surface and gulp atmospheric air4 ,but1 though they naturally breathe air as we do1 yet they are formed to extract it from the water2 and when compelled to take air from the surface1 the gills1 or lungs1 soon get inflamed1 and death at last puts an end to their sufferings4 ,now if a gold-fish globe be not over-crowded with fishes we have only to throw in a goodly handful of some water weed--such as the ,callitriche1 for instance--and a new set of chemical operations commences at once1 and it becomes unnecessary to change the water4 ,the reason of this is easily explained4 ,plants absorb oxygen as animals do2 but they also absorb carbonic acid1 and from the carbonic acid thus absorbed1 they remove the pure carbon1 and convert it into vegetable tissue1 giving out the free oxygen either to the water or the air1 as the case may be4 ,hence1 in a vessel containing water plants in a state of healthy growth1 the plants exhale more oxygen than they absorb1 and thus replace that which the fishes require for maintaining healthy respiration4 ,any one who will observe the healthy plants in an aquarium1 when the sun shines through the tank1 will see the leaves studded with bright beads1 some of them sending up continuous streams of minute bubbles4 ,these beads and bubbles are pure oxygen1 which the plants distil from the water itself1 in order to obtain its hydrogen1 and from carbonic acid1 in order to obtain its carbon4 ,there is one more feature1 which no writer on the aquarium has yet noticed1 namely--when a tank is properly stocked1 the water soon gets crowded with infusorial animalcul1 which swarm among the plants1 and on the sides of the glass in countless thousands1 visible only by the aid of the microscope4 ,these are in accordance with a natural law2 the presence of vegetable matter in water always induces them4 ,but observe their value3 they contribute to the sustenance of the smaller fishes1 by supplying them with food2 and1 strangely enough1 the researches of modern chemists have proved that these minute creatures respire in much the same way as plants4 ,while all other animals absorb oxygen1 and perish if the supply of that gas is withdrawn1 these minute organisms absorb carbonic acid1 and give out oxygen in abundance4 ,this has been proved by ,professor ,liebig1 who collected several jars of oxygen from tanks containing infusoria only4 ,every one who has had experience in the management of tanks must have noticed that the water in a tank which has been established some months will sustain a much greater amount of animal life than one of the same dimensions1 but recently stocked4 ,the presence of infusoria in immense numbers is one of the reasons for this4 ,so far ,i have endeavoured to explain the theory of the aquarium1 in the merest outline4 ,still1 brief as this chapter must be1 ,i must here impress upon the mind of the beginner1 that unless the leading features of the theory are borne in mind1 success can never be achieved in the establishment of water collections of any kind4 ,if a tank requires frequent cleansing1 or frequent changing of water1 if the fishes come to the surface for air1 or perish through the presence in the water of offensive matter--in fact1 if the whole affair has not a distinctly self-supporting character1 such as will preserve its purity1 and strength1 and beauty1 without alteration of any kind--it must be concluded that it has been either unskilfully stocked or injudiciously managed4 ,it is my object to explain briefly1 but clearly1 the whole rationale of aquarium management1 whether the tank be adopted as a mere ornament--than which there is nothing more beautiful--or as a museum of instruction and a school of study--than which there is nothing more suggestive1 nothing that can afford finer lessons of the subtlety of the forces1 or the refinement of the instincts1 that give life and loveliness to the world of waters4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,proper ,,kinds ,,of ,,vessels4 ,rectangular ,tanks4--,any vessel that will hold water may be quickly converted into an aquarium2 but as we desire to have at all times a clear view of the contents of the vessel1 glass takes pre-eminence among the materials for tanks4 ,for elegance and general utility1 a properly built vessel of rectangular outline1 having at least two sides of glass1 is found by most aquarians to be the best4 ,of course1 no rule can be laid down as to the dimensions or forms of tanks--those details will best be determined by the means and tastes of the persons requiring them--but a few general remarks may prove useful4 ,illustration3 ,,vallisneria ,,spiralis1 ,,anacharis ,,alsinastrum--,,gold ,,carp1 ,,roach1 ,,and ,,minnow4 ,the tanks in use at the ,regent's ,park ,gardens were constructed by ,messrs4 ,saunders and ,woolcot1 of #ed1 ,doughty ,street1 ,london1 and that firm has since set apart a portion of the premises in ,doughty ,street1 to meet the new and increasing demand for vessels for domestic aquaria1 and have brought the manufacture to a perfection which leaves little to desire4 ,for the adornment of a dwelling room or a conservatory1 an oblong tank1 measuring three feet by one foot four inches1 and one foot six inches deep1 would be very suitable1 and would be supplied by ,messrs4 ,saunders and ,woolcot for #e1 though vessels of smaller dimensions are sent out by them at from #b to #c4 ,in my work on ,rustic ,adornments1 ,i have given several designs for rectangular tanks1 but must here beg my reader to remain content with a simple explanatory outline4 ,messrs4 ,treggon and ,co41 of #eg1 ,gracechurch ,street1 and #bb1 ,jewin ,street1 ,london1 are also manufacturers of tanks for aquaria4 ,i can recommend either of these houses with the greatest confidence4 ,construction of ,tanks4--,as this work may reach many remote districts1 where an aquarian would find it difficult to get a tank properly made1 a few hints on the proper mode of construction may be acceptable4 ,it must be borne in mind1 then1 that when a tank is filled1 its weight is enormous1 and hence it is difficult1 sometimes impossible1 to move it without first removing the whole or greater portion of its contents4 ,strength in the joints to resist pressure from within1 and strength in the table or other support on which the tank is placed1 is of the first importance4 ,the bottom of such a tank as we have figured 7p4 #aa71 is best formed of a slab of slate1 and the two ends may be of slate also2 the front and back of plate or very stout crown glass4 ,the most elegant form for such a body is that of the double cube1 the length of the tank being just double its width and depth1 so that if it were cut into two equal parts two cubes would be formed4 ,the glass must be set in grooves in the slate1 and bound outside with zinc or turned pillars of birch wood4 ,the best cement is white-lead putty1 or what is known as ,scott's cement2 the composition of which it is not in my power to inform the reader4 ,if a coating of shell-lac1 dissolved in naptha1 and made into a paste with whiting1 were laid over the white-lead cement1 as suggested by ,mr4 ,w4 ,dodgson1 of ,wigton1 the water would be kept from contact with the lead1 and the tank would require less seasoning4 ,the use of slate at the ends is to enable us to affix rockwork or carry across a rude arch2 the cement used in constructing rockwork does not adhere to glass4 ,but if rockwork is not thought desirable the slate ends may be dispensed with1 and the vessel may be composed wholly of glass1 except the bottom1 which may be of slate or wood4 ,in some districts slate is not to be easily obtained1 and wood or stone are then the best substitutes1 wood being preferable of the two4 ,i have seen some handsome tanks composed wholly of wood and glass2 it is only necessary to choose well-seasoned material1 and unite the joints very perfectly4 ,the yellow clay used by potters would be found suitable in some districts2 and if the two ends and bottom were formed of such a material1 and buttressed together by means of a rude arch1 the fire would unite the whole1 and render it as hard as stone4 ,mr4 ,dodgson1 of ,wigton1 states1 through ,mr4 ,gosse's pages1 that he has formed two tanks of this kind of clay3 they measure three feet long by thirty inches broad and high1 holding thirty gallons each4 ,the weight being very enormous1 the cost of carriage is so serious a matter that such tanks can only be had in the neighbourhood of a pottery4 ,in ,london1 the substitute for the clay would be terra cotta4 ,mr4 ,warington's ,tank is of a peculiar construction1 and is intended to admit the light from above only1 and also to enable the water to absorb atmospheric air freely4 ,mr4 ,warington says3--,after five years' and upwards experience1 ,i have now adopted an aquarium1 the form of which consists in a four-sided vessel1 having the back gradually sloping upwards from the bottom at an angle of fifty degrees4 ,the chief peculiarity of this tank is1 that it admits light at the top only2 the back and sides are usually composed of slate4 ,illustration 7,bell ,glasses7 ,bell ,glasses1 or vases1 are now largely used for aquaria4 ,mr4 ,hall1 of the ,city ,road1 was the first who thought of turning a propagating glass upside down to extemporise an aquarium2 but he surely never thought that in a few months the aquarium would gain thousands of new followers through that simple trick of his in creating a cheap and elegant tank4 ,bell glasses for aquaria are to be obtained of any of the dealers in aquarian stock1 and at most horticultural glass warehouses4 ,the sizes range from ten inches to twenty inches in diameter1 and the prices from one to fifteen shillings4 ,for general purposes of use and ornament1 ,i should recommend vessels of from twelve to eighteen inches4 ,those below twelve inches are too small to be of much service1 and those above eighteen are liable to fracture on the occasion of any sudden change of temperature1 especially in winter4 ,messrs4 ,phillips have lately1 at my suggestion1 produced a bell-glass expressly for aquarian purposes2 those in use hitherto were made for gardening purposes1 and were carelessly blown4 ,the shape ,i have suggested is one nearly approaching to that of the blossom of the great bearbind1 the sides of the vessel describing straight lines1 and the edges lipping over in an elegant vase-like form4 ,these are made of whiter and stouter glass than the common propagators1 and are1 of course1 charged at a slightly advanced rate4 ,stands for ,vases are to be had of various forms and materials4 ,those formed of turned wood have the preference for elegance and safety2 and1 as the knob of the vase fits loosely in the depressed top of the stand1 the vase can be turned round for inspection4 ,messrs4 ,claudet and ,houghton1 of #hi1 ,high ,holborn1 have recently brought out improved forms of stands for vases4 ,they are made of terra cotta1 elegantly fluted1 or ornamented with architectural scrolls1 and are either bronzed or coloured to imitate stone4 ,they have also improved the ,vase ,aquarium1 by binding the upper edge with perforated zinc1 in which there is a ring to receive the glass cover4 ,thus1 while the lid shuts out dust1 the perforated zinc rim admits air1 and allows the escape of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,these vases are strongly recommended to those who cannot afford a well-built tank4 ,where extreme cheapness is an object1 a deal box with a hole cut in the centre to receive the base of the vase1 will make a suitable stand1 or a common seed-pan filled in with sand and the vase pressed down into it may answer1 at a cost of only fivepence4 ,a stone vase1 or any ornamental object1 with a suitable depression in the top1 can also be turned to account for the purpose4 ,glass jars1 confectioner's show-glasses1 a foot-bath of earthenware1 or a few glass milk-pans1 may be used for the preservation of aquatic objects1 when a properly constructed vessel is not at hand2 and even as adjuncts to high-class tanks1 such vessels are frequently necessary and have special uses of their own4 ,still the tank1 whether rectangular or vase-shaped1 is a distinct thing in itself4 ,the beauty is to be found in its completeness and the extent afforded for a variety of objects2 and when we speak of an aquarium1 we mean a vessel holding at least eight to thirty or more gallons of water1 formed partially or wholly of glass1 and stocked with plants and fishes in a living and healthy state4 ,a glass lid is essential to prevent the entrance of dust and escape of any of the inhabitants4 ,fishes will sometimes leap out1 and reptiles crawl out2 and without a lid1 some pretty objects may be lost4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,fitting ,,up4 ,rockwork claims the first consideration when we proceed to fit up and furnish a tank4 ,for a fresh-water aquarium1 ,i do not recommend rockwork of any kind2 and in the case of a vase1 rockwork is positively dangerous1 from its weight1 and1 unless very skilfully managed1 will be ugly rather than ornamental4 ,in the marine tank a few pieces of rock add to the beauty of the scene and the comfort of the creatures4 ,in fitting rockwork1 some amount of taste and judgment must be brought into exercise4 ,shells and filagree work are largely used by some folks2 but they belong properly to the child's aquarium--they suggest dolls and battledores4 ,some rough fragments of any kind of non-metallic stone may be built up into a dark arch1 or piled up after the fashion of a cromlech--one flat piece resting on two or three vertical pieces1 so as to form a rude table-like structure4 ,these may be fixed firmly in the places they are intended to occupy by means of ,roman or ,portland cement1 which can be purchased at any building yard4 ,the cement should be made into a stiff paste1 and worked into the form required4 ,indeed1 the rockwork may be wholly composed of such cement1 especially if it is to have the form of an arch4 ,the most important matter in the construction of rockwork is to give it a natural1 rugged appearance1 and to avoid loading the tank with superfluous weight4 ,i have seen large shells and branches of coral in fresh-water tanks1 and always thought the spectacle disgraceful to the owner4 ,in a marine tank1 such things are proper enough4 ,whatever is done should be made secure1 the pieces of stone well embedded in cement1 and the whole firmly united4 ,the tank must be well seasoned1 be frequently filled and emptied1 to dissolve out any free salts before being put to use4 ,the ,bottom must be composed of coarse river sand and small pebbles1 the whole well washed before being introduced to the tank4 ,mr4 ,gosse condemns red sand and silver sand1 as certain to stain the water4 ,but ,i have two tanks now at work1 both bottomed with such material1 and the water preserves a crystalline brightness4 ,i have also a marine tank1 in which the bed is formed of common silver sand and garden pebbles3 it has been in use nine months1 and with no unfavourable results4 ,in each case the sand was washed till the water could be poured away quite clear1 and no matter what kind be used1 the washing must be attended to4 ,the coarser the grit the better its appearance1 and1 therefore1 ,i do not recommend common sand1 ,i merely show that it may be used when better is not attainable4 ,mould has been extensively recommended as a bottom for tanks4 ,i used it myself till ,i became convinced that it could be dispensed with altogether4 ,it necessitates frequent changing of the water for at least a fortnight after the first stocking of the tank1 in order to get rid of the soluble vegetable matter1 which the water dissolves out of it1 and its presence promotes the growth of conferv1 and other low forms of aquatic vegetation1 that become obnoxious to the sight1 and even hurtful to the health of the collection4 ,i now use sand and pebbles only1 and ,i find that aquatic plants of all kinds root freely and flourish in it1 and1 indeed1 if pebbles only be used1 they flourish just as well if their roots are covered4 ,planting is next to be performed4 ,the arrangement of plants will depend on the shape and size of the vessel4 ,generally speaking1 massive plants look best if set back with lighter plants before them1 just the same as a painter sets his chestnuts and elms in mid-distance1 and his lady birches in the fore-ground4 ,stratoides1 ,potamogeton1 and other plants of a massive and decided character1 are well seen through the interstices of ,myriophyllums1 ,callitriche1 and such like fragile and delicate structures4 ,the flowering rush makes a fine centre piece for a vase1 and appears to good advantage when seen through an archway1 in a tank containing rockwork4 ,if there is a bed of two or three inches of sand1 the roots may be gently pressed down into it1 and a few clean pebbles laid over the spot to keep the plant in its position4 ,some plants will require a stone to be attached to them by means of a thread to fix them properly4 ,crowns of ,stratoides that have not formed roots1 may be planted in this way4 ,first cut away any black or decaying matter from the stem1 and pull off any discoloured leaves1 taking care not to injure the centre1 then pass a piece of bass round the base1 and attach a small stone4 ,the plant will remain firmly where placed1 and will throw out roots1 and fix itself before the rotting of the bass takes place4 ,it will then throw up new crowns and become a very ornamental object4 ,loose stems of ,chara1 ,anacharis alsinastrum1 or ,callitriche1 may be gathered together1 fixed by means of a stone in the same way1 a strip of bass being better than string for attaching them4 ,they will generally get well rooted in a fortnight1 and remain firmly where planted4 ,the ,water should be pure and bright when introduced to the tank1 and if the supply is at all faulty1 it will be best to pass it through a filter before using it4 ,spring water will do very well1 but must stand a day or two to allow the plants to soften it1 before the fishes are put in4 ,my tanks are all filled with spring water1 which ,i find altogether unobjectionable2 but for the marine tank ,i think it preferable to any other in the manufacture of artificial sea-water4 ,writers on the aquarium usually insist on the use of river water1 but in many places this is not attainable1 and it is satisfactory to know that artesian1 or well water1 will serve the purpose admirably4 ,in filling the tank1 hold a plate in the left hand1 as low down as possible1 to receive the dash of water from the vessel in the right1 so as to wash up the sand as little as possible4 ,a syphon may be used if a source of supply is near the position of the tank4 ,aspect4--,sunshine is good for the tank at all seasons of the year4 ,but in high summer it should have only an hour's sun1 morning and evening2 the fierce solar heat of mid-day will give the water so high a temperature as to be fatal to its animal inhabitants4 ,comparing tanks one with another1 ,i must give a preference to a south or east aspect4 ,a north aspect will do very well1 from ,may to ,october1 but1 during the winter months1 a tank in such a position1 would be feeble1 and want watching4 ,good exposure to daylight is1 of course1 essential2 but it should be borne in mind that the fresh-water tank needs more light than a marine one4 ,my fresh-water tanks ,i find to prosper best when placed close to the windows1 but marine tanks may be kept back two or three feet1 in a south aspect4 ,in fact1 if you have a cabinet of water-insects in a series of jars1 the marine tank may very well stand behind them1 and get sufficient light there1 but the light should fall uninterruptedly on the fresh water vessels4 ,illustration3 ,,callitriche4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,water ,,plants ,,for ,,the ,,aquarium4 ,how to stock a ,tank quickly4--,it is usual to fix the plants and fill up the tank to within a few inches of the top1 and then leave the whole for a week before completing the collection by the introduction of fishes4 ,where a beginner has sufficient patience to wait1 this is very advisable1 because the whole gets well settled1 the plants start into growth1 and the water gets softened and charged with oxygen4 ,but this plan is not the only one that may be followed1 and if well-washed pebbles be used instead of mould1 as ,i have advised1 the fishes may be introduced the same day as the plants are inserted1 by first taking care that you insert plenty of large healthy plants1 and then throw on the top as much of the brook starwort--,callitriche autumnalis--as will cover the whole4 ,i lately stocked two tanks in this way1 and performed the whole in less than two hours1 forming the bottom1 planting the vegetation1 and adding the fish--perch1 tench1 ,prussian and ,british carp1 roach1 minnows1 gudgeon1 and chub--and all went on as well as if the tank had stood a month to strengthen1 the water being from the first moment as brilliant as any of the ,castalian springs that flow through classic verses4 ,the lovely green of the starwort1 spread over the whole of the surface of the water1 has a fairy-like effect4 ,it is necessary to get a good supply of starwort from a brook1 throw it into a large vessel of clear water1 pick off the green heads1 with four or six inches of stem only to each1 then wash all these picked portions till they are bright and clean1 and throw the whole into the tank to take its chance4 ,you must be lavish as to quantity4 ,it soon spreads over the surface1 and arranges itself most beautifully1 forming a rich green ceiling1 giving the verdant shadow which a new tank wants2 it grows freely1 lasts for months1 continually throwing out new roots and shoots from the joints1 and creates abundance of oxygen1 from the first hour of its being thrown in4 ,whenever it seems desirable it can be got rid of by simply lifting it out4 ,my own are the only tanks ,i have seen stocked in this way4 ,selection of ,plants4--,there is scarcely any aquatic plant but may be grown in an aquarium1 and unless some attention is given to the botanical department1 only half the pleasure and instruction it is capable of affording is attained4 ,i cannot agree with ,mr4 ,gosse1 that the vegetation of a tank has so strictly a secondary place--preserved because they cannot be dispensed with1--for in either a marine or fresh-water vessel the vegetation is a special source of beauty and interest1 and fairly divides attention with the animals4 ,supposing it were impossible to keep animals in such vessels1 they would still be acceptable for the formation of aquatic gardens4 ,beauty of form and adaptability to confinement are the requisites for this purpose1 and the more lakes and rivers are explored1 the more the botanical department of the aquarium will be extended1 both as to ornament and usefulness4 ,illustration3 ,,stratoides ,,aloides4 ,water ,soldier4--,among the plants easily attainable1 and which combine grace of outline with cleanliness of growth1 and tendency to create oxygen1 ,i can recommend1 first of all1 the famous water soldier--,stratoides aloides--a lovely cactus-like plant1 which grows equally well with or without a root1 as indeed most water-plants do4 ,in form it closely resembles the tuft of herbage on the crown of a pine apple1 and its leaves have similar serrated edges4 ,if thrown in1 it floats on the surface1 and puts forth new heads in plenty1 each new head springing from the base of a leaf on a long stalk4 ,by separating these when pretty well grown1 and removing the stem from the base1 any number of new plants may be formed4 ,if it be wanted to root at the bottom 7as indeed is best7 cut away the decayed portion of the base1 and trim off every dark-coloured leaf and throw the plant in again4 ,in a few weeks it will throw out roots1 and it may then be attached to a stone by a piece of bass1 and dropped in to fix itself where wanted1 without in any way disturbing the tank4 ,illustration3 ,,vallisneria ,,spiralis4 ,starwort ,i have already spoken of1 as a good purveyor of oxygen4 ,it is a pretty plant of a delicate green hue1 which appears on the surface of brooks and ditches everywhere1 both in this country and all over the continent4 ,at a little distance it has so much the appearance of duckweed as to be recognised with difficulty4 ,its old botanical name is ,callitriche aquatalis1 but owing to its liability to vary its appearance1 botanists have lately divided it into several species1 the two most common of which are ,c4 autumnalis1 and ,c4 ,vernalis4 ,vallisneria spiralis is essential to every fresh-water tank4 ,it is a native of ,italy1 and is named in honour of the ,italian naturalist1 ,vallisneria4 ,the blooming of this plant is very curious and worthy of close scrutiny4 ,it likes abundance of light1 and must be grown as a bottom plant1 flourishing only when well rooted4 ,anacharis alsinastrum1 or the ,new ,water-weed1 is an interesting plant that grows freely1 whether rooted or not2 but it can only be considered ornamental when springing from the bottom4 ,it thrives just as well without a root as with one1 but1 if firmly fixed1 usually sends down a number of white rootlets from joints on the stem4 ,i have seen roots of this kind sent down six inches to reach the bottom1 while the lower part of the stem was decaying rapidly4 ,myriophyllum contributes some lovely members to the aquarium4 ,all the plants of this genera are of elegant structure1 the leaves finely divided and of a delicate emerald green4 ,m4 ,spicatum is perhaps the best1 but there are other species to be had of the dealers that are worthy of attention4 ,potamogeton is an extensive genera of water-plants1 numbering not less than fifteen species in the brooks and rivers of this country alone4 ,p4 fluitans1 crispus1 and densus1 are most easily obtained1 and they flourish in the tank1 and make rich branching masses for the centre1 or to climb over rockwork4 ,they are all rather coarse and apt to shed their lower leaves1 but1 if well placed1 produce a striking effect4 ,they blossom freely in the aquarium1 and that is a great recommendation4 ,illustration3 ,,myriophyllum ,,spicatum4 ,nuphar lutea is the best of the water-lilies for the purpose3 it grows freely and produces graceful outlines below and above4 ,it should be planted early in spring to secure blossom2 but if it does not throw up blossoms in summer it may be removed1 and its place supplied by a plant in full bloom4 ,nympha macrantha and ,nodorata minor are also highly suitable4 ,ericaulon1 or the pipewort1 sends its only ,english species--,e4 septangulare--to the tank4 ,it is a bog plant1 rises six inches high1 and does not succeed if immersed more than three inches2 hence it is suitable for the top of an arch1 but not for the deep water of the tank4 ,the plant is perennial and produces a white blossom1 with one petal and four stamens4 ,the flower-stem is velvety1 and the leaves spread in a tuft from the root4 ,illustration3 ,,potamogeton ,,densus4 ,utricularia ,vulgaris1 or the hooded milfoil1 may be recommended as a botanical curiosity1 but is met with only 7as far ,i know7 in the brooks of the southern counties--,hants and ,surrey especially4 ,it produces a yellow blossom in ,june and ,july4 ,the root has a curious inflated appendage4 ,there are two other species1 ,u4 minor and ,u4 intermedia1 differing but little in general aspect from the common sort4 ,isopelis fluitans1 or the floating ,isopelis1 is another of the curiosities of water botany4 ,it is somewhat common in ,english ponds and slow streams4 ,the blossom is inconspicuous1 having no petals2 the stamens are three in number1 and there is but one petal4 ,subularia aquatica is one of the few aquatic plants furnished by the great family of crossworts1 or plants of the cabbage and wall-flower kind4 ,its common name is awl-wort1 and suggested by the awl-like foliage which it produces under water4 ,it is to be found only in clear mountain lakes1 for it is a true aquatic alpine1 frequent only in the ,north of ,england1 and in ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,the aquarian who resides near any mountain lake or pool1 should seek for it1 and treasure it as the choicest gem in his collection4 ,the lower leaves are curve-pointed like a cobbler's awl1 and in ,july it sends up a short stalk1 bearing a head of snow-white four-petaled blossoms1 and presents a somewhat unique example of a flower in full bloom under the water4 ,my attention was first called to this plant by ,mr4 ,dowden's charming work on wild plants1 called ,botany of the ,bohereens4 ,illustration3 ,,ranunculus ,,aquatalis4 ,ranunculus aquatalis1 or the water crowfoot1 must be known to everyone who has been in the habit of rambling in the country quite sober and with eyes open4 ,it is to be found in almost every pond1 and by the middle of ,may is in full bloom1 continuing gay till far into autumn4 ,it is a member of the buttercup family1 and may be recognised as a buttercup of a snow white1 with a bright yellow centre4 ,if you step carefully to the edge of a pond or river1 where this crowfoot covers the shore-water with its floating foliage and thousands of snow-flakes1 you will not be in a hurry to disturb it1 it is so truly beautiful4 ,but reach forth your hand1 and tenderly take up a head2 and1 as you draw it from its plashy bed1 you will find that it is truly amphibious in structure1 no part of the undergrowth being at all like that which floats above in the air and sunshine4 ,the floating leaves are fleshy and neatly lobed1 the lower ones are as finely cut as fennel1 and from every joint numerous white rootlets will be seen protruding1 on their way to find root at the bottom4 ,this plant requires good washing in clear water before it is fixed in the tank1 or it may be the means of introducing many objectionable growths4 ,it will be best to cut away the lower portions1 and root it from a good joint1 allowing it just length enough to float its ark of green and white upon the surface4 ,when you have secured as many complete plants as you require--and two strong stems will be enough for any tank--pick off a dozen or more blossom-heads1 taking each at a clear joint4 ,when the roots are planted1 sprinkle the short flowering tops over the surface1 and you will have at once a wide spread of snow-white flowers that will continue gay till the end of the summer1 while the fixed roots will give a graceful effect to the vegetation of the mid-water4 ,illustration3 ,,hydrocaris ,,morsus ,,ran4 ,hydrocaris morsus ran1 or the common frog-bit1 may be obtained of the dealers1 and is common in brooks and rivers4 ,it is a perennial1 interesting in its growth1 very curious when in flower1 and a good maker of oxygen4 ,alisma1 of several species1 may be obtained from brooks and rivers in plenty4 ,it is the ,water ,plaintain of the old botanists1 and has an ancient renown1 which cannot be dealt with here4 ,the long stems and lanceolate leaves of this genera give a pleasing variety to the vegetation of the tank4 ,lemna4--,the four ,english species may be used to advantage4 ,if the whole of the surface be covered with the pretty grass-green fronds of this very common plant1 the effect is good1 and it gives a salutary shade to the finny creatures4 ,a single frond thrown in will soon spread and cover the tank in time1 and its growth cannot be contemplated without pleasure4 ,l4 triscula is a very pretty kind1 common in the neighbourhood of ,london4 ,the sweet-scented ,rush1 members of the ,alisma tribe1 the noble ,sagittaria of six species1 the ,hornwort 7,ceratophyllum7 of two species1 and for more delicate purposes1 ,chara and ,nitella may be recommended as suitable additions to the botanical department of the ,aquarium4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,fishes ,,for ,,the ,,aquarium4 ,i shall here give the names and a few particulars of the history of the fishes that are most suitable for the aquarium1 reserving my notes on the grouping and general stocking for a subsequent chapter4 ,it is to the interesting family of ,cyprinid we are to look for our chief supplies4 ,this tribe of fishes belongs to the great division of ,malacopterygii1 or those having their fin-membranes supported by flexible rays1 which are either pointed or branched1 or both4 ,cyprinus carpio1 the ,british carp1 is a handsome fish1 differing slightly in structure from the ,prussian and gold carp2 yet1 in general outline1 preserving the true carp type--plumpness of body1 iridescence of colour1 and ease of movement in the water4 ,this carp has a moderately-developed pair of moustachios1 in the form of a barbule1 at the upper part of each corner of the mouth1 and a second one above it1 on each side4 ,like the rest of its kindred1 it is very tenacious of life1 and does not quickly suffer from exhaustion of oxygen4 ,it is an old fish1 so to speak1 for it was a favourite with the ancients4 ,pliny and ,aristotle both speak of it in high terms of praise1 and record that it lives to a hundred years of age1 becoming1 in that time1 as white and hoary as an ancient mariner should4 ,it is not indigenous to our rivers1 though1 as far back as #adif1 mention is made of it in the ,boke of ,st4 ,albans1 quoted by ,mr4 ,yarrell4 ,it has been known to attain to a weight of twenty pounds1 and in ,holland is frequently kept alive in wet moss1 and fattened on boiled potatoes4 ,in this way it is said to live three weeks4 ,illustration3 ,,gudgeon1 ,,prussian ,,carp1 ,,loach1 ,,bream4 ,c4 gibelio is the noble ,prussian carp1 unquestionably the best of all fishes for aquarian purposes4 ,it will survive the wreck of a whole establishment1 even if the water gets putrid and almost exhausted of oxygen4 ,the easy1 graceful motions1 the beauty of the colouring1 and the docility1 of this fish1 must make it a favourite and a pet wherever it is kept4 ,i have always had a large number of them1 some of considerable size2 they group themselves like friends on good terms of acquaintance1 take an interest in whatever goes on in the room where the tank stands1 and elegantly poised in mid-water1 will watch their proprietor for hours4 ,small1 red earth-worms1 young water snails1 and home-made bread1 are the best of foods for them4 ,they will seldom eat bread at first1 but soon get to like it1 eat it greedily1 and ask for more4 ,the ,prussian carp may be taught to feed from the hand1 even more boldly than the minnow1 and readily assemble themselves for inspection when the side of the glass is gently tapped with the finger-nail4 ,none of the carp family are carnivorous in any great degree4 ,mr4 ,yarrell says the ,prussian carp will recover after having been thirty hours removed from water4 ,c4 carassius4--,the crucian1 or ,german carp1 is easily distinguished from its compeers by its bream-shaped back1 which rises from the nape into a high arch along the line of the dorsal fin4 ,it is to be found in the ,thames1 between ,hammersmith and ,windsor1 whether for the angler to kill or the aquarian to preserve4 ,it is less hardy than the ,prussian carp1 and a little subject to fungoid growths4 ,c4 auratus of ,linnus1 the lovely gold carp1 will hold pre-eminence among domestic fishes for its splendour of colouring1 though among true naturalists ,i think the ,prussian carp will always compete with it to advantage1 for the gold fish is certainly the dullest-minded of the family1 and1 like most fops1 lazy and unteachable4 ,pennant says1 ,in ,china every person of fashion keeps them for amusement1 either in porcelain vessels1 or in the small basins that decorate the courts of the ,chinese houses4 ,the beauty of their colours and their lively motions give great entertainment1 especially to the ladies1 whose pleasures1 from the policy of the country1 are extremely limited4 ,this carp appears to have been introduced into ,britain about #afaa1 though the precise date is now difficult to determine4 ,mr4 ,yarrell leaves it an open question4 ,a large number of those reared for sale are the produce of waters which receive the waste steam from factories1 and which are thus kept to a temperature frequently as high as #hj degrees4 ,in fact this carp is most prolific in tepid water1 though those that are bred at a lower temperature are more beautiful4 ,the gold carp is not the only fish that can bear such high degrees of heat1 perch and mullet have been found in waters at #hf degrees2 live eels were found by ,de ,saussure in water heated to #aac degrees1 and other instances1 mentioned in ,bushnan's ,study of ,nature1 show the adaptability to temperature in fish of many other species4 ,i had minnows frozen into a solid mass last winter1 and the same day they were thrown into a tank1 in a room where a fire was burning1 and in a few hours were sporting about in a genial warmth of #fj degrees1 a change of more than thirty degrees in a few hours4 ,the trade has been so long established that a modern gold fish is truly a manufactured article1 and the patterns vary from high class beauty to very decided deformity4 ,domesticated creatures are all liable to vary from their original type1 but in the gold carp this variation proceeds to an extent not observed in any other animal which man has taken under his care4 ,their colours are as various as their forms2 some have stumps instead of dorsal fins1 with perhaps tails as large as their bodies2 some have triple-forked tails1 and perhaps no trace of a dorsal fin at all1 and in purchasing1 it is as necessary to look to the structure and outline of the fish as to its colours1 or1 on after inspection1 the purchaser may find himself in possession of creatures as bright as morning sunshine1 but in form as ugly as toads4 ,there is no better food for gold fish than the crumb of bread4 ,many writers condemn this2 ,i can only say that they thrive for years upon it1 but if more be given at a time than the fish can eat1 it soon renders the water impure and does mischief4 ,cyprinus ,brama1 the common bream1 is a fish of bold outline and pleasing habit4 ,the depth from the dorsal to the ventral fin is nearly equal to the length of the body1 and justifies the comparison applied to a high-shouldered biped1 backed like a bream4 ,there is a prettier species called the ,cyprinus ,buggenhagi1 ,pomeranian ,bream1 a specimen of which was lately supplied me1 with a parcel of other fish1 by ,mr4 ,hall1 the intelligent naturalist1 of the ,city ,road4 ,c4 ,leucisus1 the dace1 ,c4 rutilus1 the roach1 and ,c4 alburnus1 the bleak1 may be classed together1 as fishes well known to all who were ever seduced into playing truant1 to try their boyish luck with a blood-worm and a bent pin1 or who have since sunned themselves in the holiday pages of ,izaak ,walton1 to fall in love with milk-maids1 and dream all night of reedy rivers that sing and sparkle1 and fishes fried in meadow cowslips4 ,these are delicate fish1 whether for the table or the tank4 ,as the latter concerns me most here1 let me warn the reader to proceed cautiously1 for these lovely creatures have a sad habit of perishing quickly in confinement4 ,in winter time they may be kept with ease1 but as spring approaches1 the best care for them will only be rewarded by the spectacle every morning of one or two floating on the surface1 never to swim again2 while they do live1 there are no more interesting creatures to be found for the gratification of the domestic circle4 ,bleak are even more sportive than minnows1 and will chase a fly or small spider thrown in to them1 till they tear it into shreds1 and then will fight like ,irish lads for the pieces4 ,an aquarium1 stocked with bleak and minnows1 is a perpetual ,donnybrook ,fair1 and will provoke the laughter of the dullest melancholic that ever looked at water as a medium wherein to end his imaginary woes4 ,they soon feed from the hand1 and eat bread greedily1 darting after the crumbs with even more eagerness and vivacity than a party of school boys scrambling for halfpence4 ,their dazzling silvery scales1 marked with the bright lateral line of spectral green1 their taper forms1 and large bright eyes1 enlist all our sympathies1 and compel us to doat upon them4 ,if they are the best of fishes in this respect1 they realise ,wordsworth's famous passage-- ,the best die first1 ,but they whose hearts are dry as summer's dust1 ,burn to the socket3 and hence as to longevity they prove themselves the worst4 ,dace are very tameable1 and soon grow bold and familiar in captivity1 comporting themselves in their attitudes and motions much like ,prussian carp4 ,of the three1 dace are the most hardy2 ,i have some which have survived eighteen months' confinement1 and are now enjoying the sunshine in the garden4 ,the aquarian1 contemplating the silvery spangles of his white fish1 may like to be reminded that the scales of dace1 roach1 and bleak1 were formerly used in the manufacture of ,oriental pearls1 and are still used to some extent in making the imitations of pearl that occasionally gleam under the chandelier upon the brows of laughing belles4 ,c4 phoxinus1 the minnow4 ,an aquarium without minnows is no aquarium at all--it is a makeshift4 ,with a shoal of minnows and a few ,prussian ,carp an aquarium may be considered fairly stocked1 because there is really something to look at1 something to amuse1 and something to instruct4 ,the minnow is a bold and impudent fish2 he is at his ease in less than an hour1 and in a week will show a sign of attachment and familiarity4 ,they do not live beyond three years1 but will reach that age in the confinement of a tank4 ,like carp and tench 7and asses71 minnows may be said never to die1 for they survive the severest trials of heat and cold1 neglect and bad treatment4 ,the colours are pleasing1 and bear some close resemblance to the mackerel2 but fright will make them assume a pale fawn colour in an instant4 ,disease seldom attacks them1 and when it does1 they speedily recover if thrown into a large pan under a jet of water4 ,minnows spawn in ,june1 and just before that time acquire their gayest mottlings of green1 and bronze1 and silver1 losing colour considerably after spawning4 ,c4 gobio4--,the gudgeon is an every-day sort of fish1 proper enough in a general collection1 but where room is scarce it may very well be spared4 ,in its markings the gudgeon has a striking appearance4 ,it is a hardy fish1 and rarely shows signs of exhaustion4 ,c4 ,tinca4--,the tench is a quiet1 shy fish1 distinct in outline1 and easily recognised2 but1 like the gudgeon1 destitute of any highly attractive features4 ,the tench is the most tenacious of life of any fish in the collection1 and never shows signs of exhaustion by gulping air from the surface4 ,tench are easily tamed1 and take great pleasure in nibbling their proprietor's fingers4 ,mine eat bread and cheese with me1 and nibble my fingers fiercely whenever ,i permit them4 ,c4 ,barbus4--,the barbel takes the lead in the aquatic moustache movement4 ,his barbs are really ornamental1 and altogether he is a handsome but shy fish4 ,the dorsal and caudal fins are very symmetrically shaped1 and the lateral line arrests the eye when we contemplate his pleasing colours4 ,if small newts1 small carp1 and minnows are kept in the same tank with barbel1 they are likely to disappear one by one2 for when all is quiet he makes his meal without seeking aid from the culinary art4 ,c4 barbatula is perhaps the most interesting fish in the tank1 considered as an individual4 ,with no attractive colours1 and with an outline as straight and rigid as a piece of bark1 he surprises you with his graceful motions as he hawks along the surface of the glass1 propelled by the easy undulatory action of the caudal end of the spine4 ,towards dusk he wakes up from his daylight stupor1 and commences his queer1 but pretty gyrations2 and1 after gliding ghost-like all round the tank1 suddenly drops down as if dead1 and rests on any leaf or stone that may receive him1 remaining motionless1 and in any attitude--on his head1 his tail1 or his side--that the power of gravity may give him4 ,then1 with an uneasy fidgetting1 he flounders up again1 and off he goes1 as graceful as before1 his pectoral fins spread out like samples of lace1 looking as much like an eel with frills as it it possible to conceive4 ,when ascending1 his motion is so undulatory that he may easily be mistaken for a smooth newt1 going up for a bubble4 ,nor is our interest in him lessened by his displays of individuality of character4 ,he is a savage on a small scale4 ,when he is quietly dozing1 half hidden among the sand and pebbles1 throw in a small red worm1 and1 as soon as the water is tainted with the odour of this favourite food1 he is awake and on the search4 ,a triton seizes the worm1 and shakes it as a cat would a mouse4 ,the loach hunts him down1 snaps at him fiercely1 and tears the worm from his mouth1 and woe to any minor fish that attempts to remove it from those bearded jaws4 ,he flounders from place to place1 shaking the prey as he goes1 and stirs up such a cloud from the bottom1 that the beauty of the scene is spoiled for an hour2 at the end of which time you will probably find him gorging the prog1 half of which still protrudes from his mouth1 while two or three hungry minnows loiter about1 looking wistfully at what they dare not hope to obtain4 ,it is a pity the loach is so delicate2 it shows signs of exhaustion sooner than any fish in the collection4 ,if oxygen fails1 it comes to the surface to gulp air1 and at last rolls over on its back1 and pants in a way that is very painful to witness4 ,removed to a pan1 under a jet of water1 it soon recovers2 but if long confined in a vessel the least overstocked1 especially in warm weather1 finishes his career by convulsive gaspings at the surface4 ,illustration3 ,,minnow1 ,,tench1 ,,perch4 ,a curious species of loach1 known as the spine loach1 is met with occasionally in ,wiltshire1 in the ,trent1 near ,nottingham1 and in some of the tributaries of the ,cam4 ,mr4 ,yarrell describes it2 but as ,i have not yet had the good fortune to possess a living specimen1 ,i can only refer to it casually4 ,c4 cephalus4--,the chub is a good aquarium fish4 ,it is shy1 but grows familiar under good treatment4 ,insects sooner attract it than any other food4 ,mr4 ,jesse says1 that those in his vivarium throw off all reserve at the sight of a cockchafer1 which they devour with eagerness4 ,among the ,acanthopterygii1 or the spiny-finned fishes of ,cuvier's arrangement1 the only one suited to the fresh-water tank1 is the noble perch1 ,percid4 ,these are bold and dignified1 and their decisive markings make them attractive in a general collection4 ,they require plenty of room1 or they soon show signs of exhaustion2 and1 under the best of circumstances1 cannot be pronounced a hardy fish in confinement4 ,they are capricious4 ,i have had healthy specimens1 taken by net1 die off in a week2 and weakly ones1 taken by the hook1 with portions of the lower jaw torn away1 recover1 and live for a year1 after the ragged portions had been removed by scissors4 ,gasterosteus needs a word or two4 ,the sticklebacks are all pretty and interesting fish1 plentifully found on the sea-coast1 and in brooks and ponds all over the country4 ,the species most frequently met with are ,g4 semiarmatus1 the half-armed stickleback1 and ,g4 pungitius1 the ten-spined1 but ,g4 brachycentrus 7short-spined71 and ,g4 spinulosus 7four-spined71 are rare4 ,aquarian amateurs seem a little divided about the policy of keeping these in tanks4 ,i can only advise the beginner to be careful1 or he may regret having made their acquaintance4 ,they are all savages1 untameable savages1 that delight in destruction1 even if they cannot eat what they destroy4 ,they will attack anything1 and1 with their spiny armour1 dare the stoutest to retaliate upon their mischief-making pertinacity4 ,in fact1 they pass all their time in worrying the more peaceful members of the aquarium2 and any one who has a few months' experience of them1 will consider them the savagest of imps4 ,i have tried them on several occasions1 and found them at spawning time more savage than usual2 but at all other times savage enough4 ,my favourite ,prussian carp1 that love me as ,i love them1 that come when ,i call them1 that hurry to the side when ,i fillip the glass with my finger-nail1 that watch me with all their eyes when ,i sit in the room with them1 and that feed from my hand as a dog would1 show at the tips of their pretty tails the sanguinary signs of gasterostean vengeance4 ,their transparent tails are ragged through the attacks of those sharp-toothed savages1 and more than one has succumbed to their persevering spite since my recent trial of them under the persuasion of a little friend who begged me to put in some robins he had caught at the brook4 ,robins1 indeed1 the red jaws of ,g4 aculeatus are suggestive of his bloodthirsty propensities1 and he now does penance with a dozen of his kindred in a glass jar of ,callitriche autumnalis4 ,with tench1 gudgeons1 and minnows they do better1 but they are very annoying to carp of all kinds4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,reptiles1 ,,mollusks1 ,,and ,,insects4 ,the lower orders of creation supply many interesting specimens for the aquarium4 ,among the reptiles--newts1 or water lizards1 and the common frog1 may be recommended as offering some forms of positive elegance1 and some habits worthy of observation4 ,the smooth newt1 the warty newt1 and the noble triton1 are almost essential to the completion of the collection1 and as they respire air at the surface1 they do not exhaust the water of oxygen4 ,the beautiful markings on the belly1 and the graceful motions of these strange creatures1 are sure to afford entertainment to those who can overcome the very common repugnance felt towards such creatures4 ,some of the mollusks commend themselves for their beauty1 and will be prized by the aquarian enthusiast4 ,among the univalves1 lymnea1 phys1 planorbis1 and paludina1 are the most useful and ornamental4 ,i must caution the amateur against the too ready adoption of any species of lymnea2 they are destructive1 and particularly fond of ,vallisneria1 ,stratoides1 and ,callitriche1 and while they are the best of cleaners1 they are also the most indiscriminate of gluttons4 ,paludina ,vivipara is a handsome snail1 with a bronze tinted1 globular shell2 but ,planorbis ,corneus and carrinatus are still handsomer1 having a spiral form1 resembling the horn of a ram4 ,these latter are to be trusted anywhere2 they are good cleaners1 and seldom attack the plants4 ,water snails breed rapidly in tanks1 but the carp devour the young as fast as they appear2 hence it is advisable to remove the spawn into jars containing healthy plants1 such as ,callitriche1 in which they may remain for observation of growth1 till stout enough to be committed to the tank4 ,illustration3 ,,planorbis ,,corneus1 ,,paludina ,,vivipara1 ,,lymnea ,,stagnalis1 ,,unio ,,pictorum1 ,,tumidus1 ,,anodon ,,cygneus4 ,among the bivalves1 the fresh-water swan mussel1 ,anodon cygneus1 and the ,duck mussel1 ,unio pictorum1 are interesting burrowers1 and perform a great service in the tank4 ,they act as scavengers1 not by the process of eating off objectionable growths1 as in the case of univalves1 but by the straining off of matters held in suspension in the water1 and filtering it in a pure state1 by the mechanism of their syphons1 and ciliated gills4 ,it is very interesting to watch them thus engaged1 and to note the force of the stream which they project from time to time4 ,the only creature of the insect kind that ,i can recommend for general adoption is the caddis worm1 a comical and interesting creature1 that can never mar the beauty of the tank4 ,half-a-dozen may be thrown in1 and searched for occasionally--the search will always be well rewarded4 ,when the cad closes his hybernacle1 it will be desirable to remove it to a jar1 to obtain a better opportunity of witnessing the transformation of the dormant worm into a four-winged fly of ,stephens's family of ,phryganea4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,selection ,,of ,,stock4 ,the first thing to guard against is over-stocking1 the common error of all beginners2 taking large fish with small1 ,i think about two or three to every gallon of water is the utmost that should be attempted4 ,for a vessel of twelve gallons1 ,i should recommend the following1 as giving great variety1 with considerable safety3--,six ,prussian carp1 of various sizes1 one at least of five inches in length2 two small ,crucian carp2 two small perch2 two small loach2 two tench1 of five or six inches2 six or eight minnows2 one small eel2 a dozen ,planorbis corneus2 half-a-dozen ,paludina vivipara2 three or four fresh-water mussels and a dozen of different sorts of newts4 ,a tank so stocked1 will be well filled with life2 and if the plants be sufficiently strong1 and in a good light1 all will go well4 ,another1 and to some perhaps1 prettier selection1 might be made thus3--,three gold carp1 of various sizes2 three ,prussian carp2 two perch2 four large loach2 a dozen minnows2 half-a-dozen bleak2 and two dozen planorbis4 ,if stocked with great care1 with a bottom of pebbles only1 this would do very well2 and the sides would never want cleansing4 ,for a smaller vessel1 the same selection might be made1 but with a proportionate reduction of the numbers4 ,those who make their own selection1 may choose from the following3-- ,plants4--,vallisneria spiralis1 ,anacharis alsinastrum1 ,callitriche vernalis and autumnalis1 ,nuphar lutea1 ,potamogeton crispus1 densus1 and fluitans1 ,stratoides aloides1 ,ranunculus aquatalis 7apt to foul the water in a north aspect71 ,myriophyllum spicatum1 ,myosotis palustris1 7the real forget-me-not--it flowers above the surface7 ,butomus umbellatus 7for the centre--it flowers above the surface71 ,lemna1 ,nitella1 and ,chara4 ,for a list of suitable ferns and instructions on their culture ,i must refer the reader to my work entitled1 ,rustic ,adornments for ,homes of ,taste1 where this department is amply treated4 ,fishes4--,gold carp1 ,british1 ,prussian1 and ,crucian carp1 pike1 perch1 tench1 minnows1 chub1 loach1 gudgeon1 bream1 and in winter1 roach1 dace1 and bleak4 ,reptiles4--,the smooth and warty newt1 tadpoles1 frogs4 ,mollusks4--,univalves1 ,planorbis corneus1 and carrinatus1 ,paludina vivipara1 ,lymnea stagnalis1 putris1 auriculata1 and glutinosa1 ,physa fontinalis1 ,bythinia tentacula4 ,bivalves4--,anodon cygneus1 ,unio pictorum1 tumidus and margaritiferous1 ,dressinia polymorpha1 ,cyclas corneus4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,general ,,management4 ,feeding should be performed twice or thrice a week1 and will be as amusing to the observer as gratifying to the fishes4 ,bread is not so objectionable as many have stated4 ,carp1 bleak1 and minnows eat it greedily1 and soon grow tame if regularly fed with it4 ,most small fishes take insects1 such as flies1 spiders1 ants1 and soft larva1 greedily2 but the large fish disdain such diet4 ,small red worms1 and white of egg1 are good general foods1 and seem highly beneficial4 ,when feeding1 see that the carp get enough1 for they are slow fish1 and get robbed wholesale by their more lively neighbours4 ,food not eaten will decay1 unless speedily removed1 hence care must be exercised on this head4 ,conferv4--,when the tank has been established a few weeks1 the inner sides of the glass will show signs of a green tinge1 of a slimy nature4 ,this is owing to the growth upon it of minute forms of vegetation4 ,if this is allowed to go on unchecked1 the glass will in time become opaque1 and the view of the interior will be lost4 ,hence it must either be kept down in growth or occasionally removed4 ,uses of ,mollusks4--,it is to prevent this rapid growth that water-snails are registered among the tenants of right1 for these creatures subsist on vegetable matter only1 and if a goodly number be thrown in1 they will be found perpetually at work1 eating the green growth from the sides1 and thus constantly preserving an open prospect4 ,objections to ,mollusks4--,in a highly ornamental tank1 water-snails may be thought objectionable1 as interfering somewhat with the beauty of the scene4 ,i know the ardent naturalist will cry out against this remark1 and ask me if ,i can find a prettier object than a ,planorbis corneus1 coiled round like a horn of plenty2 or a full-grown ,paludina with its globular hybernaculum richly bronzed and mottled4 ,i tell my friend that ,i love the pretty creatures as much as he does1 yet1 as ,i write for everybody who wishes to keep an aquarium1 ,i feel bound to consider how it is to be managed without them1 if their absence is desired4 ,i confess too1 that ,i do object to their appearance in some cases myself1 as ,i do also to beetles1 and all other insects in a tank fitted up for the adornment of a drawing-room1 however necessary they may be in the tank of a student4 ,in the first place1 ,paludin and ,planorbis are the only kinds to be trusted in a general collection of plants1 and the last is most trustworthy of any4 ,lymnea are all fond of substantial dishes1 and eat as much vallisneria as they do of the mucuous growth4 ,a dozen of these gentry will most effectually check the vegetation of the tank1 by eating holes in the handsomest leaves of the ,stratoides1 and biting into the very heart of the ,vallisneria4 ,starwort1 too1 they are very fond of1 and soon clear the bottom of every fragment4 ,yet1 the ,lymnea are admirable cleaners1 the pity is1 that they will not see what is required of them1 and do that only4 ,again1 the univalve mollusks do not keep the sides so clean1 but that an occasional cleansing of another kind is sometimes necessary1 and if the aquarian is not disposed to keep an army of quite semi-efficient scavengers1 the remedy will be found in an occasional cleansing of the sides1 by means of a sponge attached to a stick1 which must be plied over the whole surface1 and occasionally taken out and washed in clean water1 to remove the green scum1 that it soon gets covered with4 ,illustration 7,lymnea7 ,use of ,confervoid ,growths4--,but ,i should object to any frenzy about cleansing tanks4 ,as ,i said at starting1 they should be self-supporting1 and if ,planorbis or ,paludin are used in the proportion of about four of each to every gallon of water1 a good view will always be preserved with the use1 now and then1 of the sponge alone4 ,periodical ,cleansing4--,when a tank has stood twelve-months or more1 the water not having been changed at all during the whole time1 it may be necessary to turn out the contents and re-stock it4 ,this is not to be done unless the bottom has become black1 and the roots of the plants show signs of decay1 in fact1 not unless it really wants it1 and if bottomed with mould it certainly will1 and it must be done accordingly4 ,the live stock should be removed by means of a hand-net1 the water drawn off by means of a syphon of glass1 or gutta percha1 and the plants taken out carefully and put by themselves1 and then after removing the bottom the glass can be quickly cleaned with the aid of water and fine sand1 or rotten-stone4 ,exhaustion of ,oxygen is made manifest by the fishes coming to the surface to gulp air1 and it is also manifested by their retiring to the bottom1 and quietly extending themselves on their backs in horizontal repose--the repose of death4 ,if too many animals be crowded into the vessel1 this will soon happen1 and either the number must be reduced or the water must be frequently changed1 or we must have recourse to ration4 ,i consider the two latter remedies a proof of the incompetency of the aquarian--the necessity marks very bad management indeed4 ,temperature4--,if the aquarium be too much exposed to the heat of the sun in summer1 or to the heat of a fierce fire in winter1 the water will get tepid1 and signals of distress will be shown by the protrusion of many panting mouths at the surface4 ,i find that if the temperature rises above sixty degrees1 things do not go on so well4 ,the use of a blind or paper screen is1 therefore1 essential in summer time4 ,on winter evenings1 when the room is made cozy by blazing blocks of coal1 the collection will often show signs of distress4 ,by opening the lower window-sash one or two inches when leaving the room for the night1 things may be restored to a normal state in a few hours1 and even if the weather is somewhat severe no harm will be done4 ,at the same time intense cold checks the growth of the plants1 and throws the fishes into a state of torpor1 and the freezing of the water may cause the bursting of the tank4 ,in summer time1 if the tank should get accidentally heated1 it may be quickly cooled by wrapping around it a coarse cloth saturated in water1 and keeping it wet from time to time4 ,these matters may be much simplified by fixing a small thermometer within the tank below the level of the water4 ,dead specimens must be removed as quickly as possible4 ,bivalves are generally very hardy1 but if death happens to one1 the production of sulphuretted hydrogen is very rapid1 and quickly fouls the tank4 ,disease of ,fishes4--,i have tried numerous remedies for the diseases which beset fishes in winter1 but with very little success4 ,when the caudal fin gets coated with a fungoid growth1 ,i have at once cut it off by means of a pair of scissors1 and it has usually grown again in a few weeks4 ,i have a couple of minnows now1 that were so operated on last winter1 they are as hearty as ever1 and their tails are quite renewed4 ,diseased animals should always be removed to a pan of fresh river water1 and placed in a quiet cool place1 where they will probably recover4 ,illustration 7,dragon ,fly7 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,aquarium4 ,,the ,,marine ,,tank4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,vessel4 ,points in which the ,marine differs from the ,river ,tank4--,though vessels of precisely the same construction are used for marine as well as fresh-water aquaria1 yet1 as the peculiar necessities of marine life demand some conditions of a special kind1 ,i must here again briefly treat of the vessels in which marine stock may best be kept4 ,every variety of tank or vase referred to in the description of the fresh-water aquarium may be used in the formation of marine collections2 but while vases are eminently suitable for river stock1 they are not to be strongly recommended for marine1 and for this important reason1 that we do not generally have1 as in the former case1 a variety of moving forms poising in mid-water1 or chasing each other through every part of the tank2 but in the present case ground stock constitutes the main feature of attraction1 and hence we require a vessel which admits of examination in every part1 which a tank does and a vase does not4 ,in a vessel containing actinia1 madrepores1 serpula1 c41 we require to have at all times a clear view of the bottom1 and a vase does not admit of this unless we look from above1 the amount of refraction being very great at the base of the vessel4 ,hence1 though marine stock may be well kept in vases1 it must be borne in mind that such vessels are far inferior as to the means of inspection to rectangular tanks4 ,it is also important to bear in mind that marine stock invites the use of the microscope in a greater degree than river specimens1 and a flat-sided vessel is the only one which affords proper facilities for the application of a magnifier to its contents4 ,stained ,glass4--,but there is a still more important matter requiring notice here4 ,we are indebted to that accurate observer1 ,mr4 ,warington1 for valuable information on the effects of light upon certain forms of sea weeds1 and his mode of overcoming this is by passing light through variously coloured media4 ,it can easily be understood1 that plants1 whose natural habitat is at a considerable depth beneath the surface of the ocean1 bear exposure to the full daylight very indifferently1 and that some special arrangements are necessary in order to cause the solar rays to fall upon them as nearly as possible in the same manner as in the twilight recesses from which they have been removed4 ,this is accomplished by fitting that side of the tank1 which is intended to be placed next the window1 with a sheet of glass stained of a soft sea green1 and the softened light1 so admitted to the tanks1 promotes the healthy growth of the ,alg1 and very materially increases the beauty of the vessel as seen from the other side4 ,mr4 ,lloyd1 whose ripe experience ever takes the most practical turn1 has adopted this plan of construction1 and strongly recommends it for every vessel intended for the reception of marine stock4 ,where it is desired to stock a vessel1 in which the back plate is composed of colourless glass1 with marine products1 a substitute for coloured glass will be found in diaphanie2 but the paper chosen for the purpose should be of the lightest shade of sea green1 because it is less transparent than stained glass4 ,in stocking vases1 this plan of staining the side next the window1 is to be strongly recommended1 no less for securing a healthy vegetation than of enlivening the beauty of the collection4 ,i have used for this purpose1 the paper and varnish prepared by ,messrs4 ,faudel and ,phillips1 of ,newgate ,street1 and can commend it for cheapness1 and the ease with which it can be applied4 ,another point deserving of note is1 that marine aquaria need a less depth of water than river collections3--,for purposes of study1 a number of glass dishes or milk-pans1 will be found preferable to any kind of tank1 or vase1 especially for ,zoophytes1 though fishes and crustaceans require more room than mere bowls would afford them4 ,in fact1 the lower forms of marine life may be kept for many months without the help of sea weeds1 if placed in shallow vessels--the absorption of oxygen1 at the surface1 being quite equal to their demand upon the water4 ,in all other respects1 what has been already said on the subject of vessels must be understood to apply to all kinds of aquaria2 the rectangular tank1 and the bell glass1 are the two leading forms1 and to them ,i shall always refer when speaking of the tank in a general sense4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,fitting ,,up--,,materials ,,for ,,the ,,bottom4 ,coarse sea sand and pebbles1 all well washed1 make the best bottom2 but if sea sand is not to be conveniently obtained1 common silver or gritty river sand will answer every purpose1 if washed until they cease to stain the water4 ,most writers on aquaria--,mr4 ,gosse especially--condemn silver sand1 but ,i find it a most suitable material3 its appearance is cleanly1 and it only requires frequent washing in fresh water to fit it for the purpose4 ,in the water-pipe which runs along the wall to supply the kitchen1 ,i have had a hole pierced to form a jet1 and this ,i find of great service in many aquarian operations1 and especially in washing sand and pebbles4 ,where this can be done conveniently1 or where the pan containing the materials to be washed can be placed under a tap turned on so as to drip rapidly1 the washing can be accomplished with very little trouble1 and the materials can remain for a week or two1 being stirred up occasionally to hasten the dissolution of solvent matters4 ,the sand should have a depth of two or three inches on the floor of the vessel1 and above it should be placed a layer of pebbles1 also well washed4 ,the little white pebbles found among gravel look bright and pretty1 and if the aquarian is also a lover of the garden1 he will turn up plenty of them in digging1 so as to keep a supply at hand for use when wanted4 ,the pebbles are not essential1 but the sand is1 because many of the creatures delight in burrowing1 and must have opportunity afforded them of living their own life in a state of confinement4 ,rock work is generally considered an essential of a marine tank1 but experience has convinced me that the less we have of it the better4 ,i have1 in describing the fresh water tank1 given instructions for its formation1 and here desire only to caution the beginner to repress1 as much as possible1 any desire for mimic arches1 caves1 and grottos4 ,in the first place1 it must be remembered1 that every cubic foot of rock work displaces a cubic foot of water1 and reduces the capabilities of the tank for supporting a number of creatures4 ,the more rock the less water1 and the less water the fewer animals4 ,beside this1 it is questionable if the use of cement of any kind is advisable2 free lime may be expected to dissolve out of it1 however much seasoning it may have previous to the introduction of the stock2 and as marine creatures are more delicately constituted than fresh water ones1 the subsequent loss of many may fairly be attributed to the presence of cement4 ,in the place of built-up arches1 a few rough pieces of stone tastefully disposed at the bottom may be made to produce a good effect3 a rough block of granite1 or a stem of branching coral in the centre will be far preferable1 except for vessels of large size1 in which pyramids and arches may be less objectionable4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that rock work in some form or other is useful1 as affording shelter and shade to such animals as love seclusion1 and that1 in a well managed tank1 the rough blocks often get coated with a vegetable growth that increases the strength of the collection1 and adds very much to its beauty4 ,in this matter1 the mischief arises out of the desire of beginners to display more ornament than is consistent with the nature of the case4 ,the water1 of course1 may be obtained direct from the sea1 and should1 if possible1 be dipped in mid-channel4 ,shore water is not altogether objectionable1 for where we find the greater part of our specimens it is evident the water must be suitable for them4 ,in fact1 ,i have found water that ,i have brought from the sea-side in jars serve just as well as that supplied by the steamer from the open sea2 but near the mouth of a river it would be found unsuitable1 as it would1 also1 from any parts of the coast where land springs abound4 ,earthenware vessels are the best for the conveyance of sea-water and specimens1 but if a large quantity be required1 a new cask should be used1 and the greatest care taken to have it stopped with a new bung1 and conveyed quickly to its destination4 ,mr4 ,gosse recommends a cask of fir-wood if it can be procured1 the wood of the oak1 of which wine casks are usually made1 gives out tannin or gallic acid to the contained water1 which by its astringency1 converts the animal integuments into leather4 ,in fact1 our poor anemones get their hides tanned if any vegetable bitter comes into contact with the water in which they are to be kept4 ,i make it a rule to filter sea water through charcoal before using it2 this is not essential if the water appears bright1 but is1 at least1 a precautionary process that may have its advantages4 ,artificial ,water is now used so extensively as to justify some special remarks here upon it4 ,it must be understood that where real sea water can be easily obtained1 as at spots near the coast1 it is undoubtedly the best1 though1 in some respects1 the artificial preparation is preferable1 because less liable to certain eccentric changes of constitution1 which will fall under our attention further on4 ,sea-water contains the spores of plants1 and the germs of many forms of animal life which may have development in the tank1 and when these births occur1 it is a special gratification to the possessor4 ,but such germs may also decay1 and cause putrescence2 and if a tank is neglected1 the water is liable to get cloudy1 the stones black1 the sides of the vessel semi-opaque1 and the animals diseased4 ,death soon sets his black seal on the undertaking when such a state of things occurs1 and the collection1 however costly or well formed at first1 may be lost4 ,now such misfortunes as these are preventible1 as it will be my duty to show presently1 but ,i here call attention to the fact1 that artificial sea-water is much less liable to get out of condition from the very absence of organic matter1 which on first reflections1 we should regard as a disadvantage4 ,thus1 the prepared material has certain advantages over the natural2 we lose the chance of rearing new additions to the stock through the introduction of minute organic germs2 but incur no danger of those same germs perishing and polluting the bright lymph4 ,but artificial water is quite unsuited for animal life of any kind1 until it has been brought into condition by means of growing weeds for eight or ten days1 and for crustacea1 star fishes1 and fishes proper1 it is not suitable till it has been in use for many months1 and even then some species lose their health in it1 and at last perish4 ,but for anemones of all kinds1 many mollusks and crustaceans1 and some other forms to be presently described1 artificial water does well1 and improves daily if properly managed4 ,unless1 therefore1 the aquarian is bent upon domesticating the rarer and more delicate sea specimens1 he may avail himself of the aid of the chemist1 and manufacture sea-water from the river or the pump4 ,composition of ,marine ,salts4--,the limited space of this work will not enable me to enter upon the consideration of the chemistry of this question so fully as ,i have done in ,rustic ,adornments2 nor1 perhaps1 is it necessary here to do more than point out the simplest method of procedure4 ,there are at least seven ingredients besides water1 used in the natural laboratory1 but the chemist dispenses with some of these1 and finds every purpose served by using a selection of the chief of them4 ,the composition of sea water is as follows3-- ,water #ifd4gdd ,common ,salt1 or ,chloride of ,sodium #bg4jei ,chloride of ,magnesium #c4fff ,chloride of ,potassium #j4gfe ,bromide of ,magnesium #j4jbi ,epsom ,salts1 or ,sulphate of ,magnesia #b4bie ,gypsum1 or ,sulphate of ,lime #a4djg ,carbonate of ,lime #j4jcc ,loss1 or not accounted for #j4jjb --------- #a1jjj4jjj --------- ,mr4 ,gosse1 in ,july #ahed1 communicated to the ,magazine of ,natural ,history the results of experiments in the imitation of this composition1 and a formula for the artificial preparation of sea-water4 ,in the fictitious preparation the component salts were reduced to four1 so that no less than three of the original ingredients were dispensed with4 ,if the reader will note in what minute quantities the bromide of magnesium1 the sulphate and carbonate of lime occur1 and at the same time bear in mind that river and spring waters always contain a considerable proportion of the last-mentioned ingredient1 it will be easily understood that the absence of those materials in the preparation does not materially affect its value4 ,the preparation on ,mr4 ,gosse's plan is composed as follows3-- ,common ,table ,salt #c-a_/b ounces4 ,epsom ,salts #a_/d ,chloride of ,magnesium #bjj grains1 ,troy ,chloride of ,potassium #dj ,the recipe may be given in another form to avoid the perplexity of avoirdupoise and troy weights1 thus3-- ,common ,salt #ha parts4 ,epsom ,salts #g ,chloride of ,magnesium #aj ,chloride of ,potassium #b ,management of ,artificial ,water4--,when the salts are ready1 it is best to mix them in an earthern pan or jar1 and allow them to settle and refine for a day or two4 ,to dissolve them in the tank is decidedly a bad plan1 though it is daily recommended by the dealers4 ,any one who will dissolve a portion in a clean bell glass1 and allow it to stand for a week1 using the clearest water1 and adding nothing but the salts1 will observe1 at the end of that time1 a minute gritty deposit1 similar to iron rust1 mixed with minute fragments of sand4 ,this deposit proves that the chemicals we obtain are not pure2 and1 perhaps1 it is not desirable that excessive purity should be obtained1 but it certainly is desirable to keep such matters out of the tank4 ,when the salts have been stirred up once or twice1 so as to dissolve them thoroughly1 test them for the last time with the hydrometer1 till it registers #a4jbg or thereabouts2 it may safely range from #a4jbf to #a4jbh without interfering with the success of the experiment4 ,hydrometers1 registered for sea-water1 are not everywhere obtainable1 and the specific gravity-bulb1 sold by ,mr4 ,lloyd1 for a shilling1 answers the purpose just as well4 ,mr4 ,cox1 of #ajj1 ,newgate ,street1 has lately supplied me with an hydrometer of a register of #a4jjj to #a4jej1 made in ,paris--the cost was seven shillings4 ,i prefer it to the bulb because it can be put to other uses4 ,a ,caution to the ,uninitiated4--,some beginners have attempted the preservation of marine specimens in solutions of common bay-salt1 and have expressed surprise that they perish rapidly in a solution of salt obtained from the sea4 ,anyone at all acquainted with chemistry would readily predict1 that there could be no more certain way of killing the creatures than the adoption of such a plan of preserving them4 ,when bay-salt is prepared1 many of the more soluble materials1 chloride of magnesium especially1 remain behind in the mother liquor1 because the chloride of sodium crystallizes first1 hence bay-salt alone does not produce sea-water2 we must have the aid of the experienced chemist1 or turn chemists and prepare it for ourselves4 ,those not experienced in chemical manipulations may find some difficulty in obtaining and weighing accurately the several ingredients2 and ,i should advise them to purchase the preparation sold by ,mr4 ,bolton1 of #adf1 ,holborn ,bars4 ,this merely requires to be dissolved according to the instructions just given4 ,mr4 ,bolton has given minute attention to the preparation of the salts1 and is now improving them by compounding with them the minute quantities of the more subtle ingredients1 which were originally omitted by ,mr4 ,gosse4 ,the salts are sold in packets1 at the rate of three gallons for a shilling2 a price which must be considered reasonable when we consider the purity of the article1 and the care taken in its manufacture4 ,filtering4--,when the salts are well mingled with the water1 pass the liquid1 through a filter1 into the tank1 which is supposed to have been already well-seasoned1 and furnished with a bottom of sand and pebbles1 and any ornaments that may be deemed necessary4 ,a bee glass1 with a bit of sponge thrust into the orifice1 is a convenient form of filter1 but if such a thing is not at hand1 take an old flower pot1 and wash it quite clean1 thrust a piece of sponge through the hole in the bottom1 and throw into it a handful of powdered charcoal4 ,this may be suspended above the tank1 or stood on two slips of wood1 and filled from time to time1 till the whole of the water has been passed through it4 ,illustration3 ,,actinia ,,mesembryanthemum1 ,,dyctyota ,,dychotoma4 ,some healthy plants of ,ulva latissima and ,enteromorpha compressa are now to be introduced1 and the whole left undisturbed for at least a week or ten days1 when the stocking with animal life may commence2 some of the hardy ,actinia being the best of all to start with4 ,but if the aquarian is in a fever to see something alive in the new vessel1 he may drop in half-a-dozen ,actinia mesembryanthemum1 one day after the introduction of the plants1 and unless he has made some mistake in the preliminaries they will do well4 ,i have1 for the sake of gaining information1 placed this anemone in water the instant it was prepared1 and without filtering it1 without suffering the loss of one2 indeed1 ,i have some by me now which a year ago were so operated on2 they attached themselves directly1 and lived through all the trials incident to a new tank1 in which there was not a single drop of natural sea water4 ,mr4 ,hall tells me he has1 on emergencies1 kept them alive for a week in soap-suds1 and even in more offensive liquids2 and judging by the life the creature leads on the sea shore1 now submerged in the cool waters1 and now exposed to the burning sun1 it is not at all surprising that it has a hardy constitution4 ,still1 this hasty proceeding is not to be recommended2 let time develop the powers of the water1 let the solar light reach the plants through the green medium of the stained glass1 and soon a lovely beading of oxygen bubbles will appear1 to indicate that all is right1 and then the animals may follow each other in proper order to their domestic home4 ,if a little real sea-water1 even a pint or two1 can be obtained to mix with the artificial1 the ripening of the latter will be considerably hastened1 but it is an interesting fact in the chemistry of the aquarium that1 though in the first preparation of sea-water certain of the ingredients are left out of the prescription1 in process of time those very same ingredients are to be discovered in it by means of analysis4 ,how do they get there8 ,they are communicated to it by the vegetation1 and hence as the water acquires age1 like good wine1 it increases in strength1 and after some months use1 will maintain creatures in health that would perish in a day in water recently prepared4 ,the preparation costs1 when prepared from ingredients bought at wholesale price1 about three-pence a gallon2 but it is a much better plan to purchase it ready prepared1 the price then being only four-pence per gallon1 or a three gallon packet for one shilling4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,collecting ,,specimens4 ,to gather specimens is much more pleasant than to purchase them1 though an inexperienced person would be pretty sure to bring home1 from the sea side1 many things utterly unfit for the tank4 ,as a rule1 green weeds are the best1 the red sorts offer some lovely specimens that do well in an established tank1 though none of them succeed in recently prepared artificial water4 ,brown and olive coloured plants are to be wholly avoided1 they wither soon1 and spread pollution around them so as to endanger the whole collection4 ,ordinary shore gatherings are quite useless for the purpose of the aquarium2 the drift is composed of torn specimens of unsuitable plants1 and we must seek for specimens at the extreme low-water mark1 or in the tide-pools which remain full during the whole of the ebb4 ,during spring tides is the best time for making collections1 and it behoves excursionists who cannot go to the sea side very often1 to make their arrangements for such trips1 in accordance with the state of the moon as indicated in the almanac4 ,new and full moon are the times in which the tide rises highest and sinks lowest1 and much disappointment will be avoided if such proper times are chosen4 ,any one who may wish to gather a few specimens for a tank1 should be provided with a jar or two1 and a basket4 ,a geologist's hammer and a chisel are also necessary4 ,by searching the tide-pools and the boulders at low-water mark1 masses of rock will be found covered with weeds of various forms and colours4 ,select the green grassy kinds1 and chip off each with a portion of rock attached1 for a sea-weed has no root1 and if detached from its rocky site inevitably perishes4 ,any one using a little perseverance and judgment may secure1 at any part of the coast1 sufficient good specimens to stock a tank of moderate size2 and if the collection be watched closely for a week or two1 the unsuitable sorts will make themselves known by their increasing shabbiness1 and must either be removed altogether or treated according to the instructions to be included under the head of management in a subsequent chapter4 ,a few anemones may be detached from the rocky hollows in which they have ensconced themselves4 ,the common smooth anemone1 which may be known in a moment by its near resemblance to a large deep coloured strawberry1 should be secured in plentiful numbers1 for it is equal to most of its kindred in beauty1 and is so hardy as to submit to the harshest treatment unhurt2 the more delicate kinds of anemones1 especially the white ones1 should be obtained in the same way as the weeds2 namely1 detached with a portion of the rock on which they are found adhering4 ,in packing the collection for carriage1 care must be taken not to allow any pieces of rock to press upon the soft anemones4 ,the whole may be brought away in jars of sea-water1 or packed in masses of wet fuci gathered from the beach4 ,there are very few of the specimens so obtained1 but may be as well or better conveyed in wet sea-weed than in water1 and if they remain a couple of days so packed1 they will take little harm1 and may be quickly revived if put into shallow bowls1 with a little sea water1 and oxygenised by means of the syringe before being placed in the tank4 ,on this head ,i can say no more here1 but must refer the reader for minute instructions to the chapter on specimen collection1 in my work on ,rustic ,adornments1 though1 what should be sought on the beach1 may be judged from the kinds recommended in the succeeding chapters1 as well also as to what should be purchased from time to time4 ,before any specimens are placed in the tank1 they ought to be rinsed with sea-water1 and any barnacles or sponges scraped off the pieces of rock to which the plants are attached4 ,any neglect of this will be sure to be followed by the production in the tank of sulphuretted hydrogen1 which blackens and kills all before it4 ,nor should any animal that appears exhausted be consigned to the tank until it has been kept some little time in a shallow bowl with a few weeds1 and revived by the occasional use of the syringe4 ,otherwise1 delays are dangerous1 and no time should be lost in conveying the several objects to their proper home in the little crystal palace1 where blue eyes are to admire1 and ruddy lips smile approval of your work4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,plants4 ,as already stated1 the green weeds are most suitable1 the red next so1 but of the brown and olive sorts there are very few that can be kept in a state of health for any length of time4 ,there are only two plants suitable for the commencement of the experiment1 and these are ,ulva latissima1 the common sea lettuce1 and ,enteromorpha compressa1 a delicate grass-like alg1 of a very cheerful green4 ,of these ,mr4 ,lloyd and ,mr4 ,hall have always plenty on hand1 ready cleaned and prepared for immediate submersion4 ,artificial water soon acquires the properties of natural sea water under the influence of these plants1 which grow rapidly1 and disseminate their spores throughout the tank1 at the same time giving abundance of oxygen for the support of animal life4 ,when a few weeks have elapsed ,chondrus crispus1 better known as ,carrageen moss1 may be added1 it is a free grower found in plenty on the ledges at extreme low-water mark4 ,the green weeds ,codium tomentosum1 ,cladophora arcta1 and rupestris1 and ,bryopsis plumosa may be considered safe stock when the water has been in use a month or two1 but the growth of the more delicate of the ,rhodosperms must not be attempted in artificial water for at least three or four months4 ,the best weeds of the latter class are ,phyllophora rubens1 ,corallina officinalis1 and ,irida edulis4 ,in collecting1 no doubt the ,dulse1 ,delesseria alata1 and sanguinea1 with1 perhaps1 some of the ,polysiphoni will be considered valuable prizes1 but they will not succeed in any but experienced hands1 for whom this work is not written4 ,dasya1 ,chylocladia1 ,nitophyllum1 ,griffithsia1 ,rhodymenia1 and ,ptilota will all contribute specimens as time goes on1 and opportunity affords for obtaining them4 ,but not one of these lovely weeds of the red class are fit for ordinary aquarian tactics1 they are the florists' flowers of the aquarian world1 and refuse to be domesticated by any but adepts4 ,the exquisitely delicate ,griffithsia setacea is perhaps the only one of the above that may be safely used in a well-seasoned tank of artificial water2 the other genera seem to be still more delicately constituted and to require their own native element in a state of great purity4 ,once more ,i urge the beginner to be content with ,ulva and ,enteromorpha at starting1 with half-a-dozen plants of each of these1 a large and pleasing variety of animal life may be preserved1 and in the case of disaster of any kind1 these are the most readily restored to health by a little timely and judicious management4 ,all coarse and dark coloured weeds1 however tempting at first sight1 are to be avoided4 ,the sprawling tangles that one steps over in traversing the boulders and the slimy masses of sea-weed1 everywhere cast upon the coast1 are quite unfit1 however fine the specimens1 or strong the desire to possess them4 ,neither must much value be attached to any weed cast up by the surge4 ,the only trustworthy specimens are those chipped from the rock in situ and brought away without being detached from their natural basis4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,animals4 ,though ,anemones take precedence in the order of stocking1 and frequently monopolise the tank--for1 after all1 these are the main attraction of most marine aquaria--yet1 as they do not stand the highest in the order of nature1 we must recount zoologically what creatures are best fitted for domestication1 and in another chapter give directions as to their selection and management4 ,fishes take the first place1 because they are the highest forms of life admitted to the marine tank2 but they are the last introduced1 because1 being more delicately organized than the tribes beneath them1 they require either real sea-water1 in a state of high preservation1 or artificial water of some months' seasoning1 and good management4 ,the fishes best adapted for tank life are the queer-looking gobies1 the lively blennies1 small specimens of wrasse1 rockling1 and eel4 ,the grey mullet is a pretty fish1 but not to be domesticated without some difficulty4 ,some kinds of flat fish may be kept in tanks1 but beginners had better have nothing to do with them4 ,small sticklebacks may be taken in plenty by means of a hand-net in quiet tide-pools1 and do well in the tank1 but they are pugnacious1 and harass less vigorous creatures2 so that some judgment is required in grouping them4 ,mollusks4--,the common ,periwinkle is useful as a cleaner1 and interesting also to those who find pleasure in contemplating the startling resources of ,divine ,wisdom1 as evidenced in the construction of the most humble creatures4 ,the winkles accomplish for the marine-tank what the fresh-water snails do for the river-tank1 they scrape confervoid growths from the glass1 and so help to preserve the crystalline aspect of the tank4 ,all the species of winkle are capable of domestication1 ,littorina littorea1 the common sort1 and ,e4 littoralis1 a pretty little fellow1 with a gaily mottled hybernaculum4 ,illustration3 ,,porcellana ,,platycheles1 ,,cancer ,,pagurus4 ,the ,trochus tribe1 better known as ,tops1 are also useful as cleaners1 and in appearance are more stately and ornamental than the winkle1 their cleanly marked conical shell attracting as much attention from strange eyes as the noble planorbis corneus does in the river-tank4 ,generally speaking1 univalves are more easily kept than bivalves2 many of the latter are apt to die off1 and cause some amount of putrescence before their demise is discovered4 ,crustacea are lively and interesting1 but of course small species1 or small specimens of large species are the most suitable4 ,the ,soldier crabs 7,pagurus7 and the ,swimming crabs 7,portunus7 are eminently suitable1 so is the pretty ,strawberry crab1 ,eurynome aspera1 and the interesting ,broad-claw ,porcellana platycheles4 ,shrimps and prawns may be used freely2 they are lively creatures1 and much more beautiful when seen in motion1 gliding about like ghosts1 than would be imagined by any one judging from the appearance of specimens on the table4 ,illustration3 ,,carcinas ,m,,nas4 ,annelides afford us the interesting serpulas1 some pretty sea-worms1 and the terebellas1 all easy of preservation1 and remunerative of the attention bestowed upon them4 ,zoophytes4--,this is the division from which the most prominent attractions of the tank are derived4 ,of these the ,actinia take precedence of all the ordinary inhabitants of the tank1 because of their exquisite beauty1 strange habits1 and still more general certainty attending their preservation4 ,actinia mesembryanthemum is the common ,smooth ,anemone which abounds on every part of our coast4 ,its colour varies considerably1 but it is usually of a deep1 warm chocolate1 dotted all over with small yellow spots1 and when closed has the best possible resemblance to a large ripe strawberry4 ,every stone about the sea-beach is studded with this anemone1 and a collector may secure any required number in a few hours1 slipping each from its base1 and dropping the whole into a jar with some fragments of fresh wet weed to keep them moist4 ,when it expands1 a circle of bright blue beads1 or tubercules1 resembling torquoises1 is seen just within the central opening2 and1 as the expansion proceeds1 a number of coral-like fingers1 or tentacles1 unfold from the centre1 and at last spread out on all sides like the hundred petals of a ,peri flower1 reminding one of ,hinda's boon3-- ----,be it our's to embellish thy pillow ,with everything beauteous that grows in the deep2 ,each flower of the rock1 and each gem of the billow1 ,shall sweeten thy bed and illumine thy sleep4 ,around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber ,that ever the sorrowing sea-bird has wept1 ,with many a shell in whose hollow-wreathed chamber ,we1 ,peris of ,ocean1 by moonlight have slept4 ,lalla ,roohk4 ,illustration3 ,,actinia ,,anguicoma1 ,,trochus ,,ziziphinus1 ,,ulva ,,latissima1 ,,bryopsis ,,plumosa1 ,,acorn ,,barnacle4 ,this anemone will remain expanded for many days together1 if the water be kept bright and pure2 but if the tank gets fouled1 it closes and falls from its foothold1 and perishes if not attended to4 ,it is the hardiest of all the creatures that are regarded as stock for tanks1 and survives many a wreck unhurt4 ,to induce it to climb up the sides of the vessel1 let it be placed with its base lying partly against it1 or bring it close to a stone in the centre1 and it will be pretty sure to attach itself where you desire in the course of a few days4 ,this last suggestion applies to anemones generally2 novices are surprised to find how well disposed the creatures are in a well-kept tank4 ,the disposition dates from the day of introduction1 for none of this tribe are fond of locomotion2 and the arrangement of them for effect1 depends upon whether you drop them quietly just in contact with the spot you wish them to adhere to1 or throw them in pell mell1 to cling to the weeds or to each other4 ,illustration3 ,,actinia ,,bellis ,,and ,,gemmacea1 ,,delesseria ,,alata1 ,,polysiphonia ,,urceolata4 ,a4 anguicoma1 or the snaky-locked anemone1 is a pretty but curious creature4 ,it is all arms1 just as a crab is all claws2 but so delicate in form1 so beautifully striped in the tentacles1 that it stands quite apart in the tank as a thing unique4 ,when found on the sea-shore1 as it is usually after a storm1 it is a flat-looking1 smooth mass1 of a brown tint1 delicately striped with yellow and white4 ,after a few days' residence in the tank1 it begins to expand1 and rises to so tall a figure1 especially in the twilight1 that it appears quite a different creature to that introduced a few days before4 ,in fact1 its actual bulk is increased vastly by expansion4 ,it is constantly expanded4 ,a4 ,bellis is another good species4 ,it is a delicate pink and brown and pink and white anemone1 and certainly does resemble a daisy very closely indeed4 ,though much prized it is not rare4 ,mr4 ,lloyd usually has abundance of them on sale1 at a shilling each1 and a few should be used to give variety to the collection4 ,in newly-made marine-water it will not do at all2 but if it falls into the possession of an aquarian who has no ripe tank at hand for it1 it may be kept for weeks in a shallow pan4 ,if anything goes wrong with this kind1 it throws out a number of white threads1 and shrinks out of form1 and perishes in a few days2 but once obtained in a sound state1 and carefully treated at the outset1 it is as hardy as mesembryanthemum1 and more readily expanded at all seasons than most of its compeers4 ,actinia ,gemmacea4--,this is a delicately-constituted anemone1 that displays itself freely only in the most pure sea-water1 in which there is abundance of oxygen4 ,it is quite unfit for early experiments1 but well repays the trouble it occasions when it can be successfully kept4 ,a few weeks since ,i had the pleasure of witnessing the birth of a large cluster of this pretty anemone in the extensive collection of ,mr4 ,lloyd1 at ,portland ,road4 ,to the naked eye they appeared mere flocculent specks1 but a lens revealed their true form as they adhered to the side of the vessel2 every one of the little creatures1 with its tentacles expanded1 a real microscopic gem1 combining the grace of a flower with the tinting of a pearl1 and the delicate volition of a new-born animal4 ,when full grown1 the gemmed anemone is very showy in its tintings4 ,pink1 yellow1 and grey are all beautifully blended1 and the rows of glands which reach from the margin to the base1 add their dots of white to the garments of this tiny harlequin4 ,the disk is brilliantly coloured1 scarlet1 green1 and orange1 shading into each other1 and occasionally mingled with half-tints of every colour of the rainbow4 ,the lip is usually of a vivid green1 and the tentacles exhibit rose1 violet1 orange1 and white on their upper surfaces4 ,in the cut1 this anemone is seen partially closed on a piece of stone behind two specimens of ,a4 ,bellis4 ,actinia ,crassicornis is another of the more delicate kinds1 that dies speedily1 unless treated with great care1 and in a well-established tank4 ,it is very abundant on every part of our coasts1 and must be removed with the stone to which it is found adhering2 for if removed1 or even handled1 it perishes in the course of a few hours4 ,it is1 however1 too beautiful not to be worth an effort to preserve it2 and1 if the tank is in good condition1 it will be well to obtain two or three specimens1 and watch them narrowly1 so that if any of them die1 they may be immediately removed to avoid polluting the water4 ,the colour of this anemone varies considerably in different specimens4 ,violet and amber shades frequently predominate in the tentacles4 ,sometimes the disk is of a pearly white1 at others of a warm fawn or bright orange and scarlet1 sometimes a deep crimson or a dull chocolate2 while the tentacles vary from pure white to dark brown1 dingy fawn1 and brick-dust red4 ,the latter organs are very numerous and tubular4 ,when irritated1 the creature has the power of attaching the tentacles to the object which annoys it1 and in this way it frequently clings to the fingers when handled1 and at the same time squirts out numerous jets of water1 until it is quite empty and collapsed4 ,actinia ,parasitica4--,this is a good aquarium species1 on account of the ease with which it may be kept4 ,it is a species that the rambler on the sea-beach will not be at all likely to meet with1 for it is truly pelagic in its habit4 ,it is only to be obtained in a state fit for the aquarium by means of the dredge1 and when so obtained it lives a long while in confinement4 ,the most interesting feature in the history of this zoophyte is that of its usually inhabiting the shell of some defunct univalve mollusk1 such as the ,trochus1 or the great whelk1 ,buccinum undatum4 ,this is not the most curious part of its history4 ,the anemone loves company1 and in the same shell as that on which it extends itself1 we usually find a pretty but pugnacious crab1 ,pagurus bernhardus4 ,to the anemone the crab acts as porter2 he drags the shell about with him as if it were a palanquin1 on which sits enthroned a very bloated but gaily-dressed potentate1 destitute of power to move it for himself4 ,like most lazy dignitaries1 this showy ,actinia attracts more attention than the lively servant who drags it from place to place1 for its form and colouring are beautiful in the extreme4 ,it is of large size1 frequently attaining to a height of four inches with a diameter of two and a half4 ,mr4 ,gosse's description of this fine creature is so minute and interesting1 that ,i must beg the reader to accept it in preference to any that ,i can write4 ,he says1 the ground colour is a dirty white1 or drab1 often slightly tinged with pale yellow2 longitudinal bands of dark wood-brown1 reddish1 or purplish brown1 run down the body1 sometimes very regularly1 and set so closely as to leave the intermediate bands of ground colour much narrower than themselves2 at other times these bands are narrower1 more separated1 and variously interrupted or broken4 ,i have seen a variety in which the bands took the form of chains of round dark spots1 the effect of which was handsome4 ,immediately round the base the bands usually subdivide1 and are varied by a single series of upright1 oblong spots of rich yellow1 which are usually marginal1 with deeper brown than the bands4 ,the whole body is surrounded by close-set faint lines of pale blue1 sometimes scarcely distinguishable1 except near the summit1 where they cut the bands in such a manner as to form1 with other similar lines which there run lengthwise1 a reticulated pattern4 ,the disk is somewhat wider than the diameter of the body1 which it over-arches on all sides4 ,its margin is somewhat thin1 and occasionally thrown into puckered folds to a small extent4 ,thus it appears to approach the peculiar form of ,a4 bellis4 ,the disk is nearly flat1 or slightly hollowed1 but rises in the centre into a stout cone1 in the middle of which is the mouth1 edged with crenated lips4 ,the tentacles are arranged in seven rows1 of which the innermost contains about twenty1 the second twenty-four1 the third forty-eight1 the fourth ninety-six2 the other rows are too closely set1 and too numerous to be distinguished4 ,probably the whole number of tentacles1 in a full-grown specimen1 may be considered as certainly not less than #ejj4 ,actinia ,dianthus4--,this is the ,plumose anemone of ,mr4 ,gosse1 and sometimes bears the very appropriate name of the ,carnation anemone4 ,it is the most superb of our native ,actinias--a gorgeous creature1 that in itself more than realizes our brightest imaginings of the hidden splendours of the ocean floor1 and of the gems that bedeck the caves of ,neptune4 ,how will future poetry be affected by the revelations of the aquarium1 and how far will the sober facts of scientific research influence the pictures and the incidents of romance8 ,even ,keats's glowing description of ,god ,neptune's palaces becomes tame in the presence of this splendid creature1 which carries the fancy-- ----far below ,the sea-blooms and the oozy woods1 which wear ,the sapless foliage of the ocean1 and peoples the dark slippery slopes with wondrous forms of life and beauty1 as if the lost argosies and the perished navies1 that have found a common sepulchre in the waters1 had given up their myriad souls to the conjuration of ,glacus and ,scylla1 and all the dizzy troop of ocean spirits4 ,it is1 verily1 a wondrous creature1 of enormous size1 and so delicately tinted1 so light and fairy-like in structure1 so constantly expanding and retracting its thousand delicate fingers1 like the ,indian blossom that the ,brahmin believes to be endowed with life1 that it never ceases to attract the attention of the coldest1 and fill the ardent lover of nature with-- ----the amaze ,of deep-seen wonders4 ,i have before me now five specimens of this splendid anemone4 ,they are all expanded1 and they glow in the sunshine like huge carnations of the brightest amber1 one of them verging towards a pure white4 ,two of these are represented in the engraving1 surrounded by fronds of ,delesseria sanguinea1 ,callithamnium1 and ,griffithsia4 ,the one attached to the perpendicular side of a stone is of the golden amber variety2 when fully expanded it forms a massive column of five inches in height1 at least1 and nearly three in diameter4 ,from the summit of the column the tentacles fringe over in rich masses1 like the petals of a monster carnation1 all of them in motion as if seeking something which they cannot find4 ,the tentacular disk is deeply frilled and puckered1 and constantly changes its outline under the capricious will of the animal2 while1 at the same time1 the tentacles arrange and rearrange themselves into most confusing forms2 then again expand to their utmost1 and expose the oval mouth and crenated lips1 of a pellucid softness that would appear as if chiselled out of alabaster1 were they not constantly varying their form1 and every instant undergoing a new sea-change4 ,the tentacles are very regularly arranged around the mouth1 but towards the margin they thicken and thicken till they form a dense fringe that overlaps the column1 and continues ever waving as if stirred by trembling ocean currents4 ,if ,i now strike the glass with my finger1 or even breathe lightly on the surface of the water1 they are all withdrawn1 the stately column shrinks down into a mass of pulp1 and in a few moments swells out like a globular balloon1 so tight and large that one momentarily expects it to burst4 ,for an instant only it remains thus blown out2 it is suddenly constricted as if clasped by a cord1 and it then becomes double like a pair of globes placed one upon the other1 and flattened where they meet4 ,suddenly the imaginary girdle slips downward1 disappears1 then it contracts1 rises again1 assumes its noblest proportions1 expands its thousand fringes1 all delicately waving above the dark stones1 and is once more as lovely1 or lovelier than ever4 ,illustration3 ,,actinia ,,dianthus1 ,,delesseria ,,sanguinea1 ,,callithamnium ,,roseum1 ,,griffithsia ,,setacea4 ,this has been described as one of the most tender of its class1 but ,i have long been convinced that it is comparatively hardy1 and may be preserved with very great certainty4 ,so long as the water is kept moderately pure1 by an occasional filtering through charcoal--which aerates and purifies at the same time--it lives and prospers1 occasionally moving from place to place1 but almost always expanded1 and every instant assuming some new form4 ,it is1 however1 so far delicate that1 if frequently disturbed1 it is sure to perish4 ,when removed from its native oozy bed it should be kept on the stone or shell to which it is found attached1 until it floats off of its own accord1 and fixes itself elsewhere4 ,when handled it throws out a number of white threads1 which are afterwards withdrawn4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,what ,,is ,,an ,,anemone8 ,it is very strange that where the animal and vegetable kingdoms meet1 the forms should assume such close resemblances to each other1 as to make it frequently a matter of difficulty to determine to which of the two great departments some special specimen shall be assigned4 ,here are the lovely sea-flowers--flowers only in name and appearance--representing the lowest links of animal life and pointing to that last link where the animal and the vegetable blend into one1 bearing all the outward resemblances to flowers from which they take their appropriate names1 yet all of them strictly animals1 endowed with volition1 and in their general organization assimilating to the extensive series of zoological orders which stand above and beneath them4 ,the sea anemones are animals of the lowest class--zoophytes of the great ,cuverian division of ,radiata4 ,it is in this division that animation is seen to tremble and flicker in the socket1 and to become gradually extinguished as we descend the scale and approach the confines of the kingdom of verdure4 ,here1 then1 life has its lowest if not least lovely forms2 the individuals have less individuality1 many of them live in groups and clusters1 and increase in a semi-vegetative manner by gemmation1 or the formation of bud-like germs1 while others generate by spontaneous fissure1 and break up into numerous forms1 each of which rapidly acquires the form of the parent1 and proceeds in the same way to increase its kind4 ,the ,radiata are so named on account of the ray-like form generally observable in the structure of the creatures2 in some the ray-like divisions give such a speciality to the structure as to distinguish them at once as members of this division2 as in the star-fishes1 for instance1 in which the intestinal canal branches out from the body into the several rays which form the star1 and in the anemones1 in which the relation to the tribe is at first sight perceptible in the tentacles which surround the mouth1 and which render it so exquisitely beautiful as a marine representative of a true flower4 ,but though the term ,radiata is applied to an extensive division1 in which the members have many characteristics in common with each other1 the ray-like form is not equally distinguishable in all4 ,in some tribes there is a tendency to associate into groups1 in which each individual has a certain degree of connection with the rest1 as in the infusoria common in our brooks1 and indeed most of the polypes which thus live in community4 ,the resemblance to vegetable forms is1 however1 common to a great portion of the ,radiata1 and those in which this resemblance is the strongest are grouped together under the general designation of ,zoophytes4 ,in ,zoophytes1 the leading feature of a radiate animal is very distinctly observable1 and that leading feature is the arrangement of the vital organs around a centre1 the organs composing the rays of the imaginary star1 or the petals of the imaginary flower1 to which the mouth or stomach is the centre4 ,illustration3 ,,edwardsia ,,vestita1 ,,sop ,,prawn1 ,,enteromorpha ,,compressa1 ,,ulva ,,latissima4 ,among the ,zoophytes we meet with many of the creatures which have the greatest attraction for the student of the ,aquarium4 ,the brooks supply him with the curious hydra1 the seven-headed monster that perpetuates one of the triumphs of ,hercules--withal a beautiful and wondrous creature1 that may be cut in pieces1 turned inside out1 or even thrust one animal within the other1 and still remain the same4 ,the sea supplies the madrepores1 the builders of ocean-reefs1 and the founders of islands and continents2 as it also supplies the sea anemones of more than a hundred species1 from the curious ,edwardsia vestita1 here figured1 from the first seen in this country1 at present in the collection of ,mr4 ,alford ,lloyd1 to the familiar members of the genus ,actinia1 obtainable everywhere on our coasts4 ,the true ,zoophytes have all1 more or less1 the plant-like form1 and they readily separate into two great classes1 namely1 the ,anthozoa1 or flower-life1 and the ,polyzoa1 or many-life1 in which the individuals are associated together in numbers4 ,they are all inhabitants of water1 are all destitute of joints1 lungs1 nerves1 and proper blood-vessels2 but in the place of nerves possess what naturalists call an irritable system1 in obedience to which they expand or contract at will4 ,at the upper part of the body is situated the mouth1 which is usually surrounded with tentacles1 which are mostly used in securing prey4 ,there is no alimentary duct1 for the stomach has the form of a simple sac1 the aliment being injected and ejected by the same orifice4 ,the ,anthozoa comprise animals which are perfect in themselves1 and these are mostly soft bodied1 having no shelly covering1 and are protected only by the leathery integument which surrounds them1 and the thousand weapons of offence and defence which they expand in the form of tentacles4 ,among the ,polyzoa we meet with creatures that encase themselves in horny shells1 or calcareous coatings1 such as the ,madrepores1 which1 like submarine masons1 elaborate the carbonate of lime which the sea supplies them with1 into shelly retreats2 and the tubed ,hydrioda1 which construct winding galleries and convoluted tubes1 from the mouths of which they protrude their fans and tentacles in search of prey4 ,among the higher orders of the ,radiata we meet with the strange ,sea ,cucumbers and the ,sea ,urchins1 and the ,star fishes2 and among the lower orders the ,sea ,anemones1 many forms of which are described and figured in these pages4 ,a ,sea ,anemone1 then1 is a ,zoophyte belonging to the class ,anthozoa1 or flower-life1 and the order ,helanthoida1 or sunflower-like creatures4 ,the central disk of the sea flower is composed of the lips1 which open into a mouth which communicates with the simple sac which constitutes the stomach1 and the petals and fringes which surround it--now like the anemone1 now like the sunflower or the mesembryanthemum1 or the richest carnation that ever won for a florist a golden prize4 ,the further subdivision is dependent on the details of individual structure2 and a large section--that of ,actinia--comprehends most of those on which the aquarian bestows his patience in the work of domestication4 ,the ,actiniad--so named from the ,greek--signifying a ray of the sun--are an extensive family1 of which more than a hundred species are to be found on our coasts1 or in the deep bays adjacent4 ,but few of these are suited for confinement in aquaria1 and of these the chief are the ,actinia proper1 the ,sagartia1 most of which are usually grouped with the ,actinia2 the ,anthea ,cereus2 the splendid ,adamsia ,palliata1 which is the only known species of the genus to which it belongs2 and a few of the ,bunodes1 ,edwardsia1 and ,corynactis4 ,in all the varieties of sea anemones the mode of life is similar2 they are carnivorous1 and obtain their prey by means of the ever-seeking tentacles that search the lymph around them1 and secure sometimes fishes1 at others mollusks1 but more frequently the minute forms of infusorial life that abound in the sea1 or in the artificial water of the tank4 ,the mode of reproduction is by ova1 which are sometimes vivified in the body of the parent1 and not only do they give birth by ejection from the mouth of a numerous progeny1 but actual divisions of the body may be made1 and each division will acquire completeness4 ,dr4 ,johnson relates several instances in proof of this1 one of which is particularly interesting4 ,a specimen of ,actinia crassicornis had swallowed a large1 sharp-edged shell1 which so completely stretched the body of the creature as if on a ring of wire1 as virtually to cut it into two equal parts4 ,thereupon it put out from the base a new disk1 with mouth and tentacles1 and became at once a double anemone1 to which the gorged shell served as an intermediate base of attachment4 ,dr4 ,cocks has seen specimens of ,bunodes alba acquire complete forms in duplicate when the original specimen has been severed into two or more parts2 and there are many other instances on record of this plant-like division of sea anemones having been observed4 ,though apparently immobile1 there are few species but possess some power of locomotion4 ,we frequently meet with anemones attached to stones1 sand1 or shells1 by a wide sucking base1 and if some species be moved from their chosen site1 certain death is the result4 ,yet in by far the greater number there is a distinct faculty of progression--the anemone1 by a slow1 gliding motion1 gradually removes itself1 and climbs up the sides of the vessel1 or takes possession of a tuft of weed1 or shifts from one stone to another1 or fairly leaves go of its anchorage1 and floats like a balloon upon the surface4 ,thus low in the scale as they are1 they possess will1 and a power of obeying it2 they have their organs of locomotion1 of attack1 and defence2 though naked1 they are armed for combat on an equality with their enemies1 and succumb at last to man--the universal destroyer and appropriator--who turns them to account as food1 or treasures them as gems of beauty that gratify his eye1 and even win over the affections of his heart1 while they lead him to contemplate the variety and profuseness of that life to which the ,almighty has given so many wondrous forms1 and instincts1 and economies1 every one of which proclaims-- ,the hand that made us is divine4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,general ,,management4 ,i shall in this ,chapter only notice such particulars in the management of aquaria as belong especially to the marine department1 since some of the directions given in the former division of the work apply to tanks of all kinds1 and need not be repeated4 ,when preliminary difficulties have been surmounted1 the matter of first importance is the selection of the stock1 and its arrangement in accordance with just principles4 ,grouping4--,in ,chapters ,,iv4 and ,v4 ,i have enumerated the kinds of animals and plants most suitable for aquaria1 and must now caution the beginner against the injudicious grouping together of creatures of dissimilar habits4 ,anemones may1 as a rule1 be kept together4 ,the several species agree well1 and seldom or rarely injure each other2 but star-fishes and crabs are best kept in vessels apart from them4 ,star-fishes are very destructive1 and readily absorb the bodies of mollusks out of their shells4 ,if exception is to be taken to any particular anemone1 ,i think the grand plumosa must suffer by it2 for this noble creature gives off a flocculent exudation1 which seems injurious to other kinds4 ,i have generally kept the plumose anemone in company with ,a4 mesembryanthemum1 ,a4 bellis1 troglodytes1 and others1 without perceiving any bad result2 but ,i have always been careful to remove the slimy exuvia daily1 by means of the dipping tube4 ,respecting mollusks1 and especially trochus and most bivalves1 it should be borne in mind that they are apt to die off rapidly1 and to cause a putrescence of a most obnoxious character1 which soon spoils the water1 and causes a general havoc4 ,another remark applicable to mollusks is this1 that the ,eolids--members of the ,nudibranch1 or naked mollusks--are destructive of anemones1 and delight in nibbling holes in their coats1 or eating off their tentacles2 whereas the pretty doris may be kept as long as it will live1 in company with the most delicate creatures1 without offering offence to any4 ,the more varied the collection the more is our interest in its examination increased2 and the possessor of a single vessel1 or of a tank1 and a few auxiliary jars1 will be naturally anxious to preserve representatives of as many tribes as possible2 and this may be done1 to a certain extent1 by appropriating the vessels to such creatures as agree amicably in confinement4 ,it is1 indeed1 possible1 if a vigilant watchfulness be observed1 to bring together and preserve1 for a length of time1 specimens of creatures that are naturally antagonistic to each other2 but where ,crustaceans can be kept apart in one vessel1 with perhaps a few fish1 such as gobies and blennies--a second appropriated to anemones and madrepores--and a third to mollusks1 madrepores1 and tubeworms--there will be the greater certainty of success1 and less supervision will be required4 ,crabs are very annoying to anemones1 as they scratch and sprawl over the delicate creatures2 and shrimps1 prawns1 and fishes frequently fall a prey to the barbed threads and the tentacles of the anemones2 the latter also frequently take possession of the mouths of the cells of tube worms1 and of the openings of the shells of mollusks1 and thus suffocate the inmates1 and insure their own death by the putrescence that ensues upon the demise of their victims4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen4--,when the death of an animal occurs1 the water soon gets putrid2 the stones assume a rich brown tint1 the sides of the vessel lose their brightness1 and an effete odour indicates the cause of the disturbance4 ,preservation of the ,water4--,to those who live near the sea it is an easy matter to change the water1 as soon as it shows signs of disorganization1 but since the majority of those who will consult this work will have to depend on ,mr4 ,bolton's marine salts1 it is necessary that ,i should suggest in what way1 and in the best manner1 the water may be preserved1 not only to avoid the expense1 but the trouble attending a new supply4 ,charcoal is the grand restorative1 purifier1 and preserver2 and for this department of aquarium management may be regarded as the ne plus ultra4 ,in the second ,chapter of this part of the work ,i have described the process necessary in preparing artificial water by means of the filter4 ,now1 whatever happens1 set the filter to work1 it will revive exhausted stock by ration1 destroy sulphuretted hydrogen by the contact of the water with the charcoal1 and remove all fragments of decayed weed1 flocculent threads given off by anemones1 and restore the whole to strength and purity4 ,i repeat what ,i have already said more than once1 that the necessity for changing the water is a proof of injudicious management2 every new supply is a witness of the aquarian's lack of skill1 as ,mr4 ,lloyd wisely says1 properly managed1 the water and other contents of an ,aquarium may be kept unchanged for periods indefinitely prolonged4 ,for the sake of aquarian science1 ,i do implore the student to surmount any and every difficulty1 rather than own the weakness implied by changing the water4 ,aeration is frequently referred to in works on the ,aquarium4 ,it is at variance with the self-sustaining theory1 and there is something wrong where it is wanted4 ,if the tank is stocked before the plants are well established1 or if overstocked with a crowd of animal life1 or if sulphuretted hydrogen be produced and make its presence manifest to the nose1 then ration may be necessary4 ,a cup or jug may be used to dip water from the surface1 and pour it back again from a height in a thin stream4 ,or a filter may be placed over the tank and filled from the surface1 and the water allowed to drip back4 ,but the most efficient instrument is a common syringe4 ,this is simply to be charged at the surface1 and discharged again with some force1 so as to send a stream of oxygenised water deep into the tank4 ,the process should be repeated for a quarter of an hour at least4 ,filter4--,a bee glass or a common flower-pot may soon be made into a filter4 ,thrust a piece of sponge into the hole in the bottom1 and upon it lay a stratum of washed sand and powdered charcoal4 ,pass the water through it1 and it will be purified1 and saturated with oxygen at one and the same time4 ,with the river-tank1 the simplest way of reviving exhausted stock is wholly or partially to change the water2 with marine stock1 such a change is not easy1 and the filter comes more legitimately into use4 ,as already remarked1 the necessity for ration marks error in management1 except when you have stock for which no proper receptacle is at hand1 or any such special contingency4 ,decay of ,plants4--,the sea-weeds are apt to acquire a pale tint1 which is the first evidence of decay4 ,this generally happens with the first marine stock1 when ,ulva and ,enteromorpha are used to season artificial water4 ,when the water gets ripe1 the plants recover and make healthy growth1 but if many white fronds appear1 lift out the blocks on which the plants are fixed1 trim away the decayed portions with a pair of scissors1 and then scrub the stones with a small brush in a little waste sea-water1 and replace them2 they will soon recover4 ,if red plants have been hurriedly introduced1 and decay manifests itself1 remove them at once1 and waste no time in attempts at revival4 ,mr4 ,lloyd will supply a new stock for a trifle1 and it is better to begin de novo than to attempt to cure the incurable4 ,death of ,anemones4--,if you observe any of the anemones to shrink up like button-covers1 lift them out into a shallow vessel1 and aerate them liberally4 ,when small beads of gas appear upon them1 you may rest assured that they have gone beyond the-- ,bourne from whence no traveller returns2 for the first outward proof of death is the formation of bubbles of sulphuretted hydrogen upon their bodies1 and they should be removed before this spreads and devastates the tank4 ,removal of ,objects4--,for the removal of portions of decayed weed1 and other small noxious bodies1 from the bottom1 a glass tube of #a_/d or #a_/b inch diameter1 open at both ends1 will be found very useful4 ,place a thumb or finger on the top of the tube1 and thrust it down over the object to be removed1 then remove the finger1 and the matter will rise in it4 ,lift the tube up to the surface of the water1 then place the finger on again1 and lift the whole away4 ,the advantage of this plan is1 that no disturbance is occasioned4 ,a pewter spoon bent to a right angle1 and attached to a stick is very useful for lifting up objects that are too large for the dipping tube4 ,illustration 7,dipping ,tube7 ,density of the ,water4--,evaporation causes the pure water to escape from the ,aquarium1 and hence there is a constant tendency to increase of density--in fact1 if left alone1 the water in the tank soon gets too salt4 ,to prevent this1 additions of pure spring or distilled water must be made from time to time1 and the amount regulated by a specific gravity bubble1 which it would be as well to leave at all times floating in the tank4 ,this instrument registers the density much more accurately than the hydrometer1 for it is more delicate in its determination of a balance4 ,i find it expedient to use two bubbles of different specific gravities--one which just floats when the water is sufficiently fluid1 and another which just sinks when it is sufficiently saline4 ,the movement of either indicates at once the exact cause1 and enables the aquarian to regulate the density to perfection4 ,green ,stain4--,i have never been troubled with confervoid growths in tanks filled with artificial water1 though the same water has been in use during periods of from a few months to two years4 ,when it occurs1 the mollusks are the natural remedy1 the sponge the artificial one4 ,but a strange affection--which ,i think is most common in spring--is the sudden occurrence of a green turbidity1 which destroys the translucence1 and for which neither sponge nor winkle can afford a remedy4 ,it is not a growth on the side of the vessel1 but a green stain pervading the water1 as if a green colouring matter had been dissolved in it4 ,mr4 ,gosse says1 it is vegetable in its origin1 and arises from an infinite number of the spores 7or seeds7 of green ,alg dispersed through the fluid1 and held in suspension there4 ,mr4 ,gosse further says1 ,i know of no cure for this1 but he quotes ,mr4 ,lloyd's experience as demonstrative of its curability by placing the water in a dark closet for two or three weeks4 ,from the experience ,i have had in this matter1 ,i have no hesitation in saying that the filter will be found an instantaneous remedy2 the water need not be drawn off at all1 but kept filtering through charcoal by frequent filling of the filter from the surface4 ,in ,may last1 a tank of mine became suddenly opaque1 though otherwise in excellent order4 ,the collection was valuable1 and a disturbance of it would have been attended with risk4 ,i suspended an old flower-pot half filled with fresh charcoal and sea-side grit above it1 and set the filter to work4 ,as fast as the filter ran out1 ,i filled it again from the tank1 without disturbing anything1 and a change for the better was perceptible in an hour4 ,two days after1 the water was as bright as ever1 and the stock in the finest possible condition1 owing to the brisk ration they had gained by the experiment4 ,feeding4--,anemones generally do not require feeding1 though the ,daisy and the ,dianthus will greedily partake of small fragments of oyster and minced mutton1 and some other kinds will occasionally eat of the same food2 but ,i cannot recommend the beginner to feed ,anemones1 for1 in a well managed tank1 ,infusoria are sufficiently abundant to provide them with all they require1 and food not eaten soon decays1 unless speedily removed4 ,crabs and prawns positively require feeding1 and ,madrepores may be fed for amusement4 ,small fragments of the lean of raw meat should be given1 or the flesh of a cooked prawn1 and twenty-four hours afterwards1 the undigested morsels should be removed4 ,illustration 7,syphon ,tube7 ,the ,syphon is a simple affair enough4 ,in using it1 place the short end below the surface of the water in the tank1 and apply the mouth to the longer end1 and draw till the water flows2 it will then continue to flow as long as the short end is kept under water4 ,if you object to promote aquarian science by means of suction1 first fill the syphon with water1 and apply a finger to each end1 and so turn it over1 and withdraw the fingers when the short end is dipped beneath the surface of the water in the tank4 ,mr4 ,lloyd sells a syphon expressly for the purpose1 which the aquarian should possess4 ,purchase of ,specimens4--,there are now many dealers in ,aquarian stock1 but very few of them supply marine stock in any variety4 ,i have my readers' interest only at heart when ,i suggest1 that no one should attempt to set up an ,aquarium without first paying a visit to the establishment of ,mr4 ,w4 ,alford ,lloyd1 of ,no4 #bj1 ,portland ,road1 ,regent's ,park1 where choice may be made from a stock consisting of thousands of specimens1 supplied1 as1 the oyster shops say1 fresh every day4 ,mr4 ,lloyd was a labourer in the field years before the ,aquarium became popular1 and his experience1 attained by patient study1 is now at the service of all who need advice or assistance in any department of the subject4 ,i have no interest in this matter beyond doing justice to my reader1 and beg to add that ,mr4 ,hall1 of ,city ,road1 has supplied me with marine stock of high character1 and that ,i can recommend him as an honest and intelligent naturalist1 though1 on marine matters he will not attempt to compete with ,mr4 ,lloyd1 for the latter has now the name1 the trade1 and the organization1 and since he keeps everything1 so he can supply everything of the commonest or rarest kind1 in the highest condition4 ,illustration 7decorative swirl7 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,aquarium4 ,,the ,,water ,,cabinet4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,construction ,,of ,,cabinets4 ,distinctions between the ,cabinet and the ,aquarium4--,the ,aquarium has not only spread abroad a love for ,natural ,history1 it has also increased the facilities for the study of nature by removing the difficulties which have hitherto attended the preservation1 for any length of time1 of living specimens of aquatic life4 ,the tank had scarcely taken its place among the resources for pleasureable recreation1 and scientific study1 when the field of culture extended itself1 and every variety of minute life found in the waters1 came to have its share of attention for the general profit and delight of the studious4 ,the ordinary tank was found insufficient for the wants of the aquarian1 and wherever a large vessel was to be seen stocked with fresh water fishes or marine objects1 a collection of small jars1 phials1 or show glasses1 was pretty sure to be found also4 ,in an aquarium1 we may group together many dissimilar objects2 but it must be evident to the most superficial observer1 that when immersed in a large body of water with other creatures1 many objects are ill-placed for examination1 especially if we use the microscope4 ,hence1 where the study is pursued with any degree of ardour1 some special arrangements are necessary to enable us to keep in a healthy state1 and in a way that admits of close scrutiny at any moment1 such of the smaller aquatic objects as most commend themselves for beauty or scientific interest4 ,many beginners1 unable to resist the temptation of a jar of beetles1 or a collection of larva1 and having no other means of keeping them1 have placed them in the tank to mingle with the stock of finny creatures1 and have thereby either lost the better part of the collection or have been compelled to break up the stock and begin anew4 ,i have already suggested that a few species of water beetles1 and aquatic larva1 may be safely preserved in an aquarium2 but an aquarium is by no means the best place for them1 if we wish to study their habits closely1 or investigate their mechanism and economy by the aid of lenses3 all insects1 many mollusks1 larva1 and other small objects should be kept apart1 and a collection of such objects is what we mean by a ,water ,cabinet4 ,to the genuine student1 there is really more for remunerative study in such a collection than can be found in the ,aquarium1 though the tank1 whether river or marine1 will always prove most attractive as an ornament1 and because it requires less care and study1 will be pretty sure to retain the greatest number of admirers4 ,but the ,aquarium and the ,cabinet are distinct things2 they cannot be combined in the same vessel1 and1 though a ,water ,cabinet is but another form1 or rather a series of separate and smaller aquaria1 the uses and economies of each are in a great measure distinct4 ,it is possible to cultivate either without the other1 though we should generally expect to find them in company1 the ,cabinet being a growth or extension of the ,aquarium4 ,construction of a ,cabinet4--,ingenuity1 under the control of circumstances1 will devise many modes of preserving the smaller specimens of aquatic life1 and ,i shall here describe a plan which ,i think will be found most generally useful1 particularly as it may have a very simple form1 and be produced for a very trifling outlay2 or may be elaborated into a noble piece of furniture for the adornment of an elegantly furnished room4 ,the frontispiece represents a series of shelves fitted into a carved framework1 the lower portion of which forms a table with drawers4 ,my own cabinet1 which is a simple affair of stained deal1 is made after the model of the one here represented1 but without ornament of any kind2 and if ,i describe its measurements1 it may serve as a guide to any who may desire to have one constructed of a similar pattern1 though1 as a matter of course1 the plan admits of endless modifications to suit the means of the student1 or the position in which such a cabinet is to be placed4 ,the table measures nineteen inches from back to front across the centre drawer2 and from back to front across the two side drawers1 twelve inches4 ,on this is placed a row of seven-inch cylindrical glasses of clear flint glass1 and in the centre1 behind the jars1 stands a twelve-inch bell glass aquarium1 to be stocked with choice fishes or superfluous cabinet specimens4 ,the first shelf has a breadth of eight inches to receive a row of six inch glasses2 the second shelf a breadth of five inches1 and the jars upon it measure four inches in diameter4 ,the top shelf is only three-and-a-half inches wide1 and the glasses on it measure three inches across the top1 and1 two-and-a-half at the base2 the jars of this size1 in my own collection1 are of a tapering form1 half an inch narrower at the bottom than at the top1 though ,i am not aware whether such is the usual form of the small vessels4 ,the entire framework has a breadth of about thirty-two inches1 and a height1 from the floor of the room to the level of the top shelf1 of about sixty-six inches4 ,the breadth and height of the window1 in which the cabinet is to be placed1 must have the first consideration1 with any one who may intend to construct such a piece of furniture2 the respective sizes of the vessels must be an after consideration1 because1 unless the whole be so adapted1 as that it shall enjoy a full share of uninterrupted daylight1 very little progress can be effected1 especially if the growth of the more delicate forms of aquatic vegetation be attempted4 ,in the absence of a properly constructed set of shelves1 a few plain ones may be fitted up in a window4 ,a single strip of deal1 on brackets1 would afford room for a dozen jars1 and in these by judicious grouping1 specimens of from fifty to a hundred kinds could be kept1 whether for observation by the naked eye1 or the microscope4 ,glasses4--,in common with many aquarians ,i used phials and confectioners' show-glasses for a considerable length of time2 but to preserve the uniformity of the collection1 ,i should recommend cylindrical glasses of flint glass of the form represented in the engraving4 ,chancing to unearth a number of such glasses1 at the warehouse of the ,messrs4 ,phillips1 of ,bishopsgate ,street1 ,i have since abolished the olla podrida of acid bottles and phials1 with which ,i had previously been content1 and now use no other kinds1 and ,i think their strength and clearness of colour must commend them to the student1 as the best that can be had for the purpose4 ,the cost of them is a shilling a pound1 though common show-glasses may be had at ninepence a pound4 ,if there is much dust in the room where the cabinet stands1 a strip of green gauze might be stretched on light cane frames over each row of glasses4 ,the jars are intended for the reception of separate or grouped species1 and the bell glass may be an ordinary aquarium or a receptacle for the omnium gatherum of general collecting4 ,my jars are now 7,july1 #ahef17 stocked with minute aquatic plants1 beetles of several species1 diving spiders1 water worms1 and mites1 larva of beetles and flies1 tadpoles in progress of transformation1 mollusks of choice kinds1 and spawn of all kinds1 removed from the tanks4 ,the bell glass contains a miscellaneous assemblage of duplicates of all kinds1 such as water weeds for renewal of tanks1 tadpoles1 leeches1 whirlwigs1 mollusks1 crustacea1 and infusoria for the microscope4 ,species that do not agree1 may be introduced to the bell glass for the sake of teaching us the nature and incidents of the strife maintained in the great world out of doors2 the battle may there have its way1 and we may study destruction with as much profit as we may the momentary creation by which the system of nature is maintained in its completeness4 ,in fact1 the bell glass is a reservoir into which we may dip for almost anything we want to fill up vacancies in the jars1 and in the proper tanks1 and to which we may consign the superfluities of a day's collecting2 having first assorted1 and set apart such as are wanted for separate observation and study4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,collecting ,,and ,,arranging ,,specimens4 ,implements for ,collecting4--,most of the ordinary productions of ponds and brooks may be purchased of the dealers1 especially beetles1 larger kinds of larv1 water spiders1 and tadpoles2 but very little progress can be made in the study of this branch of natural history1 without personal visits to the fishing grounds4 ,an hour spent in dragging a brook or pond1 will do more towards stocking a cabinet with wonders than a hundred purchases4 ,to the pleasure of an excursion is added the intellectual profit of learning the nature of the haunts1 and many of the habits of the creatures obtained2 every haul of the net will bring forth from the oozy bottom1 an immense variety of the most curious kinds of life4 ,illustration 7,hand ,net7 ,nets1 for the purpose1 are easily obtainable4 ,at least1 two kinds will be necessary1 namely1 a small hand net attached to a short rod1 or made to slip on a common walking stick1 and a larger one for a long rod1 or for hauling with a line4 ,the small net should be of a fine mesh1 and for convenience of carriage1 may be fitted on a jointed ring of brass1 so as to fold together4 ,the large net need not be very fine in the mesh1 but it should be very strong1 both in the texture and the fittings1 and should be lined inside with muslin so as to prevent the escape of the smallest game4 ,every variety of pond and drag-nets may be obtained of the dealers in fishing-tackle1 at prices varying from one to five or six shillings1 and of a quality that may be depended on for serviceableness4 ,some water-cord1 a jointed rod or walking stick1 and a few earthen jars1 or live bait cans1 make up the stock of implements1 the whole of which1 with the exception of rods1 may be packed into a basket in which suitable divisions are made1 and transported easily4 ,living in the neighbourhood of many prolific brooks and ponds1 ,i have very little experience in the carriage of specimens1 and1 indeed1 seldom use more than a single jar1 and a single net at one time2 but ,i should suggest to those who have to travel a distance for the pleasure of beetle fishing1 to provide themselves with a basket or box1 made after the fashion of the baskets in which bottles are sent out by vintners1 the divisions being fitted with stone jars2 and one division left the whole length of the basket1 for nets1 scissors1 a pair of forceps1 and a few small phials4 ,each vessel should have a lid of perforated zinc1 to prevent the escape of objects during transit2 the jolting of a railway train or coach might otherwise waste the contents4 ,the stone jars used for the purpose1 should have a cord attached round the rim of each for convenient handling at the brook side4 ,pond fishing4--,every variety of stream or stagnant pond may be fished to advantage2 but the specimens obtained from clear running brooks will1 in general1 differ greatly in character from those which the drag net brings from a dark still pool4 ,ponds which have formed in gravel pits1 are generally well stocked with newts1 mollusks1 and tadpoles2 but for the varieties of the beetle family1 old ponds in meadows1 and which are the resorts of cattle1 are the best2 ditches and rank brooks are the usual haunts of caddis worms1 diving spiders1 polypes1 and the more beautiful varieties of water bugs2 but every locality has its special attractions only to be learnt by experience4 ,supposing that you have made a halt beside a pleasantly shaded brook1 with hedge sparrows1 robins1 and black-caps warbling about you4 ,you prepare by selecting a suitable spot free from brushwood1 and where the edge of the water may be reached without danger4 ,the first thing to be done is1 to fill a few jars with clear water1 and to throw into each a few strips of any common water-weed1 of which callitriche is always the best1 and most generally attainable4 ,if the water is very foul it will be better to travel a little distance for a supply1 because the specimens are wanted as cleanly as possible1 and if thrown into clean water when caught1 their own motions will tend to cleanse them1 and fit them for the glass jars at home4 ,the shore should be fished first1 and the operation should be conducted with as much quiet as possible2 any disturbance will be sure to drive away many of the livelier creatures4 ,take a small net attached to a walking stick or short rod1 and thrust it out from you as far as possible over the water2 then quickly dip and draw it towards you1 and land it at your feet at some little distance from the edge of the water4 ,sort out the contents of the haul into separate jars1 though1 as you cannot have as many jars as the kinds which the net will bring up1 a little judicious grouping will be necessary4 ,spawn of all kinds may be placed together in the same jar with mollusks1 tadpoles1 caddis worms1 and colymbetes2 most beetles must be kept by themselves1 on account of their voracity1 as must also the several kinds of carnivorous larv1 such as those of the ,dytiscus1 and the dragon fly1 and water worms of the genus ,nais4 ,when the sides have been well fished1 the deeper water may be operated on by means of the drag-net1 and the produce disposed of in the same way4 ,on arriving home1 sort over the jars seriatim1 and dispose of the specimens according to the capacity and arrangement of your cabinet4 ,the glass jars should be each furnished with a few tufts of some growing weeds1 and with clear water4 ,some of the specimens will require to be washed to remove offensive matter1 and some few will need a bottom of small pebbles1 and a jar nearly filled with healthy vegetation4 ,anacharis1 ,myriophyllum1 ,nitella1 ,chara1 ,riccia1 and choice ,confervoids1 are the best for the cabinet1 on account of the limited space in which they must be kept1 and the elegance they impart to the collection4 ,in the larger jars it would be well to keep some tufts of vallisneria in order to propagate it to supply vacancies in the tanks4 ,when the stock has been housed in the cabinet1 whatever is left may be transferred to the bell glass for further examination4 ,it would be better not to wash or disturb the refuse weed and sediment of the collecting jars1 but to throw the whole into the vase4 ,after a few hours it will settle down1 and a lens will assist in the detection of whatever curiosities may swarm out of the refuse weed4 ,objects for the compound microscope may in this way be obtained and preserved in plenty4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,stock4 ,i have already indicated some of the varieties best suited for the cabinet1 but will here briefly enumerate those which form the leading features of attraction1 leaving the development of the collection to the perseverance of the student4 ,the great division of ,coleoptera will furnish by far the largest number of showy species1 all of them interesting and lively creatures1 many of them possessed of great beauty4 ,the ravenous ,dytiscus marginalis and dimidiatus1 with their strong hooked claws1 and brightly bronzed elytra2 and the pretty1 docile1 and harmless ,colymbetes1 with its shining silver breast-plate1 and jet black limbs and elytra1 must take the first place among the beetles for beauty of form and colour4 ,the large1 harmless ,hydrous piceus1 the lively ,notanecta1 ,gyrinus1 and ,nepa1 are essential to the collection4 ,among the larva1 those of the ,caddis fly should be kept in abundance1 on account of the amusement afforded by their strange habits and their remarkable metamorphosis4 ,larva of the ,dytiscus1 known as the ,water ,tiger1 of the ,dragon fly1 the gnat1 the ,may fly1 and of the two-winged fly1 ,stratiomys ,chamleon1 the pretty blood-worm1 which is the larva of the ,chironomus plumosus1 a very pretty gnat1 with feathered antenn2 and the telescope-tailed grubs of ,helophilus pendulus1 which1 in its larva form1 is one of the most curious examples in the cabinet1 and1 in its imago1 is frequently mistaken for the honey-bee4 ,the drag-net will also bring out many curious water-mites1 than which there can be no more interesting subjects for the microscope1 or prettier objects for ordinary observation4 ,while writing this1 ,i have before me several specimens of the beautiful mites1 ,hydrachna geographica and abstergens 7,mller71 in a jar of ,nitella2 they are ever in action1 treading the water as if it were air1 with a kind of motion that cannot be termed swimming1 but rather a walking or dancing1 maintained with the greatest ease at any level1 or at the bottom of the vessel4 ,another1 and much more showy one1 is the bright carmine-coloured mite ,limnochares holosericea 7,latreille71 of which ,i find an abundance in a neighbouring brook4 ,its pretty1 spidery motions1 and vivid colouring1 render a jar1 containing a dozen specimens1 very attractive to the eye of a student of nature4 ,illustration3 ,,diving ,,spider ,,and ,,nests4 ,the ,diving ,spiders are amusing1 and should be kept in plenty in large jars1 well stocked with healthy weed2 and the curious ,raft ,spider may also be preserved in a shallow vessel1 closely covered with gauze4 ,aquatic ,spiders are most abundant in clear brooks and ditches near rivers2 the small tributaries of the ,lea1 and the dykes that abound in the marshes at ,tottenham1 supply me with specimens whenever ,i seek them4 ,among the water-worms most easily obtained1 the hair-like ,gordius aquaticus 7,linnus71 and the curiously-formed ,nais1 may be recommended as curious and interesting4 ,the latter requires a bottom of sand in which to burrow1 and should be covered with only a few inches of water4 ,when it takes to its new home1 it plunges its body into the sand or mud1 and extends its telescope-tail upwards to the surface for air1 adapting its length to the depth of the water4 ,the generation and development of reptilia and mollusca may be better studied by the use of jars for the specimens1 than by their immersion in the aquarium4 ,tadpoles1 the larva of newts1 and the spawn of mollusks1 may be preserved in the cabinet for purposes of study1 much better than in the tank2 each species being separate in a bright and portable vessel1 every minute change can be observed1 and a lens applied at any time1 or the specimens removed for close inspection without difficulty4 ,i find it a good practice to remove any spawn1 which may be deposited on the large vessels1 to the small jars on my shelves4 ,there the little ,lymnea and ,planorbis are developed in hundreds1 without molestation2 and if increase of ,paludina vivipara be required1 a jar is at once converted into a breeding tank by throwing a couple into it1 with a bunch of ,callitriche1 and any vegetable waste from the tanks4 ,in the aquarium1 the young mollusks are devoured almost as soon as they are born2 and the pleasing spectacle of their increase1 coming forth from the gelatinous mass in hundreds1 like minute beads of gold1 is lost without the aid of the cabinet in which to rear them4 ,the young of most species of univalve mollusks are vagrant in their habits1 and the jars in which spawn is hatched should be closely covered with perforated card or gauze1 fitting closely by means of ,india rubber rings4 ,since it is unnecessary in this work to give a classified history of the several creatures that may be kept in water-cabinets1 ,i shall devote the remainder of the space at my command to notices of a few of the most attractive and best known species1 and to a few hints on the general management of the cabinet4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,larva4 ,the great class of insects comprises many remarkable and diverse forms1 among the #efj1jjj species which ,dr4 ,imhoff estimates to be now known to naturalists4 ,yet1 various as they are1 it is by no means impossible to define what are the distinctive features by which this class is separated from those which approach it in conformation and habits4 ,a true insect has the body divided into three parts--the head1 the thorax1 and the abdomen4 ,it has never more than six legs1 and these are attached to the thorax4 ,the segments of the body seldom exceed thirteen in number1 one of which forms the head1 three the thorax1 and the remaining nine the abdomen4 ,the possession of one or two pairs of wings gives them their prominent characteristic to the eye1 but it is the successive metamorphoses that arrests universal attention1 and calls forth the admiration and wonder of mankind4 ,in the progress of an insect from the minute egg to its completed form1 we see the most remarkable series of developments which animal life ever displays in all its endless procession of forms--the egg1 the worm1 the chrysalis1 the fly--a strange unfolding1 for the first time accurately observed by ,swammerdam1 who detected1 under the wrinkled skin of the disgusting worm1 the complete outline of the lovely butterfly4 ,this metempsychosis may be studied in its several strange details by the aid of the ,water-,cabinet4 ,the first condition of the newly-hatched egg is that known as the grub1 or caterpillar--scientifically called the larva4 ,the larva generally bears no earthly resemblance to the imago1 or perfect insect1 into which it is to be hereafter developed1 but leads a life of sensual enjoyment--it eats1 eats6 it is gluttony concentrated in type and act4 ,it changes its skin several times1 slips one coat off and acquires a new2 growing1 and eating1 and changing garments1 till1 like man himself1 it seeks a temporary tomb1 from which it is to soar to the skies like a soul liberated4 ,this second form is popularly known as the chrysalis1 or aurelia1 scientifically called the pupa4 ,in this form the insect remains in a state of complete or partial torpidity for a few days1 weeks1 or months1 according to the particular species4 ,the day of its deliverance arrives1 its bonds burst1 and it comes forth a thing of beauty to sport in sunbeams1 and1 for but a brief season1 lead a life of joy-- ,fluttering round the jasmine stems1 ,like winged flowers or flying gems4 ,but beauty of the high poetic kind is not the inheritance of every member of the class insecta2 and the water-cabinet presents us with many that have but analogical resemblances to the typical structure of the moth or the fly1 though the naturalist finds beauty in a beetle1 and points of profound interest in a maggot or grub4 ,since larva are distributed through at least three elements1 being1 according to the species1 inhabitants of earth1 air1 and water1 the breathing apparatus arrests our attention1 as constituting a distinct feature in the anatomy of the insect4 ,a caterpillar may be regarded as all stomach1 and the cravings of this immense digesting tube easily account for the voracity of larva of all kinds4 ,in the larger animals1 the food is elaborated into blood1 and brought to the lungs to be oxygenated by means of contact with the air1 but the insect does not breathe at the mouth1 but at the other end1 or by means of tubes arranged along the sides of the body4 ,in a caterpillar there are usually eighteen of these tubes1 the orifices of which may be seen in action4 ,these tubes all run into two larger lateral tubes1 or wind-pipes1 arranged one on each side of the body2 and from these lateral tubes innumerable smaller ones diverge1 and convey air to the vessels in which the digested food is contained1 and thus supply it with oxygen4 ,swammerdam was the first who successfully anatomised this class of animals1 and to him we are indebted for the microscopic anatomy of grubs1 and a revelation of their inner economy generally4 ,the ,dragon ,fly1 ,libellulid 7,leach71 a well-known summer beauty--the mere mention of which is always sufficient to set one's heart beating for rustic coolness1 and the hushed music of the beechen shades--is1 in its larva form1 an interesting object for the cabinet4 ,between the larva and the imago of this insect1 the difference is striking indeed2 as a lady1 not addicted to scientific studies1 once characterised the larva--using ,pope's lines--as1 ,a monster of such hideous mien1 ,that to be hated needs but to be seen4 ,but the gauze-winged and gaily-coloured fly merits all the praise bestowed upon it by the ,french1 who call them ,demoiselles1 so light1 fairy-like1 and visionary are its form and movements4 ,scientific writers have applied many descriptive names to it1 such as ,calepteryx 7pretty wing71 ,puella 7girl71 ,sponsa 7bride71 and ,virgo 7virgin74 ,the larva of the dragon fly exhibits1 in a very striking manner1 the mode of respiration in aquatic insects4 ,it is not an active creature2 for though it has six legs1 it seldom uses these except in the capture of prey2 its locomotion is chiefly performed by the tail in the action of breathing4 ,when thrown into a jar with some fragments of weed and a few light chips1 these will be seen to be drawn towards the tail of the creature1 by the current occasioned by the absorption of water2 and then again driven off1 with considerable force1 as the water is again ejected4 ,the quantity drawn into the body by this hydrostatic action must be considerable1 since the dimensions of the larva regularly change with the breathing action1 the body becoming collapsed when the stream is ejected1 and again swelled out with the suction that follows4 ,if it be thrown into water1 tinged with cochineal1 and then quickly removed again into clear water1 the coloured stream will be seen to be projected several inches1 and with force sufficient to propel the creature forward by a series of successive jerks4 ,besides the act of breathing1 then1 this anal pump has locomotive uses2 and it also aids the creature in obtaining food by drawing minute creatures towards it in a manner similar to those animals which are furnished with cilia4 ,but the microscope reveals a still more curious fact1 in the anatomy of this larva1 which has been most faithfully described by ,kirby and ,spence4 ,the under lip1 when closed1 entirely conceals the mouth1 and it not only retains1 but actually seizes1 the animal's prey1 by means of a very singular pair of jaws with which it is furnished4 ,conceive your under lip 7to have recourse1 like ,reaumur1 on another occasion1 to such a comparison7 to be horny instead of fleshy1 and to be elongated perpendicularly downward1 so as to wrap over your chin1 and extend to its bottom---that this elongation is there expanded into a triangular convex plate1 attached to it by a joint1 so as to bend upwards again and fold over the face as high as the nose1 concealing not only the chin and the first mentioned elongations1 but the mouth and part of the cheeks4 ,conceive1 moreover1 that to the end of this last-mentioned plate are fixed two other convex ones1 so broad as to cover the whole nose and temples--that these can open at pleasure1 transversely1 like a pair of jaws1 so as to expose the nose and mouth1 and that their inner edges1 where they meet1 are cut into numerous sharp teeth1 or spines1 or armed with one or more long sharp claws--you will have as accurate an idea1 as my powers of description can give1 of the strange formation of the under lip in the larva of ,libellulina1 which conceals the mouth and face1 precisely as ,i have supposed a similar construction of lip would do yours4 ,you will probably admit that your own visage would present an appearance not very engaging1 while concealed by such a mask2 but it would strike still more awe into the spectators1 were they to see you first open the two upper jaw plates1 which would project from the temples like the blinders of a horse2 and next1 having1 by means of the joint of your chin1 let down the whole apparatus and uncovered your face1 employ them in seizing any food that presented itself1 and conveying it to your mouth4 ,yet this procedure is that adopted by the larv of the dragon-fly1 provided with this strange organ4 ,while it is at rest1 it applies close to and covers the face4 ,when the insects would make use of it1 they unfold it like an arm1 catch the prey at which they aim1 by means of the mandibuliform plates1 and then partly refold it1 so as to hold the prey to the mouth1 in a convenient position for the operation of the two pairs of jaws with which they are provided4 ,the form of this masked jaw is represented1 but not very clearly1 in ,rennies' ,insect ,transformations1 p4 #afd4 ,illustration3 ,,transformation ,,of ,,the ,,dragon ,,fly4 #a4 ,the ,fly just emerging4 #b4 ,the ,fly nearly free1 and forming an arch4 #c4 ,the ,fly liberated1 and with its body bent1 to hasten the drying of the wings4 ,when its season of larva life is over1 it retires to the bottom of the vessel to repose1 and becomes a pupa4 ,when the crumpled form of the gaudy fly begins to expand within1 and to knock at the door of its sepulchre1 the pupa quits the watery element for ever1 and betakes itself to the dry land1 or to the slip of cork placed in the jar for its use4 ,there1 the apparently painful process of its unfolding takes place1 and the fly slowly emerges4 ,the envelope bursts asunder1 and the head of the lovely1 but bloodthirsty damsel1 emerges to the light4 ,next appear the legs1 not in action1 but gathered up to the breast1 as if in spasm1 and1 for a time1 the effort is suspended1 and the helpless1 half-formed beauty hangs back her head1 as if languid with the exhaustion of pain4 ,once more she pants for freedom1 sighing to sun herself in the blue ether1 and another struggle is made4 ,this time she clutches at the pupa case with a convulsive grasp1 and drags forth the whole of her delicate body from the grave1 and there remains motionless1 still clinging to it1 as if contemplating the baseness of her origin--for beauty is ever the offspring of the dust4 ,she is free at last--but1 ah6 how helpless4 ,her wings are damp1 and closely folded1 and would not yield to the wish for flight1 even were she already possessed of the power to stir them into action4 ,she is on the threshold of a new world--a creature born of the dust1 just escaped from the dust2 and now as we watch her wings dry and expand1 away she goes--a thing of light and loveliness soaring heavenward4 ,like the mortal ark1 out of which the spirit of man escapes1 we may1 without losing sight of the disparity of the subjects1 speak of the chrysalis of the dragon fly as-- ,a worn-out fetter1 which the soul ,has broken1 and thrown away4 ,illustration3 ,,dragon ,,flies4 a4 ,virgin ,dragon ,fly--,calepteryx ,virgo4 b4 ,green ,dragon ,fly--shna varia4 ,,the ,,gnat--,culex pipiens 7,,linn,,us7 ,in the operation of dragging1 many curious larva are brought out1 and the mud should be searched carefully for them before washing the net for another cast4 ,the larva of the gnat is one of the most interesting of these1 and during summer may be obtained in hundreds if a little of the brook water be dipped to fill the jar with1 and a few light weeds thrown in to supply oxygen4 ,these larva are the produce of eggs deposited in a curious manner4 ,the gnats repair to the water soon after day-break1 and commence an operation of a truly naval kind1 such as would have delighted the savage heart of ,peter the ,great1 could he have witnessed it in the midst of his dreams of achieving naval power4 ,in fact1 the mother gnats construct rafts of eggs1 and each egg is added as a separate timber of the vessel1 till a boat-like structure is produced4 ,the skill as well as the necessity of the construction is well tested by the fact that each separate egg would of itself sink to the bottom1 whereas being protruded one by one into the angle formed by the hind legs which serve as stocks for the future vessel1 and successively glued to each other by the fluid which exudes with them1 they gradually assume1 under her guidance1 a neat boat-like form of about three hundred minute pyramidal eggs4 ,the most violent agitation1 says ,kirby1 cannot sink it1 and what is more extraordinary1 and a property still a disideratum in our life-boats1 though hollow it never becomes filled with water1 even though exposed4 ,the grubs at last come forth1 and lead a very merry sort of life under the shadow of the sedges4 ,placed in the jars they appear at first sight like newly hatched fry of fishes1 but we soon detect the segments of their pellucid bodies1 and1 as might be expected in water larva1 they breathe at the wrong end1 and hence most of their merry movements are performed between the surface and the bottom2 every time they descend they carry with them a minute bubble from the surface4 ,under a good lens the pretty creature changes its form considerably1 and comes out in the pantomime style1 with huge horns1 goggle eyes1 and starched frills of shaggy hair2 but then the tail becomes the object of attraction1 and we watch the breathing action of the curious funnel which breaks away at an angle from the last segment of the body4 ,illustration3 ,,larva ,,of ,,the ,,gnat1 ,,natural ,,size ,,and ,,magnified4 ,swammerdam first observed that the breathing tube and tail are both anointed with oil1 and that if the larva is handled roughly the oil is removed1 and the grub can no longer suspend itself on the surface of the water4 ,i have1 on these occasions1 observed it put its tail in its mouth1 and afterwards draw it back1 as a water fowl will draw its feathers through its bill to prepare them for resisting water4 ,i have now 7,july1 #ahef7 some thousands of the larva of this and other species of gnats1 and they are the most lively creatures in my collection4 ,the flies come off in large numbers1 and escape through the open window2 or1 if the window be closed1 they swarm on the glass1 and keep up a musical humming1 closely resembling that of a swarm of bees at a distance4 ,illustration3 ,,larva ,,of ,,stratiomys4 ,a more elegant example of this kind of breathing apparatus is seen in the grub of the two-winged fly1 ,stratiomys ,chamleon4 ,the funnel tail spreads into a beautiful star of thirty distinct rays1 and with this structure1 the creature suspends itself to the surface of the water1 as if it were a ceiling1 and as it moves to and fro its changes of position may be noted by the shifting of the dimple on the surface4 ,in the little gnat1 ,corethra plumicornis 7,meigen7 we have some further examples of the peculiar conformation of the larva1 to enable it to respire in the water2 but the larva is so transparent that it requires an expert microscopist1 and an effective instrument to work out the details as represented by ,reaumur and ,dr4 ,goring4 ,the larva of this species is plentiful in our brooks1 and worthy of close scrutiny by the aid of the microscope4 ,just now the gnats are abundant in meadows near streams1 and to them we are indebted for that soft humming which has been appropriately termed the music of the wild1 and on which good old ,gilbert ,white exhausted his ingenuity to find an explanation4 ,the social communities of these ephemeral creatures are strictly music parties1 and whenever we suffer them to assemble about our heads1 when rambling in the hedgerows1 we are entertained by their fairy-like performances4 ,expertum est4 ,the ,case ,fly ,phryganea grandis4--,there are several species in the family of ,phryganea1 which is the only tribe in the order ,trichoptera1 but such strong resemblances exist between the several members of the family that some entomological experience is necessary to enable the student to distinguish them4 ,in an aquarium1 the caddis worms are very amusing1 and since they thrive there1 they are very suitable additions to the happy family4 ,we see them busy at the bottom1 adding fragments of weed1 pebbles1 minute shells1 even if the snails within them are alive1 and any small debris that their fingers can seize hold of4 ,last season ,i had amongst a large number of cads1 one that had his case nearly destroyed by accidentally falling from the table4 ,i removed from him what remained of his case1 and threw him into a jar with a soldier plant and a few ,lymnea4 ,he set to work to repair his tabernacle1 and the ,lymnea helped him1 for they nibbled a plant of ,stratoides into shreds4 ,these shreds the cad gathered1 and every day he added a fresh piece1 so that1 in about ten days1 he appeared in a suit of green1 his clothes bulged out to an enormous size1 and everywhere studded with points and corners1 the most comical sight that could be imagined4 ,since he could find nothing of a small neat pattern1 he took what he could1 and became a perfect ,jack in the green1 nearly an inch and a half in length1 and thicker than a carpenter's lead pencil4 ,illustration3 ,,larv ,,and ,,imago ,,of ,,case ,,fly4 ,the movements of these creatures are as comical as their specimens of tailoring4 ,we see them mounting a stem or leaf with great gravity1 when suddenly up goes the tail1 the legs hold tight1 and the case turns completely over1 as if on the first of ,may1 ,jack-in-the-green were to dance on his head4 ,when the creature is hidden1 and the case sways to and fro like a buoy attached by too short a rope1 the sight is very curious4 ,this case-maker is the larva from a fly which bears resemblances to the two families which stand on either side of it--the ,lepidoptera1 or true butterflies1 and the ,neuroptera1 of which the dragon flies and other membranaceous winged insects are members4 ,as soon as he enters the world1 he begins to show his skill in tailoring1 and by means of silken threads and gluten constructs his case of bits of stick1 straw1 dead leaves1 or shells1 in fact1 whatever he can get1 and as long as he retains the worm-like form the case is his castle1 and he can defy the world4 ,the case outside is generally a rough affair1 but if you draw out the cad you will see that inside it is perfectly cylindrical1 smooth1 and polished1 and around the doorway1 through which the larva makes acquaintance with the world1 it is neatly finished with a very circular rim4 ,when you have removed a cad1 if you throw him into a tank you will learn in an instant what is the use of his case1 for his soft nakedness is no sooner exposed1 than the minnows finish him1 and find the flavour excellent4 ,but to see a cad in his proper uniform molested is a very rare sight indeed4 ,he passes his larva life innocently1 and is an amusing fellow2 when he feels the numbness of death creeping over him1 the cad draws in his six legs1 and sets to work inside to weave a winding-sheet and to shut the shutters1 for he knows that his time is come1 and there is no one to do such melancholy offices for him4 ,all alone in his solitary cell1 the hermit works day and night1 and hourly his fingers grow more feeble4 ,we look and find the shutters closed1 and by this time the larva has changed into a pupa4 ,illustration3 ,,grating ,,of ,,case-,,worm1 ,,magnified4 ,the mode in which the worm closes its cell is curious enough4 ,over its entrance it weaves a grating of silk1 which hardens in water and remains insoluble4 ,it may be seen very plainly by the naked eye1 but under a good lens increases in interest4 ,the grating is placed a little inside the margin of the opening1 and fits exactly within it1 and its object is to protect the pupa from invasion1 and at the same time1 to admit water for respiration4 ,de ,geer describes one of these gratings in which the pierced holes were disposed in concentric circles1 as represented in the engraving4 ,this1 however1 is not1 as far as ,i am aware1 the usual form of the grating1 many that ,i have examined were formed in regular rays from a centre like the spokes of a wheel4 ,but the escape of the pupa1 when about to undergo its last metamorphosis1 is as interesting as the fact of its closing the shutters to announce its own death4 ,it is provided with a pair of hooked mandibles1 with which to gnaw through the grating1 and no sooner have these accomplished their purpose than they fall off1 and the pupa takes its last shape of a four winged fly1 as represented in the cut4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,coleoptera4 ,the beetle tribe are distinguished from other insects by the possession of elytra1 or wing-cases2 which wing-cases are1 with regard to the typical structure of an insect1 to be regarded as really the first pair of wings hardened into a horn-like consistence to protect the others4 ,the wing-cases are of little or no use in flight1 this action being accomplished by means of the second pair1 or the true wings1 which are generally of large size1 and when not in use are neatly folded up beneath the elytra4 ,the division of the body into three parts--head1 thorax1 and abdomen--is very plain to the eye2 but the segments1 of which the several parts are composed1 are frequently so consolidated that it is difficult to detect or count them4 ,for instance1 the thorax1 theoretically1 consists of three segments2 but1 practically1 the first of these is usually so largely developed as to appear to constitute the thorax in itself4 ,the 7theoretical7 nine segments of the abdomen are1 in like manner1 reduced to six or seven1 in consequence of the last two or three being consolidated into one4 ,the order is an immense one1 as to its range and variety1 and hence there are in it many curious exceptions to the general conformation of a beetle4 ,some are utterly incapable of flight1 owing to the non-possession of elytra1 or wings2 some have elytra only2 and in some the elytra meet and unite along the suture2 so that1 if the insect had wings underneath1 it would be impossible for it to use them4 ,the specimens of coleoptera1 kept in the water-cabinet1 are among the most interesting of the whole collection1 whether in the larva or imago form2 and to this order we are indebted for a large number of aquatic species1 that may be kept in jars1 and some few that may be introduced without danger to the tank4 ,dytiscus ,marginalis is one of the handsomest of water-beetles1 and its habits are amusing and instructive4 ,it possesses an insatiable appetite1 and great muscular power1 as we soon discover when removing it from one jar to another1 for if it succeeds in planting its claws firmly on the edge of the vessel1 it is difficult to move it4 ,it belongs to the large tribe of aquatic carnivora1 ranged in the section ,pentamera1 in which the tarsi of all the feet are five-jointed1 the fourth being of ordinary size4 ,illustration3 ,,dytiscus ,,and ,,larva 7,,reduced74 ,the ,dytiscus is a true water-beetle1 being aquatic in both its larva and perfect forms4 ,the larva1 known as the water-tiger1 is found in plenty in the muddy ditches round ,london1 and is a strong1 stubborn1 ugly1 and ravenous worm1 with a tail formed for respiration1 and curved mandibles to tear its prey to pieces4 ,it is very active1 and may be kept without difficulty2 but nothing else should be placed in the same jar1 unless intended as food for this savage4 ,a small fish thrown is eagerly clutched1 and held firm by the claws2 and the larva then plunges its mandibles into it1 and is soon buried head-deep in the mangled body of its prey4 ,i have generally fed them on beef1 but they prefer small fish1 or larva of the dragon-fly1 and do not go through their metamorphosis well without such food4 ,the imago is a handsome creature1 with strong hooked claws1 furnished with amber hairs1 which1 under a lens1 resemble very closely the claws of a crab4 ,the elytra are beautifully tinted with rich green and bronze1 and the divisions of the head and thorax separated from the abdomen by sharp1 whitish lines4 ,small fishes make the best diet for this beetle2 but as this food fouls the water1 it is best to keep them in clear jars1 with a few pebbles and weeds1 and once a week remove them to another vessel1 to be fed4 ,this plan preserves the brightness of the beetle jar1 and prevents the annoyance of effluvia4 ,hydrous ,piceus4--,this is the largest of our native aquatic beetles1 and1 with the exception of the stag-beetle1 it exceeds in bulk any other species of indigenous ,coleoptera4 ,it is common in the brooks and ponds in southern counties1 but becomes rare as we travel northwards4 ,in the larva state this is a rapacious and bloodthirsty insect1 and of so destructive a character as to deserve its ,french name of ver-assassin4 ,in that early condition it resembles a large soft worm1 of a somewhat conical form1 provided with six feet1 and having its large scaly head armed with two formidable jaws4 ,the head moves with such freedom in all directions1 that it can readily seize small shell-fish and other mollusca floating on the surface1 without altering the horizontal position of the body maintained in swimming2 and it is even bent backwards1 and devours its prey more conveniently by using the back as a kind of support4 ,these larv swim with facility1 and have two fleshy appendages at the tail1 by means of which they suspend themselves at the surface with their heads downwards1 when they have occasion to respire 7,cuvier74 ,the beetle differs greatly in habit from the grub2 it is by no means carnivorous1 but quite harmless1 docile1 playful1 and tameable4 ,it is a noble creature for the cabinet1 and may even be kept in the ,aquarium safely4 ,in its complete form it is as interesting for its gentleness as it is in the larva state for its rapacity and destructiveness4 ,the female spins an elegant and waterproof cocoon for the reception of its eggs1 and when they are deposited she watches them with a maternal solicitude not frequently exhibited by creatures of this family4 ,illustration3 ,,hydrous ,,piceus4 ,the hydrous piceus is here represented of the natural size2 the ground colour is black1 with a shade of bronze1 and the margins of the elytra are tinged with green and purple4 ,each wing case is marked with dotted lines1 the breast is dingy yellow1 and the antenn and organs of the mouth dull red4 ,the legs are black1 and the hairs which fringe the tarsi reddish brown4 ,illustration3 ,,colymbetes4 ,colymbetes1 of several species1 may be obtained in plenty from clear brooks in every part of the country4 ,these are elegantly-formed and lively beetles2 their elytra1 legs1 thorax1 head1 and breast of the same jet-black hue1 and highly burnished1 though1 when immersed1 the breast and abdomen glisten with an intensely metallic silvery lustre1 owing to the film of atmospheric air which the beetle obtains from the surface1 and which adheres to the hairy covering of the abdomen4 ,this silvery species is here represented in its natural size4 ,they are comparatively harmless1 though ,i have just witnessed the demise of one that was attacked and eaten by his pretty kindred1 the wing-cases and head only remaining to testify of his former individuality4 ,this is a delicate beetle1 that requires very pure water and a neat arrangement of aquatic plants1 to give full effect to its beauty as a cabinet specimen1 and1 when carefully preserved1 a jar of them forms a conspicuous and attractive object4 ,i have several specimens of a smaller species in a very fine jar of confervoids2 they are incessantly in motion1 threading their way through the interstices of the delicate vegetation in a business-like way1 that seems to say1 ,i'm on an important errand--have not a moment to lose1 and1 above all things1 ,i must take care of the bubble of air that sticks to my tail4 ,gyrinus ,natator4--,this is a member of an interesting and pretty family4 ,gyrinus takes its name from the tendency most of the beetles of the tribe have to move in circles1 and this particular species exemplifies the habit of the tribe in a very striking manner4 ,it is a very sociable beetle1 always found in company with others of its kindred1 forming little communities1 which pass their time in whirling and spinning upon the surface of still pools1 like congregations of dancing dervishes4 ,they are as shy as they are nimble1 and it requires some dexterity to net them1 for they dive and scatter on the approach of a footstep2 but if the observer remains quiet a few minutes by the water's edge1 or on a plank or bridge above the pool1 they soon resume their gambols under his eye1 and in the sunshine appear like minute buttons of burnished metal rapidly revolving or darting to and fro upon the surface1 and for a length of time1 that proves them to be by no means subject to giddiness4 ,illustration3 ,,gyrinus ,,natator4 ,the species of ,gyrinus are not numerous in ,britain1 not more than eight being known to naturalists2 but the paucity of species is compensated by the profuseness of the individuals1 and of these natator is the most abundant4 ,when placed under a lens1 this beetle bears the form represented in the next page4 ,the colour is blue-black1 with a resplendent metallic lustre1 in which shades of copper1 silver1 and bronze occur1 as we view it at various angles to the rays of light4 ,the thorax is marked with three transverse lines on each side1 of which the anterior one is punctured1 and runs parallel with the margin4 ,the elytra are turned in at the sides1 and the surface of each is marked with eleven stri or longitudinal lines1 composed of minute punctures4 ,the terminal segment of the abdomen1 together with the legs1 are of a rust-red4 ,illustration 7,gyrinus7 ,if we inquire by what means it is enabled to perform its elegant performances on the water1 and which very closely resemble those of a skilful skater on the ice1 we find that its structure is eminently fitted for such peculiar movements4 ,in the first place1 the antenn are short and thick2 if they protruded forward to a great length1 as in ,longicornes1 they would seriously impede the freedom of action1 which is the life and joy of this nimble fellow4 ,they are clavate1 and consist of seven closely-jointed rings1 each antenna being attached by a slender peduncle to the upper and internal edge of a large radical joint furnished with an auricle at its outer side1 which1 like the lid of a box1 shuts in the antenn when unemployed1 and protects them from the water 7,kirby74 ,the anterior legs are long1 and formed for walking or to act as instruments of prehension2 the four hinder ones are very short1 and ciliated externally1 bearing a strong resemblance to the paddle of an oar4 ,the head is sunk in the thorax as far as the eyes1 and the latter are divided by a process from the anterior part of the head1 in such a manner that there appear to be two eyes above and two below--a mode of structure admirably adapted to the wants of the insect1 which requires at the same time to observe objects both in the air and water4 ,the hinder legs are capable of a free oar-like action1 which render this gyrinus the most expert of swimmers1 and the circular movements are accomplished by the more rapid action of the oars on one side than on the other4 ,so equipped1 the whirlwig leads a merry life2 he skates away from morning to night1 never in fear of being drowned1 and seemingly never tired4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,heteroptera4 ,in the ,cuvierian arrangement the land and water bugs stand between the true beetles and butterflies1 and in those members of the order which possess wings1 the chief characteristic is1 that the anterior pair fold nearly horizontally1 partly lapping over each other1 and are of a leathery texture at the base4 ,the majority of the members of the order are inhabitants of tropical climates1 and some of them display colours equal to those of the true beetles4 ,not a few have the power of emitting powerful odours1 in some cases of an agreeable nature1 and in others--as the common bed bug--of a most disgusting nature4 ,the order readily separates itself into two great divisions--namely1 the ,geocorisa1 or ,land ,bugs1 and the ,hydrocorisa1 or ,water ,bugs4 ,both divisions supply a few specimens for the ,water ,cabinet1 but the most important are those belonging to the second class4 ,among the first class in this order the most interesting is ,hydrometra stagnorum1 or the ,water-measurer1 which may be seen treading the surface of still brooks and rank pools in summer-time1 in company with swarms of tipulidan gnats 7,chironomi71 whirlwigs1 and two other aquatic bugs1 the ,gerris locustris and the ,velia currens of ,latreille4 ,the ,hydrometra is a lively creature1 a body so slender as to be little more than a black line half an inch in length1 from which the long and angularly-jointed legs proceed in regular pairs4 ,under the microscope the divisions of the body are very plainly and prettily marked1 and the terminal processes of the legs are made after the model of those water-shoes with which a certain clever ,norwegian lately undertook to walk on water with nearly as much ease as on land4 ,whether the mechanician ever succeeded in this enterprise is not on record1 but it is on record in the ,book of ,nature that this1 and many other similarly-formed creatures1 have found on the aqueous element a safe flooring for their feet ever since the first hour of creation1 ere ,he who equipped them1 had sent his ,son to walk upon the waves4 ,notanecta and ,nepa are of the same order1 but are true water-bugs1 formed for diving and sub-aqueous life4 ,the ,notanecta1 or ,boat-fly1 is a rapacious creature1 that spends much of its time lying in wait for prey1 but which exhibits immense activity when it captures its booty1 darting down with it1 and holding it firmly by the forelegs1 which are formed as claws4 ,it is ingeniously adapted for the predaceous aquatic life it leads2 the general form is well adapted for propulsion through water1 and the hinder legs have an oar-like form1 and are fringed with bristles along the edge1 by which their striking surface is much increased4 ,the boat-fly is an artistic swimmer2 it varies its motions considerably1 and delights in swimming on its back1 a feat in which it is aided by its eyes being so placed as to enable it to see both above and below1 and thus gain early intelligence of danger1 or of the approach of its prey4 ,owing to their liveliness and voracity1 they afford much interest when domesticated1 and should be treated as directed for ,dytiscus4 ,the ,water ,scorpion is a good representative of the ,nepid1 and has the distinguishing features of its tribe very strongly marked4 ,the ,water ,scorpion is a very common inhabitant of our brooks1 and its singular form quickly arrests the eye of the sportsman when turning over the contents of the drag-net4 ,n4 neptunia and ,n4 cinerea are1 perhaps1 the most common2 and either of these is an admirable object for the microscope4 ,the water-scorpion is the victim of the parasitic water-mite 7,hydrachna abstergens71 which inserts its egg in the body of the ,nepa1 and thus compels it to support the young of its worst enemy1 a task which it performs at the cost of its life4 ,i have several times introduced the ,hydrachna into my jars of ,nepa1 but have never yet witnessed the parasitic deposit of the eggs4 ,in confinement1 the ,nepa is the least hardy of any creature in the collection1 if the sun strikes the jar it perishes1 and it will not live long unless it has means of occasionally leaving the water--hence a broad jar should be used for it1 and a small piece of pumice stone should be floated in it1 to form an island on which the insects may take refuge4 ,illustration 7,water ,scorpion7 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,frog4--,,notes ,,on ,,management4 ,the ,frog4--,the ,ranid or true frogs1 and the ,bufoid or toad tribe1 contribute1 whether in the larva or perfect form1 some very lively1 entertaining1 and instructive specimens4 ,i am sorry that my space is so limited as to prevent the insertion here of such full notices as this subject deserves1 and must content myself by assuring the reader that but little progress can be made in the study of ,zoology without a patient study of the history of the frog4 ,during the spring and summer the brooks abound with what boys call loggerheads1 or tadpoles2 these are the larva of the frog4 ,they may be caught easily1 and preserved in jars of growing weed1 for observation of their development4 ,i have now 7,august #ahth17 several specimens of ,bufoid1 in which even the first stage of metamorphosis has not commenced1 though1 since ,june1 some hundreds of toads and frogs have attained completeness in my vessels1 many of which are now inmates of the garden1 some of them exceedingly tame4 ,illustration 7tadpoles7 ,in the egg state we find abundance1 during ,april1 in every pond and brook1 adhering in gelatinous masses to the under leaves of aquatic plants4 ,the eggs gradually acquire a dark tint1 and at last the young tads emerge1 and begin their quiet existence in this first rudimental form4 ,in this state they are very lively in their motions1 the eyes are very distinctly visible1 and the mouth is placed1 as it were1 on the breast4 ,they are not wholly herbivorous2 for though they nibble the fronds of ,riccia and threads of ,conferva1 they do not scruple to eat their dead kindred1 and half a dozen may be seen engaged upon the carcase of a defunct brother4 ,in this stage the gills form a fine microscopic object4 ,as the tad increases in bulk1 the hinder part of the body swells1 and at last the budding of the hind legs may be distinctly seen4 ,these at last acquire some degree of completeness1 and then the other pair of legs sprout in a similar manner1 and the tail begins to shrink rapidly as the general bulk of the reptile increases4 ,the gills now rapidly disappear1 and the body grows at the expense of the tail1 and before the latter appendage is completely extinguished1 the juvenile ,ranus takes his first dose of atmospheric air1 by mounting a leaf of frog-bit or a slice of cork4 ,he now leads an amphibious life1 and at last quits the water altogether1 climbs up the glass side of the tank or jar1 and escapes1 unless confined by a glass lid or gauze4 ,but he is now a true frog1 delicately mottled1 agile in his movements1 very clever in jumping and swimming--his tadpole tail entirely absorbed1 and his whole system metamorphosed4 ,if he interested us before1 he is still more interesting now1 for in the structure and economy of his frame ,nature reveals phenomena typical of animal life in all its orders and gradations4 ,hence the frog is the victim of the philosopher2 he suffers spasm under the galvanic wire1 blindness under the glare of the microscope lamp1 tetanus through being dosed with strychnine1 and innumerable other agonies in which operators detect analogies that throw a light on the fundamentals of animal life1 and that even aid in the explanation of the subtle organism of man himself4 ,illustration 7frog7 ,management of the ,cabinet4--,the instructions already given for the management of ,aquaria will be found to embrace most of the points involved in the management of beetle and larva jars1 for these are but ,aquaria on a smaller scale4 ,the chief matter is to separate the species as much as possible1 so that the carnivorous kinds shall not destroy the harmless ones2 and on this plan the study of each kind is greatly facilitated4 ,since the jars afford the best means for the culture of choice aquatic specimens of the various kinds of ,riccia1 ,conferva1 ,nitella1 ,lemna1 and other minute water-weeds may be used for maintaining the necessary balance in each1 and if some of the vessels are filled with brook-water only1 the student will come into possession of many beautiful specimens of both animal and vegetable life1 the search for the names and histories of which will be even more profitable than the contemplation of their beauty4 ,the first specimen ,i ever possessed of the beautiful confervoid ,hydrodictyon utriculatum was obtained in this way--the water1 after depositing a green sediment1 gave birth to a rich net-work of vegetation1 in which this conferva was conspicuous4 ,several of the jars which ,i prize the most are those which have been simply filled at the brook side1 and left for the minute germs of animal and vegetable life to develope in their own way1 and it is not long before a rich growth takes place1 that affords abundant material for observation with the microscope4 ,feeding is necessary only in the case of carnivorous larva and beetles1 and for these small fish is undoubtedly the best2 the herbivorous creatures supply themselves4 ,as a general rule the water in the jars should never be changed2 it is by leaving things to themselves that the best display is to be obtained1 especially if chara and other low forms of vegetation are preserved4 ,nitella is almost too delicate for the tank1 but an admirable plant for growth in jars in which cabinet specimens of larv are kept4 ,i rarely place it in the aquarium1 considering it too choice a thing1 its delicate structure rendering it barely perceptible amidst the more luxuriant growths with which it gets entwined4 ,still1 it does well there1 but cannot be studied unless a bunch is placed in a glass jar for separate culture4 ,it consists only of joints and threads of a pale1 but pleasing1 green1 grows rapidly1 and gives out abundance of the vital phlogiston1 about which aquarians are compelled to say so much4 ,illustration 7,pocket ,lens7 ,the microscope at once increases a hundred fold the pleasure of instruction which the cabinet is capable of affording us4 ,for the minuter forms of animal life1 and for observing the circulation in the frog1 or in vallisneria1 c41 a good compound microscope is necessary4 ,but for ordinary purposes1 ,i should recommend a ,coddington lens1 or the pocket ,aquarian lenses1 sold by ,mr4 ,cox1 of #ajj1 ,newgate ,street4 ,they are made of three powers1 fitting into a case1 and may be used separately1 or combined according to circumstances4 ,the one here figured costs #gs4 #f;d41 but a cheap common lens1 fitted with frame and handle1 may be had of ,mr4 ,cox for from half-a-crown to five shillings4 ,the present work does not afford me space to discuss the educational and ornamental uses of the aquarium1 and ,i have confined myself to its mere elements1 dealing with those in a way that ,i think will be most useful to beginners4 ,the aquarium has uses of a higher character than such as may suggest themselves by the perusal of these few pages1 and is capable of extension so as to combine with it the most attractive features of the wardian case1 and1 to some extent1 a vivarium for a selection of amphibious and true land animals4 ,these matters are pretty fully discussed in my work on ,rustic ,adornments1 to which ,i have already called the reader's attention1 and to its pages ,i once more refer for more extended information on this and other subjects of a kindred nature4 ,illustration 7decoration7 99 99 99 99 99 ,books ,,of ,,interest1 ,,utility1 ,,instruction1 ,,and ,,entertainment1 ,published by ,,groombridge ,,sons1 #e1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 ,,agriculture4 ,,banking4 ,,botany4 ,,economy4 ,,education4 ,,emigration4 ,,floriculture4 ,,gardening4 ,,gift ,,books4 ,,health4 ,,history4 ,,housekeeping4 ,,industry4 ,,juvenile ,,works4 ,,lending ,,libraries4 ,,medicine4 ,,natural ,,history4 ,,poetry4 ,,religion4 ,,rural ,,affairs4 ,,sanitation4 ,,school ,,prizes4 ,,science4 ,,rustic ,,adornments ,,for ,,homes ,,of ,,taste1 ,,and ,,recreations ,,for ,,town ,,folk ,,in ,,the ,,study ,,and ,,imitation ,,of ,,nature4 ,by ,,shirley ,,hibberd4 ,the work is in itself almost as pleasant an object of contemplation as the thing it treats of4--,john ,bull4 ,the work is got up in good style1 has many well-executed engravings and coloured plates1 and forms a suitable book for the drawing-room table4--,civil ,engineer and ,architect's ,journal4 ,nothing could be more seasonable than this elegant book2 it is beautifully illustrated1 and1 as a present to those whom we love or esteem1 we do not know anything more appropriate4--,cottage ,gardener4 ,aquariums1 ,ward's ,cases1 ,aviaries1 ,fernery1 ,bees1 ,rockwork1 ,garden ,scenery1 ,fountains--in fact1 everything delightful1 will be found in this tasteful volume4 ,the matter and manner of the work coincide happily1 and each in turn well illustrates the other4--,naturalist4 ,here is a book which we can honestly and cordially recommend to all lovers of nature1 as treating1 in a simple1 pleasant way1 of the ,vivarium1 ,ward's ,cases1 ,aviary1 and other rustic adornments4 ,mr4 ,hibberd's book1 let us add1 is embellished with remarkable taste4--,leader4 ,an extremely pretty volume1 nicely illustrated4 ,the most casual reader will find something to interest and aid him in cultivating his acquaintance with those portions of the animal and vegetable kingdoms which may keep his love of nature alive in the city4 ,it is indeed no small privilege to find how much may be done1 even in the crowded street1 to keep us in communication with a plant1 a bird1 an inhabitant of the waters or the air4 ,we hold such subjects of observation very precious2 and the book which teaches us how to preserve them is much to be esteemed as a household friend4--,gentleman's ,magazine4 ,with ,illustrations1 plain and coloured1 crown #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,published by ,groombridge and ,sons4 ,,self ,,and ,,self-,,sacrifice2 ,,or1 ,,nelly',s ,,story4 ,by ,,anna ,,lisle4 ,small post #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,works by the ,rev4 ,,george ,,gilfillan4 ,i4 ,,the ,,bards ,,of ,,the ,,bible4 ,post #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,first ,,gallery ,,of ,,literary ,,portraits4 ,post #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,second ,,gallery ,,of ,,literary ,,portraits4 ,post #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,third ,,gallery ,,of ,,portraits4 ,,contents4 ,a ,file of ,french ,revolutionists4 ,a ,constellation of ,sacred ,authors4 ,a ,cluster of ,new ,poets4 ,modern ,critics4 ,miscellaneous ,sketches4 ,post #hvo1 cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,grace ,,aguilar',s ,,works4 ,,new ,,editions4 ,adapted for ,presents1 ,birthdays and ,christmas ,gifts4 ,i4 ,,home ,,influence3 ,a ,,tale ,,for ,,mothers ,,and ,,daughters4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,mother',s ,,recompense4 ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,home ,,influence4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #gs4 ,,iii4 ,,woman',s ,,friendship2 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,domestic ,,life4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,vale ,,of ,,cedars2 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,spain ,,in ,,the #ae,,th ,,century4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #fs4 ,v4 ,,the ,,days ,,of ,,bruce2 ,a ,,story ,,from ,,scottish ,,history4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,vi4 ,,home ,,scenes ,,and ,,heart ,,studies4 ,,tales4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,women ,,of ,,israel4 #b vols4 foolscap #hvo1 price #abs4 ,,ethel2 ,,or ,,the ,,double ,,error4 ,by ,,marian ,,james4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,whittlings ,,from ,,the ,,west4 ,,with ,,some ,,account ,,of ,,butternut ,,castle4 ,by ,,abel ,,log4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,de ,,quincey',s ,,works4 ,now ready1 price #gs4 #f;d4 each1 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,,selections ,,grave ,,and ,,gay4 ,by ,,thomas ,,de ,,quincey4 ,,vol4 #a4 ,,autobiographic ,,sketches4 ,the ,affliction of ,childhood--,dream-,echoes of these ,infant ,experiences--,dream-,echoes ,fifty ,years ,later4 ,introduction to the ,world of ,strife4 ,infant ,literature4 ,the ,female ,infidel4 ,i am ,introduced to the ,warfare of a ,public ,school4 ,i ,enter the ,world4 ,the ,nation of ,london4 ,dublin4 ,first ,rebellion4 ,french ,invasion of ,ireland1 and ,second ,rebellion4 ,travelling4 ,my ,brother4 ,premature ,manhood4 ,,vol4 #b4 ,,autobiographic ,,sketches4 ,laxton3--,cymon and ,iphigenia--,the ,orphan ,heiresses--,female ,students in ,theology4 ,the ,priory4 ,early ,memorials of ,grasmere4 ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge4 ,william ,wordsworth4 ,william ,wordsworth and ,robert ,southey4 ,,vol4 #c4 ,,miscellanies4 ,,chiefly ,,narrative4 ,the ,spanish ,military ,nun4 ,the ,last ,days of ,kant4 ,system of the ,heavens as revealed by ,lord ,rosse's ,telescopes4 ,joan of ,arc4 ,the ,casuistry of ,roman ,meals4 ,modern ,superstition4 ,,vol4 #d4 ,,miscellanies4 ,on ,murder3--,considered as one of the ,fine ,arts4 ,revolt of the ,tartars2 or ,flight of the ,kalmuck ,khan and his ,people from the ,russian ,territories to the ,frontiers of ,china4 ,dialogues of ,three ,templars on ,political ,economy4 ,on ,war4 ,the ,english ,mail ,coach4 ,,night ,,and ,,the ,,soul2 ,a ,,dramatic ,,poem4 ,by ,,stanyan ,,bigg4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 price #fs4 ,noble and truthful4 ,beauties lie thick as stars upon the floor of ,heaven4--,sheffield ,times4 ,here is a book that will not die--it throbs with a vitality that will endure4 ,the poet stands before us1 and we are fascinated by his divine art4 ,the work is felt to be a reality and a power1 and commends itself by its pathos1 purity1 and elegance4--,christian ,weekly ,news4 ,nowhere out of ',festus' do we find passages which heave and hurry along with a more genuine afflatus than in many of ,mr4 ,bigg's pages4 ,on the future career of such a one there can rest no shadows of uncertainty4--,from a ,criticism by ,george ,gilfillan1 author of ',the ,bards of the ,bible4' ,there is much of vigour and beauty both of thought and expression in the poem before us4--,eclectic ,review4 ',night and the ,soul' is a remarkable performance1 and will take its stand with the ',festus' of ,bailey4--,daily ,express4 ,we question whether there is any modern instance where selections from a poem would more dazzle a reader4 ,we can scarcely applaud too loudly1 or too warmly4--,critic4 ',night and the ,soul' at once places ,stanyan ,bigg in the front rank of ,english poets4--,bucks ,chronicle4 ,in carefully going through this poem1 we meet flashes of inspiration1 and fine thoughts scattered with a bounteous hand4--,eliza ,cook's ,journal4 ,surpassed by nothing that we have met with in the whole compass of recent poetry4--,glasgow ,christian ,news4 ,this poetry is indeed what it professes to be4 ,its ring is the ring of genuine metal4--,whitehaven ,herald4 ,how it sparkles with gems6 ,beautiful pieces of imagery stand out from every page4--,random ,readings4 ,we pay willing tribute to the magnificence of the diction1 the profuse prodigality of the imagery1 and the air of grandeur pervading it4--,weekly ,dispatch4 ',night and the ,soul' is a great poem4 ,the passages are endless which we might be tempted to quote4 ,it is altogether a work of great fascination4--,forres1 ,elgin1 and ,nairn ,gazette4 ,deep in philosophy1 splendid in diction1 and at once gorgeous and delicate in imagery1 it has few compeers among the poetical productions of our time2 we rank ,stanyan ,bigg as the poet1 par excellence1 of the rising generation4--,church of ,england ,quarterly ,review4 ,this is no volume to skim lightly over4 ',night and the ,soul' is a poem undoubtedly of remarkable vigour of thought1 and abounding with passages of great poetical power4--,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,the ,,ashburton ,,prizes1 ,,for ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,common ,,things4 ,with the ,questions at the ,first ,examination1 ,,and ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,lord ,,ashburton4 ,second ,edition4 #abmo1 price #c;d4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,the ,,phenomena ,,of ,,industrial ,,life1 ,,and ,,the ,,conditions ,,of ,,industrial ,,success4 ,,edited ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,r4 ,,dawes1 ,,dean ,,of ,,hereford1 ,author of ,suggestive ,hints towards an ,improved ,system of ,secular ,instruction1 etc41 etc4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 ,,johnston',s ,,illustrations ,,of ,,natural ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,properties of ,bodies1 #cg ,diagrams and ,descriptive ,book4 #b4 ,mechanical ,powers1 #dg ,diagrams and ,descriptive ,book4 #c4 ,hydrostatics1 #bh ,diagrams and ,descriptive ,book4 #d4 ,hydraulics1 #bg ,diagrams and ,descriptive ,book4 #e4 ,physiology1 #bg ,diagrams and ,descriptive ,book4 ,size #ej by #db ,inches1 ,coloured and ,mounted on ,cloth and ,rollers4 ,unvarnished1 #ajs42 ,varnished1 #abs4 each4 ,,suggestive ,,hints ,,towards ,,improved ,,secular ,,instruction4 ,making it bear upon ,practical ,life4 ,intended for the ,use of ,schoolmasters and ,teachers in our ,elementary ,schools2 for those ,engaged in the ,private ,instruction of ,children at ,home2 and for others taking an ,interest in ,national ,education4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,,dawes1 ,a4,m41 ,dean of ,hereford4 #fth ,edition1 ,enlarged and ,improved4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 #c;d4 ,,the ,,teaching ,,of ,,common ,,things4 ,a ,lecture delivered at ,st4 ,martin's ,hall1 ,august #gth1 #ahed4 ,in connection with the ,educational ,exhibition of the ,society of ,arts1 etc41 etc4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,,dawes1 ,a4,m41 ,dean of ,hereford4 ,post #hvo1 price #f;d4 ,a ,,self-,,paying ,,system ,,of ,,education1 ,,suggested ,,from ,,the ,,working ,,of ,a ,,village ,,school ,,in ,,hampshire4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,,dawes1 ,a4,m41 ,dean of ,hereford4 ,fifth ,edition4 #abmo41 price #h;d4 ,,schools ,,for ,,the ,,industrial ,,classes4 ,a ,paper read before the ,society of ,arts1 ,april #bg1 #ahec4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,,dawes1 ,a4,m41 ,dean of ,hereford4 #abmo1 price #d;d4 ,,village ,,libraries ,,reading ,,rooms4 ,a ,lecture delivered at ,st4 ,martin's ,hall1 ,august #gth1 #ahed4 ,in connection with the ,educational ,exhibition of the ,society of ,arts4 ,by the ,hon4 ,,samuel ,,best1 ,clk41 ,m4,a4 ,post #hvo1 price #f;d4 ,,the ,,iron ,,and ,,coal ,,masters' ,,prize ,,scheme1 ,for the ,encouragement of ,education in the ,mining and ,manufacturing ,districts4 ,by the ,rev1 ,j4 ,p4 ,,norris1 ,h4 ,m4 ,inspector of ,schools4 #abmo1 price #f;d4 ,,friendly ,,letters ,,on ,,the ,,recent ,,strikes4 ,from a ,manufacturer to his own ,workpeople4 #abmo1 price #c;d4 ,,the ,,savings' ,,bank ,,and ,,the ,,fireside4 ,with ,hints about ,homes1 ,independence1 and ,health4 ,also a ,list of ,books for ,home ,libraries1 in part selected from ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,prince ,albert's ,cottage ,box4 #abmo1 price #c;d4 ,,cookery ,,for ,,maids ,,of ,,all-,,work4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,warren1 ,authoress of ,drawing ,room ,magazine1 ,books of the ,boudoir1 ,timethrift1 etc4 ,do everything at the proper time4 ,keep everything in its proper place4 ,use everything for its proper purpose4 ,servants wandering from place to place will never gather money nor comfort4 ,honesty is the best policy4 ,quiet steady perseverance in well-doing will lead to wealth and respect4 ,doing a thing once well is better than three times ill done2 besides1 to do a thing ill is a robbery of time1 as it must be done again4 #abmo1 price #as4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,european ,,literature ,,from ,,the ,,earliest ,,times4 ,a ,,class ,,book ,,for ,,schools4 ,by ,f4 ,,thorpe4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,prayers ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,emigrants ,,at ,,sea4 ,this ,manual has been framed at the request of the ,colonial ,land and ,emigration ,commissioners1 to supply what has been found a practical want on their ships4 #abmo1 price #f;d4 ,,how ,,to ,,emigrate2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,british ,,colonists4 ,a ,complete ,manual for intending ,colonists1 and for those who may wish to assist them4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,kingston1 ,esq4 ,second ,edition1 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #bs #f;d4 ,,notices ,,and ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,exceedingly useful and valuable4--,christian ,times4 ,the plain truth is stated4 ,intending ,emigrants will do well to obtain this work4--,south ,australian ,news4 ,our thanks are due to the ,author for compressing into so small a space such a body of first-rate useful knowledge4--,weekly ,news4 ,we trust it may have an extensive circulation4--,ragged ,school ,magazine4 ,information1 conveyed in a pleasing and practical form4--,standard of ,freedom4 ,a truth-telling1 intelligent ,guide4--,weekly ,chronicle4 ,one of the most useful and interesting books upon ,emigration ever published4--,age4 ,deserves to find a place in every parish library and rural book-club4--,salisbury ,journal4 ,affords the amplest and most practical information that the ,emigrant can require4--,colonial ,magazine4 ,we consider it indispensable for every ,emigrant to study attentively the hints and advice conveyed in this valuable work4--,court ,journal4 ,mr4 ,kingston has brought together a great quantity of valuable information4--,guardian4 ,intrinsically useful4--,morning ,advertiser4 ,a work much wanted1 and one we can strongly recommend4--,new ,monthly ,magazine4 ,an appendix of facts and figures1 and every kind of information connected with the various settlements in ,australia1 complete this most useful volume4--,britannia4 ,,labour ,,stands ,,on ,,golden ,,feet4 ,a ,,holiday ,,story4 ,by ,,heinrich ,,zschokke4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 ,,something ,,new ,,from ,,the ,,story ,,garden4 ,,for ,,ida1 ,,agnes1 ,,and ,,ernie4 #afmo1 cloth gilt1 with ,illustrations1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,leaves ,,from ,a ,,family ,,journal4 ,by ,,emile ,,souvestre4 ,,with ,,illustrations ,,by ,,anelay4 99499 ,the exclusive right of translation has been secured by the ,publishers1 according to the ,international ,copyright ,convention between ,england and ,france4 ,the present is1 therefore1 the only edition which can be published in this country4 ,leaves from a ,family ,journal is a charming story1 full of the finest feelings of human nature--pure in principle1 safe in its morality4 ,every page teems with some good and wise precept4 ,it is a book which every parent may read with profit1 and place with certain advantage in the hands of a son or daughter4 ,the ,critic1 in reviewing this work1 says1 ,it is peculiarly a book for the family circle2 for while it amuses as a narrative1 it instructs insensibly1 and that is the best of all instruction which teaches by example4 ,it is a perfect picture of the hopes and fears1 of the trials and joys of one family4 ,the noble love of feeling displayed in every page of the work is truly admirable4--,bucks ,chronicle4 ,the volume before us1 from the nature of its subject1 the beautiful simplicity and graphic truthfulness of its handling1 is one to be welcomed in every home4--,ladies' ,companion4 ',leaves from a ,family ,journal' is a charming history of a young couple1 from their marriage until the time when their children are grown up and leave the paternal roof4 ,there is plenty of variety1 and the practical lessons are very happily inculcated4--,atlas4 ,we need hardly add that the tendency of the book is to promote the love of all that is beautiful and true4--,tait's ,magazine4 ,foolscap #hvo1 price #es4 ,,the ,,good ,,boy ,,henry2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,young ,,child',s ,,book ,,of ,,manners4 ,by ,j4 ,i4 ,,lockhart1 ,f4,r4,s4,a4 ,with ,frontispiece1 #afmo1 price #as4 ,,the ,,sea-,,side ,,lesson ,,book4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,adams1 ,author of ,the ,young ,naturalist's ,library2 ,favourite ,song ,birds2 ,story of the ,seasons1 etc4 etc4 ,designed to convey to the youthful mind a knowledge of the ,nature and ,uses of the ,,common ,,things ,,of ,,the ,,sea-,,coast4 ,the matter of this little ,manual of ,instruction is arranged in ,sections1 under such heads as ,,the ,,mighty ,,deep1 ,comprising ,oceans1 ,seas1 ,lakes1 ,rivers1 nature of ,water1 different forms it assumes1 ,theory of ,tides1 etc4 etc4 ,,ships ,,and ,,boats1 ,origin and ,progress of ,naval ,architecture1 from the ,raft1 the ,canoe1 and the ,coracle1 up to the ,man-of-,war2 different parts of a ,ship2 ,sea ,terms1 etc4 etc4 ,,sailors ,,and ,,fishermen1 ,early ,navigation2 ,progress of ,maritime ,discovery2 ,great ,sea ,captains and ,voyagers of ,britain2 ,present ,state of the ,british ,navy2 ,fishermen of ,scripture and of ,modern ,times1 etc4 etc4 ,,fish ,,and ,,fishing1 ,description of the ,finny ,tribes1 and their ,modes of ,capture1 etc4 etc4 ,,crustaceous ,,testaceous ,,animals1 etc4 ,crabs1 ,lobsters1 ,shrimps1 etc42 ,corals1 ,sponges1 and other ,zoophytes1 etc4 ,,sea-,,weeds1 ,,sea-,,birds1 etc4 ,different ,species of ,alg1 familiarly described2 the various ,winged ,creatures that haunt the ,shores1 etc4 etc4 ,one great design of this work is to cultivate1 in the young1 habits of observation and of reflection1 to induce in them a desire for knowledge2 it is written1 as the author believes1 in a religious spirit1 and calculated1 as he hopes1 to be of service to those for whom it is intended4 ,in order that it may be used as a lesson-book by teachers1 numerous questions are appended to each section1 and the meanings of the longer words1 which it was found necessary to use1 have been made plain by a reference to their derivatives4 ,price #as4 #f;d41 with ,pictures4 ,a ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,poetical ,,quotations4 ,,consisting ,,of ,,choice ,,passages ,,from ,,the ,,poets ,,of ,,every ,,age ,,and ,,country1 ,classified under distinct heads1 and alphabetically arranged for ,reference4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,adams4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 with ,vignette ,portraits1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,sacred ,,poetical ,,quotations4 ,classified and arranged under ,subject ,headings1 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,striking ,,passages ,,from ,,scripture1 ,,and ,,forming ,,altogether ,a ,complete ,book of ,devotional ,poetry4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,adams4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 with ,vignette ,portraits1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,three ,,sisters4 ,by the late ,,john ,,roby4 ,author of ,traditions of ,lancashire1 etc41 etc4 #abmo1 boards1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,indian ,,wife4 ,a ,,tale4 ,by ,o4 ,s4 ,,round1 ,esq4 #abmo1 price #as4 ,,the ,,amyott ,,family4 ,a ,,domestic ,,story4 ,by the ,author of ,tales that ,might be ,true1 etc41 etc4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,the ,,garland2 ,,or1 ,,poetry ,,for ,,childhood ,,and ,,youth4 ,this is a good and cheap selection of upwards of ,one ,hundred and ,sixty ,pieces1 gleaned from the ,true ,poets of the ,english ,tongue1 fitted for ,children to learn or read4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #i;d4 ,,the ,,pharmaceutical ,,latin ,,grammar4 ,an easy ,introduction to ,medical ,latin1 the ,london ,pharmacopoeia1 and the ,perusal of ,physicians' ,prescriptions4 ,by ,,arnold ,,james ,,cooley4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,the ,,treatment ,,and ,,cure ,,of ,,diseases ,,incidental ,,to ,,sedentary ,,life4 ,by ,,william ,,pearce1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,s4,a41 ,author of ,the ,moral and ,intellectual ,training of ,infants1 ,every ,mother's ,book1 etc41 etc4 ,abounds with plain common sense4 ,the author shows himself too sound a practitioner for any one to be afraid to follow his advice4 ,it is not too medical in its construction1 being prepared with an evident intention to advise those who are much occupied in the library1 the study1 and the counting-house1 with the nature of the disorders to which they are subject1 and how to adopt measures of prevention1 relief1 and removal4--,bell's ,weekly ,messenger4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,town ,,garden1 ,a ,,manual ,for the ,management of ,city and ,suburban ,gardens4 ,by ,,shirley ,,hibberd4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that ,flowers cannot be cultivated in the vicinity of large towns and cities2 true1 many plants cannot live under such circumstances1 but there are ,,hundreds ,,that ,,will4 ,this little volume is an epitome of such1 and while it teaches their successful cultivation1 also points out the varieties to avoid4 ,a ,section is devoted to ,greenhouse ,management1 ,in-door ,gardening1 and ,window ,plants1 and ,classified ,lists are added of ,selected ,plants1 with their ,botanical ,names--,english ,names--,proper ,soil--,colour--,time of ,flowering--,height--and ,general ,remarks upon their ,nature and ,cultivation4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 ,,chronological ,,tablets2 ,,representing ,,the ,,principal ,,epochs ,,in ,,english ,,history4 ,by ,,joshua ,g4 ,,fitch1 ,m4,a4 #a4 ,constitution and ,laws4 #b4 ,literature and ,learning4 #c4 ,military and ,naval ,affairs4 ,printed on large sheets1 price #as4 the set4 ,,the ,,canary1 ,a ,,cage1 ,,open ,,air1 ,,and ,,chamber ,,bird4 ,with copious ,directions for ,breeding1 ,feeding1 ,rearing1 and ,educating the ,young1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,william ,,kidd1 of ,,hammersmith4 ,,with ,,forty ,,illustrations4 #afmo1 cloth1 price #fs4 ,,british ,,game ,,birds ,,and ,,wild ,,fowl4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,by ,,beverley ,r4 ,,morris4 ,publishing ,monthly1 each ,part price #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,british ,,ferns4 ,intended as a ,guide and ,companion in ,fern ,culture4 ,comprising ,scientific and ,popular ,descriptions1 with ,engravings of all the ,species indigenous to ,britain2 with ,remarks on their ,history and ,cultivation4 ,by ,,thomas ,,moore1 ,curator of the ,botanic ,garden of the ,society of ,apothecaries4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,lowe',s ,,ferns1 ,,volume #a4 ,,ferns1 ,,british ,,and ,,exotic4 ,containing ,scientific and ,popular ,descriptions of all the ,cultivated ,species1 with ,instructions for their ,management2 together with a copious ,index1 ,glossary of ,technical ,terms1 etc4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,lowe1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc41 etc4 ,royal #hvo1 price #ads41 illustrated with ,fifty ,coloured ,plates1 and numerous ,wood ,engravings4 ,,the ,,clans ,,of ,,the ,,highlands ,,of ,,scotland4 ,with ,coloured ,delineation of their various ,tartans and ,family ,arms4 ,by ,,thomas ,,smibert4 ,royal #hvo1 price #b #es4 ,,the ,,steam ,,engine4 ,a ,popular ,account of its ,construction1 ,action1 and ,history1 with a ,description of its ,various ,forms1 and a ,sketch of the ,laws of ,heat and ,pneumatics4 ,by ,,hugo ,,reid4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 with ,forty ,illustrations4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,model ,,lessons ,,for ,,infant ,,school ,,teachers4 ,by ,,miss ,,mayo4 ,third ,edition1 ,three ,vols1 #abmo1 price each #bs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,remarks ,,on ,,infant ,,education4 ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools ,,and ,,private ,,families4 ,by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,mayo and ,,miss ,,mayo4 ,fourth ,edition1 #abmo1 price #bs4 ,a ,,graduated ,,course ,,of ,,instruction4 ,,for ,,infant ,,schools ,,and ,,nurseries4 ,third ,edition1 #abmo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,useful ,,hints ,,to ,,teachers ,,of ,,infant ,,schools ,,and ,,nurseries4 ,second ,edition1 #abmo1 price #as4 ,,religious ,,instruction ,,for ,,young ,,children4 ,by the ,author of ,model ,lessons4 ,second ,edition1 ,two ,vols41 #abmo1 price each #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,selection ,,of ,,hymns ,,poetry ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,infant ,,schools ,,and ,,families4 ,most of the pieces convey some pious and moral sentiment1 or tend to impress some religious truth4-- ,fourth ,edition1 #abmo1 price #cs4 ,,information ,,on ,,common ,,objects4 ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools1 ,second ,edition1 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,domestic ,,economy4 ,,with ,,hints ,,on ,,domestic ,,medicine ,,and ,,surgery4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,tegetmeier4 #abmo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,gymnastic ,,free ,,exercises ,,of ,p4 ,h4 ,,ling4 ,arranged by ,h4 ,rothstein1 ,translated1 with ,additions1 ,by ,m4 ,,roth1 ,m4,d4 ,,with ,,fifty-,,eight ,,illustrations4 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,housewifery4 ,for the ,use of ,industrial ,schools and ,cottagers' ,families4 ,by ,,john ,,white1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,hon4 ,sec4 to the ,holy ,trinity 7,finchley7 ,national and ,industrial ,schools4 #ahmo1 price #i;d4 ,,odell',s ,,system ,,of ,,short-,,hand4 ,by which the nature of taking down ,sermons1 ,lectures1 ,trials1 ,speeches1 etc41 may be acquired in a few hours1 without the aid of a master4 ,,forty-,,fourth ,,edition4 #afmo1 price #h;d4 ,,the ,,cultivated ,,plants ,,of ,,the ,,farm4 ,comprising complete ,treatises on the ,cultivation of ,wheat1 ,vetches1 ,turnips1 ,beetroot1 ,rye1 ,cabbage1 ,carrot1 ,potato1 ,barley1 ,beans1 ,parsnips1 ,oats1 ,peas1 ,rape4 ,by ,,john ,,donaldson1 ,government ,land ,drainage ,surveyor4 ,author of the ,land ,steward and ,farm ,bailiff1 etc41 etc4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,farmers' ,,and ,,cottagers' ,,guide4 ,by ,,alexander ,,campbell4 ,sanctioned by and used in the ,model ,schools of the ,commissioners of ,national ,education4 ,fifth ,edition1 #abmo1 price #f;d4 ,,the ,,young ,,naturalist',s ,,library4 ,edited by ,h4 ,g4 ,,adams4 ,i4 ,,nests ,,and ,,eggs ,,of ,,familiar ,,birds4 ,,with ,,eight ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,price #as4 ,,ii4 ,,beautiful ,,butterflies4 ,containing the ,history of a ,butterfly through all its changes and transformations4 ,,with ,,eight ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,price #as4 ,,iii4 ,,beautiful ,,shells4 ,,with ,,eight ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,price #as4 ,,iv4 ,,humming ,,birds4 ,,with ,,eight ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,price #as4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc4 ,,gauley4 ,this ,treatise is employed in the ,training of the ,teachers in the ,irish ,national ,schools1 and is adopted as a ,text ,book in the principal ,educational ,establishments of the ,united ,kingdom and the ,colonies4 ,fourth ,edition1 #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,algebra1 ,,in ,,theory ,,and ,,practice4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc4 ,,gauley4 ,,sanctioned ,,by ,,the ,,commissioners ,,of ,,national ,,education4 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,elementary ,,latin ,,exercises4 ,intended to illustrate1 by easy and appropriate examples1 the ,accidence of the ,eton ,grammar1 and the more common ,rules of ,syntax4 ,by ,m4 ,,thornborrow4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,introductory ,,lessons ,,in ,,the ,,french ,,language4 ,,with ,a ,,series ,,of ,,exercises4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,delille1 ,professor of ,christ's ,hospital and the ,city of ,london ,school2 ,examiner in the ,london ,university and the ,college of ,eton2 ,author of ,the ,french ,grammar1 etc41 etc4 ,second ,edition1 #abmo1 cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,german ,,first ,,book2 ,,with ,,conversations ,,and ,,dialogues ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools4 ,by ,,morris ,,miehnaur1 ,professor of the ,german ,language1 and ,assistant at the ,royal ,naval ,school1 ,new ,cross4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,works by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,o4 ,,morris1 ,b4,a4 ,i4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,british ,,birds4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations4 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 and ,v4 ready4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth1 price each1 #ags4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,nests ,,and ,,eggs ,,of ,,british ,,birds4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations4 ,complete in #c vols41 ,three ,guineas4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth gilt4 ,,iii4 ,a ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,british ,,butterflies4 ,with ,coloured ,illustrations4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth gilt1 price #bjs4 ,,iv4 ,,bible ,,natural ,,history4 ,a ,description of the ,quadrupeds1 ,birds1 ,trees1 ,plants1 ,insects1 etc41 mentioned in the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,illustrated with #afj ,coloured ,engravings4 ,imperial #afmo1 cloth gilt1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,v4 ,a ,,book ,,of ,,natural ,,history4 ,illustrated with ,one ,hundred and ,sixty ,coloured ,plates of ,animals and ,birds4 ,imperial #afmo1 cloth gilt1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,farm ,,and ,,garden ,,essays4 ,,comprising ,arable ,land4 ,annuals4 ,fruit ,trees4 ,garden ,frame4 ,poultry4 ,horse4 ,cattle4 ,greenhouse4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #cs4 ,,the ,,gardeners' ,,receipt ,,book4 ,containing ,methods for ,destroying all kinds of ,vermin and ,insects injurious to the ,garden1 with ,preventives and ,cures for the different ,diseases of ,plants1 and ,directions for the ,preservation of ,trees1 ,fruits1 and ,flowers4 ,by ,,william ,,jones4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,flax3 ,,cultivation ,,and ,,management4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,dickson4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #ds4 ,,orchidaceous ,,plants2 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,cultivation of this interesting tribe4 ,by ,,john ,,henshall4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #ads4 ,,the ,,pine ,,apple2 ,its ,cultivation1 and a detail of the ,author's method of ,growing the ,vine and ,cucumber in the same ,house4 ,by ,,joseph ,,hamilton4 ,second ,edition1 #abmo1 price #es4 ,,the ,,broken ,,sword2 ,or1 ,a ,,soldier',s ,,honour4 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,allied ,,armies ,,of #ageg4 ,by ,,adelaide ,o',,keeffe4 ,author of ,patriarchal ,times1 etc41 etc ,we have here an historical romance1 the incidents of which are supported by documents1 the authenticity of which the ,author in her preface satisfactorily establishes4 ,the incidents are well worked up1 and the moral is salutary4--,englishwoman's ,magazine4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 ,illustrated1 price #fs4 ,,the ,,tragedy ,,of ,,galileo ,,galilei4 ,by ,,samuel ,,brown4 ,it is seldom that we meet with a first essay in dramatic composition1 possessing such genuine claims on attention as the work before us4--,athenum4 ,post #hvo1 price #ds4 ,,lydia2 ,a ,,woman',s ,,book4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,newton ,,crosland1 7,,camilla ,,toulmin17 ,author of ,memorable ,women1 etc41 etc4 ,a woman's book it is in its delicacy of sentiment1 gracefulness of style1 and quick appreciation of character4--,literary ,gazette4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 price #fs4 ,,drawing ,,from ,,objects4 ,lessons on ,linear ,drawing given at the ,home and ,colonial ,schools4 ,by ,,hannah ,,bolton4 ,,with #bdj ,,illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #gs4 ,a ,,first ,,drawing ,,book4 ,a ,walk through a ,house shown by ,scenes in the ,journey4 ,by ,,hannah ,,bolton4 ,imperial folio1 ,plates1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,poetry ,,of ,,geography4 ,a ,journey ,round the ,globe1 in which a ,comprehensive ,view of the ,earth is taken1 and ,facts made familiar to the minds of all4 ,by ,,peter ,,livingston4 ,with ,map4 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,rome1 ,,from ,,its ,,earliest ,,period ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,vespasian4 ,sanctioned by the ,commissioners of ,national ,education in ,ireland4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,macdermott1 ,esq41 ,barrister at ,law4 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,random ,,readings1 ,,for ,,the ,,rail1 ,,the ,,river1 ,,and ,,the ,,road1 ,,the ,,field1 ,,and ,,the ,,fireside4 ,post #hvo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,a ,,rhyming ,,dictionary ,,for ,,young ,,poets4 ,,with ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,english ,,versification4 #abmo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,le ,,petit ,,rimeur4 ,being ,french and ,english ,words and ,sentences in ,rhyme4 ,nursery rhymes are never forgotten4 ,an attempt is here made to convert them into the vehicle of a few ,french words and phrases1 which may be taught in play long before the learner has begun to read4-- #afmo1 cloth1 with pictures1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,athens ,,and ,,attica4 ,from the ,german of ,mller4 ,by ,,john ,,ingram ,,lockhart1 ,f4,r4,s4,a4 #hvo1 with ,map1 price #fs4 ,,the ,,bee-,,keepers' ,,manual4 ,practical ,hints on the ,management and ,complete ,preservation of the ,honey ,bee4 ,by ,,henry ,,taylor4 ,,fourth ,,edition1 #abmo1 ,,cloth1 ,,with #ajj ,,engravings4 ,price #ds4 ,all that is required for practical purposes will be found in this volume4--,bell's ,messenger4 ,,florigraphia ,,britannica2 ,,or1 ,,engravings ,,and ,,descriptions ,,of ,,the ,,flowering ,,plants ,,and ,,ferns ,,of ,,britain4 ,by ,,richard ,,deakin1 ,m4,d4 ,four ,vols41 #hvo1 cloth1 price #e #ds4 plain2 or with the ,plates ,coloured1 #i #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,sheep4 ,the ,best ,means for their ,improvement1 ,management1 and ,treatment of ,diseases4 ,by ,,ambrose ,,blacklock4 ,,tenth ,,edition1 ,,illustrated4 l#hmo1 cloth1 price #cs4 ,,new ,,gardeners' ,,dictionary4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,plant1 ,editor of the ,florists' ,journal and ,gardeners' ,record4 ,arranged under ,three ,distinct ,alphabets1 affording concise ,information upon ,flowers1 ,fruits1 ,vegetables1 ,trees1 and ,shrubs4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,the ,,beauties ,,of ,,the ,,rose4 ,illustrated with faithfully drawn and coloured ,portraits of the ,choicest ,roses1 with descriptive ,letter-press1 forming a complete ,guide for the ,cultivation of this universal ,garden ,favourite4 ,by ,,henry ,,curtis4 ,two vols41 #dto1 price #cfs4 ,,the ,,dahlia2 ,its ,history and ,cultivation1 with ,descriptions of the ,best ,show ,flowers4 ,by ,,robert ,,hogg4 ,,with ,,nine ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,apple4 ,by ,,robert ,,hogg4 #hvo1 ,illustrated1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,water ,,lilies4 ,the ,royal ,water ,lily of ,south ,america1 and the ,water ,lilies of our own ,land2 their ,history and ,cultivation4 ,by ,,george ,,lawson1 ,f4,b4,s4 ,,with ,,coloured ,,plates4 #abmo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,principles ,,of ,,currency ,,banking4 ,by ,,richard ,,horner ,,mills1 ,a4,m4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,gilbart ,,prize ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,adaptation ,,of ,,recent ,,discoveries ,,and ,,inventions ,,in ,,science ,,and ,,art1 ,,to ,,the ,,purposes ,,of ,,practical ,,banking4 ,by ,,granville ,,sharp4 ,this ,essay1 which obtained the ,prize of #ajj offered by ,j4 ,w4 ,gilbart1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 for the best ,essay on the adaptation of recent ,inventions1 collected at the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 to the purposes of ,practical ,banking1 is now published1 with ,illustrations1 ,samples1 and ,specimens1 the ,names and ,addresses of ,inventors1 ,patentees1 ,exhibitors1 etc41 etc4 #hvo1 half-bound morocco1 price #ahs4 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,bills ,,of ,,exchange ,,and ,,promissory ,,notes4 ,by ,,stewart ,,tournay1 ,solicitor4 ,a very useful book1 concise1 distinct1 and well arranged4--,economist4 ,a convenient hand-book for the counting house4--,times4 ,clearly written--lucidly explained4--,bankers' ,magazine4 ,no house of business should be without it4--,london ,mercantile ,journal4 ,post #hvo1 price #ds4 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,bankers' ,,cheques1 ,,letters ,,of ,,credit ,,and ,,drafts4 ,by ,,george ,,john ,,shaw1 ,solicitor4 #abmo1 boards1 price #fs4 ,,the ,,decimal ,,system1 ,as applied to the ,coinage and ,weights and ,measures of ,great ,britain4 ,by ,,henry ,,taylor4 ,fourth ,edition1 #abmo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,city ,,men ,,and ,,city ,,manners4 ,the ,physiology of ,london ,business1 with ,sketches on ',change1 and at the ,coffee ,houses4 #abmo1 cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,management ,,of ,a ,,country ,,bank4 ,overdrawn ,accounts--,discounts--,securities--,cir culation--,deposits--,revenue of a ,branch--,expenditure--,routine ,duties1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,thomas ,,bullion4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 price #es4 ,,hints ,,on ,,arithmetic4 ,,addressed ,,to ,a ,,young ,,governess4 ,by ,,lady ,,verney4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price #f;d4 ,,hymns ,,for ,,schools4 ,,selected ,by the ,rev4 ,,richard ,,harvey1 ,m4,a41 ,rector of ,st4 ,mary's1 ,hornsey1 and ,chaplain in ,ordinary to the ,queen4 ,third ,edition1 #ahmo1 price #f;d4 ,,the ,,duty ,,of ,,keeping ,,the ,,lord',s ,,day4 ,a ,,sermon ,by the ,rev4 ,,richard ,,harvey1 ,,ma4 #abmo1 price #as4 ,,proverbs ,,and ,,precepts ,,from ,,the ,,bible4 ,square l#fmo1 antique1 price #bs4 ,,hymns ,,for ,,the ,,poor ,,of ,,the ,,flock4 #cbmo1 price #as41 or roan embossed1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,plain ,,sermons4 ,,preached ,,in ,a ,,village ,,church ,by ,a ,,country ,,clergyman4 ,three ,vols1 #abmo1 price #abs4 ,,plain ,,lectures ,,on ,,the ,,gospel ,,according ,,to ,,st4 ,,matthew4 ,by the ,hon4 ,rev4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,perceval4 ,author of ,plain ,sermons by a ,country ,clergyman4 ,four ,vols41 #abmo1 price #a #bs4 ,,work3 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,god1 ,,the ,,lot ,,of ,,man4 ,a ,,sermon ,preached at ,highgate on the ,opening of the ,national and ,industrial ,schools4 ,by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,bellairs1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector of ,schools4 #hvo1 price #as4 ,,the ,,protestant ,,catechism4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,daniel ,,bagot1 ,dean of ,dromore4 #abmo1 price #f;d4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,seventeen ,,chapters ,,of ,,the ,,gospel ,,according ,,to ,,st4 ,,matthew4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,daniel ,,bagot1 ,b4,d41 ,dean of ,dromore4 ,royal #hvo1 cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,unity ,,and ,,completeness ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,catechism4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,nash ,,stephenson1 ,m4,a41 ,incumbent of ,shirley4 ,,printed ,,on ,,three ,,broad ,,sheets4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 the set4 ,,the ,,adult ,,learner',s ,,first ,,book4 ,an easy ,introduction to the ,reading of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,,by ,a ,,clergyman ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,england4 #abmo1 price #h;d4 ,,new ,,history ,,of ,,england ,,for ,,elementary ,,schools4 #ahmo1 cloth1 price ,one ,shilling1 ,a ,,half-,,yearly ,,course ,,of ,,reading ,,lessons ,,in ,,english ,,history2 ,,forming ,a ,,concise ,,history ,,of ,,england1 ,for ,elementary ,schools of every ,grade4 ,,by ,,richard ,,bithell1 ,c4,t41 ,author of ,spelling ,taught by ,transcribing and ,dictation2 ,president of the ,north ,bucks and ,west ,beds ,teachers' ,association4 ,the chief peculiarities of this ,work are1 its division into lessons of equal length1 instead of the common mode of division into chapters1 each ,lesson treating of a distinct subject1 and containing as much matter as can be read and remembered without undue labour on the part of teacher or pupil2 and in the exclusion of those details of war and bloodshed1 which too frequently occupy the attention of children on their first introduction to ,history4 ,an attempt has also been made to treat every historical event in such a manner as to cherish sentiments of charity and forbearance towards all good men1 by refraining from the unchristian practice of exciting odium against whole bodies and sects of men1 on account of the vices and enormities of particular individuals4 ,appended to the work are copious ,genealogical1 ,chronological1 and other tables1 from which the teacher may collect facts and dates1 wherewith to fill up the historical outline given in the body of the work1 if1 for the class of children under his tuition1 they are found somewhat too meagre4 ,with the exception of a few schools1 however1 who make ,history a very special subject1 the author conceives that1 in the present state of popular education1 this little work will be found to contain about as much as can be really learnt in elementary schools1 unless it be to the exclusion of other subjects equally1 if not more1 important4 ,a ,,word ,,to ,,parents1 ,,nurses1 ,,and ,,teachers4 ,,on ,,the ,,rearing ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,children4 ,by ,,esther ,,copley4 #ahmo1 price #as4 ,a ,,half-,,yearly ,,course ,,of ,,lessons ,,exercises ,,in ,,singing 7,two per ,week71 ,for ,primary ,schools of ,every ,grade4 ,by ,r4 ,,bithell1 ,c4,t4 #abmo1 price #as4 ,,practical ,,geometry ,,for ,,schools ,,and ,,workmen4 ,by ,,horace ,,grant1 ,author of ,arithmetic for ,young ,children1 ,exercises for the ,senses1 etc4 #abmo1 cloth1 with ,illustrations1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,gilbert',s ,,geography ,,for ,,families ,,and ,,schools4 ,in addition to the usual ,maps will be found ,representations of the ,mountains and ,waterfalls--principal ,rivers--,lakes--,solar ,system--the ,world as known at the ,deluge and in the time of our ,saviour--,projections of ,maps1 etc41 etc4 ,also an ,alphabetical ,index of the ,latitudes and ,longitudes of #b1ajj places4 #abmo1 coloured maps1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,catechism ,,on ,,the ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,land1 ,in connection with the principal ,events in the ,old ,testament1 and in the ,life of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,second ,edition1 #ahmo1 price #d;d4 ,,other ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,the ,festivals and ,fasts4 #ahmo1 #f;d4 ,lessons on ,st4 ,paul's ,travels4 #ahmo1 #d;d4 ,the ,life of ,abraham4 #ahmo1 #d;d4 ,holy ,baptism4 #ahmo1 #c;d4 ,plain ,instructions for ,children in ,day ,schools4 #b;d4 ,,the ,,teacher',s ,,manual4 ,,for ,,infant ,,schools ,,and ,,preparatory ,,classes4 ,by ,,thomas ,,urry ,,young4 #abmo1 cloth1 with ,illustrations1 price #cs4 ,,spelling ,,taught ,,by ,,transcribing ,,and ,,dictation4 ,in a series of ,exercises especially adapted for home work1 in connection with the instruction given in ,national1 ,british1 and other ,elementary ,schools4 ,by ,,richard ,,bithell4 #ahmo1 price #d;d4 ,,groombridge',s ,,shilling ,,atlas4 ,,to ,,illustrate ,,all ,,geographies4 ,with ,eight ,maps1 etc4 ,foolscap1 price #as4 ,,the ,,child',s ,,modern ,,atlas4 ,with ,descriptive ,letter-press4 ,foolscap #dto1 price #es4 ,,outline ,,maps4 ,,for ,,junior ,,classes ,,in ,,schools4 ,foolscap #dto1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,why ,,must ,,we ,,educate ,,the ,,whole ,,people8 ,,and ,,what ,,prevents ,,our ,,doing ,,it8 ,by the ,rev4 ,,barham ,,zincke4 #hvo1 price #as4 ,,school ,,tablets4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,tegetmeier4 ,adapted for use in the largest ,classes1 or for reference when suspended on the walls of the ,school ,room4 #a4 ,specific ,gravities4 #b4 ,temperatures4 #c4 ,diagram of ,thermometer4 ,printed on large sheets1 price #as4 the set4 ,,new ,,work ,,by ,,shirley ,,hibberd4 ,illustrated with numerous ,engravings1 elegantly bound1 price #cs4 #f;d41 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,aquarium ,,and ,,water ,,cabinet3 ,or ,practical ,instructions on the ,formation1 ,stocking1 and ,management in all ,seasons1 of ,collections of ,fresh-water and ,marine ,life4 ,,by ,,shirley ,,hibberd1 ,author of ,rustic ,adornments for ,homes of ,taste1 etc41 etc4 ,,contents4 ,,the ,,fresh-,,water ,,tank4 ,chapter ,i4--,what ,is an ,aquarium8 ,the ,name and ,object--,philosophy of the ,aquarium4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,proper ,kinds of ,vessels4 ,rectangular ,tanks--,construction of ,tanks--,warington's ,stope-back ,tank--,bell ,glasses and ,vases--,stands for ,vases4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,fitting-up--,rockwork4 ,the ,bottom--,mould--,planting-- ,the ,water--,aspect4 ,chapter ,,iv4--,plants for the ,aquarium4 ,how to stock a ,tank quickly-- ,selection of ,plants--,water ,soldier--,starwort--,vallisneria--,anac haris-- ,myriophyllum--,potamogeton--,nuphar ,lutea--,pipewort--,utricularia-- ,isopelis--,subularia--,ranunculus--,hyd rocaris--,alisma--,lemna1 etc4 ,chapter ,v4--,fishes for the ,aquarium4 ,cyprinus ,carpio1 ,gibelio1 ,carassius1 ,auratus1 ,brama1 ,leucisus1 ,rutilus1 ,alburnus1 ,phoxinus1 ,gobio1 ,tinca1 ,barbus1 ,barbatula1 ,cephalus--,percid--,gasterosteus4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,reptiles1 ,mollusks1 and ,insects4 ,chapter ,,vii4--,selection of ,stock4 ,chapter ,,viii4--,general ,management4 ,feeding--,conferv--,use of ,mollusks-- ,objections to ,mollusks--,use of ,confervoid ,growths--,periodical ,cleansing-- ,exhaustion of ,oxygen--,temperature--,dead ,specimens--,disease of ,fishes4 ,,the ,,marine ,,tank4 ,chapter ,i4--,the ,vessel4 ,points in which the ,marine differs from the ,river ,tank--,stained ,glass4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,fitting-up4 ,the ,bottom--,rocks1 ,arches1 and ,caves-- ,the ,water--,artificial ,sea ,water--,marine ,salts--,management of ,artificial ,water--,caution to the ,uninitiated--,filtering4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,collecting ,specimens4 ,chapter ,,iv4--,the ,plants4 ,chapter ,v4--,the ,animals4 ,fishes--,mollusks--,annelides--,zoophyt es--,actinia ,mesembryanthemum--,anguicoma1 ,bellis1 ,gemmacea1 ,crassicornis1 ,parasitica1 ,dianthus1 etc4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,what ,is ,anemone8 ,chapter ,,vii4--,general ,management4 ,grouping of ,objects--,sulphuretted ,hydrogen--,preservation of the ,water--,aeration--,filter--,decay of ,plants--,death of ,anemones--,removal of ,objects--,density of the ,water--,green ,stain--,feeding--,the ,syphon--,purchase of ,specimens4 ,,the ,,water ,,cabinet4 ,chapter ,i4--,construction of ,cabinets4 ,distinctions between the ,cabinet and the ,aquarium--,construction of a ,cabinet--,glasses4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,collecting and ,arranging ,specimens4 ,implements for ,collecting--,nets1 ,jars1 and ,phials--,pond ,fishing4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,the ,stock4 ,chapter ,,iv4--,larva4 ,the ,dragon ,fly--,the ,gnat--,the ,case ,fly4 ,,school ,,books ,,and ,,maps4 ,published by ,authority of the ,commissioners of ,national ,education in ,ireland4 ,,titles ,,of ,,the ,,books4 ,,first ,,book ,,of ,,lessons4 #ahmo1 wrapper4 ,,second ,,book ,,of ,,lessons4 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,sequel ,,to ,,second ,,book4 ,no4 #a1 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,sequel ,,to ,,second ,,book4 ,no4 #b1 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,third ,,book ,,of ,,lessons4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,fourth ,,book ,,of ,,lessons4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,supplement ,,to ,,the ,,fourth ,,book4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,fifth ,,book ,,of ,,lessons4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,reading ,,book ,,for ,,female ,,schools4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,biographical ,,sketches ,,of ,,british ,,poets4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,selections ,,from ,,the ,,british ,,poets1 ,vol4 #a4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,ditto ,,ditto ,vol4 #b4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,reading4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,epitome ,,of ,,geography4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,compendium ,,of ,,geography4 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,english ,,grammar4 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,key ,,to ,,ditto4 #ahmo1 wrapper4 ,,first ,,book ,,of ,,arithmetic4 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,key ,,to ,,ditto4 #ahmo1 cloth4 ,,arithmetic ,,in ,,theory ,,and ,,practice4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,key ,,to ,,ditto4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,elements ,,of ,,bookkeeping4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,key ,,to ,,ditto4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,elements ,,of ,,geometry4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,mensuration1 ,,gauging1 ,,land ,,surveying1 etc4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,ditto4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,scripture ,,lessons1 ,,old ,,testament4 ,no4 #a1 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,ditto ,,ditto ,no4 #b1 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,scripture ,,lessons1 ,,new ,,testament4 ,no4 #a1 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,ditto ,,ditto ,no4 #b1 #abmo1 cloth1 ,,sacred ,,poetry4 #ahmo1 wrapper4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,the ,,truth ,,of ,,christianity4 #ahmo1 boards4 ,,agricultural ,,class ,,book4 #abmo1 cloth4 ,,farm ,,account ,,book1 #dto1 half-bound4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,needlework4 ,small #dto1 half-bound4 ,,tablet ,,lessons1 ,,arithmetic4 ,sixty ,sheets4 ,,ditto ,,ditto ,mounted on #cj ,pasteboards4 ,,tablet ,,lessons1 ,,spelling ,,reading1 #cc ,sheets4 ,,ditto ,,ditto ,mounted on #ag ,pasteboards4 ,,copy ,,lines1 ,,all ,,the ,,gradations4 ,six ,sheets4 ,,school-,,room ,,maps1 ,,mounted ,,on ,,canvas ,,rollers4 ,ft4 ,in4 ,ft4 ,in4 ,world #f #h by #c #f ,europe #e #h #d #d ,asia #e #h #d #d ,africa #d #d #e #h ,america #d #d #e #h ,england #d #d #e #h ,scotland #e #d #e #h ,ireland #d #d #e #h ,australia #e #h #d #d ,pacific ,ocean #e #h #d #d ,united ,states #e #h #d #d ,ancient ,world #e #h #d #d ,palestine #d #d #e #h ,british ,isles #g #d #h #j ,geological ,map of the ,british ,isles #d #d #e #h ,,london3 ,,groombridge ,,sons1 #e1 ,,paternoster-,,row4 ,twenty ,years ,agents to the ,board of ,education4 ,lists of ,prices forwarded on application4 ,thomas ,harrild1 ,printer1 #aa1 ,salisbury-sq41 ,fleet-st41 and ,silver-st41 ,falcon-sq41 ,london4