,transcrib]'s ,note        ,italic text 
is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by   
equal      signs4          ,,mak]s ,,(  
,,mod]n ,,agriculture                   
,illu/ration    ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41  
,limit$    ,,london  ,,bombay           
,,calcutta  ,,melb\rne      ,,!         
,,macmillan ,,company    ,,new ,,york   
,,bo/on  ,,*icago  ,,dallas  ,,san      
,,francisco      ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4  
,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4    ,,toronto        
,illu/ration3 ,je?ro ,tull    ,f\nd] ( !
 ,pr9ciples ( ,dry-,f>m+4 #afgd-agdj4   
,,mak]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,agriculture       
,,by      ,,william ,,macdonald1 ,d4,sc4
    ,editor1 ,agricultural ,j\rnal1     
,union ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1  ,s\?  
,africa2 & ,correspond+ ,secret>y = !   
,int]national  ,dry-,f>m+ ,congress     
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$    ,,/4 
,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london    #aiac    
,,copyright      ,ri*>d ,clay & ,sons1  
,limit$1    ,,brunswick ,,/41 ,,/am=d   
,,/41 ,s4,e41 ,,&    ,,bungay1          
,,suffolk4          ,,preface      ,:5 x

 is rememb]$ :at a prom95t "p           
,agriculture plays 9 !  hi/ory ( all    
,nations1 x does seem /range t s little 
is kn[n  ( ! lives ( ^? pione]s :o h be5
 =emo/ 9 ! discov]y  ( fundam5tal       
pr9ciples1 improv$ me?ods1 & lab\r-sav+ 
ma*9es4 ,p]haps x is t f>m]s z a :ole   
are n specially fond  ( read+4 ,?is1    
h[ev]1 is n to be wond]$ at1 because    
aft] a  long day's "w 9 ! op5 air x is  
h>d to rivet "o's m9d on  any?+ m s]i\s 
?an ! headl9es ( a daily newspap]1 or ! 
rose-t9t$ pictures ( a rural magaz9e4   
,/ill1 x is safe to  prophesy t !       
successful f>m] ( ! future w n only be a
  h>d work]1 b also a h>d read]4 ,&     
biography br+s be=e u1  9 a vivid mann]1
 ! onw>d m>* ( mod]n ,agriculture4    ,x
 is also ( int]e/ to note h[ mu*        
,agriculture owes to m5 :o  c\ld sc>cely
 be call$ practical f>m]s4 ,inde$1 !    
au?or has  be5 impress$1 contr>y to     
common op9ion1 ) ! success ( !  ,t[nsman
 :o takes to f>m+4 ,b ?is is really no m
 surpris+  ?an t ! simple-he>t$ f>m lad 

%\ld =sake ! ,old ,home/ead  = !        
fasc9ations ( ! ,city1 & by reason ( 8  
"*1  c\rage1 & indu/ry1 become 9 a few  
ye>s ! ,capta9 ( "s great  comm]cial    
ent]prise4 ,!re w always be ! ceaseless 
ebb &  fl[ ( ! human tide betwe5 c\ntry 
lane & cr[d$ /reet4 ,b x  is surely our 
pla9 duty to d some?+ to make ! life ( !
  work] 9 ! field less dull & lonely1 & 
m attractive by !  erection ( pleasant  
cottages & ! e/abli%m5t ( rural         
indu/ries3 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we try to
 bright5 ! life (  ! toil] 9 ! t[n by   
freehold g>d5 lots & sunlit1 op5        
spaces4    ,i desire to ?ank ! ,editors 
( ! sev]al pap]s 9 :i* ^!  ,sket*es h   
appe>$ = k9d p]mission to republi% !m 9 
book  =m3 ,! ,graphic 7,*apt] ,i71 ,!   
,/>1 ,johannesburg 7,*apt]  ,,ii71 ! ,r&
 ,daily ,mail 7,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv71 & 
! ,sunday  ,po/ 7,*apt] ,v74 ,to !      
,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural        
,society  ( ,engl&1 ,i am indebt$ = !   
frontispiece 7,je?ro ,tull71 z well  z =
 mu* valuable in=mation4      ,royal    

,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1        
#af1 ,b$=d ,squ>e1 ,london1             
,septemb] #a/1 #aiac4          ,,cont5ts
                                        
,,page        ,portrait ( ,je?ro ,tull  
,frontispiece        ,i4 ,je?ro ,tull   
#a       ,,ii4 ,coke ( ,norfolk         
#af      ,,iii4 ,ar?ur ,"y              
#ci       ,,iv4 ,john ,s9clair          
#ed        ,v4 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick   
#fh           ,"o com=t is1 t ,great    
,m51 tak5 up 9 any way1 are             
pr(itable company4--,c>lyle4            
,,mak]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,agriculture       
,,*apt] ,i      ,,je?ro ,,tull 3 ,,f\nd]
 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,dry-,,f>m+   
,= ! f9] l& is made by tillage ! ri*] w 
x become       & ! m plants w x         
ma9ta94--,je?ro ,tull4    ,eight miles  
to ! nor?-we/ ( ,read+1 on a lovely rea*
 ( !  ,riv] ,?ames1 lies ! p>i% t[n (   
,basildon1 9 ! ,c\nty (  ,b]k%ire4 ,"h1 
9 ! ye> #afgd1 0 born ! man :o          
revolutioniz$  ,briti% agriculture &    
laid ! f\ndations = ! ,conque/ ( !      

,des]t4 ,yet1 /range z x may seem1 until
 ! o!r day ,tull's  grave 0 unkn[n1 &   
ev5 n[ no monum5t m>ks ! re/+-place (   
?is illu/ri\s husb&man4 ,8 family 0 (   
anci5t & hon\rable  l9eage1 & he 0 heir 
to a compet5t e/ate4 ,at sev5te5 he     
ent]$ 8 "n on ! regi/] ( ,/4 ,john's    
,college1 ,ox=d2 b he  did n proce$ to a
 degree4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 admitt$ z a
  /ud5t ( ,gray's ,inn1 & 01 9 due      
c\rse1 call$ to ! ,b>4 ,x  is probable t
 ,tull /udi$ law n s mu* ) ! ?\ght (    
tak+ x up s]i\sly z a pr(ession1 b      
simply 9 ord] to bett]  fit himself = a 
political c>e]4 ,ill-heal?1 h[ev]1 made 
him turn  8 att5tion to f>m+4 ,at ! age 
( tw5ty-five he m>ri$ a lady  ( good    
family1 ,miss ,susanna ,smi?1 ( ! ,c\nty
 ( ,w>wick1 & !n  settl$ d[n to f>m 9   
,ox=d%ire4    ,8 fir/ f>m 0 ,h[b]ry1 9 !
 p>i% ( ,cr[m>%4 ,! l& (  ?is f>m 0     
f]tile & r5[n$ = heavy crops ( bo? :eat 
&  b>ley4 ,"h ,tull liv$ & toil$ = n9e  
ye>s1 till at la/ 8  heal? broke d[n &  
he 0 ord]$ s\? to ! mild] climate (     

,france & ,italy4 ,s he decid$ to sell a
 portion ( 8 ,ox=d%ire  e/ate & s5d 8   
family to ano!r f>m 9 ,b]k%ire nam$     
,prosp]\s1 situat$ 9 ! p>i% ( ,%alb\rne4
 ,aft] an abs5ce  ( ?ree ye>s ,tull     
return$ to ,prosp]\s ,f>m--a place = ev]
  fam\s 9 ! annals ( agriculture4 ,"h he
 liv$ = tw5ty-six  ye>s to ! close ( 8  
/r5u\s1 *equ]$ c>e]4 ,( ?is f>m1  ,tull 
writes3 ,situat$ on a little *alk on "o 
side & hea? on !  o!r1 ! soil is poor & 
%all[--g5]ally too light & too  %all[ to
 produce a tol]able crop ( beans4 ,?is  
f>m 0 made out  ( ! skirts ( o!rs2 a    
great "p 0 a %eep d[n ) a full          
reputation ( pov]ty4    ,:ile 9 ,europe 
,tull took special note ( ! deep &      
c>eful  cultivation ( ! v9ey>ds1 :]e !  
tillage ( ! soil betwe5  ! r[s ( ! grape
 v9es 0 made to take ! place ( manur+ ! 
l&4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& he tri$ ?is  
me?od at ,prosp]\s  ,f>m1 fir/ ) turnips
 & potatoes1 & !n ) :eat4 ,& by  adopt+ 
?is simple sy/em ) "s few modifications 
( 8 own1 he  0 enabl$ to gr[ :eat on !  

same fields = ?irte5 ye>s  cont9u\sly   
)\t ! use ( manure4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,x 0 on
 8 f>m ( ,h[b]ry t ,tull inv5t$ &       
p]fect$ 8  drill 9 ! ye> #agja4 ,he has 
told ! /ory ( ?is inv5tion 9 !  pages ( 
8 great "w4 ,f9d+ 8 plans = gr[+        
sa9fo9#a  h9d]$ by ! di/a/e ( 8 lab\r]s 
= 8 new me?ods1 he  resolv$ to try to   
contrive an eng9e to plant ,/4 ,fo9 m   
fai?fully ?an su* h&s w\ld d4 ,= t      
purpose ,i exam9$ &  comp>$ all !       
me*anical ideas t ev] _h ent]$ my       
imag9ation1 & at la/ pit*$ ^u a groove1 
tongue1 & spr+ 9  ! s\nd-bo>d ( ! organ4
 ,) ^!1 a little alt]$1 & "s  p>ts ( two
 o!r in/rum5ts1 z =eign to ! field z !  
organ  is1 add$ to !m1 ,i compos$ my    
ma*9e4 ,x 0 nam$ a drill1  because1 :5  
f>m]s us$ to s[ _! beans & peas 9       
*annels or  furr[s by h&1 !y call$ t    
action drill+4 ,& ?us ,tull's  drill1   
tak5 f ! rot>y me*anism ( 8 fav\rite    
organ1 is !  pione] ( all mod]n plant]s4
 ,8 fir/ inv5tion 0 :at he t]m$  a      

drill-pl\gh to s[ :eat & turnip se$ ?ree
 r[s at a "t4    #a ,a legum9\s plant   
cultivat$ = fodd]4    ,x 0 ?is inv5tion 
t l$ ,tull to enunciate 8 fir/ pr9ciple 
( tillage1 namely1 drill+4 ,& x is ! m  
amaz+ to reflect  t ev5 aft] ?is long   
lapse ( "t _m f>m]s /ill p]si/ 9        
broadca/+ _! se$2 =1 z a rec5t au?ority 
work+ on !  semi-arid l&s ( ,montana    
writes3 ,s[+ broadca/ is bad at any  "t1
 b 9 dry-f>m+ x is suicidal4 ,t ! use ( 
! drill  has ev]y:]e effect$ an enorm\s 
sav+ ( se$ is common  k2 b let u he> :at
 ,tull has to say "u ?is head3 ,se$     
7sa9fo97 0 sc>ce1 de>1 & bad1 & en\gh   
c\ld sc>ce be got  to s[1 z 0 usual1    
sev5 bu%els#b to an acre4 ,i exam9$ &   
?\ght ! matt] out1 & f\nd ! great] "p ( 
! se$  misc>ri$1 be+ bad1 or too mu*    
cov]$4 ,i obs]v$1 & c\nt$1  & f\nd :5   
mu* se$ _h misc>ri$ ! crop 0 be/4 ,"h 0 
8 second pr9ciple1 r$uction ( se$1 or1 z
 we n[ say1  ?9-se$+1 a practice :i* has
 be5 adopt$ by ! dry-f>m]s  ( ,utah )   
rem>kable success4    #b ,at ! pres5t "t

 x is cu/om>y to s[ f #hj-ajj lb4 (     
sa9fo9 se$ p] acre4    ,moreov]1 ,tull 0
 an ard5t advocate ( ! we$less field1 & 
he  saw1 cle>ly en\gh1 t dung 0 a s]i\s 
m5ace to clean tillage1  z ! se$s (     
tr\blesome we$s 7 apt to be scatt]$ f> &
  wide ov] ! f>m4 ,?is l$ him to lay d[n
 z 8 ?ird  pr9ciple--! abs5ce ( we$4 ,b 
he c]ta9ly nev]1 z is  sometimes said1  
condemn$ ! use ( manure4 ,8 exp]im5ts1  
h[ev]1  prov$ beyond ! %ad[ ( d\bt t    
good crops might be gr[n  simply &      
solely by means ( deep & con/ant        
tillage4 ,s he says1  angrily3 ,! vulg> 
9 g5]al believe t ,i c>ri$ my f>my>d    
dung & ?rew x 9 a riv]4 ,i h no riv]    
ne>2 besides1 my  neighb\rs buy dung at 
a good price2 b x is kn[n ,i nei!r sell 
nor wa/e any dung4 ,aga9/ su* ly+       
tongues !re is no def5ce4    ,nev]!less1
 _m ye>s aft] 8 "p 0 tak5 by none o!r   
?an  ! great sci5ti/ ( ,ro?am/$1 ! late 
,sir ,john ,lawes1 :o wrote  z foll[s3--
    ,tull 0 q an orig9al g5ius & a      
c5tury 9 advance ( 8  "t4 ,i consid] he 

has be5 mo/ unju/ly accus$ ( n plac+    
suffici5t value ^u f>my>d manure2 he    
advocat$ cleanl9ess1 &  saw t dung 0 a  
great c>ri] ( we$s4 ,to give "s cle>    
idea (  ! value ( ,tull's advocacy (    
drill-husb&ry & ! fre$om f  we$ :i* c   
alone be obta9$ by ! use ( ! drill1 ,i  
may  m5tion t s f> z /ati/ics w all[1 ,i
 h asc]ta9$ !  av]age yield ( ! :eat    
crop ( ! _w1 & ,i am able to say  t !   
av]age yield is less ?an x is at !      
pres5t "t ^u my  p]man5t :eat l&1 aft] m
 ?an sixty ye>s absolutely )\t  manure4 
,"h we h ! result ( ,tull's ?ree great  
pr9ciples--drill+1 r$uction ( se$1 &    
abs5ce ( we$4 ,if he  7 alive n[ & 7    
writ+ = ! agriculture ( ! _w1 he  w\ld1 
,i ?9k1 be q ju/ifi$ 9 say+ ev]y?+ he   
said 9  reg>d to cleanl9ess & manure4   
,z a result ( 8 /udies1 travels1 &      
exp]im5ts1 ,tull publi%$  ,! ,new       
,horse-,hoe+ ,husb&ry3 or an ,essay on !
 ,pr9ciples (  ,tillage & ,vegetation 9 
! ye> #agca4 ,! great value ( ?is "w  is
 t x is f\nd$ n ^u m]e !ory1 b ^u actual

  exp]im5ts 9 ! field4 ,! f\r? edition1 
:i* ,i h beside me1  consi/s ( #dbf     
pages1 ) sev]al plates1 & #bc *apt]s :i*
  treat ( ! foll[+ subjects3 ,( ,roots &
 ,leaves2 ,( ,food (  ,plants2 ,(       
,pa/ures ( ,plants2 ,( ,dung2 ,(        
,tillage2 ,( ,we$s2 ,(  ,turnips2 ,(    
,:eat2 ,( ,smutt9ess2 ,( ,luc]ne2 ,(    
,*ange ( ,species2 ,(  ,*ange (         
,individuals2 ,( ,ridges2 ,old & ,new   
,husb&ry2 ,( ,pl\ghs2  ,! ,f\r-,c\lt]'d 
,pl\gh2 ,( ! ,drill-,boxes2 ,( !        
,:eat-,drill3 ,(  ! ,turnip-,drill2 ,( !
 ,hoe-,pl\gh2 ) an app5dix conc]n+ !    
mak+ ( ! drill & ! hoe-pl\gh4    ,tull's
 idea--:i* 0 t by tillage soils might be
 con/antly &  = ev] re9vigorat$ or      
r5ew$--is summ$ up 9 8 fam\s epigram1   
tillage is manure4 ,he believ$ t ! e>? 0
 ! true & !  sole food ( ! plant1 &1    
fur!r1 t ! plant fe$s & gr[s  by tak+ 9 
m9ute p>ticles ( soil4 ,& s9ce ^!       
p>ticles are  ?r[n (f f ! surface ( !   
soil gra9s1 x foll[$1  !re=e1 t ! m     
f9ely ! soil 0 divid$ ! m num]\s  !     

p>ticles & ! m readily ! plant w\ld gr[4
 ,al?\gh  ,tull's !ories 7 wrong1 8     
practice has be5 foll[$ by all          
progressive f>m]s d[n to ! pres5t "t4   
,we n[ "k t plants  d n absorb p>ticles 
( e>?1 b take 9 food 9 solution4        
,consequ5tly1 ! m ! p>ticles ( soil are 
brok5 up &  ref9$1 ! m plant food !     
roots c absorb4 ,9 ?is volume1  :i* mu/ 
be c\nt$ an agricultural classic1 ,tull 
at once takes rank  z ! =emo/ prea*] ( 8
 "t ( ! gospel ( deep & p]fect  tillage4
 ,& x is a "w :i*1 9 ! words ( 8 great  
compe]1  ,ar?ur ,"y1 w unque/ionably    
c>ry 8 "n to ! late/  po/]ity4    ,!    
botanical _w has rec5tly be5 illum9$ by 
! spl5did  discov]y ( ! pr9ciples (     
h]$ity set =? by ,gregor ,m5del1  & !   
=emo/ expon5t ( ! new sci5ce1 ,pr(essor 
,bateson1  writes z foll[s3 ,we h at la/
 a brilliant me?od & a solid  basis f   
:i* to attack ^! problems1 (f]+ an      
opportunity to  ! pione] su* z occurs b 
seldom ev5 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n  sci5ce4  
,_c we1 z agriculturi/s1 say ! same )   

equal tru?8  ,=1 to our ?9k+1 ,je?ro    
,tull be>s ! same relation to  dry-f>m+ 
t ,m5del does to plant-bre$+4 ,= if1 on 
! "o  h&1 8 drill-pl\ghs are ! models f 
:i* h be5 d]iv$  ! m>vell\s agricultural
 ma*9es ( mod]n times1 !n1 on !  o!r1 8 
clean husb&ry1 8 se$ selection1 8 deep &
 con/ant  tillage are ! fundam5tal      
pr9ciples 9 ! great new sci5ce (        
dry-f>m+4 ,nor %\ld we =get t bo? ,m5del
 & ,tull  enunciat$ _! pr9ciples only   
aft] long & pati5t exp]im5t4    ,!      
pr9ciples :i* we h adopt$ 9 our         
exp]im5ts on !  ,gov]nm5t ,dry-,l&      
,/ation at ,li*t5burg1 9 ! ,transvaal & 
:i*  we propose to foll[ on all /ations 
h]eaft] to be e/abli%$ 9  ! ,union (    
,s\? ,africa1 are sev5 9 numb]1 namely3 
7#a7 ,deep  pl\gh+2 7#b7 drill+2 7#c7 ?9
 se$+2 7#d7 frequ5t h>r[+2 7#e7  we$less
 l&s2 7#f7 few v>ieties2 & 7#g7         
moi/ure-sav+ fall[s4  ,& we "k full well
 t ! m fai?fully we adh]e to ?is  s*eme 
! ri*] %all be our h>ve/s4 ,b1 aft] all1
 ^!  pr9ciples are m]ely !              

amplification1 no?+ m1 ( ^?  fundam5tal 
me?ods ( tillage s pla9ly set =?1 "o    
hundr$ &  eighty-two ye>s ago1 by !     
g5ius ( ,je?ro ,tull4    ,tull di$ 9 !  
mon? ( ,m>*1 9 ! ye> #agdj1 at ! age (  
sixty-six4 ,9 speak+ ( agricultural     
education we h frequ5tly  urg$ ! b5efits
 to be d]iv$ f a lib]al education1 & we 
l  to recall ,tull's own words3 ,i owe  
my pr9ciples & practice  orig9ally to my
 travels1 z ,i owe my drill to my organ4
 ,"h inde$1  0 a man ( _m p>ts--a fam\s 
agriculturi/1 an able me*anic1 a  good  
musician1 & a ke5 classical s*ol>4 ,8   
life1 /range to say1  0 "o dauntless    
/ruggle ) disease4 ,= six ye>s he sc>ce 
ev]  left 8 room1 & seldom 9 t p]iod 0  
he gladd5$ by s mu*  z a glimpse ( 8    
hundr$ acres ( drill$ :eat4 ,s !y laid !
  tir$ body ( ! simple-m9d$ ,engli%     
squire "u ! yew-trees (  ,basildon 9 !  
mell[ soil he lov$ s well4 ,b ! bells ( 
! old  *ur* ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew n[ r+ out
 ) a new1 glad message1  = !y tell !    
toil+ husb&m5 ( all l&s to be ( good    

*e]1  = ! des]t %all rejoice & blossom z
 ! rose2 :ile ! w9ds  & ! wat]s c>ry !  
e*o ( ,tull's "n d[n ?r\gh !  corridors 
( "t4          ,,*apt] ,,ii      ,,coke 
,,( ,,norfolk3 ,,fatti] ,,( ,,exp]im5tal
 ,,f>ms          ,see/ ?\ a man dilig5t 
9 8 bus9ess8 ,he %all /&      be=e ,k+s2
 he %all n /& be=e mean m54    ,at !    
beg9n+ ( ?is article we h quot$ a text  
tak5 f !  ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 :i* we   
believe c be appli$ m tru?fully  to !   
subject ( our pap] ?an to any o!r "n    
conspicu\s 9 !  annuals ( agriculture4  
,= he 0 a man dilig5t 9 8 bus9ess &  he 
/ood be=e ,k+s4    ,?omas ,william      
,coke1 ( ,holkham 7,holy ,home71 ,e>l ( 
,leice/]1 0  ! elde/ son ( ,rob]t       
,w5man4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #ageb1 &     
educat$ at ,eton1 aft] :i* he travell$  
abroad4 ,on ! dea? ( 8  fa!r1 ,coke 0   
elect$ 9 8 place z memb] ( ,p>liam5t = !
  ,c\nty ( ,norfolk4 ,he 0 !n 9 8       
tw5ty-second ye>4 ,he ent]$  ! y\nge/   
memb]2 8 political c>e] ext5d$ ov] a    
p]iod (  fifty-sev5 ye>s1 & he f9i%$ up 

z ,fa!r ( ! ,h\se (  ,commons4 ,8       
dome/ic life 0 s+ul>ly happy--v diff]5t 
f  ! sad /ate ( 8 great contempor>y     
,ar?ur ,"y4 ,9 #agge he  m>ri$ 8 c\s91  
,jane ,dutton1 by :om he _h ?ree        
daught]s4 ,aft]  h] dea? 9 #ahjj he     
rema9$ a wid[] = tw5ty-"o ye>s & !n  at 
! age ( sixty-eight w$d$ a girl (       
eighte51 ,lady ,anne ,keppel1  by :om he
 _h five sons & "o daught]4 ,coke _h !  
unique  exp]i5ce ( be+ (f]$ a ,pe]age   
sev5 times "u six diff]5t  ,prime       
,m9i/]s1 & he 0 ! fir/ common] rais$ to 
! ,pe]age  by ,que5 ,victoria on h]     
accession to ! ,?rone4 ,9 ?is connection
  an amus+ /ory is told4 ,9 ! ye> #ahag 
,coke 0 call$ on to  pres5t1 at a       
,levee1 a v =cible address to ! ,pr9ce (
 ,wales1  :o 0 !n act+ z ,reg5t1 pray+  
him to dismiss f 8  pres5ce & ,c\ncil ^?
 advis]s1 :o1 by _! conduct1 _h prov$   
!mselves alike enemies to ! ,?rone & !  
p4 ,! ,reg5t 0  w>n$ ( ! proposal4 ,kn[+
 t ,coke valu$ 8 position z a  ,common] 
above ev]y?+ else1 he decl>$ ) an oa? t3

 ,if  ,coke ( ,norfolk ent]s my pres5ce1
 by ,god1 ,i'll knight him4 ,?is  spee* 
0 repeat$ to ,coke4 ,if he d>es1 0 !    
rejo9d]1 by ,god  ,i'll break 8 sword4  
,"p ( ! e/ate or ,holkham 0 =m]ly a     
s]ies ( salt m>%es  on ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? 
,sea4 ,& :5 ,coke came into 8 prop]ty 9 
#aggf--;a fateful ye> 9 ! hi/ory ( !    
,briti% ,empire !  surr\nd+ di/rict 0   
little bett] ?an a rabbit-w>r51 ) long  
/ret*es ( %+le & s&4 ,soon aft] ,coke's 
m>riage1 :5 8  wife rem>k$ t %e 0 go+   
d[n to ,norfolk1 ! witty old ,lady      
,t[n%5d said1 ,!n1 my de>1 all y w see w
 be "o blade (  grass & two rabbits     
fight+ = t4 ,! /ory ( h[ ,coke came  to 
be a practical f>m] is told 9 ! ?ird    
volume ( ! ,j\rnal (  ! ,royal          
,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 publi%$
 9 ! ye> #ahdb4  ,! article conta9+ x 0 
writt5 by ,e>l ,sp5c]1 & is (  special  
int]e/ z he _h x direct f ! lips ( ,mr4 
,coke 7!n  ,"l ,leice/]7 a %ort "t be=e 
8 dea?4 ,:5 ,coke ent]$ into  8 h]itage1
 he f\nd t five leases 7 ab\t to expire4

 ,^!  f>ms 7 held at a r5tal ( #cs4     
#f;d4 an acre2 & 9 ! previ\s  leases !y 
_h be5 valu$ at #as4 #f;d4 an acre4 ,at 
t "t !  agriculture ( ,norfolk 0 ( !    
poore/ "*2 & we may judge  ( ! quality (
 ! ,holkham l& by comp>+ x ) ! av]age   
r5t ( #ajs4 an acre :i* ,ar?ur ,"y says 
prevail$ at ?is "t4  ,coke s5t = ! two  
t5ants1 ,mr4 ,brett & ,mr4 ,tann1 & (f]$
 to  r5ew _! leases at a slightly high] 
figure1 namely #es4 an acre4  ,bo?      
refus$2 & ,mr4 ,brett je]$ at !         
sugge/ion1 say+ t !  l& 0 n wor? ev5 !  
#as4 #f;d4 an acre :i* _h orig9ally be5 
paid = x4 ,?is curt refusal 0 en\gh = a 
man ( ,coke's  temp]am5t4 ,he =?) decid$
 to f>m ! l& himself4 ,x 0  ?us t a "y  
man ( tw5ty-two1 possessor ( a pr9cely  
=tune1  fre% f ! salons ( ,europe1      
sudd5ly turn$ 8 back on a gay  &        
fa%ionable _w2 & /ung into action by !  
laught] ( a lazy  t5ant1 took up !      
managem5t ( a /]ile f>m1 rais$ a p>i% f 
pov]ty to afflu5ce1 trans=m$ a desolate 
c\nty into a cornfield1  & left a "n    

r5[n$ 9 ! annals ( ,engli% agriculture4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ! hi/ory ( agriculture1 ! "n ( ,coke 
is *iefly rememb]$  by ^? fam\s ga!r+s  
locally kn[n z ,coke's ,clipp+s4 ,^!    
wond]ful meet+s began 9 a simple way ) !
 clipp+ or %e>+  ( %eep1 b soon came to 
embrace ! :ole realm ( ! rural  indu/ry4
 ,z might be imag9$1 :5 ,coke took ov] !
 managem5t (  8 f>ms1 he _h n ! slighte/
 k ( ! sci5ce &  practice ( agriculture4
 ,s he call$ toge!r 8 neighb\rs &       
frankly ask$ _! advice4    ,!y 9 turn 7 
d\btless glad to meet a "y man s ke5 & s
  eag] to le>n4 ,soon !y br\ght _!      
fri5ds & _! relatives1  & two ye>s lat] 
^! little c\ntry ga!r+s _h assum$ a m   
def9ite "*1 & 7 !reupon call$ ,coke's   
,clipp+s4 ,soon  agriculturi/s f all    
p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 wrote to ask if !y
  might att5d4 ,swiftly & /eadily ! fame
 ( ! clipp+s grew1  till pres5tly       
sci5tific & o!r celebrat$ m5 f ! ,unit$ 
,/ates & ! ,cont95t travell$ to ,engl&  
to take "p 9 ^!  meet+s4 ,ye> by ye> !y 

increas$ 9 numb]s till at la/ !y        
embrac$ e nationality1 e pr(ession1 & e 
rank 9 life1  f ,royalty to ! poore/    
peasant4 ,holkham _h1 9 fact1 become a  
great exp]im5tal f>m--a private e/ate   
turn$ by ! ent]prise (  its own] into a 
public in/itution4 ,n[adays1 we are     
famili> )  ,/ate exp]im5tal f>ms1 :i*   
are visit$ by ?\s&s ( f>m]s  once or    
twice a ye>4 ,b a c5tury ago su* a ?+ 0 
unhe>d (1  & ,coke may ju/ly be t]m$ !  
,fa!r ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>m4  ,at ^!     
%e>+s ,coke pres5t$ _m cups & prizes = !
  inv5tion ( any new agricultural       
implem5t1 = sugge/ions )  reg>d to      
improv$ sy/ems ( cropp+1 ( irrigation1 (
 enri*+  ! soil1 & = articles on        
agricultural subjects--9 a ^w1 to  e "o 
:o contribut$ to advance any bran*      
:atsoev] ( !  agricultural indu/ry4     
,moreov]1 we are told t at a meet+ (    
#ahjc  sweep/akes 7 (f]$ = guess+ !     
correct weight ( a we!r4  ,! w9n] 0 a   
c]ta9 ,mr4 ,money ,hill1 :o guess$ !    
exact  weight--#acj lbs42 :ile a but*]  

nam$ ,rett 0 a good second1 & he  guess$
 ! weights ( f\r o!r %eep )9 "o p\nd4 ,x
 is said  t1 "o ye>1 !re di$ on !       
,holkham e/ate a t5ant :o _h won  no    
less ?an #hjj 9 prizes at ! clipp+s4    
,p>ty politics 7  c>efully exclud$ f ^! 
meet+s1 & any attempt to introduce a    
p>ty _s into ! spee*es at ! annual d9n]s
 0 at once  sil5c$ by ,coke4 ,z a       
politician he 0 a prom95t ,:ig1 b z an  
agriculturi/ he sank 8 politics & op5$ 8
 doors to m5 (  m]it irrespective ( _!  
views4 ,?us he gave ,sir ,john ,s9clair 
a  magnific5t goblet z a tok5 ( 8       
appreciation ( ,s9clair's ,code  (      
,agriculture1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,sir   
,john 0 a /rong  support] ( ! vile      
,tories & _! vil] head1 ,mr4 ,pitt4 ,sir
  ,john 0 pleas$ beyond measure &       
rem>k$1 ) a true ,highl&  c\rtesy1 t    
hi!rto ! mo/ priceless heirloom 9 8     
ca/le _h  be5 ! dr9k+ cup ( ,m>y ,que5 (
 ,scots1 b h5ce=? he w\ld  look on !    
goblet ( 8 ,:ig fri5d z 8 greate/       
treasure4    ,! la/ ( ,coke's ,clipp+s  

took place 9 ! ye> #ahba4 ,x 0  att5d$  
by sev5 ?\s& p1 & la/$ ?ree :ole days4  
,!re  is some?+ v pleas+ 9 ! acc\nt (   
?is pa/oral sc5e4 ,a  /ately mansion 9 a
 spl5did p>k1 ) a gr\p ( village maid5s 
sp9n+ flax1 on a velvet lawn1 9 ! mid/ (
 a va/ conc\rse (  p drawn f all p>ts ( 
! e>?4 ,punctually at t5 o'clock 9  !   
morn+1 s we read1 ,miss ,coke came on to
 ! lawn1 accompani$ by  h] fa!r1 & !    
,duke ( ,sussex4 ,!n aft] greet+s tak5 &
  greet+s giv51 ! va/ cr[d proce$$1 "s  
rid+1 "s driv+1  "s walk+1 to inspect ! 
diff]5t f>ms on ! e/ate4 ,! fir/  day 0 
giv5 up to ! /udy ( ! inoculat$ pa/ure1 
prize  cattle1 new implem5ts1 %eep-%e>+ 
amid f>m crops4 ,! second day  0 devot$ 
to fre% fields1 f>m s*ools & cottage    
g>d5s4 ,!  ?ird day 0 absorb$ 9 !       
inspection ( ! c>cases ( animals  t _h  
be5 slaught]$1 spee*-mak+1 & !          
di/ribution (  prizes4 ,on t day at #c  
p4m41 sev5 hundr$ gue/s sat d[n to      
d9n]1 a mid-day meal1 :i*1 ) ! spee*es &
 prizes la/$ =  sev5 h\rs6 ,! hi/orian (

 ?is p]iod has left u an acc\nt (  ! mo/
 popul> toa/s at ^! annual banquets1 su*
 z ,a ,f9e  ,fleece & a ,fat ,c>case1 ,!
 ,pl\gh & a ,good ,use ( ,x1 :ile  !    
tribute to ,coke's ef=ts to enclose all 
wa/e l&s always  br\ght d[n ! h\se1 = x 
wittily ran3 ,! ,enclos+ ( all  ,wai/s1 
& ,coke's own toa/ ,live & ,let ,live1 0
 inv>iably  greet$ ) tumultu\s applause4
 ,! two annali/s :o h left u            
unimpea*able acc\nts ( ^? memorable     
meet+s are bo? agre$  t ,coke himself 0 
! c5tral figure4 ,dr4 ,rigby1 9 ,holkham
 &  its ,agriculture 7#ahah7 writes3 ,he
 is ev]y:]e & ) ev]yone4  ,he solicits  
enquiry f ev]yone4 ,at ea* halt 9 ! ride
 little  knots ( p collect$ r\nd him &  
li/5$ ) absorb$  int]e/ to all he said1 
:ile = h\rs he ?us su/a9$ !  "* ( lead]1
 lectur]1 & ho/4 ,& ! ,am]ican          
,ambassador  ( t day1 ,8 ,excell5cy ,mr4
 ,ri*>d ,ru%1 writes 9 ,a ,resid5ce  at 
! ,c\rt ( ,london1 ,no matt] :at !      
subsequ5t advance (  ,engli% agriculture
 or its results1 ,mr4 ,coke w ev] take  

hon\rable  rank among ! pione]s ( !     
great "w4 ,come :at w 9 !  future1 !    
,holkham %eep-%e>+s' w live 9 ,engli%   
rural  annals4 ,long w tradition speak (
 !m z unit+ improvem5ts 9  agriculture  
to an abundant1 cordial1 & joy\s        
hospitality4    ,:5 ,coke />t$ to f>m 9 
,norfolk ! value ( rotation 0  unkn[n4  
,!n1 x 0 cu/om>y to gr[ ?ree :ite /raw  
crops 9  succession foll[$ by broadca/  
turnips4 ,x 0 n to be wond]$ at  t soil 
:i* consi/$ ma9ly ( drift+ s& & %>p1    
fl9ty  gravel %\ld soon become worn out4
 ,coke *ang$ ?is practice &  grew only  
two :ite crops 9 succession & !n let !  
l& lie 9  pa/ure = ! next two ye>s4 ,he 
began to manure heavily2 & us$          
rape-cake z a top dress+ ) m>k$ success4
 ,moreov]1 he f\nd  t ! soil ( almo/ !  
:ole di/rict 0 compos$ ( v light  s& &  
und]laid ) a /ratum ( ri* m>l4 ,pits 7  
op5$1 !  m>l dug out1 & scatt]$ ov] !   
surface ( ! l&4 ,?is n  only promot$    
f]tility1 b gave to ! soil t solidity   
:i* is  s ess5tial to ! gr[? ( :eat1 ,x 

0 ,coke's pr\d boa/ t he  turn$ ,we/    
,norfolk f a rye-gr[+ into a :eat-gr[+  
di/rict4  ,b x took him elev5 ye>s be=e 
he c\ld get :eat to gr[ on !  poor1 s&y 
soil ( 8 own e/ate4 ,nev]!less1 be=e he 
di$1  ^! s-call$ rabbit & rye l&s 7     
yield+ z mu* z  ?irty-two bu%els to !   
acre4 ,8 ma9 idea 0 to /ock heavily2  m 
= ! sake ( manure ?an = ! sake ( meat4  
,he p9n$ 8  fai? on ! motto3 ,muck is ! 
"m ( money4 ,& we are told  t he 0      
accu/om$ to say to 8 t5ants1 ,if y w    
keep an  extra y>d ( bullocks1 ,i w     
build y a y>d & %$s free (  exp5se4 ,he 
0 a pati5t man b he 0 once he>d to      
rem>k3 ,x is  difficult to tea* any?+ to
 adult ignorance4 ,i _h to cont5d )     
prejudice1 an ignorant impati5ce (      
*ange1 & a root$ atta*m5t  to old       
me?ods4 ,he ref]r$ to ! fact t ! f>m]s  
/ill  p]si/$ 9 ! old sy/em ( s[+ c]eals 
broadca/1 or else  labori\sly made holes
 ) a dibb+-iron into :i* ! gra9 0       
dropp$1 :ile ano!r man foll[$ ) a rake &
 cov]$ up !  holes4 ,?us he us$ ! drill 

= sixte5 ye>s be=e any ( 8  neighb\rs   
c\ld be induc$ to adopt x2 & ev5 :5 !   
f>m]s  began at la/ to see ! b5efit (   
?is rapid mann] ( s[+1 he  e/imat$ t its
 spread 0 only a mile ea* ye>4 ,by-&-by1
  h[ev]1 he notic$ t a qua9t t]m = a    
good crop ( b>ley _h  come into use at  
,holkham4 ,8 f>m]s spoke ( hat-b>ley = !
  reason t if a man ?r[s 8 hat into a   
crop ( b>ley1 ! hat  re/s on ! surface  
if ! crop is good1 b falls to ! gr\nd if
  ! crop is bad4 ,all sir1 said 8 t5ants
 at l5g?1 is  'hat-b>ley' s9ce ! drill  
came4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,coke 0 nev] tir$ (      
exp]im5t+ ) e k9d ( crop4  ,cocksfoot   
7or*>d grass7 0 cultivat$ ) great       
success &  numb]s ( %eep 7 fatt5$ on x4 
,on l&1 once consid]$  wor?less1 he cut 
f\r hundr$ tons ( sa9fo9 f "o hundr$ &  
f\r acres4 ,he e>ly recognis$ ! m]its ( 
sw$es1 & 0 !  fir/ to gr[ !m on a l>ge  
scale4 ,he made a special /udy ( birds  
9 relation to ! eradication ( grubs4    
,f9d+ a field ( turnips  infe/$ ) a l>va

 :i* caus$ black cank] he turn$ f\r     
hundr$  ducks into ! field :i* !y cle>$ 
( ?is pe/ 9 five days4  ,e>ly 9 8 c>e]  
,coke disc>d$ ! native %eep ( ,norfolk1 
)  backs z n>r[ z rabbits1 9 fav\r ( !  
,s\?d[ns1 & gradually  became "o ( !    
l>ge/ %eep-bre$]s 9 ,engl&4 ,enc\rag$ by
  ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ano!r em95t          
agriculturi/1 he />t$ a h]d  ( ,nor?    
,devons1 & !reaft] br$ !m ) mu* success4
 ,he also  improv$ ! ,suffolk bre$ (    
pigs by cross+ !m ) !  ,neapolitan1     
!reby obta9+ a sup]ior quality ( pork4  
,af=e/ation 0 "o ( 8 special hobbies4   
,he fully realis$ !  tru? ( ! old say+ t
 a tree is gr[+ :ile its plant] is      
sleep+4 ,e ye> he plant$ fifty acres (  
timb]1 mo/ly oak1  ,spani% *e/nut1 &    
bee*1 till he _h ?ree ?\s& acres (      
bleak1 w9d-swept c\ntry well cov]$4 ,he 
p]mitt$ ! poor ( !  neighb\rhood to     
plant potatoes among 8 "y trees = two or
 ?ree  ye>s2 a practice :i* kept 8 l&   
clean & sav$ ! exp5se (  hoe+4 ,& 9 !   
ye> #ahcb he emb>k$ 9 a %ip built ( oak 

f  ! acorns :i* he himself _h plant$4   
,he always ma9ta9$ t ! int]e/s ( l&lord 
& t5ant 7  id5tical4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to 
enc\rage 8 t5ants to ex]t  !mselves to !
 utmo/1 he let out 8 f>ms on long leases
 (  tw5ty-"o ye>s at a mod]ate r5tal &  
burd5$ ) b few  re/rictions4 ,he soon   
saw1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( an indol5t     
t5ant a long lease w\ld mean ! rapid    
det]ioration ( !  prop]ty4 ,x happ5$ at 
?is "t t a c]ta9 f>m] nam$ ,mr4         
,ov]man1 :o _h be5 =emo/ 9 fur!r+ ! new 
agricultural  s*emes1 appli$ = a f>m on 
! ,holkham e/ate4 ,coke all[$ him1  z an
 exp]im5t1 to draw up ! cov5ants ( 8 own
 lease4 ,ov]man  /raightway ins]t$ a    
clause mak+ ! improv$ c\rse ( cropp+    
compulsory4 ,coke 0 s pleas$ t he at    
once made ?is lease !  model = all 8 o!r
 t5ants ) a few slight modifications4 ,&
  s ! l& 0 fully protect$ f any possible
 injury ?r\gh a  long p]iod ( bad f>m+4 
,by su* improv$ me?ods ,coke is said to 
h rais$ ! annual r5tal ( 8 e/ate f      
#b1bjj to #bj1jjj2  :ile ! ye>ly fall ( 

timb] & und]wood av]ag$ #b1gjj--;a sum  
:i* exce$$ ! :ole ( 8 old r5t roll4     
,dur+ 8 sixty-six  ye>s at ,holkham he  
sp5t ov] half a million p\nds /]l+ on   
improvem5ts alone1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt 
! l>ge sums sp5t  on 8 h\se1 doma91 &   
home-f>m build+s4 ,yet x is av]r$ t  ?is
 va/ outlay 0 all rega9$ 9 due c\rse4   
,at t p]iod !  ,holkham e/ate consi/$ ( 
#d1cjj acres 9 a r+ f5ce1 ) a p>k  (    
#c1ejj acres surr\nd$ by a t5-mile wall 
close to ! sea4 ,9 a  volume entitl$    
,agricultural ,writ]s 7#abjj-ahjj7 by   
,donald  ,mc,donald1 ! "n ( ,coke does n
 appe>4 ,& x w\ld seem t all  he ev]    
wrote 7 "s pap]s = ! ,annals (          
,agriculture 7,ar?ur  ,"y71 & a pamphlet
 on ,an ,address to ! ,freehold]s (     
,norfolk4    ,! biography ( ?is         
rem>kable man has rec5tly be5 writt5 9  
two  brightly b\nd & lavi%ly illu/rat$  
volumes by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,w4  ,/irl+1 "u
 ! title ( ,coke & 8 ,fri5ds4#c ,8      
memory  well des]v$ ! labori\s & lov+   
tribute ( 8 en?usia/ic  great gr&-*ild4 

,b to be ( any practical value to !     
agriculturi/1 ! book mu/ be greatly     
cond5s$4 ,out ( ?irty-five  *apt]s we c 
f9d only five :i* tell ( 8 s]vices to ! 
agricultural indu/ry4 ,out ( a ?\s& odd 
pages we c f9d only  "o hundr$ & sixte5 
:i* be> on ! sci5ce & practice (  f>m+4 
,out ( sixty-f\r c>efully execut$       
illu/rations we c  only f9d f\r :i* h   
any?+ :atsoev] to d ) rural  affairs4 ,x
 may be affirm$ t ,coke 0 mu* m ?an a   
m]e  agriculturi/4 ,t is v true2 b      
surely 8 fame re/s f> m  on 8 s]vices to
 rural progress ?an on 8 reputation z a 
politician1 a society lead]1 or a       
l&lord4 ,we !re=e hope t at  no di/ant  
date ! same fl[+ p5 :i* has produc$ !   
bulki]  volumes w compile a h&i] life   
deal+ altoge!r ) ,coke's  agricultural  
do+s4 ,coke di$ 9 #ahdb at ! age (      
eighty-eight1 &  0 buri$ 9 ! family     
mausoleum atta*$ to ! ,tittle%all ,*ur*1
  ,norfolk4    #c ,publi%$ by ,mr4 ,john
 ,lane1 ,london4    ,9 a life drama s   
vivid & =ceful !re are yet two vivid    

sc5es  we _c fail to recall4 ,x 0 ,coke 
:o br\ght =w>d ! motion  9 ! ,h\se (    
,commons to recognise ! indep5d5ce ( !  
,am]ican  ,colonies4 ,all night long !  
,h\se sat4 ,at #h4cj a4m41 ! end came4  
,amid brea?less sil5ce ! result 0       
ann\nc$ #agg ,noes1 #agh ,ayes4  ,x 0   
,coke :o ann\nc$ to ! ob/9ate1          
discomfit$ ,k+ !  result ( t great      
debate1 :]eby ! disa/r\s fratricidal w> 
0 =ev] end$ & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates  ackn[l$g$ by ! ,p>liam5t ( ! ,"m
 ,c\ntry1 aft] n9e  bitt] ye>s1 by a    
majority ( "o vote4 ,! ,p>i% ( ,burnham 
lies  next to ! ,p>i% ( ,holkham4 ,& !  
son ( ! rector ( ! =m]  village1 a      
fragile1 delicate lad1 us$ sometimes to 
jo9 ,mr4 ,coke's  h\nds :5 !y 7 out     
c\rs+4 ,b he 0 nev] ask$ to %oot1  z    
only once _h he be5 kn[n to hit a       
p>tridge4 ,"o day ?is poor  "y man1     
return+ f a two ye>s' cruise paid a     
visit to 8  weal?y neighb\r & /ay$      
ov]night4 ,! great-uncle ( 8 ho/  built 
! mansion h\se ( ,holkham1 & ,?omas     

,william ,coke sp5t all  8 life & a l>ge
 =tune 9 develop+ ! family e/ate4 ,b !  
,briti% p plac$ ,nelson1 ! frail & n]v\s
 gue/1 :o slept  t night 9 ! humble     
turret-room1 on ! top ( ! ,column 9 !   
c5tre ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e4               
,,*apt] ,,iii      ,,ar?ur ,,"y3 ,,au?or
 ,,( ,,! ,,agricultural ,,t\r           
,! magic ( prop]ty turns s&s into gold4 
,give a man !      secure possession ( a
 bleak rock1 & he w turn x into a       
g>d52 give him a n9e ye>s' lease ( a    
g>d51 & he w      conv]t x into a       
des]t4--,ar?ur ,"y4    ,ar?ur ,"y1 !    
greate/ ( ,engli% agriculturi/s & !     
poore/  ( practical f>m]s1 0 born at    
,:itehall1 ,london1 9 ! ye> #agda4  ,he 
0 ! y\nge/ son ( ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,ar?ur  
,"y1 ,preb5d>y  ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1  
,rector ( ,bradfield1 & ( ,anne         
,lucretia1  daught] ( ,john de ,c\smak]1
 a ,dut*man :o accompani$ ,william (    
,orange to ,engl&4 ,f 8 fa!r ,ar?ur     
inh]it$ good looks &  lit]>y tal5t2 & f 
8 "m ! love ( le>n+ &  brilliant &      

pleas+ spee*4    ,mrs4 ,"y br\ght h]    
cl]ical husb& a l>ge d[ry1 mu* ( :i*  0 
swall[$ up 9 ! vortex ( 8 debts1 & lat]1
 on 8 dea?1  9 promot+ ! agricultural   
s*emes ( h] gift$ b unbus9esslike  son4 
,8 home f ! fir/1 & = ! mo/ "p ( 8 life1
 0  ,bradfield ,hall 9 ! ,c\nty (       
,suffolk--a prop]ty :i* _h be5 9  ! h&s 
( ! ,"y family s9ce ! ye> #afgb4 ,aft] a
 visit to  ,bradfield1 rea*$ f ,m>ks    
,tey on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 y d  n
 wond] at ,"y's e>ly love ( rural life4 
,a broad1 w9d+1  elm-bord]$ road1 mead[s
 knee-deep 9 wild fl[]s & wav+  grasses1
 tangl$ h$ges ( eglant9e & honeysuckle1 
ru/l+  cornfields & sil5t woods--^!1 all
 ^!1 7 ! sweet pa?ways  to 8 home4      
,at ! age ( sev5 ! lad 0 s5t to !       
,gramm> ,s*ool at ,lav5ham  9 ord] to   
le>n ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 toge!r 
) writ+  & ari?metic4 ,ow+ to !         
indulg5ce ( a fond "m1 8  att5dance at 8
 classes 0 irregul>1 & nei!r ! c5turions
 (  ,cs> nor ! woo]s ( ,p5elope 7 able  
to beguile him f 8  pony1 8 po9t] & 8   

gun4 ,b ! *eapness ( 8 bo>d &  s*ool+   
w\ld delight ! he>ts ( _m p>5ts 9 !     
,transvaal  & else:]e 9 ! ye> ( grace   
#aiab4 ,"h is ! bill3--         ,! ,rev4
 ,dr4 ,"y to ,john ,c\lt] 7,ma/] (      
,lav5ham ,s*ool71       ,xmas1 #agej to 
,xmas1 #agea4 ,a ye>'s bo>d1 etc41 #ae4 
,sundries1 #b       #ds4 #d;d4 ,total1  
#ag #ds4 #d;d4    ,on leav+ ,lav5ham1 he
 0 appr5tic$1 at ! wi% ( 8 "m1  to a    
w9e-m]*ant at ,lynn4 ,he des]t$ 8 new   
"w4 ,he 0 fond (  music & ! drama4 ,he  
excell$ 9 danc+1 b 0 always a dilig5t   
s*ol>4    ,8 income1 9 ^? days1 0 n     
excessive1 be+ ?irty p\nds p]  annum3 b 
8 fopp]y 9 dress depriv$ him ( ! means  
:]e) to  pur*ase 8 belov$ books4        
,accord+ly1 he wrote a pamphlet entitl$ 
,! ,!atre ( ! ,pres5t ,w> 9 ,nor?       
,am]ica1 = :i* he  receiv$ t5 p\nds'    
wor? ( books f ! publi%]4 ,m balls      
compell$ him to compile m political     
pamphlets 9 ord] to procure  m books4 ,9
 ! ye> #agei1 at ! age ( eighte51 he    
left !  c\nt+ h\se at ,lynn1 z he tells 

u 9 8 own words1 )\t  education1        
pursuits1 pr(ession or employm5t4 ,t    
same ye> 8  fa!r di$ mu* 9 debt4    ,he 
next w5t to ,london & />t$ at 8 own     
exp5se a mon?ly  magaz9e call$ ,!       
,univ]sal ,museum4 ,x fail$1 & he       
return$  home4 ,all 8 weal? 0 n[ summ$  
up 9 a freehold f>m ( tw5ty  acres4 ,8  
"m own$ eighty acres at ,bradfield4 ,%e 
p]suad$ him  to reside ) h] & to manage 
! f>m4 ,he _h no k (  agriculture1 b he 
accept$1 & tells ! /ory 9 8 own words3  
,"y1 eag]1 & totally ignorant ( e       
necess>y detail1 x is  n surpris+ t ,i  
squ&]$ l>ge sums "u gold5 dreams (      
improvem5t4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r he    
m>ri$ ,miss ,m>?a ,all5  ( ,lynn4 ,"o ( 
8 biograph]s says3 ,! m>riage br\ght him
 an  enviable connection--troops (      
fri5ds1 a passport into brilliant       
circles1 b no fireside happ9ess4 ,! lady
 0 evid5tly ( a  capti\s disposition1   
%rewi% temp] & n>r[ sympa?ies4 ,ano!r   
biograph] writes3 ,a lov+ son1 a devot$ 
fa!r1 ,"y 0 an  indiff]5t husb&4        

,hav+ fail$ to make a success ( 8 fir/  
f>m1 ,"y1 no?+  daunt$1 und]took !      
cultivation ( ,samp=d ,hall 9 ,essex4   
,?is  f>m consi/$ ( #cjj acres ( good   
arable l&4 ,b want ( practical  k1 &    
want ( capital1 drove him f x1 & aft] a 
five  ye>s' t5ancy he paid a f>m] #ajj  
to take x (f 8 h&s4 ,8  successor made a
 =tune on x4 ,b dur+ ^! five ye>s ,"y _h
  made a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 !      
results ( :i* he aft]w>ds  publi%$ 9 two
 l>ge volumes "u ! title ( ,a ,c\rse (  
,exp]im5tal ,agriculture4 ,/ill un%ak5 9
 8 love ( ! soil1 he  s\ght ano!r f>m1 &
 ! que/ furni%$ mat]ials = 8 ,six       
,weeks' ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,c\nties1 a 
v popul> "w :i*  ran ?r\gh sev]al       
editions4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t on ! advice  
( 8 ,suffolk bailiff he took a f>m ( "o 
hundr$ acres at ,nor?  ,mimms 9         
,h]t=d%ire4 ,?is prop]ty _h a good h\se1
 b t seems  to h be5 all4 ,he 0 deceiv$ 
by see+ x 9 a specially good  season4   
,?is speculation prov$ worse ?an ! la/2 
b 8  picturesque p5 nev] fail$3 ,i "k   

:at epi!t to give ?is soil4  ,/]ility   
falls %ort ( ! idea--a hungry1 vitriolic
 gravel4 ,i  occupi$ = n9e ye>s ! jaws (
 a wolf4 ,! simple fact 0 t  :5ev] he   
put p5 to pap] he 0 successful2 :5ev] he
 turn$ to  practical f>m+ he 0 a ru9$   
man4    ,he cont9u$ to write4 ,8 publi%]
 call$ = m t\rs4 ,8  receipts 7         
consid]able1 yet we f9d him record+3 ,no
 c>?orse  ev] lab\r$ z ,i did at ?is    
p]iod1 sp5d+ l an idiot1 always  9 debt1
 9 spite ( :at ,i e>n$ ) ! sweat ( my   
br[1 &  almo/ my he>t's blood--! ye>'s  
receipts #a1afg4 ,ab\t ?is "t  he wrote 
,obs]vations on ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( !     
,wa/e ,l&s (  ,great ,brita91 & 0 elect$
 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,f9d+  t 
he c\ld n make en\gh to live on at f>m+1
 he accept$ an  appo9tm5t z ,p>liam5t>y 
,report] = ! ,morn+ ,po/ at five  gu9eas
 a week--a mo/ incongru\s job = a f>m]  
s9ce x compell$  him to be abs5t f 8    
home dur+ six days ( ! week4 ,yet he    
reta9$ x = sev]al ye>s--walk+ sev5te5   
miles d[n to 8  f>m e ,saturday ev5+ &  

return+ to ,london e ,monday  morn+4    
,9 ! ye> #aghd ,"y began ! publication (
 ! ,annals (  ,agriculture--a mon?ly    
publication :i* ran ?r\gh =ty-five      
volumes4 ,^! annals cov]$ ! :ole field (
 ,agriculture 9 !  =m ( lett]s & essays 
f ! mo/ em95t rurali/s ( ! age4  ,b m   
?an a f\r? "p ( ! :ole s]ies came f !   
editor's  ceaseless p54 ,ev5 ! ,k+ 0    
p]suad$ to contribute two lett]s  "u !  
nom de plume ( ,ralph ,rob9son1 8       
,w9dsor %eph]d4  ,"y relat$ ) mu* pride 
t ,8 ,maje/y said to him "o day on  !   
t]race ( ,w9dsor3 ,mr4 ,"y1 ,i consid]  
myself z m oblig$  to y ?an to any o!r  
man 9 my ,dom9ions2 :ile ! ,que5  obs]v$
 t !y nev] travell$ )\t a copy ( !      
,annals 9  ! ,royal c>riage4 ,^! volumes
 creat$ q a /ir 9 ,european  circles1 & 
f all p>ts ( ! ,cont95t !re flock$      
s*ol>s to  /udy at ! feet ( ! ,abel>d ( 
,engli% ,agriculture4 ,a ye> lat]  ,"y's
 "m di$ & ,bradfield ,hall & f>m became 
8 prop]ty4    ,if ,tull 0 ! f\nd] (     
dry-f>m+1 & ,coke ! fa!r ( !  exp]im5tal

 f>m1 ,"y 0 unque/ionably ! au?or ( !   
agricultural t\r4 ,f 8 f]tile p5 fl[$ ,!
 ,s\!rn1 ,!  ,nor!rn1 & ,! ,ea/]n ,t\rs1
 toge!r ) ,! ,t\r 9  ,irel&4 ,! fir/    
?ree t\rs 7 translat$ into ,russian by !
  express comm& ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 :o
 at ! same "t s5t  sev]al "y ,russians  
to reside at ,bradfield = in/ruction 9  
,briti% agriculture4 ,x 0 8 own op9ion t
 ! mo/ useful  feature ( ! t\rs 0 !     
practical in=mation :i* !y gave on  !   
important subject ( ! correct c\rses (  
crops1 on :i* all  prec$+ writ]s _h be5 
sil5t4 ,8 mo/ fam\s & mo/ popul>  "w 0 8
 ,travels 9 ,france dur+ ! ye>s #aghg1  
#aghh &  #aghi4    ,yet ^! rem>kable    
j\rneys 7 =e-%ad[$ tw5ty ye>s be=e  9 a 
little book he wrote entitl$ ,! ,f>m]'s 
,lett]s to ! ,p  ( ,engl&1 9 :i* he     
says3 ,! nobility & m5 ( l>ge =tune     
travel1 b no f>m]s2 un=tunately1 ^? :o h
 ?is peculi>  & di/+ui%+ advantage1 !   
noble opportunity ( b5efit+  !mselves & 
_! c\ntry1 seldom enquire or ev5 ?9k    
ab\t  agriculture4    ,!n comes a sket* 

( a f>m]'s t\r ) ! r\tes laid d[n =  !  
imag9>y travell]1 be+ precisely ^? roads
 he himself 0 to  foll[ two decades     
lat]4    ,9 ! ye> #aghg he receiv$ a    
press+ invitation f a ,poli%  fri5d 9   
,p>is to jo9 ! ,c\nt de la ,ro*ef\cauld 
9 a t\r ( !  ,pyr5ees4 ,?is 0 t\*+ a /r+
 tremul\s to vibrate1 he  writes3 ,i _h 
long wi%$ = an opportunity to exam9e    
,france4 ,8  travels 9 ,france 7 !      
s5sation ( ! h\r4 ,no "o _h done  q !   
same ?+ be=e4 ,he 0 an eye-witness ( !  
mov+  sc5es :i* u%]$ 9 ! ,fr5*          
,revolution4 ,8 "n 0 9  ev]ybody's m\?4 
,he receiv$ invitations to ,c\rts &     
salons4  ,all ! le>n$ societies enroll$ 
him z a memb]4 ,8 "w 0  translat$ into a
 score ( languages4 ,pr9ces1 /atesm51   
sci5ti/s1  m5 ( lett]s1 simple f>m]s &  
pla9 peasants paid a visit to           
,bradfield4 ,among 8 correspond5ts we   
note ! names ( ,wa%+ton1  ,pitt4 ,burke1
 ,wilb]=ce1 ,lafayette1 ,prie/ly &      
,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,s  x happ5$ t :5 !      
afflu5t ,coke ( ,norfolk 0 hold+ a      

,cont95tal %eep-%e>+ salon at ,holkham1 
8 indig5t neighb\r1  fifty miles to !   
s\?1 0 hold+ a ,european levee to       
discuss !  fundam5tal pr9ciples ( rural 
economy4    ,f\r ye>s lat] ,"y's he>t 0 
brok5 by ! dea? ( 8  fav\rite daught]1  
,bobb9 at ! e>ly age ( f\rte54 ,he      
develop$ religi\s melan*olia1 %unn$     
society1 left 8 ,j\rnal  blank & brood$ 
ov] s]mons4 ,8 sight began to fail4 ,he 
0  op]at$ on = cat>act4 ,wilb]=ce1 w>n$ 
to be c>eful1 w5t1 a  week lat]1 to see 
him 9 ! d>k5$ room4 ,9 8 sweet & elegant
  voice ! ,great ,emancipator spoke     
feel+ly ( ! dea? ( a mutual  fri5d4 ,"y 
bur/ into te>s & became = ev] bl9d4 ,!  
rema9d] ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 prea*+ !      
,gospel to !  peasantry & 9 works (     
*>ity4 ,he di$ 9 ! eightie? ye> (  8 age
 9 ,sackville ,/reet1 ,london1 & 0 buri$
 at ,bradfield1  ,april1 #ahbj4    ,x is
 impossible 9 ?is brief article to d m  
?an m5tion !  writ+s ( ,"y4 ,^! we mu/  
res]ve = a subsequ5t pap]4 ,our  libr>y 
is f> f complete1 yet we possess        

sixty-six volumes ( 8  sp>kl+ prose1    
:i*1 plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 atta9 to a      
height (  n9e feet--a monum5t ( amaz+   
indu/ry4 ,true1 he 0 n exempt  f ^?     
petty jeal\sies :i* s (t5 m> ! "* (     
em95t m54 ,he tri$ to snat* "s cr$it = !
 ,bo>d (  ,agriculture f ,sir ,john     
,s9clair1 & he sc(f$ at ! idea t  ,je?ro
 ,tull _h inv5t$ ! corn-drill4 ,he met &
 conv]s$ ) !  greate/ savants ( ! age1  
yet 8 m9d nev] bur/ ! old w9e  bottles  
:i* he s]v$ out 9 ! ,suffolk /ore4 ,& s 
he arrogantly  says t ,canada & ,nova   
,scotia are n wor? colonis+4 ,if !y     
cont9ue poor1 !y w be no m>kets4 ,if ri*
 !y w revolt2 &  t p]haps is ! be/ ?+ !y
 c d = our int]e/4 444  ,! loss ( ,india
 mu/ come4 ,x ought to come4 ,yet ) all 
8  fooli% fancies :at a spl5did life6 ,=
 he 0 ! ,prophet ( !  ,new ,agriculture 
9 ! ,valley ( ,dry ,bones4 ,& ,engl& may
 well write  ! epitaph ( h] illu/ri\s   
son 9 ! words ( ,ezekiel3 ,?is l&  t 0  
desolate is become l ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54    
,,*apt] ,,iv      ,,john ,,s9clair3     

,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture
      ,"o ( ! e>lie/ recollections ( !  
writ]'s *ildhood z he  fi%$ = tr\t 9 !  
,sw9ey ,burn 9 ! f> ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 0  
! tale ( a c]ta9 wond]ful man t 0 wont  
to tie little %oes  on ! feet ( 8 %eep 9
 ord] to keep !m w>m :ile walk+  ?r\gh !
 sn[4 ,b _m a tr\t _h to be caught1 & _m
 a ripple  ( ! %9+ riv] _h to pass b5ea?
 ! ,?urso ,bridge ere he  le>n$ ! "n ( !
 /range p]son :o /ruck 8 *ildi% fancy  z
 he look$ up f 8 quiv]+ l9e into !      
wi/ful eyes ( a  ,*eviot ewe on !       
lonely1 w9e-r$1 moor4    ,sir ,john     
,s9clair1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,briti% ,bo>d (   
,agriculture1  0 born 9 ,?urso ,ca/le 9 
! c\nty ( ,cai?ness1 on ,may #aj?1      
#aged4 ,8 fa!r1 ,george ,s9clair1 !     
,laird ( ,ulb/]1 0 a  desc5dant ( !     
,e>ls ( ,cai?ness & ,orkney2 :ile 8 "m1 
,lady ,janet ,su!rl& ( ,dunrob91 0 !    
si/] ( ! sixte5?  ,e>l ( t "n4 ,z a *ild
 he 0 c>efully & wisely tra9$ by  8     
p>5ts4 ,f 8 fa!r1 a man ( lit]>y ta/es &
 deeply  religi\s "*1 he inh]it$ a love 

( books2 & f 8 g5tle  "m1 he le>n$ !    
lesson t life is n an empty dream2 & h] 
lad 0 soon to be kn[n z ! mo/           
indefatigable man 9 ,europe4    ,john 0 
educat$ at ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,ed9burgh1 
& at !  ,univ]sity ( ! same city :i* he 
ent]$ at ! e>ly age (  ?irte54 ,he also 
/udi$ at ,glasg[1 & at ,tr9ity ,college1
 ,ox=d4  ,he 0 call$ to ! ,b> 9 #aghb4  
,8 fa!r di$ sudd5ly :5 ,john  0 sixte51 
& he f\nd himself heir to ,e/ates       
compris+ "s  #ajj1jjj acres1 ma9ly bleak
 & b>r5 moor4 ,he at once began to      
improve 8 prop]ty4    ,scotti%          
agriculture 0 !n 9 a mo/ backw>d /ate4  
,! fields  7 un5clos$1 ! l&s 7 undra9$4 
,! small f>m]s (  ,cai?ness 7 s poor t  
!y c\ld h>dly af=d to keep a horse1  or 
ev5 a ,%etl& pony4 ,! burd5s 7 *iefly   
borne by wom54  ,inde$1 accord+ to      
,smiles1 if a cott> lo/ a horse1 x 0 n  
unusual = him to m>ry a wife z ! *eape/ 
sub/itute4    ,! c\ntry 0 )\t roads or  
bridges4 ,drov]s tak+ _! cattle  to !   
,s\? _h to swim riv]s alongside _!      

bea/s4 ,! *ief  track lead+ into !      
c\ntry lay along ! high %elf ( a m\nta9 
call$ ,b5 ,*eilt2 ! pa? be+ sev]al      
hundr$ feet above !  /orm-toss$ sea1 :i*
 ?und]$ on ! rocks bel[4    ,imag9e !   
l\d laught] ( ! eld]s ( ?is community :5
 !y  he>d a rum\r t "y ,s9clair propos$ 
to build 9 a s+le day a  road ov] ?is   
hi!rto impassable hill4 ,b ,john survey$
 ! road  himself1 & ord]$ up ! ,/atute  
lab\r4 ,at t "t ! law  decre$ t all     
capable inhabitants ( ! agricultural    
class %\ld  "w on ! roads = six days 9 e
 ye>4 ,& s1 e>ly "o summ]  morn+1 he    
assembl$ ! neighb\r+ f>m]s & _!         
s]vants--a  total ( #a1bfj4 ,ea* p>ty1  
on arrival1 0 assign$ a c]ta9 piece  ( !
 pa? :]e !y f\nd tools & provisions     
await+ !m4 ,at  sunset ( ! same ev5+ !  
y\? drove 8 c>riage & pair ov]  six     
miles ( m\nta9 road :i* ! night be=e _h 
be5 a dang]\s  %eep-track4 ,tid+s ( ?is 
exploit by a /ripl+ ( eighte5 spread  f>
 & wide1 & spurr$ ! sleep+ _s ( ! ,nor?4
    ,at ! age ( tw5ty-six1 ,john        

,s9clair 0 elect$ memb] (  ,p>liam5t = !
 c\nty ( ,cai?ness1 & rema9$ 9 ! ,h\se (
  ,commons = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,! great monum5t to ,s9clair's          
indefatigable indu/ry is 8  ,/ati/ical  
,acc\nt ( ,scotl& 9 tw5ty-"o volumes1 "o
 ( !  mo/ valuable works on agriculture 
ev] publi%$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,x  took sev5 
ye>s & sev5 mon?s ( incessant lab\r to  
complete4 ,x  0 !n t ! ^w /ati/ics &    
/ati/ical 7 fir/  introduc$ into !      
,engli% language by ,s9clair4 ,he made  
use ( !  cl]gy to obta9 ! in=mation he  
desir$4 ,he s5t a circul> lett]  to ea* 
p>i% m9i/] 9 ,scotl& ) #afj que/ions "u 
f\r  heads3 7#a7 ,geography & ,natural  
,hi/ory4 7#b7 ,population4 7#c7         
,production4 7#d7 ,miscellane\s         
subjects4    ,9 ! collection ( data _m  
difficulties occurr$4 ,"s ( !  cl]gy    
scorn$ ! idea t "o man c\ld collect &   
collate all  ?is in=mation3 o!rs 7 lazy 
bo? 9 m9d & body3 & "s  7 old & infirm4 
,sev]al p>i%es 7 vacant1 "s too huge to 

fully cov]1 _m 7 )\t roads1 & n a few   
sep>at$ by  tempe/u\s arms ( ! sea4 ,to 
ov]come ^! ob/acles he enli/$  ! aid ( !
 lead]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ( :i* he 0 
a  memb]1 & ! great l&[n]s1 & z a la/   
resort he employ$  /ati/ical mission>ies
 to supply ! miss+ in=mation4 ,he       
g5]\sly assign$ all ! pr(its ( ?is      
publication to !  ,scotti% ,fund = !    
b5efit ( ! sons ( ! cl]gy1 & obta9$  = t
 ,society a ,royal grant ( #b1jjj4      
,among ! direct results (  ?is "w 0 !   
rais+ ( ! /ip5ds ( m9i/]s &             
s*oolma/]s--surely a conv9c+ reply to 8 
critics 9 !  manses--! abolition ( :at 0
 !n call$ ?irlage or !  compulsory gr9d+
 ( corn at a p>ticul> mill4 ,*>les      
,abbot1  aft]w>ds ,"l ,col*e/]1 !       
orig9ator ( ! c5sus ( ,engl&1  wrote to 
,s9clair3 ,y\r success sugge/$ to me !  
idea1 & !  v>i\s bureaux ( /ati/ics 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries  c be      
directly trac$ to ! influ5ce ( 8        
treatise4    ,9 ! ye> #aghh ,s9clair    
f\nd$ ! ,wool ,society4 ,= "s "t he  _h 

be5 wond]+ :y ,%etl& wool 0 s extremely 
f9e4 ,meet+ at  ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9    
,ed9burgh a ,%etl& m9i/]1 he put !  "q  
to him & obta9$ mu* valuable in=mation  
:i* he at  once laid be=e ! ,highl&     
,society4 ,?is l$ him to =m !  ,briti%  
,wool ,society4 ,x 0 inaugurat$ by a gr&
 %eep-%e>+  fe/ival at ,ne:all's ,inn1  
,que5sf]ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 9 ! ye>      
#agia4 ,to ,s9clair1 !re=e1 belongs !   
cr$it ( initiat+ !  %eep-%e>+ conte/s   
:i* a few ye>s lat] develop$ into       
,coke's  fam\s clipp+s1 & :i* 7 !       
precursors ( our pres5t  agricultural   
%[s4 ,! fir/ agricultural %[ 0 held by !
  ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society at   
,ed9burgh 9 #ahbb4 ,x 0 !  ,long ,hill  
%eep ( ! ,ea/ ,bord] t ,s9clair         
re-*ri/5$ by !  n[ fam\s "n ( ,*eviot4  
,^! %eep soon became naturalis$ all  ov]
 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 & 9 a %ort "t ! r5t (
 %eep  firms rose to fabul\s prices4    
,pa/ures ( little value "u  co>se-wooll$
 %eep yield$ l>ge returns4 ,z an        
illu/ration (  ! practical value ( 8    

improvem5ts x may be m5tion$ t          
,s9clair's e/ate ( ,langwell1 :i* he _h 
b\ght = #h1jjj1  he aft]w>ds sold =     
#dj1jjj3 :ile ! e/ate ( ,reay 9         
,su!rl&%ire 0 pur*as$ at #cjj1jjj4 ,! "n
 ,*eviot comes  f ! range ( r\nd$ or    
cone-%ap$ hills gr[+ a sup]ior  pa/ure  
on ! ,scotti% & ,engli% bord]4    ,9 !  
op5+ l9es ( ?is article ,i spoke ( a    
*ildi% tale ab\t  %eep-%e>+4 ,t ?is     
leg5d is n m]e fiction may be se5 9  !  
foll[+ lett] ( ,ar?ur ,"y 7see          
,autobiography ( ,ar?ur  ,"y1 page      
#aei73 ,f ,sir ,j4 ,s9clair on clo?+ =  
%eep :i*  he s5t & desir$ me to buy4 ,i 
did s1 & ! re/ ( ! flock  took !m1 ,i   
suppose1 = bea/s ( prey1 & fl$ 9 all    
directions1  till ! clo!d %eep1 jump+   
h$ges & dit*es1 soon d]ob$  !mselves4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 8 ?ird lecture 9 ! ,cr[n ( ,wild     
,olives1 ,rusk9 po9ts out  t all ! pure 
& noble arts ( peace are f\nd$ on w>4 ,x
 is  wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to note t !      
,briti% ,bo>d ( ,agriculture  0 e/abli%$

 :5 ,brita9 0 engag$ 9 ! supreme /ruggle
 )  ,france1 :i* t]m9at$ on ! field (   
,wat]loo1 t ! ,national  ,dep>tm5t (    
,agriculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0        
inaugurat$ 9  ! mid/ ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & t
 ! ,transvaal ,dep>tm5t (  ,agriculture 
0 comm5c$ ere peace 0 sign$ at ,v]e5ig+4
 ,9  ! ye> #agic ,s9clair's s]vices 9   
re/or+ comm]cial confid5ce  dur+ !      
crisis :i* occurr$ at ! outbreak ( !    
,fr5* ,w>  7 recognis$ by ,pitt1 :o s5t 
= him to come to ,d[n+ ,/reet1  ?ank$   
him on behalf ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ask$ him 
if !re 0  any?+ t he desir$4 ,s9clair   
repli$ t he s\ght no fav\rs  = himself1 
b ! mo/ gratify+ ( all w\ld be !        
e/abli%m5t  by ,p>liam5t ( a great      
,national ,corporation to be call$ ,!   
,bo>d  ( ,agriculture4 ,9 due c\rse !   
,bo>d 0 successfully e/abli%$  ) ! ,k+ z
 ,patron1 ,s9clair z ,presid5t1 & ,ar?ur
 ,"y z  ,secret>y4 ,! annual ,p>liam5t>y
 grant 0 #c1jjj4    ,9 ?is brief review 
we h no space to foll[ ! =tune ( !      
,bo>d to ! date ( ! retirem5t ( its     

inspir+ f\nd]1 d[n to  ! "t :5 x return$
 #db1jjj to ! ,treasury--n kn[+ h[ to   
sp5d x--till x f9ally fad$ away 9 ! ye> 
#ahbb4 ,yet ! ,bo>d  accompli%$ mu*     
imp]i%able "w4 ,x c>ri$ out agricultural
  surveys1 publi%$ sev]al volumes (     
communications1 promot$ prize  essays on
 rural topics1 enc\rag$ ,elk+ton1 ! fa!r
 ( dra9age1  ,macadam ! road-mak]1 &    
,meikle1 ! inv5tor ( ! ?re%+  ma*9e1 &  
arrang$ lectures by ,sir ,humphry ,davy 
on agricultural  *emi/ry1 & by ,"y on   
tillage4    ,! nor? ( ,scotl& at t p]iod
 ow$ mu* to ,s9clair4 ,9 #aghb  he sav$ 
! inhabitants f a s]i\s fam9e by obta9+ 
a  ,p>liam5t>y grant ( #ae1jjj4 ,9 !    
same ye>1 along ) "s  o!r patriots1 he  
secur$ ! repeal ( ! law :i* =           
?irty-sev5 ye>s--s9ce ! ,rebellion (    
#agde--;_h =bidd5 !  use ( ! kilt4      
,s9clair 0 an en?usia/ic tree-plant] 9 a
 c\ntry :i* 0 once  wittily describ$ by 
an ,am]ican visitor z a ,great ,cle>+4  
,he  rebuilt ,?urso1 & f\nd$ ! h]r+     
fi%]ies at ,wick4 ,to ensure  ! success 

( ?is indu/ry he import$ ,dut* fi%]m5 to
 tea* !  ,cai?nessm5 ! art ( cat*+ &    
cur+ h]r+s4 ,he introduc$  improv$      
me?ods ( tillage1 a regul> rotation (   
crops1 & !  cultivation ( turnips1      
clov]1 & rye-grass4 ,"o ( 8 _m s*emes  0
 a ,g5]al ,enclosure ,bill1 8 toa/ at   
agricultural ga!r+s  be+3 ,may a ,common
 become an ,uncommon ,spectacle 9       
,cai?ness4    ,9 #aghf 8 atta*m5t to    
,william ,pitt 0 rew>d$ ) a b>onetcy4   
,sir ,john's dome/ic life 0 s+ul>ly     
happy4 ,on ref]r+ to ! old  book already
 m5tion$1 we read3 ,he has be5 twice    
m>ri$ to two (  ! mo/ beautiful wom5 9 !
 isl&4 ,8 fir/ lady1 a ,miss  ,maitl&1  
di$ prematurely 9 ! bloom ( y\?4 ,8     
pres5t lady is  ! daught] ( ! late ,"l  
,macdonald1 & by h] he has a son1       
,george1 & o!r *ildr54    ,x _c be d\bt$
 t ,sir ,john lov$ ! limelight1 possess$
 an  unb\nd$ self-conceit1 lack$ ! sav+ 
s5se ( hum\r1 &  ov]-e/imat$ 8 own      
a*ievem5ts4 ,b ^! vanities 7 b !  fitful
 smoke 9 ! blue flame ( a burn+ en]gy4  

,:at a lesson 9  indu/ry = ! y\? ( ,s\? 
,africa4 ,fifty ye>s ( ceaseless toil1  
au?or ( ?irty-n9e volumes & #cfg        
pamphlets4 ,?is ,scotti%  agriculturi/  
di$ 9 #ahce at ! ripe age ( eighty-"o1 &
 is  buri$ accord+ to an anci5t family  
rite1 9 ,holyrood ,*apel at             
,ed9burgh--! fri5d & confidant ( ?ree   
,engli% k+s4          ,,*apt] ,v        
,,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,i,c,k3 ,,inv5tor
 ,,( ,,! ,,reap]          ,i expect to  
die 9 h>ness1 because ?is is n ! _w =   
re/4 ,?is is ! _w = "w4 ,9 ! next _w we 
w h      ! re/4--,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick4
    ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t ^? p :o 
dev\tly *ant 9 a  million *ur*es ! f\r? 
s5t5ce ( ! ,"l's ,pray] %\ld ?9k  )     
gratitude ( any o!r p]son ?an ! ,div9e  
,giv] ( all ,good4  ,yet x is /range to 
reflect t al?\gh e s*oolboy kn[s  some?+
 ( ! life ( our lea/ ,poet ,laureate1 n 
"o 9 t5  ?\s& c\ld tell y ! c>e] ( ! man
 :o respond$ 9 a  truly miracul\s mann] 
to ! he>tfelt1 _w-voic$ mat9 ( bo?  ri* 
& poor1 ,give u ?is day our daily bread4

    ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 ! inv5tor ( 
! reap+ ma*9e1 0 born 9  ! ev5tful ye>  
#ahji4 ,x 0 ! bir? ye> ( ,d>w9 &        
,t5nyson1  ( ,m5delssohn1 ,glad/one1 &  
,l9coln4 ,he 0 born on ,walnut ,grove   
,f>m1 amid/ ! m\nta9s ( ,virg9ia1 "o    
hundr$ miles f !  sea4 ,he came ( t     
virile /ock t has prov$ to be ! ma9     
/r5g? ( ! ,republic1 t gave ,wa%+ton    
?irty-n9e ( 8  g5]als1 ?ree out ( f\r   
memb]s ( 8 ,cab9et1 & ?ree out  ( ! five
 judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt--! ,scots :o 
migrat$ to  ,ul/]1 & !nce to ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,rob]t ,mc,cormick1 ! fa!r  (   
,cyrus1 0 a fairly l>ge f>m]1 & an      
inv5tor ( no mean  ability4 ,! little   
log work%op is /ill %[n to ! enquir+    
t\ri/ :]e fa!r & son m\ld$ & m5d$ ma*9]y
 on _m a  ra9y day4 ,inde$1 we are told 
t ! ,mc,cormick home/ead 0 m  l a small 
factory ?an a f>m]'s home1 s full 0 x ( 
rural  indu/ries--sp9n+ & weav+1 soap & 
%oes1 butt]-mak+ &  bacon-cur+4 ,& x is 
m ?an likely t ! ceaseless activity  ( 8
 wise & ,celtic "m taught ,cyrus ! value

 ( ea* mom5t  ( "t4    ,ev] s9ce he 0 a 
*ild ( sev5 x 0 8 fa!r's ambition to    
inv5t a reap]4 ,he made "o1 & tri$ x 9 !
 h>ve/ ( #ahaf1 b  x prov$ a failure4 ,x
 0 a fanta/ic ma*9e1 pu%$ f beh9d  by   
two horses4 ,x 0 highly +5i\s1 b x w\ld 
n cut ! corn1  & 0 haul$ (f ! field to  
become "o ( ! jokes ( !  c\ntryside4    
,hurt by ! je/s ( 8 neighb\rs1 he lock$ 
! door  ( 8 work%op & toil$ away at     
night4 ,e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahca  he _h s 
improv$ 8 reap] t he gave x ano!r trial4
 ,aga9 x  fail$4 ,true1 ! ma*9e cut !   
corn fairly well1 b x flung x  on !     
gr\nd 9 a tangl$ heap4 ,satisfi$ t !re 0
 some?+  radically wrong1 ,rob]t        
,mc,cormick gave up ! reap] aft] hav+   
work$ at x = ov] fifte5 ye>s4    ,at ?is
 po9t ,cyrus took up ! task :i* 8 fa!r  
_h reluctantly  ab&on$4 ,he %[$ 8 g5ius 
f ! v />t by adopt+ a new  pr9ciple (   
op]ation4 ,fir/ ( all1 he inv5t$ !      
divid] to  sep>ate ! corn to be cut f ! 
corn left /&+4 ,next came !  reciprocat+
 blade1 & ! f+]s1 ! revolv+ reel1       

plat=m1  & side draught1 &1 la/ly1 ! big
 driv+ :eel4 ,"o day late 9  ! mon? (   
,july1 9 ! summ] ( #ahca1 ,cyrus put a  
horse betwe5  ! %afts ( 8 reap]4 ,) no  
spectators save 8 fa!r &  "m1 8 bro!rs &
 si/]s1 he drove d[n to a pat* ( yell[  
gra94 ,to t little family circle x mu/ h
 be5 a mom5t (  int5se excitem5t4       
,click1 click1 click--! :ite blade %ot  
to &  fro4 ,:at a %\t ( joy6 ,! :eat is 
cut & falls ^u ! plat=m  9 a gold51     
%imm]+ swa!6    ,?us at ! e>ly age (    
tw5ty-two ,cyrus _h inv5t$ ! fir/       
practical reap] t ! _w _h se54 ,& n[    
began 8 n9e  ye>s' /ruggle ) adv]sity1 f
 :i* he em]g$ 9 triumph to  become !    
greate/ manufactur] ( h>ve/+ ma*9es t   
,am]ica  has produc$4 ,9 ord] to obta9  
funds ) :i* to manufacture  reap]s he   
/>t$ to f>m4 ,b he soon f\nd t x 0      
impossible  to raise suffici5t capital  
by ?is means4 ,ne> by 0 a l>ge  deposit 
( iron ore1 & he =?) resolv$ to build a 
furnace &  make iron4 ,he p]suad$ 8 fa!r
 & ! s*ool tea*] to become  8 p>tn]s4 ,=

 sev]al ye>s ! furnace did fairly well1 
:51  sudd5ly1 ! price ( iron fell4 ,!   
,mc,cormicks 7 bankrupt4 ,cyrus  gave up
 ! f>m1 & /uck grimly to 8 reap]4 ,"o   
day ! village  con/able rode up to ! f>m
 door ) a summons = a debt (  n9e-te5   
doll>s1 b he 0 s impress$ ) ! indu/ry ( 
!  ,mc,cormicks t he _h n ! he>t to s]ve
 ! notice4 ,x 0 !  d>ke/ h\r be=e !     
dawn4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,! same ye> 7#ahdj7 a    
/rang] rode 9 f ! nor? & drew re9  9    
front ( ! little log work%op4 ,he 0 a   
r\gh look+ man )  ! homely "n ( ,abraham
 ,smi?1 b to ,cyrus he came z an angel  
( light4 ,he _h come ) fifty doll>s 9 8 
pocket to buy a  reap]--! fir/ t 0 ev]  
sold4 ,a %ort "t lat] two o!r  f>m]s    
came on ! same err&1 & t summ] ?ree     
reap+  ma*9es 7 work+ 9 ! :eat-fields ( 
,am]ica4 ,9 #ahdb  ,mc,cormick sold sev5
 ma*9es1 & 9 #ahdd fifty4 ,! home f>m _h
  n[ become a busy factory4    ,?ree    
ye>s lat] a fri5d said to him ,cyrus1 :y
 don't y g ,we/  ) y\r reap]1 :]e ! l&  

is level & lab\r *eap8    ,x 0 ! call ( 
! ,we/4    ,he travell$ ov] ! b\ndless  
prairies1 & 0 quick to see t  ?is great 
l&-ocean 0 ! natural home ( ! reap]4    
,/raightway  he transf]r$ 8 factory to  
,*icago--!n1 9 #ahdg1 a =lorn little    
t[n ( less ?an #aj1jjj s\ls4 ,8 bus9ess 
fl\ri%$4 ,9 !  great fire ( #ahga 8     
factory1 :i* 0 !n turn+ out #aj1jjj     
h>ve/]s a ye>1 0 totally de/roy$4 ,at ! 
^w ( 8 wife he  rebuilt x anew ) amaz+  
rapidity4 ,& s we f9d t ! t9y  work%op 9
 ! backwoods ( ,virg9ia has become !    
,mc,cormick ,city  9 ! he>t ( ,*icago4  
,9 ! sixty-five ye>s ( its life ?is     
manufactory has produc$ ov] #f1jjj1jjj  
h>ve/+ ma*9es1 & is  n[ p\r+ !m out at !
 rate ( ov] #g1jjj p] week4 ,!          
,mc,cormick  ,company is n[ kn[n z !    
,int]national ,h>ve/] ,company1 & 8     
elde/ son1 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 is ! 
,presid5t4 ,! annual output is          
#ge1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,x 0 ! reap] t      
enabl$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  dur+ ! f\r ye>s
 ( ! civil w>1 n only to fe$ ! armies  9

 ! field1 b at ! same "t to export to   
=eign c\ntries  #bjj1jjj1jjj bu%els (   
:eat4 ,& well might ! savants ( ! ,fr5* 
,academy ( ,sci5ce say1 :5 elect+ ,cyrus
 ,mc,cormick a memb]1 t  he _h done m = 
! cause ( agriculture ?an any o!r liv+  
man4    ,& n[ we mu/ trace ! evolution (
 ! reap] f its orig9 on  ! ,walnut      
,grove ,f>m to ! m>vell\s ma*9e (       
to-day4 ,= ab\t  ?irty ye>s x rema9$    
practically unalt]$ 9 design1 save t    
seats _h be5 add$ = ! rak] & ! driv]4 ,x
 did no m ?an  cut ! gra9 & leave x 9   
loose bundles on ! gr\nd4 ,x _h  aboli%$
 ! sickl] & cradl]1 b !re /ill rema9$ ! 
rak]  & b9d]4 ,might x n be possible to 
d away ) !m also1 &  leave only ! driv]8
 ,su* 0 ! fasc9at+ problem :i* n[       
confront$ ! inv5tor4    ,9 ! ye> #aheb a
 b$ridd5 cripple call$ ,je>um ,atk9s    
b\ght a  ,mc,cormick reap]1 & _h x plac$
 outside 8 w9d[4 ,to :ile away  ! we>y  
h\rs he actually devis$ an atta*m5t )   
two revolv+  iron arms1 :i*             
automatically rak$ (f ! cut gra9 f !    

plat=m to ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 a grotesque     
contrivance1 & 0  nicknam$ by ! f>m]s ! 
iron man4 ,nev]!less1 ?is inv5tion      
/imulat$ ! manufacture ( self-rake      
reap]s1 & soon ! ,am]ican  f>m] w\ld buy
 no o!r k9d4 ,?us "p ( ! problem _h be5 
solv$4 ,! rak] 0 aboli%$4 ,b !re /ill   
rema9$ ! h>d]  task ( supplant+ !       
b9d]--! man or ! woman :o ga!r$ up  !   
bundles ( cut corn & b\nd !m tightly    
toge!r ) a wisp  ( /raw into ! %eaf4    
,& n[ ano!r figure appe>s ^u ?is        
ev]-mov+ /age1 a "y  man by ! "n (      
,*>les ,b4 ,)+ton4 ,born at ,akron1     
,ohio1 a ye>  be=e ,mc,cormick inv5t$ 8 
reap]1 ?is delicate y\? 0 tra9$  by 8   
fa!r to be a wat*mak]4 ,at ! age (      
fifte51 9 ord] to  e>n pocket-money1 he 
w5t into ! h>ve/ field to b9d corn4 ,he 
0 n robu/1 & ! h>d1 /oop+ lab\r "u a hot
 sun w\ld  sometimes br+ ! blood to 8   
head 9 a hemorrhage4 ,!re 7  times aft] 
! day's "w 0 done :5 he 0 too we>y to   
walk  home1 & he w\ld ?r[ himself on !  
/ubble to re/4 ,at eighte5  he j\rney$  

to ! goldfields ( ,cali=nia1 drift$ to  
,au/ralia1  & 9 ! ye> #ahee arriv$ back 
9 ,wiscons9 ) #c1jjj doll>s 9  8 belt4  
,all ?is money he began to fritt] away 9
 try+ to inv5t  a self-rake reap]4      
,sudd5ly1 inspir$ by ! articles ( a     
rural  editor1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! b9d+ (    
corn %\ld be done by a  ma*9e1 ,)+ton   
dropp$ 8 self-rake & w5t /raight to "w  
to  make a self-b9d]4 ,he complet$ 8    
fir/ ma*9e 9 #ahgb1 b met  ) mu*        
disc\ragem5t until1 two ye>s lat]1 he   
came across  ,mc,cormick4    ,_!        
dramatic meet+ is be/ told by ,mr4      
,h]b]t ,m4 ,casson 9 8  int]e/+ volume1 
entitl$ ,cyrus ,hall ,mc,cormick3 ,8    
,life &  ,"w4         ,"o ev5+ 9 #ahgd a
 tall man2 ) a box "u 8 arm1 walk$      
diffid5tly up ! /eps ( ! ,mc,cormick    
home 9 ,*icago1 & rang       ! bell4 ,he
 ask$ to see ,mr4 ,mc,cormick1 & 0 %[n  
into !       p>l\r1 :]e he f\nd ,mr4    
,mc,cormick1 sitt+1 z usual1 9 a        
l>ge & com=table *air4         ',my "n  
is ,)+ton1' said ! /rang]2 ,i live 9    

,janesville1       ,wiscons94 ,i h "h a 
model ( a ma*9e t w automatically       
b9d gra94'         ,n[1 x s happ5$ t    
,mc,cormick _h be5 kept awake ne>ly !   
:ole ( ! previ\s night by a /ubborn     
bus9ess problem4 ,he       c\ld sc>cely 
hold 8 eyelids ap>t4 ,& :5 ,)+ton 0 9   
! mid/ ( 8 explanation1 ) ! int5tness ( 
a born       inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,mc,cormick  
fell fa/ asleep4 ,at su* a reception to 
8 *]i%$ ma*9e ,)+ton lo/ he>t4 ,he 0 a  
g5tle1       s5sitive man easily        
rebuff$1 & s1 :5 ,mc,cormick ar\s$ f    
8 nap1 ,)+ton _h dep>t$1 & 0 on 8 way   
back to       ,wiscons94 ,= a few       
seconds ,mc,cormick 0 unc]ta9 z to :e!r 
8 visitor _h be5 a reality or a dream4  
,!n he awoke ) a       />t into in/ant  
action4 ,a great opportunity _h come to 
him1 &       he _h let x slip4 ,he 0 at 
?is "t mak+ self-rake reap]s       &    
,m>% h>ve/]s2 b :at he want$--:at e     
reap]       manufactur] want$ 9 #ahga--0
 a self-b9d]4 ,he at once call$       "o
 ( 8 tru/$ workm54         ',i want y to

 g to ,janesville1' he said4 ,f9d a man 
nam$       ,)+ton & br+ him to me by !  
fir/ tra9 t comes back       to         
,*icago4'         ,! next day ,)+ton 0  
br\ght back1 & treat$ ) !       utmo/   
c\rtesy4 ,mc,cormick /udi$ 8 inv5tion1 &
 f\nd x to       be a mo/ rem>kable     
me*anism4 ,two /eel arms caught ea*     
bundle       ( gra91 :irl$ a wire       
tightly ar\nd x1 fa/5$ ! two ends       
toge!r ) a twi/1 cut x loose1 & toss$ x 
to ! gr\nd4       ,?is self-b9d] 0      
p]fect 9 all its details--z neat &      
effective a ma*9e z c\ld be imag9$4     
,mc,cormick 0 delight$4       ,at la/1  
"h 0 a ma*9e t w\ld aboli% ! b9d+ ( gra9
       by h&4    ,= six ye>s all w5t    
well ) ! ,mc,cormick & ,)+ton           
self-b9d]4 ,?is wond]ful wire-twi/+     
ma*9e 0 work+  ev]y:]e ) clockwork      
precision1 & 0 believ$ to be ! be/  t   
human +5uity c\ld devise4 ,all at once !
 manufactur+ _w  0 />tl$ ) ! news t     
,william ,de]+ _h made & sold  ?ree ?\s&
 tw9e self-b9d]s4 ,de]+1 by ?is dramatic

 move  became 9 a fla% ,mc,cormick's mo/
 p[]ful competitor4 ,he 0 n a  f>m]'s   
son1 l ! latt]1 be+ br$ 9 ! city & tra9$
 9 a  factory4 ,he _h be5 a successful  
m]*ant at ,ma9e1 !n left x to  ent] !   
h>ve/] trade4 ,he /ak$ 8 :ole =tune on  
mak+ tw9e  b9d]s4 ,he won1 & ,mc,cormick
 0 =c$ to foll[ 9 8 wake4 ,!  evolution 
( ! reap] into ! tw9e self-b9d] 0 an    
epo*-mak+  ev5t 9 ! agricultural _w4 ,x 
enorm\sly increas$ ! sales4 ,9  #ahhj1  
#fj1jjj reap]s 7 sold2 five ye>s lat] ! 
figures _h ris5  to #bej1jjj4 ,s9ce !n1 
) ! exception ( ! new knot-ty+  device1 
!re has be5 no real *ange 9 ! reap]4 ,x 
rema9s !  gr&e/ ( all agricultural      
ma*9es1 & "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+  me*anisms 
ev] devis$ by ! bra9 ( man4             
,mc,cormick di$ 9 #ahhd4 ,9 ! span ( 8  
own life ! reap] 0  born & br\ght to    
p]fection4 ,he creat$ x 9 a remote      
,virg9ian  village1 & he liv$ to see 8  
catalogue pr9t$ 9 tw5ty  languages1 & to
 "k t s long z ! human race cont9ues to 
eat  bread ! sun w nev] set on ! ,empire

 ( 8 reap]1 =  some:]e1 9 e mon? 9 all !
 ye>1 y w f9d ! corn  :ite unto ! h>ve/4
             99       99       99       
99       99      ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 
,,ltd41 ,,brunswick ,,/41 ,s4,e41 ,,&   
,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4             99     
99       99       99       99      ,,!  
,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies    ,edit$ by   
,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey        ,,!   
,,soil4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,k+4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4
      ,,! ,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,l&4 ,by  
,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4        
,,! ,,spray+ ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,e4 ,g4  
,lodeman4 #es4 #f;d4 net1      ,,milk   
,,& ,,its ,,products4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,w+4  
#fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,pr9ciples ,,(    
,,fruit ,,gr[+4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4    
#fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,by   
,e4 ,b4 ,voorhees4 #es4 #f;d4 net4      
,,irrigation ,,& ,,dra9age4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 
,k+4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,rural       
,,weal? ,,& ,,welf>e4 ,by ,g4 ,t4       
,fair*ild4 #es4 #f;d4 net4      ,,!     
,,f>m/ead4 ,by ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 #fs4    
#f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(     

,,agriculture4 ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4        
,bailey4       #es4 #f;d4 net4      ,,! 
,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,vegetable ,,g>d5+4 ,by
 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4       #fs4 #f;d4 net4 
,,g>d5-,,mak+4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 #fs4
 #f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,book4   
,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4    
,,! ,,prun+-,,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4
 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,=c+-,,book4 
,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 #es4 #f;d4 net4    
,,plant ,,bre$+4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4   
#es4 #f;d4 net4      ,,london3          
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies    ,edit$  
by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey           
,,f>m ,,p\ltry4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,watson4    
#fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,(     
,,animals4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan4 #fs4    
#f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,bus9ess 
,,h&book4 ,by ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 #cs4     
#f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,diseases ,,(      
,,animals4 ,by ,nelson ,s4 ,mayo4 #hs4  
#f;d4 net4      ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose ,a    
,,f>m4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,f4 ,hunt4 #gs4    

#f;d4 net4      ,,bu% ,,fruits4 ,by ,f4 
,w4 ,c>d4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,=age   
,,crops4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,voorhees4 #fs4    
#f;d4      ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,relation ,,to
 ,,c\ntry ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,jacob ,g4  
,lipman4       #fs4 #f;d4 net4          
,,fruit-,,gr[+ ,,9 ,,arid ,,regions4 ,by
 ,w4 ,paddock & ,o4 ,b4 ,:ipple4        
#fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,rural ,,hygi5e4  
,by ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,n4 ,ogd51 ,c4,e4 #fs4  
#f;d4 net4      ,,dry-,,f>m+4 ,by ,john 
,a4 ,widtsoe4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,law
 ,,= ,,! ,,am]ican ,,f>m]4 ,by ,john ,b4
 ,gre54 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      ,,! ,,tra9+
 ,,& ,,break+ ,,( ,,horses4 ,by ,m]ritt 
,w4 ,h>p]4       #as4 #f;d4 net4        
,,f>m ,,boys ,,& ,,girls4 ,by ,william  
,a4 ,mc,keever4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4         
,,%eep-,,f>m+ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,by  
,john ,a4 ,craig4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4       
,,co-,,op]ation ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,by  
,g4 ,h>old ,p[ell4 #fs4 #f;d4 net4      
,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes    ,all small caps 

=matt$ text has n be5 conv]t$ to ,,all  
,,caps to  di/+ui% !m f titles :i* 7    
pr9t$ z all caps4 ,!  bir? ye> = ,?omas 
,william ,coke is report$ on ,page #ag z
 #ageb2  page #cf /ates ,coke di$ 9     
#ahdb at ! age ( eighty-eight2 &        
,wikip$ia reports ,coke 0 born on #f    
,may #aged & di$ #cj ,june #ahdb  7ag$  
#hh74 ,s1 ! ye> ( ,coke's bir? on page  
#ag %\ld probably be  #aged4 ,wikip$ia  
%[s t a grave/one has be5 plac$ on ,mr4 
,tull's  re/+ place4