,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 #b4 ,9 ! ma!matical expressions 9 ?is text ! c>at "* repres5ts 'rais$ to ! p[]' 7example3 #acbb74 #c4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text file v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) _! translit]ations1 ) ! exception ( ,greek lett] 'pi' :i* is repres5t$ z pi4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,logical ,,!ory by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy ,) ! ,co-,op]ation ( ,memb]s & ,fell[s ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy ,! ,dec5nial ,publications ,second ,s]ies ,volume ,xi ,*icago ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press #aijc ,copyright1 #aijc ,by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,,preface ,?is volume pres5ts "s results ( ! "w done 9 ! matt] ( logical !ory 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago 9 ! fir/ decade ( its exi/5ce4 ,! elev5 ,/udies are ! "w ( eight diff]5t h&s1 all1 ) ! exception ( ! editor1 hav+ at "s p]iod held ,fell[%ips 9 ?is ,univ]sity1 ,dr4 ,heidel 9 ,greek1 ! o!rs 9 ,philosophy4 ,_! names & pres5t pursuits are indicat$ 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,! editor has occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 add$ a footnote or phrase :i* might s]ve to connect "o ,/udy m closely ) ano!r4 ,! pages 9 ! discussion ( ,hypo!sis1 on ,mill & ,:ewell1 are by him4 ,) ^! exceptions1 ea* writ] is individually & completely responsible = 8 own ,/udy4 ,! v>i\s ,/udies pres5t1 ! editor believes1 ab\t ! relative am\nt ( agreem5t & disagreem5t t is natural 9 view ( ! conditions ( _! orig94 ,! v>i\s writ]s h be5 9 contact ) "o ano!r 9 ,sem9>s & lecture c\rses 9 pursuit ( ! same topics1 & h _h to d ) %ap+ "o ano!r's views4 ,!re are sev]al o!rs1 n repres5t$ 9 ?is volume1 :o h also p>ticipat$ 9 ! evolution ( ! po9t ( view h]e9 set =?1 & to :om ! writ]s ackn[l$ge _! indebt$ness4 ,! disagreem5ts proce$ f ! div]sity ( int]e/s ) :i* ! diff]5t writ]s approa* ! logical topic2 & f ! fact t ! po9t ( view 9 "q is /ill 7happily7 develop+ & %[+ no signs ( becom+ a clos$ sy/em4 ,if ! ,/udies !mselves d n give a fair notion ( ! nature & degree ( ! h>mony 9 ! diff]5t writ]s' me?ods1 a preface is n likely to succe$ 9 s do+4 ,a few words may be 9 place1 h[ev]1 ab\t a matt] repeat$ly t\*$ ^u1 b n[h]e consecutively elaborat$--! m ultimate philosophical be>+ ( :at is set =?4 ,all agree1 ! editor takes ! lib]ty ( say+1 t judgm5t is ! c5tral function ( kn[+1 & h5ce af=ds ! c5tral problem ( logic2 t s9ce ! act ( kn[+ is intimately & indissolubly connect$ ) ! l yet div]se functions ( affection1 appreciation1 & practice1 x only di/orts results rea*$ to treat kn[+ z a self-inclos$ & self-explanatory :ole--h5ce ! intimate connections ( logical !ory ) functional psy*ology2 t s9ce k appe>s z a function )9 exp]i5ce1 & yet passes judgm5t ^u bo? ! processes & cont5ts ( o!r functions1 its "w & aim mu/ be di/9ctively recon/ructive or trans=matory2 t s9ce ,reality mu/ be def9$ 9 t]ms ( exp]i5ce1 judgm5t appe>s accord+ly z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! consci\sly effect$ evolution ( ,reality goes on2 t !re is no reasonable /&>d ( tru? 7or ( success ( ! kn[+ function7 9 g5]al1 except ^u ! po/ulate t ,reality is ?us dynamic or self-evolv+1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 except ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! specific (fices :i* kn[+ is call$ ^u to p]=m 9 readju/+ & exp&+ ! means & ends ( life4 ,& all agree t ?is conception gives ! only promis+ basis ^u :i* ! work+ me?ods ( sci5ce1 & ! prop] dem&s ( ! moral life1 may co-op]ate4 ,all ?is1 d\btless1 does n take u v f> on ! road to detail$ conclusions1 b x is bett]1 p]haps1 to get />t$ 9 ! "r direction ?an to be s def9ite z to erect a dead-wall 9 ! way ( f>!r movem5t ( ?\ght4 ,9 g5]al1 ! obligations 9 logical matt]s ( ! writ]s are r\ghly comm5surate ) ! direction ( _! criticisms4 ,^u ! :ole1 mo/ is due to ^? ^: views are mo/ %>ply oppos$4 ,to ,mill1 ,lotze1 ,bosanquet1 & ,bradley ! writ]s !n owe special indebt$ness4 ,! editor ackn[l$ges p]sonal indebt$ness to 8 pres5t colleagues1 p>ticul>ly to ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,mead1 9 ! ,faculty ( ,philosophy1 & to a =m] colleague1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,lloyd1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,= bo? inspiration & ! =g+ ( ! tools ) :i* ! writ]s h work$ !re is a pre-em95t obligation on ! "p ( all ( u to ,william ,james1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 :o1 we hope1 w accept ?is ackn[l$gm5t & ?is book z unwor?y tok5s ( a reg>d & an admiration t are coequal4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,?\ght & its ,subject-,matt] #a ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,ii4 ,?\ght & its ,subject-,matt]3 ,! ,antec$5ts ( ,?\ght #bc ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,iii4 ,?\ght & its ,subject-,matt]3 ,! ,datum ( ,?9k+ #di ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,iv4 ,?\ght & its ,subject-,matt]3 ,! ,cont5t & ,object ( ,?\ght #fe ,by ,,john ,,dewey ,v4 ,bosanquet's ,!ory ( ,judgm5t #hf ,by ,,hel5 ,,brad=d ,,?ompson1 ,ph4,d41 ,director ( ! ,psy*ological ,laboratory ( ,m\nt ,holyoke ,college ,,vi4 ,typical ,/ages 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,judgm5t #abg ,by ,,simon ,,fras] ,,mcl5nan1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,ob]l9 ,college ,,vii4 ,! ,nature ( ,hypo!sis #adb ,by ,,myron ,,lucius ,,a%ley1 ,ph4,d41 ,in/ructor1 ,am]ican ,correspond5ce ,s*ool ,,viii4 ,image & ,idea 9 ,logic #ahc ,by ,,will>d ,,cl>k ,,gore1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,,ix4 ,! ,logic ( ! ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy #bjc ,by ,,william ,,ar?ur ,,heidel1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,i[a ,college ,x4 ,valuation z a ,logical ,process #bbg ,by ,,h5ry ,,waldgrave ,,/u>t1 ,ph4,d41 ,in/ructor 9 ,philosophy 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a ,,xi4 ,"s ,logical ,aspects ( ,purpose #cda ,by ,,addison ,,web/] ,,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,i ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]3 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,problem ,,( ,,logical ,,!ory ,no "o d\bts t ?\ght1 at lea/ reflective1 z di/9ct f :at is sometimes call$ con/itutive1 ?\ght1 is d]ivative & second>y4 ,x comes aft] some?+ & out ( some?+1 & = ! sake ( some?+4 ,no "o d\bts t ! ?9k+ ( ev]yday practical life & ( sci5ce is ( ?is reflective type4 ,we ?9k ab\t2 we reflect ov]4 ,if we ask :at x is :i* is prim>y & radical to ?\ght2 if we ask :at is ! f9al objective = ! sake ( :i* ?\ght int]v5es2 if we ask 9 :at s5se we are to und]/& ?\ght z a d]iv$ proc$ure1 we are plung+ ourselves into ! v he>t ( ! logical problem3 ! relation ( ?\ght to its empirical antec$5ts & to its consequ5t1 tru?1 & ! relation ( tru? to reality4 ,yet f ! nave po9t ( view no difficulty atta*es to ^! que/ions4 ,! antec$5ts ( ?\ght are our univ]se ( life & love2 ( appreciation & /ruggle4 ,we ?9k ab\t any?+ & ev]y?+3 sn[ on ! gr\nd2 ! alt]nat+ clanks & ?uds t rise f bel[2 ! relation ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e to ! embroglio 9 ,v5ezuela2 ! relation ( art to indu/ry2 ! poetic quality ( a pa9t+ by ,botticelli2 ! battle ( ,m>a?on2 ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory2 ! prop] def9ition ( cause2 ! be/ me?od ( r$uc+ exp5ses2 :e!r & h[ to r5ew ! ties ( a brok5 fri5d%ip2 ! int]pretation ( an equation 9 hydrodynamics2 etc4 ,?r\gh ! madness ( ?is miscellane\s citation !re appe>s s mu* ( me?od3 any?+--ev5t1 act1 value1 ideal1 p]son1 or place--may be an object ( ?\ght4 ,reflection busies itself alike ) physical nature1 ! record ( social a*ievem5t1 & ! endeavors ( social aspiration4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to su* affairs t ?\ght is d]ivative2 x is ) ref]5ce to !m t x int]v5es or m$iates4 ,tak+ "s "p ( ! univ]se ( action1 ( affection1 ( social con/ruction1 "u its special *>ge1 & hav+ busi$ itself !re) suffici5tly to meet ! special difficulty pres5t$1 ?\ght releases t topic & ent]s ^u fur!r m direct exp]i5ce4 ,/ick+ = a mom5t to ?is nave /&po9t1 we recognize a c]ta9 rhy?m ( direct practice & d]iv$ !ory2 ( prim>y con/ruction & ( second>y criticism2 ( liv+ appreciation & ( ab/ract description2 ( active endeavor & ( pale reflection4 ,we f9d t e m direct prim>y attitude passes ^u occasion into its second>y delib]ative & discursive c\nt]p>t4 ,we f9d t :5 ! latt] has done its "w x passes away & passes on4 ,f ! nave /&po9t su* rhy?m is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!re is no attempt to /ate ei!r ! nature ( ! occasion :i* dem&s ! ?9k+ attitude1 nor to =mulate a !ory ( ! /&>d by :i* is judg$ its success4 ,no g5]al !ory is prop\nd$ z to ! exact relation%ip betwe5 ?9k+ & :at antec$es & succe$s x4 ,mu* less d we ask h[ empirical circum/ances c g5]ate rationality ( ?\ght2 nor h[ x is possible = reflection to lay claim to p[] ( det]m9+ tru? & !reby ( con/ruct+ fur!r reality4 ,if we 7 to ask ! ?9k+ ( nave life to pres5t1 ) a m9imum ( !oretical elaboration1 its conception ( its own practice1 we %\ld get an answ] runn+ n unlike ?is3 ,?9k+ is a k9d ( activity :i* we p]=m at specific ne$1 j z at o!r ne$ we engage 9 o!r sorts ( activity3 z conv]se ) a fri5d2 draw a plan = a h\se2 take a walk2 eat a d9n]2 pur*ase a suit ( clo!s2 etc41 etc4 ,9 g5]al1 its mat]ial is any?+ 9 ! wide univ]se :i* seems to be relevant to ?is ne$--any?+ :i* may s]ve z a res\rce 9 def9+ ! difficulty or 9 sugge/+ modes ( deal+ effectively ) x4 ,! measure ( its success1 ! /&>d ( its validity1 is precisely ! degree 9 :i* ! ?9k+ actually disposes ( ! difficulty & all[s u to proce$ ) m direct modes ( exp]i5c+1 t are =?) possess$ ( m assur$ & deep5$ value4 ,if we inquire :y ! nave attitude does n g on to elaborate ^! implications ( its own practice into a sy/ematic !ory1 ! answ]1 on its own basis1 is obvi\s4 ,?\ght arises 9 response to its own occasion4 ,& ?is occasion is s exact+ t !re is "t1 z !re is ne$1 only to d ! ?9k+ :i* is ne$$ 9 t occasion--n to reflect ^u ! ?9k+ itself4 ,reflection foll[s s naturally ^u its appropriate cue1 its issue is s obvi\s1 s practical1 ! entire relation%ip is s organic1 t once grant ! position t ?\ght arises 9 reaction to specific dem&1 & !re is n ! p>ticul> type ( ?9k+ call$ logical !ory because !re is n ! practical dem& = reflection ( t sort4 ,our att5tion is tak5 up ) p>ticul> que/ions & specific answ]s4 ,:at we h to reckon ) is n ! problem (1 ,h[ c ,i ?9k b]haupt8 b1 ,h[ %all ,i ?9k "r "h & n[8 ,n :at is ! te/ ( ?\ght at l>ge1 b :at validates & confirms ?is ?\ght8 ,9 con=mity ) ?is view1 x foll[s t a g5]ic acc\nt ( our ?9k+ behavior1 ! g5]ic acc\nt t]m$ logical !ory1 arises at hi/oric p]iods 9 :i* ! situation has lo/ ! organic "* above describ$4 ,! g5]al !ory ( reflection1 z ov] aga9/ its concrete ex]cise1 appe>s :5 occasions = reflection are s ov]:elm+ & s mutually conflict+ t specific adequate response 9 ?\ght is block$4 ,aga91 x %[s itself :5 practical affairs are s multif>i\s1 complicat$1 & remote f control t ?9k+ is held (f f successful passage into !m4 ,anyh[ 7/ick+ to ! nave /&po9t71 x is true t ! /imulus to t p>ticul> =m ( reflective ?9k+ t]m$ logical !ory is f\nd :5 circum/ances require ! act ( ?9k+ & nev]!less imp$e cle> & coh]5t ?9k+ 9 detail2 or :5 !y occasion ?\ght & !n prev5t ! results ( ?9k+ f ex]cis+ directive influ5ce ^u ! imm$iate conc]ns ( life4 ,"u ^! conditions we get su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,:at is ! relation ( rational ?\ght to crude or unreflective exp]i5ce8 ,:at is ! relation ( ?\ght to reality8 ,:at is ! b>ri] :i* prev5ts reason f complete p5etration into ! _w ( tru?8 ,:at is x t makes u live alt]nately 9 a concrete _w ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* ?\ght z su* f9ds n satisfaction1 & 9 a _w ( ord]$ ?\ght :i* is yet only ab/ract & ideal8 ,x is n my int5tion "h to pursue ! l9e ( hi/orical inquiry ?us sugge/$4 ,inde$1 ! po9t w\ld n be m5tion$ did x n s]ve to fix att5tion ^u ! nature ( ! logical problem4 ,x is 9 deal+ ) ?is latt] type ( que/ions t logical !ory has tak5 a turn :i* sep>ates x widely f ! !oretical implications ( practical delib]ation & ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! two latt]1 h[ev] mu* !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 detail1 agree 9 a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,!y bo? assume t e reflective problem & op]ation arises ) ref]5ce to "s specific situation1 & has to subs]ve a specific purpose dep5d5t ^u its own occasion4 ,!y assume & obs]ve di/9ct limits--limits f :i* & to :i*4 ,!re is ! limit ( orig9 9 ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> situation :i* evokes reflection4 ,!re is ! limit ( t]m9us 9 successful deal+ ) ! p>ticul> problem pres5t$--or 9 retir+1 baffl$1 to take up "s o!r "q4 ,! qu]y t at once faces u reg>d+ ! nature ( logical !ory is :e!r reflection ^u reflection %all recognize ^! limits1 endeavor+ to =mulate !m m exactly & to def9e _! relation%ips to ea* o!r m adequately2 or %all x aboli% limits1 d away ) ! matt] ( specific conditions & specific aims ( ?\ght1 & discuss ?\ght & its relation to empirical antec$5ts & rational consequ5ts 7tru?7 at l>ge8 ,at fir/ blu%1 x might seem z if ! v nature ( logical !ory z g5]alization ( ! reflective process mu/ ( necessity disreg>d ! matt] ( p>ticul> conditions & p>ticul> results z irrelevant4 ,h[1 ! implication runs1 c\ld reflection become g5]aliz$ save by elim9ation ( details z irrelevant8 ,su* a conception 9 fix+ ! c5tral problem ( logic fixes once = all its future c>e] & mat]ial4 ,! ess5tial bus9ess ( logic is h5ce=? to discuss ! relation ( ?\ght z su* to reality z su*4 ,x may1 inde$1 involve mu* psy*ological mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! discussion ( ! processes :i* antec$e ?9k+ & :i* call x out4 ,x may involve mu* discussion ( ! concrete me?ods ( inve/igation & v]ification employ$ 9 ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,x may busily conc]n itself ) ! diff]5tiation ( v>i\s types & =ms ( ?\ght--diff]5t modes ( conceiv+1 v>i\s con=mations ( judgm5t1 v>i\s types ( inf]5tial reason+4 ,b x conc]ns itself ) any & all ( ^! ?ree fields1 n on _! own acc\nt or z ultimate1 b z subsidi>y to ! ma9 problem3 ! relation ( ?\ght z su*1 or at l>ge1 to reality z su*1 or at l>ge4 ,"s ( ! detail$ consid]ations ref]r$ to may ?r[ light ^u ! t]ms "u :i* ?\ght transacts its bus9ess ) reality2 ^u1 say1 c]ta9 peculi> limitations x has to submit to z be/ x may4 ,o!r consid]ations ?r[ light ^u ! ways 9 :i* ?\ght gets at reality4 ,/ill o!r consid]ations ?r[ light ^u ! =ms :i* ?\ght assumes 9 attack+ & appreh5d+ reality4 ,b 9 ! end all ?is is incid5tal4 ,9 ! end ! "o problem holds3 ,h[ d ! specifications ( ?\ght z su* hold good ( reality z su*8 ,9 f9e1 logic is suppos$ to gr[ out ( ! epi/emological inquiry & to lead up to its solution4 ,f ?is po9t ( view v>i\s aspects ( logical !ory are well /at$ by an au?or :om lat] on we %all consid] 9 "s detail4 ,lotze#a ref]s to univ]sal =ms & pr9ciples ( ?\ght :i* hold good ev]y:]e bo? 9 judg+ ( reality & 9 weigh+ possibility1 irrespective ( any diff]5ce 9 ! objects4 ,?is def9es ! bus9ess ( pure logic4 ,?is is cle>ly ! "q ( ?\ght z su*--( ?\ght at l>ge or 9 g5]al4 ,!n we h ! "q ( h[ f> ! mo/ complete /ructure ( ?\ght 444 c claim to be an adequate acc\nt ( t :i* we seem compell$ to assume z ! object & occasion ( our ideas4 ,?is is cle>ly ! "q ( ! relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge4 ,x is epi/emology4 ,!n comes appli$ logic1 hav+ to d ) ! actual employm5t ( concrete =ms ( ?\ght ) ref]5ce to inve/igation ( specific topics & subjects4 ,?is appli$ logic w\ld1 if ! /&po9t ( practical delib]ation & ( sci5tific rese>* 7 adopt$1 be ! sole g5u9e logic4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght 9 itself hav+ be5 agre$ ^u1 we h 9 ?is appli$ logic only an incid5tal inquiry ( h[ ! p>ticul> resi/ances & oppositions :i* pure ?\ght meets f p>ticul> matt]s may be/ be disc\nt$4 ,x is conc]n$ ) me?ods ( inve/igation :i* obviate defects 9 ! relation%ip ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge1 z ^! pres5t !mselves "u ! limitations ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x deals m]ely ) h9drances1 & ) devices = ov]com+ !m2 x is direct$ by consid]ations ( utility4 ,:5 we reflect t ?is field includes ! entire proc$ure ( practical delib]ation & ( concrete sci5tific rese>*1 we beg9 to realize some?+ ( ! significance ( ! !ory ( logic :i* reg>ds ! limitations ( specific orig9ation & specific outcome z irrelevant to its ma9 problem1 :i* assumes an activity ( ?\ght pure or 9 itself1 t is1 irrespective ( any diff]5ce 9 its objects4 ,?is sugge/s1 by contra/1 ! opposite mode ( /at+ ! problem ( logical !ory4 ,g5]alization ( ! nature ( ! reflective process c]ta9ly involves elim9ation ( mu* ( ! specific mat]ial & cont5ts ( ! ?\ght-situations ( daily life & ( critical sci5ce4 ,q compatible ) ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! notion t x seizes ^u c]ta9 specific conditions & factors1 & aims to br+ !m to cle> consci\sness--n to aboli% !m4 ,:ile elim9at+ ! p>ticul> mat]ial ( p>ticul> practical & sci5tific pursuits1 7#a7 x may /rive to hit ^u ! common d5om9ator 9 ! v>i\s situations :i* are antec$5t or prim>y to ?\ght & :i* evoke x2 7#b7 x may attempt to %[ h[ typical features 9 ! specific antec$5ts ( ?\ght call out to div]se typical modes ( ?\ght-reaction2 7#c7 x may attempt to /ate ! nature ( ! specific consequ5ces 9 :i* ?\ght fulfils its c>e]4 7#a7 ,x does n elim9ate dep5d5ce ^u specific occasions z provocative ( ?\ght2 b endeavors to def9e :at 9 ! v>i\s situations con/itutes !m ?\ght-provok+4 ,! specific occasion is n elim9at$1 b insi/$ ^u & br\ght into ! =egr\nd4 ,consequ5tly psy*ological consid]ations are n subsidi>y incid5ts1 b ( ess5tial importance s f> z !y enable u to trace ! g5]ation ( ! ?\ght-situation4 7#b7 ,s f ?is po9t ( view ! v>i\s types & modes ( conceiv+1 judg+1 & inf]5ce are treat$1 n z qualifications ( ?\ght p] se or at l>ge1 b ( ?\ght engag$ 9 its specific1 mo/ economic1 effective response to its own p>ticul> occasion2 !y are adaptations = control ( /imuli4 ,! di/9ctions & classifications t h be5 accumulat$ 9 =mal logic are relevant data2 b !y dem& int]pretation f ! /&po9t ( use z organs ( adju/m5t to mat]ial antec$5ts & /imuli4 7#c7 ,f9ally ! "q ( validity1 or ultimate objective ( ?\ght1 is relevant2 b is su* z a matt] ( ! specific issue ( ! specific c>e] ( a ?\ght-function4 ,all ! typical inve/igatory & v]ificatory proc$ures ( ! v>i\s sci5ces are inh]5tly conc]n$ z indicat+ ! ways 9 :i* ?\ght actually br+s itself to its own successful fulfilm5t 9 deal+ ) v>i\s types ( problems4 ,:ile ! epi/emological type ( logic may1 z we h se51 leave 7"u ! "n ( appli$ logic71 a subsidi>y place op5 = ! in/rum5tal type1 ! type :i* deals ) ?9k+ z a specific proc$ure relative to a specific antec$5t occasion & to a subsequ5t specific fulfilm5t1 is n able to reciprocate ! favor4 ,f its po9t ( view1 an attempt to discuss ! antec$5ts1 data1 =ms1 & objective ( ?\ght1 ap>t f ref]5ce to p>ticul> position occupi$1 & p>ticul> "p play$ 9 ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce is to rea* results :i* are n s mu* ei!r true or false z !y are radically mean+less--because !y are consid]$ ap>t f limits4 ,its results are n only ab/ractions 7= all !oriz+ ends 9 ab/ractions71 b ab/ractions )\t possible ref]5ce or be>+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! tak+ ( some?+1 :e!r t some?+ be ?9k+ activity1 its empirical condition1 or its objective goal1 ap>t f ! limits ( a hi/oric or develop+ situation1 is ! ess5ce ( metaphysical proc$ure--9 ! s5se ( metaphysics :i* makes a gulf betwe5 x & sci5ce4 ,z ! read] has d\btless anticipat$1 x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to pres5t ! problem & indu/ry ( reflective ?\ght f ?is latt] po9t ( view4 ,i recur aga9 to ! /&po9t ( nave exp]i5ce1 us+ ! t]m 9 a s5se wide en\gh to cov] bo? practical proc$ure & concrete sci5tific rese>*4 ,i resume by say+ t ?is po9t ( view kn[s no fix$ di/9ction betwe5 ! empirical values ( unreflective life & ! mo/ ab/ract process ( rational ?\ght4 ,x kn[s no fix$ gulf betwe5 ! highe/ flight ( !ory & control ( ! details ( practical con/ruction & behavior4 ,x passes1 accord+ to ! occasion & opportunity ( ! mom5t1 f ! attitude ( lov+ & /ruggl+ & do+ to t ( ?9k+ & ! rev]se4 ,its cont5ts or mat]ial %ift _! values back & =? f te*nological or utilit>ian to /hetic1 e?ic1 or affectional4 ,x utilizes data ( p]ception or ( discursive ideation z ne$ calls1 j z an inv5tor n[ utilizes heat1 n[ me*anical /ra91 n[ electricity1 accord+ to ! dem&s set by 8 aim4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 m def9ite logical import is atta*$ to our e>li] /atem5ts 7p4 #b7 reg>d+ ! possibility ( tak+ any?+ 9 ! univ]se ( exp]i5ce z subject-matt] ( ?\ght4 ,any?+ f pa/ exp]i5ce may be tak5 :i* appe>s to be an elem5t 9 ei!r ! /atem5t or ! solution ( ! pres5t problem4 ,?us we und]/& ! coexi/5ce )\t contradiction ( an indet]m9ate possible field & a limit$ actual field4 ,! undef9$ set ( means becomes specific ?r\gh ref]5ce to an end4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is no diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 ! me?ods ( sci5ce & ^? ( ! pla9 man4 ,! diff]5ce is ! great] control 9 sci5ce ( ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 & ( ! selection & use ( relevant mat]ial1 bo? s5sible or ideational4 ,! two are relat$ to ea* o!r j z ! hit-or-miss1 trial-&-error inv5tions ( unciviliz$ man /& to ! delib]ate & consecutively p]si/5t ef=ts ( a mod]n inv5tor to produce a c]ta9 complicat$ device = do+ a compreh5sive piece ( "w4 ,nei!r ! pla9 man nor ! sci5tific inquir] is aw>e1 z he engages 9 8 reflective activity1 ( any transition f "o sph]e ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,he kn[s no two fix$ worlds--reality on "o side & m]e subjective ideas on ! o!r2 he is aw>e ( no gulf to cross4 ,he assumes un9t]rupt$1 free1 & fluid passage f ord9>y exp]i5ce to ab/ract ?9k+1 f ?\ght to fact1 f ?+s to !ories & back aga94 ,obs]vation passes into developm5t ( hypo!sis2 d$uctive me?ods pass to use 9 description ( ! p>ticul>2 inf]5ce passes into action ) no s5se ( difficulty save ^? f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> task 9 "q4 ,! fundam5tal assumption is cont9uity 9 & ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is does n mean t fact is confus$ ) idea1 or obs]v$ datum ) volunt>y hypo!sis1 !ory ) do+1 any m ?an a travel] confuses l& & wat] :5 he j\rneys f "o to ! o!r4 ,x simply means t ea* is plac$ & us$ ) ref]5ce to s]vice r5d]$ ! o!r1 & ) ref]5ce to future use ( ! o!r4 ,only ! epi/emological spectator is aw>e ( ! fact t ! ev]yday man & ! sci5tific man 9 ?is free & easy int]c\rse are ra%ly assum+ ! "r to glide ov] a cleft 9 ! v /ructure ( reality4 ,?is fact raises a qu]y n favorable to ! epi/emologi/4 ,:y is x t ! sci5tific man1 :o is con/antly ply+ 8 v5tur\s traffic ( ex*ange ( facts = ideas1 ( !ories = laws1 ( real ?+s = hypo!ses1 %\ld be s :olly unaw>e ( ! radical & g5]ic 7z di/9ct f specific7 difficulty ( ! und]tak+s 9 :i* he is engag$8 ,we ?us come afre% to our inquiry3 ,does n ! epi/emological logician unwitt+ly transf] ! specific difficulty :i* always faces ! sci5tific man--! difficulty 9 detail ( correct & adequate translation back & =? ( ?is set ( facts & ?is gr\p ( ideas--into a totally diff]5t problem ( ! :olesale relation ( ?\ght at l>ge ) reality 9 g5]al8 ,if su* be ! case1 x is cle> t ! v way 9 :i* ! epi/emological type ( logic /ates ! problem ( ?9k+1 9 relation bo? to empirical antec$5ts & to objective tru?1 makes t problem insoluble4 ,work+ t]ms1 t]ms :i* z work+ are flexible & hi/oric1 relative1 are trans=m$ into absolute1 fix$1 & pr$et]m9$ =ms ( be+4 ,we come a little clos] to ! problem :5 we recognize t e sci5tific inquiry passes hi/orically ?r\gh at lea/ f\r /ages4 7a7 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ages is1 if ,i may be all[$ ! bull1 t 9 :i* sci5tific inquiry does n take place at all1 because no problem or difficulty 9 ! quality ( ! exp]i5ce has pres5t$ itself to provoke reflection4 ,we h only to ca/ our eye back f ! exi/+ /atus ( any sci5ce1 or back f ! /atus ( any p>ticul> topic 9 any sci5ce1 to discov] a "t :5 no reflective or critical ?9k+ busi$ itself ) ! matt]--:5 ! facts & relations 7 tak5 = grant$ & ?us 7 lo/ & absorb$ 9 ! value :i* accru$ f ! exp]i5ce4 7b7 ,aft] ! dawn+ ( ! problem1 !re comes a p]iod ( occupation ) relatively crude & unorganiz$ facts--! hunt+ =1 locat+1 & collect+ ( raw mat]ial4 ,?is is ! empiric /age1 :i* no exi/+ sci5ce1 h[ev] pr\d 9 its atta9$ rationality1 c disav[ z its own prog5itor4 7c7 ,!n !re is also a speculative /age3 a p]iod ( guess+1 ( mak+ hypo!ses1 ( fram+ ideas :i* lat] on are label$ & condemn$ z only ideas4 ,!re is a p]iod ( di/9ction & classification-mak+ :i* lat] on is reg>d$ z only m5tally-gymna/ic 9 "*4 ,& no sci5ce1 h[ev] pr\d 9 its pres5t security ( exp]im5tal assurance1 c disav[ a s*ola/ic ance/or4 7d7 ,f9ally1 !re comes a p]iod ( fruitful int]action betwe5 ! m]e ideas & ! m]e facts3 a p]iod :5 obs]vation is det]m9$ by exp]im5tal conditions dep5d+ ^u ! use ( c]ta9 guid+ conceptions2 :5 reflection is direct$ & *eck$ at e po9t by ! use ( exp]im5tal data1 & by ! necessity ( f9d+ su* =m = itself z w enable x to s]ve z premise 9 a d$uction lead+ to evolution ( new mean+s1 & ultimately to exp]im5tal inquiry1 :i* br+s to light new facts4 ,9 ! em]g+ ( a m ord]ly & significant region ( fact1 & ( a m coh]5t & self-lum9\s sy/em ( mean+1 we h ! natural limit ( evolution ( ! logic ( a giv5 sci5ce4 ,b consid] :at has happ5$ 9 ?is hi/oric record4 ,unanalyz$ exp]i5ce has brok5 up into di/9ctions ( facts & ideas2 ! factual side has be5 develop$ by indef9ite & almo/ miscellane\s descriptions & cumulative li/+s2 ! conceptual side has be5 develop$ by un*eck$ & speculative elaboration ( def9itions1 classifications1 etc4 ,!re has be5 a relegation ( accept$ mean+s to ! limbo ( m]e ideas2 !re has be5 a passage ( "s ( ! accept$ facts into ! region ( m]e hypo!sis & op9ion4 ,conv]sely1 !re has be5 a cont9u$ issu+ ( ideas f ! region ( hypo!ses & !ories into t ( facts1 ( accept$ objective & mean+ful cont5ts4 ,out ( a _w ( only seem+ facts1 & ( only d\btful ideas1 !re em]ges a univ]se cont9ually gr[+ 9 def9it5ess1 ord]1 & lum9osity4 ,?is progress1 v]ifi$ 9 e record ( sci5ce1 is an absolute mon/rosity f ! /&po9t ( ! epi/emology :i* assumes a ?\ght 9 g5]al1 on "o side1 & a reality 9 g5]al1 on ! o!r4 ,! reason t x does n pres5t itself z su* a mon/] & miracle to ^? actually conc]n$ ) x is because !re is a c]ta9 homog5eity or cont9uity ( ref]5ce & ( use :i* controls all div]sities 9 bo? ! modes ( exi/5ce specifi$ & ! grades ( value assign$4 ,! di/9ction ( ?\ght & fact is treat$ 9 ! gr[? ( a sci5ce1 or ( any p>ticul> sci5tific problem1 z an induc$ & int5tional practical division ( labor2 z relative assignm5ts ( position ) ref]5ce to p]=mance ( a task2 z delib]ate di/ribution ( =ces at comm& = _! m economic use4 ,! int]action ( bald fact & hypo!tical idea into ! outcome ( a s+le _w ( sci5tific appreh5sion & compreh5sion is b ! successful a*iev+ ( ! aim on acc\nt ( :i* ! di/9ctions 9 "q 7 in/itut$4 ,?us we come back to ! problem ( logical !ory4 ,to take ! di/9ctions ( ?\ght & fact1 etc41 z ontological1 z inh]5tly fix$ 9 ! make-up ( ! /ructure ( be+1 is to treat ! actual developm5t ( sci5tific inquiry & sci5tific control z a m]e subsidi>y topic ultimately ( only utilit>ian wor?4 ,x is also to /ate ! t]ms ^u :i* ?\ght & be+ transact bus9ess 9 a way s totally ali5 to ! use made ( ^! di/9ctions 9 concrete exp]i5ce z to create a problem :i* c be discuss$ only 9 t]ms ( itself--n 9 t]ms ( ! conduct ( life--metaphysics aga9 9 ! bad s5se ( t t]m4 ,z aga9/ ?is1 ! problem ( a logic :i* aligns itself ) ! orig9 & employ ( reflective ?\ght 9 ev]yday life & 9 critical sci5ce1 is to foll[ ! natural hi/ory ( ?9k+ z a life-process hav+ its own g5]at+ antec$5ts & /imuli1 its own /ates & c>e]1 & its own specific objective or limit4 ,?is po9t ( view makes x possible = logical !ory to come to t]ms ) psy*ology4#b ,:5 logic is consid]$ z hav+ to d ) ! :olesale activity ( ?\ght p] se1 ! "q ( ! hi/oric process by :i* ?is or t p>ticul> ?\ght came to be1 ( h[ its object happ5s to pres5t itself z s5sation1 or p]ception1 or conception1 is q irrelevant4 ,^! ?+s are m]e temporal accid5ts4 ,! psy*ologi/ 7n lift+ 8 gaze f ! realm ( ! *angeable7 may f9d 9 !m matt]s ( int]e/4 ,8 :ole indu/ry is j ) natural hi/ory--to trace s]ies ( psy*ical ev5ts z !y mutually excite & inhibit "o ano!r4 ,b ! logician1 we are told1 has a deep] problem & an outlook ( m unb\nd$ horizon4 ,he deals ) ! "q ( ! et]nal nature ( ?\ght & its et]nal validity 9 relation to an et]nal reality4 ,he is conc]n$1 n ) g5esis1 b ) value1 n ) a hi/oric cycle1 b ) absolute di/9ctions & relations4 ,/ill ! qu]y haunts u3 ,is ?is s 9 tru?8 ,or has ! logician ( a c]ta9 type arbitr>ily made x ?us by tak+ 8 t]ms ap>t f ref]5ce to ! specific occasions 9 :i* !y arise & situations 9 :i* !y function8 ,if ! latt]1 !n ! v d5ial ( hi/oric relation%ip & ( ! significance ( hi/oric me?od1 is indicative only ( ! unreal "* ( 8 own ab/raction4 ,x means 9 effect t ! affairs "u consid]ation h be5 isolat$ f ! conditions 9 :i* alone !y h det]m9able mean+ & assignable wor?4 ,x is a/oni%+ t1 9 ! face ( ! advance ( ! evolution>y me?od 9 natural sci5ce1 any logician c p]si/ 9 ! ass]tion ( a rigid diff]5ce betwe5 ! problem ( orig9 & ( nature2 betwe5 g5esis & analysis2 betwe5 hi/ory & validity4 ,su* ass]tion simply reit]ates z f9al a di/9ction :i* grew up & _h mean+ 9 pre-evolution>y sci5ce4 ,x ass]ts aga9/ ! mo/ m>k$ advance :i* sci5tific me?od has yet made a survival ( a crude p]iod ( logical sci5tific proc$ure4 ,we h no *oice save ei!r to conceive ( ?9k+ z a response to a specific /imulus1 or else to reg>d x z some?+ 9 itself1 hav+ j 9 & ( itself c]ta9 traits1 elem5ts1 & laws4 ,if we give up ! la/ view1 we mu/ take ! =m]4 ,! entire significance ( ! evolution>y me?od 9 biology & social hi/ory is t e di/9ct organ1 /ructure1 or =mation1 e gr\p+ ( cells or elem5ts1 has to be treat$ z an in/rum5t ( adju/m5t or adaptation to a p>ticul> environ+ situation4 ,its mean+1 its "*1 its value1 is kn[n :51 & only :51 x is consid]$ z an arrangem5t = meet+ ! conditions involv$ 9 "s specific situation4 ,?is analysis ( value is c>ri$ out 9 detail by trac+ successive /ages ( developm5t--by endeavor+ to locate ! p>ticul> situation 9 :i* ea* /ructure has its orig91 & by trac+ ! successive modifications ?r\gh :i*1 9 response to *ang+ m$ia1 x has rea*$ its pres5t con=mation4#c ,to p]si/ 9 condemn+ natural hi/ory f ! /&po9t ( :at natural hi/ory meant be=e x id5tifi$ itself ) an evolution>y process is n s mu* to exclude ! natural-hi/ory /&po9t f philosophic consid]ation z x is to ev9ce ignorance ( :at x signifies4 ,psy*ology z ! natural hi/ory ( ! v>i\s attitudes & /ructures ?r\gh :i* exp]i5c+ passes1 z an acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* ?is or t /ate em]ges1 & ( ! way 9 :i* x influ5ces1 by /imulation or inhibition1 production ( o!r /ates or con=mations ( consci\sness1 is indisp5sable to logical evaluation1 ! mom5t we treat logical !ory z an acc\nt ( ?9k+ z a mode ( adaptation to its own g5]at+ conditions1 & judge its validity by ref]5ce to its effici5cy 9 meet+ its problems4 ,! hi/orical po9t ( view describes ! sequ5ce2 ! normative foll[s ! sequ5ce to its conclusion1 & !n turns back & judges ea* hi/orical /ep by view+ x 9 ref]5ce to its own outcome4#d ,9 ! c\rse ( *ang+ exp]i5ce we keep our balance z we move f situations ( an affectional quality to ^? :i* are practical or appreciative or reflective1 because we be> con/antly 9 m9d ! context 9 :i* any p>ticul> di/9ction pres5ts itself4 ,z we submit ea* *>act]i/ic function & situation ( exp]i5ce to our gaze1 we f9d x has a dual aspect4 ,:]ev] !re is /riv+ !re are ob/acles2 :]ev] !re is affection !re are p]sons :o are atta*$2 :]ev] !re is do+ !re is accompli%m5t2 :]ev] !re is appreciation !re is value2 :]ev] !re is ?9k+ !re is mat]ial-9-"q4 ,we keep our foot+ z we move f "o attitude to ano!r1 f "o *>act]i/ic quality to ano!r1 because we "k ! position occupi$ 9 ! :ole gr[? by ! p>ticul> function 9 :i* we are engag$1 & ! position )9 ! function ( ! p>ticul> elem5t t engages u4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ea* attitude & function & its pr$ecessor & successor is s]ial1 dynamic1 op]ative4 ,! di/9ctions )9 any giv5 op]ation or function are /ructural1 contemporane\s1 & di/ributive4 ,?9k+ foll[s1 we w say1 /riv+1 & do+ foll[s ?9k+4 ,ea* 9 ! fulfilm5t ( its own function inevitably calls out its successor4 ,b co9cid5t1 simultane\s1 & correspond5t )9 do+1 is ! di/9ction ( do] & ( de$2 )9 ! function ( ?\ght1 ( ?9k+ & mat]ial ?\ght ^u2 )9 ! function ( /riv+1 ( ob/acle ( aim1 ( means & end4 ,we keep our pa?s /raight because we d n confuse ! sequ5tial1 effici5t1 & functional relation%ip ( types ( exp]i5ce ) ! contemporane\s1 correlative1 & /ructural di/9ctions ( elem5ts )9 a giv5 function4 ,9 ! seem+ maze ( endless confusion & unlimit$ %ift+s1 we f9d our way by ! means ( ! /imulations & *ecks occurr+ )9 ! process we are actually engag$ )4 ,we d n contra/ or confuse a condition or /ate :i* is an elem5t 9 ! =mation ( "o op]ation ) ! /atus or elem5t :i* is "o ( ! di/ributive t]ms ( ano!r function4 ,if we d1 we h at once an insoluble1 because mean+less1 problem ^u our h&s4 ,n[ ! epi/emological logician delib]ately %uts himself (f f ^? cues & *ecks ^u :i* ! pla9 man in/9ctively relies1 & :i* ! sci5tific man delib]ately se>*es = & adopts z con/itut+ 8 te*nique4 ,consequ5tly he is likely to set ! sort ( object or mat]ial :i* has place & significance only 9 "o ( ! s]ial functional situations ( exp]i5ce1 ov] aga9/ ! active attitude :i* describes "p ( ! /ructural con/itution ( ano!r situation2 or ) equal lack ( ju/ification to assimilate t]ms *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t /ages to "o ano!r4 ,he sets ! ag5t1 z he is f\nd 9 ! intimacy ( love or appreciation1 ov] aga9/ ! ext]nality ( ! fact1 z t is def9$ )9 ! reflective process4 ,he takes ! mat]ial :i* ?\ght selects z its own basis = fur!r proc$ure to be id5tical ) ! significant cont5t :i* x secures = itself 9 ! successful pursuit ( its aim2 & ?is 9 turn he reg>ds z ! mat]ial :i* 0 pres5t$ at ! outset1 & ^: peculi>ities 7 ! express means ( awak5+ ?\ght4 ,he id5tifies ! f9al deposit ( ! ?\ght-function ) its own g5]at+ antec$5t1 & !n disposes ( ! result+ surd by ref]5ce to "s metaphysical consid]ation1 :i* rema9s :5 logical inquiry1 :5 sci5ce 7z int]pret$ by him71 has done its "w4 ,he does ?is1 n because he pref]s confusion to ord]1 or error to tru?1 b simply because1 :5 ! *a9 ( hi/oric sequ5ce is cut1 ! vessel ( ?\ght is afloat to ve] ^u a sea )\t s\nd+s or moor+s4 ,!re are b two alt]natives3 ei!r !re is an object 9 itself ( ?\ght 9 itself1 or else !re are a s]ies ( values :i* v>y ) ! v>y+ functions to :i* !y belong4 ,if ! latt]1 ! only way ^! values c be def9$ is by discrim9at+ ! functions to :i* !y belong4 ,x is only conditions relative to a specific p]iod or epo* ( developm5t 9 a cycle ( exp]i5ce :i*-enables "o to tell :at to d next1 or to e/imate ! value & mean+ ( :at is already done4 ,& ! epi/emological logician1 9 *oos+ to take 8 "q z "o ( ?\ght :i* has its own =m j z ?\ght1 ap>t f ! limits ( ! special "w x has to d1 has depriv$ himself ( ^! supports & /ays4 ,! problem ( logic has a m g5]al & a m specific phase4 ,9 its g5]ic =m1 x deals ) ?is "q3 ,h[ does "o type ( functional situation & attitude 9 exp]i5ce pass out ( & into ano!r2 = example1 ! te*nological or utilit>ian into ! /hetic1 ! /hetic into ! religi\s1 ! religi\s into ! sci5tific1 & ?is into ! socio-e?ical & s on8 ,! m specific "q is3 ,h[ does ! p>ticul> functional situation t]m$ ! reflective behave8 ,h[ %all we describe x8 ,:at 9 detail are its div]se contemporane\s di/9ctions1 or divisions ( labor1 its correspond5t /atuses2 9 :at specific ways d ^! op]ate ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r s z to effect ! specific aim :i* is propos$ by ! ne$s ( ! affair8 ,?is *apt] may be br\ght to conclusion by ref]5ce to ! m alt]nate value ( ! logic ( exp]i5ce1 ( logic tak5 9 its wid] s5se2 t is1 z an acc\nt ( ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s typical functions or situations ( exp]i5ce 9 _! det]m9+ relations to "o ano!r4 ,philosophy1 def9$ z su* a logic1 makes no pret5se to be an acc\nt ( a clos$ & f9i%$ univ]se4 ,its bus9ess is n to secure or gu>antee any p>ticul> reality or value4 ,p] contra1 x gets ! significance ( a me?od4 ,! "r relation%ip & adju/m5t ( ! v>i\s typical phases ( exp]i5ce to "o ano!r is a problem felt 9 e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,intellectual rectification & control ( ^! adju/m5ts _c fail to reflect itself 9 an add$ cle>ness & security on ! practical side4 ,x may be t g5]al logic c n become an in/rum5t 9 ! imm$iate direction ( ! activities ( sci5ce or art or indu/ry2 b x is ( value 9 criticis+ & 9 organiz+ ! tools ( imm$iate rese>* 9 ^! l9es4 ,x also has direct significance 9 ! valuation = social or life-purposes ( results a*iev$ 9 p>ticul> bran*es4 ,mu* ( ! imm$iate bus9ess ( life is badly done because we d n "k 9 relation to its cong5]s ! organic g5esis & outcome ( ! "w t occupies u4 ,! mann] & degree ( appropriation ( ! values a*iev$ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social int]e/ & vocation are p>tial & faulty because we are n cle> z to ! due rights & responsibilities ( "o function ( exp]i5ce 9 ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,! value ( rese>* = social progress2 ! be>+ ( psy*ology ^u educational proc$ure2 ! mutual relations ( f9e & indu/rial art2 ! "q ( ! ext5t & nature ( specialization 9 sci5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! claims ( appli$ sci5ce2 ! adju/m5t ( religi\s aspirations to sci5tific /atem5ts2 ! ju/ification ( a ref9$ culture = a few 9 face ( economic insuffici5cy = ! mass--su* are a few ( ! _m social que/ions ^: f9al answ] dep5ds ^u ! possession & use ( a g5]al logic ( exp]i5ce z a me?od ( inquiry & int]pretation4 ,i d n say t headway _c be made 9 su* que/ions ap>t f ! me?od indicat$3 a logic ( g5etic exp]i5ce4 ,b unless we h a critical & assur$ view ( ! juncture 9 :i* & ) ref]5ce to :i* a giv5 attitude or int]e/ arises1 unless we "k ! s]vice x is !reby call$ ^u to p]=m & h5ce ! organs or me?ods by :i* x be/ functions 9 t s]vice1 our progress is imp$$ & irregul>4 ,we take a "p = a :ole1 a means = an end1 or attack :olesale "s o!r int]e/ because x int]f]es ) ! deifi$ sway ( ! "o we h select$ z ultimate4 ,a cle> & compreh5sive cons5sus ( social conviction1 & a consequ5t conc5trat$ & economical direction ( ef=t1 are assur$ only z !re is "s way ( locat+ ! position & rle ( ea* typical int]e/ & occupation 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! doma9 ( op9ion is "o ( conflict2 its rule is arbitr>y & co/ly4 ,only intellectual me?od af=ds a sub/itute = op9ion4 ,! g5]al logic ( exp]i5ce c alone d = ! region ( social values & aims :at ! natural sci5ces aft] c5turies ( /ruggle are do+ = activity 9 ! physical realm4 ,?is does n mean t sy/ems ( philosophy :i* h attempt$ to /ate ! nature ei!r ( ?\ght & ( reality at l>ge1 ap>t f limits ( p>ticul> crises 9 ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce1 h be5 wor?less--?\gh x does mean t _! indu/ry has be5 some:at misappli$4 ,! unfold+ ( metaphysical !ory has made l>ge contributions to positive evaluations ( ! typical situations & relation%ips ( exp]i5ce--ev5 :5 its consci\s int5tion has be5 q o!rwise4 ,e sy/em ( philosophy is itself a mode ( reflection2 consequ5tly 7if our ma9 cont5tion be true71 x too has be5 evok$ out ( specific social antec$5ts1 & has _h its use z a response to !m4 ,x has effect$ some?+ 9 modify+ ! situation )9 :i* x f\nd its orig94 ,x may n h solv$ ! problem :i* x consci\sly put itself2 9 _m cases we may freely admit t ! "q put has aft]w>d be5 f\nd to be s wrongly put z to be insoluble4 ,yet exactly ! same ?+ is true1 9 precisely ! same s5se1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 x is impossible = ! sci5tific man to ca/ ! fir/ /one at ! philosoph]4 ,! progress ( sci5ce 9 any bran* cont9ually br+s ) x a realization t problems 9 _! previ\s =m ( /atem5t are insoluble because put 9 t]ms ( unreal conditions2 because ! real conditions h be5 mix$ up ) m5tal artifacts or miscon/ructions4 ,e sci5ce is cont9ually le>n+ t its suppos$ solutions are only app>5t1 because ! solution solves1 n ! actual problem1 b "o :i* has be5 made up4 ,b ! v putt+ ( ! "q1 ! v giv+ ( ! wrong answ]1 induces modification ( exi/+ intellectual habits1 /&po9ts1 & aims4 ,wre/l+ ) ! problem1 !re is evolution ( new =ms ( te*nique to control its treatm5t1 !re is se>* = new facts1 in/itution ( new types ( exp]im5tation2 !re is ga9 9 ! me?odic control ( exp]i5ce4 ,& all ?is is progress4 ,x is only ! worn-out cynic1 ! devitaliz$ s5suali/1 & ! fanatical dogmati/ :o int]pret ! cont9u\s *ange ( sci5ce z prov+ t1 s9ce ea* successive /atem5t is wrong1 ! :ole record is error & folly2 & t ! pres5t tru? is only ! error n yet f\nd out4 ,su* draw ! moral ( c>+ naught = all ^! ?+s1 or ( fly+ to "s ext]nal au?ority :i* w deliv] once = all ! fix$ & un*angeable tru?4 ,b hi/oric philosophy ev5 9 its ab]rant =ms has prov$ a factor 9 ! valuation ( exp]i5ce2 x has br\ght problems to light1 x has provok$ intellectual conflicts )\t :i* values are only nom9al2 ev5 ?r\gh its w\ld-be absoluti/ic isolations1 x has secur$ recognition ( mutual dep5d5cies & reciprocal re9=cem5ts4 ,yet if x c def9e its "w m cle>ly1 x c conc5trate its en]gy ^u its own *>act]i/ic problem3 ! g5esis & function+ 9 exp]i5ce ( v>i\s typical int]e/s & occupations ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r4 ,,ii ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]3 ,,! ,,antec$5t ,,conditions ,,& ,,cues ,,( ,,! ,,?\ght-,,function ,we h discrim9at$ logic 9 its wid] s5se1 conc]n$ ) ! sequ5ce ( *>act]i/ic functions & attitudes 9 exp]i5ce1 f logic 9 its /rict] mean+1 conc]n$ 9 p>ticul> ) description & int]pretation ( ! function ( reflective ?\ght4 ,we mu/ avoid yield+ to ! temptation ( id5tify+ logic ) ei!r ( ^! to ! exclusion ( ! o!r2 or ( suppos+ t x is possible to isolate "o f9ally f ! o!r4 ,! m detail$ treatm5t ( ! organs & me?ods ( reflection _c be c>ri$ on ) security save z we h a correct idea ( ! hi/oric position ( reflection 9 ! evolv+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,yet x is impossible to det]m9e ?is l>g] plac+1 save z we h a def9$ & analytic1 z di/9ct f a m]ely vague & gross1 view ( :at we mean by reflection--:at is its actual con/itution4 ,x is necess>y to "w back & =? betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] fields1 trans=m+ e increm5t ^u "o side into a me?od ( "w ^u ! o!r1 & !reby te/+ x4 ,! app>5t confusion ( exi/+ logical !ory1 its unc]ta9ty z to its own b\nds & limits1 its t5d5cy to oscillate f l>g] que/ions ( ! inh]5t wor? ( judgm5t & validity ( inf]5ce ov] to details ( sci5tific te*nique1 & to translation ( di/9ctions ( =mal logic into t]ms ( an inve/igatory or v]ificatory process1 are indications ( ! ne$ ( ?is d\ble movem5t4 ,9 ! next ?ree *apt]s x is propos$ to take up "s ( ! consid]ations t lie on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! l>g] & ! n>r[] conceptions ( logical !ory4 ,i %all discuss ! locus ( ! function ( ?\ght1 s f> z su* locus enables u to select & *>act]ize "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal di/9ctions1 or divisions ( labor1 )9 ! reflective process4 ,9 tak+ up ! problem ( ! subject-matt] ( ?\ght1 ,i %all try to make cle> t x assumes ?ree q di/9ct =ms accord+ to ! epo*al mom5t rea*$ 9 trans=mation ( exp]i5ce2 & t cont9ual confusion & inconsi/5cy are introduc$ :5 ^! respective mean+s are n id5tifi$ & describ$ accord+ to _! respective g5eses & places4 ,i %all attempt to %[ t we mu/ consid] subject-matt] f ! /&po9t1 fir/1 ( ! antec$5ts or conditions t evoke ?\ght2 second1 ( ! datum or imm$iate mat]ial pres5t$ to ?\ght2 &1 ?ird1 ( ! prop] cont5t ( ?\ght4 ,( ^! ?ree di/9ctions ! fir/1 t ( antec$5t & /imulus1 cle>ly ref]s to ! situation t is imm$iately prior to ! ?\ght-function z su*4 ,! second1 t ( datum or imm$iately giv5 matt]1 ref]s to a di/9ction :i* is made )9 ! ?\ght-process z a "p ( & = ! sake ( its own modus op]&i4 ,x is a /atus 9 ! s*eme ( ?9k+4 ,! ?ird1 t ( cont5t or object1 ref]s to ! progress actually made 9 any ?\ght-function2 ! mat]ial :i* is organiz$ into ! ?\ght-situation1 s f> z ?is has fulfill$ its purpose4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ^! are to be discrim9at$ z /ages ( a life-process 9 ! natural hi/ory ( exp]i5ce1 n z ready-made or ontological2 x is cont5d$ t1 save z !y are diff]5tiat$ 9 connection ) well-def9$ hi/orical /ages1 !y are ei!r lump$ (f z equival5ts1 or else treat$ z absolute divisions--or z ea* by turns1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! p>ticul> argum5t4 ,9 fact1 ?is *apt] w get at ! matt] ( prelim9>y conditions ( ?\ght indirectly r ?an directly1 by indicat+ ! contradictory positions into :i* "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & acute ( mod]n logicians1 ,lotze1 has be5 =c$ ?r\gh fail+ to def9e logical di/9ctions 9 t]ms ( ! hi/ory ( readju/m5t ( exp]i5ce1 & !re=e endeavor+ to int]pret c]ta9 notions z absolute in/ead ( z p]iodic & me?odological4 ,be=e pass+ directly to ! exposition & criticism ( ,lotze1 x w be well1 h[ev]1 to take ! matt] 9 a some:at fre] way4 ,we _c approa* logical inquiry 9 a :olly direct & uncompromis$ mann]4 ,( necessity we br+ to x c]ta9 di/9ctions--di/9ctions p>tly ! outcome ( concrete exp]i5ce2 p>tly due to ! logical !ory :i* has got embodi$ 9 ord9>y language & 9 curr5t intellectual habits2 p>tly results ( delib]ate sci5tific & philosophic inquiry4 ,^! m or less ready-made results are res\rces2 !y are ! only weapons ) :i* we c attack ! new problem4 ,yet !y are full ( unexam9$ assumptions2 !y commit u to all sorts ( logically pr$et]m9$ conclusions4 ,9 "o s5se our /udy ( ! new subject-matt]1 let u say logical !ory1 is 9 tru? only a review1 a re-te/+ & criticis+ ( ! intellectual /&po9ts & me?ods :i* we br+ ) u to ! /udy4 ,ev]yone comes ) c]ta9 di/9ctions already made betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective1 betwe5 ! physical & ! psy*ical1 betwe5 ! intellectual & ! factual4 7#a7 ,we h le>n$ to reg>d ! region ( emotional di/urbance1 ( unc]ta9ty & aspiration1 z belong+ someh[ peculi>ly to ourselves2 we h le>n$ to set ov] aga9/ ?is a _w ( obs]vation & ( valid ?\ght z some?+ unaffect$ by our moods1 hopes1 fe>s1 & op9ions4 7#b7 ,we h also come to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is imm$iately pres5t 9 our exp]i5ce & ! pa/ & ! future2 we contra/ ! realms ( memory & anticipation ( s5se-p]ception2 ! giv5 ) ! ideal4 7#c7 ,we are confirm$ 9 a habit ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at we call actual fact & our m5tal attitude t[>d t fact--! attitude ( surmise or wond] or reflective inve/igation4 ,:ile "o ( ! aims ( logical !ory is precisely to make u critically consci\s ( ! significance & be>+ ( ^! v>i\s di/9ctions1 to *ange !m f ready-made assumptions into controll$ con/ructs1 our m5tal habits are s set t !y t5d to h _! own way ) u2 & we read into logical !ory conceptions t 7 =m$ be=e we _h ev5 dream$ ( ! logical und]tak+ :i* aft] all has = its bus9ess to assign to ! t]ms 9 "q _! prop] mean+4 ,we f9d 9 ,lotze an unusually explicit inv5tory ( ^! v>i\s prelim9>y di/9ctions2 & an unusually s]i\s ef=t to deal ) ! problems :i* arise f introduc+ !m into ! /ructure ( logical !ory4 7#a7 ,he expressly sep>ates ! matt] ( logical wor? f t ( psy*ological g5esis4 ,he consequ5tly ab/racts ! subject-matt] ( logic z su* :olly f ! "q ( hi/oric locus & situs4 7#b7 ,he agrees ) common-s5se 9 hold+ t logical ?\ght is reflective & ?us presupposes a giv5 mat]ial4 ,he occupies himself ) ! nature ( ! antec$5t conditions4 7#c7 ,he wre/les ) ! problem ( h[ a mat]ial =m$ prior to ?\ght & irrespective ( x c yet af=d x /uff ^u :i* to ex]cise itself4 7#d7 ,he expressly raises ! "q ( h[ ?\ght work+ indep5d5tly & f )\t ^u a =eign mat]ial c %ape ! latt] into results :i* are valid--t is1 objective4 ,if 8 discussion is successful2 if ,lotze c provide ! int]m$i>ies :i* span ! gulf betwe5 an indep5d5t ?\ght-mat]ial & an indep5d5t ?\ght-activity2 if he c %[ t ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ?\ght-mat]ial & ( ?\ght-activity is irrelevant to ! "q ( its wor?1 we %all h to surr5d] ! position already tak54 ,b if we f9d t ,lotze's elaborations only elaborate ! same fundam5tal difficulty1 pres5t+ x n[ 9 ?is light & n[ 9 t1 b nev] effect+ m ?an pres5t+ ! problem z if x 7 its own solution1 we %all be confirm$ 9 our idea ( ! ne$ ( consid]+ logical que/ions f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,if we f9d t1 :atev] 8 =mal treatm5t1 he always1 z matt] ( fact1 falls back ^u "s organiz$ situation or function z ! s\rce ( bo? ! specific ?\ght-mat]ial & ! specific ?\ght-activity 9 correspond5ce ) ea* o!r1 we %all h 9 s f> an elucidation & ev5 a corroboration ( our !ory4 #a4 ,we beg9 ) ! "q ( ! mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght--antec$5ts :i* condition reflection1 & :i* call x out z reaction or response1 by giv+ x its cue4 ,lotze diff]s f _m logicians ( ! same type 9 af=d+ u an explicit acc\nt ( ^! antec$5ts4 ,! ultimate mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght are f\nd 9 impressions1 :i* are due to ext]nal objects z /imuli4 ,tak5 9 !mselves1 ^! impressions are m]e psy*ical /ates or ev5ts4 ,!y exi/ 9 u side by side1 or "o aft] ! o!r1 accord+ z ! objects :i* excite !m op]ate simultane\sly or successively4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! v>i\s psy*ical /ates is n1 h[ev]1 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( ! excit+ ?+4 ,aft] a /ate has once be5 excit$1 x gets ! p[] ( reawak5+ o!r /ates :i* h accompani$ x or foll[$ x4 ,! associative me*anism ( revival plays a "p4 ,if we _h a complete k ( bo? ! /imulat+ object & its effects1 & ( ! details ( ! associative me*anism1 we %\ld be able f giv5 data to pr$ict ! :ole c\rse ( any giv5 tra9 or curr5t ( ideas 7= ! impressions z conjo9$ simultane\sly or successively become ideas & a curr5t ( ideas74 ,tak5 9 itself1 a s5sation or impression is no?+ b a /ate ( our consci\sness1 a mood ( ourselves4 ,any giv5 curr5t ( ideas is a necess>y sequ5ce ( exi/5ces 7j z necess>y z any succession ( mat]ial ev5ts71 happ5+ 9 "s p>ticul> s5sitive s\l or organism4 ,j because1 "u _! respective conditions1 e su* s]ies ( ideas hangs toge!r by ! same necessity & law z e o!r1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = mak+ any su* di/9ction ( value z t betwe5 tru? & untru?1 ?us plac+ "o gr\p 9 opposition to all ! o!rs4#e #b4 ,?us f>1 z ! la/ quotation cle>ly indicates1 !re is no "q ( reflective ?\ght1 & h5ce no "q ( logical !ory4 ,b fur!r exam9ation reveals a peculi> prop]ty ( ! curr5t ( ideas4 ,"s ideas are m]ely co9cid5t1 :ile o!rs may be t]m$ coh]5t4 ,t is to say1 ! excit+ causes ( "s ( our simultane\s & successive ideas really belong toge!r2 :ile 9 o!r cases !y simply happ5 to act at ! same "t1 )\t !re be+ a real connection betwe5 !m4 ,by ! associative me*anism1 h[ev]1 bo? ! coh]5t & ! m]ely co9cid5t comb9ations recur4 ,! fir/ type ( recurr5ce supplies positive mat]ial = k2 ! second gives occasion = error4 #c4 ,x is a peculi> mixture ( ! co9cid5t & ! coh]5t :i* sets ! peculi> problem ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! bus9ess ( ?\ght is to recov] & confirm ! coh]5t1 ! really connect$1 add+ to its re9/atem5t an accessory ju/ify+ notion ( ! real gr\nd ( coh]5ce1 :ile x elim9ates ! co9cid5t z su*4 ,:ile ! m]e curr5t ( ideas is some?+ :i* j happ5s )9 u1 ! process ( elim9ation & ( confirmation by means ( /atem5t ( real gr\nd & basis ( connection is an activity :i* m9d z su* ex]cises4 ,x is ?is di/9ction :i* m>ks (f ?\ght z activity f any psy*ical ev5t & f ! associative me*anism z receptive happ5+s4 ,"o is conc]n$ ) m]e de facto coexi/5ces & sequ5ces2 ! o!r ) ! wor? ( ^! comb9ations4#f ,consid]ation ( ! peculi> "w ( ?\ght 9 go+ ov]1 sort+ out1 & det]m9+ v>i\s ideas accord+ to a /&>d ( value w occupy u 9 our next *apt]4 ,"h we are conc]n$ ) ! mat]ial antec$5ts ( ?\ght z !y are describ$ by ,lotze4 ,at fir/ glance1 he seems to prop\nd a satisfactory !ory4 ,he avoids ! extravagancies ( transc5d5tal logic1 :i* assumes t all ! matt] ( exp]i5ce is det]m9$ f ! v />t by rational ?\ght2 & he also avoids ! pitfall ( purely empirical logic1 :i* makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! m]e occurr5ce & association ( ideas & ! real wor? & validity ( ! v>i\s conjunctions ?us produc$4 ,he all[s unreflective exp]i5ce1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( s5sations & _! comb9ations1 to provide mat]ial conditions = ?9k+1 :ile he res]ves = ?\ght a di/9ctive "w & dignity ( its own4 ,s5se-exp]i5ce furni%es ! antec$5ts2 ?\ght has to introduce & develop sy/ematic connection--rationality4 ,a fur!r analysis ( ,lotze's treatm5t may1 h[ev]1 lead u to believe t 8 /atem5t is riddl$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions2 t1 inde$1 any "o "p ( x c be ma9ta9$ only by ! d5ial ( "s o!r portion4 #a4 ,! impression is ! ultimate antec$5t 9 its pure/ or crude/ =m 7accord+ to ! angle f :i* "o views x74 ,x is t :i* has nev] felt1 = good or = bad1 ! influ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,comb9$ into ideas1 ^! impressions /imulate or ar\se ! activities ( ?\ght1 :i* are =?) direct$ ^u !m4 ,z ! recipi5t ( ! activity :i* !y h excit$ & br\ght to be> ^u !mselves1 !y furni% also ! mat]ial cont5t ( ?\ght--its actual /uff4 ,z ,lotze says ov] & ov] aga93 ,x is ! relations !mselves already subsi/+ betwe5 impressions1 :5 we become consci\s ( !m1 by :i* ! action ( ?\ght :i* is nev] any?+ b reaction1 is attract$2 & ?is action consi/s m]ely 9 int]pret+ relations :i* we f9d exi/+ betwe5 our passive impressions into aspects ( ! matt] ( impressions4#g ,& aga93#h ,?\ght c make no diff]5ce :]e x f9ds none already 9 ! matt] ( ! impressions4 ,& aga93#i ,! possibility & ! success ( ?\ght's proc$ure dep5ds ^u ?is orig9al con/itution & organization ( ! :ole _w ( ideas1 a con/itution :i*1 ?\gh n necess>y 9 ?\ght1 is all ! m necess>y to make ?9k+ possible4 ,! impressions & ideas play a v]satile rle2 !y n[ assume ! "p ( ultimate antec$5ts & provocative conditions2 ( crude mat]ial2 & someh[1 :5 arrang$1 ( cont5t = ?\ght4 ,?is v v]satility awak5s suspicion4 ,:ile ! impression is m]ely subjective & a b>e /ate ( our own consci\sness1 yet x is det]m9$1 bo? z to its exi/5ce & z to its relation to o!r simil> exi/5ces1 by ext]nal objects z /imuli1 if n z causes4 ,x is also det]m9$ by a psy*ical me*anism s ?or\ghly objective or regul> 9 its work+s z to give ! same necess>y "* to ! curr5t ( ideas t is possess$ by any physical sequ5ce4 ,?us t :i* is no?+ b a /ate ( our consci\sness turns out /raightway to be a specifically det]m9$ objective fact 9 a sy/em ( facts4 ,t ?is absolute trans=mation is a contradiction is no cle>] ?an t j su* a contradiction is indisp5sable to ,lotze4 ,if ! impressions 7 no?+ b /ates ( consci\sness1 moods ( ourselves1 b>e psy*ical exi/5ces1 x is sure en\gh t we %\ld nev] ev5 "k !m to be su*1 to say no?+ ( cons]v+ !m z adequate conditions & mat]ial = ?\ght4 ,x is only by treat+ !m z real facts 9 a real _w1 & only by c>ry+ ov] into !m1 9 "s assum$ & unexpla9$ way1 ! capacity ( repres5t+ ! cosmic facts :i* ar\se !m1 t impressions or ideas come 9 any s5se )9 ! scope ( ?\ght4 ,b if ! antec$5ts are really impressions-9-_!-objective-sett+1 !n ,lotze's :ole way ( di/+ui%+ ?\ght-wor? f m]e exi/5ce or ev5t )\t objective significance mu/ be radically modifi$4 ,! implication t impressions h actually a matt] or quality or mean+ ( _! own becomes explicit :5 we ref] to ,lotze's !ory t ! imm$iate antec$5t ( ?\ght is f\nd 9 ! matt] ( ideas4 ,:5 ?\ght is said to take cognizance ( relations :i* its own activity does n orig9ate1 b :i* h be5 prep>$ = x by ! unconsci\s me*anism ( ! psy*ic /ates1#aj ! attribution ( objective cont5t1 ( ref]5ce & mean+ to ideas1 is unambigu\s4 ,! idea =ms a mo/ conv5i5t half-way h\se = ,lotze4 ,on "o h&1 z absolutely prior to ?\ght1 z mat]ial antec$5t condition1 x is m]ely psy*ical1 a bald subjective ev5t4 ,b z subject-matt] = ?\ght1 z antec$5t :i* af=ds /uff = ?\ght's ex]cise1 x is mean+1 *>act]i/ic quality ( cont5t4 ,al?\gh we h be5 told t ! impression is a m]e receptive irritation )\t p>ticipation ( m5tal activity1 we are n surpris$1 9 view ( ?is capacity ( ideas1 to le>n t ! m9d actually has a det]m9+ %>e 9 bo? ! reception ( /imuli & 9 _! fur!r associative comb9ations4 ,! subject always ent]s into ! pres5tation ( any m5tal object1 ev5 ! s5sational1 to say no?+ ( ! p]ceptional & ! imag$4 ,! p]ception ( a giv5 /ate ( ?+s is possible only on ! assumption t ! p]ceiv+ subject is at once enabl$ & compell$ by its own nature to comb9e ! excitations :i* rea* x f objects into ^? =ms :i* x is to p]ceive 9 ! objects1 & :i* x supposes itself simply to receive f !m4#aa ,x is only by cont9ual transition f impression & ideas z m5tal /ates & ev5ts to ideas z cognitive 7or logical7 objects or cont5ts1 t ,lotze bridges ! gulf f b>e excit+ antec$5t to concrete mat]ial conditions ( ?\ght4 ,?is contradiction1 aga91 is necess>y to ,lotze's /&po9t4 ,to set out frankly ) mean+s z antec$5ts w\ld dem& reconsid]ation ( ! :ole view-po9t1 :i* supposes t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! logical & its antec$5t is a matt] ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 wor? & m]e exi/5ce or occurr5ce4 ,x w\ld indicate t s9ce mean+ or value is already !re1 ! task ( ?\ght mu/ be t ( ! trans=mation or recon/ruction ( wor? ?r\gh an int]m$i>y process ( valuation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to /ick by ! /&po9t ( m]e exi/5ce is n to get any?+ :i* c be call$ ev5 antec$5t ( ?\ght4 #b4 ,:y is !re a task ( trans=mation8 ,consid]ation ( ! mat]ial 9 its function ( evok+ ?\ght1 giv+ x its cue1 w s]ve to complete ! picture ( ! contradiction & ( ! real facts4 ,x is ! conflict betwe5 ideas z m]ely co9cid5t & ideas z coh]5t t con/itutes ! ne$ :i* provokes ! response ( ?\ght4 ,"h ,lotze vibrates 7a7 betwe5 consid]+ co9cid5ce & coh]5ce z bo? affairs ( exi/5ce ( psy*ical ev5ts2 7b7 consid]+ co9cid5ce z purely psy*ical & coh]5ce z at lea/ quasi-logical1 & 7c7 ! inh]5t logic :i* makes !m bo? det]m9ations )9 ! sph]e ( reflective ?\ght4 ,9 /rict accordance ) 8 own premises1 co9cid5ce & coh]5ce bo? ought to be m]e peculi>ities ( ! curr5t ( ideas z ev5ts )9 ourselves4 ,b s tak5 ! di/9ction becomes absolutely mean+less4 ,ev5ts d n coh]e2 at ! mo/ c]ta9 sets ( !m happ5 m or less frequ5tly ?an o!r sets2 ! only intelligible diff]5ce is "o ( repetition ( co9cid5ce4 ,& ev5 ?is attributes to an ev5t ! sup]natural trait ( reappe>+ aft] x has disappe>$4 ,ev5 co9cid5ce has to be def9$ 9 t]ms ( relation ( ! objects :i* are suppos$ to excite ! psy*ical ev5ts t happ5 toge!r4 ,z rec5t psy*ological discussion has made cle> en\gh1 x is ! matt]1 mean+1 or cont5t1 ( ideas t is associat$1 n ! ideas z /ates or exi/5ces4 ,take su* an idea z sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>?4 ,we may say x means ! conjunction ( v>i\s s5se-impressions1 b x is conjunction1 or mutual ref]5ce1 ( attributes t we h 9 m9d 9 ! ass]tion4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t our psy*ical image ( ! sun is n psy*ically engag$ 9 revolv+ ab\t our psy*ical image ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be amus+ if su* 7 ! case2 !at]s & all dramatic repres5tations w\ld be at a disc\nt4 ,9 tru?1 sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? is a s+le mean+ or idea2 x is a unifi$ subject-matt] )9 :i* c]ta9 di/9ctions ( ref]5ce appe>4 ,x is conc]n$ ) :at we int5d :5 we ?9k e>? & sun1 & ?9k !m 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,x is really a specification or direction ( h[ to ?9k :5 we h occasion to ?9k a c]ta9 subject-matt]4 ,to treat ! orig9 ( ?is mutual ref]5ce z if x 7 simply a case ( conjunction ( ideas produc$ by conditions ( orig9al psy*o-physical irritation & association is a pr(\nd case ( ! psy*ological fallacy4 ,we may1 inde$1 analyze an exp]i5ce & f9d t x _h its orig9 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ! s5sitive organism1 9 c]ta9 peculi>ities ( p]ception & ( association1 & h5ce conclude t ! belief involv$ 9 x 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! facts !mselves4 ,b ! significance ( ! belief 9 sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? z an item ( ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o meant x1 consi/$ precisely 9 ! fact t x 0 tak5 n z a m]e association ( feel+s1 b z a def9ite portion ( ! :ole /ructure ( objective exp]i5ce1 gu>ante$ by o!r p>ts ( ! fabric1 & l5d+ its support & giv+ its tone to !m4 ,x 0 to !m "p ( ! exp]i5ce-frame ( ?+s--( ! real univ]se4 ,put ! o!r way1 if su* an in/ance meant a m]e conjunction ( psy*ical /ates1 !re w\ld be 9 x absolutely no?+ to evoke ?\ght4 ,ea* idea z ev5t1 z ,lotze himself po9ts out 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b71 may be reg>d$ z adequately & necess>ily det]m9$ to ! place x occupies4 ,!re is absolutely no "q on ! side ( ev5ts ( m]e co9cid5ce v]sus g5u9e connection4 ,z ev5t1 x is !re & x belongs !re4 ,we _c treat some?+ z at once b>e fact ( exi/5ce & z problematic subject-matt] ( logical inquiry4 ,to take ! reflective po9t ( view is to consid] ! matt] 9 a totally new light2 z ,lotze says1 x is to raise ! "q ( rightful claims to a position or relation4 ,! po9t becomes cle>] :5 we contra/ co9cid5ce ) connection4 ,to consid] co9cid5ce z simply psy*ical1 & coh]5ce z at lea/ quasi-logical1 is to put ! two on su* diff]5t bases t no "q ( contra/+ !m c arise4 ,! co9cid5ce :i* prec$es a valid or gr\nd$ coh]5ce 7! conjunction :i* z coexi/5ce ( objects & sequ5ce ( acts is p]fectly adequate7 nev] is1 z antec$5t1 ! co9cid5ce :i* is set ov] aga9/ coh]5ce4 ,! side-by-sid5ess ( books on my book%elf1 ! succession ( noises t rise ?r\gh my w9d[1 d n z su* tr\ble me logically4 ,!y d n appe> z errors or ev5 z problems4 ,"o coexi/5ce is j z good z any o!r until "s new po9t ( view1 or new end1 pres5ts itself4 ,if x is a "q ( ! conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t ( books1 !n ! value ( _! pres5t collocation becomes a problem4 ,!n ,i may contra/ _! pres5t b>e conjunction ) a s*eme ( possible coh]5ce4 ,if ,i reg>d ! sequ5ce ( noises z a case ( articulate spee*1 _! ord] becomes important--x is a problem to be det]m9$4 ,! inquiry :e!r a giv5 comb9ation means only app>5t or real connection1 %[s t reflective inquiry is already go+ on4 ,does ?is phase ( ! moon really mean ra91 or does x j happ5 t ! ra9-/orm comes :5 ! moon has rea*$ ?is phase8 ,to ask su* que/ions %[s t a c]ta9 portion ( ! univ]se ( exp]i5ce is subject$ to critical analysis = purposes ( def9itive re/atem5t4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d "o comb9ation z b>e conjunction or m]e co9cid5ce is absolutely a "p ( ! movem5t ( m9d 9 its se>* = ! real connection4 ,if coexi/5ce z su* is to be set ov] aga9/ coh]5ce z su*1 z ! non-logical aga9/ ! logical1 !n1 s9ce our :ole spatial univ]se is "o ( collocation1 & s9ce ?\ght 9 ?is univ]se c nev] get f>!r ?an sub/itut+ "o collocation = ano!r1 ! :ole realm ( space-exp]i5ce is condemn$ (f-h& & 9 p]petuity to anti-rationality4 ,b1 9 tru?1 co9cid5ce z ov] aga9/ coh]5ce1 conjunction z ov] aga9/ connection1 is j suspect$ coh]5ce1 "o :i* is "u ! fire ( active inquiry4 ,! di/9ction is "o :i* arises only )9 ! grasp ( ! logical or reflective function4 #c4 ,?is br+s u explicitly to ! fact t !re is no su* ?+ z ei!r co9cid5ce or coh]5ce 9 t]ms ( ! elem5ts or mean+s conta9$ 9 any c\ple or pair ( ideas tak5 by itself4 ,x is only :5 !y are co-factors 9 a situation or function :i* includes m ?an ei!r ! co9cid5t or ! coh]5t & m ?an ! ari?metical sum ( ! two1 t ?\ght's activity c be evok$4 ,lotze is cont9ually 9 ?is dilemma3 ,?\ght ei!r %apes its own mat]ial or else j accepts x4 ,9 ! fir/ case 7s9ce ,lotze _c rid himself ( ! presumption t ?\ght mu/ h a fix$ ready-made antec$5t7 its activity c only alt] ?is /uff & ?us lead ! m9d f>!r away f reality4 ,b if ?\ght j accepts its mat]ial1 h[ c !re be any di/9ctive aim or activity ( ?\ght at all8 ,z we h se51 ,lotze endeavors to escape ?is dilemma by suppos+ t1 :ile ?\ght receives its mat]ial1 x yet *ecks x up3 x elim9ates c]ta9 portions ( x & re9/ates o!rs1 plus ! /amp & seal ( its own validity4 ,lotze objects mo/ /r5u\sly to ! notion t ?\ght awaits its subject-matt] ) c]ta9 ready-made modes ( appreh5sion4 ,?is notion w\ld raise ! insoluble "q ( h[ ?\ght contrives to br+ ! matt] ( ea* impression "u t p>ticul> =m :i* is appropriate to x 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bd74 ,b he has n really avoid$ ! difficulty4 ,h[ does ?\ght "k :i* ( ! comb9ations are m]ely co9cid5t & :i* are m]ely coh]5t8 ,h[ does x "k :i* to elim9ate z irrelevant & :i* to confirm z gr\nd$8 ,ei!r ?is evaluation is an imposition ( its own1 or else gets its cue & clue f ! subject-matt]4 ,n[1 if ! co9cid5t & ! coh]5t tak5 9 & ( !mselves are compet5t to give ?is direction1 !y are already practically label$4 ,! fur!r "w ( ?\ght is "o ( sup]]ogation4 ,x has at mo/ b>ely to note & seal ! mat]ial comb9ations t are already !re4 ,su* a view cle>ly r5d]s ?\ght's "w z unnecess>y 9 =m z x is futile 9 =ce4 ,b !re is no alt]native 9 ?is dilemma except to recognize t an entire situation ( exp]i5ce1 )9 :i* are bo? t aft]w>d f\nd to be m]e co9cid5ce & t f\nd to be real connection1 actually provokes ?\ght4 ,x is only z an exp]i5ce previ\sly accept$ comes up 9 its :ol5ess aga9/ ano!r "o equally integral2 & only z "s l>g] exp]i5ce dawns :i* requires ea* z a "p ( itself & yet )9 :i* ! requir$ factors %[ !mselves mutually incompatible1 t ?\ght arises4 ,x is n b>e co9cid5ce1 or b>e connection1 or b>e addition ( "o to ! o!r1 t excites ?\ght4 ,x is a situation :i* is organiz$ or con/itut$ z a :ole1 & :i* yet is fall+ to pieces 9 its p>ts--a situation :i* is 9 conflict )9 itself--t ar\ses ! se>* to f9d :at really goes toge!r & a correspond5t ef=t to %ut out :at only seem+ly belongs toge!r4 ,& real coh]5ce means precisely capacity to exi/ )9 ! compreh5d+ :ole4 ,x is a case ( ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy to read back into ! prelim9>y situation ^? di/9ctions ( m]e conjunction ( mat]ial & ( valid relation%ip :i* get exi/5ce1 to say no?+ ( fixation1 only )9 ! ?\ght-process4 ,we mu/ n leave ?is phase ( ! discussion1 h[ev]1 until x is q cle> t our objection is n to ,lotze's position t reflective ?\ght arises f an antec$5t :i* is n reflectional 9 "*2 nor yet to 8 idea t ?is antec$5t has a c]ta9 /ructure & cont5t ( its own sett+ ! peculi> problem :i* evokes ?\ght & gives ! cue to its specific activities4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ?is latt] po9t ^u :i* we w\ld insi/2 &1 by insi/+1 po9t out1 negatively1 t ?is view is absolutely inconsi/5t ) ,lotze's !ory t psy*ical impressions & ideas are ! true antec$5ts ( ?\ght2 &1 positively1 t x is ! situation z a :ole1 & n any "o isolat$ "p ( x1 or di/9ction )9 x1 t calls =? & directs ?9k+4 ,we mu/ bew>e ! fallacy ( assum+ t "s "o elem5t 9 ! prior situation 9 isolation or deta*m5t induces ! ?\ght :i* 9 reality comes =? only f ! :ole di/urb$ situation4 ,on ! negative side1 *>act]izations ( impression & idea 7:e!r z m5tal cont5ts or z psy*ical exi/5ces7 are di/9ctions :i* arise only )9 reflection ^u ! situation :i* is ! g5u9e antec$5t ( ?\ght2 :ile ! di/9ction ( psy*ical exi/5ces f ext]nal exi/5ces arises only )9 a highly elaborate te*nical reflection--t ( ! psy*ologi/ z su*4#ab ,positively1 x is ! :ole dynamic exp]i5ce ) its qualitative & p]vasive id5tity ( value1 & its inn] di/raction1 its elem5ts at odds ) ea* o!r1 9 t5sion aga9/ ea* o!r1 cont5d+ ea* = its prop] plac+ & relation%ip1 t g5]ates ! ?\ght-situation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 at ?is p]iod ( developm5t1 ! di/9ctions ( objective & subjective h a *>act]i/ic mean+4 ,! antec$5t1 to repeat1 is a situation 9 :i* ! v>i\s factors are actively incompatible ) ea* o!r1 & :i* yet 9 & ?r\gh ! /riv+ t5d to a re-=mation ( ! :ole & to a re/atem5t ( ! p>ts4 ,?is situation z su* is cle>ly objective4 ,x is !re2 x is !re z a :ole2 ! v>i\s p>ts are !re2 & _! active incompatibility ) "o ano!r is !re4 ,no?+ is convey$ at ?is po9t by ass]t+ t any p>ticul> "p ( ! situation is illusory or subjective1 or m]e appe>ance2 or t any o!r is truly real4 ,x is ! fur!r "w ( ?\ght to exclude "s ( ! cont5d+ factors f memb]%ip 9 exp]i5ce1 & ?us to relegate !m to ! sph]e ( ! m]ely subjective4 ,b j at ?is epo* ! exp]i5ce exi/s z "o ( vital & active confusion & conflict4 ,! conflict is n only objective 9 a de facto s5se 7t is1 really exi/5t71 b is objective 9 a logical s5se z well2 x is j ?is conflict :i* effects ! transition into ! ?\ght-situation--?is1 9 turn1 be+ only a con/ant movem5t t[>d a def9$ equilibrium4 ,! conflict has objective logical value because x is ! antec$5t condition & cue ( ?\ght4 ,e reflective attitude & function1 :e!r ( nave life1 delib]ate inv5tion1 or controll$ sci5tific rese>*1 has ris5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s su* total objective situation4 ,! ab/ract logician may tell u t s5sations or impressions1 or associat$ ideas1 or b>e physical ?+s1 or conv5tional symbols1 are antec$5t conditions4 ,b su* /atem5ts _c be v]ifi$ by ref]5ce to a s+le in/ance ( ?\ght 9 connection ) actual practice or actual sci5tific rese>*4 ,( c\rse1 by extreme m$iation symbols may become conditions ( evok+ ?\ght4 ,!y get to be objects 9 an active exp]i5ce4 ,b !y are /imuli only 9 case _! manipulation to =m a new :ole occasions resi/ance1 & ?us reciprocal t5sion4 ,symbols & _! def9itions develop to a po9t :]e deal+ ) !m becomes itself an exp]i5ce1 hav+ its own id5tity2 j z ! h&l+ ( comm]cial commodities1 or arrangem5t ( p>ts ( an inv5tion1 is an individual exp]i5ce4 ,!re is always z antec$5t to ?\ght an exp]i5ce ( "s subject-matt] ( ! physical or social _w1 or organiz$ intellectual _w1 ^: p>ts are actively at w> ) ea* o!r--s mu* s t !y ?reat5 to disrupt ! entire exp]i5ce1 :i* accord+ly = its own ma9t5ance requires delib]ate re-def9ition & re-relation ( its t5sional p>ts4 ,?is is ! recon/ructive process t]m$ ?9k+3 ! recon/ructive situation1 ) its p>ts 9 t5sion & 9 su* movem5t t[>d ea* o!r z t5ds to a unifi$ exp]i5ce1 is ! ?\ght-situation4 ,?is at once sugge/s ! subjective phase4 ,! situation1 ! exp]i5ce z su*1 is objective4 ,!re is an exp]i5ce ( ! confus$ & conflict+ t5d5cies4 ,b j :at 9 p>ticul> is objective1 j :at =m ! situation %all take z an organiz$ h>moni\s :ole1 is unkn[n2 t is ! problem4 ,x is ! unc]ta9ty z to ! :at ( ! exp]i5ce toge!r ) ! c]ta9ty t !re is su* an exp]i5ce1 t evokes ! ?\ght-function4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t ( unc]ta9ty1 ! situation z a :ole is subjective4 ,no p>ticul> cont5t or ref]5ce c be ass]t$ (f-h&4 ,def9ite ass]tion is expressly res]v$--x is to be ! outcome ( ! proc$ure ( reflective inquiry n[ und]tak54 ,?is hold+ (f ( cont5ts f def9itely ass]t$ position1 ?is view+ !m z c&idates = re=m1 is :at we mean at ?is /age ( ! natural hi/ory ( ?\ght by ! subjective4 ,we h foll[$ ,lotze ?r\gh 8 tortu\s c\rse ( inconsi/5cies4 ,x is bett]1 p]haps1 to run ! risk ( va9 repetition1 ?an t ( leav+ ! impression t ^! are m]e self-contradictions4 ,x is an idle task to expose contradictions save we realize !m 9 relation to ! fundam5tal assumption :i* bre$s !m4 ,lotze is b\nd to diff]5tiate ?\ght f its antec$5ts4 ,he is int5t to d ?is1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a preconception t m>ks (f ! ?\ght-situation radically f its pr$ecessor1 ?r\gh a diff]5ce t is complete1 fix$1 & absolute1 or at l>ge4 ,x is a total contra/ ( ?\ght z su* to some?+ else z su* t he requires1 n a contra/ )9 exp]i5ce ( "o phase ( a process1 "o p]iod ( a rhy?m1 f o!rs4 ,?is complete & rigid diff]5ce ,lotze f9ds 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]i5ce :i* is m]e exi/5ce or occurr5ce1 & "o :i* has to d ) wor?1 tru?1 "r relation%ip4 ,n[ ?+s1 objects1 h already1 implicitly at lea/1 det]m9ations ( wor?1 ( tru?1 reality1 etc4 ,! same is true ( de$s1 affections1 etc41 etc4 ,only /ates ( feel+s1 b>e impressions1 etc41 seem to fulfil ! pr]equisite ( be+ giv5 z exi/5ce1 & yet )\t qualification z to wor?1 etc4 ,!n ! curr5t ( ideas (f]s itself1 a ready-made /ream ( ev5ts1 ( exi/5ces1 :i* c be *>act]iz$ z :olly innoc5t ( reflective det]m9ation1 & z ! natural pr$ecessor ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is /ream ( exi/5ces is no soon] !re ?an its total incapacity to (ficiate z mat]ial condition & cue ( ?\ght appe>s4 ,x is ab\t z relevant z are *anges t may be happ5+ on ! o!r side ( ! moon4 ,s1 "o by "o1 ! :ole s]ies ( det]m9ations ( value or wor? already trac$ are introduc$ into ! v make-up1 ! inn] /ructure1 ( :at 0 to be m]e exi/5ce3 viz41 7#a7 value z det]m9$ by ?+s ( ^: spatial & temporal relations ! ?+s are someh[ repres5tative2 7#b7 h5ce1 value 9 ! %ape ( mean+--! idea z significant1 possess$ ( quality1 & n a m]e ev5t2 7#c7 di/+ui%$ values ( co9cid5ce & coh]5ce )9 ! /ream4 ,all ^! k9ds ( value are explicitly ass]t$1 z we h se52 und]ly+ & runn+ ?r\gh !m all is ! recognition ( ! supreme value ( a situation :i* is organiz$ z a :ole1 yet conflict+ 9 its inn] con/itution4 ,^! contradictions all arise 9 ! attempt to put ?\ght's "w1 z conc]n$ ) value or validity ov] aga9/ exp]i5ce z a m]e antec$5t happ5+1 or occurr5ce4 ,s9ce ?is contra/ arises because ( ! deep] attempt to consid] ?\ght z an indep5d5t some:at 9 g5]al :i* yet1 9 our exp]i5ce1 is specifically dep5d5t1 ! sole radical avoid+ ( ! contradictions c be f\nd 9 ! endeavor to *>act]ize ?\ght z a specific mode ( valuation 9 ! evolution ( significant exp]i5ce1 hav+ its own specific occasion or dem&1 & its own specific place4 ,! nature ( ! organization & value t ! antec$5t conditions ( ! ?\ght-function possess is too l>ge a "q "h to ent] ^u 9 detail4 ,lotze himself sugge/s ! answ]4 ,he speaks ( ! curr5t ( ideas1 j z a curr5t1 supply+ u ) ! mass ( well-gr\nd$ in=mation :i* regulates daily life 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #d74 ,x gives rise to useful comb9ations1 correct expectations1 seasonable reactions 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #g74 ,he speaks ( x1 inde$1 z if x 7 j ! ord9>y _w ( nave exp]i5ce1 ! s-call$ empirical _w1 z di/9ct f ! _w z critically revis$ & rationaliz$ 9 sci5tific & philosophic inquiry4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ?is int]pretation & t ( a m]e /ream ( psy*ical impressions is only ano!r in/ance ( ! difficulty already discuss$4 ,b ! phraseology sugge/s ! type ( value possess$ by x4 ,! unreflective _w is a _w ( practical values2 ( ends & means1 ( _! effective adaptations2 ( control & regulation ( conduct 9 view ( results4 ,ev5 ! mo/ purely utilit>ian ( values are nev]!less values2 n m]e exi/5ces4 ,b ! _w ( uncritical exp]i5ce is sav$ f r$uction to j mat]ial uses & wor?s2 = x is a _w ( social aims & means1 involv+ at e turn ! values ( affection & atta*m5t1 ( competition & co-op]ation4 ,x has incorporate also 9 its own be+ ! surprise ( /hetic values--! sudd5 joy ( light1 ! graci\s wond] ( tone & =m4 ,i d n mean t ?is holds 9 gross ( ! unreflective _w ( exp]i5ce ov] aga9/ ! critical ?\ght-situation--su* a contra/ implies ! v :olesale1 at l>ge1 consid]ation ( ?\ght :i* ,i am /riv+ to avoid4 ,d\btless _m & _m an act ( ?\ght has int]v5$ 9 effect+ ! organization ( our commone/ practical-affectional-/hetic region ( values4 ,i only mean to indicate t ?\ght does take place 9 su* a _w2 n aft] a _w ( b>e exi/5ces lack+ value-specifications2 & t ! m sy/ematic reflection we call organiz$ sci5ce1 may1 9 "s fair s5se1 be said to come aft]1 b to come aft] affectional1 arti/ic1 & te*nological int]e/s :i* h f\nd realization & expression 9 build+ up a _w ( values4 ,hav+ ent]$ s f> ^u a sugge/ion :i* _c be foll[$ out1 ,i v5ture "o o!r digression4 ,! notion t value or significance z di/9ct f m]e exi/5tiality is ! product ( ?\ght or reason1 & t ! s\rce ( ,lotze's contradictions lies 9 ! ef=t to f9d any situation prior or antec$5t to ?\ght1 is a famili> "o--x is ev5 possible t my criticisms ( ,lotze h be5 int]pret$ by "s read]s 9 ?is s5se4#ac ,?is is ! position frequ5tly call$ neo-,hegelian 7?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 ) que/ionable accuracy71 & has be5 develop$ by _m writ]s 9 criticis+ ,kant4 ,?is position & t tak5 9 ?is *apt] d inde$ agree 9 c]ta9 g5]al reg>ds4 ,!y are at "o 9 d5ial ( ! factuality & ! possibility ( develop+ fruitful reflection out ( antec$5t b>e exi/5ce or m]e ev5ts4 ,!y unite 9 d5y+ t !re is or c be any su* ?+ z m]e exi/5ce--ph5om5on unqualifi$ z respects mean+1 :e!r su* ph5om5on be psy*ic or cosmic4 ,!y agree t reflective ?\ght gr[s organically out ( an exp]i5ce :i* is already organiz$1 & t x functions )9 su* an organism4 ,b !y "p company :5 a fundam5tal "q is rais$3 ,is all organiz$ mean+ ! "w ( ?\ght8 ,does x !re=e foll[ t ! organization out ( :i* reflective ?\ght gr[s is ! "w ( ?\ght ( "s o!r type--( ,pure ,?\ght1 ,creative or ,con/itutive ,?\ght1 ,intuitive ,reason1 etc48 ,i %all indicate briefly ! reasons = div]g5ce at ?is po9t4 ,to cov] all ! practical-social-/hetic values involv$1 ! t]m ?\ght has to be s /ret*$ t ! situation might z well be call$ by any o!r "n t describes a typical value ( exp]i5ce4 ,m specifically1 :5 ! diff]5ce is m9imiz$ betwe5 ! organiz$ & arrang$ s*eme ( values out ( :i* reflective inquiry proce$s1 & reflective inquiry itself 7& !re c be no o!r reason = insi/+ t ! antec$5t ( reflective ?\ght is itself someh[ ?\ght71 exactly ! same type ( problem recurs t pres5ts itself :5 ! di/9ction is exagg]at$ into "o betwe5 b>e unvalu$ exi/5ces & rational coh]5t mean+s4 ,= ! m "o insi/s t ! antec$5t situation is con/itut$ by ?\ght1 ! m "o has to wond] :y ano!r type ( ?\ght is requir$2 :at ne$ ar\ses x1 & h[ x is possible = x to improve ^u ! "w ( previ\s con/itutive ?\ght4 ,?is difficulty at once =ces u f a logic ( exp]i5ce z x is concretely exp]i5c$ into a metaphysic ( a purely hypo!tical exp]i5ce4 ,con/itutive ?\ght prec$es our consci\s ?\ght-op]ations2 h5ce x mu/ be ! work+ ( "s absolute univ]sal ?\ght :i*1 unconsci\sly to our reflection1 builds up an organiz$ _w4 ,b ?is rec\rse only deep5s ! difficulty4 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! absolute con/itutive & intuitive ,?\ght does su* a poor & bungl+ job t x requires a f9ite discursive activity to pat* up its products8 ,"h m metaphysic is call$ =3 ,! ,absolute ,reason is n[ suppos$ to "w "u limit+ conditions ( f9itude1 ( a s5sitive & temporal organism4 ,! antec$5ts ( reflective ?\ght are n1 !re=e1 det]m9ations ( ?\ght pure & undefil$1 b ( :at ?\ght c d :5 x /oops to assume ! yoke ( *ange & ( feel+4 ,i pass by ! metaphysical problem left unsolv$ by ?is flight into metaphysic3 ,:y & h[ %\ld a p]fect1 absolute1 complete1 f9i%$ ?\ght f9d x necess>y to submit to ali51 di/urb+1 & corrupt+ conditions 9 ord]1 9 ! end1 to recov] ?r\gh reflective ?\ght 9 a p>tial1 piecemeal1 :olly inadequate way :at x possess$ at ! outset 9 a mu* m satisfactory way8 ,i conf9e myself to ! logical difficulty4 ,h[ c ?\ght relate itself to ! fragm5t>y s5sations1 impressions1 feel+s1 :i*1 9 _! contra/ ) & disp>ity f ! work+s ( con/itutive ?\ght1 m>k x (f f ! latt]2 & :i* 9 _! connection ) its products give ! cue to reflective ?9k+8 ,"h we h aga9 exactly ! problem ) :i* ,lotze has be5 wre/l+3 we h ! same insoluble "q ( ! ref]5ce ( ?\ght-activity to a :olly indet]m9ate unrationaliz$1 indep5d5t1 prior exi/5ce4 ,! absolute rationali/ :o takes up ! problem at ?is po9t w f9d himself =c$ into ! same cont9u\s seesaw1 ! same s*eme ( alt]nate rude robb]y & gratuit\s gift1 t ,lotze engag$ 94 ,! simple fact is t "h is j :]e ,lotze himself began2 he saw t previ\s transc5d5tal logicians _h left unt\*$ ! specific "q ( relation ( our suppos$ly f9ite1 reflective ?\ght to its own antec$5ts1 & he set out to make good ! defect4 ,if reflective ?\ght is requir$ because con/itutive ?\ght works "u ext]nally limit+ conditions ( s5se1 !n we h "s elem5ts :i* are1 aft] all1 m]e exi/5ces1 ev5ts1 etc4 ,or1 if !y h organization f "s o!r s\rce1 & induce reflective ?\ght n z b>e impressions1 etc41 b ?r\gh _! place 9 "s :ole1 !n we h admitt$ ! possibility ( organic unity 9 exp]i5ce1 ap>t f ,reason1 & ! gr\nd = assum+ ,pure ,con/itutive ,?\ght is ab&on$4 ,! contradiction appe>s equally :5 view$ f ! side ( ?\ght-activity & its *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,all our k1 aft] all1 ( ?\ght z con/itutive is ga9$ by consid]ation ( ! op]ations ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! p]fect sy/em ( ?\ght is s p]fect t x is a lum9\s1 h>moni\s :ole1 )\t def9ite p>ts or di/9ctions--or1 if !re are su*1 x is only reflection t br+s !m out4 ,! categories & me?ods ( con/itutive ?\ght itself mu/ !re=e be *>act]iz$ 9 t]ms ( ! modus op]&i ( reflective ?\ght4 ,yet ! latt] takes place j because ( ! peculi> problem ( ! peculi> conditions "u :i* x arises4 ,its "w is progressive1 re=matory1 recon/ructive1 syn!tic1 9 ! t]m9ology made famili> by ,kant4 ,we are n only n ju/ifi$1 accord+ly1 9 transf]r+ its det]m9ations ov] to con/itutive ?\ght1 b we are absolutely prohibit$ f attempt+ any su* transf]4 ,to id5tify logical processes1 /ates1 devices1 results t are condition$ ^u ! prim>y fact ( resi/ance to ?\ght z con/itutive ) ! /ructure ( su* ?\ght is z complete an in/ance ( ! fallacy ( rec\rse f "o g5us to ano!r z c\ld well be f\nd4 ,con/itutive & reflective ?\ght are1 fir/1 def9$ 9 t]ms ( _! dissimil>ity & ev5 opposition1 & !n )\t m ado ! =ms ( ! description ( ! latt] are c>ri$ ov] bodily to ! =m]6#ad ,?is is n meant = a m]ely controv]sial criticism4 ,x is meant to po9t positively t[>d ! fundam5tal !sis ( ^! *apt]s3 ,all ! di/9ctions ( ! ?\ght-function1 ( conception z ov] aga9/ s5se-p]ception1 ( judgm5t 9 its v>i\s modes & =ms1 ( inf]5ce 9 its va/ div]sity ( op]ation--all ^! di/9ctions come )9 ! ?\ght-situation z gr[+ out ( a *>act]i/ic antec$5t typical =mation ( exp]i5ce2 & h = _! purpose ! solution ( ! peculi> problem ) respect to :i* ! ?\ght-function is g5]at$ or evolv$3 ! re/oration ( a delib]ately integrat$ exp]i5ce f ! inh]5t conflict into :i* x has fall54 ,! failure ( transc5d5tal logic has ! same orig9 z ! failure ( ! empiri/ic 7:e!r tak5 pure or 9 ! mix$ =m 9 :i* ,lotze pres5ts x74 ,x makes absolute & fix$ c]ta9 di/9ctions ( exi/5ce & mean+1 & ( "o k9d ( mean+ & ano!r k9d1 :i* are :olly hi/oric & relative 9 _! orig9 & _! significance4 ,x views ?\ght z attempt+ to repres5t or /ate reality once = all1 in/ead ( try+ to det]m9e "s phases or cont5ts ( x ) ref]5ce to _! m effective & significant reciprocal employ--in/ead ( z recon/ructive4 ,! rock aga9/ :i* e su* logic splits is t ei!r reality already has ! /atem5t :i* ?\ght is endeavor+ to give x1 or else x has n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ?\ght is futilely reit]ative2 9 ! latt]1 x is falsificatory4 ,! significance ( ,lotze = critical purposes is t 8 peculi> ef=t to comb9e a transc5d5tal view ( ?\ght 7i4 e41 ( ,?\ght z active 9 =ms ( its own1 pure 9 & ( !mselves7 ) c]ta9 obvi\s facts ( ! dep5d5ce ( our ?\ght ^u specific empirical antec$5ts1 br+s to light fundam5tal defects 9 bo? ! empiri/ic & ! transc5d5tal logics4 ,we discov] a common failure 9 bo?3 ! failure to view logical t]ms & di/9ctions ) respect to _! necess>y function 9 ! r$9tegration ( exp]i5ce4 ,,iii ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]3 ,,! ,,datum ,,( ,,?9k+ ,we h n[ rea*$ a second epo*al /age 9 ! evolution ( ! ?\ght-situation1 a crisis :i* =ces ^u u ! problem ( ! di/9ction & mutual ref]5ce ( ! datum or pres5tation1 & ! ideas or ?\ghts4 ,x w economize & p]haps cl>ify discussion if we />t f ! relatively positive & con/ructive result j rea*$1 & review ,lotze's treatm5t f t po9t ( reg>d4 ,we h rea*$ ! po9t ( conflict 9 ! matt]s or cont5ts ( an exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is conflict & because ( x t ! matt]s or cont5ts1 or significant quales1 /& out z su*4 ,z long z ! sun revolves ab\t e>? )\t t5sion or "q1 ?is cont5t1 or fact1 is n 9 any way ab/ract$ z cont5t or object4 ,its v di/9ction z cont5t f ! =m or mode ( exp]i5ce z su* is ! result ( po/-reflection4 ,! same conflict makes o!r exp]i5ces assume consci\s objectification2 !y1 too1 cease to be ways ( liv+1 & become di/9ct objects ( obs]vation & consid]ation4 ,! movem5ts ( planets1 eclipses1 etc41 are cases 9 po9t4#ae ,! ma9t5ance ( a unifi$ exp]i5ce has become a problem1 an end4 ,x is no long] secure4 ,b ?is involves su* re/atem5t ( ! conflict+ elem5ts z w enable !m to take a place some:]e 9 ! new exp]i5ce2 !y mu/ be dispos$ ( someh[1 & !y c be dispos$ ( f9ally only z !y are provid$ =4 ,t is1 !y _c be simply d5i$ or exclud$ or elim9at$2 !y mu/ be tak5 into ! fold ( ! new exp]i5ce2 su* introduction1 on ! o!r h&1 cle>ly dem&s m or less modification or trans=mation on _! "p4 ,! ?\ght-situation is ! consci\s ma9t5ance ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce1 ) a critical consid]ation ( ! claims ( ! v>i\s conflict+ cont5ts to a place )9 itself1 & a delib]ate f9al assignm5t ( position4 ,! conflict+ situation inevitably pol>izes or di*otomizes itself4 ,!re is some:at :i* is unt\*$ 9 ! cont5tion ( incompatibles4 ,!re is some?+ :i* rema9s secure1 unque/ion$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are elem5ts :i* are r5d]$ d\btful & prec>i\s4 ,?is gives ! framework ( ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! field into facts1 ! giv51 ! pres5t$1 ! ,datum2 & ideas1 ! ideal1 ! conceiv$1 ! ,?\ght4 ,= !re is always some?+ unque/ion$ 9 any problematic situation at any /age ( its process1#af ev5 if x be only ! fact ( conflict or t5sion4 ,= ?is is nev] m]e t5sion at l>ge4 ,x is ?or\ghly qualifi$1 or *>act]i/ically ton$ & color$1 by ! p>ticul> elem5ts :i* are 9 /rife4 ,h5ce x is ?is conflict1 unique & irreplaceable4 ,t x comes n[ means precisely t x has nev] come be=e2 t x is n[ pass$ 9 review & "s sort ( a settlem5t rea*$1 means t j ?is conflict w nev] recur4 ,9 a ^w1 ! conflict z su* is imm$iately express$1 or felt1 z ( j ?is & no o!r sort1 & ?is imm$iately appreh5d$ quality is an irr$ucible datum4 ,x is fact1 ev5 if all else be d\btful4 ,z x is subject$ to exam9ation1 x loses vagu5ess & assumes m def9ite =m4 ,only 9 v extreme cases1 h[ev]1 does ! assur$1 unque/ion$ elem5t r$uce to z l[ t]ms z we h "h imag9$4 ,c]ta9 ?+s come to /& =? z facts1 no matt] :at else may be d\bt$4 ,!re are c]ta9 app>5t diurnal *anges ( ! sun2 !re is a c]ta9 annual c\rse or track4 ,!re are c]ta9 nocturnal *anges 9 ! planets1 & c]ta9 seasonal rhy?mic pa?s4 ,! significance ( ^! may be d\bt$3 ,d !y mean real *ange 9 ! sun or 9 ! e>?8 ,b *ange1 & *ange ( a c]ta9 def9ite & num]ically det]m9ate "* is !re4 ,x is cle> t su* out-/&+ facts 7ex-i/5ces7 con/itute ! data1 ! giv5 or pres5t$1 ( ! ?\ght-function4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is is only "o correspond5t1 or /atus1 9 ! total situation4 ,) ! consci\sness ( ?is z c]ta91 z giv5 to be reckon$ )1 goes ! consci\sness ( unc]ta9ty z to :at x means--( h[ x is to be und]/ood or int]pret$4 ,! facts qua pres5tation or exi/5ces are sure2 qua mean+ 7position & relation%ip 9 an exp]i5ce yet to be secur$7 !y are d\btful4 ,yet d\bt does n preclude memory or anticipation4 ,inde$1 x is possible only ?r\gh !m4 ,! memory ( pa/ exp]i5ce makes sun-revolv+-ab\t-e>? an object ( att5tive reg>d4 ,! recollection ( c]ta9 o!r exp]i5ces sugge/s ! idea ( e>?-rotat+-daily-on-axis & revolv+-annually-ab\t-sun4 ,^! cont5ts are z mu* pres5t z is ! obs]vation ( *ange1 b z respects wor?1 !y are only possibilities4 ,accord+ly1 !y are categoriz$ or dispos$ ( z j ideas1 mean+s1 ?\ghts1 ways ( conceiv+1 compreh5d+1 int]pret+ facts4 ,correspond5ce ( ref]5ce "h is z obvi\s z correlation ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! logical process1 ! datum is n j real exi/5ce1 & ! idea m]e psy*ical unreality4 ,bo? are modes ( exi/5ce--"o ( giv5 exi/5ce1 ! o!r ( m5tal exi/5ce4 ,& if ! m5tal exi/5ce is 9 su* cases reg>d$1 f ! /&po9t ( ! unifi$ exp]i5ce aim$ at1 z hav+ only possible value1 ! datum also is reg>d$1 f ! value /&po9t1 z incomplete & unassur$4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! idea or mean+ z sep>ate is ! p>tial1 brok5 up1 & h5ce objectively unreal 7f ! validity /&po9t7 "* ( ! datum4 ,or1 z we commonly put x1 :ile ! ideas are impressions1 sugge/ions1 guesses1 !ories1 e/imates1 etc41 ! facts are crude1 raw1 unorganiz$1 brute4 ,!y lack relation%ip1 t is1 assur$ place 9 ! univ]se2 !y are defici5t z to cont9uity4 ,m]e *ange ( app>5t position ( sun1 :i* is absolutely unque/ion$ z datum1 is a %e] ab/raction f ! /&po9t ei!r ( ! organiz$ exp]i5ce left beh9d1 or ( ! reorganiz$ exp]i5ce :i* is ! end--! objective4 ,x is impossible z a p]si/5t object 9 exp]i5ce or reality4 ,9 o!r words1 datum & ideatum are divisions ( labor1 co-op]ative in/rum5talities1 = economical deal+ ) ! problem ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! integrity ( exp]i5ce4 ,once m1 & briefly1 bo? datum & ideatum may 7& positively1 v]itably1 d7 break up1 ea* = itself1 into physical & psy*ical4 ,9 s f> z ! conviction ga9s gr\nd t ! e>? revolves ab\t ! sun1 ! old fact is brok5 up into a new cosmic exi/5ce1 & a new psy*ological condition--! recognition ( a m5tal process 9 virtue ( :i* movem5ts ( small] bodies 9 relation to v remote l>g] bodies are int]pret$ 9 a rev]se s5se4 ,we d n j elim9ate z false ! s\rce ( error 9 ! old cont5t4 ,we re9t]pret x z valid 9 its own place1 viz41 a case ( ! psy*ology ( app]ception1 al?\gh invalid z a matt] ( cosmic /ructure4 ,9 o!r words1 ) increas+ accuracy ( det]m9ation ( ! giv51 !re comes a di/9ction1 = me?odological purposes1 betwe5 ! quality or matt] ( ! s5se-exp]i5ce & its =m--! s5se-p]ceiv+1 z itself a psy*ological fact1 hav+ its own place & laws or relations4 ,moreov]1 ! old exp]i5ce1 t ( sun-revolv+1 abides4 ,b x is reg>d$ z belong+ to me--to ?is exp]i5c+ individual1 r ?an to ! cosmic _w4 ,x is psy*ic4 ,"h1 !n1 )9 ! gr[? ( ! ?\ght-situation & z a "p ( ! process ( det]m9+ specific tru? "u specific conditions1 we get = ! fir/ "t ! clue to t di/9ction ) :i*1 z ready-made & prior to all ?9k+1 ,lotze />t$ out1 namely1 ! sep>ation ( ! matt] ( impression f impression z psy*ical ev5t4 ,! sep>ation :i*1 tak5 at l>ge1 eng5d]s an insoluble problem1 appe>s )9 a p>ticul> reflective inquiry1 z an inevitable diff]5tiation ( a s*eme ( values4 ,! same sort ( ?+ occurs on ! side ( ?\ght1 or mean+4 ,! mean+ or idea :i* is gr[+ 9 acceptance1 :i* is ga9+ gr\nd z mean+-(-datum1 gets logical or intellectual or objective =ce2 t :i* is los+ /&+1 :i* is increas+ly d\btful1 gets qualifi$ z j a notion1 a fancy1 a pre-judice1 mis-conception--or f9ally j an error1 a m5tal slip4 ,evaluat$ z fanciful 9 validity x becomes m]e image--subjective2#ag & f9ally a psy*ical exi/5ce4 ,x is n elim9at$1 b receives a new ref]5ce or mean+4 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 subjectivity & objectivity is n "o betwe5 mean+ z su* & datum z su*4 ,x is a specification t em]ges1 correspond5tly1 9 bo? datum & ideatum1 z affairs ( ! direction ( logical movem5t4 ,t :i* is left beh9d 9 ! evolution ( accept$ mean+ is *>act]iz$ z real1 b only 9 a psy*ical s5se2 t :i* is mov$ t[>d is reg>d$ z real 9 an objective1 cosmic s5se4#ah ,! implication ( ! psy*ic & ! logical )9 bo? ! giv5 pres5tation & ! ?\ght ab\t x1 appe>s 9 ! cont9ual %ift to :i* logicians ( ,lotze's type are put4 ,:5 ! psy*ical is reg>d$ z exi/5ce ov] aga9/ mean+ z j ideal1 reality seems to reside 9 ! psy*ical2 x is !re anyh[1 & mean+ is j a curi\s atta*m5t--curi\s because z m]e mean+ x is non-exi/5t z ev5t or /ate--& !re seems to be no?+ by :i* x c be ev5 ti$ to ! psy*ical /ate z its be>] or repres5tative4 ,b :5 ! emphasis falls on ?\ght z cont5t1 z significance1 !n ! psy*ic ev5t1 ! idea z image#ai 7z di/9ct f idea z mean+7 appe>s z an accid5tal b necess>y evil1 ! un=tunate irrelevant m$ium ?r\gh :i* our ?9k+ has to g on4#bj #a4 ,! data ( ?\ght4--,:5 we turn to ,lotze1 we f9d t he makes a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! pres5t$ mat]ial ( ?\ght1 its datum1 & ! typical *>act]i/ic modes ( ?9k+ 9 virtue ( :i* ! datum gets organization or sy/em4 ,x is int]e/+ to note also t he /ates ! datum 9 t]ms diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* ! antec$5ts ( ?\ght are def9$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* ideas ex]cise !mselves1 x is n co9cid5ce1 collocation1 or succession t c\nts2 b gradation ( degrees 9 a scale4 ,x is n ?+s 9 spatial or temporal gr\p+ t are emphasiz$1 b qualities z mutually di/+ui%$1 yet class$--z diff]5ces ( a common some:at4 ,!re is no inh]5t inconceivability 9 ! idea t e impression %\ld be z incomp>ably diff]5t f e o!r z sweet is f w>m4 ,b by a rem>kable circum/ance su* is n ! case4 ,we h s]ies1 & networks ( s]ies4 ,we h div]sity ( a common--div]se colors1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/es1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 ! datum is s5se-qualities :i*1 =tunately = ?\ght1 are giv5 arrang$1 z %ades1 degrees1 v>iations1 or qualities ( some:at t is id5tical4#ba ,all ?is is giv51 pres5t$1 to our ideational activities4 ,ev5 ! univ]sal1 ! common-color :i* runs ?r\gh ! v>i\s qualities ( blue1 gre51 :ite1 etc41 is n a product ( ?\ght1 b some?+ :i* ?\ght f9ds already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x conditions comp>ison & reciprocal di/9ction4 ,p>ticul>ly all ma!matical det]m9ations1 :e!r ( c\nt+ 7numb]71 degree 7m or less71 & quantity 7greatness & smallness71 come back to ?is peculi>ity ( ! datum ( ?\ght4 ,"h ,lotze dwells at consid]able l5g? ^u ! fact t ! v possibility1 z well z ! success1 ( ?\ght is due to ?is peculi> univ]salization or prima facie ord]+ ) :i* its mat]ial is giv5 to x4 ,su* pre-e/abli%$ fitness 9 ! meet+ ( two ?+s t h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r is c]ta9ly cause en\gh = wond] & congratulation4 ,x %\ld n be difficult to see :y ,lotze uses diff]5t categories 9 describ+ ! giv5 mat]ial ( ?\ght f ^? employ$ 9 describ+ its antec$5t conditions1 ev5 ?\gh1 accord+ to him1 ! two are absolutely ! same4#bb ,he has diff]5t functions 9 m9d4 ,9 "o case1 ! mat]ial mu/ be *>act]iz$ z evok+1 z inc5tive1 z /imulus--f ?is po9t ( view ! peculi> comb9ation ( co9cid5ce & coh]5ce is emphasiz$4 ,b 9 ! o!r case ! mat]ial mu/ be *>act]iz$ z af=d+ /uff1 actual subject-matt]4 ,data are n only :at is giv5 to ?\ght1 b !y are also ! food1 ! raw mat]ial1 ( ?\ght4 ,!y mu/ be describ$ z1 on ! "o h&1 :olly outside ( ?\ght4 ,?is cle>ly puts !m into ! region ( s5se-p]ception4 ,!y are matt] ( s5sation giv5 free f all inf]r+1 judg+1 relat+ influ5ce4 ,s5sation is j :at is n call$ up 9 memory or 9 anticipat$ projection--x is ! imm$iate1 ! irr$ucible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s5sory-matt] is qualitative1 & quales are made up on a common basis4 ,!y are degrees or grades ( a common quality4 ,?us !y h a c]ta9 ready-made sett+ ( mutual di/9ction & ref]5ce :i* is already almo/1 if n q1 ! effect ( comp>+1 ( relat+1 & ^! are ! express traits ( ?9k+4 ,x is easy to int]pret ?is miracul\s gift ( grace 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said4 ,! data are 9 tru? precisely t :i* is select$ & set aside z pres5t1 z imm$iate4 ,?us !y are giv5 to fur!r ?\ght4 ,b ! selection has occurr$ 9 view ( ! ne$ = ?\ght2 x is a li/+ ( ! capital 9 ! way ( ! undi/urb$1 ! undiscuss$1 :i* ?\ght c c\nt ^u 9 ?is p>ticul> problem4 ,h5ce x is n /range t x has a peculi> fitness ( adaptation = ?\ght's fur!r "w4 ,hav+ be5 select$ ) precisely t end 9 view1 ! wond] w\ld be if x 7 n s fitt$4 ,a man may co9 c\nt]feit money = use ^u o!rs1 b h>dly ) ! int5t ( pass+ x (f ^u himself4 ,our only difficulty "h is t ! m9d flies away f ! logical int]pretation ( s5se-datum to a ready-made notion ( x br\ght ov] f ab/ract psy*ological inquiry4 ,! belief 9 s5sory quales z someh[ =c$ ^u u1 & =c$ ^u u at l>ge1 & ?us condition+ ?\ght :olly ab extra1 in/ead ( det]m9+ x z in/rum5talities or elem5ts 9 its own s*eme1 is too fix$4 ,su* qualities are =c$ ^u u1 b n at l>ge4 ,! s5sory data ( exp]i5ce1 z di/9ct f ! psy*ologi/s' con/ructs1 always come 9 a context2 !y always appe> z v>iations 9 a cont9uum ( values4 ,ev5 ! ?und] :i* breaks 9 ^u me 7to take ! extreme ( app>5t discont9uity & irrelevancy7 di/urbs me because x is tak5 z a "p ( ! same space-_w z t 9 :i* my *air & room & h\se are locat$2 & x is tak5 z an influ5ce :i* int]rupts & di/urbs1 because x is "p ( my common _w ( causes & effects4 ,! solution ( cont9uity is itself practical or teleological1 & ?us presupposes & affects cont9uity ( purpose1 occupations1 & means 9 a life-process4 ,x is n metaphysics1 x is biology :i* en=ces ! idea t actual s5sation is n only det]m9$ z an ev5t 9 a _w ( ev5ts1#bc b is an occurr5ce occurr+ at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! evolution ( exp]i5ce1 m>k+ a c]ta9 po9t 9 its cycle1 &1 consequ5tly--hav+ always its own consci\s context & be>+s--is a *>act]i/ic function ( recon/ruction 9 exp]i5ce4#bd #b4 ,=ms ( ?9k+ data4--,z s5sory datum is mat]ial set = ! "w ( ?\ght1 s ! ideational =ms ) :i* ?\ght does its "w are apt & prompt to meet ! ne$s ( ! mat]ial4 ,! accessory#be notion ( gr\nd ( coh]5ce turns out1 9 tru?1 n to be a =mal1 or ext]nal1 addition to ! data1 b a requalification ( !m4 ,?\ght is accessory z accomplice1 n z add5dum4 ,?\ght is to elim9ate m]e co9cid5ce1 & to ass]t gr\nd$ coh]5ce4 ,lotze makes x absolutely cle> t he does n at bottom conceive ( ?\ght z an activity 9 itself impos+ a =m ( coh]5ce2 b t ! organiz+ "w ( ?\ght is only ! progressive realization ( an inh]5t unity1 or sy/em1 9 ! mat]ial exp]i5ce4 ,! specific modes 9 :i* ?\ght br+s its accessory p[] to be>--names1 conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce--are successive /ages 9 ! adequate organization ( ! matt] :i* comes to u fir/ z datum2 !y are successive /ages ( ! ef=t to ov]come ! orig9al defects ( ! datum4 ,conception />ts f ! giv5 univ]sal 7! common elem5t7 ( s5se4 ,yet 7& ?is is ! significant po9t7 x does n simply ab/ract ?is common elem5t1 & consci\sly g5]alize x z ov] aga9/ its own diff]5ces4 ,su* a univ]sal is n coh]5ce1 j because x does n include & dom9ate ! temporal & local het]og5eity4 ,! true concept 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ch7 is a sy/em ( attributes1 held toge!r on ! basis ( "s gr\nd1 or det]m9+1 dom9at+ pr9ciple--a gr\nd :i* s controls all its own in/ances z to make !m into an inw>dly connect$ :ole1 & s specifies its own limits z to be exclusive ( all else4 ,if we ab/ract color z ! common elem5t ( v>i\s colors1 ! result is n a sci5tific idea or concept4 ,discov]y ( a process ( light-waves ^: v>i\s rates con/itute ! v>i\s colors ( ! spectrum gives ! concept4 ,& :5 we get su* a concept1 ! =m] m]e temporal abruptness ( color exp]i5ces gives way to organic p>ts ( a color sy/em4 ,! logical product--! concept1 9 o!r words--is n a =mal seal or /amp2 x is a ?or\ghgo+ trans=mation ( data 9 a giv5 s5se4 ,! =m or mode ( ?\ght :i* m>ks ! cont9u$ trans=mation ( ! data & ! idea 9 ref]5ce to ea* o!r is judgm5t4 ,judgm5t makes explicit ! assumption ( a pr9ciple :i* det]m9es connection )9 an individualiz$ :ole4 ,x def9itely /ates r$ z ?is case or in/ance ( ! law or process ( color1 & ?us ov]comes fur!r ! defect 9 subject-matt] or data /ill left by conception4#bf ,n[ judgm5t logically t]m9ates 9 disjunction4 ,x gives a univ]sal :i* may det]m9e any "o ( a numb] ( alt]native def9$ p>ticul>s1 b :i* is arbitr>y z to :at "o is select$4 ,sy/ematic inf]5ce br+s to light ! mat]ial conditions "u :i* ! law1 or dom9at+ univ]sal1 applies to ?is1 r ?an t alt]native p>ticul>1 & s completes ! ideal organization ( ! subject-matt]4 ,if ?is act 7 complete1 we %\ld f9ally h pres5t to u a :ole on :i* we %\ld "k ! det]m9+ & effective or au?oriz+ elem5ts1 & ! ord] ( developm5t or hi]>*y ( dep5d5ce1 9 :i* o!rs foll[ f !m4#bg ,9 ?is acc\nt by ,lotze ( ! op]ations ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 !re is cle>ly put be=e u ! picture ( a cont9u\s correlative det]m9ation ( datum on "o side & ( idea or mean+ on ! o!r1 till exp]i5ce is aga9 integral1 data ?or\ghly def9$ & correct$1 & ideas completely inc>nate z ! relevant mean+ ( subject-matt]4 ,t we h "h 9 outl9e a description ( :at actually occurs !re c be no d\bt4 ,b !re is z little d\bt t x is ?or\ghly inconsi/5t ) ,lotze's supposition t ! mat]ial or data ( ?\ght is precisely ! same z ! antec$5ts ( ?\ght2 or t ideas1 conceptions1 are purely m5tal some:ats br\ght to be>1 z ! sole ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ?\ght1 extrane\sly ^u a mat]ial provid$ ready-made4 ,x means b "o ?+3 ,! ma9t5ance ( unity & :ol5ess 9 exp]i5ce ?r\gh conflict+ cont5ts occurs by means ( a /rictly correspond5t sett+ ap>t ( fact to be accurately describ$ & prop]ly relat$1 & mean+ to be adequately con/ru$ & prop]ly ref]r$4 ,! datum is giv5 9 ! ?\ght-situation1 & to fur!r qualification ( ideas or mean+s4 ,b ev5 9 ?is aspect x pres5ts a problem4 ,to f9d out :at is giv5 is an inquiry :i* taxes reflection to ! utt]mo/4 ,e important advance 9 sci5tific me?od means bett] ag5cies1 m skill$ te*nique = simply deta*+ & describ+ :at is b>ely !re1 or giv54 ,to be able to f9d out :at c safely be tak5 z !re1 z giv5 9 any p>ticul> inquiry1 & h5ce be tak5 z mat]ial = ord]ly & v]ifiable ?9k+1 = fruitful hypo!sis-mak+1 = ent]ta9+ ( explanatory & int]pretative ideas1 is "o phase ( ! ef=t ( sy/ematic sci5tific inquiry4 ,x m>ks its inductive phase4 ,to take :at is giv5 9 ! ?\ght-situation1 = ! sake ( accompli%+ ! aim ( ?\ght 7along ) a correlative discrim9ation ( ideas or mean+s71 z if x 7 giv5 absolutely1 or ap>t f a p>ticul> hi/oric situs & context1 is ! fallacy ( empiricism z a logical !ory4 ,to reg>d ! ?\ght-=ms ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce z qualifications ( pure ?\ght1 ap>t f any diff]5ce 9 objects1 in/ead ( z successive dispositions 9 ! progressive organization ( ! mat]ial 7or objects7 is ! fallacy ( rationalism4 ,lotze attempts to comb9e ! two1 ?9k+ !reby to correct ea* by ! o!r4 ,lotze recognizes ! futility ( ?\ght if ! s5se-data are f9al1 if !y alone are real1 ! truly exi/5t1 self-ju/ificatory & valid4 ,he sees t1 if ! empirici/ 7 "r 9 8 assumption z to ! real wor? ( ! giv5 data1 ?9k+ w\ld be a ridicul\s pret5d]1 ei!r toilfully & poorly do+ ov] aga9 :at ne$s no do+1 or mak+ a wilful dep>ture f tru?4 ,he realizes t ?\ght really is evok$ because x is ne$$1 & t x has a "w to d :i* is n m]ely =mal1 b :i* effects a modification ( ! subject-matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly he assumes a ?\ght-9-itself1 ) c]ta9 =ms & modes ( action ( its own1 a realm ( mean+ possess$ ( a directive & normative wor? ( its own--! root-fallacy ( rationalism4 ,8 attempt$ compromise betwe5 ! two turns out to be bas$ on ! assumption ( ! indef5sible ideas ( bo?--! notion ( an indep5d5t matt] ( ?\ght1 on "o side1 & ( an indep5d5t wor? or value ( ?\ght-=ms1 on ! o!r4 ,?is po9t+ out ( inconsi/5cies becomes /ale & unpr(itable save z we br+ !m back into connection ) _! root-orig9--! erection ( di/9ctions t are g5etic & hi/oric1 & work+ or in/rum5tal divisions ( labor1 into rigid & ready-made diff]5ces ( /ructural reality4 ,lotze cle>ly recognizes t ?\ght's nature is dep5d5t ^u its aim1 its aim ^u its problem1 & ?is ^u ! situation 9 :i* x f9ds its inc5tive & excuse4 ,its "w is cut out = x4 ,x does n :at x w\ld1 b :at x mu/4 ,z ,lotze puts x1 ,logic has to d ) ?\ght1 n z x w\ld be "u hypo!tical conditions1 b z x is 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cc71 & ?is /atem5t is made 9 explicit comb9ation ) /atem5ts to ! effect t ! peculi>ity ( ! mat]ial ( ?\ght conditions its activity4 ,simil>ly he says 9 a passage already ref]r$ to3 ,! possibility & ! success ( ?\ght's production 9 g5]al dep5ds ^u ?is orig9al con/itution & organization ( ! :ole _w ( ideas1 a con/itution :i*1 ?\gh n necess>y 9 ?\ght1 is all ! m necess>y to make ?\ght possible4#bh ,z we h se51 ! ess5tial nature ( conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce is dep5d5t ^u peculi>ities ( ! prop\nd$ mat]ial1 !y be+ =ms dep5d5t = _! significance ^u ! /age ( organization 9 :i* !y beg94 ,f ?is only "o conclusion is sugge/$4 ,if ?\ght's nature is dep5d5t ^u its actual conditions & circum/ances1 ! prim>y logical problem is to /udy ?\ght-9-its-condition+2 x is to detect ! crisis )9 :i* ?\ght & its subject-matt] pres5t !mselves 9 _! mutual di/9ction & cross-ref]5ce4 ,b ,lotze is s ?or\ghly committ$ to a ready-made antec$5t ( "s sort1 t ?is g5etic consid]ation is ( no acc\nt to him4 ,! hi/oric me?od is a m]e matt] ( psy*ology1 & has no logical wor? 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b74 ,we mu/ presuppose a psy*ological me*anism & psy*ological mat]ial1 b logic is conc]n$ n ) orig9 or hi/ory1 b ) au?ority1 wor?1 value 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj74 ,aga93 ,logic is n conc]n$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts utiliz$ by ?\ght come into exi/5ce1 b _! value aft] !y h someh[ come into exi/5ce1 = ! c>ry+ out ( intellectual op]ations 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cd74 ,& f9ally3 ,i h ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t my "w t logic _c d]ive any s]i\s advantage f a discussion ( ! conditions "u :i* ?\ght z a psy*ological process comes ab\t4 ,! significance ( logical =ms 444 is to be f\nd 9 ! utt]ances ( ?\ght1 ! laws :i* x imposes1 aft] or dur+ ! act ( ?9k+1 n 9 ! conditions :i* lie back ( & :i* produce ?\ght4#bi ,lotze1 9 tru?1 repres5ts a halt+-/age 9 ! evolution ( logical !ory4 ,he is too f> along to be cont5t$ ) ! reit]ation ( ! purely =mal di/9ctions ( a m]ely =mal ?\ght-by-itself4 ,he recognizes t ?\ght z =mal is ! =m ( "s matt]1 & has its wor? only z organiz+ t matt] to meet ! ideal dem&s ( reason2 & t reason is 9 tru? only an ideal sy/ematization ( ! matt] or cont5t4 ,consequ5tly he has to op5 ! door to admit psy*ical processes :i* furni% ?is mat]ial4 ,hav+ let 9 ! mat]ial1 he is b\nd to %ut ! door aga9 9 ! face ( ! processes f :i* ! mat]ial proce$$--to dismiss !m z imp]t95t intrud]s4 ,if ?\ght gets its data 9 su* a surreptiti\s mann]1 !re is no occasion = wond] t ! legitimacy ( its deal+s ) ! mat]ial rema9s an op5 "q4 ,logical !ory1 l e bran* ( ! philosophic discipl9es1 waits ^u a surr5d] ( ! ob/9ate conviction t1 :ile ! "w & aim ( ?\ght is condition$ by ! mat]ial suppli$ to x1 yet ! wor? ( its p]=mances is some?+ to be pass$ ^u 9 complete ab/raction f conditions ( orig9 & developm5t4 ,,iv ,,?\ght ,,& ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]3 ,,! ,,cont5t ,,& ,,object ,,( ,,?\ght ,9 ! =ego+ discussion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we 7 l$ repeat$ly to recognize t ?\ght has its own cont5t4 ,at times ,lotze gives way to ! t5d5cy to def9e ?\ght entirely 9 t]ms ( modes & =ms ( activity :i* are ex]cis$ by x ^u a /rictly =eign mat]ial4 ,b two motives cont9ually pu% him 9 ! o!r direction4 7#a7 ,?\ght has a di/9ctive "w to d1 "o :i* involves a qualitative trans=mation ( 7at lea/7 ! relation%ips ( ! pres5t$ matt]2 z fa/ z x accompli%es ?is "w1 ! subject-matt] becomes someh[ ?\ght's own4 ,z we h j se51 ! data are progressively organiz$ to meet ?\ght's ideal ( a complete :ole1 ) its memb]s int]connect$ accord+ to a det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,su* progressive organization ?r[s backw>d d\bt ^u ! assumption ( ! orig9al total irrelevancy ( ! data & ?\ght-=m to ea* o!r4 7#b7 ,a l motive op]ates f ! side ( ! subject-matt]4 ,z m]ely =eign & ext]nal1 x is too het]og5e\s to l5d itself to ?\ght's ex]cise & influ5ce4 ,! idea1 z we saw 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 is ! conv5i5t m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,lotze passes f ! purely het]og5e\s psy*ical impression or ev5t1 :i* is totally irrelevant to ?\ght's purpose & work+1 ov] to a /ate ( affairs :i* c rew>d ?\ght4 ,idea z mean+ =ms ! bridge f ! brute factuality ( ! psy*ical impression ov] to ! coh]5t value ( ?\ght's own cont5t4 ,we h1 9 ?is *apt]1 to consid] ! "q ( ! idea or cont5t ( ?\ght f two po9ts ( view3 fir/1 ! possibility ( su* a cont5t--its consi/5cy ) ,lotze's fundam5tal premises2 secondly1 its objective "*--its validity & te/4 ,i4 ,! "q ( ! possibility ( a specific cont5t ( ?\ght is ! "q ( ! nature ( ! idea z mean+4 ,mean+ is ! *>act]i/ic cont5t ( ?\ght z su*4 ,we h ?us f> left unque/ion$ ,lotze's cont9ual assumption ( mean+ z a sort ( ?\ght-unit2 ! build+-/one ( ?\ght's con/ruction4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( mean+1 ,lotze's contradictions reg>d+ ! antec$5ts1 data1 & cont5t ( ?\ght rea* _! full conclusion4 ,he expressly makes mean+ to be ! product ( ?\ght's activity & also ! unreflective mat]ial out ( :i* ?\ght's op]ations gr[4 ,?is contradiction has be5 work$ out 9 accurate & complete detail by ,pr(essor ,jones4#cj ,he summ>izes x z foll[s 7p4 #ii73 ,no o!r way 0 left to him ,lotze except+ ?is ( fir/ attribut+ all to s5se & aft]w>ds attribut+ all to ?\ght1 &1 f9ally ( attribut+ x to ?\ght only because x 0 already 9 its mat]ial4 ,?is seesaw is ess5tial to 8 !ory2 ! elem5ts ( k z he describes !m c subsi/ only by ! alt]nate robb]y ( ea* o!r4 ,we h already se5 h[ /r5u\sly ,lotze insi/s ^u ! fact t ! giv5 subject-matt] ( ?\ght is to be reg>d$ :olly z ! "w ( a physical me*anism1 )\t any action ( ?\ght4#ca ,b ,lotze also /ates t if ! products ( ! psy*ical me*anism are to admit ( comb9ation 9 ! def9ite =m ( a ?\ght1 !y ea* require "s previ\s %ap+ to make !m into logical build+-/ones & to conv]t !m f impressions into ideas4 ,no?+ is really m famili> to u ?an ?is fir/ op]ation ( ?\ght2 ! only reason :y we usually ov]look x is t 9 ! language :i* we inh]it1 x is already c>ri$ out1 & x seems1 !re=e1 to belong to ! self-evid5t presuppositions ( ?\ght1 n to its own specific "w4#cb ,& aga9 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bc7 judgm5ts c consi/ ( no?+ b comb9ations ( ideas :i* are no long] m]e impressions3 e su* idea mu/ h und]gone at lea/ ! simple =mation m5tion$ above4 ,su* ideas are1 ,lotze goes on to urge1 already rudim5t>y concepts--t is to say1 logical det]m9ations4 ,! obvi\sness ( ! logical contradiction ( attribut+ to a prelim9>y specific "w ( ?\ght exactly ! condition ( affairs :i* is else:]e explicitly attribut$ to a psy*ical me*anism prior to any ?\ght-activity1 %\ld n bl9d u to its mean+ & relative necessity4 ,! impression1 x w be recall$1 is a m]e /ate ( our own consci\sness--a mood ( ourselves4 ,z su* x has simply de facto relations z an ev5t to o!r simil> ev5ts4 ,b reflective ?\ght is conc]n$ ) ! relation%ip ( a cont5t or matt] to o!r cont5ts4 ,h5ce ! impression mu/ h a matt] be=e x c come at all )9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght's ex]cise4 ,h[ %all x secure ?is8 ,:y1 by a prelim9>y activity ( ?\ght :i* objectifies ! impression4 ,blue z a m]e s5su\s irritation or feel+ is giv5 a quality1 ! mean+ blue--blu5ess2 ! s5se-impression is objectifi$2 x is pres5t$ no long] z a condition :i* we und]go1 b z a some?+ :i* has its be+ & its mean+ 9 itself1 & :i* cont9ues to be :at x is1 & to mean :at x means :e!r we are consci\s ( x or n4 ,x is easy to see "h ! necess>y beg9n+ ( t activity :i* we above appropriat$ to ?\ght z su*3 x has n yet got s f> z conv]t+ coexi/5ce into coh]5ce4 ,x has fir/ to p]=m ! previ\s task ( inve/+ ea* s+le impression ) an indep5d5t validity1 )\t :i* ! lat] opposition ( _! real coh]5ce to m]e coexi/5ce c\ld n be made 9 any intelligible s5se4#cc ,?is objectification1 :i* conv]ts a s5sitive /ate into a s5sible matt] to :i* ! s5sitive /ate is ref]r$1 also gives ?is matt] position1 a c]ta9 typical "*4 ,x is n objectifi$ 9 a m]ely g5]al way1 b is giv5 a specific sort ( objectivity4 ,( ^! k9ds ( objectivity !re are ?ree m5tion$3 t ( a sub/antive cont5t2 t ( an atta*$ dep5d5t cont5t2 t ( an active relation%ip connect+ ! v>i\s cont5ts ) ea* o!r4 ,9 %ort1 we h ! types ( mean+ embodi$ 9 language 9 ! =m ( n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is prelim9>y =mative activity ( ?\ght t reflective or logical ?\ght has pres5t$ to x a _w ( mean+s rang$ 9 an ord] ( relative indep5d5ce & dep5d5ce1 & rang$ z elem5ts 9 a complex ( mean+s ^: v>i\s con/itu5t p>ts mutually influ5ce ea* o!r's mean+s4#cd ,z usual1 ,lotze m$iates ! contradiction betwe5 mat]ial con/itut$ by ?\ght & ! same mat]ial j pres5t$ to ?\ght1 by a fur!r position s disp>ate to ea* t1 tak5 9 connection ) ea* 9 a pair1 & by turns1 x seems to bridge ! gulf4 ,aft] describ+ ! prior con/itutive "w ( ?\ght z above1 he goes on to discuss a second phase ( ?\ght :i* is int]m$i>y betwe5 ?is & ! ?ird phase1 viz41 reflective ?\ght prop]4 ,?is second activity is t ( arrang+ exp]i5c$ quales 9 s]ies & gr\ps1 ?us ascrib+ a sort ( univ]sal or common some:at to v>i\s in/ances 7z already describ$2 see p4 #ee74 ,on "o h&1 x is cle>ly /at$ t ?is second phase ( ?\ght's activity is 9 reality ! same z ! fir/ phase3 s9ce all objectification involves posit+1 s9ce posit+ involves di/9ction ( "o matt] f o!rs1 & s9ce ?is involves plac+ x 9 a s]ies or gr\p 9 :i* ea* is measurably m>k$ (f1 z to ! degree & nature ( its div]sity1 f e o!r4 ,we are told t we are only consid]+ a really insep>able op]ation ( ?\ght f two diff]5t sides3 fir/1 z to ! effect :i* objectify+ ?\ght has ^u ! matt] z set ov] aga9/ ! feel+ subject1 secondly1 ! effect :i* ?is objectification has ^u ! matt] 9 relation to o!r matt]s4#ce ,aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 ^! two op]ations are decl>$ to be radically diff]5t 9 type & nature4 ,! fir/ is det]m9ant & =mative2 x gives ideas ! %ape )\t :i* ! logical _s c\ld n accept !m4 ,9 a way x dictates its own laws to its object-matt]4#cf ,! second activity ( ?\ght is r passive & receptive4 ,x simply recognizes :at is already !re4 ,?\ght c make no diff]5ce :]e x f9ds none already 9 ! matt] ( impressions4#cg ,! fir/ univ]sal1 z we saw1 c only be exp]i5c$ 9 imm$iate s5sation4 ,x is no product ( ?\ght1 b some?+ t ?\ght f9ds already 9 exi/5ce4#ch ,! obvi\sness ( ?is fur!r contradiction is p>allel$ only by its inevitabl5ess4 ,?\ght is 9 ! air1 is arbitr>y & wild 9 deal+ ) mean+s1 unless x gets its />t & cue f actual exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( insi/+ ^u ?\ght's activity z j recogniz+ ! cont5ts already giv54 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 prior to ! "w ( ?\ght !re is to ,lotze no cont5t or mean+4 ,x requires a "w ( ?\ght to deta* any?+ f ! flux ( s5se-irritations & inve/ x ) a mean+ ( its own4 ,?is dilemma is inevitable to any writ] :o decl9es to consid] z correlative ! nature ( ?\ght-activity & ?\ght-cont5t f ! /&po9t ( _! g5]at+ conditions 9 ! movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,view$ f su* a /&po9t ! pr9ciple ( solution is cle> en\gh4 ,z we h already se5 7p4 #ec71 ! int]nal diss5sion ( an exp]i5ce leads to deta*+ c]ta9 values previ\sly absorptively integrat$ into ! concrete exp]i5ce z "p ( its own qualitative color+2 & to relegat+ !m1 = ! "t be+1 7p5d+ integration into fur!r imm$iate values ( a recon/itut$ exp]i5ce7 into a _w ( b>e mean+s1 a sph]e qualifi$ z ideal ?r\gh\t4 ,^! mean+s !n become ! tools ( ?\ght 9 int]pret+ ! data1 j z ! s5se-qualities :i* def9e ! pres5t$ situation are ! imm$iate object to ?\ght4 ,! two z mutually ref]r$ are cont5t4 ,t is1 ! datum & ! ?\ght-mode or idea z connect$ are ! object ( ?\ght4 ,to rea* ?is unification is ?\ght's objective or goal4 ,exactly ! same value is idea1 z ei!r tool or cont5t1 accord+ z x is tak5 z in/rum5tal or z accompli%m5t4 ,e successive cross-section ( ! ?\ght-situation pres5ts :at may be tak5 = grant$ z ! outcome ( previ\s ?9k+1 & consequ5tly z ! det]m9ant ( fur!r reflective proc$ure4 ,tak5 z def9+ ! po9t rea*$ 9 ! ?\ght-function & s]v+ z con/itu5t unit ( fur!r ?\ght1 x is cont5t4 ,lotze's in/9ct is sure 9 id5tify+ & sett+ ov] aga9/ ea* o!r ! mat]ial giv5 to ?\ght & ! cont5t :i* is ?\ght's own build+-/one4 ,8 contradictions arise simply f ! fact t 8 absolute1 non-hi/oric me?od does n p]mit him to int]pret ?is jo9t id5tity & di/9ction 9 a work+1 & h5ce relative1 s5se4 ,,ii4 ,! "q ( h[ ! possibility ( mean+s1 or ?\ght-cont5ts1 is to be und]/ood m]ges imp]ceptibly into ! "q ( ! real objectivity or validity ( su* cont5ts4 ,! difficulty = ,lotze is ! n[ famili> "o3 ,s f> z 8 logic compels him to insi/ t ^! mean+s are ! possession & product ( ?\ght 7s9ce ?\ght is an indep5d5t activity71 ! ideas are m]ely ideas2 !re is no te/ ( objectivity beyond ! ?or\ghly unsatisfactory & =mal "o ( _! own mutual consi/5cy4 ,9 reaction f ?is ,lotze is ?r[n back ^u ! idea ( ^! cont5ts z ! orig9al matt] giv5 9 ! impressions !mselves4 ,"h !re seems to be an objective or ext]nal te/ by :i* ! reality ( ?\ght's op]ations may be tri$2 a giv5 idea is v]ifi$ or f\nd false accord+ to its measure ( correspond5ce ) ! matt] ( exp]i5ce z su*4 ,b n[ we are no bett] (f4 ,! orig9al indep5d5ce & het]og5eity ( impressions & ( ?\ght is s great t !re is no way to comp>e ! results ( ! latt] ) ! =m]4 ,we _c comp>e or contra/ di/9ctions ( wor? ) b>e diff]5ces ( factual exi/5ce 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b74 ,! /&>d or te/ ( objectivity is s ?or\ghly ext]nal t by orig9al def9ition x is :olly outside ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,h[ c ?\ght comp>e its own cont5ts ) t :i* is :olly outside itself8 ,or aga91 ! giv5 mat]ial ( exp]i5ce ap>t f ?\ght is precisely ! relatively *aotic & unorganiz$2 x ev5 r$uces itself to a m]e sequ5ce ( psy*ical ev5ts4 ,:at rational mean+ is !re 9 direct+ u to comp>e ! highe/ results ( sci5tific inquiry ) ! b>e sequ5ce ( our own /ates ( feel+2 or ev5 ) ! orig9al data ^: fragm5t>y & unc]ta9 "* 0 ! exact motive = ent]+ ^u sci5tific inquiry8 ,h[ c ! =m] 9 any s5se give a *eck or te/ ( ! value ( ! latt]8 ,?is is pr(ess$ly to te/ ! validity ( a sy/em ( mean+s by comp>ison ) t ^: defects & errors call =? ! con/ruction ( ! sy/em ( mean+s by :i* to rectify & replace !mselves4 ,our subsequ5t inquiry simply consi/s 9 trac+ "s ( ! phases ( ! *>act]i/ic seesaw f "o to ! o!r ( ! two horns ( ! n[ famili> dilemma3 ei!r ?\ght is sep>ate f ! matt] ( exp]i5ce1 & !n its validity is :olly its own private bus9ess2 or else ! objective results ( ?\ght are already 9 ! antec$5t mat]ial1 & !n ?\ght is ei!r unnecess>y1 or else has no way ( *eck+ its own p]=mances4 #a4 ,lotze assumes1 z we h se51 a c]ta9 indep5d5t validity 9 ea* mean+ or qualifi$ cont5t1 tak5 9 & ( itself4 ,blue has a c]ta9 validity1 or mean+1 9 & ( itself2 x is an object = consci\sness z su*4 ,aft] ! orig9al s5se-irritation ?r\gh :i* x 0 m$iat$ has entirely disappe>$1 x p]si/s z a valid idea1 z a mean+4 ,moreov]1 x is an object or cont5t ( ?\ght = o!rs z well4 ,?us x has a d\ble m>k ( validity3 9 ! comp>ison ( "o "p ( my own exp]i5ce ) ano!r1 & 9 ! comp>ison ( my exp]i5ce z a :ole ) t ( o!rs4 ,"h we h a sort ( validity :i* does n raise at all ! "q ( metaphysical reality 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ad1 #ae74 ,lotze ?us seems to h escap$ f ! necessity ( employ+ z *eck or te/ = ! validity ( ideas any ref]5ce to a real outside ! sph]e ( ?\ght itself4 ,su* t]ms z conjunction1 fran*ise1 con/itution1 algebraic z]o1 etc41 etc41 claim to possess objective validity4 ,yet none ( ^! pr(esses to ref] to a reality beyond ?\ght4 ,g5]aliz+ ?is po9t ( view1 validity or objectivity ( mean+ means simply t :i* is id5tical = all consci\sness 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #c72 x is q indiff]5t :e!r c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w ( ?\ght indicate some?+ :i* has beside an indep5d5t reality outside ( ?9k+ m9ds1 or :e!r all t x conta9s exi/s only 9 ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o ?9k x1 b ) equal validity = !m all 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #af74 ,s f> x seems cle> sail+4 ,difficulties1 h[ev]1 %[ !mselves1 ! mom5t we inquire :at is meant by a self-id5tical cont5t = all ?\ght4 ,is ?is to be tak5 9 a /atic or 9 a dynamic way8 ,t is to say3 ,does x express ! fact t a giv5 cont5t or mean+ is de facto pres5t$ to ! consci\sness ( all alike8 ,does ?is coequal pres5ce gu>antee an objectivity8 ,or does validity atta* to a giv5 mean+ or cont5t 9 s f> z x directs & controls ! fur!r ex]cise ( ?9k+1 & ?us ! =mation ( fur!r new cont5ts ( consci\sness8 ,! =m] int]pretation is alone consi/5t ) ,lotze's notion t ! indep5d5t idea z su* is inve/$ ) a c]ta9 validity or objectivity4 ,x alone is consi/5t ) 8 ass]tion t concepts prec$e judgm5ts4 ,x alone1 t is to say1 is consi/5t ) ! notion t reflective ?9k+ has a sph]e ( ideas or mean+s suppli$ to x at ! outset4 ,b x is impossible to ent]ta9 ?is belief4 ,! /imulus :i*1 accord+ to ,lotze1 goads ?\ght on f ideas or concepts to judgm5ts & inf]5ces1 is 9 tru? simply ! lack ( validity1 ( objectivity 9 its orig9al indep5d5t mean+s or cont5ts4 ,a mean+ z indep5d5t is precisely t :i* is n inve/$ ) validity1 b :i* is a m]e idea1 a notion1 a fancy1 at be/ a surmise :i* may turn out to be valid 7& ( c\rse ?is indicates possible ref]5ce72 a /&po9t to h its value det]m9$ by its fur!r active use4 ,blue z a m]e deta*$ float+ mean+1 an idea at l>ge1 w\ld n ga9 9 validity simply by be+ ent]ta9$ cont9u\sly 9 a giv5 consci\sness2 or by be+ made at "o & ! same "t ! p]si/5t object ( att5tive reg>d by all human consci\snesses4 ,if ?is 7 all t 7 requir$1 ! *im]a1 ! c5taur1 or any o!r subjective con/ruction1 c\ld easily ga9 validity4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce has made j ?is notion ! basis ( its philosophy4 ,! simple fact is t 9 su* illu/rations z blue1 fran*ise1 conjunction1 ,lotze in/9ctively takes cases :i* are n m]e indep5d5t & deta*$ mean+s1 b :i* involve ref]5ce to a region ( cosmic exp]i5ce1 or to a region ( mutually det]m9+ social activities4 ,! conception t ref]5ce to a social activity does n involve ! same sort ( ref]5ce ( ?\ght beyond itself t is involv$ 9 physical matt]s1 & h5ce may be tak5 q innoc5t & free ( ! metaphysical problem ( ref]5ce to reality beyond mean+1 is "o ( ! /range/ t has ev] f\nd lodgm5t 9 human ?9k+4 ,ei!r bo? physical & social ref]5ce or nei!r1 is metaphysical2 if nei!r1 !n x is because ! mean+ functions1 z x orig9ates1 9 a specific situation :i* c>ries ) x its own te/s 7see p4 #ag74 ,lotze's conception is made possible only by unconsci\sly sub/itut+ ! idea ( object z cont5t ( ?\ght = a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 7or a de facto some:at = e consci\sness71 = ! g5u9e def9ition ( object z a det]m9ant 9 a s*eme ( exp]i5ce4 ,! =m] is consi/5t ) ,lotze's conception ( ?\ght1 b :olly indet]m9ate z to validity or int5t4 ,! latt] is ! te/ us$ exp]im5tally 9 all concrete ?9k+1 b involves a radical trans=mation ( all ,lotze's assumptions4 ,a giv5 idea ( ! conjunction ( ! fran*ise1 or ( blue1 is valid1 n because ev]ybody happ5s to ent]ta9 x1 b because x expresses ! factor ( control or direction 9 a giv5 movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,! te/ ( validity ( idea#ci is its functional or in/rum5tal use 9 effect+ ! transition f a relatively conflict+ exp]i5ce to a relatively integrat$ "o4 ,if ,lotze's view 7 correct1 blue valid once w\ld be valid always--ev5 :5 r$ or gre5 7 actually call$ = to fulfil specific conditions4 ,?is is to say validity always ref]s to rightfulness or adequacy ( p]=mance 9 an ass]t+ ( connection--n to ! mean+ z deta*$ & contemplat$4 ,if we ref] aga9 to ! fact t ! g5u9e antec$5t ( ?\ght is a situation :i* is t5sional z reg>ds its exi/+ /atus1 or disorganiz$ 9 its /ructural elem5ts1 yet organiz$ z em]g+ out ( ! unifi$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ & z /riv+ z a :ole1 or equally 9 all its phases1 to re9/ate an exp]i5ce h>moniz$ 9 make-up1 we c easily und]/& h[ c]ta9 cont5ts may be deta*$ & held ap>t z mean+s or ref]5ces1 actual or possible 7accord+ z !y are view$ ) ref]5ce to ! pa/ or to ! future74 ,we c und]/& h[ su* deta*$ cont5ts may be ( use 9 effect+ a review ( ! entire exp]i5ce1 & z af=d+ /&po9ts & me?ods ( a recon/ruction :i* w ma9ta9 ! integrity ( exp]i5ce4 ,we c und]/& h[ validity ( mean+ is measur$ by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* is n m]e mean+2 by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* lies beyond ! idea z su*--viz41 ! recon/itution ( an exp]i5ce into :i* ?\ght ent]s z m$iator4 ,t p>adox ( ord9>y exp]i5ce & ( sci5tific inquiry by :i* objectivity is giv5 alike to matt] ( p]ception & to conceiv$ relations--to facts & to laws--af=ds no peculi> difficulty1 because we see t ! te/ ( objectivity is ev]y:]e ! same3 any?+ is objective 9 s f> z1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( conflict1 x controls ! movem5t ( exp]i5ce 9 its recon/ructive transition f "o unifi$ =m to ano!r4 ,!re is n fir/ an object1 :e!r ( s5se-p]ception or ( conception1 :i* aft]w>d someh[ ex]cises ?is controll+ influ5ce2 b ! objective is su* 9 virtue ( ! ex]cise ( function ( control4 ,x may only control ! act ( inquiry2 x may only set on foot d\bt1 b ?is is direction ( subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 &1 9 s f>1 is a tok5 ( objectivity4 ,s mu* = ! ?\ght-cont5t or mean+ z hav+ a validity ( its own4 ,x does n h x z isolat$ or giv5 or /atic2 x has x 9 its dynamic ref]5ce1 its use 9 det]m9+ fur!r movem5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mean+ or idea z su*1 hav+ be5 select$ & made-up ) ref]5ce to p]=m+ a c]ta9 (fice 9 ! evolution ( a unifi$ exp]i5ce1 c be te/$ 9 no o!r way ?an by discov]+ :e!r x does :at x 0 int5d$ to d & :at x purports to d4#dj #b4 ,lotze has to wre/le ) ?is "q ( validity 9 a fur!r aspect3 ,:at con/itutes ! objectivity ( ?9k+ z a total attitude1 activity1 or function8 ,accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 ! mean+s or valid ideas are aft] all only build+-/ones = logical ?\ght4 ,validity is ?us n a "q ( !m 9 _! indep5d5t exi/5ces1 b ( _! mutual ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,?9k+ is ! process ( in/itut+ ^! mutual ref]5ces2 ( build+ up ! v>i\s scatt]$ & indep5d5t build+-/ones into ! coh]5t sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,:at is ! validity ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ?9k+ :i* f9d expression 9 ! v>i\s types ( judgm5t & 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( inf]5ce8 ,categorical1 hypo!tical1 disjunctive judgm5t2 inf]5ce by induction1 by analogy1 by ma!matical equation2 classification1 !ory ( explanation--all ^! are processes ( reflection by :i* mutual connection 9 an individualiz$ :ole is giv5 to ! fragm5t>y mean+s or ideas ) :i* ?\ght z x sets out is suppli$4 ,:at %all we say ( ! validity ( su* processes8 ,on "o po9t ,lotze is q cle>4 ,^! v>i\s logical acts d n really ent] into ! con/itution ( ! valid _w4 ,! logical =ms z su* are ma9ta9$ only 9 ! process ( ?9k+4 ,! _w ( valid tru? does n und]go a s]ies ( contortions & evolutions1 p>allel+ 9 any way ! successive /eps & mis/eps1 ! succession ( t5tative trials1 )drawals1 & retrac+s1 :i* m>k ! c\rse ( our own ?9k+4#da ,lotze is explicit ^u ! po9t t x is only ! ?\ght-cont5t 9 :i* ! process ( ?9k+ issues t has objective validity2 ! act ( ?9k+ is purely & simply an inn] movem5t ( our own m9ds1 made necess>y to u by reason ( ! con/itution ( our nature & ( our place 9 ! _w 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgi74 ,"h ! problem ( validity pres5ts itself z ! problem ( ! relation ( ! act ( ?9k+ to its own product4 ,9 8 solution ,lotze uses two metaphors3 "o d]iv$ f build+ op]ations1 ! o!r f travel+4 ,! con/ruction ( a build+ requires ( necessity c]ta9 tools & extrane\s con/ructions1 /ag+s1 scaffold+s1 etc41 :i* are necess>y to effect ! f9al con/ruction1 b yet :i* d n ent] into ! build+ z su*4 ,! activity has an in/rum5tal1 ?\gh n a con/itutive1 value z reg>ds its product4 ,simil>ly1 9 ord] to get a view f ! top ( a m\nta9--?is view be+ ! objective--! travel] has to g ?r\gh prelim9>y movem5ts along devi\s c\rses4 ,^! aga9 are antec$5t pr]equisites1 b d n con/itute a portion ( ! atta9$ view4 ,! problem ( ?\ght z activity1 z di/9ct f ?\ght z cont5t1 op5s up altoge!r too l>ge a "q to receive complete consid]ation at ?is po9t4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! previ\s discussion enables u to n>r[ ! po9t :i* is 9 issue j "h4 ,x is once m ! "q :e!r ! activity ( ?\ght is to be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t function sup]v5+ entirely f )\t ^u antec$5ts1 & direct$ f )\t ^u data2 or :e!r x m>ks m]ely a phase ( ! trans=mation :i* ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce 7:e!r practical1 or arti/ic1 or socially affectional or :atev]7 und]goes 9 ent]+ into a t5sional /atus :]e ! ma9t5ance ( its h>mony ( cont5t is problematic & h5ce an aim4 ,if x be ! latt]1 a ?or\ghly intellig5t s5se c be giv5 to ! proposition t ! activity ( ?9k+ is in/rum5tal1 & t its wor? is f\nd1 n 9 its own successive /ates z su*1 b 9 ! result 9 :i* x comes to conclusion4 ,b ! conception ( ?9k+ z an indep5d5t activity someh[ occurr+ aft] an indep5d5t antec$5t1 play+ ^u an indep5d5t subject-matt]1 & f9ally effect+ an indep5d5t result1 pres5ts u ) j "o miracle ! m4 ,i d n "q ! /rictly in/rum5tal "* ( ?9k+4 ,! problem lies n "h1 b 9 ! int]pretation ( ! nature ( ! organ & in/rum5t4 ,! difficulty ) ,lotze's position is t x =ces u into ! assumption ( a means & an end :i* are simply & only ext]nal to ea* o!r1 & yet necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r--a position :i*1 :5ev] f\nd1 is s ?or\ghly self-contradictory z to necessitate critical reconsid]ation ( ! premises :i* lead to x4 ,lotze vibrates betwe5 ! notion ( ?\ght z a tool 9 ! ext]nal s5se1 a m]e scaffold+ to a f9i%$ build+ 9 :i* x has no "p nor lot1 & ! notion ( ?\ght z an imman5t tool1 z a scaffold+ :i* is an integral "p ( ! v op]ation ( build+1 & set up = ! sake ( ! build+-activity :i* is c>ri$ on effectively only ) & ?r\gh a scaffold+4 ,only 9 ! =m] case c ! scaffold+ be consid]$ z a m]e tool4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ext]nal scaffold+ is n itself ! in/rum5tality2 ! actual tool is ! action ( erect+ ! build+1 & ?is action involves ! scaffold+ z a con/itu5t "p ( itself4 ,! "w ( erect+ is n set ov] aga9/ ! complet$ build+ z m]e means to an end2 x is ! end tak5 9 process or hi/orically1 longitud9ally view$4 ,! scaffold+1 moreov]1 is n an ext]nal means to ! process ( erect+1 b an organic memb] ( x4 ,x is no m]e accid5t ( language t build+ has a d\ble s5se--mean+ at once ! process & ! f9i%$ product4 ,! outcome ( ?\ght is ! ?9k+ activity c>ri$ on to its own completion2 ! activity1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! outcome tak5 any:]e %ort ( its own realization1 & !reby /ill go+ on4 ,! only consid]ation :i* prev5ts easy & imm$iate acceptance ( ?is view is ! notion ( ?9k+ z some?+ purely =mal4 ,x is /range t ! empirici/ does n see t 8 insi/5ce ^u a matt] extrane\sly giv5 to ?\ght only /r5g!ns ! h&s ( ! rationali/ ) 8 claim ( ?9k+ z an indep5d5t activity1 sep>ate f ! actual make-up ( ! affairs ( exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ z a m]ely =mal activity ex]cis$ ^u c]ta9 s5sations or images or objects sets =? an absolutely mean+less proposition4 ,! psy*ological id5tification ( ?9k+ ) ! process ( association is mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,x is1 inde$1 on ! way to ! tru?4 ,we ne$ only to recognize t association is ( cont5ts or matt]s or mean+s1 n ( ideas z b>e exi/5ces or ev5ts2 & t ! type ( association we call ?9k+ diff]s f ! associations ( casual fancy & rev]y 9 an elem5t ( control by ref]5ce to an end :i* det]m9es ! fitness & ?us ! selection ( ! associates1 to appreh5d h[ completely ?9k+ is a recon/ructive movem5t ( actual cont5ts ( exp]i5ce 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & = ! sake ( a r$9tegration ( a conflict+ exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no miracle 9 ! fact t tool & mat]ial are adapt$ to ea* o!r 9 ! process ( rea*+ a valid conclusion4 ,7 !y ext]nal 9 orig9 to ea* o!r & to ! result1 ! :ole affair w\ld1 inde$1 pres5t an insoluble problem--s insoluble t1 if ?is 7 ! true condition ( affairs1 we nev] %\ld ev5 "k t !re 0 a problem4 ,b1 9 tru?1 bo? mat]ial & tool h be5 secur$ & det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to economy & effici5cy 9 effect+ ! end desir$--! ma9t5ance ( a h>moni\s exp]i5ce4 ,! build] has discov]$ t 8 build+ means build+ tools1 & also build+ mat]ial4 ,ea* has be5 sl[ly evolv$ ) ref]5ce to its fit employ 9 ! entire function2 & ?is evolution has be5 *eck$ at e po9t by ref]5ce to its own correspond5t4 ,! c>p5t] has n ?\ght at l>ge on 8 build+ & !n con/ruct$ tools at l>ge1 b has ?\ght ( 8 build+ 9 t]ms ( ! mat]ial :i* ent]s into x1 & ?r\gh t m$ium has come to ! consid]ation ( ! tools :i* are helpful4 ,life proposes to ma9ta9 at all haz>ds ! unity ( its own process4 ,exp]i5ce insi/s on be+ itself1 on secur+ integrity ev5 ?r\gh & by means ( conflict4 ,?is is n a =mal "q1 b "o ( ! plac+ & relations ( ! matt]s or values actually ent]+ into exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is 9 turn det]m9es ! tak+ up ( j ^? m5tal attitudes1 & ! employ+ ( j ^? intellectual op]ations1 :i* mo/ effectively h&le & organize ! mat]ial4 ,?9k+ is adaptation to an end ?r\gh ! adju/m5t ( p>ticul> objective cont5ts4 ,! ?9k]1 l ! c>p5t]1 is at once /imulat$ & *eck$ 9 e /age ( 8 proc$ure by ! p>ticul> situation :i* confronts him4 ,a p]son is at ! /age ( want+ a new h\se3 well !n1 8 mat]ials are available res\rces1 ! price ( labor1 ! co/ ( build+1 ! /ate & ne$s ( 8 family1 pr(ession1 etc42 8 tools are pap] & p5cil & compass1 or possibly ! bank z a cr$it in/rum5tality1 etc4 ,aga91 ! "w is beg9n+4 ,! f\ndations are laid4 ,?is 9 turn det]m9es its own specific mat]ials & tools4 ,aga91 ! build+ is almo/ ready = occupancy4 ,! concrete process is t ( tak+ away ! scaffold+1 cle>+ up ! gr\nds1 furni%+ & decorat+ rooms1 etc4 ,?is specific op]ation aga9 det]m9es its own fit or relevant mat]ials & tools4 ,x def9es ! "t & mode & mann] ( beg9n+ & ceas+ to use !m4 ,logical !ory w get along z well z does reflective practice1 :5 x /icks close by & obs]ves ! directions & *ecks inh]5t 9 ea* successive phase ( ! evolution ( ! cycle ( exp]i5c+4 ,! problem 9 g5]al ( validity ( ! ?9k+ process z di/9ct f ! validity ( ?is or t process arises only :5 ?9k+ is isolat$ f its hi/oric position & its mat]ial context4 #c4 ,b ,lotze is n yet done ) ! problem ( validity1 ev5 f 8 own /&po9t4 ,! gr\nd %ifts aga9 "u 8 feet4 ,x is no long] a "q ( ! validity ( ! idea or mean+ ) :i* ?\ght is suppos$ to set out2 x is no long] a "q ( ! validity ( ! process ( ?9k+ 9 ref]5ce to its own product2 x is ! "q ( ! validity ( ! product4 ,suppos+1 aft] all1 t ! f9al mean+1 or logical idea1 is ?or\ghly coh]5t & organiz$2 suppos+ x is an object = all consci\sness z su*4 ,once m arises ! "q3 ,:at is ! validity ( ev5 ! mo/ coh]5t & complete idea8--a "q :i* rises & w n d[n4 ,we may recon/ruct our notion ( ! *im]a until x ceases to be an indep5d5t idea & becomes a "p ( ! sy/em ( ,greek my?ology4 ,has x ga9$ 9 validity 9 ceas+ to be an indep5d5t my?1 9 becom+ an elem5t 9 sy/ematiz$ my?8 ,my? x 0 & my? x rema9s4 ,my?ology does n get validity by gr[+ bigg]4 ,h[ d we "k ! same is n ! case ) ! ideas :i* are ! product ( our mo/ delib]ate & ext5d$ sci5tific inquiry8 ,! ref]5ce aga9 to ! cont5t z ! self-id5tical object ( all consci\sness proves no?+2 ! matt] ( a halluc9ation does n ga9 wor? 9 proportion to its social contagi\sness4 ,or ! ref]5ce proves t we h n z yet rea*$ any conclusion1 b are ent]ta9+ a hypo!sis--s9ce social validity is n a matt] ( m]e common cont5t1 b ( secur+ p>ticipation 9 a commonly adjudg$ social exp]i5ce ?r\gh action direct$ !reto & direct$ by cons5sus ( judgm5t4 ,accord+ to ,lotze1 ! f9al product is1 aft] all1 /ill ?\ght4 ,n[1 ,lotze is committ$ once = all to ! notion t ?\ght1 9 any =m1 is direct$ by & at an outside reality4 ,! gho/ haunts him to ! la/4 ,h[1 aft] all1 does ev5 ! ideally p]fect valid ?\ght apply or ref] to reality8 ,its g5u9e subject is /ill beyond itself4 ,at ! la/ ,lotze c dispose ( ?is "q only by reg>d+ x z a metaphysical1 n a logical1 problem 7,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bha1 #bhb74 ,9 o!r words1 logically speak+1 we are at ! end j exactly :]e we 7 at ! beg9n+--9 ! sph]e ( ideas1 & ( ideas only1 plus a consci\sness ( ! necessity ( ref]r+ ^! ideas to a reality :i* is beyond !m1 :i* is utt]ly inaccessible to !m1 :i* is out ( rea* ( any influ5ce :i* !y may ex]cise1 & :i* transc5ds any possible comp>ison ) _! results4 ,x is va91 says ,lotze1 to %r9k f ackn[l$g+ ! circle "h involv$ 444 all we "k ( ! ext]nal _w dep5ds ^u ! ideas ( x :i* are )9 u 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahe74 ,x is !n ?is v>i$ _w ( ideas )9 u :i* =ms ! sole mat]ial directly giv5 to u 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahf74 ,z x is ! only mat]ial giv5 to u1 s x is ! only mat]ial ) :i* ?\ght c end4 ,to talk ab\t kn[+ ! ext]nal _w ?r\gh ideas :i* are m]ely )9 u is to talk ( an inh]5t self-contradiction4 ,!re is no common gr\nd 9 :i* ! ext]nal _w & our ideas c meet4 ,9 o!r words1 ! orig9al implication ( a sep>ation betwe5 an indep5d5t ?\ght-mat]ial & an indep5d5t ?\ght-function & purpose l&s u inevitably 9 ! metaphysics ( subjective idealism1 plus a belief 9 an unkn[n reality beyond1 :i* unkn[able is yet tak5 z ! ultimate te/ ( ! value ( our ideas z j subjective4 ,! subjectivity ( ! psy*ical ev5t infects at ! la/ ! mean+ or ideal object4 ,because x has be5 tak5 to be some?+ 9 itself1 ?\ght is also some?+ 9 itself1 & at ! end1 aft] all our maneuv]+ we are :]e we began3--) two sep>ate disp>ates1 "o ( mean+1 b no exi/5ce1 ! o!r ( exi/5ce1 b no mean+4 ,! o!r aspect ( ,lotze's contradiction :i* completes ! circle is cle> :5 we ref] to 8 orig9al propositions1 & recall t at ! outset he 0 compell$ to reg>d ! orig9ation & conjunctions ( ! impressions1 ! elem5ts ( ideas1 z !mselves ! effects ex]cis$ by a _w ( ?+s already 9 exi/5ce 7see p4 #ca74 ,he sets up an indep5d5t _w ( ?\ght1 & yet has to confess t bo? at its orig9 & t]m9ation x po9ts ) absolute necessity to a _w beyond itself4 ,only ! /ubborn refusal to take ?is initial & t]m9al ref]5ce ( ?\ght beyond itself z hav+ a hi/oric mean+1 indicat+ a p>ticul> place ( g5]ation & a p>ticul> po9t ( fulfilm5t 9 ! drama ( evolv+ exp]i5ce1 compels ,lotze to give su* bifold objective ref]5ce a purely metaphysical turn4 ,:5 ,lotze goes on to say 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aia7 t ! measure ( tru? ( p>ticul> p>ts ( exp]i5ce is f\nd 9 ask+ :e!r1 :5 judg$ by ?\ght1 !y are 9 h>mony ) o!r p>ts ( exp]i5ce2 :5 he goes on to say t !re is no s5se 9 try+ to comp>e ! entire _w ( ideas ) a reality :i* is non-exi/5t1 except+ z x itself %\ld become an idea1 ,lotze l&s :]e he might bett] h frankly comm5c$4#dc ,he saves himself f utt] skepticism only by claim+ t ! explicit assumption ( skepticism1 ! ne$ ( agreem5t ( a ready-made idea z su*1 ) an extrane\s indep5d5t mat]ial z su*1 is mean+less4 ,he def9es correctly ! "w ( ?\ght z consi/+ 9 h>moniz+ ! v>i\s portions ( exp]i5ce ) ea* o!r3 a def9ition :i* has mean+ only 9 connection ) ! fact t exp]i5ce is cont9ually integrat+ itself into a :ol5ess ( coh]5t mean+ deep5$ 9 significance by pass+ ?r\gh an inn] di/raction 9 :i* by means ( conflict c]ta9 cont5ts are r5d]$ p>tial & h5ce objectively consci\s4 ,9 ?is case ! te/ ( ?\ght is ! h>mony or unity ( exp]i5ce actually effect$4 ,9 t s5se ! te/ ( reality is beyond ?\ght1 z ?\ght1 j z at ! o!r limit ?\ght orig9ates out ( a situation :i* is n reflectional 9 "*4 ,int]pret ?is be=e & beyond 9 a hi/oric s5se1 z an affair ( ! place occupi$ & rle play$ by ?9k+ z a function 9 exp]i5ce 9 relation to o!r functions1 & ! int]m$iate & in/rum5tal "* ( ?\ght1 its dep5d5ce ^u unreflective antec$5ts = its exi/5ce1 & ^u a consequ5t exp]i5ce = its te/ ( f9al validity1 becomes significant & necess>y4 ,tak5 at l>ge1 x plunges u 9 ! dep?s ( a hopelessly complicat$ & self-revolv+ metaphysic4 ,v ,a ,,critical ,,/udy ,,( ,,bosanquet',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,judgm5t#dd ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t1 9 common ) all su* !ories ( ! judgm5t1 necess>ily involves ! metaphysical problem ( ! nature ( reality & ( ! relation ( ?\ght to reality4 ,t ! judgm5t is ! function by :i* k is atta9$ is a proposition :i* w\ld meet ) univ]sal acceptance4 ,b k is itself a relation ( "s sort betwe5 ?\ght & reality4 ,! view :i* any logician adopts z to ! nature ( ! k-process is accord+ly condition$ by 8 metaphysical presuppositions z to ! nature ( reality4 ,x is equally true t ! !ory ( ! judgm5t develop$ f any metaphysical /&po9t s]ves z a te/ ( ! validity ( t /&po9t4 ,we %all attempt 9 ! pres5t pap] to %[ h[ ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t develops f 8 view ( ! nature ( reality1 & to inquire :e!r ! !ory succe$s 9 giv+ su* an acc\nt ( ! k-process z to corroborate ! presupposition und]ly+ x4 ,bosanquet def9es judgm5t z ! intellectual function :i* def9es reality by significant ideas & 9 s do+ affirms ! reality ( ^? ideas 7p4 #ajd74de ,! =m ( ! def9ition sugge/s ! nature ( 8 fundam5tal problem4 ,!re is1 on ! "o h&1 a _w ( reality :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ exi/5ce outside ( & indep5d5tly ( ! ?\ghts or ideas we are n[ apply+ to x2 & !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a _w ( ideas ^: value is measur$ by ! possibility ( apply+ !m to reality1 ( qualify+ reality by !m4 ,! judgm5t is ! function :i* makes ! connection betwe5 ^! two worlds4 ,if judgm5t m]ely br\ght "o set ( ideas into relation ) ano!r set1 !n x c\ld nev] give u any?+ m ?an purely hypo!tical k ^: application to ! real _w w\ld rema9 =ev] problematic4 ,x w\ld mean t k is impossible1 a result :i* seems to be contradict$ by ! exi/5ce ( k4 ,! logician mu/1 !re=e1 z ,bosanquet tells u1 reg>d x z an ess5tial ( ! act ( judgm5t t x always ref]s to a reality :i* goes beyond & is indep5d5t ( ! act itself 7p4 #ajd74 ,8 c5tral problem ?us becomes t ( und]/&+ :at ! nature ( reality is :i* p]mits ( be+ def9$ by ideas1 & :at ! nature ( an idea is t x c ev] be affirm$ to be real4 ,h[ does ! real _w get repres5tation 9 exp]i5ce1 & :at is ! gu>antee t ! repres5tation1 :5 obta9$1 is correct8 ,! def9+ ( ! problem sugge/s ! view ( ! nature ( reality out ( :i* ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t gr[s4 ,! real _w is to him a _w :i* has its exi/5ce q indep5d5tly ( ! process by :i* x is kn[n4 ,! real _w is !re to be kn[n1 & is 9 no wise modifi$ by ! k :i* we obta9 ( x4 ,! "w ( ?\ght is to build up a _w ( ideas :i* %all repres5t1 or correspond to1 ! _w ( reality4 ,! m complete & p]fect ! correspond5ce1 ! great] our /ore ( k4 ,translat$ into t]ms ( ! judgm5t1 ?is repres5tational view means t ! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ always be reality1 :ile ! pr$icate is an idea4 ,b :5 we exam9e ! cont5t ( any univ]sal judgm5t1 or ev5 ( an ord9>y judgm5t ( p]ception1 ! subject :i* appe>s 9 ! judgm5t is evid5tly n reality at all1 if by reality we mean some?+ :i* is 9 no s5se con/itut$ by ! ?\ght-process4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,! tree is gre51 ! subject1 tree1 _c be reg>d$ z a bit ( reality :i* is giv5 ready-made to ! ?\ght-process4 ,! ability to p]ceive a tree1 to di/+ui% x f o!r objects & s+le x out = ! application ( an idea1 evid5tly implies a long s]ies ( previ\s judgm5ts4 ,! cont5t tree is itself ideal4 ,z ,bosanquet =cibly /ates x3 ,if a s5sation or elem5t>y p]ception is 9 consci\sness 7& if n we h no?+ to d ) x 9 logic71 x already be>s ! =m ( ?9k+ 7p4 #cc74 ,h[1 !n1 c x s]ve z ! subject ( a judgm5t8 ,bosanquet's solution ( ! problem is to say t ! real subject ( a judgm5t is n ! grammatical subject :i* appe>s 9 a proposition1 b reality itself4 ,9 ! m complex =ms ( judgm5t ! ref]5ce to reality is disguis$ by ! introduction ( explicit ideas to designate ! portion ( reality to :i* ref]5ce is made 7pp4 #gh1 #gi74 ,9 ! simple/ type ( judgm5t kn[n1 h[ev]1 ! qualitative judgm5t ( p]ception1 ! ref]5ce to reality appe>s )9 ! judgm5t itself4 ,! relations ( ?\ght to reality & ( ! elem5ts ( ! judgm5t to "o ano!r c1 accord+ly1 mo/ readily be se5 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is rudim5t>y =m ( judgm5t 9 :i* ! v>i\s p>ts lie b>e be=e u4 ,bosanquet describes x z foll[s3 ,if ,i say1 po9t+ to a p>ticul> h\se1 ,t is my home1 x is cle> t 9 ?is act ( judgm5t ! ref]5ce convey$ by ! demon/rative is indisp5sable4 ,! significant idea my home is affirm$1 n ( any o!r g5]al significant idea 9 my m9d1 b ( some?+ :i* is r5d]$ unique by be+ pres5t to me 9 p]ception4 ,9 mak+ ! judgm5t1 ,t is my home1 ,i ext5d ! pres5t s5se-p]ception ( a h\se 9 a c]ta9 l&scape by atta*+ to x ! ideal cont5t or mean+ ( home2 & moreov]1 9 do+ ?is1 ,i pron\nce ! ideal cont5t to be1 s to speak1 ( "o & ! same tissue ) :at ,i h be=e me 9 my actual p]ception4 ,t is to say1 ,i affirm ! mean+ ( ! idea1 or ! idea consid]$ z a mean+1 to be a real quality ( t :i* ,i p]ceive 9 my p]ception4 ,! same acc\nt holds good ( e p]ceptive judgm5t2 :5 ,i see a :ite sub/ance on a plate & judge t x is bread ,i affirm ! ref]5ce1 or g5]al mean+ :i* con/itutes ! symbolic idea bread 9 my m9d1 to be a real quality ( ! spot or po9t 9 pres5t p]ception :i* ,i attempt to designate by ! demon/rative ?is4 ,! act def9es ! giv5 b indef9ite real by affirmation ( a quality1 & affirms reality ( ! def9ite quality by atta*+ x to ! previ\sly undef9$ real4 ,reality is giv5 = me 9 pres5t s5su\s p]ception1 & 9 ! imm$iate feel+ ( my own s5ti5t exi/5ce t goes ) x4 7,pp4 #gf1 #gg47 ,aga91 he says t ! g5]al features ( ! judgm5t ( p]ception are z foll[s3 ,!re is a pres5ce ( a some?+ 9 contact ) our s5sitive self1 :i*1 z be+ s 9 contact1 has ! "* ( reality2 & !re is ! qualification ( ?is reality by ! ref]5ce to x ( "s mean+ su* z c be symboliz$ by a "n 7p4 #gg74 ,our po9t ( contact ) reality1 ! place :]e reality gets into ! ?\ght-process1 is1 accord+ to ?is view1 to be f\nd 9 ! simple/1 mo/ indef9ite type ( judgm5t ( p]ception4 ,we meet ) reality 9 ! m]e undef9$ ?is ( primitive exp]i5ce4 ,b ea* su* elem5t>y judgm5t ab\t an undef9$ ?is is an isolat$ bit ( exp]i5ce4 ,ea* ?is c\ld give u only a deta*$ bit ( reality at be/1 & ! fur!r problem n[ confronts u ( h[ we ev] succe$ 9 piec+ our deta*$ bits ( reality toge!r to =m a real _w4 ,bosanquet's explanation is1 9 8 words1 ?is3 ,! real _w1 z a def9ite organiz$ sy/em1 is = me an ext5sion ( ?is pres5t s5sation & self-feel+ by means ( judgm5t1 & x is ! ess5ce ( judgm5t to effect & su/a9 su* an ext5sion 7p4 #gg74 ,aga9 he says3 ,! subject 9 e judgm5t ( ,p]ception is "s giv5 spot or po9t 9 s5su\s contact ) ! p]cipi5t self4 ,b1 z all reality is cont9u\s1 ! subject is n m]ely ?is giv5 spot or po9t4 ,x is impossible to conf9e ! real _w )9 ?is or t pres5tation4 ,e def9ition or qualification ( a po9t 9 pres5t p]ception is affirm$ ( ! real _w :i* is cont9u\s ) pres5t p]ception4 ,! ultimate subject ( ! p]ceptive judgm5t is ! real _w z a :ole1 & x is ( ?is t1 9 judg+1 we affirm ! qualities or *>act]i/ics4 7,p4 #gh47 ,! problem is ! same z t ) :i* ,bradley /ruggles 9 8 treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! judgm5t1 & ! solution is also ! same4 ,bradley's treatm5t ( ! po9t is p]haps some:at m explicit4 ,l ,bosanquet1 he />ts ) ! proposition t ! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ be reality itself & n an idea1 because1 if x 7 ! latt]1 judgm5t c\ld nev] give u any?+ b a union ( ideas1 & a union ( ideas rema9s =ev] univ]sal & hypo!tical4 ,x c nev] acquire ! uniqu5ess1 ! s+ul>ity1 :i* is necess>y to make x ref] to ! real4 ,uniqu5ess c be f\nd only 9 our contact ) ! real4 ,b j :]e does our contact ) ! real occur8 ,bradley recognizes ! fact t x _c be ! cont5t--ev5 9 ! case ( a simple s5sation--:i* gives u reality4 ,! cont5t ( a s5sation is a ?+ :i* is 9 my consci\sness1 & :i* has ! =m :i* x pres5ts because x is 9 my consci\sness4 ,reality is precisely some?+ :i* is n itself s5sation1 & _c be 9 my consci\sness4 ,if ,i say1 ,?is is :ite1 ! ?is has a cont5t :i* is a s5sation ( :it5ess4 ,b ! s5sation ( :it5ess is n reality4 ,! exp]i5ce br+s ) x an assurance ( reality1 n because its cont5t is ! real1 b because x is my direct enc\nt] 9 s5sible pres5tation ) ! real _w4#df ,to make ! matt] cle>]1 ,bradley draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! ?is & ! ?isness4 ,9 e exp]i5ce1 h[ev] simple1 !re is a cont5t--a ?isness--:i* is n itself unique4 ,consid]$ m]ely z cont5t1 x is applicable to an indef9ite numb] ( exi/5ces2 9 o!r words1 x is an idea4 ,b !re is also 9 e exp]i5ce a ?is :i* is unique1 b :i* is n a cont5t4 ,x is a m]e sign ( exi/5ce :i* gives ! exp]i5ce uniqu5ess1 b no?+ else4 ,! ?isness falls on ! side ( ! cont5t1 & ! ?is on ! side ( exi/5ce4 ,x is exactly ! di/9ction :i* ,bosanquet has 9 m9d 9 ! passages quot$ 9 :i* he tells u t reality is giv5 = me 9 pres5t s5su\s p]ception1 & 9 ! imm$iate feel+ ( my own s5ti5t exi/5ce :i* goes ) x2 & aga9 :5 he says3 ,!re is a pres5ce ( a some?+ 9 contact ) our s5sitive self1 :i*1 z be+ s 9 contact1 has ! "* ( reality4 ,! same po9t is made some:at m explicitly 9 8 introduction :5 he says t ! individual's pres5t p]ception is n1 inde$1 reality z su*1 b is 8 pres5t po9t ( contact ) reality z su* 7p4 #c74 ,b has ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! cont5t ( an exp]i5ce & its exi/5ce solv$ ! problem ( h[ we "k reality8 ,:5 ,bosanquet talks ( kn[+ reality1 he means possess+ ideas :i* are an accurate reproduction ( reality4 ,x is /ill f> f cle> h[1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 we c\ld ev] h any assurance t our ideas d repres5t reality accurately1 if we c n[h]e f9d a po9t at :i* ! cont5t ( an exp]i5ce c be held to give u reality4 ,! case is /ill worse :5 we g beyond ! problem ( h[ any p>ticul> bit ( reality c be kn[n1 & ask ourselves h[ reality z a :ole c be kn[n4 ,! explanation (f]$ by bo? ,bradley & ,bosanquet is t by means ( judgm5t we ext5d ! bit ( reality ( ^: exi/5ce we get a glimpse ?r\gh a peep-hole 9 ! curta9 ( s5su\s p]ception1 & ?us build up ! organiz$ sy/em ( reality4 ,9 a passage previ\sly quot$1 ,bosanquet tells u t all reality is cont9u\s1 & !re=e ! real subject ( a judgm5t _c be ! m]e spot or po9t :i* is giv5 9 s5su\s p]ception1 b mu/ be ! real _w z a :ole4 ,b h[ does he "k t reality is cont9u\s1 & t ! real _w is an organiz$ sy/em8 ,our only k ( reality comes ?r\gh judgm5t1 & judgm5t br+s u into contact ) reality only at isolat$ po9ts4 ,:5 he tells u t reality is a cont9u\s :ole1 he does s on ! basis ( a metaphysical presupposition :i* is n ju/ifiable by 8 !ory ( ! judgm5t4 ,! only /atem5t ab\t reality :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ on ! basis ( 8 !ory is t "s sort ( a reality exi/s1 b ! !ory furni%es equal ju/ification = ! assurance t ?is reality is ( su* a nature t we c nev] "k any?+ m ab\t x ?an ! b>e fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! b>e fact ( ! exi/5ce ( reality comes to u m]ely 9 ! =m ( a feel+ ( our own s5ti5t exi/5ce :i* goes ) s5se-p]ception4 ,b ! m]e assurance t some:]e beh9d ! curta9 ( s5su\s p]ception reality exi/s 7ev5 if ?is c\ld g un*all5g$71 accompani$ by ! c]ta9ty t we c nev] by any possibility "k any?+ m ab\t x1 is practically equival5t to ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( k4#dg ,al?\gh ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( k seems to be ! logical outcome ( ! premises1 x is n ! conclusion rea*$ by ,bosanquet4 ,at ! outset ( 8 treatise1 ,bosanquet prop\nds ! fundam5tal "q we h be5 consid]+ 9 ^! words3 ,h[ does ! analysis ( k z a sy/ematic function1 or sy/em ( functions1 expla9 t relation%ip 9 :i* tru? appe>s to consi/1 betwe5 ! human intellig5ce on ! "o h&1 & fact or reality on ! o!r8 ,8 answ] is3 ,to ?is difficulty !re is only "o reply4 ,if ! object-matt] ( reality lay g5u9ely outside ! sy/em ( ?\ght1 n only our analysis1 b ?\ght itself1 w\ld be unable to lay hold ( reality4 7,pp4 #b1 #c47 ,! /atem5t is an explicit recognition ( ! impossibility ( bridg+ ! *asm betwe5 a reality outside ! cont5t ( k & a kn[n real _w4 ,x br+s be=e u ! dilemma conta9$ 9 ,bosanquet's treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! judgm5t4 ,on ! "o h& ! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ be outside ! realm ( my ?\ghts4 ,if x 7 n1 judgm5t w\ld m]ely e/abli% a relation betwe5 my ideas & w\ld give me no k ( ! real _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ be )9 ! realm ( my ?\ghts4 ,if x 7 n1 ,i c\ld nev] ass]t any?+ ( x2 c\ld nev] judge1 or "k x4 ,! /ress he lays on ! fir/ horn ( ! dilemma has be5 %[n4 ,x rema9s to %[ 8 recognition ( ! second horn1 & to f9d out :e!r or n he discov]s any real reconciliation betwe5 ! two4 ,bosanquet sums up ! section ( ! introduction on k & its cont5t1 tru?1 ) ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,! real _w = e individual is ?us emphatically 8 _w2 an ext5sion & det]m9ation ( 8 pres5t p]ception1 :i* p]ception is to him n inde$ reality z su*1 b 8 po9t ( contact ) reality z su*4 ,?us 9 ! enquiry :i* w h to be und]tak5 z to ! logical subject ( ! judgm5t1 we %all f9d t ! subject1 h[ev] x may %ift1 contract1 & exp&1 is always 9 ! la/ resort "s great] or small] elem5t ( ?is det]m9ate reality1 :i* ! individual has con/ruct$ by id5tify+ significant ideas ) t _w ( :i* he has assurance ?r\gh 8 own p]ceptive exp]i5ce4 ,9 analyz+ common judgm5t x is ultimately "o to say t ,i judge & t ! real _w = me1 my real _w1 ext5ds itself1 or ma9ta9s its organiz$ ext5sion4 ,?is is ! ultimate connection by :i* ! di/9ction ( subject & pr$ication is involv$ 9 ! act ( affirmation or enunciation :i* is ! diff]5tia ( judgm5t4 7,pp4 #c1 #d74 ,"h ! subject ( ! judgm5t appe>s z an elem5t ( a reality :i* ! individual has con/ruct$ by id5tify+ significant ideas ) t _w ( :i* he has assurance ?r\gh 8 own p]ceptive exp]i5ce4 ,b ! v po9t ) ref]5ce to ! subject ( ! judgm5t previ\sly emphasiz$ is t x is n & _c be some?+ :i* ! individual has con/ruct$4 ,! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ be reality1 & reality does n consi/ ( ideas1 ev5 if x be det]m9$ by !m4 ,x does n m5d matt]s to expla9 t ! individual has con/ruct$ 8 real _w by id5tify+ significant ideas ) t _w ( :i* he has assurance ?r\gh 8 own p]ceptive exp]i5ces1 because1 z we h se51 ! individual's p]ceptive exp]i5ces ei!r turn out to be m]ely simil> m5tal con/ructions made at a prior "t1 s t no?+ is ga9$ by atta*+ to !m1 or else !y mean once m ! m]e %ock ( contact :i* is suppos$ to give assurance t "s sort ( reality exi/s1 b :i* gives no assurance ( :at x is4 ,t & :at1 ?is & ?isness /ill rema9 deta*$4 ,:5 he talks ( ! real _w = any individual we are left entirely 9 ! d>k z to :at ! relation betwe5 ! real _w z x is = any individual & ! real _w z x is = itself may be1 or h[ ! individual is to ga9 any assurance t ! real _w z x is = him repres5ts ! real _w z x is = itself4 ,ano!r attempt at a reconciliation ( ^! oppos+ views leaves u no bett] satisfi$4 ,! passage is z foll[s3 ,! real _w1 z a def9ite organiz$ sy/em1 is = me an ext5sion ( ?is pres5t s5sation & self-feel+ by means ( judgm5t1 & x is ! ess5ce ( judgm5t to effect & su/a9 su* an ext5sion4 ,x makes no ess5tial diff]5ce :e!r ! ideas ^: cont5t is pron\nc$ to be an attribute ( reality appe> to fall )9 :at is giv5 9 p]ception1 or n4 ,we %all f9d h]eaft] t x is va9 to attempt to lay d[n b\nd>ies betwe5 ! giv5 & its ext5sion4 ,! mom5t we try to d ?is we are on ! wrong track4 ,! giv5 & its ext5sion diff] n absolutely b relatively2 !y are cont9u\s ) ea* o!r1 & ! metaphor by :i* we speak ( an ext5sion conceals f u t ! s-call$ giv5 is no less artificial ?an t by :i* x is ext5d$4 ,x is ! "* & quality ( be+ directly 9 contact ) s5se-p]ception1 n any fix$ datum ( cont5t1 t =ms ! con/antly %ift+ c5t] ( ! individual's real _w1 & spreads f t c5t] ov] e ext5sion :i* ! sy/em ( reality receives f judgm5t4 7,p4 #gg47 ,9 ?is passage by ! giv5 he evid5tly means ! cont5t ( s5sory exp]i5ce1 ! ?isness1 ! :at4 ,x is1 z he says1 ( ! same /uff z t by :i* x is ext5d$4 ,bo? ! giv5 & t by :i* x is ext5d$ are artificial 9 ! s5se ( n be+ real accord+ to ,bosanquet's int]pretation ( reality2 !y are ideas4 ,b if all ?is is admitt$1 :at becomes ( ! possibility ( k8 ,bosanquet und]takes to rescue x by assur+ u aga9 t x is ! "* & quality ( be+ directly 9 contact ) s5se-p]ception1 n any fix$ datum ( cont5t1 t =ms ! c5t] ( ! individual's real _w & gives ! /amp ( reality to 8 o!rwise ideal ext5sion ( ?is c5t]4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ourselves ) no evid5ce t ! cont5t ( our k be>s any relation to reality4 ,we h m]ely ! feel+ ( vividness atta*$ to s5sory exp]i5ce :i* seems to br+ u ! c]ta9ty t !re is "s sort ( a reality beh9d x1 b ?is is n to give assurance t our ideal cont5t ev5 belongs rightfully to t aga9/ :i* we h bump$1 mu* less ( h[ x belongs--& only ?is des]ves ! title k4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,quality & ,comp>ison1 9 :i* he takes up ! m detail$ treatm5t ( ! simple/ types ( judgm5t ( p]ception1 he comes back to ! same contradiction1 & aga9 attempts to expla9 h[ bo? horns ( 8 dilemma mu/ be true4 ,! passage is ?is3 ,! ,reality to :i* we ascribe ! pr$icate is und\bt$ly self-exi/5t2 x is n m]ely 9 my m9d or 9 my act ( judgm5t2 if x 71 ! judgm5t w\ld only be a game ) my ideas4 ,x is well to make ?is cle> 9 ! case be=e u1 = 9 ! lat] =ms ( ! judgm5t x w be mu* disguis$4 ,/ill ! reality :i* attracts my conc5trat$ att5tion is also )9 my act ( judgm5t2 x is n ev5 ! :ole reality pres5t to my p]ception2 /ill less ( c\rse ! :ole self-exi/5t ,reality :i* ,i dimly presuppose4 ,! imm$iate subject ( ! judgm5t is a m]e aspect1 too indef9ite to be describ$ by explicit ideas except 9 z f> z ! qualitative pr$ication imposes a fir/ specification ^u x4 ,?is ,reality is 9 my judgm5t2 x is ! po9t at :i* ! actual _w imp+es ^u my consci\sness z real1 & x is only by judg+ ) ref]5ce to ?is po9t t ,i c ref] ! ideal cont5t be=e my m9d to ! :ole ( reality :i* ,i at once believe to exi/1 & am attempt+ to con/ruct4 ,! ,subject is bo? 9 & out ( ! ,judgm5t1 z ,reality is bo? 9 & out ( my consci\sness4 7,pp4 #aac1 #aad47 ,! conclusion he rea*es is a m]e re/atem5t ( ! difficulty4 ,! problem he is try+ to solve is h[ ! subject c be bo? 9 & out ( ! judgm5t1 & h[ ! subject )\t is relat$ to ! subject )94 ,! m]e ass]tion t x is s does n help u to und]/& x4 ,8 proc$ure seems l tak+ advantage ( two mean+s ( s5se-p]ception1 its consci\s quality & its brute abrupt imm$iacy1 & !n utiliz+ ?is ambiguity to solve a problem :i* gr[s out ( ! conception ( judgm5t z a ref]5ce ( idea to reality4 ,turn+ f 8 treatm5t ( ! _w ( fact to 8 discussion ( ! _w ( idea1 f ! subject to ! pr$icate1 z x appe>s 9 8 !ory ( ! judgm5t we f9d aga9 a p>adox :i* mu/ be recogniz$ & _c be obviat$4 ,an idea is ess5tially a mean+4 ,x is n a p>ticul> exi/5ce ^: ess5ce is uniqu5ess z is ! case ) ! subject ( ! judgm5t1 b is a mean+ ^: importance is t x may apply to an indef9ite numb] ( unique exi/5ces4 ,its *>act]i/ic is univ]sality4 ,& yet an idea reg>d$ z a psy*ical exi/5ce1 an idea z a cont5t 9 my m9d1 is j z p>ticul> & unique z any o!r exi/5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 does x obta9 its *>act]i/ic ( univ]sality8 ,bosanquet's answ] is t x mu/ be univ]sal by means ( a ref]5ce to some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,its mean+ resides1 n 9 its exi/5ce z a psy*ical image1 b 9 its ref]5ce to some?+ beyond itself4 ,n[1 any idea t is affirm$ is ref]r$ to reality1 b d ideas exi/ :i* are n be+ affirm$8 ,if s1 _! ref]5ce _c be to reality4 ,bosanquet discusses ! "q 9 ! second section ( 8 introduction z foll[s3 ,x is n easy to d5y t !re is a _w ( ideas or ( mean+s1 :i* simply consi/s 9 t id5tical ref]5ce ( symbols by :i* mutual und]/&+ betwe5 rational be+s is made possible4 ,a m]e sugge/ion1 a m]e "q1 a m]e negation1 seem all ( !m to imply t we sometimes ent]ta9 ideas )\t affirm+ !m ( reality1 & !re=e )\t affirm+ _! ref]5ce to be a ref]5ce to some?+ real or _! mean+ to be fact4 ,we may be puzzl$ inde$ to say :at an idea c mean1 or to :at x c ref]1 if x does n mean or ref] to some?+ real--to "s elem5t 9 ! fabric cont9u\sly su/a9$ by ! judgm5t :i* is our consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be %irk+ a difficulty to neglect ! consid]ation t an idea1 :ile d5i$ ( reality1 may nev]!less1 or ev5 mu/1 possess an id5tical & s intelligible ref]5ce--a symbolic value--= ! rational be+s :o d5y x4 ,a ref]5ce1 x may be argu$1 mu/ be a ref]5ce to some?+4 ,b x seems z if 9 ?is case ! some?+ 7 ! fact ( ref]5ce itself1 ! rational conv5tion betwe5 intellig5t be+s1 or r ! _w :i* has exi/5ce1 :e!r = "o rational be+ or = _m1 m]ely z conta9$ 9 & su/a9$ by su* intellectual ref]5ce4 ,i only adduce ^! consid]ations 9 ord] to expla9 t transitional conception ( an objective _w or _w ( mean+s1 di/9ct f ! real _w or _w ( facts1 ) :i* x is impossible :olly to disp5se 9 an acc\nt ( ?\ght />t+ f ! individual subject4 ,! p>adox is t ! real _w or _w ( fact ?us seems = u to fall )9 & be includ$ 9 ! objective _w or _w ( mean+s1 z if all t is fact 7 mean+1 b n e mean+ 7 fact4 ,?is results 9 ! contradiction t some?+ is objective1 :i* is n real4 7,pp4 #d1 #e47 ,9 ! sev5? section ( ! introduction ,bosanquet expla9s 8 mean+ fur!r by :at ! read] is privileg$ to reg>d z a flight ( ! imag9ation--a m]e simile--:i* he ?9ks may1 nev]!less1 make ! matt] cle>]4 ,we might try to ?9k t ! _w1 z kn[n to ea* ( u1 is con/ruct$ & su/a9$ by 8 individual consci\sness2 & t e o!r individual also frames = himself1 & su/a9s by ! action ( 8 intellig5ce1 ! _w 9 :i* he 9 p>ticul> lives & moves4 ,( c\rse su* a con/ruction is to be tak5 z a recon/ruction1 a con/ruction by way ( k only2 b = our pres5t purpose ?is is indiff]5t4 ,?us we might ?9k ( ! ideas & objects ( our private _w r z correspond+ to ?an z f ! beg9n+ id5tical ) ^? :i* our fell[-m5 are occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ ea* )9 8 own sph]e ( consci\sness4 ,& ! same w\ld be true ev5 ( ! objects & cont5ts )9 our own _w1 9 z f> z an act or ef=t w\ld be requir$ to ma9ta9 !m1 ( ! same k9d ) t :i* 0 orig9ally requir$ to con/ruct !m4444 ,?us ! p>adox ( ref]5ce w\ld become cle>]4 ,we %\ld und]/& t we ref] to a correspond5ce by means ( a cont5t4 ,we %\ld s(t5 d[n ! contradiction ( say+ t a "n to meet :i* we h & c get no?+ b an idea1 nev]!less does n /& = t idea b = some?+ else4 ,we %\ld be able to say t ! "n /&s = ^? elem5ts 9 ! idea :i* correspond 9 all our sep>ate worlds1 & 9 our own _w ( ye/]day & ( today1 consid]$ z s correspond+4 7,pp4 #de1 #df47 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! idea obta9s ! univ]sality :i* con/itutes x an idea by a sort ( process ( elim9ation4 ,x is l a composite photograph4 ,x selects only ! common elem5ts 9 a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul> exi/5ces1 & ?us succe$s 9 repres5t+1 or ref]r+ to1 all ! p>ticul> exi/5ces :i* h gone to make x up4 ,b :5 we come to consid] ! be>+ :i* ?is view ( univ]sality1 or g5]aliz$ significance1 has on our e/imate ( ! k-process1 we feel t x has n solv$ ! problem = u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! idea 9 its exi/5ce is j z p>ticul> :5 reg>d$ z made up ( ! common elem5ts ( _m ideas z is any ( ! ideas ^: elem5ts are tak54 ,a composite photograph is j z mu* a s+le photograph z any "o ( ! photographs :i* are tak5 to compose x4 ,! *asm betwe5 ! p>ticul>ity ( ! psy*ical image & ! univ]sality ( its mean+ is n bridg$ by reg>d+ ! cont5t ( ! image z made up by elim9at+ unlike elem5ts 9 a numb] ( images4 ,! /uff ) :i* ?\ght has to "w is /ill no?+ m ?an a p>ticul> psy*ical image1 & ! problem ( :at gives x its logical value z a g5]al significance is /ill unsolv$4 ,nor does x seem possible to f9d any?+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! image :i* c\ld acc\nt = its ref]5ce to some?+ outside ( itself4 ,! fact ( ref]5ce itself becomes an ultimate my/]y4#dh ,b ev5 waiv+ ?is difficulty1 ! judgm5t mu/ /ill appe> truncat$1 if x really totally disreg>d a "p ( its cont5t--i4 e41 ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ( ! image z "p ( ! judg+ consci\sness4 ,! !ory holds t ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ( ! image has no logical value4 ,x is only its mean+1 or g5]al ref]5ce1 :i* has logical value4 ,b ! image qua image is j z real z t to :i* x is suppos$ to ref]4 ,if ! judgm5t really does ignore its exi/5ce1 !n x ignores a portion ( ! reality x attempts to repres5t1 & /&s self-confess$ z a failure4#di ,at /ill ano!r po9t1 ideas1 z ,bosanquet repres5ts !m1 prove to be unsatisfactory tools to use 9 ! "w ( build+ up reality4 ,9 ,bosanquet's words3 ,! mean+ tyrannizes ov] ! psy*ical image 9 ano!r respect4 ,besides cru%+ out ( sight its p>ticul> & exclusive exi/5ce1 x also cru%es out "p ( its cont5t 7p4 #gd74 ,! idea1 z we use x1 is n1 z to cont5t1 a complete or accurate repres5tation ( any?+ real4 ,to take ,bosanquet's illu/ration3 ,"s "o speaks to me ( ! gean sea1 :i* ,i h nev] se54 ,he tells me t x is a deep blue sea "u a cl\dless sky1 /udd$ ) rocky isl&s4 ,! mean+s ( ^! words are a problem set to my ?\ght4 ,i h to meet him 9 ! _w ( objective ref]5ces1 :i* z intellig5t be+s we h 9 common4 ,h[ ,i d ?is is my own affair1 & ! precise images at my comm& w v>y f day to day1 & f m9ute to m9ute4 ,x s\nds simple to say t ,i comb9e my recollections ( sea & sky at ,torbay ) ^? ( ! isl&-/udd$ wat]s ( ,orkney or ! ,hebrides4 ,ev5 s1 !re is mu* to adju/ & to neglect2 ! r$ cliffs ( ,torbay1 & ! cl\dy skies ( ! nor?4 ,b !n aga91 my recollections are already !mselves symbolic ideas2 ! ref]5ce to ,torbay or ! ,hebrides is itself a problem set to ?\ght1 & puts me ^u ! selection ( index-elem5ts 9 fugitive images t are nev] twice ! same4 ,i h fir/ to symbolize ! color ( ,torbay1 us+ = ! purpose any blue t ,i c call to m9d1 & fix+1 correct+1 subtract+ f1 ! color s recall$1 till ,i r$uce x to a m]e index quality2 & !n ,i h to deal 9 ! same way ) ! mean+ or significant idea s obta9$1 clipp+ & adju/+ ! qualities ( ,torbay till x seems to s]ve z a symbol ( ! gean4 7,pp4 #gd1 #ge47 ,& by ! "t all ?is is p]=m$ :at sort ( a repres5tation ( reality is ! idea8 ,evid5tly a v poor & meag] & fragm5t>y "o4 ,x is s poor & fragm5t>y1 t x _c itself be t :i* is affirm$ ( reality4 ,x mu/ be "s o!r full] exi/5ce to be f\nd 9 ! _w ( mean+s :i* is affirm$4 ,& yet h[ ! meag] cont5t ( ! idea succe$s 9 ref]r+ to ! _w ( mean+s1 & act+ z ! in/rum5t = ref]r+ a mean+ to reality1 is n at all cle>4 ,x seems impossible to expla9 ref]5ce intelligibly by ! concept ( a correspond5ce ( cont5ts4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty 9 ! int]pretation ( ! pr$icate is ! same "o t we enc\nt]$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! subject4 ,if ! pr$icate is to be affirm$ ( reality 7& if x be n1 x has no logical value71 !n x mu/1 :5 affirm$1 be 9 "s s5se an accurate repres5tation ( reality4 ,b ! pr$icate is an idea1 &1 moreov]1 an idea :i* is1 bo? 9 its exi/5ce & 9 its mean+ palpably ! outcome ( trans=mations wr\ght ^u giv5 s5sory cont5ts by ! individual consci\sness4 ,s9ce ! "o po9t ( contact ) reality is 9 s5sory exp]i5ce1 ! m simple s5sory exp]i5ces are react$ ^u & work$ ov]1 ! f>!r !y rec$e f reality4 ,! idea seems1 !re=e1 9 its v ess5ce1 a ?+ :i* nev] c be affirm$ ( reality4 ,z image x is itself a reality1 b n affirm$2 z mean+ x is t reality 7! image7 manipulat$ = individual ends4 ,:y suppose t by di/ort+ reality we get x 9 %ape to affirm ( reality8 ,moreov]1 ! f>!r an idea is remov$ f imm$iate s5sory exp]i5ce--9 o!r words1 ! m ab/ract x becomes--! less is ! possibility ( affirm+ x ( reality4 ,! f9al outcome ( ?is po9t ( view1 if we adh]e rigor\sly to its logic is t ! m ?9k+ we d1 ! less we "k ab\t ! real _w4 ,bosanquet avoids ?is conclusion by a pure act ( fai?4 ,if k is to be rescu$1 we mu/ believe t ! "w done by consci\sness ^u ! bits ( reality giv5 9 s5sory exp]i5ce really does succe$ 9 build+ up a k ( reality = u4 ,z ,bosanquet puts x3 ,! pres5tation ( ,reality1 qualifi$ by an ideal cont5t1 is "o aspect ( ,subject & ,pr$ication2 & my individual p]cipi5t consci\sness det]m9+ itself by a symbolic idea is ! o!r4 ,t ! latt] is id5tifi$ ) ! =m] foll[s f ! claim ( consci\s ?\ght t its nature is to "k4#ej 7,p4 #hc47 ,to sum up ! situation1 ,bosanquet />ts out ) ! assumption t by k we mu/ mean k ( a _w entirely indep5d5t ( our ideas4 ,if we fail to make ?is assumption1 k becomes m]ely a relation betwe5 ideas4 ,b its :ole importance seems to u to re/ on ! conviction t x does give u k ( a _w :i* is :at x is q indep5d5tly ( our ideas ab\t x1 & _c 9 any s5se be modifi$ by :at we ?9k ab\t x4 ,:at k does is to give u a copy or repres5tation ( ! real _w1 ^: value dep5ds on ! accuracy ( ! repres5tation4 ,& yet :5 we exam9e any individual kn[+ consci\sness1 ! subject :i* appe>s )9 ! judgm5t is nev] "s portion ( ! _w :i* exi/s outside ( ! kn[+ consci\sness1 b always "s portion ( ! _w :i* exi/s )9 ! kn[+ consci\sness1 & :i* is con/itut$ by ! k process4 ,! pr$icate :i* is affirm$ ( reality is con/antly f\nd to d]ive its mean+1 its g5]aliz$ significance1 n f its correspond5ce )1 or ref]5ce to1 ! real _w outside ( ! kn[+ consci\sness1 b f ref]5ce to a _w ( mean+s1 :i* consi/s 9 a sort ( conv5tion among rational be+s--a _w ^: exi/5ce is di/9ctly )9 ! kn[+ consci\sness & n outside ( x4#ea ,betwe5 ! real _w1 z ,bosanquet conceives x1 & ! _w ( k1 we f9d ins]t$ on ! side ( ! subject1 ! _w z kn[n to ea* ( u1 & on ! side ( ! pr$icate1 ! objective _w ( mean+s4 ,nei!r ( ^! is ! real _w4 ,bo? ( !m are ideal1 i4 e41 are con/ructions ( ! individual consci\sness4 ,we n[h]e f9d any satisfactory explanation ( h[ ^! ideal worlds are relat$ to ! real _w4 ,!re is m]ely ! ass]tion t we mu/ believe t !y repres5t ! real _w 9 ord] t we may believe t k exi/s4 ,b ! fact rema9s t :5ev] we try to analyze & expla9 any p>ticul> judgm5t1 :at we f9d ourselves deal+ ) is always ! _w z x exi/s to u z subject1 & ! objective _w ( mean+s z pr$icate4 ,if we /op "h1 !n k turns out to be j :at ,bosanquet ass]t$ at ! outset t x 0 n1 i4 e41 a relation betwe5 ideas4 ,:5 we dem& a ju/ification = go+ f>!r ?an ?is1 we f9d none except ! claim ( consci\s ?\ght t its nature is to "k--a claim ^: ju/ice we h no possible means ( te/+1 & :i* w\ld n1 ev5 if admitt$1 be ( ! slighte/ value 9 decid+ :i* p>ticul> judgm5t is true & :i* false4 ,bosanquet's developm5t ( 8 subject has prov$ to be ?r\gh\t ! necess>y logical outcome ( ! presuppositions ) ref]5ce to reality f :i* he />ts4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty ( erect+ a !ory ( ! k-process ^u su* a basis is recogniz$ by him at ! />t 9 a passage already quot$3 ,if ! object-matt] ( reality lay g5u9ely outside ! sy/em ( ?\ght1 n only our analysis1 b ?\ght itself1 w\ld be unable to lay hold ( reality 7p4 #b74 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is ass]tion1 8 fundam5tal conception ( reality rema9s t ( a sy/em :i* does lie outside ! ?\ght-process4 ,8 !ory is an attempt to reconcile ! ess5tially irreconcilable views t reality is outside ( ! ?\ght-process1 & t x is inside ( ! ?\ght-process1 & he succe$s only by call+ ^u our fai? t s x is4 ,if x be true1 z x seems to him to be1 t we are compell$ to adh]e to bo? ( ^! views ( reality1 !n surely !re is no o!r outcome4 ,x means1 h[ev]1 t we f9ally resign all hope ( kn[+ reality4 ,we may h fai? 9 its exi/5ce1 b we h no way ( decid+ :at p>ticul> judgm5t has reality 9 x z x %\ld h x1 & :at z x %\ld n4 ,all /& 7& fall7 on ! same basis4 ,b does n ,bosanquet himself po9t out a pa?way :i*1 if foll[$ f>!r1 w\ld rea* a m satisfactory view ( ! realm ( k8 ,he has %[n u t ! only sort ( reality we "k1 or c "k1 is ! reality :i* appe>s )9 our judgm5t-process--! reality z kn[n to u4 ,w\ld x n be possible to drop ! presuppos$ reality outside ( ! judgm5t-process 7) :i* judgm5t is endeavor+ to make connections7 & cont5t ourselves ) ! sort ( reality :i* appe>s )9 ! judgm5t-process8 ,9 o!r words1 may !re n be a satisfactory view ( reality :i* frankly recognizes its organic relation to ! k-process1 )\t at ! same "t de/roy+ its value z reality8 ,is x possible to admit t reality is 9 a s5se con/itut$ 9 ! judgm5t )\t mak+ x at ! same "t ! figm5t ( ! individual imag9ation--a game ) ideas8 ,let u assume = ! mom5t t ! real difficulty ) ,mr4 ,bosanquet's conception1 ! error t keeps him travel+ 9 8 hopeless circles1 is ! notion t tru? is a matt] ( ref]5ce ( ideas z su* to reality z su*1 lead+ u to oscillate betwe5 ! alt]natives t ei!r all ideas h su* ref]5ce1 & s are true1 con/itute k2 or else none h su* ref]5ce1 & s are false2 or else are m]e ideas to :i* nei!r tru? nor falsity c be attribut$4 ,let u ask if tru? is n r "s specific relation )9 exp]i5ce1 some?+ :i* *>act]izes "o idea r ?an ano!r1 s t our problem is n h[ an idea c ref] to a reality beyond itself1 b :at are ! m>ks by :i* we discrim9ate a true ref]5ce f a false "o4 ,!n let u ask = ! crit]ion us$ 9 daily life & 9 sci5ce by :i* to te/ reality4 ,if we ask ! philosophically unsophi/icat$ individual :y he believes t 8 h\se /ill exi/s :5 he is away f x & has no imm$iate evid5ce ( ! fact1 he w tell y x is because he has f\nd t he c g back to x "t & aga9 & see x & walk into x4 ,x nev] fails him :5 he acts ^u ! assumption t x is !re4 ,he w\ld nev] tell y t he believ$ 9 its exi/5ce :5 he 0 n exp]i5c+ x because 8 m5tal picture ( 8 h\se /ood = & repres5t$ accurately an object 9 ! real _w :i* 0 nev]!less ( a diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ce f 8 m5tal picture4 ,:5 y ask ! physici/ :y he believes t ! laws ( motion are true1 he w tell y t x is because he f9ds t bodies always d behave accord+ to !m4 ,he c pr$ict j :at a body w d "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,he is nev] disappo9t$ h[ev] long he takes x = grant$ t ! laws ( motion are true & t bodies behave accord+ to !m4 ,! only ?+ t c\ld make him "q _! tru? w\ld be to f9d "s body :i* did n prove to behave 9 accordance ) !m4 ,! crit]ion is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,x is ! practical crit]ion ( :at z a matt] ( fact w "w4 ,t :i* c safely be tak5 = grant$ z a basis = fur!r action is reg>d$ z real & true4 ,x rema9s real s long1 & only s long1 z x cont9ues to fulfil ?is condition4 ,z soon z x ceases to d s1 x ceases to be reg>d$ z real4 ,:5 a man f9ds t he c no long] obta9 ! accu/om$ exp]i5ce ( see+ & ent]+ 8 h\se1 he ceases to reg>d x z real4 ,x has burn$ d[n1 or be5 pull$ d[n4 ,:5 a physici/ f9ds t a body does n1 z a matt] ( fact1 behave z a giv5 law leads him to expect x w\ld behave1 he ceases to reg>d ! law z true4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! nave view ( ! crit]ion ( reality & ! "o we h j be5 discuss+ may be br\ght out by consid]+ h[ we %\ld h to int]pret f ea* /&po9t ! con/ant succession ( facts 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce :i* h ceas$ to be facts4 ,= illu/ration take ! =m] fact t ! e>? is flat4 ,x ceas$ to be a fact1 says ! !ory we h be5 review+1 because fur!r ?\ght-con/ructions ( ! real _w conv9c$ u t !re is no reality :i* ! idea flat-_w repres5ts4 ,! idea r\nd-_w alone reproduces reality4 ,x ceas$ to be a fact1 says ! nave view1 because x ceas$ to be a safe guide = action4 ,m5 f\nd !y c\ld sail ar\nd ! _w4 ,correspond5ce 9 "o case is pictorial1 & its exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce c1 z we h se51 nev] be asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! o!r1 correspond5ce is response1 adju/m5t1 ! co-meet+ ( specific conditions 9 fur!r con/itut+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 actual life1 !re=e1 ! crit]ion ( reality :i* we use is a practical "o4 ,! te/ ( reality does n consi/ 9 asc]ta9+ ! relation%ip betwe5 an idea & an x :i* is n idea1 b 9 asc]ta9+ :at exp]i5ce c be tak5 = grant$ z a safe basis = secur+ o!r exp]i5ces4 ,! evid5t advantage ( ! latt] view1 leav+ aside = ! mom5t ! "q ( its adequacy 9 o!r respects1 is t x avoids ! fundam5tal skepticism at once sugge/$ by ! =m]4 ,h[ c we ev] be sure t ! fact :i* we h discov]$ w /& ! te/ ( fur!r ?\ght-con/ructions8 ,p]haps x comes no ne>] to reality ?an ! disc>d$ "o4 ,obvi\sly we nev] c be sure t any p>ticul> cont5t ( ?\ght repres5ts reality s accurately & p]fectly t x w nev] be subject to revision4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! te/ ( reality is ! adequacy ( a giv5 cont5t ( consci\sness z a /imulus to action1 z a mode ( control1 we h an applicable /&>d4 ,a giv5 cont5t ( consci\sness is real--is a fact--s long z ! act result+ f x is adequate 9 adaptation to o!r cont5ts4 ,x ceases to be real z soon z ! act x /imulates proves to be inadequate4 ,! view :i* places ! ultimate te/ ( facts1 n 9 any relation%ip ( cont5ts or exi/5ces1 b 9 ! practical outcome ( ?\ght1 is ! "o :i* seems to foll[ necess>ily f a ?or\ghgo+ conception ( ! judgm5t z a function--an act4 ,our fundam5tal biological conception ( ! activities ( liv+ organisms is t acts exi/ = ! sake ( _! results4 ,acts are always /imulat$ by "s def9ite set ( conditions1 & _! value is always te/$ by ! adequacy ) :i* !y meet ?is set ( conditions4 ,! judgm5t is no exception to ! rule4 ,x is always an act /imulat$ by "s set ( conditions :i* ne$s readju/+4 ,its outcome is a readju/m5t ^: value is & c be te/$ only by its adequacy4 ,x is accord+ly entirely 9 l9e ) our reign+ biological conceptions to expect to f9d ! ultimate crit]ion ( tru? & reality 9 ! practical outcome ( ?\ght1 & to seek = an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! real & ( ! ideal )9 ! total activity ( judgm5t4 ,"o difficulty besets u at ! outset ( su* an inve/igation--t ( be+ sure t we h a g5u9e judgm5t "u exam9ation4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! s-call$ judgm5ts consid]$ by logicians1 ev5 by ^? :o emphasize ! tru? t a judgm5t is an act1 are really n judgm5ts at all1 b cont5ts ( ?\ght :i* are ! outcome ( judgm5ts--:at might be call$ dead judgm5ts1 in/ead ( live judgm5ts4 ,:5 we analyze a real act ( judgm5t1 z x occurs 9 a liv+ process ( ?\ght1 we f9d giv5 elem5ts :i* are always pres5t4 ,!re is always a c]ta9 situation :i* dem&s a reaction4 ,! situation is always 9 "p det]m9$ & tak5 = grant$1 & 9 "p que/ion$4 ,x is det]m9$ 9 s f> z x is a def9ite situation ( "s sort2 x is undet]m9$ 9 s f> z x furni%es an inadequate basis = fur!r action & !re=e comes to consci\sness z a problem4 ,= example1 take "o ( ! judgm5ts ,bosanquet uses4 ,?is is bread4 ,we h fir/ to inquire :5 su* a judgm5t actually occurs 9 ! liv+ process ( ?\ght4 ,a man does n make su* a judgm5t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ?9k+ unless !re is "s in/igation to d s4 ,p]haps he is 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! :ite object he p]ceives is bread or cake4 ,he wants "s bread1 b does n want cake4 ,a clos] inspection conv9ces him t x is bread1 & ! f9i%$ judgm5t is =mulat$ 9 ! proposition3 ,?is is bread4 ,:at is ! te/ ( ! reality ( ! bread1 & ! tru? ( ! judgm5t8 ,evid5tly ! act bas$ on x4 ,he eats ! bread4 ,if x ta/es l bread & affects him l bread1 !n ! bread 0 real & ! judgm5t true4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x does n ta/e l bread1 or if x makes him viol5tly ill1 !n ! bread 0 n real & ! judgm5t 0 false4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ?is--! exp]i5ce to be int]pret$--is unque/ion$4 ,! man does n "q ! fact t he has a p]ception ( a :ite object4 ,s mu* is tak5 = grant$ & is unque/ion$ )9 t judgm5t4 ,b !re is ano!r "p ( ! exp]i5ce :i* is que/ion$1 & :i* rema9s t5tative up to ! conclusion ( ! act ( judgm5t2 t is ! d\bt z to :e!r ! p]ceiv$ :ite object is bread or some?+ else4 ,e live judgm5t1 e judgm5t z x normally occurs 9 ! vital process ( ?\ght1 mu/ h ^! phases4 ,x is only :5 a judgm5t is tak5 out ( its context & r$uc$ to a m]e memor&um ( pa/ judgm5ts t x fails to reveal su* p>ts4 ,! man may1 ( c\rse1 g f>!r back4 ,he may wond] :e!r ?is is really :ite or n4 ,b he falls back !n on some?+ else :i* he takes unque/ion+ly--a ?is exp]i5ce ( "s sort or o!r4 ,s f> we h consid]$ ! practical crit]ion ( reality m]ely z ! "o :i* is actually op]ative 9 ev]yday life1 & z ! "o sugge/$ by our biological !ory ( ! functions ( liv+ organisms4 ,x also (f]s a sugge/ion = ! modifi$ view ( ! nature ( reality = :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,our previ\s discussion br\ght out incid5tally a contradiction 9 ! traditional !ory ( ! nature ( reality :i* x w be wor? :ile to consid] fur!r4 ,9 deal+ ) ! subject ( ! judgm5t1 reality seem$ to be made synonym\s ) fact4 ,9 ?is s5se fact1 or ! real1 0 set (f aga9/ ! ideal4 ,k 0 view$ z ! correspond5ce betwe5 real & ideal4 ,:5 we came to deal ) ! ideal itself--) ! pr$icate ( ! judgm5t--!re appe>$ 9 x an elem5t ( fact or reality :i* prov$ a s]i\s /umbl+-block = ! !ory4 ,z image 9 my m9d1 ! idea is j z real z ! s-call$ facts2 b ?is sort ( reality accord+ to ! !ory 9 "q is nei!r ! reality ab\t :i* we are judg+ nor a real quality ( x4 ,bo? ,bradley & ,bosanquet are =c$ to admit t ! judgm5t ignores x1 & is 9 s f> by nature inadequate to its appo9t$ task ( kn[+ reality4 ,! sugge/ion :i* ! situation (f]s = a new !ory is t ! view ( reality has be5 too n>r[4 ,reality mu/ evid5tly be a broad en\gh t]m to cov] bo? fact & idea4 ,if s1 ! reality mu/ be no?+ m nor less ?an ! total process ( exp]i5ce ) its cont9ual opposition ( fact & idea1 & _! cont9ual resolution ?r\gh activity4 ,t :i* previ\s !ory has be5 call+ ! real is n ! total reality1 b m]ely "o aspect ( x4 ,! problem ( relation ( fact & idea is ?us ! problem ( ! relation ( "o =m ( reality to ano!r1 & s a det]m9ate soluble "o1 n a m]ely metaphysical or g5]al "o4 ,grant+ ?is1 does x /ill rema9 true t reality 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 reality z fact1 c be reg>d$ z a diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ce f ! ideal1 & set ov] aga9/ ! ?\ght-process8 ,evid5tly n4 ,fact & idea become m]ely two aspects ( a total reality4 ,! way 9 :i* fact & idea are di/+ui%$ has already be5 sugge/$ by ! practical & biological crit]ion ( fact1 or reality 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 fact is n a diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ce f idea1 b is m]ely a "p ( ! total process ( exp]i5ce :i* functions 9 a giv5 way4 ,x is m]ely t "p ( exp]i5ce :i* is tak5 z giv51 & :i* s]ves z a /imulus to action4 ,?us ! ess5tial nature ( fact1 or reality 9 ! popul> s5se1 falls n at all on ! side ( its cont5t1 b on ! side ( its function4 ,simil>ly ! ideal is m]ely t "p ( ! total exp]i5ce :i* is tak5 z t5tative4 ,!re is no problem z to h[ ei!r ( !m is relat$ to reality4 ,9 ?is relation%ip !y are reality4 ,t :i* previ\s !ories _h be5 call+ ! :ole ( reality n[ appe>s z m]ely "o aspect ( x--! fact aspect--artificially isolat$ f ! re/4 ,:5 we translate ?is view ( ! nature ( reality into t]ms ( a !ory ( ! judgm5t1 we f9d t we c agree ) ,bosanquet 9 8 def9ition ( a judgm5t4 ,x is an act1 & an act :i* ref]s an ideal cont5t to reality4 ,! judgm5t mu/ be an act1 because x is ess5tially an adaptation--a reaction t[>d a giv5 situation4 ,! subject ( ! judgm5t is t "p ( ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce :i* repres5ts ! situation to be react$ to4 ,x is t :i* is tak5 = grant$ z giv5 9 ea* case4 ,n[ ?is is1 z we h se51 reality--9 ! n>r[] s5se ( t t]m4 ,:at ,bosanquet has be5 call+ reality n[ appe>s m]ely z ! subject ( ! judgm5t tak5 out ( its normal function & consid]$ z an isolat$ ?+4 ,x is an artificial ab/raction4 ,x is accord+ly true1 z ,bosanquet insi/s1 t ! subject ( ! judgm5t mu/ always be reality--bo? 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m & 9 ours4 ,?is reality is n real1 h[ev]1 by virtue ( its indep5d5ce f ! judgm5t1 b by virtue ( its function )9 ! judgm5t4 ,8 fundam5tal problem ) ref]5ce to ! subject ( ! judgm5t is dispos$ ( f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! subject is :olly )9 ! judgm5t1 n 9 any s5se outside ( x2 b x is at ! same "t true t ! subject ( ! judgm5t is reality4 ,! fact t ! subjects ( all judgm5ts--ev5 ^? ( ! mo/ elem5t>y type--be> evid5t m>ks ( ! "w done by ?\ght ^u !m1 ceases to be a problem4 ,! subject is ess5tially a ?+ con/itut$ by ! d\bt-inquiry process1 & function+ )9 x4 ,! necessity = an int]m$iate real _w z x is to me betwe5 ! real _w & ! kn[+ process disappe>s1 because ! real _w z x is to me is ! only real _w ( :i* ! judgm5t c take acc\nt4 ,!re is no long] any divorce betwe5 ! cont5t ( ! subject & its exi/5ce4 ,reality 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m--reality z fact--does n fall on ! side ( exi/5ce 9 di/9ction f cont5t1 b on ! side ( function 9 di/9ction f cont5t4 ,! pr$icate ( ! judgm5t is t "p ( ! total exp]i5ce :i* is tak5 z d\btful1 or t5tative4 ,z we h se51 e act ( adaptation involves a def9ite situation to be react$ to 7subject7 & an indef9ite or t5tative mat]ial ) :i* to react 7pr$icate74 ,we h po9t$ out t a situation :i* dem&s a judgm5t nev] appe>s 9 consci\sness z m]e que/ion$ or que/ionable situation4#eb ,!re is always pres5t1 z soon z ! d\bt arises1 "s sort ( t5tative solution4 ,?is is ! pr$icate or idea4 ,j z ! fact1 or real 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 is t :i* is tak5 z giv5 9 ! situation1 s ! ideal is t :i* is tak5 z t5tative4 ,its ideality does n consi/ 9 its ref]5ce to ano!r ord] ( exi/5ce1 ! objective _w ( mean+s1 b 9 its function )9 ! judgm5t1 ! e/imate ( ! :ole situation z lead+ up to ! adequate act4 ,j z we no long] h any ne$ = ! m$iation ( ! real _w z kn[n to me betwe5 subject & reality1 s we no long] ne$ ! objective _w ( mean+s to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! pr$icate & reality4 ,! difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ ideas c be us$ to build up facts disappe>s :5 we reg>d fact & idea1 n z diff]5t ord]s ( exi/5ce1 b z cont5ts m>k+ diff]5t phases ( a total function4 ,ideas1 z ,bosanquet repres5t$ !m1 prov$ to be extremely unsatisfactory tools to use 9 build+ up a k ( reality4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! value z in/rum5ts ( ?\ght dep5ds ^u _! univ]sality4 ,we h already review$ ,bosanquet's difficulties 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! univ]sality ( ideas4 ,! univ]sality ( an idea _c reside 9 its m]e exi/5ce z image4 ,its exi/5ce is purely p>ticul>4 ,its univ]sality mu/ reside 9 its ref]5ce to some?+ outside ( itself4 ,b no explanation ( h[ ! p>ticul> exi/5ce--image--c\ld ref] to ano!r & full] cont5t ( a diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ce c\ld be discov]$4 ,! fact ( ref]5ce rema9$ an ultimate my/]y4 ,f ! new po9t ( view ! image ga9s its univ]sality ?r\gh its organiz+ function4 ,x repres5ts an organiz$ habit :i* may be br\ght to be> ^u ! pres5t situation1 & :i* s]ves1 by direct+ action1 to organize & unify exp]i5ce z a :ole4 ,x is only z function t ! concept ( ref]5ce c be made intelligible4 ,( c\rse1 consid]$ z cont5t1 ! idea is j z p>ticul> f ?is po9t ( view z f any o!r4 ,we /ill h to discuss ! "q z to :e!r or n ! p>ticul>ity ( ! idea has a logical value4 ,! fact t x _h none 9 ,bosanquet's !ory sets a limit to ! validity ( ?\ght4 ,b if ! real te/ ( ! validity ( a judgm5t is ! act 9 :i* x issues1 !n ! exi/5tial aspect ( ! idea mu/ h logical value4 ,! exi/5tial aspect ( ! idea is ! my side ( x4 ,x is z my p]sonal exp]i5ce t x exi/s4 ,b x is only z my idea t x has any impulsive p[]1 or c issue 9 action4 ,f> f be+ ignor$1 !re=e1 ! exi/5tial aspect is ess5tial to ! logical1 ! det]m9ative1 value ( an idea4 ,ideas1 accord+ to ! repres5tational !ory ( k1 prov$ to be a poor m$ium = kn[+ reality 9 /ill ano!r respect4 ,!y are 9 _! v nature cont5ts t h be5 r$uc$ f ! fulness ( exp]i5ce to m]e index-signs4 ,ev5 ?\gh _! ref]5ce to a full] cont5t 9 ! objective _w ( mean+s pres5t$ no problem1 /ill ?is objective _w ( mean+s is f> remov$ f reality4 ,& yet1 9 ord] to "k1 we mu/ be able to affirm ideas ( reality4 ,on ! functional !ory ( ideas1 _! value does n re/ at all ^u _! repres5tational nature4 ,!y are n tak5 ei!r 9 _! exi/5ce or 9 _! mean+ z repres5tations ( any o!r cont5t4 ,!y are tak5 z cont5ts :i* m>k a giv5 function1 & _! value is det]m9$ entirely by ! adequacy ( ! function ( :i* !y are ! consci\s expression4 ,_! cont5t may be z meag] z y please4 ,x may h be5 obta9$ by a long process ( r$uc+ & trans=m+ s5sory exp]i5ce1 b if x s]ve to enable its possessor to meet ! situation :i* call$ x up ) ! appropriate act1 !n x has tru? & value 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,! r$uction ( ! idea to a m]e index-sign pres5ts no problem :5 we realize t x is ! tool ( a giv5 function1 n ! sign = a diff]5t & full] cont5t4 ,! idea ?us becomes a comm5dable economy 9 ! ?\ght-process1 r ?an a repreh5sible dep>ture f reality4 ,we h already ^u g5]al consid]ations criticis$ ! po9t ( view :i* holds t ideality consi/s 9 ref]5ce to ano!r cont5t4 ,9 argu+ t ?is ref]5ce _c be prim>ily to reality itself1 b r to an int]m$iate _w ( mean+s1 ,bosanquet cites ! "q & ! negative judgm5t4 ,9 ! "q ideas are n affirm$ ( reality1 & 9 negation !y are def9itely d5i$ ( reality1 h5ce _! ref]5ce _c be to reality4 ,x mu/ !re=e be to an objective _w ( mean+s4 ,x may be wor? :ile to po9t out 9 pass+ t1 f ! functional po9t ( view1 ! "p play$ by ideas 9 ! "q & 9 negative judgm5t is ! same t x is 9 affirmation4 ,we h br\ght out ! fact t all judgm5t arises 9 a d\bt4 ,! e>lie/ /age ( judgm5t is accord+ly a "q4 ,:e!r ! process /ops at t po9t1 or is c>ri$ on to an affirmation or negation1 dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> conditions4 ,! ideas :i* appe> 9 que/ions pres5t no o!r problem ?an ^? ( affirmation4 ,!y are ideas1 n by virtue ( _! ref]5ce to ano!r cont5t 9 ! _w ( mean+s1 b by virtue ( _! function1 i4 e41 t ( con/itut+ t "p ( ! total exp]i5ce :i* is tak5 z d\btful1 & h5ce z 9 process4 ,9 ord] to make ?is po9t cle> ) ref]5ce to negative judgm5ts1 x w be necess>y to consid] ! relation ( negative & positive judgm5ts some:at m 9 detail4 ,all judgm5t is 9 its e>lie/ /ages a "q1 b a "q is nev] m]e "q4 ,!re are always pres5t "s sugge/ions ( an answ]1 :i* make ! process really a disjunctive judgm5t4 ,a "q might be def9$ z a disjunctive judgm5t 9 :i* "o memb] ( ! disjunction is express$ & ! o!rs impli$4 ,if ! process goes on to take ! =m ( affirmation or negation1 "o ( ! sugge/$ answ]s is select$4 ,to foll[ out ! illu/ration ( ! bread us$ above1 ! judgm5t arises 9 a d\bt z to ! nature ( ! :ite object p]ceiv$1 b ! d\bt nev] takes ! =m ( a blank "q4 ,x at once sugge/s c]ta9 possible solutions drawn f ! mass ( organiz$ exp]i5ce at ! comm& ( ! p]son judg+4 ,at ?is /age ! judgm5t is disjunctive4 ,9 ! illu/ration x w\ld probably take ! =m3 ,?is is ei!r bread or cake4 ,! fur!r c\rse ( ! judgm5t rejects ! cake alt]native1 & selects ! bread1 & ! f9al outcome ( ! judgm5t is =mulat$ 9 ! proposition3 ,?is is bread4 ,b h[ did x happ5 t x did n take ! =m3 ,?is is n cake8 ,t proposition is also involv$ 9 ! outcome1 & impli$ 9 ! judgm5t made4 ,! answ] is t ! =m tak5 by ! f9al outcome dep5ds entirely on ! direction ( int]e/ ( ! p]son mak+ ! judgm5t4 ,if 8 int]e/ happ5$ to lie 9 obta9+ bread1 !n ! outcome w\ld naturally take ! =m3 ,?is is bread1 & 8 act w\ld consi/ 9 eat+ x4 ,if he happ5$ to want cake1 ! natural =m w\ld be1 ,?is is n cake1 & 8 act w\ld consi/ 9 refra9+ f eat+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q z to :e!r a judgm5t turns out to be negative or positive is a "q ( :e!r ! /ress ( int]e/ happ5s to fall on ! select$ or on ! reject$ portions ( ! orig9al disjunction4 ,e det]m9ation ( a subject ?r\gh a pr$icate includes bo?4 ,! selection ( "o or ! o!r accord+ to int]e/ affects ! f9al =mulation ( ! process1 b does n *ange ! relations ( its v>i\s phases4 ,an idea 9 a negative judgm5t is j :at x is 9 a positive judgm5t4 ,9 nei!r case is x con/itut$ an idea by ref]5ce to "s o!r cont5t4 ,s f> we h outl9$ ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t2 h not$ ! app>5tly insoluble problems inh]5t 9 8 sy/em1 & h sket*$ a radically diff]5t !ory :i* (f]$ a possible solution = 8 difficulties4 ,x n[ rema9s to develop ! implications ( ! new !ory fur!r by comp>+ its application to "s ( ! m important problems ( logic ) t ( ,bosanquet4 ,9 clos+ we %all h to inquire to :at ext5t ! new !ory ( ! judgm5t ) its metaphysical implications has prov$ m satisfactory ?an t ( ,bosanquet4 ,! special problems to be consid]$ are 7#a7 ! relation ( judgm5t to inf]5ce2 7#b7 ! p>ts ( ! judgm5t & _! relation%ip2 7#c7 ! "t elem5t 9 ! judgm5t2 & 7#d7 ! way 9 :i* "o judgm5t c be sep>at$ f ano!r4 #a4 ,! discussion ( ! relation betwe5 judgm5t & inf]5ce comes up incid5tally 9 ,bosanquet's treatm5t ( ! di/9ction betwe5 a judgm5t & a proposition 7p4 #gi74 ,! proposition1 he says1 is m]ely ! enunciative s5t5ce :i* repres5ts ! act ( ?\ght call$ judgm5t4 ,) ?is di/9ction we %\ld agree4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! po9t1 h[ev]1 he criticises ,hegel's doctr9e t a judgm5t is di/+ui%$ f a proposition 9 t a judgm5t ma9ta9s itself aga9/ a d\bt1 :ile a proposition is a m]e temporal affirmation1 n imply+ ! pres5ce ( a d\bt4 ,! gr\nd ( 8 criticism is t judgm5t mu/ be reg>d$ z op]ative be=e ! exi/5ce ( a consci\s d\bt1 & t1 :ile x is true1 z ,hegel sugge/s1 t judgm5t & inf]5ce beg9 toge!r1 !y bo? beg9 f>!r back ?an ! po9t at :i* consci\s d\bt arises4 ,d\bt m>ks ! po9t at :i* inf]5ce becomes consci\s ( its gr\nd4 ,n[1 x is und\bt$ t inf]5ces 9 :i* ! gr\nd is implicit exi/ at an e>li] /age ( exp]i5ce ?an ^? 9 :i* x is explicit4 ,! =m] we usually call simple appreh5sion1 & ! latt] judgm5t4 ,:at ,bosanquet wi%es to d is to make ! t]m judgm5t cov] bo? ! implicit & ! explicit activities4 ,! "q at once arises :e!r su* a use ( t]ms is accurate4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a wide diff]5ce betwe5 an inf]5ce :i* is consci\s ( its gr\nd1 & "o :i* is n4 ,x is conceivably a di/9ction ( philosophic importance4 ,to slur ! diff]5ce by apply+ "o "n to bo? accompli%es no?+4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! pres5ce ( a consci\s d\bt is ! crit]ion ( judgm5t adopt$ 9 ! /&po9t f :i* we h be5 criticis+ ,bosanquet's !ory4 ,we %\ld accord+ly make ! t]m inf]5ce a wid] "o ?an ! t]m judgm5t4 ,a judgm5t is an inf]5ce :i* is consci\s ( its gr\nd4 ,s9ce fact & idea h be5 repres5t$ z con/itut$ 9 & ?r\gh judgm5t1 ! "q :i* at once sugge/s itself is3 ,:at1 f su* a /&po9t1 is ! crit]ion ( fact & idea 9 ! /age ( exp]i5ce previ\s to ! appe>ance ( judgm5t8 ,! answ] is t ! "q involves ! psy*ological fallacy4 ,!re is no su* di/9ction z fact & idea 9 exp]i5ce previ\s to ! appe>ance ( judgm5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 fact & idea arises only at ! high] level ( exp]i5ce at :i* inf]5ce becomes consci\s ( its gr\nds4 ,to ask :at !y 7 previ\s to t is to ask :at !y 7 be=e !y 7--a "q :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c be answ]$4 ,our reason = n adopt+ ,hegel's di/9ction betwe5 a judgm5t & a proposition w\ld accord+ly n be ! same z ,bosanquet's4 ,! "q has already be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 dead & live judgm5ts4 ,:at ,hegel calls a proposition is really no?+ b a dead judgm5t4 ,8 illu/ration ( a temporal affirmation is ! s5t5ce3 ,a c>riage is pass+ ! h\se4 ,t s5t5ce w\ld be a judgm5t1 he says1 only 9 case !re 7 "s d\bt z to :e!r or n a c>riage 0 pass+4 ,b ! "q to be answ]$ fir/ is3 ,:5 w\ld su* a /atem5t occur 9 ! c\rse ( our exp]i5ce8 ,x is impossible to conceive ( any circum/ances 9 :i* x w\ld naturally occur1 unless !re 7 "s d\bt to be solv$ ei!r ( our own or ( ano!r4 ,p]haps "o is expect+ a fri5d1 & does n "k at fir/ :e!r x is a c>riage or a c>t :i* is pass+4 ,p]haps "s "o has be5 />tl$1 & asks3 ,:at is ?is noise8 ,:at ,hegel wi%es to call a proposition is1 accord+ly1 no?+ b a judgm5t tak5 out ( its sett+4 #b4 ,9 deal+ ) ! traditional ?ree p>ts ( ! judgm5t--subject1 pr$icate1 & copula--,bosanquet disposes ( ! copula at once1 by divid+ ! judgm5t into subject & pr$ication4 ,b ! two t]ms subject & pr$ication are n co-ord9ate4 ,subject1 z he uses x1 is a /atic t]m indicat+ a cont5t4 ,pr$ication is a dynamic t]m indicat+ ! act ( pr$icat+4 ,x implies some?+ :i* is pr$icat$ ( some?+ else1 i4 e41 two cont5ts & ! act ( br++ !m into relation4 ,n[1 if :at we und]/& by ! copula is ! act ( pr$icat+ ab/ract$ f ! cont5t :i* is pr$icat$ ( ano!r cont5t1 !n x does n dispose ( ! copula z a sep>ate factor 9 judgm5t to include ?+ pr$icat$ & act ( pr$icat+ "u ! s+le t]m pr$ication4 ,! t]m pr$ication might j z reasonably be made to absorb ! subject z well1 & w\ld !n appe>--z x really is--synonym\s ) ! t]m judgm5t4 ,b ,bosanquet's difficulties ) ! p>ts ( ! judgm5t are n dispos$ ( ev5 by ! r$uction to subject & pr$ication4 ,he goes on to say3 ,x is pla9 t ! judgm5t1 h[ev] complex1 is a s+le idea4 ,! relations )9 x are n relations betwe5 ideas1 b are !mselves a "p ( ! idea :i* is pr$icat$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! subject mu/ be outside ! judgm5t 9 ord] t ! cont5t ( ! judgm5t may be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,if n1 we fall back into my idea ( ! e>? goes r\nd my idea ( ! sun1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is nev] ! mean+ ( ,! e>? goes r\nd ! sun4 ,:at we want is1 ,! real _w has 9 x z a fact :at ,i mean by e>?-go+-r\nd-sun4 7,p4 #ha47 ,we h already po9t$ out ! difficulties into :i* ,bosanquet's presupposition z to ! nature ( reality plunges him4 ,?is is b ano!r te*nical /atem5t ( ! same problem4 ,if ! subject is really outside ( judgm5t1 !n ! entire cont5t ( ! judgm5t mu/ fall on ! side ( pr$icate1 or idea4 ,9 ! p>agraphs t foll[1 ,bosanquet br+s out ! po9t t ! judgm5t mu/ nev]!less conta9 ! di/9ction ( subject & pr$icate1 s9ce x is impossible to affirm )\t introduc+ a di/9ction into ! cont5t ( ! affirmation4 ,yet he consid]s ?is di/9ction to be m]ely a diff]5ce )9 an id5tity4 ,x s]ves to m>k (f ! grammatical subject & pr$icate1 b _c be ! ess5tial di/9ction ( subject & pr$icate4 ,8 solution ( ! puzzle is really ! "o = :i* we h be5 cont5d+1 i4 e41 t ! real _w is prim>ily & emphatically my _w1 b he /ill _c be satisfi$ ) t k9d ( a real _w z ultimate4 ,beh9d ! subject :i* pres5ts my _w he po/ulates a real _w :i* is n my _w1 b :i* my _w repres5ts4 ,x is ! relation betwe5 ?is real _w & ! total cont5t ( a judgm5t :i* he consid]s ! ess5tial relation ( judgm5t4 ,?is leaves him--z we h po9t$ out--z f> z ev] f a !ory ( ! relation ( ?\ght to reality1 &1 moreov]1 ) no crit]ion = ! di/9ction ( subject & pr$icate )9 ! judgm5t4 ,to say t x is a diff]5ce )9 an id5tity does n expla9 h[1 on a m]e basis ( cont5t1 su* a diff]5ce is di/+ui%$ )9 an id5tity or h[ x assumes ! importance x actually has4 ,he vibrates betwe5 tak+ ! :ole intellectual cont5t z pr$icate1 ! reality to be repres5t$ z subject 79 :i* case ! copula w\ld be ! contact ( s5se-p]ception7 & a di/9ction appe>+ )\t reasonable gr\nd or be>+ )9 ! intellectual cont5t4 ,:5 subject & pr$icate are reg>d$ z ! cont5ts 9 :i* phases ( a function appe>1 ?is difficulty no long] exi/s4 #c4 ,9 discuss+ ! "t relations )9 judgm5t 7p4 #he7 ,bosanquet fir/ disposes ( ! view :i* holds t ! subject is prior to ! pr$icate 9 "t1 & is di/+ui%$ f ! pr$icate by its priority4 ,he emphasizes ! fact t no cont5t ( consci\sness c h ! significance ( a subject1 except ) ref]5ce to some?+ already ref]r$ to x z pr$icate4 ,b :ile x _c be true t ! p>ts ( ! judgm5t fall outside ( "o ano!r 9 "t1 x is yet evid5t t 9 "o s5se at lea/ ! judgm5t is 9 "t4 ,to make ?is cle>1 ,bosanquet draws a provisional di/9ction betwe5 ! process ( arriv+ at a judgm5t & ! complet$ judgm5t4 ,! process ( arriv+ at a judgm5t is a process ( pass+ f a subject ) an indef9ite provisional pr$icate--a sort ( disjunctive judgm5t--to a subject ) a def9$ pr$icate4 ,?is process is evid5tly 9 "t1 b x is z evid5tly n a transition f subject to pr$icate4 ,x is1 z he says1 a modification1 p>i passu1 ( bo? subject & pr$icate4 ,! same di/9ction1 he ?9ks1 mu/ hold ( ! judgm5t :5 complet$4 ,b ?is ?r[s u into a dilemma ) ref]5ce to ! "t-factor 9 judgm5t4 ,"t ei!r is or is n an ess5tial factor 9 judgm5t4 ,if x is n ess5tial1 !n h[ expla9 ! evid5t fact t ! judgm5t z an intellectual process does h duration8 ,if x is ess5tial1 !n h[ expla9 ! fact t its p>ts d n fall outside "o ano!r 9 "t8 ,bosanquet evid5tly reg>ds ! =m] problem z ! easi] ( ! two4 ,8 solution is t1 :ile ! judgm5t is an intellectual process 9 "t1 /ill ?is is a purely ext]nal aspect4 ,! ess5tial relation betwe5 subject & pr$icate is n 9 "t1 s9ce !y are coexi/5t2 !re=e "t is n an ess5tial elem5t 9 judgm5t4 ,! fir/ po9t at :i* we take issue ) ?is treatm5t ( "t 9 relation to judgm5t is 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! process ( arriv+ at ! judgm5t & ! complet$ judgm5t4 ,bosanquet himself def9es judgm5t z an intellectual act by :i* an ideal cont5t is ref]r$ to reality4 ,n[1 at :at po9t does ?is act beg98 ,c]ta9ly at ! po9t :]e an ideal cont5t is fir/ apply+ to reality1 & ?is1 z he po9ts out1 is at ! beg9n+ ( ! process :i* he describes z ! process ( arriv+ at a judgm5t4 ,x is no?+ to ! po9t t at ?is /age ! pr$icate is t5tative1 :ile lat] x becomes def9$4 ,8 process ( arriv+ at ! judgm5t is exactly ! process we h be5 describ+ z ! e>ly /ages ( any & e judgm5t4 ,:5 he talks ab\t ! judgm5t z complet$1 he has app>5tly %ift$ f ! dynamic view ( judgm5t impli$ 9 8 def9ition to a /atic view4 ,all he c\ld mean by a complet$ judgm5t--9 di/9ction to ! total activity ( arriv+ at a judgm5t--is ! new cont5t ( :i* we f9d ourselves possess$ :5 ! total process ( pr$ication is complete4 ,b ?is cont5t is n a judgm5t at all4 ,x is a new con/ruction ( reality :i* may s]ve ei!r z subject or z pr$icate 9 future judgm5ts4 ,n[1 if we reg>d ! judgm5t z ! total activity by :i* an ideal cont5t is ref]r$ to reality1 !n mu/ we n reg>d "t z an ess5tial elem5t8 ,bosanquet answ]s ?is "q 9 ! negative1 because he believes t if "t is an ess5tial elem5t1 !n ! p>ts ( ! judgm5t mu/ necess>ily fall outside "o ano!r 9 "t4 ,b is ?is necess>y8 ,if ! ess5ce ( judgm5t is ! v modification1 p>i passu1 ( subject & pr$icate1 !n "t mu/ be an ess5tial elem5t 9 x1 b x is n at all necess>y t its elem5ts %\ld fall outside ( "o ano!r 9 "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! dilemma :i* ,bosanquet po9ts out on p4 #hg is n a g5u9e "o4 ,!re is no difficulty involv$ 9 admitt+ t ! judgm5t is a transition 9 "t1 & /ill hold+ t its p>ts d n fall outside "o ano!r 9 "t4 ,8 own solution ( ! problem--i4 e41 t1 al?\gh judgm5t is an intellectual process 9 "t1 /ill "t is n an ess5tial feature ( x1 because subject & pr$icate are coexi/5t & judgm5t is a relation betwe5 !m--involves a des]tion ( 8 dynamic view ( judgm5t4 ,he def9es judgm5t1 n z a relation betwe5 subject & pr$icate1 b z an intellectual act4#ec #d4 ,! discussion ( ! "t-elem5t 9 judgm5t leads up to ! next puzzle--t z to ! way 9 :i* "o judgm5t c be m>k$ (f f ano!r 9 ! total activity ( ?\ght4 ,bosanquet has po9t$ out t subject & pr$icate are bo? ( !m pres5t at e /age ( ! judg+ process1 & are und]go+ progressive modification4 ,if1 !re=e1 we take a cross-section ( ! process at any po9t1 we f9d bo? subject & pr$icate pres5t2 b a cross-section at "o po9t w\ld n reveal q ! same subject & pr$icate z ! cross-section at ano!r po9t4 ,he comes to ! conclusion t judgm5t breaks up into judgm5ts z rhomboidal sp> into rhomboids 7p4 #hh74 ,x is1 accord+ly1 q arbitr>y to m>k out any limits = a s+le judgm5t4 ,! illu/ration he gives ( ! po9t is z foll[s3 ,take su* an e-day judgm5t ( mix$ p]ception & inf]5ce z1 ,he is com+ d[n /airs & go+ into ! /reet4 ,x is ! m]e/ *ance :e!r ,i break up ! process ?us1 into two judgm5ts z unit$ by a m]e conjunction1 or1 kn[+ ! man's habits1 say1 :5 ,i he> him half way d[n /airs1 ,he is go+ out4 ,9 ! latt] case ,i summ>ize a m v>i\s set ( obs]vations & inf]5ces 9 a s+le judgm5t2 b ! judgm5t is z truly s+le z ea* ( ! two :i* 7 be=e sep>at$ by a conjunction2 = ea* ( !m 0 also a summ>y ( a set ( p]ceptions1 :i* might1 _h ,i *os51 h be5 subdivid$ into di/9ct propositions express+ sep>ate judgm5ts2 e4 g41 ,he has op5$ 8 door1 & is go+ t[>d ! /aircase1 & is half way d[n1 & is 9 ! passage1 etc4 ,if ,i simply say1 ,he is go+ out1 ,i am n a :it ! less consci\s t ,i judge all ^! diff]5t relations1 b ,i !n include !m all 9 a s+le sy/ematic cont5t go+ out4 7,p4 #hi47 ,b is x a "q ( m]e/ *ance :i* ( ^! v>i\s possibilities is actualiz$8 ,is ,bosanquet really look+--z he ?9ks--at ! actual life ( ?\ght1 or is he consid]+1 n :at z a matt] ( fact does take place "u a concrete set ( circum/ances1 b :at might take place "u slightly diff]+ sets ( circum/ances8 ,if x is true t judgm5t is a crisis develop+ ?r\gh adequate int]action ( /imulus & response into a def9ite situation1 beg9n+ ) d\bt & end+ ) a solution ( ! d\bt1 !n x is n true t its limits are purely arbitr>y4 ,x beg9s ) ! appe>ance ( ! problem & its t5tative solutions1 & ends ) ! solution ( a f9al response4 ,x does1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u mom5t>y int]e/1 b ?is does n make its limits arbitr>y1 = ! int]e/ is inh]5t1 n ext]nal4 ,9 ! case ( ,bosanquet's illu/ration1 ! "q ( :e!r "o judgm5t or half a doz5 is made is n a "q ( m]e/ *ance4 ,x dep5ds ^u :]e ! int]e/ ( ! p]son mak+ ! judgm5t is c5t]$--9 o!r words1 ^u :at is ! p>ticul> d\bt to be solv$4 ,if ! real d\bt is z to :e!r ! man w /ay 9 8 room or g out1 !n :5 he is he>d leav+ 8 room ! solution comes 9 ! =m3 ,he is go+ out4 ,b if ! d\bt is z to :e!r he w /ay 9 8 room1 g out1 or g into "s o!r room1 !n ! succession ( judgm5ts occurs1 ea* ( :i* solves a problem4 ,he has op5$ 8 door--!n he is n go+ to /ay 9 8 room2 ,he is go+ t[>d ! /aircase--!n he is n go+ into a room 9 ! opposite direction1 etc4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( su* a s]ies ( judgm5ts z actually be+ made1 unless ea* "o repres5ts a problematic situation & its det]m9ation4 ,! only "t t a man w\ld1 z a matt] ( fact1 *oose to break up ! judgm5t1 ,he is go+ out1 into su* a s]ies1 w\ld be ! "t :5 ea* memb] ( ! s]ies _h its own special int]e/ z repres5t+ a specific unc]ta9 aim or problem4 ,nor is x altoge!r true t 9 mak+ ! judgm5t1 ,he is go+ out1 "o is n a :it ! less consci\s t he judges all ^! diff]5t relations4 ,he judges only su* relations z are necess>y to ! solution ( ! problem 9 h&4 ,if he>+ ! man op5 8 door is a suffici5t basis = ! solution1 !n t is ! only "o :i* consci\sly ent]s into ! =mation ( ! judgm5t4 ,we h attempt$ to br+ out 9 ! prec$+ pages :at seem to be ! contradictions & insoluble problems involv$ 9 ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t1 & to exhibit !m z ! logical outcome ( 8 metaphysical presuppositions4 ,we h also tri$ to develop ano!r !ory ( ! judgm5t involv+ a diff]5t view ( ! nature ( reality1 & to %[ t ! new !ory is able to avoid ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ,bosanquet's sy/em4 ,! *ange 9 view-po9t briefly is ?is3 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ ! real _w z self-exi/5t1 indep5d5tly ( ! judgm5ts we make ab\t x1 we view$ x z ! totality ( exp]i5ce :i* is assur$1 i4 e41 det]m9$ z to c]ta9ty or specific availability1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( judgm5t4 ,we ?us avoid$ ! ess5tially insoluble problem ( h[ a real _w ^: cont5t is self-exi/5t q outside ( k c ev] be correctly repres5t$ by ideas4 ,! difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! relation ( ! subject & ! pr$icate ( judgm5t to reality disappe>s :5 we cease to reg>d reality z self-exi/5t outside ( k4 ,subject & pr$icate become in/rum5talities 9 ! process ( build+ up reality4 ,?\ght no long] seems to c>ry u f>!r & f>!r f reality z ideas become ab/ract & rec$e f ! imm$iate s5sory exp]i5ce 9 :i* contact ) ! real occurs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\ght c>ries u con/antly t[>d reality4 ,f9ally1 we avoid ! fundam5tal skepticism ab\t ! possibility ( k :i*1 f ! o!r /&po9t1 is =c$ ^u u by ! long succession ( facts :i* h fad$ into ! realm ( false op9ions1 & ! lack ( any gu>antee t our pres5t s-call$ k ( reality %all n meet ! same fate4 ,f t po9t ( view1 reality seems to be n only unkn[n1 b unkn[able4 ,! criticism sure to be pass$ ^u ! alt]native view develop$ is t ! solution ( ,bosanquet's problems :i* x af=ds is n a real solution1 b r ! ab&onm5t ( an attempt at a solution4 ,x repres5ts reality z a ?+ :i* is itself 9 process ( developm5t4 ,x w\ld =ce u to admit t ! reality ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 or ev5 ( ye/]day1 0 n 9 cont5t ! reality ( today4 ,a gr[+1 develop+ reality is1 x w be said1 an imp]fect reality1 :ile we mu/ conceive ( reality z complete & p]fect 9 itself4 ,! only answ] :i* c be made is to insi/ aga9 t we h no "r to assume t reality is su* an already complet$ exi/5ce1 unless su* an assumption enables u to und]/& exp]i5ce & organize x into a consi/5t :ole4 ,! attempt ( ?is pap] has be5 to %[ t su* a conception ( reality really makes x inh]5tly impossible to give an intelligible acc\nt ( exp]i5ce z a :ole1 :ile ! view :i* reg>ds reality z develop+ 9 & ?r\gh judgm5t does enable u to build up a consi/5t & und]/&able view ( ! _w4 ,?is sugge/s t ! p]fect may n aft] all be t :i* is f9i%$ & end$1 b t ^: reality is s abundant & vital z to issue 9 cont9u\s self-modification4 ,! ,reality t evolves & moves may be m p]fect1 less f9ite1 ?an t :i* has exhau/$ itself4 ,moreov]1 only ! view t ,reality is developm5tal 9 quality1 & t ! in/rum5t ( its developm5t is judgm5t involv+ ! psy*ical 9 its det]m9ation ( subject & pr$icate gives ! psy*ical z su* any significant place 9 k or 9 reality4 ,accord+ to ! view ( k z repres5tation ( an et]nal cont5t1 ! psy*ical is a m]e logical surd4 ,,vi ,,typical ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,judgm5t ,logic aims at inve/igat+ ! g5]al function ( kn[+4 ,b kn[+1 x is commonly ass]t$1 is con/itut$ z judgm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is reason to believe t judgm5t und]goes well-m>k$ *anges 9 its developm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 an und]/&+ ( ! judgm5t-function & ( its epo*s 9 developm5t is ( prime importance4 ,9 c>ry+ ?r\gh ! inve/igation we %all endeavor1 fir/1 to /ate & to def5d a c]ta9 presupposition ) ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! judgm5t-function2 second1 to exhibit ! application ( ?is presupposition 9 ! typical /ages ( judgm5t4 ,i ,judgm5t is ess5tially in/rum5tal4 ,?is is ! presupposition :i* we mu/ expla9 & make good4 ,& we %all accompli% ?is by way ( an analysis ( judgm5t z mean+4 ,x _c be d5i$ t :at we call k is conc]n$ ) ! discrim9ation ( valid mean+4 ,to "k is to appreciate ! mean+ ( ?+s & ! mean+ ( ?+s is ! same ) valid mean+4 ,judg+ det]m9es k1 & 9 ! same act develops mean+4 ,to put x o!rwise1 k is a matt] ( cont5t2 cont5t is mean+1 & we h k :5 we h mean+ satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t if we w\ld und]/& ! judg+-function1 we mu/ fir/ make cle> to ourselves ! nature & rle ( mean+4 ,mean+ is univ]sally embodi$ 9 ideas4 ,to "k1 to und]/& ! mean+1 to get ideas1 are ! same4 ,n[1 9 ideas two factors may be di/+ui%$4 ,fir/1 e idea has z its base an image or emphasiz$ portion ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 "s =ms ( ideation we are m imm$iately aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( images ?an 9 o!rs1 b no idea--ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract--c exi/ ap>t f an ultimate base4 ,second1 e idea is equally a function ( ref]5ce & control4 ,z ref]5ce1 ! idea projects 9 ! m9d's view an anticipation ( exp]i5ces & ( ! conditions ^u :i* ^! exp]i5ces dep5d = _! realization2 z control1 ideas are ag5cies 9 turn+ anticipations into realizations4#ed ,to be m specific on bo? po9ts3 ,s9ce ! days ( ,galton x has be5 almo/ a commonplace 9 psy*ology t ideas are embodi$ 9 =ms ( imag]y :i* v>y = & 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$1 x is true1 t 9 ab/ract =ms ( ?\ght1 imag]y disappe>s4 ,?is objection is met 9 two ways4 ,= "o1 words--! vehicle ( _m ab/ract ideas--involve imag]y ( a mo/ pron\nc$ type3 = ano!r1 e idea1 :5 exam9$ closely1 discloses an image1 no matt] h[ mu* = ! "t be+ ?is has be5 driv5 into obscurity by ! *>act]i/ics ( ref]5ce & control4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 we exam9e ! anticipatory aspect ( ideas1 ! pres5ce ( imag]y bo? ) ref]5ce to outcome & to conditions is s evid5t t its pres5ce w sc>cely be d5i$4 ,! second po9t may be illu/rat$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ev]yday life anticipation & realization are insep>able f ! nature & use ( ideas4 ,hat means anticipation ( protection to ! head & ! t5d5cy t[>d sett+ 9 motion ! conditions appropriate to ! realization ( ?is anticipation4 ,! same factors are evid5t 9 ! boy's def9ition ( a knife z some?+ to :ittle )4 ,aga9 x is ma9ta9$ t intellig5ce is an ess5tial factor 9 human self-consci\sness4 ,by ?is is meant t human be+s are univ]sally aw>e 9 "s degree ( :at !y are ab\t4 ,& ?is aw>5ess consi/s 9 und]/&+ ! mean+ ( _! actions1 ( =eca/+ ! outcome ( v>i\s k9ds ( activity1 ( appreh5d+ be=eh& ! conditions connect$ ) det]m9ate results4 ,)9 ?is sph]e we speak ( c]ta9 m5 z be+ pre-em95tly intellig5t1 mean+ t = su* m5 outcomes are preview$ & connect$ ) _! appropriate conditions f> beyond ! range ( ord9>y =esight4 ,f9ally1 sci5tific intellig5ce is ess5tially ( ?is k9d4 ,x aims at und]/&+ ! v>y+ types ( process :i* op]ate 9 nature & ?us at possess+ itself ( in=mation ) ref]5ce to results to be expect$ "u det]m9ate conditions4 ,= example1 ! k acquir$ 9 8 rese>*es by ,l\is ,pa/eur enabl$ him to pr$ict ! life or dea? ( animals inoculat$ ) *>bon virus accord+ z !y _h or _h n be5 vacc9at$ previ\sly4 ,8 in=mation1 9 o!r words1 became an in/rum5t = ! control & eradication ( ! disease4 ,& :at is true ( ?is case is true ( all sci5ce4 ,to ! sci5ti/ ideas are work+ hypo!ses & h _! value only z !y enable him to pr$ict1 & to control4 ,& :ile x is true t ! sci5ti/ usually ov]looks ! s-call$ practical value ( 8 discov]ies1 x is none ! less true t 9 due "t ! inv5tor foll[s ! inve/igator4 ,! inve/igator is cont5t to con/ruct & %[ ! tru? ( 8 idea4 ,! inv5tor assumes ! tru? ( ! inve/igator's "w & c>ries 8 idea z a con/ructive pr9ciple into ! complications ( life4 ,to bo? m5 k is p[]1 al?\gh ! p[] may be realiz$ 9 connection ) diff]5t int]e/s4 ,b if ?is be true1 ideas c no long] be reg>d$ z copies 9 individual exp]i5ce ( "s pre-exi/+ reality4 ,!y are r in/rum5ts = trans=m+ & direct+ exp]i5ce1 by way ( con/ruct+ anticipations & ! conditions appropriate to _! realization4 ,h]e9 also consi/s _! tru? or falsity4 ,! true idea is reliable1 c>ry+ u f anticipation to realization2 ! false idea is unreliable1 & fails 9 br++ ! promis$ result4 ,n[1 9 ! developm5t ( in/rum5ts g5]ally1 we may di/+ui% a rule-(-?umb or m or less unreflective /age ( con/ruction1 & "o entirely reflective4 ,z to use !re is ! di/9ction ( inexp]t & exp]t control4 ,?is leads u to expect t 9 ! ?\ght-function also c]ta9 typical /ages ( con/ruction & ( control may be f\nd4 ,to ! inve/igation ( ?is po9t we %all next direct att5tion4 ,,ii ,9 its developm5t f crude to exp]t =ms judgm5t exhibits ?ree typical /ages--! imp]sonal1 ! reflective1 & ! intuitive4 ,^! we %all consid] 9 ord] ( developm5t4 ,b fir/ x is to be notic$ t ^! /ages ( judgm5t are n to be reg>d$ z h>d & fa/ di/9ctions ( ! k9d t no indications ( ! high] are to be f\nd 9 ! l[] types1 b r z work+ di/9ctions )9 a process ( cont9u\s developm5t4 #a4 ,! imp]sonal judgm5t4--,ev] s9ce ! days ( ! ,greek gramm>ians ! imp]sonal judgm5t has be5 consid]$ an anomaly 9 logic4 ,& ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,f ! "t ( ,ari/otle x has be5 cu/om>y to ma9ta9 t judgm5ts1 :5 analyz$1 disclose a subject & a pr$icate4 ,logically consid]$1 ^! appe> to be entirely correlative1 =1 z ,erdmann puts x1#ee an ev5t )\t a sub/rate1 a quality )\t a subject1 is altoge!r unpres5table4 ,b !re is 9 all languages a class ( judgm5ts1 su* z1 ,x ra9s1 ,x sn[s1 ,fire6 9 :i* no directly ass]t$ subject is discov]able4 ,to ^! ! "n imp]sonal & subjectless has be5 giv54 ,"h !n is ! difficulty4 ,if we admit t ! imp]sonal expression involves pr$ication1 we mu/1 9 all consi/5cy1 se>* = a subject1 :ile at ! same "t ! subject refuses to disclose itself4 ,9 anci5t days ! or?odox logician conf9$ 8 se>* to language & to ! spok5 or writt5 proposition4 ,! unor?odox critic ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to ?is1 t a subject 0 provid$ only by w>p+ & twi/+ ! natural s5se ( ! imp]sonal expression4 ,& ?us ! matt] /ood until ! developm5t ( mod]n comp>ative philology4 ,x 0 !n demon/rat$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt t ! x 7or its equival5t7 ( ! imp]sonal is a purely cont5tless =m ^w4 ,language provides no subject :atsoev]4 ,s /rong1 h[ev]1 is ! hold ( tradition t ! se>* has be5 r5ew$4 ,att5tion has be5 turn$ ^u ! m5tal processes involv$1 & ?is "t ) m app>5t result4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 no g5]al agreem5t ) ref]5ce to ! subject1 a classification ( ! diff]5t views may /ill be made4 7a7 ,! subject is univ]sal & undet]m9$2 7b7 x is individual & m or less det]m9$2 7c7 betwe5 ^! extremes lies almo/ e int]m$iate degree conceivable4 ,ueb]weg ma9ta9s t ! subject ( ! imp]sonal is ! actual totality ( pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we ask1 ,:at ra9s8 we mu/ und]/& a ref]5ce to our g5]al environm5t1 9 :i* no special elem5t is s+l$ out4 ,sigw>t1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t ! subject c be con/ru$ only z ! actual s5se-impression4 ,?is div]sity ( op9ion might seem to indicate t1 7 x n = ! con/ra9+ p[] ( !ory1 a subject w\ld sc>cely be ?\ght ( = ! imp]sonal4 ,/ill x mu/ be admitt$ t :5 we exam9e ! imp]sonal expression closely we c discov] a s5se-impression1 :e!r def9ite or indef9ite1 comb9$ ) an idea4 ,?is w\ld seem to give ! case to ! or?odox logician1 = he w at once claim ! s5se-impression z ! subject & ! idea z ! pr$icate ( ! judgm5t4 ,b we mu/ h a c>e4 ,pr$ication is usually held to consi/ 9 a ref]5ce ( pr$icate to subject4 ,! factors ( ! judgm5t are1 z x 71 held ap>t4 ,9 ! imp]sonal no su* ?+ z ?is c be discov]$4 ,! mean+ is s close a unity t impression & idea are entirely fus$4 ,we may analyze ! expression & f9d !m !re1 b by s do+ we de/roy ! imm$iacy :i* is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! imp]sonal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! imp]sonal does n analyze itself4 ,x is entirely unconsci\s ( its make-up4 ,& yet x is def9ite & applies itself ) precision3 ,if ,i am 9 a lecture-hall & he> ! fire-al>m1 ! ?\ght ,fire6 :i* ent]s my m9d leads to an imm$iate *ange 9 my conduct4 ,i arise1 move quietly out1 & prep>e = duty4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i op5 ! /reet door & ! ra9 /rikes my face1 ,i ejaculate ,ra9+6 turn1 rea* = my umbrella1 & pass out protect$4 ,9 bo? cases ,i act kn[+ly & ) mean+1 b ,i d n analyze ! movem5t ei!r ( ?\ght or ( action4 ,a correlate to ! unreflective imp]sonal judgm5t is f\nd 9 e>ly cu/om4 ,cu/om embodies social ideas & is an in/rum5t = ! det]m9ation & control ( action4 ,individuals mov$ by cu/om "k :at !y are ab\t & act ) precision accord+ z cu/om may dem&4 ,b x is notori\s t cu/om is direct & unreflective4 ,x repres5ts social in/rum5ts ( control :i* h gr[n up )\t me?od & :i* repres5t ! sl[ accretion ( rule-(-?umb activities ?r\gh _m ages4 ,s 9 ! imp]sonal judgm5t we h a type ( intellectual in/rum5t :i* has be5 br\ght to a high degree ( precision 9 use1 b :i* /ill reta9s ! simplicity & c]ta9ty ( an unque/ion$ in/rum5t ( action4 ,= ?is reason1 :atev] complexity ( elem5ts ! imp]sonal may pres5t to a reflective view1 x does n conta9 to itself4 ,consequ5tly x may be be/ to say t to ! imp]sonal !re is nei!r subject1 pr$icate1 nor ref]5ce ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,^! are di/9ctions :i* arise only :5 ! in/rum5t ( action has be5 que/ion$ & ! m9d turns back ^u ! mean+ :i* x has unhesitat+ly us$1 analyz+1 inve/igat+1 con/ruct+1 lay+ b>e ! me?od & function ( its tools4 ,?us arises a new & di/9ctive type ( judgm5t1 viz41 ! reflective4 #b4 ,! reflective judgm5t4--,by ! reflective judgm5t is to be und]/ood t =m ( mean+ ^: /ructure & function h become a problem to itself4 ,! days ( nave tru/ & spontane\s action h gone by4 ,inquiry1 criticism1 alo(ness1 /ay ! t5d5cy to imm$iate action4 ,mean+ has gr[n worldly wise & dem&s t ea* situation %all expla9 itself & t ! g5]al pr9ciples & concrete applications ( its own in/rum5ts %all be made manife/4 ,h5ce 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( reflective ?\ght we f9d ! progressive /eps 9 :i* mean+ comes to full consci\sness ( its function 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! demon/rative judgm5t 7! simple/ ( ! reflective type7 c>ries d\bt1 criticism1 con/ruction1 & ass]tion writt5 on ! face ( x4 ,= example1 9 ! expression1 ,t is hot1 we d n f9d ! directness & imm$iacy ( response *>act]i/ic ( ! simpl] imp]sonal hot4 ,in/ead1 we note a cla% ( t5d5cies1 a susp5sion ( ! propos$ action1 a dem& = & a c>ry+ out ( a reconsid]ation ( ! c\rse ( action1 ! em]g5ce ( a new mean+1 & ! consequ5t r$irection ( activities4 ,an iron lies ^u ! he>?2 ,i /ret* out my h& to return x to its place2 ,i /op sudd5ly1 hav+ become consci\s ( signs ( w>m?2 ! ?\ght arises 9 my m9d1 ,t is hot2 ,i exp]im5t & f9d my judgm5t correct2 ,i se>* = a clo?1 & ?us protect$ c>ry out my fir/ int5tion4 ,aga91 a hunt] notes a movem5t 9 ! ?icket1 quickly raises 8 gun1 & is ab\t to fire4 ,some?+ 9 ! movem5t ( ! object arre/s him4 ,he /ops1 ?9k+1 ,t is a man1 p]haps4 ,:at has caught ! eye has arre/$ 8 action1 has become a dem&1 & n until ! situation has become cle> c ! hunt] det]m9e :at to d4 ,9 o!r words1 he mu/ reflectively assure himself :at ! object is be=e he c satisfy himself z to h[ he %\ld act4 ,subject & pr$icate h aris5 & h consci\sly play$ _! p>ts 9 ! passage f d\bt to decision4 ,"u ! head+ individual judgm5ts are class$ su* expressions z1 ,t %ip is a man-o'-w>1 ,russia opposes ! policy ( ! op5 door 9 ,*9a4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x is evid5t t an advance 9 def9it5ess ( conception & ( complexity ( mean+ has be5 made1 :ile at ! same "t we recognize t ! in/rum5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ?\ght-movem5t rema9 ! same4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( ! judgm5t we note t ! /imulus pres5ts itself p>tly z a det]m9ate factor & p>tly z a problem--an insi/5t dem&4 ,! expression1 ,t %ip is a man-o'-w>1 might be writt51 ,t is a %ip & ( ! k9d man-o'-w>1 & x ?us con/itutes :at ,sigw>t calls a d\ble syn!sis4 ,z us$ 9 actual judgm5t1 h[ev]1 ! two are held toge!r & con/itute ! /atem5t ( a s+le /imulus ( :i* a c]ta9 portion is evid5t & a c]ta9 portion is 9 d\bt4 ,! work+ out ( ! difficulty is giv5 9 ! pr$icate is a man-o'-w>1 9 :i* we at once detect ! in/rum5tal *>act]i/ics fundam5tal to all judgm5t4 ,to illu/rate3 ,at ! close ( ! battle ( ,santiago1 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 smoke appe>$ ^u ! horizon reveal+ ! pres5ce ( a /range %ip4 ,in/antly att5tion 0 direct$ to x1 & x became a problem = action--a dem& = in/rum5tal in=mation4 ,soon x 0 id5tifi$ z a man-o'-w>1 & ! ,am]ican %ips 7 cle>$ = action4 ,clos] approa* rais$ a fur!r "q ) ref]5ce to its nationality4 ,aft] "s debate ?is also 0 resolv$1 & ho/ile demon/rations 7 ab&on$4 ,! univ]sal judgm5t is sometimes said to exhibit two di/9ct =ms4 ,inve/igation1 h[ev]1 has prov$ ?is /atem5t to be incorrect4 ,in/ances tak5 9 !mselves & ap>t f _! "* are ( no logical significance4 ,advance is made by weigh+ in/ances & n by c\nt+ !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! true univ]sal is ! hypo!tical judgm5t1 & ! reason = ?is may be readily %[n4 ,! hypo!tical judgm5t is ess5tially d\ble-end$4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is a /atem5t ( ! problem ( action 9 t]ms ( ! conditions :i* w turn ! problem into a solution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is an ass]tion t once ! conditions ( action h be5 det]m9$ ! result desir$ may be atta9$4 ,"h we note t ! judgm5t has come to cle> consci\sness ( itself & ( ! "p :i* x plays 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x has n[ obta9$ an insight into ! crit]ion ( its legitimate employm5t1 i4 e41 ( its tru? & falsity4 ,& ?is insight makes ! ju/ification ( its claim almo/ self-evid5t4 ,=1 inasmu* z ! hypo!tical judgm5t says1 ,if su* & su* conditions be realiz$1 su* & su* a result w be obta9$1 ! te/ ( ! claim is made by putt+ ! conditions into effect & wat*+ :e!r ! promis$ exp]i5ce is giv54 ,& fur!r1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd t ! judgm5t =mulat$ z a hypo!sis actually accompli%es :at x promises1 we mu/ admit t ! hypo!tical judgm5t is also categorical4 ,^! two factors _c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is true t ! hypo!tical judgm5t r$uces e valid mean+ to ! =m1 ,if c]ta9 conditions be realiz$1 b x z pla9ly & positively ass]ts1 su* & su* results w be obta9$4 ,:5 we grasp ! absolute correlativity ( ! hypo!tical & categorical aspects ( judgm5t1 we realize at once ! ess5tially in/rum5tal "* ( judgm5t1 :5 x comes to consci\sness ( its /ructure & function4 ,x arises 9 ! self-consci\s realization ( a problem4 ,?is x reflects ^u & sizes up4 ,:5 ! difficulty has be5 appreh5d$1 ! judgm5t em]ges z ! consci\sness ( ! conditions :i* w atta9 ! desir$ end ( action fre$ & unimp$$4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,pa/eur cit$ above4 ,8 inve/igations began 9 a problem set = him by agricultural conditions 9 ,france4 ,a c]ta9 disease _h made ! pr(itable re>+ ( %eep & cattle almo/ an impossibility4 ,aft] long & c>eful exam9ation he discov]$ ! b5eficial effects ( vacc9ation4 ,to him ! conditions :i* gov]n$ ! pres5ce ( ! disease became app>5t1 & ?is k furni%$ him ) an in/rum5t by means ( :i* "o difficulty 0 remov$ f ! pa? ( ! /ock-rais]4 ,9 ?is illu/ration we h an epitome ( ! "w accompli%$ ev]y:]e by ! sci5ti/4 ,x is 8 task to develop & to r$uce to exact t]ms in/rum5ts ( control = ! v>i$ activities ( life4 ,9 its p>ts & z a :ole ea* in/rum5t is intellig5tly con/ruct$ & te/$ s t its make-up & function are exactly kn[n4 ,because ( ?is1 reason$ belief n[ takes ! place ( unreflective tru/ z t 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! imp]sonal /age ( judgm5t4 ,:at at fir/ h& might appe> to be a loss 0 9 reality a ga92 ! breakd[n ( ! imp]sonal 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( an in/rum5t ( action consci\s ( its reason = be+1 its me?ods & conditions ( action4 ,^! latt] con/itute ! di/9ctive subject & pr$icate ( ! reflective judgm5t4 ,?is br+s u to ! connection betwe5 ! hypo!tical "* ( ?is =m ( judgm5t & its univ]sality4 ,& ?is p]haps w n[ be q app>5t4 ,! reflective judgm5t lays b>e an objective connection betwe5 ! conditions & outcomes ( actions4 ,x proves its po9t by actually con/ruct+ ! ev5t4 ,su* be+ ! case1 univ]sality is no m ?an a /atem5t ( id5tical results be+ pr$ictable :]ev] l conditions are realiz$4 ,if x be true t man is mortal1 !n x is an id5tical /atem5t to insi/ t1 ,:]ev] we f9d m5 !re we %all also f9d mortality4 ,& ?is po9t br+s u naturally to ! treatm5t ( ! disjunctive judgm5t3 ,a is ei!r ,b or ,c or ,d4 ,9 ! disjunctive judgm5t ! dem& is n = ! con/ruction ( a reliable in/rum5t ( action1 b = ! resolution ( a d\bt z to :i* in/rum5t is precisely fitt$ to ! circum/ances4 ,9 fact1 ! disjunctive judgm5t involves ! id5tification ( ! practical problem4 ,:5 we say ( a man1 ,he is ei!r v simple or v deep1 we h no d\bt z to our prop] c\rse ( action 9 ei!r case4 ,if he is simple1 !n we %all d s & s2 if he is deep1 !n ano!r c\rse ( action foll[s4 ,we c lay out alt]native c\rses be=eh&1 b ! po9t ( difficulty lies "h3 ,b j :i* is he8 ,9 %ort1 ! disjunctive judgm5t is ! dem& = & ! attempt at a precise diagnosis ( a concrete problem4 ,to illu/rate3 ,a pati5t afflict$ ) aphasia is br\ght to a physician4 ,! fact t ! tr\ble is aphasia may be q evid5t4 ,b :at precisely is ! =m & seat ( ! aphasia8 ,to ! m9d ( ! educat$ physician ! problem w take on ! disjunctive =m3 ,?is is ei!r subcortical or cortical aphasia4 ,if subcortical1 intellig5ce w n be impair$2 if cortical1 ! s5sor & motor tracts w be 9 good condition4 ,appropriate te/s are made & ! subcortical possibilities are %ut out4 ,! disjunction disappe>s & ! judgm5t em]ges3 ,?is is a case ( cortical aphasia4 ,b n[ a new disjunction arises4 ,x is ei!r ! s5sory or motor =m ( cortical aphasia1 &1 :i*ev] "o ( ^!1 x is aga9 "o ( sev]al possibilities4 ,z ! alt]natives arise1 ! means = discrim9at+ !m arise also2 det]m9ate symptoms are obs]v$1 & 9 due "t ! physician arrives at ! f9al conclusion3 ,?is is s5sory cortical aphasia ( ! visual type4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ?is1 8 me?od ( action is assur$1 & he proce$s to ! appropriate op]ation4 ,?us1 f9ally1 we are br\ght to a =m ( judgm5t aw>e n only ( its motive1 me?od1 & ju/ification1 b also to "o aw>e ( its specific application to individual cases4 ,?us x w\ld seem z ?\gh judgm5t _h return$ ^u itself & _h complet$ ! det]m9ation ( its sph]e ( action4 ,& 9 "o s5se ?is is true4 ,9 ! disjunctive judgm5t1 z inclusive ( ! motives ( ! hypo!tical & categorical =ms1 ! reflective judgm5t w\ld appe> to h come to its limit ( developm5t4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be consid]$1 viz41 ! developm5t f crude to exp]t uses ( intellectual in/rum5ts4 #c4 ,! intuitive judgm5t4--,z /at$ above1 ! intuitive type ( judgm5t dep5ds ^u effici5cy 9 ! use ( judgm5t4 ,9 ?is reg>d !re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ! imp]sonal & ! intuitive judgm5ts4 ,bo? are imm$iate & precise4 ,b !re is a radical & ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,! imp]sonal judgm5t kn[s no?+ ( ! /rict analysis1 insight1 & con/ructive p[] ( ! reflective judgm5t4 ,! intuitive judgm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 includes ! results ( reflection & br+s !m to _! highe/ p[]4 ,p>adoxically put1 9 ! intuitive judgm5t !re is s mu* reflection t !re is no ne$ = x at all4 ,to ! intuitive judgm5t !re is no hesitation1 no alo(ness4 ,action is direct1 b entirely self-consci\s4 ,t su* a type ( judgm5t z ! intuitive exi/s !re c be no d\bt4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 ! quality ( consci\sness ( a m]e layman & t ( an exp]t1 no matt] :at ! l9e4 ,! layman mu/ size up a situation4 ,x is a process ^: p>ts are successive1 :e!r mu* or little difficulty be exp]i5c$4 ,= ! exp]t situations are tak5 9 at a glance1 p>ts & :ole are simultane\s & imm$iate4 ,yet ! mean+ is entirely exact4 ,! exp]t judgm5t is self-consci\s to ! la/ degree4 ,:ile o!r individuals are ?9k+ out :at to d1 ! exp]t has x1 sees ! advantage1 adju/s1 & moves4 ,dem& & solution jump toge!r4 ,h[ o!rwise c we expla91 = example1 ! action ( an exp]t ball-play]8 ,witness 8 rapid reactions1 8 in/antane\s adju/m5ts4 ,mi/akes ( oppon5ts :i* w\ld nev] be notic$ by ! av]age play] are recogniz$ & seiz$ ^u4 ,on ! in/ant ! new op5+ is se51 ! adju/m5t is evid5t1 ! movem5t made4 ,illu/rations to ! same effect c\ld be drawn f o!r modes ( life1 e4 g41 music1 ! milit>y life1 etc4 ,t intuitive judgm5ts are n m common is a pro( 9 itself ( _! di/9ctive "* & value4 ,only 9 s f> z we become exp]ts 9 our special fields ( exp]i5ce & h r$uc$ our in/rum5ts ( action to precise control1 c we expect ! pres5ce ( intuitive judgm5ts4 ,!y rema91 !re=e1 z ! f9al outcome ( ! judgm5t-function made p]fect 9 its te*nique & use4 ,9 conclusion we %all make a brief summ>y ( our inve/igation & a criticism ( c]ta9 curr5t !ories ( judgm5t4 ,judgm5t is ess5tially in/rum5tal4 ,its function is to con/ruct1 ju/ify1 & ref9e exp]i5ce into exact in/rum5ts = ! direction & control ( future exp]i5ce ?r\gh action4 ,x exhibits itself fir/ 9 ! =m ( in/rum5ts develop$ unsy/ematically 9 response to ! h>d necessities ( life4 ,9 a high] /age ( developm5t ! in/rum5tal process itself is tak5 into acc\nt1 & sy/ematically develop$ until 9 ! me?odical proc$ure ( sci5ce ! g5]al pr9ciples ( k are laid b>e & effici5t in/rum5ts ( action con/ruct$4 ,f9ally1 con/ant1 intellig5t use results 9 complete control1 s t )9 c]ta9 sph]es d\bt & hesitancy w\ld seem to disappe> z to ! "* ( ! tools us$1 & rema9 only z a mom5t 9 det]m9+ _! wise/ or mo/ appropriate employ4 ,! criticism indicat$ is bas$ ^u ! in/rum5tal "* ( judgm5t & is direct$ aga9/ all !ories :i* cont5d t k is a copy+ or reproduc+ ( reality4 ,9 :atev] =m ?is copy !ory be /at$1 ! "q inevitably arises h[ we c comp>e our ideas ) reality & ?us "k _! tru?4 ,on ?is !ory1 :at we possess is ev] ! copy2 ! reality is beyond4 ,9 o!r words1 su* a !ory logically c>ri$ out leads to ! breakd[n ( k4 ,only a !ory :i* conta9s & con/ructs its crit]ion )9 its own specific movem5t c v]ify its con/ructions4 ,su* a !ory is ! in/rum5tal4 ,judgm5t con/ructs a situation 9 consci\sness4 ,! values assign$ 9 ?is situation h a det]m9+ influ5ce ^u values fur!r appreciat$4 ,! con/ruction arriv$ at conc]ns future weal & woe4 ,?us gradually a s5se ( tru? & falsity atta*es to ! con/ru+ ( situations4 ,"o sees t he mu/ look beyond ?is situation1 because ! way he e/imates ?is situation is fraught ) mean+ beyond itself4 ,h5ce ! critically reflective judgm5t 9 :i* hesitancy & d\bt direct !mselves at ! attitude1 elem5ts1 & tools involv$ 9 def9+ & id5tify+ ! situation1 in/ead ( at ! situation itself 9 toto4 ,in/ead ( develop+ a complex ( exp]i5ce ?r\gh assign+ qualities & mean+s to ! situation z su*1 "s "o ( ! quales is select$1 to h its significance det]m9$4 ,x becomes1 pro tempore1 ! situation judg$4 ,or ! same ?+ takes place z reg>ds "s idea or value hi!rto imm$iately fa/5$ ^u & employ$4 ,9 ei!r case we get ! reflective judgm5t1 ! judgm5t ( pure relation%ip z di/9ct f ! con/ructive judgm5t4 ,b ! judgm5t ( relation1 employ+ ! copula to ref] a specifi$ pr$icate to a specifi$ object1 is aft] all only = ! sake ( controll+ "s imm$iate judgm5t ( con/ructive exp]i5ce4 ,x realizes itself 9 =m+ ! confid5t habit ( prompt & precise m5tal adju/m5t to individualiz$ situations4 ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,hypo!sis ,9 ! v>i\s discussions ( ! hypo!sis :i* h appe>$ 9 works on inductive logic & 9 writ+s on sci5tific me?od1 its /ructure & function h receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 :ile its orig9 has be5 comp>atively neglect$4 ,! hypo!sis has g5]ally be5 treat$ z t "p ( sci5tific proc$ure :i* m>ks ! /age :]e a def9ite plan or me?od is propos$ = deal+ ) new or unexpla9$ facts4 ,x is reg>d$ z an inv5tion = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! giv51 z a def9ite conjecture :i* is to be te/$ by an appeal to exp]i5ce to see :e!r d$uctions made 9 accordance ) x w be f\nd true 9 fact4 ,! function ( ! hypo!sis is to unify1 to furni% a me?od ( deal+ ) ?+s1 & its /ructure mu/ be suitable to ?is end4 ,x mu/ be s =m$ t x w be likely to prove valid1 & writ]s h =mulat$ v>i\s rules to be foll[$ 9 ! =mation ( hypo!ses4 ,^! rules /ate ! ma9 requirem5ts ( a good hypo!sis1 & are int5d$ to aid 9 a g5]al way by po9t+ out c]ta9 limits )9 :i* x mu/ fall4 ,9 respect to ! orig9 ( ! hypo!sis1 writ]s h usually cont5t$ !mselves ) po9t+ out ! k9d ( situations 9 :i* hypo!ses are likely to appe>4 ,b aft] ?is has be5 done1 aft] favorable ext]nal conditions h be5 giv51 ! re/ mu/ be left to g5ius1 = hypo!ses arise z happy guesses1 = :i* no rule or law c be giv54 ,9 fact1 ! g5ius diff]s f ! ord9>y plodd+ mortal 9 j ?is ability to =m fruitful hypo!ses 9 ! mid/ ( ! same facts :i* to o!r less gift$ individuals rema9 only s _m disconnect$ exp]i5ces4 ,?is unequal /ress :i* has be5 laid on ! /ructure & function ( ! hypo!sis 9 comp>ison ) its orig9 may be attribut$ to ?ree reasons3 7#a7 ,! facts1 or data1 :i* con/itute ! work+ mat]ial ( hypo!ses are reg>d$ z giv5 to all alike1 & all alike are m or less int]e/$ 9 sy/ematiz+ & unify+ exp]i5ce4 ,! purpose ( ! hypo!sis & ! opportunity = =m+ x are ?us practically ! same = all1 & h5ce c]ta9 def9ite rules c be laid d[n :i* w apply to all cases :]e hypo!ses are to be employ$4 7#b7 ,b beyond ?is !re seems to be no clue t c be =mulat$4 ,!re is app>5tly a m or less op5 acceptance ( ! f9al answ] ( ! boy ,z]ah ,colburn1 :o1 :5 press$ to give an explanation ( 8 me?od ( in/antane\s calculation1 exclaim$ 9 despair3 ,god put x into my head1 & ,i c't put x into y\rs4#ef 7#c7 ,&1 fur!rmore1 !re is v (t5 a /rong t5d5cy to disreg>d inve/igation into ! orig9 ( t :i* is tak5 z giv51 =1 s9ce x is already pres5t1 its orig91 :atev] x may h be51 c h no?+ to d ) :at x is n[4 ,! facts1 ! data1 are "h1 & mu/ be dealt ) z !y are4 ,_! pa/1 _! hi/ory or developm5t1 is entirely irrelevant4 ,s1 ev5 if we c\ld trace ! hypo!sis f>!r back on ! psy*ological side1 ! inve/igation w\ld be useless1 = ! rules to :i* a good hypo!sis mu/ con=m w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,:e!r or n x c be %[n t ,z]ah ,colburn's ultimate explanation is ne$$ 9 logic z little z ,laplace ass]t$ a simil> "o to be requir$ 9 8 cele/ial me*anics1 x may at lea/ be possible to def] x to "s ext5t by means ( a fur!r psy*ological inquiry4 ,x w be f\nd t psy*ological inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! hypo!sis is n irrelevant 9 respect to an und]/&+ ( its /ructure & function2 = orig9 & function _c be und]/ood ap>t f ea* o!r1 &1 s9ce /ructure mu/ be adapt$ to function1 x _c be indep5d5t ( orig94 ,9 fact1 orig91 /ructure1 & function are organically connect$1 & ea* loses its mean+ :5 absolutely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,x w be f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! data :i* are commonly tak5 z ! giv5 mat]ial are n some?+ to :i* ! hypo!sis is subsequ5tly appli$1 b t1 in/ead ( ?is ext]nal relation betwe5 data & hypo!sis1 ! hypo!sis ex]cises a directive function 9 det]m9+ :at are ! data4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ma9 object ( ?is discussion w be to cont5d aga9/ mak+ a m]ely conv5i5t & special way ( reg>d+ ! hypo!sis a full & adequate "o4 ,?\gh we speak ( facts & ( hypo!ses t may be appli$ to !m1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re are no facts :i* rema9 ! same :atev] hypo!sis be appli$ to !m2 & t !re are no hypo!ses :i* are hypo!ses at all except 9 ref]5ce to _! function 9 deal+ ) our subject-matt] 9 su* a way z to facilitate its factual appreh5sion4 ,data are select$ 9 ord] to be det]m9$1 & hypo!ses are ! ways 9 :i* ?is det]m9ation is c>ri$ on4 ,if1 z we %all attempt to %[1 ! relation betwe5 data & hypo!sis is n ext]nal1 b /rictly correlative1 x is evid5t t ?is fact mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 que/ions conc]n+ d$uction & induction1 analytic & syn!tic judgm5ts1 & ! crit]ion ( tru?4 ,its be>+ mu/ be recogniz$ 9 ! inve/igation ( metaphysical problems z well1 = reality _c be indep5d5t ( ! kn[+ process4 ,9 a ^w1 ! purpose ( ?is discussion ( ! hypo!sis is to det]m9e its nature a little m precisely ?r\gh an inve/igation ( its r obscure orig91 & to call att5tion to c]ta9 features ( its function :i* h n g5]ally be5 accord$ _! due significance4 ,i ,! hypo!sis z pr$icate4--,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! function ( ! hypo!sis is to provide a way ( deal+ ) ! data or subject-matt] :i* we ne$ to organize4 ,9 ?is use ( ! hypo!sis x appe>s 9 ! rle ( pr$icate 9 a judgm5t ( :i* ! data1 or facts1 to be con/ru$ con/itute ! subject4 ,9 8 attempts to r$uce ! movem5ts ( ! planets ab\t ! sun to "s g5]al =mula1 ,kepl] f9ally hit ^u ! law s9ce kn[n z ,kepl]'s law1 viz41 t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! sev]al planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun4 ,?is law 0 fir/ t5tatively advanc$ z a hypo!sis4 ,kepl] 0 n c]ta9 ( its tru? till x _h prov$ its claim to acceptance4 ,nei!r did ,newton h at fir/ any great degree ( assurance 9 reg>d to 8 law ( gravitation1 & 0 ready to give x up :5 he fail$ 9 8 fir/ attempt to te/ x by obs]vation ( ! moon4 ,& ! same ?+ may be said ab\t ! caution ( ,d>w9 & o!r inve/igators 9 reg>d to accept+ hypo!ses4 ,! only reason = _! extreme c>e 9 n accept+ at once _! t5tative =mulations or sugge/ions 0 ! fe> t "s o!r explanation might be ! correct "o4 ,?is rejection ( o!r possibilities is ! negative side ( ! matt]4 ,we become confid5t t our hypo!sis is ! "r "o z we lose confid5ce 9 o!r possible explanations2 & x might be add$1 )\t fall+ into a circle1 t we lose confid5ce 9 ! o!r possibilities z we become m conv9c$ ( our hypo!sis4 ,x appe>s t su* may be ! relation ( ! positive & negative sides 9 case ( su* elaborate hypo!ses z ^? ( ,kepl] & ,newton2 b is x true :]e our hypo!ses are m simple8 ,x is n easy to und]/& :y ! fact t ! hypo!sis is m simple1 & ! "t requir$ = its =mulation & te/ a good deal %ort]1 %\ld mat]ially *ange ! /ate ( affairs4 ,! "q rema9s3 ,:y1 if !re is no opposition1 %\ld !re be any unc]ta9ty8 ,9 all in/ances1 !n1 ! hypo!sis appe>s z "o among o!r possible pr$icates :i* may be appli$ to our data tak5 z subject-matt] ( a judgm5t4 ,! pr$icate z hypo!sis4--,suppose1 !n1 ! hypo!sis is a pr$icate2 is ! pr$icate necess>ily a hypo!sis8 ,?is is ! next "q we are call$ ^u to answ]1 &1 s9ce ! pr$icate _c v well be tak5 aside f ! judgm5t1 our "q involves ! nature ( ! judgm5t4 ,:ile x w n be necess>y to give a v complete acc\nt ( ! v>i\s def9itions ( ! judgm5t t might be adduc$1 /ill ! m5tion ( a few ( ! m prom95t ones may s]ve to indicate t some?+ fur!r is ne$$4 ,9 def9itions ( ! judgm5t sometimes ! subjective side is emphasiz$1 sometimes ! objective side1 & 9 o!r in/ances !re are attempts to comb9e ! two4 ,= in/ance1 ,lotze reg>ds ! judgm5t z ! idea ( a unity or relation betwe5 two concepts1 ) ! fur!r implication t ?is connection holds true ( ! object ref]r$ to4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill says t e proposition ei!r affirms or d5ies exi/5ce1 coexi/5ce1 sequ5ce1 causation1 or resemblance4 ,tr5del5burg reg>ds ! judgm5t z a =m ( ?\ght :i* corresponds to ! real connection ( ?+s1 :ile ,ueb]weg /ates ! case a little diff]5tly1 & says t ! ess5ce ( judgm5t consi/s 9 recogniz+ ! objective validity ( a subjective connection ( ideas4 ,royce po9ts to a process ( imitation & holds t 9 ! judgm5t we try to portray by means ( ! ideas t ent] into x4 ,ideas are imitative 9 _! nature4 ,sigw>t's view ( ! judgm5t is t 9 x we say some?+ ab\t some?+4 ,) him ! judgm5t is a syn!tic process1 :ile ,wundt consid]s its nature analytic & holds t1 in/ead ( unit+1 or comb9+1 concepts into a :ole1 x sep>ates !m out ( a total idea or pres5tation4 ,in/ead ( bl5d+ p>ts into a :ole1 x sep>ates ! :ole into its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,bradley & ,bosanquet bo? hold t 9 ! judgm5t an ideal cont5t comes into relation ) reality4 ,bradley says t 9 e judgm5t reality is qualifi$ by an idea1 :i* is symbolic4 ,! ideal cont5t is recogniz$ z su*1 & is ref]r$ to a reality beyond ! act4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( judgm5t4 ,bosanquet seems to p]ceive a clos] relation betwe5 idea & reality1 = al?\gh he says t judgm5t is ! intellectual function :i* def9es reality by significant ideas1 he also tells u t ! subject is bo? 9 & out ( ! judgm5t1 z ,reality is bo? 9 & out ( my consci\sness4 ,9 all ^! def9itions ( judgm5t ! pr$icate appe>s z ideal4 ,an ideal cont5t is pr$icat$ ( some?+1 :e!r we reg>d ?is some?+ z an idea or z reality beyond1 or z reality p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t ! act ( judg+2 & x is ideal :e!r we consid] x z "o ( ! ?ree p>ts into :i* judgm5ts are usually divid$1 or :e!r we say1 ) ,bosanquet & ,bradley1 t subject1 pr$icate1 & copula all tak5 toge!r =m a s+le ideal cont5t1 :i* is someh[ appli$ to reality4 ,moreov]1 we n only judge ab\t reality1 b x seems to be q immat]ial to reality :e!r we judge conc]n+ x or n4 ,_m ( our judgm5ts prove false4 ,n only d we err 9 our judgm5ts1 b we (t5 hesitate 9 mak+ !m = fe> ( be+ wrong2 we feel !re are o!r possibilities1 & our pr$ication becomes t5tative4 ,"h we h some?+ v l ! hypo!sis1 = our ideal cont5t %[s itself to be a t5tative attempt 9 ! pres5ce ( alt]natives to qualify & sy/ematize reality4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 on ! basis ( ! views ( ! judgm5t t h be5 m5tion$1 t n only d we f9d ! hypo!sis tak+ its place z ! pr$icate ( a judgm5t1 b ! pr$icate is itself ess5tially ( ! nature ( a hypo!sis4 ,9 ! views ( ! judgm5t s f> br\ght out1 reality1 ) :i* x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! judgm5t attempts to deal 9 "s way1 appe>s to lie outside ! act ( judg+4 ,n[1 ev]yone w\ld say t we make "s advance 9 judg+1 & t we h a bett] grasp ( ?+s aft] ?an be=e4 ,b h[ is ?is possible if reality lies )\t or beyond our act ( judg+8 ,is ! reality we n[ h ! same t we _h to beg9 )8 ,if s1 !n we h made no advance z f> z ! real itself is conc]n$4 ,if m]ely our conception ( x has *ang$1 !n x is n cle> :y we may n be ev5 worse (f ?an be=e4 ,if reality does lie beyond our judgm5t1 !n h[1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 c we ev] "k :e!r we h approa*$ x or h gone /ill f>!r away8 ,to make any claim ( approximation implies t we d rea* reality 9 "s measure1 at lea/1 &1 if s1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ x lies beyond1 & is indep5d5t (1 ! act ( judg+4 ,fur!r analysis ( judgm5t4--,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r a fur!r inve/igation ( ! judgm5t w /ill %[ ! pr$icate to be a hypo!sis4 ,x is evid5t t 9 "s cases ! judgm5t appe>s at ! end ( a m or less pron\nc$ reflective process1 dur+ :i* o!r possible judgm5ts h sugge/$ !mselves1 b h be5 reject$4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5tific discov]y is fill$ ) cases :i* illu/rate ! nature ( ! process by :i* a new !ory is develop$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,d>w9's ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,e>? ,worms1 we f9d ! record ( successive /eps 9 ! developm5t ( 8 hypo!sis4 ,d>w9 suspect$ f 8 obs]vations t vegetable mold 0 due to "s ag5cy :i* 0 n yet det]m9$4 ,he reason$ t if vegetable mold is ! result ( ! life-habits ( e>?worms1 i4 e41 if e>? is br\ght up by !m f b5ea? ! surface & aft]w>d spread out by w9d & ra91 !n small objects ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd w\ld t5d to disappe> gradually bel[ ! surface4 ,facts seem$ to support 8 !ory1 = lay]s ( r$ s&1 pieces ( *alk1 & /ones 7 f\nd to h disappe>$ bel[ ! surface 9 a great] or less degree4 ,a common explanation _h be5 t heavy objects t5d to s9k 9 s(t soil ?r\gh _! own weight1 b ! e>?worm hypo!sis l$ to a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! data4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! weight ( ! object & ! s(tness ( ! gr\nd made no m>k$ diff]5ce1 = s& & light objects sank1 & ! gr\nd 0 n always s(t4 ,9 g5]al1 x 0 %[n t :]e e>?worms 7 f\nd vegetable mold 0 also pres5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ?is inve/igation ( ,d>w9's ! conflict+ explanations ( s9k+ /ones appe> )9 ! ma9 "q ( ! =mation ( vegetable mold by e>?worms4 ,! facts t disagre$ ) ! old !ory ab\t s9k+ /ones 7 approa*$ ?r\gh ?is new "o4 ,b ! !ories _h some?+ 9 common1 viz41 ! disappe>ance ( ! /ones or o!r objects3 !y diff]$ 9 _! fur!r det]m9ation ( ?is disappe>ance4 ,9 ?is case x may seem z if ! facts :i* 7 oppos$ to ! curr5t !ory ( s9k+ /ones 7 se5 to be discrepant only aft] ! e>?worm hypo!sis _h be5 advanc$2 ! conflict betwe5 ! new facts & ! old !ory appe>s to h aris5 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! new !ory4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! facts seem cle>ly to contradict ! old !ory & ?us give rise to a new "o4 ,= example1 we f9d 9 ,d>w9's introduction to 8 ,orig9 ( ,species ! foll[+3 ,9 consid]+ ! orig9 ( species x is q conceivable t a naturali/ reflect+ on ! m5tal aff9ities ( organic be+s1 on _! embryological relations1 _! geographical di/ribution1 geological succession1 & o!r su* facts1 might come to ! conclusion t species _h n be5 indep5d5tly creat$ b _h desc5d$1 l v>ieties1 f o!r species4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is /atem5t t c]ta9 data 7 f\nd = :i* ! old] !ory ( indep5d5t creation did n (f] an adequate explanation4 ,& yet ! naturali/ w\ld h>dly reflect on all ^! topics 9 a comp>ative way unless "s o!r mode ( int]pretation 7 already dawn+ ^u him1 :i* l$ him to review ! accept$ reflections or views4 ,z a m simple illu/ration1 we may cite ! common exp]i5ce ( a p]son :o is unc]ta9 conc]n+ ! id5tity ( an approa*+ object1 say1 ano!r p]son4 ,at fir/ he may n be sure x is a p]son at all4 ,he !n sees t x is someone1 & z ! p]son approa*es he is incl9$ to believe him to be an acqua9tance4 ,z ! suppos$ acqua9tance cont9ues to approa*1 ! obs]v] may di/+ui% c]ta9 features t cause him to d\bt1 & !n rel9qui% 8 supposition t x is an acqua9tance4 ,or1 he may conclude at once t ! approa*+ p]son is ano!r individual he kn[s1 & ! transition may be s readily made f "o to ! o!r t x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! discordant features are discordant be=e ! new supposition arises1 or :e!r !y are n recogniz$ z conflict+ till ?is second p]son is 9 m9d4 ,or1 aga91 ! id5tification ( ! new individual & ! discov]y ( ! features t are 9 conflict ) ! fir/ supposition may appe> to g on toge!r4 ,n[1 m>k$ l9es ( lik5ess appe> betwe5 ?is relatively simple judgm5t & ! f> m involv$ ones ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 ! m ext5d$ sci5tific process we f9d data contradict+ an old !ory & a new hypo!sis aris+ to acc\nt = !m4 ,! hypo!sis is te/$1 & along ) its v]ification we h ! rejection1 or r ! modification1 ( ! old !ory4 ,simil>ly1 9 case ( ! approa*+ /rang] all ^! features are pres5t1 ?\gh 9 less pron\nc$ degree4 ,9 sci5tific inve/igation !re is an int]val ( te/+ by means ( m c>eful consid]ation ( ! data & ev5 actual exp]im5tation4 ,be=e an explanation is accept$ subject to te/1 a numb] ( o!rs may h be5 sugge/$ & reject$4 ,!y may n h receiv$ ev5 explicit recognition4 ,9 case ( ! id5tification ( ! /rang] ?is feature is also pres5t4 ,betwe5 two fairly def9ite attempts to id5tify ! m9d does n rema9 a m]e blank or /ation>y1 b o!r possible id5tifications may be sugge/$ :i* d n h suffici5t plausibility to comm& s]i\s att5tion2 !y are only comp>atively brief sugge/ions or t5d5cies4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 all ^! in/ances ! fir/ supposition 0 n entirely ab&on$1 b 0 modifi$ & m exactly det]m9$4 7,:y x c\ld n be :olly false & ! new "o :olly new1 w be consid]$ lat] 9 connection ) discussion ( ! p]si/5ce & re-=mation ( habit47 ,!re 0 su* a modification ( ! old !ory z w\ld meet ! requirem5ts ( ! new data1 & ! new explanations ?us conta9$ bo? old & new features4 ,we h se5 t ! pr$icate ( ! sci5tific judgm5t is a hypo!sis :i* is consci\sly appli$ to c]ta9 data4 ,if ! simil>ity betwe5 ! sci5tific judgm5t & ! m imm$iate & simple judgm5t is to be ma9ta9$1 x is cle> t ! pr$icate ( ! simple judgm5t mu/ be ( l nature4 ,! /ructure ( ! two v>ieties ( judgm5t diff]s only 9 ! degree ( explicitness :i* ! hypo!sis acquires4 ,t is1 ! pr$icate ( a judgm5t1 z su*1 is ideal2 x is mean+1 significant quality4 ,if conditions are su* z to make ! "o judg+ hesitant or d\btful ! m9d wav]s2 ! pr$icate is n appli$ at once to ! det]m9ation or qualification ( data1 & h5ce comes to m di/9ct consci\sness on its own acc\nt4 ,f be+ ideal1 x becomes an idea4 ,yet its sole purpose & value rema9s 9 its possible use to int]pret data4 ,let ! idea rema9 deta*$1 & let ! qu]y :e!r x be a true pr$icate 7i4 e41 really fit to be employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! pres5t data7 become m critical1 & ! idea becomes cle>ly a hypo!sis4#eg ,9 o!r words1 ! hypo!sis is j ! pr$icate-function ( judgm5t def9itely appreh5d$ & reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to its nature & adequacy4 ,psy*ological analysis ( judgm5t4--,?is hypo!tical nature ( ! pr$icate w be ev5 m app>5t aft] a fur!r psy*ological analysis1 :i*1 :ile apply+ m directly to ! simpl] & m imm$iate judgm5ts1 may be ext5d$ to ! m involv$ ones z well4 ,9 psy*ological t]ms1 we may say1 9 explanation ( ! judg+ process1 t "s /imulus to action has fail$ to function prop]ly z a /imulus1 & t ! activity :i* 0 go+ on has ?us be5 int]rupt$4 ,response 9 ! accu/om$ way has fail$4 ,9 su* a case !re arises a division 9 exp]i5ce into s5sation cont5t z subject & ideal cont5t z pr$icate4 ,9 o!r words1 an activity has be5 go+ on 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ habits1 b ^u failure ( ! accu/om$ /imulus to be long] an adequate /imulus ?is p>ticul> activity ceases1 & is resum$ 9 an integral =m only :5 a new habit is set up to :i* ! new or alt]$ /imulus is adequate4 ,x is 9 ?is process ( recon/ruction t subject & pr$icate appe>4 ,s5sory quality m>ks ! po9t ( /ress1 or seem+ arre/1 :ile ! ideal or imag$ aspect def9es ! cont9u+ activity z project$1 & h5ce t ) :i* />t is to be made 9 cop+ ) ! ob/acle4 ,x s]ves z /&po9t ( reg>d & mode ( indicat$ behavior4 ,! s5sation /&s = ! int]rupt$ habit1 :ile ! image /&s = ! new habit1 t is1 ! new way ( deal+ ) ! subject-matt]4#eh ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! purpose ( ! judgm5t is to obta9 an adequate /imulus 9 t1 :5 /imulus & response are adju/$ to ea* o!r1 activity w be resum$4 ,b if ?is recon/ruction & response 7 to foll[ at once1 w\ld !re be any cle>ly def9$ act ( judg+ at all8 ,9 su* a case !re w\ld be no judgm5t1 prop]ly speak+1 & no occasion = x4 ,!re w\ld be simply a ready transition f "o l9e ( activity to ano!r2 we %\ld h *ang$ our me?od ( reaction easily & readily to meet ! new requirem5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 our subject-matt] w\ld n h become a cle>ly recogniz$ datum ) :i* we mu/ deal2 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld be no ideal me?od ( con/ru+ x4#ei ,activity w\ld h *ang$ )\t int]ruption1 & nei!r subject nor pr$icate w\ld h aris54 ,9 ord] t judgm5t may take place !re mu/ be int]ruption & susp5se4 ,"u :at conditions1 !n1 is ?is susp5se & unc]ta9ty possible8 ,our reply mu/ be t we hesitate because ( m or less %>ply def9$ alt]natives2 we are n sure :i* pr$icate1 :i* me?od ( reaction1 is ! "r "o4 ,! cle>ness ) :i* ^! alt]natives come to m9d dep5ds ^u ! degree ( explicitness ( ! judgm5t1 or1 m exactly1 ! explicitness ( ! judgm5t dep5ds ^u ! %>pness ( ^! alt]natives4 ,alt]natives may be c>efully weigh$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 z 9 delib]ative judgm5ts2 or !y may be sc>cely recogniz$ z alt]natives1 z 9 ! case 9 ! great] portion ( our m simple judgm5ts ( daily conduct4 ,! pr$icate is ess5tially hypo!tical4--,if we review 9 a brief rsum ! types ( judgm5t we h consid]$1 we f9d 9 ! explicit sci5tific judgm5t a fairly well-def9$ subject-matt] :i* we seek fur!r to det]m9e4 ,diff]5t sugge/ions pres5t !mselves ) v>y+ degrees ( plausibility4 ,"s are pass$ by z soon z !y arise4 ,o!rs ga9 a tempor>y recognition4 ,"s are explicitly te/$ ) result+ acceptance or rejection4 ,! acceptance ( any "o explanation involves ! rejection ( "s o!r explanation4 ,dur+ ! process ( v]ification or te/ ! newly advanc$ supposition is recogniz$ to be m or less d\btful4 ,besides ! hypo!sis :i* is t5tatively appli$ !re is recogniz$ ! possibility ( o!rs4 ,9 ! disjunctive judgm5t ^! possible reactions are ?\ght to be limit$ to c]ta9 cle>ly def9$ alt]natives1 :ile 9 ! less explicit judgm5ts !y are n s cle>ly br\ght out4 ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s =ms ( judgm5t1 f ! mo/ complex & delib]ate d[n to ! mo/ simple & imm$iate1 we f\nd t a process c\ld be trac$ :i* 0 l 9 k9d & v>i$ only 9 degree4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ! mo/ imm$iate judgm5ts :]e "s ( ^! features seem to disappe>1 ! same acc\nt n only appe>s to be ! mo/ reasonable "o1 b !re is ! additional consid]ation1 f ! psy*ological side1 t 7 n ! judgm5t ( ?is d\btful1 t5tative "*1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& h[ !re c\ld be judgm5t z di/9ct f a reflex4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ?r\gh\t1 ! pr$icate is ess5tially ( ! nature ( a hypo!sis = deal+ ) ! subject-matt]4 ,&1 h[ev] simple & imm$iate1 or h[ev] involv$ & prolong$1 ! judgm5t may be1 x is to be reg>d$ z ess5tially a process ( recon/ruction :i* aims at ! resumption ( an int]rupt$ exp]i5ce2 & :5 exp]i5ce has become itself a consci\sly intellectual affair1 at ! re/oration ( a unifi$ objective situation4 ,,ii ,criticism ( c]ta9 views conc]n+ ! hypo!sis4--,! explanation we h giv5 ( ! hypo!sis w enable u to criticise ! treatm5t x has receiv$ f ! empirical & ! rationali/ic s*ools4 ,we %all endeavor to po9t out t ^! s*ools h1 9 spite ( _! oppos$ views1 an assumption 9 common--some?+ giv5 9 a fix$1 or non-in/rum5tal way2 & t consequ5tly ! hypo!sis is ei!r impossible or else futile4 ,bacon is commonly recogniz$ z a lead] 9 ! reaction>y inductive movem5t1 :i* arose ) ! decl9e ( s*ola/icism1 & w s]ve z a good example ( ! extreme empirical position4 ,9 place ( au?ority & ! d$uctive me?od1 ,bacon advocat$ a return to nature & induction f data giv5 ?r\gh obs]vation4 ,! new me?od :i* he advanc$ has bo? a positive & a negative side4 ,be=e any positive /eps c be tak51 ! m9d mu/ be cle>$ ( ! v>i\s false op9ions & prejudices t h be5 acquir$4 ,?is prelim9>y task ( free+ ! m9d f phantoms1 or eidola1 :i* ,bacon lik5$ to ! cleans+ ( ! ?re%+-floor1 hav+ be5 accompli%$1 nature %\ld be c>efully int]rogat$4 ,!re mu/ be no ha/y g5]alization1 = ! true me?od collects axioms f s5se & p>ticul>s1 asc5d+ cont9u\sly & by degrees1 s t 9 ! end x arrives at ! mo/ g5]al axioms4 ,^! axioms ( ,bacon's are g5]alizations bas$ on obs]vation1 & are to be appli$ d$uctively1 b ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,bacon's induction is its c>efully graduat$ /eps4 ,o!rs1 too1 _h proce$$ ) caution 7= in/ance ,galileo71 b ,bacon laid m /ress ?an !y on ! subord9ation ( /eps4 ,x is evid5t t ,bacon left v little room = hypo!ses1 & ?is is 9 keep+ ) 8 av]sion to anticipation ( nature by means ( phantoms ( any sort2 he ev5 said explicitly t our me?od ( discov]y 9 sci5ce is ( su* a nature t !re is n mu* left to acut5ess & /r5g? ( g5ius1 b all degrees ( g5ius & intellect are br\ght ne>ly to ! same level4#fj ,bacon gave no explanation ( ! function ( ! hypo!sis2 9 8 op9ion x _h no lawful place 9 sci5tific proc$ure & mu/ be bani%$ z a di/urb+ elem5t4 ,in/ead ( ! reciprocal relation betwe5 hypo!sis & data1 9 :i* hypo!sis is n only te/$ 9 exp]i5ce1 b at ! same "t controls 9 a measure ! v exp]i5ce :i* te/s x1 ,bacon w\ld h a gradual extraction ( g5]al laws f nature ?r\gh direct obs]vation4 ,he is s afraid ( ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( conception t he w h no?+ to d ) conception ^u any t]ms4 ,s fe>ful is he ( ! influ5ce ( pre-judgm5t1 ( prejudice1 t he w h no judg+ :i* dep5ds ^u ideas1 s9ce ! idea involves anticipation ( ! fact4 ,p>ticul>s are someh[ to arrange & classify !mselves1 & to record or regi/]1 9 a m9d free f conception1 c]ta9 g5]alizations4 ,ideas are to be regi/]$ d]ivatives ( ! giv5 p>ticul>s4 ,?is view is ! ess5ce ( empiricism z a logical !ory4 ,if ! views reg>d+ ! logic ( ?\ght be=e set =? are correct1 x goes )\t say+ t su* empiricism is condemn$ to self-contradiction4 ,x endeavors to con/ruct judgm5t 9 t]ms ( its subject alone2 & ! subject1 z we h se51 is always a co-respond5t to a pr$icate--an idea or m5tal attitude or t5d5cy ( intellectual det]m9ation4 ,?us ! subject ( judgm5t c be det]m9$ only ) ref]5ce to a correspond+ det]m9ation ( ! pr$icate4 ,subject & pr$icate1 fact & idea1 are contemporane\s1 n s]ial 9 _! relations 7see pp4 #aaj-ab74 ,less te*nically ! failure ( ,bacon's d5ial ( ! wor? ( hypo!sis--:i* is 9 su* exact accord ) empiricism 9 logic--%[s itself 9 8 attitude t[>d exp]im5tation & t[>d obs]vation4 ,bacon's neglect ( exp]im5tation is n an accid5tal ov]sight1 b is b\nd up ) 8 view reg>d+ ! wor?lessness ( conception or anticipation4 ,to exp]im5t means to set out f an idea z well z f facts1 & to try to con/rue1 or ev5 to discov]1 facts 9 accordance ) ! idea4 ,exp]im5tation n only anticipates1 b /rives to make good an anticipation4 ,( c\rse1 ?is /ruggle is *eck$ at e po9t by success or failure1 & ?us ! hypo!sis is cont9u\sly und]go+ 9 v>y+ ratios bo? confirmation & trans=mation4 ,b ?is is n to make ! hypo!sis second>y to ! fact4 ,x is simply to rema9 true to ! proposition t ! di/9ction & ! relation%ip ( ! two is a ?or\ghly contemporane\s "o4 ,b x is impossible to draw any fix$ l9e betwe5 exp]im5tation & sci5tific obs]vations4 ,to insi/ ^u ! ne$ ( sy/ematic obs]vation & collection ( p>ticul>s is to set up a pr9ciple :i* is z di/9ct f ! casual accumulation ( impressions z x is f nebul\s speculation4 ,if !re is to be obs]vation ( a direct$ sort1 x mu/ be ) ref]5ce to "s problem1 "s d\bt1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is a /imulus :i* ?r[s ! m9d into a c]ta9 attitude ( response4 ,controll$ obs]vation is inquiry1 x is se>*2 consequ5tly x mu/ be se>* = some?+4 ,nature _c answ] int]rogations except+ z su* int]rogations are put2 & ! putt+ ( a "q involves anticipation4 ,! obs]v] does n inquire ab\t any?+ or look = any?+ except+ z he is aft] some?+4 ,?is se>* implies at once ! incomplet5ess ( ! p>ticul> giv5 facts1 & ! possibility--t is ideal--( _! completion4 ,x 0 n long until ! developm5t ( natural sci5ce compell$ a bett] und]/&+ ( its actual proc$ure ?an ,bacon possess$4 ,empiricism *ang$ to exp]im5talism4 ,) exp]im5talism inevitably came ! recognition ( hypo!ses 9 obs]v+1 collect+1 & comp>+ facts4 ,x is cle>1 = in/ance1 t ,newton's fruitful inve/igations are n conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! ,baconian notion4 ,x is q cle> t 8 celebrat$ f\r rules = philosophiz+#fa are 9 tru? /atem5ts ( c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 =m+ hypo!ses4 ,!y imply t sci5tific te*nique _h advanc$ to a po9t :]e hypo!ses 7 su* regul> & indisp5sable factors t c]ta9 uni=m conditions might be laid d[n = _! use4 ,! f\r? rule 9 p>ticul> is a /atem5t ( ! relative validity ( hypo!sis z su* until !re is gr\nd = ent]ta9+ a contr>y hypo!sis4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( logical !ory 9 ,engl& is condition$ ^u its attempt to comb9e into "o sy/em ! !ories ( empiri/ic logic ) recognition ( ! proc$ure ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,?is attempt f9ds its culm9ation 9 ! logic ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,( 8 int]e/ 9 & fidelity to ! actual proc$ure ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 z he saw x1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,( 8 good fai? 9 conclud+ 8 ,introduction ) ! words foll[+ !re c be no d\bt3 ,i c consci5ti\sly affirm t no "o proposition laid d[n 9 ?is "w has be5 adopt$ = ! sake ( e/abli%+1 or ) any ref]5ce = its fitness 9 be+ employ$ 9 e/abli%+1 preconceiv$ op9ions 9 any dep>tm5t ( k or ( inquiry on :i* ! speculative _w is /ill undecid$4 ,yet ,mill 0 equally atta*$ to ! belief t ultimate reality1 z x is = ! human m9d1 is giv5 9 s5sations1 indep5d5t ( ideas2 & t all valid ideas are comb9ations & conv5i5t ways ( us+ su* giv5 mat]ial4 ,mill's v s9c]ity made x impossible t ?is belief %\ld n det]m9e1 at e po9t1 8 treatm5t ( ! ?9k+ process & ( its v>i\s in/rum5talities4 ,9 ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 #ad1 ,mill discusses ! logic ( explanation1 & 9 discuss+ ?is topic naturally f9ds x necess>y to consid] ! matt] ( ! prop] use ( sci5tific hypo!ses4 ,?is is conduct$ f ! /&po9t ( _! use z t is reflect$ 9 ! te*nique ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,9 ,book ,,iv1 *ap4 #b1 he discusses ,ab/raction or ! ,=mation ( ,conceptions--a topic :i* obvi\sly involves ! =m+ ( hypo!ses4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 8 consid]ation is conduct$ 9 t]ms1 n ( sci5tific proc$ure1 b ( g5]al philosophical !ory1 & ?is po9t ( view is emphasiz$ by ! fact t he is oppos+ a c]ta9 view ( ,dr4 ,:ewell4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! /atem5ts 9 ! two *apt]s w s]ve to br+ out ! two po9ts already made1 viz41 ! correspond5t "* ( datum & hypo!sis1 & ! orig9 ( ! latt] 9 a problematic situation & its consequ5t use z an in/rum5t ( unification & solution4 ,mill fir/ po9ts out t hypo!ses are inv5t$ to enable ! d$uctive me?od to be appli$ e>li] to ph5om5a2 t x does ?is by suppress+ ! fir/ ( ! ?ree /eps1 induction1 ratioc9ation1 & v]ification4 ,he /ates t3 ,! process ( trac+ regul>ity 9 any complicat$1 & at fir/ sight confus$1 set ( appe>ances is necess>ily t5tative2 we beg9 by mak+ any supposition1 ev5 a false "o1 to see :at consequ5ces w foll[ f x2 & by obs]v+ h[ ^! diff] f ! real ph5om5a1 we le>n :at corrections to make 9 our assumption4444 ,nei!r induction nor d$uction w\ld enable u to und]/& ev5 ! simple/ ph5om5a1 if we did n (t5 comm5ce by anticipat+ ! results2 by mak+ a provisional supposition1 at fir/ ess5tially conjectural1 z to "s ( ! v notions :i* con/itute ! f9al object ( ! inquiry4#fb ,if 9 addition we recognize t1 accord+ to ,mill1 our direct exp]i5ce ( nature always pres5ts u ) a complicat$ & confus$ set ( appe>ances1 we %all be 9 no d\bt z to ! importance ( ideas z anticipations ( a possible exp]i5ce n yet _h4 ,?us he says3 ,! ord] ( nature1 z p]ceiv$ at a fir/ glance1 pres5ts at e in/ant a *aos foll[$ by ano!r *aos4 ,we mu/ decompose ea* *aos into s+le facts4 ,we mu/ le>n to see 9 ! *aotic antec$5t a multitude ( di/9ct antec$5ts1 9 ! *aotic consequ5t a multitude ( di/9ct consequ5ts4#fc ,9 ! next section ( ! same *apt] he goes on to /ate t1 hav+ discrim9at$ ! v>i\s antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 we !n are to inquire :i* is connect$ ) :i*4 ,?is requires a /ill fur!r resolution ( ! complex & ( ! confus$4 ,to effect ?is we mu/ v>y ! circum/ances2 we mu/ modify ! exp]i5ce z giv5 ) ref]5ce to accompli%+ our purpose4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose we h rec\rse ei!r to obs]vation or to exp]im5t3 ,we may ei!r f9d an in/ance 9 nature suit$ to our purposes1 or1 by an artificial arrangem5t ( circum/ances1 make "o 7! italics 9 suit$ to our purpose are m9e2 ! o!rs are ,mill's74 ,he !n goes on to say t !re is no real logical di/9ction betwe5 obs]vation & exp]im5tation4 ,! f\r me?ods ( exp]im5tal inquiry are expressly discuss$ by ,mill 9 t]ms ( _! wor? 9 s+l+ out & connect+ ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts :i* actually belong toge!r1 f ! *aos & confusion ( direct exp]i5ce4 ,we h only to take ^! /atem5ts 9 _! logical connection ) ea* o!r 7& ?is connection runs ?r\gh ! entire treatm5t by ,mill ( sci5tific inquiry71 to recognize ! absolute necessity ( hypo!sis to und]tak+ any direct$ inquiry or sci5tific op]ation4 ,consequ5tly we are n surpris$ at f9d+ him say+ t ! function ( hypo!ses is "o :i* mu/ be reckon$ absolutely indisp5sable 9 sci5ce2 & aga9 t ! hypo!sis by sugge/+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts puts u on ! road to indep5d5t evid5ce4#fd ,s9ce ,mill's virtual retraction1 f ! !oretical po9t ( view1 ( :at is "h said f ! /&po9t ( sci5tific proc$ure1 reg>d+ ! necessity ( ideas is an accompanim5t ( 8 criticism ( ,:ewell1 x w put ! discussion 9 bett] p]spective if we turn fir/ to ,:ewell's views4#fe ,! latt] began by /at+ a di/9ction :i* easily might h be5 develop$ into a !ory ( ! relation ( fact & idea :i* is 9 l9e ) t advanc$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & inde$ 9 ?is volume z a :ole4 ,he que/ions 7*ap4 #b7 ! fixity ( ! di/9ction betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,he po9ts out t :at we t]m facts are 9 effect simply accept$ inf]5ces2 & t :at we call !ories are describable z facts1 9 proportion z !y become ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,a true !ory is a fact4 ,all ! great !ories :i* h successively be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! _w are n[ ?\ght ( z facts4 ,! mo/ recondite !ories :5 firmly e/abli%$ are accept$ z facts2 ! simple/ facts seem to involve some?+ ( ! nature ( !ory4 ,! conclusion is t ! di/9ction is a hi/oric "o1 dep5d+ ^u ! /ate ( k at ! "t1 & ^u ! attitude ( ! individual4 ,:at is !ory = "o epo*1 or = "o inquir] 9 a giv5 epo*1 is fact = "s o!r epo*1 or ev5 = "s o!r m advanc$ inquir] 9 ! same epo*4 ,x is !ory :5 ! elem5t ( inf]5ce involv$ 9 judg+ any fact is consci\sly br\ght out2 x is fact :5 ! conditions are su* t we h nev] be5 l$ to "q ! inf]5ce involv$1 or else1 hav+ que/ion$ x1 h s ?or\ghly exam9$ into ! inf]5tial process t !re is no ne$ ( hold+ x fur!r be=e ! m9d1 & x relapses into unconsci\sness aga94 ,if ?is great] or less consci\sness ( our own int]nal act be all t di/+ui%es fact f !ory1 we mu/ all[ t ! di/9ction is /ill unt5able 7unt5able1 t is to say1 z a fix$ sep>ation74 ,aga91 fact & !ory h no ess5tial diff]5ce except 9 ! degree ( _! c]ta9ty & famili>ity4 ,!ory1 :5 x becomes firmly e/abli%$ & /eadily lodg$ 9 ! m9d becomes fact4 7,p4 #de2 italics m9e47 ,&1 ( c\rse1 x is equally true t z fa/ z facts are suspect$ or d\bt$1 c]ta9 aspects ( !m are transf]r$ into ! class ( !ories & ev5 ( m]e op9ions4 ,i say ?is conception might h be5 develop$ 9 a way entirely congru\s ) ! position ( ?is *apt]4 ,?is w\ld h happ5$ if ! f9al di/9ction betwe5 fact & idea _h be5 =mulat$ ^u ! basis simply ( ! po9ts1 relative c]ta9ty & famili>ity4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! di/9ction betwe5 fact & idea is "o purely relative to ! d\bt-inquiry function4 ,x has to d ) ! evolution ( an exp]i5ce z reg>ds its consci\s surety4 ,x has its orig9 9 problematic situations4 ,:atev] appe>s to u z a problem appe>s z contra/$ ) a possible solution4 ,:atev] objects ( ?\ght ref] p>ticul>ly to ! problematic side are !ories1 ideas1 hypo!ses2 :atev] relates to ! solution side is surety1 unque/ion$ famili>ity1 fact4 ,?is po9t ( view makes ! di/9ctions entirely relative to ! exig5cies ( ! process ( reflective trans=mation ( exp]i5ce4 ,:ewell1 h[ev]1 _h no soon] />t$ 9 ?is tra9 ( ?\ght ?an he turns 8 back ^u x4 ,9 *ap4 #c he trans=ms :at he _h proclaim$ to be a relative1 hi/oric1 & work+ di/9ction into a fix$ & absolute "o4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 s5sations & ideas1 n ^u a g5etic basis ) ref]5ce to e/abli%+ ! conditions ( fur!r op]ation2 b ) ref]5ce to a fundam5tally fix$ l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 :at is passively giv5 to ! m9d & ! activity put =? by ! m9d4 ,?us he re9/ates 9 its mo/ g5]aliz$ & fix$1 & !re=e mo/ vici\s1 =m ! sep>ation :i* he has j reject$4 ,s5sations are a brute un*angeable elem5t ( fact :i* exi/s & p]si/s indep5d5t ( ideas2 an idea is a mode ( m5tal op]ation :i* occurs & recurs 9 an indep5d5t individuality ( its own4 ,if he _h c>ri$ out ! l9e ( ?\ght ) :i* he began1 s5sation z fact w\ld h be5 t residuum ( famili>ity & c]ta9ty :i* _c be elim9at$1 h[ev] mu* else ( an exp]i5ce is dissolv$ 9 ! inn] conflict4 ,idea z hypo!sis or !ory w\ld h be5 ! correspond+ elem5t 9 exp]i5ce :i* is necess>y to r$9tegrate ?is residuum into a coh]5t & significant exp]i5ce4 ,b s9ce ,:ewell did n foll[ out 8 own l9e ( ?\ght1 *oos+ r to fall back on ! ,kantian anti!sis ( s5se & ?\ght1 he _h no soon] sep>at$ 8 fact & idea1 8 giv5 datum & 8 m5tal relation1 ?an he is compell$ to get !m toge!r aga94 ,! idea becomes a g5]al relation :i* is impos$ ^u p]ception by an act ( ! m9d1 & :i* is diff]5t f any?+ :i* our s5ses directly (f] to u 7p4 #bf74 ,su* conceptions are necess>y to connect ! facts :i* we le>n f our s5ses into tru?s4 ,! ideal conception :i* ! m9d itself supplies is sup]9duc$ ^u ! facts z !y are orig9ally pres5t$ to obs]vation4 ,be=e ! inductive tru? is detect$1 ! facts are !re1 b !y are _m & unconnect$4 ,! conception :i* ! discov]] applies to !m gives !m connection & unity4 7,p4 #db47 ,all induction1 accord+ to ,:ewell1 ?us dep5ds ^u sup]9duction--imposition ^u s5sory data ( c]ta9 ideas or g5]al relations exi/+ indep5d5tly 9 ! m9d4#ff ,we d n ne$ to pres5t aga9 ! objections already (f]$ to ?is view3 ! impossibility ( any ord]ly /imulation ( ideas by facts1 & ! impossibility ( any *eck 9 ! imposition ( idea ^u fact4 ,facts & conception are s ?or\ghly sep>ate & indep5d5t t any s5sory datum is indiff]5tly & equally relat$ to any conceivable idea4 ,!re is no basis = sup]9duc+ "o idea or hypo!sis1 r ?an any o!r1 ^u any p>ticul> set ( data4 ,9 ! *apt] already ref]r$ to ^u ab/raction1 or ! =mation ( conceptions1 ,mill seizes ^u ?is difficulty4 ,yet he & ,:ewell h "o po9t 9 common3 !y bo? agree 9 ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 subject-matt] :i* is giv5 = logical purposes q outside ( ! logical process itself4 ,mill agrees ) ,:ewell 9 po/ulat+ a raw mat]ial ( pure s5sational data4 ,9 criticis+ ,:ewell's !ory ( sup]9duction ( idea ^u fact1 he is !re=e l$ to ! opposite ass]tion ( ! complete dep5d5ce ( ideas z su* ^u ! giv5 facts z su*--9 o!r words1 he is l$ to a reit]ation ( ! fundam5tal ,baconian empiricism2 & ?us to a virtual retraction ( :at he _h ass]t$ reg>d+ ! necessity ( ideas to fruitful sci5tific inquiry1 :e!r 9 ! way ( obs]vation or exp]im5tation4 ,! foll[+ quotation gives a fair notion ( ! ext5t ( ,mill's retraction3 ,! conceptions !n :i* we employ = ! colligation & me?odization ( facts1 d n develop !mselves f )91 b are impress$ ^u ! m9d f )\t2 !y are nev] obta9$ o!rwise ?an by way ( comp>ison & ab/raction1 &1 9 ! mo/ important & mo/ num]\s cases1 are evolv$ by ab/raction f ! v ph5om5a :i* x is _! (fice to colligate4#fg ,ev5 "h ,mill's s5se = ! positive side ( sci5tific inquiry suffices to reveal to him t ! facts are someh[ inadequate & defective1 & are 9 ne$ ( assi/ance f ideas--& yet ! ideas :i* are to help out ! facts are to be ! impress ( ! unsure facts6 ,! contradiction comes out v cle>ly :5 ,mill says3 ,! really difficult cases are ^? 9 :i* ! conception de/9$ to create light & ord] out ( d>kness & confusion has to be s\ght = among ! v ph5om5a :i* x aft]w>d s]ves to arrange4#fh ,( c\rse1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ,mill's view is v mu* ne>] ! tru? ?an is ,:ewell's4 ,mill at lea/ sees t idea mu/ be relevant to ! facts or data :i* x is to arrange1 :i* are to h light & ord] introduc$ into !m by means ( ! idea4 ,he sees cle>ly en\gh t ?is is impossible save z ! idea develops )9 ! same exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! d>k & confus$ facts are pres5t$4 ,he goes on to %[ correctly en\gh h[ conflict+ data lead ! m9d to a confus$ feel+ ( an analogy betwe5 ! data ( ! confus$ exp]i5ce & ( "s o!r exp]i5ce :i* is ord]ly 7or already colligat$ & me?odiz$72 & h[ ?is vague feel+1 ?r\gh processes ( fur!r exploration & comp>ison ( exp]i5ces1 gets a cle>] & m adequate =m until we f9ally accept x4 ,he %[s h[ 9 ?is process we cont9ually judge ( ! wor? ( ! idea :i* is 9 process ( =mation1 by ref]5ce to its appropriat5ess to our purpose4 ,he goes s f> z to say3 ,! "q ( appropriat5ess is relative to ! p>ticul> object we h 9 view4#fi ,he sums up 8 discussion by /at+3 ,we _c frame good g5]al conceptions be=eh&4 ,t ! conception we h obta9$ is ! "o we want c only be kn[n :5 we h done ! "w = ! sake ( :i* we want$ x4#gj ,?is all describes ! actual /ate ( ! case1 b x is consi/5t only ) a logical !ory :i* makes ! di/9ction betwe5 fact & hypo!sis in/rum5tal 9 ! trans=mation ( exp]i5ce f a confus$ into an organiz$ =m2 n ) ,mill's notion t s5sations are someh[ f9ally & completely giv5 z ultimate facts1 & t ideas are m]e re-regi/rations ( su* facts4 ,x is p]fectly j to say t ! hypo!sis is impress$ ^u ! m9d 79 ! s5se t any notion :i* occurs to ! m9d is impress$7 9 ! c\rse ( an exp]i5ce4 ,x is well en\gh1 if "o def9e :at he means1 to say t ! hypo!sis is impress$ 7t is to say1 occurs or is sugge/$7 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( giv5 facts1 or ev5 ( s5sations4 ,b x is equally true t ! facts are pres5t$ & t s5sations occur )9 ! c\rse ( an exp]i5ce :i* is l>g] ?an ! b>e facts1 because involv+ ! conflicts among !m & ! correspond+ int5tion to treat !m 9 "s fa%ion :i* w secure a unifi$ exp]i5ce4 ,facts get p[] to sugge/ ideas to ! m9d--to impress--only ?r\gh _! position 9 an entire exp]i5ce :i* is 9 process ( dis9tegration & ( recon/ruction--_! fr+e or feel+ ( t5d5cy is q z factual z !y are4 ,! fact t ! conception we h obta9$ is ! "o we want c be kn[n only :5 we h done ! "w = ! sake ( :i* we want$ x1 is en\gh to %[ t x is n b>e facts1 b facts 9 relation to want & purpose & purpose 9 relation to facts1 :i* orig9ate ! hypo!sis4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to foll[ ! hi/ory ( discussion ( ! hypo!sis s9ce ! "t ( ,:ewell & ( ,mill1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! writ+s ( ,jevons1 ,v5n1 & ,bosanquet4 ,?is hi/ory w\ld ref9e ! t]ms ( our discussion by introduc+ m complex di/9ctions & relations4 ,b x w\ld be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 only to ref9e1 n to introduce any fundam5tally new pr9ciples4 ,9 ea* case1 we f9d ! writ] /ruggl+ ) ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 fact & idea2 ( giv+ ! fact a c]ta9 primacy ) respect to te/+ ( idea & ( giv+ ! idea a primacy ) respect to ! significance & ord]l9ess ( ! fact2 & ( hold+ ?r\gh\t to a relation%ip ( idea ) fact s intimate t ! idea develops only by be+ comp>$ ) facts 7t is1 us$ 9 con/ru+ !m71 & facts get to be kn[n only z !y are connect$ ?r\gh ! idea--& we f9d t :at is a maze ( p>adoxes & inconsi/5cies f an absolute1 f a non-hi/oric /&po9t1 is a matt] ( c\rse ! mom5t x is look$ at f ! /&po9t ( exp]i5ce engag$ 9 self-trans=mation ( mean+ ?r\gh conflict & recon/itution4 ,b we c only note "o or two po9ts4 ,jevons's inf9ite ballot-box ( nature :i* is absolutely neutral z to any p>ticul> conception or idea1 & :i* accord+ly requires z its correlate ! =mation ( e possible hypo!sis 7all /&+ 9 !mselves ^u ! same level ( probability7 is an int]e/+ example ( ! logical consequ5ces ( feel+ ! ne$ ( bo? fact & hypo!sis = sci5tific proc$ure & yet reg>d+ !m z someh[ aris+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,x is an attempt to comb9e extreme empiricism & extreme rationalism4 ,! process ( =m+ hypo!ses & ( d$uc+ _! rational consequ5ces goes on at r&om1 because ! disconnect$ness ( facts z giv5 is s ultimate t ! facts sugge/ "o hypo!sis no m readily ?an ano!r4 ,ma!matics1 9 its two =ms ( measurem5ts z appli$ to ! facts1 & ( calculation z appli$ 9 d$uction1 furni%es ,jevons ! bridge by :i* he f9ally cov]s ! gulf :i* he has fir/ himself creat$4 ,v5n's !ory requires little or no re/atem5t to br+ x into l9e ) ! position tak5 9 ! text4 ,he holds to ! orig9 ( hypo!sis 9 ! orig9al practical ne$s ( mank9d1 & to its gradual developm5t into pres5t sci5tific =m4#ga ,he /ates expressly3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 :at is kn[n & :at is n kn[n is ess5tial to ,logic1 & peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( x 9 a degree n to be f\nd 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,inf]5ce is ! process ( pass+ f "o to ! o!r2 f facts :i* we _h accept$ z premises1 to ^? :i* we h n yet accept$1 b are 9 ! act ( do+ s by ! v process 9 "q4 ,no scrut9y ( ! facts !mselves1 reg>d$ z objective1 c ev] detect ^! *>act]i/ics ( _! great] or less famili>ity to our m9ds4 ,we mu/ introduce also ! subjective elem5t if we wi% to give any adequate explanation ( !m4#gb ,v5n1 h[ev]1 does n attempt a ?or\ghgo+ /atem5t ( logical di/9ctions1 relations1 & op]ations1 z p>ts ( ! act ( pass+ f ! unkn[n to ! kn[n4 ,he recognizes ! relation ( reflection to a hi/oric process1 :i* we h "h t]m$ recon/ruction1 & ! orig9 & wor? ( hypo!sis z a tool 9 ! movem5t1 b does n c>ry 8 analysis to a sy/ematic =m4 ,,iii ,orig9 ( ! hypo!sis4--,9 our analysis ( ! process ( judgm5t1 we attempt$ to %[ t ! pr$icate arises 9 case ( failure ( "s l9e ( activity go+ on 9 t]ms ( an e/abli%$ habit4 ,:5 ! old habit is *eck$ ?r\gh failure to deal ) new conditions 7i4 e41 :5 ! situation is su* z to /imulate two habits ) di/9ct aims7 ! problem is to f9d a new me?od ( response--t is1 to co-ord9ate ! conflict+ t5d5cies by build+ up a s+le aim :i* w function ! exi/+ situation4 ,z we saw t1 9 case ( judgm5t1 habit :5 *eck$ became ideal1 an idea1 s ! new habit is fir/ =maliz$ z an ideal type ( reaction & is ! hypo!sis by :i* we attempt to con/rue new data4 ,9 our inquiry z to h[ ?is =mulation is effect$1 i4 e41 h[ ! hypo!sis is develop$1 x w be conv5i5t to take "s ( ! curr5tly accept$ /atem5ts z to _! orig91 & %[ h[ ^! /atem5ts /& 9 ref]5ce to ! analysis propos$4 ,enum]ative induction & alli$ processes4--,x is po9t$ out by ,welton#gc t ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* hypo!ses are sugge/$ may be r$uc$ to ?ree classes1 viz41 enum]ative induction1 conv]sion ( propositions1 & analogy4 ,"u ! head ( enum]ation he rem9ds u t e obs]v$ regul>ity ( connection betwe5 ph5om5a sugge/s a "q z to :e!r x is univ]sal4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ?is 9 ma!matics4 ,= example1 x is notic$ t #acbb1 #acecb1 #acegdb1 etc42 & "o is l$ to ask :e!r !re is any g5]al pr9ciple involv$1 s t ! sum ( ! fir/ n odd numb]s w be n#b1 :]e n is any numb]1 h[ev] great4 ,9 ?is e>ly =m ( inductive inf]5ce !re are two div]g5t t5d5cies4 ,"o is ! t5d5cy to complete enum]ation4 ,?is t5d5cy is cle>ly ideal--x transc5ds ! facts z giv54 ,to look = all ! cases is ?us itself an exp]im5tal inquiry1 bas$ ^u a hypo!sis :i* x endeavors to te/4 ,b 9 mo/ cases enum]ation c be only incomplete1 & we are able to rea* no?+ bett] ?an probability4 ,h5ce ! o!r t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( an analysis ( cont5t 9 se>* = a pr9ciple ( connection 9 ! elem5ts 9 any "o case4 ,= if a *>act]i/ic belong+ to a numb] ( individuals sugge/s a class :]e x belongs to all individuals1 x mu/ be t x is f\nd 9 e individual z su*4 ,! hypo!sis ( complete class involves a hypo!sis z to ! "* ( ea* individual 9 ! class4 ,?us a hypo!sis z to ext5sion trans=ms itself into "o z to int5sion4 ,b x is analogy :i* ,welton consid]s ! *ief s\rce f :i* new hypo!ses are drawn4 ,9 ! second t5d5cy m5tion$ "u enum]ative induction1 t is1 ! t5d5cy to analysis ( cont5t or int5sion1 we are naturally l$ to analogy1 = 9 our se>* = ! *>act]i/ic feature :i* det]m9es classification among ! concrete p>ticul>s our fir/ /ep w be an inf]5ce by analogy4 ,9 analogy att5tion is turn$ f ! numb] ( obs]v$ in/ances to _! "*1 &1 because p>ticul>s h "s feature 9 common1 !y are suppos$ to be ! same 9 /ill o!r respects4 ,:ile ! be/ we c rea* 9 analogy is probability1 ! argum5ts may be su* z to result 9 a high degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! =m ( ! argum5t is valuable 9 s f> z we are able to di/+ui% betwe5 ess5tial & noness5tial *>act]i/ics on :i* to base our analogy4 ,:at is ess5tial & :at noness5tial dep5ds ^u ! p>ticul> end we h 9 view4 ,9 addition to enum]ative induction1 :i* ,welton has m5tion$1 x is to be not$ t !re are a numb] ( o!r processes :i* are v simil> to x 9 t a numb] ( p>ticul>s appe> to furni% a basis = a g5]al pr9ciple or me?od4 ,su* in/ances are common 9 induction1 9 in/ruction1 & 9 me?ods ( pro(4 ,if "o is to be in/ruct$ 9 "s new k9d ( labor1 he is suppos$ to acquire a grasp ( ! me?od aft] hav+ be5 %[n 9 a few in/ances h[ ?is p>ticul> "w is to be done2 &1 if he p]=ms ! manipulations himself1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,x is n ask$ :y ! exp]i5ce ( a few cases %\ld be ( any assi/ance1 = x seems self-evid5t t an exp]i5c$ man1 a man :o has acquir$ ! skill1 or knack1 ( do+ ?+s1 %\ld deal bett] ) all o!r cases ( simil> nature4 ,!re is some?+ v simil> 9 inductive pro(s1 z !y are call$4 ,! inductive pro( is common 9 algebra4 ,suppose we are conc]n$ 9 prov+ ! law ( expansion ( ! b9omial !orem4 ,we %[ by actual calculation t1 if ! law holds good = ! n? p[]1 x is true = ! nfir/ p[]4 ,t is1 if x holds = any p[]1 x holds = ! next also4 ,b we c easily %[ t x does hold =1 say1 ! second p[]4 ,!n x mu/ be true = ! ?ird1 & h5ce = ! f\r?1 & s on4 ,:e!r ?is law1 ?\gh discov]$ by inductive processes1 dep5ds on d$uction = ! conclusiv5ess ( its pro(1 z ,jevons holds2#gd :e!r1 z ,erdmann#ge cont5ds1 ! pro( is ?or\ghly d$uctive2 or :e!r ,wundt#gf is "r 9 ma9ta9+ t x is bas$ on an exact analogy1 :ile ! fundam5tal axioms ( ma!matics are inductive1 x is cle> t 9 su* pro(s a few in/ances are employ$ to give ! le>n] a />t 9 ! "r direction4 ,some?+ sugge/s itself1 & is f\nd true 9 ?is case1 9 ! next1 & aga9 9 ! next1 & s on4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r !re is usually a v cle> notion ( :at is involv$ 9 ! s on4 ,to _m x appe>s to m>k ! po9t :]e1 aft] hav+ be5 tak5 a few /eps1 ! le>n] is c>ri$ on by ! acquir$ mom5tum some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( "o ( ,newton's laws ( motion4 ,:e!r ! few successive /eps are an integral "p ( ! pro( or m]ely s]ve z illu/ration1 !y are v g5]ally resort$ to4 ,9 fact1 !y are (t5 employ$ :]e !re is no attempt to introduce a g5]al t]m su* z n1 or k1 or l1 b ! few individual in/ances are deem$ q suffici5t4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! cu/om 9 ari?metical processes4 ,we call att5tion to ^! facts 9 ord] to %[ t successive cases are utiliz$ 9 ! c\rse ( explanation z an aid 9 e/abli%+ ! g5]ality ( a law4 ,9 geometry we f9d a class ( pro(s 9 :i* ! successive /eps seem to h great significance4 ,a common pro( ( ! area ( ! circle w s]ve z a fair example4 ,a regul> polygon is circumscrib$ ab\t ! circle4 ,!n z ! numb] ( its sides are increas$ its area w approa* t ( ! circle1 z its p]imet] approa*es ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle4 ,! area ( ! circle is ?us inf]r$ to be pi,r#b1 s9ce ! area ( ! polygon is always 7#a_/b7,r p]imet]1 & 9 case ( ! circle ! circumf]5ce #bpi,r4 ,"h aga9 we get "u su* headway by means ( ! polygon t we arrive at ! circle ) b little difficulty4 ,_h we attempt$ ! transition at once1 say1 f a circumscrib$ squ>e1 we %\ld d\btless h exp]i5c$ "s unc]ta9ty & might h recoil$ f :at w\ld seem a ra% attempt2 b z ! numb] ( ! sides ( our polygon approa* inf9ity--t my/]i\s realm :]e _m p>adoxical ?+s become possible--! transition becomes s easy t our polygon is (t5 said to h truly become a circle4 ,simil>ly1 "s /atem5ts ( ! inf9itesimal calculus re/ on ! assumption t slight degrees ( diff]5ce may be neglect$4 ,?\gh ! m mod]n !ory ( limits has l>gely displac$ ?is attitude 9 calculus & has also *ang$ ! me?od ( pro( 9 su* geometrical problems z ! area ( ! circle1 ! und]ly+ motive seems to h be5 to make transitions easy1 & ?us to make possible a cont9u$ application ( "s p>ticul> me?od or way ( deal+ ) ?+s4 ,b grant$ t ?is is all true1 :at has x to d ) ! orig9 ( ! hypo!sis8 ,x seems likely t ! hypo!sis may be sugge/$ by a few successive in/ances2 b are ^! to be class$ ) ! successive /eps 9 pro( to :i* we h ref]r$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we attempt to prove our hypo!sis because we are n sure x is true2 we are n satisfi$ t !re are no o!r t5able hypo!ses4 ,b if we d te/ x1 is n su* te/ en\gh8 ,x dep5ds ^u h[ ?or\gh a grasp we h ( ! situation2 b1 9 g5]al1 ea* te/ case adds to its probability4 ,! value ( te/s lies 9 ! fact t !y /r5g!n & t5d to confirm our hypo!sis by *eck+ ! =ce ( alt]natives4 ,"o in/ance is n suffici5t because !re are o!r possible incipi5t hypo!ses1 or m prop]ly t5d5cies1 & ! enum]ation s]ves to br+ "o ( ^! t5d5cies into prom95ce 9 t x dim9i%es o!r vague & p]haps subconsci\s t5d5cies & /r5g!ns ! "o :i* sudd5ly appe>s z ! my/]i\s product ( g5ius4 ,! "q might arise :y ! m]e repetition ( conflict+ t5d5cies w\ld lead to a pr$om9ance ( "o ( !m4 ,:y w\ld !y n all rema9 9 conflict & cont9ue to *eck any positive result8 ,x is probably because !re nev] is any absolute equilibrium4 ,! successive in/ances t5d to int5sify & br+ into prom95ce "s t5d5cy :i* is already tak+ a lead1 s to speak4 ,& x may be said fur!r 9 ?is connection t only z se5 f ! outside1 only z a me*anical view is tak51 does !re appe> to be an exclud+ ( def9itely made out alt]natives4 ,9 explanation ( ! "p play$ by analogy 9 ! orig9 ( hypo!ses1 ,welton po9ts out t a m]e numb] ( in/ances d n take u v f>1 & t !re mu/ be "s specification ( ! in/ances z well z numb]+ ( !m1 & goes on to %[ t ! argum5t by enum]ative induction passes readily into "o f analogy1 z soon z att5tion is turn$ f ! numb] ( ! obs]v$ in/ances to _! "*4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to pass to analogy ?r\gh enum]ative induction4 ,:5 ! in/ances pres5t$ to obs]vation (f] imm$iately ! *>act]i/ic m>ks on :i* we base ! inf]5ce to ! connection ( ,s & ,p1 we c proce$ at once to an inf]5ce f analogy1 )\t any prelim9>y enum]ation ( ! in/ances4#gg ,welton1 & logicians g5]ally1 reg>d analogy z an inf]5ce on ! basis ( p>tial id5tity4 ,because ( c]ta9 common features we are l$ to inf] a /ill great] lik5ess4 ,bo? enum]ative induction & analogy are explicable 9 t]ms ( habit4 ,we saw 9 our exam9ation ( enum]ative induction t a =m ( reaction ga9s /r5g? ?r\gh a s]ies ( successful applications4 ,analogy m>ks ! pres5ce ( an id5tical elem5t toge!r ) ! t5d5cy to ext5d ?is p>tial id5tity 7z x is commonly call$7 /ill f>!r4 ,9 o!r words1 9 analogy x is sugge/$ t a type ( reaction :i* is ! same 9 c]ta9 respects may be made simil> 9 a great] degree4 ,9 enum]ative induction we lay /ress on ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* ! habit is appli$4 ,9 analogy we emphasize ! cont5t side & take note ( ! p>tial id5tity4 ,9 fact1 ! relation betwe5 enum]ative induction & analogy is ( ! same sort z t exi/+ betwe5 association by contiguity & association by simil>ity4 ,9 association by contiguity we ?9k ( ! ?+s associat$ z m]ely /&+ 9 c]ta9 temporal or spatial relations1 & disreg>d ! fact t !y 7 elem5ts 9 a l>g] exp]i5ce4 ,9 case ( association by simil>ity we reg>d ! l feature 9 ! ?+s associat$ z a basis = fur!r correction4 ,9 conv]sion ( propositions we try to rev]se ! direction ( ! reaction1 s to speak1 & !reby to free ! habit1 to get a mode ( response s g5]aliz$ z to act ) a m9imum cue4 ,= in/ance1 we c deal ) ,a 9 a way call$ ,b1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! same way t we did ) o!r ?+s call$ ,b4 ,if we say1 ,man is an animal1 !n to a c]ta9 ext5t ! t]m animal signifies ! way 9 :i* we reg>d man4 ,b ! "q arises :e!r we c reg>d all animals z we d man4 ,evid5tly n1 = ! reaction :i* is fitt+ 9 case ( animals w\ld be only p>tially applicable to man4 ,) ! animals t are also m5 we h ! beg9n+ ( a habit :i*1 if un*eck$1 w\ld lead to a simil> reaction t[>d all animals1 i4 e41 we w\ld say3 ,all animals are m54 ,man may be said to be ! ri*] concept1 9 t only a "p ( ! reaction :i* det]m9es an object to be a man is requir$ to designate x z an animal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we />t ) animal1 !n 7except 9 case ( ! animals :i* are m57 !re is lack+ ! subject-matt] :i* w\ld p]mit ! full] concept to be appli$4 ,by supply+ ! conditions "u :i* animalman we get a rev]sible habit4 ,! equation ( te*nical sci5ce has j ?is "*4 ,x repres5ts ! maximum free+ or ab/raction ( a pr$icate qua pr$icate1 & !reby multiplies ! possible applications ( x to subjects ( future judgm5ts1 & less5s ! am\nt ( %e>+ away ( irrelevancies & ( re-adaptation necess>y :5 s us$ 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,=mation & te/ ( ! hypo!sis4--,! =mation ( ! hypo!sis is commonly reg>d$ z ess5tially diff]5t f ! process ( te/+1 :i* x subsequ5tly und]goes4 ,we are said to obs]ve facts1 inv5t hypo!ses1 & !n te/ !m4 ,! hypo!sis is n requir$ = our prelim9>y obs]vations2 & "s writ]s1 reg>d+ ! hypo!sis z a =mulation :i* requires a difficult & elaborate te/1 decl9e to admit z hypo!ses ^? m simple suppositions1 :i* are readily confirm$ or reject$4 ,a v good illu/ration ( ?is po9t ( view is met ) 9 ,wundt's discussion ( ! hypo!sis1 by an exam9ation ( :i* we hope to %[ t su* di/9ctions are r artificial ?an real4 ,! subject-matt] ( sci5ce1 says ,wundt1#gh is con/itut$ by t :i* is actually giv5 & t :i* is actually to be expect$4 ,! :ole cont5t is n limit$ to ?is1 h[ev]1 = ^! facts mu/ be supplem5t$ by c]ta9 presuppositions1 :i* are n giv5 9 a factual s5se4 ,su* presuppositions are call$ hypo!ses & are ju/ifi$ by our fundam5tal dem& = unity4 ,h[ev] valuable ! hypo!sis may be :5 rightly us$1 !re is con/ant dang] ( illegitimately ext5d+ x by additions t spr+ f m]e incl9ations ( fancy4 ,fur!rmore1 ! hypo!sis 9 ?is prop] sci5tific s5se mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! v>i\s inaccurate uses1 :i* are preval5t4 ,= in/ance1 hypo!ses mu/ n be confus$ ) expectations ( fact4 ,z cases 9 po9t ,wundt m5tions ,galileo's suppositions t small vibrations ( ! p5dulum are iso*ron\s1 & t ! space trav]s$ by a fall+ body is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! "t x has be5 fall+4 ,x is true t su* anticipations play an important "p 9 sci5ce1 b s long z !y relate to ! facts !mselves or to _! connections1 & c be confirm$ or reject$ any mom5t ?r\gh obs]vation1 !y %\ld n be class$ ) ^? add$ presuppositions :i* are us$ to co-ord9ate facts4 ,h5ce n all suppositions are hypo!ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n e hypo!sis c be actually exp]i5c$4 ,= example1 "o employs 9 physics ! hypo!sis ( electric fluid1 b does n expect actually to meet ) x4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! hypo!sis becomes prov$ z an exp]i5c$ fact4 ,su* 0 ! c\rse ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* 0 at fir/ only a hypo!sis1 b 0 trans=m$ into fact ?r\gh ! evid5ce af=d$ by subsequ5t a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,wundt def9es a !ory z a hypo!sis tak5 toge!r ) ! facts = ^: elucidation x 0 inv5t$4 ,9 ?us e/abli%+ a connection betwe5 ! facts :i* ! hypo!sis m]ely sugge/$1 ! !ory furni%es at ! same "t p>tly ! f\ndation 7,begrndung7 & p>tly ! confirmation 7,be/tigung7 ( ! hypo!sis4#gi ,^! aspects1 ,wundt insi/s1 mu/ be %>ply di/+ui%$4 ,e hypo!sis mu/ h its ,begrndung1 b !re c be ,be/tigung only 9 s f> z ! hypo!sis conta9s elem5ts :i* are accessible to actual processes ( v]ification4 ,9 mo/ cases v]ification is atta9able 9 only c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! hypo!sis4 ,= example1 ,newton 0 oblig$ to limit himself to "o in/ance 9 ! v]ification ( 8 !ory ( gravitation1 viz41 ! movem5ts ( ! moon4 ,! o!r heav5ly bodies af=d$ no?+ bett] ?an a f\ndation 9 t ! supposition t gravity decreases z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases enabl$ him to d$uce ! movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,! ma9 object ( 8 !ory1 h[ev]1 lay 9 ! d$uction ( ^! movem5ts & n 9 ! pro( ( univ]sal gravity4 ,) ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 on ! contr>y1 ! ma9 int]e/ is 9 seek+ its v]ification ?r\gh exam9ation ( actual cases ( developm5t4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,newtonian & ! great] "p ( ! o!r physical !ories lead to a d$uction ( ! facts f ! hypo!ses1 :i* c be v]ifi$ only 9 individual in/ances1 ! ,d>w9ian !ory is conc]n$ 9 evolv+ z f> z possible ! hypo!sis out ( ! facts4 ,let u look m closely at ,wundt's position4 ,we w ask1 fir/1 :e!r ! di/9ction betwe5 hypo!ses & expectations is z pron\nc$ z he ma9ta9s2 &1 second1 :e!r ! relation betwe5 ,begrndung & ,be/tigung may n be clos] ?an ,wundt w\ld h u believe4 ,z examples ( ! hypo!sis ,wundt m5tions ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis1 ,newton's hypo!sis ( gravitation1 & ! pr$ictions ( ! a/ronom]s :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,z examples ( m]e expectations we are ref]r$ to ,galileo's exp]im5ts ) fall+ bodies & p5dulums4 ,9 case ( ,newton's hypo!sis !re 0 ! assumption ( a g5]al law1 :i* 0 v]ifi$ aft] mu* labor & delay4 ,! helioc5tric hypo!sis ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* 0 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( br++ sy/em & unity into ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 has also be5 fairly well sub/antiat$4 ,9 ! discov]y ( ,neptune we h1 app>5tly1 n ! pro( ( a g5]al law or ! discov]y ( fur!r peculi>ities ( previ\sly kn[n data1 b r ! discov]y ( a new object or ag5t by means ( its obs]v$ effects4 ,9 ea* ( ^! in/ances we admit t ! hypo!sis 0 n readily sugge/$ or easily & directly te/$4 ,if we turn to ,galileo's p5dulum & fall+ bodies1 x is cle> fir/ ( all t he did n h 9 m9d ! discov]y ( "s object1 z 0 ! case 9 ! discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,did he1 !n1 ei!r contribute to ! pro( ( a g5]al law or discov] fur!r *>act]i/ics ( ?+s already kn[n 9 a m g5]al way8 ,wundt tells u t ,galileo only det]m9$ a little m exactly :at he already knew1 & t he did ?is ) b little labor or delay4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! real diff]5ce betwe5 hypo!sis & expectation8 ,if we comp>e ,galileo's det]m9ation ( ! law ( fall+ bodies ) ,newton's te/ ( 8 hypo!sis ( gravitation1 we see t bo? expectation & hypo!sis 7 f\nd$ on obs]vation & took ! =m ( ma!matical =mul4 ,ea* t5d$ to confirm ! g5]al law express$ 9 its =mula1 ?\gh !re 01 ( c\rse1 mu* diff]5ce 9 ! "t & labor requir$4 ,if we comp>e ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis ) ,galileo's supposition conc]n+ ! p5dulum1 we f9d aga9 t !y agree 9 reg>d to g5]al purpose & me?od1 & diff] 9 ! difficulty ( v]ification4 ,if ! exp]im5t ) ! p5dulum only sub/itut$ exactness = inexactness1 did ! ,cop]nican !ory d any?+ diff]5t 9 k9d8 ,x is true t ! m exact /atem5t ( ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum 0 express$ 9 quantitative =m1 b quantitative /atem5t is no crit]ion ( ei!r ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( ! hypo!sis4 ,aga91 we may comp>e ! p5dulum ) ,kepl]'s laws4 ,:at 0 ,kepl]'s hypo!sis1 t ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic times ( ! sev]al planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! sun1 except a m exact =mulation ( facts :i* 7 already kn[n 9 a m g5]al way8 ,wundt's position seems to be ?is3 :5ev] a supposition or sugge/ion c be te/$ readily1 x %\ld n be class$ z a hypo!sis4 ,?is w\ld make ! di/9ction "o ( degree r ?an k9d1 & x does n appe> h[ mu* labor we mu/ exp5d1 or h[ long our supposition mu/ evade our ef=ts to te/ x1 be=e x c w9 ! title ( hypo!sis4 ,9 ! second place1 we h se5 t ,wundt draws a %>p l9e betwe5 ,begrndung & ,be/tigung4 ,x is d\btless true t e hypo!sis requires a c]ta9 ju/ification1 = unless o!r facts c be f\nd :i* agree ) d$uctions made 9 accordance ) x1 its only support w\ld be ! data f :i* x is drawn4 ,su* support z ?is w\ld be obta9$ ?r\gh a process too cle>ly circul> to be s]i\sly ent]ta9$4 ,! di/9ction :i* ,wundt draws betwe5 ,begrndung & ,be/tigung is evid5tly due to ! pres5ce ( ! exp]im5tal elem5t 9 ! latt]4 ,= descriptive purposes ?is di/9ction is useful1 b is mislead+ if x is und]/ood to mean t !re is m]e exp]i5ce 9 "o case & m]e inf]5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce is r due to ! relative p>ts play$ by inf]5ce & by accept$ exp]i5ce 9 ea*4 ,9 ,begrndung ! inf]5tial feature is ! m prom95t1 :ile 9 ,be/tigung ! ma9 emphasis is on ! exp]i5tial aspect4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ei!r ( ^! aspects c be :olly abs5t4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ any hypo!sis c be ent]ta9$ at all unless x meets 9 "s measure ! dem& ) ref]5ce to :i* x 0 inv5t$1 viz41 a unification ( conflicts 9 exp]i5ce4 ,&1 9 s f>1 x is confirm$4 ,! motive :i* ca/s d\bt ^u its adequacy is ! same t leads to its re-=m+ z a hypo!sis1 z a m5tal concept4 ,! difficulties 9 ,wundt's position are ?us due to a failure to take acc\nt ( ! recon/ructive nature ( ! judgm5t4 ,! pr$icate1 supposition1 or hypo!sis1 :atev] we may *oose to call x1 is =m$ because ( ! *eck ( a =m] habit4 ,! judgm5t is an ideal application ( a new habit1 & its te/ is ! attempt to act 9 accordance ) ?is ideal recon/ruction4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t our supposition is fir/ fully develop$ & !n tri$ & accept$ or reject$ )\t modification4 ,on ! contr>y1 its gr[? is ! result ( successive m9or te/s & correspond+ m9or modifications 9 its =m4 ,=mation & te/ are m]ely conv5i5t di/9ctions 9 a l>g] process 9 :i* =m+1 te/+1 & re-=m+ g on toge!r4 ,! activity ( exp]im5tal v]ification is n only a te/+1 a confirm+ or weak5+ ( ! validity ( a hypo!sis1 b x is equally well an evolution ( ! mean+ ( ! hypo!sis ?r\gh br++ x into clos] relations ) specific data n previ\sly includ$ 9 def9+ its import4 ,p] contra1 a purely reflective & d$uctive consid]ation :i* develops ! idea z hypo!sis1 9 s f> z x introduces ! det]m9at5ess ( previ\sly accept$ facts )9 ! scope1 compreh5sion1 or int5sion ( ! idea1 is 9 s f> =?1 a v]ification4 ,if ! view :i* we h ma9ta9$ is correct1 ! hypo!sis is n to be limit$ to ^? elaborate =mulations ( ! sci5ti/ :i* he seeks to confirm by crucial te/s4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! inve/igator diff]s f ! comp>atively r\gh conjecture ( ! pla9 man only 9 its great] precision4 ,inde$1 z we h attempt$ to %[1 ! hypo!sis is n a me?od :i* we may employ or n z we *oose2 on ! contr>y1 z pr$icate ( ! judgm5t x is pres5t 9 a m or less explicit =m if we judge at all4 ,:e!r ! "t & labor requir$ = its confirmation or rejection is a matt] ( a lifetime or a mom5t1 its nature rema9s ! same4 ,its function is id5tical ) t ( ! pr$icate4 ,9 %ort1 ! hypo!sis is ! pr$icate s br\ght to consci\sness & def9$ t ^? features :i* are n notic$ 9 ! ord9>y judgm5t are br\ght into prom95ce4 ,we !n recognize ! hypo!sis to be :at 9 fact ! pr$icate always is1 viz41 a me?od ( organization & control4 ,,viii ,,image ,,& ,,idea ,,9 ,,logic ,! logic ( s5se-impressions & ( ideas z copies ( s5se-impressions has _h its day4 ,x engag$ 9 a conflict ) dogmatism1 & scor$ a decisive victory4 ,x ov]?rew ! dyna/y ( prescrib$ =mul & innate ideas1 ( ideas d]iv$ ready-made f cu/om & social usage1 anci5t en\gh to be lo/ 9 ! remote obscurity ( div9e s\rces2 & en?ron$ 9 _! place ideas d]iv$ f1 & repres5tative (1 ! s5se-exp]i5ces ( a v real & pres5t _w4 ,x m>k$ a reaction f dogma back to ! orig9al mean+ ( dogma1 back to ! seem+1 ! appe>ance1 ( ?+s4 ,s ?or\ghly did ,bacon & ,hobbes1 ,locke & ,hume1 to m5tion only ^! f\r1 d _! "w1 t _m ( ! problems gr[+ out ( ! conflict itself1 to say no?+ ( ! s*ola/ic traditions t 7 combat$1 h come to h m]ely a hi/orical r ?an a logical int]e/4 ,logic no long] conc]ns itself v eag]ly ) ! cont5t or s5su\s qualities ( ideas1 ) _! d]ivation f s5se-impressions1 or ) que/ions z to ! relation ( copy to orig9al1 ( repres5tative to t :i* is pres5t$4 ,x is conc]n$ r ) ! con/ructive op]ations ( ?\ght1 ) mean+1 ref]5ce to reality1 inf]5ce--) intellectual processes4 ,p]haps 9 no respect is ?is %ift+ ( logical /&po9t indicat$ m cle>ly ?an 9 ! unregretful way ) :i* ! old logical int]e/ 9 ! s5se-qualities ( ideas is n[ made ov] to psy*ology4 ,/ates ( consci\sness z su*1 we are told1 are ! prop] /udy ( psy*ology2 :]eas logic conc]ns itself ) ! relation ( ?\ght to its object4 ,true1 ^! /ates ( consci\sness include ?\ght-/ates1 z well z s5se-impressions2 ideas & concepts1 z well z feel+s & fancies2 & ! bus9ess ( psy*ology is to obs]ve1 comp>e & classify1 describe & *ronicle1 ^! /ates & :atev] else is c>ri$ along 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness4 ,b logic is conc]n$1 n ) ^! /ates ( consci\sness p] se1 lea/ ( all ) ! flotsam & jetsam ( ! /ream1 b ) its ref]5ce to reality2 n ) ! true1 b ) tru?2 n ev5 ) :at consci\sness does1 b ) h[ consci\sness is to outdo itself1 transc5d itself1 9 a rational & univ]sal :ole4 ,ev5 an empirical logic has to arrange someh[ ! way to get f "o s5se-impression to ano!r4 ,9 draw+ ?is di/9ction betwe5 logic & psy*ology--a di/9ction :i* virtually am\nts to a sep>ation--two ?+s are ov]look$3 fir/1 t ! di/9ction itself is a logical di/9ction1 & may prop]ly con/itute a problem fall+ "u ! prov9ce ( logical inquiry & !ory2 &1 second1 t ! r arbitr>y & (ficial sett+ ap>t ( psy*ology to look aft] ! task ( /udy+ /ates ( consci\sness does n c>ry ) x ! gu>antee t psy*ology w conf9e itself exclusively to t task4 ,?is la/ po9t 9 p>ticul> mu/ be my excuse = discuss+ ! "q ( image & idea f ! psy*ological r ?an f ! logical /&po9t4 ,! logic ( ideas d]iv$ f s5se-impressions has _h its day4 ,b ev5 ! v leav+s ( ! pa/ may h be5 ga!r$ up & recon/ruct$ by psy*ology 9 su* a way z to anticipate "s ( ! new] developm5ts ( logical !ory & meet "s ( its difficulties4 ,"o c h>dly hope to ju/ify 9 advance a discussion bas$ on su* a %e] possibility4 ,let u beg91 r1 by not+ d[n f ! /&po9t ( logic "s ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 image & idea1 & ! e/imate ( ! logical function & value ( m5tal imag]y1 & see 9 :at direction !y take u & :e!r !y sugge/ a resort to an analysis f ! /&po9t ( psy*ology4 ,proce$+ f ! /&po9t ( logic to inquire into ! logical function ( m5tal imag]y & into ! di/9ction betwe5 image & idea1 we %all come ^u two oppos$ b *>act]i/ic answ]s4 ,if ! inquiry be direct$ to a memb] ( ! empirical s*ool ( logic1 he w\ld be b\nd to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 s f> z ! "q reg>d+ ! function ( m5tal imag]y is conc]n$4 ,he w\ld be likely to say1 if he 7 loyal to ! traditions ( 8 s*ool1 t m5tal imag]y is ! c\nt]p>t ( s5se-p]ception1 & is ?us ! repres5tative ( ! data ) :i* empirical logic is conc]n$4 ,m5tal imag]y1 he w\ld cont9ue1 is a repres5tative 9 a lit]al s5se1 a copy1 a reflection1 ( :at comes to u ?r\gh ! av5ues ( s5sation4 ,true1 x is n ! p]fect tw9 ( s5se-exp]i5ce2 else we c\ld n tell !m ap>t2 inde$1 !re are times :5 ! copy becomes s mu* l ! orig9al t we are deceiv$ by x1 z 9 dreams or 9 halluc9ations4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 we are able to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,two crit]ia are usually pres5t2 7#a7 imag]y is fa9t]1 m fleet+1 ?an ! correspond+ s5se-exp]i5ce2 & 7#b71 save 9 ! case ( accurate memory-images1 x is subject to a m or less arbitr>y re>rangem5t ( its p>ts1 z :51 = example1 we make ov] ! images ( sc5es we h actually exp]i5c$1 to furni% =? ! sett+ ( "s remote hi/orical ev5t4 ,b>r+1 or controll+ & rectify+1 its t5d5cies t[>d bo? arbitr>y & con/ructive v>iations f ! orig9al1 m5tal imag]y is on ! same level z s5se-exp]i5ce1 & s]ves ! same logical purpose4 ,t is to say1 x contributes to ! data :i* con/itute ! f\ndations ( empirical logic4 ,x furni%es mat]ials = ! op]ations ( obs]v+1 comp>+1 ab/ract+ & g5]aliz+4 ,m5tal imag]y helps to piece out ! fragm5ts t may be pres5t$ to s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,x supplies ! entire anatomy :5 only a s+le bone1 say1 is actually giv54 ,yet1 h[ev] useful z a s]vant ( tru?1 x has to be c>efully wat*$1 le/ its spontane\s t5d5cy to v>y ! actual ord] & coexi/5ce ( data lead ! inve/igator a/ray4 ,! copy x pres5ts is1 aft] all1 a tempor>y make%ift1 until x c be %[n to correspond po9t = po9t to ! n[ abs5t reality4 ,m5tal imag]y furni%es "o ) an illu/rat$ edition ( ! book ( nature1 b ! illu/rations await ! confirmation ( comp>ison ) ! orig9als4 ,m5tal imag]y functions logically :5 x ext5ds ! area ( data beyond ! range ( ! imm$iate s5se-p]ceptions ( any giv5 "t1 & ?us makes possible a m compreh5sive application ( ! empirical me?ods ( obs]vation1 comp>ison1 ab/raction1 & g5]alization4 ,x functions logically :5 x acts z a fe$] ( logical ma*9]y1 ?\gh x is n indisp5sable to ?is ma*9]y & does n modify its pr9ciples4 ,! logical mill c\ld gr9d up 9 ! same way ! pure gra9 ( s5se-p]ceptions1 unmix$ ) m5tal images1 b x w\ld h to gr9d m sl[ly = lack ( mat]ial4 ,9 o!r words1 empirical logic c\ld c>ry on its op]ations ( obs]v+1 comp>+1 ab/ract+1 & g5]aliz+1 solely on ! basis ( objects or data pres5t to ! s5ses1 & ) no ext5sion ( ?is basis 9 t]ms ( imag]y1 or copies ( objects n imm$iately pres5t2 b x w\ld take m "t = x to apply & c>ry ?r\gh its op]ations4 ,! logical ma*9]y is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,! mat]ials f$ & ! product issu+ are ! same 9 ea* case4 ,imag]y simply fulfils ! function ( provid+ a m copi\s gri/4 ,! empirici/'s answ] to our "q reg>d+ ! logical function ( m5tal imag]y leaves t function 9 an unc]ta9 & p>l\s /ate4 ,imag]y lacks ! security ( s5se-p]ception on ! "o h&1 & x has no "p 9 ! op]ation ( ?\ght on ! o!r4 ,x is a sort ( hod-c>ri]1 ^: function x is to convey ! raw mat]ials ( s5se-p]ception to a m exalt$ position :]e someone else does all ! "w4 ,i suppose ?is c\ld be call$ a functional int]pretation ( a logical elem5t4 ,! "q1 !n1 w\ld be :e!r an elem5t s function+ is 9 any s5se logical4 ,z an elem5t ly+ outside ( ! ?\ght-process x owes no responsibility to logic2 x is n am5able to its regulations4 ,?\ght simply f9ds x exp$i5t to op]ate ) an ag5t ov] :i* x has no intr9sic control4 ,! case might be all[$ to re/ "h4 ,yet 7 ?is extra-logical elem5t ( imag]y to ab&on ?\ght1 all consci\s ?9k+ z oppos$ to s5se-p]ception w\ld cease4 ,a false al>m1 p]haps4 ,imag]y may be s con/itut$ t x is insep>ably subord9at$ to ?\ght & c nev] ab&on x4 ,?\ght may simply exude imag]y4 ,b imag]y someh[ has to repres5t s5se-p]ception1 also4 ,x c h>dly be a secretion ( ?\ght & a copy ( s5se-p]ceptions at "o & ! same "t1 unless ! empirici/ is will+ to turn absolute ideali/6 ,be=e tak+ su* a desp]ate plunge z ?is1 x might be desirable to see :e!r !re is any o!r rec\rse4 ,!re is ano!r & a v diff]5t answ] to ! "q reg>d+ ! logical function ( m5tal imag]y4 ,to di/+ui% ?is answ] f t ( ! associationi/ or empirici/1 ,i w call x ! answ] ( ! conceptuali/4 ,i am n at all positive t ?is label w\ld /ick ev5 to ^? to :om x might be appli$ ) consid]able ju/ification4 ,! t]ms rationali/ic & transc5d5tal might be pref]r$ 9 opposition to ! t]m empirical4 ,& we h ! t]m app]ceptioni/ 9 opposition to ! t]m associationi/4 ,if ! t]m conceptuali/ is admissible1 x %\ld be br\ght d[n to date1 p]haps1 by mak+ x neo-conceptuali/4 ,! pres5t difficulties reg>d+ t]m9ology w\ld be eas$ consid]ably if we only _h a conv5i5t set ( d]ivatives made f ! ^w mean+4 ,s9ce we h n1 ,i w use d]ivatives made f ! ^w concept to d5ote views opposite to ^? held by ! empirical s*ool4 ,! conceptuali/ c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to answ] our "q 9 ! negative4 ,logical functions beg9 :]e ! image leaves (f4 ,!y beg9 ) ! idea1 ) mean+4 ,! conceptuali/ di/+ui%es %>ply betwe5 ! image z a psy*ical exi/5ce & ! idea1 or concept1 z logical mean+4 ,on ! "o h&1 y h ! image1 n only z a m]e psy*ical exi/5ce1 b a mock+ exi/5ce at t1 fleet+1 incon/ant1 %ift+1 nev] p]haps twice alike2 yet1 m9d y1 an exi/5ce1 a fact--t mu/ be admitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y h ! idea1 ) a fix$ cont5t or logical mean+1#hj :i* is ref]r$ by an act ( judgm5t to a reality beyond ! act4#ha ,! idea1 ! logical mean+1 beg9s :]e ! image leaves (f4 ,does ?is mean t ! idea is :olly indep5d5t ( ! image8 ,yes & no4 ,! idea is indep5d5t ( t :i* is ord9>ily reg>d$ z ! special *>act]i/ic ( an image1 namely1 its quality1 its s5se-cont5t4 ,t is to say1 ! idea is indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> image1 any special embodim5t ( s5se-cont5t4 ,any image w d4 ,z ,mr4 ,bosanquet rem>ks 9 comp>+ ! psy*ical images t pass ?r\gh our m9ds to a /ore ( signal flags3 ,n only is x indiff]5t :e!r y\r signal flag ( today is ! same bit ( clo? t y hoi/$ ye/]day1 b also1 no "o kn[s or c>es :e!r x is clean or dirty1 ?ick or ?91 fray$ or smoo?1 z long z x is di/9ctly legible z an elem5t ( ! signal code4 ,"p ( its cont5t1 ( its attributes & relations1 is a fix$ index :i* c>ries a di/9ct ref]5ce2 all ! re/ is no?+ to u1 &1 except 9 a mom5t ( idle curiosity1 we are unaw>e t x exi/s4#hb ,on ! o!r h&1 ! idea c\ld n op]ate z an idea1 c\ld n be 9 consci\sness1 save z x involves "s imag]y1 h[ev] old1 dirty1 ?91 & fray$4 ,take ! /atem5t1 ,! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,if ! /atem5t means any?+ to a giv5 individual1 if x conveys an idea1 x mu/ necess>ily involve "s =m ( imag]y1 "s qualitative or consci\s cont5t4 ,b s f> z ! mean+ is conc]n$1 x is a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce z to :at qualities are involv$4 ,^! qualities may be 9 t]ms ( visual1 auditory1 tactual1 k9/hetic1 or v]bal imag]y4 ,! individual may visualize a blackbo>d draw+ ( a triangle ) its sides produc$1 or he may imag9e himself to be g5]at+ a triangle :ile revolv+ ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj4 ,any imag]y anyone pleases may be employ$1 s long z !re goes ) x someh[ ! idea ( ! relation ( equality betwe5 ! angles ( a triangle & two "r angles4 ,b ! conceptuali/ does n /op "h4 ,! act ( judgm5t comes 9 to affirm t ! idea is no m]e idea1 b is a quality ( ! real4 ,! act ( judgm5t atta*es ! float+ adjective ! idea1 ! logical mean+ to ! nature ( ! _w1 &1 at ! same "t1 tells "o x 0 !re already4#hc ,! idea1 ! logical mean+1 beg9s :]e ! image leaves (f4 ,yet1 someh[1 ! idea c\ld n beg91 unless !re 7 an image to leave (f4 ,an image is n an idea1 says ! conceptuali/4 ,an idea is n an image4 7#a7 ,an image is n an idea1 because an image is a p>ticul>1 individual fragm5t ( consci\sness4 ,x is s b\nd up ) its own exi/5ce t x _c rea* out to ! exi/5ce ( an idea1 or to any?+ beyond itself4 ,*emically speak+1 x is an aval5t atom ( consci\sness1 if su* a ?+ is ?9kable4 ,mr4 ,bosanquet raises ! "q3 ,are !re at all ideas :i* are n symbolic8444 ,! answ] is t 7a7 9 judgm5t itself ! idea c be di/+ui%$ qua p>ticul> 9 "t or psy*ical fact1 & s f> is n symbolic2 & 7b7 9 all ^? human exp]i5ces f :i* we draw our conjectures z to ! animal intellig5ce1 :5 9 languor or 9 ignorance image succe$s image )\t consci\s judgm5t1 we feel :at x is to h ideas z facts & n z symbols4#hd 7#b7 ,an idea is n an image1 because an idea is mean+1 :i* consi/s 9 a "p ( ! cont5t ( ! image1 cut (f1 & consid]$ ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( ! cont5t or sign itself4#he ,?is mean+1 ?is fragm5t ( psy*ical exi/5ce1 lays d[n all claim to exi/5ce on its own acc\nt1 t x may ref] ?r\gh an act ( judgm5t to a reality beyond itself & beyond ! act also4 ,an image is n an idea & an idea is n an image1 because an image exi/s only z a quality1 a s5se-cont5t1 :]eas an idea exi/s only z a relation1 a ref]5ce to reality beyond4 ,on ! "o h&1 to recall ,bradley's ant9omy1 no possible idea z a psy*ical image c be t :i* x means4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 no idea z logical signification is any?+ b j :at x means4 ,!re is a significant po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 ! conceptuali/ & ! empirici/4 ,bo? reg>d imag]y z on ! level ) s5se-p]ception4 ,= ! empirici/1 z we h se51 ! fact t imag]y may be compell$ to s]ve z a yoke-fell[ ( s5se-exp]i5ce con/itutes its logical value4 ,= ! conceptuali/1 h[ev]1 ! association ( imag]y ) s5se-exp]i5ce is ( no logical consequ5ce :atsoev]1 save z x may help to int5sify ! di/9ction betwe5 imag]y & mean+4 ,to quote aga9 f ,bradley3 ,= logical purposes ! psy*ological di/9ction ( idea & s5sation may be said to be irrelevant1 :ile ! di/9ction ( idea & fact is vital4 ,! image1 or psy*ological idea1 is = logic no?+ b a s5sible reality4 ,x is on a level ) ! m]e s5sations ( ! s5ses4 ,= bo? are facts & nei!r are mean+s4 ,nei!r are cut f a mutilat$ pres5tation & fix$ z a connection4 ,nei!r are indiff]5t to _! place 9 ! /ream ( psy*ical ev5ts1 _! "t & _! relations to ! pres5t$ cong]ies4 ,nei!r are adjectives to be ref]r$ f _! exi/5ce1 to live on /range soils1 "u o!r skies1 & ?r\gh *ang+ seasons4 ,! lives ( bo? are s entangl$ ) _! environm5t1 s "o ) _! sett+ ( s5su\s p>ticul>s1 t _! "* is de/roy$ if b "o ?read is brok54#hf ,?is po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 conceptualism & empiricism1 ?is plac+ ( imag]y & s5se-exp]i5ce on a common level1 s]ves to br+ into relief fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! two s*ools ( ?\ght2 fundam5tal1 because !y h to d ) ! nature ( reality itself4 ,! conceptuali/ 9 8 zeal\s endeavor to di/+ui% betwe5 imag]y & logical mean+ has come p]il\sly ne> driv+ imag]y into ! arms ( reality4 ,x is ! opportunity ( empiricism to make !m "o4 ,h[ c conceptualism prev5t ! union8 ,has x n dis>m$ itself8 ,! act ( judgm5t1 :i* includes )9 itself logical mean+ z pr$icate1 ref]s to a reality beyond ! act4 ,bo? imag]y & reality1 !n1 lie outside ( ! act ( judgm5t6 ,:at alliance1 or msalliance1 may !y n =m1 "o ) ! o!r8 ,! difficulties we h not$ ?us f> 9 ! discussion are due to a l>ge ext5t1 ,i believe1 to incomplete psy*ological analysis ( logical ma*9]y4 ,! empirici/ has n c>ri$ ! psy*ology ( logic z f> z ! conceptuali/1 al?\gh ! latt] might be ! l\de/ to disclaim ! honor4 ,i w n try to prove ?is /atem5t1 b simply give x z a reason :y1 9 ! int]e/ ( brevity1 ,i %all pass ) little comm5t ov] ! psy*ological %ortcom+s & contributions ( empirical logic1 & devote :at space rema9s to ! psy*ology implicitly work$ out by conceptual logic1 & to its possible developm5t1 ) special ref]5ce1 ( c\rse1 to ! problem ( ! logical function ( imag]y4 ,! logical di/9ction1 :i* practically am\nts to a sep>ation betwe5 imag]y & mean+1 is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! psy*ological di/9ction betwe5 /imulus & response1 betwe5 ! two poles ( s5sori-motor activity1 :]e ! /imulus is def9$ 9 consci\sness 9 ! =m ( imag]y1 9 ! =m ( s5se-qualities c5trally excit$1 & :]e ! response is direct$ & controll$ via ?is imag]y1 s z to function 9 br++ "s end1 project1 purpose1 or ideal1 ne>] to realization1 "s problem ne>] to solution4 ,psy*ologically1 !re is no break betwe5 image & response1 betwe5 ?\ght & action4 ,! /imulus is a condition ( action1 9 bo? s5ses ( ! ambiguity ( ! ^w condition4 7#a7 ,x is action2 x is a /ate or condition ( action4 7#b7 ,x is also an initiation ( action4 ,if ! appropriate /imulus1 !n ! desir$ action4 ,! response to an image is ! mean+ ( ! image4 ,or1 ! response to any /imulus via an image--m$iat$1 controll$ or direct$ by an image--is ! mean+ ( t image4 ,! less imag]y involv$ 9 any response1 ! great] ! presumption 9 favor ( ! belief t ! response is ei!r an in/9ctive impulse or else has become a habit ( m9d1 an adequate idea4 ,! r$uction & loss ( s5se-cont5t :i* an image may und]go--! we>+ away ( an image1 x is sometimes call$--is n a sign t ?is s5se-cont5t has no logical function2 b r t x has fulfill$ a logical function s well t x has made "p ( itself useless4 ,! husk1 to recall "o ( ,mr4 ,bradley's comp>isons1 t useless husk1 t5ds to fall away1 to lapse f consci\sness1 aft] x has s]v$ ! purpose ( help+ to br+ ! k]nel ( tru? to fruition4 ,?is raises aga9 ! orig9al "q z to :e!r ! s5se-cont5t1 ! quality1 ! exi/5tial quality1 ( an image has a logical function4 ,i w ask fir/ :e!r x has a function f ! /&po9t ( psy*ology4 ,we w agree ) ! empirici/ t ! cont5t ( an image is repres5tative1 t x is a return1 a revival1 ( a s5se-cont5t previ\sly exp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! activity ( s5se-organs /imulat$ f ! p]iph]y4 ,:at is ! function1 !n1 ( ! repres5tative image8 ,s5sation1 quality1 z we h impli$ above1 is ! /imulus come to consci\sness4 ,to expla9 h[ a /imulus c come to consci\sness is a problem ,i w n attempt to g into "h4 ,i assume z a fact t !re are times :5 we "k :at we are ab\t2 :5 we are consci\s ( ! /imuli1 or conditions ( action1 :i* are t5d+ 9 ?is direction or 9 t1 & :5 ?r\gh ?is consci\sness we ex]cise a controll+ influ5ce ov] action by select+ & re9=c+ c]ta9 /imuli & suppress+ or inhibit+ o!rs4 ,x is true t we d n always realize to h[ great an ext5t our actions are controll$ by /imuli :i* d n come to consci\sness1 by reflexes1 in/9cts1 & habits :i* d n rise above ! ?re%old ( imag]y4 ,& :5 ?is va/ complex ( hidd5 ma*9]y is p>tly reveal$ to u1 x may ei!r cause ! behold] to take a mat]iali/ic1 me*anical1 or fatali/ic view ( exi/5ce1 to say t we are ! victims ( our own ma*9]y1 or else x may induce ! o!r extreme ( m or less my/ic pron\ncem5ts reg>d+ ! prov9ce ( ! subconsci\s1 ( ! sublim9al self2 ?us out ( p>tial views1 out ( half-tru?s1 metaphysical problems arise & arm = mutual conflict4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a presumption1 am\nt+ 9 mo/ m9ds to a conviction1 t we d at times consci\sly control "s ( our actions4 ,& x is only mak+ ?is conviction a little m explicit to say t we consci\sly control our actions ?r\gh becom+ aw>e ( ! /imuli1 or conditions ( action1 & ?r\gh select+ & re9=c+ !m4 ,is x begg+ ! "q to speak ( consci\sness z ex]cis+ a selective function ) ref]5ce to /imuli8 ,f ! /&po9t ( psy*ology1 ,i _c see t x is4 ,no *>act]i/ic ( consci\sness has be5 m cle>ly made out1 bo? reflectively & exp]im5tally1 ?an its selective function1 ?an its ability to pick out & int5sify )9 c]ta9 limits ! /imuli or conditions ( action4 ,! repres5tational image is a /imulus come to consci\sness 9 ! same way t a s5sation is a /imulus come to consci\sness4 ,x is bo? a direct & an indirect /imulus4 ,! t]ms direct & indirect are us$ z relative solely to ! dem&s ( ! p>ticul> situation out ( :i* !y arise4 ,by direct /imulus ,i mean a /imulus :i* initiates ) almo/ no appreciable delay ! response or attitude appropriate to ! dem&s ( a giv5 situation1 bridg+ ! difficulties1 remov+ ! ob/acles1 or solv+ ! problem ) ! m9imum ( consci\s reflection4 ,z an image becomes m & m ( a work+ symbol1 an idea1 x t5ds to become simply a direct /imulus4 ,by an indirect /imulus is meant a /imulus initiat+ a response :i*1 if n inhibit$1 w\ld be irrelevant to ! situation1 yet :i* may repres5t /imuli :i* are n f\nd 9 ! imm$iate field ( s5se-p]ception1 & :i* are ess5tial to ! c>ry+ on ( ! activity4 ,! situation is a problematic "o4 ,acquir$ habits or m5tal adju/m5ts break d[n at "s po9t or fail to op]ate smoo?ly1 ei!r ow+ to ! abs5ce ( cu/om>y /imuli or to ! pres5ce ( new & untri$ conditions ( action4 ,"p ( ! /ress ( meet+ su* a situation z ?is falls on ! side ( discov]+ appropriate /imuli & "p on ! side ( develop+ out ( habits already acquir$ new me?ods ( response4 ,9 su* a situation z ?is1 imag]y may function on ! side ( /imulus :51 tak+ its cue f ! /imuli :i* are actually pres5t1 & :i* gr[ out ( ! /ra9 & friction1 x repres5ts ! miss+ conditions ( action suffici5tly to direct a se>* = !m4 ,x projects a map1 s to speak1 9 :i* ! fragm5t>y conditions imm$iately pres5t to s5se-p]ception may f9d _! be>+s1 or 9 :i* 9 "s way ! miss+ memb]s may be discov]$4 ,a famili> in/ance ( ?is w\ld be ! exp]i5ce "o sometimes has 9 try+ to recall ! =gott5 "n ( an acqua9tance4 ,! images ( sc5es associat$ ) ! acqua9tance1 ( v>i\s lett]s & s\nds ( words associat$ ) 8 "n1 :i* may be call$ to m9d1 d n function s mu* z direct /imuli z !y d z int]m$iate or indirect /imuli4 ,x is a case ( ca/+ ab\t = ! image t w function z a direct /imulus 9 br++ an acquir$ b tempor>ily lo/ adju/m5t into play4 ,image functions on ! side ( response1 on ! side ( develop+ new habits1 new =ms ( adju/m5t1 9 s f> z ! conditions ( action :i* x repres5ts1 or projects1 are n ! actual conditions ( action1 ei!r because !y are s inaccessible z to dem& developm5t ( new habits = purposes ( atta9+ !m1 or else because1 ?\gh actually pres5t1 !y /imulate relatively uncontroll$ /hetic or emotional responses1 ^: v expression1 h[ev]1 may be translat$ into a dem& = m adequate1 intellig5t1 controll$ habits or adju/m5ts4 ,! consci\s projection ( ! unatta9$1 ev5 ( ! unatta9able1 n only m>ks a c]ta9 degree ( atta9m5t1 b is ! initiation ( fur!r developm5t4 ,"h we see aga9 t a /imulus is a condition ( action 9 bo? s5ses ( ! ambiguity ( ! ^w condition4 ,x is bo? a /ate or condition ( activity1 & an initiation or condition ( fur!r activity4 ,z an indirect /imulus gr[+ out ( a problematic situation imag]y necess>ily br+s 9 m or less irrelevant mat]ial4 ,if ,i may be p]mitt$ ! p>adox1 imag]y w\ld n be relevant if x did n br+ 9 ! irrelevant4 ,! novelty ( ! situation makes x impossible to say 9 advance :at w be relevant4 ,h5ce ! dem& = range & play ( imag]y4 ,x is only ! successful adju/m5t f9ally hit ^u & work$ out t is ! te/ ( ! relevancy ( ! imag]y :i* anticipat$ x4 ,ev5 ?is te/ may be unfair1 s9ce x is likely to disc\nt ! value ( imag]y :i* is n[ rul$ out1 b :i* may h be5 indisp5sable 9 turn+ up ! prop] cues 9 ! c\rse ( ! process ( reflection & exp]im5t4 ,to re/ate ! po9t 9 reg>d to ! psy*ological function ( imag]y4 ,imag]y functions 9 repres5t+ control z ideal1 n z fact4 ,x repres5ts a possible process ( recon/ruct+ adju/m5ts & habits2 x is n an actual & complete readju/m5t4 ,x arises normally 9 a /ress1 9 ! pres5ce ( fre% dem&s & new problems4 ,x looks =w>d 9 e possible direction1 because x is important & difficult to =esee consequ5ces4 ,b suppose ! new adju/m5t to be made ) reasonable success--reasonable1 note4 ,suppose ! ideal to be realiz$4 ,) practice ! adju/m5t becomes less problematic1 m "u control--t is1 x comes to require less consci\s att5tion to br+ x ab\t4 ,! image loses "s ( its s5su\s cont5t4 ,x becomes worn away1 m remote1 until at la/ x becomes respectably vague & ab/ract en\gh to be class$ z a concept4 ,imag]y is ! /imulus ( ! recon/ructive process betwe5 habit & habit1 concept & concept1 idea & idea4 ,we n[ return to ! orig9al "q reg>d+ ! logical function ( imag]y4 ,!re is only "o condition1 ,i believe1 on :i* we c accept ! assumption ( bo? empirici/ & conceptuali/ t imag]y is on ! same level ) s5se-p]ception1 & t is ! assumption t mean+1 logical mean+1 is on ! same level ) habit1 habit nam+ ! m obvi\s1 ov]t =ms ( response to /imuli1 logical mean+ nam+ ! m int]nal =ms ( response or ref]5ce4 ,psy*ical response & logical ref]5ce ?us become equival5t t]ms4 ,we h se5 t imag]y may ex]cise two functions ) ref]5ce to habit1 z direct & z indirect /imulus2 s also ) ref]5ce to logical mean+1 imag]y may be ! /imulus to a direct ref]5ce ( ! idea to reality1 or x may pres5t1 or mirror1 conditions ) reg>d to :i* "s new mean+ is to be work$ out4 ,! quality1 ! s5se-cont5t1 ( imag]y may p] se suffice directly to ar\se a habitual attitude1 to call =? an imm$iate ref]5ce to reality4 ,x may cause "o to tumble to :at is tak+ place1 to cat* on1 to appreh5d 7p>don ^! expressions = ! sake ( _! description ( ! motor aspect ( mean+71 z :5 we say1 = example3 ,x came ov] me l a fla% :at ,i 0 to d1 & ,i did x4 ,our m ab/ract & complicat$ =ms ( judgm5t & reason+1 9 :i* ! imag]y involv$ is r$uc$ to ! m9imum ( consci\s1 qualitative cont5t1 are ( ! same ord]1 ?\gh at ! o!r extreme1 s f> z imm$iate ov]t expression is conc]n$4 ,we are work+ along l9es ( habitual activity s famili> t we c "w almo/ 9 ! d>k4 ,we ne$ no elaborate imag]y4 ,guid$ only by ! wav+ ( a signal flag or by ! %ift+ gleam ( a semaphore1 we ?read our way swiftly ?r\gh ! maze ( tracks worn smoo? by use & habit4 ,b suppose a new l9e ( habit is to be con/ruct$4 ,no signal flags or semaphores w suffice4 ,a detail$ survey ( ! propos$ r\te mu/ be _h1 & "h is :]e imag]y ) a ri* & v>i$ yet flexible s5su\s cont5t1 gr[+ out ( previ\s surveys1 may function 9 project+ & anticipat+ ! new set ( conditions1 & ?us become ! /imulus ( a new l9e ( habit1 ( a new & m f>-rea*+ mean+4 ,z ?is new l9e ( habit1 ( mean+1 gets into work+ ord] ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 imag]y t5ds normally to decl9e aga9 to ! rle ( signal flags & semaphores4 ,! di/9ction 9 logical !ory betwe5 image & idea :i* we h be5 consid]+ is only a half-tru? f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ology4 ,x virtually limits ! idea to a fix$1 unalt]able ref]5ce ( a fragm5t ( a desiccat$ image to a reality beyond4 ,x indiff]5tly loses ! play & ri*ness ( imag]y to ! float+ remnants ( s5se-cont5t1 or to an ext]nal reality4 ,x limits itself to an exam9ation ( a f9al /age 9 ?9k+1 a /age 9 :i* ! image acts z a direct /imulus1 a /age 9 :i* ! s5se-cont5t ( ! image has little or no function p] se1 because ?is cont5t n[ initiates directly a habitual adju/m5t1 a work$-out & e/abli%$ adaptation ( means to end4 ,x ov]looks ! process ( consci\s reflection :i* logically prec$es e su* adju/m5t n purely in/9ctive or accid5tal1 a process 9 :i* imag]y z repres5tational functions indirectly 9 br++ ! res\rces ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 ! fund ( acquir$ habits1 to be> ^u ! fragm5t>y & problematic elem5ts ( s5se-exp]i5ce actually pres5t1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! fl[ & cont9uity ( exp]i5ce4 ,x fails to recognize t 9 ! insep>able association ( mean+ ) quality1 ( idea ) image1 !re goes ! possibility ( work+ out & apply+ new mean+s f old1 ( develop+ deep] mean+s1 ( te/+ & affirm+ m inclusive & univ]sal mean+4 ,we are confront$ ) ?is alt]native4 ,ei!r ! image has a logical function 9 virtue ( its s5se-cont5t1 or else ! image functions logically m]ely z a symbol1 ! s5se-cont5t ( :i* is a matt] ( complete logical indiff]5ce4 ,accord+ to ! empirici/1 ! =m] is ! case1 accord+ to ! conceptuali/1 ! latt]4 ,! empirici/ w\ld say t he ne$s ! image to piece out ! data ^u :i* logical processes op]ate4 ,hav+ met ?is ne$1 ! image is retir$ f active s]vice4 ,= ! empirici/ ! processes ( ?\ght1 obs]v+1 comp>+1 g5]aliz+1 etc41 are z indep5d5t ( ! data !y use z1 = ! conceptuali/1 logical mean+1 ref]5ce1 & idea are indep5d5t ( ! s5se-cont5t ( ! image4 ,9 reality he agrees ) ! conceptuali/ 9 exclud+ ! s5se-cont5t ( ! image f ! processes ( ?\ght1 & h5ce f ! doma9 ( logic4 ,f ! /&po9t ( psy*ological !ory ! conceptuali/ is an improvem5t ov] ! empirici/4 ,he has gone a /ep f>!r 9 ! analysis ( ?\ght-processes by %[+ t !y are b\nd up ) "s k9d ( imag]y1 h[ev] irrelevant1 inconsequ5tial1 & worn d[n ! s5se-quality ( t imag]y may be4 ,8 /atem5t ( ideas z ref]5ces to reality l5ds itself readily1 z we h se51 to ! unit>y conception 9 psy*ology ( ideo-motor1 or s5sori-motor1 activity4 ,b is ?is :]e logical !ory is to /op1 :ile psy*ology z a /udy ( /ates ( consci\sness takes up ! unf9i%$ tale & c>ries x =w>d8 ,x seems h>dly possible1 unless logic is will+ to give ov] its task ( ?9k+ ab\t ?9k+4 ,r$uce ! image to a m]e symbol4 ,let its s5se-quality be a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce4 ,:at h y1 !n1 b an elem5t>y & primitive type ( reflex action8 ,x is ( no p>ticul> consequ5ce ev5 f :at s5se-organ x appe>s to proce$1 or :e!r x appe>s to be p]iph]ally or c5trally excit$4 ,x is simply a case ( feel & act2 t\* & g4 ,is ?is ?9k+8 ,x may be reg>d$ z ei!r ! g]m or ! f9ality ( ?9k+1 b :at mo/ ( u are incl9$ to believe is ! true subject-matt] ( logic is n to be limit$ to a simple reflex1 or ev5 to a *a9 ( reflexes4 ,x is some?+ m complex1 ev5 if no?+ m ?an an intricate tangle ( *a9s ( reflexes4 ,! complexity ( ! process call$ ?9k+ does n reside alone 9 ! in/9ctive or habitual reflexes involv$4 ,! m in/9ctive & habitual any adju/m5t may be1 ! less is x a matt] ( ?\ght1 z ev]yone kn[s1 al?\gh its biological complexity is none ! less pat5t to "o :o looks at x f ! outside4 ,! complexity ( ! ?9k+ process resides 9 consci\sness also2 x resides 9 ! imag]y1 ! /imuli1 ! m]e symbols1 if y l1 t h come to consci\sness4 ,z soon z ! complexity beg9s to be felt1 z soon z any discrim9ation :atsoev] beg9s to be introduc$ or appreciat$1 at t in/ant ! s5se-cont5t1 ! quale1 ( imag]y beg9s to h a logical function4 ,consci\s discrim9ation1 h[ev] vague & evanesc5t1 & ! logical function ( ! quale ( imag]y are born toge!r1 unless "o *ooses to reg>d ! m obvi\s & delib]ate =ms ( consci\s discrim9ation z m *>act]i/ic ( a logical process4 ,x is only z ! s5se-cont5ts ( v>i\s images are discrim9at$ & comp>$ t any?+ l ?9k+ c be conceiv$ to g on4 ,! p>ticul> s5se-cont5t ( an image1 in/ead ( be+ a matt] ( logical indiff]5ce1 is ! condition1 ! possibility1 ( ?9k+4 ,! conceptuali/ has contribut$ to ! data ( descriptive psy*ology by call+ att5tion1 by implication at lea/1 to ! remote & r$uc$ "* ( ! imag]y :i* may *>act]ize ?9k+4 ,b x by no means foll[s t ! m remote & r$uc$ ! s5se-cont5t ( an image becomes1 ! less important is t s5se-cont5t = ?9k+1 ! less dem& = discrim9ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s5se-cont5t t rema9s may be ( supreme logical importance4 ,x may be ! qu9tess5ce ( mean+4 ,x may be ! consci\s factor :i*1 :5 discrim9at$ f ano!r almo/ equally sublimat$ consci\s factor1 may det]m9e a :ole c\rse ( action4 ,! delicacy & rapidity ) :i* ^! r$uc$ =ms ( imag]y z !y hov] ab\t ! m>g9 ( consci\sness or flit across its focus are discrim9at$ & caught1 are po9ts 9 ! te*nique ( t long art ( ?9k+1 begun 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,! fact t que/ionnaire inve/igations--l t ( ,galton's1 = example--h 9 _m in/ances fail$ to discov] 9 ! m9ds ( sci5ti/s & advanc$ ?9k]s a ri* & v>i$ furniture ( imag]y does n argue ! pov]ty ( imag]y 9 su* m9ds2 x argues1 r1 a highly develop$ te*nique1 a species ( virtuosity1 ) ref]5ce to ! s5se-cont5t ( ! types ( imag]y actually 9 use4 ,to pu% a /ep f>!r ! alt]native we h already /at$ 9 a prelim9>y way3 ,ei!r ! idea1 or logical mean+1 lies outside ( ! process ( ?9k+1 z a m]e impulse or reflex2 or else1 9 virtue ( ! s5se-cont5t ( its image1 x ent]s into t consci\s process ( discrim9ation1 comp>ison1 & selection1 ( light & %ade1 ( d\bt & inquiry1 :i* con/itutes ! evolution ( a judgm5t1 :i* makes ! life-hi/ory ( a movem5t ( ?\ght4 ,,ix ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,socratic ,,philosophy#hg ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is /udy to %[ t ! ,pre-,socratics possess$ a sy/em ( logic :i* is n[ = ! fir/ "t br\ght to ! notice ( ! mod]n _w4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ to indicate t !y _h reflect$ on m5tal processes 9 su* a way z to call = an organiz$ body ( canons regulat+ ! =ms ( concepts & conclusions4 ,ari/otle attribut$ ! discov]y ( ! art ( dialectic to ,z5o ! ,eleatic1 & we %all see 9 ! sequel t !re 0 mu* to ju/ify ! op9ion4 ,b logic1 9 ! te*nical s5se1 is inconceivable )\t concepts1 & f ! days ( ,ari/otle x has be5 univ]sally believ$ t prop] def9itions owe _! orig9 to ,socrates4 ,a few crude attempts at def9ition1 if su* !y may be rightly call$1 are ref]r$ to ,emp$ocles & ,democritus4 ,b 9 s f> z !y 7 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( sci5ce1 !y essay$ to def9e ?+s mat]ially by giv+1 s to speak1 ! *emical =mula = _! production4 ,significant z ?is v fact is1 x %[s t ev5 ! rudim5ts ( ! canons ( ?\ght 7 n ! subjects ( reflection4 ,9 8 ,organon ,ari/otle makes x evid5t t ! dem& = a regulative art ( sci5tific disc\rse 0 creat$ by ! eri/ic logic-*opp+ ( ^? :o 7 mo/ deeply influ5c$ by ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,inde$1 ! case is q p>allel to ! rise ( ! art ( rhetoric4 ,ari/otle reg>d$ ,emp$ocles z ! orig9ator ( t art1 z he ref]r$ ! beg9n+s ( dialectic to ,z5o4 ,b ! =mulation ( bo? arts 9 well-r\nd$ sy/ems came mu* lat]4 ,z m5 conduct$ lawsuits be=e ! days ( ,tisias & ,corax1 s also 7 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( logic op]ative & effective 9 practice be=e ,ari/otle gave !m _! ab/ract =mulation4 ,:ile x is true1 !re=e1 t ! ,pre-,socratics _h no =mal logic1 x is equally true1 & f> m significant1 t !y ei!r receiv$ f _! pr$ecessors or !mselves develop$ ! conceptions & ! presuppositions on :i* ! ,ari/otelian logic is f\nd$4 ,"o ( ! objects ( ?is /udy is to in/itute a se>* = "s ( ^! basic conceptions ( ,greek ?\ght1 almo/ all ( :i* exi/$ be=e ! days ( ,socrates1 & to consid] _! orig9 z well z _! logical significance4 ,! o!r aim "h kept 9 view is to trace ! c\rse ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! logical pr9ciples1 lat5t 9 all attempts to con/ruct & v]ify !ories1 came into play4 ,x is impossible1 no d\bt1 to discov] a body ( ?\ght :i* does n gr\nd itself ^u presuppositions4 ,!y are ! w>p into :i* ! wo( ( ! sy/em1 itself too (t5 consi/+ ( fray$ ends ( o!r fabrics1 is wov5 ) ! delight ( a suppos$ creator4 ,r>ely is ! ?9k] s consci\s ( 8 own m5tal processes t he is aw>e ( :at he takes = grant$4 ,ord9>ily ?is retirem5t to an int]ior l9e takes place only :5 "o has be5 driv5 back f ! advanc$ position :i* c\ld no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,em]son has some:]e said3 ,! =ego+ g5]ations beheld ,god & ,nature face to face2 we ?r\gh _! eyes4 ,:y %\ld n we also enjoy an orig9al relation to ! univ]se8 ,:y %\ld n we h a poetry & philosophy ( insight & n ( tradition1 & a religion by revelation to u & n ! hi/ory ( !irs8 ,! difficulty lies precisely 9 our fai? 9 imm$iate insight & revelation1 :i* are !mselves only %ort-cuts ( induction1 psy*ological %ort circuits1 conduct$ by m$ia we h disreg>d$4 ,only a fundam5tally critical philosophy pu%es its d\bt to ! limit ( dem&+ ! cr$5tials ( ^? conceptions :i* h come to be reg>d$ z axiomatic4 ,! ne$ ( go+ back ( ,ari/otle 9 our que/ = ! tru? is well %[n by 8 attitude t[>d ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! sev]al sci5ces4 ,to him !y are imm$iately giv5--,greek3 amesoi protaseis--& h5ce are ultimate a priori4 ,! hi/orical significance ( ?is fact is already app>5t4 ,x means t 9 8 day ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* sum up ! outcome ( previ\s inductive movem5ts ( ?\ght1 7 reg>d$ z s conclusively e/abli%$ t ! /eps by :i* !y _h be5 inf]r$ 7 all[$ to lapse f memory4 ,no acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght c hope to satisfy ! dem&s ( reason t does n expla9 ! orig9 ( ! convictions ?us embodi$ 9 pr9ciples4 ,! only acceptable explanation w\ld be 9 t]ms ( w & int]e/4 ,to give su* an acc\nt w\ld1 h[ev]1 require ! k ( secul> pursuits & ambitions no long] obta9able4 ,x might be fruitful ( results if we c\ld discov] ev5 ! !oretical int]e/s ( ! age be=e ,?ales2 b we "k t 9 mod]n times ! direction ( int]e/ *>act]i/ic ( ! purely practical pursuits manife/s its re=mative influ5ces 9 speculation a c5tury or m aft] x has begun to %ape ! c\rse ( common life4 ,h5ce we might mis9t]pret ! hi/orical data if !y 7 obta9able4 ,b g5]al consid]ations1 :i* we ne$ n n[ rehe>se1 z well z indications conta9$ 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ?\ght1 h]e9aft] sket*$1 po9t to ! primacy ( ! practical z yield+ ! direction ( int]e/ t det]m9es ! c\rse x %all take4 ,x 0 said above t ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are ! result ( an inductive movem5t1 & t ! inductive movem5t is direct$ by an int]e/4 ,h5ce ! pr9ciples are conta9$ 91 or r are ! express def9ition (1 ! int]e/ t gave !m bir?4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is impli$ 9 all induction a process ( d$uction4 ,e /ream ( ?\ght embraces n only ! ma9 curr5t1 b also an eddy1 :i* "h & !re re-ent]s x4 ,& ?is is "o way ( expla9+ ! ph5om5on :i* has long engag$ ! ?\ght ( philosoph]s1 namely1 ! fact ( successful anticipations ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce or1 m g5]ally /ill1 ! possibility ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori4 ,! solution ( ! problem is ultimately conta9$ 9 its /atem5t4#hh ,to arrive at a /age ( m5tality n bas$ on assumptions "o w\ld h1 no d\bt1 to g back to its beg9n+s4 ,greek ?\ght1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,?ales1 0 well furni%$ ) !m4 ,we _c pause to catalogue !m1 b x may fur!r our project if we consid] a few ( ! m important4 ,! precondition ( ?\ght z ( life is t nature be uni=m1 or ultimately t ! _w be rational4 ,?is is n ev51 z x becomes lat]1 a consci\s dem&2 x is ! prim>y e?ical po/ulate :i* expresses itself 9 ! confid5ce t x is s4 ,view$ f a c]ta9 angle x may be call$ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,closely associat$ ) x is ! univ]sal belief ( ! e>ly philosoph]s ( ,greece t ev]y?+ t comes into be+ is b\nd up insep>ably ) t :i* has be5 be=e2 m precisely1 t !re is no absolute1 b only relative1 ,becom+4 ,coroll>ies ( ?is axiom soon appe>$ 9 ! po/ulates ( ! cons]vation ( matt] or mass1 & ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 or m prop]ly = ! anci5ts1 ( motion4 ,logically ^! pr9ciples appe> to signify t ! subject1 :ile "u def9ition1 %all rema9 j :at x is2 & t1 9 ! sy/em con/itut$ ( subject1 pr$icate1 & copula1 ! t]ms %all /ay put :ile ! adju/m5t ( v]ification is 9 progress4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t ! con/ants 9 ! great problem %\ld become p]man5t l&m>ks4 ,o!r coroll>ies d]ive f ?is same pr9ciple ( uni=mity4 ,see+ t all t comes to be 9 "s s5se already is1 !re appe>s ! po/ulate ( ! unity ( ! _w2 & ?is unity manife/s itself n only 9 ! integrity & homog5eity ( ! _w-gr\nd1 b also 9 ! m ideal conception ( a univ]sal law to :i* all special modes ( proc$ure 9 nature are ancill>y4 ,9 ^! we recognize ! insi/5t dem& = ! organization ( pr$icate & copula4 ,side by side ) ^! =mul /&s ! o!r1 :i* requires an ord]$ process ( becom+ & a graduat$ scale ( exi/5ces1 su* z c m$iate betwe5 ! extremes ( pol>ity4 ,su* s]ies meet u on e h& 9 e>ly ,greek ?\ght4 ,! process ( r>efaction & cond5sation 9 ,anaxim5es1 ! ,greek3 hodos an kat ( ,h]aclitus1 ! regul> succession ( ! f\r ,emp$oclean elem5ts 9 almo/ all lat] sy/ems--^! & o!r examples spontane\sly occur to ! m9d4 ,! significance ( ?is conception1 z ! repres5tative ( an effective copula1 w pres5tly be se54 ,m subtle1 p]haps1 ?an any ( ^! pr9ciples1 ?\gh n all[$ to g s long un*all5g$1 is ! assumption ( a ,greek3 physis1 t is1 ! assumption t all nature is in/9ct ) life4 ,! logical int]pretation ( ?is po/ulate w\ld seem to be t ! concrete sy/em ( ?+s--subject1 pr$icate1 copula--con/itutes a totality complete 9 itself & ne$+ no jog f )\t4 ,9 ?is survey ( ! preconceptions ( ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s ,i h employ$ ! t]ms ( ! judgm5t )\t apology4 ,! ju/ification = ?is c\rse mu/ come ultimately1 z = any assumption1 f ! success ( its application to ! facts4 ,b if logic m]ely =mulates 9 a s*ematic way t :i* 9 life is ! manipulation ( concrete exp]i5ce1 ) a view to atta9+ practical ends1 !n its =ms mu/ apply "h z well z any:]e4 ,logical t]m9ology may !re=e be assum$ to be welcome to ?is field :]e judgm5ts are =m$1 induction is made f c]ta9 facts to def9$ conceptions1 & d$uctions are d]iv$ f pr9ciples or premises assum$4 ,speak+ !n 9 ^! t]ms we may say t ! ,pre-,socratics _h ?ree logical problems set = !m3 ,fir/1 !re 0 a dem& = a pr$icate1 or1 9 o!r words1 = a !ory ( ! _w4 ,secondly1 !re 0 ! ne$ ( asc]ta9+ j :at %\ld be reg>d$ z ! subject1 or1 o!rwise /at$1 j :at x 0 t requir$ explanation4 ,?irdly1 !re arose ! necessity ( discov]+ ways & means by :i* ! !ory c\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! _w & by :i*1 9 turn1 ! hypo!sis erect$ c\ld be made to acc\nt = ! concrete exp]i5ce ( life3 9 t]ms ( logic ?is problem is t ( ma9ta9+ an effici5t copula4 ,x is n assum$ t ! sequ5ce ?us /at$ 0 hi/orically obs]v$ )\t cross+ & ov]lapp+2 b a survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod w %[ t1 9 a g5]al way1 ! logical requirem5ts ass]t$ !mselves 9 ?is ord]4 #a4 ,greek philosophy began its c>e] ) induction4 ,we h already /at$ t ! preconceptions ) :i* x approa*$ its task 7 ! result ( previ\s inductions1 & inde$ ! epic & !ogonic poetry ( ! ,greeks ab\nds 9 ?\ghts indicative ( ! consci\sness ( all ( ^! problems4 ,?us ,hom] is famili> ) ! notion t all ?+s proce$ f wat]1#hi & t1 :5 ! human body decays1 x resolves itself into e>? & wat]4#ij ,o!r op9ions might be enum]at$1 b !y w\ld add no?+ to ! purpose4 ,:5 m5 began1 9 ! _s ( philosophy1 to !orize ab\t ! _w1 !y assum$ t x--! subject--0 suffici5tly kn[n4 ,its exi/5ce 0 tak5 = grant$1 & t :i* engag$ _! att5tion 0 ! problem ( its mean+4 ,:at pr$icate--s we may =mulate _! "q--%\ld be giv5 to ! subject8 ,x is noticeable t _! induction 0 q p]functory4 ,b su* is always ! case until !re are rival !ories compet+ = acceptance1 & ev5 !n ! impulse to ga!r up evid5ce d]iv$ f a wide field & assur$ by resort to exp]im5t comes r ) ! desire to te/ a hypo!sis ?an to =m x4 ,x is ! ef=t to v]ify t br+s out details & also ! negative in/ances4 ,h5ce we are n to blame ,?ales = ra%ness 9 mak+ 8 g5]alization t all is ,wat]4 ,we d n "k :at indications l$ to ?is conclusion4 ,ari/otle v5tur$ a guess1 b ! motives assum$ = ,?ales agree too well ) ^? :i* weigh$ ) ,hippo to admit ( ready acceptance4 ,anaxim&]1 feel+ ! ne$ ( d$uction z a sequel to induction1 f\nd 8 pr$icate 9 ! ,inf9ite4 ,we _c n[ delay to inquire j :at he meant by ! t]m2 b x is n unlikely t its v vagu5ess recomm5d$ x to a man ( g5ius :o caught en?usia/ically at ! skirts ( k4 ,anaxim5es1 hav+ pu%$ v]ification some:at f>!r & elicit+ "s negative in/ances1 reject$ wat] & ! ,inf9ite & inf]r$ t all 0 air4 ,8 ,greek3 ar* mu/ h ! quality ( inf9ity1 b1 a copula hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! process ( r>efaction & cond5sation1 x mu/ occupy a det]m9ate place 9 ! s]ies ( typical =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,! logical significance ( ?is ?\ght w engage our att5tion lat]4 ,mean:ile x may be well to note t ?us f> only "o pr$icate has be5 (f]$ by ea* philosoph]4 ,?is is d\btless due to ! preconception ( ! unity & homog5eity ( ! _w1 ( :i* we h already made m5tion4 ,al?\gh at ! beg9n+ its significance 0 little realiz$1 ! conception 0 de/9$ to play a prom95t "p 9 ,greek ?\ght4 ,x may be reg>d$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view n necess>ily antagoni/ic4 ,"o may say1 z inde$ has (t5times be5 said1 t x 0 due to ignorance4 ,m5 did n "k ! complexity ( ! _w1 & h5ce decl>$ its sub/ance to be simple4 ,aga91 x may be affirm$ t ! assumption 0 m]ely ! nave reflex ( ! e?ical po/ulate t we %all unify our exp]i5ce & organize x = ! realization ( our ideals4 ,:ile increas$ k has multipli$ ! s-call$ *emical elem5ts1 physics kn[s no?+ ( _! diff]5ces1 & *emi/ry itself dem&s _! r$uction4 ,! ext5sion & enl>g$ scope ( homog5eity came 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 x pres5t$ itself by way ( ab/raction f ! p>ticul> pr$icates t may be giv5 to ?+s4 ,?is 0 due to ! op]ation ( ! fundam5tal assumption t ! _w mu/ be intelligible4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ,anaxim&]1 ! _w-gr\nd takes no acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( ?+s except 9 ! negative way ( provid+ t ! contr>iety ( exp]i5ce %all arise f x4 ,we are !re=e ref]r$ = our pr$icate to a some:at beh9d concrete exp]i5ce4 ,! ,py?agoreans fix ^u a s+le aspect ( ?+s z ! ess5tial1 & f9d ! mean+ ( ! _w 9 ma!matical relations4 ,! ,eleatics press ! conception ( homog5eity until x is r$uc$ to id5tity4 ,id5tity means ! abs5ce ( diff]5ce2 h5ce1 spatially consid]$1 x requires ! negation ( a void & ! indivisibility ( ! _w2 view$ temporally1 x precludes ! succession ( diff]5t /ates & h5ce ! possibility ( *ange4 ,we ?us rea* ! acute /age ( ! problem ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m4 ,! ,"o is "h ! pr$icate1 ! subject is ! ,_m4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty is ! task ( ! copula1 & we %all recur to ! !me 9 due "t4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! ,"o is n always id5tical ) ! pr$icate1 nor ! ,_m ) ! subject4 ,9 ! rhy?mic movem5t ( erect+ & v]ify+ hypo!ses ! int]e/ %ifts & :at 0 b n[ ! pr$icate1 by tak+ ! place ( ! premises1 comes to be reg>d$ z ! giv5 f :i* ! p>ticul> is to be d]iv$ or d$uc$4 ,!re is ?us likewise a %ift 9 ! positions ( exi/5ce & mean+4 ,! subject1 or ! _w1 0 fir/ assum$ z ! giv5 means ) :i* to con/ruct ! pr$icate1 its mean+2 once ! hypo!sis has be5 erect$1 ! direction ( int]e/ %ifts back to ! beg9n+1 & 9 ! process ( v]ification or d$uction ! quondam pr$icate1 n[ ! premises1 becomes ! giv51 & ! task set = ?\ght is ! d]ivation ( fact4 ,= ! mom5t1 or until ! return to ! _w is accompli%$1 ! ,"o is ! only real1 ! ,manifold rema9s m]e appe>ance4 ,! second =m 9 :i* ! s5se ( ! homog5eity ( ! _w embodies itself is n1 l ! fir/1 /atic1 b is altoge!r dynamic4 ,t :i* makes ! :ole _w k9 is nei!r ! pres5ce nor ! abs5ce ( a quality1 b a pr9ciple4 ,! law ?us reveal$ is1 !re=e1 n a matt] ( ! pr$icate1 b is ! copula itself4 ,h5ce we mu/ def] a full] consid]ation ( x = ! pres5t4 #b4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! inductive movem5t implies ! d$uctive1 & n only z some?+ prec$+ or accompany+ x1 b z its inn] mean+ & ultimate purpose4 ,s too x 0 ) ! e>lie/ ,greek ?9k]s4 ,_! object 9 sett+ up a pr$icate 0 ! d]ivation ( ! subject f x4 ,9 o!r words _! ambition 0 to discov] ! ,greek3 ar* f :i* ! g5esis ( ! _w proce$s4 ,b d$uction is really a mu* m s]i\s task ?an w\ld at fir/ appe> to "o :o is famili> ) ! ,ari/otelian ma*9]y ( premises & middle t]ms4 ,! bus9ess ( d$uction is to reveal ! subject1 & ord9>ily ! subject q vani%es f view4 ,induction is rapid1 b d$uction lags f> beh9d4 ,x may require b a mom5t>y fla% ( insight on ! "p ( ! physical philosoph] to discov] a pr9ciple2 if x is really significant1 inv5tors w be engag$ = c5turies 9 d$uc+ f x applications to ! ne$s ( life by means ( contrivances4 ,?us aft] ages we come to "k m ( ! subject1 :i* is !reby enri*$4 ,! contrivances are ! repres5tatives ( ! copula 9 practical affairs2 9 quasi-!oretical sph]es !y are ! app>atus = exp]im5tation4 ,x has j be5 rem>k$ t by ! application ( ! pr9ciples to life x is enri*$2 9 o!r words1 x receives new mean+1 & new mean+ signifies a new pr$icate4 ,!ory is at times pa9fully aw>e ( ! multitude ( new pr$icates propos$2 r>ely does x realize t !re has be5 creat$ a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,)\t ! latt]1 ! =m] w\ld be absurd4 ,m5 take v mu* = grant$ & reg>d almo/ e a*ievem5t z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,h5ce !y d n become aw>e ( _! *ang$ position except z x reflects itself 9 new s*emes & 9 a l>g] outlook4 ,! subject receives only a summ>y glance to discov] :at new pr$icate %all be evolv$4 ,h5ce1 :ile !re is 9 ,greek philosophy a /rongly m>k$ d$uctive movem5t1 ! !oretical results to ! subject are insignificant4 ,?ales seems1 inde$1 to h _h no means to (f] = ! d]ivation ( ! _w1 b he evid5tly _h no d\bt t x 0 possible4 ,) him & ) o!rs ! assumption1 h[ev] vaguely und]/ood1 seems to h be5 t ! subject1 l ! pr$icate1 0 simple4 ,?us ! ess5tial unity ( ! _w1 consid]$ z exi/5ce no less ?an z mean+1 is a =egone conclusion4 ,! s5se ( a division 9 ! subject seems to arise ) ,emp$ocles :51 reap+ ! h>ve/ ( ! ,eleatic def9ition ( sub/ance1 he p>t$ ! _w1 z subject & z pr$icate1 into f\r elem5ts4 ,we may1 p]haps1 pause a mom5t to consid] ! significance ( ! assumption ( f\r elem5ts :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 subsequ5t philosophies4 ,!re is no ne$ ( enl>g+ on ! importance ( ! association ( multiple elem5ts ) ! po/ulate t no?+ is absolutely creat$ & no?+ absolutely passes away4 ,^! are inde$ ! pill>s t support *emical sci5ce1 & !y fur!r imply ! exi/5ce ( qualities ( diff]5t rank2 b t implication1 z we %all see1 lay ev5 9 ! process ( r>efaction & cond5sation introduc$ by ,anaxim5es4 ,! f\r elem5ts conc]n u "h *iefly z te/ify+ to ! fact t c]ta9 practical int]e/s _h summ$ up ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( nature 9 =ms suffici5tly significant to h ma9ta9$ !mselves ev5 to our day4 ,9 reg>d to fire1 air1 & wat] ?is is n greatly to be wond]$ at2 x is a some:at diff]5t case ) e>?4 ,if metallurgy & o!r pursuits :i* deal ) t :i* is r\ghly class$ z e>? _h be5 highly en\gh develop$ to h react$ ^u ! popul> m9d1 ?is elem5t c\ld n possibly h be5 assum$ to be s homog5e\s4 ,! conception cle>ly reflects ! pr$om9antly agricultural int]e/ ( ! ,greeks 9 _! relation to ! e>?4 ,?is fur!r illu/rates ! sl[ progress :i* d$uction makes 9 ! recon/itution ( ! subject4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ,anaxagoras & ! ,atomi/s4 ,app>5tly ! movem5t begun by ,emp$ocles soon ran its extreme c\rse4 ,in/ead ( f\r elem5ts !re is n[ an inf9ite numb] ( sub/ances1 ea* diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r4 ,! mean+ ( ?is wide sw+ ( ! p5dulum is n altoge!r cle>2 b x is evid5t f ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras t ! metals1 = example1 possess$ a significance :i* !y c n h _h = ,emp$ocles4 ,! opposite sw+ ( ! p5dulum is se5 9 ! lat] c\rse ( ! ,eleatics4 ,giv5 a pr$icate z fix$ & unifi$ z !y assum$1 ! subject _c possibly be conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( x & h5ce x is d5i$ outright4 ,9 ! dialectic ( ,z5o & ,melissus1 deal+ ) ! problems ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 !re is mu* t sugge/s ! solution (f]$ by ! ,atomi/s2 b x is probably impossible n[ to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! passages criticise a doctr9e already prop\nd$ or po9t$ ! way = successors4 ,:ile ! ,eleatics ass]t$ ! sole reality ( ! ,"o1 ,anaxagoras & ! ,atomi/s po/ulat$ a multiplicity )\t ess5tial unity4 ,b ! human m9d seems to be incapable ( re/+ 9 t decision2 x dem&s t ! _w %all h n mean+s1 b a mean+4 ,?is dem& calls n only = a unifi$ pr$icate1 b also = an effective copula4 #c4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ! /eps by :i* ! pr$icate 0 inf]r$ are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n4 ,c]ta9 sugge/ions are conta9$ 9 ! reports ( ,ari/otle1 b x is safe to say t !y are g5]ally guesses well or ill f\nd$4 ,! summ>y inductive m$iation has left few traces2 & ! process ( v]ification1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* hypo!ses 7 reject$ & modifi$1 c be foll[$ only "h & !re 9 ! records4 ,almo/ our only s\rce ( in=mation is ! dialectic ( sy/ems4 ,=tunately = our pres5t purpose we d n ne$ to "k ! precise =m :i* a "q assum$ to ! m9ds ( ! sev]al philosoph]s2 ! ef=ts :i* !y made to meet ! imp]i\s dem&s ( logic "h speak = !mselves4 ,at fir/ !re 0 no s*eme = ! m$iation ( ! pr$icate back to ! subject4 ,inde$ !re seems n to h exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ,?ales a s5se ( its ne$4 ,anaxim&] rais$ ! "q1 b ! process ( segregation or sep>ation 7,greek3 ekkr9e/hai7 :i* he prop\nd$ 0 s vaguely conceiv$ t x has creat$ m problems ?an x solv$4 ,anaxim5es fir/ propos$ a s*eme t has borne fruits4 ,he said t ?+s are produc$ f air by r>efaction & cond5sation4 ,?is process (f]s n only a pr9ciple ( diff]5ce1 b also a regulative conception1 ! evaluation ( :i* engag$ ! ?\ght ( almo/ all ! lat] ,pre-,socratics4 ,x implies t ext5sion & mass con/itute ! ess5tial *>act]s ( sub/ance1 &1 fully appreh5d$1 conta9s 9 g]m ! :ole mat]iali/ic philosophy f ,p>m5ides at "o extreme to ,democritus & ,anaxagoras at ! o!r4 ,! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! view 7 unkn[n to ,anaxim5es2 =1 hav+ a unit>y pr$icate1 he assum$ also a homog5e\s subject4 ,! logical position ( ,h]aclitus is simil> to t ( ,anaxim5es4 ,he likewise posits a simple pr$icate & fur!r signalizes its functional "* by nam+ x ,fire4 ,)\t v5tur+ ^u debatable gr\nd we may say t x 0 ! re/less activity ( ! elem5t t caus$ him to s+le x out z be/ express+ ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,its rhy?mic libration typifi$ to him ! pr9ciple ( *ange 9 exi/5ce & ( exi/5ce 9 *ange4 ,x is ! ev]-liv+ copula1 dev\r+ subject & pr$icate alike & re-creat+ !m functionally z co-ord9ate expressions ( itself4 ,t :i* alone is1 ! abid+1 is n ! physical composition ( a ?+1 b ! law ( reciprocity by :i* x ma9ta9s a balance4 ,?is he calls v>i\sly by ! names ( ,h>mony1 ,logos1 ,necessity1 ,ju/ice4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( functional co-ord9ates no?+ escapes ! acc\nt+ on ',*ange2#ia all ?+s are 9 cont9u\s flux1 only ! nodes ( ! rhy?m rema9+ con/ant4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t ,h]aclitus has be5 ! subject ( s mu* speculation & comm5t 9 mod]n times2 = ! functional "* ( all di/9ctions 9 8 sy/em m>ks ! aff9ity ( 8 doctr9es = ^? ( mod]n psy*ology & logic4#ib ,! ,py?agoreans1 hav+ by ab/raction obta9$ a pr$icate1 ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( ! subject1 b did n feel ! ne$ ( a copula 9 ! !oretical sph]e1 except z x conc]n$ ! inn] relation ( ! pr$icate4 ,to !m ! _w 0 numb]1 b numb] itself 0 plurali/ic1 or let u r say duali/ic4 ,! odd & ! ev51 ! g5]ic con/itu5ts ( numb]1 _h someh[ to be br\ght toge!r4 ,! bond 0 f\nd 9 ,unity1 or1 aga91 9 ,h>mony4 ,:5 !y inquir$ h[ numb]s con/itut$ ! _w1 _! answ] 0 9 g5]al only a nugatory ex]cise ( an unbridl$ fancy4#ic ,su* & su* a numb] 0 ,ju/ice1 su* ano!r1 ,man4 ,x 0 only 9 ! :olly practical sph]e ( exp]im5t t !y rea*$ a conclusion wor? record+4 ,its significance !y !mselves did n p]ceive4 ,"h1 by ! application ( ma!matical measurem5ts to s\nds1 !y discov]$ h[ to produce tones ( a giv5 pit*1 & ?us successfully demon/rat$ ! effici5cy ( _! copula4 ,! ,eleatics foll[$ ! same g5]al c\rse ( ab/raction2 b ) !m ! s5se ( ! unity ( ! _w effac$ its ri* div]sity4 ,x5ophanes does n appe> to h press$ ! conception s f> z to d5y all *ange )9 ! _w4 ,p>m5ides1 h[ev]1 bat$ no jot ( ! legitimate consequ5ces ( 8 logical position1 int]pret+1 z he did1 ! pr$icate1 orig9ally conceiv$ z mean+1 9 t]ms ( exi/5ce4 ,t :i* is simply is4 ,?us !re is left only a "o-"t pr$icate1 n[ conv]t$ into a subject ( :i* only itself1 z a brute fact1 c be pr$icat$4 ,/at$ logically1 ,p>m5ides is capable only ( utt]+ id5tical propositions3 ,a,a4 ,! fallaci\s "* ( ! report ( ! s5ses & ! impossibility ( ,becom+ foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,:]e ! logical copula is a m]e sign ( equation !re c be nei!r induction nor d$uction4 ,we are caught 9 a !oretical cul-de-sac4 ,we are n n[ conc]n$ to "k 9 :at light ! dem& = a treatise on ! _w ( ,op9ion may h appe>$ to ,p>m5ides himself4 ,! av5ues by :i* m5 rea* conclusions :i* are capable ( simplification & syllogi/ic /atem5t are too v>i\s to admit ( plausible conjecture 9 ! abs5ce ( specific evid5ce4 ,b x is cle> t 8 resort to ! exp$i5t reflect$ a consci\sness ( ! /ate ( deadlock4 ,9 t "p ( 8 philosophical poem he dealt ) _m que/ions ( detail 9 a r m practical _s4 ,foll[+ ! lead ( ,h]aclitus & ! ,py?agoreans he 0 m successful "h ?an 9 ! field ( metaphysics4 ,?us we see once m t ! w\nds ( !ory are heal$ by practice4 ,b1 z usual1 ev5 ?\gh ! metaphysician does receive ! answ] to 8 d\bts by fall+ into a sev]ely practical pit & extricat+ himself by /eps :i* he fa%ions ) 8 h&s1 8 m5tal habit is n !reby recon/ruct$4 ,! fix$ pr$icate ( ! ,eleatics 0 bequea!d to ! ,platonic-,ari/otelian =mal logic1 & induction & d$uction rema9$ = c5turies 9 !ory a race betwe5 ! h$gehog & ! h>e4#id ,! true significance ( ! de/ructive criticism br\ght to be> by ,z5o & ,melissus on ! concepts ( unity1 plurality1 cont9uity1 ext5sion1 "t1 & motion is simply ?is3 t :5 by a %ift ( ! att5tion a pr$icate becomes subject or mean+ fossilizes z exi/5ce1 ! t]ms ( ! logical process lose _! functional ref]5ce & gr[ to be unmean+ & self-contradictory4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 & ! ,atomi/s s\ght to solve ! problem ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 ( ! subject & ! pr$icate1 by %att]+ ! unit>y pr$icate & ?us leav+ ! field to plurality 9 bo? sph]es4 ,b obvi\sly !y 7 m]ely po/pon+ ! real "q4 ,?\ght1 z well z action1 dem&s a unity some:]e4 ,h5ce ! absorb+ task ( ^! philosoph]s is to disclose or contrive su* a bond ( unity4 ,! =m :i* _! que/ assum$ 0 ! se>* = a basis = physical int]action4#ie ,emp$ocles cle>ly believ$ t he 0 solv+ ! difficulty 9 "o =m :5 he in/itut$ ! rhy?mic libration betwe5 unity "u ! sway ( ,love & multiplicity "u ! dom9ation ( ,hate4 ,b ev5 he 0 n satisfi$ ) t4 ,:ile ,love br\ght all ! elem5ts toge!r into a sph]e & ?us produc$ a unity1 x 0 a unity con/itut$ ( a mixture ( elem5ts possess+ inali5able *>act]s n only diff]5t b actually antagoni/ic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hate did inde$ sep>ate ! confus$ p>ticles1 b x effect$ a sort ( unity 9 t1 by segregat+ ! p>ticles ( ! sev]al elem5ts f ! o!rs1 x br\ght l & l toge!r4 ,9 s f> ,ari/otle 0 cle>ly "r 9 attribut+ to ,love ! p[] to sep>ate z well z to unite4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld seem t !re nev] 0 a mom5t 9 :i* bo? ag5cies 7 n conceiv$ to be op]ative1 to h[ev] small an ext5t4 ,emp$ocles ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t a _w c\ld arise only 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! extremes ( victory 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ,love & ,hate1 :51 s to speak1 ! battle 0 drawn & !re 0 a g5]al mle ( ! combatants4 ,x may be que/ion$1 p]haps1 :e!r he di/9ctly /at$ t 9 our _w ev]y?+ possess$ its portion ( ea* ( ! elem5ts2 b s indisp5sable did he consid] ?is mixture t its function ( provid+ a physical unity is unmi/akable4 ,a fur!r evid5ce ( 8 insi/5t dem& = unity--! copula--is f\nd 9 8 doctr9e t only l c act on l2 & ! s*eme ( pores & effluvia :i* he contriv$ be>s eloqu5t te/imony to ! e>ne/ consid]ation he gave to ?is matt]4 ,= he conceiv$ t all int]action took place by means ( !m4 ,emp$ocles1 !n1 may be said to h annull$ ! decree ( divorce he _h issu$ = ! elem5ts at ! beg9n+4 ,b ! solution "h too is f\nd1 n 9 ! !oretical1 b 9 ! practical1 sph]e2 = he nev] retracts 8 ass]tion t ! elem5ts are di/9ct & antagoni/ic4 ,b ev5 s 8 problem is def9$ r ?an solv$2 = aft] ! elem5ts h be5 br\ght )9 microscopic di/ance ( ea* o!r 9 ! mixture1 s9ce l c act only on l1 ! n>r[ space t sep>ates !m is /ill an impassable gulf4#if ,anaxagoras end[$ 8 inf9itely num]\s sub/ances ) ! same *>act]s ( fixity & contr>iety t m>k ! f\r elem5ts ( ,emp$ocles4 ,= him1 !re=e1 ! difficulty ( secur+ unity & co-op]ation 9 an effective copula is1 if t be possible1 fur!r aggravat$4 ,8 grasp ( ! problem1 if we may judge f ! relatively small body ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 0 n s sure z t ( ,emp$ocles1 ?\gh he employ$ 9 g5]al ! same means = its solution4 ,he too po/ulates a mixture ( all sub/ances1 m consci\sly & def9itely inde$ ?an 8 pr$ecessor4 ,believ+ t only l c act on l1#ig he is l$ to assume n only an inf9ite multiplicity ( sub/ances1 b also _! complete mixture1 s t ev]y?+1 h[ev] small1 conta9s a portion ( e o!r4 ,food1 = example1 h[ev] seem+-simple1 n\ri%es ! mo/ div]se tissues ( ! body4 ,?us we discov] 9 ! univ]sal mixture ( sub/ances ! basis = co-op]ation & int]action4 ,anaxagoras1 !re=e1 l ,emp$ocles1 feels ! ne$ ( bridg+ ! *asm :i* he has assum$ to exi/ betwe5 8 di/9ct sub/ances4 ,_! failure is alike great1 & is due to ! presuppositions !y inh]it$ f ! ,eleatic conception ( a sev]e homog5eity :i* implies an absolute diff]5ce f ev]y?+ else4 ,! emb>rassm5t ( ,anaxagoras increases ) ! introduction ( ! ,greek3 ,n\s4 ,?is ag5cy 0 conceiv$ ) a view to expla9+ ! =mation ( ! _w2 t is1 ) a view to m$iat+ betwe5 ! myriad sub/ances 9 _! ess5tial alo(ness & effect+ ! h>moni\s concord ( concrete ?+s4 ,:ile1 ev5 on ! basis ( a univ]sal mixture1 ! function ( ! ,greek3 ,n\s 0 =$oom$ to failure1 its task 0 made m difficult /ill by ! def9ition giv5 to its nature4 ,accord+ to ,anaxagoras x 0 ! sole exception to ! composite "* ( ?+s2 x is absolutely pure & simple 9 nature4#ih ,by its def9ition1 !n1 x is prev5t$ f accompli%+ ! "w x 0 contriv$ to d2 & h5ce we _c be surpris$ at ! lam5tations rais$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle ab\t ! failure ( ,anaxagoras to employ ! ag5cy he _h introduc$4 ,to be sure1 ! ,greek3 ,n\s is no m a deus ex ma*9a ?an 7 ! ideas ( ,plato or ! ,god ( ,ari/otle4 ,!y all labor$ "u ! same re/rictions4 ,! ,atomi/s foll[$ ) ! same recognition ( ! ,_m1 9 ! inf9itely v>i\s k9ds ( atoms2 b x 0 temp]$ by ! assumption ( an ess5tial homog5eity4 ,"o atom is di/+ui%$ f ano!r by *>act]i/ics due to its spatial relations4 ,mass & weight are proportional to size4 ,ari/otle reports t1 ?\gh ?+s & atoms h diff]5ces1 x is n 9 virtue ( _! diff]5ces1 b 9 virtue ( _! ess5tial id5tity1 t !y int]act4#ii ,!re is ?us introduc$ a di/9ction :i* runs ne>ly1 b n q1 p>allel to t betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities4#ajj ,prim>y qualities are ^? ( size1 %ape1 & p]haps#aja position2 all o!rs are second>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* is common to all atoms is _! corporeity1 :i* does inde$ def9e itself ) ref]5ce to ! prim>y 7spatial7 qualities1 b n alike 9 all4 ,! atoms ( :i* ! _w is con/itut$ are alike 9 ess5tial nature1 b !y diff] mo/ widely 9 position4 ,x is ! void t breaks up ! unity ( ! _w--atomizes x1 if we may use ! expression4 ,x is ! basis ( all discont9uity4 ,atoms & void are ?us pol> extremes reciprocally exclusive4 ,! atoms 9 _! utt] isolation 9 space are incapable ( produc+ a _w4 ,9 ord] to bridge ! *asm betwe5 atom & atom1 rec\rse is _h to motion et]nal1 omnipres5t1 & necess>y4 ,?is x is t annihilates di/ances4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! motion atoms collide1 & 9 _! impact "o ^u ! o!r ! ,atomi/s f9d ! precise mode ( co-op]ation by :i* ! _w is =m$4#ajb ,to ?is ag5cy are due :at ,lucretius happily call$ g5]at+ motions4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 s insi/5tly pursu$ ! philosoph]s ( ?is "t t ! ,atomi/s did n cont5t !mselves ) ?is solution1 satisfactory z mod]n sci5ce has pret5d$ to consid] x4 ,!y foll[$ ! lead ( ,emp$ocles & ,anaxagoras 9 po/ulat+ a widespread1 if n absolutely univ]sal1 mixture4 ,hav+ on pr9ciple exclud$ ess5tial diff]5ces among ! atoms1 ! impossibility ( f9ally di/+ui%+ ess5tial & non-ess5tial _h its rev5ge4 ,important z ! device ( mixture 0 to ,emp$ocles & ,anaxagoras1 j s unmean+ ought x to h be5 9 ! ,atomic philosophy1 provid$ t ! hypo!sis c\ld accompli% :at 0 claim$ = x4 ,x is n necess>y to reass]t t ! assumption ( individua1 utt]ly ali5at$ "o f ! o!r by a void1 r5d]$ ! problem ( ! copula insoluble = ! ,atomi/s4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia is commonly treat$ contemptu\sly z a m]e reaction>y :o h>k$ back to ,anaxim5es & _h no significance ( 8 own4 ,! be/ t c be said ( su* an attitude is t x reg>ds philosophical !ories z accid5tal utt]ances ( individuals1 naturally well or ill end[$1 :o happ5 to express conclusions ) :i* m5 9 aft] times agree or disagree4 ,a philosophical t5et is an atom1 set some:]e 9 a vacuum1 utt]ly out ( relation to ev]y?+ else4 ,b x is impossible to see h[1 on ?is !ory1 any sy/em ( ?\ght %\ld possess any significance = anybody1 or h[ !re %\ld be any progress ev51 or ret>dation4 ,view$ entirely f )\t1 ! doctr9e ( ,diog5es w\ld seem to be sub/antially a recrudesc5ce ( t ( ,anaxim5es4 ,air is once m ! elem5t or ,greek3 ar* out ( :i* all proce$s & into :i* all returns4 ,aga9 ! process ( trans=mation is se5 9 r>efaction & cond5sation2 & ! attributes ( sub/ance are ^? :i* 7 common to ! e>ly hylozoi/s4 ,b !re is pres5t a ke5 s5se ( a problem unkn[n to ,anaxim5es4 ,:at ! e>ly philosoph] ass]t$ 9 ! innoc5ce ( ! y\? ( ?\ght1 ! lat] physiologi/ reit]ates ) emphasis because he believes t ! words are words ( life4 ,! motive = recurr+ to ! e>li] sy/em is suppli$ by ! imp]i\s dem& = a copula :i* _h s mu* di/ress$ ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 & ! ,atomi/s4 ,& "h we are n left to conjecture1 b are able to ref] to ! ipsissima v]ba ( our philosoph]4 ,aft] a brief prologue1 9 :i* he /at$ t "o's />t+-po9t mu/ be beyond dispute1 he imm$iately#ajc turn$ to 8 !me 9 ^! words3#ajd ,9 my op9ion1 to put ! :ole matt] 9 a nut%ell1 all ?+s are d]iv$ by alt]ation f ! same sub/ance1 & inde$ all are "o & ! same4 ,& ?is is altoge!r evid5t4 ,= if ! ?+s t n[ exi/ 9 ! _w--e>? & wat] & air & fire & :atsoev] else appe>s to exi/ 9 ?is _w--if1 ,i say1 any "o ( ^! 7 diff]5t f ! o!r1 diff]5t t is to say 9 its prop] peculi> nature1 & did n r1 be+ "o & ! same1 *ange & alt] 9 _m ways1 !n 9 no-wise w\ld ?+s be able to mix ) "o ano!r1 nor w\ld help or h>m come to "o f ! o!r1 nor w\ld any plant spr+ f ! e>?1 nor any o!r liv+ ?+ come into be+1 if ?+s 7 n s con/itut$ z to be "o & ! same4 ,^! words conta9 a s+ul>ly int]e/+ expression ( ! ne$ ( re/or+ ! integrity ( ! process :i* _h be5 lo/ 9 ! ef=t to solve ! problem ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m )\t ab&on+ ! po9t ( view won by ! ,eleatics4 ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us p>aphrase & sum up ! passage above quot$ by say+#aje t int]action is impossible except on ! assumption t all ! _w is "o & ! same4 ,h5ce x is manife/1 z 0 said above1 t ! return ( ,diog5es to ! moni/ic sy/em ( ,anaxim5es _h = its consci\s motive ! avoidance ( ! dualism t _h sprung up 9 ! int]val & _h r5d]$ futile ! multipli$ ef=ts to secure an effective copula4 ,we %\ld note1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! attempt ?us made to undo ! "w ( sev]al g5]ations ,diog5es reta9$ ! pr9ciple :i* _h wr\ght ! mis*ief4 ,we h be=e rem>k$ t ! g]m ( ! ,atomic philosophy 0 conta9$ 9 ! process ( r>efaction & cond5sation4 ,h5ce1 9 accept+ x along ) ! rema9d] ( ,anaxim5es's !ory1 ! fatal assumption 0 re9/at$4 ,x is ! /ory ( human sy/ems 9 epitome4 ,! sup]/ructure is ov]?r[n1 & ) ! dbris a new edifice is built ^u ! old f\ndations4 ,9 ! entire c\rse ( philosophical ?\ght f ,?ales onw>d ! sugge/ion ( an opposition betwe5 ! subject & ! pr$icate _h appe>$4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t x 0 express$ by ! se>* = a ,greek3 physis1 or a true nature1 9 contra/ ) ! _w z practically accept$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 tru? 9 ?is view2 = ! ef=t to atta9 a pr$icate :i* does n m]ely repeat ! subject does imply t !re is an opposition4 ,b ! ef=ts made to return f ! pr$icate to ! subject1 9 a d$uctive movem5t1 %[s t ! diff]5ce 0 n believ$ to be absolute4 ,?is is true1 h[ev]1 only ( ^? fields ( speculation t lie next to ! highways ( practical life1 :i* lead equally 9 bo? directions1 or1 let u r say1 :i* unite :ile !y m>k sep>ation4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract ideas ! s5se ( emb>rassm5t 0 deep & con/antly gr[+ deep]4 ,! recon/ruction1 accompli%$ on l[] levels1 did n atta9 unto ^? heights4 ,m5 d\bt$ conclusions1 b did n ?9k to dem& ! cr$5tials ( _! common presuppositions4 ,side by side ) ! lat] philosoph]s :om we h m5tion$ !re walk$ m5 :om we are wont to call ! ,sophi/s4 ,!y 7 ! j\rnali/s & pamphlete]s ( ^? days1 m5 :o1 )\t deal+ pr(\ndly ) any special problem1 famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! g5]alizations ( work]s 9 special fields & comb9$ ^! ideas = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! public4 ,!y 7 nei!r philosoph]s nor physici/s1 b1 l "s m5 :om we might cite f our own times1 endeavor$ to popul>ize ! tea*+s ( bo?4 ,naturally !y seiz$ ^u ! mo/ sweep+ g5]alizations & ! preconceptions :i* disclos$ !mselves 9 manifold =ms4 ,j z naturally !y _h no eyes ) :i* to detect ! significance ( ! besett+ problems at :i*1 9 matt]s m concrete1 ! ma/]s 7 toil+4 ,h5ce ! contradictions1 reveal$ 9 ! analysis we h j giv5 ( ! philosophy ( ! age1 /ood out 9 utt] nak$ness4 ,! result 0 inevitable4 ,! inability to discov] a unit>y pr$icate1 m /ill1 ! failure to atta9 a work+ copula1 l$ directly to ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( pr$ication4 ,!re 0 no tru?4 ,grant$ t x exi/$1 x c\ld n be kn[n4 ,ev5 if kn[n1 x c\ld n be communicat$4 ,9 ^! incisive words ( ,gorgias ! conclusion ( ! ineffectual ef=t to e/abli% a logic ( sci5ce is cle>ly /at$4 ,b ! /atem5t is happily only ! half-tru?1 :i* is almo/ a complete falsehood4 ,x takes no acc\nt ( ! indications1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 ( a ne$$ recon/ruction4 ,lea/ ( all does x cat* ! mean+ ( su* a dem&4 ,! ,sophi/s did n1 h[ev]1 m]ely repeat 9 ab/ract f ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x matt]s n :e!r !y orig9at$ ! movem5t or n2 at all ev5ts !y 7 pione]s 9 ! field ( moral philosophy4 ,"h x 0 t !y *iefly drew ! inf]5ces f ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 physei & ,greek3 nom4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m effective 9 dis5gag+ ! firmly root$ moral pre-possessions & r5d]+ !m am5able to philosophy4 ,j "h1 at la/1 we cat* a h9t ( ! significance ( ! logical process4 ,9 a /rik+ passage 9 ,plato's ,protagoras1#ajf :i* "o is fa9 to reg>d z an ess5tially true reproduction ( a disc\rse by t great man1 ,ju/ice & ,rev]5ce are accord$ true validity4 ,on inquir+ to :at *>act]i/ic ?is honorable di/9ction is due1 we f9d t x does n reside 9 !mselves2 x is due to ! assumption t a /ate mu/ exi/4 ,"h1 !n1 9 a ^w1 is ! up%ot ( ! logical movem5t4 ,logical pr$icates are ess5tially hypo!tical1 d]iv+ _! validity f ! int]e/ t moves m5 to affirm !m4 ,:5 !y lose ?is hypo!tical "*1 z t]ms )9 a volitional sy/em1 & set up z entities at l>ge1 !y cease to function & =feit _! "r to exi/4 ,x ,,valuation ,,z ,a ,,logical ,,process ,! purpose ( ?is discussion is to supply ! ma9 outl9es ( a !ory ( value bas$ ^u analysis ( ! valuation-process f ! logical po9t ( view4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i* we %all seek to e/abli% is t judgm5ts ( value1 :e!r pass$ ^u ?+s or ^u modes ( conduct1 are ess5tially objective 9 import1 & t !y are rea*$ ?r\gh a process ( valuation :i* is ess5tially ( ! same logical "* z ! judgm5t-process :]eby conclusions ( physical fact are e/abli%$--9 a ^w1 t ! valuation-process1 issu+ 9 ! f9i%$ judgm5t ( value expressive ( ! judg+ p]son's def9itive attitude t[>d ! ?+ 9 "q1 is con/ructive ( an ord] ( reality 9 ! same s5se z1 9 curr5t !ories ( k1 is ! judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception & sci5ce4 ,our me?od ( proc$ure to ?is end w be t ( assum+1 & adh]+ to z consi/5tly z possible1 ! /&po9t ( ! individual 9 ! process ( delib]at+ ^u an e?ical or economic problem 7=1 z we %all hold1 all values prop]ly s call$ are ei!r e?ical or economic71 & ( asc]ta9+1 z accurately z may be1 ! mean+ ( ! delib]ative or evaluat+ process & ( ! v>i\s factors 9 x z ^! are pres5t$ 9 ! individual's appreh5sion4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t our proc$ure w be logical r ?an psy*ological4 ,we %all be conc]n$ to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! object ( valuation z object1 ( ! /&>d ( value z /&>d1 & ( ! valu$ object z valu$1 9 t]ms ( ! individual's own appreh5sion ( ^!1 r ?an to asc]ta9 ! nature & conditions ( 8 appreh5sions ( ^! consid]$ z psy*ical ev5ts4 ,our att5tion w ?r\gh\t be direct$ to ^! factors or phases ( ! valuation-process 9 _! functional aspect ( det]m9ants ( ! valu+ ag5t's practical attitude1 & nev]1 except+ = purposes ( incid5tal illu/ration & 9 a v g5]al & t5tative way1 z ev5ts 9 consci\sness m$iat$ by m elem5t>y psy*ical processes4 ,! results :i* we %all ga9 by adh]+ to ?is me?od w enable u to see n m]ely t our judgm5ts ( value are 9 function & mean+ objective1 b also t our judgm5ts ( s5se-p]ception & sci5ce are1 z su*1 capable ( satisfactory int]pretation only z be+ incid5tal to ! atta9m5t & progressive recon/ruction ( judgm5ts ( value4 ,! fir/ ?ree ma9 divisions w be giv5 ov] to e/abli%+ ! objectivity ( cont5t & function ( judgm5ts ( value4 ,! f\r? division w pres5t a detail$ analysis ( ! two types ( judgm5t ( value1 ! e?ical & economic1 def9+ !m & relat+ !m to ea* o!r1 & correlat+ !m 9 ! mann] j sugge/$ ) judgm5t ( ! physical type4 ,aft] consid]+1 9 ! fif? "p1 c]ta9 g5]al objections to ! positions ?us /at$1 we %all proce$ 9 ! six? & conclud+ division to def9e ! function ( ! consci\sness ( value 9 ! economy ( life4#ajg ,i ,! sy/em ( judgm5ts :i* def9es :at "o calls ! objective ord] ( ?+s is inevitably unique = ea* p>ticul> individual4 ,no two m5 c view ! _w f ! /&po9t ( ! same !oretical & practical int]e/s1 nor c any two proce$ 9 ! "w ( ga9+ = !mselves k ( ! _w ) precisely equal degrees ( skill & accuracy4 ,ea* mu/ be prompt$ & guid$1 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 k ( s+le ?+s & ( ! sy/em 9 :i* !y h _! be+1 by 8 own p>ticul> int]e/s & aims2 & ev5 :5 "o p]son 9 a measure %>es 9 ! int]e/s & aims ( ano!r1 ! rate & mann] ( proc$ure w n be ! same = bo?1 nor w ! k ga9$ be = bo? equally sy/ematic 9 arrangem5t or 9 int]relation ( its p>ts4 ,ea* man lives 9 a _w ( 8 own--a _w1 inde$1 id5tical 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal respects ) ! worlds :i* 8 fell[-m5 h con/ruct$ = !mselves1 b "o nev]!less necess>ily unique ?r\gh & ?r\gh because ea* man is a unique individual4 ,!re is1 d\btless1 a social curr5cy ( objects :i* implies a c]ta9 id5tity ( mean+ 9 objects z exp]i5c$ by diff]5t individuals4 ,! exi/5ce ( society presupposes1 & its evolution 9 turn develops & ext5ds1 a sy/em ( g5]ally accept$ objects & relations4 ,nev]!less1 ! socially curr5t object is1 z su*1 an ab/raction j z ! uni=m social individual is likewise an ab/raction4 ,! only concrete object ev] actually kn[n or 9 any wise exp]i5c$ by any p]son is ! object z con/ruct$ by t p]son 9 accordance ) 8 own aims & purposes1 & 9 :i* !re is1 !re=e1 a l>ge & important %>e ( mean+ :i* is significant to no "o else4 ,x is ne$less 9 ?is discussion to dwell at l5g? ^u ! g5]al pr9ciple ( rec5t functional psy*ology1 t practical ends are ! controll+ factors 9 ! acquisition ( our k ( objective ?+s4 ,we %all take = grant$ ! tru? ( ! g5]al proposition t cognition1 9 :atev] sph]e ( sci5ce or ( practical life1 is ess5tially teleological 9 ! s5se ( be+ incid5tal always1 m or less directly1 to ! atta9m5t ( ends4 ,cognition1 z ! app]ceptive or att5tive process1 is ess5tially ! process ( scrut9iz+ a situation 7:e!r !oretical or practical7 ) a view to det]m9+ ! availability = "o's int5d$ purpose ( su* objects & conditions z ! situation may pres5t4 ,! objects & conditions ?us det]m9$ w be made use ( or ignor$1 c\nt$ ^u z advantage\s or gu>d$ aga9/ z unfavorable--9 a ^w1 respond$ to--9 ways sugge/$ by _! "* z asc]ta9$ ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! int]e/ 9 "q4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 objective ?+s z kn[n by individual p]sons are ess5tially complex /imuli ^: prop] function & reason = be+ x is to elicit useful responses 9 ! way ( conduct--responses conducive to ! realization ( ends4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o p]son's k ( a p>ticul> object & ano!r's signifies 7#a7 a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! p]sons' orig9al purposes 9 sett+ out to ga9 k ( ! object1 & 7#b7 consequ5tly a diff]5ce betwe5 _! pres5t ways ( act+ ) ref]5ce to ! object4 ,! b>e object z socially curr5t is1 at be/1 = ea* individual simply a gr\nd ^u :i* subsequ5t con/ruction may be made2 & ! subsequ5t con/ruction :i* ea* individual is prompt$ by 8 circum/ances & is able to "w out 9 judgm5t fir/ makes ! object1 = ?is individual1 real & = 8 purposes complete4 ,n[1 x is our prim>y int5tion to %[ t objects are1 9 cases ( a c]ta9 important class1 n yet ready to s]ve ! p]son :o kn[s !m 9 _! prop] "* ( /imuli1 :5 !y h be51 ev5 exhau/ively1 def9$ 9 m]ely physical t]ms4 ,x is v (t5 n en\gh t ! dim5sions ( an object & its physical prop]ties1 ev5 ! m recondite ones z well z ^? m commonly und]/ood--x is (t5 n en\gh = ! purposes ( an ag5t t ^! *>act]s %\ld make up ! :ole sum ( 8 k ( ! object 9 "q4 ,a measure ( k 9 t]ms ( physical categories is (t5 only a beg9n+--! result ( a prelim9>y /age ( ! entire process ( teleological det]m9ation1 :i* mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh be=e ! object ( att5tion c be satisfactorily kn[n4 ,9 ! pres5t /udy ( ! logic ( valuation we %all be occupi$ exclusively ) ! discussion ( cases ( ?is k9d4 ,9 our judgm5ts ( s5se-p]ception & physical sci5ce we h pres5t$ to u mat]ial objects 9 _! physical aspect4 ,:5 ^! latt] are inadequate to sugge/ or w>rant ov]t conduct1 our k ( !m mu/ be supplem5t$ & recon/ruct$ 9 ways pres5tly to be specifi$4 ,x is 9 ! outcome ( judgm5t-processes 9 :i* ?is "w ( supplem5t+ & recon/ruct+ is c>ri$ ?r\gh t ! consci\sness ( value1 9 ! prop] s5se1 arises1 & ^! processes1 !n1 are ^? :i* we %all "h consid] "u ! "n ( processes ( valuation4 ,!y w !re=e be/ be approa*$ ?r\gh specification ( ! ways 9 :i* our physical judgm5ts may be inadequate4 ,let u1 !n1 assume1 z has be5 indicat$1 t ! process ( acquir+ k--t is to say1 ! process ( judgm5t or att5tion--is 9 e case ( its occurr5ce incid5tal to ! atta9m5t ( an end4 ,we mu/ make ?is assumption )\t attempt+ =mally to ju/ify x--?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( our discussion x w be abundantly illu/rat$4 ,let u1 9 accordance ) ?is view1 ?9k ( ! typical judgm5t-process z proce$+1 9 ! ma91 z foll[s3 ,fir/ ( all mu/ come a s5se ( ne$ or defici5cy1 :i* may1 on occasion1 be prec$$ by a m or less viol5t & sudd5 %ock to ! s5ses1 =cibly turn+ "o's att5tion to ! ne$ ( imm$iate action4 ,by degrees ?is s5se ( ne$ w gr[ m def9ite & come to express itself 9 a m or less cle> & di/9ct image ( an end1 t[>d :i* end ! ag5t is drawn by desire & to :i* he looks ) mu* or little ( emotion4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! end into consci\sness imm$iately makes possible & occasions def9ite analysis ( ! situation 9 :i* ! end mu/ be work$ out4 ,sali5t features ( ! situation =?) are notic$--:e!r useful ?+s or favor+ conditions1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( any su*4 ,?us pr$icates & !n subjects = _m subsidi>y judgm5ts 9 ! compreh5sive judgm5t-process em]ge toge!r 9 action & int]action ^u ea* o!r4 ,! pr$icates1 develop$ out ( ! g5]al end t[>d :i* ! ag5t /rives1 af=d successive po9ts ( view = fre% analyses ( ! situation4 ,! logical subjects ?us discov]$--objects ( att5tion & k--require1 on ! o!r h&1 z !y are scrut9iz$ & judg$1 modification & re-exam9ation ( ! end4 ,! end gr[s cle>] & full] ( detail z ! pr$icates or impli$ 7con/itu5t7 ideas :i* are develop$ out ( x are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r & us$ 9 mak+ "o's inv5tory ( ! objective situation4 ,conv]sely1 ! situation loses its fir/ aspect ( confusion & takes on m & m ! aspect ( an ord]ly assemblage ( objects & conditions1 useful1 indiff]5t1 & adv]se1 by means ( :i* ! end may 9 great] or less measure be atta9$ or mu/1 9 h[ev] greatly modifi$ a =m1 be defeat$4 ,n[1 9 ?is developm5t ( ! judgm5t-process1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 ! end mu/ be m or less cle>ly & consi/5tly conceiv$ ?r\gh\t z an activity1 if ! objective means ( action :i* h be5 det]m9$ 9 ! process are n to be1 at ! la/1 sep>ate & unrelat$ data /ill requir+ co-ord9ation4 ,if ! end has be5 s conceiv$1 ! means w inevitably be kn[n z memb]s ( a me*anical sy/em1 s9ce ! pr$icates by :i* !y h be5 det]m9$ h at e po9t involv$ ?is factor ( am5ability to co-ord9ation4 ,! judgm5t-process1 if prop]ly conduct$ & br\ght to a conclusion1 mu/ issue at ! end 9 ! functional unity ( a f9i%$ plan ( conduct ) a p]fect$ me*anical co-ord9ation ( ! available means4 ,we h n[ to see t mu* m may be involv$ 9 su* a process z ?is ?an has be5 explicitly /at$ 9 our brief analysis4 ,= ! end itself may be a matt] ( delib]ation1 j z mu/ be ! physical means ( accompli%+ x2 &1 aga91 ! means may call = scrut9y & det]m9ation f o!r po9ts ( view ?an ! physical & me*anical4 ,! f9al action tak5 at ! end may express ! outcome ( delib]ate e?ical & economic judgm5t z well z ( judgm5ts 9 ! sph]e ( s5se-p]ception & physical sci5ce4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 t "o's end is ! con/ruction ( a h\se ^u a c]ta9 plot ( gr\nd4 ,?is end expresses ! felt ne$ ( a m com=table or m reputable abode1 & has s mu* ( g5]al presumption 9 its favor4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be _m reasons = hesitation4 ,! co/ 9 "t or money or mat]ials on h& may tax "o's res\rces & injuri\sly curtail "o's activities along o!r l9es4 ,& !re may be e?ical reasons :y ! plan %\ld n be c>ri$ out4 ,! h\se may %ut (f a pleas+ prospect f ! view ( ! entire neighborhood & s]ve no bett] end ?an ! gratification ( its own]'s selfi% vanity4 ,x w co/ a sum ( money :i* might be us$ 9 pay+ j1 ?\gh outlaw$1 debts4 ,n[1 f ! /&po9t ( su* problems z ^! ! fulle/ possible prelim9>y k ( ! physical & me*anical fitness ( our means mu/ /ill be v ab/ract & g5]al4 ,x w\ld be ( use 9 any und]tak+ l ! "o we h suppos$1 b x is n suffici5t 9 s f> z ! problem is "o's own problem1 concrete1 p>ticul>1 & s unique4 ,"o may1 ( c\rse1 proce$ to ! /age ( physical judgm5t )\t hav+ settl$ ! e?ical problems :i* may h pres5t$ !mselves at ! outset4 ,! end may be ent]ta9$ t5tatively z a hypo!sis until c]ta9 me*anical problems h be5 dealt )4 ,b manife/ly ?is is only po/ponem5t ( ! issue4 ,! ag5t is /ill q unprep>$1 ev5 aft] ! means h be5 s f> det]m9$1 to take ! fir/ /ep 9 ! execution ( ! plan2 inde$1 8 unc]ta9ty is probably only ! m h>ass+ ?an be=e4 ,moreov]1 ! economic problems 9 ! case are n[ m %>ply def9$1 & ^! = ! "t be+ /ill fur!r d>k5 c\nsel4 ,manife/ly ! ne$ = delib]ation is at ?is po9t q z urg5t z ! ne$ = physical det]m9ation c ev] be1 & ! ne$ is evid5c$ 9 ! same way by ! actual arre/ & po/ponem5t ( ov]t conduct4 ,! ag5t1 despite 8 physical k1 is n yet free to embrace ! end &1 hav+ done s1 use !reto ! means at 8 disposal4 ,x is pla9ly impossible to use ! physical means until "o kn[s 9 t]ms ( ,sub/ance & ,attribute or ,cause & ,effect1 or :atev] o!r physical categories "o may please1 :at mann] ( behavior may be expect$ ( !m4 ,s likewise is x z truly impossible1 = "o intellectually & morally capable ( appreciat+ problems ( a m advanc$ & complex sort1 to exploit ! physical prop]ties ?us discov]$ until e?ical det]m9ation ( ! end & economic det]m9ation ( ! means h be5 complet$4#ajh ,!re are1 !n1 we conclude1 cases 9 :i* physical det]m9ation ( ! means is by itself n a suffici5t prep>ation = conduct--9 :i* !re are e?ical & economic problems :i* delay ! application ( ! physical means to ! end to :i* !y may be physically adapt$4 ,inde$1 s mu* z ?is may well appe> z suffici5tly obvi\s )\t ext5d$ illu/ration4 ,ev]yone kn[s t x is ne>ly always necess>y1 9 und]tak+ any "w 9 :i* mat]ial ?+s are us$ z means1 to c\nt ! co/2 & ev]yone kn[s likewise t n e end t is 9 any way attractive & )9 "o's rea* may )\t m ado be tak5 z an object ( settl$ desire & ef=t4 ,x is inde$ ne$less to elaborate ^! commonplaces 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are commonly und]/ood4 ,h[ev]1 su* is n our pres5t purpose4 ,our purpose is ! m specific "o ( %[+ t ! mean+ ( ,objectivity mu/ be wid5$ s z to include 7#a7 ! univ]se ( ends 9 _! e?ical aspect & 7#b7 ! economic aspect ( ! means ( action1 z well z 7#c7 ! physical aspect to :i* ! "* ( ,objectivity is commonly re/rict$4 ,we %all ma9ta9 t ^! are p>ts or phases ( a complete conception ( ,reality1 & t ( !m1 consequ5tly1 ,objectivity mu/ be pr$icat$ = e ess5tial reason connot$ by su* *>act]ization ( ! _w ( ?+s ext]nal to ! s5ses4 ,x has be5 ) ?is conclusion 9 m9d1 !n1 t we h s\ght to emphasize ! frequ5t s]i\s inadequacy1 = practical purposes1 ( ! m]ely physical det]m9ation ( ! means 9 "o's environm5t4 ,! pr9ciple ?us sugge/$ w\ld imply t ! e?ical & economic /ages 9 ! "o inclusive process ( reflective att5tion %\ld be reg>d$ z involv+1 :5 !y occur1 ! same logical function ( judgm5t z is op]ative 9 ! sph]e ( s5se-p]ception & ! sci5ces g5]ally4 ,e?ical & economic factors mu/ on occasion be pres5t at ! f9al *oice & %ap+ ( "o's c\rse ( conduct1 along ) ! physical det]m9ations ( environ+ means & conditions :i* "o has made 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,!re is1 !n1 x w\ld appe>1 at lea/ a fair presumption1 ?\gh n inde$ an a priori c]ta9ty1 t ^! e?ical & economic factors or conditions h1 l ! physical1 tak5 =m 9 a judgm5t-process :i* w admit ( pr(itable analysis 9 accordance ) :atev] g5]al !ory ( judgm5t "o may hold z valid else:]e 9 ! field ( k4 ,?is presumption we %all seek to v]ify4 ,n[1 our int]e/ 9 ?us det]m9+1 fir/ ( all1 ! logical "* ( ^! processes w readily be und]/ood f ?is1 t1 9 ! pres5t view1 ^! are ! processes1 & ! only ones 9 our exp]i5ce1 :i* are prop]ly to be reg>d$ z processes ( ,valuation4 ,we %all hold t ,valuation1 & s all consci\sness ( ,value1 prop]ly s call$1 mu/ be ei!r e?ical or economic2 t ! only consci\s processes 9 :i* ,values c come to def9ition are ^! processes ( e?ical & economic judgm5t4 ,! pres5t !ory ( ,value is1 !n1 ess5tially a logical "o1 9 ! s5se ( hold+ t ,values are det]m9$ 9 & by a logical--t is1 a judgm5tal--valuation-process & 9 its details is closely dep5d5t ^u ! g5]al conception ( judgm5t ( :i* ! outl9es h be5 sket*$ above4 ,accord+ly1 ! exposition mu/ proce$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]al ord]3 ,assum+ ! conception ( judgm5t :i* has be5 pres5t$ 7:i* our discussion w 9 sev]al ways fur!r illu/rate & s t5d to confirm71 we %all seek to %[ t ! det]m9ations made 9 e?ical & economic judgm5t are 9 ! prop] s5se objective4 ,?is w involve1 fir/ ( all1 a /atem5t ( ! conditions "u :i* ! e?ical & economic judgm5ts respectively arise--:i* /atem5t w s]ve to di/+ui% ! two types ( judgm5t f ea* o!r4 ,we %all !n proce$ to ! special analysis ( ! e?ical & economic =ms f ! /&po9t ( our g5]al !ory ( judgm5t1 !reby e/abli%+ 9 detail ! judgm5tal "* ( ^! p>ts ( ! reflective process4 ,?is analysis w s]ve to introduce our int]pretation ( ! consci\sness ( ,value z a factor 9 ! conduct & economy ( life4 ,,ii ,let u !n def9e ! problem ( ! objective ref]5ce ( ! valuational judgm5ts by /at+1 z di/9ctly z may be1 ! conditions by :i* e?ical & economic delib]ation1 respectively1 are prompt$4 ,a /udy ( ^! conditions w make x easi] to see 9 :at way ! judgm5ts rea*$ 9 deal+ ) !m c be objective4 ,:5 w an end1 pres5t+ itself 9 consci\sness 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 our brief analysis ( ! judgm5t-process1 become ! c5t] ( att5tion1 !reby *eck+ ! advance1 ?r\gh inve/igation ( ! possible means1 to f9al ov]t action8 ,?is is ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! problem ( ! typical e?ical situation4 ,manife/ly !re w be no e?ical delib]ation if ! imag$ end at once turns ! att5tion t[>d ! environm5t ( possible means1 in/ead ( fir/ ( all itself becom+ ! object in/ead ( ! director ( att5tion2 !re w be no susp5sion ( progress t[>d f9al action1 except+ su* z may lat] come ?r\gh difficulty 9 ! discov]y & co-ord9ation ( ! means4 ,h[ev]1 !re are cases 9 :i* ! em]g5ce ( ! end =?) is foll[$ by a *eck to ! reflective process1 & ! ag5t %r9ks f ! end pres5t$ 9 imag9ation z be+1 let u say1 "o =bidd5 by au?ority or "o repugnant to 8 own e/abli%$ /&>ds4 ,! end may 9 su* a case disappe> at once2 v (t5 x w insi/5tly rema94 ,on ?is latt] supposition1 ! simple/ possibility w be ! developm5t ( a m]e me*anical t5sion1 a pull & haul betwe5 ! end1 or prop]ly ! impulses :i* x repres5ts1 & ! ag5t's habit ( suppress+ impulses ( ! class to :i* ! pres5t "o is1 p]haps intuitively1 recogniz$ z belong+4 ,! case is ! common "o ( temptation on ! "o side & pr9ciple or consci5ce on ! o!r1 & s long z ! two =ces rema9 ?us 9 h>d-&-fa/ opposition to ea* o!r !re c be no e?ical delib]ation or judgm5t 9 a prop] s5se4 ,! /&>d or habit may ga9 ! day by %e] me*anical excess ( p[]1 or ! new impulse1 ! temptation1 may prevail because its onset c break d[n ! me*anical resi/ance4 ,out ( su* a situation z ?is1 h[ev]1 g5u9e e?ical delib]ation may arise on condition t /&>d & temptation c lose some?+ ( _! ab/ractness & _! h>d-&-fa/ opposition1 & develop into t]ms ( concrete mean+4 ,! ag5t may come to see t ! end is 9 "s def9ite way ( really vital int]e/ & too important to be put aside )\t consid]ation4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is fall into gross self-sophi/ication1 l ! drunk>d 9 ! classical in/ance :o takes ano!r glass to te/ 8 self-control & !reby ga9 assurance1 or he may act ) wisdom & ) full s9c]ity1 l ,doro!a ,casaubon :5 %e r5\nc$ ! impossible task impos$ by h] dep>t$ husb&4 ,9 ! moral life "o c ask or hope = complete exemption f ! risk ( self-deception ) z little reason z 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 our pres5t int]e/ is 9 ! me?od1 n 9 p>ticul> results ( e?ical reflection4 ,:e!r prop]ly s 9 a p>ticul> case or n1 ! imag$ end may come to seem at lea/ plausibly def5sible on gr\nds ( pr9ciple :i* s]ve to sanction c]ta9 o!r modes ( conduct to :i* a place is giv5 9 ! accept$ s*eme ( life2 or ! end may simply press = a relatively indep5d5t recognition on ! v g5]al gr\nd t its em]g5ce repres5ts an enl>gem5t & new developm5t ( ! p]sonality4#aji ,! end may ?us cease to /& 9 ! "* ( bl9d self-ass]tive impulse1 & press its claim z a positive means ( future moral gr[?1 z br++ fre$om f repressive & enfeebl+ re/ra9ts & z t5d+ to ! re9=cem5t ( o!r already valu$ modes ( conduct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /&>d w cease to /& z m]e resi/ance & negation1 & may discov] some?+ ( its hidd5 mean+ z a product ( long exp]i5ce & sl[ gr[?1 & z p]haps a vital "p ( ! organization ( "o's pres5t life1 n to be t\*$ )\t grave risk4 ,n[1 on :i*ev] side ! developm5t may fir/ comm5ce1 a l developm5t mu/ soon foll[ on ! o!r1 & x is ! action & reaction ( /&>d & prospective or problematic end ^u ea* o!r t con/itutes ! process ( e?ical delib]ation or judgm5t4 ,j z 9 ! typical judgm5t-process1 z sket*$ above1 s also "h pr$icate & subject develop ea* o!r1 :5 once !y h giv5 ov] _! fir/ antagonism & come to ! attitude ( reason+ toge!r4 ,! pr$icate expla9s itself t ! subject or new end may be se>*+ly & fairly te/$2 & "u ?is scrut9y ! subject develops its full mean+ z a c\rse ( conduct1 !reby prompt+ fur!r analysis & re9t]pretation ( ! /&>d4 ,b ?is is n ! place = detail$ analysis ( ! process2#aaj "h we are conc]n$ only to def9e ! type ( situation1 & ?is we may n[ d 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,! indisp5sable condition ( e?ical judgm5t is ! pres5ce 9 ! ag5t's m9d ( at lea/ two rival int]e/+ ends or sy/ems ( su* ends4 ,9 ! =ego+1 ! subject ( ! judgm5t is ! new end t has aris52 ! pr$icate or /&>d is ! symbol = ! old ends or values :i* 9 ! t5sion ( ! judgm5t-process mu/ be br\ght to m or less explicit enum]ation--&1 we mu/ add1 recon/ruction also4 ,inde$1 x is important1 ev5 at ?is /age ( our discussion1 to obs]ve t ,pr$icate & ,/&>d are n equival5t 9 mean+4 ,! pr$icate1 or pr$icative side1 ( judgm5t is ! imag]y ( control 9 ! process1 :i*1 z we h se51 develops ) ! subject side2 :ile ! t]m ,/&>d connotes ! rigid fixity :i* belongs to ! inhibit+ concept or ideal 9 ! /age be=e ! judgm5t-process prop] c beg94 ,! e?ical judgm5t-process is1 9 a ^w1 j ! process ( recon/ruct+ /&>ds--z 9 its o!r & correspond+ aspect x is ! process ( int]pret+ new ends4 ,^? :o oppose measures ( social re=m or new modes ( conduct or belief on alleg$ gr\nds ( immorality in/9ctively feel 9 do+ s t ! *ange may make its way m easily aga9/ a resi/ance t w c&idly expla9 itself2 &1 on ! o!r side ( ! social judgm5t-process1 ! m fanatical "k h[ to turn to good advantage = _! propag&a ! bitt]ness or contempt ( ^? :o repres5t ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,on bo? sides !re are ^? :o tru/ m 9 me*anical pull & haul ?an 9 ! intr9sic m]its ( _! cause4 ,?us x is by enc\nt]+ "s rival end or entire sy/em ( ends1 z symboliz$ by an ideal1 t a new end em]g+ out ( impulse comes to /& = an ag5t1 z ! c5t] ( a problem ( conduct1 & s to occupy ! c5t] ( att5tion4 ,& x !reby becomes an ,object1 z we %all hold1 :i* mu/ be m fully def9$ 9 ord] t x may be valu$1 & accord+ly be held to w>rant a det]m9ate attitude t[>d itself on ! ag5t's "p4 ,we h n[ to def9e 9 ! same g5]al t]ms ! typical economic situation4 ,9 economic !ory z 9 common ?\ght x is n ! contemplat$ act ( apply+ c]ta9 means to ! atta9m5t ( an end reg>d$ z desirable t functions z ! logical subject ( valuation4 ,! ?+ or object valu$ 9 ! economic situation is "o's pres5t weal?1 :e!r mat]ial or immat]ial1 "o's s]vices or labor--:atev] "o gives 9 ex*ange or o!rwise sets ap>t = ! atta9m5t ( a desir$ end or1 proximately1 to secure possession ( ! necess>y & suffici5t means to ! atta9m5t ( a desir$ end4 ,! object ( att5tion 9 ! valu+ process is "h n itself an end ( action4 ,9 ?is respect ! economic type ( judgm5t is l ! physical1 = 9 bo? ! object to be valu$ is a c]ta9 means :i* "o is seek+ to adapt to "s m or less def9itely imag$ purpose2 or a condition ( :i* "o wi%es1 likewise = "s special purpose1 to take advantage4 ,! ultimate goal ( all judgm5t is ! det]m9ation ( a c\rse ( conduct look+ t[>d an end1 & our pres5t problem may accord+ly be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,"u :at circum/ances 9 ! judgm5t-process does x become necess>y to ! def9ition & atta9m5t ( an end z yet vague & indet]m9ate t ! requisite means1 z 9 "p already physically det]m9$1 %\ld be fur!r scrut9iz$ 9 att5tion & det]m9$ f ! economic po9t ( view8 ,or1 9 a ^w3 ,:at is ! jurisdiction ( ! economic po9t ( view8 ,= ord9>y judgem5ts ( s5se-p]ception ! pres5ce 9 consci\sness ( a s+le unque/ion$ end is ! adequate occasion1 z our analysis 7assum+ its validity7 has %[n4 ,= e?ical judgm5t we h se5 t ! pres5ce ( conflict+ ends is necess>y2 & we %all n[ hold t ?is condition is necess>y1 ?\gh n1 )\t a c]ta9 qualification1 adequate1 = ! economic type z well4 ,if an imag$ end c hold its place 9 consci\sness )\t a rival1 & ! physical means ( atta9+ x h be5 f\nd & co-ord9at$1 !n ! use or consumption ( ! means mu/ inevitably foll[1 )\t ei!r e?ical or economic judgem5t2 =1 to p>aphrase ! say+ ( ,pr(essor ,james1 no?+ b an end c displace or inhibit ef=t t[>d ano!r end4 ,! economic situation diff]s1 !n1 f ! e?ical 9 ?is1 t ! end or sy/em ( ends ent]+ into competition ) ! "o = ! "t be+ ( *ief & prim>y int]e/ has be5 br\ght to consci\sness ?r\gh ref]5ce to ^? physical means :i* already h be5 det]m9$ z necess>y to ?is latt] end4 ,! conflict ( ends 9 ! economic situation1 t is to say1 is n due to a direct & intr9sic incompatibility betwe5 !m4 ,:]e !re manife/ly is su* incompatibility1 judgm5t w be ( ! e?ical type--z :5 build+ ! h\se involves ! =eclosure ( a mortgage1 & s1 9 work+ an injury to ! hold] ( ! site1 may d viol5ce to "o's ideal ( fri5d%ip or ( m special obligation2 or :5 an impulse to intemp]ate self-indulg5ce is met by "o's ideal ( social usefulness4 ,9 cases su* z ^! "o cle>ly sees1 or c on reflection come to see1 9 :at way an evil result to p]sonal "* w foll[ ^u ! imm95t misde$1 & 9 :at way suppression ( ! mom5t>y impulse w cons]ve ! entire approv$ & e/abli%$ way ( life4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! conflict+ ends are relat$ 9 no su* mutually exclusive way4 ,ea* may be 9 itself p]missible & compatible ) ! o!r1 &1 s f> z any possible e?ical discrim9ation c det]m9e1 !re is no gr\nd = *oice betwe5 !m4 ,?us x is only ?r\gh ! fact t bo? ends are dep5d5t ^u a limit$ supply ( means t "o w\ld1 = example1 ev] br+ toge!r & delib]ately oppose 9 judgm5t ! purpose ( mak+ additions to 8 libr>y & ! necessity ( provid+ a /ore ( fuel = ! w9t]4 ,bo? ends 9 su* a case are 9 !mselves inde$ p]missible 9 a g5]al way1 b !y may v well n bo? ( !m be economically possible1 & h5ce1 = ! p]son 9 "q & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! economic conditions :i* confront him1 n1 9 ! la/ analysis1 bo? e?ically possible4 ,:5 !re is a conflict betwe5 two ends t /& 9 close organic relation 9 ! s5se expla9$ above1 ! problem is an e?ical "o2 :5 ! conflict is1 9 ! s5se expla9$1 "o ( competition betwe5 ends e?ically p]missible--n at v>iance1 ei!r "o1 t is1 ) o!r ends directly--= ! :ole or = a %>e ( "o's supply ( means1 ! problem is ( ! economic type4#aaa ,!re are ?ree typical cases 9 :i* economic judgm5t or valuation ( ! means is necess>y1 & ! enum]ation ( ^! w make cle> ! relation betwe5 ! e?ical & ! economic types ( judgm5t3 7#a7 ,fir/ may be m5tion$ ! case 9 :i* e?ical delib]ation has app>5tly rea*$ its end 9 ! =mation ( a plan ( action :i*1 s f> z "o c see1 on e?ical gr\nds is unobjectionable4 ,a def9ite temptation may h be5 ov]come1 or out ( a m complex situation a satisfactory e?ical compromise or readju/m5t may h be5 develop$ ) mu* difficulty4 ,n[1 !re are v (t5 cases 9 :i* su* a c\rse ( action /ill may n be ent]$ on )\t fur!r hesitation2 =1 if ! plan be "o requir+ = its work+ out ! use ( mat]ial means1 ! fact ( an exi/+ limitation ( "o's supply ( means mu/ br+ hi!rto un?\ght ( ends into conflict ) x4 ,!re are d\btless _m situations 9 :i* "o's moral *oice may be c>ri$ into practice )\t consid]ation ( ways & means1 z :5 "o =gives an injury or holds 8 in/9ctive nature "u discipl9e 9 ! ef=t to atta9 an ascetic or a g5u9ely social ideal ( "*4 ,b m (t5 ?an ! moral rigori/ c>es to see1 que/ions ( an economic nature mu/ be rais$ aft] ! e?ical evid5ce is all 9--que/ions :i* are probably m try+ to a s5sitive moral nature ?an ^? m dramatic situations 9 :i* ! real p]ils ( self-sophi/ication are va/ly less1 & ! simpl]1 %>p] def9ition ( ! issue makes possible a less difficult1 ?\gh a m decisive & edify+1 victory4 7#b7 ,9 ! second place are ^? cases 9 :i* ! end t has em]g$ is )\t conspicu\s moral quality1 because1 al?\gh x may repres5t "s wor?y impulse1 x has n be5 oblig$ to make its way to acceptance aga9/ ! resi/ance ( desires less wor?y ?an itself4 ,?is is ! ideal case ( economic !ory 9 :i* moral di/9ctions are irrelevant1 & ! economic man is free1 accord+ to ! my?1 to p]=m 8 h$oni/ic calculations )\t ?\ght ( moral scruple4 ,! end e?ically acceptable 9 itself1 l ! enri*+ ( "o's libr>y1 mu/1 :5 ! means are limit$1 div]t a portion ( ! means f o!r uses1 & w ?us1 ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! indisp5sable means1 engage 9 conflict ) o!r ends q remotely1 if 9 ! ag5t's k at all1 relat$ ) itself4 7#c7 ,f9ally we rea* ! limit ( app>5t fre$om f e?ical consid]ations 9 ! op]ations ( bus9ess in/itutions1 & p]haps especially 9 ^? ( l>ge bus9ess corporations4 ,ap>t f ! r\t9e op]ations ( a bus9ess :i* involve no pres5t ex]cise ( ! valu+ judgm5t1 !re are con/antly 9 su* in/itutions new projects :i* mu/ be consid]$1 & :i* commonly mu/ involve revaluation ( ! means4 ,9 ?is revaluation ! pr9ciple ( greate/ rev5ue is suppos$ to be ! sole crit]ion1 reg>dless ( o!r p]sonal or social po9ts ( view f :i* confess$ly ! measure might be consid]$4 ,b su* a supposition1 h[ev] true to ! facts ( curr5t bus9ess practice x may be1 we mu/ hold to be an ab/raction :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! social life at l>ge1 & h5ce no real exception to our g5]al pr9ciple4 ,! economic & ! e?ical situations diff]1 z types1 only 9 ! clos5ess ( relation betwe5 ! ends t are 9 conflict & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ends are fir/ br\ght into conflict--n 9 respect ( ! intr9sic nature ( ! ends :i* are involv$ 9 !m4#aab ,x is ?is diff]5ce :i*1 z we %all see1 expla9s :y e?ical valuation mu/ be ( ends1 & economic valuation1 on ! o!r h&1 ( means4 ,we h yet to see 9 :at way valuation ( ! means ( action c s]ve to resolve a difficulty ( ! type :i* has ?us be5 designat$ z ,economic4 ,! "q mu/ be def]r$ until a m detail$ analysis ( ! economic judgm5t-process c be und]tak54 ,x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to note t ! subject ( valuation 9 ?is process is ! means1 & to see t "u ! typical conditions :i* h be5 describ$ "s fur!r det]m9ation ( ! means ?an ! m]ely physical "o ( _! factual availability = ! compet+ ends is ne$$4#aac ,physically & me*anically ! means are available = ea* "o ( ! ends or gr\ps ( ends 9 "q2 ! press+ problem is to det]m9e = :i* "o ( ! ends1 if any1 or to :at compromise or readju/m5t ( c]ta9 ( ! ends or all ( !m1 ! means at h& are 9 an economic s5se mo/ prop]ly available4#aad ,f ?is prelim9>y discussion ( ! e?ical & economic situations we mu/ n[ pass to discuss ! objectivity ( ! judgm5ts by :i* ! ag5t meets ! difficulties :i* su* situations z ^! pres5t4 ,we %all seek to %[ t ^! judgm5ts are con/ructive ( an objective ord] ( reality4 ,x w be necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to det]m9e ! psy*ological conditions ( ! m commonly recogniz$ exp]i5ce ( ,objectivity 9 ! re/rict$ sph]e ( s5se-p]ception4 ,!re might o!rwise rema9 a c]ta9 antec$5t presumption aga9/ ! !sis :i* we wi% to e/abli% ev5 aft] ! direct argum5t _h be5 pres5t$4#aae ,,iii ,common-s5se & natural sci5ce c]ta9ly t5d to id5tify ! objectively real ) ! exi/5t 9 space & "t4 ,! physical univ]se is held to be palpably real 9 a way 9 :i* no?+ n pres5t$ 9 s5su\s t]ms c be4 ,to mo/ m9ds d\btless x is difficult to und]/& :y ,plato %\ld h ascrib$ to ! ,ideas a high] degree ( reality ?an t possess$ by ! p>ticul> objects ( s5se-p]ception1 & /ill m difficult to und]/& 8 ascription ( real exi/5ce to su* ,ideas z ^? ( ,beauty1 ,ju/ice1 & ! ,good4 ,!re is a c]ta9 app>5t /ability 9 a univ]se pres5t$ 9 imm$iate s5se-p]ception--a univ]se ) :i* we are 9 con/ant bodily int]c\rse--t seems n to belong to a m]e ord] ( relations :i*1 if kn[n 9 any s5se1 is n kn[n to u ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,moreov]1 k ( ! physical _w is felt to possess a high] degree ( c]ta9ty ?an does any k we c h ( suppos$ economic or moral tru?1 or ( economic or moral /&>ds4 ,( su* k "o is dispos$ to say1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] does ( metaphysics1 t at ! be/ x presupposes a long & elaborate inf]5tial process :i*1 z long1 is likely to be faulty2 :]eas physical tru? is imm$iate or else1 :5 inf]5ce is involv$ 9 x1 easy to be te/$ by appeal to imm$iate facts4 ,physical reality is a reality t c be se5 & h&l$ & felt z (f]+ resi/ance1 & ?is is evid5ce ( objectivity ( a sort n to be f\nd 9 o!r sph]es ( k = :i* ! l claim is made4 ,! =ce ( ^! impressions 7& x w\ld n be difficult to f9d /rong] /atem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific & e?ical nom9alism7 dim9i%es if "o tries to det]m9e 9 :at consi/s t objectivity :i* !y uncritically assume z giv5 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,= "o mu/ recognize t n all our possible modes ( s5se-exp]i5ce are equally conc]n$ 9 ! pres5tation ( ?is p]ceiv$ objective _w4 ,c]ta9 s5sory quales are imm$iately ref]r$ to outw>d objects z belong+ to !m4 ,c]ta9 o!rs are1 9 a way1 inw>d1 ei!r n m def9itely localiz$ at all or m]ely localiz$ 9 ! s5se-organ :i* m$iates !m4 ,n[1 ! reason = ?is diff]5ce _c lie 9 ! cont5t ( ! v>i\s s5se-qualities ab/ractly tak54 ,a visual s5sation1 ap>t f ! sett+ 9 :i* x occurs 9 common exp]i5ce1 c be no m objective 9 its ref]5ce--inde$1 c h no m ref]5ce ( any k9d--?an ! lea/ def9ite & in/ructive organic s5sation4 ,= ! degree ( di/9ctness ) :i* "o discrim9ates s5se-qualities dep5ds ^u ! numb] & importance ( ! int]pretative associations :i* x is important f "t to "t to connect ) !m2 or1 conv]sely1 ! s5se-qualities are n self-discrim9at+ 9 virtue ( an intr9sic objective ref]5ce or mean+ :i* ea* possesses & :i* drives x ap>t f all ! re/4 ,inde$1 an intr9sic mean+1 if a s5sation c\ld possess "o1 w\ld n only be sup]flu\s 9 ! developm5t ( k1 b1 z likely to be mi/ak5 = ! acquir$ or functional mean+1 ev5 s]i\sly confus+4#aaf ,n[1 x mu/ be grant$ t1 if ! simple idea ( s5sation is )\t objective ref]5ce1 no association ) x ( simil>ly ab/ract s5sations c supply ! lack4 ,a movem5t s5sation1 or a tactual1 hav+ 9 itself no su* mean+1 _c m]ely by be+ associat$ ) a simil>ly mean+less visual s5sation end[ ?is latt] ) ref]5ce to an object4 ,objective ref]5ce is1 9 fact1 n a s5su\s ?+2 x is n a consci\s elem5t1 nor does x arise f any comb9ation or fusion ( su*4 ,x is nei!r 9 ! association ( ideas z a con/itu5t memb]1 nor does x belong to ! association consid]$ z a sequ5ce ( psy*ical /ates4 ,in/ead1 9 our pres5t view1 x belongs to or arises out ( ! activity ?r\gh :i* & ) ref]5ce to :i* associations are fir/ ( all e/abli%$4 ,x is an aspect or k9d ( ref]5ce or category "u :i* any s5se-quality or datum is app]ceiv$ :5 x is held ap>t f ! /ream ( consci\sness 9 ord] t x may receive new mean+ z a /imulus2 & a s5sation function+ 9 su* a /ate ( consci\sness#aag is a psy*ical ph5om5on v diff]5t f ! consci\s elem5t ( analytical psy*ology4 ,! ext5t to :i* x is true t ! objective _w ( s5se-p]ception is pre-em95tly visual & tactual is !n m]ely an evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! exig5cies ( ! life-process h requir$ f9] s5se-discrim9ation = ! sake ( m ref9$ reaction )9 ^! sph]es z comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,our conclusion1 !n1 mu/ be t ! consci\sness ( objectivity is n z su* s5su\s1 ev5 z giv5 9 our p]ception ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,! _w1 z view$ f ! /&po9t ( a p>ticul>1 practical em]g5cy1 is an objective _w1 n 9 virtue ( its hav+ a s5su\s or a mat]ial aspect z some?+ exi/5t p] se1 b because x is a _w ( /imuli 9 c\rse ( def9ition = ! guidance ( activity4#aah ,x w be well to give fur!r positive exposition ( ! mean+ ( ! view ?us /at$4 ,to return once m to our fundam5tal psy*ological conception1 k is ess5tially relevant to ! solution ( p>ticul> problems ( m or less urg5cy & ( v>i\s k9ds & figures 9 ! solution ( su* problems z ! assemblage ( consci\sly recogniz$ symbols or /imuli by :i* v>i\s actions are sugge/$4 ,! object z kn[n is !re=e n ! same z ! object z appreh5d$ 9 o!r possible modes ( be+ consci\s ( x4 ,! workman :o is actually us+ 8 tool 9 %ap+ 8 mat]ial1 or ! w>rior :o is actually us+ 8 weapon 9 ! ?ick ( combat1 is1 if consci\s ( ^! objects at all 7& d\btless he may be consci\s ( !m at su* times71 n consci\s ( !m z objects--z ! "o might be1 = example1 9 adju/+ ! tool = a p>ticul> k9d ( use1 & ! o!r 9 giv+ a ke5 edge to 8 blade4 ,"u ^! latt] circum/ances ! tool or weapon is an object1 & its obs]v$ condition1 view$ 9 ! light ( a purpose ( us+ ! object 9 a c]ta9 way1 is reg>d$ z prop]ly sugge/+ c]ta9 *anges or improvem5ts4 ,& likewise w ! tool or ! weapon h an objective "* 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion 9 ! mom5t ( id5tify+ & select+ x f among a numb] ( o!rs1 or ev5 9 ! act ( rea*+ = x1 especially if x is inconv5i5tly plac$4 ,b 9 ! act ( freely us+ "o's objective means ! category ( ! objective plays no "p 9 consci\sness1 because at su* times !re is no judgm5t respect+ ! means--because !re is no suffici5t occasion = ! isolation ( c]ta9 consci\s elem5ts f ! re/ ( ! /ream ( consci\s exp]i5ce to be def9$ z /imuli to c]ta9 ne$$ responses4 ,su* isolation w n normally take place s long z ! reactions sugge/$ by ! consci\s cont5ts involv$ 9 ! exp]i5ce are fully adequate to ! situation4 ,objects are n normally held ap>t z su* f ! /ream ( consci\sness 9 :i* !y are pres5t$ & recogniz$ z possess+ qualities w>rant+ c]ta9 modes ( conduct1 except+ z x has become necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( ! ag5t's purposes to modify or recon/ruct 8 activity4#aai ,are ?+s1 !n1 appreh5d$ z objective 9 virtue ( ! ag5t's attitude t[>d !m1 or is ! ag5t's attitude 9 a typical case gr\nd$ ^u an antec$5t det]m9ation ( ! objectivity ( ! ?+s 9 "q8 ,we mu/ answ]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re c be no su* antec$5t det]m9ation4 ,we may1 x is true1 speak ( believ+1 on ! evid5ce ( sight or t\*1 t a c]ta9 object is really pres5t be=e u4 ,b nei!r sight nor t\* possesses 9 itself1 z a p>ticul> s5se-quality1 any objective mean+4 ,if t\* is p> excell5ce ! s5se ( ! objective & ! appeal to t\* ! te/ ( objectivity1 ?is c only be because t\* is ! s5se mo/ closely & intimately connect$ 9 our exp]i5ce ) action4 ,aft] any int]val ( hesitation & judgm5t1 action beg9s ) contact ) & manipulation ( ! physical means :i* h be5 "u inve/igation4 ,n only is t\* ! proximate /imulus & guide to manipulation1 b all relevant k :i* has be5 ga9$ 9 any judgm5t-process1 ?r\gh ! o!r s5ses1 & especially ?r\gh sight1 mu/ ultimately be r$ucible to t]ms ( t\* or o!r contact s5se4 ,! alleg$ tactual evid5ce ( objectivity is1 !n1 r a confirmation ?an a difficulty = our pres5t view4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ dismiss z impossible ! hypo!sis t !re c be a consci\sness ( objectivity :i* is n dep5d5t ^u & an expression ( prim>y antec$5t t5d5cies t[>d motor response to ! pres5t$ /imulus4 ,x is our attitude t[>d ! prospective /imulus t m$iates ! consci\sness ( an object /&+ ov] aga9/ u4 ,s f>1 inde$1 is x f be+ true t objectivity is a matt] = special det]m9ation antec$5tly to action t by common te/imony ! conviction ( objectivity comes to u q irresi/ibly4 ,! object =ces itself ^u u1 z we say1 & :e!r we w or no we mu/ recognize its pres5ce !re be=e u & its indep5d5ce ( any *oice ( ours or ( our k4 ,9 ! cauti\s manipulation ( an in/rum5t1 9 ! labori\s %ap+ ( "s refractory mat]ial1 9 ! p]=mance ( any delicate or difficult task1 "o's s5se ( ! objectivity ( ! ?+ ) :i* "o works is z obtrusive z remorse or grief1 & z little to be %ak5 (f4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is sugge/$ analogy at a lat] /age 9 our discussion4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to def9e m precisely ! nature ( ! conditions 9 :i* ! s5se ( objectivity em]ges1 & ?is w br+ u to ! po9t at :i* ! objective import ( our economic & e?ical judgm5ts c pr(itably be discuss$4 ,we h said t ! _w ( ! physical is objective1 n 9 virtue ( ! s5su\s t]ms 9 :i* x is pres5t$1 b because x is a _w ( /imuli = ! guidance ( human conduct4 ,"u :at circum/ances1 !n1 are we consci\s ( /imuli 9 _! capacity ( guides or inc5tives or gr\nds ( conduct8 ,& ! answ] mu/ be t /imuli are int]pret$ z su*1 & s take on ! "* ( objectivity1 :5 _! precise "* z /imuli is /ill 9 d\bt1 & !y mu/ !re=e receive fur!r def9ition4 ,= example1 a man pursu$ by a wild bea/ mu/ f9d "s means ( escape or def5se1 &1 see+ a tree :i* he may climb or a /one :i* he may hurl1 w inspect ^! z well z may be ) ref]5ce to _! fitness = ! int5d$ purpose4 ,x is at j su* mom5ts z ^!1 !n1 t physical ?+s become ?+s = k & take on _! /ubbornly objective "*--t is to say1 :5 !y are ess5tially problematic4 ,n[1 9 ord] t any physical ?+ may be ?us problematic & s possess objective "* = k1 x mu/ 7#a7 be 9 "p und]/ood1 & s prompt c]ta9 m or less indiscrim9ate responses2 & 7#b7 be 9 "p z yet n und]/ood--9 su* wise t1 :ile !re are c]ta9 indef9ite or unmeasur$ t5d5cies on ! ag5t's "p to respond to ! object--climb ! tree or hurl ! /one--!re is also a c]ta9 failure ( complete unity 9 ! co-ord9ation ( ^! activities1 a c]ta9 contradiction betwe5 diff]5t sugge/ions ( conduct :i* diff]5t obs]v$ qualities ( ! tree or /one may give1 & s hesitation & arre/ ( f9al action4 ,! pursu$ man views ! tree suspici\sly be=e tru/+ himself to its d\btful /r5g?1 or weighs well ! /one & te/s its r\gh edges be=e paus+ to ?r[ x4 ,?us1 to /ate ! matt] negatively1 !re are two possible situations 9 :i* ! s5se ( objectivity1 if x em]ge into consci\sness at all1 _c long cont9ue4 ,an object---z1 = example1 "s /range %rub or fl[]--:i*1 9 ! case we are suppos+1 may attract ! pursu$ wayf>]'s notice1 may awak5 no responses relevant to ! em]g5cy 9 :i* ! ag5t f9ds himself2 & x w !re=e =?) lapse f consci\sness4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! object1 z ! tree or /one1 may rightly or wrongly seem to ! ag5t s completely satisfactory1 or1 r1 9 effect may be s1 z in/antly to prompt ! action :i* o!rwise w\ld come1 if at all1 only aft] a p]iod ( m or less prolong$ att5tion4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! cases1 !n1 is !re a problematic object4 ,9 ! "o ! ?+ 9 "q is :olly ap>t f any pres5t int]e/1 & !re=e lapses4 ,9 ! o!r case ! ?+ se5 is compreh5d$ on ! in/ant ) ref]5ce to its g5]al use & m]ges imm$iately into ! ma9 /ream ( ! ag5t's consci\sness )\t hav+ be5 an object ( express att5tion4 ,9 nei!r case1 !re=e1 is !re hesitation ) ref]5ce to ! ?+ 9 "q--any conflict betwe5 inconsid]ate positive responses prompt$ by c]ta9 features ( ! object & inhibitions due to recognition ( its %ortcom+s4 ,9 a ^w1 9 nei!r case is !re any judgm5t or possibility ( judgm5t1 & h5ce no s5se ( objectivity4 ,we c h consci\sness ( an object1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 only :5 "s "p or g5]al aspect ( ! total situation confront+ an ag5t excites or seems to w>rant responses :i* mu/ be held 9 *eck = fur!r det]m9ation4 ,9 t]ms ( consci\sness1 an object is always an object ( att5tion--t is1 an object :i* is "u process ( developm5t & recon/ruction ) ref]5ce to an end4 ,an inhibit$ impulse to react 9 a m or less def9ite way to a /imulus is1 !n1 ! adequate condition ( ! em]g5ce 9 consci\sness ( ! s5se ( objectivity4 ,s long z an activity is proce$+ )\t *eck or int]ruption1 & no conflict develops betwe5 motor responses prompt$ by diff]5t p>ts or aspects ( ! situation1 ! ag5t's consci\sness w n pres5t ! di/9ction ( ,objective & ,subjective4 ,! mode ( be+ consci\s :i* accompanies free & h>moni\s activity ( ?is sort may be exemplifi$ by su* exp]i5ces z /hetic appreciation1 s5su\s enjoym5t1 acquiesc5t absorption 9 pleasurable emotion1 or ev5 intellectual processes ( ! me*anical sort1 su* z easy computation or ! solution ( simple algebraic problems--processes 9 :i* no m s]i\s difficulty is enc\nt]$ ?an suffices to /imulate a mod]ate degree ( int]e/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 rev]t+ to ! illu/ration1 our pres5t ne$ = a /one calls = "s prop]ty :i* ! /one we h seiz$ appe>s to lack1 consci\sness mu/ pass ov] into ! reflective or att5tive phase4 ,! /one w n[ figure z an object possess+ c]ta9 qualities :i* r5d] x 9 a g5]al way relevant to ! em]g5cy be=e u4 ,a ne$$ quality is miss+1 & ?is defect mu/ hold 9 *eck all ! imm95t responses until discov]y ( ! miss+ quality c set !m free4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /one z kn[n to u has assum$ ! /ation ( subject 9 a judgm5t-process1 & our ef=t is1 if possible1 to assign to x a new pr$icate relevant to our pres5t situation4 ,psy*ologically speak+1 ! /one is an object1 a /imulus to :i* we are endeavor+ to f9d w>rant = respond+ 9 "s new or recon/ruct$ way4 ,9 ?is process we mu/ assume1 !n1 fir/ ( all1 an int]e/ on ! ag5t's "p 9 ! situation z a :ole1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place1 9 t]ms ( ! illu/ration1 makes ! pursu$ "o note ! tree or /one--:i* might o!rwise h escap$ 8 notice z completely z any pass+ cl\d or fall+ leaf--& sugge/s :at p>ticul> qualities or adaptabilities %\ld be look$ = 9 x4 ,giv5 ?is int]e/ 9 mak+ some?+ out ( ! total situation z expla9+ ! recognition ( ! /one & ! impulse to seize & hurl x1 we f9d ! s5se ( ! /one's objectivity em]g+ j 9 ! arre/ ( ! undiscrim9at+ impulse4 ,! /one mu/ h a c]ta9 mean+ z a /imulus fir/ ( all1 b x mu/ be a mean+ n yet q def9$ & c]ta9 ( acceptance4 ,! /one w be an object only if1 & s long z1 ! undiscrim9at+ impulses sugge/$ by ^! elem5ts ( mean+ are held 9 *eck 9 ord] t !y may be ord]$1 supplem5t$1 or made m def9ite4 ,x is1 !n1 ! ess5ce ( ! pres5t cont5tion t physical ?+s are objective 9 our exp]i5ce 9 virtue ( _! recogniz$ inadequacy z means or inc5tives ( action--an inadequacy :i*1 9 turn1 is felt z su* 9 s f> z we are seek+ to use !m z means or gr\nds ( conduct1 or to avail ourselves ( !m z conditions1 9 cop+ ) ! g5]al situation f :i* our att5tion has ab/ract$ !m4 ,f ?is analysis ( ! conditions ( ! consci\sness ( objectivity we mu/ n[ proce$ to inquire :e!r 9 ! typical e?ical & economic situations1 z !y h be5 describ$1 ess5tially ^! same conditions are pres5t4 ,9 ! e?ical situation1 accord+ to our /atem5t1 ! subject ( ! judgm5t 7! object ( att5tion7 is ! new end :i* has j be5 pres5t$ 9 imag9ation1 & we h n[ to see t ! ag5t's attitude t[>d ?is end is = our pres5t purpose ess5tially ! same z t[>d a physical object :i* is "u scrut9y4 ,= j z ! physical object is su* = consci\sness because x is p>tly relevant 7:e!r 9 ! way ( fur!r+ or ( h9d]+7 to ! ag5t's purpose1 b z yet p>tly n und]/ood f ?is po9t ( view1 s ! imag$ end may likewise be ambigu\s4 ,! ag5t's moral purpose may be ! 7v likely my?ical7 primitive "o ( :i* we read 9 associational discussions ( ! moral consci\sness--t ( avoid+ puni%m5t4 ,x may be t ( imitative1 sympa!tic ob$i5ce to au?ority--a s5tim5t ^: fundam5tal importance = e?ical psy*ology has long rema9$ )\t due recognition4#abj ,x may be loyalty to an ideal ( consci5ce1 or yet aga9 a purpose ( enl>gem5t & developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,b on ei!r supposition ! compatibility ( ! end ) ! prevail+ /&>d or pr9ciple ( decision may be a matt] ( d\bt & s call = judgm5t4 ,! problem w1 ( c\rse1 be a problem 9 ! full logical s5se z involv+ judgm5t ( ! type describ$ 9 our discussion ( ! e?ical situation only :5 ! attitudes ( ob$i5ce to au?ority & to fix$ ideals h be5 outgr[n2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 z might be %[n1 x is j ! inevitable increas+ use ( judgm5t ) ref]5ce to ^! =mulations ( ! moral life :i* gradually und]m9es !m &1 by a k9d ( int]nal dialectic ( ! moral consci\sness1 br+s ! ag5t to recognition z well z to m p]fect practice ( a logical or delib]ative me?od4 ,! end1 !n1 is1 9 ! typical e?ical situation1 an object :i* "o mu/ det]m9e by analysis & recon/ruction z a means or condition ( moral integrity & progress4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 9 ! second place1 an object ^u ^: det]m9ation a def9ite activity ( ! ag5t is reg>d$ by him z dep5d+4 ,j z 9 ! physical judgm5t-process ! object is set (f ov] aga9/ ! self & reg>d$ z a giv5 ?+ :i*1 :5 once completely def9$1 w prompt c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! body1 s "h ! contemplat$ act is an object :i*1 :5 fully def9$ 9 all its relevant psy*ological & sociological be>+s1 w prompt a def9ite act ( rejection or acceptance by ! self4 ,n[1 x might be %[n1 z we believe1 t ! complete psy*ological & sociological def9ition ( ! c\rse ( conduct is 9 tru? ! full explanation ( ! *oice2 !re is no sep>ate reaction ( ! moral self to :i* ! c\rse ( conduct is1 z def9$1 an ext]nal /imulus4 ,s also 9 ! sph]e ( physical judgm5t complete def9ition passes ov] into action--or ! appreciative mode ( consci\sness :i* accompanies action--)\t brea* ( cont9uity4 ,b )9 ! judgm5t-process 9 all its =ms !re is 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion ?is *>act]i/ic feature ( app>5t sep>ation betwe5 ! subject z an objective ?+ pres5tly to be kn[n & us$ or respond$ to1 & ! pr$icate z a response yet to be p]fect$ 9 details1 b at ! "r "t1 :5 "o has prop] w>rant1 to be set free4 ,x is n our purpose "h to speak ( metaphysical int]pretations or mis9t]pretations ( ?is functional di/9ction2 b only to argue f ! pres5ce ( ! di/9ction 9 ! e?ical type ( judgm5t z 9 ! physical z g5u9e an objectivity = ! e?ical type z c be ascrib$ to ! o!r4 ,! e?ical judgm5t is objective 9 ! s5se t 9 x an object--an imag$ mode ( conduct tak5 z su*--is pres5t$ = developm5t to a degree ( adequacy at :i* "o c accept x or reject x z a mode ( conduct4 ,! e?ical pr$icates ,"r & ,wrong1 ,good & ,bad1 ea* pair repres5t+ a p>ticul> /&po9t1 z we %all lat] see1 signify ?is accept+ or reject+ movem5t ( ! self1 ?is act ( w1 ( :i*1 z an act 9 due "t to be p]=m$1 ! ag5t is m or less acutely consci\s 9 ! c\rse ( moral judgm5t4 ,9 ! economic situation also1 z above describ$1 !re is pres5t ! requisite condition ( ! consci\sness ( objectivity4 ,"h1 z 9 ! e?ical situation1 an object is pres5t$ :i* "o mu/ r$et]m9e1 & t[>d :i* "o mu/ pres5tly act 9 a way likewise to be det]m9$ 9 detail 9 judgm5t4 ,we %all def] until a lat] /age discussion ( ! reason :y ?is subject ( ! economic judgm5t is ! means 9 ! activity t is 9 progress4 ,we are n yet ready to %[ t ! means mu/ be ! c5t] ( att5tion "u ! conditions :i* h be5 specifi$4 ,"h we ne$ only note ! fact ( common exp]i5ce t economic judgm5t does c5t] ^u ! means1 & %[ t 9 ?is fact is giv5 ! objective /atus ( ! means 9 ! judgm5t-process2 = ! economic problem is ess5tially t ( )draw+ a portion1 a m>g9al increm5t1 ( ! means f "s use or set ( uses to :i* !y are at pres5t set ap>t1 & apply+ x to ! new end t has come to seem1 on e?ical gr\nds at lea/1 desirable2 & we may reg>d ?is div]sion z ! ess5tially economic act :i*1 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion dur+ judgm5t1 is cont+5t ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! means4 ,! object z economic is accord+ly ! means1 or a m>g9al portion ( ! means1 :i* is to be ?us div]t$ 7or1 s to speak1 expos$ to ! likelihood ( su* div]sion71 & its det]m9ation mu/ be ( su* a nature z to %[ ! economic urg5cy1 or at lea/ ! p]missibility1 ( ?is div]sion4 ,into ?is det]m9ation1 manife/ly1 ! results ( mu* auxili>y inquiry into physical prop]ties ( ! means mu/ ent]--su* prop]ties1 = example1 z h to d ) its te*nological fitness = its pres5t use z comp>$ ) possible sub/itutes1 & its adaptability = ! new use propos$4 ,tak+ ! ^w 9 ! broad s5se ( object ( ?\ght1 x is always an object 9 space & "t to :i* ! economic judgm5t assigns an economic value2 & x is true "h 7j ! same is true1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ! psy*ological & sociological det]m9ations necess>y to ! fixation ( e?ical value7 t ! economically motivat$ physical det]m9ation ( ! objective means f ! /&po9t ( ! em]g5cy 9 h& is ! full causal explanation ( ! economic act4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully obs]v$ t ?is physical det]m9ation is 9 ! typical case altoge!r incid5tal1 f ! ag5t's /&po9t1 to ! assignm5t ( an economic "* or value to ! means--a value :i* w at ! close ( ! judgm5t come to consci\s recognition4 ,z we %all see1 ! process is direct$ ?r\gh\t by ref]5ce to economic pr9ciples & /&>ds1 & :at %all be an adequate det]m9ation 9 ! case dep5ds ^u ! precision ) :i* ^! are =mulat$ & ! /r5u\sness ) :i* !y are appli$4 ,9 a ^w1 ! economic judgm5t assigns to ! physical object1 z kn[n at ! outset1 a new non-physical "*4 ,?r\gh\t ! judgm5t-process ?is "* is ga9+ 9 di/9ctness1 & at ! end x is accept$ z ! ,value ( ! means1 z w>rant = ! div]sion ( !m to ! new use :i* has be5 decid$ on4#aba ,we h n[ to consid] :e!r 9 ! actual e?ical & economic exp]i5ce ( m5 !re is any direct evid5ce confirm+ ! conclusions :i* our logical analysis ( ! respective situations w\ld appe> to require4 ,c any phases ( ! total exp]i5ce ( work+ out a satisfactory c\rse ( conduct 9 ^! typical em]g5cies be appeal$ to z actually %[+ at lea/ "s tacit recognition t ^! types ( judgm5t pres5t ea* "o an ord] ( reality or an aspect ( ! "o reality8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 "o mu/ recognize t 9 ! ag5t's own appreh5sion a judgm5t ( value has some?+ m ?an a purely subjective mean+4 ,x is nev] (f]$1 by "o :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to "w x out m or less labori\sly & !n to express x 9 t]ms :i* are c]ta9ly objective1 z a m]e ann\ncem5t ( de facto det]m9ation or a regi/ration ( arbitr>y :im & caprice4 ,"o no m means to ann\nce a gr\ndless *oice or a *oice bas$ ^u pleasure felt 9 contemplation ( ! imag$ end ?an 9 8 judgm5ts conc]n+ ! physical univ]se he means to affirm coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 agreem5ts & disagreem5ts1 ( ideas z psy*ical happ5+s4 ,t !re is an e?ical or economic tru? to :i* "o c appeal 9 d\btful cases is1 inde$1 ! tacit assumption 9 all criticism ( ano!r's delib]ate conduct2 ! contr>y assumption1 t criticism is m]ely ! opposition ( "o's own private prejudice or desire to ! equally private prejudice or desire ( ano!r1 w\ld r5d] all criticism & mutual discussion ( e?ical problems mean+less & futile 9 ! pla9 man's appreh5sion z 9 ! philosoph]'s4 ,= ! pla9 man has a spontane\s confid5ce 9 8 k ( ! mat]ial _w :i* makes him look askance at any alleg$ analysis ( 8 s5se-p]ceptions & sci5tific judgm5ts into associations ( ideas1 & ! same confid5ce1 or some?+ v l x1 atta*es to judgm5ts ( ^! o!r types4 ,x may p]haps be easi] 7?\gh ! concession is a v d\btful "o7 to de/roy a nave confid5ce 9 ! objectivity ( moral tru? ?an a l confid5ce 9 sci5tific k1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pla9 man's s5se ( ! urg5cy1 at lea/ ( e?ical problems1 if n ( economic1 is commonly less acute ?an = ! physical4 ,9 ! pla9 man's exp]i5ce s]i\s moral problems are infrequ5t--problems ( ! true type1 t is1 :i* _c be dispos$ ( z m]e cases ( temptation2 "o mu/ h atta9$ a consid]able capacity = sympa?y & a consid]able k ( social relations be=e ei!r ! recognition ( su* problems or prop] und]/&+ ( _! significance is possible4 ,moral & economic crises are n vividly pres5t$ 9 s5su\s imag]y except+ 9 m9ds ( develop$ intellig5ce1 exp]i5ce1 & imag9ative p[]2 & ! judgm5ts rea*$ 9 cop+ ) !m d n1 z a rule1 obvi\sly call = nicely measur$1 calculat$1 & adju/$ bodily movem5ts4 ,! imm$iate act ( execut+ an important economic judgm5t may be a v commonplace p]=mance1 l ! dictation ( a lett]1 & an e?ical decision may1 h[ev] great its importance = future ov]t conduct1 be express$ by no imm$iate visible movem5ts ( ! body4 ,b ?is possible diff]5ce ( impressiv5ess betwe5 physical & o!r types ( judgm5ts is f our pres5t /&po9t uness5tial2 & inde$1 aft] all1 x _c be d5i$ t !re are p]sons ^: s5se ( moral obligation is q z di/9ct & influ5tial1 & ev5 s5su\sly vivid1 z _! conviction ( ! real exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,to ! av]age man x c]ta9ly is cle> t1 z ,dr4 ,m>t9eau decl>es1 x is an inv]sion ( moral tru? to say 444 t hon\r is high] ?an appetite because we feel x s2 we feel x s because x is s4 ,?is 'is' we "k to be n cont+5t on our appreh5sion1 n to arise f our con/itution ( faculty1 b to be a reality irrespective ( u 9 adaptation to :i* our nature is con/itut$1 & = ! recognition ( :i* ! faculty is giv54#abb ,& ! impressiv5ess1 to mo/ m9ds1 ( lik5+ ! sublimity ( ! moral law to ! visible spl5dor ( ! />ry heav5s w\ld seem to sugge/ t ! appreh5sion ( moral tru? is a mode ( consci\sness1 9 =m at lea/1 s f> ak9 to s5se-p]ception z to be capable ( illu/ration & ev5 re9=cem5t f t type ( exp]i5ce4 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ rev]t to a sugge/ion :i* pres5t$ itself above 9 ano!r connection1 b :i* at ! "t c\ld n be fur!r develop$4 ,?is 01 9 a ^w1 t !re is (t5 a feel+ ( obtrusiv5ess 9 our appreciation ( ! objectivity ( ! ?+s be=e u 9 ord9>y s5se-p]ception 7or physical judgm5t7 :i* is n unlike ! felt insi/5ce ( remorse & grief4#abc ,?is feel+ is s conspicu\s a feature ( ! /ate ( consci\sness 9 physical judgm5t z frequ5tly to s]ve ! pla9 man z 8 la/ & irrefragable evid5ce ( ! metaphysical indep5d5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 & x is inde$ a feature ^: explanation does ?r[ mu* light ^u ! mean+ ( ! consci\sness ( objectivity z a factor )9 exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 !re is ano!r common feel+--or1 z we d n scruple to call x1 ano!r emotion--:i* is p]haps q z (t5 appeal$ to 9 ?is way2 ?\gh1 z we believe1 nev] 9 q ! same connection 9 any argum5t 9 :i* ! two exp]i5ces are call$ ^u to d s]vice to ! same end4 ,mat]ial objects1 we are told1 are reliable & /able z di/+ui%$ f ! fleet+ illusive images ( a dream--!y h a solidity 9 virtue ( :i* "o c dep5d ^u !m1 are h>d & fa/ rema9+ fai?fully :]e "o deposits !m = future use or1 if !y *ange & disappe>1 do+ s 9 accordance ) fix$ laws :i* make ! *anges calculable 9 advance4 ,! mat]ial realm is ! realm ( solid fact 9 :i* "o c "w ) assurance t causes w infallibly produce _! "r & prop] effects1 & to :i* "o will+ly returns f ! dream-_w 9 :i* 8 adv]s>y1 ! ideali/1 w\ld hold him spellb\nd4 ,we propose n[ briefly to consid] ^! two modes ( appreh5sion ( ext]nal physical reality 9 ! light ( ! g5]al analysis ( judgm5t giv5 above--f :i* x w appe> t !y are1 psy*ologically1 emotional expressions ( :at h be5 set =? z ! ess5tial features ( ! judgm5t-situation1 :e!r 9 its physical1 e?ical1 or economic =ms4 ,f ?is we %all argue t !re %\ld actually be 9 ! e?ical & economic sph]es simil>1 or ess5tially id5tical1 emotions ( reality1 & we %all !n proce$ to v]ify ! hypo!sis by po9t+ to ^? e?ical & economic exp]i5ces :i* answ] ! description4 ,we h se5 t ! c5t] ( att5tion or subject 9 ! judgm5t-process is z su* problematic--9 ! s5se t !re are c]ta9 ( its obs]v$ & recogniz$ attributes :i* make x 9 "s s5se relevant & useful to ! purpose 9 h&1 :ile yet o!r ( its attributes 7or abs5ces ( c]ta9 attributes7 sugge/ conflict+ activities4 ,! object :i* "o sees is c]ta9ly a /one & ( conv5i5t size = hurl+ at ! pursu+ animal4 ,! situation has be5 analyz$ & f\nd to dem& a missile1 & ?is dem& has l$ to se>* = & recognition ( a /one4 ,! /one1 h[ev]1 may be ( a color sugge/+ a s(t & crumbl+ texture1 or its =m may appe> f a di/ance to be su* z to make x practically c]ta9 to miss ! m>k1 h[ev] c>efully x may be aim$ & ?r[n4 ,until ^! po9ts ( difficulty h be5 asc]ta9$1 ! /one is want+ /ill 9 c]ta9 ess5tial det]m9ations4 ,s f> z x has be5 c]ta9ly det]m9$1 x prompts to ! response directly sugge/$ by "o's g5]al end ( def5se & escape1 b !re are ^! o!r indications :i* hold ?is response 9 *eck & :i*1 if v]ifi$1 w cause ! /one to be let lie unus$4 ,n[1 we h1 9 ?is situation ( conflict or t5sion betwe5 oppos$ incitem5ts giv5 by ! v>i\s discrim9at$ *>act]s ( ! object1 ! explanation ( ! aspect ( obtrusiv5ess1 ( arbitr>y resi/ance to & indep5d5ce ( "o's w1 :i* = ! "t be+ seems ! unmi/akable m>k or coeffici5t ( ! ?+'s objectivity4 ,= x is n ! object z a :ole t is obtrusive2 inde$1 cle>ly1 !re c\ld be no obtrusiv5ess on ! "p ( an object z a :ole1 & 9 su* a case !re c\ld also be no judgm5t4 ,! obtrusion 9 ! case be=e u is n a s5se ( ! en]gy ( a recalcitrant metaphysical object put =? ^u a co]c$ & helpless human w1 b simply a consci\s int]pretation ( ! inhibition ( c]ta9 ( ! ag5t's motor t5d5cies by c]ta9 o!rs prompt$ by ! object's suspici\s & z yet undet]m9$ appe>ances or possible attributes4 ,! object z am5able to use--^? ( its qualities :i* tak5 by !mselves are unque/ionable & cle>ly conducive to ! ag5t's purpose--ne$s no att5tion = ! mom5t1 let u say4 ,! att5tion is r ^u ! dubi\s & to all appe>ance unfavorable qualities1 & ^! = ! "t be+ make up ! sum & cont5t ( ! ag5t's k ( ! object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ag5t z an active self is id5tifi$ ) ! end & ) ^? modes ( response to ! object :i* promise to contribute directly to its realization4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t 8 int]e/ is set & he /ra9s ) all 8 p[]s ( m9d to move1 & x is ^u ! self z id5tifi$ )1 & = ! "t be+ express$ 91 ! ef=t ( ! ag5t's w t ! object z resi/ant1 refus+ to be miscon/ru$1 obtrudes4 ,"o mu/ see ! object & mu/ ackn[l$ge its app>5t1 or 9 ! end its asc]ta9$1 unfitness4 ,"o is co]c$4 ,! situation is "o ( conflict1 & x is out ( ! conflict t ! ess5tially emotional exp]i5ce ( resi/ance em]ges4#abd ,! m special emotions ( impati5ce1 ang]1 or disc\ragem5t may 9 a giv5 case n be pres5t or may be suppress$1 b ! emotion ( objectivity w /ill rema94#abe ,on ! same g5]al pr9ciples ! o!r ( our two coeffici5ts ( reality may be expla9$4 ,let u assume t ! /one 9 our illu/ration has at la/ be5 cle>$ ( all ambiguity 9 its sugge/ion1 hav+ be5 tak5 z a missile1 & t ! man 9 flight n[ holds x ready await+ ! mo/ favorable mom5t = hurl+ x at 8 pursu]4 ,x w h>dly be ma9ta9$ t "u ^! conditions ! coeffici5t ( ! /one's reality z an object consi/s 9 its obtrusiv5ess1 9 its resi/ance to or co]cion ( ! self4 ,! /one is n[ reg>d$ z a fix$ & det]m9ate feature ( ! situation--a condition :i* c be c\nt$ on1 :atev] else may fail4 ,ov] aga9/ o!r /ill unc]ta9 aspects ( ! situation 7:i* are n[ 9 _! turn real because resi/ant1 co]cive1 & obtrusive7 /&s ! /one z a reassur+ fact ^u & ab\t :i* ! ag5t c build up ! :ole plan ( conduct :i* may1 if all goes well1 br+ him safely out ( 8 pr$icam5t4 ,! /one has1 s to speak1 pass$ ov] to ! end side ( ! situation1 & al?\gh x may h to be reject$ = "s o!r means ( def5se1 z ! def9ition ( ! situation proce$s & ! plan ( action accord+ly *anges 7z 9 "s degree x probably mu/71 nev]!less = ! "t be+ ! imag$ activities z /imulus to :i* ! /one is n[ accept$ are a fix$ "p ( ! plan & guide 9 fur!r judgm5t ( ! means /ill undef9$4 ,! ag5t c h>dly recur to ! /one1 :51 aft] att5d+ = a "t to ! bewild]+ p]plexities ( ! situation1 he pauses once m to take an inv5tory ( 8 c]ta9 res\rces1 )\t some?+ ( an emotional ?rill ( assurance & enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ?is emotional appreciation ( ! solidity & dep5dability ( ! object ! second ( our coeffici5ts ( reality consi/s4 ,?is might be t]m$ ! ,recognition1 ! o!r ! ,p]ception1 coeffici5t4 ,classify+ !m z emotions1 because bo? are ph5om5a ( t5sion 9 activity1 we %\ld gr\p ! ,p]ception coeffici5t ) emotions ( ! ,contraction type1 l grief & ang]1 & ! ,recognition coeffici5t ) ! ,expansion emotions1 l joy & triumph4 ,n[1 9 ! =ego+ int]pretation no ref]5ce has be5 made to any conditions peculi> to ! physical type ( judgm5t-situation4 ,! gr\nd ( explanation has be5 ! feature ( arre/ ( activity = ! sake ( recon/ruction1 & ?is1 if our analyses h be5 correct1 is ! ess5ce ( ! e?ical & economic situations z well z ( ! physical4 ,c !re !n be f\nd 9 ^! two sph]es exp]i5ces ( ! same nature & em]g+ "u ! same g5]al conditions z our ,p]ception & ,recognition coeffici5ts ( reality8 ,if s1 !n our case = ! objective significance & value ( e?ical & economic judgm5t is 9 s f> /r5g!n$4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! object 9 its economic "* is problematic1 assum+ a desire on ! ag5t's "p to apply x1 z means1 to "s new or fre%ly int]e/+ end1 because x has already be51 & accord+ly n[ is1 set ap>t = o!r uses & _c ?\ghtlessly be )drawn f !m4 ,ext5d$ illu/ration is n ne$$ to rem9d "o t ^! e/abli%$ & hi!rto unque/ion$ uses w haunt ! economic consci5ce z obtrusively & inhibit ! desir$ c\rse ( economic conduct ) z mu* en]gy ( resi/ance z 9 ! o!r case w any ( ! contr>y prompt+s ( a physical object4 ,moreov]1 ! ,recognition coeffici5t may z easily be id5tifi$ 9 ?is connection4 ,if "o's scruples ga9 ! day1 9 su* a case "o has at lea/ a s5se ( com=t+ assurance 9 ! cons]vatism ( 8 *oice & its accordance ) ! facts1 h[ev] unreconcil$ 9 ano!r way "o may be to ! deprivation t has ?us seem$ to be necess>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! new end 9 a measure makes good its case & ! modes ( exp5diture :i* ! scruples repres5t$ h be5 readju/$ 9 accordance ) x1 !n ! means1 no less ?an be=e ! new int]pretation _h be5 plac$ ^u !m1 w enjoy ! /atus ( ,reality 9 ! economic s5se4 ,!y w be real n[1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! obtrusive way1 z pres5t+ aspects :i* inhibit ! lead+ t5d5cy 9 ! judgm5t-process1 b1 in/ead1 z means hav+ a fix$ & c]ta9 "* 9 "o's economic life1 :i*1 aft] ! hesitation & d\bt j n[ sup]s$$1 "o may safely c\nt ^u & w d well to keep 9 view h5ce=?4 7#b7 ,9 ! second place1 m]e m5tion ( ! correspond+ e?ical exp]i5ces mu/ suffice1 s9ce only ext5d$ illu/ration f lit]ature & life w\ld be fully adequate3 on ! "o h&1 ! /ill small voice ( ,consci5ce or ! au?oritativ5ess ( ,duty1 /]n daught] ( ! voice ( ,god2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! re/ful assurance ) :i*1 f ! vantage-gr\nd ( a satisfy+ decision1 "o may look back 9 wond] at ! possibility ( s s]i\s a temptation or 9 rejoic+ ov] ! new-won fre$om f a burd5some & repressive prejudice4 ,?is mu/ = ! pres5t s]ve z positive exposition ( our view z to ! objective significance ( ! valuational types ( judgm5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 ess5tial po9ts :i* h z yet n be5 t\*$ ^u1 & !re are c]ta9 objections to ! g5]al view ! consid]ation ( :i* w s]ve fur!r to expla9 x2 b ! discussion ( ^! v>i\s matt]s w m conv5i5tly foll[ ! special analysis ( ! valuational judgm5ts1 to :i* we %all n[ proce$4 ,,iv ,9 ! la/ analysis ! ultimate motive ( all reflective ?\ght is ! progressive det]m9ation ( ! ends ( conduct4 ,physical judgm5t1 or1 9 psy*ological t]ms1 reflective att5tion to objects 9 ! physical _w1 is at e turn direct$ & controll$ by ref]5ce to a gradually develop+ purpose1 s t ! process may also be describ$ z "o ( br++ to fulness ( def9ition an at fir/ vaguely conceiv$ purpose ?r\gh asc]ta9m5t & det]m9ation ( ! means at h&4 ,! problematic situation 9 :i* reflection takes its rise inevitably develops 9 ?is two-sid$ way into consci\sness ( a def9ite end on ! "o side1 & ( ! means or conditions ( atta9+ x on ! o!r4 ,x has be5 %[n t !re may be involv$ 9 any f9ally satisfactory det]m9ation ( a situation an explicit reflection ^u & def9ition ( ! controll+ end :i* is pres5t & gives po9t & direction to ! physical det]m9ation4 ,b v (t5 su* is n ! case4 ,:5 a *ild sees a bright object at a di/ance & makes t[>d x1 avail+ himself m or less skilfully ( su* assi/ance z int]v5+ articles ( furniture may af=d1 !re is ( c\rse no consci\sness on 8 "p ( any def9ite purpose z su*1 & ?is is to say t ! *ild does n subject 8 conduct to criticism f ! /&po9t ( ! value or its ends4 ,!re is simply /rong desire = ! di/ant r$ ball1 controll+ all ! *ild's movem5ts = ! "t be+ & prompt+ a m or less critical inspection ( ! int]v5+ t]ritory ) ref]5ce to ! easie/ way ( cross+ x4 ,! purpose is implicitly accept$1 n explicitly det]m9$1 z a prelim9>y to physical det]m9ation ( ! situation4 ,if "o may speak ( a developm5t ( ! purpose 9 su* a case z ?is1 "o mu/ say t ! developm5t into details comes ?r\gh judgm5t ( ! environ+ conditions4 ,to *ange ! illu/ration 9 ord] n to commit ourselves to ! ascription ( too develop$ a faculty ( judgm5t to ! *ild1 ?is is true likewise ( any process ( reflective att5tion 9 ! m9d ( an adult 9 :i* a g5]al purpose is accept$ at ! outset & is c>ri$ ?r\gh to execution )\t reflection ^u its e?ical or economic "* z a purpose4 ,! specific purpose z execut$ is c]ta9ly n ! same z ! g5]al purpose ) :i* ! reflective process took its rise4 ,x is fill$ out ) details1 or may p]haps ev5 be q diff]5t 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,!re has necess>ily be5 developm5t & p]haps ev5 trans=mation1 b our cont5tion is t all ?is has be5 effect$ 9 & ?r\gh a process ( judgm5t 9 :i* ! conditions ( action1 & n ! purpose itself1 h be5 ! imm$iate objects ( det]m9ation4 ,^u ^! ! att5tion has be5 c5t]$1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! att5tion 0 direct$ to !m by ! purpose4 ,to /ate ! case 9 logical t]ms1 x has be5 only ?r\gh selection & det]m9ation ( ! means & conditions ( action f ! /&po9t ( pr$icates sugge/$ by ! g5]al purpose accept$ at ! outset t ?is purpose itself _h be5 r5d]$ def9ite & practical & possible ( execution4 ,probably su* cases are seldom to be f\nd 9 ! adult exp]i5ce4 ,z a rule1 ! c\rse ( physical or te*nological judgm5t w almo/ always br+ to light implications involv$ 9 ! accept$ purpose :i* mu/ inevitably raise e?ical & economic que/ions2 & ! resolution ( ^! latt] w 9 turn af=d new po9ts ( view = fur!r physical det]m9ation ( ! situation4 ,9 su* processes ! logical po9ts ( ! problem ( e?ical & economic valuation come cle>ly into view4 ,9 our e>li] acc\nt ( ! matt] x 0 m conv5i5t to use language :i* impli$ t e?ical & economic judgm5t mu/ be prec$$ by implicit or explicit acceptance ( a def9ite situation pres5t$ 9 s5se-p]ception1 & t ^! evaluat+ judgm5ts c\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh to _! goal only ^u ! basis ( su* an inv5tory ( fix$ conditions4 ,?us ! ultimate e?ical quality ( ! g5]al purpose ( build+ a h\se w\ld seem to dep5d ^u ! precise =m :i* ?is purpose comes to assume aft] ! actual pres5ce & ! quality ( ! means ( build+ h be5 asc]ta9$ & ! economic be>+s ( ! propos$ exp5diture h be5 consid]$4 ,surely x is a wa/e ( ef=t to debate ) oneself ^u ! e?ical rightness ( a project :i* is physically impossible or else out ( ! "q f ! economic po9t ( view4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n[ 9 a position to see t ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] is bo? inaccurate & self-contradictory4 ,9 ! actual developm5t ( our purposes !re is no su* ord]ly & inflexible arrangem5t ( /ages2 & if x is a wa/e ( ef=t to delib]ate ^u a purpose t is physically impossible1 x may1 ) /ill great] =ce1 be argu$ t we _c f9d1 & judge ! fitness (1 ! necess>y physical means until we "k :at1 precisely1 x is t we wi% to d4 ,! tru? is t !re is con/ant int]play & int]action betwe5 ! v>i\s phases ( ! inclusive judgm5t-process1 or r1 m ?an ?is1 t !re is a complete & ?or\ghgo+ mutual implication4 ,x is inde$ true t our e?ical purposes _c take =m 9 a vacuum ap>t f consid]ation ( _! physical & economic possibility1 b x is also true t our physical & economic problems are ultimately mean+less & impossible1 :e!r ( /atem5t or ( solution1 except z !y are int]pret$ z aris+ 9 ! c\rse ( e?ical conflict4 ,we h1 !n1 to d1 9 ! pres5t division1 ) situations 9 :i*1 :e!r at ! outset or f "t to "t dur+ ! c\rse ( ! reflective process1 !re is explicit conflict betwe5 ends ( conduct4 ,^! situations are ! special prov9ce ( ! judgm5t ( valuation4 ,our l9e ( argum5t may be briefly indicat$ 9 advance z foll[s3 #a4 ,! judgm5t ( valuation1 :e!r express$ 9 t]ms ( ! individual exp]i5ce or 9 t]ms ( social evolution1 is ess5tially ! process ( ! explicit & delib]ate resolution ( conflict betwe5 ends4 ,z an incid5tal1 ?\gh ne>ly always indisp5sable1 /ep to ! f9al resolution ( su* conflict1 physical judgm5t1 or1 9 g5]al1 ! judgm5t ( fact or exi/5ce1 plays its "p1 ?is "p be+ to def9e ! situation 9 t]ms ( ! means necess>y = ! execution ( ! end t is gradually tak+ =m4 ,! two modes ( judgm5t mutually incite & control ea* o!r1 & nei!r c\ld cont9ue to any useful purpose )\t ?is incitem5t & control ( ! o!r4 ,bo? modes ( judgm5t are objective 9 cont5t & significance4 ,at ! end ( ! reflective process & imm$iately ^u ! v]ge ( execution ( ! end or purpose :i* has tak5 =m ! result may be /at$ or appreh5d$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 7#a7 directly1 9 t]ms ( ! end1 & 7#b7 indirectly1 9 t]ms ( ! ord]$ sy/em ( exi/5t means :i* h be5 discov]$1 det]m9$1 & arrang$4 ,if su* f9al survey ( ! result be tak5 by way ( prep>ation = action1 or = :atev] reason1 ! end w be appreh5d$ z possess+ e?ical value & ! means1 "u conditions lat] to be specifi$1 z possess+ economic value4 #b4 ,:at !n is ! nature & s\rce ( ?is appreh5sion ( end or means z valuable8 ,! consci\sness ( end or means z valuable is an emotional consci\sness expressive ( ! ag5t's practical attitude z det]m9$ 9 ! j complet$ judgm5t ( e?ical or economic valuation & aris+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! inhibition plac$ ^u ! activities :i* con/itute ! attitude by ! ef=t ( appreh5d+ or imag+ ! valu$ object4 ,e?ical & economic value are ?us /rictly correlative2 psy*ologically !y are emotional incid5ts ( appreh5d+ 9 ! two respective ways j indicat$ ! same total result ( ! inclusive complex judgm5t-process4 ,f9ally1 z ! mom5t ( action comes on1 ! consci\sness ( ! e?ically valu$ end lapses fir/2 !n ! consci\sness ( economic value is lo/ 9 a purely physical1 i4 e41 te*nological1 consci\sness ( ! means & _! prop]ties & int]relations 9 ! ord]$ sy/em :i* has be5 arrang$2 & ?is f9ally m]ges into ! imm$iate & undiff]5tiat$ consci\sness ( activity z use ( ! means becomes sure & unhesitat+4 ,:5 we say t ! ends :i* oppose ea* o!r 9 an e?ical situation 7t is1 a situation = ! "t be+ se5 9 an e?ical aspect7 are relat$1 & ! ends 9 an economic situation are n1 we by no means wi% to imply t 9 ! "o case we h 9 ?is fact ( relat$ness a satisfactory solution at h& :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r4 ,to feel1 = example1 t !re is a direct & inh]5t relation%ip betwe5 a *]i%$ purpose ( self-culture & an ideal ( social s]vice :i* seems n[ to require ! ab&onm5t ( ! purpose does n mean t "o yet kn[s j h[ ! two ends %\ld be relat$ 9 8 life h5ce=?2 & aga91 to say t "o c see no inh]5t relation betwe5 a desire = books & pictures & ! ne$ ( food1 except+ 9 s f> z bo? ends dep5d = _! realization ^u a limit$ supply ( means1 is n to say t ! issue ( ! conflict is n ( e?ical significance4 ,su* a view z we "h reject w\ld am\nt to a d5ial ( ! possibility ( g5u9ely problematic e?ical situations#abf & w\ld accord ) ! op9ion t economic judgm5t z su* lies ap>t f ! sph]e ( e?ics & is at mo/ subject only to occasional revision & control 9 ! light ( e?ical consid]ations4 ,by ! relat$ness ( ! ends 9 a situation we mean ! fact1 m or less explicitly recogniz$ by ! ag5t1 t ! new1 & z yet undef9$1 purpose :i* has aris5 belongs 9 ! same sy/em ) ! end1 or gr\p ( ends1 :i* ! /&>d inhibit+ imm$iate action repres5ts4 ,! /&>d inhibits action 9 ob$i5ce to ! impulse t has come to consci\sness1 & ! image ( ! new end is1 on its "p1 def9ite & impressive en\gh to inhibit action 9 ob$i5ce to ! /&>d4 ,! relat$ness ( ! two factors is %[n 9 a practical way by ! fact t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance at lea/1 !y are tacitly expect$ to "w out _! own adju/m5t4 ,by ! process already describ$ 9 outl9e1 subject & pr$icate beg9 to develop & !reby to approa* ea* o!r1 & a provisional or p>tial solution ( ! problem may ?us be rea*$ )\t resort to any o!r me?od ?an t ( direct comp>ison & adju/m5t ( ! ends involv$ on ei!r side4 ,! /&>d :i* has be5 call$ 9 "q has en\gh ( congru5ce ) ! new imag$ purpose to admit ( at lea/ "s progress t[>d a solution ?r\gh ?is me?od4 ,we c be/ come to an und]/&+ ( ?is recognition ( ! relat$ness ( ! ends 9 e?ical valuation by paus+ to exam9e some:at c>efully into ! conditions involv$ 9 ! acceptance or reflective ackn[l$gm5t ( a def9$ end ( conduct z be+ "o's own4 ,any new end 9 com+ to consci\sness enc\nt]s "s m or less firmly e/abli%$ habit repres5t$ 9 consci\sness by a sign or symbolic image ( "s sort1 ! habit be+ itself ! outcome ( pa/ judgm5t-process4 ,our pres5t problem is ! significance ( ! ag5t's recognition ( a relat$ness betwe5 8 new impulsive end & ! end :i* repres5ts ! habit1 & we %all be/ approa* its solution by consid]+ ! v>i\s factors & conditions involv$ 9 ! ag5t's consci\s recognition ( ! e/abli%$ end z be+ su*4 ,9 any det]m9ate end !re is inevitably impli$ a numb] ( gr\ps ( factual judgm5ts 9 :i* are pres5t$ ! objective conditions "u :i* execution ( ! end or purpose mu/ take place4 ,!re is 9 ! fir/ place a g5]al view ( environ+ conditions1 physical & social1 pres5t$ 9 a gr\p ( judgm5ts 7#a7 descriptive ( ! means at h&1 ( ! topography ( ! region 9 :i* ! purpose is to be c>ri$ out1 ( climatic conditions1 & ! l1 & 7#b7 descriptive ( ! habits ( ?\ght & feel+ ( ! p ) :om "o is to deal1 _! prejudices1 _! ta/es1 & _! in/itutions4 ,! project decid$ on may1 let u say1 be an individual or a national ent]prise1 :e!r philan?ropic or comm]cial1 :i* is to be laun*$ 9 a di/ant c\ntry peopl$ by p>tly civiliz$ races4 ,9 addition to ^! gr\ps ( judgm5ts ^u ! physical & sociological conditions "u :i* ! "w mu/ proce$1 !re w also be a m or less adequate & imp>tial k ( "o's own physical & m5tal fitness = ! ent]prise1 s9ce ! "w z project$ may promise to tax "o's physical p[]s sev]ely & to require1 = its successful conduct1 l>ge measure ( indu/ry1 devotion1 pati5ce1 & wisdom4 ,inde$ any det]m9ate purpose :atev] inevitably implies a m or less v>i$ & compreh5sive inv5tory ( conditions4 ,fur!r illu/ration is n necess>y = our pres5t purpose4 ,we may say t 9 a g5]al way ! conditions relevant to a practical purpose w gr\p !mselves naturally "u f\r heads ( classification1 z physical1 sociological1 physiological1 & psy*ological4 ,all f\r classes are objective1 ?\gh ! la/ two embrace conditions peculi> to ! ag5t z an individual ov] aga9/ ! environm5t to :i* = purposes ( 8 pres5t activity he /&s 9 a s5se oppos$4 ,n[ our pres5t int]e/ is n s mu* 9 ! enum]ation & classification ( possible relevant conditions 9 a typical situation z 9 ! significance ( ^! relevant conditions 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion ( !m4 ,p]haps ?is significance _c bett] be describ$ ?an by say+ t ess5tially & impressively ! conditions are appreh5d$ z1 tak5 toge!r1 w>rant+ ! purpose t has be5 det]m9$4 ,we appeal1 9 support ( ?is acc\nt ( ! matt]1 to an imp>tial introspection ( ! way 9 :i* ! means & conditions ( action /& relat$ to ! =m$ purpose 9 ! mom5t ( survey ( a situation4 ,! v>i\s details pres5t$ 9 ! survey ( a situation are appreh5d$1 n z b>e facts su* z "o might f9d set d[n 9 a sci5ti/'s notebook1 b z w>rant+--z closely1 uniquely1 & vitally relevant to--! action t is ab\t to be tak54 ,?is1 z we believe1 is a fair acc\nt ( ! situation 9 ev5 ! common] & simpl] em]g5cies t confront ! ord9>y man4 ,q conspicu\sly is x true ( cases 9 :i* ! purpose is a purely te*nological "o t has be5 work$ out ) consid]able difficulty & is !re=e n execut$ until aft] a some:at c>eful survey ( conditions has be5 tak54 ,x is (t5 true likewise 9 cases ( express e?ical judgm5t2 if ! e?ical phases ( ! reflective process h n be5 excessively long & difficult1 our def9ite s5se ( ! e?ical value ( ! act we are ab\t to d lapses q easily1 & ! factual aspects & features ( ! situation z giv5 9 "o or m ( ! f\r classes :i* we h di/+ui%$ take on an access ( significance 9 _! "* ( w>rant+1 confirm+1 or ev5 compell+ ! act det]m9$ ^u4 ,( our ord9>y s5se-p]ception 9 ! mom5ts ( its actual function+ no less ?an ( consci5ce 9 its aspect ( a moral p]ceptive faculty are ! words ( ,bi%op ,butl] s5sibly true t to preside & gov]n1 f ! v economy & con/itution ( man1 belongs to x4#abg ,i ,ev5 9 cases ( m s]i\s moral difficulty ?is sanction+ aspect ( ! means & conditions ( action is n ov]%ad[$4 ,if ! situation is "o 9 :i* by reason ( _! complexity ^! play a conspicu\s rle & mu/ be survey$1 by way ( prep>ation on ! ag5ts' "p1 = p]=mance ( ! act1 !y inevitably assume1 = ! ag5t1 _! prop] functional "*4 ,9 g5]al1 ! conditions pres5t$ 9 ! sy/em ( factual judgm5ts h a c]ta9 rightful au?ority :i* !y seem to l5d to ! purpose or end ) ref]5ce to :i* !y 7 work$ out to _! pres5t degree ( factual detail4 ,! conditions c ?us seem to sanction ! end because conditions & end h be5 work$ out toge!r4 ,gradual developm5t on ! "o side prompts analytical inquiry ^u ! o!r & is 9 turn direct$ & advanc$ by ! results ( ?is inquiry4 ,9 ! end ! result may be read (f ei!r 9 t]ms ( end or 9 t]ms ( conditions & means4#abh ,! two read+s mu/ be 9 accord & ! ag5t's appreh5sion ( ! conditions z w>rant = ! end is expression 9 consci\sness ( ?is agreem5t4#abi ,n[ 9 ?is mode ( appreh5sion ( factual conditions !re is a highly important logical implication--an implication :i* inevitably comes m & m cle>ly into view ) ! cont9u$ ex]cise ( judgm5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! ag5t's habit ( int]e/ 9 ! scrut9y ( p]plex+ situations may /ill rema91 by reason ( ! want ( tra9$ capacity = a broad] view1 limit$ 9 its range q /rictly to ! physical sph]e4 ,?is implication is1 we %all decl>e at once1 t ( an endeavor+1 /riv+1 active pr9ciple or self :i* c be help$ or h9d]$ 9 its unfold+ by p>ticul> purposes & sets ( correspond+ conditions--c lose or ga91 ?r\gh devotion to p>ticul> purposes1 9 ! bread?1 fulness1 & en]gy ( its life4 ,! ag5t's appreh5sion ( & ref]5ce to ?is active pr9ciple ( c\rse v>ies 9 all degrees ( explicitness1 accord+ to circum/ances1 f ! vague aw>5ess t is pres5t 9 a simple case ( physical judgm5t to ! cle> recognition & endeavor at def9ition t are *>act]i/ic ( s]i\s e?ical crises4 ,t ! situation %\ld develop & br+ to light ?is factor is :at %\ld be expect$ on g5]al gr\nds ( logic--= to say t a set ( conditions w>rants or sanctions or confirms a giv5 purpose implies t our purposes c /& 9 ne$ ( w>rant1 & ?is w\ld seem to be impossible ap>t f ref]5ce to a process ^: ma9t5ance & developm5t 9 & ?r\gh our purposes are assum$ z be+ z a matt] ( c\rse desirable4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( our cont5tion t ! appreh5sion ( ! conditions ( action z w>rant+ ! end is a primordial & necess>y feature ( ! situation--inde$1 its con/itutive feature4 ,if our conc]n 7 ) ! psy*ological developm5t ( self-consci\sness z a phase ( reflective exp]i5ce1 we %\ld endeavor to %[ t ?is developm5t is m$iat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! subjective ph5om5a ( feel+1 emotion1 & desire :i* f9d _! place 9 ! c\rse ( ! judgm5t-process4 ,we %\ld !n hold t1 ) ! conclusion ( ! judgm5t-process & ! accompany+ s5se ( ! kn[n conditions z reassur+ & confirmatory ( ! end1 comes ! e>lie/ possibility ( a discrim9ative recognition ( ! self z hav+ be5 all along a necess>y factor 9 ! process4 ,we %\ld hold t outside ( ! process ( reflective att5tion !re c be no psy*ical or elem5t>y beg9n+s ( self-consci\sness1 & !n t1 except z a developm5t out ( ! exp]i5ce to :i* we h ref]r$ z m>k+ ! conclusion ( ! att5tive process1 !re c be no recogniz$ specific & 9 any degree def9able consci\sness ( self4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 lies r beside our pres5t purpose4 ,we wi% simply to insi/ t x is out ( ! appreh5sion ( conditions z reassur+ & confirmatory1 out ( ?is primordial g]m1 t ! ag5t's def9ite recognition ( himself z a c5t] ( developm5t & exp5diture ( en]gy takes its rise4 ,"h are ! beg9n+s ( ! possibility ( self-consci\s e?ical & economic valuation4 ,?is appreh5sion ( ! means z w>rant+ is1 we h held1 a fact ev5 :5 ! means survey$ are :olly ( ! physical sort1 & we h !reby impli$ t consci\sness ( ! self z en]getic may take its rise 9 situations ( ?is type or dur+ ! physical /age 9 ! developm5t ( a m complex total situation4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ speculation to consid] to :at ext5t & 9 :at way ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces ( sociology & physiology may h be5 ess5tially facilitat$ by ! em]g5ce ( ?is =m ( self-consci\sness4 ,b h[ev] ! case may /& ) ^! sci5ces or ) ! rise ( real int]e/ 9 !m 9 ! m9d ( a giv5 individual1 int]e/ 9 ! objective psy*ological conditions ( a contemplat$ act is c]ta9ly v closely dep5d5t ^u int]e/ 9 t subjective self :i* "o has le>n$ to "k ?r\gh ! pa/ ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 def9ition & contemplation ( conditions ( ! ?ree o!r k9ds4 ,! m div]sifi$ & complex ! array ( physical & social conditions ) ref]5ce to :i* "o is to act1 ! m important becomes n simply a cle>ly articulat$ k ( ^!1 b also a k ( oneself4 ,! self t is w>rant$ 9 its purpose by ! survey$ conditions mu/ hold itself 9 a /eady & consi/5t attitude dur+ ! p]=mance on pa9 ( fall+ %ort ( its opportunity & !reby r5d]+ nugatory ! reflective process 9 :i* ! purpose 0 work$ out4 ,exp]i5ce abundantly %[s h[ easily ! assurance t comes ) ! survey ( conditions may come to grief1 ?\gh !re may h be5 on ! side ( ! conditions1 s f> z def9$1 no visible *ange2 & 9 s f> z self-consci\sness has already em]g$ z a di/+ui%able factor 9 su* situations1 failures ( ! sort we "h ref] to are ! m easily id5tifi$ & int]pret$4 ,"s sudd5 impulse may h brok5 9 ^u ! execution ( ! *os5 purpose2 !re may h be5 an unexpect$ %ift ( int]e/ away f t g5]al phase ( life :i* ! purpose repres5t$2 or 9 any "o ( a numb] ( o!r ways may h come ab\t a wav]+ & a slack5+ 9 ! resolution :i* m>k$ ! comm5cem5t ( action4 ,! en]getic self =?) 7if we may s express x7 recognizes t ! sanction :i* ! conditions s f> z !n kn[n gave to its purpose 0 a mislead+ because an incomplete "o1 & x proce$s to develop )9 itself a new range ( objective fact 9 :i* may be work$ out ! explanation1 & !reby a me?od ( control1 ( ^! new di/urb+ ph5om5a4 ,! qualities ( pati5ce "u disappo9tm5t1 c\rage 9 enc\nt]+ resi/ance1 /ead9ess & self-control 9 su/a9$ & difficult ef=t--^! qualities & o!rs ( l nature come to be discrim9at$ f ea* o!r by introspective analysis & may be z accurately measur$1 & 9 g5]al z objectively /udi$1 z any ( ! conditions to a sav+ k & respect ( :i* "o may already h atta9$1 & ^! newly det]m9$ psy*ological conditions w h5ce=? play ! same "p 9 af=d+ sanction to "o's purposes z d ! re/4 ,an ord]$ sy/em ( psy*ological categories or po9ts ( view comes to be develop$1 & an accurate /atem5t ( conditions ( p]sonal disposition & capacity relevant to ea* em]g5cy z x arises w h]eaft] be work$ out--ov] aga9/ & 9 t5sion ) "o's gradually =m+ purposes 9 l mann] z are /atem5ts ( all ! o!r relevant objective aspects ( ! situation4#acj ,9 ! en]getic self1 we %all n[ seek to %[1 we h ! common & ess5tial pr9ciple ( bo? e?ical & economic valuation :i* m>ks ^! (f f o!r & subord9ate types ( judgm5t4 ,let u det]m9e z def9itely z possible ! nature & function ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! recognition ( ! *os5 purpose z "o favorable or o!rwise to ! self1 & s ! recognition ( ! self z capable ( fur!rance or ret>dation by its *os5 purposes1 is n always a feature ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* may ensue ^u complet$ judgm5t4 ,9 ! common] situations ( ! ev]yday life ( normal p]sons1 z practically always 9 ! lives ( p]sons ( relatively undevelop$ reflective p[]s1 x is q want+ z a sep>ate di/+ui%$ phase ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,9 su* cases x is pres5t1 if pres5t at all1 m]ely z ! vaguely felt implicit mean+ ( ! recognition t ! kn[n conditions sanction & confirm ! purpose4 ,su* situations yield easily to attack & ?reat5 none ( ^? dang]s1 none ( ^? possible occasions = regret or remorse1 ( :i* complex situations make ! p]son ( develop$ reflective capacity & long exp]i5ce s ke5ly appreh5sive4 ,!y are dispos$ ( ) comp>atively little ( consci\s recon/ruction on ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate side1 & :5 a conclusion has be5 rea*$ ! ag5t's recognition ( ! conditions c>ries ) x ! com=table ?\gh too (t5 delusive assurance ( ! complete & p]fect eligibility ( ! purpose4 ,if ! "q ( eligibility is rais$ at all1 ! answ] is giv5 on ! tacit pr9ciple t :atev] purpose is1 is "r4 ,to ! pla9 man1 & to all ( u on c]ta9 sides ( our lives1 e purpose = :i* ! requisite means & factual conditions are f\nd to be at h& is1 j z our purpose1 !re=e "r4 ,! same exp]i5ce ( failure & disappo9tm5t :i* proves our purpose to h be51 f ! /&po9t ( enl>gem5t & enri*m5t ( ! self1 a mi/ak5 "o br+s a cle>] consci\sness ( ! logic implicit 9 our fir/ confid5t belief 9 ! purpose1 & at ! same "t emphasizes ! ne$ ( mak+ ?is logic explicit4 ,! purpose1 z w>rant$ to u by ! conditions & assembl$ means t lay be=e u1 0 our own1 & z our own 0 implicitly a purpose ( fur!rance ( ! self4 ,! disappo9tm5t t has come br+s ?is implication m cle>ly into view1 & likewise ! ne$ ( me?odical proc$ure1 n z be=e 9 ! det]m9ation ( conditions1 b 9 ! det]m9ation ( purposes z su*2 = ! ess5ce ( ! situation is t ! execution ( ! purpose has br\ght to light "s un=ese5 consequ5ce n[ recogniz$ z hav+ be5 all ! :ile 9 ! nature ( ?+s involv$ 9 ! purpose4 ,?is consequ5ce or gr\p ( consequ5ces consi/s 79 g5]al t]ms7 9 ! abatem5t or arre/ ( desirable modes ( activity :i* f9d _! motivation else:]e 9 ! ag5t's sy/em ( accept$ ends1 & x is regi/]$ 9 consci\sness 9 t s5se ( re/riction or repression f )\t :i* is a notable phase ( all emotional exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,! consequ5ces are z undesirable z !y are unexpect$1 & ! reaction aga9/ !m1 at fir/ emotional1 pres5tly passes ov] into ! =m ( a reflective int]pretation ( ! situation to ! effect t ! self has suff]$ a loss by reason ( its ?\ghtless ha/e 9 id5tify+ itself ) s unsafe a purpose4#aca ,x is ! ess5tial logical function ( ! consci\sness ( self to /imulate ! valuation processes :i* take _! rise 9 ! /age ( reflective ?\ght ?us atta9$4 ,! consci\sness ( self is a peculi>ly baffl+ !me = discussion f :atev] po9t ( view1 because "o f9ds its mean+ %ift+ con/antly betwe5 ! two extremes ( a subjectivity to :i* all objects ( all ?\ght are ext]nal & an objective ?+ or sy/em ( en]gies :i* is kn[n j z o!r ?+s are--kn[n 9 a s5se by itself1 to be sure1 b kn[n nev]!less1 & ?\ght ( z an object /&+ 9 possible relations to o!r objects4 ,n[1 x is ( ! subjective self t we are speak+ :5 we say t its ess5tial function is ! /imulation or incitem5t ( ! valuation processes1 b manife/ly 9 ord] to s]ve ?us x mu/ nev]!less be pres5t$ 9 "s sort ( s5su\s imag]y4 ,! subjective self may1 9 fact1 be ?\ght ( 9 _m ways--pres5t$ 9 _m diff]5t sorts ( imag]y--b 9 all its =ms x mu/ be di/+ui%$ c>efully f t objective self :i*1 z describ$ 9 psy*ology1 is ! assemblage ( conditions "u :i* ! subjective or en]getic self works out its purposes4 ,x may be ! pale1 att5uat$ d\ble ( ! body1 or a p]sonal be+ /&+ 9 ne$ ( deliv]ance f s91 or an atom ( s\l-sub/ance1 or1 9 our pres5t t]m9ology1 a c5t] ( develop+ & unfold+ en]gy4 ,! significant fact is t1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 cont5t & 9 motive ^! v>i\s pres5tations ( ! subjective self may be1 !y are1 "o & all1 z pres5tations & z 9 s f> objective1 /imuli to "s def9ite response4 ,! savage w>rior deposits 8 d\ble 9 a tree or /one = safety :ile he goes into battle2 ! self t is to be sav$ f s9 is a self t prompts c]ta9 acceptable acts 9 satisfaction ( ! quasi-legal obligations t ! fact ( s9 has laid ^u ! ag5t4 ,! pres5t$ self1 :atev] ! =m x may assume z pres5tation1 has its function1 & ?is function is 9 g5]al t ( /imulus to ! cons]vation & increase1 9 "s s5se1 ( ! self t is n pres5t$1 b = :om ! pres5tation is4 ,n[ our own pres5t description ( ! self z en]getic1 z a c5t] or s\rce ( develop+ & unfold+ en]gy is 9 its way a pres5tation4 ,x consi/s ( s5su\s imag]y & sugge/s a me*anical process1 or ! gr[? ( a plant p]haps1 :i* if prop]ly safegu>d$ w g on satisfactorily--a process :i* "o mu/ n all[ to be p]turb$ or h9d]$ by ext]nal resi/ance or int]nal friction or to run d[n4 ,to _m p]sons d\btless su* an acc\nt w\ld seem arbitr>y & fanta/ic 9 ! extreme1 b no great importance ne$ be atta*$ to its details4 ,! k9d & numb] & s5su\s vividness ( ! details 9 :i* ?is ess5tial cont5t ( pres5tation may be clo!d mu/ ( c\rse dep5d1 = ea* p]son1 ^u 8 psy*ical idiosyncrasy4 ,inde$1 z ! habit ( reflection ^u purposes comes to be m firmly fix$1 & ! proc$ure ( valuation to be consci\sly me?odical & ord]ly1 ! s5su\s cont5t ( ! pres5t$ self mu/ gr[ con/antly m & m att5uat$ until x has decl9$ into a m]e unexpress$ pr9ciple or maxim or tacit presumption1 prescrib+ ! free & imp>tial application ( ! me?od ( valuation to p>ticul> practical em]g5cies z ^! arise4 ,= a self1 consi/+ ( pres5t$ cont5t ( :atev] sort1 :i* "o seeks to fur!r ?r\gh att5tive delib]ation ^u concrete purposes1 mu/1 j 9 s f> z x has cont5t1 det]m9e ! outcome ( e?ical judgm5t 9 def9ite ways4 ,?us ! s\l t mu/ be sav$ f s9 7if ?is be ! cont5t ( ! pres5t$ self7 is "o t has transgress$ ! law 9 c]ta9 ways & ! "r relations t %\ld subsi/ betwe5 creature & ,creator1 & has !reby incurr$ a m or less te*nically def9able guilt4 ,?is guilt c only be remov$ & ! self rehabilitat$ 9 its normal relations to ! law by an appropriate response to ! situation--by a *oice on ! ag5t's "p1 fir/1 ( a c]ta9 te*nical proc$ure ( rep5tance1 & !n ( a settl$ purpose ( liv+ z ! law prescribes4#acb ,s also our own image ( ! self z en]getic aft] ! mann] ( a gr[+ organism may well seem1 if tak5 too s]i\sly z to its pres5tational details1 to fo/] a bias 9 favor ( ov]-cons]vative adh]5ce to ! e/abli%$ & ! accr$it$ z su*4#acc ,! argum5t ( ! la/ few p>agraphs may be re/at$ 9 ! foll[+ way 9 t]ms ( ! evolution ( ! individual's moral attitude or te*nique ( self-control3 #a4 ,9 ! /age ( moral evolution 9 :i* cu/om & au?ority are ! controll+ pr9ciples ( conduct1 moral judgm5t 9 ! prop] s5se ( self-consci\s1 critical1 & recon/ructive valuation ( purposes is want+4 ,su* judgm5t z f9ds "h a place is at be/ ( ! m]ely casui/ical type1 look+ to a det]m9ation ( p>ticul> cases z fall+ )9 ! scope ( fix$ & def9ite concepts4 ,!re is no self-consci\sness except su* z may be m$iat$ by ! s5tim5t ( will+ ob$i5ce4 ,x is1 at ?is /age1 n ! p>ticul> sort ( conduct :i* ! law prescribes t 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion enl>ges & develops ! self2 s f> z any ?\ght ( enl>gem5t & developm5t ( ! self plays a "p 9 influ5c+ conduct1 ^! effects are su* z1 9 ! ag5t's tru/+ fai?1 w come f an entire & will+ acceptance ( ! law z su*4 ,if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e4 ,moreov]1 ! /age ( cu/om & au?ority goes along )1 9 social evolution1 ei!r v simple social conditions or else conditions :i*1 ?\gh v complex1 are /able1 s t 9 ei!r case ! conditions ( conduct are 9 g5]al 9 h>mony ) ! conduct :i* cu/om & au?ority prescribe4 ,! law1 !re=e1 c be absolute & takes no acc\nt ( possible inability to obey4 ,! div9e ju/ice puni%es infraction ( ! law simply z objective infraction2 n z s91 9 proportion to ! s9n]'s responsibility4 #b4 ,b inevitably cu/om & au?ority come to be inadequate4 ,z social conditions *ange1 cu/om becomes antiquat$ & au?ority blund]s1 wav]s1 contradicts itself 9 ! endeavor to prescribe suitable modes ( individual conduct4 ,ob$i5ce no long] is ! way to light4 ,! self becomes self-consci\s ?r\gh feel+ m & m ! repression & ! misdirection ( its en]gies t ob$i5ce n[ involves4 ,?is is ! /age ( subjective morality or consci5ce2 & ! rise ( consci5ce1 ! attitude ( appeal to consci5ce1 means ! beg9n+ ( endeavor at me?odical solution ( ^? new problematic situations 9 ! attempt to deal ) :i* au?ority z su* has palpably collaps$4 ,we say1 h[ev]1 t consci5ce is ! beg9n+ ( ?is endeavor2 = consci5ce is1 9 fact1 an ambigu\s & ess5tially transitional ph5om5on4 ,on ! "o h& consci5ce is ! inn] nature ( a man speak+ )9 him1 & s ! self fur!rs its own gr[? 9 li/5+ to ?is expression ( itself4 ,9 ?is aspect consci5ce is me?odological4 ,b on ! o!r h& consci5ce speaks1 &1 speak+1 mu/ say some?+ det]m9ate1 h[ev] g5]al ?is some?+ may be4 ,9 ?is aspect consci5ce is a rsum ( ! g5]ic values realiz$ "u ! sy/em ( cu/om & au?ority1 b to ! pres5t cont9u$ atta9m5t ( :i* ! p>ticul> prescriptions ( cu/om & au?ority are no long] adequate guides4 ,consci5ce is ?us at once an inw>d prompt+ to ! application ( logical me?od to ! case 9 h& & a body ( g5]al or specific rules "u "s "o ( :i* ! case c be subsum$4 ,9 e?ical !ory we accord+ly f9d no unanimity z to ! nature ( consci5ce4 ,at ! "o extreme x is ! voice ( ,god speak+ 9 u or ?r\gh u1 9 detail$ & specific t]ms--& s1 virtually1 cu/om & au?ority 9 disguise4 ,at ! o!r x is an empty ab/ract intuition t ! "r is b9d+ ^u u--&1 s1 simply ! hypo/asis ( dem& = a logical proc$ure4 ,! hi/ory ( e?ics pres5ts u ) all possible int]m$iate conceptions 9 :i* ^! extreme motives are m or less skilfully int]wov5 or comb9$ 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! tru? is t consci5ce is ess5tially a transitional conception1 & s necess>ily looks be=e & aft]4 ,9 "o ( its aspects x is a self :i* has come to miss 7& !re=e to image = itself7 ! values &1 x may be1 a c]ta9 dawn+ s5se ( vitality & gr[? :i* ob$i5ce to au?ority once af=d$4#acd ,9 its o!r aspect x is a self t is look+ =w>d 9 a self-reliant way to ! det]m9ation on its own acc\nt ( its purposes & values4 ,& f9ally1 z = ! environ+ _w ( means & conditions1 cle>ly ?is is n necess>ily h>moni\s ) & am5able to consci5ce2 inde$1 9 ! nature ( ?+s x c be only p>tially s4 ,! morality ( consci5ce is1 !re=e1 ei!r my/ical1 a morality t seeks to escape ! _w 9 ! v mom5t ( its affirmation t ! _w is unreal 7because wor?less71 or else x takes refuge 9 a virtual di/9ction betwe5 absolute & relative morality 7to borr[ a t]m9ology f a sy/em 9 :i* prop]ly x %\ld h no place71 p]haps sett+ up z an int]m$i>y betwe5 heav5 & e>? a ma*9]y ( special disp5sation4#ace #c4 ,consci5ce pr(esses 9 g5]al1 t is1 to be autonom\s1 & ! pr(ession is1 /rictly speak+1 a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f consid]ations ( ! logic ( ! situation1 !ories ( consci5ce h1 z a matt] ( fact1 always l5t !mselves k9dly to !ological purposes j z ! !ory ( self-realization 9 its classic mod]n /atem5t re/s ^u a metaphysical doctr9e ( ! ,absolute4#acf ,inevitably ! movem5t conceal$ )9 ?is ess5tially un/able conception mu/ h its legitimate outcome 7#a7 9 a cle>+ ( ! pres5t$ self ( its fix$ elem5ts ( cont5t1 ?us sett+ x free 9 its "* ( a non-pres5tational pr9ciple ( valuation1 & 7#b7 a sett+ ap>t ( ^! elem5ts ( cont5t f ! pr9ciple ( valuation z /&>ds = ref]5ce & consultation r ?an z law to be obey$4 ,we h ?us correlat$ our acc\nt ( ! logic :]eby ! en]getic self comes to explicit recognition z /imulus to ! valuation-process ) ! ?ree ma9 /ages 9 ! moral evolution ( ! individual & ! race4 ,we 7 br\ght to ?is fir/-m5tion$ "p ( our discussion by our endeavor to f9d out ! factors involv$ 9 ! fir/ acceptance ( a consci\s purpose 7or1 indiff]5tly1 ! subsequ5t recognition ( x z a /&>d7--an endeavor prompt$ by ! ne$ ( di/+ui%+1 ) a view to _! special analysis1 ! two types ( valuation-process4 ,we n[ return to ?is problem4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration w s]ve our pres5t und]tak+3 ,a lawy] or man ( bus9ess is /ruck by ! great ne$ ( hone/ m5 9 public (fice1 or has _h 8 att5tion 9 "s impressive way call$ to ! fact ( great inequality 9 ! pres5t di/ribution ( weal?1 & to ! div]se evils result+ !refrom4 ,^! facts hold 8 att5tion1 p]haps aga9/ 8 w1 & at la/ sugge/ ! ?\ght ( 8 mak+ "s p]sonal endeavor t[>d improvem5t ( conditions1 political or social1 z ! case may be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! man has be=e him ! promise ( a successful or ev5 brilliant c>e] 9 8 *os5 occupation1 & is already 9 ! enjoym5t ( a sub/antial income1 :i* is rapidly increas+4 ,moreov]1 he has a family gr[+ up ab\t him1 & he is n simply /rongly int]e/$ 9 ! e>ly tra9+ & developm5t ( 8 *ildr51 & desir\s ( hav+ himself "s %>e 9 conduct+ x1 b he sees t ! suitable high] education ( 8 *ildr5 w 9 a few ye>s make heavy dem&s ^u 8 pecuni>y means4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a situation ! analysis ( :i* w enable u to di/+ui% & def9e ! prov9ces ( e?ical & economic judgm5t4 ,x is easy to see t we h "h a conflict betwe5 ends4 ,on ! "o side is ! ?\ght ( public s]vice 9 "s important (fice or1 let u say1 ! ?\ght ( bett]+ society 9 a m fundam5tal way by jo9+ ! propag&a ( "s propos$ social re=m4 ,?is end re/s ^u c]ta9 social impulses 9 ! man's nature & appeals to him z /rongly1 we may fairly assume1 z w\ld any purpose ( imm$iate self-int]e/ or self-indulg5ce1 s t x /&s be=e him & urges him ) an insi/5t p]t9acity t at fir/ ev5 puts him on 8 gu>d aga9/ x z a temptation4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is concrete end or subject ( moral valuation /& o!r ends compreh5d$ or symboliz$ 9 ! ideals ( regul> & /eady indu/ry1 ( mat]ial provision = family1 ( pat]nal duty t[>d *ildr51 ( s*ol>ly a*ievem5t z lawy] or judge1 & ! l--ideals :i* are inde$ practical & p]sonal1 b :i*1 z !y n[ function1 are g5]al or univ]sal 9 "*1 are lack+ 9 ! concret5ess & emotional quality :i* belong to ! new purpose :i* has j come to imag9ation & has br\ght ^! ideals into action on ! pr$icate side4 ,w ?is life ( social agitation really be q respectable1 & befitt+ ! "* ( a sob] & indu/ri\s man8 ,w x enable me to support & educate my family8 ,w x p]mit me to devote suffici5t att5tion to _! pres5t c>e & tra9+8 ,& w x n s w>p my nature1 s n>r[ & conc5trate my int]e/s1 z 9 a measure to disqualify me = ! "r ex]cise ( pat]nal au?ority ov] !m 9 ye>s to come8 ,moreov]1 w n a life ( agitation1 ( con/ant int]c\rse ) m9ds & natures 9 _m ways inf]ior to my own & ^? ( my pres5t pr(essional associates1 l[] my intellectual & moral /&>ds1 & s make ( me 9 ! end a less useful memb] ( society ?an ,i am at pres5t8 ,^! & o!r que/ions l !m pres5t ! issue 9 its e>li] aspect4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 ! t5tative purpose puts 9 its def5se1 appeal+ to yet o!r recogniz$ ideals or /&>ds ( self-sacrifice1 b5evol5ce1 or social ju/ice z witnesses 9 its favor4 ,! conflict ?us takes on ! subject-pr$icate =m1 z has already be5 expla9$4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! undef9$ b /rongly insi/5t concrete purpose2 on ! o!r h& we h a numb] ( symbolic concepts or univ]sals /&+ = accept$ & accr$it$ habitual modes ( conduct4 ,! problem is t ( work+ ! two sides ( ! situation toge!r into a unifi$ & h>moni\s plan ( conduct :i* %all be at once concrete & p>ticul>1 z a plan *os5 by way ( solution ( a giv5 pres5t em]g5cy1 & univ]sal1 z hav+ due reg>d = pa/ modes ( conduct1 & z itself wor?y ( consid]ation 9 cop+ ) future em]g5cies4 ,n[1 h[ %all we discrim9ate ! e?ical & ! economic aspects ( ! situation :i* we h describ$8 ,we %all mo/ satisfactorily d ?is ?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! v>i\s sorts ( conditions & means ( :i* acc\nt mu/ be tak5 9 work+ ! situation ?r\gh to a solution1 or 7to express x m accurately7 ! v>i\s sorts ( conditions & means :i* ne$ to be def9$ ov] aga9/ ! purpose z ! purpose gradually develops into detail$ =m4 ,we may say1 fir/ ( all1 t !re are psy*ological conditions :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! case be=e u4 ,our !sis is t 9 s f> z a situation gives rise to ! det]m9ation ( psy*ological conditions & is advanc$ along ! way t[>d f9al solution ?r\gh det]m9ation ( ^!1 ! situation is an e?ical "o4 ,9 o!r words1 we hold t ! ends at issue 9 ! situation are relat$ 9 s f> z !y dep5d ^u ! same set ( psy*ological conditions4 ,9 s f> z ^! /atem5ts are n true ( ! situation !re mu/ be a resort to economic judgm5t4 ,by ! g5]al que/ions sugge/$ above z pres5t+ !mselves to ! ag5t we h indicat$ 9 :at way ! c\rse ( action tak5 mu/ h reg>d to c]ta9 psy*ological consid]ations4 ,ent]+ ^u ! new way ( life w inevitably less5 ! ag5t's int]e/ 9 8 pres5t pr(essional pursuits & s make difficult1 & 9 ! end ev5 irksome1 any attempt at cont9u+ 9 !m ei!r z a p>tial means ( livelihood or z a recreation4 ,! new "w w be absorb+--z inde$ x mu/ be if x is to be wor? :ile4 ,9 ! same way ! man mu/ recognize t 8 nature is n "o ( ! r>e ones s ri*ly end[$ 9 capacity = sympa?y t con/ant famili>ity ) g5]al conditions ( mis]y & suff]+ does n dull _! f95ess ( s5sibility to ! special conc]ns & int]e/s ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,if he takes 8 suff]+ fell[-m5 at l>ge = 8 *ildr51 8 own *ildr5 w probably suff] j 9 s f> ! loss ( a fa!r's special sympa?y & und]/&+ c>e4 ,& likewise he mu/ be drawn away & isolat$ f 8 fri5ds1 = x w be h>d = him1 he mu/ =esee1 to hold free & intimate conv]se ) m5 ^: ways ( ?9k+ lie ap>t f 8 own controll+ int]e/ & = ^: ins5sibility to ! ?+s t move him s pr(\ndly he mu/ come m & m to feel a c]ta9 impati5ce if n contempt4 ,n to enl>ge ^u ^! possibilities & o!rs ( l nature1 we mu/ see t reflection ^u ! situation mu/ pres5tly br+ to consci\sness ^! v>i\s consequ5ces ( ! k9d ( action :i* is propos$ & a recognition t ! gr\nd ( relation betwe5 !m & ! action propos$ lies 9 c]ta9 qualities & limitations ( 8 own nature4 ,^! latt] are = him ! g5]al psy*ological conditions ( action1 8 empirical self1 ! g5]al nature ( :i* he has d\btless already come to be famili> ) 9 _m =m] situations p]haps :olly diff]5t 9 sup]ficial aspect f f ! pres5t "o4 ,n[1 j 9 s f> z !re is ?is relation ( mutual exclusiv5ess betwe5 ! end propos$ & c]ta9 ( ! /&>d ends or modes ( conduct :i* are involv$1 judgm5t w be by ! direct or e?ical me?od ( adju/m5t pres5tly to be describ$4 ,let u assume accord+ly t a t5tative solution ( ! problem has be5 rea*$ to ! effect t a portion ( ! lawy]'s "t %all be giv5 to 8 pr(ession & to 8 family life1 & t ! rema9d] %all be giv5 to a mod]ate p>ticipation 9 ! social propag&a4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is t5tative e?ical solution1 z its w>rant 9 ! s5se expla9$ above1 w /& 9 ! survey ( ! situation t may n[ be tak5 a c]ta9 fairly def9ite disposition or ,anlage ( ! capacities & functions ( ! empirical self4#acg ,n[ on ! basis ( ! e?ical solution ?us rea*$ !re w be fur!r /udy ( ! situation1 p]haps z a result ( failure 9 ! attempt to c>ry ! solution into practice1 b m probably z a fur!r prep>ation = ov]t action4 ,=?) x develops t ! compromise propos$ w be impossible4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! social agitation w excite ho/ility on ! "p ( ! classes f :i* possible cli5ts w\ld come & w cause di/ru/ & a suspicion ( inatt5tion to details ( bus9ess among ! lawy]'s pres5t cli5tage4 ,!re are1 9 a ^w1 a :ole assemblage ( ext]nal sociological conditions 7& we ne$ n /op to speak ( physical conditions :i* co-op]ate ) ^! & contribute to _! effect7 :i* effectually veto ! plan propos$4 ,9 g5]al ^! ext]nal conditions are su* z to deprive ! ag5t ( ! means ( liv+ 9 ! mann] :i* ! e?ical det]m9ation ( ! end proposes4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 unless "s o!r m feasible compromise c be devis$1 ei!r ! "o extreme or ! o!r mu/ be *os5--ei!r cont9uance 9 ! pr(ession & ! correspond+ g5]al s*eme ( life or ! social propag&a & reliance ^u su* scant & prec>i\s income z x may incid5tally af=d4 ,we c n[ def9e ! economic aspect ( a situation 9 t]ms ( our pres5t illu/ration4 ,! end :i* ! lawy] _h 9 view 9 a vague & t5tative way 01 z we saw1 def9$ ) ref]5ce to 8 e?ical /&>ds--t is to say1 a c]ta9 measure ( p>ticipation 9 ! new "w 0 det]m9$ z satisfactory at once to 8 ideals ( devotion to ! cause ( social ju/ice & to 8 s5se ( obligation to himself & to 8 family4 ,9 ?is s5se1 logically speak+1 a subject 0 def9$ to :i* a sy/em ( pr$icates1 compreh5d$ p]haps "u ! g5]al pr$icate ( "r or good1 applies4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x appe>s1 f ! inspection ( ! mat]ial & social environm5t1 t ! execution ( ?is purpose1 p]fectly 9 accord ?\gh x may be ) ! spiritual capacities & p[]s ( ! ag5t1 is possible only on pa9 ( c]ta9 o!r consequ5ces1 c]ta9 o!r sacrifices1 :i* h n hi!rto be5 consid]$4 ,t a half-he>t$ int]e/ 9 8 pr(ession w\ld /ill n prev5t 8 e>n+ a mod]ate income f x 0 nev] que/ion$ 9 ! e?ical fir/ approximation to a f9al decision1 b n[ ! issue is fairly pres5t$1 &1 z we mu/ see1 9 a v difficult & di/ress+ way2 = ! ess5ce ( ! situation is t ! ends n[ 9 conflict1 t ( e>n+ a liv+ & c>+ = 8 family & t ( labor+ = ! social good1 are n intr9sically 7t is1 f ! /&po9t ( ! empirical self7 incompatible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! two ends are psy*ologically q compatible1 z ! outcome ( ! e?ical judgm5t %[s2 only ! ext]nal conditions oppose !m to ea* o!r4 ,! difficulty ( ! case lies1 !n1 j 9 ! fact t ! conflict+ ends1 bo? /&+1 z !y d1 = /rong p]sonal int]e/s ( ! self1 nev]!less _c be br\ght to an adju/m5t by ! direct me?od ( an apportionm5t betwe5 !m ( ! spiritual res\rces or en]gies ( ! self4 ,in/ead1 ! case is "o call+ = an apportionm5t ( ! ext]nal means1 & s1 proximately1 n = imm$iate det]m9ation ( ! f9al end1 b = economic det]m9ation ( ! means4 ,we come n[ to ! task ( describ+1 s f> z ?is may be possible1 ! judgm5t or valuation-processes :i* correspond to ! types ( situation ?us di/+ui%$4 ,we are able n[ to see t ^! mu/ be con/ructive processes1 9 ! s5se t 9 & ?r\gh !m c\rses ( conduct adapt$ to unique situations are %ap$ by ! conc\rse ( e/abli%$ /&>ds ) a new end :i* has aris5 & put 9 its claim = recognition4 ,we c see1 moreov]1 t ^! valuation-processes effect a con/ruction ( a diff]5t ord] f t giv5 9 factual judgm5t4 ,factual judgm5t det]m9es ext]nal objects z means or conditions ( action f /&po9ts sugge/$ by ! analysis & developm5t ( ends4 ,judgm5ts ( valuation det]m9e concrete purposes f /&po9ts giv5 9 recogniz$ g5]al purposes ( ! self--purposes :i* are g5]al 9 virtue ( _! hav+ be5 tak5 by ab/raction f concrete cases1 9 :i* !y h receiv$ p>ticul> =mulation z purposes1 & set ap>t z typical modes ( conduct 9 g5]al s]viceable to ! en]getic self4#ach ,logically factual judgm5t is at all times subord9ate to valuational2 :5 valuational judgm5t has become consci\sly delib]ate1 ?is logical subord9ation becomes explicit & factual judgm5t appe>s 9 its true "*4 ,its ess5tial function is t ( pres5t+ ! conditions :i* sanction & /imulate our e?ically & economically det]m9$ purposes4#aci ,f9ally1 9 ! con/ruction ( purposes & recon/ruction ( /&>ds 9 valuation ! ideal ( ! expansion & developm5t ( ! en]getic self controls--n z a pres5t$ or cont5tual self prescrib+ p>ticul> modes ( conduct1 b z a pr9ciple prescrib+ ! greate/ possible op5ness to sugge/ion & an imp>tial application ( ! me?od ( valuation to ! case 9 h&4 ,z we h said1 9 :atev] s5su\s image we figure ! en]getic self1 its ess5tial "* lies 9 its function ( /imulat+ me?odical valuation4 ,9 place ( ! two-fac$ & ambigu\s pres5t$ self1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! /age ( consci5ce1 we n[ h 9 ! /age ( valuation ! en]getic self on ! "o h& & /&>ds on ! o!r4#adj ,we h n[ to consid] ! actual proc$ure ( valuation1 & fir/ ! e?ical =m z above def9$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t we are n conc]n$ ) cases ( ob$i5ce to au?ority or def]5ce to consci5ce1 let u take a case ( g5u9e moral conflict su* z we 7 consid]+ "s "t s9ce4 ,suppose t "o has ! impulse to indulge 9 "s =m ( amusem5t :i* he has be5 9 ! habit ( consid]+ frivol\s or absolutely wrong4 ,! end1 z soon z imag$1 or r z ! condition ( its be+ imag$1 enc\nt]s pa/ habits ( conduct symboliz$ by /&>ds--/&>ds :i* may be pres5t$ "u a v>iety ( =ms1 a maxim le>n$ 9 e>ly *ildhood1 ! ideal ( a ,/oic sage or ,*ri/ian sa9t1 ! example ( "s fri5d1 or a precept put 9 ab/ract t]ms1 b :i*1 h[ev] pres5t$1 are ess5tially symbolic ( e/abli%$ habits ( ?\ght or action4#ada ,solution ( su* a problem proce$s1 9 g5]al1 along two closely int]wov5 l9es3 7#a7 collation & comp>ison ( cases recogniz$ z con=m+ to ! /&>d1 ) a view to det]m9+ ! /&>d type ( conduct 9 a less ambigu\s way1 & 7#b7 def9ition ( ! relations betwe5 ?is type ( conduct & o!r recogniz$ types 9 ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,n[1 ^! two movem5ts are 9 fact insep>able1 =1 )\t ref]5ce to ! entire sy/em ( virtues ( :i* ! "o n[ ass]t+ itself is a memb]1 ! comp>ison ( cases ) a view to def9ition ( ! virtue w\ld be bl9d & hopeless ( any outcome4 ,! ag5t 9 ! case be=e u desires to be temp]ate 9 amusem5t & to make pr(itable use ( leisure "t1 b aft] all he may wond] :e!r ^! ideals really require ! au/]ities ( c]ta9 m$ival sa9ts or ! ,/oic at>axy4 ,! sa9t's feats ( spiritual a?letics may h s]v$ a useful purpose1 9 rud] times1 z evid5ce ( human p[] to lead a virtu\s & ?\ghtful life1 b c su* self-d5ial n[ be requir$ ( ! moral man8 ,x is app>5t1 9 %ort1 t ! sup]ficially conceiv$ ideal mu/ be analyz$4 ,we mu/ consid] ! _s ( our sa9t or h]o1 n ! lett] ( 8 conduct1 z we say1 & 9 int]pret+ x make due all[ance = ! conditions ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$ & ! grade ( g5]al intellig5ce ( ^? he s\ght to edify4 ,:e!r our /&>d is a p]son or a p>able or an ab/ractly =mulat$ precept1 ! logic ( ! situation is ! same 9 e case ( judgm5t4 ,! analysis ( a /&>d _c proce$ )\t ! syn!sis or co-ord9ation ( ! type ( conduct !reby def9$ ) o!r di/+ui%able recogniz$ types ( conduct into a compreh5sive ideal ( life z a :ole4 ,9 ! la/ resort ! implicit relations ( all ! virtues w be made explicit 9 ! process ( def9+ accurately any "o ( !m4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 !n1 ! pr$icate ( ! e?ical judgm5t is ! :ole sy/em ( ! recogniz$ habits ( ! ag5t1 & ea* judgm5t-process is 9 its outcome a readju/m5t ( ! sy/em to accommodate ! new habit t has be5 seek+ admission4 ,bo? ! old habits & ! new impulse h be5 modifi$ 9 ! process j z ! int5sion ( a class t]m & ! p>ticul> subsum$ "u ! class are reciprocally modifi$ 9 ! ord9>y judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception4 ,we are once m able to see t ! process ( e?ical judgm5t or valuation is n a process ( subsumption or classification1 ( asc]ta9+ ! value ( p>ticul> modes ( conduct1 b on ! contr>y a process ( det]m9+ or assign+ value4 ,ea* judgm5t process means a new & m or less ?or\ghgo+ r$et]m9ation ( ! self & h5ce a fixation ( ! e?ical value ( ! conduct ^: em]g5ce z a purpose gave rise to ! process4 ,! moral exp]i5ce is n ess5tially & 9 its typical em]g5cies a recognition ( values ) a view to %ap+ "o's c\rse accord+ly1 b r a det]m9+ or a fixation ( values :i* %all s]ve = ! "t be+1 b be subject at all times to re-appraisal4 ,if ! pres5t discussion 7 prim>ily int5d$ z a contribution to g5]al e?ical !ory1 x w\ld be a "p ( our purpose to %[ 9 detail t any =mulation ( an e?ical ideal 9 cont5tual mat]ial t]ms mu/ always be inadequate = practical purposes & h5ce !oretically indef5sible4 ,?is1 z we believe1 c\ld be %[n true ( ! popul>ly curr5t ideal ( self-realization z well z ( h$onism 9 its v>i\s =ms & ! old] sy/ems ( consci5ce or ! moral s5se4 ,^! all are ess5tially fix$ ideals admitt+ ( m or less complete specification 9 po9t ( cont5t & reg>d$ z te/s or canons by appeal to :i* ! moral quality ( any concrete act c be d$uctively asc]ta9$4 ,!y are ! e?ical analogues ( su* metaphysical pr9ciples z ! ,c>tesian ,god or ! ,sub/ance ( ,sp9oza1 & ! logic impli$ 9 reg>d+ !m z adequate /&>ds = ! valuation ( conduct is ! logic :]eby ! ,rationali/ s\ght to d$uce f concepts ! _w ( p>ticul> ?+s4 ,! pres5t desid]atum 9 e?ical !ory w\ld appe> to be1 n fur!r attempts at def9ition ( a moral ideal ( any sort1 b ! developm5t ( a logical me?od = ! valuation ( ideals & ends 9 :i* ! results ( m mod]n rese>*es 9 ! !ory ( k %\ld be made use (--9 :i* ! concept ( self %\ld play ! "p1 n ( ! concept ( ,sub/ance 9 a rationali/ic metaphysics1#adb b ( su* a pr9ciple z t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 = example1 9 sci5tific inf]5ce4#adc ,we h1 !n1 9 ea* readju/m5t ( ! activities ( ! self a recon/ruction 9 k ( e?ical reality--a recon/ruction :i* at ! same "t involves ! assignm5t ( a def9ite value to ! new mode ( conduct :i* has be5 work$ out 9 ! readju/m5t4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t ! e?ical exp]i5ce is "o ( cont9u\s con/ruction & recon/ruction ( an ord] ( objective reality1 )9 :i* ! _w ( s5se-p]ception is compris$ z ! _w ( m or less refractory means to ! atta9m5t ( e?ical purposes4 ,9 ?is process ( con/ruction ( e?ical reality curr5t moral /&>ds play ! same "p z concepts already def9$--t is to say1 ! ag5t's pres5t habits--d 9 ! typical judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception4 ,!y play ! "p ( symbols sugge/ive ( recogniz$ & h]et(ore habitual modes ( action ) ref]5ce to conduct ( ! type ( ! p>ticul> in/ance t is "u consid]ation1 s]v+ ?us to br+ to be> ^u ! subject ( ! judgm5t soon] or lat] ! entire moral self4 ,! outcome is a new self1 & s = ! future a new /&>d1 9 :i* ! pa/ self z repres5t$ by ! =m] /&>d & ! new impulse h be5 br\ght to mutual adju/m5t4 ,our position is t ?is adju/m5t is ess5tially exp]im5tal & t 9 x ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! unity & expansion ( ! self mu/ be presuppos$1 z 9 inductive inf]5ce g5]al pr9ciples ( teleology1 ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & ( organic int]connection ( p>ts 9 liv+ ?+s are presuppos$4 ,! unity & increase ( ! self is n a te/ or canon1 b a pr9ciple ( moral exp]im5tation4#add ,f9ally1 we mu/ note "o fur!r p>allel betwe5 e?ical judgm5t & ! judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception & sci5ce4 ,h[ev] ! man ( sci5ce may1 z a nom9ali/1 reg>d ! laws ( nature z m]e obs]v$ uni=mities ( fact & p>ticul>s z ! true realities1 ^! same laws w nev]!less on occasion h a di/9ctly objective "* 9 8 actual appreh5sion ( !m4 ,! /ubbornness ) :i* a c]ta9 mat]ial may refuse to l5d itself to a desir$ purpose w commonly be re9=c$1 z a matt] ( appreh5sion1 by "o's recognition ( ! sci5tific necessity ( ! ph5om5on4 ,z (f]+ resi/ance ! ?+ itself1 z we h se51 becomes objective2 s also does ! law ( :i* ?is case may be recogniz$ z only a p>ticul> example--& ! o!r type ( objectivity exp]i5ce we ne$ n "h d m ?an m5tion z likewise possible 9 "o's appreh5sion ( ! law z well z ( ! facts ( nature4 ,bo? types ( objectivity atta* to ! moral law z well4 ,! /&>d t re/ra9s is "o above u or beyond u4 ,ev5 ,kant1 z ! similitude ( ! />ry heav5s w\ld sugge/1 0 n incapable ( a fa9t emotion ( ! het]onom\s1 & au?ority 9 "o =m or ano!r is a moral =ce ^: objective validity z moral1 bo? 9 its inhibit+ & 9 its sanction+ aspects1 human nature is prone to ackn[l$ge4 ,! appreh5sion ( objectivity is ev]y:]e1 z we h held1 emotional4 ,"o type ( situation 9 :i* ! moral law takes on ?is "* is f\nd 9 ! int]position ( ! law to *eck a =w>d t5d5cy2 ! o!r is f\nd 9 ! in/ant ( transition f d\bt to ! new adju/m5t t has be5 rea*$4 ,9 ! "o case ! law is inexorable 9 its dem&s4 ,9 ! o!r case !re are two possibilities3 ,if ! adju/m5t has be5 ess5tially a rejection ( ! new temptation1 ! law :i* "o obeys is "o no long] inexorable1 b su/a9+1 z a rock ( salvation4 ,if ! adju/m5t is a di/9ctly new attitude1 ! s5se ( ! objectivity ( ! pr9ciple embodi$ 9 x w commonly be less /rong1 if n = ! "t be+ almo/ :olly want+2 b 9 ! mom5t ( ov]t action x w 9 "s degree we> ! "* ( a firm tru? ^u :i* "o has tak5 8 /&4 ,?is g5]al view ( ! logical con/itution ( ! moral exp]i5ce may sugge/ a comp>ison ) ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,briti% ,intellectuali/ s*ool4 ,! ,intellectuali/ writ]s 7 v l>gely guid$ 9 _! expositions by ! desire ( refut+ on ! "o h& ,hobbes & on ! o!r ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson4 ,aga9/ ,hobbes !y wi%$ to e/abli% ! obligatory "* ( ! moral law entirely ap>t f sanction or enactm5t by political au?ority4 ,aga9/ ! ,s5tim5tali/s !y wi%$ to v9dicate its objectivity & p]man5ce4 ,?is tw(old purpose !y accompli%$ by hold+ t ! morality ( conduct lies 9 its con=mity to ! objective nature ( ?+s1 ! k ( :i*1 9 its moral aspects1 is logically d$ucible f c]ta9 moral axioms1 self-evid5t l ^? ( ma!matics4 ,n[ ?is ma!matical analogy is ! key to ! :ole position ( ! ,intellectuali/ writ]s4 ,by s conceiv+ ! nature ( k ^! m5 s]i\sly weak5$ _! /rong g5]al position4 ,ma!matics is j t species ( k :i* is mo/ remote f & app>5tly indep5d5t ( any ref]5ce to conduct1 & ! ,intellectuali/s1 by *oos+ x z _! ideal1 7 !reby r5d]$ incapable ( expla9+ ! obligator9ess ( ! moral law4 ,an adequate psy*ology ( k w\ld h obviat$ ?is difficulty 9 _! sy/em4 ,! occasion = economic judgm5t is giv51 z we h se51 9 a conflict betwe5 ends n incompatible1 9 view ( any asc]ta9able conditions ( ! ag5t's nature z an empirical self1 b inhibitory ( ea* o!r 9 view ( :at we h describ$ z conditions ext]nal to ! ag5t4 ,?us ! lawy] 9 our illu/ration f\nd 8 plan ( compromise ?w>t$ by ! exi/5ce ( su* sociological conditions z w\ld make ! practice ( 8 pr(ession1 9 ! mann] int5d$1 impossible1 & s cut (f 8 income4 ,simil>ly ! peasant 9 a ,european c\ntry f9ds t 7= reasons :i*1 m probably1 he does n und]/&7 he c no long] e>n a liv+ 9 ! accu/om$ way1 & emigrates to a c\ntry 9 :i* 8 capital & 8 physical en]gies may be m pr(itably employ$4 ,s also 9 ! ev]yday lives ( all ( u ends & int]e/s q disp>ate1 s f> z any relation to ea* o!r ?r\gh our psy*ical capacities is conc]n$1 /& v frequ5tly 9 opposition1 nev]!less1 & call+ = adju/m5t4 ,we mu/ make a *oice betwe5 amusem5t or intellectual pursuits or ! means ( /hetic culture1 on ! "o h&1 & ! common necess>ies ( life on ! o!r1 & ! difficulty ( ! situation lies j 9 abs5ce ( any sort ( spiritual aff9ity betwe5 ^! ends4 ,!re is no necess>y ratio betwe5 ! satisfaction ( ! common ne$s ( life & ! cultivation ( ! high] faculties--no ratio = :i* ! individual c ev] f9d a sanction 9 ! con/itution ( 8 empirical self ?r\gh ! direct me?od ( e?ical valuation4 ,! common ne$s mu/ h _! measure ( recognition1 b no attempt$ e?ical valuation ( !m c ev] come to a result conv9c+ly w>rant$ to ! en]getic self by psy*ological conditions4 ,! economic situation z su* is 9 ?is s5se 7t is1 f ! /&po9t ( any recogniz$ e?ical /&>ds7 un9telligible4 ,x is ?is e?ical un9telligibility t (t5 l5ds a g5u9e elem5t ( trag$y to situations :i* press urg5tly & 9 :i* ! ends at issue are ( great e?ical mom5t4 ,x is no small matt] to ! emigrant1 = example1 t he mu/ cut ! v roots by :i* he has gr[n to ! sort ( man he f9ds himself to be4 ,8 :ole nature prote/s aga9/ ?is viol5ce1 & que/ions its necessity1 ?\gh ! necessity is unmi/akable & x w\ld be q impossible = him n to act accord+ly4 ,nev]!less1 tragic z su* a conflict may well be1 x does n diff] 9 any logically ess5tial way1 does n diff] 9 its degree ( /rictly logical difficulty1 f ! e?ically mu* less s]i\s economic problems ( our ev]yday life4 ,n[1 we h already def9$ ! economic act = :i* economic judgm5t is prep>atory z be+1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! div]sion ( c]ta9 means f a pres5t use to :i* !y h be5 devot$ to a new use :i* has come to seem 9 a g5]al way desirable4#ade ,?us1 9 ! cases j m5tion$1 ! lawy] contemplates ! virtual pur*ase ( 8 new c>e] by ! income :i* 8 pr(ession might 9 ye>s to come af=d him1 ! emigrant seeks a bett] m>ket = 8 labor1 & ! pleasure-seek] & ! ambiti\s /ud5t & ! buy] ( a commodity 9 ! m>ket propose to !mselves1 ea* "o1 ! div]sion f "s hi!rto int5d$ use ( a sum ( money4 ,manife/ly x is immat]ial f our logical po9t ( view :e!r ! means 9 "q :i* "o proposes to apply 9 "s new way are 9 ! nature ( physical & m5tal /r5g?1 or mat]ials & implem5ts ( manufacture ready to be us$1 or means ( pur*ase ( "s sort :]e) ! desir$ s]vice or commodity may be obta9$ at once4 ,! economic problem1 to /ate x te*nically1 is ! problem ( ! reapplicability ( ! means1 int]pret+ ! category ( means q broadly4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! me?od ( proc$ure adapt$ to ! economic type ( situation is t ( valuation ( ! means1 n t ( direct valuation ( ! ends4 ,?is me?od is "o ( valuation s9ce1 l ! e?ical me?od1 x is det]m9ative ( a purpose1 b x accompli%es ?is result 9 its own di/9ctive way4 ,! problem ( our pres5t analysis w accord+ly be h[ ?is me?od ( valuation ( ! means is able to help t[>d an adju/m5t ( disp>ate or unrelat$ ends :i* ! e?ical me?od is inadequate to effect4 ,let u assume t a vague purpose ( =eign travel1 = example1 has pres5t$ itself 9 imag9ation1 & t ! prelim9>y /age ( e?ical judgm5t has be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 ) ! result t ! purpose1 9 a m def9ite =m ?an x c\ld h at fir/1 is n[ ready = economic consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! co/ ( ! j\rney mu/ be det]m9$1 & ?is /ep1 9 t]ms ( our pres5t po9t ( view1 is simply a me?odological device :]eby c]ta9 ends :i* ! /&>ds involv$ 9 ! /age ( e?ical judgm5t c\ld n sugge/ or c\ld n effectually take into co-op]ation ) !mselves 9 _! det]m9ation ( ! end are br\ght into play4 ,asc]ta9+ ! means sugge/s ^! disp>ate ends1 ^! e/abli%$ modes ( use ( ! means1 ) ! result t ! ag5t's =w>d t5d5cy is *eck$4 ,%all ! necess>y sums be sp5t 9 =eign travel or %all !y be sp5t 9 ! pres5t ways--9 provid+ v>i\s physical necessities & com=ts1 or = v>i\s =ms ( amusem5t1 or 9 increas+ inve/m5ts 9 bus9ess ent]prises8 ,^! modes ( use d n admit ( e?ical comp>ison ) ! plan ( =eign travel1 & ! ag5t's int]e/ mu/ !re=e n[ be c5t]$ on ! means4 ,x is 9 ?is *eck to ! ag5t's =w>d t5d5cy t ! logical /atus ( ! means is ev9c$4 ,z m]ely s mu* money ! means c\ld only s]ve to fur!r ! execution ( ! purpose t is =m+1 s9ce "u ! circum/ances x c\ld only prompt imm$iate exp5diture4 ,l ! subject 9 factual judgm5t1 ! means 9 economic judgm5t h _! problematic aspect :i* z effectually h9d]s ! desir$ use ( !m z c\ld any palpable physical defect4 ,?is problematic aspect consi/s 9 ! fact ( ! pres5t e/abli%$ mode ( use :i* ! n[-=m+ purpose ?reat5s to di/urb1 & x is ! ag5t's int]e/ 9 ?is mode ( use t turns 8 att5tion to ! valuation ( ! means4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t 9 ! economic life we f9d situations exactly correspond+ to ^? ( consci5ce & temptation & me*anical pull & haul :i* 7 discrim9at$ 9 ! e?ical sph]e & m>k$ (f f judgm5t prop]ly s call$4 ,inde$ x seems reasonable to ?9k1 on g5]al gr\nds ( introspection1 t ^! me?ods ( decision 7if !y des]ve ! "n7 are1 relatively speak+1 m frequ5tly reli$ ^u 9 ! economic ?an 9 ! moral life4 ,! economic me?od ( true judgm5t is r\ndab\t & m complex & m difficult ?an e?ical1 & involves a m express rec\rse to ^? ab/ract conceptions :i* = ! mo/ "p are only implicitly involv$ 9 valuation ( ! o!r type4 ,! economic type ( valuation1 9 fact1 diff]s f ! e?ical1 n 9 an absolute or ess5tial way1 b r 9 ! explicitness ) :i* x br+s to light & lays b>e ! vital elem5ts 9 valuation z su*4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 ! economic process w\ld seem necess>ily to embrace ?ree /ages1 :i* w fir/ ( all be enum]at$ & !n v briefly expla9$ & discuss$4 ,^! are3 7#a7 a prelim9>y consid]ation ( ! means necess>y to atta9 ! end--:i* mu/ be vague & t5tative1 ( c\rse1 = ! reason t ! end z imag9$ is s1 z comp>$ ) ! fulness ( detail :i* mu/ belong to x be=e x c be f9ally accept$2 7#b7 a consid]ation ( ! means1 z ?us provisionally tak51 9 ! light ( _! pres5t devotion to o!r purposes1 ?is pres5t devotion ( !m be+ ! outcome1 9 "s degree at lea/1 ( pa/ valuation2 7#c7 f9al def9ition ( ! means ) ref]5ce to ! propos$ use ?r\gh an adju/m5t effect$ betwe5 ?is & ! factors involv$ 9 ! pa/ valuation4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ /age z ?r\gh\t1 x mu/ be c>efully not$1 ! means are "u consid]ation n prim>ily 9 _! physical aspect1 b simply z subject to a possible r$isposition4 ,?us x is n money z lawful curr5cy receivable at ! /eam%ip (fice = an ocean passage1 nor tools & mat]ials & labor-p[] te*nically suitable = ! production ( a desir$ object1 t is ! subject ( ! economic judgm5t4 ,! problem ( r$isposition w\ld ( c\rse n be rais$ 7 ! means n te*nically adaptable to ! purpose1 nor on ! o!r h& c ! means 9 ! c\rse ( economic judgm5t1 z a rule1 escape "s measure ( fur!r 7factual7 inquiry into _! te*nical prop]ties2 b ! /&po9ts are nev]!less di/9ct4 ,aga91 x mu/ be not$ t ! means 9 ?is fir/ /age w be only r\ghly measur$4 ,! l5g? ( "o's /ay abroad1 ! size ( ! h\se "o wi%es to build1 ! purpose :atev] x may be1 is /ill undef9$--^! are 9 fact ! v matt]s :i* ! process mu/ det]m9e--& 9 ! fir/ in/ance x is money 9 g5]al or a l>ge sum ( money ) ref]5ce to :i* we raise ! economic problem4 ,! category ( quantity is 9 fact ess5tially an economic "o2 x is ess5tially a /&po9t = det]m9+ ! means ( action 9 su* a way z to facilitate _! economic valuation4 ,! read] famili> ) ! writ+s ( ! ,au/rian s*ool ( economi/s w easily recall h[ uni=mly 9 _! discussions ( ! pr9ciple ( m>g9al utility ^! writ]s assume outright 9 ! fir/ place ! division ( ! /ock ( goods into def9ite units1 & !n raise ! "q ( h[ ! value ( a unit is measur$4 ,! /ock conta9s already a hundr$ bu%els ( :eat or t5 loaves ( bread--app>5tly z a matt] ( metaphysical necessity--:]eas 9 fact ! ess5tial economic problem is ?is v "o ( h[ :eat at l>ge comes to be put 9 sacks ( a c]ta9 size & bread 9 g5]al to be bak$ 9 twelve-ounce loaves4 ,! subdivision ( ! /ock & ! valuation ( ! unit are n successive /ages1 b insep>ably correlative phases ( ! valuation-process z a :ole4 ,! outcome may be /at$ ei!r way1 9 accordance ) "o's int]e/ 9 ! situation4 #b4 ,b ! unmeasur$ means z r$isposable 9 an z yet undet]m9$ way br+ to consci\sness e/abli%$ measur$ uses to :i* ! means h be5 h]et(ore assign$ 9 def9ite am\nts4 ,9 ?is way ! process ( det]m9+ a def9ite quantum z r$isposable 7:i* is to say1 ( atta9+ to a def9ite acceptable plan ( conduct7 c beg94 ,h[1 !n1 does ?is fact ( pa/ assignm5t to uses /ill recogniz$ z desirable figure 9 ! situation8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! pa/ assignm5t may h be5 7#a7 an outcome ( pa/ economic valuation1 7#b7 an unhesitat+ or non-economic act executive ( an e?ical decision1 or 7#c7 an act ( m or less consci\s ob$i5ce to consci5ce or au?ority4 ,9 ei!r case x n[ /&s z a c\rse ( conduct :i* at ! "t 01 9 ! way expla9$ above1 sanction$ to ! ag5t1 to ! en]getic self1 by ! means & conditions recogniz$ z be>+ ^u x4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 we h1 9 ?is recognition ( ! pa/ adju/m5t & ( ! economic "* :i* ! means n[ h 9 virtue ( x1 :at we may t]m a judgm5t ( en]gy-equival5ce betwe5 ! means & _! e/abli%$ uses4 ,= to ! ag5t x 0 ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! s5se ( sanction felt :5 ! means 7 assign$ to ^! uses t ! en]getic self w\ld on ! :ole be fur!r$ !reby--& ?is 9 view ( all ! sacrifices t ?is use w\ld entail1 or 9 view ( ! sacrifices requir$ = ! production ( ! means1 if ! case 7 "o 9 :i* ! means 7 n at h& & c\ld only be secur$ by a m or less ext5d$ production process4 ,9 ! illu/ration we h be5 consid]+1 x w be obs]v$1 !re is an ext5sive s*$ule ( pres5t uses :i* ! new project calls 9 "q & f :i* ! means mu/ be div]t$4 ,?is is 9 fact ! common] case4 ,a new use ( money w affect1 z a rule1 n simply a s+le pres5t mode ( exp5diture1 b w v probably involve a readju/m5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole s*$ule ( exp5diture :i* our sep>ate pa/ valuations ( money h 9 effect co-op]at$ 9 e/abli%+4 ,s likewise if we wi% to use "p ( a /ore ( build+ mat]ials or ( food1 or ( any o!r subdivisible commodity1 we enc\nt] an ord]$ sy/em ( consumption r ?an a s+le pr$et]m9$ use :i* we h n yet enjoy$4 ,:]e ?is is ! case ! :ole process ( valuation is greatly facilitat$1 b ?is is n ess5tial4 ,! means 9 cases ( true economic valuation may be capable ( b a s+le use1 l a railroad ticket or a p]i%able piece ( fruit1 or ( a virtually endless s]ies ( uses1 l a pa9t+ or a lit]>y ma/]piece4 ,:e!r ! means figure z repres5t+ b a s+le use or /& = ! cons]vation ( an ext5sive sy/em1 _! economic significance is ! same4 ,!y are ! en]gy-equival5t ( ?is use or sy/em ( uses consid]$ z an act or sy/em ( acts ( consumption 9 fur!rance ( ! self4 ,_! pa/ assignm5t meant !n & means n[ simply ?is1 t ! en]getic self w\ld !reby ga9 m ?an x w\ld lose ?r\gh ! inevitable sacrifices4 ,?is is ! economic significance ( ! means 9 virtue ( :i* !y are n[ problematic to ! ext5t ( *eck+1 = a "t at lea/1 =w>d t5d5cy t[>d ! desir$ end4#adf #c4 ,! judgm5t ( en]gy-equival5ce1 !n1 def9es ! inhibit+ economic aspect ( ! means1 & moreov] def9es x = ! means z subdivid$ & set ap>t = a s*$ule ( uses if ?is 0 ! =m ( ! pa/ adju/m5ts to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,! problem ( ! ?ird /age ( ! process is t ( br++ subject & pr$icate toge!r1 z we h else:]e express$ x--t is1 ( det]m9+1 9 ! light ( ! economic "* ( ! means z j asc]ta9$1 :at measure ( satisfaction1 if any1 may be accord$ to ! new & z yet undef9$ desire4 ,! new disposition ( ! means1 if "o is to be made1 mu/ br+ to ! en]getic self a degree ( fur!rance & developm5t :i* %all be s5sibly z great z w\ld come f ! e/abli%$ me?od ( consumption4 ,! means1 z economic1 are means to ! cons]vation ( ! old adju/m5t1 & any new disposal ( !m or ( any portion ( !m = a full or p>tial execution ( ! new purpose mu/ make out at lea/ z good a case4 ,x mu/ appe> t ! new disposition is n only physically possible1 b also economically necess>y 9 ! light ( ! same pr9ciple ( expansion ( ! self z sanction$ ! disposition n[ 9 =ce4 ,x mu/ make ! self 9 "s way m effici5t--:e!r m /rong & symmetrical 9 body1 m skill$ 9 "w1 m cle> ( bra91 or m effici5t 9 :atev] o!r concrete way may be desir$4 ,psy*ologically ! sanction ( any c\rse ( action :i* is tak5 z evid5ce ( con=mity to ! g5]al rule ?us inadequately /at$ is ! m or less /rong s5se ( relaxation ( att5tive /ra9 :i* comes ) ! %ift ( att5tion1 9 ! f9al survey1 f means to end4 ,we may accord+ly1 = ! sake ( great] def9it5ess1 re/ate 9 ! foll[+ t]ms ! process :i* has j be5 sket*$3 ,! ends 9 conflict at ! outset are ends :i* d n s5sibly be> ^u ea* o!r ?r\gh _! dep5d5ce ^u a common fund ( psy*ical capacities or en]gies4 ,!y are relat$ 9 ! ag5t's exp]i5ce solely ?r\gh _! dep5d5ce ^u a common /ock ( physical means1 & !y d n !re=e admit ( adju/m5t ?r\gh ! e?ical type ( process4 ,! economic process consi/s ess5tially ( a revival 9 imag9ation ( ! exp]i5ces accompany+ ! =m] disposition ( ! means & a re-en=cem5t by ^! ( ! means 9 _! adh]5ce to t =m] & /ill recogniz$ disposition4 ,if an adapt$ =m ( ! new end c be imag9$ :i* w m$iate a l exp]i5ce ( relaxation :5 ! att5tion %ifts f ! means1 ?us emotionally re-en=c$ 9 _! economic /atus1 to ! end z ?us conceiv$1 ! means w be recogniz$ z economically r$isposable4 ,?us ! me?od ( valuation ( ! means makes possible1 ?r\gh appeal to ! s5sibly inv>iable exp]i5ce ( relaxation or assurance 9 ! outcome ( judgm5t1 a co-ord9ation ( disp>ate ends :i* ! e?ical me?od ( direct adju/m5t c\ld n effect4#adg ,! economic process ?us pres5ts on analysis ! same factors z does ! e?ical4 ,on ! subject side we h ! means--:i* z economic are problematic z to _! reapplicability4 ,on ! pr$icate side we h ! sugge/$ mode ( reapplication 9 t5sion aga9/ cons]vative ideals ( application to e/abli%$ purposes4 ,j z x may be held t ! g5]al e?ical pr$icate is t ( ,"r or ,good--t is1 des]v+ ( adoption into ! sy/em ( "o's ends--s ! economic pr$icate appli$ to ! means z ^! come 9 ! end to be def9$ is ! g5]al concept ,reappliable4 ,& 9 g5]al ! di/9ction ( ! types is n an ultimate "o1 = ! m delib]ately & rigor\sly ! me?od ( economic valuation is pursu$--9 su* a case1 = example1 z t ( ! prospective emigrant--! /rong] w be ! ag5t's s5se ( a g5u9ely e?ical sanction z belong+ to ! decision :i* is 9 ! end work$ out4 ,! m c]ta9 & s9c]e1 !re=e1 w be ! ag5t's judgm5t t ! means mu/ be reappli$1 = on ! s5se ( sanction ( :i* we speak re/s ! explicit judgm5t t ! purpose =m$ is expansive ( ! self4 ,f ! analysis ?us pres5t$ x mu/ appe>1 !re=e1 t ! economic type ( judgm5t is 9 our s5se a con/ructive process4 ,its function is to det]m9e a p>ticul> commodity or portion ( a /ock ( "s commodity 9 its economic "* z disposable1 & 9 p]=m+ ?is function x pres5ts a def9ite reality 9 ! economic ord]4 ,moreov]1 9 ?us def9+ ! p>ticul>1 rec\rse is _h to m or less di/9ctively namable economic /&>ds :i* are 9 ! la/ resort symbols repres5t+ e/abli%$ habits ( consumption 9 ! light ( :i* ! means1 prima facie1 seem n to be available = any o!r purposes4 ,^! economic /&>ds1 l e?ical /&>ds & ! class concepts ( sci5ce & our ord9>y p]ceptual exp]i5ce1 are1 ) all due respect to nom9alism1 con/itutive ( a real _w--a _w :i* is real because x l5ds =m & significance to our k ( p>ticul>s z /imuli to conduct4 ,we h n[ be=e u suffici5t reason = our !sis t ! valuation-process 9 bo? its =ms is con/ructive ( an ord] ( reality1 & we h suffici5tly expla9$ ! relation :i* ! economic ord] be>s to ! inclusive & logically prior ord] ( e?ical objects & relations4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to see t 9 be+ ?us con/ructive ( reality 7tak+ ! conception 9 its prop] functional mean+7 !y are at ! same "t con/ructive ( ! self1 s9ce ! reality :i* !y con/ruct is 9 its functional aspect ! assemblage ( means & conditions1 ( /imuli1 9 %ort1 = ! developm5t & expansion ( ! self4 ,we %all br+ ?is ma9 division ( our /udy to a close ) a s]ies ( rem>ks 9 explanation & illu/ration ( ?is view4 ,let u consid] once m ! factors pres5t 9 ! ag5t's f9al survey ( ! situation aft] ! completion ( ! judgm5t-process & on ! v]ge ( action4 ,^! factors are1 z we h se51 7#a7 recognition ( conditions sanction+ ! purpose =m$1 7#b7 recognition ( ! purpose z1 9 view ( ?is sanction1 w>rant$ to ! en]getic self z an eligible me?od ( expansion & developm5t1 & 7#c7 recognition ( ! en]getic self1 conv]sely1 z 9 possession1 9 virtue ( ! favorable conditions giv5 9 factual judgm5t1 ( ?is new me?od ( fur!rance4 ,^! ?ree factors are manife/ly n s mu* factors co-op]at+ 9 ! situation z insep>able aspects ( x di/+ui%able f ea* o!r & admitt+ ( discrim9ative emphasis 9 accordance ) ! degree ( reflective p[] :i* ! individual may possess or *oose to ex]cise4 ,/rictly speak+ ^! ?ree aspects are pres5t 9 e consci\s recognition ( a purpose z "o's own & z pres5tly to be c>ri$ into effect1 b !y are n always pres5t 9 equal conspicu\sness1 & nev] ) equal logical importance = ! individual4 ,9 fact ?is enum]ation ( aspects co9cides ) our enum]ation ( ! ?ree /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! individual's consci\s moral attitude t[>d new purposes giv5 9 impulse--9 ! ?ird ( :i* ! la/ nam$ ( ^! aspects comes to ! =e ) ! o!rs 9 logical or functional subord9ation to x4 ,n[ x w be app>5t on gr\nds ( logic1 z on ! evid5ce ( simple introspection1 t 9 ?is ?ird type ( attitude--9 ! attitude ( true valuation1 t is to say--! en]getic self _c be id5tifi$ ) ! *os5 purpose4 ,! purpose is a det]m9ate specifi$ act to be p]=m$ subject to recogniz$ conditions1 & ) ! use ( ! co-ord9at$ means2 ! self1 on ! o!r h&1 is a process to :i* ?is p>ticul> purpose is1 inde$1 f ! /&po9t ( ! self's cons]vation & increase1 indisp5sable1 b :i* is nev]!less ap>t f ! purpose 9 ! s5se t )\t ! purpose x w\ld /ill be a self1 ?\gh p]haps a n>r[] & less develop$ "o4 ,our /&po9t "h z else:]e1 ! read] mu/ rememb]1 is ! logical4 ,x is ! /&po9t ( ! ag5t's own int]pretation ( 8 exp]i5ce ( judgm5t dur+ ! judgm5t-process & at its close1 & n ! /&po9t ( ! psy*ological m$iation ( ?is exp]i5ce z a s]ies ( occurr5ces4 ,?us we are "h f> f wi%+ to d5y ! g5]al proposition t a man's purposes are an expression ( 8 nature1 z ! psy*ologi/ might describe x1 or ! proposition t a man's conduct & 8 "* are "o & ! same ?+ view$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,we wi% m]ely to insi/ ^u ! fact t ^! psy*ological propositions are n a true acc\nt ( ! ag5t's own exp]i5ce ( himself & ( 8 purposes :ile ^! latt] are 9 ! mak+ or are on ! v]ge ( execution4 ,!re is inde$ no conflict betwe5 ?is inside view ( ! judgm5t-process & ( ! f9al survey & ! psy*ological propositions j m5tion$4 ,! id5tity ( conduct & "* means n simply t z ! man is s does he act1 b q z mu*1 & 9 a m important way1 t z he acts s is he & s does he become4 ,x is1 !n1 ! ess5ce ( ! ag5t's own view ( ! situation t 8 "* is 9 ! mak+ & t ! purpose is ! me?od to be tak54 ,to ! ag5t ! self is n1 inde$1 indep5d5t ( ! purpose1 = pla9ly x is recogniz$ t ^u j ?is purpose ! self is1 9 ! s5se expla9$1 9 a vital way dep5d5t4 ,nev]!less ! self is 9 ! ag5t's appreh5sion ess5tially beyond ! purpose1 & l>g] ?an ! purpose1 & ev51 we may say1 metaphysically ap>t f x4 ,n[ ! conclusion :i* we wi% to draw f ?is exam9ation ( ! ag5t's attitude 9 judgm5t is t no =mulation ( an ideal self c ev] be adequate to 8 purposes1 n simply because any su* =mulation mu/1 z ,gre5 all[s1 inevitably be incomplete & inconsi/5t1 b because ! self z a process is 9 ! ag5t's own appreh5sion ( x inh]5tly incapable ( =mulation4 ,any =mulation t might be attempt$ mu/ be 9 t]ms ( p>ticul> purposes 7s9ce 9 a mod]n e?ical !ory ! self mu/ be a concrete & n an ab/ract univ]sal71 & x is easy to see t any su* w\ld be1 to ! ag5t 9 ! attitude ( true e?ical judgm5t1 worse ?an useless4 ,x c\ld z cont5tual & concrete only be a composite ( exi/+ /&>ds1 m or less coh]5tly put toge!r1 (f]$ to ! ag5t z a sub/itute = ! new /&>d :i* he is try+ to "w out4 ,if !re 7 n ne$ ( a new /&>d !re w\ld be no judgm5t-process2 ! ag5t mu/ be1 to say ! lea/1 emb>rass$1 ev5 if ! unwitt+ impo/ure does n deceive him1 :5 su* a composite1 useful & inde$ indisp5sable 9 its prop] place z a /&>d ( ref]5ce & a s\rce ( sugge/ion1 is urg$ ^u him z suitable = a purpose :i* 9 ! v nature ( ! case x is logically incapable ( s]v+4#adh ,to ! ag5t1 !n1 ! en]getic self c nev] be repres5t$ z an ideal--c nev] be express$ 9 t]ms ( purpose--s9ce x is 9 its v nature logically incongru\s ) any possible p>ticul> purpose or g5]alization ( su* purposes4 ,x is commonly imag$ by ! ag5t 9 "s mann] ( s5su\s t]ms1 b x is imag$1 9 s f> z ! case is "o ( judgm5t 9 a prop] s5se1 = use z a /imulus to ! me?odical process ( valuation--n z a /&>d1 :i* if really adequate w\ld make valuation unnecess>y4 ,! ag5t's consci\sness ( himself z en]getic _c be an ideal2 x comes to consci\sness only ?r\gh ! endeavor1 fir/ to foll[1 & !n1 9 a lat] /age ( moral developm5t1 to use ideals1 & has = its function1 z a pres5tation1 ! incitem5t ( ! process ( me?odical use ( /&>ds 9 ! control ( ! ag5t's impulsive ends4 ,x is n an anticipatory vision ( ! f9al goal ( life1 b ! ag5t's com+ to consci\sness ( ! g5]al impulse & movem5t ( ! life t is4 ,x is an inevitable consequ5ce ( acceptance ( a cont5tual view ( ! en]getic self z "o's ideal t reflective morality %\ld t5d to deg5]ate into an introspective consci5ti\sness con/antly 9 un/able equilibrium betwe5 a ph>isaical selfi%ness on ! "o h& & a morally sc>cely m dang]\s hypocrisy on ! o!r4 ,!re is c]ta9ly mu* ju/ice 9 ! /++ *>act]ization ( ,neo-,hegelian ,egoism :i* ,mr4 ,taylor some:]e 9 8 unse>*able book applies to ! curr5tly prevail+ conv5tionaliz$ type ( ideali/ic e?ics4 ,if ! self ( ! valuation-process is an ultimate goal ( ef=t1 !n !re mu/ c]ta9ly be an irreconcilable contra/ to ! disadvantage ( ! latt] betwe5 ! pla9 man's objective desire = "r conduct1 z su*1 & = ! welf>e ( 8 fell[-be+s1 & ! morali/'s anxi\s que/ion+s ( ! rectitude ( ! motives by :i* 8 con=mity to ! fix$ moral /&>d are prompt$4#adi ,into ! value & significance ( ! attitude ( consci5ti\s exam9ation ( "o's moral motives we are n "h conc]n$ to inquire1 b ne$ only insi/1 9 accordance ) our pres5t view1 t its value mu/ be di/9ctly subord9ate & incid5tal to ! g5]al c\rse & outcome ( ! valuation-process4 ,9 ! valuation-process1 consci\sness ( self is n an object ( solicitude1 b simply1 we repeat1 a pure pres5tation ( /imulus1 hav+ = its (fice ! incitem5t1 & if ne$ be ! re9citem5t1 ( ! attitude ( def]5ce to ! sugge/ions ( old /&>ds & op5ness to ! petitions ( new impulse1 & ( me?odically br++ ^! to be> ^u ea* o!r4 ,! outcome ( su* a process1 ( c\rse1 _c be pr$ict$--& = ! same reasons z make unpr$ictable ! sci5ti/'s factual hypo!sis4 ,j z ! sci5ti/'s data are incomplete & ill-assort$ & unorganiz$1 = ! reason t !y h1 ( necessity1 be5 collect$1 & mu/ at ! outset be int]pret$1 9 ! light ( pres5t concepts1 ^: inadequacy ! v exi/5ce ( ! problem at issue demon/rates1 s ! f9al moral purpose t %all be develop$ is n to be d$uc$ f any possible inv5tory ( ! situation z x /&s4 ,! process 9 bo? cases is "o ( recon/ruction1 & ! te/ ( ! validity ( ! recon/ruction mu/ 9 bo? cases be ( ! same ess5tially practical "*4 ,9 bo? cases ! process is con/ructive ( reality1 9 ! functional signification ( ! t]m4 ,9 bo?1 ! judgm5t process is con/ructive also ( ! self1 9 ! s5se t ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! ag5t's future attitude ! cumulative outcome ( 8 pa/ attitudes is me?odically br\ght to be>4#aej ,v ,judgm5ts ( value are1 !n1 objective 9 _! import 9 ! same s5se z are ! factual judgm5ts 9 :i* ! conditions ( action are pres5t$4 ,! ideal problematic situation is1 9 ! la/ resort1 e?ical1 9 ! s5se ( requir+ = its solution det]m9ation ( ! new end t has aris5 ) ref]5ce to exi/+ /&>ds4 ,9 /ructure & 9 function ! judgm5t 9 :i* ! outcome ( ?is process is pres5t$ is k1 & objective 9 ! only valid acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,b1 aft] all1 x may be urg$1 is x n ! ess5tial m>k ( ! objective t x %\ld be accessible to all m51 & n 9 ! nature ( ! case valid = only a s+le individual8 ,at be/ ! objectivity ( cont5t :i* has be5 made out = ! judgm5t ( value is purely functional1 & n su* z c be v]ifi$ by appeal to ! cons5sus ( o!r p]sons4 ,! ag5t's assurance ( ! reality ( ! economic or e?ical subject-matt] :i* he is endeavor+ to det]m9e1 & 8 s5se ( ! objectivity ( ! results :i* he rea*es1 ne$ n be d5i$4 ,^! may well en\gh be illusions ( p]sonal prejudice or passion1 or ev5 normal illusions ( ! reflective faculty1 l t ( int]pret+ ! second>y qualities ( bodies z objective 9 ! same s5se z are ! bulk1 figure1 ext5sion1 numb]1 & motion ( _! solid p>ts4#aea ,any man c see ! physical object to :i* ,i po9t1 & v]ify ) 8 own eyes ! qualities :i* ,i ascribe to x1 b no man c ei!r und]/& or v]ify my judgm5t t ! purpose ,i h =m$ is 9 accord ) rational ideals ( indu/ry & self-d5ial1 or t ?is portion ( my w9t]'s fuel may be giv5 to a neighbor :o has none4 ,b ?is l9e ( objection proves too mu*1 =1 made consi/5t ) itself1 x really am\nts to a d5ial t ! v judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception1 to :i* x appeals s confid5tly z a crit]ion1 has objective import4 ,! fir/ division ( ?is /udy 0 int5d$ to %[ t e object 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ea* individual is = ! individual a unique con/ruction ( 8 own1 det]m9$ 9 =m & 9 details by individual int]e/s & purposes1 & !re=e diff]5t f t object 9 ! exp]i5ce ( any o!r individual :i* 9 social int]c\rse passes curr5t z ! same4 ,! real object is = me ! object :i* functions 9 my exp]i5ce1 pres5t+ problematic aspects = solution1 & l5d+ itself m or less s]viceably to my purposes2 & ?is object is1 we hold1 n ! object z socially curr5t1 b ! complete object :i*1 z complete 9 its det]m9ation ) ref]5ce to my unique purposes1 _c possibly h social curr5cy4 ,! objection z /at$ cuts away ! v gr\nd on :i* x re/s1 s9ce ! %ortcom+ :i* x f9ds 9 ! judgm5t ( e?ical or economic value is pres5t 9 ! p>ticul> judgm5t ( s5se-p]ception also4 ,! object ab\t :i* ,i c assure myself by an imm$iate appeal to o!r p]sons is ! object 9 its b>e conceptual aspects--! object z a diction>y might def9e x1 ! commodity z x might be describ$ 9 a trade catalogue1 or ! e?ical act z def9$ by ! crim9al code or 9 ! treatise ( a moral philosoph]4 ,x is an object consi/+ ( a c5tral core or fix$ deposit ( mean+1 :i* r5d]s x significant 9 a c]ta9 g5]al way to a numb] ( p]sons1 or ev5 to all m51 b :i* is n yet adequately kn[n by me f ! /&po9t ( my pres5t =m+ purpose4 ,9 virtue ( ^! conceptual *>act]s x is adaptable to my purpose1 :i* is z yet g5]al & indet]m9ate2 b 9 ! nature ( ! case x _c yet be kn[n to me z applicable to my prospective concrete purpose1 z ?is %all come to be ?r\gh judgm5t4 ,?us1 if ! te/ ( objectivity ( import is to be t ! judgm5t %all pres5t an object or a fact :i*1 z pres5t$1 is socially curr5t among m5 & n %ut away 9 ! individual intellig5ce ap>t f ! possibility ( social v]ification1 !n ! app>5t nom9alism ( ! objection we are consid]+ turns out to be ! utt]mo/ extreme ( realism4 ,su* a te/ am\nts to a virtual affirmation t ! sole objective reality is ! conceptual1 & t ! accid5ts ( "o's p>ticul> object ( s5se-p]ception are ! arbitr>y play ( private pref]5ce or fancy4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! objection may %ift its gr\nd & take refuge 9 "s su* position z ! foll[+3 ,! real object is inde$ ! object :i* ! individual kn[s 9 relation to 8 p>ticul> purpose1 & x is inde$ impossible t ! individual's judgm5t %\ld be limit$ 9 its cont5t to co9cid5ce ) ! conceptual elem5ts ( mean+ :i* are socially curr5t4 ,! build+-/one :i* "o has judg$ precisely fit = a special purpose1 ! specim5 :i* ! m9]alogi/ or ! botani/ exam9es "u 8 microscope1 ! tool ^: peculi>ity ( work+ "o has le>n$ to make all[ance = 9 use--^! all are1 ( c\rse1 highly individual objects1 possess+ = ! p]son 9 "q an indef9ite numb] ( objective aspects ( :i* no o!r p]son c possibly be consci\s at ! "t4 ,&1 m ?an ?is1 ev5 ?\gh ! individual may1 9 8 scrut9y ( ! object1 h discov]$ no conspicu\s new qualities 9 x :i* 7 n pres5t 9 ! socially curr5t mean+1 ! object w /ill possess an individuality mak+ x g5u9ely unique m]ely ?r\gh its co-ord9ation ) o!r objects 9 ! me*anical process ( work+ out ! purpose 9 h&4 ,x is at lea/ an object /&+ "h at j ?is "t1 a tool cutt+ ?is p>ticul> piece ( /one & /rik+ at ?is in/ant ) ?is p>ticul> r++ s\nd1 & ^! p]haps :olly noness5tial facts w nev]!less s]ve to individualize ! object 7if "o *ances to ?9k ( !m7 9 ! s5se ( mak+ x su* a "o z no o!r p]son kn[s4 ,all ?is may be grant$1 ! objection may all[1 & yet ! vital po9t rema9s2 = ?is is n :at x 0 int5d$1 ev5 9 ! fir/ place1 to d5y4 ,! vital po9t at issue is n :e!r ! object :i* ,i "k is kn[n z ,i "k x by any o!r p]son1 b :e!r1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x is "o t c be s kn[n4 ,h]e91 !n1 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 judgm5ts ( fact & judgm5ts ( value4 ,! m9]alogi/ c tra9 8 pupil to see precisely :at he himself sees2 & s likewise 9 any case ( s5se-p]ception1 ! object1 h[ev] recondite may be ! qualities or features :i* "o may see 9 x1 c nev]!less be se5 by any o!r p]son 9 precisely ! same way on ! s+le1 m (t5 n insup]ably difficult1 condition t ! discov]] %all po9t ^! out or o!rwise prep>e ! o!r = see+ !m4 ,b ) ! ton ( coal :i* "o may judge economically disposable = a *>itable purpose ! case /&s diff]5tly1 s9ce x is n 9 its visible or o!r physical aspects t ! ton ( coal is "h ! subject ( ! judgm5t4 ,x is z hav+ be5 set ap>t by oneself exclusively = o!r uses t ! ton ( coal n[ functions z an object & n[ possesses ! "* :i* ! economic judgm5t has giv5 x2 & ! case /&s simil>ly ) a contemplat$ act1 ( tell+ ! tru? 9 a try+ situation4 ,! valuation plac$ ^u ! commodity or ^u ! moral act dep5ds ess5tially ^u psy*ological conditions ( temp]am5t1 disposition1 mood1 or :im into :i* x w\ld be impossible = ano!r p]son to ent]1 & ^! dep5d ^u conditions ( pa/ tra9+ & native end[m5t :i* c nev] occur or be comb9$ 9 future 9 precisely ! same way = any o!r individual4 ,9 %ort1 ! physical object is describable & c be made socially curr5t1 ?\gh d\btless ) m or less ( difficulty1 if o!r p]sons w att5d to x & le>n to see x z ,i see x2 b ! value ( an economic object or a moral act dep5ds ^u my desires & feel+s1 & !re=e mu/ rema9 a matt] ( my private appreciation4 ,9 answ]+ ?is am5d$ =m ( ! objection x is entirely unnecess>y to discuss ! issue ( fact :i* x has rais$ z to :e!r or n complete description ( a physical object or ev5t is a practical or !oretical possibility4 ,x ne$ only be po9t$ out t at be/ su* complete description c only be successful 9 its purpose on condition t ! individual ^u :om ! exp]im5t is tri$ be will+ to att5d & h ! requisite app]ceptive backgr\nd4 ,! accuracy ) :i* ano!r p]son's k %all copy ! k :i* ,i endeavor to imp>t to him mu/ manife/ly dep5d ^u ^! two lead+ conditions1 n to m5tion also ! measure ( my own p$agogical & lit]>y skill4 ,any consid]ation ( su* a purely psy*ological problem z is "h sugge/$ w\ld be entirely out ( place 9 a discussion ! purpose ( :i* is n t ( analyz+ ! process ( judgm5t1 b t ( int]pret+ its mean+ aspects4 ,let u grant ! entire psy*ological possibility ( mak+ socially curr5t 9 ! mann] "h sugge/$ ! mo/ highly individual & concrete cognition ( an object "o may please1 & let u grant1 moreov]1 t ?is possibility has be5 actually realiz$4 ,?is concurr5t te/imony ( ! witness w d\btless confirm "o's impression ( ! accuracy ( ! process ( obs]vation & inf]5ce :]eby ! k :i* has be5 imp>t$ 0 fir/ ga9$1 b we mu/ d5y t x c d m ?an ?is4 ,= inde$1 ap>t f "s indep5d5t self-reliant conviction ( ! objective validity ( ! k 9 "q1 h[ %\ld ano!r's ass5t be tak5 z confirmation & n r z evid5ce ( "o's own m]e skill 9 sugge/ion & ( ! o!r's susceptibility !reto8 ,we mu/ d5y t ev5 9 ! improv$ =m ! crit]ion ( social curr5cy is a valid "o4 ,9 a ^w1 ! social curr5cy ( k to ! ext5t to :i* x c exi/ requires z its condition1 & is evid5ce (1 ! equal social curr5cy ( c]ta9 int]e/s1 purposes1 or po9ts ( view = pr$ication2 & if x be possible to make socially curr5t an item ( concrete k1 ) all its concrete fulness ( detail1 !n a =tiori x mu/ be possible to make socially curr5t ! concrete individual purpose ) ref]5ce to :i* ?is item ( k fir/ ( all took =m4 ,:e!r su* a ?+ be psy*ologically possible at all ! read] may decide2 b if x be possible 9 ! sph]e ( k ( fact1 !n x mu/ be possible 9 ! sph]e ( valuation4 ,9 %ort1 judgm5t 9 ei!r field1 9 def9ition ( a c]ta9 object or commodity or moral act z1 = ! ag5t1 an objective fact possess+ c]ta9 *>act]s1 involves ! tacit assumption ( social v]ifiability z a matt] ( c\rse2 b x does n re/ ^u ?is assumption1 nor is ?is assumption ! ess5ce ( its mean+4 ,to say t my judgm5t is socially v]ifiable1 t my concrete object ( p]ception or ( valuation w\ld be se5 z ,i see x by any p]son 9 precisely my place1 is m]ely a tautological way ( =mally ann\nc+ t ,i h made ! judgm5t & h n[ a def9ite object :i* to me has a c]ta9 def9ite functional mean+4 ,?us1 in/ead ( draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! realms ( fact & value1 z betwe5 :at is or c be common to all intellig5t be+s & :at mu/ be unique = ea* individual "o1 we mu/ hold t ! two realms are coext5sive4 ,! socially curr5t object answ]s to a c]ta9 g5]al type ( consci\s purpose or int]e/ active 9 ! individual & s to a g5]al habit ( valuation1 & ! concrete object to a special det]m9ation ( ?is type ( purpose ) ref]5ce to o!rs 9 ! recogniz$ work+ sy/em ( life4 ,! ag5t's f9al attitude1 on ! conclusion ( ! judgm5t-process1 may be express$ 9 ei!r sort ( judgm5t--9 a judgm5t ( ! value ( commodity or moral purpose1 or 9 a judgm5t ( concrete fact sett+ =? ! ext]nal conditions :i* w>rant ! purpose to ! en]getic self4 ,?r\gh\t ! judgm5t-process !re is a correlation betwe5 ! movem5t :]eby ! socially curr5t object develops into ! adapt$ means & t :]eby ! socially curr5t type ( conduct develops into ! def9$ & valu$ purpose4#aeb ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a second g5]al objection pres5ts itself4 ,h[ev] individual ! cont5t ( my k ( physical fact may be1 & h[ev] irrelevant1 f ! logical po9t ( view1 to my confid5ce 9 its objective validity may be ! possibility ( %>+ x ) o!r p]sons1 nev]!less x ref]s to an object :i* is 9 "s s5se p]man5t1 & !re9 diff]s f my valuations4 ,9 economic valuation ,i rea* a def9ition ( a c]ta9 commodity & am confirm$ 9 x by all ! conditions t ent] into my f9al survey ( ! situation4 ,b my desire = ! new sort ( consumption may fail1 & s expose my valuation to easy attack f any new desire t may arise2 or my supply ( ! commodity 9 "q may be sudd5ly increas$ or dim9i%$1 & my valuation ( ! unit quantity !reby *ang$4 ,likewise my e?ical valuation may h to be rev]s$ 7z ,mr4 ,taylor has insi/$7 by reason ( a *ange ( disposition or p>ticul> desire :i* makes impossible1 except 9 ob$i5ce to "s o!r & inclusive valuation1 fur!r adh]5ce to x4 ,& ^! *anges take place )\t any accompany+ s5se ( _! do+ viol5ce to objective fact or1 on ! o!r h&1 any judgm5t ( _! be+ 9 ! nature ( corrections ( previ\s errors 9 valuation1 & s m closely 9 accordance ) ! tru?4 ,moreov]1 a new valuation1 tak+ ! place ( an old1 does n supplem5t its pr$ecessor z "o set ( judgm5ts ab\t a physical object may supplem5t ano!r1 made f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 b does lit]ally take its place1 & ?is )\t necess>ily condemn+ x z hav+ be5 errone\s4 ,?is g5]al objection re/s ^u a numb] ( fairly obvi\s misconceptions1 & its /r5g? is app>5t only4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! "q ( ! objectivity ( any type ( judgm5t mu/ 9 ! end1 z we h se51 r$uce itself to a "q ( ! judgm5t's import to ! ag5t4 ,h[ev] ! ag5t's valuations may %ift f "t to "t1 ea* sev]al "o w be sanction$ to ! ag5t by ! *ang$ conditions exhibit$ 9 ! inv5tory :i* ! ag5t takes at ! close ( judgm5t :i* has =m$ x4 ,! conditions h *ang$1 & ! valuation ( ! e>li] purpose has likewise *ang$2 b ! new purpose is sanction$ by ! new conditions1 & ! te/ ( ! presum$ validity ( ! new valuation c only be 9 ! mann] already discuss$#aec ! te/ ( actual execution ( ! purpose4 ,9 ! *ange1 z ! ag5t int]prets ! situation1 !re is no violation ( ! =m] purpose nor a ne>] approa* to tru?4 ,ea* valuation is true = ! situation to :i* x corresponds4 ,we are obvi\sly n "h consid]+ ! case ( error4 ,an error 9 valuation is evid5c$ to ! ag5t1 n by ! ne$ ( a new valuation answ]+ to *ang$ conditions1 b by ! failure ( a giv5 valuation to make good its promise1 al?\gh to all appe>ance conditions h rema9$ un*ang$4 ,if ! conditions h *ang$1 !n ! purpose & ! conditions mu/ be r$et]m9$1 if ! expansion ( ! en]getic self is to cont9ue2 b ! =m] valuation does n !reby become untrue4 ,^! brief rem>ks %\ld suffice by way ( answ]1 b x w s]ve advantage\sly to illu/rate our g5]al position if we pursue ! objection some:at f>!r4 ,! physical object is1 nev]!less1 p]man5t1 x w be said1 & ?is surely di/+ui%es x f ! object 7n[ freely ackn[l$g$ z su*7 ( ! value-judgm5t4 ,to "o man gold may be soluble 9 aqua regia & to ano!r wor? s _m p5ce an ounce1 b diff]5t & individual z are ^! judgm5ts & ! /&po9ts !y respectively imply1 ! gold is "o1 imp>tially admitt+ at ! same "t ( bo? *>act]izations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o _c judge an act good & bad at once4 ,! purpose ( deception t may be good is "o controll$ & %ap$ by ideals q diff]5t f ^? :i* p]mit deception ( ! evil sort--is1 9 tru?1 tak5 z a total act1 altoge!r diff]5t f ! purpose ( deception :i* "o condemns1 & n1 l ! p>cel ( matt] 9 ! two judgm5ts ab\t gold1 ! subject ( bo? valuations4 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! mean+ ( ?is p>cel ( matt] w easily expose ! weakness ( ! plea4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! p>cel ( matt] mu/ = ! ag5t r$uce itself1 let u say1 to c]ta9 controllable en]gies c5t]+ ab\t c]ta9 closely contigu\s po9ts 9 space & capable1 9 _! ex]cise1 ( sett+ free or *eck+ o!r en]gies 9 ! sy/em ( nature4 ,?us1 put 9 aqua regia ! gold w dissolve1 b 9 ! atmosph]e x reta9s its brilliant color1 & 9 ! photograph]'s solution its en]gies h /ill a diff]5t mode ( manife/ation4 ,& ?us x w\ld appe> t ! v>i\s pr$icates :i* are appli$ to gold imply1 ea* "o1 a unique set ( conditions4 ,gold is soluble 9 aqua regia1 b n if x is to reta9 its yell[ lu/]2 :i* pr$icate is to be true ( x dep5ds ^u ! conditions "u :i* ! en]gies resid5t 9 ! gold are to be set free1 j z ! moral "* ( an act dep5ds ^u ! social conditions obta9+ at ! "t ( its p]=mance--t is1 ^u ! ideals ) ref]5ce to :i* x has be5 %ap$ 9 judgm5t4 ,h[ c "o ma9ta9 t 9 a lit]al & concrete physical s5se gold 9 process ( solution is ! same z gold ent]+ into *emical comb9ation8 ,surely ! en]gy conditions :i* con/itute ! gold 9 ! two processes are n ! same--& c "o n[adays hope to f9d sam5ess 9 un*angeable atoms8#aed ,9 a ^w1 ! p]man5t sub/ance or real ess5ce t admits ( v>i\s mutually supplem5t>y det]m9ations correspond+ to div]se po9ts ( view is1 /rictly speak+1 a conv5i5t ab/raction1 & n an exi/5t fact 9 "t--& we %all ma9ta9 t ! same species ( ab/raction has its prop] place1 & 9 fact occurs1 9 ! sph]e ( moral judgm5t4 ,! type ( moral conduct t 9 e actual case ( its occurr5ce 9 ! moral ord] is det]m9$ 9 "s unique & special way by relation to o!r /&>ds is precisely analog\s to ! sub/ance t is n[ dissolv$ 9 aqua regia & n[ made to pass 9 ! =m ( curr5t co91 b _c be treat$ 9 bo? ways at once4 ,bo? are ab/ractions4 ,! gold is a "n = ! g5]al possibility ( atta9+ any "o ( a c]ta9 set ( p>ticul> ends by appropriately co-ord9at+ c]ta9 en]gies1 resid5t else:]e 9 ! physical sy/em1 ) ^? at pres5t /or$ 9 ?is p>ticul> p>cel ( matt]2 ! result to be atta9$ dep5ds n alone ^u ! p>cel ( matt]1 b also ^u ! p>ticul> en]gies br\ght to be> ^u x f )\t4 ,n[ let u take a type ( conduct :i* is sometimes judg$ good & sometimes bad4 ,deception1 = example1 is su* a type--& z a type x simply /&s = ! g5]al possibility ( fur!rance or detrim5t to ! en]getic self accord+ z x is det]m9$ 9 ! concrete in/ance by ideals ( social well-be+ or by consid]ations ( imm$iate p]sonal advantage4 ,= ! type-=m ( conduct--:5 consid]$1 n z a type ( m]e physical p]=mance1 b z conduct 9 ! te*nical s5se ( a possible purpose ( ! self--is1 9 ! s5se we h expla9$1 a symbol = ! g5]al possibility ( access or dissipation ( spiritual en]gy--en]gy :i* mu/ be set free by ! br++ to be> ( o!r en]gies ^u x1 & :i* fur!rs or works c\nt] to ! enl>gem5t & developm5t ( ! self accord+ to ! mode ( its co-ord9ation ) o!r en]gies :i* ! self has already turn$ to its purposes4#aee ,b actual conduct is concrete always & nev] typical2 & s likewise1 we h s\ght to %[1 actual sub/ance1 ! objective ?+ ref]r$ to 9 ! factual judgm5t1 is always concrete & nev] an ess5ce4 ,x is n a fix$ ?+ admitt+ ( a simultane\s v>iety ( conflict+ det]m9ations & practical uses1 b absolutely unique & already det]m9$ to its unique "* by ! :ole assemblage ( physical conditions :i* affect x at ! "t & :i* x 9 turn reacts ^u4 ,9 ! moral z 9 ! physical sph]e ! fundam5tal category w\ld1 on our pres5t acc\nt1 appe> to be t ( en]gy4 ,! p>ticul> physical object giv5 9 judgm5t is a concrete realization1 9 ! =m ( a p>ticul> means or in/rum5t1 ( t g5]al possibility ( atta9+ ends :i* ! concept ( a fix$ fund ( en]gy1 int]pret$ z a logical po/ulate or pr9ciple ( inf]5ce1 expresses4 ,! p>ticul> moral or economic act is a p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! en]gy ( ! self may be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,9 bo? sph]es ! reality pres5t$ 9 ! f9i%$ judgm5t is objective z be+ a /imulus to ! sett+ free ( ! en]gies = :i* x /&s4 ,once m1 !n1 our answ] to ! objection we h be5 consid]+ mu/ be t ! object z ! p]man5t sub/rate is m]ely an ab/ract symbol /&+ = ! indet]m9ate means 9 g5]al set ov] aga9/ ! self4 ,correspond+ to x we h1 on ! o!r side1 ! concept ( ! en]getic self--! self t is purposive 9 g5]al1 expansive someh[ or o!r4 ,! function ( complet$ factual judgm5t 9 ! developm5t ( exp]i5ce is1 we h held1 t ( w>rant+ to ! ag5t ! complet$ purpose :i* 8 judgm5t ( value expresses4 ,?is view calls = "s fur!r comm5t & illu/ration 9 clos+ ! pres5t division4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! /atem5t implies t ! conditions :i* factual judgm5t pres5ts 9 ! f9al survey z sanction+ ! purpose h n det]m9$ ! purpose1 s9ce prior to ! det]m9ation ( ! purpose ! conditions 7 n1 & c\ld n be1 s pres5t$4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 naturally arises :e!r our mean+ is t 9 ! =mation ( our purposes 9 valuation ! recognition ( exi/+ conditions plays no "p4 ,our answ] c be indicat$ only 9 ! b>e/ outl9e z foll[s3 ,! ag5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 9 an economic judgm5t-process1 recognize & take acc\nt ( su* facts z ! te*nical adaptability ( ! means he is propos+ to use to ! new purpose t is =m+1 z also ( environ+ conditions :i* may affect ! success :i* he may meet ) 9 apply+ !m4 ,he mu/ consid] also 8 own physical /r5g? & qualities ( m9d ) a view to ?is same te*nical problem4 ,& simil>ly 9 e?ical valuation1 z we h se51 ! psy*ology ( ! empirical ego mu/ play its "p4 ,b ! conditions ?us recogniz$ are1 z we might seek to %[ m 9 detail1 expla9able z ! outcome ( pa/ factual judgm5t-processes1 & on ! occasion ( _! orig9al def9ition 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y n[ are kn[n play$ ! sanction+ "p ( :i* we h s (t5 spok54 ,!y !re=e correspond to ! ag5t's accept$ practical ideals1 s t ! control :i* 8 pa/ exp]i5ce ex]cises ov] 8 pres5t conduct may be /at$ equally well 9 ei!r sort ( t]ms--9 t]ms ( 8 prevail+ recogniz$ /&>ds1 or 9 t]ms ( 8 pres5t k ( ! conditions :i* 8 new purpose mu/ respect4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 ! concept ( a physical ord] condition+ ! conduct ( all m5 & pres5t$ 9 a def9ite body ( socially curr5t k is ! logical correlate ( ! moral law conceiv$ z a categorical imp]ative prescrib+ c]ta9 types ( conduct4 ,?us ! error ( reg>d+ ! ag5t's conduct 9 a pres5t em]g5cy z an outcome ( exi/+ det]m9+ conditions is logically id5tical ) ! correspond+ error ( ! e?ical !ory ( self-realization4 ,! latt] holds ! logical possibility ( a det]m9ate descriptive ideal 7already realiz$ 9 ! un*ang+ ,absolute ,self7 :i* is adequate to ! solution ( all possible e?ical problems4 ,! =m] holds t all conduct mu/ be subject to ! det]m9+ =ce ( ext]nal conditions :i*1 if n at pres5t completely kn[n1 are at lea/ 9 !ory kn[able4 ,! physical univ]se 9 its orig9al nebul\s /ate conta9$ ! promise & pot5cy ( all t has be5 9 ! way ( human conduct & ( all t is to be4 ,into ! fix$ me*anical sy/em no new en]gy c ent] & f x none ( ! orig9al fund ( en]gy c be lo/4 ,?is me*anical !ory ( conduct is ! ess5tial basis ( ! h$oni/ic !ory ( e?ics2 & x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ,gre5's criticism ( ?is latt] & 8 own affirmative !ory ( ! moral ideal 7z also ! curr5t conv5tional criticism ( h$onism 9 ! same t5or by ! s*ool ( ,gre57 are 9 a logical s5se id5tical ) x4 ,= ! assumption t conduct is det]m9$ by exi/+ objective conditions is precisely ! logical correlate ( ! concept ( a cont5tual & realizable ideal moral self4#aef ,we may n[ int]pret1 9 ! light ( our g5]al view ( ! function ( factual judgm5t1 ! concept ( ! empirical self ref]r$ to 9 our discussion ( ! v>i\s types ( sanction+ condition :i* may ent] into ! f9al survey4 ,! empirical self ( psy*ological sci5ce is a con/ruction gradually put toge!r by psy*ologi/ or introspective layman z an int]pretation ( ! way 9 :i* accept$ concrete modes ( conduct1 9 ! det]m9ation ( :i* /&>ds h be5 op]ative1 h work$ out 9 practice to ! fur!rance or impov]i%m5t ( ! en]getic self4 ,we h se5 t ! ambigu\s pres5t$ self :i* functions 9 ! moral attitude ( ob$i5ce to au?ority or to consci5ce gives place 9 ! attitude ( consci\s valuation to appreh5sion ( ! en]getic self1 on ! "o h&1 & descriptive concepts ( p>ticul> types ( conduct1 on ! o!r4 ,! empirical self at ! same "t makes its appe>ance z a con/antly exp&+ inv5tory ( ! spiritual res\rces :i* ! en]getic self has at its disposal4 ,^! are ! functions ( ! s\l :i* a functional psy*ology %[s u 9 op]ation--p[]s ( att5tion1 /r5g? ( memory1 f]tility 9 associative recall1 & ! l--& ^! are ! res\rces :]e) ! en]getic self may execute1 & s exploit to its own fur!rance1 ! purposes :i*1 9 p>ticul> em]g5cies1 new end & recogniz$ /&>ds may "w out 9 co-op]ation4#aeg ,,vi ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h consi/5tly us$ ! expressions e?ical & economic judgm5t & judgm5t ( valuation z synonym\s4 ,?is may h seem$ to ! read] some?+ v l a begg+ ( ! "q f ! outset1 z tak+ = grant$ t v judgm5tal "* ( our valuational exp]i5ce :i* x 0 ! pr(ess$ object ( our discussion to e/abli%4 ,we are ?us call$ ^u v briefly to consid]1 fir/ ( all1 ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! consci\sness ( value & ! process :i* we h describ$ z t ( valuation4 ,?is w enable u1 9 ! second place1 to det]m9e ! logical function :i* belongs to ! consci\sness ( value 9 ! g5]al economy ( life4 ,! consci\sness ( value is a p]fectly def9ite & di/9ctive psy*ical fact m$iat$ by a d\btless highly complex set ( psy*ical or ultimately physiological conditions4 ,z su* x admits ( descriptive analysis1 & 9 a complete !ory ( value su* descriptive analysis %\ld c]ta9ly f9d a place4 ,x w\ld d\btless ?r[ mu* light ^u ! orig9 ( valuation z a process1 & ( valu+ z an attitude1 & admirably illu/rate ! view ( ! function ( ! consci\sness ( value to :i* a logical /udy ( valuation z a process seems to lead u4 ,?is problem 9 analysis belongs1 h[ev]1 to psy*ology1 & !re=e lies ap>t f our pres5t purpose2 nor is x necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( our pres5t view to und]take x4 ,x is necess>y = our purpose only to sugge/1 = purposes ( id5tification1 a brief description ( ! value-consci\sness1 & to indicate its place 9 ! process ( reflective ?\ght4 ,! consci\sness ( value may be/ be describ$1 by way ( fir/ approximation1 9 ! language ( ! ,au/rian economi/s z a s5se ( ! importance to oneself ( a commodity or def9$ moral purpose4 ,x belongs to ! ag5t's attitude ( survey or recapitulation :i* ensues ^u ! completion ( ! judgm5t-process & is m$iat$ by att5tion to ! e?ical or economic object 9 its newly def9$ "* ( specific conduciv5ess to ! well-be+ ( ! self4 ,! commodity1 9 virtue ( its asc]ta9$ physical prop]ties1 is adapt$ to c]ta9 modes ( use or consumption :i*1 ?r\gh valuation ( ! commodity1 h come to be accept$ z desirable4 ,! moral act likewise has be5 approv$ by virtue ( its hav+ c]ta9 def9ite sociological t5d5cies1 or be+ conducive to ! welf>e & happ9ess ( a fri5d4 ,?us commodity or moral act1 z ! case may be1 has a det]m9ate complexity ( mean+ :i* has be5 judg$ z1 9 "o s5se1 expansive ( ! self1 & ! value-consci\sness we may id5tify z t s5se ( ! valu$ object's importance :i* is m$iat$ by recognition ( x z ! be>] ( ?is complexity ( concrete mean+4 ,! mean+ is1 z we may say1 cond5s$ or compact$ into ! object z giv5 9 s5se-p]ception1 & because ! mean+ /&s = expansion ( ! self1 ! object 9 tak+ x up into itself receives ! "* ( importance z a valu$ object4 ,! s5se ( importance ?us is expressive ( an attitude ^u ! ag5t's "p4 ,! concrete mean+s :i* make up ! cont5t ( ! object's importance w\ld inevitably1 if left to !mselves1 prompt ov]t action4 ,! commodity w\ld =?) be appli$ to its new use or ! moral act w\ld be p]=m$4 ,! self w\ld1 z we may express x1 possess itself ( ! spiritual en]gies resid5t 9 ! *os5 purpose4 ,! attitude ( survey1 h[ev]1 inhibits ?is action ( ! self & ! s5se ( importance is ! result+ emotional appreh5sion ( ! value ( ! object h]eby br\ght to recognition4 ,n[1 x %\ld be c>efully obs]v$ t ! p>ticul> concrete emotions appropriate to ! details ( ! valu$ purpose are n :at we "h int5d4 ,! purpose may spr+ f "s impulse ( self-int]e/1 hatr$1 patriotism1 or love1 & ! psy*ical mat]ial ( its pres5tation dur+ ! ag5t's survey w be ! v>i$ complex ( qualitative emotion t comes f inhibition ( ! detail$ activities :i* make up ! purpose z a :ole4 ,s also ! appreh5sion ( ! physical object ( economic valuation is l>gely1 if n altoge!r1 emotional 9 its psy*ical con/itution4 ,psy*ologically ^! emotions are ! purpose--!y are ! /uff ( :i* ! purpose z a psy*ical fact occurr+ 9 "t is made4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is n ! purpose z a psy*ical fact t is ! object ( ! ag5t's valu+--any m ?an is ! tool ) :i* "o cuts p]ceiv$ z a molecul> mass or z an aggregation ( c5t]s ( e!r-/ress4 ,z a cogniz$ object ( value ! purpose is1 9 our s*ematic t]m9ology1 a s\rce ( en]gy = ! increase ( ! self1 & ?us ! consci\sness ( value is ! p]fectly specific emotion aris+ f re/ra9t put ^u ! self 9 its movem5t ( appropriation ( ?is en]gy4 ,9 contra/ ) ! concrete emotions :i* are ! sub/ance ( ! purpose z pres5t$1 ! consci\sness ( value may be call$ a =mal emotion or ! emotion ( a typical reflective attitude4 ,! valu+ attitude we may !n describe z t ( resolution on ! "p ( ! self to adh]e to ! f9i%$ purpose :i* x n[ surveys1 ) a view to exploitation ( ! purpose4 ,! connection betwe5 ! valuation-process & ! consci\sness ( value may be /at$ ?us3 ,! valuation-process works out 7& necess>ily 9 cognitive1 objective t]ms7 ! purpose :i* is valu$ 9 ! ag5t's survey4 ,b ?is developm5t ( ! purpose is at ! same "t det]m9ation ( ! en]getic self to acceptance ( ! purpose t %all be work$ out4 ,?us ! valuation-process is ! s\rce ( ! consci\sness ( value 9 ! tw(old way 7#a7 ( def9+ ! object valu$1 & 7#b7 ( det]m9+ ! self to ! attitude ( resolution to adh]e to x & exploit x4#aeh ,! consci\sness ( value is ! appreh5sion ( an object 9 its complete functional "* z a factor 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! function ( ! consci\sness ( value mu/ n[ be v briefly consid]$4 ,! ph5om5on is a /rik+ "o1 & app>5tly1 z ! economi/s especially h insi/$1 ( mu* practical importance 9 ! conduct ( life4#aei ,& yet on our acc\nt ( ! ph5om5on1 z x may appe>1 ! problem ( assign+ to x a function mu/ be1 to say ! lea/1 difficult4 ,= ! consci\sness ( value is1 we h held1 emotional1 &1 on ! conception ( emotion 9 g5]al :i* we h tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t our pres5t discussion1 ?is mode ( be+ consci\s is m]ely a reflex ( a /ate ( t5sion 9 activity4 ,z su* x m]ely reports 9 consci\sness a process ( motor co-ord9ation already go+ on & 9 ! nature ( ! case c contribute no?+ to ! outcome4 ,n[ if x 7 9 a direct way z imm$iately felt emotion t ! consci\sness ( value mu/ be functional if functional at all1 !n ! problem might well be giv5 up2 b x w\ld be a s]i\s blund] to conceive ! problem 9 ?is /rictly psy*ological way4 ,a logical /atem5t ( ! problem w\ld raise a diff]5t issue--n ! "q ( :e!r emotion z emotion c 9 any s5se be functional 9 exp]i5ce1 b :e!r ! consci\sness ( value & emotion 9 g5]al may n receive reflective int]pretation & !reby1 becom+ objective1 play a "p z a factor 9 subsequ5t valuation-processes4 ,inde$1 ! psy*ological /atem5t ( ! problem misses ! entire po9t at issue & leads directly to ! :olly irrelevant g5]al problem ( :e!r any mode ( consci\sness :atev] c1 z consci\sness1 put =? en]gy & be a factor 9 controll+ conduct4 ,! pres5t problem is prop]ly a logical "o4 ,:at is ! ag5t's appreh5sion ( ! matt]8 ,9 8 subsequ5t reflective processes ( valuation does ! consci\sness ( value1 :i* 0 a feature ( ! survey on a pa/ occasion1 receive recognition 9 any way & s play a "p8 ,?is is simply a "q ( fact & cle>ly1 z a "q relat+ to ! logical cont5t ( ! ag5t's reflective process1 has no connection ) or int]e/ 9 ! problem ( a possible dynamic efficacy ( consci\sness z su*4 ,! "q prop]ly is logical1 n psy*ological or metaphysical4 ,?us /at$1 !n1 ! problem seems to admit ( answ]--& along ! l9e already sugge/$ 9 our acc\nt ( economic valuation4#afj ,recognition ( ! fact t ! consci\sness ( value 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! survey ( a c]ta9 purpose on an e>li] occasion confirms ?is purpose1 hold+ ! means1 9 an economic situation1 to _! appo9t$ use & /r5g!n+ adh]5ce to ! /&>d 9 ! e?ical case4 ,?is recognition s]ves z /imulus to a reproduction1 9 memory1 ( ! cognitive details ( ! e>li] survey1 & s 9 ! ideal case to a m or less complete & recognizably adequate re9/atem5t ( ! e>li] valu+ attitude1 & s to a re9/atem5t ( ! consci\sness ( value itself4 ,! result is a /r5g!n+ ( ! e/abli%$ valuation1 a m efficaci\s control ( ! new end claim+ recognition1 & an assur$ measure ( cont9uity ( e?ical developm5t f ! old valuation to ! new4 ,! function ?us assign$ to ! consci\sness ( value f9ds abundant illu/ration else:]e 9 ! field ( emotion4 ,! /at$ fe/ivals ( antiquity commemorative ( regul>ly recurr5t phases ( agricultural & pa/oral life1 z also ! fe/ivals 9 obs]vance ( signal ev5ts 9 ! private & political life ( ! individual1 w\ld appe> to f9d1 m or less di/9ctly1 "h _! explanation4 ,^! fe/ivals mu/ h be5 prompt$ by a m or less consci\s recognition ( ! social value inh]5t 9 ! important functions mak+ up ! life ( ! community1 & ( ! individual citiz5 z a memb] ( ! community & z an individual4 ,!y secur$ ! end ( a su/a9$ & enhanc$ int]e/ 9 ^! normal functions by effect+1 ?r\gh a symbolic reproduction ( ^!1 an int5sifi$ & glorifi$ exp]i5ce ( ! emotional mean+ normally & inh]5tly belong+ to !m4#afa ,9 ! same way ! rites ( ! religi\s cults ( ,greece1 n to m5tion k9dr$ ph5om5a s abundantly to be f\nd 9 l[] civilizations z well z 9 our own1 s]v$ to =tify ! individual 9 a c]ta9 consi/5t & salut>y c\rse ( in/itutional & private life4#afb ,x has be5 tak5 = grant$ ?r\gh\t t !re are b two =ms ( valuation-process1 ! e?ical & ! economic4 ,! reason = ?is limitation may already be suffici5tly app>5t1 b x w fur!r illu/rate our g5]al conception ( ! valuation-process briefly to indicate x 9 detail4 ,:at %all be said1 = example1 ( ! common use ( ! t]m value 9 su* expressions z ! value ( life1 ! emotional value ( an object or a moral act1 ! natural value ( a type ( impulsive activity8 ,9 ^! uses ( ! ^w ! ref]5ce is app>5tly to "o's own incommunicable inn] exp]i5ce ( liv+1 ( p]ception ( ! object1 or ( ! impulse1 :i* _c be sugge/$ to any o!r p]son :o has n himself _h ! exp]i5ce4 ,my pleasure1 my color-s5sation 9 its affective aspect1 my emotion1 are inn] & subjective1 & ,i di/+ui% !m by su* expressions z ! above f ! visible1 tangible object to :i* ,i ascribe !m z con/itut+ its imm$iate or natural value to me4 ,?is broad] use ( ! t]m value has n f\nd recognition 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & x requires "h a ^w ( comm5t4 ,s long z ^! phases ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! object are n recogniz$ z sep>able 9 ?\ght f ! object view$ z an ext]nal condition or means1 !y w\ld app>5tly be bett] *>act]iz$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are s recogniz$1 & are !reby tak5 z det]m9ative ( ! ag5t's practical attitude t[>d ! ?+1 we h m]ely our typical situation ( e?ical valuation ( "s impli$ purpose z conducive to ! self & economic valuation ( ! means z requisites = execution ( ! purpose4 ,our g5]al crit]ion = ! propriety ( t]m+ any mode ( consci\sness ! value ( an object mu/ be t x %all p]=m a logical function & n simply be ref]r$ to 9 its aspect ( psy*ical fact4 ,! feel+ or emotion1 or :atev] ! mode ( consci\sness 9 "q may be1 mu/ play ! recogniz$ "p1 9 ! ag5t's survey ( ! situation1 ( prompt+ & support+ a def9ite practical attitude ) ref]5ce to ! object4 ,if1 9 %ort1 ! exp]i5ce 9 "q ent]s 9 any way into a consci\s purpose ( ! ag5t1 x may prop]ly be t]m$ a value4#afc /hetic value also has n be5 recogniz$1 & = ! opposite reason4 ,! s5se ( beauty w\ld appe> to be a correlate ( relatively p]fect atta9$ adju/m5t betwe5 ! ag5t & 8 natural environm5t or ! conditions sugge/$ m or less impressively by ! "w ( art4 ,!re mu/1 inde$1 be pres5t 9 ! /hetic exp]i5ce an elem5t ( unsatisfi$ curiosity suffici5t to /imulate an int]e/ 9 ! *ang+ or div]se aspects ( ! beautiful object1 b ?is mu/ n be suffici5t to prompt reflective judgm5t ( ! details pres5t$4 ,on ! :ole1 ! /hetic exp]i5ce w\ld appe> to be ess5tially po/-judgm5tal & appreciative4 ,x comes on ! p>ticul> occasion1 n z ! result ( a judgm5t-process ( ! valuational type1 b z an imm$iate appreciation4 ,z an imm$iate appreciation x has no logical function & on our pr9ciples mu/ be d5i$ ! "n ( value4 ,our /&po9t mu/ be t ( ! exp]i5c+ individual4 ,! /hetic exp]i5ce z a type may well be a developm5t out ( ! arti/ic & s f9d its ultimate explanation 9 ! psy*ology ( man's primitive te*nological occupations 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life4 ,x is1 z we h said1 ( ! po/-judgm5tal type1 & s may v probably be b ! cumulative outcome ( clos] & clos] approximations along c]ta9 l9es to a p]fect$ adju/m5t ) ! conditions ( life4 ,x may ?us h its orig9 9 pa/ processes ( ! reflective valuational type4 ,nev]!less1 view$ 9 ! light ( its actual pres5t "* & /atus 9 exp]i5ce1 ! /hetic mu/ be exclud$ f ! sph]e ( values4 ,?us ! realms ( fact & value are bo? real1 b t ( value is logically prior & s ! m real4 ,! realm ( fact is t ( conditions w>rant+ ! purposes ( ! self2 z a sep>ate ord]1 complete & absolute 9 itself1 x is an ab/raction t has =gott5 ! reason = :i* x 0 made4 ,reality 9 ! logical s5se is t :i* fur!rs ! developm5t ( ! self4 ,! purpose t falls %ort ( its promise 9 ?is reg>d is unreal--n1 inde$1 9 ! psy*ological s5se t x nev] exi/$ 9 imag9ation1 b 9 ! logical s5se t x is no long] valu$4 ,)9 ! inclusive realm ( reality ! realm ( fact is t ( ! means :i* s]ve ! concrete purposes :i* ! self accepts4 ,! complet$ purpose1 h[ev]1 is n means1 s9ce /ill beh9d & beyond x !re c be no o!r concrete valu$ purpose :i* x c s]ve4 ,nor is x an ultimate end1 s9ce 9 its "* ( accept$ & valu$ end ! self adh]es to x1 & x !re=e _c express ! :ole purpose ( ! self to ^: unspecifiable fulness & increase ( activity x is b a tempor>y probational contributor4 ,x is r 9 ! nature ( a =mula or me?od ( behavior to :i* ! self ascribes reality by recogniz+ & accept+ x z its own4 ,,xi ,,"s ,,logical ,,aspects ,,( ,,purpose ,,introductory ,:5ev] & :]ev] x 0 discov]$ t ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce z giv5 9 imm$iate p]ception c\ld be recon/ruct$ ?r\gh ideas1 !n & !re began to em]ge su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at is ! significance ( ?is recon/ructive p[]8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 x & ! imm$iate exp]i5ce8 ,:at is ! relative value ( ea* 9 exp]i5ce z a :ole8 ,:at is _! relation to tru? & error8 ,if ?9k+ leads to tru?1 & ?\ght mu/ yet get its mat]ial f p]ception1 h[ !n %all ! product ( ?\ght escape infection f ! mat]ial8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if tru? is to be f\nd 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce1 c x "h be pres]v$ f ! blight+ effects ( ?\ght8 ,= s insi/5t & p]vasive is ?is activity ( ?\ght t x appe>s to p5etrate into ! sanctum ( p]ception itself4 ,turn+ to a ?ird possibility1 if x %\ld be f\nd t tru? & error are conc]n$ ) bo?--t !y are products ( ! comb9$ activity ( p]ception & reflection--!n j :at does ea* d8 ,& :at 9 _! op]ations m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & error8 ,or /ill aga91 if tru? & error _c be f\nd 9 ! op]ations ( p]ception & reflection z su*1 !n !y mu/ be locat$ 9 ! relation ( ^! processes to some?+ else4 ,if s1 :at is ?is some?+ else8 ,out ( su* que/ions z ^! is logic born4 ,!re may be ^? :o w object to "s ( ^! que/ions z logical problems--^? :o w\ld limit logic to a description ( ! =ms & processes ( recon/ruction1 relegat+ ! "q ( ! crit]ion ( tru? & error to epi/emology4 ,?is objection we mu/ "h dismiss summ>ily by say+ t1 by :atev] "n x is call$1 a treatm5t ( ! =ms & processes ( ?\ght mu/ deal ) ! crit]ion ( tru? & error1 s9ce ^! diff]5t =ms are j ^? :i* ?\ght assumes 9 attempt+ to rea* tru? "u diff]5t conditions4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! beg9n+ ! ,greeks reg>d$ _! newly discov]$ p[] ( ?\ght z any?+ b =mal4 ,inde$1 x soon became s sub/antial t x 0 reg>d$ z simply a new _w ( fact1 ( exi/5ce alongside (1 or r above1 ! _w ( p]ception4 ,b ,socrates hail$ ideas z deliv]]s f ! contradictions & p>adoxes into :i* exp]i5ce int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( imm$iate s5se-p]ception _h fall54 ,9 ! concept ,socrates f\nd a solution = ! !n press+ problems ( social life4 ,! ,socratic univ]sal is n a m]e empty =m :i* ?\ght imposes ^u ! _w4 ,x is some?+ :i* ?\ght creates 9 ord] t a life ( social int]action & reciprocity may g on4 ,?is ne$ n mean t ! ,greeks 7 reflectively consci\s ( ?is1 b t ?is 0 ! way ! concept 0 actually us$ & develop$ by ,socrates4 ,9 attempt+ to =mulate ! relation betwe5 ?is new _w ( ideas & imm$iate s5se-exp]i5ce1 ,plato con/ruct$ 8 s*eme ( sub/antiation & p>ticipation4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( sub/antiation & p>ticipation is an expression ( ! conviction t any?+ s valuable z ,socrates _h %[n ideas to be c\ld n be m]ely =mal or unreal4 ,up to ! discov]y ( ^! ideas reality lay 9 ! sub/ances ( p]ception4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to h t reality to :i* _! wor?1 _! value 9 life1 entitl$ !m1 ! ideas mu/ be sub/antiat$4 ,?is introduction ( ! newly discov]$ ideas into ! _w ( sub/ances & reality wr\ght1 ( c\rse1 a *ange 9 ! conception ( ! latt]--a *ange :i* has well-nigh dom9at$ ! entire philosophic developm5t ev] s9ce4 ,let u recall t ! aim ( ,socrates 0 to f9d some?+ t w\ld prev5t society f go+ to pieces "u ! influ5ce ( ! dis9tegrat+ conception ( exp]i5ce z a m]e flux ( giv5 imm$iate cont5t4 ,n[1 9 ! concepts ,socrates discov]$ ! basis = j ?is mu*-ne$$ :ol5ess & /ability4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t unity & /ability 7 ! actual social ne$s ( ! h\r l$ n only to ! concepts :i* furni%$ !m be+ conceiv$ z sub/antial & real1 b to _! be+ reg>d$ z a high] type ( reality1 z m real ?an ! giv51 imm$iate exp]i5ces ( p]ception4 ,!y 7 high] & m real because1 j !n1 !y answ]$ ! press+ social ne$4 ,! ideas suppli$ ?is unity because !y furni%$ ends1 purposes1 to ! giv5 mat]ial ( p]ception4 ,! giv5 is n[ giv5 = some?+2 = some?+ m1 too1 ?an m]e contemplation4 ,socrates also %[$1 by ! mo/ acute analysis1 t ! cont5t ( ^! ends1 ^! purposes1 0 social ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,f ! e?ical /&po9t ?is teleological "* ( ! idea is cle>ly recogniz$4 ,b z real1 ! ideas mu/ be /at$ 9 ! metaphysical t]ms ( sub/ance & attribute4 ,"h ! social ne$ is ab/ract$ f & lo/ to sight4 ,! fundam5tal attributes ( ! ideas are n[ a metaphysical unity & /ability4 ,h5ce unity & /ability1 :ol5ess & complet5ess1 are ! v ess5ce ( reality1 :ile multiplicity & *ange con/itute ! nature ( appe>ance4 ,?us does ,plato's reality become1 z ,w9delb& says1 an immat]ial eleaticism :i* seeks true be+ 9 ! ideas )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t ! _w ( g5]ation & occurr5ce :i* x leaves to p]ception & op9ion4#afd ,n[ x is ! mom5tum ( ?is conception ( reality z a /able & complete sy/em ( absolute ideas1 ! developm5t ( :i* we h j r\ghly sket*$1 t is s important hi/orically4 ,:y ?is conception ( reality1 :i* app>5tly grew out ( a p>ticul> hi/orical situation1 %\ld h dom9at$ philosophic !ory = ov] two ?\s& ye>s appe>s at fir/ some:at puzzl+4 ,^? :o /ill hold & def5d x w ( c\rse say t ?is survival is evid5ce ( its validity4 ,b1 aft] all1 our human _w may be yet v "y4 ,x may be t a ?\s& ye>s are b z ye/]day4 ,at any rate philosophy has nev] be5 9 a hurry to recon/ruct conceptions :i* s]v$ _! day & g5]ation ) su* di/9ction z did ! ,platonic conception ( reality4 ,& ?is is true to ! evolution>y in/9ct t exp]i5ce has only its own products z mat]ial = fur!r con/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple ( evolution ) equal =ce dem&s t only z mat]ial1 n z f9al =ms ( exp]i5ce1 %all ^! products cont9ue4 ,x may be t philosophy has n yet tak5 ! conception ( evolution q s]i\sly4 ,at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t long aft] x has be5 f\nd t1 in/ead ( be+ et]nal & complete1 ! concept und]goes *ange1 t x has simply ! /ability & :ol5ess dem&$ by a p>ticul> & concrete situation2 aft] x has be5 discov]$1 9 o!r words1 t ! /ability & :ol5ess1 in/ead ( atta*+ to ! cont5t ( an idea1 are simply ! functions ( any cont5t us$ z a purpose--aft] all ?is has be5 accept$ 9 psy*ology1 ! conception ( tru? & reality :i* arose "u an entirely diff]5t conception ( ! nature ( ?\ght /ill survives4 ,?is *ange 9 ! conception ( ! "* ( ! ideas1 ) no correspond+ *ange 9 ! conception ( reality1 m>ks ! divorce ( ?\ght & reality & ! rise ( ! epi/emological problem4 ,let u recall t 9 ,plato ! relation betwe5 ! high] & ultimate reality1 z con/itut$ by ! complete & ,et]nal ,ideas1 & ! l[] reality ( p]ception1 is t ( ar*etype & ectype4 ,p]ceptions attempt to imitate & copy ! ideas4 ,n[1 :5 ! ideas are f\nd to be *ang+1 & :5 fur!r ! int]p5etration ( p]ception & conception is discov]$1 reality z fix$ & complete mu/ be locat$ else:]e4 ,& j z 9 ! old sy/em x 0 ! bus9ess ( p]ception to imitate ! ,et]nal ,ideas1 s "h x is /ill assum$ t ?\ght is to imitate ! reality :]ev] n[ x is to be locat$4 ,& z reg>ds ! matt] ( location1 ! old conception is n ab&on$4 ,! eld] ,plato is mighty yet4 ,reality mu/ /ill be a complet$ sy/em ( fix$ & et]nal ?+s 9 !mselves1 relations1 or n\m5a ( "s sort :i* our ideas1 n[ con/itut$ by bo? p]ception & conceptional processes1 are /ill to imitate1 copy1 reflect1 repres5t1 or at lea/ symbolize 9 "s fa%ion4 ,f ?is po9t on1 !n1 ?\ght has two functions3 "o1 to help exp]i5ce meet & reorganize into itself ! results ( its own pa/ activity2 ! o!r1 to reflect or repres5t 9 "s s5se ! absolute sy/em ( reality4 ,= a v long "t ! latt] has cont9u$ to con/itute ! logical problem1 ! =m] be+ relegat$ to ! realm ( psy*ology4 ,b ?is discov]y ( ! recon/ructive function ( ! idea & its assignm5t to ! jurisdiction ( psy*ology did n leave logic :]e x 0 be=e1 nor did x light5 its task4 ,logic c\ld n %ut its eyes to ?is psy*ological "* ( ! idea4#afe ,inde$1 logic _h to take ! idea z psy*ology describ$ x1 !n d ! be/ x c\ld ) x = its purpose4 ,! emb>rassm5t ( logic by ?is recon/ructive "* ( ! idea ev5 ,ari/otle discov]$ to "s ext5t 9 ! relation ( ! ,platonic p]ceptions to ! et]nal ideas4 ,he f\nd great difficulty 9 gett+ a fl[+ /ream ( consci\sness to imitate or ev5 symbolize an et]nally fix$ & complet$ reality4 ,& s9ce we h discov]$1 9 addition1 t ! idea is s palpably a recon/ructive activity1 ! difficulties h n dim9i%$4 ,9 su* a situation x c\ld only be a "q ( "t until solutions ( ! problem %\ld be s\ght by attempt+ to br+ toge!r ^! two functions ( ! idea4 ,p]haps aft] all ! repres5tation ( objects 9 an absolute sy/em is involv$ 9 ! recon/ruction ( our exp]i5ce4 ,or p]haps :at appe>s z recon/ructions ( our exp]i5ce--z desir+1 /ruggl+1 delib]at+1 *oos+1 will+1 z sorr[s & joys1 failures & triumphs--are b ! ma*9]y by :i* ! absolute sy/em is repres5t$4 ,at any rate1 ^! two functions surely _c be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! idea z color & =m belong to a /one4 ,we %\ld nev] be satisfi$ ) su* a brute dualism z ?is4 ,)\t any fur!r hi/orical sket* ( attempts at ?is syn!sis1 ,i desire to pass at once to a consid]ation ( :at ,i am sure ev]yone w agree mu/ /& z "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & 9 e way notable ef=ts 9 ?is direction--,mr4 ,royce's ,ab]de5 lectures on ,! ,_w & ! ,individual4 ,x is ! purpose "h to exam9e t "p ( ^! lectures1 & x is ! he>t ( ! :ole matt]1 9 :i* ! key to ! solution ( ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 ideas & reality is s\ght precisely 9 ! purposive "* ( ! idea4 ,?is w be f\nd especially 9 ! ,introduction & 9 ! *apt] on ,int]nal & ,ext]nal ,mean+ ( ,ideas4#aff ,i4 ,,! ,,purposive ,,"* ,,( ,,ideas ,) 8 un]r+ s5se = fundam5tals1 ,mr4 ,royce beg9s by tell+ u t ! fir/ ?+ call$ = by ! problem ( ! relation ( ideas to reality is a discussion ( ! nature ( ideas4 ,"h ,mr4 ,royce says he %all be guid$ by c]ta9 psy*ological analyses ( ! m]e cont5ts ( our consci\sness1 :i* h become prom95t 9 rec5t discussion4#afg ,y\r intellig5t ideas ( ?+s nev] consi/ ( m]e imag]y ( ! ?+1 b always involve a consci\sness ( h[ y propose to act t[>d ! ?+ ( :i* y h ideas4444 ,complex sci5tific ideas view$ z to _! consci\s significance are1 z ,pr(essor ,/\t has well said1 plans ( action1 ways ( con/ruct+ ! object ( y\r sci5tific consci\sness4444 ,by ! ^w idea1 !n1 z we %all use x1 :51 aft] hav+ criticis$ oppos+ !ory1 we come to /ate 9 ^! lectures our own !sis1 ,i %all mean 9 ! end any /ate ( consci\sness1 :e!r simple or complex1 :i* :5 pres5t is !n & !re view$ z at lea/ a p>tial expression1 or embodim5t ( a s+le consci\s purpose4444 ,9 brief1 an idea 9 my pres5t def9ition may1 & 9 fact always does1 if y please1 appe> to be repres5tative ( a fact exi/5t beyond itself4 ,b ! prim>y "* :i* makes x an idea is n its repres5tative "*1 is n its vic>i\s assumption ( ! responsibility ( /&+ = a be+ beyond itself1 b is its inn] "* z relatively fulfill+ ! purpose1 t is z pres5t+ ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! purpose :i* is 9 ! consci\sness ( ! mom5t :]e9 ! idea takes place4#afh444 ,n[ ?is purpose1 j 9 s f> z x gets a pres5t consci\s embodim5t 9 ! cont5ts1 & 9 ! =m ( ! complex /ate call$ ! idea1 con/itutes :at ,i %all h]eaft] call ! int]nal mean+ ( ! idea4#afi444 ,b ideas (t5 seem to h a mean+2 yes1 z "o mu/ add1 f9ite ideas always und]take or appe> to h a mean+ t is n exhau/$ by ?is consci\s int]nal mean+ pres5t$ & relatively fulfill$ at ! mom5t :5 ! idea is !re = our f9ite view4 ,! melody sung1 ! arti/s' idea1 ! ?\ght ( y\r abs5t fri5d1 a ?\ght on :i* y love to dwell1 all ^! n m]ely h _! obvi\s int]nal mean+ z meet+ a consci\s purpose by _! v pres5ce1 b also !y at lea/ appe> to h t o!r sort ( mean+1 t ref]5ce beyond !mselves to objects1 t cognitive relation to out] facts1 t attempt$ correspond5ce ) out] facts1 :i* _m acc\nts ( our ideas reg>d z _! prim>y inexplicable & ultimate "*4 ,i call ?is second1 & = me /ill problematic1 & d]iv$ aspect ( ! nature ( ideas1 _! app>5tly ext]nal mean+4#agj ,f all ?is x is q evid5t t ,mr4 ,royce accepts & welcomes ! results ( ! "w ( mod]n psy*ology on ! nature ( ! idea4 ,! difficulty w come 9 mak+ ! connection betwe5 ^! accept$ results & ! ,platonic conception ( ultimate reality z /at$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,to be means simply to express1 to embody ! complete int]nal mean+ ( a c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,a sy/em1 moreov]1 :i* is g5u9ely impli$ 9 ! true int]nal mean+ or purpose ( e f9ite idea1 h[ev] fragm5t>y4#aga ,x may be well to note "h 9 pass+ t1 not)/&+ ! av[$ subord9ation "h ( ! repres5tative to ! recon/ructive "* ( ! ideas1 ! =m] becomes v important 9 ! *apt] on ! relation ( int]nal to ext]nal mean+1 :]e ! problem ( tru? & error is consid]$4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ! two mean+s ( ! idea1 :i* ,i h tri$ to /ate z ne>ly z possible 9 ! au?or's own words1 !re appe> "s conceptions ( idea1 ( purpose1 & ( _! relation to ea* o!r1 t play an important "p 9 ! fur!r treatm5t & 9 det]m9+ ! f9al outcome4 ,9 ! description ( ! int]nal mean+ !re appe> to be two q diff]5t conceptions ( ! relation ( idea to purpose4 ,"o reg>ds ! idea z itself con/itut+ ! purpose or plan ( action2 ! o!r describes ! idea z ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! purpose4 7#a7 ,complex sci5tific ideas1 view$ z to _! consci\s significance1 are1 z ,pr(essor ,/\t has well said1 plans ( action4 7#b7 ,y s+ to y\rself a melody2 y are !n & !re consci\s t ! melody1 z y he> y\rself s++ x1 p>tially fulfils & embodies a purpose4#agb ,:5 we come to ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal mean+1 we %all f9d t ! idea z int]nal mean+ comes into a ?ird relation to purpose1 viz41 t ( hav+ ! fur!r purpose to agree or correspond to ! ext]nal mean+4 ,is ! correspond5ce rea*$ betwe5 idea & object ! precise correspond5ce t ! idea itself int5d$8 ,if x is1 ! idea is true4444 ,?us x is n m]e agreem5t1 b int5d$ agreem5t1 t con/itutes tru?4#agc ,?us ! idea is 7#a7 ! purpose1 7#b7 ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! purpose1 & 7#c7 has a fur!r purpose--to correspond to an object 9 ! absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,! fir/ /atem5t ( ! int]nal mean+ z con/itut+ ! plan or purpose is1 ,i take x1 ! conception ( ! int]nal mean+ z an ideal con/ruction :i* gives a work+ =m1 a def9ition to ! indef9ite sort ( re/lessness & bl9d feel+ ( dissatisfaction out ( :i* ! ne$ ( & dem& = ?\ght arises4#agd ,?is accords ) ! sci5tific conception ( ! idea z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,if ?is int]pretation ( idea 7 /eadily foll[$ ?r\gh\t1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld fail to lead to a conception ( reality q diff]5t f t describ$ z a c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,! second def9ition ( int]nal mean+ is ! "o 9 :i* x is /at$ z ! p>tial expression1 embodim5t1 & fulfilm5t ( a s+le consci\s purpose1 & 9 :i* subsequ5tly & consequ5tly ! idea is id5tifi$ ) any consci\s act1 = example1 s++4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! /atem5t appe>s to say t ! idea ( a melody is 9 p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! idea reg>d$ z ! purpose to s+ ! melody4 ,b1 z ! fir/ /atem5t ( int]nal mean+ implies1 h[ c "o h a purpose to s+ ! melody except 9 & ?r\gh ! idea8 ,x is precisely ! con/ruction ( an idea t trans=ms ! vague indef9ite re/lessness & dissatisfaction into a purpose4 ,! idea is ! def9+1 ! %>p5+ ( ! bl9d activity ( m]e s5sation1 m]e want1 into a plan ( action4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,royce meets ?is difficulty at once by ! /atem5t t ! t]m idea "h n only cov]s ! activity involv$ 9 =m+ ! idea1 e4 g41 ! idea ( s++1 b includes ! action ( s++1 :i* fulfils ?is purpose4 ,9 ! same s5se any consci\s act at ! mom5t :5 y p]=m x n m]ely expresses1 b is1 9 my pres5t s5se1 an idea4#age ,b ?is sort ( an adju/m5t betwe5 ! idea z ! purpose & z ! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose raises a new "q4 ,:at "h becomes ( ! di/9ction betwe5 imm$iate & m$iat+ exp]i5ce8 ,surely !re is a pretty disc]nible diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce z a purposive idea & ! exp]i5ce :i* fulfils ?is purpose4 ,to call !m bo? ideas is at lea/ confus+1 & inde$ x appe>s t x is j ?is confusion t obscures ! fundam5tal difficulty 9 deal+1 lat] on1 ) ! problem ( tru? & error4 ,to be sure1 ! v =mation ( ! idea z ! purpose1 ! plan ( action1 is ! beg9n+ ( ! relief f ! indef9ite re/lessness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x def9es & %>p5s ! dissatisfaction4 ,:5 ?is vague unre/ takes ! =m ( a purpose to atta9 food or %elt]1 or to s+ 9 tune1 x is ( c\rse ! fir/ /ep t[>d solution4 ,b ?is v def9ition ( ! dissatisfaction int5sifies x4 ,! idea z purpose1 !n1 in/ead ( be+ ! fulfilm5t1 appe>s to be ! plan1 ! me?od ( fulfilm5t4 ,! fulfill+ exp]i5ce is ! fur!r exp]i5ce to :i* ! idea po9ts & leads4 ,to foll[ a little f>!r ?is relation betwe5 ! purposive & fulfill+ aspects ( exp]i5ce1 x is ( c\rse app>5t t ! idea z ! purpose1 ! plan ( action1 mu/ z a function g ov] into ! fulfill+ exp]i5ce4 ,my purpose to s+ ! melody mu/ rema91 9 s f> z ! action is a consci\s "o1 until ! melody is sung4 ,i say z a function1 = ! specific cont5t ( ?is purpose is cont9u\sly *ang+4 ,! purpose is c]ta9ly n ! same 9 cont5t aft] half ! melody has be5 sung z x is at ! beg9n+4 ,?is means t ! purpose is be+ progressively fulfill$2 & z "p ( ! purpose is fulfill$ ea* mom5t1 s a "p ( ! orig9al cont5t ( ! idea drops out2 & :5 ! fulfill+ process ( ?is p>ticul> purpose is complete1 or is susp5d$--=1 9 ,mr4 ,royce's view1 x nev] is complete 9 human exp]i5ce--t purpose !n gives way to "s o!r1 p]haps "o gr[+ out ( x1 b /ill "o reg>d$ z ano!r4 ,a purpose realiz$1 fulfill$1 _c p]si/ z a purpose4 ,we may desire to repeat ! exp]i5ce 9 memory2 i4 e41 in/ead ( s++ al\d1 simply1 z ,mr4 ,royce says1 sil5tly recall & li/5 to its imag9$ pres5ce4 ,b "h we mu/ rememb] t ! memory exp]i5ce1 z su*1 is n an idea 9 ! logical s5se at all4 ,x is an imm$iate exp]i5ce t is fulfill+ ! idea ( ! song :i* con/itutes ! purpose to recall x1 j z truly z ! s++ al\d fulfils ! idea ( s++ al\d4 ,%\t+1 :i/l+1 or li/5+ 9 memory to ! sil5t notes may all be equally imm$iate1 fulfill+ exp]i5ces4 ,d\btless ! idea z purpose involves memory1 z ,mr4 ,royce says4#agf ,b x is a memory us$ z a purpose1 & x is j ?is use ( ! memory mat]ial z a purpose t makes x a logical idea4 ,9 its cont5t ! purposive idea is j z imm$iate & z me*anical z any o!r "p ( exp]i5ce4 ,psy*ology expla9s ! pres5ce & ! p>tial pres5t efficacy ( ?is purpose by ! laws ( motor processes1 ( habit1 or ( :at is (t5 call$ association4#agg ,"h idea1 h[ev]1 simply means1 z ,mr4 ,royce takes x 9 8 second /atem5t1 consci\s cont5t ( any sort4 ,b ?is is n ! mean+ ( idea 9 ! logical s5se4 ,! logical idea is a consci\s cont5t us$ z an organiz]1 z a plan ( action1 to get o!r cont5ts4 ,if1 = example1 9 ! c\rse ( writ+ a pap] "o wi%es to recall an ab/ract di/9ction1 z ! di/9ction dawns 9 consci\sness1 x is n an idea 9 ! logical s5se4 ,x is j z truly an imm$iate fulfill+ exp]i5ce z is a good golf /roke4 ,s 9 ! ma!matician's mo/ ab/ruse processes1 :i* ,mr4 ,royce s admirably portrays1 ! results = :i* he wat*es z empirically z ! a/ronom] alone ) 8 /> are n ideas 9 ! logical s5se2 !y are imm$iate1 fulfill+ exp]i5ces4#agh ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! idea z ! m$iat+ exp]i5ce--t is1 ! logical idea--& ! imm$iate fulfill+ exp]i5ce is !re=e n "o ( cont5t1 b ( use4 ,!re is a s5se1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! idea z a purpose c be tak5 z ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( ano!r purpose2 9 ! s5se t any purpose is ! outgr[? ( activity involv+ previ\s purposes4 ,?is becomes evid5t :5 we inquire into ! indef9ite re/lessness & dissatisfaction out ( :i* ! idea z purpose spr+s4 ,dissatisfaction presupposes "s activity already go+ on 9 attempt$ fulfilm5t ( "s previ\s purpose4 ,if "o is dissatisfi$ ) 8 s++1 or ) n s++1 x is because "o has already purpos$ to p>ticipate 9 ! p]=mance ( a company ( p :i* n[ he f9ds s++ a c]ta9 melody1 or "o has ra%ly contract$ to ent]ta9 a /r5u\s infant :o is vocif]\sly dem&+ 8 favorite ditty4 ,?is is only say+ t any giv5 dissatisfaction & ! purpose to :i* x gives rise gr[ out ( activity involv+ previ\s purpos+4 ,b ?is does n d away ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ! idea z a purpose & ! imm$iate fulfill+ exp]i5ce4 ,if ! discussion appe>s at ?is po9t to be gr[+ some:at capti\s1 let u pass to a consid]ation ( ! relation betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal mean+s1 :]e ! problem ( tru? & error appe>s1 & :]e ! vital import ( ^! di/9ctions becomes m obvi\s4 ,,ii4 ,,purpose ,,& ,,! ,,judgm5t ,mr4 ,royce beg9s ) ! traditional def9ition ( tru?1 :i* he !n proce$s to re9t]pret3 ,tru? is v frequ5tly def9$ 9 t]ms ( ext]nal mean+ z t ab\t :i* we judge4444 ,9 ! second place1 tru? has be5 def9$ z ! correspond5ce betwe5 our ideas & _! objects#agi4444 ,:5 we und]take to express ! objective validity ( any tru?1 we use judgm5t4 ,^! judgm5ts1 if subjectively reg>d$1 t is1 if view$ m]ely z processes ( our own pres5t ?9k+1 ^: objects are ext]nal to !mselves1 involve 9 all _! m complex =ms1 comb9ations ( ideas1 devices :]eby we weave already pres5t ideas into m manifold /ructure1 !reby enri*+ our int]nal mean+2 b ! act ( judgm5t has always its o!r1 its objective aspect4 ,! ideas :5 we judge are also to possess ext]nal mean+4444 ,x is true1 z ,mr4 ,bradley has well said1 t ! int5d$ subject ( e judgm5t is reality itself4 ,! ideas t we comb9e :5 we judge ab\t ext]nal mean+s are to h value = u z tru? only 9 s f> z !y n only possess int]nal mean+1 b also imitate1 by _! /ructure1 :at is at once o!r ?an !mselves1 &1 9 significance1 some?+ above !mselves4 ,t1 at lea/1 is ! natural view ( our consci\sness1 j 9 s f> z1 9 judg+1 we conceive our ?\ght z ess5tially o!r ?an its ext]nal object1 & z de/9$ m]ely to correspond !reto4 ,n[ we h by ?is "t come to feel h[ h>d x is to def9e ! ,reality to :i* our ideas are ?us to con=m1 & ab\t :i* our judgm5ts are said to be made1 s long z we ?us sund] ext]nal & int]nal mean+s4#ahj ,! univ]sal judgm5t4--,! problem is1 !n1 to discov] j ! nature & gr\nd ( ?is relation betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal mean+1 betwe5 ! idea & its object4 ,?is relation is e/abli%$ 9 ! act ( judgm5t4 ,tak+ fir/ ! univ]sal judgm5t1 we f9d "h t ! int]nal mean+ has at be/ only a negative relation to ! ext]nal mean+4 ,to say t all ,a is ,b is 9 fact m]ely to ass]t t ! real _w conta9s no objects t are ,a1 b t fail to be ( ! class ,b4 ,to say t no ,a is ,b is to ass]t t ! real _w conta9s no objects t are at once ,a & ,b4#aha ,! univ]sal judgm5ts !n tell u indirectly :at is 9 ! realm ( ext]nal mean+2 b only by fir/ tell+ u :at is n4#ahb ,h[ev]1 ^! univ]sal judgm5ts h aft] all a positive value 9 ! realm ( int]nal mean+2 t is1 z m]e ?\ght4 ,?is negative "* ( ! univ]sal judgm5ts holds true ( !m1 z we h j said1 j 9 s f> z y sund] ! ext]nal & int]nal mean+1 & j 9 s f> z y view ! real z ! beyond1 & z ! m]ely beyond4 ,if y turn y\r att5tion once m to ! realm ( ideas1 view$ z int]nal mean+1 y see1 inde$1 t !y are con/antly becom+ enri*$ 9 _! inn] life by all ?is process4 ,to "k by inn] demon/ration t #bbd & t ?is is necess>ily s1 is n yet to "k t ! ext]nal _w1 tak5 m]ely z ! ,beyond1 conta9s any true or f9ally valid v>iety ( objects at all1 any two or f\r objects t c be c\nt$4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 s f> z y\r int]nal mean+ goes1 to h exp]i5c$ )9 t :i* makes y call ?is judgm5t necess>y1 is inde$ to h obs]v$ a "* ab\t y\r own ideas :i* rightly seems to y v positive4#ahc ,?is passage des]ves especial att5tion4 ,9 ! light ( ,kant1 & 9 view ( ,mr4 ,royce's g5]al def9ition ( ! judgm5t z ! ref]5ce ( int]nal to ext]nal mean+s1 "o is puzzl$ to f9d t = ! ma!matician ! positive value ( ! judgm5t two & two are f\r is conf9$ to ! realm ( int]nal mean+4 ,to be sure1 ,mr4 ,royce says t ?is limitation ( ! positive value ( ! univ]sal judgm5t to ! _w ( int]nal mean+ occurs only :5 ! ext]nal & int]nal mean+ are sund]$4 ,b ! po9t is3 ,does ! ma!matician or anyone else ev] s sund] z to reg>d ! judgm5t two & two are f\r z ( positive value only z int]nal mean+8 ,inde$1 9 ano!r connection ,mr4 ,royce himself %[s mo/ cle>ly t ma!matical results are z objective & z empirical z ! a/ronom]'s />4#ahd ,nor w\ld x appe> compet5t = anyone to say "h3 ,( c\rse1 !y are n int]nal mean+s aft] we come to see1 ?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ! epi/emologi/1 t ! int]nal mean+s are valid ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,we are insi/+ t !y are nev] tak5 by ! ma!matician & sci5ti/s at fir/ z m]ely int]nal mean+ ^: ext]nal mean+ is !n to be e/abli%$4 ,surely ! ma!matical judgm5t1 or any o!r1 does n require an epi/emological midwife to effect ! passage f int]nal to ext]nal mean+4 ,! ext]nal mean+ is !re all ! :ile 9 ! =m ( ! diagrams & motor t5sions & images ) :i* ! ma!matician works4 ,! difficulty "h aga9 seems to be t ! di/9ction above discuss$ betwe5 ! idea 9 ! logical s5se1 z purpose1 & ! imm$iate fulfill+ exp]i5ce is lo/ sight (4 ,! relation betwe5 two & f\r is n fir/ discov]$ z a m]ely int]nal mean+4 ,x is discov]$ 9 ! process ( fulfill+ "s purpose involv+ ! work+ out ( ?is relation4 ,s ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle is n discov]$ z a m]e int]nal mean+ ^: ext]nal mean+ is !n to be f\nd4 ,x is f\nd 9 work+ ) ! triangle4 ,x is discov]$ 9 ! triangle4 ,&1 once m1 x matt]s n if ! triangle "h is a m]e memory image4 ,9 relation to ! purpose1 to ! logical idea1 x is z truly ext]nal & objective z p9e /icks or *alk m>ks4 ,! /reams ( motor1 etc41 images t fl[ spontane\sly "u ! /imulus ( ! purpose are j z imm$iate fulfill+ exp]i5ces z ! manipulation ( /icks or *alk l9es4 ,! difficulty 9 keep+ ! univ]sal judgm5t1 z a judgm5t1 9 t]ms ( m]ely int]nal mean+ may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,z to ^! two types ( judgm5ts1 ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>1 !y bo?1 z we h se51 make use ( exp]i5ce4 ,! univ]sal judgm5ts arise 9 ! realm :]e exp]i5ce & idea h already fus$ into "o :ole2 & ?is is precisely ! realm ( int]nal mean+s4 ,"h "o con/ructs & obs]ves ! consequ5ces ( "o's con/ruction4 ,b ! con/ruction is at once an exp]i5ce ( fact & an idea4444 ,^u ! basis ( su* ideal con/ructions "o makes univ]sal judgm5ts4 ,^! 9 a fa%ion /ill to u1 at ?is /age1 my/]i\s1 und]take to be valid ( t o!r _w--! _w ( ext]nal mean+4#ahe ,"o is some:at puzzl$ to "k j :at is meant by ! fusion ( exp]i5ce & idea4 ,we mu/ inf] t x means ! fusion ( "s aspect ( exp]i5ce :i* c be set ov] aga9/ idea1 & ?is has always meant ! ext]nal mean+1 & ?is int]pretation seems fur!r w>rant$ by ! /atem5t imm$iately foll[+ :i* describes ! fusion z "o ( fact & idea4 ,! situation !n seems to be ?is3 ,an int]nal & an ext]nal mean+1 a fact & an idea1 fuse into "o :ole & ?us con/itute t :i* is yet precisely ! realm ( int]nal mean+s1 :i* aims to be valid ( /ill ano!r _w ( ext]nal mean+s4 ,& ?is waives ! "q ( h[ exp]i5ce fus$ into "o :ole c be an int]nal mean+1 s9ce z su* x mu/ be 9 opposition & ref]5ce to an ext]nal mean+2 or conv]sely1 h[ exp]i5ce c be at once fact & idea & /ill be fus$ into "o :ole4 ,nor does ! difficulty disappe> :5 we turn to ! aspects ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,:at is ! significance & basis ( univ]sality & necessity z conf9$ m]ely to ! realm ( int]nal mean+8 ,s f> z y\r int]nal mean+ goes1 to h exp]i5c$ )9 t :i* makes y call ?is judgm5t necess>y is1 inde$1 to h obs]v$ a "* ab\t y\r own ideas :i* rightly seems to y v positive4#ahf ,b :at is x t we exp]i5ce )9 :i* makes u call ?is judgm5t necess>y8 ,9 ! discussion ( ! relation ( ! univ]sal judgm5t to ! disjunctive judgm5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! =m] is %[n to get ev5 its negative =ce1 !re is an int]e/+ /atem5t3 ,"o :o inquires into a matt] ^u :i* he believes himself able to decide 9 univ]sal t]ms1 e4 g41 9 ma!matics1 has pres5t to 8 m9d1 at ! outset1 que/ions su* z admit ( alt]native answ]s4 ,a1 he decl>es1 9 case x exi/s at all1 is ei!r ,b or ,c4 ,fur!r rese>* %[s univ]sally1 p]haps1 t ,no ,a is ,b4 ,! la/ s5t5ce is ! /atem5t ref]r$ to4 ,:at is meant by fur!r rese>* %[s univ]sally1 p]haps1 t ,no ,a is ,b8 ,:at k9d ( rese>*1 int]nal or ext]nal1 c %[ ?is8 ,9 %ort1 !re appe>s to be z mu* difficulty ) univ]sality & necessity 9 ! realm ( int]nal mean+ z 9 ! ref]5ce ( int]nal to ext]nal mean+4#ahg ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( discuss+ ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,royce pursues ! problem ( ! relation ( ! ext]nal & int]nal mean+1 & f9ds t reg>d$ z sund]$ !re is no basis s f> = ev5 ! negative univ]sality & necessity 9 ! ref]5ce ( ! int]nal mean+ to ! ext]nal4 ,= at ?is po9t arises ! anci5t "q1 ,h[ c y "k at all t y\r judgm5t is univ]sally valid1 ev5 9 ?is ideal & negative way1 ab\t t ext]nal realm ( validity1 9 s f> z x is ext]nal1 & is m]ely y\r ,o!r1--! ,beyond8 ,mu/ y n j dogmatically say t t _w mu/ agree ) y\r negations8 ,?is judgm5t is inde$ positive4 ,b h[ d y prove x8 ,! only answ] has to be 9 t]ms :i* already sugge/ h[ va9 is ! v sund]+ 9 "q4 ,if y c pr$et]m9e1 ev5 if b ?us negatively1 :at _c exi/ 9 ! object1 ! object !n _c be m]ely =eign to y4 ,x mu/ be some:at pr$et]m9$ by y\r ,mean+4#ahh ,b 9 ! univ]sal judgm5t ?is det]m9ation1 z ref]r$ to ! ext]nal mean+1 is only negative4 ,! p>ticul> judgm5t4--,x is !n ?r\gh ! p>ticul> judgm5t t ! univ]sal judgm5t is to get any positive value 9 its ref]5ce to ! ext]nal mean+4 ,z has be5 repeat$ly po9t$ out 9 ! discussions on rec5t ,logic1 ! p>ticul> judgm5ts--^: =m is ,"s ,a is ,b1 or ,"s ,a is n ,b--are ! typical judgm5ts t positively ass]t ,be+ 9 ! object view$ z ext]nal4 ,?is fact con/itutes _! ess5tial contra/ ) ! univ]sal judgm5ts4 ,!y und]take to cross ! *asm t is said to sund] int]nal & ext]nal mean+s2 & ! means by :i* !y d s is always :at is call$ ext]nal exp]i5ce4 ,x is n[ high "t to ask :y ! int]nal mean+ seeks ?is ext]nal mean+4 ,:y does x seek an object8 ,:y does x want to cross ! *asm8 ,9 o!r words1 :at is ! significance ( ! dem& = ! p>ticul> judgm5t8 ,9 ! introduction we h be5 told1 z a matt] ( description1 t ! int]nal mean+s d seek ! ext]nal mean+1 b :y d !y8 ,we h also be5 told t univ]sal judgm5ts develop & enri* ! realm ( int]nal mean+4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !re be a dem& = ! ext]nal mean+1 = a fur!r object8 ,! answ] is3 ,we h our int]nal mean+s4 ,we develop !m 9 inn] exp]i5ce4 ,!re !y get pres5t$ z some?+ ( univ]sal value1 b always 9 fragm5ts4 ,!y1 !re=e1 s f> dissatisfy4 ,we conceive ( ! ,o!r :]e9 ^! mean+s %all get "s sort ( f9al fulfilm5t4#ahi ,x is1 !n1 ! incomplete & fragm5t>y "* ( ! int]nal mean+ t dem&s ! p>ticul> judgm5t4 ,! p>ticul> judgm5t is to fur!r complete & det]m9e ! incomplete & indet]m9ate int]nal mean+4 ,& yet no soon] is ?is p>ticul> judgm5t made ?an we are told t x is a =m at once positive1 & v unsatisfactorily indet]m9ate4 ,aga93#aij ,! judgm5ts ( exp]i5ce1 ! p>ticul> judgm5ts1 express a positive b /ill imp]fect det]m9ation ( int]nal mean+ ?r\gh ext]nal exp]i5ce4 ,! limit or goal ( ?is process w\ld be an individual judgm5t :]e9 ! w express$ its own f9al det]m9ation4#aia ,app>5tly1 !n1 ! p>ticul> judgm5t to :i* ! int]nal mean+ appeals = completion & det]m9ation only succe$s 9 increas+ ! fragm5t>y & indet]m9ate "*4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r previ\s "q4 ,j :at are we to und]/& by ?is fragm5t>y & indet]m9ate "* ( ! int]nal mean+8 ,9 :at s5se1 ) ref]5ce to :at1 is x incomplete & fragm5t>y8 ,lat] we %all be told t x is ) ref]5ce to its own f9al & completely individual expression4 ,?is is to be rea*$ 9 ! individual judgm5t4 ,& if we ask :at is meant by ?is f9al1 complete1 & individual expression--:i*1 by ! way1 no human be+ c exp]i5ce--we read1 wond]+ all ! :ile h[ x c be kn[n1 t x is simply ! expression t seeks no o!r1 t is satisfi$1 t is conclusive ( ! se>* = p]fection4#aib ,waiv+ = ! pres5t que/ions conc]n+ ! basis ( ?is satisfaction & p]fection1 all ?is leaves unansw]$ our qu]y conc]n+ ! o!r end ( ! matt]1 viz41 ! mean+ & crit]ion ( ! fragm5t>y & indet]m9ate "* ( ^! int]nal mean+s4 ,if we "h return to ! fir/ def9ition ( int]nal mean+ ( ! idea z a purpose 9 ! s5se ( a plan ( action1 su* z s++ 9 tune1 or gett+ ! prop]ties ( a geometrical figure1 x does n seem difficult to f9d a basis & mean+ = ?is fragm5t>y & indet]m9ate "*4 ,fir/ we may note 9 a g5]al way t x is ( ! v ess5ce ( a plan or purpose to lead on to a fulfill+ exp]i5ce su* z s++ 9 tune1 or rea*+ a ma!matical equation4 ,b "h ?is fulfill+ exp]i5ce to :i* ! plan po9ts is n a m]e work+ out ( detail inside ! plan itself1 al?\gh1 inde$1 ?is does take place4 ,if ?is 7 all ! fulfill+ exp]i5ce meant1 x is difficult to see h[ we %\ld escape subjective idealism4#aic ,we />t ) a relatively indet]m9ate idea & end ) a m det]m9ate idea1 ?\gh1 inde$1 !re is yet no crit]ion = ?is increas$ det]m9ation4 ,to be sure1 ! idea z a plan ( action1 z has already be5 /at$1 does und]go *ange & does become1 if y please1 m def9ite & complete z a plan2 b ?is does n con/itute its fulfilm5t4 ,its fulfilm5t surely is to be f\nd 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ces ( s++1 etc41 to :i* ! idea po9ts & leads4 ,! fragm5t>y & incomplete "* ( ! int]nal mean+ z a plan ( action does n1 !n1 aft] all1 s mu* describe ! plan itself z x does ! g5]al condition ( exp]i5ce out ( :i* ! idea arises4 ,exp]i5ce takes on ! =m ( a plan1 ( an idea1 precisely because x has fall5 ap>t1 has become fragm5t>y4 ,x is j ! bus9ess ( ! int]nal mean+1 z ,mr4 ,royce s well %[s1 to =m a plan1 an ideal1 an hypo!tical syn!sis t %all /imulate an activity1 :i* %all satisfactorily heal ! brea*4 ,fragm5t>y is a quality1 !n1 t belongs1 n to ! idea 9 itself consid]$1 b to ! g5]al condition ( exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ! idea z a plan is an expression4 ,if1 n[1 ! fragm5t>y "* ( ! int]nal mean+ is det]m9$ simply ) relation to ! fulfill+ exp]i5ces1 su* z s++ 9 tune1 adju/m5ts ( geometrical figures1 etc41 to :i* x po9ts & leads1 x seems z if ! completion ( ! int]nal mean+ mu/ be def9$ 9 ! same t]ms4 ,& ?is w\ld appe> to op5 a pretty /raight pa? to ! r$ef9ition ( tru? & error4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,error ,at ! outset1 tru? 0 def9$ z ! correspond5ce or agreem5t ( an idea ) its object4 ,b we h se5 t correspond5ce or agreem5t ) an object means ! completion & det]m9ation ( ! idea itself1 & s9ce ! idea is "h a specific plan ( action1 x w\ld seem t ! true idea w\ld be ! "o t c complete itself by /imulat+ a satisfy+ activity4 ,! false idea w\ld be "o t _c complete itself 9 a satisfy+ activity1 su* z s++ 9 tune1 con/ruct+ a ma!matical equation1 etc41 & j ?is solution is v cle>ly exp\nd$ by our au?or4 ,9 ! case ( ma!matical inquiry1 ,9 j s f> z we pause satisfi$ we obs]ve t !re is no o!r ma!matical fact to be s\ght 9 ! direction ( ! p>ticul> inquiry 9 h&4 ,satisfaction ( purpose by means ( pres5t$ fact & su* det]m9ate satisfaction z s5ds u to no o!r exp]i5ce = fur!r light & fulfillm5t1 precisely ?is outcome is itself ! ,o!r t is s\ght :5 we beg9 our inquiry4#aid ,s :5 o!r facts ( exp]i5ce are s\ght1 if ,i wat* = />s or = a *emical precipitate1 or = a turn 9 ! /ock m>ket1 or 9 ! sickness ( a fri5d1 my ideas are true :5 !y are satisfi$ ) ! pres5t$ facts4 ,aga91 ,x foll[s t ! f9ally det]m9ate =m ( ! object ( any f9ite idea is t =m :i* ! idea itself w\ld assume :5ev] x became individuat$1 or 9 o!r words1 became a completely det]m9$ idea1 an idea or w fulfill$ by a :olly adequate empirical cont5t1 = :i* no o!r cont5t ne$ be sub/itut$ or f ! po9t ( view ( ! satisfi$ idea1 c\ld be sub/itut$4#aie ,9 su* passages z ^! x seems cle> t ! te/ ( ! tru? ( an idea is its p[] to br+ u to ! po9t :]e we pause satisfi$1 :]e no o!r cont5t ne$ be sub/itut$1 etc4 ,nor 9 su* passages does !re seem to be any d\bt ( rea*+ satisfaction 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,"h1 x appe>s1 we may s+ 9 tune1 we may get ! desir$ precipitate1 & possibly ev5 int]pret ! /ock m>ket correctly4 ,( c\rse1 ! discord1 ! hung]1 ! loss1 w come aga92 b s w new ideas1 new tru?s4 ,man ?9ks 9 ord] to get control ( 8 _w & !reby ( himself4#aif ,!n ! control actually ga9$ mu/ measure ! value1 ! tru? ( 8 ?\ght4 ,d y wi% to s+ 9 tune1 !n y\r musical ideas are false if !y lead y to /rike :at are !n call$ false notes4#aig ,x %\ld also be notic$ t "h ?is desir$ det]m9ation does n consi/ 9 a fur!r det]m9ation ( ! m]e idea z su*4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! pres5t$ fact1 9 ! imm$iate activity ( s++1 ( gett+ precipitates1 etc4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 x is only by us+ ! t]m idea = bo? ! purpose & ! fulfill+ act ( s++ t ?is pause ( satisfaction c be ascrib$ to ! fur!r det]m9ation ( ! idea4 ,z su*1 z also be=e rem>k$1 ! sort ( det]m9ation t ! idea "h gets means its t]m9ation1 its disappe>ance 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ces ( s++1 etc41 to :i* x leads4 ,! indef9ite re/lessness ( hung] & cold w\ld sc>cely be satisfi$ by gett+ m det]m9ate & specific ideas only ( food & %elt]4 ,! satisfaction comes :5 ! ideas are realiz$1 :5 ! plans are swall[$ up 9 fulfilm5t4 ,b 9 all ?is no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas1 nor does !re appe> to be "h any dem& = x4 ,to be sure1 9 ! passages j consid]$1 exp]i5ce has be5 f\nd to become fragm5t>y1 b x has also be5 f\nd capable ( heal+1 ( :ol+ itself1 n ( c\rse into any f9al :ole1 b into ! unity ( satisfaction z reg>ds ! p>ticul> inquiry 9 h&4 ,!re is ( c\rse failure z well1 b ?is also is n f9al4 ,x means simply t we mu/ look f>!r = ! pause ( satisfaction1 t we mu/ con/ruct ano!r idea1 ano!r plan ( action4 ,b1 aft] hav+ %[n t ! idea z a plan ( action may lead to satisfaction 9 ! p>ticul> case1 & t its success or failure s to d is "o measure ( its tru? or falsity1 we are n[ sudd5ly ar\s$ to ! fact t aft] all ?\ght does n lead u to ! complet$ absolute sy/em ( ideas1 to a f9al /age ( et]nal unbrok5 satisfaction4 ,b nev] 9 our human process ( exp]i5ce d we rea* t det]m9ation4 ,x is = u ! object ( love & ( hope1 ( desire & ( w1 ( fai? & ( "w1 b nev] ( pres5t f9d+4#aih ,if at ?is po9t "o asks3 ,:5ce ?is absolute sy/em ( ideas8 ,:y h we to reckon ) x at all8 !re appe>s to be little t is satisfy+4 ,inde$1 x seems difficult to get rid ( ! impression t ?is c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas is on our h&s z a philosophical heirloom f ! "t ( ,plato1 s hall[$ by "t & s e/abli%$ by c5turies ( acceptance t we h ceas$ to ask = its cr$5tials4 ,to gr\nd x 9 ! ess5tially fragm5t>y "* ( human exp]i5ce appe>s to be a petitio1 = exp]i5ce does n appe> ess5tially fragm5t>y 9 ?is s5se until aft] ! absolute sy/em has be5 posit$4 ,& ?is br+s to notice t at ?is po9t bo? ! fragm5t>y & unit>y *>act]s ( exp]i5ce take on new mean+4 ,s f> ?is fragm5t>y "* has be5 def9$ ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> inquiry 9 h&4 ,n[1 s9ce ! di/9ction betwe5 absolute & human exp]i5ce has em]g$1 ! fragm5t>y "* becomes an absolute quality ( ! latt] 9 contra/ ) ! =m]4 ,s1 mutatis mut&is1 ( unity4 ,up to ?is po9t unity1 :ol5ess1 has be5 possible )9 human exp]i5ce 9 ! case ( p>ticul> problems1 su* z s++ 9 tune1 etc4 ,b ) ! appe>ance ( ! absolute sy/em ( ideas1 :ol5ess is n[ ! exclusive quality ( ! latt]1 z incomplet5ess is ( human exp]i5ce1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! work+ unity1 ! unity result+ 9 pauses ( satisfaction1 mu/ /ill rema9 9 ! latt]4 ,! problem n[ is to someh[ "w ! absolute sy/em ( ideas into connection ) ! conception ( ! idea z a purpose1 z a concrete plan ( action4 ,"h is :]e ! ?ird conception ( ! relation betwe5 idea & purpose1 describ$ at ! beg9n+1 comes into play--! conception 9 :i* ! idea1 in/ead ( be+ ! purpose1 or ! fulfilm5t ( a purpose1 has ! purpose to correspond )1 or repres5t its own f9al & completely individual expression1 conta9$ 9 ! absolute sy/em4 ,f ! previ\s /&po9t ! idea's own f9al & completely individual expression has be5 f\nd 9 ! fulfill+ exp]i5ces ( s++ 9 tune1 gett+ ma!matical equations1 *emical precipitates1 etc4 ,"h ?is complete individual exp]i5ce c nev] be f\nd 9 f9ite1 human exp]i5ce1 b mu/ be s\ght 9 ! absolute sy/em--& ?is c be only ! object ( love & hope1 ( desire & w1 nev] ( pres5t f9d+4 ,not)/&+ ! _m previ\s prote/ations t ! purposive function ( ! idea is its prim>y & mo/ ess5tial "*1 we are "h =c$ to fall back ^u correspond5ce--repres5tation z ! prim>y1 ! ess5tial1 & inde$1 x appe>s at times1 z ! sole function4 ,= 9 ! attempt to br+ ^! two functions toge!r ! purposive function is swall[$ up 9 ! repres5tative4 ,! idea /ill is1 or has a purpose1 a plan ( action1 b ?is purpose1 ?is plan1 is n[ no?+ b to repres5t & correspond ) its own f9al & complet$ =m 9 ! absolute sy/em4 ,by ?is simple c\p is ! purposive function ( ! idea r$uc$ at once to ! repres5tative4 ,nor is x p]t95t to urge at ?is po9t t e purpose involves repres5tation1 t ! plan mu/ be "s sort ( an image or s*eme :i* symbolizes & /imulates ! ?+ to be done4 ,?is no "o w\ld "q1 b n[ ! sole ?+ to be done app>5tly is to p]fect ?is repres5tation ( ! complete & individual =m 9 ! absolute sy/em4#aii ,once m1 an array ( passages c\ld be m>%al$ f almo/ e page refut+ any su* int]pretation z ?is1 b !y w\ld be passages exp\nd+ ! "p play$ by ! idea 9 su* concrete exp]i5ces z s++1 measur+1 etc41 n 9 repres5t+ an absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! latt] "o might urge t1 by insi/+ on ! active "* ( ! idea1 we c\ld aft] all reg>d ?is absolute sy/em z a life ( w aft] ! fa%ion ( our own1 7 x n at once describ$ z ! complete embodim5t1 ! f9al fulfilm5t1 ( f9ite ideas4 ,a life consi/+ ( m]e fulfilm5t seems a baffl+ p>adox4 ,& its timeless "* only adds to ! difficulty4 ,moreov]1 if we reg>d ! sy/em z con/itut$ by su* concrete activities z measur+ & s++1 etc41 :ile we h sav$ w1 we %all n[ h to fallback ^u our fir/ conception ( tru? z f\nd 9 ! idea :i* unifies ! fragm5t>y condition ( exp]i5ce z relat$ to specific problems1 n fragm5t>y z relat$ to an absolute sy/em4 ,?is br+s u to ! f9al & crucial po9t ( ! discussion1 ! "p :i* purpose plays 9 ! det]m9ation ( tru? & error f ! /&po9t ( ! absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,:5 is ?is purpose ( ! idea to correspond ) its absolute1 f9al1 & complet$ =m fulfill$1 or p>tially fulfill$8 ,& "h at ! v outset is a difficulty4 ,we h read repeat$ly t ! idea is itself ! p>tial fulfilm5t ( a purpose4 ,x is n[ to seek an object :i* %all increase ?is degree ( fulfilm5t1 b /ill ?is fulfilm5t %all be incomplete4 ,& :5 we come to consid] error1 x too w be f\nd to consi/ 9 a p>tial fulfilm5t4 ,s x appe>s t !re are ?ree /ages ( p>tial fulfilm5t to be discrim9at$1 "o belong+ to ! idea itself1 ano!r to f9ite tru?1 & /ill ano!r to error4 ,return+ to ! problem1 f ?is po9t on we f9d ! two /&po9ts1 t ( ! specific situation & t ( ! absolute sy/em1 s closely int]wov5 & entangl$ t !y are foll[$ ) great difficulty4 ,we h already se5 t ! idea seeks correspond5ce ) its object1 because x is fragm5t>y1 incomplete1 indet]m9$4 ,& !re we f\nd t ?is indet]m9ate & fragm5t>y "* belong$ to ! idea z a purpose1 a plan ( seek+ relief f "s sort ( re/lessness & dissatisfaction1 su* z s++ out ( tune1 etc4 ,"h x is ! incomplet5ess ( an imp]fect repres5tation ( its object 9 ! absolute sy/em t is ! motif1 & h[ x is to effect an improvem5t 9 its imp]fect condition is n[ ! problem4 ,"h aga9 ! appeal is to purpose4 ,:atev] may con/itute ! absolute sy/em1 "o ?+ is assur$3 no?+ 9 x c be an object except z ! f9ite idea int5ds x1 purposes x1 to be its object4 ,aga9 mu/ we ask3 ,on :at basis is ?is object 9 ! absolute sy/em select$ at all8 ,9 g5]al ! answ] is3 ,on ! basis ( a ne$ ( fur!r det]m9ation2 b :5 we fur!r analyze ?is1 we f9d x means on ! basis ( a specific want or ne$1 su* z food1 %elt]1 measur+1 s++1 etc4 ,! basis ( ! selection1 !n1 is entirely on ! side ( ! concrete1 f9ite situation4 ,"h1 too1 we might ask3 ,:5ce ! confid5ce t !re w be f\nd some?+ 9 ! absolute sy/em t w fulfil ! purpose g5]at$ on ! side ( ! f9ite8 ,mu/ we n "h fall back on some?+ l a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony8 ,to ?is our au?or w\ld say3 ,yea1 v]ily4 ,! fact t ! absolute sy/em responds to ! f9ite ne$s does precisely %[ t ! f9ite & ! absolute _c be sund]$4 ,b :5 we try to /ate h[ ! purpose g5]at$ on ! side ( ! f9ite c be met by ! absolute sy/em1 ! acc\nt aga9 seems to run s mu* 9 t]ms ( ! f9ite exp]i5ce t to call x a sy/em ( f9al1 complet$1 & fulfill$ ideas does n seem accurate4 ,we mu/ note "h1 too1 ! %ift+ 9 ! s5se ( purpose4 ,! idea selects its object on ! basis ( ! mat]ial ne$$ to relieve ! unre/ & dissatisfaction ( s++ out ( tune1 etc4 ,b n[ x is to be satisfi$ by increas+ ! ext5t ( its repres5tation ( its object 9 ! absolute sy/em4 ,& n[1 f9ally1 :at %all m>k ! atta9m5t ( ?is purpose ( ! idea to correspond & repres5t its own complet$ =m8 ,:5 is ! correspond5ce & repres5tation true8 ,simply at ! po9t :]e we pause satisfi$1 :]e no o!r cont5t ne$ be sub/itut$1 or f ! po9t ( view ( ! satisfi$ idea c\ld be sub/itut$4 ,t is all2 !re is no o!r answ]4 ,!re are o!r /atem5ts1 b !y all come to ! same ?+4 ,= in/ance3 ,x is true--?is in/ant's idea--if1 9 its own measure1 & on its own plan1 x corresponds1 ev5 9 its vagu5ess1 to its own f9al & completely individual expression4#bjj ,b ! mom5t we ask :at ?is f9al & individual expression is1 & :at is meant by 9 its own measure1 & on its own plan1 we are ?r[n back at once ^u ! prec$+ /atem5t4 ,! next s5t5ce foll[+ ! passage j quot$ does inde$ def9e ?is individual expression4 ,its expression w\ld be ! v life ( fulfilm5t ( purpose :i* ?is pres5t idea already fragm5t>ily beg9s1 z x 71 to express4 ,b h[ c we "k t ! expression is fragm5t>y unless we h "s exp]i5ce ( :ol5ess8 ,& "h p]haps is ! place to say1 :at has be5 impli$ all along1 t ?is absolutely fragm5t>y "* ( human exp]i5ce is an ab/raction ( ! relatively dis9tegrat$ condition into :i* exp]i5ce tempor>ily falls1 :i* ab/raction is !n re9/at$ z a fix$ quality1 ov]look+ ! fact t exp]i5ce becomes fragm5t>y only t x may aga9 become :ole4 ,! absolute sy/em1 ! f9al fulfilm5t1 is 9 ! same case4 ,x too is b ! hypo/atiz$ ab/raction ( ! function ( becom+ :ole1 ( :ol+ & fulfill+1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! pauses ( satisfaction4 ,b1 ,mr4 ,royce w\ld say1 ! :ol5ess ( ! p>ticul> in/ance is aft] all n a true & p]fect :ol5ess1 because we c always ?9k ( ! fulfill+ exp]i5ce z possibly diff]5t1 z hav+ a possibly diff]5t embodim5t4 ,b ?is implies also a diff]5t purpose4 ,moreov]1 x ab/racts ! purpose f ! specific conditions "u :i* ! purpose develops4 ,?us 9 s++ 9 tune "o d\btless c\ld easily imag9e himself s++ ano!r tune1 on ano!r occasion1 9 ano!r key1 9 a cle> t5or in/ead ( a crack$ bass1 etc4 ,b if on ?is occasion1 9 ?is song1 & ) ?is crack$ bass voice "o1 accept+ all ^! conditions1 does1 ) malice a=e?\ght1 purpose to /rike ! tune1 & happily succe$s1 :y1 = t purpose =m$ "u ! kn[n & accept$ conditions1 is n ! accompli%m5t f9al & absolute8 ,nor is ! case any diff]5t1 s f> z ,i c see1 9 ma!matical exp]i5ce4 ,to quote aga93 ,y ?9k ( numb]s1 & accord+ly c\nt "o1 two1 ?ree4 ,y\r idea ( ^! numb]s is ab/ract1 a m]e g5]ality4 ,:y8 ,because !re c\ld be o!r cases ( c\nt+1 & o!r numb]s c\nt$ ?an ! pres5t c\nt+ process %[s y1 & :y s8 ,because y\r purpose 9 c\nt+ is n :olly fulfill$ by ! numb]s n[ c\nt$4#bja ,i confess ,i _c see "h 9 :at respect ! purpose is n fulfill$4 ,d\btless !re c\ld be o!r cases ( c\nt+1 & o!r numb]s1 b ^! may n be includ$ 9 my pres5t purpose1 :i* is simply to c\nt "h & n[4 ,9 ?is passage ! purpose is n v fully def9$4 ,"o's c\nt+ is usually = some?+1 if = no?+ m ?an m]ely to illu/rate ! process4 ,9 ?is latt] case "o's purpose w\ld be completely fulfill$ by j ! numb]s us$ :5 he %\ld pause satisfi$ ) ! illu/ration4 ,or1 if ,i wi% to %[ ! prop]ties ( numb]s1 !n ! discov]y t !re c always be m ( !m fulfils my purpose1 s9ce ?is endless progression is "o ( ! prop]ties4 ,or yet aga91 if "o %\ld sudd5ly become enamor$ ( ! process ( c\nt+1 & =?) %\ld purpose to devote ! re/ ( 8 days to x1 x w\ld /ill be =tunate t !re 7 always o!r numb]s to be c\nt$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! idea z a purpose is =m$ ) ref]5ce to1 & out (1 specific conditions4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! problem always is3 ,:at is to be done "h & n[ ) ! actual mat]ial at h&1 "u ! pres5t conditions8 ,z ! purpose is det]m9$ by ^! specific conditions1 s is ! fulfilm5t4 ,to say t ! fulfilm5t might be diff]5t is virtually to say t ! purpose might h be5 diff]5t1 or inde$ t ! univ]se might h be5 diff]5t4 ,?is necessity ( fall+ back ^u ! "* ( ! idea z a purpose 9 ! s5se ( ! specific plan ( action comes into /ill bold] relief 9 ! consid]ation ( error f ! /&po9t ( ! absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! initial & p]si/5t problem "h is to di/+ui% at all betwe5 tru? & error 9 our exp]i5ce f ?is /&po9t4 ,all our ef=ts at repres5t+ ! absolute sy/em mu/ fall %ort4 ,:at c we mean1 !n1 by call+ "s ( our ideas true & o!rs false8 ,! def9ition ( error is z foll[s3 ,an error is an error ab\t a specific object1 only 9 case ! purpose1 imp]fectly def9$ by ! vague idea at ! in/ant :5 ! error is made1 is bett] def9$1 is 9 fact1 bett] fulfill$ by an object ^: det]m9ate "* 9 "s wise1 al?\gh nev] absolutely1 opposes ! fragm5t>y ef=ts fir/ made to def9e !m4#bjb ,b 9 relation to ! absolute sy/em ! lat] "p ( ?is /atem5t holds ( all our ideas4 ,!re always is ! absolute object :i* w\ld bett] def9e & bett] fulfil our purposes4 ,h5ce x is only 9 ref]5ce to ! specific in/ances ( s++1 measur+1 etc41 t a basis = ! di/9ction c be f\nd4 ,"h our plan is n true s long z its mission ( reliev+ ! specific unre/ & dissatisfaction1 ! specific discord or hung]1 is unfulfill$4 ,! only crit]ion1 !n1 :i* we h be5 able to f9d = ! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose1 = ! tru? ( ! idea z repres5t+ an object 9 ! absolute sy/em1 is ! s5se ( :ol5ess1 ! pause ( satisfaction1 :i* we exp]i5ce 9 realiz+ su* specific purposes z s++ 9 tune4 ,& if x be said aga93 ,precisely s2 ?is only %[s h[ intimate is ! relation betwe5 our exp]i5ce & ! absolute sy/em ( ideas2 !n mu/ x also be said once m1 ei!r t ! absolute sy/em c be no?+ m ?an an ab/raction ( ! elem5t ( :ol5ess or :ol+ 9 our exp]i5ce1 or t ?us f> ! relation appe>s to re/ ^u %e] assumption4 ,aga91 x may be insi/$1 z sugge/$ at ! outset ( ?is discussion1 t ! idea c well h two purposes3 "o to help con/itute & solve ! specific problems ( daily life2 ! o!r to repres5t ! absolute sy/em4 ,v well1 we mu/ !n make out a case = ! latt]4 ,if ! purposes are to be diff]5t1 ! purpose to repres5t ! ,absolute %\ld h a crit]ion ( its own4 ,?is we h n be5 able to f9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5ev] pu%$ to ! po9t ( /at+ a crit]ion = ! repres5tation ( ! absolute sy/em1 we h _h to appeal1 9 e case1 to ! fulfilm5t ( a specific f9ite purpose4 ,& ev5 if ?is purpose to repres5t ! absolute sy/em _h "s app>5t /&>d ( its own1 we %\ld n be cont5t to leave ! matt] s4 ,we %\ld sc>cely be satisfi$ to obs]ve z a m]e matt] ( fact t ! idea has a recon/ructive function1 & also a repres5tative function4 ,su* a brute dualism w\ld be intol]able4 ,,iv4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusions ,9 ! end1 ! outcome ( ! endeavor to e/abli% a connection betwe5 ! relation ( ! idea to human exp]i5ce & its relation to ! absolute sy/em does n appe> satisfy+4 ,! idea is left ei!r ) two indep5d5t purposes--"o to recon/ruct f9ite exp]i5ce1 ! o!r to repres5t & symbolize ! absolute sy/em--or "o ( ^! purposes is m]g$ 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 ! attempt is made f ! /&po9t ( ! absolute sy/em1 ! recon/ructive purpose is swall[$ up 9 ! repres5tative4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! ne$ = a basis ( di/9ction betwe5 tru? & error "h on ?is bank & %oal ( "t is felt1 ! repres5tative disappe>s 9 ! recon/ructive function4 ,n[h]e are we able to discov] a true unification4 ,to be sure1 we h be5 told aga9 & aga9 t ! repres5tation ( ! absolute object1 if only we c\ld accompli% x1 w\ld be ! f9al fulfilm5t1 completion1 & realization ( ! human1 f9ite purpose4 ,b besides a confess$ impot5cy at ! v />t1 ?is involves1 z we h se51 ei!r a sudd5 trans=mation ( ! specific purpose ( s++ 9 tune1 etc41 into t ( repres5t+ ! absolute sy/em1 or a %e] assumption t ! repres5tation ( ! absolute object does someh[ help 9 ! realization ( ! specific f9ite purpose4 ,n[h]e is !re any acc\nt ( h[ ?is help w\ld be giv54 ,& ?is sugge/s t if ! analysis ( ! idea z purpose1 giv5 at ! outset ( ,mr4 ,royce's lecture1 _h be5 develop$ fur!r1 if ! conditions & orig9 ( purpose _h be5 exam9$1 x is difficult to see h[ ?is discrepancy c\ld h escap$ disclosure4 ,mr4 ,royce />ts 8 acc\nt by simply accept+ f psy*ology a g5]al description ( ! purposive "* ( ! idea4 ,ev5 9 ! m detail$ passages on purpose we h no?+ b descriptions ( purpose aft] x is =m$4 ,no?+ is said ( ! orig9 ( ?is purposiv5ess4 ,! purposive "* ( exp]i5ce is ( c\rse v manife/1 b :at is ! significance ( ?is purpos+ 9 exp]i5ce z a :ole8 ,:at is ! s\rce & ! mat]ial ( ! purposes8 ,x is ?is uncritical acceptance ( ! purposive quality ( ! idea t obscures ! irrelevancy ( its relation to ! absolute sy/em4 ,if ! idea mu/ m]ely be or h a purpose1 !n x may z well be t ( repres5t+ ! absolute sy/em z any o!r4 ,( c\rse1 !re are tr\blesome que/ions z to h[ our f9ite ideas ev] got su* a purpose2 b1 aft] all1 if x is simply a matt] ( hav+ any sort ( a purpose1 repres5t+ ! absolute sy/em may answ] z well z any?+4 ,b :5 n[ we come to deal ) ! problem ( fulfilm5t1 ) ! "q ( tru? & error1 we h to reckon ) ?is neglect ( ! s\rce ( ?is purposiv5ess4 ,x is ?is unanalyz$ gr\nd ( ! purpose t makes ! matt] ( fulfilm5t s ambigu\s4 ,su* an analysis1 we believe1 w\ld h %[n t ! conditions out ( :i* ! idea z a purpose arises det]m9e also ! sort ( fulfilm5t possible4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "o or two v g5]al1 b v significant1 /atem5ts 9 ?is direction1 if !y 7 only foll[$ up4 ,= in/ance3 ,9 do+ :at we (t5 call mak+ up our m9ds we pass f a vague to a def9ite /ate ( w & ( resolution4 ,9 su* cases we beg9 ) p]haps a v indef9ite sort ( re/lessness :i* ar\ses ! "q3 ,:at is x t ,i want1 :at d ,i desire1 :at is my real purpose8 ,9 o!r words1 :at does ?is re/lessness mean8 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,:at is to be done8 ,purpose is born1 !n1 out ( re/lessness & dissatisfaction4 ,b :5ce comes ?is re/lessness & dissatisfaction8 ,surely we _c at ?is po9t *>ge x to a discrepancy betwe5 our f9ite idea & ! absolute object1 s9ce x is j ?is re/lessness t is giv+ bir? to ! purposive idea4 ,"o ?+1 at any rate1 appe>s pretty c]ta93 ?is indef9ite re/lessness presupposes "s sort ( activity already go+ on4 ,! re/lessness is n g5]at$ 9 a vacuum4 ,b :y %\ld ?is activity get into a condition to be describ$ z indef9ite re/lessness & dissatisfaction8 ,repugnant z x w be to _m to h psy*o-physical1 to say no?+ ( biological1 doctr9es introduc$ into a logical discussion1 ,i confess t1 at ?is po9t fac+ ! issue squ>ely1 ,i see no o!r way4 ,& x appe>s to me t j at ?is po9t x is ! fe> ( ph5om5ali/ic giants t has kept logic w&]+ s _m ye>s 9 ! wild]ness4 ,:at1 !n1 9 ?is action already go+ on is responsible = ?is re/lessness8 ,fir/ let u note t indef9ite re/lessness & dissatisfaction are t]ms descriptive ( :at ,mr4 ,james calls ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! way ( consci\sness4 ,?is assumes consci\sness z a factor 9 activity4 ,s t our "q n[ becomes3 ,:at is ! significance ( ?is factor ( re/less1 dissatisfi$ consci\sness 9 activity8 ,n[1 !re appe>s no way ( gett+ at ! "p :i* consci\sness plays diff]5t f t ( discov]+ ! function ( any?+ else4 ,& ?is way is simply t ( obs]v+1 z be/ we may1 ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness op]ates1 & :at x does4 ,"h ! biologi/ & psy*ologi/ ) "o voice in=m u t ?is indef9ite re/lessness :i* m>ks ! po9t ( ! op]ation ( consci\sness arises :]e1 9 a co-ord9at$ sy/em ( activities1 !re develop out ( ! cont9uation ( ! activity itself new conditions call+ = a readju/m5t & recon/ruction ( ! activity1 if x is to g on4 ,consci\sness !n appe>s to be ! function :i* makes possible ! reorganization ( ! results ( a process back into ! process itself1 ?us con/itut+ & pres]v+ ! cont9uity ( activity4 ,s int]pret$1 consci\sness appe>s to be an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! conception ( a self-su/a9+ activity4 ,?is indef9ite re/lessness1 9 :i* consci\sness beg9s1 m>ks1 !n1 ! op]ation ( ! function ( recon/ruction )\t :i* activity w\ld utt]ly break d[n4 ,precisely because1 !n1 ! idea z a plan is project$ & con/ruct$ 9 response to ?is re/lessness mu/ its fulfilm5t be relevant to x4 ,x is :5 ! idea z a purpose1 a plan1 born out ( ?is matrix ( re/lessness1 beg9s to aspire to ! absolute sy/em1 & attempts to ignore or repudiate its l[ly antec$5ts1 t ! difficulties conc]n+ fulfilm5t beg94 ,!y are ! difficulties t beset e ambition :i* aspires to ?+s =eign to its inh]it$ p[]s & equipm5t4 ,a detail$ acc\nt at ?is po9t ( ! con/ruction & fulfilm5t ( ! idea z a plan ( action w\ld conta9 a consecutive re9t]pretation ( ,mr4 ,royce's pr9cipal rubrics4 ,su* an acc\nt ! limits ( ?is pap] =bid4 ,we %all h to be cont5t ) po9t+ out 9 a g5]al way a few in/ances by way ( illu/ration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is 9 ?is matrix ( indef9ite re/lessness out ( :i* ! idea is born t ! fragm5t>y "* ( exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,royce is s ke5ly consci\s1 appe>s4 ,b1 once m1 ?is fragm5t>y "* is disc]nible only by contra/ ) ! :ol5ess on bo? sides ( ! fragm5ts2 ! :ol5ess t prec$es ! re/lessness1 & ! new pause ( satisfaction t[>d :i* x po9ts4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! habit matrix1 out ( ! dis9tegration ( :i* ! re/lessness is imm$iately born1 does n exi/ z "s metaphysical ultimate out ( :i* ?\ght z su* has evolv$4 ,back ( x is "s previ\s purpose 9 ^: s]vice habit 0 enli/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is dis9tegration means t ! old purpose1 ! old plan1 mu/ be recon/ruct$2 t x1 along ) ! dis9tegrat$ habit1 becomes ! mat]ial = a new plan1 a new :ol+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! next place1 ! con/ruction ( ?is new plan ( action does involve re-pres5tation4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! transition f ! condition ( indef9ite re/lessness t[>d a plan is ! diagnosis1 ! def9ition ( ! re/lessness4 ,?is involves ! re-pres5tation 9 consci\sness ( ! activities1 out ( :i* ! re/lessness has aris54 ,?is re-pres5tation is also ! beg9n+ ( ! recon/ruction4 ,! diagnosis ( ! s++ activity z be+ out ( tune is ! negative side ( beg9n+ to s+ 9 tune4 ,x is n[ a commonplace ( psy*ology t all repres5tation is recon/ruction4 ,& ?is is :]e ,mr4 ,royce's emphasis ( ! symbolic1 ! algebraic1 z aga9/ ! copy type ( repres5tation1 has its application4 ,all we want "h is "s sort ( an image--visual1 auditory1 motor1 x matt]s n--t %all s]ve to focus att5tion ^u ! s++ activities until !y are recon/ruct$ suffici5tly to br+ u to ! pause ( satisfaction4#bjc ,b n[h]e 9 all ?is is !re any ref]5ce to ! idea's object 9 ! absolute sy/em4 ,nor does !re appe> to be any call or place = su* ref]5ce4 ,! repres5tation "h is a "p ( ! v process ( =m+ ! plan ( fur!r recon/ruction out ( ! mat]ials ( ! specific situation4 ,repres5tation is n ! plan's own end & aim4 ,?is is to /imulate a new set ( activities t %all lead out ( ! pres5t /ate ( unre/ & dissatisfaction4 ,x is also true1 z already m5tion$1 t 9 ! process ( fulfill+ ! plan1 ( realiz+ ! idea1 fur!r det]m9ation & specification is produc$ 9 ! plan itself4 ,! idea z a plan is c]ta9ly n =m$ all at once4 ,nor does x rea* & ma9ta9 a fix$ cont5t4 ,no purpose is ev] realiz$ 9 its orig9al cont5t4 ,b ?is does n mean t its realization is1 !re=e1 p>tial1 incomplete1 or fragm5t>y4 ,x is a "p ( its bus9ess to *ange4 ,! purpose is n !re = its own sake4 ,! purpose is !re z a means to ! reorganization & recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce4 ,x exi/s1 z ,mr4 ,royce says1 z an in/rum5t1 z a tool = introduc+ control into exp]i5ce4 ,& z1 9 ! process ( use1 a tool always und]goes modification1 s "h1 z an in/rum5t = recon/ruct+ habit1 ! plan1 too1 und]goes recon/ruction4 ,inde$1 z reg>ds its cont5t1 x is itself1 z ,mr4 ,royce says1 z mu* a habit1 z mu* ! product ( association1 z any "p ( exp]i5ce4 ,! purpos+ function1 ! purpos+ activity1 rema9s2 its cont5t is con/antly %ift+4 ,"h1 too1 is :]e ! submission ( ! idea to ! object takes place4 ,only1 "h1 x is n a submission to an object already con/itut$ z x is 9 ,mr4 ,royce's conception ( ! absolute sy/em4 ,! idea z an hypo!tical plan ( action1 z a trial con/ruction1 mu/ be te/$ by ! activities x is attempt+ to recon/ruct4 ,t is to say1 at ?is po9t ! "q is3 ,does ! plan apply to ! activities actually involv$ 9 ! unre/8 ,has x diagnos$ ! case prop]ly1 & is x !re=e "o 9 & ?r\gh :i* ^! activities c op]ate & come to unity aga98 ,! submission "h is ! submission ( ! purpose1 ! end1 to ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is =m$1 & ) :i* x mu/ "w4 ,b aga9 ?is mat]ial to :i* ! idea submits itself is any?+ b f9ally fix$ & complete 9 =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we h se51 x is j ! fragm5t>y & incomplete condition ( ?is mat]ial t calls = ! idea4 ,yet ! idea z a plan mu/ be true to its mission1 & to ?is mat]ial1 & 9 ?is s5se mu/ submit itself to :atev] modifications & recon/ruction ! mat]ial dictates z necess>y 9 ord] t x may function 9 & ?r\gh ! plan4#bjd ,on ! o!r h&--& ?is is ! po9t to :i* ,mr4 ,royce gives mo/ emphasis--x is equally app>5t t ! idea mu/ det]m9e its object4 ,on ?is all philosophy1 f ,plato d[n1 :i* approa*es reality f ! side ( ideas is at /ake4 ,& ?is does n appe> impossible if1 aga91 ! object is n already & et]nally fix$ & complete4 ,if ! object is "o con/ruct$ out ( ! v mass ( habit mat]ial :i* ! idea is recon/ruct+1 & if det]m9ation means n copy+1 b con/ruction1 !n1 inde$1 mu/ ! idea det]m9e its object4 ,j = t does x h its be+4 ,t is its sole mission4 ,"h ! det]m9ation ( ! object by ! idea is n a m]e ab/ract po/ulate2 x is n bas$ ^u a g5]al consid]ation ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces to our logical & e?ical assumptions1 if x 7 n s det]m9$4 ,"h n only ! g5]al necessity = x1 b ! modus op]&i ( ?is det]m9ation1 is app>5t4 ,b1 at ! risk ( t$i\s it]ation1 mu/ x aga9 be said t = ! det]m9ation ( ! complet$ & p]fect$ object 9 ! absolute sy/em n only is !re n[h]e any modus to be f\nd1 b1 ev5 if !re 71 x is difficult to see :at x w\ld h to d ) ! k9d ( det]m9ation dem&$ by su* a specific sort ( unre/ z s++ out ( tune1 etc4 ,! process ( submission is ?us a reciprocal "o4 ,nei!r 9 ! object nor 9 ! idea is !re a fix$ s*eme or ord] to :i* ! o!r mu/ submit & con=m4 ,& ?is is simply ! logical commonplace t submission _c be a "o-sid$ affair1 t det]m9ation mu/ be reciprocal4 ,?is br+s u to :at might z well h be5 our introductory z our conclud+ obs]vation4 ,x has j be5 said t ! det]m9ation ( ! object by ! idea is a vital matt] 9 any philosophy :i* approa*es reality f ! side ( ideas4 ,su* a way ( approa* mu/ ass]t ! primacy ( ! _w ( ideas ov] ! _w z a fact4#bje ,mr4 ,royce ?us fur!r /ates ! case3 ,i am "o ( ^? :o hold t :5 y ask :at is an idea1 & h[ c ideas /& 9 any true relation to reality1 y attack ! _w knot 9 ! way t promises mo/ = ! unty+ ( its me%es4 ,?is way is ( c\rse v anci5t4 ,x is ! way ( ,plato4444 ,x is 9 a diff]5t s5se ! way ( ,kant4 ,if y view philosophy 9 ?is fa%ion1 y subord9ate ! /udy ( ! _w z fact to a reflection ^u ! _w z idea4 ,beg9 by accept+ ^u fai? & tradition ! m]e brute reality ( ! _w z fact1 & !re y are sunk deep 9 an ocean ( my/]y4444 ,! _w ( fact surprises y ) all sorts ( /range contra/s4444 ,x baffles y ) caprices l a *>m+ & yet hopelessly wayw>d *ild1 or l a bad fairy4 ,! _w ( fact daily ann\nces itself to y z a defiant my/]y4#bjf ,"h we h concisely /at$ at ! outset ( ! lectures ! position :i* we h se5 to be fraught ) s _m difficulties3 ! position1 namely1 :i* accepts to />t ) ! opposition ( ! _w z idea & ! _w z fact1 z some?+ giv51 in/ead ( some?+ to be acc\nt$ =2 & :i* assumes t ?is opposition /&s 9 ! way ( rea*+ reality1 :]eas x possibly may be ( ! v ess5ce ( reality4 ,to be sure1 ! above /atem5t ( ?is opposition betwe5 ! _w z fact & z idea is b ! expository />t+-po9t4 ,& x is true t ! re/ ( ! argum5t is occupi$ 9 ! attempt to close ?is brea*4 ,b1 z we h se51 except :]e ! idea is exp\nd$ z a specific purpose1 aris+ out ( a specific exp]i5ce ( unre/1 su* z s++ out ( tune1 etc4--except 9 ?is case1 ! brea* is tak5 z f\nd & ! attempt to heal x is made by work+ =w>d f ! opposition z giv5 in/ead ( back to its s\rce4 ,?is opposition1 ( c\rse1 has its =w>d goal1 b ! difficulty is to f9d x )\t an exploration ( its s\rce4 ,x is back 9 t matrix out ( :i* ! opposition has aris5 t ! l9e ( direction to ! goal is to be f\nd4 ,moreov]1 9 />t+ f ?is opposition ( fact & idea z giv51 ! only me?od ( quell+ x seems to be ei!r t ( r$uc+ "o side to t]ms ( ! o!r1 or ( appeal+ to "s new1 & !re=e ext]nal unify+1 ag5cy4 ,b if ! factors 9 ! opposition are f\nd1 n "o 9 submission to ! o!r1 nor hav+ ! primacy ov] ! o!r1 b z co-ord9ate & mutually det]m9+ functions1 develop$ f a common matrix & co-op]at+ 9 ! "w ( recon/ruct+ exp]i5ce1 "s ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! alt]native me?ods j m5tion$ appe> to drop out4#bjg ,! po9t may be cle>] if we recur to ! passage & ask j :at is meant by ! defiantly my/]i\s1 baffl+1 & caprici\s "* ( ! _w z fact--z brute reality4 ,fir/1 if by ! _w z fact2 z brute reality1 we mean exp]i5ce s brute t x is n yet light$ up ) ideas1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld be my/]i\s or caprici\s1 s9ce my/]y & caprice appe> only :5 exp]i5ce ceases to be tak5 m]ely z x comes & an inquiry = connections & mean+s has begun4 ,t is to say1 !re c be nei!r my/]y nor caprice except 9 relation to "s sort ( ord]4 ,& ord] is always a matt] ( ideas4 ,b x is suffici5t to submit ,mr4 ,royce's own /atem5t on ?is po9t3 ,we all ( u f mom5t to mom5t h exp]i5ce4 ,?is exp]i5ce comes to u 9 "p z brute fact2 light & %ade1 s\nd & sil5ce1 pa9 & grief & joy4444 ,^! giv5 facts fl[ by2 & 7 !y all1 our _w w\ld be too mu* ( a bl9d problem = u ev5 to be puzzl$ by its mean+less pres5ce4#bjh ,if next we take ! _w ( fact z 9 contra/ & co-ord9ate ) ! _w ( ideas1 my/]y & caprice "h1 c]ta9ly1 are n all on ! side ( ! fact4 ,"h1 aga91 mu/ !y be functions ( ! relation betwe5 fact & idea4 ,we h se5 t )\t ?\ght !re is nei!r my/]y nor caprice4 ,! idea !n _c take "p 9 ! production ( my/]y & caprice1 & =?) d5y its p>5?ood4 ,( c\rse1 my/]y & caprice are n ! f9al fruits ( ?is co-ord9ate opposition ( fact & idea4 ,!y are b ! fir/ fruits--! relatively unorganiz$ embryonic mass :i* ?r\gh ! fur!r activities ( ! p>5t functions %all develop into ! symmetry ( tru? & law4 ,!re appe>s !n no ultimate primacy ( ei!r idea or fact ov] ! o!r4 ,nor does ei!r appe> z a bett] way ( approa* to reality ?an ! o!r4 ,x is only :5 we say3 ,lo6 "h 9 ! idea1 or ,lo6 !re 9 ! fact is reality1 t we f9d x imp]fect1 incomplete1 & fragm5t>y1 & mu/ /raightway look = ano!r4 ,b surely n 9 a c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas1 :i* is ! object ( love & hope1 ( desire & w1 ( fai? & "w1 b nev] ( pres5t f9d+1 %all we seek x4 ,r precisely 9 ! lov+ & hop+1 desir+ & will+1 believ+ & work+1 %all we f9d t reality 9 :i* & = :i* bo? ! ,_w z fact & ! ,_w z idea h _! be+4 ,,index ,,absolute3 z con/itut+ reality1 #cdh2 z relat$ to tru? & error1 #cfc ff42 z a hypo/atiz$ ab/raction1 #cfi4 ,,absolute ,,self1 #ccj4 ,,accessory3 ?\ght z1 #eh ff4 ,,activity3 z social1 #gd2 ?\ght z1 #gh2 int]rupt$1 & judgm5t1 #aed2 & hypo!sis1 #agj2 z s5sori-motor1 #aic1 #bjj2 7see ,function1 ,recon/ruction74 ,,/hetic ,,exp]i5ce3 appreciative r ?an reflective1 #bee2 n a =m ( valuation1 #cci1 #cdj4 ,,alt]natives3 9 judgm5t1 #aee2 7see ,disjunction74 ,,analogy1 #aga1 #agb1 #age2 9 relation to habit1 #agf4 ,,anaxagoras3 9 relation to ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 #bai2 8 ,greek3 n\s1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,,anaxim&]3 & ! inf9ite1 #bji2 8 process ( segregation1 #bad1 #bae4 ,,anaxim5es3 8 ,greek3 ar*1 #bji2 8 s*eme ( r>efaction & cond5sation1 #bji1 #bac1 #bae1 #bbd4 ,,angell1 ,j4 ,r41 #ad note1 #cde note4 ,,animism1 #di note4 ,,antec$5ts ,,( ,,?\ght 7see ,/imulus74 ,,appli$ ,,logic3 ,lotze's def9ition1 #f4 ,,appreciation3 di/+ui%$ f reflection1 #bee1 #cci2 n to be id5tifi$ ) valuation1 #cbj-bd1 #cch4 ,greek3 ,ar*3 mean+ ( se>* =1 #baa ff4 ,,association ,,( ,,ideas3 ref]s to mean+s1 #cc1 #cd2 connection ) ?\ght1 #hj2 doctr9e (3 analog\s to subjectivism 9 e?ics1 #bfa2 presupposes a me*anical metaphysics1 #ccj1 #cca note4 ,,atomi/s3 treatm5t ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 #bba4 ,,au/rian ,,economi/s1 #cjg1 #ccc4 ,,au?ority ,,& ,,cu/om3 logic ( attitude ( ob$i5ce to1 #bhf2 social conditions compatible ) dom9ance (1 #bhf2 failure (1 z moral control1 #bhf4 ,,bacon3 extreme empirical position1 #aef ff42 view ( induction1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,,bad3 practical significance (1 z moral pr$icate1 #bei2 relation to wrong1 #cce4 ,,baldw91 ,j4 ,m41 #beg note1 #cgh note4 ,becom+3 z relative1 #bjf4 ,,begr,,ndung ,,& ,,be/,,tigung3 ,wundt's di/9ction (1 #agi2 criticis$1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,,biology3 view ( s5sation1 #eh2 use (1 9 logic1 #cgd1 #cge4 ,,bosanquet1 ,b41 #ei note1 #adg1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #cjj2 7see ,/udy ,v74 ,,bradley1 ,f4 ,h41 #dg note1 #ed note1 #ij ff41 #adg1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid1 #bii note #b1 #cca note1 #ccb note1 #cec4 ,,br5tano1 #bej note4 ,,butl]1 ,j41 #bgg4 ,,c]ta91 ,,!3 relation to t5sion1 #ej1 #ea2 z datum1 #eg4 ,,coeffici5ts ,,( ,,reality1 ,,p]ception1 ,,& ,,recognition3 def9$1 #bfc-g2 pres5t 9 economic & e?ical exp]i5ce1 #bfg-i4 ,,coexi/5ce1 ,,co9cid5ce1 ,,& ,,coh]5ce1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc-f1 #eh1 #ei1 #fh4 ,,conceptions3 ,lotze's view (1 #ei2 ,bacon's attitude t[>d1 #aeg2 relation to fact1 #afh2 function 9 ,greek philosophy1 #cdb2 7see ,idea1 ,image1 ,hypo!sis74 ,,conceptual ,,logic3 z relat$ to idea & image1 #ahh-ib4 ,,consci5ce3 evolution (1 #bhf1 #bhg2 ambigu\s & transitional "* (1 #bhg2 metaphysical implications (1 z moral /&>d1 #bhh2 n autonom\s1 #bhh4 ,,consci5ti\sness3 dang]s (1 consequ5t ^u ideal ( self-realization1 #caf2 ,gre5's def5se (1 ref]r$ to1 #caf note4 ,,cons]vation3 ( en]gy & mass1 #bjf2 7see ,en]gy74 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,k3 & logical object1 orig9ates 9 t5sion1 #di2 ?\ght's own1 #fe2 & datum1 #fi2 z tru?1 #gi ff42 z /atic & dynamic1 #gc1 #ic ff41 #aaj ff42 7see ,/udy ,,iv2 ,objectivity1 ,validity74 ,,cont9uity1 #aj1 #ac1 #ee4 ,,control3 idea &1 #ge1 #abi4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,propositions1 #aga2 9 relation to habit1 #agf4 ,,cop]nicus3 8 !ory1 #agh2 comp>$ ) ,galileo's supposition1 #agi-ha4 ,,copula1 #aah ff42 s*eme ( m$iation betwe5 subject & pr$icate1 #bjh1 #bad ff4 ,,correspond5ce3 ( datum & idea1 #ea2 ( ?\ght-cont5t & ?\ght-activity1 #gj2 z crit]ion ( tru?1 #hb ff41 #cec ff4 ,,d>w91 ,,*>les1 #adf1 #aej1 #agi4 ,,datum ,,( ,,?\ght1 #g1 #h1 #bd2 z fact1 #bf1 #ej1 #eb2 ,lotze's !ory (1 /at$1 #ee2 criticis$1 #ef ff42 relation to induction1 #fa2 & cont5t1 #fj1 #gj2 7see ,/udy ,,iii2 ,cont5t1 ,fact1 ,/imulus74 ,,d$uction1 #baa1 #bab4 ,,def9ition3 inv5t$ by ,socrates1 #bjc4 ,,democritus3 attempts at def9ition1 #bjc4 ,,demon/rative ,,judgm5t1 #acd4 ,,det]m9ation3 z crit]ion ( tru?1 #cfb ff42 impossibility ( complete1 9 f9ite exp]i5ce1 #cfd4 ,,dewey1 ,,john1 #eh note1 #hf note1 #bff note #b1 #caf note1 #cha note4 ,,dialectic3 ,z5o z orig9ator (1 #bjc4 ,,diog5es ,,( ,,apollonia1 #bbb ff4 ,,disjunction3 9 judgm5t1 #aae1 #ach4 ,,dynamic3 ideas z1 & z /atic1 #gc1 #gf2 reality z1 #abf4 ,,e>?3 z an elem5t1 #bac4 ,,economic ,,judgm5t3 involves same type ( process z physical1 #bce2 a process ( valuation1 #bcf2 type ( situation evok+1 #bda-f1 #bic-e1 #cjb1 #cjc2 di/+ui%$ f e?ical1 #bdc note1 #bdf note1 #bga1 #cjb1 #cjc2 relation to physical1 #bdf note #c2 subject (1 ! means ( action1 #bei1 #cjd2 analysis ( process (1 #cjd-ab2 di/+ui%$ f pull & haul1 #bcg1 #bch2 psy*ological acc\nt (1 #caj1 #caa2 a recon/ructive process1 #caa1 #cab4 ,,egoism1 ,,neo-,,hegelian1 #caf4 ,,ehr5fels1 ,c4 ,,von1 #cah note4 ,,eidola3 ,bacon's view (1 #aeg4 ,,eleatics3 _! logical position1 #baf ff4 ,,elem5ts3 z f\r1 #bac2 z inf9ite1 #bac ff4 ,,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 #bjd1 #bdf note4 ,,emp$ocles3 attempts at def9ition1 #bjc2 treatm5t ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 #bah ff4 ,,empiricism1 #aa1 #bi1 #dg1 #dh1 #fa ff42 & rationalism1 #hj2 criticis$1 #aef2 ,jevons1 #afi2 treatm5t ( imag]y1 #ahf-h4 ,,ends3 controll+ factors 9 acquisition ( k1 #bbi2 may !mselves be objects ( att5tion & judgm5t1 #bcc2 judgm5t (1 insep>able f factual judgm5t1 #bcd2 conflict (1 relat$1 ! occasion = e?ical judgm5t1 #bch-da2 indirect conflict ( unrelat$1 ! occasion = economic judgm5t1 #bda-c2 ! subject-matt] ( e?ical judgm5t1 #beh1 #bei2 def9ition (1 ! goal ( all judgm5t1 #bfd1 #bgb2 n always explicit 9 judgm5t-process1 #bfi1 #bgj2 nature ( relation betwe51 9 e?ical judgm5t1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bia1 #bib2 types ( factual condition impli$ 9 acceptance (1 #bge1 #bgf2 w>rant$ by factual judgm5t1 #bgf2 nature (1 unrelat$ness (1 9 economic judgm5t1 #bic-e1 #cjb1 #cjc2 7see ,purpose74 ,,en]gy3 pr9ciple ( cons]vation (1 #bjf1 #bii1 #cjj2 n valid 9 sph]e ( valuation1 #cbh4 ,,en]gy-,,equival5ce3 pr9ciple (1 9 economic judgm5t1 #cjh1 #cji2 mean+ (1 #cji note4 ,,epi/emology1 #e-g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #dg1 #gc1 #cda2 orig9 ( problem (1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,,erdmann1 ,,b5no3 conc]n+ induction1 #agc4 ,,error3 crit]ion (1 #cga4 ,,e?ical ,,judgm5t3 involves same type ( process z physical1 #bce2 a process ( valuation1 #bcf1 #ccb2 type ( situation evok+1 #bcg-da1 #bia-d2 di/+ui%$ f me*anical pull & haul betwe5 ends1 #bcg1 #bch2 di/+ui%$ f economic judgm5t1 #bdc note1 #bdf note1 #bga1 #cjb1 #cjc2 subject (1 an end ( action1 #beh2 analysis ( process (1 #bie-cjb2 a recon/ructive process1 #bie1 #bii4 ,,exi/5ce3 v]sus mean+1 #baf1 #bag4 ,,exp]i5ce3 duality (1 #af2 logic (1 #ai-ba2 h[ organiz$1 #db2 relation ( ?\ght to organization (1 #dc-h2 z disorganiz$1 #ge2 7see ,absolute1 ,functions74 ,,exp]im5t3 z =m ( d$uction1 #bab4 ,,fact3 z equival5t to datum1 #bf1 #ej ff42 crit]ia = det]m9+1 #ajf ff42 z reality1 #aaj2 9 relation to bo? idea & reality1 #chj ff42 & !ory1 conflict betwe51 #aej1 #aea2 mutual dep5d5ce (1 #afh2 ,:ewell's view (1 #afc2 7see ,datum1 ,idea1 ,reality1 ,tru?74 ,,factual ,,judgm5t3 inadequate to complete m$iation ( conduct1 #bcj-cd2 controll$ by ends1 #bfi2 incid5tal to judgm5ts ( valuation1 #bgb1 #bie2 types (1 impli$ 9 acceptance ( an end1 #bge1 #bgf2 pres5ts w>rant = acceptance ( ends1 #bgg4 ,,fite1 ,w41 #cca note4 ,,fragm5t>y1 #gb2 z quality ( int]nal mean+1 #cfj1 #cfa2 z an attribute ( f9ite exp]i5ce1 #cfd1 #cgf2 7see ,/imulus1 ,t5sion74 ,,functions3 ,,( ,,exp]i5ce1 #af2 logic (1 #ah1 #bc2 di/+ui%$ f /atus1 #af2 ( ?\ght1 #bc1 #bd1 #gh1 #he2 total1 z /imulus to ?\ght1 #cf-h1 #hj2 diff]5t1 & logical di/9ctions1 #db2 diff]5t1 confus$ by ,lotze1 #ef2 s5sations z1 #eh4 ,,g5etic3 me?od1 significance (1 #ad1 #ae1 #ahg2 di/9ctions1 importance (1 #bd1 #ec1 #fb1 #ga1 #he2 effect ( ignor+1 #ec1 #fb1 #ga2 7see ,psy*ology74 ,,good3 practical significance (1 z moral pr$icate1 #bei2 relation to "r1 #cce4 ,,gore1 ,w4 ,c41 #cgg note4 ,,gorgias1 #bbe4 ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,reality1 #cdb ff4 ,,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 #bgd note1 #bhh note #c1 #cae note1 #caf note1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,,habit3 relation ( judgm5t to1 int]ruption & resumption (1 #aed2 & hypo!sis1 #agj2 & analogy1 #agf2 & simple enum]ation1 #agf2 & conv]sion1 #agf2 & logical mean+1 #aih2 logical function (1 #cge1 #cgf4 ,,h]aclitus3 8 position1 #bae ff4 ,,hippo1 #bji4 ,,hobbes1 ,,?omas1 #cja4 ,,homog5eity3 ( ! _w-gr\nd1 #bjg2 ( ! _w1 #bji1 #baj4 ,,hut*eson1 ,f41 #cja4 ,,hypo!sis3 nature (1 ,,vii1 #adc-hc2 unequal /ress commonly laid on its orig91 /ructure1 & function1 #adc-e2 relation ( data & hypo!sis /rictly correlative1 #ade1 #aeb1 #afh2 z pr$icate1 #adf1 #ahc2 negative & positive sides (1 #adf1 #aee2 came to be recogniz$ ) rise ( exp]im5talism1 #aei2 & te/1 #agd1 #age1 #agg ff42 orig9 (1 #agj1 #aga ff42 supposition &1 #agh2 int]dep5d5ce ( =mation & te/ (1 #ahb4 ,,idea3 cont9u\s ) fact1 #i1 #aj1 #ab2 di/9ction f fact1 #ac1 #aaj2 ,lotze's confusion reg>d+1 #ca1 #cb1 #da1 #fe2 association (1 #cc2 contra/ ) datum1 #eb-d2 functional conception (1 #gj1 #aab ff42 objective validity (1 #gb-e2 z entire cont5t ( judgm5t1 #aai2 exi/5tial aspect (1 #ig1 #ii ff41 #aac2 9 relation to ref]5ce1 #ig ff41 #ajc1 #abi2 repres5tational !ory (1 #ajj ff41 #aac ff41 #ada1 #cdg ff41 #cgb ff42 univ]sality (1 #ig ff41 #aac ff42 z n ref]r$ to reality1 #ig ff42 z =ms ( control1 #abi2 function 9 judgm5t1 #aec1 #aed2 di/+ui%$ f image1 #ahc-ic2 di/9ction criticis$1 #aii-bjb2 problems accompany+ discov]y (1 #cda2 9 ,greek ?\ght1 #cdb2 in/rum5tal & repres5tative functions (1 #cdf ff41 #cgb ff42 purposive "* (1 #cdg ff42 ext]nal & int]nal mean+ (1 #cdg ff42 ,royce's absolute sy/em (1 #cdh2 triple relation to purpose 9 ,royce's acc\nt1 #cdi ff42 logical v]sus memorial1 #cea2 9 relation to fact & reality1 #cgi ff42 7see ,hypo!sis1 ,image1 ,pr$icate74 ,,ideas3 ,platonic1 #bdg4 ,,image3 z m]ely fanciful1 #ec2 9 relation to mean+1 #ed2 place (1 9 judgm5t1 #aed2 di/9ction f idea1 #ahi-ic2 di/9ction criticis$1 #aii-bjb2 z direct & indirect /imulus1 #aie-g4 ,,imag]y3 empirical crit]ia (1 #ahf2 function (1 #ahg2 z repres5tative1 #ahf-h1 #aid2 psy*ological function (1 #aic-g2 logical function (1 #aih1 #aii4 ,,imm$iate3 z relat$ to m$iation1 #cdb1 #cej ff4 ,,impression3 ,lotze's def9ition (1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb2 objective det]m9ation (1 #cj1 #ca2 objective quality (1 #ca1 #fh2 z psy*ic1 #ec2 z trans=m$ by ?\ght into mean+s or ideas1 #fg ff42 7see ,idea1 ,mean+1 ,s5sation74 ,,indet]m9ate3 z quality ( f9ite exp]i5ce1 #cfd4 ,,induction3 ,bacon's view (1 #aeg2 by enum]ation & alli$ processes1 #aga2 & habit1 #agf2 v]sus d$uction1 #baa1 #bab4 ,,inf]5ce3 ,lotze's view (1 #fj2 9 relation to judgm5t1 #aag4 ,,in/rum5tal3 z "* ( ?\ght1 #gh-hb1 #abh1 #adj1 #cdf ff41 #cgb ff42 7see ,purpose74 ,,int]action3 physical1 #bah ff4 ,,int]e/3 direction (1 #bje4 ,,inv5tion3 =m ( d$uction1 #bab4 ,,james1 ,,william1 #ha note1 #ceb note1 #cge4 ,,jevons1 ,w4 ,,/anley1 #afi1 #agc4 ,,jones1 ,,h5ry1 #dc note1 #ei note1 #ff4 ,,judgm5t3 ,lotze's def9ition (1 #ei & note2 relation (1 to ideas1 #fj2 /ructure (1 #ge note2 ,bosanquet's !ory (1 #hf ff42 z a function1 #ajg ff42 dead & live1 #ajh2 def9ition (1 #hf1 #aaa2 relation to inf]5ce1 #aaf ff42 limits ( s+le1 #abc ff42 negative1 #aad ff42 ( p]ception1 #hh ff41 #if2 p>ts (1 #aah ff41 #bjg1 #bjh2 "t relations (1 #abj ff42 z individual1 #acf2 z in/rum5tal1 #abh1 #adj2 z categorical & hypo!tical1 #acf2 z imp]sonal1 #aca2 z intuitive1 #aci2 v>i\s def9itions (1 #adg ff42 analysis (1 #adi ff42 disjunctive1 #aee2 psy*ology (1 #aec2 purpose (1 #aed2 & int]rupt$ activity1 #aed2 unique sy/em (1 #bbd-cj2 g5]al analysis (1 #bcj-cb2 purposive "* (1 #cec ff42 univ]sal1 #ced2 p>ticul>1 #ceh2 individual1 #cei1 #cfj2 ma!matical1 #ced ff41 #cgj2 7see ,economic1 ,e?ical1 ,factual judgm5ts1 ,copula1 ,pr$icate1 ,reflection1 ,subject74 ,,kant1 ,i41 #dc1 #df1 #fj note1 #afc1 #bfc1 #cja4 ,,kepl]1 #adf1 #aha4 ,,k3 9 relation to reality1 #ajb ff42 mean+ &1 #abh2 copy & in/rum5tal !ories (1 #abi1 #adj1 #ada2 7see ,judgm5t1 ,tru?74 ,k,,lpe1 ,o41 #bej note4 ,,logic3 orig9 (1 #d2 types (1 #e-bb2 z g5]ic & specific1 #ah1 #bc2 relations to psy*ology1 #ad1 #ae1 #fc1 #fd1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aib ff42 effect ( mod]n psy*ology ^u1 #cde2 relation to g5etic me?od1 #ae-ah2 problems illu/rat$1 #ai1 #bj2 social significance (1 #bj2 eri/ic ! s\rce ( =mal1 #bjc2 pre-,socratic1 #bjc2 & epi/emology1 #cda1 #cdb2 7see ,epi/emology1 ,psy*ology74 ,,lotze3 criticis$1 ,/udies ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv2 appli$ logic1 #f2 ?\ght z accessory1 #ef2 view ( judgm5t1 #adg2 simil>ity betwe5 him & ,:ewell1 #afe note2 quot$1 #f1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #db1 #ef note1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gc1 #gg1 #hc1 #hd4 ,,_m3 !1 & ! ,"o1 #baj ff41 #bah ff4 ,,m>g9al ,,utility3 pr9ciple (1 #cjg1 #ccg note4 ,m>t9eau1 ,j41 #bfb4 ,,ma!matics3 c]ta9 =ms ( pro( 91 #agb ff42 judgm5ts (1 #ced ff41 #cgj4 ,,mcgilv>y1 ,e4 ,b41 #beg note4 ,,mead1 ,g4 ,h41 #ch note1 #ccg note4 ,,mean+3 & logical idea1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #da1 #ig2 z cont5t ( ?\ght1 #ff ff42 ?ree types (1 #fh2 z prop]ty ( indep5d5t idea1 #gc-e2 & association ( ideas1 #cc1 #hj2 & ref]5ce1 #ig2 _w (1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aab2 & k1 #hi1 #abh1 #aij2 equival5t to response1 #aih2 v]sus exi/5ce1 #baf-ah2 inn] & out]1 #cdg ff42 7see ,cont5t1 ,idea1 ,ref]5ce74 ,,means3 z ext]nal & con/itutive1 #gh2 reapplication (1 ! problem ( economic valuation1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bei1 #bfj1 #cjc1 #cjd2 objective 9 s f> z n kn[n adequately = "o's purpose1 #bef2 def9ition (1 incid5tal to all judgm5t1 #bgb2 factual det]m9ation (1 sometimes det]m9ative ( ends also1 #bgj4 ,,m$iation3 9 relation to ! imm$iate1 #cej ff4 ,,melissus3 8 dialectic1 #bad4 ,,metaphysics1 #h1 #i1 #ac1 #ah1 #he2 & logic ( exp]i5ce1 #ac2 z natural hi/ory1 #ac-ah2 wor?1 #ai-bb2 logical &1 #gb1 #gd2 7see ,epi/emology1 ,logic74 ,,mill1 ,j4 ,,/u>t1 #adg1 #afj ff41 #afb1 #aff4 ,,mixture3 logical mean+ ( idea (1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,,monism1 #bbd4 ,,moore1 ,a4 ,w41 #gf note1 #cdf note4 ,,motion3 cons]vation (1 #bjf4 ,,negation1 #ig1 #aad ff4 ,,neo-,,hegelian1 #dc1 #caf4 ,,newton1 ,i41 #adf1 #aei1 #agi2 8 notes = philosophiz+1 #aei note4 ,greek3 ,nom v]sus ,greek3 physei1 #bbf4 ,,normative ,,& ,,g5etic1 #af2 7see ,end1 ,purpose1 ,validity1 ,value74 ,,ob$i5ce3 a factor 9 g5esis ( morality1 #beg 7see also ,au?ority & ,cu/om74 ,,object3 h[ def9$1 #ch1 #ci1 #gd1 #gf2 socially curr5t1 #bcj2 real1 individual 9 significance1 #bcj2 nature ( ! e?ical1 #bdj1 #cbh2 ( ! economic1 #bei1 #bfj1 #cbh2 7see ,sub/ance74 ,,objectivity3 ,lotze's view (1 #fh 7see ,/udy ,,iv72 types (1 #fh2 ,lotze's di/9ction ( logical & ontological1 #gb1 #gc2 di/9ction d5i$1 #cda1 #cdb2 scope ( conception (1 #bce2 commonly d5i$ to o!r ?an factual judgm5ts1 #bdg1 #bdh2 n a prop]ty ( s5se-elem5ts z su*1 #bdh1 #bdi2 a category ( app]ception1 #bej2 a m>k ( ! problematic z su*1 #bej1 #bea1 #bee2 n asc]ta9able by any specific me?od1 #beb2 obtrusiv5ess z evid5ce (1 #bec2 reliability z evid5ce (1 #bfc2 conditions ( exp]i5ce (1 #bec-f2 conditions (1 pres5t 9 ! e?ical & economic situations1 #beg-fj2 a real *>act]i/ic ( e?ical & economic judgm5t1 #bfa-c2 n dep5d5t on social curr5cy1 #cah-bj2 nor on possibility ( social curr5cy1 #cbj-bd2 nor on p]man5ce1 #cbd-i2 7see ,reality1 ,validity74 ,,"o3 !1 & ! ,_m1 #baj ff41 #bah ff4 ,,p>m5ides3 8 logical position1 #baf ff42 influ5ce on ,platonic-,ari/otelian logic1 #bag4 ,,p>ticipation3 significance (1 9 ,plato1 #cdb ff4 ,,p>ticul>ity3 ( an idea1 #ii1 #aac2 ( a judgm5t1 #ceh4 ,,p]ception3 judgm5ts (1 #hh ff41 #if4 ,,p]fect1 ,,!1 #abf4 ,,physical ,,judgm5t 7see ,factual judgm5t74 ,greek3 ,physei v]sus ,greek3 nom1 #bbf4 ,greek3 ,physis1 #bjg1 #bbd4 ,,plato1 #ec note2 on ideas & reality1 #cdb ff41 #cgh1 #cgi4 ,,pluralism1 #ha note4 ,,posit+3 ?\ght z1 #fh4 ,,pr$icate3 h[ con/itut$1 #ge note2 9 relation to reality1 #aja1 #ajc2 z hypo!sis1 #adg1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #ahc1 #ahf2 develops out ( imag$ end1 #bcb2 int]action ) subject1 #bcb2 9 e?ical judgm5t1 #beh1 #bia-f2 9 economic1 #bei1 #bfj1 #cji-aa2 7see ,copula1 ,judgm5t1 ,hypo!sis1 ,idea1 ,image74 ,,pr$ication1 #aah ff4 ,,pre-,,e/abli%$ ,,h>mony3 9 ,royce's philosophy1 #cfh4 ,,presuppositions1 #bjd1 #bjf4 ,,problematic 7see ,t5sion74 ,,pro(3 inductive1 #agb1 #agc2 ( hypo!sis1 #agd1 #age2 relation (1 to orig9 ( hypo!sis1 #agi-hb2 ,wundt's view (1 #agg1 #agh4 ,,proposition3 & judgm5t1 #aah4 ,,protagoras1 #bbf4 ,,prud5ce3 e?ical /atus (1 z a virtue1 #bdf4 ,,py?agoreans1 ,,!3 _! logical position1 #baf2 use ( exp]im5t1 #baf4 ,,psy*ical3 di/+ui%$ f physical1 #be2 ,lotze's view ( impression z b>ely1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj2 view criticis$1 #ca-d1 #da1 #db2 two mean+s (1 #ch note2 psy*ical me*anism1 #ca2 idea z1 #ec2 problem ( logical &1 #ed & note1 #fd2 activity ( ?\ght also made1 by ,lotze1 #gg & note2 subjective result1 #hd2 7see ,impression74 ,,psy*ology3 & logic1 #ad-af1 #bf1 #fc1 #fd1 #aec1 #aed1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aib ff41 #cde1 #cdh2 pr9ciple (1 functional1 #bbi1 #bcj2 g5esis (1 #bhj1 #bha2 logical value ( functional1 #bic4 ,,psy*ologi/s' ,,fallacy1 #cg4 ,,purpose3 logical importance (1 #d1 #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ae1 #bj1 #ce1 #eh1 #gf1 #hj1 #aed2 logical aspects (1 ,/udy ,,xi2 9 an idea1 #cdg ff42 9 judgm5t1 #cec ff42 9 crit]ion ( tru? & error1 #cfa ff42 orig9 (1 z idea1 #cgc ff42 z me?od1 #cgg2 7see ,end1 ,recon/ruction74 ,,quales3 ( s5sation1 #ee1 #ef1 #fj note4 ,,qualities3 prim>y & second>y1 #bba4 ,,"q3 & judgm5t1 #ig1 #aad ff4 ,,rationalism3 criticis$1 #aef ff41 #ahh ff41 #bih ff4 ,,rationality3 ( _w1 #bjf4 ,,reality3 z con/ruct$ by ?\ght1 #id ff41 #ajd2 z develop+1 #abf2 z includ+ fact & idea1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #abe1 #chb2 z indep5d5t ( ?\ght1 #he1 #hg ff41 #ajd2 z subject ( subject1 #hh ff42 popul> crit]ion (1 #aje ff42 possibility ( k (1 #ia ff41 #ajb ff41 #abe2 = ! individual1 #id ff41 #ajc1 #aab1 #bbd ff42 z relative to judg+1 #adi2 z giv5 9 s5sation1 #afj2 p]ception & recognition coeffici5ts (1 #bfc-g1 #bgg2 ^! pres5t 9 e?ical & economical exp]i5ce1 #bfg-i2 appreh5sion (1 emotional1 #bfc2 scope ( complete conception (1 #bce1 #cdj2 degrees (1 #cdj2 ,platonic conception (1 #cdc ff42 ,royce's conception (1 #cdh2 z relat$ to fact & idea1 #cgi ff42 7see ,fact1 ,tru?1 ,validity74 ,,reason1 ,,suffici5t3 pr9ciple (1 #bjf4 ,,recon/ruction3 ! function ( ?9k+1 #ch1 #dj1 #df1 #ge1 #gf1 #he2 effect ( d5y+ ?is1 #dg1 #ga1 #gb2 data &1 #di ff42 9 judgm5t1 #aed1 #bia1 #bie1 #bii1 #caa1 #cab1 #cdf1 #cdg2 7see ,habit1 ,/imulus1 ,t5sion74 ,,ref]5ce3 z social1 #gd2 problem ( ref]5ce ( ideas1 #hb ff42 z mean+1 #ig ff42 functional conception (1 #aac2 p>adox (1 #ii2 idea z1 #abi4 ,,reflection3 z d]iv$1 #a-ab2 nave1 #c1 #i2 subject-matt] (1 #g1 #h2 logic &1 #c1 #ah1 #bc2 v]sus con/itutive ?\ght1 #dc-h2 di/+ui%$1 #bee2 g5]al nature (1 #bfi2 end n always explicit 91 #bgj2 outcome (1 /atable 9 t]ms ( end or means1 #bgb2 7see ,judgm5t1 ,?\ght74 ,,reflective ,,judgm5t1 #acd4 ,,repres5tation3 z "o ( ! two functions ( an idea1 #cde1 #cdg ff41 #cgb2 significance (1 9 ideal recon/ruction1 #cgf4 ,,response3 failure (1 & orig9 ( judgm5t1 #aed4 ,,re/lessness3 z s\rce ( reflection & purpose1 #cgd ff42 7see ,t5sion74 ,,rhetoric3 orig9 (1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,,"r 7see ,good74 ,,royce1 ,,josiah3 ref]r$ to1 #gf note1 #adg2 !ory ( ideas discuss$1 #cdf-hb2 quot$1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee1 #cef1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfb1 #cfd1 #cff note1 #cfh1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chj1 #cha4 ,,satisfaction3 pause (1 z m>k+ atta9m5t ( tru?1 #cfb ff4 ,,s*ill]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 #cbg note1 #cde note4 ,,sci5ce3 relation to nave exp]i5ce1 #aj1 #aa2 its hi/oric /ages1 #aa1 #ab2 di/9ction ( logical proc$ure f epi/emology1 #ac2 same hi/ory z philosophy1 #ba1 #bb4 ,,self1 ,,empirical3 g5esis & cont5t ( concept (1 #bij1 #bib1 #cca1 #ccb note #a4 ,,self1 ,,en]getic3 impli$ 9 exp]i5ce ( w>rant1 #bgg1 #bgh2 /imulus to developm5t ( concept ( empirical self1 #bgi-ha2 ess5tial pr9ciple 9 all valuation1 #bha-e2 evolution ( moral attitude ( ref]5ce to1 #bhe-i2 logical function (1 9 valuation1 #bif2 important place 9 economic valuation1 #cjh1 #cji2 n capable ( be+ describ$ 9 t]ms ( purpose or ideal1 #cac-af2 ,bradley's mis9t]pretation (1 #ccb note4 ,,self-,,realization 7see also ,gre51 ,t4 ,h473 !ory (1 z moral ideal futile1 #bih2 logically congru\s ) det]m9ism & h$onism1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,,s5sations3 logical import (1 #eg2 z functions ( exp]i5ce1 #eh2 z po9t ( contact ) reality1 #ij2 place 9 judgm5t1 #aed2 & ideas1 #afd ff42 7see ,impressions1 ,psy*ical74 ,,s5sori-,,motor ,,activity1 #aic1 #bjj4 ,,%aftesbury1 #cja4 ,,sigw>t1 ,c43 view ( judgm5t1 #adg4 ,,skepticism1 #ej note1 #he4 ,,social ,,curr5cy3 implies an id5tity ( aspect ( an object to diff]5t p]sons1 #bbi2 object hav+1 an ab/raction l social individual1 #bbi2 n a te/ ( objectivity1 #cah-bi4 ,,socrates3 function ( concept1 #cdb4 ,,sophi/s1 ,,!1 #bbe4 ,,sp5c]1 ,h41 #bdh1 #bej note #a1 #cae note4 ,,/&>d 7see also ,pr$icate73 id5tifi$ ) pr$icate 9 e?ical judgm5t1 #bch-dj2 function (1 9 e?ical judgm5t1 #bgd1 #bii1 #cjj2 morphology & mode ( recon/ruction (1 #bif1 #big2 an ultimate e?ical1 impossible1 #bii2 objectivity (1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,,/imulus3 ( ?\ght1 #g1 #h1 #ag1 #bd1 #cg-dj1 #dg1 #ha2 ,lotze's view (1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj2 view criticis$1 #cj-cf2 confusion ( datum )1 #fa2 def9$1 #ge2 & judgm5t1 #aec-d2 z condition ( ?9k+1 #aic ff42 z direct & indirect1 #aie-g2 ( e?ical judgm5t1 #bch-da1 #bia2 ( economic1 judgm5t1 #bda-f1 #cjb2 7see ,cont5t1 ,datum74 ,,/\t1 ,g4 ,f43 ref]r$ to1 #cdi4 ,,/ratton1 ,g4 ,m41 #cah note4 ,,/ructure1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd1 #ge2 7see ,function74 ,,subject3 ( judgm5t1 h[ con/itut$1 #ge note2 z con/ruct$ by ?\ght1 #id ff41 #ajc2 z a "p ( judgm5t1 #aah ff42 z reality1 #hh ff42 z inside & outside ( judgm5t1 #ic1 #if2 functional !ory (1 #aaa1 #abe2 z t requir+ explanation1 #bjh1 #baa ff42 z modifi$ by d$uction1 #bab2 giv5 by analysis ( situation1 #bcb2 int]acts ) pr$icate 9 judgm5t1 #bcb2 ( e?ical judgm5t1 #beh1 #bif-h2 ( economic judgm5t1 #bei1 #bfj1 #cjd1 #cji-aa2 7see ,copula1 ,datum1 ,judgm5t1 ,pr$icate74 ,,subjective3 di/+ui%$ f objective1 #be2 ,lotze's view ( impressions z purely1 #bg1 #bh2 view criticis$1 #ca2 def9ition (1 #ci2 develop$ only )9 reflection1 #eb1 #ec2 7see ,psy*ical74 ,,subjectivism3 9 ,lotze1 #hc1 #hd2 9 ,royce1 #cfj4 ,,subject-,,matt] ,,( ,,?\ght3 di/+ui%$ z /imulus1 datum1 & cont5t1 #g1 #h1 #bd2 confusion ( ^! 7g5etic7 di/9ctions1 #ag1 #ah2 z antec$5t1 ,/udy ,,ii2 z datum1 ,/udy ,,iii2 z cont5t1 ,/udy ,,iv4 ,,sub/ance3 e?ical !ories bas$ on logic involv$ 9 rationali/ic conception (1 #bih1 #bii2 mean+ ( concept (1 #cbf1 #cbg2 type-=m ( conduct analog\s to concept ( a p>ticul> k9d (1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,,sub/antiation3 significance ( ,plato's1 ( ideas1 #cdb ff4 ,,supposition ,,& ,,hypo!sis1 #agh-ha4 ,,sweet1 ,,h5ry3 quot$1 #aec note4 ,,syn!tic 7see ,recon/ruction74 ,,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 #bii note #b1 #cae note1 #caf1 #cbd4 ,,teleology 7see ,end1 ,purpose74 ,,temptation3 e?ical1 #bch1 #cja2 economic1 #cje4 ,,t5sion3 z /imulus to ?\ght1 #cg1 #ch1 #di1 #ej1 #ec1 #gj1 #he2 9 relation to con/itution ( s5sory datum1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei1 #gj2 con/itution ( mean+ z di/9ct f fact1 #ge1 #he1 #aed1 #bcg-df1 #bej1 #bea1 #bee1 #bia-e1 #cgd ff42 7see ,purpose1 ,recon/ruction74 ,,?ales3 8 ,greek3 ar*1 wat]1 #bji2 9 relation to d$uction1 #bab1 #bad4 ,,?\ght3 =ms (1 #eh ff42 z modes ( organiz+ data1 #fc2 ?ree k9ds accord+ to ,lotze1 #fh1 #fi2 z posit+ & di/+ui%+1 #fi2 validity ( its function1 #gf-hb2 ( its products1 #hb-e2 in/rum5tal "*1 #gh-hb2 z discrim9at+ s5sory qualities1 #bjj-bjb2 7see ,judgm5t1 ,reflection74 ,,"t3 z involv$ 9 judgm5t1 #abj ff4 ,,transc5d5talism1 #bi1 #dc-h4 ,,tr5del5burg1 ,a43 view ( judgm5t1 #adg4 ,,tru?3 crit]ion (1 #hd2 ,bosanquet's conception (1 #aje2 popul> crit]ion (1 #aje ff42 & purpose1 ,/udy ,,xi2 repres5tational v]sus teleological view (1 #cda ff42 crit]ion (1 #cfa ff42 7see ,objectivity1 ,validity74 ,,ueb]weg3 view ( judgm5t1 #adg4 ,,uni=mity3 ( nature1 #bjf4 ,,unity3 ( ! _w1 #bjg4 ,,univ]sal3 fir/ & second accord+ to ,lotze1 #ef1 #ei1 #fi2 ideas z1 #ig ff41 #aac2 judgm5t z1 #acf2 ,mr4 ,royce's treatm5t (1 #ced ff42 necessity &1 #ceg4 ,,validity3 ( ?\ght1 #g1 #h2 relation to g5esis1 #ad1 #ae2 te/1 #ag1 #ah2 def9es cont5t ( ?\ght1 #bd2 problem (1 ,/udy ,,iv2 ,lotze's dilemma reg>d+1 #ga-he2 ( b>e object ( ?\ght1 #gb-f2 ( activity ( ?\ght1 #gf-hb2 ( product ( ?\ght1 #hb-e2 7see ,objectivity1 ,reality1 ,tru?74 ,,value3 ,lotze's di/9ction (1 f exi/5ce1 #bh1 #bi2 view criticis$1 #ca1 #da1 #de2 organiz$1 ( exp]i5ce1 #db-h2 det]m9$ 9 & by a logical process1 #bcc2 nature ( consci\sness (1 #bgc1 #ccc-e2 function ( consci\sness (1 #cce-g2 prop]ly m$iate & functional 9 "*1 #cch-dj4 ,,valuation 7see also ,e?ical judgm5t1 ,economic judgm5t73 includes only e?ical & economic types ( judgm5t1 #bbg1 #bcf1 #cch-dj2 g5]al acc\nt ( process (1 #bgb1 #bie2 recon/ructive ( self z well z ( reality1 #cab4 ,,v5n1 ,,john3 orig9 ( hypo!sis1 #afi4 ,,w>rant3 consci\sness (1 accompanies purely factual z well z valuational judgm5t processes1 #bgf1 #bgg2 ! con/itutive feature ( survey ( factual conditions1 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,,welton1 ,j43 orig9 ( hypo!sis1 #aga4 ,,:ewell1 ,,william1 #afc2 view ( s5sations & ideas1 #afd1 #afe2 ( induction1 #afe2 a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 him & ,mill1 #aff4 ,,wies]1 ,f4 ,,von1 #cce note #b4 ,,w3 z relat$ to ?\ght1 #cff note2 7see ,activity1 ,end1 ,purpose74 ,,wundt1 ,w43 view ( judgm5t1 #adg2 view ( ma!matical induction1 #agc2 =mation & pro( ( hypo!sis1 #agg ff42 di/9ction betwe5 supposition & hypo!sis1 #agh ff4 ,,wrong 7see ,bad74 ,,x5ophanes3 8 logical position1 #baf4 ,,z5o3 8 dialectic1 #bad4 ,,footnotes #a ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 ,italics m9e4 #b ,see ,,angell1 ,! ,relations ( ,/ructural & ,functional ,psy*ology to ,philosophy1 ,! ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,vol4 ,,iii 7#aijc71 ,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #fa-f1 #gj-gb4 #c ,see ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #aag-bj4 #d ,see /atem5ts reg>d+ ! psy*ological & ! logical 9 ,! ,*ild & ! ,curriculum1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #e ,,lotze1 ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b4 ,= ! prec$+ exposition see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #ac1 #ad1 #cg1 #ch2 also ,microkosmus1 ,book ,v1 *ap4 #d4 #f ,,lotze1 ,logic1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #g ,,lotze1 ,logic 7translation1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #be4 #h ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cf4 #i ,ibid4 #aj ,microkosmus1 ,book ,v1 *ap4 #d4 #aa ,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bce2 see ! :ole discussion1 #cbe ?r\gh #cbg4 #ab ,! emphasis "h is ^u ! t]m exi/5ces1 & 9 its plural =m4 ,d\btless ! di/9ction ( "s exp]i5ces z belong+ to me1 z m9e 9 a peculi>ly intimate way1 f o!rs z *iefly conc]n+ o!r p]sons1 or z hav+ to d ) ?+s1 is an e>ly "o4 ,b ?is is a di/9ction ( conc]n1 ( value4 ,! di/9ction ref]r$ to above is t ( mak+ an object1 or pres5tation1 out ( ?is felt type ( value1 & !reby break+ x up into di/9ct ev5ts1 etc41 ) _! own laws ( inn] connection4 ,?is is ! "w ( psy*ological analysis4 ,^u ! :ole matt] ( ! psy*ical ,i am glad to ref] to ,,pr(essor ,,george ,h4 ,,mead',s article entitl$ ,! ,def9ition ( ! ,psy*ical1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,,ii1 ( ,! ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #ac ,we h a mo/ acute & valuable criticism ( ,lotze f ?is po9t ( view 9 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,jones1 ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie4 ,my specific criticisms agree 9 ! ma9 ) 81 & ,i am glad to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness4 ,b ,i _c agree 9 ! belief t ! bus9ess ( ?\ght is to qualify reality z su*2 its occupation appe>s to me to be det]m9+ ! recon/ruction ( "s aspect or portion ( reality1 & to fall )9 ! c\rse ( reality itself2 be+1 inde$1 ! *>act]i/ic m$ium ( its activity4 ,& ,i _c agree t reality z su*1 ) increas+ fulness ( k1 pres5ts itself z a ?\ght-sy/em1 ?\gh1 z j indicat$1 ,i h no d\bt t reality appe>s z ?\ght-specifications or values1 j z x does z affectional & /hetic & ! re/ ( !m4 #ad ,bradley's criticisms ( rationali/ic idealism %\ld h made ! =ce ( ?is po9t reasonably famili>4 #ae ,! common /atem5t t primitive man projects 8 own volitions1 emotions1 etc41 into objects is b a back-h&$ way ( express+ ! tru? t objects1 etc41 h only gradually em]g$ f _! life-matrix4 ,look+ back1 x is almo/ impossible to avoid ! fallacy ( suppos+ t someh[ su* objects 7 !re fir/ & 7 aft]w>d emotionally appreciat$4 #af ,( c\rse1 ?is v elem5t may be ! prec>i\s1 ! ideal1 & possibly fanciful ( "s o!r situation4 ,b x is to *ange ! hi/oric into ! absolute to conclude t !re=e ev]y?+ is unc]ta91 all at once1 or z su*4 ,?is gives metaphysical skepticism z di/9ct f ! work+ skepticism :i* is an inh]5t factor 9 all reflection & sci5tific inquiry4 #ag ,b ?is is a sl[ progress )9 reflection4 ,plato1 :o 0 influ5tial 9 br++ ?is g5]al di/9ction to consci\sness1 /ill ?\ght & wrote z if image 7 itself a que] sort ( objective exi/5ce2 x 0 only gradually t x 0 dispos$ ( z psy*ical1 or a phase ( imm$iate exp]i5ce4 #ah ,( c\rse1 ?is means t :at is exclud$ & s left beh9d 9 ! problem ( det]m9ation ( ?is objective cont5t is reg>d$ z psy*ical4 ,) ref]5ce to o!r problems & aims ?is same psy*ic exi/5ce is initial1 n survival4 ,releas$ f its prior absorption 9 "s unanalyz$ exp]i5ce x ga9s /&+ & mom5tum on its own acc\nt2 e4 g41 ! p]sonal equation repres5ts :at is elim9at$ f a giv5 a/ronomic "t-det]m9ation z be+ purely subjective1 or s\rce-(-error4 ,b x is initiatory 9 ref]5ce to new modes ( te*nique1 re-read+s ( previ\s data--new consid]ations 9 psy*ology1 ev5 new socio-e?ical judgm5ts4 ,moreov]1 x rema9s a fact1 & ev5 a wor?ful fact1 z a "p ( "o's own inn] exp]i5ce1 z an imm$iate psy*ical reality4 ,t is to say1 !re is a region ( p]sonal exp]i5ce 7ma9ly emotive or affectional7 already recogniz$ z a sph]e ( value4 ,! s\rce ( error is dispos$ ( by mak+ x a fact ( ?is region4 ,! recognition ( falsity does n orig9ate ! psy*ic 7p4 #ch1 note74 #ai ,( c\rse1 ?is is a fur!r reflective di/9ction4 ,! pla9 man & ! /ud5t d n det]m9e ! extrane\s1 irrelevant1 & mislead+ matt] z image 9 a psy*ological s5se1 b only z fanciful or fanta/ic4 ,only to ! psy*ologi/ & = 8 purpose does x break up into image & mean+4 #bj ,bradley1 m ?an any o!r writ]1 has seiz$ ^u ?is d\ble anti!sis1 & us$ x fir/ to condemn ! logical z su*1 & !n turn$ x ar\nd z ! imp>tial condemnation ( ! psy*ical also4 ,see ,appe>ance & ,reality4 ,9 *ap4 #ae he metes out condemnation to ?\ght because x c nev] take 9 ! psy*ical exi/5ce or reality :i* is pres5t2 9 *ap4 #ai1 he passes simil> judgm5t ^u ! psy*ical because x is brutally fragm5t>y4 ,o!r epi/emological logicians h wre/l$--or wri!d--) ?is problem1 b ,i believe ,bradley's position is impregnable--f ! /&po9t ( ready-made diff]5ces4 ,:5 ! anti!sis is treat$ z "p & lot ( ! process ( def9+ ! tru? ( a p>ticul> subject-matt]1 & ?us z hi/oric & relative1 ! case is q o!rwise4 #ba ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bh-cd4 #bb ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ explicitly ,lotze is compell$ f9ally to diff]5tiate two aspects 9 ! antec$5ts ( ?\ghts1 "o ( :i* is necess>y 9 ord] t !re may be any?+ to call out ?\ght 7a lack1 or problem72 ! o!r 9 ord] t :5 ?\ght is evok$ x may f9d data at h&--t is1 mat]ial 9 %ape to receive & respond to its ex]cise4 ,! manifold matt] ( ideas is br\ght be=e u1 n only 9 ! sy/ematic ord] ( its qualitative relation%ips1 b 9 ! ri* v>iety ( local & temporal comb9ations4444 ,! comb9ations ( het]og5e\s ideas 444 =ms ! problems1 9 connection ) :i* ! ef=ts ( ?\ght to r$uce coexi/5ce to coh]5ce w subsequ5tly be made4 ,! homog5e\s or simil> ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 give occasion to sep>ate1 to connect1 & to c\nt _! repetitions4 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cc1 #cd2 italics m9e47 ,)\t ! het]og5e\s v>iety ( ! local & temporal juxtapositions !re w\ld be no?+ to excite ?\ght4 ,)\t ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( quality !re w\ld be no?+ to meet ?\ght & rew>d x = its ef=ts4 ,! homog5eity ( qualitative relation%ips1 9 ! pre-?\ght mat]ial1 gives ! tools or in/rum5ts by :i* ?\ght is enabl$ successfully to tackle ! het]og5eity ( collocations & conjunctions also f\nd 9 ! same mat]ial6 ,"o w\ld suppose t :5 ,lotze rea*$ ?is po9t he might h be5 l$ to suspect t 9 ?is rem>kable adju/m5t ( ?\ght-/imuli1 ?\ght-mat]ial1 & ?\ght-tools to "o ano!r1 he mu/ aft] all be deal+1 n ) some?+ prior to ! ?\ght-function1 b ) ! necess>y elem5ts 9 & ( ! ?\ght-situation4 #bc ,supra1 p4 #cj4 #bd ,= ! id5tity ( s5sory exp]i5ce ) ! po9t ( greate/ /ra9 & /ress 9 conflict+ or t5sional exp]i5ce1 see ,! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #eg4 #be ,= ! accessory "* ( ?\ght1 see ,,lotze1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #g1 #be-g1 #fa1 etc4 #bf ,,bosanquet1 ,logic 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cj-cd71 & ,jones 7,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie1 *ap4 #d7 h call$ att5tion to a curi\s inconsi/5cy 9 ,lotzes's treatm5t ( judgm5t4 ,on "o h&1 ! /atem5t is z giv5 above4 ,judgm5t gr[s out ( conception 9 mak+ explicit ! det]m9+ relation ( univ]sal to its own p>ticul>1 impli$ 9 conception4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 judgm5t gr[s n out ( conception at all1 b out ( ! "q ( det]m9+ connection 9 *ange4 ,lotze's nom9al reason = ?is latt] view is t ! conceptual _w is purely /atic2 s9ce ! actual _w is "o ( *ange1 we ne$ to pass ^u :at really goes toge!r 7is causal7 9 ! *ange z di/9ct f su* z are m]ely co9cid5t4 ,b1 z ,jones cle>ly %[s1 x is also connect$ ) ! fact t1 :ile ,lotze nom9ally ass]ts t judgm5t gr[s out ( conception1 he treats conception z ! result ( judgm5t s9ce ! fir/ view makes judgm5t a m]e explication ( ! cont5t ( an idea1 & h5ce m]ely expository or analytic 79 ! ,kantian s5se7 & s ( m ?an d\btful applicability to reality4 ,! affair is too l>ge to discuss "h1 & ,i w cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to ! oscillation betwe5 conflict+ cont5ts1 & gradation ( s5sory qualities already discuss$ 7p4 #ef1 note74 ,x is judgm5t :i* gr[s out ( ! =m]1 because judgm5t is ! :ole situation z su*2 conception is ref]able to ! latt] because x is "o ab/raction )9 ! :ole 7! solution ( possible mean+s ( ! data7 j z ! datum is ano!r4 ,9 tru?1 s9ce ! s5sory datum is n absolute1 b comes 9 a hi/orical context1 ! qualities appreh5d$ z con/itut+ ! datum simply def9e ! locus ( conflict 9 ! entire situation4 ,!y are attributives ( ! cont5ts-9-t5sion ( ! collid+ ?+s1 n calm untr\bl$ ultimates4 ,on pp4 #cc & #cd ( ,vol4 ,i1 ,lotze recognizes 7z we h j se57 t1 z matt] ( fact1 x is bo? s5sory qualities 9 _! sy/ematic grad+1 or quantitative det]m9ations 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dc1 = ! recognition ( ! necess>y place ( ! quantitative 9 ! true concept71 & ! ri* v>iety ( local & temporal comb9ations1 t provoke ?\ght & supply x ) mat]ial4 ,b1 z usual1 he treats ?is simply z a hi/orical accid5t1 n z furni%+ ! key to ! :ole matt]4 ,9 f9e1 :ile ! het]og5e\s collocations & successions con/itute ! problematic elem5t t /imulates ?\ght1 quantitative det]m9ation ( ! s5sory quality furni%es "o ( ! two *ief means ?r\gh :i* ?\ght deals ) ! problem4 ,x is a r$uction ( ! orig9al collid+ cont5ts to a =m 9 :i* ! ef=t at r$9tegration gets maximum effici5cy4 ,! concept1 z ideal mean+1 is ( c\rse ! o!r p>tn] to ! transaction4 ,x is gett+ ! v>i\s possible mean+s-(-!-data into su* %ape z to make !m mo/ useful 9 con/ru+ ! data4 ,! be>+ ( ?is ^u ! subject & pr$icate ( judgm5t _c be discuss$ "h4 #bg ,see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ch1 #ei1 #fa1 #aje1 #abi1 #aig1 = ,lotze's treatm5t ( ^! di/9ctions4 #bh ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cf2 see also ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bij1 #bia4 #bi ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdf2 ! same is reit]at$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bej1 :]e ! "q ( orig9 is ref]r$ to z a corruption 9 logic4 ,c]ta9 psy*ical acts are necess>y z conditions & occasions ( logical op]ations1 b ! deep gulf betwe5 psy*ical me*anism & ?\ght rema9s unfill$4 #cj ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 *ap4 #c1 ,?\ght & ! ,prelim9>y ,process ( ,exp]i5ce4 #ca ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ch4 #cb ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ac2 la/ italics m9e4 #cc ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ad2 italics m9e4 #cd ,see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #af-bj4 ,on p4 #bb ?is "w is decl>$ to be n only ! fir/1 b ! mo/ indisp5sable ( all ?\ght's op]ations4 #ce ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bf4 #cf ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ce4 #cg ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cf2 see ! /rong /atem5ts already quot$1 p4 #cj4 ,:at if ?is canon 7 appli$ 9 ! fir/ act ( ?\ght ref]r$ to above3 ! orig9al objectification :i* trans=ms ! m]e /ate into an abid+ quality or mean+8 ,suppose1 t is1 x 7 said t ! fir/ objectify+ act _c make a sub/antial 7or atta*$7 quale out ( a m]e /ate ( feel+2 x mu/ f9d ! di/9ction x makes !re already6 ,x is cle> we %\ld at once get a regressus ad inf9itum4 ,we "h f9d ,lotze face to face ) ?is fundam5tal dilemma3 ?\ght ei!r arbitr>ily =ces 9 its own di/9ctions1 or else j repeats :at is already !re--is ei!r falsify+ or futile4 ,?is same contradiction1 s f> z x affects ! impression1 has already be5 discuss$4 ,see p4 #ca4 #ch ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ca4 #ci ,z we h already se51 ! concept1 ! mean+ z su*1 is always a factor or /atus 9 a reflective situation2 x is always a pr$icate ( judgm5t1 9 use 9 int]pret+ & develop+ ! logical subject1 or datum ( p]ception4 ,see ,/udy ,,vii1 on ! ,hypo!sis4 #dj ,,royce1 9 8 ,_w & ,individual1 ,vol4 ,i1 *aps4 #f & #g1 has criticis$ ! conception ( mean+ z valid1 b 9 a way :i* implies t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 validity & reality1 9 ! s5se t ! mean+ or cont5t ( ! valid idea becomes real only :5 x is exp]i5c$ 9 direct feel+4 ,! above implies1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5ce betwe5 validity & reality1 b f9ds ! te/ ( validity 9 ex]cise ( ! function ( direction or control to :i* ! idea makes pret5sion or claim4 ,! same po9t ( view w\ld pr(\ndly modify ,royce's int]pretation ( :at he t]ms inn] & out] mean+4 ,see ,,moore1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,dec5nial ,publications1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 on ,exi/5ce1 ,mean+1 & ,reality4 #da ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #beg1 #bfe & 9 g5]al ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 #d4 ,x is significant t ?\ght itself1 appe>+ z an act ( ?9k+ ov] aga9/ its own cont5t1 is "h treat$ z psy*ical4 ,ev5 ?is explicit plac+ ( ?9k+ 9 ! psy*ical sph]e1 along ) s5sations & ! associative me*anism1 does n1 h[ev]1 lead ,lotze to reconsid] 8 /atem5t t ! psy*ological problem is totally irrelevant & ev5 corrupt+ z reg>ds ! logical4 ,consequ5tly1 z we see 9 ! text1 x only gives him "o m difficulty to wre/le )3 h[ a process :i* is ex (ficio purely psy*ical & subjective c yet yield results :i* are valid1 9 a logical1 to say no?+ ( an ontological1 s5se4 #db ,pr(essor ,james's satisfaction 9 ! contemplation ( b>e pluralism1 ( disconnection1 ( radical hav+-no?+-to-d-)-"o-ano!r1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,! satisfaction po9ts to an /hetic attitude 9 :i* ! brute div]sity becomes itself "o int]e/+ object2 & ?us unity ass]ts itself 9 its own d5ial4 ,:5 discords are h>d & /ubborn1 & intellectual & practical unification are f> to seek1 no?+ is common] ?an ! device ( secur+ ! ne$$ unity by rec\rse to an emotion :i* fe$s on ! v brute v>iety4 ,religion & art & romantic affection are full ( examples4 #dc ,lotze ev5 goes s f> 9 ?is connection z to say t ! anti!sis betwe5 our ideas & ! objects to :i* !y are direct$ is itself a "p ( ! _w ( ideas 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aib74 ,b>r+ ! phrase _w ( ideas 7z aga9/ _w ( cont9u\s exp]i5c+7 he ne$ only h comm5c$ at ?is po9t to h travel$ /raight & arriv$ some:]e4 ,b x is absolutely impossible to hold bo? ?is view & t ( ! orig9al indep5d5t exi/5ce ( some?+ giv5 to & 9 ?\ght & an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( a ?\ght-activity1 ?\ght-=ms1 & ?\ght-cont5ts4 #dd ,! criticism ( ,bosanquet's !ory ( ! judgm5t (f]$ 9 ?is pap] is f ! /&po9t ( ! !ory ( ! judgm5t develop$ by ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey1 9 8 lectures on ,! ,!ory ( ,logic4 ,:ile ! *ief int]e/ ( ! pap]1 z ! title implies1 is critical1 x has be5 necess>y to devote a portion ( x to ! exposition ( ! po9t ( view f :i* ! criticism is made4--,h4 ,b4 ,t4 #de ,! ref]5ces ?r\gh\t ?is pap] are to ! pages ( ,vol4 ,i ( ,,b]n>d ,,bosanquet1 ,logic or ! ,morphology ( ,k1 ,ox=d1 #ahhh4 #df ,f4 ,h4 ,,bradley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 p4 #fd4 #dg ,! difficulty1 ( c\rse1 is n a m]ely =mal "o1 mu* less a v]bal "o4 ,in/9ctively we grant to ,bosanquet 8 /atem5t t reality is a cont9u\s :ole2 we feel x almo/ capti\s to "q 8 "r to x4 ,b :y8 ,because ! cont5t ( judgm5t is cont9u\s2 judgm5t is always engag$ ) ! det]m9ation ( a relat$ totality4 ,b if all cont5t is ideal1 & judgm5t is j ! application ( ?is cont5t to reality 9 virtue ( an isolat$ contact1 surely x begs ! entire "q to say t reality ap>t f ! cont5t appli$ is cont9u\s1 & !n to use ?is ass]tion to ju/ify ! objective validity ( ! judgm5t--its elem5t ( p]man5t tru?4 #dh ,!re is good reason = believ+ t ,mr4 ,bosanquet escapes1 9 8 own m9d1 ! difficulty by ! t]m correspond5ce4 ,! "n /&s = ^! elem5ts 9 ! idea :i* correspond 9 ! sep>ate worlds2 we may ev5 be accus$ ( inju/ice 9 confus+ ?is correspond5ce ) b>e id5tity ( exi/5ce4 ,b if "o idea corresponds to ano!r 9 ! s5se ( ref]r+ to x1 :at is ?is b ! fact to be expla9$--h[ an exi/5ce c ref] beyond itself8 #di ,?is conclusion is cle>ly recogniz$ by ,,bradley1 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 *ap4 #d4 #ej ,x w\ld be sugge/ive to inquire 9 :at s5se consci\s ?\ght claims to "k4 ,is x a g5]al claim :i* ?\ght qua ?\ght puts =?1 or is x ! claim ( ! cont5t ( "s p>ticul> ?\ght8 ,! =m]1 ( c\rse1 is a m]e pi\s aspiration hav+ no ref]5ce to specific validity or tru?2 ! latt] is precisely ! problem "u consid]ation4 #ea ,bosanquet w\ld seem to h foll[$ ,lotze 9 ?is ins]tion ( a _w ( mean+s int]m$iate betwe5 ! individual idea z su* & ! real object z su*4 ,see ! criticism already pass$1 pp4 #ic-e4 #eb ,or1 ! situation z que/ion$ is itself a fact1 & a p]fectly det]m9ate 7?\gh n det]m9$7 "o4 ,see pp4 #ch1 #ej4 #ec ,( c\rse1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! process ( arriv+ z temporal1 & ! ess5tial relation ( subject & pr$icate z et]nal1 h>ks back to ! notion ( judgm5t z ! process by :i* we reproduce1 or make real = ourselves1 a reality already real )9 itself4 ,& x involves j ! same difficulties4 ,! relation ( subject & pr$icate--?is simultane\s di/9ction & mutual ref]5ce--has mean+ only 9 an act ( adju/m5t1 ( attempt to control1 )9 :i* we di/ribute our conditions4 ,:5 ! act is complet$1 ! relation ( subject & pr$icate1 z subject & pr$icate1 q disappe>s4 ,an et]nal relation ( ! two is mean+less2 we might z well talk ( an et]nal rea*+ = ! same di/ant object by ! same h&4 ,9 su* conceptions1 we h only grasp$ a mom5t>y phase ( a situation1 isolat$ x1 & set x up z an entity4 ,significant results w\ld be rea*$ by consid]+ ! syn!tic "* 79 ! ,kantian s5se7 ( judgm5t f ?is po9t ( view4 ,all mod]n logicians agree t judgm5t mu/ be ampliative1 mu/ ext5d k2 t a trifl+ proposition is no judgm5t at all4 ,:at does ?is mean save t judgm5t is developm5tal1 transitive1 9 effect & purport8 ,& yet ^! same writ]s conceive ( ,reality z a f9i%$ sy/em ( cont5t 9 a complete & un*angeable s+le ,judgm5t6 ,x is impossible to evade ! contradiction save by recogniz+ t s9ce x is ! bus9ess ( judgm5t to trans=m1 its te/ 7or ,tru?7 is successful p]=mance ( ! p>ticul> trans=mation x has set itself1 & t trans=mation is temporal4 #ed ,x is wor? consid]+ :e!r ?is may n be ! reality ( ,royce's di/9ction betwe5 out] & inn] mean+4 ,an anticipation ( exp]i5ce is ! work+ pr]equisite ( ! control :i* w realize ! idea1 i4 e41 ! exp]i5ce anticipat$4 ,"o is no m inn] or out] ?an ! o!r4 #ee ,logik1 p4 #cjd4 #ef ,,de ,,morgan1 ,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 pp4 #ee1 #ef2 quot$ by ,,welton1 ,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fj4 #eg ,advanc$ gramm>ians treat ?is matt] 9 a way :i* %\ld be in/ructive to logicians4 ,! hypo!sis1 says ,,sweet 7 #bie ( ,a ,new ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,logical & ,hi/orical1 ,ox=d1 #ahib71 sugge/s an affirmation or negation z objects ( ?\ght4 ,9 fact1 we (t5 say suppos+ 7t is1 '?9k+'7 x is true1 in/ead ( if x is true4 ,9 a ^w1 ! hypo!tical judgm5t z su* puts explicitly be=e u ! cont5t ( ?\ght1 ( ! pr$icate or hypo!sis2 & 9 s f> is a mom5t 9 judgm5t r ?an adequate judgm5t itself4 #eh ,?is c>ries ) x1 ( c\rse1 ! notion t s5sation & image are n di/9ct psy*ical exi/5ces 9 !mselves1 b are di/+ui%$ logical =ces4 #ei ,conc]n+ ! /rict correlativity ( subject & pr$icate1 data & hypo!sis1 see p4 #cd4 #fj ,novum ,organum1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fa4 #fa ,newton's ,rules = ,philosophiz+ 7,pr9cipia1 ,book ,,iii7 are z foll[s3 ,rule ,i4 ,no m causes ( natural ?+s are to be admitt$ ?an su* z are bo? true1 & suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ^? ?+s4 ,rule ,,ii4 ,natural effects ( ! same k9d are to be ref]r$ z f> z possible to ! same causes4 ,rule ,,iii4 ,^? qualities ( bodies t c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ 9 int5sity1 & :i* are f\nd to belong to all bodies )9 rea* ( our exp]im5ts are to be reg>d$ z qualities ( all bodies :atev]4 ,rule ,,iv4 ,9 exp]im5tal philosophy propositions collect$ by induction f ph5om5a are to be reg>d$ ei!r z accurately true or v ne>ly true not)/&+ any contr>y hypo!sis1 till o!r ph5om5a occur1 by :i* !y are made m accurate or are r5d]$ subject to exceptions4 #fb ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #e2 italics m9e4 ,! latt] "p ( ! passage1 beg9n+ ) ! words ,if we did n (t5 comm5ce1 etc41 is quot$ by ,mill f ,comte4 ,! words nei!r induction nor d$uction w\ld enable u to und]/& ev5 ! simple/ ph5om5a are 8 own4 #fc ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 #g1 sec4 #a4 #fd ,book ,,iii1 *ap4 #ad1 secs4 #d & #e4 #fe ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ,london1 #ahdj4 #ff ,! ess5tial simil>ity betwe5 ,:ewell's view & t ( ,lotze1 already discuss$ 7see *ap4 #c7 is ( c\rse expla9able on ! basis ( _! common relation%ip to ,kant4 #fg ,logic1 ,book ,,iv1 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #b2 italics m9e4 #fh ,ibid4 #fi ,ibid41 sec4 #d2 9 sec4 #f he /ates ev5 m expressly t any conception is appropriate 9 ! degree 9 :i* x helps u t[>d :at we wi% to und]/&4 #gj ,ibid41 sec4 #f2 italics m9e4 #ga ,,v5n1 ,empirical ,logic1 p4 #chc4 #gb ,,v5n1 ,empirical ,logic1 p4 #be2 italics m9e4 #gc ,,welton1 ,manual ( ,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 #c4 #gd ,w4 ,s4 ,,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #bca1 #bcb4 #ge ,b4 ,,erdmann1 ,zur ,!orie des ,syllogismus und d] ,induktion1 ,philosophis*e ,abh&lung51 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bcj4 #gf ,,wundt1 ,logik1 #b;d ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aca4 #gg ,,welton1 ,manual ( ,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gb4 #gh ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #deb ff4 #gi ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ded-dfa4 #hj ,,bosanquet1 ,logic1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #df4 #ha ,,bradley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 p4 #aj4 #hb ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #gd4 #hc ,,bradley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 p4 #aa4 #hd ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #he ,,bradley1 op4 cit41 pp4 #d-f4 #hf ,op4 cit41 pp4 #g1 #h4 #hg ,?is /udy may be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se a developm5t ( pp4 #g-aj ( ,! ,necess>y & ! ,cont+5t 9 ! ,ari/otelian ,sy/em1 publi%$ 9 #ahif by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 ,:ile q indep5d5t 9 treatm5t1 ! two pap]s supplem5t ea* o!r4 #hh ,! be/ special illu/ration ( ?is tru? ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is pres5t$ = ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry 9 an article by ,f4 ,,wald1 ,die ,g5esis d] /*iometris*5 ,grundgesetze1 9 ,zeits*rift fr physikalis*e ,*emie1 ,vol4 ,,xviii 7#ahie71 pp4 #ccg ff4 #hi ,greek3 ,xi #bja1 #bdf4 #ij ,h #ii4 #ia ,9 allusion to fr4 #ij 7,,diels74 ,,diels f9ds 9 fr4 #ajh 7fr4 #ah1 ,,bywat]71 ,greek3 oti sophon e/i pantn ke*rism5on ! ?\ght t ,god is ! ,absolute1 comp>+ ! ,greek3 ,n\s ( ,anaxagoras & ! ,greek3 *ri/ idea ( ,plato & ! ,greek3 ousia *ri/ ( ,ari/otle4 ,he assumes t ,greek3 sophon,greek3 logos & conc$es great significance to ! fragm5t4 ,b ?is int]pretation is utt]ly incompatible ) ev]y?+ else t we "k ( ,h]aclitus1 & %\ld be admitt$ only if x 7 ! only "o admissible4 ,,zell] discusses ! fragm5t at l5g?1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbi1 #a4 ,if ,diels's int]pretation be accept$1 ! exposition above giv5 ( ,h]aclitus's logical position mu/ be ab&on$4 #ib ,x has be51 & 9 "s qu>t]s is /ill1 ! fa%ion to say t ,h]aclitus is ! orig9ator ( ! doctr9e ( relativity2 b ,zell] is q "r 9 d5y+ ! *>ge4 ,no d\bt 8 tea*+s l5t !mselves readily to su* a developm5t1 b he did n s express himself4 ,accord+ to him ! contr>ieties coexi/ 9 ! process4 #ic ,cf4 ,,ritt]-,,prell]1 #fe;c4 #id ,?is1 9 a ^w1 is ! burd5 ( my /udy ( ,! ,necess>y & ! ,cont+5t 9 ! ,ari/otelian ,sy/em4 #ie ,i h 9 prep>ation a /udy ( ! problem ( physical int]action 9 ,pre-,socratic philosophy :i* deals ) ?is "q 9 all its phases4 #if ,?is /atem5t is1 ( c\rse1 figurative1 s9ce ,emp$ocles d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a void4 #ig ,i _c n[ und]take a def5se ( ?is /atem5t1 :i* runs c\nt] to c]ta9 anci5t reports1 b mu/ res]ve a full discussion = my acc\nt ( physical int]action4 #ih ,! motive = mak+ ?is assumption 0 cle>ly ! desire to make ( ! ,greek3 ,n\s ! prime mov] 9 ! _w :ile exempt+ x f reaction on ! "p ( ! _w1 :i* w\ld h be5 unavoidable if its nature _h conta9$ p>ts ( o!r ?+s4 ,x is ! same problem ( t\*+ )\t be+ t\*$ 9 return t l$ ,ari/otle to a simil> def9ition ( ,god & ( ! rational s\l4 ,! same difficulty besets ! absolutely simple s\l ( ,plato's ,pha$o & ! causality ( ! ,ideas4 #ii ,,ari/otle1 ,de ,g5]atione et ,corruptione1 #cbc;b #aj f4 #ajj ,we h se5 t ?is di/9ction 0 lat5t 9 ,anaxim5es's process ( r>efaction & cond5sation4 ,= o!r matt]s see ,,*aignet1 ,hi/oire de la ,psy*ologie1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aad1 ^: acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be correct$ 9 "s p>ticul>s4 #aja ,i say p]haps because anci5t reports diff] z to ! precise relation ( position & arrangem5t to ! di/9ction betwe5 qualities1 prim>y & second>y4 #ajb ,?is is only ano!r in/ance ( :at ,,mr4 ,,v5n 7,empirical ,logic1 p4 #ef7 has wittily allud$ to z screw+ up ! cause & ! effect into close juxtaposition4 #ajc ,simplicius says ,greek3 eu?ys meta to prooimion2 see ,,diels1 ,die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik] 7,b]l91 #aijc71 p4 #cdg1 l4 #ah4 #ajd ,fr4 #b1 ,,diels4 #aje ,see ,,diels1 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 p4 #cdc1 l4 #b2 p4 #cdd1 l4 #bg4 #ajf #cbj ,c f4 #ajg ,consid]ations ( space z well z circum/ances att5d+ ! imm$iate prep>ation ( ?is discussion = ! press h preclud$ any b ! mo/ g5]al & casual ref]5ce to ! rec5t lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,mu* ( ?is lit]ature only imp]fectly di/+ui%es ! logical & psy*ological po9ts ( view1 s t critical ref]5ce to x1 unaccompani$ by detail$ re/atem5t & analysis ( ! positions criticis$1 w\ld be useless4 #ajh ,9 ord] to avoid complicat+ ! problems1 we h "h employ$ ! common notion t ! physical _w1 physical object1 & prop]ty may be tak5 = grant$ z possible adequate cont5ts ( judgm5t1 & t ! problem is only z to ! objectivity ( economic & e?ical cont5ts4 ,( c\rse we may1 9 ! end1 come to believe t ! physical object is itself an economic con/ruct1 9 ! l>ge s5se ( economic2 t is1 an in/rum5t ( an effective or successful exp]i5ce4 ,?us 9 t]ms ( ! illu/ration us$ above1 9 ! attitude ( ent]ta9+ 9 a g5]al way ! plan ( build+ a h\se ( "s sort or o!r1 "o may h be=e him v>i\s build+ mat]ials ! asc]ta9$ qualities ( :i* are1 x may be1 socially recogniz$ z 9 a g5]al way fitt+ !m = su* a use4 ,!re is d\btless s mu* ( real f\ndation = ! common notion "h ref]r$ to4 ,b along ) ! def9ition ( ! plan 9 e?ical & economic judgm5t1 along ) ! det]m9ation actually to build a h\se1 & a h\se ( a c]ta9 specific k9d1 mu/ g fur!r det]m9ation ( ! means 9 _! physical aspects1 a det]m9ation :i* all ! :ile reacts into ! process ( det]m9ation ( ! end4 ,see bel[1 p4 #bdf1 note #c4 #aji ,9 ! moral life1 z else:]e1 ! di/9ction ( d$uction & induction is "o ( degree4 ,!re is b "o type or me?od ( inf]5ce1 ?\gh "s inf]5ces may approa* m closely ?an d o!rs ! limit ( pure subsumption4 #aaj ,see ,,iii bel[4 #aaa ,x is no "p ( ! pres5t view t ! ends :i* ent] into economic conflict are incapable ( becom+ organic & intr9sically int]relat$ memb]s ( ! provisional sy/em ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v ess5ce ( our cont5tion is t adju/m5t e/abli%$ betwe5 two su* conflict+ ends 9 economic judgm5t is 9 itself e?ical & a memb] ( ! provisional sy/em ( ! individual's ends ( life1 & w /& z su*1 subject to modification ?r\gh *anges else:]e 9 ! sy/em1 s long z ! economic conditions 9 view ( :i* x 0 det]m9$ rema9$ un*ang$4 ,! mutual exclusiv5ess ( ! ends 9 e?ical delib]ation is simply ! correlate ( a relative fixity 9 c]ta9 ( ! conditions ( life4 ,a man's comm& ov] ! means ( obta9+ su* ?+s z books & fuel v>ies mu* & (t5 sudd5ly 9 a society l ours f "t to "t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 8 physical condition1 8 intellig5ce1 8 p[]s ( sympa?y1 & 8 spiritual capacity = social s]vice commonly d n4 ,h5ce !re c be & is a c]ta9 m or less def9ite & p]man5t compreh5sive s*eme ( conduct morally obligatory ^u him s f> z ! ex]cise ( ^! latt] faculties is conc]n$1 b s f> z 8 conduct dep5ds ^u ! v>iable conditions m5tion$1 x _c be prescrib$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 nor w any provisional ideal ( moral selfhood admit any su* prescriptions z integral elem5ts into itself4 ,! moral self is an ideal con/ruct bas$ ^u ^! fix$ conditions ( life--conditions s fix$ t ! spiritual fur!rance or det]ioration likely to result f c]ta9 modes ( conduct involv+ & affect+ !m c be e/imat$ directly & ) relative ease by ! e?ical me?od ( judgm5t4 ,impli$ 9 su* a con/ruct is1 ( c\rse1 a ref]5ce to c]ta9 relatively p]man5t social & also physical conditions4 ,9 s f> z society & physical nature1 & = t matt] ! individual's own nature1 are v>iable1 ^! are ! subjects ( sci5tific or factual judgm5ts incid5tal to ! det]m9ation ( problems by ! economic me?od--problems1 t is1 = :i* no g5]al answ]1 ?r\gh ref]5ce to a m or less def9ite & /able work+ concept ( ! self1 c be giv54 ,?us our k ( ! physical univ]se is l>gely1 if n *iefly1 incid5tal to & condition$ by our economic exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 our economic judgm5ts are 9 e case det]m9ative ( ! self 9 situations 9 :i*1 z pres5t$ by 7p]haps ev5 mom5t>ily7 v>iable conditions1 physical1 social1 or p]sonal1 ! e?ical me?od is inapplicable4 ,9 a sociali/ic /ate1 9 :i* economic conditions might be m /able ?an 9 our pres5t "o1 _m problems 9 consumption :i* n[ are economic 9 "o s5se w\ld be e?ical because admitt+ ( solution by ref]5ce to ! type ( self presuppos$ 9 ! e/abli%$ /ate program ( production & di/ribution4 ,ev5 n[ x is n easy to specify an economic situation ! solution ( :i* is absolutely indiff]5t e?ically4 ,!re is a possibility ( intemp]ance ev5 9 s /hetic an indulg5ce z ,turki% rugs4 #aab ,accord+ly !re c be no di/9ction ( ends1 "s z e?ical1 o!rs z economic1 b f an e?ical /&po9t indiff]5t1 & yet o!rs z am5able nei!r to e?ical nor to economic judgm5t4 ,! type ( situation & ! correspond+ mode ( judgm5t employ$ det]m9es :e!r an end %all be = ! "t be+ e?ical1 economic1 or ( nei!r sort conspicu\sly4 #aac ,! "r ( ,prud5ce to rank among ! virtues _c1 on our pres5t view1 be que/ion$4 ,economic judgm5t1 ?\gh x mu/ be valuation ( means1 is ess5tially *oice ( ends--&1 z w\ld appe>1 *oice ( a sort peculi>ly difficult by reason ( ! usually slight intr9sic relation betwe5 ! ends involv$ & also by reason ( ! abs5ce ( effective po9ts ( view = comp>ison4 ,culture1 z ,em]son rem>ks1 sees prud5ce n to be a sev]al faculty1 b a "n = wisdom & virtue conv]s+ ) ! body & its wants4 ,& aga91 ,! spuri\s prud5ce1 mak+ ! s5ses f9al1 is ! god ( sots & c[>ds1 & is ! subject ( all com$y4444 ,! true prud5ce takes ! laws ( ! _w :]eby man's be+ is condition$1 z !y are1 & keeps ^! laws t x may enjoy _! prop] good 7,essay on ,prud5ce74 #aad ,"h aga9 we purposely use inaccurate language4 ,/rictly1 ! ends "h spok5 ( z compet+ are su*1 we mu/ say1 only because !y are z yet 9 a measure indet]m9ate1 want+ 9 cle>ness1 & are n yet und]/ood 9 _! true economic "*2 likewise ! means are want+ 9 t f9al %ade or degree ( physical & me*anical det]m9at5ess :i* !y are pres5tly to possess z means to a f9ally det]m9ate economic end4 ,?us economic judgm5t1 by :i* is to be und]/ood det]m9ation ( an end ( action by ! economic me?od & 9 accordance ) economic pr9ciples1 involves 9 g5]al physical re-det]m9ation ( ! means4 ,! means :i* at ! outset ( ! pres5t economic judgm5t-process appe> z physically available indiff]5tly = ei!r ( ! t5tative ends "u consid]ation are only 9 a g5]al way ! same means = k z !y w be :5 ! economic problem has be5 solv$4 ,!y are1 s f> z n[ det]m9ate1 ! outcome ( =m] physical judgm5t-processes incid5tal to ! def9ition ( economic ends 9 =m] situations l ! pres5t4 #aae ,9 our discussion ( ?is prelim9>y "q !re is no attempt to furni% :at might be call$ an analysis ( ! consci\sness ( objectivity4 ,?is has be5 und]tak5 by v>i\s psy*ologi/s 9 rec5t well-kn[n contributions to ! subject4 ,= our purpose x is necess>y only to specify ! intellectual & practical attitude out ( :i* ! consci\sness ( objectivity arises2 n ! s5sory elem5ts or factors involv$ 9 its production z an exp]i5ce4 #aaf ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 our vague organic s5sations are possibly m in/ructive z !y are1 = _! own purpose1 ?an !y w\ld be if m %>ply discrim9at$ & complexly ref]r$4 ,= conv5i5ce we "h meet ! view "u consid]ation ) its own t]m9ology2 we by no means wi% to be und]/ood z indors+ ?is t]m9ology z psy*ologically correct4 ,! s5se-quality ( :i* we read 9 /ructural psy*ology is1 we hold1 n a /ructural unit at all1 b 9 fact a highly ab/ract developm5t out ( t unorganiz$ :ole ( s5sory exp]i5ce 9 :i* reflective att5tion beg9s4 ,!re is1 = example1 no su* ?+ z ! simple unanalyzable s5se-quality r$ 9 consci\sness until judgm5t has proce$$ f> en\gh to h con/ruct$ a def9ite & measur$ exp]i5ce :i* may be symboliz$ z object-be=e-me-possess+-!-attribute-r$4 ,9 place ( ! orig9al s5sory total-exp]i5ce we n[ h a m or less develop$ p]ceptual 7i4 e41 judgm5tal7 total-exp]i5ce4 ,x is an in/ance ( ! psy*ological fallacy to int]pret :at are really elem5ts ( mean+ 9 a p]ceiv$ object con/ruct$ 9 judgm5t 7= ?is is ! true nature ( ! simple idea ( s5sation or s5se-elem5t7 z s _m bits ( psy*ical mat]ial :i* 7 isolat$ f ea* o!r at ! outset1 & h be5 ext]nally jo9$ toge!r 9 _! pres5t comb9ation4 #aag ,! phrase is ,klpe's & is us$ 9 8 s5se ( consci\sness tak5 z a :ole1 z1 = example1 att5tive1 app]ceptive1 volitional1 r ?an 9 ! s5se made famili> by ,sp5c] & o!rs4 #aah ,! =ego+ discussion is 9 _m ways simil> to ,br5tano's ^u ! same subject4 ,9 discuss+ 8 fir/ class ( modes ( consci\sness1 ! ,vor/ellung51 he says3 ,we f9d no contra/s betwe5 pres5tations except+ ^? ( ! objects to :i* ! pres5tations ref]4 ,only 9 s f> z w>m & cold1 light & d>k1 a high note & a l[1 =m contra/s c we speak ( ! correspond+ pres5tations z contra/$2 &1 9 g5]al1 !re is 9 any o!r s5se ?an ?is no contra/ )9 ! entire range ( ^! consci\s processes 7,psy*ologie vom empiris*5 ,/&punkte1 ,bd4 ,i1 p4 #bi74 ,?is may /& z aga9/ any attempt to f9d contra/ betwe5 ab/ract s5se-qualities tak5 ap>t f _! objective ref]5ce4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 ! pres5t$ objects8 ,app>5tly ?is mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! la/ resort z above4 ,9 ?is s5se we %\ld ne$ f9ally to int]pret s5su\s & mat]ial 9 t]ms ( objectivity z above def9$1 r ?an ! rev]se4 ,!y are cases 9 or specifications ( ! det]m9ation ( adequate /imuli4 #aai ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce may be made to ! well-kn[n di/urb+ effect ( ! =c$ introduction ( att5tion to details into e/abli%$ s5sori-motor co-ord9ations1 su* z typewrit+1 play+ ^u ! piano1 & ! l4 #abj ,cf4 ,,pr(essor ,,baldw9',s ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations1 & ,,pr(essor ,,mcgilv>y',s rec5t pap] on ,moral ,obligation1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 especially pp4 #cdi f4 #aba ,manife/ly1 z indicat$ j above1 ?is accept$ value ( ! object implies full] physical k ( ! object ?an 0 possess$ at ! outset ( ! economic judgm5t4 ,see above1 p4 #bcd1 note2 p4 #bdf1 note #c2 & p4 #bga1 bel[4 #abb ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #e4 #abc ,see p4 #bec above4 #abd ,x is n s mu* ! case t ! object1 on ! "o side1 excites 9 ! ag5t's consci\sness1 on ! o!r1 ! s5sations ( resi/ance :i* h play$ su* a "p 9 rec5t controv]sy on ! subject1 z t 7#a7 ! object 9 c]ta9 ( its prompt+s is resi/+ c]ta9 o!r ( its prompt+s1 or t 7#b7 c]ta9 positive activities ( ! ag5t are be+ inhibit$ by c]ta9 negative activities1 !reby giv+ rise to ! emotion ( resi/ance4 ,t positive & negative are "h us$ 9 a teleological way w be app>5t4 ,x is surely mislead+ to speak ( s5sations ( resi/ance ev5 9 deprecatory quotation m>ks1 except z s5sation is us$ 9 its ev]yday mean+1 viz41 exp]i5ce ( /rongly s5sory quality4 #abe ,! g5]al !ory ( emotion :i* is "h presuppos$1 & inde$ is fundam5tal to ! entire discussion1 may be f\nd 9 ,,pr(essor ,,dewey',s pap]s on ,! ,!ory ( ,emotion1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eec2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ac4 #abf ,su* is1 9 fact1 ! tea*+ ( ! v>i\s =ms ( e?ical intuitionism1 & we f9d x n m]ely impli$1 b explicitly affirm$1 9 a "w 9 _m respects s remote f intuitionism 9 its /&po9t z ,,gre5',s ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics4 ,see pp4 #agh-ha1 & especially pp4 #cee-i4 #abg ,s]mon ,,ii4 #abh ,n to imply ( c\rse t psy*ologically or logically ! di/9ction ( conditions & means is o!r ?an a conv5i5t sup]ficial "o4 #abi ,manife/ly we h "h be5 approa*+ f a new direction ! ,recognition coeffici5t ( reality describ$ above4 ,see p4 #bff4 #acj ,?is1 if x 7 int5d$ z an acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( psy*ology z a sci5ce & ( ! psy*ological int]e/ on ! "p ( ! individual1 w\ld d\btless be mo/ inadequate4 ,we h1 = "o ?+1 made no m5tion ( ! "p :i* error & result+ practical failure play 9 /imulat+ an int]e/ 9 ! judgm5tal processes ( obs]vation & ! l1 & 9 te*nique ( ! control ( ^!4 ,"h1 z well z 9 ! processes ( execution ( our purposes1 mu/ be f\nd _m ( ! roots ( psy*ology z a sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 no explanation has be5 (f]$ above = ! appropriation by ! en]getic self ( ^! ph5om5a ( int]ruption & ret>dation ( its en]gy z be+1 9 fact1 its own1 or )9 itself4 ,! problem w\ld appe> to be psy*ological1 & s )\t our prov9ce1 & we gladly pass x by4 #aca ,we c1 ( c\rse1 und]take no m9ute analysis ( ! psy*ological me*anism or concat5ation ( ! process "h sket*$ 9 b>e/ outl9e4 ,our pres5t purpose is :olly t ( description4 ,slight z our acc\nt ( ! process ( transition is1 we give x space only because x seems necess>y to d s 9 ord] to make intelligible ! acc\nts yet to be giv5 ( ! consci\s valuation processes = :i* ! movem5t "h describ$ prep>es ! way4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we assume above t ! purpose is successful z plann$ & by succe$+ br+s ab\t ! undesirable results4 ,failure 9 execution ( ! purpose z su* c\ld only1 9 ! mann] already outl9$1 prompt a m adequate inve/igation ( ! factual conditions4 #acb ,! case is n ess5tially alt]$ 9 logical "* if = ! ,levitical law be sub/itut$ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! new disp5sation read (f details by an au?oritative *ur* or by private judgm5t4 #acc ,a rem>k may be add$ "h by way ( caution4 ,! pres5t$ self1 we h said1 att5uates to a m]e maxim or tacit presumption 9 favor ( a c]ta9 type ( logical proc$ure 9 deal+ ) ! situation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pres5t$ self1 l all o!r pres5tation1 is & comes to be = ! sake ( its function 9 exp]i5ce1 & s is practical f ! />t4 ,! process sket*$ above is !re=e n f b>e pres5t$ cont5t z su* to a me?odological presumption1 :i*1 z me?odological & n cont5tual1 is qualitatively diff]5t f :at prec$$ x4 #acd ,recogniz$ au?ority is1 ( c\rse1 n ! same ?+ by any means z au?ority unrecogniz$ because absolutely dom9ant4 #ace ,we may be p>don$ = supply+ f ! hi/ory ( e?ics no illu/rations ( ?is slight sket*4 #acf ,9 fact1 z sugge/$ above1 ! ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics is 9 _m respects ess5tially intuitional 9 _s1 ?\gh its intuitionism is ( a mod]n discreetly att5uat$ sort4 #acg ,?is w\ld appe> to be ! logical value ( functional psy*ology z a sci5ce ( m5tal process4 #ach ,we h already giv5 a slight sket* ( ! hi/orical process "h *>act]iz$ 9 ! b>e/ logical t]ms4 #aci ,fur!r consid]ation ( ! problem ( factual judgm5t mu/ be def]r$ to ,"p ,v4 #adj ,! relation ( ! empirical self to ! en]getic & to /&>ds w come 9 = /atem5t 9 ,"p ,v 9 ! connection j ref]r$ to4 #ada ,x might be possible to con/ruct a logic ( ^! v>i\s types ( work+ moral /&>d 9 su* a way z to %[ t 9 ea* type !re is impli$ ! "o next high] morphologically1 & ultimately ! highe/--t is1 "s sort ( concept ( ! en]getic self4 #adb ,x matt]s n at all :e!r1 9 e?ics or metaphysics1 our univ]sal be ab/ract or on ! o!r h& concrete1 l ,gre5's conception ( ! self1 or a ,hegelian ,absolute4 ,its logical use 9 ! det]m9ation ( p>ticul>s mu/ be ess5tially ! same 9 ei!r case4 #adc ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce may be made to ,,mr4 ,,taylor',s rec5t "w1 ,! ,problem ( ,conduct4 ,mr4 ,taylor r$uces ! moral life to t]ms ( an ultimate conflict betwe5 ! ideals ( egoism & social ju/ice1 hold+ t ! conflict is 9 !ory irreconcilable4 ,) ?is negative attitude t[>d curr5t /&>ds 9 e?ical !ory "o may well be 9 accord )\t accept+ ,mr4 ,taylor's fur!r cont5tion t a !ory ( e?ics is !re=e impossible4 ,because ! e?ics ( subsumption is demon/rably futile x by no means foll[s t a me?od ( e?ics _c be develop$ along ! l9es ( mod]n sci5tific logic :i* %all be z valid z ! proc$ure ( ! inve/igator 9 ! sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,taylor's logic is virtually ! same z t ( ! e?ical !ories :i* he criticises2 because an e?ical ideal is impossible1 a !ory ( e?ics is impossible also4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ,,mr4 ,,bradley',s criticism ( k 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! ,logic z an int]e/+ p>allel4 #add ,,mr4 ,,bosanquet',s discussion ( ! place ( ! pr9ciple ( teleology 9 analogical inf]5ce w be f\nd sugge/ive 9 ?is connection 7,logic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 iii74 #ade ,see above1 p4 #bdc & p4 #bei ad f94 #adf ,we use ! expression en]gy-equival5t because ! excess ga9$ by ! self ?r\gh ! pa/ adju/m5t is n ( importance at j ?is po9t4 ,! ess5tial significance ( ! means n[ is n t !y co/ less ?an !y promis$ to br+ 9 9 en]gy1 b t because !y requir$ sacrifice ! self w n[ lose unless !y are all[$ to fulfil ! promise4 ,!y are ! logical equival5t ( ! e/abli%$ modes ( consumption f ! /&po9t ( cons]vation ( ! en]gies ( ! self1 n ! ma!matical equival5t4 ,x w\ld be desirable1 if !re 7 space1 to pres5t a brief acc\nt ( ! psy*ological basis ( ! concepts ( en]gy & en]gy-equival5ce :i* "h come into play1 b ?is mu/ be omitt$4 #adg ,putt+ x negatively1 ! r5unciation ( ! new end involves a great] sacrifice ?an all ! sacrifices :i* adh]5ce to ! pres5t sy/em ( consumption c comp5sate4 #adh ,gre51 z is well kn[n1 all[s t any =mulation ( ! ideal self mu/ be incomplete1 b holds t x is n = ?is reason useless4 ,b ?is is to assume t developm5t 9 ! ideal is nev] to be radically recon/ructive1 t ! ideal is to exp& & fill out along e/abli%$ & un*angeable l9es ( gr[? s t all increase %all be 9 ! nature ( accretion4 ,! self z a sy/em is fix$ & all individual moral gr[? is 9 ! nature ( approximation to ?is absolute ideal4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be ess5tially id5tical 9 a logical s5se ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s hypo!sis ( social evolution z a process ( gradual approa* to a condition ( p]fect adaptation ( society & ! individual to ea* o!r 9 an environm5t to :i* society is p]fectly adapt$--a condition 9 :i* p]fectly evolv$ individuals %all live 9 a /ate ( bless$ness 9 con=mity to ! requirem5ts ( absolute e?ics4 ,= a criticism ( ?is latt] type ( view see ,,mr4 ,,taylor',s above-m5tion$ "w 7*ap4 v1 passim74 #adi ,= ,,gre5',s cauti\s def5se ( consci5ti\sness z a moral attitude see ! ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iv1 *ap4 i2 & = a /atem5t ( ! pres5t po9t ( view z be>+ ^u ,gre5's difficulty1 see ,,dewey1 ,! ,/udy ( ,e?ics3 ,a ,syllabus1 p4 #cg ad f941 & ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ffa1 #ffb4 #aej ,along ! l9e ?us inadequately sugge/$ might be f\nd an answ] to c]ta9 criticisms ( ! attempt to disp5se ) a metaphysical idea ( ! self4 ,su* criticisms usually urge t )\t ref]5ce to a metaphysical ideal no mean+ atta*es to su* conceptions z adju/m5t1 expansion1 fur!rance1 & ! l z pr$icat$ ( ! moral acts ( an ag5t 9 _! effect ^u ! en]getic self4 ,any?+ t "o may d1 x is said1 is expansive ( ! self1 if x be some?+ new1 except z we judge x by a metaphysical ideal ( a rightly exp&$ self4 ,= an excell5t /atem5t ( ?is g5]al l9e ( criticism see ,,/ratton1 ,a ,psy*ological ,te/ ( ,virtue1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bjj4 #aea ,! polemic ( c]ta9 rec5t writ]s 7z1 = example1 ,,ehr5fels 9 8 ,sy/em d] ,w]t!orie7 aga9/ ! objectivity ( judgm5ts ( value appe>s to re/ ^u an uncritical acceptance ( ! "t-honor$ di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities z equival5t to ! logical di/9ction ( subjective & objective4 ,?us ,,ehr5fels confutes das ,vorurteil von d] objectiv5 ,b$eutung des ,w]tbegriffes by expla9+ x z due to a mislead+ usage ( spee* expressive ( an impulse1 deep-root$ 9 ! human und]/&+1 to objectify its pres5tations & !n goes on to say ,we d n desire ?+s because we recognize ! pres5ce 9 !m ( a my/]i\s impalpable ess5ce ( ,value b we ascribe value to !m because we desire !m4 7,op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i1 p4 #b47 ,?is may s]ve to illu/rate ! easy possibility ( confus+ ! logical & psy*ological po9ts ( view1 z likewise does ,,ehr5fels's =mal def9ition ( value4 7,bd4 ,i41 p4 #fe47 #aeb ,! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( factual judgm5t ^u ! rise ( economic & e?ical conflict is impli$ 9 ! widely curr5t doctr9e ( ! teleological "* ( k4 ,x is inde$ n[adays some?+ l a commonplace to say 9 "o s5se or ano!r t k is relative to ends1 b x is n always recogniz$ by ^? :o hold ?is view t an end nev] appe>s z su* 9 consci\sness alone4 ,! end t guides 9 ! con/ruction ( factual k is an end 9 e?ical or economic conflict ) "s o!r likewise indet]m9ate end 9 ! mann] above discuss$4 #aec ,see above1 pp4 #bhb1 #bhc4 #aed ,cf4 ,,s*ill]1 ,riddles ( ! ,sph9x1 *ap4 vii1 #aj-ad4 #aee ,x w\ld appe> t ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is valid only 9 ! physical sph]e2 b ! logical significance ( ?is limitation _c be "h discuss$4 #aef ,t ! assumption m5tion$ is ! ess5tial basis ( ! tw9 !ories ( associationism 9 psy*ology & h$onism 9 e?ics is %[n by ,,dr4 ,,w>n] ,,fite 9 8 article1 ,! ,associational ,conception ( ,exp]i5ce1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bhc ff4 ,cf4 ,,mr4 ,,bradley's rem>ks on ! logic ( h$onism 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 pp4 #bdd-i4 #aeg ,! en]getic self is app>5tly ,,mr4 ,,bradley',s f\r? mean+ ( self1 ! self z monad--some?+ mov+ p>allel ) ! life ( a man1 or1 r1 some?+ n mov+1 b lit]ally /&+ 9 relation to 8 successive v>iety 7,appe>ance & ,reality #a/ ed4 p4 #hf1 9 *ap4 ix1 ,! ,mean+s ( ! ,self74 ,mr4 ,bradley's difficulty appe>s to come f 8 desir+ a psy*ological cont5t = :at is ess5tially a logical conception--a confusion 7if we may be p]mitt$ ! rem>k7 :i* runs ?r\gh ! entire *apt] to :i* we ref] & is responsible = ! und5iable & hopeless incoh]5cy ( ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! self1 z ,mr4 ,bradley !re9 exp\nds !m4 ,if ! monad /&s alo(1 says ,mr4 ,bradley1 ei!r ) no "* at all or a private "* ap>t1 !n x may be a f9e ?+ 9 itself1 b x is a m]e mock]y to call x ! self ( a man 7p4 #hg74 ,surely ?is is to miscon/rue & !n f9d fault ) t v "* ( ess5tial logical ap>tness f any possibility ( det]m9ation 9 po9t ( descriptive psy*ological cont5t :i* con/itutes ! :ole value ( ! en]getic self z a logical conception /imulative ( ! valuation-process & s inevitably ( factual judgm5t4 ,see pp4 #beh1 #bei1 above4 ,! read] may f9d = himself 9 ,mr4 ,bradley's enum]ation ( mean+s our concept ( ! empirical self4 ,b surely ! en]getic & empirical selves w\ld appe> on our %[+ to h no necess>y conflict ) ea* o!r4 #aeh ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! insep>able aspects valuation is det]m9ative ( ,rightness & ,wrongness2 9 ! second x pres5ts ! object z ,good or ,bad4 ,see p4 #bei1 above4 #aei ,see1 = example1 ,,wies]1 ,natural ,value 7,eng4 trans471 p4 #ag4 #afj ,see pp4 #cjg-ab above4 #afa ,! illu/ration1 z also ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* x "h is us$ to illu/rate1 0 sugge/$ "s ye>s s9ce by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,mead 9 a lecture c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ,psy*ology1 :i* ! writ] _h ! advantage ( att5d+4 #afb ,! cons]vative function ( valuation may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( m>g9al utility ( :i* we h already made m5tion 7p4 #cjg above71 & :i* has play$ s great a "p 9 mod]n economic !ory4 ,! value ( ! unit quantity ( a /ock ( any commodity is1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 measur$ by ! lea/ important s+le use 9 ! s*$ule ( uses to :i* ! /ock z a :ole is to be appli$4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 adh]5ce to ?is valuation plac$ ^u ! unit quantity is 9 s f> cons]vative ( ! :ole s*$ule & ! m>g9al value is a %ort-h& symbol expressive ( ! value ( ! :ole complex purpose pres5t$ 9 ! s*$ule4 ,moreov]1 ! increase ( m>g9al value concurr5tly ) dim9ution ( ! /ock ?r\gh consumption1 loss1 or reapplication is n indicative s mu* ( a *ange ( purpose z ( det]m9ation to adh]e to s mu* ( ! orig9al program ( consumption z may /ill be possible ( atta9m5t ) ! deplet$ supply ( ! commodity4 #afc ,?us except on ?is condition we %\ld d5y ! propriety ( speak+ ( ! value ( a fri5d or ( a mem5to or sacr$ relic4 ,! purpose ( accurate def9ition ( ! function ( su* objects z ^! 9 ! atta9m5t ( "o's ends is =eign to ! prop] attitude ( lov+1 priz+1 or v5]at+ !m4 ,we may e?ically value ! act ( sacrifice = a fri5d or ( solicit\s c>e ( ! mem5to1 b ! object ( our sacrifice or solicitude has simply ! direct or imm$iate qualitative emotional "* appropriate to ! k9ds ( activity to :i* x is ! adequate /imulus4 #afd ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7,,tuft's translation71 p4 #aag4 #afe ,cf4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,angell's article1 ,relations ( ,/ructural & ,functional ,psy*ology to ,philosophy1 ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aj-ab2 also ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #c4 ,cf4 also ,,mr4 ,,s*ill]'s essay on ,axioms z ,po/ulates 9 ,p]sonal ,idealism4 #aff ,f ?is po9t on ?is pap] is an expansion ( "s p>agraphs1 pp4 #aa-ac1 9 an article on ,exi/5ce1 ,mean+1 & ,reality1 pr9t$ f ,vol4 ,,iii ( ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ! ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #afg ,p4 #bb4 #afh ,pp4 #bb1 #bc2 italics m9e4 #afi ,p4 #be4 #agj ,p4 #bf4 #aga p4 #cf2 italics m9e4 #agb ,pp4 #bb1 #bc2 italics m9e4 #agc ,p4 #cjg4 #agd ,p4 #cbg4 #age ,p4 #bc2 italics m9e4 #agf ,cf4 p4 #cd2 also p4 #bb4 #agg ,p4 #ce4 #agh ,?is w>ns u t 9 ! phrase1 a plan ( action1 ! t]m action mu/ be m inclusive ?an x is 9 mu* curr5t discussion4 ,x mu/ n be limit$ to gymna/ic p]=mance4 ,x mu/ apply to any sort ( activity plann$ =1 & :i*1 :5 x arrives1 fulfils ! plan4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ! import ( ! p>agraph at ! top ( p4 #g ( ,,pr(essor ,,james's ,philosophical ,conceptions & ,practical ,results4 #agi ,p4 #bgj4 #ahj ,pp4 #bgj1 #bga4 #aha ,p4 #bgf4 #ahb ,p4 #bgg4 #ahc ,pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 #ahd ,see p4 #bef4 #ahe ,p4 #bhi2 italics m9e4 #ahf ,p4 #bha2 italics m9e4 #ahg ,x is wor? not+ 9 pass+ t "h ! univ]sal appe>s to be locat$ 9 f9ite exp]i5ce1 :ile ! gr\nd ( ! p>ticul> is 9 ! absolute4 #ahh ,p4 #bhb4 #ahi ,p4 #bhd2 italics m9e4 #aij ,p4 #bhc4 #aia ,p4 #ccb4 #aib ,p4 #cci4 #aic ,?is gho/ ( subjectivism haunts ! entire "p ( ! essay 9 :i* ! f9al fulfilm5t ( f9ite ideas is f\nd 9 a c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas4 #aid ,p4 #ccj2 italics m9e4 #aie ,p4 #ccg4 #aif ,p4 #bhf4 #aig ,p4 #cjg4 #aih ,p4 #big4 #aii ,?is r$uction ( ! purposive to ! repres5tative function c>ries ) x an int]e/+ implication conc]n+ ! :ole "* & relation%ip ( ?\ght & w4 ,f beg9n+ to end1 on almo/ e page1 ,mr4 ,royce insi/s ^u ! idea z an expression ( w4 ,at ! outset we read3 ,:5 we try to def9e ! idea 9 itself1 z a consci\s fact1 our be/ means is to lay /ress ^u ! sort ( w or active mean+ :i* any idea involves = ! m9d t =ms ! idea 7p4 #bb74 ,aga93 ,! idea is a w seek+ its own det]m9ation4 ,x is no?+ else 7p4 #ccb7--;& s on ?r\gh\t ! lectures4 ,& we h already se5 h[ consi/5tly ?is is work$ out 9 ! analysis ( concrete acts1 su* z s++1 etc4 ,b n[1 z relat$ to ! absolute sy/em1 ! w1 z embodi$ 9 ! idea1 is to f9d its f9al det]m9ation 9 approximat+ ! c]ta9 absolute sy/em ( ideas4 ,?is w\ld seem to make w b little m ?an ! m]e =m ( repres5tation itself4 ,! idea is a w1 b 9 its relation to tru? its w is to correspond ev5 9 its vagu5ess to its own f9al & completely individual expression4 #bjj ,p4 #cci4 #bja ,p4 #cch4 #bjb ,p4 #cce4 #bjc ,cf4 ,,mr4 ,,gore',s pap]1 above4 #bjd ,cf4 ,,baldw9',s ,developm5t & ,evolution1 pp4 #bej1 #bea1 on ! necessity ( ! submission ( ! new exp]i5ce to ! te/ ( its ability to utilize habit4 ,int]pret$ broadly1 habit might "h mean ! :ole me*anical side1 includ+ organism & environm5t1 & s include ,mr4 ,baldw9's second or extra-organic te/4 #bje ,p4 #ai4 #bjf ,pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #bjg ,see1 above1 ,,pr(essor ,,dewey',s ,/udy ,,iii1 pp4 #di ff4 #bjh ,p4 #ee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ f ! middle ( a *apt] to ! end ( ! ma9 text4 #b4 ,o!r ?an t1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4