,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,wood-,,engrav+        
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,hi/ory  ,,(          
,,wood-,,engrav+  ,,by  ,,george ,e4    
,,woodb]ry  ,,illu/rat$  ,,london       
,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on1 ,,se>le1       
,,riv+ton  ,,cr[n ,,build+s1 #ahh       
,,fleet ,,/reet  #ahhc  ,ent]$ accord+  
to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhb1 by  
,,h>p]  ,,bro!rs1  ,9 ! ,(fice ( !      
,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4     
,all rights res]v$4     ,,preface4   ,9 
?is book ,i h attempt$ to ga!r & arrange
 su* facts z %\ld be kn[n to m5 (       
cultivation int]e/$ 9 ! art ( engrav+ 9 
wood4 ,i h1 !re=e1 disreg>d$ su* matt] z
 seems to belong r to descriptive       
bibliography1 & h treat$ wood-engrav+1 9
 its pr9cipal works1 z a reflection ( ! 
life ( m5 & an illu/ration ( successive 
phases ( civilization4 ,:]e !re is mu*  
disput$ gr\nd1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly      
hi/ory ( ! art1 ! writ]s on :om ,i h    
reli$ are ref]r$ to1 & ^? :o adopt a    
diff]5t view are nam$2 b :]e ! facts    
seem$ pla91 & are easily v]ifiable1     

ref]5ce did n appe> necess>y4  ,9       
conclusion1 ,i h ! honor to ackn[l$ge my
 obligations to ! (fic]s ( ! ,bo/on     
,public ,libr>y1 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e
 ,arts1 & ! ,h>v>d ,college ,libr>y1 =  
p]mission to reproduce sev]al cuts 9 _! 
possession2 & to ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,swift1 ( 
! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 = ! li/ (     
au?orities at ! end ( ! volume4         
,especially x is my pleasant duty to    
?ank ,pr(essor ,*>les ,eliot ,norton1 ( 
,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 f ^: curi\s &        
valuable collection m ?an half ( ^!     
illu/rations are d]iv$1 bo? = !m & =    
sugge/ion1 advice1 & criticism1 )\t :i*1
 inde$1 ! "w c\ld n h be5 writt54       
,,george ,,edw>d ,,woodb]ry4            
,,cont5ts4   ,i4                        
,,page  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,art       
#ac  ,,ii4 ,,! ,,block-,,books          
#cj  ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,pr9t$ ,,books ,,9  
,,! ,,nor?               #de  ,,iv4     
,,e>ly ,,italian ,,wood-,,engrav+       
#fe  ,v4 ,,alb]t ,d,,r] ,,& ,,8         
,,successors                #ij  ,,vi4  

,,hans ,,holbe9                         
#aaf  ,,vii4 ,,! ,,decl9e ,,&           
,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,art         #ace  
,,viii4 ,,mod]n ,,wood-,,engrav+        
#aea  ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal       
,,works ,,^u ,,wood-,,engrav+ ,,useful  
,,to ,,/ud5ts                           
#baa  ,,index                           
#bag     ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4      
,,fig44444,,page  #a4--;,f 8,epi/ole di 
,san ,hi]onymo ,volg>e40 ,f]r>a1 #adig4 
7,initial lett]744444#ac  #b4--,/4      
,*ri/oph]1 #adbc4 ,f ,ottley's 8,inquiry
 into ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory (        
,engrav+ ^u ,copp] & 9 ,wood044444#bb   
#c4--,! ,crucifixion4 ,f ! ,manuscript  
8,book ( ,devotion40 #adde44444bd       
#d4--;,f ! 8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo40
 #adig4 7,initial lett]744444#cj        
#e4--;,elijah ,raise? ! ,wid['s ,son 7#a
 ,k4 xvii474 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 7,jno4 
xi474 ,eli%a ,raise? ! ,wid['s ,son 7#b 
,k4 iv474 ,f ! orig9al 9 ! possession ( 
,pr(essor ,norton1 ( ,cambridge44444#cd 
#f4--,! ,creation ( ,eve4 ,f !          

fac-simile ( ,b]jeau44444#ce            
#g4--;,initial lett]4 ,s\rce            
unkn[n44444#de  #h4--,! ,grief (        
,hannah4 ,f ! ,cologne ,bible1          
#adgj-'ge44444di  #i4--;,illu/ration (  
,exodus ,i4 ,f ! ,cologne ,bible1       
#adgj-'ge #ea  #aj4--,! ,fif? ,day (    
,creation4 ,f ,s*$el's 8,lib]           
,*ronic>um40 ,nuremb]g1 #adic44444ed    
#aa4--,! ,danc+ ,dea?s4 ,f ,s*$el's     
8,lib] ,*ronic>um40 ,nuremb]g1          
#adic44444ef  #ab4--;,jews ,sacrific+ a 
,*ri/ian ,*ild4 ,f ,s*$el's 8,lib]      
,*ronic>um40 ,nuremb]g1 #adic44444eh    
#ac4--,m>g9al ,bord]4 ,f ,k]v]'s        
8,psalt]ium ,virg9is ,m>i40 #aeji44444fa
  #ad4--;,f ,ovid's 8,metamorphoses40   
,v5ice1 #aeah 7design1 #adig74 7,initial
 lett]744444#fe  #ae4--,! ,creation4 ,f 
! 8,fasciculus ,temporum40 ,v5ice1      
#adhd44444fh  #af4--,levia?an4 ,f !     
8,ortus ,sanitatis40 ,v5ice1            
#aeaa44444fh  #ag4--,! ,/ork4 ,f !      
8,ortus ,sanitatis40 ,v5ice1            
#aeaa44444fi  #ah4--,view ( ,v5ice4 ,f !

 8,fasciculus ,temporum40 ,v5ice1       
#adhd44444fi  #ai4--,! ,conte/ ( ,apollo
 & ,pan4 ,f ,ovid's 8,metamorphoses40   
,v5ice1 #aeah 7design1 #adig744444gj    
#bj4--,sir5s4 ,f ! 8,ortus ,sanitatis40 
,v5ice1 #aeaa44444ga  #ba4--,pygmy &    
,cranes4 ,f ! 8,ortus ,sanitatis40      
,v5ice1 #aeaa44444gb  #bb4--,! ,woman & 
! ,?ief4 ,f 8sop's ,fables40 ,v5ice1    
#adia 7design1 #adha744444gc  #bc4--,!  
,cr[ & ! ,peacock4 ,f 8sop's ,fables40  
,v5ice1 #adia 7design1 #adha744444ge    
#bd4--,! ,peace ( ,god4 ,f 8,epi/ole di 
,san ,hi]onymo ,volg>e40 ,f]r>a1        
#adig44444gf  #be4--,m>y & ! ,ris5 ,"l4 
,f 8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo ,volg>e40
 ,f]r>a1 #adig44444gg  #bf4--,/4 ,b>u*4 
,f ! 8,catalogus ,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1   
#aejf44444gg  #bg4--,poliphilo by !     
,/ream4 ,f ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia            
,poliphili40 ,v5ice1 #adii44444gh       
#bh4--,poliphilo & ! ,nymphs4 ,f !      
8,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili40 ,v5ice1    
#adii44444gi  #bi4--,ornam5t4 ,f !      
8,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili40 ,v5ice1    

#adii44444hj  #cj4--,poliphilo meets    
,polia4 ,f ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia            
,poliphili40 ,v5ice1 #adii44444ha       
#ca4--,n]o ,fiddl+4 ,f ! ,ovid ( #aeaj4 
,v5ice44444#hb  #cb4--,! ,physician4 ,f 
! 8,fasciculus ,m$ic940 ,v5ice1         
#aejj44444hc  #cc4--;,h]o & ,le&]4 ,f ! 
,ovid ( #aeae4 ,v5ice44444#he           
#cd4--;,dante & ,beatrice4 ,f ! ,dante (
 #aebj4 ,v5ice44444#hf  #ce4--,/4 ,j]ome
 ,comm5d+ ! ,h]mit's ,life4 ,f 8,epi/ole
 di ,san ,hi]onymo40 ,f]r>a1            
#adig44444hf  #cf4--,/4 ,francis & !    
,begg>4 ,f ! 8,catalogus ,sanctorum40   
,v5ice1 #aejf44444hg  #cg4--,!          
,translation ( ,/4 ,nicolas4 ,f !       
8,catalogus ,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1        
#aejf44444hg  #ch4--,romoaldus1 !       
,abbot4 ,f ! 8,catalogus ,sanctorum40   
,v5ice1 #aejf #hh  #ci4--;,f an ,italian
 ,alphabet ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 7,initial  
lett]744444#ij  #dj4--,/4 ,john & !     
,virg94 ,vignette to ,dr]'s             
8,apocalypse044444#ic  #da4--;,*ri/     
,suff]+4 ,vignette to ,dr]'s 8,l>g]     

,passion044444#id  #db4--;,*ri/ ,mock$4 
,vignette to ,dr]'s 8,small]            
,passion044444#ie  #dc4--,! ,desc5t into
 ,hell4 ,f ,dr]'s 8,small]              
,passion044444#if  #dd4--,! ,h]ald4 ,f  
8,! ,triumph ( ,maximilian044444#ajj    
#de4--,tablet4 ,f 8,! ,triumph (        
,maximilian044444#aja  #df4--,! ,c> ( ! 
,musicians4 ,f 8,! ,triumph (           
,maximilian044444#ajb  #dg4--,?ree      
,horsem54 ,f 8,! ,triumph (             
,maximilian044444#ajc  #dh4--;,horseman4
 ,f 8,! ,triumph ( ,maximilian044444#ajg
  #di4--,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,f a pr9t by    
,hans ,sebald ,behaim444444#aac         
#ej4--;,f ! 8,epi/ole di ,san           
,hi]onymo40 ,f]r>a1 #adig4 7,initial    
lett]744444#aaf  #ea4--,! ,nun4 ,f      
,holbe9's 8,images de la ,mort40 ,lyons1
 #aedg44444abc  #eb4--,! ,prea*]4 ,f    
,holbe9's 8,images de la ,mort40 ,lyons1
 #aedg44444abd  #ec4--,! ,pl\ghman4 ,f  
,holbe9's 8,images de la ,mort40 ,lyons1
 #aedg44444abe  #ed4--,na?an ,rebuk+    
,david4 ,f ,holbe9's 8,icones ,hi/ori>um

 ,vet]is ,te/am5ti40 ,lyons1            
#aedg44444acj  #ee4--;,f 8,op]a         
,v]giliana10 pr9t$ by ,sacon4 ,lyons1   
#aeag4 7,initial lett]744444#ace        
#ef4--,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,f a ,v5etian      
pr9t44444#adb  #eg4--,/4 ,seba/ian & ,/4
 ,francis4 ,portion ( a pr9t by ,&reani 
aft] ,titian44444#adc  #eh4--,!         
,annunciation4 ,f a pr9t by ,francesco  
da ,nanto44444#add  #ei4--,milo (       
,crotona4 ,f a pr9t by ,boldr9i aft]    
,titian44444#ade  #fj4--;,f ! 8,com$ia  
di ,dan!40 ,v5ice1 #aecf4 7,initial     
lett]744444#aea  #fa4--,! ,peacock4 ,f  
,bewick's 8,briti% ,birds044444#aef     
#fb4--,! ,fright5$ ,"m4 ,f ,bewick's    
8,briti% ,quadrup$s044444#aeg  #fc4--,! 
,solit>y ,cormorant4 ,f ,bewick's       
8,briti% ,birds044444#aeg  #fd4--,! ,sn[
 ,cottage44444#aeh  #fe4--;,bir?-place (
 ,bewick4 ,8 la/ vignette1 portray+ 8   
own fun]al44444#aeh  #ff4--,! ,brok5    
,boat4 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti%            
,birds044444#afj  #fg4--,! ,*ur*-y>d4 ,f
 ,bewick's 8,briti% ,birds044444#afj    

#fh4--,! ,%eep-fold4 ,by ,blake4 ,f     
8,virgil's ,pa/orals044444#afb  #fi4--,!
 ,m>k ( ,/orm4 ,by ,blake4 ,f 8,virgil's
 ,pa/orals044444#afb  #gj4--;,cave (    
,despair4 ,by ,bran/on4 ,f ,savage's    
8,h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+044444#afe  
#ga4--,vignette f 8,rog]s's ,poems40    
,london1 #ahbg44444afg  #gb4--,vignette 
f 8,rog]s's ,poems40 ,london1           
#ahbg44444afg  #gc4--;,dea? z a ,fri5d4 
,f a pr9t by ,pr(essor ,norton1 (       
,cambridge4 ,engrav$ by ,j4             
,jungt[44444#afi  #gd4--;,dea? z a      
,?rottl]4 ,f a pr9t by ,pr(essor        
,norton1 ( ,cambridge4 ,engrav$ by      
,/e9bre*]44444#agj  #ge4--,! ,creation4 
,engrav$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,adams44444#agb     
#gf4--,! ,deluge4 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,f4   
,adams44444#agc  #gg4--;,butt]flies4    
,engrav$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,k+44444#age        
#gh4--,spr+-"t4 ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,s4     
,k+44444#agg  #gi4--,m\nt ,lafayette    
7,:ite ,m\nta9s74 ,by ,j4               
,t9key44444#ahc  #hj4--8;,& sil5t 7 !   
%eep 9 woolly fold40 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,g4

 ,smi?wick44444#ahg  #ha4--,! ,old      
,or*>d4 ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,ju5gl+44444#ahi
  #hb4--,"s ,art ,connoisseurs4 ,engrav$
 by ,rob]t ,hosk944444#aia  #hc4--,!    
,travell+ ,musicians4 ,engrav$ by ,r4   
,a4 ,mull]44444#aid  #hd4--,%ipwreck$4  
,engrav$ by ,frank ,fr5*44444#aif       
#he4--,! ,tap-room4 ,engrav$ by ,frank  
,fr5*44444#aih  #hf4--;,go+ to ,*ur*4   
,engrav$ by ,j4 ,p4 ,davis44444#aii     
#hg4--8,nay1 ,love1 'tis y :o /& )      
almond clu/]s 9 y\r clasp+ h&40 ,engrav$
 by ,t4 ,cole44444#bja  #hh4--,! ,spani%
 ,peasant4 ,engrav$ by ,f4              
,ju5gl+44444#bjc  #hi4--;,james ,russell
 ,l[ell4 ,engrav$ by ,?omas             
,johnson44444#bje  #ij4--;,ar?ur ,p5rhyn
 ,/anley4 ,engrav$ by ,g4               
,kruell44444#bjg     ,a  ,,hi/ory ,,(   
,,wood-,,engrav+4     ,i4  ,,! ,,orig9  
,,( ,,! ,,art4   ,illu/ration3 ,t ,,fig4
 #a4--;,f 8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo   
,volg>e40 ,f]ra #adig4  ,! beg9n+ ( !   
art ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,europe1 ! "t :5   
pap] 0 fir/ laid d[n ^u an engrav$ wood 

block & ! fir/ rude pr9t 0 tak5 (f1 is  
unkn[n2 ! "n ( ! inv5tor & 8 c\ntry are 
involv$ 9 a d\ble obscurity ( ignorance 
& fable1 d>k5$ /ill m by national       
jeal\sies & vanities2 ev5 ! me*anical   
appliances & processes :i* l$ up to & at
 la/ result$ 9 ! new art1 c only be     
conjectur$4 ,! art _h long la9 b j      
beyond ! bord]-l9e ( discov]y4 ,!       
pr9ciple ( mak+ impressions by means (  
l9es cut 9 relief ^u wood 0 kn[n to !   
anci5ts1 :o us$ engrav$ wood5 /amps to  
ind5t figures & lett]s 9 s(t sub/ances l
 wax & clay1 &1 possibly1 to pr9t colors
 on surfaces1 z _h be5 done f e>ly times
 9 ,india 9 ! manufacture ( clo?2 simil>
 /amps 7 us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages by       
not>ies & o!r public (fic]s to pr9t     
signatures on docum5ts1 by ,italian     
clo?-mak]s to impress colors on silk &  
o!r fabrics1 & by ! illum9ators (       
manuscripts to /rike ! outl9es ( initial
 lett]s4 ,?is practice may h sugge/$ !  
new process4  ,x is m probable t ! art  
began 9 ! work%ops ( ! goldsmi?s1 :o 7 s

 skill$ 9 engrav+ ^u metal t impressions
 ( mu* arti/ic value h be5 tak5 f "w    
execut$ by !m 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 %[+ t  
!y really 7 engrav]s oblig$ to rema9    
goldsmi?s1 because ! art ( pr9t+ f metal
 plates 0 unkn[n4#a ,by _! k ( design & 
_! arti/ic execution1 at lea/1 if n by  
_! me*anical inv5tiv5ess1 ! goldsmi?s 7 
! l9eal ance/ors ( ! great engrav]s ( ! 
,r5aissance4 ,_! art _h be5 cont9u$ f   
,roman times1 ) few] int]ruptions &     
h9d]ances ?an any o!r ( ! f9e arts4 ,x 0
 e>ly employ$ 9 ! adornm5t ( ! alt>1 !  
pax1 & o!r articles ( ! ,*ur* s]vice2   
already1 9 ,/4 ,b]n>d's "t1 s mu*       
att5tion 0 giv5 to workman%ip ( ?is k9d1
 & s mu* weal? lavi%$ ^u x1 t he d5\nc$ 
x1 ) true ascetic _s1 z a decoration (  
:at 0 soon to become vile1 a wa/e ( :at 
might h be5 giv5 to ! poor1 & a         
di/raction ( ! _s f hol9ess to !        
admiration ( beauty4 8,! ,*ur*10 he     
said1 8%9es ) ! spl5dor ( h] walls1 &   
among h] poor is de/itution2 %e clo!s h]
 /ones ) gold1 & leaves h] *ildr5 nak$4 

99 99 99 ,f9ally1 s _m ?+s are to be    
se51 ev]y:]e su* a m>vell\s v>iety (    
diff]5t =ms1 t "o may read m ^u !       
sculptur$ walls ?an 9 ! writt5          
,scriptures1 & sp5d ! :ole day 9 go+    
ab\t 9 wond] f "o su* ?+ to ano!r1 r ?an
 9 m$itat+ ^u ,god's law40#b ,! art     
might h suff]$ s]i\sly f su*            
uncompromis+ opposition z ,/4 ,b]n>d    
made1 _h n ,sug]1 ! great abbot ( ,/4   
,d5ys1 tak5 up its def5ce & support$ x  
by 8 patronage & by 8 eloqu5ce4 8,let   
ea* "o h 8 own op9ion10 he writes1 8b ,i
 confess x is my conviction t :atev] is 
mo/ preci\s ought to be devot$ above all
 to t holie/ rite ( ! ,eu*>i/2 if gold5 
lav]s1 if gold5 cups1 & if gold5 b[ls 7 
us$1 by ! comm& ( ,god or ( ! prophet1  
to cat* ! blood ( rams or bullocks or   
heif]s1 h[ mu* m ought vases ( gold1    
preci\s /ones1 & :atev] is de>e/ among  
all creatures1 ev] to be set =? ) full  
devotion to receive ! blood ( ,jesus    
,*ri/60#c ,by su* argum5ts ,sug] def5d$ 
! rightfulness & value ( ! goldsmi?'s   

art 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,aft] 8 "t !  
employm5t ( ! goldsmi?s ^u *ur*         
decoration became s great t !y 7 really 
! arti/s ( ,europe dur+ ! two hundr$    
ye>s previ\s to ! inv5tion (            
wood-engrav+4#d ,9 ! pursuit ( _! craft 
!y practis$ ! arts ( modell+1 ca/+1     
sculpture1 engrav+1 enamell+1 & ! sett+ 
( preci\s /ones2 & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !y
 made use ( all ^! res\rces 9 !         
execution ( _! beautiful works ( art    
made ( gold & silv]1 ri*ly engrav$1 &   
adorn$ ) bass-reliefs & /atuettes1 &    
brilliant ) _m-color$ enamel & )        
jewels--! reliqu>ies 9 :i* 7 kept !     
innum]able holy relics t !n fill$       
,europe1 ! fam\s %r9es = ! bodies ( !   
sa9ts1 ab\t :i* pilgrims f e qu>t] 7 ev]
 at pray]1 & ! tombs ( ! ,crusad]s1 & ( 
dignit>ies ( ,*ur* or ,/ate4 ,!y employ$
 _! skill1 too1 = ! less] glory ( !     
*ur*es1 ^u ! vessels ( ! ,holy          
,communion1 ! crosses1 c&elabra1 &      
c5s]s1 & ! ornam5ts t incru/$ ! ve/m5ts 
( ! prie/s4 ,) ! increase ( luxury &    

weal? !y f\nd a new field = _! inv5tion 
9 contribut+ to ! magnific5ce ( secul>  
life2 9 fa%ion+ into /range =ms ! ew]s1 
goblets1 flagons1 & e vessel :i* adorn$ 
! banquet2 & 9 ornam5t+ !m ) fanta/ic   
figures1 or ) sc5es f ! *ase1 or f !    
hi/ory ( ,*>lemagne & ,salad91 z well z 
9 execut+ ^? f9ely wr\ght decorations ) 
:i* ! silks & velvets ( ! nobles 7 s    
heavily *>g$ t ! old poet1 ,m>tial      
d',auv]gne1 says ! lords & knights 7    
8cap>ison$ 9 gold-"w & jewels40 ,"u     
,*>les ,v4 ( ,france 7#acfd7 & ! great  
,dukes ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ! jewel-*amb] 
( ! pr9ce 0 8 pride 9 peace & 8 treasury
 9 w>3 x furni%$ gifts = ! bride1 !     
favorite1 & ! heir1 & = =eign           
ambassadors & pr9ces2 x af=d$ pay =     
reta9]s be=e ! battle & ransom aft] x1 &
 9 ! days ( ! great ftes its treasures  
gave to ! c\rts ( ,france1 ,burgundy1 & 
,fl&]s a magnific5ce t has seldom be5   
se5 9 ,europe4#e  ,"u su* =tunate       
enc\ragem5t ! goldsmi?s ( ! f\rte5?     
c5tury rea*$ a k ( design & a f9i% 9    

execution t ju/ifi$ ! claim ( _! art to 
! fir/ place among ! f9e arts1 & made _!
 work%ops ! appr5tice-home ( _m great   
ma/]s ( art 9 ,italy z well z 9 ! ,nor?4
 ,!y be/ und]/ood ! value ( art1 & 7 be/
 skill$ 9 arti/ic processes2 !y 7 ! only
 p]sons#f :o _h by !m all ! means = tak+
 an impression--! engrav$ metal plate1  
iron tools1 burni%]s = rubb+ (f a pro(1 
black5$ oil1 & pap] :i* !y us$ = trac+  
_! designs2 !y w\ld1 too1 h be5 aid$ 9  
_! art1 m]ely z goldsmi?s1 c\ld !y h    
te/$ _! engrav+ f "t to "t by tak+ an   
impression f x 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,x is 
n unlikely1 !re=e1 t ! art ( tak+       
impressions f engrav$ "w 0 f\nd out1 or 
at lea/ 0 fir/ ext5sively appli$1 9 _!  
work%ops1 :]e x c\ld h>dly h fail$ to be
 discov]$ ultimately1 z pap] came into  
use m g5]ally & = m v>i\s purposes4 ,if 
?is 7 ! case1 metal-engrav+ prec$$      
wood-engrav+1 b only by a brief space ( 
"t1 because1 z soon z ! idea ( ! new art
 0 fully grasp$1 wood mu/ h be5 almo/   
imm$iately employ$ 9 pref]5ce to metal1 

on acc\nt ( ! great] ease & spe$ ( work+
 9 wood1 & ( ! less injury done to !    
pap] 9 pr9t+ f x4  ,"s support = ?is    
view1 t ! art ( pr9t+ f engrav$ metal   
plates 0 discov]$ by ! goldsmi?s1 &     
prec$$ & sugge/$ wood-engrav+1 is d]iv$ 
f ! peculi> pr9ts 9 ! manire crible1 or 
! dott$ /yle1 ( :i* ov] ?ree hundr$ are 
kn[n4 ,!y 7 produc$ by a mix$ process ( 
engrav+ 9 relief & 9 intaglio1 usually  
^u a metal plate1 b sometimes ^u wood4  
,! effects are giv5 by dots & l9es      
reliev$ 9 :ite ^u a black gr\nd1 assi/$ 
by dots & l9es reliev$ 9 black ^u a :ite
 gr\nd4 ,^! pr9ts h af=d$ mu* mat]ial = 
dispute & controv]sy1 bo? z to _!       
process & _! date2 ! mode 9 :i* ! metal 
plates f :i* !y 7 pr9t$ 7 engrav$1      
p>ticul>ly ! pun*+ out small holes 9 !  
metal1 :i* appe> usually z :ite dots1 & 
give ! "n to ! pr9ts1 is ! same z a mode
 ( ornam5tal "w#g 9 metal t _h be5      
practis$ = c5turies 9 ! work%ops ( !    
goldsmi?s1 & on ?is acc\nt !y h be5     
ascrib$ to ! goldsmi?s ( ! great ,nor!rn

 cities4#h ,!y appe>$ c]ta9ly z e>ly z  
#adej1 & probably mu* e>li]4#i ,"s ( ^! 
pr9ts are evid5tly tak5 f metal plates n
 orig9ally meant to be pr9t$ f1 = !     
inscriptions on ! pr9ts z well z !      
actions ( ! figures appe> rev]s$1 !     
words read+ backw>d1 & ! figures p]=m+  
actions ) ! left h& almo/ always p]=m$  
by ! "r h&4#aj ,^! may be ! "w ( ! fir/ 
ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or !y may h be5
 tak5 long aft]w>d1 9 a _s ( curiosity  
or exp]im5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! e>ly pr9ts1
 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly f ! work%ops ( !      
goldsmi?s1 & aft] a mode long practis$  
by !m1 /r5g!ns ! hypo!sis--sugge/$ by _!
 wide acqua9tance ) arti/ic processes & 
_! exclusive possession ( all ! prop]   
in/rum5ts--t !y orig9at$ ! art ( tak+   
impressions on pap] f engrav$ "w2 at all
 ev5ts1 ?is seems ! lea/ wild1 ! mo/    
consi/5t1 & be/ support$ conjecture :i* 
has be5 put =?4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no lack
 ( m specific acc\nts ( ! orig9 (       
wood-engrav+4 ,pl9y's#aa ref]5ce to !   
portraits ) :i* ,v>ro illu/rat$ 8 works 

indicates1 9 ! op9ion ( "s writ]s1 a    
mom5t>y1 isolat$1 & premature appe>ance 
( ! art 9 8 day4 ,ottley#ab ma9ta9s t ! 
art 0 introduc$ into ,europe by !       
,v5etians1 :o le>n$ x 8at a v e>ly p]iod
 ( _! int]c\rse ) ! p ( ,t>t>y1 ,?ibet1 
& ,*9a20 b ( ?is !re is no satisfactory 
evid5ce4 ,papillon1#ac a ,fr5* engrav] (
 ! la/ c5tury1 relates t 9 8 y\? he saw 
9 ! libr>y ( a retir$ ,swiss (fic] n9e  
woodcuts1 illu/rative ( ! de$s ( ,alex&]
 ! ,great1 execut$ ) a small knife by   
8two "y & amiable tw9s10 ,isabella &    
,alex&] ,alb]ico ,cunio1 ,knt41 (       
,rav5na1 9 _! sev5te5? ye>1 & d$icat$ by
 !m to ,pope ,honorius ,,iv41 9         
#abhd-he2 b1 z no "o else ev] saw or    
he>d ( !m1 & !re is no contempor>y      
ref]5ce to !m1 z no s+le unque/ionable  
fact has be5 adduc$ 9 direct support ( !
 /ory1 & z ,papillon is an untru/wor?y  
writ]1 8 tale1 al?\gh accept$ by "s     
au?orities1#ad is g5]ally discr$it$1#ae 
& 0 reg>d$ by ,*atto#af z ! halluc9ation
 ( a di/emp]$ m9d4 ,me]man1#ag ! /\t    

def5d] ( ! claim ( ,lawr5ce ,co/] to !  
inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable types1 rely+ 
on ! au?ority ( ,junius1#ah :o wrote f  
tradition m ?an a c5tury aft] ! facts1  
makes ,co/] ! fir/ pr9t] ( woodcuts4 ,"s
 writ]s accept ?is /ory2 b 9 spite ( !m1
 & ( ! well-develop$ g5ealogical tree ) 
:i* ,me]man provid$ 8 h]o1 & ev5 ( ,mr4 
,so!by's#ai suppos$ discov]y ( ,co/]'s  
portrait1 8 v exi/5ce is d\bt$4 ,! *>m+ 
sc5e 9 :i* ! idea ( ! new art fir/      
occurr$ to ,co/]1 z he 0 walk+ aft] d9n]
 9 8 g>d51 & cutt+ lett]s f bee*-tree   
b>k ) :i* to pr9t moral s5t5ces = 8     
gr&*ildr5--! old man surr\nd$ by !      
*ildi% gr\p 9 ! well-ord]$ ,ha>lem      
g>d5--is probably1 aft] all1 little m   
?an a play ( antiqu>ian fancy4 ,^!      
/ories h slight hi/oric weight2 !y are1 
to use ,m4 ,r5\vi]'s simile1 8a gr\p (  
leg5ds ab\t ! cradle ( mod]n art1 l ^?  
rec\nt$ ( anci5t art1 ! hi/ory (        
,craton1 ( ,saurias1 or ( ! daught] (   
,dibutades1 :o inv5t$ design by trac+ on
 a wall ! silh\ette ( h] lov]40         

,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 
#adbc4 ,f ,ottley's 8,inquiry into !    
,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ ^u    
,copp] & 9 ,wood40  ,! fir/ fact kn[n ) 
c]ta9ty 9 ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ is1 t 
9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 
scatt]$ abroad 9 ,nor!rn ,europe rude   
pr9ts1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! ,scriptures &
 ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,^! pictures 7 on   
s+le leaves ( pap]2 ! outl9es 7 pr9t$ f 
engrav$ wood-blocks1 b occasionally1 x  
is believ$1 f metal plates cut 9 relief2
 !y 7 tak5 (f 9 a pale1 br[ni% ink by   
rubb+ on ! back ( ! pap] ) a burni%]1 & 
sometimes 9 black ink & ) a press2 !y 7 
!n color$1 ei!r by h& or by means ( a   
/5cil plate1 9 ord] to make !m m        
attractive to ! p4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! pr9ts 
:i* be>s an unque/ionable date is !     
fam\s ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 7,fig4 #b7 ( #adbc1 
f\nd by ,he9eck51#bj 9 ! middle ( ! la/ 
c5tury1 pa/$ inside ! cov] ( a          
manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ! conv5t (      
,buxheim1 9 ,suabia4 ,x repres5ts ,/4   
,*ri/oph]1 accord+ to a favorite leg5d (

 ! ,middle ,ages1 =d+ a riv] ) ! infant 
,*ri/ ^u 8 %\ld]s2 opposite1 on ! "r    
bank1 a h]mit holds a lant]n be=e 8     
cell2 on ! left a peasant1 ) a bag on 8 
back1 climbs ! /eep asc5t f 8 mill to ! 
cottage high up on ! cliff1 :]e no      
swell+ ( ! /ream w rea* x4 ,! attitude (
 ! two heads is expressive1 & ! folds ( 
! sa9t's robes are well ca/ ab\t !      
%\ld]s2 9 o!r respects ! cut has little 
arti/ic m]it1 b ! attempt to m>k %ad[s  
by a great] or less wid? ( l9e is       
noticeable1 & ! l9es 9 g5]al are mu* m  
v>i$ ?an is usual 9 e>ly "w4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 
9 black ink1 & ) a press4 ,!re are two  
o!r e>ly pr9ts1 ! dates ( :i* are       
unc]ta91 b /ill suffici5tly probable to 
des]ve m5tion--! w>mly controv]t$       
,brussels pr9t#ba ( #adah1 :i* repres5ts
 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 surr\nd$ by f\r      
sa9ts1 9 an enclos$ g>d51 9 ! /yle ( !  
,van ,eycks1 & ) m arti/ic m]it ?an !   
,/4 ,*ri/oph] 9 design1 draw+1 &        
execution2 &1 secondly1 ! ,/4 ,seba/ian 
( #adcg1 at ,vi5na4 ,! =m] 0 discov]$ 9 

#ahdd1 9 a bad condition1 & ! latt] 9   
#aggi2 bo? are tak5 (f 9 pale ink1 & ) a
 rubb]4 ,!re are num]\s o!r pr9ts ( ?is 
k9d1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 detail & h _h 
conjectural dates assign$ to !m1        
fruitful ( mu* antiqu>ian dispute4 ,"o (
 ^! 7,fig4 #c7 is "h reproduc$ = ! fir/ 
"t2 x 0 f\nd /it*$ into a manuscript (  
#adde1 & is unque/ionably z old z !     
manuscript2 x repres5ts a ,crucifixion1 
) ! ,virg9 & ,long9us at ! left1 & ,/4  
,john &1 p]haps1 ! ,c5turion at ! "r2 9 
! upp] left-h& corn] is an angel ) !    
,v]onica1 or h&k]*ief1 :i* be>s !       
miracul\s portrait ( ! ,savi\r1 & above 
are a sc\rge & a knife2 9 ! orig9al !   
body ( ,*ri/ is cov]$ ) dots & scrat*es 
9 v]million1 to repres5t blood4 ,x 0    
tak5 (f 9 black ink ) a press1 & is "o (
 ! rude/ engrav+s kn[n4#bb              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,!            
,crucifixion4 ,f ! ,manuscript 8,book ( 
,devotion40 #adde4  ,valueless z ^!     
pr9ts#bc are1 = ! mo/ "p1 z works ( art1
 !y are ( great int]e/4 ,!y 7 ! fir/    

pictures ! common p ev] _h1 & d\btless  
!y 7 highly priz$4 ,rude z !y 71 ! poor 
,g]man peasant or humble artisan ( !    
great indu/rial cities c>$ = !m2 !y _h  
be5 giv5 to him by ! monks1 l !         
rudely-c>v$ wood5 images ( e>li] times1 
at ! end ( "s pilgrimage t he _h made = 
p5ance or devotion1 & 7 treasur$ by him 
z a preci\s mem5to2 or "s prea*+ fri>1  
to :om he _h dev\tly giv5 a small alms =
 ! build+ ( a *ur* or ! decoration ( a  
%r9e1 _h rew>d$ 8 piety ) a picture ( ! 
sa9t :om1 s f> z he c\ld1 he _h honor$2 
or he _h receiv$ !m on "s day ( fe/ival1
 :5 9 ! /reets ( ! ,flemi% cities !     
,laz>i/s or o!r ord]s ( monks _h m>*$ 9 
gr& procession1 scatt]+ ^! brilliantly  
color$ pr9ts among ! populace4 ,/uck up 
on ! l[ walls ( 8 dwell+1 !y n only     
recall$ 8 pi\s de$s1 !y br\ght home be=e
 8 eyes 9 daily sight ! reality ( t holy
 liv+ & holy dy+ ( ! ,savi\r & 8 m>tyrs 
9 ^: int]cession & pray] 8 hope (       
salvation lay4 ,?r\gh\t ! fifte5? & a "p
 ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 al?\gh !         

intellectual life ( ! high] classes     
began to be secul>iz$1 among ! common p 
^! m$ival s5tim5ts & cu/oms1 :i* gave   
rise to ! holy pr9ts1 cont9u$ )\t *ange 
until ! ,re=mation2 & s ! work%ops ( !  
monks & ( ! guilds ( ,augsburg1         
,nuremb]g1 ,ulm1 ,cologne1 & ! ,flemi%  
cities1 kept on issu+ ^! sa9ts' images1 
z !y 7 call$1 long aft] ! art _h produc$
 ref9$ & noble works4 ,!y rema9$1 9     
accordance ) ! true m$ival _s1 n only   
)\t ! "n ( ! craftsman1 nom5 v]o        
auctoris humilitate siletur1 b unm>k$ by
 any individuality1 imp]sonal z well z  
anonym\s2 !re is little to %[ ev5 !     
diff]5ce 9 ! "t & place ( _! production1
 except t _! l9es 9 ! fir/ half ( !     
c5tury 7 m r\nd & fl[+1 :ile 9 ! latt]  
half !y 7 angul>1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,van 
,eycks1 & t !y v>y 9 ! *oice &          
brilliancy ( _! colors4#bd  ,at ! v     
beg9n+1 too1 wood-engrav+ 0 appli$ to a 
new indu/ry1 :i* _h sprung up rapidly1  
to furni% amusem5t = ! camp & ! t[n--!  
manufacture ( play+-c>ds4 ,"s writ]s h  

ma9ta9$ t ! art 0 ?us appli$ be=e x 0   
employ$ to make ! holy pr9ts2 b !re are 
no play+-c>ds kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ be=e  
#adbc1 & x is probable t !y 7 pa9t$ by  
h& & adorn$ by ! /5cil = "s "t aft] !   
fir/ unque/ion$ m5tion ( !m 9 #acib4be  
,! manufacture ( bo? c>ds & holy pr9ts  
soon became a ?riv+ trade2 x is m5tion$ 
9 ,augsburg 9 #adah1 & soon aft]w>d 9   
,nuremb]g2 & 9 #adda ! exportation ( ^! 
articles into ,italy _h become s l>ge t 
! ,v5etian ,s5ate pass$ a decree1#bf :i*
 is ! e>lie/ docum5t relative to        
wood-engrav+ 9 ,italy1 =bidd+ _!        
importation into ,v5ice1 because ! guild
 engag$ 9 ?is manufacture 9 ! city 0    
suff]+ f ! =eign competition4           
,wood-engrav+1 be+ only "o process 9 !  
craft ( ! c>d-mak] & ! pr9t-mak]1 seems 
to h rema9$ )\t a di/9ct "n = a long    
:ile aft] its inv5tion4  ,9 ! middle ( !
 fifte5? c5tury1 !re=e1 wood-engrav+1 ! 
y\nge/ ( ! arts ( design1 aft] fifty    
ye>s ( obscure & unnotic$ hi/ory1 held  
an e/abli%$ position1 & 0 recogniz$ z a 

new craft4 ,9 art its discov]y 0 !      
p>allel ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9          
lit]ature2 x 0 a means ( multiply+ &    
spread+ ! ideas :i* are express$ by art1
 ( creat+ a popul> appreciation & k (   
art1 & ( br++ beautiful design )9 ! rea*
 ( a l>g] body ( m54 ,x is difficult = a
 mod]n m9d to realize ! place :i*       
pictures fill$ 9 m$ival life1 be=e !    
inv5tion ( pr9t+ _h br\ght ab\t t great 
*ange :i* has result$ 9 mak+ books almo/
 ! sole means ( education4 ,x 0 n m]ely 
t ! pa9t+s ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*es convey$
 m noble conceptions to ! peasant & !   
artisan ?an _! sl[ imag9ation c\ld build
 up out ( ! words ( ! prea*]2 l *ildr51 
!y appreh5d$ ?r\gh pictures1 !y ?\ght ^u
 all high] !mes 9 pictures r ?an 9      
words2 _! ideas 7 pictorial r ?an v]bal2
 pa9t+ 0 9 spiritual matt]s m truly a   
language to !m ?an _! own patois4 ,!y   
c\ld n reason1 !y c\ld n easily und]/&  
intellectual /atem5t1 !y c\ld n imag9e  
vividly1 !y c\ld only see4 ,?is acc\nts 
= ! rapid spread ( ! new art1 & = !     

popul>ity & utility ( ! holy pr9ts :i* 7
 s widely employ$ to convey religi\s    
ideas & quick5 religi\s s5tim5t2 9 !    
production ( ^! wood-engrav+ appe>s f ! 
fir/ 9 its true vocation z a democratic 
art 9 ! s]vice ( ! p2 its influ5ce 0 "o1
 & by no means ! mo/ insignificant1 ( ! 
great =ces :i* 7 to trans=m m$ival into 
mod]n life1 to make ! civilization ( !  
he>t & ! bra9 no long] ! exclusive      
possession ( a few among ! =tunately    
born1 b a common bless+4 ,wood-engrav+ 0
 at once ! product ( ! desire = ?is     
*ange & ( ! ef=t t[>d x1 a mirror ( !   
movem5t ! m valuable because ! art 0 m  
intimately connect$ ) ! popul> life ?an 
any o!r art ( ! ,r5aissance1 & a p[]    
fe$+ ! impulse f :i* x d]iv$ its own    
vitality4 ,9 ?is fact lies ! hi/oric    
int]e/ ( ! art to ! /ud5t (             
civilization4 ,at fir/ x s]v$ m$ival    
religion2 aft]w>d x took a wid] range1 &
 by bo? its s]i\s & satirical works     
af=d$ valuable aid 9 ! progress ( !     
,re=mation1 :ile x r5d]$ ! e>lie/ pr9t$ 

books m attractive1 9 :i* its nobl]     
designs educat$ ! eye 9 ! p]ception (   
beauty4 ,f9ally1 9 ! h&s ( ! great      
engrav]s--( ,dr]1 :o1 /ill ma/]$ by !   
m$ival _s1 employ$ x to embody ! ,g]man 
,r5aissance2 ( ,maximilian's arti/s1 :o 
record$ 9 x ! dy+ picturesqu5ess &      
*ivalric _s ( ! ,middle ,ages2 (        
,holbe91 :o fir/ h]ald$1 by means ( x1 !
 intellig5ce & s5tim5t ( mod]n times--x 
produc$ its *ief monum5ts1 :i*1 = ! mo/ 
"p1 w "h be dealt )1 9 ord] to illu/rate
 its value z a f9e art practis$ = its   
own sake1 z a tru/wor?y contempor>y     
record ( popul> cu/oms1 ideas1 & ta/e1 &
 z an elem5t ( consid]able p[] 9 !      
advancem5t ( mod]n civilization4        
,,ii4  ,,! ,,block-,,books4             
,illu/ration3 ,d ,,fig4 #d4--;,f !      
8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo40 #adig4    
,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 
m ?an "o qu>t] ( ,europe1 +5i\s m9ds 7  
at "w seek+ by v>i\s exp]im5ts & repeat$
 trials1 ) m & m success1 ! great       
inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable types2 ev5   

n[1 aft] ! mo/ se>*+ inquiry1 ! "t &    
place ( ! inv5tion are unc]ta94 ,pr9t+ )
 movable types1 h[ev]1 0 prec$$ &       
sugge/$ by pr9t+ f engrav$ wood-blocks4 
,! holy pr9ts sometimes bore ! "n ( !   
sa9t1 or a brief ,ora pro nobis or o!r  
leg5d impress$ ^u ! pap]2 !             
wood-engrav]s :o fir/ cut ^! few lett]s 
^u ! block1 al?\gh ignorant ( ! va/     
consequ5ces ( _! humble "w1 began t     
great movem5t :i* 0 to *ange ! face (   
civilization4 ,aft] lett]s _h once be5  
pr9t$1 to multiply ! words & l5g!n !    
s5t5ces1 to remove !m f ! field ( ! cut 
to ! space bel[ x1 to engrave :ole      
columns ( text1 &1 f9ally1 to reproduce 
entire manuscripts1 & ?us make pr9t$    
books1 7 m]ely que/ions ( manual skill &
 pati5ce4 ,:]e or :5 or by :om ^!       
block-books1 z !y are call$1 7 fir/     
engrav$ & pr9t$ is unkn[n2 ^! que/ions h
 be5 bones ( cont5tion among antiqu>ians
 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 ! dispute mu*  
pati5t rese>* has be5 exp5d$1 & mu* du/y
 k heap$ toge!r1 only to p]plex d\bt    

/ill f>!r1 & to multiply baseless       
conjectures4 ,x is probable t !y 7      
produc$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5?       
c5tury1 :5 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 ^:     
ar\s$ curiosity made !m al]t to seize   
any new sugge/ion1 7 ev]y:]e seek+ =    
means to ov]?r[ ! great b>ri] to popul> 
civilization1 ! r>ity ( ! in/rum5ts =   
intellectual in/ruction2 !y soon saw (  
:at s]vice ! new art might be 9 ?is     
task1 ?r\gh ! *eapness & rapidity ( its 
processes1 & !y appli$ x to ! pr9t+ (   
words z well z ( pictures4  ,! mo/      
common manuscripts ( ! "t1 :i* _h hi!rto
 be5 ! *eape/ mode ( intellectual       
communication1 7 especially fitt$ to be 
reproduc$ by ! new art2 !y 7 ^?         
illu/rat$ abridgm5ts ( ,scriptural      
hi/ory or doctr9e1 call$ ,biblia        
,paup]um1 or books ( ! poor prea*]s1 :i*
 _h long be5 us$ 9 popul> religi\s      
in/ruction1 9 accordance ) ! m$ival     
cu/om ( convey+ religi\s ideas to !     
illit]ate m quickly & vividly ?r\gh     
pictures ?an 0 possible by ! use (      

language alone4 ,9 ! six? c5tury        
,gregory ! ,great _h def5d$ wall-pa9t+s 
9 ! *ur*es z a means ( religi\s         
in/ruction = ! ignorant population :i*  
!n fill$ ! ,roman prov9ces4 ,9 a lett]  
to ! ,bi%op ( ,m>seilles1 :o _h %[n     
indiscreet zeal 9 de/roy+ ! pictures ( !
 sa9ts1 he wrote3 8,:at writ+ is to ^?  
:o read1 t a picture is to ^? :o h only 
eyes2 because1 h[ev] ignorant !y are1 !y
 see _! duty 9 a picture1 & !re1 al?\gh 
!y h n le>n$ _! lett]s1 !y read2 :]e=e1 
= ! p especially1 pa9t+ /&s 9 ! place ( 
lit]ature40#bg ,9 con=mity ) ?is op9ion 
^! manuscripts 7 compos$ at an e>ly     
p]iod2 !y 7 writt5 rapidly by ! scribes1
 & illu/rat$ ) designs made ) ! p51 &   
rudely color$ by ! rubricators4 ,!y s]v$
 equally to take ! place ( ! ,bible     
among ! poor cl]gy--= a complete        
manuscript ( ! ,scriptures 0 f> too     
valuable a treasure to be )9 _! rea*--& 
to aid ! p 9 und]/&+ :at 0 told !m2 =1  
d\btless1 9 tea*+ bo? "y & old ! monks  
%[$ ^! pictures to expla9 _! words1 & to

 make a m la/+ impression ^u ! memory ( 
_! he>]s4 ,^! designs1 x is wor? :ile to
 po9t out1 exhibit ! immobility ( m9d 9 
! m$ival communities1 guid$1 z !y 71    
almo/ :olly by cu/om & tradition2 !     
designs 7 n orig9al1 b 7 copi$ f !      
arti/ic repres5tations 9 ! pr9cipal     
*ur*es1 :]e ! common p may h se5 !m1 :5 
^u a pilgrimage or at o!r times1 c>v$   
among ! bass-reliefs or gl[+ 9 ! bright 
colors ( ! pa9t$ w9d[s4 ,!y 7 copi$ )\t 
*ange1 ! sc5es 7 conceiv$ 9 ! same      
mann]1 ! *>act]s 7 repres5t$ aft] ! same
 conv5tional type1 ev5 9 ! details !re 0
 slight v>iation2 & z ! decorative arts 
9 ! *ur*es 7 subord9at$ to ar*itecture1 
^! designs n infrequ5tly be> ! /amp ( _!
 orig9al purpose1 & are m>k$ by !       
*>act]i/ics ( mural art4 ,!y 7 copi$1   
too1 n only by ! scribes f e>ly         
repres5tations1 b !y 7 reproduc$ by !   
great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance f !         
manuscripts & block-books !mselves2     
,dr]1 ,qu5t9 ,matzys1 ,lukas van ,leyd51
 ,m>t9 ,s*n1 &1 9 e>li] times1 ,taddeo  

,gaddi & ,orcagna1 took _! conceptions f
 ^! s\rces4  ,( ! block-books :i*       
reproduc$ ^! & simil> manuscripts sev]al
 h be5 pres]v$1 & "s ( !m h be5         
reproduc$ 9 fac-simile1 & m9utely       
describ$4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^!1 !
 ,biblia ,paup]um1#bh or ,poor ,prea*]s'
 ,bible1 ( :i* copies ( sev]al editions 
exi/1 des]ves to be fir/ m5tion$4 ,x is 
a small folio1 conta9+ =ty pages1 pr9t$ 
^u "o side only1 ) ! pale br[ni% ink us$
 9 mo/ e>ly pr9ts1 & by means ( a rubb]4
 ,! pages are arrang$ s t !y c be pa/$  
back to back2 ea* page is divid$ into   
five comp>tm5ts1 sep>at$ by ! pill>s &  
m\ld+s ( an ar*itectural design1 :i*    
imm$iately recall ! divisions ( a *ur*  
w9d[2 9 ! c5tre is depict$ "s sc5e      
7,fig4 #e7 f ! ,gospels1 & on ei!r side 
are plac$ sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory
 illu/rative or typical ( t commemorat$ 
9 ! c5tral design2 bo? above & bel[ are 
two half-l5g? repres5tations ( holy m54 
,v>i\s texts are int]sp]s$ 9 ! field1 & 
,lat9 v]ses are writt5 bel[ ! c5tral    

comp>tm5ts4 ,x w be se5 t ! designs n   
only s]v$ to illu/rate ! prea*]'s       
lesson1 b sugge/$ 8 subject1 & indicat$ 
& direct$ ! c\rse ( 8 s]mon3 !y taught  
him be=e !y taught ! p4  ,illu/ration3  
,,elijah ,,raise? ,,! ,,wid[',s ,,son   
7#a ,k1 xvii474 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,laz>us
 7,jno1 xi474 ,,eli%a ,,raise? ,,!      
,,wid[',s ,,son 7#b ,k4 iv474  ,,fig4   
#e4--;,f ! orig9al 9 ! possession (     
,pr(essor ,norton1 ( ,cambridge4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! ,creation (
 ,eve4 ,f ! fac-simile ( ,b]jeau4  ,b1  
be=e comm5t+ on ?is volume1 x w be      
useful to describe fir/ ! mu* m int]e/+ 
& m fam\s ,speculum ,human              
,salvationis1#bi or ,mirror ( ,human    
,salvation1 an exam9ation ( :i* w ?r[   
light on ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,x is a small
 folio1 & conta9s sixty-?ree pages1     
pr9t$ ^u "o side1 ( :i* fifty-eight are 
surm\nt$ by two designs enclos$ 9 an    
ar*itectural bord]1 :i* are illu/rative 
or symbolical ( ! life ( ,*ri/ or ( !   
,virg92 ! designs 7,fig4 #f7 are pr9t$ 9

 pale ink by means ( a rubb]4 ,! text is
 n engrav$ on ! block or plac$ 9 ! field
 ( ! cut1 b is pr9t$ f movable metallic 
type 9 black ink ) a press1 & occupies !
 l[] two-?irds ( ! page1 9 d\ble        
columns4 ,! book is1 !re=e1 a product ( 
! two arts ( wood-engrav+ & typography 9
 comb9ation4 ,!re are f\r e>ly editions 
kn[n1 two 9 ,lat91 & two 9 ,dut*1 all   
)\t ! "n ( ! pr9t]1 or ! date or place (
 publication4 ,!y are pr9t$ on pap] ( ! 
same manufacture1 ) woodcuts f ! same   
blocks1 & 9 ! same typographical mann]1 
except+ t "o ( ! ,lat9 editions conta9s 
tw5ty pages 9 :i* ! text is pr9t$ f     
engrav$ wood-blocks 9 pale br[ni% ink1 &
 ) a rubb]1 l ! designs4 ,^! f\r        
editions1 !re=e1 7 issu$ 9 ! same       
c\ntry4  ,?is curi\s book has be5 !     
subject ( m dispute ?an any o!r ( !     
block-books1 because x (f]s m tangible  
facts to ! inve/igator4 ,! type is ( a  
peculi> k9d1 di/9ctly diff]5t f t us$ by
 ! e>ly ,g]man pr9t]s1 & ! same 9 "* ) t
 us$ 9 o!r e>ly books und\bt$ly issu$ 9 

! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,! language ( ! ,dut*  
editions is ! pure dialect ( ,nor?      
,holl& 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 !
 co/umes1 ! %ort jackets1 ! high1       
broad-brimm$ hats1 sometimes ) fl[+     
ribbons1 ! close-fitt+ hose & l[ %oes ( 
! m51 ! head-dresses & skirts ( ! wom51 
are ( ! same p]iod 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ev5 9
 ! physiognomy ( ! faces ,flemi%        
features h be5 se54 ,! designs1 too1 are
 9 ! mann] ( ! great ,flemi% s*ool1     
r5[n$ z ! be/ 9 ,europe outside ,italy1 
:i* 0 f\nd$ by ,van ,eyck1 ! discov]] ( 
! art ( pa9t+ 9 oil1 & :i* 0 m>k$ by a  
realism altoge!r new & easily di/+ui%$2 
! backgr\nds are fill$ ) ar*itecture ( !
 same "t & c\ntry4 ,! ,speculum1 !re=e1 
0 produc$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries2 x mu/ h be5
 pr9t$ !re be=e #adhc1 & probably 0     
pr9t$ "s "t be=e #aded4 ,! ,biblia      
,paup]um has s mu* 9 common ) !         
,speculum 9 ! /yle ( its art1 its       
co/umes1 & its g5]al "*1 t1 al?\gh (    
e>li] date1 x may be unhesitat+ly       
ascrib$ to ! same c\ntry4  ,! int]nal   

evid5ce1 h[ev]1 only en=ces !           
probabilities spr++ f ! social condition
 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 !n ! mo/ highly civiliz$ 
c\ntry nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,its indu/ries1 9
 ! h&s ( ! great guilds ( ,bruges1      
,gh5t1 ,brussels1 ,l\va91 ,antw]p1 &    
,liege1 7 ! busie/ 9 ,europe4 ,its      
comm]ce 0 fa/ ^u ! lagg+ sails ( ,v5ice4
 ,! 8,lanca%ire ( ! ,middle ,ages10 z x 
has be5 fitly call$1 s5t its            
manufactures abroad :]ev] ! pa?s ( ! sea
 _h be5 made op51 & receiv$ ! _w's weal?
 9 return4 ,! magnific5ce ( its ,c\rt 0 
! wond] ( =eign]s1 & ! prosp]ity ( its p
 _! admiration4 ,! confusion ( m$ival   
life1 x is true1 0 /ill !re--fi]ce temp]
 9 ! artisans1 blood-?ir/9ess 9 !       
soldi]y1 ev]y:]e ! pitilessness (       
milit>y =ce1 wield$ by a pr\d & selfi%  
ca/e1 z ,froiss>t & ,philippe de ,comyns
 pla9ly rec\nt2 b !re1 nev]!less--al?\gh
 ! brutal sack ( ,liege 0 yet to take   
place--mod]n life 0 beg9n+2 m]*ant-life1
 support$ by trade1 citiz5-life1 made   
possible by ! high organization ( !     

great guilds1 _h begun1 al?\gh ! m]*ant 
& ! citiz5 mu/ /ill we> ! sword2 art1 "u
 ! guidance ( ! ,van ,eycks1 0 pass+ out
 ( m$ival conv5tionalism1 out ( !       
mona/]y & ! monki% tradition1 to deal no
 long] ) lank1 meagre1 m>tyr-l bodies1  
to c>e no m = ! moral lesson 9 contempt 
( arti/ic beauty1 to come face to face )
 nature & humanity z !y really 7 be=e   
m5's eyes2 & mod]n intellectual life1   
too--fa9t & feeble1 no d\bt--0 nev]!less
 beg9n+ to %[ signs ( its pres5ce !re1  
:]e 9 aft]-times great ?9k]s 7 to f9d a 
h>bor ( refuge1 & ! mo/ h]oic /ruggle ( 
fre$om 0 to be f\ght out aga9/ ,spa9 &  
,rome4 ,?is comp>atively high /ate (    
civilization1 ! activity ( m5's m9ds1 ! 
v>iety ( me*anical pursuits1 ! excell5ce
 ( ! goldsmi?s' art1 ! numb] & "* ( !   
e>ly pr9ts und\bt$ly issu$ !re1 ! m5tion
 ( incorporat$ guilds ( pr9t]s at       
,antw]p z e>ly z #adag1 & aga9 9 #addj1 
& at ,bruges 9 #aded1 make x probable t 
! inv5tion ( wood-engrav+ 0 due to !    
,ne!rl&s1 & p]haps ! inv5tion (         

typography also4 ,:e!r ?is 7 ! case or  
n1 x is c]ta9 t ! arti/s ( ! ,ne!rl&s   
c>ri$ ! art ( engrav+ 9 wood to its     
highe/ po9t ( excell5ce dur+ its fir/   
p]iod4  ,antiqu>ians h n be5 cont5t$ to 
%[ t ! be/ ( ! block-books came f !     
,ne!rl&s2 !y h attempt$ to discov] !    
names ( ! compos] ( ! ,speculum1 !      
engrav] ( its designs1 & its pr9t]4 ,b  
_! conjectures#cj are s d\btful t x is  
unnecess>y to exam9e !m1 ) ! exception (
 ! ascription ( ! pr9t+ ( ! ,speculum to
 ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,common ,lot4#ca ,?is    
bro!rhood 0 "o ( ! _m ord]s :i* arose at
 t "t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 giv5 to my/icism &  
en?usiasm1 t result$ 9 real             
lic5ti\sness2 or to piety & re=m1 t     
prep>$ ! way = ! ,re=mation4 ,its memb]s
 7 devot$ to ! spread ( k1 & 7 engag$ 9 
copy+ manuscripts & f\nd+ public s*ools 
9 ! cities4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 !y
 set up ! fir/ presses 9 ,brussels &    
,l\va91 & publi%$ _m books1 always1     
h[ev]1 )\t _! "n z publi%]s4 ,!y        
practis$ ! art ( wood-engrav+1 &        

d\btless "s ( ! e>ly holy pr9ts 7 f _!  
work%ops2 sometimes !y ins]t$ woodcuts 9
 _! manuscripts1 z 9 ! ,spirituale      
,pom]ium1 or ,spiritual ,g>d51 ( ,h5ri  
van d5 ,boga]de1 ! head ( ! retreat at  
,gro55dael1 :]e ! pa9t] ,di$rick ,b\ts  
occasionally s\ght retirem5t1 & :]e he  
may h aid$ ! ,bro!rs ) 8 k ( design4 ,x 
is q possible t ?is bro!rhood1 s        
favorably plac$1 produc$ ! ,speculum &  
o!rs ( ! block-books1 & t !y 7 aid$ by !
 pa9t]s ( ! "t ^: /yle ( design !y      
foll[$2 b1 z ,r5\vi] rem>ks 9 reject+   
?is acc\nt1 ! monks 7 n ! only p]sons   
too little desir\s ( notoriety to pr9t  
_! names1 & al?\gh !y took "p 9 e>ly    
engrav+ & pr9t+1 a f> m important "p 0  
tak5 by ! great civil corporations4 ,9  
ei!r case1 :e!r ! monks or ! secul>     
engrav]s design$ ^! woodcuts1 !y 7      
probably aid$ at times by ! pa9t]s1 :o  
at t p]iod did n re/rict !mselves to !  
high] bran*es ( art1 b frequ5tly put _! 
skill to v humble tasks4  ,! "* ( !     
design is v easily se52 ! l9es are      

simple1 (t5 graceful & well-arrang$2 !re
 is b little attempt at m>k+ %ad[s2 !re 
is less /iffness 9 ! =ms1 & ! drap]ies  
foll[ ! l9es ( ! =ms bett] ?an 9 ei!r   
e>li] or lat] "w ( a simil> k9d1 & !re  
is also mu* less unconsci\s c>icature & 
grimace4 ,a :ole s]ies ne$s to be look$ 
at be=e "o c appreciate ! int]e/ :i* ^! 
designs h 9 indicat+ ! subjects on :i*  
imag9ation & ?\ght 7 !n ex]cis$1 & !    
modes 9 :i* !y 7 ex]cis$4 ,symbolism &  
my/icism p]vade ! :ole4 ,all nature &   
hi/ory seem to h exi/$ only to prefigure
 ! life ( ! ,savi\r3 imag9ation & ?\ght 
hov] ab\t him1 & take color1 %ape1 &    
light only f t c5tral =m2 ! /ories ( !  
,old ,te/am5t1 ! hi/ories ( ,david1     
,samson1 & ,jonah1 ! massacres1         
victories1 & miracles !re record$1      
=e%ad[1 z x 7 9 p>ables1 ! n>rative ( ! 
,gospels2 ! temple1 ! alt>1 & ! ark ( ! 
cov5ant1 all ! furni%+s & obs]vances ( !
 ,jewi% ritual1 reveal occult mean+s2 ! 
g>d5 ( ,solomon's ,song1 & ! s5tim5t ( !
 ,bridegroom & ! ,bride :o w&] 9 x1 are 

int]pret$1 sometimes 9 graceful or ev5  
poetic feel+1 "u ! inspiration ( my/ical
 devotion2 old k+s ( pagan ,a!ns are    
trans=m$ into witnesses ( ,*ri/1 &1 ) ! 
,sibyl ( ,rome1 atte/ spiritual tru?4   
,?is book & o!rs l x are mirrors ( !    
ecclesia/ical m9d2 !y picture ! pr9cipal
 intellectual life ( ! ,middle ,ages2 !y
 %[ ! s\rces ( t deep feel+ 9 ! e>li]   
,dut* arti/s :i* gave dignity &         
sweetness to _! works4 ,ev5 9 ! rud5ess 
( ^! books1 9 ! texts z well z 9 !      
designs1 !re is a navet1 an op5ness &   
fre%ness ( nature1 a confid5ce 9 limit$ 
exp]i5ce & contract$ vision1 :i* make ! 
sight ( ^! cuts z *>m+ z conv]sation )  
"o :o _h nev] he>d ( ,am]ica or dream$ (
 ,lu!r1 & :o w\ld h f\nd mod]n life a   
puzzle & an (f5ce4 ,! au?or ( !         
,speculum lam5ts ! evils :i* fell ^u man
 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 & rec\nts   
!m3 bl9dness1 deafness1 lam5ess1 floods1
 fire1 pe/il5ce1 wild bea/s1 & lawsuits 
79 su* ord] he arranges !m72 & he ends !
 long li/ ) ?is la/ & heavie/ evil1 t m5

 %\ld presume to ask 8:y ,god will$ to  
create man1 ^: fall he =esaw2 :y he     
will$ to create ! angels1 ^: ru9 he     
=eknew2 :]e=e he h>d5$ ! he>t ( ,ph>aoh1
 & s(t5$ ! he>t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e unto   
rep5tance2 :]e=e he made ,pet] contrite1
 :o _h d5i$ him ?rice1 b all[$ ,judas to
 despair 9 8 s92 :]e=e he gave grace to 
"o ?ief1 & c>$ n to give grace to 8     
companion40 ,:at mod]n man c fully      
realize ! m5tal condition ( ?is poet1 :o
 ?us weeps ov] ! temptation to ask ^!   
que/ions1 z ! supreme & dire/ curse :i* 
,div9e v5geance all[s to ov]take !      
p]v]se *ildr5 ( ?is _w8  ,a bett]       
illu/ration ( ! s5tim5t & grace         
sometimes to be f\nd 9 ! block-books is 
! ,hi/oria ,virg9is ,m>i ex ,cantico    
,canticorum1 or ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 z x 
is prefigur$ 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,?is 
volume is ! f9e/ 9 design ( all !       
block-books4 ,9 x ! ,bride1 !           
,bridegroom1 ?ree att5dant maid5s1 & an 
angel are gr\p$ 9 successive sc5es1     
illu/rat+ ! my/ical mean+ ( "s v]se ( ! 

,song4 ,! arti/ic feel+ display$ 9 !    
arrangem5t ( ! figures is su* t !       
designs h be5 attribut$ directly to     
,rog] ,van d] ,weyd51 ! greate/ ( ,van  
,eyck's pupils4 ,?is book1 l ! ,biblia  
,paup]um & ! ,speculum1 came f !        
engrav]s & ! pr9t]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 b x   
%[s progress 9 art beyond ^? works1 m   
elegance & vivacity ( l9e1 m ability to 
r5d] feel+ expressively1 & especially m 
delight 9 nature & c>efulness 9 del9eat+
 natural objects4  ,9 spite ( ^! ?ree   
*ief monum5ts ( ! art ( block-pr9t+ 9 ! 
,ne!rl&s1 ! claim ( t c\ntry to !       
inv5tion ( ! block-books is n undisput$4
 ,! ,hi/oria ,johannis ,evangeli/       
ejusque ,visiones ,apocalyptic1 or !    
,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 mu* rud] 9     
draw+ & 9 execution1 is ! olde/         
block-book accord+ to mo/ writ]s1 &     
especially ^? :o ma9ta9 ! claims (      
,g]many to ! honor ( ! inv5tion4 ,?is   
volume has be5 ascrib$ by ,*atto to     
,upp] ,g]many1 :]e "s ,greek arti/ may h
 design$ x2 b ) m probability1 by       

,passavant1 to ,l[] ,g]many1 &          
especially to ,cologne1 on acc\nt ( !   
color+1 :i* is 9 ! ,cologne mann]4 ,!   
volume be>s a sur] sign ( e>ly "w ?an   
m]e rud5ess ( execution3 x is hi]atic r 
?an arti/ic 9 "*2 ! arti/ is conc]n$ m )
 en=c+ ! religi\s lesson ?an ) design+  
pleasant sc5es4 ,b al?\gh = ?is reason a
 v e>ly date 7#addj-adfj7 mu/ be assign$
 to ! book1 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! art (    
block-pr9t+ rema9s unsettl$1 ev5 if x be
 grant$ t ! volume is ( ,g]man          
workman%ip4 ,"s evid5ce mu/ be %[n t !  
,ne!rl&s import$ ! art f ,cologne or "s 
o!r ,g]man city1 & ?is is lack+2 inde$1 
! abs5ce 9 e>ly ,flemi% "w ( any trace (
 influ5ce f ! s*ool ( art :i* fl\ri%$ at
 ,cologne be=e ! ,van ,eycks pa9t$ 9 !  
,ne!rl&s1 is /rong negative evid5ce     
aga9/ su* a supposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x
 mu/ be rememb]$ t ,g]many produc$ ! ,/4
 ,*ri/oph]1 & _m o!r e>ly pr9ts4 ,9 "s (
 ! ,g]man block-books ,he9eck5 recogniz$
 ! modes ( ! ,g]man c>d-mak]s2 b ?is may
 be expla9$ o!rwise ?an by suppos+ t !  

c>d-mak]s inv5t$ ! art ( block-pr9t+4   
,on ! :ole1 ! rud5ess ( e>ly ,g]man     
block-books mu/ be held to be a result (
 ! unskilfulness & ta/elessness ( ,g]man
 workm51 r ?an an indication t ! art 0  
discov]$ by !m4 ,! engrav+ ( !          
,apocalypse1 l all o!r ,g]man "w1 w be> 
no comp>ison ) ! ,ne!rl& engrav+1 ei!r 9
 ref9em5t1 vivacity1 or skill4  ,! o!r  
block-books1 _m ( :i* are 9 !mselves    
int]e/+ & curi\s1 d n elucidate ! hi/ory
 ( ! art1 & !re=e ne$ n be discuss$4 ,x 
is suffici5t to say t !y are less       
valuable ?an ^? :i* h be5 describ$1 & f>
 rud] 9 design & execution4 ,"s ( !m ?r[
 light ^u ! "t4 ,! ,ars ,memor&i1 a     
s]ies ( designs meant to assi/ ! memory 
9 recall+ ! *apt]s ( ! ,apocalypse1 is a
 v curi\s monum5t ( an age :5 su* a     
device 0 useful2 & ! ,ars ,mori5di1 or  
,art ( ,dy+1 9 :i* 7 depict$ frightful &
 eag] devils ab\t a dy+ man's c\*1 is a 
book :i* may /ir our laught]1 b 0 full (
 a diff]5t mean+ = ! poor s9n] to ^:    
b$side ! pi\s monks c>ri$ x to br+ him  

to rep5tance1 by %[+ him designs ( su*  
horrible sugge/ion1 en=c$1 no d\bt1 by  
exhortations h>dly m humane4 ,^! books 7
 all reproduc$ _m times4 ,?is ,art (    
,dy+1 = example1 appe>$ 9 ,lat91        
,flemi%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 &     
,engli%1 ) simil> designs1 al?\gh !re 7 
v>iations 9 ! text4 ,once popul>1 !y h  
long s9ce lo/ _! attraction2 few c>e = !
 ideas or ! pictures pres]v$ 9 !m2 !    
bibliophile collects !m1 because !y are 
r>e1 co/ly1 & curi\s2 ! s*ol> consults  
!m1 because !y reveal ! unpr(itabl5ess (
 m$ival ?\ght1 ! ne$s & *>act]i/ics ( ! 
class t c\ld prize !m1 ! pov]ty ( !     
civilization ( :i* !y are ! monum5ts1 & 
because !y disclose glimpses ( actual   
human life z x !n 01 ) its humors1 its  
burd5s1 & its imag9ations4 ,! _w has    
=gott5 !m2 b !y hold 9 ! hi/ory (       
civilization an honorable place1 = by   
means ( !m wood-engrav+ l$ ! way to !   
inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & !reby p]=m$ its     
greate/ s]vice to mank9d4     ,,iii4    
,,e>ly ,,pr9t$ ,,books ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?4  

,illu/ration3 ,i ,,fig #g4--,s\rce ( ?is
 lett] unkn[n4  ,9 #aded ! art ( pr9t+ 9
 movable types & ) a press _h be5       
p]fect$ 9 ,g]many2 soon aft]w>d ! art ( 
block-pr9t+1 al?\gh x cont9u$ to be     
practis$ until ! end ( ! c5tury1 began  
to fall into decay1 & ! anci5t          
block-books1 9 :i* ! text _h be5        
subsidi>y to ! color$ engrav+s1 spe$ily 
gave place to ! mod]n pr9t$ book1 9 :i* 
! engrav+s 7 subsidi>y to ! text4 ,?is  
*ange did n come ab\t )\t a /ruggle     
betwe5 ! rival arts4 ,9 all ! great     
cities ( ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 !   
block-pr9t]s & wood-engrav]s _h long be5
 organiz$ into /rong & compact guilds1  
en=c+ _! rights ) /rict jeal\sy1 &      
privileg$ f ! fir/ to make use ( movable
 types & ! press2 ! new pr9t]s1 on ! o!r
 h&1 7 comp>atively few 9 numb]1        
disunit$ & scatt]$1 accu/om$ to g f "o  
t[n to ano!r1 & e attempt by !m to ins]t
 woodcuts into _! books 0 look$ ^u &    
res5t$ z an encroa*m5t on ! art ( !     
block-pr9t]s & ! wood-engrav]s4 ,at fir/

 ! new pr9t]s closely imitat$ !         
manuscripts ( _! "t4 ,!y us$ woodcuts to
 take ! place ( ! m9iatures ) :i* !     
manuscripts 7 embelli%$4 ,!y copi$      
directly ! h&writ+ ( ! scribes 9 ! =ms (
 _! type1 & 7 ?us l$ to ! use (         
ornam5tal initial lett]s l ^? :i* _h    
long be5 design$ by ! scribes &         
illum9at$ by ! rubricators2 su* are !   
beautiful initial lett]s 9 ! ,psalt] (  
,fau/ & ,s*eff]1 publi%$ at ,may5ce 9   
#adeg1 :i* are ! e>lie/ wood-engrav+s 9 
a dat$ book1 & are design$ & execut$ ) a
 skill :i* has r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,x 0 
by su* attempts t ! new pr9t]s incurr$ !
 ho/ility ( ! wood-engrav]s1 :i* 0 soon 
actively %[n4 ,ev5 z late z #adgg1 !    
guild at ,augsburg1 :i* 0 !n ! mo/      
num]\s & be/-skill$ 9 ,g]many1 oppos$ ! 
admission ( ,gun!r ,za9]1 :o _h j set up
 a pr9t+-press !re1 to ! rights (       
citiz5%ip1 & he ow$ 8 fre$om f          
mole/ation to ! int]f]5ce ( ! fri5dly   
abbot1 ,mel*ior de ,/amham4 ,! guild    
succe$$ 9 obta9+ an ord9ance =bidd+     

,za9] to ins]t woodcuts or initials     
engrav$ on wood into 8 books--a         
prohibition :i* rema9$ 9 =ce until he   
came to an und]/&+ ) !m1 by agree+ to   
use only su* woodcuts & initials z %\ld 
be engrav$ by !m4 ,9 ?is1 or simil>     
ways1 z 9 e displacem5t ( labor by      
me*anical improvem5ts1 aft] a %ort      
/ruggle ! *eap] & m rapid art prevail$2 
! wood-engrav]s gave up to ! pr9t]s !   
pr9cipal "p 9 ! mak+ ( books1 & became  
_! s]vants4  ,! new pr9t]s 7 mo/ active 
9 ! great ,g]man cities--,cologne1      
,may5ce1 ,nuremb]g1 ,ulm1 ,augsburg1    
,/rasburg1 & ,basle--& f ! presses ( ^! 
cities ! greate/ numb] ( books )        
woodcuts 7 issu$4 ,?is is "o reason :y !
 ma/]+ influ5ce f ?is "t 9 ,nor!rn      
wood-engrav+ 0 ,g]man2 :y ,g]man ta/e1  
,g]man rud5ess1 co>s5ess1 & crudity     
became ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( wood-engrav+ 
9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!   
,g]mans _h be51 f ! fir/1 artisans r ?an
 arti/s4 ,!y _h produc$ _m anonym\s     
pr9ts & block-books1 b !y _h nev] atta9$

 to ! p[] & elegance ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 
,n[ ! quality ( _! "w became ev5 less   
excell5t2 = decl9e _h set 91 & !        
increas+ popul>ity ( ! new art (        
copp]plate-engrav+ comb9$ ) !           
unfavorable influ5ces result+ f pr9t+1  
:i* requir$ *eap & rapid processes1 to  
degrade ! art /ill l[]4 ,! illu/rations 
9 ! new books _h ord9>ily little        
art-value3 !y 7 (t5 grotesque1 /iff1    
ignorant 9 design1 & c>eless or inexp]t 
9 execution2 b !y _h nev]!less _! use & 
_! int]e/4  ,! ,g]man influ5ce 0 made m 
p[]ful1 too1 by o!r causes ?an ! =emo/  
"p tak5 by ,g]many 9 pr9t+4 ,! ,l[      
,c\ntries1 hi!rto s civiliz$ & prosp]\s1
 ! home & cradle ( e>ly ,nor!rn art1 !  
influ5ce ( :i* _h spread abroad & become
 ! mo/ p[]ful ev5 ov] ! ,g]man pa9t]s   
!mselves1 7 n[ involv$ 9 ! turbul5ce &  
disa/] ( ! great w>s ( ,*>les ! ,bold4  
,!y n only lo/ _! honorable place at !  
head ( ,nor!rn civilization1 b on !     
m>riage ( _! ,du*ess1 ,m>y ( ,burgundy1 
! daught] ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 to ! ,emp]or

 ,maximilian1 !y yield$ 9 great "p to ! 
,g]man influ5ce1 & became m ne>ly alli$ 
9 "* & _s to ! ,g]man cities1 z !y _h   
be=e be5 m ak9 to ,france4 ,! woodcuts 9
 ! books ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e pr9t+ 0      
introduc$ by ,g]man workm51 %>e 9 !     
rud5ess ( ,g]man art2 9 proportion z _! 
previ\s p]=mance _h be5 m excell5t1 !   
decl9e ( ! art among !m seems m great4  
,!re are1 occasionally1 traces ( ! old  
p[] ( design & execution 9 _! lat] "w2 b
 f ! "t t books began to be pr9t$       
,g]many took ! lead 9 wood-engrav+4  ,! 
,g]man free cities 7 !n animat$ ) ! new 
_s :i* 0 to m\ld ! great age ( ,g]many1 
& result 9 ,dr] & ,lu!r4 ,! gr[+        
weakness ( ! ,empire _h fo/]$ indep5d5ce
 & self-reliance 9 ! citiz5s1 :ile !    
increase ( comm]ce1 bo? on ! nor? to !  
,g]man ,ocean1 & on ! s\? ?r\gh ,v5ice1 
_h introduc$ ! wants ( a high]          
civilization1 & af=d$ ! means to satisfy
 !m4 ,local pride1 :i* %[$ itself 9 !   
rivalries & public works ( ! cities1    
made _! ent]prise & indu/ry m active1 & 

gave an add$ impulse to ! rapid         
trans=mation ( milit>y & feudal into    
comm]cial & democratic life4 ,9 ^!      
cities1 :]e ! body ( m5 int]e/$ 9 k & ) 
! means ( acquir+ x1 became e ye> m     
num]\s1 ! new presses s5t =? books ( all
 k9ds--! religi\s & ascetic writ+s ( !  
cl]gy1 m$ival hi/ories1 *ronicles &     
romances1 travels1 voyages1 botanical1  
milit>y1 & sci5tific works1 & sometimes 
! writ+s ( classic au?ors2 al?\gh1 9    
di/9ction f ,italy1 ,g]many 0 at fir/   
devot$ to ! reproduction ( m$ival r ?an 
,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,! books 9    
,lat91 ! le>n$ tongue1 7 usually )\t    
woodcuts2 b ^? 9 ! vulg> tongues1 !n    
becom+ true languages1 ! developm5t &   
fix+ ( :i* are "o ( ! great debts ( !   
mod]n _w to pr9t+1 7 copi\sly illu/rat$1
 9 ord] to make !m attractive to !      
popul> ta/e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#h4--,! ,grief ( ,hannah4 ,f ! ,cologne 
,bible1 #adgj-'ge  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#i4--;,illu/ration ( ,exodus ,i4 ,f !   
,cologne ,bible1 #adgj-'ge4  ,! great   

book1 on :i* ! pr9t]s ex]cis$ mo/ c>e1 0
 ! ,bible4 ,_m editions 7 publi%$2 b !  
mo/ important ( ^!1 9 respect to !      
hi/ory ( wood-engrav+1 0 ! ,cologne     
,bible 7,figs4 #h1 #i71 :i* appe>$ be=e 
#adge1 bo? because its "o hundr$ & n9e  
designs 71 probably1 aft] ! block-books1
 ! e>lie/ s]ies ( engrav$ illu/rations (
 ,scripture1 & 7 widely copi$1 & also   
because !y %[ an ext5sion ( ! sph]e (   
?\ght & increas$ intellectual activity4 
,! design]s ( ^! cuts reli$ less ^u     
tradition1 display$ m orig9al feel+1 &  
%[$ great] v>iety & vivacity 9 _!       
treatm5t1 ?an ! arti/s :o _h engrav$ !  
,biblia ,paup]um4 ,! latt] volume       
conta9$1 z has be5 se51 ne>ly ! la/     
impression ( c5tury-old pictorial types 
9 ! m$ival conv5tional mann]2 ! ,cologne
 ,bible def9$ conceptions ( ,scriptural 
sc5es anew1 & ^! conceptions became     
conv5tional1 & re-appe>$ = g5]ations 9  
o!r illu/rat$ ,bibles 9 all p>ts (      
,europe2 n1 h[ev]1 because ( an         
immobility ( m9d *>act]i/ic ( !         

community1 z 9 e>li] times1 b p>tly     
because ! pr9t]s pres]v$ & ex*ang$ old  
wood-blocks1 s t ! same designs f ! same
 blocks appe>$ 9 widely di/ant cities1 &
 p>tly because x 0 less co/ly = !m to   
employ an inf]ior workman to copy ! old 
cut1 ) slight v>iations1 ?an to h an    
arti/ ( orig9al inv5tive p[] to design a
 :olly new s]ies4 ,?us ! ,nuremb]g      
,bible ( #adhb is illu/rat$ f ! same    
blocks z ! ,cologne ,bible1 & ! cuts 9 !
 ,/rasburg ,bible ( #adhe are poor      
copies ( ! same designs4 ,f ! m>g9al    
bord] :i* encloses ! fir/ page ( !      
,cologne ,bible x appe>s t wood-engrav+ 
0 already look$ on1 n only z a means (  
illu/rat+ :at 0 said 9 ! text1 b z a    
means ( decoration m]ely4 ,"h1 among !  
foliage & fl[]s1 are se5 runn+ animals1 
& 9 ! mid/ ! hunt]1 ! jongleur1 !       
musician1 ! lov]1 ! lady1 & ! fool--an  
indication ( delight 9 nature & 9 !     
v>iety ( human life1 :i*1 simply because
 x is n directly connect$ ) ! text1 is !
 m significant ( t fre] range ( sympa?y 

& ?\ght *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,aft]w>d ^! 
decorative bord]s1 (t5 9 a satiric & n  
infrequ5tly 9 a gross ve91 :olly        
disconnect$ ) ! text1 & sometimes at    
/range v>iance ) its _s1 are n uncommon4
 ,! engrav+s t foll[ ?is frontispiece   
repres5t ! cu/om>y ,scriptural sc5es1 & 
! s]ies closes ) two /rik+ designs ( !  
,la/ ,judgm5t & ( ,hell4 ,9 ! =m] angels
 are hurl+ pope1 emp]or1 c>d9al1 bi%op1 
& k+ into hell1 & 9 ! latt] _! bodies   
lie face to face ) ! s\ls m>k$ ) ! seal 
( ,god--a satire n unexampl$ be=e ?is   
"t1 & inde$ h>dly bold] ?an hi!rto1 b ( 
a _s :i* %[$ t ,lu!r 0 already born4 8,x
 is no small honor = our wood-engrav]s10
 says ,r5\vi]1 8to h express$ public    
op9ion ) su* h>dihood1 & to h %[n       
!mselves ! advanc$ s5t9els ( a          
revolution40 ,! engrav+ 9 ?is ,bible    
tells its own /ory )\t ne$ ( comm5t2 b1 
heavy & rude z mu* ( x is1 x surpasses  
o!r ,g]man "w ( ! same p]iod2 & x mu/ n 
be =gott5 t ! awkw>dness ( ! draw+ 0 mu*
 obscur$ by ! colors :i* 7 aft]w>d laid 

on ! designs by h&4 ,x is only by       
accid5t or neglig5ce t woodcuts 7 left  
uncolor$ 9 e>ly ,g]man books1 = !       
conception ( a complete picture simply 9
 black & :ite 0 a comp>atively late     
acquisition 9 art1 & did n guide !      
practice ( wood-engrav]s until ! la/    
decade ( ! c5tury1 :51 inde$1 x effect$ 
a revolution 9 ! art4  ,( ! _m o!r      
illu/rat$ ,bibles :i* appe>$ dur+ ! la/ 
qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! "o publi%$  
at ,augsburg1 ab\t #adge1 & attribut$ to
 ,gun!r ,za9]1 alone has a peculi>      
int]e/4 ,all b two ( its sev5ty-?ree    
woodcuts are comb9$ ) l>ge initial      
lett]s1 occupy+ ! wid? ( a column1 = :i*
 !y s]ve z a backgr\nd1 & by :i* !y are 
fram$ 92 ^! are ! olde/ initial lett]s 9
 ?is /yle1 & are orig9al 9 design1 full 
( animation & vigor1 & rank ) ! be/ "w (
 ! e>ly ,augsburg wood-engrav]s4 ,x is n
 unlikely t ^! novel & attractive lett]s
 7 ! v ones ( :i* ! ,augsburg guild     
compla9$ 9 ! action t !y br\ght aga9/   
,za9] 9 #adgg4 ,aft]w>d ! ,g]man pr9t]s 

gave mu* att5tion to ornam5t$ capitals1 
bo? 9 ?is /yle1 :i* rea*$ its mo/ p]fect
 examples 9 ,holbe9's alphabets1 & 9 !  
,italian mode1 9 :i* ! design 0 reliev$ 
9 :ite ^u a black gr\nd4  ,next to !    
,bibles1 ! e>ly *ronicles & hi/ories are
 ( mo/ int]e/ = ! /udy ( wood-engrav+4  
,!y are records ( leg5d>y & real ev5ts1 
int]m+l$ ) mu* extrane\s matt] :i* seem$
 to _! au?ors curi\s or />tl+4 ,!y      
usually beg9 ) ! ,creation1 & come d[n  
?r\gh sacr$ into e>ly leg5d>y & secul>  
hi/ory1 rec\nt+ miracles1 m>tyrdoms1    
sieges1 tales ( wond] & sup]/ition1     
om5s1 anecdotes ( ! great pr9ces1 & ! l4
 ,ea* ( !m dwells especially ^u :atev]  
glorifies ! sa9ts1 or t\*es !           
patriotism1 ( _! respective c\ntries4   
,!y are fill$ ) woodcuts 9 illu/ration (
 _! n>rative1 beg9n+ ) sc5es f ,g5esis4 
,?us ! ,*ronicle ( ,saxony1 publi%$ at  
,may5ce 9 #adib1 conta9s repres5tations 
( ! fall ( ! angels1 ! ark ( ,noah1     
,romulus f\nd+ ,rome1 ! arrival ( !     
,franks & ! ,saxons1 ! de$s (           

,*>lemagne1 ! ov]?r[ ( paganism1 ! fam\s
 emp]ors1 ,o?o burn+ a sorc]]1 ,fr$]ick 
,b>b>ossa1 & ! ,emp]or ,maximilian4 ,!  
,*ronicle ( ,cologne1 publi%$ 9 #adib1  
is simil>ly illu/rat$ ) views ( ! great 
ca!dral1 ) repres5tations ( ! ,?ree     
,k+s1 ! refusal ( ! five ,rh9e cities to
 pay impo/1 & l sc5es4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #aj4--,! ,fif? ,day ( ,creation4 
,f ,s*$el's 8,lib] ,*ronic>um40         
,nuremb]g1 #adic4  ,! mo/ important ( ! 
*ronicles1 9 respect to wood-engrav+1 is
 ! ,*ronicle ( ,nuremb]g 7,figs4 #aj1   
#aa1 #ab71 publi%$ 9 t city 9 #adic4 ,x 
conta9s ov] two ?\s& cuts :i* are       
attribut$ to ,william ,pleyd5wurff &    
,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?1 ! latt] ! ma/] (    
,alb]t ,dr]2 !y are rude & (t5          
grotesque1 possess+ an antiqu>ian r ?an 
an arti/ic int]e/2 _m ( !m are repeat$  
sev]al times1 a portrait s]v+           
indiff]5tly = "o prophet or ano!r1 a    
view ( h\ses ^u a hill repres5t+ equally
 well a city 9 ,asia or 9 ,italy1 j z 9 
_m o!r e>ly books--= example1 9 !       

,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,hung>y--a           
battle-piece does = any conflict1 or a  
man on a ?rone = any k+4 ,!             
repres5tations 7 typical r ?an          
individual4 ,9 "s ( ! designs !re is1   
d\btless1 a c>eful tru?fulness1 z 9 !   
view ( ,nuremb]g1 & p]haps 9 "s ( !     
portraits4 ,! l>g] cuts %[ consid]able  
vigor & boldness ( conception1 b none ( 
!m are s good z ! illu/rations1 also    
attribut$ to ,wohlgemu?1 9 !            
,s*atzbehalt]1 publi%$ 9 ! same city 9  
#adia4 ,! di/9ction ( ! ,nuremb]g       
*ronicle does n consi/ 9 any sup]iority 
( design :i* c be claim$ = x 9 comp>ison
 ) o!r books ( ! same sort1 b 9 ! fact t
 "h 7 pr9t$1 = ! fir/ "t1 woodcuts      
simply 9 black & :ite1 :i* 7 look$ on z 
complete )\t ! aid ( ! colori/1 & 7 9   
all ess5tial po9ts entirely simil> to   
mod]n works4 ,?is *ange 0 br\ght ab\t by
 ! introduction ( cross-hat*+1 or l9es  
cross+ ea* o!r at diff]5t int]vals &    
diff]5t angles1 b usually obliquely1 by 
means ( :i* blacks & grays ( v>i\s      

int5sity1 or :at is te*nically call$    
color1 7 obta9$4 ,?is 0 a process       
already 9 use 9 copp]plate-engrav+4 ,9 t
 art--! rev]se ( wood-engrav+ s9ce !    
l9es :i* are to give ! impression on    
pap] are incis$ into ! metal in/ead (   
be+ left rais$ z 9 ! wood-block--!      
engrav] groov$ out ! cross+ l9es ) !    
same facility & 9 ! same way z !        
draughtsman draws !m 9 a p5-&-ink sket*1
 ! dep? ( color obta9$ dep5d+ 9 bo?     
cases on ! relative clos5ess & f95ess ( 
! hat*+s4 ,9 engrav+ 9 wood ! task 0 mu*
 m difficult1 & requir$ great] nicety ( 
skill1 =1 z 9 ?is case ! cross+ l9es mu/
 be left 9 relief1 ! engrav] 0 oblig$ to
 g\ge out ! m9ute diamond spaces betwe5 
!m4 ,at fir/ ?is 01 probably1 ?\ght     
beyond ! p[] ( ! workm54 ,! e>lie/      
woodcut 9 :i* ^! cross-hat*+s appe> is !
 frontispiece to ,breyd5ba*'s ,travels1 
publi%$ at ,may5ce 9 #adhf1 :i* is1     
p]haps1 ! f9e/ wood-engrav+ ( its "t4 ,9
 ! ,nuremb]g *ronicle ?is process 0 fir/
 ext5sively employ$ to obta9 color1 &   

?us ?is volume m>ks ! beg9n+ ( t great  
s*ool 9 wood-engrav+ :i* seeks its      
effects 9 black l9es4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #aa4--,! ,danc+ ,dea?s4 ,f       
,s*$el's 8,lib] ,*ronic>um40 ,nuremb]g1 
#adic4  ,to describe ! hundr$s (        
illu/rat$ books :i* ! ,g]man pr9t]s     
publi%$ be=e ! end ( ! c5tury belongs to
 ! bibliograph]4 ,%\ld any "o turn to   
!m1 he w\ld f9d 9 ! cuts t !y conta9 mu*
 div]sity 9 "*1 b little 9 m]it2 he w\ld
 meet at ,bamb]g1 9 ! works pr9t$ by    
,pfi/]1 ^: ,book ( ,fables1 publi%$     
#adfa1 is ! fir/ dat$ volume ) woodcuts 
( figures1 designs s rude t !y are      
g5]ally believ$ to h be5 hack$ out by   
appr5tices :olly de/itute ( tra9+ 9 !   
craft2 he w\ld notice 9 ! books (       
,cologne ! great] self-re/ra9t & s5se ( 
proportion1 9 ^? ( ,augsburg ! great]   
v>iety1 vivacity1 & vigor1 9 ^? (       
,nuremb]g ! great] exagg]ation &        
grotesqu5ess4 ,9 ! publications ( "s    
cities he w\ld come ^u ! burn+ que/ions 
( t g5]ation3 ! siege ( ,rhodes by !    

,turks1 ! w>s ( ,*>les ! ,bold aga9/    
,switz]l&1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,john ,huss2    
else:]e he w\ld see nave conceptions (  
m$ival romance & *ivalry1 & n           
infrequ5tly1 z 9 ! ,boccaccio ( ,ulm1   
grossnesses n to be describ$2 at        
,/rasburg he w\ld h>dly recognize       
,horace & ,virgil ) _! ,teutonic        
features & b>b>ic g>b2 :ile at ,may5ce  
botanical works1 :i* /rangely m+le      
sci5ce1 m$ic9e1 & sup]/ition1 w\ld      
excite 8 wond]1 & at ,ulm milit>y works 
w\ld picture ! =gott5 eng9es ( m$ival   
w>f>e2 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 too1 he w\ld disc]n
 little diff]5ce 9 lit]ature or 9       
design2 ev]y:]e he w\ld f9d ! unev5ness 
( ,go?ic ta/e--"o mom5t creat+ works ) a
 c]ta9 boldness & gr&eur ( conception1 !
 next mom5t fall+ into ! inane & !      
ludicr\s2 ev]y:]e ,g]man realism mak+   
ea* p]son appe> z if born 9 a ,rh9e     
city1 & ea* ev5t z if tak+ place )9 its 
walls2 ev]y:]e1 too1 an ev]-wid5+ int]e/
 9 ! affairs ( pa/ times & di/ant       
c\ntries1 9 ! ?\ght & life ( ! g5]ations

 t 7 gone1 9 ! pursuits ( ! liv+1 & !   
multi=m problems ( t age ( ! ,re=mation 
!n com+ on4 ,x is impossible to turn f  
?is wide survey )\t a recognition ( !   
l>ge %>e :i* wood-engrav+1 z ! sugge/] &
 s]vant ( pr9t+1 _h 9 ! progress made   
t[>d civilization 9 ! ,nor? dur+ t      
c5tury4 ,woltmann does n ov]-/ate ! fact
 :5 he says3 8,wood-engrav+ &           
copp]plate-engrav+ 7 n alone ( use 9 !  
advance ( art2 !y =m an epo* 9 ! entire 
life ( m9d & culture4 ,! idea embodi$ & 
multipli$ 9 pictures became1 l t embodi$
 9 ! pr9t$ ^w1 ! h]ald ( e intellectual 
movem5t40  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ab4--;,jews ,sacrific+ a ,*ri/ian      
,*ild4 ,f ,s*$el's 8,lib] ,*ronic>um40  
,nuremb]g1 #adic4  ,z typography spread 
f ,g]many ?r\gh ! o!r c\ntries (        
,europe1 ! art ( wood-engrav+ accompani$
 x4 ,! fir/ books pr9t$ 9 ! ,fr5*       
language appe>$ ab\t #adge1 at ,bruges1 
:]e ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy _h long favor$ 
! vulg> tongue1 & _h collect$ _m        
manuscripts writt5 9 x 9 _! great       

libr>y1 !n "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,!    
fir/ ,fr5* city to issue ,fr5* books f  
its presses 0 ,lyons1 :i* _h le>n$ !    
arts ( pr9t+ & ( wood-engrav+ f ,basle1 
,g5eva1 & ,nuremb]g1 9 consequ5ce ( _!  
close comm]cial relations4 ,if a few    
d\btful & scatt]$ examples ( e>ly "w be 
except$1 x 0 9 ^! ,lyonese books t ,fr5*
 wood-engrav+ fir/ appe>$4 ,f ! beg9n+ (
 pr9t+ 9 ,france1 ,lyons 0 ! *ief seat (
 popul> lit]ature1 & ! c5tre ( ! indu/ry
 ( pr9t+ books 9 ! vulg> tongue1 z ,p>is
 0 ! *ief seat ( ! lit]ature ( ! le>n$1 
bo? 9 ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 & devot$ itself to 
reproduc+ religi\s & sci5tific works4#cb
 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( !   
sixte5? c5turies ! ,lyonese presses     
issu$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( fir/ editions ( ! 
popul> romances1 :i* 7 s\ght1 n m]ely by
 ,fr5* pur*as]s1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,^! 
books 7 meant = ! middle class1 :o 7    
unable to buy ! co/ly manuscripts1      
illum9at$ ) spl5did m9iatures1 9 :i*    
lit]ature _h previ\sly be5 lock$ up4 ,!y
 7 n consid]$ valuable en\gh to be      

pres]v$ ) c>e1 & h consequ5tly become   
sc>ce2 b !y 7 publi%$ 9 great numb]s1 & 
ex]t$ an influ5ce 9 ! spread ( lit]>y k 
& ta/e :i* c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4      
,woodcuts 7 fir/ ins]t$ 9 !m ab\t #adgf2
 b = tw5ty ye>s aft] ?is wood-engrav+ 0 
practis$ r z a trade ?an an art1 & its  
products h no m arti/ic m]it ?an simil> 
works 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #adic an edition (  
,t]5ce1 9 :i* ! e>li] rud5ess gave way  
to "s skill 9 design1 %[$ ! fir/ signs (
 promise ( ! excell5ce :i* ! ,lyonese   
art 0 to atta9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4  ,9  
,p>is1 ! ,g]man pr9t]s1 :o _h be5 invit$
 to ! city by a prior ( ! ,sorbonne1 _h 
issu$ ,lat9 works = t5 ye>s be=e        
wood-engrav+ began to be practis$4 ,aft]
 #adhc1 h[ev]1 ,jean ,du ,pr1 ,guyot    
,m>*&1 ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge1 ,pi]re ,le     
,c>on1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 & o!r e>ly pr9t]s 
appli$ !mselves zeal\sly to !           
publication ( volumes ( devotion1       
hi/ory1 poetry1 & romance1 9 :i* !y made
 use ( wood-engrav+4 ,! figure ( ! au?or
 frequ5tly appe>s ^u ! fir/ page1 :]e he

 (f]s 8 book to ! k+ or pr9cess be=e :om
 he kneels2 & "h & !re may be read      
s5tim5ts l ! foll[+1 :i* is tak5 f an   
e>ly "w ( ,v]>d's1 :]e !y are ins]t$ 9  
fragm5t>y v]ses among ! woodcuts3 8,e   
good1 loyal1 & gallant ,ca?olic :o beg9s
 any "w ( imag]y ought1 fir/1 to invoke 
9 all 8 labor ! ,div9e p[] by ! bless$  
"n ( ,jesus1 :o illum9es e human he>t & 
und]/&+2 ?is is 9 e de$ a fair          
beg9n+40#cc ,! religi\s books1          
especially ! ,livres d',heures 7,fig4   
#ac71 7 fill$ ) ! f9e/ examples ( !     
,p>isian art1 :i* s\ght to imitate !    
beautiful m9iatures = :i* ,p>is _h be5  
fam\s f ev5 be=e ! "t :5 ,dante prais$  
!m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ef=t ! woodcut 9
 simple l9e s]v$ frequ5tly only z a r\gh
 draft1 to be fill$ 9 & f9i%$ by !      
colori/1 :o1 inde$1 sometimes :olly     
disreg>d$ x & ov]laid x ) a new design4 
,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ! wood-engrav]s      
succe$$ 9 mak+ cuts :i*1 s f> f ne$+    
color1 7 only injur$ by ! addition ( x2 
b ^! 7 consid]$ less valuable ?an !     

illum9at$ designs1 & ! wood-engrav]s 7  
hamp]$ 9 ! practice ( _! art by !       
m9iaturi/s1 :o1 l ! guilds at ,augsburg 
& o!r ,g]man t[ns1 compla9$ ( ! new mode
 ( illu/ration z a ru9\s encroa*m5t on  
_! craft4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ac4--,m>g9al ,bord]4 ,f ,k]v]'s        
8,psalt]ium ,virg9is ,m>i40 #aeji4      
,:e!r ) or )\t color1 ! engrav+s 9 !    
,livres d',heures are beautiful4 ,ea*   
page is enclos$ 9 an ornam5tal bord]    
made up ( small cuts1 :i* are repeat$ 9 
new arrangem5ts on succe$+ leaves2 "h & 
!re a l>ge cut1 usually repres5t+ "s    
,scriptural sc5e1 is introduc$ 9 ! upp] 
portion ( ! page1 & ! text fills !      
vacant spaces4 ,n infrequ5tly ! ta/e    
display$ is ,gallic r ?an pi\s1 &       
delights 9 pr(ane leg5ds & burlesque    
fancies :i* "o w\ld n expect to meet 9 a
 pray]-book4 ,^! volumes 7 s highly     
priz$ by =eign nations = ! beauty ( _!  
workman%ip1 t !y 7 pr9t$ 9 ,flemi%1     
,engli%1 & ,italian4 ,^? :i* 7 issu$ by 
,v]>d1 ,vo/re1 ,pig\*et1 & ,k]v] 7 ! be/

 products ( ! e>ly ,fr5* art4#cd ,!     
secul> works :i* conta9 woodcuts are    
h>dly wor?y ( m5tion1 except+ ,guyot    
,m>*&'s ,la ,danse ,macabre1 fir/       
publi%$ 9 #adhe1 :i* is a s]ies (       
tw5ty-five spirit$ & graceful designs1  
m>k$ by ,fr5* vivacity & livel9ess (    
fancy4 ,9 all e>ly ,fr5* "w ! peculi>   
g5ius ( ! p is n s easily di/+ui%able z 
9 ?is example1 b x is usually pres5t1 & 
gives a national *>act]i/ic to ! art1   
not)/&+ ! indubitable influ5ces ( !     
,g]man ar*aic s*ool 9 ! e>li] "t1 & ( ! 
,italian s*ool 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sixte5?
 c5tury4  ,fr5* wood-engrav+ is         
rem>kable1 9 respect to its te*nique1 = 
! introduction ( crible1 or dott$ "w1   
:i* has previ\sly#ce be5 describ$1 into 
! backgr\nds on :i* ! designs are       
reliev$4 ,?is mode ( engrav+ is probably
 a survival f ! goldsmi?s' "w ( ! fir/  
"p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x is n unlikely
 t1 z ,r5\vi] sugge/s1 ^! crible gr\nds 
7 meant to repres5t ! gold gr\nds on :i*
 bo? m9iatures & e>ly pa9t+s 7 reliev$4 

,f an exam9ation ( ! peculi>ities ( ^!  
engrav+s1 "s au?ors#cf h be5 l$ to      
ma9ta9 t !y 7 tak5 (f f metal plates cut
 9 relief1 & ne>ly all writ]s are ready 
to admit t ?is 0 sometimes1 b n always1 
! case4 ,! "q is unsettl$2 b x is       
probable t wood 0 sometimes employ$1 & x
 w\ld be impossible to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty
 :at %>e 9 ^! pr9ts belongs to          
wood-engrav+ & metal-engrav+            
respectively4 ,9 g5]al1 ,fr5*           
wood-engrav+1 9 its be/ e>ly examples at
 ,p>is1 0 *>act]iz$ by great] f95ess &  
elegance ( l9e1 & by m feel+ = arti/ic  
effects1 ?an 0 ! case ) ,g]man          
book-illu/ration2 b ! ,p>isian          
*ronicles1 hi/ories1 botanical works1 & 
! l1 possess$ no great] m]it ?an simil> 
publications at ,lyons or 9 ! ,g]man    
cities1 & _! influ5ce ^u ! middle       
classes 9 fur!r+ ! advance ( education &
 ta/e 0 probably mu* less4  ,engl& 0 f> 
beh9d ! o!r nations ( ,europe 9 its     
appreciation ( art1 & wood-engrav+ ?rove
 !re z feebly z did ! o!r arts ( design4

 ,! fir/ ,engli% book ) woodcuts 0      
,caxton's ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse1    
publi%$ ab\t #adgf1 ! fir/ edition ( :i*
 0 issu$ two ye>s e>li]1 )\t            
illu/rations4 ,x is suppos$ by "s writ]s
 t ,caxton import$ ! blocks f :i* ^!    
cuts 7 pr9t$1 z he did ! type = 8 text2 
& x is c]ta9 t 9 lat] ye>s wood-blocks &
 metal-plates 7 br\ght ov] f ! ,cont95t 
= illu/rat+ ,engli% books4 ,x is n      
improbable t ! art 0 practis$ by        
,engli%m5 z a "p ( ! pr9t]'s craft1 & t 
!re 7 no pr(essional wood-engrav]s = _m 
ye>s2 inde$1 ,*atto d\bts :e!r ! art 0  
practis$ sep>ately ev5 s late z         
,holbe9's "t4 ,! cuts 9 ,caxton's works1
 & 9 ^? ( ! lat] pr9t]s1 ,wynkyn de     
,worde & ,ri*>d ,pynson1 7 altoge!r rude
 & un9t]e/+ 9 design4 ,if ! honor ( !m  
belongs to =eign r ?an ,engli% workm51  
no great hurt is done to ,engli% pride4 
,,iv4  ,,e>ly ,,italian                 
,,wood-,,engrav+4   ,illu/ration3 ,p    
,,fig4 #ad4--;,f ,ovid's                
8,metamorphoses40 ,v5ice1 #aeah 7design1

 #adig74  ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,dr]       
wood-engrav+ 9 ! ,nor?1 z has be5 se51 0
 little m ?an a trade1 & has its ma9    
int]e/ to ! s*ol> z an ag5t (           
civilization2 9 ,italy x fir/ became a  
f9e art1 a mode ( beautiful expression4 
,! ,italians1 set 9 ! mid/ ( natural    
lovel9ess & among ! ru9s ( anci5t art1  
_h nev] :olly lo/ ! s5se ( beauty2 !y   
may h paid b slight att5tion to :at 0   
ab\t !m1 b !y liv$ life-long 9 ! daily  
sight ( fair sc5es & beautiful =ms1 :i* 
impress$ _! s5ses & m\ld$ _! nature1 s  
t1 :5 ) ! revival ( lett]s !y felt !    
native impulses ( humanity t[>d ! high] 
life /irr+ once m 9 _! he>ts1 !y f\nd   
!mselves endu$ ) p[]s ( p]ception &     
appreciation beyond any o!r p 9 ! _w4   
,^! p[]s 7 n ! peculi> possession ( a   
well-born class2 ! c5turies _h br$ !m   
unobs]v$ into ! nature ( ! race1 into ! 
physical con/itution ( ! :ole p4 ,!     
artisan1 no less ?an ! pr9ce1 took      
delight 9 ! dawn ( art1 & welcom$ x )   
equal wor%ip4 ,nor 0 ?is arti/ic in/9ct 

! only common acquisition2 ! en?usiasm =
 lett]s 0 likewise widely %>$1 s t "s ( 
! be/ manuscripts ( ! classics h come   
d[n to mod]n times f ! h&s ( humble     
,flor5t9e workm54 ,italy1 inde$1 0 !    
fir/ c\ntry :]e democratic civilization 
_h place2 "h ! contempt ( ! ,nor!rn "l =
 ! peasant & ! me*anic _h nev] be5      
wide-spread1 p>tly because m]cantile    
life 0 e>ly held to be honorable1 &     
p>tly because ( peculi> social          
conditions4 ,! long1 un9t]rupt$         
int]c\rse ) ! rema9s ( ,roman           
civilization 9 ! unb>b>iz$ ,ea/1 !      
contact ) ,s>ac5ic civilization 9 !     
,s\?1 ! culture ( ! c\rt ( ! ,two       
,sicilies1 & ! inv>iably levell+        
influ5ce ( comm]ce1 _h made ,italy ! mo/
 cosmopolitan ( ,european c\ntries2 !   
%>p & w>like rivalry ( small1 b int5sely
 patriotic1 /ates1 & ! necessity !y lay 
"u ( utiliz+ = _! own pres]vation :atev]
 individual en]gy might arise among !m1 
p]haps mo/ ( all ! p[]ful example ( !   
omnipres5t ,*ur* 9 :i* ! son ( a sw9eh]d

 might take ! ,papal ,?rone1 _h         
contribut$ to make x comp>atively easy  
to pass f l[] to high] social ranks2 !  
ari/ocratic /ructure ( society rema9$1 b
 ! di/9ction ( classes 0 obscur$1 & !   
excell5ce ( ! individual's faculties1 ! 
en]gy & scope ( 8 p[]s1 7 recogniz$ z ! 
real dignities :i* 7 wor?y ( respect4 ,9
 ?is recognition ( ! individual1 & ?is  
common ta/e = art & lett]s1 lay !       
conditions ( new & vigor\s intellectual 
life2 !y result$ 9 ! great age ( ,italy4
 ,x 0 ?is 9 ! ma9 t made possible !     
popul> f]vor = ! ?+s ( ! m9d 9 !        
,italian ,r5aissance1 to :i* no?+ else 9
 ! _w's hi/ory is comp>able b ! popul>  
en?usiasm ( ! mod]n ,revolution =       
lib]ty4 ,dante gave 8 c\ntry a native   
language1 ! ,humani/s gave x ! lit]ature
 ( ,rome1 ! ,hell5i/s ! lit]ature (     
,greece2 poets sang & arti/s pa9t$ ) a  
l(t9ess & dignity ( imag9ation1 a       
sweetness & delicacy ( s5tim5t1 an en]gy
 & rea* ( ?\ght1 a music ( v]se & h>mony
 ( l9e & color1 /ill unsurpass$4 ,!     

gifts :i* ^! m5 br\ght 7 n = a few1 b = 
! _m :o %>$ 9 ?is ma/]+1 absorb+ int]e/ 
9 ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 9 beauty & wisdom1 :i* 
0 ! vital _s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,! ,creation4
 ,f ! 8,fasciculus ,temporum40 ,v5ice1  
#adhd4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#af4--,levia?an4 ,f ! 8,ortus           
,sanitatis40 ,v5ice1 #aeaa4  ,?us x     
happ5$ t :5 ! ,g]man pr9t]s br\ght ov] !
 ,alps ! art :i* 0 to d s mu* t[>d      
civiliz+ ! ,nor?1 !y f\nd 9 ,italy a    
civilization already culm9at$1 ha/5+ on1
 inde$1 to a swift decl9e2 !y f\nd ! p  
already 9 possession ( ! manuscripts :i*
 !y came to reproduce & multiply1 & !   
pr9ces1 l ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o1#cg 8a%am$  
to own a pr9t$ book0 among _! spl5did   
collections1 :]e e art seem$ to vie 9   
mak+ beautiful _! volumes ( vellum &    
velvet4 ,wood-engrav+1 too1 :i* "h z    
else:]e accompani$ pr9t+1 c\ld be ( no  
use 9 spread+ ideas & prep>+ ! way = a  
popul> k & appreciation ( art2 x 0 to   
receive r ?an be/[ b5efits2 x 0 to be   

made a f9e art be=e x c\ld p]=m any real
 s]vice4 ,! pr9t]s1 h[ev]1 prov$ !      
utility ( _! art1 & 7 soon busily       
employ$ 9 all ! ,italian cities 9       
reproduc+ ! preci\s manuscripts ) :i*   
,italy 0 /or$2 & f ! fir/ !y call$      
wood-engrav+ to _! aid4 ,x is true t !  
e>lie/ ,italian woodcuts--:i* 71 h[ev]1 
,g]manic 9 design & execution--7 z rude 
z ^? ( ! ,nor!rn work%ops4 ,!y appe>$ = 
! fir/ "t 9 an edition ( ,c>d9al        
,turrecremata's ,m$itations1 publi%$ at 
,rome by ,ulric ,hahn1 9 #adfg4 ,9      
,v5ice1 al?\gh )\t mu* d\bt ! art _h be5
 practis$ !re by ! mak]s ( c>ds & pr9ts 
long be=e1 woodcuts 7 fir/ introduc$ by 
! ,g]man pr9t]s4 ,! accompany+ cuts are 
fair examples ( _! "w 7,figs4 #ae1 #af1 
#ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba71 & at ! same "t     
int]e/+ reflections ( popul> fable4 ,!  
views ( ,v5ice are examples ( ! v common
 attempts to repres5t ! actual appe>ance
 ( ! great cities1 :i* possess sometimes
 an hi/oric value4 ,?is ,g]manic "w is b
 slightly diff]5t f t already notic$2 b 

z soon z ! art became naturaliz$1 & 0   
practis$ by ! ,italian engrav]s1 x 0    
*>act]iz$ at once by beauty ( design4   
,!re is some?+ m ?an promise 9 an       
edition ( sop's ,fables1 publi%$ at     
,v]ona 9 #adha1 z may be se5 f ^!       
examples 7,figs4 #bb1 #bc71 tak5 f a    
,v5etian repr9t ( #adia4 ,an ,ovid1     
pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adig1 is adorn$ )    
sev]al excell5t woodcuts1 su* z ?is ( ,!
 ,conte/ ( ,apollo & ,pan 7,fig4 #ai72 &
 !re are o!r works ( simil> m]it belong+
 to ! same p]iod4 ,! f9e/ example (     
,italian wood-engrav+ be=e x rea*$ its  
highe/ p]fection 9 ! ,hypn]otoma*ia     
,poliphili1 or ,dream ( ,poliphilo1 is a
 volume :i* conta9s ! epi/les ( ,/4     
,j]ome1 & a description ( cloi/ral life4
 ,?is is adorn$ ) a l>ge numb] ( small  
woodcuts ( simple beauty1 m>k$ by grace 
& feel+1 & full ( rem9isc5ces ( moods & 
s5tim5ts :i* h long ceas$ to hold a     
place 9 human he>ts 7,figs4 #bd1 #be1   
#bf74 ,"h is pictur$ ! religi\s life2 ! 
monk's cell is b>ely furni%$1 b x is    

seldom )\t %elves ( books & a w9d[ op5+ 
^u a di/ant prospect2 ! tea*] exp\nds to
 8 pupils ! great volume on ! desk be=e 
him2 ! prie/ adm9i/]s consolation to !  
dy+ & ! b]eav$1 & enc\rages ! feeble (  
_s & ! s9ful2 ! prea*] disc\rses to 8   
bre?r5 & ! cr[d+ p ! ,bless$ ,^w2 ! nuns
 ( ! si/]hood p]=m _! daily (fices (    
religion1 ! panel ( ! confessional      
slides back = !m1 !y wa% ! feet ( !     
poor1 !y sit at table toge!r2 all !     
pieties ( _! life1 :i* knew no close    
human relation1 :i* knew only ,god &    
mank9d1 are depict$2 & n[ & !n !re is a 
?\ght1 too1 ( ! worldly life outside--"h
 ! beautiful y\?s /op to gaze at !      
conv5t gates b>r$ aga9/ !m4 ,!re are o!r
 cuts1 also1 ( l&scape1 t[]s1 & cities4 
,! great !mes ( religion are n =gott5--!
 ,resurrection & ! ,judgm5t unfold _!   
secrets ( ju/ice & ( ! life et]nal4 ,9  
all ! religi\s _s prevails1 & gives to !
 :ole s]ies a simple & sweet *>m4 ,"o   
may look at !m long1 & be cont5t to look
 _m times !reaft]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4

 #ag4--,! ,/ork4 ,f ! 8,ortus           
,sanitatis40 ,v5ice1 #aeaa4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,view (      
,v5ice4 ,f ! 8,fasciculus ,temporum40   
,v5ice1 #adhd4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#ai4--,! ,conte/ ( ,apollo & ,pan4 ,f   
,ovid's 8,metamorphoses40 ,v5ice1 #aeah 
7design1 #adig74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#bj4--,sir5s4 ,f ! 8,ortus ,sanitatis40 
,v5ice1 #aeaa4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#ba4--,pygmy & ,cranes4 ,f ! 8,ortus    
,sanitatis40 ,v5ice1 #aeaa4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,! ,woman & !
 ,?ief4 ,f 8sop's ,fables40 ,v5ice1     
#adia 7design1 #adha74  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #bc4--,! ,cr[ & ! ,peacock4 ,f   
8sop's ,fables40 ,v5ice1 #adia 7design1 
#adha74  ,?is volume ( ,/4 ,j]ome 01    
h[ev]1 only a wor?y =]unn] ( ! ,dream ( 
,poliphilo1 9 :i* ,italian wood-engrav+1
 quick5$ by ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance1       
display$ its mo/ beautiful creations4 ,x
 0 writt5 by a ,v5etian monk1 ,francesco
 ,columna1 9 #adfg1 & 0 fir/ pr9t$ by   
,aldus1 9 #adii4 ,x is a my/ical "w1    

compos$ 9 ,italian1 /rangely m+l$ )     
,greek1 ,lat91 ,hebrew1 & ,arabic1 & its
 !me1 :i* is ! praise ( beauty & ( love1
 is obscur$ by ab/ruse k & by mu* v>i$  
le>n+4 ,x recalls ,dante's poem 9 "s    
ways4 ,! ,r5aissance ,dom9ican1 too1 0 a
 lov] ) a human ,beatrice1 ( :om 8 dream
 is ! memorial & ! glory2 l ,dante1 he  
seems to symbolize1 "u ! beauty &       
gu>dian%ip ( 8 graci\s lady1 a body (   
tru? & a !ory ( life2 &1 z 9 ,dante's   
poem ,beatrice typifi$ ,div9e ,wisdom & 
!ology1 8 ,polia /ood = ! new gospel (  
?is _w's joy1 = ! lovel9ess ( univ]sal  
nature & ! p]fection ( anci5t art2 9    
ador+ h] he wor%ips !m1 & 9 celebrat+   
h]1 z alike 8 goal & 8 guide ?r\gh !    
mazes ( 8 *ang+ dream1 he exalts !      
virtue & ! hope t lay 9 ! ,r5aissance   
ideal ( life4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no volume
 :]e ! exub]ant vigor ( t age is m      
cle>ly %[n1 or :]e ! objects = :i* t age
 0 impassion$ are m gl[+ly describ$4    
,?is romantic & fanta/ic rhapsody       
mirrors e aspect ( nature & art 9 :i* ! 

,italians !n took delight--peaceful     
l&scape1 :]e riv]s fl[ by fl[]-/>r$     
banks & ?r\gh bird-haunt$ woods2 noble  
ar*itecture & exquisite sculpture1 !    
music ( s(t in/rum5ts1 ! ru9s (         
antiquity1 ! leg5ds ( old my?ology1 !   
motions ( ! dance1 ! elegance ( !       
banquet1 spl5dor ( app>el1 c\rtesy (    
mann]s1 ev5 ! manuscript1 ) its cov]s ( 
purple velvet s[n ) ,ea/]n pe>ls--ev]y?+
 :i* 0 c>$ = & s\ght 9 t "t1 :5 ! gloom 
( asceticism lift$ & disclos$ ! wide    
prospect ( ! _w ly+1 z x 71 9 !         
lovel9ess ( daybreak4 ,poliphilo w&]s   
?r\gh fields & groves bright ) ?is morn+
 beauty1 voyages d[n /reams & loit]s 9  
g>d5s t are fill$ ) gladness2 he is     
graci\sly regal$ 9 ! palace1 he att5ds !
 sacrifice 9 ! temple1 :]e 8 eyes are   
*>m$ by e exquisite ornam5t ( art2 he   
enc\nt]s 9 8 progress triumphal         
processions1 z !y w9d along ?r\gh !     
pleasant c\ntry1 bewild]+ ! fancy ) _!  
lavi% magnific5ce z ( an ,arabian dream2
 *>iots t are wr\ght out ( entire       

preci\s /ones1 c>v$ ) bass-reliefs f    
,grecian fables1 & drawn by half-human  
c5taurs or /range animals1--elephants1  
pan!rs1 unicorns1 9 trapp+s ( silk &    
jewels1 pass be=e him1 be>+ exalt$ 9 _! 
mid/ sculptur$ figures1 ,europa & !     
,bull1 ,l$a & ! ,swan1 ,dana 9 ! %[] (  
gold1 &1 la/ & mo/ wond]ful1 a vase1    
beautifully engrav$ & adorn$1 out ( :i* 
spr+s a gold5 v9e1 ) leaves ( ,p]sian   
sel5ite & grapes ( ,ori5tal ame?y/2 &   
ab\t all are gr\ps ( att5dant nymphs1   
fauns1 satyrs1 mnads1 & lovely wom51    
cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 ) in/rum5ts ( music 9 _! 
h&s1 *ant+ ! praise ( ,valor & (        
,pleasure2 aga91 he l+]s among anci5t   
ru9s & rememb]s _! p]i%$ glory1 & falls 
into reflection1 l t ( ! travell] :om he
 describes1 8among ^? v5]able monum5ts  
:i* /ill make ,rome ! que5 ( cities2 :]e
 he sees10 ?9ks ,poliphilo1 8! h& ( ,"t1
 :i* puni%es ! excess ( pride2 &1 seek+ 
!n on ! /eps ( ! amphi!atre ! heads ( ! 
legions & t conqu]+ eagle1 t ,s5ate ^:  
decrees made & unmade ! k+s ( ! _w1 ^?  

pr(\nd hi/orians1 ^? eloqu5t orators1 he
 f9ds !re only a rabble ( begg>s1 to :om
 an ignorant & (ttimes ly+ h]mit        
prea*es1 only alt>s )\t honor & sa9ts   
)\t a believ]2 ! arti/ reigns alone 9 t 
va/ enclosure2 p5cil 9 h&1 ri* )        
memories1 he sees ! :ole ( ,rome1 h]    
pomp & h] glory1 9 "o mutilat$ block :i*
 a fragm5t ( bass-relief adorns40       
,inspir$ by ^! ?\ghts1 ,poliphilo delays
 among l relics ( ! pa/1 & reads on     
%att]$ tombs ! brief inscriptions :i*   
tell ! hi/ory ( ! lo/ lov]s :o lie      
b5ea?1 :ile ! pagan burd5 ( _! sorr[1 & 
! pagan calm ( ! 8adieu0 ) :i* ea*      
inscription ends1 fill him ) t5d]       
s5tim5t4 ,s 8 dream drifts on ?r\gh     
ev]-%ift+ sc5es ( beauty & ev]-dy+      
mom5ts ( delight to ! h\r ( awak5+4 ,^! 
sc5es & ^! mom5ts1 :i* ,francesco       
,columna call$ out ( 8 imag9ation1 are  
pictur$ 9 ! "o hundr$ & n9ety-two       
designs 7,figs4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj7 :i* 
adorn 8 book2 "h 9 simple outl9e are !  
g>d5s1 groves1 & /reams1 ! noble        

build+s1 ! ba?1 ! palace & ! temple1 !  
fea/1 ! allegory ( life1 ! ?rong+       
triumphs1 ! sacrifices1 ! ru9s1 ! tombs1
 ! lov] & 8 belov$1 ! prie/ess & !      
goddess1 cupids1 bac*anals1 & nymphs--a 
pr(usion ( lovel9ess1 joy1 & revel2 "h1 
too1 among ! o!rs1 are "s dramatic      
sc5es3 ! lion & ! lov]s1 ,poliphilo     
fa9t+ be=e ,polia1 & 8 revival at ! t\* 
( h] lips2 altoge!r1 !y are a preci\s   
memorial ( ! ,r5aissance _s1 reflect+   
alike its passion = ! new le>n+1 pass+  
into useless & p$antic k1 & its ec/acy (
 ! s5ses pass+ into voluptu\s delight4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,! ,peace (  
,god4 ,f 8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo    
,volg>e40 ,f]r>a1 #adig4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #be4--,m>y & ! ,ris5 ,"l4 ,f     
8,epi/ole di ,san ,hi]onymo ,volg>e40   
,f]r>a1 #adig4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#bf4--,/4 ,b>u*4 ,f ! 8,catalogus       
,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1 #aejf4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,poliphilo by
 ! ,/ream4 ,f ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia         
,poliphili40 ,v5ice1 #adii4             

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,poliphilo & 
! ,nymphs4 ,f ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia         
,poliphili40 ,v5ice1 #adii4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,ornam5t4 ,f !
 8,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili40 ,v5ice1   
#adii4  ,^! designs1 ( :i* ! few t c be 
giv5 af=d only a slight idea1 s v>i\s   
are !y 9 beauty & feel+1 h be5 attribut$
 to _m illu/ri\s ma/]s1 ,giovanni       
,bell9i & ,raphael among o!rs2 b p]haps 
! conjecture :i* assigns !m to ,b5$etto 
,montagna is ! mo/ probable4 ,!y %[ :at 
rem>kable arti/ic ta/e !re 0 ev5 9 !    
inf]ior ma/]s ( ,italy4 8,!y are10 says 
,pr(essor ,sydney ,colv91#ch 8)\t _! l 9
 ! hi/ory ( wood-cutt+2 !y brea! ! _s ( 
t delightful mom5t :5 ! utmo/ (         
imag9ative navet is comb9$ ) all t is   
ne$$ ( arti/ic accompli%m5t1 & 9 _!     
simplicity are 9 ! be/ in/ances ( a     
noble composition1 a mascul9e firmness1 
a delicate vigor & graceful t5d]ness 9 !
 mid/ ( luxuri\s or ev5 lic5ti\s fancy1 
:i* _c be too mu* admir$4 ,!y h t union 
( =ce & en]gy ) a sob] sweetness1 b5ea? 

a la/ ve/ige ( ! primitive1 :i* 9 !     
nor!rn s*ools ( ,italy betok5s !        
concurr5t influ5ce ( ! s*ool ( ,mantegna
 & ! s*ool ( ,bell9i40 ,italy nev]      
aft]w>d produc$ s noble a monum5t ( !   
art z ?is "w ( its e>ly days4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,poliphilo   
meets ,polia4 ,f ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia      
,poliphili40 ,v5ice1 #adii4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,n]o ,fiddl+4
 ,f ! ,ovid ( #aeaj4 ,v5ice4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,!           
,physician4 ,f ! 8,fasciculus ,m$ic940  
,v5ice1 #aejj4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#cc4--;,h]o & ,le&]4 ,f ! ,ovid ( #aeae4
 ,v5ice4  ,! art did n1 h[ev]1 fall into
 decl9e imm$iately4 ,x is true t        
wood-engrav+ nev] won = itself 9 ,italy 
a place 9 ! popul> e/eem l t :i* x held 
9 ! ,nor?2 ! ,italians 7 too fond (     
color1 & possess$ too _m ma/]-pieces ( !
 nobl] arts1 to set a v high value on   
su* simple effects2 b1 nev]!less1 9 !   
fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re appe>$
 9 ,v5ice1 ! *ief seat ( ! art1 _m      

volumes :i* 7 illu/rat$ by woodcuts (   
excell5t design1 su* z ?is ( ,n]o 7,fig4
 #ca71 f an ,ovid ( #aeaj1 !            
repres5tation ( ! physician att5d+ a    
pati5t /rick5 ) ! plague 7,fig4 #cb71 f 
! ,fasciculus ,m$ic91 by ,johannes de   
,ke?am1 publi%$ 9 #aejj1 & t ( ,h]o &   
,le&] 7,fig4 #cc71 f an ,ovid ( #aeae4  
,( ,v5etian "w ( less] m]it1 !          
repres5tation ( ,dante & ,beatrice      
7,fig4 #cd71 f a ,dante ( #aebj1 & !    
cuts 7,figs4 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch71 f !   
,catalogue ( ! ,sa9ts1 by ,petrus de    
,natalis1 publi%$ 9 #aejf1 may s]ve z   
examples4 ,! :ole ,italian s]ies1 ev5 z 
illu/rat$ by ! cuts "h giv51 exhibits a 
great] v>iety ( int]e/1 k1 & feel+ ?an  
does ! "w ( any o!r nation1 & af=ds a   
lively notion ( ! manifold elem5ts t w5t
 to make up ! ,r5aissance2 x reflects   
fable1 sup]/ition1 le>n+1 ! symbolism ( 
m$ival !ology1 anci5t my? & leg5d1 !    
rise ( ! mod]n feel+ = nature1 ! passion
 = beauty & art2 &1 rang+ f ! life ( !  
s*ol> & ! nunn]y to t ( ! begg> & !     

plague1 x pictures vividly contempor>y  
times1 :ile x adds to ! int]e/ ( hi/ory 
& humanity ! int]e/ ( beauty4 ,its      
prime1 h[ev]1 0 ( brief duration4       
,v5etian engrav+1 & t ( ! o!r ,italian  
cities also1 cont9u$ to be m>k$ by ?is  
simplicity & skill 9 design until #aecj1
 :5 cross-hat*+ 0 introduc$ f ! ,nor?2  
aft] t date wood-engrav+ %>$ 9 ! rapid  
decl9e into :i* all ! arts ( ,italy fell
 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]nal tr\bles ( !   
c\ntry1 :i*1 f ! "t ( ! sack ( ,rome1 9 
#aebg1 became ! common battlefield (    
,europe = g5]ations4 ,b1 9 ! %ort space 
dur+ :i* ! ,italians practis$ ! art )   
su* success1 !y %[$ t !y _h ma/]$ x1 &  
_h come to an und]/&+ ( its capacities1 
bo? z a mode ( draw+ 9 black l9e & z a  
mode ( relief 9 :ite l9e1 su* z appe>s 9
 _! arabesques & initial lett]s1        
examples ( :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is    
volume4 ,!y came to ?is ma/]y & und]/&+ 
be=e any o!r nation1 because ( _!       
arti/ic in/9ct2 = ! same reason1 !y did 
n surpass ! rud5ess ( ,g]man workm5 9   

skill m ?an !y excell$ 9 simple beauty (
 design ! be/ ( e>ly ,fr5* "w1 :i* 0    
*>act]iz$ by su* confus$ exub]ance (    
fancy & su* pr(usion ( detail4 ,!y      
brea!d into ! art ! ,italian _s1 & its  
pres5ce made _! works beautiful4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,dante &    
,beatrice4 ,f ! ,dante ( #aebj4 ,v5ice4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,/4 ,j]ome   
,comm5d+ ! ,h]mit's ,life4 ,f 8,epi/ole 
di ,san ,hi]onymo40 ,f]r>a1 #adig4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,/4 ,francis 
& ! ,begg>4 ,f ! 8,catalogus            
,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1 #aejf4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,!           
,translation ( ,/4 ,nicolas4 ,f !       
8,catalogus ,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1 #aejf4 
,to ! ,italian love ( color is due !    
developm5t ( :at is kn[n z engrav+ 9    
*i>oscuro1 a process :i*1 al?\gh x _h   
be5 practis$ 9 ,g]many s9ce #aejf1 0    
claim$ z a new inv5tion by ,ugo da ,c>pi
 7#adfj-aebc71 at ,v5ice1 9 #aeaf1 & 0  
c>ri$ by ! ,italians to ! highe/ po9t ( 
p]fection :i* x rea*$ 9 ! sixte5?       

c5tury4 ,x 0 an attempt to imitate !    
results ( pa9t+2 two1 & sometimes       
sev]al1 blocks 7 us$ 9 ! process2 on !  
fir/ ! outl9es & heavy %ad[s ( ! design 
7 engrav$1 & a pro( 0 tak5 (f2 on !     
second block ! light] p>ts ( ! design 7 
engrav$1 & an impression 0 tak5 (f f ?is
 on ! same pr9t 9 a diff]5t color1 or1  
at lea/1 9 a color ( diff]5t int5sity2  
?us ! orig9al pro( 0 ov]laid ) diff]5t  
t9ts by successive impressions f diff]5t
 blocks1 & a v>iety ( %ades 0 obta9$ 9 !
 f9i%$ engrav+1 analog\s to ^? :i* !    
pa9t] gets by lay+ flat t9ts ov] ea* o!r
 ) ! bru%4 ,great c>e _h to be tak5 9   
lay+ ! orig9al pro( d[n on ! second     
block1 s t ! l9es ( ! design %\ld fall 9
 exactly ! same position z 9 ! fir/     
block2 x is ow+ to a lack ( exactness 9 
?is sup]position ( ! pro( on ! lat]     
blocks t "s ( ^! engrav+s are s         
displeas+4 ,!re 0 consid]able v>iety 9 !
 detail ( ! process4 ,sometimes !       
impression f ! outl9e block 0 tak5 la/2 
sometimes ! diff]5t impressions 7 tak5  

(f 9 diff]5t colors1 b usually 9 ! same 
color ( diff]5t int5sities2 sometimes ! 
impressions 7 tak5 (f on color$ pap]4 ,!
 ,italians us$ f\r blocks at an e>ly "t1
 & 7 able to imitate wat]-colors ) "s   
success4 ,all ( _! pr9ts 9 ?is k9d are  
m>k$ by m arti/ic feel+ & skill ?an ^? (
 ! ,g]mans1 ev5 :5 ! latt] are by ma/]s4
 ,?is application ( ! art1 h[ev]1 is n a
 true developm5t1 & really lies outside 
its prov9ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#ch--,romoaldus1 ! ,abbot4 ,f !         
8,catalogus ,sanctorum40 ,v5ice1 #aejf4 
,v4  ,,alb]t ,d,,r] ,,& ,,8             
,,successors4   ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fig4 
#ci4--;,f an ,italian ,alphabet ( ! #af?
 ,c5tury4  ,already1 be=e ! ,dream (    
,poliphilo _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice1     
wood-engrav+ 9 ! ,nor? _h pass$ into !  
h&s ( ! great ,g]man ma/] :o 0 to       
trans=m x2 9 ! /udio ( ,alb]t ,dr]      
7#adga-aebh7 x _h ent]$ ^u its great    
p]iod4 ,! e>li] ,g]man engrav]s1 ^:     
woodcuts 9 simple outl9e1 %ad[$ by      
c\rses ( %ort p>allel l9es1 %[$ a nave  

_s almo/ too simple = mod]n ta/e1 a =ce 
ignorant ( ! *annels ( expression &     
feel+ inexp]t 9 utt]ance1 did n "k !    
full res\rces ( _! art4 ,x 0 n until ! v
 close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 !y disc>d$
 ! aid ( ! colori/s1 & s\ght all _!     
effects f simple contra/ ( black & :ite1
 t !y conceiv$ ( wood-engrav+ z an      
indep5d5t art2 ev5 !n _! s5se ( beauty 0
 s insignificant1 & _! p[] ( ?\ght 0 s  
feeble1 t _! works h only an hi/orical  
value4 ,dr] 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! full  
capacities ( wood-engrav+ z a mode (    
arti/ic expression2 x _h begun to       
imitate ! me?ods ( copp]plate-engrav+   
be=e 8 day1 b he saw imm$iately t x c\ld
 n equal ! rival art 9 t delicacy ( l9e 
& h>mony ( tone on :i*                  
copp]plate-engrav+ dep5ds = its         
excell5ce2 ! mat]ials & processes (     
wood-engrav+ requir$ diff]5t me?ods1 &  
,dr] prescrib$ !m4 ,he increas$ ! size (
 ! cuts1 gave bread? & boldness to !    
l9es1 & obta9$ new & pleas+ effects f   
/rong contra/s ( black & :ite4 ,he ?us  

%[$ ! true me?od ( wood-engrav+2 b ! art
 owes to him mu* m ?an ?is3 he br\ght to
 ! practice ( x ! h& & bra9 ( a great   
ma/]1 lift$ x1 a me*anic's trade1 into !
 s]vice ( high imag9ation & vigor\s     
intellect1 & plac$ x among ! f9e arts--a
 de$ ( f> m importance ?an any          
improvem5ts 9 processes or me?ods1 ev5  
?\gh !y h su* brilliant consequ5ces z   
foll[$ ,bewick's lat] innovations4 ,he  
taught ! art a language1 put mean+ into 
its words1 & made x capable ( convey+ ! 
ideas :i* art c express1 & ( spread+ !m 
& ! appreciation ( !m among ! p4  ,!    
application ( ,dr]'s g5ius to           
wood-engrav+ c\ld n fail ( great        
results4 ,he record$ 9 x ! ,g]man       
,r5aissance4 ,civilization _h ga9$ mu* 9
 fre$om ( ?\ght1 indep5d5ce ( action1 & 
community ( k1 z well z 9 a respect =   
nature2 b x 0 /ill rul$ by ! dev\t &    
romantic _s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,dr] %>$ 
9 all ! intellectual life ( 8 "t1 alike 
9 its /udy ( antiquity & its revolt     
aga9/ ,rome2 he 0 int]e/$ 9 all ! high] 

subjects = :i* 8 contempor>ies c>$1 & 8 
v]satile g5ius enabl$ him (t5 to "w ) !m
 9 prep>+ ! mod]n age1 b he 0 n t\*$ by 
! mod]n _s2 9 ?\ght & feel+ he rema9$   
deeply religi\s1 fanta/ic1 picturesque1 
my/ical--9 a ^w1 m$ival4 ,he did n      
possess ! mod]n s5se ( limitation1 ! p[]
 to re/rict himself to realiz+ a def9ite
 conception1 ! p[] to disreg>d & refuse 
:at _c be cle>ly se5 & express$1 :i* !  
mod]n age1 :5 x came1 gave to ! p]fect  
arti/2 he 0 n cont5t to embody 8 idea   
simply1 directly1 & =cibly2 he          
supplem5t$ x ) second>y ?\ght &         
subord9ate sugge/ion 9 unmeasur$        
pr(usion2 he did n "k :5 8 "w 0 done1 b 
kept on add+ to x 9 ! true w&]+1 ,go?ic 
_s1 :i* nev] f9i%es its task1 because   
its ma9 purpose does n control x2 he    
all[$ 8 fancy to encumb] ! noble "w ( 8 
imag9ation1 & allegory to obscure ! tru?
 he utt]$2 he 0 n ma/] ( himself1 b 0   
hurri$ on by ! fire & spe$ ( 8 own g5ius
 along pa?s :i* l$ only to ! obscure & !
 inaccessible4 ,8 imag9ation 0 deeply   

sugge/ive1 /raight=w>d1 & m>vell\sly    
f]tile 9 inv5tion2 b he int]pret$ !     
imag9ative _w 9 t]ms ( daily & (t5      
homely life2 he repres5t$ ideal *>act]s1
 n "u ideal =ms1 b reali/ically "u =ms  
su* z he saw ab\t him2 he knew beauty   
only z ,g]man beauty1 & life & its      
mat]ial surr\nd+s only z ,g]man life &  
,g]man civilization2 & ?us 8 works are  
*>act]iz$ by an unc\?ness :i* (f5ds m9ds
 n habituat$ to ,g]man ta/e4 ,b !re is  
no ne$ to be irritat$ at ?is realism1   
?is cont5t ) gross =ms1 or to wi% )     
,vas>i t he _h be5 born 9 ,italy & _h   
/udi$ antiquity at ,flor5ce1 :]eby he   
w\ld h miss$ t national end[m5t :i*     
individualiz$ him & gave him a peculi>  
*>m4 ,! grotesqu5ess disappe>s z ! eye  
becomes acqua9t$ ) ! unfamili>1 & ! m9d 
is occupi$ ) ! emotion1 ! intellectual  
idea1 & imag9ative tru?1 express$ 9 ^!  
sometimes ugly modes1 = !y are ( t r>e  
value :i* w9s =giv5ess = f> great]      
defects ( =mal beauty ?an are app>5t 9  
,dr]'s "w4 ,al?\gh 8 _s 0 romantic &    

uncontroll$1 & 8 imag9ation dealt ) =ms 
n 9 !mselves beautiful1 he possess$ !   
greate/ en]gy ( g5ius ( all ! ma/]s :o h
 intru/$ _! works to wood-engrav+1 & )  
him x 0 a favorite art4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #dj4--,/4 ,john & ! ,virg94      
,vignette to ,dr]'s 8,apocalypse40      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,*ri/       
,suff]+4 ,vignette to ,dr]'s 8,l>g]     
,passion40  ,! fir/ ( ! f\r fam\s s]ies 
( designs by :i* 8 skill 9 wood-engrav+ 
is be/ kn[n 0 publi%$ 9 #adih1 b x 0    
probably f9i%$ be=e t "t4 ,x consi/$ (  
fifte5 l>ge cuts 9 illu/ration ( !      
,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 to :i* a       
vignette 7,fig4 #dj7 ( wond]ful nobility
 & simplicity 0 prefix$4 ,! !me mu/ h   
be5 peculi>ly attractive to him1 because
 ( ! opportunities x af=d$ = gr&eur (   
conception & = ! symbolism 9 :i* 8 g5ius
 delight$2 x 0 sup]natural & religi\s2 x
 dealt ) images & ?\ghts on :i* ! laws (
 ?is _w impos$ no re/ra9t1 & reveal$    
vision>y sc5es ?r\gh types ( awe1 t]ror1
 & my/]y1 ! impressiv5ess ( :i* _h almo/

 no human relation4 ,9 attempt+ to br+  
su* a !me )9 ! compass ( ! p[]s (       
expression :i* art possesses1 he /rove  
to give spee* to ! unutt]able1 & to     
imprison ! unsub/antial1 s t x is no    
wond] if1 al?\gh ! f]tility ( inv5tion &
 p[] ( draw+ :i* he display$1 & ! v>iety
 & ri*ness ( effect :i* he obta9$1 made 
8 "w a ma/]piece ( art1 yet mu* ( :at he
 int5d$ to express is n readily         
compreh5d$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#db4--;,*ri/ ,mock$4 ,vignette to ,dr]'s
 8,small] ,passion40  ,?is s]ies 0      
succe$$ by ?ree o!rs1 9 :i* ! human     
int]e/ is f> great]1 al?\gh !y are n    
unm>k$ by fanta/ic inv5tion2 !y 7 !     
,l>g] ,passion ( our ,"l1 a s]ies (     
twelve cuts1 includ+ ?is impressive     
vignette 7,fig4 #da71 ,*ri/ ,suff]+2 !  
,life ( ! ,virg91 a s]ies ( tw5ty cuts2 
& ! ,small] ,passion ( our ,"l 7,figs4  
#db1 #dc71 a s]ies ( ?irty-six cuts1 !  
vignette to :i* 7,*ri/ ,mock$7 is a     
design m>vell\s = its int5sity1 = its   
seizure ( ! malignant1 mock+ _s 9       

devili% possession ( e l9eam5t ( ! face 
& e muscle work+ 9 t s9u\s ge/ure1 = !  
ideal endurance 9 ! ,savi\r's attitude1 
:i* ne$s n ^? symbols ( 8 suff]+s beside
 him = pity1 ?\gh ,dr]'s g5ius mu/ cr[d 
e corn] ) ?\ght & sugge/ion4 ,^! ?ree   
great s]ies 7 publi%$ ab\t #aeaa1 & 7   
probably ! "w ( ! previ\s six ye>s2 !y  
are full ( =ce1 & are *>act]iz$ by      
t5d]ness ( sympa?y & f]vor ( devotion1 z
 well z by ! imag9ative insight & p[] ( 
?\ght :i* di/+ui% all 8 works4 ,!y      
quickly became popul>2 sev]al editions 7
 issu$1 & !y 7 copi$ by m ?an "o        
engrav]1 especially by ! fam\s ,italian1
 ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 :o reproduc$ !
 ,small] ,passion on copp]plate4 ,!y    
m>k$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+4 
,x is n possible to ov]-e/imate ! debt  
:i* ! art owes ,dr]1 :o ?us sudd5ly & by
 8 own arti/ic insight reveal$ ! p[] &  
dignity :i* wood-engrav+ might atta91   
op5$ to x a great c>e]1 & 0 its fir/    
ma/] 9 ! era ( its mo/ spl5did          
accompli%m5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     

#dc4--,! ,desc5t into ,hell4 ,f ,dr]'s  
8,small] ,passion40  ,besides ^!        
connect$ s]ies ( woodcuts1 _m o!rs1 mak+
 9 all ?ree hundr$ & =ty-sev51 are      
attribut$ to ,dr]2 & ( ^! "o hundr$ &   
sev5ty are und\bt$ly f 8 h&4 ,!y        
repres5t ne>ly all aspects ( ,g]man life
 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 &1 tak5 all   
toge!r1 af=d a ne>ly complete picture ( 
8 "t1 n only 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 b 
9 detail4 ,!y %[ = ! fir/ "t ! p[] (    
wood-engrav+ to produce works ( real    
arti/ic value1 & its p[] to record      
fai?fully ! va/ v>iety ( contempor>y    
life4 ,dr] 0 himself ! highe/ product ( 
! new fre$om ( individual developm5t 9 !
 ,nor?1 b 8 individuality ga!r$ ! age )9
 itself1 & became univ]sal 9 k & int]e/2
 s t he 0 n only ! ,re=m] ( ,g]man art &
 ! greate/ ma/] 9 x1 b 0 9 a true s5se !
 hi/orian ( ! ,g]man ,r5aissance2 x is  
to 8 works1 & n lea/ to 8 wood-engrav+1 
t ! /ud5t ( t age mu/ h rec\rse = !     
true/ record ( its ?\ght & feel+ at _!  
be/4  ,9 8 lat] ye>s he design$ two o!r 

works :i* rank among ! *ief monum5ts (  
wood-engrav+2 !y 7 ! ,c> & ,gate (      
,triumph1 execut$ = ! ,emp]or           
,maximilian1 :o 0 !n ! great patron ( ! 
art1 & employ$ x to p]petuate ! glory ( 
8 reign & realm4 ,! ,emp]or1 al?\gh !   
,italians made a je/ ( him1 0 "o ( ! mo/
 int]e/+ *>act]s 9 ,g]man hi/ory4 ,he   
illu/rates 9 practical life1 z ,dr] 9   
arti/ic & intellectual life1 ! age t 0  
pass+ away1 & he =e%ad[s m ?an ,dr] !   
age t 0 com+ on4 ,he 0 romantic by      
nature1 a lov] ( ! *ivalric &           
picturesque elem5ts ( m$ival life2 he 0 
skilful 9 all ! manly sports :i* belong$
 to a pr9cely education--a d>+ hunt]1 & 
brave 9 ! li/s ( ! t\rney2 9 affairs ( m
 mom5t he _h always "s great adv5ture 9 
h&1 ! humbl+ ( ,france1 or ! de/ruction 
( ,v5ice1 or ! protection ( ,lu!r2 at   
home he 0 devot$ to re=m1 to int]nal    
improvem5ts1 to e/abli%+ p]man5tly !    
ord]ly me?ods ( civilization1 to !      
spread ( comm]ce1 & to increas+ ! safety
 & facility ( communication4 ,he left 8 

empire m civiliz$ ?an he f\nd x2 & if he
 0 unsuccessful 9 w>1 he 01 9 ! epigram 
( ! "t1 =tunate 9 love1 & won by m>riage
 :at ! sword c\ld n conqu]1 s t he      
prep>$ by ! craft ( 8 diplomacy t union 
( ! va/ possessions ( ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria 
:i* made 8 gr&son1 ,*>les ,v41 almo/ !  
ma/] ( ,europe4 ,he 0 a lov] ( art &    
books2 &1 be+ puff$ up ) imp]ial vanity1
 he employ$ ! engrav]s & pr9t]s to      
record 8 c>e] & picture 8 magnific5ce4  
,! great works :i* by 8 ord] 7 prep>$ = 
?is purpose 7 ^u a scale un?\ght ( be=e 
t "t1 & nev] attempt$ 9 lat] days4 ,!   
,triumphal ,c>1 :i* he employ$ ,dr] to  
design1 0 a ri*ly decorat$ *>iot drawn  
by six pair ( horses2 ! ,emp]or is seat$
 9 x "u a canopy amid female figures1   
repres5t+ ,ju/ice1 ,tru?1 & o!r virtues1
 :o (f] him triumphal wrea?s2 ! driv]   
symbolizes ,reason1 & guides ! horses by
 ! re9s ( ,nobility & ,p[]2 ! :eels are 
inscrib$ ) ! words ,magnific5tia &      
,dignitas1 & ! horses are att5d$ by     
allegoric figures ( swiftness1 =esight1 

prud5ce1 boldness1 & simil> virtues4 ,! 
:ole design 0 sev5 feet f\r in*es 9     
l5g?1 & ab\t eighte5 in*es high4 ,!     
,gate ( ,triumph 0 simil>ly allegoric 9 
conception2 x 0 an ar* ) ?ree entrances1
 ! c5tral "o be+ ! gate ( ,honor & ,p[]1
 & ^? ^u ! "r & left ! gates ( ,nobility
 & ,fame2 ! body ( ! ar* 0 ornam5t$ )   
portraits ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors f ! "t (  
,cs>1 %ields ( arms :i* indicat$ !      
,emp]or's desc5t & alliances1 portraits 
( 8 relatives & fri5ds1 & repres5tations
 ( 8 fam\s exploits4 ,! size ( ! cut1   
:i* 0 made up ( n9ety-two sep>ate       
pieces1 0 ab\t t5 & a half feet by n9e &
 a half feet4 ,9 bo? ( ^! works ,dr] 0  
limit$ by ! directions :i* 7 giv5 him1 &
 nei!r ( !m are equal to 8 orig9al      
creations4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dd4--,! ,h]ald4 ,f 8,! ,triumph (      
,maximilian40  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#de4--,tablet4 ,f 8,! ,triumph (        
,maximilian40  ,! *ief ( ! great works (
 ,maximilian 0 ! ,triumphal             
,procession1#ci :i* 0 design$ by ,hans  

,burgkmai]1 ( ,augsburg 7#adgc-aeca71 ^:
 secul> & picturesque g5ius f\nd its mo/
 cong5ial occupation 9 inv5t+ ! figures 
( ?is spl5did tra9 ( nobles1 w>riors1 & 
commons1 on horse1 foot1 & 9 *>iots1    
w9d+ along 9 symbolical repres5tation ( 
! ,emp]or's victories & conque/s1 & 9   
magnific5t display ( ! weal?1 p[]1 &    
res\rces ( all ! imp]ial dom9ions4 ,!   
h]ald ( ! ,triumph 7,fig4 #dd71 m\nt$ ^u
 a w+$ griff91 leads ! m>*2 beh9d him g 
two l$ horses support+ a tablet 7,fig4  
#de71 on :i* is writt53 8,?is ,triumph  
has be5 made = ! praise & ev]la/+ memory
 ( ! noble pleasures & glori\s victories
 ( ! mo/ s]5e & illu/ri\s pr9ce & "l1   
,maximilian1 ,roman ,emp]or elect1 &    
,head ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,k+ & ,heir ( ,sev5  
,*ri/ian ,k+doms1 ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria1   
,duke ( ,burgundy & ( o!r gr&           
pr9cipalities & prov9ces ( ,europe20 8  
fif] ,an?ony1 ) 8 att5dants1 8 falcon]s1
 l$ by ,teus*el1 _! hawks pursu+ prey1 8
 hunt]s ( ! *amois1 ! /ag1 ! bo>1 & !   
be>1 habit$ = ! *ase1 foll[ on2 beh9d !m

 ri*ly cap>ison$ animals1 elk1 buffalo1 
& camels1 draw f9ely decorat$ *>iots1 9 
:i* are seat$ ! ,emp]or's favorite      
musicians 7,fig4 #df71 play+ div]se     
in/rum5ts2 ! je/]s 7among !m t fam\s    
,conrad von d] ,ros5 :om ,he9e t5d]ly   
rememb]$71 ! fools1 ! mask]s1 ! f5c]s1  
knights ( ! t\rney & ! j\/1 arm$        
foot-soldi]s ( e s]vice1 cont9ue !      
procession1 :i* l5g!ns out ) cuirass$   
horsem5 7,fig4 #dg7 c>ry+ bann]s        
emblazon$ ) ! arms ( ! ,au/rian prov9ces
 9 :i* ! ,emp]or _h wag$ w>1 & o!r      
horsem5 7,fig4 #dh7 9 ! g>b ( peace1 )  
/&>ds ( ! fai?ful prov9ces1 lasqu5ets ^:
 p5nants are inscrib$ ) ! names ( !     
great battles :i* ! ,emp]or _h f\ght1   
trophy-c>s fill$ ) ! armorial %ields ( !
 conqu]$ peoples1 repres5tations ( !    
,emp]or's m>riage & coronation1 ( !     
,g]man ,empire & ! great w>s--,fl&]s1   
,burgundy1 ,hung>y1 ,gueld]s1 ,naples1  
,milan1 ,v5ice1 an un5d+ li/--! symbols 
( milit>y p[]1 artill]y1 treasure1 !    
/atues ( ! great rul]s :o 7 alli$ by    

blood to ,maximilian or _h rul$ 8       
dom9ions be=e him1 prison]s ( w> 9 *a9s1
 ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d1 ! ,sword ( ! ,empire1
 ! c\nts1 lords1 & knights :o own$ !    
,emp]or's sov]eignty--a spl5did display 
( ! pomp & pride ( m$ival life4         
,maximilian himself is ! c5tral ?\ght ( 
! :ole2 he is nev] lo/ sight ( 9 any    
small] figure2 8 s]vants are !re1 z _!  
devices relate1 because !y s]v$ him2 8  
prov9ces1 because he rul$ !m2 8         
victories1 because he won !m2 8         
ance/ors1 because !y 7 ( 8 l9e4 ,8      
p]sonality gr\ps ! v>iety ( ! procession
 r\nd itself alone2 b ! real int]e/ ( ! 
"w does n lie 9 him or 8 praise1 b 9 !  
revelation !re made ( ! secul> side ( ! 
,middle ,ages1 ! outw>d aspect ( life1 !
 ideal ( worldly p[] & spl5dor1 ! _s (  
pleasure & fe/ival1 %[n =? 9 ?is        
m>vell\sly v>i$ m>* ( laurell$ horses & 
horsem5 ^: trapp+s & armor h ! beauty & 
glitt] ( peaceful p>ade4 ,!re is n[h]e  
else a "w :i* s pres5ts at once ! feudal
 _s & feudal delights 9 su* exub]ance ( 

picturesque & tru?ful display4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,! ,c> ( !   
,musicians4 ,f 8,! ,triumph (           
,maximilian40  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#dg4--,?ree ,horsem54 ,f 8,! ,triumph ( 
,maximilian40  ,! designs = ?is "w 7    
fir/ pa9t$ ^u p>*m5t1 & 7 aft]w>d       
reproduc$ by engrav+ 9 wood2 b !        
reproduction v>i$ f ! orig9als 9        
important p>ticul>s4 ,! s]ies 0 f> f    
completion at ! "t ( ,maximilian's dea?1
 & 0 left unf9i%$2 x 0 nev] publi%$     
until #agif1 :5 ! fir/ edition appe>$ at
 ,vi5na1 :i!r ! lo/ wood-blocks _h f\nd 
_! way 9 #aggi4 ,9 its pres5t %ape !    
s]ies consi/s ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-five  
l>ge cuts1 ext5d+ = a l9e> di/ance ( ov]
 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet2 all b    
sixte5 ( ^! are reproductions ( !       
designs on vellum1 :i* numb]$ two hundr$
 & eighte5 9 all1 & ^! sixte5 are s     
diff]5t 9 /yle f ! o!rs z to sugge/ a   
d\bt :e!r !y belong to ! ,triumph or to 
"s o!r unkn[n "w4 ,hans ,burgkmai] is   
believ$ to be ! design] ( all except !  

few t are ascrib$ to ,dr]2 b1 ow+ to _! 
be+ engrav$ by diff]5t h&s1 !y v>y      
consid]ably 9 m]it4  ,maximilian also   
ord]$ two curi\s books to be prep>$ &   
adorn$ ) woodcuts 9 8 own honor1 a prose
 "w entitl$ ,! ,wise ,k+1 & a poem      
entitl$ ,! ,adv5tures ( ,sir            
,tewrdannckh4 ,9 ^! volumes ! example ( 
8 own life is (f]$ = ! in/ruction (     
pr9ces1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 de$s1 am\rs1     
c\rt%ip1 p]ils1 & temptations is writt51
 once = ! edification1 b n[ = !         
amusem5t1 ( ! _w4 ,! woodcuts 9 ,!      
,adv5tures ( ,sir ,tewrdannckh are "o   
hundr$ & eighte5 9 numb]1 & are         
pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 ! "w ( ,hans 
,s*uffel9 7#adij8-aedj72 !y %[ h[ ,sir  
,tewrdannckh1 att5d$ by 8 squire1 />t$  
out ^u 8 travels1 & :at mov+ dang]s he  
enc\nt]$ 9 8 hunt+1 voyag+1 tilt+1 &    
fight+1 "u ! guidance & in/igation ( 8  
?ree great enemies1 ,envy1 ,d>+1 &      
,curiosity1 :o at la/1 :5 he is happily 
at ! end ( 8 tr\bles1 are repres5t$ z   
meet+ _! own fate by ! gall[s1 ! block1 

& ! moat4 ,! engrav+s are m>k$ by _s1 & 
due att5tion is giv5 to l&scape2 b !y   
are n infrequ5tly too ne> c>icature to  
be pleas+1 & _c pret5d to rank beside ! 
o!r works ( ,maximilian4 ,?is volume 0  
pr9t$ dur+ ! ,emp]or's lifetime1 & 0 !  
only "o ( 8 works ( :i* he saw !        
completion4 ,! ,wise ,k+ 0 illu/rat$ by 
two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 cuts1 ( :i*     
sev]al be> ,burgkmai]'s m>k1 "o ! m>k ( 
,s*uffel9 & "o t ( ,hans ,spr+9klee     
7#adgj8-aedj74 ,!y picture ! j\rney ( ! 
,emp]or's fa!r to ,rome1 ! y\? &        
education ( ! "y pr9ce1 8 gradual       
acquirem5t ( ! lib]al arts--k+craft1 !  
black-art1 m$ic9e1 ! languages1 pa9t+1  
ar*itecture1 music1 cook]y1 danc+1      
%oot+1 falconry1 angl+1 f5c+1 tilt+1    
gunn]y1 ! art ( =tification1 & ! l2 & !y
 repres5t1 9 conclusion1 8 political    
c>e] by means ( obscure allegory4 ,!y   
are simil> to ! illu/rations 9 ,sir     
,tewrdannckh 9 g5]al "*1 &1 l !m1 are   
inf]ior to ! o!r works ( ,maximilian4 ,9
 ! composition ( ?is volume ,maximilian 

is suppos$ to h _h a consid]able %>e2 x 
0 n pr9t$ entire until #agge4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,horseman4  
,f 8,! ,triumph ( ,maximilian40  ,^!    
five great works1 ap>t f _! value z     
arti/ic productions & _! int]e/ z       
hi/oric records1 h a f>!r importance    
because ( _! influ5ce ^u ! art1 bo? 9 ! 
way ( enc\ragem5t & ( in/ruction4       
,al?\gh !re has be5 mu* dispute ab\t !  
matt]1 x mu/ n[ be ackn[l$g$ t ! arti/s 
!mselves did n ord9>ily engrave _!      
designs1 b left ! actual cutt+ ( ! block
 to ! pr(essional workm52 at mo/ !y only
 occasionally correct$ ! l9es aft] !    
engrav] _h cut !m4 ,! works (           
,maximilian employ$ a numb] ( ^!        
engrav]s1 :o practis$ ! art only z a    
craft2 ! exp]i5ce ^! workm5 ga9$ 9 su*  
labor z !y 7 n[ call$ ^u to d1 "u !     
sup]9t5d5ce ( arti/s l ,dr] &           
,burgkmai]1 :o knew :at engrav+ ought to
 be1 & :o held up a high /&>d (         
excell5ce1 0 mo/ valuable to !m1 & made 
itself felt 9 a g5]al improvem5t ( !    

te*nical "p ( ! art ev]y:]e4 ,! /&>d ( !
 engrav]'s craft 0 p]man5tly rais$4 ,!  
engrav]s' names n[ became kn[n2 &       
sometimes ! engrav] receiv$ h>dly less  
admiration = 8 skill 9 te*nique ?an !   
arti/ = 8 p[] ( design4  ,o!r di/+ui%$  
arti/s unit$ ) ,dr] & ! design]s (      
,maximilian's works 9 mak+ ?is p]iod (  
wood-engrav+ ! mo/ illu/ri\s 9 ! ,g]man 
practice ( ! art4 ,lukas van ,leyd5     
7#adid-aecc71 ^: y\?ful works 9         
copp]plate 7 wond]ful1 left "s woodcuts 
9 ,dr]'s bold1 broad mann]1 :i*         
illu/rate ! attempt ( ,g]man art to     
acquire classical ta/e1 & %[ s mu* ! m  
cle>ly ! incapacity ( ! ,g]mans 9 !     
p]ception ( beauty4 ,! ,crana*s1 fa!r   
7#adgb-aeec7 & son 7#aeae-aehf71 :o are 
int]e/+ because ( ! %>e !y _h 9 !       
,re=mation1 produc$ "s v /rik+ works1   
su* z ! *>m+ sc5e ( ! ,repose 9 ,egypt1 
& 7 ! fir/ to practise *i>o-scuro       
engrav+ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,hans ,baldung       
7#adgj-aeeb871 al?\gh 8 designs are     
sometimes *>act]iz$ by exagg]ation & too

 great viol5ce ( action1 ranks ) ! be/ (
 ! second>y arti/s ( ! "t2 & ,hans      
,spr+9klee1 :o has be5 already m5tion$1 
rea*$ a high degree ( excell5ce 9 8     
illu/rations to ! ,hortulus ,anim1 :i*  
are /ill valu$4  ,! works ( ^! m51      
h[ev]1 7 only ! mo/ important & ! be/ ( 
a va/ numb] ( woodcuts :i*1 dur+ ! fir/ 
half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 appe>$ 9       
,g]many dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! greate/      
popul>ity ( ! art4 ,"u ! p]sonal        
influ5ce ( ,dr]1 or "u ! influ5ce ( !   
num]\s & widely-spread pr9ts by himself 
& 8 associates1 _m o!r arti/s ( m]it    
acquir$ skill 9 engrav+1 bo? on metal & 
9 wood1 & employ$ x ^u a great v>iety ( 
subjects4 ,! devotion ( m$ival art :olly
 to *ur* decoration & to ! repres5tation
 ( religi\s sc5es _h pass$ away 9 all   
qu>t]s ( ! _w2 9 ,italy ! arti/s _h come
 to treat ! subjects ( pagan imag9ation1
 ! be+s & sc5es ( classical my?ology2 9 
,g]many ! p _h homeli] tasks1 & religi\s
 art !re yield$ to ! int]e/ :i* m5 felt 
9 ! incid5ts & objects ( common life2 9 

bo? c\ntries weal? took ! place (       
religion z ! patron ( art2 &1 al?\gh art
 /ill dealt ) ! /ory ( ! ,scriptures & !
 m>tyrs1 because ^! fill$ s important a 
place 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p1 /ill x _h   
become secul>iz$4 ,?is *ange 0 naturally
 %[n 9 ! arts ( engrav+ m ?an 9 pa9t+1  
because engrav+ 9 copp] & on wood _h a  
f> great] sph]e ( influ5ce1 & came into 
m intimate relations ) ! popul> life1 & 
because ! illu/ration ( books (f]$ a    
great] v>iety ( subject4 ,9 ,g]man      
engrav+1 f ?is "t1 ! actual life ( ! t[n
 & ! peasantry 0 repres5t$ almo/ z (t5 z
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,savi\r & ! sa9ts2 !      
village fe/ival1 ! procession ( !       
w$d+-gue/s1 ! ftes ( ! t[n1 ! employm5ts
 & co/umes ( ! citiz5s1 recur ) ! same  
frequ5cy z ! passion ( ! ,"l & ! ,old   
,te/am5t /ories2 ! joy & sorr[ ( ord9>y 
life1 ! objects ( ord9>y obs]vation &   
?\ght1 ! humor\s1 ! humble1 & !         
satirical1 sometimes /rangely m+l$ )    
ill-und]/ood my?ology & badly-c>icatur$ 
classicism1 are ! con/ant !me ( !       

engrav]s4  ,*ief among ! successors (   
,dr] :o %>$ 9 ?is va/ production 7 !    
gr\p ( arti/s kn[n z ! ,little ,ma/]s1  
al?\gh ! "n is "o ( ill-def9$ &         
incomplete application2 !y 7 s call$    
because !y *iefly engrav$ small designs2
 b !y also engrav$ l>ge designs1 & _!   
numb]1 :i* is usually limit$ to sev51   
excludes "s ^: works are on ! same small
 scale4 ,! fir/ ( !m 0 ,albre*t         
,altdorf] 7#adhh-aech71 said to h be5 ! 
pupil ( ,dr] & ! inv5tor ( engrav+ 9 ?is
 mann]2 9 8 day he 0 m celebrat$ z an   
ar*itect & pa9t] ?an z an engrav]1 b 8  
fame n[ re/s on 8 works on copp] & 9    
wood4 ,! be/ kn[n ( 8 sixty-five        
woodcuts is ! s]ies ( =ty designs1      
sc>cely ?ree in*es by two 9 size1       
entitl$ ! ,fall & ,r$emption ( ,man1 9  
depict+ :i* he _h ! ,small] ,passion (  
,dr] to guide him4 ,9 ^! he attempt$ to 
obta9 effects by ! use ( f9e & close    
l9es1 su* z 7 employ$ 9                 
copp]plate-engrav+2 b1 al?\gh 8 success 
0 c]ta9ly rem>kable1 consid]+ ! rude    

me*anical processes ( ! "t1 yet 8 me?od 
cle>ly produc$ results ( inf]ior arti/ic
 value 9 comp>ison ) ! works 9 ! bold1  
broad mann] ( ,dr]4 ,all ( 8 woodcuts1  
except+ f\r1 are repres5tations (       
religi\s subjects2 !y are m>k$1 l 8 o!r 
works1 by an att5tion to l&scape1 t     
truly mod]n object ( art1 ( :i* he      
probably le>n$ ! value f ,dr]1 :o 0 !   
fir/ to treat l&scape ) real            
appreciation4 ,9 ,hans ,sebald ,behaim  
7#aejj-aeej87 ! _s ( ! age is reveal$ ) 
great cle>ness & v>iety 7,fig4 #di72 bo?
 8 life & 8 art 7 inspir$ by x4 ,9 8    
e>ly manhood he 0 bani%$ f ,nuremb]g =  
d5y+ ! doctr9es ( transub/antiation & ! 
efficacy ( baptism1 & = ent]ta9+ "s     
vague sociali/ic & communi/ic op9ions2 b
 x is n cle> to :at ext5t he held !m1 if
 he held !m at all4 ,he seems to h be5  
"o ( ! mo/ advanc$ ( ! religi\s ,re=m]s1
 & he employ$ 8 art 9 _! s]vice1 z1 =   
example1 9 a book entitl$ ,! ,papacy1   
:i* he illu/rat$ ) a s]ies ( sev5ty-f\r 
figures ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( monks 9 _!  

peculi> co/umes1 b5ea? ea* ( :i*        
satirical l9es 7 writt54 ,he is be/ kn[n
 by 8 eighty-"o ,bible-cuts1 :i* 7 ! mo/
 popul>1 p]haps1 ( ! _m s]ies publi%$ 9 
t c5tury1 n except+ ! impressive ,bible 
figures ( ,holbe92 !y pass$ ?r\gh _m    
editions1 & 7 widely copi$4 ,! fir/     
,engli% ,bible 0 illu/rat$ by !m4       
,besides ^! two s]ies1 & "o o!r 9       
illu/ration ( ! ,apocalypse1 he design$ 
_m sep>ate pr9ts1 bo? 9 ! small mann] ( 
! ,little ,ma/]s & 9 imitation ( ! l>ge 
works ( ,maximilian1 su* z 8 ,milit>y   
,fte1 9 honor ( ,*>les ,v41 8 ,f\nta9 ( 
,y\?1 & ! pr9ts ( ! ,m>aud+ ,soldi]s1   
:i* measur$ f\r or five feet 9 l5g?4 ,8 
repres5tations ( peasant life are       
peculi>ly attractive1 because ( ! =ce ( 
realism display$ 9 !m1 :e!r he depict$ !
 m>riage fe/ival1 or m]e jollity or     
drunk5 brawl4 ,9 ! bread? ( 8 int]e/s1 9
 ! v>iety ( 8 subjects1 & 9 8 sympa?y ) 
! special movem5ts ( 8 age1 he 0 z an   
engrav] m *>act]i/ic ( ! civilization 9 
:i* he liv$ ?an any o!r ( ! ,little     

,ma/]s :o gave _! att5tion to           
wood-engrav+4 ,( ! re/ ( ?is gr\p none1 
except+ ,hans ,brosam] 7#aejf-aeeb71    
left works 9 wood-engrav+ ( any         
consequ5ce2 he design$ 9 a free & bold  
mann]1 & 8 engrav+s are to be f\nd 9    
books ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,virg9 &     
,*ild4 ,f a pr9t by ,hans ,sebald       
,behaim4  ,o!r arti/s ( ?is p]iod devot$
 _! att5tion to wood-engrav+2 b z !y did
 n m>k any new progress 9 ! art1 or     
reflect any aspect ( ,g]man civilization
 :i* has n already be5 illu/rat$1 !y ne$
 n be treat$ 9 any detail4 ,virgil      
,solis 7#aead-aefb71 a v productive     
design]1 :o 0 employ$ by ! ,nuremb]g    
pr9t]s to illu/rate ! books by :i* !y   
attempt$ to rival ! productions ( !     
,lyonese press2 ,job/ ,amman            
7#aeci-aeia71 ^: excell5t engrav+s (    
co/umes & trades are well kn[n2 ,erh>d  
,s*n 7d4 #aeej71 ,mel*ior ,lor*         
7#aebg-aehf71 ^: works 7 ( little m]it2 
& ,tobias ,/imm] 7#aeci-aehb71 a popul> 

design] = book illu/ration1 are all :o  
des]ve m5tion4 ,_! engrav+s are inf]ior 
to ! productions ( previ\s arti/s1 &    
aft] _! dea? ! art 9 ,g]many fell into  
spe$y & irretrievable decay4  ,! "w ( ! 
wood-engrav]s :o 7 imbu$ ) ! ,g]man _s  
exhibits ! same excell5ces & defects z  
o!r ,g]man "w 9 art4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by 
vigor pr9cipally1 & 9 its high] range x 
has great value1 because ( ! imag9ative 
& reflective _s by :i* x 0 animat$2 9   
its l[] range1 z a portrayal ( life &   
mann]s1 x d]ives f its realism an       
extraord9>y int]e/4 ,its great defici5cy
 is its lack ( beauty1 & is due to !    
inborn feebl5ess ( ! s5se ( beauty 9 !  
,g]man race2 b1 not)/&+ ?is de=mity1    
,g]man wood-engrav+ 0 invaluably useful 
9 its day 9 ! cities :]e x became s     
popul>1 because x 0 s widely & v>i\sly  
practis$1 & ent]$ into ! life ( ! p 9 s 
_m ways ) an effective influ5ce ( :i* x 
is difficult to =m an adequate          
conception4 ,x facilitat$ ! spread (    
lit]ature & help$ on ! progress ( !     

,re=mation to a degree :i* is little    
recogniz$2 x dissem9at$ ideas & /&>ds ( 
art1 & made !m common prop]ty2 &1       
f9ally1 x prep>$ ! way = ! great ma/] :o
 0 to embody 9 wood-engrav+ ! highe/    
excell5ce ( art & ?\ght4     ,,vi4      
,,hans ,,holbe94   ,illu/ration3 ,g     
,,fig4 #ej4--;,f ! 8,epi/ole di ,san    
,hi]onymo40 ,f]r>a1 #adig4  ,g]many     
produc$ "o arti/ :o fre$ himself f !    
limitations ( ta/e & int]e/ :i* ! place 
( 8 bir? impos$ ^u him1 & took rank ) ! 
great ma/]s :o seem to belong r to !    
race ?an to _! native c\ntry4 ,hans     
,holbe9 0 nei!r ,g]man nor ,italian1    
nei!r classical nor m$ival4 ,! ideal ( 8
 art 0 n det]m9$ by ! culture ( any s+le
 s*ool1 at home or abroad2 f> less 0 x a
 j>r+ compromise betwe5 ! aims & me?ods 
( diff]5t s*ools2 x grew out ( a fai?ful
 /udy ( all1 & 9 x 7 rationally bl5d$ ! 
elem5ts :i* 7 "r 9 ea*4 ,9 /yle1 !me1 & 
_s he advanc$ s f> beyond 8             
contempor>ies t he became ! fir/ mod]n  
arti/--! fir/ to cle> 8 vision f !      

deceptions ( religi\s en?usiasm1 & to   
subdue 9 himself ! lawlessness ( !      
romantic _s2 ! fir/ to p]ceive t only ! 
purely human int]e/ gives la/+          
significance to any arti/ic "w1 & to    
depict humanity simply = its own sake2 !
 fir/ to express 8 mean+ 9 a way :i*    
seems tru?ful & beautiful univ]sally to 
all cultivat$ m54 ,9 ?is lies ! peculi> 
& pr(\nd value ( 8 works4  ,holbe9 0    
born at ,augsburg1 9 #adie or #adif1    
into a family ( arti/s4 ,9 t city1 !n ! 
c5tre ( ,g]man culture1 he grew up amid 
! /ir ( curiosity & ?\ght :i* att5d$ !  
discov]y ( ! ,we/]n ,_w & ! fir/        
movem5ts ( ! ,re=mation4 ,he h&l$ !     
p5cil & ! bru% f boyhood1 & produc$     
works z wond]ful = _! precoci\s         
excell5ce z ! e>ly ef=ts ( ,mantegna2 he
 0 deeply impress$ by ! secul> &        
picturesque g5ius ( ,burgkmai]1 ! great 
arti/ ( ,augsburg1 :o may h fir/ op5$ to
 him ! value ( beauty ( detail1 &       
inculcat$ 9 him t c>efulness 9 respect  
to x :i* aft]w>d di/+ui%$ him2 he seems1

 too1 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 to h be5   
t\*$ by "s ,italian influ5ce :i* may h  
rea*$ ,augsburg 9 consequ5ce ( ! close  
comm]cial relations betwe5 t city &     
,v5ice4 ,holbe91 h[ev]1 did n arrive at 
any mature developm5t until aft] he left
 ,augsburg & remov$ to ,bsle1 :i!r he   
w5t 9 #aeae1 9 ord] to e>n 8 bread by   
mak+ designs = books--a trade :i* 0 !n  
fl\ri%+ & lucrative 9 t city4 ,bsle (f]$
 conditions ( life m favorable1 9 "s    
respects1 to ! developm5t ( en]getic    
individuality ?an did ,augsburg2 x 0    
already ! seat ( humani/ic lit]ature1 at
 ! head ( :i* 0 ,erasmus1 & x soon      
became ! safe/ refuge ( ! p]secut$      
,re=m]s4 ,9 su* a city !re 0 necess>ily 
a vigor\s intellectual life & a free &  
lib]al _s1 :i* mu/ h ex]t$ great        
influ5ce ^u ! "y arti/1 :o by 8         
pr(ession 0 br\ght into intimate        
relations ) ! mo/ le>n$ & advanc$ ?9k]s 
ab\t him4 ,holbe9 0 at once pr(\ndly    
affect$ by ! lit]>y & re=m movem5ts :i* 
he 0 call$ ^u to aid by 8 designs1 & he 

?rew himself into _! s]vice ) en]gy &   
sympa?y4 ,8 art1 too1 "u ! influ5ce (   
,italy1 & "u ! rational direction ( 8   
own ?\ght1 grew /eadily m ref9$ 9 ideal 
& m f9i%$ 9 execution4 ,he soon le>n$ ! 
value ( =mal beauty1 & gave evid5ce t ! 
"w ( ! la/ great ,g]man pa9t] 0 n to be 
m>r$ by ,g]man ta/elessness4 ,hi!rto !  
ma/]s ( ,g]man art1 l$ by a reali/ic _s 
:i* did n discrim9ate regul>ly & )      
c]ta9ty betwe5 ! diff]5t values ( !     
lovely & ! unlovely1 _h express$ _!     
?\ght & feel+ 9 famili> =ms1 &1         
consequ5tly1 (t5 9 =ms :i* %>$ 9 !      
grotesqu5ess1 bord]+ on c>icature1 & 9 !
 homel9ess1 bord]+ on ugl9ess1 t        
*>act]iz$ mu* ( actual ,g]man life4     
,holbe91 ^: realism 0 gov]n$ by         
cultivat$ ta/e1 express$ 8 ?\ght & feel+
 9 beautiful =ms4 ,8 pr$ecessors _h us$ 
a dialect ( art1 z x 71 :i* c\ld nev]   
seem p]fectly natural or be imm$iately  
intelligible to any b _! own c\ntrym52  
,holbe9 acquir$ ! true language ( art1 &
 0 z directly & completely intelligible 

to ! ref9$ ,engli%man or ,italian z to !
 citiz5 ( ,augsburg or ,bsle4 ,holbe9   
came1 also1 to an und]/&+ ( ! true law (
 art2 z he fre$ himself f ! ,go?ic      
dulness ( sight 9 respect to beauty1 he 
fre$ himself f ! ,go?ic lic5se ( rev]ie1
 fancy1 & ?\ght4 ,he limit$ himself to !
 cle> & =cible expression ( ! idea he _h
 9 m9d2 he admitt$ no details :i*       
int]f]$ ) 8 ma9 purpose1 & :i* ass]t$ a 
claim to be !re = _! own sake2 he made e
 access>y en=ce or illu/rate 8 pr9cipal 
design1 & subord9at$ ea* m9or portion ( 
8 picture to ! lead+ conception2 he _h  
"o purpose 9 view1 & he pres]v$ its     
unity4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is 0 f ! practice ( 
,dr]1 :o introduc$ into 8 "w :atev] came
 into 8 m9d1 h[ev] remotely x might be  
associat$ ) 8 subject1 :o repeat$ almo/ 
we>isomely ! same idea 9 v>y+ symbolism1
 & dissipat$ ! int5sity ( ! ?\ght by    
di/ract+ sugge/ion cr[d$ into any       
available space1 ne$ n be po9t$ out2 9 j
 ! proportion 9 :i* ,dr] lo/ by 8       
practice directness1 simplicity1 & =ce1 

,holbe9 ga9$ ^! by 8 own me?od1 :i* 01  
inde$1 ! me?od ( great art1 ( ! art :i* 
obeys reason1 9 di/9ction f ! art :i*   
yields to ! w&]+ s5tim5t4 ,holbe9 diff]$
 f ,dr] 9 ano!r respect3 he ?or\ghly    
und]/ood :at he meant to express2 he    
w\ld h no?+ to d ) vague dream+ or      
my/ical contemplation2 he ?\ght t :atev]
 c\ld n be def9itely conceiv$ 9 ! bra91 
& cle>ly express$ by l9e & color1 lay   
outside ! doma9 ( 8 art2 he gave up !   
phantoms ( ! en?usia/ & ! puzzle ( !    
!ologian to ^? :o c>$ = !m1 & fix$ 8    
att5tion on human life z he saw x &     
und]/ood x4 ,he (t5 treat$ religi\s     
subjects1 b 9 no diff]5t _s f t 9 :i* he
 treat$ secul> subjects2 9 all x is !   
human int]e/ :i* attracts him--! life ( 
man z x exi/s )9 ! b\nds ( mortality4   
,?us he arriv$ n only at ! true language
 & ! true law ( art1 b also at its true 
object4 ,?is developm5t ( 8 g5ius did n 
take place sudd5ly & at once2 x 0 a     
gradual gr[?1 & rea*$ full maturity only
 9 8 clos+ ye>s2 b1 :ile he /ill work$  

at ,bsle1 ! ess5tial l9es ( 8 developm5t
 7 cle>ly m>k$1 & he _h advanc$ s f>    
along !m z to be ev5 !n ! mo/ p]fect    
arti/ :om ! ,nor? _h produc$4  ,holbe9  
began to practise wood-engrav+ z soon z 
he settl$ 9 ,bsle1 & design$ _m         
titlepages1 initial lett]s1 & cuts = !  
publi%]s ( t city4 ,! titlepages1 :i*   
are num]\s1 7 usually 9 ! =m ( an       
ar*itectural frame1 9 :i* gr\ps (       
figures 7 introduc$2 !y %[ h[ e>ly 8    
ta/e = ! =ms ( ,italian ar*itecture     
became pron\nc$1 & h[ bold & free 0 8   
p[] ( draw+1 & h[ highly develop$ 0 8   
s5se ( /yle1 ev5 9 8 fir/ ef=ts4 ,he    
illu/rat$ ! books ( ! humani/s1         
especially ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1  
!n a new & popul> "w2 & he design$ !    
cuts = ! biblical translations ( ,lu!r1 
& = o!r publications ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,he   
s]v$ ! ,re=mation1 too1 9 a humor\s z   
well z 9 a s]i\s way1 = he 0 z mu* a    
ma/] ( satire z ( beauty4 ,two cuts 9   
ridicule ( ! papal p>ty are p>ticul>ly  
noticeable1 "o 9 :i* he satirizes ! sale

 ( indulg5ces1 contra/+ x ) true        
rep5tance2 & "o 9 :i* he repres5ts ,*ri/
 z ! ,light ( ! ,_w1 ) a gr\p ( s9n]s   
approa*+ ^u "o side1 & a gr\p ( papal   
dignit>ies l$ by ,ari/otle turn+ away on
 ! o!r side4 ,! illu/rations 9 :i* he   
depicts ord9>y humble life1 p>ticul>ly !
 life ( peasants & *ildr51 make ano!r   
great dep>tm5t ( 8 less] "w 9           
wood-engrav+2 ^! sc5es are sometimes    
sep>ate cuts1 & sometimes introduc$ z   
backgr\nds ( initial lett]s1 tw5ty      
alphabets ( :i* are ascrib$ to him2 !y  
repres5t ! pa/imes & sports ( ! c\ntry1 
j z ,holbe9 may h se5 !m at any "t ^u ! 
way-side1 & are full ( he>t9ess1 humor1 
& reality4 ,! sket*es f ! life ( boys & 
*ildr5 are especially graceful & *>m+1 &
 reveal an ease & p[] 9 del9eation :i*  
has seldom be5 rivall$4 ,?is species (  
g5re art1 :i* _h fir/ made its appe>ance
 9 wood-engrav+1 because x 0 consid]$   
b5ea? ! dignity ( ! high] arts1 0 v     
popul>2 by 8 "w ( ?is sort ,holbe9      
contribut$ to ! pleasure ( ! p1 j z by 8

 co-op]ation ) ! ,humani/s & ! ,re=m]s  
he s]v$ !m 9 m important ways4 ,f9ally  
he produc$ at ,bsle 8 two great works 9 
wood-engrav+1 ! ,dance ( ,dea? & !      
,figures ( ! ,bible1 :i* are ! highe/   
a*ievem5ts ( ! art at any "t4  ,! ,dance
 ( ,dea? 0 an old subject4 ,x _h        
possess$ = c5turies a p[]ful & sometimes
 morbid attraction = ! arti/ic          
imag9ation & = popul> reflection4 ,x 0  
peculi>ly ! product ( m$ival ,*ri/ian   
life1 & survives z a repres5tative ( !  
great m$ival ideas4 ,t age fir/ surr\nd$
 dea? ) t]rors1 fa/5$ ! att5tion ( man  
cont9ually ^u 8 doom1 & affright$ 8 _s )
 ! dread ( t unkn[n h\r ( 8 dissolution 
:i* %\ld put him 9 dang] ( ! second dea?
 ( immortal agony4 ,9 ,greece dea? _h   
be5 ! break+ ( ! *rysalis by ! w+$      
butt]fly1 or1 at lea/1 only ! ext9ction 
( ! tor*2 "h x 0 ! gaunt & gr9n+        
skeleton always jo/l+ ! fle% ( ! liv+1  
h[ev] beautiful or joy\s !y might be4 ,9
 ! *ur*es ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re swung a
 bann] emblazon$ ^u "o side ) ! figures 

( a y\? & maid5 be=e a mirror ( _!      
lovel9ess1 &1 ^u ! rev]se1 ) ,dea? hold+
 8 spade beside ! worm-pi]c$ corpse2 x 0
 ! type ( m$ival ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,! fe> 
( dea? 0 ! recurr+ burd5 ( ! pulpit2 x  
made ! he>t ( e b[$ wor%ipp] tremble1 & 
0 taught ) fe>ful di/9ctness by !       
pe/il5ce t aga9 & aga9 sudd5ly /ruck !  
populations ( ,europe4 ,! *ord ( feel+ 0
 ov]/ra9$2 ! ela/ic =ce ( life ass]t$   
itself1 &1 by a /range trans=mation1 m5 
made a je/ ( _! t]ror1 & play$ ) dea? z 
!y h nev] s9ce done2 !y act$ ! ravages (
 dea? 9 pantomime1 made ! trag$y comic1 
put ! figure ( ,dea? into _! c>nivals1 &
 *ang$ ! object ( _! al>m into ! !me (  
_! sport4 ,9 ! _s ( t democracy :i*1 9  
spite ( ! ari/ocratic /ructure ( m$ival 
society1 0 imb$d$ 9 ! he>t ( ! ,*ri/ian 
sy/em1 :]e e s\l 0 ( equal value be=e   
,god1 ! p turn$ ! univ]sal moral lesson 
( dea? into a satire aga9/ ! great2     
,dea? 0 n only ! common execution]1 he  
arre/$ ! prelates & ! nobles1 /ripp$ !m 
( _! robes & _! possessions1 & tri$ !m  

:e!r !y 7 ( ,god or ,mammon4 ,9 ^!      
_m-v>i$ =ms ( t]ror1 sport1 & irony     
,dea? fill$ ! imag9ation & reflection ( 
! age2 ! %r\d$ figure or ! nak$ skeleton
 0 se5 on ! /age ( ! !atre1 amid ! games
 ( ! p1 on ! walls ( ! *ur*es & !       
mona/]ies1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( art & 
lit]ature4 ,holbe9 _h look$ on _m       
repres5tations ( ?is idea3 :]e1 z 9     
,dr]'s "w1 ,dea? att5ds knight & begg>2 
or :]e1 z 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 !    
skeletons dance by ! op5 grave2 or :]e1 
z 9 ! fam\s s]ies at ,bsle1 ,dea?       
humbles e rank ( life 9 turn4 ,b ,holbe9
 did n look on ^! sc5es z 8 pr$ecessors 
_h done2 he 0 free f _! _s4 ,he took !  
m$ival idea & re-m\ld$ x1 z ,%akspe>e   
re-m\ld$ ! tradition ( ,d5m>k & ,italy1 
into a "w = all times & g5]ations4 ,he  
repres5t$ ,dea?1 b ) an arti/ic p[]1 an 
imag9ative f]vor1 a p]ception ( !       
con/ant elem5t 9 its int]e/ = mank9d1   
:i* lift$ 8 "w out ( m$ivalism into     
univ]sal tru?2 & 9 do+ ?is he n only %[$
 ! high p[] ( 8 art1 b he unlock$ !     

secrets ( 8 "*4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#ea4--,! ,nun4 ,f ,holbe9's 8,images de 
la ,mort40 ,lyons1 #aedg4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #eb4--,! ,prea*]4 ,f ,holbe9's  
8,images de la ,mort40 ,lyons1 #aedg4   
,?is "w is1 9 ! fir/ edition 7#aech71 a 
s]ies ( =ty-"o small cuts1 9 ea* ( :i*  
is depict$ ! triumph ( ,dea? ov] "s     
p]son :o is typical ( a :ole class4 ,ea*
 design repres5ts ) int5se dramatic p[] 
"s sc5e f daily life2 ,dea? lays 8      
summons ^u all 9 ! mid/ ( _! habitual   
occupations3 ! trad] has escap$         
%ipwreck1 & 8on ! bea* undoes 8 cord$   
bales20 ,dea? plucks him by ! cloak2 !  
we>y1 pack-lad5 p$dl]1 plodd+ on 9 8    
unf9i%$ j\rney1 turns que/ion+ly to !   
delay+ h& ^u 8 %\ld]2 ! prie/ goes to ! 
burial ( ! poor1 ,dea? c>ries ! c&le 9 a
 lant]n be=e him1 & r+s ! w>n+ bell2 !  
drunk>d gulps 8 liquor1 ! judge takes 8 
bribe1 ! mis] c\nts 8 gold--,dea?       
int]rupts !m ) a sne]4 ,:at poetic      
feel+1 :at dramatic =ce1 !re is 9 !     
picture ( ! ,nun6 7,fig4 #ea47 ,%e      

kneels ) head av]t$ f ! alt> ( h]       
devotions t[>d ! y\? :o sits ^u ! b$    
play+ ! lute to h] sleep+ s\l1 & at !   
mom5t ,dea? /&s !re to put out ! light (
 ! tap] :i* %all leave h] 9 d>kness     
=ev]4 ,:at %>p satire !re is 9 !        
repres5tation ( ! ,prea*] 7,fig4 #eb71  
dilat+1 p]haps1 9 8 accu/om$1           
half-me*anical way1 ^u ! t]rors ( t v   
,dea? already at 8 elb[6 ,:at ju/ness ( 
sight1 :at grimness ( reality1 !re is 9 
! repres5tation ( ! ,pl\ghman 7,fig4    
#ec72 h[ directly does ,holbe9 br+ u    
face to face ) ! human curse--9 ! sweat 
( ?y br[ ?\ %alt e>n dea?6 ,george ,s&1 
look+ out on ! spr+ fields ( h] remote  
prov9ce & see+ ! ,fr5* peasants pl\gh+  
up ! s(t & smok+ soil1 rememb]$ ?is type
 ( peasant life z ,holbe9 saw x1 &      
describ$ ?is cut 9 words t vivify !     
conc5trat$ mean+ ( ! :ole s]ies4 8,!    
engrav+10 %e says1 8repres5ts a f>m]    
guid+ ! pl\gh 9 ! middle ( a field4 ,a  
va/ pla9 ext5ds into ! di/ance1 :]e !re 
are "s poor huts2 ! sun is sett+ beh9d a

 hill4 ,x is ! close ( a h>d day's "w4  
,! peasant is old1 ?ickset1 & 9 tatt]s2 
! team :i* he drives be=e him is lean1  
worn out by fatigue & scanty food2 !    
pl\gh%>e is buri$ 9 a rugg$ & /ubborn   
soil4 ,9 ?is sc5e ( sweat & habitual    
toil !re is only "o be+ 9 good spirits &
 light ( foot1 a fanta/ic "*1 a skeleton
 ) a :ip1 t runs 9 ! furr[ beside !     
/>tl$ horses & beats !m--z x 71 a f>m]'s
 boy4 ,x is ,dea?40 ,%e takes up ! /ory 
aga91 aft] a :ile4 8,is !re mu*         
consolation10 %e asks1 89 ?is /oicism1 &
 d dev\t s\ls f9d _! acc\nt !re98 ,!    
ambiti\s1 ! knave1 ! tyrant1 ! s5suali/1
 all ! pr\d s9n]s :o abuse life1 & :om  
,dea? drags away by ! hair1 are on _!   
way to a reckon+1 no d\bt2 b ! bl9d1 !  
begg>1 ! fool1 ! poor peasant1 is !re   
any am5ds = _! long wret*$ness 9 ! s+le 
reflection t dea? is n an evil = !m8    
,no6 an inexorable melan*oly1 a dismay+ 
fatality1 weighs ^u ! arti/'s "w4 ,x is 
l a bitt] curse laun*$ on ! univ]sal    
human lot40#dj  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    

#ec4--,! ,pl\ghman4 ,f ,holbe9's        
8,images de la ,mort40 ,lyons1 #aedg4   
,c]ta9ly ! arti/'s "w is a bold & nak$  
/atem5t ( man's mortality1 ( ! close (  
life contra/$ ) ! wor? ( its c>e]2 b !  
melan*oly ( 8 "w is n m inexorable1 its 
fatality is n m dismay+1 ?an ! reality  
he saw4 ,he did n *oose = 8 p5cil :at 0 
unusual1 extraord9>y1 or abnormal 9     
life2 he depict$ its accu/om$ c\rse &   
its fix$ conclusion 9 fe>1 folly1 or    
dignity4 ,he took almo/ e "* among m51  
almo/ e passion or vice ( ! race1 almo/ 
e toil or pursuit 9 :i* 8 contempor>ies 
engag$1 & confront$ !m ) _! fate4 ,! k+ 
is at 8 fea/1 ,dea? p\rs ! w9e2 ! poor  
"m is cook+ h] humble meal at ! he>?1   
,dea? /eals h] *ild2 ! bridal pair walk 
on absorb$1 :ile ,dea? beats _! w$d+-m>*
 ) glee4 ,?r\gh\t ! s]ies !re is ! same 
dramatic insight1 ! same unadorn$       
reality1 ! same humanity4 ,"h & !re ! _s
 ( ! ,re=m] reveals itself3 ! ,pope 9 ! 
ex]cise ( 8 utmo/ worldly p[] cr[ns !   
emp]or1 b beh9d is ,dea?2 a devil lurks 

9 ! %ad[1 & ov] ! heads ( ! c>d9als are 
o!r devils2 ! monk1 abbot1 &            
prioress--h[ !y resi/ & are             
panic-/rick56 ,!re c be no d\bt at :at  
,holbe9 reckon$ ^! m5 & _! trade4       
,holbe9 %[$ "h1 too1 8 sympa?y ) !      
humbl] classes 9 ^? days ( peasant w>s1 
( ! ,g]man ,bible1 & ( books 9 ! vulg>  
tongue--! days :5 ! p began to be a     
self-consci\s body1 ) a k ( !           
opportunities ( life & ! p[] to make    
good _! claim to %>e 9 !m2 z ,holbe9 saw
 life1 x 0 only ! humble to :om ,dea? 0 
n full ( scorn & je/+1 !y alone /ood    
dignifi$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,b5ea? ?is sympa?y
 ) ! ,re=m]s & ! p ne$ we look f>!r1 z  
,rusk9 does1 to f9d scepticism hidd5 9 !
 %ad[s ( ,holbe9's he>t8 ,holbe9 saw !  
,*ur* z ,av>ice1 trad+ 9 ! s9s ( its    
*ildr52 z ,cruelty1 rejoic+ 9 ! blood ( 
its enemies2 z ,ignorance1 putt+ out !  
light ( ! m9d4 ,!re 0 no falt]+ 9 8     
resolute1 indignant d5ial ( t ,*ur*4    
,did he f9d any refuge else:]e 9 su*    
hope & fai? z rema9 to man 9 !          

sugge/ions ( 8 own _s8 ,he saw ,dea?'s  
triumph1 & he made m5 see x ) 8 eyes2 if
 he saw m ?an t1 he kept sil5ce conc]n+ 
x4 ,he did n m5ace ! guilty ) any p]il  
save ! p]il ( ,dea?'s mock]y2 he spoke  
no ^w ( consolation = ! good2 = !       
inevitable sorr[ ( ! *ild's loss !re is 
no cure1 = ! pl\ghman's fai?ful labor   
!re is no rew>d except 9 f9al repose by 
! %ad[ ( ! di/ant spire4 ,he did n op5 !
 heav5s to let ?r\gh "o gleam ( immortal
 life ^u ! human lot1 unless x be 9 !   
,judgm5t1 :]e only ! sav$ h ris52       
nev]!less1 ! purport ( t sc5e1 ev5 if x 
be int]pret$ ) ! mo/ ,*ri/ian realism1  
_c de/roy ! _s ( all o!rs4 8,inexorable 
melan*oly1 dismay+ fatality0--^!1 truly1
 are ! burd5 ( 8 "w4  ,! s]ies holds    
high rank1 too1 m]ely z a product (     
arti/ic skill4 ,x %[s ?r\gh\t !         
design]'s ease1 simplicity1 & economy 9 
me?ods ( "w1 8 complete control ( 8     
res\rces1 & 8 un]r+ correctness 9 *oos+ 
! means prop] to fulfil 8 ends2 few l9es
 are employ$1 z 9 ! ,italian mann]1 &   

!re is little cross-hat*+2 b1 z 9 all   
great art1 e l9e has its "w to d1 its   
mean+1 :i* x expresses p]fectly1 ) no   
wa/e ( labor & no ineffectual ef=t4 ,9  
sur5ess ( /roke & accuracy ( proportion 
! draw+ is unsurpass$2 y may magnify any
 ( ! designs twelve times1 & ev5 ! f+]s 
w %[ no disproportion 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,x
 is true t !re is no anatomical         
accuracy2 no s+le skeleton is correctly 
drawn 9 detail1 b ! %ape ( ,dea?1 guess$
 at z a ?+ unkn[n1 is s express$ t 9 !  
e>lie/ days ( ! "w m5 said t 9 x 8,dea? 
seem$ to live1 & ! liv+ to be truly     
dead40 ,! correctness1 vigor1 & economy 
( l9e 9 ! draw+ ( ^! cuts made !m a     
lesson to lat] arti/s l ,rub5s1 m]ely z 
an example ( p[]ful & tru?ful effects   
p]fectly obta9$ at ! lea/ exp5se (      
labor4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7 9 design a   
triumph ( art1 z mu* z !y 7 9 conception
 a triumph ( imag9ation4  ,holbe9 made !
 orig9al draw+s = ! ,dance ( ,dea? be=e 
he left ,bsle 9 #aebf2 b1 al?\gh "s     
copies 7 pr9t$ 9 t city1 ! "w did n     

become kn[n until x 0 publi%$ 9 #aech by
 ! ,tre*sels at ,lyons1 :]e x appe>$ )\t
 ,holbe9's "n4 ,?is latt] circum/ance1 9
 connection ) a passage 9 ! preface (   
?is edition1 l$ "s writ]s to "q         
,holbe9's title to be consid]$ ! design]
 ( ! s]ies1 al?\gh 8 fri5d1 ,nicolas    
,b\rbon de ,v&oeuvre1 ! poet1 calls him 
! au?or ( x 9 a book publi%$ at ,lyons 9
 #aech1 :ile ,k>l van ,m&]1 ( ,holl&1 9 
#aedh1 & ,conrad ,gesn]1 ( ,zuri*1 9    
#aedi1 ascribe x to him1 & _! /atem5ts 7
 unhesitat+ly accept$ until d\bt 0      
express$ 9 our own "t4 ,! passage 9 !   
preface ( ! fir/ ,lyons edition1 on :i* 
! sceptics rely1 m5tions ! dea? 8( him  
:o has "h imag$ 7imag97 = u su* elegant 
designs z mu* 9 advance ( all hi!rto    
issu$ z ! pa9t+s ( ,apelles or ,zeuxis  
surpass ^? ( ! mod]ns20 b ?is is g5]ally
 consid]$ to ref] to ! engrav]1 ,hans   
,ltzelburg]1 :o cut ! designs 9 wood    
aft] ,holbe9's draw+1 & des]ves all !   
praise = _! extraord9>ily skilful       
te*nical execution4 ,?is is ! mo/       

satisfactory explanation :i* c be fram$2
 b1 if x is n accept$1 ! balance (      
evid5ce 9 favor ( ,holbe9 is s great z  
to be conclusive4 ,! orig9al draw+s1    
made ) a p5 & t\*$ ) bi/re1 are 9 !     
cab9et ( ! ,cz>1 & %[ ! excell5ce ( !   
draughtsman%ip m cle>ly ?an ! woodcuts2 
! engrav] omitt$ "s /rik+ details1 b 9  
g5]al 8 fidelity & correctness ( r5d]+ 7
 rem>kable4 ,! fir/ edition at ,lyons   
conta9$ only =ty-"o ( ! orig9al designs1
 ( :i* !re are =ty-six at ,/4           
,pet]sburg2 ! lat] editions1 publi%$ by 
,frellon1 increas$ ! numb] to fifty-?ree
 9 #aedg1 & fifty-eight 9 #aefb1 includ+
 "s beautiful cuts ( *ildr5 at ! end ( !
 volume4 ,! popul>ity ( ! "w 0 v great2 
! text 0 pr9t$ 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 &        
,italian1 & ?irte5 editions f ! orig9al 
blocks 7 issu$ be=e #aefc4 ,s9ce t "t x 
has be5 publi%$ _m times2 b ! engrav+s 9
 ! lat] editions1 :i* 7 copi$ f !       
orig9als by workm5 mu* inf]ior to       
,ltzelburg]1 h little comp>ative value4 
,betwe5 =ty & fifty editions h be5 pr9t$

 f wood-blocks1 & z _m m f copp]plate4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,na?an       
,rebuk+ ,david4 ,f ,holbe9's 8,icones   
,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti40 ,lyons1  
#aedg4  ,! ,figures ( ! ,bible1 :i* made
 a s]ies ( n9ety-two illu/rations ( !   
,old ,te/am5t1 %[$ ! same qualities (   
,holbe9's g5ius z did ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 
b g5]ally 9 less p]fection4 ,9 design+  
_m ( ^! cuts ,holbe9 accept$ ! types ( !
 previ\s arti/s1 j z ne>ly all ! great  
pa9t]s frequ5tly took _! conceptions (  
scriptural sc5es f _! pr$ecessors2 h5ce 
^! ,bible ,figures %[ a m>k$ resemblance
 9 _! g5]al composition to ! e>li]      
woodcuts 9 illu/ration ( ! ,scriptures4 
,b :ile ,holbe9 foll[$ ! e>li] cu/om 9  
repres5t+ two or ?ree associat$ actions 
9 "o sc5e1 & kept ! same relative       
arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 he ess5tially      
modifi$ ! total effect by omitt+ "s     
elem5ts1 subord9at+ o!rs1 giv+ prom95ce 
to ! pr9cipal gr\p1 & in=m+ ! :ole      
picture ) a f> m vigor\s1 ?\ghtful1 &   
expressive _s4 ,9 arti/ic m]it "s ( ^!  

designs are among ! be/ ( ,holbe9's "w2 
b ! te*nical skill ( ! wood-engrav] :o  
cut !m is inf]ior to t %[n 9 ! ,dance ( 
,dea?4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* ,na?an is repres5t$
 rebuk+ ,david 7,fig4 #ed7 is especially
 noble 9 conception3 ! prophet does n   
clo! himself 9 any sup]ior human dignity
 z a div9e mess5g]2 b1 m9dful only ( !  
supreme law :i* is ov] all m5 equally1  
kneels loyally & ob$i5tly be=e 8 k+1 &  
calls on him to humiliate himself1 n    
be=e man1 b 9 ! solit>y pres5ce ( ,god4 
,! p[] ( ! univ]sal law1 indep5d5t alike
 ( ! maje/y ( ! crim9al or ! l[l9ess (  
its s]vant1 has nev] be5 pictur$ )      
great] subtlety & =ce ?an is "h done4   
,!re are o!rs among ^! designs ( equal  
excell5ce1 bo? 9 imag9ation & art1 b 9  
all ! be/ ( !m !re is "s human int]e/ 9 
! sc5e :i* attract$ ,holbe9's he>t2 9   
o!rs1 su* z ! illu/rations to ! books ( 
! ,prophets1 he falls into a feebl5ess (
 conception & baldness ( allegorical    
/atem5t :i* %[s cle>ly h[ little he c>$ 
= :at 0 m]ely sup]natural4 ,! s]ies1    

nev]!less1 is1 z a :ole1 ! be/ :i* 0    
made 9 t c5tury1 & 0 repr9t$ sev]al     
times to satisfy ! popul> dem& = x2 x   
fir/ appe>$1 contemporane\sly ) ! ,dance
 ( ,dea?1 9 #aech1 at ,lyons2 ! text 0  
aft]w>d publi%$ 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1         
,italian1 ,spani%1 & ,engli%1 b ! "w    
nev] obta9$ ! extraord9>y popul>ity ( ! 
,dance ( ,dea?4 ,x is notewor?y t no    
edition ( ei!r "w 0 pr9t$ 9 ,g]man--s f>
 _h ,holbe9 out/ripp$ 8 c\ntrym5 9 !    
purity ( art4  ,:5 ^! two works appe>$  
at ,lyons1 ,holbe9 _h be5 = _m ye>s a   
resid5t at ! ,engli% c\rt1 :]e he pa9t$ 
t s]ies ( portraits :i* rema9s          
unsurpass$ z a gall]y ( typical ,engli% 
m5 & wom5 repres5t$ by an arti/ capable 
( reveal+ "* z well z ( portray+ looks4 
,9 ^! lat] ye>s ( 8 life he busi$       
himself b little ) design+ = woodcuts1 b
 he did n entirely neglect ! art1 & 01  
)\t d\bt1 ( great s]vice 9 spread+ a    
ta/e = x 9 ,engl&1 & 9 improv+ its      
practice !re4 ,! ,engli% pr9t]s import$ 
_! be/ woodcuts1 & probably wood-engrav+

 0 h>dly a recogniz$ ,engli% art be=e   
,holbe9's day4 ,! great titlepage :i* he
 design$ = ,cov]dale's ,bible 9 #aece 0 
app>5tly cut by "s ,swiss engrav]1 z 7  
"s o!r simil> works2 b a few designs1   
:i* ,holbe9 seems to h drawn s z to     
require ! lea/ possible skill 9 !       
engrav] to reproduce !m1 7 app>5tly     
execut$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 produc$ :5      
,engl& 0 sep>at+ f ,rome1 9 ! "t (      
,cromwell's p[]1 & are m>k$ by ! same   
satirical _s z ,holbe9's e>li] "w at    
,bsle2 ! self-righte\s ,ph>isee we>s a  
c[l1 ! lawy]s1 :o are (f5d$ :5 ,*ri/    
ca/s out ! devil f ! possess$ "o1 h     
bi%ops' mitres2 ! unfai?ful %eph]d :o   
flees :5 ! wolf comes is a monk4 ,^!    
cuts1 9 :i* ,holbe9 la/ us$ 8 art z a   
weapon ( civilization1 m>k ! close ( 8  
practice ( x4  ,9 ! c\rse ( t practice  
he _h n m]ely f\nd utt]ance = 8 g5ius1 b
 he _h %[n ! entire adequacy (          
wood-engrav+ = ! purposes ( ! arti/ :5 !
 laws :i* spr+ out ( its peculi> nature 
are mo/ rigidly obs]v$4 ,he _h employ$ x

 ) complete success z a mode ( obta9+   
beautiful ar*itectural design1 ( depict+
 *>m+ g5re sc5es1 ( attack+ abuses by ! 
ke5e/ & mo/ effective irony1 ( mak+ real
 = ! popul> compreh5sion ! solemn &     
beautiful /ories ( ! ,scriptures1 & (   
express+ passionate feel+ & pr(\nd      
?\ght2 & he ?us ex]cis$ ^u 8 own "t & ^u
 ! future an influ5ce :i* 0 p]haps m    
p[]ful ?an t ex]cis$ by any contempor>y 
arti/s4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? 
he _h embodi$ 9 wood-engrav+ trag$y &   
humor1 satire & s]mon1 poetic s5tim5t1  
dramatic action1 & wise reflection1 & he
 ?us gave to t "w a special int]e/ = 8  
contempor>ies z an expression ( !       
sympa?ies1 ef=ts1 & problems ( t "t1 &  
an endur+ int]e/ = all m5 z ! true/     
picture ( univ]sal human life se5 at its
 mo/ tragic mom5t ?r\gh ! holl[ sockets 
( ,dea?4 ,he did ?is )\t (f]+ viol5ce to
 ! peculi> nature ( ! art1 )\t wre/+ x f
 its appropriate me?ods or requir+ ( x  
any difficult ef=t2 he p]ceiv$ m cle>ly 
?an ,dr] ! ess5tial conditions "u :i*   

wood-engrav+ mu/ be practis$1 & he      
con=m$ to !m4 ,if he _h ne$$            
cross-hat*+1 f9e & delicate l9es1       
h>monies ( tone1 & s(t transitions (    
light1 he w\ld h _h rec\rse to          
copp]plate2 b n f9d+ !m necess>y1 he    
cont5t$ himself ) ! bold outl9es1 easily
 cut & easily pr9t$1 :i* 7 ! peculi>    
prov9ce ( wood-engrav+1 & by means ( !m 
creat$ works :i* n only made            
wood-engrav+ illu/ri\s1 b rank ) ! high 
a*ievem5ts & valuable legacies ( ! o!r  
arts ( design4 ,holbe9 0 "o ( ! great   
g5iuses ( ! race1 & he put into 8 works 
! fire & wisdom ( g5ius2 b1 indep5d5tly 
( :at 8 works conta91 & m]ely z         
illu/rations ( arti/ic me?ods1 !y %[ = !
 fir/ "t an arti/ p]ceiv+ & *oos+ to    
obey ! simple laws ( ! art1 & exhibit+  
its compass & capacity1 its weal? &     
utility1 )9 ! sph]e ( ^? laws4 ,?is     
?or\gh und]/&+ & rational practice ( !  
art1 9 connection ) 8 intellectual &    
arti/ic p[]s1 made ,holbe9 ! mo/ p]fect 
ma/] :o has ev] left works 9            

wood-engrav+1 & give 8 works ! utmo/    
value bo? z =ms ( art & z embodim5ts (  
imag9ation & ?\ght4     ,,vii4  ,,!     
,,decl9e ,,& ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,art4 
,illu/ration3 ,t ,,fig4 #ee4--;,f 8,op]a
 ,v]giliana10 pr9t$ by ,sacon4 ,lyons1  
#aeag4  ,! wood-engrav]s ( ,france      
produc$ no great works l ^? (           
,maximilian1 & no s+le cuts ( ! arti/ic 
value ( ^? by ,dr] & 8 contempor>ies4   
,!y limit$ !mselves almo/ exclusively to
 ! illu/ration ( books4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s1 
:o _h exp5d$ s mu* c>e 9 ! adornm5t ( _!
 religi\s books1 7 succe$$ by o!r pr9t]s
 :o 7 h>dly less animat$ by en?usia/ic  
devotion to _! art1 z 0 %[n by _! ef=ts 
to make _! works beautiful bo? 9 text & 
illu/ration4 ,! ,r5aissance _h n[       
p5etrat$ into ,france1 & ent]$ into !   
arts4 ,ge(frey ,tory 7c4 #adhj-aecc71 :o
 _h travell$ 9 ,italy1 appe>s to h be5 !
 fir/ to introduce a classical _s into  
wood-engrav+2 f 8 "t two di/9ct s*ools  
may be di/+ui%$ 9 ,fr5* wood-engrav+--"o
 ,g]manic & ar*aic1 ! o!r fill$ by !    

,italian _s4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ engrav]s   
belong$ to ! latt] s*ool1 & _! "w 0     
*>act]iz$ by ! curi\sly modifi$ ,italian
 ta/e :i* m>k$ ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,!y 
und]/ood design1 & %[$ consid]able p[] 9
 x2 !y reg>d$ ! ma9 l9es & pr9cipal     
h>monies & contra/s ( masses :i* are    
necess>y to x2 b !y trans=m$ its        
simplicity into elegance1 & ov]laid x ) 
ornam5tation & trifl+ detail :i* m>r$   
its effect1 & gave to _! works an       
appe>ance ( artificiality1 ( ov]-labor$ 
ref9em5t & mi/ak5 scrupul\sness ( ta/e4 
,z a rule1 inde$1 ta/e 0 _! *>act]i/ic r
 ?an a develop$ s5se ( beauty1 & skill r
 ?an p[]4 ,f9ally1 !y pass$1 by a       
natural progress1 into a complexity &   
f95ess ( l9e :i* are unsuitable to      
wood-engrav+2 !y lo/ ! s5se ( unity 9 ! 
abundance ( detail1 & 7 =c$ to give up  
engrav+ 9 wood & adopt engrav+ on       
copp]plate1 :i* 0 s mu* bett] fitt$ to !
 mean+less excess ( delicacy &          
accumulation ( ornam5t 9 :i* ! ,fr5*    
,r5aissance end$4  ,! mo/ tal5t$ ( !    

,fr5* design]s = wood-engrav+ 0 ,jean   
,c\s9 7#aeja-aehi71 a memb] ( ! ,re=m$  
,*ur*1 little favor$ at c\rt & mu*      
neglect$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,he appe>s 
to h be5 ( a robu/ & indep5d5t _s1 an   
admir] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ! ,italians1 
& an indu/ri\s & pa9/ak+ workman 9 _m   
bran*es ( art4 ,a l>ge numb] ( designs  
are ascrib$ to him2 b1 z is ! case )    
ne>ly all ! ,fr5* engrav]s1 !re is great
 difficulty 9 mak+ out :at really 0 8   
"w4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic products ( ,fr5*
 wood-engrav+ 7 repres5tations ( royal  
triumphal entries into ! great cities ( 
! k+dom4 ,two ( ^! are ascrib$ to       
,c\s9--! entry ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 into ,p>is1
 publi%$ 9 #aedi1 & 8 entry into ,r\51  
publi%$ 9 ! next ye>4 ,9 ! latt] !      
capta9s ( ,norm&y lead ! m>*2 !y are    
foll[$ by ranks ( foot-soldi]s1         
trumpet]s1 m5 hold+ al(t laurel wrea?s1 
o!r m5 ) antique arms & bann]s1 & a b&  
:i*1 ) a rem9isc5ce f ,roman fe/ivals1  
c>ry lambs 9 _! arms = sacrifice to !   
gods2 next succe$ new ranks ( soldi]s1  

!n elephants & captives1 ! fool &       
musicians lead+ on ,flora & h] nymphs1  
aft] :om comes ! ,c> ( ,happy ,=tune1 on
 :i* ! royal family are en?ron$1 & !    
triumphal ,*>iot ( ,fame2 ! procession  
closes ) m5-at-arms & two capta9s1 )    
succe$+ sc5es ( "s places by :i* !      
pageant _h pass$4 ,9 ?is "w ! ,fr5*     
,r5aissance %[s itself 9 ! prime ( its  
c>e]1 :5 "s simplicity & nobility (     
design 7 /ill kept1 & ! t5d5cy t[>d     
ref9em5t ( l9e & multiplication (       
ornam5t 7 /ill held 9 *eck by a reg>d = 
unity ( effect4 ,! ,entry ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 
into ,p>is is1 p]haps1 ev5 m excell5t4  
,! two works rank ) ! be/ ,fr5*         
wood-engrav+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4  ,!    
*>act]i/ics by :i* ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance  
diff]$ f ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy are m   
cle>ly & easily se5 9 ! reproduction ( !
 ,dream ( ,poliphilo1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9   
#aeed1 & is ascrib$ to ,c\s94 ,! ,fr5*  
arti/ did n copy ! beautiful designs ( !
 ,v5etian2 he kept ! g5]al "* ( ea*     
woodcut1 x is true1 b he v>i$ ! /yle4   

,he made ,poliphilo elegant 9 figure1   
tall] & m modi% 9 ge/ure & attitude2 he 
repres5t$ ! l&scape 9 great] detail & ) 
m realism2 he gave great] height & m    
c>eful proportion to ! ar*itecture1 add$
 ornam5ts to its b>e faades & smoo?     
l9tels1 & 9 ! subord9ate portions he    
v>i$ ! curvature ( ! l9es & made !m m   
complex2 9 ! less] figures1 ! /atues &  
monum5tal devices1 he all[$ himself m   
lib]ty 9 *ang+ ! orig9al designs1 &     
sometimes practically trans=m$ !m2      
f9ally1 he introduc$ a m vigor\s        
dramatic action ?r\gh\t1 & attempt$ to  
obta9 m difficult effects ( contra/ & to
 give relief to ! figures4 ,nev]!less1 !
 improvem5ts :i* ! ta/e ( ,c\s9 requir$ 
are di/9ctly injuri\s4 ,! ,fr5*         
reproduction is inf]ior to ! ,italian   
orig9al 9 feel+ = design1 9 simple      
beauty1 9 ! =ce & directness ( its      
appeal to ! arti/ic s5se1 9 ! p[] &     
sweetness ( its *>m2 mu* t 0 lovely 9 ! 
orig9al has become simply pretty1 mu* t 
0 noble & /rik+ has become only ta/eful2

 especially t quality1 by virtue ( :i* !
 orig9al possess$ some?+ sugge/ive ( !  
calm beauty ( sculpture1 has vani%$1 & 9
 ! ef=t ( ! new design] to obta9        
pictorial effects "o has an unpleasant  
s5se ( some?+ l weakness4 ,! comp>ative 
/udy ( ! two volumes is ( extreme       
int]e/1 s cle>ly d !y illu/rate !       
diff]5t temp] ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,france 
& ,italy4 ,france receiv$ ! ^w (        
inspiration f ,italy1 b c\ld n become   
its oracle4 ,ev5 at t e>ly day ,fr5* art
 0 m>k$ by ! disp]sion ( int]e/1 ! reg>d
 = ext]nals1 & ! inability to create !  
pure/ imag9ative "w1 :i* h s9ce         
*>act]iz$ ! ,fr5* p1 despite _! facility
 9 acquisition & ! ease ) :i* !y rea* ! 
level ( excell5ce 9 any pursuit4  ,( !  
o!r works1 kn[n or suppos$ to be by     
,c\s91 ! ,book ( ,p]spective1 publi%$ 9 
#aefj1 is ! mo/ rem>kable1 because 9 its
 designs consid]able difficulties are   
ov]come1 & great] p[] ( relief is %[n   
?an 9 any previ\s ,fr5* wood-engrav+4   
,?is book 0 a treatise1 simil> to ^? by 

,dr] & ,leon>do da ,v9ci ^u ! laws (    
art1 & its d$ication is noticeable      
because ( ! light x ?r[s on ,c\s9's     
_s--8nei!r to k+s nor pr9ces1 z is      
cu/om>y10 he says1 8b to ! public40 ,!  
,bible1 usually call$ ,le ,cl]c's1 :i*  
conta9s two hundr$ & eighty-sev5        
woodcuts1 is said to be by ,c\s91 b (   
?is !re is no direct evid5ce2 & to him  
is ascrib$ ! ,triumphal ,entry ( ,*>les 
,,ix41 publi%$ 9 #aegb1 & suppos$ by "s 
to h be5 design$ by ! engrav] ,olivi]   
,codor2 _m o!r works are also add$ to 8 
li/1 b !y 7 inf]ior 9 value to ^? :i* h 
be5 describ$1 & 7 unm>k$ by any special 
int]e/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! f95ess & numb]
 ( 8 productions ,c\s9 mu/ be consid]$ !
 pr9cipal ,fr5* engrav] ( ! c5tury2 & he
 und\bt$ly des]ves a high rank among !  
arti/s ( tal5t1 9 di/9ction f ! arti/s (
 g5ius1 :o h practis$ wood-engrav+4     
,ab\t ,c\s9 !re 7 a numb] ( o!r design]s
 :o gave att5tion to ! art & left works 
( value2 b ^! works be> s mu*           
resemblance to "o ano!r t x is frequ5tly

 impossible to recognize 9 !m ! h& ( any
 individual ( ! s*ool--a difficulty by  
:i* ,c\s9's reputation has pr(it$1      
because ( ! eag]ness ( 8 admir]s to     
ascribe to him any excell5t "w 9 8 /yle 
:i* is n def9itely kn[n to belong to "s 
"o ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,^! less] arti/s 7
 ,jean ,g\jon 7c4 #aeej71 :o made "s    
excell5t cuts = a ,vitruvius ( #aedg1 & 
is believ$ by "s au?orities to h design$
 ! reproduction ( ! ,dream ( ,poliphilo2
 ,pi]re ,woeiriot 7b4 #aecb71 ^:        
biblical cuts ins]t$ 9 a ,josephus (    
#aeff h mu* m]it2 ,jean ,tortorel 7b4   
#aedj87 & ,jacques ,priss9 7b4 #aecj871 
:o design$ "s int]e/+ illu/rations ( !  
,hugu5ot w>s2 & ,philib]t de ,lorme 7c4 
#aegj7 & ,jean ,le ,cl]c 7#aehj-afbj71  
^: productions are ( comp>atively little
 int]e/4 ,! works ( all ^! arti/s lack$ 
t intimate relation ) ! life ( ! p :i*  
made ! engrav+s ( ! less] ,g]man        
design]s valuable1 & h importance only z
 illu/rations ( ! developm5t ( ,fr5* art
 9 ! ,r5aissance4  ,! only arti/ :o c   

conte/ ,c\s9's =emo/ place 9 ,fr5*      
wood-engrav+ is ,b]n>d ,salomon 7c4     
#aeej71 usually call$ ! ,little ,b]n>d1 
f ! small size ( 8 cuts1 :o 0 ! lead+   
design] ( ,lyons4 ,t city _h reta9$ its 
importance z a c5tre ( popul> lit]ature 
illu/rat$ by woodcuts1 & is said to h   
s5t =? m books ( ?is k9d 9 ! latt] "p ( 
! sixte5? c5tury ?an any o!r city 9     
,europe4 ,! works ( ,holbe9 7 ! pride ( 
! ,lyonese art1 & ex]t$ great influ5ce  
^u ! /yle ( ! design]s :o 7 con/antly   
employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,lyonese press4  
,b]n>d work$ 9 ! small mann] :i* ,holbe9
 _h made popul>1 & he le>n$ f him h[ to 
compress mu* 9 a little space2 b he     
multipli$ details1 & c>ri$ ! l9es to an 
extreme ( f95ess :i* 8 engrav]s 7 unable
 to d ju/ice to 9 cutt+ ! block4 ,z is !
 case ) ,c\s91 a va/ numb] ( designs are
 attribut$ to ,b]n>d1 simply because !y 
are suffici5tly excell5t to h be5 8 "w2 
accord+ to ,didot1 no less ?an          
tw5ty-?ree hundr$ cuts h be5 claim$ =   
him1 & x is believ$ by "s writ]s t he n 

only design$ b engrav$ ?is l>ge numb]4  
,a l>ge proportion ( ^! mu/ h be5       
produc$ by ! unkn[n contempor>ies (     
,b]n>d1 because1 al?\gh he gave 8       
att5tion :olly to wood-engrav+ = ?irty  
ye>s1 he c\ld n h accompli%$ s great a  
"w4 ,8 be/-kn[n designs are !           
illu/rations to an ,ovid1 publi%$ by    
,jean de ,t\rnes1 & two hundr$ & ?irty  
cuts = ! same pr9t]'s edition ( !       
,bible3 ^! rank next to ,c\s9's works z 
! mo/ rem>kable productions ( ,fr5*     
wood-engrav+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,( !   
o!r ,lyonese design]s v little is kn[n2 
inde$1 no o!r important "n has be5      
pres]v$1 except+ t ( ,jean ,moni 7c4    
#aegj71 :o is rememb]$ = a s]ies (      
,bible cuts inf]ior to ^? by ,b]n>d4 ,9 
,lyons1 z 9 ! re/ ( ,france1            
wood-engrav+ lo/ its value t[>d ! close 
( ! c5tury1 9 consequ5ce ( its attempts 
at a k9d ( delicacy & ref9em5t beyond   
its rea* & inappropriate to its class2 x
 did n appeal to ! ta/e ( ! late        
,r5aissance1 & by degrees ! engrav]s lo/

 _! te*nical skill1 & ! arti/s gave up  
its practice z a f9e art4 ,?is result 0 
also p>tly due to ! contempt into :i* ! 
popul> romantic lit]ature ( ! prec$+    
c5tury _h fall51 & to ! degradation (   
wood-engrav+ z a mode ( co>se c>icature4
 ,copp]plate-engrav+ gradually supplant$
 ! m simple art1 & f9ally ! practice (  
wood-engrav+ became ext9ct4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,/4          
,*ri/oph]4 ,f a ,v5etian pr9t4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,/4 ,seba/ian
 & ,/4 ,francis4 ,portion ( a pr9t by   
,&reani aft] ,titian4  ,9 ,italy ! old] 
/yle ( woodcuts 9 simple outl9e cont9u$ 
to be foll[$ long aft] x 0 ab&on$ 9 !   
,nor?4 ,! designs 9 ,italian books up to
 ! ye> #aecj1 :5 cross-hat*+ 0          
introduc$1 d n diff] ess5tially 9 "* f  
^? ( :i* examples h already be5 giv54 ,!
 names ( ! arti/s :o produc$ !m are ei!r
 obscure or unkn[n1 except+ ,leon>do da 
,v9ci1 to :om are ascrib$ ! cuts 9 ,luca
 ,pacioli's volume1 ,de ,proportione    
,div9a1 publi%$ 9 #aeji1 & ,m>c ,antonio

 ,raimondi 7#adgh-aecd71 to :om are     
ascrib$ ! rem>kably excell5t cuts 9 a   
volume entitl$ ,epi/ole et ,evangelii   
,volg>i ,hy/oriade1 publi%$ 9 #aeab 9   
,v5ice4 ,f ! fir/1 ,v5ice 7,fig4 #ef7 _h
 be5 ! *ief seat ( wood-engrav+ 9       
,italy1 & n[ became ! rival ( ,lyons4 ,!
 mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! gr\p ( arti/s :o      
produc$ woodcuts 9 t city 0 ,nicolo     
,boldr9i 7c4 #aeej71 :o design$ sev]al  
engrav+s 7,fig4 #ei7 aft] ,titian       
7#adgf8-aege7 ) su* boldness & =ce t "s 
writ]s h believ$ ,titian to h drawn !   
design on ! block = ,boldr9i to engrave4
 ,! works ( ,titian & o!r ,v5etian      
pa9t]s 7 reproduc$ 9 ! same way by      
,francesco da ,nanto 7c4 #aecj72 & by   
o!r arti/s1 l ,giovanni ,batti/a del    
,porto 7c4 #aejj71 ,dom5ico delle ,gre*e
 7c4 #aeej71 & ,giuseppe ,scol>i 7c4    
#aehj71 :o also sometimes made woodcuts 
f _! own designs4 ,besides ^! engrav+s1 
"s v l>ge cuts1 simil> to ^? :i* !      
,g]man arti/s _h attempt$1 7 pr9t$ f    
sev]al blocks2 b !y h little int]e/4 ,! 

illu/rations 9 ,vesalius's ,anatomy1    
publi%$ at ,bsle 9 #aedc1 9 :i*         
wood-engrav+ 0 fir/ employ$ z an aid to 
sci5tific exposition1 7 design$ 9 ,v5ice
 by ,jean ,calc>1 a pupil ( ,titian1 &  
are ( extraord9>y m]it4 ,f9ally1 9 !    
cuts by ,ces>e ,vecellio 7#aeej-afjf7 = 
! volume entitl$ ,habiti ,anti*e e      
,mod]ne1 publi%$ 9 #aeij1 ,v5etian      
wood-engrav+ produc$ its la/ excell5t   
"w--s excell5t1 inde$1 t ! designs h be5
 attribut$ to ,titian himself1 :o 0 !   
uncle ( ,vecellio4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #eh4--,! ,annunciation4 ,f a pr9t by   
,francesco da ,nanto4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #ei4--,milo ( ,crotona4 ,f a pr9t
 by ,boldr9i aft] ,titian4  ,! ,italians
 devot$ !mselves ) especial ardor to    
wood-engrav+ 9 *i>oscuro1 & f ! "t :5   
,ugo da ,c>pi introduc$ x 9 ,v5ice x 0  
practis$ by _m arti/s4 ,ne>ly all ( ^?  
design]s :o h be5 m5tion$ left works 9  
*i>oscuro engrav+ z well z 9 ! ord9>y   
mann]4 ,beside !m1 ,antonio da ,tr5to   
7c4 #aecj71 ,giuseppe ,nicolo 7c4       

#aebe71 ,&rea ,&reani 7c4 #afjj71 &     
,b>tolemeo ,coriolano 7c4 #afce7 produc$
 *i>oscuro engrav+s :i* are n[ mu* valu$
 & s\ght = by collectors ( pr9ts4 ,!    
,italian love ( color l$ ^! arti/s into 
?is application ( wood-engrav+1 :i* mu/ 
be reg>d$ z a wrongly-direct$ &         
unfruitful ef=t ( ! art to obta9 results
 beyond its p[]s4 ,! ,italians _h be5 ! 
fir/ to discov] ! capacity (            
wood-engrav+ z an art ( design1 b !y    
nev] develop$ x z x 0 develop$ 9        
,g]many2 :5 !y gave up ! e>ly simple    
mann] 9 :i* !y _h a*iev$ great results1 
& began to foll[ ! lat] mann]1 ! great  
age ( ,italy 0 ne> its close1 & ! arts  
felt ! weak5+ influ5ces ( ! rapid decl9e
 9 ! vigor ( society4 ,at ,v5ice ! arts 
rema9$ = a :ile long] p[]ful &          
illu/ri\s1 & wood-engrav+ %>$ 9 !       
excell5ce :i* *>act]iz$ all ! arti/ic "w
 ( t city2 b ! place :i* wood-engrav+   
held 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,v5etians appe>s 
to h be5 f> l[] ?an its place 9 ! ,nor?1
 :]e x 0 popul> & liv+1 highly valu$ &  

widely influ5tial z x c\ld n be 9 any   
,italian city4 ,at la/ 9 ,italy1 z 9    
,france1 x di$ out altoge!r1 & 0 no     
long] he>d ( z a f9e art4  ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s
 ! art _h be5 practis$ cont9u\sly f ! "t
 ( ! ,block-books ) v>y+ success1 b1    
except+ 9 ! works ( ,lukas van ,leyd5   
7#adid-aecc71 x _h produc$ no?+ ( great 
value4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,h5drick     
,goltzius 7#aeeh-afag7 design$ "s       
woodcuts 9 ! common mann] z well z      
*i>oscuro engrav+s1 & ,*ri/oph] van     
,si*em 7c4 #afbj7 "s woodcuts 9 ! ord9>y
 mann]1 :i* h "s wor?4 ,! only "w ( high
 excell5ce 0 due to ,*ri/oph] ,jegh] 7c4
 #afbj-affj71 :o engrav$ "s l>ge designs
 :i* ,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj7 drew ^u !      
block2 !y are inf]ior to ,boldr9i's     
reproductions ( ,titian's designs1 b are
 free1 bold1 & effective1 & succe$ 9    
reproduc+ ! designs *>act]iz$ by !      
vehem5t en]gy ( ,rub5s's /yle4 ,rembr&t 
7#afjf-affe7 also gave "s att5tion to ! 
art :i* ! old] ma/]s _h priz$1 & left "o
 small portrait 9 wood-engrav+ by 8 own 

h&4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by 8 pupils1    
,jean ,liv5s 7#afjg-affc7 & ,!odore ,de 
,bray 7c4 #afej71 ^: cuts are *>act]iz$ 
by ! /yle ( _! ma/]4  ,9 ,engl&1 :]e !  
art _h n be5 really practis$ until      
,holbe9's day1 & _h n rea*$ any degree (
 excell5ce1 "s improvem5t 0 made dur+ ! 
sixte5? c5tury 9 designs = titlepages1  
portraits1 & sep>ate cuts1 p>ticul>ly 9 
! publications ( ,john ,day4 ,9 ! next  
c5tury1 dur+ ! civil w>s1 woodcuts (    
extreme rud5ess 7 ins]t$ 9 ! pamphlets (
 ! h\r1 & 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury "s  
int]e/ 0 /ill felt 9 ! art4 ,9 !        
eighte5? c5tury two engrav]s1 ,edw>d    
,kirkall 7c4 #afij-agej7 & ,john ,bapti/
 ,jackson 7#agja-aged871 work$ bo? 9 !  
ord9>y mann] & 9 *i>oscuro1 b bo? 7 =c$ 
to seek support on ! ,cont95t1 :]e1     
al?\gh ! practice ( wood-engrav+ z a f9e
 art _h long be5 ext9ct1 ! tradition ( x
 z a me*anical process by :i* *eap      
ornam5ts = books 7 produc$ 0 /ill       
pres]v$4 ,9 ,france ! engrav]s ,pi]re   
,le ,sueur 7#afcf-agaj7 & ,jean         

,papillon 7#affj-agaj7 execut$ cuts (   
?is sort :i* are )\t intr9sic value1 & 9
 ! next g5]ation _! sons produc$ works  
:i* rema9$ at ! same l[ level (         
excell5ce4 ,9 ,italy an arti/1 nam$     
,luc*es9i1 engrav$ "s cuts 9 ! latt] "p 
( ! c5tury1 b !y are )\t m]it4 ,9       
,g]many ! art 0 equally neglect$1 & !   
woodcuts 9 ,g]man books ( ! eighte5?    
c5tury are entirely wor?less4  ,!       
explanation ( ?is rapid & univ]sal      
decl9e ( wood-engrav+ is to be f\nd 9   
g5]al causes4 ,! great arti/ic movem5t1 
:i* bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? _h sprung out
 ( m$ival religi\s life1 & _h ga!r$ =ce 
& _s z ! m9ds ( m5 grew 9 /r5g? &       
indep5d5ce1 & z ! compass ( _! int]e/s  
exp&$1 :i* _h be5 s trans=m$ by ! /udy (
 antiquity t 9 ! ,s\? x seem$ to be     
almo/ :olly due to t s+le influ5ce1 & 9 
! ,nor? to h suff]$ an ess5tial *ange 9 
its _s & /&>ds1 _h at la/ sp5t itself4  
,! intellectual movem5t :i* _h gone     
along ) x side by side1 ga9+ vigor f !  
spread ( lit]ature1 ! debates ( !       

,re=mation1 & ! ex]cise ( ! m9d ^u !    
v>i\s & novel objects ( int]e/ 9 t age (
 great discov]ies & inv5tions1 _h       
result$ 9 a c5tury ( religi\s w>f>e1    
aggravat$ by ! viol5ce ( dyna/ic qu>rels
 :i* arose 9 consequ5ce ( ! new         
political organization ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is
 conflict ! arts 7 lo/2 !y all became   
feeble1 & wood-engrav+ "u ! mo/         
favorable conditions w\ld h %>$ 9 ?is   
g5]al degradation4 ,b = its utt]        
ext9ction z a f9e art !re 7 m special   
causes4 ,! popul> lit]ature ) :i* x _h  
fl\ri%$ _h be5 br\ght into contempt by  
,c]vantes & ,ario/o2 ! use (            
wood-engrav+ = co>se c>icature also     
reflect$ discr$it ^u x2 b ! pr9cipal    
cause ( its decad5ce lay 9 ! ta/e ( !   
age1 :i* _h ceas$ to prize art z a means
 ( simple & beautiful design1 b valu$ x 
r z a means ( complicat$ & delicate     
ornam5t1 s t excessive att5tion 0 giv5  
to =m divorc$ f mean+1 &1 z always      
happ5s 9 su* a case1 artificiality      
result$4 ,! wood-engrav]s attempt$ to   

satisfy ?is ta/e by seek+ ! ref9em5t :i*
 copp]plate-engrav+ obta9$ ) great] ease
 & success1 & !y fail$ 9 ! ef=t2 9 o!r  
words1 wood-engrav+ yield$ to           
copp]plate-engrav+ because ! ta/e ( !   
age =c$ x to ab&on its own prov9ce1 & to
 cont5d ) its rival on gr\nd :]e its    
peculi> p[]s 7 ineffective4  ,"h !      
hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ 9 ! old mann]1 z a
 means ( reproduc+ p5-&-ink sket*es 9   
fac-simile1 came to an end4 ,x has be5  
se5 h[ valuable x _h prov$ bo? z an ag5t
 ( civilization & z a mode ( art2 h[    
s]viceable x _h be5 9 ! popul>ization ( 
lit]ature & ( art1 & :at influ5ce x _h  
ex]t$ 9 ! practical que/ions ( ! day z a
 weapon ( satire2 h[ fai?fully x _h     
reflect$ ! *>act]i/ics ( successive     
p]iods ( civilization1 & h[ p]fectly1 9 
response to ! t\* ( ! arti/1 x _h       
embodi$ 8 imag9ation & express$ 8 ?\ght4
 ,x _h run a great c>e]2 its c>e] seem$ 
to h clos$2 b1 :5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury ! movem5t t[>d ! civilization ( !
 p aga9 began ) vigor & _s1 a new life 0

 op5$ to x1 because x is ess5tially a   
democratic art--a c>e] 9 :i* x has      
already rea*$ a scope ( influ5ce t makes
 its usefulness f> great] ?an 9 ! e>li] 
"t1 & has giv5 promise ( a degree (     
excell5ce :i*1 ?\gh 9 design x may n    
equal ,holbe9's p[]1 may yet result 9   
valuable arti/ic "w4     ,,viii4        
,,mod]n ,,wood-,,engrav+4               
,illu/ration3 ,t ,,fig4 #fj4--;,f !     
8,com$ia di ,dan!40 ,v5ice1 #aecf4  ,!  
revival ( ! art began 9 ,engl&1 9 !     
work%op ( ,?omas ,bewick 7#agec-ahbh74  
,he is call$1 n )\t ju/ice1 ! fa!r ( !  
true art ( engrav+ 9 wood4 ,! hi/ory ( !
 art 9 ! old] "t is conc]n$ ma9ly ) !   
design] & ! ideas :i* he endeavor$ to   
convey1 & only slightly ) ! engrav] :om 
he employ$ = ! me*anical "w ( cutt+ !   
block4 ,9 ! mod]n art ! engrav] holds a 
m prom95t position1 because he is no    
long] re/rict$ to a s]vile foll[+ ( !   
design]'s "w1 l9e = l9e1 b has an       
opportunity to %[ 8 own arti/ic p[]s4   
,?is *ange 0 br\ght ab\t by ! inv5tion (

 :ite l9e1 z x is call$1 :i* 0 fir/ us$ 
by ,bewick4 ,:ite l9e 0 a new me*anical 
mode ( obta9+ color4 8,i c\ld nev]      
discov]10 says ,bewick1 8any additional 
beauty or color t ! cross-/rokes gave to
 ! impression beyond ! effect produc$ by
 pla9 p>allel l9es4 ,?is is v app>5t :5 
to a c]ta9ty ! pla9 surface ( ! wood w  
pr9t z black z ink & balls c make x1 )\t
 any f>!r labor at all2 & x may easily  
be se5 t ! ?9ne/ /rokes cut ^u ! pla9   
surface w ?r[ "s light on ! subject or  
design2 & if ^! /rokes aga9 are made    
/ill wid] or ( equal ?ickness to ! black
 l9es1 ! color ^! produce w be a gray2 &
 ! m ! :ite /rokes are ?ick5$1 ! ne>] w 
!y 9 _! v>i$ %ad+s approa* to :ite2 & if
 q tak5 away1 !n a p]fect :ite is       
obta9$40 ,! practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
two me?ods is ?is3 by ! old me?od1 aft] 
! simple "w 9 outl9e ( ! e>ly ,italian  
engrav]s _h be5 rel9qui%$ = ! /yle ( :i*
 ,dr] 0 ! great ma/]1 ! block 0 treat$ z
 a :ite surface1 on :i* ! design] drew )
 p5 & ink1 & obta9$ grays & blacks by   

increas+ ! numb] ( cross-/rokes1 z if he
 7 draw+ on pap]2 by ! new me?od ! block
 0 treat$ z a black surface1 & ! color 0
 less5$ by increas+ ! numb] ( :ite l9es4
 ,! latt] process 0 z easy = ! engrav] z
 ! =m] 0 difficult1 because :]eas 9 !   
=m] he _h to g\ge out ! diamond spaces  
betwe5 ! cross+ l9es1 n[ he obta9$ :ite 
color by s+le /rokes ( ! grav]4 ,bewick 
may h be5 l$ into ! use ( :ite l9e      
simply by ?is consid]ation ( ! economy (
 labor1 because he engrav$ 8 own        
designs1 & 0 directly s5sible ( ! wa/e (
 labor involv$ 9 ! old me?od4 ,9 bo?    
me?ods color dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u !      
relative quantity ( black & :ite 9 !    
pr9ts2 ! new me?od m]ely arranges color 
diff]5tly1 s t x c be obta9$ by an easy 
me*anical process in/ead ( by a         
difficult "o4  ,! use ( :ite l9e n only 
affect$ ! art by mak+ x m easy to       
practise1 b also involv$ a *ange 9 !    
mode ( draw+4 ,=m]ly ! effects 7 giv5 by
 ! design]s' l9es1 n[ !y 7 giv5 by !    
engrav]s' l9es2 9 o!r words1 ! old      

workman foll[$ ! design]'s draw+1 !     
mod]n workman draws himself ) 8 grav]4  
,by ! old me?od ! design 0 reproduc$ by 
keep+ ! same l9e-arrangem5t t ! arti/   
employ$2 by ! new me?od ! design is n   
?us reproduc$1 b is int]pret$ by a      
l9e-arrangem5t fir/ conceiv$ by !       
engrav]4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ! design _h to
 be a draw+ 9 l9e = ! engrav] to cut out
 & reproduce by leav+ ! orig9al l9es 9  
relief2 n[ ! design may be a wa%$ sket*1
 ! t9ts ( :i* ! engrav] reproduces by   
cutt+ l9es ( 8 own 9 intaglio4 ,! *ange 
requir$ ! mod]n engrav] to und]/& h[ to 
arrange :ite l9es s z to obta9 arti/ic  
effects2 he ?us becomes an arti/ 9      
proportion to 8 k & skill 9 su*         
arrangem5t4 ,x is cle> t1 no matt] h[   
mu* me*anical skill1 firmness1 ju/ness &
 delicacy ( t\* 7 requisite 9 ! old]    
mann] ( foll[+ c>efully & precisely !   
l9es already drawn ^u ! block1 /ill !   
engrav] 0 preclud$ f ex]cis+ any orig9al
 arti/ic p[] he might h2 he c\ld        
appreciate ! arti/ic value ( ! design   

be=e him1 &1 l ,hans ,ltzelburg]1 %[ 8  
appreciation by 8 fidelity 9 r5d]+ x1 b 
! l9es 7 n 8 own4 ,! new me?od (        
reproduc+ arti/s' "w by means ( l9es    
fir/ conceiv$ & arrang$ by ! engrav]    
requires1 besides skill ( h&1 qualities 
( m9d--p]ception & orig9ation1 & !      
judgm5t t results f cultivat$ ta/e4 ,?is
 is :at is meant :5 x is said t ! true  
art ( wood-engrav+ is n a hundr$ ye>s   
old1 = x is only )9 t "t t ! value ( a  
pr9t has be5 due to ! engrav]'s capacity
 = ?\ght & 8 arti/ic skill 9            
l9e-arrangem5t1 z well z to ! design]'s 
g5ius4 ,! use ( :ite l9e z a me*anical  
mode ( obta9+ color 0 n unkn[n 9 !      
sixte5? c5tury1 & ! arti/ic value ( :ite
 l9e 0 def9itely felt 9 e>ly ,fr5* &    
,italian wood-engrav+2 b ! possibilities
 ( developm5t 7 n se51 & no su*         
developm5t took place4 ,! /ep 9 advance 
0 tak5 by ,bewick1 :o ?us disclos$ !    
opportunities :i* wood-engrav+ (f]s its 
craftsm5 = ! exhibition ( high arti/ic  
qualities4 ,! :ite l9e revolutioniz$ !  

art1 & ?is is ! ess5tial mean+ !re is 9 
call+ ,bewick ! fa!r ( wood-engrav+4  ,(
 c\rse ! old] me?od has n ceas$ to be   
practis$2 arti/s h drawn ^u ! block1 &  
_! l9es h be5 reproduc$2 sometimes a "p 
( ! l9es are ?us drawn1 p>ticul>ly !    
lead+ l9es1 & ! m9or portions ( ! sket* 
h be5 indicat$ by ! design] by wa%es &  
left to be r5d]$ by ! engrav] 9 8 own   
l9es4 ,old or mod]n wood-engrav+ z a    
mode ( reproduc+ designs 9 fac-simile is
 valuable1 b none ( ! arti/ic m]it !y   
may possess is due to ! engrav]2 :ile ! 
arti/ic m]it %[n 9 ! new /yle (         
wood-engrav+1 z an art ( design 9 :ite  
l9e1 belongs :olly to ! engrav]4 ,x     
results f ?is t :ite l9e is ! peculi>   
prov9ce ( wood-engrav+1 consid]$ z an   
art2 b t does n exclude x f be+ practis$
 9 its old mann] z a mode ( copy+ &     
multiply+ ord9>y design :i* x is able to
 reproduce4  ,?omas ,bewick1 ! f\nd] ( !
 mod]n art1 0 born ne> ,newca/le 9      
#agec4 ,he pass$ 8 boyhood 9 rude c\ntry
 life & receiv$ scanty s*ool+4 ,at      

f\rte5 he 0 b\nd appr5tice to !         
,newca/le engrav]1 ,ralph ,beilby2 n9e  
ye>s lat] he w5t to seek 8 =tune 9      
,london1 :]e he impati5tly endur$ city  
life = less ?an a ye>2 9 ! summ] ( #aggg
 he return$ to 8 old ma/]1 ) :om he w5t 
into p>tn]%ip4 ,"s prelim9>y tra9+ 9    
book-illu/ration ( ! rude sort !n 9     
vogue 0 necess>y to reveal 8 p[]s to    
himself2 he receiv$ a premium f !       
,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 :i*  
_h %[n "s int]e/ 9 wood-engrav+2 & aft] 
f>!r m9or "w he began1 9 #aghe1 to      
engrave ! fir/ block = 8 ,briti%        
,quadrup$s1 :i*1 ) 8 ,briti% ,birds1    
al?\gh 8 o!r cuts are numb]$ by ?\s&s1  
is ! pr9cipal monum5t ( 8 g5ius4 ,:5 he 
took ! grav] 9 8 h& he f\nd ! art ext9ct
 z a f9e art2 at mo/ only l>ge co>se    
pr9ts 7 manufactur$4 ,besides 8 great   
s]vice to ! art 9 introduc+ ! :ite l9e  
he sub/itut$ boxwood = ! pe> or o!r s(t 
wood ( ! e>li] blocks1 & he engrav$     
across ! gra9 in/ead ( ) x1 or 8! plank 
way ( ! wood10 z he call$ x2 he also    

began ! practice ( l[]+ ! surface ( !   
block 9 places :]e less color 0 desir$1 
s t less pressure w\ld come ^u ^? p>ts 9
 pr9t+ 7a device :i* ,aldegrev] is      
believ$ to h resort$ to 9 "s ( 8 works71
 & he us$ ! dabb] in/ead ( ! ink+-roll]4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,! ,peacock4
 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti% ,birds40         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,! ,fright5$ 
,"m4 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti% ,quadrup$s40 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,! ,solit>y  
,cormorant4 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti%       
,birds40  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,! 
,sn[ ,cottage4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#fe4--;,bir?-place ( ,bewick4 ,8 la/    
vignette1 portray+ 8 own fun]al4  ,by   
su* means he 0 truly1 z ,rusk9 says1 8a 
re=m]0--,rusk9 adds1 8z /\t z ,holbe91  
or ,botticelli1 or ,lu!r1 or            
,savon>ola10 & ?is is also true )9      
limits4 ,b if 9 relation to 8 art1 & 9  
answ] to ! te/s requir$ ( him1 8 re=m+  
_s prov$ itself vigor\s1 indep5d5t1     
p]si/5t 9 conviction1 & fai?ful 9       
practice1 8 natural end[m5t 9 o!r ways 0

 s f> inf]ior to ^? ( ! great ,re=m]s   
nam$ z to place him 9 a diff]5t ord] (  
m54 ,he _h n a sp>k ( ! philosophic _s (
 ,holbe91 & b a fa9t glimm] ( ,holbe9's 
dramatic insight4 ,he 0 n end[$ ) !     
romantic imag9ation1 ! deep reflective  
p[]1 ! broad intellectual & moral       
sympa?y ( ,dr]4 ,!re is no ne$ to       
magnify 8 g5ius1 = x 0 great & valuable 
by its own "r4 ,he 01 prim>ily1 an      
obs]v] ( nature1 & he copi$ natural     
facts ) /raight=w>d v]acity2 he del9eat$
 animal life ) m>vell\s _s2 he knew !   
value ( ! texture ( a bird's fea!r      
7,fig4 #fa7 z no "o be=e ev] realiz$ x4 
,he 0 op5 also to ! influ5ce :i* nature 
ex]ts ov] ! emotions1 & he r5d]$ !      
s5tim5t ( ! l&scape z few engrav]s h be5
 able to d4 ,8 he>ty _s respond$ to     
c\ntry sights 7,fig4 #fb71 & he portray$
 ! humor\s ) ze/ & pleasure1 z well z ! 
*e]ful & ! melan*oly ) tru? & feel+2 8  
humor is sometimes indelicate1 b x is   
fai?ful2 usually x is ! humor ( a       
situation :i* /rikes him1 seldom ! high]

 humor :i* appe>s 9 su* cuts z !        
sup]/iti\s dog4 ,he is op5 to pa?os1    
too1 b "h x is n ! high] ord] ( pa?os   
f>-rea*+ into ! bases ( life &          
emotion--9 ?is cut 7,fig4 #fd71 =       
example1 "o fancies 8 he>t is ne>ly     
altoge!r ) ! unc>$-= animal1 & takes n  
mu* ?\ght ( ! des]t$ he>?4 ,) ?is       
v]acity1 s5sitiv5ess1 he>t9ess1 !re is  
also an unb5d+ virtue--a little l prea*+
 sometimes1 ) its gall[s 9 !            
backgr\nd--b /urdy & homely2 n ris+ into
 any eloqu5t homily1 b ) indignation = !
 boys dr[n+ a cat or ! man beat+ 8      
ov]driv5 horse4  ,z an arti/ he kn[s1 l 
,holbe91 ! me?od ( great art4 ,8 economy
 ( labor1 8 simplicity1 ju/ness1 &      
sur5ess ( /roke %[ ! ma/]'s h&4 ,!re 0  
no wa/e 9 8 "w1 no ineffective ef=t aft]
 impossible results1 no mean+less l9es4 
,= ^! excell5ces ( me?od & ( "* he has  
be5 (t5 prais$1 especially because he   
develop$ 8 tal5ts "u v unfavorable      
conditions2 b p]haps no words w\ld h be5
 sweet] to him ?an ^? :i* ,*>lotte      

,bront wrote1 s9c]ely out ( h] own      
exp]i5ce )\t d\bt1 = he himself said he 
0 l$ to 8 task by 8! hope ( adm9i/]+ to 
! pleasure & amusem5t ( y\?40 ,*>lotte  
,bront1 speak+ ?r\gh ! lips ( ,jane     
,eyre ( ! pleasure %e took z a *ild 9   
look+ ?r\gh ,bewick's books1 writes ?us3
  8,i return$ to my book--,bewick's     
,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds1 ! lett]press  
:]e( ,i c>$ little =1 g5]ally speak+2 & 
yet !re 7 c]ta9 introductory pages t1   
*ild z ,i 01 ,i c\ld n pass q z a blank3
 !y 7 ^? :i* treat ( ! haunts ( sea-f[l2
 ( #8! solit>y rocks & promontories' by 
!m only inhabit$2 ( ! coa/ ( ,norway1   
/udd$ ) isles f its s\!rn extremity1 !  
,l9d5ess1 or ,naze1 to ! ,nor? ,cape--  
#8,:]e ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 9 va/ :irls1   
,boils r\nd ! nak$1 melan*oly isles     
,( f>!/ ,?ule1 & ! ,atlantic surge      
,p\rs 9 among ! /ormy ,hebrides4'       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,! ,brok5    
,boat4 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti% ,birds48   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,! ,*ur*-y>d4
 ,f ,bewick's 8,briti% ,birds48  ,nor   

c\ld ,i pass unnotic$ ! sugge/ion ( !   
black %ores ( ,lapl&1 ,sib]ia1          
,spitzb]g51 ,nova ,zembla1 ,icel&1      
,gre5l&4 99 99 99 ,( ^! dea?-:ite realms
 ,i =m$ an idea ( my own--%ad[y1 l all !
 half-compreh5d$ notions t float dim    
?r\gh *ildr5's bra9s1 b /rangely        
impressive4 ,! words 9 ^! introductory  
pages connect$ !mselves ) ! succe$+     
vignettes1 & gave significance to ! rock
 /&+ up alone 9 a sea ( bill[ & spray2  
to ! brok5 boat 7,fig4 #ff7 /r&$ on a   
desolate coa/2 to ! cold & gha/ly moon  
glanc+ ?r\gh b>s ( cl\d at a wreck j    
s9k+4 ,i _c tell :at s5tim5t haunt$ !   
quiet1 solit>y *ur*-y>d 7,fig4 #fg71 )  
its inscrib$ head-/one1 its gate1 its   
two trees1 its l[ horizon1 girdl$ by a  
brok5 wall1 & its newly ris5 cresc5t    
atte/+ ! h\r ( ev5-tide4 ,! two %ips    
becalm$ on a torpid sea ,i believ$ to be
 m>9e phantoms4 ,! fi5d p9n+ d[n !      
?ief's pack beh9d him ,i pass$ ov]      
quickly3 x 0 an object ( t]ror4 ,s 0 !  
black1 horn$ ?+1 seat$ alo( on a rock1  

survey+ a di/ant cr[d surr\nd+ a gall[s4
 ,ea* picture told a /ory--my/]i\s (t5  
to my undevelop$ und]/&+ & imp]fect     
feel+s1 yet ev] pr(\ndly int]e/+4 99 99 
99 ,) ,bewick on my knee1 ,i 0 !n happy2
 happy at lea/ 9 my way40  ,bewick      
publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ! ,briti%      
,quadrup$s 9 #agij1 ! fir/ edition ( !  
fir/ volume ( ! ,briti% ,birds 9 #agig1 
& ( ! second volume 9 #ahjd2 all ^!     
became popul>1 & 7 sev]al times         
republi%$ ) additional cuts4 ,8 o!r     
works 7 v num]\s1 b1 z a :ole1 !y are ( 
inf]ior value4 ,bo? 9 ! volumes :i* h   
be5 m5tion$ & 9 8 lat] "w he receiv$ mu*
 aid f 8 pupils1 :o design$ & engrav$1  
subject to 8 correction & approval1 _m  
illu/rations :i* are ascrib$ to him4 ,9 
8 own "w1 not)/&+ 8 great excell5ce1 he 
0 by no means p]fect4 ,9 del9eat+ rocks 
& ! b>k ( trees1 especially1 he fails2 9
 draw+ he sometimes makes errors1       
p>ticul>ly :5 :at he repres5ts 0 n      
subject to direct & frequ5t obs]vation2 
9 ! k ( l9e-arrangem5t1 too1 he is less 

ma/]ly ?an "s ( 8 successors1 &1 9 ?is  
respect1 8 "w is *>act]iz$ by           
effectiv5ess & _s r ?an by f9i%4 ,yet1  
:5 ^! d$uctions h be5 made f 8 m]it1 s  
mu* rema9s z to r5d] him1 )\t d\bt1 !   
mo/ di/+ui%$ mod]n engrav] 9 wood4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,!           
,%eep-fold4 ,by ,blake4 ,f ,virgil's    
,pa/orals4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#fi4--,! ,m>k ( ,/orm4 ,by ,blake4 ,f   
,virgil's ,pa/orals4  ,be=e ,bewick's   
dea?1 9 #ahbh1 ano!r ,engli% g5ius1     
,william ,blake 7#ageh-ahbg71 great] z  
an arti/ ?an z an engrav]1 produc$ a    
s]ies ( woodcuts 7,fig4 #fh7 :i* is     
rem>kable = vigor & orig9ality4 ,!y 7   
publi%$ 9 a repr9t ( ,ambrose ,philips's
 ,imitation ( ,virgil's ,fir/ ,eclogue1 
9 ,dr4 ,?ornton's curi\s edition (      
,virgil's ,pa/orals :i* appe>$ 9 #ahbj4 
,"o ( !m 7,fig4 #fi7 repres5ts a l&scape
 swept by viol5t w9d4 ,! idea ( autumnal
 tempe/ has seldom be5 s /rik+ly &      
=cibly embodi$ z 9 ! old gn>l$ oak /ra9+
 ) labor+ limbs1 ! h$ge-r[s bl[n l      

indi/+ui%able glimm]+ du/1 ! ke5 light (
 ! cresc5t moon %9+ ?r\gh ! driv+ /orm  
^u ! r[s ( laid corn & ov] ! v]ge ( !   
di/ant hill4 ,contempor>y engrav]s said 
! s]ies 0 in>ti/ic & wor?less1 & an     
un$ucat$ eye c easily discov] faults 9  
x2 imag9ative g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] is  
express$ 9 x1 nev]!less1 & f ?is ! s]ies
 d]ives its value4 ,blake nev] made a   
new trial ( ! art4  ,! revival (        
wood-engrav+ 0 n conf9$ to ,engl&4 ,at !
 end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,prussia f\nd$ 
a *air at ,b]l9 = tea*+ ! art1 & made ! 
,ung]s1 fa!r & son1 pr(essors ( x2 b1   
al?\gh !y contribut$ to ! progress (    
wood-engrav+ 9 ,g]many1 no real success 
0 obta9$ until ! "t ( _! successor1     
,gubitz4 ,9 ,france1 too1 ! ,society = !
 ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry began
 to (f] prizes = ! be/ wood-engrav+ z   
e>ly z #ahje2 b "s ye>s pass$ be=e any  
conte/ants1 :o practis$ ! true art1     
appe>$4 ,! publi%] ,didot des]ves mu* ( 
! cr$it = reviv+ ,fr5* wood-engrav+1    
because he employ$ ,gubitz1 & call$ to  

,p>is ! ,engli% engrav]s :o really f\nd$
 ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool4 ,! ef=ts (        
societies or individuals1 h[ev]1 d n    
expla9 ! rise ( ! art 9 our "t4         
,wood-engrav+ m]ely %>$ 9 ! r5ewal (    
life :i* took place at ! end ( ! la/    
c5tury1 & s pr(\ndly affect$ lit]ature1 
art1 & politics4 ,! b>r5 classical ta/e 
disappe>$ 9 :at is kn[n z ! return to   
nature1 ! intellectual life ( ! p 0     
/imulat$ to extraord9>y activity1       
civilization suff]$ rapid & important   
modifications1 & e human pursuit &      
int]e/ receiv$ an impulse or a bl[4     
,wood-engrav+ felt ! influ5ce ( ! *ange1
 & came into dem& ) ! o!r *eap pictorial
 arts to satisfy popul> ne$s2 ! int]e/ (
 ! publi%]s1 ! improvem5ts 9 ! processes
 ( pr9t+1 & ! example ( ,bewick & 8     
pupils especially contribut$ to br+ !   
old art aga9 into use1 & x cont9u$ to be
 practis$ because its value 9 democratic
 civilization 0 imm$iately recogniz$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,! ,cave (   
,despair4 ,by ,bran/on4 ,f ,savage's    

8,h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+40  ,engl& 0
 naturally ! c\ntry :]e wood-engrav+ mo/
 fl\ri%$4 ,! pupils ( ,bewick1          
p>ticul>ly ,*>lton ,nesbit & ,luke      
,cl5nell1 practis$ x ) great m]it1 ! =m]
 ) a bett] k ( l9e-arrangem5t ?an       
,bewick1 & ! latt] ) extraord9>y arti/ic
 feel+4 ,! field1 h[ev]1 0 n left :olly 
to ^? :o _h le>n$ ! art f ,bewick4      
,rob]t ,bran/on 01 l ,bewick1 a         
self-taught wood-engrav]2 unlike        
,bewick1 :o 0 nev] trammell$ by         
traditions1 & 0 ?us able to "w out 8 own
 me?ods 9 8 own way by ! light ( 8 own  
g5ius1 ,bran/on 7,fig4 #gj71 :o _h s]v$ 
an appr5tice%ip 9 engrav+ on copp]plate1
 & _h ma/]$ ! art ( incis+ & arrang+    
l9es prop] to t mat]ial1 came to        
wood-engrav+ ) all ! traditions (       
copp]plate-engrav+ firmly fix$ 9 8 m9d &
 h&1 & he f\nd$ a s*ool :i* began :]e ! 
art _h left (f at ! "t ( its decl9e--9 !
 imitation ( ! me?ods ( engrav+ on      
copp]4 ,x is true t ,bran/on sometimes  
admitt$ :ite l9e :]e he ?\ght x w\ld be 

effective1 b he reli$ on black l9e = !  
mo/ "p4 ,! wrong /ep ?us tak5 l$ to !   
next4 ,engrav]s on copp] began to draw  
designs on ! block = wood-engrav]s to   
cut out4 ,john ,?ur/on1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ (
 ^!1 drew ?us = ,john ,?ompson1 :o1     
h[ev]1 did n foll[ ! l9es ) ! s]vility (
 ! engrav]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b       
modifi$ !m z he engrav$1 *ang$ !        
direction & "* ( ! l9es1 & occasionally 
introduc$ :ite l9e4 ,9 ! same way       
,cl5nell1 :o also engrav$ aft] ,john    
,?ur/on's draw+1 modifi$ x1 p>ticul>ly 9
 ! disposal ( ! lights & %ad[s1 & ?us   
improv$ x by 8 own arti/ic p[]s4 ,m]ely 
9 engrav+ simple l9es ,cl5nell's arti/ic
 feel+ plac$ him 9 a high] rank ?an ev5 
an engrav] ( ! p[] ( ,john ,?ompson1 z  
may be se5 9 ! cuts :i* ^! two m5 made  
aft] ,/o?>d's draw+s 9 an edition (     
,rog]s's ,poems 7,fig4 #ga1 #gb72 9 ?is 
volume ,cl5nell has giv5 an effect :i*  
,?ompson c\ld n give4 ,bran/on's        
engrav+1 9 ! same way1 %[s ! craftsman's
 skill & k1 b x lacks ! arti/ic quality 

( ! rival s*ool ( ,nesbit & ,cl5nell4 ,!
 imitation ( ! mann] ( copp]plate1 :i*  
,bran/on introduc$1 became common1 & 0  
develop$ 9 ! "w ( ,orr9 ,smi? & ,william
 ,h>vey1 9 :i* wood-engrav+ lo/ its     
di/9ctive virtues4 ,?is s*ool1          
nev]!less1 0 popul>1 & its engrav+s 7   
us$ to illu/rate important works to :i* 
= a long "t copp]plate-engrav+ alone _h 
be5 consid]$ equal2 ?us wood-engrav+    
once m encroa*$ ^u its rival's gr\nd4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,vignette f  
8,rog]s's ,poems40 ,london1 #ahbg4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,vignette f  
8,rog]s's ,poems40 ,london1 #ahbg4      
,mean:ile ! great illu/rat$ magaz9es &  
pap]s1 to :i* wood-engrav+ owes s mu* ( 
its enc\ragem5t1 sprang up1 & ) !m !    
necessity = rapid "w1 & ! temptation to 
be satisfi$ ) :at satisfi$ ! public     
ta/e4 ,cruik%ank & ,seym\r prep>$ ! way 
= ! design]s1 ,lee*1 ,gilb]t1 ,t5niel1 &
 ! ,dalziels1 ! latt] engrav]s !mselves1
 & c>elessness 9 engrav+ accompani$     
c>elessness 9 draw+2 b f ! latt] *>ge   

,t5niel's designs mu/ be except$4 ,^!   
arti/s 7 inf]ior 9 natural end[m5t to   
ev5 ! less] arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 &
 _! "w 0 made worse by ! neglig5t r5d]+ 
( _! engrav]s1 :o 7 n *>act]iz$ ei!r by 
! fidelity ( ! old craftsm51 or ! skill 
& k ( ,?ompson1 or ! arti/ic s5se (     
,cl5nell1 b 7 m]ely ineffici5t workm5   
employ$ to cut l9es drawn = !m z rapidly
 z possible4 ,mr4 ,l9ton made an attempt
 to introduce ! practice ( r5d]+ arti/s'
 draw+s by l9es conceiv$ & arrang$ by ! 
engrav] himself2 b ! curr5t 0 too       
/rongly set 9 ano!r direction1 & !      
engrav] kept 8 old position ( me*anic   
employ$ to cle> out ! design]s' l9es4 ,!
 "w :i* 0 produc$ by ?is me?od 9 great  
quantities 0 9 ! mass n valuable ei!r = 
! art %[n 9 ! design or = ! skill ( !   
engrav]1 b d]iv$ its int]e/ & popul>ity 
f qualities :i* h little connection )   
f9e art4 ,no great works 7 produc$2 & x 
is only "h & !re t sep>ate pr9ts ( value
 are to be f\nd1 among :i* ^? by ,edmund
 ,evans 9 ,birket ,fo/]'s edition (     

,c[p]'s ,task des]ve to be m5tion$4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,dea? z a   
,fri5d4  ,^u ! ,cont95t ! developm5t (  
wood-engrav+ 0 by no means s great z 9  
,engl&1 b "s excell5t "w has be5 done by
 ! pupils ( ,?ompson1 :o w5t to ,p>is by
 ,didot's invitation2 ^! m51 ( :om ,,mm4
 ,be/ & ,leloir 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 toge!r
 ) ,,mm4 ,brevire1 ,porret1 &           
,lavoignat1 produc$ "s cuts (           
consid]able value bo? 9 book-illu/ration
 & 9 ! art magaz9es4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1   
wood-engrav+ c\nts "s good workm5 among 
its foll[+1 b ! ,g]man woodcuts1 ( :i* !
 two 7,figs4 #gc1 #gd7 "h giv5 are      
favorable examples1 rema9 inf]ior = !   
mo/ "p to ei!r ! ,engli% or ,fr5*4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,dea? z a   
,?rottl]4  ,wood-engrav+1 h[ev]1 has be5
 practis$ 9 our "t less z a f9e art ?an 
z a useful art2 & if little t is        
valuable = arti/ic wor? has be5 execut$ 
by engrav]s s9ce ! days ( ,nesbit1      
,cl5nell1 & ,?ompson1 ! application (   
wood-engrav+ = m]ely useful purposes has

 be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,x has become a
 mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( popul> education2
 x imp>ts ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! visual k :i* !
 p h ( ! ?+s !y h n directly se52 its   
utility z a means ( in/ruction by its   
repres5tation ( ! objects ) :i* sci5ce  
deals1 & ! me*anical contrivances &     
processes :i* sci5ce employs1 & also z a
 means ( influ5ce 9 c>icature & ( simple
 popul> amusem5t1 is incalculable2 &1   
not)/&+ its l[ level 9 art1 !re c be no 
d\bt t x frequ5tly assi/s ! ex]cise ( ! 
popul> imag9ation1 & sometimes g5]ates 9
 ! bett]-end[$ m9ds among ! p a real    
sympa?y ) ! high] products ( art & an   
appreciation ( !m4 ,^! utilities1 inde$1
 s ov]balance its value simply z a f9e  
art z to give x a di/9ctive "*1 :5 its  
practice n[ is comp>$ ) t ( any previ\s 
"t2 z1 =m]ly1 x reflect$ ! aspects (    
*ang+ civilization1 n[ x reflects !     
peculi> "* ( our "t1 & %[s h[ great has 
be5 ! ga9 9 ! popul> hold ^u ! mat]ial  
com=ts ( life & ^u intellig5ce1 & h[    
great has be5 ! loss 9 ! community's    

appreciation ( purely arti/ic results4  
,?is is especially true ( ! e>li]       
,am]ican practice ( ! art1 :i* seldom   
result$ 9 any "w ( arti/ic value4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,! ,creation4
 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,adams4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,! ,deluge4  
,engrav$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,adams4  ,! hi/ory (
 wood-engrav+ 9 ,am]ica1 until rec5t    
ye>s1 is comp>atively insignificant4 ,9 
art1 z 9 lit]ature1 ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! 
,republic foll[$ ! ,engli% tradition    
almo/ slavi%ly2 ! engrav]s1 inde$1 %[$  
h>dly any individuality1 & left no "w ( 
p]man5t value4 ,dur+ ,colonial times "s 
v rude appr5tice-"w on metal _h be5     
produc$2 b ! fir/ c]ta9 engrav+ 9 wood  
be>s date ( #agid1 & 0 f ! h& ( ,dr4    
,alex&] ,&]son 7#agge-ahgj71 a physician
 by pr(ession1 b ) a natural b5t t[>d ! 
art1 :i* he _h play$ at f boyhood1 &    
f9ally made ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( 8 life4
 ,! sight ( "s ( ,bewick's e>ly "w _h   
det]m9$ him to employ wood z a mat]ial 9
 place ( ! type-metal on :i* he _h      

previ\sly engrav$ 9 relief1 & ! example 
( ,bewick taught him to use :ite l9e4   
,at t "t1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>d1 ! art 0  
appli$ ma9ly to ! production ( cuts =   
adv]tisem5ts1 labels1 & ! l1 z a s]vant 
( trade2 its use = illu/ration simply 0 
conf9$ almo/ :olly to juv5ile books4 ,! 
engrav]s :o at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury      
introduc$ ! art 9 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1   
,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & ,new ,hav5 
7 few1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 self-taught2      
usually !y m]ely copi$ ,engli% cuts1 &  
?us !y reflect$ 9 _! poor] "w ! mann] ( 
successive ,engli% s*ools2 b at lea/ !y 
kept ! art alive1 & h&$ x on ?r\gh _!   
pupils4 ,dr4 ,&]son 0 ! be/ ( !m2 yet1  
al?\gh he 0 free & bold 9 8 h&l+ ( :ite 
l9e1 & once or twice atta9$ an excell5ce
 t prov$ him a wor?y pupil ( ,bewick1 he
 left no?+ ( endur+ int]e/1 & ! "w ( 8  
fell[s met ) ev5 swift] =getfulness4    
,woodcuts ( really high value 7 n       
produc$ 9 ,am]ica until ,joseph ,alex&] 
,adams 7b4 #ahjc71 "o ( ! "y engrav]s   
enc\rag$ by ,dr4 ,&]son1 began to d 8   

be/ "w 7,figs4 #ge1 #gf71 ab\t #ahcd1 & 
appli$ 8 tal5ts to ! illu/ration ( !    
,bible1 publi%$ by ! ,h>p] ,bro!rs 9    
#ahdc1 ) :i* wood-engrav+ may be prop]ly
 said to h begun its great c>e] 9 ?is   
c\ntry4 ,?is volume 0 embelli%$ by      
sixte5 hundr$ cuts1 execut$ "u !        
sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,adams1 & pla9ly      
exhibits ! capacities & limitations ( ! 
art at t "t4 ,o!r illu/rat$ books foll[$
 ?is f ! same press1 & f t ( ! ,putnams2
 ! cuts 9 ! pap]s & magaz9es1 e/abli%$  
dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 became m
 num]\s1 & ! att5tion paid by ! ,am]ican
 ,tract ,society to ! engrav+s 9 its    
v>i\s publications _h great influ5ce 9  
enc\rag+ & improv+ ! art4 ,! "w ( ?is   
fir/ half-c5tury1 h[ev]1 z a :ole1 does 
n des]ve any great praise2 9 judg+ x1 ! 
inexp]i5ce ( ! engrav]s & ! difficulties
 ( pr9t+ mu/ be rememb]$2 b 9 its       
inf]ior portions x is m>k$ by feebl5ess 
& co>s5ess1 & 9 its bett] portion by a  
h>dness & /iffness ( l9e1 a lack (      
v>iety & gradation 9 tone & t9t1 & a    

defect 9 vivacity & f9i%4 ,!re are "h & 
!re exceptional cuts to :i* ^! /rictures
 w\ld n apply1 b ! body ( ! "w is       
vitiat$ ei!r ?r\gh an incomplete control
 ( 8 mat]ials by ! engrav]1 or ?r\gh an 
evil imitation ( copp]plate-draw+ by !  
design]4 ,:]e ! engrav] 0 also ! design]
 ! "w is usually ( high] value4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,butt]flies4
 ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,k+4  ,) ! second  
half ( ! c5tury began t expansion ( !   
press1 t increase 9 ! volume &          
improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! read+ provid$
 = ! public ?r\gh newspap]s & magaz9es1 
:i* has be5 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & important
 results ( democratic in/itutions4 ,!   
,h>p]s' ,mon?ly ,magaz9e 0 e/abli%$ 9   
#ahej1 & x 0 foll[$ )9 a decade by      
sev]al illu/rat$ p]iodicals2 dur+ !     
civil w> !re 0 naturally a slack5+ 9 ?is
 developm5t1 b1 ^u its close1 num]\s new
 illu/rat$ weekly or mon?ly publications
 began _! long] or %ort] c>e]1 among !m 
^? issu$ by ! ,scribn]s1 :i* 7 to h s   
important a be>+ on ! hi/ory (          

wood-engrav+4 ,! art naturally receiv$ a
 great impetus f ?is dem& ^u its        
res\rces2 x rapidly advanc$2 & be+      
enc\rag$ f>!r by ! popul>ity ( ! new &  
beautifully illu/rat$ gift-books ( !    
,bo/on & ,new ,york publi%]s1 x has tak5
 ! lead+ place 9 ! arti/ic int]e/s ( !  
c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#gh4--;,engrav$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,k+4  ,!     
scope ( ?is volume does n all[ any      
detail$ acc\nt ( ! works ( ,am]ican     
engrav]s individually2 b :ile ! increas$
 productiv5ess & improv$ te*nique ( !   
art dur+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury are be+
 notic$1 x w\ld be unju/ to make no     
m5tion ( ! quiet1 c>eful1 & ref9$       
woodcuts ( ,mr4 ,an?ony1 or ( ! long &  
unfl9*+ fidelity ( ,mr4 ,l9ton1 ) its   
rew>d 9 admirable "w1 or ( ! exquisite  
skill ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,m>%1 ! be/ (        
,am]ican engrav]s ( t p]iod4 ,! latt]'s 
m>vell\s r5d]+ ( insect life 9 !        
illu/rations to ,h>ris's ,insects       
,injuri\s to ,vegetation1 publi%$ 9     
#ahfb1 c nev] be =gott5 by any :o h be5 

=tunate en\gh to see ! arti/-pro(s4 ,8  
"w is 9 ! mann] ( copp]plate-engrav+1 & 
af=ds "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i*         
wood-engrav+ has equall$ ! rival art 9  
f95ess1 delicacy1 s(tness1 & gradation (
 tone4 ,:atev] ! critic's !ory may be1  
he mu/ rememb] t g5ius has a high]      
validity ?an reason1 & mu/ ackn[l$ge su*
 "w z ?is to be its own ju/ification4   
,un=tunately1 ! cuts 9 ! publi%$ volume 
7 n--p]haps at t "t c\ld n be--pr9t$ ) !
 success !y des]v$4 ,! "w ( ^! ?ree     
engrav]s illu/rates :at advance _h      
already be5 made 9 skilful              
l9e-arrangem5t & 9 te*nique be=e #ahgj1 
ab\t :i* "t ! indications ( an approa*+ 
*ange 9 ! art became pla9ly evid5t4     
,s9ce !n progress has be5 un9t]rupt$1   
swift1 m>k$ by bold exp]im5ts & />tl+   
surprises4 ,n[ ,am]ican engrav]s excel  
all o!rs 9 k ( ! res\rces ( _! art1 & 9 
control ( its mat]ials1 z well z 9 !    
int]e/ ( _! "w4 ,!y h n1 x is true1     
produc$1 z yet1 any?+ to rank 9 arti/ic 
value ) ! designs ( ! old] ma/]s2 b1 9  

_! h&s1 ! art has ga9$ a wid? & utility 
( influ5ce among our p hi!rto unequall$ 
9 any nation at any p]iod4 ,f ! beg9n+ (
 its hi/ory wood-engrav+ has be5        
di/9ctively a democratic art2 at pres5t 
! ease & *eapness ( its processes & !   
v>iety ( its applications make x "o ( ! 
mo/ accessible s\rces ( inexp5sive      
in=mation & pleasure2 = ?is reason x has
 acquir$ 9 our c\ntry1 :]e a read+      
middle class =ms ! l>g] portion ( !     
nation1 a popul> influ5ce ( su* f>-rea*+
 & p5etrative p[] z to make x a liv+ art
 9 a s5se :i* none o!r ( ! f9e arts c   
claim4 ,x n[ ent]s into ! intellectual  
life & enjoym5t ( our p to a degree & ) 
a con/ancy impossible to o!r arts4 ,9   
?is respect1 too1 x is only at ! beg9n+ 
( its c>e]2 =1 z popul> education       
spreads1 ! place t ! art holds 9 !      
national life w cont9ually become m     
important4 ,^! social conditions1 !     
te*nical skill ( ! engrav]s1 & !        
appe>ance among ! p ( a critical _s     
conc]n+ _! "w--n p]haps to be call$     

intellig5t z yet1 b =m+1 nasc5t1 feel+  
its way into consci\s & active          
life--make up a gr\p ( mo/ favorable    
circum/ances = a real arti/ic           
developm5t4 ,:e!r su* a developm5t w    
take place dep5ds 9 l>ge measure on !   
cle>ness ) :i* engrav]s und]/& ! laws ( 
_! art1 z pres5t$ by _! mat]ials1 & on !
 degree 9 :i* su* k controls !m4 ,!     
exp]im5ts ( rec5t ye>s are to be judg$  
f9ally by ! results2 b1 9 spite ( !     
novel effects obta9$1 & ( ! new "* t has
 be5 giv5 to ! art1 !re is at pres5t no 
su* unanimity1 ei!r among ! engrav]s or 
! public1 z to be decisive ( ! wor? ( ! 
new "w z a :ole4 ,:ile ! issue is /ill  
d\btful1 & ! /ake is ! future ( ! only  
art by :i* ^? :o c>e = ! gr[? (         
civilization c develop 9 ! p a s5se (   
art1 br+ !m to an appreciation ( its    
value1 op5 _! und]/&+s to its tea*+s1 & 
fill _! lives ) its delights1 some?+ may
 be ga9$ by recurr+ to fundam5tal       
pr9ciples1 z illu/rat$ by ! practice ( !
 old] ma/]s1 n ) an end to limit !      

future by ! pa/1 b to =esee x4 ,su* a   
brief review & summ>y ( pa/ ?\ght       
respect+ ! aims & me?ods ( wood-engrav+1
 ) su* corrections z mod]n improvem5ts 9
 processes ju/ify1 w af=d ! sure/ gr\nd 
= criticism ( ! "w /ill to be consid]$4 
,all ! graphic arts h to d ) "s "o or m 
( ! ?ree modes "u :i* nature is reveal$ 
to ! arti/--! mode ( pure =m1 ! mode (  
pure color1 ! mode ( =m & color1 z !y   
are affect$ by ! diff]5t lights & %ad[s 
9 :i* !y exi/4 ,9 nature ^! ?ree modes d
 n exi/ sep>ately1 & usually no "o ( !m 
is s prom95t z to efface ! o!rs2 9 !    
sev]al arts1 h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal att5tion 
is giv51 n[ to "o1 n[ to ano!r1 ( !m1   
accord+ to ! capacities ( ! art & ! p[]s
 ( ! arti/s4 ,?us sculpture deals only )
 =m1 & ev5 9 pa9t+1 :i* includes all )9 
its prov9ce1 diff]5t ma/]s make a *oice1
 & aim pr9cipally at reproduc+ color1 or
 *i>oscuro1 or =m1 z _! tal5ts direct   
!m1 = a g5ius seldom arises ) ! p[] to  
comb9e all ^! ) ! tru? & h>mony (       
nature4 ,wood-engrav+1 !re is no ne$ to 

say1 _c reproduce ! real hues ( objects1
 nor ! play ( light ^u hue & =m1 nor ! m
 m>vell\sly trans=m+ t\* ( %ad[2 x c    
repres5t ! =m ( a pea*1 b x _c pa9t its 
delicate t9ts1 nor adequately &         
accurately %[ h[ ! beauty ( its bloom 9 
sun diff]s f ! beauty ( its bloom 9     
%ade4 ,m broadly1 a l&scape %ot ) !     
evanesc5t %ad[s t hov] 9 rapidly mov+   
mi/s1 or ! int]m+l+ light & gloom ( a   
w9d-swept moonlit sky half ov]ca/ )     
cl\ds1 wood-engrav+ has no p[] to mirror
 9 true lik5ess4 ,! mo/ x c d 9 ?is     
direction is to indicate1 x _c express2 
x c exhibit /rong contra/s & delicate   
gradations ( light & %ad[1 & x c sugge/ 
v>y+ int5sity ( hues1 by ! great] or    
less dep? ( its blacks & grays2 b real  
color & p]fect *i>oscuro x rel9qui%es to
 pa9t+4  ,=m1 !re=e1 is left z ! ma9    
object ( ! wood-engrav]'s craft1 & !    
repres5tation ( =m is effect$ by        
del9eation1 draw+1 l9e-"w4 ,?is is :y ! 
great draughtsm51 su* z ,dr] & ,holbe91 
succe$$ 9 design+ = wood-engrav+4 ,!y   

knew h[ to express =m by l9es1 & !y did 
n attempt to d m ev5 :5 sugge/+         
color-values by ! conv5tion ( black &   
gray4 ,l9e-"w is ?us ! ma9 bus9ess ( !  
engrav]1 because =m mu/ be express$ by  
l9es4 ,l9e-"w1 h[ev]1 is ( diff]5t k9ds1
 & all k9ds are n equally prop] = ! art4
 ,hi!rto ! f95ess ( l9e by :i*          
copp]plate-engrav+ easily obta9s        
delicacy ( cont\r & s(t transitions (   
tone1 has be5 r>ely & ) difficulty      
atta9$ by ! be/-skill$ h& & eye among   
wood-engrav]s1 & :5 atta9$ has1 usually1
 n be5 successfully pr9t$4 ,!re rema9s1 
h[ev]1 no long] any reason to exclude   
f9e l9es f wood-engrav+1 :5 once x has  
become pla9 t su* "w is possible )\t a  
wa/eful exp5diture ( labor1 t its       
results are valuable1 & t x c be prop]ly
 pr9t$4 ,b if x %all prove t ! "* ( !   
l9e prop] to copp]plate is also prop] to
 wood1 x may be look$ on z c]ta9 t !    
l9e-arrangem5t prop] to ! =m] mat]ial c 
nev] be rationally us$ = ! latt]4 ,!    
cross+ ( l9es to :i* ! engrav] on       

copp]plate resorts is especially        
labori\s to ! engrav] 9 wood1 & aft] all
 8 toil does n give any desirable effect
 :i* w\ld n h result$ f o!r me?ods ( "w4
 ,x has be5 se5 t ,dr] employ$ ?is      
cross-hat*+ 9 imitation (               
copp]plate-engrav+2 b he did s because  
he 0 ignorant ( ! way to arrange color s
 t ?is difficult task ( engrav+         
cross-hat*+s w\ld be unnecess>y4        
,holbe91 :o 0 equally ignorant ( !      
possibilities ( :ite l9e1 reject$       
cross-hat*+4 ,bewick also reject$ x1 &  
prov$ x 0 unnecess>y ev5 :]e mu* color 0
 to be giv54 ,9 ! lat] "w ( ! sixte5?   
c5tury1 & 9 mod]n ,engli% "w1           
wood-engrav+ imitat$ its rival art bo? 9
 ! "* & ! arrangem5t ( its l9es2 x fail$
 9 bo? in/ances ma9ly because su*       
imitation involv$ a wa/e ( labor1 & did 
n result 9 works s valuable arti/ically 
z 7 obta9$ by copp]plate-engrav+ ) f>   
great] ease4 ,at pres5t ! objection to !
 use ( cross-hat*+ 9 wood-engrav+ is z  
s]i\s z ev]1 b ! employm5t ( f9e l9es = 

"s purposes1 z 9 ! r5d]+ ( delicate     
textures & tones1 has be5 ju/ifi$1 ma9ly
 9 consequ5ce ( innovations 9 ! modes ( 
pr9t+4 ,! *>m ( ?is new & surpris+      
beauty 9 f9e-l9e woodcuts1 h[ev]1 has n 
at all depriv$ ! old broad & bold l9e ( 
its =ce & vigor1 nor made less valuable 
! /rong contra/s 9 :i* ! art won its    
e>li] success4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 9 !  
old prov9ce & by ! old me?ods t         
wood-engrav+ has work$ out its mo/      
di/9ctive & peculi> effects ( real      
value4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,m\nt
 ,lafayette 7,:ite ,m\nta9s74 ,by ,j4   
,t9key4  ,9 :at has be5 ?us f> said ( ! 
l9e-"w prop] to wood-engrav+1 black     
l9e-"w only has be5 ref]r$ to4          
,wood-engrav+ is also an art ( design 9 
:ite l9e1 & "h a diff]5t set (          
consid]ations applies4 ,!re is n ! same 
difficulty 9 cutt+ f9e & delicate :ite  
l9es1 z is ! case ) black l9es1 nor !   
same unlikelihood ( _! effect be+ felt 9
 ! pr9t$ design4 ,!re is1 too1 no       
objection :atev] to cross+ :ite l9es1 z 

a mode ( "w1 = x is z easy a process = !
 wood-engrav] z cross+ black l9es is = !
 copp]plate-engrav]1 & ! result ?us     
obta9$ is sometimes ( great value1      
p>ticul>ly 9 ! m\ld+ ( ! face4 ,! art ( 
design 9 :ite l9e1 h[ev]1 is b little   
develop$2 b1 n to depreciate ! old]     
me?od ( black l9e1 :i* is extremely     
valuable1 nev]!less x is cle> t :ite    
l9e-"w is ! peculi> prov9ce ( !         
wood-engrav]1 & t 9 develop+ its        
capacities ! future ( ! art ma9ly lies1 
s f> z x re/s ) him4 ,! m]it ( all      
l9e-"w1 :e!r black or :ite1 f9e or      
broad1 bold or subtle1 dep5ds ^u !      
c]ta9ty ) :i* ! l9es s]ve _! purposes4  
,if1 z ) ,holbe91 e l9e has its "w to d1
 & does t "w p]fectly2 if x fulfils its 
function ( def9+ an outl9e1 or m>k+ !   
m\ld+ ( a muscle1 or deep5+ ! int5sity (
 a %ad[1 or p]=m+ "s simil> s]vice1 !n !
 design] has foll[$ ! me?od ( high art1 
& has produc$ some?+ ( value4 ,! "w (   
all :o practise ! art--! draughtsm5 :o  
draw 9 black l9e1 & ! engrav]s :o draw 9

 :ite l9e--has wor? j 9 proportion z !y 
acquire ! p[] to put int5tion into _!   
l9es & to express some?+ by e /roke2 &1 
o!r ?+s be+ equal1 he :o conveys mo/    
mean+ 9 ! fewe/ l9es1 l ,holbe9 &       
,bewick1 is ! greate/ ma/]4 ,by means ( 
su* l9es s arrang$ wood-engrav+ does    
repres5t =m ) great p[]1 & also texture1
 :i* is only a f9] =m2 x indicates      
positive hues1 &1 )9 limits1 sugge/s !  
play ( light & %ad[ on =m & hue4 ,x ?us 
aims *iefly1 9 its bold] & m facile "w1 
at =ce1 _s1 & contra/1 &1 9 its m r>e & 
difficult ef=ts1 at delicacy1 f9i%1 &   
nice gradation ( h>moni\s tones4  ,if   
!re is any value 9 ! tea*+ ( ! pa/1 ei!r
 ^! pr9ciples mu/ be %[n to be no long] 
valid1 or by !m ! engrav+ ( ! la/ t5    
ye>s mu/ be judg$4 ,a consid]able       
portion ( x consi/s ( attempts to r5d]  
orig9al designs--= example1 a wa%$      
draw+--n by int]pret+ its arti/ic       
qualities1 its =m1 color1 =ce1 _s1 &    
mann]1 s f> z ^! c be giv5 by simple1   
def9$1 firm l9es ( ! engrav]'s creation1

 b by imitat+ z closely z possible !    
orig9al effect1 & %[+ ! "* ( ! orig9al  
process1 :e!r x 7 wat]-color1           
*>coal-sket*+1 oil-pa9t+1 clay-modell+1 
or any o!r4 ,h[ev] desirable x may be to
 make kn[n ! orig9al process1 su* k does
 n enhance ! arti/ic value ( ! cut2 &   
h[ev] pleas+ x may be to ! public to    
obta9 copies ev5 successfully1 indicat+ 
! g5]al effects1 )\t ! *>m1 ( orig9als 9
 o!r arts ) :i* wood-engrav+ has little 
aff9ity1 su* "w w r satisfy curiosity   
?an delight ! eye4 ,! public may ?us    
d]ive in=mation2 !y w n obta9 works (   
arti/ic value at all equal to ^? :i*    
wood-engrav+ might give !m1 did x n     
abdicate its own peculi> p[] ( express+ 
nature 9 a true1 accurate1 & beautiful  
way & desc5d to me*anical imitation4 ,! 
application ( ! art to su* purposes1 z  
little m ?an ano!r mode ( photography1  
is a debasem5t ( x2 x ceases to be a f9e
 art :5 x ceases to be practis$ = ! sake
 ( its own p[]s ( beautiful expression4 
,su* "w1 !re=e1 has only a second>y     

int]e/1 z be+ "o m process = ! defective
 reproduction ( beautiful ?+s1 &        
requires only a pass+ m5tion4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--8;,& sil5t 7 
! %eep 9 woolly fold40--,,keats1 ,/4    
,agnes ,eve4  ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,g4       
,smi?wick4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ha4--,! ,old ,or*>d4 ,engrav$ by ,f4   
,ju5gl+4  ,aside f ^! imitative cuts1 ! 
mo/ /rik+ portion ( rec5t engrav+1 t :i*
 has be5 hail$ z op5+ a new c>e] to !   
art1 is *>act]iz$ ei!r by a great       
ref9em5t ( l9e or by a practical        
ab&onm5t ( l9e4 ,( ! =m] t5d5cy ,mr4    
,h5ry ,m>% af=ds ! mo/ prom95t examples 
by 8 engrav+s 9 illu/ration ( insect    
life1 or simil>ly delicate "w4 ,! skill 
( 8 h& & ! *>m ( ! /yle he has adopt$   
are beyond "q2 !re is z little d\bt ( ! 
tru?fulness & beauty ( ! effects secur$ 
9 ! r5d]+ ( individual objects1 !       
butt]fly w+1 ! pond-lily1 or ! spray ( !
 w9t] =e/2 ! only d$uction to be made f 
8 praise is1 t :5 he b9ds ^! sev]al     
objects into "o picture1 z 9 a l&scape1 

he suff]s ! too frequ5t p5alty ( f9e    
detail1 & loses 9 ! delicacy & f9i% ( ! 
p>ts ! beauty t %\ld h *>act]iz$ ! :ole4
 ,!re is always 9 8 cuts grace1 poetic  
feel+1 exquisite workman%ip1 b !re is 9 
"s ( !m a lack ( body1 sub/ance1        
di/ance1 ( skill 9 plac+ ! objects 9 a  
natural relation to "o ano!r1 t m>s !   
total result4 ,mr4 ,m>% is "o ( ! old]  
m51 & des]ves ! cr$it ( fir/ %[+ :at    
wood-engrav+ is capable ( 9 ref9em5t (  
l9e2 b y\ng] m5 h jo9$ him 9 develop+ ^!
 capacities ( ! art1 & h made "w 9 ?is  
/yle m common4 ,! be/ ( x is by ,mr4 ,f4
 ,s4 ,k+1 be+ equal 9 e quality to ,mr4 
,m>%'s mo/ admirable cuts4 ,su* engrav+ 
is exceptional1 ( c\rse2 b ! ev5ness &  
transition ( tone1 ! c>e = l9e1 !       
discrim9ation ( bo? l9e & color values1 
%[n 9 ^! butt]flies 7,fig4 #gg71 are    
*>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,k+'s "w 9 g5]al1     
al?\gh 9 "s ( x a lack ( def9ition 9    
outl9es is noticeable4 ,! ref9em5t ( l9e
 9 ^! two engrav]s is ju/ifiable1       
because !y put mean+ into ! l9es1 &     

express by !m some?+ t c\ld n o!rwise be
 int]pret$ to ! eye ?r\gh ?is art2 & s  
long z ?is rema9s ! case !y w meet )    
comm5dation & enc\ragem5t4 ,x is only :5
 su* ref9em5t is ne$lessly resort$ to1  
or is confus+ or mean+less1 t x is      
rightly rebuk$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#hb4--,"s ,art ,connoisseurs4 ,engrav$  
by ,rob]t ,hosk94  ,! second & m evil   
t5d5cy ( rec5t engrav+1 t[>d an ab&onm5t
 ( l9e1 is exhibit$ 9 _m phases1 & by   
ne>ly all ! y\ng] m54 ,9 "s cases !     
c5tral portion ( ! cut seems alone to be
 c>$ =1 & is mu* elaborat$1 :ile !      
surr\nd+ p>ts fade (f into ! backgr\nd )
 ! unc]ta9ty ( a dissolv+ view2 9 o!r   
cases !re seems to be entire indiff]5ce 
ab\t =m or texture3 !re is no def9ition 
( ! "o nor discrim9ation 9 ! o!r1 b an  
effect only is s\ght =1 usually vague or
 />tl+1 always unsatisfactory1 & n      
infrequ5tly ugly4 ,su* "w is ! product (
 ignorance or c>elessness or caprice4 ,9
 x wood-engrav+ ceases to be an art (   
expression4 ,^! obscure masses1 meant = 

trees1 9 :i* "o may look ) a microscope 
& see nei!r leaf1 limb1 nor b>k2 ^!     
mottl$ gr\nds1 meant = grass or h\ses1 9
 :i* !re is nei!r blade nor fibre2 ^!   
blocks ( =mless t9ts1 9 :i* all !       
v]acity ( ! l&scape p]i%es1 d n record  
natural facts1 or convey ?\ght or       
s5tim5t2 !y are simply vacant ( mean+4  
,to illu/rate or criticise su* "w w\ld  
be an ungraci\s z well z a ne$less task2
 b ev5 9 ! be/ "w ( ! be/ engrav]s1 )   
:i* alone ^! pages are conc]n$1 ! m>ks (
 t5d5cy 9 ?is wrong direction are       
palpably pres5t4 ,"h1 = example1 is "s  
*>m+ "w by ,mr4 ,k+ 7,fig4 #gh71 :olly  
successful 9 secur+ ! effect            
s\ght--beautiful1 well wor? do+4 ,! _s (
 ! season1 ! moi/ days1 ! ,april nature1
 ! leaf+ & budd+ 9 mi/ & cl\d9ess1 &    
gleam ( light & brea? ( w>m1 s(t air    
along full-fl[+ /reams1 ! swift &       
buoyant welcome borne on ! =w>d flight (
 ! birds /raight t[>d u1 ! ev]-r5ew$    
m>vel ( ! bir? ( life & ! com+ on ( days
 ( beauty--! feel+ ( all ?is is giv51 & 

! success is due 9 l>ge "p to ! vagu5ess
 t dims ! :ole design2 b :y %\ld !      
wrea?+ fl[]s1 ! t5d] cr[n ( all1 lose ! 
curve ( _! petals & d>k5 ! delicate =m (
 ea* "y blossom1 all blurr$ into !      
backgr\nd1 & half-effac$ & m>r$1 & tir+ 
! eye ) ! ef=t to def9e !m8 ,if ! value 
( =m _h be5 m felt1 if ! def9ition (    
outl9e _h be5 firm]1 if ! spray _h      
really blossom$1 w\ld n ! design h be5  
bett]8 ,!re is less d\bt ( ! error 9 !  
next cut4 ,! disappe>ance ( texture & ! 
att5uation ( sub/ance into flat %ad[ is 
v pla94 ,to a true woodsman1 to "o :o   
has liv$ ) trees1 & kn[s & loves !m1 !re
 is little ( _! nature 9 ^! vague1      
transp>5t1 insub/antial =ms1 t seem r   
skeleton leaves ?an /rong-limb$1        
firm-root$ trees t h sung 9 ! fro/y     
sil5ce & liv$ ?r\gh ! 8bitt] cold0 ( _m 
a ,/4 ,agnes ,eve4 ,:o1 look+ on ^! pale
 %ad[s1 w\ld rememb] t ! same poet1 ^:  
v]se is "h put into picture1 ?\ght (    
trees z 8s5ators0 ( ! woods8 ,9 !       
disposition ( ! light ( ! atmosph]e1 9 !

 managem5t ( ! gray t9ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 !
 l[] portion ( ! cut1 ! eye takes m     
pleasure3 !re is "s discrim9ation betwe5
 ! %eep1 ! old man1 & ! fold--z mu*1    
p]haps1 z ! prevail+ obscurity admits2 b
 ! cut z a :ole is mu* h>m$ by ! lack ( 
relief1 :i* seems to be a recurr+ fault 
9 f9e-l9$ & cr[d$ "w4 ,! cut 7,fig4 #ha7
 by ,mr4 ,ju5gl+1 ^: engrav+s exhibit ! 
t5d5cies ( ! new me?ods 9 ! mo/ pron\nc$
 way1 %[s1 l ! prec$+ illu/ration1 an   
inatt5tion to texture 9 ! foliage1 & an 
entire neglig5ce ( cl\d-=m 9 ! sky1 :i* 
is a fair example ( ! ab&onm5t ( l9e1 or
 ( mean+less l9e1 z "o *ooses to call x4
 ,an effect is ga9$1 a horizon light &  
%ad[$ masses1 b ! l&scape is n fai?fully
 r5d]$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,!  
,travell+ ,musicians4 ,engrav$ by ,r4   
,a4 ,mull]4  ,( a diff]5t ord] are ! two
 foll[+ cuts1 simple1 quiet1 & ref9$4 ,!
 m\nta9 sc5e 7page #ahc7 is admirable = 
! disposition ( its lights & %ad[s1 !   
gradation & v>iation ( its t9ts1 & !    
subord9ation ( e elem5t to a tru?ful    

total effect4 ,! cut by ,mr4 ,hosk9     
7,fig4 #hb7 is a good example ( 8 always
 excell5t "w1 %[+ 8 p[] ( economy & 8   
feel+ = l9e & tone1 :ile x ev9ces       
self-re/ra9t 9 me?ods ( "w4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,%ipwreck$4  
,engrav$ by ,frank ,fr5*4  ,! *ange t   
has tak5 place 9 rec5t engrav+ has be5  
less m>k$ 9 cuts ( l&scape1 h[ev]1 ?an 9
 cuts ( figures4 ,9 ! =m] l9e-arrangem5t
 has be5 affect$ some:at1 & usually = ! 
worse1 b 9 ! latt] ! trans=mation has   
be5 great]1 & ! results already work$   
out ( m /rik+ novelty4 ,! developm5t1   
h[ev]1 has be5 9 ! same directions1 9   
ref9+ or ab&on+ l9e1 & examples exhibit 
! same or analog\s v>iation 9 !         
engrav]s' reg>d = =m & texture4 ,! fir/ 
gr\p "h giv5 7,fig4 #hc7 %[s cle>ly1 by 
! "* & ! direction ( its l9es1 t x is a 
reproduction ( copp]plate-engrav+1 & z a
 piece ( imitative "w x is rem>kable2 ! 
figures are life-l1 full ( vivacity &   
=ce1 & ! faces are natural & v          
expressive4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! /yle (    

copp]plate1 & 9 ! qualities m5tion$ x   
does n excel ! next cut 7,fig4 #hd71 9  
:i* ! "* & direction ( ! l9es are ^?    
peculi> to wood-engrav+4 ,! =m] has an  
appe>ance ( m f9i%1 z also ( m h>dness1 
b x does n by its m difficult mode (    
engrav+1 accompli% :at is aim$ at 9 any 
high] degree ?an does ! latt] by its    
simpl]1 easi]1 & fre] mann]4 ,!         
,tap-room 7,fig4 #he71 by ! same        
engrav]1 is less c>eful "w1 & its novel 
te*nical quality1 :ile ( ! same g5]al "*
 z t ( ! la/ cut1 is m pron\nc$ & less  
pleas+4 ,! figures z a :ole are good1 b 
! faces are poor2 ! use ( ! cross :ite  
l9e or /ipple = fire1 apron1 raft]1     
table-clo?1 & face indiff]5tly _c be    
comm5d$1 & ! "* ( _m ( ! l9es           
7p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[] "p ( ! seat$ figure7
 is beyond criticism4 ,x is ! /ill bold]
 & m g5]al use ( ! peculi> modes (      
engrav+ 9 ?is design t results 9 ! mo/  
mean+less1 neglig5t scrat*9ess ( ! new  
s*ool4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,davis's 8,go+ to   
,*ur*0 7,fig4 #hf7 is a favorable       

example ( ano!r consid]able class ( cuts
 t is on fir/ sight novel & pleas+4 ,on 
exam9ation "o sees t ! figures are      
c]ta9ly ! be/ "p ( ! cut2 b :y %\ld !   
maid5's dress be ! same 9 texture z !   
c['s brea/1 & ! "y man's tr\s]s ! same z
 ! c['s back8 & :y %\ld ! *ild's face be
 ( a piece ) its coll>8 ,notice1 too1   
beyond ! wall ! famili> flat &          
insub/antial trees1 ) _! foliage t w\ld 
s]ve z well = ! gr\nd at ! foot ( !     
/eps4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,!    
,tap-room4 ,engrav$ by ,frank ,fr5*4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,go+ to     
,*ur*4 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,p4 ,davis4  ,!  
be/ "w 9 ^! figure-cuts1 h[ev]1 is by   
,mr4 ,t4 ,cole1 :o /&s at ! head (      
engrav]s 9 ! new mann]1 ?\gh he is n    
conf9$ by x4 ,! portraits1 by :i* he    
fir/ became widely kn[n1 7 rem>kable =  
an entire abs5ce1 9 "s cases1 ( any     
dem>cation betwe5 picture & backgr\nd1 &
 = a conc5tration ( att5tion ^u "s few  
specially *>act]i/ic features ( ! face4 
,:oev] des]v$ ! blame s lib]ally met$   

out to ^! heads1 ,mr4 ,cole's reputation
 re/s n[ ^u bett] "w--^u su* an         
exquisitely ref9$ portrait z t (        
,modjeska z ,juliet1 9 ! ,scribn]       
,portfolio ( ,pro(s1 & o!r cuts ( h>dly 
less m]it !re to be f\nd4 ,frequ5tly1   
h[ev]1 !re is noticeable 9 "s ( 8 be/ "w
 an analog\s *>act]i/ic to t ( ! e>li]  
portraits--! conc5tration ( att5tion on 
! c5tral figures1 to ! neglect ( ! m9or 
portions ( ! designs4 ,?us 9 ! example  
"h giv5 7,fig4 #hg71 s long z ! eye is  
conc]n$ only ) ! two /ately figures1 !re
 is only pleasure 9 su* admirable       
workman%ip2 b :5 ! gaze w&]s to ! ne>1 &
 especially ! remote1 backgr\nd1 !re is 
no?+ to delight ! lov] ( art or nature 9
 su* confusion1 insub/antiality1 flat1  
wav+ %ad[s )\t beauty or mean+4 ,:o w\ld
 guess f t obscure & =mless net-"w 9 !  
di/ance t ! next l9e ( ^! v]ses is--    
8,& all ! sunset heav5 beh9d y\r head80 
,?is 8g5]alization0 ( ! l&scape1 z x is 
call$1 empties x ( all t makes x lovely4
 ,to ! cut1 z an example (              

figure-engrav+1 ! highe/ praise may be  
giv51 b z an entire picture x is h>m$ by
 its imp]fection ( detail4 ,to          
subord9ate by de/roy+ is n ! mode ( high
 art1 b x is (t5 ! mode ( ! new s*ool4  
,( all ! "w ( rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! be/1 
x is g5]ally admitt$1 is 9 ! portraits1 
possibly because ! arti/s are re/ra9$ by
 ! def9it5ess ( ! =m & expression to be 
convey$4 ,mr4 ,cole's ,modjeska has be5 
already prais$1 ?\gh x is r a f9e figure
 ?an a f9e portrait4 ,a portrait ( ,mr4 
,hunt by ,mr4 ,l9ton1 & ( ,mr4 ,flet*]  
,h>p] by ,mr4 ,kruell1 are also ( high  
m]it1 & 9 bo? a v high level ( excell5ce
 is su/a9$4 ,! special "* ( ! new s*ool 
9 portraiture1 z a di/9ct & radical     
/yle1 is illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,ju5gl+'s    
8,spani% ,peasant0 7,fig4 #hh74 ,x      
recalls at once ! portrait ( ,:i/l] by !
 same h&4 ,9 disposition ( color1 9     
c]ta9ty ( effect1 & 9 skill ( execution1
 all mu/ recognize ! engrav]'s p[]2 b is
 ! value ( ! human face1 9 ^: m\ld+s is 
express$ ! life ( ye>s & g5]ations--is !

 value ( ! human eye1 9 :i* ! light nev]
 goes out1 truly felt8 ,"o _c help feel+
 t ! brutaliz+ ( ?is face is a matt] r (
 art ?an ( tru?4 ,contra/ ! two         
portraits "h giv5 7,figs4 #hi1 #ij71 "o 
9 ! bold]1 m def9ite1 l>g] /yle1        
admirable 9 its tones & discrim9ation ( 
textures1 among ! v be/ 9 ?is mann]2 !  
o!r f9]1 ) ! t5d5cy to fade into !      
backgr\nd1 b faultless 9 its r5d]+ ( !  
face1 & prov+ by success ! great        
effectiv5ess ( ! f9e :ite cross-l9e4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--             
8,nay1 ,love1 'tis y :o /&     ,) almond
 clu/]s 9 y\r clasp+ h&40               
,engrav$ by ,t4 ,cole4   ,^!            
illu/rations ( rec5t engrav+ are        
suffici5tly num]\s & v>i\s to (f] a fair
 te/ ( :at has be5 done 9 diff]5t       
bran*es ( ! art4 ,! capacity ( any new  
s*ool %\ld be judg$ by ! be/ x has      
produc$2 b1 ev5 9 ?is be/ "w1 x is n    
difficult to disc]n at times ! same     
t5d5cies t h be5 ! ma9 cause ( failure 9
 ! less good "w4 ,! obscuration ( lead+ 

outl9es2 ! disreg>d ( sub/ance1 %ape1 & 
mat]ial 9 leaf1 cl\d1 & /uffs2 ! neglect
 ( relief & p]spective1 ! cr[d+ ( !     
gr\nd ) mean+less l9es1 ei!r undirect$  
or misdirect$1 or uselessly ref9$2 ! aim
 at an effect by an arrangem5t ( color  
almo/ indep5d5t ( =m1 ! attempt to make 
a mom5t>y impression on ! eye1 in/ead ( 
to give la/+ pleasure to ! m9d ?r\gh !  
arti/ic s5se1 &--especially 9 ! be/     
"w--! lack ( p]fect & ma/]ly f9i% 9 all 
portions ( ! design1 h[ev] insignificant
 by comp>ison ) ! lead+ p>ts--^! mu/ be 
c\nt$ z defects4 ,h[ mu* ( su* failure  
is due to ! design]1 x is impossible to 
det]m9e )\t sight ( ! orig9al draw+s2 a 
consid]able portion ( ! fault may re/ ) 
him2 9 wood-engrav+s1 z art-works1 !    
union ( design] & craftsman is          
insep>able--! two /& or fall toge!r4 ,b 
:5 all d$uctions h be5 made1 ! be/      
engrav]s may rightly be v pr\d ( _! "w1 
confid5t ( _! future1 & hopeful ( great 
?+s4 ,) su* p]fect te*nical skill z !y  
possess1 ) su* =m & texture z !y h      

repres5t$ ) c>e1 tru?1 & beauty2 ) su*  
s(tness ( tone & p[] ( bo? delicate &   
/rong l9e z "s ( _! numb] h e>n$ ! ma/]y
 (1 ! value ( future "w dep5ds only on !
 wisdom ( _! aims4 ,if ! fundam5tal     
gr\nds on :i* ! =ego+ criticism re/s be 
true1 ^! engrav]s h won success 9 s f> z
 !y h att5d$ to =m & texture z ! ma9    
bus9ess ( _! art1 & !y h fail$ 9 s f> z 
!y h de/roy$ ^!4 ,f its peculi> &       
orig9al p[]s 9 ! int]pretation ( =m &   
texture by l9e-"w1 ei!r black or :ite1  
wood-engrav+ has d]iv$ its value & e>n$ 
! respect due x z an art1 bo? ?r\gh its 
great works 9 ! pa/ &1 s f> z yet       
appe>s1 ?r\gh its be/ works 9 ! pres5t4 
,wood-engrav]s1 if ! design giv5 !m to  
reproduce is 9 black l9e1 fit = engrav+ 
9 wood1 mu/ copy x simply1 & !n1 %\ld   
arti/-draughtsm5 arise1 ! art 9 ?is     
mann] w aga9 produce works ( p]man5t    
value z 9 ! days ( ,holbe92 if1 on ! o!r
 h&1 ! design giv5 !m is 9 color or wa%$
 t9ts1 or any?+ ( t sort1 !y mu/        
int]pret x by l9es ( _! own creation1 & 

!n1 too1 %\ld any engrav]-draughtsm5    
arise among !m1 ! art w possess a       
simil>ly high value2 b 9 no o!r way ?an 
by att5d+ to ^! two k9ds ( l9e-"w1      
sep>ately or toge!r1 c wood-engrav+     
rema9 arti/ic2 & ev5 !n its success w   
dep5d on ! k & skill ( ! design]1 :e!r  
arti/ or engrav]1 9 ! use & arrangem5t (
 ! special l9es :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! 
art4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,!     
,spani% ,peasant4 ,engrav$ by ,f4       
,ju5gl+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#hi4--;,james ,russell ,l[ell4 ,engrav$ 
by ,?omas ,johnson4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ij4--;,ar?ur ,p5rhyn ,/anley4   
,engrav$ by ,g4 ,kruell4  ,! hi/ory (   
wood-engrav+1 z x is record$ 9 ! *ief   
monum5ts ( ! art1 has n[ be5 told f its 
beg9n+ d[n to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,its      
hi/oric & arti/ic value has be5 ma9ly   
dwelt ^u1 ) ! view ( %[+ its utility z a
 democratic art & its p[]s z a f9e art4 
,x has _h an illu/ri\s c>e]4 ,x has %>$ 
9 ! great social movem5ts :i* trans=m$  
m$ival into mod]n civilization4 ,x ent]$

 into ! popul> life1 9 its e>lie/ days1 
by repres5t+ ! sa9ts :om ! p wor%ipp$4  
,x contribut$ to ! cause ( popul>       
civilization 9 ! spread ( lit]ature4 ,x 
assi/$ ! introduction ( realism into    
art1 & gave p[]ful aid 9 ! gradual      
secul>ization ( art4 ,x l5t itself to ! 
,italian g5ius1 & 0 able to pres]ve     
some?+ ( ! lovel9ess ( ! ,italian       
,r5aissance4 ,x help$ ! ,re=mation4 ,x  
gave endur+ =m to ! imag9ation & ?\ght (
 ,dr] & ,holbe94 ,x fell into inevitable
 decl9e2 b1 :5 ! developm5t ( democracy 
aga9 began 9 ! new age1 x ent]$ into !  
"w ( popul> civilization ) ev]-increas+ 
vigor & ev]-wid5+ influ5ce4 ,x seems    
/ill to possess unlimit$ capacities =   
usefulness 9 ! future 9 bo? !           
intellectual & arti/ic education ( ! p4 
,x may yet cr[n its c>e] by mak+ ?is    
c\ntry an art-lov+ z well z a book-read+
 ,republic4     ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,!        
,,pr9cipal ,,works  ,,^u                
,,wood-,,engrav+ ,,useful ,,to ,,/ud5ts4
   ,,ar*iv fr die zei*n5d5 ,kn/e1 mit   

besond]] ,beziehung auf ,kupf]-/e*]-und 
,holzs*neidekun/4 ,h]ausg4 von ,r4      
,naumann4 #at]-#aft] ,jahrgang4         
,leipzig1 #ahee-'gj4 #hvo4  ,,b>ts*     
7,,adam74 ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur4 ,vi5ne1 
#ahjc-'ba4 #ba ,t4 #hvo2 ,atlas1 #dto4  
,,beck] 7,c474 ,job/ ,amman1 ,zei*n] und
 ,=ms*neid]1 etc41 neb/ ,zustz5 von ,r4 
,weigel4 ,leipzig1 #ahed4 #dto4         
,,b]jeau 7,j4 ,,ph474 ,biblia ,paup]um4 
,reproduc$ 9 ,facsimile f "o ( ! copies 
9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) an hi/orical &   
bibliographical ,introduction4 ,london1 
#ahei4 ,folio4  ,speculum ,human        
,salvationis4 ,le plus anci5 ,monum5t de
 la ,xylographie et de la ,typographic  
runies4 ,reproduit en ,facsimile1 avec  
,introduction hi/orique et              
bibliographique4 ,londres1 #ahfa4       
,folio4  ,,b]n>d 7,,augu/e74 ,de        
l',orig9e de l',imprim]ie4 ,p>is1 #ahec4
 #b,t4 #hvo4  ,,bigmore 7,e4 ,c47 &     
,,wyman 7,c4 ,w4 ,h474 ,a ,bibliography 
( ,pr9t+4 ,) ,notes & ,illu/rations4    
,vol4 #a4 ,a-,l4 ,london1 #ahhj4 #dto4  

,,bild]-,,album zur neu]5 ,ges*i*te des 
,holzs*nitts 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,h]ausg4 vom  
,alb]tv]e94 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 #dto4      
,,blanc 7,,*>les74 ,grammaire des ,arts 
du ,dess91 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 #hvo4     
,,brevi,,re 7,a474 ,de la ,xilographie  
ou ,gravure sur bois4 ,r\51 #ahcc4 #hvo4
  ,,*atto 7,w4 ,a474 ,a ,treatise on    
,wood-engrav+4 ,london1 #ahci4 #hvo4    
,kn[n z ,jackson 7,john7 & ,*atto's     
,hi/ory4  ,,d]s*au 7,h4 ,a4 ,,von74     
,holzs*nitte alt] deuts*] ,mei/] 9 d5   
,orig9alplatt51 gesammelt von ,d]s*au1  
mit e9] ,abh&lung b] die                
,holzs*neidekun/ begleitet1 von ,rudolph
 ,za*>ias ,beck]4 ,go?a1 #ahjh-'af4 #c  
,?4 ,folio4  ,,dibd9 7,t4 ,f474 ,a      
bibliographical1 antiqu>ian1 &          
picturesque ,t\r 9 ,france & ,g]many4   
,london1 #ahba4 #c vols4 #hvo4          
,bibliographical ,decam]on4 ,london1    
#ahag4 #c vols4 #hvo4  ,biblio!ca       
,sp5c]iana4 ,london1 #ahad1 '#ae4 #d    
vols4 #hvo4  ,,didot 7,,ambroise        
,,firm974 ,essai typographique et       

bibliographique sur l',hi/oire de la    
,gravure sur ,bois4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 
,,docum5ts iconographiques et           
typographiques de la ,biblio?que royale 
de ,belgique4 ,bruxelles1 #ahgg4 ,folio4
  ,premire ,livr4 ,spirituale ,pom]ium1 
p> ,l4 ,alv94  ,deuxime ,livr4 ,gravures
 ,cribles1 p> ,h4 ,hymans4  ,troisime   
,livr4 ,la ,vi]ge de #adah1 p> ,*4      
,ruel5s4  ,c9quime ,livr4 ,les neuf     
,preux1 p> 4 ,ftis4  ,sixime ,livr4     
,lg5de de ,sa9t ,s]vais1 p> ,*4 ,ruel5s4
  ,,duplessis 7,g4 ,g474 ,essai de      
,bibliographie1 cont5ant l',indication  
des ,ouvrages relatifs  l',hi/oire de la
 ,gravure et des ,graveurs4 ,p>is1      
#ahfb4 #hvo4  ,hi/oire de la ,gravure4  
,p>is1 #ahhj4 #hvo4  ,les ,m]veilles de 
la ,gravure4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #hvo4        
,,m]ic-,,david 7,t4 ,b47 ,disc\rs       
,hi/orique sur la ,gravure en           
,taille-d\ce et sur la ,gravure en      
,bois4 ,p>is1 #ahji4 #hvo4  ,,falk5/e9  
7,c4 ,c4 ,,von74 ,ges*i*te d]           
,bu*druck]kun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahdj4 #dto4  

,,f\rni] 7,p4 ,s474 ,diss]tation sur    
l',orig9e et les ,progrs de l',art de   
,grav] en ,bois4 ,p>is1 #ageh4 #hvo4    
,de l',orig9e et des ,productions de    
l',imprim]ie primitive en ,taille de    
,bois4 ,p>is1 #agei4 #hvo4  ,,g>ni] 7,j4
 ,m474 ,hi/oire de l',imag]ie populaire 
et des ,c>tes  j\]  ,*>tres4 ,*>tres1   
#ahfi4 #hvo4  ,,gilks 7,t474 ,a ,sket* (
 ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art (        
,wood-engrav+4 ,london1 #ahfh4 #hvo4    
,,ham]ton 7,p4 ,g474 ,! ,graphic ,arts4 
,london1 #ahhb4 ,plates4 ,folio4        
,,he9eck5 7,k4 ,h41 ,,b>on ,,von74 ,ide 
gnrale d'une ,collection complette      
d',e/ampes4 ,leipsic et ,vi5ne1 #agga4  
#hvo4  ,,hell] 7,,joseph74 ,ges*i*te d] 
,holzs*neidekun/4 ,bamb]g1 #ahbc4 #hvo4 
,,holtrop 7,j4 ,w474 ,monum5s           
typographiques des ,pays-,bas au qu9zime
 ,sicle4 ,la ,haye1 #ahfh4 ,folio4      
,,humphreys 7,h4 ,,noel74 ,a ,hi/ory ( !
 ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,folio4 
,ma/]pieces ( ! e>ly ,pr9t]s &          
,engrav]s4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,folio4      

,,ilg 7,,alb]t74 ,ueb] d5 kun/hi/oris*5 
,w]? d] ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili4 ,wi51
 #ahgb4 #hvo4  ,,jans5 7,h474 ,essai sur
 l',orig9e de la ,gravure en ,bois et en
 ,taille-d\ce4 ,p>is1 #ahjh4 #b ,t4     
#hvo4  ,,labitte 7,a474 ,gravures sur   
,bois tires des ,livres franais du ,x,ve
 ,sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #dto4  ,,la      
,,borde 7,,h5ri74 ,notice sur deux      
,e/ampes de #adjf4 ,gazette des         
,beaux-,arts1 ,m>s #a1 #ahfi4  ,,la     
,,borde 7,l,,on ,e4 ,s4 ,j41 ,,m>quis   
,,de74 ,dbuts de l',imprim]ie           
,/rasb\rg4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 #hvo4  ,essai  
d'un ,catalogue des ,arti/es orig9aires 
des ,pays-,bas4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 #hvo4     
,,lacroix 7,,paul74 ,les ,arts au ,moy5 
ge et  l'poque de la ,r5aissance4 ,p>is1
 #ahgj4 #hvo4  ,,lanzi 7,l474 ,/oria    
pittorica della ,italia dal ,risorgim5to
 delle ,belle ,arti f9 presso al f9e del
 ,,xviii secolo4 #f;a ed4 ,milano1      
#ahbc4 #f vols4 #hvo4  ,,mab]ly 7,j474  
,! ,pr9t ,collector4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & 
a ,bibliography ( ,engrav+1 by ,r4 ,hoe1

 ,jr4 ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 #dto4          
,,mei/]w]ke d] ,holzs*neidekun/ aus dem 
,gebriete d] ,ar*itektur1 ,sculptur und 
,mal]ei4 #at]-#ct] ,b&4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj1
 '#ha4 ,folio4  ,,m]l9 7,r474 ,orig9e   
des ,c>tes  ,j\]4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 #dto4   
,,murr 7,c4 ,g4 ,,von74 ,biblio?que de  
,pe9ture1 de ,sculpture1 et de ,gravure4
 ,franc=t et ,leipsic1 #aggj4 #b vols4  
#abmo4  ,,ottley 7,w4 ,y474 ,an ,inquiry
 conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+4 ,london1 
#ahfc4 #dto4  ,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9
 & e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+1 ^u ,copp] & 
9 ,wood4 ,london1 #ahaf4 #b vols4 #dto4 
,,paeille 7,c474 ,essai hi/orique et    
critique sur l',inv5tion de             
l',imprim]ie4 ,lille1 #ahei4 #hvo4      
,,papillon 7,j4 ,m474 ,trait hi/orique  
et pratique de la ,gravure en ,bois4    
,p>is1 #agff4 #c ,t4 9 #b4 #hvo4        
,,passavant 7,j4 ,d474 ,le              
,pe9tre-,graveur4 ,leipsic1 #ahfj-'fd4  
#f ,t4 #hvo4  ,,r5\vi] 7,,jules74 ,des  
,gravures en ,bois dans les ,livres     
d',an?o9e ,v]>d4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 #hvo4    

,des ,gravures sur ,bois dans les       
,livres de ,simon ,vo/re4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 
#hvo4  ,des ,types et des ,manires des  
,matres ,graveurs p\r s]vir  l',hi/oire 
de la ,gravure4 ,montpelli]1 #ahec-'ef4 
#dto4  ,hi/oire de l',orig9e et des     
,progrs de la ,gravure dans les         
,pays-,bas et en ,allemagne1 jusqu' la  
f9 du qu9zime ,sicle4 ,bruxelles1 #ahfj4
 #hvo4  ,,rumohr 7,c4 ,f4 ,l4 ,f4       
,,von74 ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,!orie d]    
,=ms*neidekun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahcg4 #hvo4  
,,rusk9 7,,john74 ,ariadne ,flor5t9a4   
,six ,lectures on ,wood & ,metal        
,engrav+4 ,orp+ton1 ,k5t1 #ahgf4 #hvo4  
,,savage 7,,william74 ,practical ,h9ts  
on decorative ,pr9t+1 ) ,illu/rations   
engrav$ on ,wood4 ,london1 #ahbb4 #dto4 
,,scott 7,w4 ,b474 ,alb]t ,dr]1 8 ,life 
& ,works4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,sm4 #hvo4 ,! 
,little ,ma/]s4 ,london1 #ahgi4 #hvo4   
,,s+] 7,s4 ,,well]74 ,rese>*es into !   
,hi/ory ( ,play+ ,c>ds2 ) ,illu/rations 
( ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+ & ( ,engrav+ on     
,wood4 ,london1 #ahaf4 #dto4  ,,so!by   

7,s4 ,l474 ,pr9cipia ,typographica4 ,!  
,block-books issu$ 9 ,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 &  
,g]many dur+ ! fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,london1
 #aheh4 #c vols4 ,folio4  ,,?aus+ 7,m474
 ,alb]t ,dr]1 8 ,life & ,works4         
,translat$4 ,) ,portraits &             
,illu/rations4 ,london1 #ahhb4 #hvo4    
,,umbreit 7,a4 ,e474 ,ueb] die          
,eig5hndigkeit d] ,mal]=ms*nitte4       
,leipzig1 #ahdj4 #hvo4  ,,vries 7,a4    
,,de74 claircissem5s sur l',hi/oire de  
l',imprim]ie4 ,la ,haye1 #ahdc4 #hvo4   
,,waag5 7,g4 ,f474 ,treasures ( ,art 9  
,great ,brita91 ) ,supplem5t4 ,london1  
#ahed-'eg4 #d vols4 #hvo4  ,,weigel     
7,,rudolph74 ,holzs*nitte b]hmt] ,mei/] 
9 treu5 ,copi54 ,leipzig1 #ahea-'ed4    
,folio4  ,,weigel 7,t4 ,o47 & ,,ze/]mann
 7,a4 ,c4 ,a474 ,die ,anfnge d]         
,druck]-,kun/ 9 ,bild und ,s*rift4      
,leipzig1 #ahff4 #b ,bnde4 ,folio4      
,,will%ire 7,w4 ,h474 ,an ,introduction 
to ! ,/udy & ,collection ( anci5t       
,pr9ts4 #b;d ed4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #b     
vols4 #hvo4  ,,woltmann 7,,alfr$74      

,holbe9 und se9e ,zeit4 ,leipzig4       
#ahff-'fh4 #b ,?4 #hvo4  ,,wornum 7,r4  
,n474 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,works (  
,holbe94 ,london1 #ahfg4 #hvo4  ,,zani  
7,p474 ,mat]iali p] s]vire alla ,/oria  
dell',orig9e e de' ,progressi           
dell',incisione 9 ,rame e 9 ,legno1 etc4
 ,p>ma1 #ahjb4 #hvo4  ,,zorn 7,,pet]74  
,hi/oria ,bibliorum pictorum4 ,lipsi1   
#agdc4 #dto4     ,,index4   ,adams1     
,joseph ,alex&]1 #agc4  ,altdorf]1      
,albre*t1 #aaa4  ,am]ica3   e>li] hi/ory
 & *>act]i/ics ( ! art1 #aga-agg2       
pres5t position & influ5ce1 #agg1 #agh2 
works 9 imitation ( o!r arts1 #ahe2     
errors 9 practice #aij1 #bjb2   future (
 ! art1 #bjb-bjf4  ,amman1 ,job/1 #aad4 
,&]son1 ,alex&]1 #agb4  ,&reani1 ,&rea1 
#adf4  ,an?ony1 ,a4 ,v4 ,s41 #agf4  ,ars
 ,memor&i1 #dc4  ,ars ,mori5di1 #dc4    
,augsburg3   pr9ts1 #bf2   play+-c>ds1  
#bg2   ,bible1 #eb2   press1 #df1 #eg4  
,baldung1 ,hans1 #aaj4  ,bamb]g3 press1 
#ef4  ,basle3   *>act]i/ics ( ! city 9  
,holbe9's "t1 #aag4  ,behaim1 ,hans     

,sebald1 #aab-aad4  ,b]n>d1 ,/43   8    
rebuke ( art1 #ad4  ,be/1 ,adolphe1     
#afi4  ,bewick1 ,?omas3   ! fa!r ( mod]n
 wood-engrav+1 #aea2   sket* ( 8 life1  
#aed2   re=ms effect$ by him1 #aed2   "*
 ( 8 g5ius1 #aed-afj2   8 works1 #afa2  
influ5ce on ! art 9 ,am]ica1 #agb4      
,bible3   ! ,cologne1 #di2   !          
,nuremb]g1 #ej2   ! ,augsburg1 #eb2   ! 
,/rasburg1 #ej2   ,cov]dale's1 #acb2    
,le ,cl]c's1 #aci2   ,jean de ,t\rnes'1 
#ada2   ,h>p]'s1 #agc4  ,bible cuts3    
,behaim's1 #aac2   ,holbe9's1 #abi-aca2 
,jean ,moni's1 #ada4  ,biblia ,paup]um3 
_! use1 #ca2   designs n orig9al1 #cb2  
description1 #cc2   place ( issue1 #cg4 
,blake1 ,william1 #afb4  ,block-pr9t+3  
inv5tion1 #cj1 #ca1 #db2   decl9e1 #de4 
,boldr9i1 ,nicolo1 #add4  ,b\ts1        
,di$rick1 #ci4  ,bran/on1 ,rob]t1 #afd1 
#afg4  ,bray1 ,!odore de1 #adg4         
,brevire1 ,h5ri1 #afi4  ,breyd5ba*'s    
,travels1 #ee4  ,bront1 ,*>lotte1       
criticism ( ,bewick1 #aei-afa4          
,brosam]1 ,hans1 #aad4  ,bro!rs ( !     

,common ,lot3   _! claim to ! au?or%ip (
 ! block-books1 #ci4  ,brussels3 pr9t ( 
#adah1 #bc4  ,burgkmai]1 ,hans3   g5ius 
& works1 #ii-ajf2   influ5ce on ,holbe91
 #aag   ,calc>1 ,jean1 #adf4  ,c>pi1    
,ugo da1 #hg1 #adf4  ,caxton1 ,william3 
,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse1 #fc4         
,*i>oscuro-engrav+1 #hg-hi1 #adf1 #adh1 
#ahg-ahi4  ,*ri/oph]1 ,/43   pr9t (     
#adbc1 #bb4  ,*ronicles3   g5]al        
description1 #eb2   ! ,cologne1 #ec2   !
 ,nuremb]g1 #ec2   ! ,saxon1 #ec4       
,cl5nell1 ,luke1 #afd1 #afg4  ,cole1    
,t41 #aig1 #bjj4  ,cologne3   e>ly s*ool
 ( art1 #db1 #dc2   ,bible1 #di2        
,*ronicle1 #ec2   press1 #eg4  ,color3  
9 ! holy pr9ts1 #bf note2   9 e>ly      
,g]man books1 #eb2   9 ! ,livres        
d',heures1 #fj1 #fa2   9                
*i>oscuro-engrav+1 #hg4  ,color1        
conv5tional1 #ee1 #aea1 #aeb4           
,copp]plate-engrav+3   influ5ce on      
wood-engrav+1 #dg1 #ia1 #aab1 #ada1     
#adi1 #afd1 #agf1 #ahb4  ,coriolano1    
,b>tolemeo1 #adf4  ,co/]1 ,lawr5ce3     

claim to ! inv5tion ( wood-engrav+1 #ba4
  ,c\s91 ,jean1 #acf-aci4  ,crana*1     
,lukas1 #aaj4  ,crible-"w3              
description1 #ah2   9 ,france1 #fb1 #fc4
  ,cross-hat*+3   fir/ use 9 ,g]many1   
#ee2   9 ,italy1 #hf2   its propriety 9 
wood-engrav+1 #aeb1 #ahf4  ,cunio1      
,isabella & ,alex&] ,alb]ico1 #bj4      
,dalziel1 ! ,bro!rs1 #afh4  ,dance (    
,dea?3   typical m$ival idea1 #aba2     
,holbe9's1 #abc-abi2   ,guyot ,m>*&'s1  
#fb4  ,davis1 ,j4 ,p41 #aig4  ,day1     
,john1 #adg4  ,didot1 ,firm9 7pre73   8 
influ5ce on ! ,fr5* revival ( ! art1    
#afc4  ,dream ( ,poliphilo1 #gj-ha1     
#acg1 #ach4  ,du ,pr1 ,jean1 #fj4  ,dr]1
 ,alb]t3   influ5ce on ! art1 #ij2   "* 
( 8 g5ius1 #ia1 #ib2   ,apocalypse ( ,/4
 ,john1 #ic1 #id2   ,l>g] ,passion1     
,small] ,passion1 ,life ( ! ,virg91     
#ie-ig2   s+le pr9ts1 #ig2   ,c> & ,gate
 ( ,triumph1 #ig-ii4   ,engl&3   e>ly   
woodcuts1 #fc2   ! art 9 ,holbe9's "t1  
#acb1 #adg1 #adh2   mod]n revival1 #aea1
 #afd4  ,evans1 ,edmund1 #afh4   ,=m1   

value (1 9 wood-engrav+1 #aic4  ,france3
   e>ly books 9 ,fr5*1 #eh2   e>ly      
woodcuts1 #ei-fc2   influ5ce ( ,g]many &
 ,italy1 #fb1 #ace2   "* ( ! ,fr5*      
,r5aissance & its art1 #ace-ada2   !    
mod]n revival1 #afc1 #afi4  ,fr5*1      
,frank1 #aif4   ,g5re art1 fir/         
appe>ance 9 wood-engrav+1 #aba4         
,g]many3   ,g]man block-books1 #db1 #dc2
   activity & influ5ce ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 
#df1 #dg2   ! free cities1 #dh2   "* ( !
 e>ly press1 #dh1 #ef1 #eg2   influ5ce  
on ,france1 #fb2   on ,italy1 #fg2   on 
,v5ice1 #fh2   *i>oscuro-engrav+1 #hg2  
! ,r5aissance1 #ia1 #ig1 #aaj1 #aaa1    
#aae2   decl9e1 #adh2   ! mod]n revival1
 #afc1 #afi4  ,gilb]t1 ,sir ,john1 #afh4
  ,goldsmi?s1 m$ival3   _! art-works1   
#ad-af2   position 9 ,france & !        
,ne!rl&s1 #ag2   _! claim to ! inv5tion 
( wood-engrav+1 #ah1 #ai4  ,goltzius1   
,h5drick1 #adg4  ,g\jon1 ,jean1 #aci4   
,gre*e1 ,dom5ico delle1 #ade4  ,gregory 
! ,great3   8 def5ce ( art1 #ca4        
,gr\ps1 mod]n1 #aie-bjj4  ,gubitz1      

,fri$ri* ,wilhelm1 #afc4   ,h>vey1      
,william1 #afg4  ,hi/oria ,johannis     
,evangeli/ ejusque ,visiones            
,apocalyptic1 #db4  ,hi/oria ,virg9is   
,m>i1 #da4  ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,hung>y1 
#ec1 #ed4  ,holbe91 ,hans3   ! fir/     
mod]n arti/1 #aaf2   "* & developm5t ( 8
 g5ius1 #aag-abj2   e>ly "w1 #abj2      
,dance ( ,dea?1 #abc-abh2   8           
democratic1 re=m+1 & sceptical _s1      
dramatic & arti/ic p[]1 #abj-abg2       
,figures ( ! ,bible1 #abi-aca2   8      
,engli% portraits1 #aca2   8 ,engli%    
woodcuts1 #acb2   summ>y ( 8 p[]s &     
influ5ce1 #acb-acd4  ,holy pr9ts1       
#ba-bf4  ,hosk91 ,rob]t1 #aie4          
,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili3   illu/ration
 ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 #gj-ha2   !  
,fr5* reproduction1 #acg1 #ach4         
,initial lett]s3   9 ,fau/ & ,s*eff]'s  
,psalt]1 #df2   9 ! ,augsburg ,bible1   
#eb2   9 ,italy1 #hf2   9 ,holbe9's     
alphabets1 #abj1 #aba4  ,italy3         
arti/ic _s1 #fe2   democratic           
civilization1 #ff2   ! ,r5aissance1 #fg2

   introduction ( pr9t+1 #fh2   e>ly    
cuts1 #fh2   g5]al *>act]ization ( !    
engrav$ "w1 #he2   decl9e1 #hf2         
*i>oscuro-engrav+1 #hg-hi2   influ5ce on
 ,holbe91 #aag1 #aah4   ,jackson1 ,john 
,bapti/1 #adh4  ,jegh]1 ,*ri/oph]1 #adg4
  ,j]ome1 ,/41 ,epi/les (1 #gj1 #ga4    
,ju5gl+1 ,f41 #aie1 #bjj4   ,k]v]1      
,?ielman1 #fb4  ,k+1 ,f4 ,s41 #ahi1     
#aic4  ,kirkall1 ,edw>d1 #adh4  ,kruell1
 ,g41 #bjj4   ,l&scape1 mod]n1 #ahf-aie4
  ,lavoignat1 ,h41 #afi4  ,le ,c>on1    
,pi]re1 #fj4  ,le ,cl]c1 ,jean1 #aci1   
#adj4  ,lee*1 ,john1 #afh4  ,leloir1    
,augu/e1 #afi4  ,le ,r\ge1 ,pi]re1 #fj4 
,le ,sueur1 ,pi]re1 #adh4  ,leyd51      
,lukas van1 #aaj1 #adg4  ,l9ton1 ,w4    
,j41 #afh1 #agf1 #bjj4  ,little ,ma/]s1 
#aaa4  ,liv5s1 ,jean1 #adg4  ,livres    
d',heures1 #fj-fb4  ,lor*1 ,mel*ior1    
#aad4  ,lorme1 ,philib]t de1 #adj4      
,luc*es9i1 #adh4  ,ltzelburg]1 ,hans1   
#abi4  ,lyons3   e>lie/ seat ( ! art 9  
,france1 #ei2   "* ( ! e>li] press1 #ei2
   ! lat] press1 #adj4   ,magaz9es3 use 

& influ5ce1 #afg4  ,m>*&1 ,guyot1 #fj1  
#fb4  ,m>%1 ,h5ry1 #agf1 #ahf4          
,maximilian1 ,emp]or3   life & "*1 #ig2 
works execut$ by 8 ord]--! ,triumphal   
,c>1 #ih2   ,gate ( ,triumph1 #ii2   !  
,triumphal ,procession1 #ii-aje2   ,!   
,adv5tures ( ,sir ,tewrdannckh1 #ajf2   
,! ,wise ,k+1 #ajf2   influ5ce ( 8      
patronage1 #aji4  ,may5ce press1 #df1   
#ec1 #ee1 #eg4  ,metal-engrav+ e>li] ?an
 wood-engrav+1 #ah4  ,middle ,ages3     
position ( goldsmi?s1 #ad-ah2           
imp]sonal _s1 #bf2   value ( pa9t+1 #bh1
 #ca2   immobility ( m9d1 #cb2          
religi\s temp] & intellectual life1 #dj1
 #da2   art1 typical1 #ec2   illu/rat$  
by ,dr]1 #ib2   by ,maximilian's works1 
#ii-aje2   by ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 #aba4   
,moni1 ,jean1 #ada4   ,nanto1 ,francesco
 da1 #ade4  ,nesbit1 ,*>lton1 #afd4     
,ne!rl&s3   civilization 91 #cg2        
wood-engrav+ probably inv5t$ 91 #ch2    
decl9e (1 #dg1 #eg1 #adg4  ,nicolo1     
,giuseppe1 #adf4  ,nuremburg3   pr9ts1  
#bf2   play+-c>ds1 #bg2   ,bible1 #ej2  

,*ronicle1 #ec2   press1 #eg1 #aad4     
,pa9t+1 place (1 9 m$ival popul>        
civilization1 #bh1 #ca4  ,papillon1     
,jean1 ! ,eld]1 #adh2   ! ,y\ng]1 #bj4  
,p>is3   "* ( ! ,p>isian press1 #ei1    
#fj2   e>ly books & pr9t]s1 #fj2   !    
,livres d',heures1 #fj1     secul>      
books1 #fb1 #fc4  ,priss91 ,jacques1    
#adj4  ,pfi/]1 ,book ( ,fables1 #ef4    
,pig\*et1 ,philippe1 #fb4  ,play+-c>ds1 
#bg4  ,pleyd5wurff1 ,william1 #ec4      
,pl9y1 ref]5ce to ,v>ro's portraits1    
#bj4  ,porret1 #afi4  ,porto1 ,giovanni 
,batti/a del1 #ade4  ,portraits1 mod]n1 
#aih1 #bjj-bjb4  ,pr9ciples (           
wood-engrav+1 #ahj-ahe4  ,processes3    
engrav+ 9 relief on wood kn[n to !      
anci5ts1 #ac2   ( tak+ impressions1 #ag2
   en manire crible1 #ah2   ( tak+ (f ! 
holy pr9ts1 #ba1 #bb2   ( block-pr9t+1  
#cj2   ( cross-hat*+1 #ee2   (          
*i>oscuro-engrav+1 #hg-hi2   :ite-l9e & 
,bewick's o!r re=ms1 #aea-aee4  ,pynson1
 ,ri*>d1 #fd4   ,raimondi1 ,m>c         
,antonio1 #if1 #adb4  ,re=mation        

reflect$ 9 wood-engrav+1 #ea1 #aab1     
#aag1 #abj1 #abf1 #acb4  ,rembr&t1 #adg4
  ,r5aissance3 9 ,italy1 #fg-he2   9    
,g]many1 #ia1 #ig1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aae2   9
 ,france1 #ace-ada4  ,romances1 popul>1 
#ei1 #ada4  ,rub5s1 ,p4 ,p43            
reproductions aft] 8 designs1 #adg4     
,rusk91 ,john3   criticism on ,holbe91  
#abf2   on ,bewick1 #aee4   ,sa9ts'     
images1 #ba-bf4  ,salomon1 ,b]n>d1      
#adj-ada4  ,s&1 ,george1 criticism (    
,holbe91 #abd4  ,satire3 9 ,bible-cuts1 
#ej1 #ea2   9 ! ,little ,ma/]s1 #aab2   
9 ,holbe91 #abj1 #acb4  ,saxony3        
,*ronicle1 #ec4  ,s*atzbehalt]1 #ed4    
,s*uffel91 ,hans1 #ajf4  ,s*n1 ,erh>d1  
#aad4  ,scol>i1 ,giuseppe1 #ade4        
,seba/ian1 ,/43   pr9t ( #adcg1 #bc4    
,secul>ization ( art1 #ej1 #aaj1 #aaa4  
,smi?1 ,orr91 #afg4  ,solis1 ,virgil1   
#aad4  ,speculum ,human ,salvationis3   
description1 #cd2   place ( issue1 #cf2 
au?or%ip1 #ch1 note1 #ci2   "* ( ! cuts1
 #dj4  ,spirituale ,pom]ium1 #ci4       
,spr+9klee1 ,hans1 #ajf1 #aaj4  ,/amps1 

engrav$1 e>ly use1 #ac4  ,/imm]1        
,tobias1 #aad4  ,/rasburg3   ,bible1    
#ej2   press1 #eg4  ,sug]1 def5ce ( art1
 #ae4   ,t5niel1 ,john1 #afh4           
,tewrdannckh1 ,sir1 ,adv5tures (1 #ajf4 
,?ompson1 ,john1 #afd4  ,titian1        
reproductions aft] 8 designs1 #add-adf4 
,tortorel1 ,jean1 #adj4  ,tory1         
,ge(frey1 influ5ce on ,fr5* engrav+1    
#ace4  ,tr5to1 ,antonio da1 #adf4       
,turrecremata's1 ,c>d9al1 ,m$itations1  
#fh4   ,ulm3   pr9ts1 #bf2   press1 #eg4
  ,ung]1 ,johann ,georg1 & ,johann      
,gottlieb ,fri$ri*1 #afc4   ,van d]     
,weyd51 ,rog]1 #db4  ,van ,eyck1 #cf1   
#cg1 #db4  ,v>ro1 portraits 9 8 works1  
#bj4  ,vecellio1 ,ces>e1 #adf4  ,v5ice3 
claim to ! orig9 ( wood-engrav+1 #bj2   
decree =bidd+ importation ( pr9ts f     
,g]many1 #bg2   e>ly cuts1 #fh2   e>ly  
views ( ! city1 #fi2    lat] cuts1      
#hb-hg1 #adc-adg4  ,v]>d1 ,anto9e1 #fj1 
#fb4  ,vesalius's ,anatomy1 #ade4       
,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #adb4  ,vo/re1      
,simon1 #fb4   ,:ite l9e3   description1

 #aea2   influ5ce on ! art 9 ,bewick's  
h&s1 #aec2   ! engrav]'s prov9ce1 #aed1 
#ahd4  ,wise ,k+1 ,!1 #ajf4  ,woeiriot1 
,pi]re1 #adj4  ,wohlgemu?1 ,mi*ael1 #ec1
 #ed4  ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 #fd4   ,za9] 
,gun!r1 #df1 #eb4   ,,! ,,end4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,typographical errors correct$ by !     
etext transcrib]3  app5dix von ,alb]t   
,ilg4 ,we9 app5dix von ,alb]t ,ilg4 ,wi5
 pg #ai  ,guyot ,m>*&'s ,la ,dance      
,macabre1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #adhe ,guyot   
,m>*&'s ,la ,danse ,macabre1 fir/       
publi%$ 9 #adhe pg #fb  its bloom 9 sun 
dif]s its bloom 9 sun diff]s pg #aha    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,footnotes3  #a 8,docum5ts1            
,iconographiques et ,typographiques de  
la ,biblio?que ,royale de ,belgique10   
,deuxime ,livr4 ,gravure ,crible1 p> ,m4
 ,h4 ,hymans4 ,bruxelles1 #ahfd-ahgc4   
,quot$ 9 ,will%ire1 8,an ,introduction  
to ! ,/udy & ,collection ( ,anci5t      
,pr9ts40 ,london4 #ahgg2 #b vols42 vol4 
ii41 p4 #fd4  #b 8,fulget ecclesia 9    

p>ietibus1 et 9 paup]ibus eget4 ,suos   
lapides induit auro2 et suos filios     
nudos des]it4 99 99 99 ,tam multa       
d5ique1 tamque mira div]s>ium =m>um     
ubique v>ietas app>et ut magis leg]e    
libeat 9 m>moribus1 quam 9 codicibus1   
totum diem occup>e s+ula i/a mir&o quam 
9 lege ,dei m$it&o40 ,sancti ,b]n>di    
op]a omnia4 ,recognita1 etc41 curis     
,dom4 ,j4 ,mabillon4 #d vols4 ,p>is1    
#ahci2 vol4 i41 col4 #abdb-abdd1        
,apologia ad ,guillelmum1 cap4 xii4  #c 
8,abundet unusquisque 9 suo s5su1 mihi  
fateor hoc potissimum placuisse ut      
qucumque c>iora1 qucumque c>issima1     
sacrosanct ,eu*>i/i amm9i/rationi sup]  
omnia des]vire debeant4 ,si libatoria   
aurea1 si fial aure et si mort>iola     
aurea ad collectam sangu9is hircorum aut
 vitulorum aut vacc ruff1 ore ,dei aut  
prophet jussu1 des]viebant2 quanto magis
 ad susceptionem sangu9is ,jesu ,*ri/i  
vasa aurea1 lapides preciosi1 quque int]
 omnes creaturas c>issima cont9uo       
famulatu1 pl5a devotione exponi debeat40

 uvres compltes de ,sug] recueillies1   
etc41 p> ,a4 ,l4 de la ,m>*e4 ,p>is1    
#ahfg4 ,sur son adm9i/ration ,abbatiale1
 p4 #aii et seq4  #d ,la ,b>te1         
8,hi/oire des ,arts ,indu/riels au ,moy5
 ,age et a l'poque de la ,r5aissance40  
#d tom4 7,album1 #b tom474 ,p>is1 #ahfd4
 ,tom4 i41 pp4 #cia-eac2 tom4 ii41 pp4  
#a-eib4  #e ,leon ,delaborde1 8,notice  
des ,emaux et ,objets div]s exposs au   
,l\vre40 ,p>is1 #ahec2 p4 #hd4  #f ,leon
 ,delaborde1 8,la plus anci5ne ,gravure 
du ,cab9et des ,e/ampes de la           
,biblio?que ,royale1 e/-elle anci5ne80  
,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,quot$ 9 ,will%ire1 vol4  
ii41 p4 #fd4  #g ,!ophilus ,presbyt]1   
8,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium40 ,revidirt] 
text1 ub]setzung und app5dix von ,alb]t 
,ilg4 ,wi51 #ahgd2 cap4 lxxi41 lxxii41  
pp4 #bha-bhc4  #h ,r5\vi]1 8,hi/oire de 
l',orig9e et des ,progrs de la ,gravure 
dans les ,pays-,bas et en ,allemagne1   
jusqu' la f9 du qu9zime ,sicle40        
,bruxelles1 #ahfj4  #i ,! date ( #adjf  
has be5 assign$ to two examples at ,p>is

 ) great +5uity1 b n unque/ionably1 by  
,m4 le ,vte4 ,h5ri ,delaborde1 8,notice 
sur ,deux ,e/ampes de #adjf et sur les  
comm5cem5ts de la ,gravure              
,crible40--,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1   
,m>s #a1 #ahfi4  #aj ,will%ire1 vol4    
ii41 pp4 #fb1 #fc4  #aa ,pl9y1 8,nat4   
,hi/410 lib] xxxv41 c4 #b4  #ab ,w4 ,y4 
,ottley1 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 &  
,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ ^u ,copp] & 9  
,wood40 ,london1 #ahaf2 #b vols42 vol4  
i41 pp4 #ed-ei4  #ac ,papillon1 8,trait 
,hi/orique de la ,gravure en ,bois40    
,p>is1 #agff4 ,trois p>ties en deux     
tomes2 tom4 i41 p4 #hc4  #ad ,von ,murr1
 ,zani1 m]ic ,david1 ,ottley4  #ae      
,he9eck51 ,lanzi1 ,m>iette1 ,didot4  #af
 ,jackson & ,*atto1 8,a ,treatise on    
,wood-engrav+40 ,london1 #ahci2 p4 #ci4 
#ag ,me]man1 8,orig4 ,typogr40 ,hag1    
,comit41 #agfe4  #ah ,hadriani ,junii   
,batavia4 ,lugdunum ,batavorum1 #aehh4  
#ai ,s4 ,so!by1 8,pr9cipia              
,typographica40 ,! block-books issu$ 9  
,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 & ,g]many dur+ ! #ae?   

c5tury4 ,london1 #aheh2 #c vols42 vol4  
i41 p4 #agi4  #bj ,he9eck51 8,ide       
,gnrale d'une ,collection complette     
d',e/ampes40 ,leipsic et ,vi5ne1 #agga2 
p4 #bej4  #ba ,^? :o are curi\s may     
consult on ?is pr9t 8,quelques ,mots sur
 la ,gravure au millsime de #adah10 p>  
,c4 ,d4 ,b4 7,m4 de ,br\74 ,bruxelles1  
#ahdf4 8,la ,plus ,anci5ne ,gravure     
connue avec une date10 ,mmoire p> ,m4 le
 ,b>on de ,reiff5b]g4 ,bruxelles1 #ahde2
 also1 9 favor ( ! date1 ! works (      
,ruel5s1 ,lu!reau1 ,r5\vi]1 ,b]jeau1 &  
aga9/ x1 ! works ( ,passavant1          
,la,croix1 & ,*atto4  #bb ,?is pr9t is  
describ$ by ,ottley 9 8 8,inquiry10 etc4
 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,!re is ano!r woodcut  
on ! rev]se side ( ! leaf1 repres5t+ !  
,virg9 hold+ ! dead ,*ri/1 ( :i* ,ottley
 gives a fac-simile4 ,! manuscript ) ^! 
woodcuts is n[ 9 ! possession (         
,pr(essor ,norton1 ( ,h>v>d ,college4   
#bc ,_m f9e examples ( ^! pr9ts are     
reproduc$1 ) _! orig9al colors1 9       
,weigel & ,ze/]mann's 8,die ,anfnge d]  

,druck]-,kun/ 9 ,bild und ,s*rift40 #b  
,bnde4 ,leipzig1 #ahff4  #bd ,f\r s*ools
 ( color+ are reckon$3 ! ,suabian ,s*ool
 7,augsburg & ,ulm71 m>k$ by bright     
colors2 ! ,franconian 7,nuremb]g &      
,nrdl+571 m>k$ by less lively colors2 ! 
,bav>ian 7,fries+1 ,teg]nsee1           
,kais]%eim71 m>k$ by use ( pure c>m9e & 
o*re2 ! ,l[] ,rh9e 7,cologne1 & t[ns (  
,burgundy71 m>k$ by pure colors 9 pale  
t9ts4 ,see ,will%ire1 vol4 i41 p4 #age  
et seq4  #be ,m]l91 8,orig9e des ,c>tes 
,j\]1 ,re*]*es n\velles10 etc4 ,p>is1   
#ahfi4  #bf ,pr9t$ 9 ,ottley1 8,an      
,inquiry10 etc41 vol4 i41 p4 #dg4  #bg  
8,nam quod leg5tibus ,scriptura1 hoc    
idiotis pr/at pictura c]n5tibus1 quia 9 
ipsa etiam ignorantes vid5t quid sequi  
debeant1 9 ipsa legunt qui litt]as      
nesciunt2 unde et prcipue g5tibus pro   
lectione pictura e/40 ,patrologi ,cursus
 ,completus1 ,accurante1 ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1
 tom4 lxxvii4 ,sancti ,gregorii ,magni1 
tom1 iii41 lib] xi41 epis4 xiii41 col4  
#aabh4 ,vide1 also1 idem1 lib] ix41     

epis4 cv41 col4 #ajbg4  #bh 8,biblia    
,paup]um40 ,reproduc$ 9 fac-simile1 f "o
 ( ! copies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) an   
hi/orical & bibliographical introduction
 by ,j4 ,ph4 ,b]jeau4 ,london1 #ahei4   
#bi 8,speculum ,human ,salvationis40 ,le
 ,plus ,anci5 ,monum5t de la            
,xylographie et de la ,typographie      
runies4 ,reproduit en fac-simile1 avec  
introduction ,hi/orique et              
,bibliographique1 p> ,j4 ,ph4 ,b]jeau4  
,londres1 #ahfa4  #cj ,! composition ( !
 poem :i* =ms ! text ( ! ,speculum has  
be5 attribut$ to ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 :o
 c\ld n h writt5 x1 & to ,conrad        
d',altzheim1 :o might h writt5 x2 !     
designs h be5 attribut$ to v>i\s arti/s1
 p>ticul>ly to ,/eurb\t1 b on ! slighte/
 gr\nds2 ! pr9t+ has be5 assign$ to     
,lawr5ce ,co/]1 9 ^: d\btful if n       
fabul\s "n no confid5ce c be plac$1 & to
 ,veld5]1 ,fau/ & ,s*eff]1 ,?i]ry ,m>t5s
 d',alo/1 & o!r e>ly ,g]man & ,flemi%   
pr9t]s4  #ca ,r5\vi]1 8,orig9e10 etc41  
p4 #ia2 & ,b]jeau's preface to !        

,fac-simile ,reproduction ( ! ,speculum4
 ,! claims ( ! ,bro!rhood are support$  
mo/ fully by ,h>z5 9 8,ar*iv fr die     
,zei*n5d5 ,kn/e40 ,leipsig1 #ahee4  #cb 
,didot1 8,essai ,typographique et       
,bibliographique sur l',hi/oire de la   
,gravure sur ,bois10 col4 #bje4 ,p>is1  
#ahfc4  #cc ,r5\vi]1 8,des ,gravures sur
 ,bois dans les ,livres de ,simon       
,vo/re40 ,p>is1 #ahfb4  #cd ,see        
,duplessis on ! works ( ,simon ,vo/re1 &
 ,brunet's 8,manuel du ,libraire10 tom  
v41 at ! end1 = f>!r in=mation on !     
devotional books ( ! ,fr5* pr9t]s4  #ce 
,ante1 p4 #ah4  #cf ,vide ,r5\vi]1      
,didot1 ,passavant4  #cg ,vespas4       
,fior41 p4 #abi4 ,quot$ 9 ,burckh>dt1   
8,! ,civilization ( ! ,p]iod ( !        
,r5aissance 9 ,italy40 ,translat$ by ,s4
 ,g4 ,c4 ,middlemore4 ,vol4 i41 p4 #bga4
 ,london1 #ahgh4  #ch ,! ,academy1      
,octob] #ae1 #ahgb1 pp4 #chc et seq4    
,vide1 also1 ,alb]t ,ilg1 8,ueb] d5     
,kun/hi/oris*5 ,w]? d] ,hypn]otoma*ia   
,poliphili1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d]

 ,kun/lit]atur 9 d] ,r5aissance40 ,wi51 
#ahgb4 ,! orig9al edition ( ! ,dream (  
,poliphilo is r>e & co/ly4 ,x 0 re-issu$
 9 ,v5ice1 9 #aede1 & 9 ,p>is1 ) "s     
v>iations 7( :i* "s acc\nt is giv5 on a 
lat] page71 9 #aedf4 ,!re is an abridg$ 
translation 9 ,fr5* by ,legr&1 )\t cuts1
 pr9t$ by ,didot 9 #ahjd4  #ci 8,le     
,triomphe de l',emp]eur ,maximili54     
,vi5ne1 #agif40  #dj 8,la ,m>e au       
,diable1 p> ,george ,s&10 pp4 #e-g4     
,p>is1 #ahfi4