,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady4--,,john ,,s+leton ,,copley4 ,,art ,,9 ,,am]ica ,a ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,b5jam9 ,,au?or ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,art ,,9 ,,europe ,,:at ,,is ,,art c4 ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s ,,frankl9 ,,squ>e #ahhj ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgi1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,erratum4 ,! cut on page #bh1 attribut$ to ,rembr&t ,peale1 %\ld be cr$it$ to ,john ,t4 ,peele4 ,,preface4 ,! aim ( ?is book has be5 to give a hi/orical outl9e ( ! gr[? ( ! arts 9 ,am]ica4 ,b :ile ?is has be5 ! dom9at+ idea 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 criticism has necess>ily ent]$1 m or less1 into ! prep>ation ( ! "w1 s9ce only by weigh+ ! diff]5ces or ! comp>ative m]its ( ^? arti/s :o seem$ be/ to illu/rate ! v>i\s phases ( ,am]ican art has x be5 possible to trace its progress f "o /ep to ano!r4 ,x is f no lack ( appreciation ( _! tal5ts t ! au?or has app>5tly neglect$ m5tion ( ! ,am]ican arti/s resid5t 9 =eign capitals--l ,bridgman1 ,duv5eck1 ,wight1 ,neal1 ,bacon1 ,b5son1 ,erne/ ,p>ton1 ,millet1 ,:i/l]1 ,dana1 ,bla%field1 ,miss ,g>dn]1 ,miss ,conant1 & _m o!rs :o h done cr$it to ,am]ican /hetic culture4 ,b x 0 necess>y to draw ! l9e some:]e2 & to discuss :at our arti/s are pa9t+ abroad w\ld h at once enl>g$ ! scope ( ! "w beyond ! limits ( ! plan adopt$4 ,an exception has be5 made 9 ! case ( our sculptors1 because !y h s uni=mly liv$ & wr\ght 9 ,europe1 & s l>ge a proportion ( !m are /ill resid5t !re1 t1 7 we to conf9e ?is bran* ( ! subject only to ! sculptors n[ actually 9 ,am]ica1 !re w\ld be little left to say ab\t _! dep>tm5t ( our arts4 ,! au?or takes ?is occasion cordially to ?ank ! arti/s & amateurs :o h k9dly p]mitt$ copies ( _! pa9t+s & draw+s to be engrav$ = ?is volume4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,art #ac ,,ii4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s 7#ahbh-ahgh7 #ci ,,iii4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s 7#ahbh-ahgh7 #ff ,,iv4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s 7#ahbh-ahgh7 #ig ,v4 ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,am]ica #acd ,,vi4 ,,pres5t ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,am]ican ,,art #afd ,,illu/rations4 ,,subject4 ,,arti/4 ,,page4 ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady ,john ,s+leton ,copley ,frontispiece ,,family ,,( ,,bi%op ,,b]keley ,john ,smyb]t #af ,,dea? ,,on ,,! ,,pale ,,horse ,b5jam9 ,we/ #ai ,,dea? ,,( ,,montgom]y ,john ,trumbull #bc ,,g5]al ,,knox ,gilb]t ,/u>t #be ,,begg>',s ,,op]a ,g4 ,/u>t ,newton #bg ,,babes ,,9 ,,! ,,wood ,rembr&t ,peale #bh ,,fanny ,,kemble ,?omas ,sully #bi ,,ariadne ,john ,v&]lyn #cj ,,! ,,h\rs ,e4 ,g4 ,malbone #cb ,,j]emiah ,wa%+ton ,all/on #cd ,,dy+ ,,h]cules ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse #ce ,,mumble ,,! ,,peg ,h5ry ,inman #dj ,,portrait ,,( ,,p>ke ,,godw9 ,?omas ,le ,cle> #dc ,,portrait ,,( ,,flet*] ,,h>p] ,c4 ,l4 ,elliott #de ,,an ,,ideal ,,head ,g4 ,a4 ,bak] #dh ,,! ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,p>is ,h5ry ,pet]s ,grey #ej ,,mir&a ,daniel ,hunt+ton #ec ,a ,,surprise ,william ,sidney ,m\nt #ee ,,tak+ ,,! ,,veil ,rob]t ,weir #eg ,,desolation4 ,,f ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,empire,?omas ,cole #ei ,a ,,/udy ,,f ,,nature ,a4 ,b4 ,dur& #fa ,,noon ,,by ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore4--,,bev]ly ,,bea* ,j4 ,f4 ,k5sett #fc ,,altorf1 ,,bir?-,,place ,,( ,,william ,,tell ,george ,l4 ,br[n #fd ,,brook ,,9 ,,! ,,woods ,wor?+ton ,:ittr$ge #fg ,,l&scape ,,composition ,r4 ,w4 ,hubb>d #gj ,,! ,,va/y ,,deep ,william ,t4 ,ri*>ds #gb ,,high ,,torn1 ,,rockl& ,,lake ,jasp] ,f4 ,cropsey #gd ,,! ,,p>sonage ,a4 ,f4 ,bell[s #ge ,,l&scape ,,) ,,cattle ,james ,h>t #gg ,,sunset ,,on ,,! ,,hudson ,s&=d ,r4 ,gif=d #hj ,a ,,composition ,fr$]ick ,e4 ,*ur* #hb ,a ,,w9t] ,,sc5e ,l\is ,r4 ,mignot #hd ,,%ip ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,m>9] ,james ,hamilton #he ,,:oo6 ,william ,h4 ,be>d #hg ,,lafayette ,,9 ,,prison ,e4 ,leutze #hi ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady ,william ,page #ia ,,! ,,refuge ,elihu ,v$d] #ic ,,c>toon ,,sket*3 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,nicodemus ,john ,laf>ge #ie ,,view ,,on ,,! ,,k]n ,,riv] ,a4 ,bi]/adt #ii ,,! ,,yosemite ,?omas ,hill #ajj ,,! ,,ba!rs ,?omas ,moran #aja ,,l&scape ,j]vis ,m',entee #ajd ,,c\nty ,,k]ry ,a4 ,h4 ,wyant #aje ,,! ,,adirondacks ,hom] ,m>t9 #ajg ,a ,,l&scape ,j4 ,w4 ,casile> #aji ,,%ip ,,a%ore ,m4 ,f4 ,h4 ,de ,haas #aaa ,a ,,foggy ,,morn+ ,w4 ,e4 ,norton #aab ,a ,,m>9e ,ar?ur ,qu>tley #aad ,,argu+ ,,! ,,"q ,t4 ,w4 ,wood #aaf ,,! ,,rose ,b4 ,f4 ,may] #aah ,,dress ,,p>ade ,j4 ,g4 ,br[n #abj ,a ,,b$-,,"t ,,/ory ,s4 ,j4 ,guy #aba ,,! ,,"m ,ea/man ,johnson #abc ,,sail-,,boat ,w9sl[ ,hom] #abd ,,! ,,sc\t ,wordswor? ,?ompson #abf ,,on ,,! ,,old ,,sod ,william ,magra? #abg ,a ,,mat9 ,,song ,fidelia ,bridges #abi ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,dog ,frank ,rog]s #acj ,,lo/ ,,9 ,,! ,,sn[ ,a4 ,f4 ,tait #acb ,,eve ,,be=e ,,! ,,fall ,hiram ,p[]s #ace ,,orpheus ,?omas ,craw=d #acg ,,columbus ,,be=e ,,! ,,c\ncil4 ,,f ,,! ,,bronze ,,door ,r&olph ,rog]s #aci ,,( ,,! ,,capitol ,,at ,,wa%+ton ,,! ,,gho/ ,,9 ,,hamlet ,?omas ,r4 ,g\ld #ada ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,w>d #adc ,,m$ea ,william ,wetmore ,/ory #adf ,,! ,,promis$ ,,l& ,frankl9 ,simmons #adg ,,latona ,,& ,,h] ,,infants ,w4 ,h4 ,r9eh>t #aej ,,z5obia ,h>riet ,hosm] #aeb ,,ev5+ ,e4 ,d4 ,palm] #aec ,,bu/ ,,( ,,william ,,page ,william ,r4 ,o',donovan #aee ,,abraham ,,pi]son ,launt ,?ompson #aeg ,,! ,,*>ity ,,pati5t ,john ,rog]s #aeh ,,! ,,:irlw9d ,j4 ,s4 ,h>tley #aei ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,cross ,,by ,,angels4 ,,/4 ,,?omas',s ,augu/us ,/4 ,gaud5s #afj ,,*ur*1 ,,new ,,york ,,?omas ,,jeff]son',s ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,monum5t #afb ,,! ,,m[+ ,alfr$ ,fr$]icks #afe ,,birds ,,9 ,,! ,,=e/ ,miss ,jessie ,curtis #afi ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,pet]',s ,,c\rt%ip ,h[>d ,pyle #aga ,,"s ,,art ,,connoisseurs ,w4 ,hamilton ,gibson #agc ,,wa%+ton ,,op5+ ,,! ,,ball ,c4 ,s4 ,re9h>t #age ,,museum ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts1 ,,bo/on #agh ,,! ,,a/oni%$ ,,abb ,e4 ,a4 ,abbey #aha ,a ,,*ild',s ,,portrait ,b4 ,c4 ,port] #ahd ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,v5ice ,samuel ,colman #ahe ,,! ,,old ,,or*>d ,r4 ,swa9 ,gif=d #ahg ,a ,,l&scape ,george ,inness #ahh ,,la ,,m>gu]ette--,,! ,,daisy ,william ,m4 ,hunt #ahi ,,moonlight ,john ,j4 ,ennek+ #aia ,,hav+ ,a ,,good ,,"t ,l\is ,c4 ,tiffany #aib ,,s\?ampton1 ,,long ,,isl& ,c4 ,h4 ,mill] #aic ,a ,,/udy ,fr$]ick ,dielman #aie ,,! ,,burgoma/] ,h4 ,muhrman #aig ,,burial ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,bird ,j4 ,ald5 ,wi] #bjj ,,! ,,appr5tice ,william ,m4 ,*ase #bja ,,! ,,pr(essor ,?omas ,eak9s #bjd ,,! ,,goose-,,h]d ,walt] ,%irlaw #bje ,a ,,spani% ,,lady ,m>y ,s4 ,cassatt #bjh ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,boy',s ,,head ,w4 ,s>ta9 #bji ,,art ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,art4 ,! art ( a nation is ! result ( c5turies ( gr[?2 its cr[n+ excell5ce does n come except :5 maturity & repose (f] ! occasion = its developm5t4 ,b :ile1 !re=e1 x is yet too soon to look = a great s*ool ( art 9 ,am]ica1 ! "t has p]haps arriv$ to note "s ( ! prelim9>y phases ( ! art :i*1 we h reason to hope1 is to dawn ^u ! c\ntry be=e long4 ,z ! heirs ( all ! ages1 we _h a "r to expect t our intellectual activity w\ld dem& art expression2 :ile ! fir/ ef=ts w\ld naturally be imitative r ?an orig9al4 ,! individuality :i* f9ds v5t 9 ! utt]ance ( tru? "u new conditions is n fully rea*$ until y\? gives place to ! vigor\s self-ass]tion ( a manhood consci\s ( its res\rces & p[]4 ,su* we f9d to h be5 ! case 9 ! rise ( ! f9e arts 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* up to ?is "t h be5 r an e*o ( ! art ( ! l&s f :i* our ance/ors came1 ?an di/9ctively orig9al4 ,our art has be5 ! result ( affectionate remembrance ( =eign a*ievem5t m ?an ( indep5d5t obs]vation ( nature2 & :ile ! numb] ( arti/s has be5 suffici5tly l>ge1 v few ( !m /& =? z repres5tatives or types ( novel me?ods & ideas2 & ^? few1 com+ be=e _! "t1 h met ) little response 9 ! community1 & _! influ5ce has be5 g5]ally local & mod]ate1 lead+ to ! f\nd+ ( no?+ l a s*ool except 9 "o or two isolat$ cases4 ,b _m ( !m1 especially 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( our art1 h %>$ ! /rong1 active "* ( _! "t2 &1 l ! h]oes ( ! ,revolution1 pres5t$ /urdy traits ( "*4 ,& ?us1 :ile ! society 9 :i* !y mov$ 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to appreciate ! quality ( _! art1 !y 7 yet able to /amp _! names indelibly ^u ! pages ( our hi/ory4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! popul> int]e/ 9 art has gr[n s rapidly 9 ! c\ntry--z indicat$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s art s*ools & academies1 art gall]ies1 & publications treat+ exclusively ( art subjects1 toge!r ) _m o!r significant pro(s ( conc]n 9 ! subject--t x seems safe to assume t ! fir/ prep>atory p]iod ( ,am]ican art1 s brilliant 9 _m respects1 is ab\t clos+1 & t we are n[ on ! ?re%old ( ano!r1 al?\gh x is only sc>cely ?ree c5turies s9ce ! fir/ ,engli% coloni/s l&$ on our %ores4 ,! fir/ pr(essional arti/ ( :om !re seems to be any record 9 our colonial hi/ory 0 possessor ( a title t does n (t5 fall to ! lot ( ! arti/3 he 0 a deacon4 ,?is fact indicates t ,deacon ,%em ,dr[ne1 ( ,bo/on t[n1 0 n only a cunn+ artific] 9 metals & wood-c>v+1 z ! old *ronicles speak ( him1 b also a man addict$ to none ( ! small vices t are traditionally connect$ ) ! arti/ic c>e]2 = p 7 v prop] 9 t vic9age 9 ^? days ( au/]e virtue & primness1 & deacons 7 e/eem$ ! v salt ( ! e>?4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( our colonial exi/5ce local pa9t]s1 (t5 sc>cely des]v+ ! "n1 are also kn[n to h ga9$ a prec>i\s livelihood by tak+ meagre portraits ( ! wor?ies ( ! p]iod1 9 black & :ite or 9 color4 ,we %\ld "k ?is to h be5 ! fact by ! portraits--qua9t1 & (t5 rude & awkw>d--:i* h come d[n to u1 )\t any?+ ab\t !m to indicate :o ! arti/s c\ld h be5 :o pa9t$ !m4 ,occasionally a sugge/ion ( tal5t is evid5t 9 ^? canvases f :i* ! /iff ruffles & b&s ( ! ,puritans />e =? at u4 ,cotton ,ma!r also alludes to a c]ta9 arti/ :om he speaks ( z a limn]4 ,b 9 ^? times !re 01 h[ev]1 at be/ no art 9 ?is c\ntry1 except :at 0 br\ght ov] occasionally 9 ! =m ( family portraits1 pa9t$ by ,v&yck1 ,rembr&t1 ,lely1 or ,knell]4 ,^! preci\s heirlooms1 sc>cely appreciat$ by ! /]n !ologians ( ! "t1 71 h[ev]1 n )\t value 9 advanc+ ! cause ( civilization among ! wilds ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,unconsci\sly ! m9ds ( com+ g5]ations 7 influ5c$ & m\ld$ by ^! rem9d]s ( ! great art ( o!r l&s & ages4 ,no human ef=t is wa/$2 some:]e1 at "s "t1 x appe>s1 z ! se$ s[n 9 ,octob] comes =? anew 9 ,april1 quick5$ into o!r =ms1 to su/a9 life "u fre% conditions4 ,! fir/ pa9t] 9 ,am]ica ( any decid$ ability ^: "n has surviv$ to ?is day 0 ,john ,watson1 :o execut$ portraits 9 ,philadelphia 9 #agae4 ,he 0 a ,scot*man4 ,x is to ano!r ,scot*man1 :o m>ri$ & id5tifi$ himself ) ! ris+ =tunes ( ! colonies1 t we are p]haps able to assign ! fir/ di/9ct & decid$ art impulse 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,& = ?is we are directly indebt$ to ,bi%op ,b]keley1 ^: sagaci\s eye p5etrat$ s f> ?r\gh ! mi/s ( futurity1 & realiz$ ! com+ greatness ( ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,family ,,( ,,bi%op ,,b]keley4--,,john ,,smyb]t4 ,b]keley is associat$ ) ! lit]ature & arts ( ,am]ica 9 sev]al ways4 ,he aid$ ! advance ( lett]s by a grant ( books to ,yale ,college1 & by f\nd+ ! nucleus ( :at lat] became ! ,r$wood ,libr>y at ,newport2 ?us indirectly sugge/+ ar*itectural beauty to a p )\t examples ( x1 = 9 #agej a build+ 0 erect$ = ! libr>y t sprang f 8 b5efactions4 ,! design 0 obta9$ f ,vanbrugh1 "o ( ! greate/ ar*itects ( mod]n times2 & al?\gh ! little libr>y is con/ruct$ only ( wood & mort>1 its plan is s pleas+1 ta/eful1 & h>moni\s1 t x long rema9$ ! mo/ graceful /ructure 9 ! colonies2 & ev5 at ?is day is sc>cely equall$ on ! cont95t z a "w ( art by _m f> m co/ly & ambiti\s con/ructions aft] ! ,r5aissance ord]4 ,&1 f9ally1 we owe to ,bi%op ,b]keley ! mo/ notable impulse :i* ! dawn+ arts receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry :5 he induc$ ,john ,smyb]t1 ! ,scot*man1 to leave ,london 9 #agbe & settle 9 ,bo/on1 :]e he _h ! good =tune to m>ry a ri* wid[1 & liv$ prosp]\s & cont5t$ until 8 dea?1 9 #agea4 ,smyb]t 0 n a great pa9t]4 ,if he _h rema9$ 9 ,europe 8 position nev] w\ld h be5 m ?an respectable1 ev5 at an age :5 ! arts 7 at a l[ ebb4 ,b he is entitl$ to our gratitude = p]petuat+ = u ! l9eam5ts ( _m wor?ies ( ! p]iod1 & = ! und\bt$ impetus 8 example gave to ! arti/s :o 7 ab\t to come on ! sc5e & ass]t ! "r ( ! ,new ,_w to ex]cise its en]gies 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( ! f9e arts4 ,x is by an app>5tly unimportant incid5t t ! influ5ce ( ,smyb]t to our e>ly art is mo/ vividly illu/rat$4 ,he br\ght ) him to ,am]ica an excell5t copy ( a ,v&yck1 execut$ by himself2 & sev]al ( our arti/s1 includ+ ,all/on1 ackn[l$g$ t a sight ( ?is copy affect$ !m l an inspiration4 ,! mo/ important "w ( ,smyb]t 9 ?is c\ntry is a gr\p repres5t+ ! family ( ,bi%op ,b]keley1 n[ 9 ! art gall]y at ,new ,hav54 ,a flock ( =eign portrait-pa9t]s1 foll[+ ! example ( ,smyb]t1 n[ came ov] to ?is c\ntry1 & r5d]$ good s]vice 9 p]petuat+ ! faces ( ! notable *>act]s & beauties ( ! "t2 b none ( !m 7 ( special mom5t1 except+1 p]haps1 ,blackburn & ,alex&]4 ,b _! labor bore fruit 9 prep>+ ! way = ! successes ( ,copley4 ,! fir/ native ,am]ican pa9t] ( m]it ( :om !re is any au!ntic record 0 ,rob]t ,feke1 :o 0 ( ,quak] desc5t1 & settl$ 9 ,newport1 :]e portraits ( 8 are /ill to be se51 notably t ( ! beautiful wife ( ,gov]nor ,wanton1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,r$wood ,libr>y4 ,:at little art-education he receiv$ result$ f 8 be+ tak5 prison] at sea & c>ri$ to ,spa91 :]e he contriv$ to acquire a few h9ts 9 ! use ( pigm5ts4 ,feke 0 a man ( und\bt$ ability2 & ! same may be said ( ,mat!w ,pratt1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o 0 born 9 #agcd1 9 respect ( age ant$at+ bo? ,copley & ,we/1 al?\gh n kn[n until aft] !y _h acquir$ fame1 because = _m ye>s he cont5t$ himself ) ! pa9t+ ( signs & h\se decorations4 ,b ! lat5t /hetic capacity ( ! colonies display$ itself sudd5ly :5 ,john ,s+leton ,copley1 at ! e>ly age ( sev5te51 aft] only ! mo/ rudim5t>y in/ruction1 adopt$ art z a pr(ession4 ,b1 al?\gh a pr(essional & successful arti/ at s e>ly an age1 ,copley seems to h be5 prec$$ 9 assum+ ! call+ ( arti/ by a ,quak] lad ( ,p5nsylvania1 "o ye> 8 junior1 b ev9c+ a turn = art at an e>li] age1 :5 h>dly out ( ! cradle4 ,! bir? ( a national art has sc>cely ev] be5 m affect+ or rem>kable ?an t record$ 9 ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,b5jam9 ,we/4 ,he 0 born at ,spr+field1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #agch1 a ye> aft] ,copley4 ,! sci5ti/ ( ! future may p]haps %[ u t x 0 some?+ m ?an a co9cid5ce t ! six lead+ pa9t]s ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,am]ican art came 9 pairs3 ,copley & ,we/ 9 #agcg & #agch2 ,/u>t & ,trumbull 7 born 9 #agef2 ,v&]lyn arriv$ 9 #aggf2 & ,all/on foll[$ only ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! desc5dants ( ! iconocla/s :o _h beat5 d[n /atues & burn$ ma/]pieces ( art1 :o _h cropp$ _! hair & pass$ sumptu>y laws to fulfil ! dictates ( _! cre$1 & _h s\ght a wild]ness across ! seas :]e !y c\ld ma9ta9 _! rigid doctr9es unmole/$1 7 n[ ab\t to v9dicate ! "* ( _! fa!rs4 ,!y 7 n[ to prove t ! love ( beauty is univ]sal & unqu5*able1 & t soon] or lat] e p1 k9dr$1 & tongue seeks to utt] its aspirations aft] ! ideal good by art =ms & me?ods2 & t ! /]nness ( ! ,puritans _h be5 really direct$1 n s mu* aga9/ art & beauty legitimately employ$1 z aga9/ ! abuse ( ! pure/ & noble/ emotions ( ! s\l by a debas+ art4 ,z if to emphasize ! tru? ( ^! obs]vations1 z well z ( ! fam\s prophecy ( ,bi%op ,b]keley1 ! arti/ to :om ,am]ican art owes its rise1 & = _m ye>s its greate/ s\rce ( enc\ragem5t1 0 nam$ ,we/1 & 0 ( ,quak] l9eage4 ,su* 0 ! rude condition ( ! arts 9 ! neighborhood at t "t t ! fir/ initiation ( ,we/ into art 0 z simple z t ( ,giotto4 ,at n9e ye>s ( age he drew hairs f a cat's tail & made himself a bru%4 ,colors he obta9$ by gr9d+ *>coal & *alk1 & cru%+ ! r$ blood out f ! blackb]ry4 ,8 "m's laundry furni%$ him ) indigo1 & ! fri5dly ,indians :o came to 8 fa!r's h\se gave him ( ! r$ & yell[ e>?s ) :i* !y daub$ _! faces4 ,) su* rude mat]ials ! lad pa9t$ a *ild sleep+ 9 its cradle2 & 9 t fir/ ef=t ( precoci\s g5ius execut$ c]ta9 t\*es :i* he nev] surpass$1 z he affirm$ long aft]1 :5 at ! z5i? ( 8 rem>kable c>e]4 ,h[1 f su* primitive ef=ts1 ! ,quak] y\? gradually work$ into local fame1 w5t to ,italy & acquir$ position !re1 & !n settl$ 9 ,engl&1 became ! favorite protg ( ! k+ = =ty ye>s1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,great ,brita9--^! are all matt]s ( hi/ory1 &1 z ,we/ nev] =got 8 love = 8 native l&1 entitle him to ! respectful remembrance n only ( arti/s1 b ( all 8 c\ntrym54 ,am]ican art has e reason1 also1 to *]i% 8 memory ) pr(\nd gratitude1 = no pa9t] ev] conduct$ himself ) great] k9dness & g5]osity to ! ris+1 /ruggl+ arti/s ( 8 native l&4 ,no soon] did our e>ly pa9t]s rea* ,london b !y resort$1 = aid & guidance1 to ,we/1 & f\nd 9 him a fri5d :o l5t !m 8 p[]ful influ5ce )\t grudg+1 or all[$ !m to set up _! easels 9 8 /udio1 & gave !m all ! in/ruction 9 8 p[]4 ,trumbull1 ,/u>t1 ,dunlap1 & _m o!rs1 long aft] !y _h =gott5 ! natural foibles ( ,we/1 _h reason to rememb] h[ great _h be5 ! s]vices he _h r5d]$ to ! aspir+ arti/s ( 8 transatlantic home4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,we/--:om we mu/ consid] "o ( ! greate/ m5 our c\ntry has produc$--x has become ! fa%ion to decry 8 art & belittle 8 "*4 ,?is seems to be a mi/ake :i* reflects discr$it ^u 8 detractors4 ,m5 %\ld be judg$ n absolutely1 b relatively2 n comp>$ ) p]fection1 b ) _! contempor>ies & _! opportunities4 ,9 e/imat+ m5 ( ! pa/1 also1 we ne$ to put ourselves 9 _! places1 r ?an to reg>d !m by ! /&>d ( ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,9 no pursuit are m5 m likely to be misjudg$ ?an 9 art2 = arti/s are liable to be guid$ by impulse r ?an judgm5t1 & ! v vehem5ce ( _! likes & dislikes r5d]s _! op9ions int5se r ?an broad & *>itable4 ,b5jam9 ,we/ appe>s to h be5 born ) great natural p[]s1 :i* matur$ rapidly1 & e>ly ceas$ to develop 9 excell5ce proportionate to 8 extraord9>y indu/ry & fidelity to art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dea? ,,on ,,! ,,pale ,,horse4--,,b5jam9 ,,we/4 ,b :ile a g5]al ev5ness ( quality r ?an /rik+ excell5ce 9 any p>ticul> works 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ,we/1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 brick-r$ tone 9 8 colors n always agreeable1 yet a %>e ( g5ius mu/ be grant$ to ! arti/ :o pa9t$ ! ,dep>ture ( ,regulus1 ,dea? on ! ,pale ,horse1 & ,! ,dea? ( ,wolfe4 ,x unque/ionably impli$ d>+ & consci\sness ( p[] to brave ! opposition ( contempor>y op9ions & ab&on classic co/ume 9 hi/orical compositions z he did2 to w9 to 8 side ! judgm5t ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & create a revolution 9 c]ta9 phases ( art4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,we/ 0 emphatically a man ( 8 "t1 m\ld$ by x r ?an =m+ x1 & incl9$ to conv5tionalism4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! ar5a1 art 0 9 a depress$ condition bo? 9 ,italy1 :]e he /udi$1 & 9 ,engl&4 ,b :ile ,reynolds & ,ga9sbor\gh gave a fre% impulse to art1 ,we/'s g5ius1 rip5+ precoci\sly1 e>ly became incapable ( a*iev+ fur!r progress4 ,we/ e/abli%$ himself z a portrait-pa9t] at ! age ( fifte52 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>--#agee--;,copley also engag$ 9 ! same pursuit1 :5 only sev5te54 ,! =m] liv$ to be sev5ty-n9e2 ! latt] 0 sev5ty-eight at 8 dea?4 ,! art-life ( ,copley mu/ be consid]$ ! mo/ indig5\s & /rictly ,am]ican ( ! two4 ,al?\gh receiv+ "s e>ly in/ruction f 8 /ep-fa!r1 ,pelham1 & enjoy+ opportunities d5i$ to ,we/1 ( /udy+ portraits by =eign arti/s1 yet ,copley's advantages 7 excessively meagre2 & :atev] successes he a*iev$ ) 8 bru%1 until he f9ally settl$ 9 ,engl& at ! age ( ?irty-n9e1 7 entirely 8 own1 & c be pr\dly includ$ among ! mo/ valu$ treasures ( our native art4 ,s highly 7 ! abilities ( ,copley e/eem$ 9 8 day1 t ye>s be=e he cross$ ! ,atlantic 8 reputation _h prec$$ him1 & assur$ him ready patronage 9 ,london4 ,x is said t ,copley 0 a v sl[ & labori\s work]4 ,! elaboration he gave to ! details ( co/ume d\btless requir$ "t4 ,b if ! popul> op9ion 0 correct1 we mu/ assume t _m ( ! pa9t+s n[ reput$ to be by 8 h& are spuri\s4 ,x is a common say+ t a ,copley 9 a ,new ,engl& family is almo/ equival5t to a title ( nobility2 & ?is v fact w\ld lead _m to attribute to him family portraits by =gott5 arti/s1 :o _h1 p]haps1 caught ! trick ( 8 /yle4 ,b !re yet rema9 en\gh well au!nticat$ portraits by ?is great pa9t]1 9 excell5t pres]vation1 to r5d] ! /udy ( 8 works "o ( great int]e/ to ! art /ud5t4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! h&l+ ( ,copley4 ,self-taught1 8 m]its & defects are entirely 8 own4 ,8 /yle 0 op5 to ! *>ge ( excessive dryness2 ! outl9es are sometimes h>d1 & ! figures /iff almo/ to ungracefulness4 ,! la/ fault 01 h[ev]1 less noticeable 9 ! =mal1 /ately *>act]s & co/umes ( ! "t ?an x w\ld be "u diff]5t conditions4 ,9 ,copley's be/ compositions ^! errors are sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,he 0 f> sup]ior to ,we/ z a colori/1 & 0 especially felicit\s 9 cat*+ ! expression ( ! eye1 & reproduc+ ! elegant dress ( ! p]iod2 :ile we h _h no arti/ :o has excell$ him 9 p]ceiv+ & int]pret+ ! individuality & "* ( ! h&4 ,a v f9e example ( 8 skill 9 ?is respect is se5 9 ! admirable portrait ( ,mrs4 ,relief ,gill1 tak5 :5 %e 0 eighty ye>s old4 ,gilb]t ,/u>t rem>k$ ( ! h& 9 ! portrait ( ,colonel ,epes ,s>g5t1 ,prick t h&1 & blood w spurt out4 ,x is inde$ a ma/]piece4 ,no pa9t] 0 ev] m 9 sympa?y ) 8 age ?an ,copley2 & ?us1 :5 we look at ! admirable portraits 9 :i* 8 g5ius commemorat$ ! comm&+ *>act]s ( ^? colonial days1 9 _! brilliant & massive uni=ms1 _! brocades & embroid]$ velvets1 & *oice laces & sc>fs1 ! imag9ation is c>ri$ back to ! pa/ ) irresi/ible =ce1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we are a/oni%$ at ! ability :i*1 ) s little tra9+1 c\ld give immortality bo? to 8 contempor>ies & 8 own p5cil4 ,:ile ! fame ( ,copley w ultimately re/ on ! ma/]ly portraits :i* he bequea!d to po/]ity1 yet x w n be =gott5 t he 0 "o ( ! able/ hi/orical pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,! compositions entitl$ ! ,boy & ! ,squirrel1 pa9t$ 9 ,bo/on1 ! ,dea? ( ,major ,pi]son1 & ! ,dea? ( ,*a?am1 w contribute = ages to ! fame ( "o ( ! mo/ important ,am]ican arti/s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,*>les ,wilson ,peale1 ! next arti/ ( reputation 9 ! colonies1 owes 8 celebrity p>tly to accid5tal circum/ances4 ,( c\rse a c]ta9 degree ( ability is impli$ 9 ord] t "o may "k h[ to turn ! w9ds ( =tune to ! be/ acc\nt :5 !y ve] 9 8 favor4 ,b 9 "s cases1 z ) ,copley & ,we/1 man seems to wre/ fate to 8 advantage2 :ile 9 o!rs %e appe>s actually to ?r[ h]self 9 8 way1 & (f] him opportunities d5i$ to o!rs4 ,at any rate x seems no inju/ice to ascribe ! cont9u$ fame ( ,*>les ,wilson ,peale to ! fact t he 0 enabl$ to associate 8 art ) ! "n ( ,wa%+ton3 & t 8 son1 ,rembr&t1 by also foll[+ art pursuits1 0 able to emphasize ! fame ( ! family "n4 ,peale ! eld] 0 n a speciali/2 he 0 r1 l s _m born 9 ,am]ica1 gift$ ) a g5]al v]satility t enabl$ him to succe$ mod]ately well 9 :atev] he und]took1 )\t a*iev+ ! highe/ excell5ce 9 any dep>tm5t4 ,incl9+ alt]nately to sci5ce & me*anics1 he f9ally drift$ into art1 w5t ov] to ,engl& & /udi$ ) ,we/1 & return$ to ,am]ica 9 "t to ent] ! army & rise to ! rank ( colonel4 ,8 v]satile turn ( m9d is well illu/rat$ by "o :o says t he saw$ 8 own ivory = 8 m9iatures1 m\ld$ ! glasses1 & made ! %agre5 cases4 ,x 0 ! good =tune ( ,peale to pa9t sev]al excell5t portraits ( ,wa%+ton1 repres5t+ him dur+ ! milit>y "p ( 8 c>e]1 bo? be=e & dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,lack+ _m ( ! qualities ( good art1 ^! portraits are yet fai?ful & *>act]i/ic lik5esses ( ! ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry1 & z su* are ( great int]e/ & value4 ,x is to ano!r ,revolution>y soldi] ( sup]ior natural ability1 ,colonel ,john ,trumbull1 t ! c\ntry is indebt$ = a pro( ( ! national turn = ! f9e arts4 ,! son ( ,jona?an ,trumbull1 ,colonial ,gov]nor ( ,connecticut1 he receiv$ a classical education at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,b "h1 aga91 obs]ve ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( "o act4 ,t copy1 already allud$ to1 :i* 0 execut$ by ,smyb]t aft] a "w ( ,v&yck--! great pa9t] :o 0 welcom$ to ! banquet+ halls ( m]ry ,engl& by ,*>les ,i4 & ,h5rietta ,m>ia--0 aga9 to be> fruit4 ,x inspir$ ! g5ius ( ,trumbull ) a passion = color :ile yet 9 8 y\?1 & ultimately l$ to 8 becom+ a great hi/orical pa9t]4 ,b fir/ he _h to und]go ! discipl9e ( w>1 :i* gave him t exp]im5tal k ( :i* he aft]w>d made su* good use4 ,( a high _s & pr\d1 irascible temp]1 ,trumbull s]v$ ) di/9ction2 fir/ z aid to ,wa%+ton1 !n z major at ! /orm+ ( ! works ( ,burgoyne at ,s>atoga2 & he _h rea*$ a colonelcy1 :5 he ?rew up 8 commission & w5t ov] to ,engl&1 & became a /ud5t ( ,we/1 ^: /yle is p]ceptible 9 _m ( ! works ( ! y\ng] arti/4 ,if inequality is "o sign ( g5ius1 !n ,trumbull possess$ x to a m>k$ degree4 ,! diff]5ce 9 m]it betwe5 8 be/ pa9t+s1 :i* 7 *iefly compos$ 9 ,engl&1 & ^? he execut$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 is rem>kable4 ,?is probably 0 due 9 "p to ! lack ( any appreciable art influ5ces or patronage 9 8 own c\ntry to /imulate ! arti/ic afflatus4 ,! tal5ts ( ,trumbull 7 conspicu\s 9 portraiture & hi/orical pa9t+4 ,! en]gy ( 8 nature is illu/rat$ 9 su* p[]ful portraits z ^? ( ,wa%+ton & ,hamilton4 ,defici5t 9 draw+1 & unlike 9 details ( feature1 !y are life-l 9 _! g5]al resemblance1 & seem to ?rill ) ! _s ( ! orig9al4 ,we see be=e u ! h]oes :o conduct$ ! /ruggl+ colonies successfully to milit>y indep5d5ce & political fre$om4 ,trumbull's m9iatures 9 oil ( _m ( ! m5 :o 7 prom95t 9 ! ,revolution are also v spirit$ & *>act]i/ic1 & ( ine/imable hi/oric value4 ,he 0 less successful 9 ! repres5tation ( fem99e beauty4 ,8 tal5ts mov$ )9 a limit$ range1 b )9 t n>r[ circle display$ c]ta9 excell5ces q r>e 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon art ( t p]iod1 exhibit+ a correct feel+ = color1 ke5 p]ception ( "*1 & great =ce ( expression4 ,b let him /ray beyond ! compass ( 8 p[]s1 z 9 ! repres5tation ( woman1 & 8 color+ becomes unnatural & 8 draw+ inexpressive4 ,! art ( ?is great pa9t]1 = s we mu/ call him 9 view ( "s ( 8 works1 culm9at$ 9 ! hi/orical compositions entitl$ ,! ,sign+ ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,! ,siege ( ,gibralt>1 & ! immortal compositions repres5t+ ! ,dea? ( ,montgom]y & ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4 ,! la/ two 7 n surpass$ by any simil> works 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ?us f> /& alone 9 ,am]ican hi/orical pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dea? ,,( ,,montgom]y4--,,john ,,trumbull4 ,cab9et 9 size1 !y comb9e bread? & detail to an unusual degree4 ,! faces are 9 m9iature1 9 _m cases portraits f life4 ,!y c\ld be cut out & fram$ z portraits2 ea* also is /amp$ ) ! individual passions ( t t]rible h\r--hate1 exultation1 pa91 c\rage1 sorr[1 despair4 ,& yet ) all ?is tru? ( detail ! g5]al _s & ef=t ( ! sc5e is pres]v$4 ,! onw>d movem5t1 ! ru%1 ! onset ( w>1 ! h>mony ( l9es1 ! mass+ ( *i>o-oscuro1 ! brilliance & tru? ( color1 are all !re4 ,"o fir/ gazes a/oni%$ at ! skill ( ! arti/1 & ends by feel+ 8 he>t /irr$ & 8 emotions %ak5 z ! leaves ( ! =e/ are bl[n by ! w9ds ( ,octob]1 & 8 sympa?ies c>ri$ away by ! gr&eur & ! t]ror ( battle4 ,yes1 :5 ,john ,trumbull pa9t$ ^? two pictures1 he 0 inspir$ by ! fires ( g5ius = once 9 8 life4 ,8 lat] hi/orical works are s inf]ior 9 all respects z sc>cely to seem to be by ! same h&4 ,trumbull liv$ to see a ta/e = ! arts gr[+ up among 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & ! awak5+ ( ! fir/ feeble attempts to furni% art in/ruction 9 8 native l& to ! arti/s ( ! future4 ,he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s4 ,9 ! same ye> ) ,trumbull 0 born ! greate/ colori/ & portrait-pa9t] we h se5 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 ,gilb]t ,/u>t4 ,! t[n ( ,n>ragansett1 9 ! little ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl&1 0 ! bir?-place ( ?is pa9t]1 :o came ( ,scot* & ,wel% desc5t1 an alliance ( blood ^: individual traits 7 well illu/rat$ 9 ! life & "* ( ! pa9t]4 ,=tune 0 becom+ a little k9d] to our arti/s4 ,/u>t's dawn+ g5ius 0 direct$ at ,newport by ,cosmo ,alex&]1 a ,scot* portrait-pa9t] ( "s m]it1 :o took 8 pupil to ,scotl& & plac$ him 9 *>ge ( ,sir ,george ,*amb]s4 ,aft] v>i\s vicissitudes1 compris+1 z ) s _m ( our e>ly pa9t]s1 an art appr5tice%ip 9 ! /udio ( ,we/1 ! "y ,am]ican arti/ settl$ = a:ile abroad1 & acquir$ su* repute t he rivall$ ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 9 ! popul> e/eem3 8 bru% 0 9 dem& by ! fir/ 9 ! l&2 & ! un=tunate ,l\is ,,xvi4 0 includ$ among 8 sitt]s4 ,aft] ?is1 9 #agic1 ,/u>t return$ to ,am]ica1 pa9t$ ! portraits ( ! lead+ citiz5s 9 our *ief cities1 & f9ally settl$ 9 ,bo/on4 ,! mo/ important works he execut$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 8 well-kn[n portraits ( ,wa%+ton1 includ+ ! fam\s full-l5g? pa9t+1 :i* repres5ts ! great man1 n 9 ! prime ( 8 active days1 z repres5t$ by ,peale & ,trumbull1 b :51 cr[n$ ) glory & honor 9 ! maje/y ( a s]5e old age1 he 0 approa*+ ! sunset ( life4 ,! "* ( ,/u>t 0 "o ( m>k$ peculi>ities1 & (f]s po9ts ( int]e/ sc>cely equall$ by t ( any o!r ,am]ican arti/4 ,! canny %rewdness & p5etrat+ p]ception ( ! ,scot*man 0 mell[$ almo/ to ! po9t ( inconsi/5cy by ! w>m & supple traits ( 8 ,wel% ance/ry4 ,an admirable /ory-tell] himself1 he 9 turn gave rise1 by 8 oddities1 to _m racy anecdotes1 "s ( :i* h be5 treasur$ up & well told by ,dunlap1 :o1 al?\gh inf]ior z a pa9t]1 des]ves to be cordially rememb]$ = 8 discursive b valuable book on e>ly ,am]ican pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,knox4--,,gilb]t ,,/u>t4 ,z reg>ds ! art ( ,/u>t1 x c be safely affirm$ t ,am]ica has produc$ no pa9t] :o has be5 m unmi/akably entitl$ to rank among m5 ( g5ius z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( tal5t4 ,we assume t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n "o ( degree1 b ( k9d4 ,9 ! intellectual progress ( ! _w ! fir/ leads1 ! o!r foll[s4 ,"o may h great tal5ts1 & yet really n enri* ! _w ) a s+le new idea4 ,he simply ass5ts to ! accept$1 & l5ds x ! aid ( 8 p[]s4 ,b g5ius1 n cont5t ) ?+s z !y are1 ei!r gives u new tru?s or old tru?s 9 a new =m4 ,! greate/ m9ds--,cs>1 ,%akspe>e1 ,goe!1 ,frankl9--pres5t u ) a j comb9ation ( g5ius & tal5t3 !y bo? create & organize4 ,n[1 "o may h great or little g5ius1 b s f> z he tells u some?+ wor? kn[+ 9 8 own way1 x is g5ius z di/+ui%$ f tal5t4 ,& ?is is :y we say t ,/u>t _h g5ius4 ,he foll[$ no beat5 track1 he gave 9 8 allegiance to no canons ( ! s*ools4 ,8 eagle eye pi]c$ ! secrets ( nature accord+ to no prescrib$ rules4 ,n satisfi$ ) surfaces or accessories1 he gave u "* z well4 ,nor did he re/ "h4 ,9 ! te*nical requirem5ts ( 8 art he /&s orig9al & alone4 ,t seem+ly h>d1 practical ,scot* nature ( 8 0 yet attun$ l a delicate *ord to ! melody ( color4 ,few m ?an he h felt ! subtle relation betwe5 s\nd & color--= he 0 also a musician4 ,9 ! h&l+ ( pigm5ts1 aga91 he /&s pre-em95t among ! arti/s ( 8 g5]ation4 ,:y is x t 8 colors are z brilliant1 z pure1 z =cible1 z h>moni\s1 to-day z :5 he laid !m on ! canvas ne>ly a c5tury ago8 ,if y c>efully exam9e 8 pictures y %all see "o cause ( ! result expla9$4 ,he _h su* confid5ce 9 8 p[]s1 & su* te*nical ma/]y1 t he ne$$ n to exp]im5t ) trea*]\s vehicles2 &1 r>ely mix+ t9ts on ! palette1 laid pure blues1 r$s1 or yell[s directly on ! canvas1 & slightly dragg$ !m toge!r4 ,?us he 0 able to r5d] ! /ippl$1 mottl$ semblance ( color z x actually appe>s on ! sk92 to sugge/1 also1 ! prismatic effect :i* all objects h 9 nature2 &1 at ! same "t1 by keep+ ! colors ap>t1 to insure _! p]man5ce4 ,/u>t g5]ally pa9t$ ?9ly1 on l>ge-gra9$ canvas1 :i* gave ! picture ! s(tness ( atmosph]e4 ,b sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! p[]ful portrait ( ,g5]al ,knox1 he load$ 8 colors4 ,b ev5 9 t "w he did n dep>t f 8 usual practice 9 r5d]+ ! fle% t9ts4 ,x has be5 alleg$ by "s t ,/u>t 0 unable to d ju/ice to ! delicate beauty ( woman1 especially ! ref9$ type :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he may h m (t5 fail$ 9 ?is reg>d ?an 9 o!r ef=ts2 b ! =ce ( ! accusation disappe>s :5 "o obs]ves ! extraord9>y lovel9ess ( su* portraits z t ( ,mrs4 ,=re/]1 ! si/] ( ,judge ,/ory1 at ,salem4 ,b1 inde$1 x seem$ to make little diff]5ce to him :o ! sitt] happ5$ to be4 ,he ent]$ into ! nature ( ! individual1 grasp$ ! sali5t traits ( 8 "*1 &1 :e!r x 0 a seaman or a /atesman1 a triumphant g5]al or a reign+ belle1 8 un]r+ eye & 8 mat*less bru% r5d]$ ju/ice to !m all4 ,gilb]t ,/u>t ,newton1 ! nephew ( ,/u>t1 is a pa9t] well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 :]e he e>ly e/abli%$ himself2 &1 hav+ be5 born at ,halifax1 & always rema9$ a ,briti% subject1 he m prop]ly belongs to =eign art4 ,b 8 education 0 ga9$ 9 ! /udio ( 8 uncle 9 ,bo/on1 & 8 /yle %[s unmi/akable traces ( ! tea*]'s me?ods4 ,newton execut$ "s good portraits be=e ab&on+ 8 native l&1 includ+ "o ( ,john ,adams1 :i* is 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society4 ,he is kn[n abroad *iefly z a g5re pa9t] ( semi-lit]>y compositions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,begg>',s ,,op]a4--,g4 ,,/u>t ,,newton4 ,james ,fro?+ham 0 also a pupil1 & 9 "s degree an imitator1 ( ,/u>t1 :o possess$ unusual ability 9 portraiture1 b x 0 conf9$ to ! pa9t+ ( ! head4 ,:e!r f ! lack ( e>ly advantages--:i* 0 s rem>kable t he _h n ev5 se5 a palette :51 self-taught1 he 0 able to execute a v tol]able lik5ess--or because ( natural limitation ( p[]1 ,fro?+ham's tal5t seem$ to /op ) ! neck ( ! sitt]4 ,! face w\ld p]haps be reproduc$ ) a =ce1 a beauty ( color1 & a tru? ( "* t (t5times sugge/$ ! art ( ,/u>t2 :ile ! h&s or %\ld]s 7 almo/ ludicr\sly out ( draw+ & proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,babes ,,9 ,,! ,,wood4--,,rembr&t ,,peale4 ,besides ,fro?+ham1 !re 7 a numb] ( ,am]ican pa9t]s ( celebrity1 contempor>ies ( ,/u>t1 b ( unequal m]it4 ,colonel ,s>g5t acquir$ a repute 9 8 "t :i* x is difficult to und]/& at pres5t4 ,he seems to h be5 m ( an amateur ?an a pr(essional arti/4 ,8 able/ "w is ! ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims1 ( :i* a copy is pres]v$ at ,plym\?4 ,rembr&t ,peale obta9$ a p]man5t reputation = 8 v able & tru?ful portrait ( ,wa%+ton4 ,he be/[$ ^u x ! be/ ef=ts ( 8 mature ye>s1 & x receiv$ ! complim5t ( be+ pur*as$ by ,congress = #bjjj--;a l>ge sum = an ,am]ican pa9t+ 9 ^? days1 :5 ! pur*as+ p[] ( money 0 great] ?an x is n[4 ,8 ,c\rt ( ,dea? is a va/ composition1 t mu/ c&idly be consid]$ m ambiti\s ?an successful4 ,9 su* works z ! ,babes 9 ! ,wood1 ,peale seems to =e%ad[ ! g5re art :i* has be5 s long com+ to u4 ,john ,wesley ,j>vis1 a native ( ,engl&1 also enjoy$ at "o "t mu* popul>ity z a portrait-pa9t]4 ,he 0 possess$ ( great v]satility2 0 ecc5tric2 a bon vivant1 & excell$ at tell+ a /ory4 ,x is melan*oly to record t1 aft] _m vicissitudes1 he end$ 8 days 9 pov]ty4 ,?omas ,sully 0 also a native ( ,engl&1 :o came to ?is c\ntry 9 *ildhood1 & liv$ to su* a great age t x is difficult to realize t he 0 ! contempor>y ( ,trumbull & ,/u>t4 ,sully _h great ref9em5t ( feel+1 & rem9ds u sometimes ( ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce4 ,?is is %[n 9 a c]ta9 favorite ideal head ( a maid5 :i* he reproduc$ 9 v>i\s compositions4 ,"o (t5 recognizes x 9 8 works4 ,8 portraits are also pleas+2 b 9 ! treatm5t ( a mascul9e lik5ess ! feebl5ess ( 8 /yle & its lack ( orig9ality or /r5g? are too (t5 app>5t4 ,john ,naegle1 ( ,philadelphia1 0 a pupil ( ,sully1 b fir/ began 8 art c>e] z appr5tice to a coa*-pa9t]4 ,l _m ( our arti/s ( t "t1 he tri$ 8 h& at a portrait ( ,wa%+ton2 b he w be longe/ & be/ rememb]$ by 8 vivid & *>act]i/ic pa9t+ ( ,patrick ,lyon1 ! blacksmi?1 at 8 =ge4 ,?is picture n[ hangs 9 ! elegant gall]y ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 :]e sev]al ( ! ma/]pieces ( our e>ly pa9t]s may be se5 hang+ 9 company ) x1 among !m ,we/'s ,*ri/ ,reject$1 ,v&]lyn's ,ariadne1 & ,all/on's ,dead ,man ,re/or$ to ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fanny ,,kemble4--,,?omas ,,sully4 ,born ! ye> ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,john ,v&]lyn1 l mo/ ( ! lead+ arti/s ( ?is p]iod ( :om we are writ+1 liv$ to old age4 ,8 days 7 fill$ ) h>d%ips & vicissitudes3 &1 unless he has s9ce become aw>e ( ! fame he left beh9d1 he 0 "o ( _m to :om life has be5 a v que/ionable boon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ariadne4--,,john ,,v&]lyn4 ,v&]lyn 0 a f>m]'s boy on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? curi\s incid5ts by :i* ,de/9y sometimes makes u ?9k !re may be1 aft] all1 some?+ m ?an bl9d action 9 h] ways1 t ,a>on ,burr1 pass+ by 8 fa!r's h\se1 saw "s rude sket*es ( ! ru/ic lad ) t ke5 eye ( 84 ,burr disc]n$ 9 !m signs ( promise1 & invit$ him to come to ,new ,york4 ,:5 ,v&]lyn arriv$ ,burr treat$ him k9dly4 ,ev5tually ! pa9t] made a portrait ( ,!odosia1 ! beautiful & ill-fat$ daught] ( 8 b5efactor2 & :5 ,burr 0 "u a cl\d & f\nd himself de/itute 9 ,europe1 x 0 ,v&]lyn :o receiv$ & gave him %elt]4 ,mu* ( ! art-life ( ?is pa9t] 0 pass$ at ,rome & 9 ,p>is4 ,8 v>i$ =tunes1 & ! con/ant adv]sity t baffl$ him at e /ep1 oblig$ him to resort to _m a pitiful %ift to keep s\l & body toge!r4 ,x is ow+ to ?is cause t he s r>ely f\nd opportunity to d ju/ice to ! und\bt$ ability he possess$4 ,b ,v&]lyn left at lea/ two important creations1 m>k$ by g5u9e arti/ic feel+ & beauty1 t w long entitle him to a favorable position among ,am]ican pa9t]s4 ,m>ius ,among ! ,ru9s ( ,c>?age ,i h nev] se51 & c only speak ( x by report2 b t x is a "w des]v+ to rank high 9 ! art ( ! "t seems to be prov5 n only by ! applause x receiv$ at ,rome1 b also by ! fact t x c>ri$ (f ! gold m$al at ! ,salon 9 ,p>is4 ,su* is ! irony ( fate t ! arti/ 0 twice =c$ to pawn ?is m$al4 ,! second "t he 0 unable to r$eem x4 ,! ,ariadne has un=tunately begun to %[ signs ( age1 & ! br[ns into :i* ! fle% t9ts are pa9t$ are comm5c+ to discolor ! delicate grays4 ,an oil-pa9t+1 if prop]ly execut$1 %\ld hold its qualities = a long] "t2 b unhappily ! works ( too _m good arti/s are affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ,ariadne is1 h[ev]1 a noble composition1 q 9 classic /yle2 & if n /rik+ly orig9al1 is a mo/ cr$itable "w = ! e>ly art ( a "y p4 ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&'s *>m+ little city by ! sea1 once a ?riv+ comm]cial c5tre1 b n[ a favorite resort ( culture & gayety & weal?1 b always opul5t 9 delightful ,colonial & ,revolution>y associations1 & d\bly attractive = ! arti/ic memories t cl+ to x1 & ! treasures ( our art :i* x conta9s--?is 0 ! bir?-place ( ,edw>d ,g4 ,malbone1 :o1 aft] a successful art-life 9 8 native t[n & at ,*>le/on1 di$ at ,newport1 9 #ahjg1 at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-two4 ,m9iature-pa9t+ 0 a favorite pursuit ( our e>ly arti/s4 ,"s ( our be/ portraits h be5 done by t means2 b among all :o h foll[$ x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates none h excell$ ,malbone1 al?\gh "s1 l ,john ,fras]1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 h be5 v clev] at x4 ,he succe$$ 9 giv+ "* to 8 faces to a degree unusual 9 m9iature2 :ile ! color+ 0 r5d]$ at once ) rem>kable delicacy1 purity1 & fidelity4 ,8 be/ works are probably ! lik5ess ( ,ray ,gre51 & ! exquisitely beautiful gr\p call$ ! ,h\rs1 :i* is c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! ,a!num at ,provid5ce4 ,) ! g5]al public ! "n ( no ,am]ican arti/ ( t "t is probably m widely kn[n ?an t ( ,wa%+ton ,all/on4 ,he owes ?is 9 "p1 d\btless1 to ! fact t z a writ] he also became id5tifi$ ) ! lit]>y circle at t "t prom95t 9 ,ea/]n ,massa*usetts4 ,he 0 born 9 #aggi1 at ,waccamaw1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,s5t at sev5 ye>s ( age to ,newport1 bo? = heal? & in/ruction1 he liv$ !re t5 ye>s2 & v likely associat$ ) ,malbone1 & p]haps met ,/u>t !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h\rs4--,e4 ,g4 ,,malbone4 ,,orig9al ,,size4 ,subsequ5tly ,all/on visit$ ,italy1 & !n settl$ 9 ,london1 :]e 8 tal5ts receiv$ su* ample recognition z to ga9 him ! position ( ,academician4 ,! mi/ake ( 8 art-life--al?\gh x 0 p]haps advantage\s to 8 fame at home--0 probably 8 return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :ile yet 9 8 prime4 ,! abs5ce ( influ5ces enc\rag+ to art gr[?1 & ( t sympa?y & patronage s ess5tial to a s5sitive nature l t ( ,all/on's1 _h a blight+ effect on 8 faculties2 & ! _m ye>s he pass$ 9 ,bo/on 7 ye>s ( aspiration r ?an a*ievem5t4 ,all/on has suff]$ f two causes4 ,ov]rat$ z an arti/ 9 8 day1 8 reputation is n[ endang]$ f a t5d5cy to aw>d him less ?an ju/ice4 ,! latt] may be due 9 "p to ! fact t ,all/on himself adopt$ a c\rse ( action t t5d$ to repress r ?an develop 8 art p[]s4 ,9 8 desire to give intellectual & moral value & p]man5t dignity to 8 productions1 & 9 8 av]sion to s5sationalism 9 art1 he treat$ 8 subjects ) a delib]ate sev]ity :i* takes away f !m all ! feel+ ( spontaneity :i* is s delightful & important 9 works ( ! imag9ation4 ,if 8 g5ius _h be5 ( ! high ord] claim$ by "s1 su* a result w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! emotional elem5t w\ld h sometimes ass]t$ itself1 & giv5 to 8 f9i%$ works t w>m? & attraction ! lack ( :i*1 :ile !y are intellectually int]e/+ & wor?y ( great respect1 prev5ts !m f inspir+ & w9n+ our he>ts1 & has impair$ ! influ5ce !y might h _h 9 advanc+ ! progress ( art 9 ,am]ica4 ,t ,all/on might h produc$ pa9t+s ( m absolute p[]1 seems evid5t f 8 num]\s crayon sket*es & /udies = pa9t+s1 :i* are full ( fire1 en]gy1 & beauty1 delicate fancy1 & creative p[]4 ,"o _c :olly und]/& ,all/on's ability until he has se5 ^? /udies2 & x _c be too mu* regrett$ t he did n all[ a fre] re9 to 8 bru% :5 compos+ ! works ^u :i* he desir$ to e/abli% 8 fame4 ,:5 he did s f> =get himself1 we get a glimpse ( ! f]vor & gr&eur ( ! imag9ation t burn$ 9 t bra91 ^: ?\ghts 7 great] ?an its capacity = expression4 ,x mu/ also be grant$ t ! works ( ,all/on h ! quality peculi> to ! productions ( orig9al m9ds3 x is n until !y h be5 se5 repeat$ly t !y reveal all t is 9 !m4 ,uriel 9 ! ,sun1 ,j]emiah1 & ,! ,dead ,man ,re/or$ to ,life1 are probably ! be/ ( ! f9i%$ works by :i* ! solemn1 my/]i\s1 & impressive imag9ation ( ,all/on c be be/ e/imat$4 ,)\t giv+ u new revelations reg>d+ ! secrets ( color1 z he 0 r an imitator ( ! ,v5etian s*ool ?an an orig9ator1 ,all/on c be ju/ly consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ agreeable colori/s ,am]ica has produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,j]emiah4--,,wa%+ton ,,all/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dy+ ,,h]cules4--,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,few ( ^? :o recognize ! late ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse z ! inv5tor ( our telegraphic sy/em are aw>e t 9 e>ly life he 0 an arti/1 & gave evid5ce ( succe$+ bo? 9 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,al?\gh 8 pref]5ce 0 = ! latt]1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t he 0 be/ fitt$ to be a sculptor4 ,he became ! pupil ( ,all/on 9 ,london1 & modell$ at t "t a /atue call$ ! ,dy+ ,h]cules1 :i* won ! prize ( a gold m$al (f]$ by ! ,adelphi ,society ( ,arts = ! be/ s+le figure4 ,f t /atue he aft]w>d compos$ a pa9t+ ( ! same subject1 :i* is n[ 9 ,new ,hav51 a "w ( unque/ion$ p[]1 %[+ ?or\gh anatomical k & a creative imag9ation4 ,b1 :ile !re 0 reason to pr$ict an int]e/+ art c>e] = ! "y ,am]ican1 circum/ances beyond 8 control drift$ him away f ! *os5 pursuit ( 8 y\?1 & 8 fame & =tune 7 ev5tually a*iev$ 9 ! pa?s ( sci5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to read ! words :i* ,morse1 suff]+ f ! pangs ( disappo9tm5t1 wrote to "o :o ask$ 8 advice ab\t becom+ a pa9t]3 ,my "y fri5d1 if y h det]m9$ to try ! life ( an arti/1 ,i wi% y all success2 b z y h ask$ my hone/ op9ion1 ,i mu/ say t1 if y c f9d employm5t 9 any o!r call+1 ,i advise y to let pa9t+ alone4 ,i h kn[n s _m "y m5--"s ( !m ( decid$ tal5t1 too--:o1 aft] repeat$ trials & failures1 became disc\rag$1 gave up fur!r ef=t1 & w5t to ru94 ,not)/&+ t su* 7 8 views :5 he ab&on$ art1 did n ,morse1 9 ! prosp]\s h\rs ( 8 life1 sometimes look back to 8 e>ly art ) a pang ( regret8 ,b :ile he cont9u$ 9 ! pr(ession ( art1 8 activity 0 su* t ! ,national ,academy ( ,design owes its orig9 to him1 & ) him clos$ ! fir/ p]iod ( art 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we see t ?is division ( our pictorial art--) ! exception ( ,?omas ,bir*1 ( ,philadelphia1 a m>9e pa9t] ( "s repute1 & a few o!rs ( less note--0 devot$ to ! figure2 &1 if sometimes feeble 9 result1 0 inspir$ by l(ty motives4 ,9 hi/orical art & portraiture x 01 if n /rictly orig9al1 yet (t5 v able1 & fairly ma9ta9$ itself on a level ) ! contempor>y art ( ,europe4 ,ow+ to ! entire want ( opportunities = pr(essional education at home1 our lead+ arti/s1 ) few exceptions1 7 =c$ to pass a good "p ( _! lives 9 =eign /udios4 ,we also f9d t a feel+ = ! beauty ( =m1 z indicat$ 9 black & :ite1 or 9 sculpture1 0 sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ?is /age ( our art4 ,) ! exception ( ,%em ,dr[ne & ,pati5ce ,wright1 :o modell$ skilfully 9 wax1 ! s5se = pla/ic art 0 altoge!r dormant 9 ! c\ntry2 :ile any progress 9 ar*itecture1 until 9 rec5t ye>s1 0 hopelessly ignor$4 ,x is true t ! active1 re/less intellect ( ,?omas ,jeff]son s\ght to end[ ! nation ) a six? ord] ( ar*itecture1 call$ ! ,columbian1 & patriotically resembl+ a /alk ( ,indian-corn4 ,! small pill>s made aft] ?is design are 9 "o ( ! ve/ibules ( ! basem5t ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! ard5t patriot may visit !m1 & see = himself ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! only ord] ( ar*itecture ev] attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?r\gh mu* tribulation1 mu* e>ne/ fai?1 & en?usiasm = art1 our e>ly pa9t]s prep>$ ! way = ! national art ( ! future4 ,!y met only mod]ate appreciation 9 _! native l& at t "t4 ,b we owe mu* to !m2 & 9 our pref]5ce = pres5t me?ods--:i* mu/ 9 turn be sup]s$$ by o!rs--let u n =get ! honor due to ! pione]s ( ,am]ican art4 ,9 ! fir/ articulate utt]ances ( a *ild1 or 9 ! dialect ( an aborig9al tribe1 lie ! rudim5ts ( a national tongue ev5tually c>ri$ to a high degree ( culture2 & ! fir/ rude art or poesy ( a "y p sometimes possesses t\*es ( fre%ness1 *>m+ simplicity1 or virile =ce :i* are too liable to be s(t5$ away beyond recall by ! ref9em5ts ( a lat] civilization4 ,,ii4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s4 #ahbh-ahgh4 ,! g5]ation imm$iately succe$+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution 0 devot$ by ! p ( ! "y republic to adju/+ its comm]cial & political relations at home & abroad4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 h[ev]1 num]\s signs ( lit]>y & art activity became app>5t1 & 9 #ahae ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review 0 f\nd$4 ,we m5tion ?is fact1 al?\gh a lit]>y ev5t1 z indicat+ ! po9t 9 "t :5 ! nebul\s "* ( ! v>i\s intellectual influ5ces & t5d5cies ( ! nation began to develop a c]ta9 cohesive & tangible =m4 ,x 0 ab\t ! same "t t our art1 subject to simil> influ5ces1 began to assume a m def9ite individuality1 & to exhibit r less vagu5ess 9 its ye>n+s aft] national expression4 ,gilb]t ,/u>t1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable colori/s ( mod]n "t1 di$ 9 ! ye> #ahbh4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,national ,academy ( ,design 0 f\nd$4 ,^! two ev5ts1 occurr+ at ! same "t1 seem prop]ly to m>k ! close ( "o p]iod ( our art hi/ory & ! dawn ( its successor2 = not)/&+ ! excell5ce ( ,/u>t's art1 & ! virile "* ( ! art ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 yet _! ef=ts _h be5 spasmodic & unequal2 mu* ( x _h be5 done abroad "u =eign influ5ces2 & !re 0 no su/a9$ patronage or art organization at home :i* c\ld comb9e _! ef=ts t[>d a practical & common end4 ,! fir/ presid5t ( ! new in/itution 0 ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse4 ,! ,national ,academy ( ,design sup]s$$ a simil> b less wisely organiz$ society1 :i* _h l$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce s9ce #ahja4 ,) ! new in/itution 0 collect$ ! nucleus ( a gall]y ( pa9t+s & ca/s2 & f ! outset ! idea sugge/$ by its "n 0 c>ri$ out1 by furni%+ ! mo/ ?or\gh opportunities = art-in/ruction ! c\ntry c\ld af=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mumble ,,! ,,peg4--,,h5ry ,,inman4 ,al?\gh seem+ly =tuit\s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,academy ( ,design really m>ks ! op5+ ( a di/9ct era 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican art2 dur+ :i* x has develop$ into a r\nd$ complet5ess to a degree t enables u1 ) "s measure ( fairness1 to note ! causes :i* l$ to x1 :i* h n\ri%$ its gr[?1 & :i* h made x a wor?y =]unn] ( new me?ods = express+ ! arti/ic ye>n+s ( ^? :o are to foll[ 9 ye>s to come4 ,x has indicat$ a notable advance 9 our art2 x has1 9 spite ( its weakness or imitation ( =eign conv5tionalisms1 possess$ c]ta9 traits entirely & di/9ctively native2 & has be5 di/+ui%$ by a numb] ( arti/s ( orig9al & sometimes unusual ability1 ^: failure to accompli% all !y s\ght 0 due r to un=tunate circum/ances ?an to ! lack ( g5u9e p[]1 :i* 9 ano!r age might h done itself m ju/ice4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve at ?is juncture t our art 0 influ5c$ by exactly ! same causes z our lit]ature ( ! same p]iod2 &1 l our national civilization1 pres5ts a s+ul> rea*+ aft] orig9al expression1 modifi$ sometimes by an unconsci\s imitation ( =eign ?\ght & me?ods4 ,!re is "o fact connect$ ) ! e>ly gr[? ( our art :i* is entirely contr>y to ! laws :i* h else:]e gov]n$ ! progress ( art1 & is und\bt$ly due to ! new & anomal\s features ( our social economy4 ,else:]e ! art-feel+ has undeviat+ly s\ght expression fir/ 9 e>!n-w>e or pla/ic art1 !n 9 ar*itecture & sculpture1 & f9ally 9 pa9t+4 ,we h entirely rev]s$ ?is ord]4 ,! unsettl$ "* ( ! population--especially at ! "t :5 emigration f ! ,ea/]n to ! ,we/]n ,/ates caus$ a g5]al movem5t f ,/ate to ,/ate--toge!r ) ! abundance ( lumb] at t "t1 evid5tly (f]$ no opportunity or dem& = any b ! rude/ & mo/ rapidly con/ruct$ build+s1 & any?+ l ar*itecture & decorative "w 0 naturally relegat$ to a lat] p]iod2 & = ! same reason1 app>5tly1 ! art ( sculpture %[$ little sign ( dem&+ expression "h until aft] ! art ( pa9t+ _h already =mulat$ itself into societies & clubs1 & be5 repres5t$ by num]\s arti/s ( respectable abilities4 ,! art-feel+1 :i* made itself app>5t1 vaguely & abortively1 dur+ our colonial p]iod1 began to dem& fre] & full] expression soon aft] ! new ,republic _h decl>$ its indep5d5ce2 &1 ) sc>ce any patronage f ! ,gov]nm5t1 assum$ a degree ( excell5ce surpris+ "u ! circum/ances1 & r>ely rea*$ by a nation 9 s %ort a "t4 ,we recall no art ( ! pa/ ! ord] & conditions ( ^: gr[? resemble ^? ( ours1 except t ( ,holl& aft] its w>s ( indep5d5ce ) ,spa94 ,! bane & ! bless+ ( our art h be5 9 ! enorm\s v>iety ( influ5ces :i* h controll$ its action4 ,?is has be5 a bane1 because x has1 until rec5tly1 prev5t$ ! conc5tration ( ef=t :i* might lead to gr& results & s*ools4 ,x has be5 a bless+1 because individual expression has ?us f\nd a v5t1 & mann]ism has n yet become a conv5tional net1 s ?r[n ar\nd our art z to prev5t free action & gr[?4 ,! ,am]ican art ( ! la/ two g5]ations has resembl$ ! re/less activity ( a v]satile y\?1 :o seeks 9 v>i\s directions = ! j m$ium by :i* to give direction to 8 life-"w4 ,if !re has be51 on ! :ole1 a national bias 9 "o direction m ?an ano!r1 x has be5 = l&scape-pa9t+4 ,our intellectual /ate has also resembl$ ! _m-sid$ condition ( ,g]many 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 wak+ up f ! *aos ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 b brok5 up into diff]5t ,/ates1 & repres5t+ diff]5t religions & races4 ,b our position has be5 ev5 m agitat$ & div]se2 a g5]al re/lessness has *>act]iz$ ! community--a va/ intellectual discont5t ) ! pres5t4 ,al?\gh /rongly mov$ by pride ( c\ntry1 we h also be5 ke5ly s5sitive to =eign influ5ces1 & h receiv$ impressions f !m ) ! read9ess ( a photographic plate1 al?\gh until rec5tly ! result has be5 assimilation r ?an imitation2 :ile int]nally we h be5 try+ to h>monize race & sectional diff]5ces1 :i* z yet are f> f rea*+ homog5eity4 ,toge!r ) all ^! individual influ5ces mu/ be includ$ "o ( g5]al application1 to :i* ne>ly all our arti/s1 ( :atev] race or section1 h be5 subject 9 turn4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! p h1 by a long prep>ation1 become ready to meet ! arti/ half-way 9 appreciat+ & aid+ him 9 8 mission1 ei!r f ! prompt+s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t to :i* 8 art has giv5 ocul> demon/ration1 or f a dom9at+ & univ]sal s5se ( beauty4 ,) u x has be5 q o!rwise2 = ! arti/s h be5 9 advance ( public s5tim5t1 & h _h ! mis=tune to be =c$ to wait until ! p c\ld come up to !m4 ,9 addition to ! fact t 9 ,new ,engl& ,puritan influ5ces 7 at fir/ oppos$ to art1 ! re/less1 surg+1 unequal1 widely diff]+ "* ( our p1 br\ght face to face ) ! elem5t>y problems ( exi/5ce1 f\nd+ new =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & weld+ incongru\s factors into "o race & nation--9 a ^w1 wre/+ f fate our "r to be--made u indiff]5t to ! ideal1 except 9 sporadic & individual cases1 :i* indicat$ "h & !re t bel[ ! surface ! poetic s5tim5t 0 prep>+ to ass]t itself2 & t we1 9 turn1 7 prep>+ to ackn[l$ge ! great tru? t art is an in/9ctive ye>n+ ( ! race to place itself 9 accord ) ! h>mony :i* rules ! univ]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,p>ke ,,godw94--,,?omas ,,le ,,cle>4 ,! result has be5 t a v l>ge proportion ( ! arti/s ( ?is p]iod ( our hi/ory h be5 compell$ to endure f> m ?an ! tradition>y h>d%ips ( ! pr(ession4 ,!y h be5 oblig$ to devote "s ( ! be/ ye>s ( _! lives to trade1 & h n be5 able to take up art until late4 ,to accuse ,am]ican arti/s1 z a class1 ( be+ m]c5>y--a *>ge made q too (t5--is really some?+ ak9 to irony1 s mu* m successful pecuni>ily w\ld ! majority ( !m h be5 9 m]cantile pursuits4 ,! h]oism ( our e>ly pa9t]s1 /ruggl+1 9 obscure corn]s ( ! c\ntry1 = opportunities to express _! ye>n+ aft] ! ideal1 )\t in/ruction1 )\t art-influ5ces1 meet+ little or no sympa?y or enc\ragem5t1 & 9 spite ( ^! ob/acles (t5 a*iev+ a respectable degree ( excell5ce1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 in/ructive1 & sublime episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,gr[+ out ( ?is hesitat+ condition ( our e>ly art may be disc]n$ a second>y cause1 :i* occurr$ 9 s _m cases z to be ju/ly consid]$ "o ( ! =ces :i* =m$ ! c>eful1 m9ute1 pa9/ak+ /yle ( mu* ( our l&scape art4 ,we ref] to ! fact t _m ( ! be/ ( our e>ly pa9t]s 7 fir/ engrav]s on wood & /eel4 ,?is gave !m a m9ute1 =mal1 & precise me?od ( treatm5t1 :i* l$ !m to look at details r ?an bread? ( effect4 ,:5 we turn to ! influ5ces f abroad :i* /imulat$ ,am]ican art dur+ ?is p]iod1 we f9d t1 :ile !y fo/]$ ! gr[? ( a c]ta9 /hetic feel+1 !y at ! same "t in/ill$ conv5tional me?ods & pr9ciples t def]r$ ! developm5t ( a high] k9d ( art4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t1 not)/&+ ! fri5dly relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 our art1 :5 x 0 fir/ look+ to ,europe = direction1 %\ld n h come 9 contact ) t ( ,france1 :i* at t "t1 l$ by ,g]icault1 ,r\sseau1 ,troyon1 ,delacroix1 & o!r ris+ m51 0 becom+ ! greate/ pictorial s*ool s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,b ,italian art at t "t 0 sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s ( conv5tionalism2 :ile ! good 9 ! ,engli% art ( ! "t 0 repres5t$ less by a s*ool ?an by a few individuals ( g5ius--,turn]1 ,wilkie1 ,con/able--:o 7 s orig9al t !y fail$ to attract /ud5ts ^: fir/ art ideas _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,italy4 ,! influ5ce ( ,italy on our e>ly art 0 %[n by ! t5d5cy ( our pa9t]s 9 t direction--z n[ !y g to ,france & ,g]many--& ?is 0 due prim>ily to ,all/on & ,v&]lyn4 ,! latt]1 :5 at ,rome1 occupi$ ! h\se ( ,salvator ,rosa--app>5tly a trivial incid5t1 b if we c\ld trace all ! influ5ce x may h _h on ! fancy & ta/es ( ! "y ,am]ican arti/1 we might f9d x 0 a p[]ful contributor to ! =mation ( ! e>ly /yle ( ! l&scape arti/s :o foll[$ him to ,italy4 ,?is bias 0 also greatly assi/$ by ! _m pa9t+s import$ at t "t f ! ,italian p59sula1 :i* 7 ei!r orig9als1 b\ght *eaply dur+ ! di/urbances :i* !n convuls$ ,europe1 or copies ( m or less m]it4 ,^! works made _! way gradually ov] our c\ntry1 f ,bo/on to ,new ,orleans2 &1 ) ! rapidly %ift+ =tunes ( our families1 h (t5 be5 s completely plac$ out ( sight & =gott51 t x is n an unfrequ5t in/ance = "o to be une>!d 9 a remote c\ntry village1 or f>m-h\se t w\ld nev] be suspect$ ( h>bor+ high art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,flet*] ,,h>p]--,c4 ,l4 ,elliott ,! l>g] portion ( ^! =eign works came fir/ to ,bo/on1 & 7 hidd5 away some:]e 9 t vic9ity1 z 9 ! case ( ! collection bequea!d to ,b[do9 ,college by its f\nd]2 ^: be/ specim5s 7 ev5tually sold & scatt]$ = a m]e song by a faculty :o 7 ignorant ( _! value1 & ?\ght !y might at ! same "t aid morality & add an hone/ p5ny to ! funds ( ! in/itution by sell+ its preci\s nudities1 & ?us remove !m f ! /ud5t's eye4 ,z ,all/on & ,/u>t1 :o 7 colori/s1 also settl$ 9 ,bo/on1 aft] ye>s ( =eign /udy1 ^! two circum/ances contribut$ to make ! ,bo/on s*ool f ! fir/ "o ( color--a fact less pron\nc$ 9 ! e>ly art ( ,new ,york4 ,x is to ,we/ & ,all/on & ,trumbull t we are to attribute ! ,engli% elem5t 9 our arts4 ,! prom95t position !y !n occupi$ be=e ! ,am]ican public made _! example & op9ions ( great importance ) _! c\ntrym51 & und\bt$ly contribut$ to sugge/ "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits ( ,am]ican art1 t is1 ! t5d5cy to make art a means = tell+ a /ory1 :i* has always be5 a prom95t feature ( ,engli% art4 ,may we n also trace to ,engli% lit]ature ! bias :i* unconsci\sly l$ our pa9t]s to turn _! att5tion to l&scape ) a unanimity t has until rec5tly made our pictorial art di/9ctively a s*ool ( l&scape pa9t+8 ,c[p]1 ,byron1 & ,wordswor? introduc$ l&scape into poetry1 & und\bt$ly impell$ ,engli% art 9 ! same direction2 & x 0 exactly at t "t t our own poet1 ,bryant1 und\bt$ly influ5c$ at ! turn+-po9t ( 8 "* by ,wordswor?'s solemn wor%ip ( nature1 0 becom+ ! pione] ( ,am]ican descriptive poetry2 :ile ,irv+ 0 introduc+ ! picturesque into our lit]ature2 & ,coop]1 ) 8 vivid descriptions ( our =e/s1 01 l ,irv+1 creat+ a :ole class ( subjects t 7 to be illu/rat$ by ! ,am]ican arti/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,! influ5ces cit$ z giv+ direction to ! /ruggl+ ef=ts ( art 9 our c\ntry dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury are illu/rat$ ) especial =ce by five portrait1 figure1 & l&scape-pa9t]s1 :o may almo/ be consid]$ ! f\nd]s ( ?is p]iod ( our art--,h>d+1 ,weir1 ,cole1 ,d\ghty1 & ,dur&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ideal ,,head4--,g4 ,a4 ,,bak]4 ,*e/] ,h>d+ 0 a f>m]'s son1 :o1 aft] an appr5tice%ip 9 agriculture1 took up ! trade ( *air-mak] at tw5ty-"o1 ! "t :5 ! "y ,p>isian arti/ has already won 8 ,prix de ,rome4 ,aft] ?is he tri$ v>i\s o!r projects1 includ+ ^? ( p$dl+ & ! keep+ ( a tav]n2 & !n took 8 wife & *ild & float$ on a flat-boat d[n ! ,alleghany to ,pittsburgh--at t "t a m]e settlem5t--9 se>* ( some?+ by :i* to e>n a b>e liv+4 ,!re he took to sign-pa9t+2 & x 0 n until 8 tw5ty-six? ye> t ! idea ( becom+ a pr(essional arti/ ent]$ 8 head4 ,an it9]ant portrait-pa9t] com+ to ! place fir/ sugge/$ ! idea to ,h>d+1 :o engag$ him to pa9t ! portrait ( ,mrs4 ,h>d+1 & took 8 fir/ art-lesson :ile look+ ov] ! arti/'s %\ld]2 & 8 fir/ crude attempts s fasc9at$ him t he at once adopt$ art z a pr(ession1 & 9 six mon?s pa9t$ "o hundr$ lik5esses1 su* z !y 71 at tw5ty-five doll>s ea*1 & !n settl$ 9 ,bo/on1 :]e he seems to h be5 tak5 up ) *>act]i/ic en?usiasm4 ,on go+ to ,engl&1 ,h>d+1 not)/&+ ! few advantages he _h enjoy$1 seem$ to comp>e s favorably ) portrait-pa9t]s !re t he 0 patroniz$ by ! fir/ noblem5 ( ! l&4 ,al?\gh belong+ also to ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ t n[ "u consid]ation1 yet ,h>d+ 01 on ! :ole1 an important factor 9 ! art :i* dates f ! f\nd+ ( ! ,national ,academy1 & 0 "o ( ! /ronge/ ( ! gr\p ( portrait-pa9t]s naturally associat$ ) him1 su* z ,alex&]1 ,waldo1 ,j>vis1 & ,+ham4 ,!re 0 some?+ gr& 9 ! p]sonality ( ,h>d+1 n only 9 8 almo/ gigantic physique b also 8 /urdy1 frank1 good-natur$1 b e>ne/ & indomitable "*1 :i* causes him to loom up across ! int]v5+ ye>s z a type ( ! p t h fell$ =e/s1 reclaim$ wa/e places1 & giv5 !ws & s9ews to ! ,republic t 9 a brief c5tury has plac$ itself 9 ! front rank ( nations4 ,:ile ,h>d+1 ) all 8 arti/ic inequalities1 fairly repres5t$ ! portrait art ( ,bo/on at t1 p]iod1 ,h5ry ,inman may be consid]$ z hold+ a simil> position 9 ,new ,york4 ,z a resid5t ( t city & a pupil ( ,j>vis1 he enjoy$ advantages ( e>ly tra9+ sup]ior to ^? ( mo/ ( our pa9t]s ( t day4 ,exce$+ly v]satile1 & excell+ 9 m9iature1 & do+ fairly well 9 g5re & l&scape1 ,inman w be be/ kn[n 9 future ye>s by 8 admirable oil portraits ( "s ( ! lead+ *>act]s ( ! "t4 ,he 0 a man ( great /r5g? & symmetry ( "*1 :o w\ld h won di/9ction 9 any field1 & 8 e>ly dea? 0 a mis=tune to ! c\ntry4 ,new ,york became ! c5tre = a numb] ( excell5t & *>act]i/ic portrait-pa9t]s soon aft] ,inman e/abli%$ 8 reputation--su* z ,*>les ,lor+ ,elliott1 ,bak]1 ,hicks1 ,le ,cle>1 ,hunt+ton1 & ,page1 ! contempor>ies ( ,healy1 ,ames1 ,hunt1 & ,/aigg1 ( ,bo/on1 & ,sully1 ( ,philadelphia--all arti/s ( individual /yles & *>act]i/ic traits ( _! own4 ,sully1 ow+ to 8 great age1 really belong$ also to ! prec$+ p]iod ( our art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,p>is4--,,h5ry ,,pet]s ,,grey4 ,9 ,elliott we probably f9d ! mo/ important portrait-pa9t] ( ?is p]iod ( ,am]ican art4 ,x 0 a peculi>ity ( 8 intellectual gr[? t only by degrees did he arrive at ! po9t ( be+ able to seize a simple lik5ess4 ,b x is n at all uncommon = g5ius to falt] 9 its fir/ attempts2 & ,elliott 0 "o ( ! few arti/s we h produc$ :o c\ld be ju/ly rank$ among m5 ( g5ius1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( tal5ts1 h[ev] m>k$4 ,/u>t excell$ all our portrait-pa9t]s 9 purity & fre%ness ( color & ma/]ly control ( pigm5ts2 b he 0 sc>cely m vigor\s ?an ,elliott 9 ! wondr\s faculty ( grasp+ "*4 ,h]e9 lay ?is arti/'s /r5g?4 ,he read ! he>t ( ! man he portray$1 & gave u n m]ely a fai?ful lik5ess ( 8 outw>d features1 b an epitome ( 8 intellectual life & traits1 almo/ clut*+ & br++ to light 8 mo/ secret ?\ghts4 ,9 /udy+ ! portraits ( ,elliott we le>n to analyze & to disc]n ! ess5tial & irreconcilable diff]5ce betwe5 photography & ! highe/ ord] ( pa9t+4 ,! sun is a great magician1 b he _c reproduce m ?an lies on ! surface--he _c sugge/ ! s\l4 ,he is l a tru?ful b unwill+ witness1 :o gives only "p1 & n always ! be/ "p1 ( ! tru?4 ,b !n ! g5ius ( ! great arti/ /eps 91 completes ! te/imony1 & pres5ts be=e u sugge/ions ( ! immortal be+ t %all survive :5 ! mortal frame & ! sun :i* photographs x h alike pass$ away4 ,bak]1 on ! o!r h&1 has excell$ 9 r5d]+ ! delicate color & lovel9ess ( *ildhood1 & ! spl5dor ( ! f9e/ types ( ,am]ican fem99e beauty4 ,! m9iatures ( ,/aigg are also among ! mo/ w9n+ works ( ! sort produc$ by our art4 ,among o!r excell5t m9iature-pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod 0 ,miss ,goodri*1 ( ^: p]sonal hi/ory less is kn[n ?an ( any o!r ,am]ican arti/4 ,william ,page occupies a ph5om5al position 9 ! art ( ?is p]iod1 because1 unlike mo/ ( our pa9t]s1 he has n be5 cont5t to take art me?ods & mat]ials z he f\nd !m1 b has be5 an exp]im5tali/ & a !ori/ z well1 & !re=e belongs prop]ly to m rec5t phases ( our art4 ,?us1 :ile he has a*iev$ "s s+ul>ly successful works 9 portraiture & hi/orical pa9t+1 he has done mu* t has ar\s$ respect r ?an en?usiasm4 ,if less ref9$ 9 aim & treatm5t ?an ,page 9 8 r5d]+ ( female beauty1 ,h5ry ,pet]s ,grey1 :o 0 also an e>ne/ /ud5t ( ,italian ,r5aissance art1 succe$$ sometimes to a degree :i*1 if f> bel[ t ( ! ma/]s :om he /udi$1 0 yet 9 advance ( mo/ ( su* art z has be5 execut$ by ,am]ican pa9t]s1 at lea/ until v rec5tly4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is is c]ta9ly a clev] if n :olly orig9al "w1 & ! figure ( ,v5us a f9e piece ( =m & color4 ,daniel ,hunt+ton1 ! ?ird presid5t ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design1 is a native ( ,new ,york city1 & has enjoy$ advantages & successes exp]i5c$ by v few ( our e>ly arti/s4 ,a pupil ( ,morse & ,inman1 he is bett] kn[n by ! m5 ( ?is g5]ation z a pleas+ portrait-pa9t]2 b ! mo/ important ( 8 e>ly ef=ts 7 9 :at might be call$ a semi-lit]>y /yle 9 g5re & hi/orical & allegorical or religi\s art1 9 :i* dep>tm5ts he has won a p]man5t place 9 our annals by su* compositions z ,m]cy's ,dream1 ,! ,sibyl1 & ,que5 ,m>y ,sign+ ! ,dea?-w>rant ( ,lady ,jane ,grey4 ,:ile portraiture has be5 ! field to :i* mo/ ( our lead+ pa9t]s ( ! figure h direct$ _! att5tion dur+ ?is p]iod1 g5re has be5 repres5t$ by sev]al arti/s ( decid$ ability1 :o1 "u m favorable art auspices1 might h a*iev$ sup]ior results4 ,inman 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( our arti/s to make satisfactory attempts 9 g5re4 ,if circum/ances _h all[$ him to devote himself entirely to any "o ( ! ?ree bran*es he pursu$1 he might h rea*$ a high] position ?an he did4 ,b ! mo/ important g5re arti/ ( ! e>ly "p ( ?is p]iod 0 ,william ,sidney ,m\nt1 ! son ( a f>m] on ,long ,isl&4 ,associat$ fir/ ) 8 bro!r z a sign-pa9t]1 he ev5tually1 9 #ahbh1 took up g5re pa9t+4 ,m\nt lack$ ambition1 z he himself confess$2 he 0 too easily influ5c$ by ! rapidly won approval ( ! public to cease improv+ 8 /yle1 & e>ly return$ to 8 f>m on ,long ,isl&4 ,m\nt 0 n rem>kable z a colori/1 al?\gh x is q possible he might h succe$$ z su* ) sup]ior advantages2 b he 0 9 o!r respects a man ( g5ius1 :o z su* has n be5 surpass$ by ! num]\s g5re arti/s :om he prec$$1 & to :om he %[$ by 8 example ! res\rces :i* our native dome/ic life c furni% to ! g5re pa9t]4 ,?is ,am]ican ,wilkie _h a ke5 eye = ! humor\s traits ( our ru/ic life1 & r5d]$ !m ) an effect t sometimes sugge/s ! old ,dut* ma/]s4 ,! ,long ,/ory & ,b>ga9+ = a ,horse are full ( inimitable t\*es ( humor & %rewd obs]vations ( human nature4 ,f4 ,w4 ,edmonds1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,m\nt1 al?\gh a bank ca%i]1 f\nd "t f 8 bus9ess to produce _m clev] g5re pa9t+s1 %[+ a ke5] eye = color1 b less snap 9 ! draw+ & composition1 ?an ,m\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mir&a4--,,daniel ,,hunt+ton4 ,9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! figure at ?is p]iod ( our art1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,weir holds a prom95t position z "o ( our pione]s 9 ! di/9ctive bran* call$ hi/orical pa9t+4 ,( ,hugu5ot desc5t1 & ga9+ 8 arti/ic tra9+ 9 ,italy1 aft] sev]e /ruggles at home1 8 c>e] illu/rates sev]al ( ! influ5ces :i* h be5 mo/ app>5t 9 =m+ ,am]ican art4 ,al?\gh n a s]vile imitator ( =eign & classic art1 & %[+ indep5d5ce ( ?\ght 9 8 practice & *oice ( subjects1 ,weir's /yle is pleas+ r ?an vigor\s & orig9al4 ,x %[s c>e & lov+ pati5ce1 z ( "o :o appreciates ! dignity ( 8 pr(ession1 b no m>k$ imag9ative =ce1 nor does he introduce or sugge/ any new tru?s4 ,su* a massive composition1 h[ev]1 z ! ,sail+ ( ! ,pilgrims1 :ile x sc>cely ar\ses en?usiasm1 causes u to wond] t we %\ld s e>ly h produc$ an art z consci5ti\s & clev] z ?is4 ,! portrait ( ,r$ ,jacket1 & ! elaborate pa9t+ call$ ,tak+ ! ,veil1 are also works ( decid$ m]it4 ,enjoy+ a s]5e old age1 ?is rev]$ pa9t] yet survives1 /ill wield+ 8 bru%1 & annually exhibit+ cr$itable pictures 9 ! ,academy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,surprise4--,,william ,,sidney ,,m\nt4 ,9 ! works ( ! figure-pa9t]s we h spok5 ( !re is evid5t an e>ne/ pursuit ( art1 att5d$ sometimes ) v respectable results2 b1 ) ! exception ( "h & !re a portrait-pa9t] ( real g5ius1 we d n discov] 9 _! pa9t+s mu* t is ( value 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 except z indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( g5u9e /hetic feel+ 9 ! c\ntry dem&+ expression 9 h[ev] hesitat+ & abortive a mann]4 ,b :5 we come to ! subject ( l&scape-pa9t+1 we ent] ^u a field 9 :i* orig9ality ( /yle is app>5t1 & a c]ta9 consi/5cy & h>mony ( ef=t4 ,m9ds ( l>ge res]ve p[] meet u at ! outset1 mov$ by /rong & e>ne/ convictions1 & (t5 express+ _! ?\ghts 9 me?ods entirely _! own4 ,?or\ghly1 almo/ fanatically1 national by nature1 ev5 :5 _! art %[s traces ( =eign influ5ce1 & draw+ _! subjects f _! native soil1 !y h creat$ an art :i* c fairly claim to be rank$ z a s*ool1 :atev] be ! position assign$ to x 9 future ages4 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,iri%1 ,african1 & ,spani>d h alike vi$ 9 pa9t+ ! sc5]y ( ?is beautiful c\ntry1 & m+l+ _! fame & id5tify+ _! lives ) its hills1 rock-ribb$ & anci5t z ! sun1 its m\nta9 /reams & mead[ l&s1 its primeval =e/s1 & ! waves t break ^u its granite %ores4 ,x is to ?ree arti/s ( great natural ability t ! orig9 ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t+ c be trac$--,cole1 ,d\ghty1 & ,dur&4 ,al?\gh ! y\nge/ ( ! ?ree1 ! fir/ seems to h ant$at$ ,d\ghty by a few mon?s 9 adopt+ ?is bran* ( art pr(essionally2 :ile ,dur&1 old] ?an ,cole by sev]al ye>s1 yet did n take up l&scape-pa9t+ until "s ye>s aft] him4 ,?omas ,cole di$ 9 ! prime ( life1 at ! age ( =ty-sev51 b !re are few *>act]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry t h made a deep] impression4 ,s+ul>ly v]satile1 inspir$ by a p[]ful imag9ation1 possess+ a pure & l(ty "*1 & animat$ by ! noble/ ( s5tim5ts1 we feel be=e 8 greate/ works--?r\gh all ! imp]fections ( 8 art1 ?r\gh all ! falt]+ me?ods ) :i* 8 g5ius s\ght to express itself--t a va/ m9d "h s\ght feebly to utt] great ?\ghts 7:i* he has d\btless already le>n$ to utt] ) m tru? 9 ano!r _w72 we see t unmi/akable sign ( all m9ds ( a high ord]1 ! evid5ce t ! man 0 great] ?an 8 works4 ,x is n dext]ity1 te*nique1 k1 t impresses u 9 /udy+ ! works ( ,cole1 s mu* z "*4 ,"o feels t 9 !m is se5 ! h&writ+ ( "o ( ! greate/ m5 :o h ev] trod ?is cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,! ,,veil--,,rob]t ,,weir ,?omas ,cole1 ! fir/ arti/ :o ev] pa9t$ l&scape pr(essionally 9 ,am]ica--unless we except ! few falt]+ l&scape-pa9t+s ( ,john ,fraz]1 ! m9iature arti/ ( ! previ\s c5tury--0 born 9 ,engl&1 b he 0 ( ,am]ican ance/ry1 & 8 p>5ts return$ to ?is c\ntry 9 8 *ildhood4 ,! difficulties ) :i* he _h to cont5d at ! outset ( 8 art c>e] =m an affect+ picture4 ,f infancy he _h be5 fond ( ! p5cil2 & ! t9t+ ( wall-pap] 9 8 fa!r's factory at ,/eub5ville1 ,ohio1 gave him a slight practice 9 ! h>mony ( colors4 ,9 ! mean "t he took up engrav+1 b 0 div]t$ f ?is pursuit by a travell+ ,g]man portrait-pa9t]1 :o gave him a few lessons 9 ! use ( oil-colors4 ,he began ) portraiture1 & resolv$ to be an arti/1 al?\gh ! failure ( 8 fa!r's bus9ess br\ght ! :ole family on him = support4 ,! /ruggles ?r\gh :i* ! y\? n[ pass$ make a long & pa9ful /ory4 ,?r\gh x all he reta9$ 8 bias = art1 & at tw5ty-two began to draw sc5]y1 f nature1 along ! banks ( ! ,monongahela4 ,dunlap has well said1 ,to me ! /ruggles ( a virtu\s man endeavor+ to buffet =tune1 /eep$ to ! v lips 9 pov]ty1 yet nev] despair+1 or a mom5t ceas+ 8 ex]tions1 is "o ( ! mo/ sublime objects ( contemplation4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( ?is sev]e h>d%ip1 ,cole f9ally drift$ to ,new ,york1 & ev5tually attract$ notice4 ,:5 ! ,national ,academy ( ,design 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahbh1 ,cole & ,d\ghty 7 simultane\sly w9n+ success1 & giv+ a p]man5t "* to ! art :i* = half a c5tury 0 de/9$ to be mo/ prom95t on ! walls ( ! ,academy4 ,s f> z =eign te*nical influ5ces c be trac$ 9 ! compositions ( ,cole1 !y are ^? ( ,claude & ,salvator ,rosa4 ,he revisit$ ,engl& at ! "t :5 ,turn] & ,con/able 7 e/abli%+ _! fame1 & produc+ su* an influ5ce on ! great s*ool ( ,fr5* l&scape art :i* has s9ce succe$$4 ,x is int]e/+ to ?9k :at w\ld h be5 ! "* ( our l&scape art if ,cole _h be5 favorably impress$ by ! broad & vigor\s /yle ( ^! pa9t]s4 ,b he does n seem to h be5 ripe = ! audaci\s & sometimes m tru?ful me?ods ( mod]n l&scape1 & express$ himself ) w>m? reg>d+ :at he consid]$ ! extravagances ( ,turn]4 ,! art ( ,cole 0 h[ev]1 l>gely biass$ by ! lit]ature ( ,engl&4 ,! influ5ce ( bo? ,bunyan & ,walt] ,scott c be trac$ 9 8 works2 :ile ! s]i\s turn ( 8 m9d gave a solemn maje/y & a religi\s f]vor to 8 compositions1 :i* comm& our deep respect1 ev5 :5 we fail altoge!r to conc$e complete success to 8 arti/ic ef=ts4 ,= ?is reason ,cole has wield$1 m ?an mo/ ( our arti/s1 a p[]ful influ5ce outside ( 8 art ) a p :i*1 ) all its volatility1 yet ma9ta9s ! traditions ( a deeply religi\s ance/ry4 ,x 0 9 ?is _m-sid$ness ( 8 g5ius1 t br\ght him into contact ) widely v>i$ sympa?ies1 t ,cole's *ief p[] consi/$2 = if we look at 8 "w f ! art po9t ( view alone1 we are impress$ ) its inequality1 ! lack ( e>ly art influ5ces :i* x exhibits1 & an attempt sometimes at dramatic =ce :i* occasionally lapses into m]e s5sationalism4 ,b 9 all 8 compositions !re are evid5t a raptur\s love ( nature1 & ! en]gy & ye>n+ ( a m9d seek+ to f9d expression = a va/ ideal4 ,cole 0 :at v few ( our arti/s h be5--an ideali/4 ,! "w by :i* he w be longe/ & be/ rememb]$ 9 ! art ( 8 c\ntry is ! noble s]ies call$ ! ,c\rse ( ,empire1 consi/+ ( five pa9t+s1 repres5t+ a nation's rise1 progress1 decl9e1 & fall1 & ! *ange :i* comes ov] ! ab&on$ sc5]y z ! once sup]b capital returns to ! wildness & solitude ( nature4 ,! la/ ( ! s]ies1 entitl$ ,desolation--a gray sil5t wa/e1 haunt$ by ! bitt]n1 ) "h & !re a crumbl+ column reflect$ 9 ! des]t$ h>bor1 :]e gleam+ fleets once float$1 & imp]ial pageants 7 se5 9 ! pavilions along ! m>ble pi]s--is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable productions ( ,am]ican art4 ,b ) all ! en?usiasm :i* ,cole ar\s$ among 8 contempor>ies1 8 influ5ce seems to h be5 to give dignity to l&scape art r ?an to impress 8 ?\ghts & me?ods on o!r arti/s4 ,x is true t he seiz$ ! *>act]i/ics ( our sc5]y ) a tru? :i* came n only f close /udy1 b also f deep affection = ! l& ^: m\nta9s & lakes he pa9t$1 & ?us l$ our fir/ l&scapi/s to obs]ve ! great v>iety & beauty ( _! own c\ntry4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 h>dness 9 8 te*nique probably r5d]$ him less influ5tial z a lead] ?an ,d\ghty & ,dur&4 ,! =m]1 if inf]ior 9 g5]al capacity to ,cole1 0 m emphatically ! arti/ by nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,desolation4--,,f ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,empire1 ,,by ,,?omas ,,cole4 ,?omas ,d\ghty 0 9 ! lea!r bus9ess until 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 :51 )\t any previ\s tra9+1 he ?rew up ! trade1 & adopt$ ! pr(ession ( l&scape-pa9t]4 ,!re is an audacity1 a self-confid5ce1 9 ! way our e>ly pa9t]s ent]$ on ! art c>e]1 )\t in/ruction 9 ! !ory & practice ( _! art1 :i* is *>m+ = ! simplicity x %[s1 b w\ld t5d to br+ ! ef=ts ( ^! arti/s into contempt if ! results _h n (t5 ju/ifi$ _! audacity1 = !y 7 sometimes m5 ( rem>kable ability4 ,!re h be5 _m great] l&scape-pa9t]s ?an ,d\ghty1 b few :o h done s well ) su* meagre opportunities = in/ruction4 ,he seems1 also1 to h be5 successful 9 attract+ favorable notice 9 ,engl& z well z "h1 al?\gh at a "t :5 ,engli% l&scape art 0 at its z5i?4 ,! s(t1 poetic traits1 ! t5d]1 silv]y tones1 t di/+ui%$ ,d\ghty's /yle1 7 entirely orig9al ) him1 & h und\bt$ly _h mu* influ5ce 9 =m+ ! /yle ( "s ( ! l&scapi/s :o succe$$ him4 ,9 ,a%] ,b4 ,dur&1 a ,hugu5ot by desc5t1 & ! only "o ( ! ?ree f\nd]s ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t+ :o survives to our "t to enjoy a gre5 old age1 we f9d a nature z /rong z t ( ,cole4 ,! equal ( t arti/ 9 ! sum ( 8 intellectual p[]s1 we discov] 9 him a diff]5t quality ( m9d4 ,simil> z !y are 9 high moral purpose & a pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! ,creator1 z repres5t$ 9 8 works1 ,cole 0 ! mo/ imag9ative & inspirational ( ! two1 /irr$ m by ! fire ( g5ius2 :ile ,dur&1 ) a m equable temp]am5t & a l>g] exp]i5ce1 produc$ results t are m satisfactory f an art po9t ( view4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/udy ,,f ,,nature4--,a4 ,u4 ,,dur&4 ,few arti/s h %[n great] capacity ?an ,dur& 9 successfully foll[+ entirely di/9ct bran*es ( art4 ,z a /eel-engrav]1 :o 9 ?is c5tury has produc$ "w t is mu* sup]ior to 8 sup]b engrav+ ( ,v&]lyn's ,ariadne8 ,:o ( our arti/s has be5 able bo? to design & to engrave su* a "w z 8 ,musidora8 ,aft] employ+ ! bur9 s admirably1 he took up portrait-pa9t+1 & by su* portraits z 8 head ( ,bryant plac$ himself by ! side ( our lead+ portrait-pa9t]s4 ,/ill unsatisfi$ ) ! success won ?us f>1 ,dur&1 9 8 ?irty-eigh? ye>1 direct$ 8 ef=ts to l&scape-pa9t+1 & at once became n only a pione] b a ma/] 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! c>e he _h be5 oblig$ to give to engrav+ 0 und\bt$ly ( great assi/ance to him 9 enabl+ him to r5d] ! l9es ( a composition ) tru?2 :ile 8 practice ( /udy+ "* 9 portraiture gave him insight into ! individuality ( trees--he inve/$ !m ) a humanity l t :i* ! anci5t ,greeks gave to _! =e/s :5 !y made !m ! haunt ( ! dryads4 ,x is to ?is t we d\btless owe ! massive h&l+1 ! fre% & vigor\s treatm5t ( trees 9 su* solemn & maje/ic l&scapes z ,! ,edge ( ! ,=e/1 9 ! ,corcoran ,gall]y at ,wa%+ton4 ,! art ( ,dur& is :olly national3 few ( our pa9t]s owe less to =eign inspiration4 ,"h he le>n$ ! v>i\s arts t gave him a triple fame1 "h he f\nd ! subjects = 8 compositions1 & 8 "n is de/9$ to endure z long z ,am]ican art %all endure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,noon ,,by ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore4--,,bev]ly ,,bea*4--,j4 ,f4 ,,k5sett4 ,among ! mo/ prom95t ( ! l&scape-pa9t]s :o succe$$ ! f\nd]s ( ! art among u1 & 71 l !m1 inspir$ by a rev]5t _s & l(ty poetic impulses1 ,john ,f4 ,k5sett holds a comm&+ position4 ,l ,dur&1 he began 8 c>e] ) ! bur91 & aft] work+ = ! ,am]ican ,bank-note ,company1 drift$ into pa9t+4 ,circum/ances seem to h favor$ him beyond _m ( 8 compe]s1 & he 0 e>ly p]mitt$ to visit ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 & sp5t sev5 ye>s abroad4 ,not)/&+ s long an association ) =eign s*ools1 especially ! ,italian1 we f9d v little evid5ce ( =eign art 9 ! /yle ( ,k5sett4 ,he 0 fully z orig9al z ,dur&1 & saw & repres5t$ nature 9 8 own language4 ,8 me?ods ( r5d]+ a bit ( l&scape 7 t5d] & h>moni\s1 & entirely free f any attempt at s5sationalism4 ,s m>k$ 0 ! latt] *>act]i/ic especially1 t be=e ! great mod]n "q ( ! values began to ar\se mu* att5tion 9 ! ateli]s ( ,p>is1 ,k5sett _h already grasp$ ! p]ception ( a !ory ( art practice :i* has s9ce become s prom95t 9 =eign art2 al?\gh1 naturally1 x is n 9 all 8 canvases t ?is attempt to int]pret ! true relations ( objects 9 nature is equally evid5t4 ,we see x br\ght out mo/ prom95tly 9 "s ( 8 quiet1 dreamy coa/ sc5es1 9 :i* x is n s mu* ?+s z feel+s t he tries to r5d] or sugge/4 ,9 !m also is mo/ app>5t an endeavor aft] bread? ( effect1 :i* is a sign ( ma/]y :5 successfully c>ri$ out4 ,mr4 ,k5sett's art consi/$ 9 a c]ta9 inimitably w9n+ t5d]ness ( tone--a subtle poetic sugge/iv5ess4 ,8 small compositions1 z a rule1 are m satisfy+ ?an 8 l>g] pictures1 9 :i* ! ?9ness ( 8 te*nique is sometimes too prom95t4 ,! c>e] ( ,k5sett1 :o di$ b a few ye>s ago1 is "o ( ! mo/ complete & symmetrical 9 our art hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,altorf1 ,,bir?-,,place ,,( ,,william ,,tell4--,,george ,l4 ,,br[n4 ,a contempor>y ( ,k5sett1 b /ill surviv+ him1 ,george ,l4 ,br[n1 ( ,bo/on1 /ruggl$ h]oically & successfully ) ! e>ly difficulties ( 8 life2 &1 yield+ to ! s$uctive influ5ces ( ,italian sc5]y1 devot$ 8 art to repres5t+ x1 ) results t entitle him to an honorable position4 ,! effects he has s\ght are lum9\sness & color4 ,mr4 ,br[n's me?od ( us+ colors 0 =m$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 on t ( ! ,italian l&scape art ( ! "t2 &1 :ile (t5 brilliant & poetic1 rem9ds u sometimes ( ! /udio r ?an ( ! free1 pure1 magical opul5ce ( ! atmosph]e & sunlight ( ! sc5]y he portray$4 ,x c be frankly conc$$1 h[ev]1 t he has be5 no slavi% copyi/ ( a /yle2 b :ile ackn[l$g+ ! =ce ( =eign influ5ces1 has yet giv5 abundant evid5ce ( a p]sonality ( 8 own3 & 9 su* works z 8 ,bay ( ,new ,york1 :i* is own$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & "s ( 8 views among ! liquid /reets ( ,v5ice l9$ ) m\ld]+ palaces1 & skimm$ by gondolas d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r l swall[s1 he has %[n himself to be a true poet & an admirable pa9t]4 ,,iii4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s4 #ahbh-ahgh4 ,no s*ool ( art ev] came m rapidly into be+ ?an ! l&scape s*ool :i* owes its rise to ,cole1 ,d\ghty1 & ,dur&4 ,up to ?is "t portraiture _h be5 ! field 9 :i* ,am]ican pa9t]s _h a*iev$ _! mo/ signal successes4 ,b n[ ! majority ( our arti/s ( ability turn$ _! att5tion to ! repres5tation ( sc5]y2 & = =ty ye>s a long li/ ( pa9t]s h made ! public famili> ) _! native l&1 & h ?us1 at ! same "t1 /imulat$ a popul> int]e/ 9 art4 ,x is impossible to m5tion "h m ?an a few ( ^? :o1 z l&scape-pa9t]s1 h won a local or national reputation among u4 ,nor is x ess5tial1 :ile recogniz+ ! great importance & und\bt$ m]it ( our l&scape art1 to exagg]ate its relative value & position4 ,:ile x has1 9 mo/ cases1 be5 ! result ( a true arti/ic feel+ & a g5u9e1 if n v demon/rative1 en?usiasm = nature on ! "p ( ! arti/s :o h devot$ _! lives to its pursuit1 & :ile x has giv5 u mu* t is pleas+1 mu* t is improv+1 mu* t is poetic1 & occasionally "s examples ( a high ord] ( l&scape-pa9t+--yet1 z a :ole1 our s*ool ( l&scape seems sc>cely to be entitl$ to ! highe/ rank4 ,! wond] is t x has be5 ( su* av]age excell5ce1 = ! environ+ conditions h app>5tly n be5 favorable4 ,! influ5ces among :i* x sprung h be5 s (t5 prosaic or un9spir+1 t1 not)/&+ its f]tility1 we f9d ! result to lean to quantity r ?an quality4 ,! ideal & emotional elem5ts 9 art h n be5 suffici5tly dom9ant2 :ile ! topographical & ! me*anical notions reg>d+ ! end ( l&scape art h prevail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brook ,,9 ,,! ,,woods4--,,wor?+ton ,,:ittr$ge4 ,until rec5tly ?is s*ool has cont5t$ itself ) ! sup]ficial aspect ( nature r ?an ) ! subtle sugge/ions by :i* x appeals to ! s\l4 ,an abs5ce ( imag9ative p[] has be5 too app>5t1 & a lack ( ! en]gy & e>ne/ness born ( l>ge natures & absorb+ en?usiasm2 & ! abundant v>iety or individuality ( /yle1 :ile indicat+ self-reliant1 indep5d5t action1 sometimes has also be5 a result ( ! want ( solid tra9+1 or failure to grasp ! accept$ pr9ciples :i* und]lie art practice4 ,!re has be5 a g5]al av]age ( native ability 9 ! arti/s--a c]ta9 dead level ( excell5ce 9 ! quality ( ! works (f]$ at our annual exhibitions--:i* 0 good z f> z x w5t2 b1 except on r>e occasions1 x seldom arre/$ & en*a9$ att5tion by ! expression ( d>+ te*nique or imag9ative p[]1 z ! outcome ( conc]t$ influ5ces ex]t$ 9 "o direction1 & result+ 9 typical repres5tative m9ds ( va/ res\rces1 b\nd+ into ! ar5a & *all5g+ ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,arti/s we h und\bt$ly _h occasionally1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 :o h be5 end[$ ) g5ius to w9 r5[n2 b !y h1 l ,cole1 ei!r lack$ ! tra9+ & influ5ces--! long succession ( national h]$ity 9 art practice :i* are well-nigh indisp5sable to ! highe/ success2 or1 l ,*ur*1 yield+ to ! impulse ( a prosaic environm5t1 !y h /opp$ %ort ( ! highe/ flights ( art1 & _! imag9ation has be5 curb$ to ! subord9ate pursuit ( r5d]+ ! actual r ?an ! ideal4 ,9 te*nique1 also--if we may be p]mitt$ mode/ly to express an op9ion on ! subject--?is s*ool has seem$ to be1 on ! :ole1 weak & vacillat+1 be+ impell$ by no def9ite aim4 ,x has dealt ) detail r ?an masses2 x has conc]n$ itself ) p>ts r ?an g5]al effect4 ,?us1 :ile ! r5d]+ ( details has sometimes be5 giv5 ) great fidelity1 ! _s ( ! sc5e has elud$ ! arti/1 & a "w :i* dazzles u at fir/1 fails1 !re=e1 to hold ! imag9ation ( ! obs]v]1 & becomes flat & insipid on repeat$ inspection4 ,! rev]se is ! case ) works ( art ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,we also f9d 9 ! art ( ?is s*ool weakness 9 a k (--or at lea/ 9 ! p[] ( appreciat+--! va/ significance ( ! l9e 9 art4 ,too _m ,am]ican pa9t+s1 :i* h be5 clev] 9 color1 h be5 almo/ ru9$ by ! palpable ignorance !y display ( ! elem5ts ( draw+4 ,inability to compose effectively--or1 9 o!r words1 to p]ceive ! h>mony :i* is ! dom9ant idea ( true art--has also be5 too frequ5t a *>act]i/ic ( ?is s*ool4 ,:ile 9 ! application ( colors a lack ( n]ve has be5 exhibit$ :i* gives to _m ( ^! works an appe>ance ( ?9ness1 t becomes pa9fully app>5t :5 !y h be5 pa9t$ a few ye>s4 ,^! obs]vations apply no less to ! figure-pa9t+ ?an ! l&scape art ( ?is p]iod ( ,am]ican art2 & a g5]al abs5ce ( w>m? & e>ne/ness is ! impression :i* a survey ( ! field leaves ^u ! m9d ( ! c&id obs]v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&scape ,,composition4--,r4 ,w4 ,,hubb>d4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is to surprise or to disc\rage1 if we frankly consid] ! surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,great art is ! *ild ( repose2 ! re/lessness1 ! fev]i% activity ( ! c\ntry1 em95tly enc\rag+ to "s pursuits1 is1 if n fatal to ! arts1 at lea/ oppos$ to _! highe/ developm5t2 ! va/ multiplicity ( aims agitat+ ! p has ?us f> prev5t$ t conc5tration ( ef=t :i* meets ) a response 9 ! en?usiasm ( arti/ic g5ius4 ,in/ead ( be+ disc\rag$1 !re=e1 by ! quality ( ! art we h already produc$1 we accept x z /rong evid5ce t ! ,am]ican p h a decid$ natural turn = ! arts1 :i* only awaits a m favorable condition ( ! nation to rea* a high] plane ( excell5ce4 ,nor does ! g5]al abs5ce ( imag9ative p[] 9 our art seem to u pro( t we are by nature de/9$ to rema9 a prosaic p4 ,aside f ! fact t already ye>s ago we _h su* imag9ative arti/s z ,hamilton1 ,laf>ge1 ,v$d]1 & o!rs1 we consid] t ! wond]ful inv5tive quality ( ! ,am]ican m9d t[>d sci5tific & me*anical discov]y argues a highly creative imag9ation4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] x is :o proves some:]e t imag9ation mu/ ent] into ! work+ out ( ! problems ( inv5tive sci5ce4 ,hi!rto ! nation's ne$s h /imulat$ ! imag9ation 9 t direction2 b "u new conditions !re is little reason to d\bt t ! same faculty w become subs]vi5t to ! creation ( an orig9al & p[]ful s*ool ( art 9 ,am]ica4 ,b :ile admitt+ ! weak po9ts ( our l&scape art1 & t ! highe/ flights ( :i* l&scape-pa9t+ is capable h n always be5 rea*$ by our arti/s1 we %\ld be c>eful1 on ! o!r h&1 le/ we fail to aw>d !m ! m]it :i* is ju/ly _! due = p]sev]+ endeavor1 & frequ5tly = great natural ability4 ,let u1 9 ju/ice1 ungrudg+ly all[ ! discrim9at+ praise t "s out ( a l>ge numb] are und\bt$ly entitl$ to claim4 ,if we m5tion !m individually r ?an by ! classification ( s*ools1 x is simply because1 = ! reasons already /at$1 sc>ce any ( our arti/s h f\nd$ s*ools2 al?\gh we may1 p]haps1 )\t inconsi/5cy1 speak ( ! ef=ts ( arti/s ( altoge!r diff]5t /yles1 b treat+ ! same class ( subjects1 z a s*ool4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we allude to our s*ool ( l&scape4 ,) c]ta9 important exceptions1 to be not$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 ! ,am]ican art ( ?is p]iod has1 on ! :ole1 be5 conc]n$ *iefly ) ! objective2 & x c\ld n h well be5 o!rwise1 = any o!r =m ( art at su* a "t w\ld h utt]ly fail$ to c>ry ! p ) x1 & ?us miss$ ( produc+ t gradual /hetic education :i* is ! prov9ce ( a national art4 ,n only = ?is reason has our s*ool ( l&scape art v9dicat$ its "r to be1 & e/abli%$ its claim on our respectful att5tion1 b also because x has ow$ little to =eign influ5ces--spr++ r f environ+ circum/ances1 z naturally z ! fl[]s ( ,may foll[ ! dep>ture ( w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,va/y ,,deep4--,,william ,t4 ,,ri*>ds4 ,& ?us1 z aft] a long w9t] a few w>m spr+ days cov] ! or*>d ) an afflu5ce ( blossoms1 s at ?is "t f _m qu>t]s ( ! l& arti/s appe>$1 especially 9 ! field ( l&scape art2 & "o c h>dly believe t :]e1 b a few ye>s be=e1 ! ,indian & ! buffalo & ! wolf _h roam$ at _! own wild w1 arti/s n[ arose1 arm$ ) an ability to disc]n ! beauties ( _! native l&1 to direct ! prosaic ?\ghts ( ! pione] to ! lovel9ess ( ! nature :i* surr\nd$ him1 & to make = !mselves an endur+ "n4 ,ohio1 ! ,massa*usetts ( ! ,we/1 = example1 :i* became a ,/ate z late z #ahjj1 0 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is p]iod especially prolific 9 arti/s1 :o1 if !y did n f9d in/ruction or a public on ! spot1 7 at lea/ enabl$1 ) ! increas+ means ( communication1 to g to ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 or to w&] ov] to ! /udios & art weal? ( ,europe4 ,9 o!r l&s & ages ! poetic s5tim5t has fir/ f\nd a v5t 9 lyrics & idyls2 b ) u ! be/ poetry has be5 9 ! l&scape-pa9t+ :i* 0 creat$ by ! sons ( ^? ^: pl\ghs fir/ broke ! soil ( ?is cont95t ) a ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,at ?is p]iod1 also1 we note ! adv5t ( an influ5ce :i* d\btless aid$ to promote a m rapid pursuit ( ! new art impulse ( ! nation4 ,/eam1 ! mighty magician :i* drives ! locomotive & ! /eam%ip1 is 9 bad repute ) ! cons]vatives :o are n 9 sympa?y ) ! progressive movem5ts ( ! age2 & yet among all ! o!r results ( :i* x has be5 ! wond]ful ag5t1 we mu/ ascribe its patronage ( art4 ,x is und\bt$ly to ! f> great] facilities = go+ f place to place1 :i* foll[$ ! introduction ( /eam1 t we mu/ p>tly attribute ! rapid success ( _m ( ! arti/s :o appe>$ 9 our c\ntry at t "t 9 su* unexpect$ numb]s4 ,x 0 9 #ahda t ,leutze w5t to ,dsseldorf to /udy1 & ?us introduc$ a new influ5ce into our art1 :i* hi!rto1 s f> z x _h ackn[l$g$ =eign influ5ces1 _h be5 sway$ by ! s*ools ( ,italy & ,brita94 ,! effect 0 evid5t :51 a few ye>s lat]1 ,wor?+ton ,:ittr$ge1 a native ( ,ohio1 w5t to ,dsseldorf1 & /udi$ "u ! guidance ( ,a*5ba*4 ,v naturally 8 /yle %[$ = a "t ! effect ( =eign me?ods2 b he 0 guid$ by a native indep5d5ce ( action t enabl$ him 9 ! end to assimilate r ?an to imitate1 l mo/ ( our arti/s at ?is "t1 & 8 lat] l&scapes are ?or\ghly individual & ,am]ican1 al?\gh d\btless improv$ by =eign discipl9e4 ,z a fai?ful del9eator ( ! v>i\s phases ( ,am]ican wood int]iors1 ,mr4 ,:ittr$ge has des]v$ly won a p]man5t place 9 ! popul> favor4 ,"s ( 8 l&scapes1 repres5t+ ! sc5]y ( ! great ,we/1 h also be5 l>ge 9 treatm5t & effective 9 composition2 b 8 skies sometimes lack atmosph]e & ideality4 ,l 8 ma/]1 ,dur&1 ,j4 ,w4 ,casile> began 8 c>e] z an engrav]2 & ! success he a*iev$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t is atte/$ by 8 v clev] engrav+ ( ,hunt+ton's ,sibyl4 ,s9ce he drift$ into l&scape-pa9t+1 ,casile> has produc$ _m delicately f9i%$ & poetic sc5es1 di/+ui%$ by elegance & ref9em5t r ?an da% or orig9ality2 & some:at ! same obs]vations w\ld apply to ! t5d] l&scapes ( ,james ,a4 ,saydam4 ,9 su* dreamy1 pleasant1 b n v vigor\s pa9t+s z t ( 8 ,valley ( ! ,pemigewasset1 ,samuel ,l4 ,g]ry has also attract$ favorable att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,torn1 ,,rockl& ,,lake4--,,jasp] ,f4 ,,cropsey4 ,! "w ( a g5u9e poet is app>5t 9 ! canvases ( ,r4 ,w4 ,hubb>d4 ,repose & p5sive h>moni\sness ( treatm5t *>act]ize 8 simple & w9some1 if n /irr+1 transcripts ( ! m famili> phases ( our sc5]y4 ,!y are idyls 9 color4 ,:at ,hubb>d has done = ,new ,engl& l&scape1 ,j4 ,r4 ,meek]1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 has attempt$ = ! lakes ( ! ,at*afalaya1 fragrant & ?ickly emb[]$ ) blossom+ h$ges ( roses1 & ! live-oaks spread+ _! va/ arms1 l gro9$ ar*es ( ,go?ic ca!drals1 fe/oon$ ) ! my/ically trail+ folds ( ! ,spani% moss1 along ! lagoons ( ! ,s\?-we/1 :]e ! seque/]$ %ores are haunt$ by ! pelican & ! gayly color$ crane1 & ! groves are melodi\s ) ! raptur\s lyrics ( ! mock+bird1 ! improvisatore ( ! woods4 ,if n always successful 9 ! tone ( 8 pictures1 x may be conc$$ t ,mr4 ,meek] has approa*$ 8 subject ) a rev]5t & poetic _s1 & has (t5 r5d]$ ^! sc5es ) mu* feel+ & tru?4 ,/ill ano!r aspect ( our sc5]y has be5 reproduc$ ) fidelity by ,w4 ,t4 ,ri*>ds1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,we ref] to ! long rea*es ( silv]y %ore & ! s&-dunes :i* are *>act]i/ic ( _m p>ts ( our ,atlantic coa/4 ,he has (t5 pa9t$ woodl& sc5es ) great pati5ce1 b1 z x seems to u1 ) too mu* detail1 & ) gre5s :i* are op5 to a *>ge ( be+ crude & viol5t4 ,b 9 8 bea* effects ,mr4 ,ri*>ds ma9ta9s an important position2 & if slightly mann]$1 has yet develop$ a /yle ( subject & treatm5t :i* v effectively repres5ts c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features ( our solemn coa/s4 ,"s ( 8 wat]-color pa9t+s h sc>cely be5 surpass$1 z1 = example1 ! noble repres5tations ( ! bleak1 sn[-l1 c$>-tuft$ dunes along ! ,j]sey %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p>sonage--,a4 ,f4 ,,bell[s ,! extraord9>y v>iety ( ! effects ( ,am]ican l&scape is aga9 %[n by ! gorge\sness ( our autumnal foliage4 ,x has be5 object$ by "s t x is too vivid = art purposes4 ,we consid] ?is a matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,!re is no?+ m absurd 9 try+ to r5d] ! effects ( sunset1 or ! sc>let & gold ( an ,am]ican =e/ 9 ! dreamy days ( ! ,indian summ]1 ?an 9 und]tak+ to pa9t ! spl5dor ( _m-color$ drap]y 9 an ,ori5tal cr[d1 :i* is consid]$ a legitimate subject = ! arti/ :o has a correct eye = color4 ,x is n 9 ! subject1 b 9 ! arti/1 t ! difficulty lies4 ,"s ( our pa9t]s h seiz$ ^! autumnal displays ) f9e feel+ & excell5t judgm5t4 ,k5sett is an example2 ano!r is ,j4 ,f4 ,cropsey1 :o1 beg9n+ life z an ar*itect1 became ev5tually an agreeable del9eator ( our autumnal sc5]y1 & at "o "t execut$ a numb] ( pa9t+s rem>kable = _! tru? & arti/ic beauty4 ,8 lat] "w has sc>cely su/a9$ ! e>ly reputation he ju/ly acquir$4 ,at its be/1 8 /yle 0 crisp1 /rong 9 color1 & sometimes v bold 9 composition4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,cran*1 :o 0 associat$ ) ,cropsey 9 ,italy1 & :o is well kn[n z a writ]1 has exhibit$ 9 8 ,v5etian l&scapes a correct p]ception ( color1 :ile 8 me?od lacks firmness ( draw+1 & %[s traces ( =eign influ5ce m ?an t ( _m ( our arti/s :o /udi$ abroad at ?is "t4 ,r4 ,h4 ,full]1 :o 0 a night-wat*man on ! police =ce ( ,*elsea1 ,massa*usetts1 & di$ 9 #ahga1 0 an arti/ ^: educational opportunities 7 excessively meagre4 ,b he _h a f9e eye = color & atmosph]ic effect1 & "s ( 8 l&scapes are pa9t$ ) a full bru%1 & are t5d] & beautiful4 ,f4 ,d4 ,williams1 be=e he left ,bo/on = ,p>is1 also develop$ a /rong s*eme ( h&l+ & color :i* 0 at once pleas+ & orig9al4 ,f4 ,h4 ,%apleigh has likewise %[n an excell5t feel+ = "s ( nature's m quiet effects1 & 8 coa/ sc5es are attractive1 al?\gh lack+ some:at 9 =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&scape ,,) ,,cattle4--,,james ,,h>t4 ,z "o consid]s ?is field ( ,am]ican art1 he is increas+ly a/oni%$ to f9d h[ /rik+ly x exemplifies "o ( ! lead+ traits ( a national s*ool 9 ! entire orig9ality & individuality ) :i* ea* ( our prom95t l&scapi/s ( ?is p]iod int]prets nature1 ev5 :5 he has /udi$ m or less 9 ,europe4 ,:atev] may be ! g5]al defect ( ref9em5t r ?an /r5g?1 & o!r weaknesses *>act]i/ic ( our s*ool ( l&scape art1 x mu/ be admitt$ t its repres5tative arti/s h be5 (t5 /urdily indep5d5t1 & t _! m]its z well z _! defects are entirely _! own4 ,:at diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! c>efully f9i%$ b ri*1 massive foliage ( ,david ,johnson1 sugge/+ ! /r5g? ( ! old ,engli% ma/]s ( l&scape1 & ! dreamy1 mell[ pa/oral mead[ l&s1 wood$ slopes1 & dimpl+ lakes ( our ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 veil$ by a lum9\s haze & /eep$ 9 repose1 :i* are s delicately portray$ by ! bru% ( ,j4 ,b4 ,bri/ol6 ,few ( ! l&scape-pa9t]s ( ?is s*ool h produc$ m agreeable results ) _! bru%4 ,:at po9ts ( div]g5ce !re are1 aga91 betwe5 ! l&scapes ( ,w4 ,l4 ,sonntag & ,a4 ,f4 ,bell[s6--! "o adopt+ a s*eme ( tone & color app>5tly out ( ! focus ( nature1 yet s us+ x 9 r5d]+ ideal compositions z to a*ieve results :i* place him by ! side ( our lead+ poets ( nature4 ,to him l&scape-pa9t+ seems to be n s mu* a means to give fai?ful transcripts ( actual sc5es z to repres5t ! ideals ( 8 fancy2 & z su* we accept !m ) ?ankfulness1 = !y n only s]ve to give u pleasure1 b also to illu/rate ! _m-sid$ phases ( art4 ,bell[s1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? 9 oil & aqu>elle1 has attempt$ m9ute reproductions ( nature2 &1 :ile sometimes sugge/+ ! impression ( labor r m ?an is consi/5t ) bread? ( effect1 has fai?fully & *>m+ly int]pret$ ! idyllic side ( our rural life4 ,if he _h n be5 a poet 9 color1 we might h expect$ ( him pa/oral lyrics imbu$ ) ! _s ( ,c[p] or ,?ompson4 ,e>ly /udy at ! s*ool ( ,antw]p1 & ! pursuit ( g5re = "s ye>s1 h enabl$ ,mr4 ,bell[s skilfully to div]sify 8 attractive village pictures & repres5tations ( our noble ,new ,engl& elms ) gr\ps ( figures4 ,he is ju/ly entitl$ to be call$ ! ,am]ican ,birket ,fo/]4 ,x is in/ructive1 9 ?is connection1 to obs]ve ! fir/ l&scapes ( ,george ,inness1 :i* prop]ly belong 9 /yle to ! e>ly & di/9ctively ,am]ican s*ool ( l&scape1 :ile 8 rec5t me?od has id5tifi$ him ) ! lat] graduates ( ! ateli]s ( ,p>is4 ,samuel ,colman is ano!r l&scape-pa9t] ^: art is id5tifi$ bo? ) ?is s*ool & ) t ( ! p]iod on :i* we are n[ ent]+4 ,educat$ "h1 & influ5c$ by a f9e eye = color1 =eign travel has broad5$ 8 sympa?ies1 modifi$ 8 te*nique1 & l$ him to look ) favor ^u lat] me?ods4 ,! l&scapes ( ,william & ,james ,h>t repres5t /ill ano!r phase ( our art4 ,bo? began life z appr5tices to a coa*-pa9t]1 b gradually id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! great ?rong ( all ages :o h become ! vot>ies ( nature4 ,!re is clev]ness & dext]ity 9 _! "w1 a f9e p]ception ( ! ext]nal beauty ( ! slopes & vales & woods ( our l&1 & brilliant color2 b x is sometimes m>r$ by h>dness ( h&l+1 & lack ( juic9ess or w>m? ( feel+2 9 o!r words1 x is too exclusively objective1 z if only ! physical & n also ! m5tal eye _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( _! works4 ,james ,h>t has ( late ye>s add$ cattle to 8 l&scapes ) excell5t success1 & holds a prom95t position among ! v few respectable pa9t]s ( animal life :om ! ,am]ican art ( ?is p]iod c ju/ly claim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sunset ,,on ,,! ,,hudson4--,,s&=d ,r4 ,,gif=d4 ,mr4 ,horace ,robb9s1 successful 9 seiz+ c]ta9 aspects ( m\nta9 sc5]y1 ) a f9e feel+ = atmosph]ic grays1 & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,p>ton1 :o v pleas+ly r5d]s trees1 & "s ( ! sob] effects ( our dim ,novemb] days1 al?\gh among our y\ng] pa9t]s1 ju/ly belong to ?is p]iod1 z d also ,messrs4 ,james & ,george ,smillie1 :o h be5 equally happy 9 wat] & oil colors4 ,! =m] is ano!r ( our _m l&scape-pa9t]s :o began z engrav]s on /eel4 ,! lat] /yle ( ^! tal5t$ bro!rs has be5 evid5tly modifi$ ) advantage by ! influ5ce ( =eign te*nique1 al?\gh !y h /udi$ :olly 9 ?is c\ntry2 & !y n[ display an attractive vigor & fre%ness 9 _! l&scape pieces1 & a some:at orig9al *oice ( subjects4 ,! /yle ( ea* ( ! arti/s we h m5tion$ c be di/+ui%$ at once4 ,individuality ( expression is /amp$ ^u ! canvas ( all2 b among !m !re is no "o m ?or\ghly orig9al ?an ,san=d ,r4 ,gif=d1 :o1 if he _h liv$ 9 ,p]sia or ,p]u two ?\s& ye>s ago1 might well h be5 an en?usia/ic fire-wor%ipp]1 or daily welcom$ ! ris+ sun ) rev]5t adoration4 ,to him l&scape-pa9t+1 :e!r ( sc5es 9 our own ,f> ,we/1 or on ! leg5d>y ,hudson1 or 9 ! gorge\s ,ea/1 has be5 alike ! occasion = giv+ expression to 8 feel+ = gl[+ atmosph]ic effects1 = lyrics :i* on canvas reproduce ! spl5dor ( ! sunset sky4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ,mr4 ,gif=d's poetic s5se has be5 conf9$ to ! contemplation ( s]5e & gl[+ atmosph]es3 he has also successfully r5d]$ ! lazy mi/1 ! trail+ vapor ( morn+ enme%$ 9 dusky woodl&s by ! sil5t lake4 ,8 /yle comb9es to a rem>kable degree delib]ation & inspiration--a happy union ( ! analytical & emotional elem5ts 9 art4 ,! objective s*ool ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t+ has f\nd its culm9at+ excell5ce1 z x seems to u1 9 ! art ( ,fr$]ick ,k4 ,*ur*4 ,9 8 art-life ! t5d5cies & aims ( ! *ief national s*ool we h produc$ dur+ ! la/ half c5tury h be5 typically repres5t$4 ,9 8 works ! te*nical weakness ( ?is s*ool is app>5t1 &1 at ! same "t1 its noble sympa?y ) nature1 & its love = ! gr&] aspects ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,x also repres5ts ! re/less1 unsatisfi$ g5ius ( our p dur+ ?is p]iod1 ev] rea*+ out & beyond1 & ye>n+1 ,v5ice-l1 to draw to itself ! spoils1 ! ri*es1 ! spl5dors1 ( ! :ole r\nd globe4 ,to our art ! pa9t+s ( ,mr4 ,*ur* are :at ! geographic cantos ( ,*ilde ,h>old h be5 to ! poesy ( ,engl&1 or ! burn+ descriptions ( ,/4 ,pi]re & ,*teaubri& to ! lit]ature ( ,france4 ,if su* a topic is p]missible 9 lett]s1 may x n also be all[$ sometimes 9 pa9t+8 ,:e!r ! "o is z l(ty z epic poetry1 or ! o!r z great z hi/orical pa9t+ or subjective l&scape1 is a "q :i* we d n ne$ "h to analyze4 ,x is suffici5t t ea* holds an important position2 & to c>ry (f ! palm 9 ei!r c only be ! result ( consummate g5ius4 ,yes6 :at ,*ilde ,h>old did = ! sc5]y ( ! ,old ,_w1 ! art ( ,*ur* has done = t ( ! ,new4 ,! va/ness & ! glory ( ?is cont95t 7 yet unreveal$ to u4 ,) ! en?usiasm ( a ,raleigh or a ,balboa he has explor$ l& & sea1 comb9+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! explor] & ! arti/4 ,a pupil ( ,cole1 he has c>ri$ to its full fruition ! aspirations ( 8 ma/]1 fir/ ga9+ inspiration along ! magical %ores ( ! ,hudson1 & amid/ ! ideally beautiful ranges ( ! leg5d>y ,catskills4 ,our civilization ne$$ exactly ?is =m ( art expression at ?is p]iod1 & ! arti/ appe>$ :o %\ld tea* ! p to love beauty1 & to f9d x among ! regions :i* fir/ rang ) ! axe ( our pione]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,composition4--,,fr$]ick ,e4 ,,*ur*4 ,b1 al?\gh deal+ n s mu* ) nature1 z su*1 z ) "s ( h] little kn[n & m rem>kable & />tl+ effects1 !re is a v notewor?y abs5ce ( s5sationalism or /ag9ess 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,*ur*2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! some:at too c>eful reproduction ( details has n prev5t$ !m f possess+ a gr& mass+ ( effect & a ?rill+ beauty & sublimity4 ,cotopaxi1 ! ,he>t ( ! ,&es1 or ,niag>a1 may transgress _m rules laid d[n by ! s*ools1 b ! magnific5t ability ) :i* !y are repres5t$ dis>ms criticism4 ,*ur*'s fir/ pa9t+ ( ,niag>a occupies ! culm9at+ po9t 9 ! objective art ( ?is p]iod ( our hi/ory1 execut$ by an arti/ :o up to t "t _h nev] cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & ^: m]its & defects 7 entirely 8 own4 ,mr4 ,*ur*'s ,niag>a is d\btless famili> to _m ?r\gh ! f9e *romo-li?ographic copy made f x2 b ^? :o h n se5 ! orig9al h only an incomplete idea ( ! gr&eur ( ?is great pa9t+4 ,x gr[s on acqua9tance some:at z does ! cat>act itself1 until we seem to he> ev5 ! ro> ( ! mighty wat]s t ru%$ ov] ^? trem5d\s cliffs ages be=e ?is cont95t 0 trodd5 by man1 symboliz+ ! endless1 remorseless1 & irresi/ible sweep ( "t4 ,! gre5 flood p\r+ ev]more into ! appall+ abyss veil$ by mi/ wrea?+ up f ! surg+ vortex bel[2 ! di/ant %ore l9$ ) foliage1 t\*$ by ! burn+ t9ts ( ,octob]2 ! rosy gray sky ov]-ar*+ ! sc5e1 & ! e!real b[ unit+ heav5 & e>? ) its elusive b& ( colors--all are !re1 r5d]$ ) mat*less art4 ,! subjects ( ,mr4 ,*ur*'s m rec5t works h be5 tak5 f ! /ori$ %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we p]ceive 9 !m no sign ( fail+ p[]1 b m bread? & less opul5ce ( detail4 ,! arti/ has treat$ ! spl5dors ( classic l&s ) ! dignifi$ res]ve ( matur$ /r5g? & a high] s5se ( ! ideal4 ,! melan*oly gr&eur ( ! ,p>!non 9 ru9s has be5 pa9t$ ) a /ately retic5ce 9 consonance ) ! "* ( ! subject2 & ! magnific5t composition call$ ! gean may well hold its own by ! side ( "s ( ! sup]b ,italian canvases ( ,turn]4 ,a l&scape-pa9t] :o *ose a range ( subjects simil> to ^? ( ,*ur*1 & accompani$ him 9 "o ( 8 ,s\? ,am]ican trips1 0 ,l\is ,r4 ,mignot1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :o di$ 9 ,london "s eight ye>s ago4 ,he 0 inspir$ by a raptur\s en?usiasm alike = ! t5d] & ! brilliant aspects ( nature1 & appe>s to u to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable arti/s ( our c\ntry4 ,he c be ju/ly rank$ ) ! pione]s :o fir/ awoke ! att5tion ( ! nation to a consci\sness ( ! beauty1 glory1 & inexhau/ible v>iety ( ! sc5]y ( ?is cont95t1 :i* _h fall5 to !m z a h]itage su* z no o!r p h yet acquir$4 ,mignot 0 at once a f9e colori/ & "o ( ! mo/ skill$ ( our pa9t]s 9 ! h&l+ ( mat]ials2 8 0 also a m9d fir$ by a wide range ( sympa?ies2 & :e!r x 0 ! sup]b spl5dor ( ! tropical sc5]y ( ! ,rio ,bamba1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! sublime madd5+ ru% ( iris-circl$ wat] at ,niag>a1 or ! fairy-l grace1 ! exquisite & e!real lovel9ess ( new-fall5 sn[1 he 0 equally happy 9 r5d]+ ! v>i$ aspects ( nature4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! mo/ important works ( ?is arti/ are own$ 9 ,engl&1 :i!r he resort$ at ! op5+ ( ! civil w>4 ,sn[ 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 :i* he pa9t$ n long be=e 8 dea?1 is "o ( ! noble/ productions ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,w9t] ,,sc5e4--,,l\is ,r4 ,,mignot4 ,! ,am]ican m>9e art ( ?is p]iod has be5 repres5t$ by a numb] ( arti/s1 al?\gh !y h be5 by no means s num]\s or capable z ! m>itime "* ( our p w\ld h l$ u to expect4 ,william ,brad=d1 by orig9 a ,quak]1 has made to himself a "n = 8 ent]prise 9 go+ repeat$ly to ,labrador to /udy iceb]gs1 & has execut$ "s effective compositions1 :i* h won him fame at home & abroad4 ,"s ( 8 coa/ sc5es are also spirit$1 al?\gh op5 to ! *>ge ( te*nical errors4 ,*>les ,temple ,dix1 :o un=tunately di$ "y1 pa9t$ "s da%+1 imag9ative1 & promis+ compositions2 & ,h>ry ,br[n1 ( ,portl&1 has successfully r5d]$ c]ta9 coa/ effects4 ,b our able/ m>9e-pa9t] ( ?is p]iod seems to h be5 ,james ,hamilton1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o 0 beyond "q an arti/ ( g5ius4 ,8 color 0 sometimes h>% & crude2 b he h&l$ pigm5ts ) ma/]y1 & compos$ ) ! virile imag9ation ( an improvisatore4 ,errors c d\btless be f\nd 9 8 %ips1 or ! =ms ( 8 waves2 b he 0 inspir$ by a g5u9e en?usiasm = ! sea1 & r5d]$ ! wilde/ & gr&e/ effects ( old ocean ) bread?1 massiv5ess1 & p[]4 ,we h _h no m>9e-pa9t] ab\t ^: works !re is m ( ! rac9ess & flavor ( blue wat]4 ,:5 we turn to ! dep>tm5t ( animal-pa9t+1 we discov] :at has be5 hi!rto ! weake/ feature ( ,am]ican art1 bo? 9 ! numb] & quality ( ! arti/s :o h pursu$ ?is bran* ( ! pr(ession4 ,t4 ,h4 ,h9ckley at "o "t promis$ well 9 pa9t+ cattle & game1 b 8 ef=ts r>ely w5t beyond giv+ u ,d5n]-l repres5tations ( /uff$ foxes ) glass eyes4 ,! hairs 7 all !re1 ! color 0 well en\gh1 al?\gh p]haps a little foxy--if "o may be p]mitt$ ! t]m 9 ?is connection2 b !re 0 no life1 no *>act]ization1 !re4 ,william ,hayes %[$ decid$ ability 9 8 repres5tations ( bisons & prairie-dogs & o!r dogs4 ,weak 9 color1 he yet succe$$ 9 giv+ _s & "* to ! gr\ps he pa9t$1 & holds among our animal-pa9t]s a position n dissimil> to t ( ,m\nt 9 g5re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ip ,,( ',,! ,,anci5t ,,m>9]4'--,,james ,,hamilton4 ,walt] ,m4 ,brackett1 :o has be5 able r>ely well to enjoy ! triple pleasure ( cat*+1 pa9t+1 & eat+ ! same fi% on a summ]'s morn+ by ! limpid brooks ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 has ju/ly won a reputation z an arti/ic ,walton4 ,if he w\ld b pa9t 8 rocks & trees z clev]ly z he r5d]s ! speckl$ mon>* ( ! /ream1 8 compositions w\ld leave little to be desir$4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,bispham has giv5 u "s spirit$ b sometimes badly drawn pa9t+s ( cattle & horses2 & ,colonel ,t4 ,b4 ,?orpe1 an amateur ) arti/ic ta/es1 9 su* semi-humor\s satires z ,a ,bord] ,inque/1 repres5t+ wolves sitt+ on ! c>cass ( a buffalo1 /ruck a ve9 peculi>ly ,am]ican 9 its humor1 & c>ri$ to a high degree ( excell5ce by ,william ,h4 ,be>d1 ^: bro!r1 ,james ,be>d1 c also be ju/ly rank$ z an animal-pa9t] ( respectable atta9m5ts4 ,mr4 ,be>d1 al?\gh rem>kably v]satile1 has made a specialty1 if x may be s t]m$1 ( expos+ ! fail+s & foibles ( our s9ful humanity by ! m$ium ( animal g5re4 ,monkeys1 be>s1 goats1 owls1 & rabbits are 9 turn impress$ into ! b5evol5t s]vice ( tak+ u (f1 & repeat+ = u ! old ,sp>tan tale ( ! slave made drunk by 8 ma/] z a w>n+ to 8 son4 ,( ! skill :i* ,mr4 ,be>d has exhibit$ 9 ?is novel l9e !re c be no "q4 ,! ,dance ( ,sil5us1 ! p]t9aci\s1 it]ative1 pragmatic ape call$ ,! ,bore1 & ,be>s on a ,b5d]1 are ma/]ly bits ( *>act]ization4 ,!re is also a deal ( comic satire 9 ,! ,bulls & ,be>s ( ,mammon's ,fi]ce ,zoology1 :i*1 ) a multitude ( /ruggl+ fight+ figures1 takes (f ! ecc5tricities ( ! ,/ock-ex*ange4 ,be>d c ju/ly be call$ ! ,am]ican sop4 ,x is ass]t$ by _m t ?is is n art4 ,! fact is t x is exce$+ly difficult to draw ! l9e1 & to prescribe :at subjects an arti/ %all *oose4 ,9 art ! result ju/ifies ! means4 ,& ?is c]ta9ly seems z legitimate a subject = ! bru% ( ! arti/ z ! graphic pictorial satires ( ,hog>?1 or ! mildly comical g5res ( ,ersk9e ,nicol4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:oo6--,,william ,h4 ,,be>d4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we allud$ to "s ( ! figure1 hi/orical1 & g5re pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,william ,m\nt 0 ! precursor ( a numb] ( g5re arti/s ( m or less ability1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,?omas ,hicks1 a pupil ( ,c\ture1 & "o ( ! fir/ ( our pa9t]s :o /udi$ at ,p>is4 ,9 ?is admirable s*ool ,mr4 ,hicks became an excell5t colori/1 al?\gh ( late 8 art has appe>$ to lose "s ( ?is quality4 ,he has pa9t$ l&scape & g5re1 meet+ ) respectable success 9 ! latt]1 b portraiture has *iefly occupi$ 8 att5tion4 ,8 portrait ( ,g5]al ,meade is a /rik+ & satisfactory "w4 ,!n !re 0 ,ri*>d ,caton ,woodville1 :o foll[$ ,:ittr$ge to ,dsseldorf1 & promis$ mu* 9 g5re4 ,8 pa9t+s %[ v decid$ traces ( ,g]man influ5ce1 b beh9d x all 0 a /rong individuality t seem$ de/9$ to ass]t itself1 & to place him among our =emo/ pa9t]s4 ,b he di$ "y1 & 7%all we n say87 happily = him1 s9ce little fame & less appreciation are de/9$ to ! arti/s :o come ere ! p are ripe = _! art4 ,george ,b4 ,flagg at "o "t promis$ well = our g5re art1 b 8 abilities 7 too precoci\s1 & un=tunately ! spl5did opportunities he enjoy$ z a pupil ( ,all/on1 & z a long resid5t 9 ,london1 d n seem to h be5 suffici5t to give gr[? or p]man5ce to 8 tal5ts4 ,ab\t ?is "t our fronti] life 0 com+ m prom95tly into view1 & t picturesque bord] l9e betwe5 civilization & b>b>ism 0 becom+ a subject = ! p5 ( our lead+ writ]s4 ,irv+1 ,coop]1 & ,k5n$y1 ,/reet1 ,:itti]1 & ,longfell[1 7 tun+ ! fir/ ef=ts ( _! ,muse to celebrate ,indian life & bord] w>f>e 9 prose & v]se1 :ile ! maje/ic measures ( ,bryant's ,prairies seem$ a prophetic prelude to ! m>* ( mank9d t[>d ! l&s ( ! sett+ sun4 ,evangel9e1 ! mo/ spl5did result ( our poetic lit]ature1 attract$ n less = its magnific5t g5]alizations ( ! sc5]y ( ! ,we/ ?an = ! con/ancy ( ! h]o9e1 & ! arti/ic m9d respond$ 9 turn to ! unkn[n my/]y & romance ( t va/ region1 & gave u graphic pictures ( ! rude humanity :i* l5t int]e/ & s5tim5t to its unexplor$ solitudes4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! "w ( ^! pione]s 9 ,we/]n g5re 0 n ( m arti/ic value2 f a hi/orical po9t ( view1 too mu* importance _c be atta*$ to ! ent]prise & c\rage ( m5 l ,catl91 ,deas1 & ,ranney1 :o1 imbu$ ) ! _s ( adv5ture1 id5tifi$ !mselves ) ,indian & bord] life1 & rescu$ x f oblivion by _! art en?usiasm1 :i*1 _h x be5 guid$ by previ\s tra9+1 w\ld h be5 ( ev5 great] value4 ,z x is1 !y h ) ! p5cil done a s]vice = ! subjects !y portray$ simil> to :at ,bret ,h>te has accompli%$ 9 giv+ immortality ) ! p5 to ! wild1 picturesque1 b evanesc5t m9+ sc5es ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,9 ?is connection ! fact is wor? record+ t ! important mutual life-insurance association call$ ! ,arti/s' ,fund+ ,society took its orig9 9 a successful ef=t to contribute to ! support ( ! family ( ,ranney aft] 8 dea?4 ,our hi/orical pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod r>ely creat$ any works des]v+ ( note or remembrance4 ,"h & !re a pa9t+ l t ( ,hunt+ton's ,republican ,c\rt 0 produc$1 :i* is a graceful & elegant composition1 & "o ( ! be/ ( ! k9d 9 ,am]ican art4 ,pet] ,f4 ,ro!rmel1 ! able portrait-pa9t] ( ,philadelphia1 also compos$ a numb] ( hi/orical works1 ( :i* ! la/ is probably ( mo/ value4 ,8 ,battle ( ,gettysburg is a bold & n ineffective repres5tation ( "o ( ! critical mom5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 al?\gh op5 9 p>ts to sev]e criticism4 ,j4 ,g4 ,*apman1 well kn[n at "o "t z a skilful wood-engrav] & g5re pa9t]1 also aspir$ to ! difficult field ( hi/orical pa9t+2 b x is to an arti/ ( ,g]man extraction1 ,emmanuel ,leutze1 t we owe our be/ hi/orical art previ\s to #ahfj1 except+ p]haps "s ( ! compositions ( ,copley & ,we/ & two or ?ree ( ! battle-pieces ( ,trumbull4 ,al?\gh born abroad1 ,leutze may be ju/ly claim$ z an ,am]ican pa9t]1 = he 0 tak5 to ,philadelphia 9 *ildhood1 & rema9$ 9 ?is c\ntry until ?or\ghly imbu$ ) a patriotic love = ! l& & its hi/ory & ! _s ( its in/itutions2 & al?\gh he subsequ5tly pass$ a numb] ( ye>s at ,dsseldorf1 :i!r he w5t at tw5ty-sev51 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 "h2 "h he di$1 & ! subjects ( 8 art 7 almo/ entirely inspir$ by ,am]ican sc5es1 & h become incorporat$ ) ! gr[? ( our civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lafayette ,,9 ,,prison4--,e4 ,,leutze4 ,leutze 0 a man :o 0 ca/ 9 a l>ge m\ld1 capable ( a gr& en?usiasm1 & aspir+ to grasp so>+ ideals4 ,al?\gh 8 art 0 (t5 at fault1 x makes u feel1 not)/&+1 t 9 contemplat+ 8 works we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a colossal m9d :i*1 "u heal?i] influ5ces1 w\ld h bett] a*iev$ :at he aspir$ to w94 ,he drew f wells ( seem+ly inexhau/ible inspiration4 ,he 0 ,byronic 9 ! impetus ( 8 g5ius1 ! rugg$ incomplet5ess ( 8 /yle1 ! magnific5t f]vor & ru% ( 8 fancy1 ! epic gr&eur & en]gy1 da% & d>+1 ( 8 creations4 ,x is easy to say t he 0 /eep$ 9 ,g]man conv5tionalism1 t he pictur$ ! impossible1 t he 0 sometimes h>% 9 8 color & te*nique2 & s he 0 at times1 b1 ) x all1 he left ! impression ( va/ intellectual res\rces4 ,we w\ld n be und]/ood z say+ t all ! works ( ,leutze are wor?y ( unqualifi$ acceptance2 we ref] r to _! g5]al "*4 ,8 art 0 v prolific1 & z a pupil ( ,less+ & ,s*ad[ x bore ! unmi/akable /amp ( ,dsseldorf4 ,mu* ( 8 "w1 p>tak+ also ( ! gr&iose /yle ( ,kaulba*1 0 ( a semi-decorative "*1 l ! ,l&+ ( ! ,norsem51 :i* repres5ts two fre%1 /urdy ,sc&9avian rov]s /epp+ out ( an impossible %ip1 be>+ al(t a noble pr9cess1 & 9 ! v act ( l&+ snat*+ ! grapes hang+ wanton to be pluck$4 ,spirit$ z x is1 ! manife/ absurdity ( ! composition z a repres5tation ( reality yet requires u to accept x z decorative 9 design4 ,godiva is a some:at co>se b *>act]i/ic "w ( ,leutze1 & ! ,iconocla/ "o ( 8 mo/ int]e/+ & arti/ic works4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ,leutze w be rememb]$ longe/ by 8 l>ge & magnific5t pa9t+ ( ,wa%+ton at ,pr9ceton1 8 ,emigration to ! ,we/ 7a decorative composition 9 "o ( ! panels ( ! /airway ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton71 & 8 ,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e4 ,! latt] 0 execut$ at ,dsseldorf1 & ! ice 0 pa9t$ f an unusual mass ( %att]$ ice float+ d[n ! ,rh9e on ! break+ up ( ! w9t]4 ,x is ano!r illu/ration ( ! app>5t caprice ) :i* man is treat$ by de/9y1 t sc>cely _h ,leutze clos$ 8 eyes 9 8 la/ sleep1 at ! e>ly age ( fifty-"o1 :5 a lett] arriv$ f ,g]many br++ (ficial tid+s t he _h j be5 elect$ to succe$ ,less+ z presid5t ( ! ,dsseldorf ,academy ( ,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady4--,,william ,,page4 ,:ile we f9d 9 ,leutze ! qualities we h describ$1 x _c be said t he s\ght out any new me?ods ( expression1 or t he und]took to sugge/ ! deep] & m subtle traits ( human nature2 he 0 cont5t to "w aft] ! mann] ( ! s*ool 9 :i* he /udi$4 ,x is to ano!r pa9t] 7already ref]r$ to71 ( great intellectual res\rce & a ?or\ghly ,am]ican discont5t ) ! actual1 t we turn = aspirations aft] a high] =m ( art4 ,william ,page1 a native ( ,albany1 :o /udi$ law1 & = a "t also !ology1 at ,&ov] ,sem9>y1 0 f ! fir/ biass$ 9 favor ( art4 ,8 m9d pres5ts a comb9ation ( ! speculative & ! practical1 & x is ! union ( ^! anti!tical qualities :i* has alt]nately aid$ or h9d]$ ! success ( ,page's ef=ts & exp]im5ts4 ,he is delib]ate r ?an inspirational1 guid$ by an exquisite feel+ = color & an admirable s5se ( =m1 b too (t5 unduly controll$ by ! logical & analytical faculty4 ,_h 8 fancy only be5 m *ildlike1 & be5 left m to ! guidance ( its own natural & correct in/9cts1 ,mr4 ,page's works w\ld h (t5] mov$ u by _! beauty r ?an by ! dext]ity ( ! te*nique4 ,/ill1 x is by ! aid ( a few su* que/ion+ m9ds t art makes its advances1 & int]prets ! secrets ( nature4 ,z a portrait pa9t]1 ,page has plac$ himself among ! fir/ arti/s ( ! age4 ,we see 9 8 portraits a dignity & repose1 a grasp ( "*1 & a h>moni\s ri*ness ( color t are wond]fully impressive4 ,9 attempt+ to repres5t ! beauty ( ! fem99e figure ,mr4 ,page has be5 influ5c$ by great delicacy & ref9em5t ( motive1 al?\gh 9 ! celebrat$ pa9t+ ( ,v5us ,ris+ f ! ,sea1 he gave cause = mu* discussion z to ! m]its ( 8 !ories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,refuge4--,,elihu ,,v$d]4 ,:5 ,page 0 9 8 prime1 our lit]ature _h already become di/+ui%$ by sev]al writ]s ( ?or\ghly orig9al & my/ically creative imag9ation1 native to ! soil1 & draw+ su/5ance f native inspiration3 !y 7 ,*>les ,brockd5 ,br[n1 ,judd1 ,haw?orne1 & ,poe4 ,9 po9t ( orig9ality 9 conceiv+ ( sc5es p[]fully weird & imag9ative1 ^! writ]s h _h no sup]iors 9 ?is c5tury4 ,) a /yle ess5tially individual1 !y analyz$ ! work+s ( ! human he>t1 & dealt ) ! great problems ( de/9y4 ,_! g5ius 0 cosmopolitan1 & = all ages4 ,our pictorial art1 9 a less degree1 began soon aft] to be prompt$ by a simil> t5d5cy4 ,mo/ prom95t among ^! arti/s ^: falt]+ ef=ts h mo/ di/9ctly articulat$ ! language & aspirations ( ! s\l are ,elihu ,v$d] & ,john ,laf>ge4 ,x _c be said t ei!r ( ^! arti/s has yet accompli%$ ) complete success ! end he has s\ght2 b _! ef=ts h be5 9 ! "r direction1 & z su* are highly int]e/+1 hopeful1 & sugge/ive4 ,mr4 ,v$d]'s e>ly g5re & l&scape compositions are full ( subtle attempts at psy*ology 9 color4 ,outw>d nature ) him is b a means = m effectively convey+ ! impressions ( humanity2 & 8 faces are full ( vague1 my/ic1 f>-(f se>*+ aft] ! inf9ite1 & ! :y & ! :]e=e ( ?is exi/5ce bel[4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,v$d] took up 8 resid5ce p]man5tly 9 ,italy1 he has improv$ 9 te*nique1 & !re is less dryness 9 8 me?od ( us+ color1 z witness$ by 8 rem>kable pa9t+ call$ a ,v5etian ,danc+ ,girl1 or ',la ,reg9a2' b he has n 9 rec5t ye>s produc$ any?+ s m>vell\sly imag9ative z 8 ,lair ( ! ,sea-,s]p5t1 or s gr& & desolate z 8 ,dea? ( ,abel4 ,! man :o pa9t$ ! ,lo/ ,m9d1 ! ,dea? ( ,abel1 & ! ,lair ( ! ,sea-,s]p5t1 did n ne$ to borr[ f ! anci5ts--at lea/ s f> z reg>ds =ms ( expression4 ,! va/1 solemn1 appall+ solitude ( ! primeval _w1 ! t]rific sublimity ( its fir/ trag$y1 are r5d]$ 9 ,mr4 ,v$d]'s pa9t+ ) ! sombre gr&eur ( ,dante2 :ile z a "w ( imag9ative art1 ! /eel-color$ mon/] repos+ 8 gigantic folds on ! dry grass ( a desolate %ore by ! endless seas1 is a composition ( wond]ful simplicity & my/]i\s p[]1 a creation ( pure g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,sket*3 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,nicodemus4--,,john ,,laf>ge4 ,mr4 ,laf>ge is by nature a colori/2 to color1 ! emotional elem5t ( art1 8 s5sitive nature vibrates z to well-attun$ h>monies ( music4 ,= =m he has less feel+2 8 draw+ is (t5 v defective1 & ! l9es are hesitat+1 unc]ta91 & feeble4 ,b we h _h no arti/ s9ce ,/u>t :o has %[n su* a natural sympa?y = ! %ades & modulations ( *romatic effects4 ,b1 :ile 8 draw+ is op5 to criticism1 ?is arti/ is inspir$ by ! g5]al mean+ ( =m1 & has sometimes produc$ "s v weird & />tl+ compositions entirely 9 black & :ite1 or camaieu4 ,b :e!r x be =m or color1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( art are reg>d$ by ,laf>ge n s mu* = :at !y are z = :at !y sugge/2 he is less conc]n$ ) ! ext]nal ?an ) ! hidd5 mean+ x has = ! s\l4 ,x is because ( 8 subtle way ( reg>d+ ! beauty ( ?is _w t he has giv5 u su* ?\ghtful l&scapes z ,p>adise at ,newport1 & su* exquisitely pa9t$ fl[]s1 r5d]$ ) a t5d] h>mony ( color t ?rills u l a lyric ( ,keats or ( ,t5nyson4 ,x is ?is s]i\s1 reflective turn :i* has giv5 a religi\s hue to 8 art1 & has enabl$ him to succe$ s well 9 ! mo/ ambiti\s attempt at decorative-pa9t+ yet und]tak5 9 ?is c\ntry--! frescoes ( ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 9 ,bo/on2 9 :i*1 x %\ld be add$1 he 0 ably assi/$ by ,mr4 ,la?rop4 ,9 ^! compositions we see ! results ( a highly ideal & rev]5t nature1 n\ri%$ by ! mo/ abundant art opportunities ! age c\ld af=d4 ,x is n difficult to f9d 9 !m po9ts fairly op5 to attack2 b ! promise !y %[ is s hopeful a sign 9 our art1 ! success actually a*iev$ 9 !m 9 a direction q new 9 ?is c\ntry is s m>k$1 t we pref] to leave to o!rs any unfavorable criticism !y may sugge/4 ,,iv4 ,,am]ican ,,pa9t]s4 #ahbh-ahgh4 ,! discov]y ( ! gold m9es ( ,cali=nia 0 a signal = ent]prise1 d>+1 & a*ievem5t1 n only to our comm]ce & ! ?rift ( our %ift+ millions ( uneasy settl]s1 b also to ! lit]ature & l&scape-art ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ! k+dom ( ! we/ w9d hi$ arti/ & au?or alike2 & ! epic ( ! settlem5t ( ,cali=nia1 ( ! scal+ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ( ! glory ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & ! /up5d\s horrors ( ! ,yell[/one 0 pictur$ on ! canvas ( ! arti/4 ,taylor & ,scott conqu]$ ! ,pacific slope2 ,fremont po9t$ out ! pa?way ov] ! swell+ ranges ( ! ,si]ras2 & our pa9t]s reveal$ to u ! mat*less spl5dor ( a sc5]y :i* %all ar\se increas+ a/oni%m5t & rev]5tial awe & rapture 9 ! he>ts ( g5]ations yet to be4 ,9 ! gratitude we owe to ^! l&scape-pa9t]s :o d>$1 discov]$1 & del9eat$ = u ! sc5]y ( :i* we 7 hi!rto ! ignorant possessors1 criticism is almo/ left 9 abeyance1 = ! s]vice done ! p has be5 a d\ble "o--9 lead+ !m to ! obs]vation ( pa9t+s1 & in=m+ !m ( ! attractions ( a little kn[n possession4 ,if ! art ( ^! pa9t+s ( our ,we/]n sc5]y _h be5 9 all respects equal to ! subject1 ! c\ntry w\ld h be5 ri* inde$4 ,among ! arti/ explor]s to :om we are mo/ indebt$1 ,messrs4 ,bi]/adt1 ,hill1 & ,moran are ! mo/ fam\s4 ,! =m]1 by 8 great composition entitl$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ?rew ! p into an ec/asy ( delight1 :i* at ?is "t x is difficult to und]/&1 & b\nd$ at "o /ep to celebrity4 ,alb]t ,bi]/adt is a native ( ,dsseldorf1 b came to ?is c\ntry 9 infancy4 ,subsequ5tly he /udi$ at ,dsseldorf & ,rome4 ,on return+ to ,am]ica1 he accompani$ ! explor+ exp$ition ( ,g5]al ,l&] t w5t ov] ! pla9s 9 #aheh4 ,fitz ,hugh ,ludl[1 ! well-kn[n littrateur1 0 associat$ ) him 9 a subsequ5t trip1 & sev]al graphic articles 9 :i* he aft]w>d describ$ ! j\rney und\bt$ly help$ to br+ ,mr4 ,bi]/adt into notice4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is n ! repres5tation ( an actual sc5e1 b a typical composition1 &1 ?us reg>d$1 is an int]e/+ "w1 al?\gh x seems to u some:at too !atrical1 & sc>cely true 9 "s ( ! details4 ,local tru? is desirable 9 topographical art1 al?\gh ( q second>y importance 9 compositions ( a m ideal "*4 ,s9ce !n ?is arti/ has execut$ a numb] ( simil>ly ambiti\s pa9t+s ( our ,we/]n sc5]y1 includ+ a colossal pa9t+ ( ! gorge ( ! ,yosemite ,valley4 ,all ( !m are *>act]iz$ by boldness ( treatm5t1 b sometimes !y are crude 9 color & out ( tone4 ,( ^! we pref]1 z lea/ s5sational & mo/ arti/ically correct1 ! pa9t+ ( a /orm on ,m\nt ,rosalie4 ,bi]/adt's small] ,cali=nia sc5es are g5]ally m valuable ?an 8 l>ge ones = arti/ic quality3 "o ( ! be/ compositions we h se5 f 8 easel is a w> sket* repres5t+ ,f$]al %>p-%oot]s on ! cre/ ( a hill beh9d "s trees4 ,?is is an excell5t piece ( "w1 fre%1 orig9al1 & q free f ! ,dsseldorf ta9t2 & confirms u 9 ! op9ion t ,mr4 ,bi]/adt is naturally an arti/ ( great ability & l>ge res\rces1 & might easily h ma9ta9$ a reputation z su* if he _h n graft$ on ! s5sationalism ( ,dsseldorf a great] ambition = notoriety & money ?an = success 9 pure art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,on ,,! ,,k]n ,,riv]--,a4 ,,bi]/adt4 ,"s ( ! qualities we h le>n$ to look = 9 va9 9 ! canvases ( ,bi]/adt we f9d emphasiz$ 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,?omas ,hill1 :o succe$$ him z c\rt pa9t] to ! mon>* ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,hill began life z a coa*-pa9t] at ,taunton1 ,massa*usetts4 ,aft] decid+ on a pr(essional art c>e]1 he visit$ ,europe1 & b5efit$ by obs]vation 9 =eign /udios1 especially ( ,france1 al?\gh 8 /yle is ess5tially 8 own4 ,8 me?od ( us+ pigm5ts is sometimes op5 to ! accusation ( h>dness2 !re is too (t5 a lack ( juic9ess--a dryness t seems to rem9d u ( pa9t r ?an atmosph]e1 :i* may be ow+ to ! fact1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 t he uses little or no oil 9 go+ ov] a pa9t+ ! second "t4 ,b ,mr4 ,hill is a good colori/1 bold & massive 9 8 effects1 & a v c>eful1 consci5ti\s /ud5t ( nature4 ,he has be5 happy 9 ! r5d]+ ( wood int]iors1 z1 = example1 bits f ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable ,new ,engl& l&scapes repres5ts ! avalan*e 9 ! ,not* ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) su* disa/r\s results to ! dwell]s 9 ! valley4 ,b ,mr4 ,hill w be id5tifi$ 9 future ) ,cali=nia1 :]e he has become a resid5t1 & has devot$ 8 en]gies to pa9t+ "s ( ! magnific5t sc5]y ( t m>vell\s region1 :]e ! ro> ( ! :irlw9d & ! roll ( ! ?und] rev]b]ate l ! tread ( ! c\ntless millions :o ev]more m>* to ! we/w>d4 ,z he sat on ! edge ( ! precipice1 ! =]unn] ( com+ ages1 & pa9t$ ! sublime1 solit>y dep?s ( ! ,yosemite1 did ! arti/ realize t ) e /roke ( ! bru% he 0 aid+ ! advance gu>d ( civilization1 & driv+ away ! desolation :i* gave additional gr&eur to "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y spots on ! planet8 ,9 8 great pa9t+ ( ! ,yosemite he seems to h be5 inspir$ by a rev]5tial _s2 he has tak5 no lib]ties ) 8 subject1 b has endeavor$ ) admirable art to convey a correct impression ( ! sc5e2 & ! "w may be ju/ly rank$ ) ! be/ examples ( ! ,am]ican s*ool ( l&scape-pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,yosemite4--,,?omas ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ba!rs4--,,?omas ,,moran4 ,! fir/ fev] ( ! ,cali=nia ru% _h subsid$ :5 ! uneasy explor] aga9 /irr$ ! en?usiasm ( adv5tur\s arti/s by ?rill+ descriptions ( ! ,yell[/one ,riv]1 its ,t>t>ean gorges1 & ! lurid spl5dor ( its sulphur\s cliffs & /eam+ geys]s4 ,once m ! l&scape arti/ ( ! c\ntry 0 mov$ to g =? & make kn[n to u ^? unreveal$ wond]s2 & ,?omas ,moran1 tak+ 8 life 9 8 h&s1 9 ! language ( religi\s cant1 aspir$ to capture ! b\quet1 ! fir/ bloom1 f ?is newly-op5$ draught ( inspiration4 ,we all "k ! result4 ,:o has n se5 8 spl5did pa9t+ ( ! ,gorge ( ! ,yell[/one1 n[ 9 ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton8 ,grant+ ! fitness ( ! subject = art1 x c be frankly conc$$ t ?is is "o ( ! be/ pa9t+s ( ! sort yet produc$4 ,! vivid local colors ( ! rocks1 :i* !re is no reason to d\bt h be5 fai?fully r5d]$--= ,mr4 ,moran is a c>eful & indefatigable /ud5t ( c]ta9 phases ( nature--appe>1 h[ev]1 to give su* works a s5sational effect4 ,?is seems to u to be ! mo/ valuable ( ! num]\s pa9t+s ( ,we/]n subjects produc$ by ?is arti/4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to judge him :olly by ! m ambiti\s compositions sugge/$ by tropical or ,we/]n sc5]y4 ,"s ( 8 ideal pa9t+s are v clev]1 & %[ u an ard5t /ud5t ( nature1 & a m9d inspir$ by a f]vid imag9ation4 ,b :ile conc$+ ?us mu* to ! tal5ts ( ?is arti/--:o belongs to an arti/ic family1 two ( 8 bro!rs be+ also well-kn[n pa9t]s1 "o 9 m>9e1 ! o!r 9 cattle pa9t+--we c n accord him great orig9al p[]s4 ,he has /udi$ ! te*nique ( 8 call+ mo/ c>efully1 & has be/[$ great att5tion to ! me?ods ( sev]al celebrat$ arti/s2 b we are too (t5 consci\s1 9 look+ at 8 works1 t 8 /yle has lean$ ^u t ( c]ta9 favorite pa9t]s4 ,!re is great clev]ness1 b little g5ius1 app>5t 9 ! l&scapes ( ,mr4 ,moran1 = ! imitative faculty has be5 too mu* = him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&scape4--,,j]vis ,m',,entee4 ,contempor>y ) our s*ool ( gr& nature1 if we may s call x1 & repres5t$ by arti/s native 9 ?\ght & education1 we f9d evid5ces ( ano!r beg9n+ to ass]t itself1 ( altoge!r a diff]5t "*4 ,! =m] deals :olly ) ext]nals1 & ! subject is ! fir/ end s\ght2 x conc]ns itself altoge!r ) objects1 & n ) any ult]ior ?\ghts :i* !y may sugge/ to ! s5sitive imag9ation4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 se>*es out ! my/]y 9 nature1 & analyzes its human aspects4 ,x is ! vague sugge/ions se5 9 hills & skies1 9 s]e woods & lonely wat]s1 & moorl&s fad+ away into et]nity--x is _! symbolism & sympa?y ) ! s\l t an arti/ l ,mr4 ,j]vis ,m',entee seeks to repres5t on canvas4 ,?is is1 9 a ^w1 ! subjective art to :i* we h already allud$4 ,to him ! voice ( nature is an elegy2 ! fall ( ! leaves 9 ,octob] sugge/s ! pass+ away ( m5 to ! grave 9 a c\ntless & endless procession2 & :5ev] he introduces ! ag5cy ( man into 8 pictures1 x is z if he 7 fight+ ) an unse5 & remorseless de/9y4 ,exquisitely poetic & beautiful are ! autumnal sc5es ( ?is arti/1 ! rea*es ( russet woodl&s1 ! expanses ( skurry+ cl\ds1 gray1 melan*oly1 wild4 ,8 art s+s 9 a l[ m9or key t f9ds response 9 ! he>t ( multitudes :o h suff]$1 to :om ! _w has be5 a battle-field1 :]e ! losses h outweigh$ ! ga9s1 & h left !m gaz+ into ! my/]i\s future l "o :o at midnight /&s on ! br9k ( a trem5d\s abyss into :i* he mu/ be hurl$1 b kn[s n :at are ! %udd]+ possibilities t await ! inevitable plunge4 ,a "y arti/ ( ,bo/on di$ 9 ,syria1 f\r ye>s ago1 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-five1 be=e he _h acquir$ m ?an local repute1 :o gave promise ( /&+ among ! =emo/ ( ,am]ican l&scape-pa9t]s4 ,i ref] to ,a4 ,p4 ,close4 ,c]ta9ly no arti/ we h produc$ has ev9c$ m abundant signs ( g5ius at s e>ly an age4 ,nor 0 he :olly a l&scape-pa9t]2 ! figure 0 also "o aim ( 8 art1 & x 0 9 ! comb9ation ( ! two t he excell$4 ,he also _h an eye = color t has n be5 too common 9 our art2 &1 :olly untaught1 express$ 8 moods & fancies ) a =ce t1 ev5 9 its immaturity1 sugge/$ ! ma/]4 ,b ! "o po9t 9 :i* he surpass$ mo/ ( our arti/s up to ?is "t 0 9 ! s+ul> & inexhau/ible activity ( ! imag9ative faculty4 ,x is /range t "o s "y %\ld h s e>ly manife/$ 9 8 art a s]i\s1 almo/ morbid1 view ( life4 ,x may h be5 because he f\nd himself1 be=e ! age ( tw5ty1 =c$ to provide = a fa!rless family1 & to devote ! great] "p ( 8 en]gies to :at 0 to him ! uncong5ial "w ( draw+ on wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nty ,,k]ry4--,a4 ,h4 ,,wyant4 ,less subjective & morbid1 b mov$ by a simil> feel+ = ! sugge/ions ( nature1 ,a4 ,h4 ,wyant displays a sympa?y ) sc5]y & a ma/]ful skill 9 rea*+ subtle effects :i* place him among ! fir/ l&scape-pa9t]s ( ! age4 ,9 ! sugge/ive r5d]+ ( space & color1 ( ! manifold phases ( a bit ( wa/e l&1 or m\nta9 gl51 or s$gy brook-side1 simple en\gh at fir/ sight1 b full ( an inf9itude ( unobtrusive beauty1 he works ) ! magic ( a high-prie/ ( nature2 8 /yle is broad 9 effect1 )\t be+ slov5ly & c>eless1 & gives a multitude ( details :ile really deal+ *iefly ) "o c5tral & prevail+ idea4 ,mr4 ,wyant's "w occasionally %[s traces ( =eign influ5ces2 b he is an arti/ ( too mu* orig9al p[] to be "u any necessity to /unt himself by ! imitation ( ! /yle ( any o!r arti/1 h[ev] great4 ,hom] ,m>t9 is ano!r pa9t] :o views nature = ! s5tim5t x sugge/s1 :ile he is impress$ *iefly by color & light2 = =m he seems to h less feel+4 ,b he is a lyri/ ) ! bru%1 & 8 sympa?y ) c]ta9 aspects ( nature is ak9 to idolatry4 ,) a few int5se & tell+ /rokes1 he br+s be=e u ! spl5dors ( sunset or ! quietude ( twilight1 ! gray vapors ( morn+ creep+ ov] dank woodl&s or ! sublime pa?os ( lonely s&s1 haunt$ by wild f[l & beat5 by ! holl[ seas4 ,b we h no pa9t] ^: art is s unequal3 9 all 8 works !re is absolute fre$om1 fre%ness1 & orig9ality2 8 s*eme ( color is altoge!r 8 own1 full ( lum9\sness & purity2 b he is weak 9 te*nique1 & ?us he alt]nately />tles u by ! brilliance1 beauty1 & sugge/iv5ess ( "o pa9t+1 & ! palpable failure to rea* ! desir$ end 9 ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v irregul>ity 9 a*ievem5t %[s t he is subject to inspirations1 & ?us p>takes ( ! "* ( g5ius1 :i*1 if x 7 ( a high] ord]1 w\ld be m (t5 successful 9 its attempts4 ,9 ! works ( ^! pa9t]s we see abundant reason to believe 9 ! p]man5t vitality ( ,am]ican l&scape art1 & evid5ce t x is n incl9$ to run 9 a conv5tional groove4 ,j s long z ! arti/s :o repres5t x cont9ue to ass]t _! individuality ) su* n]ve & ke5 p]ception ( ! ess5tial tru?s ( nature1 art is 9 a heal?y & progressive condition4 ,if fur!r evid5ce ( ?is 7 ne$$1 we might cite ! l&scapes ( ,j4 ,appleton ,br[n1 :o1 aft] a r disc\rag+ s]vitude to ,cort1 is at la/ beg9n+ to %[ u ! res]ve p[] ( :i* he is capable :5 he is m conc]n$ ) nature ?an ) imitat+ ! /yle & ?\ghts ( ano!r4 ,erne/ ,longfell[1 a son ( ! poet1 is ano!r exempl> ( ! /urdy & heal?ful p]sonality :i* ev]y:]e crops out 9 our l&scape art4 ,:ile x _c be said t 8 pa9t+s sugge/ greatness1 !y brea! a true _s1 & possess a purity ( color t is v attractive4 ,d4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b\telle1 long resid5t at ,be?lehem1 ,p5nsylvania1 & r>ely exhibit+ 9 public 9 late ye>s1 is well kn[n by su* works z ,! ,tr\t ,brook ,%[] & engrav+s ( o!r pa9t+s by him1 z an arti/ ( orig9ality & =ce1 :o seems to comb9e 9 8 /yle "s ( ! be/ traits ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( l&scape-pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,adirondacks4--,,hom] ,,m>t94 ,e4 ,m4 ,banni/]1 ( ,provid5ce1 is also a man ( g5ius4 ,9 ! matt] ( draw+ he is weak2 b1 al?\gh he has nev] be5 abroad1 we recognize 9 8 treatm5t ( masses1 & ! brilliance ( 8 me?od ( manag+ light & color1 ! progressive transition ?r\gh :i* our l&scape art is pass+1 ev5 :5 x does n pay allegiance to =eign influ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,l&scape4--,j4 ,w4 ,,casile>4 ,our m>9e art ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s has %[n t ! illimitable aspects ( ! sea are also receiv+ increas$ att5tion1 & are call+ =? "s ( ! be/ art tal5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,x may be p>tly due to ! adv5t ( ,m4 ,f4 ,h4 ,de ,haas1 :o came "h f ,holl& already an accompli%$ arti/1 :o _h done s well 9 8 native l& z to be appo9t$ c\rt pa9t] to ! que54 ,an arti/ ( brilliant p>ts1 al?\gh sometimes incl9$ to s5sationalism1 he has und\bt$ly creat$ "s spl5did compositions2 & 8 influ5ce mu/ h be5 ( decid$ importance dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:ile he has be5 work+ 9 ,new ,york1 two m>9e pa9t]s ( ,bo/on h also execut$ "s /rik+ & beautiful works4 ,i ref] to ,john ,e4 ,c4 ,pet]s5 & ,william ,e4 ,norton4 ,! =m] di$ "y1 9 #ahgf4 ,he 0 by bir? a ,dane1 & 9 p]sonal appe>ance a vik+3 tall1 h&some1 tawny-hair$1 ) a cle>1 %>p blue eye1 & a be>+ t rem9d$ "o ( an admiral on ! qu>t]-deck ( 8 frigate swoop+ d[n ) fly+ %eets across ! enemy's b[ & p\r+ 9 a rak+ fire4 ,^? :o h se5 him w nev] =get ! gr& figure ( ,pet]s51 ! v imp]sonation ( a son ( ! sea4 ,:5 he fir/ began to pa9t 9 ,bo/on 8 pictures 7 weak 9 color & rude 9 draw+4 ,b he improv$ ) m>vell\s rapidity1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? _h few pe]s 9 m>9e art4 ,e in* a sailor1 to him a %ip 0 no clumsy mass laid awkw>dly on ! top ( ! wat]1 z too _m pa9t]s repres5t x1 b a ?+ ( life1 ) an individuality ( its own1 graceful z a que51 & rid+ ! waves l a swan4 ,mak+ ,sail aft] a ,/orm1 repres5t+ a clipp] %ip %ak+ out h] top-sails 9 ! gray gloom t succe$s a /orm1 & ris+ massively b easily aga9/ ! sky on ! cre/ ( ! welt]+ seas1 is a v /rong picture4 ,s also is 8 ,aft] ! ,collision1 & ,a ,%ip ,runn+ be=e a ,squall4 ,:5 %all we see 8 l aga98 ,mr4 ,norton began life z a h\se-pa9t]1 & is relat$ to a family ( %ip-build]s4 ,he has himself made sev]al voyages be=e ! ma/1 & is !re=e well equipp$1 s f> z obs]vation goes4 ,he has pa9t$ _m works1 sometimes ) m rapidity ?an comports ) arti/ic success2 & 8 /yle is occasionally h>d1 mann]$1 & me*anical4 ,b he is an en?usia/ = 8 art1 & sometimes a happy inspiration enables him to turn (f a pa9t+ t entitles him to a high rank among ! m>9e pa9t]s ( ! age4 ,he has be5 mo/ happy 9 quiet effects & fog sc5es1 & a composition call$ ! ,fog-,horn1 repres5t+ two m5 9 a dory bl[+ a horn to w>n away a /eam] t is /eal?ily approa*+ !m out ( ! fog1 is a v int]e/+ "w4 ,cross+ ! ,gr& ,banks is ! title ( ano!r pa9t+ by ?is arti/1 9 :i* ! lum9\s haze ( a midday fog & a l>ge %ip ?read+ h] way ?r\gh a fleet ( fi%+-s*oon]s1 are r5d]$ ) a tru? ( color & maje/y ( =m t give ?is "w an important position 9 contempor>y ,am]ican art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ip ,,a%ore4--,m4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,de ,,haas4 ,inf]ior to ^! arti/s z a draughtsman or 9 k ( %ips1 ,ar?ur ,qu>tley has1 h[ev]1 won a rapid & des]v$ reputation = coa/ sc5es & effects ( %imm]+ light on /ill wat]4 ,prett9ess r ?an beauty is sometimes too evid5t 9 8 "w2 b he composes ) decid$ orig9ality1 %[+ a real passion = ! effects aft] :i* he /rives1 & 8 skies are (t5 v /rong4 ,a ,/orm (f ! ,isles ( ,%oals is "o ( 8 mo/ important compositions4 ,mr4 ,lansil1 ( ,bo/on1 seems to be practically ignorant ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( draw+ & p]spective1 b he has %[n a feel+ = color & light1 & we h at pres5t few arti/s :o equal him 9 pa9t+ /ill h>bor sc5es1 m>bl$ ) reflections wav]+ on a glassy surface4 ,among our m clev] coa/ pa9t]s we _c omit ! m5tion ( ,a4 ,t4 ,bri*]1 :o r5d]s c]ta9 famili> sc5es ( ! ,atlantic %ore ) mu* reali/ic =ce1 b little feel+ = ! ideal4 ,j4 ,c4 ,nicoll seems to %[ m promise 9 ?is direction4 ,! color & te*nique ( 8 pictures are v clev] & int]e/+1 & well illu/rate ! sea z x looks to a l&sman f t]ra firma4 ,bo? ( ^! arti/s h pa9t$ ext5sively 9 aqu>elle1 9 :i* m$ium !y h a*iev$ "s important results2 :i* may ju/ly be add$ reg>d+ ! m>9e pa9t+s ( ,f4 ,a4 ,silva4 ,z a wat]-colori/ ,mr4 ,nicoll is n excell$ by any ( our arti/s n[ conc]n$ ) coa/ sc5es2 & "s ( 8 l&scapes 9 aqu>elle sometimes rival 8 m>9es4 ,:at we obs]ve 9 mo/ ( our m>9e-pa9t]s1 h[ev]1 is weakness 9 ! matt] ( orig9al composition4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t no object 9 nature w\ld /imulate ! imag9ation & exp& ! m9d m ?an ! sea4 ,b x does n seem to h t effect 9 our m>9e art z yet1 except+ "h & !re a solit>y in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,foggy ,,morn+4--,w4 ,e4 ,,norton4 ,no fact bett] atte/s ! active & prosp]\s "* ( ,am]ican art ?an ! rapid success :i* ! culture ( wat]-colors has a*iev$ among u4 ,9 #ahfe a collection ( ,engli% wat]-color pa9t+s 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 & exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,x attract$ mu* att5tion2 & al?\gh a few arti/s1 l ,messrs4 ,p>sons & ,falcon]1 _h already us$ ?is m$ium "h1 g5]ally z amateurs1 ?is seems to h be5 ! fir/ occasion t /imulat$ our arti/s to foll[ ! art ( wat]-color pa9t+ s]i\sly4 ,a society1 head$ by su* m5 z ,messrs4 ,samuel ,colman1 ,g4 ,burl+1 well kn[n not)/&+ 8 e>ly dea?1 z a pa9t] ( game birds1 ,j4 ,m4 ,falcon]1 & ,r4 ,swa9 ,gif=d1 0 =m$ )9 a ye>2 ,mr4 ,colman 0 ! fir/ presid5t1 & ! fir/ annual exhibition 0 held 9 ! halls ( ! ,academy ( ,design 9 #ahfg4 ,twelve exhibitions h n[ be5 held1 & ,messrs4 ,james ,smillie & ,t4 ,w4 ,wood h 9 turn succe$$ ,mr4 ,colman 9 ! presid5cy4 ,a num]\s s*ool ( arti/s has sprung up1 f9d+ expression :olly 9 wat]-colors1 l ,miss ,susan ,hale or ,h5ry ,f>r>1 ! able l&scape-pa9t]2 :ile _m ( our lead+ arti/s 9 l&scape & g5re h le>n$ 9 ?is %ort p]iod to "w ) equal success 9 aqu>elle & oil4 ,! lat] exhibitions h be5 *>act]iz$ by an individuality & /r5g? t comp>e mo/ favorably ) ! exhibitions ( ! old] societies ( ,london4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! la/ "p ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation is ! increas+ att5tion be/[$ on ! draw+ ( ! figure4 ,! numb] ( g5re arti/s has notably increas$2 & ! quality ( _! "w has1 on ! :ole1 be5 on a high] plane4 ,! w> gave an impetus to ?is dep>tm5t1 ) its _m sad or comic situations1 & ! increas+ immigration ( ! peasantry ( ,europe1 & ! gr[+ v>iety ( our national types & /reet sc5es1 h all contribut$ to attract & /imulate ! arti/ic eye & fancy4 ,to m5tion all ! arti/s among u :o h1 especially ( late1 a*iev$ m or less success 9 ?is l9e1 w\ld be to enum]ate a long catalogue1 & we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! brief m5tion ( a few :o seem1 p]haps1 to be ! mo/ notewor?y1 &1 at ! same "t1 indig5\s 9 _! /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,m>9e4--,,ar?ur ,,qu>tley4 ,j4 ,b4 ,irv+1 :o has b rec5tly pass$ away1 execut$ "s v clev] cab9et compositions1 delicately drawn & pa9t$1 some:at 9 ! mod]n ,fr5* /yle1 g5]ally int]iors1 ) figures 9 old-"t co/ume4 ,a v favorable specim5 ( 8 "w is repres5t$ 9 a pa9t+ entitl$ ,! ,end ( ! ,game4 ,b4 ,f4 ,may]1 ( ,annapolis1 has also devot$ himself to a simil> class ( subjects successfully4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 v v]satile1 & gives u at w a g5tleman 9 ,l\is ,quatorze co/ume1 elaborately pa9t$1 or a bluff t> on ! =eca/le on ! look\t1 or al(t t>r+ d[n ! rigg+1 or a religi\s c]emonial 9 ! wigwams ( ! ,nor?-we/4 ,m>cus ,wat]man1 ( ,provid5ce1 has display$ mu* da% 9 g5re comb9$ ) l&scape1 & is fre% & vigor\s 9 /yle2 :ile su* a c>efully execut$ "w z 8 ,gulliv] at ,lilliput is highly cr$itable to our art4 ,j4 ,w4 ,*ampney /udi$ abroad "u ,frre1 & also at ,antw]p1 & is "o ( ! mo/ broad-m9d$ ( our y\ng] arti/s2 inde$1 x is refre%+ to meet an arti/ s unbiass$ by prejudice4 ,8 =eign /udies h 9 no wise n>r[$ 8 intellectual sympa?ies4 ,8 small g5re compositions1 especially ( *ild life1 (t5 toge!r ) l&scape1 h be5 c>efully f9i%$--latt]ly ) an especial reg>d to ! values4 ,pr(essor ,john ,f4 ,weir1 :o comes ( an arti/ic family1 & is ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,academy ( ,art at ,new ,hav51 has %[n capacity & n]ve 9 8 well-kn[n pa9t+ call$ ,=g+ ! ,%aft1 =cibly repres5t+ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ incid5ts 9 a f\ndry2 & ,a4 ,w4 ,will>d1 ( ,c9c9nati1 has /ruck out 9 a simil> ve94 ,en]gy ( action1 & an ef=t aft] effect v]g+ on exagg]ation & c>icature1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle ) :i* he has attempt$ su* novel compositions z ,yankee ,doodle & ,jim ,bludsoe4 ,!y sugge/ 9 color ! lit]ature ( ,artemus ,w>d & ,walt ,:itman4 ,at ! same "t1 we recognize 9 su* ?or\gh individuality a v promis+ attempt to ass]t ! possibilities ( c]ta9 phases ( our national g5re4 ,^! traits h be5 treat$ ) less d>+ b ) m arti/ic success by two ( our be/-kn[n g5re pa9t]s--,t4 ,w4 ,wood & ,j4 ,g4 ,br[n4 ,mr4 ,wood1 :o is presid5t ( ! ,wat]-color ,society1 & employs bo? oil & wat] colors1 sp5t sev]al ( ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 c>e] at ! ,s\?1 & discov]$ ( :at importance our color$ citiz5s might prove 9 our art--_! squalor1 picturesqu5ess1 broad & k9dly humor1 & ! pa?os :i* has inve/$ _! fate ) unusual int]e/4 ,?is arti/'s fir/ successful v5ture 9 g5re 0 ) a pa9t+ ( a qua9t old negro at ,baltimore2 & s9ce !n he has giv5 u _m *>act]i/ic compositions sugge/$ by ! lot ( ! slave1 al?\gh he has n conf9$ himself to ?is subject1 b has also pick$ up excell5t subjects among ! newsboys 9 our /reets1 & amid/ ! homespun sc5es ( rural life4 ,mr4 ,wood's /yle is notable = *i>-oscuro1 & 8 draw+ is g5]ally c>eful1 correct1 & =cible1 & 8 compositions h>moni\s4 ,mr4 ,br[n has also f\nd t success & fame 9 g5re c be obta9$ )\t go+ abroad to seek = subjects4 ,to him ! gam9s ( our cities are z arti/ically attractive z ^? ( ,p>is1 & a girl w&]+ by our sea-%ore z w9some z if on ! bea* at ,nice or ,s*ev5+51 & an old fi%]man at ,gr& ,m5an z pictorial z if he 7 "u ! cliffs at ,etrett4 ,fault is sometimes f\nd ) ! fact t ! /reet lads pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,br[n h always wa%$ _! faces be=e pos+1 :i* is accord+ to ! comm&s ( ,/4 ,paul1 b n ( art canons1 if we accept ,mr4 ,rusk9's dictum reg>d+ ! arti/ic value ( dirt4 ,bat+ ?is app>5tly trifl+ difficulty1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t he (t5 (f]s u a v *>act]i/ic & successful bit ( g5re4 ,gilb]t ,gaul & ,j4 ,burns1 pupils ( ,mr4 ,br[n1 m]it a ^w ( praise 9 ?is connection1 = giv+ u reason to hope 9 "t = "s satisfactory "w f _! easels4 ,*ild life f9ds a w>m fri5d & del9eator 9 ,s4 ,j4 ,guy1 :o has made _m fri5ds by ! k9dly way 9 :i* he has treat$ ! simple pa?os & humor ( *ildhood4 ,he is an admirable draughtsman1 & f9i%es 8 "w ) great nicety--sometimes to a degree t seems to rob ! picture ( "s ( its fre%ness & piquancy2 b x _c be d5i$ t ,mr4 ,guy has (t5 /ruck a *ord 9 ! popul> he>t1 n m]ely by 8 *oice ( subjects1 b by legitimately e>n$ success 9 8 art z well4 ,sc5es ( dome/ic life h also be5 treat$ sometimes v int]e/+ly by ,messrs4 ,b4 ,f4 ,re9h>t1 ,ehn+]1 ,blauvelt1 ,satt]lee1 ,h[l&1 ,wilm>?1 & ,virgil ,williams4 ,oliv] ,j4 ,lay1 al?\gh a sl[1 c>eful arti/1 has execut$ "s ?\ghtful & ref9$ 9-door sc5es1 tak5 f dome/ic life1 :i* %[ a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! fact t art1 = itself alone1 is ! only aim ! true arti/ %\ld pursue4 ,e4 ,l4 ,h5ry surprises "o by ! elaboration ( 8 "w1 & is op5 to ! *>ge ( crud5ess 9 color & h>dness 9 outl9e2 b occasionally he gives u a well-balanc$ composition1 l ! bea* sc5e1 ) horses & a c>ry-all 9 ! =egr\nd1 entitl$ ,wait+ = ! ,ba!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,argu+ ,,! ,,"q4--,t4 ,w4 ,,wood4 ,b x is 9 ! works ( ,messrs4 ,ea/man ,johnson & ,w9sl[ ,hom] t we f9d ! mo/ successful r5d]+ ( ,am]ican g5re ( ! pres5t day z di/+ui%$ f t :i* be>s unmi/akable evid5ce ( =eign inspiration4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 z a /ud5t at ,dsseldorf & o!r art c5tres ( ,europe1 might be expect$ to %[ ! fact 9 8 art2 b1 in/ead ( do+ s1 we h no pa9t] :o has a m individual /yle4 ,!re is unc]ta9ty 9 8 draw+ sometimes1 b 8 color & composition are g5]ally excell5t1 & ! *oice ( subjects are at ! same "t popul> & arti/ic4 ,we h _h no pa9t] s9ce ,m\nt :o has done m to elevate ! "* ( g5re art 9 ! community4 ,successful 9 portraiture & ideal heads1 ,mr4 ,johnson has a*iev$ 8 be/ ef=ts 9 ! homely sc5es ( ru/ic negro life1 or f a ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! simplicity & beauty ( *ildhood4 ,none :o h se5 8 pa9t+ call$ ! ,old ,/age-,coa*1 repres5t+ a rollick+ gr\p ( boys & girls play+ on ! ru/y wreck ( an ab&on$ mail-c>riage1 c ev] d\bt aga9 ! possibilities ( g5re art 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh "s ( 8 simpl] compositions are m to our lik+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ />tl+ or especially novel 9 ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,johnson4 ,x is quiet & uns5sational4 ,x is to ! ecc5tric & altoge!r orig9al compositions ( ,w9sl[ ,hom] t we turn = a m decid$ expression ( ! gr[+ we>9ess ( our p ) ! conv5tional1 & a vague ye>n+ aft] an orig9al =m ( art spee*4 ,! fre%ness1 ! crudity1 & ! solid wor? ( ,am]ican civilization are well typifi$ 9 ! ?or\ghly native art ( ,mr4 ,hom]4 ,no arti/ has %[n m v]satility & inv5tiv5ess 9 *oice ( subject1 & great] impati5ce ) accept$ me?ods4 ,impati5ce1 irritability1 is writt5 ^u all 8 works--he is evid5tly /riv+ aft] ! unkn[n4 ,b ! key-note ( 8 art seems to be a reali/ic endeavor to place man & nature1 l&scape & g5re1 9 h>moni\s juxtaposition2 nev] "o alone1 b bo? aid+ ea* o!r1 !y are ev] ! !mes ( 8 bru%4 ,8 figures are (t5 /iff or pos$ 9 awkw>d attitudes1 & yet !y always arre/ ! att5tion1 = !y are inspir$ by an active1 re/less bra91 t is und\bt$ly mov$ by ! impulse ( g5ius4 ,x is ! values1 or true relations ( objects z !y actually appe> 9 nature1 t ?is arti/ also seeks to r5d]2 :ile 9 8 rea* aft] /rik+ subjects or compositions he n r>ely bord]s on ! s5sational4 ,b 9 "s ( 8 ma/]ly wat]-color sket*es1 :i* are almo/ impressioni/ 9 treatm5t1 or su* m f9i%$ works z ,! ,cotton ,pick]s1 a sc5e f ,s\!rn plantation life1 ,mr4 ,hom] ass]ts 8 "r to be consid]$ ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool ( g5re pa9t+4 ,! repose :i* is lack+ 9 8 /yle at pres5t may come to him lat]1 or be graft$ ^u x by ^? :o come aft] him4 ,george ,full]1 ( ,bo/on1 is ano!r arti/ 9 ^: works we see an additional pro( ( ! gr[+ importance atta*$ to ! pa9t+ ( ! figure 9 our art4 ,8 pa9t+s indicate ! pres5ce among u ( a vigor\s1 orig9al p]sonality1 t is1 ( a g5ius /riv+ = utt]ance4 ,!y are incomplete1 r>ely altoge!r satisfactory2 b we feel1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a subtle1 sugge/ive1 my/]i\s composition z ! ,rommany ,girl1 vaguely ?rill+ u ) ! deep mean+ ( h] weirdly glanc+ eyes1 & weav+ a my/ic spell ov] our fancy1 t a m9d ak9 to t ( ,haw?orne is "h /riv+ = utt]ance1 & unconsci\sly infus+ new vitality into our g5re art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rose4--,d4 ,f4 ,,nay]4 ,z an influ5ce 9 ! same direction1 ! compositions ( ,william ,magra? comm& s9c]e att5tion4 ,x is n s _m ye>s ago s9ce he 0 pa9t+ signs 9 ,new ,york1 & n[ we see him "o ( ! /ronge/ arti/s 9 g5re on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,mr4 ,magra? g5]ally pa9ts s+le figures1 associat$ ) rural life--a milkmaid1 or a f>m]4 ,naturally !re is inequality 9 ! results a*iev$1 & sometimes manife/ weakness4 ,b we note a con/ant progress 9 ! quality ( 8 art1 & an evid5ce ( imag9ation :i* has be5 un=tunately too r>e 9 ,am]ican g5re s9ce ! days ( ,william ,m\nt4 ,by ?is we mean ! id5tification ( ! arti/ ) 8 subject1 :i* r5d]s x dramatic1 & inspires x ) t t\* ( nature t makes ! :ole _w k94 ,9 ?is respect he occasionally sugge/s ! inimitable humanity :i* is ! cr[n+ excell5ce ( ! pa9t+s ( ,jean ,franois ,millet4 ,x is ) additional pleasure t we note ! works ( "s ( our m rec5t native g5re arti/s1 because we see indicat$ 9 !m a gr[+ p]ception ( ! fact t abundant subjects may be f\nd at our own doors to occupy ! p5cil ( ! able/ m9ds4 ,x is n uncommon to he> "y arti/s :o h /udi$ 9 ! ateli]s ( ,p>is & ,muni*1 & :o h return$ "h to "w1 compla9+ t !y f9d no s\rces ( inspiration "h1 no subjects to pa9t at home4 ,?is de>? ( subjects c]ta9ly w\ld be a v grave ob/acle to ! ultimate developm5t ( a great ,am]ican s*ool ( art1 if x actually exi/$4 ,b on exam9+ ! "q1 x seems to u t ! difficulty lies n 9 ! lack ( subjects1 b 9 ! way ! arti/ has le>n$ to look at ?+s1 & ! range ( sympa?ies to :i* he has become accu/om$ by 8 =eign exp]i5ces4 ,! arti/ :o is ! man ( 8 "t & 8 c\ntry nev] yet lack$ mat]ial = inspiration 9 ! e-day life & e-day objects ar\nd him4 ,goe! has said t ! true/ poetry is t wov5 out ( ! sugge/ions ga9$ f simple ?+s4 ,!re has nev] yet be5 su* a /ate ( society or su* an ord] ( sc5]y t ! arti/ :o 0 9 sympa?y ) x c\ld n f9d "s poetry1 "s color1 "s =m or light or %ade 9 x t w\ld /ir ! f9] elem5ts ( 8 g5ius1 /imulate 8 fancy1 & ar\se 8 inv5tive p[]s4 ,"s quality ( beauty is !re1 conceal$ l ! wat] 9 ! rock2 ! magician comes ^: rod c evoke ! imprison$ elem5t1 & o!rs !n see :at he _h fir/ se54 ,z we /roll1 = example1 ?r\gh ! /reets & squ>es ( ,new ,york's metropolis1 by its teem+ :>ves1 & among its dilapidat$ av5ues ( trade1 we are a/\nd$ to ?9k t any "o c\ld ev] look on ?is see?+ mass ( humanity1 ^! v>i\s types ( man1 & ! v>i\s /ructures he has erect$ "h1 & f9d 9 !m no inspiration = 8 bru% or 8 p54 ,:at if !re are no feluccas or pa9t$ sails 9 our h>bor2 "o has b to cross ! riv] on ! f]ry-boat at sunrise or sunset to see wond]ful picturesqu5ess & beauty 9 our sloops & s*oon]s1 our %ipp+ ?rong+ ! pi]s1 all smitt5 by ! glory ( ! rosy light1 or ov]-canopi$ by sc[l+ gray masses ( /orm-driv5 scud4 ,or if "o saunt]s up our /reets & gazes on ! long vi/a ( ,broadway t[>d nightfall1 z ! lazy mi/ gradually broods ov] ! ro(s & delicately tones & s(t5s ! rec$+ r[s ( build+s1 he %all see effects almo/ z entranc+ & poetic z ^? :i* *>m ! en?usia/ :o beholds ! sun1 a crimson disk1 c\*+ 9 a gray bank ( smoke at ! end ( ! b\lev>ds ( ,p>is1 on an ev5+ 9 ,octob]4 ,is !re no?+ picturesque & arti/ic 9 ! ,italian fruit v5d]s at ! /reet corn]s1 especially :5 aft] d>k !y light _! smok+ tor*es1 t wav] ) ruddy gl[ ov] brilliant masses ( oranges & apples8 ,illu/ration3 ,,dress ,,p>ade4--,j4 ,g4 ,,br[n4 ,!re is yet ano!r sc5e :i* we (t5 enc\nt]1 especially e>ly 9 ! morn+1 at a "t :5 p]haps mo/ arti/s are yet wrapp$ 9 dreams4 ,we ref] to ! gr\ps ( horses l$ ?r\gh ! /reets to ! horse-m>ket4 ,untrimm$1 un%orn1 massively built1 & m>*+ 9 files by f\rs & fives ) clang+ tread1 sometimes ?irty or =ty toge!r1 !y pres5t a /irr+ & p[]ful effect1 :i* w\ld ?rill a ,bonheur or a ,s*rey]4 ,:y h none ( our arti/s attempt$ to pa9t !m8 ,h we none ) ! k or ! p[] to r5d] ! subject ) ! vigor x dem&s8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,b$-,,"t ,,/ory4--,s4 ,j4 ,,guy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,"m4--,,ea/man ,,johnson4 ,no1 we lack n subjects = ^? :o "k h[ to see !m2 :ile no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! tru? t a national art c only be f\nd$ & su/a9$ by ^? :o are :olly 9 sympa?y ) ! influ5ces ( ! l& ^: art !y are aid+ to e/abli%4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ,am]ican art w easily recall a numb] ( our arti/s1 educat$ bo? at home & abroad1 :o h no difficulty 9 f9d+ mat]ial ar\nd home1 & at ! same "t take ! lead among u 9 po9t ( arti/ic /r5g?4 ,:ile indicat+1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! _m subjects :i* address "o at e turn 9 our l&1 & r5d] x unnecess>y = arti/s to g abroad = a supply ( fuel = _! fancy1 we w\ld n1 on ! o!r h&1 imply t an arti/ %\ld1 9 ord] to be an expon5t or lead] ( a native art1 be conf9$ exclusively to "o class ( subjects4 ,al?\gh x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & indisputable laws 9 lit]ature & art t ^? :o are id5tifi$ ) nature & human nature1 z x appe>s 9 _! native c\ntry1 are at ! same "t mo/ cosmopolitan1 /ill x is1 aft] all1 n s mu* 9 ! subjects z 9 ! treatm5t t ! individuality ( a national art is be/ demon/rat$4 ,x is :5 ! arti/ is s ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! in/itutions ( 8 native l& t x appe>s 9 8 art1 :atev] be ! subject--x is !n t he is mo/ national4 ,we he> a great deal ab\t ! ,fr5* s*ool & ! ,engli% s*ool2 b x is n because ea* s*ool f9ds its subjects inv>iably at home t x possesses an individuality ( its own1 b because we see unconsci\sly reflect$ 9 x ! influ5ces ( ! l& t gave x bir?4 ,= ?is reason1 if an ,engli% & a ,fr5* pa9t] %all ea* take ! same sc5e1 & t a :olly =eign "o1 say an ,ori5tal gr\p1 al?\gh ! subject be a =eign subject & id5tical 9 ea* canvas1 y c disc]n at once t "o picture is ,engli%1 ! o!r ,fr5* 9 treatm5t4 ,ea* arti/ has /amp$ ^u 8 "w ! impression ( ! influ5ces ( ! p to :i* he belongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sail-,,boat4--,,w9sl[ ,,hom]4 ,patriotism1 a :olesome en?usiasm = "o's own c\ntry1 seems1 !n1 9 "s occult way to lie at ! basis ( a native art1 & native art f\nd$ on k is !re=e always ! true/ art2 :ile ! arti/ :o is ?us inspir$ w g5]ally f9d mat]ial en\gh to call =? 8 /hetic ye>n+s & ar\se 8 creative faculties at 8 own door4 ,9 pass+ f g5re to our lat] portraiture we d n f9d ! same proportionate activity & intellig5t progress t we see 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( our art1 al?\gh "s cr$itable pa9t]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t c be m5tion$4 ,h>vey ,a4 ,"y1 ( ,bo/on1 has %[n a good eye = color1 & seizes a lik5ess 9 a mann] t is arti/ically satisfactory1 :ile he does n s (t5 grasp ! "* ( ! sitt] z 8 ext]nal traits4 ,mr4 ,cu/]1 ( ! same city1 *>m+ly r5d]s ! infantile beauty ( *ildhood1 its m]ry blue eyes1 ! dimpl$ roses ( ! *eeks1 & ! flax5 curls t ripple ar\nd ! %\ld]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 too mu* sam5ess 9 8 "w--a too app>5t t5d5cy to mann]ism4 ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,pet]s ,grey has a faculty ( mak+ a pleas+ lik5ess4 ,%e has execut$ "s portrait plaques 9 majolica t are rem>kable evid5ces ( ! progress c]amic art is n[ mak+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mrs4 ,loop is "o ( our successful portrait-pa9t]s4 ,h] works are n /rik+ly orig9al1 b !y are h>moni\s 9 tone & color1 & poetical 9 treatm5t4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,loop has also execut$ "s pleas+ portraits & ideal compositions2 ( ! latt]1 8 ,e*o is p]haps ! mo/ successful r5d]+ ( female beauty he has attempt$4 ,george ,h4 ,/ory %\ld be includ$ among ! mo/ important portrait-pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 "w is *>act]iz$ by vigor ( /yle & pleas+ color2 he seizes a lik5ess )\t any unc]ta9ty 9 te*nique4 ,8 g5re compositions & ideal heads are also inspir$ by a ref9$ ta/e & correct p]ception ( ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,william ,h5ry ,furness1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o di$ 9 #ahfg1 j z he rea*$ 8 prime1 0 alli$ 9 g5ius to ! great ma/]s ( portraiture ( ! e>ly /ages ( our art4 ,he matur$ sl[ly4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts %[$ only small promise2 b he _h ! ine/imable quality ( gr[?1 & has be5 equall$ by few ( our pa9t]s 9 ! /udy & r5d]+ ( "*4 ,:5 he _h a sitt] he w\ld give days to a prelim9>y & exhau/ive /udy ( 8 m5tal & moral traits4 ,9 ,d>ius ,cobb1 ( ,bo/on1 great e>ne/ness is app>5t 9 ! pursuit ( art1 toge!r ) an exalt$ op9ion ( :at %\ld be ! aims ( /hetic culture4 ,mr4 ,cobb has attempt$ sculpture1 monum5tal art1 portraiture1 & ! pa9t+ ( religi\s compositions4 ,we consid] x a promis+ sign to see an arti/ ( su* en]gy seek+ to exalt ! "* ( 8 pursuit4 ,8 works seem1 h[ev]1 to %[ ! lack ( a sy/ematic c\rse ( tra9+ 9 ! rudim5ts ( te*nique2 b 9 su* /rong & *>act]i/ic portraits z t ( ,rufus ,*oate he has exhibit$ decid$ ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sc\t4--,,wordswor? ,,?ompson4 ,! hi/oric art ( ! p]iod has be5 nei!r prolific nor attractive1 ) a few exceptions4 ,! late w> has giv5 rise to "s important works1 l ,w9sl[ ,hom]'s notable ,prison]s to ! ,front2 & ,julian ,scott has be5 measurably successful 9 su* pa9t+s z ,9 ! ,cornfield at ,antietam1 repres5t+ a *>ge 9 t memorable battle1 :i* belongs to a class ( pictures ( :i* we hope to h m 9 ! future4 ,!re is a /riv+ aft] orig9ality 9 8 pa9t+s t is 9 ! "r direction4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,fassett1 :o has execut$ "s excell5t portraits1 has also rec5tly compos$ an important pa9t+ ( ! ,electoral ,commission1 ( ^: m]its ! writ] c only speak by report4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,old ,,sod4--,,william ,,magra?4 ,9 ,wordswor? ,?ompson we f9d an arti/ :o seems to realize ! possibilities ( ,am]ican hi/orical art4 ,al?\gh a pupil ( ,gleyre1 & = a numb] ( ye>s a resid5t abroad1 !re is no evid5ce ( s]vile subs]vi5cy to any favorite s*ool or me?od 9 ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,?ompson4 ,he is an excell5t draughtsman1 8 color is a happy m$ium betwe5 ! high & l[ keys ( diff]5t s*ools--fre%1 cool1 & crisp--& 8 "w is ?or\ghly f9i%$1 & yet broad 9 effect4 ,he evid5tly has no hobbies to ride4 ,z a design] ( horses he has few equals 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if we h a fault to f9d ) him1 x is 9 a c]ta9 lack ( snap1 ( w>m?1 ( en?usiasm 9 ! h&l+ ( a subject1 :i* r5d]s x less impressive ?an x might o!rwise be4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mat9 ,,song4--,,fidelia ,,bridges4 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 9 8 ,m$it]ranean w&]+s1 ga!r$ mat]ial = a numb] ( attractive coa/ sc5es1 effective 9 atmosph]e & 9 ! r5d]+ ( figures1 feluccas1 & waves1 all t5d+ to illu/rate 8 v]satility4 ,b he des]ves to be mo/ widely kn[n on acc\nt ( sc5es tak5 f ,s\!rn life1 & hi/oric compositions sugge/$ by ! late w>1 or illu/rat+ notable ev5ts ( ! ,revolution4 ,= pictures ( ?is description ,mr4 ,?ompson seems to u to rank next to ,trumbull1 ^: ma/]ly pa9t+s ( ! ,dea? ( ,montgom]y & ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 n[ at ,new ,hav51 h hi!rto be5 by f> ! mo/ rem>kable milit>y pa9t+s produc$ by an ,am]ican arti/4 ,!re is less action1 fire1 & brilliance ( color 9 ,mr4 ,?ompson's works1 b !y possess _m admirable qualities t entitle !m to mu* respect4 ,among ! mo/ notable is an elaborate composition repres5t+ ! ,cont95tal army defil+ be=e ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & 8 /aff at ,philadelphia4 ,! gr\p ( (fic]s & horses 9 ! =egr\nd is "o ( ! be/ pieces ( arti/ic "w rec5tly pa9t$ by an ,am]ican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,dog4--,,frank ,,rog]s4 ,:5 we come to a consid]ation ( animal pa9t+ 9 ?is p]iod ( our /hetic culture1 we f9d t x is ! mo/ b>r5 ( good results ( any bran* ( our art4 ,we are at a loss to acc\nt = ?is1 especially z ! evid5ces ( promise are also less prom95t ?an 9 l&scape & g5re4 ,n only has ! numb] ( ! arti/s :o h pursu$ ?is dep>tm5t be5 proportionately small1 b ! quality ( _! "w has be5 ( a l[ av]age1 & lack+ 9 ! orig9ality else:]e app>5t4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( pa/oral sc5es1 ) cattle1 ,pet] ,moran1 ( ,philadelphia1 probably %[s ! mo/ orig9ality & =ce2 & ,?omas ,rob9son1 ( ,bo/on1 has display$ exceptional vigor 9 pa9t+ ! textures ( cattle1 b )\t mu* inv5tion 9 composition4 ,james ,h>t = ! pa/ twelve ye>s has made a specialty ( introduc+ gr\ps ( cattle into 8 idyllic l&scapes4 ,!y are (t5 well drawn & c>efully pa9t$1 & are 9 g5]al effect comm5dable1 al?\gh1 l mo/ ( our animal pa9t]s1 ,mr4 ,h>t does n seem to h got at ! "* ( ! animal z ,snyd]s1 ,morl&1 or ,l&se] w\ld h done4 ,mr4 ,dolph has pa9t$ "s cr$itable cats & pugs 9 comb9ation ) int]iors2 & two "y arti/s1 ,messrs4 ,george ,inness1 ,jun41 & ,j4 ,ogd5 ,br[n1 h execut$ "s promis+ cattle pieces4 ,miss ,bridges mu/ be cr$it$ ) develop+ a *>m+ & orig9al bran* ( art1 ( :i* ?us f> %e seems to enjoy a monopoly4 ,!re is exquisite fancy1 z well z capital art1 9 ! me?od 9 :i*1 ) wat]-colors1 %e composes /alks ( gra9 or wild-fl[]s 9 comb9ation ) field birds1 mead[-l>ks1 l9nets1 bobol9ks1 sp>r[s1 or s&-pip]s1 balanc+ on ! apex ( a wav]+ /alk1 or fly+ ov] ! :eat or by ! s&s ( ! sea-beat %ore4 ,mr4 ,frank ,rog]s1 :o is /ill a v "y man1 takes especial int]e/ 9 pa9t+ dogs1 al?\gh n int5d+ to conf9e himself to t bran* ( animal life1 & has already a*iev$ consid]able success 9 8 attempts to repres5t can9e traits4 ,he has tra9$ sev]al dogs to pose = him = t5 to fifte5 m9utes at once4 ,9 ! decid$ ability & success already %[n by ,mr4 ,rog]s we c see t x is n[ possible = our arti/s1 avail+ !mselves ( influ5ces already at "w "h1 comb9$ ) an int5se love ( nature & ! ideal1 to d /rong orig9al "w )\t devot+ half _! lives to =eign /udy1 & ?us c>ry on to a high] /age ! national art = :i* s _m clamor unreasonably1 n consid]+ t new s*ools ( art are n born 9 a day1 nor evolv$ )\t ! conditions :i* h inv>iably prep>$ ! way = ! national art ( o!r p4 ,art travels by no royal road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lo/ ,,9 ,,! ,,sn[4--,a4 ,f4 ,,tait4 ,our cont95t is n s pl5tifully /ock$ ) wild bea/s & game z "s p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 b we yet h ! pan!r & ! bison1 al?\gh n[ fa/ fad+ into a m]e tradition>y exi/5ce be=e ! rifle ( ! pione]4 ,r4 ,m4 ,%urtleff has a pleasant fancy = catam\nts & de]1 & has be5 a c>eful /ud5t ( _! habits1 ( :i* ! results appe> 9 dramatic bits ( ! wild life ( ! woods introduc$ into effective pa9t+s ( =e/ sc5]y2 ,a ,race = ,life is ! title ( a weird1 savage1 & p[]ful composition by ?is arti/1 repres5t+ a flock ( rav5+ wolves pursu+ _! victim ov] fields ( froz5 sn[1 beh9d :i* ! l[ r$ sun is sett+2 & ,a4 ,f4 ,tait has also devot$ 8 life to rescu+ f oblivion species :i* are rapidly becom+ ext9ct1 unless our game-laws are bett] en=c$ ?an !y h be5 hi!rto4 ,!re is (t5 too f9i%$ a t\* to ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,tait1 :i* deprives x ( ! =ce x might o!rwise h2 b he has1 on ! o!r h&1 pa9t$ bo? game & dome/ic animals ) rem>kable tru?1 & he br+s to ! subject an inv5tive fancy t greatly adds to ! v>iety & int]e/ ( 8 works4 ,we might add 9 ?is connection an allusion to ! +5i\s c>v+s ( ,alex&] ,pope1 a "y arti/ :o n only cuts out gr\ps ( game f a block ( wood ) mu* clev]ness1 b also tru?fully colors ! gr\se & teal 8 skilful knife c>ves out ( p9e4 ,!re is a bran* ( art :i* latt]ly has attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we ref] to /ill-life4 ,george ,h4 ,hall1 :o is also kn[n z a g5re pa9t]1 ju/ly e>n$ a reputation ye>s ago = effective pa9t+ ( fruit & fl[]s1 9 :i* he has hi!rto _h few equals 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ,m4 ,j4 ,heade has devot$ 8 att5tion successfully to ! r5d]+ ( ! wond]ful gorge\sness ( tropical vegetation4 ,! ideal fl[]-pa9t+ ( ,mr4 ,laf>ge we h already m5tion$4 ,miss ,robb9s1 ( ,bo/on1 is at pres5t "o ( ! mo/ prom95t arti/s we h 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,%e composes ) great ta/e1 & lays on h] colors ) sup]b effect4 ,"s ( h] pa9t+s sugge/ ! ri*1 massive color+ ( ,van ,huysams4 ,messrs4 ,seavey1 ( ,bo/on1 ,way1 ( ,baltimore1 & ,lambd91 ( ,philadelphia1 h produc$ "s int]e/+ results 9 ?is direction2 & ,miss ,dillon & ,mrs4 ,h5%aw mu/ be cr$it$ ) "s v beautiful floral compositions4 ,! li/ ( ladies :o h be5 measurably successful 9 reali/ic fl[]-pa9t+ is v l>ge1 & indicates ! /rong t5d5cy t[>d decorative art 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* mu/ result ere long 9 a di/9ctly national type ( t bran* ( e/hetic culture4 ,9 arriv+ at ! close ( ! second p]iod ( ,am]ican pa9t+1 we are enc\rag$ by abundant evid5ces ( a heal?y activity4 ,:ile "s phases ( our art1 aft] a gr[? ( half a c5tury1 are pass+ ?r\gh a transition p]iod1 & new me?ods & !ories are graft+ !mselves ^u ! old1 !re is ev]y:]e app>5t a deep] appreciation ( ! supreme importance ( ! ideal1 & a ga!r+ ( =ces = a new advance aga9/ ! /rongholds ( ! mat]ialism t w>s aga9/ ! culture ( ! ideal1 comb9$ ) a rapidly spread+ consci\sness on ! "p ( ! p ( ! e?ical importance ( art1 & a disposition to co-op]ate 9 its heal?ful developm5t4 ,at ! same "t new influ5ces are ent]+ into ! national culture ( /hetics1 & bran*es :i* h hi!rto receiv$ little att5tion f our arti/s are com+ rapidly into prom95ce1 sugge/+ t we are ab\t ent]+ ^u a ?ird /age ( ,am]ican art4 ,v4 ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,x is a g5]ally conc$$ fact t s9ce ! dea? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ! art ( sculpture has made little progress 9 ! expression ( ! ideal4 ,x has r indicat$1 until rec5tly1 a lack ( /ead9ess ( purpose1 & a want ( fre%ness & intellectual grasp t place ! pla/ic art ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies 9 a l[] rank ?an t ( ! ,classic & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( surprise t 9 a p app>5tly s unideal z our own1 & engag$ 9 /ruggl+ to w9 = itself a "r to exi/ among ! wilds ( a new _w1 t we f9d t s mu* evid5ce has already be5 %[n ( an appreciation = sculpture4 ,x is true t we h n yet produc$ any ma/]pieces t c rank ) ^? ( antiquity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( our pla/ic art comp>es favorably ) ! be/ t has be5 creat$ 9 mod]n times4 ,b :at might h be5 expect$ "u ! circum/ances has prov$ to be ! case4 ,orig9ality has be5 ! exception & n ! rule1 ev5 ) our be/ sculptors4 ,naturally l$ to /udy ! antique 9 ,europe1 & also to ma/] !re ! te*nical elem5ts ( ! art ( sculpture1 ow+ to ! entire abs5ce ( facilities = art education "h1 x 0 only to be expect$ t !y w\ld at fir/ yield to ! art influ5ces ^: guidance !y s\ght4 ,x 0 n _! fault t1 until rec5tly1 ^? influ5ces 7 conv5tional1 & bas$ ^u a false p]ception ( ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eve ,,be=e ,,! ,,fall4--,,hiram ,,p[]s4 ,"s ( our mo/ successful sculptors h nev] be5 abroad1 or at lea/ h n sy/ematically plac$ !mselves "u ! tuition ( a =eign ma/]2 :ile a numb] ( !m h indicat$ 9 _! t5d5cies a natural sympa?y ) ! lat] movem5t ( mod]n sculpture1 :i* is r 9 ! direction ( allegory1 portraiture1 & g5re sugge/$ by dome/ic life4 ,:5 ! anci5ts repres5t$ ,v5us or ,jove 9 m>ble1 !y sculptur$ a be+ 9 ^: actual exi/5ce !y believ$1 & ?us a pr(\nd rev]5ce inspir$ ! "w ( ! ma/]4 ,:5 ! sculptor ( ! ,middle ,ages c>v$ ! de$s ( ! ,savi\r1 or ! sa9ts1 or repres5t$ ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 he 0 mov$ by deep love or rev]5tial awe1 & an unque/ion+ belief 9 ! ev5ts he 0 commemorat+4 ,b :5 ! sculptor ( ?is c5tury und]takes to revive classical subjects & modes ( ?\ght1 he enc\nt]s an insurm\ntable ob/acle at ! outset1 :i* *ecks all progress1 & relegates 8 art to a second>y rank1 )\t ev5 ! b5efit ( a d\bt 9 8 favor4 ,! laws & limitations ( m9d make x impossible = an art to be ( ! fir/ ord] :i* dep5ds ^u ! imitation ( o!r art4 ,x is only by copy+ nature directly1 "u ! inspirations ( its own age & c\ntry1 t a s*ool ( art has ! slighte/ *ance ( immortality4 ,?orwalds51 ! greate/ sculptor s9ce ,mi*ael ,angelo1 exemplifi$ ?is tru? to a rem>kable degree4 ,mov$ by a realization ( classic art :i* no o!r mod]n sculptor except ,flaxman has approa*$1 we yet f9d 8 classical subjects inf]ior to ^? allegorical subjects 9 :i* he gave expression to ! impulses ( 8 own times4 ,a sl[ly dawn+ consci\sness t art _c by any =ce ( w or free ag5cy escape f ^! limitations ( gr[? is becom+ at la/ evid5t 9 rec5t sculpture1 especially 9 ! emotional & sometimes s5sational sculpture ( ,france4 ,lack+ repose1 x is yet fre% & orig9al1 & is de/9$ by cont9u$ self-ass]tion to rea* a high rank4 ,x is 9 imitations ( ! antique or 9 allegory1 & portraiture1 t our sculpture has ex]t$ its be/ ef=ts1 until )9 a few ye>s4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton has also prov$ a sort ( ,jupit] ,tonans to our sculptors4 ,elevat$ to a semi-apo!osis by ! p1 he has hi!rto be5 ! mo/ prom95t subject ( ! pla/ic art ( ! ,we/1 & has ?us af=d$ a fair /&>d ( comp>ison betwe5 ! m]its ( diff]5t arti/s1 s9ce v few ( !m b h tri$ _! h& ) ! national h]o4 ,z reg>ds popul> appreciation or pecuni>y rew>d1 x mu/ be admitt$ t our sculptors h relatively little cause = compla9t4 ,! art ( sculpture 0 by no means unkn[n "h :5 ! :ite man fir/ /epp$ foot on our %ores4 ,! pipe-/one qu>ries ( ! ,we/ are an evid5ce ( :at _h already be5 attempt$ by ! aborig9al savages4 ,tobacco1 s mu* malign$ by c]ta9 zeal\s philan?ropi/s1 0 at lea/ an innoc5t cause ( "s ( ! e>lie/ attempts at sculpture made on ?is cont95t4 ,! writ] has 9 8 possession an ,indian pipe c>v$ out ( fl9t1 :i* repres5ts a man sitt+ ) h&s clasp$ across 8 knees4 ,simple z x is1 x indicates good skill 9 /one-c>v+1 & consid]able obs]vation ( race *>act]i/ics & anatomy4 ,evid5ces ( great te*nical skill 9 ! pla/ic arts1 b ) an un=m$ p]ception ( beauty1 are be+ con/antly discov]$ among ! relics ( ! ext9ct ,m\nd-build]s ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orpheus4--,,?omas ,,craw=d4 ,be=e ! ,revolution1 h[ev]1 except+ 9 ! c>v+ ( figure-heads1 pla/ic art1 unlike pa9t+1 seems to h be5 h>dly kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& s little sign 0 !re ( its dawn t ,john ,trumbull decl>$ to ,frazee1 z late z #ahaf1 t sculpture w\ld n be want$ "h = a c5tury4 ,b ev5 !n ! c>eful obs]v] might h notic$ indications t a g5ius = glyptic art 0 awak5+ 9 ! new republic4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury ,deacon ,dr[ne made a vane = ,faneuil ,hall1 & "o = ! ,prov9ce ,h\se1 9 ,bo/on1 :i* appe> to h ga9$ him great repute 9 8 day 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! latt] "w1 al?\gh turn+ ) ! w9d on an iron sp9dle1 0 a life-size /atue ( an ,indian sa*em hold+ a b[ & arr[ 9 ! act ( aim+4 ,x 0 holl[1 & ( copp]1 & w\ld seem1 f ! impression x made1 to h be5 a "w ( "s m]it4 ,some:at lat]1 ,pati5ce ,wright1 ( ,bord5t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 display$ consid]able clev]ness 9 modell+ m9iature wax heads 9 relief1 & by ?is process succe$$ 9 mak+ lik5esses ( ,wa%+ton & ,frankl91 among ! celebrities ( h] "t4 ,william ,ru%1 :o 0 born "s tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,revolution1 _h also %[n already t ev5 9 %ip-c>v+ ! sculptor may f9d scope = fancy & skill1 z ,mat!w ,pratt1 9 ! previ\s g5]ation1 _h prov$ t ev5 9 ! pa9t+ ( signs g5ius c f9d v5t = its inspirations4 ,ru% 0 und\bt$ly a man ( g5ius2 =1 al?\gh all ! art education he ev] _h 0 conf9$ to an appr5tice%ip ) a %ip-c>v]1 8 figure-heads ( ,indians or naval h]oes add$ a s+ul> m]it to ! beauty ( ! m]*ant m>9e :i* fir/ c>ri$ our flag to ! f>!/ seas1 & ! m5-(-w> t wre/$ victory 9 s _m a h>d-f\ght battle4 ,hu% work$ only 9 wood or clay2 b orig9al /r5g? & tal5t1 :i* "u bett] circum/ances might h a*iev$ great] results1 are evid5t 9 "s ( 8 portrait bu/s1 & 9 a /atue ( a nymph at ,fairm\nt4 ,a bu/ ( himself1 c>v$ out ( a block ( p9e1 is rem>kable = a reali/ic =ce & "* t entitle x to a p]man5t place 9 ! records ( ,am]ican sculpture4 ,sculpture1 h[ev]1 0 mu* m backw>d 9 ga9+ a foo?old 9 ! c\ntry ?an ! si/] arts2 = x 0 n until #ahbd t ! fir/ portrait 9 m>ble by a native 0 execut$--t ( ,john ,wells1 by ,john ,frazee1 a /one-cutt]1 ^: sole art education 0 obta9$ dur+ an appr5tice%ip 9 a y>d :]e rude monum5tal "w 0 turn$ out = ! bleak cemet]ies 9 use be=e su* sumptu\s retreats z ,gre5wood & ,m\nt ,auburn 7 plann$4 ,!re 0 a feel+ aft] ! ideal 9 ! nature ( ?is unassi/$ arti/ :i* enabl$ him to be pot5tial 9 influ5c+ y\ng] arti/s2 :ile 8 opportunities 7 unfavorable to ! j developm5t ( 8 own abilities4 ,ru% began to model 9 clay 9 #aghi1 & at t "t n "o ( ! arti/s :o h s9ce giv5 celebrity to our native sculpture _h se5 ! light4 ,frazee 0 born 9 #agij2 & ,hezekiah ,augur1 ( ,new ,hav51 9 #agia4 ,! latt] 0 engag$ 9 ! groc]y trade1 & fail+ 9 t1 took up modell+ & wood-c>v+1 )\t any guide except 8 natural in/9cts4 ,l _m ( our fir/ sculptors1 8 ef=ts are int]e/+ r z evid5ces ( :at tal5t entirely un9/ruct$ & untra9$ c accompli%1 ?an = any intr9sic value 9 8 "w4 ,_m ( ! arti/s :o h succe$$ him h also begun life 9 "s trade or pr(ession altoge!r at v>iance ) ! art to :i* !y aft]w>d consecrat$ _! lives4 ,x 0 n till ! ye> #ahje1 long aft] ,copley1 ,we/1 ,malbone1 ,all/on1 & ,/u>t _h demon/rat$ our capacity = pictorial art1 t ! g5ius ( ! c\ntry seem$ incl9$ to all[ u a pla/ic art ( our own4 ,9 t ye> ,hiram ,p[]s 0 born1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n sculptors ( ! c5tury4 ,! same ye> witness$ ! bir? ( ,horatio ,gre5\gh4 ,9 ! remote wilds ( ,k5tucky1 /ill h>ri$ by ! ,indians1 ,h>t 0 born 9 #ahaj2 & ,clev5g]1 ,craw=d1 & ,mills foll[$ 9 #ahab1 #ahac1 & #ahae--;all arti/s ( note1 ev5 if ( unequal m]its1 & important z pione]s 9 ! art r ?an ! creators ( a great s*ool ( sculpture4 ,?us we see t )\t any app>5t previ\s prep>ation a /rong impulse t[>d glyptic art & ! m5 to direct & give x /r5g? simultane\sly sprung up 9 ! l&4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! disadvantages "u :i* !y labor$1 & t1 s f> z c be kn[n1 !y 7 n ev5 aid$ by any h]$ity ( g5ius 9 ?is direction1 criticism is temp]$ by surprise t !y a*iev$ ! results !y did1 & t two ( !m at lea/--,p[]s & ,craw=d--succe$$ 9 w9n+ = !mselves a ,european r5[n :i* made !m almo/ ! pe]s ( "s ( ! lead+ =eign sculptors ( ! age1 :o 7 born amid/ ! trophies ( classic & ,r5aissance art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbus ,,be=e ,,! ,,c\ncil4--,,f ,,! ,,bronze ,,door ,,( ,,! ,,capitol ,,at ,,wa%+ton4--,,r&olph ,,rog]s4 ,hiram ,p[]s mu/ always be assign$ a comm&+ position 9 our ,we/]n art1 ev5 by ^? :o are n en?usia/ic admir]s ( 8 works4 ,a f>m]'s boy ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 he e>ly ex*ang$ ,v]mont = ! bu/l+ /reets ( ,c9c9nati1 :]e an ampl] scope 0 (f]$ to ! aspir+ en]gies ( ! f\nd] ( ,am]ican sculpture4 ,l _m ( our sculptors1 a turn = me*anics1 *>act]i/ic ( ! inv5tive m9d ( ! p1 0 comb9$ 9 him ) a capacity = art1 & ?is1 :i* at fir/ f\nd v5t 9 a /udy ( ! inv5tions ( ! "t1 enabl$ him 9 matur] life to facilitate ! means ( art expression by valuable inv5tions4 ,palm] & sev]al o!r ,am]ican sculptors h also aid$ ! art 9 a simil> way4 ,f modell+ 9 wax1 :i* ar\s$ great local int]e/1 "y ,p[]s proce$$ to modell+ 9 pla/]1 "u ! tuition ( a ,g]man arti/ resid5t 9 ,c9c9nati1 &1 aid$ by ! g5]\s patronage ( ,mr4 ,longwor?--to ^: lib]ality t[>d our arti/s ,am]ican art is greatly indebt$--he soon receiv$ num]\s commissions = portrait bu/s ( "s ( our mo/ notable public m51 su* z ,web/]1 ,jackson1 ,m>%all1 & ,calh\n4 ,not)/&+ 8 lack ( tra9+ & art associations1 ,p[]s execut$ "s ( ^! portraits ) a vigor wor?y ( ! subjects1 & sc>cely equall$ by any ( 8 subsequ5t "w4 ,9 #ahcg ,p[]s decid$ to g to ,italy1 :i!r ,gre5\gh _h already prec$$ him1 l$ ?i!r1 l _m s9ce1 by sup]ior art advantages & economical reasons1 :i* /ill sway our sculptors at a "t :5 x w\ld seem t x w\ld be m pr(itable1 s f> z native art is conc]n$1 = !m to rema9 "h4 ,sev]al ( our sculptors h ackn[l$g$ to ! writ] t ! "t has come = _! art to gr[ up "u ! home influ5ces :i* are to regulate ! art ( ! future1 b t ! "q ( economy =ces !m to live 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,resid+ 9 ,flor5ce until 8 dea?1 ,p[]s devot$ 8 long c>e] to ! creation ( _m works ( high f9i%1 & occasionally ( a m]it comp>+ well ) ! works ( an age ^: pla/ic arts 7 conv5tional4 ,:o has n se5 ! fam\s ,greek ,slave1 inspir$ by ! en?usiasm = ! ,greeks /ruggl+ ) ! ,turk = exi/5ce8 ,! ,p5s]oso1 ,fi%] ,boy1 & ,pros]p9e are also among ! mo/ pleas+ works ( ?is arti/4 ,! ,cali=nia1 a nude1 symbolical female figure1 is less satisfactory 9 conception1 & is also op5 to criticism z to its proportions4 ,9 ^! works we see express$ ! ?\ghts ( an arti/ skill$ 9 ! te*nical requirem5ts ( ! art1 & mov$ by a l(ty ideal1 b m>k$ by t5d] s5tim5t r ?an =ce1 & sugge/+ sometimes a dryness ( /yle & a coldness or retic5ce ( emotion inh]it$ f ! undemon/rative p ( ,new ,engl&1 z if :5 ! arti/ 0 execut+ !m ! /]n g5ius ( ,puritanism1 jeal\s ( ! voluptu\s or ! passionate 9 art1 _h /ood ,m5tor-l at 8 side & said1 ,!re1 t w d2 bew>e le/ y\r love ( beauty lead y to =get t y are an ,am]ican citiz51 to :om duty1 pr9ciple1 example1 are ! wat*words ( life4 ,b sometimes g5ius prov$ sup]ior to tradition ev5 ) ,p[]s1 z :5 he compos$ ! two great ideal /atues ( ,eve be=e & aft] ! fall4 ,by ^! noble works1 inspir$ by true1 untrammell$ arti/ic feel+--:i* we mu/ consid] 8 be/ ideal compositions--he e>n$ a rank v ne> to t ( ,gibson & ,canova1 & r5d]$ 8 art wor?y ( la/+ remembrance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gho/ ,,9 ,,hamlet4--,,?omas ,r4 ,,g\ld4 ,! art ( ,p[]s 0 be/ exemplifi$ 9 8 portrait bu/s4 ,8 imag9ation 0 n prolific or active1 z "o may inf] f ! foll[+ expressions ( 8 own3 ,i c\ld nev] satisfy myself ) an ideal 9 a hurry4 ,! human =m is inf9ite4 ,x is ! image ( ,god4 ,i h f\nd t1 d my be/1 !re 0 always a bett] 9 nature4 ,once kn[+ ?is1 ,i h hesitat$ & s\ght to f9d x1 & ?is is ! way to fame4 ,"o may fail ) all 8 c>e & labor1 b x is ! only way4 ,n !y :o h produc$ ! mo/1 b !y :o h done ! be/1 /& =emo/ 9 ! end4 ,i nev] felt t ,i _h ! p[] to *>ge a hundr$ /atues4 ,i exhau/ myself on a few4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t ,i f\nd x necess>y to give ne>ly a ye>'s "t1 9 all1 to ! model ( y\r /atue ( ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,! e>ly educational advantages ( ,horatio ,gre5\gh 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ,p[]s2 & z "o ( ! fir/ 9 our c\ntry to ass]t himself 9 m>ble1 he won a "n :i* we are reluctantly oblig$ to consid] 9 excess ( 8 m]its z an arti/4 ,he impresses "o z a man ( intellectual =ce & culture1 b )\t any special call+ to sculpture4 ,! "w by :i* he w be kn[n ! longe/ is ! ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t1 ^: /ately proportions he design$4 ,gre5\gh execut$ a numb] ( vigor\s & /rik+ bu/s1 l ^? ( ,lafayette & ,f5imore ,coop]1 :i* des]ve favorable m5tion4 ,b 9 v5tur+ aft] ideal expression he _c be said to h accompli%$ satisfactory results4 ,! elaborate gr\p call$ ,! ,rescue1 on ! portico ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 is ambiti\s1 b leaves "o to regret t s prom95t a position c\ld n h be5 m appropriately decorat$4 ,few /atues h ev] giv5 rise to m conflict+ criticisms ?an ,gre5\gh's ,wa%+ton 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,capitol4 ,colossal 9 size & on a massive ?rone1 seat$ half nude & hold+ out a ,roman sword 9 8 left h&1 "s "o has jocul>ly obs]v$ t ! augu/ h]o ( ! republic seems to say1 ,"h is my sword2 my clo!s are 9 ! ,pat5t-(fice yond]4 ,x c]ta9ly seems an absurdity 9 ?is age to repres5t s rec5t a "* 9 a g>b 9 :i* he 0 s r>ely se5 by ! public1 or s closely & incongru\sly to imitate ! /yle ( ! antique4 ,b5jam9 ,we/ %[$ m orig9ality & c\rage :51 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & 9 defiance ( ! op9ion ( su* m5 z ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 he d>$ to break loose f ! conv5tional1 & creat$ a revolution 9 hi/orical art by p]mitt+ ,g5]al ,wolfe to die 9 ! clo!s 9 :i* he w5t to battle4 ,b 9 ju/ice to ,gre5\gh1 ^: /atue is 9 "s respects m]itori\s & important1 especially 9 ! bass-reliefs on ! elegant *air1 x %\ld be said t he nev] design$ to h ?is /atue plac$ 9 its pres5t position1 b "u ! dome ( ! ,rotunda1 :]e x w\ld und\bt$ly be f> m impressive1 & be+ %elt]$ f ! w9t] sn[s1 its nudity w\ld be less incongru\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,wa%+ton4--,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,,w>d4 ,la/ ye> a sculptor di$ at ,flor5ce :o 0 born 9 ,k5tucky ne>ly sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,8 education 0 conf9$ to ?ree mon?s 9 a di/rict s*ool1 & 8 fir/ occupation 0 *imney-build+4 ,james ,h>t1 al?\gh successful 9 portraiture1 0 also an ideali/1 :o1 aft] settl+ 9 ,italy1 produc$ num]\s pleas+ works1 l 8 ,angel9a & ,woman ,triumphant4 ,!re is a delicate1 w9n+ s5se ( beauty & a ref9$ emotional t5d5cy 9 8 art1 :i* pleases :ile x fails to ma/] u1 because x 0 a facile fancy r ?an a l(ty imag9ation t conceiv$ 8 creations4 ,%obal ,v4 ,clev5g]1 a /one-cutt] ( ,ohio1 pres5ts ano!r in/ance ( ! sudd5 ye>n+ t[>d ! pla/ic art :i* e>ly 9 ! c5tury s\ght v5t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,l s _m o!rs1 he turn$ 8 face to ,italy to f9d ! k :i* x 0 impossible = 8 native l& to give him at t "t4 ,! nation owes a debt ( gratitude to him1 z to sev]al ( our e>ly sculptors1 = _m tru?fully reali/ic portraits ( our lead+ /atesm5 & poets4 ,9 po9t ( date z well z 9 ability we f9d t ,?omas ,craw=d1 a native ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( our sculptors4 ,if ,p[]s 0 rem>kable = ! ref9em5t ( 8 "w1 9 ! sculpture ( ,craw=d we f9d a c]ta9 gr&iose /yle n too common 9 our art1 & at ! same "t s h>moni\sly r5d]$ z to avoid exagg]ation4 ,craw=d occupies among our sculptors a position correspond+ to t ( ,all/on among our e>ly pa9t]s4 ,!re is a classic maje/y ab\t 8 works1 a su/a9$ gr&eur t is w>m$ by a sympa!tic nature1 & br\ght )9 ! range ( ! ?roes & aspirations ( ?is tumultu\s c5tury4 ,he _h :at mo/ ( our sculptors h lack$--g5ius4 ,7 he alive to-day1 :5 a new ord] ( sculpture is bur/+ its bonds1 he w\ld h few pe]s4 ,among 8 mo/ important works are ! impressive eque/rian /atue ( ,wa%+ton at ,ri*mond1 & ! colossal /atue ( ,bee?ov5 9 ! ,music ,hall at ,bo/on4 ,!y 7 ca/ 9 ! f\ndries ( ,mll] at ,muni*1 & 7 hail$ by all1 arti/s & sov]eign alike1 ) a dramatic en?usiasm :i* speaks eloqu5tly = ! e/imate plac$ ^u !m 9 "o ( ! mo/ notable art tribunals ( ,europe4 ,! bronze door ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 conta9+ panel gr\ps illu/rative ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 has be5 consid]$ by "s to be a ma/]piece ( ,craw=d1 & x c]ta9ly indicates imag9ation & te*nical skill unusual among u until rec5tly2 b ! /atue ( ,orpheus desc5d+ into ,t>t>us 9 se>* ( 8 wife ,eurydice seems1 on ! :ole1 to be ! mo/ symmetrical & j repres5tative "w ( ?is great sculptor4 ,8 /ately & graceful /atue ( ,lib]ty on ! dome ( ! ,capitol is also entitl$ to high consid]ation1 b "o c h>dly ?9k ( x )\t indignation1 = c]ta9ly no?+ 0 ev] devis$ q s absurd z to create a "w ( imag9ation l ?is1 & !n to p]* x up 9 ! air ?ree hundr$ feet above ! gr\nd1 :]e x is a m]e %apeless spot aga9/ ! sky1 its beauty almo/ z completely snat*$ away f human k5 z if x 7 buri$ z f> b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m$ea4--,,william ,,wetmore ,,/ory4 ,! art ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton pres5ts1 inde$1 a mo/ extraord9>y f>rago ( excell5ce & ecc5tricity & ignorance4 ,"s ( ! alto-relievos 9 ! ,rotunda are ( su* exceptional unc\?ness t "o is a/\nd$ to ?9k t "s ( ! m5 are /ill liv+ :o p]mitt$ !m to be plac$ !re4 ,!y might easily be pass$ (f = rude ,aztec relics4 ,! ,sculpture ,hall adjo9+ displays ! same amaz+ incongruity4 ,its exi/5ce sugge/s a dim p]ception 9 ! build]s t at "s future "t we %\ld ne$ a national gall]y ( /atu>y2 :ile ! inequality 9 ! m]it ( ! sculptures already plac$ !re w\ld indicate t !y _h be5 *os5 entirely by lot r ?an by delib]ate selection4 ,n until a p]man5t national art commission l t ( ,france is appo9t$ c we hope1 9 ! pres5t un/hetic condition ( ,congress1 to h su* art collect$ at ! national capital z w be entirely cr$itable to ! c\ntry4 ,su* a commission1 ow+ to ! frailty ( human nature1 might p]haps %[ p>tiality at times t[>d a favorite s*ool2 b :at x did admit w\ld at lea/ be ( a high] av]age m]it1 & m]e tyros 9 art w\ld h no *ance to /orm ! public ,treasury by ! %e] =ce ( lobby+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,promis$ ,,l&4--,,frankl9 ,,simmons4 ,x is to ! !n absolute ignorance ( art on ! "p ( ! p t we owe ! eque/rian /atues ( ,cl>k ,mills--a contempor>y ( ,craw=d--( :i* ! mo/ not$ is probably ! /atue ( ,g5]al ,jackson opposite ! ,:ite ,h\se1 & ! "o ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 = :i* he receiv$ #ej1jjj4 ,! =m] is *iefly notable = ! me*anical dext]ity :i* s balanc$ ! weights t ! pranc+ /e$ is actually able to /& 9 t position )\t o!r support ?an its own pond]osity4 ,t ,mr4 ,mills has ability is unque/ion$1 = x is said t be=e ev] he _h se5 a /atue he 0 able to take a portrait bu/ ( ,calh\n :i* is pron\nc$ a /rik+ lik5ess2 b x is dext]ity & tal5t r ?an g5ius :i* he possesses4 ,!re is little evid5ce ( art feel+ 9 8 works1 & ! prom95ce t has be5 giv5 to !m is a j cause ( regret to ! lov] ( art4 ,x is pleasant among s mu* poor art to f9d "h & !re works l ^? ( ,craw=d1 ,w>d1 ,br[n1 ,r&olph ,rog]s1 & ,ball1 :i* indicate an e>ne/ /riv+ aft] a l(ty art ideal4 ,h5ry ,k4 ,br[ne1 "o ( our e>lie/ sculptors1 w probably be be/ kn[n by 8 two eque/rian /atues--( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 9 ,union ,squ>e1 ,new ,york1 & ,g5]al ,scott1 at ! capital4 ,x is extremely difficult to tell :at x is :i* makes su* monum5ts s r>ely satisfactory4 ,if ! horse is anatomically correct1 x is1 p]haps1 ungraceful2 or if pleas+ 9 t respect1 !n ! horse-fanci] comes along1 :o tells y t x _c be ju/ly admir$1 = x is incorrect 9 ! details4 ,betwe5 ^! two objections "o is (t5 at a loss to give an op9ion2 & 9 po9t ( fact ! fam\s /atue ( ,colleoni by ,v]ro*io1 made 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 seems ?us f> to be almo/ ! only :olly acceptable eque/rian "w s9ce ! classic times1 s ?or\ghly does x seem 9 its firm1 massive1 yet en]getic l9es to embody ! description ( ! w>-horse giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 & s nobly does 8 mail$ rid] be/ride him4 ,! cause ( ! difficulty appe>s to be ! same z 9 m>9e pa9t+4 ,to pa9t a %ip "o %\ld love x int5sely1 & if he does1 he is likely to compreh5d ! action2 to design a horse 9 motion "o %\ld love horses1 & 9 su* case ! /udy ( !m beg9s in/9ctively 9 *ildhood4 ,b mo/ sculptors h no natural equ9e bias1 &1 aft] accept+ a commission = an eque/rian /atue1 !y beg9 to /udy ! horse = ! purpose ( in=mation1 r ?an f sympa!tic1 en?usia/ic feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,latona ,,& ,,h] ,,infants4--,w4 ,h4 ,,r9eh>t4 ,mr4 ,br[ne has /ruggl$ ) ^! difficulties ) v cr$itable success4 ,nei!r ( ! /atues m5tion$ above gives complete satisfaction1 b !y are d\btless among ! be/ yet exhibit$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,t ( ,scott repres5ts ! f9e/ horse1 & v graceful & int]e/+ x is1 al?\gh ! proportions are r ^? ( an ,arab /e$ ?an ( an ,am]ican w>-horse2 :ile t ( ,wa%+ton is ! mo/ spirit$ & attractive4 ,x is h]oic & impressive 9 its g5]al effect4 ,?is arti/1 :o /ill resides at ,newburgh1 enjoy+ a gre5 old age aft] a successful c>e]1 has accompli%$ mu* ideal "w1 l ! pleas+ /atue ( ,ru?1 & has %[n a f9e arti/ic feel+ 9 8 conceptions1 al?\gh h>dly entitl$ to a =emo/ rank 9 ?is bran* ( ! art4 ,?omas ,ball1 :o 0 orig9ally a portrait-pa9t]1 & :o cont9ues to adorn our public squ>es ) m]itori\s sculptures1 is ano!r arti/ to :om we are indebt$ = "o ( ! mo/ spirit$ & correct eque/rian /atues 9 ! c\ntry4 ,we ref] to 8 ,wa%+ton1 9 ! ,public ,g>d5 9 ,bo/on4 ,pleas+ :5 reg>d$ arti/ically1 cavalrym5 also l x = its tru? to nature4 ,! gr\p call$ ,emancipation1 9 ,l9coln ,p>k1 at ,wa%+ton1 is also by ,mr4 ,ball4 ,an eque/rian /atue t is de/9$ to occupy a high position 9 our native art is t ( ,g5]al ,?omas1 by ,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,w>d4 ,x is ( colossal size1 & has be5 ca/ 9 bronze at ,philadelphia4 ,!re is a =ce 9 ! action1 an orig9ality 9 ! pose1 a ju/ness 9 ! proportions ( bo? horse & rid]1 t r5d] x exceptionally excell5t4 ,9 ,mr4 ,w>d we see "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & individual sculptors ( ! age4 ,z an influ5ce 9 our art 8 example is ( great importance1 because :ile plac+ at its true value ! good t may be obta9$ by famili>ity ) ! models ( classic art1 :e!r by ! /udy ( ca/s at home or abroad1 he recognizes ! basal pr9ciple ( all true art--t its orig9at+ =ce mu/ proce$ f )91 & t culture c only supplem5t1 b _c supply ! want (1 g5ius 9 ! arti/ or ! p4 ,& ?us1 :ile ?or\ghly conv]sant ) =eign & antique art1 ,mr4 ,w>d has work$ at home1 & drawn ! s\rces ( 8 inspiration f native influ5ces4 ,he has a m9d ov]fl[+ ) res\rces2 8 fancy is nev] /ill2 he is ev] delight+ to sket* 9 clay1 if ! t]m may be s us$4 ,_m are famili> ) ! noble /atue ( ,%akspe>e & ! ,indian ,hunt] 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,! latt]1 al?\gh n 9 all respects anatomically correct1 is 9 _s & design "o ( ! mo/ notable works produc$ by ,am]ican pla/ic art4 ,b ! bronze /atue ( ,wa%+ton rec5tly set up at ,newburyport is1 p]haps1 ! be/ exi/+ specim5 ( ,mr4 ,w>d's skill4 ,! subject is n a new "o2 9 fact1 x has be5 treat$ s _m hundr$ times 9 "o =m or ano!r t especial orig9ality 0 ne$$ to r5d] x aga9 ) any degree ( fre%ness & int]e/4 ,b ! ef=t has be5 cr[n$ ) success4 ,!re is 9 ?is /atue1 :i* is ( colossal size1 a su/a9$ maje/y1 dignity1 & repose1 & a h>mony ( design r>ely atta9$ 9 mod]n sculpture4 ,among ! =emo/ ( ,am]ican sculptors 9 po9t ( native ability we mu/ accord a place to ,b5jam9 ,paul ,ak]s1 ( ,portl&4 ,he 0 inde$ a man ( g5ius1 ( a f9ely organiz$ temp]am5t2 b he di$ be=e ! maturity ( 8 p[]s1 ere he 0 able to a*ieve little m ?an a promise ( immortality4 ,8 ,pe>l ,div]1 :i* is inde$ an exquisite creation1 orig9al1 & t5d]ly beautiful1 repres5ts a y\? ^: corpse ! tide has wa%$ on ! rocks1 :]e x lies wrapp$ by ! sea-we$1 & tranquil 9 ! repose ( dea?4 ,! anatomy & composition ( ?is "w are evid5tly ! (fspr+ ( a f9ely-organiz$ m9d well gr\nd$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 art1 & inspir$ by t5d] sympa?ies & a /rongly creative imag9ation2 & 8 ,/4 ,elizabe? is also a lovely piece ( sculpture4 ,! noble ideal bu/ ( ,milton1 & ! ,pe>l ,div]1 are gr&ly describ$ by ,haw?orne 9 ! ,m>ble ,faun4 ,! admirable description ( ,k5yon1 ! "y sculptor m5tion$ 9 t weird romance1 is int5d$ = a lik5ess ( ,ak]s4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,b>?olomew1 ( ,connecticut1 :o di$ 9 8 ?irty-six? ye>1 0 ano!r ( our mo/ gift$ sculptors4 ,!re 0 an afflu5ce ( fancy 9 8 art1 r>e 9 our sculpture1 :i* ne$$ prun+ r ?an urg+ by =eign /udy4 ,naturally 8 works are unequal 9 m]it2 b ! ,eve ,rep5tant1 ,ganym$e1 & ,hag> & ,i%mael w long p]petuate 8 fame4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance t ,b>?olomew 0 totally color-bl9d4 ,?is1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 is no disqualification 9 a sculptor2 b "s sculptors n only ?9k o!rwise1 b are also consci\s ( a s5se ( color :5 creat+ a "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,z5obia4--,,h>riet ,,hosm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ev5+4--,e4 ,d4 ,,palm]4 ,italy1 :i* has be5 ! home & second "m to mo/ ( ! arti/s we h nam$1 has long giv5 a home to & inspir$ ! art ( a numb] ( our mo/ prom95t sculptors1 :o are n[ p]man5tly resid+ 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome--,r&olph ,rog]s1 ,/ory1 ,r9eh>t1 ,meade1 ,g\ld1 ,?ompson1 ,miss ,hosm]1 & sev]al o!rs1 all ( :om m]it m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,rog]s1 :o has execut$ _m exquisite works indicat+ f9e s5tim5t & fancy1 is mo/ favorably kn[n = ! bronze doors 9 ! ,rotunda ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton4 ,eight panels1 repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ,columbus1 h af=d$ abundant scope = ! exhibition ( a g5ius :i*1 :ile x borr[$ ! idea f ,ghib]ti1 _h yet ability suffici5t to give u an orig9al "w4 ,! ,angel ( ! ,resurrection1 = ! monum5t ( ,colonel ,colt at ,h>t=d1 is also an important & beautiful creation by ?is arti/4 ,l>k9 ,j4 ,meade1 ( ,v]mont1 has ju/ly won a wide reputation = portrait & monum5tal works1 l t to ,abraham ,l9coln at ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois4 ,x is ( colossal dim5sions1 co/+ ne>ly #cjj1jjj1 & 9 size & importance ranks ) ! maje/ic monum5t at ,plym\? design$ by ,hammatt ,bill+s4 ,"o ( ! noble/ art opportunities ( ! c5tury 0 (f]$ :5 t monum5t 0 propos$4 ,if ,mr4 ,bill+s's orig9al design _h be5 fully c>ri$ out a "w w\ld h be5 erect$ ( :i* ! c\ntry might ju/ly be pr\d4 ,lack ( funds & a pitiful lack ( en?usiasm result$ 9 r$uc+ ! dim5sions ( ! "w by half4 ,m>t9 ,milmore has also execut$ "s v important civic monum5ts1 & has turn$ ! late w> to acc\nt by num]\s milit>y memorials erect$ to our dead h]oes4 ,! "o rec5tly f9i%$ at ,bo/on is ! mo/ notewor?y4 ,! art repres5t$ 9 ^! works is1 h[ev]1 n ( a high ord]1 p]haps because su* subjects are s trite t ev5 an arti/ ( v unusual ability w\ld be /agg]$ 9 treat+ !m4 ,frankl9 ,simmons1 ^: abilities h be5 *iefly devot$ to a simil> class ( works ) ^? ( ,meade & ,milmore1 (t5 exhibits true art feel+1 & a s5se ( ! beautiful t makes 8 art exceptionally attractive4 ,! monum5t to ! ,army & ,navy1 at ,wa%+ton1 :i* he has design$1 is n :olly satisfactory1 b x conta9s "s effective po9ts4 ,"o ( 8 be/ works is ! /atue ( ,rog] ,williams4 ,ano!r ,am]ico-,flor5t9e arti/ :o has creat$ "s rem>kable & beautiful ideal works is ,?omas ,r4 ,g\ld4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ,! ,asc5d+ ,_s1 at ,m\nt ,auburn1 ,! ,gho/ 9 ,hamlet1 & ,! ,we/ ,w9d4 ,! latt] is fasc9at+ r = ! delicate fancy x %[s ?an = te*nic k1 = x is op5 to criticism 9 ! details2 ! drap]y1 = example1 is s full z to draw away ! att5tion f ! figure4 ,?is is a blemi% q too common ev5 9 our be/ sculpture4 ,mr4 ,g\ld has also be5 v successful 9 portraiture1 & is n[ engag$ on a full-siz$ /atue ( ,kamehameha1 late ,k+ ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,9 ! ideals ( ?is arti/ we notice a p[]ful orig9ality1 & an attempt to r5d] 9 m>ble effects usually left to ! high] ord]s ( pictorial art4 ,allegory he treats ) m>k$ p[]1 & su* ideal conceptions z ! heads ( ,*ri/ & ( ,satan sugge/ possibilities sc>cely yet t\*$ by sculpture4 ,ano!r ( our sculptors1 work+ ne> ! qu>ries :5ce comes ! m>ble into :i* he /amps immortality1 0 ,w4 ,h4 ,r9eh>t1 ( ,baltimore1 "o ( ! true/ ideali/s :om ?is c\ntry has produc$4 ,criticism is almo/ dis>m$ z "o gazes at 8 ,sleep+ ,babes1 or ! t5d] grace ( ,latona & h] ,infants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,william ,,page4--,,william ,r4 ,o',,donovan4 ,9 all ^! arti/s we f9d m or less dext]ity ( execution & delicacy ( s5tim5t1 b are r>ely impress$ by a s5se t any ( !m indicate great res]ve =ce4 ,9 ,william ,w4 ,/ory ?is idea is m cle>ly convey$4 ,no ,am]ican 9 ! art _w n[ occupies a m prom95t position or %[s great] v]satility4 ,possess$ ( an ample =tune1 & orig9ally a lawy]1 & prep>+ legal tomes1 he !n devot$ himself to poetry1 ! drama1 & g5]al lit]ature1 & has succe$$ z a sculptor to a degree :i* has caus$ a lead+ ,london j\rnal to call him ! fir/ sculptor ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race s9ce ! dea? ( ,gibson4 ,he c]ta9ly occupies a comm&+ place1 fairly won1 among ! prom95t m5 ( ! age4 ,b "h our praise mu/ be qualifi$2 = x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r we are n dazzl$ by ! sum ( 8 abilities r ?an by any exceptional orig9ality & d>+ 9 any?+ ,/ory has done4 ,( 8 sculpture x may be said t x indicates ! "w ( a ri* & highly cultivat$ m9d2 x is ?\ghtful1 ?or\ghly f9i%$1 & classically sev]e4 ,b x comm&s our respect r ?an our en?usiasm4 ,!re is 9 x no?+ inspirational4 ,x is tal5t1 n g5ius1 :i* wr\ght ^? c>efully execut$ m>bles--tal5t ( a high ord]1 x is true4 ,j]usalem ,lam5t+1 ,! ,sibyl1 & ,cleopatra & ,m$ea1 are works s noble1 especially ! fir/1 t "o is impati5t ) himself because he c gaze ^u !m s unmov$4 ,! ,salome is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]fect "w ( ?is sculptor1 :o might h done great] ?+s if he _h n dep5d$ s exclusively ^u =eign inspiration4 ,miss ,hosm]1 :o has resid$ 9 ,italy ev] s9ce %e took up art1 has a*iev$ a fame sc>cely less ?an t ( ,mr4 ,/ory4 ,?is has d\btless be5 ow+ 9 "p to h] sex1 = f ! "t ( ,sab9a ,von ,/e9ba* until ?is c5tury x has be5 exce$+ly r>e to see a woman modell+ clay4 ,b ,miss ,hosm] has a /rong p]sonality1 & if h] creations are n always ?or\ghly successful z works ( art1 !y be> ! vigor\s impress ( individual ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,%e is be/ kn[n 9 su* v]satile works z ,puck1 ,! ,sleep+ ,s5t9el1 ,! ,sleep+ ,faun1 & ,z5obia1 9 ^: maje/ic proportions ! arti/ has s\ght to express h] ideal ( a woman & a que54 ,miss ,hosm] took h] fir/ lessons 9 sculpture ) ,pet] ,/eph5son1 an arti/ :o di$ too e>ly to a*ieve a national reputation1 al?\gh n too soon to be e/eem$ by 8 fell[-arti/s = 8 abilities4 ,he /udi$ a:ile at ,rome1 & left a numb] ( portrait bu/s1 & a gr\p ( ,una & ! ,lion1 :i* indicate und\bt$ tal5t4 ,o!r ladies :o h essay$ sculpture ) success are ,miss ,/ebb9s1 ! biograph] ( ,*>lotte ,cu%man1 & ,mrs4 ,freeman1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o has execut$ "s beautiful works4 ,miss ,:itney1 :o /udi$ abroad = a "t1 b has wisely conclud$ to cont9ue h] "w 9 ?is c\ntry1 has %[n a c>eful1 ?\ghtful /udy ( ! figure1 & is mov$ by a l(ty idea ( ! position ( sculpture among ! arts4 ,among h] m important works is an impressive /atue ( ,rome1 9 h] decad5ce1 m\rn+ ov] h] pa/ glory2 a /atue ( ,africa2 & "o ( ,samuel ,adams1 9 ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abraham ,,pi]son4--,,launt ,,?ompson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*>ity ,,pati5t4--,,john ,,rog]s4 ,!re are o!r ,am]ican sculptors des]v+ m ?an m]e allusion1 l ,dext]1 ,ri*>d ,gre5\gh1 ,b>bee1 ,volk1 ,edmonia ,lewis1 ,van ,w>t1 ,ives1 ,macdonald1 ,k]nys1 ,ezekiel1 ,calv]ly1 & ,haselt9e1 :o 9 portraiture or ! ideal h won a m ?an respectable position2 b our space limits u to a notice ( sev]al arti/s :o1 l ,w>d1 comb9e great natural ability ) traits di/9ctively ,am]ican4 ,"o ( ^! is ,era/us ,d4 ,palm]1 ( ,albany1 :o has won transatlantic fame by ! purity & orig9ality ( 8 art4 ,! son ( a f>m]1 & ex]cis+ ! call+ ( a c>p5t] until ne>ly ?irty1 ,palm] did n yield to ! arti/ic ye>n+s ( 8 nature until comp>atively late 9 life4 ,:5 he at la/ took up ! pursuit ( art1 x 0 9 8 own t[n t he /udi$ & s\ght fame1 & 8 success 0 rapid & entirely des]v$4 ,few ( our sculptors h be5 su* true vot>ies ( ! ideal1 few h be5 able bett] to give x expression1 & none h %[n a type ( beauty s national1 or h m truly int]pret$ ) an exquisite poetic s5se ! di/9ctive dome/ic ref9em5t or religi\s ?\ght ( our p4 ,x is beauty r ?an p[] t we see express$ 9 ! works ( ?is true poet--moral beauty id5tifi$ ) a type ( physical grace :olly native4 ,x is an art :i* f9ds imm$iate response "h1 = x is ( our age & our l&4 ,among ! notable works ( ,palm] are 8 ,indian ,captive1 ,spr+1 ,! ,:ite ,slave1 & ,! ,angel ( ! ,sepul*re2 b we pref] to ^! ! exquisitely beautiful bass-reliefs 9 :i* he has embodi$ ) extreme felicity ! dome/ic s5tim5ts or ! ye>n+s & aspirations ( ! ,*ri/ian s\l4 ,! radical fault ( ,palm]'s art is t he has dep5d$ m on 8 fancy ?an ^u a direct /udy ( nature = 8 compositions4 ,! natural result has be5 t he soon began to lapse into mann]ism1 :i* has become m & m prom95t 9 8 lat] works4 ,ano!r sculptor ( great ability owes 8 fir/ in/ruction 9 ! pla/ic art to ,palm]--,launt ,?ompson4 ,he 0 a poor lad :o e>ly %[$ art in/9cts1 b 0 employ$ 9 ! (fice ( ,dr4 ,armsby1 until ,palm] /at$ "o day t he 0 9 se>* ( an assi/ant1 & ask$ ,dr4 ,armsby if he c\ld recomm5d any "o4 ,! doctor sugge/$ ,?ompson 7:o 0 9 ! room7 z a y\? :o _h a turn t way1 b _h be5 unable to f9d opportunity to gratify 8 art crav+s4 ,?us began ! c>e] ( "o ( our /ronge/ portrait sculptors4 ,9 ! modell+ bo? ( ! bu/ & ! full figure1 ,?ompson has be5 equall$ by v few ,am]ican sculptors4 ,among _m successful works may be m5tion$ 8 ,napoleon1 ,edw9 ,boo?1 ,g5]al ,s$gwick1 at ,we/ ,po9t1 & ,presid5t ,pi]son1 at ,yale ,college4 ,x is a cause = j regret t1 aft] hav+ a*iev$ su* success at home1 ,?ompson %\ld h deem$ x necess>y to take up 8 resid5ce p]man5tly 9 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:irlw9d4--,j4 ,s4 ,,h>tley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,cross ,,by ,,angels4 ,,/4 ,,?omas',s ,,*ur*1 ,,new ,,york4--,,/4 ,,gaud5s4 ,ano!r arti/ ^: "w is entirely native to ! soil is ,john ,rog]s1 ^: num]\s /atuette gr\ps 9 clay h made him m widely kn[n 9 ! c\ntry ?an any o!r ( our sculptors4 ,a native ( ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 & = a:ile engag$ 9 me*anical pursuits1 ?is arti/ 0 at la/ able to turn 8 att5tion to pla/ic art1 & w5t to ,europe1 :]e he seems to h ga9$ sugge/ions f ! reali/ic & impressional s*ool ( ! lat] ,fr5* sculptors2 b ?is 0 r z a sugge/ion ?an an influ5ce1 &1 f9d+ 8 m9d m 9 sympa?y ) home life1 he soon return$1 & has ev] s9ce work$ "h1 & f subjects ( homely e-day g5re ar\nd him4 ,! late w> has also furni%$ ,rog]s ) mat]ial = _m int]e/+ gr\ps4 ,! art ( ,rog]s is to ! la/ degree unconv5tional1 & 9 no s5se app]ta9s to :at is call$ high art1 b x spr+s f a nature mov$ by correct impulses1 beat+ 9 unison ) ! "t1 & occupy+ ! position ( pione] 9 ! art ( ! future1 because he has be5 true to himself & 8 age4 ,daniel ,c4 ,fr5*1 a pupil ( ,w>d & ,ball1 is a "y sculptor :o1 l ,rog]s1 f9ds inspiration = 8 ideals 9 8 native l&1 & gives promise ( hold+ a prom95t position 9 ! field ( ,am]ican sculpture4 ,he made a sudd5 & e>ly /rike = fame :51 ) sc>ce any in/ruction1 he modell$ ! spirit$ & orig9al1 al?\gh anatomically imp]fect1 /atue call$ ! ,m9ute ,man1 :i* is at ,concord4 ,ano!r /rong repres5tative ( ! new reali/ic s*ool ( sculpture t is gradually spr++ up 9 ! community is ,w4 ,r4 ,o',donovan1 ( ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia4 ,fight+ /urdily on ! side ( ! ,s\? dur+ ! late w>1 he z e>ne/ly gives himself n[ to ! pursuit ( ! arts ( peace4 ,he is n a rapid work]1 b h&les ! clay ) ?\ghtful ma/]y1 & ! results are /amp$ ) ! fre%ness & individuality ( g5ius4 ,mr4 ,o',donovan's ef=ts h be5 mo/ successful 9 portraiture1 ( :i* a /rik+ example is giv5 9 ! bronze bu/ ( ,mr4 ,page1 ! arti/4 ,ano!r bu/1 ( a "y boy1 is z full ( nave beauty & ref9$ s5tim5t & "* z ?is is vigor\s & almo/ />tl+ 9 its grasp ( individual traits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son',s ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,monum5t4 ,! transition /age ?r\gh :i* our pla/ic art is pass+ is also indicat$ by ! /irr+1 reali/ic1 & sometimes s5sational art ( a numb] ( e>ne/ & orig9al "y sculptors :o h /udi$ abroad1 b h wisely conclud$ to return home1 & to f\nd1 & gr[ up )1 a new & progressive s*ool ( sculpture4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! late ,frank ,d5gl]1 ( ,c9c9nati1 :o _h /udi$ at ,muni*1 & 0 pr(essor ( sculpture at ,bo/on2 & o!rs are ,ol9 ,m4 ,w>n]1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,h[>d ,rob]ts1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o made ! s+ul>ly bold /atues ( ,hypatia & ,lot's ,wife4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,j4 ,s4 ,h>tley1 :o 0 rec5tly ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ! ,art ,/ud5ts' ,league1 & is n[ presid5t ( t fl\ri%+ in/itution4 ,he began 8 c>e] 9 ,palm]'s /udio1 & aft]w>d /udi$ 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,! art ( ^! "y sculptors is /ill immature & highly emotional or lyrical1 & (t5 v]ges on ! picturesque r ?an ! sev]ely classic4 ,b if x lacks repose1 on ! o!r h& x is imag9ative & p[]ful2 its faults are ^? ( an exub]ant fancy t teems ) ?\ght2 & ^! arti/s are und\bt$ly ! =]unn]s1 if n ! creators1 ( a ?or\ghly national s*ool ( sculpture4 ,sup]ior 9 te*nic skill1 mov$ by a g5ius ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! be/ mod]n s*ool ( pla/ic art1 t ( ,p>is1 ,/4 ,gaud5s1 a native ( ,new ,york1 has giv5 u1 9 ! exquisite gr\ps call$ ,! ,adoration ( ! ,cross by ,angels1 9 ,/4 ,?omas's ,*ur*1 ,new ,york1 "o ( ! mo/ important & beautiful works 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,a/or ,r]$os beh9d ! alt> at ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 design$ by ,mr4 ,)]s1 & p>tly execut$ "h1 is also a v ri* addition to our pla/ic art1 & is ano!r sign t x is tak+ a direction little foll[$ h]et(ore on ?is side ! ,atlantic4 ,dr4 ,william ,rimm]1 :o has rec5tly di$1 p[]ful 9 modell+1 a ma/] ( art anatomy1 & au?or ( a valuable "w on t subject1 also ex]t$ an important influ5ce 9 direct+ ! /udies ( our ris+ sculptors4 ,hav+ little s5se ( beauty1 he und]/ood art anatomy pr(\ndly1 & modell$ ) en]gy if n ) grace4 ,8 /atue ( ,! ,gladiator ar\s$ a/oni%m5t 9 ,p>is2 = z x is impossible = a liv+ man to keep a fall+ position long en\gh = a ca/ to be tak51 ?is ma/]ly composition 0 necess>ily a creation ( ! imag9ation bas$ ^u exhau/ive k ( ! figure4 ,wood & /one c>v+ & monum5tal "w1 & ! decoration ( *ur*es & civic /ructures1 h r>ely be5 satisfactorily attempt$ "h until rec5tly4 ,a curi\s pap] & design left by ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ( :i* we give a r$uc$ fac-simile1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts at orig9al monum5tal art 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h & !re "o ( our sculptors has execut$ "s good "w 9 ?is field1 b co/ly monum5ts h too (t5 be5 erect$ 9 ! c\ntry )\t mu* pret5sion to art4 ,! increas+ att5tion giv5 to wood & /one c>v+1 z 9 ! new ,music ,hall at ,c9c9nati1 ! ,/ate ,capitols at ,albany & ,h>t=d1 & 9 "s ( our lat] *ur*es1 is a favorable sign t a broad] field is op5+ at la/ = ! fitt+ utt]ance ( ! ris+ g5ius ( sculpture2 :ile ! num]\s s*ools = in/ruction 9 ?is art t h be5 f\nd$ )9 ! la/ decade1 & ! well-/or$ gall]ies ( ca/s ( ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity1 are increas+ ! facilities = ! gr[? ( a home art4 ,en\gh has be5 said 9 ?is brief sket* to %[ t sculpture1 if "o ( ! late/ ( ! arts to dem& expression 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has yet f\nd a cong5ial soil 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,,vi4 ,,pres5t ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,am]ican ,,art4 ,at ! close ( ! f\r? *apt] ( ?is volume x 0 briefly /at$ t new influ5ces & =ms ( art expression h rec5tly become prom95t 9 our art1 & are rapidly ass]t+ _! gr[+ importance4 ,) p]haps "o or two exceptions1 ^! new influ5ces s gradually %ade out ( our =m] art t x is difficult to tell ! exact mom5t :5 !y assume an individuality ( _! own1 & appe> z new & di/9ct factors 9 ! /hetic culture ( our p4 ,x is only :5 we take a retrospect ( ! :ole field1 & comp>e "o g5]ation ) ano!r1 t we disc]n ! vani%+ po9t ( "o set ( influ5ces & ! g5esis ( new s*ools1 ) ! introduction ( new bran*es ( art culture 9 ! community4 ,consid]+ ! progress ( ,am]ican art f ?is po9t ( view1 we f9d x divid$ mo/ decid$ly into p]iods1 advanc+ ) regul> pace f "o phase to ano!r l ! t9ts ( a ra9b[1 %ad+ (f at ! edges1 b gradually becom+ m int5se4 ,?us we are able to trace 9 geometrical ratio ! progress f primitive silh\ettes & rude c>v+s up to ! pres5t comp>atively advanc$ condition ( ! arts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,& yet a clos] inspection into ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican art enables u to detect 9 its gr[? ! same rapid spasmodic action1 :5 once a />t is made 9 a c]ta9 direction1 z 9 o!r traits ( our national developm5t4 ,!re is a tropical vivacity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ) u bloom & fruition sudd5ly bur/ =? aft] a p]iod ( app>5tly unpromis+ b>r5ness4 ,?us ,we/ & ,copley appe>$ almo/ full-fl$g$ 9 art g5ius & capacity to adapt !mselves to occupy prom95t positions 9 ,europe1 & yet !re 7 b few premonitory signs to indicate t ! c\ntry 0 prep>$ = ! adv5t ( su* arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m[+4--,,alfr$ ,,fr$]icks4 ,until rec5tly1 also1 ow+ to "s cause yet unsolv$1 we h n seem$ able to develop m ?an "o or two =ms ( art at once4 ,at "o p]iod x 0 hi/oric pa9t+ & portraiture2 !n portraiture1 includ+ = a "t v m>k$ success 9 m9iature pa9t+1 head$ by ,fras] & ,malbone1 & cont9u$ by su* able arti/s z ,t4 ,s4 ,cumm+s1 ,j4 ,h4 ,br[n1 ,miss ,goodri*1 & ,mrs4 ,hall2 !n1 all at once1 l&scape-pa9t+ made its appe>ance1 & almo/ at a b\nd rea*$ a good degree ( m]it4 ,h& 9 h& ) l&scape art came rem>kable facility 9 l9e engrav+4 ,h[ rapidly excell5ce 9 ?is art 0 a*iev$ 9 ?is c\ntry may be judg$ f ! fact t 9 #aghh ! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,magaz9e said apologetically1 9 pres5t+ an incr$ibly rude plate ( a dr$g+-ma*9e 9 ! magaz9e1 ,! editor has giv5 ! plate ( ! new ma*9e = cle>+ docks1 etc41 because he _h promis$ x4 ,! want ( elegant plates 9 a "w ( ?is k9d is extremely regrett$1 & w1 if possible1 be suppli$4 ,if x _c1 ! editor flatt]s himself t ! infancy ( ! arts 9 ,am]ica w be accept$ z an apology = ! defect4 ,& yet n tw5ty ye>s f t "t ,pet] ,mav]ick 0 do+ good /eel-engrav+ 9 ,new ,york2 & sc>ce t5 ye>s lat] ,dur& 0 execut+ ! ma/]ly engrav+s ( ,trumbull's ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & ,v&]lyn's ,ariadne4 ,& f t "t until rec5tly engrav]s l ,james ,smillie1 s5ior1 ,a4 ,h4 ,rit*ie1 & ,john ,m>%all h c>ri$ ?is art to a high degree ( excell5ce2 :ile ,john ,s>ta9 has atta9$ celebrity 9 mezzot9t4 ,/range z x may seem1 :ile portraiture1 l&scape1 & /eel engrav+ 7 pursu$ ) su* success by our arti/s1 a feel+ = ! o!r arts c\ld h>dly be said to exi/4 ,a sympa?y ) =m1 g5]ally ! e>lie/ art in/9ct to %[ itself1 0 long 9 awak5+1 z prov$ by ! t>d9ess ( ! pla/ic arts to dem& expression among u2 :ile to ! res\rces ( black & :ite1 or camieu1 or a p]ception ( ! mat*less my/]y & sugge/iv5ess ( *i>o-oscuro1 ! p h1 until )9 a v %ort "t1 seem$ altoge!r bl9d4 ,wat]-colors1 also1 7 almo/ hoot$ at2 wood-engrav+ 0 = long 9 a pitiful condition2 & z = ar*itecture & ! decorative arts1 no?+ wor?y ( ! "n1 & sc>cely a sign ( a p]ception ( _! mean+1 c\ld be said to exi/ on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,"s ye>s ago ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ wood-engrav]s ( ! c5tury1 came to ?is c\ntry to live4 ,:e!r t _h any?+ to d ) ! v rapid developm5t ( wood-engrav+ "h s9ce t "t _c be /at$ ) c]ta9ty2 b1 judg+ f analogy1 we %\ld say t he has ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce 9 /imulat+ ! rem>kable progress already rea*$ by our engrav]s )9 a v few ye>s4 ,a4,v4,s4 ,an?ony 0 "o ( ! fir/ to respond to ! awak5+ dem& = good wood-engrav+ "h1 & has %[n great delicacy & skill 9 int]pret+ ! draw+s ( our v clev] arti/s 9 black & :ite4 ,*>les ,m>% is also an engrav] ( rem>kable "* & orig9ality ( /yle4 ,9 ! r5d]+ ( a decorative or highly ideal class ( subjects he br+s to 8 aid an arti/ic g5ius n surpass$ by any engrav] we h produc$4 ,messrs4 ,morse1 ,davis1 ,hosk91 ,wolf1 ,ann91 ,ju5gl+1 ,k+sley1 ,mll]1 ,cole1 ,smi?wick & ,fr5*1 ,kreul1 ,dana1 ,&rew1 & ,k+1 among a numb] :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ?is art1 are especially notewor?y1 n only = correct r5d]+ ( ! _s ( a draw+1 b (t5 = individuality ( /yle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases ( ! developm5t ( wood-engrav+ 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 ! discussion z to its position among ! arts1 & ! m]its ( ! rec5t me?od ( engrav+ draw+s or pa9t+s photograph$ directly on ! wood4 ,?is discussion has be5 int]e/+ & valuable z ano!r evid5ce ( ! activity & importance :i* ! art "q has already assum$ 9 ! community4 ,t engrav+ is an art1 "o w\ld ?9k c\ld nev] be disput$1 if ! "q _h n already be5 rais$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( acrimony on ! "p--/range z x may seem--( ^? :o are (t5 dep5d5t ^u ! g5ius ( ! engrav] = ! recognition ( _! abilities by ! public--! arti/s !mselves4 ,x seems to u to be suffici5t answ] to ^? :o consid] x purely a me*anical pursuit1 t ! simple fact t ! high] ! arti/ic p]ceptions ( ! engrav] ! bett] is ! engrav+ he does1 proves x to be a "w ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,birds ,,9 ,,! ,,=e/4--,,miss ,,jessie ,,curtis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s t ! engrav] may 9 turn assume too mu* :5 he claims to improve ^u an illu/ration1 or objects p] se to cutt+ photographs on wood4 ,:ile grant+ to engrav+ ! rank ( art1 x _c ju/ly be =gott5 t x is1 aft] all1 a means to an end1--an art1 x is true1 b an art subord9ate to o!r arts :i* x is design$ to int]pret4 ,once ?is is all[$1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t x is ! duty ( ! engrav] to r5d] fai?fully ! draw+ or pa9t+ t is to be cut2 & to magnify himself n at ! exp5se ( ! arti/ :o made ! draw+1 b by r5d]+1 z ne>ly z possible1 a fac-simile ( ! orig9al picture4 ,if ?is be grant$1 !n is x n cle> t1 in/ead ( oppos+1 he %\ld hail ) satisfaction any new process :i* enables him to give on wood or any o!r mat]ial a clos] copy ( ! /yle & _s ( ! arti/ :om he is int]pret+4 ,t ?is c be done by a clev] engrav] by photograph+ a p5-&-ink draw+ or pa9t+ directly on ! wood1 & !n /udy+ also ! orig9al "w z he cuts x1 seems to be no long] an op5 "q4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by too _m excell5t engrav]s )9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,ano!r advantage ( :at we _c b consid] an advance 9 ?is art is1 t x admits ( a l>g] v>iety ( /yles1 & a fre] expression ( ! design]'s me?ods ( ?\ght & feel+1 & also enables _m :o d n c>e to "w 9 ! cramp$ limits ( a block ( wood to make a l>ge composition 9 black & :ite1 :e!r ) ,indian-ink or mono*rome 9 oil1 :i* is !n photograph$ on ! wood4 ,9 ?is way f> great] fre$om & individuality ( h&l+ is obta9$1 & a nobl] utt]ance ( ! tru?s ( nature4 ,c !re be any "q t a process :i* all[s ( su* v>iety ( expression mu/ inure to art progress1 & /ill m to ! in/ruction ( ! p1 :o are directly b5efit$ by ! illu/rations :i* are br\ght to _! own doors1 & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! "y at ! "t :5 _! ta/es & *>act]s are =m+1 & _! imag9ation is mo/ pla/ic & impressionable8 ,x w\ld seem z if ! art ( wood-engrav+ _h receiv$ 9 ! mo/ direct mann] ! action ( "s unse5 h&1 impell+ x sudd5ly =w>d 9 ?is c\ntry by conc]t$ action ) ! g5ius ( illu/ration2 = app>5tly by secret agreem5t t bran* ( art has )9 ! la/ decade develop$ a comp>ative excell5ce yet rea*$ by none ( ! si/] arts 9 ! l&4 ,& ?is turn = illu/ration has naturally be5 accompani$ by an active movem5t 9 black & :ite draw+1 p>ticul>ly 9 crayon4 ,samuel ,w4 ,r[se 0 "o ( ! fir/ to give an impetus to crayon draw+ by a /yle ( portraiture especially 8 own4 ,z su* he ranks ) our lead+ portrait-pa9t]s2 :ile ! fact t he employ$ crayon z a m$ium = a "t gave him a position almo/ entirely alone 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is a wond]ful subtlety 9 8 p[] ( seiz+ "* & ! r5dition ( s\l 9 ! faces he portrays4 ,equally happy 9 all ! subjects he treats1 he w be longe/ rememb]$1 p]haps1 = ! _m beautiful *ildr5's portraits he has execut$4 ,! success ( ,r[se naturally l$ to simil> attempts by o!r arti/s2 & 9 all our lead+ cities "o may n[ f9d crayon arti/s :o are m or less successful 9 ! dep>tm5t ( portraiture1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,b4 ,c4 ,munzig & ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,wright4 ,out ( ?is has gr[n a s*ool ( l&scape-arti/s employ+ *>coal--a m$ium t ,lalanue & ,allong _h already us$ ) magical results4 ,john ,r4 ,key1 :o is well kn[n z a pa9t] 9 oil1 has1 h[ev]1 done 8 be/ "w1 z x seems to u1 9 *>coal4 ,!re is great t5d]ness 9 8 treatm5t ( light & %ade1 toge!r ) h>moni\s composition4 ,j4 ,hopk9son ,smi?1 kn[n z a wat]-colori/1 also h&les *>coal l a ma/]4 ,he seizes 8 effects ) ! rapidity ( improvisation1 treats !m 9 masses1 & %[s a feel+ = *i>o-oscuro t is almo/ unique 9 our art4 ,illu/ration3 ,repres5t+ ! mann] ( ,,pet]',s ,c\rt%ip4 ,h[>d ,pyle4 ,:5 we come to ! book illu/rators we enc\nt] a numb] ( arti/s ( m]it1 & occasionally ( g5ius1 :o are s num]\s t we c select only "h & !re a few ( ! mo/ prom95t names4 ,felix ,o4 ,c4 ,d>ley 0 "o ( ! fir/ to %[ ! lat5t capacity ( our art 9 ?is bran*4 ,8 /yle soon became v mann]$1 b1 at ! same "t1 und\bt$ly %[$ great orig9ality & inv5tion 9 seiz+ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( our civilization1 & a ref9$ fancy 9 repres5t+ bo? humor & pa?os4 ,8 l9e> illu/rations to ,rip ,van ,w9kle & ,judd's ,m>g>et plac$ him1 until rec5tly1 among our fir/ two or ?ree g5re arti/s4 ,less v]satile & inv5tive1 ,augu/us ,hopp9 has1 h[ev]1 e>n$ an honorable position among our e>li] illu/rators4 ,l\is ,/eph5s also won di/9ction = an elegant r5d]+ ( humor\s subjects4 ,!n foll[$ a gr\p ( l&scape illu/rators1 among :om ,h>ry ,f5n holds a high position = poetically r5d]+ ! illimitable aspects ( nature & ! picturesqu5ess ( ru/ic or ,old ,_w sc5]y & ru9s4 ,"u ! guidance ( 8 facile p5cil h[ _m h be5 in/ruct$ 9 art1 & le>n$ ( ! v>i$ lovel9ess ( ?is beautiful _w6 ,?omas ,moran ranks ) ,mr4 ,f5n z a ma/] 9 ?is field4 ,x appe>s to u t 9 ?is bran* he displays m orig9ality & imag9ation ?an 9 ! elaborate pa9t+s by :i* he is be/ kn[n4 ,)9 a v few ye>s--s rec5tly1 9 fact1 t x is difficult to see :]e !y came f--a s*ool ( g5re illu/rators h claim$ recognition 9 our art1 educat$ altoge!r 9 ?is c\ntry1 & yet comb9+ m art qualities 9 _! works ?an we f9d 9 ! same numb] ( arti/s 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( ,am]ican art4 ,x is a little s+ul> t1 not)/&+ ! rec5t int]e/ 9 black & :ite 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! g5re arti/s :o repres5t x %\ld at once h rea*$ an excell5ce :i* comm&s admiration on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 :ile our pa9t]s 9 ! same dep>tm5t h r>ely a*iev$ m ?an a second>y rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,art ,,connoisseurs4--,w4 ,,hamilton ,,gibson4 ,alfr$ ,fr$]icks has di/+ui%$ himself by comb9+ l&scape & figure 9 a mo/ graceful1 airy /yle2 & ,miss ,jessie ,curtis1 9 ! del9eation ( ! simplicity & beauty ( *ild life1 has delightfully treat$ "o ( ! mo/ w9some subjects :i* c attract ! p5cil ( ! poetic arti/4 ,miss ,humphreys1 9 ! *oice ( a some:at simil> class ( subjects1 has yet develop$ individuality ( me?od m>k$ by bread? ( effect & =cible treatm5t4 ,( ! ladies :o h f\nd scope = _! abilities 9 ! field ( illu/ration p]haps none h excell$ ,mrs4 ,m>y ,halleck ,foote4 ,we _c always f9d h] /yle ( composition agreeable1 & 9 inv5tion or lightness ( fancy %e seems defici5t1 :ile h] mann] is /rong r ?an graceful4 ,b %e is a mo/ c>eful /ud5t ( nature1 & ! effects %e aims at1 & sometimes rea*es1 are inspir$ by an almo/ mascul9e n]ve & p[]1 & %[ k & res]ve =ce4 ,"s ( h] reali/ic l&scapes are almo/ z true & int5se 9 black & :ite z ! d>+ realisms ( ,c\rbet 9 color1 b %[+ f9e te*nical facility r ?an imag9ation4 ,miss ,annette ,bi%op1 :o di$ too e>ly to w9 a g5]al recognition ( h] tal5ts1 0 gift$ ) a mo/ delicate poetic fancy1 & s+ul> facility 9 giv+ expression to its dreams4 ,f4 ,s4 ,*ur* is an arti/ ( imag9ation1 pa9t+ 9 oil & wat]-colors1 b p]haps be/ kn[n = /rik+ & weird compositions 9 black & :ite1 (t5 treat+ ( animal or bird life4 ,he is an arti/ ^: adv5t into our art we hail ) pleasure1 n because 8 /yle is :olly matur$ or always q satisfactory1 = x is nei!r1 b because x is inspir$ by a g5u9e art feel+1 & yet m because x %[s him to be--:at s few ( our arti/s h be5--an ideali/4 ,:at is art b a rea*+ out aft] ! ideal1 ! mo/ preci\s treasure giv5 to man 9 ?is _w8 ,x includes fai?1 hope1 & *>ity4 ,to se>* aft] ! ideal good1 to live 9 an ideal _w1 to ye>n aft] & try to create ! h>mony ( ! ideal1 is ! "o boon left to man to give him a belief 9 immortality & a high] life4 ,! m ( an ideali/ ! poet or ! arti/1 ! ne>] he comes to fulfill+ 8 mission4 ,! ideali/ is ! creator1 ! man ( g5ius2 & !re=e we hail ) joy ! appe>ance ( e ideali/ :o ent]s our art ranks1 & infuses vitality into ! prose ( te*nical art1 & inspiration into ! dogmas ( ! s*ools4 ,! mo/ hopeless feature ( ,am]ican art has always be5 hi!rto1 z ) our lit]ature1 ! too evid5t abs5ce ( imag9ation2 & :]ev] we recognize an ideali/1 we set him d[n z ano!r mile-/one to m>k ! progress 9 art4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ideali/s t ,heav5 tea*es tru? to man2 & h5ce ano!r reason :y we reg>d ) su* importance ! pres5t s*ool ( arti/s 9 black & :ite4 ,9 no dep>tm5t is !re m scope = ! imag9ation ?an 9 ! draw+ ( ! pure l9e or 9 ! sugge/ions ( *i>o-oscuro4 ,!re9 lies ! enorm\s p[] ( ! art ( ,rembr&t4 ,he dealt ) t seem+ly simple b really inexhau/ible m$ium1 light & %ade3 9 ! h&s ( a ma/]1 pot5t z ! w& ( a magician to evolve worlds out ( *aos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton ,,op5+ ,,! ,,ball4--,c4 ,s4 ,,re9h>t4 ,b>ry1 ,b5sell1 ,%eph]d1 ,davis 7:o is also kn[n z a decorative arti/71 ,t4 ,a4 ,ri*>ds1 ,eyt+e1 ,fro/1 ,m]rill1 ,ips51 ,%irlaw1 ,la?rop1 ,lewis1 ,p]k9s1 & ,davison are o!r arti/s :o h ju/ly acquir$ repute = success 9 ! dep>tm5t ( black & :ite1 or book illu/ration4 ,kelley has a sket*y /yle t is v effective1 & ( :i* ! correct r5d]+ on wood w\ld h be5 well-nigh impossible ) ! old processes2 b !re is dang] ( c>ry+ x to ! v]ge ( s5sationalism4 ,! facilities af=d$ by photograph+ a design on wood has seem$ to be ! occasion = aid+ ! developm5t ( a class ( arti/-au?ors :o bo? write & illu/rate _! own articles = ! magaz9es4 ,h[ rem>kably well ?is c be done is prov$ by su* clev] arti/s z ,h[>d ,pyle & ,w4 ,gibson1 :o display at once f]tility ( imag9ation & te*nical facility z draughtsm54 ,c4 ,s4 ,re9h>t has become widely kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ v]satile illu/rators we h produc$4 ,excell+ z a draughtsman1 he br+s to 8 aid an active fancy t enables him vividly to realize ! sc5es he und]takes to repres5t2 & he seems equally at home 9 ! portrayal ( qua9t old-"t sc5es1 or ! brilliant co/umes & *>act]s ( ! pres5t day1 comb9$ ) =cible del9eations ( sc5]y4 ,! ,puritan damsel or ! belle ( ,newport may alike be congratulat$ :5 ,mr4 ,re9h>t u%]s !m be=e u ) ! grace ( a ma/]4 ,! success ( ?is s*ool ( arti/s1 :o h made _! m>k 9 ! dep>tm5t ( illu/ration1 has d\btless be5 due 9 "p to ! increas+ /udy ( ! figure 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! great] facilities af=d$ = draw+ f ! life4 ,mo/ ( ^! arti/s are "y m51 ^: abilities h be5 va/ly assi/$ by _! /udies 9 life s*ools1 :i* x w\ld h be5 well-nigh impossible = !m to f9d 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( our art4 ,al?\gh p]haps bett] notic$ "u ! head ( ,e?ics r ?an ( /hetics1 we may allude to ! surpris+ gr[? & influ5ce ( c>icature-draw+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 repres5t$ by su* able arti/s z ,na/1 ,bellew1 ,kepl]1 or ,cusack1 z associat$ ) ! developm5t ( our black & :ite art4 ,an arti/ :o seems to comb9e ! qualities we see m or less repres5t$ by o!r arti/s 9 black & :ite1 :o has already accompli%$ rem>kable results1 & gives promise ( ev5 great] successes1 we f9d 9 ,e4 ,a4 ,abbey4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t he is /ill v "y2 t he n[ = ! fir/ "t visits ! /udios & gall]ies ( ,europe2 t 8 advantages = a regul> art education h be5 v mod]ate1 & t he is practically self-educat$4 ,& !n comp>e ) ^! disadvantages ! am\nt & ! quality ( ! illu/rations he has turn$ out1 & we see repres5t$ 9 him g5ius ( a high ord]1 comb9+ almo/ inexhau/ible creativ5ess1 cle>ness & vividness ( conception1 a v]satile fancy1 a poetic p]ception ( beauty1 a qua9t1 delicate humor1 a wond]ful grasp ( :atev] is weird & my/]i\s1 & admirable *i>o-oscuro1 draw+1 & composition4 ,:5 we note su* a r>e comb9ation ( qualities1 we cease to be surpris$ at ! cordial recognition aw>d$ 8 g5ius by ! be/ judges1 bo? 9 ,london & ,p>is1 ev5 be=e he _h left ?is c\ntry4 ,if ,i h spok5 /rongly 9 favor ( our s*ool ( illu/rators1 x is because ,i ?9k su* comm5dation has be5 rightly e>n$1 & to )hold x :5 m]it$ w\ld be z unju/ z to give c5sure :5 undes]v$4 ,criticism ne$ n necess>ily be ! ess5ce ( vitriol & gall1 z "s critics seem to imag9e x to be4 ,a jury is z mu* b\nd to approve ! innoc5t z to condemn ! guilty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,museum ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts1 ,,bo/on4 ,9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( our arts we also feel call$ to aw>d praise to a degree t has nev] be=e be5 possible 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican art4 ,i ref] to ! dep>tm5t ( ar*itecture4 ,x is difficult to say exactly :5 ! new movem5t t[>d a full] expression ( beauty 9 our civic & dome/ic build+ began2 b we are consci\s t ab\t t5 ye>s ago :at 0 = a "t a m]e vague feel+ aft] m agreeable examples ( ar*itecture %ap$ itself into a def9ite & almo/ sy/ematic impulse4 ,! ,*icago fire1 & m especially ! great fire 9 ,bo/on1 accel]at$ ! action ( ! =ces t already direct$ ! p to dem& nobl] =ms & types 9 ! con/ructions t 7 h5ce=? to be erect$ 9 our gr[+ cities4 ,! advance ( l&scape-g>d5+1 z evid5c$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k ( ,new ,york1 & ! public p>ks ( o!r cities1 d\btless aid$ to increase ! ye>n+ = mat]ial beauty4 ,b :atev] ! influ5ces at "w1 !re is no "q z to ! results already app>5t4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood z approv+ all ! build+s ( importance t h rec5tly be5 put up 9 ?is c\ntry--v f> f x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 "o _c avoid see+ t ! g5]al t5d5cy is t[>d improv$ /yles1 & t "h & !re gr\ps ( build+s or s+le /ructures h be5 erect$ :i* are at once elegant1 commodi\s1 & arti/ic2 &1 if n /rictly (f]+ new ord]s ( ar*itecture1 pres5t+ at lea/ graceful adaptations ( old ord]s to new climatic & social conditions 9 a way t gives !m ! m]it ( orig9ality4 ,s prom95t has ?is improvem5t 9 ar*itecture already become 9 ,am]ican cities1 t already _! ext]nal aspect or pr(ile has begun to p>take ( ! picturesque "* hi!rto suppos$ to belong only to ! ,old ,_w1 & to pres5t t mass+ ( effect s de> to ! arti/ic eye4 ,we c illu/rate ?is by m5tion+ only two or ?ree examples among _m4 ,"o :o looks t[>d ,philadelphia f ! railway /ation on ! ea/ side ( ! ,s*uylkill1 may see a clu/] ( spires & domes c5t]+ ar\nd ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 :i* is s agreeably compos$ t "o w\ld almo/ imag9e ! position ( ea* to be ! delib]ate *oice ( a ma/] 9 composition4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago "o w\ld h look$ 9 va9 = any su* h>moni\s outl9e ( /ructural beauty 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! small1 qua9t fi%+-port ( ,m>blehead has also f\nd itself sudd5ly trans=m$ into "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ cities ( ! ,union1 z view$ f ! ,neck across ! h>bor2 = on ! v cre/ ( ! hills ^u :i* ! place is built a t[n-hall has be5 erect$1 ( brick1 neatly fac$ ) /one1 & surm\nt$ by an elegant t[]4 ,at once ! old t[n has em]g$ f ! commonplace into ! region ( ! picturesque4 ,! new /ructure has giv5 "* & symmetrical outl9e to ! city by produc+ conv]g5ce to a c5tral po9t ( effect2 & :5 ! sun sets beh9d x1 & br+s its outl9e into bold b h>moni\s relief aga9/ a gold5 backgr\nd1 :ile a mi/ ( gl[+ rays glazes ! :ole into tone1 ! view is 9 ! highe/ degree arti/ic1 & s resembles "s ( ! sc5es "o s (t5 sees 9 ! ,old ,_w t he c h>dly believe he is gaz+ at an ,am]ican prospect4 ,we f9d a some:at simil> effect1 b on a mu* l>g] scale1 pres5t$ by ! new ,capitol1 or ,/ate-h\se1 at ,albany4 ,?is city1 z beheld f ! opposite banks ( ! ,hudson at ,gre5bu%1 has always be5 "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( ,am]ican cities1 situat$ z x is on sev]al l(ty hills1 divid$ by rav9es 9 :i* purple %ad[s l+] :5 night is approa*+2 b ! addition ( ! va/ /ructure n[ 9 c\rse ( completion !re adds greatly to ! glory ( ! spectacle4 ,x dom9ates ov] ! city ( eighty ?\s& inhabitants ) sup]b dignity2 & ! :ole place borr[s beauty f x1 & is elevat$ above prose into poetry4 ,aga9 "o is rem9d$ ( ! ca!dral t[ns ( ,europe1 :]e "s l(ty1 v5]able m9/] gu>ds ?r\gh ! ages ! ro(s t clu/] bel[4 ,n t ?is pile1 :i* is r hybrid 9 its /yle1 is to be consid]$ equal to ! ma/]pieces ( old-"t ar*itecture2 b x is a long /ep 9 advance comp>$ ) ! civic build+s =m]ly erect$ & admir$ 9 our cities1 & its pres5ce at ! capital ( a great ,/ate _c b h an ennobl+ & educational influ5ce ^u ris+ g5]ations4 ,! /yles1 :e!r pure or modifi$1 t are mo/ employ$ by our ar*itects 9 ?is new movem5t h be5 *iefly ! ,romanesque1 ! ,palladian ,r5aissance1 ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance ( ,mans>d & ,p]rault1 & ! lat] ,elizabe?an or ,jacobean4 ,! fir/ two h ent]$ *iefly into ! con/ruction ( civic build+s2 ! second has be5 foll[$ 9 religi\s edifices2 :ile ! la/ has be5 us$ ) excell5t effect 9 dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,a f9e example ( ! success a*iev$ 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,romanesque is se5 9 ! new ,tr9ity ,*ur* on ! ,back ,bay l&s1 9 ,bo/on1 design$ by ,gambrel & ,ri*>dson4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ consci5ti\s & m]itori\s build+s erect$ on ?is cont95t1 al?\gh less impos+ ?an x w\ld h be5 if ! orig9al design _h be5 fully c>ri$ out4 ,!re is1 also1 an affectation ( /r5g? 9 ! massive blocks ( undress$ /one "u ! w9d[s1 9 a "p :]e su* /r5g? is disproportionate to t employ$ 9 o!r portions ( ! build+4 ,b ! g5]al effect is excell5t1 & ! cov]$ approa*es or cloi/]s are q 9 ! _s ( true ar*itecture4 ,color ent]s judici\sly into ! selection ( ! /one us$ to aid ! g5]al effect2 & ! same obs]vation may be appli$ to ! v elegant t[] ( ! new ,old ,s\? ,*ur*1 close at h&1 design$ by ,peabody & ,rob9son1 9 ! ,italian ,go?ic /yle1 & :i* = grace1 beauty1 & maje/y has n be5 surpass$ on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! *ur* edifice to :i* x is atta*$1 al?\gh suffici5tly ornate--p]haps too mu* s--is lack+ 9 t repose ( outl9e or j proportions t are requir$ to br+ x into h>mony ) ! campanile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a/oni%$ ,,abbe4--,e4 ,a4 ,,abbey4 ,o!r t[]s & *ur*es are clu/]$ 9 t neighborhood1 erect$ )9 t5 ye>s1 :i* pres5t an effect t is really intr9sically beautiful1 )\t tak+ at all into "q ! rapidity ( ! trans=mation :i* has come ov] ! _s ( our ar*itecture4 ,& ! effect is height5$1 to a degree nev] be=e atta9$ on ?is cont95t s9ce ! ,m\nd-build]s pass$ away1 by ! excell5ce ( ! dome/ic ar*itecture :i* has ent]$ into ! con/ruction ( ! dwell+s ( t vic9age1 especially on ,boyl/on ,/reet & ! adjac5t av5ues4 ,beauty1 ta/e1 & com=t are !re f\nd comb9$ to a degree t promises mu* = ! future ( ar*itecture 9 our c\ntry4 ,! g>goyles1 gables1 cornices1 & c>v+s "o meets at e turn c>ry "o q back to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! %am cornices =m]ly s common "h are gradually be+ disc>d$1 toge!r ) all ! o!r trump]y decoration s mu* 9 vogue4 ,good hone/ "w is %[n 9 ext]nal decoration1 toge!r ) a feel+ = color t is add+ mu* to ! *e]fulness ( our cities4 ,brick is made to d s]vice = ornam5tation z well z = m]e dead walls1 & /r+ c\rses1 or b&s ( color$ tiles or t]ra-cotta c>v+s1 all ( an endur+ "*1 ent] into ! ext]nal decorations ( private dwell+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ild',s ,,portrait4--,b4 ,c4 ,,port]4 ,n only is ! love ( beauty %[n 9 dome/ic ar*itecture1 b x is f\nd display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( banks & /ores2 & x is aga9 9 ,bo/on t we f9d :ole /reets ( build+s ( ri* & elegant design1 & consci5ti\sly con/ruct$1 devot$ :olly to bus9ess purposes4 ,b a build+ :i*1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!r is typical ( ! ar*itectural movem5t n[ pass+ ov] ! c\ntry is ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ,bo/on4 ,x is n s mu* aft] any "o /yle z a *oice f diff]5t s*ools ( lat] ,go?ic adapt$ to mod]n conditions4 ,! t]ra-cotta gr\ps 9 relievo 9 ! faade1 temp] :at w\ld be o!rwise too l>ge an expanse ( w>m color1 = x is built ( r$ brick4 ,! gr\p$ ar*es1 turrets1 & oriel w9d[s1 & ! num]\s t]ra-cotta decorations at ! angles & on ! gables1 are elegant1 b p]haps s g5]ally di/ribut$ z to be a little confus+4 ,! effect is scatt]$1 & ?us weak5$1 in/ead ( be+ mass$ at "o or two c5tral or sali5t po9ts4 ,?is is ! mo/ gl>+ error we discov] 9 ! pres5t importation or adaptation ( =eign & anci5t /yles to our ne$s "h4 ,x is an error :i* we %>e ) ! mod]n ,briti% ar*itect1 & 0 =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 by ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry4 ,no build+s ( ?is c5tury are s pr(usely ornate z "s ( ! magnific5t ca!drals & t[n-halls ( ! ,middle ,ages2 b at ! same "t all ?is sumptu\sness ( decoration 0 mass$ ^u "o or two effective spots1 surr\nd$ by l>ge spaces comp>atively simple & free ( embelli%m5t4 ,?us gr&eur & nobility ( outl9e 7 pres]v$1 :ile extraord9>y beauty 9 color & sculpture c\ld be add$ )\t di/urb+ ! g5]al effect or cloy+ ! imag9ation4 ,b our ar*itects1 n hav+ yet fully grasp$ ! ideas aft] :i* !y are se>*+1 scatt] in/ead ( conc5trat+ ! ext]nal decorations ( _! build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,v5ice4--,,samuel ,,colman4 ,int]ior decoration has also naturally assum$ importance z ! quality ( our ar*itecture has advanc$4 ,elaborate wood-c>v+s are ent]+ into ! decorations ( ! h\ses ( our citiz5s1 & pa9t+ is call$ 9 to adorn ! walls ( private & civic build+s1 sometimes ) m affectation or extravagance ?an ta/e2 al?\gh x c be conc$$ )\t hesitation t a rem>kable & decid$ improvem5t is noticeable )9 a v few ye>s 9 ! decoration ( int]iors 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,m4 ,brumidi made a beg9n+1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton2 & q rec5tly ,mr4 ,laf>ge has beautifi$ ! int]ior ( ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,bo/on1 & o!r public build+s1 ) sacr$ designs 9 fresco1 & o!r decorative "w 9 gold & r$1 :i* are v int]e/+4 ,among ! la/1 & probably ! mo/ important1 works ( ! late ,william ,m4 ,hunt 7 ! mural pa9t+s 9 oil = ! new ,/ate-h\se at ,albany4 ,o!r arti/s :o h %[n promise 9 ?is dep>tm5t are ,francis ,la?rop & ,frank ,hill ,smi?4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d t ?is advance 9 decorative art1 toge!r ) ! increas+ luxury accompany+ x1 %\ld create a dem& & develop a tal5t = toreutic art1 or art 9 metal-"w1 especially ! preci\s metals2 & su* we f9d to be ! case4 ,! success a*iev$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ rem>kable yet atta9$ 9 ,am]ican art1 except+ possibly t ( "s ( our arti/s 9 black & :ite1 & has ju/ly m]it$ & obta9$ unqualifi$ applause abroad z well z at home4 ,x is to su* design]s z ,messrs4 ,grosjean1 ,p]r+1 ,wilk9son1 & ,moore1 assi/$ by ! mo/ skill$ artisans ( ! age1 t our toreutic art is indebt$ = ! recognition x receiv$ at ! ,fr5* ,exposition4 ,ano!r sign ( ! rapidly increas+ activity ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! art "q 9 ,am]ica is pres5t$ by ! art museums or gall]ies :i* h almo/ simultane\sly aris5 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,hav51 ,new ,york1 & ,wa%+ton1 f\nd$ at consid]able exp5se1 & entirely )\t ,/ate aid4 ,) ! =m] two are connect$ important s*ools = art in/ruction1 comb9$ ) f9e ca/s ( ! ma/]pieces ( anci5t pla/ic art4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! awak5+ art feel+ ( a great nation is ! dem& = art education--a want :i* has be5 met by ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s s*ools or academies ( art 9 our lead+ cities all ov] ! l&1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,x is true t 9 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 & ,new ,york academies 7 f\nd$ e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 & ! la/ especially _h become a v important factor 9 /imulat+ ! lat5t love = art 9 our p4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,normal ,art ,s*ool1 "u ! able direction ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,smi?1 :ile devot$ *iefly to ! advancem5t ( indu/rial art1 has also by its example greatly assi/$ ! gr[? ( ! art feel+ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,:ile mu* may be urg$ ) reason aga9/ compulsory in/ruction ( art 9 ! public s*ools1 x w\ld seem t few c\ld be f\nd to object to ! education ( art in/ructors1 & ! addition ( an optional art bran* to ! ,/ate s*ools = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are desir\s ( art in/ruction1 b are too poor to avail !mselves ( ! advantages (f]$ by su* admirable art s*ools z ^? ( ! ,coop] ,in/itute & ,arti/s' ,league 9 ,new ,york1 ! ,national ,academy or ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ,bo/on1 or ! ,academy 9 ,philadelphia4 ,x may1 !n1 be conc$$ t ! f\nd+ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,normal ,art ,s*ool is n only a /rong indication ( a gr[+ dem&1 b t x has also be5 a v p[]ful ag5t 9 ! diffusion ( art k 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,or*>d4--,r4 ,,swa9 ,,gif=d4 ,?us we see t by a cumulative ef=t ! arts are mak+ sudd5 & rapid progress 9 ,am]ica4 ,& !re is /ill ano!r movem5t :i* /rik+ly indicates ?is4 ,sl[ to be recogniz$1 & meet+ 9 "s qu>t]s ) b cold welcome1 x is yet by no means ! lea/ significant indication out ( _m t we are 9 ! full tide ( /hetic progress1 & h fairly ent]$ on ! ?ird p]iod ( ,am]ican art4 ,f ! "t ( ,we/ x has be5 n uncommon = our pa9t]s to g to ,europe = /udy & obs]vation2 b !y ei!r _h ! mis=tune to =m _! /yle aft] t ( s*ools already conv5tional & on ! wane1 or !y 7 n yet suffici5tly advanc$ to accept ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( new ma/]s & s*ools4 ,a possible explanation1 t is m philosophical1 b :i* "s may decl9e to accept1 may be f\nd 9 ! g5]al laws direct+ human progress1 t oblig$ u1 unconsci\sly1 falt]+ly to tread "o aft] ! o!r ! successive /eps :i* o!rs h foll[$ be=e u4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 an arti/ ( unusual ability1 l ,/u>t1 appe>$ 9 ! c\ntry1 he _h little or no foll[+1 because he came be=e 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,l&scape4--,,george ,,inness4 ,b x has be5 evid5t = "s ye>s t a new elem5t 0 ent]+ our art ranks & dem&+ expression1 :i* has at la/ rea*$ a degree ( vigor & organiz$ /r5g? t *all5ges respectful att5tion1 if n unqualifi$ acceptance4 ,by associations1 s*ools1 & exhibitions ( its own1 x has ?r[n d[n ! gauntlet to cons]vatism & conv5tionalism1 & ! "t has arriv$ :5 we c no long] %ut our eyes to ! fact t a new =ce is ex]t+ itself ) iconocla/ic zeal to introduce a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s into ,am]ican art4 ,we _c ju/ly consid] ?is movem5t 9 ! light ( re=m1 = up to ?is "t our art has be5 v cr$itable1 &1 consid]+ ! environ+ circum/ances1 full z advanc$ proportionally z ! o!r factors ( ,am]ican civilization4 ,we reg>d x simply z ano!r /age 9 our art progress1 de/9$1 :5 x has accompli%$ its end1 to be 9 turn succe$$ by yet high] /eps 9 ! scale ( advance2 =1 not)/&+ ! some:at demon/rative assumptions ( "s ( its promot]s1 ! new movem5t does n compreh5d )9 itself1 m ?an any o!r s*ool1 all ! qualities ( great art4 ,to no s*ool ( art has x yet be5 giv5 to demon/rate & include 9 itself all ! possibilities ( art1 or to int]pret all ! tru?s ( nature & man4 ,p]haps "s future s*ool may arise1 ) all ! k ( ! ages to *oose f1 :i* may compreh5d ! :ole sph]e ( art 9 its compass4 ,b !y are probably n yet born :o %all see x1 or give to x ! symmetry ( p]fection4 ,until t "t1 x behooves ^? neophytes & disciples1 :o proclaim t _! art includes all t art has to tell1 to be mode/ 9 _! claims1 & to be satisfi$ if !y h be5 able by fa/+ & pray] to enri* ! _w ( art ) "o or two new tru?s4 ,n[h]e is humility m becom+ ?an 9 art2 arrogance & assumption dig its grave soon] or lat]2 :ile humility is by no means incompatible ) e>ne/ness1 zeal1 & progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,m>gu]ette--,,! ,,daisy4--,,william ,m4 ,,hunt4 ,! rip5ess ( our art = a *ange be=e ! new movem5t actually assum$ def9ite %ape _h already be5 sugge/$ & welcom$ 9 advance by su* arti/s z ,ea/man ,johnson1 ,hom] ,m>t91 & ,samuel ,colman1 ! admirable pa9t] 9 oil & wat] colors1 /rong 9 *i>o-oscuro1 brilliant 9 color1 &1 al?\gh )\t academic tra9+ abroad1 ( a mo/ excell5t ca?olic _s 9 all matt]s relat+ to art1 ready to accept ! good ( :atev] s*ool1 & to aid progress 9 ! arts ( 8 native l& by :omsoev] promot$4 ,b5jam9 ,c4 ,port]1 ^: massive *>act]izations 9 portraiture1 broadly treat$ & admirably color$1 h be5 among ! mo/ important a*ievem5ts 9 rec5t ,am]ican art1 & ,w9sl[ ,hom]1 ,a4 ,h4 ,wyant1 & ,e4 ,m4 ,banni/] are also among ! arti/s ^: sympa?ies are naturally ) ! new movem5t1 al?\gh receiv+ _! art tra9+ *iefly 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :o h ?us indicat$ & prep>$ ! way = ! ass]tion ( new influ5ces 9 our art4 ,r4 ,swa9 ,gif=d %\ld be add$ to ! li/ ( ! notewor?y l&scape-pa9t]s :o h ?r[n ! weight ( _! influ5ce 9 advance to welcome to our %ores new elem5ts ( progress & *ange :]eby to quick5 ,am]ican art to fre% conque/s4 ,?is arti/ at "o "t devot$ 8 ef=ts to m>9e-pa9t+1 9 :i* he did & /ill does "s cr$itable "w1 8 k ( %ips be+ suffici5tly te*nical to satisfy ! nautical eye2 b s9ce 8 soj\rn 9 ,alg]ia1 & ! obs]vations made 9 ! ,cont95tal gall]ies & /udios1 he has devot$ himself to l&scape1 & adopt$ a bold] /yle & a tru] s*eme ( color4 ,! influ5ce ( ,fr5* art is p]ceptible 9 8 lat] me?ods1 b altoge!r z an influ5ce1 & 9 no s5se z an imitation1 = 9 8 works !re is always evid5t a /urdy self-ass]tion1 :e!r 9 subject or treatm5t4 ,9 cat*+ ! gray effects ( brood+ skies rec$+ 9 dim9i%+ ranks ?r\gh an arial p]spective ( great di/ance & space1 & giv+ ) f9e feel+ ! ,druid-l _s ( clumps ( sombre russet-hu$ c$>s moan+ by ! granite %ore ( old ,massa*usetts1 & id5tify+ himself ) ! my/]i\s ?\ghts !y sugge/1 ,mr4 ,gif=d has no sup]ior on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,z a pr(essor 9 ! ,coop] ,in/itute1 8 influ5ce is ( great importance to ! future ( ,am]ican pictorial art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moonlight4--,,john ,j4 ,,ennek+4 ,george ,inness is ano!r pa9t] :o1 al?\gh )\t tra9+ 9 =eign /udios1 %\ld be includ$ ) ! arti/s j nam$1 ^: sympa?ies h gradually l$ him to exemplify 9 8 works "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits ( lat] ,cont95tal me?ods4 ,at fir/ 8 /yle 0 n unlike ! prevail+ /yle ( our middle s*ool ( l&scape-pa9t+2 l t1 giv+ c>eful att5tion to ! reproduction ( details4 ,b 8 emotional nature1 & int5se reflection ^u ! philosophical pr9ciples ( art1 gradually l$ him to a broad] /yle & a m free expression ( ! tru?s ( nature1 deal+ ) masses r ?an ) details1 & h&l+ 8 subjects--especially atmosph]ic effects--) a d>+ & an insight t has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 our l&scape art4 ,to ^! he has add$ a feel+ = light & color t place him1 at 8 be/1 among ! ma/]s ( ! art4 ,b !re is inequality 9 8 works1 & sometimes a conflict ( /yles1 z :5 he da%es (f a composition1 9 two or ?ree sitt+s1 t is full ( fire & sugge/ion2 & !n1 p]haps ) a relic ( 8 fir/ me?od /ill l+]+ 9 8 memory l a habit1 goes ov] x aga91 & smoo?s away "s ( ^? bold t\*es :i*1 to an imag9ative obs]v]1 gave x additional =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hav+ ,a ,,good ,,"t4--,,l\is ,c4 ,,tiffany4 ,9 8 late/ works ,mr4 ,inness has %[n a disposition to yield m & m to a /yle at pres5t call$ impressioni/4 ,impressionism pure & simple1 z repres5t$ by its mo/ extravagant support]s1 is l try+ to repres5t ! s\l )\t ! body4 ,?is may be well en\gh 9 ano!r _w2 b 9 ?is a mat]ial body is ne$$ to give x support4 ,b1 philosophically consid]$1 !re is no "q t impressionism--or ! attempt to repres5t nature accord+ to ! impressions x makes ^u ! m9d's eye1 r ?an ! m]e reflections left on ! mat]ial eye--und\bt$ly pres5ts ! qu9tess5ce ( ! _s ( art2 & !re=e all good art mu/ h 9 x m or less evid5ce ( subjective influ5ce4 ,b j s long z art f9ds expression ) mat]ial means1 ! arti/ mu/ make concessions to ! limitations ( sub/ance4 ,naturally1 ( all ! arts1 music comes ne>e/ to ! ideal :i* ! impressioni/ is seek+ to grasp4 ,x is useless to d5y t1 extravagant z "s ( ! works ( ! contempor>y impressioni/s appe> to _m1 !y und\bt$ly pres5t a ke5 appreciation ( arial *romatic effects1 & = ?is reason are wor?y ( c>eful att5tion4 ,t !y are n c>ri$ ne>] to completion1 h[ev]1 indicates a consci\sness on ! "p ( ! arti/ t he is z yet unable to h>monize ! objective & subjective1 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual phases ( art4 ,a p]fect "w ( art comb9es ! two2 b1 alas6 su* a*ievem5ts are z yet r>e1 al?\gh t is ! ideal :i* ! arti/ %\ld keep 9 view4 ,! arti/ :o gives u :at is call$ a f9i%$ pa9t+ is s f> "r4 ,he repres5ts :at appe>s to ! mat]ial eye4 ,9 proportion z he comb9es ) ?is a sugge/ion ( ! intellectual impression also made on 8 m5tal vision1 he approa*es ! ideal 9 art execution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/ :o is impati5t ( details1 & deals :olly ) a broad1 & sometimes1 we regret to say1 dauby & slov5ly int]pretation ( nature1 is yet s f> "r1 because he is endeavor+ to int]pret ! :olly imag9ative & intellectual side ( art4 ,:5 to ?is bias he adds ! balance ( p[] :i* enables him to give some?+ ( ! o!r phase ( art1 he 9 turn approa*es ! ideal aim ( art4 ,turn] 0 an impressioni/2 s 0 ,corot2 s1 to g f>!r back1 0 ,velasquez2 s1 also1 are ! ,japanese4 ,b ^! arti/s1 especially ,turn] & ,velasquez1 _h ! supreme faculty ( unit+ ! two opposite poles 9 art 9 _! be/ works1 & h5ce ! comm&+ position :i* !y hold1 & always w hold1 9 ! art _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\?ampton1 ,,long ,,isl&4--,c4 ,h4 ,,mill]4 ,s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 x is to ! late ,william ,m4 ,hunt t we mu/ ascribe ! initiation ( ! ?ird p]iod 9 our pictorial art1 & p]haps1 9 a second>y mann]1 ! g5]al impulse t[>d =eign /yles n[ modify+ ! arts ( design 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,hunt w5t to ,dsseldorf to /udy1 9 #ahdf1 he did no m ?an _m ( our arti/s _h already done4 ,b :51 dissatisfi$ ) ! conv5tionalism ( t s*ool1 he turn$ 8 /eps to ,p>is1 & became a pupil ( ,c\ture1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ to discov]1 to admire1 & to emulate ! art me?ods ( ,millet1 !n1 unconsci\sly1 he became a p[]1 de/9$ by 8 some:at n>r[ b int5se p]sonality to influ5ce ! de/9ies ( our art--especially by return+ to ,bo/on1 a city easily br\ght "u ! magnetism ( a /rong individuality1 & m ready ?an any o!r city 9 ! l& to surr5d] ! guidance ( its op9ions to ^? :om x condesc5ds to admire4 ,! go+ ( ,mr4 ,hunt to ,p>is meant t te*nical k & ! p]ception ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( art 7 n[1 z nev] be=e1 to be sy/ematically ma/]$ & import$ to ,am]ica by our arti/s1 toge!r ) ! mo/ advanc$ !ories1 tru?s1 or discov]ies 9 ! te*nical "p ( ! subject4 ,x did n mean t all our arti/s :o w5t abroad to /udy w\ld necess>ily be great1 or t any ( !m w\ld be especially orig9al1 b t !re w\ld be a g5]al h>mony ( action t[>d improv+ ! means ( art education 9 ,am]ica4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ,mr4 ,hunt mu/ be consid]$ to h be5 a mo/ important promot] ( ! developm5t ( art 9 ,am]ica4 ,he 0 probably n a man ( g5ius--unless great =ce ( "* be consid]$ z su*--b he _h a true p]ception ( ! "* & aims1 ! limitations & possibilities ( art2 & ! intol]ance he sometimes exhibit$ 0 n unusual 9 ^? :o are introduc+ new me?ods1 & h to create a circle ( influ5ce4 ,9 8 own works1 z a l&scape1 portrait1 g5re1 & decorative pa9t]1 x _c be said t he add$ greatly to ! sum ( ! _w's art by any?+ /rik+ly orig9al2 b he exhibit$ a true p]ception ( ! importance ( ! ideal 9 art2 & "o feels1 9 contemplat+ 8 works1 t he 0 ev] /riv+ to ov]come ! difficulties ( mat]ial means ( express+ ! ideal4 ,mov$1 l mo/ lead+ ,am]ican pa9t]s1 by a feel+ = color r ?an = =m1 yet1 9 su* compositions z ,! ,ba!rs1 repres5t+ a boy ab\t to dive f ! %\ld]s ( ano!r1 :o is half imm]s$ 9 a pool1 vani%+ into ! gre5 gloom ( ! wood$ banks1 we h an admirable example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is arti/ sometimes comb9$ =m1 *i>o-oscuro1 & color1 ) a delicacy1 =ce1 & sugge/ion ( outl9e & t9t1 to a degree r>ely equall$ be=e by ,am]ican art2 ) a te*nique ess5tially t ( ! lat] ,fr5* s*ool1 yet modifi$ by individual feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/udy4--,,fr$]ick ,,dielman ,b ! life-"w ( ,mr4 ,hunt 01 aft] all1 n m 9 8 pa9t+s ?an 9 t influ5ce by :i* he ga!r$ ab\t him a s*ool ( admir]s & disciples :o dissem9at$ 8 op9ions & imitat$ 8 /yle1 al?\gh r>ely ) 8 success4 ,among ^? :o directly pr(it$ by 8 /yle & influ5ce may be m5tion$ ,mrs4 ,d>rah1 :o effectively pa9ts gray coa/ sc5es & l&scapes 9 a l[1 m9or key2 ,miss ,hel5 ,m4 ,kn[lton2 ,miss ,b>tol2 ,f4 ,p4 ,v9ton2 & ,s4 ,s4 ,tuck]man1 ! m>9e pa9t]4 ,! p[] ( ,mr4 ,hunt 0 /ill m widely felt 9 direct+ a l>ge numb] ( "y art-/ud5ts to visit ,p>is1 & ev5tually also ,muni*1 at ea* ( :i* ! t5d5cy has be5 = "s ye>s t[>d bold] me?ods 9 ! te*nics ( art4 ,! result has be5 to introduce to ?is c\ntry a tru] p]ception ( ! vital importance ( /yle 9 ! pres5t /age ( our art1 & to emphasize ! tru? t he :o has any?+ to say w make x mu* m effective if he kn[s h[ to give x adequate utt]ance4 ,( ! _m ,bo/on arti/s :o h pr(it$ by =eign /udy & are n[ resid5t 9 t city1 we c m5tion b ?ree or f\r4 ,john ,j4 ,ennek+1 a graduate ( ! /udios ( ,muni* & ,p>is1 c h>dly be call$ an ideali/4 ,!re is little evid5ce ( imag9ation 9 8 canvases2 b 9 seiz+ ! effects ( ! brilliant lights ( sunset1 or ! v>i$ grays ( a l[]+ sky on a cl\dy day1 he %[s himself equally happy 9 color1 *i>o-oscuro1 & te*nical skill 9 h&l+ pigm5ts4 ,8 v]satility is rem>kable4 ,he c r5d] ! figure f life ) a vigor & fre%ness sc>cely less ?an t ( 8 l&scapes4 ,!re is1 un=tunately1 an evid5ce ( ha/e 9 too _m ( 8 works1 :i* _c be too mu* regrett$1 = he ?us fails to d ju/ice to ! v decid$ ability he possesses4 ,hav+ /udi$ bo? 9 ,muni* & ,p>is1 & giv5 c>eful att5tion to all ! ,european s*ools ( art1 & add+ to ?is k /urdy indep5d5ce ( op9ion & great e>ne/ness & en]gy1 ,mr4 ,ennek+ ought to be /rongly influ5tial 9 ! pres5t /age ( ,am]ican art4 ,we f9d mu* t is int]e/+ 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,e4 ,l4 ,weeks4 ,!y are m>k$ by a p[]ful individuality1 :i* delights 9 gl[+ effects ( light1 & revels 9 ! brilliant color+ ( tropical sc5]y or ! v>i$ spl5dor ( ,ori5tal ar*itecture & co/umes4 ,!re is some?+ ,byronic 9 ! f]vor ( ?is arti/'s en?usiasm = ! ,ea/1 & ! easy adaptability t has enabl$ a son ( ,new ,engl& to id5tify himself ) ! life & sc5]y ( l&s s exactly ! opposite ( 8 own4 ,al?\gh a pupil ( ,bonnt1 & an ard5t admir] ( ! excessive realism n[ affect$ by "s ( ! foll[]s ( ! lat] ,fr5* s*ool1 ,mr4 ,weeks is1 9 spite ( himself1 an ideali/1 & no imitator ( any /yle4 ,?is has1 p]haps1 be5 an injury to him1 = he f9ds difficulty 9 ma/]+ ! te*nical or me*anical problems ( 8 pr(ession4 ,a lack ( k or feel+ = =m1 a weakness 9 draw+ :i* is too (t5 p]ceptible 9 8 works1 & sometimes an app>5t opaqu5ess 9 8 pigm5ts1 impair ! quality ( compositions :i* are inspir$ by ! fire ( g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,burgoma/]4--,h4 ,,muhrman4 ,j4 ,m4 ,/one1 :o is "o ( ! pr(essors at ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 & a graduate ( ! ,muni* s*ools1 indicates consid]able =ce 9 r5d]+ ! figure1 bo? 9 color & draw+1 & a t\* ( g5ius 9 ! pa9t+ ( dogs & horses4 ,8 s]vice 9 ! army dur+ ! w> int5sifi$ 8 int]e/ 9 equ9e art1 & w probably result 9 important compositions sugge/$ by t conflict4 ,c4 ,r4 ,grant has a delicate poetic feel+ = color & =m1 & a pleasant fancy t+$ ) qua9tness2 & 9 8 *oice ( treatm5t & subject sugge/s ! works ( ,g4 ,h4 ,b\ghton4 ,9 ,t4 ,w4 ,dew+1 a pupil ( ,lefvre1 :o has rec5tly settl$ 9 ,bo/on1 we f9d mu* promise 9 figure-pa9t+1 b altoge!r aft] ! cle>-cut1 well-drawn1 b some:at dry me?od ( ,grme4 ,j4 ,foxcr(t ,cole1 :o has be5 a c>eful /ud5t ( ! be/ phases ( ,fr5* l&scape art1 b has =m$1 at ! same "t1 a suffici5tly individual /yle ( 8 own1 is an arti/ ^: works comm& a gr[+ e/eem4 ,al?\gh add+ gr\ps ( cattle to 8 compositions1 he is ess5tially a l&scape-pa9t]4 ,we receive f a /udy ( 8 works an impression ( sam5ess1 l t convey$ by ! l&scapes ( ,corot1 *iefly because !y are g5]ally on "o key1 & ref] to a class ( subjects s quiet & undemon/rative t only he :o obs]ves !m repeat$ly & reflectively discov]s t ea* "w is ! result ( a di/9ct inspiration1 & possesses sugge/ions & qualities ( its own4 ,exquisite feel+ = space & atmosph]e1 = ! peaceful effects ( pa/oral life1 & ! m subtle aspects ( nature1 especially 9 color1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,cole4 ,9 review+ ! ,bo/on s*ool1 we note 9 its developm5t mu* activity & e>ne/ness1 too (t5 comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) crud5ess2 :ile ! =eign influ5ce t is1 on ! :ole1 mo/ evid5t 9 x is t ( ! contempor>y ,fr5* s*ool4 ,z ,bo/on is int5se r ?an broad 9 its intellectual traits1 & is incl9$ to foll[ ! lead ( its own fir/ ?9k]s & arti/s1 x is ! m un=tunate t "o influ5ce %\ld pr$om9ate1 because 9 su* a case ! errors z well z ! good qualities ( a /yle are liable to receive too mu* att5tion2 :ile free gr[? dep5ds on ! ca?olic eclecticism :i* supplem5ts ! /udy ( nature by cull+ ! good f diff]5t s*ools1 & correct+ "o by comp>ison ) ano!r1 ?us enabl+ ! arti/ to arrive at a m j & pr(\nd view ( a "q t proce$s ^u irrev]sible laws4 ,! m9d ?us educat$ le>ns by balanc+ ! m]its ( diff]5t s*ools1 & ! results are n s mu* imitation z assimilation1 yield+ heal?y gr[? & developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,burial ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,bird4--,j4 ,,ald5 ,,wi]4 ,9 ,new ,york !re seems to be1 ) no less activity ?an t ( ,bo/on1 an art movem5t :i* is bas$ on broad] gr\nds1 & (f]s m enc\ragem5t = ! future ( our art4 ,! arti/s :o are ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ?is advance are m equally divid$ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man s*ools ?an ^? ( ,bo/on1 & indicate m bread? ( sympa?y & art culture1 toge!r ) a cosmopolitan love = ! good 9 ! art ( all s*ools1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ enc\rag+ ( signs 9 a dawn+ intellectual re=m4 ,s decid$ _h ! t5d5cy t[>d ,muni* become soon aft] #ahgj1 t ! colony ( ,am]ican art /ud5ts 9 ,muni* soon grew suffici5tly l>ge to e/abli% an art association1 hav+ /at$ days ( meet+1 at :i* contribut$ pa9t+s 7 exhibit$ & discuss$1 & c>efully prep>$ pap]s on art topics 7 read4 ,op9ions 7 ex*ang$ 9 ?is manly1 e>ne/1 sympa!tic mann]1 & bread? & ca?olicity 7 rea*$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! great "q 9 :i* all 7 s pr(\ndly int]e/$4 ,?us 7 ga9$ _m ( ! influ5ces :i* are de/9$ to affect ,am]ican art = ages to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,appr5tice4--,,william ,m4 ,,*ase4 ,! writ] reg>ds z among ! mo/ improv+ & delightful ev5+s he has enjoy$ ^? pass$ ) "s ( ^! tal5t$ & en?usia/ic art /ud5ts at ! table :]e a numb] regul>ly met to d9e--at ! ,max ,emanuel caf 9 ,muni*4 ,d9n] ov]1 huge flagons ( be] 7 plac$ be=e ea* "o1 & pipes 7 lit1 ^: wrea?s ( upw>d-curl+ smoke s(t5$ ! gleam ( ! c&les1 & gave a poetic haze to ! dim nooks ( ! hall t 0 highly cong5ial to ! h\r & ! topics discuss$4 ,! leon9e head ( ,duv5eck1 massively set on 8 broad %\ld]s1 z f "t to "t beh9d a cl\d ( smoke he gave =? an op9ion1 l5t mu* dignity to ! sc5e2 :ile ! grave1 ?\ghtful features ( ,%irlaw1 & ! dreamy1 contemplative face ( ,*ase1 occasionally lit by a fla% ( impetu\s emotion1 aid$ by an eloqu5t ge/ure1 made ! occasion "o ( great int]e/4 ,o!rs !re 7 ar\nd ! bo>d ^: sallies ( humor or weighty expressions ( op9ion made an indelible impression4 ,among ! resid5t arti/s ( ,new ,york :o h rec5tly /udi$ abroad1 ,l\is ,c4 ,tiffany1 a foll[] ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 holds a prom95t position4 ,he has done "s v clev] ?+s 9 l&scape & g5re f subjects sugge/$ by 8 trip to ! ,ea/1 & has succe$$ equally 9 oil & wat] colors1 & is n[ giv+ a pref]5ce to ,am]ican subjects1 & also turn+ 8 att5tion to ! pursuit ( decorative art4 ,he is ess5tially a colori/1 to :om ! radiant t9ts ( ! iris seem l h>moni\sly *ord$ /ra9s ( music4 ,william ,s>ta91 a pupil ( ,bonnt & ,yvon1 has also prov$ himself an excell5t colori/1 & %[s vigor & tru? ( draw+ bo? 9 figure & ar*itectural p]spective1 z well z pleas+ composition 9 "w :i* he has done abroad4 ,! new phase into :i* our l&scape art is pass+ "u =eign influ5ce is well indicat$ by ! pa9t+s ( ,*>les ,mill]1 a graduate ( ! ,muni* s*ool1 :o is inspir$ by a /irr+1 breezy love = nature1 especially = h] m int5se & vivid effects1 /rong contra/s ( light & %ade1 gl[+ sunsets1 & masses ( dun gray cl\ds roll+ up 9 ?und]\s maje/y & gloom ov] l&scapes fad+ (f into ! inf9ite di/ance4 ,z a draughtsman ,mr4 ,mill] is less int]e/+ ?an 9 r5d]+ su* effects z we h sugge/$ ) broad1 free h&l+1 9 :i* he is (t5 v successful4 ,he is a poet mov$ by a p[]ful imag9ation1 idealiz+ :at he sees1 & possess$ ( a memory simil> to t ( ,turn]2 & ?us "s ( 8 mo/ /rik+ canvases are ! result ( a t5aci\s memory alli$ to a vigor\s obs]vation4 ,"s ( 8 canvases sugge/ ! l&scapes ( ,con/able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr(essor4--,,?omas ,,eak9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,goose-,,h]d4--,,walt] ,,%irlaw4 ,fr$]ick ,dielman1 :o has pursu$ 8 /udies 9 ,muni*1 is de/9$ to make 8 m>k 9 g5re4 ,9 color & tone1 & especially 9 draw+1 he has already %[n decid$ ability1 & "s ( 8 compositions are v promis+4 ,messrs4 ,weir & ,muhrman1 bo? "y arti/s ( mu* promise1 & bo? figure-pa9t]s1 repres5t ! influ5ce ( two diff]5t s*ools4 ,! =m] comes f an arti/ic family1 8 fa!r be+ ,rob]t ,w4 ,weir1 "o ( our olde/ pa9t]s4 ,"y ,j4 ,ald5 ,weir /udi$ 9 ,p>is4 ,9 portraiture he has a rem>kable faculty = seiz+ "*1 pa9t+ ! eye ) a tru? & life :olly orig9al4 ,9 g5re he is sometimes q successful1 al?\gh incl9$ to mann]ism4 ,mr4 ,muhrman is f ,c9c9nati1 & has sp5t two ye>s 9 ,muni*4 ,:ile !re1 he plac$ himself "u no ma/]1 b obs]v$ ke5ly1 & devot$ himself :olly to wat]-colors4 ,avoid+ ! use ( body color1 he yet %[s da% & orig9ality 9 te*nique1 & a f9e eye = =m & color4 ,! reali/ic vigor ( 8 "w is q exceptional among our wat]-color pa9t]s4 ,! brilliance & purity ( 8 colors1 & ! delici\s ab&on ) :i* he h&les ! bru% to su* admirable result1 seem to promise t he w become a ma/] 9 ?is art4 ,frank ,wall]1 ,wyatt ,eaton1 ,w4 ,a4 ,l[1 ,a4 ,p4 ,ryd]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,twa*tman1 ,j4 ,c4 ,beck)1 ,a4 ,f4 ,bunn]1 ,miss ,hel5a ,de ,kay1 & ,miss ,m4 ,r4 ,oakey are among ! lead+ arti/s :o are aid+ ! new art movem5t 9 ,new ,york4 ,b among ! lat] influ5ces :i* h ent]$ into our art & promise /rik+ results1 !re is none m wor?y ( our consid]ation ?an ! return ( ,messrs4 ,%irlaw & ,*ase f a ?or\gh c\rse ( /udy 9 ,g]many4 ,"o ( ! po9ts ( mo/ importance 9 ?is connection is t :]eas our art = ! la/ ?irty ye>s has be5 9 ! direction ( l&scape1 its t5d5cies are n[ r t[>d ! pa9t+ ( ! figure1 & ?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! circum/ance t bo? ( ^! arti/s h done _! /ronge/ "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 & _! influ5ce w und\bt$ly give a fre% impulse to figure-pa9t+4 ,mr4 ,%irlaw 0 = a ye> pr(essor 9 ! ,/ud5ts' ,league1 b has n[ ab&on$ tea*+ 9 ord] t no?+ may int]f]e ) orig9al "w4 ,tra9$ 9 ! s*ool :i* has produc$ su* arti/s z ,defregg]1 ,diez1 ,brai?1 & ,br&t1 he has ma/]$ all ! te*nical k :i* ,muni* c give an arti/ 9 g5re 9 our day4 ,!re is no unc]ta9ty or weakness 9 8 me?od ( h&l+ color2 8 l9es are cle>ly & c>efully drawn1 & he und\bt$ly a*ieves excell5t results :5 he attempts simple compositions4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,%irlaw's be/ kn[n compositions1 repres5t+ a %eep-%e>+ 9 ,bav>ia1 has attract$ favorable att5tion at home & abroad4 ,9 compositions :i* include animals1 dogs1 & birds1 he has be5 especially happy4 ,8 incl9ations to del9eate ! *>act]i/ics ( bird-life are ak9 to ^? ( ! arti/s ( ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,spani% ,,lady4--,,miss ,,m>y ,s4 ,,cassatt4 ,! g5ius ( ,mr4 ,*ase is r = s+le figures ?an elaborate compositions2 & 8 indep5d5ce ( action is %[n by ! fact t1 al?\gh he /udi$ ) ,piloty1 ! ma/] :om he made 8 model ( excell5ce 0 ,velasquez4 ,a noble s5se ( color is p]ceptible 9 all 8 works1 :e!r 9 ! subtle elusive t9ts ( fle%1 or 9 ! p[]ful r5d]+ ( a mass ( sc>let1 z 9 8 notable pa9t+ ( ! ,c\rt ,je/]4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( a portrait he endeavors1 sometimes v successfully1 to seize "*1 al?\gh occasionally r too impressioni/ 9 /yle4 ,8 art-life is fir$ by a lively en?usiasm1 :i* mu/ result 9 g5u9e & exalt$ art4 ,wait+ = ! ,ride is a f9e1 ?\ghtful ideal figure ( a lady by ?is arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,boy',s ,,head4--,w4 ,,s>ta94 ,9 ,philadelphia ! new movem5t has "s p[]ful allies1 among :om %\ld be prom95tly m5tion$ ,?omas ,eak9s1 a pupil ( ,grme1 & at pres5t pr(essor 9 ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,art4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,eak9s's mo/ ambitions pa9t+s repres5ts a surgical op]ation be=e a class 9 anatomy4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by s _m excell5t arti/ic qualities1 t "o regrets t ! "w z a :ole fails to satisfy4 ,admirable draughtsman z ?is pa9t] is1 "o is surpris$ t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! figures ! p]spective %\ld h be5 s ineffective t ! "m is altoge!r too small = ! re/ ( ! gr\p1 & ! figure ( ! pati5t s indi/9ct t x is difficult to tell exactly ! "p ( ! body ^u :i* ! surgeon is p]=m+ ! op]ation4 ,! mono*romatic tone ( ! composition is1 p]haps1 int5tional1 9 ord] to conc5trate ! effect on ! bloody ?igh & ! crimson f+] ( ! op]at+ pr(essor4 ,b z x is1 ! att5tion is at once & s entirely direct$ on t reek+ h& z to convey ! impression t su* conc5tration 0 ! sole purpose ( ! pa9t+4 ,9 simil> pa9t+s by ,ribeira1 ,regnault1 & o!r arti/s ( ! horrible1 z vivid a result is obta9$ )\t sacrific+ ! light & color 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture2 & ! effect1 :ile no less int5se1 is1 !re=e1 less />+ & l\d4 ,z to ! propriety ( introduc+ into our art a class ( subjects hi!rto conf9$ to a few ( ! m brutal arti/s & races ( ! ,old ,_w1 ! "q may well be left to ! decision ( ! public4 ,9 color ,mr4 ,eak9s effects a l[ tone t is sometimes almo/ mono*romatic1 b has v few equals 9 ! c\ntry 9 draw+ ( ! figure4 ,"s ( 8 portraits are /rongly *>act]i/ic1 & give rem>kable promise4 ,miss ,emily ,s>ta9 is devot+ h]self ) good success to g5re & portraiture2 & ,miss ,m>y ,cassatt m]its m ext5d$ notice & e>ne/ praise = ! glory ( color & ! sup]b treatm5t & composition ( "s ( h] works4 ,:5 we review ! v>i\s =ces n[ actively at "w to ha/5 =w>d ! progress ( ,am]ican art1 we see t !y are1 ) "o or two exceptions1 /ill immature2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sum ( _! influ5ce is su* z to prove t !y are already suffici5tly well e/abli%$ to give abundant promise ( vitality1 & ( a c>e] ( success t seems de/9$ to c>ry ! arts to a degree ( excell5ce nev] be=e se5 9 ,am]ica4 ,:ile ! ideal is a m prom95t feature ( our art ?an =m]ly1 ! tide also sets /rongly t[>d realism1 toge!r ) a cle>] practical k ( te*nique4 ,& :ile we d n discov] m>k$ orig9al p[] 9 ! arti/s :o repres5t ! new movem5t1 we f9d 9 !m a self-reliance & a /urd9ess ( purpose :i* r5d]s !m pot5tial 9 e/abli%+ ! end !y h 9 view4 ,x is to _! successors t we mu/ look = ! f\nd+ ( a s*ool t %all be at once native 9 orig91 & p[]ful 9 ! employm5t ( ! mat]ial to express ! ideal4 ,,index4 ,abbey1 ,e4 ,a41 #agg4 ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts 7( ,new ,york71 #bd4 ,ak]s1 ,b5jam9 ,paul1 #aea4 ,alex&]1 ,cosmo1 #af1 #bd4 ,alex&]1 ,francis1 #di4 ,all/on1 ,wa%+ton1 #af1 #bi1 #ca1 #dd1 #dg4 ,am]ican ,art ,/ud5ts' ,association1 ,muni*1 #bjj4 ,ames1 ,joseph1 #di4 ,&rew1 ,john1 #afh4 ,ann91 ,p41 #afh4 ,an?ony1 ,a4 ,v4 ,s41 #afh4 ,ar*itecture1 #agh4 ,art ,education1 #ahf4 ,arti/s' ,fund+ ,society1 #hh4 ,arti/s' ,league1 #ahf4 ,a!num1 ,provid5ce1 #ca4 ,augur1 ,hezekiah1 #ach4 ,bacon1 ,h5ry1 #g4 ,bak]1 ,george ,a41 #di4 ,ball1 ,?omas1 #adi1 #aej4 ,banni/]1 ,e4 ,m41 #ajf1 #aij4 ,b>ry1 ,*>les ,a41 #agd4 ,b>?olomew1 ,edw>d ,s41 #aeb4 ,b>tol1 ,e4 ,h41 #aie4 ,be>d1 ,james1 #hf4 ,be>d1 ,william ,h41 #hf4 ,beck)1 ,j4 ,c41 #bjg4 ,bellew1 ,frank ,h4 ,t41 #agg4 ,bell[s1 ,a4 ,f41 #gi4 ,b5sell1 ,e4 ,b41 #agd4 ,b5son1 ,eug5e1 #g4 ,b]keley1 ,bi%op1 #ae1 #ag4 ,bi]/adt1 ,alb]t1 #ig4 ,bir*1 ,?omas1 #cg4 ,bi%op1 ,annette1 #agd4 ,bispham1 ,h5ry ,c41 #hf4 ,blackburn1 #af4 ,bla%field1 ,edw9 ,h41 #g4 ,blauvelt1 ,c4 ,f41 #aae4 ,b\telle1 ,d4 ,w4 ,c41 #ajf4 ,b[do9 ,college1 pa9t+s (1 #dg4 ,brackett1 ,walt] ,m41 #he4 ,brad=d1 ,william1 #hd4 ,bri*]1 ,a4 ,t41 #aaa4 ,bridgman1 ,fr$]ick ,a41 #g4 ,bridges1 ,fidelia1 #aca4 ,bri/ol1 ,john ,b41 #gf4 ,br[n1 ,george ,l41 #fd4 ,br[n1 ,h>ry1 #hd4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,appleton1 #ajf4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,g41 #aae4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,h41 #afg4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,ogd51 #aca4 ,br[ne1 ,h5ry ,k41 #adi4 ,brumidi1 ,m41 #ahe4 ,bunn]1 ,a4 ,f41 #bjg4 ,burl+1 ,gilb]t1 #aab4 ,burns1 ,j41 #aae4 ,calv]ly1 ,*>les1 #aef4 ,casile>1 ,john ,w41 #gc4 ,cassatt1 ,m>y1 #baj4 ,catl91 ,george1 #hh4 ,*ampney1 ,j4 ,w41 #aac4 ,*apman1 ,j4 ,g41 #hh4 ,*ase1 ,william ,m41 #bjc1 #bjg4 ,*ur*1 ,fr$]ick ,e41 #ha4 ,*ur*1 ,f4 ,s41 #agd4 ,c9c9nati1 ,music ,hall (1 #afc4 ,clev5g]1 ,%obal ,vail1 #ach1 #ade4 ,close1 ,a4 ,p41 #ajd4 ,cobb1 ,d>ius1 #abe4 ,cole1 ,j41 #afh4 ,cole1 ,j4 ,foxcr(t1 #aii4 ,cole1 ,?omas1 #dg1 #ff4 ,conant1 ,cornelia ,w41 #g4 ,colman1 ,samuel1 #gi1 #aab1 #aij4 ,copley1 ,john ,s+leton1 #af1 #ag1 #hh1 #ach1 #afd4 ,coop] ,in/itute1 #ahf4 ,cran*1 ,*ri/oph] ,p41 #gf4 ,craw=d1 ,?omas1 #ach1 #ade1 #adi4 ,cropsey1 ,jasp] ,f41 #gf4 ,cumm+s1 ,t4 ,s41 #afg4 ,curtis1 ,jessie1 #agb4 ,cusack1 ,s41 #agg4 ,cu/]1 ,e4 ,l41 #abe4 ,dana1 ,w4 ,p4 ,w41 #g4 ,dana1 ,william ,j41 #afh4 ,d>ley1 ,felix ,o4 ,c41 #aga4 ,d>rah1 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,t41 #aie4 ,davis1 ,j4 ,p41 #afh4 ,davis1 ,t4 ,r41 #agd4 ,davidson1 ,julian ,o41 #agd4 ,deas1 ,*>les1 #hh4 ,decorative ,art1 #ahf4 ,de ,haas1 ,m4 ,f4 ,h41 #aji4 ,de ,kay1 ,hel5a1 #bjg4 ,d5gl]1 ,frank1 #afa4 ,dew+1 ,t4 ,w41 #aii4 ,dext]1 ,h5ry1 #aef4 ,dielman1 ,fr$]ick1 #bjd4 ,dillon1 ,julia1 #acc4 ,dix1 ,*>les ,temple1 #hd4 ,dolph1 ,j4 ,h41 #aca4 ,d\ghty1 ,?omas1 #dg1 #ef1 #ei1 #ff4 ,dr[ne1 ,%em1 #ad1 #cg1 #acf4 ,dunlap1 ,william1 #ah4 ,dur&1 ,a%] ,b41 #dg1 #ef1 #ei1 #ff1 #afg4 ,duv5eck1 ,f41 #g1 #bjc4 ,eak9s1 ,?omas1 #bjh4 ,eaton1 ,wyatt1 #bjg4 ,edmonds1 ,f4 ,w41 #eb4 ,ehn+]1 ,john ,w41 #aae4 ,elliott1 ,*>les ,lor+1 #di1 #ej4 ,ennek+1 ,john ,j41 #aif4 ,eyt+e1 ,sol1 #agd4 ,ezekiel1 ,moses ,j41 #aef4 ,falcon]1 ,john ,m41 #aab4 ,f>r>1 ,h5ry1 #aac4 ,fassett1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a41 #abg4 ,feke1 ,rob]t1 #af4 ,f5n1 ,h>ry1 #agb4 ,flagg1 ,george ,b41 #hg4 ,foote1 ,mrs4 ,m>y ,halleck1 #agb4 ,fras]1 ,john1 #ca1 #ef1 #afg4 ,frazee1 ,john1 #acf1 #ach4 ,fr$]icks1 ,alfr$1 #agb4 ,freeman1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,e41 #aef4 ,fr5*1 ,daniel ,c41 #afa4 ,fro/1 ,ar?ur ,b41 #agd4 ,fro?+ham1 ,james1 #bg4 ,full]1 ,george1 #aag4 ,full]1 ,r4 ,h41 #gf4 ,furness1 ,william ,h5ry1 #abe4 ,g>dn]1 ,elizabe? ,i41 #g4 ,gaul1 ,gilb]t1 #aac4 ,g]ry1 ,samuel ,l41 #gd4 ,gibson1 ,w41 #agg4 ,gif=d1 ,r4 ,swa91 #aab1 #aij4 ,gif=d1 ,san=d ,r41 #hj4 ,goodri*1 ,s>ah1 #ea1 #afg4 ,g\ld1 ,?omas ,r41 #aeb1 #aed4 ,grant1 ,c4 ,r41 #aii4 ,gre5\gh1 ,horatio1 #ach1 #adb4 ,gre5\gh1 ,ri*>d1 #aef4 ,grey1 ,h5ry ,pet]s1 #ea4 ,grey1 ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,pet]s1 #abe4 ,grosjean1 ,*>les ,t41 #ahf4 ,guy1 ,s4 ,j41 #aae4 ,hale1 ,susan1 #aac4 ,hall1 ,mrs41 #afg4 ,hall1 ,george ,h41 #acc4 ,hamilton1 ,james1 #ga1 #hd4 ,h>d+1 ,*e/]1 #dg1 #di4 ,h>t1 ,james1 #gi1 #acj4 ,h>t1 ,william1 #gi4 ,h>t1 ,joel ,t41 #ach1 #ade4 ,h>tley1 ,j4 ,s41 #afa4 ,haselt9e1 ,h4 ,j41 #aef4 ,hayes1 ,william1 #he4 ,heade1 ,m4 ,j41 #acc4 ,healy1 ,g4 ,p4 ,a41 #di4 ,h5ry1 ,e4 ,l41 #aae4 ,h5%aw1 ,mrs41 #acc4 ,hicks1 ,?omas1 #di1 #hf4 ,hill1 ,?omas1 #ig1 #ih4 ,h9ckley1 ,t4 ,h41 #he4 ,hom]1 ,w9sl[1 #aag1 #aij4 ,hopp91 ,augu/us1 #agb4 ,hosk91 ,rob]t1 #afh4 ,hosm]1 ,h>riet1 #aeb1 #aef4 ,h[l&1 ,a4 ,c41 #aae4 ,hubb>d1 ,r4 ,w41 #gd4 ,humphrey1 ,l4 ,b41 #agb4 ,hunt1 ,william ,m41 #di1 #ahe1 #aic4 ,hunt+ton1 ,daniel1 #di1 #ea1 #hh4 ,impressionism 9 ,art1 #aib4 ,+ham1 ,c4 ,c41 #di4 ,inman1 ,h5ry1 #di1 #ea4 ,inness1 ,george1 #gi1 #aij4 ,inness1 ,george1 ,jun41 #aca4 ,ips51 ,l4 ,s41 #agd4 ,irv+1 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