file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #djehi-;h4htm or #djehi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #djehi_/pg#djehi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#djeh i_/djehi-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/briefhi/or y(wo#jj;cundu(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7example3 cccco74 ,! orig9al page numb]s are enclos$ by curly brackets & emb$d$ 9 ! text to facilitate ! use ( ! index 7examples3 vii & #abg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,9 ,,c\ncil 7,f ,hol9%$'s ',*ronicles ( ,engl&1' #aegg7 ,page #ajj ,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,wood-,,engrav+ ,,f ,,its ,,inv5tion by ,,joseph ,,cundall ,au?or ( ',holbe9 & ,8 ,works' etc4 ,london ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on1 ,company ,limit$ ,/4 ,dun/an's ,h\se ,fett] ,lane1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #ahie vii ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,on ,pictures ( ,sa9ts--,! pr9t ( ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,*ild 9 h] ,lap 9 ! ,biblio?que ,royale de ,belgique--,on ! pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y at ,man*e/]--,! ,annunciation & ! ,/4 ,bridget ( ,sw$5 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,on ! ,block ,books ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,biblia ,paup]um2 ,apocalypsis ,sancti ,johannis1 c4 #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,block ,books ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,ars ,mori5di-- ,temptacio ,diaboli--,canticum ,canticorum1 & o!rs #bj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,block ,book--,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis--,casus ,lucif]i--,! ,m5tz ,psalt] ( #adei--;,book ( ,fables--,! ,cologne ,bible--,nrnb]g ,*ronicle--,breyd5ba*'s ,travels #bh ,,*apt] ,v ,on ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,italy 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,! ,v5ice ,kal5d>io ( #adgf--,! ,triumph ( ,petr>*--,! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili--,aldo ,manuzio--,portrait ( ,aldus #dj viii ,,*apt] ,,vi ,on ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,france 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury-- ,engrav+ on ,metal ,blocks--',books ( ,h\rs'--,fam\s ,fr5* ,publi%]s3 ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge1 ,simon ,vo/re1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 ,guyot ,m>*ant1 ,philippe ,pig\*et1 ,jean ,dupr1 & o!rs #ea ,,*apt] ,,vii ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,william ,caxton1 ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/oryes ( ,troye--,dictes & ,say+s ( ,philosoph]s--,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse1 c4--,wynkyn de ,worde--,ri*>d ,pynson #fa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,g]many 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,albre*t ,dr]--,coronation ( ! ,virg9--,! ,apocalypse--,! ,little ,passion--,8 ,engrav+s on ,copp]--,! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian--,! ,triumphal ,ar*--,! ,triumphal ,c>--,! ,triumphal ,procession #fi ,,*apt] ,,ix ,hans ,holbe9--,dance ( ,dea?--,bible ,cuts--,hans ,ltzelburg]--,dance ( ,dea? ,alphabet--,! ,little ,ma/]s--,altdorf]--,beham--,brosam]--,al degrev]--,crana* #ha ,,*apt] ,x ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,italy & ,france 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,giuseppe ,porta ( ,v5ice--,ge(froy ,tory & ,rob]t ,e/i5ne ( ,p>is--,borluyt's ,figures f ! ,new ,te/am5t--,*ri/ophe ,plant9 ( ,antw]p #hi ix ,,*apt] ,,xi ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ! ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies 9 ,italy & ,engl&--,pr9t+ 9 ,*i>o-oscuro 9 ,v5ice--,pr9t+ 9 ,col\r 9 ,g]many--,habiti ,anti*i e ,mod]ni by ,vecellio--,wood-,engrav+ 9 ,engl&--,foxe's ,acts & ,monum5ts--,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles--,a ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s--,dr4 ,cun+ham's ,cosmographical ,glasse--sop's ,fables--,! ,fr5* engrav] ,papillon #ii ,,*apt] ,,xii ,?omas ,bewick & 8 ,pupils--,select ,fables--,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s--,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds--sop's ,fables-- ,prices at :i* ^! books 7 publi%$--,dea? ( ,bewick #ajh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,bewick's ,successors--,john ,bewick 78 ,bro!r7--,look+-glass = ! ,m9d--,goldsmi?'s ,poems--,som]ville's ,*ase--,rob]t ,johnson--,*>lton ,nesbit--,rob]t ,elliot ,r4 ,bewick--,hi/ory ( ,fi%es--,luke ,cl5nell--,william ,h>vey--,george ,bonn]--,w4 ,h4 ,p[is--,john ,jackson--,eb5ez] ,l&ells--,rob]t ,bran/on--,f4 ,w4 ,bran/on--,john ,?ompson--,j4 ,orr9 ,smi?--,john & ,m>y ,byfield--,samuel ,williams--,w4 ,t4 ,gre5--,o4 ,jewitt--,c4 ,gray--,s4 ,slad]--,j4 ,gre5away--,w4 ,j4 ,palm]--,g]man ,engrav]s--,mod]n ,engli% ,engrav]s #aaf ,,index #abi x ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wood-,,engrav] ,by ,jo/ ,amman 7#aefh7 #a ,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,wood-,,engrav+ ------ ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,pictures ,,( ,,sa9ts ,_m volumes h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( ,wood-,engrav+1 especially 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,belgium1 :]e ! art fir/ fl\ri%$2 z well z 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,engl&2 & "s ( ! be/ ( ^! books h be5 publi%$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are1 ,dr4 ,dibd9's celebrat$ bibliographical works2 ',a ,treatise on ,wood-,engrav+1' by ,w4 ,a4 ,*atto1 ( :i* a new edition has lately be5 issu$2 ',wood-,engrav+ 9 ,italy 9 ! #ae? ,c5tury1' by ,dr4 ,lippmann2 &1 above all1 ',! ,ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+1' a magnific5t folio volume writt5 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton--himself a ,ma/]--:o1 besides giv+ u ! b5efit ( 8 te*nical k obta9$ by ! practice ( ! art = fifty ye>s1 pres5ts u ) copies1 f blocks engrav$ by himself1 ( ! mo/ celebrat$ woodcuts ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,_m writ]s h ass]t$ t ! fir/ wood-engrav+s are to be f\nd on play+-c>ds2 o!rs ma9ta9 t #b ! v r\gh pr9ts on ! play+-c>ds ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury 7 tak5 f /5cil-plates4 ,x is impossible to decide ! po9t1 nor is x ( mu* importance2 !re is no evid5ce :atev] z to ! me?od ( _! production4 ,!y appe>$ 9 ,europe ab\t ! ye> #acej3 !y came f ! ,ea/1 b _! positive hi/ory1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,will%ire1 beg9s 9 ! ye> #acib4a ,x has be5 ass]t$ t _m pr9ts ( ,images ( ,sa9ts produc$ by means ( wood-engrav+ prec$$ ev5 play+-c>ds4 ,! fir/ und\bt$ fact t we c arrive at 9 ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ is t e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 to be f\nd1 9 _m ( ! mona/]ies & conv5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 pr9ts ( ! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,infant1 ! mo/ popul> ,sa9ts1 & ,subjects f ! ,bible1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly tak5 f engrav+s on wood2 & we h n[ to describe "s typical examples ( primitive devotional pictures1 pr9t$ by ! xylographic process4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! woodcuts may date f #achj1 & !re are _m :i* are assign$ to ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 !y 7 all int5d$ to be col\r$ by h&1 & are !re=e simply 9 outl9e1 )\t %ad+4 ,! designs are usually good1 b ! execution is n always s m]itori\s4 ,9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels !re is a col\r$ pr9t ( ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,*ild 9 h] lap1 surr\nd$ by f\r ,sa9ts 9 an inclos$ g>d54 ,on ! ,virg9's "r h& sits ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ) a royal cr[n on h] head1 ! sword 9 h] left h&1 &1 lean+ aga9/ h] feet1 a brok5 :eel4 ,b5ea? is ,/4 ,doro!a cr[n$ ) roses1 ) a bran* ( a rose-tree 9 h] "r h& & ! h&le ( a basket ( apples 9 h] left2 on ! o!r side are ,/4 ,b>b>a hold+ h] t[]1 &1 "u h]1 ,/4 ,m>g>et ) a book 9 h] left h&2 h] "r h& clasps a laidly dragon1 & a cross leans ^u h] arm4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,) ,,f\r ,,sa9ts ,9 ! ,biblio?que ,royale de ,belgique #d ,outside ! pal+s a rabbit is fe$+2 a bird sits on ! rail beh9d ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 two o!rs are fly+1 &1 above all1 ?ree angels are (f]+ *aplets ( roses to ! ,virg92 a palm-tree is gr[+ on ea* side ( h]4 ,b ! mo/ important "p ( ! pr9t is ! v solid ?ree-b>r$ gate at ! entrance to ! g>d51 = on ! upp]mo/ ( ! b>s we di/9ctly read m3 cccco xviiio4 ,! pr9t itself measures #ad in*es 9 height by #i in*es 9 wid?1 )\t reckon+ ! bord] l9es4 ,x 0 f\nd pa/$ at ! bottom ( an old c(f] 9 ! possession ( an innkeep] at ,mal9es 9 #ahdd by a well-kn[n ar*itect1 ,m4 de ,not]1 :o1 recognis+ its great importance1 (f]$ x to ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels4 ,x has be5 reproduc$ 9 scrupul\sly exact facsimile & fully describ$ 9 ! "w entitl$ ',docum5ts iconographiques et typographiques de la ,biblio?que ,royale de ,belgique1' publi%$ by ,,mm4 ,muqu>dt ( ,brussels4 ,! small lett]s o are suppos$ to repres5t nails 9 ! gate4 ,m4 ,georges ,duplessis tells u t he has exam9$ ! pr9t m9utely sev]al times1 & t he does n believe ?is date has be5 tamp]$ ) 9 any way4 ,"s collectors & w\ld-be critics ma9ta9 t ! draw+ ( ! figures & ! folds ( ! g>m5ts are ( a lat] date ?an #adah2 if !y 7 to exam9e ! works ( ,hub]t & ,jan van ,eyck1 & ! pa9t+s ( ,mei/] ,/ephan ,lo*n] ( ,cologne1 ,rogi] van d] ,weyd51 & o!r arti/s :o liv$ ab\t ?is "t1 !y w\ld be suffici5tly answ]$4 ,mr4 ,l9ton is ( op9ion 7& !re c be no bett] judge7 t ! /yle ( ! engrav+ does n compel him to attribute x to a lat] date ?an #adah1 yet bo? he & ,mr4 ,*atto express _! d\bts z to its au!nticity--x appe>s to u1 )\t suffici5t reason4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,h]r ,he9eck51 a ,g]man collector ( engrav+s1 discov]$1 pa/$ #e inside ! b9d+ ( a manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ! conv5t ( ,buxheim 9 ,suabia1 a folio pr9t brightly col\r$ ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] be>+ ! ,infant ,*ri/4 ,! outl9es are pr9t$ 9 black ink1 n by any k9d ( press1 b 9 mu* ! same way z t us$ by wood-engrav]s ( ! pres5t day 9 tak+ _! pro(s1 :o fir/ ink ! engrav$ surface ) a pr9t]'s ball1 !n lay ! pap] c>efully ov] ! cut1 wax$ at ! edges to hold ! pap] firmly1 & rub ! back ( ! pap] ) a burni%]4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury a roll] call$ a frotton 0 us$1 z be+ m exp$iti\s4 ,our illu/ration gives an idea ( ! orig9al1 :i* is /ill 9 ! cov] ( ! book 9 :i* x 0 discov]$1 & n[ 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y at ,man*e/]4 ,! cut measures #aa in*es 9 height by #h in*es 9 wid?1 & is col\r$ aft] ! mann] ( ! "t2 t is1 ! ,sa9t's robe is t9t$ ) r$ & ! l9+ ) yell[ o*re1 ! nimbuses are ( ! same k9d ( yell[2 ! robes ( ,*ri/ & ! monk are light blue1 ( ! same t9t z ! wat]2 ! grass & foliage are bright gre52 ! faces1 h&s1 & legs are 9 a pale fle%-t9t2 !re are b five or six col\rs us$1 & !y may h be5 ei!r wa%$ 9 by h& or bru%$ 9 ?r\gh a /5cil-plate4 ,z h& col\r+ w\ld be quick] & less tr\blesome1 "o does n see ! advantage ( ! /5cil4 ,! inscription b5ea? ! cut reads ?us3-- ,cri/(ori faciem die quacumque tu]is ,millesimo cccco ,illa nempe die morte mala non mori]is xxo t]cio :i* may be r5d]$3 ,on :atev] day ! face ( ,*ri/oph] ?\ %alt see1 ,on t day no evil =m ( dea? %all visit !e4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,*ri/oph] ,! orig9al 7#aa 94 by #h 947 is pa/$ inside ! cov] ( an old manuscript book 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y n[ at ,man*e/]4 #g ,mr4 ,l9ton is en?usia/ic 9 praise ( ?is cut4 ',i am well cont5t1' he says1 'to give "s words ( un/9t$ praise to our ,/4 ,*ri/oph] = ! design4 ,i m9d n ! disproportionate space he occupies 9 ! picture4 ,is n he fam\s z a giant8 ,! p]spective also is good en\gh = me1 z d\btless x 0 to ^? 9 ^: int]e/ ! pr9t 0 issu$4 ,x is c]ta9 he is cross+ a /ream2 we see a fi% b5ea? ! waves4 ,he supports 8 colossal frame & helps 8 /eady c\rse ) a full-gr[n fruit-be>+ palm-tree--fit /aff = sa9tly son ( ,anak2 no hea!n he2 ! nimbus is r\nd 8 head4 ,z on 8 %\ld]s he be>s ! ,"l ( ! ,_w1 c we fail to rem>k 8 upturn$ glance1 inquir+ :y he is ?us b[$ d[n by a little *ild8 ,! bless+ h& ( ! ,bless$ pla9ly gives reply4 ,look aga91 & see on "o side ( ! /ream ! m]ely secul> life2 is x n all express$ by ! mill & ! mill] & 8 ass1 & f> up ! /eep road 7:at ne$ = dim9i%+ di/ance87 ! peasant ) ! sack ( fl\r toil+ t[>ds 8 humble home4 ,& on ! o!r side is ! spiritual life--! h]mit1 by 8 w9d[less hut1 ! w>n+ bell above2 he kneels 9 front1 ) 8 lant]n ( fai? lift$ high 9 8 h&1 a beacon = :atev] wayf>] ! f]ryman may br+4 ,rank grasses & ! fe>less rabbit m>k ! quiet solitude 9 :i* ! h]mit dwells4 ,i c =give all %ortcom+s4 ,^! old-c5tury m5 7 9 e>ne/4' ,9 ! ,sp5c] collection are two o!r pr9ts :i* may be attribut$ to ! same p]iod z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,"o is a picture ( ,! ,annunciation1 :i* 0 f\nd pa/$ on ! end cov] ( ! book 7,laus ,virg9is7 9 :i* ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 0 discov]$4 ,x is ( simil> size1 & is pr9t$ ) a d>k-col\r$ pigm5t1 probably by means ( a frotton4 ,! ,angel ,gabriel is kneel+ be=e ! ,virg91 :o also is kneel+2 %e holds a book 9 h] h&1 & is repres5t$ 9 a k9d ( ,go?ic *apel2 a vase ) fl[]s 9 x /&s "u "o ( ! diamond-pan$ w9d[s4 ,! ,holy ,dove is desc5d+ 9 a flood ( rays2 un=tunately ! figure ( ! ,almighty has be5 torn f ! top left-h& corn] ( ! pr9t4 ,on "o ( ! pill>s ( ! *apel is a small scroll ) ! leg5d ,ave gracia pl5a dom9us tecum4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,annunciation ,! orig9al 7#aa 94 by #h 947 is pa/$ inside ! cov] ( an old manuscript book 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y4 #i ,! wood-engrav] may produce 8 design 9 two ways1 ei!r by means ( black l9es on a :ite gr\nd1 or by :ite designs on a black gr\nd4 ,! two me?ods are "h unit$1 :ile 9 ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] "o only 7! fir/7 is us$4 ,notice ! discreet use ( masses ( black to give =ce to ! design1 & to contra/ ) ! lightness ( ! o!r "p ( ! picture4 ,! ,annunciation belongs to q a diff]5t s*ool to ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,! o!r pr9t is ( ,/4 ,bridget ( ,sw$5 7:o di$ 9 #acgc74 ,%e is seat$ at a slop+ desk1 writ+ ) a /ylus 9 a book4 ,! motto above h] head is o brigita bit got fr uns 7',o ,bridget1 pray to ,god = u'74 ,9 ! left upp] corn] is a small repres5tation ( ! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,infant 9 h] arms1 opposite is a %ield ) ! lett]s ,s4,p4,q4,r4 on x1 ref]r+ to h] j\rney to ,rome4 ,9 ! l[] corn]s are1 on ! left1 ! palm & cr[n ( m>tyrdom2 & on ! "r is a %ield ) ! ,lion rampant ( ,sw$54 ,a pilgrim's hat & scrip hang on a /aff beh9d ! ,virg9's seat4 ,! pr9t is r\ghly col\r$1 evid5tly by h&4 ,_m o!r woodcuts ( ! same "* h be5 discov]$1 :i* are believ$ to h be5 engrav$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na !re is a pr9t ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 be>+ ! date #adcg1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,blaise 9 ! ,black ,=e/4 ',hav+ visit$1' says ,h]r ,he9eck51 '9 my la/ t\r a great _m conv5ts 9 ,franconia1 ,suabia1 ,bav>ia1 & 9 ! ,au/rian ,/ates1 ,i ev]y:]e discov]$ 9 _! libr>ies _m ( ^! k9ds ( figures engrav$ on wood4 ,!y 7 usually pa/$ ei!r at ! beg9n+ or ! end ( old volumes ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! facts h confirm$ me 9 my op9ion t ! next /ep ( ! #aj engrav] on wood1 aft] play+-c>ds1 0 to engrave figures ( ,sa9ts1 :i*1 be+ di/ribut$ & lo/ among ! laity1 7 9 "p pres]v$ by ! monks1 :o pa/$ !m into ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books ) :i* _! libr>ies 7 furni%$4' ,h]r ,he9eck5 possess$ m ?an a hundr$ ( ^! pictures ( ,sa9ts4 ,!re c be little d\bt !y 7 produc$ 9 ! mona/]ies & conv5ts1 & di/ribut$ to ! p1 especially 9 ! processions ( ! ,*ur*1 z aids to devotion4 ,among ! ?\s&s ( monks :o liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re mu/ h be5 _m m5 :o1 l ,fra ,angelico1 7 gift$ ) suffici5t arti/ic ta/e to enable !m to draw & engrave su* a picture z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 99 99 99 99 99 #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,block ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by means ( movable type1 _m books 7 produc$ 9 :i* ! woodcuts & ! text 7 engrav$ on ! same page1 or sometimes ! text 0 on "o page & ! woodcut opposite4 ,!y 7 impress$ on "o side only ( ! pap]1 & ! two blank pages 7 (t5 pa/$ toge!r4 ,!y are usually call$ ,block ,books4 ,_m ( ! cuts are m ?an t5 in*es 9 height by eight in*es 9 wid?1 & 7 probably cut ) a knife ^u smoo?ly plan$ planks ( ! pe>-tree1 or o!r f9e-gra9$ wood1 or possibly "s 7 engrav$ ^u s(t metal4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( !m are3 ,i4 ,biblia ,paup]um4--,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,,ii4 ,apocalypsis ,sancti ,johnannis4--,visions ( ,/4 ,john4 ,,iii4 ,ars ,mori5di4--,! ,art ( ,dy+4 ,,iv4 ,canticum ,canticorum4--,solomon's ,song4 ,v4 ,ars ,memor&i4--,! ,art ( ,rememb]+4 ,,vi4 ,lib] ,regum4--,book ( ,k+s4 ,,vii4 ,temptationes ,daemonis4--,temptations ( a ,demon4 ,,viii4 ,endkri/ 7only kn[n copy 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y74 ,,ix4 ,qu9decim ,signa4--,! ,fifte5 ,signs4 ,x4 ,de ,g5]atione ,*ri/i4--,( ! ,g5ealogy ( ,*ri/4 ,,xi4 ,mirabilia ,romae4--,! ,wond]s ( ,rome4 ,,xii4 ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis4--,mirror ( ,salvation4 ,,xiii4 ,die ,kun/ ,ciromantia4--,! ,art ( ,*iromancy4 ,,xiv4 ,confessionale4--,( ! ,confessional4 ,,xv4 ,symbolum ,apo/olicum4--,symbols ( ! ,apo/les4 #ab & are suppos$ to h be5 issu$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adbj & #addj4 ,!re is no title-page to any ( !m1 & ! dates are g5]ally only a matt] ( conjecture4 ,probably !y 7 copies ( illum9at$ manuscripts1 & 7 drawn1 engrav$1 & col\r$ by ! monks 9 _! scriptoria4 ,d\btless o!r books ( a simil> "* may be exi/+ 9 "s ( ! old mona/]ies on ! ,cont95t at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,block ,books appe> to h be5 made 9 ,g]many & ,holl&1 & ! mo/ popul> volumes pass$ ?r\gh _m editions4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s are pr9t$ 9 a br[n ink simil> to t us$ = di/emp] draw+s4 ,x sometimes happ5$ t ! blocks us$ = a book 7 aft]w>ds cut up & us$ ov] aga9 9 a diff]5t comb9ation 7z notic$ by ,brad%aw 9 8 ',memor&a1' ,no4 #c1 pp4 #e & #f1 & by ,william ,blades1 9 8 ',p5tateu* ( ,pr9t+1' pp4 #ab & #ac47 ,a ,block-book edition ( ! ',biblia ,paup]um1' pr9t$ at ,zwolle1 0 cut up1 & ! pieces us$ aft]w>ds 9 a diff]5t comb9ation4 ,! same 0 done ) ! blocks ( ! ',speculum no/rae ,salvationis1' :i* 7 cut up1 & ! pieces us$ aga9 = an edition pr9t$ at ,utre*t 9 #adha4 ,?is 0 a /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,biblia ,paup]um4--,9 ! ,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a v f9e copy ( ?is "w1 probably ! fir/ edition4 ,x is a small folio consi/+ ( =ty leaves impress$ on "o side only ( ! pap]1 9 pale-br[n ink or di/emp]1 by means ( friction1 probably by a frotton or roll]1 z we c tell by ! glaz$ surface on ! back4 ,! "r ord] ( ! pages is indicat$ by ! lett]s a1 b1 c1 c41 on ! face ( ! pr9ts1 ea* ( :i* is ab\t t5 in*es 9 height by sev5 & a-half 9 bread?4 ,on ! upp] "p ( ea* page are frequ5tly two half-l5g? figures & two on ! l[]1 int5d$ = portraits ( ! prophets & o!r holy m5 ^: writ+s are cit$ 9 ! ,lat9 text4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,biblia ,,paup]um--,,t5? ,,page 7,r$uc$ f #aj 94 by #g 947 #ad ,! middle "p ( ! page consi/s ( ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is occupi$ by a subject f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! great] "p ( ! text is at ! sides ( ! upp] portraits4 ,on ea* side ( ^? bel[ is frequ5tly a rhym+ ,lat9 v]se4 ,texts ( ,scripture also appe> on scrolls4 ,! illu/ration1 :i* is a mu* r$uc$ copy ( ! t5? page 7k71 w af=d a bett] idea ( ! arrangem5t ( ! subject & ( ! texts ?an any m l5g!n$ description4 ,! picture 9 ! middle repres5ts ! ,temptation ( ,*ri/ by ! ,devil2 t on ! "r1 ! ,temptation ( ,adam by ,eve2 & t on ! left1 ,esau sell+ 8 bir?right = a ,mess ( ,pottage1 :i* 8 ,bro!r ,jacob has evid5tly j cook$ 9 ! iron pot susp5d$ ov] ! fire on a rat*et 9 ! *imney-brea/4 ,! ham & goat's fle% or v5ison hang+ on ! kit*5 wall rem9d u ( ! ,dut* pa9t+s ( two c5turies lat]4 ,esau's b[ & quiv] w be se5 to be ( a v primitive "*4 ,on ! ?irty-second page 7to give ano!r example7 we f9d 9 ! middle comp>tm5t ,*ri/ appe>+ to ,8 ,disciples2 on ! left1 ,joseph discov]+ himself to 8 ,bre?r52 & on ! "r1 ! ,return ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,at ! bottom ( ! page are ^! rhym+ ,lat9 v]ses3-- ,"u ,joseph & 8 ,bre?r54 ,quos vex7av7x pridem ,bl&itur fratribus idem4 ,"u ! ,return ( ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,fl5s amplexatur ,natum pat] ac recreatur4 ,hic ihesus app>et3 surg5tis gloria cl>et4 ,:i* h be5 r\ghly translat$3 ,:om he s lately vex$ ,he *>ms z bro!r next4 ,! wept-"o is embrac$ ,& z a son replac$1 ,"h do? ,*ri/ appe>1 9 ris+ glory cle>4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,jacob ,,& ,,esau--,,biblia ,,paup]um ,facsimile ( ! orig9al cut #af ,! ',biblia ,paup]um1' al?\gh x c\ld n be read by ! laity1 0 evid5tly issu$ = _! especial b5efit1 &1 ) ! help ( ! prie/s1 x af=d$ excell5t lessons 9 ,bible hi/ory4 ,x is believ$ t ! fir/ copies 7 pr9t$ at ,ha>lem ab\t ,a4,d4 #adcj to #addj4 ,five editions ( ! ',biblia ,paup]um' are kn[n z block books ) ! text 9 ,lat92 two ) ! text 9 ,g]man2 & sev]al o!rs 7 pr9t$ ab\t #adge ) ! text 9 movable type4 ,at lea/ ?ree editions 7 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 & sev5 or eight o!rs appe> to be ( ,g]man orig92 ! e>li] are ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool4 ,!re are f\r copies1 diff]+ editions1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & "o 9 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y4 ,"s ( ! copies are col\r$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,apocalypsis ,sancti ,johannis4--,?is "w consi/s ( =ty-eight pages ( woodcuts ab\t t5 & a-half in*es high by sev5 & a-half broad1 pr9t$ 9 ink or di/emp] ( a greyi%-br[n t9t on ?ick pap] on "o side only4 ,ea* page is equally divid$ into two subjects1 tak5 f ! ,apocalypse1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! cuts are engrav$ 9 ! simple/ mann]1 )\t any attempt at %ad+1 z w be se5 on exam9ation ( our pr9t1 :i* =ms ! fir/ page ( ! book4 ,9 ! upp] half ,/4 ,john is address+ ?ree m5 & "o woman4 ,! words 9 ! label ,conv]si ab idolis p] pr$icationem beati ,johannis ,drusiana et cet]i are lit]ally ',drusiana & ! o!rs are conv]t$ f idols by ! prea*+ ( ! bless$ ,john4' ,! lett] a indicates page #a4 ,9 ! l[] half we see ,/4 ,john baptiz+ ,drusiana 9 a v small font 9 a small *apel2 outside are six ill-look+ m5 try+ to peep 9 ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! door4 ,ov] ! *apel are ! words ,sanctus ,johannes baptisans1 & ov] ! m5 ,cultores ydolorum explorantes facta ejus1 lit]ally1 ',wor%ipp]s ( ,idols spy+ on 8 acts4' ,two ( ! idolat]s are arm$ ) hat*ets1 z if !y int5d$ to break op5 ! door4 ,! ,lat9 words1 9 accordance ) ! usual practice ( ! monks1 are contract$ 9 a mann] v puzzl+ to ^? unus$ to ^! m$ival writ+s4 ,!re are sev]al editions ( ! ,apocalypsis1 all app>5tly ( ,g]man orig94 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,apocalypsis ,,sancti ,,johannis ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,block ,books #ah ,_m bibliograph]s1 treat+ ( block books & argu+ f ! v simple /yle ( ! draw+s & engrav+s1 consid] t ! ',apocalypsis' 0 ! fir/ t 0 produc$4 ,_m worse woodcuts 7 issu$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be v haz>d\s inde$ to fix a date by ! quality ( woodcut illu/rations4 ,9 ord] to assi/ our read]s 9 read+ ! text pr9t$ ) ! e>ly woodcuts1 we give !m a key to ! mo/ usual abbreviations ( ,monki% ,lat94 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #a4 -e d5otes a lett] ) a 9999 9999 /raight l9e ov] 7or ?r\gh ! ris]71 e ! same ) a 9999 9999 tilde-l curve4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #a4 ,a "r l9e1 ?us 7-71 & a curve1 ?us 771 plac$ horizontally ov] a lett]1 d5ote3 7-7 #a/1 ov] a v[el 9 ! middle or end ( a ^w1 t "o lett] is want+1 e4g4 v-ed-atv5dant1 bon-ubonum1 t]r-at]ram4 77 #bnd1 above or ?r\gh a lett]! omission ( m ?an "o lett]1 e4g4 aiaanima1 alralit]1 aliaanimalia1 ablacoablatio1 ,w9ton,w9tonia1 nobnobis1 c4 ,a /raight l9e ?r\gh a consonant also d5otes ! omission ( "o or m lett]s1 e4g4 vo-bvobis1 q-dquod1 c4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #b4 8 d5otes a backw>d curl 9999 9999 atta*$ to ! top ( a lett]4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #b4 8er1 or re1 z ! s5se requires1 e4g4 8trat]ra1 8pdictuspr$ictus1 i4e4 prdictus4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #c4 ! fir/ 8e has an oblique 9999 9999 l9e atta*$ bel[ ! lett]1 ! second a lightn+ bolt4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #c4 ,! diph?ong is sometimes repres5t$ ?us1 t]r8e or t]r8et]r4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #d4 ! fir/ -p has a /raight 9999 9999 l9e ! second a wavy "o 7l a tilde7 ?r\gh ! 9999 99 desc5d]4 ,9 ! ?ird a l9e cont9ues ! bottom ( ! loop 9999 9999 & b5ds d[n to cut ! desc5d]4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #d4 ,a /raight or curv$ l9e ?r\gh ! lett] p1 ?us1 -p -pp]1 por1 & p>4 ,a curv$ l9e1 ?us -ppro4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #e4 ! sign #c resembles ! 9999 9999 type ( #c ) an angl$ top1 or a dra*m sign4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #e4 ,! "* #c at ! end ( a ^wu1 omnib#comnibus1 also et1 deb#c;debet4 #ai 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #f4 ! sign zs resembles a z 9999 9999 ) a rev]s$ s drawn ?r\gh ! bottom /roke4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #f4 ,! figure zs at ! end ( a ^wrum1 ras1 res1 ris1 & ram2 eozseorum1 libzslibras or libris1 ,w9desozs,w9desores1 ,ali5ozs,ali5oram1 c4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #g4 ! sign - is an amp]s& 9999 9999 ) a /raight l9e ov]2 q#c a q ) a m>k l a small #c 9999 9999 on ! "r2 #i a rais$ spiral r l a #i1 c7 has a 9999 9999 long bracket-%ap$ m>k desc5d+ bel[ ! basel9e4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #g4 -etiam1 q#cque1 quia1 & quod2 #i at comm5cem5t ( a ^wcom or con2 #imittocommitto1 #ivictoconvicto4 ,?is contraction is also pr9t$ ?us1 c74 c7concordia or concessio4 ,9 ! middle or end ( a ^w #iu1 ,de#i;,deus1 reb#irebus1 ,aug#iti,augu/i2 also = os1 p#ipo/1 p#itpo/4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #h4 - & are z 9 p>agraph #a4 9999 9999 d5otes ! next lett] is rais$ 7s also 9 #ab4 bel[74 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #h4 ,9 ,domesday ,book #g;et1 -ee/1 stsunt1 -,mman]ium1 momodo1 dimdimidius1 c4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #i4 -2 is l a semicolon ) 9999 9999 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! middle4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #i4 ,e/ is sometimes writt5 -2 4 #aj4 ,po9ts or dots aft] lett]s (t5 d5ote contractions1 e4g4 di4 et fi4dilectus et fidelis1 e4 = e/1 plurib4pluribus4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #aa4 8t has a sort ( /ream] to 9999 9999 ! left & curl+ d[n4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #aa4 8tet 9 lat] times4 #ab4 ,a small lett] plac$ ov] a ^w d5otes an omission--piusprius1 titibi1 qosquos1 qiqui1 c4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 9999 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 p>agraph #ac4 is z 9 p>agraph #a4 9999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999999999 #ac4 ,xps1 ,xpc1 ,xpo1 /& = ,*ri/us & its diff]5t cases4 ,me ,m>ie4 ,^! are ! mo/ common contractions4 ,!re are _m m1 includ+ num]\s te*nical t]ms1 :i* x w\ld be useless = u to give = our pres5t purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,block ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury 7cont9u$74 ,ars ,mori5di4--,( all ! block books kn[n to u1 ?is be>s ! palm = arti/ic m]it4 ,x is probable t ! ',ars ,mori5di' is ( lat] date ?an ! block books already describ$4 ,mr4 ,george ,bull5 7,holbe9 ,society1 ',ars ,mori5di1' #ahha1 p4 #d7 0 ( op9ion t ! fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ at ,cologne 9 ,g]many ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,o!rs say t ! qu>to edition is ! e>li]4 ,! illu/rations belong to ! l[] ,rh5i% ,s*ool1 :i*1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 influ5c$ by ! /yle ( ,rog] van d] ,weyde1 & probably also by ! "w ( "s ( ! pupils ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,!re are elev5 woodcuts1 ab\t eight & a-half in*es1 by five & a-half in*es1 )\t includ+ ! frame-l9es1 pr9t$ on sep>ate pages1 & ?irte5 pages ( text1 all impress$ on "o side only ( ! pap]4 ,five ( ! pictures repres5t a sick man 9 b$ tempt$ by devils--,i4 ,to ,unbelief2 ,,ii4 ,to ,despair & ,suicide2 ,,iii4 ,to ,impati5ce ( ,good ,advice2 ,,iv4 ,to ,va+lory2 & ,v4 ,to ,av>ice4 ,9 ! five opposite pictures ! sick man is att5d$ by ,good ,angels1 :o refute ! argum5ts ( ! demons4 ,9 ! elev5? pr9t we witness ! dea? ( ! sick man4 ,! draw+s are some:at simil> 9 mann] to ! works ( ,rog] van d] ,weyde1 :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 #ba ,x 0 a "t :5 art 0 beg9n+ to awake f its long sleep1 & su* works z ! ',ars ,mori5di' 7 f> 9 advance ( any we "k ( belong+ to ! previ\s c5tury4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! illu/rations is f ! la/ temptation3 temptacio diaboli de av>icia1 & is probably int5d$ to be ! pres5tation ( a dream4 ,! sick man's b$ is on ! ro( ( 8 h\se6 ,a diabolus1 z tall z ! h\se1 po9ts to a y\?--possibly ! heir1 :o is lead+ a v ,flemi%-look+ horse into a doorway--& says1 ,int5de !sauro--take c>e ( y\r treasures4 ,! figures by ! b$side mu/ repres5t ! fa!r & "m1 wife1 si/]s1 & "y son ( ! dy+ man4 ,! diabolus on 8 "r says ,provideas amicis--',y may provide = y\r fri5ds4' ,! heads ( ! diaboli 9 ?is pr9t are m laughable ?an t]rible1 & sugge/ ! make-up ( a pantomime r ?an ! demons :o are mess5g]s ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,on ! next page an angel gives good c\nsel to ! dy+ man1 a figure ( ,*ri/ on ! cross is at 8 b$'s head1 & ! ,"m ( ,*ri/ blesses him4 ,a gr\p ( relations & fri5ds /ill att5d him1 & beside !m are %eep & ox54 ,9 ! =egr\nd an angel is driv+ away a man & woman1 :o are evid5tly 9 great grief1 & a cr\*+ demon says1 ,quid faciam--',:at c ,i d8' ,pictures l ?is appeal$ =cibly to ! m9ds ( ! laity 9 ! middle ages1 & 7 d\btless fully expla9$ to ! un$ucat$ by ! religi\s dwell]s 9 ! mona/]ies & conv5ts :i* at t "t ab\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,a reproduction ( ?is book 0 issu$ a few ye>s s9ce by ! ,holbe9 ,society4 ,! designs 7 copi$ 9 c>eful p5-&-ink draw+s by ,mr4 ,f4 ,price1 & ! text 0 translat$ & ! pictures describ$ by ,mr4 ,george ,bull51 :o also wrote a le>n$ preface1 enum]at+ ! v>i\s editions ( ! book :i* are kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ 9 diff]5t languages4 ,weigel pr9t$ a photographic reproduction ( ?is book 9 #ahfi4 #bb ,! ',ars ,mori5di' 0 ! mo/ popul> ( all ! block books4 ,be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury eight diff]5t editions _h be5 issu$1 sev5 ( !m 9 ,lat9 & "o 9 ,fr5*4 ,m4 ,passavant /ates t he _h met ) ?irty diff]5t imitations ( x issu$ 9 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,!re is b "o q p]fect copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is book kn[n1 & ?is =tunately is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 b\ght at ! ,weigel sale 9 ,leipsic 9 #ahgb = ! l>ge sum ( #a1jgb #ajs41 exclusive ( commission4 ,canticum ,canticorum4--,! ,*ur*'s ,love unto ,*ri/ prefigur$ 9 ',! ,song ( ,songs :i* is ,solomon's4' ,?is is a mu* m pleas+ book ?an ! ',apocalypsis4' ,! figures are m gracefully design$ & ! engrav] has %[n mu* m k ( 8 art2 ! indications ( %ad+ are 9 _m in/ances v happily giv54 ,x consi/s ( only sixte5 leaves ) two subjects1 "o above ! o!r on ea* leaf2 ea* picture is five in*es high by sev5 wide1 & is pr9t$ by means ( friction 9 d>k-br[n ink or di/emp]1 on ?ick pap]4 ,our illu/ration is f ! second leaf4 ,9 ! upp] subject we see ! ,bride & ,bridegroom conv]s+1 two maid5s att5d+4 ,! words on ! scroll on ! left are ,trahe me3 po/ te curremus 9 odorem ungu5torum tuorum1 ',draw me1 we w run aft] !e3 because ( ! sav\r ( ?y good o9tm5ts' 7,song ( ,solomon1 *4 i41 v4 #d & #c74 ,on ! scroll to ! "r1 ,sonet vox tua 9 auribus meis1 vox enim tua dulcis et facies tua decora1 ',let me he> ?y voice1 = sweet is ?y voice & ?y c\nt5ance is comely' 7,song ( ,solomon1 *4 ii41 v]se #ad74 ,9 ! l[] subject1 9 :i* ! ,bride is se5 seat$ by h] maid5s & ! ,bridegroom is /&+ ne>1 on ! left-h& scroll we read1 ,en dilectus meus loquitur mihi1 ,surge1 prop]a1 amica mea1 ',my belov$ spake & said unto me1 ,rise up1 my love1 my fair "o1 & come away' 7*4 ii41 v]se #aj72 & on ! "r1 ,quam pul*ra es amica mea1 quam pul*ra es6 oculi tui columb>um1 absque eo quod intr9secus latet1 ',h[ beautiful art ?\1 my love1 h[ beautiful art ?\6 ?y eyes are doves' eyes1 besides :at is hid )9' 7*4 iv4 #a74 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,,canticum ,,canticorum--,,second ,,leaf 7,mu* r$uc$7 #bd ,on ! six? leaf1 ! ,bride & ,bridegroom are eat+ grapes 9 a v9ey>d1 ?ree maid5s att5d+1 all seat$4 ,9 ! cut bel[1 ! ,bridegroom is /&+ outside a g>d5 wall ov] :i* ! ,bride is wat*+ him4 ,an angel is ent]+ ! gate1 o!r angels ) drawn swords are on ! wall4 ,x is suppos$ t ^! engrav+s 7 execut$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s3 ! female figures are said to be 9 ! co/ume ( ! ,c\rt ( ,burgundy6 ,!re are sev]al %ields ( arms to be f\nd 9 ?ree ( ! subjects1 & ^! h giv5 rise to long diss]tations by writ]s on h]aldry4 ,mr4 ,*atto's book has engrav+s ( eighte5 ( !m ) descriptions4 ,"o is ! %ield ( ,alsace1 ano!r ( ! h\se ( ,wrtemb]g1 a ?ird ( ! city ( ,ratisbon2 & ! cross-keys1 ! fleur-de-lis1 ! black spread-eagle1 & a rose 7mu* l our ,tudor rose71 may be se5 on o!rs4 ,sev]al copies ( ! ',canticum' h be5 f\nd1 col\r$ & uncol\r$4 ,two editions ( ! ,canticum ,canticorum are kn[n2 bo? appe> to h emanat$ f ,holl& & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & bo? be> cle> traces ( ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,! ,figure ,alphabet4--,9 ! ,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a curi\s little book 7six in*es by f\r in*es 9 size7 9 :i* ne>ly all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet are =m$ by grotesque figures ( m54 ,except t x 0 bequea!d to ! ,museum by ,sir ,george ,beaumont1 no "o kn[s any?+ ( its hi/ory2 b int]nal evid5ce w>rants u 9 attribut+ x to ! "w ( an engrav] ( ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! cuts are pr9t$ 9 a k9d ( sepia-col\r$ di/emp] :i* c be easily wip$ (f by means ( moi/ure4 ,!re is "o v curi\s ?+ connect$ ) ?is "w4 ,9 ! cut =m+ ! #be lett] ,l a "y man is lean+ on a sword1 on ! blade ( :i* is pla9ly writt5 ,london1 & on ! cloak ( ! y\? ly+ bel[ we read1 9 a curr5t h& usual at t date1 ! ^w ,be!m/$4 ,! figures1 grotesque z !y are1 7 drawn by a bett] arti/ ?an ^? :o design$ ! block books4 ,we "k t ! art ( engrav+ 0 9 a v l[ /ate 9 ,engl& at ! "t we are speak+ (2 we %\ld !re=e rejoice if we c\ld anyh[ prove t ^! v e>ly specim5s ( wood-cutt+ 7 done 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! lett] ,f1 :i* we h giv5 z an illu/ration1 v mu* r$uc$ f ! orig9al1 a tall man is bl[+ a v long trumpet2 a y\?1 b5d+ d[n to =m ! crot* ( ! lett]1 is beat+ a tabor2 :ile a nondescript animal lies c\*$ at 8 feet4 ,_m o!r block books exi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d1 ! ,sp5c] ,libr>y1 ,man*e/]1 & 9 ! l>ge libr>ies on ! ,cont95t besides ^? we h m5tion$4 ,"s 7 pr9t$1 long aft] ! introduction ( pr9t+1 9 ,v5ice & 9 ! cities ( ,l[] ,g]many4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury we h no record ( any examples ( wood-engrav+ ( an arti/ic k9d1 except1 z we h said1 ! designs on play+-c>ds1 & ! workman%ip ( ^!1 :e!r x 0 by woodcuts or by a /5cil-plate1 0 v crude4 ,! art really came into exi/5ce 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( t fam\s fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 scores ( m5 at t "t :o c\ld c>ve excell5tly well 9 /one or wood1 or :o c\ld design #bf & make beautiful jewels1 & "s ( ^! m51 probably monks 9 _! mona/]ies1 z well z secul> craftsm51 drew & cut ! fir/ wood-engrav+4 ,no "o kn[s :o !y 74 ,up to ! ye> #adge ! orig9al me?od ( wood-cutt+ *ang$ v little2 ne>ly e pr9t 0 9 outl9e ) a ?ick & a ?9 l9e4 ,a few1 su* z ^? 9 ! ',ars ,mori5di1' _h a little %ad+ ( ! mo/ primitive k9d4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to be col\r$1 &1 among ! pr9ts t h be5 pres]v$1 exp]ts say !y c detect ! mann] ( col\r+ preval5t 9 ,upp] or ,l[] ,g]many1 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ces1 or ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury came a transition4 ,%ad+ 0 introduc$ & ev5 cross-hat*+ 0 execut$ by ! be/ wood-engrav]s ( ! "t4 ,! art took1 z x 71 a sudd5 b\nd1 & 9 a few ye>s atta9$ a height :i* we at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f9d x h>d to excel4 ,b ( ?is we mu/ speak 9 a future *apt]4 ,ars ,memor&i4--,?is v curi\s book--mu* m curi\s ?an beautiful--conta9s fifte5 designs & ! same numb] ( pages ( engrav$ text4 ,! designs are int5d$ to assi/ ! memory 9 read+ ! ,gospels1 & p]haps to assi/ ! fri>s 9 prea*+ to ! p4 ,to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 ) :i* ! book beg9s1 !re are ?ree cuts allott$1 & z _m pages ( text2 to ,/4 ,mat!w five cuts & five pages ( text2 to ,/4 ,m>k1 ?ree cuts & ?ree pages ( text2 & to ,/4 ,luke1 f\r cuts & f\r pages ( text4 ,9 e pr9t an allegorical figure is repres5t$2 an eagle symbolical ( ,/4 ,john1 an angel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 a lion ( ,/4 ,m>k1 & an ox ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,! fir/ cut is int5d$ to repres5t1 figuratively1 ! fir/ six *apt]s ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,an upright eagle1 ) spread w+s & claws1 has ?ree human heads--t ( ! ,sa9t ) a dove above x is 9 ! middle1 ! head #bg ( ,*ri/ is on its "r1 & t ( ,moses on its left4 ,a lute1 f :i* ?ree bells dep5d1 lies across ! eagle's brea/2 ?is is suppos$ to ref] to ! ,m>riage 9 ,cana1 & a little num]al tells u t ! acc\nt ( x is 9 ! second *apt]4 ,betwe5 ! outspread claws is a bucket surm\nt$ by a cr[n4 ,^! are symbolical ( ! ,well ( ,sam>ia & ! ,nobleman's son at ,cap]naum 9 *apt] iv4 ,on ! b5d ( ! eagle's outspread "r w+ is a fi% & ! num]al #e1 ref]r+ to ! ,pool ( ,be!sda 9 *apt] v41 & on ! left w+ are five b>ley loaves & two small fi%es1 & a small #f1 ref]r+ to ! p>able ( ! loaves & fi%es 9 ! six? *apt]4 ,?is v s+ul> book mu/ h be5 a great fav\rite ) ! prie/s1 & p]haps ) ! laity1 = x 0 repr9t$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,x appe>s to h be5 ( ,g]man orig94 ,( ! o!r block books m5tion$ 9 *apt] ii4 x w\ld be t$i\s to give an acc\nt2 !y are v simil> to ^? we h j describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 #bh ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,speculum ,,human ,,salvationis ,hi/orians tell u t 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! cities ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 ! mo/ popul\s & ! ri*e/ 9 all ,we/]n ,europe4 ,bruges1 ,gh5t1 ,lige & ,brussels by _! manufactures1 & ,antw]p by h] comm]ce1 9 :i* %e rivall$ ,v5ice1 _h become celebrat$ = _! great weal?1 ! gr&eur ( _! rul]s1 & ! magnific5ce ( _! great ,guilds4 ,! m nor!rn t[ns1 too1 ,am/]dam1 ,ha>lem1 & ,utre*t1 & _m cities ( ,g]many1 su* z ,m5tz1 ,cologne1 ,/rasburg1 ,nrnb]g1 ,augsburg1 & ,basel1 7 ri* & prosp]\s4 ,x 0 among ^! cities t ! si/] arts ( pr9t+ & wood-engrav+ fir/ fl\ri%$4 ,f und\bt$ evid5ce accumulat$ by ! pati5ce & lab\r ( _m bibliograph]s1 x appe>s t ! art ( pr9t+ by means ( movable type 0 n inv5t$ by any "o man1 b 0 ! result ( a gradual developm5t ( ! art ( engrav+4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z 9 ! n9ete5?1 !re 0 an ev]-gr[+ dem& = s*ool books4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ^! 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! ',donatus1' a gramm> s call$ f ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,!re 0 also a ,lat9 ,delectus call$ a ',ca?o4' ,^! 7 *eap books & 7 usually pr9t$ f engrav$ wood blocks4 ,^! & ! block books already describ$ 7 contempor>y1 & ! imm$iate =]unn]s ( sep>ate types4 7,see ,blades1 ',p5tateu* ( ,pr9t+1' p4 #ab47 #bi ,9 c]ta9 editions ( ! ',speculum' !re are to be se5 woodcuts pr9t$ 9 ink ( "o col\r & text 9 ink ( ano!r col\r1 f metal movable types4 ,^! types are rude 9 ! extreme1 f> m s ?an ! ,g]man ,indulg5ce ( #aded1 ! v e>lie/ kn[n dat$ piece ( pr9t+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,donatuses 7 at fir/ pr9t$ f wood blocks1 bo? 9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 b !re is n a s+le ,dut* block-book ,donatus kn[n1 :ile !re are "s n9ete5 or tw5ty e>ly type-pr9t$ ,dut* ,donatuses already catalogu$4 ,!re=e x appe>s likely t ,gut5b]g simply develop$ ! process :i* _h already be5 = "s "t 9 use 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries = ,donatuses & simil> books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,speculum ,,human ,,salvationis ,! fir/ book ( importance t 0 pr9t$ at a press #cj & f movable type 0 ! celebrat$ ,bible#b :i* ,gut5b]g produc$ at ,m5tz ab\t ! ye> #adee4 ,ab\t ! same "t x is ass]t$ t ,laur5t ,janszoon ,co/] ( ,ha>lem issu$ ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 & mu* discussion has ris5 z to :i* book has ! prior claim4 ,! ,dut* insi/ on ,co/] z be+ ! proto-pr9t]2 ! ,g]mans n only ass]t ! claim ( ,gut5b]g b say t ,co/] is a my?6 ,! controv]sy is /ill c>ri$ on & !re is little likelihood t x w ev] be decid$4 ,9 ! ye> #adfb !re 0 a small revolution 9 ,m5tz1 ow+ to ! rival claims ( two ,ar*bi%ops1 & ! city 0 sack$4 ,! pr9t]s 9 ! employm5t ( ,gut5b]g & 8 p>tn]s1 ,fu/ & ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 7 scatt]$ 9 e direction4 ,fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds pr9t+-presses 7 to be f\nd 9 e l>ge city ( ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s1 z well z 9 ,italy & ,france2 & ab\t #adgg1 ,caxton set up 8 fir/ press 9 ! prec9cts ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis--',! ,mirror ( ,man's ,salvation4'--,?is 0 ! fir/ book1 pr9t$ f type1 t _h wood engrav+s4 ,x is a small folio conta9+ fifty-eight cuts1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ into two subjects1 inclos$ 9 an ar*itectural frame1 9 :i* is ! title 9 ,lat94 ,! cuts are plac$ at ! head ( ! pages1 ( :i* !y occupy "o-?ird4 ,x is to be notic$ t1 ?\gh ! cuts are all pr9t$ 9 br[n ink1 ! text b5ea? !m is pr9t$ 9 black3 probably because ! pr9ts 7 to be col\r$4 ,! arrangem5t & scope ( ?is "w are mu* l ^? ( ! ',biblia ,paup]um'2 ! subjects are tak5 f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 includ+ ! ,apocrypha1 & a few are f classic hi/ory4 ,! illu/rations are f ! fir/ page3 ,casus #ca ,lucif]i--',! ,fall ( ,lucif]'--& ,deus creavit hom9em ad ymag9em et similitud9em suam--',god creat$ ,man aft] ,8 own image & lik5ess4' ,illu/ration3 ,,speculum3 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,lucif] 7,size ( ! orig9al cut7 #cb ,we see t ! arts ( draw+ & engrav+ _h improv$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ',biblia ,paup]um4' ,! figures are 9 bett] proportion3 9 _m ( ! designs ! folds ( ! dress fall m gracefully & ! %ad+ is m arti/ically done4 ,!re are f\r fifte5?-c5tury editions ( ?is "w kn[n1 two ) ! text 9 ,dut*1 & two 9 ,lat94 ,?ree editions are pr9t$ entirely ) movable type1 :ile "p ( ! f\r?--! second ,lat9 edition--is c]ta9ly f engrav$ blocks4 ,no "o c tell ! reason ( ?is curi\s anomaly--we c only conjecture4 ,exp]ts tell ! v>i\s editions by ! /ate ( ! cuts2 :5 ^! are unblemi%$1 x is assum$ t !y are ( ! fir/ edition2 :5 a few ( ! l9es ( ! cuts are brok51 x is suppos$ t !y belong to ! second edition2 :5 _m are brok51 to ! ?ird edition1 & s on4 ,mr4 ,woodb]y#c has s graphically describ$ ! ',speculum' t we _c d bett] ?an quote 8 words3 ',a :ole s]ies ne$s to be look$ at be=e "o c appreciate ! int]e/ :i* ^! designs h 9 indicat+ ! subjects on :i* imag9ation & ?\ght 7 !n ex]cis$1 & ! modes 9 :i* !y 7 ex]cis$4 ,symbolism & my/icism p]vade ! :ole4 ,all nature & hi/ory seem to h exi/$ only to prefigure ! life ( ! ,savi\r3 imag9ation & ?\ght hov] ab\t ,him1 & take col\r1 %ape1 & light only f t c5tral =m2 ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! hi/ories ( ,david1 ,samson1 & ,jonah1 ! massacres1 victories1 & miracles !re record$1 =e%ad[1 z x 7 9 p>ables1 ! n>rative ( ! ,gospels2 ! temple1 ! alt>1 & ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 all ! furni%+s & obs]vances ( ! ,jewi% ritual1 reveal occult mean+s2 ! g>d5 ( ,solomon's ,song1 & ! s5tim5t ( ! ,bridegroom & ! ,bride :o w&] 9 x1 are int]pret$1 sometimes 9 graceful or ev5 poetic feel+1 "u ! inspiration ( my/ical devotion2 old k+s ( pagan ,a!ns are trans=m$ into witnesses ( ,*ri/1 &1 ) ! ,sibyl ( ,rome1 atte/ spiritual tru?4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,grief ,,( ,,hannah 7,f ! ,cologne ,bible7 #cd ,?is book & o!rs l x are mirrors ( ! ecclesia/ical m9d2 !y picture ! pr9cipal intellectual life ( ! ,middle ,ages2 !y %[ ! s\rces ( t deep feel+ 9 ! e>li] ,dut* arti/s :i* gave dignity & sweetness to _! works4 ,ev5 9 ! rud5ess ( ^! books1 9 ! texts z well z 9 ! designs1 !re is a navet1 an op5ness & fre%ness ( nature1 a confid5ce 9 limit$ exp]i5ce & contract$ vision1 :i* make ! sight ( ^! cuts z *>m+ z conv]sation ) "o :o _h nev] he>d ( ,am]ica or dream$ ( ,lu!r1 & :o w\ld h f\nd mod]n life a puzzle & an (f5ce4 ,! au?or ( ! ,speculum lam5ts ! evils :i* fell ^u man 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 & rec\nts !m3 bl9dness1 deafness1 lam5ess1 floods1 fire1 pe/il5ce1 wild bea/s1 & law-suits 79 su* ord] he arranges !m72 & he ends ! long li/ ) ?is la/ & heavie/ evil1 t m5 %\ld presume to ask :y ,god will$ to create man1 ^: fall ,he =esaw2 :y ,he will$ to create ! angels1 ^: ru9 ,he =eknew2 :]e=e ,he h>d5$ ! he>t ( ,ph>aoh1 & s(t5$ ! he>t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e unto rep5tance2 :]e=e ,he made ,pet] contrite1 :o _h d5i$ ,him ?rice1 b all[$ ,judas to despair 9 8 s92 :]e=e ,he gave grace to "o ?ief1 & c>$ n to give grace to 8 companion4 ,:at mod]n man c fully realise ! m5tal condition ( ?is poet1 :o ?us weeps ov] ! temptation to ask ^! que/ions1 z ! supreme & dire/ curse :i* ,div9e v5geance all[s to ov]take ! p]v]se *ildr5 ( ?is _w8' ,by f> ! mo/ excell5t book issu$ ab\t ?is "t is ,! ,psalt]1 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g's =m] p>tn]s1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 at ,m5tz 9 #adei4 ,! initial lett]s1 :i* are pr9t$ 9 r$ & blue & ! ,go?ic type1 all ( :i* are 9 exact imitation ( ! be/ manuscripts1 c\ld n be excell$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! book belongs m to ! ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 b on acc\nt ( its beautiful initial lett]s1 :i*1 x is said1 7 drawn & engrav$ by ,s*oeff]1 we feel con/ra9$ to notice x4 #ce ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,,to ,,breyd5ba*',s ,,travels 7,mu* r$uc$7 #cf ,a ,book ( ,fables issu$ f ! press ( ,albre*t ,pfi/]1 ( ,bamb]g1 9 #adfa1 may be m5tion$ z a v e>ly "w 9 :i* woodcuts & type 7 pr9t$ toge!r2 x is a small folio ( tw5ty-eight leaves1 conta9+ eighty-five fables 9 rhyme 9 ! old ,g]man language1 illu/rat$ ) a hundr$ & "o cuts4 ,!y are ( little m]it & %[ no advancem5t 9 ! art ( wood-engrav+4 ,! only kn[n copy ( ?is book1 :i* is 9 ! ,wolf5bttel ,libr>y1 0 tak5 away by ! ,fr5* "u ,napoleon's ord]s & add$ to ! ,biblio?que ,nationale2 x 0 re/or$ at ! surr5d] ( ,p>is 9 #ahae4 ,we _c give a li/ ( all ! books conta9+ woodcuts t 7 issu$ 9 ,g]many at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 _! "n is legion4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 m5tion two or ?ree ( ! mo/ important4 ,9 ! ,cologne ,bible1 pr9t$ ab\t ! ye> #adge1 !re are "o hundr$ & n9e cuts1 "o ( :i* we give z an example2 !y are ab\t equal 9 m]it to ^? 9 ! ',biblia ,paup]um1' b %[ no improvem5t4 ,! subject ( ! cut is ',! ,grief ( ,hannah4' ,we see ,elkanah & 8 two wives1 ,hannah & ,p59nah1 9 a room f :i* ! arti/ has oblig+ly tak5 away "o ( ! sides4 ,9 ! ,nrnb]g ,bible1 pr9t$ 9 #adhb1 we f9d ! same set ( cuts4 ,! ,nrnb]g ,*ronicle1 (t5 quot$ z an example ( e>ly ,g]man wood-engrav+1 is a folio volume conta9+ m ?an two ?\s& cuts1 :i* include views ( cities1 portraits ( sa9ts & o!r holy m51 sc5es f ,biblical & pr(ane hi/ory1 & a great _m o!r subjects1 produc$1 we are told1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mi*ael ,wolgemu? & ,william ,pleyd5wurff1 'ma!matical m5 skill$ 9 ! art ( pa9t+4' ,! same head does duty = ! portrait ( a doz5 or m hi/orians or poets--! #cg same portrait is giv5 to _m milit>y h]oes--! sa9ts are treat$ 9 ! same way1 & ev5 ! same view s]ves = sev]al diff]5t cities4 ,! cuts are bold] & m full ( col\r ?an any we h _h be=e1 & s f> may be said to be 9 advance1 & ?is we mu/ put d[n to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,wolgemu?1 :o 0 an arti/ ( repute4 ,*atto says !y are ! mo/ ta/eless & wor?less ?+s t are to be f\nd 9 any book1 anci5t or mod]n--b ?is is too sweep+ an ass]tion4 ,! "w 0 compil$ by ,h>tman ,s*$el1 a physician ( ,nrnb]g1 & pr9t$ 9 t city by ,an?ony ,koburg] 9 #adic4 ,! mo/ important book ( ?is "t1 s f> z ! woodcuts are conc]n$1 is a ,lat9 edition ( ,breyd5ba*'s ,travels1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 folio by ,erh>d ,reuwi* 9 ,m5tz 9 #adhf4 ,we give a mu* r$uc$ copy ( ! frontispiece1 :i* is )\t d\bt ! be/ example ( wood-engrav+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is cut we see = ! fir/ "t cross-hat*+ us$ 9 ! %ad[s1 9 ! folds ( ! drap]y ( ! pr9cipal figure--,sa9t ,ca!r9e1 :o is ! patroness ( le>n$ m5--9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! %ields & b5ea? ! top "p ( ! frame4 ,b]n>d de ,breyd5ba*1 :o 0 a canon ( ! ca!dral ( ,m5tz1 0 accompani$ 9 8 travels to ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem & ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e on ,m\nt ,s9ai by ,john1 ,c\nt ( ,solms & ,"l ( ,m9tz5b]g1 & ,philip de ,bick51 ,knight4 ,! arms ( ! ?ree travell]s are giv5 9 ! cut ) ! names b5ea? !m4 ,besides ! frontispiece !re are _m o!r good engrav+s 9 ?is volume--a picture ( ,v5ice1 five feet long & t5 in*es high2 views ( ,corfu1 ,modon1 9 ,s\!rn ,greece1 & ! c\ntry r\nd ,j]usalem4 ,!re are also _m pictures ( animals1 su* z a giraffe1 a unicorn1 a salam&]1 a camel1 & a creature some?+ l an ouran-outang4 ,travell]s saw wond]ful ?+s 9 ^? days6 ,x is a great pity t we d n "k ! names ( ! arti/s #ch :o drew & engrav$ ! cuts 9 ?is mo/ int]e/+ book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bibliomaniac ,f ',navis ,/ultif]a' 7,! ,%ip ( ,fools7 ,j at ! close ( ! c5tury we f9d ! fir/ humor\s conception ( ,g]man arti/s 9 ! illu/rations ( ! ,navis ,/ultif]a 7,%ip ( ,fools71 writt5 by ,seba/ian ,br&t & pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #adig4 ,?is v bold & orig9al "w _h an imm5se success & 0 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,e page is adorn$ ) ! antics ( cl[ns & m5 9 fools' caps & bells1 9 c>icature ( "s absurdity1 & ! bibliomaniac is n sp>$3 ',i h ! fir/ place among fools1' he is made to say2 ',i h heaps ( books :i* ,i #ci r>ely op54 ,if ,i read !m ,i =get !m & am no wis]4' ,z w be se5 by ! cut1 ?\gh ! p]spective ( ! draughtsman is n to be prais$1 ! "w ( ! engrav] is excell5t2 ! f95ess ( ! l9es is new to u & ! %ad[s are well treat$4 ,notice also ! b9d+s ( ! books1 ) _! bosses1 h+es1 & clasps2 ne>ly all are folios1 & f\r or five are ornam5t$ ) ! same patt]n4 ,! decoration at ! side is evid5tly copi$ f an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,) ?is book we may fitly close our notice ( ,g]man wood-engrav+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 #dj ,,*apt] ,v ,,on ,,wood-,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,italy ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,al?\gh at ?is "t ,g]many took ! lead ( all ,european c\ntries s f> z ! illu/rations ( pr9t$ books are conc]n$1 ! transition f ,g]man to ,italian art is l ! *ange f ! /rong bleak w9ds ( ! ,nor? to ! balmy air & sunny skies ( ! ,s\?4 ,we are aw>e ( ! diff]5ce bo? ( climate & ( art 9 a mom5t3 ! v fir/ picture pres5t$ to u reveals x4 ,! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury c\ld n take up a h&icraft )\t mak+ x a f9e art4 ,"h is a title-page ( a folio ,,kal5d>io produc$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! ye> #adgf4 ,?is is ! fir/ title-page on :i* ! cont5ts ( ! book1 ! "n ( ! au?or1 ! impr9t ( ! publi%]s1 :o 7 also ! pr9t]s1 & ! date ( ! issue ( ! book1 7 ev] giv54 ,m>k ! decoration4 ,?\gh ! publi%]s 7 ,g]mans1 ! arti/ :o drew ?is bord] mu/ h be5 an ,italian2 & probably ! engrav] 0 an ,italian also1 = ! book 0 produc$ at ,v5ice4 ,! "* ( ! design sugge/s ! "w ( an illum9ator4 ,! introduction ( ! pr9t+-press mu/ h int]f]$ sadly ) ! writ] ( manuscripts & 8 bro!r ! illum9ator1 & bo? 7 d\btless glad to avail !mselves ( ! new art4 ,! manuscript writ] may h turn$ compositor1 & ! illum9ator may h be5 trans=m$ into a book decorator4 #da ,illu/ration3 ,,title-,,page ,,( ,a ,,folio ,,kal5d>io ,,by ,,joanne ,,de ,,monte ,,regio1 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,v5ice ,,9 #adgf 7mu* r$uc$7 ,we h be=e u a facsimile ( a cut call$ ',! ,triumph ( ,love1' :i* appe>$ z "o ( ! illu/rations ( ,,triumphi ,,del ,,petr>ca1 a book pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice1 9 #adhh4 ,a man1 seat$ ) 8 h&s b\nd beh9d him1 is ti$ ) a rope to a triumphal c> :i* is drawn by f\r horses2 on a ball ( fire1 :i* rises f ! c>1 a bl9dfold$ ,cupid is %oot+ an arr[ 7app>5tly at ! ne> lead]72 a great cr[d ( m5 & wom51 among :om we see a k+ & a mitr$ bi%op1 foll[ & surr\nd ! c>1 & on a di/ant hill we behold ,petr>* conv]s+ ) 8 fri5d4 ,!re are two rabbits fe$+ calmly 9 ! #db =egr\nd1 not)/&+ ! dang] ( ! horses' ho(s1 & ! usual conv5tional designs = grass & fl[]s4 ,! gr\ndwork ( ! bord] ( ?is curi\s pr9t is black1 ) an ,italian design c>efully cut out 9 :ite1 ) b little %ad[4 ,f ! wav9ess ( _m ( ! l9es :i* %\ld be /raight1 we ?9k ?is pr9t mu/ be f an engrav+ on metal4 ,( all ! wood-engrav+s execut$ 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 none c comp>e 9 excell5ce ) ^? 9 ! ,,hypn]otoma*ia ,,poliphili 7,dream ( ,poliphilo7 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice1 by ,aldus1 9 #adii4d ,!re are1 9 all1 "o hundr$ & n9ety-two subjects1 ( :i* eighty-six relate to my?ology & anci5t hi/ory1 fifty-f\r are pictures ( processions & emblematic figures1 ?irty-six are ar*itectural & ornam5tal1 & sixte5 vases & /atues4 ,!y h be5 attribut$ to _m diff]5t arti/s1 ! mo/ probable ( :om is ,c>paccio4 ,! subject ( ! ',hypn]otoma*ia' has be5 describ$ z a ',conte/ betwe5 ,imag9ation & ,love'2 x is a curi\s m$ley ( all k9ds ( fable1 hi/ory1 ar*itecture1 ma!matics1 & o!r matt]s1 season$ ) sugge/ions :i* d n reflect cr$it on ! moral p]ceptions ( its au?or1 a ,dom9ican monk1 nam$ ,francesco ,colonna4 ,an en?usia/ic admir] ( ?is book ?us poetically describes x3 ',!re is1 p]haps1 no volume :]e ! exub]ant vig\r ( t age is m cle>ly %[n1 or :]e ! objects = :i* t age 0 impassion$ are m gl[+ly describ$4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,poliphilo ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5 ,f ',hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1' pr9t$ by ,aldus at ,v5ice 9 #adii ,! romantic & fanta/ic rhapsody mirrors e aspect ( nature & art 9 :i* ! ,italians !n took delight--peaceful l&scape1 :]e riv]s fl[ by fl[]-/>r$ banks & ?r\gh bird-haunt$ woods2 noble ar*itecture & exquisite sculpture1 #dd ! music ( s(t in/rum5ts1 ! ru9s ( antiquity1 ! leg5ds ( old my?ology1 ! motions ( ! dance1 ! elegance ( ! banquet1 spl5d\r ( app>el1 c\rtesy ( mann]s1 ev5 ! manuscript1 ) its cov] ( purple velvet s[n ) ,ea/]n pe>ls--ev]y?+ t 0 c>$ = & s\ght 9 t "t :5 ! gloom ( asceticism lift$ & disclos$ ! wide prospect ( ! _w ly+1 z x 71 9 ! lovel9ess ( daybreak4' ,b x is m on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( ! cuts ?an ! poetry ( ! au?or t ?is book has be5 s mu* admir$ & s frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,our illu/ration %[s u :]e ,poliphilo 9 8 dream visits a bevy ( fair maid5s 9 a g>d54 ,^! nymphs are n v beautiful1 b1 ?\gh !y h su* high wai/s1 rem>k h[ gracefully _! figures are drawn1 & look at ! action & ! drap]y ( ! damsel runn+ away4 ,! engrav+ is1 )\t d\bt1 an exact facsimile ( ! arti/'s draw+2 ! l9es are cle> & crisp1 & are evid5tly ! "w ( a practis$ h&4 ,! draw+ ( ! gateway & trees is simply conv5tional4 ,we are sorry t we h n room = m ( ! illu/rations ( ?is rem>kable "w4 ,9 ^! e>ly books x seems to h be5 nobody's bus9ess to record ! "n ( ! engrav] :o produc$ ! illu/rations1 &1 al?\gh ! pr9t]'s "n is g5]ally v conspicu\s 9 ! colophon1 ! arti/'s "n r>ely1 if ev]1 appe>s4 ,b ! "w ( c]ta9 ma/]s ( c]ta9 s*ools is g5]ally recognis$ ) ease1 ei!r by "s peculi>ity ( mann]1 or by "s p>ticul> m>k4 ,?us "o arti/1 :o1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ a few books pr9t$ 9 ,italy1 is kn[n z '! ma/] ( ! dolph91' because 9 mo/ ( 8 "w ?is fi% appe>s among ! decorations4 ,ano!r is kn[n to u only by ! "n ( '! illu/rator ( ! ,poliphilus1' t qua9t romance ( ,colonna :i* has tak5 a pr\d place 9 lit]ature1 n = its own intr9sic m]its1 b #de r on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( its woodcuts1 ! "n ( ^: au?or is /ill a matt] ( conjecture4 ,we may "h say a few words ab\t ,aldo ,manuzio1 bett] kn[n 9 ,engl& by 8 ,lat9is$ "n1 ,aldus ,manutius1 ! celebrat$ pr9t]1 & "s ( ! o!r e>ly pr9t]s ( ,v5ice4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to set up a press 9 ,v5ice 0 ,nicolas ,j5son1 a ,fr5*man1 :o _h work$ at ,m5tz1 & :o 0 ! fir/ to cut & introduce ,roman type su* z is n[ 9 use4 ,at 8 dea? 8 bus9ess & plant 7 b\ght by a ri* man1 ,&rea ,torresano1 ( ,asola1 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on successfully4 ,aldo ,manuzio1 :o 0 born at ,s]moneta1 a village ne> ,velletri1 9 #adej1 receiv$ an excell5t education1 especially 9 ,greek2 & ! celebrat$ ,pico da ,mir&ola made him tutor to 8 nephews1 ,alb]to & ,leon>do ,pio1 ,lords ( ,c>pi4 ,alb]to ,pio1 "u 8 ma/]'s tra9+1 became a great lov] ( lit]ature2 & :5 ,aldo conceiv$ ! idea ( />t+ a pr9t+-press1 ! "y "l advanc$ him ! necess>y funds1 & gave him a h\se 9 ,v5ice ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,sant' ,ago/9o4 ,aldo !n m>ri$ a daught] ( ,torresano1 & ! two pr9t+ bus9esses 7 jo9$ & c>ri$ on toge!r "u ,aldo's direction4 ,8 h\se1 we are told1 0 a v]itable colony2 besides ! compositors' rooms & ! press-rooms1 he _h closets = press-read]s & /udios = ! special use ( le>n$ au?ors4 ,! fir/ 'pr9t]'s devil' 0 a little negro boy :o _h be5 br\ght by "o ( ! m5 f ,greece4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! wood-engrav]s ( ,flor5ce 7 celebrat$ = beautiful book illu/rations 9 a di/9ct /yle4 ,^? 9 ! ,,quatro ,,reggie1 ,flor5ce1 #aejh1 are typical examples2 _! *ief *>act]i/ics are1 great bread?2 masses ( :ite & black #df ev5ly balanc$2 & ! frequ5t use ( :ite l9es out ( masses ( black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,teobaldo ,,manuzio--,,kn[n ,,z ,,aldus1 ,,pr9t] ,,at ,,v5ice ,"s ( ! f9e bord]s to ^! e>ly ,italian wood-engrav+s owe _! di/9ctive "* to e>li] "w ( #dg engrav]s on metal4 ,?us ! bord]s r\nd ! illu/rations ( ! ,v5ice folio ( #adia ( ! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,petr>* seem to be direct copies ( engrav+s 9 metal by ,filippo ,lippi4 ,! masses ( :ite on a black backgr\nd are v effective1 & ! /r5g? ( ! col\r increases ! effect ( ! picture :i* ! bord] surr\nds4 ,betwe5 #adgd & #aeab ,aldus pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t ! works ( ?irty-?ree ,greek au?ors4 ,! works ( ,ari/otle1 br\ght out 9 f\r volumes1 occupi$ ?ree ye>s4 ,a le>n$ ,greek1 ,musurus ( ,crete1 correct$ ! pro(s1 9 :i* ,aldus himself assi/$4 ,! workm5 7 ne>ly all ,greeks4 ,! ,greek type 0 copi$ f ! h&writ+ ( ,musurus1 & ! ,italian1 kn[n z ! ,ald9e1 f ! writ+s ( ,petr>*2 ?is 0 cut by ! celebrat$ arti/-goldsmi?1 ,francia ( ,bologna4 ,! ,ald9e edition ( ,virgil 7#aeja71 n[ exce$+ly r>e1 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ?is ,italic type4 ,not)/&+ all 8 le>n+1 en]gy1 & philan?ropy1 ,aldus did n succe$ 9 8 bus9ess4 ,_m ( 8 books 7 pirat$1 w>s & insurrections int]rupt$ him1 ! ,league ( ,cambray caus$ him to close 8 works f #aejf to #aeaj1 & he sold 8 books at a rate too *eap to be remun]ative4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ edition ( ,,sop',s ,,fables1 :i* appe>$ at ,v]ona z e>ly z #adha1 & 0 repr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adia1 conta9s _m excell5t engrav+s inclos$ 9 ornam5tal bord]s1 ?or\ghly ,italian 9 "*4 ,! figures are n unlike ^? 9 ! ',hypn]otoma*ia1' & we c readily imag9e t !y 7 drawn by ! same arti/1 :o has giv5 u little m ?an outl9es1 :i* ! engrav] has well cut 9 facsimile4 ,! fable ( ',! ,jackdaw & ! ,peacock' is p>ticul>ly well done4 ,an edition ( ,,ovid',s ,,metamorphoses appe>$ also at ?is "t ) tol]ably good illu/rations n s well engrav$4 ,!re are "s curi\s little cuts 9 ! ,,epi/ole ,,di ,,san ,,hi]onymo ,,volg>e1 publi%$ 9 ,f]r>a 9 #adig1 :i* #dh are m valuable = _! orig9ality ?an _! beauty1 ei!r ( draw+ or engrav+4 ,! book 0 evid5tly int5d$ = ! use ( ! illit]ate1 to :om ! quality ( ! pictures laid be=e !m 0 ( little consequ5ce if !y told ! /ory t 0 meant = !m to read ) _! eyes4 ,! homely sc5e ( ,*ri/ appe>+ l a ,g>d5] ) a hoe on ,8 %\ld]1 address+ ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 an ,italian p]gola1 w\ld appeal to _! feel+s mu* m directly ?an ! ,transfiguration ( ,raphael4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bootmak]',s ,,%op ,f ! ',decam]on1' pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #adib ,we d n f9d record ( any o!r important wood-engrav+s 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,italy at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,presses ab\nd$ ev]y:]e1 *iefly manag$ by ,g]mans2 !re 0 sc>cely an important t[n 9 ,italy )\t a pr9t]2 few illu/rat$ books1 h[ev]1 7 issu$ at ?is "t4 ,an edition ( ,boccaccio's #di ',,decam]on1' ) _m excell5t cuts1 "o ( :i*1 repres5t+ a bootmak]'s %op1 we give z an illu/ration1 0 pr9t$ by ! bro!rs ,gregorio at ,v5ice 9 #adib4 ,& !re are "s illu/rations 9 a book call$ ',,fiore ,,di ,,virt1' :i* appe>$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! same ye>1 t may be prais$ = ! "w ( ! wood-engrav]1 ?\gh ! design] %[s a sad ignorance ( ! laws ( p]spective & proportion4 ,& we h be=e u an illu/ration to a poem by ,,poliziano1 9 :i* ,giuliano dei ,m$ici is kneel+ be=e ! alt> ( ! goddess ,m9]va1 :]e we see graceful draw+ by ! arti/ & fairly good engrav+4 ,x #ej 0 pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce1 b ! type be>s no comp>ison ) ! beauty ( ! ,ald9e books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,,to ,a ',,t]5ce1' ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,lyons ,,9 #adic ,! love ( col\r1 :i* is born 9 all ,italians1 l$ !m to develop a process ( mak+ pictures 9 *i>oscuro--by pr9t+ sev]al wood-blocks "o ^u ano!r1 ea* block giv+ a sep>ate t9t4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n col\r-pr9t+4 ,! inv5tion ( ! new process 0 claim$ by ,ugo da ,c>pi1 :o reproduc$ sev]al ( ! designs ( ,raphael4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury we f9d pictures pr9t$ 9 f\r diff]5t col\rs--try+ to imitate wat]-col\r1 or1 r1 di/emp] draw+s4 7,see p4 #ii47 ,at ,lyons1 ab\t ! same "t1 !re 0 an illu/rat$ edition ( ',,t]5ce' publi%$1 ) well-execut$ woodcuts1 f :i* we are able to give only ! frontispiece1 ',! ,au?or writ+ 8 book4' ,x is suffici5t to %[ t ! engrav+ is ! "w ( a practis$ h&4 99 99 99 99 99 #ea ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,9 ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,be=e we beg9 our brief hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,france x w be well to speak ( ! te*nical "p ( ! new art 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we h already /at$ t ! engrav+ ( ! ',/4 ,*ri/oph]' & o!r l>ge pr9ts 7 cut ) a knife on planks ( apple or pe> or o!r close-gra9$ wood2 b !re has always be5 mu* d\bt ab\t ! small book illu/rations :i* appe>$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries q at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! discov]y1 h[ev]1 ( "s engrav$ blocks ( metal solv$ ! difficulty4 ,9 ^? days work]s 9 metal 7 to be f\nd 9 all l>ge t[ns2 ! age ( m\ld+ & ca/+ ev]y?+ t c\ld be ca/ _h n !n arriv$3 ( c\rse1 co9s & m$als 7 made 9 ! f\ndry2 b h&work ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d on metal 0 z common z wood-c>v+ = ! *ur*es4 ,exp]ts h discov]$ twi/$ l9es 9 "s ( ! old pr9ts2 a l9e 9 a woodcut may easily be brok5 b x c h>dly be b5t1 & x is n[ ass]t$ t _m ( ! woodcuts1 includ+ ! beautiful initial lett]s 9 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]'s ',psalt]1' 7 really engrav$ on metal4 ,! view ( ,london at ! head ( ! fir/ page ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news is1 we are told1 cut 9 brass2 ,mulready's well-kn[n envelope1 engrav$ on brass by ! celebrat$ wood-engrav]1 ,john ,?ompson1 may be se5 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum2 & scores ( o!r examples ( metalwork ( ?is k9d might be cit$4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5ts ,,f ',,heures ,a ,l',,usaige ,,de ,,*>tre' 7,publi%$ by ,vo/re7 ,& !re is no d\bt t ! fam\s illu/rations ( ! ,missal1 or ',book ( ,h\rs1' issu$ 9 ,p>is betwe5 #adij & #aebj1 7 engrav$ on metal ( "s k9d1 p]haps on copp] or "s amalgam ( t9 & copp]4 ,!re 0 a metal kn[n z 'latt5' 9 ^? days1 & probably ! engrav+ 0 done on "s mat]ial ( ?is k9d1 n too h>d to cut1 n too s(t to we> away4 ,x w be notic$ t ! gr\ndwork ( _m bord]s 9 ! ,fr5* books is fill$ ) little :ite dots1 cribl x 0 call$2 ^! dots are1 9 ! fir/ place1 to imitate simil> "w 9 ! gold gr\nds ( ! bord]s ( illu/rat$ missals1 &1 9 ! second place1 to save ! lab\r ( cutt+ away s mu* ( ! metal z w\ld be requir$ = a :ite gr\nd4 ,^! dots 7 evid5tly #ec made by means ( a %>p & f9ely-po9t$ tool driv5 by a bl[ into ! metal4 7,see page #ei47 ,france 0 n e>ly 9 ! field ) illu/rat$ books1 b %e quickly made up = ! delay by ! excell5ce ( h] "w1 m especially 9 ornam5t4 ,9 #adhh1 ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge1 a pr9t] & publi%]1 s5t =? a book1 ',,la ,,m] ,,des ,,hi/oires1' :i* conta9s _m *>m+ designs1 f :i* beautiful wall-pap]s we "k ( h be5 borr[$2 !y are z well engrav$ z simil> "w at ! pres5t day1 & only ne$$ bett] 'ov]-lay+' by ! pressman1 an art b little practis$ at t "t4 ,?is book conta9s ! fir/ decorative "w by wood-engrav+ we h met )1 & %[s ! great excell5ce ( art 9 ,france at ?is p]iod4 ,!re is a good example1 ?\gh mu* r$uc$ 9 size1 among ! illu/rations ( ,mr4 ,william ,morris's pap] ',on ! ,woodcuts ( ,go?ic ,books1' t he read be=e a meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,janu>y #ahib3 x is pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society = ,febru>y #ab?4 ,besides ,le ,r\ge1 !re 7 9 ,p>is at ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies f\r celebrat$ pr9t]s1 :o 7 also publi%]s1 ^: books comm& our att5tion4 ,_! names are ,simon ,vo/re1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 a ,g]man1 & ,guyot ,m>*ant2 !y all publi%$ ! ',book ( ,h\rs1' illu/rat$ & decorat$ by ! be/ arti/s & engrav]s ( _! "t4 ,!re 0 likewise a pr9t] nam$ ,philippe ,pig\*et1 :o 0 also an engrav] on wood1 & :o began by cutt+ blocks = ,simon ,vo/re1 & aft]w>ds turn$ publi%] on 8 own acc\nt4 ,an important po9t to notice 9 connection ) ! illu/rations ( ,fr5* ',books ( ,h\rs' at ?is "t is t !y are ne>ly all inspir$ by ,g]man arti/s & ne>ly all copi$ f illum9at$ ,,mss4 #ed ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 7,f a ,missal publi%$ by ,simon ,vo/re7 #ee ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! art ( illum9ation 0 at its height 9 ,p>is4 ,no "o excell$ ! exquisite "w ( ,jean ,f\cquet1 s]vant to ! ,k+1 & ,jean ,p]real1 pa9t] to ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,manuscripts conta9+ _! m9iature pa9t+s comm& a l>ge sum :5ev] !y are (f]$ = sale at ! pres5t day4 ,^! arti/s1 x is said1 gave _! aid to ! publi%]s ( ! ',book ( ,h\rs' 7,heures l'usage de ,rome71 :i* _h su* an enorm\s sale t ea* publi%] produc$ an edition = himself4 ,mr4 ,noel ,humphreys ass]ts1 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+1' t no few] ?an sixty editions 7 publi%$ betwe5 #adhd & #adid4 ,9 8 ',introduction to ! ,/udy & ,collection ( ,anci5t ,pr9ts1' ,dr4 ,will%ire says3 ',t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies "s well-kn[n ,fr5* pr9t]s--,pig\*et1 ,jean ,dupr1 ,anto9e ,v]>d1 & ,simon ,vo/re--publi%$ "s beautiful ,books ( ,h\rs1 ornam5t$ ) engrav+s hav+ "s peculi> *>act]s4 ,! *ief ( ^! 7 t ! gr\nd & (t5 ! d>k portions ( ! pr9t 7 f9ely cribl or dott$ :ite1 s]v+ z a means ( kill+ black--a practice !n preval5t among ,fr5* engrav]s2 secondly1 ea* page ( text 0 surr\nd$ by a bord] ( little subjects engrav$ 9 ! same mann]1 & (t5 repeat$ at e ?ird page4444 ,n unfrequ5tly !y 7 pr9t$ 9 brilliant ink on f9e vellum1 t !y might compete ) ! illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,books ( ,h\rs !n 9 fa%ion4 ,! pr9ts decorat+ ^! books h be5 g5]ally consid]$ to be impressions f wood4' ,b ,mr4 ,l9ton says !y are f engrav$ blocks ( metal2 & e practical man w1 we are sure1 agree ) ! great liv+ ,ma/] ( ,wood-engrav+4 ,our fir/ illu/ration is f a ',book ( ,h\rs1' or ,missal1 publi%$ by ,simon ,vo/re 9 #adhh4 ,x repres5ts ',! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91' a subject t 0 always *os5 by ! illu/rator ( religi\s books 9 ^? days2 9 our acc\nt ( wood-engrav+ 9 ! next two c5turies we %all frequ5tly meet ) x among ! works ( ! great arti/s4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,our ,,"l 7,aft] a pa9t+ by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 ,f a ,missal by ,simon ,vo/re7 #eg ,! ,go?ic framework ( ! cut is evid5tly borr[$ f *ur* ornam5t4 ,! expression ( ! faces 9 ! cr[d ( visitors is f> 9 advance ( any?+ we h se5 hi!rto 9 ! ,g]man cuts2 & ! engrav+1 :i* 0 probably on metal1 is evid5tly facsimile ( ! draw+ & is rem>kably well execut$4 ,! n>r[ bord] on ! "r ( ! cut is f an illum9at$ manuscript4 ,9 ano!r ( ,vo/re's ,missals we f9d a copy ( an engrav+ aft] ! ,g]man pa9t]1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 ',*ri/ be>+ ! ,cross1' enclos$ 9 a ,fr5* ,r5aissance frame4 ,9 ! sky !re is a good example ( ! cribl "w ( :i* we h spok54 ,! t[]s ( ,j]usalem 9 ! backgr\nd mu/ h be5 evolv$ f ! arti/'s inn] consci\sness3 he c]ta9ly nev] saw ! ,holy ,city4 ,anto9e ,v]>d also publi%$ _m ',livres d',heures1'#e v mu* l ,vo/re's4 ,we are told t he frequ5tly pr9t$ a few copies on ! f9e/ vellum & _h !m col\r$ 9 exact imitation ( ! illum9at$ ,missals4 ,"o ( ,v]>d's patrons 0 ! ,duc d',ang\lme1 a not$ bibliophile1 :o commission$ him to pr9t on vellum ! romance ( ',,tri/an1' ! ',book ( ,consolation' ( ,boe?ius1 ! ',ord9aire du ,*rti51' & ! ',heures en ,franois1' all ) illum9at$ bord]s & h&some b9d+s4 ,= ?is great am\nt ( "w ,v]>d receiv$ ab\t #bdjl41 !n equival5t p]haps to #a1jjjl4 ( ! pres5t day4 ,we give an outl9e copy ( "o ( ! pages ( ! romance ( ',,tri/an1' :i* w repay mu* att5tion bo? = ! pr9cipal subject1 ! ,k+'s ,banquet1 & ! tape/ry on ! wall1 :i* ought to be col\r$ to be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,?is fam\s publi%] issu$ also a huge *ronicle 9 five folio volumes1 ! ',miroir ,hi/orical1' pr(usely illu/rat$ ) good wood engrav+s2 ! fir/ volume 9 #adie1 ! la/ 9 #adif4 #eh ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,banquet 7,f ! romance ( ',tri/an1' publi%$ by ,anto9e ,v]>d7 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 ! ,g]man1 also br\ght out _m ',books ( ,h\rs1' copy+ ^? issu$ by ,simon ,vo/re 9 a mo/ b>efac$ way2 inde$1 piracy ( ?is k9d 0 rampant all ov] ,europe1 & b little reg>d$4 ,we give #ei a r$uc$ copy ( ,k]v]'s book-m>k2 9 ! orig9al x w be se5 t ! backgr\nd is cribl1 ?us sugge/+ t x 0 cut on metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,,( ,,?ielman ,,k]v] ,x 0 ,guyot ,m>*ant :o produc$1 9 #adhe1 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',,dance ,,( ,,dea?1' :i* conta9$ sev5te5 engrav+s on t5 folio leaves1 ) ! text pr9t$ 9 ! old ,go?ic *>act]s4 ,?is awe-inspir+ b highly popul> subject _h be5 pa9t$ on ! walls ( _m public build+s 9 ,g]many & ,france1 & 9 pa/ ages x _h always be5 a great fav\rite ) ! l[] classes 7_m ( our read]s w rememb] a v]sion ( x on ! walls ( ! curi\s old wood5 bridge at ,luc]ne1 ! designs ( :i* h d\btless be5 h&$ d[n by tradition7--b #fj ,m>*ant 0 ! fir/ :o pr9t$ ! /ory 9 a s]ies ( woodcuts1 well drawn & admirably engrav$1 & he _h 8 rew>d1 = ! "w 0 repr9t$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! ,pope1 ! ,emp]or1 ! ,bi%op1 ! ,duke & ! ,du*ess are giv5 ) mu* _s1 & are evid5tly ! "w ( a clev] draughtsman1 :o might1 h[ev]1 h made 8 ,dea? a little less hide\s4 ,b !re 0 a great love ( ! horrible 9 ^? days4 ,a special *apt] might well be devot$ to ! beautiful m>ks us$ by ,fr5* pr9t]s4 ,guyot ,m>*ant's m>k repres5ts lea!r-work]s engag$ at _! trade1 & above are a few musical notes4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is device4 ,! m>k ( ,jehan ,du ,pr is an elaborate piece ( "w1 9 :i* h]aldry plays a conspicu\s "p1 :ile t ( ,anto9e ,caillaut is pictorial4 ,! ,le ,noirs us$ devices 9 :i* ! heads ( negroes figur$ prom95tly4 ,! well-kn[n m>k ( ,badius ,asc5sius repres5ts pr9t]s at "w4 ,jehan ,petit us$ sev]al beautiful cuts1 9 :i* 8 m>k =ms "p ( an elaborate design4 99 99 99 99 99 #fa ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,9 ,,engl& ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies _m ( ! f9e/ *ur*es 9 ,engl& 7 built by ar*itects s celebrat$ t "s ( !m 7 s5t = to erect simil> build+s 9 ,france4 ,! beautiful c>v+s & highly decorat$ monum5ts /ill exi/+ 9 our ca!drals prove t ! art ( sculpture 9 ,engl& 0 at t "t little inf]ior to t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & _m private collections1 !re is pl5tiful evid5ce t ! m9iature pa9t]s & illum9ators 7 b little beh9d _! bre?r5 9 ,italy & ,france2 ev5 ! b9d]s1 z we see by exi/+ "w1 us$ excell5t ornam5t 9 ! decoration ( ! cov]s ( _! books4 ,:y is x1 !n1 t we f9d ! art ( wood-engrav+1 :5 x 0 fl\ri%+ 9 all ! *ief c\ntries on ! ,cont95t1 almo/ at its e>lie/ /ate ( infancy 9 ,engl&8 ,?is is a "q v difficult to answ]4 ,c]ta9ly our great pr9t]s1 ,william ,caxton1 & 8 successors1 ,wynkyn de ,worde & ,ri*>d ,pynson1 did n foll[ ! example ( ! great typograph]s ( ,v5ice or ! yet m-to-be-prais$ booksell]s ( ,p>is1 :o devot$ s mu* en]gy & ta/e 9 ! decoration ( _! books4 ,( ! few cuts pr9t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 su* z !y are1 we mu/ say a few words4 ,! e>lie/ are all #fb small devotional pictures1 repres5t+ ,scriptural subjects1 z ',! ,image ( ,pity1' a figure ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross surr\nd$ by emblems ( ! ,passion2 f\r or five only ( ^! e>ly cuts h be5 f\nd4 ,william ,caxton1 ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 :o 0 born 9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t ab\t ! ye> #adbb1 0 appr5tic$ to ,rob]t ,l>ge1 a ri* m]c] ( ,london1 :o 0 ,"l ,mayor 9 #addj4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ma/] di$ & ,caxton w5t to ,bruges1 :]e he prosp]$ 9 bus9ess1 & 9 #adfb 0 made ,gov]nor ( a ,company ( ,engli% ,m]*ants :o trad$ 9 ,fl&]s1 !n ! =emo/ m]cantile c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 #adga ,caxton gave up comm]ce & atta*$ himself to ! c\rt ( ,m>g>et1 ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 ! si/] ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! du*ess1 he !n translat$ ! ,le ,recueil des ,hi/oires de ,troye1 writt5 by ,ra\l ,lefevre1 & employ$ ,col>d ,mansion ( ,bruges to produce x4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,9 pass+ 8 book ?r\gh ! press ,caxton le>n$ ! new art1 & ) type b\ght ( ,col>d ,mansion he set up ! fir/ pr9t+-press 9 ,engl&1 at ! sign ( ',! ,r$ ,pale' 9 ! ,almonry at ,we/m9/]1 at ! end ( ! ye> #adgf4 ',! ,dictes & ,say+s ( ,philosoph]s1' :i* appe>$ 9 #adgg1 is believ$ to be ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ',! ,morale ,pr\]bes ( ,cri/yne1' & sev]al o!r books1 all )\t illu/ration4 ,9 #adgh he pr9t$ ',! ,mirr\r ( ! ,_w1' ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl& ) cuts1 "o ( :i* we give z an example2 & ! m fam\s ',game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse1' f ! second edition ( :i* we h tak5 z a specim5 ',! ,knight1' :i* ,caxton ?us describes3 ',! knyght ought to be maad al arm$ ^u a hors 9 su* wise t he h an helme on 8 he$ & a sp]e 9 8 "r hond1 & cov]id ) 8 %elde1 a sw]de & a mace on 8 left syde1 clad ) an halb]ke & plates t(ore 8 bre/e1 legge h>noys on 8 legges1 spores on 8 heelis1 on hys h&es hys gauntelettes1 hys hors wel brok5 & taught1 & apte to bataylle1 & cov]yd ) hys armes4' #fc ,illu/ration3 ,,music 7,f ,caxton's ',mirr\r ( ! ,_w'7 7,or?ography 0 n mu* reg>d$ 9 ^? days47 ,?is book is s r>e & s ke5ly s\ght = t at ! sale at ,o/]ley ,p>k 9 #ahee a p]fect copy 0 b\ght = ! enorm\s sum ( #a1iejl4 ,9 #adhc appe>$ ',! ,gold5 ,leg5de1' consid]$ to be 8 magnum opus1 on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( ! typography2 & ab\t #adij ',! ,talis ( ,cauntyrburye' ) #bg cuts repres5t+ individual pilgrims1 & "o ) all ! pilgrims seat$ r\nd a l>ge table4 ,x is #fd said t ,caxton pr9t$ n9ety-n9e diff]5t works1 ( :i* sixty-f\r survive ei!r 9 p]fect books or 9 fragm5ts1 :i* may be consult$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,he produc$ ! fir/ pr9t$ edition ( ,*auc]1 ,lydgate1 ,g[]1 & ,sir ,?omas ,malory's ',k+ ,ar?ur4' ,he 0 an accompli%$ l+ui/1 & translat$ & publi%$ ,cic]o's ,orations ',de ,s5ectute' & ',de ,amicitia1' ,virgil's 'neid' & _m o!r classical works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,knight 7,f ,caxton's ',game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse'7 ,) "o exception none ( 8 books has a title-page1 ?\gh "s h prologues & colophons2 & ! pages are n numb]$4 ,!y are all pr9t$ 9 ! ,go?ic #fe "* kn[n z 'black lett]1' & ne>ly all are 9 small folio size4 ,caxton1 we are assur$1 receiv$ ! patronage & fri5d%ip ( all ! great m5 ( 8 "t & 0 mu* e/eem$ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & f a m9iature pa9t+ 9 a beautiful manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,lambe? ,palace we "k t ,e>l ,riv]s pres5t$ him ) 8 fir/ book 9 8 h& to ! ,k+1 ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,x is suppos$ t he di$ at ! end ( #adia 9 8 sixty-n9? ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wynkyn ,,de ,,worde',s ,,m>k ,) ,caxton's ,initials ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,caxton's pupil & successor1 0 a native ( ,lorra9e4 ,he probably came ov] ) him f ,bruges1 & s atta*$ 0 he to 8 ma/]1 & s highly did he e/eem him1 t 9 all ! n9e book-m>ks t ,de ,worde us$1 he always includ$ ! initials ,w4 ,c4 ,! m>k we h giv5 is ( r>e occurr5ce1 & is "o ( ! be/ pieces ( engrav+ ( ! "t4 ,bibliograph]s h f\nd f\r hundr$ books pr9t$ by him2 among !m is ',! ,gold5 ,leg5de1' ) woodcuts 7#adic72 a translation ( ',huon de ,bordeaux1' f :i* ,%akespe>e borr[$ ! plot ( 8 ',midsumm] ,night's ,dream'2 & 8 be/-kn[n #ff "w1 (t5 repr9t$1 ',treatyses p]teynynge to ,hawkynge & ,huntynge1 & ,fy%ynge ) an ,angle1' by ,dame ,juliana ,b]n]s 7#adif71 :i* conta9s _m woodcuts1 "o ( :i*1 a man fi%+1 is v qua9t 7see engrav+74 ,a book :i* 0 'imprynt$ at ,london 9 ,flete ,/reet 9 #aeca1' call$ ',pilgrymage ( ,p]feccyon1 ,a dev\te ,treatyse 9 ,englys%e1' is illu/rat$ by ?ree curi\sly fold$ woodcuts4 ,de ,worde 0 ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,engl& :o us$ ! ,roman type4 ,sev]al ( 8 books h a woodcut on ! title-page4 ,9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,wood-engrav+1' ,mr4 ,*atto gives 8 op9ion ab\t ! cuts ( ?is p]iod3--',al?\gh ,i am incl9$ to believe t )9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 no p]sons :o practis$ wood-engrav+ 9 ?is c\ntry z a di/9ct pr(ession1 yet x by no means foll[s f su* an admission t ,caxton's & ,de ,worde's cuts mu/ h be5 engrav$ by =eign arti/s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y are execut$ is s co>se t !y might h be5 cut by any p]son :o c\ld h&le a grav]4 ,look+ at !m m]ely z specim5s ( wood-engrav+1 !y are n g5]ally sup]ior to ! practice-blocks cut by a mod]n wood-engrav]'s appr5tice )9 ! fir/ mon? ( 8 novitiate4' ,soon !re 7 o!r pr9t]s 9 ,london4 ,ri*>d ,pynson began to publi% books f 8 own press 9 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,8 fir/ book illu/rat$ ) woodcuts appe>s to h be5 ',! ,cant]bury ,tales1' pr9t$ be=e #adic4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,pynson issu$ ,lydgate's ',falle ( ,pr9cis' ) num]\s small woodcuts by a ma/]-h&1 :i* appe> too good to be ,engli%4 #fg ,illu/ration3 ',,fy%ynge ,,wy? ,,an ,,angle' 7,f ',! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans1' pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #adif7 ,= a ',s>um ,missal' ( #aejj1 he us$ "s beautifully engrav$ bord]s & ornam5ts1 z well z a l>ge cut ( ,ar*bi%op ,morton's coat ( arms4 ,ano!r ( 8 important works 0 ,"l ,b]n]s' translation ( ,syr ,john ,froiss>t's ',cronycles ( ,engl&e1 ,fraunce1 ,spayne1 c4' ,we give a #fh copy ( ,pynson's ',m>k1' b we fe> bo? ?is & ,de ,worde's 7 engrav$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ri*>d ,,pynson',s ,,m>k ,9 #adih1 ,julian ,not>y e/abli%$ an (fice f :i* tw5ty-?ree books h be5 trac$4 ,_m ( !m h curi\s woodcuts1 "s ( :i* seem to h desc5d$ to him f ,caxton & ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,we f9d ! decoration ( ! cov]s ( ,not>y's works m5tion$ ) approval 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( book-b9d+1 :i* arriv$ at a mu* great] p]fection ?an wood-engrav+ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 #fi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,9 ,,g]many ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,we mu/ n[ retrace our brief hi/ory to ,g]many1 :]e1 "u ! imm$iate direction & control ( su* well-kn[n arti/s z ,albre*t ,dr] ( ,nrnb]g 7b4 #adga1 d4 #aebh7 & ,hans ,burgkmair ( ,augsburg 7b4 #adgb1 d4 #aeca71 z well z ( ,lucas ,crana*1 a ,franconian 7b4 #adgb1 d4 #aeec71 &1 aft]w>ds1 ( ,hans ,holbe9 ( ,augsburg 7b4 #adig1 d4 #aedc71 ! art ( wood-engrav+ 9 its gr&e/ & pure/ =m arriv$ at its fir/ culm9ation4 ,?is 0 9 a great measure due to ! lib]al patronage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 :o1 possess+ a great love ( art1 e/eem$ all pa9t]s1 ar*itects1 design]s1 & engrav]s z highly z 8 w>riors4 ,he 0 fond ( magnific5ce 9 a truly imp]ial way1 & ! sup]b s]ies ( wood-engrav+s--! noble/ ! _w has ev] se5--kn[n z ',! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian1' 7 ! outcome ( ?is g5]\s t5d5cy4 ,( ^! celebrat$ works1 :i* 7 n complet$ :5 ! ,emp]or di$ 9 #aeai1 we mu/ speak 9 _! prop] place4 ,x 0 to ! g5ius ( ,albre*t ,dr] & ! engrav]s :o translat$ 8 draw+s into woodcuts t ! art receiv$ its new vig\r4 ,up to ?is "t wood-engrav+ 9 ,g]many _h be5 ! "w ( craftsm5 :o 7 little bett] ?an me*anics2 b :5 ,dr] & ,burgkmair1 :o knew ! capabilities ( ! art1 made draw+s on ! wood expressly = ! engrav]s to reproduce 9 exact l9es1 !re #gj 0 a quick improvem5t :i* w5t on increas+ 9 excell5ce = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,holbe9 & 8 imm$iate successors1 ! art fad$ into insignificance 9 ,g]many = _m ye>s4 ,! fir/ important "w ( ! e>ly life ( ,albre*t ,dr] 0 a s]ies ( fifte5 l>ge draw+s on wood repres5t+ allegorical ,sc5es f ! ,apocalypse4 ,!y are my/ical1 inde$ almo/ incompreh5sible2 at ! same "t we are oblig$ to notice ! trem5d\s vig\r & ! wond]ful p[] ( inv5tion 9 ! man :o design$ !m4 ,b 8 attempt to embody ! sup]natural l$ him into ! mo/ extravagant conceptions4 ',9 attempt+ to br+ su* !mes )9 ! p[] ( expression :i* art possesses1' writes ,mr4 ,woodb]y1 'he /rove to give spee* to ! unutt]able4' ,yet ! g5ius ( ! true arti/ 0 app>5t ?r\gh all 8 "w4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ,apocalypse designs is ! f\r? 9 ! book1 ',! ,op5+ ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,seals1' a wond]fully gr& conception ( ! ,f\r ,horsem5 go+ =? to conqu]2 ,dea? on ! pale horse bel[1 & ',hell foll[+ him4' 7,revelation vi4 #h47 ,k+1 burgh]1 peasant & prie/1 h all fall5 b5ea? him4 ,al?\gh we are expressly told t ,dr] himself pr9t$ ?is "w 9 #adih1 x by no means foll[s t he engrav$ ! woodcuts2 !y are greatly 9 advance ( any previ\s "w ( ! k9d1 & ?is may be attribut$ to ! fact t ! arti/ :o design$ !m knew ! be/ capabilities ( ! art4 ,if he & ! unkn[n engrav] _h le>n$ ! advantages ( l[]+ ! face ( ! wood :5 delicate l9es 7 requir$1 & ! pres5t me?ods ( ov]lay+ ! cuts to produce great] int5sity ( col\r1 "s ( ! engrav+s ( ,dr]'s "t w\ld be models ( excell5ce4 ,! s]ies ( ! ,apocalypse 0 succe$$ by ?ree o!rs 9 :i* ! human int]e/ is f> great]4 ,^! 7 :at ! arti/ himself call$ ',! ,l>g] ,passion ( #ga ,our ,"l1' a s]ies ( elev5 l>ge cuts1 ) a vignette on ! title-page2 ',! ,life ( ! ,virg91' a s]ies ( tw5ty cuts2 & ',! ,small] ,passion ( ,our ,"l1' a s]ies ( ?irty-six cuts ( less size1 ) a well-kn[n vignette ( ',*ri/ ,mock$' on ! title-page4 ,^! works m>k an important era 9 ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ & cle>ly l$ onw>ds to its future developm5t4 ,!y 7 all publi%$ betwe5 #aeaj & #aeab1 & s great 0 _! popul>ity t ! celebrat$ ,italian engrav]1 ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 reproduc$ ! :ole ( ',! ,small] ,passion' 9 copp]-plate--mu*1 z may be imag9$1 to ,dr]'s annoyance4 ,9 ! ',l>g] ,passion ( ,our ,"l' we f9d repres5tations ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! ,betrayal1 ! ,sc\rg+1 ,*ri/ ,mock$1 ,*ri/ ,be>+ 8 ,cross1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,resurrection1 & o!r subjects f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & s deeply did ! highly-wr\ght arti/ feel ! awful importance ( 8 subject t he repeat$ "s ( ^! ev5ts 9 at lea/ five diff]5t s]ies4 ,9 all ( !m 8 *>act]s are dress$ 9 ! unc\? habilim5ts ( ,g]man peasants1 & we see bits ( ,g]man villages2 b 9 ?is respect he only foll[$ ! example ( ! great ,italian pa9t]s1 :o clo!d ! mo/ sacr$ figures 9 ! co/umes ( _! own t[ns1 &1 :5 possible1 gave an ,italian l&scape = a backgr\nd to _! pictures ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! s]ies ( tw5ty l>ge engrav+s call$ ',! ,life ( ! ,virg9' 0 publi%$ & sold by ,dr] himself 9 book =m at ab\t ! same "t 7#aeaj71 & 0 equally well receiv$ by ! ,g]man p1 :o 7 at t "t 9 a /ate ( religi\s f]m5t consequ5t on ! prea*+s ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & ,dr] 0 "o ( 8 prom95t disciples4 #gb ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,cr[n$ ,,by ,,two ,,angels4 ,,by ,,albre*t ,d,,r] ,engrav$ by ,j]ome ,&re 787 #gc ,b x 0 ! s]ies ( ?irty-sev5 small] woodcuts1 kn[n z ',! ,less] ,passion1' t 0 mo/ popul>2 9 "s measure1 p]haps1 because ! pr9ts are ( a m h&y size4 ,all ! subjects ( ',! ,l>g] ,passion' are repeat$1 ) v>iations1 9 ?is s]ies1 & tw5ty-five o!rs f ! ,life ( ,*ri/ are add$4 ,by a happy *ance1 ?irty-five ( ! orig9al woodcuts ( ?is s]ies are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj !y 7 repr9t$1 by p]mission ( ! tru/ees1 "u ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,cole4 ,! wood 0 f\nd to be mu* worm-eat51 b all injury 0 deftly repair$ by ,mr4 ,?ur/on ,?ompson1 & a small edition ( ! "w 0 issu$#f ) an exhau/ive introduction by ,mr4 ,cole4 ,! mo/ admir$ ( all ! works ( ,dr] are ! l>ge plates kn[n z ',! ,knight1 ,dea?1 & ! ,devil1' ',! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,eu/ace1' ',mel5colia1' ',/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,*amb]1' & sev]al o!rs :i* he engrav$ or et*$ on copp] ) 8 own h&s & :i* he himself publi%$4 ,f9e impressions ( ^! m>vell\s works are n[ z eag]ly s\ght = z celebrat$ ,rembr&t et*+s4 ,dr] made also _m draw+s on wood :i* 7 engrav$ & pr9t$ "u 8 imm$iate sup]vision1 & issu$ 9 sep>ate %eets4 ,( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 ( ^!1 ',! ,virg9 cr[n$ by two ,angels1' we are able to give an impression :i* is an exact facsimile 7r$uc$7 ( a pr9t ( ! ye> #aeah4 ,no?+ ( its k9d c exce$ ! brilliancy ( ! orig9al1 ! engrav+ is z ne>ly p]fect z possible1 & 7 x n = ! h>dness ( ! l9es 9 ! faces & o!r objects :]e s(tness is requir$1 no craftsman ( ! pres5t day c\ld surpass its excell5ce z a product ( ! pr9t+-press4 ,_m o!r sep>ate l>ge wood-engrav+s1 aft] ,dr]'s draw+s1 appe>$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aeaj & #aeah1 su* z ',! ,holy ,family ) ! ?ree ,rabbits1' ',/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,*amb]1' ',! ,flight into ,egypt1' ',behead+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1' &1 among o!r /range subjects1 a repres5tation ( a ,rh9oc]os4 #gd ,dr] also design$ a frontispiece to 8 own book ( poems1 publi%$ 9 #aeaj4 ,?ree magnific5t books illu/rat$ ) woodcuts ( great size1 ! ',!u]dank1' ! ',w]skunig1' & ! ',freydal1' appe>$ 9 ,g]many e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ is an epic relat+ to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian's j\rney to ,burgundy on matrimonial affairs2 x 0 publi%$ 9 #aeag4 ,hans ,s*aufele9 drew ! designs = a hundr$ & eighte5 cuts1 measur+ #f in*es by #e in*es ea*4 ,! second is 9 hon\r ( ! ,emp]or's j\rneys 9 di/ant l&s1 & ! ?ird to celebrate 8 de$s ( pr[ess4 ,!re are #bcg designs1 *iefly by ,hans ,burgkmair ( ,augsburg1 9 ! ',w]skunig'2 ! blocks are /ill pres]v$2 !y rema9$ unus$ till long aft] ! ,emp]or's dea?1 & 7 n publi%$ till #agge4 ,! ',freydal' has nev] be5 complet$1 ?\gh ! designs are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,maximilian ,b we h yet to speak ( ',! ,triumphs ( ,maximilian4' ,?is imp]ial "w1 ! mo/ important production ( ! art ( wood-engrav+ ! _w has ev] se51 0 execut$ by comm& ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian to convey to po/]ity a pictorial repres5tation ( ! magnific5ce ( 8 c\rt1 ! spl5d\r ( 8 victories1 & ! ext5t ( 8 dom9ions4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct sets ( designs3 7,i47 ,! ',triumphal ,ar*1' 7,,ii47 ! ',triumphal ,c>1' bo? f ! h& ( ,albre*t ,dr]1 & 7,,iii47 ! ',triumphal ,procession1' by ,hans ,burgkmair4 ,! size ( ! "w is imm5se2 if ! :ole s]ies 7 laid out side by side x w\ld cov] ab\t "o hundr$ & n9ety-two feet 7#fd y>ds67 ,! draw+s 7 made on pe>-wood & 7 cut by ab\t elev5 diff]5t engrav]s1 ( :om ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,j]ome ( ,nrnb]g4 ,_m ( ! orig9al blocks are happily pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na1 & on ! backs ( !m are writt5 ! names or #ge initials ( ! v>i\s engrav]s4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 0 a recognis$ s*ool ( wood-engrav]s 9 ,g]many ( consid]able importance4 ,"o ( !m1 ,job/ de ,neg]1 or ,di5eck]1 came f ,antw]p2 a few liv$ at ,nrnb]g1 o!rs at ,augsburg4 ,"s idea ( ! ',triumphal ,ar*' is convey$ to our m9d :5 we le>n t x 0 drawn on n9ety-two sep>ate blocks ( wood1 & t :5 prop]ly jo9$ x is t5 & a half feet high & n9e & a half feet wide6 ,x 0 design$ 'aft] ! mann] ( ^? erect$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors at ,rome2' !re are ?ree gateways or entrances--t 9 ! c5tre is call$ ! ,gate ( ,hon\r & ,p[]1 on ! "r is ! ,gate ( ,nobility1 on ! left ! ,gate ( ,fame1 a "p ( :i* is se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! ar* itself is decorat$ ) portraits ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors f ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1 %ields ( arms %[+ ! desc5t ( ! ,emp]or & 8 alliances1 repres5tations ( 8 mo/ fam\s exploits1 includ+ 8 adv5tures :ile *amois-hunt+ 9 ! ,tyrol1 ) explanatory v]ses 9 ! ,g]man language cut 9 ! wood4 ,above ! c5tral entrance is a gr& t[] surm\nt$ by a figure ( ,=tune hold+ ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,! :ole is a k9d ( epitome ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,! 'projector ( ! design' 0 ,hans ,/abius1 :o calls himself ! hi/oriograph] & poet ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 #aeae--;f\r ye>s be=e ! ,emp]or's dea?--& 0 n q f9i%$ at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! arti/ 9 #aebh4 ,al?\gh we d n see ! greate/ excell5ce ( ,dr]'s peculi> g5ius 9 ?is imm5se production execut$ to ord]1 = x is too full ( ,g]man fantasies & v unlike ! classic simplicity ( ! old ,roman ar*es1 x w be f\nd to conta9 ! f9e/ "w ( ! wood-engrav] at t p]iod4 ,"s p>ts ( x are ( a m>vell\s delicacy t c h>dly be surpass$4 #gf ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gate ,,( ,,fame 7,f ! ',triumphal ,ar*' by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,engrav$ by ,j]ome ,&re47 #gg ,! ',triumphal ,c>1' also design$ by ,dr] at ! sugge/ion ( ,/abius1 is a ri*ly decorat$ *>iot drawn by six pairs ( horses4 ,9 x ! ,emp]or 9 8 imp]ial robes is seat$ "u a canopy amid allegorical figures repres5t+ ,ju/ice1 ,tru?1 ,clem5cy1 ,temp]ance1 & ! l1 :o (f] to him triumphal wrea?s4 ,ov] ! canopy is an inscription3 quod 4 9 4 celis 4 sol 4 ,hoc 4 9 4 t]ra 4 ,caes> 4 e/4 ,! ,c> is driv5 by ,reason ) ,re9s ( ,nobility & ,p[]1 & ! horses are guid$ by female figures ( ,swiftness1 ,prud5ce1 ,boldness1 & simil> equ9e virtues4 ,! :ole ( ! design is sev5 feet f\r in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t a foot & a half 9 height4 ,to mod]n eyes ! c> is n prepossess+1 ! figures ( ! att5dant damsels are by no means elegant1 & ! horses w\ld n1 we fe>1 meet ) ! approval ( ,engli% critics4 ,x br+s to u a rem9isc5ce ( ! fun]al c> ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :i*1 we rememb]1 0 design$ by a ,g]man arti/4 ,"s p>ts ( ! decorations are excell5t & ! :ole is well engrav$4 ,! ',triumphal ,procession' is /ill m important4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-five l>ge cuts1 :i*1 jo9$ toge!r1 w\ld cov] 9 l5g? "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet 7upw>ds ( #eh y>ds67 ,a h]ald1 m\nt$ on a fanta/ic1 f\r-foot$ w+$ gryphon1 leads ! procession2 next foll[ two l$ horses be>+ a tablet ) ^! words1 d\btless by ,/abius3 ',?is ,triumph has be5 made = ! praise & ev]la/+ memory ( ! noble pleasures & glori\s victories ( ! mo/ s]5e & illu/ri\s pr9ce & "l1 ,maximilian1 ,roman ,emp]or elect1 & head ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,k+ & ,heir ( sev5 ,*ri/ian k+doms1 ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 ,duke ( ,burgundy & ( o!r gr& pr9cipalities & prov9ces ( ,europe4' ,m horses foll[1 !n come falcon]s ) hawks on _! wri/s1 hunt]s ( ! *amois & ! be>1 beh9d !m are elks & buffaloes1 ri*ly cap>ison$ /ags f\r abrea/1 & camels draw+ decorat$ *>iots 9 :i* ride ! musicians4 #gh ,illu/ration3 ,,horsem51 ,,?ree ,,abrea/1 ,,) ,,bann]s 7,f ',! ,triumphal ,procession' by ,burgkmair4 ,cut by ,di5eck] & o!r engrav]s7 ,! ,emp]or's fav\rite je/]1 ,conrad von d] ,ros51 foll[s on horseback1 be>+ an imm5se flag2 !n come fools1 f5c+-ma/]s1 & soldi]s ( all k9ds arm$ = e s]vice1 horsem5 ?ree abrea/1 ) bann]s inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! great battles :i* ! ,emp]or _h won1 c>s fill$ ) trophies tak5 f conqu]$ nations1 among !m ! ',savages ( ,calicut'--natives ( ,india--"o ( !m rid+ a huge elephant1 & num]\s o!r figures fill$ up ! imm5se l5g? ( ! engrav+4 #gi ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,savages ,,( ,,calicut 7,f ',! ,triumphal ,procession' by ,burgkmair4 ,cut by ,di5eck] & o!r engrav]s7 ,! :ole "w1 ?\gh evid5tly int5d$ to be a glorification ( ! great ,emp]or1 is mu* #hj m valuable to u at ! pres5t day z a m>vell\s record ( ! b>b>ic magnific5ce ( ! middle ages1 & an outw>d aspect ( secul> life4 ',! ideal ( worldly p[] & spl5d\r1 ! _s ( pleasure & fe/ival1 is %[n =? 9 ?is m>vell\sly v>i$ m>* ( laurell$ horses & horsem51 ^: trapp+s & arm\r h ! beauty & glitt] ( peaceful p>ade4 ,!re is n[h]e else a "w :i* s pres5ts at once ! feudal _s & feudal delights 9 su* exub]ance ( picturesque & feudal display4' ,dr]'s designs = ! ',pray]-book ( ,maximilian' also claim a %ort notice4 ,only ?ree copies ( ! "w are kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce1 "o ( :i* is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! m>g9s are full ( fanciful designs2 amid int]tw9+ bran*es1 birds are s++1 apes are climb+1 snakes creep+1 & gnats fly+4 ,k+ ,david is *>m+ a /ork ) 8 h>p2 a fox is play+ a flute to p\ltry4 ,x is a curi\s mixture ( ! sacr$ & pr(ane1 = :i* ,dr] has (t5 be5 c5sur$4 ,! engrav+ ( ! subjects1 :i* are 9 outl9e1 is excell5t4 99 99 99 99 99 #ha ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,hans ,,holbe9 ,,& ,,hans ,l,,tzelburg] ,hans ,holbe91 :o fir/ saw ! light at ,augsburg 9 ! ye> #adig1 0 ! greate/ arti/ ev] born 9 ,g]many1 & z he pass$ half ( 8 arti/ic life 9 ,engl& we may claim "s little %>e 9 ! glory ( 8 undisput$ em95ce4 ,! son ( a wor?y pa9t] ( sacr$ pictures = ! ,*ur*1 he 0 br\ght up amid/ all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! /udio1 & at a v e>ly age began to design title-pages1 initial lett]s1 & ornam5ts = num]\s important books publi%$ by ,johann ,frob51 ,val5t9e ,curio1 & o!r pr9t]s ( ,basel1 & ,*ri/oph ,fros*ov]1 ( ,zri*4 ,"s ( ^! folio title-pages1 mo/ ( :i* are ( an ar*itectural "*1 are v]itable works ( art1 & are greatly treasur$ at ! pres5t day4 ,next we f9d him mak+ illu/rations = ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "s ( :i* 7 engrav$ on wood & "s on metal1 probably by ,di5eck] or ,ltzelburg]1 ?\gh ( ?is we h no direct evid5ce4 ,b ,holbe9's greate/ fame1 z a design] ( book-illu/rations1 is d]iv$ f 8 well-kn[n s]ies ( ! ',dance ( ,dea?1' :i* 0 fir/ giv5 to ! _w 9 ! ye> #aech1 ?\gh f "s pro(s /ill 9 exi/5ce !y are kn[n to h be5 engrav$ be=e ! arti/'s fir/ visit to ,london 9 #aebg4 ,x is believ$ t ! orig9al =ty-"o draw+s on wood 7 all cut by ,hans ,ltzelburg]1 :o has be5 v prop]ly call$ ! ',true ,pr9ce ( ,wood-,engrav]s1' =1 9 ! op9ion ( our =emo/ critics1 ^! ',dance ( ,dea?' cuts are ! ma/]pieces ( ! art at t p]iod1 excell+ ev5 ! "w ( ,j]ome ,&re ( ,nrnb]g on ,dr]'s ',triumphal ,ar*4' #hb ,illu/ration3 ,,holbe9',s ,,dance ,,( ,,dea? ,,! ,,k+ ,sev5te5 o!r designs 7 add$ to ! ',dance ( ,dea?' aft]w>ds1 mak+ ! complete s]ies fifty-eight4 ,! orig9al blocks are lo/2 !y h be5 copi$ on ! ,cont95t _m times1 & 7 reproduc$ 9 ,engl& 9 p]fect facsimile & 9 ! v be/ mann] "u ! sup]9t5d+ c>e ( ,francis ,d\ce1 a celebrat$ antiqu>y1 by ,john & ,m>y ,byfield & ,george ,bonn]1 all excell5t engrav]s4 ,accompani$ by a le>n$ diss]tation by ,mr4 ,d\ce1 ! "w #hc 0 publi%$ by ,william ,pick]+#g 9 ! ye> #ahcc4 ,x is f electrotypes ( ^! blocks t we are enabl$ to pres5t to our read]s ! designs ( ',! ,k+1' ',! ,que51' ',! ,a/rolog]1' & ',! ,p$l>1' f\r ( ! be/ ( ! s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,holbe9',s ,,dance ,,( ,,dea? ,,! ,,que5 ,wall-pictures ( ',! ,dance ( ,dea?1' ) b little arti/ic m]it1 exi/$ at a mu* e>li] p]iod1 & "s ( !m may /ill be trac$ 9 ! cloi/]s ( old ca!drals4 ,! subject 0 a great fav\rite ) bo? prie/ & p 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 x appeal$ to ! feel+s ( ri* & poor1 old & "y1 & ,holbe9's 'fe>ful' pictures1 z soon z !y appe>$1 met ) imm5se popul>ity1 :i*1 to ?is day1 has nev] ceas$4 #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,holbe9',s ,,dance ,,( ,,dea? ,,! ,,a/rolog] ,almo/ e class is repres5t$ 9 !m--! ,k+ at 8 well-spread bo>d is s]v$ by 8 fell[ ,k+1 :o fills 8 b[l2 ! ,que51 walk+ ) h] ladies1 is l$ into an op5 grave2 9 a l&scape1 9 :i* we see a flock ( %eep1 ,dea? appe>s to an ag$ ,bi%op2 "h we see ,dea? runn+ away ) ! ,abbot's mitre & crozi]2 !re he visits ! ,physician & ! ,a/rolog]4 ,9 ! *ur* is a ,prea*] :o holds ! p 9 awe1 beh9d him is a ,prea*] m dread /ill2 ! ,mis] ) 8 bags1 ! ,m]*ant ) 8 bales1 are alike surpris$ by ,dea?2 ! ,knight's arm\r is def5celess1 ! ,p$l> ) 8 basket _c escape1 ! ,waggon] ) #he 8 w9e-c>t is ov]?r[n4 ,all are repres5t$ 9 _! turn--! ,du*ess 9 h] b$1 ! poor woman 9 h] hovel1 ! *ild :o is ru?lessly tak5 f 8 "m4 ,we c imag9e ! s5sation :i* su* a "w w\ld create among a v impressionable p at t season ( religi\s f]m5t1 ! greate/ ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,?irte5 editions f ! orig9al blocks are kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aech & #aefc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,holbe9',s ,,dance ,,( ,,dea? ,,! ,,p$l> ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r s]ies ( wood-engrav+s appe>$1 consi/+ ( eighty-six designs by ,holbe91 drawn on wood l>g] ?an ! ',dance ( ,dea?' blocks & j z well engrav$1 probably by ,ltzelburg]2 ^! 7 ',sc5es f ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1' g5]ally kn[n z ',holbe9's ,bible ,cuts'2 !y 7 issu$ sep>ately ) descriptions 9 v]se & 7 also us$ to illu/rate ,bibles4 #hf ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,( ,,! ,,godly4--,,holbe9',s ,,bible ,,cuts ,engrav$ by ,ltzelburg] ,?is s]ies 0 also reproduc$ by ! same arti/s :o cut ! ',dance ( ,dea?1' "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,d\ce2 & x is f electrotypes ( ^! blocks t we are enabl$ to give our two ,bible illu/rations1 ',! ,happ9ess ( ! ,godly' 7,psalm i471 & ',joab's ,artifice' 7#b ,samuel xiv4 #d74 ,!y copy ! orig9al pr9ts 9 exact facsimile1 &1 look+ at !m1 "o _c b wond] at ! high /ate ( p]fection to :i* ! art ( wood-engrav+ _h atta9$ ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,at t "t1 ,g]many /ood alone 9 its excell5ce2 ,france1 & ev5 ,italy1 7 f> beh9d h]2 & ,engl& & ,spa9 7 n[h]e4 ,we ought to add t bo? ! ',dance ( ,dea?' & ! ',bible ,cuts' 7 #hg issu$1 ) text1 by ! bro!rs ,tre*sel1 ! celebrat$ publi%]s ( ,lyons1 9 #aech1 :5 ,holbe9 mu/ h be5 9 ,engl&4 ,a wond]ful alphabet1 ) ',dance ( ,dea?' figures1 evid5tly design$ by ,holbe91 has ,hanns ,ltzelburg] 7,=ms*nid]7 g5ant ,franck pr9t$ at ! foot ( ! page4 ,^! lett]s 7 probably engrav$ on metal4 ,a ',peasant's ,dance' & ',*ildr5's ,sports1' design$ z head+s ( *apt]s by ! same arti/1 are well kn[n1 z !y h be5 frequ5tly reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joab',s ,,artifice4--,,holbe9',s ,,bible ,,cuts ,engrav$ by ,ltzelburg] ,9 ! works ( ',! ,little ,ma/]s' :o succe$$ ,dr] & ,holbe9 we are n mu* conc]n$4 ,albre*t ,altdorf] 7d4 #aech7 0 a design] z well z an engrav] on wood4 ,hans ,beham 7d4 #aeej87 is be/ kn[n by 8 #hh tw5tysix designs f ! ,apocalypse :i* ,mr4 ,l9ton praises z ( 'supreme/ excell5ce4' ,he says1 moreov]1 t !y 7 probably engrav$ on metal 7p]haps copp]71 by ,beham himself1 z well z 8 #ha little ,bible cuts :i* 7 us$ to illu/rate ! fir/ ,engli% ,bible4 ,he also design$ & p]haps engrav$ sev]al l>ge cuts1 "o ( :i*1 ',! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?1' is f\r feet long2 ano!r is ',! ,dance ( ! ,daught] ( ,h]odias1' reproduc$ by ,dr4 ,lippmann4 ,hans ,brosam] 7d4 #aeeb7 design$ & engrav$ pictures = books4 ,he9ri* ,aldegrev] 7d4 #aeeh7 is well kn[n = 8 portraits ( ,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 & ! notori\s ,john ( ,leyd54 ,virgil ,solis 7d4 #aefb7 0 a prolific book-illu/rator2 he design$ a s]ies ( #baf ,bible pictures1 all ( small size1 z well z #agh cuts = ,ovid's ',metamorphoses1' & #aid = sop's ,fables2 he also design$ & probably engrav$ mu* ornam5t1 especially = title-pages ( books1 "s ( :i* 0 v good4 ,jo/ ,amman 7d4 #aeia7 is celebrat$ = 8 book ( ',all ,ranks1 ,arts1 & ,trades1' ) "o hundr$ & ?irty-two figures4 7,see page #abh74 ,! religi\s books pr9t$ 9 ,g]many at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 altoge!r inf]ior z reg>ds _! illu/rations1 ?\gh a few are fairly design$ & execut$4 ,ornam5tal bord]s1 especially on title pages1 7 usual1 & ^? design$ by ,lucas ,crana* are ( consid]able m]it4 ,_m ( ! ,g]man pr9t]s' m>ks or devices1 :i* are v well engrav$1 7 ! "w ( "s ( ! be/ arti/s ( ! times4 ,^! 7 b expir+ ef=ts1 & by ! end ( ! c5tury1 ow+ to cont9ual w>f>e & int]nal di/urbances1 ! art ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,g]many 0 almo/ =gott54 99 99 99 99 99 #hi ,,*apt] ,x ,,9 ,,italy ,,& ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! pr9t]s ( ,flor5ce issu$ _m *eap popul> books1 *iefly ,rappres5tazioni1 i4e4 ,plays1 sacr$ or secul>4 ,^! plays are g5]ally badly pr9t$ 9 d\ble columns1 b !y are illu/rat$ ) num]\s cuts1 "s ( :i* are ( peculi> m]it4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n pr9t] ( !m 0 ,francesco ,b5v5uto 7c4 #aeaf-aede71 b ! majority appe> to h be5 issu$ betwe5 #aeej & #aehj1 anonym\sly1 ?\gh we "k t ,giovanni ,bal5i ( ,flor5ce 0 ! pr9t] ( "s ( ^!4 ,!re 7 also _m qua9t little tracts1 metrical ,novelle & ,i/orie1 ( :i* a collection has be5 f\nd at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,erlang52 a valuable description ( !m 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,v>nhag54 ,! poems are1 z a rule1 illu/rat$ ) small cuts1 inclos$ )9 a neat bord]1 ! subjects are usually well *os51 & ! draw+ v good2 ! treatm5t ( "s ( ! dome/ic sc5es is wor?y ( ,bewick4 #ij ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,,( ',,le ,,sorti ,,di ,,m>col9i' ,by ,giuseppe ,porta ,v5ice #aedj ,illu/ration3 ,,le ,,pot-,,cass 7,device ( ,ge(froy ,tory7 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ! simplicity ( ^! popul> wood-engrav+s are ! elaborate engrav+s :i* appe>$ 9 ! m exp5sive books issu$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! same c5tury1 :5 illu/rat$ editions ( ,dante1 ,boccaccio1 ,ovid1 sop's ,fables1 & ,alciat's ',emblems1' appe>$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 b n "o ( ^! calls = #ia special notice2 nor did ! be/ ( _! wood-engrav+s equal ! "w ( ,ltzelburg]4 ,! frontispiece ( a curi\s book1 ,le ,sorti di ,m>col9i da ,=li1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aedj1 ( :i* we (f] a r$uc$ copy1 gives u a good idea ( ! prevail+ art ( ! p]iod4 ,x is said to be tak5 f a design by ,raphael = 8 celebrat$ picture ',! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1' & we see by ! tablet 9 ! =egr\nd t x 0 ei!r drawn on ! wood or engrav$ by ,joseph 7,giuseppe7 ,porta1 kn[n z ,salviati1 aft] 8 m celebrat$ ma/] :om he accompani$ to ,v5ice4 ,9 ,p>is1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re liv$ a v celebrat$ pr9t]1 ',ge(froy ,tory1 ,pe9tre et ,graveur1 ,premi] ,imprimeur ,royal1 ,re=mateur de l',or?ographe1 et de la ,typographie1' z he is describ$ by 8 biograph]1 ,m4 ,a4 ,b]n>d 7,p>is1 #aheg74 ,he 0 born at ,b\rges 9 #adhj1 & 9 e>ly life w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he n only wrote books & pr9t$ !m1 b design$ ornam5tal bord]s & engrav$ !m4 ,he also /udi$ 8 pr(ession 9 ,italy1 & br\ght back ) him new ideas ab\t pr9t+ & illu/rat+ books4 ,su* a man _h great influ5ce at t "t1 = he _h mu* inborn ta/e & excell5t skill1 & publi%]s %\ld all be pr\d ( him z "o ( _! mo/ praisewor?y ance/ors4 ,he adopt$ ! s+ul> design ! ,pot-cass1 ( :i* we give a copy1 z 8 some:at enigmatical device2 & "s writ]s ma9ta9 t ! little ',cross ( ,lorra9e' 77 f\nd on _m ( ! cuts ( ?is p]iod is also 8 m>k4 #ib ,illu/ration3 ,,f ',,les ,,heures' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,simon ,,de ,,col9es ,engrav$ by ,ge(froy ,tory #ic ,9 our illu/ration1 tak5 f ! ,heures1 pr9t$ by ,simon de ,col9es1 ?is ,cross ( ,lorra9e w be se5 "u ! kneel+ prie/4 ,he made antique lett]s1 he himself tells u1 = ,monseigneur ! ,treasur] = ,w>1 ,ma/] ,jehan ,groli]1 :om we "k z "o ( ! be/ patrons ( book-b9d+2 & wrote a book :i* he call$ ',*ampfleury1 auquel e/ cont5u l'art et sci5ce de la deue proportion des lettres 444 selon le corps et le visage huma91' a v le>n$ & amus+ treatise4 ,"s ( ! initial lett]s 9 ?is book are v clev]ly design$ & engrav$--probably by ! +5i\s au?or4 ,! picture ( ',anto9e ,macault read+ 8 translation ( ,diodorus ,siculus to ! ,k+' is said to h be5 engrav$ by ,tory2 x is evid5tly ei!r f a design by ,hans ,holbe9 or by an arti/ :o copi$ 8 /yle4 ,all ! figures 9 ?is excell5t engrav+ are portraits--! ,k+ 7,francis ,i471 8 ?ree sons1 & 8 fav\rite nobles4 ,x is ! be/ cut t 0 issu$ at ,p>is at ?is "t4 ,ge(froy ,tory di$ 9 #aecc1 ?\gh 8 work%op 0 c>ri$ on = _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,among o!r woodcuts ( ?is p]iod we f9d a small portrait ( ! poet ,ni*olas ,b\rbon1 dat$ #aece4 ,z ?is is a direct copy ( ! portrait ( ! same individual1 und\bt$ly by ,holbe91 :i* is n[ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 & z ! ornam5tation is q 9 ,holbe9's /yle1 we _c d\bt t ?is celebrat$ pa9t] _h frequ5t relations ) ! publi%]s on ! ,cont95t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #id ,illu/ration3 ,,anto9e ,,macault ,,read+ ,,8 ,,translation ,,( ,,diodorus ,,siculus ,,to ,,k+ ,,francis ,i4 ,design$ by ,holbe94 ,engrav$ by ,ge(froy ,tory8 #ie ,ano!r celebrat$ pr9t] :o enjoy$ ! patronage ( ! ,k+ 0 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 :o1 by "s curi\s p]v]sity1 is frequ5tly spok5 ( by ,engli% s*ol>s & biograph]s z ,rob]t ,/eph5s1 simply because1 foll[+ ! fa%ion ( ! day1 he (t5 lat9is$ 8 "n & sign$ ,rob]tus ,/ephanus4 ,e/i5ne 01 next to ,aldo ,manuzio ( ,v5ice1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( pr9t]s1 & des]ves to be held 9 due rev]5ce4 ,! mo/ important illu/rat$ book he publi%$ 0 ',! ,lives ( ! ,dukes ( ,milan1' by ,paulus ,jovius 7,p>is1 #aedi74 ,?is "w has sixte5 portraits ( ! ,dukes1 well engrav$1 "s say by ,ge(froy ,tory himself1 b ?is is a matt] ( dispute1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly 7 cut 9 8 work%op4 ,among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic works ( ! wood-engrav] 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury 7 two l>ge processions1 ',! ,triumphal ,entry ( ,k+ ,h5ri ,,ii4 into ,p>is1' publi%$ by ,roville ( ,lyons1 9 #aedh1 & ',! ,triumphal ,entry into ,lyons1' issu$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,^! pr9ts 7 design$ ei!r by ,jean ,c\s9 or ,cornelis de la ,haye1 b ! "n ( ! engrav] is n[h]e m5tion$4 ,!y are some:at simil> to ',! ,triumph ( ,maximilian1' by ,burgkmair1 b are n ne>ly s important z works ( art1 & did no?+ to raise ! "* ( wood-engrav+4 ,9 ! books publi%$ 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury we frequ5tly meet ) ! "n ( ,b]nh>d ,salomon 7born at ,lyons 9 #aeab71 g5]ally call$ ,le ,petit ,b]n>d1 :o made designs = ,alciat's ',emblems' 7,a4,d4 #aefj7 & ,ovid's ',metamorphoses' 7,a4,d4 #aefd71 :i* 7 engrav$ 9 ! work%op ( ,ge(froy ,tory1 & publi%$ by ,jean 7or ,hans7 de ,t\rnes1 ( ,lyons4 ,b]n>d's /yle 0 mu* influ5c$ by ! ,italian pa9t]s ,rosso & ,primaticcio1 :o _h be5 invit$ by ! ,k+ to decorate ,fonta9ebleau1 & may be easily recognis$ by ! extreme height & t5uity ( 8 figures1 & by ! peculi> ornam5t :i* he us$ z framework = 8 draw+s4 ,ano!r book conta9+ equally good illu/rations is ,ghesn$5 ,figu]a wyt5 ,niew5 ,te/am5te 7',engrav$ ,figures f ! ,new ,te/am5t'71 adorn$ ) n9ety-two small cuts besides ! title-page & initial lett]s2 ^! 7 drawn & probably engrav$ by ,guilliame ,borluyt1 #if citiz5 ( ,gh5t1 & publi%$ by ,jean de ,t\rnes ( ,lyons 9 #aeeg4 ,f ! f95ess ( ! l9es & o!r indications we suspect ^! designs 7 cut on metal1 :i* 0 mu* us$ at ?is "t in/ead ( wood4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,h4 ,s4 ,ni*ols ,co41 ( ,soho ,squ>e1 :o possess an excell5t copy ( ?is v r>e book1 we are enabl$ to (f] our read]s two cuts1 ',! ,woman ( ,sam>ia' & ',*ri/ ,sc\rg$1' ( ! same size z ! orig9als4 ,! publi%]s ( ,lyons 7 celebrat$ f ! end ( ! f\rte5? to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury = _! da9ty little books1 :i* 7 v prettily illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,! ,,woman ,,( ,,sam>ia ,by ,guilliame ,borluyt ,we mu/ n conclude ?is *apt] )\t m5tion+ ano!r celebrat$ publi%]1 ,*ri/ophe ,plant9 ( ,antw]p4 ,he 0 born at ,sa9t-,av]t91 ne> ,t\rs1 9 #aead1 & at an e>ly age appr5tic$ to a pr9t] & book-b9d]1 ,rob]t ,mac1 at ,ca52 !nce he w5t to ,p>is1 :5ce w>s soon drove him away4 ,he next took refuge at ,antw]p1 :]e he employ$ himself 9 b9d+ books & mak+ lea!r boxes1 c(frets1 curi\sly inlaid & gilt4 #ig ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sc\rg+ ,,( ,,*ri/ ,by ,guilliame ,borluyt ,by mi/ake he 01 "o d>k ev5+1 /abb$ ) a sword1 & he aft]w>ds suff]$ s mu* pa9 f ! w\nd t he c\ld n /oop )\t feel+ x3 consequ5tly he turn$ to ! bus9ess ( a pr9t]1 & soon became ! mo/ celebrat$ man ( ! day 9 t craft4 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 made him 8 *ief pr9t]1 & "u royal ord]s ,plant9 produc$ ! well-kn[n ,polyglot ,bible 9 eight folio volumes 7#aefh-aegc74 ,he _h previ\sly pr9t$ "s small] books ( ,emblems 7#aefd71 & ,devises ,hroques 7#aefb71 & _h employ$ ,pi]re ,huys1 ,lucas de ,he]e1 ,godefroid ,balla91 & o!r arti/s1 to illu/rate !m4 ,he di$ 9 #aehi4 ,8 second daught] m>ri$ ,jean ,moret1 "o ( ! ov]se]s ( #ih ! pr9t+-(fice1 & ! bus9ess kn[n z ',plant9-,moretus' cont9u$ to prosp] up to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,a few ye>s s9ce ! (fices 7 b\ght by ! city au?orities1 & ! ,plant9 ,museum is n[ "o ( ! pr9cipal attractions ( ,antw]p4 ,9 8 v>i\s works ,plant9 us$ _m woodcuts1 b mo/ ( 8 title-pages h bord]s execut$ by ,wi]ix1 ,pass1 & o!r celebrat$ copp]plate engrav]s4 ,8 device 0 a ,h& ) a pair ( compasses1 & 8 motto ,labore et ,con/antia4 ,! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ & wood-engrav]s 9 ,holl& =ms ! subject ( a monograph f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,conway 7',! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1' ,cambridge1 #ahhd74 ,! li/ comm5ces ) a ,l\va9 engrav]1 :o work$ = ,veld5] 9 #adge1 & ab\t ! same "t = ,john & ,conrad de ,we/phalia4 ,mo/ ( ! great] ,dut* t[ns _h wood-engrav]s1 & ! "w ( ^! arti/s appe>s 9 _m ( ! books pr9t$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,z 9 ,france1 _m ( ! pr9t]s' m>ks are v good4 ,x 0 9 ?is c5tury t publi%]s began to illu/rate _! books ) copp]plate engrav+s1 :i* soon came into g5]al use1 & ^! plates = _m ye>s1 to a v great ext5t1 sup]s$$ engrav+ on wood4 ,et*+s by ! arti/'s own h&s are also frequ5tly met )1 & to ^! causes we may 9 a great measure attribute ! decay ( ! ,=ms*neid]'s art = at lea/ two c5turies4 99 99 99 99 99 #ii ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,italy ,,& ,,engl& ,9 ! portfolios ( collectors ( works ( art ( ! sixte5? c5tury we frequ5tly meet ) v int]e/+ examples ( pr9t+ 9 *i>o-oscuro1 z x 0 call$1 by means ( successive impressions ( engrav$ wood-blocks4 ,sometimes two or ?ree blocks 7 us$1 sometimes six or eight1 9 all cases ) ! int5tion ( reproduc+ ! appe>ance ( a t9t$ wat]-col\r draw+ or an oil-pa9t+4 ,^? pr9ts :i* 7 ! lea/ ambiti\s 7 ! mo/ successful1 ,!y 7 g5]ally pr9t$ 9 v>i\s %ades ( grey & br[n--f light sepia to deep umb]--& sometimes ! effects are admirable4 ,a well-kn[n design] & engrav] on wood1 ,ugo da ,c>pi 7c4 #aebj71 introduc$ ?is new /yle ( pr9t+ into ,v5ice1 & o!r arti/s1 ,antonio da ,tr5to1 ,&rea ,&reani1 ,b>tolomeo ,coriolano1 & o!rs made _m successful ef=ts 9 a simil> direction2 _! be/ works are mu* priz$4 ,at ! same "t a gr\p ( ,v5etian arti/s1 :o 7 also engrav]s on wood1 di/+ui%$ !mselves by copy+ ! works ( ,titian & o!r ,italian pa9t]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! engrav]s 7 ,nicolo ,boldr9i1 ,francesco da ,nanto1 ,giovanni ,batti/a del ,porto1 & ,giuseppe ,scol>i1 :o all fl\ri%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aecj & #aehj4 ,_! #ajj productions1 :i* are on a l>ge scale1 are greatly valu$ by arti/s4 ,ne> ! end ( ! c5tury a book ( co/ume entitl$ ,habiti ,anti*i e ,mod]ni di tutto il ,mondo 0 design$ & publi%$ at ,v5ice by ,ces>e ,vecellio1 :o is said to h be5 a nephew ( ! great ,titian4 ,?is "w conta9s ne>ly six hundr$ figures 9 ! co/ume ( e age & c\ntry1 admirably drawn & engrav$2 inde$1 !y are ! be/ examples ( ! art ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,italy at ! "t4 ,?is excell5t "w 0 reproduc$ 9 _! well-kn[n /yle by ,messrs4 ,firm91 ,didot ,cie 9 two volumes 7,p>is1 #ahfj74 ,an edition ( ',dante' publi%$ by ! bro!rs ,sessa at ,v5ice 9 #aegh is well illu/rat$ ) good woodcuts4 ,g]man arti/s 7 also bitt5 at ?is "t ) a mania = reproduc+ pictures by means ( col\r blocks4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 7 mu* m curi\s ?an beautiful4 ,we h be=e u a copy ( a pa9t+ design$ by ,altdorf]1 "o ( ! ',little ,ma/]s1' ( ',! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,infant on h] ,lap1' set 9 an elaborate ar*itectural frame4 ,9 ?is pr9t at lea/ eight diff]5t col\r-blocks 7 us$1 among !m a deep r$ & a vivid gre54 ,! pr9t]'s regi/] has be5 fairly well kept1 & ! me*anical "p ( ! "w is wor?y ( all praise2 b we fe> ! effect on mo/ ( our read]s w\ld be to produce any?+ b admiration4 ,a ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]1 design$ & probably engrav$ by ,lucas ,crana*1 pr9t$ 9 black & deep umb]1 only ) ! high lights c>efully cut out ( ! latt] block1 is mu* m satisfactory4 ,9 ! middle & t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 sev]al excell5t wood-engrav+s publi%$ 9 ,london 9 illu/ration ( ,foxe's ',book ( ,m>tyrs' 7#aefb71 ,hol9%$'s ',*ronicles ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&' 7#aegg71 ',a ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s' 7#aefi71 & o!r works1 *iefly f ! press ( ! celebrat$ ,john ,daye4 #aja ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,john ,,daye1 ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,pr9t] ,,( ,,foxe',s ',,book ,,( ,,m>tyrs1' ,a4,d4 #aefb #ajb ,z an example we give "o ( ! illu/rations ( ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles z a frontispiece4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,holbe9 design$ x2 ! ornam5tation alone w\ld almo/ prove x to be f 8 h&4 ,! title-page ( ! ',bi%ops' ,bible1' pr9t$ ab\t ! same "t1 has a f9ely engrav$ bord]1 repres5t+ ! ,k+ h&+ ! volume to ! ,bi%ops1 :o 9 turn pres5t x to ! p4 ,!re are _m woodcuts 9 ! text1 b !y are ( v l[ m]it4 ,we give an illu/ration ( ',a ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s1' kn[n z ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pray]-book1 f a f9e portrait ( ,h] ,maje/y kneel+ on a h&some cu%ion1 ) clasp$ h&s be=e a k9d ( alt>4 ,! ,que5's dress is magnific5t1 & ! ornam5tation ( ! :ole design is ( a simil> "*4 ,x is an excell5t piece ( engrav+1 & we are able to give a facsimile ( x1 cut ab\t sixty ye>s ago by ,george ,bonn]4 ,mr4 ,l9ton ?9ks ! orig9al 0 on metal2 :o engrav$ x is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,we fe> !re 0 no "o 9 ,engl& :o c\ld produce su* "w1 nor c anyone tell :o made ! design4 ,x is pr9t$ on ! back ( ! title-page1 :i* is decorat$ ) a bord] ( a ',jesse-tree1' ) a figure ( ,jesse at ! foot & ! ,virg9 ) ! ,holy ,infant on h] lap at ! head4 ,!re are woodcut bord]s to ea* ( ! #bgd pages1 all betray+ ,g]man orig91 & evid5tly by diff]5t h&s4 ,a few floral designs & s+le figures ( ',temp]ance1' ',*>ity1' & ! l are ! be/4 ,among ! re/ is a s]ies ( ',dance ( ,dea?' pictures1 b n by ,holbe94 ,ano!r edition ( ?is "w 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeij at ,london1 ',by ,ri*>d ,y>dley & ,pet] ,%ort = ! assignes ( ,ri*>d ,day dwell+ 9 ,br$-/reet hill at ! signe ( ! ,/>re4' ,d\btless ?is 0 on ! site ( ! pres5t pr9t+ (fice ( ,ri*>d ,clay ,sons4 ,ri*>d ,day 0 a son ( ,john ,day or ,daye1 z we (t5 f9d ! "n pr9t$4 #ajc ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?a ,,reg9a 7,f ',a ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s4' ,pr9t$ by ,john ,daye1 ,london1 #aefi47 #ajd ,ano!r illu/rat$ book1 ',! ,cosmographical ,glasse1 conte9yng ! pleasant ,pr9ciples ( ,cosmographie1 ,geographie1 ,hydrographie or ,navigation4 ,compil$ by ,william ,cun+ham1 ,doctor 9 ,physicke' 7( ,norwi*71 0 pr9t$ by ,john ,day 9 #aeei1 ) _m cuts4 ,9 ! ornam5tal title-page !re is a l>ge bird's-eye view ( ! city ( ,norwi*1 ) a m>k ( ! engrav]1 ,i4 ,b4 ,!re is also a l>ge & well-engrav$ portrait ( ! au?or1 'tatis #bh1' a r sad-look+ "y man2 & _m initial lett]s1 "s ( :i* h a small ,i4 ,d4 at ! foot1 :i* probably tell u t ,john ,day himself engrav$ !m4 ,o!rs h a small ,i inside a l>g] ,c1 & ?is monogram appe>s frequ5tly on ! small cuts 9 ! bord] ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,book ( ,pray]s4 ,john ,day tells u 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #aefg t ! ,saxon type 9 :i* x is pr9t$ 0 cut by himself4 ,john ,day 0 a great fri5d ( ,john ,foxe1 & assi/$ him 9 produc+ 8 celebrat$ ',acts & ,monum5ts ( ! ,*ur*1' g5]ally kn[n z 8 ',booke ( ,m>tyrs4' ,9 ! ',acts & ,monum5ts1' pr9t$ 9 #aegf1 !re is a l>ge initial ,c1 evid5tly drawn & engrav$ by ! arti/s :o produc$ ! ,que5's portrait4 ,9 ?is initial1 ,elizabe?a ,reg9a is se5 seat$ 9 /ate1 ) h] feet re/+ on ! same cu%ion t appe>s 9 ! l>g] pr9t1 att5d$ by ?ree ( h] ,privy ,c\ncillors /&+ at h] "r h&4 ,a figure ( ! ,pope ) two brok5 keys 9 8 h&s =ms "p ( ! decoration ( ! base2 an imm5se cornucopia rea*es ov] ! top4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we meet ) ! "n ( an excell5t wood-engrav] at ,antw]p1 ,*ri/oph ,jegh]1 :o work$ = _m ye>s ) ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 & produc$ _m l>ge woodcuts4 ,we are enabl$ to give a mu*-r$uc$ copy ( a ',flight into ,egypt1' :i* 9 ! orig9al is ne>ly tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,und]nea? appe>s ! inscription1 ,p4 ,p4 ,rub4 del94 excud41 f :i* we le>n t ,rub5s himself sup]9t5d$ ! #aje pr9t+1 = ,c4 ,jegh] sculp4 appe>s on ! o!r side4 ,"s ( ?is s]ies ( cuts 7 pr9t$ ) a t9t ( sepia ov] !m 9 imitation ( ! ,italian *i>o-oscuro pr9ts ( ! previ\s c5tury4 ,*ri/oph ,jegh] 0 born 9 ,g]many 9 #aeij 787 & di$ at ,antw]p 9 #afgj4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh _m tempe/u\s ye>s & did mu* good "w4 ,a contempor>y wood-engrav] nam$ ,cornelius van ,si*em1 liv+ at ,am/]dam1 produc$ a few excell5t cuts f draw+s by ,he9ri* ,goltzius 7d4 #afag71 :o copi$ ! ,italian s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt4 ,,by ,,rub5s ,r$uc$ copy ( ! engrav+ by ,c4 ,jegh] ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! art ( wood-engrav+ rea*$ its l[e/ ebb4 ,!re 7 a few tol]ably good me*anical engrav]s on ! ,cont95t1 :o 7 #ajf *iefly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ornam5ts = c>ds1 & head & tail pieces = books & ballads1 b ne>ly all ! woodcuts we meet ) 9 ,engli% books are ( ! mo/ *ildi% "*4 ,! rage = copp]-plate engrav+s _h set 9 ) s mu* vig\r among all ! pr9t]s & publi%]s t ! poor wood-engrav] 0 well-nigh =gott54 ,9 ,london a new edition ( 'sop's ,fables1' edit$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,croxall1 & illu/rat$ ) _m woodcuts mu* bett] engrav$ ?an 0 cu/om>y at ! "t1 0 publi%$ by ,jacob ,tonson at ! ,%akespe>'s ,head1 9 ! ,/r&1 9 #agbb4 ,we d n le>n ! names ( ! arti/s4 ,9 #agbd ,eli%a ,kirkall engrav$ & publi%$ sev5te5 ,views ( ,%ipp+1 f designs by ,w4 ,v&evelde1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 a gre5i% k9d ( ink2 & 9 a portfolio full ( woodcuts 9 ! ,pr9t ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton rec5tly discov]$ a l>ge ,c>d ( ,invitation 7qu]y--to a w$d+87 f ,mr4 ,eli%a & ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,kirkall1 dat$ ',augu/ ! #ca/1 #agji4 ,pr9t$ at ,8 ,maje/y's ,pr9t+ ,(fice 9 ,blackfry]s1' :i* is v firmly & boldly engrav$1 probably 9 s(t metal4 ,on ! left ( ! ,royal ,arms1 ,fame1 bl[+ a trumpet1 holds up a circul> m$allion portrait ( ,gutt5burgh 7we foll[ ! spell+72 a simil> figure on ! "r holds ! portrait ( ,w4 ,caxton & a scroll2 at ! foot1 9 ! middle1 is a view ( ,london ,bridge ov] ! ,?ames1 ) ! ,monum5t & ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & on ei!r side is a ,cupid--"o ) a tor* & a dove1 ) masonic emblems at 8 feet1 ! o!r ) attributes ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music4 ,! ,cupids are v l ! fat-fac$ little *]ubim we s con/antly meet ) on sev5te5?-c5tury monum5ts1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,l9ton has no?+ b praise to give to ! engrav+1 :i* he says is ! fir/ example ( ! use ( ! ':ite l9e' 9 ,engli% "w4 ,9 ,p>is !re 0 a family ( ?ree g5]ations ( #ajg engrav]s nam$ ,papillon1 :o illu/rat$ hundr$s ( books ) small & v f9e cuts1 9 evid5t imitation ( ! copp]-plates !n s mu* 9 vogue4 ,jean ,mi*el ,papillon1 ! y\nge/ ( !m1 publi%$ a ,trait ,hi/orique et ,pratique de la ,gravure en ,bois1 9 two volumes ) a supplem5t1 :i*1 ?\gh full ( cr$ul\s errors1 has be5 ( ine/imable s]vice to all writ]s on ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+4 ,?is ,papillon 0 probably 9 ,engl& at "o "t1 = he receiv$ a prize f ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #afih1 began to engrave blocks :5 only eight ye>s old1 & liv$ till ! ye> #aggf4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajh ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,?omas ,,bewick ,,& ,,8 ,,pupils ,9 ! ye> #agge1 ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts (f]$ a s]ies ( small money premiums = ! be/ engrav+s on wood4 ,^! prizes 7 won by ,?omas ,hodgson1 ,william ,coleman1 bo? !n liv+ 9 ,london1 & ,?omas ,bewick1 ( ,newca/le1 :o s5t up = competition five engrav+s int5d$ to illu/rate a new edition ( ',gay's ,fables4' ,x is ( ! la/ ( ^! ?ree--:o receiv$ an aw>d ( sev5 gu9eas1 :i* he imm$iately gave ov] to 8 "m--t we h n[ to write4 ,he 0 born at ,*]ryburn1 a f>mh\se on ! s\? bank ( ! ,tyne1 9 ! p>i% ( ,ov+ham1 ab\t twelve miles f ,newca/le1 9 ,augu/ #agec4 ,?is we le>n f an inscription n[ ov] ! door ( ! 'byre1' or c[%$1 :i* is /ill /&+4 ,8 fa!r 0 a f>m]1 :o also r5t$ a small coal-pit at ,mickley1 close by4 ,aft] hav+ receiv$ a fair education at local s*ools & at ,ov+ham p>sonage1 "y ,?omas1 :o _h %[n a great love ( draw+1 0 9 ,octob] #agfg appr5tic$ to ,ralph ,beilby1 a g5]al engrav]1 9 ,/4 ,ni*olas' ,*ur*y>d1 ,newca/le4 ,"h ! boy le>n$ to cut diagrams 9 wood1 engrave copp]-plates = books1 tradesm5's c>ds1 et* ornam5t on sword-blades1 & o!r "w ( ! k9d1 mu* z ,hog>? _h done "s fifty ye>s be=e him2 &1 z luck w\ld h x1 8 ma/] receiv$ an #aji ord] to engrave a s]ies ( wood-blocks to illu/rate a ',treatise on ,m5suration' writt5 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,hutton1 a s*oolma/] 9 ,newca/le--aft]w>ds ,dr4 ,hutton1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is "w 0 issu$ 9 fifty sixp5ny numb]s1 & publi%$ 9 a qu>to volume 9 #aggj4 ,x 0 on ?is book t ,?omas ,bewick tra9$ 8 'pr5tice h& 9 ! art 9 :i* he 0 aft]w>ds to become s fam\s4 ,at ! end ( 8 appr5tice%ip 9 #aggd1 he work$ ) 8 old ma/] = a %ort "t at a gu9ea a week2 !n he w5t to live = a "t at ,*]ryburn1 & 9 #aggf1 ) ?ree gu9eas sew$ 9 8 wai/-b&1 he walk$ to ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 & nor?w>ds to ! ,highl&s1 always /ay+ at f>m-h\ses on ! road4 ,he return$ to ,newca/le 9 a ,lei? sloop1 &1 aft] work+ till he _h e>n$ suffici5t money1 took a b]? 9 a colli] = ,london1 :]e he arriv$ 9 ,octob] & soon f\nd sev]al ,newca/le fri5ds4 ,b ,london life did n suit ?is *ild ( ! c\ntry-side4 ',i w\ld r be h]d+ %eep on ,mickley bank top1' he writes to a fri5d1 '?an rema9 9 ,london1 al?\gh = s do+ ,i 0 to be made ,premi] ( ,engl&4' ,soon aft] 8 return to ,newca/le he jo9$ 8 old ma/] 9 p>tn]%ip1 & took 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,john1 z an appr5tice1 & = eight ye>s ! bro!rs made a weekly visit to ,*]ryburn1 (t5 fi%+ by ! way4 ,9 ! ye> #aghe1 _! "m1 fa!r1 & elde/ si/] all di$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,?omas ,bewick m>ri$ ,isabella ,elliot1 ( ,ov+ham1 "o ( ! companions ( 8 *ildhood4 ,he 0 at t "t liv+ 9 ! 'f9e1 l[1 old-fa%ion$ h\se'--) a long g>d5 beh9d x1 9 :i* he cultivat$ roses--=m]ly occupi$ by ,dr4 ,hutton2 & go+ daily to "w 9 ! old h\se ov]look+ ,/4 ,ni*olas' ,*ur*y>d4 ,we h previ\sly said t ! e>ly wood-engrav+s 7 cut ) a knife1 held l a p5 & drawn t[>ds ! craftsman1 on 'planks' ( ! s(t wood ( ! pe> or #aaj apple-tree1 or "s simil> tree4 ,x is believ$ t ,bewick 0 ! fir/ :o us$ ! wood ( ! box-tree1 :i* is v h>d1 & :o made 8 draw+s on ! butt-ends ( ! blocks1 & cut 8 l9es ) ! grav] pu%$ f him4 ,he br\ght into practice :at is kn[n z ! ':ite l9e' 9 wood-engrav+2 t is1 he produc$ 8 effects m by means ( _m :ite l9es wide ap>t to give an appe>ance ( lightness1 & by giv+ clos] l9es to produce a grey effect1 z 9 our cut ( ',! ,yell[hamm]4' ,he gave up ! old me?od ( obta9+ 'col\r1' z x is t]m$1 by means ( cross-hat*+1 & us$ a mu* simpl] & m exp$iti\s way ( giv+ dep? ( %ad[ by leav+ solid masses ( ! block1 :i* ( c\rse pr9t$ black--& he con/antly adopt$ ! plan ( l[]+ ! wood 9 ! backgr\nd1 & su* p>ts ( ! block z 7 requir$ to be pr9t$ lightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,yell[hamm] 7,f ',! ,l& ,birds'7 #aaa ,! fir/ book ( real importance t 0 illu/rat$ by ,?omas ,bewick 0 ! ',select ,fables' publi%$ by ,sa9t ( ,newca/le 9 #aghd2 ?is is n[ v r>e2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7press-m>k #abcje g #af7 :i* c at all times be consult$4 ,mo/ ( ! designs are d]iv$ f ',croxall's ,fables1' & _m ( ^! 7 copi$ f ! copp]-plates by ,francis ,b>l[ 9 8 edition ( sop1 publi%$ 'at 8 h\se1 ,! ,gold5 ,eagle1 9 ,new ,/reet1 ne> ,%oo ,lane1 #affe4' ,?\gh ,bewick improv$ ! draw+s1 !re 0 little orig9ality 9 !m1 b ! engrav+s 7 f> 9 advance ( any o!r "w ( ! k9d done at t p]iod4 ,! success ( ?is book induc$ him to c>ry out an idea he _h long ent]ta9$ ( produc+ a s]ies ( illu/rations = a ',g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s1' on :i* he 0 engag$ = six ye>s1 mak+ ! draw+s & engrav+ !m mo/ly 9 ! ev5+4 ,he tells u he _h mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ models1 & 0 delight$ :5 a travell+ m5ag]ie visit$ ,newca/le & enabl$ him to depict _m wild animals f nature4 ,x 0 :ile he 0 employ$ on ?is "w t he receiv$ a commission to make an engrav+ ( a ',*ill+ham ,bull1' "o ( ^? fam\s wild cattle to :i* ,sir ,walt] ,scott ref]s 9 8 ballad1 ',cady[ ,ca/le'3 ',mightie/ ( all ! bea/s ( *ase ,t roam 9 woody ,cal$on4' ,he made ! draw+ on a block #g in*es by #e in*es1 & us$ 8 highe/ p[]s 9 r5d]+ x z true to nature z he c\ld2 x is said t he always consid]$ x to be 8 be/ "w4 ,aft] a few impressions _h be5 tak5 (f on pap] & p>*m5t1 ! block1 :i* _h be5 c>elessly left by ! pr9t]s 9 ! direct rays ( ! sun1 0 split by ! heat2 &1 ?\gh x 0 9 aft] ye>s clamp$ 9 gun-metal1 no impressions c\ld be tak5 :i* did n %[ #aab a trace ( ! accid5t4 ,happily1 "o ( ! orig9al impressions on p>*m5t may be se5 9 ! ,t[ns5d ,collection 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,mean:ile ! ',quadrup$s' 7 go+ on bravely3 ,ralph ,beilby compil$ ! necess>y text1 :i* ,bewick revis$ :]e he c\ld1 & 9 #agij ! book 0 publi%$4 ,x sold s well t a second edition 0 issu$ 9 #agia1 & a ?ird 9 #agib4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,! fir/ edition consi/$ ( #a1ejj copies 9 demy octavo at #hs41 & #ajj 9 royal octavo at #abs4 ,! price ( ! eigh? edition1 ) additional cuts1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe1 0 "o gu9ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tail-,,piece 7,f ',! ,quadrup$s'7 ,besides ! engrav+s ( quadrup$s1 ! be/ t _h appe>$ up to t "t1 ! num]\s tail-pieces :i* ,bewick drew f nature *>m$ ! public imm5sely4 ,we give an example1 "o ( !m 9 :i* a small boy1 said to be a "y bro!r ( ! arti/1 is pull+ a colt's tail1 :ile ! "m is ru%+ to 8 rescue4 ,?is little cut gives an admirable idea ( _! /yle4 ,_m ( !m are humor\s1 _m v pa!tic1 _m grimly s>ca/ic1 & all p]fectly orig9al4 #aac ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,woodcock 7,f ',! ,wat] ,birds'7 ,z soon z ! success ( ! ',quadrup$s' 0 assur$1 ,bewick comm5c$ )\t delay 8 /ill m celebrat$ book1 ! ',hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds4' ,9 mak+ ! draw+s = ?is "w he 0 mu* m at home1 = he knew e fea!r$ creature t flew )9 tw5ty miles ( ,ov+ham1 & x 0 all 'lab\r ( love4' ,he work$ ) all 8 s\l fir/ at ! ',l& ,birds' & aft]w>ds at ! ',wat] ,birds1' & x is on ^! two books t ,bewick's fame bo? z a draughtsman & an engrav] pr9cipally re/s4 ,we give a copy ( ! ',yell[hamm]1' :i* ! arti/ himself consid]$ to be "o ( 8 be/ works1 & ! ',woodcock1' 9 :i* all ! excell5ces ( 8 peculi> /yle may readily be trac$4 ,! fir/ volume1 ! ',l& ,birds1' appe>$ 9 #agig1 & 0 receiv$ ) rapture by all lov]s ( nature4 ,aga91 #aad ! tail-pieces1 pictures 9 m9iature1 7 applaud$ to ! skies1 & ! gratifi$ au?or 0 beset on all sides ) congratulations4 ,mr4 ,beilby wrote ! descriptions z be=e1 & p]=m$ 8 "w v cr$itably4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,f>my>d 7,f ',! ,l& ,birds'7 ,! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,ralph ,beilby & ,?omas ,bewick 0 dissolv$ 9 #agig1 & ! descriptions to ! second volume1 ',! ,wat] ,birds1' :i* did n appe> till #ahjd1 7 writt5 by ,bewick himself1 & revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,cotes1 ,vic> ( ,b$l+ton4 ,x is kn[n t ,bewick 0 assi/$ 9 ! tail-pieces by 8 pupils1 ,rob]t ,johnson z a draughtsman1 & ,luke ,cl5nell z an engrav]1 b x is c]ta9 t e l9e 0 done "u 8 imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce1 & no d\bt ! orig9ator ( ^! excell5t works 0 beg9n+ to feel t he 0 no long] "y4 #aae ,( ! fir/ edition ( ! ',l& ,birds' #a1jjj 7 pr9t$ 9 demy octavo at #ajs4 #f;d41 #hej on ?9 & ?ick royal octavo1 at #acs4 & #aes41 & tw5ty-f\r on imp]ial octavo at #a #as4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ',wat] ,birds' 9 #ahjd consi/$ ( ! same numb] ( copies z t ( ! ',l& ,birds1' b ! prices 7 increas$ respectively to #abs41 #aes41 #ahs41 & #a #ds4 ,! only book ( importance on :i* ,bewick 0 engag$ aft] #ahjd 0 an edition ( 'sop's ,fables1' :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahah4 ,mr4 ,*atto says3 ',:atev] may be ! m]its or defects ( ! cuts 9 ! ,fables1 ,bewick c]ta9ly _h little to d ) !m--= by f> ! great] numb] 7 design$ by ,rob]t ,johnson & engrav$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,temple & ,william ,h>vey1 :ile yet 9 _! appr5tice%ip4' ,bewick amus$ himself by re-writ+ ! ,fables1 to :i* he contribut$ a few ( 8 own1 b he 0 9 no s5se a lit]>y man1 & sev]al ( 8 greate/ admir]s op5ly express$ _! disappo9tm5t at ! book2 ev5 8 supreme advocate1 ,dr4 ,dibd91 said3 ',i w fe>lessly & hone/ly av] t 8 sop disappo9t$ me4' ,9 #ahbf ,bewick lo/ 8 wife1 :o left to 8 c>e "o son & ?ree daught]s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahbh he visit$ ,london alone2 he 0 n 9 good heal?1 took b little int]e/ 9 :at 0 go+ on1 & soon long$ to return home4 ,!re he 0 busy z ev] on a l>ge cut ( an old horse ',wait+ = ,dea?' 7:i* ,mr4 ,l9ton has fai?fully copi$74 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] he took ! block to ! pr9t]s to be prov$1 & aft] a few days' illness1 he di$ on ,novemb] #h1 #ahbh4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,ov+ham *ur*y>d1 :]e a tablet is erect$ to 8 memory4 ,b 8 books are 8 true monum5t1 & !y w live = ev]4 99 99 99 99 99 #aaf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,?omas ,,bewick',s ,,successors ,x r$\nds greatly to ! glory ( ,?omas ,bewick t ! important advance 9 ! art ( wood-engrav+ :i* 0 due to 8 tal5ts & 8 indu/ry did n die ) him4 ,he left beh9d him sev]al em95t successors1 ^: influ5ce is felt to ! pres5t day4 ,8 bro!r ,john1 sev5 ye>s y\ng] ?an himself1 0 8 fir/ pupil1 & to him we are indebt$ = ! illu/rations to a "w call$ ',emblems ( ,mortality1' #aghi1 copi$ f ,holbe9's ',dance ( ,dea?1' ! ',look+-,glass = ! ,m9d1' & ',blossoms ( ,morality1' #agif4 ,( ^!1 ! cuts 9 ! ',look+-,glass = ! ,m9d' are decid$ly ! be/1 & aft] exam9+ !m c>efully we _c b regret t ! arti/ 0 tak5 away s "y4 ,8 draw+s are v unlike ^? ( 8 eld] bro!r1 & are c]ta9ly m graceful--we give "o z an example ( _! /yle4 ,two o!r books1 ',poems1' by ,goldsmi? & ,p>nell1 #agie1 & ,som]ville's ',*ase1' #agif1 also conta9 "s ( 8 be/ "w2 !y 7 pr9t$ 9 qu>to by ,bulm]1 'to display ! excell5ce ( mod]n pr9t+ & wood-engrav+4' ,= ! =m] ( ^!1 ,john ,bewick made mo/ ( ! draw+s1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by ! clev] arti/1 ,rob]t ,johnson1 a fell[-pupil1 & ne>ly all 7 engrav$ by ,?omas & ,john ,bewick1 & a few by ano!r pupil1 ,*>lton ,nesbit4 #aag ,= ',! ,*ase1' ,john ,bewick made all ! draw+s except "o1 & ne>ly all 7 engrav$ by 8 bro!r4 ,= five or six ye>s ,john ,bewick liv$ 9 ,london1 till ill-heal? compell$ him to return to 8 native place1 :]e he di$ 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,som]ville's ',*ase' 0 publi%$4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,ov+ham *ur*y>d1 :]e a tablet is erect$ to 8 memory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,little ,,an?ony4 ,,by ,,john ,,bewick ,f ',look+-,glass = ! ,m9d' ,rob]t ,elliot ,bewick1 ! only son ( ,?omas ,bewick1 0 tra9$ to ! bus9ess ( wood-engrav]1 & at "o "t1 ov] ! w9d[ ( ! h\se 9 ,/4 ,ni*olas' ,*ur*y>d1 !re 0 a bo>d ) an inscription ',,bewick ,,& ,,son1 engrav]s & copp]-plate pr9t]s4' ,rob]t suff]$ mu* f ill-heal? & turn$ 8 att5tion to draw+ r ?an engrav+4 ,he di$ 9 #ahdi1 leav+ fifty beautiful designs = a ',hi/ory ( ,fi%es1' :i* he _h long 9 contemplation z a companion volume to 8 fa!r's works4 #aah ,^! draw+s1 ! gift ( ! la/ ( ,bewick's daught]s1 are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,bewick's o!r pupils 7 ,*>lton ,nesbit1 born at ,%alwell1 ne> ,gate%ead1 9 #agge2 ,luke ,cl5nell1 born at ,ulgham1 a village ne> ,morpe?1 9 #agha2 & ,william ,h>vey1 born ne> ,newca/le 9 #agif4 ,nesbit engrav$ a few ( ! tail-pieces 9 ! ',l& ,birds1' & mo/ ( ! head & tail pieces 9 ! ',poems' ( ,goldsmi? & ,p>nell4 ,he also engrav$1 f a draw+ by ,rob]t ,johnson1 a l>ge block1 #ae in*es by #ab in*es1 ( ,/4 ,ni*olas ,*ur*1 ,newca/le1 :i* at ! "t 0 consid]$ a triumph ( art4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury ,nesbit migrat$ to ,london1 :]e = _m ye>s he 0 employ$ by ,rudolph ,ack]mann & o!r publi%]s 9 engrav+ ! draw+s ( ! arti/1 ,john ,?ur/on1 ^: "w 0 at t "t v popul>4 ,9 #ahae ,nesbit return$ to ,%alwell1 :]e he cont9u$ to reside till #ahcj1 do+ b little "w besides ! engrav+ ( ',r9aldo & ,armida' = ,savage's ',h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+1' aft] a design by ,?ur/on4 ,?is is consid]$ to be 8 be/ "w4 ,he !n w5t back to ,london1 & 0 *iefly engag$ 9 engrav+ draw+s by ,william ,h>vey = ! second volume ( ,nor?cote's ',fables4' ,he di$ at ,que5's ,elms 9 ,novemb] #ahch1 ag$ #fc4 ,mr4 ,*atto says3 ',nesbit is unque/ionably ! be/ wood-engrav] t has proce$$ f ! great nor!rn hive ( art--! work%op ( ,?omas ,bewick4' ,! /ory ( ,luke ,cl5nell's life is v sad4 ,l _m o!r arti/s1 he %[$ an e>ly disposition to make sket*es on 8 slate in/ead ( 'do+ sums1' & 0 (t5 reprov$2 8 uncle sympa?is$ ) him1 & 9 #agig appr5tic$ him to ,?omas ,bewick = ! usual sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he engrav$ _m ( ! tail-pieces to ! ',wat] ,birds' & le>n$ to make wat]-col\r draw+s f nature4 ,:5 8 appr5tice%ip 0 ov] he assi/$ ,bewick 9 ! illu/rations to a ',hi/ory ( ,engl&1' #aai publi%$ by ,wallis & ,s*oley1 9 :i* ,nisbet _h also jo9$1 b f9d+ t ,bewick 0 paid five p\nds = ea* cut1 :ile he receiv$ only two p\nds1 ,cl5nell s5t "s specim5s ( 8 abilities to ! publi%]s1 :o imm$iately (f]$ him "w 9 ,london1 :]e he arriv$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahjd4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds he receiv$ ! gold palette ( ! ,society ( ,arts = a wood-engrav+ ( a battle-sc5e1 & soon aft]w>ds he 0 engag$ on illu/rations to new editions ( ,beattie's ',m9/rel1' #ahjg1 & ,falcon]'s ',%ipwreck1' #ahjh4 ,ab\t ?is "t he m>ri$ ! elde/ daught] ( ,*>les ,w>r51 a well-kn[n l9e engrav]1 & became intimate ) ,abraham ,raimba* & o!r arti/s ^: fri5d%ip 0 ( mu* s]vice to him4 ,8 mo/ important "w z a wood-engrav] 0 ! ',diploma ( ! ,highl& ,society1' a l>ge block #ac in*es by #aj in*es1 ( :i* we give a mu*-r$uc$ copy4 ,b5jam9 ,we/ made ! orig9al design on pap]1 ,cl5nell himself drew ! ,highl&] & ,fi%]man on ! wood1 & gave ,?ur/on fifte5 p\nds to fill 9 ! circle ) ,britannia & h] att5dant gr\ps4 ,aft] he _h work$ on ! block1 :i* 0 ( boxwood v5e]$ ^u bee*1 = ab\t two mon?s1 ! same fate befell x t _h ru9$ ,bewick's ',*ill+ham ,bull'2 "o ev5+1 :ile he 0 at tea1 ! boxwood split ) a l\d report1 & x is said poor ,cl5nell ?rew ! tea-?+s into ! fire6 ,?is 0 ! sad beg9n+ ( a long malady4 ,tak+ c\rage1 h[ev]1 he procur$ a block made ( pieces ( solid boxwood firmly clamp$ toge!r1 paid ,?ur/on aga9 = draw+ ! c5tral gr\ps1 &1 aft] mu* lab\r1 produc$ 8 *ef d'oeuvre1 = :i* he receiv$ #aej gu9eas f ! ,highl& ,society1 & 0 fur!r rew>d$ ) ! gold m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,may #cj1 #ahji4 ,?is second block likewise met ) an untimely fate2 x 0 burnt 9 ! fire at ,b5sley's pr9t+-(fice4 ,john ,?ompson aft]w>ds engrav$ x 9 fac-simile4 ,a copy ( ,cl5nell's orig9al engrav+1 bequea!d by ,mr4 ,john #abj ,?ompson1 may be se5 9 ! ,art ,libr>y at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diploma ,,( ,,! ,,highl& ,,society ,engrav$ by ,luke ,cl5nell ,among ! be/ wood-engrav+s by ,cl5nell we may rank ! illu/rations design$ by ,/o?>d z head & tail pieces = a small edition ( ,rog]s's ',pleasures ( ,memory1' #ahaj4 ,!y 7 drawn 9 p5 & ink1 & engrav$ 9 facsimile ) *>m+ _s & fidelity4 ,aft] ?is "t1 ,cl5nell1 :o c\ld "w beautifully 9 wat]-col\rs1 gave up engrav+ & exhibit$ draw+s & pa9t+s at ! ,academy1 ! ,briti% ,in/itution1 & ! ,exhibition ( ,pa9t]s 9 ,wat]-,col\rs at _! room 9 ,spr+ ,g>d5s4 ,9 ,m>* #ahae1 ! ,briti% #aba ,in/itution set aside #a1jjj gu9eas = premiums = ! be/ oil-pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! c>e] ( ,well+ton4 ,"o ( ^! premiums 0 aw>d$ to ,cl5nell = 8 ',*>ge ( ! ,life ,gu>ds at ,wat]loo1' a picture full ( _s1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds engrav$4 ,9 #ahad ! ,e>l ( ,bridgewat] gave him a commission to pa9t ',! ,banquet ( ! ,alli$ ,sov]eigns 9 ,guildhall4' ,he exp]i5c$ great difficulty 9 obta9+ sitt]s = ! necess>y portraits1 & suff]$ s mu* f anxiety t1 al?\gh 9 ,april #ahag he _h ne>ly conqu]$ all 8 tr\bles1 he sudd5ly lo/ 8 reason4 ,?is s mu* affect$ 8 wife t %e also became insane & soon di$4 ,by ! advice ( 8 fri5ds poor ,cl5nell 0 s5t to live ) a relation :o resid$ ne> ,newca/le1 & !re he l+]$ till ,febru>y #ahdj1 :5 he di$1 leav+ ?ree *ildr51 :o 7 = a "t support$ 9 a great measure by ! ,committee ( ! ,arti/s' ,fund & by ! pr(its ( ! engrav+ ( ! ',*>ge ( ! ,life ,gu>ds4' ,william ,h>vey 0 appr5tic$ to ,bewick 9 #ahaj & 0 8 fav\rite pupil4 ,he frequ5tly made draw+s on ! wood aft] ! designs ( ,rob]t ,johnson1 & engrav$ _m ( ! cuts 9 ',bewick's ,fables1' #ahah4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day #ahae ,bewick pres5t$ him ) a copy ( 8 ',hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds' 9 two volumes1 :i* he always %[$ to 8 fri5ds ) mu* pride4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahag ,h>vey came to ,london &1 to improve 8 k ( draw+1 took lessons ( an excell5t ma/]--,b4 ,r4 ,haydon4 ,:ile "u 8 tuition ,h>vey copi$ 8 picture ( ! ',assass9ation ( ,d5tatus' on a l>ge block1 & engrav$ x ) mo/ elaborate c>e4 ,?is cut has always be5 greatly admir$ by ! pr(ession1 :o po9t to ! v>iety ( ! l9es ( engrav+ 9 ! "r leg ( ,d5tatus z be+ a triumph ( _! art4 ,if we c f9d any fault ) ?is celebrat$ "w1 x is t1 to use ,mr4 ,*atto's words1 ',m has be5 attempt$ ?an c be effici5tly #abb repres5t$ by means ( wood-engrav+'--x is1 9 fact1 too mu* l an attempt to rival copp]-plate l9e-engrav+4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbd ,h>vey _h s _m commissions = designs = bo? copp]-plates & woodcuts t he gave up entirely ! practice ( engrav+1 & devot$ himself to draw+s = ! illu/ration ( books4 ,8 fir/ successes 7 8 vignettes = ,dr4 ,h5d]son's ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,w9es1' #ahbd1 ! illu/rations to ,nor?cote's ',fables1' #ahbh & #ahcc1 ! ',t[] ,m5ag]ie1' #ahbh1 ',g>d5s & ,m5ag]ie ( ! ,zoological ,society1' #ahca1 & ',! ,*ildr5 9 ! ,wood' & a ',/ory )\t an ,end1' #ahcb4 ,b p]haps 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic designs 7 ! illu/rations to ,lane's ',?\s& & ,"o ,nights' 9 #ahcd-dj2 ^! are consid]$ to be 8 be/ "w4 ,he 0 at ?is "t at ! height ( 8 reputation1 & = tw5ty-six ye>s m he almo/ monopolis$ ! illu/ration ( books publi%$ 9 ,london4 ,m]ely to give a li/ ( !m w\ld occupy too mu* space4 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 ,h>vey liv$ ne> ! old *ur* ( ,ri*mond1 & !re he di$ 9 #ahff4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ c\rte\s & amiable ( m51 & ?\gh 8 designs 7 'mann]$1' !y 7 always pleasant to look at1 & (t5 v poetical4 ,!re 7 o!r pupils ( ,bewick :o obta9$ "s little fame4 ,among !m 7 ,john ,&]son1 a native ( ,scotl&1 :o assi/$ ,?ur/on 9 illu/rat+ ,bloomfield's ',f>m]'s ,boy1' publi%$ 9 #ahjj by ,v]nor & ,hood2 ,john ,jackson1 :o 0 born at ,ov+ham 9 #ahja1 & ,eb5ez] ,l&ells1 born at ,newca/le 9 #ahjh4 ,jackson = "s reason qu>rell$ ) 8 ma/]1 came to ,london & work$ = ,william ,h>vey1 :o 0 mu* employ$ ab\t t "t 9 mak+ illu/rations = ! v>i\s works issu$ by ,*>les ,knight1 includ+ ! ',p5ny ,magaz9e1' ,knight's ',%aksp]e1' ',pictorial ,bible1' ',pictorial ,pray]-book1' & a hundr$ o!r books :i* appe>$ betwe5 #ahbh & #ahdj--"u ! auspices ( t ent]pris+ publi%]4 ,"s ( #abc ,jackson's be/ "w w be f\nd 9 ! ',t[] ,m5ag]ie' & o!r illu/rations ( animals design$ by ,h>vey4 ,he w always be rememb]$ = ! %>e he took 9 ! ',treatise on ,wood-,engrav+1' = :i* ,mr4 ,*atto wrote ! text4 ,?is "w 0 und]tak5 at ! sole risk ( ,mr4 ,jackson1 :o engrav$ _m ( ! ?ree hundr$ illu/rations4 ,x is a v valuable book &1 supplem5t$ by ,mr4 ,l9ton's ',ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+1' tells pretty well all t is ev] likely to be kn[n ( ?is fasc9at+ art4 ,jackson di$ 9 ,london 9 ! ye> #ahdh4 ,at ! dea? ( ,bewick1 ,eb5ez] ,l&ells came to ,london1 #ahbi1 & soon f\nd employm5t 9 engrav+ designs = ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,pun*1 & o!r p]iodicals4 ,8 /udio became q a nurs]y ( art1 & _m excell5t draughtsm5--among !m1 ,birket ,fo/]--& engrav]s 7 educat$ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce4 ,he di$ at ,brompton 9 #ahfj1 ! la/ ( ,bewick's pupils4 ,go+ back to ! la/ c5tury we f9d t we h omitt$ to speak ( ano!r self-taught wood-engrav]1 ,rob]t ,bran/on1 :o 0 born 9 #aggh at ,lynn 9 ,norfolk4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age he settl$ 9 ,london & soon f\nd employm5t 9 work+ = ! publi%]s4 ,he engrav$ ! ',cave ( ,despair' f a draw+ by ,?ur/on = ,savage's ',h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+' 9 rivalry ) ,nesbit's ',r9aldo & ,armida'2 ?is is consid]$ to be 8 be/ "w4 ,he also assi/$ 9 engrav+ ! cuts 9 ,s*oley's ',hi/ory ( ,engl&1' ,bloomfield's ',wild ,fl[]s1' #ahjf1 & a s]ies ( ',fables' aft] ,?ur/on's designs :i*1 ?\gh beautifully execut$1 7 nev] publi%$4 ,he di$ at ,brompton 9 #ahbg4 ,among 8 pupils 7 8 son1 ,rob]t ,bran/on ! y\ng]1 :o = _m ye>s produc$ excell5t "w4 #abd ,illu/ration3 ,,haymak+4 ,,by ,w4 ,,mulready1 ,r4,a4 ,engrav$ by ,john ,?ompson ,john ,?ompson1 "o ( ! pr9ces ( wood-engrav]s1 0 born 9 ,man*e/] 9 #aghe1 came to ,london e>ly 9 life1 &1 aft] practis+ = "s ye>s "u ,rob]t ,bran/on ! eld]1 soon ga9$ great di/9ction 9 8 art4 ,l all o!r wood-engrav]s ( ! p]iod1 he 0 employ$ *iefly 9 r5d]+ ! designs ( ,?ur/on4 ,9 #ahah he engrav$ ! illu/rations to a new edition ( ,butl]'s ',hudibras1' & ab\t ! same "t he 0 engag$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl& to produce a bank-note :i* c\ld n be imitat$4 ,!n foll[$ ! illu/rations to ! ',bl9d ,begg> ( ,be?nal ,gre51' #ahcb1 ,%akespe>e1 #ahcf1 & ! ',arabian ,nights1' #ahda1 all aft] designs by ,william ,h>vey4 ,he also engrav$ _m ( ! beautiful cuts 9 ! books ( ,natural ,hi/ory publi%$ by ,van ,voor/4 ,9 #abe #ahdc he produc$ ! "w = :i* he w = ev] be celebrat$1 ! illu/rations to ! ',vic> ( ,wakefield' f ! draw+s by ,mulready--"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ books ev] publi%$4 ,x w\ld take too mu* "t to enum]ate ev5 ! be/ ( ! engrav+s he execut$ 9 8 long life4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get to m5tion t he engrav$ 9 gun-metal ,mulready's design = a po/al envelope 9 #ahci1 & ! figure ( ,britannia :i* is /ill pr9t$ on ,bank ( ,engl& notes4 ,he pres5t$ 8 collection ( valuable woodcuts to ! ,art ,libr>y at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & di$ at ,k5s+ton 9 #ahff1 ag$ #ha4 ,8 son1 ,?ur/on ,?ompton1 0 also an excell5t engrav]4 ,among ! o!r celebrat$ wood-engrav]s ( ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury 7 ,john & ,m>y ,byfield1 :o engrav$ ! facsimile cuts ( ,holbe9's ',dance ( ,dea?' & ',sc5es f ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory' = ,pick]+'s editions ( ^! celebrat$ works2 ,w4 ,h4 ,p[is1 "s ( ^: be/ "w may be se5 9 ',solace ( ,song'2 ,j4 ,orr9 ,smi?1 born 9 ,col*e/] 9 #ahjj1 :o plac$ himself "u ! tuition ( ,william ,h>vey1 & became a v exp]t craftsman1 & ^: be/ "w may be se5 9 ,wordswor?'s ',greece1' ',! ,solace ( ,song1' ,lane's ',arabian ,nights1' & 9 ',paul et ,virg9ie1' publi%$ by ,curm] ( ,p>is--,orr9 ,smi? di$ 9 #ahdc2 ,samuel ,williams1 also a native ( ,col*e/]1 :o design$ on ! wood mo/ ( ! works :i* he engrav$--he 0 fam\s = 8 c\ntry sc5es1 ! be/ ( :i* are 9 ,?omson's ',seasons' & ,c[p]'s ',poems1' publi%$ ab\t #ahdj--;he di$ 9 #ahec 9 8 #fe? ye>2 ,w4 ,t4 ,gre5 & ,?omas ,bolton1 bo? excell5t reproduc]s ( l&scape1 & especially ( ! draw+s ( ,birket ,fo/]2 ,*>les ,gray1 & ,samuel ,v4 ,slad]1 all ( ! fir/ repute2 ,orl&o ,jewitt1 celebrat$ bo? = 8 beautiful reproductions ( ar*itectural "w1 = ,p>k]'s ',gloss>y1' & o!r important works2 &1 lately1 we h lo/ ,j4 ,gre5away1 bro!r ( ! fam\s arti/1 ,kate #abf ,gre5away1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,palm]1 bo? excell5t m5 & engrav]s ( ! v fir/ class4 ,illu/ration3 ,o',,er>*$ ,,) ,,oaks ,,t ,,=m ,,fanta/ic ,,b[]s ,/ill ) u1 we c only m5tion 9 a few words ! mod]n pr9ce ( wood-engrav]s1 ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 :o has = #abg _m ye>s resid$ 9 ,am]ica2 ,w4 ,l4 ,?omas1 ! orig9ator ( ,! ,graphic newspap]1 & "o ( ! able/ arti/s 9 wat]-col\rs 9 ',! ,in/itute'2 ,edmund ,evans & ,horace ,h>ral1 :o s successfully r5d]$ ,birket ,fo/]'s draw+s "s ye>s ago2 ,j4 ,w4 ,:ymp]1 ! bro!rs ,dalziel & ,james ,coop]1 ! produc]s ( ?\s&s ( good engrav+s1 & a comp>atively new man1 ,w4 ,biscombe ,g>dn]1 :o excels 9 portraiture4 ,9 ,g]many1 dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 wood-engrav+ met ) mu* enc\ragem5t1 & rev]t+ to ! e>li] & pur] /yle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _m arti/s & engrav]s produc$ "w ( great m]it3 ,e4 ,kretzs*m>1 ( ,leipsic1 ! bro!rs ,a4 & ,o4 ,vogel1 ,f4 ,unzelmann & ,h4 ,mll]1 r5d]$ ! draw+s ( ,adolf ,m5zel & ,ludwig ,ri*t] ) c>eful exactitude4 ,9 ! ateli] ( ,hugo ,brkn]1 ( ,dresd51 ! mu*-admir$ ',dea? z a ,fri5d1' by ,re!l1 0 engrav$ by ,jungt[1 & ',dea? z an ,enemy' by ,/e9bre*]3 & ,a4 ,gab]1 rec5tly deceas$1 fai?fully reproduc$ ! draw+s ( ,ov]beck1 ,s*norr von ,c>olsfeld1 ,osc> ,plets*1 & ,moritz von ,s*w9d4 ,( liv+ engrav]s we may ref] our read]s to ! excell5t examples ( skill to be se5 9 ! ',mei/]w]ke d] ,holzs*neidekun/1' a mon?ly p]iodical ( great m]it2 & especially to ! works ( ,pfnorr ( ,d>m/adt2 ,hfel ( ,vi5na2 ,flegel & ,web] ( ,leipsic2 ,mezg] & ,vieweg ( ,brunswick2 ,h4 ,gnt]1 ,k>l ,o]tel1 ,lttge1 & ,e4 ,krelb4 ,9 ,france no great advance has be5 made1 & mo/ ( ! engrav]s h be5 cont5t$ to produce "w a little above m$iocrity4 ,sev]al ,fr5* publi%]s h giv5 commissions to ,engli% engrav]s--,orr9 ,smi?1 ,h5ry ,l9ton1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,am]ica great /rides h be5 made1 &1 9 ! e/imation ( _m excell5t judges1 ! be/ works ev] done by wood-engrav]s h be5 pres5t$ to u 9 ! pages ( ! illu/rat$ magaz9es4 ,^! publications excite #abh our wond] n only at ! great en]gy :i* is ?r[n into !m1 app>5tly )\t reg>d to co/1 b at ! imm5se success :i* !y h ju/ly a*iev$4 ,"s critics disapprove ( ! /yle to :i* we h j ref]r$1 & say x is 9 too close an imitation ( /eel engrav+1 b x seems h>d to c5sure works :i* h giv5 unb\nd$ satisfaction to s _m ?\s& lov]s ( art4 ,ow+ to ! inv5tion ( v>i\s me*anical processes1 & ! p]fection to :i* photography has atta9$1 ! art ( wood-engrav+ w\ld seem to be 9 dang] ( becom+ ext9ct4 ,?is is by no means ! real case1 = ! brilliant b& ( wood-engrav]s :i* has aris5 9 ,am]ica1 ( :om we h j spok51 /ill cont9ue to give u excell5t examples ( _! skill2 & especially we may m5tion ! inimitable copies ( pa9t+s by ! ,old ,ma/]s by ,timo?y ,cole1 ^: r5d]+ ( ,paul ,pott]'s ',"y ,bull' excites our w>me/ admiration4 ,9 ,engl&1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,william ,morris & 8 foll[]s1 a revival ( ?is int]e/+ craft1 z practis$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 has be5 set on foot 9 "s ( ! ,s*ools ( ,art--notably at ,birm+ham1 :]e 9 #ahic ! /ud5ts issu$ a ,book ( ,c>ols illu/rat$ ) orig9al designs1 "s ( :i* 7 cut by ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,?is revival ( ! e>li] & pur] me?ods ( engrav+1 c\pl$ ) a c>eful /udy ( ! possibilities ( ! art1 may be tak5 z a sign t by no means ! la/ *apt] on ! hi/ory ( engrav+ on wood has yet be5 writt54 ,at pres5t1 mu* ( ! new process "w :i* we f9d 9 su* ov]-abundance 9 newspap]s & magaz9es is slov5ly to ! la/ degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n[ & !n we see beautiful results--! be/ 9 ! ,am]ican magaz9es2 let u hope t ! facile *eapness ( ?is new craft--art x _c be call$--w 9 good h&s soon a*ieve some?+ m wor?y ( our reg>d4 99 99 99 99 99 #abi ,,index ,! ,engrav+s 9 ?is book are ref]r$ to 9 italic type ,abbreviations ( ,lat9 words1 #ah sop's ,fables 7#adha71 #dg sop's ,fables 7,bewick's71 #aae ,aldegrev]1 #hh ,aldus ,manutius1 #de-dg ,alphabet1 ,figure1 ,,xv ,c5t41 #be ,altdorf]1 ,albre*t1 #hg1 #ajj ,amman1 ,jo/1 #hh ,&]son1 ,john1 #abb ,&re1 ,j]ome1 #hb ,&reani1 ,&rea1 #ii ,annunciation1 ,!1 #h ,apocalypse1 ,dr]'s1 #gj ,apocalypsis ,sancti ,johannis1 #ag ,ars ,memor&i1 #aa1 #bf ,ars ,mori5di1 #aa1 #bj1 #bf ,batti/a del ,porta1 #ii ,beham1 ,hans1 #hg ,beilby1 ,ralph1 #ajh1aab ,b]n]s1 ,dame ,juliana1 #ff ,bewick1 ,john1 #aaf ,bewick1 ,rob]t1 #aag ,bewick1 ,?omas1 #ajh-aae ,bible ,cuts1 ,holbe9's1 #hf1 #hg ,biblia ,paup]um1 #ab-af ,bibliomaniac1 ,!1 #ch ,block ,books ( ! ,,xv ,c5t41 #aa ,blossoms ( ,morality1 #aaf ,boldr9i1 ,nicolo1 #ii ,bolton1 ,?omas1 #abf ,bonn]1 ,george1 #hb1 #ajb ,booke ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s 7,q4 ,elizabe?71 #ajj ,book ( ,fables 7,pfi/]1 #adfa71 #cf ,book ( ,h\rs1 #ee ,book ( ,/4 ,albans1 #ff ,borluyt's ,figures f ,new ,te/am5t1 #if1 #ig ,b\rbon1 ,nicolas1 #ic ,br&t's ,navis ,/ultif]a1 #ch ,bran/on1 ,rob]t1 #abc ,breyd5ba*'s ,travels1 #ce1 #cg ,briti% ,birds1 ,hi/ory ( 7,bewick71 #aaj-aae ,briti% ,quadrup$s1 ,hi/ory ( 7,bewick71 #aaa1 #aab ,brosam]1 ,hans1 #hh ,brkn] 7,g]man engrav]71 #abg ,bull51 ,mr4 ,george1 #bj ,burgkmair1 ,hans1 #fi-hj ,byfield1 ,john & ,m>y1 #hb1 #abe ,caillaut1 ,anto9e1 #fj ,cant]bury ,tales1 ,!1 #ff ,canticum ,canticorum1 #aa1 #bc ,casus ,lucif]i1 #cj ,caxton1 ,william1 #fb ,*atto1 ,w4 ,a41 #a1 #d1 #ff1 #aah ,*i>-oscuro1 ,pr9t+ 91 #ej1 #ii ,*ill+ham ,bull 7,bewick71 #aaa ,*ri/oph]1 ,sa9t1 #f ,cl5nell1 ,luke1 #aah-aba ,cole1 ,mr4 ,h5ry1 #gc ,cole1 ,timo?y1 #abh ,col9es1 ,simon de1 ,heures de1 #ib ,cologne ,bible1 #cc1 #cf ,colonna1 ,francesco1 #db ,col\r ,pr9t+ 9 ,g]many 7,,xvi ,c5t471 #ajj ,conway1 ,w4 ,m4 7,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s71 #ih ,copp]plate-,engrav+ introduc$1 #ih ,coriolano1 ,b>tolommeo1 #ii ,crana*1 ,lucas1 #fi1 #hh1 #ajj ,croxall's sop1 #ajf1 #aaa ,cun+ham's ,cosmographical ,glasse1 #ajb ,curio1 ,val5t9e1 #ha ,dance ( ,dea? 7#adhe71 #ei ,dance ( ,dea? 7,holbe9's71 #ha-he ,daye1 ,john 7,pr9t]71 #aja-ajd ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 7,missal71 #ed ,decam]on1 ,! 7#adib71 #dh ,d5tatus1 ,dea? ( 7engrav$ by ,w4 ,h>vey71 #aba ,dibd9's1 ,dr41 ,works1 #a ,di5eck] 7,engrav]71 #gh ,diploma ( ,highl& ,society 7,cl5nell71 #abj ,d\ce1 ,francis1 #hb ,duplessis1 ,m4 ,georges1 #d ,dupr1 ,jean1 #ee1 #fj ,dr]1 ,albre*t1 #fi ---- ,apocalypse1 #gj ---- ,engrav+s on ,copp]1 #ga ---- ,life ( ! ,virg91 #ga ---- ,passion ( ,our ,"l1 #ga ---- ',small]' ,passion1 #ga1 #gc ---- ,virg9 cr[n$ by ,angels1 #gb ,elizabe?a ,reg9a 7#aefi71 #ajc ,elizabe?'s1 ,que51 ,pray] ,book1 #ajb ,emblems ( ,mortality 7#aghi71 #aaf ,e/i5ne1 ,rob]t1 #ic ,figure ,alphabet1 ,!1 #bd ,flight into ,egypt 7,jegh]'s71 #aje ,fo/]1 ,birket1 ,draw+ by1 #abf ,foxe's ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 #ajj ,frob51 ,johann1 #ha ,fros*ov]1 ,*ri/oph1 #ha ,fy%ynge ) an ,angle 7#adif71 #fg ,gab] 7,g]man ,engrav]71 #abg ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse 7,caxton's71 #fb1 #fd ,g]man ,engrav]s1 #abg ,gray1 ,*>les1 #abe ,gre51 ,w4 ,t4 7,engrav]71 #abe ,gre5away1 ,j41 #abe ,gut5b]g's ,psalt]1 #cd ,h>vey1 ,william1 #aae1 #aba ,he9eck51 ,h]r1 #d1 #aj ,h5ry ,,viii 9 ,c\ncil1 frontispiece ,heures l'usaige de ,*>tres1 #eb ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds 7,bewick71 #aaj-aad ,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s 7,bewick71 #aaa1 #aab ,holbe91 ,hans1 #fi1 #ha-hg ---- ,alphabet ( ,dance ( ,dea?1 #hg ---- ,bible ,cuts 7,old ,te/am5t71 #hf1 #hg ---- ,dance ( ,dea?1 #hb-hd ---- ,society1 #bj1 #ba ,hol9%$'s ',*ronicles ( ,engl&1' c41 #ajj ,humphreys1 ,noel1 #ee ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili 7#adid71 #db-dd ,illum9at$ ,books ( ,,xv ,c5tury1 #ec ,images ( ,sa9ts1 #b ,jackson1 ,john1 #abb ,jegh]1 ,*ri/oph1 ( ,antw]p1 #ajd ,jewitt1 ,orl&o1 #abe ,johnson1 ,rob]t1 #aae ,jovius1 ,paulus1 #ie ,jungt[1 #abg ,kal5d>io 7,v5ice1 #adgf71 #da ,k]v]1 ,?ielman1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei ,k+'s ,banquet1 ,!1 #eh ,kirkall1 ,eli%a 7#agbd71 #ajf ,knight1 ,*>les1 #abb ,l&ells1 ,eb5ez]1 #abb ,le ,noir 7,pr9t]s' m>k71 #fj ,le ,r\ge1 #ec ,l9ton1 ,w4 ,j41 #a1 #e1 #ajf ,lippmann1 ,dr41 #a ,little ,ma/]s1 ,!1 #hg ,livres d',heures1 #eg ,look+-glass = ! ,m9d1 #aaf1 #aag ,ltzelburg]1 ,hans1 #ha1 #hg ,macault read+ 8 ,translation1 #id ,mac1 ,rob]t1 ( ,ca51 #if ,mansion1 ,col>d1 ( ,bruges1 #fb ,manuzio1 ,aldo1 #de1 #df ,m>*ant1 ,guyot1 #ec1 #ei ,maximilian1 ,emp]or1 #fi1 #gd-hj ,maz>9e ,bible1 #cj ,m] des ,hi/oires1 ,la1 #ec ,milan1 ,lives ( ,dukes (1 #ie ,metal ,blocks1 #ea ,mirr\r ( ! ,_w 7#adgh71 #fc ,morris1 ,william1 #ec1 #abh ,mulready3 ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 #abe ,nanto1 ,francesco da1 #ii ,navis ,/ultif]a 7#adig71 #ch ,nesbit1 ,*>lton1 #aaf1 #aah ,not>y1 ,julian1 #fh ,nrnb]g ,*ronicle1 #cf ,palm]1 ,w4 ,j41 #abf ,papillon1 ,j4 ,m4 7,fr5* ,engrav]71 #ajg ,passion ( our ,"l 7,missal71 #ef ,petit1 ,jehan1 #fj ,pig\*et1 ,philippe1 #ee ,plant91 ,*ri/ophe1 ,antw]p1 #if ,play+ ,c>ds1 #b ,porta1 ,giuseppe1 #ij1 #ia ,porto1 ,batti/a del1 #ii ,p[is1 ,w4 ,h4 7,engrav]71 #abe ,pr9t]s' m>ks1 #fj ---- ,k]v]'s1 #ei ---- ,le ,noir's1 #fj ---- ,plant9's1 #ih ---- ,pynson's1 #fh ---- ,tory's1 ,ge(froy1 #ia ---- ,wynkyn de ,worde's1 #fe ,psalt]1 ,gut5b]g's1 #cd ,pynson1 ,ri*>d1 #ff ,recueil des ,hi/oires de ,troye1 #fb ,sa9t ,bridget ( ,sw$51 #i ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]1 #f ,sa9t ,seba/ian1 #i ,salomon1 ,b]nh>d 7,petit ,b]nh>d71 #ie ,s*aufele91 ,hans1 #gd ,s*ongau]1 ,m>t91 #ef1 #eg ,scol>i1 ,giuseppe1 #ii ,select ,fables 7,bewick71 #aaa ,sessa ,bro!rs1 ( ,v5ice1 #ajj ,slad]1 ,samuel1 #abe ,smi?1 ,j4 ,orr91 #abe ,som]ville's ,*ase1 #aag ,sorti di ,m>col9i 7#aedj71 #ij1 #ia ,speculum ,salvationis1 #aa1 #bi ,t]5ce 7,lyons1 #adic71 #di ,!ur$ank1 ,adv5tures (1 #gd ,?ompson1 ,john1 #aai1 #abc1 #abd ,?ur/on1 ,john1 #aah ,tory1 ,ge(froy1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie ,t\rnes1 ,jean de1 #ie1 #if ,tr5to1 ,antonio da1 #ii ,tri/an1 ,romance (1 #eh ,triumphs ( ,maximilian1 #gd-hj ---- ,triumphal ,ar* 7,dr]71 #ge1 #gf ---- ,triumphal ,c> 7,dr]71 #gg ---- ,triumphal ,procession 7,burgkmair71 #gh1 #gi ,triumphal entry ( ,h5ri ,,ii into ,lyons1 #ie ,triumphal entry ( ,h5ri ,,ii into ,p>is1 #ie ,triumphi del ,petr>ca 7#adhh71 #da1 #dg ,ugo da ,c>pi1 #ii ,vecellio1 ,ces>e1 #ajj ,v]>d1 ,anto9e1 #ec1 #eg ,virgil ,solis1 #hh ,virg9 ) f\r ,sa9ts 7#adah71 #c ,vo/re1 ,simon1 #ec1 #ee ,w]skunig1 #gd ,williams1 ,samuel1 #abe ,will%ire1 ,dr41 #b1 #ee ,woodb]y1 ,mr41 #cb ,wood-,engrav]1 ,!1 x ,wood ,engrav]s 7,liv+71 #abf ,wynkyn de ,worde1 #fe ,spottiswoode ,co4 ,pr9t]s1 ,new-/reet ,squ>e1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,w4 ,h4 ,will%ire1 ,play+ & o!r ,c>ds 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #a vol4 #hvo4 7#ahgf74 #b ,x is (t5 call$ ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 because a copy 0 discov]$1 ) notes writt5 9 x by ! illum9ator1 9 ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,maz>94 ,x is v sc>ce4 ,9 #ahhd ,mr4 ,qu>it* b\ght a v f9e copy f ! libr>y ( ,sir ,john ,?orold1 = :i* he paid #c1ijj4 #c ,hi/ory ( ,wood-,engrav+1 #ahhc4 #d ,an ,engli% v]sion1 nei!r fai?ful nor complete1 0 publi%$ 9 ! 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