,! ,great ,educators ,edit$ by ,,ni*olas ,,murray ,,butl] ,,ari/otle ,,& ,,anci5t ,,educational ,,ideals ,,by ,,?omas ,,davidson ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahib ,,copyright1 #ahib1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons4 ,,preface ,9 und]tak+ to treat ( ,ari/otle z ! exp\nd] ( anci5t educational ideas1 ,i might1 ) ,kapp's ,ari/oteles' ,/aatspa$agogik be=e me1 h made my task an easy "o4 ,i might simply h pres5t$ 9 an ord]ly way & ) a little comm5t>y1 :at is to be f\nd on ! subject ( education 9 8 v>i\s works--,politics1 ,e?ics1 ,rhetoric1 ,poetics1 etc4 ,i _h two reasons1 h[ev]1 = n adopt+ ?is c\rse3 7#a7 t ?is "w _h be5 done1 bett] ?an ,i c\ld d x1 9 ! treatise ref]r$ to1 & 7#b7 t a m]e re/atem5t ( :at ,ari/otle says on education w\ld h>dly h %[n 8 relation to anci5t p$agogy z a :ole4 ,i !re=e judg$ x bett]1 by trac+ briefly ! :ole hi/ory ( ,greek education up to ,ari/otle & d[n f ,ari/otle1 to %[ ! pa/ :i* condition$ 8 !ories & ! future :i* 0 condition$ by !m4 ,only ?us1 x seem$ to me1 c\ld 8 tea*+s be se5 9 _! prop] light4 ,& ,i h f\nd t ?is me?od has _m advantages1 ( :i* ,i may m5tion "o4 ,x has enabl$ me to %[ ! close connection t exi/$ at all times betwe5 ,greek education & ,greek social & political life1 & to pres5t ! "o z ! reflection ( ! o!r4 ,& ?is is no small advantage1 s9ce x is j f its relation to ! :ole ( life t ,greek education d]ives its *ief int]e/ = u4 ,we c nev]1 inde$1 return to ! purely political education ( ! ,greeks2 !y !mselves _h to ab&on t1 &1 s9ce !n1 ,a b\ndless hope has pass$ across ! e>?-- a hope :i* gives our education a mean+ & a scope f> wid] ?an any t ! ,/ate aims at2 b 9 ^! days1 :5 ! ,/ate & ! in/itution :i* embodies t hope are cont5d+ = ! "r to educate1 x _c b aid u 9 settl+ _! respective claims1 to foll[ ! process by :i* !y came to h di/9ct claims at all1 & to see j :at ^! mean4 ,?is process1 ! me?od :i* ,i h foll[$ has1 ,i hope1 enabl$ me1 9 "s degree1 to br+ into cle>ness4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 has be5 "o ( my *ief aims4 ,9 treat+ ( ! details ( ,greek educational practice1 ,i h be5 guid$ by a desire to pres5t only1 or ma9ly1 ^? :i* contribute to make up ! complete picture4 ,= ?is reason ,i h omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! tra9+ = ! ,olympic & o!r games1 ?is 7s x seems to me7 be+ no ess5tial "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy = me to give my book a le>n$ appe>ance1 by *eck]+ its pages ) ref]5ces to anci5t au?ors1 or quotations1 9 ! orig9al1 f !m2 b ?is has seem$ to me bo? unnecess>y & unpr(itable 9 a "w int5d$ = ! g5]al public4 ,i h1 !re=e1 pref]r$ to place at ! heads ( ! diff]5t *apt]s1 9 ,engli% mo/ly1 su* quotations z seem$ to express1 9 ! mo/ /rik+ way1 ! _s ( ! diff]5t p]iods & !ories ( ,greek education4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ,i believe ^! quotations w be f\nd to pres5t a fairly def9ite outl9e ( ! :ole subject4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld say t1 ?\gh ,i h us$ a few mod]n works1 su* z ^? ( ,kapp & ,grasb]g]1 ,i h done s almo/ solely = ! sake ( f9d+ ref]5ces4 ,9 reg>d to e po9t ,i believe ,i h turn$ to ! orig9al s\rces4 ,if1 !re=e1 my conclusions on c]ta9 po9ts diff] f ^? ( writ]s ( note :o h prec$$ me1 ,i c only say t ,i h tri$ to d my be/ ) ! orig9al mat]ials be=e me4 ,i am f> f flatt]+ myself t ,i h rea*$ ! tru? 9 e case1 & %all be v grateful = corrections1 9 :atev] _s !y may be (f]$2 b ,i tru/ t ,i h be5 able to pres5t 9 _! ess5tial features1 ! anci5t ideals ( education4 ,,?omas ,,davidson4 ,gl5more1 ,ke5e1 ,essex ,co41 ,n4,y4 ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,"* & ,ideal ( ,greek ,education #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,bran*es ( ,greek ,education #f ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,conditions ( ,education #i ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,subjects ( ,education #ab ,,*apt] ,v4 ,education z ,influ5c$ by ,"t1 ,place1 & ,circum/ances #ae ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,epo*s 9 ,greek ,education #bf ,,book ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hell5ic ,,p]iod 7,b4,c4 #ggf-cch74 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,old ,,education 7,b4,c4 #ggf-dhj74 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,education = ,"w & ,leisure #cc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 olian or ,!ban ,education #ch ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,dorian or ,sp>tan ,education #da ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,py?agoras #eb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ionian or ,a!nian ,education #fj 7#a7 ,family ,education #fd 7#b7 ,s*ool ,education #fg 77 ,musical 7& ,lit]>y7 ,education #gb 77 ,gymna/ics1 or ,bodily ,tra9+ #gg 77 ,danc+ #hb 7#c7 ,college ,education #he 7#d7 ,univ]sity ,education #ij ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,new ,,education 7,b4,c4 #dhj-cch74 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,individualism & ,philosophy #ic ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,x5ophon #aad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,plato #acc ,,book ,,iii4 ,,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd-cbb74 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,8 ,life & ,works #aec ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,8 ,philosophy #afa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,8 ,!ory ( ! ,/ate #aff ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,8 ,p$agogical ,/ate #agb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,education dur+ ! fir/ ,sev5 ,ye>s #ahd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,education f ,sev5 ,to ,tw5ty-"o #ahh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,education aft] ,tw5ty-"o #bjj ,,book ,,iv4 ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod 7,b4,c4 #cch-;,a4,d4 #cac74 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,f ,e?nic to ,cosmopolitan ,life #bje ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,qu9tilian & ,rhetorical ,education #bad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,plot9us & ,philosophic ,education #bbe ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,conclusion #bca ,,app5dix4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts #bci ,,bibliography #bdi ,,index #bec ,,book ,i ,,introductory ,,errata4 ,page #ai1 l9e #e f bel[1 ins]t #ajb4 #ec1 #f #acc4 #aha1 #ad = & read or4 #bej1 #aa ,watsno read ,watson4 ,,ari/otle ,,*apt] ,i ,,"* ,,& ,,ideal ,,( ,,greek ,,education ,no?+ 9 excess6--,solon4 ,no citiz5 has a "r to consid] himself z belong+ to himself2 b all ought to reg>d !mselves z belong+ to ! ,/ate1 inasmu* z ea* is a "p ( ! ,/ate2 & c>e = ! "p naturally looks to c>e = ! :ole4--,ari/otle4 ,greek life1 9 all its manife/ations1 0 dom9at$ by a s+le idea1 & t an /hetic "o4 ,?is idea1 :i* work$ sometimes consci\sly1 sometimes unconsci\sly1 0 ,,proportion4 ,! ,greek t]m = ?is 7,logos7 n only came to designate ! inc>nate ,^w ( ,religion1 b has also suppli$ _m mod]n languages ) a "n = ! ,sci5ce ( ,manife/$ ,reason--,logic4 ,to ! ,greek1 inde$1 ,reason always meant ratio1 proportion2 & a rational life meant to him a life ( :i* all ! p>ts1 int]nal & ext]nal1 /ood to ea* o!r 9 j proportion4 ,su* proportion 0 ?reefold2 fir/1 betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! individual human be+2 second1 betwe5 ! individual & 8 fell[s 9 a social :ole2 ?ird1 betwe5 ! human1 z su*1 & ! ov]rul+ div9e4 ,! realization ( ?is ?reefold h>mony 9 ! individual 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ,,wor? 71 usually1 b incorrectly1 r5d]$ ,virtue74 ,!re has come d[n to u1 f ! p5 ( ,ari/otle1 9 :om all t 0 implicit 9 ,hell5ism became explicit1 a portion ( a pan address$ to ?is ideal4 ,x may be fitly ins]t$ "h1 9 a lit]al translation4 ,,to ,,wor?4 ,o ,wor?6 /]n taskmi/ress ( human k9d1 ,life's noble/ prize3 ,o ,virg96 = ?y beauty's sake ,x is an envi$ lot 9 ,hellas ev5 to die1 ,& suff] toils dev\r+1 unassuag$-- ,s well do/ ?\ direct ! _s ,to fruit immortal1 bett] ?an gold ,& p>5ts & s(t-ey$ sleep4 ,= ?y cause ,jove-born ,h]cules & ,l$a's sons ,mu* und]w5t1 by de$s ,?y p[] proclaim+4 ,= love ( !e ,a*illes & ,ajax to ,hades' halls w5t d[n4 ,= ?y de> beauty's sake ,at>neus' nursl+ too wid[$ ! glances ( ! sun4 ,!re=e1 z "o r5[n$ = de$s & dea?less1 him ! ,muses %all exalt1 ,! daught]s ( ,memory1 exalt+ s ! glory ( ,/rang]-gu>d+ ,jove1 & ! honor ( fri5d%ip firm4 ,) reg>d to ?is ideal1 f\r ?+s are especially notewor?y2 fir/1 t x took an exhau/ive survey ( man's nature & relations2 second1 t x call$ = /rong1 p]si/5t1 h]oic ef=t2 ?ird1 t x t5d$ to s9k ! individual 9 ! social :ole & ! univ]sal ord]2 f\r?1 t its aim 01 on ! :ole1 a /atic p]fection4 ,! fir/ two 7 m]its2 ! second two1 dem]its4 ,! fir/ m]it prev5t$ ! ,greeks f pursu+ "o-sid$ sy/ems ( education2 ! second1 f try+ to turn education into a means ( amusem5t4 ,ari/otle says di/9ctly1 ,education ought c]ta9ly n to be turn$ into a means ( amusem5t2 = "y p are n play+ :5 !y are le>n+1 s9ce all le>n+ is accompani$ ) pa94 ,! fir/ dem]it 0 prejudicial to individual lib]ty1 & !re=e ob/ructive ( ! highe/ human developm5t2 ! second enc\rag$ ,utopian dreams1 :i*1 be+ always ( /atic conditions1 undi/urb$ by ! toils & ?roes ess5tial to progress1 t5d to produce impati5ce ( t sl[ advance :]eby alone man arrives at endur+ results4 ,to ?is t5d5cy we owe su* works z ,plato's ,republic & ,x5ophon's ,education ( ,cyrus4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,bran*es ,,( ,,greek ,,education ,) !e ! ag$ c>-borne ,peleus s5t me on ! day :]eon f ,ph?ia to ,agamemnon he s5t !e1 a m]e boy1 n yet acqua9t$ ) mutual w> or c\ncils1 9 :i* m5 rise to di/9ction--= ?is end he s5t me =? to tea* !e all ^! ?+s1 to be a speak] ( words & a do] ( de$s4--7,phnix 97 ,hom]4 ,above all & by e means we provide t our citiz5s %all h good s\ls & /rong bodies4--,lucian4 ,life is ! orig9al s*ool--life1 dome/ic & social4 ,all o!r s*ools m]ely ex]cise functions delegat$ by ! family & by society1 & x is n until ! latt] has rea*$ su* a /ate ( complication z to necessitate a division ( labor t special s*ools exi/4 ,among ! ,hom]ic ,greeks we f9d no m5tion ( s*ools1 & ! only p]son record$ z hav+ _h a tutor is ,a*illes1 :o 0 s5t away f home s e>ly 9 life z to be depriv$ ( t education :i* he w\ld naturally h receiv$ f 8 fa!r4 ,9 :at t education consi/$1 we le>n f ! fir/ quotation at ! head ( ?is *apt]4 ,x consi/$ 9 su* tra9+ z w\ld make ! pupil a speak] ( words & a do] ( de$s--a man eloqu5t & p]suasive 9 c\ncil1 & brave & resolute on ! field ( battle4 ,= ^! ends he requir$1 z ,lucian says1 a good s\l & a /rong body4 ,^! expressions m>k ! two great divisions into :i* ,greek education at all p]iods fell--,,m5tal ,,education & ,,physical ,,education--z well z _! orig9al aims1 viz4 goodness 7t is1 brav]y7 ( s\l & /r5g? ( body4 ,z "t w5t on1 ^! aims und]w5t consid]able *anges1 & consequ5tly ! means = atta9+ !m consid]able modifications & ext5sions4 ,physical education aim$ m & m at beauty & grace1 in/ead ( /r5g?1 :ile m5tal education1 9 its ef=t to ext5d itself to all ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 divid$ itself into lit]>y & musical education4 ,z we h se51 ! ,greeks aim$ at develop+ all ! p[]s ( ! human be+ 9 due proportion & h>mony4 ,b1 9 c\rse ( "t1 !y discov]$ t ! human creature comes into ! _w ) 8 p[]s1 n only undevelop$1 b already disord]$ & inh>moni\s2 t n only d ! g]ms ( manhood require to be c>efully wat*$ & t5d$1 b also t ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y are to gr[ mu/ be cle>$ f an ov]gr[? ( *ok+ we$s1 be=e education c be und]tak5 ) any hope ( success4 ,?is cle>+ process 0 call$ by ! lat] ,greeks ,ka?>sis1 or ,purgation1 & play$ an ev]-increas+ "p 9 _! p$agogical sy/ems4 ,x 0 suppos$ to d = man's emotional nature :at ,m$ic9e und]took to d = 8 body4 ,! means employ$ 7 ma9ly music & ! k9dr$ arts1 :i* ! anci5ts believ$ to ex]t :at we %\ld n[ call a dmonic effect ^u ! s\l1 draw+ (f ! excit+ causes ( di/urb+ passion1 & leav+ x 9 complete possession ( itself4 ,x w\ld h>dly be too mu* to say t ! p[] to ex]t ?is purgative influ5ce on ! s\l 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z ! *ief function & end ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,su* 0 c]ta9ly ,ari/otle's op9ion4 ,:5 purgation & ! tw(old education ( body & m9d _h produc$ _! p]fect "w1 ! result 0 :at ! ,greeks call$ ,kalokaga?ia 77 t is1 ,fair-&-,goodness4 ,ei!r half ( ?is ideal 0 nam$ 7aret71 ,wor? or ,excell5ce4 ,we are expressly told by ,ari/otle 7,categories1 *ap4 viii47 t ! adjective to is 7sp\daios71 a ^w :i* we usually r5d] into ,engli% by e>ne/4 ,& we d s ) reason2 = to ! ,greek1 ,excell5ce or ,wor? meant1 above all1 e>ne/ness1 g5u95ess1 tru?fulness1 ?or\ghness1 abs5ce ( frivolity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conditions ,,( ,,education ,"s hold t m5 become good by nature1 o!rs by tra9+1 o!rs by in/ruction4 ,! "p t is due to nature obvi\sly does n dep5d ^u u1 b is imp>t$ ?r\gh c]ta9 div9e causes to ! truly =tunate4--,ari/otle4 ,x is n m]ely begett+ t makes ! fa!r1 b also ! imp>t+ ( a noble education4--,john ,*ryso/om4 ,!re are two sorts ( education1 ! "o div9e1 ! o!r human4 ,! div9e is great & /rong & easy2 ! human small & weak & beset ) _m dang]s & delusions4 ,nev]!less1 ! latt] mu/ be add$ to ! =m]1 if a "r result is to be rea*$4--,dion ,*ryso/om4 ,! same ?+ t we are wont to ass]t reg>d+ ! arts & sci5ces1 may be ass]t$ reg>d+ moral wor?1 viz4 t ! production ( a completely j "* dem&s ?ree conditions--nature1 reason1 & habit4 ,by reason ,i mean in/ruction1 by habit1 tra9+4444 ,nature )\t in/ruction is bl9d2 in/ruction )\t nature1 helpless2 ex]cise 7tra9+7 )\t bo?1 aimless4--,plut>*4 ,to ! realization ( _! ideal 9 any individual ! ,greeks conceiv$ ?ree conditions to be necess>y1 7#a7 a noble nature1 7#b7 p]si/5t ex]cise or tra9+ 9 "r action1 7#c7 c>eful in/ruction4 ,if any "o ( ^! 0 lack+1 ! highe/ result c\ld n be atta9$4 7#a7 ,to be well or nobly born 0 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z "o ( ! be/ gifts ( ! gods4 ,ari/otle def9es noble bir? z anci5t weal? & wor?1 & ?is fairly en\gh expresses ! ,greek view g5]ally4 ,naturally en\gh1 !re=e1 ! ,greek 9 m>ry+ look$ above all ?+s to ! *ances ( a wor?y (fspr+4 ,inde$1 x may be fairly said t ! purpose ( ! ,greek 9 m>riage 01 n s mu* to secure a helpmeet = himself z to f9d a wor?y "m = 8 *ildr54 ,9 ,greece1 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! anci5t _w1 m>riage 0 look$ ^u solely z an arrangem5t = ! procreation & re>+ ( (fspr+4 ,! romantic1 pa?ological love-elem5t1 :i* plays s important a "p 9 mod]n mat*-mak+1 0 almo/ entirely abs5t among ! ,greeks4 ,:at love !re 01 assum$ ei!r ! noble =m ( en?usia/ic fri5d%ip or ! base "o ( free lu/4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 & ( ! fact t woman 0 reg>d$ z a means & n z an end1 ! relations betwe5 ,greek husb&s & wives 7 v (t5 su* z to r5d] ! family a s*ool ( virtue = ! *ildr54 ,!y 7 noble1 sweet1 & /rong1--all ! m s1 x %\ld seem1 t !y 7 bas$1 n ^u a delusive s5tim5tality1 b ^u reason & a s5se ( reciprocal duty4 7#b7 ,! value ( ex]cise1 practice1 habituation1 seems to h be5 f> bett] und]/ood by ! anci5ts ?an by ! mod]ns4 ,:atev] a man has to d1 be x speak+1 swimm+1 play+1 or fight+1 he c le>n only by do+ x2 ?is 0 a univ]sally accept$ maxim4 ,! mod]n habit ( try+ to tea* languages & virtues by rules1 n prec$$ by ext5sive practice1 w\ld h seem$ to ! anci5ts z absurd z ! notion t a man c\ld le>n to swim be=e go+ into ! wat]4 ,practice fir/2 !ory aft]w>ds3 d ! de$1 & ye %all "k ( ! doctr9e--s said anci5t ,wisdom1 to :i* ! notion t *ildr5 %\ld n be call$ ^u to p]=m any act1 or submit to any re/riction1 )\t hav+ ! gr\nds !re( expla9$ to !m1 w\ld h seem$ ! complete inv]sion ( all sci5tific me?od4 ,x 0 by insi/+ ^u a c]ta9 practice 9 *ildr51 on ! gr\nd ( simple au?ority1 t ! anci5ts s\ght to inculcate ! virtues ( rev]5ce = exp]i5ce & wor?1 & respect = law4 7#c7 ,! "w begun by nature1 & cont9u$ by habit or ex]cise1 0 complet$ & cr[n$ by in/ruction4 ,?is _h1 accord+ to ! ,greek1 two functions1 7a7 to make action free1 by mak+ x rational1 7b7 to make possible an advance to orig9al action4 ,nature & habit left m5 ?ralls1 gov]n$ by in/9cts & prescriptions2 in/ruction1 revelation ( ! gr\nds ( action1 set !m free4 ,su* fre$om1 bas$ on insight1 0 to ! ?9k]s ( ,greece ! realization ( manhood1 or r1 ( ! div9e 9 man4 ,! tru? %all make y free--no "o und]/ood ?is bett] ?an !y4 ,h5ce1 ) all _! /eady insi/5ce ^u practice 9 education1 !y nev] reg>d$ x z ! ultimate end1 or z any end at all1 except :5 guid$ by insight1 ! fruit ( in/ruction4 ,a practicality lead+ to no wid5+ ( ! spiritual horizon1 to no free+ insight1 0 to !m illib]al1 slavi%1 paltry--banausic1 !y said1--degrad+ bo? to body & s\l4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,subjects ,,= ,,education ,x is "r t ,greeks %\ld rule ov] b>b>ians1 b n b>b>ians ov] ,greeks2 = ^? are slaves1 b ^! are free m54--,euripides4 ,b>b>ian & slave are by nature ! same4--,ari/otle4 ,nature endeavors to make ! bodies ( freem5 & slaves diff]5t2 ! latt] /rong = necess>y use1 ! =m] erect & useless = su* op]ations1 b useful = political life4444 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t by nature "s m5 are free1 o!rs slaves1 & t1 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 slav]y is bo? b5eficial & j4--,id4 ,in/ruction1 ?\gh x pla9ly has p[] to direct & /imulate ! g5]\s among ! "y 444 is z pla9ly p[]less to turn ! mass ( m5 to nobility & goodness 7,kalokaga?ia74 ,= x is n 9 _! nature to be guid$ by rev]5ce1 b by fe>1 nor to ab/a9 f l[ ?+s because !y are disgraceful1 b 7only7 because !y entail puni%m5t4--,id4 ,9 ?9k+ ( ,greek education z furni%+ a possible model = u mod]ns1 !re is "o po9t :i* x is important to be> 9 m9d3 ,greek education 0 int5d$ only = ! few1 = ! weal?y & well-born4 ,^u all o!rs1 ^u slaves1 b>b>ians1 ! work+ & trad+ classes1 & g5]ally ^u all p]sons sp5d+ _! lives 9 pursuit ( weal? or any private ends :atsoev]1 x w\ld h seem$ to be ?r[n away4 ,ev5 well-born wom5 7 g5]ally exclud$ f mo/ ( its b5efits4 ,! subjects ( education 7 ! sons ( full citiz5s1 !mselves prep>+ to be full citiz5s1 & to ex]cise all ! functions ( su*4 ,! duties ( su* p]sons 7 completely summ$ up "u two heads1 duties to ! family & duties to ! ,/ate1 or1 z ! ,greeks said1 conomic & political duties4 ,! free citiz5 n only ackn[l$g$ no o!r duties besides ^!1 b he look$ d[n ^u p]sons :o s\ght occupation 9 any o!r sph]e4 conomy & ,politics1 h[ev]1 7 v compreh5sive t]ms4 ,! =m] includ$ ! ?ree relations ( husb& to wife1 fa!r to *ildr51 & ma/] to slaves & prop]ty2 ! latt]1 ?ree public functions1 legislative1 adm9i/rative1 & judici>y4 ,all occupations n includ$ "u ^! six heads ! free citiz5 left to slaves or resid5t =eign]s4 ,money-mak+1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 he despis$1 &1 if he devot$ himself to art or philosophy1 he did s only = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate4 ,if he improv$ ! patrimony :i* 0 ! condition ( 8 free citiz5%ip1 he did s1 n by *aff]+ or money-l5d+1 b by judici\s managem5t1 & by k9dly1 b firm1 treatm5t ( 8 slaves4 ,if he p]=m$ any great arti/ic s]vice to ! ,/ate--= example1 if he wrote a trag$y = a ,/ate religi\s fe/ival 7& plays 7 nev] writt5 = any o!r purpose7--! only rew>d he look$ =w>d to 0 a cr[n ( olive or laurel & ! respect ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,! ,greeks divid$ mank9d1 9 all ! relations ( life1 into two di/9ct classes1 a gov]n+ & a gov]n$1 & consid]$ ! =m] alone z ! subject ( education2 ! latt] be+ a m]e in/rum5t 9 its h&s4 ,! gov]n+ class requir$ education 9 ord] t x might gov]n itself & ! o!r class1 9 accordance ) reason & ju/ice2 t o!r1 receiv+ its guidance f ! gov]n+ class1 requir$ no education1 or only su* z w\ld enable x to obey4 ,x foll[$ t ! duty ( ! gov]n+ class 0 to gov]n2 ( ! gov]n$1 to obey4 ,only 9 ?is correlation ( duties did ea* class f9d its usefulness & satisfaction4 ,any attempt to di/urb or inv]t ?is correlation 0 a wilful runn+ 9 ! tee? ( ! laws ( nature1 a rebellion aga9/ ! div9e ord] ( ?+s4 ,z husb&1 fa!r1 ma/] 9 ! family1 & z legislator1 (fic]1 judge 9 ! ,/ate1 ea* memb] ( ! gov]n+ class f\nd 8 prop] range ( activities2 & he did wrong1 degrad+ himself to ! level ( ! s]v+ class1 if he s\ght any o!r4 ,?is view1 9 a m or less consci\s =m1 p]vades ! :ole anci5t _w1 condition+ all its notions & !ories ( education2 & ,paul ! ,apo/le only e*o$ x :5 he said to wives3 ,wives1 be 9 subjection to y\r own husb&s z to ! ,"l2 to *ildr53 ,*ildr51 obey y\r p>5ts 9 ! ,"l3 = ?is is "r2 & to slaves3 ,slaves1 be ob$i5t unto !m t accord+ to ! fle% are y\r ma/]s ) fe> & trembl+1 9 s+l5ess ( he>t1 z unto ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,education ,,z ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,"t1 ,,place1 ,,& ,,circum/ances ,! peculi> "* ( ea* =m ( gov]nm5t is :at e/abli%es x at ! beg9n+ & :at usually pres]ves x4444 ,s9ce ! :ole ,/ate has b "o end1 x is pla9ly necess>y t !re %\ld be "o education = all ! citiz5s4--,ari/otle4 ,education among ! ,greeks1 z among e o!r progressive p1 v>i$ ) times & circum/ances4 ,! education ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks 0 n t ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! days ( ,ari/otle1 nor ! latt] ! same z ! education ( ! contempor>y ,sp>tans or ,!bans4 ,moreov]1 ! education actually imp>t$ 0 n ! same z t dem&$ or recomm5d$ by philosoph]s & writ]s on p$agogics4 ,x is true t ! aim 0 always ! same2 ,wor?1 ,excell5ce1 ,fair-&-,goodness 71 72 b ?is 0 diff]5tly conceiv$ & diff]5tly /riv5 aft] at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places4 ,among ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 z we h se51 education1 be+ purely practical1 aim+ only at mak+ its subject a speak] ( words & a do] ( de$s1 0 acquir$ 9 ! actual int]c\rse & /ruggles ( life4 ,! simple conditions ( _! exi/5ce dem&$ no o!r education &1 consequ5tly1 no special educational in/itutions4 ,^! conditions1 z describ$ by ,hom]1 ?\gh by no means b>b>\s1 are primitive4 ,nomadism has long be5 left beh9d & ! lat] village-communities h be5 mo/ly m]g$ 9 wall$ t[ns1 g5]ally situat$ at "s di/ance f ! %ore1 on or ne> a hill1 ^: summit =ms a citadel = refuge 9 cases ( dang]4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ ( ^! t[ns1 h[ev]1 ! type ( civilization is /ill l>gely patri>*al4 ,! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( *iefs or k+s 77 claim+ to be born & br$ ( ,jove1 z1 inde$1 9 a s5se1 !y 71 s9ce !y rul$ q z mu* by "r ( p]sonal wor?1 :i* m ?an any?+ is due to ! grace ( ,god1 z by h]$it>y title4 ,wor? 9 ^? days consi/$ 9 physical /r5g?1 c\rage1 beauty1 judgm5t1 & p[] to address an assembly1 & any k+ prov+ defici5t 9 ^! qualities w\ld soon h f\nd 8 position insecure1 or be5 compell$ to =tify x by lawless tyranny4 ,! functions devolv+ ^u ! k+ 7 ma9ly ?ree1 ^? ( judge1 milit>y comm&]1 & prie/4 ,! fir/ requir$ judgm5t & ready spee*2 ! second1 /r5g? & intellig5t c\rage2 ! ?ird1 p]sonal beauty & dignity4 ,?\gh ! k+s 7 all[$ to ex]cise great p[]1 ?is 0 n irresponsible or arbitr>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 compatible ) great public fre$om 9 spee* & action4 ,slav]y exi/$ only to a limit$ ext5t & 9 a mild =m4 ,all free heads ( families1 h[ev] poor1 _h a "r to att5d ! popul> assembly1 :i* ! k+ consult$ on all important matt]s1 & at :i* ! fre/ discussion 0 all[$4 ,:5 ! k+s ex]cis$ judicial p[]1 !y did s 9 accordance ) c]ta9 !mi/es or laws1 held to h orig9at$ ) ,zeus1 & n accord+ to _! own caprice4 ,z !re 0 little comm]ce 9 ^? days1 ! inhabitants ( ! anci5t cities1 :5 n engag$ 9 w>f>e1 devot$ !mselves *iefly to agriculture1 cattle-rais+1 & ! useful arts4 ,9 ^! ev5 ! k+s ?\ght x no %ame to engage4 ,we f9d ,p>is help+ to build 8 own palace1 ,odysseus con/ruct+ 8 own b$1 ,lycaon cutt+ wood to make *>iot-rails1 & s on4 ,simil>ly1 we f9d ,hel5 & o!r pr9cesses sp9n+ & weav+1 :ile ,nausicaa1 ! daught] ( ! ,phacian k+1 wa%es ! clo!s ( ! family4 ,9 su* a primitive society1 unacqua9t$ ) lett]s1 ! high] education f\nd b few aspirants4 ,! only p]sons ( sci5tific pret5sions m5tion$ by ,hom] are ! physicians 7:o are likewise surgeons7 & ! soo?say]s4 ,! =m] are highly appreciat$1 & are always *iefs4 ,! soo?say]s are ! expon5ts ( div9e om5s to ! community1 & occupy a k9d ( (ficial position1 l ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,no arti/s1 /rictly speak+1 are m5tion$ by ,hom]1 except ! b>d1 & he is mu* honor$1 z hi/orian1 tea*]1 & inspir]4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t ,a*illes & ,p>is are pr(ici5ts 9 music2 b su* cases seem exceptional4 ,( artisans1 sev]al are m5tion$--! work] 9 wood1 ! work] 9 horn & ivory1 ! pott] 7:o uses ! :eel71 & s on4 ,! exi/5ce ( o!rs is impli$--! weav]1 ! mason1 ! metal-work]1 etc4 ,if !re 7 no special s*ools 9 ! h]oic age1 life 0 s liv$ z to be an excell5t s*ool4 ,!n1 z at all o!r times1 x 0 extremely social1 f> m s ?an our mod]n life4 ,?is 0 due *iefly to ?ree causes1 7#a7 ! smallness ( ! /ates1 :i* made x possible = e citiz5 to "k1 & to feel 8 solid>ity )1 e o!r1 7#b7 ! abs5ce ( titles & =malities1 :i* _h n yet be5 introduc$ f ! ,ea/1 7#c7 ! fact t ! p1 especially ! m51 sp5t ! great] "p ( ! day 9 ! op5 air1--9 ! /reets & agora1--& s 7 cont9ually rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is sociality _h mu* to d ) ! %ap+ ( ! ,greek "*1 ! sali5t elem5ts ( :i* are ?us enum]at$ by ,zell]1 ! hi/orian ( ,greek philosophy3 ,a /rong s5se ( fre$om1 comb9$ ) a r>e susceptibility to proportion1 =m1 & ord]1 a ke5 reli% = companion%ip 9 life & action1 a social t5d5cy :i* compell$ ! individual to comb9e ) o!rs1 to submit to ! g5]al w1 to foll[ ! traditions ( 8 family & 8 community4 ,betwe5 ! simple social condition describ$ by ,hom] & t = :i* ,ari/otle wrote1 !re int]v5$ a p]iod ( at lea/ six hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ t "t _m great *anges took place 9 ! social & political life ( ! ,greeks1 dem&+ correspond+ *anges 9 education4 ,^! *anges 7 due to sev]al causes1 7#a7 ! natural human t5d5cy t[>d fre$om1 7#b7 ! influ5ce ( =eign nations1 7#c7 ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 7#d7 ! introduction ( lett]s1 7#e7 ! rise ( philosophy1 7#f7 ! ,p]sian ,w>s4 ,?\gh all ^! are closely int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 !re c be no h>m 9 treat+ !m sep>ately4 7#a7 ,! t5d5cy t[>d fre$om1 s ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 0 especially s ( ! nature ( ! ,greeks4 ,among !m x rapidly manife/$ itself 9 an ord]$ s]ies ( political =ms1 beg9n+ ) patri>*alism1 & end+ v>i\sly 9 ! v>i\s /ates & races4 ,!re is1 inde$1 h>dly a s+le =m ( political life t 0 n realiz$ among ! ,greeks at "s "t or place4 ,x 0 ?is t made x possible = ,ari/otle to write a "w on ,politics :i*1 9 ! words ( a rec5t political writ]1 has rema9$ = two ?\s& ye>s "o ( ! pure/ s\rces ( political wisdom4 ,! v>i$ & *angeful political life ( ! ,greeks 0 9 itself a great education4 ,x made !m aw>e ( ! pr9ciples1 political & e?ical1 ^u :i* society re/s1 & r5d]$ necess>y a faculty ( cle> & ready expression1 :i* react$ mo/ favorably ^u _! intellectual & /hetic faculties4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ool ( practical politics t ! ,greeks acquir$ _! rhetoric2 & ,ari/otle1 9 8 treatise on ,poetry1 tells u t1 :ile ! old] poets made _! *>act]s talk l /atesm51 ! lat] ones made !irs talk l rhetoricians4 ,n only1 inde$1 did political life react ^u ! drama1 b1 9 develop+ rhetoric1 x drew att5tion to language & l$ to ! sci5ces ( gramm> & logic1 bo? ( :i* 7 ?us call$ into exi/5ce by real social ne$s 7see p4 #ajb74 7#b7 ,greece1 ly+1 z x did1 betwe5 ?ree cont95ts1 & 9 ! ?or\ghf>e ( ! anci5t nations1 c\ld h>dly fail to be visit$ by _m diff]5t races1 or1 consid]+ its beauty & comm]cial advantages1 to be covet$ by !m4 ,f ?is foll[$ two consequ5ces1 7a7 t ! ,greeks 7 a v mix$ race1 7b7 t !y 71 f ! fir/ & at all times1 9 manifold contact ) =eign peoples4 ,t !y 7 a mix$ race1 is atte/$ alike by _! language1 _! my?ology1 & _! leg5ds4 ,t !y 7 9 close & cont9ual communication ) =eign peoples1 is r5d]$ evid5t by _! alphabet1 _! art1 & ! direct /atem5ts ( _! hi/orians4 ,al?\gh x is true t ! ,greeks1 especially aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 reg>d$ !mselves z a sup]ior & *os5 p1 call+ all o!rs b>b>ians1 & consid]+ !m z fit only to be slaves1 x is n ! less true t h>dly "o ( all ! arts & sci5ces :i* !y ultimately c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection _h its orig9 9 ,greece prop]4 ,all appe> fir/ 9 ! colonies settl$ among b>b>ians1--9 ,egypt1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,?race1 ,crete1 ,sicily1 or ,italy4 ,ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 poetry--epic1 lyric1 dramatic--music1 hi/ory1 politics1 philosophy1 7 all borr[$1 trans=m$1 &1 ) ! exception p]haps ( trag$y & pa9t+1 c>ri$ to a high degree ( excell5ce 9 ! colonies1 be=e !y 7 transplant$ to ! "m-c\ntry4 ,x is beyond any d\bt t ev5 ! ,hom]ic leg5ds are ( b>b>ian orig91 ?\gh f :at p !y 7 borr[$ is unc]ta94 ,x 0 ! pla/icity & v]satility ( _! "*1 due 9 "p to _! mix$ blood1 t1 by enabl+ !m to appropriate & assimilate ! arts & sci5ces ( _! neighbors1 rais$ ! ,greeks to a new plane ( civilization & made !m ! initiators ( a new epo* 9 hi/ory1 ! epo* ( life accord+ to reason4 ,sir ,h5ry ,sumn] ,ma9e says1 ,except ! bl9d =ces ( ,nature1 no?+ moves 9 ?is _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig94 7#c7 ,x 0 *iefly ?r\gh comm]ce t ! arts & sci5ces borr[$ by ! colonial ,greeks f\nd _! way into ,greece prop]4 ,t =eign art-objects 7 introduc$ into x at an e>ly p]iod1 is r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! rec5t discov]ies at ,myc51 ,sp>ta1 & o!r places1 z well z by /atem5ts 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,t ^! 7 foll[$ lat] by arti/s1 br++ ) !m =eign art-processes & appliances1 is equally c]ta94 ,! e>lie/ sculptors ^: names are kn[n to u1 ,dipnis & ,scyllis1 7 natives ( ,crete1 settl$ 9 ,sicyon2 & ! e>lie/ poetic guild ( :i* we h any m5tion is t ( ! ,hom]id 9 ! isl& ( ,*ios4 ,b1 besides introduc+ art & arti/s into ,greece1 comm]ce t5d$ to educate ! ,greeks 9 o!r ways4 ,x made !m acqua9t$ ) =eign mann]s & luxuries1 & =c$ !m to le>n ! arts ( navigation1 %ip-build+ & ex*ange1 :i* aga9 r5d]$ necess>y an acqua9tance ) ari?metic & ! art ( writ+4 ,& ?is leads u to 7#d7 ,! ,introduction ( ,lett]s4 ,?is ev5t1 ! date ( :i* is unc]ta91 n only ex]cis$ a mo/ fur!r+ influ5ce on ! arts & sci5ces1 b gave rise to a new bran* ( education4 ,lett]s 7 probably fir/ us$ = diplomatic & trade purposes1 !n = inscriptions1 & la/ ( all = ! p]petuation ( lit]>y productions4 ,s mu* ( a *ange did !y effect 9 ,greek education t ev5 9 ! be/ times ! :ole ( ! lit]>y & sci5tific education 0 call$ simply lett]s 774 ,z late z ! "t ( ,plato lett]s seem to h be5 consid]$ a "p ( ,music1 & to h be5 taught by ! same tea*] z ! latt]2 b ,ari/otle already di/+ui%es ! two4 ,x is extremely probable t ! introduction ( lett]s 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools = y\?2 = we f9d no m5tion ( !m prior to t ev5t4 7#e7 ,! introduction ( lett]s 0 closely foll[$ by ! rise ( ,philosophy1 or ! reflective _s4 ,up to ab\t ! ye> #fjj ,b4,c41 ! ,greeks1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 liv$ by habit1 tradition1 & prescription1 h&$ on1 ) little or no criticism1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,_! ideal _w 0 %ap$ by ! works ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,hesiod is ! tea*] ( mo/1 says ,h]aclitus4 ,ab\t ! date nam$1 h[ev]1 society hav+ advanc$ to a condition ( organization :i* made possible a leisure class1 !re beg9s to appe> a new _s1 de/9$ to revolutionize1 n only ,greece1 b ! :ole _w4 ,arm$ ) a :at8 a :i*8 a :y8 & a :]e=e8 x no long] bl9dly accepts ! _w ( nature & man1 b calls ^u x to give an acc\nt ( itself4 ,sci5ce1 philosophy1 & art are ! result4 ,at fir/ ! new _s turns to nature ) a :at82 b1 gradually discov]+ t ! answ] to ?is br+s no complete explanation ( ! _w1 x prop\nds its o!r que/ions4 ,x ?us arrives at a consci\sness ( f\r di/+ui%able elem5ts 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s1--f\r causes 71 71 z !y 7 t]m$1--7#a7 matt]1 7#b7 =m1 7#c7 effici5cy1 7#d7 end or aim4 ,at ! same "t1 & by ! same process1 x is =c$ to a recognition ( ! pres5ce ( reason 77 & intellig5ce 77 9 ! _w1 s9ce =m1 effici5cy1 & aim all presuppose bo?4 ,x is ?us compell$ to turn f nature to man1 & man's m9d1 z ! highe/ kn[n expression ( reason & intellig5ce1 & to devote itself to ! consid]ation ( _s1 z alone promis+ any true explanation ( ! _w4 ,! process is a sl[ & difficult "o1 & ! hi/ory ( x is ! hi/ory ( ,greek sci5ce1 philosophy1 & art4 ,be=e ! rise ( philosophy1 ! tea*] ( ! p _h be5 ! rhapsode1 or public recit]2 aft] t ev5t he gradually gives place to ! sophi/ 71 "o :o makes wise71 or1 z he lat] ) m mode/y calls himself1 ! philosoph] 71 lov] ( wisdom74 ,! hi/ory ( ,greece = c5turies is1 on its inn] side1 a hi/ory ( ! /ruggle betwe5 :at ! rhapsode repres5ts & :at ! philosoph] repres5ts1 betwe5 popul> tradition & common s5se on ! "o h&1 & individual op9ion & philosophy on ! o!r4 ,! transition f ! fir/ to ! second ( ^! m5tal conditions 0 accompli%$ = ! _w1 once = all1 by ! ,greeks1 & ! turn+-po9t 9 ! process is m>k$ by 7#f7 ,! ,p]sian ,w>s 7,b4,c4 #dij-dgi74 ,! victories ga9$ 9 ^! at ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 & ,plat1 victories ! mo/ brilliant t hi/ory records1 ex]t$ a mo/ p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! ?\ght & life ( ! ,greeks4 ,! consci\sness ( hav+1 ) _! small numb]s1 ov] & ov] aga91 bo? by l& & by sea1 discomfit$ & cru%$ ! c\ntless ho/s ( an empire :i* = g5]ations _h ?reat5$ _! peace & lib]ty1 made !m at once feel ! sup]iority ( _! own *>act]s & civil in/itutions to ^? ( ! ,p]sians1 & draw a cle> l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian4 ,f ?is po9t on1 !y felt !mselves to be a *os5 p1 a nation de/9$ by ! gods to rule all o!rs4 ,! s\l ( ,greece _h conqu]$ ! bulk ( ,p]sia4 ,p]sia 0 bulk & body2 ,greece 0 s\l & _s4 ,?is conviction appe>s at once 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( ,greek life4 ,9 ! sph]e ( art we may in/ance ! ,prome!ia ( s*ylus & ! ,p>!non4 ,9 ! =m]1 :at does ! conflict betwe5 ,zeus & ,prome!us mean b ! conflict betwe5 ,greek spirituality1 intellect1 & fre$om1 on ! "o h&1 & b>b>ian mat]iality1 in/9ct1 & ?raldom or necessity1 on ! o!r8 ,& :at is ! latt] b a mat*less pan 9 /one to ,div9e ,wisdom1 z ! conqu]or ( brute =ce8 ,9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 we f9d ,p>m5ides1 ,anaxagoras &1 above all1 ,socrates 7born t5 ye>s aft] ! second ,p]sian ,w>71 turn+ consci\sly to ! /udy ( _s4 ,to be & to ?9k are ! same ?+1 says ! fir/ ( ^!3 ,all ?+s 7 confus$2 !n ,m9d came & r$uc$ !m to ord]1 says ! second2 ,"k ?yself is ! *os5 motto ( ! ?ird4 ,9 ! political sph]e we f9d ! ,a!nians try+ to make ! ,/ate an in/rum5t ( intellig5ce & virtue1 & insi/+ ^u education z a means !reto4 ,o!r & less desirable results foll[$ f ! ,p]sian ,w>s2 b ^! c be bett] /at$ & e/imat$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,su* 7 ! *ief causes t contribut$ to trans=m ! simple patri>*al ,/ate ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 ) its purely practical education at home & 9 ! field1 into ! free polity ( ! ,greeks ( ! days ( ,miltiades1 ,!mi/ocles1 & s*ylus1 ) its complicat$ in/itutions & manifold education4 ,x has seem$ bett] to enum]ate ^! causes ?an to try to trace ! /eps ( ! trans=mation itself4 ,inde$ ?is w\ld h be5 a hopeless task1 ow+ to ! lack ( hi/orical data4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,epo*s ,,9 ,,greek ,,education ,:5 !y 7our ance/ors7 began to enjoy leisure = ?\ght1 z ! result ( easy circum/ances1 & to *]i% m exalt$ ideas ) respect to wor?1 & especially :51 9 ! p]iod be=e & aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 !y came to ent]ta9 a high op9ion ( !mselves1 on acc\nt ( _! a*ievem5ts1 !y pursu$ all k9ds ( education1 mak+ no di/9ction1 b beat+ ab\t g5]ally4--,ari/otle4 ,9 treat+ ( ,greek education subsequ5t to ! introduction ( lett]s & ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 we %all be oblig$1 9 ! int]e/ ( cle>ness1 to make ?ree di/9ctions3-- 7#a7 ,betwe5 ! educational sy/ems ( diff]5t p]iods4 7#b7 ,betwe5 ! educational sy/ems ( diff]5t peoples & /ates4 7#c7 ,betwe5 ! education actually imp>t$ 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 & t recomm5d$ by !ori/s or philosoph]s4 ,9 pursuance ( ! fir/1 x w be conv5i5t fir/ to di/+ui% two ma9 p]iods1 ! ,hell5ic1 & ! ,hell5i/ic1 & !n to subdivide ^! into m9or p]iods4 ,i4 ,! ,hell5ic ,p]iod 7#ggf-cch ,b4,c474 ,?is includes1 r\ghly speak+1 ! :ole hi/oric life ( free ,greece1 f ! date ( ! fir/ ,olympiad to t ( ! absorption ( ,greece into ! ,mac$onian ,empire4 ,x naturally subdivides itself into two p]iods1 7a7 #ggf-dej2 7b7 #dej-cch4 7a7 ,t ( ! ,old ,education1 au?oritative & puritanical1 ^: aim 0 ! tra9+ ( good citiz5s1 god-fe>+1 law-abid+1 patriotic1 & brave4 7b7 ,t ( ! ,new ,education1 rationali/ic & lib]al1 ^: aim 0 ! tra9+ ( =midable individuals1 self-c5tr$1 law-despis+1 "t-s]v+1 & cunn+4 ,x is 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 & 9 ! practical triumph ( ! latt]1 t ,greece loses h] moral fibre2 s t h] citiz5s1 weak5$ ?r\gh sund]+ selfi%ness1 fall an easy prey to ! =eign invad]4 ,,ii4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod 7#cch ,b4,c4-#cac ,a4,d474 ,?is ext5ds f ! ,battle ( ,*ronea1 9 :i* ,greece lo/ h] indep5d5ce1 to ! def9itive triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* br\ght a new ideal & a new _s into life & education4 ,x naturally subdivides itself into two p]iods1 7a7 ,b4,c4 #cch-adf2 7b7 ,b4,c4 #adf-;,a4,d4 #cac4 7a7 ,! ,mac$onian ,p]iod1 dur+ :i* ,mac$onian influ5ce prevail$1 & ,greek ?\ght & education1 absorb+ =eign1 *iefly ,ori5tal1 elem5ts1 t5d$ t[>d an encyclopdic cosmopolitanism4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,alex&ria is ! c5tre ( ,greek influ5ce4 7b7 ,! ,roman ,p]iod1 dur+ :i*1 z ,horace says1 ,captive ,greece took captive h] rude conqu]or1 & ,rome became1 alongside ,alex&ria1 a diffusive c5tre ( ,greek ?\ght1 art1 & education4 ,betwe5 ! two great p]iods1 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,hell5i/ic1 /&s ! man :o draws up ! te/am5t ( ! =m] & outl9es ! programme ( ! latt]1 ! ,mac$onian ,greek1 ,ari/otle4 ,our second di/9ction w lead u to treat sep>ately1 9 ! ,hell5ic p]iod1 ! educational sy/em ( ! ?ree ,greek races1 7#a7 ! olic1 7#b7 ! ,doric1 7#c7 ! ,ionic1 ! fir/ hav+ its *ief c5tre at ,!bes1 ! second at ,sp>ta1 ! ?ird at ,a!ns4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! education ( ! fir/ our data are b meagre2 ) ! ma9 features ( ,sp>tan & ,a!nian education we are well acqua9t$4 ,9 education1 z 9 ev]y?+1 ,sp>ta 0 cons]vative1 sociali/ic1 & ari/ocratic1 :ile ,a!ns t5d$ to lib]alism1 individualism1 & democracy4 ,h5ce ,sp>ta clung desp]ately to ! ,old ,education1 & almo/ clos$ h] doors aga9/ art1 lett]s1 & philosophy1 :ile ,a!ns1 dragg$ into ! ,new ,education1 became ! home ( all ^!4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t1 9 favor+ individualism & ! ,new ,education1 ,a!ns 0 ab&on+ ! ,hell5ic ideal1 & pav+ ! way = ! cosmopolitanism ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,9 ?is latt]1 we %all h to di/+ui% betwe5 ! educational sy/ems ( ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 & ,rome4 ,our ?ird di/9ction is t betwe5 individual !ory & popul> practice4 ,9 all epo*s ( _! hi/ory ! ,greek /ates produc$ m5 :o /rove to realize 9 ?\ght & imag9ation ! ideal ( _! p1 & to exhibit x z an aim1 an enc\ragem5t1 & an inspiration1 9 contra/ ) ! imp]fect actual4 ,9 m ?an "o case ?is ideal modifi$ ! education ( ! foll[+ p]iods4 ,( c\rse1 su* !ories did n arise until practice 0 compell$ to def5d itself by produc+ sanctions1 ei!r 9 religion or 9 reason1 & x may p]haps be affirm$ t ! aim ( !m all 0 to discov] su* sanctions = ! ,greek ideal4 ,among ! _m educational !ori/s ( ,greece1 !re are six :o especially des]ve to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,py?agoras1 :o 9 ,s\!rn ,italy s\ght to graft on ! ,doric ideal a half-my/ical1 half-e?ical !ology1 & a ma!matical !ory ( ! physical _w2 7#b7 ,x5ophon1 :o s\ght to secure ! same ideal by connect+ x ) a mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t2 7#c7 ,plato1 :o s\ght to elevate x1 & f9d a sanction = x 9 8 !ory ( sup]-s5su\s ideas2 7#d7 ,,ari/otle1 :o pres5t$ 9 all its fulness ! ,hell5ic ideal1 & s\ght to f9d sanctions = x 9 hi/ory1 social well-be+1 & ! promise ( a high] life2 7#e7 ,qu9tilian1 :o1 9 ,rome1 embodies ! rhetorical or worldly education ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod2 & 7#f7 ,plot9us1 :o pres5ts an ideal ( philosophical or o!r-worldly education1 & paves ! way = ! triumph ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,hell5ic ,,p]iod 7,b4,c4 #ggf-cch7 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,old ,,education 7,b4,c4 #ggf-dhj7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,education ,,= ,,"w ,,& ,,= ,,leisure ,:5 we consid] ! diff]5t arts t h be5 discov]$1 & di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :i* relate to ! necess>y conditions ( life & ^? :i* contribute to ! free enjoym5t ( x 771 we always consid] ! man :o is acqua9t$ ) ! latt] wis] ?an him :o is acqua9t$ ) ! =m]1 = ! reason t ! sci5ces ( ! latt] h no ref]5ce to use4 ,h5ce x 0 only :5 all ! necess>y conditions ( life _h be5 atta9$ t ^? arts 7 discov]$ :i* h no ref]5ce ei!r to pleasure or to ! common ne$s ( life2 & ?is took place fir/ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e m5 enjoy$ leisure4--,ari/otle4 ,! free life ( ,god is su* z are our brief be/ mom5ts4--,id4 ,x is n fitt+ t ! free enjoym5t ( life %\ld be p]mitt$ to boys or to "y p]sons2 = ! cr[n ( p]fection belongs n to ! imp]fect4--,id4 ,obvi\sly1 ! free enjoym5t ( life dem&s n only ! noble b also ! pleasant2 = happ9ess consi/s ( ^! too4--,id4 ,among ! ,hom]ic ,greeks1 ^: life 0 almo/ entirely devot$ to practical pursuits1 education 0 ma9ly practical1 aim+ to produce a speak] ( words & a do] ( de$s4 ,z civilization advanc$1 & high] political =ms 7 evolv$1 c]ta9 classes ( m5 f\nd !mselves bless$ ) leisure :i* !y 7 n incl9$ to devote to m]e play4 ,9 ord] to make a wor?y use ( ?is leisure1 !y requir$ a c]ta9 tra9+ 9 ^? arts :i* 7 reg>d$ z befitt+ a free man4 ,education1 accord+ly1 9 "s /ates1 wid5$ its scope1 to include ^? accompli%m5ts1 :i* enable m5 to fill _! h\rs ( fre$om ) ref9$ & graci\s enjoym5t--music & lett]s4 ,music1 inde$1 _h be5 cultivat$ long be=e1 n only by pr(essional b>ds1 b ev5 by pr9ces1 l ,a*illes & ,p>is2 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 = ! sake ( amusem5t & recreation r ?an ( ! free enjoym5t ( life4 ,x _h be5 reg>d$ z a means1 n z an end4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 9 our /udy ( ,greek life & education1 n to conf\nd play & recreation1 :i* are = ! sake ( "w1 ) ! free enjoym5t ( life1 :i* is an end 9 itself1 & to :i* all "w is b a means4 ,enjoym5t is ! end4 ,we %all see1 z we proce$1 to :at mom5t\s results ?is di/9ction leads1 h[ x gov]ns n only all education b all ! in/itutions ( life1 & h[ x f9ally contributes to break up ! :ole civilization :i* x det]m9es4 ,x may fairly be said t ,greece p]i%$ because %e plac$ ! end ( life 9 individual /hetic enjoym5t1 possible only = a few & reg>d+ only ! few4 ,9 hi/oric ,greece1 music came to be an ess5tial "p ( ! education ( e free man4 ,ev5 free wom5 le>nt x4 ,along ) music w5t poetry1 & :5 ?is came to be writt5 d[n1 x 0 t]m$ lett]s4 ,z e free man came to be 8 own m9/rel & 8 own rhapsode1 ! pr(essional m9/rel & rhapsode disappe>$1 & ! ,hom]ic poems ev51 9 ord] to be pres]v$ f oblivion1 7 committ$ to writ+ by an enlight5$ tyrant--,pisi/ratus4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! ,greek p t atta9$ a degree ( civilization dem&+ an education = h\rs ( leisure1 0 ! olian race1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,asiatic portion ( x4 ,accord+ly we f9d t all ! e>lie/ musicians & poets1 didactic & lyric1 are olians--,hesiod1 ,t]p&]1 ,arion1 ,alcu1 ,sappho1 ,pittacus1 etc4 ,lesbos seems to h tak5 ! lead 9 ?is high] education4 ,! la/ five names all belong to t isl&1 :i* produc$ also ! e>lie/ ,greek hi/orian & prose-writ]--,hellanicus4 ,b ! olians1 ?\gh e>lie/ 9 ! field1 7 soon out/ripp$ by ! o!r two races1 ! ,doric & ! ,ionic4 olian education & culture nev] advanc$ beyond music & lyric poetry4 ,x knew no drama1 sci5ce1 or philosophy4 ,! olians 7 foll[$1 almo/ simultane\sly1 by ! ,dorians & ,ionians1 :o pursu$ two widely div]g5t directions4 ,! =m] borr[$ ! lyric education & culture ( ! olians1 & produc$ sev]al lyric poets ( di/+ui%$ m]it--,tyrtu1 ,alcman1 ,ibycus1 ,/esi*orus3 nay1 !y ev5 advanc$ f> en\gh to take ! fir/ /eps 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & dramatic poetry4 ,py?agoras1 ,epi*>mus1 ,sophron1 ,x5>*us1 & ,sus>ion 7 all ,dorians4 ,b ! progress ( ! race 0 ret>d$ & f9ally *eck$ by rigid political in/itutions ( a sociali/ic "*1 :i*1 by suppress+ individual initiative1 r$uc$ ! :ole to immobility4 ,! ,ionians1 on ! contr>y1 borr[+ freely f bo? olians & ,dorians1 & evolv+ ev] fre] & fre] in/itutions1 c>ri$ education & culture to a po9t :i* has nev] be5 pass$1 & r>ely1 if ev]1 rea*$1 9 ! hi/ory ( our race4 ,& :5 !y ceas$ to gr[1 & decay set 91 ?is 0 due to exactly ! opposite cause to t :i* /unt$ !m among ! ,dorians2 namely1 to excessive individualism1 misnam$ lib]ty4 ,individualism ru9$ ,a!ns4 ,al?\gh education assum$ diff]5t =ms among diff]5t portions ( ! ,greek race1 !re are c]ta9 features t seem to h be5 common to all ^! =ms dur+ ! epo* ( ! ,old ,education4 ,two ( ^! des]ve att5tion4 ,fir/4 ,education 0 ev]y:]e a bran* ( /atecraft1 & ! ,/ate itself 0 only ! highe/ educational in/itution4 ,?is 0 equally true :e!r ! s*ools 7 public1 z at ,sp>ta1 or private1 z at ,a!ns4 ,ev]y:]e citiz5%ip 0 a degree1 conf]r$ only ^u sons ( free citiz5s1 aft] a satisfactory exam9ation 774 ,second4 ,! /ages or grades ( education 7 ev]y:]e ! same1 al?\gh _! limits 7 n ev]y:]e m>k$ by ! same numb] ( ye>s4 ,! fir/1 ext5d+ usually f bir? to ! end ( ! sev5? ye>1 0 t ( home education2 ! second1 ext5d+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? ye> to ! end ( ! sixte5? or1 p]haps (t5]1 ! eighte5? ye>1 0 t ( s*ool education2 ! ?ird1 ext5d+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? or n9ete5? ye> to ! end ( ! tw5tie? 79 ,sp>ta ( ! ?irtie?71 0 t ( college education1 or education = ! duties ( citiz5%ip2 ! f\r?1 includ+ ! rema9d] ( life1 0 t ( univ]sity education1 or education ?r\gh ! ,/ate1 :i* !n 0 ! only univ]sity4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird p]iod1 ! "y m5 took _! fir/ ,/ate exam9ation1 & if !y pass$ x successfully1 !y receiv$ ! degree ( ,cadet or ,citiz5-novice 772 b x 0 only at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? p]iod1 & aft] !y _h pass$ a second exam9ation 7 71 t !y receiv$ ! degree ( ,man & ,citiz5 & 7 p]mitt$ to ex]cise all ! functions ( freem54 ,! ,/ate !n became1 9 a v real s5se1 _! ,alma ,mat]4 ,9 mo/ /ates1 ?is grad$ education fell only to ! lot ( males1 ! education ( females /opp+ %ort ) ! fir/ grade1 ! family1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z _! only sph]e4 ,x 0 o!rwise at ,sp>ta1 ,teos1 & app>5tly among ! olians g5]ally4 ,z a consequ5ce x is only among ! olians & ,dorians t any poetesses ( note appe>--,sappho1 ,cor9na1 ,telesilla1 etc4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 woman's sph]e 0 ! family1 & %e 0 consid]$ to h done h] duty :5 %e wor?ily fill$ ! place ( wife1 "m1 & mi/ress1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t h] f acquir+ ! high] education1 if %e *ose to d s4 ,t %e did n (t5 s *oose1 seems true2 /ill !re are examples ( le>n$ wom5 ev5 among ! ,a!nians4 ,! daught] ( ,?ucydides is said to h cont9u$ 8 hi/ory aft] 8 dea?1 &1 :e!r ! /atem5t be true or n1 ! fact t x 0 made %[s t ! ability to write hi/ory 0 n reg>d$ z impossible or surpris+ 9 a woman4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,olian ,,or ,,!ban ,,education ,hesiod is ! tea*] ( mo/4--,h]aclitus4 ,:5 ?\ art dead1 ?\ %alt lie 9 ! e>?4 ,n ev5 ! memory ( !e %all be ,!nce=w>d nor =ev]2 = ?\ ha/ ,no %>e 9 ! ,pi]ian roses2 b ,ev'n 9 ! halls ( ,hades ?\ %alt flit1 ,a fright5$ %ad[1 ) ! %ad[y dead4 --,sappho 7to an un$ucat$ woman74 ,:at ru/ic hoyd5 ev] *>ms ! s\l1 ,t r\nd h] ankles _c kilt h] coats8--,id4 ,! olians appe> to h be5 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek races to make any consid]able advance 9 culture4 ,_! claim to ,hom] c h>dly be su/a9$2 b !y c]ta9ly produc$ ,hesiod1 mo/ ( ! great] lyric poets & poetesses1 & ! fir/ hi/orian4 ,= a "t !y bade fair to lead ! culture ( ,greece4 ,b ! promise 0 n fulfill$4 ,dur+ ! palmy p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 !y 7 n only ! mo/ uncultur$ & unc\? ( ! ,greeks1 b !y ev5 prid$ !mselves ^u _! boori%ness ( spee* & mann]1 & d]id$ culture4 ,9 ! glori\s /ruggle 9 :i* ,greece ma9ta9$ ! cause ( culture & fre$om aga9/ ,p]sia1 ,!bes1 !n ! *ief c5tre ( olianism1 sid$ ) ! b>b>ian1 z1 inde$1 0 natural4 ,!ban education 01 ( c\rse1 a reflex ( ! "* ( ! ,!ban &1 inde$1 ( ! ,botian1 p4 ,its ma9 divisions 7 ^? ( ,greek education g5]ally1--,gymna/ics & ,music2 b ! =m] 0 le>nt solely = a?letic purposes1 & ! latt] ma9ly = use at banquets & dr9k+-b\ts1 9 :i* ! ,botians f\nd _! *ief delight4 ,lett]s 7 /udi$ z little z at ,sp>ta 7see p4 #dg71 & ! language ( ! p rema9$ h>% & unmusical4 ,( high] education !re 0 h>dly a trace4 ,! sophi/s pass$ ,botia by4 ,ev5 ,p9d>1 :o 0 by bir? a ,!ban1 & a s9c]ely patriotic "o1 s\ght & f\nd recognition any:]e r ?an among 8 own p4 ,he did n ev5 write 9 _! dialect4 ,! reason = ?is backw>dness on ! "p ( ! ,botian olians lay 9 ! fact t !y liv$1 z a conqu]+ race1 9 ! mid/ ( a p sup]ior to !m 9 e respect save /r5g?1 & c\ld ma9ta9 _! asc5d5cy only by brute =ce4 ,:5 ?is fail$1 & ! conqu]$ race1 :i* _h nev] =gott5 ,cadmus & its anci5t traditions1 came to ! front1 education & culture f\nd _! way ev5 to ,!bes4 ,x 0 due to ?is *ange 9 political conditions t a ,p9d> c\ld arise1 & x 0 d\btless ! dem& = culture consequ5t !reupon t induc$ c]ta9 memb]s ( ! scatt]$ ,py?agorean s*ool 7see p4 #ed7 to seek refuge 9 ,!bes & !re devote !mselves to tea*+4 ,among ^! 7 ,philolaus#a & ,lysis1 ! latt] ( :om 0 probably ! au?or ( ! fam\s ,gold5 ,words 7see p4 #eg74 ,b he has a bett] claim to fame ?an ?is2 = he 0 ! tea*] ( ! brave/ & mo/ lovable man t ,greece ev] produc$--,epam9ondas4 ,if any en?usia/ic believ] 9 ! p[] ( education desire to =tify 8 cause by means ( a brilliant example1 he w f9d none sup]ior to ,epam9ondas2 = !re c h>dly be any "q t x 0 ! e>ne/1 sy/ematic1 religi\s1 & moral ,py?agorean tra9+ :i* he receiv$ f ! ag$ ,lysis1 :om he treat$ z a fa!r1 t made him :at he 01 & enabl$ him to d :at he did1--:i* 0 no?+ less ?an to place ,!bes at ! head ( ,greece4 ,!bes rose & fell ) ,epam9ondas4 ,b t 0 n all4 ,x 0 ! example ( ,epam9ondas t k9dl$ ! ambition ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 :o 0 educat$ "u 8 eye1 & ( 8 f> m fam\s son1 ,alex&]1 :o made all ,greece a prov9ce ( 8 empire4 ,py?agoras1 ,lysis1 ,epam9ondas1 ,philip1 ,alex&]--9 five brief g5]ations an e>ne/ tea*] conqu]s a _w6 ,f ! "t ( ,epam9ondas on1 ,!bes foll[$ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,greek education4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dorian ,,or ,,sp>tan ,,education ,g1 tell at ,sp>ta1 ?\ t passe/ by1 ,t "h1 ob$i5t to h] laws1 we lie4 --,simonides 7,epitaph on ! ,?ree ,hundr$ :o fell at ,!rmopyl74 ,?is is a matt] = :i* ! ,lac$monians des]ve approbation3 !y are extremely solicit\s ab\t ! education ( _! y\? & make x a public function4--,ari/otle4 ,! ,lac$monians imp>t to _! *ildr5 ! look ( wild bea/s1 ?r\gh ! sev]ity ( ! ex]cises to :i* !y subject !m1 _! notion be+ t su* tra9+ is especially calculat$ to height5 c\rage4--,id4 ,^! are s f> beh9d 9 education & philosophy t !y d n le>n ev5 lett]s4--,isocrates4 ,,old ,,m54 ,we 7 once /rong m5 7y\?s74 ,,m54 ,& we are2 if y w1 behold4 ,,boys4 ,& we %all be f> sup]ior4--,sp>tan ,*oric ,an!m4 ,!y ask$ no cl>ion's voice to fire ,_! s\ls ) an impulse high3 ,b ! ,dorian re$ & ! ,sp>tan lyre ,= ! sons ( lib]ty6 ,s mov$ !y calmly to _! field1 ,!nce nev] to return1 ,save be>+ back ! ,sp>tan %ield1 ,or on x pr\dly borne6--,hemans4 ,!re 0 a law t ! cadets %\ld pres5t !mselves nak$ 9 public be=e ! ephors e t5 days2 &1 if !y 7 well knit & /rong1 & look$ z if !y _h be5 c>v$ & hamm]$ into %ape by gymna/ics1 !y 7 prais$2 b if _! limbs %[$ any flabb9ess or s(tness1 any little swell+ or suspicion ( adipose matt] due to laz9ess1 !y 7 flogg$ & ju/ic$ !re & !n4 ,! ephors1 moreov]1 subject$ _! clo?+ e day to a /rict exam9ation1 to see t ev]y?+ 0 up to ! m>k4 ,no cooks 7 p]mitt$ 9 ,lac$mon b fle%-cooks4 ,a cook :o knew any?+ else 0 driv5 out ( ,sp>ta1 z physic = invalids4--lian4 ,e rational sy/em ( education is det]m9$ by "s aim or ideal m or less consci\sly set up4 ,t ( ! ,dorians1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,sp>tans1 may be express$ 9 "o ^w--,,/r5g?1 :i*1 9 ! individual1 took ! =m ( physical endurance1 9 ! ,/ate1 t ( self-suffici5cy 774 ,a self-suffici5t ,/ate1 furni%+ a field = all ! activities & aspirations ( all its citiz5s1 & dem&+ _! /ronge/ & mo/ devot$ ex]tions--su* is ! ,dorian ideal4 ,x is easy to see :at virtues ,dorian education w\ld seek to develop--physical /r5g?1 brav]y1 & ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,among ! ,dorians ! human be+ is entirely absorb$ 9 ! citiz54 ,! ,/ate is all 9 all4 ,! ,dorian ideal realiz$ itself *iefly 9 two places1 ,crete & ,sp>ta4 ,bo? ^! 7 repeat$ly held up 9 anci5t times z models ( well-gov]n$ /ates1 & ev5 ,plato puts ! sub/ance ( 8 ,laws into ! m\? ( a ,cretan4 ,ab\t ! details ( ,cretan education we are b poorly in=m$4 ,two ?+s1 h[ev]1 we "k3 7#a7 t ,lycurgus1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( ,sp>tan education1 0 held to h drawn _m ( 8 ideas f ,crete1 & 7#b7 t ! f9al result ( ,cretan education--& ! same is true ( all education t m]ges ! man 9 ! citiz5--01 9 spite ( its /rictness1 demoraliz+4 ,! "* ( ! p 0 summ$ up by _! poet ,epim5ides1 a contempor>y ( ,solon's1 9 a fam\s l9e quot$ by ,/4 ,paul1 ,! ,cretans are always li>s1 evil bea/s1 lazy bellies4 ,) reg>d to ,sp>tan education our in=mation is mu* great]1 & we may !re=e select x z ! type ( ,dorian education g5]ally4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,dorians hav+1 ?r\gh contact ) ! m civiliz$ peoples :om !y conqu]$1 lo/ mu* ( t rigor\s discipl9e & unque/ion+ loyalty :i* made !m =midable1 71 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 becom+ disorganiz$1 s t 9 two ( ! ,dorian /ates !y 7 assimilat$ by ! native population1 ! ,argives & ! ,mess5ians4 ,! same process 0 rapidly go+ on 9 ! ?ird /ate1 ,lac$mon1 :5 ,lycurgus1 fir$ ) patriotic zeal1 resolv$ to put an end to x1 by re/or+ among 8 p ! old ,dorian milit>y discipl9e4 ,to prep>e himself = ?is task1 he visit$ ,crete & /udi$ its in/itutions4 ,on 8 return he p]suad$ 8 c\ntrym5 to submit to a ,con/itution1 :i* ev] aft]w>ds w5t by 8 "n4 ,?is con/itution includ$ a s*eme ( education1 ^: aim 0 a ?or\gh tra9+ ( ! :ole ( ! free citiz5s1 bo? male & female1 7#a7 9 physical endurance1 & 7#b7 9 complete subord9ation to ! ,/ate4 ,! =m] 0 s\ght to be imp>t$ by means ( a rigor\s & (t5 cruel1 sy/em ( gymna/ics2 ! latt]1 ?r\gh *oric music & danc+1 includ+ milit>y drill4 ,sp>tan education1 !re=e1 0 conf9$ to two bran*es1 ,gymna/ics & ,music4 ,in/ruction 9 lett]s 0 conf9$ to ! m]e/ elem5ts4 ,sp>ta accord+ly nev] produc$ a poet1 an hi/orian1 an arti/1 or a philosoph] ( any note4 ,ev5 ! arrang]s ( h] *oruses 7 =eign]s--,tyrtu1 ,t]p&]1 ,arion1 ,alcman1 ,?aletas1 ,/esi*orus4 ,z ,sp>tan education 0 no?+ m or less ?an a tra9+ = ,sp>tan citiz5%ip1 we mu/ preface our acc\nt ( x by a few words on ! ,sp>tan ,/ate4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,sp>ta 0 9 ! h&s ( a clos$ ari/ocracy1 ^: sole aim 0 ! ma9t5ance ( its own supremacy1 z aga9/ 7#a7 =eign enemies1 7#b7 ,p]ioikoi1 or disfran*is$ native citiz5s1 7#c7 ,helots1 or native s]fs4 ,to secure ?is1 x =m$ itself into a /&+ army1 ) a /rict milit>y organization4 ,sp>ta1 its "o abode1 0 a camp2 all free inhabitants 7 soldi]s4 ,?\gh !y 7 compell$ to m>ry1 ! city conta9$ no homes4 ,! m5 &1 f ! close ( _! sev5? ye>1 ! boys1 liv$ 9 b>racks & ate at public tables 7,phiditia74 ,! wom5 _h b "o recogniz$ function1 t ( furni%+ ! ,/ate ) citiz5s1 & 7 educat$ solely ) a view to ?is4 ,no o!r virtue 0 expect$ ( !m4 ,ari/otle tells u t !y liv$ 9 e k9d ( pr(ligacy & 9 luxury4 ,poly&ry 0 common1 &1 :5 a woman lo/ all h] husb&s1 %e 0 (t5 compell$ to ent] into relations ) slaves1 9 ord] t %e might n fail 9 h] political duty4 ,among a p organiz$ on ! basis ( brute =ce1 x 7 va9 to look = any ( ! f9] traits ( human nature--g5tl5ess1 t5d]ness1 sympa?y1 pity1 m]cy4 ,! m]cilessness & cruelty ( ! ,sp>tans 7 prov]bial4 ,p]ioikoi & ,helots incurr+ ! displeasure or suspicion ( ! au?orities 7 secretly put to dea?1 )\t ev5 ! =m ( a trial4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( su* cruelty is record$ by ,?ucydides4 ,! facts are ?us /at$ by ,grote 7,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cgf-g73 ,x 0 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 aft] ! ,helots _h be5 call$ ^u = signal milit>y ef=ts 9 v>i\s ways1 444 t ! ephors felt especially appreh5sive ( an outbreak4 ,anxi\s to s+le out ! mo/ =w>d & d>+ ,helots1 z m5 f :om !y _h mo/ to dread1 !y issu$ proclamation t e memb] ( t class :o _h r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vices %\ld make 8 claim kn[n at ,sp>ta1 promis+ lib]ty to ! mo/ des]v+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,helots came =w>d to claim ! boon3 n less ?an two ?\s& ( !m 7 approv$1 =mally manumitt$1 & l$ 9 solemn procession r\nd ! temples1 ) g>l&s on _! heads1 z an inauguration to _! com+ life ( fre$om4 ,b ! trea*]\s g>l& only m>k$ !m out z victims = sacrifice3 e man ( !m =?) disappe>$2 ! mann] ( _! dea? 0 an untold my/]y4 ,sp>tan education 0 entirely conduct$ by ! ,/ate1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & = ! ends ( ! ,/ate4 ,x diff]$ 9 ?is respect f ne>ly e o!r sy/em ( ,greek education4 ,x 0 divid$ into f\r p]iods1 correspond+ respectively to *ildhood1 boyhood1 y\?1 & manhood4 7a7 ,,*ildhood4--,z soon z ! ,sp>tan *ild came into ! _w1 ! ,/ate1 ?r\gh (fic]s appo9t$ = t purpose1 s5t to exam9e x4 ,if x seem$ vigor\s1 & %[$ no bodily defect1 x 0 p]mitt$ to live1 & =?) adopt$ by ! ,/ate2 o!rwise x 0 c>ri$ to ! m\nta9s & ?r[n ov] a precipice4 ,! *ildr5 accept$ by ! ,/ate 7 = ! next sev5 ye>s left 9 *>ge ( _! mo!rs1 b1 d\btless1 /ill "u ,/ate surveillance4 ,j h[ !y 7 tra9$ dur+ ^! ye>s1 we d n "k4 ,we c only guess t !y und]w5t v mu* ! same process z o!r ,greek *ildr51 any diff]5ce be+ 9 ! direction ( rigor4 ,z ! details ( ,greek education g5]ally w be dealt ) "u ! head ( ,a!ns1 !y may be omitt$ "h4 7b7 ,,boyhood4--,on complet+ 8 sev5? ye>1 ! ,sp>tan boy 0 transf]r$ f 8 "m's h\se & c>e to a public b>racks & ! direct tuition ( ! ,/ate4 ,al?\gh ! boys 7 9 *>ge ( a special (fic] 771 :o divid$ !m into squads & companies1 & arrang$ _! ex]cises = !m1 !y 7 nev]!less taught to reg>d e gr[n man z a tea*]1 & e su* man 0 expect$ to correct !m promptly & rigor\sly1 :5ev] he saw !m do+ wrong4 ,at ! same "t1 e boy 0 expect$ to =m an intimate connection ) "s "o man1 :o !n1 to a l>ge ext5t1 became responsible = 8 conduct2 &1 ?\gh ! *oice 9 ?is matt] re/$ ) ! p>ties conc]n$1 x 0 consid]$ a disgrace 9 a man1 no less ?an 9 a boy1 to be )\t su* connection4 ,?\gh ?is arrangem5t1 x is said1 (t5 l$ to lam5table abuses1 !re c be no d\bt t x admirably s]v$ ! purposes ( ,sp>ta4 ,x furni%$ e boy ) a tutor1 :o1 "u ! circum/ances1 c\ld h>dly fail to treat him k9dly1 & :o 0 int]e/$ 9 mak+ him surpass all o!r boys 9 c\rage & endurance4 ,?is fri5dly influ5ce ( tea*] on pupil 0 some?+ 9 :i* ! ,greeks at all times /rongly believ$1 & :i* =m$ an important =ce 9 all _! education4 ,9 ,sp>ta1 z 9 ,crete & ,!bes1 x 0 legally recogniz$4 ,"o ( ! duties ( ,sp>tan inspir] 7 or 71 z he 0 call$1 0 to tea* 8 "y fri5d 77 to demean himself prop]ly on all occasions1 & to hold 8 tongue except :5 he _h some?+ v important to say4 ,9 ?is way x 0 t ! "y ,sp>tans receiv$ _! moral education1 & acquir$ t effective brevity ( spee* :i* to ?is day we call laconic4 ,! =mal education ( ,sp>tan boys consi/$ ma9ly ( gymna/ics1 music1 *oric danc+1 & l>c5y4 ,_! lit]>y education 0 conf9$ to a little read+1 writ+1 & f+]-ari?metic2 ev]y?+ beyond ?is 0 proscrib$4 ,& ! reasons = ?is proscription are n difficult to discov]4 ,sp>ta /ak$ ev]y?+ ^u h] political /r5g?1 & ?is involv$ two ?+s1 7#a7 equality among h] free citiz5s1 & 7#b7 absolute devotion on _! "p to h] int]e/1 bo? ( :i* ! high] education w\ld h r5d]$ impossible4 ,education e/abli%es among m5 di/9ctions ( wor? q o!r ?an milit>y1 & gives !m individual int]e/s di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 ! same reason t induc$ ,rome1 dur+ ! be/ p]iod ( h] hi/ory1 to exclude h] citiz5s f all high] education1 :i* is ess5tially individual & cosmopolitan4 ,! education ( ! ,sp>tan boys 0 conduct$ mo/ly 9 ! op5 air & 9 public1 s t !y 7 cont9ually expos$ to ! *e]s or sc(fs ( critical spectators1 to :om _! p]=mances 7 a cont9ual amusem5t ( ! nature ( a cock-fight4 ,:e!r ! diff]5t inspir]s bett$ on _! own boys may be d\btful2 b !y c]ta9ly us$ e ef=t to make !m w9 9 any & e conte/1 & ! inspir] ( a w9n+ boy 0 an envi$ man4 ,! result 0 t _m boys lo/ _! lives amid *e]s1 r ?an incur ! disgrace ( be+ beat54 ,inasmu* z ! sole purpose ( gymna/ics 0 /r5g? & endurance2 ( danc+1 ord]2 & ( music1 m>tial inspiration1 x is easy to see :at =ms ^! /udies necess>ily assum$2 & we ne$ only /op to rem>k t ,dorian music receiv$ ! unqualifi$ approbation ( all ! great educational writ]s ( antiquity1--ev5 ( ,ari/otle1 :o _h only words ( condemnation = ,sp>tan gymna/ics4 ,!re 0 only "o bran* ( ,sp>tan s*ool-education t 0 n conduct$ 9 public1 & t 0 l>c5y4 ,! purpose ( ?is curi\s discipl9e 0 to enable its subjects to act1 on occasion1 z detectives & assass9s among ! ev] discont5t$ & rebelli\s ,helots4 ,h[ successful x 01 may be judg$ f ! incid5t record$ on page #de4 ,l>c5y1 :5 successfully c>ri$ out "u difficult circum/ances1 0 applaud$2 :5 discov]$1 x 0 sev]ely puni%$4 ,a /ory is told ( a boy :o1 r ?an betray himself1 all[$ a /ol5 fox1 conceal$ "u 8 clo!s1 to eat out 8 entrails4 ,9 "o respect ,sp>tan education may claim sup]iority ov] t ( mo/ o!r ,greek /ates3 x 0 n conf9$ to "o sex4 ,sp>tan girls1 ?\gh app>5tly p]mitt$ to live at home1 7 subject$ to a c\rse ( tra9+ diff]+ f t ( _! bro!rs only 9 be+ less sev]e4 ,!y _h _! own ex]cise-gr\nds1 on :i* !y le>nt to leap1 run1 ca/ ! javel91 ?r[ ! discus1 play ball1 wre/le1 dance1 & s+2 & !re is good evid5ce to %[ t _! ex]cises _h an admirable effect ^u _! physical con/itution4 ,t ! breezy daught]s ( ,sp>ta 7 h&som] & m attractive ?an ! hot-h\se maid5s ( ,a!ns1 is a well-atte/$ fact4 ,_m ,sp>tan wom5 cont9u$ _! a?letic & musical ex]cises into ripe womanhood1 le>n+ ev5 to ride spirit$ horses & drive *>iots4 ,if we may believe ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( all ?is tra9+ ^u _! moral nature 0 any?+ b desirable4 ,!y 7 nei!r virtu\s nor brave4 7c7 ,,y\?4--,ab\t ! age ( eighte51 ,sp>tan boys pass$ into ! class ( epheboi1 or cadets1 & began _! pr(essional tra9+ = w>4 ,?is 0 _! bus9ess = ! next twelve ye>s1 & no light bus9ess x 04 ,= ! fir/ two ye>s !y 7 call$ melleir5es1 & devot$ !mselves to le>n+ ! use ( arms1 & to light skirmi%+4 ,!y 7 "u ! *>ge ( special (fic]s call$ bideoi1 b _h to und]go a rigid exam9ation be=e ! ephors e t5 days 7see p4 #da74 ,_! endurance 0 put to sev]e te/s4 ,speak+ ( ! alt> ( ,artemis ,or?ia1 ,pausanias says3 ,an oracle comm&$ ! p to imbrue ! alt> ) human blood1 & h5ce arose ! cu/om ( sacrific+ on x a man *os5 by lot4 ,lycurgus did away ) ?is practice1 & orda9$ t1 in/ead1 ! cadets %\ld be sc\rg$ be=e ! alt>1 & ?us ! alt> is cov]$ ) blood4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on1 a prie/ess /&s by1 hold+1 9 h] arms ! wood5 image 7( ,artemis74 ,?is image1 be+ small1 is1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 light2 b1 if at any "t ! sc\rg]s deal too lightly ) any y\?1 on acc\nt ( 8 beauty or 8 rank1 !n ! image becomes s heavy t ! prie/ess _c support x2 :]eupon %e reproves ! sc\rg]s1 & decl>es t %e is burd5$ on _! acc\nt4 ,?us ! image t came f ! sacrifices 9 ! ,crimea has always cont9u$ to enjoy human blood4 ,?is ,artemis appe>s1 ) a bundle ( twigs 9 h] arm1 next to ,ares1 among ! ,sp>tan div9ities1 on ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 ! "y m5 became eir5es1 & ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( /udy closely resembl+ actual w>f>e4 ,!y liv$ on ! co>se/ food1 slept on re$s1 & r>ely ba!d or walk$4 ,!y ex]cis$ !mselves 9 heavy arms1 9 %oot+1 rid+1 swimm+1 ball-play+1 & 9 conflicts ( ! mo/ brutal k9d4 ,!y took "p 9 complicat$ & exhau/+ dances1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* 0 ! ,pyrrhic1 danc$ "u arms4 ,!y mann$ =tresses1 assass9at$ ,helots1 &1 9 cases ( ne$1 ev5 took ! field aga9/ an enemy4 7d7 ,,manhood4--,at ! age ( ?irty1 be+ suppos$ to h rea*$ _! majority1 !y fell into ! ranks ( full citiz5s1 & took _! %>e 9 all political functions4 ,!y 7 compell$ to m>ry1 b 7 all[$ to visit _! wives only r>ely & by /eal?4 ,!y sometimes _h two or ?ree *ildr5 be=e !y _h ev] se5 _! wives by daylight4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 actual w>1 !y sp5t mu* ( _! "t 9 wat*+ ! ex]cises ( _! juniors1 & ! re/ 9 hunt+ wild bo>s & simil> game 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,l ,x5ophon1 !y ?\ght hunt+ ! ne>e/ approa* to w>4 ,su* 0 ! education t ,sp>ta gave h] sons4 ,t x produc$ /rong w>riors & patriotic citiz5s1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,b t is all3 x produc$ no m54 ,x 0 greatly admir$ by m5 l ,x5ophon & ,plato1 :o 7 sick ( ,a!nian democracy2 b ,ari/otle e/imat$ x at its true wor?4 ,he says3 ,z long z ! ,laconians 7 ! only p :o devot$ !mselves to viol5t ex]cises1 !y 7 sup]ior to all o!rs2 b n[ !y are inf]ior ev5 9 gymna/ic conte/s & 9 w>4 ,_! =m] sup]iority1 inde$1 0 n due to _! tra9+ _! "y m5 9 ?is way1 b to ! fact t !y alone did s4 ,& ev5 ,x5ophon1 at ! end ( a long panegyric on ! ,sp>tan con/itution1 is oblig$ to admit t already 9 8 "t x has fall5 f its old wor? into feebl5ess & corruption1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t he _h 8 own sons educat$ at ,sp>ta4 ,:5 ,sp>ta fell be=e ! h]oic & cultur$ ,epam9ondas1 %e fell unpiti$1 leav+ to ! _w little or no?+ b a w>n+ example4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,py?agoras ,virtue & heal? & all good & ,god are a h>mony4--,py?agoras4 ,"o is ! pr9ciple ( all4--,philolaus ! ,py?agorean4 ,all ?+s t are kn[n h numb]4--,id4 ,! pr9ciples ( all virtue are ?ree1 k1 p[]1 & *oice4 ,k is l sight1 :]eby we contemplate & judge ?+s2 p[] is l bodily /r5g?1 :]eby we endure & adh]e to ?+s2 *oice is l h&s to ! s\l1 :]eby we /ret* out & lay hold ( ?+s4--,!ages ! ,py?agorean4 ,! ,doric discipl9e1 ev5 9 ,sp>ta1 :]e x c\ld exhibit its "* mo/ freely1 produc$ m]ely soldi]s & n free citiz5s or cultivat$ m54 ,x 01 nev]!less1 9 its ess5tial features1 ! ,hell5ic ideal1 & num]\s attempts 7 made to rem$y its defects & to give x p]man5ce1 by connect+ x ) high] ?an m]e local & ari/ocratic int]e/s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ notewor?y ( ^! 0 made by ,py?agoras4 ,?is extraord9>y p]sonage appe>s to h be5 born 9 ! isl& ( ,samos 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?\gh he 0 born among ,ionians1 8 family appe>s to h be5 ,a*aian &1 to "s ext5t1 ,pelasgian 7,tyrrh5ian71 hav+ emigrat$ f ,phlius 9 ! ,argolid4 ,aft] di/+ui%+ himself 9 ,ionia1 he emigrat$ 9 middle life to ,magna ,grcia1 & took up 8 abode 9 ! ,a*aian colony ( ,croton1 !n a ri* & fl\ri%+ city4 ,! cause ( 8 emigration seems to h be5 ! tyranny ( ,polycrates1 :i* app>5tly imp>t$ to him a prejudice aga9/ ,ionic t5d5cies 9 g5]al4 ,:e!r he d]iv$ any "p ( 8 fam\s le>n+ f visits to ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 ,babylonia1 etc41 z 0 ass]t$ 9 lat] times1 is n cle>4 ,x is n improbable t he visit$ ,egypt1 & !re is good reason = believ+ t he became acqua9t$ ) ,phnician !ology ?r\gh ,ph]ecydes ( ,syros4 ,t he 0 an omnivor\s /ud5t is atte/$ by 8 contempor>y1 ,h]aclitus4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly affect$ by ! physical !ories curr5t 9 8 "t 9 ,ionia1 :ile he pla9ly drew 8 political & e?ical ideas f ,sp>ta or ,crete4 ,( 8 activity 9 ,ionia we "k little2 b we may p]haps conclude t x 0 ( ! same nature z t :i* he aft]w>ds display$ 9 ,italy4 ,"h he appe>$ 9 ! triple capacity ( !ologian1 e?ical tea*]1 & sci5ti/4 ,8 *ief int]e/ = u lies 9 ! fact t he 0 app>5tly ! fir/ man 9 ,greece1 &1 inde$1 9 ! we/]n _w1 :o s\ght to e/abli% an e?ical in/itution ap>t f ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is respect he be>s a /rong resemblance to ! prophet ,isaiah1 :o may be said to h orig9at$ ! idea ( a ,*ur* 7see p4 #acc74 ,py?agoras' aim seems to h be5 to ga!r r\nd him a body ( disciples :o %\ld endeavor to lead a p]fect life1 bas$ ^u c]ta9 !ological or metaphysical notions1 & guid$ by a rule ( almo/ mona/ic /rictness4 ,l o!r m5 :o h f\nd !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( irrev]5ce1 selfi%ness1 & democratic vulg>ity & an>*y1 he believ$ t 8 "t dem&$ moral discipl9e1 bas$ ^u respect = au?ority & "*1 ) a firm belief 9 future retribution1 & inculcat$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! ord] & h>mony ( nature2 & su* discipl9e he /rove1 ) all 8 might1 to imp>t4 ,hav+ no fai? 9 ! capacity ( ! ,/ate to be an in/rum5t = 8 purpose1 he set to "w indep5d5tly ( x1 & seems to h met ) v m>k$ success1 draw+ to him _m ( ! be/ m5 & wom5 ( ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,s num]\s & p[]ful1 inde$1 did 8 foll[]s become t !y held ! balance ( p[] 9 sev]al cities1 & 7 able to use x = ! en=cem5t ( _! own pr9ciples4 ,z ^! 7 exce$+ly undemocratic1 & oppos$ to ! t5d5cies ( ! "t1 !y f9ally r\s$ bitt] opposition1 s t ! ,py?agoreans 7 p]secut$ & attempts made to ext]m9ate !m ) fire & sword4 ,9 ?is way _! political influ5ce 0 brok51 & _! assemblies suppress$2 b ! effect ( ,py?agoras' tea*+ 0 n lo/4 ,8 foll[]s1 scatt]$ abroad ?r\gh\t ! ,hell5ic _w1 c>ri$ 8 precepts & 8 life-ideal ) !m4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies !y f\nd _m noble sympa?iz]s--,p9d>1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,epi*>mus1 etc4--& und]w5t _m modifications1 until !y f9ally witness$ a resurrection1 9 ! =ms ( ,neo-,py?agoreanism & ,neo-,platonism1 aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ^! lat] guises1 ,py?agoreanism lo/ itself 9 my/icism & contemplation1 turn+ its foll[]s into inactive ascetics2 b 9 its orig9al =m x seems to h be5 especially adapt$ to produce m5 ( vigor\s action & f>-sight$ practicality4 ,milo ( ,croton1 ! inimitable wre/l]2 ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 philosoph]1 ma!matician1 musician1 inv5tor1 eng9e]1 g5]al1 /atesman2 & ,epam9ondas1 ! greate/ & noble/ ( ,!ban g5]als1 7 pr(ess$ ,py?agoreans4 ,we might p]haps express ! aim ( ,py?agoras' p$agogical ef=ts by ! "o ^w ,,h>mony4 ,j z he f\nd h>mony ev]y:]e 9 ! physical _w1 s he /rove to introduce ! same into ! con/itution ( ! human individual1 & into ! relations ( individuals ) ea* o!r4 ,he may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( t view ( ! _w1 ( m51 & ( society :i* makes all good consi/ 9 ord] & proportion1 a view :i* recomm5ds itself /rongly to ideali/s1 & has giv5 bir? to all ^? social ,utopias1 ^: /atic p]fection seems to relieve ! individual f ! burd5 ( responsibility1 & :i* h be5 dangl$ be=e ! eyes ( /ruggl+ humanity f 8 days to ours4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* _h its roots 9 ,greek ?\ght g5]ally1 ! aim ( education is to f9d = ea* individual 8 true place & to make him effici5t !re94 ,man is made = ord]1 & n ord] = man4 ,he is born into a _w ( ord]1 z is %[n by ! fact t numb] & proportion are f\nd 9 ev]y?+ t is kn[n4 ,py?agoras1 9 8 en?usiasm = 8 pr9ciple1 c>ri$ 8 doctr9e ( numb]s to absurd l5g?s1 id5tify+ !m ) real ?+s2 b ?is en?usiasm 0 n )\t its valuable results1 s9ce x is to ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool t we owe ! sci5ces ( geometry & music4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce mu/ h taught him t x is "o ?+ to prop\nd a !ory1 ano!r to make x effective 9 regulat+ human relations4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ! latt] object1 he invok$ ! aid ( div9e au?ority & ( ! doctr9es ( metempsy*osis & future retribution4 ,h5ce 8 educational sy/em _h a /rong religi\s ca/1 :i* %[$ itself ev5 outw>dly 9 ! dignifi$ demeanor & quiet self-possession ( 8 foll[]s4 ,h>mony1 !n1 to be atta9$ by discipl9e1 "u religi\s sanctions1 0 ! aim ( ,py?agoras' tea*+4 ,believ+1 h[ev]1 t only a limit$ numb] ( p]sons 7 capable ( su* h>mony1 he select$ 8 pupils ) great c>e1 & subject$ !m to a long novitiate1 9 :i* sil5ce1 self-exam9ation1 & absolute ob$i5ce play$ a prom95t "p4 ,! aim ( ?is 0 to enable !m to ov]come impulse1 conc5trate att5tion1 & develop rev]5ce1 reflection1 & ?\ghtfulness1 ! fir/ conditions ( all moral & intellectual excell5ce4 ,:ile ! fir/ c>e 0 direct$ to _! spiritual "p1 _! bodies 7 by no means =gott54 ,food1 clo?+1 & ex]cise 7 all c>efully regulat$ on hygi5ic & moral pr9ciples4 ,reg>d+ ! details ( ,py?agoras' educational sy/em we are n well in=m$2 b ! _s & t5d5cy ( x h be5 embalm$ = u 9 ! s-call$ ,gold5 ,words1 :i*1 if n due to ! p5 ( ,py?agoras himself1 c]ta9ly rea* back to v ne> 8 "t1 & conta9 no?+ at v>iance ) :at we o!rwise "k ( 8 tea*+4 ,we ins]t a lit]al v]sion4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,words4 ,! ,gods immortal1 z by law dispos$1 ,fir/ v5]ate1 & rev]5ce ! oa?3 ,!n to ! noble h]oes1 & ! p[]s ,b5ea? ! e>?1 d homage ) j rites4 ,?y p>5ts honor & ?y ne>e/ k91 ,& f ! re/ *oose fri5ds on virtue's scale4 ,to g5tle words & k9dly de$s give way1 ,nor hate ?y fri5d = any slight (f5ce4 ,be> all ?\ can/2 = ,c dwells nigh to ,mu/4 ,^! ?+s ?us "k4 ,:at foll[ le>n to rule3 ,! belly fir/1 !n sleep & lu/ & wra?4 ,d no?+ base ) o!rs or alone3 ,b mo/ ( all ?yself 9 rev]5ce hold4 ,!n practise ju/ice bo? 9 de$ & ^w1 ,nor let ?yself wax ?\ghtless ab\t aught3 ,b "k t dea?'s ! common lot ( all4 ,be n untimely wa/eful ( ?y weal?1 ,l vulg> m51 nor yet illib]al4 ,9 all ?+s mod]ation answ]s be/4 ,d ?+s t pr(it !e3 ?9k ere ?\ act4 ,let nev] sleep ?y dr[sy eyelids greet1 ,till ?\ ha/ pond]$ ea* act ( ! day3 ,:]e9 h ,i transgress$8 ,:at h ,i done8 ,:at duty %unn$8--beg9n+ f ! fir/1 ,unto ! la/4 ,!n grieve & fe> = :at ,0 basely done2 b 9 ! good rejoice4 ,^! ?+s p]=m2 ^! m$itate2 ^! love4 ,^! 9 ! pa? ( godlike excell5ce ,w place !e1 yea1 by ,him :o gave our s\ls ,! numb] ,f\r1 p]5nial nature's spr+6 ,b1 ere ?\ act1 crave f ! gods success4 ,^! precepts hav+ ma/]$1 ?\ %alt "k ,! sy/em ( ! nev]-dy+ gods ,& dy+ m51 & h[ f all ! re/ ,ea* ?+ is sund]'d1 & h[ held 9 "o3 ,& ?\ %alt "k1 z x is "r ?\ %\ld/1 ,t nature ev]y:]e is uni=m1 ,& s %alt nei!r hope = ?+s t lie ,beyond all hope1 nor fail ( any tru?4 ,b f su* food ab/a9 z we h nam$1 ,&1 :ile ?\ seek'/ to purge & free ?y s\l1 ,use judgm5t1 & reflect on ev]y?+1 ,sett+ o'er all be/ ,?\ght z *>iote]4 ,be glad to ga!r goods1 nor less to lose4 ,( human ills t spr+ f _s-p[]s ,endure ?y "p nor peevi%ly compla94 ,cure :at ?\ can/3 'tis well1 & !n reflect3 ,fate nev] lays too mu* ^u ! good4 ,words _m1 brave & base1 assail m5's e>s4 ,let ^! n disconc]t or trammel !e2 ,b :5 untru? is spok51 meekly yield4 ,:at next ,i say 9 e act obs]ve3 ,let none by ^w or de$ prevail on !e ,to d or say :at 7 n be/ = !e4 ,?9k ere ?\ act1 le/ fooli% ?+s be done2-- ,= ?\ghtless de$s & words ! caitiff m>k2-- ,b /rongly d :at w n br+ regret4 ,d naught ?\ do/ n "k2 b duly le>n4 ,s %all ?y life ) happ9ess o'erfl[4 ,be n neglectful ( ?y body's heal?2 ,b measure use 9 dr9k1 food1 ex]cise-- ,i mean by 'measure' :at br+s no di/ress4 ,foll[ a cleanly1 simple mode ( life1 ,& gu>d aga9/ su* acts z envy bre$4 ,!n1 if1 :5 ?\ ! body leav'/1 ?\ m\nt ,to ! free e!r1 dea?less %alt ?\ be1 ,a god immortal1--mortal nev] m6 ,9 ?is sy/em six ?+s are notewor?y3 7#a7 ,its compreh5siv5ess1 9 t x takes acc\nt ( man's :ole nature1--body1 s\l1 & _s2 affections1 intellect1 & w1 & ( all 8 relations--to gods & m51 to self & nature3 7#b7 ,its aimfulness1 9 t x promises happ9ess "h & bless$ness h]eaft]1 z ! rew>d ( "r liv+3 7#c7 ,its piety1 9 t x ev]y:]e recognizes ! ne$ ( div9e assi/ance3 7#d7 ,its appreciation ( sci5ce1 z insight into ! nature & gr\nds ( multiplicity & unity3 7#e7 ,its /ress laid on "r do+1 z ! condition ( "r kn[+3 7#f7 ,its belief 9 man's div9ity & p]fectibility4 ,x is curi\s t ! poem conta9s no ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 :i* might app>5tly h be5 appeal$ to z a p[]ful moral sanction4 ,t a sy/em l t ( ,py?agoras1 comb9+ ! religi\s1 ! my/ical1 ! sci5tific1 ! e?ical1 & ! social t5d5cies ( ! ,hell5ic m9d1 %\ld h ex]t$ a deep & abid+ influ5ce1 ne$ n surprise u4 ,we f9d pr(\nd traces ( x1 n only 9 all subsequ5t ,greek ?\ght1 b ev5 9 =eign sy/ems1 su* z ,ess5ism1 ^: elem5ts 7 ,hebrew ,naz>5ism & ,greek ,py?agoreanism4 ,! relations betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity h n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,( ! effect ( ,py?agoras' tea*+ on ,epam9ondas ,i h already spok54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,ionian ,,or ,,a!nian ,,education ,let me n[ give an acc\nt ( ! ,old ,education1 :5 ,i1 utt]+ words ( ju/ice1 0 9 my prime1 & self-control 0 held 9 respect4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a *ild 0 n all[$ to be he>d utt]+ a grumble4 ,!n all ! boys ( ! qu>t] 7 oblig$ to m>* 9 a body1 9 an ord]ly way & ) ! scante/ ( clo?+1 along ! /reets to ! music ma/]'s1 & ?is !y did ev5 if x sn[$ l b>ley-groats4 ,!n !y 7 set to rehe>se a song1 )\t compress+ _! ?ighs1--ei!r ,pallas1 mighty city-/orm]1 or ,a %\t s\nd+ f>1 putt+ en]gy into ! melody :i* _! fa!rs h&$ d[n4 ,&1 if any "o attempt$ any fool+1 or any ( ^? trills l ! difficult inflexions la ,phrynis n[ 9 vogue1 he receiv$ a good ?re%+ = 8 pa9s1 z hav+ insult$ ! ,muses4 ,aga91 at ! physical tra9]'s1 ! boys1 :ile sitt+1 7 oblig$ to keep _! legs 9 front ( !m4444 ,& at d9n] !y 7 n all[$ to pick out ! be/ radi%-head1 or to snat* away anise or cel]y f _! eld]s1 or to g\rm&ize on fi% & field-f>es1 or to sit ) _! legs cross$4444 ,take c\rage1 "y man1 & *oose me1 ! ,bett] ,reason1 & y %all "k h[ to hate ! public squ>e1 to avoid ! ba?-h\ses1 to be a%am$ ( :at is %ameful1 to %[ temp] :5 any "o addresses y 9 ribald language1 to rise f y\r seat :5 y\r eld]s approa*1 & n to be a lubb] to y\r own p>5ts1 or to d any o!r unseemly ?+ to m> ! image ( ,mode/y1 or to ru% to ! h\se ( ! danc+-girl1 &1 :ile y are gap+ at h] p]=mances1 get /ruck ) an apple by a w5* & fall f y\r fair fame1 or to talk back to y\r fa!r1 or1 address+ him z ,japhet1 to revile ! old age :i* made ! ne/ = y4444 ,!n1 fre% & bloom+1 y w sp5d y\r "t 9 ! gymnasia1 & n g ab\t ! public squ>e1 m\?+ mon/r\s jokes1 l ! "y m5 ( to-day1 or gett+ dragg$ into slipp]y1 gum%on-bamboozl+ disputes1 b1 go+ d[n to ! ,academy1 ) "s wor?y companion ( y\r own age1 y w />t a runn+-mat*1 cr[n$ ) :ite re$1 smell+ ( smilax1 leisure & decidu\s :ite popl>1 rejoic+ 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! plane-tree :isp]s to ! maple4 ,if y d ! ?+s :i* ,i enjo91 & give y\r m9d to !m1 y w always h a well-develop$ *e/1 a cle> complexion1 broad %\ld]s1 & a %ort tongue4--,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds 7,spee* ( ,"r ,reason74 ,9 _! sy/ems ( education1 "s /ates /rive to imp>t a c\rage\s habit to _! p f _! v *ildhood by a pa9ful & labori\s tra9+1 :]eas we1 ?\gh liv+ 9 a free & natural way1 are ready to meet !m 9 a fair field ) no favor4--,p]icles' ,fun]al ,oration 7,?ucydides74 ,i w nev] disgrace ^! sacr$ arms1 nor des]t my companion 9 ! ranks4 ,i w fight = temples & public prop]ty1 bo? alone & ) _m4 ,i w transmit my fa!rl&1 n only n less1 b great] & bett]1 ?an x 0 transmitt$ to me4 ,i w obey ! magi/rates :o may at any "t be 9 p[]4 ,i w obs]ve bo? ! exi/+ laws & ^? :i* ! p may unanim\sly h]eaft] make1 &1 if any p]son seek to annul ! laws or to set !m at n\ght1 ,i w d my be/ to prev5t him1 & w def5d !m bo? alone & ) _m 7all874 ,i w honor ! religion ( my fa!rs4 ,& ,i call to witness ,aglauros1 ,enyalios1 ,ares1 ,zeus1 ,?allo1 ,auxo1 & ,hegemone4--,oa? ( ! ,a!nian ,epheboi4 ,consid]1 ,m5 ( ,a!ns1 :at c>eful provision 0 made by ,solon1 ! anci5t lawgiv]1 by ,draco1 & o!r lawgiv]s ( t p]iod1 = ! cultivation ( good morals4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y made laws to secure a moral education = our *ildr51 & laid d[n1 9 pla9 t]ms1 j :at ! free-born boy %\ld /udy & h[ he %\ld be nurtur$2 secondly1 !y made regulations reg>d+ "y m52 &1 ?irdly1 ) reg>d to ! o!r p]iods ( life 9 _! ord]1 includ+ bo? private p]sons & public speak]s2 &1 hav+ record$ ^! laws1 !y left !m 9 y\r keep+1 appo9t+ y _! gu>dians4--s*9es 7aga9/ ,tim>*us74 ,if sy/ems ( education are to be classifi$ accord+ to _! results--& ^! are p]haps ! faire/ te/--!n ! ,old ,education ( ,a!ns mu/ be assign$ a v high place4 ,! "* :i* %e display$1 & ! exploits :i* %e p]=m$1 9 ! e>ly decades ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 be> unequivocal te/imony to ! value ( ! tra9+ to :i* h] citiz5s _h previ\sly be5 subject$4 ,?is tra9+ c\ld p]haps h>dly be bett] *>act]iz$ ?an by ! ^w puritanical4 ,! m5 :o f\ght at ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 & ,plat 7 puritans1 tra9$1 9 a h>d s*ool1 to fe> ! gods1 to respect ! laws1 _! neighbors1 & !mselves1 to rev]5ce ! wisdom ( exp]i5ce1 to despise com=t & vice1 & to d hone/ "w4 ,!y 7 n enfeebl$ by /hetic culture1 p>alyz$ by ab/ract ?9k+1 or h>d5$ by pr(essional tra9+4 ,!y 7 educat$ to be m51 fri5ds1 & citiz5s1 n to be m]e ?9k]s1 critics1 soldi]s1 or money-mak]s4 ,x 0 aga9/ a small b& ( su* m5 t ! ho/s ( ,p]sia f\ght 9 va94 ,x is natural t ?is ,old ,education ( ,a!ns %\ld h a special int]e/ = u1 inasmu* z x seems1 9 great measure1 to h solv$ ! problem t mu/ be upp]mo/ ) e true educator & fri5d ( education1 viz4 ,h[ c /rong1 wise1 & good m5 be produc$8 ,= ?is reason1 z also because we are ! bett] in=m$ reg>d+ ! educational sy/em ( ,a!ns ?an t ( any o!r ,greek /ate1 x seems prop] to devote special att5tion to x1 treat+ x z prem95tly ,greek education4 ,inde$1 :atev] is p]man5tly valuable 9 ,greek education is to be f\nd 9 t ( ,a!ns1 o!r sy/ems hav+ ma9ly b an hi/orical int]e/ = u4 ,9 comp>+ ! education ( ,a!ns ) t ( ,sp>ta1 we are at once /ruck ) two great di/9ctions3 7#a7 ,:ile ,sp>tan education is public1 ,a!nian education is ma9ly private2 7#b7 ,:ile ,sp>ta educates = w>1 ,a!ns educates = peace4 ,z to ! =m] ( ^!1 x is n a little rem>kable t1 :ile _m ( ! fir/ ?9k]s ( ,greece1 includ+ ,plato & ,ari/otle1 advocat$ an entirely public education1 ,a!ns nev] adopt$ x1 or ev5 took any /eps 9 t direction4 ,x seems z if ! ,a!nians felt in/9ctively t sociali/ic education1 by reliev+ p>5ts ( ! responsibility ( provid+ = ! education ( _! own *ildr51 0 remov+ a /rong moral influ5ce1 und]m9+ ! family1 & jeop>diz+ lib]ty4 ,p]haps ! example ( ,sp>ta 0 n )\t its influ5ce4 ,no lib]ty-lov+ p1 su* z ! ,a!nians 71 w\ld cons5t to m]ge ! family 9 ! ,/ate1 or to sacrifice private life to public ord]4 ,z to ! second di/9ction1 :i* 0 all-p]vasive1 x divides ! two peoples by an impassable gulf & assigns !m to two diff]5t grades ( civilization4 ,& x 0 "o ( :i* bo? peoples 7 entirely consci\s4 ,:ile ,sp>ta repres5t$ h] ideal by a *a9$ ,ares1 ,a!ns f\nd h]s 9 a ,w+less ,victory1 a =m ( ,a!na1 ! div9ity ( political & indu/rial wisdom4 ,z ! aim ( ,sp>ta 0 /r5g?1 s t ( ,a!ns 0 ,,wisdom--! wise man 9 ! wise /ate4 ,by ! wise man1 0 meant he ^: entire faculties ( body1 s\l1 & m9d 7 proportionately & cord9ately develop$2 by ! wise /ate1 t 9 :i* ea* class ( ! population p]=m$ its prop] function1 & occupi$ its prop] relation t[>d ! re/1 & ?is )\t any excessive ex]cise ( au?ority4 ,if ! ,sp>tan1 l ! artificially tam$ b>b>ian1 submitt$ to liv+ by rule & comm&1 ! ,a!nian1 l ! naturally civiliz$ man1 delight$ to live 9 a free & natural way 7 7 gov]n$ f )91 & n f )\t4 ,to make possible su* life 0 ! aim ( ,a!nian education1 :i*1 in/ead ( seek+ to m]ge ! man 9 ! ,/ate1 or to r5d ! two asund]1 treat$ !m z necess>y correlates & /rove to balance _! claims4 ,! endeavor on ! "p ( ,a!ns to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 socialism & individualism1 is manife/ 9 ! fact t1 ?\gh %e _h no public sy/em ( education1 %e took great c>e to see t h] citiz5s 7 ?or\ghly educat$ 9 ! _s ( h] in/itutions1 &1 inde$1 made su* education a condition ( citiz5%ip1 :i* 0 ?us an academic degree1 conf]r$ only aft] c>eful exam9ation4 ,by a law ( ,solon's1 p>5ts :o _h fail$ to give _! sons a prop] education lo/ all claim ^u !m = support 9 _! old age4 ,fur!rmore1 ,a!ns subject$ all h] male citiz5s to a sy/ematic prep>ation = civil & milit>y functions1 be=e %e all[$ !m to ex]cise ^!4 ,a!nian education compris$ f\r grades correspond+ to f\r in/itutions1 7#a7 ! family1 7#b7 ! s*ool1 7#c7 ! gymnasium or college1 7#d7 ! ,/ate4 ,we may consid] ^! 9 _! ord]4 7#a7 ,,family ,,education4 ,! bir? ( a *ild 0 reg>d$ by ! ,a!nians z a joyful ev5t1 z some?+ call+ = gratitude to ! gods4 ,?is express$ itself 9 a family fe/ival1 call$ ! ,amphidromia1 celebrat$ usually on ! sev5? day aft] ! bir?4 ,on ?is occasion1 ! *ild 0 c>ri$ rapidly r\nd ! family alt> & receiv$ its "n4 ,a sacrifice 0 !n (f]$ to ! gods1 ! "m 0 purifi$1 & *ri/5+ pres5ts 7 display$4 ,! *ild 0 n[ a memb] ( ! family & "u ! protection ( its gods4 ,= ! next sev5 ye>s1 x 0 :olly 9 ! h&s ( p>5ts & nurses1 ! latt] be+ usually slaves4 ,dur+ ?is "t its body 0 ! *ief object ( c>e1 & ev]y?+ seems to h be5 done to r5d] x heal?y & h>dy4 ,cradles d n seem to h be5 9 use1 & ! *ild 0 sung to sleep on ! nurse's knee4 ,:ile x 0 be+ wean$1 x 0 f$ on milk & s(t food sweet5$ ) honey4 ,z soon z x 0 able to move ab\t & direct att5tion to ext]nal objects1 x receiv$ play?+s1 su* z rattles1 dolls ( clay or wax1 hobby-horses1 etc41 & 0 all[$ to roll & dig 9 ! s&4 ,su* 7 ! simple gymna/ics ( ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,z to ! o!r bran* ( education1 x consi/$ mo/ly 9 be+ sung to & 9 li/5+ to /ories ab\t gods & h]oes1 mon/]s & robb]s1 ( :i* ,greek my?ology 0 full4 ,by means ( ^! ! *ild's imag9ation 0 r\s$ & develop$1 & c]ta9 /hetic1 e?ical1 & national prepossessions awak5$4 ,?\gh *ildr5 7 (t5 fright5$ f c]ta9 acts & habits by ?reats ( bogles com+ to c>ry !m (f1 yet ! *ief e?ical ag5cy employ$ 0 evid5tly /rict discipl9e4 ,to secure good behavior 9 8 *ildr5 0 ! fir/ c>e ( ! ,a!nian p>5t4 ,?\gh dis9cl9$ to h>%ness1 he nev] d\bt$ t he :o sp>e? ! rod hate? ! *ild4 ,*ildr5 7 nev] plac$ ^u exhibition or applaud$ = _! precoci\s or irrev]5t say+s4 ,!y 7 kept z mu* z possible out ( ! way ( old] p1 &1 :5 necessity br\ght !m into ! pres5ce ( ^!1 !y 7 taught to behave !mselves quietly & mode/ly4 ,no ,greek au?or has pres]v$ = u a collection ( ! sm>t say+s or rogui% do+s ( ,a!nian *ildr54 ,?\gh ! ,k9d]g>t5 did n exi/ 9 ^? old days1 yet its place 01 9 great measure1 fill$ by ! num]\s games 9 :i* ! *ildr5 engag$1 9 "p at lea/ "u _! nurses' sup]9t5d5ce4 ,games play$ s important a "p 9 ! :ole life ( ! ,greek p1 & especially ( ! ,a!nians1 t _! importance 9 ! education ( *ildr5 0 fully recogniz$ & mu* att5tion devot$ to !m4 ,dur+ play1 "* bo? displays itself m fully1 & is m easily & deeply affect$1 ?an at any o!r "t2 &1 s9ce ! :ole ( ! wak+ life ( ! *ild 9 its e>lie/ ye>s is devot$ to play1 ?is is ! "t :5 "* is =m$1 & !re=e ! "t :i* calls = mo/ s$ul\s c>e4 ,9 play+ games1 *ildr5 n only ex]cise _! bodies & _! wits2 !y also le>n to act ) fairness1 & come to feel some?+ ( ! joy t arises f companion%ip & fri5dly rivalry 9 a common occupation4 ,moreov]1 z games h no end beyond !mselves1 !y are admirable ex]cises 9 free1 dis9t]e/$ activity & a protection aga9/ selfi% & sordid habits4 ,( all ?is ! ,a!nians 7 fully aw>e4 ,!re are probably few games play$ by *ildr5 9 our day t 7 n kn[n 9 anci5t ,a!ns4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t games 7 !re conduct$ ) m sy/em1 & a deep] s5se ( _! p$agogical value1 ?an !y are ) u4 ,we he> ( runn+1 leap+1 hopp+1 cat*+1 hitt+1 & ?r[+ games1 gymna/ic games1 & games ( *ance4 ,! ball1 ! top1 ! hoop1 ! sw+1 ! see-saw1 ! skipp+ rope1 ! knuckle-bones 7 z mu* 9 use 9 anci5t1 z 9 mod]n1 times4 ,c>ds1 ( c\rse1 !re 7 n2 &1 inde$1 games ( *ance1 ?\gh well kn[n1 seem r>ely to h be5 indulg$ 9 by *ildr54 ,x h>dly seems necess>y to rem>k t !re 7 "s games peculi> to boys & o!rs to girls1 & t ! latt] 7 less rude ?an ! =m]4 ,d\btless1 too1 ! games play$ 9 ! city1 :]e ! *ildr5 w\ld h few *ances ( go+ beyond _! homes1 7 diff]5t f ^? play$ 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e almo/ complete fre$om to roam 9 ! op5 air 0 enjoy$4 ,we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t well-to-d ,a!nian families sp5t ! great] "p ( ! ye> at _! c\ntry-h\ses1 :i*1 ) few exceptions1 7 s ne> ! city t !y c\ld be rea*$ ev5 on foot 9 a s+le day4 ,?is c\ntry life _h a m>k$ effect ^u ! education ( ,a!nian *ildr54 7#b7 ,,s*ool ,,education4 ,ab\t ! age ( sev51 ! ,a!nian boy1 aft] be+ ent]$ on ! roll ( prospective citiz5s 9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,patros1 & made a memb] ( a phratria1 w5t to s*ool1 or1 r1 he w5t to two s*ools1 t ( ! music-ma/]1 & t ( ! physical tra9]4 ,he 0 always accompani$ ?i!r & back by a p$agogue1 :o 0 usually a slave1 :o c>ri$ 8 writ+-mat]ials1 8 lyre1 etc4 7!re be+ no s*ool-books to c>ry71 & :om he 0 expect$ implicitly to obey4 ,! boys ( ea* qu>t] ( ! city collect$ e morn+ at "s appo9t$ place & walk$ to s*ool1 l little soldi]s1 9 rank & file4 ,!y wore next to no clo?+1 ev5 9 ! colde/ wea!r1 & 7 oblig$ to conduct !mselves v demurely 9 ! /reets4 ,! s*ool h\rs 7 v long1 beg9n+ e>ly 9 ! morn+ & cont9u+ till late 9 ! ev5+4 ,solon f\nd x necess>y to introduce a law =bidd+ s*oolma/]s to h _! s*ools op5 be=e sunrise or aft] sunset4 ,x ?us appe>s t boys1 aft] ! age ( sev51 sp5t _! :ole day at s*ool1 & 7 ?us e>ly )drawn f ! influ5ce ( _! mo!rs & si/]s1 a fact :i* 0 n )\t its be>+ ^u morals4 ,!re are sev]al int]e/+ po9ts 9 connection ) ,a!nian s*ool life ab\t :i* our in=mation is s scanty t we are left 9 "s d\bt respect+ !m4 ,= example1 ?\gh x is q pla9 t ,a!ns _h no sy/em ( public in/ruction1 x is n s cle> t %e did n own ! s*ool build+s4 ,aga91 x is n c]ta9 :e!r music 7includ+ lett]s7 & gymna/ics 71 or 7 n1 taught 9 ! same locality4 ,?irdly1 !re is "s d\bt ab\t ! numb] & ord] ( ! h\rs devot$ to ea* ( ! two bran*es ( /udy4 ,9 reg>d to ^! po9ts ,i c /ate only :at seems to me mo/ probable4 ,z to s*ool build+s1 we are expressly told by ! au?or ( ! fragm5t>y tract on ,! ,a!nian ,/ate1 curr5tly attribut$ to ,x5ophon1 b probably writt5 z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #dbd1 t ! p 77 builds itself _m pal/ras1 dress+-rooms1 ba?s1 & ! masses h m enjoym5t ( ^! ?an ! few t are well-to-d4 ,if we assume t "s ( ^! pal/ras 7 = boys1 z we app>5tly h a "r to d1 we mu/ conclude t "s1 at lea/1 if n all1 ( ! s*ools = bodily tra9+ 7 public edifices1 let out by ! ,/ate to tea*]s4 ,l all ! great gymnasia1 "s1 & possibly all1 ( !m 7 situat$ outside ! city walls & _h g>d5s atta*$ to !m4 ,:e!r ! music-s*ools 7 s likewise1 is d\btful1 & ?is br+s u to our second "q--:e!r ! two bran*es ( education 7 taught 9 ! same place4 ,t !y 7 n taught 9 ! same room1 or by ! same p]son1 is cle> en\gh2 b x does n foll[ f ?is t !y 7 n taught 9 ! same build+1 or at any rate 9 ! same enclos$ space4 ,?\gh !re seems to be no explicit /atem5t 9 any anci5t au?or on ?is po9t1 ,i ?9k !re are suffici5t reasons = conclud+ t1 g5]ally at lea/1 !y 7 s taught4 ,if we f9d t ,anti/h5es1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 :o may be said to h introduc$ a sy/ematic high] education into ,a!ns1 op5$ _! s*ools 9 ! great public gymnasia1 frequ5t$ by y\?s & m51 we may surely conclude t ! l[] m5tal education 0 n sep>at$ f ! physical4 ,9 ! ,lysis ( ,plato1 we f9d "s "y m5 com+ out ( a pal/ra outside ! city walls1 & invit+ ,socrates to ent]1 tell+ him t _! occupation 77 consi/s mo/ly 9 discussions 7 71 & t _! tea*] is a c]ta9 ,miccus1 an admir] ( 84 ,socrates recognizes ! man z a capable sophi/1 a t]m nev] us$ ( physical tra9]s4 ,on ent]+1 ,socrates f9ds a numb] ( boys & y\?s 77 play+ toge!r1 ! =m] hav+ j f9i%$ a sacrifice4 ,x seems to foll[ directly f ?is t intellectual education 0 imp>t$ 9 ! pal/ras4 ,if ?is be true1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 conclude t 9 ,a!ns ! s*ools g5]ally 7 outside ! city walls1 ?\gh ! case 0 c]ta9ly diff]5t 9 "s o!r cities4 ,9 reg>d to our ?ird "q1 x is cle> t1 if boys sp5t _! :ole day 9 "o place1 x w\ld be m easy to divide x pr(itably betwe5 musical in/ruction & gymna/ics ?an if !y sp5t "o "p ( x 9 "o place1 & ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,j h[ x 0 divid$1 we d n "k1 & ,i h little d\bt t mu* dep5d$ ^u ! notions ( p>5ts & ! t5d5cies ( diff]5t p]iods4 ,x is q cle>1 f c]ta9 compla9ts ( ,ari/otle's1 t 9 ,a!ns p>5ts enjoy$ great lib]ty 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 any case1 s9ce1 z we "k1 ! in/itutions ( education 7 op5 all day1 x seems m ?an probable t "o class ( boys took _! gymna/ic lesson at "o h\r1 ano!r at ano!r1 & s ) o!r bran*es ( /udy4 ,x _c be t ! physical tra9+-s*ools 7 des]t$ :5 ! music-s*ools 7 9 session4 ,i ?9k !re is suffici5t reason = believ+ t1 g5]ally1 ! y\ng] boys took _! physical ex]cises 9 ! morn+1 & _! intellectual in/ruction 9 ! aft]noon1 ! ord] be+ rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ! old] boys4 ,h[ mu* ( ! "t sp5t at s*ool 0 giv5 up to lessons & h[ mu* to play1 is n at all cle>2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! playtime 0 at lea/ z long z ! worktime4 ,! s*ools 7 = boys :at ! agora & ! gymnasium 7 = gr[n m5--! place :]e _! lives 7 sp5t4 ,be=e we consid] sep>ately ! two divisions ( ,a!nian education1 a few facts common to !m may be m5tion$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h a common end1 :i* 01 to produce m5 indep5d5t b respectful1 fre$om-lov+ b law-abid+1 heal?y 9 m9d & body1 cle> 9 ?\ght1 ready 9 action1 & devot$ to _! families1 _! fa!rl&1 & _! gods4 ,contr>y to ! practice ( ! ,romans1 ! ,a!nians s\ght to prep>e _! sons = indep5d5t citiz5%ip at z e>ly an age z possible4 ,9 ! second place1 ! motives employ$ 9 bo? divisions 7 ! same1 viz4 fe> ( puni%m5t & hope ( rew>d4 ,z we h se51 ! ,a!nian boy1 if he behav$ badly1 0 n sp>$ ! rod4 ,z an (fset aga9/ ?is1 :5 he did well1 he receiv$ un/9t$ praise1 n to speak ( m sub/antial ?+s4 ,education1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ,greece1 took ! =m ( competition4 ,! ,hom]ic l9e 7,il41 vi1 #bjh2 xi1 #ghd71 ,see t ?\ ev] be be/1 & above all o!rs di/+ui%$1 0 ! motto ( ! ,a!nian 9 ev]y?+4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 9 bo? divisions ! *ief aim 0 ! realization ( capacity1 n ! fur!r+ ( acquisition4 ,m]e le>n+ & execution 7 almo/ univ]sally despis$ 9 ! old "t1 :ile intellig5ce & capacity 7 univ]sally admir$4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 9 bo? divisions ! utmo/ c>e 0 direct$ to ! conduct ( ! pupils1 s t x might be g5tle1 dignifi$1 & rational4 ,9 ! fif? place1 education 9 bo? its bran*es 0 int5d$ to enable m5 to occupy wor?ily & sociably _! leisure "t1 q z mu* z to prep>e !m = :at might be call$ _! practical duties 9 family1 society1 & ,/ate4 ,! f9e arts1 accord+ to ! ,greeks1 furni%$ ! prop] amusem5ts = educat$ m5 774 77 ,musical 7& ,lit]>y7 ,in/ruction4 ,?\gh ! ,greek ^w music 77 came 9 lat] times to h an ext5d$ mean+1 9 ! epo* ( :i* we are treat+1 x includ$ only music 9 our s5se1 & poetry1 two ?+s :i* 7 n !n sep>at$4 ,ari/ophanes1 z late z ,b4,c4 #dbb1 c /ill c\nt ^u an audi5ce ready to laugh at ! idea ( giv+ in/ruction 9 a/ronomy & geometry1 z ?+s too remote f human int]e/s 7,cl\ds1 vv #bbj sqq474 ,! poetry consi/$ *iefly ( ! epics ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ! elegiacs ( ,tyrtu1 ,solon1 ,!ognis1 etc41 ! iambics ( ,ar*ilo*us1 ,simonides1 etc41 & ! songs ( ! num]\s lyri/s1 ,t]p&]1 ,arion1 ,alcu1 ,alcman1 ,sappho1 ,simonides1 etc4 ,! music 0 simple1 meant to sweet5 77 ! words & br+ out _! mean+4 ,9 fact1 ! music & ! poetry 7 always compos$ toge!r1 s t ! poet 0 necess>ily also a musician4 ,:at we call h>mony 0 unkn[n 9 ,greek music at all times1 & in/rum5tal music 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to solo-play+4 ,9 treat+ ( ,a!nian1 &1 inde$1 ( all ,greek1 education1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to realize t ! intellectual & moral "p ( x has music & poetry = its />t+-po9t4 ,?is is ! core r\nd :i* ev]y?+ else ga!rs2 ?is is :at det]m9es its "*1 influ5ce1 & ideal4 ,culture1 z di/+ui%$ f nature1 is ! mat]ial ( ,a!nian intellectual & moral education2 & by ?is is meant1 n ! hi/ory or !ory ( culture1 z x might be set =? 9 prose1 b culture itself1 z embodi$ 9 ! ideals & =ms ( music-w$d$ poetry1 appeal+ to ! emotions t /ir ! w1 z well z to ! intellig5ce t guides x4 ,by mak+ ! works ( ! great poets ( ! ,greek p ! mat]ial ( _! education1 ! ,a!nians atta9$ a v>iety ( objects difficult ( atta9m5t by any o!r "o means4 ,! fact is1 ! anci5t poetry ( ,greece1 ) its f9i%$ =m1 its h]oic tales & *>act]s1 its acc\nts ( peoples f> remov$ 9 "t & space1 its manl9ess & pa?os1 its directness & simplicity1 its piety & wisdom1 its respect = law & ord]1 comb9$ ) its admiration = p]sonal initiative & wor?1 furni%$1 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful & g5ial tea*]1 a mat]ial = a complete education su* z c\ld n well be mat*$ ev5 9 our own day4 ,:at in/ruction 9 e?ics1 politics1 social life1 & manly be>+ c\ld n f9d a fitt+ vehicle 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 n to speak ( ! geography1 ! gramm>1 ! lit]>y criticism1 & ! hi/ory :i* ! compreh5sion ( !m involv$8 ,into :at a :olesome1 uns5tim5tal1 free _w did ^! poems introduce ! imag9ative ,greek boy6 ,:at spl5did ideals ( manhood & womanhood did !y hold up = 8 admiration & imitation6 ,f ,hesiod he w\ld le>n all t he ne$$ to "k ab\t 8 gods & _! relation to him & 8 p4 ,f ! elegiac poets he w\ld d]ive a fund ( political & social wisdom1 & an impetus to patriotism1 :i* w\ld g f> to make him a good man & a good citiz54 ,f ! iambic poets he w\ld le>n to express ) en]gy 8 indignation at meanness1 feebl5ess1 wrong1 & tyranny1 :ile f ! lyric poets he w\ld le>n ! language suitable to e g5ial feel+ & impulse ( ! human he>t4 ,& 9 recit+ or s++ all ^!1 h[ w\ld 8 p[] ( t]se1 idiomatic expression1 8 s5se ( poetic beauty & 8 e> = rhy?m & music be develop$6 ,) :at a treasure ( examples ( e virtue & vice1 & ) :at a fund ( epigrammatic expression w\ld 8 memory be furni%$6 ,h[ famili> he w\ld be ) ! "* & ideals ( 8 nation1 h[ deeply 9 sympa?y ) !m6 ,& all ?is 0 possible ev5 be=e ! introduction ( lett]s4 ,) ?is ev5t a new era 9 education beg9s4 ,! boy n[ n only le>ns & declaims 8 ,hom]1 & s+s 8 ,simonides or ,sappho1 he le>ns also to write d[n _! v]ses f dictation1 & s at once to read & to write4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 ! way 9 :i* ^! two 7to u7 fundam5tal arts 7 acquir$4 ,z soon z ! boy c\ld trace ) 8 f+] 9 s&1 or scrat* ) a /ylus on wax1 ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & comb9e !m into syllables & words1 he began to write poetry f 8 ma/]'s dictation4 ,! writ+-lesson ( to-day 0 ! read+1 recitation1 or s++-lesson ( to-morr[4 ,e boy made 8 own read+-book1 &1 if he f\nd x illegible1 & /umbl$ 9 read+1 he _h only himself to blame4 ,! ,greeks1 & especially ! ,a!nians1 laid ! greate/ /ress ^u read+ well1 recit+ well1 & s++ well1 & ! y\? :o c\ld n d all ! ?ree 0 look$ ^u z uncultur$4 ,nor c\ld he hide 8 want ( culture1 s9ce "y m5 7 cont9ually call$ ^u1 bo? at home & at m or less public ga!r+s1 to p]=m _! "p 9 ! social ent]ta9m5t4 ,! /rictly musical in/ruction ( ?is p]iod 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to simple1 /rong ,doric airs1 sung to an accompanim5t :i* 0 play$ on an in/rum5t closely resembl+ ! mod]n guit> 71 74 ,complicat$ & w9d in/rum5ts 7 unpopul>1 & ! s(t] or m ?rill+ k9ds ( music1 ,lydian1 ,phrygian1 etc41 _h n yet be5 introduc$1 at lea/ into s*ools4 ,any?+ l ! skill & execution dem&$ ( pr(essional play]s1 :o 7 usually slaves or =eign]s1 0 consid]$ altoge!r unwor?y ( a free man & a citiz51 & 0 !re=e n aim$ at4 ,fond z ! ,a!nians 7 ( ! f9e arts1 !y always held pr(essional skill 9 any ( !m1 except poetry & musical composition1 to be incompatible ) t dignity & virtue :i* !y dem&$ ( ! free citiz54 ,a respectable ,a!nian w\ld no m h all[$ 8 son to be a pr(essional musician ?an he w\ld h all[$ him to be a pr(essional acrobat4 ,x is difficult = u to und]/& ! way 9 :i* ! ,greeks reg>d$ music4 ,inf]ior z _! music 0 to ours 9 all te*nical ways1 x ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u _! lives ( :i* we c =m b a fa9t conception4 ,to !m x 0 a dmonic p[]1 capable ( r\s+ or assuag+ ! passions1 & h5ce ( be+ us$ = inf9ite good or evil4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t 9 _! education !y s\ght to employ ^? k9ds :i* t5d$ to purgation 771 & to avoid ^? t 7 excit+1 s5tim5tal1 or effem9ate6 ,no wond] t !y disapprov$ ( divorc+ music f ! intellectual elem5t conta9$ 9 ! words1 & all[+ x to deg5]ate into a m]e emotional or s5sual luxury6 ,music ! ,greeks reg>d$1 n inde$ z a moral =ce 7a phrase t to !m1 :o reg>d$ morality z a matt] ( ! w1 w\ld h convey$ no mean+71 b z a =ce ^: (fice x 01 by purg+ & h>moniz+ ! human be+1 to make him a fit subject = moral in/ruction4 ,music1 !y held1 br\ght h>mony1 fir/ into ! human be+ himself1 by putt+ an end to ! conflict betwe5 8 passions & 8 intellig5t w1 & !n1 z a consequ5ce1 into 8 relations ) 8 fell[s4 ,h>mony )9 0 held to be ! condition ( h>mony )\t4 ,9 ! p]iod ( :i* ,i am speak+1 no di/9ction 0 yet made betwe5 music & lit]ature 771 bo? be+ taught by ! ci?>i/ 774 ,inde$1 ! t]m = tea*] ( lit]ature 77 0 n !n inv5t$4 ,b ! ci?>i/ n only taught lit]ature3 he also taught ! elem5ts ( ari?metic1 a matt] ( no small difficulty1 consid]+ ! clumsy notation !n 9 use4 ,?is 0 done by means ( pebbles1 a box ( s&1 or an abacus simil> 9 pr9ciple to t n[ us$ by billi>d play]s to keep c\nt ( _! /rokes4 ,z to ! s*oolrooms 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 !y 7 app>5tly simple 9 ! extreme2 inde$1 r por*es op5 to sun & w9d ?an rooms 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,!y conta9$ little or no furniture4 ,! boys sat ^u ! gr\nd or ^u l[ b5*es1 l /eps 771 :ile ! tea*] occupi$ a high *air 774 ,! b5*es 7 wa%$1 app>5tly e day1 ) sponges4 ,! only decorations p]mitt$ 9 ! s*oolrooms1 x seems1 7 /atues or /atuettes ( ! ,muses & ,apollo1 & ! s*ool fe/ivals or exhibitions 7 reg>d$ z fe/ivals 9 honor ( ^!4 ,inde$1 9 ,greece e sort ( fe/ival 0 reg>d$ z an act ( wor%ip to "s div9ity4 ,! *ief s*ool fe/ival seems to h be5 ! ,musa 771 at :i* ! boys recit$ & sang4 77 ,gymna/ics or ,bodily ,tra9+4 ,"u ! t]m ,gymna/ics 771 ! ,greeks g5]ally includ$ ev]y?+ relat+ to ! culture ( ! body4 ,! ends :i* ! ,a!nians s\ght to rea* ?r\gh ?is bran* ( education 7 heal?1 /r5g?1 adroitness1 ease1 self-possession1 & firm1 dignifi$ be>+4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( boys1 int5d+ to take "p 9 ! ,olympic & o!r great games1 7 all[$ to tra9 z a?letes "u a gymna/ 71 7 9 ! public gymnasia1 & "u ! direction ( ! ,/ate2 b ^! 7 exceptions4 ,! a?lete 0 n an ideal p]son at ,a!ns1 z he 0 at ,!bes & ,sp>ta4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises 7 conduct$ p>tly 9 ! pal/ras1 or wre/l+ s*ools1 p>tly on ! race-c\rses1 bo? ( :i* 7 "u ! direction ( pr(essional tra9]s 774 ,9 e>ly times1 ! pal/ra & race-c\rse 7 simply an op5 space cov]$ ) s& & probably connect$ ) ! s*ool 771 ?us correspond+ to our playgr\nd4 ,lat]1 ?is space 0 p>tly cov]$ ov] & furni%$ ) dress+-rooms1 a ba?1 seats = spectators1 an alt> = sacrifices1 /atues1 etc4 ,( ! five gymna/ic ex]cises 9 :i* boys 7 tra9$1 all except wre/l+ seem to h be5 conduct$ on ! race-c\rse1 s t ! pal/ra 0 res]v$ = :at its "n impli$4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t e pal/ra _h a race-c\rse connect$ ) x1 at lea/ 9 ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 & possibly 9 _m cases ! boys took "p ( _! ex]cises 9 ! public race-c\rse runn+ f ! agora to beyond ! walls4 ,j z ! s*oolroom 0 decorat$ ) images ( ,apollo & ! ,muses1 s ! pal/ra 0 decorat$ ) images ( ,h]mes1 ,h]acles1 & ,eros1 symboliz+1 respectively1 adroitness1 human /r5g?1 & y\?ful fri5d%ip4 ,! special patron ( ! pal/ra 0 ,h]mes1 & ! gymna/ic exhibition took ! =m ( a fe/ival to him1 ! ,h]ma1 at :i* a sacrifice 0 (f]$ & ! boys 7 all[$ ! use ( ! build+ to play games 91 ! victors we>+ cr[ns4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 a "w ( ?is compass1 to ent] into a m9ute description ( all ! ex]cises ( ! ,a!nian pal/ra4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) a g5]al /atem5t1 :i* may be prefac$ ) ! rem>k t ^! ex]cises 7 at fir/ light1 increas+ gradually 9 rigor & difficulty z ! /r5g? & skill ( ! gr[+ *ild p]mitt$4 ,! *ief gymna/ic ex]cises 7 five1 nam$ 9 ?is ord] 9 a fam\s l9e ( ,simonides3 7#a7 leap+1 7#b7 runn+1 7#c7 discus-?r[+1 7#d7 javel9-ca/+1 7#e7 wre/l+ 771 :i* la/ gave ! "n to ! pal/ra4 ,we %all n /rictly foll[ ?is ord]1 b beg9 ) 7#a7 ,runn+4--,?is 0 ! simple/1 lighte/1 mo/ natural1 &1 !re=e1 ! mo/ easily taught ( ex]cises4 ,x 0 probably also ! olde/4 ,we f9d ev5 ,hom] mak+ 8 ideal ,phacians beg9 _! games ) x1 & ?is practice seems to h be5 g5]al ?r\gh\t antiquity4 ,9 tak+ ?is ex]cise1 ! boys dive/$ !mselves ( all clo?+ & _h _! bodies rubb$ ) oil4 ,! runn+ appe>s to h be5 ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,hurdle-races1 sack-races1 etc41 7 app>5tly exclud$ f education4 ,at ! same "t1 ! runn+ 0 r5d]$ difficult by ! s(t s& ) :i* ! c\rse 0 cov]$ to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es4 ,! races 7 di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! l5g? 9 furlongs or /adia3 7#a7 ! furlong-race1 7#b7 ! d\ble-furlong race1 7#c7 ! horse 7f\r-furlong7 race1 7#d7 ! long race1 ^: l5g? seems to h be5 tw5ty-f\r furlongs1 or ab\t ?ree miles4 ,! /adion 0 #bjb y>ds ,engli%4 ,! %ort] races call$ = brief conc5tration ( en]gy1 ! long] = p]si/5ce & endurance2 all 7 ex]cises 9 agility2 all t5d$ to develop lung-p[]4 7#b7 ,leap+ or ,jump+4--,?is ex]cise seems1 9 ! ma91 to h conf9$ itself to ! long leap4 ,?\gh ! high leap & ! pole-jump c h>dly h be5 unkn[n1 we h no evid5ce t !y 7 ev] employ$ 9 ! gymna/ic tra9+ ( boys4 ,!re may h be5 hygi5ic reasons :i* =bade _! use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 boys 7 taught to l5g!n _! leap by means ( weights1 some:at simil> to our dumb-bells1 c>ri$ 9 _! h&s1 & swung =w>d 9 ! act ( leap+4 ,su* leap+ w\ld be an ex]cise = ! arms1 z well z = ! legs & ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b1 j z !re 7 two ex]cises int5d$ *iefly = ! legs1 s !re 7 two int5d$ *iefly = ! arms--discus-?r[+ & javel9-ca/+4 7#c7 ,discus-?r[+4--,! mod]n _w has be5 r5d]$ v famili> ) ! me?od ( ?is ex]cise by ! copies ( ! discobolus ( ,myron1 pres]v$ 9 ,rome & ext5sively engrav$ & photograph$1 & t ( ! discobolus ( ,alcam5es :i* n[ /&s 9 ! ,vatican 7see ,ov]beck1 ,grie*4 ,pla/ik vol4 i1 p4 #bgf74 ,! discus 0 g5]ally a flat1 r\nd piece ( /one or metal1 a sort ( l>ge quoit ) no hole 9 ! middle1 :i* ! us] s\ght to ?r[ z f> z he c\ld4 ,! discobolus ( ,alcam5es %[s u a y\? balanc+ ! discus 9 8 left h&1 & tak+ ! measure ( 8 ?r[ ) 8 eye2 t ( ,myron %[s u ano!r 9 ! act ( ?r[+4 ,he sw+s ! discus backw>d 9 8 "r h&1 & b5ds 8 body =w>d to balance x4 ,8 "r foot1 ! toes contract$ ) ef=t1 re/s firmly on ! gr\nd2 ! left is slightly lift$2 ! :ole body is l a b5t b[4 ,9 ! next in/ant ! left foot w advance1 ! left h&1 n[ re/+ on ! "r knee1 w sw+ backw>ds1 ! body w resume its erect position1 & ! discus w be %ot =w>d f ! "r h& l an arr[4 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m cle>ly ?an does ?is /atue ! p]fect organization1 symmetry1 & balance :i* 7 ! aim ( ,greek gymna/ics4 ,n "o limb c\ld be mov$ )\t affect+ all ! re/1--:i* %[s t ! ex]cise ext5d$ to ! :ole body4 7#d7 ,javel9-ca/+4--,! aim ( ?is ex]cise 0 to develop skill & precision ( eye & h&1 r ?an /r5g? ( muscle4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ 0 a %ort dagg] or lance1 :i* 0 aim$ at a m>k4 ,he :o c\ld hit ! m>k f ! greate/ di/ance 0 ! mo/ pr(ici5t s*ol>4 ,! spe>1 be=e be+ ?r[n1 0 balanc$ 9 ! "r h& at ! height ( ! e>4 7#e7 ,wre/l+4--,?is v complicat$ ex]cise 0 evid5tly ! pr9cipal "o 9 ! gymna/ic c\rse1 ! "o to :i* ! o!rs 7 m]ely prep>atory4 ,x 0 ! only "o :i* a boy c\ld n practice by himself4 ,x ex]cis$ n only ! :ole body1 b ! pati5ce & temp] z well4 ,! aim ( ! wre/l] 0 to ?r[ 77 8 antagoni/4 ,^? :o took "p 9 ?is ex]cise _h _! bodies rubb$ ) oil & /rewn ) f9e s&4 ,x seems t ! wre/l] 0 all[$ to d any?+ he *ose to 8 antagoni/ except to bite1 /rike1 or kick him4 ,be=e he c\ld claim ! victory he _h to ?r[ him ?ree times4 ,aft] ! conte/ ! wre/l]s scrap$ f _! bodies1 ) a /rigil1 ! oil & du/1#b ba!d1 7 aga9 rubb$ ) oil1 expos$ _! bodies to ! sun1 9 ord] to dry & tan !m1 & dress$4 ,! ba?+ 0 done 9 cold wat]1 & bo? ! ba?+ & ! sunn+ 7 9 "p int5d$ to inure ! body to sudd5 cold & heat1 :i* inurem5t 0 consid]$ a v ess5tial "p ( physical tra9+4 ,su* 7 ! *ief ex]cises employ$ 9 ! gymna/ic tra9+ ( ! ,a!nians4 ,?us f>1 we h consid]$ ! two bran*es ( education z conduct$ sep>ately1 & z n com+ at any po9t 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,b x w\ld h be5 v unlike ! ,greek1 & especially ! ,a!nian1 to leave ! two divisions ( education unrelat$ & unh>moniz$4 ,&1 inde$1 he did n s leave !m1 b br\ght !m toge!r 9 ! mo/ admirable way 9 :at he call$ or*esis1 a ^w = :i* we h no bett] equival5t ?an 77 ,danc+ 71 74 ,danc]s1 says ,ari/otle1 by means ( pla/ic rhy?ms 7rhy?ms reproduc$ 9 pla/ic =ms7 imitate *>act]s1 feel+s1 & actions4 ,x5ophon1 9 8 ,anabasis1 describ+ a banquet t took place 9 ! wilds ( ,paphlagonia1 says3 ,aft] ! treaty 0 ratifi$ & ! pan sung1 !re fir/ rose up two ,?racians & danc$ 9 armor to ! flute1 leap+ high & lightly1 & us+ _! swords4 ,f9ally "o ( !m /ruck ! o!r1 s t ev]ybody ?\ght he _h w\nd$ him2 b he fell 9 an artificial way4 ,!n ! ,paphlagonians rais$ a %\t2 b ! assailant1 hav+ despoil$ ! fall5 man ( 8 armor1 w5t out s++ ! ,sitalcas4 ,!n o!rs ( ! ,?racians c>ri$ out ! o!r z if he _h be5 dead2 b he 0 none ! worse4 ,next1 "s nianes & ,magnesians /ood up & danc$ ! s-call$ ,c>pa 9 armor4 ,! mann] ( ! dance 0 ?is3 "o man1 putt+ 8 arms )9 rea*1 s[s & drives a team1 frequ5tly turn+ r\nd z if afraid4 ,!n a robb] makes 8 appe>ance4 ,z soon z ! o!r espies him1 he seizes 8 arms1 advances to him1 & fights 9 front ( ! team4 ,& ! two did ?is keep+ "t to ! flute4 ,f9ally ! robb]1 hav+ b\nd ! o!r1 c>ries (f bo? him & ! team2 sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 ! pl\ghman b9ds ! robb]1 9 :i* case he yokes him1 ) 8 h&s b\nd beh9d 8 back1 to 8 ox5 & drives (f4 ,sev]al o!r dances1 p]=m$ by p]sons ( diff]5t nationalities1 foll[2 b en\gh has be5 quot$ to %[ t ! ,greek 0 some?+ v diff]5t f our danc+4 ,x 01 inde$1 a pantomimic ballet1 int]sp]s$ ) tableaux vivans4 ,9 ! dances "h m5tion$1 ! flute is ! in/rum5t employ$1 & ?is ! play] c\ld n accompany ) 8 voice4 ,b 9 ! ,a!nian s*ools1 9 ! old "t1 ! flute1 & all music )\t words1 7 taboo$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t 9 ^! ! or*e/ic p]=mances 7 accompani$ by ! lyre1 ! play] on :i* sang 9 words :at ! danc]s danc$4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 su* p]=mances ! musical 7lit]>y7 & gymna/ic bran*es ( education came 9 = ab\t equal %>es4 ,danc+ ex]cis$ ! :ole human be+1 body & s\l1 & ex]cis$ !m 9 a completely h>moni\s way4 ,x is ?is h>mony1 ?is rhy?mic movem5t ( ! body 9 consonance ) ! emotions ( ! s\l & ! purposes ( ! intellig5ce1 t is grace 774 ,h5ce1 :ile ! ,greeks reli$ ^u gymna/ics to imp>t /r5g? & firmness to ! body1 !y look$ to danc+ = c\rtl9ess & grace4 ,plato places ! two on ! same foot+1 z p>ts ( a s+le discipl9e4 ,! fact t ! two divisions ( education met 9 danc+ seems to prove :at ,i surmis$ above1 viz4 t !y 7 conduct$ )9 ! same prec9cts2 9 :i* case we may suppose t1 :ile ! danc+ ex]cises took place 9 ! pal/ra1 ! music 0 suppli$ by ! music ma/]4 ,we "k t ! *orus-lead] 0 a public (fic]1 appo9t$ by ! demos1 & _h to be ov] =ty ye>s old4 ,9 any case1 x is curi\s en\gh to ?9k t ,a!nian1 &1 g5]ally1 ,greek1 education culm9at$ 9 danc+4 ,b ?is 0 a p]fectly logical result2 = ! *orus is ! type ( ,greek social life1 z we see mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be po9t$ out t ! supreme =m ( ,greek art1 ! drama1 0 b a developm5t ( ! ,bac*ic or ,dionysiac *orus4 ,?is developm5t consi/$ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! music f ! pantomime1 & ! assignm5t ( ! =m] to ! *orus1 :i* no long] danc$1 b walk$1 & ( ! latt] to ! actors1 :o add$ ! dialogue to x4 ,greek life 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts--civil1 milit>y1 religi\s4 ,music & lett]s 7 a prep>ation = ! fir/1 gymna/ics = ! second1 & danc+ = ! ?ird4 ,danc+ =m$ a prom95t "p 9 ,greek wor%ip1 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r free ,a!nians ev] danc$ except be=e ! gods -- 1 z ,x5ophon says4 ,two ?+s /ill rema9 to be consid]$ ) reg>d to ,a!nian s*ools1 7#a7 grad+1 7#b7 holidays4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 ! practice probably diff]$ at diff]5t times2 b we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t1 at ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+1 !re 7 b two grades1 boys 77 & y\?s 774 ,^! are m5tion$ by ,plato1 9 ! ,lysis1 z celebrat+ ! ,h]ma toge!r 9 a pal/ra4 ,! fir/ grade w\ld include ! boys f sev5 to elev5 ye>s ( age2 ! second1 ^? f elev5 to fifte54 ,z to holidays1 !y seem to h be5 simply ! fea/-days ( ! great] gods1 :5 bus9ess ( e sort 0 susp5d$4 ,su* days am\nt$ to ab\t n9ety annually4 7#c7 ,,college ,,education4 ,ab\t ! "t :5 he 0 blossom+ into manhood1 t is1 "s "t betwe5 8 f\rte5? & 8 sixte5? ye>1 ! ,a!nian boy ( ! old5 "t 0 transf]r$ f ! private s*ool & pal/ra1 :i* belong$ to ! family side ( life1 to ! gymnasium1 :i* belong$ to ! ,/ate1 & 9 :i* he receiv$ ! education calculat$ to fit him = ! duties ( a citiz54 ,hav+1 9 ! family & ! s*ool1 be5 tra9$ to be a g5tleman 771 he mu/ n[ be tra9$ to be a citiz51 capable ( ex]cis+ legislative1 judicial1 & milit>y functions4 ,! ,/ate saw to x t he receiv$ ?is tra9+1 if 8 p>5ts *ose & c\ld af=d x4 ,9 ! "t ( ,solon1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #eij1 two great gymnasia1 ! ,academy & ,cynos>ges1 7 erect$ 9 ! mid/ ( ext5sive groves outside ! city walls4 ,^! groves 7 aft]w>ds surr\nd$ ) high walls1 furni%$ ) seats & o!r conv5i5ces1 & turn$ into city p>ks4 ,! ,academy1 :i* lay to ! nor?we/ ( ! city1 9 ! valley ( ! ,cephisus1 & 0 "u ! patronage ( ,a!na1 0 ! resort ( ! full-blood$ citiz5s1 :ile ,cynos>ges1 situat$ to ! ea/ ( ! city1 ne> ! foot ( ,lycabettus1 0 assign$ to ^? :o _h =eign blood 9 _! ve9s1 t is1 :o _h only "o p>5t ( pure ,a!nian /ock4 ,?is gymnasium 0 "u ! patronage ( ,h]acles1 ^: wor%ip always implies ! pres5ce ( a =eign & vanqui%$ elem5t4 ,^! 7 ! only two gymnasia belong+ to ,a!ns be=e ! "t ( ,p]icles4 ,!y 71 probably1 de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians 9 #dhj1 & _h aft]w>ds to be rebuilt1 & ! groves replant$4 ,:ile ! *ildr5 ( ne>ly all ! free citiz5s ( ,a!ns att5d$ ! s*ool & ! pal/ra1 x is cle> t only ! y\? ( ! weal?i] classes att5d$ ! gymnasium4 ,"o result ( ?is 0 t ! gov]nm5t & (fices ( ! ,/ate fell exclusively into ! h&s ( ^? classes2 & x 0 p]haps j 9 ord] to make ?is division1 )\t introduc+ any class-law1 t ! %rewd ,solon e/abli%$ ! gymnasia1 :i* ?us became a bulw>k aga9/ democracy4 ,z soon z ! ,a!nian y\? 0 transf]r$ to ! gymnasium1 he pass$ f "u ! *>ge ( ! p$agogue1 :o repres5t$ ! family1 & came "u ! direct surveillance ( ! ,/ate4 ,he 0 n[ free to g :]e he w\ld1 to frequ5t ! agora & ! /reet1 to att5d ! !atre1 9 :i* he _h 8 appo9t$ place1 & to make himself directly acqua9t$ ) all ! details ( public life4 ,9 ! gymnasium he pass$ into ! h&s ( a gymna/ or sci5tific tra9]1 & = ! next two or ?ree ye>s 0 subject$ to ! sev]] ex]cises1 wre/l+1 box+1 etc4 ,no special provision1 beyond ! fact t he _h to le>n ! laws1 0 made = 8 intellectual & moral in/ruction4 ,he 0 expect$ to acquire ?is f contact ) ! old] citiz5s :om he met 9 ! agora1 ! /reet1 or ! public p>k4 ,?us1 at :at is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ critical age1 he 0 almo/ compell$ to live a free1 breezy1 outdoor life1 full ( activity & /irr+ incid5t1 8 ?\ghts & feel+s direct$ outw>ds into acts ( w1 & n turn$ back ^u himself or 8 own /ates4 ,at ! same "t he 0 acquir+ j t practical k ( e?ical laws & ( real life :i* c\ld be/ fit him = active citiz5%ip4 ,he n[ le>nt to ride1 to drive1 to r[1 to swim1 to att5d banquets1 to su/a9 a conv]sation1 to discuss ! weightie/ que/ions ( /atesman%ip1 to s+ & dance 9 public *oruses1 & to ride or walk 9 public processions4 ,if he abus$ 8 lib]ty & behav$ 9 a lawless or unseemly way1 he 0 call$ to acc\nt by ! sev]e ,c\rt ( ! ,areopagus1 :i* att5d$ to public morals4 ,he saw little ( girls ( 8 own age1 except 8 si/]s1 unless x 0 at public fe/ivals1 :5 !re 0 little opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,8 affectionate nature !re=e express$ itself mo/ly 9 ! =m ( devot$ fri5d%ips to o!r y\?s ( 8 own1 or ne>ly 8 own1 age1 a fact :i* enables u to und]/& :y fri5d%ip fills s l>ge a space1 n only 9 ! life1 b also 9 ! e?ical treatises ( ! ,greeks1--,plato1 ,ari/otle1 etc41--& :y love1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 plays s insignificant a "p4 ,! tru? is t1 ev5 9 ,a!ns1 ! ,/ate encroa*$ ^u ! family4 ,plato's ,republic 0 only ! logical c>ry+ out ( pr9ciples t 7 lat5t long be=e 9 ! social life ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,x w\ld be impossible to treat 9 detail ! ex]cises to :i* ! ,a!nian y\? 0 subject$ dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* he att5d$ ! public gymnasium z a pupil4 ,! old ex]cises ( ! pal/ra 7 cont9u$1 runn+ & wre/l+ especially2 b ! =m] 0 n[ done 9 armor1 & ! latt] became m viol5t1 & 0 supplem5t$ by box+4 ,9 fact1 ! physical ex]cises 7 n[ sy/ematiz$ into ! p5ta?lon--runn+1 leap+1 discus-?r[+1 wre/l+1 box+--:i* =m$ ! programme ( ne>ly all gymna/ic exhibitions4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s1 ! y\? 0 /ill reg>d$ z a m9or1 & 8 fa!r or gu>dian 0 responsible = 8 good behavior4 ,b :5 he rea*$ ! age ( eighte51 a *ange took place1 & he pass$ "u ! direct control ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 fa!r n[ br\ght him be=e ! reeve ( 8 demos 7w>d or village71 z a c&idate = indep5d5t citiz5%ip4 ,if he prov$ to be ! lawful *ild ( free citiz5s1 & came up to ! moral & physical requirem5ts ( ! law1 8 "n 0 ent]$ ^u ! regi/] ( ! demos1 & he became a memb] ( x4 ,he 0 n[ prep>$ to be pres5t$ to ! :ole p1 & to pass ! ,/ate exam9ation4 ,he %ore 8 long hair = ! fir/ "t1 & donn$ ! black g>m5t ( ! citiz54 ,9 ?is guise he pres5t$ himself to ! k+-ar*on ( ! ,/ate1 :o1 at a public assembly1 introduc$ him1 along ) o!rs1 to ! :ole p4 ,he 0 !n & !re arm$ ) spe> & %ield 7suppli$ by ! ,/ate if 8 fa!r _h fall5 9 w>71 & !nce proce$$ to ! %r9e ( ,aglauros1 :]e1 look+ d[n on ! agora1 ! city1 & ! ,attic pla91 he took ! ,solonian oa? ( citiz5%ip 7see p4 #fa74 ,he 0 n[ te*nically an ephbos1 cadet1 or citiz5-novice1 ready to und]go ^? two ye>s ( sev]e discipl9e :i* at once =m$ 8 introduction to practical affairs1 & con/itut$ ! ,/ate exam9ation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> he rema9$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,a!ns1 drill+ 9 arms1 & acquir+ a k ( milit>y tactics4 ,8 life 0 n[ ! h>d life ( a soldi]4 ,he slept 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ! gu>d-h\ses 77 t surr\nd$ ! city1 & 0 liable to be call$ ^u at any "t by ! gov]nm5t to give aid 9 an em]g5cy4 ,he also took "p 9 ! public fe/ivals4 ,at ! end ( ! ye>1 all ! ephboi ( "o ye>'s /&+ pass$ an exam9ation 9 milit>y drill be=e ! assembl$ p 7 #c71 aft] :i* !y 7 employ$ z militia to man ! fronti] gu>d-h\ses1 & z rural g5d>m]ie 771 sc\r+ ! c\ntry 9 all directions4 ,!y n[ liv$ l soldi]s 9 w>-"t1 & le>nt two important ?+s1 7#a7 ! topography ( ,attica1 its roads1 passes1 brooks1 spr+s1 etc41 7#b7 ! art ( en=c+ law & ord]4 ,_! life1 inde$1 closely resembl$ t ( ! ,alp9e corps 7,alp9i7 ( ! ,italian army at ! pres5t day4 ,^! sp5d ! summ] 9 mak+ !mselves acqua9t$ ) e height1 valley1 pass1 /ream1 & cov]t 9 ! ,italian ,alps1 (t5 biv\ack+ = days toge!r at great heights4 ,t dur+ ?is "t ! ephboi %\ld h tak5 any "p 9 ! legislative or judicial duties ( citiz5s1 seems 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,at ! end ( _! second ye>1 h[ev]1 !y pass$ a second exam9ation1 call$ ! citiz5%ip or manhood exam9ation 7 71 aft] :i* !y 7 full memb]s ( ! ,/ate4 7#d7 ,,univ]sity ,,education4 ,! ,greek univ]sity 0 ! ,/ate1 & ! ,greek ,/ate 0 a univ]sity--a ,cultur-,/aat1 z ! ,g]mans say4 ,t ! ,/ate is a s*ool ( virtue1 0 a view g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 ! anci5t _w1 :i*1 until x began to decay1 completely id5tifi$ ! man ) ! citiz54 ,! influ5ce ( ?is view ^u ! attitude ( ! individual to ! ,/ate1 & ( ! ,/ate to ! individual1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,! ,/ate claim$1 & ! individual accord$ to x1 a discipl9>y "r :i* ext5d$ to e sph]e & action ( life4 ,?us ! sph]e ( morality co9cid$ exactly ) ! sph]e ( legality1 or1 to put x ! o!r way1 ! sph]e ( legality ext5d$ to ! :ole sph]e ( morality1 & ?is 0 consid]$ true1 :atev] =m ! ,/ate or gov]nm5t might assume--mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 democracy1 etc4 ,to give a full acc\nt ( ! univ]sity education ( old ,a!ns w\ld be to write h] social & political hi/ory up to ! "t ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,all ,i c d is to po9t out ^? elem5ts 9 ! ,/ate :i* enabl$ x to produce t spl5did array ( noble m51 & accompli% ^? great de$s & works1 :i* make h] brief c>e] seem ! brighte/ spot 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! *ief ( ^! elem5ts1 & ! "o :i* includ$ all ! re/1 0 ! ,greek ideal ( h>mony4 ,a!ns 0 great z a ,/ate & z a s*ool s long z %e embodi$ t ideal1 s long z %e di/ribut$ p[] & honor 9 accordance ) wor? 77 intellectual1 moral1 practical2 9 a ^w1 s long z ! ,/ate 0 gov]n$ by ! be/ citiz5s 771 & ! re/ ackn[l$g$ _! "r to d s4 ,not)/&+ ! cont5tion ( ,grote & o!rs1 x is /rictly true t ,a!ns 0 great because1 & s long z1 %e 0 ari/ocratic 79 ! anci5t s5se71 & p]i%$ :5 %e ab&on$ h] fundam5tal ideal by becom+ democratic4 ,?is ass]tion mu/ n be con/ru$ z any slur ^u democracy z su*1 or z d5y+ t ,a!ns 9 p]i%+ pav$ ! way = a high] ideal ?an h] own4 ,x simply /ates a fact1 :i* may be easily g5]aliz$ )\t los+ its tru?3 ,an in/itution p]i%es :5 x ab&ons ! pr9ciple on :i* x 0 f\nd$ & built up4 ,unless we be> ?is 9 m9d1 we %all utt]ly fail to und]/& ! lesson ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t "s ( ,a!ns' noble/ "w 0 done "u ! democracy1 ! suffici5t answ] is1 t x 0 ne>ly all done by m5 :o reta9$ ! _s ( ! old ari/ocracy1 & bitt]ly oppos$ ! democracy4 ,we ne$ "n only s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,demo/h5es4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,new ,,education 7,b4,c4 #dhj-cch7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,individualism ,,& ,,philosophy ,hom] ought to be driv5 f ! li/s & :ipt1 & ,ar*ilo*us likewise4--,h]aclitus4 ,?\ ne$s mu/ h k ( all ?+s1 ,fir/ ( ! /eadfa/ core ( ! ,tru? t =ce? conviction1 ,!n ( ! notions ( mortals1 :]e true conviction abides n4 --,p>m5ides4 ,all ?+s 7 undi/+ui%$3 !n ,intellect came & br\ght !m into ord]4--,anaxagoras4 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,gods1 ,i am unable to "k :e!r !y are or are n4--,protagoras4 ,,/repsiades4 ,don't y see :at a good ?+ x is to h le>n+8 ,!re isn't any ,zeus1 ,phidippides6 ,,phidippides4 ,:o is !re !n8 ,,/reps4 ,vortex rules1 hav+ de?ron$ ,zeus4 ,,phid4 ,p%aw6 :at nons5se6 ,,/reps4 ,y may c\nt x true1 all ! same4 ,,phid4 ,:o says s8 ,,/reps4 ,socrates ! ,melian1 & ,*rephon1 :o kn[s ! footpr9ts ( fleas4--,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds4 ,!re is an old-fa%ion$ saw1 curr5t ( yore among mortals1 t a man's happ9ess1 :5 full-gr[n1 gives bir? & dies n *ildless1 & t f ,=tune !re spr+s insatiate woe = all 8 race4 ,b ,i1 diss5t+ f all o!rs1 am alone ( diff]5t m9d4 ,x is ! ,irrev]5t ,de$ t begets aft] x m ( its k9d4 ,= to righte\s homes belongs a fair-*ildr5$ lot =ev]2 b old ,irrev]5ce is sure to beget ,irrev]5ce1 spr++ up fre% among evil m51 :5 ! numb]$ h\r arrives4 ,& ! new ,irrev]5ce begets ,surfeit ( ,weal?1 & a p[] beyond all battle1 beyond all w>1 unholy ,d>+1 tw9 curses1 black to homes1 l to _! p>5ts4 ,b ,ju/ice %9es 9 smoky homes1 & honors ! righte\s life1 &1 leav+1 ) av]t$ eyes1 f\ndations gild$ ) impurity ( h&s1 %e draws nigh to holy ?+s1 honor+ n ! p[] ( weal?1 ) its c\nt]feit /amp ( praise4 ,& h] w is done4--s*ylus ,f ! "t !y are *ildr5 to ! day ( _! dea?1 we tea* !m & admoni% !m4 ,z soon z ! *ild und]/&s :at is said to him1 8 nurse & 8 "m & 8 p$agogue & ev5 8 fa!r vie ) ea* o!r 9 try+ to make ! be/ ( him t c be made1 at e ^w & de$ in/ruct+ him & w>n+ him1 ,?is is "r1 ,?is is wrong1 ,?is is beautiful1 ,?is is ugly1 ,?is is righte\s1 ,?is is s9ful1 ,d ?is1 ,don't d t4 ,& if ! *ild readily obeys1 well & good2 if he does n1 !n !y treat him l a b5t & twi/$ /ick1 /raight5+ him out ) ?reats & bl[s4 ,lat] on1 !y s5d him to s*ool1 & !n !y lay _! injunctions ^u ! ma/]s to pay mu* m att5tion to ! good behavior ( _! sons ?an to _! lett]s & music 772 & ! tea*]s act ^u ^! injunctions4 ,lat] yet1 :5 !y h le>nt to read1 & are proce$+ to und]/& ! mean+ ( :at is writt51 j z =m]ly !y und]/ood :at 0 said to !m1 !y put be=e !m on ! b5*es to read ! works ( good poets1 & insi/ ^u _! le>n+ !m by he>t--works :i* conta9 _m admonitions1 & _m n>ratives1 noble de$s1 & eulogies ( ! wor?y m5 ( old--_! purpose be+ to awak5 ! boy's ambition1 s t he may imitate ^! m5 & /rive to be wor?y likewise4 ,! music-tea*]s also1 pursu+ ! same l9e1 try to inculcate self-control 77 & to prev5t ! boys f fall+ into mis*ief4 ,9 addition to ?is1 :5 !y h le>nt to play on ! lyre1 _! ma/]s tea* !m o!r poems1 writt5 by great lyric poets1 mak+ !m s+ !m & play ! accompanim5ts to !m1 & compell+ !m to "w into _! s\ls ! rhy?ms & melodies ( !m1 s t !y may gr[ 9 g5tl5ess1 &1 hav+ _! natures tim$ & tun$1 may be fitt$ to speak & act4 ,! tru? is1 ! :ole life ( man ne$s tim+ & tun+4 ,fur!rmore1 9 addition to all ?is1 p>5ts s5d _! sons to ! physical tra9]1 9 ord] t _! bodies may be improv$ & r5d]$ capable ( second+ a noble int5t1 & !y !mselves n be =c$1 f physical det]ioration1 to play ! c[>d 9 w> or o!r 7s]i\s7 matt]s4 ,& ^? :o c be/ af=d to give ?is education1 give mo/ ( x1 & ^! are ! ri*e/ p4 ,_! sons g e>lie/ to s*ool & leave x late/4 ,& :5 ! boys leave s*ool1 ! ,/ate insi/s t !y %all le>n ! laws & live accord+ to !m1 & n accord+ to _! own caprice 444 ,& if any "o transgresses ^! laws1 ! ,/ate puni%es him 444 ,see+ t s mu* att5tion is devot$ to virtue1 bo? 9 ! family & 9 ! ,/ate1 d y wond]1 ,socrates1 & "q :e!r virtue be some?+ t c be taught8 ,surely y ought n to wond] at ?is1 b r to wond] if x c\ld n be taught4--,plato1 ,protagoras 7words ( ,protagoras74 ,isn't x true1 ,lysis1 said ,i1 t y\r p>5ts love y v mu*8--,to be sure1 said he4--,!n !y w\ld wi% y to be z happy z possible8--,( c\rse1 said he4--,& d y ?9k a p]son is happy :o is a slave1 & is n all[$ to d any?+ he desires8--,i don't1 inde$1 said he4--,!n1 if y\r fa!r & "m love y & wi% y to be happy1 !y endeavor by e means 9 _! p[] to make y happy4--,to be sure !y d1 said he4--,!n !y all[ y to d any?+ y please1 & nev] *ide y1 or prev5t y f do+ :at y desire4--,by ,jove6 !y d1 ,socrates3 !y prev5t me f do+ a great _m ?+s4--,:at d y mean1 said ,i2 !y wi% y to be happy1 & yet prev5t y f do+ :at y wi%8 ,let u take an example3 ,if y want to ride 9 "o ( y\r fa!r's *>iots1 & to hold ! re9s1 :5 x is compet+ 9 a race1 won't !y all[ y1 or w !y prev5t y8--,by ,jove6 no3 !y w\ld n all[ me1 said he4 ,b :y %\ld !y8 ,!re is a *>iote]1 :o is hir$ by my fa!r4--,:at d y mean8 ,!y all[ a hir$ man1 r ?an y1 to d :at he likes ) ! horses1 & pay him a sal>y besides8--,& :y n8 said he4--,well !n1 ,i suppose !y all[ y to manage ! mule-team1 & if y want$ to take ! :ip & :ip x1 !y w\ld p]mit y4--,h[ c\ld !y8 said he4--,:at8 said ,i3 is nobody all[$ to :ip x8--,( c\rse1 he said2 ! mulete]4--,a slave or a free man8--,a slave1 said he4--,& s x seems !y ?9k m ( a slave ?an ( _! son1 & entru/ _! prop]ty to him r ?an to y1 & all[ him to d :at he pleases1 :]eas !y prev5t y4 ,b1 f>!r1 tell me ?is4 ,d !y all[ y to manage y\rself1 or d !y n ev5 tru/ y to t ext5t8--,h[ tru/ me8 said he4--,!n does "s "o manage y8--,yes1 my p$agogue "h1 said he4--,b he is surely n a slave8--,( c\rse he is1 our slave1 said he4--,is x n /range1 said ,i1 t a freeman %\ld be gov]n$ by a slave8 ,b1 to cont9ue1 :at is ?is p$agogue do+ :5 he gov]ns y8--,tak+ me to a tea*]1 or some?+ ( ! k9d1 he said4--,& ^! tea*]s1 x _c be t !y too gov]n y8--,to any ext5t4--,s !n y\r fa!r likes to set ov] y a ho/ ( ma/]s & manag]s2 b1 ( c\rse1 :5 y g home to y\r "m1 %e lets y d :at y l1 9 ord] to make y happy1 ei!r ) ! ?reads or ! loom1 :5 %e is weav+--does %e n8 ,%e surely doesn't 9 ! lea/ prev5t y f h&l+ ! batt51 or ! comb1 or any ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 sp9n+4--,& he1 laugh+1 said3 ,by ,jove1 ,socrates2 %e n only prev5ts me1 b ,i %\ld be beat5 if ,i t\*$ !m4--,by ,h]cules1 said ,i1 isn't x true t y h done "s wrong to y\r fa!r & "m8--,by ,jove1 n ,i1 he said4--,b = :at reason1 !n1 d !y s anxi\sly prev5t y f be+ happy1 & do+ :at y please1 & ma9ta9 y ! :ole day 9 s]vitude to "s "o or ano!r1 & )\t p[] to d almo/ any?+ y l4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t y d]ive no advantage f all ?is weal?1 b anybody manages x r ?an y1 nor f y\r body1 nobly born z x is1 b "s "o else %eph]ds x & takes c>e ( x4 ,b y gov]n no?+1 ,lysis1 & d no?+ t y desire4--,! reason1 ,socrates1 he said1 is1 t ,i am n ( age4--,plato1 ,lysis4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! con/itution is z foll[s3 ,citiz5%ip is a "r ( *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are bo? ( !m citiz5s4 ,regi/ration z memb] ( a deme or t[n%ip takes place :5 eighte5 ye>s ( age are complet$4 ,be=e x takes place ! t[nsm5 ( ! deme f9d a v]dict on oa?1 fir/ly1 :e!r !y believe ! y\? to be z old z ! law requires1 & if ! v]dict is 9 ! negative he returns to ! ranks ( ! boys4 ,secondly1 ! jury f9d :e!r he is freeborn & legitimate4 ,if ! v]dict is aga9/ him he appeals to ! ,helia1 & ! municipality delegate five ( _! body to accuse him ( illegitimacy4 ,if he is f\nd by ! jurors to h be5 illegally propos$ = ! regi/]1 ! ,/ate sells him = a slave2 if ! judgm5t is giv5 9 8 favor1 he mu/ be regi/]$ z "o ( ! municipality4 ,^? on ! regi/] are aft]w>ds exam9$ by ! s5ate1 & if anyone is f\nd n to be eighte5 ye>s old1 a f9e is impos$ on ! municipality by :i* he 0 regi/]$4 ,aft] approbation1 !y are call$ epheboi1 or cadets1 & ! p>5ts ( all :o belong to a s+le tribe hold a meet+ &1 aft] be+ sworn1 *oose ?ree m5 ( ! tribe above =ty ye>s ( age1 :om !y believe to be ( /a9less "* & fitte/ = ! sup]9t5d5ce ( y\?1 & out ( ^! ! commons 9 ecclesia select "o sup]9t5d5t = all ( ea* tribe1 & a gov]nor ( ! :ole body ( y\?s f ! g5]al body ( ! ,a!nians4 ,^! take !m 9 *>ge1 & aft] visit+ ) !m all ! temples1 m>* d[n to ,piru1 :]e !y g>rison ! nor? & s\? h>bors1 ,muny*ia & ,acte4 ,! commons also elect two gymna/ic tra9]s = !m1 & p]sons :o tea* !m to fight 9 heavy armor1 to draw ! b[1 to ?r[ ! javel91 & to h&le artill]y4 ,ea* ( ! t5 comm&]s receives z pay a dra*ma ab\t #bj cts4 p] diem1 & ea* ( ! cadets f\r obols ab\t #ac cts44 ,ea* comm&] draws ! pay ( ! cadets ( 8 own tribe1 buys ) x ! necess>ies ( life = ! :ole b& 7= !y mess toge!r by tribes71 & purveys = all _! wants4 ,! fir/ ye> is sp5t 9 milit>y ex]cises4 ,! second ye> ! commons meet 9 ! !atre & ! cadets1 aft] display+ be=e !m _! ma/]y 9 w>like evolutions1 are ea* pres5t$ ) a %ield & spe>1 & become m\nt$ patrols ( ! fronti] & g>rison ! =tresses4 ,!y p]=m ?is s]vice = two ye>s1 we>+ ! eque/rian cloak & enjoy+ immunity f civic functions4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 to gu>d _! milit>y duties f int]ruption1 !y c be p>ties to no action ei!r z def5dant or pla9tiff1 except 9 suits respect+ inh]itance1 or heiresses1 or successions to h]$it>y prie/hoods4 ,:5 ! ?ree ye>s are complet$ !y fall into ! ord9>y body ( citiz5s4--,ari/otle1 ,con/itution ( ,a!ns 7,po/e's ,v]sion1 ) slight alt]ations74 ,t p]fect h>mony betwe5 p[] & wor? at :i* ! ,a!nian ,/ate aim$1 0 some?+ n easily atta9$ or pres]v$4 ,z f> back z its record$ hi/ory rea*es1 we f9d a /ruggle = p[] go+ on betwe5 a p>ty :i* possess$ m p[] ?an its wor? ju/ifi$1 & a p>ty :i* possess$ less2 t is1 betwe5 a p>ty :i*1 hav+ once be5 wor?y1 /rove to hold p[] 9 virtue ( its pa/ hi/ory1 & "o t claim$ p[] 9 virtue ( ! wor? into :i* x 0 gr[+3 9 a ^w1 a /ruggle betwe5 decl9+ ari/ocracy & gr[+ democracy4 ,to ! p>ty 9 p[]1 ( c\rse1 ?is seem$ a rebellion aga9/ lawful au?ority & privilege1 & x did its be/ to suppress x4 ,h5ce came ! rigor\s legislation ( ,draco2 lat] ! m conciliatory1 less out-spok51 b equally ari/ocratic legislation ( ,solon2 !n ! tyranny ( ,pisi/ratus1 la/+ z long z he c\ld hold ! balance ( p[] betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties2 !n ! con/itution ( ,cli/h5es1 ) ! break+ up ( ! old ,a!nian ari/ocratic sy/em1 ! remodell+ ( ! tribes1 ! degradation ( ! ,areopagus1 & ! def9ite triumph ( democracy4 ,to complete ! movem5t &1 z x 71 to consecrate x1 came ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 :i* m>k ! turn+-po9t1 ! p]ipeteia1 9 ,a!nian hi/ory & education4 ,:atev] ef=ts ari/ocracy makes to ma9ta9 itself aft] ?is1 are made 9 ! "n (1 & "u cov] ( a zeal =1 democracy4 ,! ari/ocratic ,a!nian ,/ate 0 bas$ ^u l&-own]%ip1 slav]y1 & ! entire fre$om ( ! l&-own+ class f all b family & ,/ate duties1 f all ne$ ( engag+ 9 productive indu/ry4 ,s long z ! *ief weal? ( ! ,/ate consi/$ 9 l& & its produce1 s long ! population 0 divid$ into two classes1 ! ri* & ! poor1 & s long ! =m] _h little difficulty 9 keep+ all p[] 9 its own h&s4 ,b no soon] did ! gr[? ( comm]ce ?r[ weal? into ! h&s ( a class t own$ no l&1 & 0 n above engag+ 9 indu/ry1 ?an ?is class began to claim a %>e 9 political p[]4 ,!re 7 n[ two weal?y classes1 /&+ oppos$ to ea* o!r1 a pr\d1 cons]vative "o1 ) old weal? & wor?1 & a va91 radical "o1 ) new weal? & wants1 bo? bidd+ = ! favor ( ! class t _h little weal?1 little wor?1 & _m wants1 & ?us mak+ x feel its importance4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ,a!nian democracy4 ,x is ! *ild ( trade & productive indu/ry4 ,x ow$ its f9al consecration to ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 & especially to ! battle ( ,salamis1 9 :i* ,a!ns 0 sav$ by h] fleet1 mann$ *iefly by m>9es 77 f ! l[] classes1 ! upp] classes1 z we h se51 be+ tra9$ only = l&-s]vice4 ,?us ! battle ( ,salamis 0 n only a victory ( ,greece ov] ,p]sia1 b ( =eign trade ov] home agriculture1 ( democracy ov] ari/ocracy4 ,! fact t ! ,a!nian democracy ow$ its orig9 to trade det]m9$1 9 great measure1 its hi/ory & t5d5cies4 ,"o ( its _m results 0 t x op5$ ,a!ns to ! influx ( =eign m51 =eign ideas1 & =eign habits1 n to speak ( =eign gods1 all ( :i* t5d$ to break up ! old self-conta9$1 c>efully organiz$ life ( ! p4 ,9 no dep>tm5t 7 _! effects soon] or m cle>ly felt ?an 9 t ( education4 ,f ab\t ! date ( ! battle ( ,salamis1 :5 ! y\?ful ,ionian1 ,anaxagoras1 came to ,a!ns1 a succession ( m5 ( advanc$ ideas 9 art & sci5ce s\ght a field ( action )9 h] bord]s4 ,su* a field1 inde$1 seem$ purposely to h be5 left op5 = !m by ! ,/ate1 :i* _h provid$ no means ( intellectual or moral education = its "y citiz5s1 aft] !y pass$ "u its c>e 7see p4 #hg74 ,no?+ 0 easi] or m pr(itable ?an = ^! wise =eign]s to con/itute !mselves public tea*]s1 & fill ! place :i* ! ,/ate _h left vacant4 ,! ,/ate might occasionally object1 & seek to puni% "o or ano!r ( !m = corrupt+ ( ! y\? by ! promulgation ( impi\s or o!rwise dang]\s ideas1 z x did 9 ! case ( ,anaxagoras2 b _! activity 0 too mu* 9 h>mony ) a t5d5cy ( ! "t1--a radical & individuali/ic t5d5cy insep>able f democracy1--to be disp5s$ ) altoge!r4 ,h5ce x 0 t1 )9 a few ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,salamis1 !re fl\ri%$ 9 ,a!ns a class ( m5 unkn[n be=e )9 h] b\nd>ies1 a class ( private pr(essors1 or sophi/s1 z !y call$ !mselves1 :o und]took to tea* !oretically :at ! ,/ate _h assum$ c\ld be taught only practically & by h]self1 viz41 virtue & wisdom4 ,_! ideas 7 novel1 /rik+1 & radical1 h5ce cong5ial to a newly emancipat$ populace1 va9 ( its rec5t a*ievem5ts1 & contemptu\s ( all t savor$ ( ! n>r[1 pi\s puritanism ( ! old "t2 _! premises 7 magnific5t1 & _! fees high en\gh to impose ^u a class t always measures ! value ( a ?+ by :at x is ask$ to pay = x2 _! me?od ( tea*+ 0 su* z to flatt] ! vanity1 & secure ! favor1 ( bo? pupils & p>5ts4 ,no wond] t _! success 0 imm$iate & _! influ5ce enorm\s4 ,f ! days ( ,socrates to our own1 'sophi/' has be5 a t]m ( reproa*1 & n altoge!r unju/ly s4 ,hegel1 ,grote1 & ,zell] h1 inde$1 %[n t ! sophi/s did n des]ve all ! obloquy :i* has atta*$ itself to _! "n1 inasmu* z !y 7 nei!r mu* bett] nor mu* worse ?an any class ( m5 :o set up to tea* new doctr9es = money1 &1 z wise economi/s1 suit supply to dem&2 nev]!less1 x may be fairly en\gh said t !y l>gely contribut$ to demoralize ,a!ns1 by enc\rag+ irrev]5ce = ! v conceptions ^u :i* h] polity 0 built1 & by p&]+ to "s ( ! mo/ selfi% & individuali/ic t5d5cies ( democracy4 ,if x be said t !y h _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( human evolution1 z ! h]alds ( t high] view ( life :i* all[s ! individual a sph]e ( activities & int]e/s outside ( t occupi$ by ! ,/ate1 ?is may at once & )\t difficulty be admitt$1 )\t our be+ !reby =c$ to reg>d !m z noble m54 ,! tru? is1 !y repres5t$1 9 practice & 9 !ory1 ! _s ( individualism1 :i* 0 !n ev]y:]e ass]t+ itself aga9/ ! _s ( nationalism or polity1 & :i* p]haps _h to ass]t itself 9 an exagg]at$ & de/ructive way1 be=e ! rightful claims ( ! two c\ld be manife/$ & h>moniz$4 ,x is ! incorporation ( ?is _s ( individualism into education t con/itutes ! ,new ,education4 ,?is _s1 z manife/$ 9 ! sophi/s & _! tea*+1 direct$ itself aga9/ ! old political _s 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( life--9 religion1 9 politics1 9 education4 ,x discr$it$ ! old popul> gods1 ^u loyalty to :om ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate _h be5 suppos$ to dep5d1 sub/itut+ = !m "s crude fancy l ,vortex1 or "s bald ab/raction l ,intellect4 ,x enc\rag$ ! individual to seek 8 end 9 8 own pleasure1 & to reg>d ! ,/ate z b a means to t end4 ,x *ampion$ an education 9 :i* ^! ideas occupi$ a prom95t place4 ,:at ! sophi/s actually taught ! ambiti\s "y m5 :o s\ght _! in/ruction1 0 self-ass]tion1 unscrupul\sness1 & a %[y rhetoric1 9 ^: triumphal procession facts1 fancies1 & falsehoods m>*$ toge!r 9 brilliant array4 ,x is b fair to !m to say t1 9 _! endeavor to in/ruct "y m5 9 ! art ( speci\s oratory1 !y laid ! f\ndations ( ! art ( rhetoric & ! sci5ce ( gramm>4 ,s mu*1 at lea/1 ! _w owes to !m4 ,s9ce x 0 to ! "y m51 :o1 fre$ f ! discipl9e ( home1 p$agogue1 s*ool1 & pal/ra1 c\ld be met ) any:]e1 9 ! /reet1 ! agora1 ! gymnasium1 t ! sophi/s direct$ _! *ief att5tion1 x 0 ( c\rse ^! :o fir/ %[$ ! effects ( _! tea*+4 ,b _! influ5ce1 fall+ 91 z x did1 ) ! pron\nc$ radical t5d5cies ( ! "t1 soon made itself felt 9 all grades ( education1 f ! family to ! univ]sity1 9 ! =m ( an irrev]5t1 flippant1 conceit$ rationalism1 be=e ^: self-erect$ & self-corrupt$ tribunal e in/itution 9 heav5 & e>? 0 to be tri$4 ,9 ! s*ools ?is influ5ce %[$ itself 9 v>i\s ways3 7#a7 9 an increas$ att5tion to lit]ature1 & especially to ! =mal side ( x1 7#b7 9 ! t5d5cy to sub/itute = ! works ( ! old epic & lyric poets ! works ( m rec5t writ]s t+$ ) ! new _s1 7#c7 9 ! introduction ( new & complicat$ in/rum5ts & k9ds ( music1 7#d7 9 an increas+ dep>ture f ! sev]e physical & moral discipl9e ( ! old days4 ,we n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 he> ( a tea*] ( lit]ature1 di/9ct f ! music ma/]1 ( tea*]s :o possess$ no copy ( ,hom] 7,alcibiades is said to h *a/is$ su* a "o71 ( flutes1 ci?>as1 & ! l 9 use 9 s*ools1 ( wildness & lewdness among boys ( t5d] age4 ,9 ! pal/ra ! new _s %[$ itself 9 a t5d5cy to sub/itute %[y & unsy/ematic ex]cises = ! vigor\s & grad$ ex]cises ( ! old] "t1 to sacrifice education to execution4 ,b1 z already rem>k$1 ! new _s %[$ itself mo/ cle>ly & hurtfully 9 ! high] education4 ,! "y m51 in/ead ( sp5d+ _! "t 9 vigor\s physical ex]cise 9 ! gymnasia & op5 c\ntry1 began n[ to hang ab\t ! /reets & public places1 li/5+ to sophi/ic discussions1 & to att5d ! s*ools ( ! sophi/s1 ex]cis+ _! tongues m ?an any o!r "p ( _! bodies4 ,! effect ( ?is soon %[$ itself 9 a decl9e ( physical p[]1 ( endurance1 c\rage1 & manl9ess1 & 9 a /rong t5d5cy to luxury & o!r physical s9s4 ,!y n[ began to imag9e = !mselves a private life1 v f> f co9cid5t ) t dem&$ ( a citiz51 & to look ^u ! old citiz5-life1 & its ideals1 sanctions1 & duties1 ) contempt or pity1 z some?+ :i* !y _h le>nt to rise above4 ,! glory & well-be+ ( _! c\ntry 7 no long] _! *ief object ( ambition4 ,! dry rot ( individualism1 :i* always seems to ^? affect$ by x an evid5ce ( heal? & manly vigor1 0 corrupt+ _! moral nature1 & prep>+ ! way = ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate4 ,= x 0 b too natural t ^! "y m51 :5 !y came to be memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 %\ld neglect its lessons & claims1 &1 foll[+ ! new tea*+s1 live to !mselves4 ,?us1 j z ! "* ( ! ,old ,education ( ,a!ns %[$ itself 9 ! behavior ( h] sons 9 ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 s t ( h] ,new ,education %[$ itself fifty ye>s lat] 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 t long & disa/r\s /ruggle :i* wreck$ ,a!ns & ,greece4 ,yet ,a!ns & h] education 7 n all[$ to g to ru9 )\t a /ruggle4 ,! ari/ocratic p>ty long /uck to ! old pr9ciples & tri$ to give !m effect2 b1 fail+ to und]/& ! new circum/ances & to take acc\nt ( !m1 x err$ 9 ! application ( !m1 by seek+ simply to re/ore ! old conditions4 ,individuals also ex]t$ _! be/ ef=ts = ! same end4 s*ylus1 :o _h f\ght at ,m>a?on1 & :o1 m ?an any o!r ,greek1 0 end[$ ) ! _s ( religion1 int]pret$ ! old my?ology 9 an e?ical s5se1 & 9 ?is =m work$ x into a s]ies ( dramas1 :]eby ! hi/ory & in/itutions ( ! ,greek p 7 %[n to be due to a guid+ ,provid5ce ( inexorable ju/ice1 rew>d+ ea* man accord+ to 8 works1 abhorr+ pr\d homes gild$ ) impurity ( h&s1 & dwell+ ) ! pure & righte\s1 ?\gh h\s$ 9 ! meane/ cot4 s*ylus ?us became1 n only ! fa!r ( ,greek trag$y1 b also ! sublime/ moral tea*] ,greece ev] possess$4 ,= moral gr&eur !re is b "o "w 9 all lit]ature t c /& by ! side ( s*ylus' ,ore/eia1 & t is ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,yet s*ylus 0 driv5 f ,a!ns on a *>ge ( impiety1 & di$ 9 exile4 ,b x 0 n ! tragic drama alone t 0 inspir$ & made a prea*] ( righte\sness3 9 ! h&s ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! comic drama ex]t$ all its p[] = ! same end4 ,= ov] ?irty ye>s ?is inimitable humori/ us$ ! public !atre to la% ! follies1 & hold up to contempt ! wret*$ lead]s1 ( ! ,a!nian populace1 po9t+ out to 8 c\ntrym5 ! abyss ( de/ruction t 0 yawn+ be=e !m4 ,! _w has nev] se5 su* e>ne/ com$y1 n ev5 9 ! works ( ,molire or ,beaum>*ais4 ,yet x 0 all 9 va94 ,long be=e 8 dea?1 ,ari/ophanes 0 =bidd5 to hold up to public scorn ! degradation ( 8 p4 ,among ! individual citiz5s :o labor$ ) all _! might to br+ back ,a!ns to h] old wor? 7 two ( v diff]5t "*1 end[m5ts1 & position1 ! "o labor+ 9 ! _w ( action1 ! o!r 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,! fir/ 0 ,p]icles1 :o1 see+ t democracy 0 ! ord] ( ! day1 accept$ x1 &1 by 8 p]sonal "* & position1 /rove to guide x to wor?y ends4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage gymna/ic ex]cises1 p>ticul>ly among ! sons ( ! new] families1 he built ! ,lyceum1 9 a grove sacr$ to ,apollo1 betwe5 ,cynos>ges & ! city walls1 z a gymnasium = !m4 ,) a view to enc\rag+ among !m ! /udy ( music1 he built an odeon1 or music-hall1 "u ! s\!a/ end ( ! ,acropolis4 ,bo? 7 magnific5t /ructures4 ,:at he did t[>ds ! completion ( ! great !atre = ! enc\ragem5t ( danc+1 we d n "k2 t ?is ent]$ into 8 plan1 !re c h>dly be any d\bt4 ,b ,p]icles 0 too wise a man to suppose t he c\ld induce 8 pleasure-seek+ c\ntrym5 to subject !mselves to ! old discipl9e1 )\t (f]+ !m an object calculat$ to r\se _! ambition & call =? _! en]gy4 ,?is object 0 no?+ less ?an a unit$ ,greece1 ) ,a!ns z its capital4 ,h[ h>d he tri$ to make ?is object famili> to !m1 & to r5d] ,a!ns wor?y ( ! place he desir$ h] to occupy1 is pa!tically atte/$ to ?is day by ! ,propyla & ! ,p>!non4 ,on ! frieze ( ! latt] is repres5t$ ! solemn sacrifice t 0 to cem5t ! union ( ! ,hell5ic p1 & place x at ! head ( civilization4 ,:5 deg5]ate ,greece resi/$ all 8 ef=ts to make h] become "o peaceably1 he tri$ to make h] d s by =ce1 & ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 />t$ on a m]e frivol\s pretext1 0 ! result4 ,he did n live long en\gh to le>n ! outcome ( ?is desp]ate attempt to wake 8 c\ntrym5 to new moral & political life1 & x 0 well4 ,if he _h1 he might h be5 =c$ to recognize t he _h be5 attempt+ an impossible task1--try+ to erect a /rong /ructure ) rott5 timb]1 to make a noble ,/ate out ( ignoble1 selfi% m54 ,un=tunately1 ! example ( 8 own private life1 9 :i* he op5ly defi$ "o ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & tri$ to make concub9age 77 respectable1 m ?an undid all ! good he s\ght to accompli%4 ,! tru? is1 ,p]icles 0 himself too deeply imbu$ ) ! ?ree vices ( 8 "t--rationalism1 self-indulg5ce1 & love ( %[--to be able to see any true rem$y = ! evils t sprang f !m4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 n lett]s1 music1 gymna/ics1 danc+1 or dream ( empire1 b some?+ entirely diff]5t--a new moral inspiration & ideal4 ,?is1 ! second ( ! m5 to :om ref]5ce has be5 made1 ,socrates1 s\ght to supply4 ,9 ! mid/ ( self-indulg5ce1 he liv$ a life ( pov]ty & privation2 9 ! mid/ ( spl5dor & ! wor%ip ( outw>d beauty1 he pursu$ simplicity & took pleasure 9 8 ugl9ess2 9 ! mid/ ( self-ass]tive rationalism & all-kn[+ sophi/ry1 he pr(ess$ ignorance & submission to ! gods4 ,! problem ( h[ to re/ore ! moral life ( ,a!ns & ,greece pres5t$ itself to ,socrates 9 ?is =m3 ,! old e?ical social sanctions1 div9e & human1 hav+1 "u ! influ5ce ( rationalism & individualism1 lo/ _! p[]1 :]e & h[ %all we f9d o!r sanctions to take _! place8 ,to answ] ?is "o "q 0 ! aim ( ,socrates' :ole life4 ,he 0 n long 9 see+ t any true answ] mu/ re/ ^u a compreh5sion ( man's entire nature & relations1 & t ! sophi/s 7 able to impose ^u 8 c\ntrym5 only because no su* compreh5sion 0 !irs4 ,he saw t ! old moral life1 bas$ ^u nave tradition & prescription1 sanction$ by gods ( ! imag9ation1 w\ld h to give place to a moral life re/+ ^u self-und]/&+ & reflection4 ,he accord+ly adopt$ z 8 motto ! comm& ( ! ,delphic oracle1 ,"k ,?yself 7 71 & set to "w ) all 8 might to obey x4 ,he n[1 !re=e1 w5t to meet ! sophi/s on _! own gr\nd & ) _! own me?ods1 & he did ?is s well z to be consid]$ by _m1 ,ari/ophanes among !m1 z ! be/ possible repres5tative ( ! class4 ,:at is true is1 t he 0 ! fir/ ,a!nian :o und]took to d :at ! sophi/s _h = "s "t consid]$ _! special function1--to imp>t a high] education to ! y\? & m5 ( ,a!ns4 ,he w5t ab\t ! /reets1 %ops1 walks1 s*ools1 & gymnasia ( ! city1 draw+ all sorts ( p]sons into conv]sation1 & try+ to elicit tru? = himself & !m 7= he pret5d$ to "k no?+74 ,he 0 nev] s pleas$ z :5 he met a real sophi/1 :o pr(ess$ to h k1 & nev] s mu* 9 8 elem5t z :51 9 ! pres5ce ( a knot ( "y m51 he c\ld1 by 8 ironical1 subtle que/ions1 =ce said sophi/ to admit t he too knew no?+4 ,! fact 01 ,socrates1 /udy+ ,h]aclitus1 _h become conv9c$ t ! reason :y m5 fell into error 0 because !y did n "k !mselves1 or _! own ?\ghts1 because :at !y call$ ?\ghts 7 m]e op9ions1 m]e fragm5ts ( ?\ghts4 ,he conclud$ t1 if m5 7 ev] to be r$eem$ f error1 intellectual & moral1 !y mu/ be made to ?9k :ole ?\ghts4 ,accord+ly1 he took ! ord9>y op9ions ( m5 &1 by a s]ies ( well-direct$ que/ions1 tri$ to br+ out _! implications1 t is1 ! :oles ( :i* !y 7 p>ts4 ,su* is ! ,socratic or dialectic 7 conv]sational7 me?od4 ,x does n pret5d to imp>t any new k1 b m]ely1 z ,socrates said1 to deliv] ! m9d ( ! ?\ghts ) :i* x is pregnant4 ,& ,socrates n only held t sav+ tru? consi/$ ( :ole ?\ghts2 he held also t all su* ?\ghts 7 univ]sally & necess>ily true2 t1 :ile !re might be _m op9ions ab\t a ?+1 !re c\ld be b "o tru?1 ! same = all m51 & !re=e indep5d5t ( any man4 ,?is 0 ! exact opposite ( :at ,protagoras ! sophi/ _h taught1 ! opposite ( ! gospel ( individualism 7see p4 #ic74 ,man is s f> f be+ ! measure ( all ?+s1 t !re is 9 all ?+s a measure to :i* he mu/ con=m1 if he is n to s9k into error4 ,?is measure1 ?is sy/em ( :ole tru?s1 imply+ an et]nal m9d to :i* x is pres5t1 & by :i* x is manife/$ 9 ! _w1 is j :at man arrives at1 if he w b ?9k out 8 ?\ghts 9 _! complet5ess4 ,9 do+ s1 he at once le>ns ! laws by :i* ! univ]se is gov]n$ & f9ds a guide & sanction = 8 own conduct--a sanction no long] ext]nal & impos$ by ! ,/ate1 b int]nal & impos$ by ! m9d4 ,a sy/em l ?is involv$ a complete rev]sal ( ! old view ( ! relation betwe5 man & ! ,/ate1 & at ! same "t took ! feet f "u individualism4 ,x is true1 said ,socrates 9 effect1 t ! individual1 & n ! ,/ate1 is ! s\rce ( all au?ority1 ! measure ( all ?+s2 b he is s1 n z individual1 b z end[$ ) ! univ]sal reason by :i* ! _w1 includ+ ! ,/ate1 is gov]n$4 ,?is is ! sum & sub/ance ( ,socrates' tea*+1 ?is is :at he believ$ to be true self-k4 ,?is is ! tru? ^: application to life beg9s a new epo* 9 human hi/ory1 & sep>ates ! mod]n f ! anci5t _w2 ?is is ! tru? t1 reit]at$ & vivifi$ by ,*ri/ianity1 =ms ! v life ( our life to-day4 ,9 adopt+ ?is view1 ,socrates necess>ily =m$ a p>ty by himself1 a p>ty :i* c\ld hope = no sympa?y f ei!r ( ! o!r two into :i* 8 c\ntrym5 7 divid$4 ,! p>ty ( tradition *>g$ him ) d5y+ ! gods ( 8 c\ntry & corrupt+ h] y\?2 ! radical p>ty hat$ him because he convict$ its *ampions ( vanity1 sup]ficiality1 & ignorance4 ,betwe5 !m1 !y compass$ 8 dea?1 & ,a!ns le>nt1 only :5 x 0 too late1 t %e _h sla9 h] prophet4 ,b ,socrates1 ?\gh sla91 0 n dead4 ,8 _s liv$ on1 & ! "w :i* he _h begun grew & prosp]$4 ,yet x c\ld n save ,a!ns1 except ^u a condition :i* %e nei!r w\ld nor c\ld accept1 t ( remodell+ h] polity & ! life ( h] citiz5s 9 accordance ) div9e tru? & ju/ice4 ,inde$1 ?\gh he discov]$ a great tru?1 ,socrates did n pres5t x 9 a =m 9 :i* x c\ld be accept$ "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,he himself ev5 did n by any means see all ! /up5d\s implications ( 8 own pr9ciple1 :i*1 9 fact1 0 no?+ less ?an ! gr\nd ( all true e?ics1 all lib]ty1 & all sci5ce4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any "o sees !m n[1 & c]ta9 t !y h be5 n[h]e realiz$4 ,/ill 8 tru? & 8 life 7 n )\t _! imm$iate effect ^u ,a!ns & ,a!nian education4 ,m51 work+ 9 8 _s1 & inspir$ ) 8 tru?1 m or less cle>ly und]/ood1 almo/ imm$iately replac$ ! sophi/s 9 ,a!ns1 & drew ! att5tion ( h] citiz5s1 old & "y1 to ! s]i\s se>* = tru?4 ,9 fact1 f ?is "t on1 ! intellectual t5d5cy began to prevail ov] ! gymna/ic & musical1 & ?is cont9u$ until1 f9ally1 x absorb$ ! :ole life ( ! p1 & ,a!ns1 f be+ a univ]sity-,/ate1 became a ,/ate-univ]sity4 ,su* x 0 9 ! days ( ,cic]o1 ,paul1 ,plut>*1 ,lucian1 & ,proclus4 ,t ?is "o-sid$ t5d5cy 0 fatal to ! political life ( ,a!ns1 & !re=e1 9 "s degree1 to its moral life1 is cle> en\gh2 &1 ?\gh we _c hold ,socrates p]sonally responsible = ?is result1 we mu/ /ill admit t x 0 "o :i* fl[$ f 8 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,p]sonally1 inde$1 ,socrates 0 a moral h]o1 & five righte\s m5 l him1 _h !y appe>$1 w\ld h gone f> to save ,a!ns2 b ?is v h]oism1 ?is inborn en?usiasm = righte\sness1 bl9d$ him s f> z to make him believe t m5 _h only to "k ! "r 9 ord] to be ready to foll[ x4 ,h5ce t exagg]at$ importance atta*$ to "r kn[+1 & t comp>ative neglect ( "r feel+ & "r do+1 :i* 9 ! sequel prov$ s p>alyz+4 ,h5ce ! failure ( ,socrates' tea*+ to /em ! tide ( corruption 9 ,a!ns1 & re/ore h] p to h]oism & wor?4 ,socrates left beh9d him _m disciples1 "s ( :om di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 practical ways1 o!rs z f\nd]s ( philosophic s*ools1 emphasiz+ diff]5t sides ( 8 tea*+4 ,he 0 b a few ye>s 9 8 grave :5 two ( ^! 7 tea*+ regul>ly 9 ! two old gymnasia ( ,a!ns4 ,plato1 a full-blood$ ,a!nian1 0 tea*+ 9 ! ,academy ! intellectual & moral !ories ( 8 ma/]1 :ile ,anti/h5es1 a half-bre$ 78 "m be+ a ,?racian71 0 inculcat+ ! lesson ( 8 h]oic life 9 ,cynos>ges4 ,_! foll[]s 7 call$1 respectively1 ,academics & ,cynics4 ,?us1 by ^! two m51 0 ! high] education = ! fir/ "t introduc$ into ! public in/itutions ( ,a!ns4 ,socrates' aim1 z we h se51 _h be5 purely a moral "o1 & ?is fact 0 n lo/ sight ( by 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,! *ief "q ) !m all 0 /ill3 ,h[ c ! p be br\ght back to moral life8 ,b1 ?anks p>tly to ! vagu5ess 9 :i* he _h left ! details ( 8 doctr9e1 !y 7 divid$ ) respect to ! means :]eby ?is 0 to be accompli%$4 ,"o p>ty1 be/ repres5t$ by ,plato1 & foll[+ mo/ closely 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ma/]1 held t1 man be+ ess5tially a social be+1 & morality a relation 9 society1 x 0 only 9 & ?r\gh a social ord]1 a ,/ate1 t virtue c\ld be realiz$4 ,ano!r p>ty1 repres5t$ by ,anti/h5es1 ma9ta9$ t virtue 0 a purely p]sonal matt]1 & t ! wise man /ood high above any & all social in/itutions4 ,^! two views ma9ta9$ !mselves1 side by side1 9 ne>ly all subsequ5t ,greek ?\ght1 & at la/ f\nd expression 9 ! ,/ate & ,*ur* ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,two ( ,socrates' foll[]s1 believ]s 9 in/itutional morality1 left beh9d !m treatises :i* h come d[n to u1 giv+ _! views z to ! mann] 9 :i* virtue might be cultivat$4 ,^! are ! practical ,x5ophon & ! !oretic ,plato1 bo? m5 ( pure ,a!nian /ock4 ,no?+ w bett] enable u to compreh5d ! evils ( ! ,new ,education ?an a consid]ation ( ! means by :i* ^! wor?y m5 propos$ to rem$y !m4 ,bo? are ideali/s & ,utopians2 b ! =m] is cons]vative & reaction>y1 :ile ! latt] is speculative & progressive4 ,bo? are aim+ at "o ?+--a virtu\s & happy ,/ate1 to replace ! vici\s & wret*$ "o 9 :i* !y f\nd _! lot ca/2 b !y diff]$ 9 _! views reg>d+ ! nature ( su* a ,/ate1 & ! means ( realiz+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,x5ophon ,nev] a good is ! rule ( ! _m2 let "o be ! rul]4--,hom] ,weal? )\t ,wor? is no h>mless h\semate4--,sappho ,"o to me is t5 ?\s&1 if he be be/4 ,all ! ,ephesians1 f y\? up1 ought to be hang$ & ! ,/ate left to ! boys1 because !y ca/ out ,h]modorus1 ! wor?ie/ man among/ !m1 say+3 ',no "o ( u %all be wor?ie/1 else let him be s else:]e & among o!rs4'--,h]aclitus ,reflect+ once t1 ( ! v small /ates1 ,sp>ta appe>$ to be ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ r5[n$ 9 ,greece1 ,i began to wond] 9 :at way ?is _h come ab\t4 ,b :5 ,i reflect$ ^u ! mann]s ( ! ,sp>tans1 ,i ceas$ to wond]4 ,z to ,lycurgus1 :o drew up = !m ! laws1 by ob$i5ce to :i* !y h prosp]$1 ,i admire him & hold him to be1 9 ! highe/ degree1 a wise man4 ,= he1 in/ead ( imitat+ o!r /ates1 rea*$ conclusions opposite to ^? ( mo/1 & !reby r5d]$ 8 c\ntry conspicu\s = prosp]ity4--,x5ophon ,x5ophon 0 9 no s5se a philosoph] or a practical tea*]1 b he 0 a man ( /]l+ wor?1 ( knightly c\rage1 ( wide & v>i$ exp]i5ce1 ( /rong sagacity1 & ( g5ial disposition1 a ke5 obs]v]1 & a *>m+ writ]4 ,he 0 a true old ,a!nian puritan1 broad5$ & s(t5$ by /udy & contact ) ! _w4 ,he hat$ democracy s cordially t he w\ld n live 9 ,a!ns to witness its vulg>ity & disord]2 b he lov$ 8 c\ntry1 & desir$ to see its p re/or$ to _! anci5t wor?4 ,he believ$ t ?is c\ld be done only by "s great1 royal p]sonality1 l ,lycurgus or ,cyrus1 en=c+ a rigid discipl9e1 & once m r$uc+ ! man to ! citiz54 ,unwill+1 probably1 to hold up hat$ ,sp>ta z a model to 8 beat5 & sm>t+ c\ntrym51 he laid ! sc5e ( 8 p$agogical romance 9 f>-(f ,p]sia4 ,9 ! ,education ( ,cyrus 7 7 we h ,x5ophon's s*eme = a p]fect education4 ,despite ! sc5e 9 :i* x is laid1 x is purely ,hell5ic1 made up ( ,a!nian & ,sp>tan elem5ts 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,= ?is reason also x has a special int]e/ = u4 ,z ! portion ( ! treatise deal+ directly ) public education is brief1 we c h>dly d bett] ?an transcribe x 9 a translation4 ,cyrus is /ill celebrat$ 9 leg5d & song by ! b>b>ians z a man ( extraord9>y p]sonal beauty1 & z ( a mo/ g5tle1 /udi\s1 & honor-lov+ disposition1 :i* made him ready to und]go any labor1 & brave any dang]1 = ! sake ( praise4 ,su* is ! acc\nt t has be5 h&$ d[n ( 8 appe>ance & disposition4 ,he 01 ( c\rse1 educat$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! ,p]sians4 ,^! laws seem to beg9 _! ef=ts = ! public weal at a diff]5t po9t f ^? ( mo/ o!r /ates2 = mo/ /ates1 aft] all[+ p>5ts to educate _! *ildr5 z !y please1 & ! old] p ev5 to sp5d _! "t accord+ to _! own pref]5ce1 lay d[n su* laws z3 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 ,?\ %alt n rob1 ,?\ %alt n commit burgl>y1 ,?\ %alt n commit assault1 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y1 ,?\ %alt n disobey a magi/rate1 etc42 & if any "o transgresses any ( ^! laws1 !y inflict puni%m5t on him4 ,! ,p]sian laws1 on ! contr>y1 provide be=eh& t ! citiz5s %all nev]1 f ! v fir/1 h any disposition to commit a wick$ or base act4 ,& !y d s 9 ?is way4 ,!y h :at !y call a ,freem5's ,squ>e1 :]e ! royal palace & ! o!r public build+s /&4 ,f ?is squ>e are remov$ all w>es & *aff]]s1 ) _! cries & vulg>ities1 to ano!r place1 s t _! d9 & disord] may n int]f]e ) ! decorum ( ! cultivat$ class4 ,?is squ>e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! public build+s is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 "o = boys1 "o = y\?s 771 "o = mature m51 & "o = m5 beyond ! milit>y age4 ,! h\r :5 ^! %all appe> 9 _! places is settl$ by law4 ,! boys & mature m5 come at daybreak1 ! old] m5 :5 !y ?9k fit1 except on ! special days :5 !y are b\nd to appe>4 ,! y\?s pass ! night by ! public build+s 9 light armor1 only ^? :o are m>ri$ be+ excus$4 ,^! are n hunt$ up1 unless !y h be5 ord]$ be=eh& to appe>2 b x is n ?\ght dec5t to be (t5 abs5t4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions is "u ! *>ge ( twelve gov]nors1 "o f ea* ( ! twelve tribes into :i* ! ,p]sians are divid$4 ,! gov]nors ( ! boys are *os5 f among ! eld]ly m51 ) special view to _! fitness = mak+ ! mo/ ( boys1 :ile ^? ( ! y\?s are *os5 f among ! mature m5 ^u a simil> pr9ciple4 ,^? ( ! mature m5 are select$ ) a view to _! ability to hold ^! to _! regul> duties1 & to ! special comm&s ( ! supreme au?ority4 ,ev5 ! old m5 h presid5ts appo9t$ ov] !m1 :o see t !y p]=m _! duty4 ,:at ! duties ( ea* are we %all n[ /ate1 9 ord] to %[ j h[ provision is made = secur+ ! highe/ wor? on ! "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! boys1 :5 !y g to s*ool1 sp5d _! "t 9 le>n+ ju/ice4 ,!y say !y g = t purpose1 j z our boys g to le>n lett]s4 ,_! gov]nors sp5d ! great] "p ( ! day 9 act+ z judges among !m4 ,x is ne$less to say t boys1 z well z m51 br+ *>ges aga9/ ea* o!r ( !ft & robb]y & viol5ce & deceit & sl&]1 & simil> ?+s1 & ^? :om ! judges f9d guilty ( any ( ^! !y puni%4 ,b !y also puni% ^? :om !y f9d br++ false *>ges4 ,!y pron\nce judgm5t likewise on a *>ge :i*1 m ?an any?+ else1 makes m5 hate ea* o!r1 & = :i* !y are judg$ less ?an = any o!r1 namely1 +ratitude4 ,if ! judges f9d a boy 9 a position to return a favor & n do+ x1 !y puni% him sev]ely1 believ+ t p]sons :o are ungrateful w1 m ?an any o!rs1 be undutiful to ! gods1 to p>5ts1 c\ntry1 & fri5ds4 ,x is g5]ally held t +ratitude1 m ?an aught else1 leads to irrev]5ce1 & we ne$ n add t x is ! prime mov] 9 e =m ( bas5ess4 ,!y tea* ! boys also self-d5ial1 & ^! are greatly aid$ 9 le>n+ ?is virtue f see+ x daily practis$ by _! eld]s4 ,ano!r ?+ !y tea* !m is ob$i5ce to ^? plac$ 9 au?ority ov] !m2 & !y are greatly aid$ 9 le>n+ ?is1 by see+ _! eld]s /rictly obey+ _! gov]nors4 ,ano!r ?+ yet :i* !y tea* !m is self-discipl9e 9 matt]s ( eat+ & dr9k+2 & !y are greatly aid$ 9 ?is by see+ t _! eld]s nev] abs5t !mselves = ! purpose ( eat+1 until !y are p]mitt$ to d s by _! gov]nors1 z well z by ! fact t !y 7! boys7 d n eat ) _! mo!rs1 b ) _! tea*]s1 & at a signal f _! gov]nors4 ,z food1 !y br+ ) !m f home bread1 z a reli%1 na/urtium1 & 9 ord] to dr9k1 if !y are ?ir/y1 !y br+ an e>!n cup to draw wat] f ! riv] )4 ,9 addition to all ^! ?+s1 ! boys le>n to %oot ) ! b[ & to ?r[ ! javel94 ,up to ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s1 ^! are ! /udies 9 :i* ! boys engage2 aft] t !y are transf]r$ to ! class ( cadets 774 ,^! cadets sp5d _! "t 9 ?is way3 ,= t5 ye>s f ! "t :5 !y graduate f ! boys' class1 !y sleep1 z we h already said1 9 ! prec9cts ( ! public build+s1 act+ at once z a gu>d to ! city & practis+ self-d5ial4 ,x is g5]ally agre$1 inde$1 t ?is is ! age :i* especially requires att5tion4 ,dur+ ! day !y are at ! disposal ( _! gov]nors1 & ready to p]=m any public s]vice requir$4 ,if no su* s]vice is dem&$1 !y rema9 9 ! neighborhood ( ! public build+s4 ,:5 ! k+ goes out to hunt1 :i* he does _m times a mon?1 he takes ) him "o-half ( ! tribes1 & leaves ! o!r beh9d4 ,^? y\?s :o accompany him mu/ c>ry ) !m b[s &1 9 a %ea? alongside _! quiv]s1 a bill or scimit>2 also a light %ield1 & two javel9s apiece1 "o to ?r[1 ! o!r to use1 if necess>y1 at close qu>t]s4 ,= ?is reason !y make hunt+ a matt] ( public conc]n1 & ! k+1 z 9 w>1 acts z _! lead]1 hunts himself1 & sees t ! o!rs hunt1 ! ,p]sians be+ ( op9ion t ?is is ! be/ ( all prep>ations = w>4 ,&1 inde$1 x accu/oms !m to rise e>ly1 & to be> heat & cold2 x af=ds !m ex]cise 9 m>*+ & runn+1 & compels !m to use _! b[s or _! javel9s ^u wild animals1 :]ev] !y happ5 to come ^u !m4 ,!y are (t5 =c$1 moreov]1 to %>p5 _! c\rage1 :5 !y f9d !mselves face to face ) "s p[]ful animal4 ,!y mu/1 ( c\rse1 w\nd ! "o t comes to close qu>t]s1 & hold at bay ! "o t attacks !m4 ,h5ce x is difficult to f9d 9 w> any?+ t is abs5t f ! *ase4 ,:5 !y g out to hunt1 ! "y m51 ( c\rse1 take ) !m a l>g] lun*eon ?an ! boys are all[$ to h2 b ?is is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,& :ile !y are hunt+1 !y sometimes d n lun* at all2 b1 if !y h to rema9 beyond _! "t on acc\nt ( "s game1 or o!rwise1 if !y wi% to prolong ! *ase1 !y make a d9n] ( ?is lun*1 & on ! foll[+ day cont9ue ! hunt till d9n]-"t1 c\nt+ ! two days "o1 because !y consume only "o day's food4 ,& !y d ?is = ! sake ( practice1 s t1 if ev] !y %\ld run %ort ( provisions 9 w>1 !y may be able to d ! same ?+4 ,^! y\?s h z a reli% :at game !y capture 9 ! *ase1 o!rwise !y h na/urtium4 ,& if any "o ?9ks t !y eat )\t pleasure1 :5 !y h only na/urtium ) _! food1 or dr9k )\t pleasure1 :5 !y dr9k wat]1 let him rememb] h[ sweet b>ley-cake & :eat5 bread are :5 he is hungry1 & h[ sweet wat] is :5 he is ?ir/y4 ,! tribes t rema9 beh9d1 :5 ! k+ goes hunt+1 sp5d _! "t 9 ! same /udies :i* !y pursu$ z boys1 includ+ %oot+ & javel9-ca/+1 & 9 ^! cont9ual conte/s are go+ on4 ,!re are likewise public exhibitions 9 !m1 at :i* prizes are (f]$2 & :i*ev] tribe conta9s mo/ "y m5 exceptionally pr(ici5t1 manly1 & /eady1 is comm5d$ by ! citiz5s1 :o likewise honor1 n only _! pres5t gov]nor1 b also ! gov]nor :o _h *>ge ( !m z boys4 ,! "y m5 :o are left beh9d are also employ$ by ! au?orities1 if any su* s]vice is requir$ z mann+ a gu>d-h\se1 track+ out malefactors1 runn+ d[n robb]s1 or any?+ dem&+ /r5g? & swiftness4 ,su* are ! /udies ( ! "y m54 ,& :5 !y h pass$ t5 ye>s 9 ^!1 !y graduate into ! class ( mature m54 ,f ! date ( ?is graduation1 !y sp5d five & tw5ty ye>s m 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 l ! "y m51 !y place !mselves at ! disposal ( ! au?orities = any public s]vice requir+ at once sagacity & unimpair$ /r5g?4 ,if !y are requir$ to take ! field 9 w>1 m5 pr(ici5t z !y are g arm$1 no long] ) b[s & javel9s1 b ) :at are call$ h&-to-h& weapons1 brea/-plates1 %ields 9 _! left h&s1 su* z we see 9 pictures ( ! ,p]sians1 & a sword or bill 9 _! "r4 ,& all ! (ficials are drawn f ?is class1 except ! boys' tea*]s4 ,& :5 !y h pass$ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ?is class1 !y are some?+ m ?an fifty ye>s ( age4 ,at t age !y graduate into ! class ( eld]s1 z1 inde$1 !y are call$4 ,^! eld]s no long] s]ve 9 w> outside _! own c\ntry1 b1 rema9+ at home1 act z judges 9 public & private cases4 ,!y d s ev5 9 capital cases4 ,!y likewise *oose all ! (ficials1 & if any p]son belong+ to ei!r ( ! classes ( "y & mature m5 neglects any ( 8 lawful duties1 ! gov]nor ( 8 tribe1 or any "o else :o pleases1 may report him to ! eld]s1 & ^!1 if !y f9d ! fact to be z report$1 expel him f 8 tribe1 & he :o is expell$ rema9s di%onor$ all 8 life4 ,to give a cle>] notion ( ! polity ( ! ,p]sians z a :ole1 ,i w retrace my /eps a little4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ?is may be done 9 a v few words3 ,! ,p]sians1 !n1 are said to numb] ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&4 ,( ^!1 none is exclud$ by law f honors or (fices2 b all ,p]sians are all[$ to s5d _! sons to ! public s*ools ( ju/ice4 ,h[ev]1 x is only ^? :o are able to ma9ta9 _! sons )\t employm5t t s5d !m !re3 ! re/ d n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? t are educat$ by ! public tea*]s are p]mitt$ to sp5d _! y\? among ! ephboi1 :ile ^? :o h n complet$ ?is education are n4 ,aga9 ^? t pass _! y\? among ! ephboi1 & come up to ! legal requirem5ts1 are all[$ to graduate into ! class ( mature m51 & to p>ticipate 9 honors & (fices2 :]eas ^? :o d n pass ?r\gh ! grade ( ! ephboi d n rise to ! class ( mature m54 ,f9ally1 ^? :o complete ! curriculum ( ! mature m5 )\t reproa*1 pass into ! class ( eld]s4 ,?us x is t ?is class ( eld]s is compos$ ( m5 :o h pass$ ?r\gh all ! grades ( culture4 ,su* is ! polity ( ! ,p]sians1 & su* is ! sy/em ( tra9+ :]eby !y endeavor to secure ! highe/ wor?4 ,?is ,utopian s*eme ( education has a peculi> int]e/1 because x is no?+ m or less ?an ! old ideal ( ,greek education become fully consci\s ( itself1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! new ideal4 ,let u call att5tion to ! ma9 po9ts ( x4 7#a7 ,! education "h set =? is purely political3 m5 are reg>d$ simply & solely z citiz5s2 all honors are civic honors4 7#b7 ,no provision is made = ! education ( wom51 _! range ( activity be+ entirely conf9$ to ! family4 7#c7 ,di/9ction is made to re/ ^u education & conduct4 7#d7 ,! poor] classes ( ! population1 ?\gh n legally exclud$ f education1 position1 & p[]1 are virtually exclud$ by _! pov]ty1 s t ! gov]nm5t is altoge!r 9 ! h&s ( ! ri*1 & is1 9 fact1 an ari/ocracy1 :ile pret5d+ to be a democracy3 h5ce1 7#e7 ,social di/9ctions are di/9ctions ( wor?1 :i* is j ! ,greek ideal4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t 9 ! s*eme :i* %[s t x is reaction>y1 direct$ aga9/ prevail+ t5d5cies4 ,n "o ^w is said ( ! intellectual side ( education1 ( music or lett]s4 ,x is evid5t t ,x5ophon1 himself a man ( no mean lit]>y atta9m5ts1 cle>ly saw ! dang]s to ,greek life & lib]ty involv$ 9 t exagg]at$ devotion to lit]>y & intellectual pursuits :i* foll[$ ! tea*+ ( ! sophi/s & ,socrates1 & t1 9 ord] to *eck ?is p]il\s t5d5cy1 he drew up a s*eme ( education f :i* intellectual & lit]>y pursuits are altoge!r exclud$1 9 :i* ju/ice takes ! place ( lett]s1 & music is n m5tion$4 ,?is sugge/s a curi\s inquiry 9 respect to 8 ,memoirs ( ,socrates4 ,?is "w has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z giv+ u a m correct notion ( ! real1 liv+ ,socrates ?an ! manife/ly idealiz+ works ( ,plato4 ,b 0 n ,x5ophon1 :o c\ld n fail to see ! future p[] ( ,socrates' influ5ce1 z anxi\s z ,plato to claim ! prophet z ! *ampion ( 8 own views1 & does n ?is fact det]m9e ! :ole "* ( 8 "w8 ,is x n a romance1 9 ! same s5se t ! ,cyropdia is1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t ! facts ( ,socrates' life1 be+ fairly well kn[n to ^? = :om ,x5ophon 0 writ+1 c\ld n be treat$ ) ! same fre$om & disreg>d z ^? ( ,cyrus' life8 ,be=e we "p ) ,x5ophon1 we mu/ call att5tion to ano!r treatise ( 81 9 :i* he deals ) a subject t 0 !n press+ = consid]ation--! education ( wom54 ,:ile1 z we h se51 ! olian /ates & ev5 ,dorian ,sp>ta provid$1 9 "s degree1 = wom5's education1 ,a!ns app>5tly1 conceiv+ t woman _h no duties outside ( ! family1 left h] education entirely to ! c>e ( t in/itution4 ,! cons]vative ,x5ophon does n dep>t f ?is view2 b1 see+ ! moral evils t 7 spr++ f ! neglect ( wom5 & _! inability to be1 9 any s5se1 companions to _! cultur$1 or ov]-cultur$1 husb&s1 he lays d[n 9 8 conomics a s*eme = ! education ( ! "y wife by h] husb&4 ,z ?is af=ds u an admirable insight into ! lives ( ,a!nian girls & wom51 bett]1 inde$1 ?an c be f\nd else:]e1 we _c d bett] ?an transcribe ! fir/ "p ( x4 ,x takes ! =m ( a conv]sation betwe5 ,socrates & a "y husb&1 nam$ ,is*oma*us 7,/rong ,fight]71 & is report$ by ! =m]4 ,socrates tells h[1 see+ ,is*oma*us sitt+ at leisure 9 a c]ta9 portico1 he ent]$ into conv]sation ) him1 paid him an acceptable complim5t1 & inquir$ h[ he came to be ne>ly always busy out ( doors1 see+ t he evid5tly sp5t little "t 9 ! h\se4 ,is*oma*us replies3-- ',z to y\r inquiry1 ,socrates1 x is true t ,i nev] rema9 indoors4 ,nor ne$ ,i2 = my wife is fully able by h]self to manage ev]y?+ 9 ! h\se4' ',?is aga91 ,is*oma*us1' said ,i1 'is some?+ t ,i %\ld l to ask y ab\t1 :e!r x 0 y :o taught y\r wife to be a good wife1 or :e!r %e knew all h] h\sehold duties :5 y receiv$ h] f h] fa!r & "m4' ',well1 ,socrates1' said he1 ':at d y suppose %e knew :5 ,i took h]1 s9ce %e 0 h>dly fifte5 :5 %e came to me1 &1 dur+ ! :ole ( h] life be=e t1 special c>e _h be5 tak5 t %e %\ld see1 he>1 & ask z little z possible4 ,inde$1 don't y ?9k ,i ought to h be5 satisfi$ if1 :5 %e came to me1 %e knew no?+ b h[ to take wool & turn x into a g>m5t1 & _h se5 no?+ b h[ tasks 9 sp9n+ are assign$ to maids8 ,z reg>ds matt]s connect$ ) eat+ & dr9k+1 ( c\rse %e 0 extremely well educat$ :5 %e came1 & ?is seems to me ! *ief education1 :e!r = a man or a woman4' ',9 all o!r matt]s1 ,is*oma*us1' said ,i1 'y y\rself in/ruct$ y\r wife1 s z to make h] an excell5t h\sewife4' ',to be sure1' said he1 'b n until ,i _h fir/ sacrific$1 & pray$ t ,i might succe$ 9 tea*+ h]1 & %e might succe$ 9 le>n+1 :at 0 be/ = bo? ( u4' ',!n1' said ,i1 'y\r wife took "p 9 y\r sacrifice & 9 ^! pray]s1 did %e n8' ',c]ta9ly %e did1' said ,is*oma*us1 '& solemnly promis$ to ! gods t %e w\ld be :at %e ought to be1 & %[$ e evid5ce ( a disposition n to neglect :at 0 taught h]4' ',b d1 ,i besee* y1 ,is*oma*us1 expla9 to me1' said ,i1 ':at 0 ! fir/ ?+ y set ab\t tea*+ h]8 ,i %all be m int]e/$ 9 he>+ y tell t1 ?an if y told me all ab\t ! f9e/ gymna/ic or eque/rian exhibition4' ,& ,is*oma*us repli$3 ',:at %\ld ,i tea* h]8 ,z soon z %e c\ld be h&l$1 & 0 tame en\gh to conv]se1 ,i spoke to h] 9 "s su* way z ?is3 ,tell me1 my de>1 h y ev] consid]$ :y ,i took y z my wife1 & :y y\r p>5ts gave y to me8 ,t x 0 n because ,i c\ld n f9d any "o else to %>e my b$1 y "k z well z ,i4 ,no1 b because ,i 0 anxi\s to f9d = myself1 & y\r p>5ts 7 anxi\s to f9d = y1 ! mo/ suitable p>tn] 9 home & (fspr+1 ,i select$ y1 & y\r p>5ts1 x seems1 select$ me1 out ( all possible mat*es4 ,if1 !n1 ,god %all ev] bless u ) *ildr51 !n we w take ! greate/ c>e ( !m1 & try to give !m ! be/ possible education2 = x w prove a bless+ to bo? ( u to h ! v be/ ( help]s & supports 9 our old age4 ,b at pres5t we h ?is z our common home4 ,& all t ,i h1 ,i pass ov] to ! common /ock1 & all t y h br\ght ) y1 y h add$ to ! same4 ,nor mu/ we beg9 to c\nt :i* ( u has contribut$ ! l>g] numb] ( ?+s1 b mu/ realize t :i*ev] ( u is ! bett] p>tn] contributes ! m valuable ?+s4 ,!n1 ,socrates1 my wife repli$1 & said3 ,9 :at way c ,i cop]ate ) y8 ,:at p[] h ,i8 ,ev]y?+ re/s ) y4 ,my "m told me t my only duty 0 to be dutiful4 ,assur$ly1 my de>1 said ,i1 & my fa!r told me ! same ?+4 ,b x is surely ! duty ( a dutiful husb& & a dutiful wife to act s t :at !y h may be improv$ to ! utmo/1 & by e fair & lawful means increas$ to ! utmo/4 ,& :at d y f9d1 said my wife1 t ,i c d t[>ds help+ y to build up our h\se8 ,de> me6 said ,i1 :atev] ?+s ! gods h end[$ y ) ! p[] to d1 & ! law p]mits1 try to d ^! to ! be/ ( y\r ability4 ,& :at are ^!8 said %e4 ,x /rikes me1 said ,i1 t !y are by no means ! lea/ important ?+s1 unless x be true t 9 ! hive ! que5-bee is entru/$ ) ! lea/ important functions4 ,inde$1 x seems to me1 my de>1 ,i cont9u$1 t ! v gods h yok$ toge!r ?is c\ple call$ male & female ) a v def9ite purpose1 viz4 to be ! s\rce ( ! greate/ mutual good to ! yoke-fell[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is union exi/s 9 ord] t liv+ species may n die out1 b be pres]v$ by propagation2 9 ! second1 ! p>tn]s 9 ?is union1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( human be+s1 obta9 ?r\gh x ! supports ( _! old age4 ,moreov]1 human be+s d n live1 l animals1 9 ! op5 air1 b obvi\sly require ro(s4 ,& ,i am sure1 p :o are go+ to h any?+ to br+ "u a ro( mu/ h "s "o to d outdoor duties2 =1 y see1 pl\gh+1 s[+1 plant+1 h]d+1 are all outdoor employm5ts1 & x is f !m t we obta9 all our supplies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! supplies h all be5 br\ght "u cov]1 !re is ne$$ "s "o to take c>e ( !m1 & to p]=m ^? duties :i* mu/ be done indoors4 ,among ^! are ! re>+ ( *ildr5 & ! prep>ation ( food f ! produce ( ! e>?2 likewise ! mak+ ( clo? out ( wool4 ,&1 s9ce bo? ^! classes ( duties1 ! outdoor & ! indoor1 require labor & c>e1 x seems to me1 ,i said1 t ,god has con/ruct$ ! nature ( woman ) a special view to indoor employm5ts & c>es1 & t ( man ) a view to outdoor employm5ts & c>es4 ,= he has made bo? ! body & ! s\l ( ! man bett] able ?an ^? ( ! woman to be> cold1 heat1 travell+1 milit>y s]vice1 & s has assign$ to him ! outdoor employm5ts4 ,&1 s9ce he has made ! body ( woman less able to endure ^! ?+s1 he seems to me to h assign$ to h] ! indoor employm5ts4 ,consid]+1 moreov]1 t he _h made x woman's nature & duty to n\ri% "y *ildr51 he imp>t$ to h] a great] love = babies ?an he did to man4 ,&1 inasmu* z he _h made x "p ( woman's duty to take c>e ( ! income ( ! family1 ,god1 kn[+ t = c>e-tak+ ! s\l is none ! worse = be+ ready to fe>1 be/[$ ^u woman a great] %>e ( fe> ?an ^u a man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 kn[+ t he :o att5ds to ! outdoor employm5ts w h to protect ! family f wrong-do]s1 he end[$ him ) a great] %>e ( c\rage4 ,&1 s9ce bo? h to give & receive1 he divid$ memory & c>efulness betwe5 !m1 s t x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e :i* ( ! sexes1 ! male or ! female1 is ! bett] equipp$ ) ^!4 ,& ! necess>y self-d5ial he divid$ betwe5 !m1 & made a decree t1 :i*ev] ( ! two1 ! husb& or ! wife1 0 ! sup]ior1 %\ld be rew>d$ ) ! l>g] %>e ( ?is bless+4 ,& j because ! nature ( man & ! nature ( woman are n bo? equally fitt$ = all tasks1 ! two are ! m dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 & _! union is ! m b5eficial to !m1 because ! "o is able to supply :at ! o!r lacks4 ,& n[1 said ,i1 my de>1 t we "k ! duties :i* ,god has assign$ to u respectively1 x becomes ea* ( u to d our be/1 9 ord] to p]=m ^! duties4 ,& ! law1 ,i cont9u$1 co9cides ) ! div9e int5tion1 & unites man & woman4 ,&1 j z ,god has made !m p>tn]s 9 (fspr+1 s ! law makes !m p>tn]s 9 ! h\sehold4 ,& ! law sets its approval ^u t diff]5ce ( function :i* ,god has signifi$ by ! diff]5ce ( ability :i* m>ks ! sexes4 ,= x is m respectable = a woman to rema9 indoors ?an to sp5d h] "t out ( doors1 & less respectable = a man to rema9 indoors ?an to att5d to outdoor conc]ns4 ,&1 if any "o acts 9 a mann] at v>iance ) ?is div9e ord9ation1 x may be t 8 transgression does n escape ! notice ( ! gods1 & t he is puni%$ = neglect+ 8 own duties or p]=m+ ^? ( 8 wife4 ,x appe>s to me1 said ,i1 t ! que5-bee also p]=ms duties t are assign$ to h] by ,god4 ,& :at duties1 said my wife1 does ! que5-bee p]=m1 t h any resemblance to ^? incumb5t ^u me8 ,?is1 said ,i1 t %e rema9s 9 ! hive & does n all[ ! o!r bees to be idle1 b s5ds out ^? t h to "w to _! bus9ess1 & kn[s & receives :at ea* br+s 91 & takes c>e ( x till x is ne$$ = use4 ,& :5 ! "t = us+ comes1 %e di/ributes to ea* h] j %>e4 ,besides ?is1 %e att5ds to ! con/ruction ( ! honey-combs t goes on indoors1 & sees t x is done prop]ly & rapidly1 & c>efully sees t ! "y sw>m is prop]ly re>$4 ,& :5 x is old en\gh1 & ! "y bees are fit = "w1 %e s5ds !m out1 z a colony1 "u ! lead]%ip ( "o ( ! old ones4 ,& w x be my duty1 said my wife1 to d ^! ?+s8 ,exactly s1 said ,i1 x w be y\r duty to rema9 indoors1 to s5d out toge!r to _! "w ^? ^: duties lie out ( doors1 & to sup]9t5d ^? :o h to "w indoors1 to receive :atev] is br\ght 91 to disp5se :atev] has to be paid out1 :ile ! necess>y surplus y mu/ provide =1 & take c>e t ! ye>'s all[ance be n sp5t 9 a mon?4 ,:5 wool is br\ght 9 to y1 y mu/ see t x is turn$ into clo?2 & :5 dri$ gra9 comes1 t x is prop]ly prep>$ = food4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o ( y\r duties1 said ,i1 t w p]haps seem some:at disagreeable to y4 ,:5ev] any "o ( ! slaves is sick1 y w h to see t he is prop]ly nurs$1 no matt] :o he is4 ,inde$1 said my wife1 t w be a mo/ pleasant duty1 if ^? :o h be5 c>efully nurs$ are go+ to be grateful & k9dli] ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,& ,i1' said ,is*oma*us1 'admir+ h] answ]1 cont9u$3 ,don't y suppose1 my de>1 t by su* examples ( c>e on ! "p ( ! que5 ( ! hive ! bees are s dispos$ to h] t1 :5 %e leaves1 none ( !m are will+ to rema9 beh9d1 b all foll[ h]8 ,& my wife repli$3 ,i %\ld be surpris$ if ! duties ( head%ip did n fall to y r ?an to me4 ,= my gu>dian%ip & disposal ( ?+s 9 ! h\se w\ld be ridicul\s1 unless y saw to x t some?+ 0 br\ght 9 f )\t4 ,& my br++-9 w\ld be ridicul\s1 said ,i1 if !re 7 no "o to take c>e ( :at ,i br\ght8 ,don't y see1 ,i said1 h[ ^? :o p\r wat] into a leaky b>rel1 z ! expression is1 are piti$1 z wa/+ _! lab\r8 ,& inde$1 said my wife1 !y are to be piti$1 if !y d t4 ,!re are o!r special duties1 said ,i1 t are sure to become pleasant to y2 = example1 :5 y take a raw h& at weav+ & turn h] into an adept1 & s d\ble h] value to y1 or :5 y take a raw h& at manag+ & wait+ & make h] capable1 reliable1 & s]viceable1 s t %e acquires untold value1 or :5 y h x 9 y\r p[] to rew>d ^? male slaves t are dutiful & useful to y\r family1 or to puni% "o :o proves ! opposite ( ?is4 ,b ! pleasante/ ?+ ( all w be1 if y prove sup]ior to me1 & make me y\r knight1 & if y ne$ n fe> t1 z y advance 9 ye>s1 y w =feit respect 9 ! h\se1 b are sure t1 z y gr[ old]1 ! bett] a p>tn] y are to me1 & ! bett] a "m to ! *ildr51 ! m highly y w be respect$ 9 ! h\se4 ,= all t is fair & good1 said ,i1 increases = m51 z life advances1 n ?r\gh beauties1 b ?r\gh virtues4 ,su*1 ,socrates1 to ! be/ ( my recollection1 0 ! fir/ conv]sation ,i _h ) my wife4' ,is*oma*us goes on & tells h[1 9 subsequ5t conv]sations1 he taught 8 wife ! value ( ord]1 h[ to h a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 its place1 h[ to tra9 a s]vant1 & h[ to make h]self attractive )\t ! use ( cosmetics or f9e clo!s4 ,b en\gh has be5 quot$ to %[ :at ! ideal family relation among ! ,a!nians 01 & :at education 0 ?\ght fitt+ = girls & wom54 ,j z ! man 0 m]g$ 9 ! citiz51 s ! woman 0 m]g$ 9 ! h\sewife1 & !y ea* receiv$ ! education & tra9+ dem&$ by _! respective duties4 ,if ,a!nian husb&s _h all be5 l ,is*oma*us1 x is cle> t ! lives ( wives might h be5 v happy & useful1 & t h>mony might h reign$ 9 ! family4 ,b1 un=tunately1 t 0 n v (t5 ! case4 ,wives1 be+ neglect$1 became lazy1 wa/eful1 self-indulg5t1 %rewi%1 & useless1 :ile _! husb&s1 f9d+ !m s1 s\ght 9 immoral relations ) brilliant & cultivat$ hetr1 or 9 worse relations /ill1 a co>se sub/itute = t satisfaction :i* !y ought to h s\ght & f\nd 9 _! own homes4 ,?us !re grew up a condition ( ?+s :i* c\ld n fail to sap ! moral f\ndations ( society1 & :i* made ?\ghtful m5 turn _! att5tion to ! "q ( woman's education & sph]e ( duty4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,plato ,all human laws are n\ri%$ by ! "o div9e law2 = x prevaile? z f> z x li/e?1 & suffice? = all & survive? all4--,h]aclitus ,?\gh reason is univ]sal1 ! mass ( m5 live z if !y _h ea* a private wisdom ( 8 own4--,id4 ,,antigone4 444 ,b him w ,i int]2 ,& sweet 'twill be to die 9 su* a de$1 ,& sweet w be my re/ ) him1 ! sweet1 ,:5 ,i h righte\sly (f5d$ "h4 ,= long] "t1 me?9ks1 h ,i to please ,! dwell]s 9 yon _w ?an ^? 9 ?is2 ,= ,i %all re/ =ev] !re4 ,b ?\1 ,di%onor /ill :at's honor$ ( ! gods4 --,sophocles1 ,antigone4 ,! circle t ga!r$ r\nd ,isaiah & 8 h\sehold 9 ^! evil days1 hold+ !mselves ap>t f _! c\ntrym51 treasur+ ! ^w ( revelation1 & wait+ = ,jehovah1 7 inde$1 z ,isaiah describes !m1 signs & tok5s 9 ,israel f ,jehovah ( ho/s t dwelle? 9 ,m\nt ,zion4 ,! =mation ( ?is little community 0 a new ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,till !n no "o _h dream$ ( a fell[%ip ( fai? dissociat$ f all national =ms1 ma9ta9$ )\t ! ex]cise ( ritual s]vices1 b\nd toge!r by fai? 9 ! div9e ^w alone4 ,x 0 ! bir? ( a new era 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t religion1 = x 0 ! bir? ( ! conception ( ! ,*ur*1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! emancipation ( spiritual religion f ! =ms ( political life1--a /ep n less significant t all its consequ5ces 7 n se5 till c5turies _h pass$ away4--,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel4 ,/ill at ! prophets' feet ! nations sit4--,l[ell4 ,t :i* is to be kn[n ,i %all decl>e1 kn[+ :i* a man atta9s immortality--! beg9n+less ,supreme ,brahma t is said to be nei!r ,aught nor ,naught4--,bhagavad ,gt4 ,! only ,metaphysics :i* really & imm$iately su/a9s ,e?ics is "o :i* is itself prim>ily e?ical1 & made ( ! /aff ( ,e?ics4--,s*op5hau]4 ,9 answ] to ! burn+ "q1 ,h[ c ,a!ns be br\ght back to moral life & /r5g?8 ,socrates _h answ]$1 ,by f9d+ a new moral sanction4 ,he _h ev5 gone fur!r1 & said3 ,?is sanction is to be f\nd 9 correct ?9k+1 9 ?9k+ :ole ?\ghts1 :i*1 because !y are :ole1 are absolutely true1 be+ ! v pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ,god gov]ns ! _w4 ,?is is1 obvi\sly1 a m]e =mal answ]4 ,if x 0 to be ( any real s]vice1 ?ree fur!r que/ions _h to be answ]$3 7#a7 ,h[ c :ole ?\ghts be rea*$8 7#b7 ,:at d !y prove to be :5 !y are rea*$8 7#c7 ,h[ c !y be appli$ to ! moral reorganization ( human life8 ,plato's philosophy is b an attempt to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,x !re=e naturally falls into ?ree divisions1 7#a7 ,dialectics1 includ+ ,logic & ,!ory ( ,k1 7#b7 ,!oretics1 includ+ ,metaphysics & ,physics1 7#c7 ,practics1 includ+ ,e?ics & ,politics4 ,x is obvi\s t any attempt to re=m society on ,socratic pr9ciples mu/ proce$1 n f society itself1 b f "s p]son or p]sons 9 :om ^! pr9ciples are realiz$1 & :o act ^u x f )\t4 ,^! p]sons w be ! philosoph]s or1 r1 ! sages4 ,two di/9ct que/ions1 !re=e1 pres5t !mselves at ! outset3 7#a7 ,h[ does a man become a sage8 7#b7 ,h[ c ! sage organize human life1 & secure a succession ( sages to cont9ue 8 "w aft] him8 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 dialectics gives ! answ]2 to ! second1 practics2 :ile !oretics exhibits to u at once ! orig9 & ! end1 t is1 ! mean+1 ( all exi/5ce1 ! human includ$4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( ,plato we f9d1 = ! fir/ "t recogniz$ & exhibit$1 ! extra-civic or sup]-civic man1 ! man :o is n a m]e fragm5t ( a social :ole1 completely subord9at$ to x1 b :o1 /&+ above society1 m\lds x 9 accordance ) ideas d]iv$ f a high] s\rce4 ,=eca/s ( ?is man1 inde$1 we f9d 9 all ,greek lit]ature f ,hom] d[n1--9 ,h]aclitus1 ,sophocles1 etc41 & especially1 z we h se51 9 ,py?agoras2--b x is n[ = ! fir/ "t t he f9ds full expression1 & tries to play a consci\s "p4 ,9 him we h ! promise ( ! future ,*ur*4 ,b to return to ! fir/ ( our two que/ions1 ,h[ does a man become a sage8 ,we f\nd ! answ] to be1 ,by ! dialectic me?od4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 n all m5 h ! incl9ation to avail !mselves1 b only a *os5 few1 to :om ! gods h grant$ ! inspiration ( ,love 77--a long+ ak9 to madness 771 k9dl$ by physical beauty1 b t5d+ to ! ,supreme ,good4 ,?is good1 z we %all see1 consi/s 9 ! vision 77 ( et]nal tru?1 ( be+1 z x is4 ,! few m5 :o are bless$ ) ?is love are ! div9ely appo9t$ re=m]s & guides ( mank9d1 ! well-be+ ( :i* dep5ds ^u submission to !m4 ,! dialectic me?od is ! process by :i* ! inspir$ m9d rises f ! beauty ( physical ?+s1 :i* are always p>ticul>s1 to ! beauty ( spiritual ?+s1 :i* are always univ]sals1 & f9ally to ! beauty ( ! ,supreme ,good1 :i* is ,! ,univ]sal4 ,! man :o has rea*$ ?is la/1 & :o sees its relation to all o!r univ]sals1 s t !y =m toge!r a correlat$ :ole1 sees all tru?1 & is ! sage4 ,:at we call univ]sals ,plato call$ ideas 7 =ms or species74 ,^! ideas he reg>ds z g5]a1 z numb]s1 z active p[]s1 & z sub/ances1 ! highe/ ( :i* is ,god4 ,two ?+s are especially notable 9 connection ) ?is !ory3 7#a7 t x involves t ,ori5tal ascetic view ( life :i* makes m5 turn away f ! s5sible _w1 & seek _! end & happ9ess 9 ! colorless _w ( ?\ght2 7#b7 t x sugge/s a view ( ! nature ( ,god :i* comes p]il\sly ne> to ,ori5tal pan!ism4 ,plato1 inde$1 n[h]e d5ies p]sonality ( ,god2 b nei!r does he affirm x1 & he c]ta9ly leaves ! impression t ! ,supreme ,be+ is a =ce act+ accord+ to a num]ical ratio or law4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]e/imate ! influ5ce ( ^! two views ^u ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ,greek education & life4 ,! =m] sugge/$ to ! sup]-civic man a sph]e ( activity :i* he c\ld flatt] himself 0 sup]ior to ! civic1 viz4 a sph]e ( contemplation2 :ile ! second1 by blurr+1 or r ignor+1 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( p]sonality 9 ,god1 viz4 consci\sness1 *oice1 & w1 left no place = a truly religi\s or moral life4 ,?is expla9s :y ,platonism1 :ile x has inspir$ no great civic movem5t1 has play$ su* a det]m9+ "p 9 ecclesia/icism1 & :y1 nev]!less1 ! ,*ur* = ages 0 compell$ to fight ! t5d5cies ( x1 :i* x did 9 great measure "u ! gis ( ,plato's /]n critic1 ,ari/otle4 ,we are n[ ready to take up our second "q3 ,h[ c ! sage organize human life1 & secure a succession ( sages to cont9ue 8 "w aft] him8 ,plato has giv5 two widely diff]5t answ]s to ?is "q1 9 8 two mo/ ext5sive works1 7#a7 ! ,republic1 writt5 9 8 e>li] life1 :5 he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,h]aclitus1 ,p>m5ides1 & ,socrates1 & /ood 9 a negative attitude t[>d ! real _w ( hi/ory1 7#b7 ! ,laws1 writt5 t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 :5 he became reconcil$1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! real _w & its traditional beliefs1 & f\nd satisfaction & inspiration 9 ! tea*+s ( ,py?agoras4 ,8 *ange ( allegiance is %[n by ! fact t 9 ! ,laws1 & 9 !m alone1 ,socrates does n appe> z a "*4 ,we %all speak fir/ ( ! ,republic1 & !n po9t out :]e9 ! ,laws diff]s f x4 ,:5 ,plato wrote 8 ,republic1 he 0 deeply impress$ ) ! evils & dang]s ( ! social ord] 9 :i* he liv$4 ,?is impression1 :i* 0 t ( e s]i\s man ( ! "t1 _h 9 8 case probably be5 deep5$ by ! tea*+ & ! tragic dea? ( ,socrates4 ,! dang]s 71 obvi\sly1 ! demoralization ( ,a!nian m5 & wom51 & ! consequ5t weak5+ & dissolution ( ! social bonds4 ,! evils1 z he saw !m1 7 7#a7 ! defective education ( *ildr51 7#b7 ! neglect ( wom51 7#c7 ! g5]al disorganization ( ! ,/ate ?r\gh individualism1 :i* plac$ p[] 9 ! h&s ( ignorance & rapacity1 in/ead ( 9 ^? ( wisdom & wor?4 ,! ,republic is a s*eme = remov+ ^! evils & av]t+ ! consequ5t dang]s4 ,x is ! ,platonic sage's recipe = ! heal+ ( society1 & x is b fair to say t1 ( all ! ,utopian & /hetic s*emes ev] propos$ = ?is end1 x is incomp>ably ! be/4 ,x proposes no?+ less ?an ! complete trans=mation ( society1 )\t (f]+ any h9t z to h[ a selfi% & degrad$ p is to be induc$ to submit !reto4 ,9 ! trans=m$ society1 ! ,/ate is all 9 all2 ! family is aboli%$2 wom5 are emancipat$ & %>e 9 ! education & duties ( m52 ! ,/ate att5ds to ! procreation & education ( *ildr52 private prop]ty is =bidd54 ,! ,/ate is b ! individual writ l>ge1 & ! individual has ?ree faculties1 9 ! prop] developm5t & cord9ation ( :i* consi/s 8 well-be+3 ! same1 !re=e1 mu/ be true ( ! ,/ate4 ,^! faculties are 7#a7 intellect or reason1 71 1 1 etc471 7#b7 _s or c\rage 71 71 7#c7 desire or appetite 71 1 74 ,! fir/ resides 9 ! head1 ! second 9 ! he>t1 ! ?ird 9 ! abdom54 ,! fir/ is peculi> to man1 ! second he %>es ) ! animals1 & ! ?ird ) bo? animals & plants4 ,! prop] relation ( ^! faculties exi/s :5 reason1 ) cle> insight1 rules ! :ole man 7,prud5ce72 :5 _s takes its directions f reason 9 its attitude t[>d pleasure & pa9 7,=titude72 :5 _s & appetite toge!r come to an und]/&+ ) reason z to :5 ! "o1 & :5 ! o!r1 %all act 7,temp]ance72 &1 f9ally1 :5 ea* ( ! ?ree /rictly conf9es itself to its prop] function 7,ju/ice74 ,?us we obta9 ! f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,z exi/+ 9 ! individual1 !y are relations betwe5 8 own faculties4 ,x is only 9 ! ,/ate t !y are relations betwe5 ! individual & 8 fell[s4 ,r we ought to say1 !y are relations betwe5 diff]5t classes ( society2 = society is divid$ into ?ree classes1 m>k$ by ! pr$om9ance ( "o or o!r ( ! ?ree faculties ( ! s\l4 ,fir/1 !re is ! intellig5t class1--! philosoph]s or sages2 second1 ! spirit$ class1--! milit>y m5 or soldi]s2 ?ird1 ! covet\s class1--m5 devot$ to indu/ry1 trade1 & money-mak+4 ,! well-be+ ( ! ,/ate1 z ( ! individual1 is secure only :5 ! relations betwe5 ^! classes are ! f\r c>d9al virtues2 :5 ! sages rule1 & ! soldi]s & money-mak]s accept ?is rule1 & :5 ea* class /rictly conf9es itself to its own function1 s1 = example1 t ! sages d n attempt to fight1 ! soldi]s to make money1 or ! money-mak]s to fight or rule4 ,9 ! ,platonic ideal ,/ate1 accord+ly1 ! ?ree classes dwell ap>t & h di/9ct functions4 ,all ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! philosoph]s1 :o dwell 9 l(ty isolation1 devot$ to ! contemplation ( div9e ideas1 & desc5d+ only ?r\gh grace to m+le ) human affairs1 z tea*]s & absolute rul]s1 rul+ )\t laws4 ,_! w is en=c$ by ! milit>y class1 compos$ ( bo? sexes1 :i* lives outside ! city1 devot+ itself to physical ex]cises & ! def5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,^! two classes toge!r con/itute ! gu>dians 77 ( ! ,/ate1 & /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( head & h&4 ,!y produce no?+1 own no?+1 live sp>+ly1 &1 inde$1 *]i% a sov]eign contempt = all produc+ & own+1 z well z = ^? :o produce & own4 ,!y f9d _! satisfaction 9 ! p]=mance ( _! functions1 & ! ma9t5ance ( virtue 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:at small am\nt ( mat]ial good !y require is suppli$ to !m by ! indu/rial class1 :i* !y protect 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! only good x /rives aft] or c appreciate1 ! good ( ! appetites4 ,?is class1 ( c\rse1 has no p[]1 ei!r directive or executive1 be+ incapable ( any4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 entirely happy 9 its condition ( tutelage1 &1 z f> z virtue c be pr$icat$ ( s5suality1 virtu\s1 ! excesses ( s5suality be+ repress$ by ! o!r two classes4 ,inde$1 ! great m]it :i* ,plato claims = 8 s*eme is1 t x secures h>mony1 & !re=e happ9ess1 = all1 by plac+ e individual citiz5 9 ! class to :i* by nature he belongs1 t is1 9 :i* 8 nature c f9d ! fulle/ & fre/ expression compatible ) ! well-be+ ( ! :ole4 ,su* is ,plato's political s*eme1 m>k$ by ! two notori\s ,greek *>act]i/ics1 love ( h>mony & contempt = labor4 ,x is curi\s to ?9k t x =e%ad[$ ?ree mod]n in/itutions--! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 ! /&+ army1 & ! indu/rial community1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! relations ( p[] dem&$ by ,plato are almo/ rev]s$1 ) 7x is only fair to say7 ! result :i* he =esaw4 ,9 try+ to answ] ! "q1 ,by :at means %all ^! classes be sund]$8 ,plato calmly assumes t 8 s*eme is already 9 full op]ation among gr[n p1 s t ! only difficulty rema9+ is ) reg>d to ! *ildr54 ,& ?is is completely met by 8 s*eme ( education4 ,! ,/ate or1 let u say at once1 ! philosophic class1 hav+ aboli%$ ! family1 & assum$ its functions1 det]m9es :at numb] & k9d ( *ildr5 x requires at any giv5 "t1 & provides = !m z x w\ld = %eep or k9e4 ,x br+s toge!r at fe/ivals ! vigor\s males & females1 & all[s !m to *oose _! mates = ! occasion4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 are born1 !y are remov$ f _! mo!rs & tak5 *>ge ( 9 ,/ate in/itutions1 :]e ! feeble & de=m$ are at once de/roy$4 ,any *ildr5 begott5 )\t ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate %>e ! same fate1 ei!r be=e or aft] bir?4 ,^? ^: bir? is au?oriz$1 & :o prove vigor\s1 are re>$ by ! ,/ate1 none ( !m kn[+1 or be+ kn[n by1 _! p>5ts4 ,b !y by no means suff] any dim9ution ( p>5tage on t acc\nt2 = e mature man reg>ds himself z ! fa!r1 & e mature woman reg>ds h]self z ! "m1 ( all ! *ildr5 born )9 a c]ta9 "t1 s t e *ild has ?\s&s ( fa!rs & mo!rs1 all int]e/$ 9 8 welf>e2 & ! mo!rs1 be+ reliev$ f ne>ly all ! duties ( mat]nity1 %>e equally ) ! m5 9 all ! functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,! sy/em ( education to :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate are subject$ is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 modell$ aft] t ( ,sp>ta1 especially 9 respect to its rigor & its absolutely political "*4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 a /rong ,ionic or ,a!nian elem5t1 notably on ! intellectual & /hetic side4 ,x may fairly claim to be int5sely ,hell5ic4 ,x accepts ! "t-honor$ division ( education into ,music & ,gymna/ics1 mak+ no di/9ct place = ,lett]s1 b includ+ !m "u ,music4 ,x dem&s t ^! two bran*es %all be pursu$ z p>ts ( a :ole1 calculat$ to develop1 z f> z may be1 ! h>moni\s human be+1 & fit him to become "p ( ! h>moni\s ,/ate4 ,i h said z f> z may be1 because ,plato believes t only a small numb] ( p]sons at any giv5 "t c be r$uc$ to complete h>mony4 ,^! are ! born philosoph]s1 :o1 :5 _! nature is fully realiz$1 no long] require ! ,/ate1 b /&1 z gods1 above x4 ,9 tru?1 ! ,/ate is ne$$ j because ! mass ( mank9d _c atta9 inn] h>mony1 b w\ld p]i%1 7 x n = ! out] h>mony impos$ by ! philosoph]s4 ,?is is a sad fact1 & w\ld be altoge!r di%e>t5+1 7 x n = ! belief1 :i* ,plato seems to h d]iv$ f ,py?agoras & ! ,egyptians1 t ^? human be+s :o fail to atta9 h>mony 9 "o life1 w h opportunities to d s 9 o!r lives1 s long z !y d n1 by "s awful & malignant crime or crimes1 %[ t !y are utt]ly incapable ( h>mony4 ,plato's s*eme ( political education1 !re=e1 requires1 z its complem5t1 ! doctr9es ( individual immortality1 ( probation cont9u$ ?r\gh z _m lives z may be necess>y1 & ( ! possibility ( f9al & et]nal bless$ness or mis]y4 ,9 fact1 ,plato has a fully-develop$ es*atology1 ) an o!r _w1 consi/+ ( ?ree well-def9$ p>ts1--,elysium1 ,a*]on1 & ,t>t>us1--correspond+ to ! ,p>adise1 ,purgatory1 & ,hell ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity2 ) "o important diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 due to ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ian purgatory is a place or /ate ( purgation = s\ls ^: probation is ov] =ev]1 ,a*]on is m]ely a place :]e imp]fect s\ls rema9 till ! end ( a _w-p]iod1 or on1 ( t5 ?\s& ye>s1 :5 !y are aga9 all[$ to return to life & r5ew _! /ruggle = t complete h>mony :i* is ! condition ( admission to ! society ( ! gods4 ,x is f ?is es*atology t ,plato d]ives ! moral sanctions :i* he employs 9 8 ,/ate4 ,x is true t no "o has insi/$ ) great] =ce ?an he ^u ! tru? t virtue is1 9 & = itself1 ! highe/ human good2 he believ$1 h[ev]1 t ?is c\ld be appreciat$ only by ! philosoph]1 :o _h exp]i5ce ( x1 & t = ! l[] ord]s ( m5 a m p[]ful1 ?\gh less noble1 sanction 0 necess>y4 ,accord+ly1 he depicts ! joys ( ,elysium 9 images t c\ld n b appeal to ! ,hell5ic imag9ation1 & pa9ts ,t>t>us 9 gruesome colors t w\ld d honor to a ,/4 ,ignatius4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& ! me?od ( ,plato's political education1 we mu/ rev]t to ,*apt] ,,iii ( ,book ,i4 ,!re we saw t1 accord+ to ! ,greeks1 a complete education dem&$ ?ree ?+s1 7#a7 a noble nature1 7#b7 tra9+ ?r\gh habit1 7#c7 in/ruction4 ,= ! fir/ ,plato w\ld d :at c be done by artificial selection ( p>5ts2 = ! second1 he w\ld dep5d ^u music & gymna/ics2 = ! ?ird1 ^u philosophy4 ,9 ^! la/ two divisions we h ! root ( ! m$ival trivium & quadrivium4 ,! ,platonic p$agogical sy/em seeks to sep>ate ! ignoble f ! noble natures1 & to place ! =m] 9 ! l[e/ class4 ,x !n tra9s ! noble natures 9 music & gymna/ics1 &1 :ile ?is is go+ on1 x tries to di/+ui% ^? natures :i* are capable ( ris+ above m]e tra9+ to reflective or philosophic ?\ght1 f ^? :i* are n4 ,! latt] x assigns to ! milit>y class1 :i* always rema9s at ! /age ( tra9+1 :ile ! =m] are in/ruct$ 9 philosophy1 &1 if !y prove !mselves adepts1 are f9ally admitt$ to ! rul+ class1 z sages4 ,any memb] ( ei!r ( ! high] classes :o proves himself unwor?y ( t class1 may at any "t be degrad$ into ! next bel[4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 are accept$ by ! ,/ate1 _! education "u ,/ate nurses beg9s4 ,! *ief ef=ts ( ^! = "s "t are direct$ to ! bodies ( ! *ildr51 to see+ t !y are heal?y & /rong4 ,z soon z ! "y creatures c /& & walk1 !y are taught to ex]t !mselves 9 an ord]ly way & to play little games2 & z soon z !y und]/& :at is said to !m1 !y are told /ories & sung to4 ,su* is _! fir/ introduction to gymna/ics & music4 ,:at games are to be taught1 :at /ories told1 & :at airs sung to ! *ildr51 ! ,/ate det]m9es1 & inde$1 s9ce ! "* ( human be+s dep5ds1 9 great measure1 ^u ! fir/ impression made ^u !m1 ?is is "o ( its mo/ sacr$ duties4 ,plato altoge!r disapproves ( leav+ *ildr5 )\t guidance to seek ex]cise & amusem5t 9 _! own way1 & dem&s t _! games %all be su* z call =?1 9 a g5tle & h>moni\s way1 all ! lat5t p[]s ( body & m9d1 & develop ! s5se ( ord]1 beauty1 & fitness4 ,he is /ill m e>ne/ 9 insi/+ t ! /ories told to *ildr5 %all be exemplifications ( ! l(tie/ morality1 & ! airs sung to !m su* z settle1 /r5g!n1 & solemnize ! s\l4 ,he foll[s ,h]aclitus 9 dem&+ t ! ,hom]ic poems1 s long ! /oreh\se = *ildr5's /ories1 %all be entirely proscrib$1 on acc\nt ( ! false ideals :i* !y hold up bo? ( gods & h]oes1 & ! intimidat+ descriptions :i* !y give ( ! o!r _w4 ,virtue1 he holds1 _c be fur!r$ by fe>1 :i* is *>act]i/ic only ( slaves4 ,he ?9ks t all e>ly intellectual tra9+ %\ld be a sort ( play4 ,! tru? is1 ! infant-s*ool ( ,plato's ,republic comes z ne> z c well be imag9$ to ! ideal ( ! mod]n k9d]g>t54 ,:ile ?is elem5t>y education is go+ on1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,/ate h abundant opportunity = obs]v+ ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ! *ildr51 & di/+ui%+ ! noble f ! ignoble4 ,z soon z a *ild %[s pla9ly t x belongs by nature to ! l[e/ class1 !y consign x to t class1 & its education by ! ,/ate practically ceases4 ,( c\rse ^! (fic]s "k f :at class ea* *ild came1 & !y make use ( ?is k 9 det]m9+ its future de/9y4 ,at ! same "t1 !y are n to be entirely guid$ by x1 b to act imp>tially4 ,! education ( ! l[e/ class aft] *ildhood ! ,/ate leaves to take c>e ( itself1 p]suad$ t appetite w always f9d means = its own satisfaction4 ,! nobl] natures x cont9ues to educate1 )\t any break1 until !y rea* ! age ( tw5ty4 ,& ?is education is di/9ctly a milit>y tra9+4 ,z "t goes on1 ! gymna/ic ex]cises become m viol5t1 m complex1 & m su/a9$1 b always h = _! subject ! s\l1 r ?an ! body1 & nev] deg5]ate into m]e a?letic brutality4 ,special att5tion is direct$ to ! musical & lit]>y ex]cises1 z ! means :]eby ! s\l is directly tra9$ & h>moniz$4 ,plato holds t no *ange c be made 9 ! music ( a ,/ate1 )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! :ole organization2 9 o!r words1 t ! social & political condition ( a p is det]m9$ by ! lit]ature & music :i* x produces & enjoys4 ,he virtually says1 ,let me make ! songs ( a p1 & he :o w may make _! laws4 ,( ! "* ( ! music :i* he recomm5ds we h already spok54 ,f lit]ature he w\ld exclude all t we are 9 ! habit ( call+ by t "n1 all t is mimetic1 poetic1 or creative1 & conf9e ! t]m to :at is sci5tific1 didactic1 & edify+4 ,he s5ds ! poets out ( ! ,/ate ) mock-rev]5t polit5ess1 z creatures too div9e = human use4 ,he is p>ticul>ly sev]e ^u ! dramati/s1 n sp>+ ev5 ! sublime s*ylus4 ,9 fact1 he w\ld bani% f 8 ,/ate all art n directly edify+4 ,! lit]ature :i* he recomm5ds is pla9ly ( ! nature ( sop's ,fables1 ! ,py?agorean ,gold5 ,words1 & ! ,p>m5idean or ,h]aclitean "w ,on ,nature4 ,if we wi%$ to express 8 int5t 9 /rictly mod]n language1 we %\ld h to say t he desir$ to replace lit]>y tra9+ by e?ical & sci5tific1 & ! poetical mode ( pres5t+ ideals by ! prosaic4 ,! true music1 he held1 is 9 ! human be+4 ,if we f9d1 he says1 a man :o p]fectly comb9es gymna/ics ) music1 & 9 exact proportion applies !m to ! s\l1 we %all be entirely ju/ifi$ 9 call+ him ! p]fect musician & ! p]fect tra9]1 f> sup]ior to ! man :o arranges /r+s alongside ea* o!r4 ,!re are _m matt]s ( detail 9 ,plato's s*eme ( milit>y tra9+ t well des]ve consid]ation1 b _c be ev5 t\*$ ^u "h4 ,be=e we leave x1 h[ev]1 we may give ! dates at :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( education are to beg94 ,c>e ( ! body beg9s at bir?1 /ory-tell+ ) ! ?ird ye>1 gymna/ics ) ! sev5?1 writ+ & read+ ) ! t5?1 lett]s & music ) ! f\rte5?1 ma!matics ) ! sixte5?1 milit>y drill1 :i* = ! "t supplants all o!r tra9+1 ) ! eighte5?4 ,:5 ! "y p rea* ! age ( tw5ty1 ^? :o %[ no great capacity = sci5ce1 b are manly & c\rage\s1 are assign$ to ! soldi] class1 & />t on a c\rse ( high] education 9 milit>y tra9+1 :ile ^? :o ev9ce great intellectual ability become novices 9 ! rul+ class1 & beg9 a curriculum 9 sci5ce1 :i* la/s till ! close ( _! ?irtie? ye>4 ,?is c\rse includes ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy1 ! only sci5ces at t "t cultivat$1 & aims at impress+ ^u ! y\?ful m9d ! unity & h>mony ( ! physical or ph5om5al univ]se4 ,at ! age ( ?irty1 ^? /ud5ts :o d n %[ any p>ticul> aptitude = high] /udies are draft$ (f into ! l[] public (fices1 :ile ^? :o d1 pass five ye>s 9 ! /udy ( dialectics1 :]eby !y rise to pure ideas4 ,!y are !n1 f _! ?irty-fif? to _! fiftie? ye>1 made to fill ! high] public (fices1 9 :i* !y take _! ord]s directly f ! sages4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !y put _! acquirem5ts to a practical te/1 & s come really & fully into possession ( !m4 ,at ! end ( _! fiftie? ye>1 aft] half a c5tury ( cont9u\s education ( body1 m9d1 & w1 !y are reckon$ to h rea*$ ! vision ( ! supreme good1 & !re=e to be fit to ent] ! contemplative rul+ class4 ,!y are n[ free m52 !y h rea*$ ! goal ( exi/5ce2 _! life is hidd5 ) ,god2 !y are free f ! prison ( ! body1 & only rema9 9 x volunt>ily1 & out ( gratitude to ! ,/ate :i* has educat$ !m1 9 ord] to direct x1 9 accordance ) absolute tru? & "r1 t[>d ! ,supreme ,good4 ,su*1 9 its outl9es1 is ,plato's !ory ( education1 z set =? 9 ! ,republic4 ,x is easy to po9t out its defects & its errors1 :i* are nei!r small nor few1 b fundam5tal & all-p]vasive4 ,b x is equally easy to see h[ x came to h ^! defects & errors1 s9ce !y are simply ^? ( e /hetic social s*eme :i* ignores ! nature ( ! mat]ial ) :i* x presumes to deal1 & takes no acc\nt ( ! actual hi/ory ( social in/itutions or ( ! =ces by :i* !y are evolv$4 ,x is emphatically ! product ( a y\?ful intellect1 c>ri$ away by an arti/ic ideal4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! intellect ( a ,plato1 :o1 :5 he became m mature1 saw1 )\t irrev]5ce = ! dreams ( y\?1 ! feebl5ess ( ideas = ! conflict ) human frailties1 & /rove to correct 8 exagg]at$ e/imate ( _! p[]4 ,?is he did 9 ! ,laws1 ^: v title sugge/s1 9 a way almo/ obtrusive1 ! *ange ( attitude & allegiance4 ,:ile 9 ! ,republic ! ,/ate is gov]n$ by sages1 almo/ entirely )\t laws1 9 ! lat] "w1 ! sages almo/ disappe> & ! laws assume an all-important place4 ,9 writ+ ! ,laws1 moreov]1 he ex*anges allegiance to ,socrates & ideas = allegiance to ,py?agoras & ! gods4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i h m>k$ ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,republic & ! ,laws4 ,:ile 9 ! =m] ,plato f9ds ! moral sanctions1 9 ! la/ resort1 9 ! ideas ( ! pure intellect1 tra9$ 9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & dialectics1 9 ! latt] he d]ives !m f ! cont5t ( ! popul> consci\sness1 ) its gods1 its e?ical notions1 its traditions4 ,9 ^!1 z embodi$ 9 in/itutions1 he f9ds ! mo/ s]viceable1 if n ! mo/ exalt$1 revelation ( div9e tru?4 ,tru/+ to ?is1 he no long] seeks to aboli% ! family & private prop]ty1 b m]ely to h !m regulat$2 he no long] bani%es /rang]s & poets f 8 ,/ate1 b m]ely subjects !m to ,/ate sup]vision2 he no long] dem&s a philosophical tra9+ = ! rul]s1 b only practical insight2 he no long] divides 8 citiz5s into sages1 soldi]s1 & weal?-produc]s1 b into freem5 7correspond+ to 8 previ\s milit>y class7 & slaves4 ,8 gov]nm5t is no long] an ari/ocracy ( intellect1 b a comp\nd ( ari/ocracy1 olig>*y1 & democracy1 repres5t+1 respectively1 wor?1 weal?1 & w4 ,8 plan ( education is modifi$ to suit ^! alt]$ conditions4 ,! *ildr51 z 9 ,sp>ta1 d n beg9 ! ,/ate c\rse ( education until ab\t _! sev5? ye>1 aft] :i* _! tra9+ is v mu* ! same z t dem&$ 9 ! ,republic1 ) ! omission1 ( c\rse1 ( dialectics4 ,?\gh wom5 are no long] to be reliev$ ( _! home duties1 !y are /ill to %>e 9 ! education & occupations ( m51 an arrangem5t :i* is facilitat$ by ! law orda9+ t bo? m5 & wom5 %all eat at public tables4 ,9 mak+ ^! *anges1 ,plato believ$ t he 0 fall+ f a l(ty1 b unrealizable1 ideal1 & mak+ concessions to human weakness2 9 reality1 he 0 approa*+ tru? & "r4 ,,book ,,iii ,,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd-cbb7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,ari/otle--,,life ,,& ,,works ,ari/otle1 9 my op9ion1 /&s almo/ alone 9 philosophy4--,cic]o4 ,ari/otle1 ,nature's private secret>y1 dipp+ 8 p5 9 intellect4--,eusebius4 ,:]ev] ! div9e wisdom ( ,ari/otle has op5$ its m\?1 ! wisdom ( o!rs1 x seems to me1 is to be disreg>d$4--,dante4 ,i c\ld soon get ov] ,ari/otle's pre/ige1 if ,i c\ld only get ov] 8 reasons4--,less+4 ,if1 n[ 9 my quiet days1 ,i _h y\?ful faculties at my comm&1 ,i %\ld devote myself to ,greek1 9 spite ( all ! difficulties ,i "k4 ,nature & ,ari/otle %\ld be my sole /udy4 ,x is beyond all conception :at t man espi$1 saw1 beheld1 rem>k$1 obs]v$4 ,to be sure he 0 sometimes ha/y 9 8 explanations2 b are we n s1 ev5 to ! pres5t day8--,goe! 7at #gh74 ,if ! prop] e>ne/ness prevail$ 9 philosophy1 no?+ w\ld be m wor?y ( e/abli%+ ?an a f\ndation = a special lecture%ip on ,ari/otle2 = he is1 ( all ! anci5ts1 ! mo/ wor?y ( /udy4--,hegel4 ,ari/otle 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ compreh5sive g5iuses t ev] appe>$--a man beside :om no age has an equal to place4--,id4 ,physical philosophy occupies itself ) ! g5]al qualities ( matt]4 ,x is an ab/raction f ! dynamic manife/ations ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( matt]2 & ev5 :]e its f\ndations 7 fir/ laid1 9 ! eight books ( ,ari/otle's ,physical ,lectures1 all ! ph5om5a ( nature are repres5t$ z ! motive vital activity ( a univ]sal _w-=ce4--,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ?is extraord9>y g5ius to "w at bo? ends ( ! sci5tific process4 ,he 0 alike a devotee to facts & a ma/] ( ! highe/ ab/ractions4--,alex&] ,ba94 ,ari/otle is ! ,fa!r ( ! ,inductive ,me?od1 & he is s = two reasons3 ,fir/1 he !oretically recogniz$ its ess5tial pr9ciples ) a cle>ness1 & exhibit$ !m ) a conviction1 :i* /rike ! mod]n man ) amazem5t2 & !n he made ! fir/ compreh5sive attempt to apply !m to all ! sci5ce ( ! ,greeks4--,wilhelm ,onck54 ,ari/otle1 = ^: political philosophy our admiration rises1 ! m we consid] ! "w ( 8 successors1 is less guid$ by imag9ation ?an ,plato1 exam9es reality m c>efully1 & recognizes m acutely1 ! ne$s ( man4--,blunts*li4 ,x appe>s to me t !re c be no "q1 t ,ari/otle /&s =?1 n only z ! greate/ figure 9 antiquity1 b z ! greate/ intellect t has ev] appe>$ ^u ! face ( ?is e>?4--,george ,j4 ,romanes4 ,ari/otle1 ) all ! wisdom ( ,plato be=e him1 :i* he 0 well able to appropriate1 c\ld f9d no bett] def9ition ( ! true good ( man ?an ! full ex]cise or realization ( ! s\l's faculties 9 accordance ) its prop] excell5ce1 :i* 0 excell5ce ( ?\ght1 speculative & practical4--,?omas ,hill ,gre54 ,x is pretty def9itely settl$1 among m5 compet5t to =m a judgm5t1 t ,ari/otle 0 ! be/ educat$ man t ev] walk$ on ! surface ( ?is e>?4 ,he is /ill1 z he 0 9 ,dante's "t1 ! ma/] ( ^? t "k4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n )\t reason t we look to him1 n only z ! be/ expon5t ( anci5t education1 b z "o ( ! wor?ie/ guides & ensamples 9 education g5]ally4 ,t we may n lose ! advantage ( 8 example1 x w be well1 be=e we consid] 8 educational !ories1 to ca/ a glance at 8 life1 ! process ( 8 developm5t1 & 8 "w4 ,ari/otle 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #chd1 9 ! ,greek colony ( ,/agira 9 ,?race1 ne> ! bord]s ( ,mac$onia4 ,8 fa!r1 ,nicoma*us1 0 a physician ( good /&+1 ! au?or ( sev]al m$ical works1 & ! tru/$ fri5d ( ,amyntas1 ! ,mac$onian ,k+4 ,8 "m1 ,ph/is1 0 desc5d$ f ! e>ly settl]s ( ! place4 ,x 0 d\btless "u 8 fa!r's guidance t ! boy ,ari/otle fir/ became int]e/$ 9 ^? physical /udies 9 :i* he 0 de/9$ to d su* wond]ful "w4 ,los+1 h[ev]1 bo? 8 p>5ts at an e>ly age1 he came "u ! *>ge ( ,prox5us1 ( ,at>neus1 :o appe>s to h done 8 duty by him4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he came to ,a!ns = 8 high] education1 & ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,plato 9 ! ,academy4 ,"h he rema9$ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 li/5+ to ,plato1 & acquir+ ^? va/ /ores ( in=mation :i* 9 lat] life he work$ up into lectures & sci5tific treatises4 ,no?+ escap$ him1 nei!r art1 sci5ce1 religion1 philosophy1 nor politics4 ,he seems1 be+ well (f1 to h begun e>ly to collect a libr>y1 & to aim at encyclopdic k4 ,ab\t 8 me?ods ( /udy we "k v little2 b we he> t at times he assi/$ ,plato 9 8 "w & 0 v c>eful ( 8 own attire4 ,x is cle> t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 he rose 9 ?\ght above ! tea*+s ( 8 ma/]1 & ev5 reject$ ! mo/ fundam5tal ( !m1 ! doctr9e ( self-exi/5t ideas4 ,b he nev] lo/ respect = t ma/]1 & :5 ! latt] di$1 he retir$ ) ,x5ocrates1 son ( ! new head ( ! ,academy1 to ,at>neus1 ! home ( 8 old gu>dian ,prox5us1 & ( 8 fell[-,academic1 ,h]mias1 n[ k+ or tyrant ( ! place4 ,"h he rema9$ = ?ree ye>s1 9 ! close/ intimacy ) 8 fri5d1 until ! latt] 0 trea*]\sly murd]$ by ! ,p]sians4 ,he !n cross$ ov] to ,mytil5e1 tak+ ) him ,py?ias1 ,h]mias' si/] or niece1 :om he _h m>ri$1 & to :om he 0 deeply devot$4 ,he erect$ 9 ,delphi a /atue to 8 dead fri5d1 & d$icat$ to him a poem1 ( :i* we %all he> m 9 ! sequel4 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #cdc1 :5 he 0 ov] =ty ye>s old1 he 0 call$ to ,mac$onia1 z tutor to ,alex&]1 ! ?irte5-ye>-old son ( ,k+ ,philip1 & gr&son ( 8 own fa!r's old patron1 ,amyntas4 ,?is (fice he fill$ = ab\t ?ree ye>s ) di/+ui%$ success1 & x may be safely said t nev] _h s great a tutor s great a pupil4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! "t1 at lea/1 ,ari/otle & ,alex&] seem to h liv$ at ,/agira4 ,?is t[n _h be5 captur$ & de/roy$ by ,philip1 & its inhabitants scatt]$4 ,) ! p]mission ( ! conqu]or1 ,ari/otle reassembl$ ! inhabitants1 rebuilt ! t[n1 drew up its laws1 & laid out ne> x1 at ,mieza1 9 imitation ( ! ,academy1 a gymnasium & p>k1 :i* he call$ ! ,nymphum4 ,hi!r he appe>s to h retir$ ) 8 royal pupil & sev]al o!r y\?s :o 7 receiv+ education along ) him1 among !m ,!ophra/us & ! ill-fat$ ,calli/h5es4 ,x 0 probably "h t ,ari/otle adopt$ ! habit ( walk+ :ile imp>t+ in/ruction1 a habit :i* aft]w>ds gave ! "n to 8 s*ool4 ,:5 ,alex&]1 at sixte51 ent]$ 8 fa!r's army1 ,ari/otle /ill cont9u$ to tea* 9 ! ,nymphum1 :i* exi/$ ev5 9 ,plut>*'s "t1 m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,b ?is la/$ only = ab\t five ye>s2 = 9 #cce1 :5 ,alex&]1 :o 9 ! previ\s ye> _h succe$$ 8 murd]$ fa!r1 0 prep>+ to invade ,p]sia1 ,ari/otle mov$ to ,a!ns4 ,f9d+ t 8 old fri5d1 ,x5ocrates1 0 director ( ! s*ool 9 ! ,academy1 he e/abli%$ himself1 z a public tea*] or pr(essor1 9 ! ,lyceum1 ! ,p]iclean gymnasium1 us$ *iefly1 x %\ld seem1 by ! l[] classes & by =eign resid5ts1 ( :om he himself 0 "o4 ,z an ali51 z ! fri5d ( ! victori\s ,mac$onians1 :o ?ree ye>s be=e _h brok5 ! p[] ( ,greece at ,*ronea1 & tak5 away h] autonomy =ev]1 z a rival ( ! ,platoni/s1 & z a weal?y1 well-dress$ g5tleman1 he _h _m enemies & detractors2 b 8 conduct seems to h be5 s unobjectionable t no =mal *>ge c\ld be br\ght aga9/ him4 ,8 v num]\s pupils 7 mo/ly =eign]s1 a fact n )\t its influ5ce on ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,he divid$ 8 days betwe5 writ+ & tea*+1 tak+ 8 physical ex]cise :ile engag$ 9 ! latt] occupation4 ,9 ! morn+s he gave lectures to a n>r[ circle1 9 a /rictly =mal & sci5tific way1 ^u ! high] bran*es ( sci5ce2 :ile 9 ! aft]noons he conduct$ conv]sations ^u m popul> !mes ) a less select audi5ce4 ,! =m] 7 call$ 8 esot]ic1 ! latt] 8 exot]ic1 disc\rses4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 second resid5ce 9 ,a!ns1 9 ! twelve ye>s f ,b4,c4 #cce to #cbc1 t ,ari/otle compos$ mo/ ( ^? great works 9 :i* he s\ght to sum up1 9 an encyclopdic way1 ! results ( a life ( all-embrac+ /udy & ?\ght4 ,he _h be5 9 no ha/e to put himself on record1 & x 0 n until he _h rea*$ a consi/5t view ( ! _w t he v5tur$ to treat1 9 a def9itive way1 any aspect ( x4 ,?us x 0 t ea* ( 8 treatises =m$ "p ( "o great :ole ( ?\ght4 ,_h he succe$$ 9 complet+ 8 plan1 he w\ld h left to ! _w a body ( sci5ce su* z1 ev5 9 our own day1 w\ld look 9 va9 = a pe] among ! works ( any "o man4 ,un=tunately1 8 plan 0 n complet$1 & ev5 ( ! works :i* he did write only a portion has come d[n to u4 ,b t portion is suffici5t to place _! au?or at ! head ( all sci5tific m54 ,"s ( 8 works1 = example1 8 ,logic1 ,metaphysics1 ,e?ics1 & ,politics1 /ill occupy ! fir/ place 9 ! lit]ature ( ^! subjects4 ,h[ a s+le man c\ld h done all t he did1 & 9 s _m diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 is almo/ inconceivable4 ,no d\bt he _h help]s1 9 ! %ape ( secret>ies1 le>n$ slaves1 & disciples2 & x is c]ta9 t he receiv$ f 8 royal pupil munific5t aid1 :i* enabl$ him to d mu*1 especially 9 ! directions ( physical & political rese>*1 t w\ld h be5 impossible = a poor man2 b1 aft] all all[ances h be5 made1 8 a*ievem5t /ill seems almo/ miracul\s4 ,dur+ all ! ye>s 9 :i* ,ari/otle 0 ?us engag$1 8 position at ,a!ns 0 becom+ m & m insecure4 ,! anti-,mac$onian p>ty 7 wait+ = ! fir/ opportunity to rid ! city ( him1 & 7 prev5t$ f op5 attempts at ?is only by dread ( ,alex&]'s displeasure4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 kn[n t ,ari/otle _h incurr$ disfavor ) 8 old pupil1 !y did n v5ture to attack him2 b 9 #cbc1 :5 ! news ( ,alex&]'s sudd5 dea? made all ,greece feel t n[ ! "t _h come to get rid =ev] ( ! hat$ ,mac$onians1 & recov] its lib]ty1 !y at once gave v5t to _! long-*]i%$ hatr$4 ,h[ h>d x 0 to f9d matt] = an accusation aga9/ him1 is %[n by ! fact t !y _h to g back to 8 old poem on ,wor?1 writt5 9 memory ( ,h]mias 7see p4 #d71 & to base !reon a *>ge ( impiety--a *>ge always easily made1 & always sure to ar\se /rong popul> prejudice4 ,accord+ to ,a!nian law1 ! def5dant 9 any su* case might1 if he *ose1 escape puni%m5t by leav+ ! city any "t be=e ! trial2 & ,ari/otle1 n be+1 l ,socrates1 a citiz51 c\ld h no gr\nd = refus+ to take advantage ( ?is lib]ty4 ,accord+ly1 ) ! rem>k t he w\ld n volunt>ily all[ ! ,a!nians to s9 a second "t aga9/ philosophy1 he )drew to 8 c\ntry resid5ce at ,*alcis 9 ,euba1 ! old home ( 8 "m's family1 to wait till affairs %\ld take ano!r turn1 z1 inde$1 !y soon aft]w>ds did1 :5 ,a!ns _h to op5 h] gates to ,antipat]4 ,b1 ere t happ5$1 ,ari/otle 0 9 8 grave1 hav+ di$ 9 #cbb1 %ortly be=e ,demo/h5es1 ( disease ( ! /oma*1 f :i* he _h long suff]$4 ,8 rema9s are said to h be5 c>ri$ to ,/agira1 :]e ! grateful inhabitants erect$ an alt> ov] !m & paid div9e honors to 8 memory4 ,8 libr>y & ! manuscripts ( 8 works he left 9 ! h&s ( ,!ophra/us1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! ,lyceum4 ,8 w1 ! text ( :i* has come d[n to u1 be>s te/imony1 along ) all else t we "k ( him1 to ! nobility1 k9dl9ess1 & ju/ice ( 8 nature4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ari/otle',s ,,philosophy ,platon rvait2 ,ari/ote p5sait4--,alfr$ de ,musset4 ,are ,god & ,nature !n at /rife ,t ,nature l5ds su* evil dreams8 --,t5nyson4 ,!re are ?ree ,ess5ces4 ,two ( ^! are s5sible2 "o be+ et]nal1 & ! o!r p]i%able4 ,! latt] is admitt$ by all1 9 ! =m1 = example1 ( plants & animals2 9 reg>d to ! =m]1 or et]nal "o1 we %all h to consid] its elem5ts1 & see :e!r !y be "o or _m4 ,! ?ird is immutable &1 !re=e1 inaccessible to s5se1 & ?is "s ?9k]s hold to be transc5d5t4--,ari/otle4 ,! vision ( ! div9e is :at is sweete/ & be/2 & if ,god always enjoys t vision z we sometimes d1 x is wond]ful1 & if he does s 9 a yet high] degree1 x is m wond]ful /ill4 ,& s ev5 x is4 ,& life belongs to him2 = ! self-det]m9ation ( ?\ght is life1 & he is self-det]m9ation4 ,& 8 absolute self-det]m9ation is ! supreme & et]nal life4 ,& we call ,god a liv+ be+1 et]nal1 be/2 s t life & duration1 uni=m & et]nal1 belong to ,god2 = ?is is ,god4--,id4 ,we mu/ consid] 9 :at way ! sy/em ( ! univ]se conta9s ! good & ! be/1 :e!r z some?+ transc5d5t & self-det]m9$1 or z ord]4 ,surely 9 bo? ways at once1 z 9 any army1 = :i* ! good is 9 ord]1 & is ! g5]al1 & ! latt] m ?an ! =m]4 ,= ! g5]al is n due to ! ord]1 b ! ord] to ! g5]al4--,id4 ,! ?\ght ( ,ari/otle diff]s f t ( ,plato bo? 9 its me?od & 9 its results4 ,plato1 re>$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 ,p>m5ides1 ,h]aclitus1 & ,socrates1 _h1 naturally en\gh1 come to look = tru? 9 ! sup]s5sual region ( m9d1 & ?\ght he f\nd x 9 ideas atta9able by a process ( dialectic )9 ! individual consci\sness4 ,he ?us came to put =w>d a doctr9e :i*1 despite its o/5sible purpose to cem5t ! bonds ( society1 9 reality t5d$ to )draw m5 f society altoge!r & increase ! v individualism x 0 int5d$ to cure4 ,ari/otle1 :ile /ill 9 ,plato's s*ool1 _h turn$ away f ?is doctr9e1 & 9 aft]-life he nev] lo/ an opportunity ( combat+ x4 ,he c\ld po9t to ,plato's ,republic z a w>n+ example ( its logical consequ5ces4 ,b1 9 do+ ?is1 he 0 prep>$ to put ano!r doctr9e 9 its place1 & he did s on ! basis ( a pr(\nd /udy ( ! :ole c\rse ( ,greek ?\ght1 my?ological & philosophical4 ,in/ead ( appeal+1 l ,plato1 to ! individual consci\sness1 & try+ to discov] ultimate tru? by br++ its data into h>mony among !mselves1 ,ari/otle appeals to ! hi/oric consci\sness1 & endeavors to f9d tru? by h>moniz+ & complem5t+ its data ?r\gh a fur!r appeal to ! out] _w1 9 :i* ^! data are realiz$4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! tru?s rea*$ by ! dialectic process are m]ely =mal1 & !re=e empty1--useless 9 practice1 until !y h be5 fill$ by exp]i5ce f ! /oreh\se ( nature4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is *ang$ attitude1 he sets aside ! dialectic process1 & sub/itutes = x ! ,me?od ( ,induction1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ man 9 ! _w to compreh5d1 exp\nd1 & apply1 becom+ ?us ! fa!r ( all true sci5ce4 ,& he makes a m ext5sive use ( induction ?an any o!r man s9ce 8 "t1 apply+ x 9 a field 9 :i* ev5 n[ x is h>dly suppos$ to yield any results1 ! field ( ! common consci\sness4 ,inde$1 he ev]y:]e beg9s 8 se>* = concrete tru? by exam9+ ! hi/oric consci\sness1 &1 hav+1 by a process ( induction1 discov]$ & g5]aliz$ its cont5ts1 he turns ) ^! to nature &1 by a second induction1 corrects1 completes1 & h>monizes !m4 ,we might express ?is 9 mod]n language1 by say+ t 8 :ole endeavor is to correct & supplem5t ! imp]fect human consci\sness by a cont9ual appeal to ! div9e consci\sness1 z manife/$ 9 ! _w4 ,x is ! error ( mod]n inve/igators t !y employ only "o-half ( ! inductive me?od1 ! objective1 & ei!r omit altoge!r ! subjective1 or else1 l ,plato1 apply x only to ! individual consci\sness4 ,h5ce come ! widely div]g5t results :i* /ill meet u 9 s _m ( ! sci5ces1 9 ,politics1 ,psy*ology1 etc41 h5ce ! fact t a great deal ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( correct+1 wid5+1 & h>moniz+ ! common consci\sness1 /&s altoge!r ap>t f x1 or ev5 9 direct opposition to x4 ,! man :o writes a treatise on ,psy*ology1 or on ! ,s\l1 )\t tr\bl+ himself to discov] :at ,s\l means 9 ! g5]al consci\sness ( mank9d1 & p]haps sett+ out ) an altoge!r individual notion ( x1 c h>dly look = any o!r result4 ,ari/otle1 true to 8 me?od ( induction1 devotes "o entire book ( 8 ,psy*ology to f9d+ out :at ,s\l means 9 ! hi/oric consci\sness1 unreflective z well z reflective4 ,!n1 ) ?is mean+1 he goes to nature1 seeks by induction to discov] :at %e has to say ab\t x1 & abides by h] reply4 ,h5ce x is t 8 ?\ght has laid hold ^u ! _w1 & influ5c$ x 9 practical ways1 z no o!r man's ?\ght has ev] done4 ,h5ce x is t1 ( all anci5t m51 he is ! "o be=e :om ! mod]n sci5ti/ b[s ) respect4 ,if we n[ ask ourselves :at 0 ! und]ly+ ?\ght t %ap$ ,ari/otle's !ory ( induction1 :at 0 8 ,weltans*auung1 we %all f9d x to be ?is3 ,! div9e intellig5ce reveals itself subjectively 9 an hi/oric process 9 ! human consci\sness1 & objectively#d 9 a natural process 9 ! out] _w4 ,tru? = man is ! h>mony ( ! two revelations4 ,x foll[s directly f ?is t ! sci5ti/ mu/ take imp>tial acc\nt ( bo?4 ,s1 = example1 if he f9ds gods 9 ! hi/orical consci\sness1 & laws or =ces 9 nature1 he has no "r1 l ! !ologian1 to m]ge ! latt] 9 ! =m]1 or1 l ! physici/1 to replace ! =m] by ! latt]4 ,he mu/ reta9 bo? till he c br+ !m into h>mony4 ,only !n does he "k ei!r4 ,su* a philosophy z ?is1 in/ead ( draw+ m5 away f ! _w ( nature & hi/ory1 & conf9+ !m to ! n>r[ circle ( _! own consci\sness1 ( necessity s5t !m back to t _w1 z ! only means by :i* any human well-be+ c\ld be rea*$4 ,x is = ?is reason t x has s p[]fully affect$ bo? social life & sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 we %\ld err greatly1 if we suppos$ t1 9 ,ari/otle's view1 ! div9e is no?+ m ?an an imman5t idea1 work+ z a =ce-=m 9 nature1 & z a ?\ght-=m 9 m9d4 ,he does1 inde$1 believe t ! div9e is all ?is1 b n t ?is is all ! div9e !re is4 ,ov] & above ! div9e :i* is det]m9$ 9 nature & 9 man1 !re is ! transc5d5t ,m9d1 or ,god1 det]m9+ himself ?r\gh himself1 & be>+ ! same relation to ! div9e t ! sun be>s to light1 ! human m9d to human ?\ght1 ! g5]al to ! ord] ( 8 army4 ,"h we are f> away f ,pan!ism1 &1 ?\gh we h n yet ris5 to a cle> conception ( p]sonality1 we h at ! helm ( ! univ]se a consci\s be+1 ! s\rce ( law & ord]4 ,& man1 ris+ above ! ?\ght :]eby he kn[s himself ?r\gh nature1 & nature ?r\gh himself1 may ent] into ! consci\sness ( ,god & become a p>tak] 9 t life :i* is sweete/ & be/4 ,^! are ! features ( ,ari/otle's ?\ght :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury made x acceptable to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 h] /ruggle aga9/ ,pan!ism1 & :i* pav$ ! way = t high] my/icism ( :i* ,?omas ,aqu9as is ! mo/ di/+ui%$ expon5t--a my/icism :i* does n1 l t ( ! ,neoplatoni/s & ,buddhi/s1 disp5se ) ?\ght to lose itself 9 vacancy1 b :i*1 ris+ ^u a broad basis ( k1 pi]ces ! cl\ds ( s5se1 to f9d itself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mo/ concrete ,reality1 ! inexhau/ible s\rce ( all ?\ght & all ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,ari/otle',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,fir/1 !n1 let u try to enum]ate :atev] wor?y utt]ances h proce$$ f m5 ( ! pa/ ^u any aspect ( ! subject1 & !n1 ref]r+ to our collections ( ,con/itutional ,hi/ories1 let u seek to arrive at a !ory z to :at sorts ( ?+s pres]ve & de/roy ea* p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t1 & see = :at reasons "s are well1 "s ill1 manag$4 ,succe$+ 9 ?is1 we may1 p]haps1 ! bett] le>n bo? :at is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & :at arrangem5ts1 laws1 & cu/oms are be/ suit$ to ea* =m4--,ari/otle4 ,man is a political animal4--,id4 ,! ,/ate is prior to ! individual4--,id4 ,)\t fri5ds no "o w\ld *oose to live1 al?\gh he possess$ all o!r bless+s4--,id4 ,if happ9ess be self-det]m9ation 9 accordance ) wor?1 we mu/ conclude t x w be 9 accordance ) ! supreme wor?1 :i* w be ! wor? ( ! noble/ "p ( u4 ,?is "p1 :atev] x may be1 :e!r intellect 77 or some?+ else1 t :i* by nature evid5tly rules & guides u & has insight into ?+s beautiful & div9e1 :e!r x be itself div9e1 or ! div9e/ "p ( u1 is t ^: self-det]m9ation1 9 accordance ) its prop] wor?1 w be ! p]fect happ9ess4 ,t ?is consi/s 9 ! vision ( div9e ?+s has already be5 said4444 ,?is1 inde$1 is ! supreme self-det]m9ation1 = ! reason t intellect is ! highe/ "p ( u1 & t ) :i* x deals is ! highe/ ( ! kn[able4444 ,b a life ( ?is sort w\ld be some?+ high] ?an ! human2 = he :o liv$ x w\ld n be liv+ z man1 b z ! subject ( some?+ div9e4444 ,if1 !n1 intellect is some?+ div9e 9 relation to man1 ! life liv$ accord+ to x mu/ be div9e 9 relation to human life4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( foll[+ ^? :o advise u1 z be+ human1 to set our ?\ghts ^u human ?+s1 &1 z be+ mortals1 to set !m on mortal ?+s1 x is our duty1 z f> z may be1 to act z immortal be+s1 & d all we c to live 9 accordance ) ! supreme "p ( u4--,ari/otle4 ,man alone1 among all be+s1 occupies a middle place betwe5 ?+s corruptible & ?+s incorruptible4444 ,two ends1 !re=e1 ,ineffable ,provid5ce has orda9$ = man3 ,bless$ness 9 ?is life1 :i* consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( native faculty1 & is figur$ by ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 & bless$ness 9 ! et]nal life1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! vision ( ,god1 a ?+ n to be a*iev$ by any native faculty1 unless aid$ by div9e light1 & :i* is to be und]/ood by ! ,heav5ly ,p>adise4444 ,^! ends & means w\ld be disreg>d$ by human passion1 if m5 7 n re/ra9$ 9 _! c\rse by bit & bridle4444 ,= ?is reason man requir$ a d\ble directive1 correspond+ to ?is d\ble end4 ,he requir$ ! ,supreme ,pontiff to guide ! human race to life et]nal1 & ! ,emp]or to guide ! human race to temporal felicity1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( philosophy4444 ,! tru? ) reg>d to ! "q :e!r ! au?ority ( ! ,emp]or is d]iv$ directly f ,god or f ano!r1 mu/ n be tak5 s /rictly z to mean t ! ,roman ,pr9ce is n1 9 "s respects1 subject to ! ,roman ,pontiff1 ! fact be+ t ?is mortal felicity ( ours is1 9 "s s5se1 orda9$ ) a view to immortal felicity4 ,let ,cs>1 !re=e1 display t rev]5ce = ,pet] :i* ! fir/-born son ought to display = 8 fa!r1 s t1 be+ illum9at$ by 8 fa!r's grace1 he may ) great] virtue enlight5 ! _w1 :i* he has be5 call$ to gov]n by ,him :o is gov]nor ( all ?+s1 spiritual & temporal4--,dante4 ,o ,grace ab\nd+1 :5ce ,i did presume ,to fix my gaze ^u ! et]nal light ,s f> t ,i consum$ my sight !re96 ,)9 its deeps ,i saw int]naliz$ ,into "o volume1 b\nd ) love1 ,t :i* is out]$ 9 ! univ]se2-- ,sub/ance & accid5t1 & all _! modes1 ,z 'tw]e1 toge!r m]g$ 9 su* a sort ,t :at ,i mean is b a simple light4 ,! univ]sal =m ( ?is same knot ,i ?9k ,i saw1 because1 :5 ?us ,i speak1 ,i feel t ,i rejoice ) l>g] joy4--,id4 ,man's *ief end is to glorify ,god1 & to enjoy him =ev]4--,we/m9/] ,%ort] ,cate*ism4 ,plato's *ief purpose1 9 writ+ ^u education1 _h be5 to sugge/ a rem$y = ! social & moral conditions ( 8 native ,a!ns4 ,ari/otle has no su* purpose4 ,he is1 9 a v deep s5se1 a cosmopolitan1 & writes 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & univ]sal utility4 ,8 range ( vision is n conf9$ to ,a!ns1 or ev5 to ,greece 7?\gh he is v pr\d ( be+ a ,greek71 b ranges ov] ! :ole kn[n _w 9 "t & space4 ,unlike ,plato1 too1 :o _h be5 famili> ma9ly ) in/itutions ( ! pa/ 9 ,egypt & ,greece1 ,ari/otle is deeply affect$ by ! t5d5cies ( ! future1 &1 ?\gh no "o lays great] /ress ?an he ^u ! necessity ( a k ( ! pa/ = him :o w\ld con/ruct a s\nd social !ory1 he nev]!less decl>es t ! :ole ( ! pa/ is %ap$ by some?+ :i* is 9 ! future1 by ! ultimate realization4 ,?is view comes out 9 a p>adoxical way 9 8 fam\s say+ t ! ,/ate is prior to ! individual1 by :i* he means t x is man's political nature work+ 9 him t makes him an individual1 & at ! same "t realizes itself 9 a ,/ate4 ,& ?is br+s u to ,ari/otle's conception ( ! ,/ate1 :i* we mu/ consid] be=e tak+ up 8 !ory ( education1 = ! reason t to him1 z to all ! anci5t _w1 education is a function ( ! ,/ate1 & is conduct$1 prim>ily at lea/1 = ! ends ( ! ,/ate4 ,be=e v5tur+ ^u a !ory ( ! ,/ate1 ,ari/otle1 true to 8 inductive pr9ciples1 wrote ! ,con/itutional ,hi/ories ( ov] two hundr$ & fifty diff]5t /ates4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 has rec5tly be5 discov]$ & publi%$ 7see p4 #if74 ,he held t x 0 only by means ( a broad induction1 ?us r5d]$ possible1 t he c\ld discov] ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 t is1 its self-realiz+ =m4 ,employ+ ?is me?od1 !n1 he came to ! conclusion t ! ,/ate is t highe/ social in/itution :i* secures ! highe/ good or happ9ess ( man4 ,hav+1 9 a previ\s treatise1 satisfi$ himself t ?is good is ,wor? 771 & wor? be+ 9 e case ! full ex]cise ( *>act]i/ic or diff]5tiat+ faculty1 he concludes t1 s9ce man's di/+ui%+ faculty is reason1 ! ,/ate is ! in/itution :i* secures to man ! fulle/ & fre/ ex]cise ( ?is4 ,x foll[s directly t ! ,/ate is1 simply & solely1 ! supreme educational in/itution1 ! univ]sity to :i* all o!r in/itutions are b prep>atory4 ,& two m conclusions foll[3 7#a7 t /ates w diff] 9 con/itution ) ! diff]5t educational ne$s ( ! peoples among :om !y exi/1 & 7#b7 t1 s9ce all education is b a prep>ation = "s wor?y activity1 political education1 ! life ( man z a citiz51 is b a prep>ation = ! highe/ activity1 :i*1 because x is highe/1 mu/ necess>ily be an end 9 itself4 ,?is activity1 ,ari/otle argues1 c be none o!r ?an contemplation1 ! ,vision ( ! ,div9e 774 ,results :i* h mov$ ! _w foll[$ logically f ?is doctr9e4 ,:]eas ,plato _h made provision = a small & select body ( sup]-civic m51 & s pav$ ! way = religi\s mona/icism & asceticism1 ,ari/otle ma9ta9s t 9 e civiliz$ man1 z su*1 !re is a sup]-civic "p1 9 fact1 a sup]human & div9e "p1 = ! complete realization ( :i* all ! o!r p>ts1 & ! ,/ate :]e9 !y f9d expression1 are b means4 ,"h we h1 9 embryo1 ! :ole ( ,dante's !ory ( ! relation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 a !ory :i* lies at ! basis ( all mod]n political ef=t1 h[ev] little ! fact may be recogniz$4 ,"h1 inde$1 we h ! :ole framework ( ! ,div9e ,com$y2 "h too we h ! doctr9e ( ! ,beatific ,vision1 :i* = ages %ap$ &1 to a l>ge ext5t1 /ill %apes1 ! life ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,well might ,dante claim ,ari/otle z 8 ma/] 7see p4 #aec76 ,well might ! great doctors ( ! ,*ur* speak ( him z ,! ,philosoph]1 & z ! ,=]unn] ( ,*ri/ 9 ,?+s ,natural4 ,9 va9 did ,pet] ,ramus & ,lu!r & ,bruno & ,bacon depreciate or ana!matize him6 ,he is m p[]ful to-day 9 ?\ght & life ?an at any "t = ! la/ tw5ty-two c5turies4 ,x may be ask$ h[ f>1 & 9 :at =m1 ,ari/otle conceives ! div9e life to be possible = man on e>?4 ,he answ]s t1 ?\gh x _c be p]fectly or cont9u\sly realiz$ "h1 x is 9 "s degree & = c]ta9 times atta9able 7see p4 #afa74 ,9 s f> z x is a social life1 x is ! life ( fri5d%ip or spiritual love 771 to :i* he has devot$ almo/ two books ( 8 ,e?ics1 books :i* give u a l(ti] idea ( 8 p]sonal purity & wor? ?an any o!r ( 8 extant writ+s4 ,he insi/s t fri5d%ip is ! supreme bless+ 7see p4 #aff71 & t :atev] a man's be+ is1 or :atev] he *ooses to live =1 9 t he wi%es to sp5d 8 life 9 ! company ( 8 fri5ds4 ,x is ev5 said t ,ari/otle1 :ile tea*+ 9 ! ,lyceum1 ga!r$ ab\t him a knot ( noble y\?s & e>ne/ /ud5ts1 & =m$ !m into a k9d ( community1 ) a view to lead+ a truly spiritual social life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ari/otle',s ,,p$agogical ,,/ate ,nature is ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+4--,ari/otle4 ,life is m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t4--,jesus4 ,! =ces ( ! human passions 9 u1 :5 completely repress$1 become m vehem5t2 b :5 !y are call$ into action = %ort "t & 9 ! "r degree1 !y enjoy a measur$ delight1 are soo!d1 &1 !nce be+ purg$ away1 cease 9 a k9dly1 in/ead ( a viol5t1 way4 ,= ?is reason1 9 trag$y & com$y1 ?r\gh be+ spectators ( ! passions ( o!rs1 we /ill our own passions1 r5d] !m m mod]ate1 & purge !m away2 & s1 likewise1 9 ! temples1 by see+ & he>+ base ?+s1 we are fre$ f ! injury t w\ld come f ! actual practice ( !m4--,jambli*us4 ,c>e = ! body mu/ prec$e c>e = ! s\l2 next to c>e = ! body mu/ come c>e = ! appetites2 &1 la/ ( all1 c>e = ! intellig5ce4 ,we tra9 ! appetites = ! sake ( ! intellig5ce1 & ! body = ! sake ( ! s\l4--,ari/otle4 ,! practice ( abortion 0 "o to :i* few p]sons 9 antiquity atta*$ any deep feel+ ( condemnation4444 ,! physiological !ory t ! ftus did n become a liv+ creature till ! h\r ( bir? _h "s influ5ce on ! judgm5ts pass$ ^u ?is practice4 ,! dea? ( an unborn *ild does n appeal v p[]fully to ! feel+ ( compassion1 & m5 :o _h n yet atta9$ any /rong s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life1 :o believ$ t !y might regulate _! conduct on ^! matt]s by utilit>ian views1 accord+ to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! community1 might v readily conclude t prev5tion ( bir? 0 9 _m cases an act ( m]cy4 ,9 ,greece1 ,ari/otle n only c\nt5anc$ ! practice1 b ev5 desir$ t x %\ld be en=c$ by law1 :5 population _h exce$$ c]ta9 assign$ limits4 ,no law 9 ,greece1 or 9 ! ,roman ,republic1 or dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,empire1 condemn$ x4444 ,! language ( ! ,*ri/ians f ! v beg9n+ 0 v diff]5t4 ,) unwav]+ consi/5cy & ) ! /ronge/ emphasis1 !y d5\nc$ ! practice1 n simply z inhuman1 b z def9itely murd]4--,lecky1 ,european ,morals4 ,ari/otle cle>ly saw t ! /rong t5d5cy ( ! human race to increase1 unless correct$ by /rict & positive laws1 0 absolutely fatal to e sy/em f\nd$ on equality ( prop]ty2 & !re _c surely be a /rong] argum5t aga9/ any sy/em ( ?is k9d ?an ! necessity ( su* laws z ,ari/otle himself proposes4444 ,he seems to be fully aw>e t to enc\rage ! bir? ( *ildr51 )\t provid+ prop]ly = _! support1 is to obta9 a v small accession to ! population ( a c\ntry1 at ! exp5se ( a v great accession ( mis]y4--,mal?us1 ,essay on ,population4 ,consid]+ ,ari/otle's views ) reg>d to man1 8 end1 & ! function ( ! ,/ate1 we c h little difficulty 9 div9+ ! "* & me?od ( 8 educational sy/em4 ,man is a be+ end[$ ) reason2 8 end is ! full realization ( ?is1 8 sov]eign & di/+ui%+ faculty2 ! ,/ate is ! means :]eby ?is is accompli%$4 ,read]s ( ,goe!'s ,wilhelm ,mei/] w rememb] ! description1 9 ! second "p1 ( ! ,p$agogical ,prov9ce4 ,n[1 ,ari/otle's ,/ate might ) entire propriety be call$ a ,p$agogical ,prov9ce4 ,9 try+ to describe ?is ,/ate1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x dis*>ges its function1 x is difficult to "k :]e to beg91 = ! reason t1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,/ate is bo? tea*] & pupil4 ,x arranges ! :ole s*eme ( education1 & is !re=e relat$ to x z cause2 x is built up by ?is s*eme1 & is !re=e relat$ to x z effect4 ,x comes1 accord+ly1 bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end4 ,x is a univ]sity :i* arranges ! entire s*eme ( education1 & is itself its highe/ grade4 ,i %all try to surm\nt ?is difficulty by di/+ui%+ :at ! ,/ate is f :at x does1 beg9n+ ) ! =m]1 & end+ ) ! latt]4 ,) reg>d to :at ! ,/ate is1 we h to consid] 7#a7 its natural1 7#b7 its social1 conditions4 ,! =m] are climate1 & ext5t1 nature1 & situation ( t]ritory2 ! latt]1 numb] & "* ( inhabitants1 prop]ty regulations1 di/9ction ( classes1 city ar*itecture1 mode ( life1 gov]nm5t1 & relations to o!r /ates4 ,ari/otle dem&s = 8 ,/ate a temp]ate climate1 on ! gr\nd t a cold "o r5d]s m5 /rong & bold1 b dull & /upid1 :ile a hot "o r5d]s !m intellectual b effem9ate4 ,! be/ climate is "o t makes !m at once brave & intellig5t4 ,! t]ritory mu/ be ext5sive en\gh1 & f]tile en\gh1 to supply its inhabitants ) all ! mat]ial conditions ( life 9 answ] to labor :i* %all r\se1 )\t exhau/+1 _! en]gies4 ,x mu/ face ea/ or s\?1 & be heal?y1 well-wat]$1 accessible f l& & sea1 & easily def5sible4 ,z to ! social conditions1 ,ari/otle f9ds ! mo/ important to be ! numb] ( citiz5s4 ,& "h two ?+s mu/ be c>efully borne 9 m9d4 7#a7 ,he means by ,/ate a city ) a small t]ritory4 ,?is is n1 z has be5 errone\sly suppos$1 8 highe/ social unity4 ,he recognizes cle>ly ! nation 77 & ! conf$]acy 772 b he holds t !y exi/ m]ely = mat]ial ends1 :]eas ! end ( ! ,/ate is spiritual4 7#b7 ,he means by citiz5 a politician4 ,a man is a citiz51 n because he is born or domicil$ 9 a ,/ate1 b because he is a %>] 9 its functions4 ,a ,/ate made up ( me*anics1 no matt] h[ great _! numb]1 w\ld be a small ,/ate1 & "o compos$ ( slaves w\ld be no ,/ate at all4 ,?us1 9 e/imat+ ! size ( a ,/ate1 we are to consid] ! "* ( its inhabitants1 _! fitness = political functions1 r ?an _! numb]4 ,little ,a!ns 0 a mu* l>g] ,/ate ?an gigantic ,p]sia on ! field ( ,m>a?on4 ,ari/otle lays d[n t ! numb] ( citiz5s mu/ be l>ge en\gh to insure indep5d5ce1 ?is be+ ess5tial to a ,culture-,/ate1 & n too l>ge to be manageable4 ,besides ! citiz5s1 !re w necess>ily be 9 ! ,/ate a v l>ge numb] ( o!r human be+s1 slaves1 agriculturi/s1 me*anics1 sailors--= all ^! he excludes f citiz5%ip on ! gr\nd t !y d n make virtue1 t is1 ! realization ( reason1 ! end ( _! lives4 ,wom51 9 a s5se1 are citiz5s1 if !y belong to ! families ( citiz5s2 b _! sph]e is ! family4 ,) reg>d to prop]ty1 ,ari/otle beg9s by consid]+ :at ?+s x is necess>y =4 ,^! he f9ds to be six1 ?ree private & ?ree public4 ,! =m] are food 7includ+ clo?+ & %elt]71 in/rum5ts ( production1 & arms2 ! latt] are public ent]prises 7civil & milit>y71 religion1 & law4 ,^! are ! necess>ies 77 ( a ,/ate1 = :i* x mu/ duly provide4 ,! mo/ important ( all is religion1 on :i* he ev]y:]e lays great /ress4 ,z to ! di/ribution ( prop]ty1 he prop\nds a s*eme :i* is half sociali/ic4 ,all ! l& is to belong to ! ,/ate1 t is1 to ! body ( ! free citiz5s4 ,x is to be divid$ into two equal portions1 & "o set ap>t = public1 ! o!r = private1 uses4 ,! rev5ue f ! public "p is to g = ! support ( religion 7& law87 & ( ! public tables1 f :i* no citiz5 is exclud$ by pov]ty4 ,! private "p is to be s divid$ t ea* citiz5 %all h "o lot ne> ! city1 & "o ne> ! fronti]4 ,?is w give him an int]e/ 9 def5d+ ! :ole t]ritory4 ,bo? p>ts are to be cultivat$ by s]fs or slaves1 "p ( :om w necess>ily belong to ! ,/ate1 & "p to private individuals4 ,l&-own+ is to be a condition ( citiz5%ip1 & all citiz5s are to be =bidd5 to ex]cise any =m ( productive indu/ry4 ,?is la/ rule1 x is hop$1 w prev5t griev\s inequalities ( weal?1 & ! evils t fl[ f !m4 ,a mode/ compet5cy1 d]iv$ f 8 e/ate1 is all t any citiz5 %\ld aim at4 ,only degrad$ p1 incapable ( virtue1 w crave = m4 ,^u ! di/9ction ( classes "s light has be5 already ?r[n4 ,!y are two2 ! rul+ & ! rul$4 ,ari/otle holds t ?is di/9ction runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( nature & _s1 t x is fundam5tal 9 be+ itself4 ,x holds betwe5 ,god & ! univ]se1 =m & matt]1 s\l & body1 object & subject1 husb& & wife1 p>5t & *ild1 ma/] & slave1 etc41 etc4 ,! rul+ class aga9 is sub-divid$ into two p>ts1 "o t ?9ks & det]m9es 7legislators & judges71 & "o t executes 7(ficials1 (fic]s1 soldi]s72 :ile ! rul$ is sub-divid$ into husb&m51 me*anics1 & seam5 7sailors1 fi%]m51 etc474 ,all ! memb]s ( ! rul$ class are s]fs or public slaves1 work+1 n = !mselves1 b = _! ma/]s4 ,ari/otle holds t !y ought to be b>b>ians ( diff]5t races1 & n ,greeks4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! city w 9 "s degree correspond to ?is social division4 ,x w naturally fall into ?ree divisions1 milit>y1 religi\s1 & civil4 ,fir/ ( all1 a city mu/ h walls4 ,^! %\ld h t[]s & ba/ions at prop] di/ances1 & be made z attractive z possible4 ,! temples ( ! gods & ! (fices ( ! *ief magi/rates %\ld1 if possible1 /& toge!r on a =tifi$ citadel1 conspicu\sly dom9at+ ! entire city4 ,adjo9+ ?is ought to be ! ,freem5's ,squ>e1 res]v$ entirely = ! rul+ class1 & un5cumb]$ by bus9ess or w>es ( any sort4 ,"h ought to /& ! gymnasium = ! old] citiz5s1 :o w ?us be br\ght into contact ) ! magi/rates & inspir$ ) true rev]5ce & freem5's fe>4 ,! m>ket-squ>e mu/ be plac$ s z to be conv5i5t = ! reception ( goods bo? f sea & l&4 ,?is compreh5ds all ! civil ar*itecture except ! mess-halls1 ( :i* we %all bett] speak 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,! mode ( life ( ! rul+ class w necess>ily diff] widely f t ( ! rul$4 ,ab\t ! latt] ,ari/otle has no?+ to say4 ,he hopes = little f t class beyond ! possibility ( be+ held 9 cont5t$ subord9ation4 ,z x has no political life1 all t is left to x is ! life ( ! family4 ,! rul+ class1 on ! contr>y1 live to a l>ge ext5t 9 public1 & on public funds4 ,!y ex]cise 9 public gymnasia & eat at public tables4 ,! *ief magi/rates h _! mess-hall 9 ! citadel2 ! prie/s h !irs close to ! temples2 ! magi/rates1 :o preside ov] bus9ess matt]s1 /reets1 & m>kets1 h !irs ne> ! m>ket-squ>e1 :ile ^? :o att5d to ! def5ces ( ! city h tables 9 ! t[]s4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 public bus9ess1 ! citiz5s may meet 9 ! ,freem5's ,squ>e & enjoy an op5-air conv]sazione1 ) music1 poetry1 & philosophy1 9 a ^w1 1 = :i* our language has no ev5 approximate equival5t 7see p4 #cc74 ,9 proportion z !y advance 9 ye>s1 ! citiz5s enjoy m & m 1 :i*1 inde$1 is reg>d$ z ! end ( life1 "h & h]eaft]4 ,! gov]nm5t is entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! free citiz5s1 ! legislative & delib]ative p[] be+ 9 ^? ( ! eld]s2 ! executive p[]1 civil & milit>y1 9 ^? ( ! y\ng] portion4 ,x is curi\s t1 ?\gh ,ari/otle reg>ds ?is z ! be/ possible arrangem5t "u ord9>y circum/ances1 he nev]!less believes t ! happie/ condition = a ,/ate w\ld be to be gov]n$ by "s div9e or h]oic man1 f> sup]ior to all ! o!rs 9 wisdom & goodness4 ,he pla9ly consid]s ,pisi/ratus to h be5 "o su* man1 & he p]haps hop$ t ,alex&] might be ano!r4 ,! relations ( ! p$agogical ,/ate to o!r ,/ates are1 z f> z possible1 to be peaceful4 ,j z all labor is = ! sake ( re/ & 1 s all w> is = ! sake ( peace2 & t ,/ate is to be envi$ :i* c ma9ta9 an honorable indep5d5ce )\t w>4 ,a cultur$ ,/ate w es*ew all attempts at conque/1 & be z unwill+ to tyrannize ov] ano!r ,/ate z to be tyranniz$ ov] by "o4 ,at ! same "t1 x w always be prep>$ = w>1 possess+ an army ( well-tra9$1 well-arm$ soldi]s1 & a well-mann$1 well-equipp$ fleet4 ,su* are ! *ief features ( ,ari/otle's ideal ,/ate1 bas$1 z he believes1 on man's political nature & ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,l all social ideals1 l heav5 itself1 z ord9>ily conceiv$1 x is a /atic condition4 ,its in/itutions are fix$ once = all1 & e ef=t is made to pres]ve !m4 ,x is curi\s to note 9 h[ _m po9ts x co9cides ) ,x5ophon's ideal4 ,! purpose ( ! ,/ate is to educate its citiz5s1 to make !m virtu\s4 ,virtue is ! v life-pr9ciple ( ! ,/ate1 & x does n dep5d1 z o!r conditions d1 ^u nature or *ance1 b ^u free w4 ,! ideal ,/ate1 l e o!r1 mu/ educate ) a view to its own in/itutions1 s9ce only 9 ?is way c ^! be pres]v$4 ,&1 s9ce ! ,/ate1 z a :ole1 has b "o aim1 x is evid5t t ! political education ( all ! citiz5s ought to be ! same1 & t ?is is a matt] = ! ,/ate to att5d to1 & n "o to be left to individual caprice1 z is n[ almo/ univ]sally done1 :5 e p>5t att5ds to ! education ( 8 own *ildr51 & gives !m :atev] s*ool+ suits 8 own fancy4 ,= ! education ( ^? memb]s ( ! ,/ate :o are n citiz5s ! ,/ate makes no provision4 ,!y le>n _! practical duties by p]=m+ !m1 & are completely "u ! control ( ! citiz5s4 ,ari/otle makes ! mo/ vigor\s ef=ts to prove t slav]y has its ju/ification 9 nature1 :i* has e/abli%$ betwe5 ,greek & b>b>ian ! relation ( ma/] & slave 7see p4 #ab74 ,z woman belongs to ! family1 & is only indirectly a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate1 h] education is entru/$ to ! =m] in/itution4 ,! daught] is to be educat$ by ! p>5ts1 & ! wife by ! husb&1 exactly z recomm5d$ by ,x5ophon4 ,hav+ conclud$ t education ought to be a matt] ( ,/ate legislation1 & ! same = all ! citiz5s1 he cont9ues3 ,x rema9s to inquire :at %all be ! nature ( ! education1 & ! me?od ( imp>t+ x4444 ,! pres5t /ate ( education leaves ?is "q 9 a p]fect muddle1 no "o seem+ to "k :e!r we ought to tea* ^? subjects :i* enable p to make a liv+1 or ^? :i* fo/] wor?1 or1 f9ally1 accompli%m5ts4 ,all h _h _! advocates4 ,9 reg>d to ^? /udies :i* h wor? = _! aim1 !re is no g5]al agreem5t1 ow+ to ! fact t diff]5t p h diff]5t views z to :at k9ds ( wor? are admirable1 & consequ5tly diff] 9 reg>d to ! means to be employ$ = ! cultivation ( !m4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 is p]fectly cle>1 viz4 t ^? useful ?+s :i* are necess>y ought to be taught4 ,b x is equally cle> t a di/9ction ought to be made betwe5 lib]al & illib]al /udies1 & t only ^? useful subjects ought to be taught :i* d n turn ^? le>n+ !m into craftsm54 ,we ought to look ^u e employm5t1 art1 or /udy :i* contributes to r5d] ! bodies1 s\ls1 or intellects ( free m5 unfit = ! uses & practices ( virtue1 z a craft4 ,= ?is reason x is t we call all ^? arts :i* l[] ! condition ( ! body crafts1 & ext5d ! t]m to ! money-mak+ trades1 because !y preoccupy & degrade ! intellig5ce4 ,z to ! lib]al arts1 to cultivate an acqua9tance ) !m up to a c]ta9 po9t is n illib]al2 b any ov]-devotion to !m1 ) a view to atta9+ pr(essional skill1 is liable to ! objections m5tion$4 ,x also makes a great diff]5ce = :at purpose we d or le>n a ?+4 ,if a man does a ?+ = 8 own1 = 8 fri5ds'1 or = wor?'s sake1 x is n illib]al1 :]eas if he does x (t5 = ! sake ( anybody else1 he w be held to be do+ some?+ m]c5>y or slavi%4 ,! next & all-important "q is1 ,= :at end %all ! ,/ate educate1--= bus9ess or = leisure8 ,9 answ]+ ?is1 ,ari/otle breaks entirely away f ! old ,greek traditions1 z well z f ,plato1 & ma9ta9s t1 :ile x mu/ educate = bo?1 yet education = leisure is f> m important ?an education = bus9ess1 & cites ,nature z 8 au?ority4 ,nature itself dem&s1 he says1 n only t we %\ld pursue bus9ess prop]ly1 b t we %\ld be able to employ our leisure elegantly4 ,if we mu/ h bo?1 we mu/2 b leisure is pref]able to bus9ess1 & our f9al inquiry mu/ be1 9 :at sort ( employm5t we %all sp5d our leisure4 ,x is useless to say t we are to sp5d x 9 play1 & t play is ! end & aim ( our life4 ,if ?is is impossible1 & ! tru? is t ! prop] place = play is 9 ! mid/ ( bus9ess 7x is ! man :o is toil+ t requires recreation1 :i* is ! aim ( play1 bus9ess be+ accompani$ ) ex]tion & t5sion71 !n1 9 hav+ rec\rse to play1 we mu/ select ! prop] seasons = adm9i/]+ x1 j z if x 7 a m$ic9e4 ,inde$1 all su* movem5t ( ! s\l is relaxation1 & becomes recreation on acc\nt ( ! pleasure :i* x af=ds4 ,leisure1 on ! contr>y1 is consid]$1 9 & by itself1 to involve pleasure1 happ9ess1 & a bless$ life4 ,^! fall to ! lot ( ^? :o h leisure1 n ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess4 ,^? :o engage 9 bus9ess d s = "s ult]ior end n realiz$ 9 x1 :]eas happ9ess is itself an end &1 accord+ to univ]sal belief1 br+s1 n pa9 b pleasure4 ,( c\rse1 z to ! nature ( ?is pleasure1 !re is at pres5t a v>iety ( op9ions1 e "o hav+ 8 own pref]5ces due to 8 "* & habits1 & ! highe/ type ( man pref]r+ ! highe/ type ( pleasure & t :i* arises f ! noble/ ?+s4 ,we ne$ no fur!r argum5t to %[ t we %\ld receive in/ruction & education 9 c]ta9 ?+s ) a view to otium cum dignitate 7or cultur$ leisure71 & t ^! %\ld be ends 9 !mselves1 9 contradi/9ction to ! in/ruction giv5 = bus9ess1 :i* is necess>y & has an ult]ior aim4 ,?ree pr9ciples ,ari/otle lays d[n z valid = all education3 7#a7 t ! tra9+ ( ! body ought to take prec$5ce 9 "t ov] t ( ! m9d2 7#b7 t pupils %\ld be taught to d ?+s be=e !y are taught ! reasons & pr9ciples ( !m2 7#c7 t le>n+ is nev] play+1 or = ! sake ( play+4 ,! p]iods ( education di/+ui%$ by ,ari/otle are3 7#a7 ,*ildhood1 ext5d+ f bir? to ! end ( ! sev5? ye>1 & sp5t 9 heal?y gr[+ &1 latt]ly1 9 prep>ation = discipl9e2 7#b7 ,boyhood1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? ye> to ! adv5t ( pub]ty1 devot$ to ! light] =ms ( discipl9e1 bodily & m5tal2 7#c7 ,y\?1 f ! age ( pub]ty to ! end ( ! tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 occupi$ ) ! sev]] =ms ( discipl9e2 7#d7 ,manhood1 devot$ to ,/ate duties4 ,all ^! are b prep>ations = ! div9e life ( ! s\l4 ,we %all treat ^! 9 ord]1 includ+ ! second & ?ird "u "o head4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sev5 ,,ye>s ,suff] no lewdness or indec5t spee* ,! ap>tm5t ( t5d] y\? to rea*4--,juv5al4 ,le cur d'un homme vi]ge e/ un vase pr(ond-- ,lorsque la premire eau qu'on y v]se e/ impure1 ,la m] y pass]ait sans lav] la s\illure2 ,c> l'abme e/ imm5se1 et la ta*e e/ au fond4 --,alfr$ de ,musset4 ,! ,/ate mu/ beg9 ! education ( *ildr5 be=e _! bir?2 inde$1 be=e ! m>riage ( _! p>5ts4 ,x mu/ see t only p]sons ( robu/ con/itutions m>ry4 ,a?letes are n suit$ = m>riage1 nei!r are weakl+s4 ,! be/ age = m>riage is ?irty-sev5 = a man1 & eighte5 = a woman4 ,dur+ _! pregnancy wom5 mu/ take special c>e ( _! heal?1 liv+ on light food1 & tak+ %ort walks4 ,! ,/ate %\ld make a law t !y visit ! temples ( c]ta9 gods e day1 & (f] up a pray] ( ?anksgiv+ = ! honor conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,!y mu/ c>efully avoid all =ms ( emotional excitem5t4 ,:5 defective *ildr5 are born1 !y mu/ be expos$ or de/roy$4 ,! ,/ate mu/ det]m9e :at numb] ( *ildr5 ea* m>ri$ c\ple may h1 &1 if m ?an ?is numb] are begott51 !y mu/ be de/roy$ ei!r be=e or aft] bir?4 ,z soon z *ildr5 are born1 x ought to be rememb]$ t _! future /r5g? w dep5d greatly ^u ! n\ri%m5t suppli$ to !m4 ,a milk diet is be/1 & w9e mu/ be avoid$4 ,x is likewise ( great importance t *ildr5 %\ld make ^? motions t are appropriate to _! /age ( developm5t4444 ,:atev] x is possible to inure *ildr5 to1 !y ought to be subject$ to f ! v outset1 & gradual progress to be made4 ,*ildr51 on acc\nt ( _! high natural w>m?1 are ! prop] subjects = inurem5t to cold4 ,^! & o!r po9ts ( ! same nature are :at ought to be att5d$ to 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! *ild's life4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 up to ! age ( five1 :ile *ildr5 ought n to be subject$ to any in/ruction or sev]e discipl9e1 = fe> ( imp$+ _! gr[?1 !y ought to take su* ex]cises z %all gu>d _! bodies f sluggi%ness4 ,?is may be secur$ by o!r =ms ( activity z well z by play4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t _! games %all be nei!r unref9$1 labori\s1 nor languid4 ,z to ! conv]sation & /ories :i* *ildr5 are to he>1 t is a matt] = ! att5tion ( ^? (fic]s call$ ,gu>dians ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,x ought to be se5 to t all su* ?+s t5d to pave ! way = future avocations4 ,h5ce all games ought to be types ( future /udies4 ,z to ! scream+ & cry+ ( *ildr51 !y are ?+s t ought n to be prohibit$1 z !y are 9 "s places4 ,!y contribute to ! gr[? ( ! body1 by act+ z a sort ( gymna/ics4 ,j z p]sons engag$ 9 h>d "w increase _! /r5g? by hold+ _! brea?1 s *ildr5 increase !irs by scream+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,gu>dians ( ,public ,in/ruction to provide = _! amusem5t g5]ally1 z well z to see t ^! br+ !m z little z possible 9 contact ) slaves4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 natural t at ?is age !y %\ld le>n improprieties ( spee* & mann] f :at !y he> & see4 ,z to f\l language1 x ought1 ( c\rse1 l ev]y?+ else t is f\l1 to be prohibit$ 9 all society 7= frivol\s impurity ( talk easily leads to impurity ( action71 b above all1 9 ! society ( ! "y1 s t !y may nei!r he> nor utt] any su* ?+4 ,if any *ild be caught utt]+ or do+ any?+ t is =bidd51 if he be freeborn & "u ! age :5 *ildr5 are all[$ to come to ! public table1 he ought to be disgrac$ & subject$ to corporal puni%m5t2 if he be old]1 x w be suffici5t to puni% him ) disgrace1 l a slave1 = hav+ behav$ l "o4 ,& if we ?us prohibit all m5tion ( improp] ?+s1 ) /rong] reason %all we prohibit all look+ at improp] pictures & li/5+ to improp] n>ratives4 ,x ought to be made ! bus9ess ( ! ,gu>dians ( ,public ,in/ruction to see t !re does n exi/ a /atue or a picture repres5t+ any su* ?+ any:]e 9 ! ,/ate1 except 9 ! temples ( ^? gods to :om ord9>y belief ascribes a c]ta9 wantonness4444 ,!re ought to be a regulation =bidd+ "y p]sons to be pres5t at lampoons or com$ies be=e !y rea* ! age :5 !y are all[$ to come to ! public table & p>take ( w9e1 & :5 education has =tifi$ !m aga9/ all possible dang] f !m4444 ,we all h a pref]5ce = :at we fir/ "k2 = ?is reason ev]y?+ t savors ( meanness or ignobility ought to be made ali5 to *ildr54 ,f ! completion ( _! fif? ye> to t ( _! sev5?1 *ildr5 ought to be pres5t at ! giv+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( in/ruction :i* !y w aft]w>ds h to acquire4 ,9 ?is brief sket* ( prim>y education we see t ,ari/otle does n dep>t f> f ! notions ( ,plato4 ,x conta9s ev5 ! revolt+ features ( 8 s*eme4 ,x assumes t ! citiz5s--m51 wom51 &1 aft] a c]ta9 age1 *ildr5--eat at public tables1 & t education is entirely manag$ by ! ,/ate1--! family1 9 ?is respect1 be+ m]ely its ag5t4 ,"s ( its features1 includ+ ! ,gu>dians ( ,public ,in/ruction 71 *ild-h]ds7 are pla9ly borr[$ f ,sp>ta4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,ye>s ,,f ,,sev5 ,,to ,,tw5ty-,,"o ,! natures t give evid5ce ( be+ ! noble/ are j ^? t mo/ require education4--,socrates4 ,we f\nd ourselves b5ea? a noble ca/le ,encompass$ sev5 times ) l(ty walls1 ,def5d$ r\nd by a fair rivulet4 ,o'er ?is we pass$ z ^u solid e>?3 ,?r\gh sev5 gates ,i ent]$ ) ^! sages4 ,we came ^u a mead[ ( fre% gre54--,dante4 ,= ?is p]iod1 :i* ,ari/otle divides into two 7see p4 #ahc7 by ! adv5t ( pub]ty1 he1 9 ! ma91 accepts ! c\rse ( /udy cu/om>y 9 8 "t4 ,x consi/s1 he says1 ( f\r bran*es1--,lett]s1 ,gymna/ics1 ,music1 & ,draw+1 ! la/ n be+ univ]sal4 ,lett]s & ,draw+ are taught because !y are useful 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life & = a v>iety ( purposes1 & ,gymna/ics because !y fo/] manl9ess1 :]eas ! purpose ( ,music is d\btful4 ,( ,,lett]s ,ari/otle has n mu* to say1 beyond ! fact t !y are necess>y 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,he *ampions ,hom] aga9/ ,plato1 & goes into a long discussion to %[ ! value ( ! drama4 ,in/ead ( believ+1 ) ,plato1 t *ildr5 %\ld see & he> no?+ t w\ld excite _! emotions1 he ma9ta9s t x is only by be+ prop]ly excit$ & purg$ t ^! c be tra9$ & made subord9ate to ! reason4 ,among ! passions t ob/ruct ! ex]cise ( reason are fe> & pity4 ,trag$y r\ses ^! & !n dra9s !m (f 9 a pleasant & h>mless way4 ,com$y does ! same ?+ = pleasure & laught]4 ,9 fact1 he ma9ta9s t ! special function ( ! f9e arts is to act z ca?>tics = ! diff]5t passions4 ,art is ideal exp]i5ce4 ,ari/otle has left u a "w on trag$y t holds ! place ( honor 9 ! lit]ature ( t subject ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,,draw+ ,ari/otle recomm5ds z a bran* ( /udy :i* develops ta/e & judgm5t 9 reg>d to ! products ( indu/rial art2 b he says x %\ld n be /udi$ m]ely = its use 9 enabl+ u to *oose ^!1 or ev5 works ( f9e art1 correctly1 b r because x enables u to appreciate beauty ( =m4 ,he adds3 ,! p]petual dem& = :at is m]ely useful is any?+ b a m>k ( bread? or lib]ality4 ,aft] ?us briefly dismiss+ ,lett]s & ,draw+1 ,ari/otle passes on to ,gymna/ics & ,music1 & devotes consid]able space to ea*4 ,alongside ,,gymna/ics1 b di/+ui%$ f !m1 he names ,,physical ,,culture 771 say+ t1 :ile ! =m] gives "* to ! acts ( ! body1 ! latt] gives "* to ! body itself4 ,! aim ( gymna/ic tra9+ %\ld be nei!r a?leticism nor f]ocity1 su* z ! ,lac$monians cultivate 9 _! *ildr5 9 ! hope ( mak+ !m c\rage\s4 ,! =m] is detrim5tal to ! beauty & gr[? ( ! body2 ! latt] misses its aim 7see p4 #da74 ,h5ce nobility1 & n f]ocity1 ought to play ! pr9cipal "p among our aims 9 physical education4 ,= nei!r a wolf nor any o!r wild bea/ ev] brav$ a noble dang]4 ,to d t takes a noble man2 & ^? :o all[ _! *ildr5 to g too deep into su* wild ex]cises1 & s leave !m un9/ruct$ 9 ! necess>y bran*es1 make !m1 9 po9t ( fact1 m]e pr(essionals1 useful = ! ends ( ! ,/ate only 9 a s+le requisite1 &1 z we h %[n1 inf]ior to o!rs ev5 9 t4 ,!re is a g5]al agreem5t1 !n1 z to ! utility ( ,gymna/ics & to ! mann] 9 :i* !y ought to be conduct$4 ,up to ! age ( pub]ty1 *ildr5 ought to be subject$ only to ! light] ex]cises1 & all =c$ diet+ & viol5t ex]tions es*ew$1 s t no ob/acle may be put to ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,x is no slight evid5ce ( ! fact t viol5t ex]cise imp$es gr[?1 t !re are n m ?an two or ?ree examples on record ( p]sons' hav+ be5 victori\s at ! ,olympic games bo? z boys & m54 ,! explanation ( ?is is1 t ! o!rs 7 robb$ ( _! /r5g? 9 _! boyhood by ! tra9+ !y _h to und]go4 ,aft] ! adv5t ( pub]ty1 = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 ! "y m5 are app>5tly to h v little gymna/ics1 & to devote !mselves assidu\sly to lett]s1 music1 & draw+4 ,! p]iod foll[+ ?is is to be devot$ to sev]e ex]cise & /rict diet+1 m5tal ex]tion be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum2 = ! two k9ds ( ex]tion naturally "w aga9/ ea* o!r1 bodily ex]tion imp$+ ! intellect1 & intellectual ex]tion ! body4 ,on ,,music1 z a bran* ( /udy1 we h almo/ a disquisition f ! p5 ( ,ari/otle4 ,! "q t fir/ occupies him is1 ,:at is ! use ( music8 ,is x a recreation1 an occupation = cultur$ leisure1 or a gymna/ic = ! s\l8 ,x is all ?ree1 he replies1 & w\ld des]ve /udy = ! sake ( any "o ( !m4 ,at ! same "t1 its *ief value 9 education lies 9 its ?ird use4 ,music imp>ts a m5tal habit2 ab\t t !re c be no d\bt4 ,= example1 ! songs ( ,olympus r5d] ! s\l en?usia/ic1 & en?usiasm is an affection ( ! s\l's habit4 ,ari/otle reasons 9 ?is way3 ,music is capable ( affect+ u ) all k9ds ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,b moral wor? at bottom consi/s 9 f9d+ pleasure 9 :at is noble1 & pa9 9 :at is ignoble1 t is1 9 a correct di/ribution ( affection4 ,b 9 good music ! /ra9s t give pleasure are atta*$ to ! ideas t are noble1 & ! /ra9s t give pa9 to ! ideas t are ignoble2 h5ce1 by a natural association1 ! pleasures & pa9s :i* we f9d 9 ! music atta* !mselves to ! ideas :i* x accompanies4 ,!re is no?+ t we ought to le>n & practice s assidu\sly z ! art ( judg+ correctly & ( tak+ delight 9 g5tlemanly be>+ & noble de$s4 ,& ap>t f ! natural manife/ations ( ! passions !mselves1 !re is no?+ 9 :i* we c f9d ang]1 g5tl5ess1 c\rage1 self-control1 & _! opposites1 z well z ! o!r moods1 s well repres5t$ z 9 rhy?ms & songs4 ,?is we all "k by exp]i5ce2 = ! moods ( our s\ls *ange :5 we li/5 to su* /ra9s4 ,b ! practice :i* we ?us receive f rhy?ms & songs1 9 rejoic+ & suff]+ prop]ly1 br+s u v ne> be+ affect$ 9 ! same way by ! realities !mselves4 ,"h ,ari/otle draws a di/9ction betwe5 music1 :i* appeals to ! e>1 & ! arts t appeal to ! o!r s5ses1 or r to sight2 = no art appeals to t\*1 ta/e1 or smell4 ,9 ! objects ( art t appeal to ! eye1 we h expressions ( passions only 9 s f> z !y affect ! body1 :]eas 9 music we h _! direct expression pass+ f s\l to s\l4 ,yet p]sons are deeply mov$ by /atu>y & pa9t+1 s mu* s t "y p ought n to be all[$ to see su* works z ^? ( ,pauson4 ,h[ mu* m !n mu/ !y be mov$ by music6 ,t !y are s is q pla92 = !re is su* an obvi\s diff]5ce ( nature betwe5 h>monies t ! li/5]s are affect$ 9 entirely diff]5t ways by !m4 ,by "s !y are ?r[n into a k9d ( m\rnful or grave mood1 e4g41 by :at is kn[n z ! mix$ ,lydian2 by o!rs a s5tim5tal turn is giv5 to _! ?\ghts1 = example1 by languid h>monies2 :ile !re is ano!r k9d t especially produces balance ( feel+ & collect$ness4 ,?is effect is conf9$ to ! ,doric h>monies4 ,! ,phrygian h>monies r\se en?usiasm4 ,^! are correct results arriv$ at by ^? ?9k]s :o h devot$ _! att5tion to ?is bran* ( education1--results bas$ ^u actual exp]i5ce4 ,:at is true ( h>monies is true also ( rhy?ms4 ,"s ( ^! h a /eady1 o!rs a mobile1 "*2 ( ! latt]1 aga91 "s h co>se1 o!rs ref9$1 movem5ts4 ,f all ^! consid]ations1 x is obvi\s t music is calculat$ to imp>t a c]ta9 "* to ! habit ( ! s\l1 :5ce x foll[s t x ought to be br\ght to be> ^u *ildr51 & in/ruction giv5 !m 9 x4 ,musical in/ruction1 inde$1 is admirably adapt$ to _! /age ( developm5t2 = "y p1 j because !y are "y1 are n fond ( p]si/+ 9 any?+ t does n give !m pleasure1 & music is "o ( ! pleasant ?+s4 ,!re seems ev5 to be a c]ta9 k9%ip betwe5 h>monies & rhy?ms & ! s\l2 :5ce _m philosoph]s hold t ! s\l is a h>mony1 or t x has h>mony4 ,ari/otle1 hav+ ?us %[n t music is a prop] subject ( in/ruction1 goes on to inquire :e!r *ildr5 ought1 or ought n1 to be taught music1 by be+ taught to s+ & play !mselves8 ,8 answ] is well wor? quot+ at full l5g?4 ,x is q evid5t1 he says1 t music w h a v mu* great] effect 9 m\ld+ p1 if !y take "p 9 ! p]=mance !mselves4 ,inde$1 x is difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 = ^? :o d n le>n to d ?+s !mselves to be good judges ( !m :5 !y are done4 ,at ! same "t1 *ildr5 mu/ h "s amusem5t1 & we may look ^u ,ar*ytas' rattle1 :i* !y give to *ildr5 to sp5d _! en]gies ^u1 & to prev5t !m f break+ ?+s ab\t ! h\se1 z a good inv5tion4 ,x is useless to try to keep a "y creature quiet1 &1 j z ! rattle is ! prop] ?+ = babies1 s musical in/ruction is ! prop] rattle = old] *ildr54 ,x foll[s t *ildr5 ought to be taught music by be+ made to produce x !mselves1 & x is n difficult to det]m9e ei!r :at is suitable & unsuitable = diff]5t ages1 or to answ] ^? p :o pret5d t ! /udy ( music is some?+ ung5tlemanly4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce p mu/1 to "s ext5t1 le>n ?+s !mselves1 9 ord] to =m a correct judgm5t ab\t !m1 !y ought to le>n ! practice ( !m :ile !y are "y1 s t1 :5 !y gr[ up1 !y may be able to disp5se ) x1 & yet1 ?r\gh _! e>ly /udies1 be able to judge ( !m correctly & take ! prop] delight 9 !m4 ,to ! objections :i* "s p raise1 t music turns p into craftsm51 x is n h>d to f9d an answ]1 if we consid] to :at ext5t ! practice ( music ought to be requir$ ( *ildr5 :o are be+ re>$ 9 ! civic virtues1 :at songs & rhy?ms !y ought to le>n1 & :at in/rum5ts !y ought to use--= ?is makes a diff]5ce4 ,h]e9 lies ! solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! fact is1 !re is no?+ to prev5t c]ta9 k9ds ( music f accompli%+ ! end propos$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t ! acquisition ( music ought n to be all[$ to int]f]e ) future usefulness1 to imp>t an ignoble habit to ! body1 or r5d] x unfit = civic duties1--ei!r = ! imm$iate le>n+1 or ! subsequ5t ex]cise1 ( !m4 ,all ! b5eficial results ( musical education w\ld be atta9$1 if1 in/ead ( go+ into a labori\s practice1 su* z is requir$ to prep>e p = public exhibitions1 if in/ead ( try+ to p]=m ^? m>vell\s feats & t\rs de =ce :i* h lately become popul> at public exhibitions1 & pass$ f !m into education1 ! *ildr5 7 to le>n j en\gh to enable !m to take delight 9 noble songs & rhy?ms1 in/ead ( f9d+ a m]e undiscrim9at+ pleasure 9 any?+ t calls itself music1 z "s ( ! l[] animals & ! bulk ( slaves & *ildr5 d4 ,if s mu* be admitt$1 we ne$ be 9 no d\bt respect+ our *oice ( in/rum5ts4 ,ari/otle specially condemns ! flute1 & tells h[ x came into use1 & h[ x 0 aft]w>ds disc>d$1 z ex]t+ an immoral influ5ce4 ,9 ! same way 7 condemn$ _m ( ! old] in/rum5ts1 z ! pectis1 ! b>bitus1 & ^? :i* t5d$ to produce s5sual pleasure 9 ! he>]s--also ! septangle1 ! triangle1 ! sambuca1 & all ^? requir+ sci5tific manipulation4 444 ,we w\ld1 !n1 condemn all pr(essional in/ruction 9 ! nature & use ( ^! in/rum5ts4 ',pr(essional' we call all in/ruction t looks t[>d public exhibitions4 ,! p]son :o receives ?is pursues 8 art1 n ) a view to 8 own culture1 b to af=d a pleasure1 & t a vulg> "o1 to o!r p4 ,= ?is reason we hold t su* practice is n prop] = free m51 b savors ( m5iality & h&icraft4 ,! aim1 inde$1 = :i* !y und]take ?is task is an ignoble "o4 ,= audi5ces1 be+ vulg>1 are wont to *ange _! music1 & s react ^u ! "* ( ! pr(essionals :o cat] to _! ta/es1 & ?is aga9 has its influ5ce ^u _! bodies1 on acc\nt ( ! motions :i* !y are oblig$ to g ?r\gh4 ,s9ce diff]5t k9ds ( music h diff]5t effects ^u ! habit ( ! s\l1 ,ari/otle next inquires :at k9ds are suitable = education4 ,we accept1 he says1 ! classification made by c]ta9 philosoph]s1 :o divide songs into e?ical1 practical1 & en?usia/ic1 assign+ to !m ! diff]5t h>monies respectively1 & we affirm t music is to be employ$1 n = "o useful purpose alone1 b = sev]al2 fir/1 = in/ruction2 second1 = purgation2 & ?ird1 = cultur$ leisure1 = relaxation1 & = recreation4 ,x is obvi\s t all h>monies ought to be employ$1 ?\gh n all 9 ! same way4 ,! mo/ e?ical 7i4e4 ^? t mo/ affect ! e?os or habit ( ! s\l7 mu/ be employ$ = in/ruction2 ! practical & en?usia/ic = ent]ta9m5ts by pr(essional p]=m]s4 ,= ^? emotions :i* manife/ !mselves p[]fully 9 "s s\ls are pot5tially pres5t 9 all1 ) a diff]5ce 9 degree m]ely1 e4g41 pity1 fe>1 & also en?usiasm1 a =m ( excitem5t by :i* c]ta9 p]sons are v liable to be possess$4 ,if we wat* ! effects ( ! sacr$ songs1 we %all see t ^? p]sons are re/or$ to a normal condition "u ! influ5ce ( ^? t solemnize ! s\l1 j z if !y _h und]gone m$ical treatm5t & purgation4 ,! same ?+ mu/ happ5 to all p]sons pr$ispos$ to pity1 fe>1 or emotion g5]ally1 z well z to o!rs 9 s f> z !y all[ !mselves to come )9 ! rea* ( any ( ^!2 = !m all !re mu/ exi/ "s =m or ano!r ( purgation & relief accompani$ ) pleasure4 ,9 ?is way ^? 'purgative' songs af=d a h>mless pleasure1 & x is = ?is reason t !re ought to be a legal enactm5t to ! effect t p]=m]s giv+ public conc]ts %\ld employ su* h>monies & su* songs4 ,! fact is1 s9ce !re are two k9ds ( public1 ! "o free & cultivat$1 ! o!r rude & vulg>1 compos$ ( me*anics1 labor]s1 & ! l1 !re mu/ be ent]ta9m5ts & exhibitions to af=d pa/ime to ! latt] z well z ! =m]4 ,z ! s\ls ( ^! p are1 s to speak1 p]v]t$ f ! normal habit1 s also among ! h>monies !re are abnormities1 & among songs !re are ! /ra9$ & discolor$2 & ea* individual d]ives pleasure f t :i* is g]mane to 8 nature4 ,= ?is reason p]=m]s mu/ be all[$ to produce ?is k9d ( music1 = ! b5efit ( ?is portion ( ! public4 ,= ! purposes ( in/ruction1 z has be5 said1 we mu/ employ e?ical songs & ! correspond+ h>monies4 ,su* a h>mony is ! ,doric1 z has already be5 rem>k$4 ,we mu/ likewise admit any o!r species ( music t may h approv$ itself to su* p]sons z h devot$ att5tion to philosophic discussion & musical education4444 ,9 respect to ! ,doric h>mony1 x is univ]sally admitt$ to be1 ( all h>monies1 ! mo/ s$ate1 expressive ( ! mo/ manly "*4 ,moreov]1 s9ce our pr9ciple is1 t ! mean betwe5 extremes is desirable & ought to be pursu$1 & ! ,doric h>mony holds ?is relation to o!r h>monies1 x foll[s t ,doric songs %\ld be taught to "y p 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,two ?+s1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept 9 view1 ! practicable & ! befitt+4 ,i mean t we mu/ discuss :at is specially practicable = diff]5t p1 z well z :at is befitt+4 ,?is1 inde$1 w dep5d ^u ! diff]5t p]iods ( life4 ,= example1 x w\ld n be easy = p]sons 9 ! decl9e ( life to s+ ! int5se h>monies2 = !m nature sugge/s ! languid k9ds4 ,= ?is reason ^? musicians are "r :o blame ,socrates = hav+ condemn$ ! languid h>monies1 z subjects ( in/ruction1 on ! gr\nd t !y 7 intoxicat+4 7,by ?is t]m he did n mean inebriat+1 9 ! s5se t w9e is inebriat+1--= w9e r5d]s boi/]\s r ?an any?+ else1--b languid47 ,! tru? is1 ) an eye to ! future1 to old age1 in/ruction ought to be giv5 9 h>monies & songs ( ?is sort4 ,moreov]1 if !re is any h>mony suitable = y\?1 z t5d+ to ref9e z well z to in/ruct1 z is ! case notably ) ! ,lydian1 x1 ( c\rse1 ought to be adopt$4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t !re are ?ree di/9ct ?+s to be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to education1 avoidance ( extremes1 practicability1 & appropriat5ess4 ,s mu* = ! f\r bran*es ( /udy :i*1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ought to compose ! curriculum ( y\?4 ,we h notic$ t1 9 8 extant works1 he says little ab\t ,lett]s & ,draw+4 ,j :at bran*es ! =m] 0 suppos$ to include1 he has n[h]e told u directly2 b ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t he gave a place to ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric 7includ+ ,poetics71 ,dialectic1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 & ,a/ronomy1 :i*1 along ) ,music1 make up ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is curriculum und]w5t consid]able *anges at diff]5t times1 z we c see f ,philo1 ,teles1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & o!rs2 b 9 ,m>tianus ,capella x return$ to its orig9al =m1 & 9 ?is dom9at$ education = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,we might p]haps draw out ,ari/otle's programme ( second>y education ?us3-- ,physical ,danc+ 7see p4 #hb7 ,be=e ,tra9+ ,deportm5t pub]ty4 ,runn+ ,leap+ ,be=e ,practical ,javel9-ca/+ pub]ty4 ,discus-?r[+ ,gymna/ics ,wre/l+ ,%oot+ ,aft] ,,/udies3 ,m>*+ pub]ty4 ,creative ,music ,drill+ ,draw+ ,rid+ ,gramm> ,rhetoric ,be=e pub]ty4 ,!oretic ,dialectic ,ari?metic ,geometry ,aft] pub]ty4 ,a/ronomy ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,education ,,aft] ,,tw5ty-,,"o ,be assur$ t happ9ess has its s\rce1 n 9 ext5sive possessions1 b 9 a "r disposition ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! body1 no "o w\ld call x =tunate = be+ array$ 9 spl5did g>m5ts2 b "o w\ld d s1 if x _h heal?1 & 7 nobly develop$1 ev5 )\t su* app5dages4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we ought to ascribe happ9ess to ! s\l only :5 x is cultivat$1 & to call a man happy only if he possesses su* a s\l1 n if he is spl5didly attir$ outw>dly1 b has no wor? ( 8 own4444 ,= ^? ^: s\ls are ill-condition$1 nei!r weal?1 nor p[]1 nor beauty is a bless+2 on ! contr>y1 ! m excessive ^! conditions are1 ! m widely & deeply d !y injure _! possessors1 be+ unaccompani$ ) "r-m9d$ness4--,ari/otle4 ,z5o us$ to tell a /ory ab\t ,crates1 to ?is effect3 ,"o day ,crates 0 sitt+ 9 a %oemak]'s %op1 read+ al\d ,ari/otle's ,exhortation 7to ,philosophy71 address$ to ,!mison1 k+ ( ! ,cyprians1 9 :i* ! k+ is rem9d$ t he possesses1 9 an exceptional degree1 all ! conditions ( philosophy1 sup]abundant weal?1 & high position4 ,z he 0 read+1 ! %oemak]1 )\t int]rupt+ 8 sew+1 li/5$ to him1 until at la/ ,crates said3 ,philiscus1 ,i ?9k ,i w write an ,exhortation = y2 = ,i see y h m ( ! conditions ( philosophy ?an ,ari/otle has enum]at$4--,teles4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ^? "y m5 :o h successfully complet$ ! ,/ate sy/em ( tra9+ become citiz5s or politicians1 & beg9 to ex]cise ! functions ( su*4 ,^! are ( two k9ds1 7#a7 active1 practical1 or executive1 & 7#b7 delib]ative1 !oretical1 or legislative4 ,z action mu/1 on ! "o h&1 be vigor\s1 &1 on ! o!r1 guid$ by delib]ation1 :i* requires l>ge exp]i5ce1 ! functions ( ! ,/ate mu/ be s arrang$ t ! active duties fall to ! "y & robu/1 ! delib]ative to ! eld]ly & mature4 ,! di/+ui%+ virtue ( ! =m] is =titude1 ) endurance or pati5ce2 t ( ! latt] philosophy4 ,bo? equally h self-control & ju/ice4 ,9 ?is way does ,ari/otle di/ribute ,plato's f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,:5 "y m5 fir/ become citiz5s1 !y are assign$ to po/s ( active s]vice1 civil & milit>y1 & ?us /udy practical philosophy--,e?ics & ,politics--9 a practical way4 ,z !y gr[ old]1 !y gradually rise to po/s dem&+ less practice & m ?\ght1 until at la/ !y are admitt$ to ! delib]ative body1 or c\ncil1 :5 _! active duties cease1 & !y are able to devote !mselves to ,speculative ,philosophy or ,!oretics4 ,^! m5 h n[ rea*$ ! end ( life1 z f> z ?is _w is conc]n$4 ,!y sp5d _! days 9 cultur$ leisure1 & ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s 774 ,! v olde/ ( !m1 ^? :o are mo/ conv]sant ) div9e ?+s1 are *os5 z prie/s1 s t !y may1 z x 71 live ) ! gods1 & ^! be wor?ily s]v$4 ,?us gradually1 almo/ ins5sibly1 !y pass f ! _w ( "t to t ( et]nity2 f ! imp]fect activity ( practice1 ^: end is beyond itself1 to ! p]fect en]gy ( contemplation1 :i* is self-suffici5t & ! life ( ,god4 ,9 ?is way ,ari/otle settles ! vex$ "q ) reg>d to ! compatibility & relative value ( ! practical & ! contemplative life4 ,!y are necess>y complem5ts ( ea* o!r4 ,practice is ! realization ( :at contemplation discov]s 9 ! pure en]gy ( ,god1 reveal+ itself 9 ! _w4 ,?us ! practical life ( man glides gradually into ! contemplative life ( ,god4 ,su* is ! highe/ view ( man's de/9y1 & ! way ?i!r1 t ! ,greeks ev] rea*$1 & x is 9 _m ways a mo/ attractive & inspir+ "o4 ,its defects are ! defects ( all t is ,greek4 ,!y are two3 7#a7 its ideal is intellectual & /hetic1--a cord9at$1 h>moni\s :ole1 :]e( ! individual is b a "p3 n moral or religi\s--a self-surr5d] ( ! individual to ! supreme w2 consequ5tly1 7#b7 x does n provide = e human be+1 z su*1 b only = a small1 select numb]1 ! fruit ( ! :ole4 ,its e?ics are in/itutional n p]sonal1 &1 inde$1 ! ,greek nev] arriv$ at a di/ant conception ( p]sonality1 t be+ possible only ?r\gh ! moral consci\sness1 :i* is its core4 ,x seeks to f9d happ9ess 9 a correlation & balanc+ ( individual selves1 n 9 ! indep5d5t con=mity ( ea* self to a supreme self4 ,h5ce x 0 t1 ) all its m>vell\s grasp & manly prud5ce1 ! ideal ( ,ari/otle prov$ p[]less to re/ore ! moral unity ( man1 until x 0 absorb$ 9 a high]4 ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,p]iod 7,b4,c4 #cch-;,a4,d4 #cac7 ,,*apt] ,i ,,f ,,e?nic ,,to ,,cosmopolitan ,,life ',tis ,greece1 b liv+ ,greece no m4--,byron4 ,mo/ glori\s ( all ! ,undy+1 _m-nam$1 girt r\nd ) awe6 ,jove1 au?or ( ,nature1 apply+ to all ?+s ! rudd] ( law-- ,hail6 ,hail6 = x ju/ly rejoices ! races ^: life is a span ,to lift unto ,!e _! voices--! ,au?or & ,fram] ( ,man4 ,= we are ,?y sons2 ,?\ did/ give u ! symbols ( spee* at our bir?1 ,alone ( ! ?+s t live1 & mortal move ^u e>?4 ,:]e=e ,?\ %alt f9d me extoll+ & ev] s++ ,?y praise2 ,s9ce ,!e ! great ,univ]se1 roll+ on its pa? r\nd ! _w1 obeys3-- ,obeys ,!e1 :]ev] ,?\ guide/1 & gladly is b\nd 9 ,?y b&s1 ,s great is ! p[] ,?\ confide/1 ) /rong1 inv9cible h&s1 ,to ,?y mighty1 m9i/]+ s]vant1 ! bolt ( ! ?und]1 t flies1 ,two-edg$1 l a sword & f]v5t1 t is liv+ & nev] dies4 ,all nature1 9 fe> & dismay1 do? quake 9 ! pa? ( its /roke1 ,:at "t ,?\ prep>e/ ! way = ! "o ,^w ,?y lips h spoke1 ,:i* bl5ds ) lights small] & great]1 :i* p]vade? & ?rille? all ?+s1 ,s great is ,?y p[] & ,?y nature--9 ! ,univ]se ,highe/ ( ,k+s6 ,on e>?1 ( all de$s t are done1 ,o ,god6 !re is none )\t ,!e4 ,9 ! holy !r n "o1 nor "o on ! face ( ! sea2 ,save ! de$s t evil m51 driv5 by _! own bl9d folly1 h plann$2 ,b ?+s t h gr[n unev5 are made ev5 aga9 by ,?y h&2 ,& ?+s unseemly gr[ seemly1 ! unfri5dly are fri5dly to ,!e2 ,= s good & evil supremely ,?\ ha/ bl5d$ 9 "o by decree4 ,= all ,?y decree is "o ev]--a ,^w t endure? = aye1 ,:i* mortals1 rebelli\s1 endeavor to flee f & %un to obey-- ,ill-fat$1 t1 worn ) pron5ess = ! lord%ip ( goodly ?+s1 ,nei!r he> nor behold1 9 its ,on5ess1 ! law t div9ity br+s2 ,:i* m5 ) reason obey+1 might atta9 unto glori\s life1 ,no long] aimlessly /ray+ 9 ! pa?s ( ignoble /rife4 ,!re are m5 ) a zeal unble/1 t are we>i$ ) foll[+ ( fame1 ,& m51 ) a bas] que/1 t are turn$ to lucre & %ame4 ,!re are m51 too1 t pamp] & pleasure ! fle% ) delicate /+s3 ,all ^! desire beyond measure to be o!r ?an all ^! ?+s4 ,great ,jove1 all-giv]1 d>k-cl\d$1 great ,"l ( ! ?und]bolt's brea?6 ,deliv] ! m5 t are %r\d$ 9 ignorance1 dismal z dea?4 ,o ,fa!r6 dispel f _! s\ls ! d>kness1 & grant !m ! light ,( ,reason1 ,?y /ay1 :5 ! :ole wide _w ,?\ rule/ ) might1 ,t we1 be+ honor$1 may honor ,?y "n ) ! music ( hymns1 ,extoll+ ! de$s ( ! ,donor1 unceas+1 z rightly beseems ,mank9d2 = no wor?i] tru/ is aw>d$ to ,god or to man ,?an =ev] to glory ) ju/ice 9 ! law t endures & is ,"o4--,clean!s4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ,hell5ic education 7 unity1 compreh5siv5ess1 proportion1 & aimfulness4 ,x ext5d$ to ! :ole human be+1 /riv+ to br+ ! v>i\s elem5ts ( 8 nature into complete h>mony 9 view ( an end4 ,?is end 0 ! ,/ate1 9 :i* ! individual citiz5 0 expect$ to f9d a field = all 8 activities4 ,we h se5 h[1 :ile cons]vative ,sp>ta clung to ?is ideal to ! la/1 & rigor\sly exclud$ ^? influ5ces :i* t5d$ to und]m9e x1 ,a!ns1 by freely admitt+ ^!1 gradually broke d[n ! fair proportion betwe5 bodily & m5tal education1 9 an excessive devotion to ! latt]1 & s came to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! man & ! citiz54 ,! result 0 an epidemic ( individualism :i* ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( all t 0 ,hell5ic4 ,aga9/ ?is de/ructive p[] ! noble/ m5 9 ! nation1 an s*ylus1 an ,ari/ophanes1 a ,p]icles1 a ,socrates1 a ,x5ophon1 a ,plato1 an ,ari/otle1 f\ght ) all ! might ( wor? & intellect4 ,"s ( !m s\ght once m to rem]ge ! man 9 ! citiz5 by means ( a despotism & ! suppression ( all intellectual pursuits2 o!rs1 see+ cle>ly ! impossibility ( ?is1 tri$ s to def9e ! sph]e ( ! individual t x %\ld n encroa* ^u t ( ! citiz51 b /& 9 h>moni\s relation to x4 ,!y did ?is by plac+ ! sph]e ( ! individual above t ( ! ,/ate1 &1 inasmu* z ! =m] 0 a purely intellectual sph]e1 !y f\nd !mselves driv5 to conclude1 & to lay d[n1 t ! contemplative life is ! end & consummation ( ! practical1 t ! citiz5 & ! ,/ate exi/ only = ! sake ( ! individual4 ,!y 7 v f> inde$ f see+ all ! implications ( ?is conclusion3 ^! %[$ !mselves only 9 ! sequel2 b ! fact is1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! sep>ation betwe5 ! man & ! citiz51 & ! assignm5t ( ! place ( honor to ! =m]1 prov$ at once ! de/roy+ angel ( ,hell5ism & ! animat+ _s ( ! civilization :i* took its place4 ,if we look closely at ! s*emes ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 we %all see t !y try to r5d] innocu\s ! _s ( individualism by exhau/+ its activities 9 intellectual relations to ! div9e1 (f]+ x heav51 if x w only cons5t to rel9qui% to ! political _s its e>?ly claims4 ,!y practically said3 ,man1 9 all 8 relations to 8 fell[-m5 "h bel[1 is a citiz52 only 9 relation to ,god is he an individual4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s is b a comm5t>y on ?is text4 ,f ! day :5 ! ma/]-m9d ( ! ,greek _w cr$it$ man's nature ) a div9e elem5t hav+ a supreme activity ( its own1 ,european ?\ght & life h be5 agitat$ by ?ree que/ions1 & l>gely %ap$ by ! answ]s giv5 to !m3 7#a7 ,:at is ! nature ( ! div9e elem5t 9 man8 7#b7 ,9 :at =m or in/itution %all t elem5t f9d expression & realization8 7#c7 ,h[ %all t in/itution relate itself to ! ,/ate8 ,& !y h n yet be5 def9itely answ]$4 ,pr9ciples t are to move ! _w are nev] ! result ( m]e ab/ract ?\ght1 b always ( a crisis or epo* 9 human affairs4 ,& s x 0 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 ! man & ! citiz5 0 accompli%$ 9 fact1 be=e x 0 =mulat$ 9 !ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory receiv$ emphasis f ! ev5ts :i* accompani$ & foll[$ its promulgation4 ,! battle ( ,*ronea1 :i* took place sixte5 ye>s be=e ,ari/otle's dea?1 by putt+ an end =ev] to ! free civic life ( ,greece1 remov$ ! v conditions "u :i* ! old ideal c\ld realize itself1 & =c$ m5 to seek a sph]e ( activity1 & to =m associations1 outside ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate1 inde$1 /ill ma9ta9$ a semblance ( life1 & ! old education1 ) its lit]ature1 gymna/ics1 & music /ill cont9u$2 b ! _s ( bo? 0 gone4 ,! ,/ate 0 gradually replac$ by ! philosophic s*ools1 :ile intellectual tra9+ t5d$ m & m to conc5trate itself ^u rhetoric1 t art :i* enables ! individual to %9e be=e 8 fell[s1 & to ga9 weal? or public pref]m5t4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! spiritual life ( ,greece f\nd expression 9 ! pret5ti\s1 empty individualism ( ! rhetorician1 ! l9eal desc5dant ( ! sophi/s1 & 9 ! philosophical sects1 :i* embodi$ ! _s ( ,socrates1 _! oppon5t4 ,! f\nd] ( ! rhetorical s*ools may be said to h be5 ,isocrates1 :o1 aft] be+ a pupil ( ,socrates'1 turn$ aga9/ ! philosophic t5d5cy1 & *ampion$ elegant phili/9ism4 ,! aim ( ^! s*ools 0 to turn out clev] m5 ( ! _w1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) popul> op9ions & motives1 & capable ( express+ !mselves glibly1 s5t5ti\sly1 & p]suasively on any & e subject4 ,!y usually made no pr(ession ( imp>t+ pr(\nd le>n+ or elicit+ philosophic ?\ght3 inde$1 !y despis$ bo?2 b !y did seek to imp>t su* an am\nt ( ord9>y k z to place _! pupils 9 ! *ief curr5t ( ! popul> ?\ght ( _! "t4 ,!y ?us became ! be>]s ( practical education among a p :o1 hav+ lo/ _! political life )\t f9d+ any high]1 s\ght to obta9 satisfaction 9 social int]c\rse4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s !y ex]t$ an enorm\s influ5ce1 &1 inde$1 at c]ta9 times & places 7 =midable rivals ( ! philosophic s*ools4 ,! fir/ man ( ,greek race :o attempt$ to f\nd a sect or s*ool outside ! ,/ate 0 ,py?agoras1 & !re c be no d\bt t all subsequ5t s*ools 7 9 "s degree modell$ ^u 84 ,x is true t ! ,py?agorean s*ool _h be5 brok5 up & disp]s$ long be=e ! days ( ,plato & ,ari/otle 7see p4 #ed72 nev]!less1 8 foll[]s1 scatt]$ ov] ,greece1 _h c>ri$ ) !m ! ideas & pr9ciples ( _! ma/]1 & n[ t ,a!ns _h fall5 into ! condition aga9/ :i* ! ,py?agorean discipl9e _h be5 a prote/1 ^! ideas f\nd a ready response 9 ! he>ts ( ^? m5 :om ! social life ( ! "t c\ld n satisfy4 ,h5ce ! s*ools ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 :i* _h orig9ally be5 m]e educational in/itutions1 turn$1 ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ! latt]1 into sects 71 h]esies1 z !y 7 call$ lat] on71 ) def9ite sets ( non-political pr9ciples1 9 accordance ) :i* _! memb]s tri$ to %ape _! lives4 ,x _c be said t ^! two s*ools 7 9 any high degree successful1 & ! reasons 7 t !y 7 too purely intellectual1 t !y made no /rik+ revolt aga9/ political life1 & t !y call$ = a type ( man n easy to f9d4 ,b1 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,ari/otle1 !re arose1 almo/ contemporane\sly1 two o!r s*ools1 :i* ex]t$ an influ5ce1 deep & wide1 = ov] six hundr$ ye>s4 ,^! 7 ! ,epicurean & ! ,/oic4 ,widely z ^! diff]$ 9 respect to means1 !y s\ght ! same end1 namely1 p]sonal indep5d5ce1 & !y s\ght x by con=mity to laws impos$ by no human legislator1 b by nature4 ,! =m] took ! law ( ! s5ses1 ! latt] ! law ( ! _s1 = its guide2 &1 by a /range contradiction1 :ile ! =m] *ampion$ free w1 ! latt] pr(ess$ fatalism4 ,^! f\r s*ools 7 ! only ones t ev] met ) ext5sive patronage 9 ,a!ns1 & ) ! exception ( ! ,academic1 !y nev] div]g$ f> f ! pr9ciples ( _! f\nd]s4 ,9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 aft] ,a!ns _h be5 = ages a m]e ,roman univ]sity1 !y 7 plac$ "u ,/ate patronage1 & support$ by public funds1 & !re is no record to %[ t ?is 0 discont9u$ until !y 7 f9ally clos$ by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian 9 ,a4,d4 #ebi4 ,n long aft] ! dea? ( ,ari/otle1 ,a!ns 0 supplant$ by ,alex&ria1 z ! c5tre ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,"h ! rhetorical & philosophic s*ools e/abli%$ !mselves1 & c\ld soon boa/ a num]\s disciple%ip4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 no long] exclusively1 or ev5 ma9ly1 ,greek1 b 0 recruit$ f all ! nations ( ! kn[n _w1 m especially ^? ( ! ,ea/4 ,phnicians1 ,syrians1 ,jews1 ,p]sians1 etc41 n to speak ( ,egyptians1 n[ became /ud5ts ( ,greek philosophy1 & memb]s ( philosophic sects1 ^: memb]s n only /udi$ toge!r1 b (t51 to a l>ge ext5t1 liv$ toge!r 9 communities4 ,ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cjj 7 f\nd$ ! fam\s ,museum & ,libr>y ( ,alex&ria--! fir/ univ]sity & ! fir/ public libr>y 9 ! _w4 ,r\nd ^! ! v>i\s sects ga!r$1 to /udy1 to discuss1 & to ex*ange op9ions4 ,nor 0 x ,greek ?\ght alone t engag$ _! att5tion4 ,! op9ions & beliefs ( ,egypt & ! ,ea/ came 9 = a %>e1 &1 9 ! end1 = ! l>ge/ %>e4 ,nor is ?is wond]ful1 :5 we consid] ! direction t ?\ght & life 7 !n tak+4 ,we h already se5 t1 z ,greek civic life lo/ ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 ! ?\ghtful portion ( ! p came m & m to seek = life-pr9ciples 9 ! sup]s5sible _w ( intellect4 ,! nature ( ?is _w ,plato & ,ari/otle _h done _! be/ to reveal4 ,b ! ev5t prov$ t nei!r an ord]$ ho/ ( ideas comm&$ by ! ,good1 nor a ,supreme ,intellig5ce s]v$ by a ho/ ( l[] intellig5ces1 c\ld yield ! pr9ciples :i* ! life ( ! "t dem&$2 & ?us we f9d ! philosoph]s ( ,alex&ria /riv+ to p _! intelligible _w ) =ms drawn f all ! religions ( ! ,ea/1 includ+ ,judaism4 ,?us !re grew up ! v>i\s =ms ( ,alex&r9e philosophy1 comp\nds ( ,greek ?\ght & ,ori5tal religion4 ,on ! basis ( ^! aga9 7 organiz$1 at ! same "t1 v>i\s =ms ( social life1 all t5d+ m or less to religi\s communism4 ,h5ce came ! ,ess5es 7see p4 #ei71 ! ,!rapeuts1 ! ,neopy?agoreans1 & ! ,neoplatoni/s1 all ( :om1 not)/&+ c]ta9 %ortcom+s1 did mu* to purify life1 & to pave ! way = a high] civilization4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #adf1 ,greece1 &1 9 ,b4,c4 #cj1 ,egypt1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,romans & !nce=? =m$ prov9ces ( _! empire4 ,a!ns & ,alex&ria 7 n[ ,roman univ]sity-t[ns1 :ile ,rome became m & m ! diffus+ c5tre ( ,greek & ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 to give ev5 a sket* ( ! =ms :i* education assum$ 9 ^! ?ree great c5tres1 or 9 ! _w t revolv$ r\nd !m1 9 ! six hundr$ & m ye>s t pass$ betwe5 ! loss ( ,greek autonomy & ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we %all m]ely endeavor to give a g5]al notion ( its two *ief t5d5cies1 :i*1 z we saw1 7 t[>ds rhetoric & philosophy2 & we %all d ?is 9 connection ) ! names ( two m51 :o may be reg>d$ z respectively typical ( ! two t5d5cies1 ,qu9tilian ! rhetorician1 & ,plot9us ! philosoph]4 ,by do+ s we %all pave ! way = ! consid]ation ( ! ,rise ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,qu9tilian ,,& ,,rhetorical ,,education ,rhetoric is ! c\nt]p>t ( ,dialectic4 ,bo? h = _! subjects ^? ?+s :i*1 9 a c]ta9 way1 are matt]s ( common k1 & belong to no def9ite sci5ce4 ,h5ce ev]ybody1 9 "s degree1 is gift$ ) !m2 = ev]ybody1 to "s ext5t1 tries to exam9e & su/a9 an argum5t1 to def5d himself1 & to accuse o!rs4--,ari/otle4 ,!re is a c]ta9 political !ory :i* is made up ( _m great ?+s4 ,a l>ge & important "p ( x is artificial eloqu5ce1 :i* !y call rhetoric4--,cic]o4 ,e duty :i* t5ds to pres]ve human relations & human society mu/ be assign$ a high] place ?an any t /ops %ort ) k & sci5ce4--,id4 ,z5o1 hav+ press$ 8 f+]s toge!r & clos$ 8 fi/1 said t 0 l ,dialectic2 hav+ spread !m out & op5$ 8 h&1 he said ,eloqu5ce 0 l 8 palm !re4--,id4 ,to act consid]ately is ( m mom5t ?an to ?9k wisely4--,id4 ,i pass to ! pleasure ( oratorical eloqu5ce1 ! delight ( :i* "o enjoys n at any "o mom5t1 b almo/ e day & e h\r4--,tacitus4 ,gramm> is an exp]im5tal k ( ! usages ( language z g5]ally curr5t among poets & prose writ]s4 ,x is divid$ into six p>ts1 7#a7 tra9$ read+ ) due reg>d to prosody i4e4 aspiration1 acc5tuation1 quantity1 emphasis1 metre1 etc41 7#b7 exposition accord+ to poetic figures lit]>y criticism1 7#c7 ready /atem5t ( dialectical peculi>ities & allusions philology1 geography1 hi/ory1 my?ology1 7#d7 discov]y ( etymologies1 7#e7 accurate acc\nt ( analogies accid5ce & syntax1 7#f7 criticism ( poetical productions1 :i* is ! noble/ "p ( ! grammatic art e?ics1 politics1 /rategy1 etc44--,dionysius ,?rax4 ,read+ is ! r5d]+ ( poetic or prose productions )\t /umbl+ or hesitancy4 ,x mu/ be done ) due reg>d to expression1 prosody1 & pauses4 ,f ! expression we le>n ! m]it ( ! piece1 f ! prosody ! art ( ! read]1 & f ! pauses ! mean+ int5d$ to be convey$4 ,9 ?is way we read trag$y h]oically1 com$y conv]sationally1 elegiacs ?rill+ly1 epics su/a9$ly1 lyrics musically1 & dirges s(tly & pla9tively4 ,any read+ done )\t due obs]vance ( ^! rules degrades ! m]its ( ! poets & makes ! habits ( read]s ridicul\s4--,id4 ,"s arts are common1 o!rs lib]al4444 ,! lib]al arts1 :i* "s call ! logical arts1 are a/ronomy1 geometry1 music1 philosophy1 m$ic9e1 gramm>1 rhetoric4--,s*olia to ,dionysius ,?rax4 ,x is obvi\s t man excels ! o!r animals 9 wor? & spee*3 ,:y may we n hold t 8 wor? consi/s z mu* 9 eloqu5ce z 9 reason8--,qu9tilian4 ,! civil man1 & he :o is truly wise1 :o does n devote himself to idle disputes1 b to ! adm9i/ration ( ! commonweal? 7f :i* ^? folks :o are call$ philosoph]s h f>!/ )drawn !mselves71 w be glad to employ e available oratorical means to rea* 8 ends1 hav+ previ\sly settl$ 9 8 own m9d :at ends are honorable4--,id4 ,if we c\nt ov] all ! epo*s ( life1 we %all f9d its pa9s f> m num]\s ?an its pleasures4444 ,! fir/1 t ( babyhood1 is try+4 ,! baby is hungry2 ! nurse s5ds x to sleep3 x is ?ir/y2 %e wa%es x3 x wants to g to sleep2 %e takes a rattle & makes a noise4 ,:5 ! *ild has escap$ f ! nurse1 x is tak5 hold ( by ! p$agogue1 ! physical tra9]1 ! gramm>-ma/]1 ! music-ma/]1 ! draw+-ma/]4 ,9 process ( "t1 !re are add$ ! ari?metic-ma/]1 ! geomet]1 ! horse-break]2 he rises e>ly2 he has no *ance = leisure4 ,he becomes a cadet2 aga9 he has to fe> ! drill-ma/]1 ! physical tra9]1 ! f5c+-ma/]1 ! gymnasi>*4 ,by all ^! he is :ipt1 wat*$1 ?rottl$4 ,he graduates f ! cadets at tw5ty2 aga9 he dreads & wat*es capta9 & g5]al1 etc4--,teles ! ,/oic 7,b4,c4 #bfj74 ,! palmy p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome is ! p]iod :5 %e _h no lit]ature4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,roman nationality began to break up1 & cosmopolitan ,greek t5d5cies to lay hold ^u ! p1 t a lit]ature began to appe>4 ,= ?is reason1 ,roman lit]ature f its v inception is1 f absolute necessity1 fill$ ) ! ,greek _s1 & /&s 9 ! mo/ direct opposition to ! national _s ( ! p4--,momms54 ,qu9tiliane1 vag mod]ator summe juv5t1 ,gloria ,roman1 ,qu9tiliane1 tog4--,m>tial4 ,up to ! "t :5 ,rome began to decl9e1 ! s*ool education ( h] y\? 0 meagre 9 ! extreme1 consi/+ ( read+1 writ+1 & a little law4 ,all lat] education t 0 m ?an ?is 0 borr[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #bjj ,b4,c41 at ! close ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 t _! influ5ce began cle>ly to %[ itself4 ,! sev]e ,cato1 :o s cordially despis$ rhetoricians & philosoph]s1 le>nt ,greek 9 8 old age & wrote1 = ! use ( 8 son1 a s]ies ( manuals on e?ics1 rhetoric1 m$ic9e1 milit>y sci5ce1 f>m+1 & law4 ,at ! same "t ,scipio ,africanus sp5t 8 leisure h\rs 9 practis+ gymna/ics4 ,f ?is "t on1 & j 9 proportion z ,rome lo/ h] national "* & became cosmopolitan1 %e m & m adopt$ ,greek mann]s1 ,greek religion 7or irreligion71 & ,greek education4 ,:51 f9ally1 9 ,b4,c4 #adf1 ,greece became a ,roman dep5d5cy1 x 0 /rictly true t ,captive ,greece took captive h] rude conqu]or4 ,?\s&s ( ,greek s*oolma/]s1 rhetoricians1 philosoph]s1 etc41 flock$ to ,rome1 &1 ?\gh attempts 7 made to expel or suppress !m1 !y held _! place1 = ! simple reason t ! education !y (f]$ 0 a necessity ( ! "t4 ,rome1 ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 _h ei!r to become cosmopolitan or p]i%1 & %e pref]r$ ! =m] alt]native4 ,%e n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 began to h a lit]ature & to cultivate h] own language4 ,! /udies :i* %e specially affect$ 7 7#a7 gramm>1 t is1 lit]ature1 7#b7 rhetoric1 7#c7 philosophy1 :i* correspond$ to s*ool1 college1 & univ]sity education4 ,! la/1 l music & geometry1 01 = ! mo/ "p1 an elegant accompli%m5t1 r ?an a s]i\s /udy4 ,! physical sci5ces f\nd little favor4 ,s long z ,roman education 0 9 ! h&s ( ,greeks1 x 0 conduct$ 9 ! ,greek language1 & ! au?ors read & discuss$ 7 ,greek4 ,b ! ,romans1 ?\gh will+ en\gh to borr[ ,greek culture1 7 unwill+ to rema9 p]man5tly 9 intellectual dep5d5ce ^u a conqu]$ p1 :i* 9 _m respects !y despis$4 ,/rong ef=ts1 !re=e1 7 made to develop a national lit]ature & a national education4 ,ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ajj1 ,lucius lius ,prcon9us ,/ilo1 a wor?y & cons]vative ,roman knight1 op5$ a private class 9 ,lat9 gramm> & rhetoric = "y m5 ( ! upp] classes1 & f ?is "t on ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,greeks1 except 9 philosophy1 decl9$4 ,greek1 inde$1 cont9u$ to be spok5 by all p]sons mak+ any pret5sions to culture2 b ,lat9 became ! language ( ,roman lit]ature4 ,among ! pupils ( ,/ilo 7 ,v>ro & ,cic]o1 :o1 along ) ,julius ,cs>1 may be call$ ! p>5ts ( ! classical ,lat9 language1 lit]ature1 & eloqu5ce4 ,bo? ,v>ro & ,cs> wrote works on gramm>4 ,a c]ta9 ,cornificius 7g5]ally kn[n z ,auctor ad ,h]5nium7 ab\t ?is "t wrote ! fir/ ,lat9 treatise on ,rhetoric2 b ! great au?ority on ! subject1 9 practice z well z !ory1 0 ,cic]o1 :o wrote no few] ?an sev5 works on x4 ,) ,cic]o's dea?1 & ! trans=mation ( ! republic into an empire1 eloqu5ce lo/ its noble/ use1 ! def5ce ( lib]ty4 ,rhetoric1 nev]!less1 cont9u$ to be cultivat$ z a f9e art & = =5sic use1 &1 inde$1 0 made to cov] ! :ole ( ! high] education ( y\?4 ,( ?is art ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*] 0 ,qu9tilian1 ! supreme director ( giddy y\?1 ! glory ( ! ,roman toga 7i4e4 civil manhood74 ,qu9tilian 0 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #ce 9 ! ,spani% city ( ,calagurris 7,calahorra71 :]e1 lat]1 ,/4 ,dom9ic fir/ saw ! light4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ,rome1 b aft]w>ds return$ to 8 native place & e/abli%$ himself z a tea*] ( rhetoric4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #fh1 he 0 invit$ by ! ,emp]or ,galba to settle 9 ,rome1 :i* he did1 giv+ in/ruction 9 rhetoric ) unp>allel$ success = tw5ty ye>s1 & draw+ a sal>y f ! gov]nm5t4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 he retir$1 ri* & honor$1 into private life4 ,x 0 aft] ?is t he wrote ! "w :i* c>ri$ 8 fame d[n to po/]ity1 8 ,in/itutio ,oratorica1 or ,education ( ! ,orator4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ?is he draws out a s*eme ( prep>atory education = ! family & ! s*ool2 ! succe$+ t5 are devot$ to rhetoric1 & ! la/ to ! "* ( ! orator1 :om he reg>ds z id5tical ) ! cultivat$ g5tleman4 ,x is only ! fir/ book t conc]ns ! mod]n /ud5t ( education1 & ( ?is ,i %all n[ give a brief summ>y4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! p>5t1 aft] ! bir? ( a *ild1 %\ld be to procure = x a nurse ( good moral "* & ( cultivat$ spee*4 ,a *ild t e>ly le>ns bad habits 9 act+ & speak+1 r>ely1 if ev]1 gets cur$ ( !m aft]w>ds4 ,great c>e ought to be tak5 ) reg>d to ! *ild's y\?ful companions1 & to 8 p$agogue1 :o ought to be ( good "* & well-in=m$4 ,its fir/ language ought to be ,greek2 b ,lat9 ought to be begun e>ly1 & bo? to be c>efully cultivat$4 ,!re is no ne$ to foll[ ! ord9>y cu/om ( n all[+ ! *ild to le>n to read or write be=e ! close ( its sev5? ye>4 ,mu* c v pr(itably be done by play long be=e t4 ,x is a mi/ake to tea* *ildr5 to repeat ! alphabet be=e !y "k ! =ms ( ! lett]s4 ,^! !y may le>n f tablets or blocks4 ,z soon z ! lett]s are recogniz$1 !y ought to be writt54 ,foll[+ ) a p5 ! =ms ( lett]s engrav$ on ivory tablets is a good ?+4 ,aft] lett]s1 syllables mu/ be le>nt--all ! possible syllables 9 bo? languages4 ,aft] syllables come words1 & aft] words1 s5t5ces4 ,9 all ?is process1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to secure ?or\ghness by avoid+ ha/e4 ,! *ild mu/ n attempt words till he c read & write all ! syllables1 nor s5t5ces till he is p]fectly famili> ) words4 ,9 read+ s5t5ces1 he mu/ le>n to run ahead1 s t1 :ile he is pron\nc+ "o ^w ) 8 lips1 he is recogniz+ o!rs ) 8 eye4 ,! writ+ lesson %\ld be utiliz$ 9 ord] to make ! *ild acqua9t$ ) r>e words & good poetry4 ,at ?is /age1 8 memory ought to be well ex]cis$1 & made to lay up l>ge /ores ( good lit]ature = future use4 ,at ! same "t1 8 organs ( spee* %\ld be well tra9$1 by be+ made to pron\nce rapidly v]ses conta9+ difficult comb9ations ( s\nd4#e ,z soon z he is able1 ! *ild %\ld g to s*ool4 ,home education is objectionable on _m acc\nts1 especially = boys int5d$ = orators4 ,^!1 above all o!rs1 mu/ le>n sociability1 tact1 & esprit de corps1 & =m s*ool-fri5d%ips4 ,_m moral lessons c be le>nt1 & _m motives employ$1 9 ! s*ool1 t are n possible 9 ! family4 ,among ! latt] is ambition1 :i* ?\gh itself a vice1 is ! p>5t ( _m virtues1 & !re=e ought to be freely us$4 ,h>dly any motive is s p[]ful4 ,:5 a boy is s5t to s*ool1 8 tea*]'s fir/ bus9ess is to inve/igate 8 "* & capacity4 ,! *ief m>ks ( ability are memory & p[] ( imitation4 ,imitation is n mimicry1 :i* is always a sign ( l[ nature4 ,sl[ness1 ?\gh objectionable1 is bett] ?an precocity1 :i* %\ld be disc\rag$ 9 e way4 ,diff]5t treatm5t is requir$ = diff]5t boys3 "s ne$ ! bit1 "s ! spur4 ,! be/ boy is ! "o :om praise excites1 :om glory pleases1 :o cries :5 he is beat54 ,su* a "o may be n\ri%$ ) emulation2 reproa* w /+ him2 honor w r\se him4 ,boys ought to h seasons ( re/ & play1 nei!r too %ort to af=d recreation1 nor too long to enc\rage idl5ess4 ,games ( "q & answ] are good = %>p5+ ! wits4 ,9 play an excell5t opportunity is (f]$ to ! tea*] = le>n+ ! "* ( 8 pupils4 ,corporal puni%m5t is altoge!r to be deprecat$1 &1 inde$1 is unne$$ :5 ! tea*] does 8 duty4 ,:at boys le>n 9 s*ool is gramm>2 b ?is mu/ be supplem5t$ by music & a/ronomy4 ,)\t ! =m] x w be impossible to scan v]se2 )\t ! latt]1 to und]/& c]ta9 allusions & modes ( fix+ dates 9 ! poets4 ,a little philosophy is necess>y = ! sake ( und]/&+ su* poets z ,emp$ocles & ,lucretius2 geometry1 9 ord] to give practice 9 apodictic reason+1 z well z = practical uses4 ,?us ! curriculum ( s*ool education w consi/ ( ,gramm>1 ,music1 ,a/ronomy1 ,philosophy1 & ,geometry4 ,gramm> consi/s ( two p>ts1 7#a7 ,me?odics1 or ! art ( correct speak+1 7#b7 ,hi/orics 7,g]man ,reali571 ! int]pretation ( poets1 hi/orians1 philosoph]s1 etc4 ,me?odics--gramm> 9 ! mod]n s5se--%\ld aim at enabl+ a boy to speak & write ) correctness1 cle>ness1 & elegance4 ,all b>b>isms 7i4e4 =eign words & idioms71 solecisms1 affectations1 & c>eless pronunciations are to be avoid$4 ,9 ! use ( language1 f\r ?+s are to be tak5 into acc\nt1 7#a7 reason1 7#b7 antiquity1 7#c7 au?ority1 7#d7 cu/om4 ,9 read+1 ! boy mu/ be taught :]e to draw 8 brea?1 :]e to divide a v]se1 :]e ! s5se is complete1 :]e x beg9s1 :]e ! voice is to be rais$1 :]e l[]$1 :at inflections to use1 :at is to be utt]$ sl[ly1 :at rapidly1 :at =cibly1 :at g5tly4 ,t he may be able to d all ?is1 he mu/ und]/&4 ,read+ mu/ above all be manly & grave1 ) a c]ta9 sweetness4 ,poetry mu/ n be read ei!r z prose1 nor yet 9 a s+-song way4 ,all !atrical p]sonification1 & all ge/iculation smack+ ( ! com$ian1 are to be avoid$4 ,= ,hi/ories ! tea*] mu/ be v c>eful 9 8 selection ( texts4 ,hom] & ,virgil are be/ to beg9 )4 ,?\gh _! full import _c be und]/ood by y\?1 !y awake en?usiasm = :at is noble & spirit$1 & w (t5 be read 9 lat] life4 ,trag$ies are useful4 ,!re is n\ri%m5t 9 ! lyric poets2 b !y mu/ be us$ ) caution & 9 selections1 f :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to love mu/ be exclud$4 ,ev5 ,horace mu/ be expurgat$4 ,satire & com$y1 ?\gh ( ! utmo/ value = ! orator1 mu/ be def]r$ till ! moral "* is suffici5tly e/abli%$ n to be injur$ by !m4 ,passages f ! poets ought to be committ$ to memory4 ,9 all read+1 ! utmo/ c>e ought to be tak5 to promote purity & manl9ess 7sanctitas et virilitas74 ,aft] read+ a piece ( poetry1 boys mu/ be made to analyze & scan x1 to po9t out peculi>ities ( language & rhy?m1 to enum]ate ! diff]5t mean+s ( words1 to "n & expla9 ! v>i\s figures ( spee*4 ,b f> m important ?an all ?is x is1 t ! tea*] %\ld impress on _! m9ds ! importance ( sy/ematic arrangem5t & propriety ( description1 %[+ :at is suitable = ea* rle1 :at is comm5dable 9 ?\ght1 :at 9 expression1 :]e diffus5ess is prop]1 & :]e brevity4 ,9 giv+ collat]al in=mation1 :e!r 9 hi/ory1 my?ology1 or geography1 he %\ld keep )9 b\nds1 giv+ only :at is necess>y & re/s on respectable au?ority4 ,x is "o ( ! virtues ( a s*oolma/] to be ignorant ( "s ?+s4 ,z reg>ds lessons 9 composition1 ! tea*] %\ld beg9 by mak+ 8 pupils write out f memory ! ,fables ( sop1 9 pure1 simple1 direct1 & unadorn$ language4 ,he %\ld !n call ^u !m to turn poetry into prose1 & to p>aphrase x1 ei!r briefly or diffusely4 ,he %\ld !n make !m write out prov]bs1 apoph!gms1 aphorisms1 %ort1 brilliant anecdotes1 etc4 ,fam\s /ories relat$ by ! poets may be us$ z subjects = composition1 b *iefly = ! sake ( in=mation4 ,beyond ?is ! s*oolma/] %\ld n g 9 ! matt] ( composition4 ,! re/ %\ld be left to ! rhetorician4 ,x is ( great importance 9 y\?ful education t sev]al subjects %\ld be /udi$ at ! same "t4 ,boys l & ne$ v>iety1 &1 :5 !y get x1 x is truly a/oni%+ h[ mu* !y c accompli%4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = fe>+ t boys w %r9k f ! labor ( /udy4 ,no age is less easily fatigu$4 444 ,boys are naturally m incl9$ to h>d "w ?an "y m54 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ,qu9tilian's s*ool-programme4 ,x has no place = physical sci5ce 7except ,a/ronomy71 = manual tra9+1 or = physical ex]cise4 ,play is1 inde$1 p]mitt$ z a necess>y recreation1 & gymna/ics & physical tra9+ 77 are recomm5d$ 9 s f> z !y are necess>y to enable ! budd+ orator to move & to ge/iculate gracefully2 b t is all4 ,no?+ c please t is n becom+4 ,z soon z he is ready1 ! "y aspirant = oratorical fame passes into ! h&s ( ! rhetorician1 "u :om he le>ns all ! arts1 & acquires all t k1 necess>y to fit him = 8 pr(ession4 ,no k9d ( k1 & no moral excell5ce ought to be =eign to ! orator4 ,qu9tilian is v sev]e ^u ! philosoph]s = claim+1 9 _! title1 to be1 9 an exceptional way1 lov]s ( wisdom1 & ma9ta9s t ! true orator is ! truly wise & good man4 ,he is surely sup]ior to ! philosoph]1 :o turns 8 back ^u ! _w & manife/s no int]e/ 9 human affairs4 ,moreov]1 philosophy may be simulat$2 eloqu5ce _c4 ,! clos+ *apt] ( ! la/ book ( ,qu9tilian's "w treats ( ! orator aft] 8 retirem5t f public life4 ,he is to devote himself to writ+ & to ! /udy ( art1 sci5ce1 & philosophy4 ,! picture is *>m+2 b x ends ) dea?1 & !re is no?+ beyond4 ,god may be def9$ = oratorical purposes2 b 8 exi/5ce is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,9 ,qu9tilian we h ! highe/ type ( ! civic man liv+ "u a cosmopolitan despotism4 ,8 defects--8 p$antry1 8 s]vility1 8 ext]nality1 8 worldl9ess--are only su* z are natural to a good man plac$ 9 ?is position1 )\t any outlook ^u a high] exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,plot9us ,,& ,,philosophic ,,education ,! mat]ial body1 :i* is subject to motion1 *ange1 dissolution1 & division1 requires an immat]ial pr9ciple to hold & b9d x toge!r 9 unity4 ,?is pr9ciple ( unity is ! s\l4 ,if x 7 mat]ial1 x w\ld require ano!r pr9ciple ( unity1 & s on ad inf9itum1 till an immat]ial fir/ 7 rea*$1 :i* w\ld !n be ! true s\l4--,ammonius ,saccas4 ,intelligible ?+s1 :5 !y are unit$ ) o!r ?+s1 are n *ang$1 z corporeal ?+s are :5 !y are unit$ ) ea* o!r1 b rema9 z !y are1 & :at !y are4 ,s\l & body are intimately unit$1 b n mix$4 ,! s\l c sep>ate & )draw itself f ! body1 n only 9 sleep1 b also 9 ?\ght4 ,z ! sun illum9ates & yet rema9s itself a sep>ate light1 s is ! s\l 9 its relation to ! body4 ,x is n 9 ! body z 9 place2 r ! body is 9 x & ( x4--,id4 ,"o's duty is to become fir/ man1 !n ,god4--,hi]ocles4 ,nei!r ,s*ell+ nor ,baad] nor ,hegel has refut$ ,plot9us3 9 _m ways he so>s above !m4--,ar?ur ,ri*t]4 ,:at is lov$ by u "h is mortal & hurtful4 ,our love is love = an image1 t (t5 turns into its opposite1 because :at we lov$ 0 n truly wor?y ( love1 nor ! good :i* we s\ght4 ,god alone is ! true object ( our love4--,plot9us4 ,! practical & ! contemplative lives1 :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle _h labor$ s h>d to comb9e & correlate1 9 ord] to save human wor? & ,greek civilization1 fell asund]1 despite all _! ef=ts--greatly1 ( c\rse1 to ! detrim5t ( bo?4 ,9 ! t]rible picture :i* ,qu9tilian draws ( ,roman life 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 we see "o side ( ! result ( ?is divorce3 9 ! cruel satires ( ,lucian1 writt5 less ?an a c5tury lat]1 we may f9d depict$ ! o!r4 ,b1 j z1 9 ! mid/ ( ! moral corruption & brutality1 !re arose f "t to "t wor?y m5 l ,qu9tilian & ,tacitus1 s amid ! philosophical *>latanry & pret5ce1 !re /ill surviv$ a few e>ne/ ?9k]s1 :o aspir$ ) all ! p[] t 0 9 !m to div9e tru?1 & /rove to f9d 9 ! et]nal _w t reality :i* 0 s mis]ably want+ 9 ?is4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! m5 7 nei!r ,greeks nor ,romans1 b ,ori5tals1 m5 ^: ?9k+ comb9$ ,greek philosophy ) "s e>ne/ =m ( ,ea/]n my/icism4 ,to su* m5 ?is life 0 m]ely an opportunity ( prep>+ = a high]1 9 :i* lay all beauty1 all good1 & all bless$ness4 ,x is n difficult to see :at sort ( education w\ld foll[ f ?is view ( life4 ,x may be/ be *>act]iz$ by ! "o ^w ascetic4 ,x no long] seeks to tra9 h>moni\sly all ! faculties ( body & m9d ) a view to a wor?y social life1 b to enable ! s\l to die to ! body & to social life1 & s rise to union & consub/antiality ) ,god4 ,9 no sect 0 ?is t5d5cy m m>k$ ?an 9 ! ,neoplatonic1 or1 z x might equally well be call$1 ! ,neo>i/otelian or ,neopy?agorean1 ! greate/ "n 9 :i* is ,plot9us4 ,plot9us 0 born 9 ,egypt ab\t ,a4,d4 #bje4 ,8 nationality is unkn[n4 ,he receiv$ 8 education 9 ,alex&ria--gramm>1 rhetoric1 & philosophy1--& adopt$ ! tea*+ ( ! la/ z a pr(ession4 ,he s\ght 9 va91 h[ev]1 = a sy/em t c\ld satisfy him1 till he met ) ,ammonius ! ,sack-be>]1 :om he at once recogniz$ z 8 ma/]4 ,?is ,ammonius _h be5 re>$ z a ,*ri/ian1 b _h apo/atiz$ on becom+ acqua9t$ ) philosophy4 ,8 ,*ri/ian education1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 altoge!r lo/ on him2 = he _h c>ri$ ov] into philosophy a religi\s _s1 & n a few ( ! esot]ic ideas !n curr5t 9 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian sects4 ,x 0 ?is1 app>5tly1 t enabl$ him to give a new direction to philosophy1 & to f\nd a new s*ool1 ^: influ5ce ^u subsequ5t1 ev5 ,*ri/ian1 ?\ght1 x w\ld be difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,8 s*ool 0 ! ,neoplatonic1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 unit$ pr(\nd ?\ght ) my/ic !osophy 774 ,plot9us li/5$ to ,ammonius = elev5 ye>s1 &1 on ! dea? ( ! latt]1 paid a visit to ,p]sia1 ) ! view ( /udy+ ! religion ( t c\ntry4 ,he %ortly return$1 h[ev]1 &1 aft] a brief soj\rn at ,antio*1 betook himself1 9 8 =tie? ye> 7,a4,d4 #bdd71 to ,rome1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life z a tea*] ( philosophy4 ,8 sa9tly "* & 8 deep1 religi\s ?\ght drew r\nd him a consid]able numb] ( e>ne/ m5 & wom51 includ+ ev5 memb]s ( ! imp]ial family4 ,he made "s attempt to f\nd 9 ,campania a ,platonopolis1 s t 8 pr9ciples might be realiz$ 9 a social life1 9 a !osophic community2 b ?is 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bgj4 ,plot9us 0 ! only truly great1 orig9al anci5t ?9k] aft] ,ari/otle4 ,:ile ,plato & ,ari/otle _h s\ght to rise to ! intelligible _w f1 & by means (1 ! s5sible1 ,plot9us1 believ+ t he has atta9$ a direct1 intuitional k ( ! =m]1 sets out f x & !nce tries to rea* ! o!r4 ,at ! summit ( be+ he f9ds ! supreme ,platonic pr9ciple1 ! ,"o or ! ,good1 absolutely transc5d5t & self-suffici5t2 next bel[ ?is1 ! supreme ,ari/otelian pr9ciple1 ,intellig5ce or ,absolute ,kn[+1 ! locus ( all ideas2 & ?ird1 ! supreme pr9ciple ( ! ,/oics1 ,s\l1 ,life1 or ,zeus1 ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,good1 ,intellig5ce1 ,life--^! are ,plot9us' div9e tr9ity1 evolv$ by a process ( ab/raction f ! ,n\s ( ,ari/otle 7see p4 #afa74 ,! memb]s ( ?is tr9ity are nei!r p]sonal1 consci\s1 nor equal4 ,ea* l[] is caus$ by1 b does n emanate f1 ! next above x2 & ?is causation is due1 n to any act ( free w1 b to an inn] necessity4 ,?us ! tr9ity ( ,plot9us is a m]e en]gy1 act+ accord+ to necess>y laws4 ,! ?ird memb] ( x turns t[>d matt]1 :i* is m]e pov]ty & hung] = be+1 &1 9 s do+1 produces a _w ( gods1 dmons1 & mundane be+s1 ! highe/ ( :i* la/ is man4 ,all t has matt] has multiplicity4 ,x is easy en\gh to see :at k9d ( e?ics & education w spr+ f su* a sy/em z ?is4 ,inasmu* z ! good means self-suffici5cy1 fre$om f multiplicity & matt]1 evil means dep5d5ce1 multiplicity1 mat]iality4 ,:atev] evil !re is 9 man is due to 8 connection ) matt]1 = :i* he is 9 no s5se responsible4 ,8 sole bus9ess1 if he desires bless$ness1 is to free himself f matt] & multiplicity1 & return to ! unity ( ! ,supreme ,good4 ,! /eps by :i* ?is may be accompli%$ are1 7#a7 ,music or ,art1 7#b7 ,love1 7#c7 ,philosophy or ,dialectic3 ?r\gh all ^! he rises above multiplicity into unity4 ,9 all ?is !re is1 obvi\sly1 nei!r moral evil nor moral good1 &1 inde$1 ! _w ( ,plot9us conta9s no moral elem5t1 = ! simple reason t x conta9s no?+ p]sonal1 ei!r 9 ,god or man4 ,evil is ! product ( necessity1 & consci\sness1 imply+ z x does1 multiplicity1 is "p ( x4 ,! une?ical "* ( ,plot9us' tea*+ comes out v cle>ly 9 8 rev]sal ( ! positions ( in/ruction & purgation 9 ! s*eme ( education4 ,accord+ to ! old view1 purgation 0 a m]e m$ical process1 prep>atory to e?ical tra9+ 7see p4 #g74 ,accord+ to ! ,neoplatonic view1 e?ical tra9+ & ! political virtues are a m]e prep>ation = purgation & ! intellectual virtues4 ,& ?is is p]fectly logical2 = evil1 be+ physical1 mu/ be cur$ by physical means4 ,& ! means :i* ,plot9us recomm5ds are magical1 r ?an moral2 rites & pray]s1 r ?an h]oic de$s2 ! suppression ( ! w1 r ?an its ex]cise4 ,plot9us is too mu* ( a ,greek to accept1 or ev5 see1 all ! consequ5ces ( 8 own !ory1 :i* makes moral life consi/ 9 an attempt to escape f ! _w & to qu5* consci\sness & p]sonality4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh he has a poor op9ion ( civic life 7a ?+ excusable en\gh 9 ^? days71 he believes t ! civic virtues ought to be cultivat$1 z a means t[>d ! high]1 & has app>5tly no?+ to say aga9/ ! ord9>y grammatical1 rhetorical1 & musical education ( 8 "t4 ,he has a good deal to say 9 favor ( ,ma!matics1 z a prep>ation = :at to him is ! supreme bran* ( education1 ,dialectics4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( 8 tea*+ is only too obvi\s1 & ! conclusions :i* he did n draw1 "t & succe$+ g5]ations drew = him4 ,! effect ( ,neoplatonism 01 9 ! long run1 to make ! sup]-civic "p ( man ! :ole man1 to discr$it political life & political ef=t1 & to pave ! way = ! my/ic1 ! ascetic1 & ! h]mit4 ,nor 7 ! t5d5cies ( ! o!r philosophical s*ools 9 any m>k$ degree diff]5t4 ,?us philosophy1 in/ead ( contribut+ to h>monize man & society1 & to re/ore moral life1 came to be "o ( ! /ronge/ ag5cies 9 br++ ab\t confusion & dissolution1 by ignor+ moral life altoge!r1 embrac+ sup]/ition1 & turn+ man into a m]e play?+ ( bl9d necessity & magical =ces4 ,& ?us anci5t civilization fell to pieces1 because man himself _h fall5 to pieces1 & ea* piece tri$ to set itself up = ! :ole4 ,! civic fragm5t f9ds its highe/ expression 9 ,qu9tilian1 ! sup]-civic 9 ,plot9us4 ,ere ! fragm5ts c be unit$ into a truly moral be+1 a memb] ( a truly moral society1 a new comb9+ =ce1 unkn[n to ei!r rhetorician or philosoph]1 mu/ arise4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,conclusion ,truly x 0 an old _w1 & ev5 ,cs>'s patriotic g5ius 0 n en\gh to make x "y aga94 ,! dawn does n return till ! night has fully set 94--,momms54 ,my ?\ghts are n y\r ?\ghts1 nei!r are y\r ways my ways1 sai? ! ,"l4--,isaiah4 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y m9d4 ,?is is ! great & fir/ comm&m5t4 ,& a second l unto x is ?is1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4--,jesus4 ,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & to ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4--,id4 ,are n five sp>r[s sold = two f>?+s8 & n "o ( !m is =gott5 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b ! v hairs ( y\r head are all numb]$4--,id4 ,we love because he fir/ lov$ u4 ,if a man say1 ,i love ,god1 & hate? 8 bro!r1 he is a li>4--,john4 ,by "o intelligible =m1 :i* is ! div9e ,ess5ce1 & "o consci\s int5tion1 :i* is ! div9e ,^w1 ?+s may be kn[n 9 _! multiplicity by ,god4--,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,if ,god acts 9 all ?+s1 & su* action 9 no way d]ogates f 8 dignity1 b ev5 belongs to 8 univ]sal & supreme p[]1 he _c consid] x bel[ him1 nor does x /a9 8 dignity1 if he ext5d 8 provid5ce to ! individual ?+s ( ?is _w4--,id4 ,une imm5se esprance a pass sur la t]re4--,alfr$ de ,musset4 ,we h se5 t ! ,greek ideal ( life re/$ ^u ! complete id5tification ( ! man ) ! citiz54 ,we h se5 also h[ ?is ideal 0 p>alyz$ by ! gr[? ( individualism2 h[ ! wise/ m5 ?\ght to r5d] ?is innocu\s & ev5 b5efic5t1 by provid+ = x a sph]e ( contemplation1 sup]ior to t ( practice1 b organically relat$ to x1 &1 f9ally h[1 ) ! failure ( ?is attempt1 ! two sides ( human nature1 divorc$ f ea* o!r1 deg5]at$1 ! "o into selfi% worldl9ess1 ! o!r into equally selfi% o!r-worldl9ess1 bo? conditions equally de/itute ( moral significance4 ,?is sad result 0 ma9ly due to ?ree causes1 7#a7 t ! rem$ies propos$ = individualism 7 n suffici5t1 7#b7 t ! be/ rem$y 0 set aside1 7#c7 t ! conditions = :i* ! rem$ies 7 (f]$ soon ceas$ to exi/4 ,bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle wrote = ! small ,greek polities1 :i* lo/ _! autonomy ?r\gh ! ,mac$onian conque/4 ,if x may be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 ! proposals ( ! latt] w\ld h r$eem$ ^! polities1 _h !y cont9u$ free1 x is c]ta9 t !y w\ld h be5 ineffective "u ! *ang$ circum/ances4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y 7 nev] adopt$1 & ev5 = ! sup]-civic man ! tea*+ ( ,plato 0 pref]r$ to 84 ,z ! new cosmopolitanism deep5$ ! gulf betwe5 ! citiz5 & ! individual1 & immeasurably wid5$ ! sph]e ( ! latt]1 9 ! same proportion did ! tea*+ ( ,plato fail to bridge ov] t gulf1 & provide activity = t sph]e4 ,to tell ! sup]-civic man n[ t 8 function 0 to contemplate div9e ?+s & oracul>ly deliv] laws = ! guidance ( ! _w1 w\ld h argu$ an abs5ce ( humor n common 9 ^? days4 ,besides1 ^? p]sons :o claim$ to h contemplat$ div9e ?+s %[$ no su* fitness = legislation z to induce practical m5 to accept _! guidance4 ,! sob] fact 01 t ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s1 :i* m & m absorb$ ! en]gy ( ,greek ?\ght1 01 except = ,ari/otle1 a m]e vague asp]ation )\t moral value1 & became ev] m a sort ( my/ic ec/asy1 9 :i* ! individual1 in/ead ( acquir+ insight & p[] to live wor?ily & b5efic5tly 9 ! _w1 0 ?r[n back ^u himself1 ) 8 w p>alyz$4 ,nor c\ld ?is be o!rwise1 see+ ! nature ( ! div9e ?+s1 ! contemplation ( :i* 0 reckon$ s important4 ,in/ead ( be+ p]sonal attributes1 or a p]son impos+ a moral law se5 to be b9d+1 !y 7 m]e ab/ractions1 increas+ 9 empt9ess ! high] !y 7 9 ! s]ies1 ! highe/ be+ absolute vacancy4 ,9 va9 _h ,ari/otle prote/$ t all reality is individual3 ! ,platonic !ory1 t all k is ( ideas or univ]sals1 prevail$1 ) ! result t ! highe/ k 0 held to be k ( t :i* is absolutely univ]sal1 viz4 indet]m9ate be+ or1 z ,plot9us held1 some?+ lack+ ev5 ! det]m9ation ( be+--! ,supreme ,good4 ,t ! sup]-civic man %\ld f9d satisfaction 9 gaz+ into vacancy1 or be any m valuable 9 ! _w aft] he _h done s1 no matt] h[ spotless 8 life & ec/atic 8 look1 is inconceivable4 ,b :ile1 9 ! ,greek _w1 ! sph]e ( activity ( ! sup]-civic man 0 vani%+ into no?+ness1 among a small & obscure b& ( re/or$ exiles ( ,semitic race1 t sph]e _h come to claim ! entire man & all 8 relations1 practical & spiritual4 ,isaiah's little b& ( fai?ful foll[]s 7see p4 #acc7 _h gr[n into a nation1 liv+ by no law save t ( ,jehovah1 a v real1 v awful1 & v holy p]sonality1 :om ! heav5 ( heav5s c\ld n conta91 b :o yet wat*$ ! ris+ up & ! sitt+ d[n ( e son ( man4 ,long be=e ,qu9tilian wrote 8 elegant treatise on rhetoric1 or ,plot9us 8 pan!i/ic ,enneads1 !re _h sprung f ! bosom ( ?is p a man :o1 bur/+1 at ! exp5se ( 8 life1 ! n>r[ b\nds ( 8 nationally1 elevat$ ! !ocracy ( 8 p into a ,k+dom ( ,heav51 :i* he _h bade proclaim to all ! _w4 ,x 0 proclaim$1 & !n 7?\gh to "s x seem$ a /umbl+-block1 & to o!rs fooli%ness7 ! sup]-civic man1 :o = hundr$s ( ye>s _h be5 w&]+ 9 d>kness1 9 se>* ( 8 fa!rl&1 sudd5ly became aw>e t he _h f\nd x 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,he n[ no long] tries to escape f ! visible _w into ! empt9ess ( an ab/ract fir/ pr9ciple2 b1 9 ! s]vice ( a ,fir/ ,pr9ciple :o is ! mo/ concrete ( realities1 & :o numb]s ! v hairs ( 8 head1 he goes d[n into ! mo/ loa?some dep?s ( ! mat]ial _w to elevate & r$eem ! meane/ ( ! sons ( m54 ,!re is no "q ( bond or free1 rul] or rul$1 n[4 ,9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 !re are no su* relations4 ,! only greatness recogniz$ !re is greatness 9 s]vice2 ! only law1 ! ,law ( ,love4 ,love6 yes1 ! :ole secret is 9 t "o ^w4 ,by add+ love to ! conception ( ! ,god ( 8 p1 by exemplify+ x 9 8 own life1 & dem&+ x ( 8 foll[]s1 ,jesus accompli%$ :at _h baffl$ all ! wisdom ( ! ,greek sages4 ,he re/or$ ! moral unity ( man1 aboli%$ ! old _w1 & made a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,9 va9 h ! advocates ( an indet]m9ate1 self-evolv+ fir/ pr9ciple1 :e!r call+ !mselves ,neoplatoni/s1 my/ics1 mat]iali/s1 evolutioni/s1 ,hegelians1 or ,!osophi/s1 /riv5 to br+ back ! old _w ) its class di/9ctions & in/itutional e?ics2 9 va9 h !y s\ght to s9k ! individual ,god & man ( reality 9 ! univ]sal ideas ( ?\ght4 ,! ,law ( ,love1 :i* is ! gr\nd ( individuality1 z well z ( true society1 has bidd51 & w bid !m1 defiance4 ,,app5dix ,,app5dix ,,! ,,sev5 ,,lib]al ,,arts ,! ,greeks orig9ally recogniz$ two bran*es ( lib]al education#f 7#a7 ,gymna/ics1 = ! body1 & 7#b7 ,music1 = ! s\l4 ,out ( music grew1 9 process ( "t1 n only ! s-call$ ,lib]al ,arts1 t is1 ! arts t g to con/itute ! education ( e freeman1 b also :at 0 reg>d$ z a sup]flu\s luxury 771 ,philosophy4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is app5dix to trace1 z f> z possible1 ?is gradual developm5t4 ,9 do+ s1 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d t orig9ally ! t]m ,music cov]$1 n only :at we call music1 b also poetry1 & t poetry 0 ! vehicle ( all ! sci5ce t !n 04 ,! ,hom]ic aoidos kn[s ! works ( gods & m54 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 x 0 out ( music & poetry t all ! arts & sci5ces grew4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 tak5 :5 ,lett]s 7 introduc$1 t is1 ab\t ! fir/ ,olympiad4#g ,b x 0 long be=e ,lett]s 7 reg>d$ z a sep>ate bran* ( education2 !y 7 simply a means ( record+ poetry4 ,ev5 z late z ! "t ( ,plato1 ,lett]s are /ill usually includ$ "u ,music4 ,9 ,ari/otle1 !y are recogniz$ z a sep>ate bran*4 ,x foll[s f ?is t1 :5 we f9d ,greek writ]s conf9+ s\l-education to ,music1 or ,music & ,lett]s1 we mu/ n conclude t ^! signify only play+ & s++1 read+ & writ+4 ,socrates 0 say+ no?+ new or p>adoxical1 :5 he affirm$ t ,philosophy 0 ! highe/ music4 ,! ,py?agoreans _h said ! same ?+ be=e him1 & !re c be no d\bt t ,py?agoras himself includ$ "u ,music 7#a7 ,lett]s1 7#b7 ,ari?metic1 7#c7 ,geometry1 7#d7 ,a/ronomy1 7#e7 ,music1 9 our s5se1 & 7#f7 ,philosophy 7a t]m inv5t$ by him74 ,plato did ! same ?+4 ,he speaks ( ! true ,muse t is accompani$ ) tru? 77 & philosophy4 ,b 9 8 "t ,music 0 us$ 9 two s5ses1 a broad "o1 9 :i* x includ$ ! :ole ( intellectual education1 & a n>r[ "o1 9 :i* x is conf9$ to music 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t x is us$ by ,ari/otle1 :5 he makes ! intellectual bran*es ( s*ool education 7#a7 ,lett]s1 7#b7 ,music1 & 7#c7 ,draw+4 ,philosophy he places 9 a high] grade4 ,hav+ di/+ui%$ ,lett]s f ,music1 x is natural en\gh t he %\ld assign to ! =m] ! bran*es :i* ,py?agoras _h includ$ "u ! latt]4 ,8 lit]>y s*eme appe>s to be 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 7#c7 ,dialectic1 7#d7 ,ari?metic1 7#e7 ,geometry1 7#f7 ,a/ronomy4 ,add ,music1 & we h exactly ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts2 b1 z ,draw+ mu/ also be add$1 x is cle> t !re 01 z yet1 no ?\ght ( fix+ def9itely ! numb] sev54 ,t ,draw+ 0 = a long "t "p ( ! s*ool curriculum1 is r5d]$ cle> by a passage 9 a "w ( ,teles 7,b4,c4 #bfj7 quot$ by ,/obu 7xcviii1 #gb71 9 :i* x is said t boys /udy 7#a7 ,lett]s1 7#b7 ,music1 7#c7 ,draw+2 "y m51 7#d7 ,ari?metic1 & 7#e7 ,geometry4 ,! la/ two bran*es are "h already di/+ui%$ f ,lett]s2 b we _c be sure t ! li/ is int5d$ to be exhau/ive4 ,:at is especially noticeable 9 ! li/ ( ,teles is1 t x draws a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! l[] & high] /udies1 a di/9ction :i* =e%ad[s ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium ( lat] times4#h ,philosophy1 or ! highe/ education1 ,ari/otle divid$ into 7#a7 ,!ory & 7#b7 ,practice4 ,!ory he subdivid$ into 7a7 ,!ology1 ,fir/ ,philosophy1 or ,wisdom1 call$ lat] ,metaphysics1 ! sci5ce ( ! ,un*angeable1 & 7b7 ,physics1 ! sci5ce ( ! ,*angeable2 ,practice into 7a7 ,e?ics1 includ+ ,politics & conomics1 & 7b7 ,poetics or /hetics4 ,aft] ,teles we he> little ( ! ,greek s*ool-curriculum until ab\t ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,romans1 hav+ acquir$ a smatt]+ ( ,greek le>n+1 began to draw up a s*eme ( /udies suitable = !mselves4 ,x is noticeable t 9 ?is s*eme !re is no su* di/9ction z ! ,greeks drew betwe5 lib]al 71 1 7 & illib]al 77 arts4#i ,z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ,cato ! ,c5sor wrote a s]ies ( manuals = 8 son on 7#a7 ,e?ics1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 7#c7 ,m$ic9e1 7#d7 ,milit>y ,sci5ce1 7#e7 ,f>m+1 7#f7 ,law4 ,x is v significant t ! only ,greek s*ool-/udy :i* appe>s "h is ,rhetoric2 ?is ! ,romans1 & notably ,cato himself1 always /udi$ ) great c>e = practical purposes4 ,x seems t ,cato1 9 ord] to resi/ ! inroads ( ,greek education & mann]s1 :i* he felt to be demoraliz+1 tri$ to draw up a *>act]i/ically ,roman curriculum4 ,greece1 h[ev]1 9 great measure1 prevail$1 & half a c5tury lat] we f9d ,v>ro writ+ ^u mo/ ( ! subjects 9 ! ,greek curriculum3 ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 ,dialectic1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 ,a/ronomy1 ,music1 ,philosophy1 besides _m o!rs4 ,he wrote a treatise 9 n9e books1 call$ ,discipl9>um ,libri4 ,rits*l1 9 8 ,qu/iones ,v>ronian1#aj tri$ to %[ t ^! ,discipl9 7 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 plus ,ar*itecture & ,m$ic9e1 & ,momms51 9 8 ,roman ,hi/ory1 has foll[$ him2 b ,rits*l himself lat] *ang$ 8 op9ion4 ,!re seems no d\bt t 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 7#c7 ,dialectic1 7#d7 ,music1 7#e7 ,geometry1 & 7#f7 ,ar*itecture 7 treat$ 9 ! "w3 :at ! re/ 7 we c only guess4#aa ,!re is no gr\nd = ! ass]tion t ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7 obta9$ by dropp+ ,ar*itecture & ,m$ic9e f ,v>ro's li/4 ,x mu/ h be5 ab\t ! "t ( ,v>ro1 if n e>li]1 t ,roman education came to be divid$ into ?ree grades1 call$ respectively 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 & 7#c7 ,philosophy1 ! la/ fall+ to ! lot ( b few p]sons4 ,( c\rse ,gramm> n[ came to h a v ext5sive mean+1 z we c see f ! def9ition ( x giv5 by ,dionysius ,?rax1 9 8 gramm>1 prep>$ app>5tly = ,roman use 7,b4,c4 #ij74 ,9 ! ,s*olia to t "w 7,i am unable to fix _! date71 we f9d ! ,lib]al ,arts enum]at$ z 7#a7 ,a/ronomy1 7#b7 ,geometry1 7#c7 ,music1 7#d7 ,philosophy1 7#e7 ,m$ic9e1 7#f7 ,gramm>1 7#g7 ,rhetoric4#ab ,b to return to ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! works ( ,philo ,judu1 a contempor>y ( ,jesus1 we f9d ! ,encyclic ,arts frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 & di/+ui%$ f ,philosophy4 ,! =m]1 he says1 are repres5t$ by ! ,egyptian slave ,hag>1 ! latt] by ,s>ah1 ! lawful wife4 ,"o mu/ associate ) ! ,arts be=e he c f9d ,philosophy fruitful4 ,9 no "o passage does ,philo give a li/ ( ! ,encyclic ,arts4 ,9 "o place we f9d enum]at$ 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,geometry1 7#c7 ,music1 7#d7 ,rhetoric 7,de ,*]ub41 #cj72 9 ano!r 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,geometry1 7#c7 ! entire music ( encyclic in/ruction 7,de ,agricult41 #d72 9 ano!r 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,music1 7#c7 ,geometry1 7#d7 ,rhetoric1 7#e7 ,dialectic 7,de ,congressu ,qur4 ,erud4 ,grat41 #e72 9 ano!r1 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,ari?metic1 7#c7 ,geometry1 7#d7 ,music1 7#e7 ,rhetoric 7,de ,somniis1 #ce71 etc4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,encyclic ,arts1 accord+ to ,philo1 7 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 7#c7 ,dialectic1 7#d7 ,ari?metic1 7#e7 ,geometry1 7#f7 ,music4 ,a/ronomy appe>s 9 none ( ! li/s4 ,philosophy is divid$ into 7#a7 ,physics1 7#b7 ,logic1 7#c7 ,e?ics 7,de ,mutat4 ,nom41 #aj71 a division t 0 long curr5t4 ,f :at has be5 adduc$1 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t at ! ,*ri/ian era no def9ite numb] _h be5 fix$ = ! lib]al arts ei!r at ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 or ,rome4 ,! li/ app>5tly diff]$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,cle>ly ! ,roman programme 0 q diff]5t f ! ,greek4 ,%ortly aft] ?is era1 we f9d ,s5eca 7:o di$ ,a4,d4 #fe7 giv+ ! lib]al arts1 lib]alia /udia1 z 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,music1 7#c7 ,geometry1 7#d7 ,ari?metic1 7#e7 ,a/ronomy 7,epi/41 #hh74 ,he divides ,philosophy into 7#a7 ,moral1 7#b7 ,natural1 7#c7 ,rational1 & ! la/ he subdivides into 7a7 ,dialectic & 7b7 ,rhetoric4 ,above all he places ,wisdom1 ,sapi5tia p]fectum bonum e/ m5tis human 7,epi/41 #hi74 ,"h we see t two ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts are class$ "u ,philosophy4 ,a little lat]1 ,qu9tilian divides all education into 7#a7 ,gramm>1 & 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 b condesc5ds to all[ 8 "y orator to /udy a little ,music1 ,geometry1 & ,a/ronomy4 ,turn+ to ! ,greeks1 we f9d ,sextus ,empiricus1 :o seems to h fl\ri%$ 9 ,a!ns & ,alex&ria t[>d ! end ( ! second c5tury1 writ+ a great "w aga9/ ! dogmati/s or ma!maticians1 ( :om he f9ds n9e classes1 correspond+ to six arts1 & ?ree sci5ces ( philosophy4 ,! arts are 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,rhetoric1 7#c7 ,geometry1 7#d7 ,ari?metic1 7#e7 ,a/ronomy1 7#f7 ,music3 ! sci5ces1 7#a7 ,logic1 7#b7 ,physics1 7#c7 ,e?ics4 ,we are n[ n f> f ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts2 /ill we h n rea*$ !m4 ,!re is n1 ,i ?9k1 any notewor?y li/ ( ! lib]al arts to be f\nd 9 any anci5t au?or aft] ,sextus1 till we come to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,9 8 ,retractiones1 writt5 ab\t #dbe1 he tells u 7,i1 #f7 t 9 8 y\? he und]took to write ,discipl9>um ,libri 7! exact title ( ,v>ro's "w671 t he f9i%$ ! book on 7#a7 ,gramm>1 wrote six volumes on 7#b7 ,music1 & made a beg9n+ ) o!r five discipl9es1 7#c7 ,dialectic1 7#d7 ,rhetoric1 7#e7 ,geometry1 7#f7 ,ari?metic1 7#g7 ,philosophy4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 assum$ t we h "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts def9itely fix$2 b !re is no?+ :atev] 9 ! passage to ju/ify ?is assumption4 ,! au?or does n say ! o!r five discipl9es1 b m]ely o!r five4 ,among ^! five1 moreov]1 is nam$ ,philosophy1 :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly a discipl9e1 0 nev]1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 call$ an art1 lib]al or o!rwise4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ reason = trac+ back ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o surely 0 incapable ( any su* play+ ) numb]s4 ,he does n1 inde$1 recognize ! ,sev54 ,x is 9 ! fanta/ic & sup]ficial "w ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 a hea!n contempor>y ( ,augu/9e's1 t !y fir/ make _! appe>ance1 & ev5 !re no /ress is laid ^u _! numb]4 ,!y are 7#a7 ,gramm>1 7#b7 ,dialectic1 7#c7 ,rhetoric1 7#d7 ,geometry1 7#e7 ,ari?metic1 7#f7 ,a/ronomy1 7#g7 ,music4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 7 ! bran*es taught 9 ! bett] s*ools ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 :51 on ! :ole1 ! ,greek lib]al curriculum _h supplant$ ! ,roman rhetorical "o4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = suppos+ t ,capella _h any?+ to d ) fix+ ! curriculum :i* he celebrates4 ,8 "w is a wret*$ production1 suffici5tly *>act]iz$ by its title1 ,! ,w$d+ ( ,m]cury & ,philology4 ,he wrote ab\t sev5 arts because he f\nd sev5 to write ab\t4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! numb] ( ! arts1 & a my/ical mean+ atta*$ to x1 by ! ,*ri/ian s5ator1 ,cassiodorus 7#dhj-ege7 9 8 ,de ,artibus et ,discipl9is ,lib]alium ,litt]>um4 ,he f9ds x writt5 9 ,prov4 ix1 #a1 t ,wisdom ha? build$ h] h\se4 ,%e ha? hewn out h] sev5 pill>s4 ,he concludes t ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts are ! sev5 pill>s ( ! h\se ( ,wisdom4 ,!y correspond also to ! days ( ! week1 :i* are also sev54 ,x is to be obs]v$ t he di/+ui%es ! ,arts f ! ,discipl9es1 or1 z !y said lat]1 ! ,trivium f ! ,quadrivium4 ,! pi\s notion ( ,cassiodorus 0 work$ out by ,isidore ( ,seville 7di$ #fcf7 9 8 ,etymologi1 & by ,alcu9 7di$ #hjd7 9 8 ,grammatica4 ,( c\rse1 z soon z ! numb] ( ! arts came to be reg>d$ z fix$ by ,scripture au?ority1 x became z famili> a fact z ! numb] ( ! planets or ( ! days ( ! week1 or inde$1 z ! numb] ( ! elem5ts4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #hbj ,hrabanus ,maurus 7#ggf-hef71 a pupil ( ,alcu9's1 wrote a "w1 ,de ,cl]icorum ,in/itutione1 9 :i* ! phrase ,septem ,lib]ales ,artes is said to occur = ! fir/ "t4 ,ab\t ! same date ,!odulfus wrote 8 allegorical poem ,de ,septem ,lib]alibus 9 quadam ,pictura ,descriptis4#ac ,! ,lib]al ,/udies aft] ,/4 ,augu/9e did n include ,philosophy1 :i* re/$ ^u ! ,sev5 ,arts1 z ^u sev5 pill>s1 & 0 usually divid$ into 7#a7 ,physical1 7#b7 ,logical1 7#c7 ,e?ical4#ad ,aft] a "t ,philosophy came to be an all-embrac+ t]m4 ,9 a comm5t>y on ! ,timu ( ,plato1 assign$ by ,c\s9 to ! twelf? c5tury1 we f9d ! foll[+ s*eme3-- ,e?ics4 ,practical ,economics4 ,politics4 ,!ology4 ,,philosophy ,ari?metic ,ma!matics4 ,music ,!oretical ,geometry ,quadrivium4 ,a/ronomy ,physics4 ,! au?or expressly says t ,ma!matica quadrivium cont9et2 b he pla9ly does n include ! ,trivium "u ,philosophy4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 done ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,9 ! ,it9]>ium ,m5tis 9 ,deum ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura 7#abba-gd7 we f9d ! foll[+ arrangem5ts3-- ,metaphysics--ess5ce3 leads to ,fir/ ,pr9ciple ,fa!r4 ,natural ,ma!matics--numb]s1 figures3 leads to ,image ,son4 ,physics--natures1 p[]s1 diffusions3 leads to ,gift ( ,holy ,_s4 ,,philosophy ,gramm>--p[] ( expression ,fa!r4 ,rational ,logic--p]spicuity 9 argum5t ,son4 ,rhetoric--skill 9 p]suad+ ,holy ,_s4 ,mona/ics--innascibility ( ,fa!r4 ,moral conomics--famili>ity ( ,son4 ,politics--lib]ality ( ,holy ,_s4 ,"h we h ! ,trivium1 "u ! division ,rational1 :ile ! ,quadrivium mu/ /ill be includ$ "u ,ma!matics4 ,9 bo? cases we get n9e sci5ces or discipl9es1 & ! numb] 0 app>5tly *os51 because x is ! squ>e ( ?ree1 ! numb] ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,9 ! latt] case ?is 0 c]ta9ly true4 ,speak+ ( ! prim>y divisions ( ,philosophy1 ! ,sa9t says3 ,! fir/ treats ( ! cause ( be+1 & !re=e leads to ! ,p[] ( ! ,fa!r2 ! second ( ! gr\nd ( und]/&+1 & !re=e leads to ! ,wisdom ( ! ,^w2 ! ?ird ( ! ord] ( liv+1 & !re=e leads to ! goodness ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,dante1 9 8 ,convivio 7,,ii1 #ad1 #ae71 gives ! foll[+ s*eme1 bas$ ^u ! t5 heav5s1 n9e ( :i* are mov$ by angels or intellig5ces1 :ile ! la/ re/s 9 ,god4 ,gramm> ,moon ,angels4 ,trivium ,dialectic ,m]cury ,ar*angels4 ,rhetoric ,v5us ,?rones4 ,,lib]al ,,arts ,ari?metic ,sun ,dom9ions4 ,quadrivium ,music ,m>s ,virtues4 ,geometry ,jupit] ,pr9cipalities4 ,a/rology ,saturn ,p[]s4 ,physics & ,/>ry ,heav5 ,*]ubim4 ,metaphysics ,moral ,sci5ce ,cry/all9e ,s]aphim4#ae ,,philosophy ,heav5 ,!ology ,empyrean ,god4 ,9 ,dante are summ$ up ! anci5t & m$ival sy/ems ( education4 ,,bibliography ,x is n int5d$ "h to give a complete ,bibliography ( ,greek ,education1 b m]ely to po9t ! read]s ( ?is book1 :o may desire to pursue ! subject fur!r1 to ! *ief s\rces ( in=mation4 #a4 ,,anci5t ,,works ,= ! fir/ "p ( ! ,hell5ic ,p]iod1 t ( ! ,old ,education1 our au?orities are fragm5t>y1 & (t5 vague4 ,!y are ! ,iliad & ,odyssey ( ,hom]1 ! ,works & ,days ( ,hesiod1 ! fragm5ts ( ! pre-,socratic philosoph]s 7collect$ by ,mulla*1 9 8 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,grcorum1 ,p>is1 ,didot1 #ahfj-ha1 #c vols4 #dto71 & ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes1 especially ! ,cl\ds4 ,= ! second "p ( ! same p]iod1 t ( ! ,new ,education1 ! *ief au?orities are ! trag$ies ( ,euripides1 ! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 especially ! ,protagoras1 ,lysis1 ,republic1 & ,laws1 & ! ,cyropdia1 conomics1 & ,con/itution ( ,lac$mon ( ,x5ophon4 ,= ,ari/otle's educational doctr9es1 we are conf9$ = in=mation to 8 own works1 &1 among ^!1 to ! ,e?ics & ,politics4 ,( ! latt]1 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! sev5?1 & ! :ole ( ! eigh?1 book deal pr(ess$ly ) education4 ,"s in=mation may also be glean$ f ! rec5tly discov]$ ,con/itution ( ,a!ns4 ,= ! ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod1 our in=mation is d]iv$ *iefly f inscriptions1 f ! writ+s ( ,philo ,judu1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,plut>* 7,on ! ,nurture ( ,*ildr571 lian 7,miscellanies71 ,lucian 7,ana*>sis *iefly71 ,/obu1 ,plot9us1 ,v>ro1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,qu9tilian 7,education ( ! ,orator71 ,m>tianus ,capella 7,nuptials ( ,m]cury & ,philology71 & ,cassiodorus1 & f /ray notices 9 o!r poets1 hi/orians1 & philosoph]s4 ,( ! works ref]r$ to1 ^! des]ve special m5tion3-- #a4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds4 ,translations by ,john ,hookham ,fr]e1 ,?omas ,mit*ell1 & ,w4,j4 ,hickie 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #b4 ,x5ophon1 ,cyropdia4 ,translation1 9 ,:ole ,works translat$ by ,a%ley ,coop] & ,o!rs1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdb1 & by ,j4,s4 ,watson & ,h4 ,dale 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #c4 ,plato1 ,republic4 ,translations by ,j4 ,ll4 ,davies & ,d4,j4 ,vaughan1 by ,b4 ,j[ett1 & by ,h5ry ,davis 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #d4 ,plato1 ,laws4 ,translations by ,b4 ,j[ett1 & by ,g4 ,burges 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #e4 ,ari/otle1 ,politics 7,books ,,vii1 ,,viii74 ,translations by ,b4 ,j[ett1 ,j4,e4,c4 ,weldon1 & ,e4 ,wal=d 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #f4 ,plut>*1 ,on ! ,nurture ( ,*ildr54 ,translation 9 ,morals1 translat$ f ! ,greek by sev]al h&s1 correct$ & revis$ by ,w4,w4 ,goodw91 ,bo/on1 #ahgh4 #g4 ,qu9tilian1 ,education ( an ,orator4 ,translation by ,j4,s4 ,watson 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y74 #b4 ,,mod]n ,,works ,^! are v num]\s2 b ! mo/ compreh5sive is ,lor5z ,grasb]g]'s ,erziehung und ,unt]ri*t im klassis*5 ,alt]?um1 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,b$rfnisse d] ,geg5w>t1 ,wrzburg1 #ahfd-ha1 #c vols4 ,! fir/ volume deals ) ! physical tra9+ ( boys1 ! second ) _! intellectual tra9+1 & ! ?ird ) ! education imp>t$ by ! ,/ate to "y m5 774 ,a volume ( plates is promis$4 ,! "w is badly con/ruct$1 b is a m9e ( in=mation & ( ref]5ces4 ,along ) ?is may be nam$ ,o4,h4 ,jg]1 ,die ,gymna/ik d] ,hell551 9 ihrem ,e9fluss auf's gesammte ,alt]?um und ihr] ,b$eutung fr die deuts*e ,geg5w>t1 ,essl+51 #ahej2 ,f\rni]1 ,sur l',education et l',in/ruction ,publiques *ez les ,grecs1 ,b]l91 #ahcc2 ,becq de ,f\quire1 ,les ,jeux des ,anci5s1 ,p>is1 #ahfi2 ,de ,pauw1 ,re*]*es ,philosophiques sur les ,grecs2 ,fr4 ,jacobs1 ,ueb] die ,erziehung d] ,hell55 zur ,sittli*keit1 ,v]mis*te ,s*r4 ,pt4 ,,iii42 ,alb]t ,dumont1 ,essai sur l',ephbie ,attique1 ,p>is1 #ahgf-f2 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,de ,ephebis ,atticis2 ,*r4 ,pet]s51 ,das ,gymnasium d] ,grie*5 na* se9] bauli*5 ,e9ri*tung bes*rieb51 ,hamburg1 #aheh2 ,alex&] ,kapp1 ,platon's ,erziehungslehre1 ,m9d51 #ahcc1 & ,ari/otle's ,/aatspdagogik1 ,hamm1 #ahcg2 ,j4,h4 ,krause1 ,ges*i*te d] ,erziehung des ,unt]ri*ts und d] ,bildung bei d5 ,grie*51 ,etrusk]n und ,rm]n1 ,halle1 #ahea4 ,*apt]s on ,greek ,education may be f\nd 9 ,w4,a4 ,beck]'s ,*>icles & ,gallus2 9 ,guhl & ,kon]'s ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans--all ?ree translat$ into ,engli%4 ,9 ,hell5ica is an essay1 by ,r4,s4 ,nettle%ip1 on ! ,!ory ( ,education 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato1 ,riv+ton1 #ahhj1 & 9 ,edw9 ,hat*'s ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,hibb]t ,lectures7 is a *apt] on ,greek ,education 7,lecture ,,ii74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is wor? :ile to note t x 0 a passage f ,philolaus t sugge/$ to ,cop]nicus ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd a c5tre4 #b ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ! *>m+ ,apoxyom5os ( ! ,vatican4 #c ,s says ,ari/otle1 :o tells u fur!r t 9 8 "t on ?is occasion !y 7 pres5t$ ) spe> & %ield by ! p 7see p4 #ig74 #d ,i am "h us+ ! t]ms objective & subjective 9 _! mod]n acceptation1 :i* almo/ exactly inv]ts ! anci5t usage4 ,see ,m>t9eau1 ,/udy ( ,religion1 vol4 i1 p4 #che1 n4 #b4 #e ,l ,pet] ,pip]1 etc41 & ! ,g]man ,messwe*sel ,wa*smaske4 #f ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,greek 1 art1 corresponds almo/ exactly to :at we mean by sci5ce4 ,x is def9$ by ,ari/otle1 ,metaph41 ,a4 #a2 #iha a #e sqq4 ,s*wegl]1 9 8 translation ( ! ,metaphysics1 r5d]s x by ,wiss5s*aft4 is our philosophy4 #g ,see ,jebb1 ,hom]1 pp4 #aaj sqq4 #h ,x is a pity t we _c fix ! date ( ! s-call$ ,picture ( ,cebes 7 74 ,9 ?is we f9d enum]at$ ! vot>ies ( ,false ,le>n+1 7#a7 ,poets1 7#b7 ,rhetoricians1 7#c7 ,dialecticians1 7#d7 ,musicians1 7#e7 ,ari?meticians1 7#f7 ,geometricians1 7#g7 ,a/rolog]s 7if we c\nt ,poets ,gramm>ians1 we h exactly ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts71 7#h7 ,h$oni/s1 7#i7 ,p]ipatetics1 7#aj7 ,critics1 & su* o!rs z are l to ^!4 ,! ,h$oni/s 77 are ! ,cyr5aics2 ! ,critics 77 c h>dly be ! gramm>ians1 ?\gh t is usually ! mean+ ( ! t]m 9 lat] times4 ,%\ld we n read 8 #i ,lib]al means fit1 illib]al unfit1 = freem54 ,! sum ( ! lib]al arts 0 call$ 1 :i* we h corrupt$ into ,encyclopdia4 #aj ,bonn1 #ahde4 #aa ,see ,boissi]1 tude sur la ,vie et les ,ouvrages de ,m4,t4 ,v>ron1 pp4 #ccb1 sqq4 #ab ,see ,bekk]'s ,anecdota ,grca1 ii41 #fee4 #ac ,i am indebt$ = a numb] ( ^! facts to an article by ,pr(essor ,a4,f4 ,we/1 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,college ,bullet91 ,novemb]1 #ahij4 #ad ,^! t]ms1 :i* we /ill f9d 9 ,isidore & ,hrabanus ,maurus1 are aft]w>ds1 9 ! ?irte5? 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