,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by plus signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,text enclos$ by tilde *>act]s is und]l9$ 7und]l9$74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is d\ble und]l9$ 7d\ble und]l9$74 ,! ,key to ,pronunciation1 p4 #cg 7,spell+ ,lesson #c71 conta9s *>act]s ) diacritical m>ks n available 9 ,lat9-#a "* encod+4 ,!re=e1 !y h be5 transcrib$ z foll[s3 x "* 'x' ) macron 7b>7 above ! lett] 4x "* 'x' ) dot above ! lett] x "* 'x' ) tilde 7curv$ b>7 above ! lett] ,,pla9 ,,engli% by ,,m>ian ,,:>ton ,= ! ,education ( ! ,work]s by ! ,work]s ,publi%$ by ,! ,p's ,college ,=t ,scott1 ,kansas #aiag ,he :o aspires to ma/] ! art ( expression mu/ fir/ ( all consecrate himself completely to "s great cause & ! greate/ cause ( all is ! cause ( humanity4 ,he mu/ le>n to feel deeply & ?9k cle>ly1 to express himself eloqu5tly4 ,he mu/ be absolutely true to ! be/ !re is 9 him1 if he has to /& alone4 ,su* natural p[]s z he may h %\ld be cultivat$ by ! /udy ( hi/ory1 sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,he mu/ n only keep close to ! p b rememb] t he is "o ( !m1 & n above ! meane/4 ,he mu/ feel ! wrongs ( o!rs s ke5ly t he =gets 8 own1 & resolve to combat ^! wrongs ) all ! p[] at 8 comm&4 ,! mo/ ?rill+1 inspir+ oratory1 ! mo/ p[]ful & impressive eloqu5ce is ! voice ( ! dis9h]it$1 ! oppress$1 ! suff]+ & subm]g$2 x is ! voice ( pov]ty & mis]y1 ( rags & cru/s1 ( wret*$ness & despair2 ! voice ( humanity cry+ to ! inf9ite2 ! voice t res\nds ?r\gh\t ! e>? & rea*es ,heav52 ! voice t awak5s ! consci5ce ( a race & proclaims ! tru?s t fill ! _w ) life & lib]ty & love4 --,,eug5e ,v4 ,,debs4 ,,=eword ,e g5]ation has add$ a little to ! /ore ( tru? ( :i* ! human race has possess$ itself ?r\gh\t ! long sweep ( ! c5turies4 ,e tru? express$ & pres]v$ by ^? :o liv$ 9 ! pa/1 is a contribution :i* enri*es ! lives ( ^? :o live 9 ! pres5t4 ,we1 z memb]s ( ! human race1 are n sep>ate atoms indep5d5t ( ! univ]se1 b we are atoms ( x4 ,we are ! product ( all "t1 & p>take ( ! tru? ( all prec$+ g5]ations1 9 :i* ! p[] to express ideas & pres]ve !m has exi/$4 ,"o reason :y ! race has n pr(it$ m l>gely by ! discov]ies ( previ\s g5]ations1 is ! fact t we feel s pr(\ndly ! discov]y ( a tru? ( any nature1 t we are prone to dogmatize x by a rule or set ( rules4 ,?is usually results 9 %utt+ away f u ! real pr9ciple ( :i* ! rule is b an evid5ce4 ,a me*anic may le>n e detail ( e rule = ! con/ruction ( a /eam eng9e1 b if he lacks ! und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples :i* give rise to ! rules1 !y w avail no?+ & 8 "w mu/ fail4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he und]/&s ! pr9ciples involv$1 8 "w w /& ! te/1 ?\gh he has no k ( rules z su*4 ,9 tea*+ ! ,engli% language1 ! rules h be5 /ress$1 :ile ! pr9ciples h be5 subm]g$1 s t ! tea*+ ( rules has n result$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! /ud5t4 ,! ,p's ,college1 realiz+ ?is1 has1 ?r\gh ! au?or ( ?is "w1 revolutioniz$ ! tea*+ ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples t und]lie ! use ( language4 ,! /ress is laid ^u pr9ciples in/ead ( rules1 s t ! /ud5t1 :e!r he rememb] a rule or n1 w nev] =get ! application ( ^! pr9ciples to ! use ( ! writt5 & spok5 ^w4 ,! ass]tion is v5tur$ t no m practical & effective me?od c be devis$ = ! rapid & ?or\gh tea*+ ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,moreov]1 ! importance ( ?is new dep>ture 9 me?od _c be ov]-e/imat$1 :5 we consid] t only ?r\gh ! use ( language c in=mation be dissem9at$ conc]n+ o!r bran*es ( le>n+4 ,?is sci5ce1 !n1 lies at ! v base ( all real education1 & a ma/]y ( x puts ! /ud5t 9 possession ( ! only weapon by means ( :i* he may ma/] all o!r sci5ces4 ,! au?or has1 ) peculi> aptitude1 grasp$ ! fundam5tal "* ( ! =ego+ facts & has adapt$ ! /udy ( language to ! real pr9ciples involv$4 ,all ! dry rules t are ! witnesses ( pr9ciples 9 ! ord9>y text are done away1 :ile ! pr9ciples evid5c$ by ^? rules come =? to ! light 9 practical application1 ) a beauty ( expression & a real utility t r5d] ! ma/]y ( ! subject an ent]ta9+ excursion into ! realms ( le>n+1 r ?an a dry imprisonm5t ( ! faculties 9 an ef=t to memorize misund]/ood rules )\t app>5t reason or real use4 ,x is ! pr9ciple beh9d ! rule t has p[] 9 x4 ,:5 ?is is und]/ood1 ! me?od pursu$ by ! au?or 9 ?is c\rse w be univ]sally appli$ to all bran*es ( le>n+1 & w end =ev] ! imprisonm5t ( *ildr5 = ! useless wor%ip ( rules4 ,! au?or's grasp ( ?is fact & ! exemplification ( x1 conta9$ 9 ?is "w are ev5 m f>-rea*+ ?an ! =ego+ w\ld indicate4 ,x really means ! application ( a new viewpo9t to life itself4 ,x means ! que/ion+ ( ! utility ( au?ority2 ! que/ion+ ( ! utility ( in/itutions2 ! application1 we might say1 ( su* a te/ z ?is3 ,does any rule1 does any au?ority1 does any pr9ciple1 cons]ve ! int]e/s ( humanity8 ,if n1 away ) x4 ,?is means rationalism1 ! use ( common s5se4 ,x means t at la/ ! race is beg9n+ to consci\sly direct its own de/9y4 ,x is ) a pr(\nd s5se ( ! necessity ( education z a "p ( ! evolution>y process n[ 9 ! consci\s grasp ( ! race1 & ) a conviction ( ! fundam5tal importance ( ! new viewpo9t s ably pres5t$ by ! au?or t we d$icate ?is "w ,to ! ,education ( ! ,work]s by ! ,work]s4 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,i4 ,language ,/udy #i ,,ii4 ,n\ns & ,v]bs #ah ,,iii4 ,p>ts ( ,spee* #bg ,,iv4 ,n\ns #ch ,v4 ,v]bs #ej ,,vi4 ,inflection ( ,v]bs #eh ,,vii4 ,"t ,=ms ( ,v]bs #fi ,,viii4 ,"t ,=ms1 ,cont'd4 #gh ,,ix4 ,p>ticiples & ,inf9itives #hh ,x4 ,help+ ,v]bs #ig ,,xi4 ,v]bs--,common ,errors #ajf ,,xii4 ,pron\ns #aae ,,xiii4 ,pron\ns1 ,cont'd4 #abg ,,xiv4 ,adjectives #ach ,,xv4 ,adjectives1 ,cont'd4 #adh ,,xvi4 ,adv]bs #afj ,,xvii4 ,adv]bs1 ,cont'd4 #afi ,,xviii4 ,prepositions #agi ,,xix4 ,prepositions1 ,cont'd4 #ahi ,,xx4 ,conjunctions #bjj ,,xxi4 ,conjunctions1 ,cont'd4 #bab ,,xxii4 ,adjective ,clauses #bbb ,,xxiii4 ,indep5d5t ,con/ructions #bcb ,,xxiv4 ,s5t5ce ,build+ #bdc ,,xxv4 ,s5t5ce ,analysis #bee ,,xxvi4 ,s5t5ce ,build+ #bfg ,,xxvii4 ,s5t5ce ,build+ #bgh ,,xxviii4 ,! ,use ( ,capitals #bhh ,,xxix4 ,punctuation #bii ,,xxx4 ,punctuation1 ,cont'd4 #caj ,,spell+ ,i4 ,def9ition #ag ,,ii4 ,v[els & ,consonants #bf ,,iii4 ,diacritical ,m>ks #cf ,,iv4 ,digraphs #di ,v4 ,diph?ongs #eg ,,vi4 ,syllabification #fh ,,vii4 ,syllabification1 ,cont'd4 #gg ,,viii4 ,acc5t #hg ,,ix4 ,comp\nd ,words #if ,x4 ,prefixes & ,suffixes #aje ,,xi4 ,d]ivatives #aad ,,xii4 ,d]ivatives1 ,cont'd4 #abf ,,xiii4 ,sil5t ,e #acg ,,xiv4 ,words ,end+ 9 ,y #adf ,,xv4 ,words ) ei or ie #aei ,,xvi4 ,homonyms #afh ,,xvii4 ,d]ivative ,n\ns #agh ,,xviii4 ,v]bs ) ,prepositions #ahg ,,xix4 ,d]ivative ,prepositions #aii ,,xx4 ,d]ivative ,adv]bs #baa ,,xxi4 ,d]ivative ,adjectives #bba ,,xxii4 ,words 9 able & ible #bca ,,xxiii4 ,simplifi$ ,spell+ #bda ,,xxiv4 ,v]bs ) ,suffixes #bed ,,xxv4 ,cognate ,s\nds #bfe ,,xxvi4 ,words beg9n+ ) dis #bgg ,,xxvii4 ,! prefixes 91 un & mis #bhg ,,xxviii4 ,synonyms #big ,,xxix4 ,antonyms #cjh ,,xxx4 ,common ,errors #cbj ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,lesson ,i ,op5 ,lett] ,de> ,comrade3 ,y are beg9n+ a c\rse ( /udy 9 ! use ( ,pla9 ,engli%4 ,we d n "k :at y\r previ\s /udy may h be51 b ! object ( ?is c\rse is to give ! basic pr9ciples & practice ( ! use ( ! ,engli% ,language = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n _h ! opportunity ( a high s*ool education & possibly h n f9i%$ 9 ! grade s*ool4 ,= ?is reason we h avoid$1 z mu* z possible1 ! /atem5t ( rules & =mulas to be le>n$ by rote & h made ! few rules :i* x is necess>y to "k1 gr[ naturally out ( ! ne$ = !m 9 ! developm5t ( expression 9 language4 ,we h tak5 = grant$ sev]al ?+s 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is c\rse4 ,fir/1 we assume t y h nev] /udi$ gramm>1 or if y h1 t y w be glad to review x 9 simplifi$ =m4 ,?is c\rse does n foll[ ! l9es laid d[n by te*nical gramm>ians4 ,x has be5 work$ out on ! basis ( pla91 common s5se4 ,our purpose is n to make ( y a gramm>ian1 v]s$ 9 ! k ( rules & reasons1 b to give y ! p[] to express y\rself m readily1 flu5tly & correctly--9 o!r words to speak & write good ,engli%4 ,second1 we assume t y are int]e/$ & will+ to "w & eag] to increase y\r /ore ( k4 ,y\r progress 9 ?is bran* ( k w dep5d1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ^u y\r own ef=ts4 ,we h endeavor$ to avoid unnecess>y & un9t]e/+ rules & make ! c\rse z simple1 cle> & pla9 z possible2 b t does n mean y w n h to "w 9 ord] to ma/] ?is /udy4 ,we tru/ x w be pleasant & int]e/+ "w1 br++ y joy z x br+s y a gr[+ s5se ( p[]4 ,probably no two p w use ! same plan ( "w4 ,y\r "w1 to be a pleasure1 mu/ express y\r own individuality4 ,h[ev]1 we want to make a few sugge/ions :i* we "k f exp]i5ce y w f9d helpful4 #a/4 ,be ,sy/ematic4 ,f9d "s "t ea* day :i* y c regul>ly sp5d 9 /udy4 ,d n be disc\rag$ if x is only fifte5 m9utes ea* day4 ,! /ud5t :o w sp5d fifte5 m9utes e day regul>ly 9 int5sive /udy c easily complete ?is c\rse )9 ! prescrib$ "t4 #b;d4 ,conc5trate4 ,by ?is we mean t :5 y /udy1 y %\ld d x to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,keep y\r m9d ^u ! subject4 ,y may f9d ?is difficult at fir/4 ,y\r m9d w w&]2 b y w soon acquire ! /ud5t habit if y p]sev]e4 #c;d4 ,h ,fai? 9 ,y\rself4 ,d n be easily disc\rag$4 ,y h ! p[] to ma/] ?is subject & y w4 ,y w f9d x ( immeasurable value to y to be able to speak & write flu5tly & correctly4 ,^? :om y admire = _! ready use ( good ,engli% 7 n born ) ! gift ( gab4 ,!y le>n$ h[ to speak by /udy+ ! rules ( gramm>1 ! mean+ ( words1 j z y are /udy+ !m4 ,:at !y h done1 y w d4 #d?4 ,g ,sl[ly & ,surely4 ,d n skim ?r\gh ^! lessons4 ,be sure y und]/& ?or\ghly z y g along4 ,read c>efully & ?9k = y\rself4 ,if !re is any?+ y d n und]/& at any "t1 write u & ask ab\t x4 ,^! lessons h be5 c>efully prep>$ & are = y\r b5efit4 ,make !m y\rs & call ^u u freely = help4 ,?is is y\r ,college & its only ideal is s]vice4 #e?4 ,get a ,note-,book4 ,make y\r note-book y\r "w-%op4 ,write 9 x an outl9e ( ea* lesson4 ,fill x ) notes1 examples1 any?+ :i* is ( int]e/ on ! subject4 ,note d[n y\r own frequ5t mi/akes 9 ! use ( ,engli%4 ,wat* ! conv]sation ( y\r fri5ds2 li/5 to good speak]s4 ,write d[n ! mi/akes y notice4 ,:5ev] y he> a ^w :i* seems p>ticul>ly good1 or :5 y see "o 9 y\r read+1 write x 9 y\r note-book & make x "p ( y\r vocabul>y4 ,y w f9d y\r int]e/ cont9ually gr[+ & also y\r ability to express ! ?\ghts y ye>n to express4 ,if we c br+ to y an increas+ joy 9 life because ( a gr[+ p[] ( expression2 if we c enl>ge y\r ability to s]ve ! _w2 if we c1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ?is wond]ful language ( ours1 op5 wid] ! door ( opportunity = y1--our comrade1--,! ,p's ,college w h s]v$ its purpose & realiz$ its ideal4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,good ,,engli%--,,:at ,,is ,,x8 #a4 ,p seem to diff] 9 _! idea z to :at con/itutes ,good ,engli%4 ,h y nev] se5 a man sudd5ly call$ ^u to make a =mal spee* or introduc$ into ! company ( di/+ui%$ m5 & wom58 ,q (t51 he w drop 8 simple e-day mode ( spee* & speak 9 /ilt$1 unnatural language1 us+ all ! big words he c possibly rememb]4 ,he no d\bt fondly imag9es he is mak+ an impression & us+ good ,engli%4 ,! purpose ( language is to make "o's self und]/ood1 &1 ( c\rse1 ?is c be done 9 v simple & crude ,engli%4 ,! man :o breaks e rule ( gramm>1 int]sp]ses 8 rem>ks ) e v>iety ( slang phrase1 may make himself und]/ood1 b he is n us+ good ,engli%4 #b4 ,good ,engli% is t :i* is good = its purpose & con=ms to ! /&>ds ( usage4 ,we h "o purpose :5 we write a bus9ess lett] & q ano!r :5 we are writ+ or speak+ ( ! great issues ( life4 ,!re is a place = ! simple1 direct1 pla91 unadorn$ language ( e-day bus9ess life--! life ( ! "w-a-day _w--& !re is a place also = ! beauty & *>m ( ! language ( poetry4 ,if we are talk+ ) ! man :o works beside u ( ! "w ( ! day1 we w naturally use pla91 simple1 =ceful words4 ,b1 if we are speak+ to our comrades1 /riv+ to ar\se !m out ( _! le?>gy1 to /ir !m to action z m5 & wom51 we w j z naturally use ! f9e & noble words :i* t\* ! dep?s ( human emotion--! heights ( human endeavor4 #c4 ,!re are c]ta9 rules = ! use ( ,engli% :i* h gr[n up ?r\gh ! ye>s1 to :i* we mu/ con=m4 ,^! are n arbitr>y4 ,!y h n be5 made by any man or any set ( m54 ,9 fact1 !y are con/antly *ang+1 z ! common usage ( ! p =ces ! *anges4 ,= ^! rules are only ! expression ( ! common usage1 & z usage *anges1 ! rules *ange4 ,b ^! *anges come sl[ly1 s we c set d[n 9 a book ! rules :i* express ! e/abli%$ usage ( today4 ,! ability to use good ,engli% does n mean ! ability to use long1 high-s\nd+ words4 ,to be a ma/] ( good ,engli% means to be able to use ! ^w t meets y\r ne$ & use x correctly4 ,d n /rive = effect1 /rive = effective expression4 ,,use ,,y\r ,,diction>y #d4 ,d y "k t ! av]age individual cripples ?r\gh life ) a vocabul>y ( a few hundr$ words :5 he might easily h at 8 comm& z _m ?\s&s8 ,we are mis]s ) our words4 ,"h hid away 9 ?is book we call ! diction>y is a weal? ( words1 a ri* m9e ( expression1 & yet 9 our e-day conv]sation we halt & /amm]1 us+ mean+less words & phrases l>gely made up ( curr5t slang4 ,nev] let a ^w pass by t y d n und]/& ?or\ghly4 ,look x up at once 9 y\r diction>y & ma/] x !n & !re4 ,doll>s may be difficult to e>n & m difficult to keep1 b "h is a weal? easily ga9$ & ! m y use x ! m y possess x4 ,y w f9d y\r diction>y an exce$+ly int]e/+ book :5 y get acqua9t$ ) x4 ,use x con/antly2 make x y\r famili> companion4 ,,our ,,language #e4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k :at ! _w w\ld be if we _h no way ( communicat+1 "o ) ano!r8 ,?9k ( ,hel5 ,kell]1 %ut up 9 h] prison-h\se ( sil5ce4 ,h] only mode ( communication ) h] fell[s is ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*4 ,e =m ( life t has consci\sness has "s way ( express+ its feel+s4 ,e animal1 by ! movem5ts ( its body or ! tones ( its voice1 expresses its emotions ( pa91 pleasure1 rage1 hate1 joy1 hung] & ! _m passions t sway its life4 ,! *ild kn[s )\t be+ taught h[ to express its wants4 ,we und]/& its cry ( hung]1 its scream ( pa91 its laugh ( delight4 ,?is is ! natural language1 ! language ( feel+4 ,x is ! univ]sal language t ne$s no rules & no int]pret]4 ,life on e plane kn[s & und]/&s x4 ,,:5 ,,we ,,beg9 ,,to ,,?9k #f4 ,our feel+s & desires are n ! only ?+s we wi% to communicate4 ,! natural language satisfies a *ild = a "t1 b z ! *ild gr[s he beg9s to ?9k1 !n he feels ! ne$ ( a m effective means ( express+ himself4 ,y c express y\r feel+s to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! natural language4 ,y c make "o "k t y are glad by ! expression ( ! face1 ! attitude ( ! body or ! tone ( ! voice4 ,b c\ld y make anyone und]/& :y y are glad1 by ^! signs & ge/ures8 #g4 ,to express ?\ghts & ideas1 man _h to devise ano!r sort ( language4 ,s ! language ( words grew up out ( ! ne$ to communicate ideas to o!r p4 ,z man's ability to ?9k grew1 s 8 language grew4 ,at fir/1 ?is language 0 only a spok5 language4 ,! ideas ( "o g5]ation 7 h&$ d[n to ! next by ! spok5 ^w4 ,gradually a crude =m ( writ+ 0 inv5t$ f :i* our writt5 language has develop$4 ,?is has made x possible to put ! wisdom ( ! ages into books = ! b5efit ( ! _w4 #h4 ,h5ce1 language is ! means ( express+ ?\ght & feel+4 ,x has gr[n out ( our ne$ = expression4 ,a ^w is a symbol ( an idea4 ,x is a s\nd or comb9ation ( s\nds :i* we use to repres5t an idea4 ,! use ( words makes x possible = u to readily convey our ?\ghts to o!r p4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( words we are able to communicate to o!rs our ?\ghts1 n only ( ! ext]nal _w ab\t u1 b also ( ! m5tal _w 9 :i* we live4 ,we c tell ( our loves1 our hates1 our dreams & our ideals4 ,animals f9d ! natural language ( looks & tones & ge/ures suffici5t because !y live almo/ :olly ^u ! physical plane4 ,b man lives 9 a m5tal _w z well z 9 a physical "o1 & mu/ h a spok5 & writt5 language by :i* to express 8 ?\ghts4 ,ex]cise #a ,select f ! foll[+ s5t5ces ^? :i* x is possible to express by a look or tone or ge/ure1 & ^? :i* c n be express$ )\t words3 #a4 ,i am glad4 #b4 ,i am glad because m5 are /ruggl+ = fre$om4 #c4 ,i am hungry4 #d4 ,i am hungry = ! *ance = an education4 #e4 ,come4 #f4 ,come1 let u reason toge!r4 #g4 ,i am afraid4 #h4 ,i am afraid t we mu/ wait long = peace4 #i4 ,g4 #aj4 ,g1 se>* ! _w ov] = ! tru?4 #aa4 ,i am disgu/$4 #ab4 ,i am disgu/$ ) ^? :o w n ?9k = !mselves4 #ac4 ,i am tir$4 #ad4 ,i am tir$ ( ^! petty squabbles among comrades4 ,,our ,,expression #i4 ,our k ( language op5s up a new _w to u4 ,we c communicate ) ^? ab\t u2 we c op5 ! /oreh\se ( ! k ( ! pa/ z record$ 9 books1 or z two ( our writ]s h express$ x3 ,h y ev] rightly consid]$ :at ! m]e ability to read means--t x is ! key :i* admits to ! _w ( ?\ght & fancy & imag9ation--to ! company ( sa9t & sage1 ( ! wise/ & wittie/ at _! wise/ & wittie/ mom5ts--t x enables u to see ) ! ke5e/ eyes1 he> ) ! f9e/ e>s & li/5 to ! sweete/ voices ( all "t8--,l[ell4 ,/rip man ( 8 books & 8 pap]s1 & he becomes a m]e slave1 ignorant ( 8 own res\rces1 ignorant ( 8 rights & opportunities4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! free citiz5 ( today & ! savage ( ye/]day is almo/ entirely a ?+ ( books4 ,! man :o dislikes books c nev] be entirely happy1 & he :o loves a good book c nev] be :olly mis]able4--,hillis4 ,h y nev] felt t /ruggle )9 & ! s5se ( defeat :5 y h tri$ to make "s "o feel z y feel1 und]/& z y und]/&1 see "s great tru? z y see x1 & c\ld n f9d ! words ) :i* to express y\r ideas8 #aj4 ,! ma/]y ( words gives2 fir/1 ! ability to und]/& ! spok5 or writt5 ?\ghts ( o!rs2 second1 ! ability to adequately express our own ?\ghts2 & ?ird1 ! ability to ?9k cle>ly & to gr[ 9 our intellectual life4 ,a connect$ *a9 ( reason+ is impossible )\t ! k ( ! words t express ! developm5t ( ! ideas & ! v>y+ %ades ( mean+4 ,to ga9 ?is ma/]y1 y mu/ "k ! words ( our language & _! use4 ,words are ! symbols ( ideas & p]=m c]ta9 functions 9 express+ our ?\ghts4 ,?is1 simply /at$1 is all t ! /udy ( ,engli% ,gramm> comprises--! /udy ( ,engli% words & _! use 9 ! expression ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,,! ,,?\ght ,,& ,,! ,,^w #aa4 ,we h f\nd t ! inv5tion ( words grew out ( ! ability to ?9k & ! ne$ = expression4 ,b we fir/ ?\ght6 ,s1 9 ord] to express y\rself cle>ly y mu/ fir/ ?9k cle>ly4 ,any ?\ght c be simply & cle>ly express$4 ,:5 y read some?+ difficult ( und]/&+1 :]e ! ?\ght is buri$ "u an avalan*e ( words1 y c be assur$ ! writ] 0 n ?9k+ cle>ly4 ,he did n h ! p]fect ma/]y ( 8 ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may h a valuable ?\ght 9 m9d & n be able to express x because he does n h ! words at 8 comm&4 ,9 ! "o case1 we h words & no idea2 9 ! o!r1 ! idea & no words4 ,?is /udy is int5d$ to enable y to ma/] words1 ! tools ( expression4 ,9 :atev] "w y are engag$1 x 0 fir/ necess>y to le>n to use ! tools ) :i* y "w4 ,s1 y mu/ ma/] ! use ( ,engli% words1 ! tools ( y\r expression4 ,y c 9 t way le>n to express y\r ?\ghts cle>ly & exactly4 ,y w n ne$ to resort to slang1 or to ! tiresome repetition ( a few words4 ,! be/ ( ev]y?+ is none too good = y4 ,x is y\r "r1 y\r h]itage1 & ! be/ 9 ! ,engli% language w br+ y into ! company & comrade%ip ( ! m5 & wom5 :o h /riv5 & toil$ = humanity1 :o w talk to y ( dreams & de$s wor? :ile1 :o w place 9 y\r h&s ! key to a new _w4 ,a ,,complete ,,?\ght #ab4 ,:5 we want to express a ?\ght we use m ?an "o ^w4 ,words are ! symbols ( ideas1 b a ?\ght is ! expression ( ! relation betwe5 ideas4 ,= example1 ,i say man1 & y get an idea or an image 9 y\r m9d ( a man1 b ,i h n said any?+ ab\t any man4 ,b if ,i say1 ,man works1 !n ,i h express$ a ?\ght4 ,i h relat$ ! idea ( a man & ! idea ( "w & h express$ a complete ?\ght4 ,s we express our ?\ghts by gr\ps ( words4 ,! v smalle/ gr\p ( words :i* w express a complete ?\ght mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 two words4 ,if ,i say m51 fire1 fl[]s1 & /op1 y wond] :at ,i mean1 = ,i h n express$ a ?\ght4 ,or1 ,i might say1 "w1 burns1 bloom1 & y w\ld /ill be 9 ! d>k z to my mean+2 b1 :5 ,i say1 ,m5 "w1 ,fire burns1 ,fl[]s bloom1 y und]/&1 = ,i h told y my complete ?\ght4 ,i h put two words toge!r 9 a way to make s5se2 ,i h =m$ a s5t5ce4 #ac4 ,if we say1 ,g or ,wait1 9 ! =m ( a comm& or entreaty1 ! s+le ^w seems to make complete s5se & to =m a s5t5ce 9 itself4 ,b ?is is only because y1 :o are to d ! go+ or ! wait+1 is cle>ly impli$4 ,! words g or wait1 by !mselves1 d n make s5se or =m a s5t5ce unless !y are utt]$ 9 ! comm&+ or besee*+ tone ( voice :i* makes y und]/& t ,y g or ,y wait is ! int5d$ mean+4 ,) ! exception ( words us$ 9 ?is way z a comm& or entreaty1 x is always necess>y to use at lea/ two words to express a complete ?\ght4 ,b w any two words make a s5t5ce--express a complete ?\ght8 #ad4 ,:i* ( ^! comb9ations ( words are s5t5ces & :i* are n8 ,busy m54 ,m5 travel4 ,sn[ flies4 ,blue sky4 ,r$ flag4 ,ru/l+ trees4 ,work]s /rike4 ,bees /+4 ,grass gr[s4 ,cold w9ds4 ,gre5 fields4 ,happy *ildr54 ,busy m5 does n express a complete ?\ght4 ,we are wond]+ busy m5 d :at8 ,b1 m5 travel is a complete ?\ght4 ,x makes s5se & =ms a s5t5ce1 & tells u :at m5 d4 ,9 ! words1 busy m51 we h spok5 ! "n ( some?+ b h made no ass]tion conc]n+ x4 ,9 ! two words1 m5 travel1 we h spok5 ! "n m5 & we h told :at !y d4 ,if we 7 walk+ d[n ! /reet toge!r we might say3 ,! /reet is cr[d$ to-day4 ,does ! op5 road attract y8 ,see ! jo/l+ cr[ds4 ,or if we 7 discuss+ ! class /ruggle1 we might say3 ,two classes h always exi/$4 ,to :i* class d y belong8 ,jo9 y\r class 9 ! /ruggle4 ,9 e "o ( ^! six gr\ps ( words we h a complete ?\ght express$4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( words we call a s5t5ce4 #ae4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words express+ a complete ?\ght4 ,ex]cise #b ,write 9 ea* blank space ! ^w necess>y to express a complete ?\ght4 ,m5444444 444444fade4 ,leaves444444 444444bloom4 ,wat]444444 444444run4 ,fire444444 444444write4 ,wom5444444 444444gr[4 ,*ildr5444444 444444speak4 ,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate #af4 ,we h f\nd t e s5t5ce mu/ h at lea/ two words1 "o ^w to "n t ab\t :i* some?+ is said & ano!r ^w :i* does ! say+ or makes ! ass]tion4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,m5 "w1 we h ^! two p>ts2 m5 :i* is ! "p ab\t :i* some?+ is said1 & "w :i* tells :at m5 d4 ,! "p ab\t :i* some?+ is said is call$ ! subject4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,m5 "w1 m51 !re=e1 is ! subject1 = x names t ab\t :i* some?+ is said4 #ag4 ,! "p t ass]ts or says some?+ ab\t ! subject is call$ ! pr$icate4 ,!re=e 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,m5 "w1 "w is ! pr$icate4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces draw a s+le l9e "u ! subject & a d\ble l9e "u ! pr$icate1 ?us1 ,birds fly4 ,%ips sail4 ,soldi]s fight4 ,fl[]s fade4 ,horses neigh4 ,flags wave4 ,sn[ comes4 ,w> rages4 ,w9ds bl[4 ,fi% swim4 #ah4 ,we may add o!r words to ! subject or ! pr$icate & s enl>ge _! mean+1 z = in/ance we may say3 ,! /ately %ips sail pr\dly away4 ,! w> 9 ,europe rages furi\sly4 ,! soldi]s 9 ! army fight l m5 gone mad4 ,yet 9 e "o ( ^! s5t5ces y w f9d ! subject & ! pr$icate1--,%ips sail1 ,w> rages1 ,soldi]s fight4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ h a subject & a pr$icate1 & x is a v important "p ( ! /udy ( s5t5ces to be able to di/+ui% quickly & readily ! subject & ! pr$icate4 ,f9d t ab\t :i* some?+ is said1 & t w always be ! subject4 ,f9d t :i* is said ab\t ! subject1 & t w be ! pr$icate4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ conta9 a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce names t ab\t :i* some?+ is said4 ,! pr$icate tells t :i* is said ab\t ! subject4 ,ex]cise #c ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces add o!r words to ! subject & to ! pr$icate to enl>ge _! mean+1 !n draw a s+le l9e "u ! subject & a d\ble l9e "u ! pr$icate3 ,%ips sail4 ,tides fl[4 ,/>s %9e4 ,ra9 falls4 ,*ildr5 play4 ,nature sleeps4 ,waves break4 ,w> rages4 ,birds s+4 ,ex]cise #d ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! subject & ! pr$icate h o!r words add$ to enl>ge _! mean+4 ,f9d ! subject & pr$icate & draw a s+le l9e "u ! subject & a d\ble l9e "u ! pr$icate1 z 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! work]s ( ! _w build palaces = o!r p4 #a4 ,our success lies 9 solid>ity4 #b4 ,new occasions tea* new duties4 #c4 ,two classes exi/ 9 ! _w4 #d4 ,labor creates all weal?4 #e4 ,! work]s fight all battles4 #f4 ,our "t calls = e>ne/ de$s4 #g4 ,k unlocks ! door ( life4 #h4 ,ignorance b>s ! pa? to progress4 #i4 ,few p ?9k = !mselves4 #aj4 ,hope /irs u to action4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #a ,spell+ is ! process ( nam+ or writ+ 9 prop] ord] ! lett]s ( a ^w4 ,!re is no?+ t m>ks u s quickly z lack+ 9 ! qualities t g to make up a good education z our inability to spell ! words mo/ commonly us$4 ,spell+ 9 ,engli% is r difficult4 ,if ea* lett] repres5t$ b "o s\nd1 spell+ w\ld be an easy matt]4 ,e ^w w\ld be spell$ j z x s\nds4 ,?is is ! goal ( ^? :o advocate phonetic spell+4 ,phonetic spell+ simply means spell+ accord+ to s\nd4 ,b our alphabet does n h a lett] = e s\nd4 ,!re are "s =ty-two diff]5t s\nds us$ 9 ,engli% words & we h only tw5ty-six lett]s 9 ! alphabet4 ,!re=e "s lett]s mu/ d duty = sev]al s\nds4 ,!n we h words :i* conta9 lett]s :i* are n s\nd$ at all :5 ! ^w is pron\nc$1 s1 all 9 all1 spell+ is a matt] ( memoriz+4 ,! be/ way to become an accurate spell] is to read mu*1 to obs]ve closely ! =ms ( words & to write frequ5tly4 ,always spell any ^w ( :i* y are unc]ta9 al\d sev]al times & write x out sev]al times4 ,9 ?is way y h aid$ ! memory bo? ?r\gh ! eye & ?r\gh ! e>4 ,if y are n sure ( ! spell+ ( a ^w d n use x until y h look$ x up 9 ! diction>y & made sure4 ,! words 9 ?is lesson are tak5 out ( ,lesson #a1 ,pla9 ,engli% ,c\rse4 ,!re are ?irty 9 all1 five = ea* day ( ! week4 7#a7 ,look up ! mean+ 9 ! diction>y4 7#b7 ,le>n ! correct spell+4 7#c7 ,le>n ! correct pronunciation4 7#d7 ,use ! ^w 9 a s5t5ce ( y\r own con/ruction4 7#e7 ,use x dur+ ! day 9 y\r conv]sation2 /rive to make x a "p ( y\r work+ vocabul>y4 ,monday ,mode ,engli% ,gramm> ,expression ,complete ,tuesday ,language ,emotion ,gr\p ,ma/]y ,diction>y ,w$nesday ,?\ght ,symbol ,ability ,idea ,k ,?ursday ,subject ,pr$icate ,vocabul>y ,practice ,hi/ory ,friday ,memory ,s5t5ce ,write ,"r ,purpose ,saturday ,propose ,gr[? ,le>n ,tea* ,pron\nce ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #b ,de> ,comrade3 ,review ,lesson #a be=e tak+ up ?is lesson4 ,d n try to le>n by rote ! cont5ts ( ^! lessons4 ,our endeavor is to make y see ! reason = e rule & def9ition be=e !y are giv54 ,we want y to see unfold+ be=e y ! developm5t ( language & ?r\gh ?is evolution y c cat* a glimpse ( ! develop+ life ( man4 ,language l cu/oms1 religion1 gov]nm5t1 has gr[n ) ! economic advancem5t ( man4 ,z man has evolv$ on ! economic plane1 ! mat]ial plane1 z he has improv$ 8 means ( provid+ = himself food & clo!s & %elt]1 he has develop$ a language suit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,s we c trace ! gr[? ( ! race z we /udy ! developm5t ( language f ! sign language ( ! primitive savage to ! language ( ! philosoph] ( today by :i* he makes kn[n to u ! /ory ( ! />s1 & ! inn]mo/ secrets ( our he>ts & m9ds4 ,civilization began ) ! inv5tion ( ! phonetic alphabet & ! use ( writ+4 ,s ! /udy ( language becomes n a dull & /upid conn+ ( useless rules & =mulas1 b an absorb+ /udy ( a liv+1 gr[+1 *ang+ ?+ t mirrors =? ! v life ( man4 ,?9k :ile y /udy4 ,z y look = ! def9ition ( words 9 y\r diction>y & realize h[ _m %ades ( mean+ we c express 9 words1 rememb] t ?is p[] is a h]itage t comes to u f a long pa/ ( incessant /ruggle4 ,we ( to-day are also writ+ hi/ory 9 words4 ,by our ef=ts we are add+ new words to ! language & giv+ old words a ri*] mean+4 ,bro!rhood1 ju/ice1 = example6 ,! _w is com+ to und]/& ^! glori\s words m fully & giv+ !m a new int]pretation4 ,y w see a new beauty & glory 9 words aft] y h f9i%$ ?is c\rse & y w h a ma/]y ( ?is wond]ful language ( ours4 ,wat* c>efully ! use ( words 9 y\r read+4 ,especially ?is week di/+ui% ! n\ns & v]bs4 ,use y\r diction>y con/antly & add a few words to y\r vocabul>y e day4 ,:5ev] !re is a ^w us$ 9 ^! lessons :i* y d n ?or\ghly und]/&1 look x up at once 9 y\r diction>y & ma/] x !n & !re4 ,make a li/ 9 y\r note book ( ! words y look up & at ! end ( ! week g ov] !m aga9 & see if y h !m cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,wat* also ! pronunciation ( ! words4 ,d n try to d ev]y?+ all at once1 nor %\ld y be disc\rag$ if y\r progress seems sl[4 ,we approa* ! goal "o /ep at a "t & ea* /ep takes u ne>] & ne>]4 ,j keep /eadily at x1 ,comrade4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,s5t5ces #ai4 ,we h f\nd t we use s5t5ces to express our ?\ghts4 ,b we also f9d t we use ^! s5t5ces 9 diff]5t ways = diff]5t purposes4 ,c y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces8 ,two classes h always exi/$4 ,to :i* class d y belong8 ,jo9 y\r class 9 ! /ruggle4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,two classes h always exi/$1 ,i am mak+ a simple ass]tion1 /at+ :at ,i "k or believe to be true4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,to :i* class d y belong8 ,i am ask+ a "q4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,jo9 y\r class 9 ! /ruggle1 ,i am giv+ a comm& or mak+ a reque/4 #bj4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces are call$ ass]tive1 int]rogative & imp]ative4 ,an ass]tive s5t5ce /ates a fact or an op9ion4 ,an int]rogative s5t5ce asks a "q4 ,an imp]ative s5t5ce gives a comm&1 makes a reque/ or expresses a wi%4 #ba4 ,any ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces may be exclamatory2 t is1 x may express surprise1 excitem5t1 impati5ce1 or "s o!r emotion4 ,= example3 ,hurrah6 ,fre$om is com+6 ,?is is an ass]tion express$ z an exclamation4 ,oh6 ,:y %\ld w> cont9ue8 ,"h we h a "q 9 ! =m ( an exclamation4 ,come6 ,keep y\r c\rage up4 ,9 ?is1 we h a comm&1 an imp]ative s5t5ce1 express$ 9 ! =m ( an exclamation4 ,an exclamatory s5t5ce expresses surprise1 excitem5t or "s o!r emotion4 ,9 ^! ?ree =ms ( s5t5ces1 ! ass]tive1 ! int]rogative & ! imp]ative1 toge!r ) ! exclamatory1 we are able to express e ?\ght & feel+ :i* dem&s expression1 ei!r = practical or arti/ic purposes4 ,! s5t5ce is ! basis ( spok5 & writt5 language & z we trace its developm5t we trace ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( man & ! gr[? ( 8 p[] ( expression1 z he has develop$ 8 p[]s ( m9d4 #bb4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,e ass]tive & imp]ative s5t5ce %\ld end ) a p]iod4 ,e int]rogative s5t5ce %\ld end ) a "q m>k4 ,! ^w 9 an exclamatory s5t5ce :i* expresses /rong emotion is foll[$ by an exclamation po9t4 ,! s5t5ce itself if 9 int]rogative =m %\ld be foll[$ by a "q m>k2 if 9 ! ass]tive or ! imp]ative =m x may be foll[$ ei!r by an exclamation po9t or a p]iod4 ,ex]cise #a ,m>k ! ass]tive s5t5ces among ! foll[+ ) an a 9 ! blank space4 ,m>k ! int]rogative s5t5ces ) a q = "q2 ! imp]ative s5t5ces ) a c = comm&2 & ! exclamatory ) an e = exclamation4 #a4 444444 ,books are ! true level]s4 #b4 444444 ,put n y\r tru/ 9 pr9ces4 #c4 444444 ,to err is human2 to =give div9e4 #d4 444444 ,:at are ! rights ( a *ild8 #e4 444444 ,seize common occasions & make !m great4 #f4 444444 ,n until all are free1 is any free4 #g4 444444 ,freem56 ,%all n we dem& our own8 #h4 444444 ,is a _w ( happ9ess b a ,utopian dream8 #i4 444444 ,he :o w n "w1 %all n eat4 #aj4 444444 ,/rike at ! polls = fre$om6 #aa4 444444 ,d ! majority want social ju/ice8 #ab4 444444 ,a fri5d is ! hope ( ! he>t4 #ac4 444444 ,h[ beautiful is ! vision ( peace6 #ad4 444444 ,acquire ! ?9k+ habit4 #ae4 444444 ,is x glori\s to die = our c\ntry8 #af4 444444 ,lo6 ,wom5 are wak+ & claim+ _! own6 #ag4 444444 ,claim y\r "r to ! be/4 #ah4 444444 ,:at is ! highe/ good8 #ai4 444444 ,work]s ( ! _w1 unite6 #bj4 444444 ,to rema9 ignorant is to rema9 a slave4 ,,words--,,_! ,,uses #bc4 ,we h le>n$ f our /udy t we use s5t5ces to express our ?\ghts4 ,^! s5t5ces are made up ( words2 !re=e we call words p>ts ( spee*4 ,words are only fractions or p>ts ( spee*1 & x is by comb9+ !m into s5t5ces t we are able to express our ?\ghts4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( words 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u to /udy ea* ^w sep>ately4 ,b ^! words1 l p1 are divid$ into classes1 s we c /udy ea* class ( words4 ,^! ?\s&s ( words are divid$ into classes mu* z p are1 or r z p ought to be2 = words are divid$ into classes accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d4 ,9 ! ,indu/rial ,commonweal? !re w be no upp] or l[] class1 b m5 w be divid$ into gr\ps accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d4 ,!re w be v>i\s indu/rial gr\ps1 gr\ps ( agricultural work]s1 gr\ps ( cl]ical work]s1 etc4 ,s words are divid$ into classes accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d 9 help+ u to express our ideas4 #bd4 ,words are divid$ into k9ds or classes accord+ to _! use 9 s5t5ces4 ,!re are eight ( ^! classes ( words1 call$ p>ts ( spee*4 ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,?+s #be4 ,:at a ^w does det]m9es :at "p ( spee* x is4 ,:5 primitive man1 long ago1 fir/ began to use words1 9 all probability ! fir/ words :i* he inv5t$ 7 ^? us$ to "n famili> objects ab\t him4 ,he inv5t$ a ^w = man1 boy1 tree1 animal1 etc4 ,gradually1 all ! ?+s he met 9 8 daily life receiv$ a "n4 ,ab\t "o half ( ! words 9 our language are ( ?is class1 ! names ( ?+s4 ,e ^w :i* is us$ z a "n ( some?+ is call$ a n\n4 ,?is ^w n\n is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w :i* means "n1 s x is q ! same ?+ z say+ "n4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,boys run4 ,fi% swim4 ,horses neigh4 ,soldi]s m>*4 ,flags wave4 ,fl[]s fade4 ,girls /udy4 ,w9ds bl[4 ,m5 "w4 ,all ( ! words us$ l boys1 girls1 fi%1 horses1 soldi]s1 flag1 w9ds1 fl[]s & m51 are ! names ( objects1 !re=e all ( ^! words are n\ns4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce is always a n\n or a ^w us$ z a n\n4 ,h[ev]1 we may use 9 a s5t5ce _m n\ns besides ! n\n :i* is us$ z ! subject1 ! n\n ab\t :i* ! /atem5t is made4 ,we w /udy ! use ( ^! n\ns lat] 9 our lessons4 ,! fam\s palace ( ! k+s ( ! ,moors1 at ,granada1 9 ,spa91 0 call$ ! ,alhambra4 ,we h six n\ns 9 ?is s5t5ce1 palace1 k+s1 ,moors1 ,granada1 ,spa9 & ,alhambra1 b ! n\n palace is ! n\n :i* is ! subject--! n\n :i* is ! "n ( t ab\t :i* some?+ is said4 ,palace is ! subject2 & 0 call$ is ! pr$icate 9 ?is s5t5ce4 #bf4 ,a n\n is a ^w us$ z ! "n ( some?+4 ,n[ we want to le>n to di/+ui% e ^w t is us$ z a "n4 ,pick out ! n\ns z y read y\r books & pap]s until y are able to tell e ^w :i* is us$ z a n\n1 ! "n ( some?+4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 ! n\ns are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,c>efully /udy ^! n\ns3 ,! fire 9 ! grate1 ! lamp by ! b$side1 ! wat] 9 ! tumbl]1 ! fly on ! ceil+ above1 ! fl[] 9 ! vase on ! table1 all ?+s h _! hi/ory & c reveal to u nature's invisible =ces4 ,ex]cise #b ,und]score e n\n 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>? has be5 "o ( gradual developm5t1 ( progress1 ( sl[ & pa9ful climb+ ?r\gh ! ages4 ,n only h ! hills & ! m\nta9s1 ! riv]s & ! />s1 ! trees & ! cattle1 ! bea/s & ! birds1 be5 develop+2 b man himself--8 m9d & 8 body--has be5 develop+4 ,m5 are m>vel\s little creatures2 !y h weigh$ ! sun 9 _! balances1 measur$ ! />s & analyz$ ! light & beauty ( ! ra9b[2 !y h s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! ocean2 !y h le>n$ h[ ! sun & ! m\nta9s 7 born & ! riv]s 7 laid 9 _! mighty b$s2 !y h le>n$ h[ ! seas became salt1 :at ! />s are made (4 ,!y h le>n$ s mu*1 & yet :5 x comes to matt]s ( "t & space1 & law & motion1 !y /ill "k s little4 ,! only man :o is consci\s ( 8 ignorance is he :o has le>n$ a great deal4--,mc,millan4 ,,words ,,t ,,ass]t #bg4 ,aft] ! primitive man _h inv5t$ names = ! ?+s ab\t him1 probably 8 next /ep 0 to inv5t words ( action4 ,he v naturally want$ to tell :at all ( ^! v>i\s ?+s did4 ,s ! words t tell :at ?+s d1 ! words ( action1 ! words t ass]t1 came into ! language4 ,a *ild foll[s mu* ! same developm5t4 ,z y c readily obs]ve1 x fir/ names ! objects ab\t x1 !n le>ns ! words t tell :at ^! objects d4 ,s ! words t tell :at ?+s d1 become ! second class ( words4 ,^! words we call v]bs4 ,! ^w v]b1 l ! ^w n\n1 is tak5 into our language f ! ,lat94 ,9 ,lat91 ! ^w v]bum means ! ^w2 & ! v]b is practically ! ^w 9 a s5t5ce1 = we _c h a s5t5ce )\t a v]b4 ,y may /r+ a numb] ( words toge!r1 b if y d n h an ass]t+ ^w1 y w n h a s5t5ce4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,m5 "w4 ,fl[]s fade4 ,sn[ flies4 ,w9ds bl[4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ! words "w1 fade1 flies & bl[1 are ! words us$ to ass]t or say some?+ ( ! subject1 h5ce !y are ! v]bs 9 ^! s5t5ces4 #bh4 ,sometimes x takes m ?an "o ^w to express ! action or make ! ass]tion4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! m5 are work+4 ,! boy has be5 /udy+4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce x takes two words1 are work+1 to make ! ass]tion2 9 ! second1 ?ree are requir$1 has be5 /udy+4 ,^! gr\ps ( words are call$ v]b phrases4 #bi4 ,a v]b is a ^w t ass]ts4 ,a v]b phrase is a gr\p ( words us$ z a s+le v]b4 ,! v]b is p]haps ! mo/ difficult "p ( spee* to ma/]4 ,x is n h>d to f9d ! v]b 9 %ort s5t5ces1 b 9 long] s5t5ces x is sometimes difficult4 ,= example3 ,! sun %9es4 ,! man walks4 ,! boys /rike4 ,we v easily see t %9e1 walk & /rike are ! v]bs 9 ^! s5t5ces4 ,b let u add o!r words1 z = example3 ,! sun %9es brightly4 ,! man walks = 8 heal?4 ,! boys /rike ! dog4 ,n[ we are v apt to confuse ! v]b ) ! words :i* /ate h[ & :y ! action is p]=m$1 or ! object t[>ds :i* ! action is direct$4 ,b 9 ^! s5t5ces1 %9e & walks & /rike are /ill ! v]bs1 j z 9 ! fir/ s5t5ces4 ,! v]b ass]ts ! action2 ! o!r words m]ely give additional in=mation ab\t h[ or :y or ^u :at ! action is p]=m$4 #cj4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* makes x difficult = u to di/+ui% v]bs 9 ,engli% is t ! same ^w may be us$ bo? z a n\n & z a v]b2 b always rememb] t words are sep>at$ into classes accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d4 ,:5 a ^w is us$ z a "n x is a n\n2 :5 x is us$ z an ass]t+ ^w x is a v]b4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! play made ! *ild tir$4 ,! *ildr5 play 9 ! y>d4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce play is a n\n1 ! subject ( ! v]b made4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce play is ! v]b1 tell+ :at ! *ildr5 d4 ,always classify words accord+ to ! "w :i* !y p]=m 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,?is w help y v mu* 9 f9d+ y\r v]b4 #ca4 ,!n we h "s v]bs :i* d n ass]t action b express r a connection or relation betwe5 ! subject & "s o!r ^w or words4 ,= example3 ,! dog belongs to ! man4 ,! girl is happy4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces belongs & is are ! v]bs4 ,belongs ass]ts or %[s ! relation betwe5 ! dog & ! man4 ,is %[s ! relation betwe5 ! girl & happy4 ,if we simply say girl & happy1 we d n %[ any connection betwe5 !m or make any /atem5t relat+ ! two1 b :5 we say1 ,! girl is happy1 we are ass]t+ some?+1 & ! ^w is makes ! ass]tion4 ,or :5 we say1 ,! girl 0 happy1 or ,! girl w be or may be happy1 9 ea* ( ^! cases1 x is ! v]b or v]b phrase 0 or w be or may be1 t ass]ts or %[s ! relation betwe5 ! subject girl & ! descriptive ^w happy4 ,y w obs]ve t ! v]bs w be & may be are compos$ ( m ?an "o ^w & are v]b phrases4 ,we w /udy ! v]b 9 succe$+ lessons1 b let u rememb] f ?is lesson t ! ^w or gr\p ( words t makes ! ass]tion 9 ! s5t5ce is ! v]b4 ,rememb] too t e s5t5ce mu/ conta9 a v]b4 ,get ?is basic pr9ciple firmly fix$ 9 m9d t :at a ^w does decides :at x is--to :at "p ( spee* x belongs1 & t e class ( words fulfills its own function 9 s5t5ce build+4 #cb4 ,rememb]3-- ,e s5t5ce mu/ h a subject & a pr$icate4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ express a complete ?\ght4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ conta9 a v]b4 ,a n\n is ! "n ( some?+4 ,a v]b is a ^w t ass]ts4 ,:at a ^w does det]m9es :at x is4 ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ quotation4 ,! v]bs are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,sl[ly1 pa9fully1 proce$s ! /ruggle ( man aga9/ ! p[] ( ,mammon4 ,! pa/ is writt5 9 te>s & blood4 ,! future is dim & unkn[n1 b ! f9al outcome ( ?is _w-wide /ruggle is n 9 d\bt4 ,fre$om w conqu] slav]y1 tru? w prevail ov] error1 ju/ice w triumph ov] inju/ice1 ! light w vanqui% ! d>kness2 & humanity w rise 9 ! glory ( univ]sal bro!rhood4--,w>r54 ,ex]cise #c ,und]score all v]bs & v]b phrases 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! ,dream ( ,labor3 ,ours is n ! cause ( "o class1 ( "o sex1 ( "o tribe1 ( "o city1 ( "o /ate1 ( "o cont95t4 ,x is ! wi% = a bett] _w :]e ,man %all be ,man2 :]e ! bea/ %all become subdu$2 :]e ev]y?+ %all lead to complete developm5t2 :]e ! good ( ea* %all be b\nd up 9 ! good ( all2 :]e all %all feel ! sorr[s ( ea* & %all run to 8 rescue4 ,a glimpse ( ?is ideal takes u into ! ,l& ( ,promise1 :]e peace & pl5ty %all reign supreme2 :]e bro!rs %all no long] battle among !mselves1 b = "o ano!r2 :]e ! atmosph]e %all be lad5 ) love1 ! love t saves2 :]e ! hate t kills %all be unkn[n2 :]e he>t & bra9 %all "w toge!r & %all make life bett] & m complete2 :]e ! fullness ( life %all be = all & :]e m5 & wom5 %all be z happy at _! "w z little *ildr5 at _! play4 ,! m]e glimpse into t l& makes life wor? liv+1 makes "w wor? do+1 makes dreams wor? dream+1 gives u hope & fai?--! fai? we ne$ 9 ! labor = our cause1 ! fai? :i* %all help u w94--,osc> ,leon>d4 ,ex]cise #d ,we h f\nd t !re are a numb] ( words 9 ,engli% :i* may be us$ ei!r z n\ns or v]bs1 dep5d+ ^u ! function !y s]ve 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces und]score ! n\ns ) a s+le l9e1 ! v]bs ) two l9es3 #a4 ,!y man ! boats4 #b4 ,! man has a boat4 #c4 ,! wom5 pass ?is way4 #d4 ,!y held ! pass = h\rs4 #e4 ,little *ildr5 "w 9 ! m9es4 #f4 ,! "w ( ! _w is done by ma*9]y today4 #g4 ,! armies w cross ! bridge4 #h4 ,he built a cross ( rude /ones4 #i4 ,! leop>d _c *ange its spots4 #aj4 ,we w =ce a *ange 9 ! law4 ,ex]cise #e ,9 ! foll[+ poem1 m>k e n\n & e v]b & v]b phrase4 ,y w f9d ! v]b phrases 9 sev]al places divid$ by ! ^w n1 z 9 ,i d n obey4 ,d obey is ! v]b phrase4 ,we w le>n to :at "p ( spee* n belongs a little lat]4 ,i ,,d ,,n ,,obey1 ,i ,,?9k4 ,capta91 :at d y ?9k1 ,i ask$1 ,( ! "p y\r soldi]s play8 ,! ,capta9 answ]$1 ,i d n ?9k-- ,i d n ?9k1 ,i obey4 ,d y ?9k y\r consci5ce 0 meant to die1 ,& y\r bra9s to rot away8 ,! ,capta9 answ]$1 ,i d n ?9k-- ,i d n ?9k1 ,i obey4 ,d y ?9k y %\ld %oot a patriot d[n1 ,& help a tyrant slay8 ,! ,capta9 answ]$1 ,i d n ?9k-- ,i d n ?9k1 ,i obey4 ,!n if ?is is y\r soldi]'s code1 ,i cri$1 ,y're a mean1 unmanly crew2 ,& ) all y\r fea!rs & gilt & braid1 ,i am m ( a man ?an y2 ,= :atev] my lot on e>? may be ,& :e!r ,i swim or s9k1 ,i c say ) pride1 ',i d n obey-- ,i d n obey1 ,i ?9k4' --,erne/ ,crosby4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #b ,! tw5ty-six lett]s 9 ! ,engli% alphabet are divid$ into v[els & consonants4 ,a v[el is a lett] :i* repres5ts a s\nd ( ! human voice b slightly int]rupt$ by ! vocal organs4 ,! v[els are a1 e1 i1 o & u4 ,all ( ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! alphabet are consonants4 ,a consonant is a lett] :i* repres5ts a s\nd ( ! human voice greatly ob/ruct$ by ! vocal organs4 ,consonant is f ! ,lat9 con1 mean+ )1 & sono--,i s\nd4 ,s x means lit]ally ,i s\nd )4 ,! consonants are produc$ by union ( ! brea? ) ! vocal organs4 ,! consonant s\nds are s call$ because !y are always s\nd$ ) a v[el2 !y are us$ only 9 comb9ation ) v[els 9 =m+ words or syllables4 ,9 ,engli% a consonant alone nev] =ms a ^w or a syllable4 ,s\nd ! diff]5t consonants b1 c1 d1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 v1 x & z1 by !mselves & y w see h[ ! s\nd ( ! brea? is ob/ruct$ or *ang$ by ! use ( ! vocal organs--! lips1 ! tongue1 ! tee?1 etc4--9 mak+ ^! v>i\s s\nds4 ,w & y are sometimes v[els & sometimes consonants4 ,w & y are v[els :5 !y are us$ ) ano!r v[el repres5t+ a v[el s\nd z 9 awe1 new1 joy1 eye1 etc4 ,y is sometimes us$ z a v[el by itself z 9 by1 cry1 etc4 ,w & y are consonants :5 !y are us$ at ! beg9n+ ( a syllable or be=e a v[el 9 ! same syllable z 9 w9e1 tw9e1 yield & ye>4 ,look up ! mean+ ( ! words 9 ?is week's lesson4 ,ma/] ! spell+ & use !m 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own con/ruction4 ,monday ,reason ,evolution ,ju/ice ,?or\gh ,beauty ,tuesday ,ass]tive ,review ,surprise ,basis ,sep>ate ,w$nesday ,int]rogative ,p]iod ,capital ,capitol ,function ,?ursday ,example ,conta9 ,imp]ative ,"q ,spee* ,friday ,me?od ,v>i\s ,famili> ,indu/ry ,alphabet ,saturday ,travel ,s5se ,c5ts ,sail ,sale ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #c ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is lesson we are tak+ up a %ort /udy ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*4 ,9 lat] lessons we w /udy ea* "p ( spee* m ?or\ghly b ?is lesson cov]s ! gr\nd quickly & briefly4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to =m a basis = our und]/&+ ( ! evolution ( language4 ,y w see1 z y /udy ?is lesson1 h[ ea* "p ( spee* has be5 add$ to meet a gr[+ ne$4 ,!re are _m1 _m ?\s& words 9 ! ,engli% language1 b !y c all be gr\p$ "u ^! eight p>ts ( spee*1 = !y all answ] 9 "s way to "o ( ^! great ne$s4 ,! object 9 /udy+ gramm>1 z 9 /udy+ any o!r sci5ce1 is n to fill "o's m9d ) a great _m unrelat$ facts--facts :i* may or may n prove useful to "o h]eaft]4 ,! object ( all /udy is to develop "o's p[] ( obs]vation & "o's ability to ?9k4 ,add$ to ?is mu/ be ! practical ability to make use ( ?is k4 ,"h ! /udy ( gramm> has an advantage ov] ! /udy ( e o!r sci5ce4 ,x deals ) words1 some?+ :i* we use e day4 ,y d n ne$ any laboratory or exp5sive app>atus 9 ord] to /udy gramm>4 ,all t y ne$ lies ready to y\r h&4 ,& 9 addition to ?is ! k :i* y ga9 is some?+ :i* is ( practical use to e man & woman no matt] :at _! "w1 no matt] :at _! place or position 9 life may be4 ,rememb] t dogmatism has no place 9 ! /udy ( gramm>4 ,gramm>ians are ! gu>dians1 n ! au?ors1 ( language4 ,we d n say1 ,y %\ld say ?is or t1 or y violate a rule ( gramm>1 b we say ,! common usage among ^? :o use good ,engli% is ?us & s4 ,if we d n believe t ! common usage is ! be/ usage1 !n we foll[ ! democratic me?od ( seek+ to *ange ! common usage into t :i* we consid] ! m s5sible way4 ,?us1 ^? :o advocate simplifi$ spell+ h n s\ght to pass a law :]eby e "o %\ld be compell$ to spell words exactly z !y s\nd1 b !y h /riv5 to influ5ce our writ]s & p 9 g5]al to use ?is m s5sible way ( spell+ words4 ,s ?9k :ile y /udy4 ,d n try to le>n rules & =mulas4 ,see :y ! rules & =mulas exi/4 ,once hav+ se5 ?is y d n ne$ to le>n !m--y "k !m already4 ,! /udy ( any language is an intellectual discipl9e ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,s apply y\rself dilig5tly to ?is mo/ int]e/+ /udy & y w see t ! result ( ?is application w affect y\r daily life 9 e p>ticul>4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,words ,,add$ ,,to ,,n\ns #cc4 ,:5 man began to inv5t words to express 8 ideas ( ! _w 9 :i* he liv$1 we h f\nd t probably ! fir/ ne$ 0 t ( names = ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,s we h n\ns4 ,! second ne$ 0 ( words to tell :at ^! ?+s d1 & s we h v]bs4 ,b primitive man soon felt ! ne$ ( o!r classes ( words4 ,! objects ab\t u are n all alike4 ,= example1 we h a ^w = man1 b :5 we say man t is n suffici5t to describe ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( m54 ,!re are tall m51 %ort m51 :ite m51 black m51 /rong m51 weak m51 busy m51 lazy m54 ,!re are all sorts ( m5 9 ! _w1 & we ne$ words by :i* we c describe ^! diff]5t types & also indicate :i* man we mean4 #cd4 ,s we h a class ( words :i* are call$ adjectives4 ,adjective is a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,lat94 ,x comes f ! ,lat9 ^w ad1 mean+ to1 & ! ,lat9 ^w jecto1 :i* means to ?r[2 h5ce an adjective is a ^w ?r[n to or add$ to a n\n4 ,if y w /op to ?9k = a mom5t1 y w see t x is by _! qualities t we "k ! ?+s ab\t u4 ,"s m5 are /rong1 "s are weak1 "s are tall1 "s are %ort4 ,^! qualities belong to diff]5t m54 ,& we sep>ate or gr\p !m into classes z !y resemble ea* o!r or diff] f "o ano!r 9 ^! qualities4 ,?+s are alike :i* h ! same qualities2 ?+s are unlike ^: qualities are diff]5t4 ,apples & oranges are alike 9 ! fact t bo? are r\nd1 bo? are edible4 ,!y are unlike 9 ! fact t "o is r$ & "o is yell[2 "o may be s\r & ! o!r sweet4 ,s we sep>ate !m 9 our m9ds because ( _! diff]5t qualities2 & we h a class ( words1 adjectives1 :i* describe ^! v>i\s qualities4 #ce4 ,we use adjectives = o!r purposes also4 ,= example1 :5 we say trees1 we are n speak+ ( any p>ticul> trees1 b ( trees 9 g5]al4 ,b we may add c]ta9 adjectives :i* po9t out p>ticul> trees1 z = example3 ^! trees1 or ^? trees1 or eight trees or n9e trees4 ,^! adjectives limit ! trees ( :i* we are speak+ to ! p>ticul> trees po9t$ out4 ,!y d n express any p>ticul> qualities ( ! trees l ! adjectives tall or beautiful express1 b !y limit ! use ( ! ^w trees 9 its application4 ,s we h our def9ition ( ! adjective4 #cf4 ,an adjective is a ^w add$ to a n\n to qualify or limit its mean+4 ,ex]cise #a ,und]score all ( ! adjectives 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,notice also ! n\ns & v]bs 9 ?is quotation4 ,yet fe>some & t]rible are all ! foot/eps ( m5 ^u ! e>?1 = !y ei!r desc5d or climb4 ,!y desc5d f little m\nds & high peaks & l(ty altitudes1 ?r\gh wide roads & n>r[ pa?s1 d[n noble m>ble /airs & creaky /airs ( wood--& "s g d[n to ! cell>1 & "s to ! grave1 & "s d[n to ! pits ( %ame & infamy1 & /ill "s to ! glory ( an unfa?omable abyss :]e !re is no?+ b ! />+1 :ite1 /ony eye-balls ( ,de/9y4 ,!y desc5d & !y climb1 ! fe>ful foot/eps ( m51 & "s limp1 "s drag1 "s spe$1 "s trot1 "s run--!y are quiet1 sl[1 noisy1 brisk1 quick1 fev]i%1 mad1 & mo/ awful 9 _! cad5ce to ! e>s ( ! "o :o /&s /ill4 ,b ( all ! foot/eps ( m5 t ei!r desc5d or climb1 no foot/eps are s fe>some & t]rible z ^? t g /raight on ! dead level ( a prison floor1 f a yell[ /one wall to a r$ iron gate4--,f ,! ,walk]4 ,giovannitti4 ,,words ,,add$ ,,to ,,v]bs #cg4 ,f our /udy1 y see h[ our classes ( words grew out ( man's ne$ ( !m 9 express+ 8 ?\ghts4 ,& notice also h[ ! _m ?\s&s ( words 9 our language c all be gr\p$ "u ^! few classes4 ,we "n ! ?+s ab\t u2 we inv5t words to tell :at ^! ?+s d2 we h ano!r class ( words :i* describe ! ?+s :i* we h nam$2 & n[ we come to a f\r? class ( words = :i* we also f9d great ne$4 ,:5 we come to tell :at ?+s d1 we f9d t we ne$ words :i* w tell u h[ or :]e or :5 ^! ?+s are done4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! m5 "w busily4 ,! m5 "w late4 ,! m5 "w n[4 ,! m5 "w "h4 ,! m5 "w h>d4 ,! m5 "w well4 ,! m5 "w inside4 ,! m5 "w m4 ,we w\ld h a complete s5t5ce & express a complete ?\ght if we said simply1 ,! m5 "w1 b ea* ( ^! words :i* we h add$1 l busily1 h>d1 late1 etc41 adds some?+ to ! mean+ ( ! v]b4 ,^! words add some?+ to ! action :i* is ass]t$ by ! v]b1 = !y %[ h[ & :5 & :]e & h[ mu* ! m5 "w4 #ch4 ,we call ?is class ( words adv]bs1 because !y are add$ to v]bs to make ! mean+ m def9ite1 v mu* z adjectives are add$ to n\ns4 ,adv]b means lit]ally to ! v]b4 ,an adv]b w always answ] "o ( ^! que/ions3 h[8 :58 h[ long8 h[ (t58 h[ mu*8 h[ f>8 or h[ late8 ,if y want to f9d ! adv]bs 9 y\r s5t5ces j ask "o ( ^! que/ions1 & ! ^w t answ]s x w be ! adv]b4 #ci4 ,an adv]b may be us$ also ) an adjective4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! book is v long4 ,too _m p nev] ?9k4 ,notice "h t ! adv]bs v & too modify ! adjectives long & _m4 #dj4 ,adv]bs may also be us$ ) o!r adv]bs4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he speaks v di/9ctly4 ,he walks too sl[ly4 ,"h ! adv]bs v & too are us$ ) ! adv]bs di/9ctly & sl[ly1 & add to _! mean+4 ,we w /udy m fully 9 lat] lessons conc]n+ bo? ! adjective & ! adv]b1 b we c see by ?is brief /udy :y adv]bs 7 add$ z a class ( words1 a "p ( spee*1 = !y are absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to describe ! action express$ by v]bs1 & also to add to ! mean+ ( adjectives & o!r adv]bs4 ,h5ce we h our def9ition ( an adv]b4 #da4 ,an adv]b is a ^w t modifies ! mean+ ( a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 ,ex]cise #b ,und]score all adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,he w n come today4 #b4 ,"h & n[ is ! day ( opportunity4 #c4 ,v sl[ly1 b ev5 !n entirely too rapidly1 ! fire crept =w>d4 #d4 ,! room 0 v quiet & /ill4 #e4 ,he 0 too we>y to g f>!r4 #f4 ,"o mu/ le>n to feel deeply & ?9k cle>ly 9 ord] to express himself eloqu5tly4 #g4 ,f]r] /ood !re1 s calmly & s bravely fac+ ! fir+ squad4 #h4 ,he 0 condemn$ to dea? because he /ood uncompromis+ly & c\rage\sly = ! education ( ! masses4 #i4 ,f]r] und]/ood ?or\ghly t ! s*ools ( today clev]ly & effectively adapt _! tea*+ to ma9ta9 ! pres5t sy/em ( society4 #aj4 ,he said ,! s*ool imprisons ! *ildr5 physically1 intellectually & morally4 ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,place ,,( ,,n\ns #db4 ,n[ we come to /udy ano!r class ( words :i* are also v necess>y 9 ord] to express our ideas4 ,suppose y _h j arriv$ 9 a /range t[n & y want$ to f9d ! way to a fri5d's h\se4 ,y inquire ( a /rang]1 ,c y tell me :o lives 9 ! h\se on ! corn]8 ,notice ! words y & me & :o4 ,y c\ld n call ! /rang] by "n = y d n "k 8 "n1 & h5ce y say y4 ,& if y us$ y\r own "n in/ead ( me1 he w\ld n recognize x1 & y w\ld bo? be puzzl$ to f9d a sub/itute = t little ^w :o4 ,if y knew ! /rang] & he knew y\r "n1 y might say1 ,c ,mr4 ,smi? tell ,mr4 ,jones :at p]son lives 9 ! h\se on ! corn]4 ,b ?is w\ld s\nd v /ilt$ & unnatural & awkw>d4 ,s we h ^! little words l y & me & :o1 :i* we use 9 place ( n\ns4 ,^! words are call$ pron\ns4 ,?is ^w is tak5 f ! ,lat9 also4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ! ^w pro means 9 place (4 ,s ! ^w pron\n means lit]ally 9 place ( a n\n4 #dc4 ,a pron\n is a ^w t is us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,^! pron\ns are v useful little words4 ,!y save u a great deal ( tiresome repetition4 ,notice ! awkw>dness ( ! foll[+3 ,! work]s w succe$ 9 ga9+ ! work]s' fre$om if ! work]s le>n solid>ity4 ,& yet ?is w\ld be ! way we w\ld h to express ?is idea if we did n h pron\ns4 ,in/ead we say3 ,! work]s w succe$ 9 ga9+ _! fre$om if !y le>n solid>ity4 #dd4 ,we w /udy ! pron\n 9 detail 9 lat] lessons1 b we c readily recognize ^! words :i* are us$ 9 place ( n\ns4 ,! mo/ common pron\ns are3 ,i y he %e x we !y me him h] u !m my y\r 8 h] its our _! t :i* :o ^: :om :at ,ex]cise #c ,und]score ! pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ /ory3 ,a man 9 ,s\? ,africa pick$ up a small piece ( /one4 ,x 0 dirty & ,r\gh4 ,make me beautiful1 said ! /one4 ,i %all h to hurt y1 said ! man4 ,well1 if x hurts me1 ,i w be> x1 said ! /one4 ,s ! man took x to a clev] craftsman1 :o put x into a tight vise1 & cut x ) 8 %>p in/rum5t4 ,oh6 cri$ ! /one4 ,& he gr\nd x till ! du/ fell all ab\t x4 ,oh6 cri$ ! /one4 ,& he poli%$ x v h>d4 ,oh6 cri$ ! /one4 ,& !n he set x 9 a cr[n & s5t x to ! ,que54 ,on a sunny day %e wore h] cr[n1 & ! /one--x 0 a diamond--sp>kl$ 9 long rays ( crimson & gre5 & yell[ & silv]y :ite4 ,& all ! p greet$ _! que54 ,%e %[$ !m h] cr[n & !y prais$ ! beautiful /one4 ,! tra9+ 0 h>d1 b ! improvem5t 0 glori\s4 ,,prepositions #de4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,i want ! book on ! box4 ,i want ! book "u ! box4 ,i want ! book 9 ! box4 ,i want ! book beside ! box4 ,i want ! book beh9d ! box4 ,i want ! book beyond ! box4 ,d y notice any ^w 9 ^! s5t5ces :i* does n belong to any ( ! classes ( words :i* we h /udi$8 ,i is a pron\n1 want is a v]b1 ! is an adjective1 book is a n\n1 ! is an adjective1 box is a n\n2 b ! words1 on1 "u1 91 beside1 beh9d & beyond are n n\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 adv]bs or pron\ns4 ,yet w\ld x be possible to express ! mean+ 9 ^! s5t5ces )\t ^! words8 ,read ! s5t5ces )\t !m1 & y w see t no "o c\ld tell ! relation :i* y wi% to express betwe5 ! book & ! box4 ,& y w notice too t ea* ^w expresses a diff]5t relation1 = x means "o ?+ to say on ! box & ano!r ?+ to say 9 ! box1 & s ?r\gh ! li/4 #df4 ,! words :i* are us$ to %[ ?is relation are call$ prepositions4 ,! gr\ps ( words introduc$ by ! preposition1 l on ! box & 9 ! box1 & s on1 are call$ prepositional phrases4 ,! n\n :i* foll[s a preposition z box foll[s ! prepositions 91 on1 beside1 beyond1 etc41 is call$ ! object ( ! preposition4 ,preposition is a ^w :i* comes into our language f ! ,lat94 ,x is =m$ f ! ,lat9 pre1 :i* means be=e1 & ! ,lat9 v]b :i* means to place1 s preposition means lit]ally to place be=e4 ,x is giv5 ?is "n because x is plac$ be=e ! n\n or pron\n :i* is its object4 ,!re=e our def9ition ( a preposition is z foll[s3 #dg4 ,a preposition is a ^w t %[s ! relation ( its object to "s o!r ^w4 #dh4 ,ei!r a n\n or a pron\n may be ! object ( a preposition4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,br+ ! book to me4 ,lay ! book on ! table4 ,he w speak to y4 ,i w speak to ! man4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! n\n table is ! object ( ! preposition on2 ! pron\n me is ! object ( ! preposition to2 & 9 ! la/ two s5t5ces ! pron\n y & ! n\n man are ! objects ( ! preposition to4 #di4 ,!re are n _m prepositions 9 ! language & !y are easily le>n$ & easily di/+ui%$4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! mo/ common & ! mo/ important prepositions4 ,use ea* "o 9 a s5t5ce4 at across ar\nd ab\t among above aga9/ along beh9d beside betwe5 bel[ beyond by be=e b5ea? d[n = f 9 into (f on ov] to t[>d "u up ^u ) )9 )\t ,ex]cise #d ,und]score ! prepositions 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he w5t to ! door & look$ out ^u ! field4 ,ov] ! riv] & ?r\gh ! woods1 to ,gr&fa!r's h\se we g4 ,he saw !m 9 ! di/ance z !y 7 com+ t[>d him4 ,!y w5t along ! road1 across ! bridge1 & hid among ! trees at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,!y came f ,m9neapolis d[n ! riv] by boat4 ,! w> betwe5 ! classes is a /ruggle aga9/ exploitation4 ,! army 0 intr5*$ beh9d ! b>ricades be=e dawn4 ,8 claim 0 )9 ! law b )\t ju/ice4 ,,conjunctions #ej4 ,we h f\nd t ! preposition is a v important connective ^w4 ,x connects two words & %[s :at "o ( !m has to d ) ! o!r1 b ! preposition is n ! only connective ^w :i* we use 9 ,engli%4 ,we h ano!r "p ( spee* :i* p]=ms an important function z a connective ^w4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,m5 & wom5 /ruggle = _! rights4 ,c y f9d a ^w 9 ?is s5t5ce :i* is a connective ^w besides ! preposition =8 ,did y notice t little ^w &8 ,! n\n m5 & ! n\n wom5 are bo? subjects ( ! v]b /ruggle1 & !y are jo9$ by ?is little connective ^w &4 ,if we did n h ?is ^w we w\ld h to use two s5t5ces to express our ?\ght1 ?us3 ,m5 /ruggle = _! rights4 ,wom5 /ruggle = _! rights4 ,b ) ! use ( ?is connective ^w & we c comb9e ^! two s5t5ces & express x all 9 "o s5t5ce3 ,m5 & wom5 /ruggle = _! rights4 ,?is ^w is us$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f ! preposition4 ,! preposition connects two words & makes "o modify ! o!r4 ,:5 we say1 ,get ! book on ! table1 ! phrase on ! table designates ! book j z mu* z if we _h said1 ,get ! gre5 book4 ,s ! use ( ! preposition enables u to %[ ! relation betwe5 two words & to make "o ^w describe or modify ! o!r4 #ea4 ,?is little ^w & 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,m5 & wom5 /ruggle = _! rights1 is a connective ^w also1 b x connects two words t are us$ 9 ! same way1 s x is a diff]5t sort ( connective ^w f ! preposition4 ,words us$ 9 ?is way are call$ conjunctions4 ,conjunction is a ^w :i* is tak5 f ! ,lat91 be+ made up ( ! ,lat9 ^w con1 :i* means toge!r1 & ! ,lat9 v]b juncto1 :i* means to jo94 ,s conjunction means lit]ally to jo9 toge!r4 #eb4 ,a conjunction is a ^w t connects s5t5ces or p>ts ( s5t5ces4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,! class /ruggle is wag$ on ! political field & on ! indu/rial field4 ,"h we h ! conjunction & connect+ ! two phrases on ! political field & on ! indu/rial field4 ,)\t ! use ( ?is connective ^w1 we w\ld h to use two s5t5ces to express ^! two ?\ghts3 ,! class /ruggle is wag$ on ! political field4 ,! class /ruggle is wag$ on ! indu/rial field4 #ec4 ,s a conjunction may be us$ to connect phrases z well z words4 ,n[ notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he w speak4 ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 & ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 b ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 if ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 !re=e ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 because ,i w li/54 ,he w speak1 until ,i w li/54 #ed4 ,^! s5t5ces are jo9$ by diff]5t conjunctions1 & ! conjunction us$ alt]s ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! conjunction is a v useful "p ( spee*4 ,)\t x we w\ld h _m disconnect$ s5t5ces requir+ tiresome repetition ( ! same words4 ,l prepositions1 !re are n _m conjunctions 9 ,engli% & !y are readily recogniz$4 #ee4 ,we w /udy ab\t ^! conjunctions at l5g? 9 lat] lessons4 ,if y consult ! foll[+ li/ ( ^? mo/ commonly us$1 y c easily pick out ! conjunctions 9 y\r read+3 & z z if aft] al?\gh z soon z because besides be=e b ei!r = h5ce 9 ord] t le/ nei!r nor or s9ce /ill s !n ?\gh t ?an !re=e till until unless :ile :e!r yet ,! sev5 classes ( words :i* we h /udi$ make up all ( our s5t5ces4 ,! hundr$s ( words :i* we use 9 =m+ our s5t5ces & express+ our ?\ghts belong to ^! sev5 classes4 ,!y are ei!r n\ns1 pron\ns1 v]bs1 adv]bs1 adjectives1 prepositions or conjunctions4 ,ex]cise #e ,und]score ! conjunctions 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,notice :e!r !y connect words or phrases or s5t5ces4 #a4 ,we _c w9 unless we are organiz$4 #b4 ,books & music are true fri5ds4 #c4 ,m51 wom5 & *ildr5 "w "u conditions nei!r prop] nor j4 #d4 ,we mu/ educate & organize4 #e4 ,! work]s on ! f>ms & 9 ! factories mu/ be unit$4 #f4 ,w9t] has come & ! birds are go+ ,s\?4 #g4 ,we h be5 ignorant1 !re=e we h be5 exploit$4 #h4 ,we mu/ le>n be=e we c tea*4 #i4 ,we d n und]/& ! situation1 because we d n "k ! facts4 #aj4 ,d y "k :e!r ^! /atem5ts are true or false8 ,,x ,,c ,,be ,,done ,somebody said t x c\ldn't be done1 ,b he1 ) a *uckle1 repli$ ,t maybe x c\ldn't1 b he w\ld be "o ,:o w\ldn't say s till he tri$4 ,s he buckl$ "r 91 ) a trace ( a gr9 ,on 8 face4 ,if he worri$ he hid x4 ,he />t$ to s+ z he tackl$ ! ?+ ,t c\ldn't be done--& he did x4 ,somebody sc(f$1 ,oh1 y'll nev] d t2 ,at lea/ no "o ev] has done x4 ,b he took (f 8 coat & he took (f 8 hat1 ,& ! fir/ ?+ we knew he'd begun x2 ,) ! lift ( 8 *91 & a bit ( a gr91 ,)\t any d\bt+ or quiddit1 ,he />t$ to s+ z he tackl$ ! ?+ ,t c\ldn't be done--& he did x4 ,!re are ?\s&s to tell y x c n be done2 ,!re are ?\s&s to prophesy failure2 ,!re are ?\s&s to po9t out to y1 "o by "o1 ,! dang]s t wait to assail y4 ,b buckle "r 91 ) a lift ( y\r *91 ,!n take (f y\r coat & g to x2 ,j />t 9 to s+ z y tackle ! ?+ ,t c n be done1--& y'll d x4 ,,int]jections #ef4 ,!re is ano!r class ( words :i* we use ) s5t5ces1 b :i* are really n p>ts ( ! s5t5ces4 ,!y are emotional expressions :i* seem to belong m to ! natural language ?an to ! inv5t$ language4 ,= example3 ,oh6 ,y hurt me6 ,aha6 ,n[ ,i h y4 ,oh1 us$ 9 ?is way1 is v apt to s\nd l a groan1 & aha l a %\t ( triumph4 ,^! words d n really belong 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! s5t5ce w\ld be complete )\t !m1 b !y are ?r[n 9 to express ! emotion :i* accompanies ! ?\ght4 ,we call expressions su* z ^! int]jections4 ,int]jection is f ! ,lat9 & means lit]ally ?r[n into ! mid/ (4 ,x comes f ! ,lat9 ^w int]1 :i* means betwe51 & ! ,lat9 v]b jecto1 to ?r[1 s x lit]ally means to ?r[ betwe54 ,"s ( ^! words imitate s\nds1 z = example3 ,bang6 ,!re goes ano!r %ot4 ,d+-dong6 ,!re goes ! fir/ bell4 ,we d n use int]jections v frequ5tly 9 writ+ on sci5tific subjects t express deep ?\ght1 b y w f9d !m (t5 us$ 9 poetry1 fiction1 oratory or any emotional writ+4 ,!re=e we h our def9ition ( an int]jection3 #eg4 ,an int]jection is an exclamatory ^w or phrase us$ to express feel+ or to imitate "s s\nd4 #eh4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( commonly us$ int]jections4 ,use !m 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own4 oh hello bravo ahoy aha hurrah b[ w[ s% alas hi/ :irr p%aw fie :oa d+-dong rub-a-dub ,ex]cise #f ,m>k ! int]jections 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,notice ^? :i* express emotion & ^? :i* imitate s\nd4 #a4 ,oh6 ,is x possible4 #b4 ,hurrah6 ,we h good news at la/4 #c4 ,:irr6 ,:irr6 goes ! giant ma*9e4 #d4 ,come6 ,keep up y\r c\rage4 #e4 ,:at6 ,i _c believe x4 #f4 ,c\rage6 ,we %all yet w94 #g4 ,bravo6 ,let ^? words r+ d[n ! c5turies4 #h4 ,d+-dong6 ! bells r+ out ! h\r6 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #c ,s9ce !re are =ty-two elem5t>y s\nds us$ 9 ! =mation ( our words & only tw5ty-six lett]s to repres5t ^! s\nds1 "s ( ^! lett]s mu/ necess>ily repres5t m ?an "o s\nd4 ,( ! =ty-two elem5t>y s\nds1 eighte5 are v[el s\nds1 b we h only five v[els ) :i* to repres5t ^! s\nds1 s ea* v[el has sev]al diff]5t s\nds4 ,!re=e we mu/ h a key to pronunciation to indicate ! v>i\s s\nds :i* are repres5t$ by ^! lett]s us$ 9 =m+ ! words4 ,:5 y look up words 9 y\r diction>y y w f9d ! v[els m>k$ by c]ta9 signs to indicate ! pronunciation4 ,^! signs are call$ diacritical m>ks4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! diacritical m>ks = ! v[els4 ,/udy ?is table & le>n to pron\nce ! words y look up4 ,:5 y h det]m9$ ! correct pronunciation ( ! ^w1 repeat x ov] to y\rself al\d a numb] ( times until y h accu/om$ y\r e> to ! correct pronunciation4 ,diff]5t diction>ies use diff]5t keys to pronunciation4 ,?is table is tak5 f ! diction>y :i* we are us+ 9 connection ) ?is c\rse--,w9/on's ,new ,univ]sal ,self-,pron\nc+ ,diction>y4 ,key to ,pronunciation a z 9 late1 fade4 z 9 m>1 fa!r4 4a z 9 mask1 dance4 a z 9 cat1 _h4 aw z 9 awl1 fall4 e z 9 he1 feet4 e z 9 h]1 v]ge4 e z 9 let1 m54 i z 9 l9e1 "t4 i z 9 t91 little4 o z 9 vote1 home4 z 9 orb1 =m4 o z 9 lot1 odd4 oi z 9 oil1 jo94 oo z 9 moon1 s*ool4 oo z 9 cook1 foot4 ou z 9 out1 h\se4 u z 9 mute1 unit4 u z 9 nut1 drum4 ,! spell+ lesson = ?is week is compos$ ( words conta9+ ! diff]5t v[el s\nds4 ,look up 9 y\r diction>y & m>k all ! a's 9 ,monday's lesson1 all ! e's 9 ,tuesday's lesson1 all ! i's 9 ,w$nesday's lesson1 all ! o's 9 ,?ursday's lesson1 & all ! u's 9 ,friday's lesson4 ,9 ,saturday's lesson note ! use ( w & y z v[els4 ,monday ,pause ,adjective ,lazy ,quality ,advance ,tuesday ,resemble ,desc5d ,adv]b ,int]jection ,complete ,w$nesday ,limit ,def9e ,di/9ct ,imprison ,civilize ,?ursday ,=m ,foot/eps ,pro( ,report ,common ,friday ,union ,"u ,unusual ,summ] ,commune ,saturday ,comply ,employ ,v[el ,news ,lawful ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #d ,de> ,comrade3 ,we are /udy+ 9 ?is lesson a mo/ int]e/+ "p ( our language1 ! words t are ! names ( ?+s4 ,if we c\ld trace ^! names ( ?+s & ! ord] & "t ( _! com+ into ! language ( m5 we w\ld h a progressive hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,way back yond] 9 ! dim dawn ( hi/ory1 m5 liv$ ^u fruit & nuts4 ,!y _h no k ( ! use ( fire & c\ld n use foods t requir$ cook+4 ,!y communicat$ ) "o ano!r by signs4 ,!n !y discov]$ fire & inv5t$ ! b[ & arr[4 ,!y c\ld n[ use fi% & fle% = food & !y comm5c$ to use articulate spee*4 ,?is /age has be5 call$ ! ,middle ,/age ( ,savag]y4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! b[ & arr[1 began ! ?ird /age ( savag]y :i* m]g$ into ! fir/ /age ( b>b>ism ) ! inv5tion ( pott]y4 ,!re are ?ree /ages ( b>b>ism be=e we come to ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( civilization :i* beg9s ) ! use ( ! phonetic alphabet & ! production ( lit]>y records4 ,all tribes t h nev] atta9$ ! art ( pott]y are class$ z savages & ^? :o possess ?is art b h nev] atta9$ a phonetic alphabet & ! use ( writ+ are class$ z b>b>ians4 ,civilization began ) ! spok5 & writt5 language & x has be5 well said t all t sep>ates u f savag]y is a wall ( books4 ,x is ^u ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ! pa/ t we build4 ,)\t ?is we w\ld be helpless4 ,s ^! v>i\s names ( ?+s h come to u ) develop+ evolv+ life4 ,z ! m5 ( ! pa/ ga9$ a k ( ! use ( fire1 z !y le>n$ to bake ! clay & make v>i\s ut5sils2 to heat & =ge ! iron into weapons2 to conqu] nature 9 all h] phases1 to fe$ ! race1 to clo! ! race1 to %elt] ! race m adequately1 our language has gr[n 9 volume1 /r5g? & beauty4 ,! /udy ( words & _! uses is ( great importance to y4 ,ma/] ! few rules necess>y & wat* y\r words daily4 ,we are liv+ 9 an age full ( wondr\s ?+s & yet _m ( u h almo/ z limit$ a vocabul>y z ! m5 ( ^? bygone days1 :o _h nev] dream$ ( ! m>vels t are commonplace to u4 ,z y use y\r diction>y wat* closely ! mean+ ( ! words & *oose ! words t mo/ aptly express y\r ideas4 ,li/5 to good ,engli% spok5 z (t5 z y c4 ,read good ,engli%4 ,m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad ,engli% & gradually y w f9d y\rself us+ good ,engli% naturally & cont9ually4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,classes ,,( ,,n\ns #ei4 ,we h le>n$ t ! words 9 a s5t5ce are classifi$ accord+ to ! "w :i* ea* ^w does4 ,! words :i* ass]t are call$ v]bs2 ! words :i* are ! names ( ?+s are call$ n\ns4 ,b n[ we %all see t ^! words are aga9 divid$ into classes accord+ to ! special "w :i* !y p]=m4 ,j z we may ga!r ! p ( ! _w into "o great class1 ! work+ class1 !n classify !m accord+ to ! indu/ry 9 :i* !y "w1 ?us "s are f>m]s1 "s tea*]s1 "s factory work]s2 !n ea* class may be subdivid$ accord+ to ! special "w :i* !y p]=m1 z truck f>m]s1 high s*ool tea*]s1 ma*9i/s1 etc4 ,s we f9d t n\ns are divid$ into classes accord+ to _! mean+ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,l9coln 0 a man ( ! p1 we h two n\ns ref]r+ to ! same p]son1 ,l9coln & man1 b !y are diff]5t k9ds ( names4 ,! ^w man is a "n t may apply to any "o ( a million p]sons b ! "n ,l9coln applies to "o p]son only4 ,"s n\ns1 !n1 repres5t a ?+ z be+ ( a c]ta9 k9d or class1 )\t %[+ :i* p>ticul> "o is meant4 ,o!r n\ns are names giv5 to designate a p>ticul> individual4 ,^! are call$ common & prop] n\ns4 #fj4 ,a prop] n\n is a special "n meant = only "o p]son1 place or ?+4 ,all o!r n\ns are common n\ns4 ,a common n\n is a "n :i* belongs to all ?+s ( a class ( objects4 ,e prop] n\n %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,indicate ! prop] n\ns 9 ! foll[+ li/ by draw+ a l9e "u ! lett]s t ought to be capitals3 k+ mon? city france dog virg9ia w> wilson novemb] doctor colonel napoleon *icago gov]nor indep5d5ce day fre$om ocean atlantic ocean ?anksgiv+ ?anksgiv+ day uncle william ?ursday week g5]al %]man k>l m>x union labor unit$ m9e work]s newspap] ! daily call ,write ! special or prop] names ( sev]al individuals 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ classes3--z city1--,*icago1 ,new ,york1 etc4 ,riv]1 k+1 au?or1 c\ntry1 /ate1 inv5tor1 m>tyr1 mon?1 book1 college4 ,,collective ,,n\ns #fa4 ,"s n\ns are ! names ( gr\ps or collections ( ?+s & are call$ collective n\ns4 ,_m soldi]s tak5 toge!r =m collectively an army--a numb] ( %eep =m a drove4 ,_m ( ^! gr\p or collective n\ns w readily occur to y\r m9d4 ,a collective n\n is "o t 9 ! s+ul> =m1 d5otes a numb] ( sep>ate p]sons or ?+s4 ,ex]cise #a ,opposite ea* ( ! foll[+ collective n\ns1 write ! "n ( ! individuals repres5t$ by ! collection2 z an army ( soldi]s2 a sw>m ( bees2 a flock ( birds4 ,a gang (444444 ,a committee (444444 ,a h]d (444444 ,a drove (444444 ,a hive (444444 ,a corps (444444 ,a suite (444444 ,a gr\p (444444 ,a class (444444 ,a multitude (444444 ,fill ! foll[+ blanks ) appropriate collective n\ns4 ,a444444( horses4 ,a444444( sailors4 ,a444444( wolves4 ,a444444( savages4 ,a444444( s+]s4 ,a444444( girls4 ,a444444( %ips4 ,a444444( quail4 ,a444444( birds4 ,a444444( work]s4 ,,ab/ract ,,n\ns #fb4 ,:5 primitive man began to "n ! objects ab\t him1 d\btless he fir/ nam$ ! ?+s :i* he c\ld see1 he>1 ta/e1 smell & t\*1--! objects :i* he c\ld p]ceive by ! five s5ses4 ,!n gradually he came to und]/& t ^! objects _h c]ta9 qualities :i* he c\ld consid] ap>t f ! object itself4 ,he hunt$ among ! /ones to f9d ^? :i* 7 suitable = mak+ 8 arr[-heads4 ,= ?is purpose he ne$$ ! h>de/ /one :i* he c\ld f9d1 s h>dness became some?+ :i* he c\ld ?9k ( z some?+ ap>t f ! object itself4 ,he saw ! m5 ab\t him & f\nd a "n = !m4 ,!n he knew t "s m5 7 /rong] ?an o!rs1 s /r5g? 0 a quality :i* he c\ld consid] ap>t f ! man himself4 ,^! m5 p]=m$ c]ta9 actions2 !y ran1 !y climb$1--s runn+ & climb+ became actions :i* he c\ld ?9k ( z some?+ ap>t f any individual4 ,he not$ too t m5 liv$ 9 c]ta9 conditions2 = example1 "s m5 7 free1 "s 7 slaves1 s he came to ?9k ( slav]y & fre$om z conditions :i* c\ld be ?\ght ( z some?+ ap>t f ! individual4 ,s we draw away1 or sep>ate c]ta9 ideas2 ! quality f ! ?+ :i* has x & ! action f ! ?+ :i* does x & ! condition f ! ?+ :i* is 9 x4 ,^! n\ns :i* are us$ to describe ^! qualities1 actions or conditions are call$ ab/ract n\ns4 ,ab/ract is a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 abs1 away f1 & tractus1 drawn1 s x lit]ally means drawn away f4 ,! n\ns :i* are names ( ?+s :i* we c see1 he>1 ta/e1 smell & t\* or p]ceive by any ( ! five s5ses are call$ concrete n\ns4 #fc4 ,a concrete n\n is ! "n ( an object :i* may be p]ceiv$ by "o or m ( ! five s5ses4 ,an ab/ract n\n is ! "n ( a quality1 a condition or an action4 #fd4 ,y rememb] we f\nd 9 ! /udy ( adjectives t we h a class ( adjectives :i* are us$ to describe ! qualities ( objects1 z = example--good1 noble1 hone/1 true1 wise1 etc4 ,s9ce ab/ract n\ns are ! names ( qualities1 _m ( our ab/ract n\ns are =m$ f adjectives4 ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ li/ ( adjectives & n\ns4 ,note t ! ^w is an adjective :5 x is us$ ) a n\n to describe c]ta9 qualities4 ,x is a n\n :5 x is us$ by itself to "n t quality4 ,adjectives ,ab/ract ,n\ns #a4 hone/ hone/y #b4 pure purity #c4 true tru? #d4 /rong /r5g? #e4 wise wisdom #f4 good goodness #g4 bold boldness #h4 j ju/ice #i4 sil5t sil5ce #aj4 wide wid? #aa4 pati5t pati5ce #ab4 /upid /upidity #fe4 ,y w notice t ano!r use ( ab/ract n\ns is to "n actions4 ,! v]b is ! "p ( spee* :i* expresses action1 !re=e _m ab/ract n\ns are =m$ f v]bs4 ,notice ! foll[+ li/3 ,v]bs ,ab/ract ,n\ns #a4 le>n le>n+ #b4 inv5t inv5tion #c4 *oose *oice #d4 def5d def5se #e4 try trial #f4 judge judgm5t #g4 read read+ #h4 please pleasure #i4 elect election #aj4 move motion #ff4 ,an ab/ract n\n is also ! "n ( a condition4 ,^! n\ns are d]iv$ f ! concrete n\n :i* is ! "n ( ! p]son or ?+ :i* is 9 ! condition4 ,concrete ,n\ns ,ab/ract ,n\ns #a4 slave slav]y #b4 fri5d fri5d%ip #c4 ?ief !ft #d4 man manhood #e4 *ild *ildhood #f4 lead] lead]%ip #g4 h]o h]oism #h4 m>tyr m>tyrdom ,ex]cise #b ,=m ab/ract n\ns f ! foll[+ adjectives1 v]bs & n\ns4 long simple rapid lovely loyal fre% prove s+ run behave believe reflect write *ild ag5t infant rascal cl]k presid5t c[>d ,,numb] ,,=m #fg4 ,s we f9d t we classify our n\ns accord+ to ! special "w :i* !y d4 ,n[ sometimes we f9d x necess>y to *ange ! =m ( ! n\n to make x express our ?\ght4 ,?us we say1 book1 man1 boy1 knife1 :5 we wi% to express ! idea ( only "o ( ea* object m5tion$4 ,b :5 we wi% to express ! idea ( m ?an "o ( !m1 we say1 books1 m51 boys1 knives4 ,we say1 ,! boy calls2 ! boys call4 ,! =m ( ! n\n boy is *ang$ by add+ an s to x4 ,! mean+ has also *ang$4 ,boy d5otes "o lad2 boys d5otes two or m lads4 ,any *ange 9 =m & mean+ ( words is call$ inflection4 ,! *ange to d5ote m ?an "o object is call$ numb]4 ,! ^w boy1 d5ot+ "o is 9 ! s+ul> numb]2 ! ^w boys1 d5ot+ m ?an "o is 9 ! plural numb]4 #fh4 ,inflection is a *ange 9 ! =m ( a ^w to d5ote a diff]5t application or use4 ,numb] is ! =m ( a n\n :i* %[s :e!r x d5otes "o or m ?an "o4 ,! s+ul> numb] d5otes "o ?+4 ,! plural numb] d5otes m ?an "o ?+4 ,!re are a few rules gov]n+ ! =mation ( plurals :i* we mu/ "k1 & ^! rules are ( great assi/ance 9 correct spell+4 #fi4 ,mo/ n\ns =m _! plural by add+ s--?us3 boat boats day days book books boy boys ,long ago 9 e>ly ,engli% all plurals 7 =m$ by add+ es1 & y w read 9 ! fir/ translation ( ! ,bible1 = in/ance1 su* words z bird-es1 cl\d-es4 ,lat] ! e 0 dropp$ & s add$ to ! s+ul> )\t an increase ( syllables4 ,b :5 ! s+ul> ends 9 an s s\nd1 ! orig9al syllable es is reta9$1 = two hiss+ s\nds w n unite4 #gj4 ,s n\ns end+ 9 s1 x1 z1 % or s(t *1 =m ! plural by add+ es to ! s+ul>4 ,^! words end ) a s\nd s mu* l t ( s t we _c pron\nce ! plural easily )\t mak+ ano!r syllable4 ,?us3 class classes tax taxes topaz topazes wi% wi%es dit* dit*es #ga4 ,9 words end+ ) ! s s\nd b ) a f9al e1 only s is add$ to =m ! plural1 b 9 pron\nc+ ! ^w we !n h two syllables1 ?us3 h\se h\ses place places size sizes cage cages ni*e ni*es #gb4 ,lett]s1 figures1 signs1 etc41 are made plural by add+ an apo/rophe & ! lett] s 7's71 ?us3 ,cross y\r t's & dot y\r i's4 ,d y "k ! table ( #d's8 ,:ile mo/ ( our n\ns =m _! plural 9 ?is regul> way by add+ s or es1 !re are "s n\ns t =m _! plural by "s o!r *ange 9 ! =m ( ! ^w4 #gc4 ,notice ! foll[+ li/ ( words & _! plurals3 fly flies city cities key keys day days /ory /ories enemy enemies tray trays boy boys ,^! n\ns all end 9 y1 yet !y =m ! plural diff]5tly4 ,"s simply add s & ! re/ *ange ! y to i & add es4 ,c y discov] ! reason8 ,:]ev] ! y is prec$$ by a v[el1 z e 9 key1 a 9 tray1 o 9 boy1 ! plural is =m$ by add+ s4 ,b :5 ! y is prec$$ by a consonant1 z l 9 fly1 r 9 /ory1 t 9 city1 & m 9 enemy1 ! y is *ang$ to i & es add$ 9 =m+ ! plural4 ,if ! s+ul> ends 9 y aft] a consonant1 *ange y to i & add es 9 ! plural4 #gd4 ,!re are ?irte5 n\ns end+ 9 f & ?ree 9 fe :i* =m ! plural 9 ves4 ,!y are3 beef beeves calf calves elf elves half halves leaf leaves loaf loaves self selves %eaf %eaves %elf %elves /aff /aves ?ief ?ieves :>f :>ves wolf wolves knife knives life lives wife wives ,all o!r n\ns 9 f or fe are regul>2 add+ only s1 to =m ! plural4 #ge4 ,ab\t =ty n\ns end+ 9 o aft] a consonant =m ! plural 9 es4 ,! mo/ common ones are3 buffalo c>go potato tomato negro veto c>go e*o calico emb>go h]o mulatto mosquito motto tornado volcano torp$o flam+o ,mo/ n\ns end+ 9 o =m ! plural regul>ly1 add+ only s1 z pianos1 banjos1 cameos1 etc4 #gf4 ,a few words =m _! plurals by a *ange 9 ! ^w & )\t add+ s or es4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! words are3 man m5 goose geese ox ox5 woman wom5 foot feet m\se mice bro!r bre?r5 too? tee? *ild *ildr5 l\se lice #gg4 ,prop] n\ns1 :5 made plural1 g5]ally foll[ ! same rule z common n\ns4 ,?us we write3 ,all ! ,smi?s1 ! ,joneses1 bo? ! ,miss ,johnsons1 "o ( ! ,dr4 ,davidsons1 & ! ,mrs4 ,wilsons1 7 pres5t4 ,b to prev5t ! confusion & misund]/&+ :i* might arise 9 *ang+ ! =m ( a prop] n\n1 we d n *ange its =m 9 writ+ ! plurals2 = example3 ,!re 7 eight ,h5rys1 k+s ( ,engl&4 ,! two ,m>ys reign$ 9 ! k+dom4 ,x w\ld be confus+ to say eight ,h5ries1 ! two ,m>ies4 ,! title is made plural :5 sev]al are ref]r$ to1 ?us3 ,mr4 ,hayes ,! ,messrs4 ,hayes ,miss ,smi? ,! ,misses ,smi? #gh4 ,! title is made plural :5 us$ ) sev]al names1 ?us3 ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,:ite4 ,g5]als ,lee & ,grant4 ,drs4 ,long & ,l>son4 #gi4 ,9 ! case ( n\ns =m$ ( two or m words1 :5 ! comp\nd ^w is s famili> t ! p>ts are n ?\ght ( sep>ately ! s is add$ to ! :ole comp\nd ^w1 z f\r-9-h&s2 =get-me-nots2 c\rt-y>ds2 spoonfuls2 gre5-h\ses2 etc4 ,b :5 "o ( ! p>ts is m important ?an ! o!rs1 ! s is add$ to ! m important "p1 ?us3 mo!rs-9-law comm&]s-9-*ief hang]s-on m5-(-w> by-/&]s attorneys-at-law pass]s-by /ep-sons #hj4 ,we h _m words 9 our language tak5 f o!r languages4 ,!y d n =m ! plural 9 ^! languages z we d1 & "s ( ^! words reta9 _! =eign plurals4 ,"s ( ! mo/ commonly us$ ( ^! n\ns are ! foll[+3 ,s+ul> ,plural alumnus alumni analysis analyses axis axes datum data erratum errata ellipsis ellipses app5dix app5dices bact]ium bact]ia basis bases crisis crises p>5!sis p>5!ses radius radii t]m9us t]m9i hypo!sis hypo!ses l>va l>vae madame mesdames memor&um memor&a ph5om5on ph5om5a /ratum /rata !sis !ses #ha4 ,! foll[+ n\ns are treat$ z s+ul>3 news1 pa9s 7mean+ c>e71 ac\/ics1 ma!matics1 economics1 e?ics1 molasses1 physics1 politics1 & o!r n\ns end+ 9 ics except a?letics4 ,) ^! always use ! s-=m ( ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,! news is di/ort$4 ,n1 ,! news are di/ort$4 ,economics is an important /udy4 ,n1 ,economics are1 etc4 #hb4 ,! foll[+ n\ns are always plural3 alms annals am5ds antipodes bell[s billi>ds clo!s dregs eaves fireworks hy/]ics measles mumps mat9s nipp]s nuptials oats premises proce$s p9c]s ri*es rickets suds scissors ?anks tid+s tongs tr\s]s vitals victuals vesp]s ,) all ^! n\ns always use ! =m ( ! v]b :i* is us$ ) ! plural subject4 ,?us3 ,alms are giv54 ,ri*es are easily lo/4 #hc4 ,! foll[+ n\ns h ! same =m = bo? plural & s+ul>1 corps1 cannon1 de]1 gr\se1 hea!n1 hose1 means1 odds1 s]ies1 %eep1 species1 sw9e1 v]m91 wages4 ,y c tell :e!r ! s+ul> or plural is meant by ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,! cannon is load$4 ,"h we are speak+ ( "o cannon4 ,! cannon us$ 9 ! w> are ( trem5d\s size4 ,"h we "k are meant all ! big guns us$ 9 ! w>4 ,:5 y say1 ,! %eep is lo/1 we "k y mean "o %eep1 b :5 y say1 ,! %eep are 9 ! pa/ure1 we "k y mean ! entire drove4 #hd4 ,:5 prec$$ by a num]al1 ! foll[+ n\ns h ! same =m = bo? s+ul> & plural4 ,)\t ! num]als1 ! plural is =m$ by ! add+ ( s2 brace1 c\ple1 doz51 hundr$1 pair1 score1 ?\s&1 yoke4 ,= example3 ,?\s&s enli/$4 ,?ree ?\s& enli/$4 ,doz5s came at my call4 ,two doz5 came :5 ,i call$4 ,,g5d] #he4 ,all ( ! *anges we h /udi$ s f> h be5 = ! purpose ( indicat+ numb]2 b among ! n\ns t "n liv+ be+s1 _m *ange to %[ to :i* sex ! object nam$ belongs4 ,^! n\ns *ange 9 =m to di/+ui% betwe5 ! mascul9e & ! fem99e4 ,?is is call$ g5d]4 ,g5d] is ! di/9ction 9 words t d5otes sex4 ,! n\ns t d5ote females are call$ fem99e n\ns4 ,! n\ns t d5ote males are call$ mascul9e n\ns4 #hf4 ,! fem99e =m is g5]ally made by ! addition ( ess to ! mascul9e =m4 ,?us3 pr9ce pr9cess ma/] mi/ress ho/ ho/ess c\nt c\ntess tig] tigress lion lioness actor actress god goddess #hg4 ,names ( ?+s )\t sex are1 ( c\rse1 ( nei!r g5d]1 & are call$ neut] n\ns4 ,neut] means lit]ally nei!r4 ,su* n\ns z m\nta91 iron1 riv]1 *air1 are neut]4 ,sometimes ! fem99e is an entirely diff]5t ^w f ! mascul9e4 ,?us3 k+ que5 "l lady man woman y\? maid5 sir madam /ag h9d #hh4 ,_m n\ns t d5ote liv+ be+s apply alike to male & female1 & are said to be ( common g5d]4 ,z woman ent]s m & m into ! bus9ess _w & pursues ! same occupations z man1 ! *ange 9 =m to d5ote ! fem99e is us$ less frequ5tly1 & :at we h call$ ! mascul9e =m is us$ = bo? sexes1 ?us3 ,poet1 wait]1 doctor1 editor--^! n\ns are us$ = bo? m5 & wom54 ,,possessive ,,=m #hi4 ,!re is j "o m *ange made 9 ! =m ( a n\n1 & t is :5 we wi% to %[ :o or :at owns or possesses a ?+4 ,?us we write3 ,john's book4 ,! boy's hat4 ,& s9ce ?is =m ( ! n\n d5otes possession1 x is call$ ! possessive =m4 ,"s gramm>ians call ?is ! possessive case4 ,! possessive =m ( n\ns is made by add+ an apo/rophe & s1 7's72 ?us1 day's1 lady's1 girl's1 cl]k's4 ,to plural n\ns end+ 9 s add only an apo/rophe2 ?us1 days'1 ladies'1 girls'1 cl]ks'4 ,:5 plural n\ns d n end 9 s1 _! possessive =ms are made by add+ ! apo/rophe & s1 ! same z s+ul> n\ns1 ?us3 ,!y make m5's & wom5's %oes4 #ij4 ,9 words :i* end ) a s\nd t resembles t ( s1 ! apo/rophe ) s =ms an additional syllable4 ,?us3 ,james's 7pron\nc$ ,james-ez47 ,mr4 ,lyn*'s 7pron\nc$ ,lyn*-ez47 ,! only exception to ! rule occurs :5 ! addition ( ano!r s w\ld make too _m hiss+ s\nds1 !n we add ! apo/rophe alone4 ,?us3 ,= goodness' sake4 ,9 ,jesus' "n4 #ia4 ,9 =m+ ! possessive ( comp\nd n\ns1 ! possessive sign is always plac$ at ! end1 ?us3 ,my son-9-law's si/]4 ,! man-(-w>'s cannon4 #ib4 ,:5 we wi% to %[ t a ?+ belongs to two or m p]sons :o are jo9t own]s ( x1 we add ! possessive sign to ! la/ ^w only1 ?us3 ,c>son1 ,price & ,scott's /ore4 ,mason & ,haml9's pianos4 ,if x is a sep>ate own]%ip t we wi% to d5ote1 we place ! possessive sign aft] ea* "n1 ?us3 ,br+ me ,john's & ,m>y's books4 ,lee's & ,grant's armies met 9 battle4 ,rememb] t ! n\n has j ?ree *anges 9 =m1 "o = ! plural numb]1 "o to d5ote g5d] & "o = ! possessive =m4 ,wat* c>efully y\r own language & t ( y\r fri5ds & note if ^! *anges are correctly made4 ,ex]cise #c ,write ! plural =m ( ea* ( ! foll[+3 ax beef *ief h]o knife ,t ho( man-(-w> axis basis *]ry leaf son-9-law ,mr4 ,smi? ?ief ,doctor ,wood alley buffalo *imney /aff ,fr5*man ,miss ,br[n ox spoonful alto calf c>go two #c too? foot turkey ,ex]cise #d ,und]score ! n\ns 9 ! foll[+3 ,h[ _m ab/ract n\ns8 ,h[ _m concrete8 ,h[ _m s+ul>8 ,h[ _m plural8 ,,five ,,& ,,fifty ,*>lotte ,p]k9s ,gilman ,if fifty m5 did all ! "w ,& gave ! price to five2 ,& let ^? five make all ! rules-- ,y'd say ! fifty m5 7 fools1 ,unfit to be alive4 ,& if y he>d compla9+ cries ,f fifty brawny m51 ,blam+ ! five = graft & gre$1 ,inju/ice1 cruelty inde$-- ,:at w\ld y call !m !n8 ,n by _! own sup]ior =ce ,d five on fifty live1 ,b by election & ass5t-- ,& privilege ( gov]nm5t-- ,p[]s t ! fifty give4 ,if fifty m5 are really fools-- ,& five h all ! bra9s-- ,! five mu/ rule z n[ we f9d2 ,b if ! fifty h ! m9d-- ,:y don't !y take ! re9s8 ,ex]cise #e ,select all ! n\ns 9 ! foll[+4 ,write _! s+ul>1 plural & possessive =ms4 ,decide :e!r !y are ab/ract or concrete1 common or prop] or collective1 mascul9e1 fem99e or neut]4 ,bro!r6 ,:oev] y are1 :]ev] y are on all ! e>?1 ,i greet y4 ,i ext5d to y my "r h&4 ,i make y a pl$ge4 ,"h is my pl$ge to y3-- ,i refuse to kill y\r fa!r4 ,i refuse to slay y\r "m's son4 ,i refuse to plunge a bayonet into ! brea/ ( y\r si/]'s bro!r4 ,i refuse to slaught] y\r swee!>t's lov]4 ,i refuse to murd] y\r wife's husb&4 ,i refuse to but*] y\r little *ild's fa!r4 ,i refuse to wet ! e>? ) blood & bl9d k9d eyes ) te>s4 ,i refuse to assass9ate y & !n hide my /a9$ fi/s 9 ! folds ( any flag4 ,w y ?us pl$ge me & pl$ge all ! memb]s ( our work+ class8--,kirkpatrick4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #d ,"s ( our consonants also h m ?an "o s\nd4 ,we h also c]ta9 comb9ations ( consonants :i* repres5t "o s\nd4 ,?is comb9ation ( two lett]s to repres5t "o s\nd is call$ a digraph1 z gh1 9 c\gh1 * 9 *ur*4 ,a digraph may ei!r be a comb9ation ( two consonants or ( two v[els or ( a v[el & a consonant4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ! consonants :i* h m ?an "o s\nd3 c--k z 9 cat c--s z 9 vice g--j z 9 g+] g--h>d z 9 g s--% z 9 sure s--zh z 9 usual s--s(t z 9 also s--z z 9 does x--s(t z 9 extra x--gz z 9 exi/ ,! foll[+ table gives ! digraphs mo/ commonly us$3 ng--z 9 r+1 tongue *--z 9 *ur* & mu* *--k z 9 *asm *--% z 9 *agr9 ?--z 9 !n1 ^? ?--z 9 ?9 & wor? ce--% z 9 ocean ci--% z 9 special dg--j z 9 edge gh--f z 9 r\gh ph--f z 9 sylph qu--kw z 9 qu>t qu--k z 9 conqu] %--z 9 %all si--% z 9 t5sion si--zh z 9 vision ti--% z 9 motion ,! use ( ^! digraphs gives u a numb] ( additional s\nds4 ,notice ! use ( ! consonants :i* h m ?an "o s\nd & also ! digraphs 9 ! spell+ lesson = ! week4 ,m>k ! consonants & digraphs4 ,monday ,comm5ce ,c]ta9 ,g5]al ,gradual ,sug> ,tuesday ,soldi] ,season ,pleasure ,exact ,ex]cise ,w$nesday ,s+ul> ,*emi/ry ,*apt] ,ma*9e ,*ang+ ,?ursday ,!ory ,?i!r ,ocean ,racial ,budget ,friday ,philosophy ,en\gh ,quorum ,b\quet ,phonetic ,saturday ,p]mission ,asia ,att5tion ,m>%all ,m>tial ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #e ,de> ,comrade3 ,we want to say j a ^w ab\t ! lesson assignm5t4 ,?is has be5 arrang$ on a s*$ule ( days m]ely to assi/ y 9 sy/ematiz+ y\r "t & mak+ ! mo/ ( ! leisure at y\r disposal4 ,x is n int5d$ t y %\ld slavi%ly foll[ x4 ,we ?or\ghly believe 9 individuality & all t contributes t[>d its developm5t4 ,b we are also confid5t t _m fooli% ?+s are done 9 ! "n ( lib]ty4 ,:5ev] we set ourselves to ! p]=mance ( any task we necess>ily limit our activities 9 "s o!r direction4 ,p[] comes by conc5tration ( =ce4 ,:5ev] we comb9e ) o!rs = ! accompli%m5t ( any purpose1 x becomes necess>y to h "s plan ( action & we give & take = ! end :i* we h 9 view4 ,! musician because he foll[s ! law ( h>mony 9 music has n giv5 up 8 lib]ty4 ,he has only f\nd a new fre$om :i* enables him to make glori\s music :]e only discord reign$ be=e4 ,sy/em 9 our "w does n mean loss ( lib]ty or ( individuality b only f9d+ a *annel ?r\gh :i* individuality c fl[ into ! great ocean ( real fre$om4 ,s use ?is sugge/ive lesson assignm5t to meet y\r own ne$ & f9d expression = y\r real individuality 9 full fre$om4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( sev]al lessons conc]n+ v]bs4 ,! v]b is p]haps ! mo/ difficult "p ( spee* to ?or\ghly ma/]1 s d n be disc\rag$ if !re are "s p>ts ( ?is lesson y d n und]/&4 ,succe$+ lessons w cle> up ^! difficult po9ts4 ,keep y\r eyes op5 z y read e day1 & be c>eful ( y\r spell+ & pronunciation4 ,"s ( u mis-spell ! common words :i* we see & use e day4 ,9 a /ud5t's lett] we rec5tly not$ t1 ) our lett] be=e him 9 :i* ! ^w 0 pr9t$ 9 l>ge type & correctly spell$1 he spell$ ,college1 ,coll$ge4 ,d n be satisfi$ ) half-way ?+s or less ?an t :i* is wor?y ( y4 ,dem& ! be/ = y\rself4 ,read al\d ?is little v]se f ! ,good ,grey ,poet1 ,walt ,:itman3 ,o1 ! joy ( a manly self-hood2 ,to be s]vile to none1 to def] to none1 n to any tyrant kn[n or unkn[n1 ,to walk ) erect c>riage1 a /ep spr+y & ela/ic1 ,to look ) calm gaze or ) a fla%+ eye1 ,to speak ) a full & sonor\s voice out ( a broad *e/1 ,to confront ) y\r p]sonality all ! o!r p]sonalities ( ! e>?4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,^w ,,t ,,ass]ts #ic4 ,y rememb] :5 we /udi$ s5t5ces we f\nd t we c\ld n h a s5t5ce )\t a v]b or a ^w t ass]ts4 ,! life ( a s5t5ce is ! v]b1 = )\t ! v]b we _c ass]t1 "q or comm&4 ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is importance t ! ,romans call$ ! v]b1 v]bum1 :i* meant ! ^w4 ,v]bs1 l n\ns1 are divid$ into classes4 #id4 ,9 "s ( our s5t5ces ! v]b alone is en\gh to make a complete ass]tion1 b 9 o!r s5t5ces we use v]bs t ne$ to be foll[$ by "o or m words to complete ! ass]tion4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! boy ran4 ,! boy f\nd ! ball4 ,! e>? revolves4 ,! e>? is r\nd4 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! v]bs us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces8 ,notice t ! v]bs ran & revolves make ! complete ass]tion ab\t _! subjects4 ,notice ! v]bs f\nd & is4 ,^! are n complete )\t ! addition ( ! words ball & r\nd4 ,if we say ,! boy f\nd1 ,! e>? is1 y at once ask1 ,! boy f\nd ,,:at8 ,! e>? is ,,:at8 ,! s5se is incomplete )\t ! addition ( ^! words ball & r\nd4 ,a "p ( ! ?\ght is unexpress$2 b :5 we say ,! boy f\nd ! ball1 ,! e>? is r\nd1 ! s5se is complete4 ,s we h two classes ( v]bs1 ,,complete ,,& ,,incomplete ,,v]bs4 #ie4 ,an incomplete v]b is "o t requires ! addition ( "o or m words to complete its mean+4 ,! ^w or words add$ to an incomplete v]b to complete its mean+ are call$ ! complem5t4 ,a complete v]b is "o t requires no complem5t to complete its mean+4 #if4 ,y c readily tell :5 a v]b is complete & :5 x is incomplete by ask+ ! "q ,:at8 ,if y put ! "q :at aft] ! v]b1 & x makes a s5sible "q ! v]b is incomplete4 ,= example3 ,f>m]s raise--:at8 ,! employ] dis*>g$--:at8 ,we 7--:at8 ,! e>? is--:at8 ,if ! "q :at8 does n make s5se aft] ! v]b1 !n ! v]b is complete4 ,= example3 ,! sun %9es4 ,wat] fl[s4 ,m5 "w4 ,! "q :at aft] ^! v]bs w\ld n make s5se1 z3 ,! sun %9es--:at8 ,m5 "w--:at8 ,wat] fl[s--:at8 ,s ^! v]bs are complete v]bs4 #ig4 ,! same v]b1 h[ev]1 may be complete or incomplete1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x is us$4 ,= example3 ,! corn gr[s4 ,! f>m] gr[s corn4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,corn gr[s1 gr[s is a complete v]b4 ,y c\ld n say ,! corn gr[s--:at8 = x does n gr[ any?+4 ,x m]ely gr[s1 & ! v]b gr[s 9 ?is s5se is a complete v]b4 ,b 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! f>m] gr[s corn1 y are us+ ! v]b gr[s 9 a slightly diff]5t s5se4 ,x is an incomplete v]b1 = y d n mean1 ,! f>m] gr[s1 b y mean t ! f>m] gr[s ,,corn4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 und]score ! complete v]bs ) "o l9e1 ! incomplete ) two l9es4 ,ask ! "q :at8 aft] ea* v]b to det]m9e :e!r x is complete or incomplete4 ,he return$ today4 ,he return$ ! book4 ,! rose smells sweet4 ,he smell$ ! rose4 ,! trees %ake 9 ! w9d4 ,! w9d %akes ! trees4 ,! %ip pl[s ?r\gh ! waves4 ,! f>m] pl[s ! field4 ,! birds s+ sweetly4 ,!y sang ! ,m>seillaise4 ,he worries ov] ! matt]4 ,! matt]s worry him4 ,! table feels r\gh4 ,he feels ! r\gh surface4 ,x ta/es bitt]4 ,he ta/$ ! bitt] dregs4 ,ex]cise #b ,use ! foll[+ v]bs 9 s5t5ces z bo? complete & incomplete v]bs1 z = example1 ,! sn[ melts4 ,! sun melts ! sn[4 melts write /opp$ answ] r+s fall see /rike ,,incomplete ,,v]bs #ih4 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! two v]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! boy f\nd ! ball4 ,! e>? is r\nd4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! boy f\nd ! ball1 ! ^w ball tells :at ! boy f\nd4 ,! v]b f\nd expresses action2 x tells :at ! boy does4 ,boy is ! subject ( ! action--! "o :o p]=ms ! action4 ,! ^w ball is ! object ( ! action4 ,x %[s ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! e>? is r\nd1 is does n express action4 ,! e>? is n do+ any?+1 x simply is4 ,! v]b is expresses a /ate or condition & is incomplete1 = y d n "k :at /ate or condition is express$ until we add ! o!r ^w or words :i* describe ! /ate or condition4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! e>? is r\nd4 ,! e>? is our home4 ,! e>? is a sph]e4 ,! e>? is l>ge4 ,! words r\nd1 sph]e1 home & l>ge1 describe ! e>? :i* is ! subject ( ! v]b is4 #ii4 ,s we h two classes ( incomplete v]bs1 ! v]bs t express action & ! v]bs t express /ate or condition4 ,! v]bs :i* express action are call$ transitive v]bs4 ,transitive is a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 & means lit]ally pass+ ov]4 #ajj4 ,s a transitive v]b describes an action :i* passes ov] f ! subject to ! object4 ,z = example 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! play] /ruck ! ball1 /ruck is a transitive v]b--a v]b ( action--describ+ ! action ( ! subject1 play]1 :i* passes ov] to ! object1 ball4 ,!re=e we h our def9ition ( a transitive v]b3 ,a transitive v]b is "o t has a complem5t %[+ :o or :at receives ! action express$ by ! v]b4 ,! complem5t or ^w t d5otes ! receiv] ( ! action express$ by a transitive v]b is call$ ! object4 ,:5 y look up ! mean+ ( v]bs 9 y\r diction>y1 y w f9d "s v]bs m>k$ v4i41 & "s v]bs m>k$ v4t4 ,v4t4 is ! abbreviation = v]b transitive4 ,:5ev] y f9d a v]b m>k$ v4t41 y "k t x is a transitive v]b1 a v]b ( action1 "o :i* requires an object to complete its mean+4 ,v4i4 is ! abbreviation = v]b intransitive4 ,"s gramm>ians use ! t]m intransitive to include bo? complete & copulative v]bs4 ,we h us$ ! t]ms complete & incomplete because !y are mu* simpl] & cle>] 9 describ+ ! two g5]al classes ( v]bs1 b y w rememb] t :5 y f9d v]bs m>k$ v4i4 9 ! diction>y t ^! include complete & copulative v]bs4 #aja4 ,n[ notice ^! s5t5ces3 ,! e>? is r\nd4 ,! e>? is a sph]e4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! v]b is does n express action1 b connects or c\ples ! complem5ts r\nd & sph]e ) ! subject e>?4 ,v]bs us$ 9 ?is way are call$ copulative v]bs1 f ! ^w copula1 :i* means to complete or to connect4 ,! words r\nd & sph]e are n ! objects ( ! v]b1 = !y d n describe ! receiv] ( any action4 ,!y are ! words :i* describe ! /ate or condition express$ 9 ! v]b is1 & are call$ ! attribute complem5t ( ! v]b4 ,y note t ?is complem5t may be ei!r an adjective or a n\n4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! e>? is r\nd1 ! adjective1 r\nd1 is us$ z ! complem5t2 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! e>? is a sph]e1 ! n\n1 sph]e1 is us$ z ! complem5t4 ,s we h our def9ition ( copulative v]bs4 #ajb4 ,v]bs t express /ate or condition are call$ copulative v]bs4 ,! ^w or words t complete ! mean+ ( an incomplete v]b express+ /ate or condition1 are call$ ! complem5t1 or attribute complem5t4 ,!re are only a few ( ^! copulative v]bs4 ,all =ms ( ! v]b1 be2 l am1 is1 are1 0 & 71 & ! v]b phrases l mu/ be1 c be1 w be1 %all be1 h be51 _h be51 etc42 & ! v]bs seem1 appe>1 become1 look1 feel1 ta/e1 s\nd & smell1 are ! pr9cipal copulative v]bs4 ,ex]cise #c ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,note :e!r ! complem5t ( ! copulative v]b is an adjective or a n\n4 ,draw "o l9e "u ea* adjective us$ z a complem5t & two l9es "u ea* n\n us$ z a complem5t4 ,! day is beautiful4 ,i am we>y & tir$4 ,! m5 7 soldi]s4 ,! tasks seem endless4 ,all m5 mu/ be free4 ,! work]s h be5 slaves4 ,! burd5 becomes heavi] e day4 ,! *ildr5 feel happy & c>e-free4 ,evolution is ! developm5t ( life4 ,gramm> is ! /udy ( words & _! use4 ,k is fre$om4 ,! music s\nds sweet on ! midnight air4 ,he looks well today4 ,! dregs ta/e bitt]4 ,! inc5se smells sweet4 ,ex]cise #d ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by add+ an object or a complem5t4 #a4 ,p]sev]ance 9 y\r /udy w br+4444444 #b4 ,! great ne$ ( ! work+ class is4444444 #c4 ,we %all nev] ackn[l$ge4444444 #d4 ,by ! sweat ( no o!r's br[ %alt ?\ eat4444444 #e4 ,! ,revolution>y fa!rs f\nd$4444444 #f4 ,! work]s dem&4444444 #g4 ,labor's only road to fre$om is4444444 #h4 ,life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess are4444444 #i4 ,if y /ruggle1 y w ga94444444 #aj4 ,an incomplete v]b requires4444444 #aa4 ,! complem5t ( a transitive v]b is call$4444444 #ab4 ,! complem5t ( a copulative v]b may be ei!r444444or4444444 #ajc4 ,!re are two classes ( v]bs1 complete & incomplete4 ,a complete v]b is "o t requires no complem5t4 ,an incomplete v]b is "o t requires a complem5t to complete its mean+4 ,incomplete v]bs are ( two k9ds3 #a4 ,^? t express action2 #b4 ,^? t express /ate or condition4 ,incomplete v]bs t express action are call$ transitive v]bs4 ,incomplete v]bs t express /ate or condition are call$ copulative v]bs4 ,! complem5t or ! ^w t d5otes ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 a transitive v]b is call$ ! object4 ,! ^w or words t complete ! mean+ ( a copulative v]b are call$ ! complem5t1 or attribute complem5t4 ,! same v]b may be complete or incomplete1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x is us$4 ,ex]cise #e ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces draw a s+le l9e "u ! complete v]bs & a d\ble l9e "u ! incomplete v]bs4 ,!n det]m9e :e!r ! incomplete v]bs are transitive or copulative v]bs1 & draw a l9e ?r\gh ! object or ! complem5t4 #a4 ,"s plants are poison\s4 #b4 ,a roll+ /one ga!rs no moss4 #c4 ,p]sev]ance br+s success4 #d4 ,delays are dang]\s4 #e4 ,a man's actions %[ 8 "*4 #f4 ,he looks well & feels /rong]4 #g4 ,! sn[s come & ! fl[]s fade4 #h4 ,labor creates all weal?4 #i4 ,labor mu/ be free4 #aj4 ,! boy writes well4 #aa4 ,! man wrote a lett]4 #ab4 ,! skies are cle>4 #ac4 ,! hail de/roy$ ! :eat4 #ad4 ,no man is ev] too old to le>n4 #ae4 ,competition makes enemies4 #af4 ,co-op]ation makes fri5ds4 #ag4 ,competition bre$s hatr$4 #ah4 ,co-op]ation bre$s good w4 #ai4 ,competition ensures w>4 #bj4 ,co-op]ation ensures peace4 ,ex]cise #f ,9 ! foll[+ quotation all ( ! v]bs are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y are complete or incomplete v]bs4 ,if incomplete1 det]m9e :e!r !y are transitive or copulative v]bs4 ,draw a l9e "u ! object ( e transitive v]b & two l9es "u ! complem5t ( e copulative v]b4 ,rememb] t sometimes we h sev]al words comb9$ into a v]b phrase & us$ z a s+le v]b4 ,wat* = ! v]b phrases 9 ! foll[+1 z = example3 mu/ be1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,labor mu/ be free4 ,! hi/ory ( man is simply ! hi/ory ( slav]y4 ,slav]y includes all o!r crimes4 ,x degrades labor & corrupts leisure4 ,) ! idea t labor is ! basis ( progress goes ! tru? t labor mu/ be free4 ,! labor] mu/ be a free man4 ,!re is some?+ wrong 9 a gov]nm5t :]e hone/y we>s a rag & rascality dons a robe2 :]e ! lov+ eat a cru/ :ile ! infam\s sit at banquets4 ,talk ab\t equal opportunity6 ,capitalism ties a balloon to ! %\ld]s ( ! ri* *ild2 x ties a ball & *a9 to ! feet ( ! poor *ild2 & tells !m t !y h an equal opportunity6 ,once ! ma/] hunt$ = ! slaves1 n[ ! slave hunts = a ma/]4 ,ex]cise #g ,m>k ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ poem4 ,(t5 9 poetry words are omitt$ :i* 9 /rict grammatical con/ruction %\ld be express$4 ,z = example 9 ! f\r? l9e ( ?is poem :i* are1 is omitt$ be=e ! ^w b\ght4 ,9 prose ?is w\ld read1 ,! pews :i* are b\ght by ! pr(its1 etc4 ,s ! ^w b\ght is a "p ( ! v]b phrase1 are b\ght4 ,9 ! la/ l9e ( ! ?ird /anza !re is ano!r omission be=e ! ^w plann+4 ,! mean+ is1 :ile !y are plann+ slaught]4 ,plann+ is a "p ( ! v]b phrase are plann+4 ,& 9 ! la/ l9e is is omitt$ be=e ! ^w belov$4 ,is belov$ is ! v]b phrase4 ,det]m9e :e!r ! v]bs 9 ?is poem are complete1 transitive or copulative1 & m>k ! objects & ! complem5ts ( ! transitive & ! copulative v]bs4 ,,:o ,,is ,a ,,*ri/ian8 ,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox ,:o is a ,*ri/ian 9 ?is ,*ri/ian l& ,( _m *ur*es & ( l(ty spires8 ,n he :o sits 9 s(t1 uphol/]$ pews ,b\ght by ! pr(its ( unholy gre$1 ,& looks devotion :ile he ?9ks ( ga94 ,n he :o s5ds petitions f ! lips ,t lie to-morr[ 9 ! /reet & m>t4 ,n he :o fatt5s on ano!r's toil1 ,& fl+s 8 une>n$ ri*es to ! poor ,or aids ! hea!n ) a less5$ wage1 ,& builds ca!drals ) an increas$ r5t4 ,*ri/1 ) ,?y great1 sweet1 simple cre$ ( love1 ,h[ mu/ ,?\ we>y ( e>?'s ,*ri/ian clans1 ,:o prea* salvation ?r\gh ,?y sav+ blood ,:ile plann+ slaught] ( _! fell[ m54 ,:o is a ,*ri/ian8 ,x is "o ^: life ,is built on love1 on k9dness & on fai?2 ,:o holds 8 bro!r z 8 o!r self2 ,:o toils = ju/ice1 equity & peace1 ,& hides no aim or purpose 9 8 he>t ,t w n *ord ) univ]sal good4 ,?\gh he be a pagan1 h]etic or ,jew ,t man is ,*ri/ian & belov$ ( ,*ri/4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #e ,we (t5 h two v[els us$ 9 ! same syllable z a s+le s\nd1 z ou 9 r\nd1 oi 9 oil1 etc4 ,a diph?ong is a union ( two v[els to repres5t a s+le s\nd diff]5t f t ( ei!r alone4 ,sometimes we h two v[els us$ toge!r 9 a comb9ation :i* is really n a diph?ong = !y d n unite 9 a diff]5t s\nd4 ,only "o ( ! v[els is us$ & ! o!r is sil5t z ai 9 ra91 oa 9 soap1 etc4 ,! mo/ common diph?ongs are3 ou z 9 s\nd4 ow z 9 owl4 oi z 9 oil4 oy z 9 boy4 ,9 ! spell+ lesson = ?is week m>k ! words 9 :i* ! comb9ation ( v[els =ms a diph?ong4 ,9 "s ( ! words ! comb9ation ( v[els does n =m a diph?ong = only "o ( ! v[els is s\nd$4 ,draw a l9e ?r\gh ! sil5t lett]4 ,monday ,/raight ,aisle ,se>* ,bread? ,defeat ,tuesday ,exploit ,ceil+ ,height ,p ,feudal ,w$nesday ,br\ght ,%\ld] ,gr\p ,comp\nd ,tr\ble ,?ursday ,royal ,co>se ,c\rse ,broad ,fl[] ,friday ,laught] ,haunt$ ,plaid ,invoice ,*air ,saturday ,guide ,build ,grieve ,sieve ,r5[n ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #f ,de> ,comrade3 ,we h ?is week ano!r lesson 9 v]bs4 ,d n be disc\rag$ if y d n und]/& x all at once4 ,little by little1 x w gr[ cle>] & y w ma/] ?is important ^w4 ,! v]b may seem involv$ to y1 b a little application w soon make x cle>4 ,x is ! mo/ important ^w 9 ! language to ma/]4 ,x almo/ seems z ?\gh ! v]b 7 a liv+1 ?9k+ ?+4 ,x *anges outw>d =m to accommodate itself to its subject 9 ! numb] =m & p]son =m *ange4 ,if x is ent]ta9+ a subject 9 ! s+ul> x adopts "o dress2 if x is ent]ta9+ a plural subject1 m ?an "o1 ! v]b we>s a diff]5t dress4 ,s also if ! subject is ! fir/ p]son1 ! p]son speak+1 or ! second p]son1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or ! ?ird p]son1 ! p]son spok5 (1 ! v]b accommodates itself to ! subject4 ,! v]b is ! mo/ agreeable ?+ = x *anges its =m to agree ) its subject6 ,s wat* y\r v]b & see t x agrees4 ,ref] con/antly to y\r li/ ( irregul> v]bs giv5 9 ?is lesson = we s (t5 make mi/akes 9 ! use ( ^! v]b =ms4 ,!n1 too1 ! v]b k9dly *anges its =m to accommodate itself to ! "t ( ! action--action 9 ! pres5t1 9 ! pa/1 9 ! future--action complet$ be=e ! pres5t "t--be=e "s "t pa/--or be=e "s future "t--& action progress+ & n yet complet$ 9 ! pres5t1 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future4 ,!n x c also *ange to %[ :e!r its subject is act+ or be+ act$ ^u4 ,isn't ! v]b a wond]fully accommodat+ memb] ( ! co-op]ative commonweal? ( words8 ,& c y n see hidd5 "u all ?is1 a m>vel\s developm5t 9 ! intellectual ne$s ( m5 f ! day ( ! savage's signs & grunts to ! day :5 we c express su* %ades ( mean+8 ,?is tool ( expression1 language1 has _h a wond]ful evolution side by side ) ! evolution ( ! o!r tools by :i* man expresses 8 creative g5ius2 f ! =k$ /ick ) :i* man scrat*$ ! soil to ! great ma*9e-driv5 pl[ ( today2 f ! simple ?re%+ flail to ! mon/] ?re%+ ma*9e ( mod]n times4 ,!re is no?+ s wond]ful z man's ability to express himself4 ,add a little to y\r k e day & ! sum total w soon surprise y4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,inflection--,,*anges ,,9 ,,=m #ajd4 ,y rememb] t n\ns h c]ta9 *anges 9 =m to indicate *anges 9 use4 ,v]bs also h sev]al *anges 9 =m to correspond ) *anges 9 _! use or mean+4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,i ?9k4 ,i ?\ght4 ,i "w4 ,i work$4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ,i ?9k & ,i ?\ght8 ( ,i "w & ,i work$8 ,:5 we say1 ,i ?9k1 or ,i "w1 we mean t ! action is n[1 to-day1 9 ! pres5t2 b :5 we say1 ,i ?\ght1 or ,i work$1 we mean t n[ is n ! "t ( ! action1 b t ! action 0 p]=m$ sometime 9 ! pa/4 ,s we h a *ange 9 ! v]b =m to d5ote "t4 ,! simple =m ( ! v]b1 l ?9k or "w1 is us$ to d5ote pres5t "t4 ,:5 we wi% to express pa/ "t we d x by *ang+ ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,n[ note ! foll[+3 call ,i1 ,we1 ,y1 ,!y1 s5d fall ,! m5 br+ hide calls ,he1 ,%e1 ,x1 s5ds falls ,! man br+s hides ,n[ let u write ?is 9 ano!r way4 ,pres5t ,"t ,s+ul> ,plural #a/ p]son--,i call4 ,we call4 #bnd p]son--,y call4 ,y call4 ,he #crd p]son ,%e calls4 ,!y1 or call4 ,x ,! m5 ,! man #aje4 ,y notice 9 ?is table we use ! expressions fir/ p]son1 second p]son1 & ?ird p]son4 ,i & we indicate ! p]son or p]sons speak+ & are call$ ! fir/ p]son4 ,y indicates ! p]son or p]sons spok5 to & is call$ ! second p]son4 ,he1 %e1 x1 !y1 & ! p]son or p]sons or ?+s spok5 (1 are call$ ! ?ird p]son4 ,we use ! ^w y :5 speak+ to "o or m ?an "o n[-a-days4 ,x us$ to be t :5 speak+ to a s+le p]son1 p said ?\1 & 9 speak+ to two or m !y said y4 ,b we today h dropp$ ! old =m ?\1 & use y = bo? s+ul> & plural4 #ajf4 ,n[ note1 9 ! above table1 t !re is only "o =m *ange 9 ! v]b1 & ?is is 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,we say ,i call1 ,y call1 ,we call1 ,!y1 or ,! m5 call1 b we say ,he1 or ! man calls1 9 speak+ ( "o p]son or ?+4 ,s we *ange ! =m ( ! v]b ) any subject :i* d5otes ! ?ird p]son & ! s+ul> numb]4 ,?is =m is made by add+ s to ! simple =m ( ! v]b1 !re=e we may call x ! s-=m because x always ends 9 s4 ,rememb] t ?is s-=m is us$ to express pres5t "t ) a ?ird p]son1 s+ul> subject4 ,,be ,,c>eful ,,n ,,to ,,use ,,?is ,,=m ,,) ,,any ,,plural ,,subject4 ,!re is no o!r *ange 9 ! v]b =m 9 express+ ! pres5t "t 9 any v]b1 except 9 ! v]b be4 #ajg4 ,?is little v]b be is "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome v]bs 9 our language1 & s9ce x is us$ 9 =m+ v]b phrases1 x w be well to commit ! foll[+ table to memory4 ,wat* closely y\r use ( ?is bo!rsome little ^w4 ,note t x has a *ange 9 =m = ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 z well z = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,all o!r v]bs h j ! "o *ange1 ! s-=m = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,! v]b be has a =m also to use ) ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 ! pron\n ,i4 ,pres5t ,"t ,pa/ ,"t ,s+ul> ,s+ul> #a4 ,i am4 #a4 ,i 04 #b4 ,y are4 #b4 ,y 74 #c4 ,he is4 #c4 ,he 04 ,plural ,plural #a4 ,we are4 #a4 ,we 74 #b4 ,y are4 #b4 ,y 74 #c4 ,!y are4 #c4 ,!y 74 #ajh4 ,! pres5t "t =m is ! =m :i* expresses pres5t "t4 ,x is express$ by ! simple =m ( ! v]b ) ! exception ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 :i* is express$ by ! s-=m4 ,,pa/ ,,"t #aji4 ,to express pa/ "t we *ange ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,notice ! foll[+3 ,i call$ ,we call$ ,%e s5t ,y s5t ,he fell ,!y fell ,x br\ght ,! m5 br\ght ,! man hid hid ,notice t ^! v>i\s =ms ( ! v]b :i* express pa/ "t are all made by *anges f ! simple =m1 :i* expresses pres5t "t4 ,y w also notice t ^! five v]bs us$ 9 ! above table all =m _! pa/ "t =m 9 diff]5t ways4 ,= example1 call adds ed2 s5d *anges ! f9al lett] f d to t2 fall *anges ! v[el 9 ! middle ( ! ^w f a to e2 br+ *anges bo? ! v[el & ! f9al lett] f br+ to br\ght2 hide drops ! f9al lett] e4 #aaj4 ,v]bs ^: pa/ "t =ms are made by add+ d or ed to ! simple =m are call$ regul> v]bs4 ,v]bs ^: pa/ "t =ms are made 9 "s o!r way ?an by add+ d or ed are call$ irregul> v]bs4 #aaa4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ ( ^! irregul> v]bs :i* =m _! pa/ "t 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,by *ange 9 ! v[el lett]1 z fall1 fell2 write1 wrote2 see1 saw2 s+1 sang2 come1 came4 #b4 ,by dropp+ ! f9al v[el2 z hide1 hid2 slide1 slid2 bite1 bit4 #c4 ,by dropp+ a v[el f ! middle ( ! ^w2 z ble$1 bl$2 fe$1 f$2 lead1 l$4 #d4 ,by *ang+ ! f9al lett] or lett]s2 z s5d1 s5t2 lose1 lo/2 sp5d1 sp5t4 #e4 ,by *ang+ ! v[el & f9al lett]s2 z br+1 br\ght2 seek1 s\ght2 cat*1 caught4 #f4 ,by *ang+ ! v[el s\nd & add+ t or d2 z sleep1 slept2 feel1 felt2 flee1 fl$4 ,!re are "s irregul> =ms :i* we mu/ le>n & be exce$+ly c>eful 9 _! use4 ,/udy ! li/ 9 ?is lesson4 ,ex]cise #a ,write ! pres5t & pa/ "t =ms ( ! foll[+ v]bs z ! v]b ?9k is writt5 9 ! table giv5 bel[4 ?9k ride h give write ask make try speak run see d ,pres5t ,"t ,pa/ ,"t ,s+ul> ,s+ul> #a4 ,i ?9k #a4 ,i ?\ght #b4 ,y ?9k #b4 ,y ?\ght #c4 ,he ?9ks #c4 ,he ?\ght ,plural ,plural #a4 ,we ?9k #a4 ,we ?\ght #b4 ,y ?9k #b4 ,y ?\ght #c4 ,!y ?9k #c4 ,!y ?\ght #aab4 ,be v c>eful n to use ! s-=m except = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,be especially c>eful 9 ! use ( diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b be4 ,x is 9 ! use ( ?is v]b t we s frequ5tly make mi/akes4 ,wat* y\r own language & ! conv]sation ( y\r fri5ds & note ^! mi/akes & correct !m 9 y\r own m9d4 ,^! common blund]s 9 ! use ( ,engli% m>k u z c>eless or un$ucat$ by ev]yone :o he>s u speak4 ,we h fall5 into bad habits (t5times & make ^! mi/akes :5 we "k bett]1 & only con/ant wat*fulness = a "t c ov]come ! habit4 ,aft] a "t we le>n to speak correctly )\t ef=t1 & !n ^! mi/akes made by o!rs (f5d ! e> l a false note 9 music4 ,ex]cise #b ,cross out ! wrong =m 9 ! foll[+3 ,!y 0--7 n "h4 ,! cl\ds has--h ga!r$4 ,p is--are indiff]5t4 ,! tra9 0--7 on "t4 ,! m5 0--7 arm$4 ,our s*ool build+ is--are inadequate4 ,! work]s e>n--e>ns _! wages4 ,! vot]s elect--elects ! ,presid5t4 ,!y d--does z !y please4 ,we 0--7 !re on "t4 ,,do+ ,,d\ble ,,"w #aac4 ,we h f\nd n[ ?ree =ms ( ! v]b1 ! simple =m1 ! s-=m1 & ! pa/ "t =m1 &1 9 addition1 ! ,i-=m1 or ! fir/ p]son =m ( ! v]b be4 ,!re are no o!r real v]b =ms1 b !re are two o!r *anges made 9 ! =m ( ! v]b :5 x ceases to be us$ z ! pr$icate1 ! ass]t+ ^w ( ! s5t5ce1 & becomes1 9 "p1 ano!r "p ( spee*4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,mak+ %oes is 8 "w4 ,he enjoys mak+ %oes4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces ! ^w mak+1 f ! v]b make1 is us$ z a n\n4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,mak+ %oes is 8 "w1 mak+ is us$ z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ! second1 ,he enjoys mak+ %oes1 mak+ is us$ z ! object ( ! v]b enjoys4 ,b mak+ is n l ! ord9>y n\n1 = x has an object mak+--:at8--mak+ %oes4 ,%oes is ! object ( ! action express$ 9 mak+4 ,a n\n nev] takes an object2 s :ile ! ^w mak+ is us$ z a n\n1 x is also p>tly a v]b4 ,x is a =m ( ! v]b us$ z a n\n1 b keep+ 9 "p its v]b nature1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( two p>ts ( spee* at ! same "t4 ,h5ce ^! =ms ( ! v]b are call$ p>ticiples4 ,p>ticiple means p>tak]4 ,! p>ticiple may also be us$ z an adjective4 ,notice ! foll[+3 ,! cry+ *ild came t[>d u4 ,! rescu+ p>ty arriv$4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces cry+ & rescu+ are =m$ f ! v]bs cry & rescue1 & are us$ z adjectives to describe ! n\n *ild & ! n\n p>ty4 ,s a p>ticiple is a mix$ "p ( spee*4 ,x is p>tially a v]b1 b is n a true v]b4 ,a true v]b is always us$ z ! pr$icate1 ! ass]t+ ^w 9 ! s5t5ce & always has a subject4 ,! p>ticiple nev] has a subject2 x may h an object1 b n a subject4 #aad4 ,!re are two =ms ( ! p>ticiple4 ,! active =m or ! pres5t =m z x is sometimes call$1 ends 9 +1 z1 wait+1 walk+1 say+4 ,x expresses action1 exi/5ce1 or possession z go+ on at ! "t m5tion$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 #aae4 ,! o!r =m ( ! p>ticiple is ! passive =m or ! pa/ =m ( ! p>ticiple4 ,?is ends 9 ed 9 ! regul> v]bs1 & has v>i\s =ms 9 ! irregul> v]bs4 ,x is =m$ 9 regul> v]bs by add+ d or ed to ! simple =m1 h5ce has ! same =m z ! pa/ "t =m1 z = example1 pres5t "t =m1 call--pa/ "t =m1 call$--pa/ p>ticiple1 call$4 ,y w f9d ! pa/ p>ticiple =ms ( irregul> v]bs 9 ! li/ ( irregul> v]bs giv5 9 ?is lesson1 z = example--pres5t "t =m1 g--pa/ "t =m1 w5t--pa/ p>ticiple1 gone4 #aaf4 ,y w f9d z we /udy ! v]b phrases 9 lat] lessons t ^! p>ticiples are us$ 9 =m+ v]b phrases4 ,z = example3 ,he is com+4 ,!y are try+4 ,he has gone4 ,a p>ticiple is a ^w d]iv$ f a v]b1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a v]b & also ( an adjective or a n\n4 ,,let ,,u ,,sum ,,up #aag4 ,v]bs h five =m *anges4 ,simple ,s-,=m ,pa/ ,"t ,pres5t ,"p4 ,pa/ ,"p4 call calls call$ call+ call$ g goes w5t go+ gone ,ex]cise #c ,write 9 columns l ! above ! five =ms ( ! foll[+ v]bs3 d try give hope live rob h ?9k s+ get wave lose come make ,ex]cise #d ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ quotation4 ,y w f9d 9 x all five ( ! =m *anges ( ! v]b--! pres5t "t =m1 ! s-=m1 ! pa/ "t =m1 ! pres5t p>ticiple & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,9 ! v]b phrases _h be5 fill$1 has surviv$1 has gone1 has prov$ & be dismay$1 y w f9d ! pa/ p>ticiple us$ 9 =m+ ! v]b phrase4 ,we w /udy ^! v]b phrases 9 lat] lessons4 ,9 ! v]b phrases1 0 /umbl+1 0 grop+1 is conqu]+1 are c>ry+1 ! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ 9 =m+ ! v]b phrases4 ,c\ld reconcile is also a v]b phrase4 ,we w /udy ^! v]b phrases also 9 lat] lessons4 ,! pres5t p>ticiples1 /ruggl+1 p]sev]+ & rega9+ are us$ z adjectives4 ,/udy !m c>efully & f9d ! words :i* !y describe4 ,! pres5t p>ticiples imag9+1 le>n+ & suff]+ are us$ z n\ns4 ,note _! use4 ,! pa/ p>ticiples rebuff$1 self-reproa*$1 disc\rag$ & promis$ are us$ z adjectives4 ,f9d ! words :i* !y modify4 ,!re are sev]al pres5t "t =ms1 sev]al pa/ "t =ms1 & sev]al s-=ms4 ,f9d !m & /udy c>efully _! usage4 ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,d>k ,by ,hel5 ,kell] ,am]ica's fam\s bl9d girl1 :o has come to see m ?an mo/ p ) normal eyes4 ,/ep by /ep my inve/igation ( bl9dness l$ me into ! indu/rial _w4 ,& :at a _w x is4 ,i fac$ unfl9*+ly a _w ( facts--a _w ( mis]y & degradation1 ( bl9dness1 crook$ness1 & s91 a _w /ruggl+ aga9/ ! elem5ts1 aga9/ ! unkn[n1 aga9/ itself4 ,h[ c\ld ,i reconcile ?is _w ( fact ) ! bright _w ( my imag9+8 ,my d>kness _h be5 fill$ ) ! light ( intellig5ce1 &1 behold1 ! out] day-lit _w 0 /umbl+1 0 grop+ 9 social bl9dness4 ,at fir/1 ,i 0 mo/ unhappy1 b deep] /udy re/or$ my confid5ce4 ,by le>n+ ! suff]+ & burd5s ( m51 ,i became aw>e z nev] be=e ( ! life-p[] :i* has surviv$ ! =ces ( d>kness--! p[] :i*1 ?\gh nev] completely victori\s1 is cont9u\sly conqu]+4 ,! v fact t we are /ill c>ry+ on ! conte/ aga9/ ! ho/s ( annihilation proves t on ! :ole ! battle has gone = humanity4 ,! _w's great he>t has prov$ equal to ! prodigi\s und]tak+ :i* ,god set x4 ,rebuff$1 b always p]sev]+2 self-reproa*$1 b ev] rega9+ fai?2 undaunt$1 t5aci\s1 ! he>t ( man labors t[>ds immeasurably di/ant goals4 ,disc\rag$ n by difficulties )\t1 or ! angui% ( ages )91 ! he>t li/5s to a secret voice t :isp]s3 ,be n dismay$2 9 ! future lies ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,li/ ( ,irregul> ,v]bs ,"h is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal irregul> v]bs--! pres5t & pa/ "t =ms & ! pa/ p>ticiple are call$ ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a v]b4 7,^? m>k$ ) an r h also ! regul> =m47 ,pres5t ,t4 ,pa/ ,t4 ,pa/ ,"p4 abide abode abode arise arose aris5 awake awoke1 r awak$ be or am 0 be5 be> bore borne beat beat beat5 beg9 began begun b5d b5t1 r b5t1 r b]eave b]eft1 r b]eft1 r besee* bes\ght bes\ght bet bet bet bid bid or bade bid 7d57 b9d b\nd b\nd bite bit bit 7t57 ble$ bl$ bl$ bl[ blew bl[n break broke brok5 bre$ br$ br$ br+ br\ght br\ght build built1 r built1 r burn burnt1 r burnt1 r bur/ bur/ bur/ buy b\ght b\ght ca/ ca/ ca/ cat* caught caught *ide *id *id 7d57 *oose *ose *os5 cl+ clung clung clo! clad1 r clad1 r come came come co/ co/ co/ creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt1 r dealt1 r dig dug1 r dug1 r d did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt1 r dreamt1 r dr9k drank drunk drive drove driv5 dwell dwelt1 r dwelt1 r eat ate eat5 fall fell fall5 fe$ f$ f$ feel felt felt fight f\ght f\ght f9d f\nd f\nd flee fl$ fl$ fl+ flung flung fly flew fl[n =get =got =gott5 =give =gave =giv5 =sake =sook =sak5 get got got 7t57 give gave giv5 g w5t gone gr9d gr\nd gr\nd gr[ grew gr[n hang hung1 r hung1 r h _h _h he> he>d he>d hew hew$ hewn1 r hide hid hidd5 hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt1 r knelt1 r knit knit1 r knit1 r "k knew kn[n lay laid laid lead l$ l$ leave left left l5d l5t l5t let let let lie lay la9 light lit1 r lit1 r lose lo/ lo/ make made made mean meant meant meet met met mi/ake mi/ook mi/ak5 m[ m[$ m[n1 r pay paid paid plead pl$1 r pl$1 r put put put quit quit1 r quit1 r read read read r5d r5t r5t rid rid rid ride rode ridd5 r+ rang rung rise rose ris5 run ran run saw saw$ sawn1 r say said said see saw se5 seek s\ght s\ght sell sold sold s5d s5t s5t set set set %ake %ook %ak5 %ape %ap$ %ap51 r %ave %av$ %av51 r %e> %e>$ %orn1 r %$ %$ %$ %9e %one1 r %one1 r %oe %od %od %oot %ot %ot %[ %[$ %[n1 r %r9k %rank %runk 7en7 %ut %ut %ut s+ sang sung s9k sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew sla9 sleep slept slept slide slid slid 7en7 sl+ slung slung sl9k slunk slunk slit slit slit smite smote smitt5 s[ s[$ s[n1 r speak spoke spok5 spe$ sp$ sp$ sp5d sp5t sp5t spill spilt1 r spilt1 r sp9 spun spun spit spit spit split split split spoil spoilt1 r spoilt1 r spread spread spread spr+ sprang sprung /& /ood /ood /ave /ove1 r /ove1 r /eal /ole /ol5 /ick /uck /uck /+ /ung /ung /9k /unk /unk /rike /ruck /ruck /rike /ruck /rick5 /ride /rode /ridd5 /r+ /rung /rung /rive /rove /riv5 /rew /rew$ /rewn1 r swe> sworn sworn sweat sweat1 r sweat1 r sweep swept swept swell swell$ swoll51 r swim swam swum sw+ swung swung take took tak5 tea* taught taught te> tore torn tell told told ?9k ?\ght ?\ght ?r[ ?rew ?r[n ?ru/ ?ru/ ?ru/ tread trod trod 7d57 wake woke1 r woke1 r we> wore worn weave wove wov5 w$ w$1 r w$1 r weep wept wept wet wet1 r wet1 r :et :et1 r :et1 r w9 won won w9d w\nd w\nd "w wr\ght1 r wr\ght1 r wr+ wrung wrung write wrote writt5 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #f ,e v[el or e v[el comb9ation pron\nc$ z "o v[el s\nd indicates a syllable 7except+ f9al e 9 su* words z fate1 late1 rode1 etc47 ,take ! ^w comb9ation1 = example4 ,9 ?is ^w we h f\r syllables1 ?us3 ,com-bi-na-tion4 ,a syllable is t "p ( a ^w :i* c be utt]$ di/9ctly by a s+le ef=t ( ! voice4 ,rememb] t ea* syllable mu/ conta9 a v[el or a v[el comb9ation l oi or ou1 :i* is pron\nc$ z "o v[el4 ,sometimes ! v[el alone makes ! syllable z 9 a-lone1 e-qual1 etc4 ,! f9al e 9 words l late1 & fate is n s\nd$4 ,x is sil5t1 we say4 ,all words end+ 9 sil5t e h ! long v[el s\nd1 ) a v few exceptions4 ,words )\t ! f9al e h ! %ort v[el s\nd z = example3 fate1 fat2 mate1 mat2 hide1 hid2 rode1 rod4 ,9 divid+ words into syllables ! consonant is writt5 ) ! prec$+ v[el :5 t v[el is %ort4 ,if ! v[el is long ! consonant is writt5 ) ! next syllable1 z = example1 de-f9e & def-i-ni-tion4 ,9 de-f9e ! e is long !re=e f1 ! consonant foll[+1 is writt5 ) ! next syllable1 f9e4 ,9 def-i-ni-tion ! e has ! %ort s\nd1 !re=e ! f is writt5 ) ! e 9 ! syllable1 def4 ,:5 !re are two consonants foll[+ ! v[el1 divide betwe5 ! consonants1 z = example1 9-v5-tion1 f\n-da-tion1 etc4 ,nev] divide a digraph1 t is1 two consonants :i* are s\nd$ toge!r z "o s\nd1 z = example1 mo?-er1 cat*-er1 te-leg-ra-ph]1 etc4 ,9 writ+ words conta9+ d\ble consonants l dd1 ll1 ss1 divide ! ^w into syllables betwe5 ! d\ble consonants1 z = example1 p]-mit-t$1 ad-mis-sion1 sad-de/1 etc4 ,monday ,important ,accommodate ,p]son ,correspond ,action ,tuesday ,diff]5ce ,notice ,indicate ,rememb] ,irregul> ,w$nesday ,mi/ake ,conv]sation ,correctly ,presid5t ,ord9>y ,?ursday ,p>ticiple ,passive ,v>i\s ,phrase ,quotation ,friday ,imag9e ,confid5ce ,humanity ,fai? ,future ,saturday ,:isp] ,?\ght ,ability ,k ,g5ius ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #g ,de> ,comrade3 ,i wond] if y h ev] ?\ght z to h[ our language grew4 ,we get ! words 9 our language f _m s\rces4 ,! ,engli% language today is a developm5t ( ! e>ly ,anglo-,saxon4 ,engl& 0 call$ orig9ally ,angle-l& :i* 0 gradually %ort5$ into ,engl&4 ,s we h 9 our language :at are call$ pure ,engli% or ,anglo-,saxon words4 ,^! words =m ! bulk ( our e day vocabul>y1 be+ simple1 /rong1 =ceful words4 ,!n we h 9 our ,engli% _m =eign words :i* we h adopt$ f o!r languages4 ,!re are _m ,lat9 & ,greek words2 ^! we use 9 our m elegant spee* or writ+4 ,!re is an int]e/+ bit writt5 by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 8 novel ( e>ly ,engl&1 ,ivanhoe1 :i* illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* words h come into our language & also ! diff]5ce 9 spee* :i* m>ks ! work+ class & ! exploit+ class4 ,z ^? :o d ! "w ( ! _w rid !mselves ( ! p>asites :o h appropriat$ ! produce ( _! labor1 ?r\gh ! ages1 !y w dem& t :i* belongs to !m--! be/--! be/ 9 language z 9 ev]y?+ else4 '444 ,i advise !e to call (f ,fangs & leave ! h]d to _! de/9y1 :i*1 :e!r !y meet ) b&s ( travel+ soldi]s1 or ( outlaws1 or ( w&]+ pilgrims1 c be little else ?an to be conv]t$ into ,normans be=e morn+1 to ?y no small ease & com=t4' ',! sw9e turn$ into ,normans to my com=t6' quo? ,gur?4 ',exp\nd t to me1 ,wamba1 = my bra9 is too dull & my m9d too vex$ to read riddles4' ',:y1 h[ call y ^! grunt+ brutes runn+ ab\t on _! f\r legs8' dem&$ ,wamba4 ',sw9e1 fool1 sw9e1' said ! h]d2 'e fool kn[s t4' ',& sw9e is good ,saxon1' said ! je/]2 'b h[ call y ! s[ :5 %e is flay$1 & drawn1 & qu>t]$1 & hung by ! heels l a traitor8' ',pork1' answ]$ ! sw9eh]d4 ',i am glad e fool kn[s t too1' said ,wamba2 '& pork1 ,i ?9k1 is good ,norman-,fr5*1 & s :5 ! brute lives & is 9 *>ge ( a ,saxon slave1 %e goes by h] ,saxon "n2 b becomes a ,norman & is call$ pork :5 %e is c>ri$ to ! ca/le-hall to fea/ among ! nobles4 ,:at do/ ?\ ?9k ( t1 fri5d ,gur?1 ha8' 444 ,s y see ev5 9 words ! di/9ction is made betwe5 ^? :o produce & ^? :o possess4 ,b ! day is at h& :5 ^? :o "w %all also enjoy4 ,we h f\ght = religi\s & political fre$om4 ,today we are wag+ ! battle = indu/rial fre$om4 ,x is y\r /ruggle4 ,/udy--prep>e y\rself to d battle = y\r rights4 ,y\rs = ,fre$om1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,future ,,"t #aah4 ,we h le>n$ h[ to express pres5t "t & pa/ "t1 by *anges 9 ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,b we v (t5 desire to make a /atem5t 9 :i* we d n express ei!r pres5t or pa/ "t1 ?us we may say3 ,we %all enjoy our rights "s day4 ,he w jo9 u 9 ! /ruggle4 ,we d n mean to say t we d enjoy our rights n[1 9 ! pres5t1 or t we did 9 ! pa/1 b t we %all enjoy our rights "s "t 9 ! future4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 w jo9 expresses ! same idea ( future "t4 ,to indicate future "t1 we d n make a *ange 9 ! v]b =m1 b we use %all & w ) ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 #aai4 ,we d5ote future "t by use ( a v]b phrase made by plac+ %all or w be=e ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 #abj4 ,! rule ( "s gramm>ians is to use %all always 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ! p]son speak+1 to d5ote future "t1 & w ) ! second p]son1 ! p]son spok5 to1 & ) ! ?ird p]son1 ! p]son spok5 (1 to d5ote future "t4 ,b common usage does n always foll[ ! rules ( ! gramm>ians1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 affects & *anges ^! rules4 ,s our common usage ( today uses w 9 ! fir/ p]son to express future "t1 z well z %all4 ,?is rule ( gramm>ians m>ks a nicety ( spee* & conveys a di/9ction ( mean+ :i* x really seems wor? :ile to reta94 ,! idea ( ! gramm>ians is t :5 we use w ) ! fir/ p]son & %all ) ! second or ?ird p]son1 we express a promise or det]m9ation4 ,?us if ,i say1 ,i %all g1 ,i simply mean t my go+ w be 9 ! future4 ,b if ,i say1 ,i w g1 ,i ei!r mean t ,i am promis+ to g or t ,i am express+ my det]m9ation to g4 ,s also if we use %all 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons4 ,if we say1 ,y w g or ,he w g1 we are simply /at+ t ! go+ w be 9 ! future1 b if we say1 ,y %all g1 or ,he %all g1 we mean t we promise or are det]m9$ t y or he %all g4 ,to be te*nically correct ?is di/9ction %\ld be obs]v$4 ,%all 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & w 9 ! second & ?ird express simple futurity4 ,w 9 ! fir/ p]son & %all 9 ! second & ?ird express promise or det]m9ation4 ,b 9 e day conv]sation ?is di/9ction is n obs]v$1 & _m ( our be/ writ]s d n foll[ ?is rule4 ,ex]cise #a ,m>k ! future "t =ms 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,i %all speak ( lib]ty4 #b4 ,i w nev] give up4 #c4 ,i %all write to him4 #d4 ,he %all n />ve4 #e4 ,we %all expect y4 #f4 ,!y %all suff] = ?is4 #g4 ,i %all g to ,new ,york4 #h4 ,he w call = me4 #i4 ,! hungry %all be f$4 #aj4 ,y w soon see ! reason4 #aa4 ,y %all nev] want = a fri5d4 #ab4 ,!y %all "s day see ! tru?4 #ac4 ,we w n fight aga9/ our class4 #ad4 ,we w /& toge!r4 ,,p]fect ,,"t #aba4 ,pa/1 pres5t & future1 be+ ! ?ree divisions ( "t1 "o w\ld naturally expect t :5 we _h f\nd h[ to express ^! ?ree =ms1 we w\ld be ?r\gh1 b if y /op to ?9k1 y w f9d t !re are o!r v]b phrases ( :i* we h ne$4 ,:5 we wi% to speak ( action z complet$ at ! pres5t "t1 we d n say3 ,i /udy my lessons e day1 b1 ,i h /udi$ my lessons e day4 ,n1 ,y "w = him e day1 b1 ,y h work$ = him e day4 ,n1 ,he sees h] frequ5tly1 b1 ,he has se5 h] frequ5tly4 ,c y n readily see ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ express$ 9 ,i "w e day1 & ,i h work$ e day8 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce y express a g5]al tru?1 ,i "w e day1 a tru? :i* has be5 true 9 ! pa/1 is true 9 ! pres5t1 & ! implication is t x w cont9ue to be true 9 ! future4 ,b :5 y say1 ,i h work$ e day1 y are say+ no?+ z to ! future1 b y are describ+ an action :i* is complet$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is is call$ ! pres5t complete or pres5t p]fect "t4 #abb4 ,p]fect means complete1 & pres5t p]fect describes an action p]fect$ or complet$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,s x is possible = u to express a necess>y %ade ( mean+ by ! pres5t p]fect "t =m4 #abc4 ,! pres5t p]fect "t =m describes an action complet$ at ! pres5t "t1 & is =m$ by us+ ! pres5t "t =m ( h & ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,"t ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i h se54 ,we h se54 #b;d4 ,y h se54 ,y h se54 #c;d4 ,he has se54 ,!y h se54 #abd4 ,review 9 ! la/ lesson h[ to =m ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,rememb] t x is "o ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b4 ,9 regul> v]bs ! pa/ p>ticiple is ! same =m z ! pa/ "t =m4 ,9 irregul> v]bs ! pa/ p>ticiple is q (t5 diff]5t f ! pa/ "t =m1 z = example3 g1 w5t1 gone2 d1 did1 done1 etc4 ,wat* closely y\r irregul> v]bs & see t y always use ! pa/ p>ticiple ) h or _h2 nev] use ! pa/ "t =m ) h or _h4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect #abe4 ,:5 y desire to express an action complete at "s def9ite pa/ "t1 y d n say3 ,we f9i%$ :5 !y came1 b1 ,we _h f9i%$ :5 !y came4 ,n1 ,!y w5t :5 we arriv$1 b1 ,!y _h gone :5 we arriv$4 ,n1 ,i work$ six mon?s :5 he began1 b1 ,i _h work$ six mon?s :5 he began4 ,c y see a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ express$ 9 ^! s5t5ces3 ,i work$ six mon?s :5 he began2 & ,i _h work$ six mon?s :5 he began8 ,?is la/ s5t5ce describes an action complet$ or p]fect$ be=e "s def9ite pa/ "t4 #abf4 ,pa/ p]fect "t d5otes an action p]fect$ or complet$ at "s def9ite pa/ "t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ _h & ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b4 ,rememb] always1 ) irregul> v]bs1 to use ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,nev] use ! pa/ "t =m ) _h4 ,pa/ ,p]fect ,"t ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i _h se54 ,we _h se54 #b;d4 ,y _h se54 ,y _h se54 #c;d4 ,he _h se54 ,!y _h se54 ,ex]cise #b ,correct ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 :i* ! pa/ "t =m is us$ in/ead ( ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,look up ! ^w 9 ! li/ ( irregul> v]bs & use ! pa/ p>ticiple in/ead ( ! pa/ "t =m4 #a4 ,i h saw x (t54 #b4 ,he _h %ook 8 fi/4 #c4 ,%e has sang = u4 #d4 ,! boat has sank "h4 #e4 ,he has spoke ! tru?4 #f4 ,!y _h /ole ! books4 #g4 ,he has swore to ! tru?4 #h4 ,he _h took ! wrong road4 #i4 ,%e has tore h] dress4 #aj4 ,he _h ?rew ! ball away4 #aa4 ,! girl _h wore ! dress4 #ab4 ,he _h wrote ! lett]s4 #ac4 ,he _h drank too mu*4 #ad4 ,he _h rode ! horse4 #ae4 ,! sun has rose4 #af4 ,he has bore 8 "p4 #ag4 ,!y h began already4 #ah4 ,! w9d has blew all night4 #ai4 ,x _h broke :5 x fell4 #bj4 ,he has *ose ! "r4 #ba4 ,y h did y\r duty4 #bb4 ,he has ate 8 breakfa/4 #bc4 ,a heavy ra9 has fell4 #bd4 ,!y _h gave x to me4 #be4 ,he has became ri*4 #bf4 ,x has grew rapidly4 #bg4 ,he has knew x always4 #bh4 ,he has mi/ook h] = ano!r4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,"t #abg4 ,we f9d also t we ne$ a v]b phrase to express "t be=e "s o!r future "t1 to describe an action t w be f9i%$1 p]fect$1 or complet$1 be=e "s o!r future action4 ,?us1 ,i %all h gone be=e y arrive4 ,y w h e>n$ y\r money be=e y get x4 ,i %all h work$ ?irty days :5 pay-day comes4 ,c y n see a diff]5ce 9 say+1 ,i %all "w ?irty days :5 pay-day comes1 & ,i %all h work$ ?irty days :5 pay-day comes8 ,! fir/ s5t5ce expresses simple future "t1 or :at y w d :5 pay-day comes2 ! second describes an action :i* w be complet$ or p]fect$ be=e pay-day comes4 ,s !re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! future & ! future p]fect "t4 #abh4 ,! future p]fect "t =m expresses or describes an action t w be p]fect$ or complet$ be=e "s o!r future "t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ %all h or w h ) ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,be c>eful to use ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,nev] use ! pa/ "t =m ) %all h or w h4 ,future ,p]fect ,"t ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i %all h se54 ,we %all h se54 #b;d4 ,y w h se54 ,y w h se54 #c;d4 ,he w h se54 ,!y w h se54 ,,let ,,u ,,sum ,,up #abi4 ,we h ?ree "t =ms1 pres5t1 pa/1 future4 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,future ,i see ,i saw ,i %all see4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree "t =ms has a p]fect =m2 t is1 a "t =m :i* expresses an action z complet$ or p]fect$ at ! pres5t "t1 or be=e "s def9ite pa/ or future "t4 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,future ,p]fect ,"t ,p]fect ,"t ,p]fect ,"t ,i h se5 ,i _h se5 ,i %all h se5 #acj4 ,x is wond]ful h[ a k ( words & _! uses enables u to express s _m %ades ( mean+4 ,x is l our developm5t 9 obs]v+ colors4 ,y "k ! savage always admires vivid r$s & gre5s & blues4 ,he does n yet see ! beautiful %ades & gradations ( color4 ,we enjoy ! delicate p9ks & blues & all ! v>y+ %ades betwe5 ! primal sev5 colors ( ! spectrum4 ,& z we develop our arti/ic ability we see & enjoy all ! beauties ( color4 ,9 music too1 we obs]ve ! same developm5t4 ,! b>b>ian enjoys l\d1 cra%+1 discordant s\nds :i* he calls music1 b :i* to ! educat$ e> are only h>% noises4 ,! tra9$ musician cat*es ! delicate ov]tones & und]tones & f9ds deepe/ ec/asy 9 s\nds :i* ! un$ucat$ e> does n ev5 cat*4 ,s z we /udy words & _! uses1 we f9d ourselves able to express %ades ( mean+1 to pa9t our ^w pictures1 n 9 gaudy1 gl>+ *romo-t9ts1 b 9 ! wondr\s bl5d+ ( color t reveals ! true arti/4 ,n[ get ^! modes ( express+ "t firmly fix$ 9 y\r m9d4 #aca4 ,let u get all we h le>n$ ab\t v]bs into a summ>y & h x cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,,v]bs--,,summ>y ,two ,classes ,complete--,tak+ no complem5t4 ,incomplete-- ,v]bs ( action requir+ object4 ,copulative v]bs requir+ complem5t4 ,inflection--,*anges ( ,=m ,simple ,=m ,s-,=m ,pa/ ,"t ,pres5t ,"p4 ,pa/ ,"p4 see sees saw see+ se5 ,,"t ,,=ms ,pres5t ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i see4 ,we see4 #b4 ,y see4 ,y see4 #c4 ,he sees4 ,!y see4 ,pa/ ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i saw4 ,we saw4 #b4 ,y saw4 ,y saw4 #c4 ,he saw4 ,!y saw4 ,future ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i %all see4 ,we %all see4 #b4 ,y w see4 ,y w see4 #c4 ,he w see4 ,!y w see4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i h se54 ,we h se54 #b4 ,y h se54 ,y h se54 #c4 ,he has se54 ,!y h se54 ,pa/ ,p]fect ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i _h se54 ,we _h se54 #b4 ,y _h se54 ,y _h se54 #c4 ,he _h se54 ,!y _h se54 ,future ,p]fect ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i %all h se54 ,we %all h se54 #b4 ,y w h se54 ,y w h se54 #c4 ,he w h se54 ,!y w h se54 ,ex]cise #c ,read c>efully ! foll[+ quotation4 ,all ( ! v]bs & v]b phrases are writt5 9 italics4 ,/udy ^! c>efully & decide :e!r !y indicate pres5t1 pa/1 future1 pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect or future p]fect "t4 ,! v]b phrases--is seiz+1 is put1 is prais$1 is def5d$1 c see1 mu/ h1 are own$1 & are conduct$1 d n belong to any ( ^! six =ms4 ,!y are v]b phrases us$ 9 ways :i* we %all /udy lat]4 ,all ( ! o!r v]bs or v]b phrases belong to "o ( ! six "t =ms :i* we h /udi$4 ,classify !m4 ,! ,work+ ,class ,mu/ ,/rike ! ,bl[ ,y rememb] ,victor ,hugo's /ory ( ! devil-fi%2 h[ ! mon/] put =? "o t5tacle aft] ano!r & coil$ x ar\nd 8 victim2 h[ ! h]o recall$ t !re 0 b "o vuln]able spot 9 8 brute enemy2 h[ at ! /rategic mom5t he /ruck a bl[ at t spot1 & ! t]rible demon ( ! deep %udd]$1 releas$ 8 grasp & fell dead4 ,capitalism is a mon/] :i* is seiz+ ! body politic4 ,"o t5tacle is put =? to grasp ! major "p ( ! e>n+s ( ! work+ class2 ano!r has seiz$ ! work+-woman2 ano!r rea*es =? to ! *ild2 ano!r has fa/5$ ^u gov]nm5t & has made t ! in/rum5t ( ! p[]ful classes2 /ill ano!r has turn$ ! p5 ( ! j\rnali/ into a weapon by :i* ! inju/ice ( ,capitalism is prais$ & is def5d$2 & /ill ano!r has seiz$ ! pulpit1 has sil5c$ ^? :o pr(ess to speak = ,god & man1 or has turn$ _! phrases into op5 apology & def5se = ! crimes ( ,capitalism6 ,b !re is "o vuln]able spot 9 ,capitalism4 ,if ! work+ class ( ! _w c see t spot & w /rike1 !y %all be free4 ,! fundam5tal wrong1 ! basic inju/ice ( ! ,capitali/ ,sy/em1 is t ! res\rces ( l& & ma*9]y1 to :i* all ! p mu/ h access1 9 ord] to live & labor1 are own$ by ! few & are conduct$ by ! few = _! private pr(it4 ,?is is ! social trag$y1 ! mon/r\s wrong ( our "t4--,j4 ,/itt ,wilson4 ,ex]cise #d ,select two v]bs out ( ! foll[+ poem & write _! six "t =ms1 9 ! same mann] z ! "t =ms ( ! v]b see are giv5 9 section #aca4 ,a ,,magic ,,^w ,!re's a little ^w bel[1 ) lett]s ?ree1 ,:i*1 if y only grasp its pot5cy1 ,w s5d y high] ,t[>d ! goal :]e y aspire1 ,:i*1 )\t its preci\s aid1 y'll nev] see-- ,,n[6 ,success att5ds ! man :o views x "r4 ,its back & =w>d mean+s diff] q2 ,= ?is is h[ x reads ,to ! man ( ready de$s1 ,:o spells x backw>ds f a*ievem5t's height-- ,,won6 ,,t5se ,! grammatical t]m = ! "t =m ( ! v]b is ,,t5se1 :i* is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ "t4 ,! pres5t "t-=m ( ! v]b is call$ ! pres5t t5se2 ! pa/ "t-=m1 ! pa/ t5se2 ! future "t-=m1 ! future t5se2 ! pres5t p]fect "t-=m1 ! pres5t p]fect t5se1 etc4 ,ex]cise #e ,write ea* ( ! foll[+ f\r s5t5ces 9 ! six "t-=ms1 or t5ses1--pres5t1 pa/1 future1 pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect & future p]fect1 z foll[s3 ,pres5t--,labor creates all weal?4 ,pa/--,labor creat$ all weal?4 ,future--,labor w create all weal?4 ,pres5t ,p]fect--,labor has creat$ all weal?4 ,pa/ ,p]fect--,labor _h creat$ all weal?4 ,future ,p]fect--,labor w h creat$ all weal?4 #a4 ,hope /irs u to action4 #b4 ,human progress is our bus9ess4 #c4 ,! majority dem& ju/ice4 #d4 ,! work]s fight all ! battles4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #g ,! division ( words into syllables is q important z an aid to pronunciation4 ,x is also a v important matt] to und]/& 9 our writt5 spee* = x is (t5 necess>y to divide a ^w at ! end ( a l9e4 ,if ! ^w is n prop]ly divid$1 x is mu* m difficult to read & und]/&4 ,! hyph5 is us$ to divide words into syllables :5 c>ry+ a portion to ! next l9e4 ,:5 y mu/ divide a ^w at ! end ( a l9e divide x only betwe5 syllables4 ,nev] divide a ^w ( "o syllable1 no matt] h[ long x may be4 ,if y _c get all ( x on ! l9e1 write x all on ! next l9e4 ,d n divide a %ort ^w ( two syllables if y c avoid x & nev] divide su* a ^w :5 x leaves only "o lett] on ! l9e or only "o lett] to be c>ri$ ov] to ! next l9e1 z = example3 luck-y1 a-l\d1 etc4 ,:5 two or m v[els are us$ toge!r to make "o s\nd !y %\ld nev] be sep>at$ by ! hyph51 z = example1 joy-ous1 anx-i\s1 trail1 dis-c\rse1 de-feat1 boor-i%4 ,:5 two or m v[els plac$ toge!r are n us$ to =m "o s\nd !n ^! v[els may be divid$1 z = example1 tri-al1 co-or-di-nate1 he-ro-ic4 ,look up ! words 9 ?is week's lesson 9 ! diction>y c>efully & divide into syllables4 ,notice specially ! division ( words into syllables :]e ! ^w conta9s a diph?ong & :]e x conta9s two v[els writt5 toge!r :i* are n diph?ongs4 ,notice also ! words :i* h a s+le v[el z ! fir/ or la/ syllable4 ,monday ,museum ,creatures ,peaceable ,accru+ ,already ,tuesday ,p]suade ,trivial ,plague ,al]t ,inquiry ,w$nesday ,pite\s ,patriot ,poetry ,evil ,bus9ess ,?ursday ,obey ,brea! ,society ,e!r ,sociable ,friday ,idealism ,pl$ge ,a*e ,acre ,pronunciation ,saturday ,idle ,idol ,mutual ,weal?y ,neighbors ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #h ,de> ,comrade3 ,y h (t5 read ! words organic & inorganic b did y ev] /op to ?9k ( ! mean+ ( ^! words8 ,we say a body is organic--a rock is inorganic2 "o gr[s f )91 ! o!r is built f )\t4 ,a tree is organic2 x gr[s4 ,a h\se is inorganic2 x is built4 ,! h\se 0 nev] a baby h\se1 gr[+ f a t9y h\se to a l>ge "o4 ,b ! tree 0 once a baby tree1 a sapl+1 & grew bran* by bran* to its pres5t height4 ,s we h two classes ( ?+s--^? :i* gr[ & ^? :i* are made4 ,language belongs to ! class ( ?+s :i* gr[s4 ,x is organic4 ,we h ev5 us$ ! same t]ms 9 speak+ ab\t language t we use 9 talk+ ( a tree4 ,we use ! words ,,root1 ,,/em & ,,bran* to describe its gr[?4 ,language1 too1 has its diff]5t t]ms ( life l a tree1 its y\?1 its maturity1 its old age1 its dea?4 ,s we h dead languages l ,lat9 & ,greek--languages :i* are no long] liv+1--no long] s]v+ mank9d4 ,b ^! dead languages h left liv+ *ildr51 languages t h desc5d$ f !m4 ,! ,italian language = example is ! *ild1 ! desc5dant ( ! classical ,lat94 ,we h _m words 9 our ,engli% language f ^! dead languages4 ,ab\t five-sev5?s ( ! words 9 our ,engli% are f ^! classical languages4 ,! rema9+ two-sev5?s are f ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,we use ! ,anglo-,saxon words m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 9 our e day spee*4 ,& x is int]e/+ to note t our be/ poetry--t :i* /irs our blood & t\*es our he>ts--is writt5 9 ! /rong =ceful ,anglo-,saxon words4 ,^! words we are /udy+ h be5 ?r\gh "s int]e/+ exp]i5ces z !y h pass$ f race to race d[n to u & ! hi/ory ( life is mirror$ 9 _! *anges4 ,h[ mu* m int]e/+ !y seem :5 we "k some?+ ( _! s\rces1 j z we are m int]e/$ 9 a man :5 we "k some?+ ( 8 boyhood & y\? & ! exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* he has pass$4 ,y may ?9k t ! /udy ( v]bs is r difficult & involv$1 b x is m simple 9 ,engli% ?an 9 any o!r language4 ,!re are few] *anges 9 ! v]b =m 9 ord] to express "t & p]son4 ,d n rely on ! memoriz+ ( ! rules4 ,rules nev] made "o a flu5t speak]4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! correct =m is us$4 ,read al\d f ! be/ au?ors until ! s\nd ( ! words is famili> & !y come readily to ! tongue4 ,we h us$ = ! ex]cises 9 ^! lessons exc]pts f ! be/ au?ors4 ,/udy ^! ex]cises c>efully & note ! use ( ! diff]5t v]bs especially1 ?is week4 ,v]bs1 l all else1 are y\rs to comm&4 ,comm& !m4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,progressive ,,v]b ,,phrases #acb4 ,we h le>n$ h[ to =m ! ?ree pr9cipal "t =ms1 pres5t1 pa/ & future & ! p]fect or complet$ =m ( ea* ( ! ?ree1 pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect & future p]fect4 ,& /ill we h su* a wond]ful language t we c express o!r %ades ( mean+ 9 "t4 #acc4 ,!re is /ill ano!r phase ( action :i* we mu/ h a v]b phrase to express4 ,suppose y want to describe some?+ y are n[ do+ & are cont9u+ to d1 some?+ n yet complet$4 ,to say1 ,i d x n[1 is n satisfactory4 ,in/ead we say1 ,i am do+ x n[4 ,y h by ! v]b phrase1 am do+1 describ$ a progressive action1 an action go+ on 9 ! pres5t4 ,y may also want to describe :at y 7 do+ ye/]day1 an action t cont9u$ or progress$ 9 ! pa/4 ,y w\ld n say1 ,i built ! h\se ye/]day b1 ,i 0 build+ ! h\se ye/]day4 ,aga9 y may want to describe an action :i* w be progress+ or go+ on 9 ! future4 ,y d n say1 ,i %all build ! h\se next week b1 ,i %all be build+ ! h\se next week4 ,s we h progressive v]b phrases4 #acd4 ,! pres5t progressive describes an action z cont9u+ or progress+ 9 ! pres5t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! pres5t "t =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,y rememb] t ! pres5t p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ + to ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 ,pres5t ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i am see+4 ,we are see+4 #b;d4 ,y are see+4 ,y are see+4 #c;d4 ,he is see+4 ,!y are see+4 #ace4 ,! pa/ progressive "t =m describes an action :i* 0 cont9u+ or progress+ 9 ! pa/4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! pa/ "t =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,pa/ ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i 0 see+4 ,we 7 see+4 #b;d4 ,y 7 see+4 ,y 7 see+4 #c;d4 ,he 0 see+4 ,!y 7 see+4 #acf4 ,! future progressive describes an action :i* w be progress+ or go+ on 9 ! future4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! future "t =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,future ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i %all be see+4 ,we %all be see+4 #b;d4 ,y w be see+4 ,y w be see+4 #c;d4 ,he w be see+4 ,!y w be see+4 #acg4 ,! p]fect "t =ms also h a progressive =m4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( mean+ 9 ! pres5t p]fect & its progressive =m4 ,y say = in/ance1 ,i h tri$ all my life to be free4 ,y mean y h tri$ until ! pres5t "t & ! inf]5ce is t n[ y h ceas$ to try4 ,b1 if y say1 ,i h be5 try+ all my life to be free1 we und]/& t y h tri$ & are /ill try+4 #ach4 ,s we h ! pres5t p]fect progressive :i* describes an action :i* progress$ 9 ! pa/ & cont9u$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! pres5t p]fect =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,pres5t ,p]fect ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i h be5 see+4 ,we h be5 see+4 #b;d4 ,y h be5 see+4 ,y h be5 see+4 #c;d4 ,he has be5 see+4 ,!y h be5 see+4 #aci4 ,! pa/ p]fect progressive describes an action :i* 0 cont9u+ or progress+ at "s pa/ "t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! pa/ p]fect "t =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,pa/ ,p]fect ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i _h be5 see+4 ,we _h be5 see+4 #b;d4 ,y _h be5 see+4 ,y _h be5 see+4 #c;d4 ,he _h be5 see+4 ,!y _h be5 see+4 #adj4 ,! future p]fect progressive describes an action :i* w be progress+ at "s future "t4 ,x is =m$ by us+ ! future p]fect "t =m ( ! v]b be & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,future ,p]fect ,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural #a/4 ,i %all h be5 see+4 ,we %all h be5 see+4 #b;d4 ,y w h be5 see+4 ,y w h be5 see+4 #c;d4 ,he w h be5 see+4 ,!y w h be5 see+4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces m>k all ! progressive =ms1 & note :e!r !y are pres5t1 pa/1 future1 pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect or future p]fect4 #a4 ,! old ord] is pass+4 #b4 ,m5 w be /ruggl+ = fre$om s long z slav]y exi/s4 #c4 ,! class /ruggle has be5 gr[+ m int5se z weal? has accumulat$4 #d4 ,! work]s are realiz+ _! p[]4 #e4 ,he _h be5 talk+ = an h\r :5 we arriv$4 #f4 ,next ,monday ,i %all h be5 work+ = "o ye>4 #g4 ,! work]s w be pay+ int]e/ on w> debts = g5]ations to come unless !y repudiate4 #h4 ,:ile ,m>x 0 writ+ 8 books1 he liv$ 9 abject pov]ty4 #i4 ,! ,indu/rial ,relations ,commission has be5 inve/igat+ indu/rial conditions4 #aj4 ,f]r] 0 m>tyr$ because ! ,mod]n ,s*ools 7 educat+ ! p4 #aa4 ,! nations ( ,europe _h be5 prep>+ = w> = _m ye>s4 ,,active ,,& ,,passive #ada4 ,notice c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces2 select ! subjects 9 ^! s5t5ces :i* %[ :o or :at p]=m$ ! action2 select ! subjects t %[ :o or :at receives ! action4 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ^! s5t5ces8 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 _! =m8 ,! eng9e /ruck ! man4 ,! man 0 /ruck by ! eng9e4 ,! sy/em enslaves m54 ,m5 are enslav$ by ! sy/em4 ,lead]s (t5 betray ! p4 ,! p are (t5 betray$ by lead]s4 ,let u look c>efully at ! fir/ two s5t5ces4 ,y rememb] :5 we /udi$ transitive v]bs we f\nd t e transitive v]b _h an object :i* 0 ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 ,n[ y notice 9 ?is fir/ s5t5ce1 ,! eng9e /ruck ! man1 we h ! transitive v]b /ruck4 ,eng9e is ! subject ( ! v]b & man is ! object ( ! v]b1 ! receiv] ( ! action express$ by ! v]b /ruck4 ,n[ 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! man 0 /ruck by ! eng9e1 we h ! same ?\ght express$ b 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! ^w man1 :i* 0 ! object ( ! v]b /ruck 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 has n[ become ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 & we h *ang$ our v]b =m f /ruck to 0 /ruck4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! subject1 eng9e 0 ! actor4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ,! man 0 /ruck by ! eng9e1 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 man1 is ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 #adb4 ,s we h ?us *ang$ ! v]b =m f /ruck to 0 /ruck to indicate t ! subject ( ! v]b is ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,/ruck is call$ ! active =m ( ! v]b because ! subject ( ! v]b is ! actor4 ,0 /ruck is call$ ! passive =m ( ! v]b because ! subject receives ! action4 ,passive means receiv+4 ,9 ! passive =m ! subject is ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 #adc4 ,y rememb] t complete v]bs h no object or complem5t1 !re=e x w\ld foll[ t !y _c be put 9 ! passive =m = !re is no object to become ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,take ! complete v]b1 sleep1 = example4 ,we d n sleep any?+1 h5ce sleep has no passive =m = !re is no object :i* c be us$ z ! subject1 ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,only transitive v]bs c be put into ! passive =m4 ,rememb] t a transitive v]b 9 ! passive =m is "o t repres5ts its subject z receiv+ ! action4 ,! pres5t1 pa/1 future & all ! p]fect "t =ms ( transitive v]bs c be *ang$ f active to passive4 ,! progressive "t =ms c be *ang$ into ! passive1 b x makes an awkw>d con/ruction & %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 we f9d x wor? our :ile to use ^! =ms1 z = example3 ,! book is be+ writt5 by ! man4 ,?is is ! passive =m ( ! pres5t progressive1 ,! man is writ+ a book4 ,! book 0 be+ writt5 by ! man4 ,?is is ! passive =m ( ! pa/ progressive1 ,! man 0 writ+ ! book4 #add4 ,! future progressive passive is awkw>d1 & ! pres5t & pa/ progressive =ms are ! only =ms we f9d us$ 9 ! passive4 ,! be/ writ]s use !m sp>+ly = we c usually say ! same ?+ by us+ ! active =m ( ! v]b & h a s5t5ce :i* s\nds mu* bett]4 ,ex]cise #b ,all ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are transitive v]bs 9 ! active =m4 ,rewrite ea* s5t5ce1 putt+ ! v]b into ! passive =m & mak+ ! object ( ! active v]b ! subject ( ! passive v]b2 z1 = example1 ! fir/ s5t5ce %\ld be rewritt5 z foll[s3 ,w> on ,russia 0 decl>$ by ,g]many on ,augu/ #a1 #aiad4 #a4 ,g]many decl>$ w> on ,russia1 ,augu/ #a1 #aiad4 #b4 ,:o w sign ! ,emancipation ,proclamation ( ! ,prolet>iat8 #c4 ,m>x & ,engels wrote ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 #d4 ,spa9 murd]$ ,francisco ,f]r]1 ,octob] #ac1 #aiji4 #e4 ,we celebrate ! fir/ ( ,may z ,int]national ,labor ,day4 #f4 ,! p ( ,p>is /orm$ ! ,ba/ille1 ,july #ad1 #aghi4 #g4 ,wat ,tyl] 0 lead+ ! ,engli% work]s 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,k+ :5 ! ,mayor ( ,london /abb$ him 9 #acha4 #h4 ,! ,inquisition burn$ ,bruno at ! /ake = h]esy 9 #afjj4 #i4 ,! ,p>is ,commune foll[$ ! ,g]man siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahga4 ,,summ>y #ade4 ,n[ let u take ! v]b see & "n all ! "t =ms :i* we c describe ) ! *anges 9 ! v]b =ms :i* we h le>n$ to make & also ) ! v]b phrases :i* we c con/ruct ) ! help ( ! v]bs1 be1 h1 %all & w4 ,fir/1 we want to express ! pres5t1 :at is happ5+ n[1 & we want to put x 9 bo? ! active & passive =ms1 s we say3 ,,pres5t ,,"t ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i see4 ,i am se54 ,y see4 ,y are se54 ,he sees4 ,he is se54 ,plural ,plural ,we see4 ,we are se54 ,y see4 ,y are se54 ,!y see4 ,!y are se54 ,note t ! only *ange 9 ! v]b =m 9 ! pres5t ,,active is ! s-=m = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,9 ! pres5t passive ! only *ange is ! special =m ( ! v]b be = ! fir/ & ?ird p]sons1 s+ul>4 ,:5 we want to tell :at occurr$ ye/]day or "s "t 9 ! pa/1 /at$ 9 ! active & passive =m1 we say3 ,,pa/ ,,"t ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i saw4 ,i 0 se54 ,y saw4 ,y 7 se54 ,he saw4 ,he 0 se54 ,plural ,plural ,we saw4 ,we 7 se54 ,y saw4 ,y 7 se54 ,!y saw4 ,!y 7 se54 ,we h "o o!r division ( "t :i* we mu/ express--! future4 ,primitive man d\btless liv$ pr9cipally 9 ! pres5t1 b ) ! developm5t ( memory & ! means ( record+ ev5ts by a writt5 language1 he 0 able to make ! de$s & a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ a vital "p ( 8 life4 ,b n until ! faculty ( ?9k+ develop$ 0 ! m9d able to project itself into ! future & make tomorr[ ! hope ( today4 ,future "t expresses hope1 desire1 gr[?4 ,,future ,,"t ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i %all see4 ,i %all be se54 ,y w see4 ,y w be se54 ,he w see4 ,he w be se54 ,plural ,plural ,we %all see4 ,we %all be se54 ,y w see4 ,y w be se54 ,!y w see4 ,!y w be se54 ,!n y rememb] we _h to devise a way ( describ+ an action p]fect$ or complet$ at ! pres5t or at "s "t 9 ! pa/ or at "s "t 9 ! future--s we h pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect & future p]fect4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i h se54 ,i h be5 se54 ,y h se54 ,y h be5 se54 ,he has se54 ,he has be5 se54 ,plural ,plural ,we h se54 ,we h be5 se54 ,y h se54 ,y h be5 se54 ,!y h se54 ,!y h be5 se54 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i _h se54 ,i _h be5 se54 ,y _h se54 ,y _h be5 se54 ,he _h se54 ,he _h be5 se54 ,plural ,plural ,we _h se54 ,we _h be5 se54 ,y _h se54 ,y _h be5 se54 ,!y _h se54 ,!y _h be5 se54 ,,future ,,p]fect ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i %all h se54 ,i %all h be5 se54 ,y w h se54 ,y w h be5 se54 ,he w h se54 ,he w h be5 se54 ,plural ,plural ,we %all h se54 ,we %all h be5 se54 ,y w h se54 ,y w h be5 se54 ,!y w h se54 ,!y w h be5 se54 #adf4 ,b ^! are n all ! phases ( "t :i* we c express4 ,we h progressive1 cont9u\s action4 ,s ea* ( ^! six "t =ms has a progressive =m4 ,,pres5t ,,progressive ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i am see+4 ,i am be+ se54 ,y are see+4 ,y are be+ se54 ,he is see+4 ,he is be+ se54 ,plural ,plural ,we are see+4 ,we are be+ se54 ,y are see+4 ,y are be+ se54 ,!y are see+4 ,!y are be+ se54 ,,pa/ ,,progressive ,active ,passive ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,i 0 see+4 ,i 0 be+ se54 ,y 7 see+4 ,y 7 be+ se54 ,he 0 see+4 ,he 0 be+ se54 ,plural ,plural ,we 7 see+4 ,we 7 be+ se54 ,y 7 see+4 ,y 7 be+ se54 ,!y 7 see+4 ,!y 7 be+ se54 ,only ! ,pres5t & ,pa/ ,progressive =ms h a passive =m4 ,! re/ ( ! ,progressive =ms are express$ 9 ! active =ms only4 ,,future ,,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural ,i %all be see+4 ,we %all be see+4 ,y w be see+4 ,y w be see+4 ,he w be see+4 ,!y w be see+4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural ,i h be5 see+4 ,we h be5 see+4 ,y h be5 see+4 ,y h be5 see+4 ,he has be5 see+4 ,!y h be5 see+4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural ,i _h be5 see+4 ,we _h be5 see+4 ,y _h be5 see+4 ,y _h be5 see+4 ,he _h be5 see+4 ,!y _h be5 see+4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,progressive ,s+ul> ,plural ,i %all h be5 see+4 ,we %all h be5 see+4 ,y w h be5 see+4 ,y w h be5 see+4 ,he w h be5 see+4 ,!y w h be5 see+4 ,ex]cise #c ,write ! f\r foll[+ s5t5ces 9 _! active & passive =ms1 z ! s5t5ce1 ,w> sweeps ! e>?1 is writt54 #a4 ,education gives p[]4 #b4 ,k frees m54 #c4 ,labor unions help ! work]s4 #d4 ,! p seek ju/ice4 ,pres5t ,active ,w> sweeps ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? is swept by w>4 ,pa/ ,active ,w> swept ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? 0 swept by w>4 ,future ,active ,w> %all sweep ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? %all be swept by w>4 ,pres4 ,p]4 ,active ,w> has swept ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? has be5 swept by w>4 ,pa/ ,p]4 ,active ,w> _h swept ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? _h be5 swept by w>4 ,fut4 ,p]4 ,active ,w> %all h swept ! e>?4 ,passive ,! e>? %all h be5 swept by w>4 ,ex]cise #d ,und]score all ! v]bs & v]b phrases 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,write all ! "t =ms ( ! transitive v]b1 lose1 z ! "t =ms ( ! v]b see are writt5 9 ! =ego+ table4 ,:5 we /udy ! animal _w & try to expla9 to ourselves t /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* is ma9ta9$ by ea* liv+ be+ aga9/ adv]se circum/ances & aga9/ its enemies1 we realize t ! m ! pr9ciples ( solid>ity & equality are develop$ 9 an animal society1 & h become habitual to x1 ! m *ance x has ( surviv+ & com+ triumphantly out ( ! /ruggle aga9/ h>d%ips & foes4 ,! m ?or\ghly ea* memb] ( ! society feels 8 solid>ity ) ea* o!r memb] ( ! society1 ! m completely are develop$ 9 all ( !m ^? two qualities :i* are ! ma9 factors ( all progress2 c\rage1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 free individual initiative4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ! m any animal society1 or little gr\p ( animals1 loses ?is feel+ ( solid>ity--:i* may *ance z ! result ( exceptional sc>city or else ( exceptional pl5ty--! m ! two o!r factors ( progress1 c\rage & individual initiative1 dim9i%2 9 ! end !y disappe>1 & ! society falls into decay & s9ks be=e its foes4 ,)\t mutual confid5ce no /ruggle is possible2 !re is no c\rage1 no initiative1 no solid>ity--& no victory6--,kropotk94 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #h ,9 pron\nc+ words ( m ?an "o syllable we always lay a little great] /ress ^u "o syllable ( ! ^w2 t is1 t syllable receives ! emphasis ( ! voice s z to make x m prom95t ?an ! o!r syllables4 ,?is is call$ acc5t1 & ! syllable :i* receives ! special /ress is call$ ! acc5t$ syllable4 ,acc5t is ! /ress ( ! voice ^u "o syllable ( ! ^w4 ,y w notice :5 y look up ! pronunciation ( words 9 y\r diction>y t a little m>k call$ ! acc5t m>k is plac$ aft] ! acc5t$ syllable1 z = example3 di-vide'4 ,_m words diff] 9 mean+ accord+ to :i* syllable receives ! acc5t4 ,our spell+ lesson = ?is week conta9s a numb] ( ^! words4 ,^! words1 :5 acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable1 are n\ns2 :5 acc5t$ on ! second syllable1 !y are v]bs4 ,monday ,con' tract ,con tract' ,pro' te/ ,pro te/' ,rec' ord ,re cord' ,im' port ,im port' ,de' tail ,de tail' ,tuesday ,con' v]t ,con v]t' ,con' flict ,con flict' ,prog' ress ,pro gress' ,im' press ,im press' ,ref' use ,re fuse' ,w$nesday ,con' te/ ,con te/' ,con' duct ,con duct' ,proj' ect ,pro ject' ,des' ert ,de s]t' ,ex' tract ,ex tract' ,?ursday ,con' tra/ ,con tra/' ,con' sort ,con sort' ,reb' el ,re bel' ,con' script ,con script' ,pres' ent ,pre s5t' ,friday ,com' p\nd ,com p\nd' ,re' tail ,re tail' ,com' press ,com press' ,im' pr9t ,im pr9t' ,com' b9e ,com b9e' ,saturday ,con' f9e ,con f9e' ,sus' pect ,sus pect' ,com' mune ,com mune' ,ex' port ,ex port' ,9' crease ,9 crease' ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #i ,de> ,comrade3 ,y h be5 /udy+ sev]al weeks n[ 9 ?is ,pla9 ,engli% ,c\rse & we tru/ y are enjoy+ ! unfold+ ( ! p[]s ( expression4 ,we h be5 necess>ily /udy+ rules to "s ext5t b y h se5 h[ ^! grew out ( ! ne$ = expression4 ,we h be5 break+ ! s5t5ce up into its diff]5t p>ts4 ,fir/ we _h ! names ( ?+s & n[ we are /udy+ ! words us$ to tell :at ^! ?+s d & are--namely v]bs4 ,& z our life has gr[n complex & our p[]s ( ?9k+ div]sifi$ cov]+ ! :ole range ( "t1 pa/1 pres5t & future1 we h _h to inv5t _m =ms ( ! v]b to express x all4 ,n[ d n try to commit ^! facts conc]n+ ! v]b to memory4 ,y are n /udy+ ,engli% 9 ord] to "k rules4 ,y are /udy+ ,engli% t y may be able to say & write ! ?+s y ?9k4 ,s fir/ ( all1 ?9k1 ?9k6 ,t is y\r inali5able "r6 ,d n accept any?+ j by bl9d belief4 ,?9k x out = y\rself4 ,/udy until y see ! ':y' ( x all4 ,indep5d5t ?9k+ has giv5 u ! pres5t1 & we w =ev] cont9ue to make tomorr[ bett] ?an today4 ,! "r to ?9k is inali5able1 or a man is a ma*9e4 ,?\ght is life or a human s\l is a ?+4 ,& d n lack ! c\rage ( y\r own ?\ghts4 ,y d n ne$ to cr+e or apologize to any man4 ,our life is n an apology b a life4 ,d>e to ?9k & d>e to express & live y\r ?\ght4 ,did y ev] read ,em]son's def9ition ( g5ius8 ,to believe y\r own ?\ght1 to believe t :at is true = y 9 y\r private he>t is true = all m51--t is g5ius4 ,!n he says1 ,we dismiss )\t notice our own ?\ghts1 because !y are ours4 ,tomorr[ a /rang] w say ) ma/]ly good s5se1 precisely :at we h ?\ght & felt all along & we %all be =c$ to take ) %ame our own op9ion f ano!r4 ,h y n exp]i5c$ ?is8 ,h[ (t5 we he> "s "o express a tru? & we say to ourselves1 ,t is j :at ,i h long believ$ b ,i h nev] d>$ say s4 ,we h be5 s taught all our lives to dep5d on "s outside p[] & discr$it ! p[] )9 ourselves1 t we pay no att5tion to ! ?\ghts t are ours = :o are we t we %\ld d>e to ?9k & p]*ance disagree ) ^? :o h assum$ au?ority ov] u6 ,b t is precisely :at we %\ld d>e to d--to ?9k & to d our own ?9k+ always4 ,:o d>es place any?+ be=e a man6 ,s ?9k z y /udy ^! lessons & use ^! rules & =mulas simply z means to an end1 z tools to aid y 9 express+ ^! ?\ghts4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,p>ticiples #adg4 ,we h f\nd t ! v]b has five =ms1 made by int]nal *anges 9 ! v]b itself1--! pres5t "t =m1 ! s-=m1 ! pa/ "t =m1 ! pres5t p>ticiple & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,we h also f\nd t we c express v>i\s "t =ms by v]b phrases =m$ by us+ ! help+ v]bs1 %all1 w1 h & be ) "o ( ! v]b =ms4 ,all ( ^! =ms are us$ z ! ass]t+ ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,s long z ! v]b or v]b phrase =ms ! pr$icate--! ^w or words t ass]t some?+ ( ! subject--x /ill rema9s a v]b4 ,b we h f\nd t ! p>ticiple =ms ( ! v]b may be us$ z o!r p>ts ( spee* :ile /ill reta9+ "s ( ! qualities ( ! v]b4 #adh4 ,y rememb] a s5t5ce :i* we us$ :5 we /udi$ p>ticiples1 ,mak+ %oes is 8 "w4 ,"h we h ! pres5t p>ticiple mak+1 ) its object %oes1 us$ z ! subject ( ! v]b is4 ,n[ a n\n nev] takes an object1 s mak+ 9 ?is s5t5ce is p>tly a v]b1 p>tly a n\n1 & is call$ a p>ticiple1 :i* means p>tak]4 ,we h /udi$ & us$ two =ms ( p>ticiples1 ! pres5t & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple always ends 9 + & expresses action or exi/5ce 9 ! pres5t1 or at ! "t m5tion$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example1 be+1 br++1 work+1 see+1 lov+1 hat+1 etc4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple we f\nd to be "o ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b4 ,x expresses action or exi/5ce :i* is pa/ or complet$1 at ! "t m5tion$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,x is =m$ by add+ d or ed to ! regul> v]bs & by a *ange 9 ! =m 9 irregul> v]bs4 ,= example1 regul> v]bs3 le>n$ f le>n1 defeat$ f defeat1 wat*$ f wat*4 ,irregul> v]bs3 taught f tea*1 se5 f see1 won f w94 ,we h f\nd t ^! p>ticiples may be us$ ei!r z n\ns or z adjectives4 ,z = example3 ,! cry+ ( ! *ild annoy$ ! p4 ,! cry+ *ild ran to its "m4 ,! com+ ( ! new day w br+ peace4 ,we await ! com+ day ( peace4 ,,p>ticiple ,,phrases #adi4 ,! pres5t & ! pa/ p>ticiples are ea* s+le words2 b we may also h p>ticiple phrases2 t is1 two or m words us$ z a p>ticiple1 z = example3 ,8 hav+ jo9$ ! /rik]s caus$ him to lose 8 job4 ,! man1 hav+ be5 dis*>g$1 left ! mill4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces we h ! p>ticiple phrases1 hav+ jo9$ & hav+ be5 dis*>g$4 ,hav+ jo9$ is a p>ticiple phrase us$ z a n\n1 ! subject ( ! v]b caus$4 ,hav+ be5 dis*>g$ is a p>ticiple phrase us$ z an adjective to modify ! n\n man4 ,notice t hav+ jo9$ is an active p>ticiple describ+ ! action p]=m$ by ! man :o is ref]r$ to by ! pron\n 84 ,hav+ be5 dis*>g$ is a passive p>ticiple express+ an action ( :i* ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 man1 is ! receiv]4 ,^! are bo? p]fect p>ticiples1 express+ actions :i* are complete at ! pres5t "t4 #aej4 ,we h also progressive p>ticiples express+ action :i* is cont9u+ or progress+4 ,^! progressive p>ticiples are also us$ 9 bo? ! active & ! passive =ms4 ,! progressive active p>ticiple is =m$ by us+ hav+ be5 ) ! pres5t p>ticiple1 z hav+ be5 work+4 ,! progressive passive p>ticiple is =m$ by us+ be+ ) ! pa/ p>ticiple1 z = example1 be+ wat*$1 be+ driv51 be+ gone1 etc4 ,s we h six p>ticiples1 ?ree active & ?ree passive4 ,note ! foll[+ table3 ,active ,pres5t4 ,s5d+4 ,p]fect4 ,hav+ s5t4 ,progressive4 ,hav+ be5 s5d+4 ,passive ,pa/4 ,s5t4 ,p]fect4 ,hav+ be5 s5t4 ,progressive4 ,be+ s5t4 ,^! p>ticiple phrases may be us$ ei!r z n\ns or z adjectives4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces m>k ! p>ticiples & ! p>ticiple phrases4 ,und]score ^? us$ z n\ns ) a s+le l9e2 ^? us$ z adjectives ) two l9es4 #a4 ,he d5ies hav+ be5 hir$ by ! employ]4 #b4 ,our fri5ds1 hav+ arriv$1 jo9$ u at d9n]4 #c4 ,! ra91 fall+ incessantly1 kept u f go+4 #d4 ,hav+ (t5 se5 him pass+1 ,i judg$ he liv$ ne>4 #e4 ,! man1 be+ disc\rag$ & ill1 0 unable to d 8 "w well4 #f4 ,happ9ess %>$ is happ9ess d\bl$4 #g4 ,hav+ f9i%$ 8 "w1 he re/s at la/4 #h4 ,! army1 beat5 b n vanqui%$1 wait$ = ! morr[4 #i4 ,! m51 hav+ be5 unemploy$ = mon?s1 7 desp]ate4 #aj4 ,be+ prep>$ w n save u f w>4 #aa4 ,re/ is n quitt+ ?is busy c>e]2 ,re/ is ! fitt+ ( self to its sph]e4 ,x's lov+ & s]v+ ! highe/ & be/2 ,x's onw>d1 n sw]v+2 & t is true re/4 ,ex]cise #b ,write ! six p>ticiple =ms ( ! v]bs see & tea*1 & use 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own con/ruction4 ,,inf9itives #aea4 ,we h f\nd t ! v>i\s =ms ( ! p>ticiples may be us$ z o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,!y p>take ( ! nature ( a v]b & ei!r ( a n\n or an adjective4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,travel+ is pleasant4 ,eat+ is necess>y4 ,c y ?9k ( any o!r way 9 :i* y c\ld express ! same ?\ght8 ,d y n sometimes say1 ,to travel is pleasant4 ,to eat is necess>y4 ,we h express$ practically ! same ?\ght 9 ^! two s5t5ces1 :i* is express$ 9 ! s5t5ces above1 :]e we us$ ! p>ticiple4 ,to travel & to eat are us$ z n\ns1 subjects ( ! v]b is j z travel+ & eat+ are us$ z n\ns1 ! subjects ( ! v]b is4 ,"h we h ano!r =m ( ! v]b us$ z a n\n4 ,:5 we use ! v]b 9 ?is way1 we are n speak+ ( ! travel+ or eat+ z belong+ to or be+ done by any p>ticul> p]son1 nor d we indicate :e!r "o p]son or m ?an "o is conc]n$ 9 ! action4 ,x might be anyone do+ ! travel+ or eat+1 & x might be "o p]son or a ?\s&4 ,we are mak+ a g5]al /atem5t ( ev]ybody 9 ! _w1 s we call ?is =m ! inf9itive4 #aeb4 ,inf9ite means unlimit$1 )\t limit z to p]sons or numb]4 ,almo/ e v]b 9 ! language may be us$ 9 ?is way1 & s9ce to is g5]ally us$ be=e ! inf9itive1 to is (t5 call$ ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 ,= example3 ,to be1 or n to be1 t is ! "q4 ,to h & to hold is ! problem4 ,he likes to travel4 ,y note 9 all ( ^! inf9itives to is us$ ) ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 #aec4 ,to is g5]ally omitt$ aft] v]bs l help1 he>1 bid1 feel1 let1 make1 see & h1 or words ( simil> mean+4 ,= example3 ,help me 7to7 f9d x4 ,he bade me 7to7 /ay4 ,feel x 7to7 %ake4 ,make him 7to7 come4 ,he> me 7to7 s+4 ,let u 7to7 g4 ,see him 7to7 run4 ,h him 7to7 copy ?is4 #aed4 ,to is also omitt$ aft] ne$ & d>e :5 n is us$4 ,!y ne$ to "w4 ,!y ne$ n "w4 ,!y d>$ to come4 ,!y d>$ n come4 #aee4 ,to is sometimes omitt$ aft] prepositions3 ,he w d any?+ = 8 class1 except 7to7 fight = x4 ,he w\ld d no?+ b 7to7 g away4 #aef4 ,we h a numb] ( diff]5t =ms ( ! inf9itive1 bo? active & passive4 ,note ! foll[+ table3 ,active ,pres5t4 ,to love4 ,p]fect4 ,to h lov$4 ,pres5t ,prog4 ,to be lov+4 ,p]fect ,prog4 ,to h be5 lov+4 ,passive ,pres5t4 ,to be lov$4 ,p]fect4 ,to h be5 lov$4 #aeg4 ,notice t only ! pres5t & p]fect inf9itives h ! passive =m4 ,! progressive inf9itives _c be us$ 9 ! passive4 ,rememb] also t only incomplete v]bs1 ^? :i* require an object to receive ! action1 c h a passive =m4 ,! v]b lov$1 :i* we h us$ 9 ! above table1 has a passive =m because x is an incomplete v]b1 = !re mu/ be t :i* is ! object ( our love4 #aeh4 ,! complete v]bs1--v]bs :i* require no object1--_c h a passive =m = !re is no object to become ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,take = example ! v]b dwell4 ,?is is a complete v]b :i* c h no passive =m4 ,y _c dwell any?+1 !re=e y _c say to be dwelt or to h be5 dwelt4 ,s complete v]bs h only ! f\r active =ms1 z foll[s3 ,active ,pres5t4 ,to dwell4 ,p]fect4 ,to h dwelt4 ,pres5t ,prog4 ,to be dwell+4 ,p]fect ,prog4 ,to h be5 dwell+4 #aei4 ,inf9itives1 l p>ticiples1 may be us$ ei!r z n\ns or adjectives4 ,:5 us$ z n\ns1 !y are us$ 9 ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* n\ns are us$4 ,! inf9itive may be ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 ?us3 ,to hesitate n[ w be fatal4 ,to be defeat$ is no crime4 #afj4 ,! inf9itive may be ! object or complem5t ( ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,he want$ to see y4 ,8 desire is to le>n4 #afa4 ,! inf9itive may be us$ z ! object ( a preposition2 z1 ,he is ab\t to g4 ,!y w d any?+ = ! cause except to live = x4 #afb4 ,! inf9itive may be us$ z an adjective to modify a n\n4 ,= example3 ,he %[$ me ! way to g4 ,we mu/ h food to eat & clo!s to we>4 ,! "q to be decid$ is be=e u4 ,claim y\r "r to live4 #afc4 ,! inf9itive may also be us$ z an adv]b to modify ! mean+ ( a v]b1 adjective or adv]b1 ?us3 ,he 0 =c$ to g4 ,!y are sl[ to le>n4 ,! fruit 0 n ripe en\gh to eat4 ,note t ! inf9itives 9 ^! s5t5ces may all be *ang$ into adv]b phrases4 ,z = example 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ,he 0 =c$ to g1 ! inf9itive to g1 :i* modifies ! v]b =c$1 may be *ang$ to ! adv]b phrase1 into go+1 ?us1 ,he 0 =c$ into go+4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ,!y are sl[ to le>n1 ! inf9itive to le>n may be *ang$ into ! adv]b phrase 9 le>n+1 ?us1 ,!y are sl[ 9 le>n+4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ,! fruit is n ripe en\gh to eat1 ! inf9itive to eat1 :i* modifies ! adv]b en\gh1 may be *ang$ into ! adv]b phrase1 = eat+1 z = example1 ,! fruit 0 n ripe en\gh = eat+4 #afd4 ,! inf9itive is q a useful =m ( ! v]b1 & we w f9d t we use x v frequ5tly 9 express+ our ideas4 ,:ile x is n ! ass]t+ ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1 x reta9s ! nature ( a v]b & may h bo? an object & an adv]b modifi]4 ,z = example1 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,i wi% to le>n my lesson quickly4 ,to le>n is ! inf9itive1 us$ z a n\n1 ! object ( ! v]b wi%4 ,! inf9itive also has an object1 to le>n--:at8 ,my lesson is ! object ( ! inf9itive to le>n4 ,we also h an adv]b modifi] 9 ! adv]b quickly1 :i* tells h[ ,i wi% to le>n my lesson4 ,s ! inf9itive reta9s its v]b nature1 9 t x may h an object & x may be modifi$ by an adv]b4 ,ex]cise #c ,notice c>efully ! use ( ! inf9itives 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,und]score all inf9itives4 #a4 ,to rema9 ignorant is to rema9 a slave4 #b4 ,tea* u to ?9k & give u c\rage to act4 #c4 ,*ildr5 love to be prais$1 b hate to be c5sur$4 #d4 ,to obey is ! cre$ taught ! work+ class by ! ma/]s4 #e4 ,to be exploit$ has always be5 ! fate ( ! work]s4 #f4 ,f]r] wrote on 8 prison wall1 ,to love a woman passionately1 to h an ideal :i* ,i c s]ve1 to h ! desire to fight until ,i w9--:at m c ,i wi% or ask8 #g4 ,! p wi% ! man to be puni%$ = ! crime4 #h4 ,primitive man f\nd pl5ty ( wood to burn4 #i4 ,we h le>n$ to use coal & oil4 #aj4 ,! lecture to h be5 giv5 ?is ev5+ has be5 po/pon$4 #aa4 ,!y are eag] to he> ! news4 #ab4 ,he has fail$ to come4 #ac4 ,we felt ! h\se %ake on its f\ndation4 #ad4 ,h him f9d ! book = me4 #ae4 ,to be defeat$ is no crime2 nev] to h d>$ is ! real crime4 #af4 ,! ri* w d any?+ = ! poor except to get (f _! backs4 #ag4 ,to h slept :ile o!rs f\ght is y\r %ame4 #ah4 ,claim y\r "r to d1 to dream & to d>e4 ,ex]cise #d ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! six inf9itive =ms ( ! v]b obey4 ,,don',,ts ,,= ,,inf9itives #afe4 ,don't split y\r inf9itives4 ,keep ! to & ! inf9itive toge!r z mu* z possible4 ,don't say1 ,!y int5d$ to nev] come back4 ,say r1 ,!y int5d$ nev] to come back4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ c be m aptly express$ by plac+ ! adv]b modifi] betwe5 ! to & ! inf9itive1 z = example3 ,to almo/ succe$ is n en\gh4 ,x w be f\nd to f> exce$ our expectations4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! adv]bs almo/ & f> express our mean+ m closely if !y are plac$ betwe5 ! to & ! inf9itive4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 d n split y\r inf9itives1 b place ! adv]b modifi] ei!r be=e or aft] ! inf9itive4 #aff4 ,don't use to by itself )\t ! re/ ( ! inf9itive4 ,don't say1 ,d z ,i tell y to4 ,say in/ead1 ,d z ,i tell y to d2 or1 ,d z ,i tell y4 ,don't say1 ,he deceiv$ u once & he is likely to aga94 ,say r1 ,he deceiv$ u once & he is likely to deceive u aga91 or to d s aga94 #afg4 ,don't use & = to4 ,don't say1 ,try & g if y c4 ,say in/ead1 ,try to g if y c4 ,correct ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,we ought to bravely fight = our rights4 ,i w d all my employ] tells me to4 ,we %all try & get our lessons4 ,i ought to at lea/ help my comrades b ,i am afraid to4 ,ex]cise #e ,/udy c>efully ! inf9itives 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,notice :i* are active & :i* are passive inf9itives4 ,! tw5ty ?\s& m5 prematurely sla9 on a field ( battle1 mean1 to ! wom5 ( _! race1 tw5ty ?\s& human creatures to be borne )9 !m = mon?s1 to be giv5 bir? to 9 angui%1 to be f$ f _! brea/s & to be re>$ ) toil1 if ! memb]s ( ! tribe & ! /r5g? ( ! nation are to be ma9ta9$4 ,9 nations cont9ually at w>1 incessant & unbrok5 *ild-be>+ is by w> impos$ on all wom5 if ! /ate is to survive2 & :5ev] w> occurs1 if numb]s are to be ma9ta9$1 !re mu/ be an increas$ *ild-be>+ & re>+4 ,?is ?r[s ^u woman1 z woman1 a w> tax1 comp>$ ) :i* all t ! male exp5ds 9 milit>y prep>ations is comp>atively light4 ,x is especially 9 ! doma9 ( w> t we1 ! be>]s ( m5's bodies1 :o supply its mo/ valuable munition1 :o1 n amid ! clamor & ardor ( battle1 b s+ly1 & alone1 ) a ?ree-9-!-morn+ c\rage1 %$ our blood & face dea? t ! battle-field might h its food1 a food m preci\s to u ?an our he>t's blood2 x is we1 especially1 :o1 9 ! doma9 ( w>1 h our ^w to say1 a ^w no man c say = u4 ,x is our int5tion to ent] into ! doma9 ( w> & to labor !re till 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations we h ext+ui%$ x4--,olive ,s*re9]4 ,ex]cise #f ,m>k ! p>ticiples & inf9itives4 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,bright & yell[1 h>d & cold1 ,molt51 grav51 hamm]'d & roll'd2 ,heavy to get1 & light to hold2 ,ho>d$1 b>t]'d1 b\ght1 & sold1 ,/ol51 borr['d1 squ&]'d1 dol$3 ,spurn'd by ! "y1 b hugg'd by ! old ,to ! v v]ge ( ! *ur*y>d m\ld2 ,price ( _m a crime untold3 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,gold6 ,good or bad a ?\s&-fold6 ,h[ widely its ag5cies v>y-- ,to save--to ru9--to curse--to bless-- ,z ev5 its m9t$ co9s express1 ,n[ /amp'd ) ! image ( ,good ,que5 ,bess1 ,& n[ ( a bloody ,m>y4--,?os4 ,hood4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #i ,9 our ,engli% lessons1 we h be5 /udy+ ! division ( words into p>ts ( spee*4 ,we h be5 /udy+ !m z we use !m 9 express+ our ?\ghts b we may /udy !m 9 o!r ways also4 ,we may /udy !m z words alone4 ,/udi$ 9 ?is way we f9d t we h simple1 comp\nd & d]ivative words4 ,= example1 man1 man-slaught]1 manly4 ,man is a simple ^w4 ,man-slaught] is a comp\nd ^w =m$ ( two simple words4 ,manly is a d]ivative ^w d]iv$ f man4 ,:5 a comp\nd ^w is fir/ =m$1 x is usually writt5 ) a hyph52 b aft] ! ^w has be5 us$ a:ile ! hyph5 is (t5 dropp$ & ! two p>ts are writt5 toge!r z a simple ^w4 ,a simple ^w is a s+le ^w :i* _c be divid$ into o!r words )\t *ang+ its mean+4 ,a comp\nd ^w is compos$ ( two or m simple words into :i* x may be divid$1 ea* reta9+ its own mean+4 ,a d]ivative ^w is "o :i* is d]iv$ f a simple ^w by ! addition ( ano!r syllable4 ,9 next week's lesson we w take up ! /udy ( ^! d]ivatives4 ,divide ! comp\nd words 9 ?is week's lesson into ! simple words ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,monday ,bir?day ,coal-t> ,craftsman ,=eman ,gunp[d] ,tuesday ,h&k]*ief ,headqu>t]s ,lawsuit ,lock\t ,bookkeep] ,w$nesday ,motorman ,newspap] ,pa/ebo>d ,po/age-/amp ,po/ma/] ,?ursday ,salesman ,second-h& ,%irtwai/ ,sidewalk ,/aircase ,friday ,tradem>k ,"t-table ,typewrit] ,tablew>e ,sew+-ma*9e ,saturday ,und]g>m5t ,und]h& ,wat]-m>k ,woodwork ,work%op ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #aj ,de> ,comrade3 ,we h be5 /udy+ ?is c\rse 9 ,pla9 ,engli% = "s weeks n[ & ,i tru/ t y h be5 enjoy+ z well z b5efit+ by ! /udy ( our wond]ful & expressive language4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k :at a wond]ful /ep x 0 9 evolution :5 man fir/ began to use ! spok5 ^w8 ,& yet x 0 a /ill m wond]ful /ep 9 advance :5 he began to use ! writt5 ^w = our highe/ evolution1 & developm5t w\ld h be5 impossible )\t ! help ( writt5 spee*4 ,an illit]ate man may be a good workman & prosp]\s s f> z ! mat]ial ?+s ( life & 8 imm$iate contact ) 8 fell[ m5 are conc]n$1 b we h only to ?9k = a mom5t ( :at ?is _w w\ld be if we _h no writt5 language1 to und]/& :at a mighty p[] x has be5 9 evolution4 ,suppose we _h no way by :i* we c\ld communicate ) our fri5ds at a di/ance4 ,suppose !re 7 no writt5 words by :i* we c\ld set d[n ! c\ntless deal+s betwe5 man & man4 ,:at a hopeless tangle ?is social life ( ours w\ld soon become6 ,suppose also t we _h no k ( ! pa/1 no k ( ! discov]ies & inv5tions ( pa/ g5]ations except t :i* c\ld be h&$ d[n to u ?r\gh oral spee*4 ,all our k ( hi/ory1 ( ! de$s & developm5t ( ! pa/1 all ! obs]vations by :i* sci5ce has uncov]$ to u ! my/]ies ( nature w\ld be l>gely lo/ to u4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( writ+ alone :i* made possible man's gr[? f b>b>ism to civilization1 & x is m true ?an we (t5times realize1 t x is only a wall ( books t sep>ates ! civiliz$ man ( to-day f ! savage ( ye/]day4 ,& yet ,i wond] if we h ev] /opp$ to ?9k h[ ?is art ( writ+ develop$4 ,k ( ! alphabet & ( ! lett]s by :i* we =m our words & h5ce are able to express our ideas1 has become su* a common-place ?+ to u t we h =gott5 :at a wond] x is & h[ x has sl[ly gr[n & develop$ ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,yet !re are races to-day t h no writt5 language su* z we "k & to :om our writt5 language seems truly a miracle4 ,! /ory is told ( an ,indian :o 0 s5t f "o colony to ano!r ) f\r loaves ( bread accompani$ by a lett] /at+ _! numb]4 ,! ,indian ate "o ( ! loaves & ( c\rse1 0 f\nd out4 ,! next "t :5 he 0 s5t ^u a simil> err& he repeat$ ! !ft b he took ! precaution to hide ! lett] "u a /one :ile he 0 eat+ ! bread s t x might n see him6 ,b x is only ! ?+s t we d n und]/& :i* we inve/ ) my/]y & z we /udy ! /ory ( ! alphabet 9 ?is s]ies ( lett]s we f9d t x has be5 a natural developm5t accompli%$ by ! gr[+ p[]s ( man4 ,9 succe$+ lett]s we w trace ?is mo/ int]e/+ /ory ( ! alphabet4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,help+ ,,v]bs #afh4 ,we h f\nd t :5ev] a v]b is us$ by itself 9 mak+ an ass]tion x d5otes ei!r pres5t or pa/ "t4 ,:5 we use a v]b phrase1 x expresses "s o!r "t ?an ! pa/ or pres5t4 ,^! v]b phrases are =m$ by us+ %all1 w1 h1 _h1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( ! v]b be ) "s =m ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,^! v]bs :i* help to =m v]b phrases are call$ help+1 or auxili>y v]bs4 ,auxili>y means help+4 ,we h us$ h & _h ) ! pa/ p>ticiple to =m ! pres5t p]fect & pa/ p]fect "t =ms4 ,we h us$ %all & w ) diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b to d5ote future "t1 & we h us$ diff]5t =ms ( ! v]b be 9 mak+ ! v>i\s o!r "t =ms4 ,s %all1 w1 h1 _h & ! v>i\s =ms ( ! v]b be are help+ v]bs1 :i* we use to help u 9 mak+ v]b phrases4 #afi4 ,b ^! are n all ( ! help+ v]bs4 ,!re are o!r help+ v]bs :i* we use 9 =m+ v]b phrases to express diff]5t ideas4 ,^! are su* v]bs z %\ld & w\ld1 may & might1 c & c\ld1 mu/ & ought1 d & did4 ,ex]cise #a ,fill ! blank spaces 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) ! appropriate =ms ( ! help+ v]bs1 %all1 w1 h1 _h & be4 #a4 ,:5444444! work]s organize8 #b4 ,education444444help u w94 #c4 ,! _w444444_h en\gh ( w>4 #d4 ,we444444deceiv$ by ! ma/]s4 #e4 ,! work]s444444organiz$ into craft unions4 #f4 ,!y444444nev] ceas$ ! /ruggle4 #g4 ,! /ate444444f\nd$ on exploitation4 #h4 ,mutual aid444444be5 an important factor 9 evolution4 #i4 ,! tru?444444taught to ! p4 #aj4 ,! victory444444ga9$ by ! prolet>iat4 #aa4 ,! nations ( ,europe444444prep>+ = w> = ye>s4 #ab4 ,! ,int]national444444recogniz$ w> = def5se4 #ac4 ,we444444n made ! class di/9ctions1 b we444444recognize !m z long z !y exi/4 #ad4 ,! evolution ( animals & ! evolution ( plants444444proce$$ accord+ to ! same g5]al laws4 #ae4 ,we444444nev] w9 :ile ! majority rema9s ignorant4 #af4 ,! /rik]s444444betray$ by _! lead]s4 ,,%\ld ,,& ,,w\ld #agj4 ,%\ld & w\ld are ! pa/-"t =ms ( %all & w4 ,we use !m to express action or exi/5ce dep5d5t ^u "s condition1 ?us3 ,i %\ld g if ,i 7 well en\gh4 ,he %\ld jo9 u if y ask$ him4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces %\ld & w\ld express action :i* is possible n[ or w be 9 ! future1 provid$ "s o!r action takes place4 ,! same di/9ction :i* we f\nd made 9 ! use %all & w has be5 made ) %\ld & w\ld2 t is1 t %\ld us$ ) ! fir/ p]son1 expresses action dep5d5t ^u condition2 b w\ld1 us$ ) ! fir/ p]son1 implies ex]cise ( ! w4 ,?is rule is n closely foll[$1 ?\gh x expresses a nice di/9ction 9 ! use ( %\ld & w\ld4 ,9 ord9>y usage we use ei!r %\ld or w\ld ) ! fir/ p]son )\t any di/9ction ( mean+1 z = example3 ,i %\ld /ruggle on ev5 if x meant dea?4 ,i w\ld /& = my pr9ciples ?\gh ,i /ood entirely alone4 ,we d n use %\ld h[ev]1 ) ! second & ?ird p]sons to express an action or exi/5ce dep5d5t ^u "s condition4 ,%\ld us$ ) ! second & ?ird p]son implies obligation4 ,w\ld is us$ ) ! second or ?ird p]son to express an action dep5d5t ^u "s condition1 z = example3 ,he w\ld n g1 ev5 if y insi/$4 ,!y w\ld come if y invit$ !m4 ,y w\ld believe him if y c\ld he> him4 ,y w\ld be surpris$ if ,i %\ld tell y ! reason4 #aga4 ,%\ld & w\ld 9 all ( ! s5t5ces :i* we h quot$ are us$ to express action or exi/5ce dep5d5t ^u "s condition :i* is express$ 9 t "p ( ! s5t5ce introduc$ by su* conjunctions z if & ?\gh4 ,! p>ts ( ! s5t5ce introduc$ by ^! conjunctions express ! condition ^u :i* ! o!r action is dep5d5t4 ,:5 we use %\ld 9 s5t5ces )\t ?is condition1 x means practically ! same z ought1 & implies an obligation4 ,we use %\ld ) ! fir/ & second & ?ird p]sons :5 we use x ) ?is mean+1 z = example3 ,i %\ld h gone ye/]day4 ,y %\ld be ) u 9 ?is fight4 ,!y %\ld nev] fe> defeat4 #agb4 ,ought c\ld be us$ 9 all ^! s5t5ces & express practically ! same mean+4 ,%\ld us$ 9 ?is way implies obligation4 ,ex]cise #b ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,write 9 ! blank space prec$+ ea* s5t5ce ! numb] ( ! p>agraph 9 ! lesson :i* gov]ns ! use ( ! help+ v]b 9 t s5t5ce4 #a4 444444 ,! work]s %\ld organize if !y desire to control production4 #b4 444444 ,! prolet>iat w\ld de/roy ?is sy/em if !y und]/ood _! p[]4 #c4 444444 ,e work] w\ld jo9 8 fell[s if he c\ld b realize ! class /ruggle4 #d4 444444 ,we w\ld all enjoy pl5ty if we produc$ = use in/ead ( = pr(it4 #e4 444444 ,! rul+ class w\ld n give up _! privileges ev5 ?\gh !y knew t _! cupidity endang]s society4 #f4 444444 ,! injury ( "o %\ld be ! injury ( all4 #g4 444444 ,! work]s' ,int]national %\ld /& = ! int]national solid>ity ( ! work]s4 #h4 444444 ,y %\ld nev] fe> ! ridicule ( little m9ds4 #i4 444444 ,y w\ld nev] fe> ridicule if y 7 consci\s ( y\r own p[]4 #aj4 444444 ,no man %\ld fe> to ?9k = himself4 #aa4 444444 ,no man w\ld fe> to ?9k = himself if ! _w 7 truly free4 #ab4 444444 ,compromise n[ w\ld mean defeat4 ,,may ,,& ,,might #agc4 ,may us$ z a help+ v]b means pres5t p]mission 9 reg>d to an action or possession1 z3 ,y may come ) u4 ,he may h ! money4 #agd4 ,x may also mean a possible action or possession4 ,y may come ) u1 = example1 might mean t "s "t 9 ! future x is possible t y w come ) u4 ,he may h ! money1 might mean ei!r ,he is giv5 p]mission to h ! money1 or ,x is possible t he has x4 ,may1 us$ ) _m v]b =ms1 means x is possible4 ,= example3 ,he may be hungry1 ,he may h />v$4 ,he may h be5 />v+2 t is1 x is possible t he is hungry2 t he has />v$2 t he 0 />v+4 #age4 ,might is ! pa/ =m ( may & expresses pa/ p]mission to d or to be & also possibility 9 ! pa/4 ,= example3 ,! (fic] said he might g4 ,t is1 he gave him p]mission to g4 ,y might h help$ y\r comrades2 t is1 y _h ! p[] to h help$4 ,might is also us$ to express p]mission or ! p[] to d 9 ! pres5t & future1 on condition4 ,= example3 ,he might f9d "w if he 7 tra9$4 ,! work]s might de/roy ?is insane sy/em if !y w\ld4 ,ex]cise #c ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,write 9 ! blank space prec$+ ea* s5t5ce ! numb] ( ! p>agraph 9 ! lesson :i* gov]ns ! use ( ! help+ v]bs may or might 9 t s5t5ce4 #a4 444444 ,! solid>ity ( ! work]s might h av]t$ ?is w>4 #b4 444444 ,( all sad words ( tongue or p51 ,! sadde/ are ^!--'x might h be54' #c4 444444 ,y might jo9 u4 #d4 444444 ,! p /ruggle t !y may live4 #e4 444444 ,try2 y might succe$4 #f4 444444 ,! day may come :5 ?is day's de$s %all be rememb]$4 #g4 444444 ,victory might be ours if we d>$ to face ! issue4 #h4 444444 ,m5 may come & m5 may g2 ,b ,i g on =ev]4 #i4 444444 ,x seem$ possible t we might w94 #aj4 444444 ,may we ev] be loyal & true6 #aa4 444444 ,x appe>$ = a "t t we might be involv$ 9 w>4 #ab4 444444 ,let come :at may1 we w n yield4 ,,c ,,& ,,c\ld #agf4 ,c is ! pres5t-"t =m & c\ld ! pa/-"t =m1 & bo? imply ability or p[] to d or to be4 ,y c g means ,y are able to g1--,y h ! p[] to g4 ,y may g means ,y h p]mission to g4 ,c is (t5 us$ :5 we %\ld use may1 :5 we mean to give p]mission4 ,habit plays a great "p 9 our life & k ( ! "r way does n always suffice4 ,x is only cont9u$ ef=t t w e/abli% correct habits ( spee*4 ,good ,engli% w\ld be easy ( accompli%m5t if to d 7 z easy z to "k :at x 7 good to d4 ,we are too (t5 l ! "m 9 ! /ory4 ,c ,i h a piece ( pie8 ask$ ! *ild4 ,may ,i8 ! "m correct$4 ,!n ! *ild ask$1 ,may ,i h a piece ( pie8 & ! "m answ]$1 ,yes1 y c4 ,k said1 may2 habit said c1 & ! ready tongue obey$ ! =ce ( habit4 ,say ! correct ^w ov] & ov] al\d until x s\nds "r to y\r e> & fl[s readily to y\r tongue4 #agg4 ,c\ld is sometimes us$ 9 ! pres5t s5se to d5ote p[] to d1 condition$ ^u will+ness1 z3 ,he c\ld if he w\ld4 ,ex]cise #d ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,write 9 ! blank space prec$+ ea* s5t5ce ! numb] ( ! p>agraph 9 ! lesson :i* gov]ns ! use ( ! help+ v]bs c or c\ld 9 t s5t5ce4 #a4 444444 ,i c say love :5 o!rs say hate2 ,i c say e man :5 o!rs say "o man2 ,:at c ,i d8 ,i c give myself to life1 ,:5 o!r m5 refuse !mselves to life4 #b4 444444 ,no "o c be free till all are free4 #c4 444444 ,!y c\ld w9 _! fre$om if !y w\ld prep>e !mselves to be free4 #d4 444444 ,:at c ,i d1 be+ alone8 #e4 444444 ,if all m5 c\ld cat* ! vision ( fre$om1 w>s w\ld cease4 #f4 444444 ,c\ld y f9d a bett] way to sp5d y\r "t ?an 9 /udy8 #g4 444444 ,m5 w\ld rise 9 revolt if !y c\ld "k ! facts4 ,,mu/ ,,& ,,ought #agh4 ,mu/ & ought imply obligation4 ,mu/ conveys ! idea ( be+ oblig$ to d an action f necessity or compulsion1 z1 ,y mu/ h kn[n x4 ,he mu/ g4 ,ought 0 orig9ally ! pa/ "t =m ( owe1 h5ce means to be indebt$ to1 to owe4 ,x conveys ! idea ( a moral obligation1 z1 ,y ought to help ! cause4 ,y ought to und]/&4 #agi4 ,ought is always us$ ) ! inf9itive1 & ! same =m is us$ to express bo? ! pres5t & ! pa/ "t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "t is express$ by a *ange 9 ! inf9itive in/ead ( a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! help+ v]b4 ,) may & might & c & c\ld1 pres5t & pa/ "t are express$ by a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! help+ v]b4 ,) ! help+ v]b ought1 ! diff]5ce 9 "t is express$ 9 ! inf9itive4 ,= example3 ,he ought to pay u our wages4 ,?is means1 ,he owes x to u to pay u our wages n[4 ,he ought to h paid u our wages4 ,?is means1 ,he ow$ x to u to pay u our wages "s "t 9 ! pa/4 #ahj4 ,! pres5t inf9itive is us$ ) ! help+ v]b ought to express pres5t "t & ! p]fect inf9itive is us$ ) ought to express pa/ "t4 ,ex]cise #e ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,write 9 ! blank space prec$+ ea* s5t5ce ! numb] ( ! p>agraph 9 ! lesson :i* gov]ns ! use ( ! help+ v]b mu/ or ought 9 t s5t5ce4 #a4 444444 ,s]vice mu/ be ! key note ( ! future4 #b4 444444 ,competition mu/ give place to co-op]ation4 #c4 444444 ,ought we to fe>1 :o "k ! tru?8 #d4 444444 ,gov]nm5t ought to be ! adm9i/ration ( ?+s4 #e4 444444 ,no man ought to h ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] any o!r human be+4 #f4 444444 ,x may co/ mu* b humanity mu/ be set free at any co/4 #g4 444444 ,:at ought to be ! attitude ( ! work]s t[>d w>8 #h4 444444 ,= man mu/ "w & woman mu/ weep1 ,= !re is little to d & _m to keep4 #i4 444444 ,! day mu/ come :5 we c live ! dream4 ,,d ,,& ,,did #aha4 ,d & did are us$ z help+ v]bs to give emphasis--to =m emphatic v]b phrases4 ,d is ! pres5t "t =m & did ! pa/ "t =m1 z = example3 ,i d wi% y w\ld come4 ,i did hope he w\ld w94 #ahb4 ,:5 we use ! negative n we use ! help+ v]bs d & did to =m our v]b phrases4 ,= example1 we d n say3 ,i obey n4 ,i walk$ n4 ,he comes n4 ,!y arriv$ n4 ,b 9 express+ ! pres5t & pa/ "t =ms ) ! negative n1 we say in/ead3 ,i d n obey4 ,i did n walk4 ,he does n come4 ,!y did n arrive4 #ahc4 ,we also use d & did ) ! pres5t & pa/ "t =ms ( ! v]b 9 writ+ int]rogative s5t5ces4 ,= example1 we d n say3 ,comes he ) !m8 ,/udi$ y ye/]day8 ,f\nd !y ! book8 ,?9k y x is true8 ,b we say in/ead3 ,does he come ) !m8 ,did y /udy ye/]day8 ,did !y f9d ! book8 ,d y ?9k x is true8 ,ex]cise #f ,write 9 ! blank space be=e ea* s5t5ce ! numb] ( ! p>agraph :i* gov]ns ! use ( ! help+ v]b d or did 9 t s5t5ce4 #a4 444444 ,slaves d n ?9k2 !y obey4 #b4 444444 ,m5 d n obey2 !y ?9k4 #c4 444444 ,d y "k t two p] c5t ( ! p own sixty p] c5t ( ! weal?8 #d4 444444 ,! *ildr5 ( ! masses d n h ! opportunity to att5d s*ool4 #e4 444444 ,did n e nation claim a w> = def5se8 #f4 444444 ,we did n d>e to brea! a pray]1 ,or give our angui% scope4 #g4 444444 ,we d desire ! fre$om ( ! p4 #h4 444444 ,we did hope t w> might be av]t$4 ,let u sum up ! auxili>y or help+ v]bs4 #ahd4 ,help+ v]bs are us$ to express3 ,! diff]5t "t =ms--%all1 w1 h1 _h1 be4 ,p[] to d or to be--c1 c\ld1 might4 ,p]mission--may & might4 ,possibility--may & might4 ,obligation--mu/1 ought & %\ld4 ,necessity--mu/4 ,condition--w\ld4 ,m>k ! help+ v]bs 9 ! foll[+ ex]cise3 ,ex]cise #g ,! e>? %all rise on new f\ndations4 ,we h be5 naught1 we %all be all4 ,no m tradition's *a9s %all b9d u4 ,oh6 ,lib]ty6 ,c man resign !e8 ,c dungeon's bolts & b>s conf9e !e8 ,capital c\ld nev] h exi/$ if labor _h n fir/ exi/$4 ,:at c ,i d8 ,i c talk out :5 o!rs are sil5t4 ,i c say man :5 o!rs say money4 ,d y he> ! *ildr5 weep+1 ,o my bro!rs8 ,political fre$om c exi/ only :]e !re is indu/rial fre$om4 ,political democracy c exi/ only :]e !re is indu/rial democracy4 ,:o w\ld be free1 !mselves mu/ /rike ! bl[4 ,if !re is any?+ t _c be> free ?\ght1 let x crack4 ,no doctr9e1 h[ev] e/abli%$1 %\ld be protect$ f discussion4 ,society c ov]look murd]1 adult]y or sw9dl+2 x nev] =gives ! prea*+ ( a new gospel4 ,! tree ( lib]ty mu/ be refre%$ f "t to "t ) ! blood ( patriots & tyrants4 ,e man is a consum] & ought to be a produc]4 ,no picture ( life c h any v>iety :i* does n admit ! odi\s facts4 ,i "k n :at c\rse o!rs may take1 b z = me1 give me lib]ty or give me dea?4 ,ex]cise #h ,note ! use ( ! help+ v]bs 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,c\ld y use might or mu/ or ought any:]e & /r5g!n ! emphasis8 ,i h look$ at ?is claim by ! light ( hi/ory & my own confid5ce1 & x seems to me1 s look$ at1 to be a mo/ j claim1 & t resi/ance to x means no?+ %ort ( a d5ial ( ! :ole ( civilization4 ,?is !n is ! claim3 ,x is "r & necess>y t all m5 %\ld h "w to d :i* %all be wor? do+ & be ( itself pleasant to d2 & :i* %\ld be done "u su* conditions z w\ld make x nei!r ov]-we>isome nor ov]-anxi\s4 ,turn t claim ab\t z ,i may1 ?9k ( x z long z ,i c1 ,i _c f9d t x is an exorbitant claim2 yet if society w\ld or c\ld admit x1 ! face ( ! e>? w\ld be *ang$2 discont5t & /rife & di%one/y w\ld be end$4 ,to feel t we 7 do+ "w useful to o!rs & pleasant to ourselves1 & t su* "w & its due rew>d c\ld n fail u6 ,:at s]i\s h>m c\ld happ5 to u !n8 ,& ! price to be paid = s mak+ ! _w happy1 mu/ be revolution4--,william ,morris4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #aj ,simple words are sometimes spok5 ( z root words4 ,root means t f :i* some?+ gr[s4 ,we "k our language is a liv+1 gr[+ ?+ & ^! root words are ! roots :]e ! gr[? beg9s4 ,"o way 9 :i* ?is gr[? is accompli%$ & new words add$ to our language is by plac+ syllables be=e or aft] ! root ^w--! simple ^w--z1 = example3 unmanly4 ,9 ?is we h a syllable plac$ be=e & a syllable plac$ aft] ! root ^w man4 ,! syllable plac$ be=e ! root ^w is call$ ! prefix f ! ,lat9 pre mean+ be=e & ! ,lat9 ^w to place4 ,!re=e1 prefix means lit]ally to place be=e4 ,a prefix consi/s ( "o or m syllables plac$ be=e a ^w to qualify its mean+4 ,! syllable plac$ aft] ! root ^w1 or simple ^w1 is call$ ! suffix1 f ! ,lat9 sub mean+ aft] & ! ,lat9 ^w to place4 ,subfix ! ^w %\ld be lit]ally1 b = ! sake ( ! s\nd--! euphony1 ! good s\nd--we say suffix4 ,a suffix consi/s ( "o or m syllables plac$ aft] a ^w to qualify its mean+4 ,! words made by add+ prefixes & suffixes are call$ d]ivative words4 ,y rememb] we us$ a suffix 9 =m+ p>ticiples4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ ! suffix + to ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ ! suffix ed to ! simple =m ( ! v]b4 ,! words 9 ! spell+ lesson = ?is week are d]ivative words =m$ by add+ a prefix or suffix1 or bo?1 to ! simple ^w4 ,draw a l9e ?r\gh ! prefix & ! suffix & leave ! simple or root ^w4 ,monday ,wond]ful ,prosp]\s ,disloyalty ,uncov]$ ,gov]nm5t ,tuesday ,memorize ,unreality ,co-op]ation ,dep5d5t ,truly ,w$nesday ,beautify ,c\ntless ,uncom=table ,di%one/y ,produc] ,?ursday ,exi/5ce ,untru?fulness ,discont5tm5t ,victory ,removable ,friday ,impurity ,unwill+ness ,indebt$ ,ov]we>isome ,enjoyable ,saturday ,obligation ,hopeless ,endang] ,precaution ,d5ial ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #aa ,de> ,comrade3 ,z we beg9 ! /udy ( ! /ory ( ! alphabet & ! evolution ( writt5 spee*1 we discov] t primitive man imag9$ ! art ( writ+ to h _h div9e orig91 to h be5 h&$ d[n f ! p[]s above4 ,x is natural = u to p]sonify & envelop 9 my/]y ! ?+s t we d n und]/&4 ,s ^! primitive p h attribut$ ! discov]y ( ! art ( writ+ to ! gods & h look$ ^u ! p>*m5t conta9+ ! writt5 ^w :i* !y _c und]/&1 z possess+ magical p[]2 b z we come to le>n ! orig9 & causes ( ?+s1 !y are dive/$ ( _! my/]y & become no long] gods & enslav]s ( m54 ,we und]/& ! laws t gov]n _! action & !y become our s]vants4 ,take lightn+ = example4 ,primitive p p]sonifi$ ! lightn+ or call$ x ! ?und] bolts ( ,jove or attribut$ x to an act ( div9e provid5ce4 ,we h le>n$ ! laws t gov]n ! action ( electricity & s ?is mighty giant is no long] a god to :om we b[ 9 submission1 & :o slays u at 8 :im4 ,he has become our mo/ fai?ful s]vant :o travels along ! wires at our behe/ & obeys our e bidd+4 ,s 9 ! e>ly /ages1 ! art ( writ+ belong$ only to ! favor$ few & 0 made ! means ( enslavem5t ( ! common p in/ead ( ! means ( lib]ation4 ,k has always be5 p[] & ! rul+ classes ( ! _w1 desir+ p[] ov] ! p1 h /riv5 to keep k )9 _! own circle2 s ! art ( writ+ 0 kn[n only to ! few4 ,! few books 9 circulation 7 labori\sly writt5 by h& & circulat$1 l>gely among ! cl]gy1 :o us$ x z prie/s h ev] us$ _! p[]--f m$ic9e man to ,pope1--= ! enslavem5t ( ! p & ! protection ( ! privileges ( a few4 ,?is is aptly illu/rat$ 9 ! law :i* 0 kn[n z ! b5efit ( cl]gy :i* 0 n entirely repeal$ until ! ye> #ahbg4 ,"u ?is /atute1 exemption f trial = crim9al (f5ses 0 giv5 to ! cl]gy & also to any man :o c\ld read4 ,if a p]son 7 s5t5c$ to dea? = "s crim9al (f5se1 ! bi%op ( t community might claim him z a cl]k & if1 :5 giv5 a ,lat9 book1 he c\ld read a v]se or two1 ! c\rt w\ld decl>e he reads l a cl]k & ! (f5d] 0 only burn$ 9 ! h& & !n set free4 ,! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press 9 ! fifte5? c5tury :i* made possible ! diffusion ( k among ! p1 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! emancipation ( ! work]s ( ! _w4 ,b :ile we realize1 p]haps1 :at ?is art ( writ+ means to u & by ! k ( its gr[? & developm5t no long] ascribe x to div9e orig9 or consid] x a bless+ design$ by a supreme be+ = a favor$ few1 /ill mo/ ( u "k v little ( ! int]e/+ evolution :i* made possible ! alphabet :i* is ! basis ( our writt5 & spok5 language ( to-day4 ,:5 we realize h[ ?r\gh all ^! long c5turies man has be5 /ruggl+1 /riv+1 evolv+1 develop+1 rea*+ out t[>d full]1 fre] & ri*] life1 x gives u c\rage 9 our /ruggle & makes u see ourselves1 n z individuals alone1 b z l9ks 9 a mighty *a9 clasp+ h&s ) t primitive man ( ! pa/1 f :om we h inh]it$ ! p[] we n[ possess1 & rea*+ =? also to clasp ! h&s ( ^? :o %all come & h&+ on to !m ! ?+s = :i* we h /ruggl$ & add$ to ! inh]itance ( ! pa/4 ,next week we w h ! /ory ( man's fir/ beg9n+ 9 ! art ( writ+4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,v]b ,,be #ahe4 ,! v]b is p]haps ! mo/ difficult "p ( spee* to ma/] because x has m =m *anges ?an any o!r "p ( spee*4 ,9 ?is lesson we are go+ to emphasize ! mo/ important ?+s to rememb] 9 ! /udy ( ! v]b & also call att5tion to ! mo/ common mi/akes4 #ahf4 ,fir/1 ma/] t little v]b be 9 all its =ms4 ,! only way to d ?is is to commit to memory ^! =ms4 ,say !m ov] & ov] until any o!r =m does n s\nd "r4 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,future ,s+ul> ,s+ul> ,s+ul> #a4 ,i am4 ,i 04 ,i %all be4 #b4 ,y are4 ,y 74 ,y w be4 #c4 ,he is4 ,he 04 ,he w be4 ,plural ,plural ,plural #a4 ,we are4 ,we 74 ,we %all be4 #b4 ,y are4 ,y 74 ,y w be4 #c4 ,!y are4 ,!y 74 ,!y w be4 ,pres4 ,p]f4 ,pa/ ,p]f4 ,fut4 ,p]f4 ,h be54 ,_h be54 ,%all h be54 #ahg4 ,d n use a9t = is n or am n4 ,d n say1 ,he a9t "h1 or ,i a9t go+4 ,say1 ,he isn't "h2 ,i am n go+4 ,a ,,frequ5t ,,mi/ake #ahh4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t mi/akes is ! confusion 9 ! use ( ! pa/ "t =m & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,rememb] t ! pa/ "t =m is nev] us$ except 9 express+ pa/ "t2 nev] use x 9 =m+ a v]b phrase4 ,take ! v]b d1 = example--say1 ,he did ! "w1 nev]1 ,he done ! "w2 b we %\ld say1 ,he has done ! "w1 nev]1 ,he has did ! "w4 ,say & se5 are confus$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,wat* ?is c>efully4 ,ex]cise #a ,und]l9e ! correct ^w 9 ! foll[+3 #a4 ,:o did--done x8 #b4 ,he sung--sang well4 #c4 ,he sunk--sank be=e we c\ld rea* him4 #d4 ,%e writt5--wrote him a lett]4 #e4 ,he tak5--took ! book4 #f4 ,!y swum--swam ! riv]4 #g4 ,i saw--se5 him d x4 #h4 ,!y drank--drunk too mu*4 #i4 ,he soon began--begun to fail4 #aj4 ,! lad ran--run home4 #aa4 ,!y come--came ye/]day4 ,,) ,,help+ ,,v]bs #ahi4 ,nev] use ! pa/ "t =m ) ! help+ v]bs has1 _h1 0 & 74 ,always use ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,wat* ?is c>efully4 ,= example1 nev] say1 ,he has w5t4 ,w5t is ! pa/ "t =m4 ,say1 ,he has gone4 ,ex]cise #b ,und]score ! correct ^w 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,he _h tore--torn ! book4 #b4 ,h y ev] sang--sung ?is tune8 #c4 ,!y h %[$--%[n u h[ to w94 #d4 ,%e has w5t--gone away4 #e4 ,! trees 7 %ook--%ak5 by ! w9d4 #f4 ,he 0 *ose--*os5 = lead]4 #g4 ,he has rose--ris5 f ! ranks4 #h4 ,x 0 wrote--writt5 by him4 #i4 ,he has took--tak5 ! prize4 #aj4 ,he 0 gave--giv5 ! money4 #aa4 ,i h =got--=gott5 ! rule4 #ab4 ,! riv] 0 froze--froz5 ov]4 #ac4 ,! ma*9e 0 broke--brok54 #ad4 ,x 0 wore--worn out4 #ae4 ,! meal 0 ate--eat5 9 sil5ce4 ,,pa/ ,,"t ,,=ms #aij4 ,wat* y\r spee* to see if y use an incorrect v]b =m = ! pa/ "t =m4 ,/udy ! table ( irregul> v]bs & ref] to x frequ5tly4 ,we (t5 make ! mi/ake ( =m+ ! pa/ "t =m by add+ ed :5 prop]ly x is =m$ irregul>ly4 ,= example3 we (t5 say draw$ = drew1 ?r[$ = ?rew1 etc4 ,ex]cise #c ,draw a l9e "u ! correct =m 9 ! foll[+3 #a4 ,he grew--gr[$ rapidly4 #b4 ,he knew--kn[$ bett]4 #c4 ,he cat*$--caught ! ball4 #d4 ,he drew--draw$ ! wat]4 #e4 ,!y ?rew--?r[$ him ov]4 #f4 ,i dr9k$--drank ! wat]4 #g4 ,i climb$--clumb ! tree4 #h4 ,i se$--saw him d x4 #i4 ,%e tea*$--taught s*ool4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,simil> ,,=m #aia4 ,d n use "o v]b = ano!r ( simil> =m b diff]5t mean+4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common ( ^!3 ,lay 7incomplete v]b1 requires an object7 mean+ to place or to put2 z1 to lay ! book d[n4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 lay2 ,pa/1 laid2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 laid4 ,lie 7complete v]b1 takes no object7 mean+ to recl9e1 to re/2 z1 to lie 9 b$4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 lie2 ,pa/1 lay2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 la94 ,set 7incomplete v]b1 requires an object7 mean+ to place or to put2 z1 to set ! table4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 set2 ,pa/1 set2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 set4 ,sit 7complete v]b1 takes no object7 mean+ to re/1 z1 to sit 9 a *air4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 sit2 ,pa/1 sat2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 sat4 ,raise 7incomplete v]b1 requires an object7 mean+ to cause to rise1 to lift up4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 raise2 ,pa/1 rais$2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 rais$4 ,rise 7complete v]b1 takes no object7 mean+ to get up1 to asc5d4 ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ,pres5t1 rise2 ,pa/1 rose2 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 ris54 #aib4 ,,note--,^! ?ree v]bs ne$ an object to complete _! mean+3 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,pa/ ,p>ticiple set set set lay laid laid raise rais$ rais$ #aic4 ,,note--,^! ?ree v]bs ne$ no object3 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,pa/ ,p>ticiple sit sat sat lie lay la9 rise rose ris5 ,ex]cise #d ,fill 9 ! foll[+ blanks ) ! correct =m ( ! v]bs sit1 set1 lay1 lie1 raise & rise3 #a4 ,i444444x on ! table & !re x4444444 #b4 ,!y444444! battle %ip1 ,ma9e4 #c4 ,:]e did y444444x8 #d4 ,a mile ( pipe has be54444444 #e4 ,! m9]s444444a l>ge /rike fund4 #f4 ,%e444444d[n to sleep4 #g4 ,! body4444449 /ate ?ree days4 #h4 ,! f>m]s ( ! ,u4 ,s4444444an enorm\s :eat crop4 #i4 ,! city444444on ! "r bank4 #aj4 ,we h444444! corn] /one4 #aa4 ,:5 wages are4444441 prices are444444too4 #ab4 ,he4444449 b$ all morn+4 #ac4 444444d[n ,fido4 #ad4 ,! sun444444at six ?is morn+4 #ae4 ,%e has be5444444!re all day4 #af4 ,! %ip444444to dur+ ! /orm4 #ag4 ,!y h be5444444new tracks4 #ah4 ,! h5 is444444on ! eggs4 #ai4 ,somebody said1 ,e>ly to b$ & e>ly to4444441 ,makes a man heal?y1 weal?y & wise4 #bj4 ,he444444motionless = an h\r4 #ba4 ,he444444out ! trees 9 r[s4 #bb4 ,he w4444449 8 position4 #bc4 ,! c\rt w4444449 ,may4 #bd4 ,:]e did he4444448 #be4 ,%e444444! table :ile he444444!re4 #bf4 ,he444444! clock = six o'clock4 #bg4 ,! wat] has444444two feet s9ce ! ra94 #bh4 ,he444444! book d[n &444444on x4 #bi4 ,! h5 has be5444444a week4 #cj4 444444x on ! table4 #ca4 ,he4444449 ! %ade & wat*$ h]444444! plants4 ,,common ,,errors #aid4 ,rememb] t 9 ! pres5t "t =m ! ?ird p]son s+ul> takes ! s-=m1 b ! s-=m is nev] us$ except ) ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,we (t5 make ! mi/ake ( us+ ! s-=m ) a plural subject4 ,notice c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & correct ! errors4 ,all ( ! s5t5ces are wrong4 #a4 ,! days is gett+ %ort]4 #b4 ,! m5 has /ruck4 #c4 ,! tra9s 0 late4 #d4 ,^! pap]s is writt5 = y4 #e4 ,y 0 disappo9t$1 wasn't y8 #f4 ,!re is sev]al com+4 #g4 ,! nights 0 d>k & cl\dy4 #h4 ,! cl\ds has ga!r$4 #i4 ,!y 0 anxi\s to come4 #aie4 ,:5 two subjects are connect$ by &1 ! s-=m ( ! v]b mu/ n be us$1 unless bo? subjects ref] to "o p]son2 z3 ,! presid5t & ! secret>y 7two p]sons7 7 late4 ,! presid5t & secret>y 7"o p]son7 0 elect$4 #aif4 ,b :5 ! two subjects are connect$ by or or nor !n use ! s-=m ( ! v]b2 z3 ,nei!r ,g]many nor ,russia admits a w> ( (f5se4 ,ei!r ! ,h\se or ! ,s5ate rejects ! bill4 #aig4 ,nev] use ! inf9itive sign to by itself2 z3 ,i h n writt5 & d n expect to4 ,he has n gone nor does he int5d to4 #aih4 ,nev] use don't = doesn't4 ,! use ( don't = doesn't is a v common mi/ake4 ,don't is a contraction ( d n & doesn't ( does n4 ,:5 y are 9 d\bt z to :i* to use1 ?9k or speak ! two words 9 full & see if ! v]b agrees ) ! subject4 ,d n is us$ ) a plural subject1 & does n ) a s+ul> subject4 ,= example3 ,he don't believe me4 ,?is s5t5ce 9 full w\ld be1 ,he d n believe me1 :i* is incorrect4 ,he does n 7doesn't7 believe me is correct4 ,or1 ,!y doesn't believe me4 ,?is s5t5ce 9 full w\ld read1 ,!y does n believe me1 :i* is incorrect4 ,!y d n 7don't7 believe me is correct4 #aii4 ,d n use has got1 or h got = mu/4 ,= example1 d n say1 ,we h got to g4 ,say1 ,we mu/ g4 ,n1 ,he has got to d :at ,i say2 b1 ,he mu/ d z ,i say4 #bjj4 ,d n say _h ought4 ,= example3 ,y _h ought to "k bett]4 ,omit ! _h2 x is unnecess>y & incorrect4 ,say1 ,y ought to "k bett]4 #bja4 ,d n say says ,i or ?9ks ,i4 ,says ,i1 ,w y g8 ,says he1 ,t's :at w happ54 ,?9ks ,i to myself1 ,i'll %[ y4 ,^! are incorrect4 ,say in/ead3 ,i said1 ,w y g8 ,he said1 ,t's :at w happ54 ,i ?\ght1 ,i'll %[ y4 ,ex]cise #e ,m>k all ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ quotations & note c>efully _! use4 #a4 ,speak prop]ly & 9 z few words z y c b always pla9ly2 = ! end ( spee* is n o/5tation b to be und]/ood4--,p5n4 #b4 ,fre$om's battle1 once begun1 ,bequea!d f ble$+ sire to son1 ,?\gh baffl$ (t1 is ev] won4 ,note ! use ( may & c 9 ?is quotation3 #c4 ,k _c be /ol5 f u4 ,x _c be b\ght or sold4 ,we may be poor1 & ! %]iff may come & sell our furniture1 or drive away our c[1 or take our pet lamb & leave u homeless & p5niless2 b he _c lay ! law's h& ^u ! jewelry ( our m9ds4--,e4 ,burritt4 ,note ! use ( %all & w & w\ld & %\ld 9 ! foll[+4 ,ri*>d ,grant ,:ite says3 ,i d n "k 9 ,engli% lit]ature ano!r passage 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 %all & w & w\ld & %\ld is at once s elegantly1 s v>i\sly1 s precisely1 & s compactly illu/rat$4 #d4 ,h[ long ,i %all love him ,i c no m tell1 ,?an1 _h ,i a fev]1 :5 ,i %\ld be well4 ,my passion %all kill me be=e ,i w %[ x1 ,& yet ,i w\ld give all ! _w he did "k x2 ,b oh h[ ,i sigh1 :5 ,i ?9k1 %\ld he woo me1 ,i _c refuse :at ,i "k w\ld undo me4 #e4 ,i want x said ( me by ^? :o "k me be/ t ,i always pluck$ a ?i/le & plant$ a fl[] :]e ,i ?\ght a fl[] w\ld gr[4--,abraham ,l9coln4 ,ex]cise #f ,note ! n\ns z well z ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,note also ! use ( inf9itives & p>ticiples4 ,m>k e v]b & use x 9 a s5t5ce ( y\r own4 ,fai? & ,tru? ,y say ,believe2 ,i say ,tru/4 ,betwe5 ^? two words is a great gulf fix$4 ,! idea t !re c be a moral obligation to believe ext]nal facts is unwor?y ( a freeman1 b to tru/ is z mu* ! true nature ( man z x is t ( a babe to draw 9 its "m's milk4 ,y say ,cre$2 ,i say ,fai?4 ,a cre$ at be/ is b a sorry c>icature ( a fai?4 ,fai? is ! prop] atmosph]e ( man1 tru/ is 8 native buoyancy1 & 8 only obligation is to foll[ ! highe/ law ( 8 be+4 ,y h "o supreme duty above all cre$s & conv5tions--namely1 to ?9k hone/ly1 & say :at y ?9k4 ,h y d\bts ab\t y\r cre$8 say s2 only ?us has ! true fai? ev] advanc$4 ,x is n ,god1 b ! devil1 :o :isp]s3 ,?9k at y\r p]il6 ,d y see flaws 9 ! anci5t /ructure ( respectability & law & ord]8 ,say s2 only ?us has ! condition ( man ev] improv$4 ,h c\rage to be ! h]etic & traitor t y are by nature1 & d n worry ab\t ! consequ5ces4 ,be a creator1 z y 7 born to be1 & spurn beyond all infamies ! wret*$ role ( a repeat] & apologi/4 ,! _w lives & gr[s by h]esy & treason4 ,x dies by con=mity to error & loyalty to wrong4 ,erne/ ,crosby4 ,ex]cise #g ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 ! pr$icates are pr9t$ 9 italics1 & ! p>ticiples & inf9itives 9 italic capitals4 ,/udy c>efully4 ,if x 7 taught to e *ild1 & 9 e s*ool & college1 t x is morally wrong = anyone ,,to ,,live ^u ! ,,comb9$ labor ( 8 fell[m5 )\t ,,contribut+ an approximately equal am\nt ( useful labor1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 9 return1 all k9ds ( ,,gambl+1 z well z _m o!r k9ds ( useless occupations1 w\ld be se5 ,,to ,,be ( ! same nature z direct di%one/y or fraud1 &1 !re=e w\ld soon come ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ disgraceful z well z immoral4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,ex]cise #h ,und]score all ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ & note ! p>ticiples1 ! inf9itives & ! v>i\s "t =ms2 also ! help+ v]bs3 ,:at1 speak+ 9 q un(ficial language1 is ! net purport ( w>8 ,to my k1 = example1 !re dwell & toil1 9 ! ,briti% village ( ,dumrudge1 usually "s five hundr$ s\ls4 ,f ^!1 by c]ta9 'natural enemies' ( ! ,fr5*1 !re are select$1 say ?irty able-bodi$ m52 ,dumrudge1 at h] own exp5se1 has suckl$ & nurs$ !m2 %e has1 n )\t difficulty & sorr[1 f$ !m up to manhood & tra9$ !m 9 ! crafts1 s t "o c weave1 ano!r build & ano!r hamm]4 ,nev]!less1 amid/ mu* weep+ & swe>+1 !y are select$2 all dress$ 9 r$ & %ipp$ away1 at ! public *>ges1 "s two ?\s& miles1 or1 say only to ! s\? ( ,spa91 & f$ !re till want$4 ,& n[ to t same spot 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 are ?irty simil> ,fr5* artisans1 9 l mann]1 w5d+ _! ways2 till at l5g? ! ?irty /& fac+ ! ?irty1 ea* ) 8 gun 9 8 h&4 ,/raightway1 ! ^w ',fire' is giv51 & !y bl[ ! s\ls out ( "o ano!r2 & 9 ! place ( ! sixty brisk1 useful craftsm51 ! _w has sixty dead c>casses1 :i* x mu/ bury & anew %$ te>s =4 ,_h ^! m5 any qu>rel8 ,busy z ! devil is1 n ! smalle/6 ,!y liv$ f> en\gh ap>t2 7 ! entire/ /rang]s2 nay1 9 s wide a univ]se1 !re 0 ev51 unconsci\sly1 by comm]ce1 "s mutual helpfulness betwe5 !m4 ,h[ !n8 ,simpleton6 ,_! gov]nors _h fall5 out2 & in/ead ( %oot+ "o ano!r1 _h ^! poor blockheads %oot4--,c>lyle4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #aa ,!re are b few rules :i* c be le>n$ to aid 9 ! spell+ ( ,engli% words4 ,! spell+ ( words mu/ be l>gely ma/]$ by conc5tration & ef=t ( ! memory4 ,x w help y to memorize ! correct spell+ if y w write ea* ^w a numb] ( times4 ,?is gives y a visual image ( ! ^w4 ,!n spell x al\d a numb] ( times4 ,?is w give y an auditory image4 ,words :i* y f9d difficult to ma/]1 write 9 a li/ by !mselves & review frequ5tly4 ,!re are a few rules1 h[ev]1 :i* are helpful to "k4 ,!re is "o rule ( spell+ we want to le>n ?is week conc]n+ words =m$ by add+ a suffix4 ,a ^w ( "o syllable :i* ends 9 a s+le consonant be=e :i* /&s a s+le v[el1 d\bles ! f9al consonant :5 a suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el is add$4 ,= example3 mat1 matt$1 matt+2 sun1 sunn$1 sunn+4 ,mat ends 9 t1 a s+le consonant :i* is prec$$ by ! s+le v[el a1--s y d\ble ! t :5 y add ! suffix ed or +1 :i* beg9 ) a v[el4 ,notice ^!3 ,bl5d1 bl5d$1 bl5d+2 ,help1 help$1 help+4 ,^! words d n end 9 a s+le consonant1 s y d n d\ble ! consonant4 ,notice also3 ,lean1 lean$1 lean+2 ,ra91 ra9$1 ra9+4 ,^! words end 9 a s+le consonant1 b be=e ! consonant is a d\ble v[el1 ea 9 lean & ai 9 ra94 ,s we d n d\ble ! f9al consonant4 ,?is same rule holds true ( any suffix1 beg9n+ ) a v[el1 z er & e/1 = example3 sad1 sadd]1 sadde/4 ,slim1 slimm]1 slimme/4 ,le>n to spell ! foll[+ words4 ,add ! suffixes ed & + to ! words = ,monday1 ,tuesday & ,w$nesday4 ,add er & e/ to ! words = ,?ursday1 ,friday & ,saturday4 ,monday ,*at ,*eat ,gr9 ,groan ,suit ,tuesday ,sap ,soap ,bet ,beat ,rot ,w$nesday ,talk ,tea* ,ga9 ,/ir ,plan ,?ursday ,?9 ,de> ,flat ,*eap ,/raight ,friday ,clean ,brief ,fair ,%rill ,wet ,saturday ,/rong ,great ,mad ,fleet ,fat ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ab ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is lesson we are beg9n+ ! /udy ( /ill ano!r "p ( spee*4 ,y w notice t 9 words1 at lea/1 we give cr$it & place 9 society only because ( "w p]=m$4 ,9 ! society ( m51 p are giv5 place & position too (t5 because ( outw>d dress & =m or because ( "s special privilege4 ,!y are n giv5 _! place 9 society because ( ! "w :i* !y d or because !y p]=m any useful function4 ,9 fact1 9 our topsy-turvy _w1 ^? :o p]=m no "w at all1 b are simply p>asites ^u society1 h claim$ = !mselves ! be/ ( ev]y?+ & ! highe/ positions4 ,surely "s "t we %all see a society z successfully organiz$ z our society ( words1 :5 m5 w be receiv$1 n because ( t :i* !y possess1 b because ( t :i* !y d & are4 ,man has really laid ! f\ndation = an ideal commonweal? 9 8 organization ( words into a spok5 & writt5 language4 ,:5 we ?9k back across ! c5turies & ?9k ( ! primitive man z he dwelt 9 trees to protect himself f ! wild animals1 we wond] :at sort ( spee* he us$ !n4 ,possibly x 0 only a little m articulate ?an ! spee* ( "s animals4 ,b man _h )9 him ! in/9ct to "q1 & ?is has be5 ! root ( all 8 progress4 ,we c imag9e ^! primitive m5 witness+ ! wond] ( fire1 z ! t]rible unkn[n god ( ! lightn+ set fire to ! =e/ 9 :i* !y liv$2 b aft] ! fe> _h subsid$1 "s adv5tur\s1 inquir+ =efa!r ( ours v5tur$ ne> ! a%es1 & began to inve/igate conc]n+ ?is fe>ful & wond]ful ?+4 ,s gradually !y discov]$ ! use ( fire1 & ) x a wond]ful new future op5$ be=e ! primitive man4 ,) ^! great discov]ies1 he ne$$ a bett] =m ( communication ) 8 comrades1 s articulate spee* develop$4 ,b :5 we g back into ! beg9n+ ( writt5 spee*1 x is difficult = u to trace x to its beg9n+4 ,! fir/ evid5ce we f9d 0 ( man z a sign mak]4 ,on ! walls ( caves 9 ,france & ,belgium & "h 9 ,am]ica1 we h f\nd rude sket*es :i* ! sci5ti/s tell u date back to ! ,ice ,age & ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,"h ! primitive man has drawn = u crude pictures describ+ diff]5t phases ( 8 life1 ! animals ab\t him1 ! hunt & ! *ase1 & 9 ^! pictures we f9d ! v beg9n+ ( our alphabet ( to-day4 ,h[ mu* m wond]ful x makes our spok5 & writt5 language to "k t man has develop$ x himself4 ,x has n be5 h&$ d[n by "s god or p[]s above2 b ! _s ( rebellion aga9/ ! ?+s t be2 ! great desire to "k m & to f9d out ! reason :y ( all ! ?+s ar\nd u1--^! h be5 ! =ces t h l$ ! race f ! animal-l be+s t liv$ 9 trees to ! race ( today t und]/&s 9 a l>ge measure ! laws t gov]n life4 ,x is only z we1 ?r\gh ?is _s ( rebellion1 ?is same div9e discont5t ) ! ?+s t are1 seek to d our own ?9k+ t we c add our %>e to ! h]itage ( ! race4 ,let u h ! same c\rage t mu/ h inspir$ ! he>t ( t primitive man :o d>$ to v5ture & inquire conc]n+ ! fe>ful ?+s ( nature r\nd ab\t him4 ,let u ?9k = ourselves4 ,ask always ! "q :y & dem& ! reason = all ?+s4 ,?us we %all free ourselves & help to free ! race4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,9 ,,place ,,( ,a ,,n\n #bjb4 ,y rememb] 9 our /udy ( ! p>ts ( spee* we f\nd t we h "o "p ( spee* t c be us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,?is is a v helpful "p ( spee* = x saves u a great deal ( tiresome repetition4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,john ,smi? is a ma*9i/4 ,john ,smi? works at ! ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e is ,john ,smi?'s ma/]4 ,?is is awkw>d & ! repetition is tiresome4 ,s we say in/ead3 ,john ,smi? is a ma*9i/4 ,he works at ! ma*9e4 ,x is 8 ma/]4 ,y readily und]/& :o & :at we mean by he & x & 81 & we w all agree t ! latt] is a mu* bett] way ( mak+ ! /atem5ts4 ,^! words l he & 8 & x1 :i* we use 9 place ( ! n\n1 we call pron\ns4 ,pro means lit]ally 9 ! ,lat91 = or 9 place (2 s :5 we say pron\n we are practically say+1 9 place ( a n\n4 ,a pron\n is a ^w t is us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 #bjc4 ,! ^w = :i* a pron\n /&s or ! n\n 9 ^: place x is us$ is call$ its antec$5t4 ,ante means be=e & c$5t comes f ! ,lat9 ^w mean+ g1 h5ce antec$5t means lit]ally1 go+ be=e4 ,notice ?is s5t5ce3 ,! manag] spoke to ! m5 be=e he left & told !m to /op at ! (fice4 ,manag] is ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n he1 & m5 is ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n !m4 ,! ^w = :i* a pron\n /&s is call$ its antec$5t4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pron\ns #bjd4 ,! ,lat9 language has _h a great deal ( influ5ce ^u ,engli%4 ,_m ( our words are tak5 f ! ,lat94 ,y rememb] t all ( ! names ( our p>ts ( spee* are d]iv$ f ,lat9 words4 ,we also feel ! influ5ce ( ! ,lat9 language 9 ! way 9 :i* we numb] our p]sonal pron\ns4 ,! ,romans naturally ?\ght t "o w\ld ?9k ( "o's self fir/1 & s ! pron\ns ref]r+ to "o's self1 or ! p]son speak+1 are call$ ! fir/ p]son pron\ns4 ,!y are1 ,i1 my1 m9e1 me & we1 our1 ours1 & u4 ,!n !y naturally ?\ght t "o w\ld ?9k second ( ! p]son spok5 to1 s ! pron\ns ref]r+ to ! p]son spok5 to are call$ ! second p]son pron\ns4 ,=m]ly ?\ 0 us$ 9 speak+ to "o p]son4 ,9 ,g]man & _m o!r languages ?is =m is /ill us$1 b 9 ,engli% we d n today use ! s+ul> =m ?\ ) its v>iations1 ?y1 ?9e1 & !e1 except 9 poetry or poetic prose4 ,9 e-day spee* we use y & its =ms1 y\r & y\rs1 = bo? ! s+ul> & ! plural4 ,!n ! ,romans consid]$ la/ ! p]son or ?+ ( :om !y 7 speak+2 s pron\ns ref]r+ to ! p]son or ?+ spok5 ( are call$ ! ?ird p]son pron\ns4 ,^! are he1 %e1 & x1 ) _! o!r =ms1 81 him1 h]1 h]s1 its1 9 ! s+ul>1 & !y1 _!1 !irs & !m 9 ! plural4 ,a p]sonal pron\n is "o t d5otes ! speak]1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns #bje4 ,all ( ^! =ms ( pron\ns :i* we h nam$ are simple =ms2 b we h sev]al p]sonal pron\ns :i* h a comp\nd =m2 t is1 a =m made by ! addition ( self or selves to ! simple =ms4 ,^! are call$ comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns4 ,!y are1 9 ! s+ul>1 myself1 ?yself1 y\rself1 himself1 h]self1 itself1 & 9 ! plural1 ourselves1 y\rselves & !mselves4 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns h two uses1 reflexive & emphatic4 ,reflexive #bjf4 ,a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n has a reflexive use :5 ! actor becomes ! object ( its own action or 9 o!r words :5 ! subject & ! object ref] to ! same ?+2 z 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,he has hurt himself1 himself is ! object ( ! incomplete v]b has hurt1 b x ref]s to ! subject he4 ,reflexive is f ! ,lat9 re mean+ back & f ! ,lat9 v]b mean+ ?r[1 s reflexive means lit]ally ?r[n back4 ,^! pron\ns ?r[ _! mean+ back to ! subject4 ,emphatic #bjg4 ,a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n has also an emphatic use :5 x directs especial att5tion to ! n\n or pron\n to :i* x ref]s4 ,= example 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he did ! "w himself1 or1 ,he1 himself1 did ! "w1 himself gives emphasis or int5sifies ! mean+ ( ! pron\n he4 ,rememb] a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n is correctly us$ only 9 ^! two ways1 reflexive & emphatic4 ,= example1 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are incorrect3 ,?is is = y\rself & y\r comrade4 ,ourselves w f9d out ! reason4 ,! correct =m w\ld be3 ,?is is = y & y\r comrade4 ,we1 ourselves1 w f9d out ! reason4 #bjh4 ,y c readily di/+ui% betwe5 ! reflexive & ! emphatic use4 ,9 ! reflexive1 ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\n is always ! object ( a v]b or preposition1 & ! subject ( ! s5t5ce is its antec$5t4 ,! subject & ! object always ref] to ! same ?+4 ,9 ! emphatic use1 ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\n is nei!r ! subject nor ! object1 b is ?r[n into ! s5t5ce simply to r5d] x emphatic1 & to call special att5tion to its antec$5t4 ,ex]cise #a ,supply ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\n 9 ! foll[+ blanks & tell :e!r ! use is reflexive or emphatic4 #a4 ,he discov]$ ! tru?4444444 #b4 ,! work]s h robb$444444by _! ignorance4 #c4 ,y mu/ educate4444444 #d4 ,y mu/ d ! "w4444444 #e4 ,he mu/ def5d4444444 #f4 ,capitalism ov]rea*es4444444 #g4 ,! p w rule4444444 #h4 ,we w settle ! "q4444444 ,write six s5t5ces 9 :i* ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns are correctly us$4 ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural #bji4 ,p]sonal pron\ns1 l n\ns1 h numb] =m4 ,n\ns simply add s to ! s+ul> =m to d5ote ! plural1 b 9 p]sonal pron\ns we h diff]5t words :i* we use to express "o or m ?an "o p]son or ?+4 ,9 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird p]son =ms1 p]sonal pron\ns also h diff]5t =ms = ! object =m1 ! possessive & ! subject =m4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! s+ul> & plural ( ! subject =m1--t is ! =m :i* is us$ z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,subject ,=m ,s+ul> ,plural ,fir/ p]son4 ,i ,we ,second p]son4 ,y ,y ,?ird p]son4 ,he1 %e1 x4 ,!y ,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns ,s+ul> ,plural ,fir/4 ,myself ,ourselves ,second4 ,y\rself ,y\rselves ,?ird4 ,himself1 h]self1 itself4 ,!mselves #baj4 ,rememb] t ! fir/ p]son ref]s to ! p]son speak+1 ! second to ! p]son spok5 to1 & ! ?ird p]son to ! p]son or ?+s spok5 (4 ,:5 we speak ( ?+s1 we nev] use ! fir/ or second p]son1 unless we are speak+ ( !m 9 a p]sonifi$ =m4 ,s 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 we h ! pron\n x :i* ref]s to "o ?+4 ,9 ! plural1 we h no special pron\n ref]r+ to ?+s1 b ! pron\n !y is us$ to ref] bo? to p]sons & ?+s4 ,ex]cise #b ,:i* ( ! foll[+ pron\ns ref] to ! p]son speak+1 :i* to ! p]son spok5 to1 & :i* to ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (8 ,:i* are s+ul>1 :i* plural8 ,i w def5d my pr9ciples4 ,give !m to me = !y are m9e4 ,d y believe him to be y\r fri5d8 ,we saw _! mi/ake at once4 ,!y ackn[l$g$ x 0 _! fault4 ,success w be y\r portion if y p]sev]e4 ,he /ruggles = 8 rights2 %e does n und]/& h] rights4 ,x =ces u to /ruggle = our education4 ,woman craves h] fre$om4 ,work]s ( ! _w1 unite2 y h a _w to ga9 & no?+ to lose b y\r *a9s4 ,=m s5t5ces ( y\r own conta9+ all ^! pron\ns4 ,,possessive ,,=m #baa4 ,y w note 9 ^! s5t5ces above t we h us$ ! pron\n my & y\r & 8 & h] z my pr9ciples1 y\r fri5d1 8 rights1 h] fre$om4 ,?is is ! possessive =m ( ^! p]sonal pron\ns1 ! =m t d5otes own]%ip or possession4 ,y rememb] t n\ns _h a possessive =m1 a =m to d5ote possession or own]%ip1 z1 ,! man's book4 ,! boy's s*ool4 ,! work]'s college4 ,s pron\ns also h a possessive =m :i* we use to %[ t an object belongs to su* & su* a p]son or ?+4 ,if ,i want to tell y t ,i own or possess a home1 ,i say1 ,i own my home4 ,ea* p]sonal pron\n has its possessive =m1 ?us3 ,s+ul> ,subject ,=m ,possessive ,fir/ p]son4 ,i ,my1 m9e ,second p]son4 ,y ,y\r1 y\rs ,?ird p]son4 ,he1 %e1 x ,81 h]1 h]s1 its ,plural ,subject ,=m ,possessive ,fir/ p]son4 ,we ,our1 ours ,second p]son4 ,y ,y\r1 y\rs ,?ird p]son4 ,!y ,_!1 !irs ,,possessive ,,=m #bab4 ,y w notice t ! possessive =ms1 my1 our1 h]1 y\r1 its1 8 & _!1 are always us$ ) ! "n ( ! object possess$4 ,z = example2 my "w1 our libr>y1 h] delight1 y\r task1 its purpose1 8 home1 _! mi/ake4 #bac4 ,! possessive =ms1 m9e1 ?9e1 h]s1 ours1 y\rs & !irs1 are always us$ by !mselves & are us$ ei!r z subject1 object or complem5t4 ,z = example3 ,t lett] is m9e4 ,! "w is h]s4 ,?9e is ! glory4 ,is t y\rs8 ,!irs n to reason :y2 !irs b to d & die4 ,! possessive =m 8 may be us$ ei!r 9 connection ) ! "n ( ! object possess$ or by itself4 ,= example3 ,?is is 8 home4 ,?is home is 84 ,,object ,,=m #bad4 ,pron\ns h "o =m :i* n\ns d n h4 ,we use ! same =m = ! n\n no matt] :e!r x is ! subject or ! object4 ,= example3 ,! man saw me4 ,i saw ! man4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce man is ! subject ( ! v]b saw1 & 9 ! second s5t5ce man is ! object ( ! v]b saw4 ,! same ^w is us$2 b y w notice t 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce me is ! object ( ! v]b saw1 & 9 ! second ,i is ! subject2 yet bo? ref] to ! same p]son1 ! fir/ p]son1 ! p]son speak+4 ,s we h a diff]5t =m ( ! pron\n = ! object1 = example3 ,i saw him4 ,he saw me4 ,%e wat*$ u4 ,we wat*$ h]4 ,y f\nd !m4 ,him1 me1 u1 h]1 & !m 9 ^! s5t5ces are us$ z ! objects ( ! v]bs1 see1 wat* & f\nd1 & are call$ ! object =ms ( ! pron\ns4 ,y & x h ! same =m = bo? ! subject & object2 z1 ,y did x4 ,x fright5s y4 ,h] is us$ z bo? ! possessive =m & ! object =m1 z1 ,h] "w tires h]4 #bae4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! subject & ! object =ms ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 & ^! %\ld nev] be confus$ 9 _! usage4 ,we mu/ n use ! object =m z ! subject ( ! v]b1 nor ! subject =m z ! object ( ! v]b4 ,s+ul> ,subject ,object ,fir/4 ,i ,me ,second4 ,y ,y ,?ird4 ,he1 %e1 x ,him1 h]1 x ,plural ,subject ,object ,fir/4 ,we ,u ,second4 ,y ,y ,?ird4 ,!y ,!m ,,g5d] #baf4 ,y notice 9 all ( ^! tables t !re are ?ree =ms giv5 = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 he1 %e1 & x4 ,^! are ! only =ms 9 :i* pron\ns express g5d]4 ,9 all o!r =ms ! g5d] c be det]m9$ only by ! g5d] ( ! antec$5t4 ,he1 repres5t+ a male1 is mascul9e4 ,%e1 repres5t+ a female1 is ! fem99e4 ,x repres5ts a sexless ?+1 & h5ce is said to be ( ! neut] g5d]4 ,,! ,,little ,,v]b ,,be #bag4 ,y rememb] :5 we /udi$ v]bs1 we _h ! incomplete v]b t took an object2 ! complete v]b t ne$$ no object1 s9ce x 0 complete 9 itself2 & "o o!r k9d ( a v]b4 ,d y rememb] ?is ?ird k9d ( v]b8 ,?is ?ird k9d is ! copulative v]b1 & ! copulative v]b :i* we use mo/ frequ5tly is ! "o 9 ! use ( :i* we make ! mo/ mi/akes4 ,x is t tr\blesome1 bo!rsome1 little v]b be1 :i* is s difficult to ma/]4 ,y rememb] x is an incomplete v]b1 b in/ead ( tak+ an object1 x takes a complem5t or complet+ ^w4 ,s :5 y see a pron\n ) any =m ( ?is v]b be1 y mu/ use ! subject =m & n ! object =m4 ,?is copulative v]b be is simply a connect+ ^w1 n a v]b t ass]ts action or takes an object4 #bah4 ,"h is :]e we make s _m mi/akes4 ,we say1 ,x 0 me1 ,x 0 !m1 ,x 0 him1 ,x wasn't h]2 in/ead (1 ,x 0 ,i1 ,x 0 !y1 ,x 0 he1 ,x wasn't %e4 ,we h us$ ! incorrect =m 9 ?is p>ticul> s (t5 t ! correct =m has a /range s\nd to our e>s4 ,! only way to rem$y ?is is to repeat ov] & ov] al\d ! correct =m until x has a famili> s\nd4 ,don't ?9k ?is is putt+ words1 z y %\ld d 9 ev]y?+4 ,we ( ! work+ class h built ! _w 9 its beauty4 ,:y %\ld we live 9 %acks1 dress 9 %oddy1 talk 9 slang8 ,!re is no reason except t we endure x4 ,:5 ! unit$ work+ class dem&s its own1 x w receive x4 ,dem& y\rs & ar\se ! /upid f _! sleep z rapidly z y c4 ,repeat ! foll[+ s5t5ces al\d t5 times e day ?is week & see if ! correct =m does n come to y\r lips m readily4 ,we c le>n ! rule1 b only cont9u$ practice & wat*fulness c break u ( our old habits4 ,x is ,i :o seek my own4 ,x %all be !y :o are defeat$4 ,x 0 ,i :o 0 ignorant4 ,x is !y :o cause all w>s4 ,x is he :o mu/ be ar\s$4 ,x is we :o /rive = fre$om4 ,x %all be ,i :o %all w94 ,x 0 %e :o 0 enslav$4 ,x %all be we :o %all dem& equality4 ,x %all be !y :o %all conqu]4 ,agreem5t #bai4 ,pron\ns are v agreeable memb]s ( ! co-op]ative commonweal? ( words4 ,!y /rive to agree ) _! antec$5ts4 ,sometimes we d n all[ ! pron\n to agree1 & !n our s5t5ce is incorrect4 ,a pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 numb]1 g5d] & p]son4 ,= example1 if y are ref]r+ to "o man1 y mu/ use a mascul9e pron\n1 s+ul>1 ?ird p]son =m1 z ,i saw ! man b he did n see me4 ,man is ! antec$5t4 ,x is s+ul>1 mascul9e1 ?ird p]son & s we use ! pron\n he4 ,! girl came1 b %e c\ld n /ay4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce girl is ! antec$5t2 x is s+ul>1 fem99e1 ?ird p]son1 & s we use ! pron\n %e4 ,! boys did n come :5 ! tea*] call$ !m4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce boys is ! antec$5t2 x is plural1 mascul9e1 ?ird p]son1 & s we use ! pron\n !m4 #bbj4 ,sometimes !re are two words us$ z ! antec$5t1 jo9$ by &4 ,we use a s+ul> pron\n 9 ref]r+ to !m if !y d5ote ! same p]son or ?+2 z3 ,! secret>y & treasur] 7"o p]son7 resign$ 8 position4 ,my comrade & fri5d 7"o p]son7 gave me 8 help4 #bba4 ,b two n\ns jo9$ by &1 t mean diff]5t p]sons or ?+s1 mu/ be repres5t$ by a plural pron\n1 ?us3 ,m>x & ,engels 7two p]sons7 wrote _! call to lib]ty1 ! ,communi/-,manife/o4 ,m5 & wom5 w /ruggle = _! fre$om4 ,*ildhood & y\? %\ld h _! rightful joys4 #bbb4 ,use ! s+ul> pron\n :5 ! n\ns are kept sep>ate by ! use ( ea*1 e1 _m a1 or no4 ,ea* man & boy mu/ d 8 "p4 7,n _! "p47 ,e soldi] & e (fic] mu/ d 8 duty4 ,_m a city & _m a village gave its be/ to ! army4 ,no comrade & no ,sociali/ w give 8 cons5t to w>4 #bbc4 ,if y h two s+ul> n\ns z antec$5ts1 jo9$ by or1 or nor1 use ! s+ul> pron\n1 ?us3 ,ei!r ,g]many or ,france mu/ ab&on its position4 ,nei!r ,wilson nor ,bryan kept 8 promise to ! p4 #bbd4 ,:5 y use a collective n\n & are speak+ ( ! collection z a :ole1 use a s+ul> pron\n1 z3 ,! committee w make its report4 ,! audi5ce 0 he>ty 9 its appreciation4 ,! jury has return$ its v]dict4 #bbe4 ,b if y are ref]r+ to ! individuals ( ! collection sep>ately1 use a plural pron\n2 z3 ,! committee adj\rn$ = _! d9n]4 ,! audi5ce kept _! seats until ! close4 ,! jury argu$ until _! n]ves 7 on edge4 ,,p]sonification #bbf4 ,we sometimes speak ( ?+s z if !y 7 p]sons1 & s use ei!r mascul9e or fem99e pron\ns 9 ref]r+ to !m4 ,su* objects are said to be p]sonifi$4 ,?us1 we say3 ,! sun 8 ceaseless c\rse do? run4 ,! moon %$s h] silv]y ray4 ,nature dons h] robes ( gre54 ,"h we speak ( ! sun z ?\gh x 7 a man or possess+ ! qualities ( a man & use ! pron\n 84 ,!n we speak ( ! moon & nature z ?\gh !y 7 wom5 & use ! pron\n 9 ! fem99e =m4 ,,rememb] #bbg4 ,a pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t4 ,use ! subject =m ( ! pron\n if ! pron\n is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,use ! object =m :5 ! pron\n is ! object ( a v]b or a preposition4 ,use ! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns only 9 _! reflexive or emphatic use4 ,) all =ms ( ! v]b be1 use ! subject =m ( ! pron\ns4 ,,summ>y ,,subject ,,possessive ,,object ,fir/ p]son 7,s+ul> ,i my 7m9e7 me 7,plural we our 7ours7 u ,second p]son 7,s+ul> 7,plural y y\r 7y\rs7 y ,?ird p]son 7,s+4 ,masc4 he 8 him 7,s+4 ,fem4 %e h] 7h]s7 h] 7,s+4 ,neut4 x its x 7,plural !y _! 7!irs7 !m ,ex]cise #c ,read c>efully ! foll[+ beautiful dream ( ,olive ,s*re9]'s4 ,m>k all ( ! p]sonal pron\ns & note c>efully _! use & by ref]r+ to ! table above decide j :at =m ea* pron\n is4 ,wat* c>efully too = ! antec$5ts ( ! pron\ns & note ! agreem5t ( ! pron\n ) its antec$5t4 ,i ,,?\ght ,i ,,/ood ,i4 ,i ?\ght ,i /ood 9 ,heav5 be=e ,god's ?rone1 & ,god ask$ me :at ,i _h come =4 ,i said ,i _h come to arraign my bro!r1 ,man4 ,god said1 ,:at has he done8 ,i said1 ,he has tak5 my si/]1 ,woman1 & has /rick5 h] & w\nd$ h] & ?ru/ h] out into ! /reets2 %e lies !re pro/rate4 ,8 h&s are r$ ) blood4 ,i am "h to arraign him2 t ! k+dom be tak5 f him1 because he is n wor?y1 & giv5 unto me4 ,my h&s are pure4 ,i %[$ !m4 ,god said1 ,?y h&s are pure4 ,lift up ?y robe4 ,i rais$ x2 my feet 7 r$1 blood-r$1 z if ,i _h trodd5 9 w9e4 ,god said1 ,h[ is ?is8 ,i said1 ,de> ,"l1 ! /reets on e>? are full ( mire4 ,if ,i %\ld walk /raight on 9 !m my out] robe might be bespott$1 y see h[ :ite x is6 ,!re=e ,i pick my way4 ,god said1 ,on :at8 ,i 0 sil5t1 & let my robe fall4 ,i wrapp$ my mantle ab\t my head4 ,i w5t out s(tly4 ,i 0 afraid t ! angels w\ld see me4 ,,ii4 ,once m ,i /ood at ! gate ( ,heav51 ,i & ano!r4 ,we held fa/ by "o ano!r2 ,we 7 v tir$4 ,we look$ up at ! great gates2 angels op5$ !m1 & we w5t 94 ,! mud 0 on our g>m5ts4 ,we walk$ across ! m>ble floor1 & up to ! great ?rone4 ,!n ! angels divid$ u4 ,h]1 !y set ^u ! top /ep1 b me1 ^u ! bottom2 =1 !y said1 ,la/ "t ?is woman came "h %e left r$ foot-m>ks on ! floor2 we _h to wa% !m out ) our te>s4 ,let h] n g up4 ,!n %e ) :om ,i came1 look$ back & /ret*$ out h] h&s to me2 & ,i w5t & /ood beside h]4 ,& ! angels1 !y1 ! %9+ ones :o nev] s9n$ & nev] suff]$1 walk$ by u1 to & fro1 up & d[n2 ,i ?9k we %\ld h felt a little lonely !re if x _h n be5 = "o ano!r1 ! angels 7 s bright4 ,god ask$ me :at ,i _h come =2 & ,i drew my si/] =w>d a little t ,he might see h]4 ,god said1 ,h[ is x y are "h toge!r today8 ,i said1 ,%e 0 ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! /reet1 & !y pass$ ov] h]2 ,i lay d[n by h]1 & %e put h] arms ar\nd my neck1 & s ,i lift$ h]1 & we two rose toge!r4 ,god said1 ,:om are y n[ come to accuse be=e ,me8 ,i said1 ,we are come to accuse no man4 ,& ,god b5t & said1 ,my *ildr5--:at is x t y seek8 ,& %e beside me drew my h& t ,i %\ld speak = bo?4 ,i said1 ,we h come to ask t ,?\ %\ld/ speak to ,man1 our bro!r1 & give u a message = him t he might und]/&1 & t he might---- ,god said1 ,g1 take ! message d[n to him6 ,i said1 ,b :at is ! message8 ,god said1 ,^u y\r he>ts x is writt52 take x d[n to him4 ,& we turn$ to g2 ! angels w5t ) u to ! door4 ,!y look$ at u4 ,& "o said1 ,ah6 b _! dresses are beautiful6 ,& ! o!r said1 ,i ?\ght x 0 mire :5 !y came 91 b see1 x is all gold56 ,b ano!r said1 ,hu%1 x is ! light f _! faces6 ,& we w5t d[n to him4 --,olive ,s*re9]4 ,! ,cry ( ! ,p ,tremble be=e y\r *attels1 ,lords ( ! s*eme ( ?+s6 ,fight]s ( all e>?'s battles1 ,ours is ! might ( k+s6 ,guid$ by se]s & sages1 ,! _w's he>t-beat = a drum1 ,snapp+ ! *a9s ( ages1 ,out ( ! night we come6 ,l5d u no e> t pities6 ,(f] no almon]'s h&6 ,alms = ! build]s ( cities6 ,:5 w y und]/&8 ,d[n ) y\r pride ( bir? ,& y\r gold5 gods ( trade6 ,a man is wor? to 8 "m1 ,e>?1 ,all t a man has made6 ,we are ! work]s & mak]s6 ,we are no long] dumb6 ,tremble1 ,o ,%irk]s & ,tak]s6 ,sweep+ ! e>?--we come6 ,rank$ 9 ! _w-wide dawn1 ,m>*+ into ! day6 ,! night is gone & ! sword is drawn ,& ! scabb>d is ?r[n away6 --,neih>dt4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ab ,la/ week we le>n$ ! rule gov]n+ ! spell+ ( d]ivatives ( "o syllable end+ 9 a s+le consonant prec$$ by a s+le v[el :5 we add a suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el4 ,! same rule applies to words ( two or m syllables1 acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable4 ,= example3 ,compel1 compell$1 compell+4 ,pref]1 pref]r$1 pref]r+4 ,words acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 :5 !y end 9 a s+le consonant prec$$ by a s+le v[el1 d\ble ! f9al consonant :5 y add a suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el4 ,:5 ^! words take a suffix t beg9s ) a consonant1 !y d n d\ble ! f9al consonant2 z1 pref]m5t4 ,words acc5t$ on any syllable b ! la/1 d n d\ble ! f9al consonant2 z1 (f]1 (f]$1 (f]+4 ,words t h two v[els be=e a s+le f9al consonant d n d\ble ! f9al consonant2 z1 reveal1 reveal$1 reveal+4 ,words t end 9 a d\ble consonant or any two consonants1 keep ! two consonants1 no matt] :at suffix !y take2 z1 ind5t1 ind5t$2 skill1 skill$1 skillful4 ,! only exception to ?is rule is :5 ! addition ( ! suffix ?r[s ! acc5t back to a prec$+ syllable4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! f9al consonant is n d\bl$4 ,= example3 ref]1 ref]r$1 ref'er5ce2 conf]1 conf]r+1 con'f]5ce4 ,look up ! foll[+ words 9 ! diction>y1 wat* = ! acc5t1 m>k & add ! suffixes1 ed1 +1 ence or ance1 if possible4 ,monday ,repel ,alt] ,pref] ,deb> ,answ] ,tuesday ,int] ,(f] ,demur ,wond] ,succe$ ,w$nesday ,deta9 ,combat ,compel ,occur ,cancel ,?ursday ,p]mit ,travel ,repeal ,control ,pr(it ,friday ,=bid ,neglect ,expel ,r5d] ,inf] ,saturday ,b5efit ,reta9 ,submit ,reveal ,limit ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ac ,de> ,comrade3 ,did y ev] tie a knot 9 y\r h&k]*ief to help y rememb] to get some?+ y felt almo/ sure y w\ld =get8 ,well1 ty+ a knot 9 a cord 0 "o ( ! fir/ ways devis$ by our ance/ors ( long ago to aid !m to rememb]4 ,!y also us$ ?is plan to s5d ^w to ^? at a di/ance or to keep track ( ?+s = succe$+ g5]ations4 ,a relic ( ?is old device ( our =efa!rs is also f\nd 9 ! ros>y on :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic c\nts 8 beads z an aid to memory4 ,!re are "s primitive tribes to-day :o /ill use knott$ /r+s z an aid to memory4 ,^! consi/ ( a ma9 cord1 & fa/5$ at giv5 di/ances are f9] cords ( diff]5t colors4 ,ea* cord is knott$ 9 diff]5t ways to mean diff]5t ?+s & ea* color1 too1 has its own mean+4 ,a r$ /r+ /&s = soldi]s1 a yell[ = gold1 & a gre5 = corn1 & s on1 :ile a s+le knot may mean t51 two s+le knots tw5ty1 a d\ble knot #ajj1 two d\ble knots #bjj4 ,9 ?is way1 !y keep a record ( ?+s1 transmit ord]s & use !m = v>i\s purposes4 ,only a g5]ation ago ! tax ga!r]s 9 ! ,isl& ( ,hawaii kept acc\nt ( ! assessable prop]ty on l9es ( cordage knott$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ^! cords 9 "s cases 7 ?ree ?\s& feet long4 ,! me?od ( keep+ track ( ?+s by means ( a not*$ /ick is easily )9 ! memory ( _m p liv+ today4 ,= 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 acc\nts ( debts to ! gov]nm5t 7 kept by means ( tally /icks1 :i* 7 m]ely not*$ /icks4 ,su* me?ods z ^! 7 ! only ways primitive man _h ( keep+ track ( ?+s be=e he _h discov]$ ! art ( writt5 spee*4 ,& ev5 aft] writt5 spee* 0 kn[n & us$1 ^! old me?ods p]si/$4 ,gradually1 /ep by /ep1 man has come along ! pa? ( progress4 ,adv5tur\s spirits1 n satisfi$ ) ! old way ( do+ ?+s1 s\ght new ways4 ,! cons]vatives ( _! day ?\ght !m dang]\s p1 no d\bt1 & fe>$ t !y w\ld de/roy ! v f\ndations ( society4 ,& ?is !y (t-times did1 b only t !re might rise a m p]fect =m ( society4 ,x is ! seek+1 que/ion+ m9d t dem&s ! reason = all ?+s1 t seeks ev] bett] ways ( do+ ?+s4 ,!y h always ?r\gh\t ! ages refus$ to b[ to ! au?ority ( ! pa/ b h d>$ to live _! own lives4 ,to !m we owe ! progress ( ! _w & we are ! inh]itors ( _! _s4 ,let u prove our k9%ip by d>+ to live our own lives & ?9k our own ?\ghts4 ,y\rs = ,fre$om1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns #bbh4 ,y recall t 9 our fir/ lesson we /udi$ conc]n+ ! f\r diff]5t k9ds ( s5t5ces :i* we use 9 express+ our ?\ghts1 ! ass]tive1 ! int]rogative1 ! imp]ative & ! exclamatory4 ,! int]rogative s5t5ce is ! =m :i* we use 9 ask+ a "q1 int]rogative be+ d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 int]1 mean+ betwe51 & rog>e1 to ask1 mean+ lit]ally to ask betwe54 ,! int]rogative s5t5ce diff]s f ! ass]tive s5t5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! words2 = 9 ord] to ask que/ions1 we usually place ! pr$icate1 or "p ( x at lea/1 be=e ! subject1 ?us3 ,c y use good ,engli%8 ,did y spell ! ^w correctly8 ,has he /udi$ gramm>8 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 y note t ! help+ v]bs1 c1 did & has1 are plac$ fir/ in/ead ( ! subject4 ,x is by ?is arrangem5t t we put ! s5t5ce 9 ! int]rogative =m4 #bbi4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ask+ que/ions we wi% to ask conc]n+ a p]son or ?+ ^: "n we d n "k4 ,s we ne$ a ^w to ref] to ! unkn[n object4 ,see h[ ^! uses ( words gr[ out ( our ne$6 ,we h ?ree int]rogative pron\ns1 :o & :i* & :at1 t we use to meet ?is ne$4 ,notice ! use ( ^! ?ree pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,:o wrote ! ,communi/ ,manife/o8 ,:i* ( ! two m5 is ! bett] kn[n8 ,:at are ! clos+ words ( ?is fam\s docum5t8 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 :o & :i* & :at are ! int]rogative pron\ns1 us$ to ask que/ions conc]n+ ! unkn[n p]sons or objects4 #bcj4 ,:o ref]s only to human be+s or to p]sonifi$ objects4 ,:i* ref]s ei!r to human be+s1 animals or ?+s4 ,:at ref]s only to ?+s4 ,:i* & :at h ! same =m = bo? ! subject & ! object4 ,:o has a diff]5t =m = all ?ree =ms1 ! subject =m1 ! possessive =m1 & ! object =m4 ,x uses ! same =m1 h[ev]1 bo? 9 s+ul> & plural4 ,subject =m ,possessive =m ,object =m ,:o ,^: ,:om #bca4 ,we (t5 make mi/akes 9 ! use ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ! pron\n :o4 ,we (t5 use ! subject =m = ! object =m1 us+ :o :]e we %\ld h us$ :om4 ,= example3 ,:o did y see8 ,! correct =m is3 ,:om did y see8 ,! pron\n :om is ! object ( ! v]b see1 h5ce ! object =m %\ld be us$4 ,h[ev]1 ! use ( ! subject =m :o in/ead ( :om is com+ into su* g5]al use today t "s gramm>ians accept x z a p]missible usage4 ,! w ( ! p influ5ces language1 z x does all o!r human in/itutions1 & gradually creates new rules4 ,write ?ree s5t5ces1 us+ :o1 :i* & :at z int]rogative pron\ns4 ,an int]rogative pron\n is a pron\n us$ to ask a "q4 ,,relative ,,pron\ns #bcb4 ,!re is "o o!r class ( pron\ns :i* plays a great "p 9 our spee* & is a wond]ful help to u4 ,= example1 suppose ,i want to tell y sev]al ?+s ab\t ?is book4 ,i say3 ,i am read+ ?is book4 ,x int]e/s me greatly4 ,n[ x w\ld be a great advantage to me if ,i c\ld put ^! two s5t5ces toge!r1 & we h = ?is use a pron\n :i* makes x possible = u to comb9e ^! s5t5ces1 & s ,i say3 ,! book :i* ,i am read+ int]e/s me greatly4 ,?us ,i am able to unite two %ort s5t5ces into a long s5t5ce1 :i* conveys my mean+ bett] ?an ! two %ort s5t5ces & gives a smoo!r bit ( read+4 ,we h f\r pron\ns :i* we use 9 ?is way1 :o1 :i*1 t & :at & !y are call$ relative pron\ns because !y ref] or relate to "s n\n 9 ! s5t5ce & !y also s]ve to connect two /atem5ts4 #bcc4 ,a relative pron\n is a pron\n t relates to an antec$5t & at ! same "t connects two /atem5ts4 ,a relative pron\n always relates to its antec$5t & at ! same "t connects ! /atem5t t x introduces ) ! "o t conta9s ! antec$5t to :i* x relates1 z 9 ! s5t5ce above1 ,! book :i* ,i am read+1 int]e/s me greatly4 ,:i* is ! relative pron\n2 fir/1 because x relates to ! antec$5t1 book2 & second1 because x connects ! /atem5t1 ,i am read+1 ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,notice ^! s5t5ces also3 ,! man :o ?9ks w n enli/ 9 ! army4 ,we w de/roy ! sy/em t enslaves u4 ,:o & t are ! relative pron\ns 9 ^! two s5t5ces & _! antec$5ts are man & sy/em1 & !y connect ! /atem5ts1 :o ?9ks & t enslaves u1 ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 #bcd4 ,:o is us$ to relate to p]sons4 ,:i* is us$ to relate only to animals & ?+s4 ,t may relate to ei!r p]sons1 animals or ?+s4 ,:at relates to ?+s4 ,note t :i*1 z an int]rogative1 may ref] to p]sons z well z to animals & ?+s2 b z a relative1 :i* nev] ref]s to p]sons4 #bce4 ,note t we use ! same pron\ns :o1 :i* & :at z bo? relative & int]rogative pron\ns4 ,y w n be confus$ 9 ?is matt] if y w rememb] t !y are call$ int]rogative pron\ns only :5 !y are us$ to ask que/ions4 ,:5 !y are us$ z int]rogative pron\ns !y nev] h an antec$5t4 ,:o & :i* & :at are always relative pron\ns :5 us$ 9 an ass]tive s5t5ce & ref]r+ to an antec$5t4 ,t & :at h ! same =m = bo? ! subject & object =ms4 ,!y h no possessive =m4 ,:o has a diff]5t =m = ! subject =m & ! possessive =m & ! object =m4 ,:i* has ! same =m = subject & object =ms1 & a diff]5t =m = ! possessive =m4 ,note ! foll[+3 ,subject =m ,possessive =m ,object =m :o ^: :om :i* ^: :i* ,i "k ! man :o call$ him4 ,i "k ! man ^: voice ,i he>4 ,i "k ! man :om !y call$4 ,9 ^! ?ree s5t5ces we h ! pron\n :o us$ 9 its ?ree =ms1 subject1 possessive & object =m4 ,we %\ld be v c>eful n to confuse ! subject & ! object =ms ( ! pron\n :o4 ,?is is ! book :i* tells ! tru?4 ,?is is ! book ^: au?or is 9 prison4 ,?is is ! book :i* ,i want$4 ,9 ^! ?ree s5t5ces we h ! pron\n :i* us$ 9 its ?ree =ms1 subject =m1 possessive =m & object =m4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! pron\n is ! subject ( ! v]b tells2 9 ! second s5t5ce1 x is us$ 9 ! possessive =m ) ! n\n au?or2 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce1 x is us$ z ! object ( ! v]b want$4 #bcf4 ,:at diff]s f ! o!r relative pron\ns 9 t its antec$5t is nev] express$1 = x is impli$ 9 ! ^w itself4 ,:at is always equival5t to t :i*1 or ! ?+ :i*4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce1 ,d n tell :at ,i h told y1 is equival5t to say+1 ,d n tell t :i* ,i h told y1 or ! ?+ :i* ,i h told y4 #bcg4 ,nev] use :at 9 a s5t5ce z a relative pron\n unless y c replace x & make good s5se by us+ t :i*1 or ! ?+ :i* 9 place ( :at4 ,= example1 d n say1 ,i "k t :at he w\ld say4 ,?is is incorrect4 ,y %\ld say1 ,i "k t :i* he w\ld say1 or ,i "k :at he w\ld say1 us+ :at 9 place ( t :i*4 ,"h is a s5t5ce t occurr$ 9 an ,engli% exam9ation rec5tly1 :i* illu/rates mo/ aptly ?is po9t4 ,a subject is t :at some?+ is said ab\t4 ,"h :at is us$ incorrectly4 ,a subject is t ab\t :i* some?+ is said1 w\ld h be5 ! correct =m4 ,wat* = ?is 9 y\r spee* = x is a mo/ common error & to ! educat$ e> is h>% & m>ks ! speak] z un$ucat$4 ,all ( ^! mi/akes :i* we make s commonly w require a consid]able am\nt ( ef=t to ov]come1 b ! result is wor? ! ef=t1 = ev5 ^? ab\t u :o w n take ! pa9s or give ! requir$ "t & ef=t to acquir+ an education = !mselves1 w give great] he$ to ! spee* ( ^? :o d speak correctly1 & w readily ackn[l$ge ! lead]%ip ( ^? :o h giv5 ! "t & ef=t to self-developm5t4 #bch4 ,! antec$5t ( :o is sometimes omitt$ & und]/ood2 = example1 ,:o foll[s ! cause mu/ endure h>d%ip1 ,he1 is und]/ood & omitt$4 ,he :o foll[s ! cause mu/ endure h>d%ip4 #bci4 ,! relative pron\n itself is (t5 omitt$4 ,= example3 ,^! are ! m5 7:om7 y mu/ help4 ,! words 7t7 y use & ! de$s 7t7 y d1 are y\r judges4 #bdj4 ,! relative pron\ns h comp\nd =ms also1 su* z :oev]1 :osoev]1 :i*ev]1 :i*soev]1 :atev] & :atsoev]1 :i* are us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! simple =ms4 ,,common ,,errors #bda4 ,"h are a numb] ( common errors :i* only con/ant practice & wat*fulness c ov]come4 ,/udy ^! ov] & wat* y\r conv]sation closely4 ,=ce y\rself to speak correctly = a "t1 & soon correct spee* w become a habit4 #a4 ,d n use bo? a n\n & a pron\n z ! subject ( a s5t5ce2 z1 ,john1 he wait$ = me4 ,m>y1 %e refus$ to g4 ,leave out ! pron\ns he & %e 9 ^! s5t5ces4 ,!y are unnecess>y & incorrect4 #b4 ,nev] use h]n1 ourn1 hisn or y\rn = h]s1 ours1 8 & y\rs2 z1 ,! book is hisn4 ,ourn /opp$ on ! fir/4 ,did y get y\rn8 ,say3 ,?is book is 84 ,ours /opp$ on ! fir/4 ,did y get y\rs8 #c4 ,nev] say hisself = himself4 ,!re is no su* ^w z hisself4 ,d n say1 ,he hurt hisself4 ,say1 ,he hurt himself4 #d4 ,d n say !m = ^?2 z1 ,did y br+ !m songs8 ,!m ?+s are n "r4 ,say1 ,did y br+ ^? songs8 ,^? ?+s are n "r4 #e4 ,d n use an apo/rophe 9 writ+ ! possessive =ms ( pron\ns1 z h]'s1 our's1 x's4 ,leave out ! apo/rophe & write h]s1 ours1 its4 #f4 ,d n use :o to relate to animals or ?+s2 z1 ,! dog :o bit me 0 kill$4 ,say1 ,! dog t bit me 0 kill$4 #g4 ,d n use myself z ! subject4 ,x c be us$ only z an emphatic or reflexive pron\n4 ,x is correct to say1 ,i f\nd ! book myself1 & ,i hurt myself4 ,b d n say1 ,!y ask$ my fri5d & myself1 or ,myself & my wife w g4 ,say1 ,!y ask$ my fri5d & me4 ,my wife & ,i w g4 #h4 ,avoid ! use ( pron\ns :5 ! ref]5ce to ! antec$5t is n cle>4 ,bett] repeat ! n\ns or re-write ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,he said to 8 fri5d t if he did n feel bett] soon he ?\ght he _h bett] g home4 ,n[ y c int]pret ?is 9 at lea/ f\r diff]5t ways4 ,no "o b ! speak] c ev] "k to :om ! pron\ns he ref]1 :e!r to ! speak] or to 8 fri5d4 ,or 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,a tri$ to see ,b 9 ! cr[d1 b c\ld n because he 0 s %ort4 ,:o 0 %ort1 ,a or ,b8 ,john's fa!r di$ be=e he 0 born4 ,did ,john's fa!r die be=e ,john 0 born or did ,john's fa!r die be=e ,john's fa!r1 himself1 0 born8 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( pron\ns 9 ?is way4 #i4 ,rememb] t ,i1 we1 he1 %e1 !y & :o are always us$ z subject =ms & also z ! complem5t ( all =ms ( ! v]b be4 #aj4 ,rememb] t me1 him1 h]1 !m1 u & :om are always object =ms4 ,nev] say1 ,!y *>g$ he & ,i too mu*4 ,say1 ,!y *>g$ him & me too mu*4 ,9 an attempt to speak correctly & foll[ ! niceties ( ,engli%1 ?is mi/ake is s (t5 made4 ,always use ! object =m z ! object ( a v]b or preposition4 #aa4 ,:5 a p>ticiple is us$ z a n\n1 & a pron\n is us$ ) x1 ! pron\n %\ld always be 9 ! possessive =m4 ,we make ?is mi/ake s frequ5tly4 ,= example1 we say3 ,u go+ !re 0 a mi/ake4 ,we %\ld h us$ ! possessive =m1 ,our go+ !re 0 a mi/ake4 ,i h nev] kn[n ( him be+ abs5t f "w4 ,we %\ld say3 ,i h nev] kn[n ( 8 be+ abs5t f "w4 ,did he tell y ab\t me jo9+ ) !m8 ,?is %\ld be1 ,did he tell y ab\t my jo9+ ) !m8 ,y talk+ to him set him to ?9k+4 ,?is %\ld be1 ,y\r talk+ to him set him to ?9k+4 ,wat* ?is & :]ev] y h us$ a p>ticiple z a n\n1 use ! pron\n 9 ! possessive =m1 z y w\ld ) any o!r n\n4 #ab4 ,wat* c>efully t ! numb] ( ! pron\n always agrees ) ! numb] ( its antec$5t4 ,if y are speak+ ( "o p]son or ?+ use a s+ul> pron\n4 ,if y are speak+ ( m ?an "o p]son or ?+ 9 y\r antec$5t1 use ! plural pron\n4 ,= example3 ,ea* man mu/ d 8 own "w4 ,! soldi]s fully und]/ood _! dang]4 #ac4 ,:5 a s+ul> n\n1 9 ! common g5d] 7?is means t x may "n ei!r a male or female be+71 is ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n1 x is cu/om>y = u to use ! mascul9e pron\n4 ,= example3 ,e /ud5t %\ld s5d 9 8 exam9ation pap] promptly4 ,e memb] ( ! class may select 8 own subject4 ,d n use ! pron\n _! :5 ! antec$5t is a s+ul> n\n4 ,,summ>y ,pron\n--,9 ,place ( a ,n\n ,,classes ,p]sonal ,simple-- #a/ ,p]son1 speak+4 ,comp\nd-- #bnd ,p]son1 spok5 to4 #crd ,p]son1 spok5 (4 ,int]rogative ,to ask que/ions4 ,:o1 :i* & :at4 ,relative ,to ref] to ano!r ^w & connect two /atem5ts4 ,:o1 :i*1 t & :at4 ,ex]cise #a ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( ,i1 me1 or myself1 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,my p>tn] &444444jo9$ ! union4 #b4 ,!y ask$ ,h5ry &444444to g4 #c4 ,may my fri5d &444444call8 #d4 ,i w att5d to t4444444 #e4 ,let my comrade &444444g ) y4 #f4 ,are y sure x 04444448 #g4 ,i blame444444= jo9+ ) !m4 #h4 ,!y accus$444444( bo!r+ !m4 #i4 ,i am ne>ly beside444444) grief4 #aj4 ,! manag] dismiss$ ! m5444444among ! re/4 ,ex]cise #b ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( we1 u or ourselves 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,!y are bett] (f ?an4444444 #b4 ,! ,fr5* z well z444444claim a w> ( def5se4 #c4 ,c y blame444444:o h always /ood by y8 #d4 ,we w d t =4444444 #e4 ,betwe5444444comrades !re %\ld be no diff]5ces4 #f4 ,!y gave444444m5 "w4 #g4 ,d n tr\ble2444444w att5d to ?is4444444 #h4 ,!y s5t a special notice to our fri5ds &4444444 ,ex]cise #c ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( ?\1 !e1 ?y or ?yself 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,to444444be true1 & x foll[s z ! night ! day444444 can/ n !n be false to any man4 #b4 ,paul1444444art beside4444442 mu* le>n+ ha? made 444444mad4 #c4 444444%alt love444444neighbor z4444444 #d4 ,tru/4444444 ,e he>t vibrates to t iron /r+4 ,ex]cise #d ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( he1 him1 or himself 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 444444& ,john are to blame4 #b4 ,i ?9k x 04444444 #c4 ,my fri5d &444444call$ on y4 #d4 ,he blam$444444= ! accid5t4 #e4 ,y are no bett] ?an4444444 #f4 ,i %all call = y &4444444 #g4 ,y &444444mu/ come on "t4 #h4 ,he f\nd ! place4444444 #i4 ,!re %\ld be no qu>rel betwe5 y &444444:o loves y4 #aj4 ,if y 7444444w\ld y g8 ,ex]cise #e ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( %e1 h]1 or h]self 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,!y ask$ ,m>y &444444to g4 #b4 ,m>y &444444w5t4 #c4 ,may444444& ,i g ) y8 #d4 ,let444444& ,h>ry g4 #e4 ,is t ,m>y8 ,yes1 x is4444444 #f4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5444444& me4 #g4 ,y are m beautiful ?an4444444 #h4 ,%e br\ght x to me4444444 #i4 ,if444444& ,i jo9 y1 w y g8 #aj4 ,!y mu/ n qu>rel ov]444444& me4 ,ex]cise #f ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces us+ ! correct =m ( !y1 !m1 or !mselves 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,!y gave444444up4 #b4 444444& ,i w f9i% ! "w4 #c4 ,i f\nd444444:]e444444ha? ?r[n444444d[n to re/4 #d4 ,i am sure x 0444444= ,i saw444444pla9ly4 #e4 ,! work]s enslave444444by _! lack ( solid>ity4 #f4 444444mu/ le>n ! lesson4444444 ,ex]cise #g ,cross out ! wrong ^w 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,ev]ybody d--does z he pleases--!y please4 #b4 ,no "o %\ld wa/e 8--_! opportunities4 #c4 ,! jury r5d]$ its--_! v]dict4 #d4 ,if anyone wi%es w>1 let him--!m d ! fight+4 #e4 ,! audi5ce display$ its--_! approval by its--_! applause4 #f4 ,! audi5ce rema9$ quietly 9 its--_! seats4 #g4 ,! jury adj\rn$ = its--_! d9n]4 #h4 ,nobody will+ly gives up 8--_! rights4 #i4 ,ea* "o may express 8--_! op9ion4 #aj4 ,e man receiv$ 8--_! wages4 ,ex]cise #h ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by us+ ! correct =m ( ! pron\ns :o1 ^:1 or :om3 #a4 444444d y ?9k ,i am8 #b4 ,i am ! man444444y taught ye/]day4 #c4 ,)444444are y go+8 #d4 ,! contract 0 let to a man444444we are sure _c fulfill x4 #e4 ,! contractor444444wi%es to bid w come tomorr[4 #f4 ,on444444are y dep5d+8 #g4 ,! fri5ds444444c\nsel ,i took1 /ood by me4 #h4 ,he is a man444444,i am sure w succe$4 #i4 ,we tri$ to talk to ^?444444we ?\ght w\ld und]/& u4 #aj4 ,=444444did y "w8 ,ex]cise #i ,ins]t :o1 ^:1 :om1 :i*1 t or :at 9 ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,man is ! only animal444444uses a writt5 spee*4 #b4 ,c y save444444y e>n8 #c4 ,ric>do's law 0 t ! work]s always receive a wage444444p]mits !m to produce & reproduce4 #d4 ,h y read ! book ,w>1 ,:at ,=444444,kirkpatrick wrote4 #e4 ,newspap]s444444di/ort ! news444444!y pr9t to s]ve ! rul+ class are dang]\s foes to ! work]s4 #f4 ,! massacre at ,ludl[ 0 an ev5t444444ar\s$ ! work+ class4 #g4 ,!y444444live by ! labor ( o!rs are drones 9 society & %\ld be giv5 ! fate444444!y des]ve4 #h4 ,! big ma*9e gun444444w de/roy slav]y is ! pr9t+ press4 #i4 ,! man444444lead]%ip we %\ld foll[ is he444444prea*es social equality4 #aj4 ,we "k444444we ne$ & we w dem&444444is our "r4 ,ex]cise #aj ,9 ! foll[+ quotations note ! use ( ! pron\ns & m>k :e!r !y are p]sonal1 relative or int]rogative1 :e!r !y are us$ 9 ! subject =m1 possessive =m or object =m3 #a4 ,cam]ado1 ,i give y my h&1 ,i give y my love m preci\s ?an money1 ,i give y myself be=e prea*+ or law2 ,w y give me y\rself1 w y come travel ) me1 ,%all we /ick by ea* o!r z long z we live8 #b4 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld turn & live ) animals !y are s placid & self-conta9$1 ,i /& & look at !m long & long1 !y d n sweat & :9e ab\t _! condition1 ,!y d n lie awake 9 ! d>k & weep = _! s9s1 ,!y d n make me sick discuss+ _! duty to ,god2 ,n "o is dis-satisfi$1 n "o is dem5t$ ) ! mania ( own+ ?+s4 ,n "o kneels to ano!r nor to 8 k9d1 t liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ,n "o is respectable or unhappy ov] ! :ole e>?4 --,:itman4 ,ex]cise #aa ,note ! omission ( ! antec$5t 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 also ! use ( ! relative :at 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! fir/ p>agraph3 ,:oso w\ld be a man1 mu/ be noncon=mi/4 ,he :o w\ld ga!r immortal palms mu/ n be h9d]$ by ! "n ( goodness1 b mu/ explore if x be goodness4 ,no?+ is at la/ sacr$ b ! integrity ( our own m9d4 ,absolve y to y\rself1 & y %all h ! suffrage ( ! _w4 ,i rememb] an answ] :i*1 :5 q "y1 ,i 0 prompt$ to make to a valu$ advis] :o 0 wont to importune me ) ! de> old doctr9es ( ! *ur*4 ,on my say+1 ,:at h ,i to d ) ! sacr$ness ( traditions1 if ,i live :olly f )98 my fri5d sugge/$--,b ^! impulses may be f bel[1 n f above4 ,i repli$1 ,!y d n seem to me to be su*2 b if ,i am ! devil's *ild1 ,i w live !n f ! devil4 ,no law c be sacr$ to me b t ( my nature4 ,good & bad are b names v readily transf]able to t or ?is2 ! only "r is :at is aft] my con/itution2 ! only wrong :at is aga9/ x4 ,a fooli% consi/5cy is ! hobgobl9 ( little m9ds1 ador$ by little /atesm5 & philosoph]s & div9es4 ,) consi/5cy a great s\l has simply no?+ to d4 ,he may z well conc]n himself ) 8 %ad[ on ! wall4 ,out ^u y\r gu>d$ lips6 ,sew !m up ) pack ?reads1 d4 ,else1 if y w\ld be a man1 speak :at y ?9k today 9 words z h>d z cannon balls1 & tomorr[ speak :at tomorr[ ?9ks 9 h>d words aga91 ?\gh y contradict ev]y?+ y said today4 ,ah1 !n1 exclaim ! ag$ ladies1 y %all be sure to be misund]/ood4 ,misund]/ood6 ,x is a "r fool's ^w4 ,is x s bad !n to be misund]/ood8 ,py?agoras 0 misund]/ood1 & ,socrates1 & ,jesus1 & ,lu!r1 & ,cop]nicus1 & ,galileo1 & ,newton1 & e pure & wise _s t ev] took fle%4 ,to be great is to be misund]/ood4--,em]son4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ac ,!re are a few m rules gov]n+ ! spell+ ( d]ivative words4 ,words end+ 9 sil5t e keep ! e be=e ! suffix beg9n+ ) a consonant4 ,notice ! foll[+ words3 excite excitem5t l lik5ess =ce =ceful %ame %ameless lone lonesome live lively ,words end+ 9 sil5t e drop ! e be=e ! suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el1 z3 excite excitable live liv+ grieve griev\s =ce =cible ,"s words end+ 9 sil5t e reta9 ! e be=e ! suffix beg9n+ ) a v[el1 to prev5t a *ange 9 ! pronunciation or to pres]ve ! id5tity ( ! ^w4 ,notice ! foll[+ words3 peace peaceable c\rage c\rage\s s+e s+e+ *ange *angeable %oe %oe+ notice noticeable ,^! are words end+ 9 ! s(t s\nd ( c & g1 :]e ! e is reta9$ to pres]ve ! correct pronunciation ( ! c & g1 & ) "s few words l toe1 dye1 etc41 :]e ! dropp+ ( ! e w\ld lose ! id5tity ( ! ^w4 ,! e is dropp$ 9 a few words be=e ! suffix beg9n+ ) a consonant1 z 9 :olly1 nursl+1 judgm5t1 wisdom1 lodgm5t4 ,add ! suffixes m5t & + to ! words 9 ,monday's lesson2 ! suffix able to ! words = ,tuesday & ,w$nesday2 ! suffixes "s & ous to ! words = ,?ursday2 ! suffixes ly or ness to ! words = ,friday & ,saturday4 ,monday ,excite ,advise ,*a/ise ,disfran*ise ,enslave ,tuesday ,manage ,receive ,blame ,ex*ange ,imag9e ,w$nesday ,admire ,s]vice ,desire ,peace ,pron\nce ,?ursday ,:ole ,m$dle ,c\rage ,advantage ,outrage ,friday ,accurate ,positive ,false ,def9ite ,di/9ct ,saturday ,agreeable ,c>eful ,awful ,sure ,secure ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ad ,de> ,comrade3 ,y rememb] our def9ition ( a ^w2 a ^w is ! sign ( an idea4 ,9 our lessons we h be5 /udy+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( words :i* we use 9 ! expression ( our complete ?\ghts4 ,probably ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( language 0 to "n ! objects ab\t u4 ,!n ! next logical /ep w\ld be to inv5t words :i* w\ld tell :at ^! objects did4 ,s we h our n\ns1 :i* are ! names ( ?+s2 our v]bs1 :i* tell :at ^! ?+s d2 & 9 ^! we h ! f\ndation = spok5 & writt5 spee*4 ,we soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! con/ant repetition ( a "n 0 tiresome & annoy+1 s we inv5t$ words :i* we c\ld use 9 place ( ^! n\ns2 & we h pron\ns4 ,all ( ! ?+s ab\t u possess c]ta9 qualities & our next great ne$ 0 = words to describe ^! qualities2 s we h adjectives4 ,ea* adjective is a sign ( an idea4 ,x adds its "p to ! expression ( our complete ?\ght4 ,s we f9d t ea* "p ( spee* comes logically 9 its place to fill a c]ta9 ne$4 ,)\t any "o ( !m1 we w\ld be crippl$ 9 our p[] ( expression4 ,ea* diff]5t ^w is ! sign ( an idea & ! comb9ation ( ^! ideas z repres5t$ by ! v>i\s signs gives u ! complete expression ( our ?\ght4 ,s primitive man 9 ! developm5t ( writt5 spee* _h signs to express ! v>i\s ?+s ab\t him4 ,naturally 8 fir/ sign 0 a picture1 z ne>ly z he c\ld draw x1 ( ! object itself4 ,if he want$ to tell y ab\t a tree he drew a picture ( ! tree2 ! picture ( a man repres5t$ a man1 & s on4 ,y w notice among *ildr5 t ?is is ! fir/ developm5t 9 _! endeavor to express _! ?\ghts 9 writ+4 ,!y draw pictures4 ,! av]age small *ild _c und]/& :y y read ^? /range m>ks on ! page4 ,!y want y to read ! pictures4 ,to _! m9d t is ! only way to communicate ideas4 ,^! e>ly =efa!rs ( ours grew to be v adept at ?is picture writ+4 ,we h examples ( ?is among ! ,indians ( our own c\ntry4 ,!re is a picture on ! face ( a big rock on ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior :i* records an exp$ition across ! lake l$ by a not$ ,indian *ief4 ,canoes are %[n 9 ! picture ) ! crew d5ot$ by a s]ies ( upright /rokes & !re is a picture ( ! *ief on horseback4 ,y or ,i w\ld h great difficulty 9 read+ ?is picture writ+1 b an ,indian c\ld read x "r (f j z we w\ld read a writt5 page4 ,aids to memory su* z knott$ /r+s & tally /icks 7 ! fir/ /ep t[>d writt5 spee*4 ,?is picture writ+ 0 ! second /ep t[>d ! developm5t ( writt5 spee*4 ,we owe a great deal to ! "w :i* ^! primitive ance/ors ( ours accompli%$4 ,x took !m ye>s & ye>s to develop ?r\gh ^! diff]5t /ages & our rapid developm5t ( ! la/ few c5turies has only be5 made possible because ( ?is sl[ & pati5t build+ ( ! f\ndation4 ,an und]/&+ ( ?is helps u to appreciate ! place we occupy 9 ?is great /ruggle ( ! ages4 ,! p[] ( writt5 spee* op5s up to u su* trem5d\s possibilities4 ,let u make ! mo/ ( !m1 t we too may h& on wor? :ile ?+s to ^? :o foll[ u4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,classes ,,( ,,adjectives #bdb4 ,adjectives1 l n\ns & pron\ns1 are divid$ into classes4 ,adjectives are divid$ into two ma9 classes1 qualify+ & limit+4 #bdc4 ,an adjective :i* qualifies a n\n is "o :i* names "s quality :i* is possess$ by ! ^w :i* x modifies4 ,:5 we say1 ,trees gr[1 we are mak+ a g5]al /atem5t2 t is1 we are say+ some?+ t is true ( any k9d ( trees4 ,we h n describ$ any p>ticul> tree4 ,b :5 we say1 ,! tall trees gr[1 ,! old trees gr[1 ,! "y trees gr[1 ! words tall1 old & "y describe c]ta9 qualities ( ! trees1 :i* sep>ate !m into classes4 ,s ^! adjectives are qualify+ adjectives4 ,an adjective qualifies a n\n :5 x attributes "s quality to ! n\n1 z1 ,! brave man1 ,! sweet apple1 ,! pretty girl1 ,! l>ge h\se1 etc4 #bdd4 ,b if we say1 ?is tree1 t tree1 "s trees1 _m trees1 ?ree trees1 or f\r trees1 we are n giv+ any quality ( ! tree1 b are po9t+ out a p>ticul> tree or trees & limit+ ! ^w to ! ones po9t$ out4 ,s su* adjectives z !1 ?is1 t1 "s1 _m1 ?ree & f\r are limit+ adjectives4 ,an adjective limits a n\n :5 x re/ricts or limits its mean+ z to quantity or numb]4 #bde4 ,s adjectives are divid$ into two classes1 qualify+ adjectives & limit+ adjectives4 ,words t limit or qualify o!r words are call$ modifi]s because !y modify or affect ! mean+ ( ! words to :i* !y are add$4 ,s adjectives are modifi]s ( ! n\ns & pron\ns to :i* !y are add$ because !y modify or qualify or limit ! mean+ ( ! n\n or pron\n4 ,! limit+ adjectives answ] ! que/ions :i* & h[ _m4 ,! qualify+ adjectives answ] ! que/ions :i* & :at k9d4 #bdf4 ,a qualify+ adjective is an adjective :i* describes ! n\n x modifies by attribut+ to x "s quality4 ,a limit+ adjective is an adjective :i* m]ely %[s :i* "o or h[ _m1 )\t describ+ ! n\n x modifies4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,discov] ,,an ,,adjective #bdg4 ,sometimes ! n\n may h sev]al adjectives qualify+ or modify+ x2 z1 ,! beautiful1 old elm tree %ades ! lawn4 ,!1 beautiful1 old & elm1 all modify tree1 tell+ some?+ ( ! qualities or po9t+ out :i* tree we are speak+ (4 ,y c discov] an adjective 9 a s5t5ce by ask+ ! que/ions1 :i*1 :at k9d1 or h[ _m2 & ! words t answ] ^! que/ions w be ! adjectives 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example 9 ?is s5t5ce3 ,^? ?ree imm5se factories employ ?\s&s ( m54 ,factories is ! n\n1 subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:i* factory is indicat$ by ! adjective ^?4 ,h[ _m factories is indicat$ by ! adjective ?ree4 ,:at k9d ( factories is indicat$ by ! adjective imm5se4 ,s we h ?ree adjectives answ]+ ! ?ree que/ions1 :i*1 :at k9d & h[ _m4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! adjectives are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,/udy !m c>efully & det]m9e :i* are qualify+ & :i* are limit+ adjectives4 ,note t ! possessive n\ns & possessive pron\ns are n adjectives4 ,its 9 ! phrases its cruel fangs & its savage claws1 is a possessive pron\n1 ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce begg>'s1 mis]'s1 & ,+]soll's1 are n\ns 9 ! possessive =m4 ,?is t]rible w> 9 ,europe is slaught]+ ! work+-class4 ,gaunt fam9e foll[s w>4 ,a docile1 meek1 humble1 work+-class makes w> possible4 ,! %riek+ %ell sn>ls l a liv+ ?+2 l "s wild bea/ 9 f]oci\s glee x ?ru/s its cruel fangs 9 e>? & rock & r5ds liv+ fle% ) its savage claws4 ,its fetid brea? ( poison p[d] scor*es 9 ! autumn w9ds4 ,%att]$ bones1 torn fle% & fl[+ blood 7 m+l$ on ! battlefield ) brok5 swords & split rifles4 ,! be/ mod]n rifles w =ce a bullet ?r\gh five human bodies at a range ( twelve hundr$ feet4 ,! pitiful dead1 sla9 9 w>1 sleep "u ! solemn p9es1 ! sad hemlock1 ! te>ful will[ & ! embrac+ v9es4 ,a _w )\t ! begg>'s out/ret*$ palm1 ! mis]'s he>tless /ony />e1 ! pite\s wail ( want1 ! livid lips ( lies1 ! cruel eyes ( scorn1 0 ,+]soll's vision ( ! future4 ,,qualify+ ,,adjectives #bdh4 ,qualify+ adjectives are also call$ descriptive adjectives because !y describe ! n\n4 ,!y answ] ! que/ions :i* & :at k9d4 ,y rememb] we f\nd 9 ! beg9n+ ( our /udy ( ,engli%1 t words 7 gr\p$ into classes accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d 9 ! s5t5ce1 n accord+ to ! =m ( ! ^w itself4 ,= in/ance1 we h already f\nd t "s words1 )\t *ang+ _! =m1 may be us$ ei!r z a n\n or z a v]b4 ,take ! ^w oil1 = in/ance4 ,i may say1 ,i oil ! eng9e4 ,"h ,i h us$ ! ^w oil z a v]b tell+ :at ,i d4 ,b ,i may say1 ,! oil is gone4 ,"h ,i h us$ ! ^w oil z a n\n1 subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! "p ( spee* to :i* a ^w belongs 9 ! ,engli% language1 always dep5ds ^u ! "w :i* x does 9 ! s5t5ce4 #a4 ,s we h n\ns :i* are us$ z descriptive adjectives1 = example ! ^w oil1 :i* we h f\nd we c use ei!r z a n\n or a v]b1 may also be us$ z an adjective4 ,= example2 ,i may say1 ! oil tank4 ,"h ,i h us$ ! ^w oil z a descriptive adjective modify+ ! ^w tank4 ,s also we may say1 ! oak tree1 ! /one curb1 ! e>? wall4 ,9 ^! expressions oak1 /one & e>? are n\ns us$ z descriptive adjectives4 #b4 ,we h descriptive adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns1 z ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,am]ican4 ,^! are call$ prop] adjectives2 & s9ce all prop] n\ns mu/ beg9 ) a capital lett]1 ^! prop] adjectives1 also1 %\ld always beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #c4 ,we h also descriptive adjectives d]iv$ f v]bs z active1 talkative1 movable1 desirable1 d]iv$ by ! addition ( suffixes to ! v]bs act1 talk1 move & desire4 ,,limit+ ,,adjectives #bdi4 ,limit+ adjectives are also divid$ into classes1 ! num]als1 ! demon/ratives & ! articles4 ,num]al ,adjectives #bej4 ,num]al adjectives are ^? :i* limit n\ns z to numb] or ord]4 ,!y are su* adjectives z "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc41 & fir/1 second & ?ird1 etc41 z = example3 ,?ree m5 appli$ = "w4 ,! tra9 ran at ! rate ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,!re h always be5 two classes 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ m>tyr to anti-milit>ism 0 ,jaures4 ,! eighte5? day ( ,m>* is ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,p>is ,commune4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! adjectives ?ree1 =ty1 two1 fir/ & eighte5? are all num]al adjectives4 ,!y limit ! n\ns :i* !y modify z to numb] or ord]4 ,adjectives t limit n\ns z to numb] or ord] are call$ num]al adjectives4 ,num]al adjectives answ] ! "q h[ _m or 9 :at ord]4 ,demon/ratives #bea4 ,we h also a class ( adjectives :i* are us$ to po9t out "s p>ticul> p]son or ?+4 ,^! are call$ demon/rative adjectives4 ,demon/rate means lit]ally to po9t out4 ,s ^! adjectives po9t out f a numb] ( ?+s1 "o p>ticul> ?+ to our att5tion4 ,^! demon/rative adjectives are ?is1 t1 ^?1 ^!1 yond]1 =m]1 latt] & same4 ,^! & ^? are ! plural =ms ( ?is & t4 ,?is & ^! are us$ to po9t out ?+s ne> at h&4 ,t & ^? are us$ to po9t out ?+s m di/ant1 z ,?is is my book4 ,^! are my pap]s1 mean+ ?is book or ^! pap]s1 close to me4 ,by1 ,t is my p5cil & ,^? are my lett]s1 ,i mean t p5cil1 & ^? lett]s1 :i* are f>!r away f me4 ,=m] & latt] are us$ to %[ :i* ( two ?+s already m5tion$ is ref]r$ to1 & to po9t out ?+s 9 po9t ( "t1 n ( place4 ,= example1 we may say3 ,we no long] obs]ve ! =m] cu/oms1 b r pref] ! latt]4 ,he did n l 8 =m] job b ?is latt] job pleases him4 ,y und]/& f ?is t we h be5 discuss+ & describ+ two k9ds ( "w1 & t ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t 0 unpleasant & ! second pleasant4 ,! demon/rative adjective same ref]s to some?+ ( :i* we h j spok51 z = example1 ,he has gone to "w1 ,i mu/ d ! same ?+4 ,^! demon/rative adjectives answ] ! "q :i*1 s :5 y wi% to discov] a demon/rative 9 a s5t5ce1 ask ! "q :i*1 & ! answ] w be ! demon/rative adjective4 ,ex]cise #b #a4 ,?is /udy is v int]e/+4 #b4 ,^! comrades w /& by u4 #c4 ,t solution w nev] deceive ! p4 #d4 ,^? books h op5$ our eyes4 #e4 ,yond] battle appals ! _w4 #f4 ,=m] inve/igations h _h no results4 #g4 ,?is latt] decision has rev]s$ ! =m]4 #h4 ,! class /ruggle has p]si/$ ?r\gh ! c5turies2 we are engag$ 9 ! same /ruggle4 ,make s5t5ces ( y\r own conta9+ ^! demon/rative adjectives4 ,,articles #beb4 ,we h ?ree adjectives :i* are us$ s commonly t we h put !m 9 a class by !mselves4 ,^! ?ree little words are a1 an & !1 & we call !m articles4 ,! ^w article lit]ally means a little jo9t or limb1 & ^! ?ree little words are s closely connect$ ) ! n\ns ) :i* !y are us$ t !y seem to be a "p or jo9t or limb ( ! n\n itself1 & s we h call$ !m articles4 ,a & an are call$ ! indef9ite articles because !y po9t out an object 9 a v indef9ite mann]4 ,! is call$ ! def9ite article = x po9ts out 9 a m def9ite way4 ,we use a be=e words beg9n+ ) a consonant s\nd1 z a man1 a tree1 a book2 & we use an be=e words beg9n+ ) a v[el s\nd1 z an apple1 an editor1 an orange1 an heir4 ,9 heir ! h is sil5t1 & we say an because ! ^w beg9s ) a v[el s\nd4 ,a is us$ be=e words beg9n+ ) u because long u is equival5t 9 s\nd to a consonant1 = ! bl5d+ ( ! s\nds ( :i* long u is compos$ produces ! initial s\nd ( y1 :i* is a consonant s\nd4 ,= example1 we say1 a univ]sity1 a useful "w1 etc41 & n an univ]sity4 ,be=e words beg9n+ ) %ort u1 use an1 z1 an up/>t1 etc4 ,9 decid+ :e!r to use a or an1 wat* ! initial s\nd ( ! ^w1 n ! initial lett]4 ,if x is a v[el s\nd use an1 if a consonant s\nd1 use a4 ,ex]cise #c ,und]score ! correct article 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,br+ me an--a apple4 #b4 ,he is a--an able orator4 #c4 ,a--an heir 0 born to ! ,g]man ,k+4 #d4 ,he built a--an h\se = 8 family4 #e4 ,he is an--a hone/ man4 #f4 ,he is a--an und]tak]4 #g4 ,i _h to take a--an upp] b]?4 #h4 ,he jo9$ a--an union4 #i4 ,x is a--an unique book4 #aj4 ,he is a--an unruly memb] ( society4 #aa4 ,he told a--an untru?4 #ab4 ,he we>s a--an uni=m4 #ac4 ,x is a--an honor to be *os54 #bec4 ,:5 a s+ul> n\n is modifi$ by sev]al adjectives1 only "o ( ! articles an or a mu/ be us$ if ! n\n d5otes b "o object2 b if ! n\n d5otes m ?an "o object ! article mu/ be repeat$ be=e ea* n\n4 ,= example1 ,i say1 ,a r$1 :ite & blue flag4 ,y "k ,i mean b "o flag1 conta9+ ! ?ree colors1 r$1 :ite & blue4 ,b if ,i say1 ,a r$1 a :ite & a blue flag1 y "k ,i mean ?ree flags1 "o r$1 "o :ite1 & "o blue4 ,note ! use ( ! article 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he we>s a black & :ite suit4 ,he we>s a black & a :ite suit4 ,he sold a r$ & :ite c[4 ,he sold a r$ & a :ite c[4 ,he b\ght a gas & coal /ove4 ,he b\ght a gas & a coal /ove4 ,! fir/ s5t5ces 9 ea* ( ! above s]ies ref]s to only "o object4 ,! second s5t5ces all ref] to two objects4 #bed4 ,!re are "s rules conc]n+ ! article ! t x is well to "k because we d n always say :at we wi% to say1 if we d n obs]ve ^! rules or cu/oms ( spee*4 ,= example1 ,i say1 ,! editor & publi%] ( ?is book is unkn[n4 ,i h us$ ! article ! b once1 & ,i mean t ! editor & publi%] is "o p]son4 ,b ,i may say1 ,! editor & ! publi%] ( ?is book are well kn[n4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ,i h us$ ! article ! twice1 ! editor & ! publi%]1 & ,i mean t ! editor & ! publi%] are two diff]5t p]sons4 ,s :5 two or m n\ns foll[+ ea* o!r d5ote ! same p]son or ?+1 ! article is n repeat$1 b :5 ! n\ns d5ote diff]5t p]sons or ?+s1 ! article mu/ be repeat$ be=e ea* n\n4 ,be sure to use ! prop] =m ( ! v]b4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces & und]score ! prop] v]b to complete ! mean+3 ,! secret>y & treasur] 7--0 "h4 ,! secret>y & ! treasur] 7--0 elect$4 ,! s+] & arti/ 7--0 ) me4 ,! s+] & ! arti/ 7--0 on ! program4 ,sometimes we h two ?+s s closely associat$ 9 use t !y may be consid]$ z =m+ a s+le idea1 s t we may use ! article be=e ! fir/ "o only4 ,= example3 ,! p5 & ink is gone4 ,he b\ght a horse & buggy4 ,! bread & butt] is on ! plate4 ,,int]rogative ,,adjectives #bee4 ,y rememb] we f\nd 9 ! /udy ( pron\ns t we h int]rogative pron\ns :i* we use 9 ask+ que/ions :5 we d n "k ! "n ( ! object conc]n+ :i* we are ask+4 ,we also h adjectives :i* we use 9 ask+ que/ions :5 we d n "k ! numb] or quality ( ! object conc]n+ :i* we are ask+4 ,= example3 ,:i* book did y enjoy mo/8 ,:at "w are y do+ n[8 ,:at ma*9e did y ord]8 ,:i* & :at are ! int]rogative adjectives 9 ^! s5t5ces4 ,int]rogative adjectives are adjectives us$ 9 ask+ que/ions4 ,,indef9ites #bef4 ,we h "o m class ( adjectives call$ indef9ites4 ,an indef9ite adjective is "o t does n d5ote any p>ticul> p]son or ?+4 ,all su* adjectives z ea*1 e1 ei!r1 nei!r1 "s1 any1 _m1 mu*1 few1 all1 bo?1 no1 none1 sev]al & c]ta9 are indef9ite adjectives4 ,we use !m :5 we are n speak+ ( any p>ticul> p]son or ?+1 b are speak+ 9 a broad1 g5]al s5se & 9 an indef9ite mann]4 #beg4 ,! int]rogative adjectives are sometimes us$ 9 ?is indef9ite way4 ,!y are sometimes us$ to modify n\ns :5 a direct "q is n ask$1 & !y are !n us$1 n z int]rogative adjectives1 b z indef9ite adjectives4 ,= example3 ,he did n "k :i* p>ty to jo94 ,i h n le>n$ :at "t he w g4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces :i* & :at are n us$ to ask que/ions1 b are us$ to describe an unkn[n object4 ,ex]cise #d ,all ! words 9 italics are adjectives4 ,decide to :i* class ea* adjective belongs4 ,note 9 ?is ex]cise ! comp\nd words us$ z adjectives1 z3 e>?-born1 self-made1 new-lit1 blood-ru/$4 ,look up ! mean+ ( ^! adjectives & see if y c use o!r adjectives 9 _! places & keep ! same mean+4 ,note ! use ( felle/4 ,slav]y1 ! e>?-born ,cyclops1 felle/ ( ! giant brood1 ,sons ( bruti% ,=ce & ,d>kness1 :o h dr5*$ ! e>? ) blood1 ,fami%$ 9 8 self-made des]t1 bl9d$ by our pur] day1 ,gropes 9 yet unbla/$ regions = 8 mis]able prey2-- ,%all we guide 8 gory f+]s :]e our helpless *ildr5 play8 ,!y h rights :o d>e ma9ta9 !m2 we are traitors to our sires1 ,smo!r+ 9 _! holy a%es ,fre$om's new-lit alt>-fires2 ,%all we make _! cre$ our jail]8 ,%all we1 9 our ha/e to slay1 ,f ! tombs ( ! old prophets /eal ! fun]al lamps away ,to light up ! m>tyr-fagots r\nd ! prophets ( to-day8 ,new occasions tea* new duties2 ,"t makes anci5t good1 unc\?2 ,!y mu/ upw>d /ill1 & onw>d1 :o w\ld keep abrea/ ( ,tru?2 ,lo1 be=e u gleam h] camp-fires6 ,we ourselves mu/ ,pilgrims be1 ,laun* our ,mayfl[]1 & /e] boldly ?r\gh ! desp]ate w9t] sea1 ,nor attempt ! ,future's portal ) ! ,pa/'s blood-ru/$ key4 --,l[ell4 ,ex]cise #e ,! foll[+ is f ,osc> ,wilde's /ory ( ,! ,"y ,k+4 ,osc> ,wilde 0 a ma/] ( ,engli%1 & if y h ! opportunity1 read all ( ?is beautiful /ory & wat* 8 use ( adjectives4 ,m>k ! adjectives 9 ?is exc]pt & use !m 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own4 ,& z ! "y ,k+ slept he dream$ a dream1 & ?is 0 8 dream4 ,he ?\ght t he 0 /&+ 9 a long1 l[ attic1 amid/ ! :irr & clatt] ( _m looms4 ,! meag] daylight pe]$ 9 ?r\gh ! grat$ w9d[s & %[$ him ! gaunt figures ( ! weav]s1 b5d+ ov] _! cases4 ,pale1 sickly-look+ *ildr5 7 cr\*$ on ! huge crossbeams4 ,z ! %uttles da%$ ?r\gh ! w>p !y lift$ up ! heavy batt5s1 & :5 ! %uttles /opp$ !y let ! batt5s fall & press$ ! ?reads toge!r4 ,_! faces 7 p9*$ ) fam9e1 & _! ?9 h&s %ook & trembl$4 ,"s hagg>d wom5 7 seat$ at a table1 sew+4 ,a horrible odor fill$ ! place4 ,! air 0 f\l & heavy1 & ! walls dripp$ & /ream$ ) damp4 ,! "y ,k+ w5t ov] to "o ( ! weav]s & /ood by him & wat*$ him4 ,& ! weav] look$ at him angrily & said1 ,:y art ?\ wat*+ me8 ,art ?\ a spy set on u by our ma/]8 ,:o is ?y ma/]8 ask$ ! "y ,k+4 ,our ma/]6 cri$ ! weav]1 bitt]ly4 ,he is a man l myself4 ,inde$1 !re is b ?is diff]5ce betwe5 u--t he we>s f9e clo!s :ile ,i g 9 rags1 & t :ile ,i am weak f hung] he suff]s n a little f ov]fe$+4 ,! l& is free1 said ! "y ,k+1 & ?\ art no man's slave4 ,9 w>1 answ]$ ! weav]1 ! /rong make slaves ( ! weak1 & 9 peace ! ri* make slaves ( ! poor4 ,we mu/ "w to live1 & !y give u su* mean wages t we die4 ,we toil = !m all day long1 & !y heap up gold 9 _! c(f]s1 & our *ildr5 fade away be=e _! "t1 & ! faces ( ^? we love become h>d & evil4 ,we tread out ! grapes1 ano!r dr9ks ! w9e4 ,we s[ ! corn1 & our own bo>d is empty4 ,we h *a9s1 ?\gh no eye beholds !m2 & are slaves1 ?\gh m5 call u free4 ,is x s ) all8 he ask$4 ,x is s ) all1 answ]$ ! weav]1 ) ! "y z well z ) ! old1 ) ! wom5 z well z ) ! m51 ) ! little *ildr5 z well z ) ^? :o are /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,! m]*ants gr9d u d[n1 & we mu/ ne$s d _! bidd+4 ,! prie/ rides by & tells 8 beads1 & no man has c>e ( u4 ,?r\gh our sunless lanes creeps ,pov]ty ) h] hungry eyes1 & ,s9 ) 8 sodd5 face foll[s close beh9d h]4 ,mis]y wakes u 9 ! morn+1 & ,%ame sits ) u at night4 ,b :at are ^! ?+s to !e8 ,?\ art n "o ( u4 ,?y face is too happy4 ,& he turn$ away sc[l+1 & ?rew ! %uttle across ! loom1 & ! "y ,k+ saw t x 0 ?read$ ) a ?read ( gold4 ,& a great t]ror seiz$ ^u him1 & he said to ! weav]1 ,:at robe is ?is t ?\ art weav+8 ,x is ! robe = ! coronation ( ! "y ,k+1 he answ]$2 ,:at is t to !e8 ,& ! "y ,k+ gave a l\d cry & woke & lo6 he 0 9 8 own *amb]1 & ?r\gh ! w9d[ he saw ! great honey-color$ moon hang+ 9 ! dusky air4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ad ,y rememb] 9 ! =mation ( plurals1 we le>n$ t words end+ 9 y *ange y to i :5 es is add$2 z1 lady1 ladies2 baby1 babies2 dry1 dries1 etc4 ,!re are sev]al rules conc]n+ words end+ 9 y1 k ( :i* w aid u greatly 9 spell+4 #a4 ,words end+ 9 ie *ange ! ie to y be=e + to prev5t a confus+ numb] ( v[els4 ,= example1 die1 dy+2 lie1 ly+2 tie1 ty+4 #b4 ,words ( m ?an "o syllable end+ 9 y prec$$ by a consonant1 *ange y into i be=e all suffixes except ^? beg9n+ ) i4 ,= example3 happy1 happily1 happ9ess2 witty1 witti]1 wittie/2 satisfy1 satisfi$1 satisfy+2 envy1 enviable1 envy+4 ,?is exception is made = suffixes beg9n+ ) i1 ! mo/ common ( :i* is +1 to avoid hav+ a confus+ numb] ( i's4 #c4 ,mo/ words end+ 9 y prec$$ by a v[el reta9 ! y be=e a suffix4 ,= example3 de/roy1 de/roy]1 de/roy+2 buy1 buy]1 buy+2 essay1 essay$1 essayi/4 ,! foll[+ words are exception to ?is rule3 laid1 paid1 said1 daily1 /aid4 ,make z _m words z y c out ( ! words giv5 9 ?is week's spell+ lesson by add+ "o or m ( ! foll[+ suffixes3 er1 e/1 ed1 es1 +1 ly1 ness1 ful1 m5t1 al4 ,monday ,beauty ,portray ,d5y ,r>e ,multiply ,tuesday ,m]cy ,bury ,obey ,lovely ,envy ,w$nesday ,tie ,defy ,/udy ,decry ,crazy ,?ursday ,m]ry ,silly ,lu/y ,imply ,day ,friday ,dismay ,duty ,employ ,satisfy ,pretty ,saturday ,pay ,joy ,j\rney ,qualify ,sorry ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ae ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is week's lesson we are f9i%+ ! /udy ( adjectives1 :i* adds ano!r "p ( spee* to ^? :i* we h /udi$4 ,we c see 9 ! /udy ( ea* additional "p ( spee* h[ ea* "p has its place 9 ! expression ( our ideas4 ,we c\ld n express ourselves fully if we lack$ any ( ^! p>ts ( spee*4 ,ea* "o is n an arbitr>y addition to our language b has come to u out ( ! ne$ = x4 ,we see t !re are no arbitr>y rules b 9 language1 z 9 all ?+s else1 gr[+ ne$s h develop$ m effici5t tools4 ,) ^! h gr[n up c]ta9 rules ( action s we c h a common usage & sy/em 9 our use ( ^! tools4 ,x has tak5 ye>s ( ef=t to accompli% ?is4 ,! *anges h be5 sl[ & gradual1 & ?is language :i* we are /udy+ is ! f9i%$ product4 ,?is sl[ developm5t 9 ! use ( language1 ev5 9 our own lives1 makes u realize h[ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s x mu/ h tak5 our primitive ance/ors to rea* a po9t :]e !y c\ld use ! phonetic alphabet4 ,we h f\nd t at fir/ !y us$ simple aids to memory1 z knott$ /r+s & tally /icks4 ,!n !y began to draw pictures ( ?+s ab\t !m & s 7 able to communicate ) "o ano!r by means ( ^! pictures4 ,:5 a man 0 go+ away f 8 cave & want$ to leave ^w = ^? :o might come1 tell+ !m :]e he _h gone & h[ soon he w\ld return1 he drew a picture ( a man ov] ! entrance ) ! arm ext5d$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* he _h gone4 ,!n he drew ano!r picture ( a man 9 a sleep+ position & also "o ( a man ) bo? h&s ext5d$ 9 ! ge/ure :i* indicat$ _m4 ,^! two pictures %[$ t he w\ld be away ov] _m nights4 ,9 "s su* rude mann] z ?is1 !y 7 able to communicate ) "o ano!r4 ,b man soon began to ?9k1 & he ne$$ to express ideas conc]n+ ?+s ( :i* he c\ld n draw pictures4 ,he c\ld draw a picture ( ! sun1 b h[ c\ld he indicate light8 ,h[ c\ld he indicate ! diff]5t pr(essions 9 :i* m5 engag$1 su* z ! f>m] & prie/1 etc48 ,he 0 =c$ to inv5t symbols or signs to express ^! ideas1 s 8 writ+ 0 no long] a picture ( "s object1 b he add$ to x symbols ( ab/ract ideas4 ,a circle :i* /ood = ! sun writt5 ) ! cresc5t :i* /ood = ! moon1 indicat$ light4 ,! bee became a symbol ( indu/ry4 ,an o/ri* fea!r 0 a symbol ( ju/ice1 because ^! fea!rs 7 suppos$ to be ( equal l5g?4 ,a picture ( a woman /ood simply = a woman1 b a picture ( two wom5 /ood = /rife1 & ?ree wom5 /ood = intrigue4 ,^! old ance/ors ( ours became wise q e>ly conc]n+ "s ?+s4 ,! symbol = a prie/ 9 ! e>ly ,egyptian picture writ+ 0 a jackal4 ,p]haps n because he dev\r$ wid[s' h\ses1 b because ! jackal 0 a v wat*ful animal4 ,! symbol = "m 0 a vulture because t bird 0 believ$ to n\ri% its "y ) its own blood4 ,x naturally requir$ a good memory & a cle> grasp ( association to be able to read ?is sort ( writ+4 ,x requir$ _m c5turies = ?is sl[ developm5t ( writt5 spee*4 ,! developm5t ( language has be5 a m>vel\s gr[? & a wond]ful h]itage has come to u4 ,let u nev] be satisfi$ until we h a ma/]y ( our language & f9d a way to express ! ideas t surge )9 u4 ,a ma/]y ( ^! lessons w help u4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns #beh4 ,f our /udy ( ! adjective1 we "k t x is a ^w us$ ) a n\n to qualify or limit its mean+4 ,b a great _m times we f9d ^! adjectives us$ )\t ! n\n :i* !y modify4 ,z1 = example1 ,i may say1 ,?is is m9e1 & ! adjective ?is is us$ alone )\t ! n\n :i* x modifies1 & y are able to tell only by :at ,i h be5 say+ or by "s action ( m9e to :at ,i am ref]r+ :5 ,i say ?is4 ,:5 adjectives are us$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y are us$ l pron\ns--9 place ( a n\n4 ,s sometimes we f9d an adjective us$ ) a n\n1 & sometimes us$ z a pron\n1 9 place ( a n\n2 & s9ce we "n our p>ts ( spee* by ! "w :i* !y d 9 ! s5t5ce1 an adjective us$ 9 ?is way is n an adjective1 b a pron\n or ^w us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,s ^! words are pron\ns :5 !y /& alone to repres5t ?+s--:5 !y are us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,!y are adjectives :5 !y are us$ ) a n\n to limit or qualify ! n\n4 ,= example1 ,i may say1 ,?is tree is an elm1 b t tree is an oak4 ,?is & t 9 ?is s5t5ce are adjectives us$ to modify ! n\n tree4 ,b ,i may say1 ,?is is an oak & t is an elm1 & 9 ?is s5t5ce ?is & t are us$ )\t a n\n1 !y are us$ z pron\ns4 #bei4 ,our be+ able to "n e "p ( spee* is n ne>ly s important z our be+ able to und]/& ! functions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* & be+ able to use !m correctly4 ,b /ill x is well = u to be able to take a s5t5ce & po9t out its diff]5t p>ts & tell :at ea* "p is & ! function :i* x s]ves 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,s sometimes 9 do+ ?is we may f9d x difficult to tell :e!r c]ta9 words are adjectives or pron\ns4 ,we c di/+ui% betwe5 adjectives & pron\ns by ?is rule3 ,:5 y _c supply ! n\n :i* ! adjective modifies1 f ! same s5t5ce1 !n ! ^w :i* takes ! place ( ! n\n is a pron\n1 b if y c supply ! omitt$ n\n f ! same s5t5ce1 !n ! ^w is us$ z an adjective4 ,?us1 we d n say t ! n\n is und]/ood unless x has already be5 us$ 9 ! same s5t5ce & is omitt$ to avoid repetition4 ,we make ea* s5t5ce a law unto itself & classify ea* ^w 9 ! s5t5ce accord+ to :at x does 9 its own s5t5ce4 ,s if a n\n does n occur 9 ! same s5t5ce ) ! ^w ab\t :i* we are 9 d\bt z to :e!r x is a pron\n or adjective1 x is a pron\n or ^w us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,?is book is good b t is bett]2 book is und]/ood aft] ! ^w t & left out to avoid tiresome repetition ( ! ^w book4 ,!re=e t is an adjective 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,b if ,i say1 ,?is is good1 b t is bett]2 !re is no n\n und]/ood1 = !re is no n\n 9 ! s5t5ce :i* we c supply ) ?is & t4 ,!re=e 9 ?is s5t5ce ?is & t are pron\ns1 us$ 9 place ( ! n\n4 ,& s9ce ?is & t1 :5 us$ z adjectives1 are call$ demon/rative adjectives2 !re=e :5 ?is & t1 ^! & ^?1 & simil> words1 are us$ z pron\ns !y are call$ demon/rative pron\ns4 #bfj4 ,be c>eful n to confuse ! possessive pron\ns ) adjectives4 ,possessive pron\ns modify ! n\ns ) :i* !y are us$1 b !y are n adjectives1 !y are possessive pron\ns4 ,my1 81 h]1 its1 our1 y\r & _! are all possessive pron\ns1 n adjectives4 ,also be c>eful n to confuse n\ns 9 ! possessive =m ) adjectives4 ,,adjectives ,,z ,,n\ns #bfa4 ,sometimes y w f9d words1 :i* we are accu/om$ to look ^u z adjectives1 us$ alone 9 ! s5t5ce )\t a n\n :i* !y modify4 ,= example1 we say1 ,! /rong enslave ! weak4 ,"h we h us$ ! adjectives /rong & weak )\t any accompany+ n\n4 ,9 s5t5ces l ?is1 ^! adjectives1 be+ us$ z n\ns1 are class$ z n\ns4 ,rememb]1 9 y\r analysis ( a s5t5ce1 t y "n e ^w accord+ to ! "w :i* x does 9 t s5t5ce1 s :ile ^! adjectives are do+ ! "w ( n\ns1 we w consid] !m z n\ns4 ,^! words are n us$ 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* demon/rative adjectives are us$ z pron\ns4 ,!re is no n\n omitt$ :i* might be ins]t$1 b ^! adjectives are us$ r to "n a class4 ,z1 = example2 :5 we say1 ,! /rong1 ,! weak1 we mean all ^? :o are /rong & all ^? :o are weak1 consid]$ z a class4 ,y w f9d adjectives us$ 9 ?is way q (t5 9 y\r read+1 & y w f9d t y use ?is con/ruction v (t5 9 y\r ord9>y spee*4 ,z1 = example3 ,! ri* look d[n ^u ! poor4 ,! wise in/ruct ! ignorant4 ,_m examples w occur to y4 ,rememb] ^! adjectives are n\ns :5 !y d ! "w ( n\ns4 ,,adjectives ,,) ,,pron\ns #bfb4 ,s9ce pron\ns are us$ 9 place ( n\ns1 !y may h modifi]s1 also1 j z n\ns d4 ,s y w (t5 f9d adjectives us$ to modify pron\ns4 ,z1 = example2 ,he1 tir$1 weak & ill1 0 unable to hold 8 position4 ,"h1 tir$1 weak & ill are adjectives modify+ ! pron\n he4 #bfc4 ,we (t5 f9d a p>ticiple us$ z an adjective ) a pron\n4 ,z1 = example3 ,%e1 hav+ f9i%$ h] "w1 w5t home4 ,!y1 hav+ complet$ ! organization1 left ! city4 ,he1 hav+ be5 defeat$1 became disc\rag$4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ! p>ticiples1 hav+ f9i%$1 hav+ complet$1 & hav+ be5 defeat$1 are us$ z adjectives to modify ! pron\ns %e1 !y & he4 ,,comp>ison #bfd4 ,we h f\nd t adjectives are a v important "p ( our spee* = )\t !m we c\ld n describe ! v>i\s objects ab\t u & make kn[n to o!rs our ideas conc]n+ _! v>i\s qualities4 ,b ) ! addition ( ^! helpful words we c describe v fully ! qualities ( ! ?+s ) :i* we come into contact4 ,we soon f9d1 h[ev]1 t !re are v>y+ degrees ( ^! qualities4 ,"s objects possess !m 9 slight degree1 "s m fully & "s 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,s we mu/ h "s way ( express+ ^! v>y+ degrees 9 ! use ( our adjectives4 ,?is br+s u to ! /udy ( comp>ison ( adjectives4 ,suppose ,i say3 ,t orange is sweet1 ! "o yond] is sweet]1 b ?is "o is sweete/4 ,i h us$ ! adjective sweet express+ a quality possess$ by oranges 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 sweet1 sweet] & sweete/4 ,?is is ! *ange 9 ! =m ( adjectives to %[ diff]5t degrees ( quality4 ,?is *ange is call$ comp>ison1 because we use x :5 we comp>e "o ?+ ) ano!r 9 respect to "s quality :i* !y possess1 b possess 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! =m ( ! adjective :i* expresses a simple quality1 z sweet1 is call$ ! positive degree4 ,t :i* expresses a quality 9 a great] degree1 z sweet]1 is call$ ! comp>ative degree4 ,t :i* expresses a quality 9 ! greate/ degree1 z sweete/1 is call$ ! sup]lative degree4 #bfe4 ,comp>ison is ! *ange ( =m ( an adjective to d5ote diff]5t degrees ( quality4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( comp>ison1 positive1 comp>ative & sup]lative4 ,! positive degree ( an adjective d5otes simple quality4 ,! comp>ative degree d5otes a high] degree ( a quality4 ,! sup]lative degree d5otes ! highe/ degree ( a quality4 #bff4 ,mo/ adjectives ( "o syllable & _m adjectives ( two syllables regul>ly add er to ! positive to =m ! comp>ative degree1 & e/ to ! positive to =m ! sup]lative degree1 z3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative sweet sweet] sweete/ cold cold] colde/ s(t s(t] s(te/ brave brav] brave/ cle> cle>] cle>e/ #bfg4 ,adjectives end+ 9 y *ange y to i & add er & e/ to =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative degree1 z3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative busy busi] busie/ lazy lazi] lazie/ sly sli] slie/ witty witti] wittie/ #bfh4 ,_m adjectives _c be comp>$ by ?is *ange 9 ! ^w itself1 s9ce ! addition ( er & e/ w\ld make awkw>d or ill-s\nd+ words4 ,h5ce we mu/ employ ano!r me?od to =m ! comp>ison ( ?is sort ( words4 ,to say1 beautiful1 beautifull]1 beautifulle/1 is awkw>d & does n s\nd well4 ,s we say beautiful1 m beautiful1 mo/ beautiful4 ,_m adjectives =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative degree by us+ m & mo/ ) ! simple =m ( ! adjective1 z3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative beautiful m beautiful mo/ beautiful ?ankful m ?ankful mo/ ?ankful s5sitive m s5sitive mo/ s5sitive wond]ful m wond]ful mo/ wond]ful #bfi4 ,adjectives ( two syllables1 to :i* er & e/ are add$ to =m ! comp>ison1 are *iefly ^? end+ 9 y or le1 su* z3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative happy happi] happie/ noble nobl] noble/ /eady /eadi] /eadie/ feeble feebl] feeble/ able abl] able/ witty witti] wittie/ #bgj4 ,"s adjectives1 few 9 numb]1 b :i* we use v (t51 are irregul> 9 _! comp>ison4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are z foll[s3 7,x w\ld be well to memorize ^!47 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative good bett] be/ well bad worse wor/ ill mu* m mo/ _m little less lea/ late lat] late/ latt] la/ f> f>!r f>!/ 7up7 adv4 upp] upp]mo/ 797 adv4 inn] inn]mo/ ,,desc5d+ ,,comp>ison #bga4 ,! *ange 9 =m ( adjectives 9 ! positive1 comp>ative & sup]lative %[s t "o object has m ( a quality ?an o!rs ) :i* x is comp>$4 ,b we also wi% at times to express ! fact t "o object has less ( ! quality ?an is possess$ by o!rs ) :i* x is comp>$2 s we h :at we may call ! desc5d+ comp>ison1 by means ( phrases =m$ by us+ less & lea/ in/ead ( m & mo/4 ,us+ less ) ! positive degree means a degree less ?an ! positive1 :ile us+ lea/ expresses ! l[e/ degree4 ,= example3 ,desc5d+ ,comp>ison ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative beautiful less beautiful lea/ beautiful intellig5t less intellig5t lea/ intellig5t s5sitive less s5sitive lea/ s5sitive ?ankful less ?ankful lea/ ?ankful ,,p>ticiples ,,z ,,adjectives #bgb4 ,y rememb]1 :5 we /udi$ ! p>ticiple1 t we f\nd x 0 call$ a p>ticiple because x p>took ( ! nature ( two or m p>ts ( spee*4 ,= example2 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! s++ ( ! birds greet$ u2 s++ is a p>ticiple d]iv$ f ! v]b s+1 & is us$ z a n\n1 ! subject ( ! v]b greet$4 ,b p>ticiples are us$ n only z n\ns2 !y may also be us$ z adjectives4 ,= example2 we may say1 ,! s++ birds greet$ u4 ,"h ! p>ticiple s++ describes ! birds1 tell+ :at k9d ( birds greet$ u1 & is us$ z an adjective modify+ ! n\n birds4 ,y w recall t we f\nd !re 7 two =ms ( ! p>ticiple1 ! pres5t p>ticiple & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ + to ! root =m ( ! v]b2 & ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 regul> v]bs is =m$ by add+ d or ed to ! root =m1 & 9 irregul> v]bs by a *ange 9 ! v]b =m itself4 ,^! two simple =ms ( p>ticiples are (t5 us$ z adjectives4 #bgc4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is almo/ always active2 t is1 x ref]s to ! actor4 ,z1 = example2 ,vessels1 c>ry+ soldi]s1 are con/antly arriv+4 ,"h ! pres5t p>ticiple c>ry+ describes ! n\n vessels1 & yet reta9s its function z a v]b & has an object1 soldi]s4 ,s x p>takes ( two p>ts ( spee*1 ! v]b & ! adjective4 #bgd4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple1 :5 us$ alone1 is almo/ always passive1 = x ref]s n to ! actor1 b to :at is act$ ^u1 ?us3 ,! army1 beat5 b n conqu]$1 prep>$ = a siege4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce beat5 is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! irregul> v]b beat1 & conqu]$ is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! regul> v]b conqu]1 & bo? modify ! n\n army1 b ref] to x1 n z ! actor1 b z ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,h5ce1 ! pa/ p>ticiple is also ! passive p>ticiple4 ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! use ( ! pres5t & pa/ p>ticiple z adjectives3 ,a refre%+ breeze came f ! hills4 ,!y escap$ f ! burn+ build+4 ,toil+1 rejoic+1 sorr[+1 onw>d ?r\gh life he goes4 ,! man1 defeat$ 9 8 purpose1 gave up 9 despair4 ,! *ild1 driv5 9 its y\? to "w1 is robb$ ( ! joy ( *ildhood4 ,! army1 =c$ to retreat1 de/roy$ all 9 its pa?4 ,! *ildr51 neglect$ by society1 gr[ up )\t _! rightful opportunities4 ,ex]cise #a ,! adjectives & p>ticiples us$ z adjectives 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :i* adjectives are capable ( comp>ison1 & :e!r !y are comp>$ by add+ er or e/1 or by ! use ( m & mo/4 ,9 a community regulat$ by laws ( dem& & supply1 b protect$ f op5 viol5ce1 ! p]sons :o become ri* are1 g5]ally speak+1 indu/ri\s1 resolute1 pr\d1 covet\s1 prompt1 me?odical1 s5sible1 unimag9ative1 ins5sitive & ignorant4 ,! p]sons :o rema9 poor are ! entirely fooli%1 ! entirely wise1 ! idle1 ! reckless1 ! humble1 ! ?\ghtful1 ! dull1 ! imag9ative1 ! s5sitive1 ! well-in=m$1 ! improvid5t1 ! irregul>ly & impulsively wick$1 ! clumsy knave1 ! op5 ?ief1 & ! entirely m]ciful1 j & godly p]sons4--,rusk94 ,,p>ticiple ,,phrases #bge4 ,if y w ref] n[ to ,lesson #i y w f9d t we /udi$ 9 t lesson conc]n+ p>ticiple phrases2 t is1 sev]al words us$ z a p>ticiple4 ,we f\nd t ^! p>ticiple phrases may also be us$ z n\ns2 z1 = example3 ,8 hav+ jo9$ ! union caus$ him to lose 8 position4 ,hav+ jo9$ is "h a p>ticiple phrase us$ z a n\n1 subject ( ! v]b caus$4 ,p>ticiple phrases may also be us$ z adjectives4 ,y rememb] t we _h f\r p>ticiple phrases1 z foll[s3 ,pres5t p]fect1 active1 hav+ call$4 ,pres5t p]fect1 passive1 hav+ be5 call$4 ,progressive1 active1 hav+ be5 call+4 ,progressive1 passive1 be+ call$4 ,^! p>ticiple phrases are us$ z adjectives to describe & modify n\ns1 ?us3 ,! soldi]1 hav+ jo9$ 8 comrades1 f\ght 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! nurse1 hav+ be5 wat*+ = days1 0 ne>ly exhau/$4 ,! passive phrases also are us$ z adjectives1 ?us3 ,! woman1 hav+ be5 hir$ by ! manag]1 w5t to "w4 ,! man1 be+ attack$1 f\ght bravely4 ,"h ! p>ticiple phrases hav+ be5 hir$ & be+ attack$ are us$ z adjectives to modify ! n\ns woman & man4 ,use ! p>ticiples & p>ticiple phrases ( ! v]bs see & obey 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own4 ,,uses ,,( ,,adjectives #bgf4 ,9 our use ( adjectives1 we f9d x conv5i5t to use !m 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,! mo/ common use is closely connect$ ) ! n\n z a modify+ ^w1 seem+ 9 a s5se almo/ a "p ( ! n\n2 z 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,^! brave m5 h bequea!d to u spl5did victories4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ^! & brave are easily discov]$ to be adjectives1 be+ us$ 9 su* close connection ) ! n\n4 ,b sometimes we f9d ! adjectives a little f>!r away f ! n\n :i* x describes1 & !n x becomes a little m difficult to f9d4 ,y w recall1 9 our /udy ( ! copulative v]b be1 t we f\nd x 0 simply a connect+ ^w1 connect+ t :i* foll[$ ! v]b ) its subject4 ,s we (t5 f9d an adjective us$ 9 ! pr$icate ) a copulative v]b %[+ :at is ass]t$ ( ! subject4 ,:5 an adjective is us$ 9 ?is way1 x modifies ! subject j z mu* z if x 7 directly connect$ by be+ plac$ imm$iately be=e ! n\n4 ,= example3 ,! lesson 0 long & difficult4 ,long & difficult are us$ 9 ! pr$icate aft] ! copulative v]b 01 b are us$ to modify ! subject lesson j z mu* z ?\gh we said in/ead1 ,x 0 a long & difficult lesson4 ,s wat* c>efully = adjectives us$ ) ! copulative v]b be 9 all its =ms1 am1 is1 are1 01 72 & ! phrases1 has be51 w be1 mu/ be1 etc4 #bgg4 ,y may f9d adjectives also us$ foll[+ ! n\n4 ,z1 = example3 ,! man1 cool & resolute1 await$ ! attack4 ,cool & resolute are adjectives modify+ ! n\n man1 b !y foll[ ! n\n1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ be=e x4 ,,common ,,errors #bgh4 ,!re are a numb] ( common errors :i* we make 9 comp>ison1 :i* we %\ld be c>eful to avoid4 #a4 ,a numb] ( adjectives _c be comp>$ = !y 9 !mselves express ! highe/ degree ( quality1 s !y h no %ades ( mean+ & w n admit ( comp>ison4 ,= example3 full1 empty1 level1 r\nd1 squ>e4 ,if a ?+ is full or empty or level or r\nd or squ>e1 x _c be m full1 or m empty1 or m level1 or m r\nd1 or m squ>e4 ,s d n comp>e adjectives t already express ! highe/ degree ( a quality4 ,also su* words z supreme1 et]nal1 & infallible1 _c be comp>$ = !y also express ! highe/ degree ( quality4 #b4 ,d n use m ) ! comp>ative =m made by us+ er1 or mo/ ) ! sup]lative =m1 made by us+ e/4 ,= example3 d n say1 ,!y _c be m happi] ?an !y are4 ,say1 ,!y _c be happi]2 or ,!y _c be m happy4 ,use ei!r =m b nev] bo?4 ,d n say1 ,t is ! mo/ wise/ plan4 ,say ei!r1 ,t is ! wise/ plan2 or ,t is ! mo/ wise plan1 b nev] use bo? =ms4 ,nev] use mo/ ) a sup]lative =m4 #c4 ,d n use ! sup]lative =m 9 comp>+ two objects4 ,! sup]lative =m is us$ only :5 m ?an two are comp>$4 ,= example2 d n say1 ,he is ! smalle/ ( ! two4 ,say1 ,he is ! small] ( ! two4 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ end8 is incorrect4 ,:i* is ! l>g] end8 is correct4 ,:i* is ! olde/1 ,john or ,h5ry8 is also incorrect4 ,?is %\ld be1 ,:i* is ! old]1 ,john or ,h5ry8 ,use ! comp>ative =m always :5 comp>+ two objects4 #d4 ,9 /at+ a comp>ison1 avoid comp>+ a ?+ ) itself4 ,= example2 ,new ,york is l>g] ?an any city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 :5 y say any city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 y are includ+ ,new ,york2 s y are really comp>+ ,new ,york ) itself1 & y are say+ t ,new ,york is l>g] ?an itself4 ,y %\ld h said1 ,new ,york is l>g] ?an any o!r city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or1 ,new ,york is ! l>ge/ city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 y comp>e an object ) all o!rs ( its k9d be sure t ! ^w o!r foll[s ! comp>ative ^w ?an4 #e4 ,:5 an adjective d5ot+ "o or m ?an "o modifies a n\n1 ! adjective & ! n\n mu/ agree 9 numb]4 ,= example2 ,! h\se is #cj foot squ>e4 ,?irty d5otes m ?an "o1 s a plural n\n %\ld be us$1 & ?is s5t5ce %\ld be1 ,! h\se is #cj feet squ>e4 ,we are travel+ at ! rate ( #dj mile an h\r4 ,?is %\ld be1 ,we are travel+ at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r4 #f4 ,only two adjectives1 ?is & t *ange _! =m :5 modify+ a plural n\n4 ,^! & ^? are ! plural =ms ( ?is & t4 ,s rememb] always to use ?is & t ) s+ul> n\ns & ^! & ^? ) plural n\ns4 ,= example2 d n say1 ,^! k9d ( p w nev] jo9 u4 ,y %\ld say1 ,?is k9d ( p w nev] jo9 u4 ,or1 ,^? sort ( fl[]s gr[s easily4 ,y %\ld say1 ,t sort ( fl[]s gr[s easily4 #g4 ,place y\r adjectives :]e !re c be no d\bt z to :at y int5d !m to modify4 ,put ! adjective ) ! n\n :i* x modifies4 ,= example2 d n say1 a fre% bun* ( fl[]s1 a new pair ( %oes1 a salt b>rel ( pork1 an old box ( clo!s1 a cold cup ( wat]1 a new load ( hay4 ,put ! adjective ) ! n\n :i* x modifies1 & say1 a bun* ( fre% fl[]s1 a pair ( new %oes1 a b>rel ( salt pork1 a box ( old clo!s1 a cup ( cold wat]1 a load ( new hay4 #h4 ,adjectives are usually plac$ be=e ! n\ns !y qualify1 b sometimes1 especially 9 poetry or 9 ! use ( p>ticiples1 !y foll[ ! n\ns4 ,!y %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be plac$ too f> away f ! n\n :i* !y modify or be unnecess>ily sep>at$ f ! n\n4 ,:]e !re are two or m adjectives us$ to qualify ! same n\n1 place ne>e/ ! n\n ! adjective mo/ closely connect$ ) ! object describ$ & place f>!/ f ! n\n ! adjective lea/ closely connect$ ) ! n\n4 ,if !y are all ( ! same rank1 place !m :]e !y w s\nd be/1 usually accord+ to _! l5g?1 nam+ ! %orte/ adjective fir/4 ,correct ! foll[+ s5t5ces by arrang+ ! adjectives 9 ! prop] ord]3 ,! summ] sky 0 a blue1 s(t1 beautiful sky4 ,he b\ght a br[n1 f9e1 big horse4 ,a gold1 beautiful1 exp5sive wat* 0 giv5 h]4 ,! new1 beautiful ap>tm5t build+ is on ! corn]4 ,he adv]tis$ = a "y1 intellig5t1 wide awake man4 #i4 ,nev] use !m z an adjective4 ,!m is a pron\n4 ,"o ( ! wor/ mi/akes :i* we c make is to use su* phrases z !m ?+s1 !m m51 !m books4 ,say1 ^? ?+s1 ^? m51 ^? books4 #aj4 ,d n use less = ! comp>ative =m ( few4 ,! comp>ative =m ( few is few]4 ,less ref]s only to quantity1 few] to numb]4 ,= example3 ,he rais$ less gra9 ?is ye> ?an la/1 because he has few] horses n[ ?an he _h !n4 ,he uses few] words because he has less to say4 ,!re are b few p "h today2 !re 7 /ill few] 7n less7 ye/]day4 ,ex]cise #b ,correct ! adjectives 9 ?is ex]cise3 #a4 ,h& me ! little knife4 #b4 ,he claims to be m infallible ?an anyone else4 #c4 ,m>y is ! olde/ ( ! two4 #d4 ,he 0 ! be/e/ boy 9 s*ool4 #e4 ,! b>n is =ty foot long4 #f4 ,yond] is a happy cr[d ( *ildr54 #g4 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ end8 #h4 ,i f\nd ! be/e/ book4 #i4 ,?is is ! mo/ pr9cipal rule4 #aj4 ,give me a cold cup ( wat]4 #aa4 ,^! k9d ( books w n d4 #ab4 ,give me !m books4 #ac4 ,:o is ! talle/1 y or ,john8 ,ex]cise #c ,m>k all ! adjectives 9 ?is poem4 ,note especially ! p>ticiples us$ z adjectives4 ,,! ,,collection ,i pass$ ! plate 9 *ur*4 ,!re 0 a little silv]1 b ! crisp bank-notes heap$ !mselves up high be=e me2 ,& ev] z ! pile grew1 ! plate became w>m] & w>m]1 until x fairly burn$ my f+]s1 & a smell ( scor*+ fle% rose f x1 & ,i p]ceiv$ t "s ( ! notes 7 beg9n+ to smold] & curl1 half-br[n$1 at ! edges4 ,& !n ,i saw ?r\gh ! smoke into ! v sub/ance ( ! money1 & ,i beheld :at x really 03 ,i saw ! /ol5 e>n+s ( ! poor1 ! wide m>g9 ( wages p>$ d[n to />vation2 ,i saw ! und]paid factory girl ek+ out h] liv+ on ! /reet1 & ! ov]-work$ *ild1 & ! suicide ( ! dis*>g$ m9]2 ,i saw ! poison\s gases f great manufactories1 spread+ disease & dea?2 ,i saw despair & drudg]y fill+ ! dram-%op2 ,i saw r5ts screw$ out ( bro!r m5 = p]mission to live on ,god's l&2 ,i saw m5 %ut out f ! bosom ( ! e>? & begg+ = ! poor privilege to "w1 9 va91 & becom+ tramps & paup]s & drunk>ds & lunatics1 & cr[d+ into alm%\ses1 insane asylums & prisons2 ,i saw ignorance & vice & crime gr[+ rank 9 /ifl+1 fil?y slums2 ,i saw %oddy clo? & adult]at$ food & ly+ goods ( all k9ds1 *eap5+ m5 & wom51 & vulg>iz+ ! _w2 ,i saw hide\sness ext5d+ itself f coal-m9e & f\ndry ov] =e/ & riv] & field2 ,i saw money grabb$ f fell[ grabb]s & sw9dl$ f fell[ sw9dl]s1 & und]nea? ! workman =ev] sp9n+ x out ( 8 vitals2 ,i saw ! labor+ _w1 ?9 & pale & b5t & c>e-worn & driv51 p\r+ out ?is tribute f its toil & sweat into ! laps ( ! ri*ly dress$ m5 & wom5 9 ! pews1 :o only glanc$ at !m to %r9k f !m ) disgu/2 ,i saw all ?is1 & ! plate burn$ my f+]s s t ,i _h to hold x fir/ 9 "o h& & !n 9 ! o!r2 & ,i 0 glad :5 ! p>son 9 8 :ite robes took ! smok+ pile f me on ! *ancel /eps &1 turn+ ab\t1 lift$ x up & laid x on ! alt>4 ,x 0 an old-"t alt>1 inde$1 = x bore a burnt (f]+ ( fle% & blood--a sweet savor unto ! ,molo* :om ^! p wor%ip ) _! daily r\nd ( human sacrifices4 ,! %ambles are 9 ! temple z ( yore1 & ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s wait+ to be ov]turn$4 --,erne/ ,crosby4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ae ,!re is a class ( words hav+ ! s\nd ( long e1 repres5t$ by ! diph?ong ie1 & ano!r class hav+ ! same s\nd repres5t$ by ei4 ,x is a matt] ( p]plexity at times to det]m9e :e!r "o ( ^! words %\ld be spell$ ) ie or ei4 ,"h is a little rhyme :i* y w f9d a valuable aid to ! memory 9 spell+ ^! words3 ,:5 ! lett] c y spy1 ,put ! e be=e ! i4 ,= example1 9 su* words z deceit1 receive & ceil+1 ! spell+ is ei4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! diph?ong is n prec$$ by ! lett] c1 ! spell+ is ie1 z 9 grief1 field1 siege1 etc4 ,!re are a few exceptions to ?is rule1 su* z ei!r1 nei!r1 leisure1 seize & weird4 ,mo/ words1 h[ev]1 con=m to ! rule--:5 prec$$ by c1 ei %\ld be us$2 :5 prec$$ by any o!r lett]1 ie4 ,obs]ve t ?is rule applies only :5 !re is a diph?ong hav+ ! s\nd ( long e4 ,:5 ! two lett]s d n h ! s\nd ( long e1 z 9 anci5t1 ! rule does n apply4 ,monday ,deceive ,belief ,conceive ,brief ,ceil+ ,tuesday ,field ,receive ,piece ,*ief ,leisure ,w$nesday ,receipt ,wield ,weird ,?ief ,p]ceive ,?ursday ,deceit ,yield ,grief ,seize ,conceit ,friday ,relieve ,nei!r ,liege ,%ield ,niece ,saturday ,relief ,a*ievem5t ,reprieve ,li5 ,siege ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #af ,de> ,comrade3 ,we h be5 trac+ ! developm5t ( writt5 spee* 9 ord] t we might h a cle>] und]/&+ ( our own language4 ,we h f\nd h[ our e>lie/ ance/ors communicat$ ) ea* o!r by signs & an articulate spee* t 0 probably a little bett] ?an t ( "s animals ( today4 ,!y gradually develop$ ?is articulate spee* & !n began to h ne$ = "s =m ( writt5 spee*4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es man f ! animals prim>ily is 8 p[] to rememb] & to associate "o idea ) ano!r4 ,f ?is comes 8 ability to reason conc]n+ ! connection ( ^! ideas4 ,)\t ?is p[] ( associative memory we w\ld n be able to reason4 ,if y c\ld n recall ! ?+s t happ5$ ye/]day & _h n ! p[] ( imag9ation conc]n+ ! ?+s t may happ5 tomorr[1 y\r reason+ conc]n+ today w\ld n be above t ( ! animals4 ,s man soon f\nd x necess>y to h "s way ( recall+ accurately1 9 a mann] t he c\ld dep5d ^u1 ! ?+s t happ5$ ye/]day & ! day be=e & /ill f>!r back 9 "t4 ,s t 8 fir/ /ep 0 ! inv5tion ( simple aids to memory su* z ! knott$ /r+s & tally /icks4 ,!n he began to draw pictures ( ! objects ab\t him :i* he c\ld p]ceive by ! five s5ses1 ! ?+s :i* he c\ld see & he> & t\* & ta/e & smell4 ,b man1 ! ,?9k]1 began to develop & he began to h ideas ab\t ?+s :i* he c\ld n see & he> & t\* & ta/e & smell4 ,he began to ?9k ( ab/ract ideas su* z light & d>kness1 love & hate1 & if he 0 to h writt5 spee* he mu/ h symbols :i* w\ld express ^! ideas4 ,s we h f\nd t he us$ pictures ( ! ?+s he p]ceiv$ ) 8 five s5ses to symbolize "s ( 8 ab/ract ideas1 z = example2 a picture ( ! sun & moon to repres5t light2 ! bee to symbolize indu/ry2 ! o/ri* fea!r to repres5t ju/ice4 ,b z 8 ideas began to develop y c readily see t 9 ! c\rse ( "t !re 7 n en\gh symbols to g ar\nd & ?is sort ( writt5 spee* became v confus+ & v difficult to read4 ,necessity is truly ! "m ( inv5tion1 & s ?is ne$ ( man =c$ him to inv5t some?+ entirely new--some?+ :i* _h be5 undream$ ( be=e4 ,he began n[ to use pictures :i* 7 diff]5t 9 s5se b ! names ( :i* _h ! same s\nd4 ,y c f9d an example ( ?is same ?+ on ! ,*ildr5's ,puzzle ,page 9 ! rebus :i* is giv5 = ! *ildr5 to solve4 ,z = example3 ,a picture ( an eye1 a saw1 a boy1 a swall[1 a goose & a b]ry1 & ?is w\ld /& = ! s5t5ce1 ,i saw a boy swall[ a gooseb]ry4 ,p]haps y h us$ ! same idea 9 "s guess+ game :]e a mill1 a walk & a key /&s = ,milwaukee4 ,& s we h a new =m ( picture writ+4 ,notice 9 ?is t an entirely new idea has ent]$ 91 = ! picture may n /& = ! :ole ^w b may /& = "o syllable ( ! ^w z 9 ! example giv5 above4 ,! mill /&s = "o syllable1 walk = ano!r & key = ano!r4 ,?is 0 a great /ep = x meant ! division ( ! ^w into v>i\s s\nds repres5t$ by ! syllables4 ,:at a new insight x gives u into life :5 we realize t n only our bodies b ! environm5t 9 :i* we live1 ! ma*9es ) :i* we "w & ev5 ! language :i* we use has be5 a product ( man's own ef=t4 ,man has develop$ ^! ?+s = himself ?r\gh a con/ant & /eady evolution4 ,x makes u feel t we are "p ( "o /up5d\s :ole2 we belong to ! class :i* has done ! "w ( ! _w & accompli%$ ^! mighty ?+s4 ,! same blood fl[s 9 u2 ! same p[] belongs to u4 ,truly1 ) ?is idea1 we c /& erect & look ! :ole _w 9 ! face & dem& ! opportunity to live our own lives to ! full4 ,y\rs = ,fre$om1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,words ,,add$ ,,to ,,v]bs #bgi4 ,we h j f9i%$ ! /udy ( adjectives & we h f\nd t adjectives are words add$ to n\ns to qualify or to limit _! mean+4 ,)\t ?is class ( words x w\ld be impossible = u to express all ( our ideas1 = we w\ld be at a loss to describe ! objects ab\t u4 ,adjectives enable u to "n ! qualities or tell ! numb] ( ! objects ) :i* we come 9 contact4 ,! v]b1 we h f\nd1 expresses ! action ( ^! objects2 9 o!r words1 ! v]b tells :at ?+s d4 ,s ) adjectives & v]bs we c describe ! objects nam$ by ! n\ns & tell :at !y d4 ,= example1 ,i may say1 ,m5 "w4 ,"h ,i h us$ simply a n\n & a v]b2 !n ,i may add v>i\s adjectives to ?is & say1 ,/rong1 indu/ri\s1 ambiti\s m5 "w4 ,by ! use ( ^! adjectives1 ,i h told y ab\t ! k9d ( m5 :o "w2 b ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! action express$ 9 ! v]b "w4 ,i may want to tell y h[ !y "w & :5 !y "w2 :]e !y "w & h[ mu*2 9 o!r words1 describe fully ! action express$ 9 ! v]b "w1 s ,i say3 ,! m5 "w busily4 ,! m5 "w late4 ,! m5 "w well4 ,! m5 "w inside4 ,! m5 "w h>d4 ,! m5 "w "h4 ,! m5 "w n[4 ,! m5 "w m4 ,words l busily1 h>d1 late1 "h1 well1 n[1 inside1 & m1 %[ h[1 :51 :]e & h[ mu* ! m5 "w4 ,we c\ld leave (f ^! words & /ill h a s5t5ce1 s9ce ! o!r words make s5se )\t !m1 b ^! words describe ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 ,words us$ 9 ?is way are call$ adv]bs because !y are add$ to v]bs to make our mean+ m def9ite1 v mu* z adjectives are add$ to n\ns4 #bhj4 ,! ^w adv]b means1 lit]ally1 to ! v]b1 & "o w\ld suppose f ?is "n t ! adv]b 0 /rictly a v]b modifi]1 b an adv]b is us$ to modify o!r words z well4 ,an adv]b may be us$ to modify an adjective2 = example1 we might say3 ,! man 0 v busy4 ,?is lesson is too long4 ,"h v & too are add$ to ! adjectives busy & long to qualify _! mean+4 #bha4 ,y rememb] 9 ! comp>ison ( adjectives1 we us$ ! words m & mo/ to make ! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees4 ,"h m & mo/ are adv]bs us$ ) ! adjectives to qualify _! mean+4 ,adv]bs us$ 9 ?is way w always answ] ! "q1 h[ mu*1 h[ long1 etc4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! man is v busy1 v is us$ to answ] ! "q h[ busy4 ,& 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! lesson is too long1 ! adv]b too answ]s ! "q h[ long4 ,an adv]b is also add$ to ano!r adv]b sometimes to answ] ! "q h[4 ,= example2 we say1 ,! man works v h>d4 ,"h ! adv]b h>d tells h[ ! man works & v modifies ! adv]b h>d1 & answ]s ! "q h[ h>d4 ,s we h our def9ition ( an adv]b3 #bhb4 ,an adv]b is a ^w t modifies ! mean+ ( a v]b1 an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,rememb] t adjectives are us$ only ) n\ns or pron\ns1 b ! adv]b may be us$ ) a v]b or an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,y rememb] t we _h 9 our fir/ lesson1 z ! def9ition ( a ^w1 t1 a ^w is a sign ( an idea4 ,! idea is a "p ( a complete ?\ght4 ,see h[ all ( ^! v>i\s words repres5t ideas1 & ea* does its "p to help u express our ?\ghts4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,adv]bs #bhc4 ,we ne$ n h mu* difficulty 9 always be+ able to tell :i* words 9 a s5t5ce are adv]bs1 = !y w always answ] "o ( ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,h[8 ,:58 ,:]e8 ,:y8 ,h[ long8 ,h[ (t58 ,h[ mu*8 ,h[ f>8 or ,h[ little8 etc4 ,j ask "o ( ^! que/ions & ! ^w t answ]s x is ! adv]b 9 y\r s5t5ce4 ,take ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,he always came d[n too rapidly4 ,! ^w always answ]s ! "q :54 ,s always is an adv]b1 describ+ ! "t ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b came--,he always came4 ,d[n answ]s ! "q :]e4 ,s d[n is ! adv]b describ+ ! place ( ! action4 ,rapidly answ]s ! "q h[1 & is ! adv]b describ+ ! mann] ( ! action4 ,too also answ]s ! "q h[1 & modifies ! adv]b rapidly4 ,ex]cise #a ,und]score ! adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces & tell :i* ^w !y modify3 #a4 ,he writes correctly4 #b4 ,%e answ]$ quickly4 #c4 ,a v wond]ful future awaits u4 #d4 ,y %\ld n speak s ha/ily4 #e4 ,y c speak freely "h4 #f4 ,he c\ld nev] wait pati5tly4 #g4 ,we v (t5 make mi/akes4 #h4 ,%e v seldom goes !re4 #i4 ,he usually walks v rapidly4 #aj4 ,i h read ! lesson q c>efully4 #aa4 ,we w\ld will+ly & *e]fully give our all = ! cause4 #ab4 ,he frequ5tly comes "h b ,i d n expect him today4 #ac4 ,if we "w dilig5tly & fai?fully we w soon le>n to speak correctly & flu5tly4 #ad4 ,i am almo/ sure ,i c g !re tomorr[4 #ae4 ,x 0 m beautifully pa9t$ ?an ! o!r4 #af4 ,we eag]ly await ! news f ! front4 #ag4 ,he always gladly obey$ 8 fa!r4 #ah4 ,%e spoke q simply & met ) a v en?usia/ic reception4 #ai4 ,! difficulty c be easily & readily adju/$4 ,ex]cise #b ,use ! foll[+ adv]bs 9 s5t5ces to modify v]bs3 sl[ly "h n[ g5tly l\dly nev] soon c>efully nobly d[n seldom easily ,use ! foll[+ adv]bs 9 s5t5ces to modify adjectives3 q v m too mo/ less ne>ly s ,use ! foll[+ adv]bs 9 s5t5ces to modify adv]bs3 too v q less m mo/ lea/ s ,,classes ,,( ,,adv]bs #bhd4 ,!re are a good _m adv]bs 9 our language1 yet !y may be divid$1 accord+ to _! mean+1 into six pr9cipal classes3 #a4 ,adv]bs ( "t4 ,^! answ] ! "q :51 & are su* adv]bs z n[1 !n1 soon1 nev]1 always1 etc4 #b4 ,adv]bs ( place4 ,^! answ] ! "q :]e1 & are su* adv]bs z "h1 !re1 yond]1 d[n1 above1 bel[1 etc4 #c4 ,adv]bs ( mann]4 ,^! answ] ! "q h[1 & are su* adv]bs z well1 ill1 ?us1 s1 sl[ly1 ha/ily1 etc4 #d4 ,adv]bs ( degree4 ,^! answ] ! que/ions h[ mu*1 h[ little1 h[ f>1 etc41 & are su* adv]bs z mu*1 v1 almo/1 sc>cely1 h>dly1 m1 q1 little1 etc4 #e4 ,adv]bs ( cause4 ,^! answ] ! "q :y1 & are su* adv]bs z !re=e1 accord+ly1 h5ce1 etc4 #f4 ,adv]bs ( numb]4 ,^! are su* adv]bs z fir/1 second1 ?ird1 etc4 ,ex]cise #c ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces !re are adv]bs ( ea* class us$4 ,f9d ! adv]bs ( ! diff]5t classes4 #a4 ,we %all always be f\nd 9 ! =efront ( ! /ruggle4 #b4 ,x is mu* m effective to tra9 ! "y4 #c4 ,he came fir/ & rema9$ ?r\gh ! entire program4 #d4 ,x is pleasant to "k t we h done well4 #e4 ,our comrades are fight+ yond] 9 ! tr5*es4 #f4 ,!re=e we %all nev] ackn[l$ge defeat4 #g4 ,come d[n & discuss ! matt] ) u4 #h4 ,we w\ld soon be able to agree if we und]/ood ! facts4 #i4 ,/udy y\r lessons sl[ly & c>efully4 #aj4 ,he 0 sc>cely able to tell 8 /ory4 #aa4 ,accord+ly ,i am s5d+ y full p>ticul>s ( ! plan4 #ab4 ,he came ?ird 9 ! ranks4 ,,int]rogative ,,adv]bs #bhe4 ,! adv]bs h[1 :51 :]e1 :y1 :i!r1 :5ce1 etc41 are us$ 9 ask+ que/ions1 & :5 !y are us$ 9 ?is way !y are call$ int]rogative adv]bs4 ,= example3 ,h[ did x happ58 ,:]e are y go+8 ,:5ce came he8 ,:5 did he come8 ,:y did y d x8 ,:i!r are y go+8 ,^! adv]bs1 h[1 :51 :]e1 :y1 :5ce & :i!r1 are us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces to modify ! v]bs & ask ! que/ions conc]n+ ! "t or place or mann] ( action express$ 9 ! v]b4 ,h[ may also be us$ z an int]rogative adv]b modify+ an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,= example3 ,h[ late did he /ay8 ,h[ l>ge is ! h\se8 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! adv]b h[ modifies ! adv]b late1 & introduces ! "q4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce h[ modifies ! adjective l>ge & introduces ! "q4 ,ex]cise #d ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! int]rogative adv]bs h[1 :51 :]e & :y1 to modify v]bs & ask simple que/ions4 ,write s5t5ces us+ ! int]rogative adv]b h[ to modify an adjective & an adv]b & to introduce a "q4 ,,adv]bs ,,( ,,mode #bhf4 ,!re are "s adv]bs :i* sc>cely fall into any ( ! above classes & _c be said to answ] any ( ^! que/ions4 ,!y are su* adv]bs z inde$1 c]ta9ly1 fairly1 truly1 surely1 p]haps & possibly4 ,^! adv]bs really modify ! entire s5t5ce1 9 a way1 & are us$ to %[ h[ ! /atem5t is made1--:e!r 9 a positive or negative way or 9 a d\btful way4 ,= example3 ,surely y w n leave me4 ,truly ,i _c und]/& ! matt] z y d4 ,p]haps he kn[s no bett]4 ,inde$1 ,i _c g ) y4 ,"h1 ^! adv]bs1 truly1 surely1 p]haps & inde$1 %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! entire /atem5t is made2 s !y h be5 put 9 a class by !mselves & call$ adv]bs ( mode4 ,mode means lit]ally mann]1 b ^! are n adv]bs t express mann] ( action1 l sl[ly or wisely or well or ill4 ,!y express r ! mann] 9 :i* ! entire /atem5t is made1 & s really modify ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,,phrase ,,adv]bs #bhg4 ,we h c]ta9 little phrases :i* we h us$ s (t5 t !y h come to be us$ & reg>d$ z s+le adv]bs4 ,!y are su* phrases z ( c\rse1 ( late1 = good1 ( old1 at all1 at l5g?1 by & by1 ov] & ov]1 aga9 & aga91 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 h& 9 h&1 ere long1 9 va91 to & fro1 up & d[n1 z usual1 by f>1 at la/1 at lea/1 9 g5]al1 9 %ort1 etc4 ,^! words :i* we f9d us$ s (t5 9 ^! phrases we may c\nt z s+le adv]bs4 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs #bhh4 ,sometimes ! same ^w may be us$ ei!r z an adjective or z an adv]b1 & y may h "s difficulty 9 tell+ :e!r x is an adjective or an adv]b4 ,"s ( ^! words are3 bett]1 little1 late1 f>1 h>d1 fur!r1 fir/1 la/1 long1 %ort1 mu*1 m & high4 ,= example3 ,! late news v]ifies our /atem5t4 ,! man came late to 8 "w4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! ^w late is us$ z an adjective modify+ ! n\n news4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! ^w late is us$ z an adv]b to modify ! v]b came4 #bhi4 ,y c always di/+ui% betwe5 adjectives & adv]bs by ?is rule3 ,adjectives modify only n\ns & pron\ns1 & ! "o ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! adv]b1 z a limit+ ^w1 is t x is always jo9$ to "s o!r "p ( spee* ?an a n\n4 ,an adv]b may modify a v]b1 adjective or o!r adv]b1 b nev] a n\n or pron\n4 ,y recall ! rule :i* we h made ! v f\ndation ( our /udy3 namely1 t e ^w is classifi$ 9 ! s5t5ce accord+ to ! "w :i* x does 9 t s5t5ce4 ,s a ^w is an adjective :5 x limits or modifies or qualifies a n\n or pron\n2 a ^w is an adv]b :5 x qualifies any "p ( spee* o!r ?an a n\n or pron\n1 ei!r a v]b or an adjective or an adv]b1 or ev5 an entire s5t5ce1 z is ! case ) adv]bs ( mode4 #bij4 ,_m adv]bs are regul>ly made f n\ns & adjectives by prefixes & suffixes4 ,adv]bs are made f adjectives *iefly by add+ ! suffix ly1 or by *ang+ ble to bly4 ,= example3 hone/ly1 r>ely1 de>ly1 ably1 nobly1 feebly4 ,b all words t end 9 ly are n adv]bs4 ,"s adjectives end 9 ly also1 z1 k+ly1 c\rtly1 etc4 ,! only way we c det]m9e to :i* class a ^w belongs is by its use 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise #e ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 tell :e!r ! words pr9t$ 9 italics are us$ z adjectives or z adv]bs3 also note ! words end+ 9 ly4 ,"s are adv]bs & "s adjectives4 #a4 ,! boy 0 v little4 #b4 ,x 0 a little e>ly to arrive4 #c4 ,x 0 a h>d lesson4 #d4 ,%e works h>d e day4 #e4 ,i read ! fir/ book4 #f4 ,i read ! book fir/ !n gave x to him4 #g4 ,he w5t to a high m\nta94 #h4 ,! eagle flew high 9 ! air4 #i4 ,we saw cle>ly ! lovely picture4 #aj4 ,he is a wond]fully jolly man4 #aa4 ,8 c\rtly mann] fail$ :5 he saw 8 homely bride4 #ab4 ,he speaks sl[ly & cle>ly4 #ac4 ,!y are v cleanly 9 _! habits4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,adv]bs #bia4 ,words t are ord9>ily us$ z n\ns1 are sometimes us$ z adv]bs4 ,^! are ! n\ns t d5ote "t1 di/ance1 measure ( value or direction4 ,!y are add$ to v]bs & adjectives to d5ote ! def9ite "t at :i* a ?+ took place1 or to d5ote ! ext5t ( "t or di/ance & ! measure ( value1 ( weight1 numb] or age4 ,!y are sometimes us$ to indicate direction4 ,= example3 ,!y 7 gone a ye>4 ,he talk$ an h\r4 ,!y w return next week4 ,!y w5t s\? = ! w9t]4 ,!y travel$ #ajj miles4 ,! :eat is a foot high4 ,! man weigh$ #bjj p\nds4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ! n\ns1 ye>1 miles1 h\r1 foot1 week1 p\nds & s\? are us$ z adv]bs4 ,rememb] e ^w is classifi$ accord+ to ! "w :i* x does 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise #f ,m>k ! adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ poem & det]m9e :at words !y modify3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,sighs ,"o m ,un=tunate ,we>y ( brea?1 ,ra%ly importunate1 ,gone to h] dea?6 ,take h] up t5d]ly1 ,lift h] ) c>e2 ,fa%ion'd s sl5d]ly1 ,"y1 & s fair6 ,look at h] g>m5ts ,cl++ l c]em5ts2 ,:il/ ! wave con/antly ,drips f h] clo?+2 ,take h] up in/antly1 ,lov+1 n loa?+4 ,t\* h] n scornfully2 ,?9k ( h] m\rnfully1 ,g5tly & humanly2 ,n ( ! /a9s ( h]-- ,all t rema9s ( h] ,n[ is pure womanly4 ,make no deep scrut9y ,into h] mut9y ,ra% & undutiful2 ,pa/ all di%onor1 ,dea? has left on h] ,only ! beautiful4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,alas6 = ! r>ity ,( ,*ri/ian *>ity ,"u ! sun6 ,o6 x 0 pitiful6 ,ne> a :ole city full1 ,home1 %e _h none4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bleak w9d ( ,m>* ,made h] tremble & %iv]2 ,b n ! d>k ar*1 ,or ! black fl[+ riv]3 ,mad f life's hi/ory ,glad to dea?'s my/]y ,swift to be hurl$-- ,any:]e1 any:]e ,out ( ! _w6 ,9 %e plung$ boldly1 ,no matt] h[ coldly ,! r\gh riv] ran2 ,ov] ! br9k ( x1-- ,picture x1 ?9k ( x1 ,dissolute ,man6 ,lave 9 x1 dr9k ( x1 ,!n1 if y c6 ,take h] up t5d]ly1 ,lift h] ) c>e2 ,fa%ion'd s sl5d]ly1 ,"y & s fair6 ,ere h] limbs frigidly ,/iff5 too rigidly1 ,dec5tly1 k9dly1 ,smoo? & compose !m2 ,& h] eyes1 close !m1 ,/>+ s bl9dly6 ,dreadfully />+ ,?ro' muddy impurity1 ,z :5 ) ! d>+ ,la/ look ( despair+ ,fix'd on futurity4 ,p]i%+ gloomily1 ,spurr'd by contumely1 ,cold inhumanity1 ,burn+ insanity1 ,into h] re/4 ,cross h] h&s humbly ,z if pray+ dumbly1 ,ov] h] brea/6 ,own+ h] weakness1 ,h] evil behavior1 ,& leav+1 ) meekness1 ,h] s9s to h] ,savi\r6 --,?omas ,hood4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #af ,! ,engli% language is truly a melt+ pot1 into :i* h be5 ?r[n words f almo/ e language "u ! sun4 ,?is makes our spell+ v confus+ _m times4 ,because ( ?is also1 we h 9 our language1 words :i* h ! same s\nd b diff]5t mean+1 hav+ come into ! language f diff]5t s\rces4 ,^! words are call$ homonyms4 ,homonyms are words hav+ ! same s\nd b diff]5t mean+4 ,= example3 ,plane1 pla92 write1 "r4 ,synonyms are words :i* h ! same mean+4 ,= example3 ,all[1 p]mit2 lazy1 idle4 ,our spell+ lesson = ?is week conta9s a li/ ( mo/ ( ! commonly us$ homonyms4 ,look up ! mean+ 9 ! diction>y & use !m correctly 9 s5t5ces4 ,y w note t 9 "s in/ances !re are ?ree diff]5t words :i* h ! same s\nd1 b diff]5t mean+s4 ,notice especially pr9cipal & pr9ciple4 ,p]haps !re are no two words :i* we use frequ5tly :i* are s confus$ 9 _! spell+4 ,pr9ciple is a n\n4 ,pr9cipal is an adjective4 ,y c rememb] ! correct spell+ by rememb]+ t adjective beg9s ) a4 ,pr9cipal1 ! adjective1 is spell$ ) an a1 pal4 ,notice also ! di/9ction betwe5 two1 to & too4 ,look ^! up c>efully1 = mi/akes are v (t5 made 9 ! use ( ^! ?ree words4 ,also notice ! words no & "k & "h & he>4 ,monday ,buy--by ,fair--f>e ,meat--meet ,our--h\r ,pa9--pane ,tuesday ,de]--de> ,he>--"h ,new--knew ,no--"k ,peace--piece ,w$nesday ,two--to--too ,pair--p>e--pe> ,bir?--b]? ,ore--o> ,ought--aught ,?ursday ,se5--sc5e ,m9]--m9or ,al\d--all[$ ,/>e--/air ,w\ld--wood ,friday ,be>--b>e ,asc5t--ass5t ,sight--site--cite ,ra9--reign--re9 ,rote--wrote ,saturday ,great--grate ,f\l--f[l ,lea/--leas$ ,pr9ciple--pr9cipal ,sale--sail ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ag ,de> ,comrade3 ,we are f9i%+ 9 ?is lesson ! /udy ( a v important "p ( spee*4 ,adv]bs are a necess>y "p ( our vocabul>y1 & mo/ ( u ne$ a great] supply ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,we usually h a few adv]bs & adjectives 9 our vocabul>y :i* are cont9ually ov]work$4 ,add a few new ones to y\r vocabul>y ?is week4 ,d n slight ! ex]cises 9 ^! lessons4 ,! /udy ( ! lesson is only ! beg9n+ ( ! !oretical k4 ,y d n really "k a ?+ until y put x into practice4 ,y may take a correspond5ce c\rse on h[ to run an automobile b y c n really "k h[ to run a ma*9e until y h _h ! practical exp]i5ce4 ,!re is only "o way to become exp]t 9 ! use ( words & t is to use !m4 ,e day try to talk to "s "o :o ?9ks & reads4 ,:ile talk+ wat* _! language & y\r own4 ,:5 a ^w is us$ t y d n fully und]/&1 look x up at y\r v fir/ opportunity & if y l ! ^w use x a numb] ( times until x has become y\r ^w4 ,we h be5 foll[+ 9 ^! lett]s1 :i* are our weekly talks toge!r1 ! developm5t ( ! alphabet4 ,x is really a wond]ful /ory4 ,x br+s to u mo/ vividly ! /ruggle ( ! m5 ( ! pa/4 ,la/ week we f\nd h[ !y began to use symbols to express syllables1 p>ts ( a ^w4 ,we f\nd t ?is 0 a great /ep 9 advance4 ,d y n see t ?is 0 n an eye picture b an e> picture8 ,! symbol did n /& = ! picture ( ! object x nam$ b ea* symbol /ood = ! s\nd :i* compos$ "p ( ! ^w4 ,aft] a :ile x dawn$ ^u "s "o t all ! words :i* man us$ 7 express$ by j a few s\nds4 ,we d n "k j :5 ?is happ5$ b we d "k t x 0 a wond]ful /ep 9 advance4 ,cumb]some pictures & symbols c\ld be done away ) n[4 ,! same idea c\ld be express$ by a few signs :i* repres5t$ ! few s\nds :i* 7 us$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 all words4 ,let u n fail to realize :at a great /ep 9 advance ?is 04 ,^! symbols repres5t$ s\nds4 ,! appeal 0 ?r\gh ! e> gate ( man1 n ?r\gh ! eye gate4 ,?us came ab\t ! bir? ( ! alphabet1 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ mom5t\s triumphs ( ! human m9d4 ,because ( ?is discov]y1 we c n[ =m ?\s&s ( comb9ations express+ all our ideas ) only tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r symbols1--lett]s t repres5t s\nds4 ,s9ce we h at our comm& all ( ?is ri* fund ( words1 let u n be cont5t to possess only a few = ourselves4 ,add a ^w daily to y\r vocabul>y & y w soon be surpris$ at ! ease & flu5cy ( y\r spok5 & writt5 spee*2 & ) ?is flu5cy 9 spee* w come add$ p[] 9 e "p ( y\r life4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs #bib4 ,y w recall t we f\nd t adjectives *ange 9 =m to %[ diff]5t degrees ( quality4 ,a few adv]bs are comp>$ ! same z adjectives4 ,"s =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative degree 9 ! regul> way1 j z adjectives1 by add+ er & e/2 = example3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative soon soon] soone/ late lat] late/ (t5 (t5] (t5e/ e>ly e>li] e>lie/ fa/ fa/] fa/e/ #bic4 ,mo/ adv]bs =m _! comp>ative & sup]lative by ! use ( m & mo/ or less & lea/1 j z adjectives d2 = example3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative cle>ly m cle>ly mo/ cle>ly nobly m nobly mo/ nobly ably m ably mo/ ably truly m truly mo/ truly ,or1 9 ! desc5d+ comp>ison3 cle>ly less cle>ly lea/ cle>ly nobly less nobly lea/ nobly ably less ably lea/ ably truly less truly lea/ truly #bid4 ,! foll[+ adv]bs are comp>$ irregul>ly4 ,x w\ld be well to memorize ?is li/3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative ill worse wor/ well bett] be/ badly worse wor/ f> fur!r 7f>!r7 fur!/ 7f>!/7 little less lea/ mu* m mo/ ,"s adv]bs are incapable ( comp>ison1 z "h1 !re1 n[1 today1 h5ce1 !re=e1 etc4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces m>k :i* adv]bs are us$ 9 ! positive1 :i* 9 ! comp>ative & :i* 9 ! sup]lative degree3 #a4 ,he came too late to get 8 lett]4 #b4 ,i c und]/& cle>ly s9ce y h expla9$ ! matt] to me4 #c4 ,he speaks mo/ truly conc]n+ a matt] ( :i* he is well in=m$4 #d4 ,if he comes quickly he w arrive 9 "t4 #e4 ,i w be able to speak m effectively :5 ,i h /udi$ ! subject4 #f4 ,^? :o argue mo/ ably are ^? :o are 9 complete possession ( ! facts4 #g4 ,he ne$s to take a c\rse su* z ?is v badly4 #h4 ,i am too we>y to g f>!r today4 #i4 ,?is is ! lea/ exp5sive ( !m all4 #aj4 ,if he arrives lat] 9 ! day ,i w n be able to see him4 #aa4 ,i c und]/& him m cle>ly ?an ,i c 8 fri5d4 #ab4 ,y mu/ "w m rapidly "u ! ,taylor sy/em ( effici5cy4 #ac4 ,^? :o are lea/ tra9$ lose _! positions fir/4 #ad4 ,^? :o are be/ fitt$ = ! positions d n always receive !m4 ,,position ,,( ,,adv]bs #bie4 ,:5 we use an adv]b ) an adjective or o!r adv]b1 we usually place ! adv]b be=e ! adjective or adv]b :i* x modifies4 ,= example3 ,%e is v /udi\s4 ,results come r sl[ly4 ,x is q evid5t4 ,he speaks too rapidly4 ,:5 we use an adv]b ) ! simple =m ( ! v]b1 7t is1 ei!r ! pres5t or pa/ "t =m or any "t =m 9 :i* we d n ne$ to use a phrase71 if ! v]b is a complete v]b1 we place ! adv]b aft] ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,! boat arriv$ safely4 ,! man came quickly4 ,! boy ran fa/4 ,! tea*] spoke ha/ily4 ,b :5 ! v]b is an incomplete v]b us$ 9 ! simple =m1 ! adv]b usually prec$es x 9 ord] n to come betwe5 ! v]b & its object4 ,z1 = example3 ,he will+ly gave 8 cons5t to ! proposition4 ,%e gladly wrote ! lett] :i* we reque/$4 ,a soldi] always obeys ! comm& ( a sup]ior (fic]4 ,:5 ! object ( ! incomplete v]b is %ort1 !n ! adv]b is sometimes plac$ aft] ! object4 ,z1 = example3 ,i /udy my lessons c>efully4 ,he wrote a lett] ha/ily4 ,! object is m closely connect$ ) ! v]b & s is plac$ ne>] ! v]b4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! object is modifi$ by a phrase ! adv]b is sometimes plac$ imm$iately aft] ! v]b1 z3 ,i /udi$ c>efully ! lessons giv5 = ?is mon?4 ,he wrote ha/ily a %ort lett] to 8 son4 ,:5 we use an adv]b ) a v]b phrase1 we usually place ! adv]b aft] ! fir/ ^w 9 ! v]b phrase4 ,= example3 ,! boy has always work$4 ,! work]s w !n und]/&4 ,he w surely h arriv$ by t "t4 ,:5 ! v]b is 9 ! passive =m ! adv]b imm$iately prec$es ! pr9cipal v]b1 z = example3 ,! "w c be quickly f9i%$4 ,! ob/acles c be readily ov]come4 ,! lesson mu/ be c>efully prep>$4 ,! work]s mu/ be ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,:5 an adv]b ( "t & an adv]b ( mann] or place are us$ to modify ! same v]b1 ! adv]b ( "t is plac$ fir/ & ! adv]b ( mann] or place second1 z = example3 ,i (t5 /op !re4 ,he usually walks v rapidly4 ,!y soon le>n to "w rapidly4 ,if ! s5t5ce conta9s adv]bs ( "t1 ( place1 & ( mann]2 ! adv]b ( "t %\ld come fir/2 ( place1 second2 & ( mann]1 ?ird2 z3 ,he usually comes "h quickly4 ,ex]cise #b ,improve ! location ( ! adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces & obs]ve h[ ! *ange ( place ( ! adv]b may alt] ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce3 #a4 ,i only saw ! ,presid5t once4 #b4 ,su* prices are only paid 9 times ( great sc>city4 #c4 ,no man has ev] s mu* weal? t he does n want m4 #d4 ,x seems t ! work]s c be nev] ar\s$4 #e4 ,i want to briefly /ate ! reason = my action4 #f4 ,i %all be glad to help y always4 #g4 ,i only m5tion a few ( ! facts4 #h4 ,he ne>ly walk$ to t[n4 #i4 ,we are told t ! ,japanese *iefly live ^u rice4 #aj4 ,!y expect$ !m to sign a treaty daily4 #aa4 ,hav+ ne>ly lo/ all 8 money he fe>$ aga9 to v5ture4 ,,adv]bs ,,& ,,inf9itives #bif4 ,y rememb] :5 we /udi$ ! inf9itive 9 ,lesson #i1 we f\nd t x 0 n good usage to split ! inf9itive2 t is1 to put ! modify+ ^w betwe5 to & ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,we ought to bravely /& = our rights4 ,! correct =m ( ?is is3 ,we ought to /& bravely = our rights4 ,b we h f\nd1 also1 t common usage breaks d[n ! old rules & makes new rules & laws = itself1 & s we frequ5tly f9d ! adv]b plac$ betwe5 ! inf9itive & its sign4 ,sometimes x seems difficult to express our mean+ accurately 9 any o!r way2 = example1 :5 we say3 ,to almo/ succe$ is n en\gh1 we d n make ! /atem5t z =ceful or z ne>ly expressive ( our real idea1 if we try to put ! adv]b almo/ 9 any o!r position4 ,?is is also true 9 su* phrases z to f> exce$1 to m ?an c\nt]balance1 to fully appreciate1 & v>i\s o!r examples :i* y w readily f9d 9 y\r read+4 ,! purpose ( writt5 & spok5 language is to express our ideas adequately & accurately4 ,s we place our words 9 s5t5ces to fulfill ?is purpose & n accord+ to any /]eotyp$ rule ( gramm>ians4 ,ord9>ily1 ?\gh1 x w\ld be be/ n to place ! adv]b betwe5 ! inf9itive v]b & its sign to4 ,d n split ! inf9itive unless by s do+ y express y\r idea m accurately4 ,,common ,,errors #big4 ,! position 9 ! s5t5ce ( su* adv]bs z1 only1 also & m]ely1 dep5ds ^u ! mean+ to be convey$4 ,! place :]e ^! adv]bs occur 9 ! s5t5ces1 may completely alt] ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,only ! address c be writt5 on ?is side4 ,we mean t no?+ b ! address c be writt5 on ?is side4 ,! address c only be writt5 on ?is side4 ,we mean t ! address _c be pr9t$1 b mu/ be writt54 ,! address c be writt5 only on ?is side4 ,we mean t x _c be writt5 on any o!r side1 b on ?is side only4 ,s y see t ! place 9 :i* ! adv]b appe>s 9 ! s5t5ce dep5ds ^u ! mean+ to be convey$ & ! adv]b %\ld be plac$ 9 ! s5t5ce s z to convey ! mean+ int5d$4 ,nev] use an adjective = an adv]b4 ,"o common error is us+ an adjective = an adv]b4 ,rememb] t adjectives modify n\ns only4 ,:5ev] y use a ^w to modify a v]b1 adjective or ano!r adv]b1 use an adv]b4 ,= example1 ,he speaks sl[ & pla94 ,?is is incorrect4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be1 ,he speaks sl[ly & pla9ly4 ,wat* ?is c>efully4 ,x is a v common error4 ,ano!r v common error is t ( us+ an adv]b in/ead ( an adjective ) ! copulative v]b4 ,nev] use an adv]b 9 place ( an adjective to complete a copulative v]b4 ,:5 a v]b ass]ts an action on ! "p ( ! subject1 ! qualify+ ^w t foll[s ! v]b is an adv]b4 ,= example1 y w\ld say3 ,! sea 0 calm4 ,"h we use an adjective 9 ! pr$icate1 = we are describ+ ! appe>ance ( ! sea1 no action is express$4 ,b if we say3 ,he spoke calmly1 we use ! adv]b calmly1 = ! v]b spoke expresses an action on ! "p ( ! subject1 & ! adv]b calmly describes t action1 x tells h[ he spoke4 ,s we say3 ,! wat] looks cle>1 b1 ,we see cle>ly4 ,%e appe>s tru?ful4 ,!y answ]$ tru?fully4 ,%e look$ sweet4 ,%e smil$ sweetly4 ,) all =ms ( ! v]b be1 z am1 is1 are1 01 71 h be51 has be51 w be1 etc41 use an adjective 9 ! pr$icate2 z1 ,he is glad4 ,i am happy4 ,!y 7 eag]4 ,!y w be sad4 ,use an adjective 9 ! pr$icate ) v]bs l look1 smell1 ta/e1 feel1 appe> & seem4 ,= example3 ,he looks bad4 ,x smells good4 ,! c&y ta/es sweet4 ,! man feels f9e today4 ,%e appe>s anxi\s4 ,he seems we>y4 ,nev] use two negative words 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,! second negative de/roys ! fir/ & we really make an affirmative /atem5t4 ,! two negatives neutralize ea* o!r & spoil ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example1 nev] say3 ,i don't want no education4 ,he didn't h no money4 ,don't say no?+ to nobody4 ,%e nev] goes n[h]e4 ,he won't say no?+ to y4 ,he does n "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,he nev] /ops = no?+4 ,! /+y man gives no?+ to nobody4 ,9 all ( ^! s5t5ces we h us$ m ?an "o negative2 n & no1 or n & no?+1 or nev] & no1 or nev] & no?+4 ,nev] use ^! d\ble negatives4 ,! correct =ms ( ^! s5t5ces are3 ,i don't want any education4 ,he didn't h any money4 ,don't say any?+ to any "o4 ,%e nev] goes any:]e4 ,he won't say any?+ to y4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t x4 ,he nev] /ops = any?+4 ,! /+y man gives no?+ to any "o4 ,:]e to place ! negative adv]b1 n4 ,9 ,engli% we d n use ! negative adv]b n ) ! common v]b =m1 b :5 we use n 9 a s5t5ce1 we use ! auxili>y d4 ,= example1 we d n say3 ,i l x n4 ,!y ?9k n s4 ,he loves me n4 ,we /rive n to succe$4 ,only 9 poetry d we use su* expressions z ^!4 ,9 ord9>y ,engli%1 we say3 ,i d n l x4 ,!y d n ?9k s4 ,he does n love me4 ,we d n /rive to succe$4 ,we (t5 use "h & !re incorrectly aft] ! words ?is & t4 ,= example1 we say3 ,?is "h lesson is %ort] ?an t !re "o 04 ,?is %\ld be3 ,?is lesson is %ort] ?an t "o4 ,br+ me t !re book4 ,?is "h man w n li/54 ,^! s5t5ces %\ld read3 ,br+ me t book4 ,?is man w n li/54 ,nev] use "h & !re 9 ?is mann]4 ,ano!r common mi/ake is us+ mo/ = almo/4 ,= example1 we say3 ,we are mo/ !re4 ,i see h] mo/ e day4 ,^! s5t5ces %\ld read3 ,we are almo/ !re4 ,i see h] almo/ e day4 ,mo/ is ! sup]lative degree ( mu*1 & %\ld be us$ only 9 t mean+4 ,we (t5 use ! adjective real 9 place ( v or q1 to modify an adv]b or an adjective4 ,= example1 we say3 ,i 0 real glad to "k x4 ,%e look$ real nice4 ,y mu/ come real soon4 ,say in/ead3 ,i am v glad to "k x4 ,%e look$ v nice4 ,y mu/ come q soon4 ,really is ! adv]b =m ( ! adjective real4 ,y might h said3 ,i am really glad to "k x4 ,b nev] use real :5 y mean v or q or really4 ,we use ! adjective "s _m times :5 we %\ld use ! adv]b some:at4 ,= example1 we say3 ,i am "s anxi\s to he> f him4 ,i 0 "s tir$ aft] my trip4 ,:at we int5d$ to say 03 ,i am some:at anxi\s to he> f him4 ,i 0 some:at tir$ aft] my trip4 ,d n use :at = :5 y mean :y4 ,d n say3 ,:at did y d t =8 ,or worse /ill1 ,:at = did y d t8 ,say3 ,:y did y d t8 ,d n use worse 9 place ( m4 ,d n say3 ,i want to g worse ?an ,i ev] did4 ,say3 ,i want to g m ?an ,i ev] did4 ,obs]ve ! di/9ction betwe5 ! words fur!r & f>!r4 ,f>!r always ref]s to di/ance1 or ext5t4 ,= example3 ,he c\ld g no f>!r t day4 ,we w g f>!r into ! matt] "s o!r "t4 ,fur!r means m4 ,= example3 ,he w\ld say no?+ fur!r 9 reg>d to ! subject4 ,nev] use good z an adv]b4 ,good is always an adjective4 ,well is ! adv]b =m4 ,good & well are comp>$ 9 ! same way1 good1 bett]1 be/1 & well1 bett]1 be/4 ,s bett] & be/ c be us$ ei!r z adjectives or adv]bs2 b good is always an adjective4 ,d n say1 ,he talks good4 ,say1 ,he talks well4 ,note t ill is bo? an adjective & an adv]b & t illy is always incorrect4 ,ex]cise #c ,correct ! adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,all b two ( ^! s5t5ces are wrong4 #a4 ,come quick1 ,i ne$ y4 #b4 ,! boy feels badly4 #c4 ,give me t !re p5cil4 #d4 ,i am "s hungry4 #e4 ,! p le>n sl[4 #f4 ,he nev] /opp$ = no?+4 #g4 ,:at did y say t =8 #h4 ,?is "h ma*9e won't run4 #i4 ,i make a mi/ake mo/ e "t4 #aj4 ,wat* c>eful e ^w4 #aa4 ,! man works good4 #ab4 ,! tone s\nds h>%4 #ac4 ,i don't want no d9n]4 #ad4 ,i hope x comes real soon4 #ae4 ,i want to le>n worse ?an ev]4 #af4 ,%e look$ lovely4 #ag4 ,%e smil$ sweet4 #ah4 ,he sees good = "o s old4 #ai4 ,%e answ]$ correct4 #bj4 ,he won't say no?+ ab\t x4 #ba4 ,i w be real glad to see y4 #bb4 ,t ta/es sweetly4 #bc4 ,! man act$ too ha/y4 #bd4 ,we _h mo/ rea*$ home4 #be4 ,!y ride too rapid4 ,,d ,,n ,,use ,,too ,,_m ,,adv]bs #bih4 ,l adjectives x is bett] to use adv]bs sp>+ly4 ,?is is especially true ( ! adv]bs us$ to int5sify our mean+4 ,d n use ! adv]bs1 v1 awfully1 etc41 ) e o!r ^w4 ,x makes our spee* s\nd l t ( a gu%+ s*ool girl1 to :om ev]y?+ is v1 awfully sweet4 ,m ?an t1 x does n leave u any words to use :5 we really want to be int5se 9 spee*4 ,save ^! words until ! "r occasion comes to use !m4 ,ex]cise #d ,adv]bs %\ld always be plac$ :]e !re c be no d\bt z to :at !y are int5d$ to modify4 ,a mi/ake 9 plac+ ! adv]b 9 ! s5t5ce (t5 alt]s ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,*oose ! "r ^w 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,he look$ glad--gladly :5 ,i told him ! news4 #b4 ,slaves h always be5 treat$ h>%--h>%ly4 #c4 ,i pref] my eggs boil$ s(t--s(tly4 #d4 ,! lectur] 0 tol]able--tol]ably well in=m$4 #e4 ,speak sl[]--m sl[ly s ,i c und]/& y4 #f4 ,! ev5+ bells s\nd sweet--sweetly4 #g4 ,! h\se appe>s com=table--com=tably & pleasant--pleasantly4 #h4 ,if y w come quick--quickly y c he> ! music4 #i4 ,i 0 exce$+--exce$+ly glad to he> f y4 #aj4 ,! ba%ful "y man appe>$ v awkw>d--awkw>dly4 #aa4 ,! "y lady look$ beautiful--beautifully & %e sang beautiful--beautifully4 #ab4 ,i look$ quick--quickly 9 ! direction ( ! s\nd4 #ac4 ,! sun is %9+ bright--brightly today & ! grass looks gre5--gre5ly4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ag ,9 our /udy ( adjectives we h f\nd t we use !m to express "s quality possess$ by a n\n or pron\n :i* !y modify4 ,y w recall :5 we /udi$ n\ns1 we _h "o class ( n\ns1 call$ ab/ract n\ns1 :i* 7 ! names ( qualities4 ,s we f9d t f ^! adjectives express+ quality we =m n\ns :i* we use z ! "n ( t quality4 ,= example f ! adjective happy1 we =m ! n\n happ9ess1 :i* is ! "n ( ! quality describ$ by ! adjective happy1 by ! addition ( ! suffix ness4 ,we use ?is suffix ness q (t5 9 =m+ ^! d]ivative n\ns f adjectives b !re are o!r suffixes also :i* we use2 z = example1 ! suffix ty z 9 security1 =m$ f ! adjective secure1 *ang+ ! e to i & add+ ! suffix ty4 ,:5 ! ^w ends 9 t we sometimes add only y z 9 hone/y1 d]iv$ f ! adjective hone/4 ,y rememb] t an ab/ract n\n may express n only quality b also action1 consid]$ ap>t f ! actor2 s ab/ract n\ns may be made f v]bs4 ,= example3 ,runn+1 f ! v]b run2 settlem5t1 f ! v]b settle4 ,9 our lesson = ?is week ! li/ = ,monday1 ,tuesday & ,w$nesday conta9s adjectives ( quality f :i* ab/ract n\ns express+ quality c be made1 by ! addition ( ! prop] suffix1 ei!r ness1 y1 ty or tion4 ,! li/ = ,?ursday1 ,friday & ,saturday consi/s ( v]bs f :i* ab/ract n\ns c be made by ! addition ( ! suffixes m5t & +4 ,make f ea* adjective & v]b 9 ?is week's lesson an ab/ract n\n by ! addition ( ! prop] suffix4 ,be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! use ( ! qualify+ adjective & ! n\n express+ quality4 ,monday ,/ately ,=getful ,real ,concise ,noble ,tuesday ,sl5d] ,empty ,equal ,righte\s ,delib]ate ,w$nesday ,submissive ,dreadful ,eag] ,s9c]e ,resolute ,?ursday ,enli/ ,defile ,adorn ,n\ri% ,comm5ce ,friday ,cont5t ,adju/ ,induce ,indict ,adj\rn ,saturday ,disc\rage ,ref9e ,acquire ,enri* ,infr+e ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ah ,de> ,comrade3 ,la/ week we f9i%$ ! /udy ( adv]bs & we f\nd t !y 7 a v important "p ( our vocabul>y1 & t mo/ ( u ne$$ a great] supply ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,?is is true ( bo? adv]bs & adjectives4 ,:ile we d n use z _m adv]bs z adjectives 9 our ord9>y spee*1 nev]!less1 adv]bs are a v important factor 9 expression4 ,a great _m adjectives c be readily turn$ into adv]bs4 ,!y are adjectives :5 !y are us$ to describe a n\n1 b by ! addition ( a suffix1 !y become adv]bs us$ to describe ! action express$ by ! v]b4 ,s 9 add+ to our /ock ( adjectives we also add adv]bs to our vocabul>y z well4 ,wat* y\r spee* ?is week & make a li/ ( ! adv]bs :i* y use mo/ commonly1 !n g to y\r diction>y & see if y _c f9d synonyms = ^! adv]bs4 ,try us+ ^! synonyms = a:ile & give ! adv]bs :i* y h be5 us+ = s long1 a well e>n$ re/4 ,rememb] t our vocabul>y1 & ! p[] to use x1 is l our muscles1 x c only gr[ & develop by ex]cise4 ,! be/ ex]cise :i* y c possibly f9d = ?is purpose is conv]sation4 ,we sp5d mu* m "t 9 talk+ ?an 9 read+ or 9 writ+4 ,conv]sation is an inexp5sive pleasure & x does n ev5 require leisure always1 = we c talk z we "w2 yet our conv]sation c become a great s\rce ( inspiration & ( influ5ce z well z a pleasant pa/ime4 ,b d n sp5d y\r "t 9 vapid & unpr(itable conv]sation4 ,surely !re is "s "o 9 ! li/ ( y\r acqua9tances :o w\ld l to talk ( ?+s wor? :ile4 ,hunt up ?is "s "o & sp5d "s portion ( y\r day 9 pr(itable conv]sation4 ,rememb] also t a limit$ vocabul>y means also a limit$ m5tal developm5t4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k t :5 we ?9k cle>ly we ?9k 9 words8 ,our ?9k+ capacity is limit$1 unless we h ! words to foll[ our ideas out to _! logical conclusions4 ,?is matt] ( vocabul>y is a matt]1 too1 t is exce$+ly practical4 ,x means success or failure to u 9 ! "w :i* we w\ld l to d 9 ! _w4 ,a comm& ( words means add$ p[] & effici5cy2 x means ! p[] to control1 or at lea/ affect1 our environm5t2 x means ! p[] ov] m5 & ?+s2 x means ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ p ( ability & influ5ce & be+ obscure1 ineffici5t memb]s ( society4 ,s feel :5 y are sp5d+ y\r "t 9 increas+ y\r vocabul>y t y are n only add+ to y\r enjoym5t ( life b t y are do+ y\rself ! be/ practical turn2 y are increas+ y\r effici5cy 9 putt+ y\rself 9 a position :]e y c make y\r influ5ce felt ^u ! p & circum/ances ab\t y4 ,?is ef=t ^u y\r "p w be> practical fruit 9 y\r e day life4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,words #bii4 ,we h /udi$ ab\t ! indep5d5t p>ts ( spee*1 t is1 ! n\ns & pron\ns & v]bs4 ,^! are indep5d5t because ) !m we c =m s5t5ces )\t ! help ( o!r words4 ,& ^! are ! only ?ree p>ts ( spee* :i* are s indep5d5t--) :i* we c =m complete s5t5ces4 ,!n we h /udi$ also ! words t modify1--t is1 ! words t are us$ ) n\ns & pron\ns & v]bs to describe & expla9 m fully ! ideas :i* !y express4 ,s we h /udi$ adjectives1 :i* modify n\ns & pron\ns2 & adv]bs1 :i* modify v]bs or adjectives or o!r adv]bs4 #cjj4 ,! adjectives & adv]bs :i* we h /udi$ ?us f> are s+le words2 b we f9d t we may use little gr\ps ( words 9 ab\t ! same way1 to express ! same idea :i* we h express$ 9 ! s+le adjective or adv]b4 ,= example1 we may say3 ,/rong m51 or1 m5 ( /r5g?4 ,city m51 or1 m5 f ! city4 ,jobless m51 or1 m5 )\t jobs4 ,money$ m51 or1 m5 ) money4 ,^! gr\ps ( words l1 ( /r5g?1 f ! city1 )\t jobs1 & ) money1 express ! same ideas t are express$ 9 ! s+le adjectives1 /rong1 city1 jobless & money$4 ,y recall t we def9$ any gr\p ( words us$ z a s+le ^w z a phrase2 s ^! gr\ps ( words are phrases :i* are us$ z adjectives4 ,! phrase1 ( /r5g?1 modifies ! n\n m51 j z ! adjective /rong modifies ! n\n m54 ,s we may call ^! phrases :i* modify n\ns1 or :i* may be us$ to modify pron\ns also1 adjective phrases1 = !y are gr\ps ( words us$ z adjectives4 ,ex]cise #a ,*ange ! adjectives :i* are pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces into phrases3 #a4 ,/rong m5 "k no fe>4 #b4 ,%e b\ght a ,turki% rug4 #c4 ,he foll[$ ! riv] b$4 #d4 ,fa%ionable wom5 are p>asites4 #e4 ,he left on 8 homew>d j\rney4 #f4 ,s5sible m5 readily und]/& _! economic slav]y4 #g4 ,intellig5t p w n always submit to robb]y4 #h4 ,s5seless argum5ts _c conv9ce u ( ! tru?4 ,,us$ ,,z ,,adv]bs #cja4 ,^! phrases may be us$ 9 ! place ( s+le adv]bs also4 ,y rememb] an adv]b is a ^w t modifies a v]b or an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,let u see if we c n use a phrase or a gr\p ( words 9 ! place ( a s+le adv]b4 ,= example3 ,! man works rapidly1 or1 ,! man works ) rapidity4 ,! man works n[1 or1 ,! man works at ?is "t4 ,! man works "h1 or1 ,! man works at ?is place4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces rapidly1 n[ & "h are s+le adv]bs modify+ ! v]b "w4 ,! phrases1 ) rapidity1 at ?is "t1 & at ?is place1 express practically ! same ideas1 convey$ by ! s+le adv]bs1 rapidly1 n[ & "h4 ,^! phrases modify ! v]b 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! s+le adv]bs4 ,!re=e we call ^! gr\ps ( words us$ z s+le adv]bs1 adv]b phrases4 ,we also use adv]bs to modify adjectives4 ,let u see if we c use adv]b phrases 9 ! same way3 ,rockefell] is excessively ri*2 or1 ,rockefell] is ri* to excess4 ,he is bodily p]fect1 b m5tally weak2 or1 ,he is p]fect 9 body b weak 9 m9d4 ,9 ! s5t5ces above1 ! adv]b excessively modifies ! adjective ri*2 ! same mean+ is express$ 9 ! adv]b phrase1 to excess4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he is bodily p]fect1 b m5tally weak1 ! adv]b bodily modifies ! adjective p]fect & ! adv]b m5tally modifies ! adjective weak4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! same mean+ is express$ by ! adv]b phrases1 9 body & 9 m9d4 ,^! phrases modify ! adjectives p]fect & weak1 j z d ! s+le adv]bs bodily & m5tally4 #cjb4 ,we c use a phrase 9 ! place ( almo/ any adv]b or adjective4 ,x v (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t !re is no adjective or adv]b :i* we c use to exactly express our mean+ & we are =c$ to use a phrase4 ,= example3 ,he b\ght ! l>ge h\se by ! riv]4 ,! man on ! tra9 is go+ to ! city4 ,he came f ! c\ntry4 ,x is impossible to f9d s+le words t express ! mean+ ( ^! phrases1 by ! riv]1 on ! tra91 to ! city1 & f ! c\ntry4 ,y c\ld n say ! riv] h\se2 t is n :at y mean4 ,y mean ! l>ge h\se by ! riv]1 yet ! phrase by ! riv] modifies & describes ! h\se q z mu* z ! adjective l>ge4 ,x is an adjective phrase us$ to modify ! n\n h\se1 yet x w\ld be impossible to express its mean+ 9 a s+le ^w4 ,ex]cise #b ,:i* phrases 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are us$ z adjectives & :i* phrases are us$ z adv]bs8 ,*ange ^! phrases to adjectives or adv]bs1 if y c ?9k ( any t express ! same mean+4 #a4 ,m5 liv$ 9 caves long ago4 #b4 ,man's discov]y ( fire 0 ! beg9n+ ( indu/ry4 #c4 ,aft] ?is discov]y1 m5 liv$ 9 gr\ps4 #d4 ,! "w ( ! _w is done by ma*9]y4 #e4 ,! work]s ( ,europe 7 betray$4 #f4 ,!y are fight+ = _! c\ntry4 #g4 ,! /ruggle = m>kets is ! cause ( w>4 #h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w records ! /ruggle ( ! work]s4 #i4 ,! idea ( democracy is equal opportunity = all4 #aj4 ,! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press plac$ k )9 ! rea* ( ! masses4 #aa4 ,if y w /udy ) dilig5ce y c le>n ) ease4 #ab4 ,?is k w be ( great value to y4 #ac4 ,diplomacy means t ! plans ( nations are made 9 secret4 #ad4 ,! m5 9 ! factory are all paid by ! mon?4 #ae4 ,!y are afraid to take a trip ?r\gh ,europe at ?is "t4 ,ex]cise #c ,use a phrase in/ead ( ! adjective or adv]b 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,! m5 9 ! tr5*es are fight+ bravely4 #b4 ,an un$ucat$ man is easily exploit$4 #c4 ,our educational sy/em is inadequate4 #d4 ,! skill$ work]s mu/ be organiz$4 #e4 ,c>eless m5 endang] ! lives ( o!rs4 #f4 ,! plans h be5 c>efully laid4 #g4 ,ambiti\s m5 (t5 trample on ! rights ( o!rs4 #h4 ,%all our education be controll$ by weal?y m58 #i4 ,we want to live c\rage\sly4 #aj4 ,we want to face ! future fe>lessly4 #aa4 ,we want to possess peacefully ! fruits ( our labor4 #ab4 ,by con/ant practice we c le>n to speak effectively4 #ac4 ,?is book w be a valuable addition to y\r libr>y4 #ad4 ,! numb] ( unemploy$ m5 con/antly increases4 #ae4 ,! m5 ma/]$ ea* /ep ?or\ghly z !y proce$$4 #af4 ,9 ord] to express "o's self eloqu5tly x is necess>y to ?9k cle>ly4 #ag4 ,we mu/ consecrate ourselves completely to ! cause ( humanity4 #ah4 ,a k9d act is its own rew>d4 #ai4 ,exp]i5c$ work]s c m easily secure positions4 #bj4 ,he spoke ?\ghtlessly b ! p li/5$ eag]ly4 #ba4 ,! soldi] 0 rew>d$ = 8 h]oic de$4 #bb4 ,he is an honorable man & ,i am n surpris$ at ?is brave act4 #bc4 ,a prud5t man %\ld be *os5 to fill t important (fice4 ,,prepositions #cjc4 ,h y notic$ t all ( ^! phrases1 :i* we h be5 /udy+ & us+ z adjectives & adv]bs1 beg9 ) a little ^w l (1 )1 f1 91 at or by1 :i* connects ! phrase ) ! ^w x modifies8 ,we c\ld sc>cely express our mean+ )\t ^! little words4 ,!y are connect+ words & fill an important function4 ,^! words usually come fir/ 9 ! phrase4 ,= ?is reason1 !y are call$ prepositions1 :i* means to place be=e4 ,let u see :at a useful place ^! little words fill 9 our language4 ,suppose we 7 wat*+ ! play ( "s boys outside our w9d[s & 7 report+ _! hid+ place4 ,we might say3 ,! boys are hid+ 9 ! bu%es4 ,! boys are hid+ among ! bu%es4 ,! boys are hid+ "u ! bu%es4 ,! boys are hid+ beh9d ! bu%es4 ,! boys are hid+ beyond ! bu%es4 ,^! s5t5ces are all alike except ! prepositions 91 among1 "u1 beh9d & beyond4 ,if y read ! s5t5ces & leave out ^! prepositions entirely1 y w see t nobody c\ld possibly tell :at connection ! bu%es _h ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! prepositions are necess>y to express ! relation ( ! ^w bu%es to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,y c readily see t ! use ( a diff]5t preposition *anges ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x means q a diff]5t ?+ to say1 ,! boys are hid+ 9 ! bu%es1 & to say1 ,! boys are hid+ beyond ! bu%es4 ,s ! preposition has a great deal to d ) ! true expression ( our ideas4 ,! n\n bu%es is us$ z ! object ( ! preposition1 & ! preposition %[s ! relation ( its object to ! ^w :i* x modifies4 ,y rememb] t n\ns h ! same =m :e!r !y are us$ z subject or z object1 b if y are us+ a pron\n aft] a preposition1 always use ! object =m ( ! pron\n4 ,= example3 ,i b\ght ! book f him4 ,i took ! message to !m4 ,i f\nd ! place = h]4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! pron\ns1 him1 !m1 & h] are us$ z objects ( ! prepositions f1 to & =4 ,s we h us$ ! object =ms ( ^! pron\ns4 #cjd4 ,! n\n or pron\n t foll[s ! preposition1 & is us$ ) x to make a phrase1 is ! object ( ! preposition4 ,! preposition is us$ to %[ ! relation t exi/s betwe5 its object & ! ^w ! object modifies4 ,9 ! s5t5ce above1 ,! boys are hid+ 9 ! bu%es1 ! preposition 9 %[s ! relation%ip betwe5 ! v]b phrase1 are hid+ & ! object ( ! preposition1 bu%es4 ,! n\n or pron\n :i* is ! object ( a preposition may also h its modifi]s4 ,9 ! s5t5ces us$ ab\t ! n\n bu%1 :i* is ! object ( ! prepositions us$1 is modifi$ by ! adjective !4 ,o!r modifi]s might also be add$1 z = example3 ,! boys are hid+ 9 ! tall1 ?ick bu%es4 ,! entire phrase1 9 ! tall1 ?ick bu%es1 is made up ( ! preposition 91 its object bu%es & ! modifi]s ( bu%es1 !1 tall & ?ick4 #cje4 ,! preposition1 ) its object & ! modifi]s ( ! object1 =ms a phrase :i* we call a prepositional phrase4 ,^! prepositional phrases may be us$ ei!r z adjectives or z adv]bs1 s we h our def9itions3 ,a preposition is a ^w t %[s ! relation ( its object to "s o!r ^w4 ,a phrase is a gr\p ( words us$ z a s+le ^w4 ,a prepositional phrase is a phrase compos$ ( a preposition & its object & modifi]s4 ,an adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase us$ z an adjective4 ,an adv]b phrase is a prepositional phrase us$ z an adv]b4 #cjf4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! mo/ common & mo/ important prepositions4 ,use ea* "o 9 a s5t5ce3 above ab\t across aft] aga9/ along ar\nd among at be=e beh9d bel[ b5ea? beside betwe5 beyond by d[n = f 9 into ( (f on ov] to t[>d ?r\gh up ^u "u ) )9 )\t ,,adv]bs ,,& ,,prepositions #cjg4 ,_m ( ! words t are us$ z prepositions are us$ also z adv]bs4 ,x may be a little confus+ to tell :e!r ! ^w is an adv]b or a preposition1 b if y w rememb] ?is simple rule y w h no tr\ble3 ,a preposition is always foll[$ by ei!r a n\n or a pron\n z its object1 :ile an adv]b nev] has an object4 ,s :5 y f9d a ^w1 t c be us$ ei!r z a preposition or an adv]b1 us$ alone 9 a s5t5ce )\t an object1 x is an adv]b2 b if x is foll[$ by an object1 !n x is a preposition4 ,?is br+s aga9 to our m9ds ! fundam5tal rule :i* we h laid d[n1 t e ^w is classifi$ accord+ to ! "w :i* x does 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! "w ( a preposition is to %[ ! relation betwe5 its object & ! ^w :i* t object modifies4 ,s :5ev] a ^w is us$ 9 ?is way x is a preposition4 ,= example3 ,he w5t ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,"h1 ab\t is a preposition & bus9ess is its object4 ,b 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he is able to be ab\t1 ab\t is us$ z an adv]b4 ,x has no object4 ,he sail$ be=e ! ma/4 ,"h1 be=e is a preposition introduc+ ! phrase be=e ! ma/1 :i* modifies ! v]b sail$4 ,b 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i told y t be=e1 be=e is an adv]b modify+ ! v]b told4 ,by apply+ ?is rule y c always readily det]m9e :e!r ! ^w 9 "q is an adv]b or a preposition4 ,ex]cise #d ,tell :e!r ! words pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 are prepositions or adv]bs & ! reason :y3 #a4 ,he came across ! /reet4 #b4 ,he is )\t "w4 #c4 ,come 94 #d4 ,he lives ne>4 #e4 ,he br\ght x = me4 #f4 ,i _c get across4 #g4 ,we w g outside4 #h4 ,?is is betwe5 y & me4 #i4 ,he c g )\t4 #aj4 ,/ay 9 ! h\se4 #aa4 ,d n come ne> me4 #ab4 ,!y all w5t abo>d at six o'clock4 #ac4 ,he enli/$ 9 ! navy & sail$ be=e ! ma/4 #ad4 ,i d n "k :at lies beyond4 #ae4 ,i w soon be ?r\gh4 #af4 ,! a]oplane flew above ! city = h\rs4 ,,phrase ,,prepositions #cjh4 ,sometimes we h a preposition made up ( sev]al words :i* we h us$ s commonly toge!r t !y are us$ z a s+le ^w & we call ! entire phrase a preposition4 ,z1 = example3 ,accord+ to--on acc\nt (--by means (1 etc4 #a4 ,he answ]$ accord+ to ! rule4 #b4 ,i c\ld n g on acc\nt ( illness4 #c4 ,he won ! election by means ( fraud4 #d4 ,! /rike 0 won by help ( all ! comrades4 #e4 ,y c le>n to spell only by d9t ( memory4 #f4 ,we speak incorrectly by =ce ( habit4 #g4 ,he w5t to ,new ,york by way ( ,*icago4 #h4 ,f]r] di$ = ! sake ( 8 ideals4 #i4 ,9 consid]ation ( ?is paym5t1 we w s5d y ! set ( books4 #aj4 ,g]many issu$ h] ultimatum 9 defiance ( ! _w4 #aa4 ,9 view ( all ! facts1 we are conv9c$ ( 8 innoc5ce4 #ab4 ,he w gladly suff] 9 place ( 8 comrade4 #ac4 ,9 con=mity ) ! in=mation conta9$ 9 y\r lett]1 ,i w jo9 y on ! #aj?4 ,ex]cise #e ,m>k ! prepositions 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree p>agraphs ! prepositional phrases are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y are us$ z adjective phrases or z adv]b phrases4 ,und]score ! prepositional phrases 9 ! rema9d] ( ! quotation & det]m9e :i* ^w is us$ z ! object ( ! preposition4 ,,! ,,sunlight ,,lay ,,across ,,my ,,b$ ,9 ! d>k "o night ,i lay ^u my b$4 ,& 9 ! d>k ,i dream$ a dream4 ,i dream$ ,god took my s\l to ,hell4 ,& we came :]e hell op5$ into a pla91 & a great h\se /ood !re4 ,m>ble pill>s upheld ! ro(1 & :ite m>ble /eps l$ up to x4 ,! w9d ( heav5 blew ?r\gh x4 ,only at ! back hung a ?ick curta94 ,fair m5 & wom5 !re fea/$ at long tables4 ,!y danc$1 & ,i saw ! robes ( wom5 flutt] 9 ! air & he>d ! laugh ( /rong m54 ,!y fea/$ ) w9e2 !y drew x f l>ge j>s :i* /ood some:at 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ,i saw ! w9e sp>kle z !y drew x4 ,& ,i said to ,god1 ,i %\ld l to g up & dr9k4 ,& ,god said1 ,wait4 ,& ,i saw m5 com+ into ! banquet h\se2 !y came 9 f ! back & lift$ ! corn] ( ! curta9 at ! sides & crept 9 quickly2 & !y let ! curta9 fall beh9d !m2 !y bore great j>s !y c\ld h>dly c>ry4 ,& ! m5 & wom5 cr[d$ r\nd !m1 & ! newcom]s op5$ _! j>s & gave !m ( ! w9e to dr9k2 & ,i saw t ! wom5 drank ev5 m gre$ily ?an ! m54 ,& :5 o!rs _h well drunk5 !y set ! j>s among ! old ones beside ! wall1 & took _! places at ! table4 ,& ,i saw t "s ( ! j>s 7 v old & mildew$ & du/y1 b o!rs _h /ill drops ( new mu/ on !m & %one f ! furnace4 ,& ,i said to ,god1 ,:at is t8 ,= amid ! s\nds ( ! s++1 & ov] ! danc+ ( feet1 & ov] ! laugh+ across ! w9ecups1 ,i he>d a cry4 ,& ,god said1 ,/& away (f4 ,& ,he took me :]e ,i saw bo? sides ( ! curta94 ,beh9d ! h\se 0 a w9e-press :]e ! w9e 0 made4 ,i saw ! grapes cru%$1 & ,i he>d !m cry4 ,i said1 ,d n !y on ! o!r side he> x8 ,god said1 ,! curta9 is ?ick2 !y are fea/+4 ,& ,i said1 ,b ! m5 :o came 9 la/4 ,!y saw8 ,god said1 ,!y let ! curta9 fall beh9d !m--& !y =got6 ,i said1 ,h[ came !y by _! j>s ( w9e8 ,god said1 ,9 ! tread+ ( ! press ^! are !y :o came to ! top2 !y h climb$ out ov] ! edge & fill$ _! j>s f bel[2 & h gone into ! h\se4 ,& ,i said1 ,& if !y _h fall5 z !y climb$--8 ,god said1 ,!y _h be5 w9e4 ,i /ood away (f wat*+ 9 ! sun%9e1 & ,i %iv]$4 ,& aft] a :ile ,i look$1 & ,i saw ! curta9 t hung beh9d ! h\se mov+4 ,i said to ,god1 ,is x a w9d8 ,god said1 ,a w9d4 ,& x seem$ to me t aga9/ ! curta9 ,i saw press$ ! =ms ( m5 & wom54 ,& aft] a :ile1 ! fea/]s saw x move1 & !y :isp]$ "o to ano!r4 ,!n "s rose & ga!r$ ! mo/ worn-out cups1 & into !m !y put :at 0 left at ! bottom ( o!r vessels4 ,mo!rs :isp]$ to _! *ildr51 ,d n dr9k all1 save a little drop :5 y h drunk4 ,& :5 !y _h collect$ all ! dregs !y slipp$ ! cups out "u ! bottom ( ! curta9 )\t lift+ x4 ,aft] a :ile ! curta9 left (f mov+4 ,i said to ,god1 ,h[ is x s quiet8 ,he said1 ,!y h gone away to dr9k x4 ,i said1 ,!y dr9k x--_! own6 ,god said1 ,x comes f ?is side ( ! curta91 & !y are v ?ir/y4 ,& /ill ! fea/ w5t on4 ,m5 & wom5 sat at ! tables quaff+ great b[ls4 ,"s rose1 & ?rew _! arms ab\t ea* o!r & danc$ & sang4 ,!y pl$g$ ea* o!r 9 ! w9e1 & kiss$ ea* o!r's blood-r$ lips4 ,m5 drank till !y c\ld dr9k no long]1 & laid _! heads ^u ! table1 sleep+ heavily4 ,wom5 :o c\ld dance no m lean$ back on ! b5*es ) _! heads aga9/ _! lov]s' %\ld]s4 ,little *ildr51 sick ) w9e1 lay d[n ^u ! edge ( _! mo!rs' robes4 ,i said1 ,i _c see m1 ,i am afraid ( ,hell4 ,:5 ,i see m5 danc+ ,i he> ! "t beat5 9 ) sobs2 & _! w9e is liv+6 ,oh1 ,i _c be> ,hell6 ,god said1 ,:]e w y g8 ,i said1 ,to ! e>? f :i* ,i came2 x 0 bett] !re4 ,& ,god laugh$ at me2 & ,i wond]$ :y ,he laugh$4 --,olive ,s*re9]4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ah ,!re are a numb] ( words t are ord9>ily foll[$ by a preposition ) its phrase4 ,we make a great _m mi/akes 9 ! use ( ! prop] preposition ) ^! words4 ,our spell+ lesson ?is week cov]s a numb] ( ^! words ) examples illu/rat+ ! appropriate preposition to be us$ ) ea* ^w4 ,le>n to spell ^! words1 look up _! mean+ 9 ! diction>y & use ea* ^w ) its prop] preposition 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own con/ruction4 ,,monday ,abhorr5ce1 (2 ,we h an abhorr5ce ( w>4 ,abhorr5t1 to2 ,w> is abhorr5t to u4 ,acqua9t1 )2 ,i w acqua9t y ) ! facts 9 ! case4 ,y w !n be acqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,acquit1 (2 ,! man 0 acquitt$ ( ! *>ge4 ,adequate1 to2 ,our res\rces are n adequate to ! dem&4 ,,tuesday ,angry1 )1 at2 ,we are angry ) p]sons & angry at ?+s4 ,a/oni%$1 at or by2 7,nev] )7 ,i am a/oni%$ at y1 or by y1 n ) y4 ,conf]2 ,we conf] ) p1 ^u or ab\t matt]s4 ,contr>y2 ,a ?+ is contr>y to our ideas1 7n f or ?an74 ,controv]sy2 )1 betwe51 or ab\t1 7n ov]74 ,i _h a controv]sy ) y4 ,!re is a controv]sy betwe5 ! two ab\t ! result4 ,,w$nesday ,convict$1 ( 7n =74 ,he 0 convict$ ( ! crime4 ,copy2 ,we copy aft] p1 f ?+s1 & out ( books4 ,deprive1 (1 7n f74 ,we are depriv$ ( an education4 ,desire1 ( & =2 ,we may speak ( ! desire ( a man1 mean+ man's desire2 b we %\ld always say ,he has a desire = position1 = weal?1 etc4 ,die1 (1 = & f2 ,a p]son dies (1 n f1 a disease4 ,he dies f ! effects ( an injury4 ,"o p]son may die ) ano!r1 b nev] ) a disease1 = ! disease does n die4 ,,?ursday ,diff]1 f1 among1 ab\t1 conc]n+1 )2 ,p]sons or ?+s diff] f ea* o!r2 t is1 !y are dissimil> 9 appe>ance4 ,two p]sons may diff] ) ea* o!r2 t is1 cont5d or disagree4 ,sev]al p]sons diff] among !mselves ab\t or conc]n+ "s matt]4 ,diss5t1 f 7n to74 ,!re 0 a g5]al diss5t f t idea4 ,guilty1 ( 7n =74 ,he is guilty ( ! crime4 ,inc5tive1 to 7n =74 ,x is a great inc5tive to action4 ,receive1 f1 7n (74 ,receiv$ f ,john ,smi?1 ?irty doll>s1 etc4 ,,friday ,inf]1 f1 7n by74 ,i inf] ?is f y\r rem>ks1 n by y\r rem>ks4 ,introduce2 ,a man is introduc$ to a woman1 a speak] to an audi5ce2 into society or into new surr\nd+s4 ,we introduce a bill 9 ,congress or a resolution 9 a committee4 ,involv$1 9 7n )74 ,we are involv$ 9 difficulties4 ,li/52 ,we li/5 = ! expect$ news2 we li/5 to our fri5ds1 n at4 ,m>ri$2 ,"o p]son is m>ri$ to ano!r1 n ) ano!r4 ,,saturday ,matt]1 )1 7n (74 ,:at is ! matt] ) ?is8 ,opposition1 to 7n aga9/74 ,!re is opposition to ! motion4 ,"p1 to "p f1 means to leave4 ,i w "p f my fri5ds4 ,to "p ) means to give up4 ,a fool soon p>ts ) 8 money4 ,rem$y1 =2 ,we h a rem$y = ! disease4 ,prev5tive1 aga9/2 ,we h a prev5tive aga9/ disease4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is easy to sit 9 ! sun%9e ,& talk to ! man 9 ! %ade2 ,x is easy to float 9 a well-trimm$ boat1 ,& po9t out ! places to wade4 ,b once we pass into ! %ad[s ,we murmur & fret & fr[n2 ,at our l5g? f ! bank1 we %\t = a plank1 ,or ?r[ up our h&s & g d[n4 ,x is easy to sit 9 a c>riage ,& c\nsel ! man on foot2 ,b get d[n & walk & y'll *ange y\r talk1 ,z y feel ! peg 9 y\r boot4 ,x is easy to tell ! toil] ,h[ be/ he c c>ry 8 pack2 ,b n "o c rate a burd5's weight ,until x has be5 on 8 back4 ,! up-curl$ m\? ( pleasure ,c prea* ( sorr['s wor?2 ,b give x a sip1 & a wry] lip1 ,0 nev] made on e>?4 --,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox4 ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ai ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is lesson we are complet+ our /udy ( ! preposition4 ,! preposition is "o ( ! la/ p>ts ( spee* :i* we take up = /udy & x is also "o ( ! la/ p>ts ( spee* to be add$ to our vocabul>y4 ,! *ild does n use ! preposition :5 x fir/ beg9s to talk4 ,x uses ! names ( ?+s2 words ( action2 words t describe objects & actions4 ,x does n beg9 to use prepositions until x beg9s to relate ideas4 ,! relation ( ideas means t we are ?9k+2 comb9+ ideas into ?\ghts4 ,!n we beg9 to ne$ prepositions1 :i* are words ( relation1 connect+ words1 express+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ideas4 ,! measure ( ! fullness & ri*ness ( our lives is ! measure ( our und]/&+ ( ! _w ab\t u1 ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t phases ( t _w & ( our relation%ip to x all4 ,s words d n mean mu* to u until we c relate !m to our own lives & our own exp]i5ces4 ,:5 y look up a ^w 9 ! diction>y1 d n /udy ! ^w alone2 /udy also ! ?+ = :i* x /&s4 ,a p]son ) a good memory might acquire a vocabul>y by %e] feat ( memory2 b :at good w\ld x d unless ea* ^w c\ld be relat$ to practical exp]i5ce8 ,x is only 9 ?is way t words become alive to u4 ,we mu/ h an idea1 a concept & k ( ! ?+ = :i* ! ^w /&s4 ,s let u use our diction>y 9 ?is way4 ,d n be satisfi$ :5 y h look$ up a ^w simply to "k h[ to spell & pron\nce ! ^w & und]/& some:at ( its mean+4 ,d n be satisfi$ until x has become a live ^w to y4 ,h a cle> image & und]/&+ ( j :at ea* ^w /&s =4 ,use ! words 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own4 ,use !m 9 y\r conv]sation4 ,make !m a "p ( y\r e-day life4 ,d n pass ov] any ( ! words 9 ! lesson )\t und]/&+ _! mean+4 ,/udy ! poem ,ab\ ,b5 ,adhem 9 ?is week's lesson4 ,aft] y h read x ov] a numb] ( times1 close ! book & rewrite ! poem 9 prose 9 y\r own language4 ,!n comp>e y\r v]sion ) ! poem4 ,note :]e y h us$ diff]5t expressions & decide :i* is ! bett]1 ! words us$ 9 ! poem or y\r own words4 ,rewrite x sev]al times until y h a well-writt5 v]sion ( ?is poem4 ,ex]cises su* z ?is w increase y\r vocabul>y & quickly develop ! p[] ( expression4 ,no p[] c come 9 any dep>tm5t ( life )\t ef=t hav+ be5 exp5d$ 9 its acquisition4 ,our great writ]s h be5 c>eful /ud5ts4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son says t he has (t5 sp5t a half a day se>*+ = ! p>ticul> ^w :i* he ne$$ to express precisely ! idea 9 m9d4 ,/ev5son is a ma/] ( ! ,engli% & ?is p[] came to him by ?is sort ( /udi\s & e>ne/ "w4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,an ,,important ,,^w #cji4 ,?+s are n always to be judg$ by _! size4 ,sometimes ! mo/ important ?+s are v small & unimportant 9 appe>ance4 ,a great ma*9e is be=e y4 ,y see its giant :eels1 its huge lev]s4 ,^! may seem to be ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 b "h & !re ?r\gh\t ?is great ma*9e are little screws & bolts4 ,^! b9d ! giant p>ts toge!r4 ,)\t ^! connect+ l9ks1 ! great :eels & lev]s & revolv+ belts c\ld n "w toge!r4 ,let a little bolt slip out ( its place 9 ! me*anism1 & ! great :eels /op1 ! ?robb+ ma*9]y comes to a /&/ill4 ,no "w is possible until ?is little bolt has be5 replac$4 ,s 9 our s5t5ce build+1 ! preposition is ! bolt t jo9s words toge!r4 ,! importance ( ! preposition 9 a language increases j 9 proportion z ! nation le>ns to ?9k m exactly & express itself m accurately4 ,we f\nd 9 our la/ lesson t by *ang+ a preposition we c *ange ! entire mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,a man's life may dep5d ^u ! use ( a c]ta9 preposition4 ,y may swe> 8 life away by be>+ te/imony to ! fact :e!r y saw him )9 ! h\se1 or )\t ! h\se2 or be=e d>k1 or aft] d>k4 #caj4 ,! preposition is an important ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,we c use x to s]ve our purpose 9 v>i\s ways4 ,we h f\nd1 = in/ance1 t we c use x3 ,fir/1 to *ange an adjective into an adjective phrase4 ,z1 = example3 ,! fe>less man dem&s 8 rights4 ,! man )\t fe> dem&s 8 rights4 ,second1 to *ange an adv]b into an adv]b phrase4 ,z1 = example3 ,we want to possess peacefully ! fruits ( our labor4 ,we want to possess 9 peace ! fruits ( our labor4 ,?ird1 to express a mean+ :i* we c express 9 no o!r way2 z1 = example1 ,!y are fight+ = _! c\ntry4 ,!re is no s+le ^w :i* we c use to express ! mean+ :i* we express 9 ! phrase1 = _! c\ntry4 #caa4 ,s ! preposition has giv5 u a new means ( expression1 ! prepositional phrase4 ,we c1 by its help1 use a phrase 9 place ( an adjective to modify a n\n or a pron\n1 & 9 place ( an adv]b to modify a v]b or an adjective4 ,& we c also use ! prepositional phrase to express relation%ip :i* we _c express by a s+le adjective or adv]b4 ,if ,i want to tell y t ,i see a bird 9 yond] tree1 su* an expression w\ld be impossible )\t t little preposition 94 ,by ! use ( v>i\s prepositions1 ,i c express to y ! relation%ip betwe5 ! bird & ! tree4 ,i c tell y :e!r x is "u ! tree1 or 9 ! tree1 or ov] ! tree1 or fly+ ar\nd ! tree1 or ne> ! tree4 ,by ! use ( ! v>i\s prepositions1 ,i c express accurately ! relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 ! bird & ! tree4 ,ex]cise #a ,look up ! li/ ( prepositions 9 ,section #cjf1 on page #ahd4 ,use ! foll[+ pairs ( words 9 s5t5ces & use z _m diff]5t prepositions z y c to express ! diff]5t relation%ips :i* may be express$ betwe5 ^! words4 ,= example1 take ! two words1 man & h\se4 ,y may say3 ,! man w5t ar\nd ! h\se4 ,! man w5t ab\t ! h\se4 ,! man w5t ov] ! h\se4 ,! man w5t "u ! h\se4 ,! man w5t )\t ! h\se4 ,! man w5t into ! h\se4 ,! man w5t by ! h\se4 ,! man w5t beyond ! h\se4 ,! man w5t to ! h\se4 enemy city soldi]s cannon man ma*9e woman factory *ildr5 s*ool gov]nm5t p ,a ,,gov]n+ ,,^w #cab4 ,! preposition %[s ! relation betwe5 two words4 ,9 ?is way x enables u to use a n\n or a pron\n z a modify+ ^w4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce giv5 above1 ,i see ! bird 9 ! tree1 ! preposition 9 %[s ! relation%ip betwe5 bird & tree1 & makes ( tree a modify+ ^w4 ,x expresses a diff]5t mean+ ?an if we us$ ! ^w tree z an adjective4 ,= we d n mean t we see a tree bird1 b a bird 9 a tree4 ,s ) ! help ( ! preposition 91 we h us$ tree z a modify+ ^w4 ,b ! preposition 9 also gov]ns ! =m ( ! ^w t foll[s x4 ,s9ce n\ns h ! same =m :e!r !y are us$ z subject or object1 ?is does n mean any *ange 9 ! =m ( ! n\ns4 ,b pron\ns h diff]5t =ms = ! subject & object1 s :5 we use a pron\n ) a preposition1 we mu/ use ! object =m4 ,!re are sev5 object =ms ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 & aft] a preposition1 always use "o ( ^! object =ms4 ,he gave x to me4 ,give x to him4 ,give x to h]4 ,add ?is to x4 ,br+ x to u4 ,i w give x to y4 ,he gave x to !m4 #cac4 ,be c>eful to always use ! object =m ( ! pron\n foll[+ a preposition4 ,obs]ve ?is also 9 ! use ( ! relative & int]rogative pron\n :o4 ,! object =m is :om4 ,= example3 ,to :om w y g8 ,?is is ! man to :om ,i wrote4 ,= :om are y look+8 ,:]e is ! woman = :om y w\ld make su* a sacrifice8 ,:]e to ,put ! ,preposition #cad4 ,! preposition g5]ally prec$es its object4 ,?is is ! reason x 0 giv5 its "n1 preposition1 mean+ to place be=e4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! preposition is sep>at$ f its object4 ,?is is (t5 true :5 x is us$ ) an int]rogative or relative pron\n4 ,) ^! pron\ns1 ! preposition is (t5 ?r[n to ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,?is is ! book ab\t :i* ,i 0 speak+2 or1 ,?is is ! book :i* ,i 0 speak+ ab\t4 ,to :om %all ,i give ?is lett]2 or1 ,:o %all ,i give ?is lett] to8 ,! s5t5ce1 ,to :om %all ,i give ?is lett]1 is grammatically correct2 b 9 ord9>y usage we use ! =m1 ,:o %all ,i give ?is lett] to8 ,:ile ! rule calls = ! object =m ( ! relative pron\n aft] a preposition--s t ! use ( to :om is grammatically correct--9 common usage we use ! subject =m ( ! pron\n :5 x is us$ s f> away f ! preposition :i* gov]ns x4 ,s we f9d ?is use common4 ,= example1 in/ead ( say+1 ,= :om is ?is lett]8 we say1 ,:o is ?is lett] =8 #cae4 ,9 poetry also1 we (t5 f9d ! object com+ be=e ! preposition4 ,= example3 ,! int]lac+ b\ghs betwe5 ,%ad[s d>k & sunlight %e51 ,alt]nate1 come & g4 ,b\ghs is "h ! object ( ! preposition betwe51 b 9 ?is poetic expression ! object is plac$ be=e ! preposition4 ,note also 9 ! foll[+3 ,! unse5 m]maid's pe>ly song1 ,comes bubbl+ up ! we$s among4 ,=ev] pant+ & =ev] "y1 ,all brea?+ human passion f> beyond4 #caf4 ,aft] an int]rogative adjective1 ! preposition is also (t5 ?r[n to ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,z1 = example3 ,:at m5 are ! p talk+ ab\t8 ,:i* p]son did y write to8 ,) ^! few exceptions1 h[ev]1 ! preposition usually prec$es its object1 z3 ,we 7 a/oni%$ at ! news4 ,he arose f 8 sleep4 ,,possessive ,,phrases #cag4 ,review ,lesson #d1 9 :i* we /udi$ ! possessive use ( n\ns4 ,y w recall t we make ! possessive =m ( ! n\ns by ! use ( ! apo/rophe & s4 ,b in/ead ( us+ ! possessive =ms ( ! "n ( inanimate ?+s2 t is1 ?+s )\t life1 we g5]ally d5ote possession by ! use ( a phrase4 ,?us we w\ld say1 ,! arm ( ! *air1 in/ead (1 ,! *air's arm2 or1 ,! ro( ( ! h\se1 in/ead (1 ,! h\se's ro(4 #cah4 ,we also use a possessive phrase :5 ! use ( a possessive =m w\ld give an awkw>d con/ruction4 ,z1 = example3 ,jesus' say+s4 ,s _m hiss+ s\nds are n pleasant to ! e> & s1 we say in/ead1 ,! say+s ( ,jesus4 #cai4 ,we use a phrase also :]e bo? n\ns are 9 ! plural =m4 ,9 _m words1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! s\nd betwe5 a s+le n\n 9 ! possessive =m & a plural n\n 9 ! possessive =m4 ,we c readily tell ! mean+ :5 x is writt51 because ! place ( ! apo/rophe indicates ! mean+1 b :5 x is spok5 ! s\nd is exactly ! same4 ,z1 = example3 ,! lady's hats4 ,! ladies' hats4 ,writt5 out 9 ?is way1 y "k t 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,i am speak+ ( ! hats belong+ to "o lady1 b 9 ! second in/ance ( ! hats belong+ to two or m ladies4 ,b :5 x is spok51 y c n tell :e!r ,i mean "o lady or a numb] ( ladies4 ,s we use a phrase & say1 ,! hats ( ! lady2 or1 ,! hats ( ! ladies4 ,!n ! mean+ is entirely cle>4 #cbj4 ,sometimes we want to use two possessives toge!r1 & 9 ?is case x is bett] to *ange "o ( !m into a phrase2 = example1 ,?is is my comrade's fa!r's book4 ,?is is an awkw>d con/ruction4 ,say in/ead1 ,?is is ! book belong+ to my comrade's fa!r4 #cba4 ,d n ov]look ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! phrase beg9n+ ) ( does n always mean possession4 ,consid] ! foll[+ examples & see if !re is n a diff]5ce 9 mean+3 ,! hi/ory ( ,wilson is int]e/+4 ,wilson's hi/ory is int]e/+4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i mean ! hi/ory ( ,wilson's life is int]e/+2 9 ! second in/ance ,i mean ! hi/ory belongs to or writt5 by ,wilson is int]e/+4 ,s !re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+4 ,! phrase ( ,wilson us$ 9 ! fir/ example does n indicate possession4 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! picture ( ,millet is good4 ,millet's picture is good4 ,! /atue ( ,rod9 /&s 9 ! p>k4 ,rod9's /atue /&s 9 ! p>k4 ,w\ld y say3 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 or gunp[d]'s inv5tion8 ,! de/ruction ( ,l\va91 or ,l\va9's de/ruction8 ,! siege ( ,antw]p1 or ,antw]p's siege8 ,! boat's keel1 or ! keel ( ! boat8 ,,common ,,errors #cbb4 ,prepositions are usually v small & seem+ly unimportant words1 yet we make a great _m mi/akes 9 _! use4 ,x is ^! little mi/akes t are mo/ difficult to avoid4 ,notice c>efully 9 y\r own spee* ?is week1 & 9 ! conv]sation :i* y ov]he>1 ! use ( ! prepositions4 ,notice especially ! foll[+ cautions3 #a4 ,d n use prepositions ne$lessly4 ,we (t5 ?r[ a preposition 9 at ! close ( a s5t5ce :i* we h already us$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 & :i* we %\ld n use aga94 ,! little preposition at is mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is way4 ,see h[ _m times ?is week y he> p use su* phrases z3 ,at :i* /ore d y trade at8 ,at :at corn] did y /op at8 ,! la/ at is entirely unnecess>y4 ,x has already be5 us$ once & t is en\gh4 ,we also use at & to at ! close ( s5t5ces beg9n+ ) an int]rogative adv]b1 :]e !y are n necess>y4 ,= example1 we say3 ,:]e did y g to8 ,:]e did y /op at8 ,:]e am ,i at8 ,! correct =m ( ^! s5t5ces is3 ,:]e did y g8 ,:]e did y /op8 ,:]e am ,i8 ,d n use at & to 9 ?is way1 !y are entirely sup]flu\s & give a mo/ disagreeable s\nd to ! s5t5ce4 ,d n close a s5t5ce ) a preposition 9 ?is way4 #b4 ,d n omit ! preposition :]e x prop]ly belongs4 ,= example1 we (t5 say3 ,! idea is no use to me4 ,we %\ld say1 ,! idea is ( no use to me4 ,i 0 home ye/]day4 ,we %\ld say1 ,i 0 at home ye/]day4 #c4 ,d n use ! preposition ( ) a v]b t requires an object4 ,! n\n _c be ! object ( bo? ! v]b & ! preposition4 ,z1 = example3 ,he does n rememb] ( see+ y4 ,d y approve ( 8 action8 ,rememb] & approve are bo? incomplete v]bs requir+ an object1 & ! n\ns see+ & action are ! objects ( ! incomplete v]bs rememb] & approve4 ,! preposition ( is entirely sup]flu\s4 ,! s5t5ces %\ld read3 ,he does n rememb] see+ y4 ,d y approve 8 action8 ,o!r v]bs ) :i* we commonly use ! preposition ( 9 ?is way are ! v]bs accept & recollect4 ,z1 = example3 ,w y accept ( ?is k9dness8 ,w y try to recollect ( x8 ,^! s5t5ces %\ld read3 ,w y accept ?is k9dness8 ,w y try to recollect x8 ,! ,correct ,preposition #cbc4 ,we make a great _m mi/akes also 9 ! *oice ( prepositions4 ,= example1 ! preposition betwe5 ref]s to two objects & %\ld nev] be us$ :5 y are speak+ ( m ?an two1 ?us3 ,we settl$ ! qu>rel betwe5 ! two m54 ,?is is correct1 b x is incorrect to say3 ,we settl$ ! qu>rel betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! ,union4 ,we _c settle a qu>rel betwe5 a doz5 p4 ,:5 !re are m ?an two1 use ! ^w among4 ,we c p]haps attempt to settle a qu>rel among a doz5 p4 ,betwe5 ref]s to two objects1 among ref]s to m ?an two4 ,= example3 ,divide ! "w betwe5 ! two m54 ,divide ! "w among tw5ty m54 #cbd4 ,d n confuse ! use ( 9 & into4 ,:5 entrance is d5ot$ use into4 ,z1 = example3 ,he came into ! room4 ,he got into ! auto4 ,(t5 ! use ( 9 w give an entirely diff]5t mean+ to ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,he ran 9 ! wat]4 ,he ran into ! wat]4 ,! man act$ z our guide 9 ! city4 ,! man act$ z our guide into ! city4 ,! horse ran 9 ! pa/ure4 ,! horse ran into ! pa/ure4 #cbe4 ,d n use bel[ & "u to mean less or few] 9 reg>d to an am\nt or numb]4 ,bel[ & "u h ref]5ce to place only4 ,x is correct to say3 ,he w5t "u ! bridge4 ,he came out bel[ ! falls4 ,b x is incorrect to say3 ,! price is bel[ co/4 ,!re 7 "u fifty pres5t4 ,say in/ead3 ,! price is less ?an co/4 ,!re 7 few] ?an fifty pres5t4 #cbf4 ,d n misuse ov] & above4 ,^! prepositions h ref]5ce only to place4 ,!y are incorrectly us$ to mean m ?an or great] ?an4 ,x is correct to say3 ,! boat an*or$ above ! l&+4 ,he flew ov] ! city4 ,x is incorrect to say3 ,he b\ght above a hundr$ acres4 ,he lives ov] a mile f "h4 ,^! s5t5ces %\ld be3 ,he b\ght m ?an a hundr$ acres4 ,he lives m ?an a mile f "h4 ,,! ,,preposition ,,) ,,v]bs #cbg4 ,9 our fir/ lesson on prepositions1 we _h a li/ ( v]bs & ! correct preposition to use ) ^! v]bs4 ,!re are a few words :i* we use v commonly 9 :i* ! mean+ is slightly diff]5t accord+ to ! preposition :i* we use 9 connection ) ! v]b4 ,=eign]s especially :o are le>n+ ! ,engli% language h great difficulty ) ! prepositions4 ,"h are a few ( ^! common words3 ,adapt4 ,) adapt we c use ei!r ! preposition to or =4 ,= example2 we adapt ourselves to circum/ances1 t is1 we accommodate or con=m ourselves2 b a ?+ c be adapt$ = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,agree4 ,we c use ! prepositions ) & to ) ! v]b agree1 b ) diff]5t mean+s4 ,= example1 we say1 ,we agree ) y ab\t a c]ta9 matt]2 &1 ,we agree to ! proposal :i* y make4 ,ask4 ,we ask a favor ( a p]son4 ,we ask a fri5d = a favor4 ,we ask ab\t "s "o or ?+ t we wi% to he> ab\t4 ,*>ge4 ,!re are sev]al prepositions we c use ) ! v]b *>ge4 ,y\r groc] *>ges y = ! ?+s t y buy4 ,if y run an acc\nt y are *>g$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,^! ?+s are *>g$ to y2 b 9 w> ! enemy *>ges ^u y4 ,comp>e4 ,"o ?+ is comp>$ ) ano!r 9 quality1 b x is comp>$ to ano!r :5 we are us+ ! comp>ison = an illu/ration4 ,compla94 ,we make compla9t to ! manag] ( ! ?+s we d n l4 ,comply4 ,we comply ) ! reque/ ( ano!r1 b he does a ?+ 9 compliance ) t reque/4 ,d n use ! preposition to ) compliance4 ,correspond4 ,) correspond1 we use ei!r ! preposition ) or to4 ,= example1 ,i may correspond ) y1 mean+ t ,i communicate ) y by lett]1 b "o ?+ corresponds to ano!r1 mean+ t x is l ! o!r4 ,disgu/4 ,we are disgu/$ ) our fri5ds sometimes at ! ?+s :i* !y d4 ,we are disgu/$ ) p & at ?+s4 ,reconcile4 ,) reconcile1 we use ei!r ! preposition ) or to4 ,= example1 ,i may become reconcil$ ) y2 t is1 ,i am re/or$ to fri5d%ip or favor aft] an e/rangem5t4 ,b we reconcile "o ?+ to ano!r2 t is1 we h>monize "o ?+ ) ano!r4 ,ta/e4 ,we h a ta/e = music1 art or lit]ature1 b we enjoy ! ta/e ( good ?+s to eat4 ,:5 ta/e ref]s to "o ( ! five s5ses1 use ! preposition (1 b :5 y use x to mean intellectual reli% or enjoym5t1 use ! preposition =4 ,ex]cise #b ,m>k all ( ! prepositional phrases 9 ! foll[+ poem3 ,,! ,,angel ,,( ,,discont5t ,:5 ! _w 0 =m$ & ! morn+ />s ,^u _! pa?s 7 s5t1 ,! l(tie/-br[$ ( ! angels 0 made ,! ,angel ( ,discont5t4 ,& he dwelt ) man 9 ! caves ( ! hills1 ,:]e ! cre/$ s]p5ts /+1 ,& ! tig] te>s & ! %e-wolf h[ls1 ,& he told ( bett] ?+s4 ,& he l$ !m =? to ! t[]$ t[n1 ,& =? to ! fields ( corn1 ,& told ( ! ampl] "w ahead1 ,= :i* 8 race 0 born4 ,& he :isp]s to m5 ( ^? hills he sees ,9 ! blu% ( ! mi/y we/2 ,& !y look to ! heights ( 8 lift$ eye-- ,& !y hate ! "n ( re/4 ,9 ! light ( t eye does ! slave behold ,a hope t is high & brave2 ,& ! madness ( w> comes into 8 blood-- ,= he kn[s himself a slave4 ,! s]fs ( wrong by ! light ( t eye ,m>* ) victori\s songs2 ,= ! /r5g? ( ! "r comes into _! he>ts ,:5 !y behold _! wrongs4 ',tis by ! light ( t lift$ eye ,t error's mi/s are r5t2 ,a guide to ! table-l&s ( ,tru? ,is ! ,angel ( ,discont5t4 ,& /ill he looks ) 8 lift$ eye1 ,& 8 glance is f> away1 ,on a light t %9es on ! glimm]+ hills ,( a div9] day4 --,sam ,walt] ,foss4 ,ex]cise #c ,m>k all ( ! prepositions 9 ! foll[+ poem4 ,write out ! entire phrases & m>k ! ^w :i* is ! object ( ! preposition4 ,= example1 9 ! phrase 9 ! second l9e2 f a ri* dream1 dream is ! object ( ! preposition f2 & a & ri* modify ! n\n dream4 ,ab\ ,b5 ,adhem 7may 8 tribe increase7 ,awoke "o night f a ri* dream ( peace1 ,& saw1 )9 ! moonlight ( 8 room1 ,mak+ x ri*1 & l a lily 9 bloom1 ,an angel1 writ+ 9 a book ( gold4 ,exce$+ peace _h made ,b5 ,adhem bold1 ,& to ! ,pres5ce 9 ! room he said1 ,:at write/ ?\8 ,! ,vision rais$ its head1 ,&1 ) a look made ( all sweet accord1 ,answ]$1 ,! names ( ^? :o love ! ,"l4 ,& is m9e "o8 said ,ab\4 ,nay1 n s1 ,repli$ ! ,angel4 ,ab\ spoke1 m l[1 ,b *e]ily /ill2 & said1 ,i pray !e1 !n1 ,write me z "o t loves 8 fell[-m54 ,! angel wrote & vani%$4 ,! next night ,x came aga91 ) a great wak5+ light1 ,& %[$ ! names :om love ( ,god _h bless$1 ,& lo6 ,b5 ,adhem's "n l$ all ! re/4 --,leigh ,hunt4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ai ,!re are a few prepositions :i* might really be call$ d]ivative prepositions4 #a4 ,a few prepositions are =m$ f v]bs4 ,^! are really p>ticiple prepositions1 = !y are ! pres5t p>ticiples ( ! v]bs b h come to be us$ l prepositions4 ,^! are su* z conc]n+1 except+1 reg>d+1 respect+1 dur+1 accord+1 etc4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! p>ticiple prepositions c be express$ by a preposition phrase1 z = example1 we c ei!r say2 ,i wrote reg>d+ ^! facts1 or ,i wrote y 9 reg>d to ^! facts4 ,i m5tion$ !m all except+ ! la/1 or1 ,i m5tion$ !m all ) ! exception ( ! la/4 ,i h gone accord+ to ! directions1 or1 ,i h gone 9 accord ) ! directions4 #b4 ,d]ivative prepositions are also =m$ by prefix+ a to o!r p>ts ( spee*1 z along1 ar\nd1 abroad1 etc4 ,/rictly speak+ ^! might be call$ comp\nd prepositions = ! prefix a is really f ! preposition on4 #c4 ,we h also comp\nd prepositions =m$3 ,by unit+ two prepositions1 z into1 )91 ?r\gh\t1 etc4 ,by unit+ a preposition & "s o!r "p ( spee*1 usually a n\n or an adjective1 z beside1 bel[ & beyond4 ,we also h a numb] ( comp\nd v]bs :i* are made by prefix+ a preposition to a v]b4 ,"s ( ^! comp\nd words h q a diff]5t mean+ f ! mean+ convey$ by ! two words us$ sep>ately2 z = example1 ! comp\nd v]b )/&1 d]iv$ f ! preposition ) & ! v]b /&1 has almo/ ! opposite mean+ f /& )4 ,our spell+ lesson ?is week includes a numb] ( ^! comp\nd v]bs =m$ by ! use ( ! v]b & a preposition4 ,look up ! mean+ 9 ! diction>y4 ,use !m 9 s5t5ces 9 ! comp\nd =m2 !n ! two words sep>ately z a v]b & a preposition & note ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+4 ,monday ,upset ,)draw ,outrun ,ov]look ,und]/& ,tuesday ,ov]see ,und]go ,outnumb] ,)hold ,ov]come ,w$nesday ,ov]fl[ ,und]take ,ov]rea* ,ov]?r[ ,out%9e ,?ursday ,ov]he> ,)/& ,ov]gr[ ,ov]haul ,ov]run ,friday ,conc]n+ ,reg>d+ ,respect+ ,accord+ ,except+ ,saturday ,aga9/ ,?r\gh\t ,ar\nd ,betwe5 ,b5ea? ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bj ,de> ,comrade3 ,we are tak+ up 9 ?is lesson ! /udy ( ! la/ important "p ( spee*4 ,we h sp5t "s little "t on ! /udy ( ^! p>ts ( spee*1 b x has be5 "t well sp5t4 ,we _c use good ,engli% & con/ruct s5t5ces t express our ?\ghts )\t an adequate k ( ! words we use 9 s5t5ce build+4 ,z soon z we f9i% ! /udy ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 we w sp5d sev]al weeks 9 s5t5ce build+4 ,?is w give u a review ( ^! lessons 9 :i* we h /udi$ sep>ate words4 ,! ,engli% language is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all to /udy4 ,x is ! mo/ truly int]national ( all languages1 = ! ,engli% language conta9s words f almo/ e language 9 ! _w4 ,did y ev] /op to ?9k t we c\ld h int]nationalism 9 language z well z 9 o!r ?+s8 ,we c be z n>r[ly patriotic conc]n+ words z conc]n+ any?+ else4 ,nations h be5 prone to consid] all ^? :o d n speak _! language z b>b>ians4 ,g]many1 p]haps1 possesses z /rong a nationali/ic _s z any c\ntry1 & 9 ,g]many ?is _s has f\nd expression 9 a society =m$ = ! purpose ( keep+ all =eign words out ( ! ,g]man language4 ,!y h publi%$ h&books ( native words = almo/ e dep>tm5t ( mod]n life4 ,!y insi/ t ! p use ^! words1 in/ead ( =eign importations4 ,! ,g]man ,/ate takes great pride 9 ! ,g]man language & consid]s x ! mo/ p]fect ( any spok5 today4 ,! rul]s ( ,g]many believe t x is a "p ( _! duty to ! _w to see t all o!r nations speak ! ,g]man language4 ,9 conqu]$ ,pol&1 only ,g]man is p]mitt$ to be taught 9 ! s*ools or to be spok5 z ! language ( comm]ce4 ,! patriots 9 language seem to believe t !re is "s connection betwe5 purity ( language & purity ( race4 ,9 ,engli%1 h[ev]1 we h ! beg9n+s ( an int]national spee*4 ,our civilization is d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica we are truly ! melt+-pot ( ! nations1 & ?is is mirror$ =? 9 our language :i* is1 9 a way1 a melt+-pot also1 9 :i* h be5 ?r[n words f e tongue4 ,^? = :om nationalism is an important ?+ w probably cl+ to ! idea ( a pure unmix$ language1 b to ^? ( u to :om ,int]nationalism is n an empty ^w1 b a liv+ ideal1 an int]national language becomes also "p ( ! ideal4 ,!re is a weal? ( wond]ful lit]ature op5 to u once we h ga9$ a comm& ( ! ,engli% language4 ,pay especial att5tion to ! quotations giv5 9 ea* lesson4 ,^! are quotations f ! v be/ lit]ature4 ,if !re are any ( !m t ar\se y\r int]e/ & y w\ld l to read m f ! same au?or1 write u & we %all be glad to furni% y full in=mation conc]n+ fur!r read+4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,conjunctions #cbh4 ,y rememb] t 9 ,lesson #c1 :]e we /udi$ ! p>ts ( spee*1 we f\nd t we _h ano!r connective ^w besides ! preposition1--! conjunction4 ,a preposition connects two words & %[s :at "o ( !m has to d ) ! o!r4 ,! conjunction plays a diff]5t "p z a connective1 = x connects n only words b also phrases & clauses4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,%all we be m5 or ma*9es8 ,we mu/ /ruggle = ourselves & = our *ildr54 ,we pray = peace b furni% ammunition = w>4 ,! use ( ! conjunction saves a great deal ( tiresome repetition1 =1 by its use1 :]e two subjects h ! same pr$icate or two pr$icates h ! same subject1 we c comb9e x all into "o s5t5ce4 ,y w readily realize h[ important ?is "p ( spee* is to u4 ,if we did n h conjunctions our spee* w\ld be cumb]some & we w\ld h to use a great _m %ort s5t5ces & a great deal ( repetition4 ,if we want$ to make ! same /atem5t conc]n+ a numb] ( ?+s1 )\t conjunctions1 we w\ld h ea* "t to repeat ! entire /atem5t4 ,try to write a description ( a sc5e & avoid ! use ( conjunctions & y w see :at an important "p ^! connective words play 9 our p[] ( expression4 ,)\t ! use ( ! conjunction1 y w\ld necess>ily use a great _m %ort expressions & repeat ! same words aga9 & aga91 & y\r description w\ld be a j]ky1 tiresome1 unsatisfactory piece ( writ+4 ,ex]cise #a ,rewrite ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 writ+ 9 sep>ate s5t5ces ! clauses t are unit$ by ! conjunctions3 #a4 ,! birds are s++ & spr+ is "h4 #b4 ,we talk ( peace1 b w> /ill rages4 #c4 ,! unemploy$ _c f9d "w & !y are dy+ ( hung]4 #d4 ,we believ$ 9 w> = def5se & e nation is n[ fight+ = def5se4 #e4 ,we believe 9 education & we are /ruggl+ = univ]sal education4 #f4 ,! old ord] is fa/ pass+ & ! new ord] is rapidly appe>+4 #g4 ,pr(it is ! keynote ( ! pres5t1 b s]vice %all be ! keynote ( ! future4 #h4 ,all *ildr5 %\ld be 9 s*ool1 b ?\s&s mu/ e>n _! bread4 ,note t ^! s5t5ces are made up ( two or m simple s5t5ces comb9$2 & ea* ( ^! simple s5t5ces is call$ a clause1 & ea* clause mu/ conta9 a subject & a pr$icate4 ,ex]cise #b ,rewrite ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces1 us+ conjunctions to avoid a repetition ( ! same subject & pr$icate4 ,rewrite ^! into a p>agraph1 mak+ z well writt5 a p>agraph z y possibly c3 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago ! work]s f\ght = univ]sal education4 ,z a result we h our public s*ools ( today4 ,our public s*ools h be5 our *ief bulw>k aga9/ oppression4 ,our public s*ools are our *ief bulw>k aga9/ oppression4 ,our public s*ools are our greate/ safegu>d = ! protection ( su* lib]ty z we enjoy4 ,our public s*ool sy/em embodies a sociali/ic ideal4 ,our public s*ool sy/em is ! mo/ democratic ( our in/itutions4 ,!re has be5 a subtle subv]sion ( ! ideal4 ,! public s*ool sy/em has be5 made to s]ve ! ma/] class4 ,we h sp5t millions to make ! ideal a reality4 ,h we realiz$ ! ideal8 ,is !re univ]sal education8 ,is !re education = e *ild b5ea? ! flag8 ,! gr\nds ( our public s*ools h co/ millions4 ,! build+s h co/ millions4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are _m4 ,!y are v>i$4 ,!y are elaborate4 ,b ! work]s ( ! _w d n enjoy ?is fea/4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! work]s d n enjoy ?is fea/4 ,,classes ,,( ,,conjunctions #cbi4 ,conjunctions are divid$ into classes1 z are o!r p>ts ( spee*1 accord+ to ! "w :i* !y d4 ,notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces & notice h[ ! use ( a diff]5t conjunction *anges ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,we are unit$ & we %all w94 ,:5 we are unit$1 we %all w94 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! conjunction & connects ! two clauses1 we are unit$ & we %all w94 ,!y are bo? indep5d5t clauses1 nei!r is dep5d5t ^u ! o!r1 & bo? are ( equal importance4 ,b by ! use ( ! conjunction :51 in/ead ( ! conjunction &1 we h *ang$ ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re is q a diff]5ce 9 say+1 ,we are unit$ & we %all w91 & ,:5 we are unit$ we %all w94 ,by connect+ ^! two /atem5ts ) ! conjunction :51 we h made ( ! clause1 we are unit$1 a dep5d5t clause1 x modifies ! v]b phrase %all w94 ,x tells :5 we %all w91 j z mu* z if we _h us$ an adv]b to modify ! v]b phrase1 & _h said1 ,we %all w9 tomorr[1 in/ead (1 ,we %all w9 :5 we are unit$4 ,s 9 ^! two s5t5ces we h two diff]5t k9ds ( conjunctions1 ! conjunction &1 :i* connects clauses ( equal rank or ord]1 & ! conjunction :51 :i* connects a dep5d5t clause to ! pr9cipal clause4 #ccj4 ,s ! conjunctions l & are call$ co-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,co-ord9ate means lit]ally ( equal rank or ord]4 ,conjunctions l :5 are call$ sub-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,sub-ord9ate means ( inf]ior rank or ord]4 ,s we h our def9itions3 #cca4 ,a conjunction is a ^w t connects words or phrases or clauses4 ,a co-ord9ate conjunction is "o t jo9s words1 phrases or clauses hav+ ! same rank4 ,a subord9ate conjunction is "o t connects a dep5d5t clause to ! pr9cipal clause4 ,,co-,,ord9ate ,,conjunctions #ccb4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions connect words1 phrases or clauses ( equal rank4 ,! mo/ commonly us$ co-ord9ate conjunctions are2 &1 b1 or1 nor4 #ccc4 ,b !re are a numb] ( words :i* we (t5 use z adv]bs1 :i* may also be us$ z co-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,^! words are n always conjunctions1 = !y are sometimes us$ z adv]bs4 ,:5 !y are us$ z conjunctions !y reta9 some?+ ( _! adv]bial mean+2 b /ill !y are conjunctions1 = !y are us$ to %[ ! connection betwe5 two clauses ( equal rank4 ,?us3 ,i am n 9 favor ( ! motion1 nev]!less ,i %all vote = x4 ,! deputies vot$ = ! w> appropriation1 not)/&+ !y _h c>ri$ on an ext5sive anti-w> propag&a4 ,i did n believe 9 ! *ange1 h[ev] ,i did n oppose x4 #ccd4 ,! co-ord9ate conjunctions :i* we use ) ?is adv]bial mean+ also1 are2 !re=e1 h5ce1 /ill1 besides1 consequ5tly1 yet1 likewise1 moreov]1 else1 ?an1 also1 accord+ly1 nev]!less1 not)/&+1 o!rwise1 h[ev]1 s & fur!rmore4 ,^! conjunctions always ref] to :at has be5 said be=e & s]ve to introduce & connect new /atem5ts4 #cce4 ,we (t5 use ^! conjunctions1 & also1 &1 b1 or1 & nor1 at ! beg9n+ ( a sep>ate s5t5ce or p>agraph to connect x 9 mean+ ) t :i* has gone be=e4 ,y w (t5 see ! use ( ^! conjunctions z ! fir/ ^w ( a new p>agraph1 ?us relat+ ?is p>agraph to t :i* has prec$$ x4 #ccf4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions connect words ( equal rank4 ,,n\ns ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two or m n\ns us$ z ! subject ( a v]b4 ,z3 ,dea? & disa/] foll[ 9 ! wake ( w>4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 dea? is j z mu* ! subject ( ! v]b foll[ z is ! ^w disa/]1 b no m s4 ,y c omit ei!r ( ^! words & ! o!r w make a subject = ! s5t5ce4 ,!y are bo? ( equal importance1 bo? ( ! same rank 9 ! s5t5ce1 & nei!r dep5ds ^u ! o!r4 ,^! two words tak5 toge!r =m ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?is is call$ ! comp\nd subject1 = x consi/s ( two simple subjects4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two or m n\ns us$ z ! object ( a v]b4 ,he /udies hi/ory & sci5ce4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! words hi/ory & sci5ce are bo? us$ z objects ( ! v]b /udies4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two or m n\ns us$ z ! object ( a preposition4 ,he call$ = ! lett]s & ! pap]s4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce lett]s & pap]s are bo? objects ( ! preposition =1 connect$ by ! co-ord9ate conjunction &4 ,ex]cise #c ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! n\ns :i* are connect$ by conjunctions & decide :e!r !y are us$ z ! subject ( ! s5t5ces or ! object ( v]bs or ( prepositions4 ,draw a l9e "u comp\nd subjects4 #a4 ,john & ,h5ry are go+ home4 #b4 ,music & pa9t+ are f9e arts4 #c4 ,! gr\nds & build+s ( our public s*ools h co/ millions4 #d4 ,! "t calls = brave m5 & wom54 #e4 ,we /ruggle = tru? & fre$om4 #f4 ,w y /udy ,engli% or ari?metic8 #g4 ,education & organization are necess>y = success4 #h4 ,we mu/ le>n ! tru? ab\t production & di/ribution4 #i4 ,we dem& ju/ice & lib]ty4 #aj4 ,! great /ruggle is betwe5 ! work+ class & ! rul+ class4 ,,pron\ns #ccg4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may also connect pron\ns4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! same way z n\ns1--ei!r z subject or object4 ,n\ns h ! same =m :e!r us$ z subject or object4 ,pron\ns1 h[ev]1 h diff]5t =ms :5 us$ z ! object4 ,"h is :]e we (t5 make mi/akes 9 ! use ( pron\ns4 ,:5 ! pron\ns are connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions !y are ( ! same rank & are us$ 9 ! same con/ruction2--if !y are us$ z subjects bo? mu/ be us$ 9 ! subject =m2--if !y are us$ z objects1 bo? mu/ be us$ 9 ! object =m4 ,= example1 x is incorrect to say1 ,he told ! /ory to h] & ,i4 ,"h h] is prop]ly us$ 9 ! object =m1 = x is ! object ( ! preposition to2 ! pron\n ,i connect$ ) h] by ! use ( ! conjunction & is also ! object ( ! preposition to1 & ! object =m %\ld be us$4 ,y w\ld n say1 ,he told ! /ory to ,i4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld read1 ,he told ! /ory to h] & me4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two pron\ns us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 z = example3 ,%e & ,i arriv$ today4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two pron\ns us$ z ! object ( ! v]b1 z = example3 ,did y call h] or me8 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions may connect two pron\ns us$ z ! object ( ! preposition1 z3 ,he gave t to y & me4 ,ex]cise #d ,/udy closely ! foll[+ s5t5ces & correct ^? 9 :i* ! wrong =m ( ! pron\n is us$4 #a4 ,he & ,i are old fri5ds4 #b4 ,did y ask him or me8 #c4 ,!y promis$ him & ,i t !y w\ld come4 #d4 ,f9d ! place = %e & me4 #e4 ,me & him w get x = y & %e4 #f4 ,%e & ,i w g ) y4 #g4 ,y & ,i mu/ decide matt]s = ourselves4 #h4 ,y w f9d him & h] to be loyal comrades4 ,,v]bs #cch4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are also us$ to connect v]bs4 ,v]bs connect$ 9 ?is way h ! same subject2 & ) ! use ( ! conjunction to connect ! v]bs1 we save repeat+ ! subject4 ,he reads & /udies con/antly4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce reads & /udies are words ( ! same k9d & ( ! same rank2 ei!r c\ld be omitt$ & ! o!r w\ld make a pr$icate = ! s5t5ce4 ,!y are ( equal importance 9 ! s5t5ce & are connect$ by ! conjunction &4 ,!y h a s+le subject1 ! pron\n he4 ,?is is call$ a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he reads con/antly1 we h a simple pr$icate1 ! s+le v]b reads2 b 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he reads & /udies con/antly1 we h a comp\nd pr$icate1 comp\nd ( ! two v]bs reads & /udies4 ,a s5t5ce may h bo? a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,z1 = example3 ,john & ,james read & /udy con/antly4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ,john & ,james is ! comp\nd subject ( bo? ! v]bs1 read & /udy4 ,s we h a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,ex]cise #e ,notice ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,draw l9es "u ea* comp\nd pr$icate4 #a4 ,! days come & g 9 a ceaseless r\nd4 #b4 ,! brave man dreams & d>es to live ! dream4 #c4 ,! c[>d dreams b d>es n live ! dream4 #d4 ,we produce spl5didly b di/ribute mis]ably4 #e4 ,! b\ght press twi/s & di/orts ! facts4 #f4 ,only a traitor aids or supports ! enemy4 #g4 ,we agitate & educate = ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,,adjectives #cci4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are us$ to connect adjectives4 ,9 ?is way we use a numb] ( adjectives to modify ! same ^w )\t tiresome repetition4 ,:5 sev]al adjectives are us$ to modify ! same ^w1 ! conjunction is us$ only betwe5 ! la/ two adjectives4 ,z1 = example3 ,a simple1 cle> & concise c\rse has be5 prep>$4 ,ex]cise #f ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 und]score ! adjectives :i* are connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions4 #a4 ,! pla9s ( ,france are cov]$ ) ! dead & dy+ soldi]s4 #b4 ,education %\ld be bo? univ]sal & free4 #c4 ,!y are fai?ful & loyal comrades4 #d4 ,?is 0 only our j & legal "r4 #e4 ,old & ho>y 0 ! man :o sat on ! /ool by ! fireless & godless alt>4 #f4 ,! s]vice ( humanity is a sweet & noble task4 #g4 ,we mu/ be brave & true4 #h4 ,he liv$ a noble & c\rage\s life4 #i4 ,all 0 old & cold & m\rnful4 #aj4 ,mo/ p[]ful & eloqu5t is ! voice ( ! dis9h]it$4 ,,adv]bs #cdj4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are also us$ to connect adv]bs4 ,?is gives u ! p[] to describe ! action express$ 9 v]bs )\t ! tiresome repetition ( ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,he spoke flu5tly & eloqu5tly4 ,ex]cise #g ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces und]score ! adv]bs :i* are connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions3 #a4 ,man selfi%ly & gre$ily prev5ts 8 fell[ m5 f ! enjoym5t ( nature's b\nties4 #b4 ,%e is wond]fully & glori\sly brave4 #c4 ,he speaks eloqu5tly & impressively1 b v sl[ly4 #d4 ,nature has provid$ lavi%ly & b\ntifully = h] *ildr54 #e4 ,advice spok5 truly & wisely is always 9 season4 #f4 ,we mu/ resi/ inju/ice bravely & c\rage\sly4 #g4 ,he feels ke5ly & deeply ! wrongs ( 8 class4 #h4 ,he writes easily & rapidly4 #i4 ,! words1 calmly & coolly spok51 7 in/antly oppos$4 #aj4 ,he rea*$ t conclusion naturally & inevitably4 #aa4 ,he 0 g5tly b unwav]+ly firm4 #ab4 ,! revolution comes sl[ly b surely4 ,,phrases #cda4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are us$1 n only to connect words1 b also to connect phrases4 ,v]b ,phrases #cdb4 ,v]b phrases may be connect$ by conjunctions4 ,= example3 ,! ,p's ,college is own$ & controll$ by ! work+ class4 ,we h made & are mak+ a fi]ce /ruggle = a free press4 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce ! two v]b phrases1 h made & are mak+ are connect$ by ! co-ord9ate conjunction &4 ,(t5 9 us+ v]b phrases1 we use phrases 9 :i* ! same help+ v]b occurs 9 bo? phrases4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! help+ v]b is q (t5 omitt$ 9 ! second phrase & only ! p>ticiple is connect$ by ! conjunction4 ,z1 = example3 ,! ,p's ,college is own$ & controll$ by ! work+ class4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! help+ v]b is belongs 9 bo? ! phrases b is omitt$ 9 ! second phrase 9 ord] to make a smoo!r s\nd+ s5t5ce4 ,9 ! second phrase1 only ! pa/ p>ticiple controll$ is us$4 ,x is und]/ood t we mean1 ,! ,p's ,college is own$ & is controll$ by ! work+ class4 ,ex]cise #h ,note ! use ( ! conjunction 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces to connect ! v]b phrases4 ,supply ! help+ v]b :]e x is omitt$4 #a4 ,our sy/em ( education is root$ & gr\nd$ 9 outgr[n dogmas4 #b4 ,we h writt5 b h receiv$ no answ]4 #c4 ,w y come or /ay8 #d4 ,man mu/ /ruggle or rema9 9 slav]y4 #e4 ,! work]s are organiz+ & dem&+ _! rights4 #f4 ,we mu/ ar\se & educate our comrades4 #g4 ,we h s\ght b h n f\nd4 ,prepositional ,phrases #cdc4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are us$ to connect prepositional phrases4 ,^! phrases may be us$ z adjective phrases4 ,= example3 ,! books 9 ! book case & on ! table belong to me4 ,^! phrases may be us$ z adv]b phrases4 ,= example3 ,he works ) spe$ & ) ease4 ,ex]cise #i ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 ! prepositional phrases :i* are connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,m>k :i* are us$ z adjective & :i* z adv]b phrases4 #a4 ,education is ! road out ( ignorance & into ! light4 #b4 ,! army *>g$ ov] ! pla9 & up ! hill4 #c4 ,! fir/ m5 liv$ 9 gr\ps & 9 clans4 #d4 ,democracy means gov]nm5t ( ! p & by ! p4 #e4 ,%all we take ! pa? t[>d progress or t[>d b>b>ism4 #f4 ,!y are n fight+ = _! c\ntry b = _! k+4 #g4 ,human rights are n protect$ by ! law nor by ! c\rts4 #h4 ,! problem ( ! work+ class & ( society is ! problem ( equitable di/ribution4 #i4 ,!y are deceiv$ by _! lead]s & by _! press4 #aj4 ,y c pay ei!r by ! week or by ! mon?4 #aa4 ,our gov]nm5t is n ! rule ( ! majority b ( ! m9ority4 ,inf9itives & ,p>ticiples #cdd4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are also us$ to connect inf9itives & p>ticiples4 ,ex]cise #aj ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces m>k ! inf9itives & p>ticiples connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions4 #a4 ,^? words w inspire u to dream & to d>e4 #b4 ,we %all le>n to produce & to di/ribute4 #c4 ,to be or n to be1 t is ! "q4 #d4 ,puff+ & pant+1 ! great eng9e pull$ up to ! /ation4 #e4 ,a cr++ & trembl+ c[>d fe>s to dem& 8 own4 #f4 ,! w>p$ & twi/$ facts 9 ! daily press deceive ! masses4 #g4 ,s++ & danc+ %\ld be enjoy$ by all *ildr54 #h4 ,! exploit+ & robb+ ( ! p is made a virtue 9 rul+ class e?ics4 ,,clauses #cde4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions are also us$ to connect clauses ( equal rank4 ,= example3 ,! floods came & ! w9ds blew4 ,ea* ( ^! clauses is a complete s5t5ce 9 itself1 b !y are comb9$ into "o comp\nd s5t5ce by ! use ( ! co-ord9ate conjunction1 &4 ,clauses unit$ 9 ?is way may h a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate1 b two complete clauses mu/ be unit$ by a co-ord9ate conjunction 9 ord] to =m a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,! ra9 & sn[ fell1 & ! w9d blew a mighty gale4 ,"h ! fir/ clause 9 ! comp\nd s5t5ce1 ! ra9 & sn[ fell1 conta9s a comp\nd subject1 ra9 & sn[4 ,! boys are runn+ & %\t+1 & ! girls are ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,"h ! fir/ clause has a comp\nd pr$icate1 are runn+ & %\t+4 ,! second & connects ! two clauses =m+ ! comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,,correlatives #cdf4 ,c]ta9 co-ord9ate conjunctions are us$ 9 pairs1 su* z bo?1 &2 ei!r1 or2 nei!r1 nor2 :e!r1 or4 ,^! pairs are call$ correlatives4 ,! fir/ ^w 9 ! pair1 z1 bo?1 ei!r1 nei!r1 or :e!r1 is us$ z an assi/ant conjunction help+ ! o!r to d ! connect+4 ,^! are us$ 9 su* s5t5ces z3 ,i h bo? se5 & he>d him4 ,!y w jo9 u ei!r 9 ,april or 9 ,may4 ,labor has receiv$ nei!r lib]ty nor ju/ice4 ,:e!r to g =w>d or to retreat 0 ! problem4 ,note t nor is always ! prop] correlative to use ) nei!r & also ) ! negatives n & nev] :5 !y apply to :at foll[s z well z to :at prec$es4 ,= example3 ,!re are ?\s&s 9 ?is c\ntry :o c nei!r read nor write4 ,nei!r y nor ,i c =etell ! future4 ,he w n write nor %\ld y4 ,capital puni%m5t is no?+ m nor less ?an legaliz$ murd]4 ,we %all nev] l[] our colors nor retreat4 ,or is always us$ ) ! correlative ei!r4 ,= example3 ,we w ei!r come or write y4 ,ei!r he 0 mi/ak5 or he delib]ately li$4 ,ex]cise #aa ,note ! use ( ! co-ord9ate conjunctions &1 b1 or & nor1 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,m>k especially ! use ( & z an introductory conjunction1 introduc+ a new s5t5ce1 b connect+ x ) t :i* has gone be=e4 ,9 my judgm5t slav]y is ! *ild ( ignorance4 ,lib]ty is born ( intellig5ce4 ,only a few ye>s ago !re 0 a great awak5+ 9 ! human m9d4 ,m5 began to inquire1 ,by :at "r does a cr[n$ robb] make me "w = him8 ,! man :o ask$ ?is "q 0 call$ a traitor4 ,!y said !n1 & !y say n[1 t x is dang]\s = ! m9d ( man to be free4 ,i d5y x4 ,out on ! intellectual sea !re is room = e sail4 ,9 ! intellectual air1 !re is space en\gh = e w+4 ,& ! man :o does n d 8 own ?9k+ is a slave1 & does n d 8 duty to 8 fell[ m54 ,= "o1 ,i expect to d my own ?9k+4 ,& ,i w take my oa? ?is m9ute t ,i w express :at ?\ghts ,i h1 hone/ly & s9c]ely4 ,i am ! slave ( no man & ( no organization4 ,i /& "u ! blue sky & ! />s1 "u ! inf9ite flag ( nature1 ! pe] ( e human be+4 ,all ,i claim1 all ,i plead is simple lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,t is all4 ,i d n pret5d to tell :at is true nor all ! tru?4 ,i d n claim t ,i h float$ level ) ! heights ( ?\ght1 nor t ,i h desc5d$ to ! dep?s ( ?+s2 ,i simply claim t :at ideas ,i h1 ,i h a "r to express1 & any man t d5ies x to me is an intellectual ?ief & robb]4 ,e cre$ t we h today has ^u x ! m>k ( ! :ip or ! *a9 or ! fagot4 ,i d n want x4 ,free labor w give u weal?1 & has giv5 u weal?1 & :y8 ,because a free bra9 goes into p>tn]%ip ) a free h&4 ,t is :y4 ,& :5 a man works = 8 wife & *ildr51 ! problem ( lib]ty is1 h[ to d ! mo/ "w 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t2 b ! problem ( slav]y is1 h[ to d ! lea/ "w 9 ! longe/ space ( "t4 ,slav]y is pov]ty2 lib]ty is weal?4 ,x is ! same 9 ?\ght4 ,free ?\ght w give u tru?2 & ! man :o is n 9 favor ( free ?\ght occupies ! same relation to ^? he c gov]n t ! slavehold] occupi$ to 8 slaves1 exactly4 ,free ?\ght w give u weal?4 ,!re has n be5 a g5]ation ( free ?\ght yet4 ,x w be "t to write a cre$ :5 !re h be5 a few g5]ations ( free-bra9$ m5 & spl5did wom5 9 ?is _w4 ,i don't "k :at ! future may br+ =?2 ,i don't "k :at inv5tions are 9 ! bra9 ( ! future2 ,i don't "k :at g>m5ts may be wov51 ) ! ye>s to come2 b ,i d "k1 com+ f ! inf9ite sea ( ! future1 !re w nev] t\* ?is bank & %oal ( "t a great] bless+ nor a gr&] glory1 ?an lib]ty = man1 woman & *ild4 ,oh1 lib]ty6 ,float n =ev] 9 ! f> horizon6 ,rema9 n =ev] 9 ! dream ( ! en?usia/ & ! poet & ! philan?ropi/4 ,b come & take up ?9e abode ) ! *ildr5 ( m5 =ev]4--,+]soll4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bj ,we f\nd t we (t5 =m$ adjectives by add+ suffixes to o!r words4 ,we also =m _m adv]bs by ! addition ( suffixes to o!r words4 ,d]ivative adv]bs are =m$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,by add+ suffixes to adjectives1 *iefly ! suffix ly1 z = example2 *iefly1 truly1 really1 lately1 etc4 #b4 ,by *ang+ ble to bly1 z 9 ably1 nobly1 etc4 #c4 ,by add+ ! suffix w>d1 z 9 =w>d1 upw>d1 skyw>d1 d[nw>d1 homew>d1 etc4 #d4 ,we h "s adv]bs =m$ by add+ ! prefix a to adjectives & n\ns1 z ahead1 afoot1 afre%1 also by add+ ! prefix be1 z 9 besides1 beyond4 ,we (t5 misspell a numb] ( adv]bs by add+ s :]e x does n rightfully belong2 z1 any:]es1 ev]y:]es1 backw>ds1 =w>ds1 t[>ds1 upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 aft]w>ds1 homew>ds1 etc4 ,all ( ^! words %\ld be writt5 )\t ! s4 ,we also h a numb] ( comp\nd adv]bs :i* are made by ! union ( two o!r p>ts ( spee*1 su* z sometime1 h5ce=?1 =ev]1 ov]he>d1 outside1 etc4 ,9 ! lesson = ,monday1 ,tuesday & ,w$nesday1 adjectives are giv5 hav+ opposite mean+s4 ,make ! prop] adv]bs f ^! adjectives by ! addition ( ! suffix ly4 ,?ursday's & ,friday's lessons are made up ( bo? adjectives & adv]bs t end 9 ly4 ,look up 9 y\r diction>y & be sure y "k :i* are adjectives & :i* are adv]bs4 ,saturday's lesson is made up ( comp\nd adv]bs4 ,monday ,haughty--,humble ,wise--,ignorant ,c>eful--,c>eless ,firm--,wav]+ ,tuesday ,hone/--,deceitful ,fe>ful--,fe>less ,punctual--,t>dy ,id5tical--,diff]5t ,w$nesday ,?\ghtful--,?\ghtless ,ri*--,poor ,att5tive--,inatt5tive ,indu/ri\s--,lazy ,?ursday ,quickly ,lovely ,cle>ly ,cleanly ,friday ,homely ,truly ,c\rtly ,ne>ly ,saturday ,o!rwise ,h]e) ,sometime ,always ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #ba ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is lesson we are complet+ ! /udy ( conjunctions4 ,we h /udi$ ! conjunction la/ among ! p>ts ( spee* & 9 ! ord] ( ! developm5t ( language1 ! conjunction naturally comes la/4 ,! ne$ ( connective words does n come 9 any language until ! language is q well develop$4 ,y w notice t ! connective words1 su* z prepositions & conjunctions are ! la/ words ! *ild beg9s to use4 ,! *ild fir/ beg9s to use ! names ( ! ?+s ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 !n x le>ns ! words t express :at ^! ?+s d4 ,b x is n until ! *ild beg9s to reason t x beg9s to use connective words4 ,^! become necess>y :5 we h rea*$ a /age ( developm5t :]e we c consid] ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ?+s4 ,! use ( conjunctions1 h[ev]1 c be greatly ov]done4 ,! long & involv$ s5t5ces are m difficult to und]/&4 ,if y w note ! au?ors :i* y enjoy ! mo/1 x w probably be ^? :o use %ort & crisp s5t5ces4 ,we h "s au?ors :o by ! use ( conjunctions c /r+ "o s5t5ce out ov] sev]al pages4 ,y wond] h[ !y manage to exi/ s long )\t /opp+ = brea?4 ,x is v easy = u to fall into ?is error :5 we are ?9k+ rapidly & our ?\ghts all seem to be closely connect$4 ,b no m9d c grasp _m ideas at "o "t4 ,break y\r s5t5ces up & express y\r ideas concisely & cle>ly4 ,use conjunctions r sp>+ly1 especially ^! subord9ate conjunctions4 ,d n h too _m subord9ate clauses 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,notice 9 y\r read+ = ?is week ^? :o use ! %ort1 crisp s5t5ces & ^? :o use ! long] & m involv$ s5t5ces4 ,notice :i* are und]/ood m readily & :i* are m enjoyable to read4 ,take "s ( ! p>agraphs f ^? :o write long & involv$ s5t5ces & break !m up into %ort s5t5ces & see if ^! %ort] s5t5ces d n make ! mean+ simpl] & cle>]4 ,?is w be excell5t practice also 9 ga9+ ! p[] ( expression4 ,especially 9 ! class /ruggle d we ne$ ^? :o c write cle>ly & simply ( ! great problems ( ! day4 ,z ! "w ( ! _w is conduct$ today1 ! work]s h too little "t = read+4 ,!y are apt1 aft] a h>d day's "w1 to be too tir$ to foll[ an au?or ?r\gh long1 w9d+1 involv$ passages4 ,9 ! spok5 ^w1 ?is is also true4 ,y w f9d y\r he>]s mu* m 9 sympa?y ) y if y w use %ort s5t5ces4 ,break y\r ?\ght up s !y c readily grasp y\r mean+ & foll[ y to y\r conclusion4 ,conjunctions are v important to save u f tiresome repetitions & %ort1 j]ky s5t5ces1 b we mu/ avoid us+ !m too frequ5tly4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,subord9ate ,,conjunctions #cdg4 ,we h f\nd t co-ord9ate conjunctions connect words1 phrases & also clauses t are entirely indep5d5t2 t is1 !y d n dep5d 9 ! slighte/ degree ^u any o!r ^w1 phrase or clause4 ,subord9ate conjunctions connect inf]ior clauses to ! ma9 clauses ( ! s5t5ce4 ,^! inf]ior clauses are dep5d5t clauses4 ,subord9ate conjunctions nev] connect words or phrases2 b only dep5d5t clauses1 to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he came quickly4 ,he came on "t4 ,he came :5 he 0 call$4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! ^w quickly is an adv]b modify+ ! v]b came & answ]s ! "q :54 ,x tells :5 he came4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! phrase on "t is an adv]b phrase modify+ ! v]b came1 & answ]s ! "q :54 ,x tells :5 he came4 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce1 ! clause :5 he 0 call$1 also answ]s ! "q :51 & tells :5 he came4 ,!re=e1 x is a clause us$ z an adv]b4 ,x is diff]5t f ! phrase on "t1 = ! phrase on "t does n conta9 a subject & a pr$icate4 #cdh4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! phrase & ! clause is t ! phrase does n conta9 ei!r a subject or a pr$icate1 :ile ! clause always conta9s bo? a subject & a pr$icate4 ,s 9 ! clause1 :5 he 0 call$1 he is ! subject & 0 call$ is ! pr$icate1 & :5 is ! subord9ate conjunction1 :i* connects ?is adv]b clause to ! v]b came1 :i* x modifies4 ,! clause he came1 & ! clause :5 he 0 call$1 are n ( equal rank & importance1 because ! clause1 :5 he 0 call$1 simply modifies ! v]b conta9$ 9 ! clause he came1 by describ+ ! "t ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b came4 ,s ! clause1 :5 he 0 call$1 is a subord9ate or dep5d5t clause1 & ! conjunctions :i* connect ?is class ( clauses to ! ma9 clause are call$ subord9ate conjunctions4 #cdi4 ,a subord9ate conjunction is "o t connects a dep5d5t clause to ! pr9cipal clause4 ,,classes ,,( ,,subord9ate ,,conjunctions #cej4 ,mo/ subord9ate conjunctions are us$ to make adv]b clauses4 ,^! clauses w answ] "s "o ( ! que/ions answ]$ by adv]bs4 ,!y w tell h[1 :51 :]e or :y ! action express$ 9 ! v]b 9 ! pr9cipal clause occurr$4 ,!re are six classes ( ^! subord9ate conjunctions :i* are us$ to introduce adv]b clauses4 ,!y introduce3 #cea4 ,adv]b clause ( "t4 ,^! clauses w answ] ! "q :5 & are introduc$ by su* subord9ate conjunctions z1 be=e1 s9ce1 z1 :ile1 until1 :51 aft] & z soon z4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! diff]5ce made 9 ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ces by ! use ( ! diff]5t conjunctions3 ,we wait$ until y came4 ,we wait$ aft] y came4 ,we wait$ z y came4 ,we wait$ be=e y came4 ,we wait$ s9ce y came4 ,we left :ile y 7 gone4 ,we left :5 y 7 gone4 ,we left z soon z y 7 gone4 #ceb4 ,adv]b clause ( place4 ,^! answ] ! "q :]e1 & are introduc$ by ! conjunctions1 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r4 ,i w g :]e y g4 ,! w9d bl[s :i!r x li/e?4 ,he w5t :5ce he came4 #cec4 ,adv]b clauses express+ cause or reason4 ,^! w answ] ! "q :y4 ,!y are introduc$ by su* subord9ate conjunctions z1 because1 =1 s9ce1 z1 :]eas1 inasmu* z1 etc4 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces express$ by ! use ( diff]5t conjunctions3 ,i w come because y expect me4 ,i w come s9ce y expect me4 ,i w come z y expect me4 ,i w come = y expect me4 ,i w come inasmu* z y expect me4 #ced4 ,adv]b clauses ( mann]4 ,^! clauses w answ] ! "q h[1 & are introduc$ by su* subord9ate conjunctions z1 z1 z if1 z ?\gh1 etc4 ,/udy z ?\gh y 7 9 e>ne/4 ,come z if y _h be5 call$4 ,d z ,i say1 n z ,i d4 ,9 ^! clauses ( mann]1 introduc$ by z if1 & z ?\gh1 7 is us$ 9 ! pres5t =m ) ei!r s+ul> or plural subjects4 ,= example3 ,he writes z if he 7 in=m$ ( ! facts4 ,!y talk z ?\gh !y 7 confid5t ( success4 ,y act z ?\gh ,i 7 y\r slave4 #cee4 ,adv]b clauses ( comp>ison4 ,^! clauses are introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunctions ?an & z4 ,! v]bs are (t5 omitt$ 9 ^! dep5d5t clauses introduc$ by ?an & z4 ,= example3 ,he is tall] ?an ,i4 ,! complete s5t5ce w\ld be3 ,he is tall] ?an ,i am4 ,he is n s tall z ,i4 ,"h ! s5t5ce w\ld be3 ,he is n s tall z ,i am4 ,:5 ! pron\n occurs 9 ^! dep5d5t clauses1 be sure to use ! prop] =m ( ! pron\n4 ,x may be ! subject or ! object ( ! v]b :i* is n express$4 ,= example2 x is incorrect to say3 ,i am n s tall z him4 ,! correct =m is3 ,i am n s tall z he4 ,! complete s5t5ce w\ld be3 ,i am n s tall z he is1 & ! pron\n %\ld be 9 ! subject =m1 = x is ! subject ( ! v]b is1 :i* is und]/ood & omitt$4 ,! use ( ! subject or ( ! object =m may make a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( y\r s5t5ce4 ,= example1 y say3 ,i admire !m z mu* z he4 ,y mean t y admire !m z mu* z he admires !m4 ,b if y say1 ,i admire !m z mu* z him1 y mean t y admire !m z mu* z y admire him4 ,q a diff]5t mean+6 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( y\r pron\ns 9 ?is way1 = y c express q a diff]5t mean+4 ,= example1 if y say1 ,i c>e m = y ?an he1 y mean1 ,i c>e m = y ?an he c>es = y4 ,b if y say1 ,i c>e m = y ?an him1 y mean1 ,i c>e m = y ?an ,i c>e = him4 ,a mi/ake l ?is might mean a great deal to y "s "t1 if ! "o to :om y _h be5 speak+ _h be5 /udy+ a c\rse 9 ,pla9 ,engli%6 #cef4 ,adv]b clauses ( condition4 ,^! clauses are introduc$ by su* conjunctions z1 if1 provid$1 suppos+1 unless1 except1 o!rwise1 ?\gh1 not)/&+1 albeit1 & :e!r4 ,= example3 ,i w come if y ne$ me4 ,i w come provid$ y ne$ me4 ,i w g not)/&+ y ne$ me4 ,i w n g unless ,i am call$4 ,he w n g except he is call$4 ,he w n g ?\gh he is call$4 ,he came1 o!rwise ,i w\ld g4 ,he w g :e!r y g or /ay4 ,:5 subord9ate clauses beg9n+ ) if1 ?\gh or unless are jo9$ to clauses conta9+ might1 c\ld1 w\ld or %\ld1 ! v]b 7 is sometimes us$ ) a s+ul> subject1 9 su* s5t5ces z3 ,if ?is 7 true1 ,i %\ld "k x4 ,unless ,i 7 positive1 ,i w\ld n say s4 ,?\gh our lead] 7 lo/1 yet we w\ld n despair4 ,if he 7 "h1 he w\ld expla9 x himself4 ,if ,i 7 ) y1 ,i might make y und]/&4 ,sometimes 9 s5t5ces l ^!1 if is omitt$ 9 ! clause1 & ! v]b plac$ fir/4 ,= example3 ,7 he "h1 he w\ld d5y ^! sl&]s4 ,7 he truly class-consci\s1 he w\ld oppose ?is w>4 ,7 ?is fact kn[n1 ! p w\ld nev] submit4 ,^! clauses express some?+ :i* is unc]ta91 or :i* is to be decid$ 9 ! future2 a supposition contr>y to a fact or a wi%4 ,occasionally y w f9d ! v]b be us$ in/ead ( is1 9 clauses ( ?is k9d introduc$ by if1 ?\gh1 unless1 except1 le/1 etc4 ,= example3 ,if x be true1 ,i w he> x4 ,?\gh he be guilty1 we w n des]t him4 ,9 subord9ate clauses connect$ by if1 unless1 etc41 ) a pr9cipal clause :i* expresses future "t1 ! pres5t =m ( ! v]b is us$ 9 ! subord9ate clause4 ,= example3 ,if !y are will+1 we w jo9 !m4 ,unless he comes1 ,i %all n leave4 ,if x ra9s1 we w n g4 #ceg4 ,adv]b clauses express+ purpose4 ,^! are introduc$ by su* subord9ate conjunctions z1 t1 9 ord] t & le/4 ,= example3 ,take good c>e t y und]/& ?is lesson4 ,i w g today 9 ord] t ,i may meet him4 ,wat* ^! c>efully le/ !y be /ol54 ,read ! labor press t y may "k ! tru?4 ,notice t t1 :5 us$ 9 ?is way1 z a pure conjunction1 means 9 ord] t4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce above might read3 ,read ! labor press 9 ord] t y may "k ! tru?4 #ceh4 ,adv]b clauses express+ result4 ,^! are introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunction t1 z = example3 ,!y 7 s late t ,i c\ld n g4 ,,summ>y #cei4 ,we h !n adv]b clauses introduc$ by subord9ate conjunctions express+3 #a4 ,"t4 ,answ] ! "q :54 #b4 ,place4 ,answ] ! "q :]e4 #c4 ,cause or reason4 ,answ] ! "q :y4 #d4 ,mann]4 ,answ] ! "q h[4 #e4 ,comp>ison4 ,us$ to comp>e4 #f4 ,condition4 ,answ] ! "q on :at condition4 #g4 ,purpose4 ,answ] ! "q = :at purpose4 #h4 ,result4 ,answ] ! "q to :at result4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 m>k ! conjunctions & tell to :at class !y belong2 ask ! "q :51 :]e1 :y1 h[1 on :at condition1 = :at purpose1 to :at result4 ,und]score ! subord9ate clauses4 ,! subjects ( ! subord9ate clauses are pr9t$ 9 italics4 #a4 ,spee* 0 develop$ t we might be able to communicate ) "o ano!r4 #b4 ,! ,int]national fail$ 9 ! crisis because x _h no def9ite w> program4 #c4 ,we w fail if we h no def9ite program4 #d4 ,if labor 7 unit$1 we c\ld de/roy wage slav]y4 #e4 ,:5 ! p und]/&1 !y w no long] submit4 #f4 ,labor _c w9 until x le>ns solid>ity4 #g4 ,aft] ! t]rible w> is ov]1 ! work]s 9 all c\ntries may come clos] toge!r4 #h4 ,we are conv9c$ ( ! folly ( nationalism s9ce ! w> has be5 decl>$4 #i4 ,if we knew ! facts we c\ld n be misl$4 #aj4 ,in=m y\rself be=e y seek to tea* o!rs4 #aa4 ,we mu/ unite 9 ord] t we may possess p[]4 #ab4 ,x is m ?an ! he>t c be>4 #ac4 ,may y h c\rage to d>e ere y h ceas$ to dream4 #ad4 ,if we rema9 ignorant1 we %all rema9 enslav$4 #ae4 ,we sometimes fe> to tru/ our own ?\ght because x is our own4 #af4 ,?\gh we %\ld lose ! /rike we w n despair4 #ag4 ,! battle wag$ s fi]cely t ?\s&s 7 sla94 ,,phrase ,,conjunctions #cfj4 ,!re are c]ta9 phrases :i* h come to be us$ toge!r z conjunctions s commonly t we may consid] !m z conjunctions4 ,!y are3 ,z if1 z ?\gh1 b also1 b likewise1 s t1 except t1 inasmu* z1 not)/&+ t1 9 ord] t1 z well z1 z f> z1 s f> z1 z little z1 provid$ t1 see+ t1 etc4 ,ex]cise #b ,write s5t5ces us+ ^! phrase conjunctions to introduce clauses4 ,,n\n ,,clauses #cfa4 ,we h f\nd t !re are two k9ds ( clauses1 pr9cipal clauses & subord9ate clauses4 ,a pr9cipal clause is "o t does n dep5d on any ^w4 ,a subord9ate clause is "o t dep5ds ^u "s ^w or words 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 ,we h f\nd1 also1 t ^! pr9cipal clauses are always connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions1 = !y are ( equal rank & importance2 nei!r is dep5d5t ^u ! o!r4 ,subord9ate clauses are always connect$ ) ! pr9cipal clause by a subord9ate conjunction4 ,! subord9ate clauses :i* we h be5 /udy+ h all be5 adv]b clauses :i* are us$ to describe ! action express$ 9 ! v]b conta9$ 9 ! pr9cipal clauses4 ,! subord9ate clause 9 a s5t5ce may also be us$ z a n\n4 ,:5 ! subord9ate clause is us$ z a n\n x is call$ a n\n clause4 #cfb4 ,a n\n clause is a clause us$ z a n\n4 ,a n\n clause may be us$ 9 any way 9 :i* a n\n is us$1 except z a possessive4 ,x may be us$ z a subject1 an object1 a pr$icate complem5t1 or 9 apposition ) a n\n4 ,^! n\n clauses may be introduc$ by ei!r relative pron\ns1 int]rogative pron\ns or by conjunctions4 ,= example3 ,i "k :o he is4 ,he ask$1 :at d y want8 ,i "k :]e x is4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 :o he is1 is a n\n clause us$ z ! object ( ! v]b "k4 ,x tells :at ,i "k1 & is ! object ( ! v]b "k1--j z if ,i _h said2 ,i "k ! facts4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! n\n1 facts1 is ! object ( ! v]b "k4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ,he ask$1 :at d y want8 ! n\n clause :at d y want is ! object ( ! v]b ask$1 & is introduc$ by ! int]rogative pron\n :at4 ,we w /udy 9 a subsequ5t lesson ! use ( n\n clauses introduc$ by relative pron\ns4 ,9 ?is lesson we are /udy+ ! conjunctions4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ,i "k :]e x is1 ! n\n clause :]e x is1 is ! object ( ! v]b "k1 & is introduc$ by ! conjunction :]e4 #cfc4 ,n\n clauses are introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunctions1 :]e1 :51 :5ce1 :i!r1 :e!r1 h[1 :y1 & also by ! subord9ate conjunction t4 ,= example3 ,i "k :]e ,i c f9d x4 ,i inquir$ :5 he w\ld arrive4 ,we d n "k :5ce x come? nor :i!r x goe?4 ,ask :e!r ! tra9 has gone4 ,i don't "k h[ ,i c f9d y4 ,i _c und]/& :y he does s4 ,i believe t he is hone/4 ,9 all ( ^! examples ! n\n clauses are us$ z ! objects ( ! v]b4 ,n\n clauses may also be us$ z objects ( prepositions4 ,z1 = example3 ,y d n li/5 to :at is said4 ,he talk$ to me ab\t :at _h happ5$4 ,he told me to come to :]e he 04 #cfd4 ,n\n clauses may also be us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,z = example3 ,t he is innoc5t is admitt$ by all4 ,t he 0 guilty has be5 prov54 ,:y he %\ld d ?is is v /range4 ,h[ we are to live is ! great problem4 ,9 all ( ^! s5t5ces1 ! n\n clause is us$ z ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,y w note t mo/ frequ5tly ! n\n clause us$ z subject ( ! v]b is introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunction t4 ,b q (t5 we write ^! s5t5ces 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 ,= example3 ,x is admitt$ by all t he is innoc5t4 ,x has be5 prov5 t he 0 guilty4 ,y w notice 9 ^! s5t5ces we h express$ practically ! same ?\ght z 9 ! s5t5ces :]e ! n\n clause 0 us$ z ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,b n[ we h ?is little pron\n x us$ z ! subject1 in/ead ( ! clause1 :i* is ! real subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is simply us$ z ! introductory ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! n\n clause is 9 reality ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 #cfe4 ,n\n clauses may also be us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t ) a copulative v]b4 ,= example3 ,! g5]al op9ion is t he is innoc5t4 ,! problem is h[ we may accompli% ?is quickly4 ,! "q 0 :y any "o %\ld believe su* /atem5ts4 ,9 all ( ^! s5t5ces ! n\n clause is us$ z ! complem5t ( ! incomplete v]bs is & 01 to complete ! mean+1 j z we use a n\n z ! pr$icate complem5t ( a copulative v]b 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,socialism is a sci5ce4 ,w> is murd]4 #cff4 ,a n\n clause may also be us$ 9 apposition to a n\n to expla9 its mean+4 ,apposition means to place alongside (4 ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! fact1 t su* a law _h be5 pass$1 alt]s ! situation4 ,8 motion1 t ! matt] %\ld be laid on ! table1 0 adopt$4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! clause1 t su* a law _h be5 pass$1 is plac$ beside ! n\n fact & expla9s :at t fact is4 ,! clause1 t ! matt] %\ld be laid on ! table1 is 9 apposition to & expla9s ! n\n motion4 ,^! n\n clauses are us$ 9 apposition4 ,ex]cise #c ,complete ! foll[+ s5t5ces by ins]t+ ! appropriate conjunctions & pron\ns 9 ! blank spaces3 #a4 ,c y tell444444,g]many has a million fight+ m58 #b4 ,w\ld y be pleas$444444! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld int]v5e 9 ,mexico8 #c4 ,! ,mexican revolution w cont9ue444444! p possess ! l&4 #d4 ,no "o may vote 9 ! conv5tion444444he has cr$5tials4 #e4 444444,debs 0 9 ,wood/ock jail1 he became 9 ,sociali/4 #f4 444444! treaty 0 sign$1 ho/ilities ceas$4 #g4 ,we %all w9444444we h ! c\rage4 #h4 444444we h lo/ ?is battle we %all n cease to /ruggle4 #i4 ,all are enslav$444444"o is enslav$4 #aj4 ,humanity w be free444444labor is free4 #aa4 ,let u d our duty444444we und]/& x4 #ab4 ,man w nev] rea* 8 be/444444he walks side by side ) woman4 #ac4 ,we mu/ /ruggle444444we w\ld be free4 #ad4 444444we %\t = peace1 we support w>4 #ae4 ,all our sympa?ies %\ld be ) ! man444444toils1444444we "k444444labor is ! f\ndation ( all4 #af4 444444all h ! "r to ?9k & to express _! ?\ghts e bra9 w give to all ! be/444444x has4 #ag4 444444man develops he places great] value ^u 8 own rights4 #ah4 444444man values 8 own rights he beg9s to value ! rights ( o!rs4 #ai4 444444all m5 give to all o!rs ! rights444444!y claim = !mselves ?is _w w be civiliz$4 ,ex]cise #d ,note all ! co-ord9ate & subord9ate conjunctions 9 ! foll[+ v]ses f ,! ,ballad ( ,read+ ,gaol4 ,und]score ! subord9ate clauses4 ,are !y adv]b or n\n clauses8 ,d ! co-ord9ate conjunctions connect words1 phrases or clauses8 ,i "k n :e!r ,laws be "r1 ,or :e!r ,laws be wrong2 ,all t we "k :o lie 9 gaol ,is t ! wall is /rong2 ,& t ea* day is l a ye>1 ,a ye> ^: days are long4 ,b ?is ,i "k1 t e ,law ,t m5 h made = ,man1 ,s9ce fir/ ,man took 8 bro!r's life1 ,& ! sad _w began1 ,b /raws ! :eat & saves ! *aff ,) a mo/ evil fan4 ,?is too ,i "k--& wise x 7 ,if ea* c\ld "k ! same-- ,t e prison t m5 build ,is built ) bricks ( %ame1 ,& b\nd ) b>s le/ ,*ri/ %\ld see ,h[ m5 _! bro!rs maim4 ,) b>s !y blur ! graci\s moon1 ,& bl9d ! goodly sun3 ,& !y d well to hide _! ,hell1 ,= 9 x ?+s are done ,t son ( ,god nor son ( ,man ,ev] %\ld look ^u6 ,9 ,read+ gaol by ,read+ t[n ,!re is a pit ( %ame1 ,& 9 x lies a wret*$ man ,eat5 by tee? ( flame1 ,9 a burn+ w9d+ %eet he lies1 ,& 8 grave has got no "n4 ,& !re1 till ,*ri/ call =? ! dead1 ,9 sil5ce let him lie3 ,no ne$ to wa/e ! fooli% te>1 ,or heave ! w9dy sigh3 ,! man _h kill$ ! ?+ he lov$1 ,& s he _h to die4 ,& all m5 kill ! ?+ !y love1 ,by all let ?is be he>d1 ,"s d x ) a bitt] look1 ,"s ) a flatt]+ ^w1 ,! c[>d does x ) a kiss1 ,! brave man ) a sword4 --,osc> ,wilde4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #ba ,9 ,lesson ,no4 #ag we /udi$ conc]n+ ab/ract n\ns d]iv$ f qualify+ adjectives4 ,we f\nd t we =m$ ^! n\ns express+ quality f adjectives t describe quality by ! addition ( suffixes4 ,adjectives may likewise be =m$ f n\ns & also f v]bs by ! addition ( suffixes4 ,!re are a numb] ( suffixes :i* may be us$ to =m adjectives 9 ?is way2 z1 al1 ous1 ic1 ful1 less1 able1 ible1 ary & ory4 ,notice ! foll[+ words3 nation1 national2 p]il1 p]il\s2 reason1 reasonable2 s5se1 s5sible2 cu/om1 cu/om>y2 advise1 advisory2 h]o1 h]oic2 c>e1 c>eful1 c>eless4 ,to "s words1 m ?an "o suffix may be add$ & an adjective ( diff]5t mean+ =m$2 = example1 use1 useless1 useful2 c>e1 c>eless1 c>eful4 ,make z _m adjectives z y c f ! n\ns & v]bs giv5 9 ! spell+ lesson = ?is week by ! addition ( "o or m ( ! foll[+ suffixes3 ,al1 less1 ous1 ic1 ful1 able1 ible1 ary1 ory1 & ly4 ,monday ,accid5t ,dang] ,orig9 ,comm5d ,elem5t ,tuesday ,critic ,libel ,atta9 ,revolution ,contradict ,w$nesday ,cynic ,injury ,respect ,/ation ,migrate ,?ursday ,ev5t ,p>5t ,ord] ,virtue ,m>vel ,friday ,second ,fa%ion ,consid] ,murd] ,incid5t ,saturday ,con/itution ,indu/ry ,vibrate ,tribute ,complim5t ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bb ,de> ,comrade3 ,we h practically f9i%$ ! /udy ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*4 ,we are n[ 9 possession ( a k ( ! tools :i* we ne$ to use 9 express+ ourselves4 ,we are ready to make practical application ( ?is k 9 writ+ & speak+4 ,we w f9d t ) our increas+ ability to express ourselves !re comes also ! p[] to ?9k cle>ly4 ,! analysis ( language has meant a gr[+ p[] to ?9k on ! "p ( ! p4 ,we sometimes imag9e t simplicity ( language 0 a "p ( primitive life1 b ?is is n true4 ,simplicity ( language is ! product ( high civilization4 ,primitive life 0 m>k$1 n by simplicity ( language1 b by ! sc>city ( language4 ,!y made "o ^w /& = an entire s5t5ce1 & if !y wi%$ to express a little diff]5t mean+1 an entirely diff]5t ^w _h to be us$1 z = example1 9 ! primitive language3 ,i said to h]1 w\ld be "o ^w1 & ,i said to him1 w\ld be ano!r1 entirely diff]5t1 ^w4 ,b z ! p[] ( ?\ght began to develop1 we began to analyze our mean+ & we f\nd t ?is ?\ght 0 id5tical except ! him & ! h]4 ,s z we analyz$ our ?\ght our expression ( x became m simple4 ,9 mo/ languages1 ! diff]5t mean+ ( ! v]b1 = example1 is express$ by an arbitr>y *ange 9 ! v]b =m4 ,?is is call$ ! inflection ( ! v]b4 ,9 ,engli% we w\ld use sev]al words to express ! same ?+4 ,= example1 ! ,lat9 ^w ,fuissem requires f\r ,engli% words to express ! same mean+2 ,i %\ld h be51 we say 9 ,engli%4 ,s in/ead ( hav+ to le>n a great numb] ( diff]5t *anges 9 ! v]b =m1 we1 by ! use ( auxili>y v]bs1 h1 %all1 d1 be1 etc41 are able to express all ^! %ades ( ?\ght mu* m simply & cle>ly4 ,mo/ o!r languages also h *anges = g5d]4 ,e n\n has a g5d] ( its own & sometimes ?is =m gives ! wrong g5d] to liv+ be+s & attributes sex to sexless objects & ! only way to "k ! g5d] ( ! n\n is simply by memory4 ,!n ! adjectives1 possessive pron\ns & ! articles a & ! h g5d] also & h to be *ang$ to suit ! g5d] ( ! n\n2 ?is involves a great ef=t ( memory4 ,s :ile ! ,engli% may seem some:at involv$ to y1 x is1 aft] all1 mu* simpl] ?an o!r languages4 ,x has be5 fre$ f _m sup]flu\s end+s & unnecess>y complications4 ,take a little "t ea* day to read some?+ out ( ! be/ lit]ature4 ,! quotations giv5 9 ea* ( ^! lessons are f our v be/ writ]s4 ,a /udy ( ^! w be a wond]ful help & inspiration to y & br+ y 9 t\* ) "s ( ! great ?9k]s ( ! revolution4 ,!y are our comrades & are putt+ into words ! ?\ghts & hopes & dreams ( our lives4 ,y\rs = ! ,revolution1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,adjective ,,clauses #cfg4 ,9 our /udy ( subord9ate clauses1 we h /udi$ subord9ate clauses us$ z adv]bs & z n\ns4 ,we h f\nd t adv]b clauses c be us$ 9 ! same way z adv]bs1 to describe ! "t1 place1 mann]1 cause1 condition or purpose ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 ,we h f\nd1 also1 t a n\n clause may be us$ 9 any way 9 :i* a n\n c be us$1 z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 ! object ( a v]b or preposition or z ! pr$icate complem5t4 ,b ^! are n ! only uses to :i* ! subord9ate clause may be put4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,weal?y m5 desire to control ! education ( ! p4 ,m5 ( weal? desire to control ! education ( ! p4 ,m5 :o are weal?y desire to control ! education ( ! p4 ,d y see any diff]5ce 9 ! words :i* are us$ to modify ! n\n m58 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 weal?y is an adjective1 modify+ ! n\n m54 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ( weal? is a prepositional phrase1 us$ z an adjective modify+ ! n\n m54 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 :o are weal?y is a clause us$ 9 exactly ! same way t ! adjective weal?y & ! adjective phrase ( weal? are us$1 to modify ! n\n m54 ,we h express$ practically ! same mean+ 9 ^! ?ree ways3 by a ^w2 by a phrase2 by a clause4 #cfh4 ,a ^w us$ to describe & modify a n\n is an adjective4 ,a phrase us$ to describe & modify a n\n is an adjective phrase4 ,a clause us$ to describe & modify a n\n is an adjective clause4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 a phrase & a clause4 #cfi4 ,a prepositional phrase1 us$ z an adjective1 consi/s ( ! preposition & ! n\n :i* is its object1 toge!r ) its modifi]s4 ,a phrase nev] has ei!r a subject or a pr$icate4 ,:o are weal?y1 is a clause because x does conta9 a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! pron\n :o is ! subject 9 ! clause1 & ! pr$icate is ! copulative v]b are ) ! pr$icate complem5t1 ! adjective weal?y4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces *ange ! adjective into a phrase & also into a clause1 if possible4 ,= example3 ,a fe>less man always def5ds 8 rights4 ,a man )\t fe> always def5ds 8 rights4 ,a man :o is fe>less always def5ds 8 rights4 #a4 ,! unemploy$ m5 are becom+ desp]ate4 #b4 ,! un$ucat$ masses are dem&+ equal opportunity4 #c4 ,! discov]y ( gold 0 an important discov]y4 #d4 ,unorganiz$ labor is helpless4 #e4 ,! revolution ne$s intellig5t rebels4 #f4 ,a few weal?y m5 are /riv+ to control education4 #g4 ,?is w be a progressive movem5t4 #h4 ,labor-sav+ inv5tions ?r[ m5 out ( employm5t4 #i4 ,sci5tific m5 prophesy a great advance = ! mass4 ,,! ,,introduc+ ,,^w #cgj4 ,y w notice t ^! adjective clauses are introduc$ by ! relative pron\ns :o1 :i* & t4 ,^! relative pron\ns fulfil some?+ ( ! (fice ( a conjunction1 because !y are s]v+ z connect+ elem5ts2 !y jo9 ^! subord9ate clauses to ! words :i* !y modify4 ,b y w note1 also1 t ^! relative pron\ns n only s]ve z connect+ elem5ts1 b !y also play a "p 9 ! subord9ate clause1 z ei!r ! subject or object4 ,= example3 ,! man :o has no education is h&icapp$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,are ^! ! books t y ord]$8 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 :o has an education is an adjective clause modify+ ! n\n man1 introduc$ by ! relative pron\n :o1 :i* is also ! subject ( ! v]b has4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 t y ord]$ is an adjective clause1 modify+ ! n\n books1 introduc$ by ! relative pron\n t1 :i* is also ! object ( ! v]b ord]$4 #cga4 ,!re is no ne$ to be confus$ 9 ?is matt] ( clauses4 ,if ! clause is us$ z a n\n1 ei!r z ! subject or ! object or 9 any o!r way 9 :i* a n\n c be us$1 x is a n\n clause4 ,if x is us$ z an adv]b & w answ] any ( ! que/ions :y1 :51 :]e1 or h[1 etc41 x is an adv]b clause4 ,if x is us$ z an adjective1--if x modifies a n\n or pron\n1--x is an adjective clause4 ,y w note t ! only way 9 :i* a n\n is us$ t does n h its correspond+ clause is z a possessive4 ,we d n h possessive clauses4 ,! clause us$ z an adjective always modifies a n\n or pron\n4 #cgb4 ,an adjective clause is a clause us$ z an adjective & h5ce always modifies a n\n or pron\n4 ,an adjective clause may be introduc$ by ! relative pron\ns1 :o1 :i* or t4 ,! use ( ?is clause is a great help to u 9 ! expression ( our ideas1 = x enables u to comb9e sev]al s5t5ces conta9+ relat$ ?\ghts into "o s5t5ce s we h x all pres5t$ to ! m9d at once4 ,ex]cise #b ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 note :i* are ! n\n clauses & :i* are ! adjective clauses & :i* are ! adv]b clauses4 ,! v]b 9 ! subord9ate clause is 9 italics4 #a4 ,life is :at we make x4 #b4 ,we acquire ! /r5g? t we ov]come4 #c4 ,:ile he slept ! enemy came4 #d4 ,all t he does is to di/ribute :at o!rs produce4 #e4 ,:5 fai? is lo/1 :5 honor dies1 ! man is dead4 #f4 ,?rice is he arm$ :o ha? 8 qu>rel j2 he is nak$ ?\gh he be lock$ up 9 /eel ^: consci5ce ) inju/ice is corrupt$4 #g4 ,:5 /r5g? & ju/ice are true yoke fell[s1 :]e c we f9d a mighti] pair ?an !y8 #h4 ,y w ga9 a good reputation if y endeavor to be :at y desire to appe>4 #i4 ,live z ?\gh life 7 e>ne/ & life w be s4 #aj4 ,he t love? makes 8 own ! gr&eur t he loves4 #aa4 ,:o does ! be/ 8 circum/ance all[s does well2 angels c\ld d no m4 #ab4 ,he is n wor?y ( ! honeycomb t %uns ! hive because ! bees h /+s4 #ac4 ,we always may be :at we might h be54 #ad4 ,ri* gifts wax poor :5 giv]s prove unk9d4 #ae4 ,let me make ! songs ( ! p & ,i c>e n :o makes ! laws4 #af4 ,att5tion is ! /uff t memory is made (4 #ag4 ,a great writ] has said t grace is beauty 9 action2 ,i say t ju/ice is tru? 9 action4 #ah4 ,if we d n plant k :5 "y x w give u no %ade :5 we are old4 #ai4 ,y c no m ex]cise y\r reason if y live 9 con/ant dread ( laught] ?an y c enjoy y\r life if y live 9 con/ant dread & t]ror ( dea?4 ,,:i* ,,relative ,,pron\n ,,to ,,use #cgc4 ,we are sometimes confus$ z to :i* relative pron\n to use 9 introduc+ an adjective clause4 ,we hesitate z to :e!r we %\ld use t or :o or :i*4 ,rememb] t :o always ref]s to p]sons1 :i* ref]s to animals or ?+s1 & t may ref] to ei!r p]sons1 animals or ?+s4 ,s :5 ref]r+ to a p]son1 we may use ei!r :o or t1 & :5 ref]r+ to animals or ?+s1 we may use ei!r :i* or t4 ,z1 = example1 we may say1 ei!r1 ,! man :o 0 "h ye/]day came back today1 or ,! man t 0 "h ye/]day came back today4 ,ei!r is correct1 = :o & t bo? ref] to p]sons4 #cgd4 ,we may make a little di/9ction 9 ! use ( :o & t :5 ref]r+ to p]sons1 h[ev]4 ,a clause introduc$ by t is usually a re/rictive clause4 ,x limits or re/ricts ! mean+ ( ! n\n :i* x modifies4 ,:5 y say1 ,! man t 0 "h ye/]day1 y mean t man & no o!r1 limit+ y\r mean+ to t p>ticul> man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 y say1 ,! man :o 0 "h ye/]day1 !re is no re/riction or limitation express$ 9 ! use ( ! clause1 b x is m]ely a descriptive clause1 add+ a new fact to our k conc]n+ t p>ticul> man4 ,! same is true :5 we are speak+ ( ?+s us+ ei!r t or :i*4 ,! clause introduc$ by :i* is presumably a descriptive clause4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 (t5 use :o or :i* :5 ! s5se ( ! clause is re/rictive1 b we %\ld nev] use t to introduce an adjective clause1 unless ! s5se is re/rictive4 ,:5 9 y\r s5t5ces y c use1 in/ead ( ! relative pron\n :o or :i*1 ! conjunction &1 y c "k t ! use ( ! pron\n :o or :i* is correct4 ,z1 = example3 ,i h read ! book1 :i* ,i f\nd v int]e/+4 ,y c\ld say in/ead3 ,i h read ! book & ,i f\nd x v int]e/+4 ,?is w\ld express ! same mean+4 ,b if y say3 ,i h read ! book t ,i f\nd v int]e/+1 y mean t y limit y\r idea to ?is p>ticul> book4 #cge4 ,we d n always obs]ve ^! niceties 9 our spok5 & writt5 spee*1 b x is int]e/+ to "k ! %ades ( ?\ght & mean+ :i* y c express by ! prop] use ( ! language4 ,! man :o runs an eng9e & le>ns to "k & love 8 ma*9e almo/ z ?\gh x 7 a human be+1 c easily recognize ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! action ( 8 ma*9e4 ,8 e> cat*es ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 ! s\nd ( ! runn+ ( ! ma*9e1 a diff]5ce :i* we1 :o d n "k & love ! ma*9e1 w\ld nev] notice4 ,s x is 9 language4 ,once we h s5s$ its beauty & its wondr\s p[] ( expression1 we notice all ^! slight diff]5ces & %ades ( mean+ :i* may be express$ by ! use ( words4 ,9 j ! same mann] ! musician cat*es ! und]tones & ov]tones ( ! music1 :i* we1 :o possess an un$ucat$ e>1 _c "k2 & ! arti/ also has a wondr\s range ( color1 :ile we1 :o are n s5sitive to color1 "k only a few ( ! primal colors4 ,,adjective ,,clauses ,,) ,,conjunctions #cgf4 ,! adjective clauses :i* we h be5 /udy+ s f> h be5 introduc$ by relative pron\ns4 ,adjective clauses may also be introduc$ by conjunctions1 su* z1 :]e1 :51 :5ce1 or :y4 ,z1 = example3 ,antw]p is ! place :]e a t]rible battle 0 f\ght4 ,no man kn[s ! h\r :5 opportunity w be 84 ,ea* gr\p has a diff]5t reason :y ?is _w-w> 0 precipitat$4 ,note 9 ^! s5t5ces ! clauses1 :]e a t]rible battle 0 f\ght1 :5 opportunity w be 81 :y ?is _w-w> 0 precipitat$1 are all adjective clauses modify+ ! n\ns place1 h\r & reason1 & are introduc$ by ! conjunctions :]e1 :51 & :y4 ,^! are adjective clauses because !y modify1 by ei!r limit+ or describ+1 ! n\ns ) :i* !y are us$4 ,y w note t we c\ld omit ! n\ns 9 ! fir/ two ( ^! s5t5ces & ^! clauses w\ld become n\n clauses1 = !y w\ld be us$ 9 ! place ( a n\n4 ,z1 = example3 ,antw]p is :]e a t]rible battle 0 f\ght4 ,no man kn[s :5 opportunity w be 84 #cgg4 ,we det]m9e :e!r a clause is an adjective or an adv]b or a n\n clause j z we det]m9e :e!r a ^w is an adjective1 adv]b or n\n1 by ! "w :i* x does 9 a s5t5ce4 ,n\n clauses are us$ 9 ! place ( a n\n2 adv]b clauses modify v]bs1 adjectives1 & adv]bs2 adjective clauses modify n\ns & pron\ns4 ,,! ,,little ,,^w ,,z #cgh4 ,adjective clauses may also be introduc$ by z4 ,z is a v conv5i5t ^w & may be us$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways2 sometimes z an adv]b1 sometimes z a conjunction2 & x may also be us$ z a relative pron\n aft] su*1 same & _m4 ,= example3 ,su* books z y %\ld read are li/$ "h4 ,no su* p]son z he ev] came "h4 ,we are fac+ ! same crisis z our comrades fac$4 ,?is is ! same z y gave be=e4 ,he has made z _m mi/akes z y h4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces z is really us$ z a relative pron\n1 connect+ ^! adjective clauses to ! words :i* !y modify4 ,z may also be us$ z an adv]b4 ,i am z tall z y are4 ,"h ! fir/ z modifies tall & is us$ z an adv]b2 ! second z is a conjunction connect+ ! subord9ate clause y are1 ) ! pr9cipal clause4 ,note t 9 mak+ comp>isons1 z is always us$ :5 ! comp>ison is equal1 s :5 x is unequal1 ?us3 ,i am z tall z y are4 ,%e is n s tall z y are4 ,we h f\nd t z is also us$ z a conjunction to introduce an adv]b clause4 ,= example3 ,%e is z beautiful z %e is good4 ,! clause1 z %e is good1 is an adv]b clause1 modify+ ! adjective beautiful4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,d z ,i say1 z ,i say is an adv]b clause ( mann]1 modify+ ! v]b d4 ,,connective ,,words #cgi4 ,let u n be confus$ 9 ?is matt] ( connectives4 ,!re are j f\r classes ( connective words3 #a4 ,copulative v]bs4 #b4 ,relative pron\ns4 #c4 ,prepositions4 #d4 ,conjunctions4 #chj4 ,! copulative v]b is n a pure connective1 = x s]ves ano!r purpose 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! book is int]e/+1 ! copulative v]b is connects ! adjective int]e/+ ) ! n\n book1 :i* x modifies2 b x also is ! ass]t+ ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,s x fulfils a d\ble function4 ,x is an ass]t+ ^w & also a connective ^w4 #cha4 ,! relative pron\n also is n a pure connective1 = x s]ves two purposes 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,x n only connects ! clause :i* x introduces1 ) ! ^w :i* x modifies1 b x also s]ves z ei!r ! subject or object 9 ! clause4 ,= example3 ,! man :o 0 "h has gone4 ,! clause1 :o 0 "h1 is introduc$ by ! relative pron\n :o1 :i* connects t clause ) ! n\n man1 :i* ! clause modifies4 ,:o also s]ves z ! subject ( ! v]b 04 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! m5 :om we seek h gone1 ! clause1 :om we seek1 is introduc$ by ! relative pron\n :om1 :i* connects ! clause ) ! ^w m51 :i* x modifies4 ,:om also s]ves z ! object ( ! v]b 9 ! clause1 ! v]b seek4 #chb4 ,a preposition is n a pure connective1 s9ce x s]ves a d\ble function4 ,x %[s ! relation ( its object to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce & also gov]ns ! =m ( its object4 ,z1 = example1 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,! man be=e me is n ! culprit1 ! preposition be=e connects its object me ) ! n\n man1 :i* ! prepositional phrase modifies1 %[+ ! relation betwe5 !m2 & x gov]ns ! =m ( its object1 = ! pron\n foll[+ a preposition mu/ be us$ 9 ! object =m4 #chc4 ,ev5 co-ord9ate conjunctions c sc>cely be consid]$ pure connectives unless x be ! co-ord9ate conjunction &4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions su* z b1 yet1 /ill1 h[ev]1 etc41 n only connect words1 phrases & clauses ( equal rank1 b 9 addition to connect+ ! words & expressions !y also indicate t !y are opposite 9 ?\ght4 #chd4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions l !re=e1 h5ce1 !n1 etc41 connect words1 phrases & clauses ( equal rank1 & also introduce a reason or cause4 ,co-ord9ate conjunctions l or1 ei!r1 nor1 nei!r1 :e!r1 etc41 connect words1 phrases & clauses ( equal rank1 & also express ! *oice ( an alt]native4 ,?us ^! co-ord9ate conjunctions c sc>cely be consid]$ z pure connectives4 #che4 ,subord9ate conjunctions are mo/ frequ5tly us$ to introduce adv]b clauses & h an adv]bial mean+4 ,!y express1 z d adv]bs1 place1 "t1 mann]1 cause1 reason1 purpose1 condition or result4 ,"s au?orities indicate ?is d\ble function by call+ su* words z ^! conjunctive adv]bs1 because1 ev5 :5 !y are us$ z conjunctions1 !y reta9 "s ( _! adv]bial =ce4 ,b accord+ to our rule t e ^w 9 ! s5t5ce is classifi$ accord+ to ! function :i* x p]=ms 9 t s5t5ce1 all words t p]=m ! function ( a conjunction are call$ conjunctions1 al?\gh we und]/& t ^! conjunctions :i* introduce dep5d5t clauses d /ill reta9 "s ( _! adv]bial mean+4 ,ex]cise #c ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! connectives are 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y are copulative v]bs1 relative pron\ns1 prepositions1 co-ord9ate conjunctions or subord9ate conjunctions4 #a4 ,!y are slaves :o d>e n be 9 ! "r ) two or ?ree4 #b4 ,9 ! tw5tie? c5tury w> w be dead1 dogmas w be dead1 b man w live4 #c4 ,! abuse ( free spee* dies 9 a day1 b its d5ial slays ! life ( ! p & entombs ! race4 #d4 ,lib]ty = ! few is n lib]ty4 #e4 ,lib]ty = me & slav]y = y means slav]y = bo?4 #f4 ,! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w is = a man to "k t he is 8 own4 #g4 ,no?+ c "w me damage except myself4 #h4 ,he t love? make? 8 own ! gr&eur :i* he loves4 #i4 ,my life is n an apology1 b a life4 #aj4 ,i _c cons5t to pay = a privilege :]e ,i h intr9sic "r4 #aa4 ,x is difficult to free fools f ! *a9s :i* !y rev]e4 #ab4 ,desire no?+ = y\rself :i* y d n desire = o!rs4 #ac4 ,all our lib]ties are due to m5 :o1 :5 _! consci5ce compell$ !m1 h brok5 ! laws ( ! l&4 #ad4 ,x takes great /r5g? to live :]e y belong1 ,:5 o!r p ?9k t y are wrong4 #ae4 ,if ! tru? %all make y free1 ye %all be free inde$4 #af4 ,he is true to ,god :o is true to man4 ,ex]cise #d ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces und]score all ! connectives--copulative v]bs1 prepositions1 relative pron\ns1 co-ord9ate & subord9ate conjunctions4 ,!re 0 a bird's egg once1 pick$ up by *ance ^u ! gr\nd1 & ^? :o f\nd x bore x home & plac$ x "u a b>n-y>d f[l4 ,& 9 "t ! *ick br$ out1 & ^? :o _h f\nd x *a9$ x by ! leg to a log le/ x %\ld /ray & be lo/4 ,& by & by !y ga!r$ r\nd x1 & speculat$ z to :at ! bird might be4 ,"o said1 ,x is surely a wat]f[l1 a duck1 or x may be a goose2 if we took x to ! wat] x w\ld swim & gabble4 ,b ano!r said1 ,x has no webs to its feet2 x is a b>n-y>d f[l2 if y %\ld let x loose x w scrat* & cackle ) ! o!rs on ! dungheap4 ,b a ?ird speculat$1 ,look n[ at its curv$ beak2 no d\bt x is a p>rot1 & c crack nuts4 ,b a f\r? said1 ,no1 b look at its w+s2 p]haps x is a bird ( great flight4 ,b sev]al cri$1 ,nons5se6 ,no "o has ev] se5 x fly6 ,:y %\ld x fly8 ,c y suppose t a ?+ c d a ?+ :i* no "o has ev] se5 x d8 ,& ! bird1 ) its leg *a9$ close to ! log1 pre5$ its w+s4 ,s !y say ab\t x1 speculat+ & discuss+ x3 & "o said ?is1 & ano!r t4 ,& all ! :ile1 z !y talk$1 ! bird sat motionless1 ,suppose we let ! creature loose to see :at x w d8--& ! bird %iv]$4 ,b ! o!rs cri$1 ,x is too valuable2 x might get lo/4 ,if x 7 to try to fly x might fall d[n & break its neck4 ,& ! bird1 ) its foot *a9$ to ! log1 sat look+ upw>d into ! cle> sky2 ! sky1 9 :i* x _h nev] be5--= ! bird--! bird1 knew :at x w\ld d--because x 0 an eaglet6 --,olive ,s*re9]4 ,ex]cise #e ,^! /irr+ l9es are tak5 f ,arturo ,giovannitti's ,arr[s 9 ! ,gale & are a "p ( ! poem ,! ,s]mon on ! ,common4 ,note ! use ( ! conjunctions4 ,m>k all ( ! clauses4 ,ye are ! p[] ( ! e>?1 ! f\ndations ( society1 ! ?9k]s & ! do]s ( all ?+s good & all ?+s fair & useful1 ! mak]s & disp5s]s ( all ! b\nties & ! joys & ! happ9ess ( ! _w1 & if ye fold y\r mighty arms1 all ! life ( ! _w /&s /ill & dea? hov]s on ! d>k5$ abodes ( man4 ,ye are ! light ( ! _w4 ,!re 0 d>kness 9 all ! ages :5 ! tor* ( y\r w did n blaze =?1 & ! pa/ & ! future are full ( ! radiance t come? f y\r eyes4 ,ye are et]nal1 ev5 z y\r fa!r1 labor1 is et]nal1 & no p[] ( "t & dissolution c prevail aga9/ y4 ,ages h come & gone1 k+doms & p[]s & dyna/ies h ris5 & fall51 old glories & anci5t wisdoms h be5 turn$ into du/1 h]oes & sages h be5 =gott5 & _m a mighty & fe>some god has be5 hurl$ into ! lightless *asms ( oblivion4 ,b ye1 ,plebs1 ,populace1 ,p1 ,rabble1 ,mob1 ,prolet>iat1 live & abide =ev]4 ,!re=e ,i say unto y1 bani% fe> f y\r he>ts1 dispel ! mi/s ( ignorance f y\r m9ds1 arm y\r ye>n+ ) y\r /r5g?1 y\r vision ) y\r w1 & op5 y\r eyes & behold4 ,d n moan1 d n submit1 d n kneel1 d n pray1 d n wait4 ,?9k1 d>e1 d1 rebel1 fight--,,arise6 ,x is n true t ye are condemn$ to s]ve & to suff] 9 %ame =ev]4 ,x is n true t inju/ice1 iniquity1 hung]1 mis]y1 abjection1 depravity1 hatr$1 !ft1 murd] & fratricide are et]nal4 ,!re is no de/9y t ! w ( man _c break4 ,!re are no *a9s ( iron t o!r iron _c de/roy4 ,!re is no?+ t ! p[] ( y\r arms1 light$ by ! p[] ( y\r m9d1 _c trans=m & recon/ruct & remake4 ,arise1 !n1 ye m5 ( ! pl[ & ! hamm]1 ! helm & ! lev]1 & s5d =? to ! f\r w9ds ( ! e>? y\r new proclamation ( fre$om :i* %all be ! la/ & %all abide =ev]more4 ,?r\gh y1 ?r\gh y\r unit$1 almighty /r5g?1 ord] %all become equity1 law %all become lib]ty1 duty %all become love & religion %all become tru?4 ,?r\gh y1 ! man-bea/ %all die & ! man be born4 ,?r\gh y1 ! d>k & bloody *ronicles ( ! brute %all cease & ! /ory ( man %all beg94 ,?r\gh y1 by ! p[] ( y\r bra9 & h&1 ,all ! pr$ictions ( ! prophets1 ,all ! wisdom ( ! sages1 ,all ! dreams ( ! poets1 ,all ! hopes ( ! h]oes1 ,all ! visions ( ! m>tyrs1 ,all ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 ,all ! cru%$1 tortur$1 /rangl$1 maim$ & murd]$ ideals ( ! ages1 & all ! glori\s de/9ies ( mank9d %all become a triumphant & ev]la/+ reality 9 ! "n ( labor & bread & love1 ! great ?reefold tru? =ev]4 ,& lo & behold1 my bro!rs1 ?is %all be call$ ! revolution4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bb ,9 our /udy ( ! spell+ ( ,engli% words we h f\nd t !re are n _m rules t apply4 ,9 fact1 ! only way to le>n to spell correctly is by %e] d9t ( memory4 ,9 la/ week's lesson we f\nd t a numb] ( adjectives c be =m$ f n\ns or v]bs by ! addition ( able or ible1 b we f9d x difficult to det]m9e :e!r to add able or ible4 ,! s\nd is practically ! same & we are confus$ z to :e!r we %\ld use a or i4 ,!re is no rule :i* applies 9 ?is case & !re is no?+ to d b to ma/] ! spell+ ( ^! words by memory4 ,^! are words :i* we use a great deal & :i* are v helpful memb]s ( our work+ vocabul>y4 ,our li/ ( words 9 ?is week's lesson conta9 "s ( ! mo/ common words :i* we use end+ 9 ible or able4 ,! words = ,monday1 ,tuesday1 & ,w$nesday all end 9 able2 ! words = ,?ursday1 ,friday1 & ,saturday w end 9 ible4 ,notice !m c>efully & get fix$ firmly 9 m9d ! correct spell+4 ,notice also t mo/ ( ^! adjectives c be *ang$ into adv]bs by *ang+ ble to bly4 ,s :5 y h add$ ^! adjectives to y\r vocabul>y1 y h also add$ ! adv]bs z well4 ,monday ,probable ,capable ,usable ,consid]able ,respectable ,tuesday ,durable ,salable ,advisable ,available ,equitable ,w$nesday ,tol]able ,pr(itable ,rem>kable ,valuable ,com=table ,?ursday ,possible ,horrible ,plausible ,intelligible ,t]rible ,friday ,cr$ible ,visible ,infallible ,responsible ,s5sible ,saturday ,=cible ,p]missible ,feasible ,corruptible ,eligible ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bc ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 ?is lesson we are tak+ up ! /udy ( int]jections4 ,int]jections are ! language ( emotion4 ,?is 0 probably ! e>lie/ =m ( spee*4 ,y notice t *ildr5 use ^! exclamations (t51 & ! s\nds :i* are imitations ( ! noises ab\t !m4 ,?is language belongs also to ! savage1 ^: peculi> & expressive grunts conta9 :ole areas ( cond5s$ ?\ght4 ,z we progress f feel+ to ?9k+1 ! use ( ! int]jection dim9i%es4 ,y w n f9d int]jections us$ 9 a book on ma!matics or physical sci5ce or hi/ory4 ,to attempt to read "o ( ^! books may make y use int]jections & express y\r emotion 9 viol5t language1 b y w n f9d int]jections 9 ^! books4 ,^! books ( sci5ce are books t express ?\ght & n feel+4 ,b if y turn to fiction & to oratory y w f9d ! int]jection us$ freely1 = ^! are ! books :i* treat ( ! human emotions & feel+s4 ,especially 9 poetry w y f9d ! int]jection us$1 = poetry is ! language ( feel+ & ! int]jection is an important "p ( ! poet's /ock 9 trade4 ,9 conv]sation1 ^! exclamatory words are v useful4 ,!y fill ! gaps 9 our conv]sation & !y help to put ! li/5] & ! speak] 9 t\* ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are usually accompani$ by a ge/ure1 :i* adds =ce to ! ^w4 ,! tone ( ! voice 9 :i* !y are express$ also means a great deal4 ,y c say1 ,oh6 9 half a doz5 diff]5t ways2 y may express surprise1 wond]1 joy1 sorr[1 pa91 or disgu/4 ,a great _m diff]5t & widely sep>at$ feel+s c be express$ simply by ! tone 9 :i* y use ! exclamatory words4 ,"s "o has said t ^! words grease ! :eels ( talk4 ,!y s]ve to help ! timid1 to give "t to ! unready & to keep up a pleasant semblance ( famili>ity4 ,:5 we use !m 9 ! /ress ( emotion to express deep feel+1 _! use is p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,b "o au?or has call$ ^! words ! mis]able refuge ( ! spee*less4 ,we use !m _m times because we h no words ) :i* to express ourselves4 ,?is use is unju/ifi$4 ,be c>eful t y d n use !m 9 ?is way4 ,x has be5 said t ! degree ( a man's civilization c be pretty fairly judg$ by ! expletives :i* he uses4 ,d n spr9kle y\r conv]sation ) int]jections & ev5 /rong] words because y are at a loss = o!r words4 ,!re is a ri* m9e ( words at y\r disposal4 ,d n be satisfi$ ) bits ( glass t h no value1 :5 ! ri* diamonds ( real expression c be y\rs = j a little digg+4 ,save y\r emotional language = ! "t :5 y really ne$ x to express deep emotion4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,int]jections #chf4 ,we h be5 /udy+ ! p>ts ( spee*1--! elem5ts ( :i* s5t5ces are compos$4 ,b we h ano!r class ( words :i* we call p>ts ( spee* because !y are spok5 & writt5 z words1 b :i* are really n p>ts ( spee* 9 ! same s5se z ! words :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,^! are words :i* we call int]jections4 ,int]jection means1 lit]ally1 ?r[n betwe51 f jecto1 to ?r[1 & int]1 betwe54 ,s int]jections d n ent] into ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces b are only ?r[n 9 betwe54 ,e ^w t is really a "p ( ! s5t5ce is ei!r a n\n1 a pron\n1 a v]b1 an adjective1 an adv]b1 a preposition or a conjunction4 ,!re are words1 h[ev]1 t we use ) s5t5ces :i* d n ent] into ! con/ruction4 ,= example1 y say3 ,oh6 ,i am w\nd$4 ,aha6 ,i h conqu]$4 ,alas6 ,he came too late4 #chg4 ,words :i* we use 9 ^! s5t5ces1 l1 oh1 aha1 alas1 are us$ to express ! emotion :i* y feel 9 mak+ ! /atem5t4 ,y\r ,oh6 9 a s5t5ce l3 ,oh6 ,i am w\nd$1 w\ld probably s\nd v mu* l a groan4 ,b y\r ,aha6 9 !1 ,aha6 ,i h conqu]$1 w s\nd l a %\t ( victory1 & y\r ,alas6 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,alas6 ,he came too late1 w express grief or regret ov] ! fact t he came too late4 ,^! words d n ass]t any?+ & v mu* ( ! mean+ :i* we give !m mu/ come f ! tone 9 :i* !y are utt]$4 ,e "o1 ^u he>+ !m1 kn[s at once :e!r !y express grief or delight4 #chh4 ,an int]jection is an exclamatory ^w or phrase us$ to express feel+ or to imitate "s s\nd4 #chi4 ,int]jections may be divid$ into f\r classes3 #a4 ,words :i* we use in/ead ( an ass]tion to express feel+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 z3 7a7 ,surprise or wond]2 z1 ,oh1 ,aha1 ,:at4 7b7 ,pleasure1 joy1 or exaltation2 z1 ,hurrah1 ,ha1 ,ha4 7c7 ,pa91 sadness or sorr[2 z1 ,alas1 ,alack4 7d7 ,contempt or disgu/2 z ,fie1 ,fudge1 ,ugh1 ,p%aw4 #b4 ,words us$ in/ead ( a "q2 z1 ,eh8 ,hey8 #c4 ,words us$ in/ead ( a comm&2 z3 7a7 ,to call att5tion2 z1 ,hello1 ,ahoy1 ,:oa4 7b7 ,to express sil5ce2 z1 ,%h1 ,hu%1 ,hi/4 7c7 ,to direct or drive out1 etc41 z1 ,:oa1 ,gee1 ,haw1 ,scat4 #d4 ,words us$ to imitate s\nds made by animals1 ma*9es1 etc41 z1 ,b[-w[1 ,d+-dong1 ,bang1 ,rub-a-dub4 ,:5 we wi% to imitate noises or s\nds made by animals1 ma*9es1 etc41 9 writ+1 we spell out ! words z ne>ly z we c1 j z we write d+-dong to repres5t ! s\nd ( ! bell or tick-tock to indicate ! tick+ ( a clock4 ,note t a numb] ( our v]bs & n\ns h be5 =m$ f imitat+ ! s\nd :i* ^! n\ns or v]bs describe or express1 z = in/ance1 cra%1 ro>1 buzz1 hu%1 groan1 bang1 puff1 etc4 ,ex]cise #a ,m>k ! int]jections 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,:i* express surprise8 ,:i* joy8 ,:i* sorr[8 ,:i* disgu/8 #a4 ,alas6 ,we %all nev] meet aga94 #b4 ,bravo6 ,y h done well4 #c4 ,p%aw6 ,is t ! be/ y c d8 #d4 ,%ip ahoy6 ,all h&s on deck4 #e4 ,hello6 ,:5 did y come8 #f4 ,hurrah6 ,we h won ! victory4 #g4 ,alas1 alack6 ,^? days w nev] come aga94 #h4 ,hi/6 ,y mu/ be z /ill z mice4 ,ex]cise #b ,write s5t5ces us+ an int]jection to express3 #a4 ,joy4 #b4 ,surprise4 #c4 ,pa94 #d4 ,sorr[4 #e4 ,disgu/4 #f4 ,to ask a "q4 #g4 ,to call att5tion4 #h4 ,to sil5ce4 #i4 ,to direct4 #aj4 ,to imitate ! s\nd made by an animal4 #aa4 ,by a ma*9e4 ,,exclamatory ,,words #cij4 ,int]jections express only emotion or feel+4 ,!y d n express ideas4 ,h[ev]1 we h a numb] ( words :i* are us$ some:at z int]jections are us$1 :i* we may class z exclamatory words1 b !y express m ?an int]jections1 = !y express ideas z well z emotions2 b1 l int]jections1 !y are us$ indep5d5tly & h no "p 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 #cia4 ,_m ord9>y words & phrases are us$ 9 ?is way z exclamations4 ,:5 !y are s us$ !y h no place 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce2 t is1 !y d n dep5d ^u ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y are us$1 9 any way4 ,a n\n us$ 9 ?is way is n us$ z ! subject or ! object1 b simply z an exclamation4 ,= example2 ! n\n nons5se may be us$ z an int]jection1 z 9 ! s5t5ce2 ,nons5se6 ,i d n believe a ^w ( x4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 nons5se is a n\n us$ z an int]jection & plays no "p 9 ! s5t5ce1 ei!r z subject or object1 b is an indep5d5t con/ruction4 ,!re are a numb] ( words us$ 9 ?is way3 #a4 ,n\ns & pron\ns1 z fire1 m]cy1 %ame1 nons5se1 ! idea1 :at4 #b4 ,v]bs l1 help1 look1 see1 li/51 h>k1 behold1 begone4 #c4 ,adjectives l1 good1 well1 brave1 welcome1 /range4 #d4 ,adv]bs l1 out1 inde$1 h[1 :y1 back1 =w>d4 #e4 ,prepositions l1 on1 up1 d[n4 #f4 ,phrases l1 ,oh de>1 de> me1 good bye4 ,words & phrases su* z ^!1 us$ z exclamations1 are n true int]jections1 = !y express a little m ?an feel+4 ,!y express an idea :i*1 9 our ha/e1 we d n completely express4 ,! o!r words necess>y to ! expression ( ! idea are omitt$ because ( ! /ress ( emotion4 ,= example3 ,sil5ce6 ,i w he> no m4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce x is und]/ood t we mean1 ,let u h sil5ce1 ,i w he> no m4 ,b 9 ! /ress ( our emotion1 we h omitt$ ! words1 ,let u h4 ,if we say1 ,good6 t w d spl5didly1 y "k t we mean1 ,t is good1 we h simply omitt$ ,t is1 :i* is necess>y to complete ! s5t5ce4 ,sometimes :5 we are greatly excit$ we ab&on our s5t5ce con/ruction altoge!r & use only ! mo/ important words4 ,= example3 ,a sail6 a sail6 ,?is is n a s5t5ce1 = x does n conta9 a v]b1 yet we "k t :at 0 meant 01 ,i see a sail1 ,i see a sail4 ,ex]cise #c ,write s5t5ces us+ ! words giv5 9 ! =ego+ li/ z exclamatory words1 & add z _m m to ! li/ z y c ?9k (4 ,,yes ,,& ,,no #cib4 ,! words yes & no1 :i* we use 9 reply to que/ions 7 orig9ally adv]bs1 b we no long] use !m z adv]bs4 ,we no long] comb9e !m ) o!r words z modify+ or limit+ words1 b use !m indep5d5tly4 ,!y are 9 !mselves complete answ]s4 ,?us1 if y ask me ! "q1 ,w y come8 ,i may say ,yes1 mean+1 ,i w come2 or1 ,no1 mean+1 ,i w n come4 ,! responsives yes & no ?us /& = :ole s5t5ces1 s !y are really indep5d5t words4 ,we may use !m 9 connection ) o!r s5t5ces4 ,= example2 ,i may say1 ,yes1 ,i w come1 or ,no1 ,i w n come4 ,us$ 9 ?is way1 !y /ill reta9 an indep5d5t con/ruction 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,we call !m responsives because !y are us$ 9 response to que/ions4 ,,o!r ,,indep5d5t ,,expressions #cic4 ,o!r words may be us$ 9 an indep5d5t con/ruction 9 s5t5ces1 )\t dep5d+ ^u ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y are us$ or )\t hav+ ! s5t5ces dep5d ^u !m1 su* z3 #a4 ,a ^w us$ 9 address4 ,= example3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i move t a committee be n[ appo9t$4 ,fell[ ,work]s1 ,i rise to address y4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,fell[ ,work]s are n\ns us$ indep5d5tly2 t is1 !y are nei!r ! subject ( ! s5t5ce nor us$ z object or pr$icate complem5t4 ,!y are indep5d5t ( all o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! mo/ common use ( words us$ indep5d5tly 9 direct address occurs ) imp]ative s5t5ces4 ,= example3 ,comrades1 r\se y\rselves4 ,m51 /rike = fre$om4 #b4 ,exclamatory expressions4 ,^! are n\ns us$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we h already discuss$1 z 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,nons5se6 ,i d n believe a ^w ( x4 ,alas6 poor ,yorick6 ,i knew him well4 #c4 ,words & phrases us$ p>5!tically1 z = example3 ,by ! way1 ,i met a fri5d ( y\rs today4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 jo9 y at once4 ,he call$1 x seems1 :ile we 7 gone4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces su* words z1 h[ev]1 & su* phrases z1 by ! way1 &1 x seems1 are us$ indep5d5tly1--9 p>5!sis1 z x 72 t is1 !y are j ?r[n into ! s5t5ces 9 su* a way t !y d n modify or dep5d ^u any o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,:5 we analyze our s5t5ces1 ^! indep5d5t words are n consid]$ z elem5ts ( ! s5t5ces 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,x is suffici5t to say t !y are indep5d5t words4 #d4 ,conjunctions us$ z introductory words4 ,we h not$ ! use ( conjunctions l ! co-ord9ates &1 b1 etc41 & ! subord9ates because1 9 ord] t1 s1 =1 :]e=e1 h[1 :e!r1 etc41 :i* are us$ to introduce s5t5ces & connect !m 9 ?\ght ) s5t5ces & p>agraphs :i* h gone be=e4 ,,introductory ,,words #cid4 ,we h a numb] ( words :i* we use to introduce our s5t5ces4 ,!y are su* words z1 s1 well & :y4 ,^! are ord9>ily adv]bs1 b :5 !y are us$ m]ely to introduce a s5t5ce !y reta9 little ( _! adv]bial =ce4 ,= example3 ,s1 t is y\r only excuse4 ,well1 ,i _c und]/& :y y %\ld accept x4 ,:y1 t is no reason at all4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 s1 well & :y d n modify any ( ! words 9 ! s5t5ces1 b are us$ m]ely to introduce ! s5t5ces4 ,!y s]ve 9 a measure to connect !m ) some?+ :i* has gone be=e4 #cie4 ,! adv]b !re is also us$ z an introductory ^w4 ,:5 x is us$ 9 ?is mann]1 x loses its adv]bial =ce4 ,!re1 z ord9>ily us$1 is an adv]b ( place1 b x is (t5 us$ to introduce a s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,!re is "s mi/ake ab\t x4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce !re is n us$ z an adv]b1 b x is us$ simply z an introductory ^w4 ,x is us$ to introduce a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! v]b comes be=e ! real subject4 ,mi/ake is ! real subject ( ! v]b is1 & !re is us$ simply z ! introductory ^w4 #cif4 ,! indef9ite pron\n x is also us$ z an introductory ^w1 to introduce a s5t5ce 9 mu* ! same mann] z !re4 ,! real subject ( ! v]b occurs lat] 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,x is be/ to "k ! tru?4 ,?is c\ld be writt51 ,to "k ! tru? is be/1 & ! entire mean+ ( ! s5t5ce w\ld be convey$4 #cig4 ,adv]bs ( mode4 ,y rememb] 9 our /udy ( adv]bs1 we _h c]ta9 adv]bs :i* 7 call$ adv]bs ( mode4 ,^! are us$ to modify ! entire s5t5ce4 ,!y express ! feel+ 9 :i* ! entire s5t5ce is utt]$4 ,adv]bs ( mode may be reg>d$ also z indep5d5t words4 ,!y are su* words z1 inde$1 surely1 c]ta9ly1 p]haps1 etc4 ,= example3 ,inde$1 ,i _c tell y n[4 ,surely1 ,i w comply ) y\r reque/4 ,p]haps x may be true4 ,i c]ta9ly hope to d s be=e long4 ,ex]cise #d ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! words :i* are pure int]jections1 & ^? :i* are o!r p>ts ( spee* us$ z exclamatory words4 ,m>k ^? :i* are us$ 9 direct address1 ^? :i* are us$ p>5!tically1 & ^? :i* are us$ z m]e introductory words4 #a4 ,oh1 x seems impossible to believe x4 #b4 ,surely1 y w accept my ^w4 #c4 ,nons5se1 !re is n ! lea/ tru? 9 ! /ory4 #d4 ,x w be impossible = u to jo94 #e4 ,!re=e we urge y to jo9 9 ?is campaign4 #f4 ,!re is only "o solution to ! problem4 #g4 ,x is difficult to discov] ! true facts4 #h4 ,well1 ,i h done my be/ to p]suade y4 #i4 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i rise to a po9t ( ord]4 #aj4 ,comrades1 come & /& = y\r rights4 #aa4 ,yes1 ,i h /udi$ t philosophy4 #ab4 ,en\gh6 we h be5 enslav$ too long4 #ac4 ,h>k6 we he> ! tramp ( ! army ( labor4 #ad4 ,alas6 t any %\ld refuse to jo9 9 ?is battle4 #ae4 ,y h n1 x seems1 und]/ood ! issue4 #af4 ,inde$1 solid>ity is our only hope4 #ag4 ,br-r-r-r-r-r-r1 ?us :irl ! ma*9es t gr9d our *ildr5's lives4 #ah4 ,hu%6 ,ov] ! cra% ( ! cannon s\nds ! wail ( ,europe's wom5 & *ildr54 ,,explanatory ,,words #cih4 ,we sometimes use words :i* d n belong 9 ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce to expla9 o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 subscribe z foll[s3 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ! mo/ wond]ful woman ( ?is age1 *ampions ! cause ( ! work+ class4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! words1 ! und]sign$1 are add$ to ! pron\n we to expla9 :o we means4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! words1 ! mo/ wond]ful woman ( ?is age1 are add$ to expla9 :o ,hel5 ,kell] is4 ,words add$ to o!r words 9 ?is way are call$ explanatory words4 ,!y are plac$ 9 apposition to ! n\n :i* !y expla94 ,apposition means by ! side (1 or 9 position ne>4 ,y rememb] t 9 clauses we f\nd t a clause may be plac$ 9 apposition ) a n\n to expla9 ! mean+ ( t n\n4 ,= example3 ,!re is an old say+1 9 union !re is /r5g?4 ,^! words 9 apposition may !mselves be modifi$ or limit$ by o!r words or phrases or clauses4 ,= example3 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ! mo/ wond]ful woman ( ?is age1 *ampions ! cause ( ! work+ class4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 woman is ! n\n plac$ 9 apposition to ! p>ticul> "n1 ,hel5 ,kell]1 & ! n\n woman is modifi$ by ! adjectives !1 & wond]ful1 & by ! phrase ( ?is age4 ,sometimes a second explanatory ^w is plac$ 9 apposition to ! fir/ "o4 ,?is is q (t5 ! case 9 legal docum5ts or resolutions1 :]e ! language is q =mal4 ,= example3 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 memb]s ( ,local ,no4 #ch1 d h]eby move1 etc4 ,i1 ,john ,smi?1 ,not>y ,public1 9 & = ! c\nty ( ,clay1 etc4 ,^! words1 und]sign$ & memb]s1 are bo? plac$ 9 apposition to ! pron\n ,we1 expla9+ to :om t pron\n ref]s4 ,ex]cise #e ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces note ! explanatory words & _! modifi]s3 #a4 ,w5dell ,phillips1 ! great abolitioni/1 0 a man ( g5ius4 #b4 ,buckle1 ! hi/orian1 writes f ! view po9t ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory4 #c4 ,giovannitti1 ! poet1 wrote ,arr[s 9 ! ,gale4 #d4 ,hel5 ,kell]1 *ampion ( ! work+ class1 wrote ! introduction to ?is book4 #e4 ,we1 ! work]s ( ! _w1 w "s day claim our own4 #f4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty ( treason1 a crime puni%able by dea?4 #g4 ,f]r]1 ! m>tyr ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 0 put to dea? by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 #h4 ,jaures1 ! great ,fr5* sociali/1 0 ! fir/ m>tyr to peace4 #i4 ,b ye1 ,plebs1 ,populace1 ,p1 ,rabble1 ,mob1 ,prolet>iat1 live & abide =ev]4 #aj4 ,ye are et]nal1 ev5 z y\r fa!r1 labor1 is et]nal4 #aa4 ,?is docum5t1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h9d]s ! progress ( ! p4 #ab4 ,! memory ( ,gutt5b]g1 ! inv5tor ( ! pr9t+ press1 %\ld be rev]5c$ by e class-consci\s work]4 #ac4 ,wallace1 ! sci5ti/ & au?or1 0 co-discov]] ) ,d>w9 ( ! !ory ( evolution4 #ad4 ,k>l ,m>x1 ! ?9k]1 appli$ ?is !ory to social =ces4 #ae4 ,d y und]/& ! ?ree basic pr9ciples ( ,socialism--! class /ruggle1 economic det]m9ism & surplus value8 ,ex]cise #f ,read ! foll[+ li/ ( words & note ! ideas :i* !y sugge/ to y1 !n make s5t5ces conta9+ ^! words1 modifi$ by a ^w or gr\p ( words 9 apposition1 :i* expla9 m fully ^! words4 ,law1 m>tyr1 society1 education1 inv5tor1 comm&]1 fre$om1 ,eug5e ,v4 ,debs1 ,k>l ,m>x1 ,kais] ,wilhelm1 ,! ,balkan1 ,lawr5ce1 ,colorado1 ,calumet4 ,,absolute ,,con/ruction #cii4 ,we h f\nd t e ^w 9 a s5t5ce be>s "s relation to e o!r ^w1 except ^! words :i* we h be5 /udy+1 :i* we use indep5d5tly4 ,^! explanatory words :i* we h j be5 /udy+ are n us$ indep5d5tly1 b d 9 a s5se modify ! n\n ) :i* !y are plac$ 9 apposition4 ,sometimes we place a n\n or a pron\n & its modifi]s alongside ! :ole s5t5ce & x does n really modify any "p ( ! s5t5ce1 b modifies ! :ole s5t5ce 9 a way1 = x expresses an att5dant ?\ght or an accompany+ circum/ance4 ,= example3 ,! work]s be+ unorganiz$1 ! /rike 0 easily defeat$4 ,! /rik]s hav+ won1 "w 0 resum$ on _! t]ms4 ,! work]s be+ unorganis$ & ! /rik]s hav+ won are n clauses = !y d n conta9 a v]b4 ,be+ unorganiz$ & hav+ won are p>ticiples4 ,nei!r d !y modify any ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,!y are n plac$ 9 apposition ) any o!r ^w4 ,:ile !y d express a ?\ght 9 connection ) ! s5t5ce1 9 con/ruction !y seem to be cut loose f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce2 t is1 !y are n closely connect$ ) ! s5t5ce1 h5ce !y are call$ absolute con/ructions4 ,ab means f1 & solute1 loose2 s ?is means1 lit]ally1 loose f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,we speak ( ^! z absolute con/ructions1 in/ead ( indep5d5t1 because ! ?\ght express$ is connect$ ) ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! s5t5ce & is really a "p ( x4 ,notice t ! n\n us$ 9 ! absolute con/ruction is n ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,take ! s5t5ce1 ,! work]s be+ unorganiz$1 ! /rike 0 easily defeat$1 ! n\n /rike is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! n\n work]s is us$ 9 ! absolute con/ruction ) ! p>ticiple1 be+ unorganiz$4 ,^! absolute con/ructions c ord9>ily be rewritt5 into adv]b clauses4 ,= example1 ?is s5t5ce might read3 ,! /rike 0 easily defeat$ because ! work]s 7 unorganiz$4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( rewrit+ y\r s5t5ces & us+ ! n\n 9 ! absolute con/ruction z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,! work]s1 be+ unorganiz$1 7 easily defeat$4 ,?is is n ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is t ! /rike 0 easily defeat$ because ! work]s 7 unorganiz$4 ,b ! adv]b clause1 because ! work]s 7 unorganiz$1 in/ead ( be+ writt5 z an adv]b clause1 has be5 writt5 9 ! absolute con/ruction1 ! work]s be+ unorganiz$4 ,:ile x is ne>ly always possible to *ange ^! absolute con/ructions into adv]b clauses ! s5t5ces are sometimes weak5$ by ! *ange4 ,^! absolute con/ructions (t5 enable u to make a /atem5t 9 a /rong] mann] ?an we c\ld make x ) a clause or 9 any o!r way4 ,ex]cise #g ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 note ! gr\ps ( words :i* are us$ 9 absolute con/ruction4 ,rewrite ^! s5t5ces & if possible *ange ^! words us$ 9 absolute con/ruction into equival5t adv]b phrases or clauses4 ,note h[ "s ( ! s5t5ces are weak5$ :5 y make ?is *ange4 #a4 ,nationalism hav+ be5 taught to g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ! work]s obey$ ! call ( ! ma/] class to slaught] _! fell[ work]s4 #b4 ,! h\r hav+ arriv$1 ,f]r] 0 bl9dfold$ & l$ =? to die4 #c4 ,! mass be+ )\t education1 capitalism ga9s an easy victory4 #d4 ,! class /ruggle be+ a fact1 :y %\ld we hesitate to jo9 our class8 #e4 ,^! facts be+ true1 su* a conclusion is inevitable4 #f4 ,d>w9 hav+ /at$ ! !ory ( evolution1 ,m>x appli$ its pr9ciples to social sci5ce4 #g4 ,*attel slav]y hav+ be5 de/roy$1 wage-slav]y became ! corn] /one ( capitalism4 #h4 ,! price hav+ be5 paid1 we claim our own4 #i4 ,! battle end$1 ! army left ! tr5*es4 ,ex]cise #h ,m>k ! int]jections 9 ! foll[+ quotations4 ,note ! indep5d5t con/ructions4 ,m>k ! words us$ z explanatory words 9 apposition4 ,9 ! m9d's eye1 ,i see a wond]ful build+1 some?+ l ! ,coliseum ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! gall]ies are black ) p2 ti] ^u ti] rise l waves ! multitude ( spectators :o h come to see a great conte/4 ,a great conte/1 inde$6 ,a conte/ 9 :i* all ! _w & all ! c5turies are int]e/$4 ,x is ! conte/--! fight to dea?--betwe5 ,tru? & ,error4 ,! door op5s1 & a slight1 small1 %y & insignificant look+ ?+ /eps into ! ar5a4 ,x is ,tru?4 ,! va/ audi5ce bur/s into hil>i\s & d]isive laught]4 ,:at6 ,is ?is ,tru?8 ,?is %udd]+ ?+ 9 tatt]$ clo!s1 & almo/ nak$8 ,& ! h\se %akes aga9 ) mock+ & hisses4 ,! door op5s aga91 & ,error ent]s--clad 9 clo? ( gold1 impos+ 9 appe>ance1 tall ( /ature1 glitt]+ ) gems1 sleek & huge & pond]\s1 caus+ ! build+ to tremble ) ! ?ud ( its /eps4 ,! audi5ce is = a mom5t dazzl$ into sil5ce1 !n x breaks into applause1 long & deaf5+4 ,welcome6 ,welcome6 is ! greet+ f ! multitude4 ,welcome6 %\t t5 ?\s& ?roats4 ,! two conte/ants face ea* o!r4 ,error1 9 full armor--back$ by ! sympa?ies ( ! audi5ce1 greet$ by ! clamor\s *e]+ ( ! spectators2 & ,tru?1 scorn$1 sc(f$ at1 & hat$4 ,! issue is a =egone conclusion1 murmurs ! va/ audi5ce4 ,error w trample ,tru? "u its feet4 ,! battle beg9s4 ,! two cl9*1 sep>ate1 & cl9* aga94 ,tru? holds its own4 ,! spectators are al>m$4 ,anxiety appe>s 9 _! faces4 ,_! voices gr[ fa9t4 ,is x possible8 ,look6 ,see6 ,!re6 ,error rec$es6 ,x fe>s ! gaze ( ,tru?6 ,x %uns its beaute\s eyes6 ,he> x %riek & scream z x feels ,tru?'s squeeze ^u its wri/s4 ,error is try+ to break away f ,tru?'s grip4 ,x is mak+ = ! door4 ,x is gone6 ,! spectators are mute4 ,e tongue is smitt5 ) ! palsy4 ,! p bite _! lips until !y ble$4 ,!y _c expla9 :at !y h se54 ,oh6 :o w\ld h believ$ x8 ,is x possible8--!y exclaim4 ,b !y _c d\bt :at _! eyes h se5--t puny & insignificant look+ ?+ call$ ,tru? has put anci5t & entr5*$ ,error1 back$ by ! ?rone1 ! alt>1 ! army1 ! press1 ! p & ! gods--to r\t4 ,! pursuit ( tru?6 ,is x n wor? liv+ =8 ,to seek ! tru?1 to love ! tru?1 to live ! tru?8 ,c any religion (f] m8--,mangas>ian4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bc ,_m words conta9 lett]s = :i* !re are no correspond+ s\nds 9 ! spok5 words4 ,?us1 9 ! spok5 ^w ?\gh !re are only two s\nds1 ! ? & ! o2 u & g & h are sil5t4 ,!re are a great _m words 9 ! ,engli% language :i* conta9 ^! sil5t lett]s4 ,!re has be5 a movem5t inaugurat$ = ! purpose ( simplify+ ! spell+ ( ^! words1 omitt+ ^! sil5t lett]s4 ,"s writ]s h adopt$ ?is me?od ( simplifi$ spell+1 & s 9 "s magaz9es & books :i* y read y w f9d ^! sil5t lett]s dropp$2 = example1 y w f9d ?\gh spell$ ?o1 ?r\gh spell$ ?ru4 ,?is me?od ( simplifi$ spell+ has n be5 univ]sally adopt$ & we h n foll[$ x 9 ^! lessons because we fe>$ t x w\ld be confus+4 ,probably 9 mo/ ( y\r read+ y w f9d ! old me?od ( spell+ foll[$ & all ( ^! sil5t lett]s includ$4 ,no d\bt1 z "t goes on1 we %all adopt ?is simplifi$ me?od ( spell+ & drop all ( ^! sil5t & useless lett]s4 ,9 our spell+ lesson = ?is week we h a numb] ( words conta9+ sil5t lett]s4 ,,monday ,9 a numb] ( words y w f9d ea pron\nc$ z %ort e4 ,! bo>d ( simplifi$ spell+ has sugge/$ t we drop ! a1 :i* is a sil5t lett]1 f ^! words4 ,if we adopt$ _! sugge/ion1 words l head w\ld be spell$ h$4 ,note ! spell+ ( ! foll[+ words 9 :i* ea is pron\nc$ z %ort e & ! a is sil5t4 ,spread1 /ead1 ?reat1 meant1 pleasant1 /eal?4 ,,tuesday ,we h a numb] ( words end+ 9 ough 9 :i* ! gh is sil5t4 #a4 ,9 "s ( ^! words ! ou is pron\nc$ l ow4 ,we h already *ang$ ! spell+ ( a few ( ^! words1 = example1 we no long] use pl\gh1 b write x pl[4 #b4 ,9 o!r words end+ ) ough ! ugh is sil5t & ! words end ) a long o s\nd1 z 9 ?\gh4 ,_m writ]s h dropp$ ! sil5t lett]s ugh & spell ?is simply ?o4 #c4 ,a few o!r words end+ ) ough end ) a u s\nd & ^? :o adopt ! simplifi$ spell+ h dropp$ ! ough & us$ simply u1 z 9 ?r\gh2 _m writ]s spell x simply ?ru4 ,obs]ve ! spell+ ( ! foll[+ words & m>k ! sil5t lett]s3 ,b\gh1 ?r\gh1 ?or\gh1 furl\gh1 bor\gh1 ?\gh4 ,,w$nesday ,we h a numb] ( words end+ 9 mn 9 :i* ! n is sil5t4 ,note ! spell+ ( ! foll[+ words3 ,autumn1 solemn1 column1 kiln1 hymn1 condemn4 ,,?ursday ,we h a numb] ( words conta9+ a sil5t b4 ,notice ! spell+ ( ! foll[+ words3 ,d\bt1 debt1 dumb1 limb1 ?umb1 lamb4 ,,friday ,a numb] ( words end ) sil5t ue aft] g4 ,"s writ]s omit ! ue & probably aft] a :ile we w drop ?is sil5t ue1 b y w f9d x us$ n[ 9 mo/ ( y\r read+4 ,^! are su* words z3 ,catalogue1 demagogue1 decalogue1 tongue1 league1 h>angue4 ,,saturday ,we h a numb] ( words end+ ) gh 9 :i* ! gh has ! s\nd ( f1 z 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,tr\gh1 r\gh1 en\gh1 laugh1 t\gh1 c\gh4 ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bd ,de> ,comrade3 ,we h f9i%$ our /udy ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* & are go+ to ent] ^u ! "w ( s5t5ce build+4 ,9 ! next few lessons we w ga!r up all t we h be5 /udy+ 9 ^! lessons s f>4 ,?is is a good "t to give ?is "w a ?or\gh review4 ,p]haps !re h be5 a numb] ( ?+s 9 ! lessons :i* y h n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 or p]haps !re h be5 "s rules = :i* y h n se5 ! reason4 ,n[ z we beg9 to con/ruct our s5t5ces1 all ( ?is w fit into its place4 ,we %all f9d ! reason = _m ( ! ?+s :i* may n h seem$ ?or\ghly cle> to u4 ,!re is a sci5ce 9 language z 9 ev]y?+ else1 & language1 aft] all1 is gov]n$ by ! w ( ! p4 ,?is has seem$ s self-evid5t to ^? :o make a special /udy ( ! language & its developm5t t !y h giv5 ?is p[] a special "n4 ,!y speak ( ! ,g5ius ( ! ,language z ?\gh !re 0 "s _s guid+ & direct+ ! develop+ p[] ( language4 ,!re is a _s guid+ & direct+ ! develop+ p[] ( language4 ,t _s is ! creative g5ius ( ! p4 ,x is ! same _s t w\ld guide & direct all phases ( life into full & free expression1 if x 7 p]mitt$ to act4 ,!re be+ no private pr(it connect$ ) ! control ( ! language1 ! creative g5ius ( ! p has _h full] sway4 ,! educator sitt+ 9 8 /udy _c make arbitr>y rules to *ange or cons]ve ! use ( words4 ,! p !mselves are ! f9al arbit] 9 language4 ,x is ! curr5t usage among ! masses :i* puts ! f9al /amp ^u any ^w4 ,?9k :at ?is same creative g5ius might d if x 7 set free 9 social life1 9 indu/rial life4 ,x w\ld "w out ^? pr9ciples :i* 7 be/ fitt$ to ! advance ( ! p !mselves4 ,b ^? :o w\ld pr(it by ! enslavem5t ( ! p h put /umbl+ blocks1--laws1 conv5tions1 morals1 cu/oms1--9 ! way ( ! p4 ,_! creative g5ius does n h full sway or free sweep1 b let u rejoice t 9 language1 at lea/1 we are free4 ,& let u1 z we realize ! p[] ( ! p manife/ 9 ?is phase ( life1 det]m9e t ! same p[] %all be set free to "w out its w 9 all life4 ,"s day ! revolution w come4 ,! p w be free to rule !mselves1 to express _! w1 n 9 ! realms ( words alone1 b 9 _! social & economic life2 & z we become free )91 d>e to ?9k = ourselves & to dem& our own1 we ea* become a tor* ( ! revolution1 a c5t] ( rebellion--"o ( ^? :o make /raight ! pa? = ! future4 ,y\rs = ! ,revolution1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,s5t5ce ,,build+ #djj4 ,e expression ( a complete ?\ght is a s5t5ce4 ,a s5t5ce is ! unit 9 language4 ,words are ! mat]ial out ( :i* we build our s5t5ces1 s we h be5 /udy+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* t are us$ 9 s5t5ce build+4 ,n[ we are ready to use ^! p>ts ( spee* 9 ! build+ ( s5t5ces4 ,we h f\nd t !re are eight p>ts ( spee*1 ?\gh ! int]jection1 :i* is t]m$ ! eigh? "p ( spee*1 is n 9 reality a "p ( ! s5t5ce2 b is a complete1 indep5d5t con/ruction4 ,s 9 y\r s5t5ces all ( ! _m hundr$s ( words :i* we use c be gr\p$ into sev5 divisions2 n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 adv]bs1 prepositions & conjunctions4 #dja4 ,y rememb] 9 our fir/ lesson we f\nd t !re 7 j ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces4 ,! ass]tive1 ! int]rogative & ! imp]ative2 or 9 o!r words1 s5t5ces :i* /ate a fact1 ask a "q or give a comm&4 ,we also f\nd t ^! ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces c\ld all be express$ 9 exclamatory =m4 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,s5t5ces ,ass]tive4 ,makes a /atem5t4 ,int]rogative4 ,asks a "q4 ,imp]ative4 ,gives a comm&4 ,ass]tive s5t5ce2 ,i rememb] ! day4 ,int]rogative s5t5ce2 ,d y n rememb] ! day8 ,imp]ative s5t5ce2 ,rememb] ! day4 ,9 ,exclamatory ,=m ,ass]tive2 ,nons5se6 ,i rememb] ! day4 ,int]rogative2 ,:at6 ,d y n rememb] ! day8 ,imp]ative2 ,oh come6 ,rememb] ! day4 ,,analysis--,,simple ,,s5t5ces #djb4 ,n[ t we h f9i%$ ! /udy ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee*1 we are ready = s5t5ce build+ & = s5t5ce analysis4 ,s5t5ce analysis is ! break+ up ( ! s5t5ce into its diff]5t p>ts 9 ord] to f9d out h[ & :y x is ?us put toge!r4 ,to analyze any?+ is to break x up or sep>ate x into its diff]5t p>ts4 ,we speak ( analyz+ a s5t5ce :5 we pick out ! subject & ! pr$icate & _! modifi]s1 because we ?us unloos5 !m or sep>ate !m f "o ano!r4 ,^! p>ts ( ! s5t5ce are call$ ! elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! elem5ts ( a s5t5ce consi/ ( ! words1 phrases & clauses us$ 9 =m+ ! s5t5ce4 #djc4 ,let u beg9 f ! simple/ beg9n+ & build up our s5t5ces1 us+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee* z we h /udi$ !m4 ,let u take ! simple/ =m ( s5t5ce :i* we c consid]4 ,= example3 ,m5 "w4 ,!re are only ?ree p>ts ( spee* :i* c be us$ to make a simple s5t5ce 9 ?is mann]1 & ^! are1 ei!r ! n\n & ! v]b1 or ! pron\n & ! v]b4 ,we might say in/ead ( ,m5 "w1 ,!y "w1 & h a complete s5t5ce4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,m5 "w1 m5 is ! subject & "w is ! pr$icate4 ,! subject & ! pr$icate are ! two pr9cipal elem5ts 9 a s5t5ce4 ,no s5t5ce c be =m$ )\t ^! two p>ts & ^! two p>ts c express a ?\ght )\t ! help ( o!r elem5ts4 ,n[ we may beg9 to enl>ge ! subject by add+ modifi]s4 ,y rememb] we h f\nd t a n\n may be modifi$ by an adjective4 ,s we add ! adjective busy1 & we h3 ,busy m5 "w4 ,our simple subject is /ill ! n\n m51 b ! complete subject is ! n\n ) its modifi]1 busy m54 ,we may add o!r adjectives & say3 ,! busy1 indu/ri\s m5 ) families "w4 ,"h we h our simple subject m5 modifi$ by ! adjectives1 !1 busy & indu/ri\s1 & also by ! adjective phrase1 ) families4 ,s ! complete subject ( ! s5t5ce n[ is1 ! busy1 indu/ri\s m5 ) families4 ,our pr$icate is /ill ! s+le v]b "w4 ,let u n[ enl>ge ! pr$icate4 ,we h f\nd t adv]bs are us$ to modify v]bs1 & s we may say3 ,! busy1 indu/ri\s m5 ) families "w h>d4 ,! busy1 indu/ri\s m5 ) families "w h>d 9 ! factory4 ,our simple pr$icate1 "w is n[ enl>g$4 ,x is modifi$ by ! adv]b1 h>d & ! adv]b phrase1 9 ! factory4 ,s our complete pr$icate is n[1 "w h>d 9 ! factory4 #djd4 ,^! s5t5ces ) ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate & _! modify+ words & phrases =m simple s5t5ces4 ,a simple s5t5ce is "o :i* expresses a s+le /atem5t1 "q or comm&4 #dje4 ,a simple s5t5ce1 !re=e1 w conta9 b "o subject & "o pr$icate4 ,! subject may be a comp\nd subject & ! pr$icate may be a comp\nd pr$icate1 b /ill ! s5t5ce expresses a s+le ?\ght4 ,= example3 ,! boys s+4 ,?is is a simple /atem5t ) a simple subject & a simple pr$icate4 ,!n we may say3 ,! boys s+ & play4 ,we /ill h a s+le /atem5t1 b a comp\nd pr$icate1 s+ & play4 ,n[ we may make a comp\nd subject1 & say1 ,! boys & girls s+ & play1 b we h /ill a s+le /atem5t1 = bo? pr$icates are ass]t$ ( bo? subjects4 ,s1 ,! boys & girls s+ & play1 is a simple s5t5ce4 ,if we say1 ,! boys s+ & ! girls play1 we h a comp\nd s5t5ce1 compos$ ( two simple s5t5ces1 ,! boys s+1 ,! girls play4 ,if we say1 ,! boys s+ :ile ! girls play1 we h a complex s5t5ce =m$ ( ! simple s5t5ce1 ,! boys s+1 & ! dep5d5t clause1 :ile ! girls play4 #djf4 ,n[ let u sum up our def9itions3 ,e s5t5ce mu/ conta9 two p>ts1 a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce is t "p ab\t :i* some?+ is said4 ,! pr$icate is t "p :i* ass]ts some?+ ( ! subject4 ,! simple subject ( a s5t5ce is a n\n1 or ! ^w us$ 9 place ( a n\n1 )\t modifi]s4 ,! simple pr$icate is ! v]b or v]b phrase )\t its modifi]s4 ,! complete subject ( a s5t5ce is ! simple subject ) all ( its modifi]s4 ,! complete pr$icate ( a s5t5ce is ! simple pr$icate ) all ( its modifi]s4 ,a simple s5t5ce is "o :i* expresses a s+le /atem5t1 "q or comm&4 ,a complex s5t5ce is "o conta9+ an indep5d5t clause & "o or m dep5d5t clauses4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is "o conta9+ two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,a clause is a "p ( a s5t5ce conta9+ a subject & a pr$icate4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,f9d all ( ! modifi]s ( ! subject & all ( ! modifi]s ( ! pr$icate1 & draw a s+le l9e "u ! complete subject & two l9es "u ! complete pr$icate4 #a4 ,beautiful pictures hang on ! wall4 #b4 ,^? elm trees gr[ rapidly e ye>4 #c4 ,a t]rible /orm broke unexpect$ly at sea4 #d4 ,! cle>1 cry/al wat] runs swiftly to ! sea4 #e4 ,! beautiful fl[]s fade quickly 9 ! heat4 #f4 ,! happy1 boi/]\s *ildr5 play at s*ool e day4 #g4 ,! /urdy oak 9 ! =e/ /&s bravely ?r\gh e /orm4 #h4 ,_! ar*+ tops almo/ speak to u4 #i4 ,a cry ( joy r+s ?r\gh ! l&4 #aj4 ,! leaves ( ! trees flutt] 9 ! w9d4 #aa4 ,great cl\ds ( smoke float 9 ! air4 ,ex]cise #b ,note c>efully ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( two words w sugge/ ideas & pictures to y4 ,l5g!n ea* s5t5ce by add+ modifi]s to ! simple subject & to ! simple pr$icate s z to make a full] & m def9ite /atem5t4 ,= example3 ,%ips sail4 ,?is is a simple subject & simple pr$icate4 ,we add adjectives & an adjective phrase & adv]bs & an adv]b phrase z modifi]s & we h1 z foll[s3 ,! /ately %ips 9 ! bay sail pr\dly away to =eign %ores4 ,sn[ melts4 ,w9ds bl[4 ,h\se /&s4 ,boys run4 ,soldi]s fight4 ,tides fl[4 ,*ildr5 play4 ,%ips sail4 ,guns boom4 ,wom5 endure4 ,,ano!r ,,elem5t #djg4 ,y w note t all ( ^! v]bs :i* we h us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces h be5 complete v]bs z hang1 gr[1 runs1 fade1 etc4 ,a complete v]b1 y w rememb]1 is a v]b t does n ne$ an object or a complem5t4 ,x is complete )9 itself4 ,x may be modifi$ by an adv]b or an adv]b phrase1 b :5 y leave (f ^! modifi]s y /ill h complete s5se4 ,9 any ( ! s5t5ces above y may cross out ! adv]b or ! adv]b phrase :i* modifies ! v]b & y w /ill h complete s5t5ces4 ,= example3 ,great cl\ds ( smoke float 9 ! air4 ,"h1 ! adv]b phrase1 9 ! air1 may be omitt$ & /ill we h complete s5se1 ?us3 ,great cl\ds ( smoke float4 #djh4 ,! incomplete v]bs1 h[ev]1 require ei!r an object or complem5t to complete _! mean+4 ,incomplete v]bs are ( two k9ds2 ^? t express action & ^? t express /ate or condition4 ,an incomplete v]b t expresses action requires an object :i* is ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b1 s we h ano!r elem5t :i* ent]s into ! simple s5t5ce1 :5 we use an incomplete v]b4 ,= example3 ,! busy man makes %oes4 ,9 ord] to complete ! s5t5ce1 we mu/ use an object ) ! incomplete v]b makes4 ,to say1 ,! busy man makes1 is n en\gh4 ,we mu/ h an object :i* is ! receiv] ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b1 makes4 ,v]bs ( action (t5 h two objects4 ,"o object names ! ?+ t receives ! action & ! o!r names ! ?+ indirectly affect$ by ! action4 ,= example3 ,! tailor made him a coat4 #dji4 ,coat is ! direct object ( ! v]b made4 ,b we h ano!r object 9 ! pron\n him4 ,we d n mean t ! tailor made him1 b t ! tailor made him a coat4 ,coat is ! direct object & him is ! indirect object4 ,! indirect object is always plac$ be=e ! direct object4 ,! indirect object may be us$ z ! object ( ! preposition to or =4 ,z = example1 ?is s5t5ce might be rewritt5 to read1 ,! tailor made a coat = him4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 him is n ! indirect object ( ! v]b1 b is ! object ( ! preposition =4 #daj4 ,! direct object ( ! v]b always answ]s ! "q :at8 ,z = example1 ! tailor made :at8--a coat4 ,! indirect object ( ! v]b names ! p]son or ?+ to or = :i* ! act is done1--! tailor made a coat = :om8--= him4 ,! direct & indirect object become a "p ( ! complete pr$icate ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re may be o!r modifi]s also1 z adv]bs or adv]b phrases1 & all ( ^! tak5 toge!r =m ! complete pr$icate 9 ! s5t5ces :]e y h us$ an incomplete v]b4 ,z = example3 ,! tailor gladly made him a coat = ! occasion4 ,! complete pr$icate is1 gladly made him a coat = ! occasion1 =m$ ( ! v]b made1 ! direct object1 coat1 ! indirect object him1 ! adv]b modifi]1 gladly1 & ! phrase modifi]1 = ! occasion4 ,ex]cise #c ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 und]score ! direct object ) "o l9e & ! indirect object ) two l9es4 ,! v]b is 9 italics4 #a4 ,he gave h] a book4 #b4 ,he wrote me a long lett]4 #c4 ,h] fa!r b\ght h] a wat*4 #d4 ,! nurse gave ! pati5t 8 m$ic9e4 #e4 ,! "m gave h] daught] a pres5t4 #f4 ,give me "t to ?9k4 #g4 ,! cl]k sold h] a dress4 #h4 ,! tea*] read ! *ildr5 a /ory4 #i4 ,! company furni%es ! m5 food & %elt]4 #aj4 ,! man %[$ u 8 w\nds4 ,ex]cise #d ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces und]score ! complete subject & ! complete pr$icate4 ,notice especially ! direct & ! indirect objects ( ! incomplete v]bs4 ,! simple subjects & ! direct objects are 9 italics4 #a4 ,a great _m miles sep>ate u f our fri5ds4 #b4 ,! m]ry %\ts ( ! *ildr5 fill ! air ) music4 #c4 ,a g5tle breeze br+s u ! p]fume ( ! fl[]s4 #d4 ,a c>eless druggi/ gave ! un=tunate man ! wrong m$ic9e4 #e4 ,8 admir+ fri5ds gave him a beautiful r+4 #f4 ,soldi]s obey ord]s f _! sup]iors4 #g4 ,?is t]rible w> claims ?\s&s ( victims4 #h4 ,! p[] ( hung] drives ! unemploy$ to rebellion4 #i4 ,! work]s ( ! _w produce en\gh = all4 #aj4 ,! retir+ secret>y %[$ u a lett] f ! presid5t4 #aa4 ,! old sea capta9 told !m an int]e/+ /ory ( life at sea4 #ab4 ,labor produces all weal?4 ,,copulative ,,v]bs #daa4 ,we h ano!r class ( incomplete v]bs :i* require a complem5t to complete _! mean+4 ,^! are ! copulative v]bs4 ,! numb] ( copulative v]bs is small4 ,!y are3 all =ms ( ! v]b be2 also1 l1 appe>1 look1 feel1 s\nd1 smell1 become1 seem1 etc4 ,^! v]bs require a n\n or an adjective or a phrase z a complem5t1 to complete _! mean+4 ,!y are really connective words s]v+ to connect ! n\n or adjective or phrase us$ 9 ! pr$icate ) ! n\n :i* !y modify4 ,! n\n or adjective or phrase us$ to complete ! mean+ ( ! copulative v]b is call$ a pr$icate complem5t4 ,= example3 ,! man is a h]o4 ,"h we h a n\n1 h]o1 us$ z a pr$icate complem5t aft] ! copulative v]b1 is1 to describe ! n\n man4 ,! man is class-consci\s4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 we h an adjective1 class-consci\s1 9 ! pr$icate to modify ! subject1 man4 ,x is connect$ ) ! subject by ! copulative v]b is4 ,! man is 9 e>ne/4 ,"h we h a phrase1 9 e>ne/1 us$ 9 ! pr$icate to modify ! n\n man1 & connect$ ) ! subject by ! copulative v]b is4 #dab4 ,s 9 ! pr$icate ) ! copulative v]bs--incomplete v]bs :i* express /ate or condition--we may use a n\n or an adjective or a phrase4 ,a n\n us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t may h modifi]s4 ,x may be modifi$ by "o or m adjectives or adjective phrases4 ,^! adjectives 9 turn may be modifi$ by adv]bs4 ,! complete pr$icate1 !n1 is ! copulative v]b ) its pr$icate complem5t & all its modifi]s4 ,= example3 ,grant 0 ! mo/ fam\s g5]al ( ! ,civil w>4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,grant is ! complete subject1 0 ! mo/ fam\s g5]al ( ! ,civil w> is ! complete pr$icate4 ,0 is ! copulative v]b2 g5]al is ! n\n us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t2 ! & fam\s are adjectives modify+ g5]al2 mo/ is an adv]b modify+ ! adjective fam\s1 &1 ( ! ,civil w> is an adjective phrase modify+ g5]al1 s our complete pr$icate is1 0 ! mo/ fam\s g5]al ( ! ,civil w>4 ,:5 an adjective is us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t x1 too1 may h modifi]s & m ?an "o adjective may be us$4 ,= example3 ,! man is v brave & loyal to 8 class4 ,"h we h two adjectives us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t1 brave & loyal4 ,brave is modifi$ by ! adv]b v1 & loyal is modifi$ by ! adv]b phrase1 to 8 class4 ,! complete pr$icate is1 is v brave & loyal to 8 class4 ,:5 we use a phrase z a pr$icate complem5t1 x1 too1 may h modifi]s & m ?an "o phrase may be us$4 ,= example3 ,! man is 9 ! fight & deeply 9 e>ne/4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 two phrases are us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t1 9 ! fight & 9 e>ne/4 ,! second phrase1 9 e>ne/ is modifi$ by ! adv]b deeply4 ,! complete pr$icate is1 is 9 ! fight & deeply 9 e>ne/4 ,ex]cise #e ,fill ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) a n\n & its modifi]s us$ z pr$icate complem5t4 ,"n all ( ! p>ts ( spee* :i* y h us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t z we h done 9 ! s5t5ces analyz$ above3 ,! m5 are loyal memb]s ( ! ,union4 ,slav]y is4444444 ,lib]ty w be4444444 ,w> is4444444 ,! ma*9e is4444444 ,! *ildr5 74444444 ,fill ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) "o or m adjectives & _! modifi]s us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t4 ,! "w is h>d & de/ructive to ! *ildr54 ,! hi/ory w be4444444 ,labor has be54444444 ,peace w be4444444 ,pov]ty is4444444 ,fill ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ) a phrase us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t4 ,8 s]vice 0 = 8 class4 ,socialism is4444444 ,! work]s are4444444 ,! message %all be4444444 ,! gov]nm5t is4444444 ,! opportunity is4444444 ,,v]b ,,phrases #dac4 ,note t 9 mo/ ( ! s5t5ces :i* we h us$1 we h us$ ! simple =m ( ! v]b1 ! =m t is us$ to express pa/ & pres5t "t4 ,9 express+ o!r "t =ms we use v]b phrases4 ,note ! summ>y giv5 9 section #ade1 :i* gives ! diff]5t "t =ms ( ! v]b4 #dad4 ,sometimes 9 us+ ! v]b phrase y w f9d t o!r words may sep>ate ! words =m+ ! phrase4 ,:5 y analyze y\r s5t5ce ?is w n confuse y4 ,y w easily be able to pick out ! v]b phrase4 ,= example3 ,i %all v soon f9d out ! tr\ble4 ,"h ! adv]bs1 v & soon1 sep>ate f9d f its auxili>y %all4 ,! v]b phrase is1 %all f9d4 ,! negative n v (t5 sep>ates ! words =m+ a v]b phrase4 ,= example3 ,i w n g4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 w g is ! v]b phrase4 ,:5 we use ! auxili>y v]b d to express emphasis1 & also ! negative n1 n comes betwe5 ! auxili>y v]b d1 & ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,= example3 ,i d n obey1 ,i ?9k4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 d obey is ! v]b phrase4 ,9 int]rogative s5t5ces1 ! v]b phrase is inv]t$ & a "p ( ! v]b phrase is plac$ fir/ & ! subject aft]4 ,= example3 ,w y g ) u8 ,y is ! subject ( ?is int]rogative s5t5ce & w g is ! v]b phrase2 b 9 ord] to ask ! "q1 ! ord] is inv]t$ & "p ( ! v]b phrase plac$ fir/4 ,9 us+ int]rogative adv]bs 9 ask+ a "q1 ! same inv]t$ ord] is us$4 ,= example3 ,:5 w ?is "w be comm5c$8 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 "w is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce & w be comm5c$ is ! v]b phrase4 ,if y %\ld write ?is 9 ass]tive =m1 x w\ld be3 ,?is "w w be comm5c$ :58 ,by pay+ close att5tion we c easily di/+ui% ! v]b phrases ev5 :5 !y are us$ 9 ! inv]t$ =m or :5 !y are sep>at$ by o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,,let ,,u ,,sum ,,up #dae4 ,! elem5ts ( a s5t5ce are ! words1 phrases or clauses ( :i* x is compos$4 ,a simple s5t5ce is "o :i* conta9s a s+le /atem5t1 "q or comm&4 ,a simple s5t5ce conta9s only words & phrases4 ,x does n conta9 dep5d5t clauses4 ,! elem5ts ( a simple s5t5ce are3 ,! simple subject--! n\n1 or ! ,! complete subject ^w us$ 9 place ( ! n\n--& all its modifi]s4 ,! complete pr$icate ,! simple pr$icate--! v]b1 & all its modifi]s4 ,ex]cise #f ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 ! simple subjects & ! simple pr$icates ( ! pr9cipal clauses are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,locate all ! modifi]s ( ! subjects & pr$icates1 & det]m9e ! "p ( spee* ( ea* ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,s5t5ces ,nos4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb & #cg are simple s5t5ces4 ,s5t5ces ,nos4 #b1 #d1 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #bf1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd & #cf are complex4 ,s5t5ces ,nos4 #c1 #aj1 #ab1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bi & #ce are comp\nd4 ,no4 #h is incomplete1 hav+ nei!r subject nor pr$icate4 ,no4 #i is incomplete1 !re be+ no pr$icate 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 ,no4 #bj is a simple s5t5ce1 ) a complex s5t5ce 9 p>5!sis4 ,no4 #bg consi/s ( two dep5d5t clauses4 ,9 ! complex s5t5ces1 draw a l9e "u ! dep5d5t clauses4 ,br--r--r--r--r--r--r--r--r--4 #a4 ,:at are ! ma*9es say+1 a hundr$ ( !m 9 "o long room8 #b4 ,!y mu/ be talk+ to !mselves1 = ,i see no "o else = !m to talk to4 #c4 ,b yes1 !re is a boy's r$ head b5d+ ov] "o ( !m1 & beyond ,i see a pale face fr+$ ) br[n curly locks4 #d4 ,!re are only five boys 9 all1 on ! floor1 half-hidd5 by ! clatt]+ ma*9es1 = "o bright lad c manage tw5ty-five ( !m4 #e4 ,ea* ma*9e makes "o *eap1 /\t sock 9 five m9utes1 )\t seam1 complete f toe to ankle1 cutt+ ! ?read at ! end & beg9n+ ano!r ( its own accord4 #f4 ,! boys h no?+ to d b to clean & burni% & oil ! /eel rods & replace ! spools ( y>n4 #g4 ,b h[ rapidly & n]v\sly !y d x--! sl[] h&s /ra9+ to accompli% z mu* z ! fa/e/6 #h4 ,work+ at high t5sion = t5 h\rs a day 9 ! close1 greasy air & endless :irr---- #i4 ,boys :o ought to be out play+ ball 9 ! fields or tak+ a swim 9 ! riv] ?is f9e summ] aft]noon4 #aj4 ,& 9 ^! good times1 ! ma*9es g all night1 & o!r %ifts ( boys are kept f _! b$s to wat* !m4 #aa4 ,! "y girls 9 ! m5d+ & f9i%+ rooms d[n/airs are n s /rong z ! boys4 #ab4 ,!y h an unacc\ntable way ( fa9t+ & collaps+ 9 ! noise & smell1 & !n !y are ( no use = ! re/ ( ! day4 #ac4 ,! k9d /ockhold]s h _h to provide a room = collaps$ girls & to employ a doctor1 :o f9ds x exp$i5t n to und]/& ?is /range new disease4 #ad4 ,p]haps _! *ildr5 w be m /alw>t 9 ! next g5]ation4 #ae4 ,yet ?is factory is "o ( ! triumphs ( our civilization4 #af4 ,) only tw5ty boys at a "t at ! ma*9es 9 all ! rooms1 x produces five ?\s& doz5 pairs ( socks 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ! toil]s ( ! l&4 #ag4 ,x w\ld take an army ( fifty ?\s& h&-knitt]s to d :at ^! small boys p]=m4 ,br--r--r--r--r--r--r--r--r--4 #ah4 ,:at are ! ma*9es say+8 #ai4 ,!y are say+1 ,we are hungry4 #bj4 ,we h eat5 up ! m5 & wom54 7,!re is no long] a m>ket = m5 & wom51 !y come too high7-- #ba4 ,we h eat5 up ! m5 & wom51 & n[ we are dev\r+ ! boys & girls4 #bb4 ,h[ good !y ta/e z we suck ! blood f _! r\nd$ *eeks & =ms1 & ca/ !m aside sall[ & ?9 & c>eworn1 & !n call = m4 #bc4 ,br--r--r--r--r--r--r--r6 h[ good !y ta/e2 b !y give u s few boys & girls to eat n[adays1 al?\gh !re are s _m outside begg+ to come 9--4 #bd4 ,only "o boy to tw5ty ( u1 & we are ne>ly fami%$6 #be4 ,we eat ^? !y give u & ^? outside w />ve1 & soon we %all be left almo/ alone 9 ! _w ) ! /ockhold]s4 #bf4 ,br--r--r--r--r--r--r--r6 ,:at %all we d !n = our food8 ! ma*9es *att] on4 #bg4 ,:5 we are pil+ up millions ( socks a day = ! toil]s & !n !re are no toil]s left to buy !m & we> !m4 #bh4 ,!n p]haps we %all h to turn ^u ! k9d /ockhold]s & fea/ on !m 7h[ fat & t5d] & too?some !y w be67 until at la/ we alone rema91 clatt]+ & *att]+ 9 a desolate l&1 gr[l$ ! ma*9es4 #bi4 ,:ile ! boys w5t on anxi\sly1 hurri$ly rubb+ & poli%+1 & ! girls d[n/airs w5t on collaps+4 #cj4 ,br--r--r--r--r--r--r--r6 gr[l$ ! ma*9es4 #ca4 ,! devil has someh[ got into ! ma*9es4 #cb4 ,!y came l ! good gnomes & fairies ( old1 to be our will+ slaves & make our lives easy4 #cc4 ,n[ t1 by _! help1 "o man c d ! "w ( a score1 :y h we n pl5ty = all1 ) only en\gh "w to keep u happy8 #cd4 ,:o c\ld h =ese5 all ! ills ( our factory work]s & ( ^? :o are displac$ & ca/ aside by factory "w8 #ce4 ,! good wood & iron elves came to bless u all1 b "s ( u h succe$$ 9 bewit*+ !m to our own ends & turn+ !m aga9/ ! re/ ( mank9d4 #cf4 ,we mu/ break ! s9i/] *>m & w9 ov] ! docile1 tireless ma*9es until !y refuse to %ut out a s+le human be+ f _! b5efits4 #cg4 ,we mu/ ca/ ! devil out ( ! ma*9es4 --,erne/ ,crosby4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bd ,among ! common suffixes 9 ,engli% are ! suffixes or & er4 ,^! suffixes mean "o :o or t :i*4 ,= example1 build]1 "o :o builds2 actor1 "o :o acts2 heat]1 t :i* heats4 ,b we are confus$ _m times to "k :e!r to add ! suffix or or er to =m ^! d]ivative words4 ,!re is no exact rule :i* c be giv51 b ! foll[+ rule usually applies ) b few exceptions3 ,to ! %ort] & common] words 9 ! language add ! suffix er4 ,= example1 writ]1 box]1 s+]1 etc4 ,to ! long] & less common words1 usually ^? d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 or ! ,greek1 add ! suffix or4 ,= example1 legislator1 conqu]or1 etc4 ,!re are a numb] ( words 9 ! ,engli% l honor1 9 :i* ! la/ syllable us$ to be spell$ our in/ead ( or4 ,y w probably run across su* words z ^! 9 y\r read+4 ,?is mode ( spell+ ^! words1 h[ev]1 is be+ rapidly dropp$ & ! end+ or is be+ us$ in/ead ( our4 ,!re are also a numb] ( words 9 our language l c5t]1 :i* us$ to be spell$ ) re in/ead ( er4 ,! re end+ is n us$ any m1 al?\gh y may run across x occasionally 9 y\r read+4 ,! prop] end+ = all su* words z ^! is er4 ,!re are a few words1 h[ev]1 l timbre 7a musical t]m7 & acre1 :i* are /ill prop]ly spell$ ) ! re end+4 ,! spell+ lessons = ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday & ,?ursday1 conta9 words f :i* d]ivatives c be =m$ by add+ er or or4 ,look ^! words up 9 ! diction>y & be sure t y h add$ ! prop] suffix4 ,! li/ = ,friday consi/s ( words :i* y may f9d 9 y\r read+ spell$ ) ! our end+4 ,! li/ = ,saturday conta9s words :i* y may f9d spell$ ) ! re end+ in/ead ( ! er4 ,monday ,create ,produce ,pr(ess ,debate ,gov]n ,tuesday ,edit ,consume ,consign ,legislate ,design ,w$nesday ,solicit ,pay ,success ,obs]ve ,inv5t ,?ursday ,vote ,debt ,organize ,sail ,/rike ,friday ,labor ,neighbor ,rumor ,valor ,c&or ,saturday ,!at] ,scept] ,fib] ,somb] ,meag] ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #be ,de> ,comrade3 ,9 logic1 we h two ways ( reason+1 f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul> & f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al4 ,9 o!r words1 we may take a c]ta9 numb] ( facts & reason to a conclusion2 or we may g ! o!r way ab\t & />t ) our conclusion & reason back to ! facts :i* produce ! conclusion4 ,sci5ti/s use ! =m] me?od4 ,!y ga!r toge!r all ! facts :i* !y possibly c & f ^! facts !y rea* _! conclusions4 ,?is 0 :at ,k>l ,m>x did = ! social problems ( 8 day4 ,he analyz$ ^! problems4 ,he ga!r$ toge!r all ( ! facts :i* he c\ld obta9 conc]n+ conditions ( 8 day & f ^! facts he rea*$ c]ta9 conclusions4 ,he =etold ! rise ( capitalism & outl9$ pres5t day conditions s p]fectly t _h he liv$ long ago among sup]/iti\s p1 !y w\ld probably h call$ him a prophet4 ,?is ma/]y ( analysis1 ( m>%al+ our facts & f !m rea*+ conclusions1 is a wond]ful p[] to possess1 & ?is is exactly :at we are do+ 9 our ,engli% "w4 ,we are analyz+ our s5t5ces1 f9d+ ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 & !n build+ ! s5t5ce2 & s9ce nei!r ! ?\ght nor ! s5t5ce c be really /udi$ except 9 connection ) ea* o!r1 ?is analysis ( s5t5ces gives u an und]/&+ ( ! ?\ght4 ,! ef=t to analyze a difficult s5t5ce leads to a full] appreciation ( ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?is1 9 turn1 cultivates accuracy 9 our own ?\ght & 9 its expression4 ,s d n slight ! analysis ( ! s5t5ce or ?is "w 9 s5t5ce build+4 ,y w f9d x w help y to a quick] und]/&+ ( t :i* y are read+ & x w also give y a logical habit ( m9d4 ,y w be able to ?9k m accurately & express y\rself m cle>ly4 ,aft] a little practice 9 analysis y w f9d t 9 y\r read+ y w be able to grasp ! au?or's mean+ quickly4 ,y w see at a glance1 )\t ?9k+ ab\t x consci\sly1 ! subject & ! pr$icate & ! modifi]s 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,!n y w n confuse ! mean+4 ,y w n h to g back & r]ead ! passage to f9d out j :at ! au?or 0 talk+ ab\t2 & :5 y come to write & speak y\rself1 y w h =m$ ! habit ( logical expression4 ,9 ?is way y w be able to put y\r ?\ght 9 su* a mann] t y\r li/5] c make no mi/ake z to j :at y mean4 ,n[1 no habit comes )\t practice4 ,y _c d a ?+ unconsci\sly until y h done x consci\sly a great _m times4 ,s practice ?is analysis ( s5t5ces ov] & ov]4 ,x really is an int]e/+ game 9 itself1 & ! results :i* x w br+ to y are trem5d\sly wor? :ile4 ,no?+ is too mu* tr\ble :i* w give u ! p[] to ?9k = ourselves & to put t ?\ght into words4 ,y\rs = ,fre$om1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,a ,,simple ,,s5t5ce #daf4 ,we h f\nd t ! two p>ts ( a simple s5t5ce are ! complete subject & ! complete pr$icate4 ,! n\n is mo/ (t5 us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,x may h a numb] ( modifi]s1 b :5 we /rip away ^! modifi]s we c usually f9d a n\n :i* is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,occasionally ! subject is a pron\n or a p>ticiple or adjective us$ z a n\n b mo/ frequ5tly ! subject is a n\n4 ,z = example3 ,a wild pi]c+ cry rang out4 ,hopeless1 helpless *ildr5 "w 9 ! cotton mills4 ,! gold5 age ( peace w come4 ,little *ild lives are co9$ into money4 ,def5seless1 helpless *ildr5 suff] mo/ "u capitalism4 ,e neglect$ *ild smites my consci5ce 9 ! "n ( humanity4 ,! ?rill+1 f>-s\nd+ battle-cry %all res\nd4 ,note t 9 all ( ^! s5t5ces ! ^w 9 italics is a n\n1 :i* is ! simple subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,all ( ! o!r words :i* comprise ! complete subject are ! modifi]s ( ?is n\n1 or modifi]s ( its modifi]s4 ,b 9 our /udy ( words1 we h f\nd t !re are a numb] ( o!r words :i* c be us$ 9 place ( a n\n & ^! may all be us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 #dag4 ,a pron\n may be us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 = ! pron\n is a ^w us$ 9 place ( ! n\n2 & a pron\n us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce may h modifi]s j z a n\n4 ,x may be modifi$ by adjectives or adjective phrases1 z = example3 ,we are confid5t ( success4 ,he1 worri$ & out ( employm5t1 committ$ suicide4 ,%e1 he>tsick & we>y1 wait$ = an answ]4 ,%e1 ) h] happy1 wat*ful ways1 bless$ ! h\sehold4 ,!y1 victori\s & triumphant1 ent]$ ! city4 ,h[ c ,i1 )\t money or fri5ds1 succe$8 ,out ( ! night t cov]s me1 ,black z ! pit f pole to pole1 ,i ?ank :atev] ,gods !re be ,= my unconqu]able s\l4 ,9 all ( ^! s5t5ces ! pron\n is ! simple subject ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! pron\n ) all ( its modifi]s is ! complete subject ( ! s5t5ce4 #dah4 ,! p>ticiple may be us$ z a n\n1 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,travel+ is pleasant4 ,"h ! pres5t p>ticiple travel+ is us$ z a n\n1 subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,p>ticiple phrases may also be us$ z n\ns1 z = example3 ,be+ prep>$ w n save u f w>4 ,8 hav+ sign$ ! note 0 ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 be+ prep>$ & hav+ sign$ are p>ticiple phrases us$ z n\ns1 ! subjects ( ! v]bs w save & 04 ,note ! use ( ! p>ticiple us$ z ! subject 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,pa9t+ is an art4 ,mak+ %oes is 8 "w4 ,be+ discov]$ seems to be ! real crime4 ,8 hav+ jo9$ 8 comrades 0 a brave act4 ,y\r rema9+ "h w be dang]\s4 ,note t :5 ! p>ticiple is us$ z a n\n1 ! possessive =m ( ! pron\n is always us$ ) x1 z 9 ! s5t5ce above3 ,y\r rema9+ "h w be dang]\s4 ,notice t 9 "s ( ^! s5t5ces ! p>ticiple has an object2 z1 mak+ %oes1 8 hav+ jo9$ 8 comrades4 ,! p>ticiple /ill reta9s "s ( its v]b nature 9 t x may take an object4 ,! entire phrases1 ,8 hav+ jo9$ 8 comrades1 &1 ,mak+ %oes1 are ! subjects ( ! s5t5ces4 #dai4 ,! inf9itive may also be us$ z a n\n1 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! use ( ! inf9itive z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce3 ,to err is human2 to =give is div9e4 ,to be or n to be is ! "q4 ,to toil all day is we>isome4 ,to aim is "o ?+2 to hit ! m>k is ano!r4 ,to rema9 ignorant is to rema9 a slave4 #dbj4 ,an adjective c also be us$ z ! subject4 ,y rememb] 9 our /udy ( adjectives we f\nd t an adjective may be us$ z a n\n1 z = example3 ,! /rong enslave ! weak4 ,"h ! adjective /rong is us$ z a n\n1 subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,note 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 ! use ( ! adjectives z subjects3 ,! wise in/ruct ! ignorant4 ,! dead 7 left ^u ! battlefields4 ,! ri* look d[n ^u ! poor4 ,! mighty ( ! e>? h =c$ ?is w> ^u u4 ,! poor are enslav$ by _! ignorance4 ,! w\nd$ 7 c>ri$ to ! hospitals4 ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,9 ,a ,,s5t5ce ,! subject usually comes fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,if x has any modifi]s1 !y alone prec$e ! subject1 z = example3 ,a wond]ful1 inspir+ lecture 0 giv54 ,! we>y army slept 9 ! tr5*es4 ,b occasionally we f9d ! subject aft] ! v]b4 #dba4 ,by simple inv]sion4 ,we w (t5 f9d ?is use 9 poetry or 9 poetic prose1 z = example3 ,nev] h ,i he>d "o ^w to ! contr>y4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ,i is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 h he>d is ! v]b1 & nev] is an adv]b modify+ ! v]b phrase1 h he>d4 ,b 9 ord] to place emphasis ^u ! ^w nev]1 :i* is ! emphatic ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1 nev] is plac$ fir/1 & ! v]b phrase inv]t$ s t ! subject ,i comes 9 betwe5 ! two words :i* =m ! v]b phrase4 ,! s5t5ce express$ 9 its usual ord] w\ld be3 ,i h nev] he>d "o ^w to ! contr>y4 ,y w note t ?is /atem5t does n c>ry ! same emphasis ^u ! ^w nev] z ! inv]t$ /atem5t4 #dbb4 ,9 int]rogative s5t5ces1 ! subject comes aft] ! help+ v]b or aft] ! int]rogative us$ to introduce ! s5t5ce4 ,z = example3 ,h y he>d ! news8 ,:5 w we he> f y8 ,h[ h ! p be5 manag+8 ,:at w ! *ildr5 d !n8 ,w ! /ud5ts come lat]8 ,c ! "w be accompli%$ quickly8 ,mu/ our y\? end s quickly8 #dbc4 ,! real subject comes aft] ! v]b :5 we use ! introductory ^w x4 ,z = example3 ,x w n be safe to g4 ,to g is really ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,to g w n be safe4 ,x is sometimes ! real subject ( a s5t5ce1 z 9 ! s5t5ce2 ,x is a wond]ful /ory4 ,"h x is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce & a wond]ful /ory is ! pr$icate complem5t4 ,b 9 ! s5t5ce3 ,x is wond]ful to he> him tell ! /ory4 ,to he> him tell ! /ory is ! real subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce1 ,x is a wond]ful /ory1 c\ld n be rewritt51 b ! second s5t5ce c\ld be rewritt51 z foll[s3 ,to he> him tell ! /ory is wond]ful4 #dbd4 ,! introductory ^w !re rev]ses ! ord] ( ! s5t5ce1 j z ! introductory ^w x4 ,! real subject is us$ lat] 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,z = example3 ,!re 7 a great _m p pres5t4 ,?is c\ld be rewritt51 omitt+ ! introductory ^w !re4 ,we c\ld say3 ,a great _m p 7 pres5t4 ,! n\n p is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 und]score ! complete subject ) "o l9e1 & ! simple subject ) two l9es1 & decide :e!r ! simple subject is a n\n1 pron\n1 p>ticiple1 inf9itive or an adjective us$ z a n\n3 #a4 ,a great man is univ]sal & elem5tal4 #b4 ,to love ju/ice 0 8 cre$4 #c4 ,a m inspir+ & noble decl>ation ( fai? 0 nev] born ( human he>t4 #d4 ,! read+ ( good books %\ld beg9 9 *ildhood4 #e4 ,dream+ ( great ?+s w n br+ u to ! goal4 #f4 ,! we>y seek = re/4 #g4 ,to believe 9 y\rself is ! fir/ ess5tial4 #h4 ,he1 speak+ & writ+ con/antly = ! cause1 has giv5 8 life to ! movem5t4 #i4 ,to rema9 ignorant is to rema9 a slave4 #aj4 ,a fooli% consi/5cy is ! hobgobl9 ( little m9ds4 #aa4 ,a great s\l has simply no?+ to d ) consi/5cy4 #ab4 ,to be great is to be misund]/ood4 #ac4 ,travel+ is a fool's p>adise4 #ad4 ,x is n en\gh to be s9c]e4 #ae4 ,we1 seek+ ! tru?1 h f\nd our own4 #af4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( comrades ) u4 ,,! ,,complete ,,pr$icate #dbe4 ,look fir/ 9 ! pr$icate = y\r v]b4 ,x w always be ! pr9cipal "p ( y\r pr$icate4 ,x may be a v]b or a v]b phrase1 b ! fir/ ?+ 9 analyz+ ! complete pr$icate ( ! s5t5ce is to f9d ! v]b4 ,! v]b or v]b phrase )\t any ( its modifi]s con/itutes ! simple pr$icate4 ,if ! v]b is a complete v]b1 its only modifi]s w be adv]bs or adv]b phrases4 ,= example3 ,a spl5did /atue ( ,l9coln /&s yond] 9 ! p>k4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 /&s yond] 9 ! p>k is ! complete pr$icate4 ,/&s is a complete v]b4 ,x requires no object1 b x is modifi$ by ! adv]b yond] & by ! adv]b phrase 9 ! p>k4 ,,incomplete ,,v]bs #dbf4 ,if ! v]b 9 ! pr$icate is an incomplete v]b ( action1 !n ! object ( ! v]b is also "p ( ! pr$icate4 ,! complete pr$icate conta9+ an incomplete v]b ( action may conta9 five p>ts2 a v]b1 a direct object1 an indirect object1 an adv]b & an adv]b phrase4 ,z = example3 ,! tailor gladly made him a coat at t "t4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ! complete pr$icate is gladly made him a coat at t "t4 ,made is ! v]b4 ,x is an incomplete v]b ( action1 & coat is its direct object4 ,him is ! indirect object4 ,made is also modifi$ by ! adv]b gladly1 & ! adv]b phrase1 at t "t4 ,all ( ^! are n always us$1 ( c\rse1 9 e pr$icate2 b ^! are ! elem5ts :i* may occur 9 ! pr$icate ) an incomplete v]b4 ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,! ,,v]b #dbg4 ,words us$ z objects ( a v]b are practically ! same z ^? :i* may be us$ = its subject4 ,we may h a n\n us$ z ! object ( ! v]b4 ,= example3 ,hail de/roy$ ! crops4 ,! banks rob ! f>m]s4 ,we mu/ educate ! *ildr54 ,labor produces all weal?4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 crops1 f>m]s1 *ildr5 & weal? are n\ns us$ z ! object ( ! v]b4 ,a pron\n may also be us$ z ! object ( a v]b4 ,= example3 ,w y n tea* me8 ,s5d !m to h]4 ,!y h invit$ u4 ,! comrades w rememb] him4 ,9 ! above s5t5ces1 me1 !m1 u & him are ! objects ( ! v]bs1 w tea*1 s5d1 h invit$ & w rememb]4 ,rememb] t 9 pron\ns we h a diff]5t =m = ! object =m1 z1 me1 h]1 him1 u & !m4 #dbh4 ,an inf9itive may also be us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 ?us3 ,i l to /udy4 ,he ask$ to g4 ,i want to le>n all t ,i c4 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ! inf9itive1 to le>n1 is ! direct object ( ! v]b want4 ,! object ( ! inf9itive1 to le>n1 is all t ,i c4 ,all ( ?is tak5 toge!r ) ! v]b want1 =ms ! complete pr$icate1 want to le>n all t ,i c4 #dbi4 ,! p>ticiple may also be us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 ?us3 ,we he>d ! ?und]+ ( ! cannon4 ,we enjoy$ ! danc+4 ,d y he> ! s++ ( ! birds8 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ! p>ticiples ?und]+1 danc+1 & s++ are ! objects ( ! v]bs he>d1 enjoy$ & d he>4 #dcj4 ,an adjective us$ z a n\n may also be us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 ?us3 ,i saw ! ri* & ! poor /ruggl+ toge!r4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce cru%es ! weak4 ,seek ! good & ! true4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! adjectives ri*1 poor1 weak1 good & true1 are us$ z n\ns & are ! objects ( ! v]bs saw1 cru%es & seek4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,/ate ,,or ,,condition ,we h f\nd t ) ! incomplete v]bs ( /ate or condition1 or copulative v]bs1 ! pr$icate complem5t may be ei!r a n\n1 z1 ,! man is a h]o2 or an adjective1 z1 ,! man is class-consci\s2 or a phrase1 z1 ,! man is 9 e>ne/4 ,! pr$icate complem5t may also be3 #dca4 ,a pron\n2 z1 ,:o is %e8 ,t 0 he4 ,?is is ,i4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! subjects ( ! v]bs are %e1 t & ?is1 & ! pron\ns :o1 he & ,i are us$ z pr$icate complem5ts4 #dcb4 ,inf9itives may also be us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t1 ?us3 ,to rema9 ignorant is to rema9 a slave4 ,to rema9 ignorant1 is ! subject ( ! copulative v]b is1 & ! inf9itive1 to rema91 ) its complem5t1 a slave1 is ! pr$icate complem5t4 #dcc4 ,a p>ticiple us$ z a n\n may also be us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t1 ?us3 ,society is ! m+l+ ( _m elem5ts4 ,m+l+1 9 ?is s5t5ce is a p>ticiple ( ! v]b m+le1 b is us$ z a n\n1 ! pr$icate complem5t ( ! v]b is4 ,society is ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,:]e ! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ to =m a v]b phrase1 ! p>ticiple is "p ( ! v]b phrase1 ?us3 ,we are m+l+ 9 society4 ,"h1 are m+l+1 is ! pres5t progressive v]b phrase1 & ! p>ticiple m+l+ is n us$ z a n\n or adjective1 b is "p ( ! v]b phrase are m+l+4 ,if y w obs]ve ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* c>efully1 y w n be easily confus$ z to :e!r ! p>ticiple is a n\n or a "p ( ! v]b phrase4 ,ex]cise #b ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! incomplete v]bs1 includ+ inf9itives & p>ticiples1 are 9 italics4 ,m>k ! words1 phrases or clauses :i* are us$ z objects or complem5ts1 to complete ! mean+ ( ^! v]bs4 ,!re is no su* ?+ 9 ,am]ica z an indep5d5t press1 unless x is 9 ! c\ntry t[ns4 ,y h & ,i "k x4 ,!re is n "o ( y :o d>es to write 8 hone/ op9ions4 ,if y did1 y "k be=eh& t x w\ld nev] appe> 9 pr9t4 ,i am paid #aej4jj a week = keep+ my hone/ op9ions out ( ! pap] ) :i* ,i am connect$4 ,o!rs ( y are paid simil> sal>ies = simil> ?+s4 ,any "o ( y :o w\ld be s fooli% z to write 8 hone/ op9ions w\ld be out on ! /reets look+ = ano!r job4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,new ,york j\rnali/ is to de/roy ! tru?1 to lie outright1 to p]v]t1 to villify1 to fawn at ! feet ( ,mammon1 & to sell 8 race & 8 c\ntry = 8 daily bread4 ,y "k ?is & ,i "k x4 ,s :at folly is ?is to be toa/+ an ,indep5d5t ,press4 ,we are ! tools & vassals ( ri* m5 beh9d ! sc5es4 ,we are ! jump+-jacks2 !y pull ! /r+s & we dance4 ,our tal5ts1 our possibilities & our lives are all ! prop]ty ( o!r m54 ,we are intellectual pro/itutes4--,john ,sw9ton4 ,,modifi]s ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce #dcd4 ,rememb] t a simple s5t5ce is "o t conta9s a s+le /atem5t1 "q or comm&4 ,x is a clause1 = x conta9s a subject & a pr$icate2 b x conta9s only ! "o subject & ! "o pr$icate4 ,a s5t5ce conta9+ two pr9cipal clauses1 or a pr9cipal clause & a subord9ate clause1 w\ld conta9 two complete /atem5ts1 que/ions or comm&s1 !re=e x w\ld n be a simple s5t5ce1 b comp\nd or complex4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! simple s5t5ces may conta9 two or m subjects ) ! same pr$icate1 or two or m pr$icates ) ! same subject1 or bo? a comp\nd subject & a comp\nd pr$icate4 #dce4 ,! modifi]s 9 a simple s5t5ce are always words or phrases4 ,! modifi]s ( ! subject are ei!r adjectives or adjective phrases4 ,! modifi]s ( ! pr$icate are ei!r adv]bs or adv]b phrases4 ,if an adjective or an adv]b clause is us$ z a modifi]1 !n ! s5t5ce is no long] a simple s5t5ce1 b becomes a complex s5t5ce1 = x n[ conta9s a dep5d5t clause4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,elem5ts #dcf4 ,! usual ord] ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 ! s5t5ce is ! subject1 ! pr$icate & ! object or complem5t1 ?us3 ,subject ,pr$icate ,m5 "w ,subject ,pr$icate ,object ,m5 build h\ses ,subject ,pr$icate ,complem5t ,books are helpful ,?is is call$ ! natural or logical ord]4 ,logical means accord+ to s5se or reason4 ,adjectives usually /& be=e ! n\ns !y modify1 ?us3 ,good books are helpful4 ,adv]bs may be plac$ ei!r be=e or aft] ! v]bs !y modify1 ?us3 ,! m5 !n came quickly to ! rescue4 ,! adv]b !n prec$es ! v]b came1 :i* x modifies2 & ! adv]b quickly is plac$ aft] ! v]b4 ,adv]bs :i* modify adjectives or o!r adv]bs are plac$ be=e ! words :i* !y modify1 ?us3 ,! m indu/ri\s /ud5ts le>n q rapidly4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ! adv]b m is plac$ be=e ! adjective indu/ri\s1 :i* x modifies2 & ! adv]b q is plac$ be=e ! adv]b rapidly1 :i* x modifies4 ,adjective & adv]b phrases usually foll[ ! words :i* !y modify1 ?us3 ,! m5 9 ! c> came quickly to ! rescue4 ,! manag] ( ! m9e rema9$ ) ! m54 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ! adjective phrase1 ( ! m9e1 is plac$ aft] ! n\n manag]1 :i* x modifies1 & ! adv]b phrase1 ) ! m51 is plac$ aft] ! v]b rema9$1 :i* x modifies4 #dcg4 ,^! s5t5ces illu/rate ! logical ord] 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce usually come4 ,b ?is logical ord] is n /rictly adh]$ to4 ,_m times1 9 ord] to place ! emphasis ^u c]ta9 words1 we rev]se ?is ord] & place ! emphasiz$ words fir/1 z3 ,)\t y\r help1 we _c w94 ,! logical ord] ( ?is s5t5ce is3 ,we _c w9 )\t y\r help4 ,b we want to place ! emphasis ^u y\r help1 s we *ange ! ord] ( ! words & place ! phrase1 )\t y\r help1 fir/4 #dch4 ,?is inv]sion ( ! ord] helps u to express our ?\ght ) m emphasis4 ,our language is s flexible t we c express ! same ?\ght 9 diff]5t ways by simply *ang+ ! ord] ( ! elem5ts 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 ! inv]sion ( ! usual ord]1 & see :at diff]5ce ?is makes 9 ! expression ( ! ?\ght4 ,uneasy lies ! head t we>s a cr[n4 ,a m t]rible sc5e y _c imag9e4 ,) ! %riek+ ( %ot & %ell ! battle rag$4 ,l\d] & l\d] ?und]$ ! tempe/4 ,sil5tly & sadly ! m5 return$ to _! homes4 ,to transpose ^! inv]t$ s5t5ces--t is to place ! elem5ts 9 _! logical ord]1 gives u an insight into ! ?\ght express$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,x is wor? a great deal to u to be able 9 our read+ to see ! live elem5ts 9 ! s5t5ce at a glance1 & 9 ?is way we c grasp at once ! ?\ght ( ! s5t5ce4 ,s y w f9d t ?is analyz+ ( ! s5t5ces is v helpful to u 9 our read+4 #dci4 ,:5 we h le>n$ to analyze a s5t5ce quickly we w n be lo/ 9 ! maze ( words4 ,a p>agraph is (t5 l a /r+ ( pe>ls4 ,! au?or has a s+le ?read ( ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! diff]5t s5t5ces :i* compose ! p>agraph & if we h tra9$ ourselves well 9 s5t5ce analysis1 we w nev] lose ?is ?read4 ,x w be l a life l9e to :i* we cl+ :ile ! break]s ( ?\ght & emotion ro> ab\t u4 ,ex]cise #c ,9 ! foll[+ poem1 /udy c>efully ! inv]t$ ord] ( ! s5t5ces4 ,rewrite !m1 plac+ ! elem5ts 9 _! logical ord]4 ,z = example3 ,to ! poor man y've be5 true f ( old4 ,! elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce are inv]t$ 9 ?is quotation4 ,rewritt5 9 _! logical ord] ?is w\ld read3 ,y've be5 true to ! poor man f ( old4 ,y w note t ?is inv]sion is q common 9 poetry4 ,,hung] ,,& ,,cold ,si/]s1 two1 all praise to y1 ,) y\r faces p9*$ & blue2 ,to ! poor man y've be5 true1 ,f ( old2 ,y c speak ! ke5e/ ^w1 ,y are sure ( be+ he>d1 ,f ! po9t y're nev] /irr$1 ,hung] & ,cold6 ,let sleek /atesm5 temporize2 ,palsi$ are _! %ifts & lies ,:5 !y meet y\r blood%ot eyes1 ,grim & bold2 ,policy y set at naught1 ,9 _! traps y'll n be caught1 ,y're too hone/ to be b\ght1 ,hung] & ,cold6 ,let !m gu>d bo? hall & b[]2 ,?r\gh ! w9d[ y w gl[]1 ,pati5t till y\r reckon+ h\r ,%all be toll$2 ,*eeks are pale1 b h&s are r$1 ,guiltless blood may *ance be %$1 ,b ye mu/ & w be f$1 ,hung] & ,cold6 ,god has plans man mu/ n spoil1 ,"s 7 made to />ve & toil1 ,"s to %>e ! w9e & oil1 ,we are told2 ,devil's !ories are ^!1 ,/ifl+ hope & love & peace1 ,fram$ y\r hide\s lu/s to please1 ,hung] & ,cold6 ,scatt] a%es on ?y head1 ,te>s ( burn+ sorr[ %$1 ,e>?6 & be by ,pity l$ ,to love's fold2 ,ere !y block ! v door ,) lean corpses ( ! poor1 ,& w hu% = naught b gore1 ,hung] & ,cold6 --,l[ell4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #be ,y rememb] 9 our lesson 9 ! /udy ( consonants we f\nd !re 7 a numb] ( consonants 9 ,engli% :i* _h m ?an "o s\nd2 = example1 c1 s1 g1 x1 etc4 ,a numb] ( o!r consonants h s\nds :i* are simil>2 t is1 !y are made ) ! organs ( articulation 9 ! same position1 only "o is a s(t1 & ! o!r a h>d s\nd2 = example1 p & b1 t & d1 f & v1 etc4 ,^! s\nds are call$ cognate s\nds4 ,cognate means lit]ally ( ! same nature1 & s ^! s\nds are ( ! same nature1 only 9 "o ! ob/ruction ( ! vocal organs is m complete ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,our language conta9s a numb] ( words 9 :i* !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! pronunciation ( ! f9al consonant :5 ! ^w is us$ z a n\n & z a v]b4 ,! f9al consonants 9 ^! words are ! cognate s\nds1 f1 v2 t1 d2 ? s(t or ? h>d1 s s(t1 or s h>d4 ,:5 ! consonant s\nd is a s(t s\nd1 ! ^w is a n\n2 & :5 ! consonant s\nd is a h>d s\nd ! ^w is a v]b4 ,= example2 use & use2 brea? & brea!2 life & live1 etc4 ,! spell+ lessons = ,monday1 ,tuesday & ,w$nesday conta9 words end+ 9 cognate s\nds1 9 :i* ! words end+ ) a s(t s\nd are n\ns & ! words end+ 9 ! h>d s\nds are v]bs4 ,add o!rs to ?is li/ z !y occur to y4 ,we h a numb] ( words 9 ! ,engli% beg9n+ ) ex4 ,9 "s ( ^! words1 ! ex has ! s\nd ( eks1 & 9 "s ( ! words ! ex has ! s\nd ( egs4 ,x is n easy at times to "k :i* s\nd to use4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ex1 foll[ ?is rule3 ,:5 a ^w beg9n+ ) ex is foll[$ by an acc5t$ syllable beg9n+ ) a v[el1 ! ex is pron\nc$ egs2 9 all o!r words ex is pron\nc$ eks2 = example1 9 executor1 ! ex is foll[$ by an acc5t$ syllable beg9n+ ) a v[el1 !re=e1 ex is pron\nc$ egs4 ,9 execute1 ! ex is foll[$ by an unacc5t$ syllable beg9n+ ) a v[el1 & !re=e ex is pron\nc$ eks4 ,9 expla91 ex is foll[$ by a syllable beg9n+ ) a consonant1 & x is !re=e pron\nc$ eks4 ,note t 9 words l exhibit1 exhort1 etc41 ! ex is foll[$ by a v[el s\nd1 ! h be+ sil5t1 & x is !re=e1 pron\nc$ egs1 = x is foll[$ by an acc5t$ syllable beg9n+ ) a v[el s\nd4 ,! spell+ li/ = ,?ursday1 ,friday & ,saturday conta9s words beg9n+ ) ex4 ,wat* c>efully ! pronunciation4 ,monday ,excuse ,excuse ,abuse ,abuse ,grease ,grease ,sacrifice ,sacrifice ,device ,devise ,tuesday ,int5t ,int5d ,advice ,advise ,relief ,relieve ,clo? ,clo! ,repro( ,reprove ,w$nesday ,asc5t ,asc5d ,/rife ,/rive ,m\? ,m\? ,grief ,grieve ,ba? ,ba! ,?ursday ,exile ,except ,exhibit ,exp]t ,exempt ,friday ,example ,excell5t ,exhau/ ,exit ,expropriate ,saturday ,ex]cise ,exi/ ,exp]im5t ,exagg]ate ,explanation ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bf ,de> ,comrade3 ,!re are really two ?+s :i* w come to u out ( ! /udy ( gramm>4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* we discuss$ 9 our lett] la/ week1 is ! p[] ( logical ?9k+4 ,! second is ! ability to express our ?\ghts correctly2 t is1 accord+ to accept$ usage4 ,s y c consid] y\r spok5 & writt5 spee* f two viewpo9ts4 ,fir/1 y c look to see if y h us$ ! words correctly4 ,we h not$ ^! common errors especially 9 our /udy ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( spee*4 ,!re are c]ta9 errors we (t5 make1 z = example1 us+ a plural n\n ) a s+ul> v]b1 or us+ ! pa/ "t =m ( ! v]b = ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,we h not$ a great _m ( ^! errors 9 our spee*4 ,we might make ourselves und]/ood & express ourselves fairly accurately & /ill make ^! mi/akes1 b x is wise = u to try to elim9ate !m f our spee* = sev]al reasons4 ,to ^? :o und]/& ! use ( correct ,engli%1 ^! mi/akes m>k u z ignorant & un$ucat$4 ,no matt] h[ important & absolutely accurate ! ?\ght we are express+1 if we make ^! grammatical errors1 !y v naturally disc\nt our ?\ght also4 ,!y feel t if we _c speak correctly1 9 all probability we _c ?9k accurately1 ei!r4 ,!n1 too1 ^! words 9 our spee* di/ract ! att5tion ( our he>]s f ! ?+s :i* we are say+4 ,x is l ! mann]ism ( an actor4 ,if he has any peculi> mann] ( walk+ or ( talk+ & p]si/s 9 c>ry+ t into :atev] "* he is int]pret+1 we always see ! actor himself1 in/ead ( ! "* :i* he is portray+4 ,8 mann]isms get 9 ! way & int]f]e ) our grasp ( ! idea4 ,s 9 music4 ,y may be absorb$ 9 a wond]ful selection :i* "s "o is play+ & if sudd5ly he /rikes a wrong note1 ! discord di/racts y\r att5tion & p]haps y nev] get back into ! _s ( ! music aga94 ,s we mu/ wat* ^! common errors 9 our spee*1 b we mu/ n let our /udy ( ,engli% be simply t alone4 ,! greate/ b5efit :i* we are d]iv+ f ?is /udy is ! analytic me?od ( ?\ght & ! logical habit ( m9d1 :i* ! ef=t to express ourselves cle>ly & accurately & 9 well-*os5 words w give u4 ,put z mu* "t z y c possibly sp>e into ?is analysis ( s5t5ces4 ,take y\r favorite writ] & analyze 8 s5t5ces & f9d out :at is 8 p>ticul> *>m = y4 ,if !re is any s5t5ce :i* gives y a little tr\ble & y _c analyze x prop]ly1 copy x 9 y\r next exam9ation pap] & /ate :]e ! difficulty lies4 ,rewrite ! passages :i* please y mo/ & !n comp>e y\r v]sion ) ! au?or's & see if y really grasp$ 8 mean+4 ,9 ?is way y w add quickly to y\r enjoym5t ( ! writ+ ( o!rs & to y\r p[] ( express+ y\rself4 ,y\rs = ,fre$om1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce #ddj4 ,we h be5 analyz+ ! simple s5t5ce1 :i* conta9s only words & phrases4 ,we h f\nd t !re may ent] into ! simple s5t5ce1 ! foll[+ elem5ts3 #a4 ,! simple subject4 #b4 ,! simple pr$icate4 #c4 ,! modifi]s ( ! subject4 #d4 ,! object ( ! v]b4 #e4 ,! pr$icate complem5t4 #f4 ,! modifi]s ( ! pr$icate4 ,?is is n ! ord] 9 :i* ! elem5ts w appe> 9 ! s5t5ce1 b ?is is ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,we fir/ look = ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate2 !n we c det]m9e :i* words are ! modifi]s ( ! subject2 !n we f9d ! object or pr$icate complem5t ( ! v]b & ! modifi]s ( ! v]b2 & ?us we h all ( ! elem5ts :i* g into ! con/ruction ( ! simple s5t5ce4 ,we may also h two n\ns us$ z ! subject or two v]bs us$ 9 ! pr$icate1 connect$ by a co-ord9ate conjunction1 ?us3 ,m>x & ,engels liv$ & work$ toge!r4 ,"h we h two prop] n\ns us$ z ! subject1 ,m>x & ,engels4 ,we h also two v]bs us$ z ! pr$icate1 liv$ & work$4 ,we call ?is a comp\nd subject & comp\nd pr$icate4 ,s 9 "o simple s5t5ce1 t is a s5t5ce :i* makes a s+le ass]tion1 we may h e "p ( spee*4 ,= example3 ,! mo/ intellig5t m5 & wom5 ?9k = !mselves4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 we h a n\n1 v]b1 pron\n1 adjective1 adv]b1 conjunction & preposition--e "p ( spee* except ! int]jection1 :i* is an indep5d5t elem5t & does n ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise #a ,write simple s5t5ces ( y\r own conta9+3 #a4 ,a comp\nd subject4 #b4 ,a comp\nd pr$icate4 #c4 ,a n\n z subject modifi$ by "o or m adjectives4 #d4 ,a n\n z subject modifi$ by a phrase4 #e4 ,an incomplete v]b ) a direct & an indirect object4 #f4 ,an incomplete v]b ) a pr$icate complem5t4 #g4 ,a pr$icate modifi$ by "o or m adv]bs4 #h4 ,a pr$icate modifi$ by an adv]b phrase4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #dda4 ,! simple s5t5ce is ! unit ( spee*4 ,x is a comb9ation ( words :i* makes a s+le /atem5t1 "q or comm&4 ,b _m times a con/ant repetition ( ^! %ort s5t5ces w\ld become tiresome1 & our writt5 & spok5 spee* w\ld n fl[ z smoo?ly & rapidly z we desire4 ,s we h evolv$ a way 9 :i* we may comb9e ^! s5t5ces into long] /atem5ts4 ,let u take ! two simple s5t5ces3 ,we are unit$4 ,we %all succe$4 ,we may comb9e ^! into a s+le s5t5ce by us+ ! co-ord9ate conjunction &4 ,!n our s5t5ce reads3 ,we are unit$ & we %all succe$4 ,?is is a comp\nd s5t5ce1 =m$ by unit+ two simple s5t5ces4 ,bo? ( ! clauses are indep5d5t & are ( equal rank4 ,nei!r dep5ds ^u ! o!r4 ,!y are unit$ by ! co-ord9ate conjunction &4 ,we c comb9e ^! s5t5ces 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= example1 we may say3 ,if we are unit$1 we %all succe$4 ,n[ we h a subord9ate clause1 if we are unit$1 :i* is us$ to modify ! v]b ( ! ma9 clause1 succe$4 ,we h us$ ! subord9ate conjunction if1 & s we h a complex s5t5ce =m$ by unit+ ! pr9cipal clause & a dep5d5t clause4 #ddb4 ,! next /ep 9 s5t5ce build+1 aft] ! simple s5t5ce1 is ! complex s5t5ce4 ,a complex s5t5ce is a comb9ation ( two or m simple s5t5ces1 :i* are s unit$ t "o s5t5ce rema9s ! ma9 s5t5ce--! backbone1 z x 7--& ! o!r s5t5ce becomes subord9ate or dep5d5t ^u x4 #ddc4 ,a complex s5t5ce is "o conta9+ a pr9cipal clause & "o or m subord9ate clauses4 ,a pr9cipal clause is "o :i* makes a complete /atem5t )\t ! help ( any o!r clause or clauses4 ,a subord9ate or dep5d5t clause is "o :i* makes a /atem5t dep5d5t ^u or modify+ "s ^w or words 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,dep5d5t ,,clauses #ddd4 ,dep5d5t clauses are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,!y may be us$ ei!r z n\ns1 adjectives or adv]bs1 & s are call$ n\n clauses1 adjective clauses or adv]b clauses4 ,,n\n ,,clauses #dde4 ,n\n clauses are ^? :i* are us$ 9 place ( a n\n4 ,!y may be us$ 9 any way 9 :i* a n\n may be us$1 except z a possessive4 #a4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,t he is innoc5t is admitt$ by all4 ,! clause1 t he is innoc5t is us$ z a n\n1 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 #b4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 ?us3 ,i admit t ,i _c und]/& y\r argum5t4 ,! clause1 t ,i _c und]/& y\r argum5t1 is 9 ?is s5t5ce ! object ( ! v]b admit4 #c4 ,! n\n clause may be us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t1 ?us3 ,! fact is t ?is policy w nev] w94 ,! clause1 t ?is policy w nev] w91 is "h us$ 9 ! pr$icate ) ! copulative v]b is4 #d4 ,! n\n clause may also be us$ 9 apposition1 expla9+ ! n\n ) :i* x is us$1 ?us3 ,! motion1 t ! "q %\ld be reconsid]$1 0 c>ri$4 ,t ! "q %\ld be reconsid]$1 is "h a n\n clause1 us$ 9 apposition ) ! n\n motion1 & expla9s ! mean+ ( ! n\n4 #e4 ,! n\n clause may also be us$ z ! object ( a preposition1 ?us3 ,i n[ ref] to :at he claims4 ,! n\n clause1 :at he claims1 is "h ! object ( ! preposition1 to4 ,ex]cise #b ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! n\n clauses are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y are us$ z ! subject1 or object ( ! v]b1 z pr$icate complem5t1 9 apposition1 or z ! object ( a preposition4 #a4 ,! fact is t ,i 0 n li/5+4 #b4 ,:atev] ,k+ ,midas look$ ^u turn$ to gold4 #c4 ,he ackn[l$g$ :at we _h suspect$4 #d4 ,we w nev] "k :at ! real situation 04 #e4 ,! fact t ! wage is insuffici5t c be easily prov$4 #f4 ,he repli$ to :at _h be5 ask$4 #g4 ,! claim 0 t he _h made a spee* incit+ to riot4 #h4 ,! law t labor unions are 9 re/ra9t ( trade 0 upheld4 #i4 ,t we _c w9 by compromise is readily app>5t4 #aj4 ,labor dem&s t x %all h its full product4 #aa4 ,:oev] controls education controls ! future4 #ab4 ,he came to :]e ! militia 0 9 camp4 ,ex]cise #c ,write s5t5ces conta9+ n\n clauses us$3 #a4 ,z ! subject ( a v]b4 #b4 ,z ! object ( a v]b4 #c4 ,z a pr$icate complem5t4 #d4 ,9 apposition4 #e4 ,z ! object ( a preposition4 ,,adjective ,,clauses #ddf4 ,a dep5d5t clause 9 a complex s5t5ce may also be an adjective clause4 ,an adjective clause is a clause us$ z an adjective1 &1 h5ce1 always modifies a n\n or "s ^w us$ z a n\n1 su* z a pron\n or a p>ticiple4 ,9 ,lesson #bb1 we /udi$ adjective clauses & f\nd t !y c\ld be introduc$ by ! relative pron\ns1 :o1 :i*1 t & z1 & also by conjunctions su* z1 :51 :]e1 :i!r1 :5ce1 etc4 ,an adjective clause may modify any n\n or any ^w us$ z a n\n 9 ! s5t5ce4 #a4 ,an adjective clause may modify ! subject1 ?us3 ,m5 :o h become class-consci\s d n make good soldi]s4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! clause1 :o h become class-consci\s1 modifies ! n\n m51 & is introduc$ by ! relative pron\n :o4 #b4 ,an adjective clause may modify ! n\n :i* is ! object ( ! v]b1 z3 ,! m5 support$ ! p>ty :i* f\ght = _! rights4 ,"h ! clause1 :i* f\ght = _! rights1 is an adjective clause introduc$ by ! pron\n :i*1 & x modifies ! n\n p>ty1 :i* is ! object ( ! v]b support$4 #c4 ,an adjective clause may also be us$ to modify ! n\n :i* is us$ 9 ! pr$icate complem5t1 z3 ,t 0 ! book :i* ,i enjoy$4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! clause1 :i* ,i enjoy$1 is an adjective clause modify+ ! n\n book1 :i* is us$ z ! pr$icate complem5t ) ! copulative v]b 04 #d4 ,an adjective clause may also be us$ to modify ! n\n :i* is us$ z ! object ( a preposition1 z3 ,he arriv$ on ! tra9 :i* 0 late4 ,"h ! adjective clause1 :i* 0 late1 modifies ! n\n tra91 :i* is ! object ( ! preposition on4 ,sometimes x is a little difficult to discov] ^! adjective clauses1 = frequ5tly ! connect+ ^w is omitt$1 z = example3 ,i c\ld n f9d ! man ,i want$4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ! pron\n :om is omitt$2 ! complete s5t5ce w\ld read3 ,i c\ld n f9d ! man :om ,i want$4 ,:om ,i want$ is an adjective clause modify+ ! n\n man4 ,ex]cise #d ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! relative pron\ns & ! conjunctions introduc+ adjective clauses are omitt$4 ,rewrite ! s5t5ces us+ ! prop] relative pron\ns & conjunctions4 ,! adjective clauses are 9 italics4 #a4 ,! p y are seek+ are n "h4 #b4 ,i h read ! book y br\ght4 #c4 ,! articles y m5tion$ are n li/$4 #d4 ,i w g to ! place y say4 #e4 ,?is is a book y %\ld read4 #f4 ,^? are ideals ! p w readily grasp4 #g4 ,we make ,gods ( ! ?+s we fe>4 #h4 ,i li/5$ to e ^w he said4 #i4 ,i %\ld love ! cause y love4 #aj4 ,! ?+s ! p dem& are j & "r4 ,ex]cise #e ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! adjective clauses are all pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y modify ! subject or ! object1 ! pr$icate complem5t or ! object ( ! preposition4 #a4 ,9 t mom5t :5 he saw ! light he jo9$ our cause4 #b4 ,o!r m5 are l5ses ?r\gh :i* we read our own m9ds4 #c4 ,?is is p]haps ! reason :y we are unable to agree4 #d4 ,he t love? make? 8 own ! gr&eur t he loves4 #e4 ,! o!r t]ror t sc>es u f self-tru/ is our consi/5cy4 #f4 ,!re is a popul> fable ( a sot :o 0 pick$ up dead drunk 9 ! /reet1 c>ri$ to ! ,duke's h\se1 wa%$ & dress$ & laid 9 ! ,duke's b$1 &1 on 8 wak+1 treat$ ) all c]emony l a duke & assur$ t he _h be5 insane4 #g4 ,he :o w\ld ga!r immortal palms mu/ n be h9d]$ by ! "n ( goodness1 b mu/ explore if x be goodness4 #h4 ,sup]/ition1 :o is ! "m ( fe> & fai?1 /ill rules _m p4 #i4 ,we are look+ = ! "t :5 ! useful %all be ! honorable4 #aj4 ,he :o enslaves ano!r _c be free4 #aa4 ,he :o attacks ! "r assaults himself4 #ab4 ,! =ce t is 9 e atom & e />1 9 ev]y?+ t gr[s & ?9ks1 t hopes & suff]s1 is ! only possible ,god4 #ac4 ,he :o adds to ! sum ( human mis]y is a blasphem]4 #ad4 ,! gr&e/ ambition t c ent] ! s\l is ! desire to "k ! tru?4 ,,adv]b ,,clauses #ddg4 ,! ?ird k9d ( clause :i* we may use 9 a complex s5t5ce is ! adv]b clause4 ,an adv]b clause is a clause :i* takes ! place ( an adv]b4 ,x may modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,we /udi$ adv]b clauses 9 lesson #ba & we f\nd eight classes ( adv]b clauses1 express+ "t1 place1 cause or reason1 mann]1 comp>ison1 condition1 purpose & result4 ,= example3 #a4 ,adv]b clause ( "t3 ,no man is truly free until all are free4 #b4 ,adv]b clause ( place3 ,we mu/ live :]e we c f9d "w4 #c4 ,adv]b clause express+ cause or reason3 ,we lo/ ! /rike because ! m5 7 n class-consci\s4 #d4 ,adv]b clause ( mann]3 ,we mu/ "w z if ! result dep5d$ entirely ^u u4 #e4 ,adv]b clause ( comp>ison3 ,! work+ class mu/ become m class-consci\s ?an x is today4 #f4 ,adv]b clause ( condition3 ,we w cont9ue to be exploit$ if we d n dem& our rights4 #g4 ,adv]b clause express+ purpose3 ,we mu/ read ! labor press 9 ord] t we may "k ! tru? conc]n+ conditions4 #h4 ,adv]b clause express+ result3 ,! battle rag$ s furi\sly t ?\s&s 7 sla94 ,,analyz+ ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #ddh4 ,to analyze a complex s5t5ce2 t is1 to break x up into its diff]5t p>ts--treat ! s5t5ce fir/ z a :ole1 !n f9d ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate4 ,if a n\n clause is ! subject1 treat x fir/ z a n\n4 ,treat adjective clauses z adjectives modify+ c]ta9 words & ! adv]b clauses z adv]bs modify+ c]ta9 words4 ,9 o!r words1 analyze ! s5t5ce fir/ z a simple s5t5ce ) dep5d5t clauses consid]$ z modify+ words2 !n analyze ea* dep5d5t clause z ?\gh x 7 a simple s5t5ce4 ,make an outl9e l ! foll[+ & use x 9 y\r analysis ( ! s5t5ce4 ,let u take ?is s5t5ce & analyze x3 ,consci\s solid>ity 9 ! ranks w\ld give ! work+ class ( ! _w1 n[1 9 our day1 ! fre$om :i* !y seek4 ,simple subject1 solid>ity4 ,simple pr$icate1 w\ld give4 ,modifi]s ( ! subject3 ,adjective1 consci\s4 ,adjective phrase1 9 ! ranks4 ,adjective clause1 7none74 ,complete subject1 ,consci\s solid>ity 9 ! ranks4 ,modifi]s ( ! pr$icate3 ,adv]b1 n[4 ,adv]b phrase1 9 our day4 ,adv]b clause1 7none74 ,direct object1 fre$om4 ,modifi]s ( direct object3 ,adjective1 !4 ,adjective phrase1 7none74 ,adjective clause1 :i* !y seek1 ,indirect object1 class4 ,modifi]s ( indirect object3 ,adjectives1 !1 work+4 ,adjective phrase1 ( ! _w4 ,adjective clause1 7none74 ,complete pr$icate1 w\ld give ! work+ class ( ! _w1 n[1 9 our day1 ! fre$om :i* !y seek4 ,analyze ! dep5d5t clause1 :i* !y seek1 j z a pr9cipal clause is analyz$4 ,!y is ! simple subject1 seek is ! simple pr$icate1 :i* is ! direct object4 ,! complete pr$icate is seek :i*4 #ddi4 ,notice t ! fir/ two s5t5ces giv5 9 ! ex]cise bel[ are imp]ative s5t5ces1--! subject1 ! pron\n y1 be+ omitt$ s t ! entire s5t5ce is ! complete pr$icate4 ,z = example3 ,take ! place :i* belongs to y4 ,! omitt$ subject is ! pron\n y4 ,take ! place :i* belongs to y is ! complete pr$icate1 made up ( ! simple pr$icate take2 its object1 ! n\n place2 ! adjective !1 & ! adjective clause1 :i* belongs to y1 bo? ( :i* modify ! n\n place4 ,ex]cise #f ,us+ ! outl9e giv5 above1 analyze ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces4 #a4 ,take ! place :i* belongs to y4 #b4 ,let u believe t brave de$s w nev] die4 #c4 ,! orator kn[s t ! greate/ ideas %\ld be express$ 9 ! simple/ words4 #d4 ,gratitude is ! faire/ fl[] t %$s its p]fume 9 ! human he>t4 #e4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught t x is _! duty to ?9k = !mselves4 #f4 ,we w be slaves z long z we are ignorant4 #g4 ,we mu/ tea* our fell[ m5 t honor comes f )94 #h4 ,cause & effect _c be sev]$ = ! effect already blooms 9 ! cause4 #i4 ,m5 measure _! e/eem ( ea* o!r by :at ea* has4 #aj4 ,our e/eem %\ld be measur$ by :at ea* is4 #aa4 ,:at ,i mu/ d is all t conc]ns me4 #ab4 ,! great man is he :o1 9 ! mid/ ( ! cr[d1 keeps ! indep5d5ce ( solitude4 #ac4 ,! only "r is :at is aft] my con/itution4 #ad4 ,:oso w\ld be a man mu/ be a non-con=mi/4 #ae4 ,!y :o build on ideas build = et]nity4 ,ex]cise #g ,we h /udi$ all ! p>ts ( spee*1 & n[ our "w is to comb9e ^! p>ts = ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,x w be good practice & v helpful to u to m>k ^! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* 9 our read+4 ,?is helps u to gr[ famili> ) _! use4 ,x also helps u to add words to our vocabul>y & to le>n h[ to use !m correctly4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation1 m>k und]nea? ea* ^w1 ! "n ( e "p ( spee*4 ,use n4 = n\n1 v4 = v]b1 pro4 = pron\n1 adv4 = adv]b1 adj4 = adjective1 p4 = preposition & c4 = conjunction4 ,write v4 p4 "u ! v]b phrases4 ,= example3 ,! work]s ( ! _w d n h1 adj4 n4 p4 adj4 n4 v4p4 adv4 v4p4 "u ?is sy/em1 v _m opportunities p4 adj4 n4 adv4 adj4 n4 = re/ & pleasure = !mselves4 p4 n4 c4 n4 p4 pro4 ,m>k 9 ?is mann] e "p ( spee* 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! hi/ory ( all hi!rto exi/+ society is ! hi/ory ( class /ruggles4 ,freeman & slave1 patrician & plebeian1 "l & s]f1 guildma/] & j\rneyman1--9 a ^w1 oppressor & oppress$1--/ood 9 con/ant opposition to "o ano!r1 c>ri$ on an un9t]rupt$1 n[ hidd51 n[ op5 fight1 a fight t ea* "t end$1 ei!r 9 a revolution>y re-con/itution ( society at l>ge1 or 9 ! common ru9 ( ! cont5d+ classes4 ,9 ! e>li] epo*s ( hi/ory1 we f9d almo/ ev]y:]e a complicat$ arrangem5t ( society into v>i\s ord]s1 a manifold gradation ( social rank4 ,9 anci5t ,rome we h patricians1 knights1 plebeians1 slaves2 9 ! middle ages1 feudal lords1 vassals1 guild-ma/]s1 j\rneym51 appr5tices1 s]fs2 9 almo/ all ( ^! classes1 aga91 subord9ate gradations4 ,! mod]n b\rgeois society1 t has spr\t$ f ! ru9s ( feudal society1 has n done away ) class antagonisms4 ,x has b e/abli%$ new classes1 new conditions ( oppression1 new =ms ( /ruggle 9 place ( ! old ones4 --,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,ex]cise #h ,9 ! foll[+ quotation1 m>k all ( ! clauses & det]m9e :e!r !y are dep5d5t or indep5d5t clauses4 ,if !y are dep5d5t clauses1 det]m9e :e!r !y are n\n1 adjective or adv]b clauses4 ,m>k all ! s5t5ces & tell :e!r !y are simple or complex4 ,i see 9 ! ne> future a crisis approa*+ t unn]ves me1 & causes me to tremble = ! safety ( my c\ntry4 ,z a result ( w>1 corporations h be5 en?ron$1 & an era ( corruption 9 high places w foll[4 ,! money p[] ( ! c\ntry w endeavor to prolong its reign by work+ ^u ! prejudices ( ! p1 until all ! weal? is aggregat$ 9 a few h&s1 & ! republic is de/roy$4 ,i feel at ?is mom5t m anxiety = ! safety ( our c\ntry ?an ev] be=e1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( w>4 ,god grant t my =ebod+s may be gr\ndless4 ,mon>*y itself is sometimes h9t$ at z a refuge f ! p[] ( ! p4 ,9 my pres5t position ,i c\ld sc>cely be ju/ifi$ 7 ,i to omit to raise a w>n+ voice aga9/ ! approa* ( a return+ despotism4444 ,x is assum$ t labor is available only 9 connection ) capital2 t nobody labors unless somebody else1 own+ capital1 someh[1 by ! use ( x1 induces him to labor4 ,labor is prior to & indep5d5t ( capital4 ,capital is only ! fruit ( labor1 & c\ld n h exi/$ if labor _h n fir/ exi/$4 ,labor is ! sup]ior ( capital1 & des]ves mu* ! high] consid]ation4 ,i bid ! labor+ p bew>e ( surr5d]+ ! p[] :i* !y possess1 & :i*1 if surr5d]$1 w surely be us$ to %ut ! door ( advancem5t = su* z !y1 & fix new disabilities & burd5s ^u !m until all ( lib]ty %all be lo/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our race ! ,almighty said to ! fir/ ( mank9d1 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1 & s9ce !n1 if we except ! light & air ( ,heav51 no good ?+ has be5 or c be enjoy$ by u )\t fir/ hav+ co/ labor4 ,& inasmu* z mo/ good ?+s h be5 produc$ by labor1 x foll[s t all su* ?+s belong ( "r to ^? ^: labor has produc$ !m4 ,b x has s happ5$1 9 all ages ( ! _w1 t "s h labor$ & o!rs h )\t labor enjoy$ a l>ge portion ( ! fruits4 ,?is is wrong1 & %\ld n cont9ue4 ,to secure to ea* labor] ! :ole product ( 8 labor1 z ne>ly z possible1 is a wor?y object ( any gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems /range t any man %\ld d>e to ask a j ,god's assi/ance 9 wr++ bread f ! sweat ( o!r m5's faces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is c\ntry1 ) its in/itutions1 belongs to ! p :o inhabit x4 --,l9coln4 ,ex]cise #i ,9 ! foll[+ poem f9d all ( ! ass]tive1 int]rogative & imp]ative s5t5ces4 ,m>k all ( ! simple s5t5ces & all ( ! complex s5t5ces4 ,m>k all ( ! dep5d5t clauses & det]m9e :e!r ea* is us$ z a n\n1 adjective or adv]b clause4 ,! v]bs & ! v]b phrases are 9 italics4 ,%all y compla9 :o fe$ ! _w1 ,:o clo! ! _w1 ,:o h\se ! _w8 ,%all y compla9 :o are ! _w1 ,( :at ! _w may d8 ,z f ?is h\r y are ! p[]1 ,! _w mu/ foll[ y4 ,! _w's life hangs on y\r "r h&1 ,y\r /rong "r h&1 ,y\r skill$ "r h&2 ,y hold ! :ole _w 9 y\r h&2 ,see to x :at y d6 ,= d>k or light or wrong or "r1 ,! _w is made by y4 ,!n rise z y nev] rose be=e1 ,nor hop$ be=e1 ,nor d>$ be=e2 ,& %[ z nev] 0 %[n be=e ,! p[] t lies 9 y4 ,/& all z "o2 see ju/ice done2 ,believe & d>e & d4 --,*>lotte ,p]k9s ,gilman4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bf ,9 our la/ lesson we _h examples ( words 9 :i* ! s _h ! s(t s\nd1 & also ( words 9 :i* ! s _h ! s\nd ( z4 ,9 "s ,engli% words1 x is difficult to det]m9e :i* s\nd to use4 ,!re are a numb] ( words 9 ,engli% beg9n+ ) dis4 ,9 a few ( ! words1 ! s has ! s\nd ( z1 & 9 o!r words x has ! s\nd ( s4 ,!re are only a few words :i* are pron\nc$ ) ! diz s\nd4 ,disc]n1 dismal & dissolve are always pron\nc$ ) ! diz s\nd4 ,disease & disa/] are pron\nc$ bo? ways4 ,"s diction>ies give ! diz s\nd & "s give ! dis s\nd4 ,! spell+ lesson = ,monday1 ,tuesday & ,w$nesday conta9s a numb] ( words beg9n+ ) dis4 ,be sure ( ! pronunciation4 ,run ?r\gh ! words 9 ! diction>y beg9n+ ) ! dis s\nd & m>k ^? 9 :i* ! dis has ! s\nd ( diz4 ,we h also a numb] ( words 9 ! ,engli% language :i* end 9 ise or ize1 & we are (t5 confus$ to "k :i* end+ to use4 ,!re is a rule1 :i* has v few exceptions1 :i* cov]s ! use ( ise & ize4 ,words %\ld be spell$ ) ! ize end+ :5 ! ize c be cut (f1 & ! ^w t is left c be us$ alone4 ,= example2 au?or1 au?orize4 ,9 ?is ^w y c cut (f ! ize & ! ^w au?or c be us$ alone4 ,b 9 ! ^w ex]cise1 if y cut (f ! ise1 ! rema9+ portion _c be us$ alone4 ,recognize & criticise are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,:5 us$ z a suffix add$ to a n\n or adjective to =m a v]b1 ize is ! prop] end+2 z !ory1 !orize1 civil1 civilize1 etc4 ,f9al e or y is dropp$ be=e ize1 z 9 ! words memorize1 /]ilize1 etc4 ,! spell+ lesson = ,?ursday1 ,friday & ,saturday conta9s a numb] ( common words end+ ) ize or ise4 ,/udy c>efully ?is li/ & add z _m words to x z y c4 ,monday ,disappe> ,di/ress ,disc]n ,disburse ,discipl9e ,tuesday ,disc\nt ,discr$it ,di/ribute ,dismal ,dissem9ate ,w$nesday ,disguise ,di/ance ,dissolve ,discont5t ,disposition ,?ursday ,fran*ise ,civilize ,surprise ,organize ,compromise ,friday ,monopolize ,revise ,legalize ,ent]prise ,capitalize ,saturday ,memorize ,adv]tise ,!orize ,comprise ,sy/ematize ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bg ,de> ,comrade3 ,+]soll said3 ,words are ! g>m5ts ( ?\ght & ! robes ( ideas4 ,?is is a beautiful & poetic way ( express+ ! relation%ip betwe5 words & ?\ghts4 ,words are really ! body :i* we give to our ?\ghts4 ,until !y are clo!d 9 words1 our ?\ghts are only gho/s ( ideas4 ,o!r p _c see or come into contact ) !m1 & !y c h b little influ5ce ^u ! _w4 ,)\t ?\ght1 no language is possible4 ,x is equally true t )\t language1 no gr[? ( ?\ght is possible4 ,x is futile to try to det]m9e :i* is fir/1 language or ?\ght4 ,! two are entirely necess>y to ea* o!r & make possible social & individual developm5t4 ,e "t t y add a ^w to y\r vocabul>y1 y h add$ to y\r m5tal equipm5t4 ,y h also add$ greatly to y\r p[] ( enjoym5t4 ,?r\gh ^! words y w come into a new relation%ip to y\r fell[ m54 ,ea* new ^w enl>ges ! circle ( y\r acqua9tance4 ,a k ( language br+s u into a circle ( wond]ful fri5ds4 ,:5 we h le>n$ to read we ne$ nev] m be lonely4 ,"s "o has writt5 9 a book some:]e j ! ?+ we are hungry = at ?is mom5t4 ,9 ! pages ( a book we c meet & talk ) ! great s\ls :o h writt5 9 ^! pages _! life's exp]i5ce4 ,no matt] :at mood y are 91 y c f9d a book to suit t mood4 ,no matt] :at y\r ne$1 !re is a book :i* meets t ne$4 ,=m ! habit ( read+ & y w f9d x a wond]ful s\rce ( pleasure & ( pr(it4 ,nor d we ne$ to be b>r$ because ( our lack ( educational advantages 9 our y\?4 ,buckle1 ! au?or ( ! greate/ hi/ory t has ev] be5 writt51 left s*ool at ! age ( f\rte51 & x is said t at t age1 except a smatt]+ ( ma!matics1 he knew only h[ to read2 b :5 he di$ at ! age ( =ty1 ?is man1 :o did n "k 8 lett]s :5 he 0 eight ye>s old1 c\ld read & write sev5 languages & 0 famili> ) t5 or twelve m4 ,he _h writt5 a wond]ful book & _h become a tea*] ( tea*]s4 ,engrav5 ^u 8 m>ble alt> tomb is ! foll[+ c\plet3 ,! writt5 ^w rema9s long aft] ! writ]4 ,! writ] is re/+ "u ! e>?1 b 8 words endure4 ,good books are s *eap n[adays t !y are )9 ! rea* ( e "o ( u4 ,let u n be cont5t to live 9 ! n>r[ _w ( "w & worry4 ,let u =get ! /ruggle occasionally 9 ! read+ ( books1 & let u prep>e ourselves1 by read+ & /udy+1 = ! battle = ! emancipation ( ! work]s ( ! _w4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,s5t5ces #dej4 ,a simple s5t5ce is a s5t5ce :i* makes a s+le ass]tion1 "q or comm&4 ,! simple s5t5ce conta9s only words & phrases4 #dea4 ,a complex s5t5ce is "o :i* conta9s a pr9cipal /atem5t & "o or m modify+ /atem5ts4 ,! /atem5ts made 9 addition to ! pr9cipal /atem5t are made 9 dep5d5t clauses4 ,! complex s5t5ce has only "o ma9 clause & "o or m dep5d5t clauses4 #deb4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is "o :i* conta9s two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,^! comp\nd s5t5ces may conta9 any numb] ( dep5d5t clauses b !y mu/ always h at lea/ two indep5d5t or pr9cipal clauses4 ,^! pr9cipal clauses are always connect$ by co-ord9ate conjunctions1 = ! pr9cipal clauses 9 a comp\nd s5t5ce are always ( equal rank or ord]4 ,ex]cise #a ,review ! lesson on co-ord9ate conjunctions & notice :i* conjunctions are us$ to unite pr9cipal clauses into s+le s5t5ces4 ,use ^! co-ord9ate conjunctions to unite ! foll[+ pairs ( simple s5t5ces into comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,= example3 ,! sun rises & ! day dawns4 ,! m5 "w b ! boys play4 ,! sun rises4 ,! day dawns4 ,he /udies dilig5tly4 ,he le>ns rapidly4 ,he came e>ly4 ,he c\ld n /ay4 ,! wea!r is cold4 ,! plants are n gr[+4 ,! m5 "w4 ,! boys play4 ,! day is cold4 ,! w9d is bl[+4 ,take ! above s5t5ces & use subord9ate in/ead ( co-ord9ate conjunctions1 & make complex s5t5ces in/ead ( comp\nd out ( ea* pair ( simple s5t5ces4 ,= example3 ,:5 ! sun rises1 ! day dawns4 ,! m5 "w :ile ! boys play4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces #dec4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces may be made up ( two simple s5t5ces4 ,rewrite ! foll[+ comp\nd s5t5ces1 mak+ ( ea* s5t5ce two simple s5t5ces3 ,! birds are s++ & spr+ is "h4 ,he believes 9 w> b 8 bro!r is aga9/ x4 ,we mu/ ar\se ourselves or we %all be involv$4 ,he w n /udy nor w he all[ any "o else to /udy4 #ded4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce may be made up ( a simple s5t5ce & a complex s5t5ce1 jo9$ by a co-ord9ate conjunction4 ,= example3 ,john goes to s*ool1 b ,m>y /ays at home 9 ord] t %e may help h] "m4 ,?is comp\nd s5t5ce is made up ( ! simple s5t5ce1 ,john goes to s*ool1 & ! complex s5t5ce1 ,m>y /ays at home 9 ord] t %e may help h] "m4 #dee4 ,bo? p>ts ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce may be complex2 t is1 bo? pr9cipal clauses 9 a comp\nd s5t5ce may conta9 dep5d5t clauses4 ,= example3 ,john goes to s*ool :]e 8 bro!r goes1 b ,m>y /ays at home 9 ord] t %e may help h] "m4 ,?is comp\nd s5t5ce is made up ( two complex s5t5ces4 ,! s5t5ce1 ,john goes to s*ool :]e 8 bro!r goes1 is complex because x conta9s ! dep5d5t clause1 :]e 8 bro!r goes2 ! s5t5ce1 ,m>y /ays at home 9 ord] t %e may help h] "m1 is complex because x conta9s ! dep5d5t clause1 9 ord] t %e may help h] "m4 ,ex]cise #b ,read c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 det]m9e :i* are simple s5t5ces1 :i* are complex & :i* are comp\nd4 #a4 ,:5 ! /ate is corrupt1 !n ! laws are mo/ multipli$4 #b4 ,to tea* ! alphabet is to inaugurate revolution4 #c4 ,fre$om deg5]ates unless x has to /ruggle 9 its own def5se4 #d4 ,! de/roy]s h always be5 honor$4 #e4 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght is a mock]y if lib]ty ( spee* is d5i$4 #f4 ,:]e slav]y is1 !re lib]ty _c be2 & :]e lib]ty is1 !re slav]y _c be4 #g4 ,all our greatness 0 born ( lib]ty & we _c /rangle ! "m )\t de/roy+ h] *ildr54 #h4 ,9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 w> w be dead1 b man w live4 #i4 ,! abuse ( free spee* dies 9 a day1 b ! d5ial entombs ! hope ( ! race4 ,,s5t5ce ,,analysis #def4 ,!re is no m important "p ( ! /udy ( ,engli% ?an ! analysis ( s5t5ces4 ,! v be/ result t c come to "o f ! /udy ( gramm> is ! logical habit ( m9d4 ,! ef=t to analyze a difficult passage gives u a full] appreciation ( its mean+4 ,?is cultivates 9 u accuracy1 bo? ( ?\ght & ( expression4 ,s1 sp5d z mu* "t z y c on ! analysis ( s5t5ces4 ,! subject & ! pr$icate are ! v body ( ! s5t5ce1 ^u :i* all ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce is hung4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! s5t5ce are b ! drap]y & ! g>m5ts :i* clo! ! body ( ! s5t5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! mo/ important ?+ 9 s5t5ce analysis is to be able to discov] ! subject & pr$icate4 ,9 ! expression ( a ?\ght1 !re are always two important ess5tials1 t ab\t :i* some?+ is said1--:i* con/itutes ! subject1--& t :i* is said ab\t ! subject1 :i* con/itutes ! pr$icate4 ,!re may be a numb] ( modify+ words1 phrases or subord9ate clauses1 b !re is always a ma9 clause :i* conta9s a simple subject & a simple pr$icate4 ,f9d ^! fir/1 & y c !n fit ! modify+ words & phrases & clauses into _! prop] places4 #deg4 ,let u take = /udy & analysis ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,jack ,london3 ,man's effici5cy = food-gett+ & %elt]-gett+ has n dim9i%$ s9ce ! day ( ! cave-man4 ,x has increas$ a ?\s&-fold4 ,wond]ful artifices & m>vel\s inv5tions h be5 made4 ,:y !n d millions ( mod]n m5 live m mis]ably ?an ! cave-man liv$8 ,let u take ! fir/ s5t5ce out ( ?is p>agraph & analyze x4 ,man's effici5cy = food-gett+ & %elt]-gett+ has n dim9i%$ s9ce ! day ( ! cave-man4 ,:at is ! ma9 ^w 9 ?is s5t5ce--! ^w ab\t :i* ! entire /atem5t is made8 ,cle>ly x is ! ^w effici5cy4 ,effici5cy is ! n\n :i* is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!n y might ask :at sort ( effici5cy & ^: effici5cy8 ,:at sort ( effici5cy is expla9$ by ! adjective phrase1 = food-gett+ & %elt]-gett+4 ,^: effici5cy is expla9$ by ! possessive n\n1 man's4 ,!re=e1 ! complete subject is1 ,man's effici5cy = food-gett+ & %elt]-gett+4 ,n[ we are ready to consid] ! pr$icate4 ,:at has effici5cy done8 ,x has n dim9i%$4 ,has dim9i%$ is ! v]b phrase1 :i* is ! simple pr$icate ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,x is modifi$ by ! adv]b n1 s we h ,man's effici5cy has n dim9i%$4 ,!n we might ask1 :5 has x n dim9i%$8 ,& ?is is answ]$ by ! phrase1 s9ce ! day ( ! cave-man4 ,s we h our complete pr$icate1 ,has n dim9i%$ s9ce ! day ( ! cave-man4 ,9 ?is way we c analyze or break up into its diff]5t p>ts1 e s5t5ce4 ,fir/ f9d ! subject1 !n ask :at t subject does1 & ! answ] w be ! pr$icate or v]b4 ,d n confuse ! v]b ) ! words :i* /ate h[ or :y ! action is p]=m$1 & d n confuse ! v]b ) ! object ( ! action4 ,! v]b simply ass]ts ! action4 ,! o!r words w add ! additional in=mation z to h[ or :y or :5 or ^u :om ! action 0 p]=m$4 ,let u f9i% ! analysis ( ! s5t5ces 9 ! p>agraph quot$ f ,jack ,london4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ,x has increas$ a ?\s&-fold1 ! p]sonal pron\n x1 :i* ref]s to ! n\n effici5cy1 is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce2 & :5 y ask :at x has done1 y f9d t ! "q is answ]$ by ! v]b1 has increas$4 ,!re=e1 has increas$ is ! v]b 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! n\n1 ?\s&-fold is us$ z an adv]b tell+ h[ mu* x has increas$4 ,x is an adv]b-n\n1 :i* y w f9d expla9$ 9 ,section #bia4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce1 ,wond]ful artifices & m>vel\s inv5tions h be5 made1 we f9d two n\ns ab\t :i* a /atem5t is made4 ,artifices h be5 made & inv5tions h be5 made2 s artifices & inv5tions are bo? ! subjects ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re=e1 we h a comp\nd subject ) a s+le v]b1 h be5 made4 ,artifices is modifi$ by ! adjective wond]ful1 & inv5tions is modifi$ by ! adjective m>vel\s1 s we h wond]ful artifices & m>vel\s inv5tions1 z ! complete subject1 & h be5 made1 z ! complete pr$icate4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ,:y !n d millions ( mod]n m5 live m mis]ably ?an ! cave-man liv$81 we f9d a s5t5ce :i* is a trifle m difficult ( analysis4 ,x is writt5 9 ! int]rogative =m4 ,if y f9d x difficult to det]m9e ! subject & ! v]b or v]b phrase 9 an int]rogative s5t5ce1 rewrite ! s5t5ce 9 ! ass]tive =m1 & y w f9d x easi] to analyze4 ,:5 we rewrite ?is s5t5ce we h1 ,millions ( mod]n m5 d live m mis]ably ?an ! cave-man liv$4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! n\n millions is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,we see quickly t m5 _c be ! subject because x is ! object ( ! preposition (1 9 ! phrase1 ( mod]n m54 ,s we decide t ! n\n millions is ! simple subject4 ,:5 we ask ! "q :at millions d1 our "q is answ]$ by ! v]b phrase1 d live4 ,s d live is ! simple pr$icate1 & ! skeleton ( our s5t5ce1 ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate1 is millions d live4 ,! subject millions is modifi$ by ! adjective phrase ( mod]n m54 ,!n we ask1 h[ d m5 live8 ,& we f9d our "q answ]$ by !y live mis]ably4 ,b we are told h[ mis]ably !y live by ! adv]b m & ! adv]b clause1 ?an ! cave-man liv$1 bo? modify+ ! adv]b mis]ably4 ,s we h our complete pr$icate1 d live m mis]ably ?an ! cave-man liv$4 ,?is int]rogative s5t5ce is introduc$ by ! int]rogative adv]b :y4 ,d n drop ?is subject until y are able to det]m9e readily ! subject & pr$icate 9 e s5t5ce & prop]ly place all modify+ words4 ,!re is no?+ t w s increase y\r p[] ( und]/&+ :at y read1 & y\r ability to write cle>ly1 z ?is facility 9 analyz+ s5t5ces4 ,ex]cise #c ,! foll[+ is ,elb]t ,hubb>d's description ( ! *ild-labor]s ( ! ,s\!rn cotton-mills4 ,read x c>efully4 ,notice t ! s5t5ces are all %ort s5t5ces1 & ! cumulative effect ( ^! %ort s5t5ces is a picture ( ! condition ( ^! *ild-work]s :i* "o c nev] =get4 ,! subjects & pr$icates are 9 italics4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ y\r /udy ( ?is "q1 rewrite x f memory & !n comp>e y\r v]sion ) ! orig9al v]sion4 ,i ?\ght t ,i w\ld lift "o ( ! little toil]s4 ,i want$ to asc]ta9 8 weight4 ,/raightway ?r\gh 8 ?irty-five p\nds ( sk9 & bone !re ran a tremor ( fe>4 ,he /ruggl$ =w>d to tie a brok5 ?read4 ,i attract$ 8 att5tion by a t\*4 ,i (f]$ him a silv] dime4 ,he look$ at me dumbly f a face t might h belong$ to a man ( sixty4 ,x 0 s furr[$1 tightly drawn & full ( pa94 ,he did n rea* = ! money4 ,he did n "k :at x 04 ,!re 7 doz5s ( su* *ildr5 9 ?is p>ticul> mill4 ,a physician :o 0 ) me said t !y w\ld probably all be dead 9 two ye>s4 ,_! places w\ld be easily fill$1 h[ev]1 = !re 7 pl5ty m4 ,pneumonia c>ries (f mo/ ( !m4 ,_! sy/ems are ripe = disease & :5 x comes !re is no reb\nd4 ,m$ic9e simply does n act4 ,nature is :ipp$1 beat51 disc\rag$4 ,! *ild s9ks into a /upor & dies4 ,ex]cise #d ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 m>k ! simple s5t5ces1 ! complex s5t5ces & ! comp\nd s5t5ces1 & analyze ^! s5t5ces accord+ to ! rules giv5 = analyz+ simple s5t5ces1 complex s5t5ces & comp\nd s5t5ces3 #a4 ,=ce is no rem$y4 #b4 ,law gr9ds ! poor1 & ! ri* m5 rule ! law4 #c4 ,=ce & fraud are 9 w> ! two c>d9al virtues4 #d4 ,fre$om is a new religion1 a religion ( our "t4 #e4 ,desire no?+ = y\rself :i* y d n desire = o!rs4 #f4 ,an ambassador is a man :o goes abroad to lie = ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 #g4 ,a j\rnali/ is a man :o /ays at home to pursue ! same vocation4 #h4 ,)\t free spee* no se>* = tru? is possible4 #i4 ,lib]ty = ! few is n lib]ty4 #aj4 ,lib]ty = me & slav]y = y mean slav]y = bo?4 #aa4 ,no revolution ev] rises above ! intellectual level ( ^? :o make x4 #ab4 ,m5 submit ev]y:]e to oppression :5 !y h only to lift _! heads to ?r[ (f ! yoke4 #ac4 ,_m politicians ( our "t are 9 ! habit ( say+ t no p ought to be free till !y are fit to use fre$om4 ,! maxim is wor?y ( ! fool 9 ! old /ory :o resolv$ n to g into ! wat] till he _h le>n$ to swim4 ,if m5 are to wait = lib]ty till !y become wise & good 9 slav]y !y may inde$ wait =ev]4 ,,summ>y #deh4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( t :i* we h le>n$ 9 s5t5ce build+3 ,ass]tive ,use ,int]rogative ,s5t5ces are ,imp]ative classifi$ ,exclamatory accord+ to ,simple ,=m ,complex ,comp\nd ,elem5ts ,words1 ! eight p>ts ( spee*4 ( ,phrases1 adjective1 adv]b & v]b phrases4 ,! ,s5t5ce4 ,clauses1 adjective1 adv]b & n\n clauses4 #dei4 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,a ,,simple ,,s5t5ce ,subject ,pr$icate ,subject ,complete ,v]b ,subject ,copulative ,v]b ,pr$icate ,complem5t ,subject ,transitive ,v]b ,direct ,object ,subject ,transitive ,v]b ,direct ,object ,indirect ,object #dfj4 ,,! ,,subject ,n\n--,! man came4 ,pron\n--,he came4 ,! simple subject ,adjective--,! poor came4 may be ,inf9itive--,to f9d "w is difficult4 ,p>ticiple--,walk+ is good ex]cise4 ,clause--,:at ,i le>n _c be lo/4 ,complete subject--,simple subject & modifi]s4 ,modifi]s ( ! ,subject ,^w--,weal?y m5 rule4 ,adjective ,phrase--,m5 ( weal? rule4 ,clause--,m5 :o are weal?y rule4 ,possessive--,! man's en]gy 0 great4 ,^w--,! poet1 ,l[ell1 0 ! au?or4 ,appositive ,clause--,! fact1 t y came1 pleases me4 ,! soldi]s1 w\nd$ & dy+1 7 ,p>ticiple left on ! field ,inf9itive--,a plan to end ! w> 0 discuss$4 #dfa4 ,,! ,,pr$icate ,! simple ,v]b--,! man came4 pr$icate ,v]b phrase--,! man has be5 com+ daily4 ,pr$icate ,complem5t--,! man 0 a h]o4 ,a ,,complete ,direct ,object--,! man br\ght ! book4 ,,pr$icate ,! ,indirect ,object--,! man br\ght me ! book4 equals a v]b or v]b phrase ,^w--,! man works rapidly4 & ,adv]b ,phrase--,! man works 9 ! factory4 ,modifi]s ,clause--,! man works :5ev] he c4 ,words--,! man works h>d4 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces ,phrases--,! man on y\r "r works 9 ! ,,conta9 ,,only factory4 ,words1 ,! man works /eadily ,complex s5t5ces ,phrases 9 ! factory :5ev] conta9 & !re is "w4 ,dep5d5t clauses4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces conta9 two or m pr9cipal clauses1 z3 ,! sun rises & ! day dawns4 #dfb4 ,take ! simple subjects & simple pr$icates 9 ,ex]cise #e1 & build up s5t5ces2 fir/1 by add+ a ^w1 !n a phrase & !n a clause to modify ! subject2 !n add a ^w & a phrase & a clause to modify ! pr$icate4 ,s long z y h only words & phrases y h simple s5t5ces4 ,:5 y add a dep5d5t clause y h a complex s5t5ce4 ,:5 y unite two indep5d5t clauses 9 "o s5t5ce1 !n y h a comp\nd s5t5ce1 & ! connect+ ^w w always be a co-ord9ate conjunction4 ,^! w be readily di/+ui%$ = !re are only a few co-ord9ate conjunctions4 ,g back to ! lesson on co-ord9ate conjunctions & f9d out :at ^! are1 & :5ev] y f9d two clauses connect$ by ^! co-ord9ate conjunctions y "k t y h a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,rememb] t ea* clause mu/ conta9 a subject & pr$icate ( its own4 ,:5 y h two words connect$ by ^! co-ord9ate conjunctions y d n h a clause4 ,ea* clause mu/ conta9 a subject & a pr$icate ( its own4 #dfc4 ,"h is an example ( a s5t5ce built up f a simple subject & a simple pr$icate3 ,,simple ,,subject ,,enl>g$ ,simple ,subject & ,pr$icate--,soldi]s obey4 ,adjectives add$--,! enli/$ soldi]s obey4 ,phrase add$--,! enli/$ soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es obey4 ,clause add$--,! enli/$ soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es1 :o are doom$ to die1 obey4 ,,simple ,,pr$icate ,,enl>g$ ,simple ,subject & ,pr$icate--,soldi]s obey4 ,object add$--,soldi]s obey ord]s4 ,adv]b add$--,soldi]s obey ord]s quickly4 ,phrase add$--,soldi]s obey ord]s quickly & )\t "q4 ,clause add$--,soldi]s obey ord]s quickly & )\t "q because !y are taught to d s4 ,comb9+ our enl>g$ subject & pr$icate we h ! s5t5ce3 ,! enli/$ soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es1 :o are doom$ to die1 obey ord]s quickly & )\t "q because !y are taught to d s4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce because x conta9s dep5d5t clauses4 ,we might add ano!r indep5d5t clause & make ( ?is a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,! enli/$ soldi]s 9 ! tr5*es1 :o are doom$ to die1 obey ord]s quickly & )\t "q because !y are taught to d s1 & ?is is patriotism4 ,ex]cise #e ,enl>ge ! foll[+ simple subjects & simple pr$icates3 ,m5 write4 ,boys play4 ,p /udy4 ,! law rules4 ,ex]cise #f ,9 ! foll[+ poem und]score all ( ! dep5d5t clauses4 ,det]m9e :e!r !y are n\n1 adjective or adv]b clauses4 ,d y f9d any simple or comp\nd s5t5ces 9 ?is poem8 ,,m56 ^: boa/ x is t ye ,come ( fa!rs brave & free1 ,if !re brea! on e>? a slave1 ,are y truly free & brave8 ,if ye d n feel ! *a91 ,:5 x works a bro!r's pa91 ,are ye n base slaves inde$1 ,slaves unwor?y to be fre$8 ,wom56 :o %all "o day be> ,sons to brea! ,new ,engl& air1 ,if ye he> )\t a blu%1 ,de$s to make ! r\s$ blood ru% ,l r$ lava ?r\gh y\r ve9s1 ,= y\r si/]s n[ 9 *a9s1-- ,answ]6 are y fit to be ,mo!rs ( ! brave & free8 ,is true ,fre$om b to break ,fett]s = our own de> sake1 ,&1 ) lea!rn he>ts1 =get ,t we owe mank9d a debt8 ,no6 true fre$om is to %>e ,all ! *a9s our bro!rs we>1 ,&1 ) he>t & h&1 to be ,e>ne/ to make o!rs free6 ,!y are slaves :o fe> to speak ,= ! fall5 & ! weak2 ,!y are slaves :o w n *oose ,hatr$1 sc(f+1 & abuse1 ,r ?an 9 sil5ce %r9k ,f ! tru? !y ne$s mu/ ?9k2 ,!y are slaves :o d>e n be ,9 ! "r ) two or ?ree4 --,l[ell4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bg ,we h /udi$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( d]ivatives by ! addition ( suffixes4 ,d]ivatives are also =m$ by ! addition ( prefixes4 ,y rememb] t a prefix is a syllable :i* is plac$ be=e a simple ^w to =m ! d]ivative4 ,among ! mo/ common ( ^! prefixes are 91 un & mis4 ,! prefix 9 us$ ) an adjective or adv]b means n2 = example1 insane means n sane2 incorrect means n correct1 etc4 ,! prefix 9 us$ ) a n\n means lack (2 = example1 inexp]i5ce means lack ( exp]i5ce2 inability means lack ( ability1 etc4 ,9 words beg9n+ ) m or p1 91 mean+ n or lack (1 is *ang$ to im4 ,?is is done = ! sake ( euphony4 ,! n does n unite readily ) ! s\nd ( m or p4 ,s we d n say inmode/ & inp>tial1 b immode/ & imp>tial4 ,! prefix un1 us$ ) p>ticiples1 means n2 = example1 unprep>$ means n prep>$2 ungu>d$ means n gu>d$1 etc4 ,! prefix un us$ ) v]bs1 means to take (f or to rev]se2 = example1 uncov] means to take (f ! cov]2 untwi/ means to rev]se ! process ( ! twi/+4 ,! prefix un us$ ) adjectives means n2 = example1 unc]ta9 means n c]ta92 uncommon means n common4 ,! prefix mis us$ ) n\ns or v]bs1 means wrong4 ,= example1 mi/reatm5t means wrong treatm5t2 to misspell means to spell wrong4 ,add ! prefix 9 to ! n\ns giv5 9 ,monday's li/2 add ! prefix 9 to ! adjectives giv5 9 ,tuesday's li/2 add ! prefix im to ! adjectives & n\ns 9 ,w$nesday's lesson2 add ! prefix un to ! p>ticiples & adjectives 9 ,?ursday's lesson2 add ! prefix un to ! v]bs 9 ,friday's lesson1 & add ! prefix mis to ! n\ns & v]bs 9 ,saturday's lesson4 ,monday ,tol]ance ,frequ5cy ,compet5ce ,effici5cy ,coh]5ce ,tuesday ,conv5i5t ,exp$i5t ,fam\s ,adequate ,solv5t ,w$nesday ,p]t95t ,morality ,pati5ce ,mod]ate ,pi\s ,?ursday ,balanc$ ,bias$ ,graci\s ,/able ,solicit$ ,friday ,burd5 ,veil ,fa/5 ,screw ,furl ,saturday ,con/rue ,appreh5sion ,in=m ,guide ,judge ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bh ,de> ,comrade3 ,we are beg9n+ ) ?is lesson ! /udy ( ! use ( capitals & ( punctuation4 ,! use ( capitals z well z punctuation has no?+ to d ) our spok5 words1 b bo? are v important 9 our writt5 language4 ,!re is no?+ t w m>k u z un$ucat$ m quickly ?an bad spell+1 faulty punctuation & ! incorrect use ( capitals4 ,! rules = ! use ( capitals may seem some:at arbitr>y4 ,aft] an und]/&+ ( !m1 h[ev]1 y w discov] t !y are n arbitr>y1 b are bas$ ^u a s+le pr9ciple4 ,! ^w :i* is ( ! mo/ importance1 or :i* %\ld receive ! mo/ emphasis is ! ^w :i* is capitaliz$1 z = example1 ! pr9cipal words 9 a title1 ! fir/ words 9 a s5t5ce1 prop] names1 etc4 ,/udy ^! rules c>efully1 note ! use ( ! capitals 9 y\r read+ & wat* y\r writt5 language c>efully = a "t4 ,soon ! prop] use ( capitals w seem easy & mo/ natural4 ,9 ! meantime d n fail to keep up y\r /udy ( words4 ,add at lea/ "o ^w to y\r vocabul>y e day4 ,did y ev] consid] h[ we ?9k 9 pictures8 ,ne>ly e ^w t we use calls up a c]ta9 image or picture 9 our m9ds4 ,! cont5t ( words has gr[n & develop$ z our ability to ?9k has develop$4 ,take1 = example1 words l head or h&4 ,head orig9ally ref]r$ to a portion ( ! body ( a liv+ ?+2 !n x 0 us$ to ref] to "s "p ( an inanimate object :i* might resemble or call up a picture ( an animal's head1 = example1 ! head ( a p94 ,aga91 x 0 us$ to ref] to "s "p ( an inanimate ?+ :i* 0 associat$ ) ! head ( a human be+1 z ! head ( ! b$4 ,!n1 by ! p[] ( association1 s9ce ! head 0 consid]$ ! mo/ conspicu\s & important "p ( ! body1 t :i* 0 mo/ conspicu\s & important 0 call$ ! head1 z ! head ( ! army1 ! head ( ! nation4 ,!n1 s9ce ! head 0 ! seat ( ! bra9 & ( ! m5tal faculties1 ! head 0 (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! bra9 or m5tal faculties4 ,we speak ( a cle> head or a cool head4 ,?us we h a numb] ( idiomatic expressions4 ,we may speak ( ! head ( ! riv]2 or ! subject matt] 0 divid$ "u f\r heads2 or aga91 ! matt] came to a head2 he is head & e>s 9 debt2 we _c make head aga9/ ! opposition1 etc4 ,?is transf] ( our ideas f ! physical to ! m5tal & spiritual m>ks vividly ! gr[? ( ! language & ! developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,trace ! words l h&s1 arm1 foot1 eye1 tongue1 9 _! use1 fir/ z physical !n z m5tal or spiritual4 ,?is w be ! mo/ int]e/+ pa/ime & w enl>ge ! cont5t ( ! words :i* y use4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,capital ,,lett]s #dfd4 ,9 our writt5 spee* we (t5 display our lack ( education by our use ( capital lett]s & punctuation4 ,we may und]/& ! use ( words & be able to speak fairly well1 b if we d n und]/& ! prop] use ( capitals & ( punctuation m>ks1 our writt5 language readily betrays our ignorance4 #dfe4 ,!re are a numb] ( rules = ! use ( capitals :i* we mu/ obs]ve4 ,"s ( ! writ]s 9 our magaz9es defy ^! rules ( capitalization1 9 an ef=t to seem diff]5t f o!r p1 p]haps4 ,^! rules = ! use ( capital lett]s1 l all o!r rules1 are n arbitr>y rules laid d[n by any body ( m51 b are simply a /atem5t ( accept$ usage among p4 ,we %\ld n feel t we %\ld say ?is or t or we are violat+ a rule ( gramm>4 ,we %\ld feel r t ! majority ( ! p :o speak & write good ,engli% d ?us1 & s1 = ?is reason1 ,i %all d x also4 ,?is is simply obey+ ! /&>d ( majority rule4 ,if !re is any good & suffici5t reason :y we feel ?is %\ld n be a rule1 we may be ju/ifi$ 9 break+ x & mak+ a new rule4 ,_m p feel t our spell+ %\ld be simplifi$ & s !y insi/ ^u spell+ c]ta9 words 9 a m simple way4 ,!y feel t !y h good & suffici5t reason = insi/+ ^u ?is *ange & gradually if ^! reasons appeal to ! majority z be+ good & suffici5t reasons1 !n ?is simplifi$ mode ( spell+ w become ! accept$ usage4 ,b !re seems no good reason :y any writ] %\ld scatt] capital lett]s ) a lavi% h& ?r\gh\t 8 writ+4 ,"o feels z ?\gh a writ] 9 s do+ is express+ 8 desire to be diff]5t1 9 a v sup]ficial mann]4 ,let u be unique & individual 9 our ?\ght4 ,if ?is =ces u to a diff]5t mode ( liv+ or ( expression f ! re/ ( ! _w1 !n we are ju/ifi$ 9 be+ diff]5t f ! re/4 ,we h ?\ght & reason beh9d our action4 ,?is is f> diff]5t f ! attitude ( "o :o poses z a radical & ^: only prote/ is 9 ! sup]ficial ext]nal ?+s4 ,s let u le>n & obs]ve ^! rules = ! use ( capital lett]s4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,capital ,,lett]s #dff4 ,use a capital = ! fir/ ^w ( e s5t5ce4 ,:5 y beg9 a new s5t5ce always beg9 t s5t5ce ) a capital lett]4 ,ea* s5t5ce is a /atem5t ( a complete ?\ght & is indep5d5t ( e o!r s5t5ce4 ,! use ( ! capital lett] indicates ?is indep5d5ce & calls att5tion to ! fact t y are beg9n+ a new ?\ght4 #dfg4 ,beg9 e l9e ( poetry ) a capital lett]4 ,sometimes 9 poetry1 ! l9e is too long to be pr9t$ on a s+le l9e & mu/ be c>ri$ ov] into ano!r l9e2 9 ?is case1 ! fir/ ^w ( ! second l9e does n beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #dfh4 ,use a capital = e prop] n\n4 ,?is includes names ( p]sons1 c\ntries1 /ates1 t[ns1 cities1 /reets & geographical names1 z ! names ( seas1 lakes1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 etc4 #dfi4 ,! words ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/ & ,we/ are capitaliz$ :5 !y are us$ to ref] to geographical divisions4 ,:5 ^! words simply ref] to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 !y %\ld n beg9 ) a capital4 #dgj4 ,! pron\n ,i & ! int]jection ,o %\ld always be capitals4 ,nev] write ! pron\n ,i ) a small i4 #dga4 ,e prop] adjective %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,prop] adjectives are adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns4 ,= example3 ! ,m>xian philosophy1 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ,indian money1 ,japanese labor1 etc4 #dgb4 ,always beg9 ! names ( ! mon?s & ! days ( ! week ) capital lett]s4 ,= example3 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 ,augu/1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,friday1 etc4 #dgc4 ,use a capital lett] = e "n or title ( ! ,deity4 ,= example3 ,god1 ,jehovah1 ,*ri/1 ,jesus1 etc4 ,x is also cu/om>y to capitalize all p]sonal pron\ns ref]r+ to ,god or ,*ri/4 #dgd4 ,beg9 ) a capital lett] names ( all religi\s sects & political p>ties1 also all adjectives d]iv$ f !m4 ,z = example3 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,me?odism1 ,republican ,p>ty1 ,mohamm$an1 ,sociali/1 etc4 #dge4 ,beg9 ! names ( all ?+s spok5 ( z p]sons ) a capital4 ,9 poetry or poetic prose we (t5 speak ( w>1 fame1 dea?1 hope1 fancy1 lib]ty1 etc41 z p]sons4 ,:5ev] ^! words are us$ 9 ?is way !y %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #dgf4 ,use capital lett]s to beg9 important words 9 ! title ( a book or ! subject ( a composition4 ,9 titles ! n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs & adv]bs %\ld beg9 ) a capital1 :ile ! prepositions & conjunctions %\ld beg9 ) small lett]s4 ,! articles1 !1 a & an are n capitaliz$ unless !y are ! initial ^w 9 ! title4 #dgg4 ,use a capital to beg9 e direct quotation4 ,! fir/ ^w ( an indirect quotation %\ld beg9 ) a small lett]4 ,a direct quotation is "o :i* uses ! exact words ( ! speak]4 ,= example3 ,he said1 ,i w come4 ,?is is a direct quotation1 b ,he said t he w\ld come1 is an indirect quotation4 #dgh4 ,use a capital to beg9 an important /atem5t or to ask a "q4 ,= example3 ,resolv$2 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld democratize w>4 ,! "q is1 ,%all ! p det]m9e ! "q ( w>8 #dgi4 ,use capitals = ! *ief items ( any enum]ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,= example2 ,! bill is z foll[s3 ,= ,composition #bj4jj ,= ,press ,"w #aj4jj ,pap] #be4jj #dhj4 ,beg9 ! words indicat+ titles ( (fices & honor ) a capital4 ,= example1 ,presid5t ,wilson1 ,doctor ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ,locke4 ,:5 y use a title ( ?is k9d z a g5]al t]m1 t is1 n indicat+ any p>ticul> p]son1 d n use a capital4 ,z = example3 ,! society has _h sev]al presid5ts4 ,b if y use ! title to take ! place ( ! p]son's "n1 = example3 ,! ,presid5t read ! message to ,congress1 always use a capital4 #dha4 ,use capitals = ! titles at ! beg9n+ ( a lett] or 9 writt5 composition & 9 direct address4 ,= example3 ,my de> ,fa!r1 ,my de> ,"m1 ,my de> ,comrade1 ,de> ,aunt ,emma1 ,de> ,fri5d1 ,de> ,fell[ ,work]s1 etc4 ,also 9 conv]sation4 ,are y com+ ) me1 ,"m8 ,:at did ! ,doctor say1 ,comrade ,smi?8 ,:5 ^! words are n us$ 9 direct address1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld n be capitaliz$4 ,= example1 at ! close ( a lett] y w\ld write3 ,y\r s9c]e fri5d4 ,y\r lov+ bro!r4 ,or 9 conv]sation3 ,i ask$ my "m to g ) me4 ,my bro!r wrote me conc]n+ ! matt]4 #dhb4 ,beg9 ! names ( important build+s & localities ) a capital4 ,= example3 ,public ,libr>y1 ,high ,s*ool1 ,! ,ea/ ,side1 ,! ,union ,squ>e1 ,c5tral ,m>ket1 etc4 ,^! words us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 h[ev]1 %\ld n beg9 ) a capital lett]4 ,= example3 ,our public libr>ies1 our high s*ools1 jails1 prisons1 po/ (fices1 etc4 #dhc4 ,! words /ate & t]ritory1 :5 !y ref] to p>ticul> divisions ( ! c\ntry1 %\ld be capitaliz$4 ,= example3 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,! ,t]ritory ( ,alaska1 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 etc4 ,/ate & gov]nm5t are also capitaliz$ :5 !y are us$ 9 place ( prop] names4 ,= example3 ,! ,/ate is bas$ on exploitation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has issu$ an edict ( w>4 ,we d n use a capital 9 su* expressions z3 ,*ur* & /ate1 /ate affairs2 !y occupy a l>ge t]ritory1 etc4 #dhd4 ,9 direct+ lett]s or o!r matt] = ! mail1 capitalize all words except prepositions1 conjunctions or articles4 ,^! %\ld be capitaliz$ only :5 !y beg9 a l9e4 ,ex]cise #a ,draw a l9e "u ea* ^w 9 ! foll[+ t %\ld be begun ) a capital3 john j(fre1 lake mi*igan1 day1 ?ursday1 friday1 spr+1 augu/1 decemb]1 g]many1 c\ntry1 france1 man1 jones1 smi?1 doctor1 doctor george1 pr(essor moore1 girl1 m>y1 susan1 me?odi/1 mohamm$an1 *ur*1 p>ty1 republican p>ty1 sociali/1 company1 national electric light company1 riv]1 mississippi riv]1 ! r$ riv]1 essex c\nty1 /ate ( ill9ois1 i[a1 railway1 new york1 new york c5tral railway1 ! fr5* revolution1 novel1 ! sea wolf1 poem1 arr[s 9 ! gale1 am]ican4 ,ex]cise #b ,notice c>efully ! foll[+ quotations & s5t5ces & capitalize e ^w t %\ld beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #a4 iron1 ! tw9 bro!r ( fire1 ! fir/ born out ( ! matrix ( ! e>?1 a witness ev]la/+ to ! glory ( ?y labor1 am i1 o man4 #b4 !re=e i say unto y1 bani% fe> f y\r he>ts4 #c4 b ye1 plebs1 populi/s1 p1 rebels1 mob1 prolet>iat1 live & abide =ev]4 #d4 & !y came "h f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 ! syrians & ! arm5ians1 ! ?racians & ! t>t>s1 ! jews1 ! greeks & ! romans1 ! gauls & ! angles & ! huns & ! hib]nians1 ev5 f ! des]ts ( ! s&s to ! des]ts ( ice !y came to li/5 unto 8 words4 #e4 m>x & engels wrote ! communi/ manife/o4 #f4 its clos+ words are2 work+ m5 ( all c\ntries unite4 #g4 italy 0 ! la/ ( ! great p[]s ( europe to become involv$ 9 ! w>4 #h4 john r&olph submitt$ an am5dm5t to ! con/itution provid+ t ! judges ( ! supreme c\rt ( ! unit$ /ates %all be remov$ by ! presid5t on ! jo9t address ( bo? h\ses ( congress4 #i4 eug5e v4 debs sp5t six mon?s 9 wood/ock jail = ex]cis+ 8 "r ( free spee*4 #aj4 col4 ! abbreviation = colorado1 is easily confus$ ) cal4 ! abbreviation = cali=nia4 #aa4 ! p's college is a college ma9ta9$ by ! work+ class4 #ab4 william j5n+s bryan won 8 fir/ nom9ation = presid5t ( ! unit$ /ates by a v dramatic spee* deliv]$ 9 ! national democratic conv5tion4 #ac4 m>ion craig w5twor?1 a sociali/ playwright1 has writt5 a play call$ w> brides4 #ad4 ! play closes ) ^! words2 a message to ! emp]or3 i refuse to be> my *ild until y promise !re %all be no m w>4 #ae4 olive s*re9]'s woman & labor is full ( fasc9at+ ?\ght4 ,ex]cise #c ,notice c>efully ! use ( capitals 9 ! foll[+ quotations1 & det]m9e ! reason = ! use ( e capital3 ,z ! nobles ( ,engl& wrung _! indep5d5ce f ,k+ ,john1 & z ! tradesm5 ( ,france broke ?r\gh ! r+ ( privilege enclos+ ! ,?ree ,e/ates2 s today ! millions :o s]ve society 9 ardu\s labor on ! highways1 & al(t on ! scaffold+s1 & by ! sides ( ! :irr+ ma*9es1 are dem&+ t !y1 too1 & _! *ildr51 %all enjoy all ( ! bless+s t ju/ify & make beautiful ?is life4--,frank ,wal%4 ,! toad b5ea? ! h>r[ kn[s ,exactly :]e ! too?-po9t goes4 ,! butt]fly beside ! road ,do? prea* cont5tm5t to t toad4 ,:5 ,i came "h1 x 0 said t ! ,colorado ,fuel & ,iron ,company vot$ e man & woman 9 _! employ )\t any reg>d to _! be+ naturaliz$ or n2 & ev5 _! mules1 x us$ to be rem>k$1 7 regi/]$ if !y 7 =tunate en\gh to possess names4 ,f a lett] writt5 by ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,b[]s1 ,*airman ( ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,colorado ,fuel & ,iron ,company1 to ! ,secret>y ( ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 ,jr41 "u date ( ,may #ac1 #aiac4 ,ma/]1 ,i've done ,?y bidd+1 wr\ght 9 ,?y _m l&s4 ,n by my s9s wilt ,?\ judge me1 b by ! "w ( my h&s4 ,ma/]1 ,i've done ,?y bidd+1 & ! light is l[ 9 ! we/1 ,& ! long1 long %ift is ov] 444 ,ma/]1 ,i've e>n$ x--,re/4 --,rob]t ,s]vice4 ,x's ,o6 to be a slave ,along ) ! b>b>\s ,turk1 ,:]e woman has nev] a s\l to save1 ,if ?is is ,*ri/ian "w6 --,?os4 ,hood4 ,:ile !re is a l[] class1 ,i am 9 x4 ,:ile !re is a crim9al elem5t1 ,i am ( x4 ,:ile !re is a s\l 9 jail1 ,i am n free4 --,eug5e ,v4 ,debs4 ,:5 ,adam delv$ & ,eve span1 ,:o 0 !n ! g5tleman8 ,! vile/ de$s1 l poison we$s1 ,bloom well 9 prison-air2 ,x is only :at is good 9 man ,t wa/es & )]s !re3 ,pale ,angui% keeps ! heavy gate1 ,& ! ,w>d] is ,despair4 --,osc> ,wilde4 ,,abbreviations ,,& ,,contractions #dhe4 ,!re are a numb] ( words :i* we abbreviate or contract1 9 our e-day use4 ,a contraction is a %ort5$ =m ( ! ^w us$ to save "t or space & is made by omitt+ a lett] or lett]s4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to indicate ! omission 9 a contract$ ^w4 ,z1 = example3 ,b'ld'g1 ,b'l'v'd1 ,m'f'g4 ,:5 ! ^w is contract$ 9 ?is way & ! apo/rophe is us$1 ^! contractions are n foll[$ by ! p]iod b are us$ j z ! completely writt5 ^w w\ld be us$4 ,!re is no accept$ li/ ( ^! contractions4 ,we devise !m accord+ to our ne$ at ! mom5t4 ,an abbreviation1 h[ev]1 is an au?oriz$ contraction ( ! ^w4 ,x is ! %ort5+ ( a t]m :i* is habitually us$ to save "t & space4 ,! apo/rophe is n us$ & ! abbreviation %\ld be foll[$ by a p]iod4 ,z = example3 ,bldg4 ,blvd4 ,mfg4 ,^! abbreviations & contractions are v helpful to u 9 sav+ "t & space b %\ld n be us$ too frequ5tly4 ,too _m contractions or abbreviations make writ+ ridicul\s4 ,take "t to write out ! majority ( words4 ,only use abbreviations or contractions = c]ta9 accept$ words4 ,avoid an excessive use ( abbreviations4 ,,commonly ,,us$ ,,abbreviations #dhf4 ,we q (t5 abbreviate ! names ( ! mon?s1 especially ^? :i* h long names4 ,%ort names l ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june & ,july1 %\ld nev] be abbreviat$4 ,= ! o!r mon?s we use 9 correspond5ce ! abbreviations1 ,jan41 ,feb41 ,aug41 ,sept41 ,oct41 ,nov41 ,dec4 ,days ( ! week are also sometimes abbreviat$ z foll[s3 ,sun41 ,mon41 ,tues41 ,w$41 ,?ur41 ,fri41 ,sat4 ,d n use ^! abbreviations too (t54 ,spell out ! names ( ! mon?s & ( ! days ( ! week except 9 li/s ( dates or some?+ t calls = abbreviations to save "t or space4 ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,messrs41 ,jr41 ,sr41 are nev] spell$ out1 b are always writt5 9 ! abbreviat$ =m4 ,y w (t5 f9d ,doctor & ,pr(essor abbreviat$ to ,dr41 ,pr(4 ,?is is p]missible b x is always good =m to write !m out 9 full4 #dhg4 ,we h abbreviat$ =ms = a numb] ( names2 z = example3 ,geo41 ,*as41 ,?os41 ,wm41 etc4 ,b x is always mu* bett] to write ^! names out 9 full3 ,george1 ,*>les1 ,?omas1 ,william1 etc4 ,rememb] t nicknames are n abbreviations & d n require a p]iod aft] !m4 ,jim1 ,*>ley1 ,tom1 & ,bill are n abbreviations b nicknames4 ,9 correspond5ce or 9 any circum/ance t dem&s ! sav+ ( "t or space1 we abbreviate ! names ( /ates & t]ritories1 z foll[s3 ,alabama1 ,ala4 ,arizona1 ,ariz4 ,arkansas1 ,ark4 ,cali=nia1 ,cal4 ,colorado1 ,colo4 ,connecticut1 ,conn4 ,delaw>e1 ,del4 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,d4 ,c4 ,florida1 ,fla4 ,georgia1 ,ga4 ,idaho1 ,ida4 ,ill9ois1 ,ill4 ,indiana1 ,ind4 ,i[a1 ,ia4 ,kansas1 ,kan4 ,k5tucky1 ,ky4 ,l\isiana1 ,la4 ,ma9e1 ,me4 ,m>yl&1 ,md4 ,massa*usetts1 ,mass4 ,mi*igan1 ,mi*4 ,m9nesota1 ,m9n4 ,mississippi1 ,miss4 ,miss\ri1 ,mo4 ,montana1 ,mont4 ,nebraska1 ,neb4 ,nevada1 ,nev4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,mexico1 ,n4 ,m4 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,n4 ,c4 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,n4 ,d4 ,ohio1 ,o4 ,oklahoma1 ,okla4 ,oregon1 ,ore4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,pa4 or ,p5na4 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,r4 ,i4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,s4 ,c4 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,s4 ,d4 ,t5nessee1 ,t5n4 ,texas1 ,tex4 ,v]mont1 ,vt4 ,virg9ia1 ,va4 ,wa%+ton1 ,wa%4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,w4 ,va4 ,wiscons91 ,wis4 ,wyom+1 ,wyo4 #dhh4 ,use a4 m4 & p4 m4 aft] dates 9 li/s ( dates or s*$ules ( tra9s or = any simil> purpose1 b 9 ! text ( a lett] or manuscript x is bett] to write !m out 9 full4 ,z = example1 d n say3 ,i w arrive tomorr[ a4 m41 or1 ,y may call ab\t eight p4 m4 ,say r3 ,i w arrive tomorr[ morn+4 ,y may call at eight o'clock ?is ev5+4 ,! lett]s a4 m4 are ! abbreviation = ante m]idiem1 ,lat9 = be=e noon2 & p4 m4 = po/ m]idiem1 mean+ aft]noon4 #dhi4 ,two consecutive ye>s may be writt5 #aiad-ae1 b use #aiae r ?an '#ae4 ,9 ! head+ ( lett]s x is bett] to write ! date out 9 full1 z1 ,may #bh1 #aiae1 in/ead ( #e-bh-ae4 ,9 ! back ( y\r diction>y y w f9d a complete li/ ( accept$ abbreviations us$ 9 writ+ & pr9t+4 ,! li/ t foll[s conta9s abbreviations mo/ commonly us$1 especially 9 bus9ess correspond5ce3 = at acct4 = acc\nt agt4 = ag5t amt4 = am\nt ans4 = answ] as/4 = assi/ant atty4 = attorney av4 = av]age bal4 = balance bbl4 = b>rel bdl4 = bundle bro4 = bro!r bros4 = bro!rs blk4 = black bls4 = bales bu4 or bu%4 = bu%els ,co4 = company *gd4 = *>g$ ,c4 ,o4 ,d4 = ca% on deliv]y cr4 cr$itor cts4 c5ts cwt4 = hundr$ weight cu4 = cubic d4 = ! same dr4 = debtor doz4 = doz5 ea4 = ea* et al4 = & o!rs e4 g4 = example etc4 = & s =? ft4 = foot or feet frt4 freight f4 o4 b4 free on bo>d gal4 gallon gu>4 = gu>anty hdkfs4 = h&k]*iefs h4 p4 horse p[] 94 = in*es ins4 = insurance in/4 = ?is mon? i4 e4 = t is ,jr4 = junior lb4 = p\nd memo4 = memor&um ,mon4 = ,monday mo4 = mon? mos4 = mon?s mdse4 = m]*&ise mfg4 = manufactur+ ,mss4 = manuscript no4 = numb] ,n4 ,b4 = take notice ,o4 ,k4 = all correct oz4 = ounce = p] c5t pp4 pages pr4 = pair pt4 = p9t pk4 = peck prox4 = next mon? qt4 = qu>t recd4 = receiv$ sec4 = second ,sec4 = secret>y ,sr4 = s5ior ,supt4 = sup]9t5d5t ult4 = la/ mon? via by way ( viz4 namely vol4 = volume wt4 = weight yd4 = y>d yds4 = y>ds yr4 = ye> ,ex]cise #d ,write ! prop] abbreviations = ! foll[+ words3 ,build+ ,*>les ,b\lev>d ,tuesday ,arkansas ,mississippi ,foot ,virg9ia ,georgia ,s5ior ,by way ( ,p] c5t ,*>g$ ,av5ue ,octob] ,delaw>e ,pr(essor ,?ursday ,colorado ,kansas ,h&k]*iefs ,janu>y ,secret>y ,sup]9t5d5t ,receiv$ ,t is ,free on bo>d ,monday ,oklahoma ,july ,?omas ,cali=nia ,company ,acc\nt ,friday ,m]*&ise ,numb] ,all correct ,ca% on deliv]y ,& s =? ,colonel ,ma9e ,augu/ ,william ,miss\ri ,bro!rs ,am\nt ,wyom+ ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bh ,!re is no way to le>n to spell except by con/ant application4 ,wat* 9 y\r read+ ! spell+ ( all words4 ,:5ev] y wi% to add a c]ta9 ^w to y\r vocabul>y1 ma/] imm$iately ! spell+ z well z ! mean+ ( t ^w4 ,keep y\r diction>y h&y2 use x con/antly 9 ! /udy ( y\r lessons4 ,d n guess at ! spell+ ( ! ^w4 ,y are n likely to =get quickly ! spell+ ( any ^w :i* y h tak5 ! tr\ble to look up4 ,read y\r exam9ations ov] c>efully be=e s5d+ !m 91 wat*+ closely = any error 9 spell+ & 9 punctuation4 ,:5 y\r pap]s are grad$ & return$ y1 make a li/ ( all ! words :i* are misspell$ & ma/] !n & !re ! spell+ ( ^! words4 ,d n be guilty ( ! same error twice4 ,rememb] t correct spell+ is a m>k ( intellig5ce & s*ol>%ip & t no?+ w s detract f ! influ5ce ( y\r writt5 "w z incorrect spell+4 ,:ile !re is always a c]ta9 ^w :i* m aptly expresses our mean+ ?an any o!r1 we c usually f9d two or m words :i* express practically ! same mean+4 ,words :i* h ne>ly ! same mean+ are call$ synonyms4 ,x is always an int]e/+ ex]cise & w add greatly to y\r vocabul>y to select a c]ta9 p>agraph & g ?r\gh x replac+ c]ta9 words ) o!r words :i* h practically ! same mean+4 ,x is ?is ma/]y ( synonyms :i* gives ! great writ]s & orators _! p[]4 ,!y d n use ! same ^w ov] & ov] aga9 until our e>s h gr[n we>y ( x4 ,) _! wond]ful ma/]y ( language !y are nev] at a loss = words 9 :i* to re-clo! _! mean+4 ,= ! fir/ ?ree days ( ?is week's "w 9 spell+ we h words & _! synonyms4 ,= ! words giv5 9 ! lessons = ! la/ ?ree days1 look up 9 y\r diction>y a suitable synonym4 ,monday ,abundant ,pl5ty ,prec>i\s ,unc]ta9 ,behavior ,conduct ,tuesday ,abuse ,invective ,hateful ,odi\s ,praise ,applause ,w$nesday ,suffici5t ,en\gh ,refuge ,asylum ,a*ieve ,atta9 ,?ursday ,insol5t ,rev5ge ,curb ,repudiate ,c5sure ,regret ,friday ,prosp]ity ,subt]fuge ,ev5t ,obs]ve ,portion ,de/roy ,saturday ,talkative ,indol5t ,pr(it ,volunte] ,cordial ,enorm\s ,!re are a numb] ( n\ns v simil> 9 =m1 yet diff]5t 9 mean+1 :i* we v (t5 use incorrectly4 ,cross out 9 ^! s5t5ces ! incorrect ^w4 ,look !m up 9 ! diction>y & be sure ( ! exact mean+3 ,rog]'s essay--assay won him praise4 ,! assay--essay indicat$ ! quantity ( gold 9 ! metal4 ,! completion--complet5ess ( ! c\rse entitl$ me to a ,diploma4 ,! completion--complet5ess ( ! arrangem5ts fills u ) hope ( success4 ,confidants--confid5ce (t5 betray u4 ,! bus9ess _w is built ^u confidants--confid5ce4 ,! consci5ce--consci\sness ( a religi\s p]son is v s5sitive4 ,! class /ruggle develops class consci5ce--consci\sness4 ,! /rik]s li/5$ to unwise c\nsel--c\ncil4 ,! c\ncil--c\nsel refus$ ! fran*ise4 ,y knew he 0 a cultur$--cultivat$ man1 ! mom5t y met him4 ,x is a highly cultur$--cultivat$ plant4 ,i ask$ h] = ! recipe--receipt = mak+ cake4 ,he gave h] a receipt--recipe = ! money4 ,emigration---immigration has r$uc$ ! population ( ,s]via4 ,emigration--immigration is flood+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) *eap labor4 ,edison's discov]y--inv5tion ( ! /orage batt]y 0 a mom5t\s ev5t4 ,! discov]y--inv5tion ( gold 9 ,alaska attract$ ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,! /ate plac$ a limitation--limit ^u ! sale ( liquor )9 c]ta9 limits--limitations4 ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #bi ,de> ,comrade3 ,! _s ( self-help is ! root ( all g5u9e gr[? 9 any man or woman4 ,x is ! ?+s :i* we d = ourselves 9 any l9e ( "w t c\nt ! mo/ = u4 ,! ?+s :i* come to u )\t any ef=t on our "p d n /ay ) u v long nor d u mu* good :ile we h !m4 ,sometimes we feel disc\rag$ because we h n _h ! opportunity to att5d s*ool z mu* z we w\ld l4 ,!re is no ga9say+ b t ?is is a trem5d\s h&icap & yet1 aft] all1 x is n an insurm\ntable ob/acle4 ,x is mu* bett] to h ! appetite )\t ! food ?an to h ! food )\t ! appetite4 ,!re is always a *ance ( secur+ ! food if we want x bad en\gh & w /ruggle h>d en\gh4 ,s 9 ! matt] ( an education4 ,_m a man :o has nev] se5 ! inside ( a college is bett] educat$ ?an ^? :o h be5 ?r\gh college4 ,^! m5 h really want$ k1 h s\ght x e>ly & late1 & h f\nd k2 & because !y 7 9 ! "w-a-day _w1 9 con/ant contact ) _! fell[-m51 !y 7 able to relate ! k :i* !y ga9$ out ( books to ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$ & ?is is true education4 ,?is is1 also1 :at _m college-br$ p lack4 ,a /ud5t is half made z soon z he seeks k = its own sake4 ,if y are /riv+ to le>n1 n to make grades or to pass exam9ations or to secure a degree1 b simply = ! sake ( kn[+ ?+s1 !n inde$ y are on ! way to become really educat$4 ,/imulate )9 y\rself a desire = k1 obs]ve ! ?+s ab\t y1 add to y\r /ore ( in=mation daily2 read a good book ea* day1 ev5 if y h "t to read only a page or two1 & y w be surpris$ at ! result 9 y\r life4 ,take1 = example1 our spell+4 ,:y %\ld we cont9ually misspell ! words :i* we use e day & :i* we see e day on a pr9t$ page4 ,if we are wide-awake & h our eyes op51 we c soon le>n to spell correctly all ^! common words1 at lea/4 ,make a li/ ?is week ( fifty ?+s ) :i* y come 9 contact 9 y\r daily "w1 !n look ^! words up 9 y\r diction>y & see h[ _m ( !m y h misspell$4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n be le>n+ con/antly & ! m we obs]ve1 ! m acute becomes our p[] ( obs]vation4 ,let u det]m9e m ?an ev] to feel t we are "p ( ! great _w movem5t1 t we belong 9 ! ranks ( ^? :o h caught ! vision ( :at ! _w might be1 & t we belong to t glori\s army ( ^? :o are fight+ = ! dream2 s we may take c\rage2 s we may f9d joy 9 ! /ruggle1 bitt] z x may be1 & s we may d our "p 9 ! fight4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,punctuation #dij4 ,m>ks ( punctuation are v important 9 our writt5 language4 ,!y take ! place ( ! ge/ure & pause & inflection & intonation ( ! voice1 by :i* we make our mean+ cle> 9 vocal spee*4 ,s ! m>ks ( punctuation d n become m]e me*anical devices4 ,!y are m>ks full ( mean+ & necess>y to express our ?\ght4 ,punctuation is a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w punctum :i* means a po9t4 ,we h o!r words f ! same d]ivation1 z puncture1 etc4 ,punctuation is ! art ( po9t+ (f our writt5 language s z to make its mean+ cle>4 ,"s v amus+ errors h occurr$ because ( ! misplac+ or ! omission ( punctuation m>ks4 ,x is said1 t a toa/ 0 "o "t giv5 at a public d9n]2 ,woman6 )\t h]1 man w\ld be a savage4 ,! next day x appe>$ 9 pr9t2 ,woman1 )\t h] man1 w\ld be a savage4 ,y c readily see t ! punctuation 9 ?is in/ance made a v great diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #dia4 ,9 conv]sation1 ! tone ( ! voice :i* we use1 has a great effect ^u our mean+1 = example ,i might say1 ,! ,int]national fail$1 9 su* a tone ( voice1 t x w\ld express despair & *agr91 & indicate t ! ,int]national 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/2 or ,i might say1 ,! ,int]national fail$1 ) su* an inflection1 t y w\ld und]/& t ev5 ! sugge/ion 0 to be treat$ ) contempt1 t ! ,int]national 0 /ill p[]ful & its triumph inevitable4 ,& 9 writ+1 ! only way we h ( express+ ^! %ades ( mean+ is by means ( punctuation m>ks4 ,s ^! m>ks ( punctuation are n ?r[n ^u a page haphaz>dly1 or put !re simply = decoration2 !y h a mean+ & a v great mean+4 ,^? :o use %ort1 crisp s5t5ces h less ne$ = punctuation m>ks ?an ^? :o use long] & m involv$ s5t5ces4 ,:5 we h le>n$ to express ourselves directly & simply1 we w naturally use few] m>ks ( punctuation4 #dib4 ,y w f9d t1 9 writ+ 9 connection ) bus9ess1 !re is mu* less ne$ ( punctuation ?an 9 lit]>y & philosophical writ+s4 ,bus9ess writ+ is usually direct & simple 9 /yle4 ,its purpose is to /ate facts4 ,! lit]>y & philosophical writ+1 h[ev]1 expresses m involv$ ideas & emotions1 & 9 ^!1 ! punctuation is exce$+ly important4 #dic4 ,"o ( ! great purposes s]v$ by punctuation is to indicate a pause or break 9 ! ?\ght4 ,a v good rule to g by 9 punctuat+ is to repeat ! s5t5ce al\d1 & :5ev] y pause = brea? or because ( a break 9 ! ?\ght1 x is a pretty safe indication t 9 t place1 y %\ld h a punctuation m>k4 #did4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief m>ks ( punctuation3 #a4 ,! ,comma 1 #b4 ,! ,semi-colon 2 #c4 ,! ,colon 3 #d4 ,! ,p]iod 4 #e4 ,! ,int]rogation ,po9t 8 #f4 ,! ,exclamation ,po9t 6 #g4 ,! ,da% -- #h4 ,! ,p>5!sis 77 #i4 ,! ,bracket #aj4 ,! ,quotation ,m>ks #aa4 ,! ,apo/rophe ' #ab4 ,! ,hyph5 - ,,! ,,comma #die4 ,! comma is ! m>k us$ to indicate a slight break 9 ! ?\ght4 ,!re are a numb] ( rules giv5 = ! use ( commas4 ,^! rules1 l ! rules = ! use ( capitals1 y _c commit to memory2 b1 aft] repeat$ practice 9 y\r own writ+ & pay+ att5tion to y\r read+1 y w gradually develop an in/9ctive s5se ( ! use ( ! comma4 ,select "s book :i* y are read+ & g ?r\gh x1 notic+ especially ! use ( ! commas4 ,see if y c det]m9e ! reason :i* prompt$ ! au?or to place 8 commas :]e he did4 ,notice1 also1 :at effect ! plac+ or ! omission ( ! comma w\ld h ^u ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #dif4 ,! ,comma indicates ! slighte/ degree ( sep>ation betwe5 ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce4 ,,rule #a4 #dig4 ,words1 phrases & clauses1 =m+ a s]ies & us$ 9 ! same con/ruction1 %\ld be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by commas :5 ! conjunctions are omitt$4 ,,words ,,:i* ,,=m ,a ,,s]ies #dih4 ,! words :i* =m a s]ies1 sep>at$ by a comma may be ei!r n\ns1 adjectives1 adv]bs or v]bs4 ,! comma is only us$ :]e ! conjunction is omitt$4 ,note c>efully ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,love1 laught] & happ9ess are ! "r ( e *ild4 ,he visit$ e city1 t[n & village4 ,! work+ class has be5 meek1 humble1 docile & gullible4 ,all ! cru%$1 tortur$1 /rangl$1 maim$ & murd]$ ideals ( ! ages %all become an ev]la/+ reality4 ,he /ruggl$ pati5tly1 fai?fully & fe>lessly = ! cause4 ,if labor ?9ks1 d>es1 rebels1 fights1 x w be victori\s4 ,,phrases ,,:i* ,,=m ,,s]ies #dii4 ,phrases :i* are us$ 9 ! same con/ruction & =m a s]ies are sep>at$ by commas :]e ! conjunction is omitt$4 ,= example3 ,day aft] day1 ye> aft] ye>1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ! class /ruggle has proce$$4 ,! /ruggle 9 ! m9es1 9 ! fields1 9 ! factories & 9 ! %ops1 w g on until labor receives ! product ( its toil4 ,,clauses ,,us$ ,,9 ,a ,,s]ies #ejj4 ,sometimes clauses are us$ )\t ! co-ord9ate conjunction & a comma is us$ to indicate ! omission4 ,= example3 ,d n moan1 d n submit1 d n kneel1 d n pray1 d n wait4 ,speak z y mean1 d z y pr(ess1 p]=m :at y promise4 ,,rule #b4 #eja4 ,explanatory & introductory expressions1 words 9 direct address1 p>5!tical words & phrases1 are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,note c>efully ! foll[+ examples3 ,jaures1 ! great ,fr5* ,sociali/1 0 ! fir/ m>tyr to peace4 ,w> hav+ be5 decl>$1 ! troops 7 mobiliz$4 ,no1 ,i _c believe y4 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i desire to speak to ! conv5tion4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 give y ! in=mation y desire4 ,,rule #c4 #ejb4 ,words1 phrases or clauses writt5 9 ! s5t5ce out ( _! natural ord] %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,^! words1 phrases & clauses are (t5 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ces or at ! end ( ! s5t5ces1 or 9 "s place out ( _! natural ord]1 = ! sake ( emphasis1 in/ead ( ) ! words !y modify4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces h[ ^! words1 phrases & clauses are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,rewrite ^! s5t5ces1 plac+ ^! words1 phrases & clauses 9 _! natural ord] & omit ! commas4 ,long+ly & anxi\sly1 he wait$4 ,) ?is exception1 ! figures are correct4 ,! music1 sweet & dreamy1 float$ ^u ! air4 ,! waves came roll+ 91 :ite ) foam4 ,to deceive ! m51 he resort$ to %ameful tricks4 ,be=e anyone else c\ld speak1 he 0 on 8 feet4 ,,rule #d4 #ejc4 ,co-ord9ate clauses1 :5 closely relat$ 9 mean+ are sep>at$ by commas4 ,! comma %\ld prec$e ! co-ord9ate conjunction4 ,= example3 ,i h n int5d$ to deta9 y1 b ! matt] requir$ explanation4 ,,rule #e4 #ejd4 ,! omission ( ! v]b 9 a s5t5ce or a clause %\ld be indicat$ by a comma4 ,sometimes 9 writ+ = effect or to give emphasis we omit ! v]b 9 ! s5t5ce2 at o!r times we omit ! v]b :5 ! same v]b occurs 9 a s]ies ( brief s5t5ces1 & its cont9u$ use w\ld mean a tiresome repetition4 ,= example3 ,read+ make? a full man2 conf]5ce1 a ready man2 writ+1 an exact man4 ,"h ! v]b is omitt$ 9 ! la/ two clauses & ! omission is indicat$ by ! use ( ! comma4 ,,rule #f4 #eje4 ,%ort1 direct quotations %\ld be prec$$ by a comma4 ,= example3 ,_! slogan is1 ,an injury to "o is ! conc]n ( all4 ,f]r]'s la/ words 71 ,long live ! mod]n s*ool4 ,,rule #g4 #ejf4 ,sep>ate ! figures 9 l>ge numb]s into gr\ps ( ?ree figures ea* by ! use ( commas4 ,= example3 ,! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n[ rea*$ #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aijj1 !re are #bi1jgc1bcc p engag$ 9 ga9ful occupations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ex]cise #a ,supply commas 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 ! prop] places3 #a4 ,food clo!s & %elt] are ! fundam5tal ne$s ( life4 #b4 ,we believe 9 education free f !ocracy ari/ocracy or plutocracy4 #c4 ,man is ! ma/] ( nature ( law ( life4 #d4 ,we %all /ruggle rebel arise & claim all be+ = our own4 #e4 ,sickness & suff]+ sorr[ & despair crime & w> are ! fruits ( pov]ty4 #f4 ,y %\ld seek aft] k /eadily fai?fully & p]sev]+ly4 #g4 ,! mo/ inspir+ p[]ful & impressive oratory is ! voice ( ! dis9h]it$4 #h4 ,?r\gh y\r unit$ almighty /r5g? ord] %all become equity law %all become lib]ty duty %all become love & religion %all become tru?4 #i4 ,fir/ let u consid] ! ma9 "q4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,presid5t ,i rise to a po9t ( ord]4 #aa4 ,we ! work]s ( ! _w mu/ unite4 #ab4 ,! class /ruggle be+ a fact :y %\ld we hesitate to jo9 our class8 #ac4 ,y h n x seems und]/ood ! issue4 #ad4 ,( all our ne$s education is ! greate/4 #ae4 ,regul>ly & monoton\sly ! ma*9e :irs to & fro4 #af4 ,be=e any "o c take special tra9+ he mu/ h a good k ( ,engli%4 #ag4 ,we plead = education univ]sal & free4 #ah4 ,! fir/ +r$i5t 9 conv]sation is tru? ! next good s5se ! ?ird good humor & ! f\r? wit4 #ai4 ,! slogan ( ! ,p's ,college is ,! education ( ! work]s by ! work]s4 #bj4 ,accord+ to ! la/ c5sus ! enrollm5t ( ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #ahebajjb4 #ba4 ,!re are #dfaajjj 9 ! fir/ grade & #aeejjj 9 ! la/ ye> ( high s*ool4 ,,! ,,semi-,,colon #ejg4 ,! semi-colon indicates a break m complete ?an t ( ! comma4 ,! p]iod indicates a complete break 9 ! ?\ght4 ,s ! comma indicates a slight break1 ! semi-colon a great] break 9 ! ?\ght1 & ! p]iod1 ! completion ( ! ?\ght4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,colon #ejh4 ,! semi-colon is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! comma :]e a long] pause is desir$ or we wi% to indicate a great] break 9 ! ?\ght4 ,= example3 ,! w9d is *ill2 ,b let x :i/le z x w1 ,we'll keep our ,*ri/mas m]ry /ill4 #eji4 ,z a rule we sep>ate by semi-colons ^? p>ts ( ! s5t5ces t are already punctuat$ by commas4 ,= example3 ,aft] consid]able delay1 he came back to look = 8 fri5ds2 b1 ?\gh he look$ dilig5tly1 he c\ld n f9d !m4 #eaj4 ,! semi-colon is us$ to sep>ate closely connect$ simple s5t5ces :5 ! conjunction is omitt$4 ,! cont9ual repetition ( ! conjunction w\ld become v tiresome & detract f ! =cefulness ( our s5t5ces4 ,s in/ead ( cont9ually repeat+ ! conjunction we sep>ate ^! simple s5t5ces by semi-colons4 ,= example3 ,?r\gh ! indu/rial revolution1 ! face ( ! e>? is mak+ ov] ev5 z to its physical =ms2 political b\nd>ies are wip$ out & mov$ ab\t z if !y 7 inde$ only l9es on a pap] map2 population is hurri$ly ga!r$ into cities f ! ends ( ! e>?2 habits ( liv+ are alt]$ ) />tl+ abruptness2 ! se>* = ! tru?s ( nature is inf9itely /imulat$2 & ! application ( ^! tru?s to life is made n only practicable1 b comm]cially necess>y4 #eaa4 ,! semi-colon %\ld be us$ aft] ea* item 9 a s]ies ( specific /atem5ts4 ,= example3 ,we quote y ! foll[+ prices3 ,grade ,no4 #a1 #a4jj2 ,grade ,no4 #b1 #b4ij2 poor] grades n 9 dem&4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,colon #eab4 ,! colon is n us$ z mu* z x =m]ly 04 ,! comma & ! semi-colon & ! p]iod are n[ us$ 9 mo/ ( ! places :]e old] writ]s us$ ! colon4 ,"o au?ority 9 ,engli% says t1 9 /rict logic ! colon is to ! s5t5ce 9 :i* x is us$ :at ! m>k ( equality is 9 ma!matics4 #eac4 ,! colon is us$ be=e a =mal li/ ( items4 ,= example3 ,economics has ?ree important divisions3 production1 di/ribution1 consumption4 #ead4 ,! colon is us$ aft] a salutation at ! beg9n+ ( a lett]4 ,= example3 ,de> ,sir3 ,g5tlem53 ,comrades3 ,9 su* cases ! da% is also frequ5tly us$ ) ! colon4 ,= example3 ,my de> ,sir3-- ,g5tlem53-- ,comrades3-- #eae4 ,! colon is m (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! semi-colon aft] su* expressions z1 ?us3 z foll[s3 ! foll[+3 = example3 etc4 ,! colon is also us$ to sep>ate a s]ies ( s5t5ces :i* are explanatory ( ! ma9 clause4 ,= example3 ,! ,p's ,college has two great aims3 ! fir/ is to br+ education )9 ! rea* ( e work]2 ! second is to tea* f ! viewpo9t ( ! work+ class4 ,we 7 advis$ to proce$ ?us3 fir/1 to be sy/ematic 9 our "w2 second1 to conc5trate2 ?ird1 to g sl[ly & surely2 & la/ ( all1 to ?9k = ourselves4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod #eaf4 ,! p]iod is a m>k ( punctuation t d5otes ! completion ( a s5t5ce4 #eag4 ,! p]iod is us$ at ! close ( all ass]tive & imp]ative s5t5ces4 ,= example3 ,!re is talk ( peace b prep>ation = w>4 ,claim y\r own at any haz>d4 #eah4 ,! p]iod is us$ aft] all initials & all abbreviations1 z = example3 ,e4 ,v4 ,debs2 ,t4 ,p4 ,o',connor2 ,mr41 ,dr41 ,co41 ,mass41 ,n4 ,y41 ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 ,f4 ,o4 ,b41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 etc4 #eai4 ,! p]iod is us$ to sep>ate :ole numb]s & decimal numb]s4 ,= example3 #c4adaf #i4cdb4 ,a p]iod is us$ = ! decimal po9t betwe5 doll>s & c5ts2 z3 #d4ej1 #b4be1 #af4ed1 #ceibf4gb4 ,x is also us$ to sep>ate ! v>i\s d5om9ations ( /]l+ money1 z3 #ad4 #aes4 #f;d4 #ebj4 ,! p]iod is us$ aft] lett]s us$ z num]als or aft] figures us$ to numb] p>agraphs1 notes1 rem>ks1 que/ions or any li/ ( p>ticul>s4 ,= example3 ,! lett]s :i* are us$ to d5ote sub-heads 9 ! enum]ation ( rules z a4 b4 c41 etc41 also ! num]als & lett]s m>k+ sections or sub-sections 9 *apt]s1 z ,*apt] #h4 ,p>agraph #a4 ,rule #a4 ,page #d4 ,volume #b4 ,p>agraph #c4 ,p4 #af4 #eba4 ,! p]iod is also us$ aft] head+s & titles1 aft] dates & signatures to lett]s & o!r docum5ts2 also at ! close ( ! address at ! beg9n+ ( a lett]1 & ( ! "n at ! close ( ! lett]2 also aft] ! la/ item 9 ! direction ( an envelope or package4 ,ex]cise #b ,9 ! foll[+ quotations place ! commas1 semi-colons1 colons & p]iods 9 _! prop] places1 & be able to give a reason = :at y d3 ,! man :o /abs 8 bro!r to dea? is a crim9al & is hang$ ! g5]al :o "u a flag slays a regim5t is a h]o & is decorat$ ) a cross ,! mo/ ?rill+ oratory ! mo/ p[]ful & impressive eloqu5ce is ! voice ( ! dis9h]it$ ! oppress$ ! suff]+ & ! subm]g$ x is ! voice ( pov]ty & mis]y ( wret*$ness & despair x is ! voice ( humanity cry+ to ! inf9ite x is ! voice t res\nds ?r\gh\t ! e>? & rea*es heav5 x is ! voice t wak5s ! consci5ce ( ! race & proclaims ! tru?s t fill ! _w ) life lib]ty & love ,! numb] ( lives lo/ 9 ! great w>s ( ! _w h be5 z foll[s ,napoleonic w>s #aijjjjj our ,civil ,w> #fefjjj ,franco-,g]man ,w> #bijjjj ,bo] ,w> #ijhih ,russo-,japanese #eeeijj & 9 ! pres5t _w-w> untold millions ,walt ,:itman :o repres5ts individualism at its be/ writes ,i s+ ! song ( myself ,to ?is ! ,sociali/ replies ,inasmu* z my r$emption is b\nd up 9 t ( my class ,i s+ ! song ( my class ,we believe ) ,john ,rusk9 :e!r !re be "o ,god or ?ree no ,god or t5 ?\s& *ildr5 %\ld be f$ & _! bodies %\ld be kept clean ,my de> ,mr ,smi? ,y\r lett] ( ! #ae? has be5 receiv$ ,?r\gh ! dreams ( all ! ages r+s ! voice ( labor beg9n+ z a murmur gr[+ 9 volume & gr&eur z x rolls r\nd ! _w ,& ?is is ! burd5 ( its message ,by ! sweat ( no o!r's br[ %alt ?\ eat bread ,! sun ( ! new _w is ris+ x is ris+ out ( ! solid>ity ( ! work+ class ,its rays ( light are bur/+ ?r\gh ! d>k horizon :i* ignorance & deceit h s long rivet$ ^u u ,x is light+ up ! faces ( a new ord] ( m5 & wom5 sup]m5 & wom5 m5 & wom5 n disc\rag$ by defeat god-l m5 & wom5 :o h f\nd ! secret spr+s ( life & are already dr9k+ deep & glori\s draughts m5 & wom5 :o are /&+ erect & ^: jo9$ h&s encircle ! _w m5 & wom5 :o see ! _w's wret*$ness & ! _w's pov]ty & are ready to ?r[ away _! lives ) a song on _! lips t su* ?+s %all n be ,ex]cise #c ,note ! punctuation 9 ! foll[+ poem & det]m9e = y\rself1 9 accordance ) ! rules we h /udi$1 :y ! commas1 semi-colons1 colons & p]iods are us$ z !y are3 ,,john ,,br[n ,/ates are n great ,except z man may make !m2 ,m5 are n great except !y d & d>e4 ,b ,/ates1 l m51 ,h de/9ies t take !m-- ,t be> !m on1 n kn[+ :y or :]e4 ,! :y repels ,! philosophic se>*]-- ,! :y & :]e all que/ion+s defy1 ,until we f9d1 ,f> back 9 y\?ful nurture1 ,prophetic facts t con/itute ! :y4 ,all m]it comes ,f brav+ ! unequal2 ,all glory comes f d>+ to beg94 ,fame loves ! ,/ate ,t1 reckless ( ! sequel1 ,fights long & well1 :e!r x lose or w94 99 99 99 99 99 ,& !re is "o ,^: fai?1 ^: fight1 ^: fail+1 ,fame %all plac>d ^u ! walls ( "t4 ,he d>$ beg9-- ,despite ! unavail+1 ,he d>$ beg91 :5 failure 0 a crime4 ,:5 ov] ,africa ,"s future cycle ,%all sweep ! lake-gemm$ upl&s ) its surge2 ,:51 z ) trumpet ,( ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 ,culture %all bid a color$ race em]ge2 99 99 99 99 99 ,f b\lev>ds ,o'erlook+ bo? ,nyanzas1 ,! /atur$ bronze %all glitt] 9 ! sun1 ,) rugg$ lett]+3 ,,john ,,br[n ,,( ,,kansas3 ,,he ,,d>$ ,,beg92 ,,he ,,lo/1 ,,b1 ,,los+1 ,,won4 --,eug5e ,w>e4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #bi ,la/ week we /udi$ words :i* _h ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 mean+4 ,!re is always a slight di/9ction 9 ! mean+ ( words1 b "s ( !m are s ne>ly ! same t x makes v little diff]5ce :i* ^w we use4 ,"s writ]s1 h[ev]1 are v c>eful & sp5d a great deal ( "t 9 ! selection ( j ! "r ^w to express _! mean+4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son once said a good writ] w\ld wait half a day 9 ord] to secure ! be/ ^w to convey a c]ta9 idea4 ,a v amus+ /ory is told ( ,?omas ,c>lyle1 :o 0 v c>eful to use words express+ j ! %ade ( mean+ :i* he desir$ to express4 ,he _h a habit ( writ+ 9 a note book ^! words z !y occurr$ to him1 s he w\ld h !m = ready ref]5ce & use4 ,"o day he _h se>*$ all day = a c]ta9 ^w :i* elud$ him4 ,sudd5ly 9 ! middle ( ! night he wak5$ ) ! ^w fla%+ 9 8 m9d4 ,he want$ to write x d[n imm$iately le/ he %\ld =get x 9 ! morn+1 b x 0 cold & he dread$ gett+ up 9 ! cold to secure 8 note book s he nudg$ ,jeanie1 8 wife1 & said3 ,jeanie1 ,jeanie1 get up6 ,i h ?\ght ( a good ^w1 & ,i want y to write x d[n4 ,n[ x 0 equally cold = ,jeanie1 s ,jeanie nudg$ ,?omas & said3 ,?omas1 ,?omas1 get up y\rself4 ,i h ?\ght ( a bad "o6 ,nev]!less1 x is a good idea :5 ^! good words occur to y to write !m d[n4 ,possibly to save tr\ble1 y _h bett] write !m = y\rself6 ,b 9 addition to words :i* h ! same mean+1 or almo/ ! same mean+1 !re are also words :i* express j ! opposite mean+1 & x is well = u to be ma/] ( ^! words also4 ,^! words :i* express opposite mean+ are call$ antonyms4 ,words & _! antonyms are giv5 9 ?is week's spell+ lesson 9 ! words = ! fir/ ?ree days' /udy4 ,= ! la/ ?ree days1 words only are giv54 ,look ^! words up 9 y\r diction>y & det]m9e ^u ! mo/ suitable antonyms4 ,monday ,legal ,illegal ,artificial ,natural ,ass]t ,d5y ,tuesday ,civiliz$ ,b>b>\s ,c\rage ,c[>dice ,active ,passive ,w$nesday ,initial ,f9al ,tempor>y ,p]man5t ,hi/ory ,leg5d ,?ursday ,addition ,clev]ness ,assur$ ,g5u9e ,acquit ,increase ,friday ,affection ,composure ,enl>ge ,anxi\s ,prompt ,discord ,saturday ,succe$ ,describe ,w9n+ ,wa/eful ,sup]ficial ,grieve ,write ! prop] ^w 9 ! foll[+ blanks3 ,,pati5ts or ,,pati5ce ,! ,doctor has _m4444444 ,we h no444444) /upidity4 ,,neglig5ce or ,,neglect ,! accid5t 0 due to !444444( ! employ]4 ,he has be5 guilty (444444( 8 family = he 0 injur$ by ! crim9al444444( ! ,railroad ,company4 ,,obs]vance or ,,obs]vation ,! troops 7 conceal$ f4444444 ,trade ,unions nev] fail 9 !444444( ,labor ,day4 ,a man's own444444w guide him 9 !444444( all good cu/oms4 ,,relatives or ,,relations ,taft & ,roosevelt did n always h pleasant444444) ea* o!r4 ,he has gone to visit 84444444 ,we d n always h pleasant444444) our4444444 ,,sects or ,,sex ,!re are _m religi\s4444444 ,woman is refus$ ! ballot because ( h]4444444 ,,/atue or ,,/atute ,! law 0 plac$ ^u !444444books4 ,! _w w sometime erect a444444to ! man ( ! p4 ,d n fe> to be ?\ght a high-br[ if y use ^! words 9 y\r e day spee*4 ,! v p :o may laugh are 9 _! he>ts admir+ y1 & are1 9 all probability1 envi\s4 ,! man :o has accus$ ano!r ( be+ a high-br[ has by t v act1 admitt$ 8 own inf]iority4 ,dem& ! be/ = y\rself 9 words1 z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,,pla9 ,,engli% ,,lesson #cj ,de> ,comrade3 ,) ?is lesson we are f9i%+ ?is c\rse 9 ,pla9 ,engli%4 ,we h cov]$ a great deal ( gr\nd & h /udi$ ! ess5tials ( gramm>4 ,we h tri$1 z f> z possible1 to avoid ! /upid conn+ ( rules or le>n+ by rote4 ,we h attempt$ at lea/ to make ! reason & necessity = e rule app>5t be=e ! rule 0 /at$4 ,we h also tri$ to weave into ! lessons some?+ ( ! romance ( language1 = language is a romance2 9 its gr[? is writt5 ! epic ( ! race4 ,our words portray ! /ruggle ( man f savage to sage4 ,s1 feeble z our ef=ts 9 ?is reg>d may h be51 we tru/ t y h enjoy$ & pr(it$ by ?is c\rse & h caught a new vision ( life4 ,mo/ ( u are =c$ s inexorably into ! bitt] /ruggle = exi/5ce t we h little "t or opportunity to cat* mu* ( ! beauty ( life4 ,t is ! curse ( a society t dooms its citiz5s to we>y1 toil-burd5$ lives1 robb$ ( ! joy & beauty ( liv+4 ,yet1 if we "k h[ to read we c always h access to books & ?r\gh !m we c escape ! sordidness & ugl9ess ( ! life 9 :i* we are compell$ to live & sp5d at lea/ a little "t ea* day 9 ! company ( great s\ls :o speak to u f ! pr9t$ page4 ,! quotations 9 ^! lessons h be5 tak5 f ^! great writ]s4 ,w y n pursue ! acqua9tance%ip & become real fri5ds ) ^! m5 & wom58 ,above all ?+s !y w br+ y into ! atmosph]e ( lib]ty & ( fre$om4 ,= ?r\gh\t all ! pa9 ( ! /ruggle ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t1 !re has be5 ! fight ( man = fre$om4 ,we h ga9$ ! ma/]y ov] nature4 ,wild animals1 :i* 7 a con/ant m5ace to savage man1 h be5 de/roy$4 ,we h be5 fre$ f fe> & sup]/ition by ! discov]y ( ! laws ( nature4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9e1 man has increas$ 8 ability to provide ! ess5tials ( life1--food1 clo?+ & %elt]--a ?\s&fold4 ,! pa/ has se5 revolution aft] revolution 9 ! /ruggle = ma/]y4 ,we n[ /& on ! ?re%old ( ano!r great revolution :5 man %all ma/] ! ma*9es :i* he has inv5t$ & %all cease s]v+ !m & make !m s]ve him4 ,8 increas$ facilities = food-gett+ & %elt]-gett+ %all be made to s]ve all mank9d4 ,we h a "p to play 9 t great revolution4 ,:atev] y may h ga9$ f ! /udy ( ?is c\rse2 :at increas$ facility ( und]/&+ or ( expression may h come to y2 may x be n only = ! s]vice ( y\rself b also = ! s]vice ( ! revolution t %all br+ ! work] into 8 own4 ,y\rs = ,education1 ,,! ,,p',s ,,college4 ,,! ,,et]nal ,,:y #ebb4 ,!re is no m important m>k ( punctuation ?an ! ,int]rogation ,po9t4 ,ask+ que/ions is ! f\ndation & beg9n+ ( all wisdom4 ,progress is bas$ ^u ! et]nal ,:y4 ,if m5 _h always be5 satisfi$ ) ! k ( _! age & _h n cont9ually ask$ que/ions :i* !y set !mselves to answ]1 we w\ld /ill be liv+ 9 caves or dwell+ 9 trees4 ,! natural *ild1 t is1 ! *ild ^: w has n be5 brok51 is an animat$ ,int]rogation ,po9t4 ,he is full ( que/ions4 ,he wants to "k :y ?is & :y t4 ,?is is a mo/ natural trait & "o t %\ld n be de/roy$4 ,x may sadly int]f]e sometimes ) ! ?+s t we wi% to d1 to /op & answ] ! *ild's que/ions z to :y cats h tails or :o made ! _w & :at did he /& on :ile he 0 do+ x2 b x is decid$ly important t "s "o %\ld answ] ^! que/ions :i* ! *ild asks1 9 a mann] to satisfy its pres5t crav+ = k4 ,! fact t ?is trait has be5 qu5*$ 9 s _m *ildr5 by ! impati5t gr[n-ups expla9s _! /upidity 9 lat] ye>s4 ,enc\rage e *ild to ask que/ions4 ,enc\rage x also to be p]si/5t until x f9ds some:]e ! answ] to its que/ions4 ,cultivate also ?is trait y\rself4 ,d n accept a ?+ simply because "s "o says x is s4 ,insi/ ^u kn[+ = y\rself4 ,?is is ! secret ( progress1 t we %\ld ?9k = ourselves1 inve/igate = ourselves & n fe> to face ! facts ( life or to express our own ideas4 ,! wise man does n accept a ?+ because x is old nor does he reject x because x is new4 ,he inquires1 dem&s1 reasons & satisfies himself z to ! m]it ( ! "q4 ,s ! ,int]rogation ,po9t 9 ! writt5 language ( man has a trem5d\s mean+4 ,x /&s = ! op5 & inquir+ m9d2 = ! c\rage t d>es "q all ?+s & seek ! tru?4 ,,! ,,int]rogation ,,po9t #ebc4 ,an ,int]rogation ,po9t %\ld be plac$ aft] e direct "q4 ,a direct "q is "o t c be answ]$4 ,an indirect "q is "o t _c be answ]$4 ,if ,i say1 ,:y d y n /udy81 ,i am ask+ a direct "q to :i* y c give an answ]2 b if ,i say1 ,i wond] :y y d n /udy1 ,i h ask$ an indirect "q :i* does n require a direct answ]4 ,:y d y n g8 7,direct7 ,he ask$ :y y did n g4 7,indirect7 #ebd4 ,:5 an int]rogative clause is repeat$ 9 ! body ( ano!r s5t5ce1 use ! int]rogation po9t aft] ! clause1 & beg9 ! clause ) a capital lett]4 ,= example3 ,! "q1 ,%all we be involv$ 9 w>81 %\ld be settl$ by ! p4 ,,! ,,exclamation ,,po9t #ebe4 ,! exclamation po9t %\ld be plac$ aft] words1 phrases or s5t5ces t express /rong emotion4 ,= example3 ,oh6 ,:5 %all peace reign aga98 ,alas6 ,i am undone6 ,to ! fir+ l9e6 ! battle rages6 #ebf4 ,ord9>ily ! exclamation po9t is plac$ imm$iately aft] ! int]jection or ^w us$ z an int]jection1 b frequ5tly :5 ! /rong emotion cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! expression1 ! exclamation po9t is plac$ at ! close ( ! s5t5ce in/ead ( aft] ! int]jection1 ev5 ?\gh ! int]jection comes fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,on1 ,comrades1 on6 ,*>ge1 ,*e/]1 *>ge6 ,,! ,,da% #ebg4 ,! da% is a mu* abus$ punctuation m>k4 ,a great _m writ]s :o are n famili> ) ! rules ( punctuation use a da% :5ev] !y feel ! ne$ ( "s sort ( a punctuation m>k4 ,_! rule seems to be1 :5ev] y pause make a da%4 ,punctuation m>ks indicate pauses b a da% %\ld n be us$ ^u e occasion4 ,! da% %\ld n be us$ z a sub/itute = ! comma1 semi-colon1 colon1 etc4 ,9 reality1 ! da% %\ld be us$ only :5 ^! m>ks _c be correctly us$4 #ebh4 ,! *ief use ( ! da% is to indicate a sudd5 break 9 ! ?\ght or a sudd5 *ange 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,9 ! next place--b ,i _c discuss ! matt] fur!r "u ! circum/ances4 #ebi4 ,! da% is frequ5tly us$ to set a p>5!tical expression (f f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce :5 x has n z close connection ) ! s5t5ce z w\ld be indicat$ by commas4 ,z = example3 ,! cont5tion may be true--al?\gh ,i d n believe x--t ?is sort ( tra9+ is necess>y4 #ecj4 ,! da% is also us$ 9 place ( commas to d5ote a long] or m expressive pause4 ,= example3 ,! man sank--!n rose--!n sank aga94 #eca4 ,! da% is (t5 us$ aft] an enum]ation ( sev]al items z a summ+ up4 ,= example3 ,production1 di/ribution1 consumption--all are a "p ( economics4 #ecb4 ,a da% is (t5 us$ :5 a ^w or phrase is repeat$ = emphasis4 ,= example3 ,is !re univ]sal education--education = e *ild b5ea? ! flag8 ,x is n = ! masses ( ! *ildr5--n = ! *ildr5 ( ! masses4 #ecc4 ,if ! p>5!tical /atem5ts )9 da%es require punctuation m>ks1 ?is m>k %\ld be plac$ be=e ! second da%4 ,= example3 ,w> = def5se--& 0 !re ev] a w> t 0 n = def5se8--0 p]mitt$ by ! ,int]national4 ,?is sight--:at a wond]ful sight x 06--greet$ our eyes ) ! dawn4 #ecd4 ,! da% is also us$ to indicate ! omission ( a ^w1 especially su* words z z1 namely1 viz41 etc4 ,= example3 ,society is divid$ into two classes--! exploit$ & ! exploit+ classes4 #ece4 ,aft] a quotation1 use ! da% be=e ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,= example3 ,life only avails1 n ! hav+ liv$4--,em]son4 #ecf4 ,! da% is us$ to m>k ! omission ( lett]s or figures4 ,= example3 ,x happ5$ 9 ! city ( ,m--4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ah--4 ,,p>5!sis #ecg4 ,9 our /udy ( ! comma & ! da% we h f\nd t p>5!tical /atem5ts are set (f f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce sometimes by a comma & sometimes by a da%4 ,:5 ! connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce is close1 & yet ! words are ?r[n 9 9 a p>5!tical way1 commas are us$ to sep>ate ! p>5!tical /atem5t f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 #ech4 ,:5 ! connection is n q s close1 ! da% is us$ in/ead ( ! comma to indicate ! fact t ?is /atem5t is ?r[n 9 by way ( explanation or additional /atem5t4 ,b :5 we use explanatory words or p>5!tical /atem5ts t h little or no connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 ^! phrases or clauses are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ces by ! p>5!sis4 #eci4 ,,g5]al ,,rule3--,m>ks ( p>5!sis are us$ to set (f expressions t h no vital connection ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,= example3 ,ignorance 7& :y %\ld we hesitate to ackn[l$ge x87 keeps u enslav$4 ,education 7& ?is is a po9t t ne$s cont9ual emphasis7 is ! f\ndation ( all progress4 ,,! ,,punctuation ,,( ,,! ,,p>5!sis #edj4 ,if ! p>5!tical /atem5t asks a "q or voices an exclamation1 x %\ld be foll[$ by ! int]rogation po9t or ! exclamation po9t1 )9 ! p>5!sis4 ,= example3 ,we are all ( u 7:o c d5y x87 p>tial to our own fail+s4 ,! lectur] 7& :at a m>vel\s orator he is67 held ! audi5ce spellb\nd = h\rs4 ,,o!r ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,p>5!sis #eda4 ,an ,int]rogation ,po9t is (t5times plac$ )9 a p>5!sis 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce to express d\bt or unc]ta9ty z to ! accuracy ( our /atem5t4 ,= example3 ,9 #aheh 787 ?is great movem5t 0 />t$4 ,john 787 ,smi? 0 ! next witness4 #edb4 ,! p>5!sis is us$ to include num]als or lett]s 9 ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,= example3 ,economics deals ) 7#a7 production1 7#b7 di/ribution1 7#c7 consumption4 ,!re are ?ree sub-heads2 7a7 gramm>1 7b7 rhetoric1 7c7 composition4 #edc4 ,m>ks ( p>5!sis are us$ to inclose an am\nt or numb] writt5 9 figures :5 x is also writt5 9 words1 z3 ,we w ne$ =ty 7#dj7 ma*9es 9 addition to ^? we n[ h4 ,enclos$ f9d ,=ty ,doll>s 7#dj4jj7 to apply on acc\nt4 ,,! ,,bracket #edd4 ,! bracket indicates t ! ^w or words includ$ 9 ! bracket are n 9 ! orig9al disc\rse4 #ede4 ,! bracket is g5]ally us$ by editors 9 supply+ miss+ words1 dates & ! l1 & = corrections1 additions & explanations4 ,= example3 ,?is rule usually applies ?\gh !re are "s exceptions4 ,see ,note #c1 ,rule #a1 ,page #fg4 #edf4 ,all int]pretations1 notes1 corrections & explanations1 :i* introduce words or phrases n us$ by ! au?or himself1 %\ld be enclos$ 9 brackets4 #edg4 ,brackets are also us$ = a p>5!sis )9 a p>5!sis4 ,if we wi% to introduce a p>5!tical /atem5t )9 a p>5!tical /atem5t ?is %\ld be enclos$ 9 a bracket4 ,= example3 ,he admits t ?is fact 7! same fact :i* ! previ\s witness ,mr4 ,james ,e4 ,smi? _h d5i$7 0 only p>tially true4 ,,quotation ,,m>ks #edh4 ,quotation m>ks are us$ to %[ t ! words enclos$ by !m are ! exact words ( ! writ] or speak]4 #edi4 ,a direct quotation is always enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,he rem>k$1 ,i believe x to be true4 ,b an indirect quotation is n enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,he rem>k$ t he believ$ x 0 true4 #eej4 ,:5 ! "n ( an au?or is giv5 at ! close ( a quotation x is n necess>y to use ! quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,all c\rage comes f brav+ ! unequal4--,eug5e ,f4 ,w>e4 ,:5 ! "n ( ! au?or prec$es ! quotation1 ! m>ks are us$1 z 9 ! foll[+3 ,x 0 ,eug5e ,f4 ,w>e :o said1 ,m5 are n great except !y d & d>e4 #eea4 ,:5 we are ref]r+ to titles ( books1 magaz9es or newspap]s1 or words & phrases us$ 9 illu/ration1 we enclose !m 9 quotation m>ks1 unless !y are writt5 9 italics4 ,= example3 ,:itman's ,leaves ( ,grass or ,:itman's ,leaves ( ,grass4 ,! ,new ,york ,call or ,! ,new ,york ,call4 ,! ^w book is a n\n1 or1 ,! ^w book is a n\n4 ,,! ,,quotation ,,)9 ,a ,,quotation #eeb4 ,:5 a quotation is conta9$ )9 ano!r1 ! includ$ quotation %\ld be enclos$ by s+le quotation m>ks & ! entire quotation enclos$ by ! usual m>ks4 ,= example3 ,he began by say+1 ,! la/ words ( ,f]r]1 ',long live ! mod]n s*ool' might s]ve z ! text = ?is lecture4 ,! speak] repli$1 ,x 0 ,k>l ,m>x :o said1 ',gov]nm5t always belongs to ^? :o control ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4' ,y w note 9 ?is s5t5ce t ! quotation )9 ! quotation occurs at ! end ( ! s5t5ce s !re are ?ree apo/rophes us$ aft] x1 ! s+le apo/rophe to indicate ! includ$ quotation & ! d\ble apo/rophe :i* foll[s ! entire quotation4 ,,punctuation ,,) ,,quotation ,,m>ks #eec4 ,m>ks ( punctuation are 7except ! int]rogation po9t & ! exclamation po9t :i* are expla9$ lat]7 plac$ inside ! quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,a wise man said1 ,"k ?yself4 ,notice t ! p]iod is plac$ aft] ! ^w ?yself & is foll[$ by ! quotation m>ks4 ,we c easily r\t ! enemy1 decl>$ ! speak]4 ,notice t ! comma is plac$ aft] enemy1 & be=e ! quotation m>ks4 #eed4 ,! ,int]rogation ,po9t & ! ,exclamation ,po9t are plac$ )9 ! quotation m>ks if !y ref] only to ! words quot$1 b if !y belong to ! entire s5t5ce !y %\ld be plac$ outside ! quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,he said1 ,w y come n[8 ,did he say1 ,w y come n[8 ,he said1 ,:at a beautiful night6 ,h[ wond]fully inspir+ is ,walt ,:itman's poem1 ,! ,song ( ! ,op5 ,road6 #eee4 ,sometimes p>5!tical or explanatory words are ins]t$ )9 a quotation4 ,^! words %\ld be set (f by commas1 & bo? p>ts ( ! quotation enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,= example3 ,i am aw>e1 he said1 t y d n agree ) me4 ,b :y1 ! speak] 0 ask$1 %\ld y make su* a /atem5t8 ,i d n believe1 he repli$1 t y h und]/ood me4 ,,! ,,apo/rophe #eef4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to indicate ! omission ( lett]s or syllables1 z3 ,he doesn't1 in/ead ( does n2 ,we're1 in/ead ( we are2 ,i'm1 in/ead ( ,i am2 x's1 in/ead ( x is2 ne'er1 in/ead ( nev]2 !y'll1 in/ead ( !y w1 etc4 #eeg4 ,! apo/rophe is also us$ to d5ote possession4 ,9 ! s+le =m ( ! n\ns x prec$es ! s4 ,9 ! plural =m ( n\ns end+ 9 s x foll[s ! s4 ,= example3 ,boy's1 man's1 girl's1 k+'s1 fri5d's1 etc4 ,boys'1 m5's1 girls'1 k+s'1 fri5ds'1 etc4 ,note t ! apo/rophe is n us$ ) ! possessive pron\ns ours1 y\rs1 its1 !irs1 h]s4 #eeh4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to indicate ! plural ( lett]s1 figures or signs4 ,= example3 ,dot y\r i's & cross y\r t's4 ,he seems unable to le>n ! table ( #h's & #i's4 ,d n make y\r n's & u's s mu* alike4 #eei4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to m>k ! omission ( ! c5tury 9 dates1 z3 '#hg in/ead ( #ahhg1 '#ae in/ead ( #aiae4 ,,! ,,hyph5 #efj4 ,! hyph5 is us$ betwe5 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd ^w or at ! end ( a l9e to indicate t a ^w is divid$4 ,we h s _m comp\nd words 9 our language :i* we h us$ s (t5 t we h almo/ =gott5 t !y 7 comp\nd words s x is n always easy to decide :e!r ! hyph5 belongs 9 a ^w or n4 ,z1 = example2 we f9d su* words z s*oolh\se1 bookkeep]1 railway & _m o!rs :i* are1 9 reality1 comp\nd words & 9 ! beg9n+ 7 writt5 ) ! hyph54 ,we h us$ !m s frequ5tly & _! use z comp\nd words has become s commonplace1 t we no long] use ! hyph5 9 writ+ !m4 ,yet frequ5tly y w f9d !m writt5 ) ! hyph5 by "s c>eful writ]4 #efa4 ,z a g5]al rule ! p>ts ( all words :i* are made by unit+ two or m words into "o %\ld be jo9$ by hyph5s1 z3 ,m5-(-w>1 knee-deep1 half-he>t$1 full-gr[n1 "m-9-law1 etc4 #efb4 ,! num]als express+ a comp\nd numb] %\ld be unit$ by a hyph51 z2 =ty-two1 tw5ty-sev51 ?irty-n9e1 etc4 #efc4 ,:5 ! ^w self is us$ ) an adv]b1 a n\n or an adjective1 x is always connect$ by ! hyph51 z2 self-confid5ce1 self-confid5t1 self-confid5tly1 self-comm&1 self-ass]tive1 self-ass]t+1 etc4 #efd4 ,:5 ! ^w fold is add$ to a numb] ( m ?an "o syllable1 ! hyph5 is always us$1 z2 ?irty-fold1 =ty-fold1 fifty-fold1 etc4 ,if ! num]al has b "o syllable1 d n use ! hyph51 z2 tw(old1 ?reefold1 f\rfold1 etc4 #efe4 ,:5 fractions are writt5 9 words in/ead ( figures always use ! hyph51 z2 "o-half1 "o-f\r?1 ?ree-sev5?s1 n9e-twelf?s1 etc4 #eff4 ,! words half & qu>t]1 :5 us$ ) any ^w1 %\ld be connect$ by a hyph51 z2 half-doll>1 qu>t]-p\nd1 half-skill$1 half-b>b>ic1 half-civiliz$1 half-dead1 half-sp5t1 etc4 #efg4 ,sometimes we co9 a phrase = tempor>y use 9 :i* ! words are connect$ by ! hyph54 ,= example3 ,x 0 a nev]-to-be-=gott5 day4 ,he wore a sort ( ,i-told-y-s air4 ,!y 7 fre%-f-!-p5 copies4 ,,additional ,,m>ks ,,( ,,punctuation ,!re are a few o!r m>ks ( punctuation :i* we d n (t5 use 9 writ+ b :i* we f9d on ! pr9t$ page4 ,x is well = u to "k ! mean+ ( ^! m>ks4 #efh4 ,! c>et 77 is us$ to m>k ! omission ( a lett] or ^w or a numb] ( words4 ,! omitt$ "p is g5]ally writt5 above1 & ! c>et %[s :]e x %\ld be ins]t$4 ,= example3 s ,i _c give y ?is p]mis ion4 receiv$ ,i h j a lett] f him4 ,please write y\r matriculation numb] on all exam9ation & all lett]s pap]s s5t 9 to ! ,college4 ,! above examples illu/rate ! use ( ! c>et ) ! omission ( a lett]1 a ^w or phrase4 #efi4 ,if a lett] or manuscript is n too long1 x %\ld always be rewritt5 & ! omissions prop]ly ins]t$4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 we are 9 a hurry & our "t is too limit$ to rewrite an entire lett] because ( ! omission ( a s+le lett] or ^w s we c ins]t x by ! use ( ! c>et4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are _m mi/akes1 ! lett] or pap] %\ld be rewritt51 = ! too frequ5t use ( ! c>et indicates c>elessness 9 writ+ & does n produce a favorable impression ^u ! recipi5t ( y\r lett] or manuscript4 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,ellipsis #egj4 ,sometimes a long da% 7--------7 or succession ( a/]isks 799 99 99 99 99 997 or ( po9ts 74 4 4 4 4 47 is us$ to indicate ! omission ( a portion ( a s5t5ce or a disc\rse4 ,9 pr9t$ matt] usually ! a/]isks are us$ to indicate an omission4 ,9 typewritt5 matt] usually a succession ( po9ts is us$ to indicate an omission4 ,9 writ+1 ^! are difficult to make & ! omission ( ! portion ( mat]ial is usually indicat$ by a succession ( %ort da%es 7-- -- -- --74 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,ref]5ce #ega4 ,on ! pr9t$ page y w (t5 f9d ! a/]isk 79971 or ! dagg]1 7,symbol3 dagg]71 ! section 771 or p>allel l9es 771 us$ to call y\r att5tion to "s note or rem>k writt5 at ! close ( ! p>agraph or on ! m>g91 at ! bottom ( ! page or ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,x is advisable to hunt ^! up z soon z y come to ! m>k :i* indicates _! pres5ce1 = !y usually conta9 "s matt] :i* expla9s or adds to ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce :i* y h j f9i%$ read+4 ,ex]cise #a ,9 ! foll[+ ex]cise1 note ! v>i\s m>ks ( punctuation & det]m9e :y ea* "o is us$3 ,,! ,,m>seillaise ,ye sons ( toil1 awake to glory6 ,h>k1 h>k1 :at myriads bid y rise2 ,y\r *ildr51 wives & gr&sires ho>y-- ,behold _! te>s & he> _! cries6 ,%all hateful tyrants1 mis*ief bre$+1 ,) hirel+ ho/s1 a ruffian b&1-- ,affright & desolate ! l&1 ,:ile peace & lib]ty lie ble$+8 ,,*orus ,to arms6 to arms6 ye brave6 ,?' av5g+ sword un%ea!6 ,m>* on1 m>* on1 all he>ts resolv$ ,on ,victory or ,dea?4 ,) luxury & pride surr\nd$1 ,! vile1 insatiate despots d>e1 ,_! ?ir/ = gold & p[] unb\nd$1 ,to mete & v5d ! light & air2 ,l bea/s ( burd5 w\ld !y load u1 ,l gods w\ld bid _! slaves adore1 ,b ,man is ,man1 & :o is m8 ,!n %all !y long] la% & goad u8 7,,*orus7 ,o ,lib]ty6 c man resign !e1 ,once hav+ felt ?y g5]\s flame8 ,c dungeons' bolts & b>s conf9e !e1 ,or :ip ?y noble _s tame8 ,too long ! _w has wept bewail+1 ,t ,falsehood's dagg] tyrants wield2 ,b ,fre$om is our sword & %ield1 ,& all _! arts are unavail+6 7,,*orus7 --,r\get de ,lisle4 ,,?us ,,spake ,,z>a?u/ra ,i tea* ye ! ,ov]-man4 ,! man is some?+ :o %all be ov]come4 ,:at h ye done to ov]come him8 ,all be+ be=e ?is made some?+ beyond itself3 & y w be ! ebb ( ?is great flood1 & r g back to ! bea/ ?an ov]come ! man8 ,:at is ! ape to ! man8 ,a mock]y or a pa9ful %ame4 ,& ev5 s %all man be to ! ,ov]-man3 a mock]y or a pa9ful %ame4 ,man is a cord1 ti$ betwe5 ,bea/ & ,ov]-man--a cord above an abyss4 ,a p]il\s arriv+1 a p]il\s travel+1 a p]il\s look+ backw>d1 a p]il\s trembl+ & /&+ /ill4 ,:at is great 9 man is t he is a bridge1 & no goal2 :at c be lov$ 9 man is t he is a go+-ov] & a go+-"u4 ,i love !m t "k h[ to live1 be x ev5 z ^? go+ "u1 = su* are ^? go+ across4 ,i love !m t are great 9 scorn1 because ^! are !y t are great 9 rev]5ce1 & arr[s ( long+ t[>d ! o!r %ore6--,nietzs*e4 ,,spell+ ,,lesson #cj ,!re are a great _m words 9 ,engli% :i* are frequ5tly mispron\nc$2 ! acc5t is plac$ ^u ! wrong syllable2 = example1 !a't] in/ead ( !'at]2 ! wrong s\nd is giv5 to ! v[el1 = example1 he>? is pron\nc$ hur?4 ,sometimes1 too1 an extra lett] is add$ 9 ! pronunciation2 = example1 once is (t5 pron\nc$ z ?\gh x 7 spell$ wun/4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( common words t are frequ5tly mispron\nc$1 & !re are _m o!rs :i* y may add to ?is li/ z !y occur to y4 ,look up ! correct pronunciation 9 ! diction>y & pron\nce !m _m times al\d4 ,9 ! second column 9 ?is li/ is giv5 ! incorrect pronunciation1 :i* we (t5 he>4 ,ac\/ics a-c[-/ics ,a]oplane air-e-o-plane ,apron a-pron ,a?lete a?-a-lete ,autopsy au-top'-sy ,awkw>d awk-ard ,column col-yum ,c\pon coo-pon ,deficit de-fic'x ,diph!ria dip-!r-y ,economic ee'co-nom-ic ,err& ur-rant ,faucet fos-set ,figure fig-g] ,film fill-um ,f9ance fi'nance ,gu>dian gu>-de5' ,height heigh? ,ho/ile hos-tile' ,hundr$ hund'erd ,idea i-dee' ,inaugurate 9-aug-er-ate ,inquiry 9'qui-ry ,inv5tory 9-v5'-to-ry ,l5g? l5? ,magaz9e mag'-a'z9n ,mis*iev\s mis-*ie'-vi-ous ,municipal mu-ni-cip'-al ,oppon5t op'-pon5t ,ov]alls ov]-hauls ,rheumatism rheumatiz ,/oma* /um-ick ,twice twict ,vaudeville vaw'de-ville ,!re are a numb] ( words 9 ,engli% :i* s\nd v mu* alike & :i* we are apt to confuse4 ,= example1 ,i he>d a man rec5tly say 9 a spee* t ! p>ty to :i* he belong$ _h tak5 sl[ poison & n[ ne$$ an anecdote4 ,x is presum$ t he meant t x ne$$ an antidote4 ,"s "o else rem>k$ t a c]ta9 individual _h n be5 expell$ b simply exp5d$4 ,he und\bt$ly meant t ! individual _h be5 susp5d$4 ,?is confusion 9 ! use ( words detracts f ! influ5ce :i* our /atem5ts w\ld o!rwise h4 ,!re are a numb] ( words :i* are s ne>ly alike t x is v easy to be confus$ 9 ! use ( !m4 ,9 our spell+ lesson = ?is week we h a numb] ( ! mo/ common ( ^! easily conf\nd$ words4 ,add to ! li/ z _m o!rs z y c4 ,monday ,light5+1 to make light ,lightn+1 an electric fla% ,prophesy1 to =etell ,prophecy1 a pr$iction ,accept1 to take ,except1 to leave out ,tuesday ,advice1 c\nsel ,advise1 to give c\nsel ,att5dants1 s]vants ,att5dance1 ^? pres5t ,/ation>y1 fix$ ,/ation]y1 p5s1 pap]1 etc4 ,w$nesday ,=m]ly1 9 ! pa/ ,=mally1 9 a =mal way ,addition1 process ( add+ ,edition1 publication ,cel]y1 a vegetable ,sal>y1 wages ,?ursday ,s]ies1 a succession ,s]i\s1 solemn ,prec$5t1 an example ,presid5t1 *ief or head ,p>tition1 a division ,petition1 a reque/ ,friday ,+5i\s1 skillful ,+5u\s1 hone/ ,je/]1 "o :o je/s ,ge/ure1 action ,lose1 to suff] loss ,loose1 to untie ,saturday ,pres5ce1 ne>ness ,pres5ts1 gifts ,v]acity1 tru?fulness ,voracity1 gre$9ess ,disease1 illness ,decease1 dea? ,,! ,,end ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,z we look back ov] ! /udy ( ^! ?irty lessons we f9d t we h cov]$ q a little gr\nd4 ,we h cov]$ ! entire field ( ,engli% gramm> includ+ punctuation4 ,b our /udy ( ,engli% mu/ n conclude ) ! /udy ( ?is c\rse4 ,?is is simply ! f\ndation :i* we h laid = future "w4 ,y "k :5 /ud5ts graduate f high s*ool or college ! graduation is call$ ! ,comm5cem5t4 ,t is a peculi>ly fitt+ t]m1 = ! ga9+ ( k ought truly to be ! comm5cem5t ( life = u4 ,"s "o has said t ! pursuit ( k might be comp>$ to a man's m>riage to a *>m+1 weal?y woman4 ,he pursu$ & m>ri$ h] because ( h] weal? b aft] m>riage f\nd h] s *>m+ t he grew to love h] = h]self4 ,s we (ttimes pursue wisdom = practical reasons because we expect x to s]ve u 9 ! matt] ( mak+ a liv+2 because we expect x to make u m effici5t work]s2 to increase our effici5cy to su* an ext5t t we may comm& a high] sal>y1 ent] a bett] pr(ession & be m c]ta9 ( a job4 ,all ?is is well2 b we (t5 f9d t aft] we h pursu$ wisdom = ^! reasons1 practical z !y are1 we h fall5 9 love ) h] = h] own sake4 ,we beg9 to take pleasure 9 h] society2 we beg9 to want to "k ?+s = ! sake ( kn[+ !m1 = ! pleasure t x br+s u1 q divorc$ f any idea ( monet>y ga94 ,s :ile we h urg$ ^u y ! /udy ( ,engli% because ( ! great practical b5efit t x w be to y1 we tru/ t y h also gr[n to love ! /udy = its own sake4 ,make ?is b ! beg9n+ ( y\r "w 9 ! /udy ( ,engli%4 ,,index 7by ,section ,no47 ,abbreviations1 #dhf-dhi ,absolute ,con/ruction1 #cii ,adjectives ,def9$1 #cf ,classification (1 #bdb-bde ,qualify+1 #bdf ,limit+1 #bdf ,descriptive1 #bdh ,num]al1 #bdi-bej ,demon/rative1 #bea ,h[ to discov]1 #bdg ,int]rogative1 #bee ,indef9ite1 #bef-beg ,us$ z pron\ns1 #beh-bei ,us$ z n\ns1 #bfa ,comp>ison (1 #bfd-bga ,p>ticiples us$ z1 #bgb-bgd ,p>ticiple phrases us$ z1 #bge ,adv]bs ,def9$1 #da1 #bhb ,use (1 #bgi-bha ,h[ to tell1 #bhc ,classes (1 #bhd ,int]rogative1 #bhe ,( mode1 #bhf1 #cig ,phrase ,adv]bs1 #bhg ,to ,di/+ui% f ,adj1 #bhh-bhi ,d]ivation (1 #bij ,n\ns us$ z1 #bia ,comp>ison (1 #bib-bid ,position (1 #bie ,) ,inf9itive1 #bif ,common errors 9 use (1 #big-bih ,articles ,a & ,an1 use (1 #beb-bec ,!1 use (1 #bed ,capital ,lett]s ,ne$ (1 #dfd ,uses (1 #bb1 #fj1 #dfe ,rules =1 #dff-dhd ,clauses ,def9$1 #djf ,n\n1 #cfa-cff1 #cga1 #dde ,adjective1 #cfg-cgb1 #ddf ,) ,conjunctions1 #cgf ,introduc$ by z1 #cgh ,adv]b1 #ddg ,dep5d5t1 k9ds (1 #ddd-ddg ,conjunctions ,def9$1 #eb1 #cca ,uses (1 #cbh ,classes (1 #cbi-ccj ,co-ord9ate1 #ccb-ccd ,uses (1 #ccf-cde ,correlatives1 #cdf ,subord9ate1 def9$1 #cdi ,use (1 #cdg ,classes (1 #cej-cei ,phrase ,conjunctions1 #cfj ,connective ,words ,classes (1 #cgi ,uses (1 #chj-che ,contractions1 #dhe ,diction>y1 ,use (1 #d ,exclamatory ,words1 #cij-cia ,explanatory ,words1 #cih ,good ,engli%1 def9$1 #b ,gramm>1 ,engli%1 def9$1 #aj ,indep5d5t ,expressions1 #cic ,inf9itives ,use (1 #aea-afg ,to1 omitt$1 #aec-aee ,=ms (1 #aef ,passive1 #aef-aeg ,int]jections ,def9$1 #eg1 #chh ,classes (1 #chi ,introductory ,words1 #cid-cif ,language ,def9$1 #h ,natural1 #e ,spok51 #f ,writt51 #g ,n\ns ,def9$1 #bf ,classification (1 #ei ,prop]1 def9$1 #fj ,common1 def9$1 #fj ,collective1 def9$1 #fa ,ab/ract1 #fb-ff ,concrete1 #fc ,numb]1 def9$1 #fh ,numb]1 ,s+ul>1 #fh ,numb]1 ,plural1 #fh ,=mation ( ,plural1 #fi-hd ,=mation ( ,possessive1 #hi-ij1 #ib ,comp\nd1 #ia ,g5d]1 def9$1 #he ,=mation ( ,fem99e1 #hf ,neut]1 #hg ,common1 #hh ,object ,direct1 #ajj1 #djh-daj1 #dbg-dcj ,indirect1 #djh-daj ,p>ticiple ,def9$1 #aaf ,active =m1 #aad ,pres5t =m1 #aad1 #adh ,passive =m1 #aae1 #adh ,pa/ =m1 #aae ,pa/ irregul> =ms1 #abd ,us$ z n\ns1 #adh ,us$ z adjective1 #bgb-bgd ,phrase1 #adi-aej ,phrase us$ z adjective1 #bge ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 #bd ,phrases ,v]b1 #bi1 #dac ,adv]bs1 #bhg ,prepositional1 #cjj-cje1 #cag-cba ,prepositions1 #cjh ,conjunctions1 #cfj ,pr$icate ,def9$1 #ag ,complete1 #djf1 #dbe ,simple1 #djf ,simple ,enl>g$1 #dfc ,complem5t1 #daa-dab ,modifi]s (1 #dfa ,prepositions ,def9$1 #dg1 #cje ,use (1 #cji-cab ,object (1 #cjd1 #cac ,li/ (1 #cjf ,h[ to ,di/+ui% f ,adv]bs1 #cjg ,phrase prepositions1 #cjh ,place (1 #cad-caf ,common errors 9 use (1 #cbb ,) v]bs1 #cbg ,*oice (1 #cbc-cbf ,prepositional ,phrases1 #cjj-cje ,use (1 #cag-cba ,pron\ns ,def9$1 #dc1 #bjb ,antec$5t (1 #bjc ,p]sonal1 #bjd ,comp\nd p]sonal1 #bje-bjh ,numb] =ms (1 #bji ,object =ms (1 #bad-bae ,possessive =ms (1 #baa-bac ,g5d] =ms (1 #baf ,) v]b be1 #bag-bah ,agreem5t (1 #bai-bbe ,p]sonification1 #bbf ,int]rogative1 #bbh-bca ,relative1 #bcb-bcf ,:at1 #bcd1 #bcf-bdj ,:o1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdj ,:i*1 #bcd-bcf1 #bdj ,t1 #bcd-bcf ,omitt$1 #bci ,punctuation ,ne$ (1 #dij-dic ,m>ks (1 #did ,! ,comma1 #die-dif ,rules = use (1 #dig-ejf ,! ,semi-colon1 #djg-eaa ,! ,colon1 #eab-eae ,! ,p]iod1 #bb1 #eaf-eba ,! ,int]rogation ,po9t1 #bb1 #ebc-ebd ,! ,exclamation ,po9t1 #bb1 #ebe-ebf ,! ,da%1 #ebg-ecf ,! ,p>5!sis1 #ecg-edc ,! ,bracket1 #edd-edg ,! ,quotation ,m>ks1 #edh-eee ,! ,apo/rophe1 #eef-eei ,! ,hyph51 #efj-efg ,! ,c>et1 #efh ,m>ks ( ,ellipsis1 #egj ,m>ks ( ,ref]5ce1 #ega ,responsives1 #cib ,s5t5ce ,def9$1 #ae ,ess5tials (1 #ah ,use (1 #ai ,ass]tive1 #bj ,int]rogative1 #bj ,imp]ative1 #bj ,exclamatory1 #ba ,elem5ts1 ord] (1 #dcf-dch ,analysis (1 #def-deg ,simple1 def9$1 #djd-djf ,modifi]s (1 #dcd-dce ,ess5tials (1 #dei ,analysis (1 #djb-dje ,complex1 #djf1 #ddc1 #dea ,analysis (1 #ddh ,comp\nd1 def9$1 #djf1 #deb ,k9ds (1 #dec-dee ,build+ (1 #djj ,classification (1 #dja ,summ>y (1 #deh ,subject (1 #daf-dbj ,subject ,def9$1 #af ,complete1 #djf ,simple1 #djf ,simple1 enl>g$1 #dfb ,place (1 #dba-dbd ,?\ght1 ,complete1 #ab-ad ,v]b ,def9$1 #bi ,complete1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aca1 #aeh ,incomplete1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aca1 #dbf ,classifi$1 #ii1 #ajc ,complem5t (1 #ie1 #ajb ,transitive1 def9$1 #ajj1 #ajc ,object (1 #ajj1 #ada ,copulative1 #ajb-ajc1 #dca-dcc ,"t =ms ,pres5t1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aaa ,pa/1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa ,future1 #aah-abj ,pres4 ,p]f41 #aba-abc1 #ade ,pa/ ,p]f41 #abf ,future ,p]f41 #abh ,regul>1 #aaj ,irregul>1 #aaj ,progressive ,=m1 #acc ,pres5t1 #acd1 #adf ,pa/1 #ace1 #adf ,future1 #acf1 #adf ,pres4 ,p]f41 #ach1 #adf ,pa/ ,p]f41 #aci1 #adf ,fut4 ,p]f41 #adj1 #adf ,active1 #adb ,passive1 #ada-adf ,help+1 #afh-ahd ,be1 #ahf ,lay1 lie1 set1 sit1 raise1 rise1 #aia-aic ,s-=m1 #ajf1 #aid-aif ,phrase1 #bi1 #dac-dad ,words ,def9$1 #h ,ma/]y (1 #aj ,use (1 #bc 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,punctuation errors su* z incorrect or miss+ end-(-s5t5ce punctuation1 p]iod = comma 9 mid-s5t5ce1 & miss+ end quotation m>ks h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,inconsi/5cy 9 ! au?or's spell+ ( c]ta9 words1 su* z today_/to-day h be5 reta9$4 #b4 ,! li/ ( =eign words brok5 across pp4 #dd-de 7section #hj47 & ! li/ ( abbreviations brok5 across pp4 #bie-bif 7section #dhi47 7 re>rang$ to pres]ve alphabetical ord]4 #c4 ,! numb]+ 9 ,ex]cise #d on p4 #aaj 7section #aic47 0 correct$4 #d4 ,add$ ditto m>ks 77 to ! table on p4 #aec 7section #bgj74 #e4 ,commas 7 add$ to ! sep>ate ! abbreviations on p4 #cje 7section #eah74 #f4 ,! foll[+ typographical errors 7 correct$3 ,page #aj y\r vocabul>ly *ang$ to y\r vocabul>y #bc v]b-phrase *ang$ to v]b phrase #ch z limit$ a vocabul>ly *ang$ to z limit$ a vocabul>y #da ! "n ( p]son *ang$ to ! "n ( ! p]son #dd ,mr4 ,hays *ang$ to ,mr4 ,hayes #hb ! ,ba/ile *ang$ to ! ,ba/ille #adc publih] *ang$ to publi%] #aeg ?an he _h !m *ang$ to ?an he _h !n #ahj ! n\n man *ang$ to ! n\n m5 7two in/ances7 #ahb a little "w *ang$ to a little ^w #ahg ( ! desire ( *ang$ to ( ! desire ( #aia expres$ *ang$ to express$ #bjg ,he feels ke5ly & deeply & wrongs ( 8 class4 *ang$ to ,he feels ke5ly & deeply ! wrongs ( 8 class4 #bbb our expression ( x become m simple4 *ang$ to our expression ( x became m simple4 #bch 9 apposition to ! pron\n ,i *ang$ to 9 apposition to ! pron\n ,we4 #beb ,i see a pale face *ang$ to ,i see a pale face #bfe ,) y\r faces p9*es & blue *ang$ to ) y\r faces p9*$ & blue #bga ! p>ty :i* f\ght = _! rights *ang$ to ! p>ty :i* f\ght = _! rights #bgg ,f9d e or y *ang$ to ,f9al e or y #bhg ,! prefix 9 us$ ) adjectives *ang$ to ,! prefix un us$ ) adjectives #cab ,! da% if (t5 us$ *ang$ to ,! da% is (t5 us$