---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is book 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 ( :i* ?is is ! ,numb]s enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets1 e4g4 #a1 relate to footnotes1 :i* h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,numb]s enclos$ 9 p>5!ses1 e4g4 7#a71 relate to works ref]r$ to 9 ! text & li/$ at ! end ( volume ,,ii4 ,9 ! text v]sions ( ^! two volumes1 words 9 italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores1 bold words are enclos$ 9 plus signs1 & words 9 ,go?ic script are enclos$ 9 equal signs4 ,curly brackets are us$ to repres5t subscripts1 e4g4 k#a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,developm5t ( a ,calc>e\s ,sponge 7,olyn?us74 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation3 ,,or ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,its ,,inhabitants ,,by ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,natural ,,causes4 ,a ,,popul> ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,evolution ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,( ,,t ,,( ,,d>w91 ,,goe!1 ,,& ,,lam>ck ,,9 ,,p>ticul>4 ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,( ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,j5a4 ,,! ,,translation ,,revis$ ,,by ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,exet] ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #a1 #c1 ,,& #e ,,bond ,,/reet4 #ahhj4 ,a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean1 & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man2 ,a motion & a _s t impels ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all objects ( all ?\ght1 ,& rolls ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,9 all ?+s1 9 all natures1 9 ! />s ,( azure heav51 ! un5dur+ cl\ds1 ,9 fl[] & tree1 9 e pebbly /one ,t paves ! brooks1 ! /ation>y rocks1 ,! mov+ wat]s & ! invisible air4 ,,wordswor?4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,filiation1 ,,or ,,desc5t-,,!ory4 ,,page ,g5]al ,importance & ,ess5tial ,nature ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z re=m$ by ,d>w94--,its ,special ,importance to ,biology 7,zoology & ,botany74--,its ,special ,importance to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,natural ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race4--,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z ! ,non-,miracul\s ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,idea ( ,creation4--,k & ,belief4--,hi/ory ( ,creation & ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t4--,! ,connection betwe5 ! ,hi/ory ( ,individual & ,palontological ,developm5t4--,! ,!ory ( ,purposelessness1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,rudim5t>y ,organs4--,useless & ,sup]flu\s ,arrangem5ts 9 ,organisms4--,contra/ betwe5 ! two entirely ,oppos$ ,views ( ,nature3 ! ,moni/ic 7me*anical1 causal7 & ! ,duali/ic 7teleological1 vital74--,pro( ( ! =m] by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,unity ( ,organic & ,inorganic ,nature1 & ! ,id5tity ( ! ,active ,causes 9 bo?4--,! ,importance ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t to ! ,moni/ic ,conception ( all ,nature #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,desc5t4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation ,,accord+ ,,to ,,l9n,,u4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 or ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 z ! ,moni/ic ,explanation ( ,organic ,natural ,ph5om5a4--,its ,comp>ison ) ,newton's ,!ory ( ,gravitation4--,limits ( ,sci5tific ,explanation & ( ,human ,k 9 g5]al4--,all ,k f\nd$ orig9ally on ,s5su\s ,exp]i5ce1 po/]iori4--,transition ( po/]iori k1 by inh]itance1 into priori k4--,contra/ betwe5 ! ,sup]natural ,hypo!ses ( ! ,creation accord+ to ,l9nu1 ,cuvi]1 ,agassiz1 & ! ,natural ,!ories ( ,developm5t accord+ to ,lam>ck1 ,goe!1 & ,d>w94--,connection ( ! =m] ) ! ,moni/ic 7me*anical71 ( ! latt] ) ! ,duali/ic ,conception ( ! ,univ]se4--,monism & ,mat]ialism4--,sci5tific & ,moral ,mat]ialism4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation accord+ to ,moses4--,l9nu z ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,sy/ematic ,description ( ,nature & ,di/9ction ( ,species4--,l9nu' ,classification & ,b9>y ,nom5clature4--,mean+ ( ,l9nu' ,idea ( ,species4--,8 ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,l9nu' view ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation ,,accord+ ,,to ,,cuvi] ,,& ,,agassiz4 ,g5]al ,!oretical ,mean+ ( ! ,idea ( ,species4--,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,!oretical & ,practical ,def9ition ( ! ,idea ( ,species4--,cuvi]'s ,def9ition ( ,species4--,m]its ( ,cuvi] z ! ,f\nd] ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,di/9ction ( ! ,f\r ,pr9cipal ,=ms 7types or bran*es7 ( ! ,animal ,k+dom1 by ,cuvi] & ,br4--,cuvi]'s ,s]vices to ,palontology4--,8 ,hypo!sis ( ! ,revolutions ( our ,globe1 & ! ,epo*s ( ,creation sep>at$ by !m4--,unkn[n ,sup]natural ,causes ( ! ,revolutions1 & ! subsequ5t ,new ,creations4--,agassiz's ,teleological ,sy/em ( ,nature4--,8 ,conception ( ! ,plan ( ,creation1 & its six ,categories 7gr\ps 9 classification74--,agassiz's ,views ( ! ,creation ( ,species4--,rude ,conception ( ! ,creator z a man-l be+ 9 ,agassiz's ,hypo!sis ( ,creation4--,its int]nal ,inconsi/5cy & ,contradictions ) ! important ,palontological ,laws discov]$ by ,agassiz #dg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,goe! ,,& ,,ok54 ,sci5tific ,insuffici5cy ( all ,conceptions ( a ,creation ( ,individual ,species4--,necessity ( ! ,c\nt] ,!ories ( ,developm5t4--,hi/orical ,survey ( ! mo/ ,important ,!ories ( ,developm5t4--,ari/otle4--,8 ,doctr9e ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4--,! ,mean+ ( ,nature-philosophy4--,goe!4--,8 ,m]its z a ,naturali/4--,8 ,metamorphosis ( ,plants4--,8 ,v]tebral ,!ory ( ! ,skull4--,8 ,discov]y ( ! ,mid ,jawbone 9 ,man4--,goe!'s ,int]e/ 9 ! ,dispute betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire4--,goe!'s ,discov]y ( ! two ,organic ,=mative ,pr9ciples1 ( ! ,cons]vative ,pr9ciple ( ,specification 7by ,inh]itance71 & ( ! ,progressive ,pr9ciple ( ,trans=mation 7by ,adaptation74--,goe!'s ,views ( ! ,common ,desc5t ( all ,v]tebrate ,animals1 includ+ ,man4--,!ory ( ,developm5t accord+ to ,gottfri$ ,re9hold ,treviranus4--,8 ,moni/ic ,conception ( ,nature4--,ok54--,8 ,nature-philosophy4--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,protoplasm4--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,infusoria 7,cell ,!ory74--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,developm5t #gb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,kant ,,& ,,lam>ck4 ,kant's ,duali/ic ,biology4--,8 ,conception ( ! ,orig9 ( ,inorganic ,nature by ,me*anical ,causes1 ( ,organic ,nature by ,causes act+ = a ,def9ite ,purpose4--,contradiction ( ?is ,conception ) 8 lean+ t[>ds ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,kant's ,g5ealogical ,!ory ( ,developm5t4--,its ,limitation by 8 ,teleology4--,comp>ison ( ,g5ealogical ,biology ) ,comp>ative ,philology4--,views 9 fav\r ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ent]ta9$ by ,leopold ,bu*1 ,br1 ,s*leid51 ,ung]1 ,s*aafhaus51 ,victor ,c>us1 ,b*n]4--,fr5* ,nature-philosophy4--,lam>ck's ,philosophic ,zoologique4--,lam>ck's ,moni/ic 7me*anical7 ,sy/em ( ,nature4--,8 ,views ( ! ,int]action ( ! two ,organic ,=mative ,t5d5cies ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4--,lam>ck's ,conception ( ,man's ,developm5t f ,ape-l ,mammals4--,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's1 ,naud9's1 & ,lecoq's ,def5ce ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,engli% ,nature-philosophy4--,views 9 fav\r ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ent]ta9$ by ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,w4 ,h]b]t1 ,grant1 ,freke1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,hook]1 ,huxley4--,! ,d\ble ,m]it ( ,*>les ,d>w9 #ajj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,lyell ,,& ,,d>w94 ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4--,8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,developm5t4--,orig9 ( ! ,greate/ ,effects ?r\gh ! ,multiplication ( ! ,smalle/ ,causes4--,unlimit$ ,ext5t ( ,geological ,p]iods4--,lyell's ,refutation ( ,cuvi]'s ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,un9t]rupt$ ,connection ( ,hi/orical ,developm5t by ,lyell & ,d>w94--,biographical ,notice ( ,*>les ,d>w94--,8 ,sci5tific ,works4--,8 ,!ory ( ,coral ,reefs4--,developm5t ( ! ,!ory ( ,selection4--,a ,lett] ( ,d>w9's4--,! ,contemporane\s ,appe>ance ( ,d>w9's & ,alfr$ ,wallace's ,!ory ( ,selection4--,d>w9's ,/udy ( ,dome/ic ,animals & ,cultivat$ ,plants4--,&reas ,wagn]'s ,notions z to ! ,special ,creation ( ,cultivat$ ,organisms = ! good ( ,man4--,! ,tree ( ,k 9 ,p>adise4--,comp>ison betwe5 ,wild & ,cultivat$ ,organisms4--,d>w9's ,/udy ( ,dome/ic ,pigeons4--,importance ( ,pigeon ,bre$+4--,common ,desc5t ( all ,races ( ,pigeons #abe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,selection 7,,d>w9ism74 ,d>w9ism 7,!ory ( ,selection7 & ,lam>ckism 7,!ory ( ,desc5t74--,! ,process ( ,artificial ,bre$+4--,selection ( ! ,diff]5t ,individuals = ,aft]-bre$+4--,! ,active ,causes ( ,transmutation4--,*ange connect$ ) ,food & ,transmission by ,inh]itance connect$ ) ,propagation4--,me*anical ,nature ( ^! ,two ,physiological ,functions4--,! ,process ( ,natural ,bre$+3 ,selection 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4--,mal?us' ,!ory ( ,population4--,! ,proportion betwe5 ! ,numb]s ( ,pot5tial & ,actual ,individuals ( e ,species ( ,organisms4--,g5]al ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 or ,competition to atta9 ! ,necess>ies ( ,life4--,trans=m+ ,=ce ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4--,comp>ison ( ,natural & ,artificial ,bre$+4--,selection 9 ! ,life ( ,man4--,milit>y & ,m$ical ,selection #adi ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,transmission ,,by ,,inh]itance ,,& ,,propagation4 ,univ]sality ( ,inh]itance & ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,special ,evid5ces ( ! same4--,human ,be+s ) f\r1 six1 or sev5 ,f+]s & ,toes4--,porcup9e ,m54--,transmission ( ,diseases1 especially ,diseases ( ! ,m9d4--,orig9al ,s94--,h]$it>y ,mon>*ies4--,h]$it>y ,ari/ocracy4--,h]$it>y ,tal5ts & ,m5tal ,qualities4--,mat]ial ,causes ( ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,connection betwe5 ,transmission by ,inh]itance & ,propagation4--,spontane\s ,g5]ation & ,propagation4--,non-sexual or ,monogon\s ,propagation4--,propagation by ,self-,division4--,mon]a & ,amba4--,propagation by ! =mation ( ,buds1 by ! =mation ( ,g]m-,buds1 by ! =mation ( ,g]m-,cells4--,sexual or ,amphigon\s ,propagation4--,=mation ( ,h]maphrodites4--,di/9ction ( ,sexes1 or ,gono*orism4--,virg9al ,bre$+1 or ,p>!nog5esis4--,mat]ial ,transmission ( ,peculi>ities ( bo? ,p>5ts to ! ,*ild by ,sexual ,propagation4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,transmission by ,inh]itance 9 ,sexual & 9 ,asexual ,propagation #age ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,laws ,,( ,,transmission ,,by ,,inh]itance4 ,,adaptation ,,& ,,nutrition4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,cons]vative & ,progressive ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,laws ( ,cons]vative ,transmission3 ,transmission ( ,inh]it$ ,*>act]s4--,un9t]rupt$ or ,cont9u\s ,transmission4--,int]rupt$ or ,lat5t ,transmission4--,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations4--,relapse4--,deg5]acy4--,sex ual ,transmission4--,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,mix$ or ,amphigon\s ,transmission4--,hybrids4--,abridg$ or ,simplifi$ ,transmission4--,laws ( ,progressive ,inh]itance3 ,transmission ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s4--,adapt$ or ,acquir$ ,transmission4--,fix$ or ,e/abli%$ ,transmission4--,homo*ron\s ,transmission 7,id5tity 9 ,epo*74--,homotopic ,transmission 7,id5tity 9 ,"p74--,adaptation & ,mutability4--,connection betwe5 ,adaptation & ,nutrition4--,di/9ction betwe5 ,indirect & ,direct ,adaptation #bjc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,laws ,,( ,,adaptation4 ,laws ( ,indirect or ,pot5tial ,adaptation4--,individual ,adaptation4--,mon/r\s or ,sudd5 ,adaptation4--,sexual ,adaptation4--,laws ( ,direct or ,actual ,adaptation4--,univ]sal ,adaptation4--,cumulative ,adaptation4--,cumulative ,influ5ce ( ,ext]nal ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce & ,cumulative ,c\nt]-,influ5ce ( ! ,organism4--,free ,w4--,use & ,non-use ( ,organs4--,practice & ,habit4--,correlative ,adaptation4--,correlation ( ,developm5t4--,correlation ( ,organs4--,explanation ( ,indirect or ,pot5tial ,adaptation by ! ,correlation ( ! ,sexual ,organs & ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,body4--,div]g5t ,adaptation4--,unlimit$ or ,inf9ite ,adaptation #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,by ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,exi/5ce4 ,,division ,,( ,,lab\r ,,& ,,progress4 ,int]action ( ! two ,organic ,=mative ,causes1 ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4--,natural & ,artificial ,selection4--,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 or ,competition = ! ,necess>ies ( ,life4--,disproportion betwe5 ! ,numb] ( ,possible or ,pot5tial1 & ! ,numb] ( ,real or ,actual ,individuals4--,complicat$ ,correlations ( all ,neighb\r+ ,organisms4--,mode ( ,action 9 ,natural ,selection4--,homo*romic ,selection z ! ,cause ( ,sympa!tic ,col\r+s4--,sexual ,selection z ! ,cause ( ! ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,law ( ,sep>ation or ,division ( ,lab\r 7,polymorphism1 ,diff]5tiation1 ,div]g5ce ( ,*>act]s74--,transition ( ,v>ieties into ,species4--,idea ( ,species4--,hybridism4--,law ( ,progress or ,p]fect+ 7,progresses1 ,teleosis7 #beb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,developm5t ,,( ,,organic ,,tribes ,,& ,,( ,,individuals4 ,,phylog5y ,,& ,,ontog5y4 ,laws ( ! ,developm5t ( ,mank9d3 ,diff]5tiation & ,p]fect+4--,me*anical ,cause ( ^! two ,fundam5tal ,laws4--,progress )\t ,diff]5tiation1 & ,diff]5tiation )\t ,progress4--,orig9 ( ,rudim5t>y ,organs by ,non-use & ,discont9uance ( ,habit4--,ontog5esis1 or ,individual ,developm5t ( ,organisms4--,its ,g5]al ,importance4--,ontog5y1 or ! ,individual ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t ( ,v]tebrate ,animals1 includ+ ,man4--,! ,fructification ( ! ,egg4--,=mation ( ! ,?ree ,g]m ,lay]s4--,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ( ! ,extremities1 ( ! ,bran*ial ,ar*es1 & ( ! ,tail ( ,v]tebrate ,animals4--,causal ,connection & ,p>allelism ( ,ontog5esis & ,phylog5esis1 t is1 ( ! ,developm5t ( ,individuals & ,tribes4--,causal ,connection ( ! ,p>allelism ( ,phylog5esis & ( ,sy/ematic ,developm5t4--,p>allelism ( ! ?ree ,organic ,s]ies ( ,developm5t #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation4 ,,! ,,c>bon ,,!ory4 ,,! ,,pla/id ,,!ory4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,e>?4--,kant's ,!ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,univ]se1 or ! ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory4--,developm5t ( ,suns1 ,planets1 & ,moons4--,fir/ ,orig9 ( ,wat]4--,comp>ison ( ,organisms & ,anorgana4--,organic & ,inorganic ,sub/ances4--,degrees ( ,d5sity1 or ,conditions ( ,aggregation4--,album9\s ,comb9ations ( ,c>bon4--,organic & ,inorganic ,=ms4--,cry/als & ,=mless ,organisms )\t ,organs4,/]eometrical ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,cry/als & ( ,organisms4--,organic & ,inorganic ,=ces4--,vital ,=ce4--,gr[? & ,adaptation 9 ,cry/als & 9 ,organisms4--,=mative ,t5d5cies ( ,cry/als4--,unity ( ,organic & ,inorganic ,nature4--,spontane\s ,g5]ation1 or ,ar*igony4--,autogony & ,plasmogony4--,orig9 ( ,mon]a by ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4--,orig9 ( ,cells f ,mon]a4--,! ,cell ,!ory4--,! ,pla/id ,!ory4--,pla/ids1 or ,/ructural-,units4--,cytods & ,cells4--,f\r ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,pla/ids #caf ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,migration ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organisms4 ,,*orology ,,& ,,! ,,ice-,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,*orological ,facts & ,causes4--,orig9 ( mo/ ,species 9 "o ,s+le ,locality4--8,c5tres ( ,creation40--,di/ribution by ,migration4--,active & ,passive ,migrations ( ,animals & ,plants4--,means ( ,transport4--,transport ( ,g]ms by ,wat] & by ,w9d4--,cont9ual ,*ange ( ! ,area ( ,di/ribution by ,elevations & ,depressions ( ! ,gr\nd4--,*orological ,importance ( ,geological ,processes4--,influ5ce ( ! ,*ange ( ,climate4--,ice or ,glacial ,p]iod4--,its ,importance to ,*orology4--,importance ( ,migrations = ! ,orig9 ( ,new ,species4--,isolation ( ,coloni/s4--,wagn]'s ,law ( ,migration4--,connection betwe5 ! ,!ory ( ,migration & ! ,!ory ( ,selection4--,agreem5t ( its ,results ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t #cej ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,,page ,developm5t ( a ,calc>e\s ,sponge 7,olyn?us7 ,frontispiece ,i4--,life ,hi/ory ( a ,simple/ ,organism ,to face page #ahd ,,ii41 ,,iii4--,g]ms or ,embryos ( ,f\r ,v]tebrates 0 #cjf ,,figures4 #a4--,propagation ( ,mon]on #ahf #b4--,propagation ( ,amba #ahh #c4--;,egg ( ,mammal #ahi #d4--;,fir/ ,developm5t ( ,mammal's ,egg #aij #e4--,! ,human ,egg ,enl>g$ #big #f4--;,developm5t ( ,mammal's ,egg #bii #g4--;,embryo ( a ,mammal or ,bird #cjd ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,i am desir\s ( prefac+ ! ,engli% edition ( ! 8,hi/ory ( ,creation0 ) a few rem>ks :i* may s]ve to expla9 ! orig9 & object ( ?is book4 ,9 ! ye> #ahff ,i publi%$1 "u ! title 8,g5]elle ,morphologie10 a some:at compreh5sive "w1 :i* con/itut$ ! fir/ attempt to apply ! g5]al doctr9e ( developm5t to ! :ole range ( organic morphology 7,anatomy & ,biog5esis71 & ?us to make use ( ! va/ m>* onw>ds :i* ! g5ius ( ,*>les ,d>w9 has effect$ 9 all biological sci5ce by 8 re=m ( ! ,desc5t ,!ory & its e/abli%m5t ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( selection4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! 8,g5]elle ,morphologie10 ! fir/ attempt 0 made to introduce ! ,desc5t ,!ory into ! sy/ematic classification ( animals & plants1 & to f\nd a 8natural sy/em0 on ! basis ( g5ealogy2 t is1 to con/ruct hypo!tical p$igrees = ! v>i\s species ( organisms4 ,! 8,g5]elle ,morphologie0 f\nd b few read]s1 = :i* ! volum9\s & unpopul> /yle ( treatm5t1 & its too ext5sive ,greek t]m9ology1 may be *iefly to blame4 ,b a proportionately l>ge measure ( approval has met ! 8,natrli*e ,s*pfungsges*i*te0 9 ,g]many4 ,?is book took its orig9 9 ! %or?& notes ( a c\rse ( lectures :i* treat$1 be=e a mix$ audi5ce & 9 a popul> =m1 ! mo/ important topics discuss$ 9 ! 8,g5]elle ,morphologie40 ,! notes 7 subsequ5tly revis$1 & receiv$ consid]able additions4 ,! book appe>$ fir/ 9 #ahfh1 its f\r? edition 9 #ahgc1 & has be5 translat$ into sev]al languages4 ,i hope t x may also f9d sympa?y 9 ! fa!rl& ( ,d>w91 ! m s s9ce x conta9s special morphological evid5ce 9 fav\r ( _m ( ! important doctr9es ) :i* ?is greate/ naturali/ ( our c5tury has enri*$ sci5ce4 ,pr\d z ,engl& may be to be call$ ! fa!rl& ( ,newton1 :o1 ) 8 law ( gravitation1 br\ght inorganic nature "u ! dom9ion ( natural laws ( cause & effect1 yet may %e ) ev5 great] pride reckon ,*>les ,d>w9 among h] sons--he :o solv$ ! yet h>d] problem ( br++ ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( organic nature "u ! sway ( ! same natural laws4 ,! reproa* :i* is n[ (t5e/ made aga9/ ! ,desc5t ,!ory is t x is n securely f\nd$1 n suffici5tly prov54 ,n only its di/9ct oppon5ts ma9ta9 t !re is a want ( satisfactory pro(s1 b ev5 fa9t-he>t$ & wav]+ adh]5ts decl>e t ,d>w9's hypo!sis is /ill want+ fundam5tal pro(4 ,nei!r ! =m] nor ! latt] e/imate rightly ! immeasurable weight :i* ! great s]ies ( ph5om5a ( comp>ative anatomy & ontog5y1 palontology & taxonomy1 *orology & cology1 ca/ into ! scale 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( filiation4 ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,selection1 :i* completely expla9s ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh ! comb9$ action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 also appe>s to ^! p]sons n suffici5t4 ,!y dem&1 ov] & above1 t ! desc5t ( species f common ance/ral =ms %all be prov$ 9 a p>ticul> case2 t1 9 contradi/9ction to ! syn!tic pro(s adduc$ = ! ,desc5t ,!ory1 ! analytic pro( ( ! g5ealogical cont9uity ( ! sev]al species %all be br\ght =w>d4 ,?is 8analytical solution ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species0 ,i h myself endeav\r$ to af=d 9 my rec5tly publi%$ 8,monograph ( ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges40 ,= five consecutive ye>s ,i h inve/igat$ ?is small b highly in/ructive gr\p ( animals 9 all its =ms 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]1 & ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ! monograph1 :i* is ! result ( ^? /udies1 is ! mo/ complete & accurate morphological analysis ( an entire organic gr\p :i* has up to ?is "t be5 made4 ,provid$ ) ! :ole ( ! mat]ial = /udy z yet br\ght toge!r1 & assi/$ by num]\s contributions f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ,i 0 able to "w ov] ! :ole gr\p ( organic =ms kn[n z ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges 9 t greate/ possible degree ( fulness :i* appe>$ indisp5sable = ! pro( ( ! common orig9 ( its species4 ,?is p>ticul> animal gr\p is especially fitt$ = ! analytical solution ( ! species problem1 because x pres5ts exce$+ly simple conditions ( organisation1 because 9 x ! morphological conditions possess a greatly sup]ior1 & ! physiological conditions an inf]ior1 import1 & because all species ( ,calcispongi are rem>kable = ! fluidity & pla/icity ( _! =m4 ,) a view to ^! facts1 ,i made two j\rneys to ! sea-coa/ 7#ahfi to ,norway1 #ahga to ,dalmatia71 9 ord] to /udy z l>ge a numb] ( individuals z possible 9 _! natural circum/ances1 & to collect specim5s = comp>ison4 ,( _m species1 ,i comp>$ sev]al hundr$ individuals 9 ! mo/ c>eful way4 ,i exam9$ ) ! microscope & measur$ 9 ! mo/ accurate mann] ! details ( =m ( all ! species4 ,z ! f9al result ( ^! exhau/ive & almo/ endless exam9ations & measurem5ts x appe>$ t 8good species10 9 ! ord9>y dogmatic s5se ( ! sy/emati/s1 h no exi/5ce at all among ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges2 t ! mo/ diff]5t =ms are connect$ "o ) ano!r by numb]less gradational transition =ms2 & t all ! diff]5t species ( ,calc>e\s ,sponges are d]iv$ f a s+le exce$+ly simple ance/ral =m1 ! ,olyn?us4 ,a draw+ ( ! ,olyn?us & its e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t 7obs]ve especially ! highly important ,ga/rula7 is giv5 9 ! frontispiece ( ! pres5t edition4 ,illu/rations ( ! v>i\s /ructural details :i* e/abli% ! d]ivation ( all ,calc>e\s ,sponges f ! ,olyn?us1 are giv5 9 ! atlas ( sixty plates :i* accompanies my monograph ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! ga/rula1 moreov]1 is n[ also f\nd ! common ance/ral =m f :i* all ! tribes ( animals 7! l[e/ gr\p1 t ( ! protozoa1 alone be+ except$7 c )\t difficulty be d]iv$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & important ance/ors ( ! human race6 ,if we take = ! limitation ( g5us & species an av]age /&>d1 d]iv$ f ! actual practice ( sy/emati/s1 & apply ?is to ! :ole ( ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges at pres5t kn[n1 we c di/+ui% ab\t tw5ty-"o g5]a1 ) "o hundr$ & elev5 species 7z ,i h done 9 ! second volume ( ! ,monograph74 ,i h1 h[ev]1 %[n t we may draw up1 9 addition to ?is1 ano!r sy/ematic arrangem5t 7m ne>ly agree+ ) ! arrangem5t ( ! ,calcispongi hi!rto 9 vogue7 :i* gives ?irty-n9e g5]a & two hundr$ & eighty-n9e species4 ,a sy/emati/ :o gives a m limit$ ext5sion to ! 8ideal species0 might arrange ! same s]ies ( =ms 9 =ty-?ree g5]a & ?ree hundr$ & eighty-"o species1 or ev5 9 "o hundr$ & ?irte5 g5]a & five hundr$ & n9ety species2 ano!r sy/emati/ on ! o!r h&1 :o takes a wid] limit = ! 8ab/ract species10 w\ld use 9 arrang+ ! same s]ies ( =ms only ?ree g5]a1 ) tw5ty-"o species1 or might ev5 satisfy himself ) "o g5us & sev5 species4 ,! delimitation ( species & g5]a appe>s to be s arbitr>y a matt]1 on acc\nt ( endless v>ieties & transitional =ms 9 ?is gr\p1 t _! numb] is entirely left to ! subjective ta/e ( ! individual sy/emati/4 ,9 tru?1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 x appe>s altoge!r an unimportant "q z to :e!r we give a wid] or a n>r[] signification to alli$ gr\ps ( =ms--:e!r we *oose1 t is to say1 to call !m g5]a or species1 v>ieties or sub-species4 ,! ma9 fact rema9s und5iable1 viz41 ! common orig9 ( all ! species f "o ance/ral =m4 ,! _m-%ap$ ,calc>e\s ,sponges furni%1 9 ! v rem>kable conditions ( _! v>ieties ( aggregation 7metrocormy71 a body ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view :i* c\ld h>dly be m conv9c+4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! case occurs ( sev]al diff]5t =ms gr[+ out f a s+le 8/ock0 or 8cormus0--=ms :i* until n[ h be5 reg>d$ by sy/emati/s1 n only z belong+ to diff]5t species1 b ev5 to diff]5t g5]a4 ,fig4 #aj 9 ! frontispiece repres5ts su* a composite /ock4 ,?is solid & tangible piece ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! common desc5t ( diff]5t species ought1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to satisfy ! mo/ det]m9$ sceptic6 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,i h a "r to expect ( my oppon5ts t !y %all c>efully consid] ! 8exact empirical pro(0 "h br\ght =w>d = !m1 z !y h s eag]ly dem&$4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( filiation1 :o h too little p[] ( weigh+ evid5ce1 or possess too little k to appreciate ! ov]p[]+ weight ( pro( af=d$ by ! syn!tical argum5t 7comp>ative anatomy1 ontog5y1 taxonomy1 etc471 may yet be able to foll[ me along ! pa? ( analytical pro(1 & attempt to upset ! conclusion z to ! common orig9 ( all species ( all ,calc>e\s ,sponges :i* ,i h giv5 9 my ,monograph4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 repeat t ?is conclusion is bas$ on ! mo/ m9ute inve/igation ( an extraord9>ily ri* mass ( mat]ial1--t x is securely e/abli%$ by ?\s&s ( ! mo/ c>eful microscopical obs]vations1 measurem5ts1 & comp>isons ( e s+le "p1 & t ?\s&s ( collect$ microscopic prep>ations r5d]1 at any mom5t1 ! mo/ se>*+ criticism ( my results confirmatory ( _! correctness4 ,"o may hope1 !n1 t oppon5ts w endeav\r to confront me on ! gr\nd ( ?is 8exact empiricism10 in/ead ( try+ to damn my 8nature-philosophical speculations40 ,"o may hope t !y w endeav\r to br+ =w>d "s evid5ce to %[ t ! latt] d n foll[ z ! legitimate consequ5ces ( ! =m]4 ,may !y1 h[ev]1 sp>e me ! empty--?\gh by ev5 respectable naturali/s (t-repeat$--phrase1 t ! moni/ic nature-philosophy1 z exp\nd$ 9 ! 8,g5]al ,morphology10 & 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,creation10 is want+ 9 actual pro(s4 ,! pro(s are !re4 ,( c\rse ^? :o turn _! eyes away f !m w n see !m4 ,precisely t 8exact0 =m ( analytical pro( :i* ! oppon5ts ( ! desc5t !ory dem& is to be f\nd1 by anybody :o wi%es to f9d x1 9 ! 8,monograph ( ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges40 ,,ern/ ,,he9ri* ,,haeckel4 ,j5a1 ,june #bd?1 #ahgc4 ,,note4 ,feel+ sure t su* a book z ,pr(essor ,haeckel's 8,s*pfungsges*i*te0 w\ld d a great deal ( good1 if plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% read+ public1 & ( comm5c+ /ud5ts ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i gladly und]took to revise = ! publi%]s ! pres5t translation1 :i* 0 made by a "y lady4 ,i h n attempt$ to escape a difficulty by ignor+ ! ,g]man names made use ( by ,pr(essor ,haeckel = classes1 ord]s1 & g5]a1 b h adopt$ ,engli% equival5ts4 ,i d n submit ^! names z a maturely consid]$ ,engli% nom5clature1 !y appe> "h simply z necess>y p>ts ( a close r5d]+ ( ! ,g]man "w4 ,i d1 h[ev]1 hold t "s su* s]ies ( ,engli% t]ms is bo? possible & useful1 & d n d\bt--9 spite ( ! pret5d$ ho/ility ( ! g5ius ( our language1 & ! curi\s s5tim5tal objection t ,engli% names are unsci5tific--t we %all be=e long make use ( pla9 ,engli% 9 speak+ ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( plants & animals--mu* to ! ga9 ( ! l>g] public1 & )\t detrim5t to ! lat9iz$ nom5clature e/abli%$ = ! purposes ( ! pr(essional /ud5t4 ,e4 ,r4 ,l4 ,ox=d1 ,octob]1 #ahgd4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,filiation1 ,,or ,,desc5t-,,!ory4 ,g5]al ,importance & ,ess5tial ,nature ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z re=m$ by ,d>w94--,its ,special ,importance to ,biology 7,zoology & ,botany74--,its ,special ,importance to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,natural ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race4--,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z ! ,non-,miracul\s ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,idea ( ,creation4--,k & ,belief4--,hi/ory ( ,creation & ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t4--,! ,connection betwe5 ! ,hi/ory ( ,individual & ,palontological ,developm5t4--,! ,!ory ( ,purposelessness1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,rudim5t>y ,organs4--,useless & ,sup]flu\s ,arrangem5ts 9 ,organisms4--,contra/ betwe5 ! two entirely oppos$ ,views ( ,nature3 ! ,moni/ic 7me*anical1 causal7 & ! ,duali/ic 7teleological1 vital74--,pro( ( ! =m] by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,unity ( ,organic & ,inorganic ,nature1 & ! ,id5tity ( ! ,active ,causes 9 bo?4--,! ,importance ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t to ! ,moni/ic ,conception ( all ,nature4 ,! intellectual movem5t to :i* ! impulse 0 giv51 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 by ! ,engli% naturali/1 ,*>les ,d>w91 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species107#a7 has1 )9 ?is %ort p]iod1 assum$ dim5sions :i* _c b excite ! mo/ univ]sal int]e/4 ,x is true ! sci5tific !ory set =? 9 t "w1 :i* is commonly call$ briefly ,d>w9ism1 is only a small fragm5t ( a f> m compreh5sive doctr9e--a "p ( ! univ]sal ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 :i* embraces 9 its va/ range ! :ole doma9 ( human k4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ,d>w9 has firmly e/abli%$ ! latt] by ! =m] is s conv9c+1 & ! direction :i* has be5 giv5 by ! unavoidable conclusions ( t !ory to all our views ( ! univ]se1 mu/ appe> to e ?9k+ man ( su* deep significance1 t its g5]al importance _c be ov] e/imat$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is imm5se ext5sion ( our intellectual horizon mu/ be look$ ^u z by f> ! mo/ important1 & ri* 9 results1 among all ! num]\s & gr& advances :i* natural sci5ce has made 9 our day4 ,:5 our c5tury1 ) ju/ice1 is call$ ! age ( natural sci5ce1 :5 we look ) pride ^u ! imm5sely important progress made 9 all its bran*es1 we are g5]ally 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ m ( imm$iate practical results1 & less ( ! ext5sion ( our g5]al k ( nature4 ,we call to m9d ! complete re=m1 s inf9itely ri* 9 consequ5ces to human int]c\rse1 :i* has be5 effect$ by ! developm5t ( ma*9]y1 by railways1 /eam%ips1 telegraphs1 & o!r inv5tions ( physics4 ,or we ?9k ( ! enorm\s influ5ce :i* *emi/ry has br\ght to be> ^u m$ic9e1 agriculture1 & ^u all arts & trades4 ,b mu* z we may value ?is influ5ce ( mod]n sci5ce ^u practical life1 /ill x mu/1 e/imat$ f a high] & m g5]al po9t ( view1 /& mo/ assur$ly bel[ ! enorm\s influ5ce :i* ! !oretical progress ( mod]n sci5ce w h on ! entire range ( human k1 on our conception ( ! univ]se1 & on ! p]fect+ ( man's culture4 ,?9k ( ! imm5se revolutions 9 all our !oretical views :i* we owe to ! g5]al application ( ! microscope4 ,?9k ( ! cell !ory1 :i* expla9s ! app>5t unity ( ! human organism z ! comb9$ result ( ! union ( a mass ( elem5t>y vital units4 ,or consid] ! imm5se ext5sion ( our !oretical horizon :i* we owe to spectral analysis & to ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,b among all ^! wond]ful !oretical advances1 ! !ory wr\ght out by ,d>w9 occupies by f> ! highe/ rank4 ,e "o ( my read]s has he>d ( ! "n ( ,d>w94 ,b mo/ p]sons h probably only an imp]fect idea ( ! real value ( 8 !ory4 ,if a read] e/imates z ( equal value all t has be5 writt5 ^u ,d>w9's memorable "w s9ce its appe>ance1 ! value ( ! !ory w appe> v d\btful to him1 suppos+ t he has n be5 engag$ 9 ! organic natural sci5ces1 & has n p5etrat$ into ! inn] secrets ( zoology & botany4 ,! criticisms ( x are s full ( contradictions1 & = ! mo/ "p s defective1 t we ought n to be at all a/oni%$ t ev5 n[1 aft] ! lapse ( ?irte5 ye>s s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's "w1 x has n ga9$ half t importance :i* is ju/ly due to x1 & :i* soon] or lat] x c]ta9ly w atta94 ,mo/ ( ! innum]able writ+s :i* h be5 publi%$ dur+ ^! ye>s1 bo? = & aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 are ! productions ( p]sons :o are entirely want+ 9 ! necess>y am\nt ( biological1 & especially ( zoological1 k4 ,al?\gh almo/ all ( ! m celebrat$ naturali/s ( ! pres5t day are adh]5ts ( ! !ory1 yet only a few ( !m h endeav\r$ to procure its acceptance & recognition 9 l>g] circles4 ,h5ce ! odd contradictions & ! /range op9ions :i* may /ill be he>d ev]y:]e ab\t ,d>w9ism4 ,?is is ! reason :i* induces me to make ,d>w9's !ory1 & ^? fur!r doctr9es :i* are connect$ ) x1 ! subject ( ^! pages1 :i*1 ,i hope1 w be g5]ally intelligible4 ,i hold x to be ! duty ( naturali/s1 n m]ely to m$itate ^u improvem5ts & discov]ies 9 ! n>r[ circle to :i* _! speciality conf9es !m1 n m]ely to pore ov] _! "o /udy ) love & c>e1 b also to seek to make ! important g5]al results ( x fruitful to ! mass1 & to assi/ 9 spread+ ! k ( physical sci5ce among ! p4 ,! highe/ triumph ( ! human m9d1 ! true k ( ! mo/ g5]al laws ( nature1 ought n to rema9 ! private possession ( a privileg$ class ( savans1 b ought to become ! common prop]ty ( all mank9d4 ,! !ory :i*1 ?r\gh ,d>w91 has be5 plac$ at ! head ( all our k ( nature1 is usually call$ ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 or ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,o!rs t]m x ! ,transmutation ,!ory4 ,bo? designations are correct4 ,= ?is doctr9e affirms1 t all organisms 7viz41 all species ( animals1 all species ( plants1 :i* h ev] exi/$ or /ill exi/ on ! e>?7 are d]iv$ f "o s+le1 or f a few simple orig9al =ms1 & t !y h develop$ !mselves f ^! 9 ! natural c\rse ( a gradual *ange4 ,al?\gh ?is !ory ( developm5t _h already be5 br\ght =w>d & def5d$ by sev]al great naturali/s1 & especially by ,lam>ck & ,goe!1 9 ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury1 /ill x 0 ?r\gh ,d>w91 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 t x receiv$ its complete demon/ration & causal f\ndation2 & ?is is ! reason :y n[ x is commonly & exclusively 7?\gh n q correctly7 designat$ z ,d>w9's ,!ory4 ,! great & really ine/imable value ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t appe>s 9 a diff]5t light1 accord+ly z we m]ely consid] its m imm$iate connection ) organic natural sci5ce1 or its l>g] influ5ce ^u ! :ole range ( man's k ( ! univ]se4 ,organic natural sci5ce1 or ,biology1 :i* z ,zoology treats ( animals1 z ,botany ( plants1 is completely re=m$ & f\nd$ anew by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,= by ?is !ory we are made acqua9t$ ) ! active causes ( organic =ms1 :ile up to ! pres5t "t ,zoology & ,botany h simply be5 occupi$ ) ! facts ( ^! =ms4 ,we may !re=e also t]m ! !ory ( desc5t a me*anical explanation ( organic =ms1 or ! sci5ce ( ! true causes ( ,organic ,nature4 ,z ,i _c take = grant$ t my read]s are all famili> ) ! t]ms 8organic & inorganic nature10 & z ! contra/ ( bo? ^! natural bodies w1 9 future1 occupy mu* ( our att5tion1 ,i mu/ say a few words 9 explanation ( !m4 ,we designate z ,organisms1 or ,organic bodies1 all liv+ creatures or animat$ bodies2 !re=e all plants & animals1 man includ$2 = 9 !m we c almo/ always prove a comb9ation ( v>i\s p>ts 7in/rum5ts or organs7 :i* "w toge!r = ! purpose ( produc+ ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,su* a comb9ation we d n f9d 9 ,anorgana1 or inorganic natural bodies--! s-call$ dead or inanimate bodies1 su* z m9]als or /ones1 wat]1 ! atmosph]ic air1 etc4 ,organisms always conta9 album9\s comb9ations ( c>bon 9 a semi-fluid condition ( aggregation1 :i* are always want+ 9 ! ,anorgana4 ,^u ?is important di/9ction re/s ! division ( all natural hi/ory into two great & pr9cipal p>ts--,biology1 or ! sci5ce ( ,organisms 7,zoology & ,botany71 & ,anorganology1 or ! sci5ce ( ,anorgana 7,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 ,meteorology1 etc474 ,! great value ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 9 reg>d to ,biology consi/s1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 9 its expla9+ to u ! orig9 ( organic =ms 9 a me*anical way1 & po9t+ out _! active causes4 ,b h[ev] highly & ju/ly ?is s]vice ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t may be valu$1 yet x is almo/ eclips$ by ! imm5se importance :i* a s+le necess>y inf]5ce f x claims = itself alone4 ,?is necess>y & unavoidable inf]5ce is ! !ory ( ! animal desc5t ( ! human race4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! position ( man 9 nature1 & ( 8 relations to ! totality ( ?+s--?is "q ( all que/ions = mank9d1 z ,huxley ju/ly calls x--is f9ally solv$ by ! k t man is desc5d$ f animals4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,d>w9's re=m$ ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 we are n[ 9 a position to e/abli% sci5tifically ! gr\ndwork ( a non-miracul\s hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,all ^? :o h def5d$ ,d>w9's !ory1 z well z all its ?\ghtful oppon5ts1 h ackn[l$g$ t1 z a matt] ( necessity1 x foll[s f 8 !ory t ! human race1 9 ! fir/ place1 mu/ be trac$ to ape-l mammals1 & fur!r back to ! l[] v]tebrate animals4 ,x is true ,d>w9 himself did n express at fir/ ?is mo/ important ( all ! inf]5ces f 8 !ory4 ,9 8 "w1 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species10 n a ^w is f\nd ab\t ! animal desc5t ( man4 ,! c\rage\s b cauti\s naturali/ 0 at t "t purposely sil5t on ! subject1 = he anticipat$ t ?is mo/ important ( all ! conclusions ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 0 at ! same "t ! greate/ ob/acle to its be+ g5]ally accept$ & ackn[l$g$4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,d>w9's book w\ld h creat$1 f ! beg9n+1 ev5 mu* m opposition & (f5ce1 if ?is mo/ important inf]5ce _h at once be5 cle>ly express$4 ,x 0 n till twelve ye>s lat]1 9 8 "w on 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex10 t ,d>w9 op5ly ackn[l$g$ t f>-rea*+ conclusion1 & expressly decl>$ 8 entire agreem5t ) ^? naturali/s :o _h1 9 ! meantime1 !mselves =m$ t conclusion4 ,manife/ly ! effect ( ?is conclusion is imm5se1 & no sci5ce w be able to escape f ! consequ5ces4 ,an?ropology1 or ! sci5ce ( man1 & consequ5tly all philosophy1 are !reby ?or\ghly re=m$ 9 all _! v>i\s bran*es4 ,x w be a lat] task 9 ^! pages to discuss ?is special po9t4 ,i %all n treat ( ! !ory ( ! animal desc5t ( man till ,i h spok5 ( ,d>w9's !ory1 & its g5]al f\ndation & importance4 ,to express x 9 "o ^w1 t mo/ important1 b 7to mo/ m57 at fir/ repulsive1 conclusion is no?+ m ?an a special d$uction1 :i* we mu/ draw f ! g5]al inductive law ( ! desc5t !ory 7n[ firmly e/abli%$71 accord+ to ! /]n comm&s ( inexorable logic4 ,p]haps no?+ w make ! full mean+ ( ! !ory ( desc5t cle>] ?an call+ x ! 8non-miracul\s hi/ory ( creation40 ,i h !re=e *os5 t "n = ?is "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 correct only 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 /rictly speak+1 ! expression 8non-miracul\s hi/ory ( creation0 conta9s a 8contradictio 9 adjecto40 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 let u = a mom5t exam9e some:at m closely :at we und]/& by creation4 ,if we und]/& ! creation to mean ! com+ into exi/5ce ( a body by a creative p[] or =ce1 we may !n ei!r ?9k ( ! com+ into exi/5ce ( its sub/ance 7corporeal matt]71 or ( ! com+ into exi/5ce ( its =m 7! corporeal =m74 ,creation 9 ! =m] s5se1 z ! com+ into exi/5ce ( matt]1 does n conc]n u "h at all4 ,?is process1 if inde$ x ev] took place1 is completely beyond human compreh5sion1 & c !re=e nev] become a subject ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,natural sci5ce tea*es t matt] is et]nal & imp]i%able1 = exp]i5ce has nev] %[n u t ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] has come into exi/5ce or pass$ away4 ,:]e a natural body seems to disappe>1 z = example by burn+1 decay+1 evaporation1 etc41 x m]ely *anges its =m1 its physical composition or *emical comb9ation4 ,9 l mann] ! com+ into exi/5ce ( a natural body1 = example1 ( a cry/al1 a fungus1 an infusorium1 dep5ds m]ely ^u ! diff]5t p>ticles1 :i* _h be=e exi/$ 9 a c]ta9 =m or comb9ation1 assum+ a new =m or comb9ation 9 consequ5ce ( *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,b nev] yet has an in/ance be5 obs]v$ ( ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] hav+ vani%$1 or ev5 ( an atom be+ add$ to ! already exi/+ mass4 ,h5ce a naturali/ c no m imag9e ! com+ into exi/5ce ( matt]1 ?an he c imag9e its disappe>ance1 & he !re=e looks ^u ! exi/+ quantity ( matt] 9 ! univ]se z a giv5 fact4 ,if any p]son feels ! necessity ( conceiv+ ! com+ into exi/5ce ( ?is matt] z ! "w ( a sup]natural creative p[]1 ( ! creative =ce ( some?+ outside ( matt]1 we h no?+ to say aga9/ x4 ,b we mu/ rem>k1 t !reby n ev5 ! smalle/ advantage is ga9$ = a sci5tific k ( nature4 ,su* a conception ( an immat]ial =ce1 :i* at ! fir/ creates matt]1 is an article ( fai? :i* has no?+ :atev] to d ) human sci5ce4 ,:]e fai? comm5ces1 sci5ce ends4 ,bo? ^! arts ( ! human m9d mu/ be /rictly kept ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,fai? has its orig9 9 ! poetic imag9ation2 k1 on ! o!r h&1 orig9ates 9 ! reason+ intellig5ce ( man4 ,sci5ce has to pluck ! bless$ fruits f ! tree ( k1 unconc]n$ :e!r ^! conque/s tr5* ^u ! poetical imag9+s ( fai? or n4 ,if1 !re=e1 sci5ce makes ! 8hi/ory ( creation0 its highe/1 mo/ difficult1 & mo/ compreh5sive problem1 x mu/ accept z its idea ( creation ! second explanation ( ! ^w1 viz41 ! com+ into be+ ( ! =m ( natural bodies4 ,9 ?is way geology1 :i* tries to inve/igate ! orig9 ( ! inorganic surface ( ! e>? z x n[ appe>s1 & ! manifold hi/orical *anges 9 ! =m ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 may be call$ ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! e>?4 ,9 l mann]1 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( animals & plants1 :i* inve/igates ! orig9 ( liv+ =ms1 & ! manifold hi/orical *anges 9 animal & vegetable =ms1 may be t]m$ ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( organisms4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ! idea ( creation1 al?\gh us$ 9 ?is s5se1 ! unsci5tific idea ( a creator exi/+ outside ( matt]1 & *ang+ x1 may easily creep 91 x w p]haps be bett] 9 future to sub/itute = x ! m accurate t]m1 developm5t4 ,! great value :i* ! ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t possesses = ! sci5tific und]/&+ ( animal & vegetable =ms1 has n[ be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ = _m ye>s1 & )\t x x w\ld be impossible to make any sure progress 9 organic morphology1 or ! !ory ( =ms4 ,b by ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 only "o "p ( ?is sci5ce has g5]ally be5 und]/ood1 namely1 t ( organic individuals1 usually call$ ,embryology1 b m correctly & compreh5sively1 ,ontog5y4 ,b1 besides ?is1 !re is ano!r hi/ory ( developm5t ( organic species1 g5]a1 & tribes 7phyla71 :i* has ! mo/ important relations to ! =m]4 ,! subject ( ?is is furni%$ to u by ! sci5ce ( petrifactions1 or palontology1 :i* %[s u t ea* tribe ( animals & plants1 dur+ diff]5t p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 has be5 repres5t$ by a s]ies ( entirely diff]5t g5]a & species4 ,?us1 = example1 ! tribe ( v]tebrat$ animals 0 repres5t$ by classes ( fi%1 amphibi\s animals1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 & ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 at diff]5t p]iods1 by q diff]5t k9ds4 ,?is palontological hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( organisms1 :i* we may t]m ,phylog5y1 /&s 9 ! mo/ important & rem>kable relation to ! o!r bran* ( organic hi/ory ( developm5t1 ,i mean t ( individuals1 or ,ontog5y4 ,on ! :ole1 ! "o runs p>allel to ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( individual developm5t1 or ,ontog5y1 is a %ort & quick recapitulation ( palontological developm5t1 or ,phylog5y1 dep5d5t on ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,z ,i %all h1 lat]1 to expla9 ?is mo/ int]e/+ & important co9cid5ce m fully1 ,i %all n dwell fur!r ^u x "h1 & m]ely call att5tion to ! fact t x c only be expla9$ & its causes und]/ood by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 :ile )\t t !ory x rema9s completely incompreh5sible & inexplicable4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 9 ! same way %[s u :y individual animals & plants mu/ develop at all1 & :y !y d n come into life at once 9 a p]fect & develop$ /ate4 ,no sup]natural hi/ory ( creation c 9 any way expla9 to u ! great my/]y ( organic developm5t4 ,to ?is mo/ weighty "q1 z well z to all o!r biological que/ions1 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t gives u p]fectly satisfactory answ]s--& always answ]s :i* ref] to purely me*anical causes1 & po9t to purely physico-*emical =ces z ! causes ( ph5om5a :i* we 7 =m]ly accu/om$ to ascribe to ! direct action ( sup]natural1 creative =ces4 ,h5ce1 by our !ory ! my/ic veil ( ! miracul\s & sup]natural1 :i* has hi!rto be5 all[$ to hide ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( ?is bran* ( natural k1 is remov$4 ,all ! dep>tm5ts ( ,botany & ,zoology1 & especially ! mo/ important portion ( ! latt]1 ,an?ropology1 become reasonable4 ,! dimm+ mirage ( my?ological fiction c no long] exi/ 9 ! cle> sunlight ( sci5tific k4 ,( special int]e/ among g5]al biological ph5om5a are ^? :i* are q irreconcilable ) ! usual supposition1 t e organism is ! product ( a creative p[]1 act+ = a def9ite object4 ,no?+ 9 ?is respect caus$ ! e>li] naturali/s great] difficulty ?an ! explanation ( ! s-call$ 8rudim5t>y organs10--^? p>ts 9 animal & vegetable bodies :i* really h no function1 :i* h no physiological importance1 & yet exi/ 9 =m4 ,^! p>ts des]ve ! mo/ c>eful att5tion1 al?\gh mo/ unsci5tific m5 "k little or no?+ ab\t !m4 ,almo/ e organism1 almo/ e animal & plant possesses1 besides ! obvi\sly useful arrangem5ts ( its organization1 o!r arrangem5ts ! purpose ( :i* x is utt]ly impossible to make out4 ,examples ( ?is are f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! embryos ( _m rum9at+ animals--among o!rs1 9 our common cattle--=e-tee?1 or incisors1 are plac$ 9 ! mid-bone ( ! upp] jaw1 :i* nev] fully develop1 & !re=e s]ve no purpose4 ,! embryos ( _m :ales--:i* aft]w>ds possess ! well-kn[n :alebone in/ead ( tee?--yet h be=e !y are born1 & :ile !y take no n\ri%m5t1 tee? 9 _! jaws1 :i* set ( tee? nev] comes into use4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! high] animals possess muscles :i* are nev] employ$2 ev5 man has su* rudim5t>y muscles4 ,mo/ ( u are incapable ( mov+ our e>s z we wi%1 al?\gh ! muscles = ?is movem5t exi/1 & al?\gh individual p]sons :o h tak5 ! tr\ble to ex]cise ^! muscles d succe$ 9 mov+ _! e>s4 ,x is /ill possible1 by special ex]cise1 by ! p]sev]+ influ5ce ( ! w ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 to reanimate ! almo/ ext9ct activity 9 ! exi/+ b imp]fect organs1 :i* are on ! road to complete disappe>ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c no long] d ?is ) ano!r set ( small rudim5t>y muscles1 :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! c>tilage ( ! out] e>1 b :i* are always p]fectly inactive4 ,our long-e>$ ance/ors ( ! t]ti>y p]iod--apes1 semi-apes1 & p\*$ animals1 l mo/ o!r mammals1 mov$ _! l>ge e>-flaps freely & actively2 _! muscles 7 mu* m /rongly develop$ & ( great importance4 ,9 a simil> way1 _m v>ieties ( dogs & rabbits1 "u ! influ5ce ( civiliz$ life1 h left (f 8prick+ up0 _! e>s1 & !reby h acquir$ imp]fect auricul> muscles & loose-hang+ e>s1 al?\gh _! wild ance/ors mov$ _! /iff e>s 9 _m ways4 ,man has also ^! rudim5t>y organs on o!r p>ts ( 8 body2 !y are ( no importance to life1 & nev] p]=m any function4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 al?\gh ! smalle/ organ ( ?is k9d1 is ! little cresc5t-l fold1 ! s-call$ 8plica semilun>is10 :i* we h 9 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye1 ne> ! root ( ! nose4 ,?is insignificant fold ( sk91 :i* is q useless to our eye1 is ! imp]fect remnant ( a ?ird inn] eyelid :i*1 besides ! upp] & "u eyelid1 is highly develop$ 9 o!r mammals1 & 9 birds & reptiles4 ,ev5 our v remote ance/ors ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 ! ,primitive ,fi%es1 seem to h possess$ ?is ?ird eyelid1 ! s-call$ nictitat+ membrane4 ,= _m ( _! ne>e/ k91 :o /ill exi/ 9 our day b little *ang$ 9 =m1 viz41 _m %>ks1 possess a v /rong nictitat+ membrane1 :i* !y c draw "r across ! :ole eyeball1 f ! inn] corn] ( ! eye4 ,eyes :i* d n see =m ! mo/ /rik+ example ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,^! are f\nd 9 v _m animals1 :i* live 9 ! d>k1 z 9 caves or und]gr\nd4 ,_! eyes (t5 exi/ 9 a well-develop$ condition1 b !y are cov]$ by membrane1 s t no ray ( light c ent]1 & !y c nev] see4 ,su* eyes1 )\t ! function ( sight1 are f\nd 9 sev]al species ( moles & mice :i* live und]gr\nd1 9 s]p5ts & liz>ds1 9 amphibi\s animals 7,proteus1 ,ccilia71 & 9 fi%es2 also 9 num]\s inv]tebrate animals1 :i* pass _! lives 9 ! d>k1 z d _m beetles1 crabs1 snails1 worms1 etc4 ,an abundance ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( rudim5t>y organs is furni%$ by ,comp>ative ,o/eology1 or ! /udy ( ! skeletons ( v]tebrate animals1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive bran*es ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,9 mo/ ( ! v]tebrate animals we f9d two pairs ( limbs on ! body1 a pair ( =e-legs & a pair ( h9d-legs4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 "o or ! o!r pair is imp]fect2 x is seldom t bo? are1 z 9 ! case ( s]p5ts & "s v>ieties ( eel-l fi%4 ,b "s s]p5ts1 viz41 ! giant s]p5ts 7,boa1 ,py?on71 h /ill 9 ! h9d] portion ( ! body "s useless little bones1 :i* are ! rema9s ( lo/ h9d-legs4 ,9 l mann] ! mammals ( ! :ale tribe 7,cetacea71 :i* h only =e-legs fully develop$ 7brea/-f9s171 h fur!r back 9 _! body ano!r pair ( utt]ly sup]flu\s bones1 :i* are remnants ( undevelop$ h9d-legs4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 _m g5u9e fi%es1 9 :i* ! h9d-legs h 9 l mann] be5 lo/4 ,aga91 9 our sl[-worm 7,anguis71 & 9 "s o!r liz>ds1 no =e-legs exi/1 al?\gh !y h a p]fect %\ld] app>atus )9 _! bodies1 :i* %\ld s]ve z a means ( affix+ ! legs4 ,moreov]1 9 v>i\s v]tebrate animals1 ! s+le bones ( bo? pairs ( legs are f\nd 9 all ! diff]5t /ages ( imp]fection1 & (t5 ! deg5]ate bones & ^? muscles belong+ to !m are p>tially pres]v$1 )\t _! be+ able 9 any way to p]=m any function4 ,! in/rum5t is /ill !re1 b x c no long] play4 ,moreov]1 we c1 almo/ z g5]ally1 f9d rudim5t>y organs 9 ! blossoms ( plants1 inasmu* z "o "p or ano!r ( ! male organs ( propagation--! /am5 & an!r1 or ( ! female organs ( propagation--! /yle1 g]m1 etc4--is m or less imp]fect or abortive4 ,among ^! we c trace1 9 v>i\s closely connect$ species ( plants1 ! organ 9 all /ages ( deg5]ation4 ,?us1 = example1 ! great natural family ( lip-blossom$ plants 7,labiat71 to :i* ! balm1 pepp]m9t1 m>joram1 gr\nd-ivy1 ?yme1 etc41 belong1 are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t _! m\?-l1 two-lipp$ fl[] conta9s two long & two %ort /am5s4 ,b 9 _m exceptional plants ( ?is family1 e4g4 9 diff]5t species ( sage1 & 9 ! rosem>y1 only "o pair ( /am5s is develop$2 ! o!r pair is m or less imp]fect1 or has q disappe>$4 ,sometimes /am5s exi/1 b )\t ! an!rs1 s t !y are utt]ly useless4 ,less frequ5tly ! rudim5t or imp]fect remnant ( a fif? /am5 is f\nd1 physiologically 7= ! functions ( life7 q useless1 b morphologically 7= ! k ( ! =m & ( ! natural relation%ip7 a mo/ valuable organ4 ,9 my 8,g5]al ,morphology ( ,organisms107#d7 9 ! *apt] on 8,purposelessness1 or ,dy/eleology10 ,i h giv5 a great numb] ( o!r examples 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bbf74 ,no biological ph5om5on has p]haps ev] plac$ zoologi/s or botani/s 9 great] emb>rassm5t ?an ^! rudim5t>y or abortive organs4 ,!y are in/rum5ts )\t employm5t1 p>ts ( ! body :i* exi/ )\t p]=m+ any s]vice--adapt$ = a purpose1 b )\t 9 reality fulfill+ t purpose4 ,:5 we consid] ! attempts :i* ! e>li] naturali/s h made 9 ord] to expla9 ?is my/]y1 we c sc>cely help smil+ at ! /range ideas to :i* !y 7 l$4 ,be+ unable to f9d a true explanation1 !y came1 = example1 to ! conclusion t ! ,creator _h plac$ ^! organs !re 8= ! sake ( symmetry10 or !y believ$ t x _h appe>$ unwise & unsuitable to ! ,creator 7see+ t _! ne>e/ k9 did possess su* organs7 t ^! organs %\ld be completely want+ 9 creatures1 :]e !y are incapable ( p]=m+ a function1 & :]e x _c be o!rwise f ! special mode ( life4 ,9 comp5sation = ! non-exi/+ function1 he _h at lea/ furni%$ !m ) ! outw>d b empty =m2 ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z civil (fic]s1 9 uni=m1 are furni%$ ) an innoc5t sword1 :i* is nev] drawn f ! scabb>d4 ,i sc>cely believe1 h[ev]1 t any ( my read]s w be cont5t ) su* an explanation4 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is widely spread & my/]i\s ph5om5on ( rudim5t>y organs1 9 reg>d to :i* all o!r attempts at explanation fail1 :i* is p]fectly expla9$1 & inde$ 9 ! simple/ & cle>e/ way1 by ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,we c trace ! important laws ( inh]itance & adaptation 9 ! dome/ic animals :i* we bre$1 & ! plants :i* we cultivate2 & a s]ies ( su* laws ( inh]itance h already be5 e/abli%$4 ,)\t go+ fur!r into ?is at pres5t1 ,i w only rem>k t "s ( !m p]fectly expla91 9 a me*anical way1 ! com+ into exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y organs1 s t we mu/ look ^u ! appe>ance ( su* /ructures z an entirely natural process1 aris+ f ! disuse ( ! organs4 ,by adaptation to special conditions ( life1 ! =m]ly active & really work+ organs h gradually ceas$ to be us$ or employ$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! n be+ ex]cis$ !y h become m & m imp]fect1 b 9 spite ( ?is h always be5 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r by inh]itance1 until at la/ !y vani% p>tially or entirely4 ,n[1 if we admit t all ! v]tebrate animals m5tion$ above are d]iv$ f "o common ance/or1 possess+ two see+ eyes & two well develop$ pairs ( legs1 ! diff]5t /ages ( suppression & deg5]ation ( ^! organs are easily acc\nt$ = 9 su* ( ! desc5dants z c\ld no long] use !m4 ,9 l mann] ! v>i\s /ages ( suppression ( ! /am5s1 orig9ally exi/+ to ! numb] ( five 79 ! fl[]-bud71 among ! ,labiat is expla9$1 if we admit t all ! plants ( ?is family sprung f "o common ance/or1 provid$ ) five /am5s4 ,i h "h spok5 some:at fully ( ! ph5om5a ( rudim5t>y organs1 because !y are ( ! utmo/ g5]al importance1 & because !y lead u to ! great1 g5]al1 & fundam5tal que/ions 9 philosophy & natural sci5ce1 = ! solution ( :i* ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t has n[ become ! indisp5sable guide4 ,z soon1 9 fact1 z1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 we ackn[l$ge ! exclusive activity ( physico-*emical causes 9 liv+ 7organic7 bodies1 z well z 9 s-call$ inanimate 7inorganic7 nature1 we conc$e exclusive dom9ion to t view ( ! univ]se1 :i* we may designate z ! me*anical1 & :i* is oppos$ to ! teleological conception4 ,if we comp>e all ! ideas ( ! univ]se preval5t among diff]5t nations at diff]5t times1 we c divide !m all into two %>ply contra/$ gr\ps--a causal or me*anical1 & a teleological or vitali/ic4 ,! latt] has prevail$ g5]ally 9 ,biology until n[1 & accord+ly ! animal & vegetable k+doms h be5 consid]$ z ! products ( a creative p[]1 act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,9 ! contemplation ( e organism ! unavoidable conviction seem$ to press itself ^u u1 t su* a wond]ful ma*9e1 s complicat$ an app>atus = motion z exi/s 9 ! organism1 c\ld only be produc$ by a p[] analog\s to1 b inf9itely m p]fect ?an1 ! p[] ( man 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 ma*9es4 ,h[ev] sublime ! =m] idea ( a ,creator1 & 8 creative p[]1 may h be52 h[ev] mu* x may be attempt$ to dive/ x ( all human analogy1 yet 9 ! end ?is analogy /ill rema9s unavoidable & necess>y 9 ! teleological conception ( nature4 ,9 reality ! ,creator mu/ himself be conceiv$ ( z an organism1 t is1 z a be+ :o1 analog\s to man1 ev5 ?\gh 9 an inf9itely m p]fect =m1 reflects on 8 con/ructive p[]1 lays d[n a plan ( 8 me*anisms1 & !n1 by ! application ( suitable mat]ials1 makes !m answ] _! purpose4 ,su* conceptions necess>ily suff] f ! fundam5tal error ( an?ropomorphism1 or man-lik5+4 ,9 su* a view1 h[ev] exalt$ ! ,creator may be imag9$1 we assign to him ! human attributes ( design+ a plan1 & !refrom suitably con/ruct+ ! organism4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 q cle>ly express$ 9 t view :i* is mo/ %>ply oppos$ to ,d>w9's !ory1 & :i* has f\nd among naturali/s its mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative 9 ,agassiz4 ,8 celebrat$ "w1 8,an ,essay on ,classification107#e7 :i* is entirely oppos$ to ,d>w9's1 & appe>$ almo/ at ! same "t1 has elaborat$ q consi/5tly1 & to ! utmo/ ext5t1 ^! an?ropomorphic conceptions ( ! ,creator4 ,i ma9ta9 ) reg>d to ! mu*-talk$-( 8purpose 9 nature10 t x really has no exi/5ce b = ^? p]sons :o obs]ve ph5om5a 9 animals & plants 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial mann]4 ,)\t go+ m deeply into ! matt]1 we c see at once t ! rudim5t>y organs are a =midable ob/acle to ?is !ory4 ,&1 inde$1 ev]yone :o makes a really close /udy ( ! organization & mode ( life ( ! v>i\s animals & plants1 & becomes famili> ) ! reciprocity or int]action ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 & ! s-call$ 8economy ( nature10 mu/ necess>ily come to ! conclusion t ?is 8purposiv5ess0 no m exi/s ?an ! mu*-talk$-( 8b5efic5ce0 ( ! ,creator4 ,^! optimi/ic views h1 un=tunately1 z little real f\ndation z ! fav\rite phrase1 ! 8moral ord] ( ! univ]se10 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 an ironical way by ! hi/ory ( all nations4 ,! dom9ion ( ! 8moral0 popes1 & _! pi\s inquisition1 9 ! m$ival times1 is n less significant ( ?is ?an ! pres5t prevail+ milit>ism1 ) its 8moral0 app>atus ( ne$le-guns & o!r ref9$ in/rum5ts ( murd]4 ,if we contemplate ! common life & ! mutual relations betwe5 plants & animals 7man includ$71 we %all f9d ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 ! v opposite ( t k9dly & peaceful social life :i* ! goodness ( ! ,creator ought to h prep>$ = 8 creatures--we %all r f9d ev]y:]e a pitiless1 mo/ embitt]$ ,/ruggle ( ,all aga9/ ,all4 ,n[h]e 9 nature1 no matt] :]e we turn our eyes1 does t idyllic peace1 celebrat$ by ! poets1 exi/2 we f9d ev]y:]e a /ruggle & a /riv+ to annihilate neighb\rs & competitors4 ,passion & selfi%ness--consci\s or unconsci\s--is ev]y:]e ! motive =ce ( life4 ,! well-kn[n words ( ! ,g]man poet-- 8,die ,welt i/ vollkomm5 b]all ,wo d] ,m5s* ni*t h9kommt mit se9] ,qual40#a are beautiful1 b1 un=tunately1 n true4 ,man 9 ?is respect c]ta9ly =ms no exception to ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,! rem>ks :i* we %all h to make on ! !ory ( 8,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce0 w suffici5tly ju/ify ?is ass]tion4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ,d>w9 :o has plac$ ?is important po9t1 9 its high & g5]al significance1 v cle>ly be=e our eyes1 & ! *apt] 9 8 !ory :i* he himself calls 8,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce0 is "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( x4 ,:il/1 !n1 we emphatically oppose ! vital or teleological view ( animate nature :i* pres5ts animal & vegetable =ms z ! productions ( a k9d ,creator1 act+ = a def9ite purpose1 or ( a creative1 natural =ce act+ = a def9ite purpose1 we mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 decid$ly adopt t view ( ! univ]se :i* is call$ ! me*anical or causal4 ,x may also be call$ ! moni/ic1 or s+le-pr9ciple !ory1 z oppos$ to ! tw(old pr9ciple1 or duali/ic !ory1 :i* is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! teleological conception ( ! univ]se4 ,! me*anical view ( nature has = _m ye>s be5 s firmly e/abli%$ 9 c]ta9 doma9s ( natural sci5ce1 t x is "h unnecess>y to say mu* ab\t x4 ,x no long] occurs to physici/s1 *emi/s1 m9]alogi/s1 or a/ronom]s1 to seek to f9d 9 ! ph5om5a :i* cont9ually appe> be=e !m 9 _! sci5tific doma9 ! action ( a ,creator act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,!y univ]sally1 & )\t hesitation1 look ^u ! ph5om5a :i* appe> 9 _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( /udy z ! necess>y & inv>iable effects ( physical & *emical =ces :i* are inh]5t 9 matt]4 ,?us f> _! view is purely mat]iali/ic1 9 a c]ta9 s5se ( t 8^w ( _m mean+s40 ,:5 a physici/ traces ! ph5om5a ( motion 9 electricity or magnetism1 ! fall ( a heavy body1 or ! undulations 9 ! waves ( light1 he nev]1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 rese>*1 ?9ks ( look+ = ! int]f]5ce ( a sup]natural p[]4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,biology1 z ! sci5ce ( s-call$ 8animat$0 natural bodies1 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 %>p opposition to ! above-m5tion$ inorganic natural sci5ces 7,anorganology74 ,x is true mod]n ,physiology1 ! sci5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( motion 9 animals & plants1 has completely adopt$ ! me*anical view2 b ,morphology1 ! sci5ce ( ! =ms ( animals & plants1 has n be5 affect$ at all by x4 ,morphologi/s1 9 spite ( ! position ( physiology1 h cont9u$1 z be=e1 9 opposition to ! me*anical view ( functions1 to look ^u ! =ms ( animals & plants z some?+ :i* _c be at all expla9$ me*anically1 b :i* mu/ owe its orig9 necess>ily to a high]1 sup]natural creative p[]1 act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,9 ?is g5]al view x is q indiff]5t :e!r ! creative p[] be wor%ipp$ z a p]sonal god1 or :e!r x be t]m$ ! p[] ( life 7vis vitalis71 or f9al cause 7causa f9alis74 ,9 any case1 to express x 9 "o ^w1 its support]s h rec\rse to a miracle = an explanation4 ,!y ?r[ !mselves into ! arms ( a poetic fai?1 :i* z su* c h no value 9 ! doma9 ( sci5tific k4 ,all t 0 done be=e ,d>w91 to e/abli% a natural me*anical conception ( ! orig9 ( animals & plants1 has be5 9 va91 & until 8 "t no !ory ga9$ a g5]al recognition4 ,d>w9's !ory fir/ succe$$ 9 do+ ?is1 & ?us has r5d]$ an imm5se s]vice4 ,= ! idea ( ! unity ( organic & inorganic nature is n[ firmly e/abli%$2 & t bran* ( natural sci5ce :i* _h longe/ & mo/ ob/9ately oppos$ me*anical conception & explanation1 viz41 ! sci5ce ( ! /ructure ( animate =ms1 is laun*$ on to id5tically ! same road t[>ds p]fection z t along :i* all ! re/ ( ! natural sci5ces are travell+4 ,! unity ( all natural ph5om5a is by ,d>w9's !ory f9ally e/abli%$4 ,?is unity ( all nature1 ! animat+ ( all matt]1 ! insep>ability ( m5tal p[] & corporeal sub/ance1 ,goe! has ass]t$ 9 ! words3 8,matt] c nev] exi/ & be active )\t m9d1 nor c m9d )\t matt]40 ,^! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! me*anical conception ( ! univ]se h be5 taught by ! great moni/ic philosoph]s ( all ages4 ,ev5 ,democritus ( ,abd]a1 ! immortal f\nd] ( ! ,atomic !ory1 cle>ly express$ !m ab\t #ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b ! great ,dom9ican fri>1 ,giordano ,bruno1 did s ev5 m explicitly4 ,= ?is he 0 burnt at ! /ake1 by ! ,*ri/ian inquisition 9 ,rome1 on ! #ag? ( ,feb41 #afjj1 on ! same day on :i*1 #cf ye>s be=e1 ,galileo1 8 great fell[-c\ntryman & fell[-work]1 0 born4 ,su* m51 :o live & die = a great idea1 are usually /igmatiz$ z 8mat]iali/s02 b _! oppon5ts1 ^: argum5ts 7 torture & ! /ake1 are prais$ z 8spirituali/s40 ,by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t we are = ! fir/ "t enabl$ to conceive ( ! unity ( nature 9 su* a mann] t a me*anico-causal explanation ( ev5 ! mo/ intricate organic ph5om5a1 = example1 ! orig9 & /ructure ( ! organs ( s5se1 is no m difficult 79 a g5]al way7 ?an is ! me*anical explanation ( any physical process2 z1 = example1 e>?quakes1 ! c\rses ( ! w9d1 or ! curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,we ?us arrive at ! extremely important conviction t all natural bodies :i* are kn[n to u are equally animat$1 t ! di/9ction :i* has be5 made betwe5 animate & inanimate bodies does n exi/4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into ! air1 & falls to e>? accord+ to def9ite laws1 or :5 9 a solution ( salt a cry/al is =m$1 ! ph5om5on is nei!r m nor less a me*anical manife/ation ( life ?an ! gr[? & fl[]+ ( plants1 ?an ! propagation ( animals or ! activity ( _! s5ses1 ?an ! p]ception or ! =mation ( ?\ght 9 man4 ,?is f9al triumph ( ! moni/ic conception ( nature con/itutes ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al m]it ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 z re=m$ by ,d>w94 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,desc5t4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation ,,accord+ ,,to ,,l9n,,u4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 or ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 z ! ,moni/ic ,explanation ( ,organic ,natural ,ph5om5a4--,its ,comp>ison ) ,newton's ,!ory ( ,gravitation4--,limits ( ,sci5tific ,explanation & ( ,human ,k 9 g5]al4--,all ,k f\nd$ orig9ally on ,s5su\s ,exp]i5ce1 a po/]iori4--,transition ( a po/]iori k1 by ,inh]itance1 into a priori k4--,contra/ betwe5 ! ,sup]natural ,hypo!ses ( ! ,creation accord+ to ,l9nu1 ,cuvi]1 ,agassiz1 & ! ,natural ,!ories ( ,developm5t accord+ to ,lam>ck1 ,goe!1 & ,d>w94--,connection ( ! =m] ) ! ,moni/ic 7me*anical71 ( ! latt] ) ! ,duali/ic ,conception ( ! ,univ]se4--,monism & ,mat]ialism4--,sci5tific & ,moral ,mat]ialism4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation accord+ to ,moses4--,l9nu z ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,sy/ematic ,description ( ,nature & ,di/9ction ( ,species4--,l9nu' ,classification & ,b9>y ,nom5clature4--,mean+ ( ,l9nu' ,idea ( ,species4--,8 ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,l9nu' view ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! value :i* e sci5tific !ory possesses is measur$ by ! numb] & importance ( ! objects :i* c be expla9$ by x1 z well z by ! simplicity & univ]sality ( ! causes :i* are employ$ 9 x z gr\nds ( explanation4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! great] ! numb] & ! m important ! mean+ ( ! ph5om5a expla9$ by ! !ory1 & ! simpl]1 on ! o!r h&1 & ! m g5]al ! causes :i* ! !ory assigns z explanations1 ! great] is its sci5tific value1 ! m safely we are guid$ by x1 & ! m /rongly are we b\nd to adopt x4 ,let u call to m9d1 = example1 t !ory :i* has rank$ up to ! pres5t "t z ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! human m9d--! ,!ory ( ,gravitation1 :i* ,newton1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 e/abli%$ 9 8 ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,"h we f9d t ! object to be expla9$ is z l>ge z "o c well imag9e4 ,he und]took to r$uce ! ph5om5a ( ! motion ( ! planets1 & ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 to ma!matical laws4 ,z ! mo/ simple cause ( ^! intricate ph5om5a ( motion1 ,newton e/abli%$ ! law ( weight or attraction1 ! same law :i* is ! cause ( ! fall ( bodies1 ( adhesion1 cohesion1 & _m o!r ph5om5a4 ,if we apply ! same /&>d ( valuation to ,d>w9's !ory1 we mu/ arrive at ! conclusion t ?is !ory1 also1 is "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d1 & t x may be plac$ q on a level ) ,newton's ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,p]haps ?is op9ion w seem a little exagg]at$1 or at any rate v bold1 b ,i hope 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise to conv9ce ! read] t ?is e/imate is n too high4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 "s ( ! mo/ important & mo/ g5]al ph5om5a 9 organic nature1 :i* h be5 expla9$ by ,d>w9's !ory1 h be5 nam$4 ,among !m are ! v>iations 9 =m :i* accompany ! individual developm5t ( organisms1 mo/ v>i$ & complicat$ ph5om5a1 :i* until n[ pres5t$ ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! way ( me*anical explanation1 t is1 9 ! trac+ ( !m to active causes4 ,we h m5tion$ ! rudim5t>y organs1 ^? exce$+ly rem>kable /ructures 9 animals & plants :i* h no object & refute e teleological explanation seek+ = ! f9al purpose ( ! organism4 ,a great numb] ( o!r ph5om5a might h be5 m5tion$1 :i* are no less important1 & are expla9$ 9 ! simple/ mann] by ,d>w9's re=m$ ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w only m5tion ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to u by ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants on ! surface ( our planet1 z well z ! geological di/ribution ( ! ext9ct & petrifi$ organisms 9 ! diff]5t /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,^! important palontological & geographical ph5om5a1 :i* 7 =m]ly only kn[n to u z facts1 are n[ trac$ to _! active causes by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! same /atem5t applies fur!r to all ! g5]al laws ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 especially to ! great law ( division ( lab\r or sep>ation 7polymorphism1 or diff]5tiation71 a law :i* det]m9es ! =m or /ructure ( human society1 z well z ! organization ( individual animals & plants4 ,x is ?is law :i* necessitates an ev] increas+ v>iety1 z well z a progressive developm5t ( organic =ms4 ,?is law ( ! division ( lab\r has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 be5 only recogniz$ z a fact1 & x1 l ! law ( progressive developm5t1 or ! law ( progress :i* we p]ceive active ev]y:]e 9 ! hi/ory ( nations 7z also 9 t ( animals & plants71 is expla9$ by ,d>w9's ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t4 ,!n1 if we turn our att5tion to ! great :ole ( organic nature1 if we comp>e all ! individual gr\ps ( ph5om5a ( ?is imm5se doma9 ( life1 x _c fail to appe>1 9 ! light ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 no long] z ! +5i\sly design$ "w ( a ,creator build+ up accord+ to a def9ite purpose1 b z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( active causes1 :i* are inh]5t 9 ! *emical comb9ation ( matt] itself1 & 9 its physical prop]ties4 ,9 fact1 we c mo/ positively ass]t1 & ,i %all ju/ify ?is ass]tion 9 ! c\rse ( ^! pages1 t by ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 or ,desc5t1 we are enabl$ = ! fir/ "t to r$uce all organic ph5om5a to a s+le law1 & to discov] a s+le active cause = ! inf9itely intricate me*anism ( ! :ole ( ?is ri* _w ( ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,d>w9's !ory /&s q on a level ) ,newton's ,!ory ( ,gravitation2 inde$1 x ev5 rises high] ?an ,newton's !ory6 ,! gr\nds ( explanation are equally simple 9 ! two !ories4 ,9 expla9+ ?is mo/ intricate _w ( ph5om5a1 ,d>w9 does n make use ( new or hi!rto unkn[n prop]ties ( matt]1 nor does he1 z "o might suppose1 make use ( discov]ies ( new comb9ations ( matt] or ( new =ces ( organization2 b x is simply by extremely +5i\s comb9ation1 by ! syn!tic compreh5sion1 & by ! ?\ghtful comp>ison ( a numb] ( well-kn[n facts1 t ,d>w9 has solv$ ! 8holy my/]y0 ( ! liv+ _w ( =ms4 ,! consid]ation ( ! int]*ang+ relations :i* exi/ betwe5 two g5]al prop]ties ( organisms1 viz41 ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 is :at has "h be5 ( ! fir/ importance4 ,m]ely by consid]+ ! relations betwe5 ^! two vital actions or physiological functions ( organisms1 also fur!r by consid]+ ! reciprocal int]action :i* all animals & plants1 liv+ 9 "o & ! same place1 necess>ily ex]t on "o ano!r--solely by ! correct e/imate ( ^! simple facts1 & by skilfully comb9+ !m1 ,d>w9 has succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! true active causes 7caus effici5tes7 ( ! imm5sely intricate _w ( =ms 9 organic nature4 ,9 any case we are 9 duty b\nd to accept ?is !ory till a bett] "o be f\nd1 :i* w und]take to expla9 ! same am\nt ( facts 9 an equally simple mann]4 ,until n[ we h be5 9 utt] want ( su* a !ory4 ,! fundam5tal idea t all diff]5t animal & vegetable =ms mu/ be desc5d$ f a few or ev5 f "o s+le1 mo/ simple prim>y =m1 0 inde$ n new4 ,?is idea 0 long s9ce di/9ctly =mulat$--fir/ by ! great ,lam>ck1 at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury4 ,b ,lam>ck 9 reality only express$ ! hypo!sis ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 )\t e/abli%+ x by an explanation ( ! active causes4 ,& x is j ! demon/ration ( ^! causes :i* m>ks ! extraord9>y progress :i* ,d>w9's !ory has made beyond t ( ,lam>ck4 ,9 ! physiological prop]ties ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation ( organic matt]1 ,d>w9 discov]$ ! true cause ( ! g5ealogical relation%ip ( organisms4 ,x 0 n possible = ! g5ius ( ,lam>ck 9 8 day to comm& t colossal mat]ial ( biological facts :i* has be5 collect$ by ! pati5t zoological & botanical inve/igations ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & :i* has be5 us$ by ,d>w9 z an ov]p[]+ app>atus ( evid5ce4 ,d>w9's !ory is !re=e n :at 8 oppon5ts frequ5tly repres5t x z be+--an unw>rant$ hypo!sis tak5 up at r&om4 ,x is n = zoologi/s or botani/s to accept or reject ?is z an explanatory !ory1 z !y please2 !y are r compell$ & oblig$ to accept x1 accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple obs]v$ 9 all natural sci5ces1 t we mu/ accept & reta9 = ! explanation ( ph5om5a any !ory :i*1 ?\gh x has only a feeble basis1 is compatible ) ! actual facts--until x is replac$ by a bett] "o4 ,if we d n adopt x1 we r5\nce a sci5tific explanation ( ph5om5a1 & ?is is1 9 fact1 ! position :i* _m biologi/s /ill ma9ta94 ,!y look ^u ! :ole doma9 ( animate nature z a p]fect my/]y1 & ^u ! orig9 ( animals & plants1 ! ph5om5a ( _! developm5t & aff9ities1 z q inexplicable & miracul\s2 9 fact1 !y w n all[ t !re c be a true und]/&+ ( !m4 ,^? oppon5ts ( ,d>w9 :o d n exactly wi% to r5\nce a sci5tific explanation are 9 ! habit ( say+1 8,d>w9's !ory ( ! common orig9 ( ! diff]5t species is only "o hypo!sis2 we oppose to x ano!r1 ! hypo!sis t ! individual animal & vegetable species h n develop$ "o f ano!r by desc5t1 b t !y h come into exi/5ce indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 by a /ill undiscov]$ law ( nature40 ,b z long z x is n %[n h[ ?is com+ into exi/5ce is to be conceiv$ (1 & :at t 8law ( nature0 is--z long z n ev5 probable gr\nds ( explanation c be br\ght =w>d to acc\nt = ! indep5d5t com+ into exi/5ce ( animal & vegetable species1 s long ?is c\nt]-hypo!sis is 9 fact no hypo!sis1 b an empty unmean+ phrase4 ,d>w9's !ory ought1 moreov]1 n to be call$ an hypo!sis4 ,= a sci5tific hypo!sis is a supposition1 po/ulat+ ! exi/5ce ( unkn[n prop]ties or motional ph5om5a ( natural bodies1 :i* prop]ties h n z yet be5 obs]v$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,b ,d>w9's !ory does n assume su* unkn[n conditions2 x is bas$ ^u g5]al prop]ties ( organisms t h long be5 recogniz$1 &--z has be5 rem>k$--x is ! exce$+ly +5i\s & compreh5sive comb9ation ( a numb] ( ph5om5a :i* _h hi!rto /ood isolat$1 :i* gives ! !ory its extraord9>ily great & intr9sic value4 ,by x we are = ! fir/ "t 9 a position to demon/rate an active cause = all ! kn[n morphological ph5om5a 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms2 &1 9 fact1 ?is cause is always "o & ! same1 viz41 ! alt]nate action ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance1 !re=e a physiological1 t is1 a physico-*emical or me*anical1 relation%ip4 ,= ^! reasons ! acceptance ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 z me*anically e/abli%$ by ,d>w91 is a b9d+ & unavoidable necessity = ! :ole doma9 ( zoology & botany4 ,z1 !re=e1 9 my op9ion ! imm5se importance ( ,d>w9's !ory lies 9 ! fact t x has me*anically expla9$ ^? organic ph5om5a ( =ms :i* _h hi!rto be5 unexpla9$1 x is p]haps necess>y t ,i %\ld "h say a few words ab\t ! diff]5t ideas connect$ ) ! ^w 8explanation40 ,x is v frequ5tly said1 9 opposition to ,d>w9's !ory1 t x does inde$ expla9 ^? ph5om5a by ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 b t x does n at ! same "t expla9 ^? prop]ties ( organic matt]1 & t !re=e we d n arrive at fir/ causes4 ,?is objection is q correct1 b x applies equally to all explanations ( ph5om5a4 ,we n[h]e arrive at a k ( fir/ causes4 ,! orig9 ( e simple salt cry/al1 :i* we obta9 by evaporat+ its "m liquor1 is no less my/]i\s to u1 z f> z conc]ns its fir/ cause1 & 9 itself no less incompreh5sible ?an ! orig9 ( e animal :i* is develop$ out ( a simple cell4 ,9 expla9+ ! mo/ simple physical or *emical ph5om5a1 z ! fall+ ( a /one1 or ! =mation ( a *emical comb9ation1 we arrive1 by discov]+ & e/abli%+ ! active causes--= example1 ! gravitation or ! *emical aff9ity--at o!r remot] ph5om5a1 :i* 9 !mselves are my/]i\s4 ,?is arises f ! limitation or relativity ( our p[]s ( und]/&+4 ,we mu/ n =get t human k is absolutely limit$1 & possesses only a relative ext5sion4 ,x is1 9 its ess5ce1 limit$ by ! v nature ( our s5ses & ( our bra9s4 ,all k spr+s f s5su\s p]ceptions4 ,9 opposition to ?is /atem5t1 ! innate1 priori k ( man may be br\ght up2 b we c see t ! s-call$ priori k c by ,d>w9's !ory be prov$ to h be5 acquir$ po/]iori1 be+ bas$ on exp]i5ce z its fir/ cause4 ,k :i* is bas$ orig9ally ^u purely empirical obs]vations1 & :i* is !re=e a purely s5su\s exp]i5ce1 b has !n be5 transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation by inh]itance1 appe>s 9 lat] g5]ations z if x 7 indep5d5t1 innate1 & priori4 ,9 our late animal ance/ors1 all our s-call$ 8 priori k0 0 orig9ally acquir$ po/]iori1 & only gradually became priori by inh]itance4 ,x is bas$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u exp]i5ces1 & by ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation we c positively prove t k priori & k po/]iori _c rightly be plac$ 9 opposition1 z is usually done4 ,on ! contr>y1 s5su\s exp]i5ce is ! orig9al s\rce ( all k4 ,= ?is reason alone1 all our k is limit$1 & we c nev] appreh5d ! fir/ causes ( any ph5om5a4 ,! =ce ( cry/allization1 ! =ce ( gravitation1 & *emical aff9ity rema9 9 !mselves j z incompreh5sible z d ,adaptation & ,inh]itance4 ,see+ t ,d>w9's !ory expla9s f a s+le po9t ( view ! totality ( all ^? ph5om5a ( :i* we h giv5 a brief survey1 t x demon/rates "o & ! same quality ( ! organism z ! active cause 9 all cases1 we mu/ all[ t x gives u = ! pres5t all t we c desire4 ,moreov]1 we h good reason to hope t at "s future "t we %all le>n to expla9 ! fir/ causes at :i* ,d>w9 has arriv$1 namely1 ! prop]ties ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance2 & t we %all succe$ 9 discov]+ 9 ! composition ( album9\s matt] c]ta9 molecul> relations z ! remot]1 simpl] causes ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,!re is inde$ no prospect ( ?is 9 ! imm$iate future1 & we cont5t ourselves = ! pres5t ) ! trac+ back ( organic ph5om5a to two my/]i\s prop]ties1 j z 9 ! case ( ,newton's !ory we are satisfi$ ) trac+ ! planet>y motions to ! =ce ( gravitation1 :i* itself is likewise a my/]y to u & n cognizable 9 itself4 ,be=e comm5c+ our pr9cipal task1 :i* is ! c>eful discussion ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 & ! consequ5ces t arise out ( x1 let u take an hi/orical retrospect ( ! mo/ important & mo/ widely spread ( ^? views1 :i* be=e ,d>w9 m5 _h elaborat$ conc]n+ organic creation1 & ! com+ into exi/5ce ( ! _m animal & vegetable species4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i h no int5tion ( ent]ta9+ ! read] ) a /atem5t ( all ! innum]able /ories ab\t ! creation :i* h be5 curr5t among ! diff]5t human species1 races1 or tribes4 ,h[ev] int]e/+ & gratify+ ?is task w\ld be1 f an e?nographical po9t ( view1 z well z 9 a hi/ory ( civilization1 x w\ld lead u "h mu* too f> f our subject4 ,besides1 ! great majority ( all ^! leg5ds ab\t creation be> too cle>ly ! /amp ( arbitr>y fiction1 & ( a want ( a close obs]vance ( nature1 to be ( int]e/ 9 a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,i %all !re=e only select ! ,mosaic hi/ory f among ^? t are n f\nd$ on sci5tific inve/igation1 on acc\nt ( ! unp>allel$ influ5ce :i* x has ga9$ 9 ! we/]n civiliz$ _w2 & !n ,i %all imm$iately take up ! sci5tific hypo!sis ab\t creation1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,l9nu z late z ! comm5cem5t ( la/ c5tury4 ,all ! diff]5t conceptions :i* man has ev] =m$ ab\t ! com+ into exi/5ce ( ! diff]5t animal & vegetable species may conv5i5tly be divid$ into two great contra/$ gr\ps--! natural & sup]natural hi/ories ( creation4 ,^! two gr\ps1 on ! :ole1 correspond ) ! two diff]5t pr9cipal =ms ( ! human notions ( ! univ]se :i* we h already contra/$ z ! moni/ic & ! duali/ic conception ( nature4 ,9 ! usual duali/ic or teleological 7vital7 conception ( ! univ]se1 organic nature is reg>d$ z ! purposely execut$ production ( a ,creator work+ accord+ to a def9ite plan4 ,its adh]5ts see 9 e individual species ( animal & plant an 8embodi$ creative ?\ght10 ! mat]ial expression ( a def9ite fir/ cause 7causa f9alis7 act+ = a set purpose4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily assume sup]natural 7n me*anical7 processes = ! orig9 ( organisms4 ,) ju/ice1 we may !re=e designate _! s*eme ( ! _w's gr[? z ! ,sup]natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,among all su* teleological hi/ories ( creation1 t ( ,moses has ga9$ ! greate/ influ5ce1 s9ce ev5 s di/+ui%$ a naturali/ z ,l9nu has claim$ admittance = x 9 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,cuvi]'s & ,agassiz's views ( creation also belong to ?is gr\p1 z d 9 fact ^? ( ! great majority ( bo? sci5tific & unsci5tific m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( developm5t c>ri$ out by ,d>w91 :i* we %all h to treat ( "h z ! ,non-miracul\s or ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 & :i* has already be5 put =w>d by ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 mu/1 if c>ri$ out logically1 lead to ! moni/ic or me*anical 7causal7 conception ( ! univ]se4 ,9 opposition to ! duali/ic or teleological conception ( nature1 our !ory consid]s organic1 z well z inorganic1 bodies to be ! necess>y products ( natural =ces4 ,x does n see 9 e individual species ( animal & plant ! embodi$ ?\ght ( a p]sonal ,creator1 b ! expression = ! "t be+ ( a me*anical process ( developm5t ( matt]1 ! expression ( a necess>ily active cause1 t is1 ( a me*anical cause 7causa effici5s74 ,:]e teleological ,dualism seeks ! arbitr>y ?\ghts ( a caprici\s ,creator 9 ! miracles ( creation1 causal ,monism f9ds 9 ! process ( developm5t ! necess>y effects ( et]nal immutable laws ( nature4 ,! ,monism "h ma9ta9$ by u is (t5 consid]$ id5tical ) ,mat]ialism4 ,n[1 z ,d>w9ism1 & 9 fact ! :ole !ory ( developm5t1 has be5 designat$ z 8mat]iali/ic10 ,i _c avoid "h at once gu>d+ myself aga9/ ?is ambigu\s ^w1 & aga9/ ! malice ) :i*1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 x is employ$ to /igmatize our doctr9e4 ,by ! ^w 8,mat]ialism10 two completely diff]5t ?+s are v frequ5tly conf\nd$ & mix$ up1 :i* 9 reality h no?+ :atev] to d ) ea* o!r1 namely1 sci5tific & moral mat]ialism4 ,sci5tific mat]ialism1 :i* is id5tical ) our ,monism1 affirms 9 reality no m ?an t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w goes on naturally--t e effect has its cause1 & e cause its effect4 ,x !re=e assigns to causal law--t is1 ! law ( a necess>y connection betwe5 cause & effect--its place ov] ! entire s]ies ( ph5om5a t c be kn[n4 ,at ! same "t1 sci5tific mat]ialism positively rejects e belief 9 ! miracul\s1 & e conception1 9 :atev] =m x appe>s1 ( sup]natural processes4 ,accord+ly1 n[h]e 9 ! :ole doma9 ( human k does x recognize real metaphysics1 b ?r\gh\t only physics2 ?r\gh x ! insep>able connection betwe5 matt]1 =m1 & =ce becomes self evid5t4 ,?is sci5tific mat]ialism has long s9ce be5 s univ]sally ackn[l$g$ 9 ! wide doma9 ( inorganic sci5ce1 9 ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 9 ,m9]alogy & ,geology1 t no "o n[ d\bts its sole au?ority4 ,b 9 ,biology1 or ,organic sci5ce1 ! case is v diff]5t2 "h its value is /ill cont9ually a matt] ( dispute 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ else :i* c be set up aga9/ x1 except+ ! metaphysical spectre ( a vital p[]1 or empty !ological dogma4 ,if we c prove t all nature1 s f> z x c be kn[n1 is only "o1 t ! same 8great1 et]nal1 iron laws0 are active 9 ! life ( animals & plants1 z 9 ! gr[? ( cry/als & 9 ! =ce ( /eam1 we may ) reason ma9ta9 ! moni/ic or me*anical view ( ?+s ?r\gh\t ! doma9 ( ,biology--9 ,zoology & ,botany--:e!r x be /igmatiz$ z 8mat]ialism0 or n4 ,9 su* a s5se all exact sci5ce1 & ! law ( cause & effect at its head1 is purely mat]iali/ic4 ,moral1 or e?ical ,mat]ialism1 is some?+ q di/9ct f sci5tific mat]ialism1 & has no?+ :atev] 9 common ) ! latt]4 ,?is real mat]ialism proposes no o!r aim to man 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life ?an ! mo/ ref9$ possible gratification ( 8 s5ses4 ,x is bas$ on ! delusion t purely mat]ial enjoym5t c alone give satisfaction to man2 b z he c f9d t satisfaction 9 no "o =m ( s5su\s pleasure1 he da%es on we>i$ly f "o to ano!r4 ,! pr(\nd tru? t ! real value ( life does n lie 9 mat]ial enjoym5t1 b 9 moral action--t true happ9ess does n dep5d ^u ext]nal possessions1 b only 9 a virtu\s c\rse ( life--?is is unkn[n to e?ical mat]ialism4 ,we !re=e look 9 va9 = su* mat]ialism among naturali/s & philosoph]s1 ^: highe/ happ9ess is ! intellectual enjoym5t ( ,nature1 & ^: highe/ aim is ! k ( h] laws4 ,we f9d x 9 ! palaces ( ecclesia/ical pr9ces1 & 9 ^? hypocrites :o1 "u ! outw>d mask ( a pi\s wor%ip ( ,god1 solely aim at hi]>*ical tyranny ov]1 & mat]ial spoliation (1 _! fell[-m54 ,bl9d to ! inf9ite gr&eur ( ! s-call$ 8raw mat]ial10 & ! glori\s _w ( ph5om5a aris+ f x--ins5sible to ! inexhau/ible *>ms ( ,nature1 & )\t a k ( h] laws--!y /igmatize all natural sci5ce1 & ! culture aris+ f x1 z s9ful 8mat]ialism10 :ile really x is ?is :i* !y !mselves exhibit 9 a mo/ %ock+ =m4 ,satisfactory pro(s ( ?is are furni%$1 n only by ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,ca?olic ,popes1 ) _! long s]ies ( crimes1 b also by ! hi/ory ( ! morals ( or?odoxy 9 e =m ( religion4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to avoid 9 future ! usual confusion ( ?is utt]ly objectionable ,moral ,mat]ialism ) our ,sci5tific ,mat]ialism1 we ?9k x necess>y to call ! latt] ei!r ,monism or ,realism4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is ,monism is ! same z :at ,kant t]ms ! 8pr9ciple ( me*anism10 & ( :i* he expressly ass]ts1 t )\t x !re c be no natural sci5ce at all4 ,?is pr9ciple is q insep>able f our ,non-miracul\s ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 & *>act]izes x z oppos$ to ! teleological belief 9 ! miracles ( a ,sup]natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,let u n[ fir/ ( all glance at ! mo/ important ( all ! sup]natural hi/ories ( creation1 ,i mean t ( ,moses1 z x has be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ,bible1 ! anci5t docum5t ( ! hi/ory & laws ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation1 s9ce 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis x =ms ! introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 has enjoy$1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 g5]al recognition 9 ! :ole ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian _w ( civilization4 ,its extraord9>y success is expla9$ n only by its close connection ) ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 b also by ! simple & natural *a9 ( ideas :i* runs ?r\gh x1 & :i* contra/s fav\rably ) ! confus$ my?ology ( creation curr5t among mo/ ( ! o!r anci5t nations4 ,fir/ ! ,"l ,god creates ! e>? z an inorganic body2 !n he sep>ates light f d>kness1 !n wat] f ! dry l&4 ,n[ ! e>? has become inhabitable = organisms1 & plants are fir/ creat$1 animals lat]--& among ! latt] ! inhabitants ( ! wat] & ! air fir/1 aft]w>ds ! inhabitants ( ! dry l&4 ,f9ally ,god creates man1 ! la/ ( all organisms1 9 8 own image1 & z ! rul] ( ! e>?4 ,two great & fundam5tal ideas1 common also to ! non-miracul\s !ory ( developm5t1 meet u 9 ?is ,mosaic hypo!sis ( creation1 ) surpris+ cle>ness & simplicity--! idea ( sep>ation or diff]5tiation1 & ! idea ( progressive developm5t or p]fect+4 ,al?\gh ,moses looks ^u ! results ( ! great laws ( organic developm5t 7:i* we %all lat] po9t out z ! necess>y conclusions ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t7 z ! direct actions ( a con/ruct+ ,creator1 yet 9 8 !ory !re lies hidd5 ! rul+ idea ( a progressive developm5t & a diff]5tiation ( ! orig9ally simple matt]4 ,we c !re=e be/[ our j & s9c]e admiration on ! ,jewi% lawgiv]'s gr& insight into nature1 & 8 simple & natural hypo!sis ( creation1 )\t discov]+ 9 x a s-call$ 8div9e revelation40 ,t x _c be su* is cle> f ! fact t two great fundam5tal errors are ass]t$ 9 x1 namely1 fir/1 ! geoc5tric error t ! e>? is ! fix$ c5tral po9t ( ! :ole univ]se1 r\nd :i* ! sun1 moon1 & />s move2 & secondly1 ! an?ropoc5tric error1 t man is ! prem$itat$ aim ( ! creation ( ! e>?1 = ^: s]vice alone all ! re/ ( nature is said to h be5 creat$4 ,! =m] ( ^! errors 0 demoli%$ by ,cop]nicus' ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 ! latt] by ,lam>ck's ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,al?\gh ! geoc5tric error ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory 0 demon/rat$ by ,cop]nicus1 & !reby its au?ority z an absolutely p]fect div9e revelation 0 de/roy$1 yet x has ma9ta9$1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 su* influ5ce1 t x =ms 9 _m wide circles ! pr9ciple ob/acle to ! adoption ( a natural !ory ( developm5t4 ,ev5 9 our c5tury1 _m naturali/s1 especially geologi/s1 h tri$ to br+ ! ,mosaic !ory into h>mony ) ! rec5t results ( natural sci5ce1 & h1 = example1 int]pret$ ,moses' sev5 days ( creation z sev5 great geological p]iods4 ,h[ev]1 all ^! +5i\s attempts at int]pretation h s utt]ly fail$1 t !y require no refutation "h4 ,! ,bible is no sci5tific book1 b consi/s ( records ( ! hi/ory1 ! laws1 & ! religion ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! high m]it ( :i*1 z a hi/ory ( civilization1 is n impair$ by ! fact t 9 all sci5tific que/ions x has no comm&+ importance1 & is full ( gross errors4 ,we may n[ make a great /ride ov] m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 f ,moses1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #adhj be=e ,*ri/1 to ,l9nu1 :o 0 born 9 ! ye> #agjg aft] ,*ri/4 ,dur+ ?is :ole p]iod no hi/ory ( creation 0 br\ght =w>d t ga9$ any la/+ importance1 or ! clos] exam9ation ( :i* w\ld "h be ( any int]e/4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! la/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 s9ce ,*ri/ianity ga9$ its supremacy1 ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation1 toge!r ) ! dogmas connect$ ) x1 has become s g5]ally pr$om9ant1 t ! #ai? c5tury is ! fir/ t has d>$ positively to rise aga9/ x4 ,ev5 ! great ,sw$i% naturali/1 ,l9nu1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n natural hi/ory1 l9k$ 8 ,sy/em ( ,nature mo/ closely to ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation4 ,! extraord9>y progress :i* ,*>les ,l9nu made 9 ! s-call$ descriptive natural sci5ces1 consi/s1 z is well kn[n1 9 8 hav+ e/abli%$ a sy/em ( nom5clature ( animals & plants1 :i* he c>ri$ out 9 a mann] s p]fectly logical & consi/5t1 t d[n to ! pres5t day x has rema9$ 9 _m respects ! /&>d = all succe$+ naturali/s engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! =ms ( animals & plants4 ,al?\gh ,l9nu' sy/em 0 artificial1 al?\gh 9 classify+ animal & vegetable species he only s\ght & employ$ s+le p>ts z ! f\ndation = 8 divisions1 x has1 nev]!less1 ga9$ ! greate/ success2 fir/ly1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ c>ri$ out consi/5tly1 & secondly1 by its nom5clature ( natural bodies1 :i* has become extremely important1 & at :i* we mu/ "h briefly glance4 ,be=e ,l9nu' "t1 _m va9 attempts _h be5 made to ?r[ light ^u ! endless *aos ( diff]5t animal & vegetable =ms 7!n kn[n7 by adopt+ = !m suitable names & gr\p+s2 b ,l9nu1 by a happy hit1 succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ?is important & difficult task1 :5 he e/abli%$ ! s-call$ 8b9>y nom5clature40 ,! b9>y nom5clature1 or ! tw(old designation1 z ,l9nu fir/ e/abli%$ x1 is /ill univ]sally appli$ by all zoologi/s & botani/s1 & w1 no d\bt1 ma9ta9 itself1 = a long "t to come1 ) undim9i%$ au?ority4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is1 t e species ( animal & plant is designat$ by two names1 :i* /& to ea* o!r 9 ! same relation z d ! *ri/ian & surnames ( a man4 ,! special "n :i* corresponds ) ! *ri/ian "n1 & expresses ! idea ( 8a species10 s]ves z ! common designation ( all individual animals or plants1 :i* are equal 9 all ess5tial matt]s ( =m1 & are only di/+ui%$ by q subord9ate features4 ,! m g5]al "n1 on ! o!r h&1 correspond+ ) ! surname1 & :i* expresses ! idea ( a g5us1 s]ves = ! common designation ( all ! mo/ ne>ly simil> k9ds or species4 ,accord+ to ,l9nu' plan1 ! m g5]al & compreh5sive g5]ic "n is writt5 fir/2 ! special subord9ate "n ( ! species foll[s x4 ,?us1 = example1 ! common cat is call$ ,felis dome/ica2 ! wild cat1 ,felis catus2 ! pan!r1 ,felis p>dus2 ! jagu>1 ,felis onca2 ! tig]1 ,felis tigris2 ! lion1 ,felis leo4 ,all ^! six k9ds ( animals ( prey are diff]5t species ( "o & ! same g5us--,felis4 ,or1 to add an example f ! vegetable k+dom1 accord+ to ,l9nu' designation ! p9e is ,p9us abies2 ! fir1 ,p9us picea2 ! l>*1 ,p9us l>ix2 ! ,italian p9e1 ,p9us p9ea2 ! ,sib]ian /one p9e1 ,p9us cembra2 ! knee timb]1 ,p9us mughus2 ! common p9e1 ,p9us silve/ris4 ,all ^! sev5 k9ds ( p9es are diff]5t species ( "o & ! same g5us--,p9us4 ,p]haps ?is advance made by ,l9nu may seem to "s only ( subord9ate importance 9 ! practical di/9ction & designation ( ! v>i\sly =m$ organisms4 ,b 9 reality x 0 ( ! v greate/ importance1 bo? f a practical & !oretical po9t ( view4 ,= n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 x became possible to arrange ! imm5se mass ( diff]5t organic =ms accord+ to _! great] or less degree ( resemblance1 & to obta9 an easy survey ( ! g5]al outl9es ( su* a 8sy/em40 ,l9nu facilitat$ ! tabulation & survey ( ?is 8sy/em0 ( plants & animals /ill m by plac+ toge!r ! mo/ ne>ly simil> g5]a into s-call$ ord]s 7ord9es72 & by unit+ ! mo/ ne>ly simil> ord]s into /ill m compreh5sive ma9 divisions or classes4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,l9nu1 ea* ( ! two organic k+doms 7 brok5 up into a numb] ( classes1 ! vegetable k+dom into tw5ty-f\r1 & ! animal k+dom into six4 ,ea* class aga9 conta9s sev]al ord]s4 ,e s+le ord] may conta9 a numb] ( g5]a1 &1 aga91 e s+le g5us sev]al species4 ,valuable z 0 ,l9nu' b9>y nom5clature 9 a practical way1 9 br++ ab\t a compreh5sive sy/ematic di/9ction1 designation1 arrangem5t1 & division ( ! organic _w ( =ms1 yet ! incalculable !oretical influ5ce :i* x ga9$ =?) 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( creation 0 no less important4 ,ev5 n[ all ! important fundam5tal que/ions z to ! hi/ory ( creation turn f9ally ^u ! decision ( ! v remote & unimportant "q1 ,:at really are k9ds or species8 ,ev5 n[ ! idea ( organic species may be t]m$ ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole "q ( creation1 ! disput$ c5tre1 ab\t ! diff]5t conceptions ( :i* ,d>w9i/s & ,anti-,d>w9i/s fight4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9's op9ion1 & t ( 8 adh]5ts1 ! diff]5t species ( "o & ! same g5us ( animals & plants are no?+ else ?an diff]5tly develop$ desc5dants ( "o & ! same orig9al prim>y =m4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( p9e m5tion$ above w\ld accord+ly h orig9at$ f a s+le primval =m ( p9e4 ,9 l mann] ! orig9 ( all ! species ( cat m5tion$ above w\ld be trac$ to a s+le common =m ( ,felis1 ! ance/or ( ! :ole g5us4 ,b fur!r1 9 accordance ) ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 all ! diff]5t g5]a ( "o & ! same ord] ought also to be desc5d$ f "o common prim>y ance/or1 & s1 9 l mann]1 all ord]s ( a class f a s+le prim>y =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! idea ( ,d>w9's oppon5ts1 all species ( animals & plants are q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & only ! individuals ( ea* species h orig9at$ f a s+le prim>y =m4 ,b if we ask !m h[ !y conceive ^! orig9al prim>y =ms ( ea* species to h come into exi/5ce1 !y answ] ) a leap into ! incompreh5sible1 8,!y 7 creat$40 ,l9nu himself def9$ ! idea ( species 9 ?is mann] by say+1 8,!re are z _m diff]5t species z !re 7 diff]5t =ms creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ by ! inf9ite ,be+40 78,species tot sunt div]s1 quot div]sas =mas ab initio creavit inf9itum ens407 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 he foll[s mo/ closely ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation1 :i* 9 ! same way ma9ta9s t animals & plants 7 creat$ 8ea* "o aft] its k9d40 ,l9nu1 accept+ ?is1 held t orig9ally ( ea* species ( animals & plants ei!r a s+le individual or a pair _h be5 creat$2 9 fact a pair1 or1 z ,moses says1 8a male & a female0 ( ^? species :i* h sep>ate sexes1 b ( ^? species 9 :i* ea* individual comb9es bo? sexual organs 7h]maphrodites71 z = in/ance ! e>?worm1 ! g>d5 & v9ey>d snails1 z well z ! great majority ( plants1 a s+le individual4 ,l9nu fur!r foll[s ! ,mosaic leg5d 9 reg>d to ! flood1 by suppos+ t ! great g5]al flood de/roy$ all exi/+ organisms1 except ^? few individuals ( ea* species 7sev5 pairs ( ! birds & ( clean animals1 "o pair ( unclean animals7 :i* ,noah sav$ 9 ! ark1 & :i* 7 plac$ aga9 on l&1 on ,m\nt ,ar>at1 aft] ! flood _h subsid$4 ,he tri$ to expla9 ! geographical difficulty ( ! liv+ toge!r ( ! mo/ diff]5t animals & plants1 z foll[s3 ,m\nt ,ar>at1 9 ,arm5ia1 be+ situat$ 9 a w>m climate1 & ris+ ov] #af1jjj feet 9 height1 comb9es 9 itself ! conditions = a tempor>y common abode ( su* animals z live 9 diff]5t zones4 ,accord+ly1 animals accu/om$ to ! pol> regions c\ld climb up ! cold m\nta9 ridges1 ^? accu/om$ to a w>m climate c\ld g d[n to ! foot ( ! m\nta91 & ! inhabitants ( a temp]ate zone c\ld rema9 midway up ! m\nta94 ,f ?is po9t x 0 possible = !m to spread nor? & s\? ov] ! e>?4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ?is ,l9nan hypo!sis ( creation1 :i* evid5tly 0 int5d$ to h>monize mo/ closely ) ! prevail+ belief 9 ! ,bible1 requires no s]i\s refutation4 ,:5 we consid] ,l9nu' cle>ness & sagacity 9 o!r matt]s1 we may d\bt :e!r he believ$ x himself4 ,z to ! simultane\s orig9 ( all individuals ( ea* species f "o pair ( ance/ors respectively 7or 9 ! case ( ! h]maphrodite species1 f "o orig9al h]maphrodite71 x is cle>ly q unt5able2 =1 ap>t f o!r reasons1 9 ! fir/ days aft] ! creation1 ! few animals ( prey w\ld h suffic$ to h utt]ly demoli%$ all ! h]bivor\s animals1 z ! h]bivor\s animals mu/ h de/roy$ ! few individuals ( ! diff]5t species ( plants4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an equilibrium 9 ! economy ( nature z obta9s at pres5t _c possibly be conceiv$1 if only "o individual ( ea* species1 or only "o pair1 _h orig9ally & simultane\sly be5 creat$4 ,moreov]1 h[ little importance ,l9nu himself atta*$ to ?is unt5able hypo!sis ( creation is cle>1 among o!r ?+s1 f ! fact t he recogniz$ ,hybridism 7cross+7 z a s\rce ( ! production ( new species4 ,he assum$ t a great numb] ( indep5d5t new species _h orig9at$ by ! int]bre$+ ( two diff]5t species4 ,inde$1 su* hybrids are n at all r>e 9 nature1 & x is n[ prov$ t a great numb] ( species1 = example1 ( ! g5us ,rubus 7bramble71 mull5 7,v]bascum71 will[ 7,salix71 ?i/le 7,cirsium71 are hybrids ( diff]5t species ( ^! g5]a4 ,we also "k ( hybrids betwe5 h>es & rabbits 7two species ( ! g5us ,lepus71 fur!r ( hybrids betwe5 diff]5t species ( dog 7g5us ,canis71 etc41 :i* c be propagat$ z indep5d5t species4 ,x is c]ta9ly v rem>kable t ,l9nu ass]t$ ! physiological 7!re=e me*anical7 orig9 ( new species 9 ?is process ( hybridism4 ,x cle>ly /&s 9 direct opposition to ! sup]natural orig9 ( ! o!r species by creation1 :i* he accept$ z put =w>d 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt4 ,! "o set ( species w\ld !re=e h orig9at$ by duali/ic 7teleological7 creation1 ! o!r by moni/ic 7me*anical7 developm5t4 ,! great & well m]it$ au?ority :i* ,l9nu ga9$ by 8 sy/ematic classification & by 8 o!r s]vices to ,biology1 0 cle>ly ! reason :y 8 views ( creation also rema9$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! la/ c5tury1 undisput$ & g5]ally recogniz$4 ,if ?r\gh\t sy/ematic ,zoology & ,botany ! di/9ctions1 classification1 & designations ( species1 introduc$ by ,l9nu1 & ! dogmatic ideas connect$ !re) _h n be5 ma9ta9$--m or less unalt]$--we %\ld be at a loss to und]/& h[ 8 idea ( an indep5d5t creation ( s+le species c\ld h /ood1 by itself d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x is only ow+ to 8 great au?ority1 & ?r\gh 8 atta*+ himself to ! prevail+ ,biblical belief1 t 8 hypo!sis ( creation has reta9$ its position s long4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation ,,accord+ ,,to ,,cuvi] ,,& ,,agassiz4 ,g5]al ,!oretical ,mean+ ( ! ,idea ( ,species4--,di/9ction betwe5 ! ,!oretical & ,practical ,def9ition ( ! ,idea ( ,species4--,cuvi]'s ,def9ition ( ,species4--,m]its ( ,cuvi] z ! ,f\nd] ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4--,di/9ction ( ! ,f\r ,pr9cipal ,=ms 7types or bran*es7 ( ! ,animal ,k+dom1 by ,cuvi] & ,br4--,cuvi]'s ,s]vices to ,palontology4--,8 ,hypo!sis ( ! ,revolutions ( our ,globe1 & ! ,epo*s ( ,creation sep>at$ by !m4--,unkn[n ,sup]natural ,causes ( ! ,revolutions1 & ! subsequ5t ,new ,creations4--,agassiz's ,teleological ,sy/em ( ,nature4--,8 ,conception ( ! ,plan ( ,creation1 & its six ,categories 7gr\ps 9 classification74--,agassiz's ,views ( ! ,creation ( ,species4--,rude ,conception ( ! ,creator z a man-l be+ 9 ,agassiz's ,hypo!sis ( ,creation4--,its int]nal ,inconsi/5cy & ,contradictions ) ! important ,palontological ,laws discov]$ by ,agassiz4 ,! real matt] ( diss5sion 9 ! conte/ c>ri$ on by naturali/s z to ! orig9 ( organisms1 _! creation & developm5t1 lies 9 ! conceptions :i* are ent]ta9$ ab\t ! nature ( species4 ,naturali/s ei!r agree ) ,l9nu1 & look ^u ! diff]5t species z di/9ct =ms ( creation1 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 or !y assume ) ,d>w9 _! blood-relation%ip4 ,if we %>e ,l9nu' view 7:i* 0 discuss$ 9 our la/ *apt]71 t ! diff]5t organic species came into exi/5ce indep5d5tly--t !y h no blood-relation%ip--we are =c$ to admit t !y 7 creat$ indep5d5tly1 & we mu/ ei!r suppose t e s+le organic individual 0 a special act ( creation 7to :i* surely no naturali/ w agree71 or we mu/ d]ive all individuals ( e species f a s+le individual1 or f a s+le pair1 :i* did n arise 9 a natural mann]1 b 0 call$ into be+ by comm& ( a ,creator4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 we turn aside f ! safe doma9 ( a rational k ( nature1 & take refuge 9 ! my?ological belief 9 miracles4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ,d>w91 we ref] ! simil>ity ( =m ( ! diff]5t species to real blood-relation%ip1 we mu/ consid] all ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants z ! alt]$ desc5dants ( "o or a few mo/ simple orig9al =ms4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 ! ,natural ,sy/em ( organisms 7t is1 _! tree-l & bran*+ arrangem5t & division into classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species7 acquires ! significance ( a real g5ealogical tree1 ^: root is =m$ by ^? orig9al ar*aic =ms :i* h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,b a truly natural & consi/5t view ( organisms c assume no sup]natural act ( creation = ev5 ^? simple/ orig9al =ms1 b only a com+ into exi/5ce by spontane\s g5]ation#b 7ar*igony1 or g5]atio spontanea74 ,f ,d>w9's view ( ! nature ( species1 we arrive !re=e at a natural !ory ( developm5t2 b f ,l9nu' conception ( ! idea ( species1 we mu/ assume a sup]natural dogma ( creation4 ,mo/ naturali/s aft] ,l9nu1 ^: great s]vices 9 sy/ematic & descriptive natural hi/ory won = him su* high au?ority1 foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 & )\t fur!r inquiry into ! orig9 ( organization1 !y assum$1 9 ! s5se ( ,l9nu1 an indep5d5t creation ( individual species1 9 con=mity ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation4 ,! f\ndation ( _! conception 0 bas$ ^u ,l9nu' words3 8,!re are z _m diff]5t species z !re 7 diff]5t =ms creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ by ! ,inf9ite ,be+40 ,we mu/ "h rem>k at once1 )\t go+ fur!r into ! def9ition ( species1 t all zoologi/s & botani/s 9 _! classificatory sy/ems1 9 ! practical di/9ction & designation ( species ( animals & plants1 nev] tr\bl$1 or ev5 c\ld tr\ble1 !mselves 9 ! slighte/ degree ab\t ?is assum$ creation ( ! p>5t =ms4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 "o ( our fir/ zoologi/s1 ! +5i\s ,fritz ,mll]1 makes ! foll[+ /rik+ obs]vation3 8,j z 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries !re is a cate*ism ( morals1 :i* e "o kn[s by he>t1 b :i* no "o consid]s x 8 duty to foll[1 or expects to see foll[$ by o!rs1--s zoology also has its dogmas1 :i* are j z g5]ally pr(ess$ z !y are d5i$ 9 practice40 7,fr ,d>w91 p4 #ga477af7 ,l9nu' v5]at$ dogma ( species is j su* an irrational dogma1 & = t v reason x is p[]ful4 ,al?\gh mo/ naturali/s bl9dly submitt$ to x1 yet !y 71 ( c\rse1 nev] 9 a position to demon/rate ! desc5t ( individuals belong+ to "o species f ! common1 orig9ally creat$1 primitive =m4 ,zoologi/s & botani/s1 9 _! sy/ems ( nom5clature1 conf9$ !mselves entirely to ! simil>ity ( =ms1 9 ord] to di/+ui% & "n ! diff]5t species4 ,!y plac$ 9 "o species all organic individuals :i* 7 v simil>1 or almo/ id5tical 9 =m1 & :i* c\ld only be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by v unimportant diff]5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y consid]$ z diff]5t species ^? individuals :i* pres5t$ m ess5tial or m /rik+ diff]5ces 9 ! =mation ( _! bodies4 ,b ( c\rse ?is op5$ ! flood-gates to ! mo/ arbitr>y proce$+s 9 ! sy/ematic di/9ctions ( species4 ,= z all ! individuals ( "o species are nev] completely alike 9 all _! p>ts1 b z e species v>ies m or less1 no "o c\ld po9t out :i* degree ( v>iation con/itut$ a really 8good species10 or :i* degree indicat$ a 8m]e v>iety40 ,?is dogmatic conception ( ! idea ( species1 & ! arbitr>y proce$+s connect$ ) x1 necess>ily l$ to ! mo/ p]plex+ contradictions1 & to ! mo/ unt5able suppositions4 ,?is is cle>ly demon/rable 9 ! case ( ! celebrat$ ,cuvi] 7born 9 #agfi71 :o next to ,l9nu has ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on ! /udy ( zoology4 ,9 8 conception & def9ition ( ! idea ( species1 he agre$ on ! :ole ) ,l9nu1 & %>$ also 8 belief 9 an indep5d5t creation ( individual species4 ,cuvi] consid]$ _! immutability ( su* importance t he 0 l$ to ! fooli% ass]tion--8,! immutability ( species is a necess>y condition ( ! exi/5ce ( sci5tific natural hi/ory40 ,z ,l9nu' def9ition ( species did n satisfy him1 he made an attempt to give a m exact &1 = sy/ematic practice1 a m useful def9ition1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,all ^? individual animals & plants belong to "o species :i* c be prov$ to be ei!r desc5d$ f "o ano!r1 or f common ance/ors1 or :i* are z simil> to ^! z ! latt] are among !mselves40 ,9 deal+ ) ?is matt]1 ,cuvi] reason$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--8,9 ^? organic individuals1 ( :i* we "k t !y are desc5d$ f "o & ! same common =m ( ance/ors--9 :i*1 !re=e1 _! common ance/ry is empirically prov$--!re c be no d\bt t !y belong to "o species1 :e!r !y diff] mu* or little f "o ano!r1 or :e!r !y are almo/ alike or v unlike4 ,moreov]1 all ^? individuals also belong to ?is species :i* diff] no m f ! latt] 7^? prov$ to be d]iv$ f a common /ock7 ?an ^! diff] f "o ano!r40 ,9 a clos] exam9ation ( ?is def9ition ( species giv5 by ,cuvi]1 x becomes at once evid5t t x is nei!r !oretically satisfactory nor practically applicable4 ,cuvi]1 ) ?is def9ition1 began to move 9 ! same circle 9 :i* almo/ all subsequ5t def9itions ( species h mov$1 ?r\gh ! assumption ( _! immutability4 ,consid]+ ! extraord9>y au?ority :i* ,george ,cuvi] has ga9$ 9 ! sci5ce ( organic nature1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! almo/ unlimit$ supremacy :i* 8 views ex]cis$ 9 zoology1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( our c5tury1 x seems appropriate "h to exam9e 8 influ5ce a little m closely4 ,?is is all ! m necess>y z we h to combat1 9 ,cuvi]1 ! mo/ =midable oppon5t to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t & ! moni/ic conception ( nature4 ,"o ( ! _m & great m]its ( ,cuvi] is t he /&s =? z ! f\nd] ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,:ile ,l9nu e/abli%$ ! di/9ction ( species1 g5]a1 ord]s1 & classes mo/ly ^u ext]nal *>act]s1 & ^u sep>ate & easily discov]able signs 9 ! numb]1 size1 place1 & =m ( individual organic p>ts ( ! body1 ,cuvi] p5etrat$ mu* m deeply into ! ess5ce ( organization4 ,he demon/rat$ great & wide diff]5ces 9 ! inn] /ructure ( animals1 z ! real f\ndation ( a sci5tific k & classification ( !m4 ,he di/+ui%$ natural families 9 ! classes ( animals1 & e/abli%$ 8 natural sy/em ( ! animal k+dom on _! comp>ative anatomy4 ,! progress f ,l9nu' artificial sy/em to ,cuvi]'s natural sy/em 0 exce$+ly important4 ,l9nu _h arrang$ all animals 9 a s+le s]ies1 :i* he divid$ into six classes1 two classes ( ,inv]tebrate1 & f\r classes ( ,v]tebrate animals4 ,he di/+ui%$ ^! artificially1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! blood & he>t4 ,cuvi]1 on ! o!r h&1 %[$ t 9 ! animal k+dom !re 7 f\r great natural divisions to be di/+ui%$1 :i* he t]m$ ,pr9cipal ,=ms1 or ,g5]al ,plans1 or ,bran*es ( ! animal k+dom 7,embran*m5ts71 namely--#a4 ,! ,v]tebrate animals 7,v]tebrata72 #b4 ,! ,articulate animals 7,articulata72 #c4 ,! ,mollusc\s animals 7,mollusca72 & #d4 ,! ,radiate animals 7,radiata74 ,he fur!r demon/rat$ t 9 ea* ( ^! f\r bran*es a peculi> plan ( /ructure or type 0 disc]nible1 di/+ui%+ ea* bran* f ! ?ree o!rs4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrate animals x is di/9ctly express$ by ! =m ( ! skeleton1 or bony framework1 z also by ! /ructure & position ( ! dorsal n]ve-*ord1 ap>t f _m o!r peculi>ities4 ,! ,articulate animals are *>act]iz$ by _! v5tral n]ve-*ord & _! dorsal he>t4 ,9 ,molluscs ! sack-%ap$ & non-articulate body is ! di/+ui%+ feature4 ,! ,radiate animals1 f9ally1 diff] f ! ?ree o!r pr9cipal =ms by _! body be+ ! comb9ation ( f\r or m ma9 sections unit$ 9 ! =m ( radii 7antim]a74 ,! di/9ction ( ^! f\r pr9cipal =ms ( animals1 :i* has become extremely productive 9 ! developm5t ( zoology1 is commonly ascrib$ entirely to ,cuvi]4 ,h[ev]1 ! same ?\ght 0 express$ almo/ simultane\sly1 & indep5d5tly ( ,cuvi]1 by ,br1 "o ( ! greate/ naturali/s1 & /ill liv+1 :o did ! mo/ em95t s]vice 9 ! /udy ( animal developm5t4 ,br %[$ t 9 ! developm5t ( animals1 also1 f\r diff]5t ma9 =ms 7or types7 mu/ be di/+ui%$47#bj7 ,^! correspond ) ! f\r plans ( /ructure 9 animals1 :i* ,cuvi] di/+ui%$ on ! gr\nd ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,?us1 = example1 ! individual developm5t ( all ,v]tebrate animals agrees1 f ! comm5cem5t1 s mu* 9 its fundam5tal features t ! g]ms or embryos ( diff]5t ,v]tebrate animals 7= example1 ( reptiles1 birds1 & mammals7 9 _! e>li] /ages _c be di/+ui%$ at all4 ,x is only at a late /age ( developm5t t !re gradually appe> ! m m>k$ diff]5ces ( =m :i* sep>ate ^? diff]5t classes & ord]s f "o ano!r4 ,! plan ( /ructure1 :i* %[s itself 9 ! individual developm5t ( ,articulate animals 7insects1 spid]s1 crabs71 is f ! beg9n+ ess5tially ! same 9 all ,articulate animals1 b diff]5t f t ( all ,v]tebrate animals4 ,! same holds good1 ) c]ta9 limitations1 9 ,mollusc\s & ,radiat$ animals4 ,nei!r ,br1 :o arriv$ at ! di/9ction ( ! f\r animal types or pr9cipal =ms ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! individual developm5t 7,embryology71 nor ,cuvi]1 :o arriv$ at ! same conclusion by means ( comp>ative anatomy1 recogniz$ ! true cause ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,?is is disclos$ to u by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! wond]ful & a/oni%+ simil>ity 9 ! inn] organization & 9 ! anatomical relations ( /ructure1 & ! /ill m rem>kable agreem5t 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( all animals belong+ to "o & ! same type 7= example1 to ! bran* ( ! ,v]tebrate animals71 is expla9$ 9 ! simple/ mann] by ! supposition ( _! common desc5t f a s+le prim>y orig9al =m4 ,if ?is view is n accept$1 !n ! complete agreem5t ( ! mo/ diff]5t ,v]tebrate animals1 9 _! inn] /ructure & _! mann] ( developm5t1 rema9s p]fectly inexplicable4 ,9 fact x c only be expla9$ by ! law ( inh]itance4 ,next to ! comp>ative anatomy ( animals & ! sy/ematic zoology f\nd$ anew by x1 x 0 specially to ! sci5ce ( petrifactions1 or ,palontology1 t ,cuvi] r5d]$ great s]vice4 ,we mu/ draw special att5tion to ?is1 because ^! v palontological views1 & ! geological ideas connect$ ) !m1 7 held almo/ univ]sally 9 ! highe/ e/eem dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & caus$ ! greate/ h9drance to ! work+ out ( a truly natural hi/ory ( creation4 ,petrifactions1 ! sci5tific /udy ( :i* ,cuvi] promot$ at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury 9 a mo/ ext5sive mann]1 & e/abli%$ q anew = ! ,v]tebrate animals1 play "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts 9 ! 8non-miracul\s hi/ory ( creation40 ,= ^! rema9s & impressions ( ext9ct animals & plants1 pres]v$ to u 9 a petrifi$ condition1 are ! true 8monum5ts ( ! creation10 ! infallible & indisputable records :i* fix ! correct hi/ory ( organisms ^u an irrefragable f\ndation4 ,all petrifi$ or fossil rema9s & impressions tell u ( ! =ms & /ructure ( su* animals & plants z are ei!r ! prog5itors & ance/ors ( ! pres5t liv+ organisms1 or !y are ! repres5tatives ( ext9ct collat]al l9es1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! pres5t liv+ organisms1 bran*$ (f f a common /em4 ,^! ine/imable records ( ! hi/ory ( creation ?r\gh\t a long p]iod play$ a subord9ate "p 9 sci5ce4 ,_! true nature 0 inde$ correctly und]/ood1 ev5 m ?an five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 by ! great ,greek philosoph]1 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon1 ! same :o f\nd$ ! s-call$ ,eleatic philosophy1 & :o 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ) conv9c+ precision t all conceptions ( p]sonal gods result 9 m or less rude an?ropomorphism4 ,x5ophanes = ! fir/ "t1 ass]t$ t ! fossil impressions ( animals & plants 7 real rema9s ( =m]ly liv+ creatures1 & t ! m\nta9s 9 ^: rocks !y 7 f\nd mu/ at an e>li] date h /ood "u wat]4 ,b al?\gh o!r great philosoph]s ( antiquity1 & among !m ,ari/otle1 also possess$ ?is true k1 yet ?r\gh\t ! illit]ate ,middle ,ages1 & ev5 ) "s naturali/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! idea prevail$ t petrifactions 7 s-call$ freaks ( nature 7lusus natur71 or products ( an unkn[n =mative p[] or in/9ct ( nature 7nisus =mativus1 vis pla/ica74 ,respect+ ! nature ( ?is my/]i\s & my/ic creative p[]1 ! /range/ ideas 7 =m$4 ,"s believ$ t ?is con/ructive p[]--! same to :i* !y also ascrib$ ! com+ into exi/5ce ( ! pres5t species ( animals & plants--_h made num]\s attempts to create organisms ( diff]5t =ms1 b t ^! attempts _h only p>tially succe$$1 _h (t5 fail$1 & t petrifactions 7 no?+ m ?an su* unsuccessful attempts4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 petrifactions orig9at$ f ! influ5ce ( ! />s ^u ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,o!rs1 aga91 _h ! /ill crud] notion t ! ,creator _h fir/ made models 7out ( m9]al sub/ances--= example1 ( gypsum or clay7 ( ^? =ms ( animals & plants :i* he aft]w>ds execut$ 9 organic sub/ances1 & into :i* he brea!d 8 liv+ brea?2 petrifactions 7 accord+ly su* rude inorganic models4 ,ev5 z late z ! la/ c5tury ^! crude ideas prevail$1 & x 0 assum$1 = example1 t !re exi/$ a special 8sem9al air10 :i* 0 said to p5etrate into ! e>? ) ! wat]1 & by fructify+ ! /ones =m$ petrifactions or 8/ony fle%0 7c>o fossilis74 ,x took a v long "t be=e ! simple & natural view 0 accept$1 namely1 t petrifactions are 9 reality no?+ b :at !y appe> to simple obs]vation--! inde/ructible rema9s ( ext9ct organisms4 ,x is true ! celebrat$ pa9t]1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 v5tur$ to ass]t t ! mud :i* 0 con/antly deposit$ by wat] 0 ! cause ( petrifactions1 z x surr\nd$ ! inde/ructible %ells ( mussels & snails :i* lay at ! bottom ( ! wat]s1 & gradually turn$ !m into solid /one4 ,! same idea 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! #af? c5tury by a ,p>isian pott]1 ,palissy by "n1 :o became celebrat$ on acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion ( *9a4 ,h[ev]1 ! s-call$ 8pr(essional m50 7 v f> f pay+ any reg>d to ^! correct ass]tions ( a simple & heal?y human und]/&+2 x 0 n till ! end ( ! la/ c5tury t x 0 g5]ally accept$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,neptunian geology by ,w]n]4 ,! f\ndation ( a m /rictly sci5tific palontology1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury1 :5 ,cuvi] publi%$ 8 classic rese>*es on petrifi$ ,v]tebrate animals1 & :5 8 great oppon5t1 ,lam>ck1 made kn[n 8 rem>kable inve/igations on fossil ,inv]tebrate animals1 especially on petrifi$ snails & clams4 ,9 ,cuvi]'s celebrat$ "w 8,on ! ,fossil ,bones0 ( ,v]tebrate animals--pr9cipally ( mammals & reptiles--we see t he _h already arriv$ at ! k ( "s v important & g5]al palontological laws1 :i* are ( great consequ5ce to ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,=emo/ among !m /&s ! ass]tion t ! ext9ct species ( animals1 ^: rema9s we f9d petrifi$ 9 ! diff]5t /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ly+ "o above ano!r1 diff] all ! m /rik+ly f ! /ill liv+ k9dr$ species ( animals ! deep] ^? /rata lie--9 o!r words1 ! e>li] ! animals liv$ 9 pa/ ages4 ,9 fact1 9 e p]p5dicul> section ( ! /ratifi$ cru/ ( ! e>? we f9d t ! diff]5t /rata1 deposit$ by ! wat] 9 a c]ta9 hi/orical succession1 are *>act]iz$ by diff]5t petrifactions1 & t ^! ext9ct organisms become m l ^? ( ! pres5t day ! high] ! /rata lie2 9 o!r words1 ! m rec5t ! p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory 9 :i* !y liv$1 di$1 & became encru/$ by ! deposit$ & h>d5$ /rata ( mud4 ,h[ev] important ?is g5]al obs]vation ( ,cuvi]'s 0 9 "o s5se1 yet 9 ano!r x became to him ! s\rce ( a v s]i\s error4 ,= z he consid]$ ! *>act]i/ic petrifactions ( ea* individual gr\p ( /rata 7:i* _h be5 deposit$ dur+ "o ma9 p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory7 to be entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! /rata ly+ above or bel[1 & z he errone\sly believ$ t "o & ! same species ( animal 0 nev] f\nd 9 two succe$+ gr\ps ( /rata1 he arriv$ at ! false idea1 :i* 0 accept$ z a law by mo/ subsequ5t naturali/s1 t a s]ies ( q di/9ct p]iods ( creation _h succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,ea* p]iod 0 suppos$ to h _h its special animal & vegetable _w1 ea* its peculi> specific ,fauna & ,flora4 ,cuvi] imag9$ t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>?'s cru/1 s9ce ! "t :5 liv+ creatures _h fir/ appe>$ on ! surface1 mu/ be divid$ into a numb] ( p]fectly di/9ct p]iods1 or divisions ( "t1 & t ! individual p]iods mu/ h be5 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by peculi> revolutions ( an unkn[n nature 7cataclysms1 or cata/rophes74 ,ea* revolution 0 foll[$ by ! utt] annihilation ( ! till !n exi/+ animals & plants1 & aft] its t]m9ation a completely new creation ( organic =ms took place4 ,a new _w ( animals & plants1 absolutely & specifically di/9ct f ^? ( ! prec$+ hi/orical p]iods1 0 call$ into exi/5ce at once1 & n[ aga9 peopl$ ! globe = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 till x aga9 p]i%$ sudd5ly 9 ! cra% ( a new revolution4 ,ab\t ! nature & causes ( ^! revolutions1 ,cuvi] expressly said t no idea c\ld be =m$1 & t ! pres5t active =ces 9 nature 7 n suffici5t = _! explanation4 ,cuvi] po9ts out f\r active causes z ! natural =ces1 or me*anical ag5ts1 at pres5t con/antly b sl[ly at "w 9 *ang+ ! e>?'s surface3 fir/1 ra91 :i* wa%es d[n ! /eep m\nta9 slopes & heaps up dbris at _! foot2 secondly1 fl[+ wat]s1 :i* c>ry away ?is dbris & deposit x z mud 9 /agnant wat]s2 ?irdly1 ! sea1 ^: break]s gnaw at ! /eep sea coa/s1 & ?r[ up 8dunes0 on ! flat sea m>g9s2 f9ally & f\r?ly1 volcanos1 :i* break ?r\gh & heave up ! /rata ( ! e>?'s h>d5$ cru/1 & pile up & scatt] ab\t ! products ( _! eruptions4 ,:il/ ,cuvi] recognizes ! con/ant sl[ trans=mation ( ! pres5t surface ( ! e>? by ^! f\r mighty causes1 he ass]ts at ! same "t t !y w\ld n h suffic$ to effect ! revolutions ( ! remote ages1 & t ! anatomical /ructure ( ! e>?'s surface _c be expla9$ by ! necess>y action ( ^? me*anical ag5ts3 ! great & m>vell\s revolutions ( ! :ole e>?'s surface mu/1 accord+ to him1 h be5 r ! effects ( v peculi> causes1 completely unkn[n to u2 ! usual ?read ( developm5t 0 brok5 by !m1 & ! c\rse ( nature alt]$4 ,^! views ,cuvi] expla9$ 9 a special "w 8,on ! ,revolutions ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface1 & ! ,*anges :i* !y h wr\ght 9 ! ,animal ,_w40 ,!y 7 ma9ta9$1 & g5]ally accept$ = a long "t1 & became ! greate/ ob/acle to ! developm5t ( a natural hi/ory ( ! creation4 ,= if su* all-de/ructive revolutions _h actually occurr$1 ( c\rse a cont9uity ( ! developm5t ( species1 a connect+ ?read 9 ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 c\ld n be admitt$ at all1 & we %\ld be oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! action ( sup]natural =ces2 t is1 to ! int]f]5ce ( miracles 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s4 ,x is only ?r\gh miracles t ^! revolutions ( ! e>? c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t1 & x is only ?r\gh miracles t1 aft] _! cessation & at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* new p]iod1 a new animal & vegetable k+dom c\ld h be5 creat$4 ,b sci5ce has no room = miracles1 = by miracles we und]/& an int]f]5ce ( sup]natural =ces 9 ! natural c\rse ( developm5t ( matt]4 ,j z ! great au?ority :i* ,l9nu ga9$ by 8 sy/em ( di/+ui%+ & nam+ organic species l$ 8 successors to a complete ossification1 z x 71 ( ! dogmatic idea ( species & to a real abuse ( ! sy/ematic di/9ction impli$ by x1 s ! great s]vices :i* ,cuvi] _h r5d]$ to ! k & di/9ction ( ext9ct species became ! cause ( a g5]al adoption ( 8 !ory ( revolutions & cata/rophes1 & ( ! false views ( creation connect$ !re)4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( our c5tury1 mo/ zoologi/s & botani/s clung to ! op9ion t a s]ies ( indep5d5t p]iods 9 ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>? _h exi/$2 t ea* p]iod 0 di/+ui%$ by di/9ct & peculi> k9ds ( animal & vegetable species2 t ^! 7 annihilat$ at ! t]m9ation ( ! p]iod by a g5]al revolution2 & t1 aft] ! cessation ( ! latt]1 a new _w ( diff]5t species ( animals & plants 0 creat$4 ,x is true "s indep5d5t ?9k]s1 above all ! great physical philosoph]1 ,lam>ck1 ev5 at an e>ly p]iod1 set =? a s]ies ( weighty reasons :i* refut$ ,cuvi]'s !ory ( cataclysms1 & po9t$ to a p]fectly cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ developm5tal hi/ory ( all ! organic inhabitants ( ! e>? ?r\gh all ages4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t ! animal & vegetable species ( ea* p]iod 7 d]iv$ f ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 & 7 only ! alt]$ desc5dants ( ! =m]4 ,?is true conception1 h[ev]1 be+ oppos$ to ,cuvi]'s great au?ority1 0 !n unable to make way4 ,nay1 ev5 aft] ,cuvi]'s !ory ( cata/rophes _h be5 completely ca/ out f ! doma9 ( geology by ,lyell's classic ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcj1 /ill 8 idea ( ! specific di/9ctness ( a s]ies ( organic creations ma9ta9$ its influ5ce1 9 _m ways1 9 ! sci5ce ( ,palontology4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cab47 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 almo/ at ! same "t t ,cuvi]'s ,hi/ory ( ,creation receiv$ its dea?-bl[ by ,d>w9's book1 ano!r celebrat$ naturali/ made an attempt to re-e/abli% x1 & to adopt x 9 ! r\ghe/ mann]1 z a "p ( a teleologico-!ological sy/em ( nature4 ,?is 0 ! ,swiss geologi/1 ,l\is ,agassiz1 :o atta9$ a great reputation by 8 !ory ( glaci]s & ! ice-p]iod1 borr[$ f ,s*imp] & ,*>p5ti]1 & :o has be5 liv+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica = _m ye>s4 ,he comm5c$ 9 #aheh to publi% a "w plann$ on a v l>ge scale1 :i* be>s ! title ( 8,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is "w1 al?\gh l>ge & co/ly1 ow+ to ! patriotism ( ! ,am]icans1 _h an unprec$5t$ sale2 its title is1 8,an ,essay on ,classification407#e7 ,9 ?is essay ,agassiz n only discusses ! natural s]ies ( organisms1 & ! diff]5t attempts ( naturali/s at classification1 b also all ! g5]al biological ph5om5a :i* h ref]5ce to x4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( organisms1 bo? ! embryonal & ! palontological1 comp>ative anatomy1 ! g5]al economy ( nature1 ! geographical & topographical di/ribution ( animals & plants--9 %ort1 almo/ all ! g5]al ph5om5a ( organic nature are discuss$ 9 ,agassiz's ,essay on ,classification1 & are expla9$ 9 a s5se & f a po9t ( view :i* is ?or\ghly oppos$ to t ( ,d>w94 ,:ile ,d>w9's *ief m]it lies 9 ! fact t he demon/rates natural causes = ! com+ into exi/5ce ( animal & vegetable species1 & !reby e/abli%es ! me*anical or moni/ic view ( ! univ]se z reg>ds ?is mo/ difficult bran* ( ! hi/ory ( creation1 ,agassiz1 on ! contr>y1 /rives to exclude e me*anical hypo!sis f ! subject1 & to put ! sup]natural int]f]5ce ( a p]sonal ,creator 9 ! place ( ! natural =ces ( matt]2 consequ5tly1 to e/abli% a ?or\ghly teleological or duali/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,x w n be out ( place if ,i exam9e a little m closely ,agassiz's biological views1 & especially 8 ideas ( creation1 because no o!r "w ( our oppon5ts treats ! important fundam5tal que/ions ) equal m9ut5ess1 & because ! utt] unt5abl5ess ( ! duali/ic conception ( nature becomes v evid5t f ! failure ( ?is attempt4 ,! organic species1 ! v>i\s conceptions ( :i* we h above designat$ z ! real c5tre ( dispute 9 ! oppos$ views ( creation1 is look$ ^u by ,agassiz1 z by ,cuvi] & ,l9nu1 z a =m un*angeable 9 all its ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,! species may inde$ *ange & v>y )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits2 nev] 9 ess5tial qualities1 b only 9 uness5tial po9ts4 ,no new species c\ld ev] proce$ f ! *anges or v>ieties ( a species4 ,n "o ( all organic species1 !re=e1 is ev] d]iv$ f ano!r1 b ea* individual species has be5 sep>ately creat$ by ,god4 ,ea* individual species1 z ,agassiz expresses x1 is 8an embodi$ creative ?\ght0 ( ,god4 ,9 direct opposition to ! fact e/abli%$ by palontological exp]i5ce1 t ! duration ( ! individual organic species is mo/ unequal1 & t _m species cont9ue un*ang$ ?r\gh sev]al successive p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :ile o!rs only exi/$ dur+ a small portion ( su* a p]iod1 ,agassiz ma9ta9s t "o & ! same species nev] occurs 9 two diff]5t p]iods1 b t ea* individual p]iod is *>act]iz$ by species ( animals & plants :i* are q peculi>1 & belong to x exclusively4 ,he fur!r %>es ,cuvi]'s op9ion t ! :ole ( ^! inhabitants 7 annihilat$ by ! great & univ]sal revolutions ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* divide two successive p]iods1 & t aft] its de/ruction a new & specifically diff]5t assemblage ( organisms 0 creat$4 ,?is new creation ,agassiz supposes to h tak5 place 9 ?is mann]3 viz41 t at ea* creation all ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 9 _! full av]age numb] ( individuals1 & 9 ! peculi> relations correspond+ to ! economy ( nature1 71 z a :ole1 sudd5ly plac$ ^u ! e>? by ! ,creator4 ,9 say+ ?is he puts himself 9 opposition to "o ( ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ & mo/ important laws ( animal & vegetable geography--namely1 to ! law t ea* species has a s+le orig9al locality ( orig91 or a s-call$ 8c5tre ( creation10 f :i* x has gradually spread ov] ! re/ ( ! e>?4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ,agassiz assumes ea* species to h be5 creat$ at sev]al po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 & t 9 ea* case a l>ge numb] ( individuals 0 creat$4 ,! 8natural sy/em0 ( organisms1 ! diff]5t gr\ps & categories ( :i* arrang$ above "o ano!r--namely1 ! bran*es1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species--we consid]1 9 accordance ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 z diff]5t bran*es & twigs ( ! organic family-tree1 is1 accord+ to ,agassiz1 ! direct expression ( ! div9e plan ( creation1 & ! naturali/1 :ile inve/igat+ ! natural sy/em1 repeats ! creative ?\ghts ( ,god4 ,9 ?is ,agassiz f9ds ! /ronge/ pro( t man is ! image & *ild ( ,god4 ,! diff]5t /ages ( gr\ps or categories ( ! natural sy/em correspond ) ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t :i* ! div9e plan ( creation _h atta9$4 ,! ,creator1 9 project+ & c>ry+ out ?is plan1 />t+ f ! mo/ g5]al ideas ( creation1 plung$ m & m into specialities4 ,= in/ance1 :5 creat+ ! animal k+dom1 ,god _h 9 ! fir/ place f\r totally di/9ct ideas ( animal bodies1 :i* he embodi$ 9 ! diff]5t /ructures ( ! f\r great1 pr9cipal =ms1 types1 or bran*es ( ! animal k+dom2 namely1 v]tebrate animals1 articulate animals1 mollusc\s animals1 & radiate animals4 ,! ,creator !n1 hav+ reflect$ 9 :at mann] he might v>y ^! f\r diff]5t plans ( /ructure1 next creat$ )9 ea* ( ! f\r pr9cipal =ms1 sev]al diff]5t classes--= example1 9 ! v]tebrate animal =m1 ! classes ( mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 amphibi\s animals1 & fi%es4 ,!n ,god fur!r reflect$ ^u ! individual classes1 & by v>i\s modifications 9 ! /ructure ( ea* class1 he produc$ ! individual ord]s4 ,by fur!r v>iation 9 ! ord]1 he creat$ natural families4 ,z ! ,creator fur!r v>i$ ! peculi>ities ( /ructure ( individual p>ts 9 ea* family1 g5]a arose4 ,9 fur!r m$itation on 8 plan ( creation1 he ent]$ s mu* into detail t individual species came into exi/5ce1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 are embodi$ creative ?\ghts ( ! mo/ special k9d4 ,x is only to be regrett$ t ! ,creator express$ ^! mo/ special & mo/ deeply consid]$ 8creative ?\ghts0 9 s v indi/9ct & loose a mann]1 & t he impr9t$ s vague a /amp ^u !m1 & p]mitt$ !m to v>y s freely t n "o naturali/ is able to di/+ui% ! 8good0 f ! 8bad species10 or a g5u9e species f v>ieties1 races1 etc4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cgc47 ,we see1 !n1 accord+ to ,agassiz's conception1 t ! ,creator1 9 produc+ organic =ms1 goes to "w exactly z a human ar*itect1 :o has tak5 ^u himself ! task ( devis+ & produc+ z _m diff]5t build+s z possible1 = ! mo/ manifold purposes1 9 ! mo/ diff]5t /yles1 9 v>i\s degrees ( simplicity1 spl5d\r1 greatness1 & p]fection4 ,?is ar*itect w\ld p]haps at fir/ *oose f\r diff]5t /yles = all ^! build+s1 say ! ,go?ic1 ,byzant9e1 ,*9ese1 & ,rococo /yles4 ,9 ea* ( ^! /yles he w\ld build a numb] ( *ur*es1 palaces1 g>risons1 prisons1 & dwell+-h\ses4 ,ea* ( ^! diff]5t build+s he w\ld execute 9 rud] & m p]fect1 9 great] & small]1 9 simpl] & gr&] fa%ion1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 ! human ar*itect w\ld p]haps1 9 ?is respect1 be bett] (f ?an ! div9e ,creator1 z he w\ld h p]fect lib]ty 9 ! numb] ( graduat$ subord9ate gr\ps4 ,! ,creator1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,agassiz1 c only move )9 six gr\ps or categories3 ! species1 g5us1 family1 ord]1 class1 & type4 ,m ?an ^! six categories d n exi/ = him4 ,:5 we read ,agassiz's book on classification1 & see h[ he c>ries out & e/abli%es ^! /range ideas1 we c sc>cely und]/& h[1 ) all ! appe>ance ( sci5tific e>ne/ness1 he c p]sev]e 9 8 idea ( ! div9e ,creator z a man-l be+ 7an?ropomorphism71 = by 8 explanation ( details he produces a picture ( ! mo/ absurd nons5se4 ,9 ! :ole s]ies ( ^! suppositions ! ,creator is no?+ b an all-mighty man1 :o1 plagu$ ) ennui1 amuses himself ) plann+ & con/ruct+ mo/ v>i$ toys 9 ! %ape ( organic species4 ,aft] hav+ div]t$ himself ) ^! = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 !y become tiresome to him1 he de/roys !m by a g5]al revolution ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ?us ?r[s ! :ole ( ! useless toys 9 heaps toge!r2 !n1 9 ord] to :ile away 8 "t ) some?+ new & bett]1 he calls a new & m p]fect animal & vegetable _w into exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ord] n to h ! tr\ble ( beg9n+ ! "w ( creation ov] aga91 he keeps1 9 ! ma91 to 8 orig9al plan ( creation1 & creates m]ely new species1 or at mo/ only new g5]a1 & mu* m r>ely new families1 new ord]s1 or classes4 ,he nev] succe$s 9 produc+ a new /yle or type1 & always keeps /rictly )9 ! six categories or graduat$ gr\ps4 ,:51 accord+ to ,agassiz1 ! ,creator has ?us amus$ himself = ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s ) con/ruct+ & de/roy+ a s]ies ( diff]5t creations1 at la/ 7b v late7 he is /ruck ) ! happy ?\ght ( creat+ some?+ l himself1 & s makes man 9 8 own image4 ,! end ( all ! hi/ory ( creation is ?us arriv$ at & ! s]ies ( revolutions ( ! e>? is clos$4 ,man1 ! *ild & image ( ,god1 gives him s mu* to d1 causes him s mu* pleasure & tr\ble1 t he is we>i$ no long]1 & !re=e ne$ n und]take a new creation4 ,x is cle> t if1 accord+ to ,agassiz1 we once assign to ! ,creator entirely human attributes & qualities1 & reg>d 8 "w ( creation z entirely analog\s to human creative activity1 we are necess>ily oblig$ to admit su* utt]ly absurd inf]5ces z ^? j /at$4 ,! _m intr9sic contradictions & p]v]sities 9 ,agassiz's view ( creation--a view :i* necess>ily l$ him to ! mo/ decid$ opposition to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t--mu/ excite our a/oni%m5t all ! m because1 9 8 e>li] sci5tific works1 he _h 9 _m respects actually pav$ ! way = ,d>w91 especially by 8 rese>*es 9 ,palontology4 ,among ! num]\s inve/igations :i* creat$ g5]al int]e/ 9 ! !n "y sci5ce ( ,palontology1 ^? ( ,agassiz1 especially 8 celebrat$ "w on 8,fossil ,fi%10 rank next 9 importance to ,cuvi]'s "w1 :i* =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce4 ,! petrifi$ fi%1 ) :i* ,agassiz has made u acqua9t$1 h n only an extremely great importance = ! und]/&+ ( all gr\ps ( ,v]tebrate animals1 & _! hi/orical developm5t1 b we h arriv$ ?r\gh !m at a sure k ( important g5]al laws ( developm5t1 "s ( :i* 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,agassiz4 ,he x 0 :o drew special att5tion to ! rem>kable p>allelism betwe5 ! embryonal & ! palontological developm5t--betwe5 ontog5y & phylog5y1 :i* ,i h already 7p4 #aj7 claim$ z "o ( ! /ronge/ pill>s ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,no "o be=e _h s di/9ctly /at$ z ,agassiz did1 t1 ( ! ,v]tebrate animals1 fi%es alone exi/$1 at fir/1 t amphibi\s animals came lat]1 & t birds & mammals appe>$ only at a mu* lat] p]iod1 fur!r1 t among mammals1 z among fi%es1 imp]fect & l[] ord]s _h appe>$ fir/1 b m p]fect & high] ord]s at a lat] p]iod4 ,agassiz1 !re=e1 %[$ t ! palontological developm5t ( ! :ole ,v]tebrate gr\p 0 n only p>allel ) ! embryonic1 b also ) ! sy/ematic developm5t1 t is1 ) ! graduat$ s]ies :i* we see ev]y:]e 9 ! sy/em1 asc5d+ f ! l[] to ! high] classes1 ord]s1 etc4 ,9 ! e>?'s hi/ory l[] =ms appe>$ fir/1 ! high] =ms lat]4 ,?is important fact1 z well z ! agreem5t ( ! embryonic & palontological developm5t1 is expla9$ q simply & naturally by ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 & )\t x is p]fectly inexplicable4 ,?is cause holds good also 9 ! great law ( progressive developm5t1 t is1 ( ! hi/orical progress ( organization1 :i* is traceable1 broadly & z a :ole1 9 ! hi/orical succession ( all organisms1 z well z 9 ! special p]fect+ ( individual p>ts ( animal bodies4 ,?us1 = example1 ! skeleton ( ,v]tebrate animals acquir$ at fir/ sl[ly1 & by degrees1 t high degree ( p]fection :i* x n[ possesses 9 man & ! o!r high] ,v]tebrate animals4 ,?is progress1 ackn[l$g$ 9 po9t ( fact by ,agassiz1 necess>ily foll[s f ,d>w9's ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 :i* demon/rates its active causes4 ,if ?is doctr9e is correct1 ! p]fect+ & div]sification ( animal & vegetable species mu/ ( necessity h gradually increas$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & c\ld only atta9 its highe/ p]fection 9 mo/ rec5t times4 ,! above-m5tion$ laws ( developm5t1 toge!r ) "s o!r g5]al ones1 :i* h be5 expressly admitt$ & ju/ly emphasiz$ by ,agassiz1 & "s ( :i* h fir/ be5 set =? by him1 are1 z we %all see lat]1 only explicable by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 & )\t x rema9 p]fectly incompreh5sible4 ,! conjo9t action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 z expla9$ by ,d>w91 c alone be _! true cause4 ,b !y all /& 9 %>p & irreconcilable opposition to ! hypo!sis ( creation ma9ta9$ by ,agassiz1 z well z to ! idea ( a p]sonal ,creator :o acts = a def9ite purpose4 ,if we s]i\sly wi% to expla9 ^? rem>kable ph5om5a & _! int]-connection by ,agassiz's !ory1 !n we are necess>ily driv5 to ! curi\s supposition t ! ,creator himself has develop$1 toge!r ) ! organic nature :i* he creat$ & modell$4 ,we c1 9 t case1 no long] rid ourselves ( ! idea t ! ,creator himself1 l a human be+1 design$1 improv$1 & f9ally1 ) _m alt]ations1 c>ri$ out 8 plans4 8,man gr[s z high] gr[ 8 aims10 & ! same supposition1 s unwor?y ( a ,god1 mu/ be appli$ to him4 ,al?\gh1 f ! rev]5ce ) :i*1 9 e page1 ,agassiz speaks ( ! ,creator1 x might appe> t1 on 8 !ory1 we atta9 to ! sublime/ conception ( ! div9e activity 9 nature1 yet ! contr>y is 9 tru? ! case4 ,! div9e ,creator is degrad$ to ! level ( an idealiz$ man1 ( an organism progress+ 9 developm5t6 ,consid]+ ! wide popul>ity & great au?ority :i* ,agassiz's "w has ga9$1 & :i* is p]haps ju/ifi$ on acc\nt ( e>li] sci5tific s]vices r5d]$ by ! au?or1 ,i h ?\ght x my duty "h to %[ ! utt] unt5abl5ess ( 8 g5]al conceptions4 ,s f> z ?is "w pret5ds to be a sci5tific hi/ory ( creation1 x is und\bt$ly a complete failure4 ,b /ill x has great value1 be+ ! only detail$ attempt1 adorn$ ) sci5tific argum5ts1 :i* an em95t naturali/ ( our day has made to f\nd a teleological or duali/ic hi/ory ( creation4 ,! utt] impossibility ( su* a hi/ory has ?us be5 made obvi\s to e "o4 ,no oppon5t ( ,agassiz c\ld h refut$ ! duali/ic conception ( organic nature & its orig9 m /rik+ly ?an he himself has done by ! intr9sic contradictions :i* pres5t !mselves ev]y:]e 9 8 !ory4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! moni/ic or me*anical conception ( ! _w h welcom$ ,agassiz's "w ) delight1 & f9d 9 x a p]fect pro( ( ! direct creative action ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,b !y ov]look ! fact t ?is p]sonal ,creator is only an idealiz$ organism1 end[$ ) human attributes4 ,?is l[ duali/ic conception ( ,god corresponds ) a l[ animal /age ( developm5t ( ! human organism4 ,! m develop$ man ( ! pres5t day is capable (1 & ju/ifi$ 91 conceiv+ t inf9itely nobl] & sublim] idea ( ,god :i* alone is compatible ) ! moni/ic conception ( ! univ]se1 & :i* recognizes ,god's _s & p[] 9 all ph5om5a )\t exception4 ,?is moni/ic idea ( ,god1 :i* belongs to ! future1 has already be5 express$ by ,giordano ,bruno 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,a _s exi/s 9 all ?+s1 & no body is s small b conta9s a "p ( ! div9e sub/ance )9 itself1 by :i* x is animat$40 ,x is ( ?is noble idea ( ,god t ,goe! says3--8,c]ta9ly !re does n exi/ a m beautiful wor%ip ( ,god ?an t :i* ne$s no image1 b :i* arises 9 our he>t f conv]se ) ,nature40 ,by x we arrive at ! sublime idea ( ! ,unity ( ,god & ,nature4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,goe! ,,& ,,ok54 ,sci5tific ,insuffici5cy ( all ,conceptions ( a ,creation ( ,individual ,species4--,necessity ( ! ,c\nt] ,!ories ( ,developm5t4--,hi/orical ,survey ( ! ,mo/ ,important ,!ories ( ,developm5t4--,ari/otle4--,8 ,doctr9e ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4--,! ,mean+ ( ,natural ,philosophy4--,goe!4--,8 ,m]its z a ,naturali/4--,8 ,metamorphosis ( ,plants4--,8 ,v]tebral ,!ory ( ! ,skull4--,8 ,discov]y ( ! ,mid ,jawbone 9 ,man4--,goe!'s ,int]e/ 9 ! ,dispute betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire4--,goe!'s ,discov]y ( ! ,two ,organic ,=mative ,pr9ciples1 ( ! ,cons]vative ,pr9ciple ( ,specification 7by ,inh]itance71 & ( ! ,progressive ,pr9ciple ( ,trans=mation 7by ,adaptation74--,goe!'s ,views ( ! ,common ,desc5t ( all ,v]tebrate ,animals1 includ+ ,man4--,!ory ( ,developm5t accord+ to ,gottfri$ ,re9hold ,treviranus4--,8 ,moni/ic ,conception ( ,nature4--,ok54--,8 ,natural ,philosophy4--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,protoplasm4--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,infusoria 7,cell ,!ory74--,ok5's ,!ory ( ,developm5t4 ,all ! diff]5t ideas :i* we may =m ( a sep>ate & indep5d5t orig9 ( ! individual organic species by creation lead u1 :5 logically c>ri$ out1 to a s-call$ an?ropomorphism1 t is1 to imag9+ ! ,creator z a man-l be+1 z 0 %[n 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,! ,creator becomes an organism :o designs a plan1 reflects ^u & v>ies ?is plan1 & f9ally =ms creatures accord+ to ?is plan1 z a human ar*itect w\ld 8 build+4 ,if ev5 su* em95t naturali/s z ,l9nu1 ,cuvi]1 & ,agassiz1 ! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ! duali/ic hypo!sis ( creation1 c\ld n arrive at a m satisfactory view1 we may take x z evid5ce ( ! insuffici5cy ( all ^? conceptions :i* w\ld d]ive ! v>i\s =ms ( organic nature f a creation ( individual species4 ,"s naturali/s1 inde$1 see+ ! complete insuffici5cy ( ^! views1 h tri$ to replace ! idea ( a p]sonal ,creator by t ( an unconsci\sly active & creative ,=ce ( ,nature2 yet ?is expression is evid5tly m]ely an evasive phrase1 z long z x is n cle>ly %[n :at ?is =ce ( nature is1 & h[ x works4 ,h5ce ^! attempts1 also1 h be5 absolute failures4 ,9 fact1 :5ev] an indep5d5t orig9 ( ! diff]5t =ms ( animals & plants has be5 assum$1 naturali/s h f\nd !mselves compell$ to fall back ^u s _m 8acts ( creation10 t is1 on sup]natural int]f]5ces ( ! ,creator 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 :i* 9 all o!r cases goes on )\t int]f]5ce4 ,x is true t sev]al teleological naturali/s1 feel+ ! sci5tific insuffici5cy ( a sup]natural 8creation10 h endeav\r$ to save ! hypo!sis by wi%+ x to be und]/ood t creation 8is no?+ else ?an a way ( com+ into be+1 unkn[n & inconceivable to u40 ,! em95t ,fritz ,mll] has cut (f f ?is sophi/ic evasion e *ance ( escape by ! foll[+ /rik+ rem>k3--8,x is int5d$ "h only to express 9 a disguis$ mann] ! %amefac$ confession1 t !y nei!r h1 nor c>e to h1 any op9ion ab\t ! orig9 ( species4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation ( ! ^w1 we might z well speak ( ! creation ( *ol]a1 or syphilis1 ( ! creation ( a conflagration1 or ( a railway accid5t1 z ( ! creation ( man40 7,j5ais*e ,ze/scrift1 bd4 v4 p4 #bgb47 ,9 ! face1 !n1 ( ^! hypo!ses ( creation1 :i* are sci5tifically insuffici5t1 we are =c$ to seek refuge 9 ! c\nt]-!ory ( developm5t ( organisms1 if we wi% to come to a rational conception ( ! orig9 ( organisms4 ,we are =c$ & oblig$ to d s1 ev5 if ! !ory ( developm5t only ?r[s a glimm] ( probability ^u a me*anical1 natural orig9 ( ! animal & vegetable species2 b all ! m if1 z we %all see1 ?is !ory expla9s all facts simply & cle>ly1 z well z completely & compreh5sively4 ,! !ories ( developm5t are by no means1 z !y (t5 falsely are repres5t$ to be1 arbitr>y fancies1 or wilful products ( ! imag9ation1 :i* only attempt approximately to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is or t individual organism2 b !y are !ories f\nd$ /rictly on sci5ce1 :i* expla9 9 ! simple/ mann]1 f a fix$ & cle> po9t ( view1 ! :ole ( organic natural ph5om5a1 & m especially ! orig9 ( organic species1 & demon/rate !m to be ! necess>y consequ5ces ( me*anical processes 9 nature4 ,z ,i h already %[n 9 ! second *apt]1 all ^! !ories ( developm5t co9cide naturally ) t g5]al !ory ( ! univ]se :i* is usually designat$ z ! uni=m or moni/ic1 (t5 also z ! me*anical or causal1 because x only assumes me*anical causes1 or causes work+ by necessity 7caus effici5tes71 = ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 l mann]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sup]natural hypo!ses ( creation :i* we h already discuss$ co9cide completely ) ! opposite view ( ! univ]se1 :i* 9 contra/ to ! =m] is call$ ! tw(old or duali/ic1 (t5 ! teleological or vital1 because x traces ! organic natural ph5om5a to f9al causes1 act+ & work+ = a def9ite purpose 7caus f9ales74 ,x is ?is deep & intr9sic connection ( ! diff]5t !ories ( creation ) ! mo/ important que/ions ( philosophy t incites u to _! clos] exam9ation4 ,! fundam5tal idea1 :i* mu/ necess>ily lie at ! bottom ( all natural !ories ( developm5t1 is t ( a gradual developm5t ( all 7ev5 ! mo/ p]fect7 organisms out ( a s+le1 or out ( a v few1 q simple1 & q imp]fect orig9al be+s1 :i* came into exi/5ce1 n by sup]natural creation1 b by spontane\s g5]ation1 or ar*igony1 out ( inorganic matt]4 ,9 reality1 !re are two di/9ct conceptions unit$ 9 ?is fundam5tal idea1 b :i* h1 nev]!less1 a deep intr9sic connection--namely1 fir/1 ! idea ( spontane\s g5]ation 7or ar*igony7 ( ! orig9al prim>y be+s2 & secondly1 ! idea ( ! progressive developm5t ( ! v>i\s species ( organisms f ^? mo/ simple prim>y be+s4 ,^! two important me*anical conceptions are ! insep>able fundam5tal ideas ( e !ory ( developm5t1 if sci5tifically c>ri$ out4 ,z x ma9ta9s ! d]ivation ( ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants f ! simple/1 common prim>y species1 we may t]m x also ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 or ,!ory ( ,desc5t2 z !re is also a *ange ( species connect$ ) x1 x may also be t]m$ ! ,transmutation ,!ory4 ,:ile ! sup]natural hi/ories ( creation mu/ h orig9at$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 9 t v remote primitive age :5 man1 fir/ develop+ out ( ! monkey-/ate1 began = ! fir/ "t to ?9k m closely ab\t himself1 & ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w ar\nd him1 ! natural !ories ( developm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 are necess>ily ( mu* m rec5t orig94 ,^! views are met ) only among nations ( a m matur$ civilization1 to :om1 by philosophic culture1 ! necessity ( a k ( natural causes has become app>5t2 & ev5 among ^!1 only individual & specially gift$ natures c be expect$ to h recogniz$ ! orig9 ( ! _w ( ph5om5a1 z well z its c\rse ( developm5t1 z ! necess>y consequ5ces ( me*anical1 naturally active causes4 ,9 no nation h ^! prelim9>y conditions1 = ! orig9 ( a natural !ory ( developm5t1 ev] exi/$ 9 s high a degree z among ! ,greeks ( classic antiquity4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y lack$ a close acqua9tance ) ! facts ( ! processes & =ms ( nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! f\ndation bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 = a satisfactory unravell+ ( ! problem ( developm5t4 ,exact inve/igation ( nature1 & ! k ( nature f\nd$ on an exp]im5tal basis1 0 ( c\rse almo/ unkn[n to antiquity1 z well z to ! ,middle ,ages1 & is only an acquisition ( mod]n times4 ,we h !re=e "h no special occasion to exam9e ! natural !ories ( developm5t ( ! v>i\s ,greek philosoph]s1 s9ce !y 7 want+ 9 ! k ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 bo? ( organic & inorganic nature1 & s9ce !y almo/ always1 z ! consequ5ce1 lo/ !mselves 9 airy speculations4 ,"o man only mu/ be m5tion$ "h by way ( exception1--,ari/otle1 ! greate/ & ! only truly great naturali/ ( antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages1 "o ( ! gr&e/ g5iuses ( all "t4 ,to :at a degree he /&s !re alone1 dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! region ( empirico-philosophical k ( nature1 & especially 9 8 k ( organic nature1 is prov$ to u by ! preci\s rema9s ( 8 b p>tially surviv+ works4 ,9 !m _m traces are f\nd ( a !ory ( natural developm5t4 ,ari/otle assumes1 z a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 t spontane\s g5]ation 0 ! natural mann] 9 :i* ! l[] organic creatures came into exi/5ce4 ,he describes animals & plants orig9at+ f matt] itself1 ?r\gh its own orig9al =ce2 z1 = example1 mo?s f wool1 fleas f putrid dung1 wood-lice f damp wood1 etc4 ,b z ! di/9ction ( organic species1 :i* ,l9nu only arriv$ at two ?\s& ye>s lat]1 0 unkn[n to him1 he c\ld =m no ideas ab\t _! g5ealogical relations4 ,! fundam5tal notion ( ! !ory ( developm5t1 t ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants h be5 develop$ f a common prim>y species by trans=mation1 c\ld ( c\rse only be cle>ly ass]t$ aft] ! k9ds ( species !mselves _h become bett] kn[n1 & aft] ! ext9ct species _h be5 c>efully exam9$ & comp>$ ) ! liv+ ones4 ,?is 0 n done until ! end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #ahja t ! great ,lam>ck express$ ! !ory ( developm5t1 :i* he1 9 #ahji1 fur!r elaborat$ 9 8 classical 8,philosophie ,zoologique40 ,:ile ,lam>ck & 8 c\ntryman1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 9 ,france1 oppos$ ,cuvi]'s views1 & ma9ta9$ a natural developm5t ( organic species by trans=mation & desc5t1 ,goe! & ,ok5 at ! same "t pursu$ ! same c\rse 9 ,g]many1 & help$ to e/abli% ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,z ^! naturali/s are g5]ally call$ nature-philosoph]s 7,naturphilosoph571 & z ?is ambigu\s designation is correct 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x appe>s to me appropriate "h to say a few words ab\t ! correct e/imate ( ! 8,natur-philosophie40 ,al?\gh = _m ye>s 9 ,engl& ! ideas ( natural sci5ce & philosophy h be5 look$ ^u z almo/ equival5t1 & z e truly sci5tific inve/igator ( nature is mo/ ju/ly call$ !re a 8natural philosoph]10 yet 9 ,g]many = m ?an half a c5tury natural sci5ce has be5 kept /rictly di/9ct f philosophy1 & ! union ( ! two into a true philosophy ( nature is recogniz$ only by ! few4 ,?is misappreh5sion is ow+ to ! fanta/ic ecc5tricities ( e>li] ,g]man natural-philosoph]s1 su* z ,ok51 ,s*ell+1 etc42 !y believ$ t !y 7 able to con/ruct ! laws ( nature 9 _! own heads1 )\t be+ oblig$ to take _! /& ^u ! gr\nds ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! complete holl[ness ( _! assumptions _h be5 demon/rat$1 naturali/s1 9 8! nation ( ?9k]s10 fell into ! v opposite extreme1 believ+ t !y w\ld be able to rea* ! high aim ( sci5ce1 t is1 ! k ( tru?1 by ! m]e exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses1 & )\t any philosophical activity ( ?\ght4 ,f t "t1 b especially s9ce #ahcj1 mo/ naturali/s h %[n a /rong av]sion to any g5]al1 philosophical view ( nature4 ,! real aim ( natural sci5ce 0 n[ suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! k ( details1 & x 0 believ$ t ?is w\ld be atta9$ 9 ! /udy ( biology1 :5 ! =ms & ! ph5om5a ( life1 9 all individual organisms1 _h become accurately kn[n1 by ! help ( ! f9e/ in/rum5ts & means ( obs]vation4 ,x is true t among ^! /rictly empirical1 or s-call$ exact naturali/s1 !re 7 always v _m :o rose above ?is n>r[ po9t ( view1 & s\ght ! f9al aim 9 a k ( ! g5]al laws ( organization4 ,yet ! great majority ( zoologi/s & botani/s1 dur+ ! ?irty or =ty ye>s prec$+ ,d>w91 refus$ to conc]n !mselves ab\t su* g5]al laws2 all !y admitt$ 01 t p]haps 9 ! f> di/ant future1 :5 ! end ( all empiric k %\ld h be5 arriv$ at1 :5 all individual animals & plants %\ld h be5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 naturali/s might beg9 to ?9k ( discov]+ g5]al biological laws4 ,if we consid] & comp>e ! mo/ important advances :i* ! human m9d has made 9 ! k ( tru?1 we %all soon see t x is always ow+ to philosophical m5tal op]ations t ^! advances h be5 made1 & t ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses :i* c]ta9ly & necess>ily prec$es ^! op]ations1 & ! k ( details ga9$ !reby1 only furni% ! basis = ^? g5]al laws4 ,exp]i5ce & philosophy1 !re=e1 by no means /& 9 su* exclusive opposition to ea* o!r z mo/ m5 h hi!rto suppos$2 !y r necess>ily supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! philosoph] :o is want+ 9 ! firm f\ndation ( s5su\s exp]i5ce1 ( empirical k1 is v apt to arrive at false conclusions 9 8 g5]al speculations1 :i* ev5 a mod]ately in=m$ naturali/ c refute at once4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! purely empiric naturali/s1 :o d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! philosophical compreh5sion ( _! s5su\s exp]i5ces1 & :o d n /rive aft] g5]al k1 c promote sci5ce only 9 a v slight degree1 & ! *ief value ( _! h>d-won k ( details lies 9 ! g5]al results :i* m compreh5sive m9ds w "o day d]ive f !m4 ,f a g5]al survey ( ! c\rse ( biological developm5t s9ce ,l9nu' "t1 we c easily see1 z ,br has po9t$ out1 a cont9ual vacillation betwe5 ^! two t5d5cies1 at "o "t a preval5ce ( ! empirical--! s-call$ exact--& !n aga9 ( ! philosophical or speculative t5d5cy4 ,?us at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 opposition to ,l9nu' purely empirical s*ool1 a natural-philosophical reaction took place1 ! mov+ spirits ( :i*1 ,lam>ck1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,goe!1 & ,ok51 endeav\r$ by _! m5tal "w to introduce light & ord] into ! *aos ( ! accumulat$ empirical raw mat]ial4 ,9 opposition to ! _m errors & speculations ( ^! natural philosoph]s1 :o w5t too f>1 ,cuvi] !n came =w>d1 introduc+ a second1 purely empirical p]iod4 ,x rea*$ its mo/ "o-sid$ developm5t betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj-ahfj1 & !re n[ foll[$ a second philosophical reaction1 caus$ by ,d>w9's "w4 ,?us dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 m5 aga9 h begun to endeav\r to obta9 a k ( ! g5]al laws ( nature1 to :i*1 aft] all1 all detail$ k ( exp]i5ce s]ves only z a f\ndation1 & ?r\gh :i* alone x acquires its true value4 ,x is ?r\gh philosophy alone t natural k becomes a true sci5ce1 t is1 a philosophy ( nature4 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #fc-ajh47 ,jean ,lam>ck & ,wolfgang ,goe! /& at ! head ( all ! great philosoph]s ( nature :o fir/ e/abli%$ a !ory ( organic developm5t1 & :o are ! illu/ri\s fell[-work]s ( ,d>w94 ,i turn fir/ to our belov$ ,goe!1 :o1 among all1 /&s 9 ! close/ relations to u ,g]mans4 ,h[ev]1 be=e ,i expla9 8 special s]vices to ! !ory ( developm5t1 x seems to me necess>y to say a few words ab\t 8 importance z a naturali/ 9 g5]al1 z x is commonly v little kn[n4 ,i am sure mo/ ( my read]s hon\r ,goe! only z a poet & a man2 only a few h any conception ( ! high value ( 8 sci5tific works1 & ( ! gigantic /ride ) :i* he advanc$ be=e 8 own age--advanc$ s mu* t mo/ naturali/s ( t "t 7 unable to foll[ him4 ,9 sev]al passages ( 8 sci5tific writ+s he bitt]ly compla9s ( ! n>r[-m9d$ness ( pr(ess$ naturali/s1 :o d n "k h[ to value 8 works 7:o _c see ! wood = ! trees71 & :o _c r\se !mselves to discov] ! g5]al laws ( nature among ! mass ( details4 ,he is only too j :5 he utt]s ! reproa*--8,! philosoph]s w v soon discov] t obs]v]s r>ely rise to a /&-po9t f :i* !y c survey s _m important objects40 ,x is true1 at ! same "t1 t _! want ( appreciation 0 caus$ by ! false road into :i* ,goe! 0 l$ 9 8 !ory ( col\rs4 ,?is !ory ( col\rs1 :i* he himself designates z ! fav\rite production ( 8 leisure1 h[ev] mu* t is beautiful x may conta91 is a complete failure 9 reg>d to its f\ndations4 ,! exact ma!matical me?od by means ( :i* alone x is possible1 9 inorganic sci5ces1 b above all 9 physics1 to raise a /ructure /ep by /ep on a ?or\ghly firm basis1 0 altoge!r repugnant to ,goe!4 ,9 reject+ x he all[$ himself n only to be v unju/ t[>ds ! mo/ em95t physici/s1 b to be l$ into errors :i* h greatly injur$ ! fame ( 8 o!r valuable works4 ,x is q diff]5t 9 ! organic sci5ces1 9 :i* we are b r>ely able to proce$1 f ! beg9n+1 ^u a firm ma!matical basis2 we are r compell$1 by ! inf9itely difficult & intricate nature ( ! problem1 at ! fir/ to =m inductions--t is1 we are oblig$ to endeav\r to e/abli% g5]al laws by num]\s individual obs]vations1 :i* are n q complete4 ,a comp>ison ( k9dr$ s]ies ( ph5om5a1 or ! me?od ( comb9ation1 is "h ! mo/ important in/rum5t = inquiry1 & ?is me?od 0 appli$ by ,goe! ) z mu* success z ) consci\s k ( its value1 9 8 works relat+ to ! philosophy ( nature4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ among ,goe!'s writ+s relat+ to organic nature is 8 ,metamorphosis ( ,plants1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agij1 a "w :i* di/9ctly %[s a grasp ( ! fundam5tal idea ( ! !ory ( developm5t1 inasmu* z ,goe!1 9 x1 0 lab\r+ to po9t out a s+le organ1 by ! inf9itely v>i$ developm5t & metamorphosis ( :i* ! :ole ( ! endless v>iety ( =ms 9 ! _w ( plants might be conceiv$ to h aris52 ?is fundam5tal organ he f\nd 9 ! leaf4 ,if at t "t ! microscope _h be5 g5]ally employ$1 if ,goe! _h exam9$ ! /ructure ( organisms by ! means ( ! microscope he w\ld h gone /ill fur!r1 & w\ld h se5 t ! leaf is itself a comp\nd ( individual p>ts ( a l[] ord]1 t is1 ( cells4 ,he w\ld !n n h decl>$ t ! leaf1 b t ! cell is ! real fundam5tal organ by ! multiplication1 trans=mation1 & comb9ation 7syn!sis7 ( :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! leaf is =m$2 & t1 9 ! next place1 by trans=mation1 v>iation1 & comb9ation ( leaves !re arise all ! v>i$ beauties 9 =m & col\r :i* we admire 9 ! gre5 p>ts1 z well z 9 ! organs ( propagation1 or ! fl[]s ( plants4 ,goe! "h %[$ t 9 ord] to compreh5d ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a1 we mu/ 9 ! fir/ place comp>e !m1 &1 secondly1 se>* = a simple type1 a simple fundam5tal =m1 ( :i* all o!r =ms are only inf9ite v>iations4 ,some?+ simil> to :at he _h "h done = ! metamorphosis ( plants he !n did = ! ,v]tebrate animals1 9 8 celebrat$ v]tebral !ory ( ! skull4 ,goe! 0 ! fir/ to %[1 indep5d5tly ( ,ok51 :o almo/ simultane\sly arriv$ at ! same ?\ght1 t ! skull ( man & ( all ,v]tebrate animals1 9 p>ticul> mammals1 is no?+ m ?an a bony case1 =m$ ( ! same bones1--t is1 v]tebr1--out ( :i* ! sp9e also is compos$4 ,! v]tebr ( ! skull are l ^? ( ! sp9e1 bony r+s ly+ beh9d ea* o!r1 b 9 ! skull are peculi>ly *ang$ & specializ$ 7diff]5tiat$74 ,al?\gh ?is idea has be5 /rongly modifi$ by rec5t discov]ies1 yet 9 ,goe!'s day x 0 "o ( ! greate/ advances 9 comp>ative anatomy1 & 0 n only "o ( ! fir/ advances t[>ds ! und]/&+ ( ! /ructure ( ,v]tebrate animals1 b at ! same "t expla9$ _m individual ph5om5a4 ,:5 two p>ts ( a body1 su* z ! skull & sp9e1 :i* appe> at fir/ sight s diff]5t1 7 prov$ to be p>ts orig9ally ! same1 develop$ out ( "o & ! same f\ndation1 "o ( ! difficult problems ( ! philosophy ( nature 0 solv$4 ,"h aga9 we meet ! notion ( a s+le type--! conception ( a s+le pr9ciple1 :i* becomes inf9itely v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t species1 & 9 ! p>ts ( individual species4 ,b ,goe! did n m]ely endeav\r to se>* = su* f>-rea*+ laws1 he also occupi$ himself mo/ actively = a long "t ) num]\s individual rese>*es1 especially 9 comp>ative anatomy4 ,among ^!1 none is p]haps m int]e/+ ?an ! discov]y ( ! mid jawbone 9 man4 ,z ?is is1 9 sev]al respects1 ( importance to ! !ory ( developm5t1 ,i %all briefly expla9 x "h4 ,!re exi/ 9 all mammals two little bones 9 ! upp] jaw1 :i* meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! face1 bel[ ! nose1 & :i* lie betwe5 ! two halves ( ! real upp] jawbone4 ,^! two bones1 :i* hold ! f\r upp] cutt+ tee?1 are recogniz$ )\t difficulty 9 mo/ mammals2 9 man1 h[ev]1 !y 7 at t "t unkn[n1 & celebrat$ comp>ative anatomi/s ev5 laid great /ress ^u ?is want ( a mid jawbone1 z !y consid]$ x to con/itute ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & apes--! want ( a mid jawbone 01 curi\sly en\gh1 look$ ^u z ! mo/ human ( all human *>act]i/ics4 ,b ,goe! c\ld n accept ! notion t man1 :o 9 all o!r corporeal respects 0 cle>ly only a mammal ( high] developm5t1 %\ld lack ?is mid jawbone4 ,by ! g5]al law ( induction z to ! mid jawbone he arriv$ at ! special d$uctive conclusion t x mu/ exi/ 9 man also1 & ,goe! did n re/ until1 aft] comp>+ a great numb] ( human skulls1 he really f\nd ! mid jawbone4 ,9 "s individuals x is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t a :ole lifetime1 b usually at an e>ly age x coalesces ) ! neighb\r+ upp] jawbone1 & is !re=e only to be f\nd z an indep5d5t bone 9 v y\?ful skulls4 ,9 human embryos x c n[ be po9t$ out at any mom5t4 ,9 man1 !re=e1 ! mid jawbone actually exi/s1 & to ,goe! ! hon\r is due ( hav+ fir/ firmly e/abli%$ ?is fact1 s important 9 _m respects2 & ?is he did :ile oppos$ by ! celebrat$ anatomi/1 ,pet] ,camp]1 "o ( ! mo/ important pr(essional au?orities4 ,! way by :i* ,goe! succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ?is fact is especially int]e/+2 x is ! way by :i* we cont9ually advance 9 biological sci5ce1 namely1 by way ( induction & d$uction4 ,induction is ! inf]5ce ( a g5]al law f ! obs]vation ( num]\s individual cases2 d$uction1 on ! o!r h&1 is an inf]5ce f ?is g5]al law appli$ to a s+le case :i* has n yet be5 actually obs]v$4 ,f ! collect$ empirical k ( ^? days1 ! inductive conclusion 0 arriv$ at t all mammals _h mid jawbones4 ,goe! drew f ?is ! d$uctive conclusion1 t man1 ^: organization 0 9 all o!r respects n ess5tially diff]5t f mammals1 mu/ also possess ?is mid jawbone2 & on close exam9ation x 0 actually f\nd4 ,! d$uctive conclusion 0 confirm$ & v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ^! few rem>ks may s]ve to %[ ! great value :i* we mu/ ascribe to ,goe!'s biological rese>*es4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( 8 lab\rs devot$ to ?is subject are s hidd5 9 8 collect$ works1 & 8 mo/ important obs]vations & rem>ks s scatt]$ 9 num]\s individual treatises--devot$ to o!r subjects--t x is difficult to f9d !m out4 ,x also sometimes happ5s t an excell5t1 truly sci5tific rem>k is s mu* int]wov5 ) a mass ( useless philosophical fancies1 t ! latt] greatly detract f ! =m]4 ,no?+ is p]haps m *>act]i/ic ( ! extraord9>y int]e/ :i* ,goe! took 9 ! inve/igation ( organic nature ?an ! lively way 9 :i*1 ev5 9 8 la/ ye>s1 he foll[$ ! dispute :i* broke out 9 ,france betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,ge(froy de ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,goe!1 9 a special treatise :i* 0 only f9i%$ a few days be=e 8 dea?1 9 ,m>*1 #ahcb1 has giv5 an int]e/+ description ( ?is rem>kable dispute & its g5]al importance1 z well z an excell5t sket* ( ! two great oppon5ts4 ,?is treatise be>s ! title 8,pr9cipes de ,philosophic ,zoologique p> ,m4 ,ge(froy de ,sa9t ,hilaire02 x is ,goe!'s la/ "w1 & =ms ! conclusion ( ! collect$ edition ( 8 works4 ,! dispute itself 01 9 sev]al respects1 ( ! highe/ int]e/4 ,x turn$ ess5tially ^u ! ju/ification ( ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on1 moreov]1 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 by bo? oppon5ts1 ) a p]sonal vehem5ce almo/ unhe>d ( 9 ! dignifi$ sessions ( t le>n$ body2 ?is prov$ t bo? naturali/s 7 fight+ = _! mo/ sacr$ & deepe/ convictions4 ,! conflict began on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 & 0 foll[$ by sev]al o!rs2 ! fi]ce/ took place on ! #ai? ( ,july1 #ahcj4 ,ge(froy1 z ! *ief ( ! ,fr5* nature-philosoph]s1 repres5t$ ! !ory ( natural developm5t & ! moni/ic conception ( nature4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! mutability ( organic species1 ! common desc5t ( ! individual species f common prim>y =ms1 & ! unity ( _! organization--or ! unity ( ! plan ( /ructure1 z x 0 !n call$4 ,cuvi] 0 ! mo/ decid$ oppon5t ( ^! views1 & accord+ to :at we h se51 x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,he endeav\r$ to %[ t ! nature-philosoph]s _h no "r to re> su* compreh5sive conclusions on ! basis ( ! empirical k !n possess$1 & t ! unity ( organization--or plan ( /ructure ( organisms--z ma9ta9$ by !m1 did n exi/4 ,he repres5t$ ! teleological 7duali/ic7 conception ( nature1 & ma9ta9$ t 8! immutability ( species 0 a necess>y condition = ! exi/5ce ( a sci5tific hi/ory ( nature10 ,cuvi] _h ! great advantage ov] 8 oppon5t1 t he 0 able to br+ t[>ds ! pro( ( 8 ass]tions ?+s obvi\s to ! eye2 ^!1 h[ev]1 7 only individual facts tak5 out ( _! connection ) o!rs4 ,ge(froy 0 n able to prove ! high] & g5]al connection ( individual ph5om5a :i* he ma9ta9$1 by equally tangible details4 ,h5ce ,cuvi]1 9 ! eyes ( ! majority1 ga9$ ! victory1 & decid$ ! defeat ( ! nature-philosophy & ! supremacy ( ! /rictly empiric t5d5cy = ! next ?irty ye>s4 ,goe! ( c\rse support$ ,ge(froy's views4 ,h[ deeply int]e/$ he 01 ev5 9 8 #ha/ ye>1 9 ?is great conte/ is prov$ by ! foll[+ anecdote relat$ by ,soret3-- 8,monday1 ,aug4 #bnd1 #ahcj4--,! news ( ! outbreak ( ! revolution ( ,july arriv$ 9 ,weim> to-day1 & has caus$ g5]al excitem5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon ,i w5t to ,goe!4 #8,well8' he exclaim$ z ,i ent]$1 #8:at d y ?9k ( ?is great ev5t8 ,! volcano has bur/ =?1 all is 9 flames1 & !re are no m negotiations beh9d clos$ doors4' #8,a dreadful affair1' ,i answ]$2 #8b :at else c\ld be expect$ "u ! circum/ances1 & ) su* a m9i/ry1 except t x w\ld end 9 ! expulsion ( ! pres5t royal family8' #8,we d n seem to und]/& ea* o!r1 my de> fri5d1' repli$ ,goe!4 #8,i am n speak+ ( ^? p at all2 ,i am int]e/$ 9 some?+ v diff]5t1 ,i mean ! dispute betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,ge(froy de ,sa9t ,hilaire1 :i* has brok5 out 9 ! ,academy1 & :i* is ( su* great importance to sci5ce4' ,?is rem>k ( ,goe!'s came ^u me s unexpect$ly1 t ,i did n "k :at to say1 & my ?\ghts = "s m9utes seem$ to h come to a complete /&/ill4 #8,! affair is ( ! utmo/ importance1' he cont9u$1 #8& y _c =m any idea ( :at ,i felt on receiv+ ! news ( ! meet+ on ! #ai?4 ,9 ,ge(froy de ,sa9t ,hilaire we h n[ a mighty ally = a long "t to come4 ,b ,i see also h[ great ! sympa?y ( ! ,fr5* sci5tific _w mu/ be 9 ?is affair1 =1 9 spite ( ! t]rible political excitem5t1 ! meet+ on ! #ai? 0 att5d$ by a full h\se4 ,! be/ ( x is1 h[ev]1 t ! syn!tic treatm5t ( nature1 introduc$ into ,france by ,ge(froy1 c n[ no long] be /opp$4 ,?is matt] has n[ become public ?r\gh ! discussions 9 ! ,academy1 c>ri$ on 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge audi5ce2 x c no long] be ref]r$ to secret committees1 or be settl$ or suppress$ beh9d clos$ doors4'0 ,9 my book on 8,! ,g5]al ,morphology ( ,organisms0 ,i h plac$ z head+s to ! diff]5t books & *apt]s a selection ( ! num]\s int]e/+ & important s5t5ces 9 :i* ,goe! cle>ly expresses 8 view ( organic nature & its con/ant developm5t4 ,i w "h quote a passage f ! poem entitl$1 8,! ,metamorphosis ( ,animals0 7#ahai74 8,all memb]s develop !mselves accord+ to et]nal laws1 ,& ! r>e/ =m my/]i\sly pres]ves ! primitive type1 ,=m !re=e det]m9es ! animal's way ( life1 ,& 9 turn ! way ( life p[]fully reacts ^u all =m4 ,?us ! ord]ly gr[? ( =m is se5 to hold ,:il/ yield+ to *ange f ext]nally act+ causes40#c ,"h1 cle>ly en\gh1 ! contra/ betwe5 two diff]5t organic con/ructive =ms is intimat$1 :i* are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 & :i* by _! int]action det]m9e ! =m ( ! organism2 on ! "o h&1 a common inn] orig9al type1 firmly ma9ta9+ itself1 con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ diff]5t =ms2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ext]nally active influ5ce ( surr\nd+s & mode ( life1 :i* influ5ce ! orig9al type & trans=m x4 ,?is contra/ is /ill m def9itely po9t$ out 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,an inn] orig9al community =ms ! f\ndation ( all organization2 ! v>iety ( =ms1 on ! o!r h&1 arises f ! necess>y relations to ! out] _w1 & we may !re=e ju/ly assume an orig9al diff]5ce ( conditions1 toge!r ) an un9t]rupt$ly progressive trans=mation1 9 ord] to be able to compreh5d ! con/ancy z well z ! v>iations ( ! ph5om5a ( =m40 ,! 8orig9al type0 :i* con/itutes ! f\ndation ( e organic =m 8z ! inn] orig9al community0 is ! inn] con/ructive =ce1 :i* receives ! orig9al direction ( =m-production--t is1 ! t5d5cy to give rise to a p>ticul> =m--& is propagat$ by ,inh]itance4 ,! 8un9t]rupt$ly progressive trans=mation10 on ! o!r h&1 :i* 8spr+s f ! necess>y relations to ! out] _w10 act+ z an ext]nal =mative =ce1 produces1 by ,adaptation to ! surr\nd+ conditions ( life1 ! 8inf9ite v>iety ( =ms0 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #aed2 ii4 #bbd74 ,! int]nal =mative t5d5cy ( ,inh]itance1 :i* reta9s ! unity ( ! orig9al type1 is call$ by ,goe! 9 ano!r passage ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! organism1 or its t5d5cy to specification2 9 contra/ ) ?is he calls ! ext]nal =mative t5d5cy ( ,adaptation1 :i* produces ! v>iety ( organic =ms1 ! c5trifugal =ce ( organisms1 or _! t5d5cy to v>iation4 ,! passage 9 :i* he cle>ly indicates ! 8equilibrium0 ( ^! two extremely important organic =mative t5d5cies1 runs z foll[s3 8,! idea ( metamorphosis resembles ! vis c5trifuga1 & w\ld lose itself 9 ! inf9ite1 if a c\nt]poise 7 n add$ to x3 ,i mean ! t5d5cy to specification1 ! /rong p[] to pres]ve :at once has come into be+1 a vis c5tripeta1 :i* 9 its deepe/ f\ndation _c be affect$ by any?+ ext]nal40 ,metamorphosis1 accord+ to ,goe!1 consi/s n m]ely1 z ! ^w is n[ g5]ally und]/ood1 9 ! *anges ( =m :i* ! organic individual exp]i5ces dur+ its individual developm5t1 b1 9 a wid] s5se1 9 ! trans=mation ( organic =ms 9 g5]al4 ,8 idea ( metamorphosis is almo/ synonym\s ) ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,?is is cle>1 among o!r ?+s1 f ! foll[+ passage3--8,! triumph ( physiological metamorphosis manife/s itself :]e ! :ole sep>ates & trans=ms itself into families1 ! families into g5]a1 ! g5]a into species1 & !n aga9 into o!r v>ieties d[n to ! individual4 ,?is op]ation ( nature goes on ad inf9itum2 %e _c re/ inactive1 b nei!r c %e keep & pres]ve all t %e has produc$4 ,f se$s !re are always develop$ v>y+ plants1 exhibit+ ! relations ( _! p>ts to "o ano!r 9 an alt]$ mann]40 ,goe! _h1 9 tru?1 discov]$ two great me*anical =ces ( nature1 :i* are ! active causes ( organic =mations1 8 two organic =mative t5d5cies--on ! "o h& ! cons]vative1 c5tripetal1 & int]nal =mative t5d5cy ( ,inh]itance or specification2 & on ! o!r h& ! progressive1 c5trifugal1 & ext]nal =mative t5d5cy ( ,adaptation1 or metamorphosis4 ,?is pr(\nd biological intuition c\ld n b lead him naturally to ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 t is1 to ! conception t ! organic species resembl+ "o ano!r 9 =m are actually relat$ by blood1 & t !y are desc5d$ f a common orig9al type4 ,9 reg>d to ! mo/ important ( all animal gr\ps1 namely t ( ,v]tebrate animals1 ,goe! expresses ?is doctr9e 9 ! foll[+ passage 7#agif73--8,?us mu* !n we h ga9$1 t we may ass]t )\t hesitation t all ! m p]fect organic natures1 su* z fi%es1 amphibi\s animals1 birds1 mammals1 & man at ! head ( ! la/1 7 all =m$ ^u "o orig9al type1 :i* only v>ies m or less 9 p>ts :i* are none ! less p]man5t1 & /ill daily *anges & modifies its =m by propagation40 ,?is s5t5ce is ( int]e/ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,! !ory t all 8! m p]fect organic natures10 t is all ,v]tebrate animals1 are desc5d$ f "o common prototype1 t !y h aris5 f x by propagation 7,inh]itance7 & trans=mation 7,adaptation71 may be di/9ctly inf]r$4 ,b x is especially int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,goe! admits no exceptional position = man1 b r expressly includes him 9 ! tribe ( ! o!r ,v]tebrate animals4 ,! mo/ important special inf]5ce ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 t man is desc5d$ f o!r ,v]tebrate animals1 may "h be recogniz$ 9 ! g]m47#c7 ,?is exce$+ly important fundam5tal idea is express$ by ,goe! /ill m cle>ly 9 ano!r passage 7#ahjg71 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,if we consid] plants & animals 9 _! mo/ imp]fect condition1 !y c sc>cely be di/+ui%$4 ,b ?is mu* we c say1 t ! creatures :i* by degrees em]ge z plants & animals out ( a common phase1 :]e !y are b>ely di/+ui%able1 arrive at p]fection 9 two opposite directions2 s t ! plant 9 ! end rea*es its highe/ glory 9 ! tree1 :i* is immovable & /iff1 ! animal 9 man1 :o possesses ! greate/ ela/icity & fre$om40 ,?is rem>kable passage n only indicates mo/ explicitly ! g5ealogical relation%ip betwe5 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 b conta9s ! g]m ( ! monophyletic hypo!sis ( desc5t1 ! importance ( :i* ,i %all h to expla9 h]eaft]4 7,comp>e ,*apt] ,,xvi4 & ! ,p$igree1 p4 #cih47 ,at ! "t :5 ,goe! 9 ?is way sket*$ ! fundam5tal features ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 ano!r ,g]man philosoph]1 ,gottfri$ ,re9hold ,treviranus1 ( ,brem5 7born #aggf1 di$ #ahcg71 0 zeal\sly engag$ at ! same "w4 ,z ,wilhelm ,focke has rec5tly %[n1 ,treviranus1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ( 8 great] works1 8,! ,biology or ,philosophy ( ,animate ,nature10 :i* appe>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 _h already develop$ moni/ic views ( ! unity ( nature1 & ( ! g5ealogical connection ( ! species ( organisms1 :i* entirely correspond ) our pres5t view ( ! matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree volumes ( ! ,biology1 :i* appe>$ successively 9 #ahjb1 #ahjc1 & #ahje 7!re=e sev]al ye>s be=e ,ok5's & ,lam>ck's pr9cipal works71 we f9d num]\s passages :i* are ( int]e/ 9 ?is respect4 ,i %all "h quote only a few ( ! mo/ important4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pr9cipal "q ( our !ory1 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( organic species1 ,treviranus makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3--8,e =m ( life c be produc$ by physical =ces 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r by com+ into be+ out ( =mless matt]1 or by modification ( an already exi/+ =m by a cont9u$ process ( %ap+4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cause ( ?is modification may lie ei!r 9 ! influ5ce ( a dissimil> male g5]ative matt] ^u ! female g]m1 or 9 ! influ5ce ( o!r p[]s :i* op]ate only aft] procreation4 ,9 e liv+ be+ !re exi/s ! capability ( an endless v>iety ( =m-assumption2 ea* possesses ! p[] to adapt its organization to ! *anges ( ! out] _w1 & x is ?is p[] put into action by ! *ange ( ! univ]se t has rais$ ! simple zoophytes ( ! primitive _w to cont9ually high] /ages ( organization1 & has introduc$ a c\ntless v>iety ( species into animate nature40 ,by zoophytes1 ,treviranus "h means organisms ( ! l[e/ ord] & ( ! simple/ "*1 namely1 ^? neutral primitive be+s :i* /& midway betwe5 animals & plants1 & on ! :ole correspond ) our proti/a4 8,^! zoophytes10 he rem>ks 9 ano!r passage1 8are ! orig9al =ms out ( :i* all ! organisms ( ! high] classes h aris5 by gradual developm5t4 ,we are fur!r ( op9ion t e species1 z well z e individual1 has c]ta9 p]iods ( gr[?1 ( bloom1 & ( decay1 b t ! decay ( a species is deg5]ation1 n dissolution1 z 9 ! case ( ! individual4 ,f ?is x appe>s to u to foll[ t x 0 n ! great cata/rophes ( ! e>? 7z is g5]ally suppos$7 :i* de/roy$ ! animals ( ! primitive _w1 b t _m surviv$ !m1 & x is m probable t !y h disappe>$ f exi/+ nature1 because ! species to :i* !y belong$ h complet$ ! circle ( _! exi/5ce1 & h become *ang$ into o!r k9ds40 ,:5 ,treviranus1 9 ?is & o!r passages1 po9ts to deg5]ation z ! mo/ important cause ( ! trans=mation ( ! animal & vegetable species1 he does n und]/& by x :at is n[ commonly call$ deg5]ation4 ,) him 8deg5]ation0 is exactly :at we n[ call ,adaptation or modification1 by ! action ( ext]nal =mative =ces4 ,t ,treviranus expla9$ ?is trans-trans=mation ( organic species by ,adaptation1 & its pres]vation by ,inh]itance1 & ?us ! :ole v>iety ( organic =ms by ! int]action ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance1 is cle> also f sev]al o!r passages4 ,h[ pr(\ndly he grasp$ ! mutual dep5d5ce ( all liv+ creatures on "o ano!r1 & 9 g5]al ! univ]sal connection betwe5 cause & effect--t is1 ! moni/ic causal connection betwe5 all memb]s & p>ts ( ! univ]se--is fur!r %[n1 among o!rs1 by ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 8 ,biology3--8,! liv+ individual is dep5d5t ^u ! species1 ! species ^u ! fauna1 ! fauna ^u ! :ole ( animate nature1 & ! latt] ^u ! organism ( ! e>?4 ,! individual possesses inde$ a peculi> life1 & s f> =ms its own _w4 ,b j because its life is limit$ x con/itutes at ! same "t an organ 9 ! g5]al organism4 ,e liv+ body exi/s 9 consequ5ce ( ! univ]se1 b ! univ]se1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/s 9 consequ5ce ( x40 ,x is self-evid5t t s pr(\nd & cle> a ?9k] z ,treviranus1 9 accordance ) ?is gr& me*anical conception ( ! univ]se1 c\ld n admit = man a privileg$ & exceptional position 9 nature1 b assum$ 8 gradual developm5t f l[] animal =ms4 ,& x is equally self-evid5t1 on ! o!r h&1 t he did n admit a *asm betwe5 organic & inorganic nature1 b ma9ta9$ ! absolute unity ( ! organization ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,?is is specially atte/$ by ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--8,e inquiry into ! influ5ce ( ! :ole ( nature on ! liv+ _w mu/ />t f ! pr9ciple1 t all liv+ =ms are products ( physical influ5ces1 :i* are act+ ev5 n[1 & are *ang$ only 9 degree1 or 9 _! direction40 ,h]eby1 z ,treviranus himself says1 8,! fundam5tal problem ( biology is solv$10 & we add1 solv$ 9 a purely me*anical or moni/ic s5se4 ,nei!r ,treviranus nor ,goe! is commonly consid]$ ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,g]man nature-philosoph]s1 b ,lor5z ,ok51 :o1 9 e/abli%+ ! v]tebral !ory ( ! skull1 came =w>d z a rival to ,goe!1 & did n ent]ta9 a v k9dly feel+ t[>ds him4 ,al?\gh !y liv$ = "s "t 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 yet ! natures ( ^! two m5 7 s v diff]5t1 t !y c\ld n well be drawn t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,ok5's 8,manual ( ! ,philosophy ( ,nature10 :i* may be designat$ z ! mo/ important production ( ! nature-philosophy s*ool !n exi/+ 9 ,g]many1 appe>$ 9 #ahji1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,lam>ck's fundam5tal "w1 ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique10 0 publi%$4 ,z e>ly z #ahjb1 ,ok5 _h publi%$ an 8,outl9e ( ! ,philosophy ( ,nature40 ,z we h already intimat$1 9 ,ok5's z 9 ,goe!'s works1 a numb] ( valuable & pr(\nd ?\ghts are hidd5 among a mass ( errone\s1 v ecc5tric1 & fanta/ic conceptions4 ,"s ( ^! ideas h only q rec5tly & gradually become recogniz$ 9 sci5ce1 _m ye>s aft] !y 7 fir/ express$4 ,i %all "h quote only two ?\ghts1 :i* are almo/ prophetic1 & :i* at ! same "t /& 9 ! close/ relation to ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ,ok5's !ories1 :i* 0 =m]ly v mu* decri$1 & 0 mo/ /rongly combatt$1 especially by ! s-call$ 8exact exp]im5tali/s10 is ! idea t ! ph5om5a ( life 9 all organisms proce$ f a common *emical sub/ance1 s to say1 f a g5]al simple vital-sub/ance1 :i* he designat$ by ! "n ,urs*leim1 or orig9al slime4 ,by x he meant1 z ! "n indicates1 a mucilag9\s sub/ance1 an album9\s comb9ation1 :i* exi/s 9 a semi-fluid condition ( aggregation1 & possesses ! p[]1 by adaptation to diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce 9 ! out] _w & by int]action ) its mat]ial1 ( produc+ ! mo/ v>i\s =ms4 ,n[1 we ne$ only *ange ! expression 8orig9al slime0 7,urs*leim7 into ,protoplasm1 or cell-sub/ance1 9 ord] to arrive at "o ( ! gr&e/ results :i* we owe to microscopic inve/igations dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 m especially to ^? ( ,max ,s*ultze4 ,by ^! inve/igations x has be5 %[n t 9 all liv+ bodies1 )\t exception1 !re exi/s a c]ta9 quantity ( mucilag9\s album9\s matt]1 9 a semi-fluid condition2 & t ?is nitrog5-hold+ c>bon-comp\nd is exclusively ! orig9al seat & ag5t ( all ! ph5om5a ( life1 & ( all production ( organic =ms4 ,all o!r sub/ances :i* appe> 9 ! organism1 besides ^!1 are ei!r =m$ by ?is active matt] ( life1 or h be5 introduc$ f )\t4 ,! organic egg1 ! orig9al cell out ( :i* e animal & plant is fir/ develop$1 consi/s ess5tially only ( "o r\nd little lump ( su* album9\s matt]4 ,ev5 ! yolk ( an egg is no?+ b album51 mix$ ) granules ( fat4 ,ok5 0 !re=e "r :51 m div9+ ?an kn[+1 he made ! ass]tion--8,e organic ?+ has aris5 out ( slime1 & is no?+ b slime 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,?is primitive slime orig9at$ 9 ! sea1 f inorganic matt] 9 ! c\rse ( planet>y-evolution40 ,ano!r equally gr& idea ( ! same philosoph] is closely connect$ ) 8 !ory ( primitive slime1 :i* co9cides ) ! extremely important ,protoplasm !ory4 ,= ,ok51 z e>ly z #ahji1 ass]t$ t ! primitive slime produc$ 9 ! sea by spontane\s g5]ation1 at once assum$ ! =m ( microscopically small bladd]s1 :i* he call$ 8,mile10 or 8,infusoria40 8,organic nature has = its basis an inf9ity ( su* vesicles40 ,^! little bladd]s arise f orig9al semi-fluid globules ( ! primitive slime1 by ! fact ( _! p]iph]y becom+ cond5s$4 ,! simple/ organism1 z well z e animal & e plant ( high] k9d1 is no?+ else ?an 8an accumulation 7syn!sis7 ( su* infusorial bladd]s1 :i* by v>i\s comb9ations assume v>i\s =ms1 & ?us develop into high] organisms40 ,"h aga9 we ne$ only translate ! expression little bladd]1 or infusorium1 by ! ^w cell1 & we arrive at ! ,cell !ory1 "o ( ! gr&e/ biological !ories ( our c5tury4 ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann1 ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 7 ! fir/ to furni% exp]i5tial pro( t all organisms are ei!r simple cells1 or accumulations 7syn!ses7 ( su* cells1 & ! m rec5t protoplasm !ory has %[n t protoplasm 7! orig9al slime7 is ! mo/ ess5tial 7& sometimes ! only7 con/itu5t "p ( ! g5u9e cell4 ,! prop]ties :i* ,ok5 ascribes to 8 ,infusoria are exactly ! prop]ties ( cells1 ! prop]ties ( elem5t>y be+s1 by ^: accumulation1 comb9ation1 & v>y+ developm5t1 ! high] organisms are =m$4 ,^! two extremely fruitful ?\ghts ( ,ok51 on acc\nt ( ! absurd =m 9 :i* he express$ !m1 7 at fir/ little he$$1 or entirely misund]/ood1 & x 0 res]v$ = a mu* lat] era to e/abli% !m by actual obs]vation4 ,! supposition t ! individual species ( plants & animals orig9at$ f common prototypes by a sl[ & gradual developm5t ( ! high] organisms out ( l[] ones1 0 ( c\rse mo/ closely connect$ ) ^! ideas4 ,man's desc5t f l[] organisms 0 likewise ass]t$ by ,ok5--8,man has be5 develop$1 n creat$40 ,al?\gh _m arbitr>y p]v]sities & extravagant fancies may be f\nd 9 ,ok5's philosophy ( nature1 !y mu/ n prev5t u pay+ our j admiration to ^! gr& ideas1 :i* 7 s f> 9 advance ( _! age4 ,?is mu* is cle>ly evid5t f ! /atem5ts ( ,goe! & ,ok5 :i* we h quot$1 & f ! views ( ,lam>ck & ,ge(froy :i* h to be discuss$ next1 t dur+ ! fir/ decade ( our c5tury no doctr9e approa*$ s ne>ly to ! natural ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 newly e/abli%$ by ,d>w91 z ! mu* decri$ 8,natur-philosophie40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,kant ,,& ,,lam>ck4 ,kant's ,duali/ic ,biology4--,8 ,conception ( ! ,orig9 ( ,inorganic ,nature by ,me*anical ,causes1 ( ,organic ,nature by ,causes act+ = a ,def9ite ,purpose4--,contradiction ( ?is ,conception ) 8 lean+ t[>ds ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,kant's ,g5ealogical ,!ory ( ,developm5t4--,its ,limitation by 8 ,teleology4--,comp>ison ( ,g5ealogical ,biology ) ,comp>ative ,philology4--,views 9 fav\r ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ent]ta9$ by ,leopold ,bu*1 ,br1 ,s*leid51 ,ung]1 ,s*aafhaus51 ,victor ,c>us1 ,b*n]4--,fr5* ,nature-philosophy4--,lam>ck's ,philosophie ,zoologique4--,lam>ck's ,moni/ic 7me*anical7 ,sy/em ( ,nature4--,8 ,views ( ! ,int]action ( ! ,two ,organic ,=mative ,t5d5cies ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4--,lam>ck's ,conception ( ,man's ,developm5t f ,ape-l ,mammals4--,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's1 ,naud9's1 & ,lecoq's ,def5ce ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4--,engli% ,nature-philosophy4--,views 9 fav\r ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 ent]ta9$ by ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,w4 ,h]b]t1 ,grant1 ,freke1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,hook]1 ,huxley4--,! ,d\ble ,m]it ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,! teleological view ( nature1 :i* expla9s ! ph5om5a ( ! organic _w by ! action ( a p]sonal ,creator act+ = a def9ite purpose1 necess>ily leads1 :5 c>ri$ to its extreme consequ5ces1 ei!r to utt]ly unt5able contradictions1 or to a tw(old 7duali/ic7 conception ( nature1 :i* mo/ directly contradicts ! unity & simplicity ( ! supreme laws :i* are ev]y:]e p]ceptible4 ,! philosoph]s :o embrace teleology mu/ necess>ily assume two fundam5tally diff]5t natures3 an inorganic nature1 :i* mu/ be expla9$ by causes act+ me*anically 7caus effici5tes71 & an organic nature1 :i* mu/ be expla9$ by causes act+ = a def9ite purpose 7caus f9ales74 7,comp>e p4 #cd47 ,?is dualism meets u 9 a /rik+ mann] :5 consid]+ ! conceptions ( nature =m$ by ,kant1 "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man philosoph]s1 & 8 ideas ( ! com+ into be+ ( organisms4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ^! ideas is =c$ ^u u "h1 because 9 ,kant we hon\r "o ( ! few philosoph]s :o comb9e a solid sci5tific culture ) an extraord9>y cle>ness & pr(undity ( speculation4 ,! ,knigsb]g philosoph] ga9$ ! highe/ celebrity1 n only among speculative philosoph]s z ! f\nd] ( critical philosophy1 b acquir$ a brilliant "n also among naturali/s by 8 me*anical cosmog5y4 ,ev5 9 ! ye> #agee1 9 8 8,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,nature1 & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s107#bb7 he made ! bold attempt 8to discuss ! con/itution & ! me*anical orig9 ( ! :ole univ]se1 accord+ to ,newton's pr9ciples10 & to expla9 !m me*anically by ! natural c\rse ( developm5t1 to ! exclusion ( all miracles4 ,?is cosmog5y ( ,kant1 or 8cosmological gas !ory10 :i* we %all briefly discuss 9 a future *apt]1 0 at a lat] day fully e/abli%$ by ! ,fr5* ma!matician ,laplace & ! ,engli% a/ronom] ,h]s*el1 & enjoys at ! pres5t day almo/ univ]sal recognition4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is important "w alone1 9 :i* exact k is c\pl$ ) mo/ pr(\nd speculation1 ,kant des]ves ! hon\rable "n ( a natural philosoph] 9 ! be/ & pure/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if we read ,kant's ,criticism ( ! ,teleological ,faculty ( ,judgm5t1 8 mo/ important biological "w1 we p]ceive t 9 contemplat+ organic nature he always ma9ta9s :at is ess5tially ! teleological or duali/ic po9t ( view2 :il/ = inorganic nature he1 unconditionally & )\t res]ve1 assumes ! me*anical or moni/ic me?od ( explanation4 ,he affirms t 9 ! doma9 ( inorganic nature all ! ph5om5a c be expla9$ by me*anical causes1 by ! mov+ =ces ( matt] itself1 b n s 9 ! doma9 ( organic nature4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,anorganology 79 ,geology & ,m9]alogy1 9 ,meteorology & ,a/ronomy1 9 ! physics & *emi/ry ( inorganic natural bodies71 all ph5om5a are said to be explicable m]ely by me*anism 7causa effici5s71 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a f9al purpose4 ,9 ! :ole doma9 ( ,biology1 on ! o!r h&--9 ,botany1 ,zoology1 & ,an?ropology--me*anism is n consid]$ suffici5t to expla9 to u all _! ph5om5a2 b we are suppos$ to be able to compreh5d !m only by an assumption ( a f9al cause act+ = a def9ite purpose 7causa f9alis74 ,9 sev]al passages ,kant emphatically rem>ks t1 f a /rictly sci5tific po9t ( view1 all ph5om5a1 )\t exception1 require a me*anical int]pretation1 & t me*anism alone c (f] a true explanation4 ,b at ! same "t he ?9ks1 t 9 reg>d to liv+ natural bodies1 animals & plants1 our human p[] ( compreh5sion is limit$1 & n suffici5t = arriv+ at ! real cause ( organic processes1 especially at ! orig9 ( organic =ms4 ,! "r ( human reason to expla9 all ph5om5a me*anically is unlimit$1 he says1 b its p[] is limit$ by ! fact t organic nature c be conceiv$ only f a teleological po9t ( view4 ,"s passages are1 h[ev]1 v rem>kable1 9 :i* ,kant 9 a surpris+ mann] deviates f ?is mode ( view+ ?+s1 & expresses1 m or less di/9ctly1 ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,he ev5 ass]ts ! necessity ( a g5ealogical conception ( ! s]ies ( organisms1 if we at all wi% to und]/& x sci5tifically4 ,! mo/ important & rem>kable ( ^! passages occurs 9 8 8,me?odical ,sy/em ( ! ,teleological ,faculty ( ,judgm5t0 7 #gi71 :i* appe>$ 9 #agij 9 ! 8,criticism ( ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t40 ,consid]+ ! extraord9>y int]e/ :i* ?is passage possesses1 bo? = =m+ a correct e/imate ( ,kant's philosophy1 z well z = ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 ,i %all "h ins]t x v]batim4 8,x is desirable to exam9e ! great doma9 ( organiz$ nature by means ( a me?odical comp>ative anatomy1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r we may n f9d 9 x some?+ resembl+ a sy/em1 & t too 9 connection ) ! mode ( g5]ation1 s t we may no long] be compell$ to /op %ort ) a m]e consid]ation ( =ms z !y are--:i* gives u no insight into _! g5]ation--& ne$ no long] give up 9 despair all hope ( ga9+ a full insight into ?is dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,! agreem5t ( s _m k9ds ( animals 9 a c]ta9 common plan ( /ructure1 :i* seems to be visible n only 9 _! skeletons1 b also 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! rema9+ p>ts--s t a wond]fully simple typical =m1 by ! %ort5+ & l5g!n+ ( "s p>ts1 & by ! suppression & developm5t ( o!rs1 might be able to produce an imm5se v>iety ( species--gives u a ray ( hope1 ?\gh feeble1 t "h p]haps "s result may be obta9$1 by ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! me*anism ( nature1 )\t :i*1 9 fact1 no sci5ce c exi/4 ,?is analogy ( =ms 79 s f> z !y seem to h be5 produc$ 9 accordance ) a common prototype1 not)/&+ _! great v>iety7 /r5g!ns ! supposition t !y h an actual blood-relation%ip1 due to orig9ation f a common p>5t2 a supposition :i* is arriv$ at by obs]vation ( ! graduat$ approximation ( "o class ( animals to ano!r1 beg9n+ ) ! "o 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( purposiv5ess seems to be mo/ conspicu\s1 t is man1 & ext5d+ d[n to ! polyps1 & f ^! ev5 d[n to mosses & li*5s1 & arriv+ f9ally at raw matt]1 ! l[e/ /age ( nature obs]vable by u4 ,f ?is matt] & its =ces ! :ole app>atus ( ,nature seems to h desc5d$ accord+ to me*anical laws 7su* z ^? :i* %e foll[s 9 ! production ( cry/als72 yet ?is app>atus1 z se5 9 organic be+s1 is s incompreh5sible to u1 t we feel ourselves compell$ to conceive = x a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! ar*ologi/ ( ,nature is at lib]ty to reg>d ! great ,family ( creatures 7= z a ,family we mu/ conceive x1 if ! above-m5tion$ cont9u\s & connect$ relation%ip has a real f\ndation7 z hav+ sprung f ! imm$iate results ( h] e>lie/ revolutions1 judg+ f all ! laws ( _! me*anism kn[n to or conjectur$ by him40 ,if we take ?is rem>kable passage out ( ,kant's 8,criticism ( ! ,teleological ,faculty ( ,judgm5t10 & consid] x by itself1 we _c b be a/oni%$ to f9d h[ pr(\ndly & cle>ly ! great ?9k]1 ev5 9 #agij1 _h recogniz$ ! inevitable necessity ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t1 & designat$ x z ! only possible way ( expla9+ organic nature by me*anical laws--t is1 by true sci5tific reason+4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is "o passage tak5 by itself1 we might place ,kant beside ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 z "o ( ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t2 & consid]+ ! high au?ority :i* ,kant's ,critical ,philosophy mo/ ju/ly enjoys1 ?is circum/ance might p]haps induce _m a philosoph] to decide 9 fav\r ( ! !ory4 ,b z soon z we consid] ?is passage 9 connection ) ! o!r tra9 ( ?\ghts 9 ! 8,criticism ( ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t10 & balance x aga9/ o!r directly contradictory passages1 we see cle>ly t ,kant1 9 ^! & "s simil> 7b weak]7 s5t5ces1 w5t beyond himself1 & ab&on$ ! teleological po9t ( view :i* he usually adopts 9 ,biology4 ,directly aft] ! admirable passage :i* ,i h j quot$1 !re foll[s a rem>k :i* completely takes (f its edge4 ,aft] hav+ q correctly ma9ta9$ ! orig9 ( organic =ms out ( raw matt] by me*anical laws 79 ! mann] ( cry/allization71 z well z a gradual developm5t ( ! diff]5t species by desc5t f "o common orig9al p>5t1 ,kant adds1 8,b he 7! ar*ologi/ ( nature1 t is ! palontologi/7 mu/ = ?is end ascribe to ! common "m an organization orda9$ purposely ) a view to ! ne$s ( all h] (fspr+1 o!rwise ! possibility ( suitability ( =m 9 ! products ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms 7i4e4 teleological adaptation7 _c be conceiv$ at all40 ,?is addition cle>ly contradicts ! mo/ important fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! prec$+ passage1 viz41 t a purely me*anical explanation ( organic nature becomes possible ?r\gh ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,& t ! teleological conception ( organic nature pr$om9at$ ) ,kant1 is %[n by ! head+ ( ! rem>kable #gi1 :i* conta9s ! two contradictory passages cit$3 8,( ! ,necess>y ,subord9ation ( ! ,me*anical to ! ,teleological ,pr9ciple1 9 ! explanation ( a ?+ z a purpose or object ( ,nature40 ,he expresses himself mo/ decid$ly aga9/ ! me*anical explanation ( organic nature 9 ! foll[+ passage 7 #gd73 8,x is q c]ta9 t we _c become suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) organiz$ creatures & _! hidd5 pot5tialities by aid ( purely me*anical natural pr9ciples1 mu* less c we expla9 !m2 & ?is is s c]ta91 t we may boldly ass]t t x is absurd = man ev5 to conceive su* an idea1 or to hope t a ,newton may "o day arise able to make ! production ( a blade ( grass compreh5sible1 accord+ to natural laws orda9$ by no int5tion2 su* an insight we mu/ absolutely d5y to man40 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is impossible ,newton has really appe>$ sev5ty ye>s lat] 9 ,d>w91 ^: ,!ory ( ,selection has actually solv$ ! problem1 ! solution ( :i* ,kant _h consid]$ absolutely inconceivable6 ,9 connection ) ,kant & ! ,g]man philosoph]s ^: !ories ( developm5t h already occupi$ u 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 x seems ju/ifiable to consid] briefly "s o!r ,g]man naturali/s & philosoph]s1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( our c5tury1 h m or less di/9ctly resi/$ ! prevail+ teleological views ( creation1 & v9dicat$ ! me*anical conception ( ?+s :i* is ! basis ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation4 ,sometimes g5]al philosophical consid]ations1 sometimes special empirical obs]vations1 7 ! motives :i* l$ ^! ?9k+ m5 to =m ! idea t ! v>i\s individual species ( organisms mu/ h orig9at$ f common prim>y =ms4 ,among !m ,i mu/ fir/ m5tion ! great ,g]man geologi/1 ,leopold ,bu*4 ,important obs]vations z to ! geographical di/ribution ( plants l$ him to ! foll[+ rem>kable ass]tion 9 8 excell5t 8,physical ,description ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s03-- 8,! individuals ( g5]a1 on cont95ts1 spread & widely diffuse !mselves1 & by ! diff]5ce ( localities1 n\ri%m5t1 & soil1 =m v>ieties2 & be+ 9 consequ5ce ( _! isolation nev] cross$ by o!r v>ieties1 & s br\ght back to ! ma9 type1 !y 9 ! end become a p]man5t & a di/9ct species4 ,!n1 p]haps1 9 o!r ways1 !y once m become associat$ ) o!r desc5dants ( ! orig9al =m--:i* h likewise become new v>ieties--& bo? n[ appe> z v di/9ct species1 no long] m+l+ ) "o ano!r4 ,n s on isl&s4 ,be+ commonly conf9$ 9 n>r[ valleys or )9 ! limit ( small zones1 individuals c rea* "o ano!r & de/roy e comm5c+ production ( a p]man5t v>iety4 ,mu* 9 ! same way ! peculi>ities or faults 9 language1 orig9at+ ) ! head ( "s family1 become1 ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( ! family1 indig5\s ?r\gh\t a :ole di/rict4 ,if ! di/rict is sep>at$ & isolat$1 & if ! language is n br\ght back to its =m] purity by con/ant connection ) t spok5 9 neighb\r+ di/ricts1 a dialect w be ! result4 ,if natural ob/acles1 =e/s1 con/itution1 =m ( gov]nm5t1 unite ! inhabitants ( ! sep>ate di/rict /ill m closely1 & sep>ate !m /ill m completely f _! neighb\rs1 ! dialect is fix$1 & becomes a completely di/9ct language40 7,ueb]si*t d] ,flora auf d5 ,can>i51 ,s4 #acc47 ,we p]ceive t ,bu* is "h l$ to ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t by ! ph5om5a ( ! geography ( plants1 a dep>tm5t ( biological k :i* 9 fact furni%es a mass ( pro(s 9 fav\r ( x4 ,d>w9 has m9utely discuss$ ^! pro(s 9 two sep>ate *apt]s ( 8 book 7! #aa? & #ab?74 ,bu*'s rem>k is fur!r ( int]e/1 because x leads u to ! exce$+ly in/ructive comp>ison ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( language ) ! species ( organisms1 a comp>ison :i* is ( ! greate/ use to ,comp>ative ,philology1 z well z to ,comp>ative ,botany & ,zoology4 ,j z1 = example1 ! diff]5t dialects1 prov9cialisms1 bran*es1 & (f-%oots ( ! ,g]man1 ,slavonic1 ,greco-,lat91 & ,irano-,indian p>5t language1 are d]iv$ f a s+le common ,indo-,g]manic p>5t tongue1 & j z _! diff]5ces are expla9$ by ,adaptation1 & _! common fundam5tal *>act]s expla9$ by ,inh]itance1 s 9 l mann] ! diff]5t species1 g5]a1 families1 ord]s1 & classes ( ,v]tebrate animals are d]iv$ f a s+le common v]tebrate =m ( animal4 ,"h also ,adaptation is ! cause ( diff]5ces1 ,inh]itance ! cause ( community ( "*4 ,?is int]e/+ p>allelism 9 ! div]g5t developm5t ( ! =ms ( spee* & ! =ms ( organisms has be5 discuss$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] by "o ( our fir/ comp>ative philologi/s1 ! tal5t$ ,augu/us ,s*lei*]1 ^: premature dea?1 f\r ye>s ago1 rema9s an irrep>able loss1 n only to our ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 b to ! :ole ( moni/ic sci5ce47#f7 ,among o!r em95t ,g]man naturali/s :o h express$ _! belief 9 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t m or less di/9ctly1 arriv+ at _! conclusion 9 v v>i\s ways1 ,i mu/ next m5tion ,c>l ,ern/ ,br1 ! great re=m] ( animal embryology4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ 9 #ahcd1 entitl$ 8,! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,laws ( ,nature 9 ,all ,developm5t10 he %[s1 9 ! cle>e/ way1 t only 9 a v *ildi% view ( nature c\ld organic species be reg>d$ z p]man5t & un*angeable types1 & t really !y c be only pass+ s]ies ( g5]ations1 :i* h develop$ by trans=mation f a common orig9al =m4 ,! same conception aga9 receiv$ firm support f ,ba]1 9 #ahei1 ?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! laws ( ! geographical di/ribution ( organisms4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s*leid51 :o f\nd$1 ?irty ye>s ago1 9 ,j5a1 a new epo* 9 ,botany by 8 /rictly empirico-philosophical & truly sci5tific me?od1 illu/rat$ ! philosophical significance ( ! conception ( organic species 9 8 incisive 8,outl9es ( ,sci5tific ,botany107#g7 & %[$ t x _h only a subjective orig9 9 ! g5]al law ( specification4 ,! diff]5t species ( plants are only ! specifi$ productions ( ! =mative t5d5cies ( plants1 :i* arise f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! fundam5tal =ces ( organic matt]4 ,! em95t botani/1 ,f4 ,ung]1 ( ,vi5na1 0 l$ by 8 pr(\nd & compreh5sive inve/igations on ext9ct vegetable species1 to a palontological hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :i* di/9ctly ass]ts ! pr9ciple ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,9 8 8,attempt at a ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w ( ,plants0 7#aheb71 he ma9ta9s ! d]ivation ( all diff]5t species ( plants f a few prim>y =ms1 & p]haps f a s+le orig9al plant1 a simple vegetable cell4 ,he %[s t ?is view is f\nd$ on ! g5etic connection ( all vegetable =ms1 & is necess>y1 n m]ely ^u philosophical gr\nds1 b ^u ^? ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation47#h7 ,victor ,c>us1 ( ,leipzig1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 excell5t 8,sy/em ( ,animal ,morphology107#i7 publi%$ 9 #ahec1 9 :i* he endeav\rs to e/abli% 9 a philosophical mann] ! univ]sal con/ructive laws ( ! animal body ?r\gh comp>ative anatomy & ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 makes ! foll[+ rem>k3--8,! organisms buri$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t geological /rata mu/ be look$ ^u z ! ance/ors f :om ! ri* div]sity ( =ms ( ! pres5t creation h orig9at$ by cont9u$ g5]ation1 & by accommodation to progressive & v diff]5t conditions ( life40 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahec7 ,s*aaffhaus51 ! an?ropologi/ ( ,bonn1 9 an ,essay 8,on ! ,p]man5ce & ,trans=mation ( ,species10 decl>$ himself decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,accord+ to him1 ! liv+ species ( animals & plants are ! trans=m$ desc5dants ( ext9ct species1 f :i* !y h aris5 by gradual modification4 ,! div]g5ce or sep>ation ( ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ species takes place by ! de/ruction ( ! connect+ int]m$iate /ages4 ,s*aaffhaus5 also ma9ta9$1 ) di/9ctness1 ! orig9 ( ! human race f animals1 & its gradual developm5t f ape-l animals1 ! mo/ important d$uction f ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation4 ,la/ly1 we h /ill to m5tion among ! ,g]man ,nature-philosoph]s ! "n ( ,l\is ,b*n]1 :o1 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 8,=ce & ,matt]0 7#ahee71 also indep5d5tly develop$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 tak+ 8 /& ma9ly on ! gr\nd ( ! und5iable evid5ces ( fact :i* are furni%$ by ! palontological & individual developm5t ( organisms1 z well z by _! comp>ative anatomy & by ! p>allelism ( ^! s]ies ( developm5t4 ,b*n] %[$ v cle>ly t1 ev5 f su* data alone1 ! d]ivation ( ! diff]5t organic species f common prim>y =ms foll[$ z a necess>y conclusion1 & t ! orig9 ( ^! orig9al prim>y =ms c\ld only be conceiv$ ( z ! result ( a spontane\s g5]ation4 ,we n[ turn f ! ,g]man to ! ,fr5* ,nature-philosoph]s1 :o h likewise held ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,at _! head /&s ,jean ,lam>ck1 :o occupies ! fir/ place next to ,d>w9 & ,goe! 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation4 ,to him w always belong ! immortal glory ( hav+ = ! fir/ "t work$ out ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 z an indep5d5t sci5tific !ory ( ! fir/ ord]1 & z ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ,biology4 ,al?\gh ,lam>ck 0 born z e>ly z #agdd1 he did n beg9 ! publication ( 8 !ory until ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 9 #ahja1 & e/abli%$ x m fully only 9 #ahji1 9 8 classic 8,philosophie ,zoologique407#b7 ,?is admirable "w is ! fir/ connect$ exposition ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t c>ri$ out /rictly into all its consequ5ces4 ,by its purely me*anical me?od ( view+ organic nature1 & ! /rictly philosophical pro(s br\ght =w>d 9 x1 ,lam>ck's "w is rais$ f> above ! prevail+ duali/ic views ( 8 "t2 & ) ! exception ( ,d>w9's "w1 :i* appe>$ j half a c5tury lat]1 we "k ( none :i* we c\ld 9 ?is respect place by ! side ( ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique40 ,h[ f> x 0 9 advance ( its "t is p]haps be/ se5 f ! circum/ance t x 0 n und]/ood by mo/ m51 & = fifty ye>s 0 n spok5 ( at all4 ,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck's greate/ oppon5t1 9 8 8,report on ! ,progress ( ,natural ,sci5ces10 9 :i* ! mo/ unimportant anatomical inve/igations are enum]at$1 does n devote a s+le ^w to ?is "w1 :i* =ms an epo* 9 sci5ce4 ,goe!1 also1 :o took su* a lively int]e/ 9 ! ,fr5* nature-philosophy & 9 8! ?\ghts ( k9dr$ m9ds beyond ! ,rh9e10 n[h]e m5tions ,lam>ck1 & does n seem to h kn[n ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 at all4 ,! great reputation :i* ,lam>ck ga9$ z a naturali/ he does n owe to 8 highly important g5]al "w1 b to num]\s special treatises on ! l[] animals1 p>ticul>ly on ,molluscs1 z well z to an excell5t 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,inv]tebrate ,animals10 :i* appe>$1 9 sev5 volumes1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahae-ahbb4 ,! fir/ volume ( ?is celebrat$ "w conta9s 9 ! g5]al introduction a detail$ exposition ( 8 !ory ( filiation4 ,i c1 p]haps1 give no bett] idea ( ! extraord9>y importance ( ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 ?an by quot+ v]batim "s ( ! mo/ important passages !refrom3-- 8,! sy/ematic divisions ( classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species1 z well z _! designations1 are ! arbitr>y & artificial productions ( man4 ,! k9ds or species ( organisms are ( unequal age1 develop$ "o aft] ! o!r1 & %[ only a relative & tempor>y p]si/5ce2 species arise out ( v>ieties4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! conditions ( life h a modify+ influ5ce on ! organization1 ! g5]al =m1 & ! p>ts ( animals1 & s has ! use or disuse ( organs4 ,9 ! fir/ beg9n+ only ! v simple/ & l[e/ animals & plants came into exi/5ce2 ^? ( a m complex organization only at a lat] p]iod4 ,! c\rse ( ! e>?'s developm5t1 & t ( its organic inhabitants1 0 cont9u\s1 n int]rupt$ by viol5t revolutions4 ,life is purely a physical ph5om5on4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( life dep5d on me*anical1 physical1 & *emical causes1 :i* are inh]5t 9 ! nature ( matt] itself4 ,! simple/ animals & ! simple/ plants1 :i* /& at ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! scale ( organization1 h orig9at$ & /ill orig9ate by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,all animate natural bodies or organisms are subject to ! same laws z inanimate natural bodies or anorgana4 ,! ideas & actions ( ! und]/&+ are ! motional ph5om5a ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,! w is 9 tru? nev] free4 ,reason is only a high] degree ( developm5t & comb9ation ( judgm5ts40 ,^! are inde$ a/oni%+ly bold1 gr&1 & f>-rea*+ views1 & 7 express$ by ,lam>ck sixty ye>s ago2 9 fact1 at a "t :5 _! e/abli%m5t1 by a mass ( facts1 0 n ne>ly z possible z x is 9 our day4 ,inde$ ,lam>ck's "w is really a complete & /rictly moni/ic 7me*anical7 sy/em ( nature1 & all ! important g5]al pr9ciples ( moni/ic ,biology are already enunciat$ by him3 ! unity ( ! active causes 9 organic & inorganic nature2 ! ultimate explanation ( ^! causes 9 ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( matt] itself2 ! abs5ce ( a special vital p[]1 or ( an organic f9al cause2 ! d]ivation ( all organisms f "s few1 mo/ simple orig9al =ms1 :i* h come into exi/5ce by spontane\s g5]ation out ( inorganic matt]2 ! coh]5t c\rse ( ! :ole e>?'s hi/ory2 ! abs5ce ( viol5t cataclysmic revolutions2 & 9 g5]al ! inconceivabl5ess ( any miracle1 ( any sup]natural int]f]5ce1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ! developm5t ( matt]4 ,! fact t ,lam>ck's wond]ful intellectual feat met ) sc>cely any recognition1 arises p>tly f ! imm5se l5g? ( ! gigantic /ride ) :i* he _h advanc$ beyond ! next fifty ye>s1 p>tly f its defective empirical f\ndation1 & f ! some:at "o-sid$ "* ( "s ( 8 argum5ts4 ,lam>ck q correctly recognizes ,adaptation z ! fir/ me*anical cause :i* effects ! cont9ual trans=mation ( organic =ms1 :ile he traces ) equal ju/ice ! simil>ity 9 =m ( diff]5t species1 g5]a1 families1 etc41 to _! blood-relation%ip1 & ?us expla9s x by ,inh]itance4 ,adaptation1 accord+ to him1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! p]petual1 sl[ *ange ( ! out] _w causes a correspond+ *ange 9 ! actions ( organisms1 & !reby also causes a fur!r *ange 9 _! =ms4 ,he lays ! greate/ /ress ^u ! effect ( habit ^u ! use & disuse ( organs4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ( great importance 9 ! trans=mation ( organic =ms1 z we %all see lat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! way 9 :i* ,lam>ck wi%$ to expla9 exclusively1 or at any rate ma9ly1 ! *ange ( =ms1 is aft] all 9 mo/ cases n possible4 ,he says1 = example1 t ! long neck ( ! giraffe has aris5 f its con/antly /ret*+ out its neck at high trees1 & f ! endeav\r to pick ! leaves (f _! bran*es2 z giraffes g5]ally inhabit dry di/ricts1 :]e only ! foliage ( trees af=d !m n\ri%m5t1 !y 7 =c$ to ?is action4 ,9 l mann] ! long tongues ( wood-peck]s1 humm+-birds1 & ant-eat]s1 are said by him to h aris5 f ! habit ( fet*+ _! food out ( n>r[1 small1 & deep crevices or *annels4 ,! webs betwe5 ! toes ( ! webb$ feet 9 frogs & o!r aquatic animals h aris5 solely f ! con/ant endeav\r to swim1 f /rik+ _! feet aga9/ ! wat]1 & f ! v movem5ts ( swimm+4 ,inh]itance fix$ ^! habits on ! desc5dants1 & f9ally1 by fur!r elaboration1 ! organs 7 entirely trans=m$4 ,h[ev] correct1 z a :ole1 ?is fundam5tal ?\ght may be1 yet ,lam>ck lays ! /ress too exclusively on habit 7use & non-use ( organs71 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important1 b n ! only cause ( ! *ange ( =ms4 ,/ill ?is _c prev5t our ackn[l$g+ t ,lam>ck q correctly appreciat$ ! mutual co-op]ation ( ! two organic =mative t5d5cies ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance4 ,:at he fail$ to grasp is ! exce$+ly important pr9ciple ( 8,natural ,selection 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce10 ) :i* ,d>w91 fifty ye>s lat]1 made u acqua9t$4 ,x /ill rema9s to be m5tion$ z a special m]it ( ,lam>ck1 t he endeav\r$ to prove ! developm5t ( ! human race f o!r primitive1 ape-l mammals4 ,"h aga9 x 01 above all1 to habit t he ascrib$ ! trans=m+1 ! ennobl+ influ5ce4 ,he assum$ t ! l[e/1 orig9al m5 _h orig9at$ out ( m5-l apes1 by ! latt] accu/om+ !mselves to walk upright4 ,! rais+ ( ! body1 ! con/ant ef=t to keep upright1 9 ! fir/ place l$ to a trans=mation ( ! limbs1 to a /rong] diff]5tiation or sep>ation ( ! =e & h9d] extremities1 :i* is ju/ly consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial di/9ctions betwe5 man & ! ape4 ,beh9d1 ! calf ( ! leg & ! flat soles ( ! feet 7 develop$2 9 front1 ! arms & h&s1 = ! purpose ( seiz+ objects4 ,! upright walk 0 !n foll[$ by a fre] view ov] ! surr\nd+ objects1 & l$ consequ5tly to an important progress 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,human apes !reby soon ga9$ a great advantage ov] ! o!r apes1 & fur!r1 ov] surr\nd+ organisms 9 g5]al4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! supremacy ov] !m1 !y =m$ !mselves into companies1 & !re arose1 z 9 ! case ( all animals liv+ 9 company1 ! desire ( communicat+ to "o ano!r _! desires & ?\ghts4 ,?us arose ! necessity ( language1 :i*1 consi/+ at fir/ ( r\gh & disjo9t$ s\nds1 soon became m connect$1 develop$1 & articulate4 ,! developm5t ( articulate spee* n[ 9 turn became ! /ronge/ lev] = a fur!r progressive developm5t ( ! organism1 & above all1 ( ! bra91 & s ape-l m5 became gradually & sl[ly trans=m$ into real m54 ,9 ?is way ! actual desc5t ( ! l[e/ & rude/ primitive m5 f ! mo/ highly develop$ apes 0 di/9ctly ma9ta9$ by ,lam>ck1 & support$ by a s]ies ( ! mo/ important pro(s4 ,! hon\r ( be+ ! *ief ,fr5* nature-philosoph] is n usually assign$ to ,lam>ck1 b to ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 7! eld]71 born 9 #agga1 ! same 9 :om ,goe! 0 especially int]e/$1 & ) :om we h already become acqua9t$ z ,cuvi]'s mo/ prom95t oppon5t4 ,he develop$ 8 ideas ab\t ! trans=mation ( organic species z f> back z ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 b publi%$ !m only 9 ! ye> #ahbh1 & !n 9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 especially 9 #ahcj1 def5d$ !m bravely aga9/ ,cuvi]4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 9 all ess5tials adopt$ ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 yet he believ$ t ! trans=mation ( animal & vegetable species 0 less effect$ by ! action ( ! organism itself 7by habit1 practice1 use1 or disuse ( organs7 ?an by ! 8monde ambiant10 t is1 by ! cont9ual *ange ( ! out] _w1 especially ( ! atmosph]e4 ,he conceives ! organism z passive1 9 reg>d to ! vital conditions ( ! out] _w1 :ile ,lam>ck1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds x z active4 ,ge(froy ?9ks1 = example1 t birds orig9at$ f liz>d-l reptiles1 simply by a dim9ution ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! brea?+ process became m animat$ & en]getic ?r\gh ! increas$ proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?us !re arose a high] temp]ature ( ! blood1 an increas$ activity ( ! n]ves & muscles1 & ! scales ( ! reptiles became ! fea!rs ( ! birds1 etc4 ,?is conception is bas$ ^u a correct ?\ght1 b al?\gh ! *ange ( ! atmosph]e1 z well z ! *ange ( e o!r ext]nal condition ( exi/5ce1 c]ta9ly effects directly or indirectly ! trans=mation ( ! organism1 yet ?is s+le cause is by itself too unimportant = su* effects to be ascrib$ to x4 ,x is ev5 less important ?an practice & habit1 ^u :i* ,lam>ck lays too mu* /ress4 ,ge(froy's *ief m]it consi/s 9 8 hav+ v9dicat$ ! moni/ic conception ( nature1 ! unity ( organic =ms1 & ! deep g5ealogical connection ( ! diff]5t organic types 9 ! face ( ,cuvi]'s p[]ful influ5ce4 ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7pp4 #hg1 #hh7 ! celebrat$ disputes betwe5 ! two great oppon5ts 9 ! ,academy ( ,p>is1 especially ! fi]ce conflicts on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y1 & on ! #ai? ( ,july1 9 :i* ,goe! took s lively an int]e/4 ,on t occasion ,cuvi] rema9$ ! ackn[l$g$ victor1 & s9ce t "t v little1 or r no?+1 m has be5 done 9 ,france to fur!r ! developm5t ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 & complete ! moni/ic !ory ( developm5t4 ,?is is evid5tly to be ascrib$ pr9cipally to ! repressive influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,cuvi]'s great au?ority4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! majority ( ! ,fr5* naturali/s are ! disciples & bl9d foll[]s ( ,cuvi]4 ,9 no civiliz$ c\ntry ( ,europe has ,d>w9's doctr9e _h s little effect & be5 s little und]/ood z 9 ,france1 s t 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( our exam9ation we ne$ n take ! ,fr5* naturali/s into consid]ation4 ,at mo/1 !re are two di/+ui%$ botani/s1 among ! rec5t ,fr5* naturali/s1 :om we may m5tion z hav+ v5tur$ to express !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! mutability & trans=mation ( species4 ,^! two m5 are ,naud9 7#aheb7 & ,lecoq 7#ahed74 ,hav+ discuss$ ! e>ly s]vices ( ,g]man & ,fr5* nature-philosophy 9 e/abli%+ ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 we turn to ! ?ird great c\ntry ( ,europe1 to free ,engl&1 :i* dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s has become ! *ief seat & />t+-po9t = ! fur!r work+ out & def9ite e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,engli%m51 :o n[ take su* an active "p 9 e great sci5tific progress ( humanity1 & are ! fir/ to promote ! et]nal tru?s ( natural sci5ce1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury took b little "p 9 ! cont95tal nature-philosophy & its mo/ important progress1 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,almo/ ! only e>li] ,engli% naturali/ :om we h "h to m5tion is ,erasmus ,d>w91 ! gr&fa!r ( ! re=m] ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,9 #agie he publi%$1 "u ! title ( 8,zoonomia10 a sci5tific "w 9 :i* he expresses views v simil> to ^? ( ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 )\t1 h[ev]1 !n kn[+ any?+ ab\t ^! two m54 ,x is evid5t t ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t at t "t p]vad$ ! intellectual atmosph]e4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 lays great /ress ^u ! trans=mation ( animal & vegetable species by _! own vital action & by _! becom+ accu/om$ to *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce1 etc4 ,next1 ,w4 ,h]b]t1 9 #ahbb1 express$ ! op9ion t species ( animals & plants are no?+ b v>ieties :i* h become p]man5t4 ,9 l mann] ,grant1 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahbf1 decl>$ t new species proce$ f exi/+ species by cont9u$ trans=mation4 ,9 #ahda ,freke ma9ta9$ t all organic be+s mu/ be desc5d$ f a s+le primitive type4 ,9 #aheb ,h]b]t ,sp5c] demon/rat$ m9utely1 & 9 a v cle> & philosophic mann]1 ! necessity ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 & e/abli%$ x m firmly 9 8 excell5t 8,essays10 :i* appe>$ 9 #aheh1 & 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology10 :i* 0 publi%$ at a lat] date4 ,he has1 at ! same "t1 ! great m]it ( hav+ appli$ ! !ory ( developm5t to psy*ology1 & ( hav+ %[n t ! emotional & intellectual faculties c\ld only h be5 acquir$ by degrees & develop$ gradually4 ,la/ly1 we h to m5tion t 9 #ahei ,huxley1 ! fir/ ( ,engli% zoologi/s1 spoke ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z ! only hypo!sis ( creation reconcilable ) sci5tific physiology4 ,! same ye> produc$ ! 8,introduction to ! ,flora ( ,tasmania10 9 :i* ,hook]1 ! celebrat$ ,engli% botani/1 adopts ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 support+ x ) important obs]vations ( 8 own4 ,all ! naturali/s & philosoph]s ) :om we h become acqua9t$ 9 ?is brief hi/orical survey1 z m5 adopt+ ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 m]ely arriv$ at ! conception t all ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants :i* at any "t h liv$1 & /ill live1 ^u ! e>?1 are ! gradually *ang$ & trans=m$ desc5dants ( "o or "s few orig9al & v simple prototypes1 :i* latt] arose out ( inorganic matt] by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,b none ( !m succe$$ 9 plac+ ?is fundam5tal elem5t ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t 9 relation ) "s cause1 nor 9 satisfactorily expla9+ ! trans=mation ( organic species by ! true demon/ration ( its me*anical antec$5ts4 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ :o solv$ ?is mo/ difficult problem1 & ?is =ms ! broad gulf :i* sep>ates him f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! special m]it ( ,*>les ,d>w9 is1 9 my op9ion1 tw(old3 9 ! fir/ place1 ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i* 0 already cle>ly express$ by ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 has be5 develop$ by him mu* m compreh5sively1 has be5 trac$ mu* m m9utely 9 all directions1 & c>ri$ out mu* m /rictly & connect$ly ?an by any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & secondly1 he has e/abli%$ a new !ory1 :i* reveals to u ! natural causes ( organic developm5t1 ! act+ causes 7caus effici5tes7 ( organic =m-production1 & ( ! *anges & trans=mations ( animal & vegetable species4 ,?is is ! !ory :i* we call ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 or m accurately1 ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection 7selectio naturalis74 ,:5 we reflect t 7) ! few exceptions above m5tion$7 ! :ole sci5ce ( ,biology1 be=e ,d>w9's "t1 0 elaborat$ 9 accordance ) ! opposite views1 & t almo/ all zoologi/s & botani/s reg>d$ ! absolute indep5d5ce ( organic species z a self-evid5t inf]5ce f ! results ( all /udy ( =ms1 we %all c]ta9ly n lightly value ! tw(old m]it ( ,d>w94 ,! false doctr9e ( ! con/ancy & indep5d5t creation ( individual species _h ga9$ su* high au?ority1 0 s g5]ally recogniz$1 & 01 moreov]1 s mu* fav\r$ by delusive appe>ances1 accept$ by sup]ficial obs]vation1 t1 inde$1 no small degree ( c\rage1 /r5g?1 & intellig5ce 0 requir$ to rise z a re=m] aga9/ its omnipot5ce1 & to da% to pieces ! /ructure artificially erect$ ^u x4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 ,d>w9 add$ to ,lam>ck's & ,goe!'s doctr9e ( desc5t ! new & highly important pr9ciple ( 8natural selection40 ,we mu/ %>ply di/+ui% ! two po9ts--?\gh ?is is usually n done--fir/1 ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 :i* only ass]ts t all animal & vegetable species are desc5d$ f common1 mo/ simple1 & spontane\sly g5]at$ prototypes2 & secondly1 ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,selection1 :i* %[s u :y ?is progressive trans=mation ( organic =ms took place1 & :at causes1 act+ me*anically1 effect$ ! un9t]rupt$ production ( new =ms1 & ! ev] increas+ v>iety ( animals & plants4 ,d>w9's immortal m]it _c be ju/ly e/imat$ until a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 aft] ov]?r[+ all o!r !ories ( creation1 w be recogniz$ z ! supreme pr9ciple ( explanation 9 ,an?ropology1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 all o!r sci5ces4 ,at pres5t1 :ile 9 ! hot conte/ = tru? ! "n ( ,d>w9 is ! wat*word to ! advocates ( ! natural !ory ( developm5t1 8 m]its are inaccurately appreciat$ on bo? sides1 = "s p]sons ov]e/imate !m z mu* z o!rs und]e/imate !m4 ,8 m]it is ov]e/imat$ :5 he is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 or ( ! :ole ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t4 ,we h se5 f ! hi/orical sket* 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 z su*1 is n new2 all philosoph]s :o h refus$ to be l$ captive by ! bl9d dogma ( a sup]natural creation1 h be5 compell$ to assume a natural developm5t4 ,b ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t con/itut+ ! specially biological "p ( ! univ]sal ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 _h already be5 s cle>ly express$ by ,lam>ck1 & c>ri$ out s fully by him to its mo/ important consequ5ces1 t we mu/ hon\r him z ! real f\nd] ( x4 ,h5ce x is only ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 & n t ( ,desc5t1 :i* may be call$ ,d>w9ism2 b ?is is 9 itself ( s mu* importance1 t its value c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,d>w9's m]it is naturally und]e/imat$ by all 8 oppon5ts4 ,b x is sc>cely possible 9 ?is matt] to po9t to sci5tific oppon5ts1 :o are entitl$ by pr(\nd biological culture to pron\nce an op9ion4 ,= among all ! works oppos$ to ,d>w9 & ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t yet publi%$1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,agassiz1 n "o des]ves consid]ation1 mu* less refutation2 all h s evid5tly be5 writt5 ei!r )\t ?or\gh k ( biological facts1 or )\t a cle> philosophical und]/&+ ( ! "q 9 h&4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves at all ab\t ! attacks ( !ologians & o!r unsci5tific m51 :o really "k no?+ :atev] ( nature4 ,! only em95t sci5tific adv]s>y :o /ill rema9s oppos$ to ,d>w9 & ! :ole !ory ( developm5t is ,l\is ,agassiz2 b ! pr9ciple ( 8 opposition 9 reality des]ves notice only z a philosophical curiosity4 ,9 a ,fr5* translation ( 8 8,essay on ,classification107#e7 :i* we h spok5 ( be=e1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfi1 ,agassiz has mo/ =mally ann\nc$ 8 opposition to ,d>w9ism1 :i* he _h previ\sly express$ 9 _m ways4 ,to ?is translation he has app5d$ a treatise ( sixte5 pages1 be>+ ! title1 8,le ,d>w9isme4 ,classification de ,haeckel40 ,?is curi\s *apt] conta9s ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s2 z1 = example1 8,d>w9's idea is a conception priori4 ,d>w9ism is a burlesque ( facts4 ,sci5ce w\ld r5\nce ! claim :i* x has hi!rto possess$ to ! confid5ce ( e>ne/ m9ds if su* sket*es 7 to be accept$ z indications ( a true progress40 ,! foll[+ passage1 h[ev]1 is ! climax ( ?is /range polemic3 8,d>w9ism %uts out almo/ ! :ole mass ( acquir$ k 9 ord] to reta9 & assimilate to itself t only :i* may s]ve its doctr9e40 ,surely ?is is :at we may call turn+ ! :ole affair topsy-turvy6 ,! biologi/ :o kn[s ! facts mu/ be a/\nd$ at ,agassiz's c\rage 9 utt]+ su* s5t5ces--s5t5ces )\t a ^w ( tru? 9 !m1 & :i* he _c himself believe6 ,! impregnable /r5g? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t lies j 9 ! fact t all biological facts are explicable only ?r\gh x1 & t )\t x !y rema9 un9telligible miracles4 ,all our 8labori\s k0 9 comp>ative anatomy & physiology--9 embryology & palontology--9 ! doctr9e ( ! geographical & topographical di/ribution ( organisms1 etc41 con/itutes an irrefutable te/imony to ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,9 my ,g5]al ,morphology1 especially 9 ! six? book 79 ! ,g5]al ,phylog5y71 ,i h m9utely refut$ ,agassiz's 8,essay on ,classification0 9 all ess5tial po9ts4 ,! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ,i h devot$ to a v detail$ & /rictly sci5tific discussion ( t section :i* ,agassiz himself consid]s ! mo/ important 7! gr\ps or categories ( sy/ematic zoology & botany71 & h %[n t ?is "p ( 8 "w is purely *im]ical1 )\t any trace ( real f\ndation4 ,agassiz takes good c>e n to v5ture any:]e to t\* ^u my refutation1 because1 =soo?1 he is n 9 a position to produce any?+ sub/antial aga9/ x4 ,he fights n ) argum5ts1 b ) phrases4 ,h[ev]1 su* opposition w n delay ! complete victory ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 b only accel]ate x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,developm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,lyell ,,& ,,d>w94 ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4--,8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,developm5t4--,orig9 ( ! ,greate/ ,effects ?r\gh ! ,multiplication ( ! ,smalle/ ,causes4--,unlimit$ ,ext5t ( ,geological ,p]iods4--,lyell's ,refutation ( ,cuvi]'s ,hi/ory ( ,creation4--,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,un9t]rupt$ ,connection ( ,hi/orical ,developm5t by ,lyell & ,d>w94--,biographical ,notice ( ,*>les ,d>w94--,8 ,sci5tific ,works4--,8 ,!ory ( ,coral ,reefs4--,developm5t ( ! ,!ory ( ,selection4--,a ,lett] ( ,d>w9's4--,! ,contemporane\s ,appe>ance ( ,d>w9's & ,alfr$ ,wallace's ,!ory ( ,selection4--,d>w9's ,/udy ( ,dome/ic ,animals & ,cultivat$ ,plants4--,&reas ,wagn]'s notions z to ! ,special ,creation ( ,cultivat$ ,organisms = ! good ( ,man4--,! ,tree ( ,k 9 ,p>adise4--,comp>ison betwe5 ,wild & ,cultivat$ ,organisms4--,d>w9's ,/udy ( ,dome/ic ,pigeons4--,importance ( ,pigeon ,bre$+4--,common ,desc5t ( all ,races ( ,pigeons4 ,dur+ ! ?irty ye>s1 f #ahcj until #ahei1 :5 ,d>w9's "w appe>$1 ! ideas ( creation introduc$ by ,cuvi] rema9$ pr$om9ant 9 ! sci5ces ( organic nature4 ,p re/$ satisfi$ ) ! unsci5tific assumption1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 a s]ies ( inexplicable revolutions _h p]iodically annihilat$ ! :ole _w ( animals & plants1 & t at ! end ( ea* revolution1 & ! beg9n+ ( a new p]iod1 a new enl>g$1 & improv$ edition ( ! organic population _h appe>$4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( ^! editions ( creation 0 altoge!r problematical1 & 9 tru? c\ld n be fix$ at all1 & al?\gh ! num]\s advances :i*1 dur+ ?is "t1 7 made 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( zoology & botany demon/rat$ m & m t ,cuvi]'s hypo!sis 0 unf\nd$ & unt5able1 & t ,lam>ck's natural !ory ( developm5t 0 ne>] ! tru?1 yet ! =m] ma9ta9$ its au?ority almo/ univ]sally among biologi/s4 ,?is mu/1 above all1 be ascrib$ to ! v5]ation :i* ,cuvi] _h acquir$1 & /rik+ly illu/rates h[ injuri\s to ! progress ( humanity a fai? 9 any def9ite au?ority may become4 ,au?ority1 z ,goe! once admirably said1 p]petuates ! individual1 :i* z an individual %\ld pass away1 rejects & all[s to pass t :i* %\ld be held fa/1 & is ! ma9 ob/acle to ! advance ( humanity4 ,x is only by hav+ reg>d to ! great weight ( ,cuvi]'s au?ority1 & to ! mighty pot5cy ( human indol5ce1 :i* is ) difficulty induc$ to dep>t f ! broad & com=table way ( ev]yday conceptions1 & to ent] ^u new pa?s n yet made easy1 t we c compreh5d h[ x is t ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t did n ga9 its due recognition until #ahei1 aft] ,d>w9 _h giv5 x a new f\ndation4 ,! soil _h long be5 prep>$ = x by ! works ( ,*>les ,lyell1 ano!r ,engli% naturali/1 ^: views are ( great importance = ! natural hi/ory ( creation1 & mu/ accord+ly "h be briefly expla9$4 ,9 #ahcj ,*>les ,lyell publi%$1 "u ! title ( 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 a "w 9 :i* he ?or\ghly re=m$ ! sci5ce ( ,geology & ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s developm5t1 & effect$ ?is re=m 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i*1 ?irty ye>s lat]1 ,d>w9 9 8 "w re=m$ ! sci5ce ( ,biology4 ,lyell's great treatise1 :i* radically de/roy$ ,cuvi]'s hypo!sis ( creation1 appe>$ 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,cuvi] celebrat$ 8 triumph ov] ! nature-philosophy1 & e/abli%$ 8 supremacy 9 ! doma9 ( morphology = ! foll[+ ?irty ye>s4 ,:il/ ,cuvi]1 by 8 artificial hypo!sis ( creation & 8 !ory ( cata/rophes connect$ ) x1 directly ob/ruct$ ! pa? ( ! !ory ( natural developm5t1 & cut (f all *ance ( a natural explanation1 ,lyell once m op5$ a free road1 & br\ght =w>d conv9c+ geological evid5ce to %[ t ,cuvi]'s duali/ic conceptions 7 z unf\nd$ z !y 7 sup]flu\s4 ,he demon/rat$ t ^? *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* are /ill tak+ place be=e our eyes1 are p]fectly suffici5t to expla9 ev]y?+ we "k ( ! developm5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 g5]al1 & t x is sup]flu\s & useless to seek = my/]i\s causes 9 inexplicable revolutions4 ,he %[$ t we ne$ only h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( exce$+ly long p]iods ( "t 9 ord] to expla9 ! =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 9 ! simple/ & mo/ natural mann] by means ( ! v same causes :i* are /ill active4 ,_m geologi/s _h previ\sly imag9$ t ! highe/ *a9s ( m\nta9s :i* rise on ! surface ( ! e>? c\ld owe _! orig9 only to enorm\s revolutions trans=m+ a great "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 especially to colossal volcanic eruptions4 ,su* *a9s ( m\nta9s z ^? ( ! ,alps or ! ,cordill]as 7 believ$ to h aris5 direct f ! fi]y fluid ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh an enorm\s *asm 9 ! brok5 cru/4 ,lyell1 on ! o!r h&1 %[$ t we c expla9 ! =mation ( su* enorm\s *a9s ( m\nta9s q naturally by ! same sl[ & imp]ceptible ris+s & depressions ( ! e>?'s surface :i* are /ill cont9ually tak+ place1 & ! causes ( :i* are by no means miracul\s4 ,al?\gh ^! depressions & ris+s may p]haps am\nt only to a few in*es1 or at mo/ a few feet1 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury2 /ill1 9 ! c\rse ( "s millions ( ye>s !y are p]fectly suffici5t to raise up ! highe/ *a9s ( m\nta9s1 )\t ! aid ( my/]i\s & incompreh5sible revolutions4 ,9 l mann]1 ! meteorological action ( ! atmosph]e1 ! influ5ce ( ra9 & sn[1 &1 la/ly1 ! break]s on ! coa/s1 :i* by !mselves seem to produce an insignificant effect1 mu/ cause ! greate/ *anges if we only all[ suffici5tly long p]iods = _! action4 ,! multiplication ( ! smalle/ causes produces ! greate/ effects4 ,drops ( wat] produce a cavity 9 a rock4 ,i %all aft]w>ds be oblig$ aga9 to recur to ! immeasurable l5g? ( geological p]iods :i* are necess>y = ?is purpose1 =1 z we %all see1 ,d>w9's !ory1 z well z t ( ,lyell1 r5d]s ! assumption ( imm5se p]iods absolutely necess>y4 ,if ! e>? & its organisms h actually develop$ 9 a natural way1 ?is sl[ & gradual developm5t mu/ c]ta9ly h tak5 a l5g? ( "t :i* surpasses our p[]s ( compreh5sion4 ,b z _m m5 see 9 ?is v circum/ance "o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties 9 ! way ( ^? !ories ( developm5t1 ,i beg leave "h to rem>k t we h n a s+le rational gr\nd = conceiv+ ! "t requisite to be limit$ 9 any way4 ,n only _m ord9>y p]sons1 b ev5 em95t naturali/s1 make x _! *ief objection to ^! !ories1 t !y arbitr>ily claim too great a l5g? ( "t3 yet ! gr\nd ( objection is sc>cely intelligible4 ,= x is absolutely impossible to see :at c1 9 any way1 limit u 9 assum+ long p]iods ( "t4 ,we h long kn[n1 ev5 f ! /ructure ( ! /ratifi$ cru/ ( ! e>? alone1 t its orig9 & ! =mation ( neptunic rocks f wat] mu/ h tak51 at lea/1 sev]al millions ( ye>s4 ,f a /rictly philosophical po9t ( view1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we hypo!tically assume = ?is process t5 millions or t5 ?\s& billions ( ye>s4 ,be=e u & beh9d u lies et]nity4 ,if ! assumption ( su* enorm\s p]iods is oppos$ to ! feel+s ( _m1 ,i reg>d ?is simply z ! consequ5ce ( false notions :i* are impress$ ^u u f our e>lie/ y\? conc]n+ ! %ort hi/ory ( ! e>?1 :i* is said to embrace only a few ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,alb]t ,lange1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism107#ab7 has conv9c+ly %[n t f a /rictly philosophical po9t ( view x is f> less objectionable 9 a sci5tific hypo!sis to assume p]iods :i* are too long ?an p]iods :i* are too %ort4 ,e process ( developm5t is ! m intelligible ! long] x is assum$ to la/4 ,a %ort & limit$ p]iod is ! mo/ improbable4 ,i h no space "h to ent] m9utely into ,lyell's great "w1 & w !re=e m5tion only its mo/ important result1 :i* is1 t he completely refut$ ,cuvi]'s hi/ory ( creation ) its my?ical revolutions1 & e/abli%$ 9 its place ! con/ant & sl[ trans=mation ( ! e>?'s cru/ by ! cont9u$ action ( =ces1 :i* are /ill work+ on ! e>?'s surface1 viz41 ! movem5t ( wat] & ! volcanic fluid ( ! int]ior ( e>?4 ,lyell ?us demon/rat$ a cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$ connection ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & he prov$ x s irrefutably1 & e/abli%$ s conv9c+ly ! supremacy ( ! 8exi/+ causes10 t is1 ( ! causes :i* are /ill active 9 ! trans=mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 t ,geology 9 a %ort "t completely r5\nc$ ,cuvi]'s hypo!sis4 ,n[1 x is rem>kable t ,palontology1 ! sci5ce ( petrifactions1 s f> z x 0 pursu$ by botani/s & zoologi/s1 rema9$ app>5tly unaffect$ by ?is great progress 9 geology4 ,biology /ill cont9u$ to assume repeat$ new creations ( ! :ole animal & vegetable k+doms1 at ! beg9n+ ( e new p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 al?\gh ?is hypo!sis ( individual creations1 %ov$ into ! _w "o aft] ! o!r1 )\t ! assumption ( ,cuvi]'s cataclysms1 became pure nons5se1 & lo/ its f\ndation4 ,x is evid5tly p]fectly absurd to assume a di/9ct new creation ( ! :ole _w ( animals & plants at def9ite epo*s1 )\t ! cru/ ( ! e>? itself exp]i5c+ any consid]able g5]al revolution4 ,& al?\gh ?is conception is mo/ closely connect$ ) ,cuvi]'s !ory ( cata/rophes1 /ill x prevail$ :5 ! latt] _h be5 completely de/roy$ & ab&on$4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! great ,engli% naturali/1 ,*>les ,d>w91 to remove ?is contradiction1 & to %[ t ! organic be+s ( ! e>? h a hi/ory z cont9u\s & connect$ z ! inorganic cru/ ( ! e>?2 t animals & plants h aris5 f "o ano!r by z gradual a transmutation z t by :i* ! v>y+ =ms ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! =ms ( ! cont95ts1 & ( ! seas surr\nd+ & sep>at+ !m1 h aris5 out ( e>li] & q diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ?is respect we may truly say t 9 ! doma9 ( ,zoology & ,botany ,d>w9 made ! same progress z ,lyell1 8 great c\ntryman1 9 ! doma9 ( ,geology4 ,bo? prov$ ! un9t]rupt$ connection ( ! hi/orical developm5t1 & demon/rat$ a gradual transmutation ( ! diff]5t conditions succe$+ "o ano!r4 ,! special m]it ( ,d>w91 z ,i h already rem>k$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has treat$ ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 put =? by ,lam>ck & ,goe!1 9 a mu* m compreh5sive mann]1 z a :ole1 & c>ri$ x out 9 a mu* m connect$ mann]1 ?an _h be5 done by any "o ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,secondly1 he has e/abli%$ ! causal f\ndation ( ?is ,!ory ( ,desc5t by ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 :i* is peculi>ly 8 own2 t is1 he has demon/rat$ ! act+ causes ( ! *anges :i* ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t simply /at$1 z facts4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 introduc$ into ,biology 9 #ahji1 by ,lam>ck1 ass]ts t all ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants are desc5d$ f a s+le or "s few mo/ simple prototypes1 produc$ by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! ,!ory ( ,selection1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahei by ,d>w91 %[s u :y ?is mu/ be s2 x po9ts out ! act+ causes 9 a mann] ) :i* ,kant w\ld h be5 delight$1 & inde$1 9 ! doma9 ( organic nature1 ,d>w9 has become ! ,newton ^: adv5t ,kant ?\ght himself entitl$ prophetically to d5y4 ,n[1 be=e we approa* ,d>w9's !ory1 x w p]haps be ( int]e/ to notice a few details z to ! p]sonal "* ( ?is great naturali/1 z to 8 life1 & ! way 9 :i* he 0 l$ to =m 8 doctr9e4 ,*>les ,rob]t ,d>w9 0 born at ,%rewsbury1 on ! ,sev]n1 on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y1 #ahji2 !re=e1 at pres5t he is sixty-?ree ye>s old4 ,9 8 sev5te5? ye> 7#ahbe7 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & two ye>s lat] ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,:5 sc>cely tw5ty-two ye>s old1 9 #ahca1 he 0 invit$ to take "p 9 a sci5tific exp$ition :i* 0 s5t out by ,engl&1 9 ord] to survey accurately ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & to exam9e sev]al p>ts ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,?is exp$ition1 l _m o!r voyages ( inquiry fitt$ out 9 a praisewor?y mann] by ,engl&1 _h sci5tific objects1 & at ! same "t 0 int5d$ to solve practical problems relat+ to navigation4 ,! vessel1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,fitzroy1 appropriately bore ! symbolic "n ( ! ,beagle4 ,! voyage ( ! ,beagle1 :i* la/$ five ye>s1 0 ( ! highe/ importance to ! full developm5t ( ,d>w9's g5ius2 = 9 ! v fir/ ye>1 :5 he set 8 foot on ! soil ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! outl9e ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t dawn$ ^u him4 ,d>w9 himself has describ$ ?is voyage 9 a "w :i* is writt5 9 a v attractive /yle1 & ! p]usal ( :i* ,i /rongly recomm5d to ! read]4 ,?is book ( travel1 :i* lies f> above ! usual av]age 9 int]e/1 n only %[s 9 a v *>m+ mann] ,d>w9's amiable "*1 b we c 9 _m ways recognize ! v>i\s /eps by :i* he arriv$ at 8 conceptions4 ,! result ( ! voyage 01 fir/1 a l>ge sci5tific "w1 ! zoological & geological portion ( :i* belong 9 a great measure to ,d>w92 & secondly1 a celebrat$ "w by him alone on ,coral ,reefs1 :i* 9 itself w\ld h suffic$ to secure to him a la/+ reputation4 ,x is well kn[n t ! isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,seas consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( coral reefs1 & are surr\nd$ by !m4 ,=m]ly no satisfactory explanation c\ld be giv5 ( _! diff]5t & rem>kable =ms1 & ( _! relation to ^? isl&s :i* are n =m$ ( corals4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,d>w9 to solve ?is difficult problem1 = toge!r ) ! con/ructive action ( ! coral zoophytes1 he assum$ geological ris+s & depressions ( ! bottom ( ! sea to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t =ms ( reefs4 ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,coral ,reefs1 l 8 lat] "o z to ! ,orig9 ( ,organic ,species1 is a !ory :i* fully expla9s ! ph5om5on1 & = ?is purpose assumes only ! simple/ natural causes1 )\t hypo!tically support+ x ) any unkn[n processes4 ,among ! rema9+ works ( ,d>w91 ,i mu/ n pass ov] 8 excell5t monograph on ,cirrhip$ia1 a curi\s class ( m>9e animals1 :i* 9 _! outw>d appe>ance resemble mussels1 & 7 actually consid]$ by ,cuvi] z ,molluscs possess+ two %ells1 :ile 9 tru? !y belong$ to ! ,cru/acea 7crabs74 ,! extraord9>y h>d%ips to :i* ,d>w9 _h be5 expos$ dur+ 8 voyage 9 ! ,beagle _h injur$ 8 heal? to su* a degree1 t aft] 8 return home he 0 oblig$ to )draw f ! re/less turmoil ( ,london life1 & s9ce !n has liv$ 9 quiet retirem5t on 8 e/ate at ,d[n1 ne> ,bromley1 9 ,k5t4 ,?is seclusion f ! re/less activity ( ! great city c]ta9ly ex]cis$ a b5eficial influ5ce ^u ,d>w91 & x is probable t we owe to x1 at lea/ p>tially1 ! =mation ( ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,undi/urb$ by ! v>i\s engagem5ts :i* 9 ,london w\ld h wa/$ 8 /r5g?1 he 0 enabl$ to conc5trate 8 att5tion ^u ! great problem to :i* 8 m9d _h be5 turn$ dur+ 8 voyage 9 ! ,beagle4 ,9 ord] to %[ :at k9d ( obs]vations dur+ ! voyage pr9cipally gave rise to ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 & 9 :at mann] he aft]w>ds work$ x out1 ,i %all ins]t "h a passage f a lett] :i* he address$ to me on ! #h? ( ,octob]1 #ahfd4 ,lett] f ,*>les ,d>w9 to ,haeckel1 #h? ,octob]1 #ahfd4 8,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ?ree classes ( facts 7 br\ght /rongly be=e my m9d4 ,fir/ly1 ! mann] 9 :i* closely alli$ species replace species 9 go+ s\?w>d4 ,secondly1 ! close aff9ity ( ! species inhabit+ ! isl&s ne> ,s\? ,am]ica to ^? prop] to ! cont95t4 ,?is /ruck me pr(\ndly1 especially ! diff]5ce ( ! species 9 ! adjo9+ islets 9 ! ,galopagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,?irdly1 ! relation ( ! liv+ ,ed5tata & ,rod5tia to ! ext9ct species4 ,i %all nev] =get my a/oni%m5t :5 ,i dug out a gigantic piece ( arm\r l t ( ! liv+ armadillo4 8,reflect+ on ^! facts1 & collect+ analog\s ones1 x seem$ to me probable t alli$ species 7 desc5d$ f a common p>5t4 ,b = "s ye>s ,i c\ld n conceive h[ ea* =m became s excell5tly adapt$ to its habits ( life4 ,i !n began sy/ematically to /udy dome/ic productions1 & aft] a "t saw cle>ly t man's selective p[] 0 ! mo/ important ag5t4 ,i 0 prep>$1 f hav+ /udi$ ! habits ( animals1 to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & my "w 9 geology gave me "s idea ( ! lapse ( pa/ "t4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i happ5$ to read 8,mal?us on ,population10 ! idea ( natural selection fla%$ on me4 ,( all ! m9or po9ts1 ! la/ :i* ,i appreciat$ 0 ! importance & cause ( ! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce40 ,dur+ ! leisure & retirem5t 9 :i* ,d>w9 liv$ aft] 8 return1 he occupi$ himself1 z we see f ?is lett]1 fir/ & specially ) ! /udy ( organisms 9 _! cultivat$ /ate2 t is1 dome/ic animals & g>d5 plants4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ likely way to arrive at ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 lab\rs1 ,d>w9 proce$$ ) extreme c>e & accuracy4 ,) wond]ful caution & self-d5ial1 he publi%$ no?+ on ?is subject dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 f #ahcg to #aheh1 n ev5 a prelim9>y sket* ( 8 !ory1 :i* he _h writt5 z e>ly z #ahdd4 ,he 0 always anxi\s to collect /ill m c]ta9 exp]im5tal pro(s1 9 ord] to be able to e/abli% 8 !ory 9 a complete =m1 & on ! broade/ possible f\ndation ( exp]i5ce4 ,:ile he 0 ?us aim+ at ! greate/ possible p]fection1 :i* might p]haps h l$ him nev] to publi% 8 !ory at all1 he 0 =tunately di/urb$ by a c\ntryman ( 81 :o1 indep5d5tly ( ,d>w91 _h discov]$ ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 & 9 #aheh s5t its outl9es to ,d>w9 himself1 ) ! reque/ to h& !m to ,lyell = publication 9 "s ,engli% j\rnal4 ,?is 0 ,alfr$ ,wallace1 "o ( ! bolde/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific travell]s ( mod]n times4 ,= _m ye>s ,wallace _h w&]$ alone 9 ! wilds ( ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ! d5se primitive =e/s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 & dur+ ?is close & compreh5sive /udy ( "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! e>?1 ) its great v>iety ( animals & plants1 he _h arriv$ at exactly ! same g5]al views reg>d+ ! orig9 ( organic species z ,d>w94 ,lyell & ,hook]1 bo? ( :om _h long kn[n ,d>w9's "w1 n[ induc$ him to publi% a %ort extract f 8 manuscripts simultane\sly ) ! manuscript s5t him by ,wallace4 ,!y appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,augu/1 #aheh4 ,d>w9's great "w 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species10 9 :i* ! ,!ory ( ,selection is c>ri$ out 9 detail1 appe>$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahei4 ,d>w9 himself1 h[ev]1 *>act]izes ?is book 7( :i* a fif? edition appe>$ 9 #ahfi1 & ! ,g]man translation by ,bronn z e>ly z #ahfj77a7 z only a prelim9>y extract f a l>g] & m detail$ "w1 :i* is to conta9 a mass ( facts 9 fav\r ( 8 !ory1 & compreh5sive & exp]im5tal pro(s4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! l>g] "w promis$ by ,d>w9 appe>$ 9 #ahfh1 "u ! title1 8,! ,v>iations ( ,animals & ,plants 9 ! ,/ate ( ,dome/ication10 & has be5 translat$ into ,g]man by ,victor ,c>us47#ad7 ,x conta9s a ri* abundance ( ! mo/ valuable evid5ce z to ! extraord9>y *anges ( organic =ms :i* man c produce by cultivation & artificial selection4 ,h[ev] mu* we are indebt$ to ,d>w9 = ?is abundance ( conv9c+ facts1 /ill we d n by any means %>e ! op9ion ( ^? naturali/s :o hold t ! ,!ory ( ,selection requires = its actual pro( ^! fur!r details4 ,x is our op9ion t ,d>w9's fir/ "w1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahei1 already conta9s suffici5t pro(4 ,! unassailable /r5g? ( 8 !ory does n lie 9 ! imm5se am\nt ( individual facts t may be adduc$ z pro(s1 b 9 ! h>moni\s connection ( all ! great & g5]al ph5om5a ( organic nature1 :i* agree 9 be>+ te/imony to ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,d>w91 at fir/1 int5tionally did n notice ! important conclusion f 8 ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 namely1 ! desc5t ( ! human race f o!r mammals4 ,x 0 n till ?is highly important conclusion _h be5 def9itely e/abli%$ by o!r naturali/s z ! necess>y sequel ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 t ,d>w9 himself expressly endors$ x1 & !reby complet$ 8 sy/em4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! highly int]e/+ "w1 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & ,sexual ,selection10 :i* appe>$ z late z #ahga1 & has likewise be5 translat$ into ,g]man by ,victor ,c>us47#dh7 ,! c>eful /udy :i* ,d>w9 devot$ to dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants 0 ( ! greate/ importance 9 e/abli%+ ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,! inf9itely v>i$ *anges ( =m :i* man has produc$ 9 ^! dome/icat$ organisms by artificial selection are ( ! v highe/ importance = a "r und]/&+ ( animal & vegetable =ms2 & yet ?is /udy has1 d[n to ! mo/ rec5t times1 be5 mo/ grossly neglect$ by zoologi/s & botani/s4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u ! discussion ( ! significance to be atta*$ to ! idea ( species itself1 !y h fill$ n only bulky volumes1 b :ole libr>ies1 ) descriptions ( individual species1 & ) mo/ *ildi% controv]sies z to :e!r ^! species are good1 or tol]ably good1 & bad1 or tol]ably bad4 ,if naturali/s in/ead ( sp5d+ _! "t on ^! useless fancies _h duly /udi$ cultivat$ organisms1 & _h exam9$ ! transmutation ( ! liv+ =ms1 in/ead ( ! individual dead ones1 !y w\ld n h be5 l$ captive s long by ! fett]s ( ,cuvi]'s dogma4 ,b z cultivat$ organisms are s extremely inconv5i5t to ! dogmatic conception ( ! p]man5ce ( species1 naturali/s to a great ext5t int5tionally did n conc]n !mselves ab\t !m1 & ev5 celebrat$ naturali/s h (t5 express$ ! op9ion t cultivat$ organisms1 dome/icat$ animals & g>d5 plants1 are artificial productions ( man1 & t _! =mation & trans=mation c\ld n decide any?+ ab\t ! nature ( species & ab\t ! orig9 ( ! =ms ( species t live 9 a natural /ate4 ,?is p]v]se view w5t s f> t1 = example1 ,&reas ,wagn]1 a zoologi/ ( ,muni*1 q s]i\sly made ! foll[+ ridicul\s ass]tion3--8,animals & plants 9 _! wild /ate h be5 call$ into be+ by ! ,creator z di/9ctly diff]5t & un*angeable species2 b 9 ! case ( dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants ?is 0 n necess>y1 because he =m$ !m f ! beg9n+ = ! use ( man4 ,! ,creator =m$ man out ( a clod ( e>?1 brea!d ! liv+ brea? into 8 no/rils1 & !n creat$ = him ! diff]5t useful dome/ic animals & g>d5 plants1 among :i* he ?\ght well to save himself ! tr\ble ( di/+ui%+ species40 ,un=tunately1 ,&reas ,wagn] does n tell u :e!r ! ,tree ( ,k 9 ,p>adise 0 a 8good0 wild species1 or1 z a cultivat$ plant1 8no species0 at all4 ,z ! ,tree ( ,k 0 plac$ by ! ,creator 9 ! c5tre ( ,p>adise1 we might be incl9$ to believe t x 0 a highly fav\r$ cultivat$ plant1 & !re=e no species at all4 ,b s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,k 0 =bidd5 to man1 & s9ce _m m51 z ,wagn] himself cle>ly %[s1 h nev] eat5 ( ! fruit1 x 0 evid5tly n creat$ = ! use ( man1 & !re=e 9 all probability 0 a real species6 ,:at a pity ,wagn] has n giv5 u any in=mation ab\t ?is important & difficult problem6 ,n[1 h[ev] ridicul\s ?is view may appe> to u1 x is only ! logical sequ5ce ( a false view 7:i* is widely spread7 ( ! special nature ( cultivat$ organisms1 & "o may occasionally he> simil> objections f naturali/s ( great reputation4 ,i mu/ mo/ decid$ly1 & at once1 condemn ?is utt]ly false conception4 ,x is ! same p]v]s5ess :i* is committ$ by physicians :o ma9ta9 t diseases are artificial productions1 & n natural ph5om5a4 ,x has be5 a "w ( h>d lab\r to combat ?is prejudice1 & x is only 9 rec5t times t m5 h g5]ally adopt$ ! view t diseases are no?+ b natural *anges ( ! organisms1 or really natural ph5om5a ( life1 :i* are produc$ by *ang$ & abnormal conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,disease1 !re=e1 is n a life beyond ,nature's realm 7vita prt] naturam71 z ! e>ly physicians us$ to say1 b a natural life "u conditions :i* produce illness & ?reat5 ! body ) dang]4 ,j 9 ! same mann]1 cultivat$ organic =ms are n artificial works ( man1 b natural productions :i* h aris5 "u ! influ5ce ( peculi> conditions ( life4 ,man by 8 culture c nev] directly produce a new organic =m1 b he c bre$ organisms "u new conditions ( life1 :i* are su* z to influ5ce & trans=m !m4 ,all dome/ic animals & all g>d5 plants are orig9ally desc5d$ f wild species1 :i* h be5 trans=m$ by ! peculi> conditions ( culture4 ,a ?or\gh comp>ison ( cultivat$ =ms 7races & v>ieties7 ) organisms n alt]$ by cultivation 7species & v>ieties71 is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! !ory ( selection4 ,:at is mo/ surpris+ 9 su* a comp>ison is ! rem>kably %ort "t 9 :i* man c produce a new =m1 & ! high degree 9 :i* ?is =m1 produc$ by man1 c deviate f ! orig9al =m4 ,:ile wild animals & plants1 "o ye> aft] ano!r1 appe> to ! zoologi/ & botani/ approximately 9 ! same =m1 s z to h giv5 rise to ! false doctr9e ( ! con/ancy ( species1 dome/ic animals & g>d5 plants1 on ! o!r h&1 display ! greate/ *anges )9 a few ye>s4 ,! p]fection :i* g>d5]s & f>m]s h atta9$ 9 ! art ( selection n[ enables !m1 9 ! space ( a few ye>s1 arbitr>ily to create entirely new animal & vegetable =ms4 ,= ?is purpose x is only necess>y to keep & propagate ! organism "u ! influ5ce ( special conditions--:i* are capable ( produc+ new =mations--& ev5 at ! end ( a few g5]ations new species may be obta9$1 :i* diff] f ! orig9al =m 9 a mu* high] degree ?an s-call$ good species 9 a wild /ate diff] f "o ano!r4 ,?is fact is extremely important1 & we _c lay suffici5t /ress ^u x4 ,! ass]tion is n true t cultivat$ =ms desc5d$ f "o & ! same prim>y =m d n diff] f "o ano!r z mu* z wild animal & vegetable species diff] among !mselves4 ,if we only make comp>isons1 )\t prejudice1 we c v easily p]ceive t a numb] ( races or v>ieties :i* h be5 d]iv$ f a s+le cultivat$ =m1 )9 a %ort s]ies ( ye>s1 diff] f "o ano!r 9 a high] degree ?an s-call$ good species 7bon species71 or ev5 diff]5t g5]a ( "o family1 9 ! wild /ate4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ?is extremely important fact z firmly z possible by exp]im5ts1 ,d>w9 decid$ to make a special /udy ( ! :ole ext5t ( v>iation 9 =m 9 a s+le gr\p ( dome/icat$ animals1 & = ?is purpose he *ose ! dome/ic pigeons1 :i* are 9 _m respects especially suit$ = su* a /udy4 ,= a long "t he kept on 8 e/ate all possible races & v>ieties ( pigeons :i* he 0 able to procure1 & he 0 help$ 9 ?is by ri* contributions f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he also jo9$ two ,london pigeon clubs1 ! memb]s ( :i* passionately1 & ) truly arti/ic skill1 c>ry on ! bre$+ ( ! diff]5t =ms ( pigeons4 ,la/ly1 he =m$ connections ) "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pigeon-fanci]s2 s t he c\ld comm& ! ri*e/ exp]im5tal mat]ial4 ,! art (1 & fancy =1 pigeon bre$+ is v anci5t4 ,ev5 m ?an #c1jjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 x 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,romans1 "u ! emp]ors1 laid out enorm\s sums ^u ! bre$+ ( pigeons1 & kept accurate p$igrees ( _! desc5t1 j z ! ,arabs keep g5ealogical p$igrees ( _! horses1 & ! ,meckl5burg ari/ocracy ( _! own ance/ors4 ,9 ,asia1 too1 among ! weal?y pr9ces1 pigeon bre$+ 0 a v anci5t fancy2 9 #afjj1 ! c\rt ( ,akb] ,khan possess$ m ?an #bj1jjj pigeons4 ,?us 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al c5turies1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( bre$+ practis$ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 !re has aris5 out ( "o s+le orig9ally tam$ =m1 an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t races & v>ieties1 :i* 9 _! mo/ div]g5t =ms are extremely diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & are (t5 curi\sly *>act]iz$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ races ( pigeons is ! well-kn[n fan-tail$ pigeon1 :i* spreads its tail l ! peacock1 & c>ries a numb] ( 7f ?irty to =ty7 fea!rs plac$ 9 ! =m ( radii1 :ile o!r pigeons possess mu* few] tail fea!rs--g5]ally twelve4 ,we may "h m5tion t ! numb] ( fea!rs on ! tails ( birds is consid]$ by naturali/s ( great value z a sy/ematic di/9ction1 s t :ole ord]s c !reby be di/+ui%$4 ,= example1 s++ birds1 almo/ )\t exception1 possess twelve tail fea!rs2 *irp+ birds 7,/risores7 t51 etc4 ,sev]al races ( pigeons1 moreov]1 are *>act]iz$ by a tuft ( neck fea!rs1 :i* =m a k9d ( p]iwig2 o!rs by grotesque trans=mation ( _! beaks & feet1 by peculi> & (t5 v rem>kable decorations1 z1 = example1 sk9ny lappets1 :i* develop on ! head2 by a l>ge crop1 :i* is =m$ by ! gullet be+ /rongly incl9$ =w>d1 etc4 ,rem>kable1 also1 are ! /range habits :i* _m pigeons h acquir$2 = example1 ! turtle pigeons & ! trumpet]s ) _! musical accompli%m5ts1 ! c>ri]s ) _! topographical in/9ct4 ,! tumbl]s h ! /range habit ( asc5d+ into ! air 9 great numb]s1 !n turn+ ov] & fall+ d[n ?r\gh ! air z if dead4 ,! ways & habits ( ^! endless races ( pigeons--! =m1 size1 & col\r ( ! individual p>ts ( _! bodies1 & _! proportions1 diff] 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ degree f "o ano!r2 9 a mu* high] degree ?an is ! case ) ! s-call$ good species1 or ev5 ) ! p]fectly di/9ct g5]a1 ( wild pigeons4 ,& :at is ( ! greate/ importance1 is ! fact t ^! diff]5ces are n conf9$ to ! ext]nal =m1 b ext5d ev5 to ! mo/ important int]nal p>ts2 !re ev5 occur great modifications ( ! skeleton & ( ! muscul> tissues4 ,= example1 we f9d great diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( v]tebr & ribs1 9 ! size & %ape ( ! gaps 9 ! brea/-bones1 9 ! size & %ape ( ! m]ry-?\ght1 9 ! l[] jaw1 9 ! facial bones1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 ! bony skeleton1 :i* morphologi/s consid] a v p]man5t "p ( ! body1 & :i* nev] v>ies to su* an ext5t z ! ext]nal p>ts--%[s su* great *anges1 t _m races ( pigeons might be describ$ z special g5]a1 & ?is w\ld d\btless be done if all ^! diff]5t =ms _h be5 f\nd 9 a wild & natural /ate4 ,h[ f> ! diff]5ces ( ! races ( pigeons h be5 c>ri$ is be/ %[n by ! fact t all pigeon bre$]s are unanim\sly ( op9ion t ea* peculi> or specially m>k$ race ( pigeons mu/ be d]iv$ f a correspond+ wild orig9al species4 ,x is true e "o assumes a diff]5t numb] ( orig9al species4 ,yet ,d>w9 has mo/ conv9c+ly & acutely prov$ t all ^! pigeons1 )\t exception1 mu/ be d]iv$ f a s+le wild prim>y species--f ! blue rock-pigeon 7,columba livia74 ,9 l mann]1 x c be prov$ ( mo/ ( ! dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants1 t all ! diff]5t races are desc5dants ( a s+le orig9al wild species :i* has be5 br\ght by man into a cultivat$ condition4 ,an example simil> to t ( ! dome/ic pigeons is furni%$ among mammals by our tame rabbit4 ,all zoologi/s1 )\t exception1 h long consid]$ x prov$ t all its races & v>ieties are desc5d$ f ! common wild rabbit1 t is1 f a s+le prim>y species4 ,& yet ! extreme =ms ( ^! races diff] to su* a degree f "o ano!r1 t e zoologi/1 if he met ) !m 9 a wild /ate1 w\ld unhesitat+ly designate !m n only z an entirely di/9ct 8good species10 b ev5 z species ( entirely diff]5t g5]a ( ! ,leporid family4 ,n only does ! col\r1 l5g? ( hair1 & o!r qualities ( ! fur ( ! diff]5t tame races ( rabbits v>y exce$+ly1 & =m extremely broad contra/s1 b1 :at is /ill m important1 ! typical =m ( ! skeleton & its individual p>ts d s also1 especially ! =m ( ! skull & ! jaw 7:i* is ( su* importance 9 sy/ematic arrangem5t72 fur!r1 ! relative proportion ( ! l5g? ( ! e>s1 legs1 etc4 ,9 all ^! respects ! races ( tame rabbits av[$ly diff] f "o ano!r f> m ?an all ! diff]5t =ms ( wild rabbits & h>es :i* are scatt]$ ov] all ! e>?1 & are ! recogniz$ 8good species0 ( ! g5us ,lepus4 ,& yet1 9 ! face ( ^! cle> facts1 ! oppon5ts ( ! !ory ( developm5t ma9ta9 t ! wild species are n desc5d$ f a common prototype1 al?\gh !y at once admit x 9 ! case ( ! tame races4 ,) oppon5ts :o s int5tionally close _! eyes aga9/ ! cle> light ( tru?1 no fur!r dispute c be c>ri$ on4 ,:ile 9 ?is mann] x appe>s c]ta9 t ! dome/ic races ( pigeons1 ( tame rabbits1 ( horses1 etc41 not)/&+ ! rem>kable diff]5ce ( _! v>ieties1 are desc5d$ 9 ea* case f b "o wild1 s-call$ 8species02 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9ly probable t ! great v>iety ( races ( "s ( ! dome/ic animals1 especially dogs1 pigs1 & ox51 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! exi/5ce ( sev]al wild prototypes1 :i* h become mix$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ t ! numb] ( ^! orig9ally wild prim>y species is always mu* small] ?an t ( ! cultivat$ =ms proce$+ f _! m+l+ & selection1 & naturally !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f a s+le prim>y ance/or1 common to ! :ole g5us4 ,9 no case is ea* sep>ate cultivat$ race desc5d$ f a di/9ct wild species4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 almo/ all f>m]s & g>d5]s ma9ta91 ) ! greate/ confid5ce1 t ea* sep>ate race br$ by !m mu/ be desc5d$ f a sep>ate wild prim>y species1 because !y cle>ly p]ceive ! diff]5ces ( ! races1 & atta* v high importance to ! inh]itance ( _! qualities2 b !y d n take into consid]ation ! fact t ^! qualities h aris5 only by ! sl[ accumulation ( small & sc>cely obs]vable *anges4 ,9 ?is respect x is extremely in/ructive to comp>e cultivat$ races ) wild species4 ,_m naturali/s1 & especially ! oppon5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 h tak5 ! greate/ tr\ble to discov] "s morphological or physiological m>k1 "s *>act]i/ic prop]ty1 :]eby ! artificially br$ & cultivat$ races may be cle>ly & ?or\ghly di/+ui%$ f wild species :i* h aris5 naturally4 ,all ^! attempts h completely fail$1 & h l$ only ) increas+ c]ta9ty to ! result1 t su* a di/9ction is altoge!r impossible4 ,i h m9utely discuss$ ?is fact1 & illu/rat$ x by examples 9 my criticism ( ! idea ( species4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cbc-cfd47 ,i may "h briefly t\* on yet ano!r side ( ?is "q1 because n only ! oppon5ts1 b ev5 a few ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ foll[]s ( ,d>w9--= example1 ,huxley--h reg>d$ ! ph5om5a ( ba/>d-bre$+1 or hybridism1 z "o ( ! weake/ po9ts ( ,d>w9ism4 ,betwe5 cultivat$ races & wild species1 !y say1 !re exi/s ?is diff]5ce1 t ! =m] are capable ( produc+ fruitful ba/>ds1 b t ! latt] are n4 ,two diff]5t cultivat$ races1 or wild v>ieties ( "o species1 are said 9 all cases to possess ! p[] ( produc+ ba/>ds :i* c fruitfully mix ) "o ano!r1 or ) "o ( _! p>5t =ms1 & ?us propagate !mselves2 on ! o!r h&1 two really diff]5t species1 two cultivat$ or wild species ( "o g5us1 are said nev] to be able to produce f "o ano!r ba/>ds :i* c be fruitfully cross$ ) "o ano!r1 or ) "o ( _! p>5t species4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! ass]tions1 x is simply refut$ by ! fact t !re are organisms :i* d n mix at all ) _! own ance/ors1 & !re=e c produce no fruitful desc5dants4 ,?us1 = example1 our cultivat$ gu9ea-pig does n be> ) its wild ,brazilian ance/or2 & aga91 ! dome/ic cat ( ,p>aguay1 :i* is desc5d$ f our ,european dome/ic cat1 no long] be>s ) ! latt]4 ,betwe5 diff]5t races ( our dome/ic dogs1 = example1 betwe5 ! l>ge ,newf\ndl& dogs & ! dw>f$ lap-dogs1 bre$+ is impossible1 ev5 = simple me*anical reasons4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ in/ance is af=d$ by ! ,porto-,santo rabbit 7,lepus ,huxleyi74 ,9 ! ye> #adai1 a few rabbits1 born on bo>d %ip ( a tame ,spani% rabbit1 7 put on ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo1 ne> ,madeira4 ,^! little animals1 !re be+ no bea/s ( prey1 9 a %ort "t increas$ s enorm\sly t !y became a pe/ to ! c\ntry1 & ev5 compell$ a colony to remove f ! isl&4 ,!y /ill inhabit ! isl& 9 great numb]s2 b 9 ! c\rse ( f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s !y h develop$ into a q peculi> v>iety--or if y w h x1 into a 8good species0--:i* is di/+ui%$ by a peculi> col\r1 a rat-l %ape1 small size1 nocturnal life1 & extraord9>y wildness4 ,! mo/ important fact1 h[ev]1 is t ?is new species1 :i* ,i call ,lepus ,huxleyi1 no long] pairs ) its ,european p>5t rabbit1 & no long] produces ba/>ds ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we n[ "k ( num]\s examples ( fruitful g5u9e ba/>ds2 t is1 ( mix+s t h proce$$ f ! cross+ ( two entirely diff]5t species1 & yet propagate !mselves ) "o ano!r z well z ) "o ( _! p>5t species4 ,a numb] ( su* ba/>d species 7species ,hybrid7 h long be5 kn[n to botani/s2 = example1 among ! g5]a ( ! ?i/le 7,cirsium71 ! laburnum 7,cytisus71 ! bramble 7,rubus71 etc4 ,among animals also !y are by no means r>e1 p]haps ev5 v frequ5t4 ,we "k ( fruitful ba/>ds :i* h aris5 f ! cross+ ( two diff]5t species ( a g5us1 z among sev]al g5]a ( butt]flies 7,zygna1 ,saturnia71 ! family ( c>ps1 f9*es1 p\ltry1 dogs1 cats1 etc4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! h>e-rabbit 7,lepus ,d>w9ii71 ! ba/>d ( our indig5\s h>e & rabbit1 _m g5]ations ( :i* h be5 br$ 9 ,france1 s9ce #ahej1 = ga/ronomic purposes4 ,i myself possess su* hybrids1 ! products ( pure 9-bre$+1 t is1 bo? p>5ts ( :i* are !mselves hybrids by a h>e-fa!r & a rabbit-"m4 ,i possess !m ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,conrad1 :o has repeat$ly made ^! exp]im5ts 9 bre$+ on 8 e/ate4 ,! half-blood hybrid ?us br$1 :i* ,i "n 9 hon\r ( ,d>w91 appe>s to propagate itself ?r\gh _m g5]ations by pure 9-bre$+1 j z well z any g5u9e species4 ,al?\gh on ! :ole x is m l its "m 7rabbit71 /ill 9 ! =mation ( ! e>s & ( ! h9d-legs1 x possesses di/9ct qualities ( its fa!r 7h>e74 ,its fle% has an excell5t ta/e1 r resembl+ t ( a h>e1 ?\gh ! col\r is m l t ( a rabbit4 ,b ! h>e 7,lepus timidus7 & ! rabbit 7,lepus cuniculus7 are two species ( ! g5us ,lepus1 s diff]5t t no sy/ematic zoologi/ w recognize !m z v>ieties ( "o species4 ,bo? species1 moreov]1 live 9 su* diff]5t ways1 & 9 _! wild /ate ent]ta9 s great an av]sion t[>ds "o ano!r1 t !y d n pair s long z !y are left free4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! newly-born "y ones ( bo? species are br\ght up toge!r1 ?is av]sion is n develop$2 !y pair ) "o ano!r & produce ! ,lepus ,d>w9ii4 ,ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( ! cross+ ( diff]5t species 7:]e ! two species belong ev5 to diff]5t g5]a67 is furni%$ by ! fruitful hybrids ( %eep & goats :i* h = a long "t be5 br$ 9 ,*ili = indu/rial purposes4 ,on :at uness5tial circum/ances 9 ! sexual m+l+ ! f]tility ( ! diff]5t species dep5d1 is %[n by ! fact t he-goats & %eep 9 _! m+l+ produce fruitful hybrids1 :ile ! ram & %e-goat pair v r>ely1 & !n )\t result4 ,! ph5om5a ( hybridism to :i* undue importance has be5 errone\sly attribut$ are ?us utt]ly unmean+1 s f> z ! idea ( species is conc]n$4 ,! bre$+ ( hybrids does n enable u1 any m ?an o!r ph5om5a1 ?or\ghly to di/+ui% cultivat$ races f wild species2 & ?is circum/ance is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,selection 7,,d>w9ism74 ,d>w9ism 7,!ory ( ,selection7 & ,lam>ckism 7,!ory ( ,desc5t74--,! ,process ( ,artificial ,bre$+4--,selection ( ! ,diff]5t ,individuals = ,aft]-bre$+4--,! ,active ,causes ( ,transmutation4--,*ange connect$ ) ,food1 & ,transmission by ,inh]itance connect$ ) ,propagation4--,me*anical ,nature ( ^! ,two ,physiological ,functions4--,! ,process ( ,natural ,bre$+3 ,selection 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4--,mal?us' ,!ory ( ,population4--,! ,proportion betwe5 ! ,numb]s ( ,pot5tial & ,actual ,individuals ( e ,species ( ,organisms4--,g5]al ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 or ,competition to atta9 ! ,necess>ies ( ,life4--,trans=m+ ,=ce ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4--,comp>ison ( ,natural & ,artificial ,bre$+4--,selection 9 ! ,life ( ,man4--,milit>y & ,m$ical ,selection4 ,x is1 prop]ly speak+1 n q correctly t ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 ) :i* we are occupi$ 9 ^! pages1 is usually call$ ,d>w9ism4 ,=1 z we h se5 f ! hi/orical sket* 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 ! mo/ important f\ndation ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t--t is1 ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 or ,desc5t--_h already be5 di/9ctly enunciat$ at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury1 & _h be5 def9itely introduc$ into sci5ce by ,lam>ck4 ,! portion ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t :i* ma9ta9s ! common desc5t ( all species ( animals & plants f ! simple/ common orig9al =ms might1 !re=e1 9 hon\r ( its em95t f\nd]1 & ) full ju/ice1 be call$ ,lam>ckism1 if ! m]it ( hav+ c>ri$ out su* a pr9ciple is to be l9k$ to ! "n ( a s+le di/+ui%$ naturali/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 or bre$+1 might be ju/ly call$ ,d>w9ism1 be+ t portion ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t :i* %[s u 9 :at way & :y ! diff]5t species ( organisms h develop$ f ^? simple/ prim>y =ms4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #aff47 ,x is true we f9d ! fir/ trace ( an idea ( natural selection ev5 =ty ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's "w4 ,= 9 ! ye> #ahah !re 0 publi%$ a pap] 8,on a woman ( ! :ite race ^: sk9 p>tly resembl$ t ( a negro10 :i* _h be5 read be=e ! ,royal ,society z e>ly z #ahac4 ,its au?or1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wells1 /ates t negroes & mulattoes are di/+ui%$ f ! :ite race by _! immunity f c]ta9 tropical diseases4 ,on ?is occasion he rem>ks t all animals h a t5d5cy to *ange up to a c]ta9 degree1 & t f>m]s1 by avail+ !mselves ( ?is t5d5cy1 & also by selection1 improve _! dome/ic animals2 & !n he adds1 t :at is done 9 ?is latt] case 8by art1 seems to be done ) equal effici5cy1 ?\gh m sl[ly1 by nature1 9 ! =mation ( v>ieties ( mank9d fitt$ = ! c\ntry :i* !y inhabit4 ,( ! accid5tal v>ieties ( man :i* w\ld occur among ! fir/ few & scatt]$ inhabitants ( ! middle regions ( ,africa1 "s "o w\ld be bett] fitt$ ?an ! o!rs to be> ! diseases ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is race w\ld consequ5tly multiply1 :ile ! o!rs w\ld decrease2 n only f _! inability to su/a9 ! attacks ( disease1 b f _! incapacity ( cont5d+ ) _! m vigor\s neighb\rs4 ,! col\r ( ?is vigor\s race ,i take = grant$1 f :at has be5 already said1 w\ld be d>k4 ,b ! same disposition to =m v>ieties /ill exi/+1 a d>k] & a d>k] race w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t occur2 & z ! d>ke/ w\ld be ! be/ fitt$ = ! climate1 ?is w\ld at l5g? become ! mo/ preval5t1 if n ! only race1 9 ! p>ticul> c\ntry 9 :i* x _h orig9at$40 ,he !n ext5ds ^! same views to ! :ite inhabitants ( cold] climates4 ,al?\gh ,wells cle>ly expresses & recognizes ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 yet x is appli$ by him only to ! v limit$ problem ( ! orig9 ( human races1 & n at all to t ( ! orig9 ( animal & vegetable species4 ,d>w9's great m]it 9 hav+ indep5d5tly develop$ ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 & hav+ br\ght x to complete & well m]it$ recognition1 is z little affect$ by ! e>li] & long =gott5 rem>k ( ,wells1 z by "s o!r fragm5t>y obs]vations ab\t natural selection made by ,patrick ,ma!w1 & hidd5 9 8 book on 8,timb] = ,%ipbuild+1 & ! ,cultivation ( ,trees10 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahca4 ,! celebrat$ travell]1 ,alfr$ ,wallace1 :o develop$ ! ,!ory ( ,selection indep5d5tly ( ,d>w91 & _h publi%$ x 9 #aheh1 simultane\sly ) ,d>w9's fir/ contribution1 likewise /&s f> beh9d 8 great] & eld] c\ntryman 9 reg>d to pr(\nd conception1 z well z to ext5d$ application ( ! !ory4 ,9 fact ,d>w91 by 8 extremely compreh5sive & +5i\s developm5t ( ! :ole doctr9e1 has acquir$ a fair claim to see ! !ory connect$ ) 8 own "n4 ,?is ,!ory ( ,selection1 ,d>w9ism 9 its prop] s5se1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* we n[ turn our att5tion1 re/s ess5tially 7z has already be5 intimat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]7 ^u ! comp>ison ( ^? means :i* man employs 9 ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals & ! cultivation ( g>d5 plants1 ) ^? processes :i* 9 free nature1 outside ! cultivat$ /ate1 lead to ! com+ into exi/5ce ( new species & new g5]a4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 9 ord] to und]/& ! latt] processes1 fir/ turn to ! artificial bre$+ by man1 z 01 9 fact1 done by ,d>w9 himself4 ,we mu/ inquire into ! results to :i* man atta9s by 8 artificial bre$+1 & :at means are appli$ 9 ord] to obta9 ^? results2 & we mu/ !n ask ourselves1 8,are !re 9 nature simil> =ces & causes act+ simil>ly to ^? resort$ to by man80 ,fir/1 9 reg>d to artificial bre$+1 we />t f ! fact la/ discuss$ above1 viz41 t its products 9 "s cases diff] f "o ano!r mu* m ?an ! productions ( natural bre$+4 ,x is a fact t races or v>ieties (t5 diff] f "o ano!r 9 a mu* great] degree & 9 mu* m important qualities ?an _m s-call$ species1 or 8good species10--nay1 sometimes ev5 m ?an s-call$ 8good g5]a0 9 _! natural /ate4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( apples :i* ! art ( horticulture has d]iv$ f "o & ! same orig9al apple-=m1 or comp>e ! diff]5t races ( horses :i* _! bre$]s h d]iv$ f "o & ! same orig9al =m ( horse1 & x w be easily obs]v$ t ! diff]5ces ( ! mo/ diff]5t =ms are extremely important1 & mu* m important ?an ! s-call$ 8specific diff]5ces10 :i* are ref]r$ to by zoologi/s & botani/s :5 comp>+ wild =ms = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ sev]al s-call$ 8good species40 ,n[1 by :at means does man produce ?is extraord9>y diff]5ce or div]g5ce ( sev]al =ms :i* are prov$ to be desc5d$ f ! same prim>y =m8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 let u foll[ a g>d5] :o desires to produce a new =m ( a plant1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! beautiful col\r ( its fl[]s4 ,he w fir/ ( all make a selection f a great numb] ( plants :i* are se$l+s f "o & ! same p>5t4 ,he w pick out ^? plants :i* exhibit mo/ di/9ctly ! col\r ( fl[] he desires4 ,! col\r ( fl[]s is a v *angeable ?+4 ,plants1 = example1 :i* z a rule h a :ite fl[]1 frequ5tly %[ deviations into ! blue or r$4 ,n[1 suppos+ ! g>d5] wi%es to obta9 ! r$ col\r 9 a plant usually produc+ :ite fl[]s1 he w v c>efully1 f among ! _m diff]5t individuals :i* are ! desc5dants ( "o & ! same se$-plant1 select ^? :i* mo/ di/9ctly %[ a r$di% t9t1 & s[ !m exclusively1 9 ord] to produce new individuals ( ! same k9d4 ,he w\ld ca/ aside & no long] cultivate ! o!r se$l+s :i* %[ a :ite or less di/9ct r$ col\r4 ,he w propagate exclusively ! individual plants ^: blossoms %[ ! r$ mo/ m>k$ly1 & he w s[ ! se$s produc$ by ^! select$ plants4 ,f ! se$l+s ( ?is second g5]ation1 he w aga9 c>efully select ^? 9 :i* ! r$1 :i* is n[ visible 9 ! majority ( !m1 is mo/ di/9ctly display$4 ,if su* a selection is c>ri$ on dur+ a s]ies ( six or t5 g5]ations1 & if ! fl[] :i* %[s ! deepe/ r$ is mo/ c>efully select$1 ! g>d5] 9 ! six? or t5? g5]ation w obta9 ! desir$ plants ) fl[]s ( a pure r$4 ,! f>m] wi%+ to bre$ a special race ( animals1 = example1 a k9d ( %eep di/+ui%$ by p>ticul>ly f9e wool1 proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,! only process appli$ 9 ! improvem5t ( wool consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! f>m] ) ! greate/ c>e & p]sev]ance selects f a :ole flock ( %eep ^? individuals :i* h ! f9e/ wool4 ,^! only are us$ 9 bre$+1 & among ! desc5dants ( ^! select$ %eep1 ^? aga9 are *os5 :i* h ! f9e/ wool1 etc4 ,if ?is c>eful selection is c>ri$ on ?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations1 ! select$ bre$+-%eep are 9 ! end di/+ui%$ by a wool :i* diff]s v /rik+ly f ! wool ( ! orig9al p>5t1 & ?is is exactly ! advantage :i* ! bre$] desir$4 ,! diff]5ces ( ! individuals t come into consid]ation 9 ?is artificial selection are v slight4 ,an ord9>y unpractis$ man is unable to discov] ! exce$+ly m9ute diff]5ces ( individuals :i* a practis$ bre$] p]ceives at ! fir/ glance4 ,! bus9ess ( a bre$] is n easy2 x requires an exce$+ly %>p eye1 great pati5ce1 & an extremely c>eful mann] ( treat+ ! organisms to be br$4 ,9 ea* individual g5]ation1 ! diff]5ces ( individuals are p]haps n se5 at all by ! un9itiat$2 b by ! accumulation ( ^! m9ute diff]5ces dur+ a s]ies ( g5]ations1 ! deviation f ! orig9al =m becomes 9 ! end v great4 ,x becomes s great t ! artificially produc$ =m may 9 ! end diff] f> m f ! orig9al =m ?an d two s-call$ 8good species0 9 _! natural /ate4 ,! art ( bre$+ has n[ made su* progress1 t man c (t5 at discretion produce c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 cultivat$ species ( animals & plants4 ,to practis$ g>d5]s & f>m]s1 y may give di/9ct commissions1 & say1 = example1 ,i wi% to h ?is species ( plant ) ?is or t col\r1 & ) ?is or t %ape4 ,:]e bre$+ has rea*$ ! p]fection :i* x has atta9$ 9 ,engl&1 g>d5]s & f>m]s are frequ5tly able to furni% to ord] ! desir$ result )9 a def9ite p]iod1 t is1 at ! end ( a numb] ( g5]ations4 ,sir ,john ,sebright1 "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ,engli% pigeon-bre$]s1 c\ld ass]t t 9 ?ree ye>s he w\ld produce any =m ( fea!r1 b t he requir$ six ye>s to obta9 any desir$ =m ( ! head & beak4 ,9 ! process ( bre$+ ! m]9o-%eep ( ,saxony1 ! animals are ?ree times plac$ on a table beside "o ano!r1 & mo/ c>efully comp>$ & /udi$4 ,ea* "t only ! be/ %eep ) ! f9e/ wool are select$1 s t 9 ! end1 out ( a great multitude1 !re rema9 only "s few animals1 b _! wool is exquisitely f9e1 & only ^! la/ are us$ 9 bre$+4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! causes ?r\gh :i*1 9 artificial bre$+1 great effects are produc$1 are unusually simple1 & ^! great effects are obta9$ simply by accumulat+ ! diff]5ces :i* 9 !mselves are v insignificant1 & become surpris+ly increas$ by a cont9ually repeat$ selection4 ,be=e we pass on to a comp>ison ( ?is artificial ) natural bre$+1 let u see :at natural qualities ( ! organisms are made use ( by ! artificial bre$] or cultivator4 ,we c trace all ! diff]5t qualities :i* "h come into play to physiological fundam5tal qualities ( ! organism1 :i* are common to all animals & plants1 & are mo/ closely connect$ ) ! functions ( propagation & nutrition4 ,^! two fundam5tal qualities are transmissivity1 or ! capability ( transmitt+ by inh]itance1 & mutability1 or ! capability ( adaptation4 ,! bre$] />ts f ! fact t all ! individuals ( "o & ! same species are diff]5t1 ?\gh 9 a v slight degree1 a fact :i* is z true ( organisms 9 a wild z 9 a cultivat$ /ate4 ,if y look ab\t y 9 a =e/ consi/+ ( only a s+le species ( tree1 = example ( bee*1 y w c]ta9ly n f9d 9 ! :ole =e/ two trees ( ?is k9d :i* are absolutely id5tical or p]fectly equal 9 ! =m ( _! bran*es1 ! numb] ( _! bran*es & leaves1 blossoms & fruits4 ,special diff]5ces occur ev]y:]e1 j z 9 ! case ( m54 ,!re are no two m5 :o are absolutely id5tical1 p]fectly equal 9 size1 9 ! =mation ( _! faces1 ! numb] ( _! hairs1 _! temp]am5t1 "*1 etc4 ,! v same is true ( individuals ( all ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants4 ,x is true t 9 mo/ organisms ! diff]5ces are v trifl+ to ! eye ( ! un9itiat$4 ,ev]y?+ "h ess5tially dep5ds on ! ex]cise ( ! faculty ( discov]+ ^! (t5 v m9ute diff]5ces ( =m4 ,! %eph]d1 = example1 kn[s e individual ( 8 flock1 solely by accurately obs]v+ _! features1 :ile ! un9itiat$ are incapable ( di/+ui%+ at all ! diff]5t individuals ( "o & ! same flock4 ,?is fact ( ! individual diff]5ce is ! extremely important f\ndation on :i* ! :ole ( man's p[] ( bre$+ re/s4 ,if individual diff]5ces did n exi/ ev]y:]e1 man w\ld n be able to produce a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties or races f "o & ! same orig9al /ock4 ,we mu/1 at ! outset1 hold fa/ ! pr9ciple t ! ph5om5on is q univ]sal2 we mu/ necess>ily assume x ev5 :]e1 ) ! imp]fect capabilities ( our s5ses1 we are unable to discov] diff]5ces4 ,among ! high] plants 7! phan]ogams1 or fl[]-plants71 :]e ! individual /ocks %[ su* num]\s diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( bran*es or leaves1 & 9 ! =mation ( ! /em & bran*es1 we c almo/ always easily p]ceive ^! diff]5ces4 ,b ?is is n ! case 9 ! l[] plants1 su* z mosses1 alg1 fungi1 & 9 mo/ animals1 especially ! l[] ones4 ,! di/9ction ( all ! individuals ( "o species is "h1 = ! mo/ "p1 extremely difficult or altoge!r impossible4 ,b !re is no reason = ascrib+ individual diff]5ces only to ^? organisms 9 :i* we c p]ceive !m at once4 ,we may1 on ! contr>y1 ) full c]ta9ty assume su* individuality z a univ]sal quality ( all organisms1 & we c d ?is all ! m surely s9ce we are able to trace ! mutability ( individuals to ! me*anical conditions ( nutrition4 ,we c %[ t by influ5c+ nutrition we are able to produce /rik+ individual diff]5ces :]e !y w\ld n exi/ if ! conditions ( nutrition _h n be5 alt]$4 ,! _m complicat$ conditions ( nutrition are nev] absolutely id5tical 9 two individuals ( a species4 ,n[1 j z we see t ! mutability or capability ( adaptation has a causal connection ) ! g5]al relations ( nutrition 9 animals & plants1 s too we f9d ! second fundam5tal ph5om5on ( life1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 namely1 ! capability ( transmitt+ by inh]itance1 to h a direct connection ) ! ph5om5on ( propagation4 ,! second ?+ t a f>m] or g>d5] does 9 artificial bre$+1 aft] he has select$1 & has consequ5tly avail$ himself ( ! mutability1 is to endeav\r to hold fa/ & develop ! modifi$ =ms by ,inh]itance4 ,he />ts f ! univ]sal fact t *ildr5 resemble _! p>5ts1 t 8! apple does n fall f> f ! tree40 ,?is ph5om5on ( ,inh]itance has hi!rto be5 sci5tifically exam9$ only to a v small ext5t1 :i* may p>tly arise f ! fact t ! ph5om5on is ( su* ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,e "o consid]s x q natural t e species %\ld produce its l2 t a horse %\ld n sudd5ly produce a goose1 or a goose a frog4 ,we are accu/om$ to look ^u ^! ev]yday occurr5ces ( ,inh]itance z self-evid5t4 ,b ?is ph5om5on is n s simply self-evid5t z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( ,inh]itance ! fact is v frequ5tly ov]look$ t ! diff]5t desc5dants1 d]iv$ f "o & ! same p>5ts1 are 9 reality nev] q id5tical1 & also nev] absolutely l ! p>5ts1 b are always slightly diff]5t4 ,we _c =mulate ! pr9ciple ( ,inh]itance1 z 8,l produces l10 b we mu/ limit ! expression to 8,simil> ?+s produce simil> ?+s40 ,! g>d5]1 z well z ! f>m]1 avails himself ( ! fact ( ,inh]itance 9 its wide/ =m1 & inde$ ) special reg>d to ! fact t n only ^? qualities ( organisms are transmitt$ by inh]itance :i* !y h inh]it$ f _! p>5ts b ^? also :i* !y !mselves h acquir$4 ,?is is an important po9t ^u :i* v mu* dep5ds4 ,an organism c transmit to its desc5dants n only ^? qualities ( =m1 col\r1 & size :i* x has inh]it$ f its p>5ts1 b x c also transmit *anges ( ^! qualities1 :i* x has acquir$ dur+ its own life ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( outw>d circum/ances1 su* z climate1 n\ri%m5t1 tra9+1 etc4 ,^! are ! two fundam5tal qualities ( animals & plants ( :i* ! bre$] mu/ avail himself 9 ord] to produce new =ms4 ,! !oretical pr9ciple ( bre$+ is1 inde$1 extremely simple1 b 9 detail ! practical application ( ?is simple pr9ciple is difficult & imm5sely complicat$4 ,a ?\ghtful bre$]1 act+ accord+ to a def9ite plan1 mu/ und]/& ! art ( correctly e/imat+1 9 e case1 ! g5]al int]action betwe5 ! two fundam5tal qualities ( heir%ip & mutability4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! real nature ( ^? two important prop]ties ( life1 we f9d t we c trace !m1 l all physiological functions1 to physical & *emical causes1 to ! prop]ties & ! ph5om5a ( motion ( ^? sub/ances ( :i* ! bodies ( animals & plants consi/4 ,z we %all h]eaft] h to %[ 9 ! m accurate consid]ation ( ^! two functions1 ! transmission by ,inh]itance1 if we express ourselves q g5]ally1 is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! mat]ial cont9uity & p>tial id5tity ( ! matt] 9 ! produc+ & produc$ organism1 ! p>5ts & ! *ild4 ,9 e act ( bre$+ a c]ta9 quantity ( protoplasm or album9\s matt] is transf]r$ f ! p>5ts to ! *ild1 & along ) x !re is transf]r$ ! individually peculi> molecul> motion4 ,^! molecul> ph5om5a ( motion 9 ! protoplasm1 :i* call =? ! ph5om5a ( life1 & are _! active & true cause1 diff] m or less 9 all liv+ individuals2 !y are ( inf9ite v>iety4 ,adaptation1 or transmutation is1 on ! o!r h&1 ess5tially ! consequ5ce ( mat]ial influ5ces1 :i* ! sub/ance ( ! organism exp]i5ces f ! mat]ial surr\nd+ x1--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w f ! conditions ( life4 ,! ext]nal influ5ces ( ! latt] are communicat$ to ! individual p>ts ( ! body by ! molecul> processes ( nutrition4 ,9 e act ( ,adaptation ! individual molecul> motion ( ! protoplasm1 peculi> to ea* "p1 di/urbs & modifies ! :ole individual1 or "p ( x1 by me*anical1 physical1 or *emical influ5ces4 ,! innate1 inh]it$ vital actions ( ! protoplasm--t is1 ! molecul> ph5om5a ( motion ( ! smalle/ album9\s p>ticles--are !re=e m or less modifi$ by x4 ,! ph5om5on ( ,adaptation1 or transmutation1 dep5ds !re=e ^u ! mat]ial influ5ce :i* ! organism exp]i5ces f its surr\nd+s1 or its conditions ( exi/5ce2 :ile ! transmission by ,inh]itance is due to ! p>tial id5tity ( ! produc+ & produc$ organism4 ,^! are ! real1 simple1 me*anical f\ndations ( ! artificial process ( bre$+4 ,n[ ,d>w9 ask$ himself1 ,does !re exi/ a simil> process ( selection 9 nature1 & are !re =ces 9 nature :i* take ! place ( man's activity 9 artificial selection8 ,is !re a natural t5d5cy among wild animals & plants :i* acts select+ly1 9 a simil> mann] to ! artificial selection practis$ by ! design+ w ( man8 ,all "h dep5d$ ^u ! discov]y ( su* a relation1 & ,d>w9 succe$$ 9 ?is s satisfactorily1 t we consid] 8 !ory ( selection completely suffici5t to expla91 me*anically1 ! orig9 ( ! wild species ( animals & plants4 ,t relation :i* 9 free nature influ5ces ! =ms ( animals & plants1 by select+ & trans=m+ !m1 is call$ by ,d>w9 ! 8,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce40 ,! 8,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce0 has rapidly become a wat*word ( ! day4 ,yet ?is designation is1 p]haps1 9 _m respects n v happily *os51 & ! ph5om5a might probably h be5 m accurately describ$ z 8,competition = ! ,means ( ,subsi/5ce40 ,= "u ! "n ( 8,/ruggle = ,life10 _m relations are compreh5d$ :i* prop]ly & /rictly speak+ d n belong to x4 ,z we h se5 f ! lett] ins]t$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,d>w9 arriv$ at ! idea ( ! 8,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce0 f ! /udy ( ,mal?us' book 8,on ! ,conditions & ! ,consequ5ces ( ! ,increase ( ,population40 ,x 0 prov$ 9 t important "w1 t ! numb] ( human be+s1 on ! av]age1 increases 9 a geometrical progression1 :ile ! am\nt ( articles ( food increase only 9 an ari?metical progression4 ,?is disproportion gives rise to a numb] ( inconv5i5ces 9 ! human community1 :i* cause among m5 a cont9ual competition to obta9 ! necess>y means ( life1 :i* d n suffice = all4 ,d>w9's !ory ( ! /ruggle = life is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a g5]al application ( ,mal?us' !ory ( population to ! :ole ( organic nature4 ,x />ts f ! consid]ation t ! numb] ( possible organic individuals :i* might arise f ! g]ms produc$1 is f> great] ?an ! numb] ( actual individuals :i*1 9 fact1 d simultane\sly live on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! numb] ( possible or pot5tial individuals is giv5 u by ! numb] ( ! eggs & organic g]ms produc$ by organisms4 ,! numb] ( ^! g]ms1 f ea* ( :i*1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 an individual might arise1 is v mu* l>g] ?an ! numb] ( real or actual individuals--t is1 ( ^? t really arise f ^! g]ms1 come into life1 & propagate !mselves4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( g]ms p]i% 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( life1 & x is only "s fav\r$ organisms :i* manage to develop1 & actually survive ! fir/ p]iod ( e>ly y\?1 & f9ally succe$ 9 propagat+ !mselves4 ,?is important fact is easily prov$ by a comp>ison ( ! numb] ( eggs 9 a giv5 species ) ! numb] ( individuals :i* exi/ ( ?is species4 ,^! num]ical relations %[ ! mo/ /rik+ contra/4 ,!re are1 = example1 species ( f[ls :i* lay great numb]s ( eggs1 & yet are among ! r>e/ ( birds2 & ! bird :i* is said to be ! commone/ 7! mo/ widely spread7 ( all1 ! /ormy petrel 7,procell>ia glacialis71 lays only a s+le egg4 ,! relation is ! same 9 o!r animals4 ,!re are _m v r>e inv]tebrate animals1 :i* lay imm5se quantities ( eggs2 & o!rs aga9 :i* produce only v few eggs1 & yet are among ! commone/ ( animals4 ,take1 = example1 ! proportion :i* is obs]v$ among ! human tape-worms4 ,ea* tape-worm produces )9 a %ort p]iod millions ( eggs1 :ile man1 9 :om ^! tape-worms are lodg$1 =ms a f> small] numb] ( eggs1 & yet =tunately !re are few] tape-worms ?an human be+s4 ,9 l mann]1 among plants !re are _m spl5did or*ids1 :i* produce ?\s&s ( se$s & yet are v r>e1 & "s k9ds ( a/]s 7,composit71 :i* h b few se$s1 are exce$+ly common4 ,?is important fact might be illu/rat$ by an imm5se numb] ( examples4 ,x is evid5tly1 !re=e1 n ! numb] ( actually exi/+ g]ms :i* indicates ! numb] ( individuals :i* aft]w>ds come into life & ma9ta9 !mselves 9 life2 b r ! case is ?is1 t ! numb] ( adult individuals is limit$ by o!r circum/ances1 especially by ! relations 9 :i* ! organism /&s to its organic & inorganic surr\nd+s4 ,e organism1 f ! comm5cem5t ( its exi/5ce1 /ruggles ) a numb] ( ho/ile influ5ces3 x /ruggles aga9/ animals :i* fe$ on x1 & to :i* x is ! natural food1 aga9/ animals ( prey & p>asites2 x /ruggles aga9/ inorganic influ5ces ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds1 aga9/ temp]ature1 wea!r1 & o!r circum/ances2 b x also /ruggles 7& ?is is mu* ! mo/ important671 above all1 aga9/ organisms mo/ l & ak9 to itself4 ,e individual1 ( e animal & vegetable species1 is engag$ 9 ! fi]ce/ competition ) e o!r individual ( ! same species :i* lives 9 ! same place ) x4 ,9 ! economy ( nature ! means ( subsi/5ce are n[h]e scatt]$ 9 abundance1 b are v limit$1 & f> f suffici5t = ! numb] ( organisms :i* might develop f ! g]ms produc$4 ,!re=e ! "y individuals ( mo/ species ( animals & vegetables mu/ h h>d "w 9 obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce2 ?is necess>ily causes a competition among !m 9 ord] to obta9 ! indisp5sable supplies ( life4 ,?is great competition = ! necess>ies ( life goes on ev]y:]e & at all times1 among human be+s & animals z well z among plants2 9 ! case ( ! latt] ?is circum/ance1 at fir/ sight1 is n s cle>ly app>5t4 ,if we exam9e a field :i* is ri*ly s[n ) :eat1 we c see t ( ! num]\s "y plants 7p]haps "s ?\s&s7 :i* %oot up on a limit$ space1 only a v small proportion pres]ve !mselves 9 life4 ,a competition takes place = ! space ( gr\nd :i* ea* plant requires = fix+ its root1 a competition = sunlight & moi/ure4 ,& 9 ! same mann] we f9d t1 among all animal species1 all ! individuals ( "o & ! same species compete ) "o ano!r to obta9 ^! indisp5sable means ( life1 or ! conditions ( exi/5ce 9 ! wide s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y are equally indisp5sable to all1 b really fall to ! lot ( only a few--8,_m are call$1 b few are *os540 ,! fact ( ! great competition is q univ]sal4 ,y ne$ only to ca/ a glance at human society1 :]e ?is competition exi/s ev]y:]e1 & 9 all ! diff]5t bran*es ( human activity4 ,"h1 too1 a /ruggle is br\ght ab\t by ! free competition ( ! diff]5t lab\r]s ( "o & ! same class4 ,"h too1 z ev]y:]e1 ?is competition b5efits ! ?+1 or ! "w1 :i* is ! object ( competition4 ,! great] & m g5]al ! competition1 ! m quickly improvem5ts & inv5tions are made 9 ! bran* ( lab\r1 & ! high] is ! grade ( p]fection ( ! lab\r]s !mselves4 ,! position ( ! diff]5t individuals 9 ?is /ruggle = life is evid5tly v unequal4 ,/>t+ f ! inequality ( individuals1 :i* is a recogniz$ fact1 we mu/ 9 all cases necess>ily suppose t all ! individuals ( "o & ! same species d n h equally fav\rable prospects4 ,ev5 at ! beg9n+ !y are diff]5tly plac$ 9 ?is competition by _! diff]5t /r5g?s & abilities1 indep5d5tly ( ! fact t ! conditions ( exi/5ce are diff]5t1 & act diff]5tly at e po9t ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,we evid5tly h an inf9ite comb9ation ( influ5ces1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! orig9al inequality ( ! individuals dur+ ! competition = ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 fav\r "s individuals & prejudice o!rs4 ,! fav\r$ individuals w ga9 ! victory ov] ! o!rs1 & :ile ! latt] p]i% m or less e>ly1 )\t leav+ any desc5dants1 ! =m] alone w be able to survive & f9ally to propagate ! species4 ,z1 !re=e1 x is cle> t 9 ! /ruggle = life ! fav\r$ individuals succe$ 9 propagat+ !mselves1 we %all 7ev5 z ! result ( ?is relation7 p]ceive 9 ! next g5]ation diff]5ces f ! prec$+ "o4 ,"s individuals ( ?is second g5]ation1 ?\gh p]haps n all ( !m1 w1 by inh]itance1 receive ! individual advantage by :i* _! p>5ts ga9$ ! victory ov] _! rivals4 ,b n[--& ?is is a v important law ( inh]itance--if su* a transmission ( a fav\rable "* is cont9u$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations1 x is n simply transmitt$ 9 ! orig9al mann]1 b x is con/antly increas$ & /r5g!n$1 & 9 a la/ g5]ation x atta9s a /r5g? :i* di/+ui%es ?is g5]ation v ess5tially f ! orig9al p>5t4 ,let u1 = example1 exam9e a numb] ( plants ( "o & ! same species :i* gr[ toge!r 9 a v dry soil4 ,z ! hairs on ! leaves ( plants are v useful = receiv+ moi/ure f ! air1 & z ! hairs on ! leaves are v *angeable1 ! individuals possess+ ! ?icke/ hair on _! leaves w h an advantage 9 ?is unfav\rable locality :]e ! plants h directly to /ruggle ) ! want ( wat]1 & 9 addition to ?is h to compete ) "o ano!r = ! possession ( :at little wat] !re may be4 ,^! alone hold out1 :ile ! o!rs possess+ less hairy leaves p]i%2 ! m hairy ones w be propagat$1 & _! desc5dants w1 on ! av]age1 be m di/+ui%$ by _! ?ick & /rong hairs ?an ! individuals ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,if ?is process is cont9u$ = sev]al g5]ations 9 "o & ! same locality1 !re w arise at la/ su* an increase ( ?is *>act]i/ic1 su* an increase ( ! hairs on ! surface ( ! leaf1 t an entirely new species seems to pres5t itself4 ,x mu/ "h be obs]v$1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]actions ( all ! p>ts ( e organism1 g5]ally "o individual "p _c be *ang$ )\t at ! same "t produc+ *anges 9 o!r p>ts4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 our imag9>y example1 ! numb] ( ! hairs on ! leaves is greatly increas$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( n\ri%m5t is !reby )drawn f o!r p>ts2 ! mat]ial :i* might be employ$ to =m fl[]s or se$s is dim9i%$1 & a small] size ( ! fl[] or se$ w !n be ! direct or indirect consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle = life1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place only produc$ a *ange 9 ! leaves4 ,?us ! /ruggle = life1 9 ?is in/ance1 acts z a means ( select+ & trans=m+4 ,! /ruggle ( ! diff]5t individuals to obta9 ! necess>y conditions ( exi/5ce1 or1 tak+ x 9 its wide/ s5se1 ! int]-relations ( organisms to ! :ole ( _! surr\nd+s1 produce mutations ( =m su* z are produc$ 9 ! cultivat$ /ate by ! action ( man's selection4 ,?is ag5cy w p]haps appe> at fir/ sight small & insignificant1 & ! read] w n be incl9$ to conc$e to ! action ( su* relations ! weight :i* x 9 reality possesses4 ,i mu/ !re=e f9d space 9 a subsequ5t *apt] to put =w>d fur!r examples ( ! imm5se & f>-rea*+ p[] ( trans=mation exhibit$ 9 natural selection4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w conf9e myself to simply plac+ side by side ! two processes ( artificial & natural selection1 & cle>ly expla9+ ! agreem5t & ! diff]5ces ( ! two4 ,bo? natural & artificial selection are q simple natural1 me*anical relations ( life1 :i* dep5d ^u ! int]action ( two physiological functions1 namely1 on ,adaptation & ,inh]itance1 functions :i*1 z su*1 mu/ aga9 be trac$ to physical & *emical prop]ties ( organic matt]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms ( selection consi/s 9 ?is3 9 artificial selection ! w ( man makes ! selection accord+ to a plan1 :]eas 9 natural selection1 ! /ruggle = life 7t univ]sal int]-relation ( organisms7 acts )\t a plan1 b o!rwise produces q ! same result1 namely1 a selection ( a p>ticul> k9d ( individuals = propagation4 ,! alt]ations produc$ by artificial selection are turn$ to ! advantage ( ^? :o make ! selection2 9 natural selection1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! advantage ( ! select$ organism4 ,^! are ! mo/ ess5tial diff]5ces & agreem5ts ( ! two modes ( selection2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be fur!r obs]v$ t !re is ano!r diff]5ce1 viz41 9 ! duration ( "t requir$ = ! two processes ( selection4 ,man 9 8 artificial selection c produce v important *anges 9 a v %ort "t1 :ile 9 natural selection simil> results are obta9$ only aft] a mu* long] "t4 ,?is arises f ! fact t man c make 8 selection ) mu* great] c>e4 ,man is able ) ! greate/ nicety to pick out individuals f a l>ge numb]1 drop ! o!rs1 & to employ only ! privileg$ be+s = propagation1 :i* is n ! case 9 natural selection4 ,9 natural conditions1 besides ! privileg$ individuals :i* fir/ succe$ 9 propagat+ !mselves1 "s few or _m ( ! less di/+ui%$ individuals w propagate !mselves by ! side ( ! =m]4 ,moreov]1 man c prev5t ! cross+ ( ! orig9al & ! new =m1 :i* 9 natural selection is (t5 unavoidable4 ,if su* a cross+1 t is1 a sexual connection1 ( ! new v>iety ) ! orig9al =ms takes place1 ! (fspr+ !reby produc$ g5]ally returns to ! orig9al "*4 ,9 natural selection1 su* a cross+ c be avoid$ only :5 ! new v>iety by migration sep>ates f ! orig9al & isolates itself4 ,natural selection !re=e acts mu* m sl[ly2 x requires mu* long] p]iods ?an ! artificial process ( selection4 ,b x is an ess5tial consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce1 t ! product ( artificial selection disappe>s mu* m easily1 & t ! new =m returns rapidly to ! e>li] "o1 :i* is n ! case 9 natural selection4 ,! new species aris+ f natural selection ma9ta9 !mselves mu* m p]man5tly1 & return mu* less easily to ! orig9al =m1 ?an is ! case ) products ( artificial selection1 & accord+ly ma9ta9 !mselves dur+ a mu* long] "t ?an ! artificial races produc$ by man4 ,b ^! are only subord9ate diff]5ces1 :i* are expla9$ by ! diff]5t conditions ( natural & artificial selection1 & 9 reality are connect$ only ) diff]5ces 9 ! duration ( "t4 ,! nature ( ! trans=mation & ! means by :i* x is produc$ are entirely ! same 9 bo? artificial & natural selection4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bdh47 ,! ?\ghtless & n>r[-m9d$ oppon5ts ( ,d>w9 are nev] tir$ ( ass]t+ t 8 !ory ( selection is a gr\ndless conjecture1 or at lea/ an hypo!sis :i* has yet to be prov$4 ,t ?is ass]tion is completely unf\nd$1 may be p]ceiv$ ev5 f ! outl9es ( ! doctr9e ( selection :i* h j be5 discuss$4 ,d>w9 assumes no k9d ( unkn[n =ces ( nature1 nor hypo!tical conditions1 z ! act+ causes = ! trans=mation ( organic =ms1 b solely & simply ! univ]sally recogniz$ vital activities ( all organisms1 :i* we t]m ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,e naturali/ acqua9t$ ) physiology kn[s t ^! two ph5om5a are directly connect$ ) ! functions ( propagation & nutrition1 &1 l all o!r ph5om5a ( life1 are purely me*anical processes ( nature1 t is1 !y dep5d ^u ! molecul> ph5om5a ( motion 9 organic matt]4 ,t ! int]action ( ^! two functions effect a cont9ual1 sl[ transmutation ( organic =ms1 is a necess>y result ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ?is1 aga91 is no m a hypo!tical relation1 nor "o requir+ a pro(1 ?an is ! int]action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,! /ruggle = life is a ma!matical necessity1 aris+ f ! disproportion betwe5 ! limit$ numb] ( places 9 nature's h\sehold1 & ! excessive numb] ( organic g]ms4 ,! orig9 ( new species is moreov] greatly fav\r$ by ! active or passive migrations ( animals & plants1 :i* takes place ev]y:]e & at all times1 )\t be+1 h[ev]1 entitl$ to rank z necess>y ag5ts 9 ! process ( natural selection4 ,! orig9 ( new species by natural selection1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 by ! int]action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation 9 ! /ruggle = life1 is !re=e a ma!matical necessity ( nature :i* ne$s no fur!r pro(4 ,:oev]1 9 spite ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 /ill seeks = pro(s = ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 only %[s t he ei!r does n ?or\ghly und]/& ! !ory1 or is n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! biological facts--has n ! requisite am\nt ( exp]im5tal k 9 ,an?ropology1 ,zoology1 & ,botany4 ,if1 z we ma9ta91 natural selection is ! great active cause :i* has produc$ ! :ole wond]ful v>iety ( organic life on ! e>?1 all ! int]e/+ ph5om5a ( human life mu/ also be explicable f ! same cause4 ,= man is aft] all only a mo/ highly-develop$ v]tebrate animal1 & all aspects ( human life h _! p>allels1 or1 m correctly1 _! l[] /ages ( developm5t 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( nations1 or :at is call$ 8,univ]sal ,hi/ory10 mu/ !re=e be explicable by means ( 8natural selection10--mu/ be a physico-*emical process1 dep5d+ ^u ! int]action ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,& ?is is actually ! case4 ,we %all give fur!r pro(s ( ?is lat] on4 ,x appe>s ( int]e/ "h to rem>k t n only natural selection1 b also artificial selection ex]cises its influ5ce 9 _m ways 9 univ]sal hi/ory4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( artificial selection 9 man1 on a great scale1 is furni%$ by ! anci5t ,sp>tans1 among :om1 9 ob$i5ce to a special law1 all newly-born *ildr5 7 subject to a c>eful exam9ation & selection4 ,all ^? t 7 weak1 sickly1 or affect$ ) any bodily infirmity1 7 kill$4 ,only ! p]fectly heal?y & /rong *ildr5 7 all[$ to live1 & !y alone aft]w>ds propagat$ ! race4 ,by ?is means1 ! ,sp>tan race 0 n only cont9ually pres]v$ 9 excell5t /r5g? & vig\r1 b ! p]fection ( _! bodies increas$ ) e g5]ation4 ,no d\bt ! ,sp>tans ow$ _! r>e degree ( mascul9e /r5g? & r\gh h]oic val\r 7= :i* !y are em95t 9 anci5t hi/ory7 9 a great measure to ?is artificial selection4 ,_m tribes also among ! ,r$ ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7:o at pres5t are succumb+ 9 ! /ruggle = life to ! sup]ior numb]s ( ! :ite intrud]s1 9 spite ( a mo/ h]oic & c\rage\s resi/ance7 owe _! r>e degree ( bodily /r5g? & w>like brav]y to a simil> c>eful selection ( ! newly-born *ildr54 ,among !m1 also1 all *ildr5 t are weak or affect$ ) any infirmity are imm$iately kill$1 & only ! p]fectly /rong individuals rema9 9 life1 & propagate ! race4 ,t ! race becomes greatly /r5g!n$1 9 ! c\rse ( v _m g5]ations1 by ?is artificial selection _c 9 itself be d\bt$1 & is suffici5tly prov$ by _m well kn[n facts4 ,! opposite ( ?is artificial selection ( ! wild ,r$sk9s & ! anci5t ,sp>tans is se5 9 ! individual selection :i* is univ]sally practis$ 9 our mod]n milit>y /ates1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ /&+ armies1 & :i*1 "u ! "n ( milit>y selection1 we may conv5i5tly consid] z a special =m ( selection4 ,un=tunately1 9 our day1 milit>ism is m ?an ev] prom95t 9 our s-call$ 8civilization02 all ! /r5g? & all ! weal? ( fl\ri%+ civiliz$ /ates are squ&]$ on its developm5t2 :]eas ! education ( ! "y1 & public in/ruction1 :i* are ! f\ndations ( ! true welf>e ( nations & ! ennobl+ ( humanity1 are neglect$ & mismanag$ 9 a mo/ pitiable mann]4 ,& ?is is done 9 /ates :i* believe !mselves to be ! privileg$ lead]s ( ! highe/ human intellig5ce1 & to /& at ! head ( civilization4 ,z is well kn[n1 9 ord] to increase ! /&+ army z mu* z possible1 all heal?y & /rong "y m5 are annually select$ by a /rict sy/em ( recruit+4 ,! /rong]1 heal?i]1 & m spirit$ a y\? is1 ! great] is 8 prospect ( be+ kill$ by ne$le-guns1 cannons1 & o!r simil> in/rum5ts ( civilization4 ,all y\?s t are unheal?y1 weak1 or affect$ ) infirmities1 on ! o!r h&1 are sp>$ by ! 8milit>y selection10 & rema9 at home dur+ ! w>1 m>ry1 & propagate !mselves4 ,! m useless1 ! weak]1 or infirm] ! y\? is1 ! great] is 8 prospect ( escap+ ! recruit+ (fic]1 & ( f\nd+ a family4 ,:ile ! heal?y fl[] ( y\? dies on ! battle-field1 ! feeble rema9d] enjoy ! satisfaction ( reproduction & ( transmitt+ all _! weaknesses & infirmities to _! desc5dants4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( transmission by inh]itance1 !re mu/ necess>ily foll[ 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation1 n only a fur!r ext5sion1 b also a m deeply-seat$ developm5t ( weakness ( body1 & :at is insep>able f x1 a condition ( m5tal weakness also4 ,?is & o!r =ms ( artificial selection practis$ 9 our civiliz$ /ates suffici5tly expla9 ! sad fact t1 9 reality1 weakness ( ! body & weakness ( "* are on ! p]petual increase among civiliz$ nations1 & t1 toge!r ) /rong1 heal?y bodies1 free & indep5d5t spirits are becom+ m & m sc>ce4 ,to ! increas+ en]vation ( mod]n civiliz$ nations1 :i* is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( milit>y selection1 !re is fur!r add$ ano!r evil4 ,! progress ( mod]n m$ical sci5ce1 al?\gh /ill little able really to cure diseases1 yet possesses & practises m ?an x us$ to d ! art ( prolong+ life dur+ l+]+1 *ronic diseases = _m ye>s4 ,su* ravag+ evils z consumption1 scr(ula1 syphilis1 & also _m =ms ( m5tal disord]s1 are transmitt$ by inh]itance to a great ext5t1 & transf]r$ by sickly p>5ts to "s ( _! *ildr51 or ev5 to ! :ole ( _! desc5dants4 ,n[1 ! long] ! diseas$ p>5ts1 ) m$ical assi/ance1 c drag on _! sickly exi/5ce1 ! m num]\s are ! desc5dants :o w inh]it incurable evils1 & ! great] w be ! numb] ( individuals1 aga91 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation1 ?anks to t artificial 8m$ical selection10 :o w be infect$ by _! p>5ts ) l+]+1 h]$it>y disease4 ,if any "o 7 to v5ture ! proposal1 aft] ! examples ( ! ,sp>tans & ,r$sk9s1 to kill1 imm$iately ^u _! bir?1 all mis]able1 crippl$ *ildr5 to :om ) c]ta9ty a sickly life c\ld be prophesi$1 in/ead ( keep+ !m 9 life injuri\s to !m & to ! race1 our s-call$ 8humane civilization0 w\ld utt] a cry ( indignation4 ,b ! same 8humane civilization0 ?9ks x q z x %\ld be1 & accepts )\t a murmur1 t at ! outbreak ( e w> 7& 9 ! pres5t /ate ( civiliz$ life1 & 9 ! cont9ual developm5t ( /&+ armies1 w>s mu/ naturally become m frequ5t7 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ! f9e/ m51 full ( y\?ful vig\r1 are sacrific$ 9 ! haz>d\s game ( battles4 ,! same 8humane civilization0 at pres5t praises ! abolition ( capital puni%m5t z a 8lib]al measure60 ,& yet capital puni%m5t = incorrigible & degrad$ crim9als is n only j1 b also a b5efit to ! bett] portion ( mank9d2 ! same b5efit is done by de/roy+ luxuriant we$s1 = ! prosp]ity ( a well cultivat$ g>d54 ,z by a c>eful root+ out ( we$s1 light1 air1 & gr\nd is ga9$ = good & useful plants1 9 l mann]1 by ! indiscrim9ate de/ruction ( all incorrigible crim9als1 n only w\ld ! /ruggle = life among ! bett] portion ( mank9d be made easi]1 b also an advantage\s artificial process ( selection w\ld be set 9 practice1 s9ce ! possibility ( transmitt+ _! injuri\s qualities by inh]itance w\ld be tak5 f ^? deg5]ate outca/s4 ,aga9/ ! injuri\s influ5ce ( artificial milit>y & m$ical selection1 we =tunately h a salut>y c\nt]poise1 9 ! inv9cible & mu* m p[]ful influ5ce ( natural selection1 :i* prevails ev]y:]e4 ,= 9 ! life ( man1 z well z 9 t ( animals & plants1 ?is influ5ce is ! mo/ important trans=m+ pr9ciple1 & ! /ronge/ lev] = progress & amelioration4 ,! result ( ! /ruggle = life is t1 9 ! long run1 t :i* is bett]1 because m p]fect1 conqu]s t :i* is weak] & imp]fect4 ,9 human life1 h[ev]1 ?is /ruggle = life w ev] become m & m ( an intellectual /ruggle1 n a /ruggle ) weapons ( murd]4 ,! organ :i*1 above all o!rs1 9 man becomes m p]fect by ! ennobl+ influ5ce ( natural selection1 is ! bra94 ,! man ) ! mo/ p]fect und]/&+1 n ! man ) ! be/ revolv]1 w 9 ! long run be victori\s2 he w transmit to 8 desc5dants ! qualities ( ! bra9 :i* assi/$ him 9 ! victory4 ,?us !n we may ju/ly hope1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( retrograde =ces1 t ! progress ( mank9d t[>ds fre$om1 & ?us to ! utmo/ p]fection1 w1 by ! happy influ5ce ( natural selection1 become m & m c]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,transmission ,,by ,,inh]itance ,,& ,,propagation4 ,univ]sality ( ,inh]itance & ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,special ,evid5ces ( ! same4--,human ,be+s ) f\r1 six1 or sev5 ,f+]s & ,toes4--,porcup9e ,m54--,transmission ( ,diseases1 especially ,diseases ( ! ,m9d4--,orig9al ,s94--,h]$it>y ,mon>*ies4--,h]$it>y ,ari/ocracy4--,h]$it>y ,tal5ts & ,m5tal ,qualities4--,mat]ial ,causes ( ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,connection betwe5 ,transmission by ,inh]itance & ,propagation4--,spontane\s ,g5]ation & ,propagation4--,non-sexual or ,monogon\s ,propagation4--,propagation by ,self-,division4--,mon]a & ,amb4--,propagation by ! =mation ( ,buds1 by ! =mation ( ,g]m-,buds1 by ! =mation ( ,g]m-,cells4--,sexual or ,amphigon\s ,propagation4--,=mation ( ,h]maphrodites4--,di/9ction ( ,sexes1 or ,gono*orism4--,virg9al ,bre$+1 or ,p>!nog5esis4--,mat]ial ,transmission ( ,peculi>ities ( bo? ,p>5ts to ! ,*ild by ,sexual ,propagation4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,transmission by ,inh]itance 9 ,sexual & 9 ,asexual ,propagation4 ,! read] has1 9 ! la/ *apt]1 become acqua9t$ ) natural selection accord+ to ,d>w9's !ory1 z ! con/ructive =ce ( nature :i* produces ! diff]5t =ms ( animal & vegetable species4 ,by natural selection we und]/& ! int]action :i* takes place 9 ! /ruggle = life betwe5 ! transmission by inh]itance & ! mutability ( organisms1 betwe5 two physiological functions :i* are innate 9 all animals & plants1 & :i* may be trac$ to o!r processes ( life--! functions ( propagation & nutrition4 ,all ! diff]5t =ms ( organisms1 :i* p are usually incl9$ to look ^u z ! products ( a creative p[]1 act+ = a def9ite purpose1 we1 accord+ to ! ,!ory ( ,selection1 c conceive z ! necess>y productions ( natural selection1 work+ )\t a purpose1--z ! unconsci\s int]action betwe5 ! two prop]ties ( ,mutability & ,h]$itivity4 ,consid]+ ! importance :i* accord+ly belongs to ^! vital prop]ties ( organisms1 we mu/ exam9e !m a little m closely1 & employ a *apt] ) ! consid]ation ( ,transmission by ,inh]itance4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #agj-aia47 ,/rictly speak+1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ,h]$itivity 7,transmissivity7 & ,inh]itance 7,transmission74 ,h]$itivity is ! p[] ( transmission1 ! capability ( organisms to transf] _! peculi>ities to _! desc5dants by propagation4 ,transmission by ,inh]itance1 or ,inh]itance simply1 on ! o!r h&1 d5otes ! ex]cise ( ! capability1 ! actual transmission4 ,h]$itivity & ,transmission by ,inh]itance are su* univ]sal1 ev]yday ph5om5a1 t mo/ p d n he$ !m1 & b few are incl9$ to reflect ^u ! op]ation & import ( ^! ph5om5a ( life4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght q natural & self-evid5t t e organism %\ld produce its l1 & t *ildr5 %\ld m or less resemble _! p>5ts4 ,h]$ity is usually only tak5 notice ( & discuss$ 9 cases relat+ to "s special peculi>ity1 :i* appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 a human individual )\t hav+ be5 inh]it$1 & !n is transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants4 ,x %[s itself 9 a specially /rik+ mann] 9 ! case ( c]ta9 diseases1 & 9 unusual & irregul> 7mon/r\s7 deviations f ! usual =mation ( ! body4 ,among ^! cases ( ! inh]itance ( mon/r\s deviations1 ^? are specially int]e/+ :i* consi/ 9 an abnormal increase or decrease ( ! numb] five 9 ! f+]s or toes ( man4 ,x is n unfrequ5tly obs]v$ 9 families ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 t individuals h six f+]s on ea* h&1 or six toes on ea* foot4 ,less frequ5t is ! numb] ( f\r or sev5 f+]s or toes4 ,! unusual =mation arises at fir/ f a s+le individual :o1 f unkn[n causes1 is born ) an excess ( ! usual numb] ( f+]s & toes1 & transmits ^!1 by inh]itance1 to a portion ( 8 desc5dants4 ,9 "o & ! same family x has happ5$ t1 ?r\gh\t ?ree1 f\r1 or m g5]ations1 individuals h possess$ six f+]s & toes4 ,9 a ,spani% family !re 7 no less ?an =ty individuals di/+ui%$ by ?is excess4 ,! transmission ( ! six? f+] or toe is n p]man5t or endur+ 9 all cases1 because six-f+]$ p always int]m>ry aga9 ) ^? possess+ five f+]s4 ,if a six-f+]$ family 7 to propagate by pure 9-bre$+1 if six-f+]$ m5 7 always to m>ry six-f+]$ wom51 ?is *>act]i/ic w\ld become p]man5t1 & a special six-f+]$ human race w\ld arise4 ,b z six-f+]$ m5 usually m>ry five-f+]$ wom51 & vice v]s1 _! desc5dants = ! mo/ "p %[ a v mix$ num]ical relation1 & f9ally1 aft] ! c\rse ( "s g5]ations1 rev]t aga9 to ! normal numb] ( five4 ,?us1 = example1 among eight *ildr5 ( a six-f+]$ fa!r & a five-f+]$ "m1 two *ildr5 may h on bo? h&s & feet six f+]s & toes1 f\r *ildr5 may h a mix$ numb]1 & two *ildr5 may h ! usual numb] ( five on bo? h&s & feet4 ,9 a ,spani% family1 ea* *ild except ! y\nge/ _h ! numb] six on bo? h&s & feet2 ! y\nge/1 only1 _h ! usual numb] on bo? h&s & feet1 & ! six-f+]$ fa!r ( ! *ild refus$ to recognize ! la/ "o z 8 own4 ,! p[] ( inh]itance1 moreov]1 %[s itself v /rik+ly 9 ! =mation & col\r ( ! human sk9 & hair4 ,x is well kn[n h[ exactly ! nature ( ! complexion 9 _m families--= in/ance1 a peculi> s(t or r\gh sk91 a peculi> luxuriance ( ! hair1 a peculi> col\r & l>g5ess ( ! eyes--is transmitt$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,9 l mann]1 peculi> local gr[?s or spots on ! sk91 ! s-call$ moles1 freckles1 & o!r accumulations ( pigm5t :i* appe> 9 c]ta9 places1 are frequ5tly transmitt$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations s exactly1 t 9 ! desc5dants !y appe> on ! same spots on :i* !y exi/$ 9 ! p>5ts4 ,! porcup9e m5 ( ! ,lamb]t family1 :o liv$ 9 ,london la/ c5tury1 are especially celebrat$4 ,edw>d ,lamb]t1 born 9 #agag1 0 rem>kable = a mo/ unusual & mon/r\s =mation ( ! sk94 ,8 :ole body 0 cov]$ ) a horny sub/ance1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 :i* rose 9 ! =m ( num]\s ?orn-%ap$ & scale-l processes1 m ?an an in* long4 ,?is mon/r\s =mation ( ! out] sk91 or epid]mis1 0 transmitt$ by ,lamb]t to 8 sons & gr&sons1 b n to 8 gr&daught]s4 ,! transmission 9 ?is in/ance rema9$ 9 ! male l9e1 z is (t5 ! case4 ,9 l mann]1 an excessive developm5t ( fat 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body is (t5 transmitt$ only 9 ! female l9e4 ,i sc>cely ne$ call to m9d h[ exactly ! *>act]i/ic =mation ( ! face is transmitt$ by inh]itance2 sometimes x rema9s )9 ! male1 sometimes )9 ! female l9e2 sometimes x is bl5d$ 9 bo?4 ,! ph5om5a ( transmission by inh]itance ( pa?ological conditions1 especially ( ! diff]5t =ms ( human diseases1 are v in/ructive & g5]ally kn[n4 ,diseases ( ! respiratory organs1 ! gl&s1 & ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 are specially liable to be transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,v frequ5tly !re sudd5ly appe>s 9 an o!rwise heal?y family a disease until !n unkn[n among !m2 x is produc$ by ext]nal causes1 by conditions ( life caus+ disease4 ,?is disease1 br\ght ab\t 9 an individual by ext]nal cause1 is propagat$ & transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants1 & "s or all ( !m !n suff] f ! same disease4 ,9 case ( diseases ( ! lungs1 = in/ance 9 consumption1 ?is sad transmission by inh]itance is well kn[n1 & x is ! same ) diseases ( ! liv]1 ) syphilis1 & diseases ( ! m9d4 ,! latt] are specially int]e/+4 ,j z peculi> *>act]i/ic features ( man--pride1 ambition1 frivolity1 etc4--are transmitt$ to ! desc5dants /rictly by inh]itance1 s too are ! peculi> abnormal manife/ations ( m5tal activity1 :i* are usually call$ fix$ ideas1 despond5cy1 imbecility1 & g5]ally 8diseases ( ! m9d40 ,?is di/9ctly & irrefragably %[s t ! s\l ( man1 j z ! s\l ( animals1 is a purely me*anical activity1 ! sum ( ! molecul> ph5om5a ( motion 9 ! p>ticles ( ! bra91 & t x is transmitt$ by inh]itance1 toge!r ) its sub/ratum1 j z e o!r quality ( ! body is mat]ially transmitt$ by propagation4 ,:5 ?is exce$+ly important & und5iable fact is m5tion$1 x g5]ally causes great (f5ce1 & yet 9 reality x is sil5tly & univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,= ^u :at else d ! ideas ( 8h]$it>y s910 8h]$it>y wisdom10 & 8h]$it>y ari/ocracy10 etc41 re/ ?an ^u ! conviction t ! quality ( ! human m9d is transmitt$ by propagation--t is1 by a purely mat]ial process--?r\gh ! body1 f ! p>5ts to ! desc5dants8 ,! recognition ( ?is great importance ( transmission by inh]itance is %[n 9 a numb] ( human in/itutions1 z = example1 among _m nations 9 ! division into ca/es1 su* z ! ca/es ( w>riors1 ca/es ( prie/s1 & ca/es ( lab\r]s1 etc4 ,x is evid5t t ! in/itution ( su* ca/es orig9ally arose f ! notion ( ! great importance ( h]$it>y di/9ctions possess$ by c]ta9 families1 :i* x 0 presum$ w\ld always be transmitt$ by ! p>5ts to ! *ildr54 ,! in/itution ( an h]$it>y ari/ocracy & an h]$it>y mon>*y is to be trac$ to ! notion ( su* a transmission ( special excell5cies4 ,h[ev]1 x is un=tunately n only virtues1 b also vices t are transmitt$ & accumulat$ by inh]itance2 & if1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 we comp>e ! diff]5t individuals ( ! diff]5t dyna/ies1 we %all ev]y:]e f9d a great numb] ( pro(s ( ! transmission ( qualities by inh]itance1 b few] ( transmissions ( virtues ?an ( vices4 ,look only1 = example1 at ! ,roman emp]ors1 at ! ,julii & ! ,claudii1 or at ! ,b\rbons 9 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy6 ,9 fact1 sc>cely any:]e c\ld we f9d su* a numb] ( /rik+ examples ( ! rem>kable transmission ( bodily & m5tal features by inh]itance1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! reign+ h\ses 9 h]$it>y mon>*ies4 ,?is is specially true 9 reg>d to ! diseases ( ! m9d previ\sly m5tion$4 ,x is 9 reign+ families t m5tal disord]s are h]$it>y 9 an unusual degree4 ,?us ,esquirol1 di/+ui%$ = 8 k ( m5tal diseases1 prov$ t ! numb] ( insane individuals 9 ! reign+ h\ses 01 9 proportion to ! numb] among ! ord9>y population1 z #fj to #a2 t is1 t disord]s ( ! bra9 occur #fj times m frequ5tly 9 ! privileg$ families ( ! rul+ h\ses ?an among ord9>y p4 ,if equally accurate /ati/ics 7 made ( ! h]$it>y nobility1 ! result w\ld probably be t "h also we %\ld f9d an incomp>ably l>g] cont+5t ( m5tal diseases ?an among ! common1 ignoble portion ( mank9d4 ,?is ph5om5on c sc>cely a/oni% u if we consid] :at injury ^! privileg$ ca/es inflict ^u !mselves by _! unnatural1 "o-sid$ education1 & by _! artificial sep>ation f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,by ?is means _m d>k sides ( human nature are specially develop$ &1 z x 71 artificially br$1 &1 accord+ to ! laws ( transmission by inh]itance1 are propagat$ ?r\gh s]ies ( g5]ations ) ev]-increas+ =ce & dom9ance4 ,x is suffici5tly obvi\s f ! hi/ory ( nations h[ 9 successive g5]ations ( _m dyna/ies1 = example1 ( ! pr9ces ( ,saxon ,?ur+ia & ( ! ,m$ici1 ! noble solicitude = ! mo/ p]fect human accompli%m5ts 9 sci5ce & art 7 reta9$ & transmitt$ f fa!r to son2 & h[1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _m o!r dyna/ies1 = c5turies a special p>tiality = ! pr(ession ( w>1 = ! oppression ( human fre$om1 & = o!r rude acts ( viol5ce1 h be5 h]$it>y4 ,9 l mann] tal5ts = special m5tal activities are transmitt$ 9 _m families = g5]ations1 z1 = in/ance1 tal5t = ma!matics1 poetry1 music1 sculpture1 ! inve/igation ( nature1 philosophy1 etc4 ,9 ! family ( ,ba* !re h be5 no less ?an tw5ty-two em95t musicians4 ,( c\rse ! transmission ( su* peculi>ities ( m9d dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial process ( reproduction1 z does ! transmission ( m5tal qualities 9 g5]al4 ,9 ?is case aga91 ! vital ph5om5on1 ! manife/ation ( =ce 7z ev]y:]e 9 nature71 is directly connect$ ) def9ite relations 9 ! admixture ( ! mat]ial compon5ts ( ! organism4 ,x is ?is def9ite proportion & molecul> motion ( matt] :i* is transmitt$ by g5]ation4 ,n[1 be=e we exam9e ! num]\s1 & 9 "s cases mo/ int]e/+ & important1 laws ( transmission by inh]itance1 let u make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! actual nature ( ! process4 ,! ph5om5a ( transmission by inh]itance are g5]ally look$ ^u z some?+ q my/]i\s1 z peculi> processes :i* _c be fa?om$ by natural sci5ce1 & ! causes & actual nature ( :i* _c be und]/ood4 ,x is precisely 9 su* a case t p v g5]ally assume sup]natural influ5ces4 ,b ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our physiology x c be prov$ ) complete c]ta9ty t all ! ph5om5a ( inh]itance are entirely natural processes1 t !y are produc$ by me*anical causes1 & t !y dep5d on ! mat]ial ph5om5a ( motion 9 ! bodies ( organisms1 :i* we may consid] z a "p ( ! ph5om5a ( propagation4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( ,h]$ity & ! laws ( ,transmission by ,inh]itance c be trac$ to ! mat]ial process ( ,propagation4 ,e organism1 e liv+ individual1 owes its exi/5ce ei!r to an act ( unp>5tal or ,spontane\s ,g5]ation 7,g5]atio ,spontanea1 ,ar*igonia71 or to an act ( ,p>5tal ,g5]ation or ,propagation 7,g5]atio ,p>5talis1 ,tocogonia74 ,9 a future *apt] we %all h to consid] ,spontane\s ,g5]ation1 or ,ar*igony4 ,at pres5t we mu/ occupy ourselves ) ,propagation1 or ,tocogony1 a clos] exam9ation ( :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance = und]/&+ transmission by inh]itance4 ,mo/ ( my read]s probably only "k ^? ph5om5a ( ,propagation :i* are se5 univ]sally 9 ! high] plants & animals1 ! processes ( ,sexual ,propagation1 or ,amphigony4 ,! processes ( ,non-sexual ,propagation1 or ,monogony1 are mu* less g5]ally kn[n4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 are f> m suit$ to ?r[ light ^u ! nature ( transmission by inh]itance 9 connection ) propagation4 ,= ?is reason1 we %all fir/ consid] only ! ph5om5a ( non-sexual or monogonic propagation 7,monogonia74 ,?is appe>s 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t =ms1 z = example1 self-division1 =mation ( buds1 ! =mation ( g]m-cells or spores 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cf-eh74 ,x w be mo/ in/ructive1 fir/1 to exam9e ! propagation ( ! simple/ organisms kn[n to u1 :i* we %all h to return to lat]1 :5 consid]+ ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,^! v simple/ ( all organisms yet kn[n1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 are ! simple/ imag9able organisms1 are ! ,mon]a liv+ 9 wat]2 !y are v small liv+ corpuscles1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 d n at all des]ve ! "n ( organism4 ,= ! designation 8organism10 appli$ to liv+ creatures1 re/s ^u ! idea t e liv+ natural body is compos$ ( organs1 ( v>i\s p>ts1 :i* fit into "o ano!r & "w toge!r 7z d ! diff]5t p>ts ( an artificial ma*9e71 9 ord] to produce ! action ( ! :ole4 ,dur+ late ye>s we h become acqua9t$ ) ,mon]a1 organisms :i* are1 9 fact1 n compos$ ( any organs at all1 b consi/ entirely ( %apeless1 simple1 homog5e\s matt]4 ,! entire body ( "o ( ^! ,mon]a1 dur+ life1 is no?+ m ?an a %apeless1 mobile1 little lump ( mucus or slime1 consi/+ ( an album9\s comb9ation ( c>bon4 ,simpl] or m imp]fect organisms we _c possibly conceive4 ,! fir/ complete obs]vations on ! natural hi/ory ( a ,mon]on 7,protog5es primordialis7 7 made by me at ,nice1 9 #ahfd4 ,o!r v rem>kable ,mon]a ,i exam9$ lat] 7#ahff7 9 ,lanz>ote1 "o ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & 9 #ahfg 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,! complete hi/ory ( "o ( ^! ,mon]a1 ! orange-r$ ,protomyxa aurantiaca1 is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 & its explanation is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,i h f\nd "s curi\s ,mon]a also 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 (f ! ,norwegian coa/1 ne> ,b]g54 ,ci5k[ski has describ$ 7#ahfe7 an int]e/+ ,mon]on f fre% wat]s1 "u ! "n ( ,vampyrella4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ,mon]a 0 discov]$ by ,huxley1 ! celebrat$ ,engli% zoologi/1 & call$ ,ba?ybius ,hckelii4 8,ba?ybius0 means1 liv+ 9 ! deep4 ,?is wond]ful organism lives 9 imm5se dep?s ( ! ocean1 :i* are ov] #ab1jjj--;inde$1 9 "s p>ts #bd1jjj feet bel[ ! surface1 & :i* h become kn[n to u )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ?r\gh ! labori\s inve/igations made by ! ,engli%4 ,!re1 among ! num]\s ,poly?alamia & ,radiol>ia :i* inhabit ! f9e calc>e\s mud ( ^! abysses1 ! ,ba?ybius is f\nd 9 great quantities1 sometimes 9 ! %ape ( r\ndi%1 =mless lumps ( mucus1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a network ( mucus1 cov]+ fragm5ts ( /one & o!r objects4 ,small p>ticles ( *alk are frequ5tly emb$d$ 9 ^! muc\s gelat9\s masses1 & are1 p]haps1 products ( _! secretion4 ,! entire body ( ?is rem>kable ,ba?ybius consi/s solely ( %apeless plasma1 or protoplasm1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r ,mon]a--t is1 x consi/s ( ! same album9\s comb9ation ( c>bon1 :i* 9 inf9ite modifications is f\nd 9 all organisms1 z ! ess5tial & nev]-fail+ seat ( ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,i h giv5 a detail$ description & draw+ ( ! ,ba?ybius & o!r ,mon]a 9 my 8,monographie d] ,mon]510 #ahgj17ae7 f :i* ! draw+ 9 ,fig4 #i is tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,life hi/ory ( a simple/ organism4 ,pl4 ,i4 ,e4 ,haeckel del4 ,prototmyxa aurantiaca4 ,lagesse sc4 ,9 a /ate ( re/ mo/ ,mon]a appe> z small globules ( mucus or slime1 invisible1 or ne>ly s1 to ! nak$ eye2 !y are at mo/ z l>ge z a p9's head4 ,:5 ! ,mon]on moves itself1 !re are =m$ on ! upp] surface ( ! little muc\s globule1 %apeless1 f+]like processes1 or v f9e radiat$ ?reads2 ^! are ! s-call$ false feet1 or pseudopodia4 ,! false feet are simple1 direct cont9uations ( ! %apeless album9\s mass1 ( :i* ! :ole body consi/s4 ,we are unable to p]ceive diff]5t p>ts 9 x1 & we c give a direct pro( ( ! absolute simplicity ( ! semi-fluid mass ( album51 = ) ! aid ( ! microscope we c foll[ ! ,mon]on z x takes 9 n\ri%m5t4 ,:5 small p>ticles suit$ = its n\ri%m5t--= in/ance1 small p>ticles ( decay$ organic bodies or microscopic plants & infusoria--accid5tally come into contact ) ! ,mon]on1 !y rema9 hang+ to ! /icky semi-fluid globule ( mucus1 & "h create an irritation1 :i* is foll[$ by a /rong afflux ( ! muc\s sub/ance1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !y become f9ally completely inclos$ by x1 or are drawn into ! body ( ! ,mon]on by displacem5t ( ! sev]al album9\s p>ticles1 & are !re dige/$1 be+ absorb$ by simple diffusion 7endosmosis74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,propagation ( ! simple/ organism1 a ,mon]on1 by self-division4 ,a4 ,! entire ,mon]on1 a ,protamba4 ,b4 ,x falls into two halves by a contraction 9 ! middle4 ,c4 ,ea* ( ! two halves has sep>at$ f ! o!r1 & n[ repres5ts an indep5d5t individual4 ,j z simple z ! process ( nutrition is ! propagation ( ^! primitive creatures1 :i* 9 reality we c nei!r call animals nor plants4 ,all ,mon]a propagate !mselves only 9 an asexual mann] by monogony2 & 9 ! simple/ case1 by t k9d ( monogony :i* we place at ! head ( ! diff]5t =ms ( propagation1 t is1 by self-division4 ,:5 su* a little globule1 = example a ,protamba or a ,protog5es1 has atta9$ a c]ta9 size by ! assimilation ( =eign album9\s matt]1 x falls into two pieces2 a p9*+ 9 takes place1 contract+ ! middle ( ! globule on all sides1 & f9ally leads to ! sep>ation ( ! two halves 7comp>e ,fig4 #a74 ,ea* half !n becomes r\nd$ (f1 & n[ appe>s z an indep5d5t individual1 :i* comm5ces anew ! simple c\rse ( ! vital ph5om5a ( nutrition & propagation4 ,9 o!r ,mon]a 7,vampyrella71 ! body 9 ! process ( propagation does n fall into two1 b into f\r equal pieces1 & 9 o!rs1 aga9 7,protomonas1 ,protomyxa1 ,myxa/rum71 at once into a numb] ( small globules ( mucus1 ea* ( :i* aga91 by simple gr[?1 becomes l ! p>5t body4 ,"h x is evid5t t ! process ( propagation is no?+ b a gr[? ( ! organism beyond its own individual limit ( size4 ,! simple me?od ( propagation ( ! ,mon]on by self-division is1 9 reality1 ! mo/ univ]sal & mo/ widely spread ( all ! diff]5t modes ( propagation2 = by ! same simple process ( division1 cells also propagate !mselves4 ,cells are ^? simple organic individuals1 a l>ge numb] ( :i* con/itute ! bodies ( mo/ organisms1 ! human body n except$4 ,) ! exception ( ! organisms ( ! l[e/ ord]1 :i* h n ev5 ! p]fect =m ( a cell 7,mon]a71 or dur+ life only repres5t a s+le cell 7_m ,proti/a & s+le-cell$ plants71 ! body ( e organic individual is compos$ ( a great numb] ( cells4 ,e organic cell is to a c]ta9 degree an indep5d5t organism1 a s-call$ 8elem5t>y organism10 or an 8individual ( ! fir/ ord]40 ,e high] organism is1 9 a measure1 a society or a /ate ( su* v>i\sly %ap$ elem5t>y individuals1 v>i\sly develop$ by division ( lab\r47#ci7 ,orig9ally e organic cell is only a s+le globule ( mucus1 l a ,mon]on1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! fact t ! homog5e\s album9\s sub/ance has sep>at$ itself into two diff]5t p>ts1 a firm] album9\s body1 ! cell-k]nel 7nucleus71 & an ext]nal1 s(t] album9\s body1 ! cell-sub/ance or body 7protoplasma74 ,besides ?is1 _m cells lat] on =m a ?ird 7frequ5tly abs5t7 di/9ct "p1 inasmu* z !y cov] !mselves ) a capsule1 by exud+ an out] pellicle or cell-membrane 7membrana74 ,all o!r =ms ( cells1 besides ^!1 are ( subord9ate importance1 & are ( no fur!r int]e/ to u "h4 ,e organism compos$ ( _m cells 0 orig9ally a s+le cell1 & x becomes _m-cell$ ow+ to ! fact t ! orig9al cell propagates itself by self-division1 & t ! new individual cells orig9at+ 9 ?is mann] rema9 toge!r1 & by division ( lab\r =m a community or a /ate4 ,! =ms & vital ph5om5a ( all _m-cell$ organisms are m]ely ! effect or ! expression ( all ! =ms & vital ph5om5a ( all ! individual cells ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! egg1 f :i* mo/ animals & plants are develop$1 is a simple cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,propagation ( a s+le-cell$ organism1 ,amba sphrococcus1 by self-division4 ,a4 ,! enclos$ ,amba1 a simple globul> cell consi/+ ( a lump ( protoplasm 7c71 :i* conta9s a k]nel 7b7 & a k]nel speck 7a71 & is surr\nd$ by a cell-membrane or capsule4 ,b4 ,! free ,amba1 :i* has bur/ & left ! cy/ or cell-membrane4 ,c4 ,x beg9s to divide by its k]nel =m+ two k]nels1 & by ! cell-sub/ance betwe5 ! two becom+ contract$4 ,d4 ,! division is complet$ by ! cell-sub/ance likewise fall+ into two halves 7,da & ,db74 ,! s+le-cell$ organisms1 t is1 ^? :i* dur+ life reta9 ! =m ( a s+le cell1 = example ! ,amb1 z a rule propagate !mselves 9 ! simple/ way by self-division4 ,?is process diff]s f ! previ\sly describ$ self-division ( ! ,mon]on only 9 ! fact t at ! comm5cem5t ! firm] cell-k]nel 7nucleus7 falls into two halves1 by a p9*+ 9 at its middle4 ,! two "y k]nels sep>ate f ea* o!r & act n[ z two di/9ct c5tres ( attraction ^u ! surr\nd+ s(t] album9\s matt]1 t is1 ! cell-sub/ance 7protoplasma74 ,by ?is process f9ally ! latt] also divides into two halves1 & !re n[ exi/ two new cells1 :i* are l ! "m cell4 ,if ! cell 0 surr\nd$ by a membrane1 ?is ei!r does n divide at all1 z 9 ! case ( egg-cleavage 7,fig4 #c1 #d71 or x passively foll[s ! active p9*+ 9 ( ! protoplasm2 or1 la/ly1 e new cell exudes a new membrane = itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,egg ( a mammal 7a simple cell74 a4 ,! small k]nel speck or nucleolus 7! s-call$ g]m-spot ( ! egg74 b4 ,k]nel or nucleus 7! s-call$ g]m-bladd] ( ! egg74 c4 ,cell-sub/ance or protoplasm 7! s-call$ yolk ( ! egg74 d4 ,cell-capsule or membrane 7membrane ( ! yolk7 ( ! egg2 call$ 9 mammals1 on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy1 ,membrana pellucida4 ,! non-indep5d5t cells :i* rema9 unit$ 9 communities or /ates1 & ?us con/itute ! body ( high] organisms1 are propagat$ 9 ! same mann] z are indep5d5t s+le-cell$ organisms1 = example1 ,amba 7,fig4 #b74 ,j z 9 t case1 ! cell ) :i* mo/ animals & plants comm5ce _! individual exi/5ce1 namely1 ! egg1 multiplies itself by simple division4 ,:5 an animal1 = in/ance a mammal 7,fig4 #c1 #d71 develops out ( an egg1 ?is process ( developm5t always beg9s by ! simple egg-cell 7,fig4 #c7 =m+ an accumulation ( cells 7,fig4 #d7 by cont9u$ self-division4 ,! out] cov]+1 or cell membrane1 ( ! globul> egg rema9s undivid$4 ,fir/1 ! cell-k]nel ( ! egg 7! s-call$ g]m9al vesicle7 divides itself into two k]nels1 !n foll[s ! cell-sub/ance 7! yolk ( ! egg7 7,fig4 #d ,a74 ,9 l mann]1 ! two cells1 by cont9u$ self-division1 sep>ate into f\r 7,fig4 #d ,b71 ^! into eight 7,fig4 #d ,c71 into sixte51 ?irty-two1 etc41 & f9ally !re is produc$ a globul> mass ( v num]\s little cells 7,fig4 #d ,d74 ,^! n[1 by fur!r increase & het]og5e\s developm5t 7division ( lab\r71 gradually build up ! comp\nd _m-cell$ organism4 ,e "o ( u1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our individual developm5t1 has und]gone ! v same process z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! egg ( a mammal--repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 & its developm5t 9 ,fig4 #d--might z well be t ( a man1 z ( an ape1 dog1 horse1 or any o!r plac5tal mammal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! developm5t ( a mammal's egg1 ! s-call$ 8cleavage ( ! egg0 7propagation ( ! egg-cell by repeat$ self-division74 ,a4 ,! egg1 by ! =mation ( ! fir/ furr[1 falls into two cells4 ,b4 ,^! sep>ate by division into f\r cells4 ,c4 ,! latt] h divid$ into eight cells4 ,d4 ,by repeat$ division a globul> accumulation ( num]\s cells has aris54 ,n[1 :5 "o exam9es ?is simple/ =m ( propagation1 ?is self-division1 x surely _c be consid]$ wond]ful t ! products ( ! division ( ! orig9al organism %\ld possess ! same qualities z ! p>5tal individual4 ,= !y are p>ts or halves ( ! p>5tal organism1 & ! matt] or sub/ance 9 bo? halves is ! same1 & z bo? ! "y individuals h receiv$ an equal am\nt & ! same quality ( matt] f ! p>5t individual1 "o c b consid] x natural t ! vital ph5om5a1 ! physiological qualities %\ld be ! same 9 bo? *ildr54 ,9 fact1 9 reg>d to _! =m & sub/ance1 z well z to _! vital ph5om5a1 ! two produc$ cells c 9 no respect be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 or f ! "m cell4 ,!y h inh]it$ f h] ! same nature4 ,b ?is same simple propagation by self-division is n only conf9$ to simple cells--x is ! same also 9 ! high] _m-cell$ organisms2 = example1 9 ! coral zoophytes4 ,_m ( !m :i* exhibit a high complexity ( composition & organization1 nev]!less1 propagate !mselves by simple division4 ,9 ?is case ! :ole organism1 ) all its organs1 falls into two equal halves z soon z by gr[? x has atta9$ a c]ta9 size4 ,ea* half aga9 develops itself1 by gr[?1 into a complete individual4 ,"h1 aga91 x is surely self-evid5t t ! two products ( division w %>e ! qualities ( ! p>5tal organism1 z !y !mselves are 9 fact halves ( t p>5t4 ,next to propagation by division we come to propagation by ! =mation ( buds4 ,?is k9d ( monogony is exce$+ly widely spread4 ,x occurs bo? 9 ! case ( simple cells 7?\gh n frequ5tly7 & 9 ! high] organisms compos$ ( _m cells4 ,! =mation ( buds is univ]sal 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 less frequ5t 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,h[ev]1 "h also x occurs 9 ! tribe ( ,plant-l ,animals1 especially among ! ,coral ,zoophytes1 & among ! great] portion ( ! ,hydroid ,polyps v frequ5tly1 fur!r also among "s worms 7,plan>ian ,worms1 ,r+-,worms1 ,moss ,animals1 ,tunicates74 ,mo/ bran*+ animal-trees or colonies1 :i* are exce$+ly l bran*+ plants1 arise l ^? plants1 by ! =mation ( buds4 ,propagation by ! =mation ( buds 7,gemmatio7 is ess5tially di/+ui%$ f propagation by division1 9 ! fact t ! two organisms ?us produc$ by budd+ are n ( equal age1 & !re=e at fir/ are n ( equal value1 z !y are 9 ! case ( division4 ,9 division we _c cle>ly di/+ui% ei!r ( ! two newly produc$ individuals z ! p>5tal1 t is z ! produc]1 because1 9 fact1 bo? h an equal %>e 9 ! composition ( ! orig9al p>5tal individual4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 an organism s5ds out a bud1 !n ! latt] is ! *ild ( ! =m]4 ,! two individuals are ( unequal size & ( unequal =m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a cell propagates itself by ! =mation ( buds1 we d n see ! cell fall into two equal halves1 b !re appe>s at "o po9t ( x a protub]ance1 :i* becomes l>g] & l>g]1 m or less sep>ates itself f ! p>5tal cell1 & !n gr[s indep5d5tly4 ,9 l mann] we obs]ve 9 ! budd+ ( a plant or animal1 t a small local gr[? arises on a "p ( ! mature individual1 :i* gr[? becomes l>g] & l>g]1 & likewise m or less sep>ates itself f ! p>5tal organism by an indep5d5ce 9 its gr[?4 ,! bud1 aft] x has atta9$ a c]ta9 size1 may ei!r completely sep>ate itself f ! p>5tal individual1 or x may rema9 connect$ ) x & =m a /ock or colony1 :il/ at ! same "t its life may be q indep5d5t ( t ( its p>5t4 ,:ile ! gr[? :i* />ts ! propagation1 9 ! case ( self-division1 is a total "o affect+ ! :ole body1 x is 9 ! =mation ( buds only p>tial1 affect+ m]ely a portion ( ! p>5tal organism4 ,b "h1 also1 ! bud--! newly-produc$ individual :i* rema9s s long mo/ directly connect$ ) ! p>5tal organism1 & :i* proce$s f x--reta9s ! ess5tial qualities & ! orig9al t5d5cy ( developm5t ( its p>5t4 ,a ?ird mode ( non-sexual propagation1 t ( ! =mation ( g]m-buds 7,polysporogonia71 is intimately connect$ ) ! =mation ( buds4 ,9 ! case ( ! l[]1 imp]fect organisms1 among animals1 especially 9 ! case ( ! ,plant-l animals & ,worms1 we v frequ5tly f9d t 9 ! int]ior ( an individual compos$ ( _m cells1 a small gr\p ( cells sep>ates itself f ^? surr\nd+ x1 & t ?is small isolat$ gr\p gradually develops itself into an individual1 :i*1 becomes l ! p>5t1 & soon] or lat] comes out ( x4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! body ( ! ,fluke-worms 7,trematodes7 !re (t5 arise num]\s little bodies consi/+ ( _m cells1 t is g]m-buds1 or polyspores1 :i*1 at an e>ly /age sep>ate !mselves completely f ! p>5t body1 & leave x :5 !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,! =mation ( g]m-buds is evid5tly b little diff]5t f real budd+4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is connect$ ) a f\r? k9d ( non-sexual propagation1 :i* almo/ =ms a transition to sexual reproduction1 namely1 ! =mation ( g]m-cells 7,monosporogonia71 :i* is (t5 briefly call$ =mation ( spores 7sporogonia74 ,9 ?is case x is no long] a gr\p ( cells1 b a s+le cell1 :i* sep>ates itself f ! surr\nd+ cells 9 ! int]ior ( ! produc+ organism1 & :i* only becomes fur!r develop$ aft] x has come out ( its p>5t4 ,aft] ?is g]m-cell1 or monospore 7or1 briefly1 spore71 has left ! p>5tal individual1 x multiplies by division1 & ?us =ms a _m-cell$ organism1 :i* by gr[? & gradual developm5t atta9s ! h]$it>y qualities ( ! p>5tal organism4 ,?is occurs v g5]ally among l[] plants 7,cryptogama74 ,al?\gh ! =mation ( g]m-cells v mu* resembles ! =mation ( g]m buds1 x evid5tly & v ess5tially diff]s f ! latt]1 & also f ! o!r =ms ( non-sexual propagation :i* h previ\sly be5 m5tion$1 by ! fact t only a v small portion ( ! produc+ organism takes "p 9 ! propagation &1 accord+ly1 9 ! transmission by inh]itance4 ,9 ! case ( self-division1 :]e ! :ole organism falls into two halves1 9 ! =mation ( buds1 :]e a consid]able portion ( ! :ole body1 already m or less develop$1 sep>ates f ! produc+ individual1 we easily und]/& t ! =ms & vital ph5om5a %\ld be ! same 9 ! produc+ & produc$ organism4 ,x is mu* m difficult to und]/& 9 ! =mation ( g]m-buds1 & m difficult /ill 9 ! =mation ( g]m-cells1 h[ ?is v small1 q undevelop$ portion ( ! body1 ?is gr\p ( cells1 or ?is s+le cell1 n only directly takes ) x c]ta9 p>5tal qualities into its indep5d5t exi/5ce1 b also aft] its sep>ation f ! p>5tal individual develops into a _m-cell$ body1 & 9 ?is repeats ! =ms & vital ph5om5a ( ! orig9al produc+ organism4 ,?is la/ =m ( monogonic propagation--t ( ! g]m cells1 or spore-=mation--leads u directly to a =m ( propagation :i* is ! mo/ difficult ( all to expla91 namely1 sexual propagation4 ,sexual or amphigonic propagation 7,amphigonia7 is ! usual me?od ( propagation among all high] animals & plants4 ,x is evid5t t x has only develop$1 at a v late p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 f non-sexual propagation1 & app>5tly 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! me?od ( propagation by g]m-cells4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 all organisms propagat$ !mselves 9 a non-sexual mann]1 z num]\s l[] organisms /ill d1 especially all ^? :i* are at ! l[e/ /age ( organization1 & :i*1 /rictly speak+1 c be consid]$ nei!r z animals nor z plants1 & :i* !re=e1 z prim>y creatures1 or ,proti/a1 are be/ exclud$ f bo? ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,9 ! case ( ! high] animals & plants1 ! increase ( individuals1 z a rule1 is at pres5t br\ght ab\t 9 ! majority ( cases by sexual propagation4 ,9 all ! *ief =ms ( non-sexual propagation m5tion$ above--9 fission1 9 ! =mation ( buds1 g]m buds1 & g]m cells--! sep>at$ cell or gr\p ( cells 0 able by itself to develop into a new individual1 b 9 ! case ( sexual propagation ! cell mu/ fir/ be fructifi$ by ano!r g5]ative sub/ance4 ,! fructify+ male sp]m mu/ fir/ mix ) ! female g]m-cell 7! egg7 be=e ! latt] c develop into a new individual4 ,^! two diff]5t g5]ative sub/ances1 ! male sp]m & ! female egg1 are ei!r produc$ by "o & ! same individual h]maphrodite 7,h]maphroditismus71 or by two diff]5t individuals 7sexual sep>ation1 ,gono*orismus7 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #eh1 #ei74 ,! simpl] & m anci5t =m ( sexual propagation is ?r\gh d\ble-sex$ individuals 7,h]maphroditismus74 ,x occurs 9 ! great majority ( plants1 b only 9 a m9ority ( animals1 = example1 9 ! g>d5 snails1 lee*es1 e>?-worms1 & _m o!r worms4 ,e s+le individual among h]maphrodites produces )9 itself mat]ials ( bo? sexes--eggs & sp]m4 ,9 mo/ ( ! high] plants e blossom conta9s bo? ! male organ 7/am5s & an!r7 & ! female organs 7/yle & g]m74 ,e g>d5 snail produces 9 "o "p ( its sexual gl& eggs1 & 9 ano!r "p sp]m4 ,_m h]maphrodites c fructify !mselves2 9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 copulation & reciprocal fructification ( bo? h]maphrodites is necess>y = caus+ ! developm5t ( ! eggs4 ,?is latt] case is evid5tly a transition to sexual sep>ation4 ,sexual sep>ation 7,gono*orismus17 :i* *>act]izes ! m complicat$ ( ! two k9ds ( sexual reproduction1 has evid5tly be5 develop$ f ! condition ( h]maphroditism at a late p]iod ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is at pres5t ! univ]sal me?od ( propagation ( ! high] animals1 & occurs1 on ! o!r h&1 only 9 ! m9ority ( plants 7= example1 9 _m aquatic plants1 e4g4 ,hydro*>is1 ,vallisn]ia2 & 9 trees1 e4g4 ,will[s1 ,popl>s74 ,e organic individual1 z a non-h]maphrodite 7,gono*ori/us71 produces )9 itself only "o ( two g5]ative sub/ances1 ei!r ! male or ! female4 ,! female individuals1 bo? 9 animals & plants1 produce eggs or egg-cells4 ,! eggs ( plants 9 ! case ( fl[]+ plants 7,phan]ogama71 are commonly call$ 8embryo sacs02 9 ! case ( fl[]less plants 7,cryptogama71 8fruit spores40 ,9 animals1 ! male individual secretes ! fructify+ sp]m 7sp]ma72 9 plants1 ! corpuscles1 :i* correspond to ! sp]m4 ,9 ! ,phan]ogama1 ^! are ! poll5 gra9s1 or fl[]-du/2 9 ! ,cryptogama1 a sp]m1 :i*1 l t ( mo/ animals1 consi/s ( float+ vibratile cells actively mov+ 9 a fluid--! zoosp]ms1 sp]matozoa1 or sp]m-cells4 ,! s-call$ virg9al reproduction 7,p>!nog5esis7 (f]s an int]e/+ =m ( transition f sexual reproduction to ! non-sexual =mation ( g]m-cells 7:i* mo/ resembles x72 x has be5 demon/rat$ to occur 9 _m cases among ,insects1 especially by ,siebold's excell5t inve/igations4 ,9 ?is case g]m-cells1 :i* o!rwise appe> & are =m$ exactly l egg-cells1 become capable ( develop+ !mselves into new individuals )\t requir+ ! fructify+ se$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & mo/ in/ructive ( ! diff]5t p>!no-g5etic ph5om5a are furni%$ by ^? cases 9 :i* ! same g]m-cells1 accord+ z !y are fructifi$ or n1 produce diff]5t k9ds ( individuals4 ,among our common honey bees1 a male individual 7a drone7 arises out ( ! eggs ( ! que51 if ! egg has n be5 fructifi$2 a female 7a que51 or work+ bee71 if ! egg has be5 fructifi$4 ,x is evid5t f ?is1 t 9 reality !re exi/s no wide *asm betwe5 sexual & non-sexual reproduction1 b t bo? modes ( reproduction are directly connect$4 ,! p>!nog5esis ( ,insects mu/ probably be reg>d$ z a relapse f ! sexual mode ( propagation 7possess$ by ! orig9al p>5ts ( ! insects7 to ! e>li] condition ( non-sexual propagation4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #hf47 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 sexual reproduction1 bo? 9 plants & animals1 :i* seems su* a wond]ful process1 has only aris5 at a lat] date out ( ! m anci5t process ( non-sexual reproduction4 ,9 bo? cases h]$ity is a necess>y "p ( ! ph5om5on4 ,9 all ! diff]5t modes ( propagation ! ess5tial po9t ( ! process is inv>iably a deta*m5t ( a portion ( ! p>5tal organism possess+ ! capability ( lead+ an individual1 indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,we may1 !re=e1 9 all cases expect1 priori1 t ! produc$ individuals--:i* are1 9 fact1 z is commonly said1 8! fle% & blood0 ( ! p>5ts--w receive ! vital *>act]i/ics & qualities ( =m :i* ! p>5tal individuals possess4 ,x is simply a l>g] or small] quantity ( ! p>5tal mat]ial1 9 fact ( its album9\s protoplasm1 or cell-sub/ance1 :i* passes to ! produc$ individual4 ,b toge!r ) ! mat]ial1 its vital prop]ties--t is1 ! molecul> motions ( ! plasma--are transmitt$1 :i* !n manife/ !mselves 9 its =m4 ,inh]itance by sexual bre$+ loses v mu* ( ! my/]i\s & wond]ful "* :i* x at fir/ sight possesses = ! un9itiat$1 if we consid] ! above-m5tion$ s]ies ( ! diff]5t modes ( propagation1 & _! connection "o ) ano!r4 ,x at fir/ appe>s exce$+ly wond]ful t 9 ! sexual propagation ( man1 & ( all high] animals1 ! small egg1 ! m9ute cell1 (t5 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 is able to transf] to ! produc$ organism all ! qualities ( ! mat]nal organism1 &1 no less my/]i\s1 t at ! same "t ! ess5tial qualities ( ! pat]nal organism are transf]r$ to ! (fspr+ by means ( ! male sp]m1 :i* fructifies ! egg-cell by means ( a viscid sub/ance 9 :i* m9ute ?read-l cells or zoosp]ms move ab\t4 ,b z soon z we comp>e ! connect$ /ages ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( propagation1 9 :i* ! produc$ organism sep>ates itself m & m z a di/9ct gr[? f ! p>5tal individual1 & m or less e>ly ent]s ^u its indep5d5t c>e]2 z soon z we consid]1 at ! same "t1 t ! gr[? & developm5t ( e high] organism only dep5ds ^u ! increase ( ! cells compos+ x--t is1 ^u _! simple propagation by division--x becomes q evid5t t all ^! rem>kable processes belong to "o s]ies4 ,! life ( e organic individual is no?+ b a connect$ *a9 ( v complicat$ mat]ial ph5om5a ( motion4 ,^! motions mu/ be consid]$ z *anges 9 ! position & comb9ation ( ! molecules1 t is1 ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( animat$ matt] 7( atoms plac$ toge!r 9 ! mo/ v>i$ mann]74 ,! specific1 def9ite t5d5cy ( ^! ord]ly1 cont9u\s1 & inh]5t motions ( life dep5ds1 9 e organism1 ^u ! *emical m+l+ ( ! album9\s g5]ative matt] to :i* x owes its orig94 ,9 man1 z 9 ! case ( ! high] animals :i* propagate !mselves 9 a sexual mann]1 ! individual vital motion comm5ces at ! mom5t 9 :i* ! egg-cell is fructifi$ by ! sp]matic filam5ts ( ! se$1 9 :i* process bo? g5]ative sub/ances actually mix2 & "h ! t5d5cy ( ! vital motion is det]m9$ by ! specific1 or m accurately1 by ! individual nature ( ! sp]m z well z ( ! egg4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! purely me*anical mat]ial nature ( ?is process4 ,b "h we /& full ( wond] & a/oni%m5t be=e ! inf9ite & inconceivable delicacy ( ?is album9\s matt]4 ,we are amaz$ at ! und5iable fact t ! simple egg-cell ( ! mat]nal organism1 & a s+le pat]nal sp]m-?read1 transf] ! molecul> individual vital motion ( ^! two individuals to ! *ild s accurately1 t aft]w>ds ! m9ute/ bodily & m5tal peculi>ities ( bo? p>5ts reappe> 9 x4 ,"h we /& be=e a me*anical ph5om5on ( nature ( :i* ,vir*[1 ^: g5ius f\nd$ ! 8cellul> pa?ology10 says ) full ju/ice3 8,if ! naturali/ c>$ to foll[ ! cu/om ( hi/orians & prea*]s1 & to clo! ph5om5a1 :i* are 9 _! way unique1 ) ! holl[ pomp ( pond]\s & s\nd+ words1 ?is w\ld be ! opportunity = him2 = we h n[ approa*$ "o ( ^? great my/]ies ( animal nature1 :i* encircle ! region ( animal life z oppos$ to all ! re/ ( ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,! "q ( ! =mation ( cells1 ! "q ( ! excitation ( a cont9u\s & equable motion1 &1 f9ally1 ! que/ions ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ( ! s\l--^! are ! great problems on :i* ! human m9d c measure its /r5g?40 ,to compreh5d ! relation ( ! male & female to ! egg-cell is almo/ z mu* z to solve all ^? my/]ies4 ,! orig9 & developm5t ( ! egg-cell 9 ! "m's body1 ! transmission ( ! bodily & m5tal peculi>ities ( ! fa!r to x by 8 se$1 t\* ^u all ! que/ions :i* ! human m9d has ev] rais$ ab\t man's exi/5ce4 ,&1 we add1 ^! mo/ important que/ions are solv$1 by means ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 9 a purely me*anical & purely moni/ic s5se6 ,!re c !n be no fur!r d\bt t1 9 ! sexual propagation ( man & all high] organisms1 inh]itance1 :i* is a purely me*anical process1 is directly dep5d5t ^u ! mat]ial cont9uity ( ! produc+ & produc$ organism1 j z is ! case 9 ! simple/ non-sexual propagation ( ! l[] organisms4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ at once take ?is opportunity ( draw+ att5tion to an important diff]5ce :i* inh]itance pres5ts 9 sexual & non-sexual propagation4 ,x is a fact long s9ce ackn[l$g$1 t ! individual peculi>ities ( ! produc+ organism are mu* m accurately transmitt$ to ! produc$ organism by non-sexual ?an by sexual propagation4 ,g>d5]s h = a long "t made use ( ?is fact 9 _m ways4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a s+le individual ( a species ( tree ) /iff1 upright bran*es accid5tally produces d[n-hang+ bran*es1 a g>d5]1 z a rule1 _c transmit ?is peculi>ity by sexual1 b only by non-sexual propagation4 ,! twigs cut (f su* a weep+ tree & plant$ z cutt+s or slips1 aft]w>ds produce trees hav+ likewise hang+ bran*es1 z1 = example1 ! weep+ will[s & bee*es4 ,se$l+s1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* h be5 re>$ out ( ! se$ ( su* a weep+ tree1 g5]ally h ! orig9al /iff & upright =m ( bran*es possess$ by _! ance/ors4 ,! same may be obs]v$ 9 a v /rik+ mann] 9 ! s-call$ 8copp]-col\r$ trees10 t is1 v>ieties ( trees :i* are *>act]iz$ by a r$ or r$di% br[n col\r ( ! leaves4 ,(f-%oots f su* copp]-col\r$ trees 7= example1 ! copp] bee*71 :i* h be5 propagat$ by cutt+s 9 a non-sexual mann]1 %[ ! peculi> col\r & nature ( ! leaves :i* di/+ui%$ ! p>5tal individual1 :ile o!rs re>$ f se$s ( su* a copp]-col\r$ tree return to ! gre5-col\r$ condition ( leaf4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 inh]itance w seem v natural :5 we consid] t ! mat]ial connection betwe5 ! produc+ & produc$ individuals is mu* clos] & la/s mu* long] 9 non-sexual ?an 9 sexual propagation4 ,! special t5d5cy ( ! molecul> motion ( life c !re=e fix itself mu* long] & m ?or\ghly 9 ! filial organism1 & be m /rictly transmitt$ by non-sexual ?an by sexual propagation4 ,all ^! ph5om5a1 consid]$ 9 connection1 cle>ly prove t ! transmission ( bodily & m5tal peculi>ities is a purely mat]ial & me*anical process4 ,by propagation a great] or less] quantity ( album9\s p>ticles1 & toge!r ) !m ! individual =m ( motion inh]5t 9 ^! molecules ( protoplasm1 are transmitt$ f ! p>5tal organism to ! (fspr+4 ,z ?is =m ( motion rema9s cont9u\s1 ! m delicate peculi>ities inh]5t 9 ! p>5tal organism mu/ soon] or lat] reappe> 9 ! filial organism4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,laws ,,( ,,transmission ,,by ,,inh]itance4 ,,adaptation ,,& ,,nutrition4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,cons]vative & ,progressive ,transmission by ,inh]itance4--,laws ( ,cons]vative ,transmission3 ,transmission ( ,inh]it$ ,*>act]s4--,un9t]rupt$ or ,cont9u\s ,transmission4--,int]rupt$ or ,lat5t ,transmission4--,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations4--,relapse4--,deg5]acy4--,sex ual ,transmission4--,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,mix$ or ,amphigon\s ,transmission4--,hybrids4--,abridg$ or ,simplifi$ ,transmission4--,laws ( ,progressive ,inh]itance3 ,transmission ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s4--,adapt$ or ,acquir$ ,transmission4--,fix$ or ,e/abli%$ ,transmission4--,homo*ron\s ,transmission 7,id5tity 9 ,epo*74--,homotopic ,transmission 7,id5tity 9 ,"p74--,adaptation & ,mutability4--,connection betwe5 ,adaptation & ,nutrition4--,di/9ction betwe5 ,indirect & ,direct ,adaptation4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we consid]$ ,transmission by ,inh]itance1 "o ( ! two univ]sal vital activities ( organisms1 ,adaptation & ,inh]itance1 :i* by _! int]action produce ! diff]5t species ( organisms1 & we h endeav\r$ to trace ?is v my/]i\s vital activity to a m g5]al physiological function ( organisms1 namely1 to ,propagation4 ,?is latt] 9 its turn1 l o!r vital ph5om5a ( animals & plants1 dep5ds on physical & *emical relations4 ,x is true !y appe> at times exce$+ly complicat$1 b c nev]!less 9 reality be trac$ to simple me*anical causes--t is1 to ! relations ( attraction & repulsion 9 ! p>ticles or molecules--9 fact1 to ! motional ph5om5a ( matt]4 ,n[1 be=e we turn our att5tion to ! second function1 ! ph5om5on ( ,adaptation or ,mutability1 :i* c\nt]acts ! ,transmission by ,inh]itance1 x seems appropriate fir/ to ca/ "o m glance at ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ,h]$ity1 :i* we may p]haps ev5 n[ d5om9ate ! 8laws ( transmission by inh]itance40 ,un=tunately1 up to ! pres5t "t v little has be5 done = ?is mo/ important subject1 ei!r 9 zoology or 9 botany1 & almo/ all we "k ( ! diff]5t laws ( inh]itance is conf9$ to ! exp]i5ces ( g>d5]s & f>m]s4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at1 t on ! :ole ^! exce$+ly int]e/+ & important ph5om5a h n be5 inve/igat$ ) desirable sci5tific accuracy1 or r$uc$ to ! =m ( sci5tific laws4 ,accord+ly1 :at ,i %all relate ( ! diff]5t laws ( transmission are only "s prelim9>y fragm5ts tak5 out ( ! inf9itely ri* /ore :i* lies op5 to our inquiry4 ,we may fir/ divide all ! diff]5t ph5om5a ( inh]itance into two gr\ps1 :i* we may di/+ui% z ! transmission ( inh]it$ *>act]s1 & ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s2 & we may call ! =m] ! cons]vative transmission1 & ! latt] ! progressive transmission by inh]itance4 ,?is di/9ction dep5ds ^u ! exce$+ly important fact t ! individuals ( e species ( animals & plants c transmit to _! desc5dants1 n only ^? qualities :i* !y !mselves h inh]it$ f _! ance/ors1 b also ! peculi>1 individual qualities :i* !y h acquir$ dur+ _! own life4 ,! latt] are transmitt$ by progressive1 ! =m] by cons]vative inh]itance4 ,we h n[ fir/ to exam9e ! ph5om5a ( cons]vative inh]itance1 t is1 ! transmission ( su* qualities z ! organism has already receiv$ f its p>5ts or ance/ors4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #ahj47 ,among ! ph5om5a ( cons]vative inh]itance we are fir/ /ruck by t :i* is its mo/ g5]al law1 & :i* we may t]m ! law ( un9t]rupt$ or cont9u\s transmission4 ,x is s univ]sal among ! high] animals & plants1 t ! un9itiat$ might ov]e/imate its action & consid] x z ! only normal law ( transmission by inh]itance4 ,?is law simply consi/s 9 ! fact t among mo/ species ( animals & plants1 e g5]ation is1 on ! :ole1 l ! prec$+--t ! p>5ts are z l ! gr&p>5ts z !y are l ! *ildr54 8,l produces l10 z is commonly said1 b m accurately 8simil> ?+s produce simil> ?+s40 ,=1 9 reality1 ! desc5dants ( e organism are nev] absolutely equal 9 all po9ts1 b only simil> 9 a great] or less degree4 ,?is law is s g5]ally kn[n1 t ,i ne$ n give any examples ( x4 ,! law ( int]rupt$ or lat5t transmission by inh]itance1 :i* might also be t]m$ alt]nat+ transmission1 is 9 a measure oppos$ to ! prec$+ law4 ,?is important law appe>s pr9cipally active among _m l[] animals & plants1 & manife/s itself 9 contra/ to ! =m] 9 ! fact t ! (fspr+ are n l _! p>5ts1 b v dissimil>1 & t only ! ?ird or a lat] g5]ation becomes simil> to ! fir/4 ,! gr&*ildr5 are l ! gr&p>5ts1 b q unlike ! p>5ts4 ,?is is a rem>kable ph5om5on1 &1 z is well kn[n1 occurs also v frequ5tly1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 9 human families4 ,e "o ( my read]s d\btless kn[s "s memb]s ( a family :o1 9 ?is or t peculi>ity1 mu* m resemble ! gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r ?an ! fa!r or "m4 ,sometimes x lies 9 bodily peculi>ities1 = example1 features ( face1 col\r ( hair1 size ( body--sometimes 9 m5tal qualities1 = example1 temp]am5t1 en]gy1 und]/&+--:i* are transmitt$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is fact may be obs]v$ 9 dome/ic animals z well z 9 ! case ( man4 ,among ! dome/ic animals mo/ liable to v>y--z ! dog1 horse1 & ox--bre$]s v frequ5tly f9d t ! product by bre$+ resembles ! gr&p>5ts f> m ?an x does its own p>5tal organism4 ,if we express ?is g5]al law & ! succession ( g5]ations by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 !n ,a ,c ,e1 :il/ ,b ,d ,f1 & s on4 ,?is v rem>kable fact appe>s 9 a m /rik+ way 9 ! l[] animals & plants ?an 9 ! high]1 & especially 9 ! well-kn[n ph5om5on ( alt]nation ( g5]ations 7metag5esis74 ,"h we v frequ5tly f9d--= example1 among ! ,plan>ian worms1 sea-squirts or ,tunicates1 ,zoophytes1 & also among f]ns & mosses--t ! organic individual 9 ! fir/ place produces1 by propagation1 a =m completely diff]5t f ! p>5tal =m1 & t only ! desc5dants ( ?is g5]ation1 aga91 become l ! fir/4 ,?is regul> *ange ( g5]ation 0 discov]$ by ! poet ,*amisso1 on 8 voyage r\nd ! _w 9 #ahai1 among ! ,salp1 cyl9drical tunicates1 transp>5t l glass1 :i* float on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,"h ! l>g] g5]ation1 ! individuals ( :i* live isolat$ & possess an eye ( ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 produce 9 a non-sexual mann] 7by ! =mation ( buds7 a completely diff]5t & small] g5]ation4 ,! individuals ( ?is second small] g5]ation live unit$ 9 *a9s & possess a cone-%ap$ eye4 ,e individual ( su* a *a9 produces1 9 a sexual mann] 7h]maphrodite7 aga91 a non-sexual solit>y =m ( ! fir/ & l>g] g5]ation4 ,among ! ,salp1 !re=e1 x is always ! fir/1 ?ird1 & fif? g5]ation1 & 9 l mann] ! second1 f\r?1 & six? g5]ations1 t are entirely l "o ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 x is n always only "o1 b 9 o!r cases a numb] ( g5]ations1 :i* are ?us leapt ov]2 s t ! fir/ g5]ation resembles ! f\r? & sev5?1 ! second resembles ! fif? & eigh?1 ! ?ird resembles ! six? & n9?1 & s on4 ,?ree diff]5t g5]ations alt]nate ) "o ano!r2 = example1 among ! neat little sea-buoys 7,doliolum71 small tunicates closely relat$ to ! ,salp4 ,9 ?is case x is ,a ,d ,g1 fur!r1 ,b ,e ,h1 & ,c ,f ,i4 ,among ! plant-lice 7,aphides71 ea* sexual g5]ation is foll[$ by a succession ( f eight to t5 or twelve non-sexual g5]ations1 :i* are l "o ano!r1 b diff] f ! sexual g5]ations4 ,!n1 aga91 a sexual g5]ation reappe>s l ! "o long be=e vani%$4 ,if we fur!r foll[ ?is rem>kable law ( lat5t or int]rupt$ inh]itance1 & take into consid]ation all ! ph5om5a app]ta9+ to x1 we may comprise "u x also ! well-kn[n ph5om5a ( rev]sion4 ,by ! t]m 8rev]sion0 or 8atavism0 we und]/& ! rem>kable fact kn[n to all bre$]s ( animals1 t occasionally s+le & individual animals assume a =m :i* has n exi/$ = _m g5]ations1 b belongs to a g5]ation :i* has long s9ce disappe>$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ?is k9d is ! fact t 9 "s horses !re sometimes appe> s+ul> d>k /ripes1 simil> to ^? ( ! zebra1 quagga1 & o!r wild species ( ,african horses4 ,dome/ic horses ( ! mo/ diff]5t races & ( all col\rs sometimes %[ su* d>k /ripes2 = example1 a /ripe along ! back1 a /ripe across ! %\ld]s1 & ! l4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( ^! /ripes c only be expla9$ by ! supposition t x is ! effect ( a lat5t transmission1 a relapse into ! anci5t orig9al =m1 :i* has long s9ce vani%$1 & 0 once common to all species ( horses2 ! orig9al =m1 und\bt$ly1 0 orig9ally /rip$ l ! zebras1 quaggas1 etc4 ,9 l mann]1 c]ta9 qualities 9 o!r dome/ic animals sometimes appe> q sudd5ly1 :i* once m>k$ _! wild ance/ors1 n[ long s9ce ext9ct4 ,9 plants1 also1 su* a relapse c be obs]v$ v frequ5tly4 ,all my read]s probably "k ! wild yell[ toad-flax 7,l9>ia vulg>is71 a plant v common 9 our fields & h$ges4 ,its dragon-m\!d yell[ fl[] conta9s two long & two %ort /am5s4 ,b sometimes !re appe>s a s+le blossom 7,peloria7 :i* is funnel-%ap$1 & q regul>ly compos$ ( five individual & equal sections1 ) five correspond+ /am5s4 ,?is ,peloria c only be expla9$ z a relapse into ! long s9ce ext9ct & v anci5t common =m ( all ^? plants :i*1 l ! toad-flax1 possess dragon-m\!d1 two-lipp$ fl[]s1 ) two long & two %ort /am5s4 ,! orig9al =m1 l ! ,peloria1 possess$ a regul> five-spurr$ blossom1 ) five equal /am5s1 :i* only lat] & by degrees h become unequal 7comp>e p4 #ag74 ,all su* relapses are to be br\ght "u ! law ( int]rupt$ or lat5t transmission1 al?\gh ! numb] ( int]v5+ g5]ations may be enorm\s4 ,:5 cultivat$ plants or dome/ic animals become wild1 :5 !y are )drawn f ! conditions ( cultivat$ life1 !y exp]i5ce *anges :i* appe> n only z adaptations to _! new mode ( life1 b p>tially also z relapses into ! anci5t orig9al =m out ( :i* ! cultivat$ =ms h be5 develop$4 ,?us ! diff]5t k9ds ( cabbage1 :i* are exce$+ly diff]5t 9 =m1 may be l$ back to ! orig9al =m1 by all[+ !m to gr[ wild4 ,9 l mann]1 dogs1 horses1 heif]s1 etc41 :5 gr[+ wild1 (t5 rev]t m or less to a long ext9ct g5]ation4 ,an imm5sely long succession ( g5]ations may pass away be=e ?is p[] ( lat5t transmission becomes ext+ui%$4 ,a ?ird law ( cons]vative transmission may be call$ ! law ( sexual transmission1 accord+ to :i* ea* sex transmits to ! desc5dants ( ! same sex peculi>ities :i* are n inh]it$ by ! desc5dants ( ! o!r sex4 ,! s-call$ second>y sexual *>act]s1 :i* 9 _m respects are ( extraord9>y int]e/1 ev]y:]e furni% num]\s examples ( ?is law4 ,subord9ate or second>y sexual *>act]s are ^? peculi>ities ( "o ( ! two sexes :i* are n directly connect$ ) ! sexual organs !mselves2 su* *>act]s1 :i* exclusively belong to ! male sex1 are1 = example1 ! antl]s ( ! /ag1 ! mane ( ! lion1 & ! spur ( ! cock4 ,! human be>d1 an ornam5t commonly d5i$ to ! female sex1 belongs to ! same class4 ,simil> *>act]i/ics by :i* ! female sex is alone di/+ui%$ are1 = example1 ! develop$ brea/s1 ) ! lactatory gl&s ( female mammals & ! p\* ( ! female opossum4 ,! bodily size1 also1 & complexion1 diff]s 9 female animals ( _m species f t ( ! male4 ,all ^! second>y sexual qualities1 l ! sexual organs !mselves1 are transmitt$ by ! male organism only to ! male1 n to ! female1 & vice v]s4 ,contr>y facts are r>e exceptions to ! rule4 ,a f\r? law ( transmission1 :i* has "h to be m5tion$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se contradicts ! la/1 & limits x1 viz41 ! law ( mix$ or mutual 7amphigon\s7 transmission4 ,?is law tells u t e organic individual produc$ 9 a sexual way receives qualities f bo? p>5ts1 f ! fa!r z well z f ! "m4 ,?is fact1 t p]sonal qualities ( ea* ( ! two sexes are transmitt$ to bo? male & female desc5dants1 is v important1 ,goe! m5tions x ( himself1 9 ! beautiful l9es-- 8,von ,vat] hab i* die ,/atur1 des ,leb5s ern/es ,fhr5 ,von ,mtt]*5 die ,frohnatur und ,lu/ zu fabulir540 8,f my fa!r ,i h my /ature & ! s]i\s t5\r ( my life1 ,f my "m a joy\s nature & a turn = poetiz+40 ,?is ph5om5on1 ,i suppose1 is s well-kn[n to all1 t ,i ne$ n "h ent] ^u x4 ,x is accord+ to ! diff]5t portions ( _! "* :i* fa!r & "m transmit to _! *ildr51 t ! individual diff]5ces among bro!rs & si/]s are *iefly det]m9$4 ,! v important & int]e/+ ph5om5on ( hybridism also belongs to ?is law ( mix$ or amphigon\s transmission4 ,x alone1 :5 rightly e/imat$1 is q suffici5t to refute ! prevail+ dogma ( ! con/ancy ( species4 ,plants1 z well z animals1 belong+ to q diff]5t species1 may sexually m+le ) "o ano!r & produce desc5dants :i* 9 _m cases c aga9 propagate !mselves1 & t inde$ ei!r 7m frequ5tly7 by m+l+ ) "o ( ! two p>5tal species1 or 7m r>ely7 by pure 9-bre$+1 hybrid mix+ ) hybrid4 ,! latt] is well e/abli%$1 = example1 9 ! hybrids ( h>es & rabbits 7,lepus ,d>w9ii1 p4 #adg74 ,! hybrids ( a horse & a donkey1 two diff]5t species ( ! same g5us 7,equus71 are well kn[n4 ,^! hybrids diff] accord+ z ! fa!r or ! "m belongs to ! "o or ! o!r species--! horse or ! donkey4 ,! mule produc$ by a m>e & a he-donkey has qualities q diff]5t f ^? ( ! j9ny 7,h9nus71 ! hybrid ( a horse & %e-donkey4 ,9 bo? cases ! hybrid produc$ by ! cross+ ( two diff]5t species is a mix$ =m1 :i* receives qualities f bo? p>5ts2 b ! qualities ( ! hybrid are diff]5t1 accord+ to ! =m ( ! cross+4 ,9 l mann]1 mulattoes produc$ by a ,european & a negress %[ a diff]5t mixture ( *>act]s f ! hybrids produc$ by a negro ) a ,european female4 ,9 ^! ph5om5a ( hybrid-bre$+1 z well z 9 ! o!r laws ( transmission previ\sly m5tion$1 we are z yet unable to %[ ! act+ causes 9 detail2 b no naturali/ d\bts ! fact t ! causes are 9 all cases purely me*anical & dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( organic matt] itself4 ,if we possess$ m delicate means ( inve/igation ?an our rude organs ( s5se & auxilli>y in/rum5ts1 we %\ld be able to discov] ^? causes1 & to trace !m to ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( matt]4 ,among ! ph5om5a ( cons]vative transmission1 we mu/ n[ m5tion1 z ! fif? law1 ! law ( abridg$ or simplifi$ transmission4 ,?is law is v important 9 reg>d to embryology or ontog5y1 t is 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( organic individuals4 ,ontog5y1 or ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( individuals1 z ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] 7p4 #aj71 & z ,i subsequ5tly %all expla9 m m9utely1 is no?+ b a %ort & quick repetition ( ,phylog5y dep5d5t on ! laws ( transmission & adaptation--t is1 a repetition ( ! palontological hi/ory ( developm5t ( ! :ole organic tribe1 or phylum1 to :i* ! organism belongs4 ,if1 = example1 we foll[ ! individual developm5t ( a man1 an ape1 or any o!r high] mammal )9 ! mat]nal body f ! egg1 we f9d t ! ftus or embryo aris+ out ( ! egg passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( v diff]5t =ms1 :i* on ! :ole agrees )1 or at lea/ runs p>allel to1 a s]ies ( =ms :i* is pres5t$ to u by ! hi/orical *a9 ( ance/ors ( ! high] mammals4 ,among ^! ance/ors we may m5tion c]ta9 fi%es1 amphibians1 m>supials1 etc4 ,b ! p>allelism or agreem5t ( ^! two s]ies ( developm5t is nev] q complete2 on ! contr>y1 9 ontog5y !re are always gaps & leaps :i* indicate ! omission ( c]ta9 /ages belong+ to ! phylog5y4 ,fritz ,mll]1 9 8 excell5t "w1 8,fr ,d>w9107#af7 has cle>ly %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,cru/acea1 or crabs1 t 8! hi/orical record pres]v$ 9 ! individual hi/ory ( developm5t is gradually obscur$1 9 proportion z developm5t takes a m & m direct r\te f ! egg to ! complete animal40 ,?is process ( obscur+ & %ort5+ is det]m9$ by ! law ( abridg$ transmission1 & ,i m5tion x "h specially because x is ( great importance = ! und]/&+ ( embryology1 & because x expla9s ! fact1 at fir/ s /range1 t ! :ole s]ies ( =ms :i* our ance/ors h pass$ ?r\gh 9 _! gradual developm5t are no long] visible 9 ! s]ies ( =ms ( our own individual developm5t f ! egg4 ,oppos$ to ! laws ( ! cons]vative transmission1 hi!rto discuss$1 are ! ph5om5a ( ! transmission ( ! second s]ies1 t is1 ! laws ( progressive transmission by inh]itance4 ,z already m5tion$1 !y dep5d ^u ! fact t ! organism transmits to its desc5dants n only ^? qualities :i* x has inh]it$ f its own ance/ors1 b also a numb] ( ^? individual qualities :i* x has acquir$ dur+ its own lifetime4 ,adaptation is "h se5 to be connect$ ) transmission by inh]itance 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #ahf74 ,at ! head ( ^! important ph5om5a ( progressive transmission1 we may m5tion ! law ( adapt$ or acquir$ transmission4 ,9 reality x ass]ts no?+ m ?an :at ,i h said above1 t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ! organism is capable ( transmitt+ to its desc5dants all ! qualities :i* x has acquir$ dur+ its own life by adaptation4 ,?is ph5om5on1 ( c\rse1 %[s itself mo/ di/9ctly :5 ! newly acquir$ peculi>ity produces any consid]able *ange 9 ! inh]it$ =m4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! examples ,i m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] z to transmission 9 g5]al1 9 ! case ( ! m5 ) six f+]s & toes1 ! porcup9e m51 copp] bee*es1 weep+ will[s1 etc4 ,! transmission ( acquir$ diseases1 su* z consumption1 madness1 & alb9ism1 likewise =m v /rik+ examples4 ,alb9oes are ^? individuals :o are di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( col\r+ matt]1 or pigm5ts1 9 ! sk94 ,!y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce among m51 animals1 & plants4 ,9 ! case ( animals ( a def9ite d>k col\r1 individuals are n unfrequ5tly born :i* are entirely )\t col\r1 & 9 animals possess+ eyes1 ?is abs5ce ( pigm5t ext5ds ev5 to ! eyes1 s t ! iris ( ! eye1 :i* is commonly ( a bright or int5se col\r1 is col\rless1 b appe>s r$1 on acc\nt ( ! blood-vessels be+ se5 ?r\gh x4 ,among _m animals1 su* z rabbits & mice1 alb9oes ) :ite fur & r$ eyes are s mu* lik$ t !y are propagat$ 9 great numb]s z a special race4 ,?is w\ld be impossible 7 x n = ! law ( ! transmission ( adaptations4 ,:i* ( ! *anges acquir$ by an organism are transmitt$ to its desc5dants1 & :i* are n1 _c be det]m9$ priori1 & we are un=tunately n acqua9t$ ) ! def9ite conditions "u :i* ! transmission takes place4 ,we only "k 9 a g5]al way t c]ta9 acquir$ qualities are mu* m easily transmitt$ ?an o!rs1 = example1 m easily ?an ! mutilations caus$ by accid5ts4 ,^! latt] are g5]ally n transmitt$ by inh]itance1 o!rwise ! desc5dants ( m5 :o h lo/ _! arms or legs w\ld be born )\t ! correspond+ arm or leg2 b "h1 also1 exceptions occur1 & a race ( dogs )\t tails has be5 produc$ by consi/5tly cutt+ (f ! tails ( bo? sexes ( ! dog dur+ sev]al g5]ations4 ,a few ye>s ago a case occurr$ on an e/ate ne> ,j5a1 9 :i* by a c>eless slamm+ ( a /able door ! tail ( a bull 0 wr5*$ (f1 & ! calves begott5 by ?is bull 7 all born )\t a tail4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an exception2 b x is v important to note ! fact1 t "u c]ta9 unkn[n conditions su* viol5t *anges are transmitt$ 9 ! same mann] z _m diseases4 ,9 v _m cases ! *ange :i* is transmitt$ & pres]v$ by adapt$ transmission is con/itutional or inborn1 z 9 ! case ( alb9ism m5tion$ be=e4 ,! *ange !n dep5ds ^u t =m ( adaptation :i* we call ! indirect or pot5tial4 ,a v /rik+ in/ance is furni%$ by ! hornless cattle ( ,p>aguay1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a special race ( ox5 is !re br$ :i* is entirely )\t horns4 ,x is desc5d$ f a s+le bull1 :i* 0 born 9 #aggj ( an ord9>y pair ( p>5ts1 & ! abs5ce ( horns 0 ! result ( "s unkn[n cause4 ,all ! desc5dants ( ?is bull produc$ ) a horn$ c[ 7 entirely )\t horns4 ,?is quality 0 f\nd advantage\s1 & by propagat+ ! hornless cattle among "o ano!r1 a hornless race 0 obta9$1 :i* at pres5t has almo/ entirely supplant$ ! horn$ cattle 9 ,p>aguay4 ,! case ( ! ott]-%eep ( ,nor? ,am]ica =ms a simil> example4 ,9 ! ye> #agia a f>m]1 by "n ,se? ,wright1 liv$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 9 8 normally =m$ flock ( %eep a lamb 0 sudd5ly born ) a surpris+ly long body & v %ort & crook$ legs4 ,x 0 !re=e unable to take any great leaps1 & especially unable to leap across a h$ge into a neighb\r's g>d5--a quality :i* seem$ advantage\s to ! own]1 z ! t]ritories 7 divid$ by h$ges4 ,x !re=e occurr$ to him to transmit ?is quality to o!r %eep1 & by cross+ ?is ram ) normally %ap$ ewes1 he produc$ a :ole race ( %eep1 all ( :i* _h ! qualities ( ! fa!r1 %ort & crook$ legs & a long body4 ,none ( !m c\ld leap across ! h$ges1 & !y !re=e 7 mu* lik$ & propagat$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,a second law1 :i* likewise belongs to ! s]ies ( progressive transmissions1 may be call$ ! law ( e/abli%$ or habitual transmission4 ,x manife/s itself 9 ?is1 t qualities acquir$ by an organism dur+ its individual life are ! m c]ta9ly transmitt$ to its desc5dants ! long] ! causes ( t *ange h be5 9 action1 & t ?is *ange becomes ! m c]ta9ly ! prop]ty ( all subsequ5t g5]ations ! long] ! cause ( *ange acts ^u ^! latt] also4 ,! quality newly acquir$ by adaptation or mutation mu/ be e/abli%$ or con/itut$ to a c]ta9 degree be=e we c calculate ) any probability t x w be transmitt$ at all to ! desc5dants4 ,9 ?is respect transmission resembles adaptation4 ,! long] a newly acquir$ quality has be5 transmitt$ by inh]itance1 ! m c]ta9ly w x be pres]v$ 9 future g5]ations4 ,if1 !re=e1 = example1 a g>d5] by me?odical treatm5t has produc$ a new k9d ( apple1 he may calculate ) ! great] c]ta9ty ^u pres]v+ ! desir$ peculi>ity ( ?is sort ! long] he has transmitt$ ! same by inh]itance4 ,! same is cle>ly %[n 9 ! transmission ( diseases4 ,! long] consumption or madness has be5 h]$it>y 9 a family ! deep] is ! root ( ! evil1 & ! m probable x is t all succe$+ g5]ations w suff] f x4 ,we may conclude ! consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( inh]itance ) ! two v important laws ( homotopic & contemporane\s transmission by inh]itance4 ,we und]/& by !m ! fact t *anges acquir$ by an organism dur+ its life1 & transmitt$ to its desc5dants1 appe> 9 ! same "p ( ! body 9 :i* ! p>5tal organism 0 fir/ affect$ by !m1 & t !y also appe> 9 ! (fspr+ at ! same age z t at :i* !y did s 9 ! p>5t4 ,! law ( contemporane\s or homo*ron\s transmission1 :i* ,d>w9 calls ! law ( 8transmission 9 correspond+ p]iods ( life10 c be %[n v cle>ly 9 ! transmission ( diseases1 especially ( su* z are recogniz$ z v de/ructive1 on acc\nt ( _! h]$it>y "*4 ,!y g5]ally appe> 9 ! organism ( ! *ild at ! "t correspond+ ) t 9 :i* ! p>5tal organism contract$ ! disease4 ,h]$it>y diseases ( ! lungs1 liv]1 tee?1 bra91 sk91 etc41 usually appe> 9 ! desc5dants at ! same p]iod1 or a little e>li] ?an !y %[$ !mselves 9 ! p>5tal organism1 or 7 contract$ by x4 ,! calf gets its horns at ! same p]iod ( life z its p>5ts did4 ,9 l mann] ! "y /ag receives its antl]s at ! same p]iod ( life 9 :i* !y appe>$ 9 its fa!r or gr&fa!r4 ,9 e "o ( ! diff]5t sorts ( v9e ! grapes rip5 at ! same "t z !y did 9 ! case ( _! prog5itors4 ,x is well kn[n t ! "t ( rip5+ v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t sorts2 b z all are desc5d$ f a s+le species1 ?is v>iation has be5 acquir$ by ! prog5itors ( ! sev]al sorts1 & has !n be5 transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,! law ( homotopic transmission1 :i* is mo/ closely connect$ ) ! la/ m5tion$ law1 & :i* might be call$ ! law ( transmission 9 correspond+ p>ts ( ! body1 may also be v di/9ctly recogniz$ 9 pa?ological cases ( inh]itance4 ,l>ge moles1 = example1 or accumulations ( pigm5t 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! sk91 tum\rs also1 (t5 appe> dur+ _m g5]ations1 n only at ! same p]iod ( life1 b also 9 ! same "p ( ! sk94 ,excessive developm5t ( fat 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body is likewise transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,above all1 x is to be not$ t num]\s examples ( ?is1 z well z ( ! prec$+ law1 may be f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! /udy ( embryology4 ,bo? ! law ( homo*ron\s & homotopic transmission are fundam5tal laws ( embryology1 or ontog5y4 ,= ^! laws expla9 ! rem>kable fact t ! diff]5t successive =ms ( individual developm5t 9 all g5]ations ( "o & ! same species always appe> 9 ! same ord] ( succession1 & t ! v>iations ( ! body always take place 9 ! same p>ts4 ,?is app>5tly simple & self-evid5t ph5om5on is nev]!less exce$+ly wond]ful & curi\s2 we _c expla9 its real causes1 b may confid5tly ass]t t !y are due to ! direct transmission ( ! organic matt] f ! p>5tal organism to t ( ! (fspr+1 z we h se5 above 9 ! case ( ! process ( transmission 9 g5]al1 by a consid]ation ( ! details ( ! v>i\s modes ( reproduction4 ,hav+ ?us1 !n1 consid]$ ! mo/ important laws ( ,inh]itance1 we n[ turn to ! second s]ies ( ph5om5a be>+ on natural selection1 viz41 to ^? ( ,adaptation or ,v>iation4 ,^! ph5om5a1 tak5 z a :ole1 /& 9 a c]ta9 opposition to ! ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance1 & ! difficulty :i* arises 9 exam9+ !m consi/s ma9ly 9 ! two sets ( ph5om5a be+ s completely int]cross$ & int]wov54 ,we are b seldom able to say ) c]ta9ty--( ! v>iations ( =m :i* occur be=e our eyes--h[ mu* is ow+ to ,inh]itance1 & h[ mu* to ,adaptation4 ,all *>act]s ( =m1 by :i* organisms are di/+ui%$1 are caus$ ei!r by ,inh]itance or by ,adaptation2 b z bo? functions are cont9ually int]act+ ) ea* o!r1 x is extremely difficult = ! sy/ematic inquir] to recognize ! %>e belong+ to ea* ( ! two functions 9 ! special /ructure ( individual =ms4 ,?is is1 at pres5t1 all ! m difficult1 because we are z yet sc>cely aw>e ( ! imm5se importance ( ?is fact1 & because mo/ naturali/s h neglect$ ! !ory ( ,adaptation1 z well z t ( ,inh]itance4 ,! laws ( ,inh]itance1 :i* we h j discuss$1 z well z ! laws ( ,adaptation1 :i* we %all consid] directly1 9 reality =m only a small portion ( ! ph5om5a exi/+ 9 ?is doma91 b :i* h n z yet be5 inve/igat$2 & s9ce e "o ( ^! laws c int]act ) e o!r1 x is cle> t !re is an inf9ite complication ( physiological actions1 :i* are at "w 9 ! con/ruction ( organisms4 ,b n[1 z to ! ph5om5on ( v>iation or adaptation 9 g5]al1 we mu/1 z 9 ! case ( inh]itance1 view x z a q univ]sal1 physiological fundam5tal quality ( all organisms1 )\t exception--z a manife/ation ( life :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! idea ( organism4 ,/rictly speak+1 we mu/ "h also1 z 9 ! case ( inh]itance1 di/+ui% betwe5 ,adaptation itself & ,adaptability4 ,by ,adaptation 7,adaptio71 or ,v>iation 7,v>iatio71 we und]/& ! fact t ! organism1 9 consequ5ce ( influ5ces ( ! surr\nd+ out] _w1 assumes c]ta9 new peculi>ities 9 its vital activity1 composition1 & =m :i* x has n inh]it$ f its p>5ts2 ^! acquir$ individual qualities are oppos$ to ^? :i* h be5 inh]it$1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^? :i* h be5 transmitt$ to x f its p>5ts or ance/ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call ,adaptability 7,adaptabilitas71 or ,v>iability 7,v>iabilitas71 ! capability inh]5t 9 all organisms to acquire su* new qualities "u ! influ5ce ( ! out] _w4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #aia47 ,! und5iable fact ( organic adaptation or v>iation is univ]sally kn[n1 & c be obs]v$ at e mom5t 9 ?\s&s ( ph5om5a surr\nd+ u4 ,b j because ! ph5om5a ( v>iation by ext]nal influ5ces appe> s self-evid5t1 !y h hi!rto und]gone sc>cely any accurate sci5tific inve/igation4 ,to !m belong all ! ph5om5a :i* we look ^u z ! results ( contract+ & giv+ up habits1 ( practice & giv+ up practices1 or z ! results ( tra9+1 ( education1 ( acclimatization1 ( gymna/ics1 etc4 ,_m p]man5t v>iations br\ght ab\t by causes produc+ disease1 t is to say1 _m diseases1 are no?+ b dang]\s adaptations ( ! organism to injuri\s conditions ( life4 ,9 ! case ( cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals1 v>iation is s /rik+ & p[]ful t ! bre$] ( animals & ! g>d5] f\nd _! :ole mode ( proce$+ ^u x1 or r ^u ! int]action betwe5 ^! ph5om5a & ^? ( ,inh]itance4 ,x is also well kn[n to e "o t animals & plants1 9 _! wild /ate1 are subject to v>iation4 ,e sy/ematic treatise on a gr\p ( animals or plants1 if x 7 to be q complete & exhau/ive1 ought to m5tion 9 e individual species ! numb] ( v>iations :i* diff] m or less f ! prevail+ or typical =m ( ! species4 ,inde$1 9 e c>eful sy/ematic special treatise "o f9ds1 9 ! case ( mo/ species1 m5tion ( a numb] ( su* v>iations1 :i* are describ$ sometimes z individual deviations1 & sometimes z s-call$ races1 v>ieties1 deg5]ate species1 or subord9ate species1 & :i* (t5 diff] exce$+ly f ! orig9al species1 solely 9 consequ5ce ( ! adaptation ( ! organism to ! ext]nal conditions ( life4 ,if we n[ endeav\r to fa?om ! g5]al causes ( ^! ph5om5a ( ,adaptation1 we arrive at ! conclusion t 9 reality !y are z simple z ! causes ( ! ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance4 ,we h %[n t ! nature ( ! process ( propagation furni%es ! real explanation ( ! facts ( ,transmission by ,inh]itance1 t is1 ! transmission ( p>5tal matt] to ! body ( ! (fspr+2 & 9 l mann] we c %[ t ! physiological function ( nutrition1 or *ange ( sub/ance1 af=ds a g5]al explanation ( ,adaptation or ,v>iation4 ,:5 ,i "h po9t to 8nutrition0 z ! fundam5tal cause ( v>iation & adaptation1 ,i take ?is ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 & ,i und]/& by x ! :ole ( ! mat]ial *anges :i* ! organism und]goes 9 all its p>ts ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( ! surr\nd+ out] _w4 ,nutrition ?us comprises n only ! reception ( actual nutritive sub/ances & ! influ5ce ( diff]5t k9ds ( food1 b also1 = example1 ! action ^u ! organism ( wat] & ( ! atmosph]e1 ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 ( temp]ature1 & ( all ^? meteorological ph5om5a :i* are impli$ 9 ! t]m 8climate40 ,! indirect & direct influ5ce ( ! nature ( ! soil & ( ! dwell+-place also belong to x2 & fur!r1 ! extremely important & v>i$ influ5ce :i* is ex]cis$ ^u e animal & e plant by ! surr\nd+ organisms1 fri5ds & neighb\rs1 enemies & robb]s1 p>asites1 etc4 ,all ^! & _m o!r v important influ5ces1 all ( :i* m or less modify ! organism 9 its mat]ial composition1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 /udy+ ! *ange ( sub/ance :i* goes on 9 liv+ ?+s4 ,adaptation1 accord+ly1 is ! consequ5ce ( all ^? mat]ial v>iations :i* are produc$ 9 ! *ange ( sub/ance ( ! organism by ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce1 or by ! influ5ces ( ! surr\nd+ ext]nal _w4 ,h[ v mu* e organism is dep5d5t ^u ! :ole ( its ext]nal surr\nd+s1 & *ang$ by _! alt]ation1 is1 9 a g5]al way1 well kn[n to e "o4 ,only ?9k h[ mu* ! human p[] ( action is dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature ( ! air1 or h[ mu* ! disposition ( our m9ds dep5ds ^u ! col\r ( ! sky4 ,accord+ly z ! sky is cl\dless & sunny1 or cov]$ ) l>ge heavy cl\ds1 our /ate ( m9d is *e]ful or dull4 ,h[ diff]5tly d we feel & ?9k 9 a =e/ dur+ a /ormy w9t] night & dur+ a bright summ] day6 ,all ! diff]5t moods ( our s\l dep5d ^u purely mat]ial *anges ( our bra91 ^u movem5ts ( molecul> plasma1 :i* are />t$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses by ! diff]5t influ5ces ( light1 w>m?1 moi/ure1 etc4 8,we are a play?+ to e pressure ( ! air40 ,no less important & deeply influ5tial are ! effects produc$ ^u our m9d & body by ! diff]5t quality & quantity ( food4 ,our m5tal activity1 ! activity ( our und]/&+ & ( our imag9ation1 is q diff]5t accord+ly z we h tak5 tea or c(fee1 w9e or be]1 be=e or dur+ our "w4 ,our moods1 wi%es1 & feel+s are q diff]5t :5 we are hungry & :5 we are satisfi$4 ,! national "* ( ,engli%m5 & ,gau*os1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :o live pr9cipally on meat & food ri* 9 nitrog51 is :olly diff]5t f t ( ! ,iri%1 fe$+ on potatoes1 & t ( ! ,*9ese1 liv+ on rice1 bo? ( :om take food defici5t 9 nitrog54 ,! latt] also =m mu* m fat ?an ! =m]4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 ! v>iations ( ! m9d g h& 9 h& ) ! correspond+ trans=mations ( ! body2 bo? are produc$ by purely mat]ial causes4 ,b all o!r organisms1 9 ! same way z man1 are v>i$ & *ang$ by ! diff]5t influ5ces ( nutrition4 ,x is well kn[n t we c *ange 9 an arbitr>y way ! =m1 size1 col\r1 etc41 ( our cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals1 by *ange ( food2 t1 = example1 we c take f or give to a plant def9ite qualities1 accord+ly z we expose x to a great] or less degree ( sunlight & moi/ure4 ,z ^! ph5om5a are g5]ally widely kn[n1 & z we %all proce$ pres5tly to ! consid]ation ( ! diff]5t laws ( adaptation1 we w n dwell "h any long] on ! g5]al facts ( v>iation4 ,z ! diff]5t laws ( transmission may be naturally divid$ into ! two s]ies ( cons]vative & progressive transmission1 s we may also di/+ui% betwe5 two s]ies ( ! laws ( adaptation1 fir/1 ! s]ies ( laws ( indirect1 & secondly1 ! s]ies ( laws ( direct adaptation4 ,! latt] may also be call$ ! laws ( actual1 & ! =m] ! laws ( pot5tial1 adaptation4 ,! fir/ s]ies1 compris+ ! ph5om5a ( indirect 7pot5tial7 adaptation1 has1 on ! :ole1 hi!rto be5 little att5d$ to1 & ,d>w9 has ! m]it ( hav+ direct$ special att5tion to ?is s]ies ( *anges4 ,x is some:at difficult to place ?is subject cle>ly be=e ! read]2 ,i w endeav\r to make x cle> h]eaft] by examples4 ,speak+ q g5]ally1 indirect or pot5tial adaptation consi/s 9 ! fact t c]ta9 *anges 9 ! organism1 effect$ by ! influ5ce ( nutrition 79 its wide/ s5se7 & ( ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 %[ !mselves n 9 ! individual =m ( ! respective organism1 b 9 t ( its desc5dants4 ,?us1 especially 9 organisms propagat+ !mselves 9 a sexual way1 ! reproductive sy/em1 or sexual app>atus1 is (t5 influ5c$ by ext]nal causes 7:i* little affect ! re/ ( ! organism71 to su* a degree t its desc5dants %[ a complete alt]ation ( =m4 ,?is c be se5 v /rik+ly 9 artificially produc$ mon/rosities4 ,mon/rosities c be produc$ by subject+ ! p>5tal organism to c]ta9 extraord9>y conditions ( life1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 su* an extraord9>y condition ( life does n produce a *ange ( ! organism itself1 b a *ange 9 its desc5dants4 ,?is _c be call$ transmission by inh]itance1 because x is n a quality exi/+ 9 ! p>5tal organism t is transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a *ange affect+ ! p>5tal organism1 b n p]ceptible 9 x1 t appe>s 9 ! peculi> =mation ( its desc5dants4 ,x is only ! impulse to ?is new =mation :i* is transmitt$ 9 propagation ?r\gh ! egg ( ! "m or ! sp]m ( ! fa!r4 ,! new =mation exi/s 9 ! p>5tal organism only z a possibility 7pot5tial72 9 ! desc5dants x becomes a reality 7actual74 ,z ?is v important & v g5]al ph5om5on _h hi!rto be5 entirely neglect$1 p 7 incl9$ to consid] all ! visible v>iations & trans=mations ( organic =ms z ph5om5a ( adaptation ( ! second s]ies1 t is1 z ph5om5a ( direct or actual adaptation4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is latt] k9d ( adaptation consi/s 9 ! fact t ! *ange affect+ ! organism 7?r\gh nutrition1 etc47 %[s itself imm$iately by "s trans=mation1 & does n only make itself app>5t 9 ! desc5dants4 ,to ?is class belong all ! well-kn[n ph5om5a 9 :i* we c directly trace ! trans=m+ influ5ce ( climate1 food1 education1 tra9+1 etc41 9 _! effects ^u ! individual itself4 ,we h se5 h[ ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a ( progressive & cons]vative transmission1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple1 9 _m ways int]f]e ) & modify ea* o!r1 & 9 _m ways co-op]ate ) & cross ea* o!r4 ,! same is ! case1 9 a /ill high] degree1 9 ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a ( indirect & direct adaptation1 :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r & yet closely connect$4 ,"s naturali/s1 especially ,d>w9 & ,c>l ,vogt1 ascribe to ! indirect or pot5tial adaptation by f> ! m important & almo/ exclusive influ5ce4 ,b ! majority ( naturali/s h hi!rto be5 incl9$ to take ! opposite view1 & to attribute ! pr9cipal influ5ce to direct or actual adaptation4 ,i consid] ?is controv]sy1 9 ! mean :ile1 z almo/ useless4 ,x is b seldom t we are 9 a condition1 9 any individual case ( v>iation1 to judge h[ mu* ( x belongs to direct & h[ mu* to indirect adaptation4 ,we are1 on ! :ole1 /ill too little acqua9t$ ) ^! exce$+ly important & intricate relations1 & c only ass]t1 9 a g5]al way1 t ! trans=mation ( organic =ms is to be ascrib$ ei!r to direct adaptation alone1 or to indirect adaptation alone1 or la/ly1 to ! co-op]ation ( bo? direct & indirect adaptation4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,laws ,,( ,,adaptation4 ,laws ( ,indirect or ,pot5tial ,adaptation4--,individual ,adaptation4--,mon/r\s or ,sudd5 ,adaptation4--,sexual ,adaptation4--,laws ( ,direct or ,actual ,adaptation4--,univ]sal ,adaptation4--,cumulative ,adaptation4--,cumulative ,influ5ce ( ,ext]nal ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce & ,cumulative ,c\nt]-,influ5ce ( ! ,organism4--,free ,w4--,use & ,non-use ( ,organs4--,practice & ,habit4--,correlative ,adaptation4--,correlation ( ,developm5t4--,correlation ( ,organs4--,explanation ( ,indirect or ,pot5tial ,adaptation by ! ,correlation ( ! ,sexual ,organs & ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,body4--,div]g5t ,adaptation4--,unlimit$ or ,inf9ite ,adaptation4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we r$uc$ into two gr\ps ! ph5om5a ( ,adaptation or ,v>iation1 :i*1 9 connection & int]action ) ! ph5om5a ( ,h]$ity1 produce all ! endless v>iety ( =ms 9 animals & plants--fir/1 ! gr\p ( indirect or pot5tial1 & secondly1 ! gr\p ( direct or actual ,adaptation4 ,we %all occupy ourselves ) a clos] exam9ation ( ! diff]5t laws :i* we c discov] 9 ^! two gr\ps ( ! ph5om5a ( v>iation4 ,let u fir/ take into consid]ation ! rem>kable & v important1 al?\gh hi!rto mu* neglect$1 ph5om5a ( indirect v>iation4 ,indirect or pot5tial adaptation manife/s itself1 x w be rememb]$1 9 ! /rik+ & exce$+ly important fact t organic individuals exp]i5ce trans=mations & assume =ms 9 consequ5ce ( *anges ( nutrition :i* h n op]at$ on !m !mselves1 b ^u _! p>5tal organism4 ,! trans=m+ influ5ce ( ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce1 ( climate1 ( nutrition1 etc41 %[s its effects "h n directly 9 ! trans=mation ( ! organism itself1 b indirectly 9 t ( its desc5dants4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bjb47 ,z ! pr9cipal & mo/ univ]sal ( ! laws ( indirect v>iation mu/ be m5tion$ ! law ( individual adaptation1 or ! important proposition t all organic individuals f ! comm5cem5t ( _! individual exi/5ce are unequal1 al?\gh (t5 v mu* alike4 ,z a pro( ( ?is proposition1 ,i may at once po9t to ! fact1 t 9 ! human race 9 g5]al all bro!rs & si/]s1 all *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1 are unequal f _! bir?4 ,no "o w v5ture to ass]t t two *ildr5 at _! bir? are p]fectly alike2 t ! size ( ! individual p>ts ( _! bodies1 ! numb] ( hairs on _! heads1 ! numb] ( cells compos+ _! out] sk9s or epid]mis1 ! numb] ( blood-cells are ! same 9 bo? *ildr51 or t bo? *ildr5 h come into ! _w ) ! same abilities or tal5ts4 ,b :at m specially proves ?is law ( individual diff]5ce1 is ! fact t 9 ! case ( ^? animals :i* produce sev]al "y ones at a "t1--= in/ance1 dogs & cats1--all ! "y ( ea* bir? diff] f "o ano!r m or less /rik+ly 9 size & col\r ( ! individual p>ts ( ! body1 or 9 /r5g?1 etc4 ,n[ ?is law is univ]sal4 ,all organic individuals f _! beg9n+ are di/+ui%$ by c]ta91 ?\gh (t5 extremely m9ute1 diff]5ces1 & ! cause ( ^! individual diff]5ces1 ?\gh 9 detail usually utt]ly unkn[n to u1 dep5ds p>tly or entirely on c]ta9 influ5ces :i* ! organs ( propagation 9 ! p>5tal organism h und]gone4 ,a second law ( indirect adaptation1 :i* we %all call ! law ( mon/r\s or sudd5 adaptation1 is ( less importance & less g5]al ?an ! law ( individual adaptation4 ,"h ! div]g5ces ( ! *ild-organism f ! p>5tal =m are s /rik+ t1 z a rule1 we may designate !m z mon/rosities4 ,9 _m cases !y are produc$1 z has be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts1 by ! p>5tal organism hav+ be5 subject to a c]ta9 treatm5t1 & plac$ "u peculi> conditions ( nutrition2 = example1 :5 air & light are )drawn f x1 or :5 o!r influ5ces p[]fully act+ ^u its nutrition are *ang$ 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,! new condition ( exi/5ce causes a /rong & /rik+ modification ( =m1 n directly ( ! organism itself1 b only ( t ( its desc5dants4 ,! mode ( ?is influ5ce 9 detail we _c discov]1 & we c only 9 a v g5]al way detect a causal connection betwe5 ! abnormal =mation ( ! *ild & a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( its p>5ts ex]t+ a special influ5ce ^u ! organs ( propagation 9 ! latt]4 ,! previ\sly m5tion$ ph5om5on ( alb9ism probably belongs to ?is gr\p ( abnormal or sudd5 v>iations1 also ! individual cases ( human be+s ) six f+]s & toes1 ! case ( ! hornless cattle1 z well z ^? ( %eep & goats ) f\r or six horns4 ,! abnormal deviation 9 all ^! cases probably owes its orig9 to a cause :i* at fir/ only affect$ ! reproductive sy/em ( ! p>5tal organism1 ! egg ( ! "m or ! sp]m ( ! fa!r4 ,a ?ird curi\s manife/ation ( indirect adaptation may be t]m$ ! law ( sexual adaptation4 ,"u ?is "n we indicate ! rem>kable fact t c]ta9 influ5ces1 :i* act ^u ! male organs ( propagation only1 affect ! /ructure ( ! male desc5dants1 & 9 l mann] o!r influ5ces1 :i* act ^u ! female organs ( propagation only1 manife/ _! effect only 9 ! *ange ( /ructure ( ! female desc5dants4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on is /ill v obscure1 & has n z yet be5 inve/igat$1 b is probably ( great importance 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( 8second>y sexual *>act]i/ics10 to :i* we h already made allusion4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( sexual1 mon/r\s1 & individual adaptation1 :i* we may comprise "u ! "n ( ! laws ( indirect or pot5tial adaptation1 are z yet v little kn[n to u 9 _! real nature & 9 _! deep] causal connection4 ,only ?is mu* we c at pres5t ma9ta9 ) c]ta9ty1 t num]\s & important trans=mations 9 organic =ms owe _! exi/5ce to ?is process4 ,_m & /rik+ v>iations ( =m solely dep5d on causes :i* at fir/ only affect ! nutrition ( ! p>5tal organism1 & specially its organs ( propagation4 ,evid5tly ! relations 9 :i* ! sexual organs /& to o!r p>ts ( ! body are ( ! greate/ importance4 ,we %all h m to say ( ^! pres5tly1 :5 we speak ( ! law ( correlative adaptation4 ,h[ p[]fully ! v>iations 9 ! conditions ( life & nutrition affect ! propagation ( organisms is r5d]$ obvi\s by ! rem>kable fact t num]\s wild animals :i* we keep 9 our zoological g>d5s1 & exotic plants :i* are gr[n 9 our botanical g>d5s1 are no long] able to reproduce !mselves4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) mo/ birds ( prey1 p>rots1 & monkeys4 ,! elephant1 also1 & ! animals ( prey ( ! be> g5us1 9 captivity h>dly ev] produce "y ones4 ,9 l mann] _m plants 9 a cultivat$ /ate become /]ile4 ,! two sexes may inde$ unite1 b no fructification1 or no developm5t ( ! fructifi$ g]m1 takes place4 ,f ?is x foll[s ) c]ta9ty t ! *ang$ mode ( nutrition 9 ! cultivat$ /ate is able completely to de/roy ! capability ( reproduction1 & !re=e to ex]cise ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! sexual organs4 ,9 l mann] o!r adaptations or v>iations ( nutrition 9 ! p>5tal organism may cause1 n inde$ a complete want ( desc5dants1 b /ill important *anges 9 _! =m4 ,mu* bett] kn[n ?an ! ph5om5a ( indirect or pot5tial adaptation are ^? ( direct or actual adaptation1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* we n[ turn our att5tion4 ,to !m belong all ^? *anges ( organisms :i* are g5]ally consid]$ to be ! results ( practice1 habit1 tra9+1 education1 etc42 also ^? *anges ( organic =ms :i* are effect$ directly by ! influ5ce ( nutrition1 ( climate1 & o!r ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$ 9 direct or actual adaptation1 ! trans=m+ influ5ce ( ! ext]nal cause affects ! =m ( ! organism itself1 & does n only manife/ itself 9 t ( ! desc5dants4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bjg47 ,we may place ! law ( univ]sal adaptation at ! head ( ! diff]5t laws ( direct or actual adaptation1 because x is ! *ief & mo/ compreh5sive among !m4 ,x may be briefly expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ proposition3 8,all organic individuals become unequal to "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( _! life by adaptation to diff]5t conditions ( life1 al?\gh ! individuals ( "o & ! same species rema9 mo/ly v mu* alike40 ,a c]ta9 inequality ( organic individuals1 z we h se51 0 already to be assum$ 9 virtue ( ! law ( individual 7indirect7 adaptation4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 ! orig9al inequality ( individuals is aft]w>ds increas$ by ! fact t e individual1 dur+ its own indep5d5t life1 subjects & adapts itself to its own peculi> conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,all diff]5t individuals ( e species1 h[ev] l !y may be 9 _! fir/ /ages ( life1 become 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( _! exi/5ce less l to "o ano!r4 ,!y deviate f "o ano!r 9 m or less important peculi>ities1 & ?is is a natural consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* ! individuals live4 ,!re are no two s+le individuals ( any species :i* c complete _! life "u exactly ! same ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! vital conditions ( nutrition1 ( moi/ure1 air1 light2 fur!r1 ! vital conditions ( society1 ! int]-relations ) surr\nd+ individuals ( ! same or o!r species1 are diff]5t 9 e individual be+2 & ?is diff]5ce fir/ affects ! functions1 & lat] *anges ! =m ( e individual organism4 ,if ! *ildr5 ( a human family %[1 ev5 at ! beg9n+1 c]ta9 individual inequalities :i* we may consid] z ! consequ5ce ( individual 7indirect7 adaptation1 !y w appe> /ill m diff]5t at a lat] p]iod ( life1 :5 ea* *ild has pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t exp]i5ces1 & has adapt$ itself to diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,! orig9al diff]5ce ( ! individual processes ( developm5t1 evid5tly becomes great] ! long] ! life la/s & ! m v>i\s ! ext]nal conditions :i* influ5ce ! sep>ate individuals4 ,?is may be demon/rat$ 9 ! simple/ mann] 9 man1 z well z 9 dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants1 9 :i* ! vital conditions may be arbitr>ily modifi$4 ,two bro!rs1 ( :om "o is br\ght up z a workman & ! o!r z a prie/1 develop q diff]5tly 9 body z well z 9 m9d2 9 l mann]1 two dogs ( "o & ! same bir?1 ( :i* "o is tra9$ z a sport+ dog & ! o!r *a9$ up z a wat* dog4 ,! same obs]vation may also readily be made z to organic individuals 9 a natural /ate4 ,if1 = in/ance1 "o c>efully comp>es all ! trees 9 a fir or bee* =e/1 :i* consi/s ( trees ( a s+le species1 "o f9ds t among all ! hundr$s or ?\s&s ( trees1 !re are n two individual trees completely agree+ 9 size ( trunk & o!r p>ts1 9 ! numb] ( bran*es1 leaves1 etc4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d individual inequalities :i*1 9 "p at lea/1 are m]ely ! consequ5ces ( ! diff]5t conditions ( life "u :i* ! trees h develop$4 ,x is true we c nev] say ) c]ta9ty h[ mu* ( ?is dissimil>ity 9 all ! individuals ( e species may h orig9ally be5 caus$ by indirect individual adaptation1 & h[ mu* ( x acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( direct or univ]sal adaptation4 ,a second s]ies ( ph5om5a ( direct adaptation1 :i* we may comprise "u ! law ( cumulative adaptation1 is no less important & g5]al ?an univ]sal adaptation4 ,"u ?is "n ,i include a great numb] ( v important ph5om5a1 :i* are usually divid$ into two q di/9ct gr\ps4 ,naturali/s1 z a rule1 h di/+ui%$1 fir/1 ^? v>iations ( organisms :i* are produc$ directly by ! p]man5t influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions 7by ! con/ant action ( nutrition1 ( climate1 ( surr\nd+s1 etc471 & secondly1 ^? v>iations :i* arise f habit & practice1 f accu/om+ !mselves to def9ite conditions ( life1 & f ! use & non-use ( organs4 ,! latt] influ5ces h be5 set =? especially by ,lam>ck z important causes ( ! *ange ( organic =ms1 :ile ! =m] h = a v long "t be5 recogniz$ z su* m g5]ally4 ,! %>p di/9ction usually made betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( cumulative adaptation1 & :i* ev5 ,d>w9 /ill ma9ta9s1 disappe>s z soon z we reflect m accurately & deeply ^u ! real nature & causal f\ndation ( ^! two1 app>5tly v diff]5t1 s]ies ( adaptations4 ,we !n arrive at ! conviction t 9 bo? cases !re are always two diff]5t active causes to be dealt )3 on ! "o h& ! ext]nal influ5ce or action ( adaptative conditions ( life1 & on ! o!r h& ! int]nal reaction ( ! organism :i* subjects & adapts itself to t condition ( life4 ,if cumulative adaptation is consid]$ f ! fir/ po9t ( view alone1 & ! trans=m+ actions ( ! p]man5t ext]nal conditions ( life are trac$ to ^? conditions solely1 !n ! pr9cipal /ress is laid unduly ^u ! ext]nal factor1 & ! necess>y int]nal reaction ( ! organism is n tak5 into prop] consid]ation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 cumulative adaptation is unju/ly reg>d$ solely 9 relation to its second factor1 & ! trans=m+ action ( ! organism itself1 its reaction aga9/ ! ext]nal influ5ces1 its *ange by practice1 habit1 use1 or non-use ( organs1 is put into ! =egr\nd1 !n we =get t ?is reaction is fir/ call$ into play by ! action ( ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,h5ce x seems t ! di/9ction made betwe5 ^! two gr\ps lies only 9 ! diff]5t mann] ( view+ !m1 & ,i believe t !y c1 ) full ju/ice1 be consid]$ z "o4 ,! mo/ ess5tial fact 9 ^! ph5om5a ( cumulative adaptation is t ! *ange ( ! organism :i* manife/s itself fir/ 9 ! functions1 & at a lat] p]iod 9 ! =m1 is ! result ei!r ( long endur+1 or ( (t5 repeat$1 influ5ces ( an ext]nal cause4 ,! smalle/ cause1 by cumulation ( its action1 c atta9 ! greate/ results4 ,!re are innum]able examples ( ?is k9d ( direct adaptation4 ,9 :atev] direction we may exam9e ! life ( animals & plants1 we discov] on all h&s evid5t & und5iable *anges ( ?is k9d4 ,let me fir/ m5tion "s ( ^? ph5om5a ( adaptation occasion$ directly by nutrition itself4 ,e "o kn[s t ! dome/ic animals :i* are br$ = c]ta9 purposes c be v>i\sly modifi$1 accord+ to ! diff]5t quantity & quality ( ! food giv5 to !m4 ,if a f>m] 9 bre$+ %eep wi%es to produce f9e wool1 he gives !m diff]5t food f :at he w\ld give if he wi%$ to obta9 good fle% or an abundance ( fat4 ,*oice race & c>riage horses receive bett] food ?an dray & c>t horses4 ,ev5 ! bodily =m ( man--= example1 ! am\nt ( fat--is q diff]5t accord+ to 8 nutrition4 ,food conta9+ mu* nitrog5 produces little fat1 t conta9+ little nitrog5 produces a great deal ( fat4 ,p :o1 by means ( ,bant+'s sy/em1 at pres5t s popul>1 wi% to become ?9 eat only meat & eggs--no bread1 no potatoes4 ,! important v>iations t c be produc$ among cultivat$ plants1 solely by *ang+ ! quantity & quality ( n\ri%m5t1 are well kn[n4 ,! same plant acquires an altoge!r diff]5t appe>ance1 accord+ z x is plac$ 9 a dry & w>m place1 expos$ to ! sunlight or plac$ 9 a cool damp spot 9 ! %ade4 ,_m plants1 if transf]r$ to ! sea %ore1 get 9 a %ort space ( "t ?ick1 fle%y leaves1 & ! same plants plac$ 9 a p>ticul>ly dry & hot locality get ?9 hairy leaves4 ,all ^! v>iations arise directly f ! cumulative influ5ce ( *ang$ nutrition4 ,b x is n only ! quantity & quality ( ! articles ( nutrition :i* affect & p[]fully *ange & trans=m ! organism1 b x is affect$ also by all ! o!r ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce1 above all by its ne>e/ organic surr\nd+s1 ! society ( fri5dly or ho/ile organisms4 ,"o & ! same k9d ( tree develops itself q diff]5tly 9 an op5 locality1 :]e x is free on all sides1 & 9 a =e/ :]e x mu/ adapt itself to its surr\nd+s1 :]e x is press$ on all sides by its ne>e/ neighb\rs1 & is =c$ to %oot upw>ds4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! bran*es ( ! tree spread widely out2 9 ! latt]1 ! trunk ext5ds upw>ds1 & ! top ( ! tree rema9s small & contract$4 ,h[ p[]fully all ^! circum/ances1 & h[ p[]fully ! ho/ile or fri5dly influ5ce ( surr\nd+ organisms1 ( p>asites1 etc41 affect e animal & e plant1 is s well kn[n1 t x appe>s sup]flu\s to quote fur!r examples4 ,! *ange ( =m1 or trans=mation :i* is !reby effect$1 is nev] solely ! direct result ( ! ext]nal influ5ce1 b mu/ always be trac$ to ! correspond+ reaction1 & to ! activity ( ! organism itself1 :i* consi/s 9 contract+ a habit1 or practice1 & 9 ! use or non-use ( organs4 ,! fact t ^! latt] ph5om5a1 z a rule1 h be5 consid]$ di/9ct f ! =m]1 is ow+ fir/ to ! "o-sid$ mann] ( view+ !m already m5tion$1 & secondly to ! wrong notion :i* has be5 =m$ z to ! nature & ! influ5ce ( ! activity ( ! w 9 animals4 ,! activity ( ! w1 :i* is ! organ ( habit1 ( practice1 ( ! use or non-use ( organs among animals1 is1 l e o!r activity ( ! animal s\l1 dep5d5t ^u mat]ial processes 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 ^u peculi> motions :i* emanate f ! album9\s matt] ( ! ganglion cells1 & ! n]v\s fibres connect$ ) !m4 ,! w1 z well z ! o!r m5tal activities1 9 high] animals1 9 ?is respect is diff]5t f t ( m5 only 9 quantity1 n 9 quality4 ,! w ( ! animal1 z well z t ( man1 is nev] free4 ,! widely spread dogma ( ! fre$om ( ! w is1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 altoge!r unt5able4 ,e physiologi/ :o sci5tifically inve/igates ! activity ( ! w 9 man & animals1 mu/ ( necessity arrive at ! conviction t 9 reality ! w is nev] free1 b is always det]m9$ by ext]nal or int]nal influ5ces4 ,^! influ5ces are = ! mo/ "p ideas :i* h be5 ei!r =m$ by ,adaptation or by ,inh]itance1 & are traceable to "o or o!r ( ^! two physiological functions4 ,z soon z we /rictly exam9e ! action ( our own w1 )\t ! traditional prejudice ab\t its fre$om1 we p]ceive t e app>5tly free action ( ! w is ! result ( previ\s ideas1 :i* are bas$ on notions inh]it$ or o!rwise acquir$1 & are !re=e1 9 ! end1 dep5d5t on ! laws ( ,adaptation & ,inh]itance4 ,! same also applies to ! action ( ! w 9 all animals4 ,z soon z _! w is consid]$ 9 connection ) _! mode ( life1 9 its relation to ! *anges :i* ! mode ( life is subject to f ext]nal conditions1 we are at once conv9c$ t no o!r view is possible4 ,h5ce ! *anges ( ! w :i* foll[ ! *anges ( nutrition1 & :i*1 9 ! =m ( practice1 habit1 etc41 produce v>iations 9 /ructure1 mu/ be reckon$ among ! o!r mat]ial processes ( cumulative adaptation4 ,:il/ an animal's w is adapt+ itself to *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce by ! acquisition ( new habits1 practices1 etc41 x n unfrequ5tly effects ! mo/ rem>kable trans=mations ( ! organic =m4 ,num]\s in/ances ( ?is may be f\nd ev]y:]e 9 animal life4 ,?us1 = example1 _m organs 9 dome/ic animals are suppress$1 :5 9 consequ5ce ( a *ang$ mode ( life !y cease to act4 ,ducks & f[ls 9 a wild /ate fly exce$+ly well1 b lose ?is facility m or less 9 a cultivat$ /ate4 ,!y accu/om !mselves to use _! legs m ?an _! w+s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! muscles & skeleton us$ 9 fly+ are ess5tially *ang$ 9 _! developm5t & =m4 ,d>w9 has prov$ ?is by a v c>eful comp>ative measurem5t & weigh+ ( ! respective p>ts ( ! skeleton 9 ! diff]5t races ( dome/ic ducks1 :i* are all desc5d$ f ! wild duck 7,anas bos*as74 ,! bones ( ! w+s 9 tame ducks are weak]1 ! bones ( ! legs1 on ! o!r h&1 are m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 wild ducks4 ,9 o/ri*es & o!r runn+ birds :i* h become completely unaccu/om$ to fly1 ! consequ5ce is t _! w+s are entirely crippl$ & deg5]ate into m]e 8rudim5t>y organs0 7p4 #ab74 ,9 _m dome/ic animals1 especially 9 _m races ( dogs & rabbits1 we f9d t 9 ! cultivat$ /ate !y h acquir$ p5dul\s e>s4 ,?is is simply a consequ5ce ( a dim9i%$ use ( ! auricul> muscles4 ,9 a wild /ate ^! animals h to ex]t _! e>s v mu* 9 ord] to discov] an approa*+ foe1 & ?is is accompani$ by a /rong developm5t ( ! muscul> app>atus1 :i* keeps ! out] e>s 9 an upright position1 & by :i* !y c turn !m 9 all directions4 ,9 a dome/ic /ate ! same animals no long] require to li/5 s att5tively1 !y prick up or turn _! e>s only a little2 ! auricul> muscles cease to be us$1 gradually become weak5$1 & ! e>s hang d[n flabbily1 or become rudim5t>y4 ,z 9 ^! cases ! function1 & consequ5tly ! =m also1 ( ! organ becomes deg5]at$ ?r\gh disuse1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 x becomes m develop$ by great] use4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly /rik+ if we comp>e ! bra91 & ! m5tal activity belong+ to x1 9 wild animals & ^? dome/ic animals :i* are desc5d$ f !m4 ,! dog & horse1 :i* are s va/ly improv$ by cultivation1 %[ an extraord9>y degree ( m5tal developm5t1 9 comp>ison ) _! wild orig9al ance/ors1 & evid5tly ! *ange 9 ! bulk ( ! bra91 :i* is connect$ ) x1 is ma9ly det]m9$ by p]si/5t ex]cise4 ,x is also well kn[n h[ quickly & p[]fully muscles gr[ & *ange _! =m by cont9ual practice4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! arms & legs ( a tra9$ gymna/ ) ^? ( an immovable book-worm4 ,h[ p[]fully ext]nal influ5ces affect ! habits ( animals & _! mode ( life1 & 9 ?is way /ill fur!r *ange _! =ms1 is v /rik+ly %[n 9 _m cases among amphibi\s animals & reptiles4 ,our commone/ indig5\s snake1 ! r+$ snake1 lays eggs :i* require ?ree weeks' "t to develop4 ,b :5 x is kept 9 captivity1 & no s& is /rewn 9 ! cage1 x does n lay its eggs1 b reta9s !m until ! "y ones are develop$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 animals produc+ liv+ (fspr+ & ^? lay+ eggs is "h effac$ simply by ! *ange ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! animal lives4 ,! wat]-salam&]s1 or tritons1 :i* h be5 artificially made to reta9 _! orig9al gills1 are extremely int]e/+ 9 ?is respect4 ,! tritons are amphibi\s animals1 ne>ly ak9 to frogs1 & possess1 l ! latt]1 9 _! y\? ext]nal organs ( respiration--gills--) :i* !y1 :ile liv+ 9 wat]1 brea! ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,at a lat] date a metamorphosis takes place 9 tritons1 z 9 frogs4 ,!y leave ! wat]1 lose _! gills1 & accu/om !mselves to brea! ) _! lungs4 ,b if !y are prev5t$ f do+ ?is by be+ kept %ut up 9 a tank1 !y d n lose _! gills4 ,! gills rema91 & ! wat] salam&] cont9ues ?r\gh life 9 t l[ /age ( developm5t1 beyond :i* its l[] relations1 ! gill$ salam&]s1 or ,sozobran*iata1 nev] pass4 ,! gill$ salam&] atta9s its full size1 its sexual developm5t1 & reproduces itself )\t los+ its gills4 ,great int]e/ 0 caus$ a %ort "t ago1 among zoologi/s1 by ! axolotel 7,sir$on pisci=mis71 a gill$ salam&] f ,mexico1 ne>ly relat$ to ! triton2 x _h already be5 kn[n = a long "t1 & be5 br$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! zoological g>d5 9 ,p>is4 ,?is animal possesses ext]nal gills1 l ! "y salam&]1 b reta9s !m all its life1 l all o!r ,sozobran*iata4 ,?is gill$ salam&] g5]ally rema9s 9 ! wat]1 ) its aquatic organs ( respiration1 & also propagates itself !re4 ,b 9 ! ,p>is g>d51 unexpect$ly f among hundr$s ( ^! animals1 a small numb] crept out ( ! wat] on to ! dry l&1 lo/ _! gills1 & *ang$ !mselves into gill-less salam&]s1 :i* are n to be di/+ui%$ f a ,nor?-,am]ican g5us ( tritons 7,ambly/oma71 & brea! only ?r\gh lungs4 ,9 ?is exce$+ly curi\s case we c directly foll[ ! great /ride f wat]-brea?+ to air-brea?+ animals1 a /ride :i* c inde$ be obs]v$ e spr+ 9 ! individual hi/ory ( developm5t ( frogs & salam&]s4 ,j z e sep>ate frog & e sep>ate salam&] trans=ms itself f an amphibi\s animal brea?+ ?r\gh gills1 at a lat] p]iod into "o brea?+ ?r\gh lungs1 s ! :ole gr\p ( frogs & salam&]s h aris5 f animals brea?+ ?r\gh gills1 & ak9 to ! ,sir$on4 ,! ,sozobran*iata h rema9$ up to ! pres5t day 9 t l[ /age ( developm5t4 ,ontog5y "h expla9s phylog5y2 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( individuals expla9s t ( ! :ole gr\p 7p4 #aj74 ,to ! law ( accumulative adaptation !re closely foll[s a ?ird law ( direct or actual adaptation1 ! law ( correlative adaptation4 ,accord+ to ?is important law1 actual adaptation n only *anges ^? p>ts ( ! organism :i* are directly affect$ by its influ5ce1 b o!r p>ts also n directly affect$ by x4 ,?is is ! consequ5ce ( organic solid>ity1 & especially ( ! unity ( ! nutrition exi/+ among all ! p>ts ( e organism4 ,if1 = example1 ! hair9ess ( ! leaves increases 9 a plant by its be+ transf]r$ to a dry locality1 !n ?is *ange reacts ^u ! nutrition ( o!r p>ts1 & x may result 9 a %ort5+ ( ! p>ts ( ! /alk1 & produce a m contract$ =m ( ! :ole plant4 ,9 "s races ( pigs & dogs--= example1 9 ! ,turki% dog--:i* by adaptation to a w>m] climate h m or less lo/ _! hair1 ! tee? also h deg5]at$4 ,:ales & ,end5tata 7armadillos71 :i* by _! curi\s sk9-cov]+ are remov$ f ! o!r mammals1 also %[ ! greate/ deviations 9 ! =mation ( _! tee?4 ,fur!r1 ^? races ( dome/ic animals 7ox5 & pigs7 :i* h acquir$ %ort legs h1 z a rule1 also a %ort & compact head4 ,among o!r examples1 ! races ( pigeons :i* h ! longe/ legs are also *>act]iz$ by ! longe/ beaks4 ,! same correlation betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! legs & beaks is univ]sal 9 ! ord] ( /ilt$-birds 7,grallatores71 9 /orks1 cranes1 snipe1 etc4 ,! correlations :i* ?us exi/ betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism are mo/ rem>kable1 b _! real cause is unkn[n to u4 ,9 g5]al1 we c ( c\rse say1 ! *anges ( nutrition affect+ an individual "p mu/ necess>ily react on ! o!r p>ts1 because ! nutrition ( e organism is a connect$1 c5traliz$ activity4 ,b :y j ?is or t "p %\ld exhibit ?is or t p>ticul> correlation is 9 mo/ cases q unkn[n to u4 ,we "k a great numb] ( su* correlations 9 nutrition2 !y are especially se5 9 ^? *anges ( animals & plants :i* give rise to an abs5ce ( pigm5t 7notic$ previ\sly7--9 alb9oes4 ,! want ( ! usual col\r+ matt] goes h& 9 h& ) c]ta9 *anges 9 ! =mation ( o!r p>ts2 = example1 ( ! muscul> & osse\s sy/em1 consequ5tly ( organic sy/ems :i* are n at all ultimately connect$ ) ! sy/em ( ! out] sk94 ,v frequ5tly alb9oes are m feebly develop$1 & consequ5tly ! :ole /ructure ( ! body is m delicate & weak ?an 9 col\r$ animals ( ! same species4 ,! organs ( ! s5ses & n]v\s sy/em are 9 l mann] curi\sly affect$ :5 !re is ?is want ( pigm5t4 ,:ite cats ) blue eyes are ne>ly always deaf4 ,:ite horses are di/+ui%$ f col\r$ horses by _! special liability to =m s>komat\s tum\rs4 ,9 man1 also1 ! degree ( ! developm5t ( pigm5t 9 ! out] sk9 greatly influ5ces ! susceptibility ( ! organism = c]ta9 diseases2 s t1 = in/ance1 ,europeans ) a d>k complexion1 black hair1 & br[n eyes become m easily acclimatiz$ to tropical c\ntries1 & are less subject to ! diseases !re preval5t 7inflammation ( ! liv]1 yell[ fev]1 etc47 ?an ,europeans ( :ite complexion1 fair hair1 & blue eyes4 7,comp>e above1 p4 #aej47 ,among ^! correlations 9 ! =mation ( diff]5t organs1 ^? are specially rem>kable :i* exi/ betwe5 ! sexual organs & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,no *ange ( any "p reacts s p[]fully ^u ! o!r p>ts ( ! body z a c]ta9 treatm5t ( ! sexual organs4 ,f>m]s :o wi% to obta9 an abundant =mation ( fat 9 pigs1 %eep1 etc41 remove ! sexual organs by cutt+ !m out 7ca/ration71 & ?is is inde$ done to animals ( bo? sexes4 ,! result is an excessive developm5t ( fat4 ,! same is done to ! s+]s 9 c]ta9 religi\s corporations4 ,^! un=tunates are ca/rat$ 9 e>ly y\?1 9 ord] t !y may reta9 _! high boyi% voices4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is mutilation ( ! g5itals1 ! l>ynx rema9s 9 its y\?ful /age ( developm5t4 ,! muscul> tissues ( ! body rema9 at ! same "t weakly develop$1 :ile bel[ ! sk9 an abundance ( fat accumulates4 ,b ?is mutilation also p[]fully reacts ^u ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! en]gy ( ! w1 etc41 & x is well kn[n t human ca/rates1 or eunu*s1 z well z ca/rat$ animals1 are utt]ly defici5t 9 ! special psy*ical "* :i* di/+ui%es ! male sex4 ,man is a man1 bo? 9 body & s\l1 solely ?r\gh 8 male g5]ative gl&s4 ,^! mo/ important & influ5tial correlations betwe5 ! sexual organs & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 especially ! bra91 are f\nd equally 9 bo? sexes4 ,?is might be expect$ ev5 priori1 because 9 mo/ animals ! two k9ds ( organs develop !mselves f ! same f\ndation1 & at ! beg9n+ are n diff]5t4 ,9 man1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! v]tebrate animals1 ! male & female organs 9 ! orig9al /ate ( ! g]m are entirely ! same1 & ! diff]5ces ( ! two sexes only gradually arise 9 ! c\rse ( embryonic developm5t 79 man1 9 ! n9? week ( embryonic life71 by "o & ! same gl& develop+ 9 ! female z ! ov>y1 & 9 ! male z ! te/icle4 ,e *ange ( ! female ov>y1 !re=e1 has a no less important reaction ^u ! :ole female organism ?an e *ange ( ! te/icle has ^u ! male organism4 ,vir*[ has express$ ! importance ( ?is correlation 9 8 admirable essay on 8,das ,weib und die ,zelle0 78,woman & ! ,cell071 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,woman is woman only by h] sexual gl&s2 all ! peculi>ities ( h] body & m9d1 ( h] nutrition & h] n]v\s activity1 ! sweet delicacy & r\ndness ( h] limbs1 ! peculi> =mation ( ! pelvis1 ! developm5t ( ! brea/s1 ! cont9uance ( ! high voice1 t beautiful ornam5t ( hair on h] head1 ) ! sc>cely p]ceptible s(t d[n on ! re/ ( ! sk9--!n aga91 ! dep? ( feel+1 ! tru? ( h] direct p]ceptions1 h] g5tl5ess1 devotion1 & fidelity--9 %ort1 all ! fem99e qualities :i* we admire & hon\r 9 a true woman are b a dep5d5ce ( ! ov>y4 ,take ?is ov>y away1 & ! man-woman /&s be=e u--a loa?ly abortion40 ,! same close correlation betwe5 ! sexual organs & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body occurs among plants z g5]ally z among animals4 ,if "o wi%es to obta9 an abundance ( fruit f a g>d5 plant1 ! gr[? ( ! leaves is curtail$ by cutt+ (f "s ( !m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 an ornam5tal plant ) a luxuriance ( l>ge & beautiful leaves is desir$1 !n ! developm5t ( ! blossoms & fruit is prev5t$ by cutt+ (f ! fl[] buds4 ,9 bo? cases "o sy/em ( organs develops at ! co/ ( ! o!rs4 ,?us1 also1 mo/ v>iations 9 ! =mation ( leaves 9 wild plants result 9 correspond+ trans=mations ( ! g5]ative p>ts or blossoms4 ,! great importance ( ?is 8comp5sation ( developm5t10 ( ?is 8correlation ( p>ts10 has be5 already set =? by ,goe!1 by ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 & o!r nature-philosoph]s4 ,x re/s ma9ly ^u ! fact t direct or actual adaptation _c produce an important *ange 9 a s+le "p ( ! body1 )\t at ! same "t affect+ ! :ole organism4 ,! correlative adaptation betwe5 ! reproductive organs & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body des]ves a v special consid]ation1 because x is1 above all o!rs1 likely to ?r[ light ^u ! obscure & my/]i\s ph5om5a ( indirect or pot5tial adaptation1 :i* h already be5 consid]$4 ,= j z e *ange ( ! sexual organs p[]fully reacts ^u ! re/ ( ! body1 s on ! o!r h& e important *ange 9 ano!r "p ( ! body mu/ necess>ily m or less react on ! sexual organs4 ,?is reaction1 h[ev]1 w only become p]ceptible 9 ! =mation ( ! (fspr+ :i* arise out ( ! *ang$ g5]ative p>ts4 ,x is1 9 fact1 precisely ^? rem>kable & imp]ceptible *anges ( ! g5ital sy/em 79 !mselves utt]ly insignificant *anges7--*anges ( ! eggs & ! sp]m--br\ght ab\t by su* correlations1 :i* h ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( ! (fspr+1 & all ! ph5om5a ( indirect or pot5tial adaptation previ\sly m5tion$ may 9 ! end be trac$ to correlative adaptation4 ,a fur!r s]ies ( rem>kable examples ( correlative adaptation is furni%$ by ! diff]5t animals & plants :i* become deg5]at$ ?r\gh p>asitic life or p>asitism4 ,no o!r *ange 9 ! mode ( life s mu* affects ! %apes ( organisms z ! adoption ( a p>asitical life4 ,plants !reby lose _! gre5 leaves2 z1 = in/ance1 our native p>asitical plants1 ,oroban*e1 ,la?ra1 ,monotropa4 ,animals :i* orig9ally h liv$ freely & indep5d5tly1 b aft]w>ds adopt a p>asitical mode ( life on o!r animals or plants1 9 ! fir/ place cease to use _! organs ( motion & _! organs ( s5se4 ,! loss ( ?is activity is succe$$ by ! loss ( ! organs !mselves1 & ?us we f9d1 = example1 _m crabs1 or cru/acea1 :i* 9 _! y\? possess a tol]ably high degree ( organization1 viz41 legs1 ant5n1 & eyes1 9 old age completely deg5]ate1 liv+ z p>asites1 )\t eyes1 )\t app>atus ( motion1 & )\t ant5n4 ,! lively1 active =m ( y\?1 has become a %apeless1 motionless lump4 ,only ! mo/ necess>y organs ( nutrition & propagation reta9 _! activity2 all ! re/ ( ! body has deg5]at$4 ,evid5tly ^! complete trans=mations are1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! direct consequ5ces ( cumulative adaption1 ( ! non-use & defective ex]cise ( ! organs1 b a great portion ( !m mu/ c]ta9ly be attribut$ also to correlative adaptation4 7,comp>e ,plate ,x4 & ,,xi47 ,a sev5? law ( adaptation1 ! f\r? 9 ! gr\p ( direct adaptation1 is ! law ( div]g5t adaptation4 ,by ?is law we indicate ! fact t p>ts orig9ally =m$ alike h develop$ 9 diff]5t ways "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions4 ,?is law ( adaptation is extremely important = ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on ( division ( lab\r1 or polymorphism4 ,we c see ?is v easily 9 our own selves2 = in/ance1 9 ! activity ( our two h&s4 ,we usually accu/om our "r h& to q diff]5t "w f t :i* we give our left1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t occupation !re arises a diff]5t =mation ( ! two h&s4 ,! "r h&1 :i* we use mu* m ?an ! left1 %[s a /rong] developm5t ( ! n]ves1 muscles1 & bones4 ,! same applies to ! :ole arm4 ,9 mo/ human be+s ! bones & fle% ( ! "r arm are1 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ m employ$1 /rong] & heavi] ?an ^? ( ! left arm4 ,n[1 z ! special use ( ! "r arm has be5 adopt$ & transmitt$ by inh]itance = ?\s&s ( ye>s among ,europeans1 ! /rong] %ape & size ( ! "r arm h already become h]$it>y4 ,p4 ,h>t+1 an excell5t ,dut* naturali/1 has %[n by measur+ & weigh+ newly-born *ildr51 t ev5 9 !m ! "r arm is m develop$ ?an ! left4 ,accord+ to ! same law ( div]g5t adaptation1 bo? eyes also frequ5tly develop diff]5tly4 ,if1 = example1 a naturali/ accu/oms himself always to use "o eye = ! microscope 7x is bett] to use ! left71 !n t eye w acquire a p[] diff]5t f t ( ! o!r1 & ?is division ( lab\r is ( great advantage4 ,! "o eye w become m %ort-sight$1 & bett] suit$ = see+ ?+s ne> at h&2 ! o!r eye becomes1 on ! contr>y1 m long-sight$1 m acute = look+ at an object 9 ! di/ance4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! naturali/ alt]nately uses bo? eyes = ! microscope1 he w n acquire ! %ort-sight$ness ( ! "o eye & ! comp5satory degree ( long-sight 9 ! o!r1 :i* is atta9$ by a wise di/ribution ( ^! diff]5t functions ( sight betwe5 ! two eyes4 ,"h !n aga9 ! function1 t is ! activity1 ( orig9ally equally-=m$ organs c become div]g5t by habit2 ! function reacts aga9 ^u ! =m ( ! organ1 & ?us we f9d1 aft] a long duration ( su* an influ5ce1 a *ange 9 ! m delicate p>ts & ! relative gr[? ( ! div]g5t organs1 :i* 9 ! end becomes app>5t ev5 9 _! co>s] outl9es4 ,div]g5t adaptation c v easily be p]ceiv$ among plants1 especially 9 creep]s4 ,bran*es ( "o & ! same creep+ plant1 :i* orig9ally 7 =m$ alike1 acquire a completely diff]5t =m & ext5t1 a completely diff]5t degree ( curvature & diamet] ( spiral w9d+1 accord+ z !y tw9e !mselves r\nd a ?9n] or a ?ick] b>4 ,! div]g5t *ange ( =m ( p>ts orig9ally id5tical 9 =m1 :i* t5d+ 9 diff]5t directions develop !mselves "u diff]5t ext]nal conditions1 c be di/9ctly demon/rat$ 9 _m o!r examples4 ,z ?is div]g5t adaptation int]acts ) progressive inh]itance1 x becomes ! cause ( a division ( lab\r among ! diff]5t organs4 ,an eigh? & la/ law ( adaptation we may call ! law ( unlimit$ or inf9ite adaptation4 ,by x we simply mean to express t we "k ( no limit to ! v>iation ( organic =ms occasion$ by ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,we c ass]t ( no s+le "p ( an organism1 t x is no long] v>iable1 or t if x 7 subject$ to new ext]nal conditions x w\ld n be *ang$ by !m4 ,x has nev] yet be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce t !re is a limit to v>iation4 ,if1 = example1 an organ deg5]ates f non-use1 ?is deg5]ation ends f9ally 9 a complete disappe>ance ( ! organ1 z is ! case ) ! eyes ( _m animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are able1 by cont9ual practice1 habit1 & ! ev]-increas+ use ( an organ1 to br+ x to a degree ( p]fection :i* we %\ld at ! beg9n+ h consid]$ to be impossible4 ,if we comp>e ! unciviliz$ savages ) civiliz$ nations1 we f9d among ! =m] a developm5t ( ! organs ( s5se--sight1 smell1 & he>+--su* z civiliz$ nations c h>dly conceive (4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bra91 t is m5tal activity1 among m civiliz$ nations is develop$ to a degree ( :i* ! wild savages h no idea4 ,!re appe>s inde$ to be a limit giv5 to ! adaptability ( e organism1 by ! 8type0 ( its tribe or phylum2 t is1 by ! ess5tial fundam5tal qualities ( ?is tribe1 :i* h be5 inh]it$ f a common ance/or1 & transmitt$ by cons]vative inh]itance to all its desc5dants4 ,?us1 = example1 no v]tebrate animal c acquire ! v5tral n]ve-*ord ( articulate animals1 in/ead ( ! *>act]i/ic sp9al m>r[ ( ! v]tebrate animals4 ,h[ev]1 )9 ?is h]$it>y prim>y =m1 )9 ?is inali5able type1 ! degree ( adaptability is unlimit$4 ,! ela/icity & fluidity ( ! organic =m manife/s itself1 )9 ! type1 freely 9 all directions1 & to an unlimit$ ext5t4 ,b !re are "s animals1 z1 = example1 ! p>asitically deg5]ate crabs & worms1 :i* seem to pass ev5 ! limit ( type1 & h =feit$ all ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( _! tribe by an a/oni%+ degree ( deg5]ation4 ,z to ! adaptability ( man1 x is1 z 9 all o!r animals1 also unlimit$1 & s9ce x is manife/$ 9 him above all o!r animals1 9 ! modifications ( ! bra91 !re c be absolutely no limit to ! k :i* man 9 a fur!r progress ( m5tal cultivation may n be able to exce$4 ,! human m9d1 accord+ to ! law ( unlimit$ adaptation1 enjoys an inf9ite p]spective ( becom+ ev] m & m p]fect4 ,^! rem>ks are suffici5t to %[ ! ext5t ( ! ph5om5a ( ,adaptation1 & ! great importance to be atta*$ to !m4 ,! laws ( ,adaptation1 or ! facts ( ,v>iation caus$ by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions1 are j z important z ! laws ( ,inh]itance4 ,all ph5om5a ( ,adaptation1 9 ! end1 c be trac$ to conditions ( nutrition ( ! organism1 9 ! same way z ! ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance are ref]able to conditions ( reproduction2 b ! latt]1 z well z ! =m]1 may fur!r be trac$ to *emical & physical1 t is to me*anical1 causes4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,selection ! new =ms ( organisms1 ! trans=mations :i* artificial selection produces 9 ! /ate ( cultivation1 & :i* natural selection produces 9 ! /ate ( nature1 arise solely by ! int]action ( su* causes4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,by ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,exi/5ce4 ,,division ,,( ,,lab\r ,,& ,,progress4 ,int]action ( ! ,two ,organic ,=mative ,causes1 ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4--,natural & ,artificial ,selection4--,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 or ,competition = ! ,necess>ies ( ,life4--,disproportion betwe5 ! ,numb] ( ,possible or ,pot5tial1 & ! ,numb] ( ,real or ,actual ,individuals4--,complicat$ ,correlations ( all ,neighb\r+ ,organisms4--,mode ( ,action 9 ,natural ,selection4--,homo*romic ,selection z ! ,cause ( ,sympa!tic ,col\r+s4--,sexual ,selection z ! ,cause ( ! ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,law ( ,sep>ation or ,division ( ,lab\r 7,polymorphism1 ,diff]5tiation1 ,div]g5ce ( ,*>act]s74--,transition ( ,v>ieties into ,species4--,idea ( ,species4--,hybridism4--,law ( ,progress or ,p]fection+ 7,progressus1 ,teleosis74 ,9 ord] to arrive at a "r und]/&+ ( ,d>w9ism1 x is1 above all1 necess>y t ! two organic functions ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 :i* we spoke ( 9 our la/ *apt]1 %\ld be m closely exam9$4 ,if we d n1 on ! "o h&1 exam9e ! purely me*anical nature ( ^! two physiological activities1 & ! v>i\s action ( _! diff]5t laws1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 we d n consid] h[ complicat$ ! int]action ( ^! diff]5t laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation mu/ be1 we %all n be able to und]/& h[ ^! two functions1 by !mselves1 h be5 able to produce all ! v>iety ( animal & vegetable =ms1 :i*1 9 fact1 !y h4 ,we h1 at lea/1 hi!rto be5 unable to discov] any o!r =mative causes besides ^! two1 & if we rightly und]/& ! necess>y & inf9itely complicat$ int]action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 we d n require to look = o!r unkn[n causes = ! *ange ( organic =ms4 ,^! two fundam5tal causes are1 z f> z we c see1 completely suffici5t4 ,ev5 long be=e ,d>w9 _h publi%$ 8 ,!ory ( ,selection1 "s naturali/s1 & especially ,goe!1 _h assum$ ! int]action ( two di/9ct =mative t5d5cies--a cons]vative or pres]v+1 & a progressive or *ang+ =mative t5d5cy--z ! causes ( ! v>iety ( organic =ms4 ,! =m] 0 call$ by ,goe! ! c5tripetal or specify+ t5d5cy1 ! latt] ! c5trifugal t5d5cy1 or ! t5d5cy to metamorphosis 7p4 #hi74 ,^! two t5d5cies completely correspond ) ! two processes ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,inh]itance is ! c5tripetal or int]nal =mative t5d5cy :i* /rives to keep ! organic =m 9 its species1 to =m ! desc5dants l ! p>5ts1 & always to produce id5tical ?+s f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,adaptation1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* c\nt]acts inh]itance1 is ! c5trifugal or ext]nal =mative t5d5cy1 :i* con/antly /rives to *ange ! organic =ms ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! v>y+ ag5cies ( ! out] _w1 to create new =ms out ( ^? exi/+1 & entirely to de/roy ! con/ancy or p]man5cy ( species4 ,accord+ly z ,inh]itance or ,adaptation pr$om9ates 9 ! /ruggle1 ! specific =m ei!r rema9s con/ant or *anges into a new species4 ,! degree ( con/ancy ( =m 9 ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants1 :i* obta9s at any mom5t1 is simply ! necess>y result ( ! mom5t>y pr$om9ance :i* ei!r ( ^! two =mative p[]s 7or physiological activities7 has acquir$ ov] ! o!r4 ,if we n[ return to ! consid]ation ( ! process ( selection or *oice1 ! outl9es ( :i* we h already exam9$1 we %all be 9 a position to see cle>ly & di/9ctly t bo? artificial & natural selection re/ solely ^u ! int]action ( ^! two =mative t5d5cies4 ,if we c>efully wat* ! proce$+s ( an artificial selector--a f>m] or a g>d5]--we f9d t only ^! two con/ructive =ces are us$ by him = ! production ( new =ms4 ,! :ole art ( artificial selection re/s solely ^u a ?\ghtful & wise application ( ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 & ^u _! be+ appli$ & regulat$ 9 an arti/ic & sy/ematic mann]4 ,"h ! w ( man con/itutes ! select+ =ce4 ,! case ( natural selection is q simil>1 = x also employs m]ely ^! two organic con/ructive =ces1 ^! +ra9$ physiological prop]ties ( ,adaptation & ,h]$ity1 9 ord] to produce ! diff]5t species4 ,b ! select+ pr9ciple or =ce1 :i* 9 artificial selection is repres5t$ by ! consci\s w ( man act+ = a def9ite purpose1 consi/s 9 natural selection ( ! unconsci\s /ruggle = exi/5ce act+ )\t a def9ite plan4 ,:at we mean by 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 has already be5 expla9$ 9 ! sev5? *apt]4 ,x is ! recognition ( ?is exce$+ly important id5tity :i* con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ ( ,d>w9's m]its4 ,b z ?is relation is v frequ5tly imp]fectly or falsely und]/ood1 x is necess>y to exam9e x n[ m closely1 & to illu/rate by a few examples ! op]ation ( ! /ruggle = life1 & ! op]ation ( natural selection by means ( ! /ruggle = life 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bca74 ,:5 consid]+ ! /ruggle = life1 we />t$ f ! fact t ! numb] ( g]ms :i* all animals & plants produce is inf9itely great] ?an ! numb] ( individuals :i* actually come to life & rema9 alive = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,mo/ organisms produce dur+ life ?\s&s or millions ( g]ms1 f ea* ( :i*1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 a new individual might arise4 ,9 mo/ animals & plants ^! g]ms are eggs1 t is cells1 :i* = _! developm5t require sexual fructification4 ,b among ! ,proti/a1 ! l[e/ organisms1 :i* are nei!r animals nor plants1 & :i* propagate !mselves only 9 a non-sexual mann]1 ! g]m-cells1 or spores1 require no fructification4 ,n[1 9 all cases ! numb] ( unsexual1 z well z ( sexual g]ms1 is out ( all proportion to ! numb] ( actually liv+ individuals ( e species4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! numb] ( liv+ animals & plants on our e>? rema9s always ab\t ! same4 ,! numb] ( places 9 ! economy ( nature is limit$1 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface ^! places are always approximately occupi$4 ,c]ta9ly !re occur ev]y:]e & 9 e ye> fluctuations 9 ! absolute & 9 ! relative numb] ( individuals ( all species4 ,h[ev]1 tak5 z a :ole1 ^! fluctuations are ( little importance1 & x is broadly ! fact t ! total numb] ( all individuals rema9s1 on an av]age1 almo/ con/ant4 ,!re is a con/ant fluctuation1 :i* dep5ds on ! fact t 9 "o ye> or ano!r "o or o!r s]ies ( animals & plants pr$om9ates1 & t e ye> ! /ruggle = life some:at alt]s _! relations4 ,e s+le species ( animals & plants w\ld h d5sely peopl$ ! :ole e>?'s surface 9 a %ort "t1 if x _h n _h to /ruggle aga9/ a numb] ( enemies & ho/ile influ5ces4 ,ev5 ,l9nu calculat$ t if an annual plant only produc$ two se$s 7& !re is n "o :i* produces s few71 x w\ld h yield$ 9 tw5ty ye>s a million ( individuals4 ,d>w9 has calculat$ ( elephants1 :i* ( all animals seem ! sl[e/ to increase1 t 9 sev5 hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! desc5dants ( a s+le pair w\ld am\nt to n9ete5 millions ( individuals2 ?is is suppos+ t e elephant1 dur+ its p]iod ( f]tility 7f ! #cj? to ! #ij? ye>71 produc$ only ?ree pairs ( "y ones1 & surviv$ itself to its hundr$? ye>4 ,9 l mann] ! increase ( ! numb] ( human be+s--if calculat$ on ! av]age proportion ( bir?s to population1 & no h9drances to ! natural increase /ood 9 ! way--w\ld be su* z to d\ble ! total 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 e c5tury ! total numb] ( m5 w\ld h increas$ sixte5-fold2 :]eas we "k t ! total numb] ( human be+s increases b sl[ly1 & t ! increase ( population is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,:ile ,european tribes spread ov] ! :ole globe1 o!r tribes or species ( m5 e ye> draw ne>] to _! complete ext9ction4 ,?is is ! case especially ) ! r$sk9s ( ,am]ica1 & ) ! copp]-col\r$ natives ( ,au/ralia4 ,ev5 if ^! races 7 to propagate m abundantly ?an ! :ite ,europeans1 yet !y w\ld soon] or lat] succumb to ! latt] 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,b ( all human individuals1 z ( all o!r organisms1 by f> ! majority p]i% at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! lives4 ,( ! imm5se quantity ( g]ms :i* e species produce1 only v few actually succe$ 9 develop+1 & ( ^! few x is aga9 only a v small portion :i* atta9 to ! age 9 :i* !y c reproduce !mselves 7comp>e p4 #afa74 ,f ! disproportion betwe5 ! imm5se excess ( organic g]ms & ! small numb] ( *os5 individuals :i* are actually able to cont9ue 9 exi/5ce beside "o ano!r1 !re foll[s ( necessity t univ]sal /ruggle = life1 t con/ant fight = exi/5ce1 t p]petual competition = ! necess>ies ( life1 ( :i* ,i gave a sket* 9 my sev5? *apt]4 ,x is ?is /ruggle = life :i* br+s natural selection into play1 :i* 9 its turn is made use ( by ! int]action ( ! ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation z a sift+ ag5cy1 & :i* ?us causes a cont9ual *ange 9 all organic =ms4 ,9 ?is /ruggle = acquir+ ! necess>y conditions ( exi/5ce1 ^? individuals w always ov]p[] _! rivals :o possess any individual privilege1 any advantage\s quality1 ( :i* _! fell[ competitors are de/itute4 ,x is true we are able only 9 ! fewe/ cases 79 ^? animals & plants be/ kn[n to u7 to =m an approximate conception ( ! inf9itely complicat$ int]action ( ! num]\s circum/ances1 all ( :i* "h come into comb9ation4 ,only ?9k h[ inf9itely v>i$ & complicat$ are ! relations ( e s+le human be+ to ! re/ ( mank9d1 & 9 g5]al1 to ! :ole ( ! surr\nd+ out] _w4 ,b simil> relations prevail also among all animals & plants :i* live toge!r 9 "o place4 ,all influ5ce "o ano!r actively or passively4 ,e animal & e plant /ruggles directly ) a numb] ( enemies1 bea/s ( prey1 p>asitic animals1 etc4 ,plants /&+ toge!r /ruggle ) "o ano!r = ! space ( gr\nd requisite = _! roots1 = ! necess>y am\nt ( light1 air1 moi/ure1 etc4 ,9 l-mann]1 animals liv+ toge!r /ruggle ) "o ano!r = _! food1 dwell+-place1 etc4 ,9 ?is mo/ active & complicat$ /ruggle1 any p]sonal sup]iority1 h[ev] small1 any individual advantage1 may possibly decide ! issue 9 fav\r ( ! "o possess+ x4 ,?is privileg$ individual rema9s ! victor 9 ! /ruggle1 & propagates itself1 :ile its fell[-competitors p]i% be=e !y succe$ 9 propagat+ !mselves4 ,! p]sonal advantage :i* gave x ! victory is transmitt$ by inh]itance to its desc5dants1 & by a fur!r developm5t may become s /rongly m>k$ z to cause u to consid] ! lat] g5]ations z a new species4 ,! inf9itely complicat$ correlations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! organisms ( e di/rict1 & :i* mu/ be look$ ^u z ! real conditions ( ! /ruggle = life1 are mo/ly unkn[n to u1 & are v difficult to discov]4 ,we h hi!rto be5 able to trace !m only to a c]ta9 po9t 9 individual cases1 z 9 ! example giv5 by ,d>w9 ( ! relations betwe5 cats & r$ clov] 9 ,engl&4 ,! r$ clov] 7,trifolium prat5se71 :i* 9 ,engl& is among ! be/ fodd] = cattle1 requires ! visit ( humm+-bees 9 ord] to atta9 ! =mation ( se$s4 ,^! insects1 :ile suck+ ! honey f ! bottom ( ! fl[]1 br+ ! poll5 9 contact ) ! /igma1 & ?us cause ! fructification ( ! fl[]1 :i* nev] takes place )\t x4 ,d>w9 has %[n by exp]im5ts1 t r$ clov] :i* is n visit$ by humm+-bees does n yield a s+le se$4 ,! numb] ( bees is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( _! enemies1 ! mo/ de/ructive ( :i* are ! field-mice4 ,! m ! field-mice pr$om9ate1 ! less ! clov] is fructifi$4 ,! numb] ( field-mice1 aga91 is dep5d5t ^u ! numb] ( _! enemies1 pr9cipally cats4 ,h5ce 9 ! neighb\rhood ( villages & t[ns1 :]e _m cats are kept1 !re are pl5ty ( bees4 ,a great numb] ( cats1 !re=e1 is evid5tly ( great advantage = ! fructification ( clov]4 ,?is example may be foll[$ /ill fur!r1 z has be5 done by ,c>l ,vogt1 if we consid] t cattle :i* fe$ on r$ clov] are "o ( ! mo/ important f\ndations ( ! weal? ( ,engl&4 ,engli%m5 pres]ve _! bodily & m5tal p[]s *iefly by mak+ excell5t meat--roa/ beef & beef/eak--_! pr9cipal food4 ,! ,engli% owe ! sup]iority ( _! bra9s & m9ds ov] ^? ( o!r nations 9 a great measure to _! excell5t meat4 ,b ?is is cle>ly indirectly dep5d5t ^u ! cats1 :i* pursue ! mice4 ,we may1 ) ,huxley1 ev5 trace ! *a9 ( causes to ^? old maids :o *]i% & keep cats1 &1 consequ5tly1 are ( ! greate/ importance to ! fructification ( ! clov] & to ! prosp]ity ( ,engl&4 ,f ?is example we c see t ! fur!r x is trac$ ! wid] is ! circle ( action & ( correlation4 ,we c ) c]ta9ty ma9ta9 t !re exi/ a great numb] ( su* correlations 9 e plant & 9 e animal1 only we are n always able to po9t out & survey _! concat5ation z 9 ! la/ in/ance4 ,ano!r rem>kable example ( important correlations is ! foll[+1 giv5 by ,d>w94 ,9 ,p>aguay1 !re are no wild ox5 & horses1 z 9 ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 bo? nor? & s\? ( ,p>aguay4 ,?is surpris+ circum/ance is expla9$ simply by ! fact t 9 t c\ntry a k9d ( small fly is v frequ5t1 & is 9 ! habit ( lay+ its eggs 9 ! navel ( newly-born calves & foals4 ,! newly-born animals die 9 consequ5ce ( ?is attack1 & ! small deadly fly is !re=e ! cause ( ox5 & horses nev] becom+ wild 9 t di/rict4 ,suppos+ t ?is fly 7 de/roy$ by "s insect-eat+ bird1 !n ^! l>ge mammals w\ld gr[ wild 9 ,p>aguay1 z well z 9 ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & z !y w\ld eat a quantity ( c]ta9 species ( plants1 ! :ole flora1 &1 consequ5tly aga91 ! :ole fauna ( ! c\ntry w\ld become *ang$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to /ate1 t at ! same "t ! :ole economy1 & consequ5tly ! "*1 ( ! human population w\ld alt]4 ,?us ! prosp]ity1 nay1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( :ole populations c be indirectly det]m9$ by a s+le small animal or vegetable =m 9 itself extremely insignificant4 ,!re are small coral isl&s ^: human inhabitants live almo/ entirely ^u ! fruit ( a species ( palm4 ,! fructification ( ?is palm is pr9cipally effect$ by insects1 :i* c>ry ! poll5 f ! male to ! female palm trees4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! useful insects is endang]$ by insect-eat+ birds1 :i* 9 _! turn are pursu$ by birds ( prey4 ,! birds ( prey1 h[ev]1 (t5 succumb to ! attack ( a small p>asitical mite1 :i* develops itself 9 millions 9 _! fea!rs4 ,?is small1 dang]\s p>asite1 aga91 may be kill$ by p>asitical m\lds4 ,m\lds1 birds ( prey1 & insects w\ld 9 ?is case fav\r ! prosp]ity ( ! palm1 & consequ5tly ( man2 birds1 mites1 & insect-eat+ birds w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 endang] x4 ,int]e/+ examples 9 relation to ! *ange ( correlations 9 ! /ruggle = life are furni%$ also by ^? isolat$ oceanic isl&s1 un9habit$ by man1 on :i* at diff]5t times goats & pigs h be5 plac$ by navigators4 ,^! animals become wild1 & hav+ no enemies1 !y increase 9 numb] s excessively1 t ! re/ ( ! animal & vegetable population suff] 9 consequ5ce1 & ! isl& f9ally may become almo/ a wa/e1 because !re is insuffici5t food = ! l>ge mammals :i* increase too num]\sly4 ,9 "s cases on an isl& ?us ov]run ) goats & pigs1 o!r navigators h let loose a c\ple ( dogs1 :o enjoy$ ?is sup]abundance ( food1 & !y aga9 increas$ s num]\sly1 & made su* havoc among ! h]ds1 t aft] sev]al ye>s ! dogs !mselves lack$ food1 & !y also almo/ di$ out4 ,! equilibrium ( species cont9ually *anges 9 ?is mann] 9 nature's economy1 accord+ly z "o or ano!r species increases at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,9 mo/ cases ! relations ( diff]5t species ( animals & plants to "o ano!r are mu* too complicat$ = u to be able to foll[ !m1 & ,i leave x to ! read] to picture to himself :at an inf9itely complicat$ ma*9]y is at "w 9 e "p ( ! _w 9 consequ5ce ( ?is /ruggle4 ,! impulses :i* />t$ ! /ruggle1 & :i* alt]$ & modifi$ x 9 diff]5t places1 are 9 ! end se5 to be ! impulses ( self-pres]vation--9 fact1 ! in/9ct lead+ individuals to pres]ve !mselves 7! in/9ct ( obta9+ food71 & ! in/9ct lead+ !m to pres]ve ! species 7in/9ct ( propagation74 ,x is ^! two fundam5tal in/9cts ( organic self-pres]vation ( :i* ,s*ill]1 ! ideali/ 7n ,goe!1 ! reali/67 says3 8,mean:ile1 until philosophy ,su/a9s ! /ructure ( ! _w1 ,h] work+s w be c>ri$ on ,by hung] & by love40#d ,x is ^! two p[]ful fundam5tal in/9cts :i*1 by _! v>y+ activity1 produce su* extraord9>y diff]5ces 9 species ?r\gh ! /ruggle = life4 ,!y are ! f\ndations ( ! ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,we h1 9 fact1 trac$ all ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance to propagation1 all ph5om5a ( ,adaptation to nutrition1 z ! two wid] classes ( mat]ial ph5om5a to :i* !y belong4 ,! /ruggle = life 9 natural selection acts ) z mu* selective p[] z does ! w ( man 9 artificial selection4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 acts accord+ to a plan & consci\sly1 ! =m] )\t a plan & unconsci\sly4 ,?is important diff]5ce betwe5 artificial & natural selection des]ves especial consid]ation4 ,= we le>n by x to und]/& h[ arrangem5ts s]v+ a purpose c be produc$ by me*anical causes act+ )\t an object1 z well z by causes act+ = an object4 ,! products ( natural selection are arrang$ ev5 m = a purpose ?an ! artificial products ( man1 & yet !y owe _! exi/5ce n to a creative p[] act+ = a def9ite purpose1 b to a me*anical relation act+ unconsci\sly & )\t a plan4 ,if we _h n ?or\ghly consid]$ ! int]action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ruggle = life1 we %\ld n at fir/ be incl9$ to expect su* results f ?is natural process ( selection z are1 9 fact1 furni%$ by x4 ,x may !re=e be appropriate "h to m5tion a few especially /rik+ examples ( ! activity ( natural selection4 ,let u fir/ take ,d>w9's homo*romic selection ( animals1 or ! s-call$ 8sympa!tic selection ( col\rs10 into consid]ation4 ,e>li] naturali/s h rem>k$ t num]\s animals are ( ne>ly ! same col\r z _! dwell+-place1 or ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y p]man5tly live4 ,?us1 = example1 plant-lice & _m o!r insects liv+ on leaves are ( a gre5 col\r4 ,! inhabitants ( ! des]ts1 ! j]boa1 or leap+ mice1 foxes ( ! des]t1 gazelles1 lions1 etc41 are mo/ly ( a yell[ or yell[i%-br[n col\r1 l ! s& ( ! des]t4 ,! pol> animals1 :i* live on ! ice & sn[1 are :ite or grey1 l ice & sn[4 ,_m ( ^! animals *ange _! col\r 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,9 summ]1 :5 ! sn[ p>tly vani%es1 ! fur ( ^! pol> creatures becomes br[ni%-grey or blacki%1 l ! nak$ e>?1 :ile 9 w9t] x aga9 becomes :ite4 ,butt]flies & insects :i* hov] r\nd ! gay & bright fl[]s are l !m 9 col\r4 ,n[1 ,d>w9 expla9s ?is surpris+ circum/ance q simply by ! fact t su* col\rs z agree ) ! col\r ( ! habitation are ( ! greate/ use to ! animals conc]n$4 ,if ^! animals are animals ( prey1 !y w be able to approa* ! object ( _! pursuit m safely & ) less likelihood ( obs]vation1 &1 9 l mann]1 ^? animals :i* are pursu$ w be able to escape m easily1 if _! col\r is z little diff]5t z possible f t ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,if !re=e orig9ally an animal species v>i$ s z to pres5t cases ( all col\rs1 ^? individuals ^: col\r mo/ resembl$ ! surr\nd+s mu/ h be5 mo/ fav\r$ 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,!y rema9$ m unobs]v$1 ma9ta9$ & propagat$ !mselves1 :ile ^? individuals or v>ieties diff]5tly col\r$ di$ out4 ,i h tri$ to expla91 by ! same sympa!tic selection ( col\r1 ! wond]ful fact t ! majority ( pelagic animals--t is1 ( ^? :i* live on ! surface ( ! op5 sea--are blui%1 or completely col\rless & transp>5t1 l glass & wat] itself4 ,su* col\rless1 glassy animals are met ) 9 ! mo/ diff]5t classes4 ,to !m belong1 among fi%1 ! ,helmic?yid1 ?r\gh ^: cry/all9e bodies ! words ( a book c be read2 among ! molluscs1 ! f9n$ snails 7,het]opods7 & sea-butt]flies1 or :ales-food 7,pt]opods72 among worms1 ! ,salp1 ,alciope1 & ,sagitta2 fur!r1 a great numb] ( pelagic crabs 7,cru/acea71 & ! great] "p ( ! ,m$us ,umbrella-jellies1 7,discom$us72 ,comb-jellies1 7,ct5ophora74 ,all ( ^! pelagic animals1 :i* float on ! surface ( ! ocean1 are transp>5t & col\rless1 l glass & l ! wat] itself1 :ile _! ne>e/ k9 live at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & are col\r$ & opaque l ! inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,?is rem>kable fact1 l ! sympa!tic col\r+ ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 c be expla9$ by natural selection4 ,among ! ance/ors ( ! pelagic glass-l animals :i* %[$ a diff]5t degree ( col\rlessness & transp>5cy1 ^? t 7 ! mo/ col\rless & transp>5t mu/ h be5 mo/ fav\r$ 9 ! active /ruggle = life :i* takes place on ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,!y 7 enabl$ to approa* _! prey ! mo/ easily unobs]v$1 & 7 !mselves lea/ obs]v$ by _! enemies4 ,h5ce !y c\ld pres]ve & propagate !mselves m easily ?an _! m col\r$ & opaque relatives2 & f9ally1 by accumulative adaptation & transmission by inh]itance1 ?r\gh natural selection1 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations _! bodies w\ld atta9 t degree ( cry/al-l transp>5cy & col\rlessness :i* we at pres5t admire 9 !m4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bdb47 ,no less int]e/+ & in/ructive ?an homo*romic selection is t species ( natural selection :i* ,d>w9 calls 8sexual selection10 :i* expla9s ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ 8second>y sexual *>act]s40 ,we h already m5tion$ ^! subord9ate sexual *>act]i/ics1 s in/ructive 9 _m respects4 ,!y comprise ^? peculi>ities ( animals & plants :i* belong only to "o ( ! two sexes1 & :i* d n /& 9 any direct relation to ! act ( propagation itself 7comp>e above1 p4 #bdd74 ,su* second>y sexual *>act]s occur 9 great v>iety among animals4 ,we all "k h[ /rik+ is ! diff]5ce ( ! two sexes 9 size & col\r 9 _m birds & butt]flies4 ,! male sex is g5]ally ! l>g] & m beautiful4 ,x (t5 possesses special decorations or weapons2 z = example1 ! spur & comb ( ! cock1 ! antl]s ( ! /ag & de]1 etc4 ,all ^! peculi>ities ( ! two sexes h no?+ directly to d ) propagation itself1 :i* is effect$ by ! 8prim>y sexual *>act]s10 or actual sexual organs4 ,n[1 ! orig9 ( ^! rem>kable 8second>y sexual *>act]s0 is expla9$ by ,d>w9 simply by a *oice or selection :i* takes place 9 ! propagation ( animals4 ,9 mo/ animals ! numb] ( individuals ( bo? sexes is unequal2 ei!r ! numb] ( ! female or ! numb] ( ! male individuals is great]1 &1 z a rule1 :5 ! season ( propagation approa*es1 a /ruggle takes place betwe5 ! rivals = ! possession ( ! animals ( ! o!r sex4 ,x is well kn[n ) :at vig\r & vehem5ce ?is /ruggle is f\ght out among ! high] animals--among mammals & birds--especially among ^? ( polygam\s habits4 ,among gall9ace\s birds1 :]e = "o cock !re are sev]al h5s1 a sev]e /ruggle takes place betwe5 ! compet+ cocks = z l>ge a h>em z possible4 ,! same is ! case ) _m rum9at+ animals4 ,among /ags & de]1 = in/ance1 at ! p]iod ( rut1 deadly /ruggles take place betwe5 ! males = ! possession ( ! females4 ,! second>y sexual "* :i* "h di/+ui%es ! males--! antl]s ( /ags & de]--n possess$ by ! female1 is1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! consequ5ce ( t /ruggle4 ,"h ! motive & cause det]m9+ ! /ruggle is n1 z 9 ! case ( ! /ruggle = individual exi/5ce1 self-pres]vation1 b ! pres]vation ( ! species--propagation4 ,!re are num]\s passive weapons ( def5ce1 z well z active weapons = attack4 ,! lion's mane1 n possess$ by ! female1 is evid5tly su* a weapon ( def5ce2 x is an excell5t means ( protection aga9/ ! bites :i* ! male lions try to inflict on ea* o!r's necks :5 fight+ = ! females2 consequ5tly ^? males ) ! /ronge/ manes h ! greate/ advantage 9 ! sexual /ruggle4 ,! dewlap ( ! ox & ! comb ( ! cock are simil> def5sive weapons4 ,active weapons ( attack1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! antl]s ( ! /ag1 ! tusks ( ! bo>1 ! spur ( ! cock1 & ! hugely develop$ pair ( jaws 9 ! male /ag-beetle2 all are in/rum5ts employ$ by ! males 9 ! /ruggle = ! females1 = annihilat+ or *as+ away _! rivals4 ,9 ! cases j m5tion$1 x is ! bodily 8/ruggle to ! dea?0 :i* det]m9es ! orig9 ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,b1 besides ^! mortal /ruggles1 !re are o!r important competitions 9 sexual selection1 :i* no less influ5ce ! /ructure ( ! rivals4 ,^! consi/ pr9cipally 9 ! fact t ! c\rt+ sex tries to please ! o!r by ext]nal f9]y1 by beauty ( =m1 or by a melodi\s voice4 ,d>w9 ?9ks t ! beautiful voices ( s++ birds h pr9cipally orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,_m male birds c>ry on a regul> musical conte/ :5 !y cont5d = ! possession ( ! females4 ,x is kn[n ( sev]al s++ birds1 t 9 ! bre$+ season ! males assemble 9 numb]s r\nd ! females1 & let _! songs res\nd be=e !m1 & t !n ! females *oose ! s+]s :o be/ please !m = _! mates4 ,among o!r song/]s1 individual males p\r out _! songs 9 ! lonel9ess ( ! =e/ 9 ord] to attract ! females1 & ! latt] foll[ ! mo/ attractive calls4 ,a simil> musical conte/1 ?\gh c]ta9ly less melodi\s1 takes place among crickets & gras%opp]s4 ,! male cricket has on its belly two in/rum5ts l drums1 & produces ) ^! ! %>p *irp+ notes :i* ! anci5t ,greeks curi\sly en\gh ?\ght beautiful music4 ,male gras%opp]s1 p>tly by us+ _! h9d-legs l ! b[ ( a viol9 aga9/ _! w+ cov]+s1 & p>tly by rubb+ _! w+ cov]+s toge!r1 br+ out tones :i* are1 inde$1 n melodi\s to u1 b :i* please ! female gras%opp]s s mu* t !y *oose ! male :o fiddles ! be/4 ,among o!r insects & birds x is n song or1 9 fact1 any musical accompli%m5t1 b f9]y or beauty ( ! "o sex :i* attracts ! o!r4 ,?us we f9d t1 among mo/ gall9ace\s birds1 ! cocks are di/+ui%$ by combs on _! heads1 or by a beautiful tail1 :i* !y c spread out l a fan2 z = example1 9 ! case ( ! peacock & turkey-cock4 ,! magnific5t tail ( ! bird ( p>adise is also an exclusive ornam5t ( ! male sex4 ,9 l mann]1 among v _m o!r birds & v _m insects1 pr9cipally among butt]flies1 ! males are di/+ui%$ f ! females by special col\rs or o!r decorations4 ,^! are evid5tly ! results ( sexual selection4 ,z ! females d n possess ^! attractions & decorations1 we mu/ come to ! conclusion t !y h be5 acquir$ by degrees by ! males 9 ! competition = ! females1 :i* takes its orig9 9 ! selective discrim9ation ( ! females4 ,we may easily picture to ourselves1 9 detail1 ! application ( ?is int]e/+ conclusion to ! human community4 ,"h1 also1 ! same causes h evid5tly influ5c$ ! developm5t ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,! *>act]i/ics di/+ui%+ ! man1 z well z ^? di/+ui%+ ! woman1 owe _! orig91 c]ta9ly = ! mo/ "p1 to ! sexual selection ( ! o!r sex4 ,9 antiquity & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 especially 9 ! romantic age ( *ivalry1 x 0 ! bodily /ruggles to ! dea?--! t\rnam5ts & duels--:i* det]m9$ ! *oice ( ! bride2 ! /ronge/ c>ri$ home ! bride4 ,9 m rec5t times1 h[ev]1 9 our s-call$ 8poli%$0 or 8highly civiliz$0 society1 compet+ rivals pref] to cont5d indirectly by means ( musical accompli%m5ts1 in/rum5tal p]=mances & song1 by bodily *>ms1 natural beauty1 or artificial decoration4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( sexual selection 9 man is t =m :i* is ! mo/ exalt$1 namely1 psy*ical selection1 9 :i* ! m5tal excell5cies ( ! "o sex influ5ce & det]m9e ! *oice ( ! o!r4 ,! mo/ highly intellectually develop$ types ( m5 h1 ?r\gh\t g5]ations1 :5 *oos+ a p>tn] 9 life1 be5 guid$ by h] excell5cies ( s\l1 & h ?us transmitt$ ^! qualities to _! po/]ity1 & !y h 9 ?is way1 m ?an by any o!r ?+1 help$ to create ! deep *asm :i* at pres5t sep>ates civiliz$ m5 f ! rude/ savages1 & f our common animal ance/ors4 ,9 fact1 bo? ! "p play$ by ! preval5ce ( a high] /&>d ( sexual selection1 & ! "p play$ by ! due division ( lab\r betwe5 ! two sexes1 is exce$+ly important1 & ,i believe t "h we mu/ seek = ! mo/ p[]ful causes :i* h det]m9$ ! orig9 & ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! races ( man4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bdg47 ,z ,d>w91 9 8 exce$+ly int]e/+ "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahga1 on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,man & ,sexual ,selection107#dh7 has discuss$ ?is subject 9 ! mo/ ma/]ly mann]1 & has illu/rat$ x by mo/ rem>kable examples1 ,i ref] = fur!r detail to t "w4 ,b n[ let u look aga9 at two extremely important organic laws :i* c be expla9$ by ! !ory ( selection1 z necess>y consequ5ces ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,i mean ! law ( division ( lab\r1 or diff]5tiation1 & ! law ( progress1 or p]fect+4 ,:5 ! ph5om5a due to ^! two laws fir/ became kn[n1 ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! hi/orical developm5t1 ! individual developm5t1 & ! comp>ative anatomy ( animals & plants1 naturali/s 7 incl9$ to trace !m to a direct creative influ5ce4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be "p ( ! plan ( ! ,creator1 act+ = a def9ite purpose1 9 ! c\rse ( "t to develop ! =ms ( animals & plants m & m v>i\sly1 & to br+ !m m & m to a /ate ( p]fection4 ,we %all evid5tly make a great advance 9 ! k ( nature if we reject ?is teleological & an?ropomorphic conception1 & if we c prove ! two laws ( ,division ( ,lab\r & ,p]fect+ to be ! necess>y consequ5ces ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! fir/ great law :i* foll[s directly & ( necessity f natural selection1 is t ( sep>ation1 or diff]5tiation1 :i* is frequ5tly call$ division ( lab\r1 or polymorphism1 & :i* ,d>w9 speaks ( z div]g5ce ( "*4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bdi47 ,we und]/& by x ! g5]al t5d5cy ( all organic individuals to develop !mselves m & m div]sely1 & to deviate f ! common prim>y type4 ,! cause ( ?is g5]al incl9ation t[>ds diff]5tiation & ! =mation ( het]og5e\s =ms f homog5e\s beg9n+s is1 accord+ to ,d>w91 simply to be trac$ to ! circum/ance t ! /ruggle = life betwe5 e two organisms rages all ! m fi]cely ! ne>] ! relation 9 :i* !y /& to "o ano!r1 or ! m ne>ly alike !y are4 ,?is is an exce$+ly important1 & 9 reality an exce$+ly simple relation1 b x is usually n duly consid]$4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to e "o1 t 9 a field ( a c]ta9 size1 beside ! corn-plants :i* h be5 s[n1 a great numb] ( we$s c exi/1 &1 moreov]1 9 places :i* c\ld n h be5 occupi$ by corn-plants4 ,! m dry & /]ile places ( ! gr\nd1 9 :i* no corn-plant w\ld ?rive1 may /ill furni% su/5ance to we$s ( diff]5t k9ds2 & su* species & individuals ( we$s w m readily be able to exi/ 9 su* conditions1 9 proportion z !y are suit$ to adapt !mselves to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is ! same ) animals4 ,x is evid5t t a mu* great] numb] ( animal individuals c live toge!r 9 "o & ! same limit$ di/rict1 if !y are ( v>i\s & diff]5t natures1 ?an if !y are all alike4 ,!re are trees 7= example1 ! oak7 on :i* a c\ple ( hundr$ ( diff]5t species ( insects live toge!r4 ,"s fe$ on ! fruits ( ! tree1 o!rs on ! leaves1 o!rs aga9 on ! b>k1 ! root1 etc4 ,x w\ld be q impossible = an equal numb] ( individuals to live on ?is tree if all 7 ( "o species2 if1 = example1 all f$ on ! b>k1 or only ^u ! leaves4 ,exactly ! same is ! case 9 human society4 ,9 "o & ! same small t[n1 only a c]ta9 numb] ( workm5 c exi/1 ev5 :5 !y foll[ diff]5t occupations4 ,! division ( lab\r1 :i* is ( ! greate/ use to ! :ole community1 z well z to ! individual workman1 is a direct consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle = life1 ( natural selection2 = ?is /ruggle c be su/a9$ m easily ! m ! activities1 & h5ce1 also1 ! =ms ( ! diff]5t individuals deviate f "o ano!r4 ,! diff]5t function naturally produces its reaction 9 *ang+ ! =m1 & ! physiological division ( lab\r necess>ily det]m9es ! morphological diff]5tiation1 t is1 ! 8div]g5ce ( "*407#cg7 ,n[1 ,i beg ! read] aga9 to rememb] t all species ( animals & plants are v>iable1 & possess ! capability ( adapt+ !mselves to diff]5t places or to local relations4 ,! v>ieties or races ( ea* species1 accord+ to ! laws ( adaptation1 deviate all ! m f ! orig9al prim>y species1 ! great] ! diff]5ce ( ! new conditions to :i* !y adapt !mselves4 ,if we imag9e ^! v>ieties--:i* h proce$$ f a common prim>y =m--to be dispos$ 9 ! %ape ( a bran*+1 radiat+ bun*1 !n ^? v>ieties w be be/ able to exi/ side by side & propagate :i* are mo/ di/ant f "o ano!r1 :i* /& at ! ends ( ! s]ies1 or at ! opposite sides ( ! bun*4 ,^? =ms1 on ! o!r h&1 occupy+ a middle position--pres5t+ a /ate ( transition--h ! mo/ difficult position 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! necess>ies ( life diff] mo/ 9 ! two extremes1 9 ! v>ieties mo/ di/ant f "o ano!r1 & consequ5tly ^! w get into ! lea/ s]i\s conflict ) "o ano!r 9 ! g5]al /ruggle = life4 ,b ! int]m$iate =ms1 :i* h deviat$ less f ! orig9al prim>y =m1 require ne>ly ! same necess>ies ( life z ! orig9al =m1 & !re=e1 9 compet+ = !m1 !y w h to /ruggle mo/ )1 & be mo/ s]i\sly ?reat5$ by1 its memb]s4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 num]\s v>ieties ( a species live side by side on ! same spot ( ! e>?1 ! extremes1 or ^? =ms deviat+ mo/ f "o ano!r1 c mu* m easily cont9ue to exi/ beside "o ano!r ?an ! int]m$iate =ms :i* h to /ruggle ) ea* ( ! diff]5t extremes4 ,! int]m$iate =ms w n be able to resi/1 = any l5g? ( "t1 ! ho/ile influ5ces :i* ! extreme =ms victori\sly ov]come4 ,^! alone ma9ta9 & propagate !mselves1 & at l5g? cease to be any long] connect$ ) ! orig9al prim>y species ?r\gh int]m$iate =ms ( transition4 ,?us arise 8good species0 out ( v>ieties4 ,?us1 !n1 ! /ruggle = life necess>ily fav\rs ! g5]al div]g5ce ( organic =ms1 t is1 ! con/ant t5d5cy ( organisms to =m new species4 ,?is fact does n re/ ^u any my/ic quality1 or ^u an unkn[n =mative t5d5cy1 b ^u ! int]action ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,z ! int]m$iate =ms1 t is1 ! individuals 9 a /ate ( transition1 ( ! v>ieties ( e species die out & become ext9ct1 ! process ( div]g5ce con/antly goes fur!r1 & f ! extremes =ms develop :i* we di/+ui% z new species4 ,al?\gh all naturali/s h be5 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge ! v>iability & mutability ( all species ( animals & plants1 yet mo/ ( !m h hi!rto d5i$ t ! modification or trans=mation ( ! organic =m surpasses ! orig9al limit ( ! *>act]s ( ! species4 ,our oppon5ts cl+ to ! proposition--8,h[ev] f> a species may exhibit deviations f its usual =m 9 a collection ( v>ieties1 yet ! v>ieties ( x are nev] s di/9ct f "o ano!r z two really good species40 ,?is ass]tion1 :i* ,d>w9's oppon5ts usually place at ! head ( _! argum5ts1 is utt]ly unt5able & unf\nd$4 ,?is w become q cle> z soon z we critically comp>e ! v>i\s attempts to def9e ! idea ( species4 ,no naturali/ c answ] ! "q z to :at is 9 reality a 8g5u9e or good species0 78bona species072 yet e sy/ematic naturali/ uses ?is expression e day1 & :ole libr>ies h be5 writt5 on ! "q z to :e!r ?is or t obs]v$ =m is a species or a v>iety1 :e!r x is a really good or a bad species4 ,! mo/ g5]al answ] to ?is "q us$ to be ! foll[+3 8,to "o species belong all ^? individuals :i* agree 9 all ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( species are ^? :i* rema9 p]man5t or con/ant1 & nev] become modifi$ or v>y40 ,b z soon z a case occurr$ 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic--:i* _h hi!rto be5 consid]$ ess5tial--did become modifi$1 !n x 0 said1 8,?is *>act]i/ic is n ess5tial to ! species1 = ess5tial *>act]i/ics nev] v>y40 ,^? :o argu$ ?us evid5tly mov$ 9 a circle1 & ! navet ) :i* ?is circul> me?od ( def9+ species is laid d[n 9 ?\s&s ( books z an unassailable tru?1 & is /ill con/antly repeat$1 is truly a/oni%+4 ,all o!r attempts :i* h be5 made to arrive at a def9ite & logical det]m9ation ( ! idea ( organic 8species0 h1 l ! la/1 be5 utt]ly futile1 & l$ to no results4 ,consid]+ ! nature ( ! case1 x _c be o!rwise4 ,! idea ( species is j z truly a relative "o & n absolute1 z is ! idea ( v>iety1 g5us1 family1 ord]1 class1 etc4 ,i h prov$ ?is 9 detail 9 ! criticism ( ! idea ( species 9 my 8,g5]al ,morphology0 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cbc-cfd74 ,i w wa/e no m "t on ?is unsatisfactory discussion1 & n[ only add a few words ab\t ! relation ( species to hybridism4 ,=m]ly x 0 reg>d$ z a dogma1 t two good species c\ld nev] produce hybrids :i* c\ld reproduce !mselves z su*4 ,^? :o ?us dogmatiz$ almo/ always appeal$ to ! hybrids ( a horse & donkey1 ! mule & ! h9ny1 :i*1 truly en\gh1 are seldom able to reproduce !mselves4 ,b ! tru? is t su* unfruitful hybrids are r>e examples1 & 9 ! majority ( cases hybrids ( two totally diff]5t species are fruitful & able to reproduce !mselves4 ,!y c almo/ always fruitfully mix ) "o or o!r ( ! p>5t species1 & sometimes also among !mselves2 & 9 ?is way completely new =ms c orig9ate accord+ to ! laws ( 8mix$ transmission by inh]itance40 ,?us1 9 fact1 hybridism is a s\rce ( ! orig9 ( new species1 di/9ct f ! s\rce we h hi!rto consid]$--natural selection4 ,i h already spok5 occasionally ( ^! hybrid species 7species hybrid71 especially ( ! h>e-rabbit 7,lepus ,d>w9ii71 :i* has aris5 f ! cross+ ( a male h>e & a female rabbit2 ! goat-%eep 7,capra ov9a71 :i* has aris5 f ! pair+ ( a he-goat & ewe2 also ! diff]5t species ( ?i/les 7,cirsium71 brambles 7,rubus71 etc4 ,x is possible t _m wild species h orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 z ev5 ,l9nu assum$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! hybrid species1 :i* c ma9ta9 & propagate !mselves z well z pure species1 prove t hybridism _c s]ve 9 any way to give an absolute def9ition to ! idea ( species4 ,i h already m5tion$ 7p4 #dg7 t ! _m va9 attempts to def9e ! idea ( species !oretically h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! practical di/9ction ( species4 ,! ext5sive practical application ( ! idea ( species1 z x is c>ri$ out 9 sy/ematic zoology & botany1 is v in/ructive z furni%+ an example ( human folly4 ,hi!rto1 by f> ! majority ( zoologi/s & botani/s1 9 di/+ui%+ & describ+ ! diff]5t =ms ( animals & plants1 h endeav\r$1 above all ?+s1 to di/+ui% accurately k9dr$ =ms z s _m 8good species40 ,h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd sc>cely possible1 9 any gr\p1 to make an accurate & consi/5t di/9ction ( su* 8g5u9e or good species40 ,!re are no two zoologi/s1 no two botani/s1 :o agree 9 all cases z to :i* ( ! ne>ly relat$ =ms ( a g5us are good species1 & :i* are n4 ,all au?ors h diff]5t views ab\t !m4 ,9 ! g5us ,hi]acium1 = example1 "o ( ! commone/ g5]a ( ,european plants1 no less ?an #cjj species h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 ,g]many alone4 ,! botani/ ,fries1 h[ev]1 only admits #ajf1 ,ko* only #eb1 z 8good species10 & o!rs accept sc>cely #bj4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! species ( brambles 7,rubus7 are equally great4 ,:]e "o botani/ makes m ?an a hundr$ species1 a second admits only ab\t "o half ( t numb]1 a ?ird only five or six1 or ev5 few] species4 ,! birds ( ,g]many h long be5 v accurately kn[n4 ,be*/e91 9 8 c>eful 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,birds10 has di/+ui%$ #cfg species1 ,l4 ,rei*5ba* #cgi1 ,mey] & ,wolff #djf1 & ,brehm1 a cl]gyman le>n$ 9 orni?ology1 di/+ui%es ev5 m ?an #ijj diff]5t species4 ,?us we see t "h1 &1 9 fact1 9 e o!r doma9 ( sy/ematic zoology & botany1 ! mo/ arbitr>y proce$+s prevail1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 mu/ prevail4 ,= x is q impossible accurately to di/+ui% v>ieties & races f s-call$ 8good species40 ,v>ieties are comm5c+ species4 ,! v>iability or adaptability ( species1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ruggle = life1 necessitates ! cont9ual & progressive sep>ation or diff]5tiation ( v>ieties1 & ! p]petual delimitation ( new =ms4 ,:5ev] ^! are ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t a numb] ( g5]ations by inh]itance1 :il/ ! int]m$iate =ms die out1 !y =m indep5d5t 8new species40 ,! orig9 ( new species by division ( lab\r1 or sep>ation1 div]g5ce1 or diff]5tiation ( v>ieties1 is !re=e a necess>y consequ5ce ( natural selection47#cg7 ,! same k9d ( int]e/ atta*es to a second great law :i* we d$uce f natural selection1 & :i* is1 inde$1 closely connect$ ) ! law ( ,div]g5ce1 b 9 no way id5tical ) x2 namely1 ! law ( ,progress 7progressus71 or ,p]fect+ 7teleosis74 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #beg47 ,?is great & important law1 l ! law ( diff]5tiation1 _h long be5 empirically e/abli%$ by palontological exp]i5ce1 be=e ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,selection gave u ! key to ! explanation ( its cause4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ palontologi/s h po9t$ out ! law ( progress z ! mo/ g5]al result ( _! inve/igations ( fossil organisms4 ,?is has be5 specially done by ,bronn1 ^: inve/igations on ! laws ( con/ruction7#ah7 & ! laws ( ! developm5t7#ai7 ( organisms1 al?\gh little he$$1 are excell5t1 & des]ve mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,! g5]al results ( ! law ( diff]5tiation & ! law ( progress1 at :i* ,bronn arriv$ by a purely me*anical hypo!sis1 & by exce$+ly accurate1 labori\s1 & c>eful inve/igations1 are brilliant confirmations ( ! tru? ( ^! two great laws :i* we d$uce z necess>y inf]5ces f ! !ory ( selection4 ,! law ( progress or ( p]fect+ e/abli%es ! exce$+ly important fact1 on ! gr\nd ( palontological exp]i5ce1 t 9 successive p]iods ( ?is e>?'s hi/ory1 a cont9ual increase 9 ! p]fection ( organic =mations has tak5 place4 ,s9ce t inconceivably remote p]iod 9 :i* life on our planet began ) ! spontane\s g5]ation ( ,mon]a1 organisms ( all gr\ps1 bo? collectively z well z individually1 h cont9ually become m p]fectly & highly develop$4 ,! /eadily increas+ v>iety ( liv+ =ms has always be5 accompani$ by progress 9 organization4 ,! l[] ! /rata ( ! e>? 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals & plants lie buri$1 t is1 ! old] ! /rata are1 ! m simple & imp]fect are ! =ms :i* !y conta94 ,?is applies to organisms collectively1 z well z to e s+le l>ge or small gr\p ( !m1 sett+ aside1 ( c\rse1 ^? exceptions :i* are due to ! process ( deg5]ation1 :i* we %all discuss h]eaft]4 ,z a confirmation ( ?is law ,i %all m5tion only ! mo/ important ( all animal gr\ps1 ! tribe ( v]tebrate animals4 ,! olde/ fossil rema9s ( v]tebrate animals kn[n to u belong to ! l[e/ class1 t ( ,fi%es4 ,^u ^! !re foll[$ lat] m p]fect ,amphibi\s animals1 !n ,reptiles1 & la/ly1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ! mo/ highly organiz$ classes ( v]tebrate animals1 ,birds & ,mammals4 ,( ! latt] only ! l[e/ & mo/ imp]fect =ms1 )\t plac5ta1 appe>$ at fir/1 su* z are ! p\*$ animals 7,m>supials71 & aft]w>ds1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 ! m p]fect mammals1 ) plac5ta4 ,( ^!1 also1 at fir/ only ! l[] k9ds appe>$1 ! high] =ms lat]2 & n until ! late t]ti>y p]iod did man gradually develop out ( ^! la/4 ,if we foll[ ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! vegetable k+dom we %all f9d ! same law op]ative !re4 ,( plants !re exi/$ at fir/ only ! l[e/ & mo/ imp]fect classes1 ! ,alg or tangles4 ,lat] !re foll[$ ! gr\p ( ,f]ns or ,filic9 7f]ns1 pole-re$s1 scale-plants1 etc474 ,b z yet !re exi/$ no fl[]+ plants1 or ,phan]ogama4 ,^! orig9at$ lat] ) ! ,gymnosp]ms 7firs & cycads71 ^: :ole /ructure /&s f> bel[ t ( ! o!r fl[]+ plants 7,angiosp]ms71 & =ms ! transition f ! gr\p ( f]n-l plants to ! ,angiosp]ms4 ,^! latt] develop$ at a /ill lat] date1 & among !m !re 7 at fir/ only fl[]+ plants )\t corolla 7,monocotyl$ons & ,mono*lamyds72 only lat] 7 !re fl[]+ plants ) a corolla 7,di*lamyds74 ,f9ally1 aga91 among ^! ! l[] polypetal\s plants prec$$ ! high] gamopetal\s plants4 ,! :ole s]ies ?us con/itutes an irrefutable pro( ( ! great law ( progressive developm5t4 ,n[1 if we ask :at is ! cause ( ?is fact1 we aga91 j z 9 ! case ( diff]5tiation1 come back to natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,if once m we consid] ! :ole process ( natural selection1 h[ x op]ates ?r\gh ! complicat$ int]action ( ! diff]5t laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation1 we %all recognize n only div]g5ce ( "*1 b also ! p]fect+ ( /ructure to be ! direct & necess>y result ( x4 ,we c trace ! same ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,"h1 too1 x is natural & necess>y t ! progressive division ( lab\r con/antly fur!rs mank9d1 & urges e individual bran* ( human activity into new discov]ies & improvem5ts4 ,?is progress itself univ]sally dep5ds on diff]5tiation1 & is consequ5tly1 l x1 a direct result ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,developm5t ,,( ,,organic ,,tribes ,,& ,,( ,,individuals4 ,,phylog5y ,,& ,,ontog5y4 ,laws ( ! ,developm5t ( ,mank9d3 ,diff]5tiation & ,p]fect+4--,me*anical ,cause ( ^! two ,fundam5tal ,laws4--,progress )\t ,diff]5tiation1 & ,diff]5tiation )\t ,progress4--,orig9 ( ,rudim5t>y ,organs by ,non-use & ,discont9uance ( ,habit4--,ontog5esis1 or ,individual ,developm5t ( ,organisms4--,its ,g5]al ,importance4--,ontog5y1 or ! ,individual ,hi/ory ( ,developm5t ( ,v]tebrate ,animals1 includ+ ,man4--,! ,fructification ( ! ,egg4--,=mation ( ! ?ree ,g]m ,lay]s4--,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ( ! ,extremities1 ( ! ,bran*ial ,ar*es1 & ( ! ,tail ( ,v]tebrate ,animals4--,causal ,connection & ,p>allelism ( ,ontog5esis & ,phylog5esis1 t is ( ! ,developm5t ( ,individuals & ,tribes4--,causal ,connection ( ! ,p>allelism ( ,phylog5esis & ( ,sy/ematic ,developm5t4--,p>allelism ( ! ?ree ,organic ,s]ies ( ,developm5t4 ,if man wi%es to und]/& 8 position 9 nature1 & to compreh5d z natural facts 8 relations to ! ph5om5a ( ! _w cognisable by him1 x is absolutely necess>y t he %\ld comp>e human ) extra-human ph5om5a1 &1 above all1 ) animal ph5om5a4 ,we h already se5 t ! exce$+ly important physiological laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation apply to ! human organism 9 ! same mann] z to ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & 9 bo? cases int]act ) "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly1 natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life acts s z to trans=m human society1 j z x modifies animals & plants1 & 9 bo? cases con/antly produces new =ms4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ph5om5a ( human & animal trans=mation is especially int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! laws ( div]g5ce & progress1 ! two fundam5tal laws :i*1 at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]1 we prov$ to be direct & necess>y consequ5ces ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,a comp>ative survey ( ! hi/ory ( nations1 or :at is call$ 8univ]sal hi/ory10 w readily yield to u1 z ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al result1 evid5ce ( a cont9ually increas+ v>iety ( human activities1 bo? 9 ! life ( individuals & 9 t ( families & /ates4 ,?is diff]5tiation or sep>ation1 ?is con/antly increas+ div]g5ce ( human "* & ! =m ( human life1 is caus$ by ! ev] advanc+ & m complete division ( lab\r among individuals4 ,:ile ! mo/ anci5t & l[e/ /ages ( human civilization %[ u ?r\gh\t ! same rude & simple conditions1 we see 9 e succe$+ p]iod ( hi/ory1 among diff]5t nations1 a great] v>iety ( cu/oms1 practices1 & in/itutions4 ,! increas+ division ( lab\r necessitates an increas+ v>iety ( =ms correspond+ to x4 ,?is is express$ ev5 9 ! =mation ( ! human face4 ,among ! l[e/ tribes ( nations1 mo/ ( ! individuals resemble "o ano!r s mu* t ,european travell]s (t5 _c di/+ui% !m at all4 ,) increas+ civilization ! physiognomy ( individuals becomes diff]5tiat$1 & f9ally1 among ! mo/ highly civiliz$ nations1 ! ,engli% & ,g]mans1 ! div]g5ce 9 ! *>act]s ( ! face is s great t we v r>ely mi/ake "o face = ano!r4 ,! second great fundam5tal law :i* is obvi\s 9 ! hi/ory ( nations is ! great law ( progress or p]fect+4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! hi/ory ( man is ! hi/ory ( 8 progressive developm5t4 ,x is true t ev]y:]e & at all times we may notice individual retrogressions1 or obs]ve t crook$ roads t[>ds progress h be5 tak51 :i* lead only t[>ds "o-sid$ & ext]nal p]fect+1 & ?us deviate m & m f ! high] goal ( int]nal & endur+ p]fect+4 ,h[ev]1 on ! :ole1 ! movem5t ( developm5t ( all mank9d is & rema9s a progressive "o1 inasmu* z man cont9ually removes himself fur!r f 8 ape-l ance/ors1 & cont9ually approa*es ne>] to 8 own ideal4 ,n[1 if we wi% to "k :at causes actually det]m9e ^! two great laws ( developm5t 9 man1 namely1 ! law ( div]g5ce & ! law ( progress1 we mu/ comp>e !m ) ! correspond+ laws ( developm5t 9 animals1 & on a close exam9ation we %all inevitably come to ! conclusion t ! ph5om5a1 z well z _! causes1 are exactly ! same 9 ! two cases4 ,! c\rse ( developm5t 9 man1 j z 9 t ( animals1 be+ direct$ by ! two fundam5tal laws ( diff]5tiation & p]fect+1 is det]m9$ solely by purely me*anical causes1 & is solely ! necess>y consequ5ce ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,p]haps 9 ! prec$+ discussion ! "q has pres5t$ itself to "s--8,are n ^! two laws id5tical8 ,is n progress 9 all cases necess>ily connect$ ) div]g5ce80 ,?is "q has (t5 be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 & ,c>l ,ern/ ,br1 = example1 "o ( ! greate/ inve/igators 9 ! doma9 ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 has set =? ! foll[+ proposition z "o ( ! pr9cipal laws 9 ! ontog5esis ( ! animal body3--8,! degree ( developm5t 7or p]fect+7 dep5ds on ! /age ( sep>ation 7or diff]5tiation7 ( ! p>ts407#bj7 ,correct z ?is proposition may be on ! :ole1 yet x is n univ]sally true4 ,9 _m individual cases x c be prov$ t div]g5ce & progress by no means always co9cide4 ,e progress is n a diff]5tiation1 & e diff]5tiation is n a progress4 ,naturali/s1 guid$ by purely anatomical consid]ations1 _h already set =? ! law relat+ to progress 9 organization1 t ! p]fect+ ( an organism c]ta9ly dep5ds1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^u ! division ( lab\r among ! individual organs & p>ts ( ! body1 b t !re are also o!r organic trans=mations :i* det]m9e a progress 9 organization4 ,"o1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* has be5 g5]ally recogniz$1 is ! num]ical dim9ution ( id5tical p>ts4 ,if1 = example1 we comp>e ! l[] articulat$ animals ( ! cru/acean gr\p1 :i* possess num]\s pairs ( legs1 ) spid]s :i* nev] h m ?an f\r pairs ( legs1 & ) insects :i* always possess only ?ree pairs ( legs1 we f9d ?is law1 = :i* a great numb] ( examples c\ld be adduc$1 confirm$4 ,! num]ical dim9ution ( pairs ( legs is a progress 9 ! organization ( articulat$ animals4 ,9 l mann] ! num]ical dim9ution ( correspond+ v]tebral jo9ts 9 ! trunk ( v]tebrate animals is a progress 9 _! organization4 ,fi%es & amphibi\s animals ) a v l>ge numb] ( id5tical v]tebral jo9ts are1 = ?is v reason1 less p]fect & l[] ?an birds & mammals1 9 :i* ! v]tebral jo9ts1 z a :ole1 are n only v mu* m diff]5tiat$1 b 9 :i* ! numb] ( correspond+ v]tebr is also mu* small]4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! same law ( num]ical dim9ution1 fl[]s ) num]\s /am5s are m imp]fect ?an ! fl[]s ( k9dr$ plants ) a small] numb] ( /am5s1 etc4 ,if !re=e orig9ally a great numb] ( homog5e\s p>ts exi/ 9 an organic body1 & if1 9 ! c\rse ( v _m g5]ations1 ?is numb] be gradually decreas$1 ?is trans=mation w be an example ( p]fect+4 ,ano!r law ( progress1 :i* is q indep5d5t ( diff]5tiation1 nay1 ev5 appe>s to a c]ta9 ext5t oppos$ to x1 is ! law ( c5tralization4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole organism is ! m p]fect ! m x is organiz$ z a unit1 ! m ! p>ts are subord9ate to ! :ole1 & ! m ! functions & _! organs are c5traliz$4 ,?us1 = example1 ! sy/em ( blood-vessels is mo/ p]fect :]e a c5traliz$ he>t exi/s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! d5se mass ( m>r[ :i* =ms ! sp9al cord ( v]tebrate animals1 & ! v5tral cord ( ! high] articulat$ animals1 is m p]fect ?an ! dec5traliz$ *a9 ( ganglia ( ! l[] articulat$ animals1 & ! scatt]$ sy/em ( ganglia 9 ! molluscs4 ,consid]+ ! difficulty ( expla9+ ^! complicat$ laws ( progress 9 detail1 ,i _c "h ent] ^u a clos] discussion ( !m1 & mu/ ref] to ,bronn's excell5t 8,morphologis*5 ,/udi510 & to my 8,g5]al ,morphology0 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #cgj1 #eej2 ii4 #beg-bff74 ,j z we h become acqua9t$ ) ph5om5a ( progress1 q indep5d5t ( div]g5ce1 s we %all1 on ! o!r h&1 v (t5 meet ) div]g5cies :i* are n p]fect+1 b :i* are r ! contr>y1 t is retrogressions or deg5]ations4 ,x is easy to see t ! *anges :i* e species ( animal & plant exp]i5ces _c always be improvem5ts4 ,b r _m ph5om5a ( diff]5tiation1 :i* are ( direct advantage to ! organism itself1 are yet1 9 a wid] s5se1 detrim5tal1 inasmu* z !y less5 its g5]al capabilities4 ,frequ5tly a relapse to simpl] conditions ( life takes place1 & by adaptation to !m a div]g5ce 9 a retrograde direction4 ,if1 = in/ance1 organisms :i* h hi!rto liv$ indep5d5tly accu/om !mselves to a p>asitical life1 !y !reby deg5]ate or retrograde4 ,su* animals1 :i* hi!rto _h possess$ a well-develop$ n]v\s sy/em & quick organs ( s5se1 z well z ! p[] ( mov+ freely1 lose ^! :5 !y accu/om !mselves to a p>asitical mode ( life2 !y consequ5tly retrograde m or less4 ,!re ! diff]5tiation view$ by itself is a deg5]ation1 al?\gh x is advantage\s to ! p>asitical organism4 ,9 ! /ruggle = life su* an animal1 :i* has accu/om$ itself to live at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 by reta9+ its eyes & app>atus ( motion1 :i* are ( no m use to x1 w\ld only exp5d s mu* mat]ial uselessly2 & :5 x loses ^! organs1 !n a great quantity ( n\ri%m5t :i* 0 employ$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ^! p>ts1 b5efits o!r p>ts4 ,9 ! /ruggle = life betwe5 ! diff]5t p>asites1 !re=e1 ^? :i* make lea/ pret5sions w h advantage ov] ! o!rs1 & ?is fav\rs _! deg5]ation4 ,j z ?is is f\nd to be ! case ) ! :ole organism1 s x is also ) ! p>ts ( ! body ( an individual organism4 ,a diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 :i* leads to a p>tial deg5]ation1 & f9ally ev5 to ! loss ( individual organs1 is1 :5 look$ at by itself1 a deg5]ation1 b yet may be advantage\s to ! organism 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,x is easi] to fight :5 useless baggage is ?r[n aside4 ,h5ce we meet ev]y:]e1 9 ! m highly-develop$ animal & vegetable bodies1 processes ( div]g5ce1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is t !y cause ! deg5]ation1 & f9ally ! loss1 ( p>ticul> p>ts4 ,& at ?is po9t ! mo/ important & in/ructive ( all ! s]ies ( ph5om5a be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( organisms pres5ts itself to u1 namely1 t ( rudim5t>y or deg5]ate organs4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ev5 9 my fir/ *apt] ,i consid]$ ?is exce$+ly rem>kable s]ies ( ph5om5a1 f a !oretical po9t ( view1 z "o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ /rik+ pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,we designat$ z rudim5t>y organs ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are arrang$ = a def9ite purpose & yet are )\t function4 ,let me rem9d ! read] ( ! eyes ( ^? animals :i* live 9 ! d>k 9 caves & und]gr\nd1 & :i* consequ5tly nev] c use !m4 ,9 ^! animals we f9d real eyes hidd5 "u ! sk91 frequ5tly develop$ exactly z are ! eyes ( animals :i* really see2 & yet ^! eyes nev] p]=m any function1 inde$ _c1 simply = ! reason t !y are cov]$ by an opaque membrane1 & consequ5tly no ray ( light falls ^u !m 7comp>e above1 p4 #ac74 ,9 ! ance/ors ( ^! animals1 :i* liv$ 9 op5 daylight1 ! eyes 7 well develop$1 cov]$ by a transp>5t horny capsule 7cornea71 & actually s]v$ ! purpose ( see+4 ,b z ! animals gradually accu/om$ !mselves to an und]gr\nd mode ( life1 & )drew f ! daylight & no long] us$ _! eyes1 ^! became deg5]at$4 ,v cle> examples ( rudim5t>y organs1 moreov]1 are ! w+s ( animals :i* _c fly2 = example1 ! w+s ( ! runn+ birds1 l ! o/ri*1 emeu1 cass[>y1 etc41 ! legs ( :i* h become exce$+ly develop$4 ,^! birds hav+ lo/ ! habit ( fly+1 h consequ5tly lo/ ! use ( _! w+s2 h[ev]1 ! w+s are /ill !re1 al?\gh 9 a crippl$ =m4 ,we v frequ5tly f9d su* crippl$ w+s 9 ! class ( insects1 mo/ memb]s ( :i* c fly4 ,f reasons d]iv$ f comp>ative anatomy & o!r circum/ances1 we c ) c]ta9ty draw ! inf]5ce t all insects n[ liv+ 7all dragon-flies1 gras%opp]s1 beetles1 bees1 bugs1 flies1 butt]flies1 etc47 h orig9at$ f a s+le common p>5tal =m1 f a prim>y insect :i* possess$ two well-develop$ pairs ( w+s1 & ?ree pairs ( legs4 ,yet !re are v _m insects 9 :i* ei!r "o or bo? pairs ( w+s h become m or less deg5]at$1 & _m 9 :i* !y h ev5 completely disappe>$4 ,= example1 9 ! :ole ord] ( flies1 or ,dipt]a1 ! h9d] pair ( w+s--9 ! bee-p>asites1 or ,/repsipt]a1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =e pair ( w+s--h become deg5]at$ or entirely disappe>$4 ,moreov]1 9 e ord] ( insects we f9d individual g5]a1 or species1 9 :i* ! w+s h m or less deg5]at$ or disappe>$4 ,! latt] is ! case especially 9 p>asites4 ,! females h frequ5tly no w+s1 :]eas ! males h2 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( gl[-worms 7,lampyris71 ,/repsipt]a1 etc4 ,?is p>tial or complete deg5]ation ( ! w+s ( insects has evid5tly aris5 f natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,= we f9d insects )\t w+s liv+ "u circum/ances :]e fly+ w\ld be useless1 or ev5 decid$ly injuri\s to !m4 ,if1 = example1 insects liv+ on isl&s fly ab\t mu*1 x may easily happ5 t :5 fly+ !y are bl[n into ! sea by ! w9d1 & if 7z is always ! case7 ! p[] ( fly+ is diff]5tly develop$ 9 diff]5t individuals1 !n ^? :i* fly badly h an advantage ov] ^? :i* fly well2 !y are less easily bl[n into ! sea1 & rema9 long] 9 life ?an ! individuals ( ! same species :i* fly well4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations1 by ! action ( natural selection1 ?is circum/ance mu/ necess>ily lead to a complete suppression ( ! w+s4 ,if ?is conclusion _h be5 arriv$ at on purely !oretical gr\nds1 we might be pleas$ to f9d its tru? e/abli%$ by facts4 ,= ^u isolat$ isl&s ! proportion ( w+less insects to ^? possess+ w+s is surpris+ly l>ge1 mu* l>g] ?an among ! insects inhabit+ cont95ts4 ,?us1 = example1 accord+ to ,wolla/on1 ( ! #eej species ( beetles :i* inhabit ! isl& ( ,madeira1 #bbj are w+less1 or possess su* imp]fect w+s t !y c no long] fly2 & ( ! #bi g5]a :i* belong to t isl& exclusively1 no less ?an #bc conta9 su* species only4 ,x is evid5t t ?is rem>kable circum/ance does n ne$ to be expla9$ by ! special wisdom ( ! ,creator1 b is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by natural selection1 because 9 ?is case ! h]$it>y disuse ( ! w+s1 ! discont9uance ( fly+ 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]\s w9ds1 has be5 v advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,9 o!r w+less insects ! want ( w+s has be5 advantage\s = o!r reasons4 ,view$ by itself1 ! loss ( w+s is a deg5]ation1 b 9 ^! special conditions ( life x is advantage\s to ! organism 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,among o!r rudim5t>y organs ,i may "h1 by way ( example1 fur!r m5tion ! lungs ( s]p5ts & s]p5t-l liz>ds4 ,all v]tebrate animals possess+ lungs1 su* z amphibi\s animals1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 h a pair ( lungs1 a "r & a left "o4 ,b 9 cases :]e ! body is exce$+ly ?9 & elongat$1 z 9 s]p5ts & s]p5t-l liz>ds1 !re is no room = ! "o lung by ! side ( ! o!r1 & x is an evid5t advantage to ! me*anism ( respiration if only "o lung is develop$4 ,a s+le l>ge lung "h accompli%es m ?an two small ones side by side w\ld d2 & consequ5tly1 9 ^! animals1 we inv>iably f9d only ! "r or only ! left lung fully develop$4 ,! o!r is completely abort$1 al?\gh exi/+ z a useless rudim5t4 ,9 l mann]1 9 all birds ! "r ov>y is abort$ & )\t function2 only ! left "o is develop$1 & yields all ! eggs4 ,i m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] t man also possesses su* useless & sup]flu\s rudim5t>y organs1 & ,i specifi$ z su* ! muscles :i* move ! e>s4 ,ano!r ( !m is ! rudim5t ( ! tail :i* man possesses 9 8 #c--e tail v]tebr1 & :i*1 9 ! human embryo1 /&s out prom95tly dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s ( its developm5t 7comp>e ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii474 ,x aft]w>ds becomes completely hidd54 ,! rudim5t>y little tail ( man is an irrefutable pro( ( ! fact t he is desc5d$ f tail$ ance/ors4 ,9 woman ! tail is g5]ally by "o v]tebra long] ?an 9 man4 ,!re /ill exi/ rudim5t>y muscles 9 ! human tail :i* =m]ly mov$ x4 ,ano!r case ( human rudim5t>y organs1 only belong+ to ! male1 & :i* obta9s 9 l mann] 9 all male mammals1 is furni%$ by ! mamm>y gl&s on ! brea/1 :i*1 z a rule1 are active only 9 ! female sex4 ,h[ev]1 cases ( diff]5t mammals are kn[n1 especially ( m51 %eep1 & goats1 9 :i* ! mamm>y gl&s 7 fully develop$ 9 ! male sex1 & yield$ milk z food = _! (fspr+4 ,i h already m5tion$ be=e 7p4 #ab7 t ! rudim5t>y auricul> muscles 9 man c /ill be employ$ to move _! e>s1 by "s p]sons :o h p]sev]+ly practis$ !m4 ,9 fact1 rudim5t>y organs are frequ5tly v diff]5tly develop$ 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same species2 9 "s !y are tol]ably l>ge1 9 o!rs v small4 ,?is circum/ance is v important = _! explanation1 z is also ! o!r circum/ance t g5]ally 9 embryos1 or 9 a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 !y are mu* l>g] & /rong] 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! body ?an !y are 9 fully develop$ & fully gr[n organisms4 ,?is c1 9 p>ticul>1 be easily po9t$ out 9 ! rudim5t>y sexual organs ( plants 7/am5s & pi/il71 :i* ,i h already m5tion$4 ,!y are proportionately mu* l>g] 9 ! "y fl[]-bud ?an 9 ! mature fl[]4 ,i h rem>k$ 7p4 #ae7 t rudim5t>y or suppress$ organs 7 ! /ronge/ supports ( ! moni/ic or me*anical conception ( ! univ]se4 ,if its oppon5ts1 ! duali/s & teleologi/s1 und]/ood ! imm5se significance ( rudim5t>y organs1 x w\ld put !m into a /ate ( despair4 ,_! ludicr\s attempts to expla9 t rudim5t>y organs 7 giv5 to organisms by ! ,creator 8= ! sake ( symmetry10 or 8z a =mal provision10 or 89 consid]ation ( 8 g5]al plan ( creation10 suffici5tly prove ! utt] impot5ce ( _! p]v]se conception ( ! univ]se4 ,i mu/ "h repeat t1 ev5 if we knew absolutely no?+ ( ! o!r ph5om5a ( developm5t1 we %\ld be oblig$ to believe 9 ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 solely on ! gr\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,n "o ( its oppon5ts has be5 able to ?r[ ev5 a feeble glimm] ( an acceptable explanation ^u ^! exce$+ly rem>kable & important ph5om5a4 ,!re is sc>cely any highly develop$ animal or vegetable =m :i* has n "s rudim5t>y organs1 & 9 mo/ cases x c be %[n t !y are ! products ( natural selection1 & t !y h become suppress$ by disuse4 ,x is ! rev]se ( ! process ( =mation 9 :i* new organs arise f adaptation to c]ta9 conditions ( life1 & by ! use ( p>ts z yet incompletely develop$4 ,x is true our oppon5ts usually ma9ta9 t ! orig9 ( altoge!r new p>ts is completely inexplicable by ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i di/9ctly ass]t t to ^? :o possess a k ( comp>ative anatomy & physiology ?is matt] does n pres5t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,e "o :o is famili> ) comp>ative anatomy & ! hi/ory ( developm5t w f9d z little difficulty ab\t ! orig9 ( completely new organs z ab\t ! utt] disappe>ance ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! latt]1 view$ by itself1 is ! conv]se ( ! orig9 ( ! =m]4 ,bo? processes are p>ticul> ph5om5a ( diff]5tiation1 :i*1 l all o!rs1 c be expla9$ q simply & me*anically by ! action ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! inf9itely important /udy ( rudim5t>y organs & _! orig91 ! comp>ison ( _! palontological & embryological developm5t1 n[ naturally leads u to ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ important & in/ructive ( all biological ph5om5a1 namely1 ! p>allelism :i* ! ph5om5a ( progress & div]g5ce pres5t to u 9 ?ree diff]5t s]ies4 ,:51 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we spoke ( p]fect+ & division ( lab\r1 we und]/ood by ^? words progress & sep>ation1 & ^? *anges effect$ by !m1 :i* 9 ! long & sl[ c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory h l$ to a cont9ual v>iation ( ! flora & fauna1 to ! orig9 ( new & to ! disappe>ance ( anci5t species ( animals & plants4 ,n[1 if we foll[ ! orig91 ! developm5t1 & ! life ( e s+le organic individual1 we meet ) exactly ! same ph5om5a ( progress & diff]5tiation4 ,! individual developm5t1 or ! ontog5esis ( e s+le organism1 f ! egg to ! complete =m is no?+ b a gr[? att5d$ by a s]ies ( div]g+ & progressive *anges4 ,?is applies equally to animals1 plants1 & proti/a4 ,if1 = example1 we consid] ! ontog5y ( any mammal1 ( man1 ( an ape1 or ( a p\*$ animal1 or if we foll[ ! individual developm5t ( any o!r v]tebrate animal ( ano!r class1 we ev]y:]e f9d ess5tially ! same ph5om5a4 ,e "o ( ^! animals develops itself orig9ally out ( a s+le cell1 ! egg4 ,?is cell increases by self-division1 & =ms a numb] ( cells1 & by ! gr[? ( ?is accumulation ( cells1 by ! div]g5t developm5t ( orig9ally id5tical cells1 by ! division ( lab\r among !m1 & by _! p]fect+1 !re arises ! p]fect organism1 ! complicat$ composition ( :i* excites our admiration4 ,x seems to me "h indisp5sable to draw att5tion m closely to ^? inf9itely important & int]e/+ processes :i* accompany ontog5esis1 or ! individual developm5t ( organisms1 & especially to t ( v]tebrate animals1 man includ$4 ,i wi% especially to recomm5d ^! exce$+ly rem>kable & in/ructive ph5om5a to ! read]'s mo/ c>eful consid]ation1 fir/1 because !y are among ! /ronge/ supports ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 & secondly1 because1 consid]+ _! imm5se g5]al importance1 !y h hi!rto be5 prop]ly consid]$ only by a few privileg$ p]sons4 ,we _c inde$ b be a/oni%$ :5 we consid] ! deep ignorance :i* /ill prevails1 9 ! wide/ circles1 ab\t ! facts ( ! individual developm5t ( man & organisms 9 g5]al4 ,^! facts1 ! univ]sal importance ( :i* _c be e/imat$ too highly1 7 e/abli%$1 9 _! mo/ important outl9es1 ev5 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 #agei1 by ! great ,g]man naturali/ ,casp> ,fri$rie* ,wolff1 9 8 classical 8,!oria ,g5]ationis40 ,b1 j z ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 f\nd$ 9 #ahji1 lay dormant = half a c5tury1 & 0 only awak5$ to new & imp]i%able life 9 #ahei1 by ,d>w91 9 l mann] ,wolff's ,!ory ( ,epig5esis rema9$ unkn[n = ne>ly half a c5tury2 & x 0 only aft] ,ok51 9 #ahjf _h publi%$ 8 hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! inte/9al tube1 & aft] ,meckel1 9 #ahab1 _h translat$ ,wolff's "w 7writt5 9 ,lat97 on ! same subject into ,g]man1 t ,wolff's !ory ( epig5esis became m g5]ally kn[n1 & =m$ ! f\ndation ( all subsequ5t inve/igations ( ! hi/ory ( individual developm5t4 ,! /udy ( ontog5esis n[ receiv$ a great /imulus1 & soon !re appe>$ ! classical inve/igations ( ! two fri5ds1 ,*ri/ian ,p&] 7#ahag7 & ,c>l ,ern/ ,br 7#ahai74 ,br1 9 8 rem>kable 8,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,?i]e107#bj7 work$ out ! ontog5y ( v]tebrate animals 9 all its important facts4 ,he c>ri$ out a s]ies ( su* excell5t obs]vations1 & illu/rat$ !m by su* pr(\nd philosophical reflections1 t 8 "w became ! f\ndation = a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ?is important gr\p ( animals1 to :i*1 ( c\rse1 man also belongs4 ,! facts ( embryology alone w\ld be suffici5t to solve ! "q ( man's position 9 nature1 :i* is ! highe/ ( all problems4 ,look att5tively at & comp>e ! eight figures :i* are repres5t$ on ! adjo9+ ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 & x w be se5 t ! philosophical importance ( embryology _c be too highly e/imat$4 ,we may well ask1 ,:at d our s-call$ 8educat$0 circles1 :o ?9k s mu* ( ! high civilization ( ! #ai? c5tury1 "k ( ^! mo/ important biological facts1 ( ^! indisp5sable f\ndations = und]/&+ _! own organism8 ,h[ mu* d our speculative philosoph]s & !ologians "k ab\t !m1 :o fancy !y c arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! human organism by m]e guesswork or div9e inspiration8 ,:at inde$ d ! majority ( naturali/s1 n except+ ! majority ( ! s-call$ 8zoologi/s0 7includ+ ! entomologi/s671 "k ab\t !m8 ,! answ] to ?is "q tells mu* to ! %ame ( ! p]sons above indicat$1 & we mu/ confess1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 t ^! invaluable facts ( human ontog5y are1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 utt]ly unkn[n to mo/ p1 or are 9 no way valu$ z !y des]ve to be4 ,x is 9 ! face ( su* a condition ( ?+s z ?is t we see cle>ly ^u :at a wrong & "o-sid$ road ! mu* vaunt$ culture ( ! #ai? c5tury /ill moves4 ,ignorance & sup]/ition are ! f\ndations ^u :i* mo/ m5 con/ruct _! conception ( _! own organism & its relation to ! totality ( ?+s2 & ^! palpable facts ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 :i* might ?r[ ! light ( tru? ^u !m1 are ignor$4 ,x is true ^! facts are n calculat$ to excite approval among ^? :o assume a ?or\gh diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! re/ ( nature1 & :o w n ackn[l$ge ! animal orig9 ( ! human race4 ,t orig9 mu/ be a v unpleasant tru? to memb]s ( ! rul+ & privileg$ ca/es 9 ^? nations among :i* !re exi/s an h]$it>y division ( social classes1 9 consequ5ce ( false ideas ab\t ! laws ( inh]itance4 ,x is well kn[n t1 ev5 9 our day1 9 _m civiliz$ c\ntries ! idea ( h]$it>y grades ( rank goes s f>1 t1 = example1 ! ari/ocracy imag9e !mselves to be ( a nature totally diff]5t f t ( ord9>y citiz5s1 & nobles :o commit a disgraceful (f5ce are puni%$ by be+ expell$ f ! ca/e ( nobles1 & ?ru/ d[n among ! p>iahs ( 8vulg> citiz5s40 ,:at are ^! nobles to ?9k ( ! noble blood :i* fl[s 9 _! privileg$ ve9s1 :5 !y le>n t all human embryos1 ^? ( nobles z well z common]s1 dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s ( developm5t1 are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! tail$ embryos ( dogs & o!r mammals8 ,z ! object ( ^! pages is solely to fur!r ! g5]al k ( natural tru?s1 & to spread1 9 wid] circles1 a natural conception ( ! relations ( man to ! re/ ( nature1 ,i %all be ju/ifi$ if ,i d n pay any reg>d to ! widely-spread prejudice 9 fav\r ( an exceptional & privileg$ position = man 9 creation1 & simply give "h ! embryological facts f :i* ! read] w be able to draw conclusions affirm+ ! gr\ndlessness ( ^? prejudices4 ,i wi% all ! m to entreat him to reflect c>efully ^u ^! facts ( ontog5y1 z x is my firm conviction t a g5]al k ( !m c only promote ! intellectual advance1 & !reby ! m5tal p]fect+1 ( ! human race4 ,amid/ all ! inf9itely ri* & int]e/+ mat]ial :i* lies be=e u 9 ! ontog5y ( v]tebrate animals1 t is1 9 ! hi/ory ( _! individual developm5t1 ,i %all "h conf9e myself to %[+ "s ( ^? facts :i* are ( ! greate/ importance to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 9 g5]al1 z well z 9 its special application to man4 ,man is at ! beg9n+ ( 8 individual exi/5ce a simple egg1 a s+le little cell1 j ! same z e animal organism :i* orig9ates by sexual g5]ation4 ,! human egg is ess5tially ! same z t ( all o!r mammals1 & _c be di/+ui%$ f ! egg ( ! high] mammals4 ,! egg repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e might be t ( a man or an ape z well z ( a dog1 a horse1 or any o!r mammal4 ,n only ! =m & /ructure1 b ev5 ! size ( ! egg 9 mo/ mammals is ! same z 9 man1 namely1 ab\t ! #abj? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 s t ! egg "u favorable circum/ances1 ) ! nak$ eye1 c j be p]ceiv$ z a small speck4 ,! diff]5ces :i* really exi/ betwe5 ! eggs ( diff]5t mammals & t ( man d n consi/ 9 ! =m1 b 9 ! *emical mixture1 9 ! molecul> composition ( ! album9\s comb9ation ( c>bon1 ( :i* ! egg ess5tially consi/s4 ,^! m9ute individual diff]5ces ( all eggs1 :i* dep5d ^u indirect or pot5tial adaptation 7& especially ^u ! law ( individual adaptation71 are inde$ n directly p]ceptible to ! exce$+ly imp]fect s5ses ( man1 b are cognisable ?r\gh indirect means1 z ! prim>y causes ( ! diff]5ce ( all individuals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! human egg a hundr$ times enl>g$4 a4 ,! k]nel speck1 or nucleolus 7! s-call$ g]m9al spot ( ! egg74 b4 ,k]nel1 or nucleus 7! s-call$ g]m9al vesicle ( ! egg74 c4 ,cell-sub/ance1 or protoplasm 7s-call$ yolk ( ! egg74 d4 ,cell-membrane 7! yolk-membrane ( ! egg2 9 mammals1 on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy1 call$ zona pellucida74 ,! eggs ( o!r mammals are ( ! same =m4 ,! human egg is1 l t ( all o!r mammals1 a small globul> bladd]1 :i* conta9s all ! con/itu5t p>ts ( a simple organic cell 7,fig4 #e74 ,! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( x are ! muc\s cell-sub/ance1 or ! protoplasma 7c71 :i* 9 an egg is call$ ! 8yolk10 & ! cell-k]nel1 or nucleus 7b71 surr\nd$ by x1 :i* is "h call$ by ! special "n ( ! 8g]m9al vesicle40 ,! latt] is a delicate1 cle>1 glassy globule ( album51 ( ab\t #a-fjj? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & surr\nds1 a /ill small]1 %>ply-m>k$1 r\nd$ granule 7a71 ! k]nel-speck1 or ! nucleolus ( ! cell 79 ! egg x is call$ ! 8g]m9al spot074 ,! outside ( ! globul> egg-cell ( a mammal is surr\nd$ by a ?ick pellucid membrane1 ! cell-membrane or yolk-membrane1 :i* "h be>s ! special "n ( zona pellucida 7d74 ,! eggs ( _m l[] animals 7= example ( _m ,m$us7 diff] f ?is 9 be+ nak$ cells1 z ! out] cov]+1 or cell-membrane1 is want+4 ,z soon z ! egg 7ovulum7 ( ! mammal has atta9$ its full maturity1 x leaves ! ov>y ( ! female1 9 :i* x orig9ates1 & passes into ! oviduct1 & ?r\gh ?is n>r[ passage into ! wid] p\* or womb 7ut]us74 ,if1 mean:ile1 ! egg is fructifi$ by ! male se$ 7sp]m71 x develops itself 9 ?is p\* into an embryo1 & does n leave x until p]fectly develop$ & capable ( com+ into ! _w at bir? z a "y mammal4 ,! v>iations ( =m & trans=mations :i* ! fructifi$ egg mu/ g ?r\gh )9 ! ut]us be=e x assumes ! =m ( ! mammal are exce$+ly rem>kable1 & proce$ f ! beg9n+ 9 man1 9 precisely ! same way z 9 ! o!r mammals4 ,at fir/ ! fructifi$ egg ( ! mammal acts z a s+le-cell$ organism1 :i* is ab\t to propagate indep5d5tly & increase itself2 = example1 an ,amba 7comp>e ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ahh74 ,9 po9t ( fact ! simple egg-cell becomes two1 by ! process ( cell-division :i* ,i h previ\sly describ$4 ,!re arise f ! s+le g]m9al spot 7! small k]nel-speck ( ! orig9al simple egg-cell7 two new k]nel-specks1 & !n 9 l mann]1 out ( ! g]m9al vesicle 7! nucleus71 two new cell-k]nels4 ,!n1 & n until !n1 does ! globul> protoplasma fir/ sep>ate itself by an equatorial furr[ into two halves1 9 su* a mann] t ea* half encloses "o ( ! two k]nels1 toge!r ) its k]nel-speck4 ,?us ! simple egg-cell1 )9 ! orig9al cellul> membrane1 has become two nak$ cells1 ea* possess+ its own k]nel 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! developm5t ( a mammal's egg1 ! s-call$ 8yolk-cleavage0 7propagation ( ! egg-cell by repeat$ self-division74 ,a4 ,! egg1 by ! =mation ( ! fir/ furr[1 falls into two cells4 ,b4 ,^! by division fall into f\r cells4 ,c4 ,^! latt] h fall5 into eight cells4 ,d4 ,by cont9u$ division a globul> mass ( num]\s cells has aris54 ,! same process ( cell-division n[ repeats itself sev]al times 9 succession4 ,9 ?is way1 f two cells 7,fig4 #f ,a7 !re arise f\r 7,fig4 #f ,b72 f f\r1 eight 7,fig4 #f ,c72 f eight1 sixte52 f ^!1 ?irty-two1 etc4 ,ea* "t ! division ( ! k]nel-speck prec$es t ( ! k]nel2 ?is1 aga91 prec$es t ( ! cell-sub/ance1 or protoplasma4 ,z ! division ( ! latt] always comm5ces ) ! =mation ( a sup]ficial annul> furr[1 or cleft1 ! :ole process is usually call$ ! furr[+ ( ! egg1 or yolk-cleavage1 & ! products ( x1 t is1 ! cells aris+ f ! cont9u$ halv+1 are call$ ! cleavage sph]es4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole process is no?+ m ?an a simple1 (t-repeat$ division ( cells1 & ! products ( x are actual1 nak$ cells4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh ! cont9u$ division or 8furr[+0 ( ! mammal's egg !re arises a mulb]ry-%ap$ ball1 :i* is compos$ ( a great numb] ( small sph]es1 nak$ cells1 conta9+ k]nels 7,fig4 #f ,d74 ,^! cells are ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! body ( ! "y mammal is con/ruct$4 ,e "o ( u has once be5 su* a simple mulb]ry-%ap$ ball1 compos$ only ( small equi-=mal cells4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! globul> lump ( cells1 :i* n[ repres5ts ! "y body ( ! mammal1 consi/s fir/ 9 its *ang+ into a globul> bladd]1 z fluid accumulates )9 x4 ,?is bladd] is call$ ! g]m-bladd] 7vesicula bla/od]mica74 ,its wall is at fir/ compos$ ( m]ely equi-=mal cells4 ,b soon1 at "o po9t on ! wall1 arises a disc-%ap$ ?ick5+1 z ! cells "h increase rapidly1 & ?is ?ick5+ is n[ ! f\ndation ( ! actual body ( ! g]m or embryo1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! g]m-bladd] s]ve only = its nutrition4 ,! ?ick5$ disc1 or f\ndation ( ! embryo1 soon assumes an oblong1 & !n a fiddle-%ap$ =m1 9 consequ5ce ( its "r & left walls becom+ convex 7,fig4 #g1 p4 #cjd74 ,at ?is /age ( developm5t 9 ! fir/ =m ( _! g]m or embryo1 n only all mammals1 includ+ man1 b ev5 all v]tebrate animals 9 g5]al--birds1 reptiles1 amphibi\s animals1 & fi%es--c ei!r n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r at all1 or only by v uness5tial diff]5ces1 su* z ! arrangem5t ( ! egg-cov]+s4 ,9 all ! :ole body consi/s ( no?+ b a q simple1 oblong1 oval1 or viol9-%ap$ ?9 disc1 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree closely connect$ membranes or plates1 ly+ "o above ano!r4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree plates or lay]s ( ! g]m consi/s simply ( cells all exactly l "o ano!r2 b ea* lay] has a diff]5t function 9 ! build+ up ( ! v]tebrate animal body4 ,out ( ! upp] or out] g]m-lay] arises solely ! out] sk9 7epid]mis71 toge!r ) ! c5tral p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7sp9al m>r[ & bra972 out ( ! l[] or inn] lay] arises only ! inn] delicate sk9 7epi!lium7 :i* l9es ! :ole inte/9al tube f ! m\? to ! anus1 toge!r ) all ! gl&s connect$ ) x 7lung1 liv]1 saliv>y gl&s1 etc472 out ( ! middle g]m-lay] ly+ betwe5 ! two o!rs arise all ! o!r organs1 muscles1 bones1 blood-vessels4 ,n[1 ! processes by :i* ! v>i\s & exce$+ly complicat$ p>ts ( ! fully-=m$ body ( v]tebrate animals arise out ( su* simple mat]ial--out ( ! ?ree g]m-lay]s compos$ only ( cells--are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! repeat$ division1 & consequ5tly ! increase ( cells2 9 ! second place1 ! division ( lab\r or diff]5tiation ( ^! cells2 & ?irdly1 ! union ( ! v>i\sly develop$ or diff]5tiat$ cells1 = ! =mation ( ! diff]5t organs4 ,?us arises ! gradual progress or p]fect+ :i* c be trac$ /ep by /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryonic body4 ,! simple embryonic cells1 :i* are to con/itute ! body ( ! v]tebrate animal1 /& 9 ! same relation to ea* o!r z citiz5s :o wi% to f\nd a /ate4 ,"s take to "o occupation1 o!rs to ano!r1 & "w toge!r = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,by ?is division ( lab\r1 or diff]5tiation1 & ! p]fect+ 7! organic progress7 :i* is connect$ ) x1 x becomes possible = ! :ole /ate to accompli% und]tak+s :i* w\ld h be5 impossible to ! s+le individual4 ,! :ole body ( ! v]tebrate animal1 l e o!r _m-cell$ organism1 is a republican /ate ( cells1 & consequ5tly x c accompli% organic functions :i* ! individual cell1 z a solit>y individual 7= example1 an ,amba1 or a s+le-cell$ plant71 c\ld nev] p]=m4 ,no s5sible p]son supposes t c>efully devis$ in/itutions1 :i* h be5 e/abli%$ = ! good ( ! :ole1 z well z = ! individual1 9 e human /ate1 are ! results ( ! action ( a p]sonal & sup]natural ,creator1 act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 e "o kn[s t ^! useful in/itutions ( organization 9 ! /ate are ! consequ5ces ( ! co-op]ation ( ! individual citiz5s & _! common gov]nm5t1 z well z ( adaptation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! out] _w4 ,j 9 ! same way we mu/ judge ( ! _m-cell$ organism4 ,9 x also all ! useful arrangem5ts are solely ! natural & necess>y result ( ! co-op]ation1 diff]5tiation1 & p]fect+ ( ! individual citiz5s--! cells--& by no means ! artificial arrangem5ts ( a ,creator act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,if we rightly consid] ?is comp>ison1 & pursue x fur!r1 we c di/9ctly see ! p]v]sity ( t duali/ic conception ( nature :i* discov]s ! action ( a creative plan ( con/ruction 9 ! v>i\s adaptations ( ! organization ( liv+ ?+s4 ,let u pursue ! individual developm5t ( ! v]tebrate animal body a few /ages fur!r1 & see :at is next done by ! citiz5s ( ?is embryonic organism4 ,9 ! c5tral l9e ( ! viol9-%ap$ disc1 :i* is compos$ ( ! ?ree cellul> g]m-lay]s1 !re arises a /raight delicate furr[1 ! s-call$ 8primitive /reak10 by :i* ! viol9-%ap$ body is divid$ into two equal lat]al halves--a "r & a left "p or 8antim]40 ,on bo? sides ( t /reak or furr[1 ! upp] or ext]nal g]m-lay] rises 9 ! =m ( a longitud9al fold1 & bo? folds !n gr[ toge!r ov] ! furr[ 9 ! c5tral l9e1 & ?us =m a cyl9drical tube4 ,?is tube is call$ ! m>r[-tube1 or m$ull>y canal1 because x is ! f\ndation ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 ! sp9al m>r[ 7m$ulla sp9alis74 ,at fir/ x is po9t$ bo? 9 front & beh9d1 & x rema9s s = life 9 ! l[e/ v]tebrate animal1 ! bra9less1 skull-less ,lancelet 7,amphioxus74 ,b 9 all o!r v]tebrate animals1 :i* we di/+ui% f ! latt] z skull$ animals1 or ,craniota1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! =e & h9d] end ( ! m>r[ tube soon becomes visible1 ! =e end becom+ dilat$1 & *ang+ into a r\ndi% bladd]1 ! f\ndation ( ! bra94 ,9 all ,craniota1 t is1 9 all v]tebrate animals possess+ skull & bra91 ! bra91 :i* is at fir/ only ! bladd]-%ap$ dilatation ( ! ant]ior end ( ! sp9al m>r[1 divides into five bladd]s ly+ "o beh9d ! o!r1 f\r sup]ficial1 transv]se 9-nipp+s be+ =m$4 ,^! five bra9-bladd]s1 out ( :i* aft]w>ds arise all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! intricately con/ruct$ bra91 c be se5 9 _! orig9al condition 9 ! embryo repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,x is j ! same :e!r we exam9e ! embryo ( a dog1 a f[l1 a liz>d1 or any o!r high] v]tebrate animal4 ,= ! embryos ( ! diff]5t skull$ animals 7at lea/ ! ?ree high] classes ( !m1 ! reptiles1 birds & mammals7 _c be 9 any way di/+ui%$ at ! /age repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! :ole =m ( ! body is z yet exce$+ly simple1 be+ m]ely a ?91 leaf-l disc4 ,face1 legs1 inte/9es1 etc41 are z yet completely want+4 ,b ! five bladd]s are already q di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,embryo ( a mammal or bird1 9 :i* ! five bra9-bladd]s h j comm5c$ to develop4 v4 ,=e bra94 z4 ,twixt bra94 m4 ,mid bra94 h4 ,h9d bra94 n4 ,aft] bra94 p4 ,sp9al-m>r[4 a4 ,eye-bladd]s4 w4 ,primitive v]tebr4 d4 ,sp9al-axis or noto*ord4 ,! fir/ bladd]1 ! =e bra9 7a71 is 9 s f> ! mo/ important t x pr9cipally =ms ! hemisph]es ( ! s-call$ l>g] bra9 7c]ebrum71 t "p :i* is ! seat ( ! high] m5tal activities4 ,! m ^! activities are develop$ 9 ! s]ies ( v]tebrate animals1 ! m d ! two lat]al halves ( ! =e bra91 or ! hemisph]es1 gr[ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r bladd]s1 & ov]lap !m 9 front & f above4 ,9 man1 :]e !y are mo/ /rongly develop$1 agree+ ) 8 high] m5tal activity1 !y ev5tually almo/ entirely cov] ! o!r p>ts f above 7comp>e ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii47 ,! second bladd]1 ! twixt bra9 7z71 =ms t portion ( ! bra9 :i* is call$ ! c5tre ( sight1 & /&s 9 ! close/ relation to ! eyes 7a71 :i* gr[ "r & left out ( ! =e bra9 9 ! %ape ( two bladd]s1 & lat] lie at ! bottom ( ! twixt bra94 ,! ?ird bladd]1 ! mid bra9 7m71 = ! mo/ "p vani%es 9 ! =mation ( ! s-call$ f\r bulbs1 a bossy portion ( ! bra91 :i* is /rongly develop$ 9 reptiles & birds 7,fig4 ,e1 ,f1 ,plate ,,ii471 :]eas 9 mammals x rec$es mu* m 7,fig4 ,g1 ,h1 ,plate ,,iii474 ,! f\r? bladd]1 ! h9d bra9 7h71 =ms ! s-call$ little hemisph]es1 toge!r ) ! middle "p ( ! small bra9 7c]ebellum71 a "p ( ! bra9 z to ! function ( :i* ! mo/ contradictory conjectures are ent]ta9$1 b :i* seems pr9cipally to regulate ! co-ord9ation ( movem5ts4 ,la/ly1 ! fif? bladd]1 ! aft] bra9 7n71 develops into t v important "p ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em :i* is call$ ! prolong$ m>r[ 7m$ulla oblongata74 ,x is ! c5tral organ ( ! respiratory movem5ts1 & ( o!r important functions1 & an injury to x imm$iately causes dea?1 :]eas ! l>ge hemisph]es ( ! =e bra9 7or ! organ ( ! 8s\l10 9 a re/rict$ s5se7 c be remov$ bit by bit1 & ev5 completely de/roy$1 )\t caus+ ! dea? ( ! v]tebrate animal--only its high] m5tal activities disappe>+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,^! five bra9 bladd]s1 9 all v]tebrate animals :i* possess a bra9 at all1 are orig9ally arrang$ 9 ! same mann] & develop gradually 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps s diff]5tly1 t x is aft]w>ds v difficult to recognize ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! fully-develop$ bra9s4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( developm5t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g1 x seems z yet q impossible to di/+ui% ! embryos ( ! diff]5t mammals1 birds1 & reptiles1 f "o ano!r4 ,b if we comp>e ! mu* m develop$ embryos on ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ) "o ano!r1 we c cle>ly see an inequality 9 _! developm5t1 & especially x w be p]ceiv$ t ! bra9 ( ! two mammals 7,g & ,h7 already /rongly diff] f t ( birds 7,f7 & ( reptiles 7,e74 ,9 ! two latt] ! mid bra9 pr$om9ates1 b 9 ! =m] ! =e bra94 ,ev5 at ?is /age ! bra9 ( ! bird 7,f7 is sc>cely di/+ui%able f t ( ! tortoise 7,e71 & 9 l mann] ! bra9 ( ! dog 7,g7 is z yet almo/ ! same z t ( man 7,h74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we comp>e ! bra9s ( ^! f\r v]tebrate animals 9 a fully develop$ condition1 we f9d !m s v diff]5t 9 all anatomical p>ticul>s1 t we _c d\bt = a mom5t z to :i* animal ea* bra9 belongs4 ,i h "h expla9$ ! orig9al equality1 ! gradual comm5cem5t1 & ! ev] increas+ sep>ation or diff]5tiation ( ! embryos 9 ! diff]5t v]tebrate animals1 tak+ ! bra9 z a special example1 j because ?is organ ( ! s\l's activity is ( special int]e/4 ,b ,i might z well h discuss$ 9 its /ead ! he>t1 or ! liv]1 or ! limbs1 9 %ort1 any o!r "p ( ! body1 s9ce ! same wond] ( creation is "h ev] repeat$1 namely1 ?is1 t all p>ts are orig9ally ! same 9 ! diff]5t v]tebrate animals1 & t ! v>iations by :i* ! diff]5t classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 etc41 diff] & deviate f "o ano!r1 are only gradually develop$4 ,!re are c]ta9ly few p>ts ( ! body :i* are s diff]5tly con/ruct$ z ! limbs or extremities ( ! v]tebrate animals4 ,n[1 ,i wi% ! read] to comp>e 9 ,fig4 ,a-,h on ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 ! f\r extremities 7bv7 ( ! embryos ) "o ano!r1 & he w sc>cely be able to p]ceive any important diff]5ces betwe5 ! human arm 7,h bv71 ! w+ ( a bird 7,f bv71 ! slim =eleg ( a dog 7,g bv71 & ! plump =eleg ( ! tortoise 7,e bv74 ,9 comp>+ ! h9d] extremities 7bh7 9 ^! figures he w f9d x equally difficult to di/+ui% ! leg ( a man 7,h bh71 ( a bird 7,f bh71 ! h9d-leg ( a dog 7,g bh71 & t ( a tortoise 7,e bh74 ,! =e z well z ! h9d] extremities are z yet %ort1 broad lumps1 at ! ends ( :i* ! f\ndations ( ! five toes are plac$1 connect$ z yet by a membrane4 ,at a /ill e>li] /age 7,fig4 ,a-,d7 ! five toes are n m>k$ out at all1 & x is q impossible to di/+ui% ev5 ! =e & h9d] extremities f "o ano!r4 ,! latt]1 z well z ! =m]1 are no?+ b simple r\ndi% processes1 :i* h gr[n out ( ! side ( ! trunk4 ,at ! v e>ly /age repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g !y are completely want+1 & ! :ole embryo is a simple trunk )\t a trace ( limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,g]ms or ,embryos ( f\r ,v]tebrates4 v4 ,=e-bra94 z4 ,twixt-bra94 m4 ,mid-bra94 h4 ,h9d-bra94 n4 ,aft]-bra94 w4 ,sp9e4 r4 ,sp9al-cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,g]ms or ,embryos ( f\r ,v]tebrates4 na4 ,nose4 a4 ,eyes4 o4 ,e>4 k#a k#b k#c4 ,gill-ar*es4 s4 ,tail4 bv4 ,=e-leg4 bh4 ,h9d-leg4 ,i wi% especially to draw att5tion 9 ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 :i* repres5ts embryos 9 e>ly /ages ( developm5t 7,fig4 ,a-,d7--& 9 :i* we are n able to recognize a trace ( ! full-gr[n animal--to an exce$+ly important =mation1 :i* orig9ally is common to all v]tebrate animals1 b :i* at a lat] p]iod is trans=m$ into ! mo/ diff]5t organs4 ,e "o surely kn[s ! gill-ar*es ( fi%1 ^? ar*$ bones :i* lie beh9d "o ano!r1 to ! numb] ( ?ree or f\r1 on ea* side ( ! neck1 & :i* support ! gills1 ! respiratory organs ( ! fi% 7d\ble r[s ( r$ leaves1 :i* are popul>ly call$ 8fi%es' e>s407 ,n[1 ^! gill-ar*es orig9ally exi/ exactly ! same 9 man 7,d71 9 dogs 7,c71 9 f[ls 7,b71 & 9 tortoises 7,a71 z well z 9 all o!r v]tebrate animals4 7,9 ,fig4 ,a-,d ! ?ree gill-ar*es ( ! "r side ( ! neck are m>k$ k#a k#b k#c74 ,n[1 x is only 9 fi%es t ^! rema9 9 _! orig9al =m1 & develop into respiratory organs4 ,9 ! o!r v]tebrate animals !y are p>tly employ$ 9 ! =mation ( ! face 7especially ! jaw app>atus71 & p>tly 9 ! =mation ( ! organ ( he>+4 ,f9ally1 :5 comp>+ ! embryos on ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 we mu/ n fail to give att5tion aga9 to ! human tail 7s71 an organ :i*1 9 ! orig9al condition1 man %>es ) all o!r v]tebrate animals4 ,! discov]y ( tail$ m5 0 long anxi\sly expect$ by _m moni/ic philosoph]s1 9 ord] to e/abli% a clos] relation%ip betwe5 man & ! o!r mammals4 ,& 9 l mann] _! duali/ic oppon5ts (t5 ma9ta9$ ) pride t ! complete want ( a tail =m$ "o ( ! mo/ important bodily di/9ctions betwe5 m5 & animals1 ?\gh !y did n be> 9 m9d ! _m tailless animals :i* really exi/4 ,n[1 man 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( developm5t possesses a real tail z well z 8 ne>e/ k9dr$1 ! tailless apes 7orang-outang1 *impanzee1 gorilla71 & v]tebrate animals 9 g5]al4 ,b :]eas1 9 mo/ ( !m--= example1 ! dog 7,c1 ,g7--9 ! c\rse ( developm5t x always gr[s long]1 9 man 7,fig4 ,d1 ,h7 & 9 tailless mammals1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( developm5t1 x deg5]ates & f9ally completely disappe>s4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 fully develop$ m51 ! remnant ( ! tail is se5 9 ! ?ree1 f\r1 or five tail v]tebr 7v]tebr coccyge7 z an abort$ or rudim5t>y organ1 :i* =ms ! h9d] or l[] end ( ! v]tebral column 7p4 #bhi74 ,mo/ p]sons ev5 n[ refuse to ackn[l$ge ! mo/ important d$uction ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 t is1 ! palontological developm5t ( man f ape-l1 & ?r\gh !m f /ill l[]1 mammals1 & consid] su* a trans=mation ( organic =m z impossible4 ,b1 ,i ask1 are ! ph5om5a ( ! individual developm5t ( man1 ! fundam5tal features ( :i* ,i h "h giv51 9 any way less wond]ful8 ,is x n 9 ! highe/ degree rem>kable t all v]tebrate animals ( ! mo/ diff]5t classes--fi%es1 amphibi\s animals1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals--9 ! fir/ p]iods ( _! embryonic developm5t _c be di/+ui%$ at all1 & ev5 mu* lat]1 at a "t :5 reptiles & birds are already di/9ctly diff]5t f mammals1 t ! dog & ! man are almo/ id5tical8 ,v]ily1 if we comp>e ^? two s]ies ( developm5t ) "o ano!r1 & ask ourselves :i* ( ! two is ! m wond]ful1 x mu/ be confess$ t ontog5y1 or ! %ort & quick hi/ory ( developm5t ( ! individual1 is mu* m my/]i\s ?an phylog5y1 or ! long & sl[ hi/ory ( developm5t ( ! tribe4 ,= "o & ! same gr& *ange ( =m is accompli%$ by ! latt] 9 ! c\rse ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & by ! =m] 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s4 ,evid5tly ?is mo/ rapid & a/oni%+ trans=mation ( ! individual 9 ontog5esis1 :i* we c actually po9t out at any mom5t by direct obs]vation1 is 9 itself mu* m wond]ful & a/oni%+ ?an ! correspond+1 b mu* sl[] & gradual trans=mation :i* ! long *a9 ( ance/ors ( ! same individual has gone ?r\gh 9 phylog5esis4 ,! two s]ies ( organic developm5t1 ! ontog5esis ( ! individual & ! phylog5esis ( ! tribe to :i* x belongs1 /& 9 ! close/ causal connection ) ea* o!r4 ,i h endeav\r$1 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,g5]al ,morphology107#d7 to e/abli% ?is !ory 9 detail1 z ,i consid] x exce$+ly important4 ,z ,i h !re %[n1 ontog5esis1 or ! developm5t ( ! individual1 is a %ort & quick repetition 7recapitulation7 ( phylog5esis1 or ! developm5t ( ! tribe to :i* x belongs1 det]m9$ by ! laws ( inh]itance & adaptation2 by tribe ,i mean ! ance/ors :i* =m ! *a9 ( prog5itors ( ! individual conc]n$4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #aaj-adg1 #cga47 ,9 ?is intimate connection ( ontog5y & phylog5y1 ,i see "o ( ! mo/ important & irrefutable pro(s ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,no "o c expla9 ^! ph5om5a unless he has rec\rse to ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation2 by ^! alone are !y explicable4 ,^! laws1 :i* we h previ\sly expla9$1 are ! laws ( abbreviat$1 ( homo*ronic1 & ( homotopic inh]itance1 & "h des]ve r5ew$ consid]ation4 ,z s high & complicat$ an organism z t ( man1 or ! organism ( e o!r mammal1 rises upw>ds f a simple cellul> /ate1 & z x progresses 9 its diff]5tiation & p]fect+ x passes ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( trans=mations :i* its animal prog5itors h pass$ ?r\gh1 dur+ imm5se spaces ( "t1 inconceivable ages ago4 ,i h already po9t$ out ?is extremely important p>allelism ( ! developm5t ( individuals & tribes 7p4 #aj74 ,c]ta9 v e>ly & l[ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( man1 & ! o!r v]tebrate animals 9 g5]al1 correspond completely 9 _m po9ts ( /ructure ) conditions :i* la/ = life 9 ! l[] fi%es4 ,! next phase :i* foll[s ^u ?is pres5ts u ) a *ange ( ! fi%-l be+ into a k9d ( amphibi\s animal4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! mammal1 ) its special *>act]i/ics1 develops out ( ! amphibian1 & we c cle>ly see1 9 ! successive /ages ( its lat] developm5t1 a s]ies ( /eps ( progressive trans=mation :i* evid5tly correspond ) ! diff]5ces ( diff]5t mammalian ord]s & families4 ,n[1 x is precisely 9 ! same succession t we also see ! ance/ors ( man1 & ( ! high] mammals1 appe> "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory2 fir/ fi%es1 !n amphibians1 lat] ! l[]1 & at la/ ! high] mammals4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! individual is completely p>allel to ! palontological developm5t ( ! :ole tribe to :i* x belongs1 & ?is exce$+ly int]e/+ & important ph5om5on c be expla9$ only by ! int]action ( ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,! example la/ m5tion$1 ( ! p>allelism ( ! palontological & ( ! individual developm5tal s]ies1 n[ directs our att5tion to a ?ird developm5tal s]ies1 :i* /&s 9 ! close/ relations to ^! two1 & :i* likewise runs1 on ! :ole1 p>allel to !m4 ,i mean t s]ies ( developm5t ( =ms :i* con/itutes ! object ( inve/igation 9 comp>ative anatomy1 & :i* ,i w briefly call ! sy/ematic developm5tal s]ies ( species4 ,by ?is we und]/& ! *a9 ( ! diff]5t1 b relat$ & connect$ =ms1 :i* exi/ side by side at any "o p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory2 z = example1 at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,:ile comp>ative anatomy comp>es ! diff]5t =ms ( fully-develop$ organisms ) "o ano!r1 x endeav\rs to discov] ! common prototypes :i* und]lie1 z x 71 ! manifold =ms ( k9dr$ g5]a1 classes1 etc41 & :i* are m or less conceal$ by _! p>ticul> diff]5tiation4 ,x endeav\rs to make out ! s]ies ( progressive /eps :i* are indicat$ 9 ! diff]5t degrees ( p]fection ( ! div]g5t bran*es ( ! tribe4 ,to make use aga9 ( ! same p>ticul> in/ance1 comp>ative anatomy %[s u h[ ! individual organs & sy/ems ( organs 9 ! tribe ( v]tebrate animals--9 ! diff]5t classes1 families1 & species ( x--h unequally develop$1 diff]5tiat$1 & p]fect$ !mselves4 ,x %[s u h[ f> ! succession ( classes ( v]tebrate animals1 f ! ,fi%es upw>ds1 ?r\gh ! ,amphibia to ! ,mammals1 & "h aga91 f ! l[] to ! high] ord]s ( ,mammals1 =ms a progressive s]ies or ladd]4 ,?is attempt to e/abli% a connect$ anatomical developm5tal s]ies we may discov] 9 ! works ( ! great comp>ative anatomi/s ( all ages--9 ! works ( ,goe!1 ,meckel1 ,cuvi]1 ,johannes ,mll]1 ,geg5baur1 & ,huxley4 ,! developm5tal s]ies ( mature =ms1 :i* comp>ative anatomy po9ts out 9 ! diff]5t div]g+ & asc5d+ /eps ( ! organic sy/em1 & :i* we call ! sy/ematic developm5tal s]ies1 is p>allel to ! palontological developm5tal s]ies1 because x deals ) ! result ( palontological developm5t1 & x is p>allel to ! individual developm5tal s]ies1 because ?is is p>allel to ! palontological s]ies4 ,if two p>allels are p>allel to a ?ird1 !y mu/ be p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,! v>i$ diff]5tiation1 & ! unequal degree ( p]fect+ :i* comp>ative anatomy po9ts out 9 ! developm5tal s]ies ( ! ,sy/em1 is *iefly det]m9$ by ! ev] increas+ v>iety ( conditions ( exi/5ce to :i* ! diff]5t gr\ps adapt !mselves 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & by ! diff]5t degrees ( rapidity & complet5ess ) :i* ?is adaptation has be5 effect$4 ,cons]vative gr\ps :i* h reta9$ _! inh]it$ peculi>ities mo/ t5aci\sly rema91 9 consequ5ce1 at ! l[e/ & rude/ /age ( developm5t4 ,^? gr\ps progress+ mo/ rapidly & v>i\sly1 & :i* h adapt$ !mselves to *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce mo/ readily h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,! fur!r ! organic _w develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 ! great] mu/ ! gap betwe5 ! l[] cons]vative & ! high] progressive gr\ps h become1 z 9 fact may be se5 too 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,9 ?is way also is expla9$ ! hi/orical fact1 t ! mo/ p]fect animal & vegetable gr\ps h develop$ !mselves 9 a comp>atively %ort "t to a consid]able height1 :ile ! l[e/ or mo/ cons]vative gr\ps h rema9$ /ation>y ?r\gh\t all ages 9 _! orig9al simple /age1 or h progress$1 b v sl[ly & gradually4 ,! s]ies ( man's prog5itors cle>ly %[s ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,! %>ks ( ! pres5t day are /ill v l ! prim>y fi%1 :i* are among ! mo/ anci5t v]tebrate prog5itors ( man1 & ! l[e/ amphibians ( ! pres5t day 7! gill$ salam&]s & salam&]s7 are v l ! amphibians :i* fir/ develop$ !mselves out ( fi%es4 ,s1 too1 ! lat] ance/ors ( man1 ! ,monotremata & ,m>supials1 ! mo/ anci5t mammals1 are at ! same "t ! mo/ imp]fect animals ( ! class :i* /ill exi/4 ,! laws ( inh]itance & adaptation kn[n to u are completely suffici5t to expla9 ?is exce$+ly important & int]e/+ ph5om5on1 :i* may be briefly designat$ z ! p>allelism ( individual1 ( palontological1 & ( sy/ematic developm5t4 ,no oppon5t ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t has be5 able to give an explanation ( ?is extremely wond]ful fact1 :]eas x is p]fectly expla9$1 accord+ to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 by ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,if we exam9e ?is p>allelism ( ! ?ree organic s]ies ( developm5t m accurately1 we h to add ! foll[+ special qualifications4 ,ontog5y1 or ! hi/ory ( ! individual developm5t ( e organism 7embryology & metamorphology71 pres5ts u ) a simple unbran*+ or graduat$ *a9 ( =ms2 & s x is ) t portion ( phylog5y :i* comprises ! palontological hi/ory ( developm5t ( ! direct ance/ors only ( an individual organism4 ,b ! :ole ( phylog5y--:i* meets u 9 ! natural sy/em ( e organic tribe or phylum1 & :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inve/igation ( ! palontological developm5t ( all ! bran*es ( ?is tribe--=ms a bran*+ or tree-%ap$ developm5tal s]ies1 a v]itable p$igree4 ,if we exam9e & comp>e ! bran*es ( ?is p$igree1 & place !m toge!r accord+ to ! degree ( _! diff]5tiation & p]fection1 we obta9 ! tree-%ap$1 bran*+1 sy/ematic developm5tal s]ies ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 ! latt] is p>allel to ! :ole ( phylog5y1 & consequ5tly is only p>tially p>allel to ontog5y2 = ontog5y itself is p>allel only to a portion ( phylog5y4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( organic developm5t above discuss$1 especially ! ?reefold g5ealogical p>allelism1 & ! laws ( diff]5tiation & progress1 :i* are evid5t 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree s]ies ( organic developm5t1 &1 fur!r1 ! :ole hi/ory ( rudim5t>y organs1 are exce$+ly important pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,= by x alone c !y be expla9$1 :]eas its oppon5ts _c ev5 (f] a %ad[ ( an explanation ( !m4 ,)\t ! ,doctr9e ( ,filiation1 ! fact ( organic developm5t 9 g5]al _c be und]/ood4 ,we %\ld !re=e1 = ?is reason alone1 be =c$ to accept ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 ev5 if we did n possess ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,selection4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation4 ,,! ,,c>bon ,,!ory4 ,,! ,,pla/id ,,!ory4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,e>?4--,kant's ,!ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,univ]se1 or ! ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory4--,developm5t ( ,suns1 ,planets1 & ,moons4--,fir/ ,orig9 ( ,wat]4--,comp>ison ( ,organisms & ,anorgana4--,organic & ,inorganic ,sub/ances4--,degrees ( ,d5sity1 or ,conditions ( ,aggregation4--,album9\s ,comb9ations ( ,c>bon4--,organic & ,inorganic ,=ms4--,cry/als & ,=mless ,organisms )\t ,organs4--,/]eometrical ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,cry/als & ( ,organisms4--,organic & ,inorganic ,=ces4--,vital ,=ce4--,gr[? & ,adaptation 9 ,cry/als & 9 ,organisms4--,=mative ,t5d5cies ( ,cry/als4--,unity ( ,organic & ,inorganic ,nature4--,spontane\s ,g5]ation1 or ,ar*igony4--,autogony & ,plasmogony4--,orig9 ( ,mon]a by ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4--,orig9 ( ,cells f ,mon]a4--,! ,cell ,!ory4--,! ,pla/id ,!ory4--,pla/ids1 or ,/ructural ,units4--,cytods & ,cells4--,f\r ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,pla/ids4 ,9 our consid]ations hi!rto we h endeav\r$ to answ] ! "q1 8,by :at causes h new species ( animals & plants aris5 out ( exi/+ species80 ,we h answ]$ ?is "q accord+ to ,d>w9's !ory1 t natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce--t is1 ! int]action ( ! laws ( ,inh]itance & ,adaptation--is completely suffici5t = produc+ me*anically ! endless v>iety ( ! diff]5t animals & plants1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( be+ organiz$ accord+ to a plan = a def9ite purpose4 ,mean:ile ! "q mu/ h already repeat$ly pres5t$ itself to ! read]1 h[ did ! fir/ organisms1 or t "o orig9al & primval organism arise1 f :i* we d]ive all ! o!rs8 ,?is "q ,lam>ck7#b7 answ]$ by ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation1 or ar*igony4 ,b ,d>w9 passes ov] & avoids ?is subject1 z he expressly rem>ks t he has 8no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! s\l1 nor ) t ( life itself40 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 "w he expresses himself m di/9ctly 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,i imag9e t probably all organic be+s :i* ev] liv$ on ?is e>? desc5d$ f "s primitive =m1 :i* 0 fir/ call$ into life by ! ,creator40 ,moreov]1 ,d>w91 = ! consolation ( ^? :o see 9 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ! de/ruction ( ! :ole 8moral ord] ( ! univ]se10 appeals to ! celebrat$ au?or & div9e :o wrote to him1 t 8he has gradually le>nt to see t x is j z noble a conception ( ! ,deity to believe t he creat$ a few orig9al =ms capable ( self-developm5t into o!r & ne$ful =ms1 z to believe t he requir$ a fre% act ( creation to supply ! voids caus$ by ! action ( 8 laws40 ,^? to :om ! belief 9 a sup]natural creation is an emotional necessity may re/ satisfi$ ) ?is conception4 ,!y may reconcile t belief ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t2 = 9 ! creation ( a s+le orig9al organism possess+ ! capability to develop all o!rs out ( itself by inh]itance & adaptation1 !y c really f9d mu* m cause = admir+ ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,creator ?an 9 ! indep5d5t creation ( diff]5t species4 ,if1 tak+ ?is po9t ( view1 we 7 to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ t]re/rial organisms1 f :i* all ! o!rs are desc5d$1 z due to ! action ( a p]sonal ,creator act+ accord+ to a def9ite plan1 we %\ld ( c\rse h to r5\nce all sci5tific k ( ! process1 & pass f ! doma9 ( true sci5ce to ! completely di/9ct doma9 ( poetical fai?4 ,by assum+ a sup]natural act ( creation we %\ld be tak+ a leap into ! inconceivable4 ,be=e we decide ^u ?is latt] /ep1 & !reby r5\nce all pret5sion to a sci5tific k ( ! process1 we are at all ev5ts 9 duty b\nd to endeav\r to exam9e x 9 ! light ( a me*anical hypo!sis4 ,we mu/ at lea/ exam9e :e!r ?is process is really s wond]ful1 & :e!r we _c =m a t5able conception ( a completely non-miracul\s orig9 ( ! fir/ prim>y organism4 ,we might !n be able entirely to reject miracle 9 creation4 ,x w be necess>y = ?is purpose1 fir/ ( all1 to g back fur!r into ! pa/1 & to exam9e ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! e>?4 ,go+ back /ill fur!r1 we %all f9d x necess>y to consid] ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( ! :ole univ]se 9 its mo/ g5]al outl9es4 ,all my read]s und\bt$ly "k t f ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 z x is at pres5t kn[n to u1 ! notion has be5 d]iv$1 & z yet has n be5 refut$1 t its int]ior is 9 a fi]y fluid condition1 & t ! firm cru/1 compos$ ( diff]5t /rata1 on ! surface ( :i* organisms are liv+1 =ms only a v ?9 pellicle or %ell r\nd ! fi]y fluid c5tre4 ,we h arriv$ at ?is idea by diff]5t confirmatory exp]im5ts & reason+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! obs]vation t ! temp]ature ( ! e>?'s cru/ cont9ually increases t[>ds ! c5tre is 9 fav\r ( ?is supposition4 ,! deep] we desc5d1 ! great] ! w>m? ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 su* proportion1 t ) e #ajj feet ! temp]ature increases ab\t "o degree4 ,at a dep? ( six miles1 !re=e1 a heat ( #aejj w\ld be atta9$1 suffici5t to keep mo/ ( ! firm sub/ances ( our e>?'s cru/ 9 a molt51 fi]y1 fluid /ate4 ,?is dep?1 h[ev]1 is only ! #bhf? "p ( ! :ole diamet] ( ! e>? 7#agag miles74 ,we fur!r "k t spr+s :i* rise out ( a consid]able dep? possess a v high temp]ature1 & sometimes ev5 ?r[ wat] up to ! surface 9 a boil+ /ate4 ,la/ly1 v important pro(s are furni%$ by volcanic ph5om5a1 ! eruption ( fi]y fluid masses ( /one bur/+ ?r\gh c]ta9 p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,all ^! ph5om5a lead u ) great c]ta9ty to ! important assumption t ! firm cru/ ( ! e>? =ms only q a small fraction1 n ne>ly ! "o-?\s&? "p ( ! :ole diamet] ( ! t]re/rial globe1 & t ! re/ is /ill = ! mo/ "p 9 a molt5 or fi]y fluid /ate4 ,n[ if1 />t+ ) ?is assumption1 we reflect on ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! globe1 we are logically c>ri$ back a /ep fur!r1 namely1 to ! assumption t at an e>li] date ! :ole e>? 0 a fi]y fluid body1 & t ! =mation ( a ?91 /iff5$ cru/ on ! surface 0 only a lat] process4 ,only gradually1 by radiat+ its intr9sic heat into ! cold space ( ! univ]se1 has ! surface ( ! gl[+ ball become cond5s$ into a ?9 cru/4 ,t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? 9 remote times 0 mu* high] ?an x is n[1 is prov$ by _m ph5om5a4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ?is is r5d]$ probable by ! equal di/ribution ( organisms 9 remote times ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,:ile at pres5t1 z is well kn[n1 ! diff]5t populations ( animals & plants correspond to ! diff]5t zones ( ! e>? & _! appropriate temp]ature1 9 e>li] times ?is 0 di/9ctly n ! case4 ,we see f ! di/ribution ( fossils 9 ! remot] ages1 t x 0 only at a v late date1 9 fact1 at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>? 7at ! beg9n+ ( ! s-call$ cnoli?ic or t]ti>y p]iod71 t a sep>ation ( zones & ( ! correspond+ organic populations occurr$4 ,dur+ ! imm5sely long prim>y & second>y p]iods1 tropical plants1 :i* require a v high degree ( temp]ature1 liv$ n only 9 ! pres5t torrid zone1 "u ! equator1 b also 9 ! pres5t temp]ate & frigid zones4 ,_m o!r ph5om5a also demon/rate a gradual decrease ( ! temp]ature ( ! globe z a :ole1 & especially a late & gradual cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ ab\t ! poles4 ,bronn1 9 8 excell5t 8,inve/igations ( ! ,laws ( ,developm5t ( ! ,organic ,_w10 has collect$ num]\s geological & palontological pro(s ( ?is fact4 ,^! ph5om5a & ! ma!matico-a/ronomical k ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se ju/ify ! !ory t1 inconceivable ages ago1 long be=e ! fir/ exi/5ce ( organisms1 ! :ole e>? 0 a fi]y fluid globe4 ,n[1 ?is !ory corresponds ) ! gr& !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 & especially ( our planet>y sy/em1 :i*1 on ! gr\nd ( ma!matical & a/ronomical facts1 0 put =w>d 9 #agee by our critical philosoph] ,kant17#bb7 & 0 lat] m ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by ! celebrat$ ma!maticians1 ,laplace & ,h]s*el4 ,?is cosmog5y1 or !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se1 is n[ almo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 x has n be5 replac$ by a bett] "o1 & ma!maticians1 a/ronom]s1 & geologi/s h cont9ually1 by v>i\s argum5ts1 /r5g!n$ its position4 ,kant's cosmog5y ma9ta9s t ! :ole univ]se1 inconceivable ages ago1 consi/$ ( a gase\s *aos4 ,all ! sub/ances :i* are f\nd at pres5t sep>at$ on ! e>?1 & o!r bodies ( ! univ]se1 9 diff]5t conditions ( d5sity--9 ! solid1 semi-fluid1 liquid1 & ela/ic fluid or gase\s /ates ( aggregation--orig9ally con/itut$ toge!r "o s+le homog5e\s mass1 equally fill+ up ! space ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( an extremely high degree ( temp]ature1 0 9 an exce$+ly ?9 gase\s or nebul\s /ate4 ,! millions ( bodies 9 ! univ]se :i* at pres5t =m ! diff]5t sol> sy/ems did n !n exi/4 ,!y orig9at$ only 9 consequ5ce ( a univ]sal rotatory movem5t1 or rotation1 dur+ :i* a numb] ( masses acquir$ great] d5sity ?an ! rema9+ gase\s mass1 & !n act$ ^u ! latt] z c5tral po9ts ( attraction4 ,?us arose a sep>ation ( ! *aotic prim>y nebula1 or gase\s univ]se1 into a numb] ( rotat+ nebul\s sph]es1 :i* became m & m cond5s$4 ,our sol> sy/em 0 su* a gigantic gase\s or nebul\s ball1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* revolv$ r\nd a common c5tral po9t1 ! sol> nucleus4 ,! nebul\s ball itself1 l all ! re/1 9 consequ5ce ( its rotatory movem5t1 assum$ a sph]oidal or a flatt5$ globul> =m4 ,:ile ! c5tripetal =ce attract$ ! rotat+ p>ticles ne>] & ne>] to ! firm c5tral po9t ( ! nebul\s ball1 & ?us cond5s$ ! latt] m & m1 ! c5trifugal =ce1 on ! o!r h&1 always t5d$ to sep>ate ! p]iph]al p>ticles fur!r & fur!r f x1 & to hurl !m (f4 ,on ! equatorial sides ( ! ball1 :i* 0 flatt5$ at bo? poles1 ?is c5trifugal =ce 0 /ronge/1 & z soon z1 by increase ( d5sity1 x atta9$ pr$om9ance ov] ! c5tripetal =ce1 a circul> nebul\s r+ sep>at$ itself f ! rotat+ ball4 ,?is nebul\s r+ m>k$ ! c\rse ( future planets4 ,! nebul\s mass ( ! r+ gradually cond5s$1 & became a planet1 :i* revolv$ r\nd its own axis1 & at ! same "t rotat$ r\nd ! c5tral body4 ,9 precisely ! same mann]1 f ! equator ( ! planet>y mass1 z soon z ! c5trifugal =ce ga9$ pr$om9ance ov] ! c5tripetal =ce1 new nebul\s r+s 7 eject$1 :i* mov$ r\nd ! planets z ! latt] mov$ r\nd ! sun4 ,^! nebul\s r+s1 too1 became cond5s$ into rotat+ balls4 ,?us arose ! moons1 only "o ( :i* moves r\nd our e>?1 :il/ f\r move r\nd ,jupit]1 & six r\nd ,uranus4 ,! r+ ( ,saturn /ill %[s u a moon 9 its e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,z by increas+ refrig]ation ^! simple processes ( cond5sation & expulsion repeat$ !mselves ov] & ov] aga91 !re arose ! diff]5t sol> sy/ems1 ! planets rotat+ r\nd _! c5tral suns1 & ! satellites or moons mov+ r\nd _! planets4 ,! orig9al gase\s condition ( ! rotat+ bodies ( ! univ]se gradually *ang$1 by increas+ refrig]ation & cond5sation1 into ! fi]y fluid or molt5 /ate ( aggregation4 ,by ! process ( cond5sation1 a great quantity ( heat 0 emitt$1 & ! rotat+ suns1 planets1 & moons1 soon *ang$ into gl[+ balls ( fire1 l gigantic drops ( melt$ metal1 :i* emitt$ light & heat4 ,by loss ( heat1 ! melt$ mass on ! surface ( ! fi]y fluid ball became fur!r cond5s$1 & ?us arose a ?91 firm cru/1 :i* enclos$ a fi]y fluid nucleus4 ,9 all ess5tial respects our "m e>? probably did n diff] f ! o!r bodies ( ! univ]se4 ,9 view ( ! object ( ^! pages1 x w n be ( especial int]e/ to foll[ 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ! natural creation ( ! univ]se1 ) its diff]5t sol> & planet>y sy/ems1 & to e/abli% x ma!matically by ! diff]5t a/ronomical & geological pro(s4 ,! outl9es ( x1 :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 mu/ be suffici5t "h1 & = fur!r details ,i ref] to ,kant's#e 8,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,nature & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s407#bb7 ,i w only add t ?is wond]ful !ory1 :i* might be call$ ! cosmological gas !ory1 h>monizes ) all ! g5]al s]ies ( ph5om5a at pres5t kn[n to u1 & /&s 9 no irreconcilable contradiction to any "o ( !m4 ,moreov]1 x is purely me*anical or moni/ic1 makes use exclusively ( ! inh]5t =ces ( et]nal matt]1 & entirely excludes e sup]natural process1 e pre>rang$ & consci\s action ( a p]sonal ,creator4 ,kant's ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory consequ5tly occupies a simil> supreme position 9 ,anorganology1 especially 9 ,geology1 & =ms ! cr[n ( our k 9 t dep>tm5t1 9 ! same way z ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t does 9 ,biology1 & especially 9 ,an?ropology4 ,bo? re/ exclusively ^u me*anical or unconsci\s causes 7caus effici5tes71 9 no case ^u pre>rang$ or consci\s causes 7caus f9ales74 7,comp>e above1 p4 #ajj-ajf47 ,bo? !re=e fulfil all ! dem&s ( a sci5tific !ory1 & consequ5tly w rema9 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ until !y are replac$ by bett] ones4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 n d5y t ,kant's gr& cosmog5y has "s weak po9ts1 :i* prev5t our plac+ ! same unconditional confid5ce 9 x z 9 ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! notion ( an orig9al gase\s *aos fill+ ! :ole univ]se pres5ts great difficulties ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a great & unsolv$ difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ! ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory furni%es no />t+-po9t at all 9 explanation ( ! fir/ impulse :i* caus$ ! rot>y motion 9 ! gas-fill$ univ]se4 ,9 seek+ = su* an impulse1 we are involunt>ily l$ to ! mi/ak5 que/ion+ ab\t a 8fir/ beg9n+40 ,we c z little imag9e a fir/ beg9n+ ( ! et]nal ph5om5a ( ! motion ( ! univ]se z ( its f9al end4 ,! univ]se is unlimit$ & immeasurable 9 bo? space & "t4 ,x is et]nal1 & x is inf9ite4 ,nor c we imag9e a beg9n+ or end to ! un9t]rupt$ & et]nal motion 9 :i* all p>ticles ( ! univ]se are always engag$4 ,! great laws ( ! cons]vation ( =ce7#ch7 & ! cons]vation ( matt]1 ! f\ndations ( our :ole conception ( nature1 admit ( no o!r supposition4 ,! univ]se1 z f> z x is cognisable to human capability1 appe>s z a connect$ *a9 ( mat]ial ph5om5a ( motion1 necessitat+ a cont9ual *ange ( =ms4 ,e =m1 z ! tempor>y result ( a multiplicity ( ph5om5a ( motion1 is z su* p]i%able1 & ( limit$ duration4 ,b1 9 ! cont9ual *ange ( =ms1 matt] & ! motion insep>able f x rema9 et]nal & inde/ructible4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,kant's ,cosmological ,gas ,!ory is n able to expla9 ! developm5t ( motion 9 ! :ole univ]se 9 a satisfactory mann]1 beyond t gase\s /ate ( *aos1 & al?\gh _m o!r weighty consid]ations may be br\ght =w>d aga9/ x1 especially by *emi/ry & geology1 yet we mu/ on ! :ole ackn[l$ge its great m]it1 inasmu* z x expla9s 9 an excell5t mann]1 by due consid]ation ( developm5t1 ! :ole /ructure ( all t is accessible to our obs]vation1 t is1 ! anatomy ( ! sol> sy/ems1 & especially ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,x may be t ?is developm5t 0 altoge!r diff]5t f :at ,kant supposes1 & our e>? may h aris5 by ! aggregation ( numb]less small meteorides1 scatt]$ 9 space1 or 9 any o!r mann]1 b hi!rto no "o has z yet be5 able to e/abli% any o!r !ory ( developm5t1 or to (f] "o 9 ! place ( ,kant's cosmog5y4 ,aft] ?is g5]al glance at ! moni/ic cosmog5y1 or ! non-miracul\s hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se1 let u n[ return to a m9ute fraction ( x1 to our "m e>?1 :i* we left z a ball flatt5$ at bo? poles & 9 a fi]y fluid /ate1 its surface hav+ cond5s$ by becom+ cool$ into a v ?9 firm cru/4 ,! cru/1 on fir/ cool+1 mu/ h cov]$ ! :ole surface ( ! t]re/rial sph]e z a cont9u\s smoo? & ?9 %ell4 ,b soon x mu/ h become unev5 & hummocky2 =1 s9ce dur+ ! cont9u$ cool+1 ! fi]y fluid nucleus became m & m cond5s$ & contract$1 & consequ5tly ! diamet] ( ! e>? dim9i%$1 ! ?9 cold cru/1 :i* c\ld n closely foll[ ! s(t] nucle> mass1 mu/ h fall5 91 9 _m places4 ,an empty space w\ld h aris5 betwe5 ! two1 _h n ! pressure ( ! out] atmosph]e =c$ d[n ! fragile cru/ t[>ds ! int]ior1 break+ x 9 s do+4 ,o!r unev5nesses probably arose f ! fact t1 9 diff]5t p>ts1 ! cool$ cru/ dur+ ! process ( refrig]ation contract$ also itself1 & ?us became fissur$ ) cracks & r5ts4 ,! fi]y fluid nucleus fl[$ up to ! ext]nal surface ?r\gh ^! cracks1 & aga9 became cool$ & /iff4 ,?us1 ev5 at an e>ly p]iod !re arose _m elevations & depressions1 :i* 7 ! fir/ f\ndations ( m\nta9s & valleys4 ,aft] ! temp]ature ( ! cool$ t]re/rial ball _h fall5 to a c]ta9 degree1 a v important new process 0 effect$1 namely1 ! fir/ orig9 ( wat]4 ,wat] _h until !n exi/$ only 9 ! =m ( /eam 9 ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! globe4 ,! wat] c\ld evid5tly n cond5se into a /ate ( fluid drops until ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e _h consid]ably decreas$4 ,n[1 !n1 !re began a fur!r trans=mation ( ! e>?'s cru/ by ! =ce ( wat]4 ,x cont9ually fell 9 ! =m ( ra91 & 9 t =m wa%$ d[n ! elevations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 fill+ ! depressions ) ! mud c>ri$ along1 &1 by deposit+ x 9 lay]s1 x caus$ ! extremely important neptunic trans=mations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* h cont9u$ s9ce !n un9t]rupt$ly1 & :i* 9 our next *apt] we %all exam9e a little m closely4 ,x 0 n till ! e>?'s cru/ _h s f> cool$ t ! wat] _h cond5s$ into a fluid =m1 x 0 n till ! hi!rto dry cru/ ( ! e>? _h = ! fir/ "t become cov]$ ) liquid wat]1 t ! orig9 ( ! fir/ organisms c\ld take place4 ,= all animals & all plants--9 fact1 all organisms--consi/ 9 great measure ( fluid wat]1 :i* comb9es 9 a peculi> mann] ) o!r sub/ances1 & br+s !m into a semi-fluid /ate ( aggregation4 ,we c !re=e1 f ^! g5]al outl9es ( ! inorganic hi/ory ( ! e>?'s cru/1 d$uce ! important fact1 t at a c]ta9 def9ite "t life _h its beg9n+ on e>?1 & t t]re/rial organisms did n exi/ f et]nity1 b at a c]ta9 p]iod came into exi/5ce = ! fir/ "t4 ,n[1 h[ are we to conceive ( ?is orig9 ( ! fir/ organisms8 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* mo/ naturali/s1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 are incl9$ to give up ! attempt at natural explanation1 & take refuge 9 ! miracle ( an inconceivable creation4 ,9 do+ s1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 !y quit ! doma9 ( sci5tific k1 & r5\nce all fur!r insight into ! et]nal laws :i* h det]m9$ nature's hi/ory4 ,b be=e despond+ly tak+ su* a /ep1 & be=e we despair ( ! possibility ( any k ( ?is important process1 we may at lea/ make an attempt to und]/& x4 ,let u see if 9 reality ! orig9 ( a fir/ organism out ( inorganic matt]1 ! orig9 ( a liv+ body out ( lifeless matt]1 is s utt]ly inconceivable & beyond all exp]i5ce4 ,9 "o ^w1 let u exam9e ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation1 or ar*igony4 ,9 s do+1 x is above all ?+s necess>y to =m a cle> idea ( ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ! two *ief gr\ps ( natural bodies1 ! s-call$ inanimate or inorganic1 & ! animate or organic bodies1 & !n e/abli% :at is common to1 & :at are ! diff]5ces betwe51 ! two gr\ps4 ,x is desirable to g some:at c>efully into ! comp>ison ( organisms & anorgana1 s9ce x is commonly v mu* neglect$1 al?\gh x is necess>y = a "r und]/&+ ( nature f ! moni/ic po9t ( view4 ,x w be mo/ advantage\s "h to look sep>ately at ! ?ree fundam5tal prop]ties ( e natural body2 ^! are matt]1 =m1 & =ce4 ,let u beg9 ) matt]4 7,g54 ,morph4 iii47 ,by *emi/ry we h succe$$ 9 analys+ all bodies kn[n to u into a small numb] ( elem5ts or simple sub/ances1 :i* _c be fur!r divid$1 = example1 c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 sulphur1 & ! diff]5t metals3 potassium1 sodium1 iron1 gold1 etc4 ,at pres5t we "k ab\t sev5ty su* elem5ts or simple sub/ances4 ,! majority ( !m are unimportant & r>e2 ! m9ority only are widely di/ribut$1 & compose n only mo/ ( ! anorgana1 b also all organisms4 ,if we comp>e ^? elem5ts :i* con/itute ! body ( organisms ) ^? :i* are met ) 9 anorgana1 we h fir/ to note ! highly important fact t 9 animal & vegetable bodies no elem5t occurs b :at c be f\nd outside ( !m 9 inanimate nature4 ,!re are no special organic elem5ts or simple organic sub/ances4 ,! *emical & physical diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 organisms & anorgana1 consequ5tly1 d n lie 9 _! mat]ial f\ndation2 !y d n arise f ! diff]5t nature ( ! elem5ts compos+ !m1 b f ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ! latt] are unit$ by *emical comb9ation4 ,?is diff]5t mann] ( comb9ation gives rise to c]ta9 physical peculi>ities1 especially 9 d5sity ( sub/ance1 :i* at fir/ sight seems to con/itute a deep *asm betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( bodies4 ,inorganic or inanimate natural bodies1 su* z cry/als & ! amorph\s rocks1 are 9 a /ate ( d5sity :i* we call ! firm or solid /ate1 & :i* we oppose to ! liquid /ate ( wat] & to ! gase\s /ate ( air4 ,x is famili> to e "o t ^! ?ree diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 or /ates ( aggregation ( anorgana1 are by no means peculi> to ! diff]5t elem5ts1 b are ! results ( a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature4 ,e inorganic solid body1 by increase ( temp]ature1 c be r$uc$ to ! liquid or melt$ /ate1 &1 by fur!r heat1 to ! gase\s or ela/ic /ate4 ,9 ! same way mo/ gase\s bodies1 by a prop] decrease ( temp]ature c fir/ be conv]t$ into a liquid /ate1 & fur!r1 into a solid /ate ( d5sity4 ,9 opposition to ^! ?ree /ates ( d5sity ( anorgana1 ! liv+ body ( all organisms--animals z well z plants--is 9 an altoge!r peculi> f\r? /ate ( aggregation4 ,x is nei!r solid l /one1 nor liquid l wat]1 b pres5ts r a m$ium betwe5 ^! two /ates1 :i* may !re=e be designat$ z ! firm-fluid or swoll5 /ate ( aggregation 7viscid74 ,9 all liv+ bodies1 )\t exception1 !re is a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] comb9$ 9 a peculi> way ) solid matt]1 & ow+ to ?is *>act]i/ic comb9ation ( wat] ) solid matt] we h t s(t /ate ( aggregation1 nei!r solid nor liquid1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! me*anical explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,its cause lies ess5tially 9 ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( a simple1 indivisible1 elem5t>y sub/ance1 namely1 c>bon 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #abb-acj74 ,( all elem5ts1 c>bon is to u by f> ! mo/ important & int]e/+1 because ?is simple sub/ance plays ! l>ge/ "p 9 all animal & vegetable bodies kn[n to u4 ,x is t elem5t :i*1 by its peculi> t5d5cy to =m complicat$ comb9ations ) ! o!r elem5ts1 produces ! greate/ v>iety ( *emical comp\nds1 & among !m ! =ms & liv+ sub/ance ( animal & vegetable bodies4 ,c>bon is especially di/+ui%$ by ! fact t x c unite ) ! o!r elem5ts 9 inf9itely manifold relations ( numb] & weight4 ,by ! comb9ation ( c>bon ) ?ree o!r elem5ts1 ) oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 7to :i* g5]ally sulphur1 & frequ5tly1 also1 phosphorus is add$71 !re arise ^? exce$+ly important comp\nds :i* we h become acqua9t$ ) z ! fir/ & mo/ indisp5sable sub/ratum ( all vital ph5om5a1 ! album9\s comb9ations1 or album9\s bodies 7protean matt]74 ,we h be=e ?is 7p4 #ahe7 become acqua9t$ ) ! simple/ ( all species ( organisms 9 ! ,mon]a1 ^: entire bodies :5 completely develop$ consi/ ( no?+ b a semi-fluid album9\s lump2 !y are organisms :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance = ! !ory ( ! fir/ orig9 ( life4 ,b mo/ o!r organisms1 also1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! exi/5ce--at lea/1 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( _! life--9 ! %ape ( egg-cells or g]m-cells1 are ess5tially no?+ b simple little lumps ( su* album9\s =mative matt]1 kn[n z plasma1 or protoplasma4 ,!y !n diff] f ! ,mon]a only by ! fact t 9 ! int]ior ( ! album9\s corpuscle ! cell-k]nel1 or nucleus1 has sep>at$ itself f ! surr\nd+ cell-sub/ance 7protoplasma74 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 ! cells1 ) _! simple attributes1 are s _m citiz5s1 :o by co-op]ation & diff]5tiation build up ! body ( ev5 ! mo/ p]fect organism2 ?is be+1 z x 71 a cell republic 7p4 #cja74 ,! fully develop$ =m & ! vital ph5om5a ( su* an organism are det]m9$ solely by ! activities ( ^! small album9\s corpuscles4 ,x may be consid]$ z "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( rec5t biology1 especially ( ! !ory ( tissues1 t we are n[ able to trace ! wond] ( ! ph5om5a ( life to ^! sub/ances1 & t we c demon/rate ! inf9itely manifold & complicat$ physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! album9\s bodies to be ! real cause ( organic or vital ph5om5a4 ,all ! diff]5t =ms ( organisms are simply & directly ! result ( ! comb9ation ( ! diff]5t =ms ( cells4 ,! inf9itely manifold v>ieties ( =m1 size1 & comb9ation ( ! cells h aris5 only gradually by ! division ( lab\r1 & by ! gradual adaptation ( ! simple homog5e\s lumps ( plasma1 :i* orig9ally 7 ! only con/itu5ts ( ! cell-mass4 ,f ?is x foll[s ( necessity t ! fundam5tal ph5om5a ( life--nutrition & g5]ation--9 _! highe/ manife/ations1 z well z 9 _! simple/ expressions1 mu/ also be trac$ to ! mat]ial nature ( t album9\s =mative sub/ance4 ,! o!r vital activities are gradually evolv$ f ^! two4 ,?us1 !n1 ! g5]al explanation ( life is n[ no m difficult to u ?an ! explanation ( ! physical prop]ties ( inorganic bodies4 ,all vital ph5om5a & =mative processes ( organisms are z directly dep5d5t ^u ! *emical composition & ! physical =ces ( organic matt] z ! vital ph5om5a ( inorganic cry/als--t is1 ! process ( _! gr[? & _! specific =mation--are ! direct results ( _! *emical composition & ( _! physical condition4 ,! ultimate causes1 x is true1 rema9 9 bo? cases conceal$ f u4 ,:5 gold & copp] cry/allize 9 a cubical1 bismu? & antimony 9 a hexagonal1 iod9e & sulphur 9 a rhombic =m ( cry/al1 ! occurr5ce is 9 reality nei!r m nor less my/]i\s to u ?an is e elem5t>y process ( organic =mation1 e self-=mation ( ! organic cell4 ,9 ?is respect we c no long] draw a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 organisms & anorgana1 a di/9ction ( :i*1 =m]ly1 naturali/s 7 g5]ally conv9c$4 ,let u secondly exam9e ! agreem5ts & diff]5ces :i* are pres5t$ to u 9 ! =mation ( organic & inorganic natural bodies 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #acj74 ,=m]ly ! simple /ructure ( ! latt] & ! composite /ructure ( ! =m] 7 look$ ^u z ! pr9cipal di/9ction4 ,! body ( all organisms 0 suppos$ to consi/ ( dissimil> or het]og5e\s p>ts1 ( in/rum5ts or organs :i* work$ toge!r = ! purposes ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ p]fect anorgana1 t is to say1 cry/als1 7 suppos$ to consi/ entirely ( cont9u\s or homog5e\s matt]4 ,?is di/9ction appe>s v ess5tial4 ,b x loses all importance ?r\gh ! fact t 9 late ye>s we h become acqua9t$ ) ! exce$+ly rem>kable & important ,mon]a47#ae7 7,comp>e above1 p4 #ahe47 ,! :ole body ( ^! mo/ simple ( all organisms--a semi-fluid1 =mless1 & simple lump ( album5--consi/s1 9 fact1 ( only a s+le *emical comb9ation1 & is z p]fectly simple 9 its /ructure z any cry/al1 :i* consi/s ( a s+le inorganic comb9ation1 = example1 ( a metallic salt or ( a silicate ( ! e>?s & alkalies4 ,z naturali/s believ$ 9 diff]5ces 9 ! inn] /ructure or composition1 s !y suppos$ !mselves able to f9d complete diff]5ces 9 ! ext]nal =ms ( organisms & anorgana1 especially 9 ! ma!matically det]m9able cry/all9e =ms ( ! latt]4 ,c]ta9ly cry/allization is pre-em95tly a quality ( ! s-call$ anorgana4 ,cry/als are limit$ by plane surfaces1 :i* meet 9 /raight l9es & at c]ta9 measurable angles4 ,animal & vegetable =ms1 on ! contr>y1 seem at fir/ sight to admit ( no su* geometrical det]m9ation4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p limit$ by curv$ surfaces & crook$ l9es1 :i* meet at v>iable angles4 ,b 9 rec5t times we h become acqua9t$1 among ,radiol>ia7#bc7 & among _m o!r ,proti/a1 ) a l>ge numb] ( l[] organisms1 ^: body1 9 ! same way z cry/als1 may be trac$ to a ma!matically det]m9able fundam5tal =m1 & ^: =m 9 its :ole1 z well z 9 its p>ts1 is b\nd$ by def9ite geometrically det]m9able planes & angles4 ,9 my g5]al doctr9e ( ,fundam5tal ,=ms1 or ,promorphology1 ,i h giv5 detail$ pro(s ( ?is1 & at ! same "t e/abli%$ a g5]al sy/em ( =ms1 ! ideal /]eometrical type-=ms1 :i* expla9 ! real =ms ( inorganic cry/als1 z well z ( organic individuals 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #cge-egd74 ,moreov]1 !re are also p]fectly amorph\s organisms1 l ! ,mon]a1 ,amba1 etc41 :i* *ange _! =ms e mom5t1 & 9 :i* we are z little able to po9t out a def9ite fundam5tal =m z 9 ! case ( ! %apeless or amorph\s anorgana1 su* z non-cry/alliz$ /ones1 deposits1 etc4 ,we are consequ5tly unable to f9d any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! ext]nal =ms or ! inn] /ructure ( anorgana & organisms4 ,?irdly1 let u turn to ! =ces or ! ph5om5a ( motion ( ^! two diff]5t gr\ps ( bodies 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #adj74 ,"h we meet ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ,! vital ph5om5a1 kn[n z a rule only 9 ! highly develop$ organisms1 9 ! m p]fect animals & plants1 seem !re s my/]i\s1 s wond]ful1 s peculi>1 t mo/ p]sons are decid$ly ( op9ion t 9 inorganic nature !re occurs no?+ at all simil>1 or 9 ! lea/ degree comp>able to !m4 ,organisms are = ?is v reason call$ animate1 & ! anorgana1 inanimate natural bodies4 ,h5ce1 ev5 s late z ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! ph5om5a ( life1 namely physiology1 reta9$ ! errone\s idea t ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( matt] 7 n suffici5t = expla9+ ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 our own day1 especially dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ?is idea may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 completely refut$4 ,9 physiology1 at lea/1 x has n[ no place4 ,x n[ nev] occurs to a physiologi/ to consid] any ( ! vital ph5om5a z ! result ( a my/]i\s vital =ce1 ( an active p[] work+ = a def9ite purpose1 /&+ outside ( matt]1 &1 s to speak1 tak+ only ! physico-*emical =ces into its s]vice4 ,mod]n physiology has arriv$ at ! /rictly moni/ic conviction t all ( ! vital ph5om5a1 &1 above all1 ! two fundam5tal ph5om5a ( nutrition & propagation are purely physico-*emical processes1 & directly dep5d5t on ! mat]ial nature ( ! organism1 j z all ! physical & *emical qualities ( e cry/al are det]m9$ solely by its mat]ial composition4 ,n[1 z ! elem5t>y sub/ance :i* det]m9es ! peculi> mat]ial composition ( organisms is c>bon1 we mu/ ultimately r$uce all vital ph5om5a1 &1 above all1 ! two fundam5tal ph5om5a ( nutrition & propagation to ! prop]ties ( ! c>bon4 ,! peculi>-*emico-physical prop]ties1 & especially ! semi-fluid /ate ( aggregation1 & ! easy decomposibility ( ! exce$+ly composite album9\s comb9ations ( c>bon1 are ! me*anical causes ( ^? peculi> ph5om5a ( motion :i* di/+ui% organisms f anorgana1 & :i* 9 a n>r[ s5se are usually call$ 8life40 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is 8c>bon !ory10 :i* ,i h e/abli%$ 9 detail 9 ! second book ( my ,g5]al ,morphology1 x is necess>y1 above all ?+s1 closely to exam9e ^? ph5om5a ( motion :i* are common to bo? gr\ps ( natural bodies4 ,fir/ among !m is ! process ( gr[?4 ,if we cause any inorganic solution ( salt sl[ly to evaporate1 cry/als are =m$ 9 x1 :i* sl[ly increase 9 size dur+ ! cont9u$ evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,?is process ( gr[? arises f ! fact t new p>ticles cont9ually pass ov] f ! fluid /ate ( aggregation into ! solid1 &1 accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 deposit !mselves ^u ! firm k]nel ( ! cry/al already =m$4 ,f su* an apposition ( p>ticles arise ! ma!matically def9ite cry/all9e %apes4 ,9 l mann] ! gr[? ( organisms takes place by ! accession ( new p>ticles4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 ! gr[? ( organisms1 9 consequ5ce ( _! semi-fluid /ate ( aggregation1 ! newly-add$ p>ticles p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! organism 7int]-susception71 :]eas anorgana receive homog5e\s matt] f )\t only by apposition or an addition ( new p>ticles to ! surface4 ,?is important diff]5ce ( gr[? by int]-susception & by apposition is obvi\sly only ! necess>y & direct result ( ! diff]5t conditions ( d5sity or /ate ( aggregation 9 organisms & anorgana4 ,un=tunately ,i _c "h foll[ 9 detail ! v>i\s exce$+ly int]e/+ p>allels & analogies :i* occur betwe5 ! =mation ( ! mo/ p]fect anorgana1 ! cry/als1 & ! =mation ( ! simple/ organisms1 ! ,mon]a & _! next k9dr$ =ms4 ,= ?is ,i mu/ ref] to a m9ute comp>ison ( organisms & anorgana1 :i* ,i h c>ri$ out 9 ! fif? *apt] ( my ,g5]al ,morphology 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #aaa-afj74 ,i h !re %[n 9 detail t !re exi/ no complete diff]5ces betwe5 organic & inorganic natural bodies1 nei!r 9 respect to =m & /ructure1 nor 9 respect to matt] & =ce2 & t ! actually exi/+ diff]5ces are dep5d5t ^u ! peculi> nature ( ! c>bon2 & t !re exi/s no insurm\ntable *asm betwe5 organic & inorganic nature4 ,we c p]ceive ?is mo/ important fact v cle>ly if we exam9e & comp>e ! orig9 ( ! =ms 9 cry/als & 9 ! simple/ organic individuals4 ,9 ! =mation ( cry/al individuals1 two diff]5t c\nt]act+ =mative t5d5cies come into op]ation4 ,! inn] con/ructive =ce1 or ! inn] =mative t5d5cy1 :i* corresponds to ! ,h]$ity ( organisms1 9 ! case ( ! cry/al is ! direct result ( its mat]ial con/itution or ( its *emical composition4 ,! =m ( ! cry/al1 s f> z x is det]m9$ by ?is inn] orig9al =mative t5d5cy1 is ! result ( ! specific & def9ite way 9 :i* ! smalle/ p>ticles ( ! cry/alliz+ matt] unite toge!r 9 diff]5t directions accord+ to law4 ,t indep5d5t inn] =mative =ce1 :i* is directly inh]5t 9 ! matt] itself1 is directly c\nt]act$ by a second =mative =ce4 ,! ext]nal con/ructive =ce1 or ! ext]nal =mative t5d5cy1 may be call$ ,adaptation 9 cry/als z well z 9 organisms4 ,e cry/al individual dur+ its =mation1 l e organic individual1 mu/ submit & adapt itself to ! surr\nd+ influ5ces & conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! out] _w4 ,9 fact1 ! =m & size ( e cry/al is dep5d5t ^u its :ole surr\nd+s1 = example1 ^u ! vessel 9 :i* ! cry/allization takes place1 ^u ! temp]ature & ! pressure ( ! air "u :i* ! cry/al is =m$1 ^u ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( het]og5e\s bodies1 etc4 ,consequ5tly1 ! =m ( e s+le cry/al1 l ! =m ( e s+le organism1 is ! result ( ! int]action ( two oppos+ factors--! inn] =mative t5d5cy1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! *emical con/itution ( ! matt] itself1 & ( ! ext]nal =mative t5d5cy1 :i* is dep5d5t ^u ! influ5ce ( surr\nd+ matt]4 ,bo? ^! con/ructive =ces int]act simil>ly also 9 ! organism1 &1 j z 9 ! cry/al1 are ( a purely me*anical nature & directly inh]5t 9 ! sub/ance ( ! body4 ,if we designate ! gr[? & ! =mation ( organisms z a process ( life1 we may ) equal reason apply ! same t]m to ! develop+ cry/al4 ,! teleological conception ( nature1 :i* looks ^u organisms z ma*9es ( creation arrang$ = a def9ite purpose1 mu/ logically ackn[l$ge ! same also 9 reg>d to ! =ms ( cry/als4 ,! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! simple/ organic individuals & inorganic cry/als are det]m9$ by ! solid /ate ( aggregation ( ! latt]1 & by ! semi-fluid /ate ( ! =m]4 ,beyond t ! causes produc+ =m are exactly ! same 9 bo?4 ,?is conviction =ces itself ^u u mo/ cle>ly1 if we comp>e ! exce$+ly rem>kable ph5om5a ( gr[?1 adaptation1 & ! 8correlation ( p>ts0 ( develop+ cry/als ) ! correspond+ ph5om5a ( ! orig9 ( ! simple/ organic individuals 7,mon]a & cells74 ,! analogy betwe5 ! two is s great t1 9 reality1 no accurate b\nd>y c be drawn4 ,9 my ,g5]al ,morphology ,i h quot$ 9 support ( ?is a numb] ( /rik+ facts 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #adf1 #aef1 #aeh47 ,if we vividly picture to ourselves ?is 8unity ( organic & inorganic nature0 ?is ess5tial agreem5t ( organisms & anorgana 9 matt]1 =m1 & =ce1 & if we be> 9 m9d t we are n able to e/abli% any "o fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( bodies 7z 0 =m]ly g5]ally assum$71 !n ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation w lose a great deal ( ! difficulty :i* at fir/ seems to surr\nd x4 ,!n ! developm5t ( ! fir/ organism out ( inorganic matt] w appe> a mu* m easily conceivable & intelligible process ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case1 :il/ an artificial absolute b>ri] betwe5 organic or animate1 & inorganic or inanimate nature 0 ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! "q ( spontane\s g5]ation1 or ar*igony1 :i* we c n[ answ] m def9itely1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t by ?is conception we und]/& g5]ally ! non-p>5tal g5]ation ( an organic individual1 ! orig9 ( an organism indep5d5t ( a p>5tal or produc+ organism4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t on a =m] occasion 7p4 #ahc7 ,i m5tion$ spontane\s g5]ation 7ar*igony7 z oppos$ to p>5tal g5]ation or propagation 7tocogony74 ,9 ! latt] case ! organic individual arises by a great] or less portion ( an already exi/+ organism sep>at+ itself & gr[+ indep5d5tly4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #cb47 ,9 spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* is (t5 also call$ orig9al g5]ation 7g5]atio spontanea1 quivoca1 prim>ia etc471 we mu/ fir/ di/+ui% two ess5tially diff]5t k9ds1 namely1 autog5y & plasmog5y4 ,by autog5y we und]/& ! orig9 ( a mo/ simple organic individual 9 an inorganic =mative fluid1 t is1 9 a fluid :i* conta9s ! fundam5tal sub/ances = ! composition ( ! organism dissolv$ 9 simple & loose comb9ations 7= example1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 b9>y salts1 etc474 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call spontane\s g5]ation plasmog5y :5 ! organism arises 9 an organic =mative fluid1 t is1 9 a fluid :i* conta9s ^? requisite fundam5tal sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! =m ( complicat$ & fluid comb9ations ( c>bon 7= example1 album51 fat1 hydrate ( c>bon1 etc474 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #agd1 ii4 #cc47 ,nei!r ! process ( autog5y1 nor t ( plasmog5y1 has yet be5 directly obs]v$ ) p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,9 e>ly1 & also 9 m rec5t times1 num]\s & int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made z to ! possibility or reality ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,almo/ all ^! exp]im5ts ref] n to autog5y1 b to plasmog5y1 to ! orig9 ( an organism out ( already =m$ organic matt]4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is latt] process is only ( subord9ate int]e/ = our hi/ory ( creation4 ,x is mu* m important = u to solve ! "q1 8,is !re su* a ?+ z autog5y8 ,is x possible t an organism c arise1 n out ( pre-exi/+ organic1 b out ( purely inorganic1 matt]80 ,h5ce we c quietly lay aside all ! num]\s exp]im5ts :i* ref] only to plasmog5y1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on v zeal\sly dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p h _h a negative result4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t ! reality ( plasmog5y 7 /rictly prov$1 /ill autog5y w\ld n be expla9$ by x4 ,! exp]im5ts on autog5y h likewise z yet furni%$ no c]ta9 & positive result4 ,yet we mu/ at ! outset mo/ di/9ctly prote/ aga9/ ! notion t ^! exp]im5ts h prov$ ! impossibility ( spontane\s g5]ation 9 g5]al4 ,mo/ naturali/s :o h endeav\r$ to decide ?is "q exp]im5tally1 & :o1 aft] hav+ employ$ all possible precaution>y measures1 "u well-asc]ta9$ conditions1 h se5 no organisms come into be+1 h /raightway made ! ass]tion1 on ! gr\nd ( ^! negative results3 8,t x is altoge!r impossible = organisms to come into exi/5ce by !mselves )\t p>5tal g5]ation40 ,?is ha/y & inconsid]ate ass]tion !y h support$ by ! negative results ( _! exp]im5ts1 :i*1 aft] all1 c\ld prove no?+ except t1 "u ^! or ^? highly artificial circum/ances creat$ by ! exp]im5t]s !mselves1 no organism 0 develop$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 = ! mo/ "p made "u ! mo/ unnatural conditions1 & 9 a highly artificial mann]1 we c by no means draw ! conclusion t spontane\s g5]ation 9 g5]al is impossible4 ,! impossibility ( su* a process c1 9 fact1 nev] be prov$4 ,= h[ c we "k t 9 remote primval times !re did n exi/ conditions q diff]5t f ^? at pres5t obta9+1 & :i* may h r5d]$ spontane\s g5]ation possible8 ,inde$1 we c ev5 positively & ) full assurance ma9ta9 t ! g5]al conditions ( life 9 primval times mu/ h be5 entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?9k only ( ! fact t ! enorm\s masses ( c>bon :i* we n[ f9d deposit$ 9 ! prim>y coal m\nta9s 7 fir/ r$uc$ to a solid =m by ! action ( vegetable life1 & are ! compress$ & cond5s$ rema9s ( innum]able vegetable sub/ances1 :i* h accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m millions ( ye>s4 ,b at ! "t :51 aft] ! orig9 ( wat] 9 a liquid /ate on ! cool$ cru/ ( ! e>?1 organisms 7 fir/ =m$ by spontane\s g5]ation1 ^? immeasurable quantities ( c>bon exi/$ 9 a totally diff]5t =m1 probably = ! mo/ "p disp]s$ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! %ape ( c>bonic acid4 ,! :ole composition ( ! atmosph]e 0 !re=e extremely diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,fur!r1 z may be inf]r$ ^u *emical1 physical1 & geological gr\nds1 ! d5sity & ! electrical conditions ( ! atmosph]e 7 q diff]5t4 ,9 l mann] ! *emical & physical nature ( ! primval ocean1 :i* !n cont9u\sly cov]$ ! :ole surface ( ! e>? z an un9t]rupt$ wat]y %eet1 0 q peculi>4 ,! temp]ature1 ! d5sity1 ! am\nt ( salt1 etc41 mu/ h be5 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t ocean4 ,9 any case1 !re=e1 ev5 if we d n "k any?+ m ab\t x1 !re rema9s to u ! supposition1 :i* c at lea/ n be disput$1 t at t "t1 "u conditions q diff]5t f ^? ( to-day1 a spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* n[ is p]haps no long] possible1 may h tak5 place4 ,b x is necess>y to add "h t1 by ! rec5t progress ( *emi/ry & physiology1 ! my/]i\s & miracul\s "* :i* at fir/ seems to belong to ?is mu* disput$ & yet inevitable process ( spontane\s g5]ation1 has be5 to a great ext5t1 or almo/ entirely1 de/roy$4 ,n fifty ye>s ago1 all *emi/s ma9ta9$ t we 7 unable to produce artificially 9 our laboratories any complicat$ comb9ation ( c>bon1 or s-call$ 8organic comb9ation40 ,! my/ic 8vital =ce0 alone 0 suppos$ to be able to produce ^! comb9ations4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 #ahbh1 ,whl]1 9 ,gtt+51 = ! fir/ "t refut$ ?is dogma1 & exhibit$ pure 8organic0 urea1 obta9$ 9 an artificial mann] f a purely inorganic body 7cyanate ( ammonium71 x caus$ ! greate/ surprise & a/oni%m5t4 ,9 m rec5t times1 by ! progress ( syn!tic *emi/ry1 we h succe$$ 9 produc+ 9 our laboratories a great v>iety ( simil> 8organic0 comb9ations ( c>bon1 by purely artificial means--= example alcohol1 acetic acid1 =mic acid4 ,inde$1 _m exce$+ly complicat$ comb9ations ( c>bon are n[ artificially produc$1 s t !re is e likelihood1 soon] or lat]1 ( our produc+ artificially ! mo/ complicat$1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ important ( all1 namely1 ! album9\s comb9ations1 or plasma-bodies4 ,by ! consid]ation ( ?is probability1 ! deep *asm :i* 0 =m]ly & g5]ally believ$ to exi/ betwe5 organic & inorganic bodies is almo/ or entirely remov$1 & ! way is pav$ = ! conception ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,( /ill great]1 nay1 ! v greate/ importance to ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation are1 f9ally1 ! exce$+ly rem>kable ,mon]a1 ^? creatures :i* we h already s frequ5tly m5tion$1 & :i* are n only ! simple/ ( all obs]v$ organisms1 b ev5 ! simple/ ( all imag9able organisms4 ,i h already describ$ ^! wond]ful 8organisms )\t organs10 :5 exam9+ ! simple/ ph5om5a ( propagation & inh]itance4 ,we already "k sev5 diff]5t g5]a ( ^! ,mon]a1 "s ( :i* live 9 fre% wat]1 o!rs 9 ! sea 7comp>e above1 p4 #ahd2 also ,plate ,i4 & its explanation 9 ! ,app5dix74 ,9 a p]fectly develop$ & freely motile /ate1 !y "o & all pres5t u ) no?+ b a simple little lump ( an album9\s comb9ation ( c>bon4 ,! individual g5]a & species diff] only a little 9 ! mann] ( propagation & developm5t1 & 9 ! way ( tak+ n\ri%m5t4 ,?r\gh ! discov]y ( ^! organisms1 :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance1 ! supposition ( a spontane\s g5]ation loses mo/ ( its difficulties4 ,= z all trace ( organization--all di/9ction ( het]og5e\s p>ts--is /ill want+ 9 !m1 & z all ! vital ph5om5a are p]=m$ by "o & ! same homog5e\s & =mless matt]1 we c easily imag9e _! orig9 by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,if ?is happ5s ?r\gh plasmog5y1 & if plasma capable ( life already exi/s1 x !n only ne$s to individualize itself 9 ! same way z ! "m liquor ( cry/als individualizes itself 9 cry/allization4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spontane\s g5]ation ( ! ,mon]a takes place by true autog5y1 !n x is fur!r requisite t t plasma capable ( life1 t primval mucus1 %\ld be =m$ out ( simpl] comb9ations ( c>bon4 ,z we are n[ able artificially to produce1 9 our laboratories1 comb9ations ( c>bon simil> to ?is 9 ! complexity ( _! con/itution1 !re is absolutely no reason = suppos+ t !re are n conditions 9 free nature also1 9 :i* su* comb9ations c\ld take place4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 advocat$1 x fail$ at once to obta9 adh]5ts on acc\nt ( ! composite /ructure ( ! simple/ organisms !n kn[n4 ,x is only s9ce we h discov]$ ! exce$+ly important ,mon]a1 only s9ce we h become acqua9t$ 9 !m ) organisms n 9 any way built up ( di/9ct organs1 b :i* consi/ solely ( a s+le *emical comb9ation1 & yet gr[1 n\ri%1 & propagate !mselves1 t ?is great difficulty has be5 remov$1 & ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation has ga9$ a degree ( probability :i* entitles x to fill up ! gap exi/+ betwe5 ,kant's cosmogony & ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,ev5 among ! ,mon]a at pres5t kn[n !re is a species :i* probably1 ev5 n[1 always comes into exi/5ce by spontane\s g5]ation4 ,?is is ! wond]ful ,ba?ybius ,hckelii1 discov]$ & describ$ by ,huxley4 ,z ,i h already m5tion$ 7p4 #ahd71 ?is ,mon]on is f\nd 9 ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea1 at a dep? ( betwe5 #ab1jjj & #bd1jjj feet1 :]e x cov]s ! gr\nd p>tly z reti=m ?reads & plaits ( plasma1 p>tly 9 ! =m ( l>g] or small] irregul> lumps ( ! same mat]ial4#f ,only su* homog5e\s organisms z are yet n diff]5tiat$1 & are simil> to inorganic cry/als 9 be+ homog5e\sly compos$ ( "o s+le sub/ance1 c\ld arise by spontane\s g5]ation1 & c\ld become ! primval p>5ts ( all o!r organisms4 ,9 _! fur!r developm5t we h po9t$ out t ! mo/ important process is ! =mation ( a k]nel or nucleus 9 ! simple little lump ( album54 ,we c conceive ?is to take place 9 a purely physical mann]1 by ! cond5sation ( ! inn]mo/ c5tral "p ( ! album54 ,! m solid c5tral mass1 :i* at fir/ gradually %ad$ (f into ! p]iph]al plasma1 becomes %>ply sep>at$ f x1 & ?us =ms an indep5d5t1 r\nd1 album9\s corpuscle1 ! k]nel2 & by ?is process ! ,mon]on becomes a cell4 ,n[1 x mu/ h become evid5t f our previ\s *apt]s1 t ! fur!r developm5t ( all o!r organisms out ( su* a cell pres5ts no difficulty1 = e animal & e plant1 9 ! beg9n+ ( its individual life1 is a simple cell4 ,man1 z well z e o!r animal1 is at fir/ no?+ b a simple egg-cell1 a s+le lump ( mucus1 conta9+ a k]nel 7p4 #big1 ,fig4 #e74 ,9 ! same way z ! k]nel ( ! organic cell arose 9 ! int]ior or c5tral mass ( ! orig9ally homog5e\s lump ( plasma1 by sep>ation1 s1 too1 ! fir/ cell-membrane 0 =m$ on its surface4 ,?is simple1 b mo/ important process1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 c likewise be expla9$ 9 a purely physical mann]1 ei!r z a *emical deposit1 or z a physical cond5sation 9 ! upp]mo/ /ratum ( ! mass1 or z a secretion4 ,"o ( ! fir/ processes ( adaptation effect$ by ! ,mon]on orig9at+ by spontane\s g5]ation mu/ h be5 ! cond5sation ( an ext]nal cru/1 :i* z a protect+ cov]+ %ut 9 ! s(t] int]ior f ! ho/ile influ5ces ( ! out] _w4 ,z soon z1 by cond5sation ( ! homog5e\s ,mon]on1 a cell-k]nel arose 9 ! int]ior & a membrane arose on ! surface1 all ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! unit 7 furni%$1 out ( :i*1 by inf9itely manifold repetition & comb9ation1 z atte/$ by actual obs]vation1 ! body ( high] organisms is con/ruct$4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 our :ole und]/&+ ( an organism re/s ^u ! cell !ory e/abli%$ ?irty ye>s ago by ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann4 ,accord+ to x1 e organism is ei!r a simple cell or a cell-community1 a republic ( closely connect$ cells4 ,all ! =ms & vital ph5om5a ( e organism are ! collective result ( ! =ms & vital ph5om5a ( all ! s+le cells ( :i* x is compos$4 ,by ! rec5t progress ( ! cell !ory x has become necess>y to give ! elem5t>y organisms1 t is1 ! 8organic0 individuals ( ! fir/ ord]1 :i* are usually designat$ z cells1 ! m g5]al & m suitable "n ( =m-units1 or pla/ids4 ,among ^! =m-units we di/+ui% two ma9 gr\ps1 namely1 ! cytods & ! g5u9e cells4 ,! cytods are1 l ! ,mon]a1 pieces ( plasma )\t a k]nel 7p4 #ahf1 ,fig4 #a74 ,cells1 on ! o!r h&1 are pieces ( plasma conta9+ a k]nel or nucleus 7p4 #ahh1 ,fig4 #b74 ,ea* ( ^! two ma9 gr\ps ( pla/ids is aga9 divid$ into two subord9ate gr\ps1 accord+ z !y possess or d n possess an ext]nal cov]+ 7sk91 %ell1 or membrane74 ,we may accord+ly di/+ui% ! foll[+ f\r grades or species ( pla/ids1 namely3 #a4 ,simple cytods 7p4 #ahf1 ,fig4 #a ,a72 #b4 ,encas$ cytods2 #c4 ,simple cells 7p4 #ahh1 ,fig4 #b ,b72 #d4 ,encas$ cells 7p4 #ahh1 ,fig4 #b ,a74 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #bfi-bhi47 ,conc]n+ ! relation ( ^! f\r =ms ( pla/ids to spontane\s g5]ation1 ! foll[+ is ! mo/ probable3--#a4 ,! simple cytods 7,gymnocytoda71 nak$ p>ticles ( plasma )\t k]nel1 l ! /ill liv+ ,mon]a1 are ! only pla/ids :i* directly come into exi/5ce by spontane\s g5]ation4 #b4 ,! enclos$ cytods 7,lepocytoda71 p>ticles ( plasma )\t k]nel1 :i* are surr\nd$ by a cov]+ 7membrane or %ell71 arose out ( ! simple cytods ei!r by ! cond5sation ( ! out] lay]s ( plasma or by ! secretion ( a cov]+4 #c4 ,! simple cells 7,gymnocyta71 or nak$ cells1 p>ticles ( plasma ) k]nel1 b )\t cov]+1 arose out ( ! simple cytods by ! cond5sation ( ! inn]mo/ p>ticles ( plasma into a k]nel1 or nucleus1 by diff]5tiation ( a c5tral k]nel & p]iph]al cell-sub/ance4 #d4 ,! enclos$ cells 7,lepocyta71 or te/ace\s cells1 p>ticles ( plasma ) k]nel & an out] cov]+ 7membrane or %ell71 arose ei!r out ( ! enclos$ cytods by ! =mation ( a k]nel1 or out ( ! simple cells by ! =mation ( a membrane4 ,all ! o!r =ms ( =m-units1 or pla/ids1 met )1 besides ^!1 h only subsequ5tly aris5 out ( ^! f\r fundam5tal =ms by natural selection1 by desc5t ) adaptation1 by diff]5tiation & trans=mation4 ,by ?is !ory ( pla/ids1 by d$uc+ all ! diff]5t =ms ( pla/ids1 & h5ce1 also1 all organisms compos$ ( !m1 f ! ,mon]a1 we obta9 a simple & natural connection 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ! developm5t ( nature4 ,! orig9 ( ! fir/ ,mon]a by spontane\s g5]ation appe>s to u z a simple & necess>y ev5t 9 ! process ( ! developm5t ( ! e>?4 ,we admit t ?is process1 z long z x is n directly obs]v$ or repeat$ by exp]im5t1 rema9s a pure hypo!sis4 ,b ,i mu/ aga9 say t ?is hypo!sis is indisp5sable = ! consi/5t completion ( ! non-miracul\s hi/ory ( creation1 t x has absolutely no?+ =c$ or miracul\s ab\t x1 & t c]ta9ly x c nev] be positively refut$4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ! process ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ev5 if x /ill took place daily & h\rly1 w\ld 9 any case be exce$+ly difficult to obs]ve & e/abli% ) absolute c]ta9ty z su*4 ,) reg>d to ! ,mon]a1 we f9d ourselves plac$ be=e ! foll[+ alt]native3 ei!r !y are actually directly d]iv$ f pre-exi/+1 or 8creat$10 mo/ anci5t ,mon]a1 & 9 ?is case !y w\ld h _h to propagate !mselves un*ang$ = _m millions ( ye>s1 & to h ma9ta9$ _! orig9al =m ( simple p>ticles ( plasma2 or1 ! pres5t ,mon]a h orig9at$ mu* lat] 9 ! c\rse ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 by repeat$ acts ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & 9 ?is case spontane\s g5]ation may take place n[ z well z !n4 ,! latt] supposition has evid5tly mu* m probability on its side ?an ! =m]4 ,if we d n accept ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation1 !n at ?is "o po9t ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t we mu/ h rec\rse to ! miracle ( a sup]natural creation4 ,! ,creator mu/ h creat$ ! fir/ organism1 or a few fir/ organisms1 f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$1 & z su* he mu/ h creat$ ! simple/ ,mon]a1 or primval cytods1 & giv5 !m ! capability ( develop+ fur!r 9 a me*anical way4 ,i leave x to ea* "o ( my read]s to *oose betwe5 ?is idea & ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,to me ! idea t ! ,creator %\ld h 9 ?is "o po9t arbitr>ily int]f]$ ) ! regul> process ( developm5t ( matt]1 :i* 9 all o!r cases proce$s entirely )\t 8 int]position1 seems to be j z unsatisfactory to a believ+ m9d z to a sci5tific intellect4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation = ! orig9 ( ! fir/ organisms1 :i* 9 consequ5ce ( reasons m5tion$ above1 & especially 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y ( ! ,mon]a1 has lo/ its =m] difficulty1 !n we arrive at ! e/abli%m5t ( an un9t]rupt$ natural connection betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! e>? & ! organisms produc$ on x1 &1 9 ?is la/ rema9+ lurk+-place ( obscurity1 we c proclaim ! unity ( all ,nature1 & ! unity ( h] laws ( ,developm5t 7,g54 ,morph4 i4 #afd74 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,migration ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,organisms4 ,,*orology ,,& ,,! ,,ice-,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,*orological ,facts & ,causes4--,orig9 ( mo/ ,species 9 "o ,s+le ,locality3 8,c5tres ( ,creation40--,di/ribution by ,migration4--,active & ,passive ,migrations ( ,animals & ,plants4--,means ( ,transport4--,transport ( ,g]ms by ,wat] & by ,w9d4--,cont9ual ,*ange ( ! ,area ( ,di/ribution by ,elevations & ,depressions ( ! ,gr\nd4--,*orological ,importance ( ,geological ,processes4--,influ5ce ( ! ,*ange ( ,climate4--,ice or ,glacial ,p]iod4--,its ,importance to ,*orology4--,importance ( ,migrations = ! ,orig9 ( ,new ,species4--,isolation ( ,coloni/s4--,wagn]'s ,law ( ,migration4--,connection betwe5 ! ,!ory ( ,migration & ! ,!ory ( ,selection4--,agreem5t ( its ,results ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,z ,i h repeat$ly said1 b _c too mu* emphasize1 ! actual value & inv9cible /r5g? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t does n lie 9 its expla9+ ?is or t s+le ph5om5on1 b 9 ! fact t x expla9s all biological ph5om5a1 t x makes all botanical & zoological s]ies ( ph5om5a intelligible 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,h5ce e ?\ghtful inve/igator is ! m firmly & deeply conv9c$ ( its tru? ! m he advances f s+le biological obs]vations to a g5]al view ( ! :ole doma9 ( animal & vegetable life4 ,let u n[1 />t+ f ?is compreh5sive po9t ( view1 survey a biological doma91 ! v>i$ & complicat$ ph5om5a ( :i* may be expla9$ ) rem>kable simplicity & cle>ness by ! !ory ( selection4 ,i mean ,*orology1 or ! !ory ( ! local di/ribution ( organisms ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,by ?is ,i d n only mean ! geographical di/ribution ( animal & vegetable species ov] ! diff]5t p>ts & prov9ces ( ! e>?1 ov] cont95ts & isl&s1 seas1 & riv]s2 b also _! topographical di/ribution 9 a v]tical direction1 _! asc5d+ to ! heights ( m\nta9s1 & _! desc5d+ into ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 7,g54 ,morph4 ii4 #bhf47 ,! /range *orological s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* %[ ! horizontal di/ribution ( organisms ov] p>ts ( ! e>?1 & _! v]tical di/ribution 9 heights & dep?s1 h long s9ce excit$ g5]al int]e/4 ,9 rec5t times ,alex&] ,humboldt7#ci7 & ,fr$]ick ,s*\w h especially discuss$ ! geography ( plants1 & ,b]ghaus & ,s*m>da ! geography ( animals1 on a l>ge scale4 ,b al?\gh ^! & sev]al o!r naturali/s h 9 _m ways increas$ our k ( ! di/ribution ( animal & vegetable =ms1 & laid op5 to u a new doma9 ( sci5ce1 full ( wond]ful & int]e/+ ph5om5a1 yet ,*orology z a :ole rema9$1 z f> z _! lab\rs 7 conc]n$1 only a desultory k ( a mass ( individual facts4 ,x c\ld n be call$ a sci5ce z long z ! causes = ! explanation ( ^! facts 7 want+4 ,^! causes 7 fir/ disclos$ by ! !ory ( selection & its doctr9e ( ! migrations ( animal & vegetable species1 & x is only s9ce ! works ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace t we h be5 able to speak ( an indep5d5t sci5ce ( ,*orology4 ,if all ! ph5om5a ( ! geographical & topographical di/ribution ( organisms are exam9$ by !mselves1 )\t consid]+ ! gradual developm5t ( species1 & if at ! same "t1 foll[+ ! cu/om>y sup]/ition1 ! individual species ( animals & plants are consid]$ z =ms indep5d5tly creat$ & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 !n !re rema9s no?+ = u to d b to gaze at ^? ph5om5a z a confus$ collection ( incompreh5sible & inexplicable miracles4 ,b z soon z we leave ?is l[ /&-po9t1 & rise to ! height ( ! !ory ( developm5t1 by means ( ! supposition ( a blood-relation%ip betwe5 ! diff]5t species1 !n all at once a cle> light falls ^u ?is /range s]ies ( miracles1 & we see t all *orological facts c be und]/ood q simply & cle>ly by ! supposition ( a common desc5t ( ! species1 & _! passive & active migrations4 ,! mo/ important pr9ciple f :i* we mu/ />t 9 *orology1 & ( ! tru? ( :i* we are conv9c$ by due exam9ation ( ! !ory ( selection1 is t1 z a rule1 e animal & vegetable species has aris5 only once 9 ! c\rse ( "t & only 9 "o place on ! e>?--its s-call$ 8c5tre ( creation0--by natural selection4 ,i %>e ?is op9ion ( ,d>w9's unconditionally1 9 respect to ! great majority ( high] & p]fect organisms1 & 9 respect to mo/ animals & plants 9 :i* ! division ( lab\r1 or diff]5tiation ( ! cells & organs ( :i* !y are compos$1 has atta9$ a c]ta9 /age4 ,= x is q incr$ible1 or c\ld at be/ only be an exce$+ly r>e accid5t1 t all ! manifold & complicat$ circum/ances--all ! diff]5t conditions ( ! /ruggle = life1 :i* influ5ce ! orig9 ( a new species by natural selection--%\ld h work$ toge!r 9 exactly ! same agreem5t & comb9ation m ?an once 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 or %\ld h be5 active at ! same "t at sev]al diff]5t po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i consid] x to be v probable t c]ta9 exce$+ly imp]fect organisms ( ! simple/ /ructure1 =ms ( species ( an exce$+ly indiff]5t nature1 z1 = example1 _m s+le-cell$ ,proti/a1 b especially ! ,mon]a1 ! simple/ ( !m all1 %\ld h sev]al times or simultane\sly aris5 9 _! specific =m 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,= ! few & v simple conditions by :i* _! specific =m 0 *ang$ 9 ! /ruggle = life may surely h (t5 be5 repeat$1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,fur!r1 ^? high] specific =ms also1 :i* h n aris5 by natural selection1 b by hybridism 7! previ\sly-m5tion$ hybrid species1 pp4 #adg & #bge71 may h repeat$ly aris5 anew 9 diff]5t localities4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is proportionately small numb] ( organisms does n especially int]e/ u "h1 we may1 9 respect ( *orology1 leave !m alone1 & ne$ only take into consid]ation ! di/ribution ( ! great majority ( animal & vegetable species 9 reg>d to :i* ! s+le orig9 ( e species 9 a s+le locality1 9 its s-call$ 8c5tral po9t ( creation10 c be consid]$ z tol]ably c]ta94 ,e animal & vegetable species f ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce has possess$ ! t5d5cy to spread beyond ! limit$ locality ( its orig91 beyond ! b\nd>y ( its 8c5tre ( creation10 or1 9 o!r words1 beyond its primval home1 or its natal place4 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! relations ( population & ov]-population 7pp4 #afa & #bef74 ,! m an animal or vegetable species increases1 ! less is its limit$ natal place suffici5t = its su/5ance1 & ! fi]c] ! /ruggle = life2 ! m rapid ! ov]-population ( ! natal spot1 ! m x leads to emigration4 ,^! migrations are common to all organisms1 & are ! real cause ( ! wide di/ribution ( ! diff]5t species ( organisms ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,j z m5 leave ov]-cr[d$ /ates1 s all animals & plants migrate f _! ov]-cr[d$ primval homes4 ,_m di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 especially ,lyell7#aa7 & ,s*leid51 h be=e ?is repeat$ly drawn att5tion to ! great importance ( ^! v int]e/+ migrations ( organisms4 ,! means ( transport by :i* !y are effect$ are extremely v>i$4 ,d>w9 has discuss$ ^! mo/ excell5tly 9 ! elev5? & twelf? *apt]s ( 8 "w1 :i* are exclusively devot$ to 8geographical di/ribution40 ,! means ( transport are p>tly active1 p>tly passive2 t is to say1 ! organism effects its migration p>tly by free locomotion due to its own activity1 & p>tly by ! movem5ts ( o!r natural bodies 9 :i* x has no active %>e4 ,x is self-evid5t t active migrations play ! *ief "p 9 animals able to move freely4 ,! m freely an animal's organization p]mits x to all move 9 directions1 ! m easily ! animal species c migrate1 & ! m rapidly x w spread ov] ! e>?4 ,fly+ animals are ( c\rse mo/ fav\r$ 9 ?is respect1 among v]tebrate animals especially birds1 & among articulat$ animals1 insects4 ,^! two classes1 z soon z !y came into exi/5ce1 c h m easily spread ov] ! :ole e>? ?an any o!r animal1 & ?is fact p>tly expla9s ! extraord9>y uni=mity ( /ructure :i* *>act]izes ^! two great classes ( animals4 ,=1 al?\gh !y conta9 an exce$+ly l>ge numb] ( diff]5t species1 & al?\gh ! insect class alone is said to possess m diff]5t species ?an all o!r classes ( animals toge!r1 yet all ! innum]able species ( insects1 & 9 l mann]1 also1 ! diff]5t species ( birds1 agree mo/ /rik+ly 9 all ess5tial peculi>ities ( _! organization4 ,h5ce1 9 ! class ( insects1 z well z 9 t ( birds1 we c di/+ui% only a v small numb] ( l>ge natural gr\ps or ord]s1 & ^! few ord]s diff] b v little f "o ano!r 9 _! int]nal /ructure4 ,! ord]s ( birds ) _! num]\s species are n ne>ly z di/9ct f "o ano!r z ! ord]s ( ! mammalian class1 conta9+ mu* few] species2 & ! ord]s ( insects1 :i* are extremely ri* 9 g5]a & species1 resemble "o ano!r mu* m closely 9 _! int]nal /ructure ?an d ! mu* small] ord]s ( ! crab class4 ,! g5]al p>allelism betwe5 birds & insects is also v int]e/+ 9 relation to sy/ematic zoology2 & ! great importance ( _! ri*ness 9 =ms1 = sci5tific morphology1 lies 9 ! fact t !y %[ u h[1 )9 ! n>r[e/ anatomical sph]e1 & )\t pr(\nd *anges ( ! ess5tial int]nal organization1 ! greate/ v>iety 9 ext]nal bodily =ms c be atta9$4 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5tly _! fly+ mode ( life & _! free locomotion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is birds1 z well z insects1 h spread v rapidly ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 h settl$ 9 all possible localities inaccessible to o!r animals1 & v>i\sly modifi$ _! specific =m by sup]ficial adaptation to p>ticul> local relations4 ,next to ! fly+ animals1 ^? animals1 ( c\rse1 h spread mo/ quickly & fur!/ :i* 7 next be/ able to migrate1 t is1 ! be/ runn]s among ! inhabitants ( ! l&1 & ! be/ swimm]s among ! inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! p[] ( su* active migrations is n conf9$ to ^? animals :i* ?r\gh\t life enjoy free locomotion4 ,= ! fix$ animals also1 su* z corals1 tubicol\s worms1 sea-squirts1 lily encr9ites1 sea-acorns1 b>nacles1 & _m o!r l[] animals :i* adh]e to seawe$s1 /ones1 etc41 enjoy1 at lea/ at an e>ly p]iod ( life1 free locomotion4 ,!y all migrate be=e !y adh]e to any?+4 ,_! fir/ free locomotive condition ( e>ly life is g5]ally t ( a 8ciliat$0 l>va1 a r\ndi%1 cellul> corpuscle1 :i*1 by means ( a g>b ( movable 8flimm]-hairs10 7,lat91 8cilia07 sw>ms ab\t 9 ! wat] & be>s ! "n ( ,planula4 ,b ! p[] ( free locomotion1 & h5ce1 also1 ( active migration1 is n conf9$ to animals alone1 b _m plants likewise enjoy x4 ,_m l[] aquatic plants1 especially ! class ( ! ,tangles 7,alg71 swim ab\t freely 9 ! wat] 9 e>ly life1 l ! l[] animals j m5tion$1 by means ( a vibratile hairy coat1 a vibrat+ :ip1 or a cov]+ ( tremul\s fr+es1 & only at a lat] p]iod adh]e to objects4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( _m high] plants1 :i* we designate z creep]s & climb+ plants1 we may speak ( active migration4 ,_! elongat$ /alks & p]5nial roots creep or climb dur+ _! long process ( gr[? to new positions1 & by means ( _! widespread bran*es !y acquire new habitations1 to :i* !y atta* !mselves by buds1 & br+ =? new colonies ( individuals ( _! species4 ,influ5tial z ^! active migrations ( mo/ animals & _m plants are1 yet alone !y w\ld by no means be suffici5t to expla9 ! *orology ( organisms4 ,passive migrations h ev] be5 by f> ! m important1 & ( f> great] influ5ce1 9 ! case ( mo/ plants & 9 t ( _m animals4 ,su* passive *anges ( locality are produc$ by extremely num]\s causes4 ,air & wat] 9 _! et]nal motion1 w9d & waves ) _! manifold curr5ts1 play ! *ief "p4 ,! w9d 9 all places & at all times raises light organisms1 small animals & plants1 b especially _! "y g]ms1 animal eggs & plant se$s1 & c>ries !m f> ov] l& & seas4 ,:]e !y fall into ! wat] !y are seiz$ by curr5ts or waves & c>ri$ to o!r places4 ,x is well kn[n1 f num]\s examples1 h[ f> 9 _m cases trunks ( trees1 h>d %ell$ fruits1 & o!r n readily p]i%able portions ( plants are c>ri$ away f _! orig9al home by ! c\rse ( riv]s & by ! curr5ts ( ! sea4 ,trunks ( palm trees f ! ,we/ ,indies are br\ght by ! ,gulf ,/ream to ! ,briti% & ,norwegian coa/s4 ,all l>ge riv]s br+ d[n driftwood f ! m\nta9s1 & frequ5tly alp9e plants are c>ri$ f _! home at ! s\rce ( ! riv] into ! pla9s1 & ev5 fur!r1 d[n to ! sea4 ,frequ5tly num]\s inhabitants live betwe5 ! roots ( ! plants ?us c>ri$ d[n1 & betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! trees ?us wa%$ away !re are v>i\s inhabitants :i* h to take "p 9 ! passive migration4 ,! b>k ( ! tree is cov]$ ) mosses1 li*5s1 & p>asitic insects4 ,o!r insects1 spid]s1 etc41 ev5 small reptiles & mammals1 are hidd5 )9 ! holl[ trunk or cl+ to ! bran*es4 ,9 ! e>? adh]+ to ! fibres ( ! roots1 9 ! du/ ly+ 9 ! cracks ( ! b>k1 !re are innum]able g]ms ( small] animals & plants4 ,n[1 if ! trunk ?us wa%$ away l&s safely on a =eign %ore or on a di/ant isl&1 ! gue/s :o _h to take "p 9 ! involunt>y voyage c leave _! boat & settle 9 ! new c\ntry4 ,a v rem>kable k9d ( wat]-transport is =m$ by ! float+ iceb]gs :i* annually become loos5$ f ! et]nal ice ( ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,al?\gh ^! cold regions are ?9ly peopl$1 yet _m ( _! inhabitants1 :o 7 accid5tally ^u an iceb]g :ile x 0 becom+ loos5$1 are c>ri$ away ) x by ! curr5ts1 & l&$ on w>m] %ores4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by means ( loos5$ blocks ( ice f ! nor!rn ,pol> ,sea1 (t5 :ole populations ( small animals & plants h be5 c>ri$ to ! nor!rn %ores ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,nay1 ev5 pol> foxes & pol> be>s h be5 c>ri$ 9 ?is way to ,icel& & to ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,transport by air is no less important ?an transport by wat] 9 ?is matt] ( passive migration4 ,! du/ cov]+ our /reets & ro(s1 ! e>? ly+ on dry fields & dri$-up pools1 ! light moi/ soil ( =e/s1 9 %ort1 ! :ole surface ( ! globe conta9s millions ( small organisms & _! g]ms4 ,_m ( ^! small animals & plants c )\t injury become completely dri$ up1 & awake aga9 to life z soon z !y are moi/5$4 ,e gu/ ( w9d raises up ) ! du/ innum]able little creatures ( ?is k9d1 & (t5 c>ries !m away to o!r places miles (f4 ,b ev5 l>g] organisms1 & especially _! g]ms1 may (t5 make di/ant passive j\rneys ?r\gh ! air4 ,! se$s ( _m plants are provid$ ) light fea!ry processes1 :i* act z p>a*utes & facilitate _! flight 9 ! air1 & prev5t _! fall+4 ,spid]s make j\rneys ( _m miles ?r\gh ! air on _! f9e filam5ts1 _! s-call$ gossam] ?reads4 ,"y frogs are frequ5tly rais$ by :irlw9ds into ! air by ?\s&s1 & fall d[n 9 a di/ant "p z a 8%[] ( frogs40 ,/orms may c>ry birds & insects across half ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,!y drop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ ris5 9 ,engl&4 ,/>t+ f ,cali=nia1 !y only come to re/ 9 ,*9a4 ,b1 aga91 _m o!r organisms may make ! j\rney f "o cont95t to ano!r toge!r ) ! birds & insects4 ,( c\rse all p>asites1 ! numb] ( :i* is legion1 fleas1 lice1 mites1 m\lds1 etc41 migrate ) ! organisms ^u :i* !y live4 ,9 ! e>? :i* (t5 rema9s /ick+ to ! claws ( birds !re are also small animals & plants or _! g]ms4 ,?us ! volunt>y or involunt>y migration ( a s+le l>g] organism may c>ry a :ole small flora & fauna f "o "p ( ! e>? to ano!r4 ,besides ! means ( transport "h m5tion$1 !re are _m o!rs :i* expla9 ! di/ribution ( animal & vegetable species ov] ! l>ge tracts ( ! e>?'s surface1 & especially ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! s-call$ cosmopolitan species4 ,b ^! alone w\ld n ne>ly be suffici5t to expla9 all *orological facts4 ,h[ is x1 = example1 t _m inhabitants ( fre% wat] live 9 v>i\s riv]s or lakes f> away & q ap>t f "o ano!r8 ,h[ is x t _m inhabitants ( m\nta9s1 :i* _c exi/ 9 pla9s1 are f\nd ^u entirely sep>at$ & f> di/ant *a9s ( m\nta9s8 ,x is difficult to believe1 & 9 _m cases q inconceivable1 t ^! inhabitants ( fre% wat] %\ld h 9 any way1 actively or passively1 migrat$ ov] ! l& ly+ betwe5 ! lakes1 or t ! inhabitants ( m\nta9s 9 any way1 actively or passively1 cross$ ! pla9s ly+ betwe5 _! m\nta9 homes4 ,b "h geology comes to our help1 z a mighty ally1 & completely solves ^! difficult problems = u4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s developm5t %[s u t ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] on its surface is ev] & cont9ually *ang+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( geological *anges ( ! e>?'s cru/1 elevations & depressions ( ! gr\nd take place ev]y:]e1 sometimes m /rongly m>k$ 9 "o place1 sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,ev5 if !y happ5 s sl[ly t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! sea%ore rises or s9ks only a few in*es1 or ev5 only a few l9es1 /ill !y nev]!less effect great results 9 ! c\rse ( long p]iods ( "t4 ,& long--immeasurably long--p]iods ( "t h n be5 want+ 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( _m millions ( ye>s1 ev] s9ce organic life exi/$ on ! e>?1 l& & wat] h p]petually /ruggl$ = supremacy4 ,cont95ts & isl&s h sunk into ! sea1 & new ones h aris5 out ( its bosom4 ,lakes & seas h sl[ly be5 rais$ & dri$ up1 & new wat] bas9s h aris5 by ! s9k+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,p59sulas h become isl&s by ! n>r[ neck ( l& :i* connect$ !m ) ! ma9l& s9k+ into ! wat]4 ,! isl&s ( an ar*ipelago h become ! peaks ( a cont9u\s *a9 ( m\nta9s by ! :ole floor ( _! sea be+ consid]ably rais$4 ,?us ! ,m$it]ranean at "o "t 0 an inl& sea1 :51 9 ! place ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 an i/hmus connect$ ,africa ) ,spa94 ,engl&1 ev5 dur+ ! m rec5t hi/ory ( ! e>?1 :5 man already exi/$1 has repeat$ly be5 connect$ ) ! ,european cont95t & be5 repeat$ly sep>at$ f x4 ,nay1 ev5 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 directly connect$4 ,! ,s\? ,sea at "o "t =m$ a l>ge ,pacific ,cont95t1 & ! num]\s little isl&s :i* n[ lie scatt]$ 9 x 7 simply ! highe/ peaks ( ! m\nta9s cov]+ t cont95t4 ,! ,indian ,ocean =m$ a cont95t :i* ext5d$ f ! ,sunda ,isl&s along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia to ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,?is l>ge cont95t ( =m] times ,sclat]1 an ,engli%man1 has call$ ,lemuria1 f ! monkey-l animals :i* inhabit$ x1 & x is at ! same "t ( great importance f be+ ! probable cradle ( ! human race1 :i* 9 all likelihood "h fir/ develop$ out ( an?ropoid apes4 ,! important pro( :i* ,alfr$ ,wallace has furni%$17#cf7 by ! help ( *orological facts1 t ! pres5t ,malayan ,ar*ipelago consi/s 9 reality ( two completely diff]5t divisions1 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,! we/]n division1 ! ,indo-,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 compris+ ! l>ge isl&s ( ,borneo1 ,java1 & ,sumatra1 0 =m]ly connect$ by ,malacca ) ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & probably also ) ! ,lemurian cont95t j m5tion$4 ,! ea/]n division1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,au/ro-,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 compris+ ,celebes1 ! ,moluccas1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,solomon's ,isl&s1 etc41 0 =m]ly directly connect$ ) ,au/ralia4 ,bo? divisions 7 =m]ly two cont95ts sep>at$ by a /rait1 b !y h n[ = ! mo/ "p sunk bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,wallace1 solely on ! gr\nd ( 8 accurate *orological obs]vations1 has be5 able 9 ! mo/ acute mann] to det]m9e ! position ( ?is =m] /rait1 ! s\? end ( :i* passes betwe5 ,balij & ,lombok4 ,?us1 ev] s9ce liquid wat] exi/$ on ! e>?1 ! b\nd>ies ( wat] & l& h et]nally *ang$1 & we may ass]t t ! outl9es ( cont95ts & isl&s h nev] rema9$ = an h\r1 nay1 ev5 = a m9ute1 exactly ! same4 ,= ! waves et]nally & p]petually break on ! edge ( ! coa/1 & :atev] ! l& 9 ^! places loses 9 ext5t1 x ga9s 9 o!r places by ! accumulation ( mud1 :i* cond5ses into solid /one & aga9 rises above ! level ( ! sea z new l&4 ,no?+ c be m errone\s ?an ! idea ( a firm & un*angeable outl9e ( our cont95ts1 su* z is impress$ ^u u 9 e>ly y\? by defective lessons on geography1 :i* are devoid ( a geological basis4 ,i ne$ h>dly draw att5tion to ! fact t ^! geological *anges ( ! e>?'s surface h ev] be5 exce$+ly important to ! migrations ( organisms1 & consequ5tly to _! ,*orology4 ,f !m we le>n to und]/& h[ x is t ! same or ne>ly relat$ species ( animals & plants c occur on diff]5t isl&s1 al?\gh !y c\ld n h pass$ ?r\gh ! wat] sep>at+ !m1 & h[ o!r species liv+ 9 fre% wat] c inhabit diff]5t enclos$ wat]-bas9s1 al?\gh !y c\ld n h cross$ ! l& ly+ betwe5 !m4 ,^! isl&s 7 =m]ly m\nta9 peaks ( a connect$ cont95t1 & ^! lakes 7 once directly connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! =m] 7 sep>at$ by geological depressions1 ! latt] by elevations4 ,n[1 if we fur!r consid] h[ (t5 & h[ unequally ^! alt]nat+ elevations & depressions occur on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 & h[1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! b\nd>ies ( ! geographical tracts ( di/ribution ( species become *ang$1 & if we fur!r consid] 9 :at exce$+ly v>i\s ways ! active & passive migrations ( organisms mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by !m1 !n we %all be 9 a position to completely und]/& ! great v>iety ( ! picture :i* is at pres5t (f]$ to u by ! di/ribution ( animal & vegetable species4 ,!re is yet ano!r important circum/ance to be m5tion$ "h1 :i* is likewise ( great importance = a complete explanation ( ?is v>i$ geographical picture1 & :i* ?r[s light ^u _m v obscure facts1 :i*1 )\t its help1 we %\ld n be able to compreh5d4 ,i mean ! gradual *ange ( climate :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! long c\rse ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,z we saw 9 our la/ *apt]1 at ! beg9n+ ( organic life on ! e>? a mu* high] & m equal temp]ature mu/ h g5]ally prevail$ ?an at pres5t4 ,! diff]5ces ( zones1 :i* 9 our "t are s v /rik+1 did n exi/ at all 9 ^? times4 ,x is probable t = _m millions ( ye>s b "o climate prevail$ ov] ! :ole e>?1 :i* v closely resembl$1 or ev5 surpass$1 ! hotte/ tropical climate ( ! pres5t day4 ,! highe/ nor? :i* man has yet rea*$ 0 !n cov]$ ) palms & o!r tropical plants1 ! fossil rema9s ( :i* are /ill f\nd !re4 ,! temp]ature ( ?is climate at a lat] p]iod gradually decreas$2 b /ill ! poles rema9$ s w>m t ! :ole surface ( ! e>? c\ld be inhabit$ by organisms4 ,x 0 only at a comp>atively v rec5t p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 namely1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 t !re occurr$1 z x seems1 ! fir/ p]ceptible cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ at ! poles1 & ?r\gh ?is ! fir/ diff]5tiation or sep>ation ( ! diff]5t zones ( temp]ature or climatic zones4 ,b ! sl[ & gradual decrease ( temp]ature cont9u$ to ext5d m & m )9 ! t]ti>y p]iod1 until at la/1 at bo? poles ( ! e>?1 ! fir/ p]man5t ice caps 7 =m$4 ,i ne$ sc>cely po9t out 9 detail h[ v mu* ?is *ange ( climate mu/ h affect$ ! geographical di/ribution ( organisms1 & ! orig9 ( num]\s new species4 ,! animal & vegetable species1 :i*1 d[n to ! t]ti>y p]iod1 _h f\nd an agreeable tropical climate all ov] ! e>?1 ev5 z f> z ! poles1 7 n[ =c$ ei!r to adapt !mselves to ! intrud+ cold1 or to flee f x4 ,^? species :i* adapt$ & accu/om$ !mselves to ! decreas+ temp]ature became new species simply by ?is v acclimatization1 "u ! influ5ce ( natural selection4 ,! o!r species1 :i* fl$ f ! cold1 _h to emigrate & seek a mild] climate 9 l[] latitudes4 ,! tracts ( di/ribution :i* _h hi!rto exi/$ mu/ by ?is h be5 va/ly *ang$4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! la/ great p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 dur+ ! quat]n>y p]iod 7or diluvial p]iod7 succe$+ ! t]ti>y "o1 ! decrease ( ! heat ( ! e>? f ! poles did n by any means rema9 /ation>y4 ,! temp]ature fell l[] & l[]1 nay1 ev5 f> bel[ ! pres5t degree4 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,am]ica f ! nor? pole1 7 cov]$ to a great ext5t by a connect$ %eet ( ice1 :i* 9 our "p ( ! e>? seems to h rea*$ ! ,alps4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! cold also advanc+ f ! s\? pole cov]$ a l>ge portion ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* is n[ free f x1 ) a rigid %eet ( ice4 ,?us1 betwe5 ^! va/ lifeless ice cont95ts !re rema9$ only a n>r[ zone to :i* ! life ( ! organic _w _h to )draw4 ,?is p]iod1 dur+ :i* man1 or at lea/ ! human ape1 already exi/$1 & :i* =ms ! fir/ p]iod ( ! s-call$ diluvial epo*1 is n[ univ]sally kn[n z ! ice or glacial p]iod4 ,! +5i\s ,c>l ,s*imp] is ! fir/ naturali/ :o cle>ly conceiv$ ! idea ( ! ice p]iod1 & prov$ ! great ext5t ( ! =m] glaciation ( ,c5tral ,europe by ! help ( ! s-call$ b\ld]s1 or erratic blocks ( /one1 z also by ! 8glaci] tables40 ,l\is ,agassiz1 /imulat$ by him1 & consid]ably support$ by ! indep5d5t inve/igations ( ! em95t geologi/ ,*>p5ti]1 aft]w>ds und]took ! task ( c>ry+ out ! !ory ( ! ice p]iod4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! geologi/ ,=bes di/+ui%$ himself 9 ?is matt]1 & also 0 ! fir/ to apply x to ! !ory ( migrations & ! geographical di/ribution ( species dep5d5t ^u migration4 ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds injur$ ! !ory by 8 "o-sid$ exagg]ation1 inasmu* z1 f 8 p>tiality to ,cuvi]'s !ory ( cataclysms1 he endeav\r$ to attribute ! de/ruction ( ! :ole animate creation !n exi/+1 to ! sudd5 com+ on ( ! cold ( ! ice p]iod & ! 8revolution0 connect$ ) x4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] into detail z to ! ice p]iod itself1 & into inve/igations ab\t its limits1 & ,i may omit ?is all ! m reasonably s9ce ! :ole ( our rec5t geological lit]ature is full ( x4 ,x w be f\nd discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! works ( ,cotta17#ca7 ,lyell17#cj7 ,vogt17#bg7 ,zittel17#cb7 etc4 ,its great importance to u "h is t x helps u to expla9 ! mo/ difficult *orological problems1 z ,d>w9 has correctly p]ceiv$4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t ?is glaciation ( ! pres5t temp]ate zones mu/ h ex]cis$ an exce$+ly important influ5ce on ! geographical & topographical di/ribution ( organisms1 & t x mu/ h entirely *ang$ x4 ,:ile ! cold sl[ly advanc$ f ! poles t[>ds ! equator1 & cov]$ l& & sea ) a connect$ %eet ( ice1 x mu/ ( c\rse h driv5 ! :ole liv+ _w be=e x4 ,animals & plants _h to migrate if !y wi%$ to escape be+ froz54 ,b z at t "t ! temp]ate & tropical zones 7 probably no less d5sely peopl$ ) animals & plants ?an at pres5t1 !re mu/ h aris5 a fe>ful /ruggle = life betwe5 ! latt] & ! intrud]s com+ f ! poles4 ,dur+ ?is /ruggle1 :i* c]ta9ly la/$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 _m species mu/ h p]i%$ & _m become modifi$ & be5 trans=m$ into new species4 ,! hi!rto exi/+ tracts ( di/ribution ( species mu/ h become completely *ang$1 & ! /ruggle h be5 cont9u$1 nay1 inde$1 mu/ h brok5 out anew & be5 c>ri$ on 9 new =ms1 :5 ! ice p]iod _h rea*$ & gone beyond its fur!/ po9t1 & :5 9 ! po/-glacial p]iod ! temp]ature aga9 increas$1 & organisms began to migrate back aga9 t[>ds ! poles4 ,9 any case ?is great *ange ( climate1 :e!r a great] or less importance be ascrib$ to x1 is "o ( ^? occurr5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :i* h mo/ p[]fully influ5c$ ! di/ribution ( organic =ms4 ,b m especially "o important & difficult *orological circum/ance is expla9$ by x 9 ! simple/ mann]1 namely1 ! specific agreem5t ( _m ( our ,alp9e inhabitants ) "s ( ^? liv+ 9 pol> regions4 ,!re is a great numb] ( rem>kable animal & vegetable =ms :i* are common to ^! two f> di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?1 & :i* are f\nd n[h]e 9 ! wide pla9s ly+ betwe5 !m4 ,_! migration f ! pol> l&s to ! ,alp9e heights1 or vice v]sa1 w\ld be inconceivable "u ! pres5t climatic circum/ances1 or c\ld be assum$ at lea/ only 9 a few r>e in/ances4 ,b su* a migration c\ld take place1 nay1 0 oblig$ to take place1 dur+ ! gradual advance & retreat ( ! ice-%eet4 ,z ! glaciation encroa*$ f ,nor!rn ,europe t[>ds our ,alp9e *a9s1 ! pol> inhabitants retreat+ be=e x--g5tian1 saxifrage1 pol> foxes1 & pol> h>es--mu/ h peopl$ ,g]many1 9 fact all ,c5tral ,europe4 ,:5 ! temp]ature aga9 increas$1 only a portion ( ^! ,arctic inhabitants return$ ) ! retreat+ ice to ! ,arctic zones4 ,ano!r portion ( !m climb$ up ! m\nta9s ( ! ,alp9e *a9 in/ead1 & !re f\nd ! cold climate suit$ to !m4 ,! problem is ?us solv$ 9 a mo/ simple mann]4 ,we h hi!rto pr9cipally consid]$ ! !ory ( ! migrations ( organisms 9 s f> z x expla9s ! radiation ( e animal & vegetable species f a s+le primval home1 f a 8c5tral po9t ( creation10 & ! disp]sion ( ^! species ov] a great] or less portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b ^! migrations are also ( great importance to ! !ory ( developm5t1 because we c p]ceive 9 !m a v important means = ! orig9 ( new species4 ,:5 animals & plants migrate !y meet 9 _! new home1 9 ! same way z d human emigrants1 ) conditions :i* are m or less diff]5t f ^? :i* !y h inh]it$ ?r\gh\t g5]ations1 & to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$4 ,! emigrants mu/ ei!r submit & adapt !mselves to ^! new conditions ( life or !y p]i%4 ,by adaptation _! peculi> specific "* becomes ! m *ang$ ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! new & ! old home4 ,! new climate1 ! new food1 b above all1 new neighb\rs 9 ! =ms ( o!r animals & plants1 influ5ce & t5d to modify ! inh]it$ "* ( ! immigrant species1 & if x is n h>dy en\gh to resi/ ! influ5ces1 !n soon] or lat] a new species mu/ arise out ( x4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is trans=mation ( an immigrant species takes place s quickly "u ! influ5ce ( ! alt]$ /ruggle = life1 t ev5 aft] a few g5]ations a new species arises f x4 ,migration has an especial influ5ce 9 ?is way on all organisms ) sep>ate sexes4 ,= 9 !m ! orig9 ( new species by natural selection is always r5d]$ difficult1 or delay$1 by ! fact t ! modifi$ desc5dants occasionally aga9 mix sexually ) ! un*ang$ orig9al =m1 & ?us by cross+ return to ! fir/ =m4 ,b if su* v>ieties h migrat$1 if great di/ances or b>ri]s to migration--seas1 m\nta9s1 etc4--h sep>at$ !m f ! old home1 !n ! dang] ( a m+l+ ) ! prim>y =m is prev5t$1 & ! isolation ( ! emigrant =m1 :i* becomes a new species by adaptation1 prev5ts its bre$+ ) ! old /ock1 & h5ce prev5ts its return 9 ?is way to ! orig9al =m4 ,! importance ( migration = ! isolation ( newly-orig9at+ species & ! prev5tion ( a spe$y return to ! prim>y =m has be5 especially po9t$ out by ! philosophic travell]1 ,moritz ,wagn]1 ( ,muni*4 ,9 a special treatise on 8,d>w9's ,!ory & ! ,law ( ! ,migration ( ,organisms107#dj7 ,wagn] gives f 8 own ri* exp]i5ce a great numb] ( /rik+ examples :i* confirm ! !ory ( migration set =? by ,d>w9 9 ! elev5? & twelf? *apt]s ( 8 book1 :]e he especially discusses ! effect ( ! complete isolation ( emigrant organisms 9 ! orig9 ( new species4 ,wagn] sets =? ! simple causes :i* h 8locally b\nd$ ! =m & f\nd$ its typical diff]5ce10 9 ! foll[+ ?ree propositions3--#a4 ,! great] ! total am\nt ( *ange 9 ! hi!rto exi/+ conditions ( life :i* ! emigrat+ individuals f9d on ent]+ a new t]ritory1 ! m int5sely mu/ ! innate v>iability ( e organism manife/ itself4 #b4 ,! less ?is increas$ individual v>iability ( organisms is di/urb$ 9 ! peaceful process ( reproduction by ! m+l+ ( num]\s subsequ5t immigrants ( ! same species1 ! m frequ5tly w nature succe$1 by int5sification & transmission ( ! new *>act]i/ics1 9 =m+ a new v>iety or race1 t is1 a comm5c+ species4 #c4 ,! m advantage\s ! *anges exp]i5c$ by ! individual organs are to ! v>iety1 ! m readily w x be able to adapt itself to ! surr\nd+ conditions2 & ! long] ! undi/urb$ bre$+ ( a comm5c+ v>iety ( coloni/s 9 a new t]ritory cont9ues )\t its m+l+ ) subsequ5t immigrants ( ! same species1 ! (t5] a new species w arise out ( ! v>iety4 ,e "o w agree ) ^! ?ree propositions ( ,moritz ,wagn]'s4 ,b we mu/ consid] 8 view1 t ! migration & ! subsequ5t isolation ( ! emigrant individuals is a necess>y condition = ! orig9 ( new species1 to be completely errone\s4 ,wagn] says1 8)\t a long-endur+ sep>ation ( coloni/s f _! =m] species1 ! =mation ( a new race _c succe$--selection1 9 fact1 _c take place4 ,unlimit$ cross+1 unh9d]$ sexual m+l+ ( all individuals ( a species w always produce uni=mity1 & drive v>ieties1 ^: *>act]i/ics h n be5 fix$ ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( g5]ations1 back to ! prim>y =m40 ,?is s5t5ce1 9 :i* ,wagn] himself comprises ! ma9 result ( 8 inve/igations1 he w\ld be able to def5d only if all organisms 7 ( sep>ate sexes1 if e orig9 ( new individuals 7 possible only by ! m+l+ ( male & female individuals4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,wagn] says no?+ ( ! num]\s h]maphrodites :i*1 possess+ bo? ! sexual organs1 are capable ( self-fructification1 & likewise no?+ ( ! c\ntless organisms :i* are n sexually diff]5tiat$4 ,n[1 f ! e>lie/ times ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 !re h exi/$ ?\s&s ( organic species 7?\s&s ( :i* /ill exi/7 9 :i* no diff]5ce ( sex :atev] exi/s1 &1 9 fact1 9 :i* no sexual propagation takes place1 & :i* exclusively reproduce !mselves 9 a non-sexual mann] by division1 budd+1 =mation ( spores1 etc4 ,all ! great mass ( ,proti/a1 ! ,mon]a1 ,amb1 ,myxomycetes1 ,rhizopoda1 etc41 9 %ort1 all ! l[] organisms :i* we %all h to enum]ate 9 ! doma9 ( ,proti/a1 /&+ midway betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 propagate !mselves exclusively 9 a non-sexual mann]4 ,& ?is doma9 comprises a class ( organisms :i* is "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 =ms1 nay1 ev5 9 a c]ta9 respect ! ri*e/ ( all 9 =ms1 z all possible geometrical fundam5tal =ms are repres5t$ 9 x4 ,i allude to ! wond]ful class ( ! ,rhizopoda1 or ,ray-/ream]s1 to :i* ! lime-%ell$ ,acytt>ia & ! fl9t-%ell$ ,radiol>ia belong4 7,comp>e *apt] xvi47 ,x is self-evid5t1 !re=e1 t ,wagn]'s !ory is q inapplicable to all ^! non-sexual organisms4 ,moreov]1 ! same applies to all ^? h]maphrodites 9 :i* e individual possesses bo? male & female organs & is capable ( self-fructification4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,flat-worms1 flukes1 & tape-worms1 fur!r 9 ! important ,sack-worms 7,tunicates71 ! inv]tebrate relatives ( ! v]tebrate animals1 & 9 v _m o!r organisms ( diff]5t gr\ps4 ,_m ( ^! species h aris5 by natural selection1 )\t a 8cross+0 ( ! orig9at+ species ) its prim>y =m hav+ be5 possible4 ,z ,i h already %[n 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 ! orig9 ( ! two sexes1 & consequ5tly sexual propagation 9 g5]al1 mu/ be consid]$ z a process :i* began only 9 lat] p]iods ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?1 be+ ! result ( diff]5tiation or division ( lab\r4 ,! mo/ anci5t t]re/rial organisms c h propagat$ !mselves only 9 ! simple/ non-sexual mann]4 ,ev5 n[ all ,proti/a1 z well z all ! c\ntless =ms ( cells1 :i* con/itute ! body ( high] organisms1 multiply !mselves only by non-sexual g5]ation4 ,& yet !re arise "h 8new species0 by diff]5tiation 9 consequ5ce ( natural selection4 ,b ev5 if we 7 to take into consid]ation ! animal & vegetable species ) sep>ate sexes1 9 ?is case too we %\ld h to oppose ,wagn]'s *ief proposition1 t 8! migration ( organisms & _! =mation ( colonies is ! necess>y condition ( natural selection40 ,augu/ ,weismann1 9 8 treatise on ! 8,influ5ce ( ,isolation ^u ! ,=mation ( ,species107#bd7 has already suffici5tly refut$ t proposition1 & has %[n t ev5 9 "o & ! same di/rict "o bi-sexual species may divide itself into sev]al species by natural selection4 ,9 relation to ?is "q1 ,i mu/ aga9 call to m9d ! great influ5ce :i* division ( lab\r1 or diff]5tiation1 possesses1 be+ "o ( ! necess>y results ( natural selection4 ,all ! diff]5t k9ds ( cells con/itut+ ! body ( ! high] organisms1 ! n]ve cells1 muscle cells1 gl& cells1 etc41 all ^! 8good species10 ^! 8bon species0 ( elem5t>y organisms1 h aris5 solely by division ( lab\r1 9 consequ5ce ( natural selection1 al?\gh !y n only nev] 7 locally isolat$1 b ev] s9ce _! orig9 h always exi/$ 9 ! close/ local relations "o ) ano!r4 ,n[1 ! same reason+ t applies to ^! elem5t>y organisms1 or 8individuals ( ! fir/ ord]10 applies also to ! _m-cell$ organisms ( a high] ord] :i* only at a lat] date h aris5 z 8good species0 f among _! fell[s4 ,we are !re=e ( ! same op9ion z ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 t ! migration ( organisms & _! isolation 9 _! new home is a v advantage\s condition = ! orig9 ( new species2 b we _c admit1 z ,wagn] ass]ts1 t x is a necess>y condition1 & t )\t x no species c arise4 ,wagn] sets up ?is op9ion1 8t migration is a necess>y condition = natural selection10 z a special 8law ( migration02 b we consid] x suffici5tly refut$ by ! above-m5tion$ facts4 ,we h1 moreov]1 already po9t$ out t 9 reality ! orig9 ( new species by natural selection is a ma!matical & logical necessity :i*1 )\t any?+ else1 foll[s f ! simple comb9ation ( ?ree great facts4 ,^! ?ree fundam5tal facts are--! ,/ruggle = ,life1 ! ,adaptability1 & ! ,h]$itivity ( organisms4 ,we _c "h ent] into detail conc]n+ ! num]\s int]e/+ ph5om5a furni%$ by ! geographical & topographical di/ribution ( organic species1 :i* are all wond]fully expla9$ by ! !ory ( selection & migration4 ,= ^! ,i ref] to ! writ+s ( ,d>w917#a7 ,wallace17#cf7 & ,moritz ,wagn]17#dj7 9 :i* ! important doctr9e ( ! limits ( di/ribution--seas1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s--is excell5tly discuss$ & illu/rat$ by num]\s examples4 ,only ?ree o!r ph5om5a mu/ be m5tion$ "h on acc\nt ( _! special importance4 ,fir/1 ! close relation ( =ms1 t is1 ! /rik+ 8family lik5ess0 exi/+ betwe5 ! *>act]i/ic local =ms ( e "p ( ! globe1 & _! ext9ct fossil ance/ors 9 ! same "p ( ! globe2 secondly1 ! no less /rik+ 8family lik5ess0 betwe5 ! inhabitants ( isl& gr\ps & ^? ( ! neighb\r+ cont95t f :i* ! isl&s 7 peopl$2 la/ly & ?irdly1 ! peculi> "* pres5t$ 9 g5]al by ! flora & fauna ( isl&s tak5 z a :ole4 ,all ^! *orological facts giv5 by ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & ,wagn]--especially ! rem>kable ph5om5a ( ! limit$ local fauna & flora1 ! relations ( insul> to cont95tal inhabitants1 ! wide di/ribution ( ! s-call$ 8cosmopolitan species10 ! close relation%ip ( ! local species ( ! pres5t day ) ! ext9ct species ( ! same limit$ t]ritory1 ! demon/rable radiation ( e species f a s+le c5tral po9t ( creation--all ^!1 & all o!r ph5om5a furni%$ to u by ! geographical & ! topographical di/ribution ( organisms1 are expla9$ 9 a simple & ?or\gh mann] by ! !ory ( selection & migration1 :ile )\t x !y are simply incompreh5sible4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! :ole ( ?is s]ies ( ph5om5a we f9d a new & weighty pro( ( ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 #a ,! _w is p]fect save :]e ,man ,comes 9 ) 8 /rife4 #b ,ar*ebiosis 7,ba/ian71 ,abiog5esis 7,huxley74 #c ,alle ,gli$] bild5 si* aus na* ew'g5 ,gesetz51 ,und die selt5/e ,=m bewahrt im ,geheimniss das ,urbild4 ,also be/immt die ,ge/alt die ,leb5sweise des ,?i]es4 ,und die ,weise zu leb51 sie wirkt auf alle ,ge/alt5 ,m*tig zurck4 ,s zeiget si* fe/ die geordnete ,bildung1 ,wel*e zum ,we*sel si* neigt dur* uss]li* wirk5de ,wes54 #d 8,e9/weil5 bis d5 ,bau d] ,welt ,philosophie zusamm5hlt1 ,erhlt si* ihr ,getriebe ,dur* ,hung] und dur* ,liebe40 #e 8,allgeme9e ,naturges*i*te und ,!orie des ,himmels40 #f ,we mu/ wait = full] in=mation on ! subject ( ,ba?ybius1 at ! h&s ( ! naturali/s ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition1 be=e accept+ x f9ally z a di/9ct organism4--,editor4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,works ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,tea*+4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,man4 ,a ,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,pr9cipal ,po9ts ( ,human ,ontog5y & ,phylog5y4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 au?or ( 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation10 etc4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,9 two vols41 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price1 #e4jj4 ,f ! ,london ,saturday ,review4 8,9 ?is excell5t translation ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's "w1 ! ,engli% read] has access to ! late/ doctr9es ( ! ,cont95tal s*ool ( evolution1 9 its application to ! hi/ory or man4 ,x is 9 ,g]many1 beyond any o!r ,european c\ntry1 t ! impulse giv5 by ,d>w9 tw5ty ye>s ago to ! !ory ( evolution has influ5c$ ! :ole t5or ( philosophical op9ion4 ,!re may be1 & are1 diff]5ces 9 ! degree to :i* ! doctr9e may be held capable ( ext5sion into ! doma9 ( m9d & morals2 b !re is no d5y+1 9 sci5tific circles at lea/1 t z reg>ds ! physical hi/ory ( organic nature mu* has be5 done t[>d mak+ good a cont9u\s s*eme ( be+40 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation2 or1 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants by ! ,action ( ,natural ,causes4 ,a ,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution 9 g5]al1 & ( t ( ,d>w91 ,goe!1 & ,lam>ck 9 p>ticul>4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,ern/ ,haeckel1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,! translation revis$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,li?ographic ,plates4 ,9 #b vols41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,nature4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,m ,,criticisms ,,on ,,d>w91 ,,& ,,adm9i/rative ,,nihilism4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,limp clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals4 ,illu/rat$4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,inv]tebrat$ ,,animals4 #b4ej4 ,,lays]mons1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,reviews4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,am]ican ,,addresses2 ) a ,lecture on ! ,/udy ( ,biology4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,physiography3 an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,nature4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,color$ ,plates4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley & ,w4 ,j4 ,y\mans4 #a vol41 #abmo4 #a4ej4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #a1 #c1 #e ,,bond ,,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,em95t ,,mod]n ,,sci5ti/s4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,works4 #ad vols41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #be4be4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 #b #jj ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 #b vols4 #d #jj ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #b vols4 #d #jj ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sociology4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 #b #jj ,,c]emonial ,,in/itutions4 ,be+ ,"p ,,iv4 ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 #a #be ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics4 #a #be ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology4 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies7 #a #ej ,,education4 #a #be ,,discussions ,,9 ,,sci5ce1 ,,philosophy1 ,,& ,,morals4 #b #jj ,,univ]sal ,,progress4 #b #jj ,,essays3 ,,moral1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,/hetic4 #b #jj ,,social ,,/atics4 #b #jj ,,philosophy ,,( ,,/yle4 #abmo4 ,flexible clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,descriptive ,,sociology4 ,to ,subscrib]s1 = ! :ole "w1 p] "p1 #c4ej2 s+le "p #d4jj4 ,publi%$ 9 folio1 ) ,tables4 ,six ,p>ts n[ ready1 namely3 #a4 ,engli%2 #b4 ,anci5t ,am]icans2 #c4 ,negritto & ,malayo-,polynesian ,races2 #d4 ,african ,races2 #e4 ,asiatic ,races2 #f4 ,nor? 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