,,! ,,b>net ,,book ,,( ,,photography4 ,,! ,,b>net ,,book ,,( ,,photography4 ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,practical ,,articles ,,by ,,capt4 ,w4 ,,de ,w4 ,,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,bo?amley1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,*apman ,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,h>old ,,bak] ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton ,,john ,h4 ,,av]y ,w4 ,,?omas ,,&rew ,,pr+le ,,john ,a4 ,,hodges1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a4 ,w4 ,,e!lb]t ,,h5ry1 ,c4,e4 ,,james ,,packham1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,,?o',s4 ,s4 ,,skelton ,illu/ration ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,publi%$ by ,,elliott ,,son1 ,,b>net1 ,,h]ts4 ,,p]cy ,,lund1 ,,humphries ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #c1 ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #ahih4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,,page4 ,,alp9e ,,photography4 ,w4 de ,w4 ,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 #i ,,negative ,,mak+4 ,c4 ,h4 ,bo?amley1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 #bc ,,l5ses4 ,*apman ,jones1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 #eg ,,portraiture4 ,h>old ,bak] #gg ,,pictorial ,,photography4 ,a4 ,horsley ,h9ton #hg ,,ar*itectural ,,photography4 ,john ,h4 ,av]y #aag ,,! ,,h& ,,cam]a ,,& ,,its ,,use4 ,w4 ,?omas #aca ,,lant]n ,,slides4 ,&rew ,pr+le #ada ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,enl>gem5ts4 ,john ,a4 ,hodges1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #aee ,p4,o4,p4 ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,lamb]t1 ,m4,a4 #agg ,,plat9otype ,,pr9t+4 ,a4 ,horsley ,h9ton #aig ,,contact ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,bromide ,,pap]4 ,w4 ,e!lb]t ,h5ry1 ,c4,e4 #bbe ,,! ,,gum-,,bi*romate ,,process4 ,jas4 ,packham1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #bda ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,c>bon ,,pr9t+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s #bec ,,! ,,c>bon ,,process4 ,?omas ,s4 ,skelton #bfa ,,illu/rations4 ,,homew>ds4 ,,k>l ,,greg] #af ,,among ,,! ,,alps4 ,w4 ,,de ,w4 ,,abney #bd ,,w9t] ,,"t ,,on ,,! ,,alps4 ,w4 ,,de ,w4 ,,abney #dj ,,melton ,,mead[s4 ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton #gb ,,miss ,,lily ,,hanbury--,a ,,portrait4 ,,h>old ,,bak] #hh ,,ga!r ,,! ,,roses ,,:ile ,,ye ,,may4 ,,alex4 ,,keighley #abj ,,bir* ,,& ,,brack54 ,w4 ,,?omas #acf ,,drift+ ,,/orm ,,cl\ds4 ,w4 ,,?omas #afh ,,/reonsal*4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,w>r5 #bjj ,,cupbo>d ,,love4 ,t4 ,,lee ,,syms #bcb ,,at ,,! ,,f\nta94 ,j4 ,w4 ,,wade #bfd ,,preface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b>net ,,book ,,( ,,photography4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to place 9 ! h&s ( e ,photograph] in/ructive articles on ess5tial processes & manipulations1 by em95t writ]s :o h giv5 su* subjects _! especial /udy1 & :o h borne 9 m9d t :il/ ! exp]i5c$ ,amateur & ! ,pr(essional may ea* f9d mu* to le>n f a comp>atively elem5t>y description ( me?ods & means1 x is ! ,beg9n] :o /&s 9 greate/ ne$ ( help4 ,9 ! m9d ( e photograph] ! "n ( ,b>net is insep>able f a great ,photographic ,indu/ry1 & n[ x is int5d$ t ! "n %all be associat$ ) a good & useful book1 :i* is call$ ! ,,b>net ,,book ,,( ,,photography1 & x is left to ! read] to say if ! fulfilm5t ( its purpose & ! mann] ( its do+ are su* z to ju/ify its exi/5ce4 ,to all :o are int]e/$ 9 photography1 :o love x = itself & = its productions1 & :o desire to improve _! own practice ( its _m processes & applications1 ?is ,book is respectfully d$icat$4 ,b>net1 ,h]ts4 ,april1 #ahih4 ,,elliott ,,son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,copyright4 ,,negative ,,by ,w4 ,l4 ,f4 ,,wa/ell4 ,a ,,fam\s ,,pike ,,/ream4 ,contact ,pr9t on ,,b>net ,,plat9o-,,matt ,,bromide ,,pap]4 ,alp9e ,photography4 ,illu/ration ,writ+ 9 ,london on a day 9 w9t] ) a murky sky & slo%y /reets1 ! title ( ,alp9e ,photography is v]ily refre%+4 ,x br+s back days ( sunlight & joy\s exp]im5t1 & z we write ! s\l /irr+ sc5]y is be=e u call$ up by photographs tak5 "u v>y+ conditions ( com=t & discom=t4 ,t !re is some?+ diff]5t 9 ,alp9e photography to photography 9 our own c\ntry1 we are b\nd to believe1 s9ce a special article is dem&$ = x4 ,! fir/ "q inv>iably ask$ is z to ! nature ( ! outfit requir$4 ,we %\ld "h l to divide our reply into two divisions4 ,! "o conc]n+ ! m\nta9e]1 & ! o!r ! ord9>y t\ri/4 ,= ! =m] we h no d\bt 9 our m9ds t a h& cam]a to take #a_/d plate or #e #d pictures is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( cam]a to take4 ,x is n our bus9ess to adv]tise any p]son's w>es & we %all cont5t ourselves by say+ t p]sonally we pref] a cam]a :i* has sep>ate slides & does n possess a magaz9e1 m p>ticul>ly :5 glass plates are to be us$1 ?\gh a =m ( ,kodak is n to be despis$4 ,b p]haps we are prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( glass plates1 = !y are simple to manipulate & h no cockles nor o!r drawbacks :i* ! c>eless photograph] may h to enc\nt]4 ,probably ! mo/ useful l5s to employ is a d\blet ( :i* ! focal l5g? is ab\t a qu>t] m ?an ! wid? ( ! plate1 s9ce x includes a fair angle & ! m>g9s ( ! photographs are n likely to be m>k$ly diff]5t 9 g5]al d5sity to ! c5tre1 z is ! case :5 wide-angle l5ses are employ$4 ,9 ,engl& a l5s :i* w cov] ) a l>ge /op1 say f_/#h1 is a desid]atum1 b 9 ! ,alps x is v r>ely t su* a l>ge ratio ( ap]ture to focal l5g? is requir$4 ,z a rule = ord9>y plates a l5s has to be /opp$ d[n to f_/#af to give a negative 9 say #a_/ej? ( a second4 ,nev]!less :]e or?o*romatic plates are to be employ$ x is v necess>y to h a l5s :i* w cov] a plate satisfactorily ) f_/#h 9 ord] to use a col\r scre5 = produc+ or?o*romatic effects1 s9ce ! loss ( photographic light caus$ by ! scre5 c only be comp5sat$ = by su* an ap]ture ev5 :5 ! %utt] is sl[$ d[n4 ,! read] is !re=e recomm5d$ on ! :ole to furni% himself ) "o ( ! mod]n l5ses :i* "w at f_/#h1 ?\gh he mu/ rememb] t ! l>g] ! ap]ture employ$ ! m ! m>g9s & c5tre ( ! picture w suff] f unequal exposure4 ,) "s h& cam]as !re is a means ( atta*m5t to a /&1 b a /& on a m\nta9 is difficult to use & moreov] has on m ?an "o occasion be5 prov$ dang]\s to c>ry4 ,! m\nta9e] if he desires to give a "t--& n an in/antane\s--exposure on 8 excursion1 w\ld d well to h a small clip ready to atta* to ! head ( 8 ice axe4 ,! axe w =m a suffici5tly /able /& = ! m prolong$1 b /ill %ort1 exposure t he may be requir$ to give on "s p>ticul> subjects su* z a photograph at sunrise or ne> sunset4 ,photograph]s 9 ,engl& are r>ely afflict$ ) brea?lessness ?r\gh ex]tion1 b x is diff]5t 9 m\nta9e]+4 ,a m\nta9e] may keep 8 w9d1 b x w\ld be r>e to f9d t 8 he>t 0 beat+ equably aft] "s spurt ( ex]tion1 su* z rock climb+4 ,x is (t5 aft] "s su* ex]tion t he comes ^u "s view :i* he may wi% to record on 8 photographic plate4 ,! usual me?od ( hold+ ! h& cam]a w\ld "u su* circum/ances prove a failure s f> z %>pness ( image is conc]n$4 ,press$ aga9/ 8 middle or upp] *e/1 ! beat+s ( ! he>t w record !mselves on ! photograph4 ,"u su* circum/ances resort mu/ be _h to "s =m ( support on :i* to re/ 8 cam]a4 ,aft] _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ! writ] has come to ! conclusion t !re is no support sup]ior to ! ice axe4 ,x is n necess>y to cause x to /& upright 9 ! gr\nd1 ice1 or sn[1 ?\gh ?is %\ld be done if possible4 ,x w suffice to re/ ! po9t on ! rock1 & place ! cam]a on ! axe head1 ) ! pick p>allel to ! body4 ,we !n h a firm support 9 "o direction1 & ! h&s1 :i* are n affect$ by ! automatic motion ( ! he>t1 c be tru/$ to keep x /eady 9 ! o!r direction4 ,photographs tak5 ) a good l5s1 & ) su* a /&1 w be> enl>g+ up to #bb in*es1 at lea/4 ,x is because ^! photographs w be> enl>g+ t a small plate is recomm5d$ to ! m\nta9e]4 ,!re is n a l>ge proportion ( ,alp9e views tak5 on ! m\nta9 side ( :i* "o w\ld c>e to h any?+ b a memor&um1 & x is su* a size z t recomm5d$ :i* gives su* a mem5to1 & :i*1 if desir$1 all[s a m =midable size to be acquir$ at home1 :]e we may suppose !re are all ! conv5i5ces t a photographic laboratory af=ds4 ,! writ] has _h exp]i5ce on m\nta9s ) cam]as v>y+ f #ab #aj to ! #a_/d plate size4 ,:5 y\ng] & m incl9$ to wa/e a few valuable m9utes ( daylight 9 putt+ up a cam]a /&1 ! #ab #aj gave pictures :i* we (t5 lam5t$ hav+ tak51 :il/ 9 8 m mature ye>s1 a snap-%ot has nev] be5 regrett$4 ,! cam]as :i* require /&s1 require "o port] at lea/ to c>ry !m1 = al?\gh ! late ,mr4 ,donk9 c>ri$ 8 own #g-a_/b #e cam]a up ! highe/ peaks1 x is few m51 :o1 ev5 if !y _h ! en]gy or ! physique t he _h1 w\ld imitate 8 example4 ,a port] means an extra exp5se 9 fees1 & an extra m\? to fe$1 & v likely entails sl[ness 9 a climb ?r\gh hav+ an additional man ^u ! rope4 ,a qu>t] plate or a #e #d cam]a ! own]1 h[ev]1 c himself c>ry2 b ! be/ =m ( atta*+ x to 8 body has be5 a difficult task to evolve4 ,_m & _m diff]5t atta*m5ts h be5 tri$4 ,"o ?+ is q c]ta91 & t is1 ! cam]a %\ld be 9 a /\t case1 b x _c be c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld]s by a /rap z we c d 9 comp>atively level c\ntries4 ,let anyone try to come d[n a rock ) ! cam]a slung ov] 8 %\ld]s1 & he w soon f9d x dangl+ 9 front ( 8 /oma*1 or sw++ l a p5dulum1 & ?reat5+ to displace him f :at at be/ may be a trea*]\s h&hold4 ,! me?od ( atta*m5t we adopt n[1 w be readily se5 f ! diagram4 ,illu/ration ,! %\ld] /rap is utiliz$1 b a r+ is atta*$ to ! back ( ! case z %[n1 & a /rap or piece ( :ipcord comes ov] ! /rap z %[n4 ,! two %\ld]s are 9 ,,aa & ! case is c>ri$ z a knapsack4 ,! l5g? ( ! cord or /rap ,,bb is s adju/$1 z is also ! l5g? ( ! %\ld] /rap1 t ! cam]a lies aga9/ ! small ( ! back1 & t x w n sw+ away f ! body4 ,at "o "t ! r+ 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! case1 b ! result 0 m]ely to cause ! top ( ! case to re/ aga9/ ! back4 ,! plan %[n above has answ]$ "u almo/ e v>iety ( circum/ances1 & ! weight is inconsid]able4 7,a fri5d has 8 cam]a atta*$ to ! bottom ( a small rcksac & ?is answ]s1 b z ! writ] does n c>ry 8 own provisions or *ange ( g>m5ts he has n adopt$ ?is plan74 ,a long day's m>* may be und]tak5 if ?is contrivance be employ$1 & ! weight is sc>cely felt4 ,= ^? :o h n _h ext5sive practice ) h& cam]as1 a view f9d] is1 if n a necessity1 at all ev5ts1 a great help4 ,on ! :ole1 p]haps ! be/ =m is t 9 :i* a m9iature view falls on a gr\nd glass4 ,x mu/ be recollect$1 h[ev]1 t ea* view f9d] is adapt$ = "s p>ticul> focal l5g? ( l5s4 ,! view 9 ! f9d] & on ! plate %\ld be comp>$1 & if ! =m] is m ext5sive1 ! surplus gr\nd glass %\ld be cov]$ up ) a black mask4 ,if x be det]m9$ to take a cam]a ) its /&1 v few directions are requir$ beyond ^? :i* apply to ord9>y view "w on ! pla9s4 ,x may p]haps be z well to m5tion t a cam]a /& plac$ on ice or sn[1 is n immovable until ! iron %oes ( ! legs atta9 ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ sn[ or ice4 ,an exposure ( a few seconds w (t5 %[ an image :i* has mov$ on ! plate4 ,! next po9t t we may call att5tion to is ! plate to be employ$4 ,) a h& cam]a !re is no absolute necessity to h ! mo/ rapid plate1 z f> z exposure is conc]n$1 b 9 m\nta9 "w x mu/ be recollect$ t !re are v great contra/s to repres5t on ! pr9t4 ,! sl[] ! plate ! /eep] ! gradation is almo/ axiomatic1 & x mu/ be recollect$ t only a c]ta9 am\nt ( opacity w pr9t if ! deepe/ %ad[s only are to be kept ( ! greate/ black obta9able 9 a pr9t4 ,x is evid5t t ! great] ! range ( light & %ade t is obta9$ ( a pr9table d5sity1 ! m true to nature ! picture w be4 ,= ?is reason a quick plate ) a mod]ate gradation is to be pref]r$--z be+ mo/ g5]ally useful--b x %\ld be a plate :i* is absolutely free f fog1 & x %\ld also be ( z f9e a gra9 z possible1 ! size ( :i* has some?+ to d ) developm5t4 ,?is is /ill m true :5 a cam]a /& & h& exposures are made4 ,) a sl[ plate ) feebl] int5sities ( light1 :i* mu/ be ! case :5 ! l5s is /opp$ d[n to admit ( h& exposures1 ! gradation becomes m /eep ?an if a fairly bright light be employ$4 ,a quick plate does n suff] 9 ! same way1 h[ev] small ! /op may be4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t iso*romatic plates may be employ$ ) a h& cam]a4 ,= ice & sn[ views !re is n mu* to comm5d _! employm5t1 unless to give a deep] %ade to ! sky & to ! va/ crevasses :i* s (t5 =m "p ( ! =egr\nd4 ,! d>k] sky all[s fa9t cl\ds to be visible 9 a pr9t :5 !y o!rwise w\ld be abs5t4 ,pictorially ?us ! iso*romatic plate has some?+ to recomm5d x4 ,celluloid films h (t5 be5 sub/itut$ = plates by ! writ]1 & excell5t photographs h be5 obta9$ on !m :5 !y 7 fairly rapid4 ,!re is n mu* to be said 9 _! fav\r z reg>ds weight1 = 9 mo/ cam]as ! support = !m weighs ne>ly z mu* z ! glass plate4 ,!re is also a disadvantage 9 develop+ !m1 = !y are n s easily manipulat$ z a rigid body4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 travell+1 h[ev]1 !y are to be highly comm5d$4 ,a gross ( cut films d n weigh s mu* z a doz5 plates & occupy mu* less space 9 ! baggage4 ,! "q ( ! use ( a ,kodak cam]a ) its roll] slide1 has n be5 br\ght =w>d1 n because excell5t results _c be obta9$ ) x1 b simply because ! writ] pref]s to use plates & films :i* c be got at any "t = ! purpose ( developm5t4 ,= travell+ on ! cont95t1 & to "o's m\nta9 de/9ation1 exp]i5ce has %[n t a small hamp] is ! safe/ receptacle ( all ! necess>y kit4 ,a hamp] :i* w conta9 two cam]a cases side by side is really suffici5t2 b x %\ld be a little great] 9 dep?4 ,x may be ?\ght t two cam]as are to be tak51 b su* is n ! int5tion4 ,if a z9c tr\gh be made ( ! size ( "o cam]a case x w conta9 all ! develop+ app>atus necess>y1 ! lant]n1 & ! plates or films1 & all ! few etcet]as :i* g to make "o happy4 7,a screwdriv]1 a file1 & "s extra screws1 & gumm$ pap] & :ite blott+ pap] cut to ! size ( ! plates %\ld be en\gh = ! etcet]as74 ,! hamp] may be arrang$ s t ! cam]a & view f9d] may be tak5 out )\t any d]angem5t ( ! re/ ( ! articles 9 x4 ,! develop+ bottles & cups1 ) ! di%es1 may be simil>ly extract$4 ,?is prev5ts undue tr\ble 9 unpack+ & pack+4 ,"o gr& ?+ to rememb] is1 pack well b n di/ress+ly tightly1 9 o!r words don't employ an exp]t pack] if y wi% = com=t4 ,h ! hamp] a size too l>ge r ?an a size too small4 ,also be x rememb]$ t x is useless to /opp] ! bottles ) all sorts ( devices at home1 & h to pack 9 an ord9>y mann] :5 once ! cont5ts ( ! hamp] h be5 br\ght into use4 ,h y\r bottles cov]$ ) an indi>ubb] cap :i* c easily be remov$ & replac$2 ( c\rse we are assum+ t developm5t is to take place dur+ "o's travels1 & n to be left ov] = home4 ,p]sonally we ?9k t a spe$y developm5t aft] a view is tak5 w give ! be/ picture4 ,x may (t5 happ5 t an undevelop$ s5sitive plate or film w suff] by its travels4 ,!re w or may be scrat*es & :at n1 :i* w\ld be abs5t if ! negative is f9i%$ at ! "t4 ,! outfit = developm5t :i* ne$ only be tak5 is z foll[s3 f\r develop+ di%es1 bottles or c>tridges ( ! dry develop]1 ammonia dilut$ to half its /r5g? 9 a glass /opp]$ bottle 7if 9 a wood5 case1 z = m$ic9e bottles1 x w be a fur!r protection71 a c\ple ( t9s ( hyposulphite p\nd$ up be=e ! j\rney1 c>ri$ 9 small t9s 7su* t9s z ! half-plate plat9um pap] comes 9 are v conv5i5t71 two or ?ree empty six ounce m$ic9e bottles ) good corks1 a two or f\r ounce measure1 a wa%+ rack ) a tr\gh 7!re is a fold+ rack 9 ! m>ket :i* answ]s admirably2 x has v %ap$ grooves :i* nev] damage ! edges ( ! film1 & "o rack w take tw5ty-two glasses back to back74 ,a z9c tr\gh c be made to cov] ! plates ) wat] :5 9 ! rack1 a lant]n 7by pref]5ce a pap] fold+ "o71 a du/+ bru%1 a c\ple ( du/]s1 & blott+ pap] cut into squ>es ! size ( ! plates1 ) :i* to pack !m--x is useful also to h sp>e pieces ( blott+ pap] to place b5ea? ! plates :5 dry+1 also a piece ( mack9to% to place on ! wa% /& dur+ develop+ op]ations--an empty p9t w9e bottle w be got at any hotel & 9 ?is ! hyposulphite c be dissolv$4 ,! li/ looks =midable b ! :ole c be readily pack$ 9 ! hamp] ( ! size giv54 ,x w be se5 t no int5sify+ solutions are enum]at$ among/ ! requisites4 ,a negative is bett] /r5g!n$ 9 ! quiet ( "o's d>k-room at home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,homew>ds4 ,,k>l ,,greg]4 ,n[ we mu/ give a h9t or two z to ! exposures requir$4 ,we w suppose t on ! plates to be us$ a satisfactory negative ( an op5 ,engli% l&scape1 on a bright ,june day ) fleecy cl\ds 9 ! sky1 c be secur$ ) an ap]ture ( f_/#aa 9 #a_/be? ( a second4 ,if t be s1 !n on an equally f9e day 9 ,july or ,augu/1 at an altitude ( ab\t #fjjj feet1 ! same k9d ( view %\ld !oretically be secur$ 9 #a_/ej? second1 & a /op ( f_/#af--t is1 ! photographic light is ab\t f\r times z /rong4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be recollect$ t at ?is altitude1 & p>ticul>ly ne> mid-day1 ! %ad[s are n illum9at$ to ! same degree f ! sky4 ,! d>k] blue sky %[s t ! light :i* at a l[ altitude goes to make a pale blue sky is to be f\nd 9 ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & n scatt]$ to give a lum9\s sky4 ,z ! %ad[s are pr9cipally illum9at$ by ! light f ! sky1 x foll[s t ! %ad[s w be d>k] at a high ?an at a l[ altitude1 = ?is reason among/ o!rs1 ! exposure %\ld n be curtail$ to ! am\nt giv5 above4 ,if ! ap]ture be r$uc$ to f_/#af x is probable t ! exposure ( #a_/be? second w be n m ?an suffici5t to give4 ,= our own "p we pref] to give long] & to expose well = ! deep %ad[s1 tru/+ to developm5t to give u prop]ly gradat$ pictures4 ,z ! sun goes d[n t[>d ! horizon1 ! %ad[s get m illum9$ f local reflection1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to alt] ! exposure until consid]ably ne>] sunset ?an at home1 :5 ! exposure mu/ be consid]ably prolong$4 ,= views 9 :i* !re is little b ice & sn[1 ! exposure %\ld be v mu* curtail$4 ,!re is s little contra/ t if ! exposure be at all prolong$ ! picture w be inevitably flat4 ,! %ad[s are illum9$ by an imm5se quantity ( light reflect$ f ! :ite surface1 & ! difficulty is to get suffici5t contra/4 ,! writ] well rememb]s "o set ( beautiful views1 tak5 f ! top ( a m\nta9 "s #aj1jjj feet high1 :]e ! eye c\ld see no?+ b sn[-fields & ice & swirl+ masses ( cl\ds4 ,! day 0 n bright1 b to get a satisfactory picture a /op ( f_/#cb 0 necess>y ) only an exposure ( #a_/gj? ( a second4 ,plates giv5 an exposure ( #a_/be? second ) a /op f_/#af %[$ little besides a pla9 :ite mass4 ,x w\ld be difficult to give h9ts = e k9d ( view4 ,! judgm5t ( ! op]ator mu/ be br\ght into play & no act9omet] w be ( mu* use "u ! v>i$ conditions :i* are ! rule1 n ! exception4 ,n[ z to developm5t4 ,! "o-solution giv5 by ! metol & amidol c>tridges are ! mo/ readily prep>$1 & 9 five times out ( six w sc>cely be bett]$1 b = ! six? "t may fail1 because ( _! rigidity4 ,= ^! exceptional negatives1 solutions ( an oxidiz+ ag5t su* z pyrogallol1 ( a re/ra9] 7bromide71 & ( an accel]ator are to be recomm5d$4 ,= ! latt]1 ! c>bonate 7n ! bic>bonate7 ( pota% is mu* to be recomm5d$1 ?\gh "s pref] ammonia4 ,two =mul are giv51 ei!r ( :i* w be f\nd extremely useful4 ,:5 ! exposure has be5 prolong$ en\gh = details 9 deep %ad[s to be br\ght out1 x w g5]ally happ5 t ov]-exposure has be5 giv5 to ! high-lights1 & x is to keep ^! 9 ! pr9t+ /ate t c>e is requir$4 ,9 ! old collodion dry plate days1 x 0 v usual to br+ out a complete phantom image ( a subject be=e any d5sity 0 giv5 to x4 ,:5 ?is 0 prop]ly out1 ! int5sifi] ( silv] nitrate & pyrogallol 0 appli$1 & ! picture gradually br\ght up to pr9t+ d5sity4 ,x 0 usually full ( detail 9 ! high-lights & %ad[s1 all ( :i* w\ld be f\nd 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,su* is ! same proc$ure :i* we recomm5d1 /rive to get out an image ( feeble d5sity b full ( detail1 & !n give ! d5sity4 ,! plate %\ld fir/ ( all be ?or\ghly soak$ 9 a solution ( ! alkali :i* c be us$1 & !n a few drops ( ! pyrogallol solution be dropp$ into ! develop+ cup ) an equal numb] ( drops ( ! re/ra9]4 ,! alkal9e solution is !n return$ to ! cup & aga9 p\r$ into ! di% & ov] ! plate4 ,by degrees ! requir$ phantom image w make its appe>ance1 & n[ bromide & pyrogallol are add$ until x is evid5tly complete4 ,! plate is !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 a f9al wa% be+ giv5 9 a v weak solution ( acetic acid or citric & wat]4 ,aft] a f9al r9se ) wat] ! plate is treat$ ) ! pyrogallol solution & re/ra9] 9 ! proportion recomm5d$ = ! ord9>y developm5t ( ! plate1 omitt+ ! alkali4 ,! d5sity w beg9 to appe>1 & :5 x flags1 a little alkali is add$ 7a few drops at a "t7 to ! solution4 ,keep ! image fairly feeble at above half ! prop] pr9t+ d5sity1 & fix4 ,! plate %\ld !n be kept = int5sification1 pref]ably by ,mr4 ,*apman ,jones's1 :5 a m]cury solution is appli$1 & !n a f]r\s oxalate to r$uce ! latt] to ! metallic /ate4 ,x w be f\nd if ?is proc$ure is adopt$1 t ! negative is built up ) a great] range ( light gradation ?an by br++ x out by a "o-solution me?od ( developm5t4 ,if "o wi%es to ex]cise arti/ic treatm5t1 !n 9 ! prelim9>y /age m importance c be giv5 to any desir$ "p by apply+ a camel's hair bru% soak$ 9 normal pyrogallol solution ) its re/ra9]4 ,! prom95ce ?us ga9$ w be kept 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,:5 apply+ ! bru% c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! image bl5ds z x 7 ) ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,no abrupt increase ( d5sity mu/ be p]mitt$1 z if x be1 ! result w be any?+ b satisfactory4 ,! foll[+ is an ammonia-pyro develop]1 ) :i* ! writ] usually works4 ,a ,ammonia #a "p4 ,wat] #i p>ts4 7,( c\rse1 %\ld ! ammonia be tak5 half /r5g? all[ance mu/ be made = ! dilution47 ,b ,potassium bromide #bj gra9s4 ,wat] #a ounce4 7,:5 travell+ x is v conv5i5t to h ! bromide weigh$ out into #bj gra9 packets47 ,p ,pyrogallol dry4 ,s ,saturat$ solution ( sulphite ( soda4 ,:5 ! view has /rong contra/s & ! plate has be5 expos$ = ! %ad[s take ( ,a #cj m9ims & #b ounces ( wat] & soak ! plate 9 x z giv5 above4 ,!n add to ! cup1 ( ,b #b drams1 ( ,s #a dram1 & ab\t qu>t] gra9 ( ,p4 ,p\r back ! solution ( ammonia f ! di%1 & !n apply ! mixture till all detail appe>s1 & proce$ z indicat$ above4 ,a saturat$ solution ( potassium c>bonate may be sub/itut$ = ! ammonia solution4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] x may be ( use to ! read] to tabulate ! numb] ( ?icknesses ( atmosph]es ?r\gh :i* light has to travel at diff]5t altitudes ( ! sun at sea level4 ,altitude4 ,atmosph]e4 #ij #a4jjj #hj #a4jae #gj #a4jfd #fj #a4aee #ej #a4cje #dj #a4eee #cj #a4iie #bj #b4ijd #ae #c4hji #aj #e4ega #e #aj4baf #d #ab4aea #b #ah4hhb #j #ce4ejc ,if sunlight outside ! atmosph]e be repres5t$ by #a & say #a_/aj? be cut (f by #a atmosph]e1 !n aft] transmission ?r\gh #b atmosph]es only 4#ha w rea* ! spectator1 & if ?r\gh #c only 4#gbi4 ,= any atmosph]e ! dim9ution w be #a_/aj?1 t is1 x w be 4#ix :]e x is ! numb] ( atmosph]es4 ,if we asc5d ! factor v>ies1 !re are less ?icknesses ( atmosph]e to g ?r\gh & we get ! foll[+ table4 ,photographically ,visual ,transmission ,act9ic ,light ,b>omet] 7,sunlight outside ,transmitt$ 9 ,in*es4 ! ,atmosph]ic 7,sunlight outside be+ #a74 ! ,atmosph]ic be+ #a74 #cj 4#hec 4#fci #bi 4#hff 4#fed #bh 4#hge 4#fgb #bg 4#hhd 4#fhi #bf 4#hia 4#gjh #be 4#hii 4#gcj #bd 4#ijh 4#gdf #bc 4#iae 4#gfc #bb 4#ibb 4#ghg #ba 4#ibh 4#hjj #bj 4#icd 4#hai #ai 4#idj 4#hcc ,?is table & ! prec$+ "o w enable a calculation to be made z to ! exposure to be giv54 ,?us at sea level ) a photographic brightness ( sun ( #fci1jjj c&les :5 ne>ly ov]head1 x w at #e above ! horizon only h a photographic brightness ( ab\t #ajjj4 ,at ab\t #ijjj feet high ! photographic brightness w\ld :5 ! sun is ov]head be ab\t #hjj1jjj c&les1 & at #e x w\ld h a value ( #cej1jjj1 %[+ ! great] p5etration ?r\gh ! ?9n] atmosph]e4 ,w4 de ,w4 ,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc41 etc4 ,negative ,mak+4 ,,developm5t1 ,,int5sification1 ,,r$uc+1 ,etc4 ,illu/ration ,:5 a s5sitive plate has be5 prop]ly expos$ "u ord9>y conditions1 !re is no visible *ange4 ,! action ( light produces :at is kn[n z a lat5t image or developable image1 & 9 ord] to conv]t ?is into a visible image ) suffici5t opacity to be useful = pr9t+ purposes1 x mu/ be develop$4 ,9 ! op]ation ( developm5t1 ! plate is treat$ ) "s solution t w act on ! expos$ p>ts ( ! s5sitive film & r$uce ! silv] salts conta9$ !re9 to metallic silv]1 9 quantity proportional to ! am\nt ( light-action1 :il/ at ! same "t x produces no appreciable *ange 9 ^? p>ts ( ! film on :i* light has act$ ! lea/ or n at all1 & :i* correspond to ! d>ke/ %ad[s ( ! object t has be5 photograph$4 ,! solution us$ = ?is purpose is call$ ! develop]4 ,,develop]s--,,g5]al4 ,! sub/ances t c be employ$ z photographic develop]s are n[ some:at num]\s1 b ! mo/ useful = negative mak+ are pyrogallic acid 7also kn[n z pyrogallol1 or = brevity z pyro471 ortol1 metol1 & hydroqu9one 7also kn[n z qu9ol74 ,f]r\s oxalate is likewise us$ 9 special circum/ances1 b n = g5]al "w4 ,an ord9>y develop] z mix$ = use conta9s3-- #a4--,"o ( ! above-m5tion$ sub/ances 7pyrogallic acid1 ortol1 metol1 qu9ol7 :i* is ! actual develop+ con/itu5t1 & is kn[n z ! r$uc]1 b requires ! addition ( ! next con/itu5t be=e x c "w4 #b4--;,an alkali1 :i* may be sodium c>bonate1 potassium c>bonate1 cau/ic soda1 cau/ic pota%1 or1 if pyrogallic acid is us$1 ammonia4 ,! alkali sets ! r$uc] 9 action & is call$ ! accel]ator4 #c4--;,a soluble bromide1 :i* mu/ be potassium bromide except :5 ammonia is us$ z ! alkali1 & !n x may be ammonium bromide4 ,! *ief use ( ! bromide is to ret>d ! action ( ! develop]1 & 9 p>ticul> to prev5t its affect+ ^? p>ts ( ! film t h n be5 act$ on by light4 ,= ?is reason ! bromide is call$ ! re/ra9] or1 sometimes1 ! ret>d]4 #d4--;,a sulphite1 ! function ( :i* is to prev5t ! solution f becom+ /rongly discol\r$ & consequ5tly /a9+ ! film4 ,x also affects ! col\r ( ! r$uc$ silv] t =ms ! develop$ image1 ?is col\r be+ br[n]1 & consequ5tly ( high] pr9t+ opacity1 ! l[] ! proportion ( sulphite pres5t4 ,sodium sulphite & potassium metabisulphite are ! mo/ commonly us$4 ,! composition ( a develop] has to be s arrang$ t1 :il/ reasonably rapid 9 its action1 x is n s rapid z to be beyond control1 & does n produce g5]al fog by act+ on ^? p>ts ( ! film t h n be5 act$ on by light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,among ,,! ,,alps4 ,,capt4 ,w4 ,,de ,w4 ,,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,etc4 ,,developm5t--,,g5]al ,,op]ations ,,& ,,ph5om5a4 ,a develop] is usually comp\nd$ imm$iately be=e use by mix+ two or m solutions1 & 9 ord] to ensure uni=m action x is ess5tial t ! con/itu5ts %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ be=e ! liquid is appli$ to ! plate4 ,if ! measur+ or mix+ vessel is l>ge en\gh1 ?is c be done by agitat+ ! liquid2 if n1 ! liquid may be p\r$ once or twice f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,! quantity ( develop] necess>y = a plate ( a giv5 size dep5ds 9 "s degree ^u ! size & "* ( ! di% t is us$1 & is smalle/ :5 ! bottom ( ! di% is q flat & has no ridges or grooves4 ,x is false economy to use too small a quantity1 & x may be tak5 t = a qu>t] plate #a-a_/b oz41 = a half plate #b-a_/b or #c oz41 & = a :ole plate #d oz4 ( develop] %\ld be us$4 ,ebonite1 xylonite1 or papi] ma* di%es are ! be/ = all op]ations connect$ ) negative mak+1 s9ce !y are n s liable z porcela9 or e>!nw>e to break a plate if x is all[$ to drop into !m4 ,:5 apply+ ! develop] to ! plate x is important to cov] ! :ole surface ( ! plate rapidly & 9 su* a mann] z to avoid ! =mation ( air bubbles1 & ! be/ way is to beg9 to p\r on ! develop] at "o corn] ( ! develop+ di% & :il/ p\r+ some:at quickly move ! vessel rapidly b /eadily along ! edge ( ! di% to ! o!r corn]4 ,if !re %\ld be any fro? or air bubbles on ! surface ( ! develop]1 ! la/ portions %\ld n be p\r$ out ( ! vessel into ! di%1 & !n ! risk ( air bubbles =m+ on ! surface ( ! plate w be less5$4 ,sometimes aft] ! develop] has be5 p\r$ on & ! plate seems to be uni=mly wett$1 ! liquid w rec$e f "o corn] or "o edge ( ! plate & ! "p ?us left uncov]$ w appe> z a pat* ( l[] opacity :5 ! negative is f9i%$4 ,?is happ5s ei!r because ! di% is n /&+ level on ! table or because ! bottom ( ! di% is n flat2 sometimes x happ5s because too small a quantity ( develop] has be5 us$4 ,aft] ! plate has be5 cov]$ by ! develop] ! di% %\ld be c>efully rock$ f "t to "t1 &1 = reasons t w be expla9$ pres5tly1 ! "t requir$ = ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! image & ! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! image foll[ "o ano!r1 %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,if ! plate has be5 correctly expos$1 ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! image w appe> 7z black1 ( c\rse17 9 ab\t a m9ute1 m or less1 accord+ to ! temp]ature1 composition ( ! develop]1 & "* ( ! plate1 & ! o!r p>ts w foll[ /eadily 9 ! ord] ( _! brightness1 aft] :i* ! image z a :ole w cont9ue to ga9 vig\r or opacity up to a c]ta9 limit4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t ! pr9cipal details 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s ( ! subject %all appe> & acquire a di/9ct pr9table opacity1 be=e ! highe/ lights become s opaque t ! details 9 !m are no long] di/+ui%able4 ,:e!r ?is condition is realisable or n dep5ds v l>gely on ! exposure t ! plate has receiv$4 ,if ! image appe>s 9 consid]ably less ?an a m9ute & ! diff]5t p>ts foll[ "o ano!r v quickly1 ! plate has be5 ov]-expos$1 & ! degree ( ov]-exposure is indicat$ by ! rapidity ) :i* ! image appe>s4 ,9 ?is connection x ought1 h[ev]1 to be /at$ t ) metol & c]ta9 o!r develop]s1 ev5 :5 ! plate has be5 correctly expos$1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! image appe> almo/ simultane\sly1 ?\gh ! fir/ appe>ance may n beg9 until ab\t a m9ute aft] ! develop] has be5 appli$ to ! plate4 ,x foll[s t ) ^! develop]s x is difficult to recognise ov]-exposure1 b x s happ5s t !y are n suitable develop]s to use :5 !re is any probability t ! plates h be5 ov]-expos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! image is sl[ 9 appe>+ & ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! subject are n foll[$ 9 due c\rse by ! middle tones1 ! plate has be5 "u-expos$1 & !re is consid]able dang] t ! high-lights may become q opaque be=e any details h appe>$ 9 ! %ad[s1 or ev51 9 extreme cases1 9 ! l[] middle tones1 t is to say1 9 ^? p>ts t are next 9 d>kness to ! %ad[s4 ,:5 x is desir$1 z x frequ5tly is1 to alt] ! composition ( ! develop] dur+ developm5t1 ! sub/ance or sub/ances to be add$ %\ld be put into ! measur+ or mix+ glass1 ! develop] p\r$ out ( ! di% into ! glass1 & ! well-mix$ liquid p\r$ ov] ! plate z be=e4 ,any attempt to add sub/ances to ! develop] :il/ x is 9 contact ) ! plate w probably result 9 unev5 action4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t temp]ature has an important influ5ce on developm5t1 ! "t requir$ = ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! image & = ! completion ( developm5t be+1 z a rule1 less ! high] ! temp]ature4 ,fur!r1 if ! develop+ solutions are v cold1 x is (t5 almo/ impossible to obta9 suffici5t opacity4 ,p]haps ! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 connection ) developm5t is to "k :5 to /op ! process1 t is to say1 :5 ! image has acquir$ suffici5t opacity1 or d5sity1 z x is (t5 call$4 ,aft] all ! requir$ detail has become visible1 ! plate f "t to "t is lift$ c>efully out ( ! develop]1 all[$ to dra9 = a mom5t or two1 & !n held betwe5 ! develop+ lamp & ! eye2 ! opacity ( ! image1 especially 9 ! highe/ lights & deepe/ %ad[s1 be+ c>efully scrut9is$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! image z se5 :5 look+ at ! back ( ! plate1 is also c>efully obs]v$4 ,= ?is purpose x is v mu* bett] t ! light ( ! develop+ lamp %\ld pass ?r\gh transp>5t glass 7ruby or deep orange7 s t ! flame itself is di/9ctly visible1 in/ead ( ?r\gh gr\nd glass or a col\r$ transluc5t fabric4 ,fur!r1 ! flame ( ! lamp1 :e!r gas or oil1 %\ld always be turn$ up to ! same height1 = x is cle> t if ! brightness ( ! flame us$ = mak+ ! exam9ation is n fairly con/ant1 all sorts ( v>iable results w be obta9$4 ,= ?is reason x is mu* bett] to judge ! opacity ( negatives by artificial light ?an by daylight1 ! int5sity ( ! latt] be+ s v>iable4 ,a p>aff9 lamp ) a circul> wick & a deep ruby *imney ) a metal cap at ! top1 answ]s admirably4 ,no g5]al rules c be laid d[n2 ! appe>ance ( ! prop]ly develop$ image dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! film1 ! granul>ity ( ! silv] salt1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( silv] iodide1 & ! composition ( ! emulsion us$4 ,exp]i5ce only is ( value1 & ! be/ way to secure uni=mly satisfactory results1 is to keep z f> z possible to "o br& ( plates4 ,) "s plates1 = example1 v little ( ! image %\ld appe> at ! back ( ! plate1 ) o!rs ! great] "p ( ! image mu/ be di/9ctly visible !re4 ,sometimes1 especially :5 us+ small sizes ( plates1 x is n easy to tell :e!r all ! necess>y detail 9 ! %ad[s has be5 br\ght out1 & ?is is an important matt]1 = if ! small negatives are to be us$ = mak+ enl>g$ negatives or pr9ts1 or lant]n slides1 !re %\ld be v little cle> glass inde$ ev5 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s ( ! subject4 ,z a rule x may be said t :5 e "p ( ! image is at lea/ gray ! maximum possible am\nt ( detail has be5 br\ght out4 ,if ! greyness beg9s to spread to ! m>g9s ( ! plate :]e x has be5 protect$ by ! rebate ( ! d>k slide1 g5]al fog is be+ produc$1 &1 z a rule1 little w be ga9$1 b mu* may be lo/1 by cont9u+ ! developm5t = any consid]able "t aft] ?is is obs]v$4 ,:5 developm5t is complet$ ! develop] is p\r$ (f1 ! plate is well r9s$ "u ! tap or 9 two or ?ree *anges ( wat]1 & is !n ready = fix+4 ,,developm5t ,,) ,,pyro-,,ammonia4 ,?is me?od ( developm5t has ! advantage t ! con/itu5ts c be kept 9 conc5trat$ solutions1 consid]able modifications 9 ! composition ( ! develop] c be made v readily & ! negatives obta9$ are ( excell5t pr9t+ quality4 ,on ! o!r h& x _c be satisfactorily employ$ ) c]ta9 br&s ( rapid plates1 because ) !m x has a t5d5cy to produce g5]al fog1 & ) "s o!r plates1 especially :5 !y are old1 x has a t5d5cy to produce :at is kn[n z gre5 fog4 ,?ree solutions are prep>$3-- ,,r$uc]4 ,pyrogallic acid #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,potassium metabisulphite#a #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat]1 to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,,accel]ator4 ,ammonia #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat]1 to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,,re/ra9]4 ,ammonium bromide #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat]1 to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts #a ,! metabisulphite is dissolv$ 9 ab\t #h oz4 7#hj p>ts7 ( wat] ) ! aid ( heat1 & ! pyrogallic acid is !n add$4 ,:5 ! liquid has cool$ x is made up to #aj oz4 7#ajj p>ts7 by addition ( wat]1 ! :ole be+ well mix$ by %ak+4 ,= ea* ounce ( develop]1 take #bj m9ims ( r$uc]1 #bj m9ims ( re/ra9] & #dj m9ims ( accel]ator1 & make up to #a oz4 ) wat]4 ,) "s plates #fj m9ims ( accel]ator & #cj m9ims ( re/ra9] may be us$1 b any great] proportion ( accel]ator has consid]able t5d5cy to produce g5]al fog4 ,on ! o!r h& ! proportion ( re/ra9] c (t5 be increas$ ) advantage s9ce1 unless ! am\nt add$ is v l>ge1 its *ief effect is to prev5t g5]al fog2 #cj m9ims ( re/ra9] to #dj m9ims ( accel]ator1 or #dj m9ims ( accel]ator to #fj m9ims ( re/ra9] are proportions t c be recomm5d$4 ,too l[ a proportion ( bromide %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,x is v important to asc]ta91 by c>eful trial ) ea* br& ( plates t is to be us$1 :at is ! maximum proportion ( ammonia t c safely be add$1 & :at proportion ( bromide to ammonia is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t g5]al fog4 ,z a rule1 ! m rapid ! plates ! small] is ! quantity ( ammonia t c be us$ ) safety4 ,by f> ! be/ plan is to keep developm5t well "u control by add+ only "p ( ! accel]ator at ! beg9n+ ( developm5t & add+ ! re/ z circum/ances require4 ,= ea* ounce ( develop] take #bj m9ims ( pyro solution & make up to ! requir$ bulk ) wat]4 ,9 ano!r measure mix = ea* ounce ( develop] #dj m9ims ( bromide solution & #fj m9ims ( ammonia solution1 & reg>d ?is z ! maximum quantity t c be add$ ) t bulk ( develop]4 ,n[ to ! dilut$ pyro solution add ab\t a qu>t] or "o-?ird ( ! ammonia & bromide solution1 p\r ?is mixture on ! plate & obs]ve :at happ5s4 ,if ! mode ( appe>ance ( ! image indicates t ! plate has be5 correctly expos$1 ab\t half ! rema9+ ammonia & bromide mixture may be add$ to ! develop] at once1 & ! action all[$ to cont9ue1 ) occasional rock+ ( ! di%4 ,if developm5t proce$s satisfactorily &1 9 p>ticul>1 if ! *ief details 9 ! %ad[s beg9 to appe> be=e ! highe/ lights h become too opaque1 x is n necess>y nor advisable to add ! la/ portion ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture1 s9ce ! t5d5cy to g5]al fog & gre5 fog is r$uc$ :5 ! proportion ( ammonia is kept z l[ z possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! developm5t flags & ! appe>ance ( %ad[ detail is a little t>dy1 ! re/ ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture mu/ be add$4 ,if ! plate seems to be ov]-expos$1 no m ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture %\ld be add$ = "s "t1 until x is se5 :e!r ! quantity already 9 ! develop] w suffice to complete developm5t4 ,if x seems t ! ov]-exposure has be5 consid]able1 a fur!r quantity ( pyro solution 7#aj to #bj m9ims p] oz47 & also ( bromide solution 7#aj1 #bj1 or #cj m9ims p] oz47 may be add$ ) advantage4 ,developm5t is !n all[$ to cont9ue & ! negative is exam9$ f "t to "t2 if x is se5 t ! opacity does n increase1 or if suffici5t detail 9 ! deep %ad[s does n appe>1 fur!r small quantities ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture may be add$ cauti\sly until ! requir$ result is obta9$1 wait+ a little :ile to see ! result ( ea* small addition be=e add+ m4 ,:5 ! plate behaves z if "u-expos$1 dilute ! develop] at once ) half ! quantity or an equal quantity ( wat]1 accord+ to ! degree ( "u-exposure indicat$1 & add ! :ole ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture4 ,^! modifications %\ld *eck ! rate at :i* ! high-lights ( ! subject ga9 opacity1 :il/ accel]at+ ! appe>ance ( ! middle tones & %ad[s4 ,%\ld ?is effect n be produc$1 fur!r quantities ( ammonia & bromide mixture may be add$ or1 9 extreme cases1 ammonia alone1 & ! develop] may be /ill m dilut$ ) wat]4 ,if any consid]able p>ts ( ! image /ill %[ no detail1 local developm5t ) a bru% may be tri$ z a la/ res\rce4 ,a s(t camel's hair bru%1 pref]ably m\nt$ 9 quill1 is us$4 ,"s ( ! ammonia & bromide mixture is plac$ 9 a vessel & dilut$ ) two or ?ree times its volume ( wat]4 ,"o corn] or edge ( ! plate is rais$ s t ! "p to be treat$ is lift$ out ( ! develop]1 ! dilut$ ammonia & bromide mixture is appli$ rapidly ) ! bru%1 & ! plate is all[$ to drop g5tly back into ! develop]4 ,! treatm5t may be repeat$ if necess>y4 ,%\ld all ^! devices fail1 ! plate is hopelessly "u-expos$4 ,sometimes1 :5 work+ ) a dilut$ develop] z j describ$1 x happ5s t al?\gh all ! necess>y detail has be5 br\ght out1 ! image ga9s 9 opacity v sl[ly4 ,provid$ t all ! requir$ detail is visible1 small quantities ( pyro solution may be add$ 9 ord] to ga9 opacity m quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,teasels ,by ,c>9e ,cadby4 ,,pyro-,,soda ,,developm5t4 ,:5 sodium c>bonate is us$ z ! alkali 9 place ( ammonia ! develop] acts some:at m sl[ly & is less liable to produce fog1 especially ) v rapid plates1 & !re is v little t5d5cy to produce gre5 fog4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v>iations are n s easily made 9 ! composition ( ! develop]4 ,"s p f9d ! abs5ce ( ! smell ( ammonia a decid$ advantage4 ,,/ock ,,pyro ,,solution4 ,! same z = ,pyro-,ammonia4 ,,dilute ,,pyro ,,solution4#b ,/ock pyro-solution #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat] #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,,soda ,,solution4 ,sodium c>bonate1 cry/allis$4 #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,sodium ,sulphite #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,potassium bromide #aj gra9s or #j4bc "p ,wat] to make up to#c #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts #b ,no m ( ! dilute pyro solution %\ld be made up ?an is likely to be us$ dur+ ! same day1 b x w keep well en\gh = a day or two4 #c ,! sodium sulphite & c>bonate are dissolv$1 ) ! aid ( heat1 9 ab\t #h oz4 7#hj p>ts7 ( wat]1 ! bromide add$1 & ! liquid :5 cold made up to #aj oz4 by add+ wat]4 ,= use mix equal p>ts ( dilute pyro solution & soda solution & p\r ov] ! plate4 ,if ! exposure has be5 correct ! image w beg9 to appe> 9 ab\t a m9ute1 & developm5t is !n all[$ to g on ) occasional rock+ ( ! di%1 until ! negative is suffici5tly opaque4 ,if ! plate behaves z if x 7 "u-expos$1 at once dilute ! develop] ) an equal bulk ( wat] & p\r x back ov] ! plate4 ,if ! high-lights cont9ue to increase 9 opacity1 b ! re/ ( ! image does n appe>1 add "s m ( ! soda solution ) or )\t "s m wat]4 ,%\ld p>ts ( ! plate /ill rema9 blank1 apply "s ( ! soda solution to !m ) ! aid ( a bru% z describ$ "u pyro-ammonia 7page #cb74 ,if ! rapid appe>ance ( ! image indicates t ! plate is ov]-expos$1 at once p\r (f ! develop] into a measure or mix+ glass & r9se ! plate well ) wat]4 ,add to ! develop] a small quantity ( potassium bromide solution 7#a 9 #aj ( wat]7 :i* %\ld be kept at h& = ?is purpose4 ,a small quantity ( pyro /ock solution may also be add$4 ,! develop] is !n p\r$ ov] ! plate aga94 ,:5 ! ov]-exposure seems to h be5 consid]able1 ! am\nt ( potassium bromide add$ may am\nt to #d gra9s 7or #dj m9ims ( ! #a 9 #aj solution7 p] ounce ( ! develop]1 b ?is proportion %\ld n be exce$$2 ev5 small quantities ( bromide 9 ! pyro-soda develop] h a m>k$ influ5ce 9 ret>d+ developm5t4 ,:5 !re is reason to suspect ov]-exposure1 n m ?an half ! soda solution %\ld be add$ at ! beg9n+ ( developm5t1 & ! re/ may be add$ or n1 z ! case may require4 ,,developm5t ,,) ,,ortol4 ,,ortol ,,solution4 ,ortol #acj gra9s or #a4e p>ts ,potassium metabisulphite#d #fe gra9s or #j4ge "p ,wat] to make up to #bj ounces or #ajj p>ts ,,soda ,,solution4 ,! same z = pyro-soda4 #d ,see foot-note to page #cj4 ,mix equal p>ts ( ortol solution & soda solution4 ,?is develop] behaves 9 mu* ! same way z pyro-soda & gives v simil> results4 ,x has ! advantage1 h[ev]1 t x does n /a9 ! f+]s1 & has practically no t5d5cy to produce ei!r fog or /a9 on ! plates4 ,moreov] ! same quantity ( solution c be us$ = sev]al plates2 :5 ! action becomes p]ceptibly sl[] or weak]1 "p ( ! old solution is p\r$ away & an equal quantity ( fre%ly mix$ ortol & soda solutions is add$4 ,! *ief diff]5ces to be obs]v$ are 7#a7 t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! image foll[ "o ano!r m rapidly ?an ) pyro-soda1 ev5 ?\gh ! plate may h be5 correctly expos$1 & 7#b7 ! col\r ( ! r$uc$ silv] is some:at blu] ?an ) pyro-soda1 & !re=e 9 ord] to obta9 ! same degree ( pr9t+ opacity1 z di/9ct f visual opacity1 developm5t mu/ be c>ri$ a little fur!r4 ,ap>t f ^! diff]5ces1 :at has be5 said ( pyro-soda holds good = ortol soda & ne$ n be repeat$4 ,,developm5t ,,) ,,hydroqu9one 7,,qu9ol74 ,,qu9ol ,,solution4 ,hydroqu9one #ij gra9s or #b p>ts ,sodium sulphite #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat] to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,,alkali ,,solution4 ,potassium c>bonate 7dry7 #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,potassium bromide #bj gra9s or #j4df p>ts ,wat] to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,mix two p>ts ( hydroqu9one solution ) "o "p ( alkali solution & "o "p ( wat]1 or1 if a m en]getic develop] is want$1 mix equal volumes ( ! hydroqu9one & alkali solutions4 ,hydroqu9one is n an advantage\s develop] = g5]al purposes1 b x is useful :5 negatives are requir$ %[+ /rong contra/ betwe5 ! highe/ lights & ! deepe/ %ad[s1 & especially :5 x is important t !re %\ld be no deposit at all 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 :5 copy+ l9e engrav+s1 p5 & ink draw+s & simil> subjects4 ,,developm5t ,,) ,,f]r\s ,,oxalate4 ,?is me?od ( developm5t also is n well adapt$ = g5]al "w1 b x is invaluable = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! r$uc$ silv] has a pure grey-black col\r & !re is exce$+ly little t5d5cy to produce fog ( any k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! develop] admits ( little modification 9 its composition & !re=e ! exposure mu/ be fairly correct4 ,x is also important to avoid contam9ation ) ev5 m9ute quantities ( hypo1 s9ce ?is sub/ance v readily causes /a9s4 ,,f]r\s ,,sulphate ,,solution4 ,f]r\s sulphate #b-a_/b oz4 or #be p>ts ,sulphuric acid ,small quantity ,wat] to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total quantity ( wat] is mix$ ) a small quantity 7n m ?an #ej m9ims p] #aj ozs41 or "o "p p] #ajj7 ( sulphuric acid1 & ! f]r\s sulphate 7proto-sulphate ( iron7 :i* mu/ be 9 cle> pale gre5 cry/als )\t any yell[i% incru/ation1 is dissolv$ 9 x ) ! aid ( a g5tle heat4 ,aft] ! solution has cool$1 x is made up to ! specifi$ volume ) wat]4 ,?is solution alt]s :5 expos$ to air1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be kept 9 small 7#b oz47 bottles1 fill$ up to ! neck & tightly cork$4 ,,oxalate ,,solution4 ,potassium oxalate #aj oz4 or #be p>ts ,potassium bromide #dj gra9s or #j4bc "p ,wat] to make up to #dj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,= use take f\r p>ts ( oxalate solution & "o "p ( f]r\s sulphate solution1 p\r+ ! latt] into ! =m] & n vice v]sa4 ,9 ord] to obta9 sl[] action ) a r s(t] image & a slightly br[n] deposit1 ! develop] may be dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]4 ,sl[] action1 ) slightly increas$ pr9t+ contra/s1 & cle>] %ad[s1 results f an increase 9 ! proportion ( bromide4 ,,fix+4 ,aft] developm5t is f9i%$1 ! d>k-col\r$ r$uc$ silv] t =ms ! image rema9s mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( semi-opaque1 yell[i% unalt]$ silv] bromide1 :i* w\ld n only int]f]e ) ! pr9t+1 b w\ld also gradually d>k5 :5 expos$ to light4 ,! negative mu/ !re=e be fix$ by dissolv+ out ! unalt]$ silv] bromide1 & ?is is accompli%$ by imm]s+ ! plate 9 a fairly /rong solution ( sodium ?iosulphate 7=m]ly call$ sodium hyposulphite7 commonly kn[n z hypo4 ,! usual /r5g? ( ! fix+ is z foll[s3 ,,fix+ ,,ba?4 ,hypo 7sodium ?iosulphate7 #aj oz4 or #be p>ts ,wat] to make up to #dj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,a solution ( d\ble ?is /r5g? is1 h[ev]1 n unfrequ5tly us$1 & acts m rapidly1 especially 9 cold wea!r4 ,! develop$ plate1 aft] be+ well r9s$ ) wat]1 is plac$ 9 ! fix+ ba? & all[$ to rema9 9 x ) frequ5t rock+ until ! silv] bromide has all be5 dissolv$ out ( ! film4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by lift+ ! plate out ( ! di% & look+ at ! back by reflect$ light1 ! plate be+ held 9 front ( some?+ d>k4 ,x is n difficult to see :e!r ! silv] bromide has all disappe>$ or n1 b 9 ord] to ensure complete fix+ ! plate mu/ n be tak5 out ( ! ba? z soon z ?is has happ5$1 b %\ld be left 9 = a few m9utes long]1 ! di% be+ rock$ s t ! dissolv$ silv] salt may diffuse out ( ! film into ! fix+ ba?4 ,:5 remov$ f ! fix+ ba? ! plate %\ld be all[$ to dra9 into ! ba? = a few mom5ts & %\ld !n be wa%$ = five or t5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat] "u ! tap4 ,x is be/ to put ! plate 9 a di% /&+ on ! s9k & h a piece ( flexible indi>ubb] tub+ rea*+ f ! tap to )9 a c\ple ( in*es or s ( ! top ( ! di%1 s t ! wat] may n spla% too mu*4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 ?is way1 ! plate is plac$ 9 a groov$ z9c rack1 :i* is imm]s$ 9 a tank 7pref]ably ( z9c71 conta9+ suffici5t wat] to completely cov] ! plates1 & "h x rema9s until ! :ole bat* ( plates 9 h& has be5 develop$ & !y c all receive _! f9al wa%+ toge!r4 ,! plates /& upright 9 ! rack1 & ! entrance & exit ( ! wat] mu/ be s arrang$ t ! wat] ent]s at ! bottom & ov]fl[s at ! top1 or1 :at is p]haps bett]1 ent]s at ! top & is drawn (f f ! bottom1 ! wa/e pipe op5+ at ! bottom ( ! tank & be+ b5t & c>ri$ upw>ds until its m\? is at ! level at :i* ! wat] is to /& 9 ! tank4 ,:5 runn+ wat] is n available ! plates may be wa%$ 9 di%es4 ,aft] be+ well r9s$ to remove ! adh]+ hypo solution1 ! plate is cov]$ ) wat] 7ab\t #c-a_/b oz4 = a half plate or #e oz4 = a :ole plate7 & all[$ to rema9 ) frequ5t rock+ = five or six m9utes4 ,! wat] is !n well dra9$ (f1 a second quantity add$ & all[$ to rema9 = ! same "t z be=e1 ) frequ5t rock+1 :5 x is p\r$ (f 9 its turn4 ,treatm5t 9 ?is way ) six successive quantities ( wat] w remove all ! hypo1 provid$ t ! film has n be5 treat$ ) alum4 ,ano!r plan1 r less tr\blesome1 b also less exp$iti\s1 is to place ! rack conta9+ ! plates 9 a tank n mu* m ?an big en\gh to hold x1 tak+ c>e t !re is n less ?an two in*es betwe5 ! l[] edges ( ! plates & ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,aft] /&+ = "s "t ! rack & ! plates are sl[ly & c>efully lift$ out & all[$ to dra91 ! tank empti$ & fill$ ) fre% wat]1 & ! rack & plates !n replac$4 ,eight or t5 successive quantities ( wat] appli$ 9 ?is way %\ld remove all ! hypo1 b if !re is any d\bt on ?is po9t ! plates1 aft] !y are suppos$ to be wa%$ & h be5 remov$ f ! tank1 %\ld be all[$ to dra9 into a measur+ glass or into a di%1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are aft]w>ds transf]r$ to a measur+ glass & mix$ ) a small quantity ( a solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,if ! plates are really completely wa%$ no?+ w happ51 or at mo/ a :ite precipitate w be produc$ :i* w rema9 :ite if n expos$ to daylight4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plates /ill reta9 hypo1 ! silv] nitrate w produce a precipitate :i* w gradually become orange & ev5tually d>k br[n4 ,%\ld ?is happ51 ! wa%+ mu/ be cont9u$4 ,illu/ration ,,dry+4--,if ! negatives are all[$ to dry 9 ! rack 9 :i* !y 7 wa%$1 ! process is sl[1 & sometimes if ! wa%+ has n be5 complete1 ! middle portions ( ! negatives1 :i* dry la/1 are less opaque ?an ! re/4 ,an excell5t me?od ( dry+ negatives rapidly & 9 su* a way t no du/ c fall on ! film1 is to drive nails 7pref]ably ( copp]7 into a wall or a bo>d fix$ aga9/ ! wall1 at di/ances ap>t dep5d+ on ! size ( ! plates4 ,ea* plate !n re/s1 ) ! film d[nw>ds1 betwe5 a pair ( nails1 ! l[] corn] ( ! plate re/+ aga9/ ! wall1 z %[n on previ\s page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9t] ,,"t ,,on ,,! ,,alps4 ,,capt4 ,w4 ,,de ,w4 ,,abney1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,alum ,,ba?4--,x is frequ5tly recomm5d$ t all plates %\ld be imm]s$ 9 a /rong solution ( alum1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ frill+ by h>d5+ ! film4 ,its use is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) ! great disadvantage t liquids diffuse into & out ( a film s treat$ ) mu* great] difficulty ?an 9 ! case ( an ord9>y film1 & consequ5tly if ! film is alum$ betwe5 developm5t & fix+1 ! fix+ is n only mu* sl[]1 b ! wa%+ aft] fix+ requires a v mu* long] "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! alum ba? is us$ at all1 x %\ld n be appli$ until aft] ! film has be5 well wa%$ aft] fix+4 ,! foll[+ solution may be us$3-- ,,alum ,,ba?4 ,alum #a oz4 or #e p>ts ,wat] #bj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,if a /rong solution ( alum is appli$ to ! plate = a long "t1 ! film may become s ?or\ghly h>d5$ t x p>tially loses its adhesiv5ess1 & !re is a possibility t x w beg9 to peel f ! glass aft] ! negatives h be5 /or$ = "s "t 9 a dry place4 ,! solution giv5 above is q /rong en\gh & plates ne$ n be imm]s$ 9 x = m ?an five m9utes1 aft] :i* !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be aga9 well wa%$4 ,! h>d5+ ( ! film1 if n c>ri$ too f>1 no d\bt makes x less liable to be injur$ by abrasion & ! l4 ,,frill+4--,x sometimes happ5s t dur+ ! v>i\s op]ations ( developm5t1 fix+ & wa%+1 ! film beg9s to leave ! plate & rise 9 puck]s along ! edges4 ,?is is kn[n z frill+1 & 9 bad cases x may spread until a l>ge "p ( ! film has deta*$ itself f ! glass4 ,x is due to excessive or irregul> absorption ( wat] by ! gelat9e1 & at "o "t 0 commonly met )1 b x r>ely occurs ) ! dry plates ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is mo/ likely to arise if !re is any consid]able diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! v>i\s liquids & ! wa%-wat]1 or dur+ v hot wea!r :5 all ! liquids are mu* w>m] ?an usual4 ,:5 frill+ does occur1 ! plate mu/ be treat$ c>efully1 s z to avoid te>+ ! film1 b unless x is v bad & %[s a t5d5cy to spread1 all ! op]ations1 includ+ wa%+ aft] fix+1 %\ld be complet$ be=e any special measures are tak5 to rem$y ! defect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! frill+ spreads rapidly1 ! plate %\ld be c>efully r9s$ two or ?ree times ) wat] & plac$ = five m9utes 9 ! alum ba?1 ) occasional g5tle rock+1 aft] :i* x is aga9 well wa%$ to remove ! alum1 & ! v>i\s op]ations are complet$4 ,!re is "o exception to ! proc$ure j indicat$2 if ! frill+ becomes bad :ile ! plate is be+ fix$ or dur+ wa%+ aft] fix+1 ! alum mu/ n be appli$ until ! fix+ & ! wa%+ aft] fix+ are complet$4 ,if some?+ mu/ be done 9 ^! circum/ances1 ! plate1 aft] dra9+1 b )\t any previ\s wa%+1 may be plac$ = ab\t t5 m9utes 9 a saturat$ solution ( common salt4 ,x c aft]w>ds be put back into ! fix+ ba?1 also )\t any int]m$iate wa%+1 & ! rema9d] ( ! process c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,al?\gh ! me?ods j describ$ w *eck ! frill+1 !y w n remove its effects4 ,= ?is purpose ! plate aft] its f9al wa%+ is all[$ to dra9 ?or\ghly & is !n imm]s$ 9 me?ylat$ alcohol1 pref]ably ( ! old k9d1 ?\gh ! new k9d c be made to d4 ,! alcohol ab/racts wat] f ! film1 :i* consequ5tly %r9ks to its orig9al size & c be press$ back ) ! f+]s into its prop] position on ! plate4 ,%\ld ! film be opalesc5t x %\ld be remov$ f ! fir/ quantity ( alcohol & plac$ 9 a second quantity1 aft] :i* x %\ld be set up to dry4 ,! plates %\ld n rema9 too long 9 ! alcohol or ! gelat9e w contract too mu*4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,negatives4 ,a p]fect negative presupposes a p]fect plate1 correct exposure1 & correct developm5t /opp$ at exactly ! "r "t4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say t all ^! conditions are r>ely satisfi$1 & consequ5tly mo/ negatives fall m or less %ort ( p]fection4 ,! defects may be broadly gr\p$ "u two heads1 namely1 ^? due to imp]fections exi/+ 9 ! film be=e exposure1 & ^? due to defects or errors 9 ! way 9 :i* ! plate has be5 treat$4 ,x w be m conv5i5t to deal ) ! latt]1 & l>g]1 gr\p fir/1 b !re is really no h>d & fa/ division betwe5 !m4 ,,! ,,negative ,,is ,,?91 or 9 o!r words1 :il/ %[+ good gradation1 & suffici5t relative contra/ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts1 is z a :ole lack+ 9 opacity or pr9t+ /r5g?1 & gives pr9ts t are defici5t 9 vig\r & contra/s4 ,! plate has be5 remov$ f ! develop] too soon1 & ! rem$y is to int5sify ! image 7see p4 #ea74 ,sometimes ! want ( opacity is due to ! fact t ! develop] 0 too cold4 ,,! ,,negative ,,is ,,too ,,d5se ,,or ,,opaque & consequ5tly al?\gh %[+ good contra/s & gradations1 takes a long "t to pr9t1 especially on dull days4 ,! develop] has be5 too en]getic1 or developm5t has be5 cont9u$ too long2 ! rem$y is to r$uce ! image 7see p4 #ej74 ,,! ,,image ,,is ,,flat1 or %[s comp>atively little contra/ betwe5 ! highe/ lights & ! deepe/ %ad[s4 ,?is may1 ( c\rse1 be due to ! abs5ce ( contra/s 9 ! subject photograph$2 x is commonly due to ov]-exposure2 x may be caus$ by us+ a develop] conta9+ too little r$uc]1 or re/ra9]1 or bo?1 & too mu* alkali2 sometimes x arises f a defect 9 ! quality ( ! emulsion1 or f ! fact t ! plate has be5 coat$ ) an abnormally ?9 film ( emulsion4 ,,! ,,image ,,is ,,h>d1 or %[s excessive contra/s betwe5 lights & %ad[s1 & is defective 9 ! range ( its half-tones4 ,?is is probably due to "u-exposure1 b may h be5 aggravat$ by ! use ( a develop] conta9+ too mu* bromide or too little alkali4 ,local r$uction 7see p4 #ej7 may p>tially rem$y ! defect4 ,,fog4--,a m or less m>k$ grey deposit ( r$uc$ silv] ext5ds ov] ! :ole surface ( ! image4 ,x may be due to ov]-exposure1 9 :i* case ! edges ( ! plate t h be5 protect$ by ! rebate ( ! d>k slide usually rema9 cle>4 ,x may also be caus$ by us+ a develop] conta9+ too mu* alkali1 or too little re/ra9]1 or bo?1 or by ! plate hav+ be5 expos$ to act9ic light outside ! cam]a1 includ+ ! light f ! d>k-room lamp if ! glass or col\r$ fabric us$ z ! scre5+ mat]ial is n effici5t4 ,9 any ( ^! cases ! defect w\ld be obs]vable up to ! extreme edges ( ! film4 ,! "* ( ! d>k-room light %\ld be te/$ by expos+ "o half ( a plate to x at a di/ance ( say n9e or twelve in*es = five or t5 m9utes1 ! o!r half ( ! plate be+ protect$ by "s opaque sub/ance4 ,! be/ plan is to put ! plate into a d>k slide & draw out ! %utt] half-way4 ,aft] exposure ! plate is treat$ ) a develop] 9 ! usual mann]1 & x c !n be se5 :e!r or no ! light has ex]t$ any action on ! plate4 ,slight g5]al fog may z a rule be neglect$1 b if ! am\nt ( fog is at all consid]able ! plate %\ld be treat$ ) a r$uc]1 & aft]w>ds ! image c1 if necess>y1 be int5sifi$4 ,,gre5 ,,fog4--,! surface ( ! film %[s a peculi> brilliant gre5 or yell[i%-gre5 lu/r\s appe>ance1 g5]ally 9 pat*es1 :5 exam9$ by reflect$ light1 b is m or less di/9ctly p9k :5 ! plate is look$ ?r\gh4 ,?is effect is r>ely obs]v$ except :5 pyro-ammonia has be5 us$ z ! develop]1 & x mo/ frequ5tly occurs ) old plates1 especially if developm5t has be5 long cont9u$ or has be5 =c$ by ! addition ( comp>atively l>ge quantities ( ammonia4 ,if ! gre5 fog is only slight x does n affect ! pr9ts made f ! negative1 b 9 bad cases ! pr9ts h a pat*y appe>ance & are less deeply pr9t$ at ^? po9ts :]e ! gre5 fog is wor/4 ,two me?ods are available = ! removal ( gre5 fog4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! plate1 aft] be+ fix$ & wa%$1 is plac$ 9 a hypo solution ( half ! /r5g? ( ! ord9>y fix+ ba?1 & to ?is hypo solution is add$ a v small quantity ( a solution ( potassium f]ricyanide1 & ! mixture is all[$ to act on ! plate = "s "t1 ! di% be+ rock$ occasionally4 ,! gre5 fog w gradually disappe> & "s m ( ! f]ricyanide may be add$1 if necess>y1 to secure ?is end1 b x is important to keep ! proportion ( f]ricyanide z l[ z possible1 o!rwise ! image itself w be r$uc$4 ,= ?is reason1 if x is se5 or suspect$ t ! gre5 fog is likely to be bad1 developm5t %\ld be c>ri$ a little f>!r ?an usual 9 ord] to all[ = ! slight r$uction t accompanies ! removal ( ! gre5 fog4 ,! o!r plan is to imm]se ! plate 9 a dilute solution ( f]ric *loride 7p]*loride ( iron7 until ! gre5 fog has be5 completely blea*$1 !n wa%1 fir/ 9 a dilute solution ( oxalic acid & aft]w>ds 9 wat]1 & f9ally treat ) a develop]1 pref]ably f]r\s oxalate4 ,! gre5 fog is conv]t$ into a v f9e grey deposit :i* is almo/ invisible & has no appreciable effect on ! pr9t+ qualities ( ! negative4 ,,black ,,spots may be due to p>ticles ( dirt t h be5 all[$ to lodge on ! film dur+ "o or o!r ( ! op]ations1 or dur+ dry+4 ,!y may also be due to p>ticles 9 ! emulsion1 & 9 ! latt] case are g5]ally r\nd & %>ply def9$4 ,,black ,,m>ks ( ! nature ( irregul> /reaks1 look+1 s to speak1 l black scrat*es1 are g5]ally due to me*anical abrasion ( ! film4 ,pressure produces a developable image simil> to t produc$ by ! action ( light4 ,,black ,,b&s1 indi/9ct or nebul\s at ! edges1 are sometimes caus$ dur+ ! coat+ ( ! plate ) ! emulsion1 9 :i* case !y1 z a rule1 ext5d all ! way along or across ! plate4 ,m commonly !y are due to defects 9 ! h+es ( ! d>k slides1 :i* may produce ! b&s ei!r by all[+ light to pass ?r\gh1 or by giv+ (f exhalations t affect ! plates if !y are all[$ to rema9 9 ! d>k slide = a long "t4 ,if ! b&s are due to ! h+es1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 correspond ) !m 9 position1 & if ! h+e is d\ble1 9 ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,,transp>5t ,,b&s1 or b&s %[+ less opacity ?an ! re/ ( ! image1 are sometimes caus$ by exhalations f ! mat]ial =m+ ! h+es ( ! d>k slides4 ,,transp>5t ,,spots if small 7p9holes71 are g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( p>ticles ( du/ on ! surface ( ! plate :5 x 0 expos$4 ,prev5tion lies1 ( c\rse1 9 c>efully du/+ ! plate & ! d>k slide ) a s(t1 clean1 dry camel's hair bru%1 be=e putt+ ! =m] into ! latt]4 ,if ! spots are l>g] & circul>1 !y are due ei!r to ! =mation ( air bubbles on ! surface ( ! plate dur+ developm5t1 or to ! pres5ce 9 ! film ( ins5sitive p>ticles4 ,,unev5 ,,opacity ,,or ,,d5sity1 v>y+ gradually f "o end or side ( ! plate to ! opposite end or side1 is due to unev5 coat+ ( ! plate4 ,if !re is a di/9ctly def9$ pat*1 less opaque ?an ! re/1 ! plate 0 n prop]ly cov]$ by ! develop+ solution4 ,,/a9s4--,a uni=m /a91 ( a yell[i% or br[n col\r1 is produc$ :5 ! pyro develop] conta9s too small a proportion ( sulphite or is all[$ to act = a v long "t4 ,su* a /a9 is r>ely obs]v$ ) ! o!r develop]s m5tion$ above4 ,! pyro /a9 c be m or less completely remov$ by imm]s+ ! plate = "s "t1 ) repeat$ rock+1 9 ! alum solution giv5 above1 #a dra*m ( sulphuric acid be+ add$ to e #aj ounces4 ,! plate mu/ aft]w>ds be well wa%$ 9 s(t wat]4 ,simil> /a9s 9 pat*es may be caus$ by us+ dirty di%es or a develop] t has become turbid by be+ frequ5tly us$4 ,,deep ,,yell[-,,orange ,,or ,,br[n ,,/a9s1 appe>+ gradually 9 pat*es or all ov] ! negative1 "s "t aft] x has be5 fix$1 & wa%$1 & dri$1 are due ei!r to imp]fect fix+ or to incomplete wa%+ aft] fix+4 ,!re is no practicable rem$y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dock ,by ,c>9e ,cadby4 ,,halation4--,:5 ! subject photograph$ includes "s "p mu* m brightly light$ ?an ! re/1 su* z a w9d[ 9 an int]ior subject1 ! details ( ! bright "p are n only lo/1 b ! image ( x seems to spread 9 all directions1 oblit]at+ ! details ( ! surr\nd+ portions4 ,! effect is especially noticeable :5 ! subject includes d>k p>ts :i* necessitate a some:at long exposure4 ,a w9d[ at ! end ( a long dimly light$ int]ior1 or d>k trees aga9/ a bright sky are cases 9 po9t4 ,! effect is really due to ! fact t ! s5sitive film is n p]fectly opaque1 & "s ( ! incid5t light passes ?r\gh ! film & is reflect$ f ! back surface ( ! glass on to ! "u side ( ! film1 produc+ a blurr$ image sup]pos$1 z x 71 on ! normal image =m$ at ! surface ( ! film by ! action ( ! direct light4 ,! effect is kn[n z halation4 ,x is prev5t$ by hav+ a p]fectly opaque film1 :i* is a condition difficult to realize 9 practice1 & :i*1 moreov]1 introduces c]ta9 o!r disadvantages4 ,x is also prev5t$ by coat+ ! back ( ! plate ) "s sub/ance t w absorb ! rays t h pass$ ?r\gh ! film1 & s prev5t _! be+ reflect$ back aga9/ ! "u side ( ! film4 ,! sub/ance us$ mu/ ei!r be opaque or mu/ h a deep orange1 br[n1 or r$ col\r1 & x mu/ h ! same refractive index z ! glass1 o!rwise ! reflection w n be prev5t$4 ,= practical conv5i5ce x mu/ also be easily appli$ & easily remov$4 ,_m sub/ances h be5 recomm5d$ b no?+ is s good z c>amel1 prep>$ by ! action ( heat on sug>4 ,9 ord] to get ! mixture to dry completely aft] x has be5 appli$1 a some:at tr\blesome process ( purification is necess>y1 b c>amel specially prep>$ = ! purpose c n[ be obta9$ f deal]s 9 photographic mat]ials4 ,! c>amel 7:i* is a solid sub/ance7 is dissolv$ 9 j en\gh wat] to make a ?ick syrup1 :i* is c>efully appli$ to ! back ( ! plates 9 a ?9 lay] by means ( a flat bru%4 ,if ! c>amel does n dry prop]ly ! solution may be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ab\t "o qu>t] 7or m7 ( its weight ( v f9ely p[d]$ burnt si5na or burnt umb]1 gr\nd 9 wat]4 ,aft] be+ coat$1 ! plates require "s "t to dry1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>efully protect$ f light4 ,if ! d>k-room is ?or\ghly d>k1 ! plates may be put up to dry 9 ! same mann] z negatives 7see page #dj71 b if ! d>k-room is n suitable1 "s sort ( dry+ box mu/ be us$4 ,aft] exposure & be=e developm5t ! back+ is remov$ ) a damp sponge2 if c>amel only is us$ 9 a =m completely soluble 9 wat]1 x ne$ n be remov$ unless a develop] is be+ us$ t is to be appli$ to sev]al plates 9 succession4 ,,r$uction4 ,:5 a negative is too opaque or d5se x mu/ be r$uc$ by dissolv+ away "p ( ! silv] t =ms ! image4 ,! same process is also appli$ = ! removal ( g5]al fog1 sometimes ) a view to subsequ5t int5sification4 ,! simple/ solution to use = ?is purpose is kn[n z ! ,h[>d ,f>m] r$uc] & is a solution ( hypo mix$ ) a small quantity ( potassium f]ricyanide 7r$ prussiate ( pota%74 ,,f]ricyanide ,,solution4 ,potassium f]ricyanide #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat] to make up #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,?is solution mu/ be protect$ f light if x is to be kept = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! negative :i*1 if x has be5 previ\sly dri$1 mu/ be soak$ 9 wat] = "s "t until x is ?or\ghly & uni=mly wett$1 is plac$ 9 "s fre% hypo solution 7! ord9>y fix+-ba? solution dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]7 to :i* a small quantity ( ! f]ricyanide solution has be5 add$1 & ! di% is rock$ repeat$ly to ensure uni=m action4 ,! rapidity ( ! r$uc+ action dep5ds on ! proportion ( f]ricyanide solution add$1 & x is v important n to add too mu*1 o!rwise ! process gets out ( control & r$uction goes too f>4 ,! image %\ld be c>efully wat*$ & ! plate remov$ f ! solution & rapidly wa%$ be=e ! app>5t r$uction is q z great z x is int5d$ to be4 ,x is mu* bett] to /op too soon ?an too late1 because if x is f\nd t a little fur!r r$uction is necess>y1 ! plate c be aga9 imm]s$ 9 ! hypo & f]ricyanide4 ,! f]ricyanide r$uc] c be appli$ locally = r$uc+ high-lights1 halat$ w9d[s1 etc41 & ?is is (t5 v valuable1 especially 9 ! case ( "u-expos$ negatives4 ,a small quantity ( hypo & f]ricyanide solution is mix$ 9 a measur+ glass or "s o!r suitable vessel4 ,! plate is imm]s$ 9 pla9 hypo solution 9 a :ite di% = a %ort "t & is !n rais$ by "o corn] or "o edge until ! "p to be r$uc$ is above ! solution4 ,! mixture ( hypo & f]ricyanide is c>efully appli$ ) a camel's hair bru% to ! p>ts t are too opaque1 & aft] a few mom5ts ! plate is all[$ to slip back into ! hypo solution & ! di% is rock$4 ,if ! r$uction is n suffici5t1 ! same proce$+ is gone ?r\gh z (t5 z necess>y4 ,! r$uc] %\ld n be all[$ to act too long be=e putt+ ! plate back into ! hypo1 o!rwise ! r$uction may spread fur!r ?an is desir$4 ,fur!r1 ! r$uc] mu/ n be too /rong 7i4e41 conta9 too mu* f]ricyanide71 o!rwise x w produce br[ni% /a9s & ! action may be too en]getic4 ,! o!r r$uc] is kn[n z ,belitzski's r$uc]1 & is made up z foll[s3-- ,f]ric potassium oxalate #a oz4 or #e p>ts#e ,sodium sulphite #a oz4 or #d p>ts ,oxalic acid #a_/d oz4 or #a "p ,hypo solution 7#be 9 #ajj7 #e oz4 or #be p>ts ,wat] #bj oz4 or #ajj p>ts #e ,! =mula 9 p>ts does n /rictly correspond ) t 9 ounces1 b ! diff]5ce is immat]ial4 ,! con/itu5ts mu/ be dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 ! ord] giv54 ,! solution c be us$ at once & x keeps fairly well if protect$ f light1 9 well cork$ bottles fill$ up to ! neck4 ,,int5sification4 ,int5sification is a process 9 :i* ! opacity ( ! image is increas$ by add+ "s fre% matt]1 metallic or o!rwise1 to ! r$uc$ silv] t con/itutes ! develop$ image4 ,! usual plan is to blea* ! image by means ( a solution ( m]curic *loride 7m]cury p]*loride or corrosive sublimate71 :i* conv]ts ! d>k-col\r$ silv] into a :ite mixture ( silv] *loride & m]cur\s *loride1 & ?is is subsequ5tly treat$ ) "s re-ag5t :i* w reconv]t ! image into a d>k product ( great] opacity ?an ! orig9al4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial to successful int5sification t ! negative be completely fix$ & completely wa%$ aft] fix+1 = any trace ( hypo left 9 ! film w give rise to br[n /a9s4 ,x is also important1 9 ord] to prev5t /a9s ( ano!r sort & to secure uni=m action1 t ! m]curic *loride solution be mix$ ) a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid4 ,too mu* acid w cause frill+4 ,if ! negative has be5 dri$ x mu/ be imm]s$ 9 wat] =1 z a rule1 n less ?an half-an-h\r1 9 ord] t x may be ?or\ghly & uni=mly wett$4 ,,m]curic ,,*loride ,,solution4 ,m]curic *loride #a oz4 or #e p>ts ,hydro*loric acid #a-a_/b dra*ms or #a "p ,wat] to make up to #bj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,:5 uni=m int5sification is requir$ ! negative is all[$ to rema9 9 ?is solution until x is completely blea*$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to int5sify ! %ad[s m ?an ! high-lights1 ! plate %\ld be remov$ f ! solution z soon z ! %ad[s h blea*$1 & %\ld be rapidly wa%$ 9 ord] to /op ! action on ! m opaque p>ts ( ! image4 ,9 ei!r case ! negative mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] blea*+1 & ! wat] us$ mu/ be s(t wat]4 ,h>d wat] t5ds to produce a precipitate ( ! m]cury salt 9 ! film1 :i* may subsequ5tly lead to /a9 or fog4 ,p]haps ! be/ plan ( all1 :5 con/ant results are desir$1 is to treat ! blea*$ negative ) ! f]r\s oxalate develop]1 :i* w gradually conv]t ! :ite image into a black "o1 aft] :i* ! plate is ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! fir/ wat] us$ = wa%+ %\ld be slightly acidifi$ ) oxalic acid4 ,in/ead ( us+ f]r\s oxalate ! blea*$ plate may be treat$ ) a weak solution ( ortol or metol to :i* "s sodium c>bonate 7soda cry/als7 solution has be5 add$1 b no sulphite4 ,aft] ! image has black5$ completely ! plate is wa%$4 ,) any ( ^! me?ods if ! fir/ int5sification is n suffici5t1 ! plate may be aga9 blea*$ ) ! m]cury solution & ! process repeat$4 ,an old me?od1 frequ5tly us$1 is to treat ! blea*$ plate ) dilute ammonia1 :i* conv]ts ! :ite image into a d>k br[n "o ( v consid]able pr9t+ opacity4 ,! results are (t5 v good1 b are some:at unc]ta91 s9ce ! precise effect obta9$ dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! ammonia solution & ! "t dur+ :i* x is all[$ to act4 ,) some:at /rong ammonia1 all[$ to act = a fairly long "t1 "p ( ! int5sification fir/ produc$ is remov$4 ,?is affects ! %ad[s m /rongly ?an ! lights & ! result is to increase ! contra/ ( ! negative1 :i* is v useful = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! negatives int5sifi$ ) m]cury solution foll[$ by ammonia are m liable to spontane\s *ange & det]ioration ?an ^? int5sifi$ ) m]cury solution foll[$ by "o ( ! develop]s4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 if prop]ly wa%$1 may safely be reg>d$ z p]man5t4 ,,uranium ,,int5sifi]4--,a v consid]able degree ( int5sification c be obta9$ by ! use ( ! uranium int5sifi]1 :i* is v diff]5t 9 its mode ( action1 & is a little unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,a solution conta9+ potassium f]ricyanide & a uranium salt1 g5]ally ! nitrate1 is appli$ to ! negative1 & a deposit ( a deep orange-r$ col\r is =m$ ^u ! silv] image & v greatly increases its pr9t+ opacity4 ,! great difficulty is to prev5t ?is deposit =m+ on ! :ole ( ! film1 & x is absolutely necess>y t e trace ( hypo %\ld be wa%$ out ( ! film4 ,! addition ( acetic acid to ! solution n only promotes uni=mity ( action1 b also helps to keep ! %ad[s ( ! image cle>4 ,,f]ricyanide ,,solution4 ,! same z = ! f]ricyanide r$uc]4 ,,uranium ,,solution4 ,uranium nitrate #a oz4 or #aj p>ts ,wat] to make up to #aj oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,,! ,,int5sifi]4 ,uranium solution 7#a3aj7 #a dra*m or #e p>ts ,f]ricyanide solution 7#a3aj7 #a dra*m or #e p>ts ,acetic acid 7glacial7 #b dra*ms or #aj p>ts ,wat] to make up to #b- oz4 or #ajj p>ts ,! negative is plac$ 9 ?is solution & all[$ to rema9 ) occasional rock+ until ! degree ( int5sification is suffici5t1 :i* c only be le>nt by exp]i5ce4 ,if x is se5 t ! deposit is beg9n+ to =m on ! cle> p>ts ( ! negative1 ! plate %\ld be at once remov$4 ,aft] int5sification ! plates are well wa%$4 ,if ! wat] is h>d ! int5sification w be slightly r$uc$ dur+ wa%+1 & ?is is (t5 useful 9 remov+ a slight /a9 ov] ! :ole ( ! plate4 ,treatm5t ) wat] conta9+ a small quantity ( ammonia or sodium c>bonate removes ! :ole ( ! deposit1 b leaves ! orig9al image slightly r$uc$ & also p>tially alt]$ 9 composition4 ,,v>ni%+4 ,a negative aft] be5 ?or\ghly dri$ may be us$ = pr9t+ )\t any fur!r treatm5t1 especially if only a few pr9ts are requir$ & ! ord9>y ready s5sitiz$ pap]s or emulsion pap]s are us$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to protect ! negative f me*anical z well z *emical injury by means ( a film ( h>d v>ni% or collodion4 ,_m excell5t negative v>ni%es c n[ be pur*as$1 & ! g5]al mode ( application is ! same4 ,! negative mu/ be ?or\ghly dry1 & 9 ord] to secure ?is & to make ! v>ni% fl[ m easily1 ! negative is v c>efully heat$ 9 front ( a fire or ov] a small /ove until x is j w>m1 b n hot4 ,! negative is be/ support$ by means ( a pneumatic hold] held 9 ! left h&1 & a fairly l>ge pool ( v>ni% 7! exact am\nt c only be le>nt by exp]i5ce7 is p\r$ on ! plate some:at t[>ds ! "r-h& top corn]1 & by c>efully tilt+ ! plate x is made to run fir/ to ! ne>e/ corn]1 !n along ! edge to ! fur!r left-h& corn] d[n to ! ne>] left-h& corn]1 & back to ! "r-h& bottom corn]1 f :i* x is p\r$ into a bottle4 ,! plate is g5tly rock$ :il/ x dra9s into ! bottle1 & z soon z ! v>ni% ceases to drop ! plate is aga9 c>efully w>m$ until ! back ( x is j too hot = ! back ( ! h& to be>1 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9 a rack to cool4 ,x is necess>y t ! v>ni% %\ld be q cle> & free f any solid p>ticles1 & if necess>y x mu/ be filt]$ ?r\gh a plug ( cotton wool moi/5$ ) alcohol & plac$ 9 ! apex ( a glass funnel :i* is re/+ 9 ! neck ( a clean & dry bottle4 ,s9ce du/ may fall into ! v>ni% :il/ x is on ! negative1 x is ! be/ plan to p\r ! excess ( v>ni% (f ! negative into a second bottle in/ead ( back into ! fir/1 out ( :i* x 0 p\r$4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 "o bottle %\ld be kept = ! cle> v>ni%1 & a second bottle = ! v>ni% p\r$ (f ! plate4 ,:5 ! second bottle is full1 its cont5ts are filt]$ into ! fir/ bottle = use aga94 ,in/ead ( v>ni%1 a film ( collodion1 t\gh5$ by ! addition ( a few drops ( ca/or oil1 & kn[n z lea!r collodion1 may be us$4 ,! collodion is appli$ to ! plate 9 ! same way z v>ni% except t ! plate is n w>m$4 ,c4 ,h4 ,bo?amley4 ,illu/ration ,l5ses4 ,illu/ration ,photographs ( flat objects su* z leaves1 lace1 draw+s1 etc41 c be made by simply putt+ ! object on ! s5sitive surface & expos+ ! arrangem5t to light4 ,b ?is me?od w n s]ve if ! photograph is want$ ( any o!r size ?an ! orig9al1 nor ) solid objects ( any size1 except p]haps 9 ! production ( full-size pr(iles ( faces4 ,x is !re=e q ! exception 9 photography to pr9t directly f ! object itself1 & ! only alt]native is to produce an image on ! s5sitive surface4 ,all illum9at$ objects reflect light & s become = practical purposes s\rces ( light1 j z ! moon %9es1 z we say1 al?\gh x only %9es because x is %one ^u by ! sun4 ,! simple/ s\rce ( light to consid] is a po9t ( light1 & if we c get a dot ( light on a :ite surface f a po9t ( light we h at once an image ( t po9t ( light4 ,! small] ! dot ! %>p] or m p]fect is ! image1 ! l>g] ! dot ! m diffus$ or fuzzy is ! image4 ,x is impossible by any kn[n means to get ! dot s small t x is an actual po9t1 t w\ld be absolute p]fection1 & on ! o!r h& !re is no size ( ! dot at :i* x c be def9itely said t x ceases to be an image4 ,e po9t ( an illum9at$ object is a po9t ( light1 & f9e def9ition consi/s 9 keep+ ^! po9ts sep>ate 9 ! image4 ,s f> z ! dots ov]lap !y are confus$4 ,confusion1 or diffusion1 or fuzz9ess is sometimes desirable1 z = example 9 a portrait1 :i* may be excell5t al?\gh x is impossible to di/+ui% 9 ! picture ! individual hairs on ! p]son's head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! simple/ means = gett+ an image is a small hole 9 an opaque scre54 ,9 fig4 #a1 two po9ts ( light1 ,a & ,b1 %9e ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! scre5 ,s & produce two dots ( light1 a & b1 on ! surface ,t4 ,! two p5cils ( light d n practically int]f]e ) ea* o!r al?\gh !y pass ?r\gh ! same small hole1 nor w\ld any great] numb]2 s t an illum9at$ object1 :i* may be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts ( light1 w\ld give an image on ! surface ,t4 ,! disadvantages ( a small hole1 or p9hole1 = ! production ( images are 7#a7 x mu/ be s small t x lets v little light ?r\gh & !re=e gives a v feeble image1 7#b7 t x c nev] give a %>p image4 ,! fir/ disadvantage is obvi\s4 ,) reg>d to ! second1 a little consid]ation w %[ t ! image ( a po9t mu/ be l>g] ?an ! hole itself1 x is always l>g] ?\gh x may h a c5tral bright] "p t is small]4 ,if ! hole is r$uc$ 9 size beyond a c]ta9 limit1 x gives an increas$ spread+ ( light on ! surface1 s t a %>p image c nev] be produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ ! function ( a l5s is to obviate ^! drawbacks z f> z possible2 namely1 to let m light ?r\gh & =m a bright] image1 & to give %>p] def9ition4 ,9 figure #b1 ! l5s ,l collects all ! light t falls ^u x f ! po9t ,b1 & cond5ses x to ! po9t b on ! surface ,t4 ,! light f ! po9t ,a t falls on ! l5s is also cond5s$ & w\ld be br\ght to a po9t or focus at a beyond ! surface ,t1 b on ! surface ! light =ms a pat* ( consid]able size4 ,suppose t ! l5s is ?irty times ! diamet] ( ! p9hole its area is #ijj times z l>ge1 & ! light t falls ^u x is #ijj times z mu* z ! light t passes ?r\gh ! hole4 ,su* an enorm\s ga9 ( light is wor? s mu* t photograph]s will+ly put up ) ! v _m imp]fections ( l5ses = ! sake ( x1 & if to ?is ga9 !re is add$ ! sup]ior def9ition t is possible1 x w be se5 t l5ses are indisp5sable to ! photograph]4 ,to take a ,dagu]reotype portrait ) a p9hole might h requir$ sev]al days if n weeks exposure ( ! plate & !re=e w\ld h be5 impossible1 s t ! ga9 9 brightness ( image is a great deal m ?an a m]e conv5i5ce4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 figure #a t bo? po9ts ( light1 ,a & ,b produce images on ! surface ,t1 al?\gh !y are at diff]5t di/ances f x1 b 9 fig4 #b1 al?\gh ! effect ( ! l5s is to conc5trate ! light f bo? po9ts to two o!r po9ts1 "o ( ^! is beyond ! surface ,t4 ,?is is a disadvantage inh]5t 9 l5ses4 ,!y h s _m o!r imp]fections or ab]rations t x is desirable to consid] ^! sep>ately4 ,! read] %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! "o aim ( opticians 9 p]fect+ l5ses is to conc5trate z mu* light z possible f ea* po9t 9 ! object to a correspond+ po9t1 or z small z possible a dot1 9 ! image1 & ! image %\ld be flat because ! plates us$ 9 photography are flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sph]ical ,ab]ration4--,! surfaces ( l5ses are always gr\nd to sph]ical curves1 & ?is fact makes x impossible = a s+le l5s1 su* z t %[n 9 figure #b1 to br+ to a po9t all ! light t falls ^u x f a po9t4 ,if a p5cil ( light passes ?r\gh a piece ( glass ) slop+ sides x is b5t or refract$ t[>ds ! ?ick] "p ( ! glass1 & ! great] ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! two sides ! m is x refract$ f its orig9al pa?4 ,9 figure #c x is cle> t ! two sides ( ! l5s %[n 9 section are incl9$ to ea* o!r at a cont9ually increas+ angle z !y approa* ea* o!r at ! edges ( ! l5s4 ,! refract+ effect ( ! l5s increases f ! c5tre outw>ds1 & x increases to a great] ext5t ?an is necess>y to br+ ! incid5t light to a po9t4 ,! focus ( ! p5cils ( light t pass ?r\gh ! edges ( ! l5s is ne>] to ! l5s ?an ! focus ( ! p5cils t pass ?r\gh its c5tral "p4 ,9 ! figure two foci are %[n1 a & b1 b ( c\rse1 9 fact1 int]m$iate p>ts ( ! l5s produce int]m$iate foci1 & :at %\ld be a po9t 9 ! image1 is spread out into a l9e on ! axis ( ! l5s1 & all along ?is l9e is surr\nd$ ) ! light t ei!r is com+ to a focus or t has come to a focus & has spread out aga94 ,on a scre5 plac$ at b !re w\ld be a po9t ( light surr\nd$ by a halo1 :ile at a1 ne>] ! l5s1 ! c5tral focus or po9t is surr\nd$ by a bright] or m cond5s$ light1 & ! appe>ance is ( a circul> pat* ( light ) a bright] b\nd>y4 ,?is is positive sph]ical ab]ration4 ,negative sph]ical ab]ration is due to ov] correction1 ! focus ( ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! m>g9s be+ fur!/ f ! l5s1 & ! appe>ances on a scre5 are ( c\rse rev]s$4 ,*romatic ,ab]ration4--,:5 light is refract$1 t is b5t out ( its orig9al pa? by a s+le piece ( glass1 x is n refract$ z a :ole1 b ea* con/itu5t behaves z if none o!r 7 pres5t4 ,ord9>y :ite light or daylight is a mixture ( _m col\r$ lights z se5 9 ! ra9b[1 & :5 refract$1 ! blue is b5t m ?an ! gre51 ! gre5 m ?an ! yell[1 & ! yell[ m ?an ! r$4 ,s t us+ a s+le l5s ! focus ( ! blue light is ne>] ! l5s ?an ! focus ( ! r$ light & ! o!rs come 9 betwe54 ,9 figure #d ?is is repres5t$ 9 an exagg]at$ degree to make x m di/9ct4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a scre5 plac$ at ! focus ( ! blue light w %[ a r$di% m>g9 & if remov$ fur!r f ! l5s ! m>g9 or halo w be blui%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,^! two ab]rations1 sph]ical & *romatic 7 ! pr9cipal faults t opticians _h to deal )1 because !y affect ! :ole ( ! image1 ev5 ! v c5tral p>ts4 ,b 9 photography x is necess>y to get an image ( a v l>ge size z comp>$ ) ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s1 & !re are "s faults t only beg9 to %[ !mselves at a little di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! image & increase z ! di/ance f ! c5tre is great]4 ,^! ab]rations 71 practically speak+1 incurable until a few ye>s ago1 b z rec5t optical advances h provid$ k9ds ( glass by ! use ( :i* !y may be elim9at$1 or ne>ly s1 !y h become ( practical importance4 ,!y are a/igmatism & curvature ( field4 ,a/igmatism & ,curvature ( ,field4--,if a diagram ( suitable size is made ) a s]ies ( conc5tric circles & radial l9es ^u x1 & ! c5tre ( x is arrang$ exactly opposite ! c5tre ( ! l5s1 & 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! focuss+ scre51 ! scre5 & diagram be+ p>allel1 !n if ! l5s suff]s f a/igmatism x w be f\nd impossible to get ! out] circles & ! radial l9es :]e !y cross !m simultane\sly focuss$4 ,:]e ?is difficulty beg9s ! a/igmatism beg9s1 & ! great] ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! focal planes ( ! radial l9es & ! circles1 ! great] is ! a/igmatism4 ,x w probably be f\nd ) any ( ! old] types ( l5ses t nei!r is 9 focus at ! same "t t ! c5tre ( ! diagram is1 b t ! scre5 mu/ be rack$ 92 ?is is due to curvature ( field1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! curvature ( field = ! circles & ! radial l9es is due to a/igmatism4 ,9 ! old] l5ses a flatt] field c\ld only be obta9$ by ! introduction ( a/igmatism1 b n[ by ! employm5t ( ! new glasses made at ,j5a1 x is possible to practically elim9ate a/igmatism1 & /ill keep ! field flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,photographic ,l5ses4--,:5 photography 0 fir/ practis$ ! be/ l5ses available 7 ^? made = use z telescope objectives1 & !y _h to be us$ ) a small diaphragm to get good def9ition ov] a suffici5t field4 ,) ! sl[ processes !n 9 vogue a m rapid l5s 0 mu* desir$1 & ,voigtl&] introduc$ a portrait l5s con/ruct$ accord+ to ! results ( ! calculations ( ,pr(essor ,petzval4 ,?is portrait l5s is /ill v l>gely us$1 & figure #e w s]ve to %[ its g5]al "* & w be a guide to ! putt+ ( "o toge!r correctly if x has be5 tak5 to pieces = clean+4 ,a rapid l5s su* z ?is c\ld n cov] a suffici5tly l>ge field = l&scape "w1 s t s+le l5ses 7 /ill us$ = "w 9 :i* rapidity 0 n ( v great importance4 ,s+le l5ses 7 improv$1 & o!r k9ds ( l5ses 7 introduc$ f "t to "t1 b x 0 n till #ahff t ! rapid rectil9e>s or rapid aplanats1 call$ lat] rapid symmetricals1 & by innum]able o!r names accord+ to ! fancies ( ! mak]s1 7 introduc$4 ,probably no l5s has be5 made 9 su* l>ge numb]s z ?is4 ,at ab\t ! same "t1 ,dallmey] introduc$ 8 portrait l5s 9 :i* ! position ( ! convex & concave elem5ts ( ! back comb9ation is rev]s$1 ! concave l5s be+ outside1 & ?is gives ! photograph] ! opportunity ( screw+ x back a little1 & s introduc+ a measurable am\nt ( sph]ical ab]ration :i* has ! effect ( modify+ ! o!rwise exce$+ly f9e def9ition at ! c5tre ( ! field1 & giv+ a great] dep? ( def9ition4 ,9 #ahha1 ,messrs4 ,abbe ,s*ott began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ! manufacture ( optical glasses1 & !y 7 s successful 9 mak+ new & useful v>ieties1 t an optical glass factory 0 ev5tually e/abli%$ at ,j5a1 by ,s*ott ,co4 ,by ! use ( ^! new] glasses ! limitations t _h previ\sly re/rict$ opticians 7 remov$1 & x became possible to correct a/igmatism & secure a flat field at ! same "t4 ,zeiss ( ,j5a1 t[>ds ! end ( #ahij1 introduc$ 8 fir/ s]ies ( ana/igmats4 ,! conc5tric l5s ( ,ross 0 introduc$ 9 #ahib1 a l5s :i* probably rema9s unsurpass$ = flatness ( field & fre$om f a/igmatism2 b z sph]ical ab]ration is pres5t to a notable degree1 an ap]ture ( ab\t f_/#bb is ! l>ge/ t gives %>p def9ition4 ,! d\ble ana/igmat ( ,go]z ( ,b]l9 0 put on ! m>ket 9 #ahic4 ,x is a symmetrical l5s1 & 9 ?is diff]5t f ! ,zeiss ana/igmats t prec$$ x4 ,x consi/s ( two simil> comb9ations1 ea* ( ?ree l5ses cem5t$ toge!r4 ,! unsurpass$ qualities ( ?is l5s /imulat$ o!r opticians to seek to rival x1 & !re appe>$ simil> l5ses ) f\r & ev5 five l5ses 9 ea* comb9ation1 besides o!r l5ses t are m or less a copy ( ! d\ble ana/igmat4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable ( ^! is ! satz-ana/igmat ( ,zeiss1 ea* comb9ation consi/+ ( f\r l5ses cem5t$ toge!r & =m+ an excell5t s+le l5s4 ,^! comb9ations are int]*angeable 9 ! same m\nt s t )1 = example1 "o m\nt & ?ree l5ses1 six diff]5t focal l5g?s c be obta9$1 z ! l5ses may be us$ s+ly or any two toge!r z a d\blet4 ,! ,cooke l5s is rem>kable = ! simple means by :i* ! v>i\s corrections are made1 consi/+ z x does ( only ?ree s+le l5ses sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,obvi\sly x mu/ be us$ entire4 ,^! l5ses d n cov] s l>ge a plate 9 proportion to _! focal l5g?s z mo/ ( ! o!r ana/igmats1 b p]=m excell5tly ov] ! plates = :i* !y are con/ruct$4 ,! /igmatic ( ,dallmey] is ! late/ l5s ( g5]al utility4 ,x gives good def9ition to ! m>g9 ( ! circle ( light t x transmits1 r$uction ( ap]ture be+ necess>y1 :5 its full field is employ$1 to get equality ( illum9ation r ?an to improve ! m>g9al def9ition4 ,its two comb9ations are diff]5t1 & ei!r may be us$ alone z a s+le l5s1 giv+ focal l5g?s ( approximately "o-&-a-half & twice ! focal l5g? ( ! :ole l5s4 ,! plan> ( ,zeiss introduc$ j z we write1 is a symmetrical d\blet *>act]iz$ by a v l>ge ap]ture1 f f_/#c4f to f_/#d up to #aj in*es 9 focal l5g?1 & a little small] above t4 ,x is !re=e comp>able ) portrait l5ses4 ,al?\gh x is symmetrical1 a s+le comb9ation _c ) advantage be us$ alone z a s+le l5s4 ,telephotographic l5ses are subsequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,! "o aim ( opticians 9 improv+ photographic l5ses has be5 to get good def9ition all ov] a comp>atively l>ge flat surface )\t hav+ to use small ap]tures4 ,a def9+ p[] on ! axis ( ! l5s1 t is1 at ! c5tre ( ! field1 f> exce$+ :at c be tak5 practical advantage ( 9 ord9>y photography1 has long be5 possible4 ,b until rec5tly1 ! def9+ p[] always rapidly det]iorat$ z ! di/ance f ! c5tre 0 increas$4 ,b to judge ( ! quality ( a l5s1 or to comp>e "o l5s ) ano!r1 !re are o!r matt]s t mu/ be und]/ood1 & ^! we %all proce$ to consid]4 ,focal l5g?1 ap]ture & image angle are ! *ief details conc]n+ l5ses1 grant+ t ! ab]rations ref]r$ to above are satisfactorily correct$4 ,focal l5g?4--,! focal l5g? or focal di/ance ( a ?9 l5s is ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! po9t to :i* x conv]ges p>allel rays4 ,! rays ( light are p>allel :5 !y issue f an object at an inf9ite di/ance4 ,= ord9>y practical purposes1 any object1 t is n ne>] ?an a ?\s& focal l5g?s ( ! l5s may be reg>d$ z at an inf9ite di/ance1 t is ! image ( an object s f> (f1 & ! image ( ! sun or />s 7:i* are situat$ at ! ne>e/ approa* to an inf9itely great di/ance t we "k (7 w\ld if sep>ately focuss$ give an inappreciably small diff]5ce ( position ( ! focuss+ scre54 ,b no photographic l5s is v ?94 ,! measurem5t f ! back surface ( ! l5s to ! scre51 :5 focuss$ on a di/ant object1 is call$ ! back focus1 b ?is is ( no use :atev] except z to ! det]m9+ ( ! cam]a l5g? necess>y4 ,! equival5t focal l5g? is ! focal l5g? 7or focal di/ance7 ( a ?9 l5s t w\ld give ! same effect1 s f> z focal l5g? is conc]n$1 z ! l5s 9 "q4 ,:5 ! simple expression focal l5g? is us$1 x always ref]s to ! equival5t focal l5g?4 ,! s+le ^w focus is sometimes us$ errone\sly in/ead ( focal l5g?4 ,! focal l5g? ( all l5ses 7except to a v small ext5t1 ) s+le or s-call$ l&scape l5ses7 is proportional to ! l9e> dim5sion ( ! image t x gives "u simil> conditions4 ,= example1 a l5s ( #f in*es focal l5g? w give j ! same am\nt ( subject on a qu>t] plate t a l5s ( #ab in*es focal l5g? w give on a :ole plate1 because ! l9e> measurem5t ( ! :ole plate is exactly d\ble t ( ! qu>t] plate4 ,! easie/ way to comp>e ! focal l5g?s ( two l5ses1 is to focus bo? on a fairly di/ant object or view1 & to measure 9 ! image ! di/ance betwe5 two fix$ po9ts 9 bo? cases4 ,! proportion betwe5 ^! measurem5ts is ! proportion betwe5 ! focal l5g?s ( ! l5ses4 ,by ?is me?od ! focal l5g? ( any l5s c easily be det]m9$ if "o has a l5s ( kn[n focal l5g?4 ,if a l5s is fir/ focuss$ on a di/ant object1 & ! focuss+ scre5 is !n mov$ back until ! image ( any object is ( ! same size z ! object1 ! di/ance travell$ by ! focuss+ scre5 is exactly ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s4 ,x is h[ev] exce$+ly difficult to get at ! same "t an image ( an exactly pr$et]m9$ size1 & to secure ! v be/ def9ition1 s t x is m conv5i5t to get ! image z ne> z x happ5s to come to ! size ( ! object & !n to all[ = ! diff]5ce1 z !n no?+ int]f]es ) ! op]ation ( focuss+4 ,! be/ ne> object to use is an accurately divid$ scale1 & ! details want$ 9 addition to ^? m5tion$ above are ! comp>ative l5g?s ( ! image & ! object4 ,to get ^!1 two f9e m>ks are made on ! focuss+ scre51 & ! di/ance betwe5 ^! is ! l5g? ( ! image4 ,! scale is focuss$ ) critical exactness & s t x falls ov] ^! m>ks1 !n ! am\nt ( ! scale repres5t$ betwe5 ! m>ks c be measur$1 & ! divisions c\nt$ = ! l5g? ( ! object4 ,! di/ance ov] :i* ! focuss+ scre5 0 mov$ betwe5 ! two focuss+s is to be multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! object & divid$ by ! l5g? ( ! image1 & ! result is ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s4 ,ap]ture4--,! ap]ture ( a l5s is ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] ( light t x c receive & transmit4 ,if ! diaphragm is 9 front ( ! l5s1 ! hole 9 ! diaphragm is ! ap]ture1 b if ! diaphragm is beh9d a "p ( ! l5s1 s t ! incid5t light passes ?r\gh a l5s fir/1 ! hole 9 ! diaphragm is n ! ap]ture1 ! ap]ture is l>g] because ! l5s cond5ses ! light be=e x gets to ! diaphragm4 ,! ap]ture ( any l5s c be measur$ by focuss+ a di/ant object1 !n replac+ ! focuss+ scre5 by a %eet ( c>dbo>d ) a p9hole 9 ! middle ( x4 ,9 a d>k-room a light mu/ be plac$ beh9d ! p9hole1 & a bit ( gr\nd glass held 9 front ( ! l5s4 ,a disc ( light w be se5 on ! gr\nd glass & ! diamet] ( ?is is ! diamet] ( ! ap]ture1 or simply1 ! ap]ture1 ) ! diaphragm employ$4 ,rapidity4--,! rapidity ( a l5s dep5ds almo/ :olly on its focal l5g? & ap]ture4 ,! ?ickness ( ! glass makes a little diff]5ce1 & at e surface 9 contact ) air !re is loss by reflection1 b ^! & analog\s matt]s are ( comp>atively little importance1 & z !y are unc]ta9 & _c be det]m9$ x is cu/om>y to ref] rapidity to ! focal l5g? & ap]ture only4 ,! ap]ture f\nd1 t is1 ! diamet] ( ! effective incid5t cyl9d] ( p>allel rays1 %\ld be divid$ into ! focal l5g?1 & ! diaphragm correspond+ to ! ap]ture %\ld !n be m>k$ ) a fractional expression indicat+ ! proportion ( ap]ture to focal l5g?4 ,?us if ! ap]ture is "o eigh? ! focal l5g?1 x is m>k$ f_/#h1 if a sixte5? f_/#af1 & s on4 ,all l5ses ) ! same ap]ture z s m>k$ may be reg>d$ z ( equal rapidity :atev] _! focal l5g?s may be4 ,n[ ! m rapid a l5s is ! %ort] ! exposure t x is necess>y to give = any subject1 & ! exposure requir$ is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! figure 9 ! expressions z giv5 above4 ,namely #h & #af squ>$ give #fd & #bef :i* are z "o to f\r1 ! proportional exposures requir$4 ,or we may say t #h to #af are z #a to #b & squ>e ^! & get #a to #d ! proportional exposures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! be/ way to m>k /ops is1 = example1 f_/#h & f_/#af1 z ^! expressions are univ]sally und]/ood1 b "s p]sons ?9k t ! relative rapidities or int5sities are bett]1 o!rs pref] to express ! relative exposure necess>y1 & e sy/em ( numb]+ on ^! plans has a unit :i* is m]ely empirical1 n "o ( !m adopt+ ! only true or sci5tific unit ( f_/#a4 ,zeiss has rec5tly *ang$ 8 unit f f_/#ajj to f_/#ej4 ,dallmey] m>ks "s ( 8 l5ses n[ ) ! practical expression4 ,! foll[+ table may be ( s]vice to ^? :o happ5 to h l5ses ) _! diaphragms m>k$ on any ( ^! empirical sy/ems4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,royal ,photographic ,p>is ,zeiss ,zeiss f_/ ,society4 ,dallmey]4 ,congress4 7old74 7new74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #c4af #a #a_/aj #c4b #ajbd #bef #d #a #e #b4e #a_/d #d4e #eab #abh #e4ff #b #f4c #d #d_/aj #bef #fd #g4jg #e #a_/b #h #d #h4ff #g4e #c_/d #i #abh #cb #aj #aj #a #aa4c #h #ab4be #ae #a4e #ab4e #fd #af #ad4ad #bj #b #ae4ha #be #b4e #af #af #ag4cb #cj #c #ah #cb #h #bj #dj #d #bb4cf #ej #e #bb4f #cb #be #af #d #bg4cf #ge #g4e #ca4fb #ajj #aj #cb #fd #cf #h #b #ch4g #aej #ae #dd4gb #bjj #bj #de4b #abh #ej #bej #be #d #a #ed4gg #cjj #cj #fc4be #djj #dj #fd #bef #gj4ga #ejj #ej #ga #b #ajj #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,image ,angle4--,! image angle repres5ts :at is call$ cov]+ p[]4 ,x may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! focal l5g?1 & d\btless ?is is ! be/ me?od1 b x is n cu/om>y4 ,x may be express$ z an angle1 ! angle =m$ :5 a l9e is drawn f ea* extremity ( a l9e equal to ! diamet] ( ! circle cov]$1 & caus$ to meet at a po9t di/ant f ! base l9e equal to ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s4 ,! angle :]e ! two l9es meet is ! image angle4 ,b g5]ally ! cov]+ p[] is express$ m r\ghly1 z ! ord9>y size ( ! plate t suffici5tly good def9ition c be obta9$ on4 ,tele-,photographic ,l5ses4--,if a negative 7or disp]s+ or concave7 l5s is introduc$ betwe5 ! ord9>y l5s & ! plate1 ! equival5t focal l5g? ( ! arrangem5t is great] ?an t ( ! ord9>y l5s alone1 b ! l5g? ( cam]a necess>y is n proportionately great4 ,x is possible !re=e to obta9 an image ( a size t w\ld o!rwise require a l5s ( long focal l5g? & a correspond+ & p]haps impossible l5g? ( cam]a4 ,b ?is is n ! only advantage1 = if ! ord9>y l5s & ! negative l5s are sep>able to a v>iable ext5t1 ! am\nt ( magnification ( ! image1 or increase 9 ! equival5t focal l5g? ( ! optical sy/em1 is adju/able at w4 ,= fur!r details conc]n+ tele-photographic l5ses & _! use1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,mr4 ,dallmey]'s pamphlet on ! subject4 ,!re are two o!r subjects connect$ ) ! production ( images by photographic l5ses t mu/ be ref]r$ to1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m is ( great importance if we exclude ! use ( h& cam]as 7:i* are sep>ately treat$ (7 & be> 9 m9d ! ord9>y practice ( to-day4 ,^! are dep? ( def9ition & ! di/ortion due to ! use ( s+le l5ses4 ,dep? ( ,def9ition4--,x has already be5 %[n t ! action ( ! l5s is to br+ to a po9t 9 ! image all ! light t falls ^u x f ! correspond+ po9t ( ! object4 ,n[ x is cle> f fig4 #b t1 if diff]5t p>ts ( ! object are at diff]5t di/ances f ! l5s1 & ?is mu/ be ! case ) solid objects1 ^! diff]5t p>ts _c be 9 focus at ! same "t4 ,/ill x is possible to get !m s ne>ly 9 focus t ! result is s]viceable1 & ! ord9>y me?od ( do+ ?is is to exam9e ! image on ! gr\nd glass1 & if ! :ole subject is n %>p en\gh1 to r$uce ! size ( ! ap]ture4 ,dep? ( def9ition is increas$ by us+ a l5s ( %ort] focal l5g? or by r$uc+ ! ap]ture4 ,if a l>ge ap]ture has to be us$1 ! focal l5g? mu/ be %ort if mu* dep? ( def9ition is want$1 or conv]sely1 if ! focal l5g? mu/ be long ! ap]ture mu/ be small4 ,x foll[s t v rapid l5ses t h a v long focus are ( no use1 = 9 portraiture1 = example1 ?is comb9ation ( prop]ties w\ld lead to ! e> 9 ! image be+ fuzzy if ! eye 0 %>p4 ,if a l5s 7 p]fect & _h a flat field1 ! dep? ( def9ition w\ld dep5d only on ! ap]ture & focal l5g?4 ,b if ! l5s gives inf]ior def9ition t[>ds ! edges ( ! field1 x is q obvi\s t !re mu/ be less dep? ( def9ition !re1 if a m9imum ( def9+ p[] is accept$4 ,! def9ition at its be/ may be inf]ior to ! m9imum accept$ & !n obvi\sly !re is no dep?4 ,dep? ( def9ition !re=e at ! c5tre ( ! plate dep5ds entirely on ! focal l5g? & ap]ture1 b away f ! c5tre x dep5ds also on ! quality ( ! l5s1 & is mu* great] 9 a flat field ana/igmat ?an 9 a l5s ( an old] type4 ,b dep? ( def9ition is n a quality ap>t1 x dep5ds entirely ^u o!r factors1 & x is bett] 9 exam9+ a l5s to det]m9e ^! factors sep>ately r ?an to lump !m toge!r z dep?4 ,di/ortion produc$ by s+le l5ses is due to ! fact t ! diaphragm is ei!r 9 front ( or beh9d !m4 ,if ! diaphragm is 9 front1 ! image is drawn t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! plate to an ext5t t increases z ! m>g9 ( ! field is approa*$4 ,a l9e along "o side ( ! plate has its ends drawn 9 to a great] am\nt ?an its c5tre1 because !y are fur!r f ! middle ( ! plate1 & !re=e x becomes curv$ l ! side ( a b>rel1 & ?is effect is call$ b>rel-%ap$ di/ortion4 ,if ! diaphragm is beh9d ! l5s1 ! displacem5t is outw>ds1 also increas+ t[>ds ! edges ( ! field1 & a /raight l9e at ! edge ( ! plate becomes curv$ s t x is convex t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! plate4 ,?is is kn[n z h\r-glass di/ortion4 ,bo? ^! effects are illu/rat$ 7& exagg]at$ = cle>ness' sake7 9 fig4 #f1 ! c5tral squ>e repres5t+ ! true figure4 ,?is curvil9e> di/ortion is abs5t 9 all cases 9 ! middle ( ! plate & g5]ally = a consid]able area1 & if s+le l5ses ( only long focal l5g? are us$1 say ( a focal l5g? equal to at lea/ "o & a half times ! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ side ( ! plate1 x may be neglect$4 ,wide-angle s+le l5ses %\ld nev] be us$ except on a suitably small plate1 s t ! above conditions hold4 ,! ne>] ! diaphragm is to ! l5s ! less is ! di/ortion1 & "s ( ! mo/ mod]n s+le l5ses h ! diaphragm s ne> t ! photograph] is ev5 m safe 9 ! use ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,melton ,,mead[s4 ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton4 ,! ,comp>ison & ,use ( ,l5ses4--,! optician :5 he te/s l5ses looks = ea* fault individually1 b ?is ! ord9>y photograph] is h>dly able to d1 nor is x p>ticul>ly desirable = him1 because if a l5s is inf]ior x matt]s little to him :y x is s4 ,on ! o!r h& occasion may arise :5 he wants to id5tify a fault1 !n ! in=mation already giv5 w probably be suffici5t to enable him to d s1 if to x is add$ t a small p9hole ) a flame beh9d x is a conv5i5t po9t ( light1 & t if ! image ( ?is lum9\s po9t is exam9$ ) a good eyepiece1 )\t ! focuss+ scre51 at v>i\s p>ts ( ! field1 ! "* ( ! defect may be discov]$4 ,! ma9 ?+s t ! photograph] ne$s to look to 9 judg+ ( a l5s or comp>+ x ) ano!r1 are 7#a7 t x works to focus1 7#b7 ! quality ( its def9+ p[] especially t[>ds ! edges ( ! plate4 ,!re mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt ! focal l5g? & ap]ture1 & if bo? ^! are n ! same 9 ! l5ses to be comp>$ !y %\ld be ne>ly ! same1 & ! proportion t ! ap]ture be>s to ! focal l5g? %\ld be exactly ! same4 ,a special diaphragm may h to be cut out ( c>d = "o ( !m4 ,! be/ te/ object t is always at h& is a newspap] p9n$ flat aga9/ a flat wall4 ,! cam]a mu/ n be mov$ dur+ ! "w4 ,ea* l5s is v c>efully focuss$ & a negative made1 us+ ! same ap]ture1 "t ( developm5t1 & 9 all ways simil> treatm5t = bo?4 ,if ! focal l5g?s are diff]5t1 ! images w be ( correspond+ly diff]5t sizes1 & !n ! same detail mu/ be comp>$1 n ! def9ition at ! same di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,all good l5ses "w to focus1 b "s ( ! *eap] ones d n4 ,to te/ ?is1 any s]ies ( small objects arrang$ side by side1 b at di/ances v>y+ by int]vals ( say two in*es f ! cam]a1 is photograph$ aft] c>efully focuss+ on ! middle "o4 ,if any o!r ?an ! middle "o is ! be/ def9$1 ! l5s is at fault4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 all simil> te/s1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ord9>y dry plates are n q flat1 & ! error ( ! plate may make an appreciable diff]5ce4 ,! use ( l5ses comprises ! :ole art ( work+ ) ! cam]a1 x is !re=e n our prov9ce to say mu* ab\t x4 ,b s f> z l5ses !mselves are conc]n$ x may be rem>k$ t1 if a l5s has a r\nd field1 x may be advantage\s to tip up ! l5s ) reg>d to ! plate :5 only a "p ( ! plate is be+ us$1 z = example sometimes 9 tak+ a l&scape4 ,b 9 us+ ! mod]n flat field l5ses special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! l5s & plate exactly true to ea* o!r1 ! plate exactly at "r angles to ! l5s axis4 ,! image & plate mu/ co9cide or def9ition w suff]4 ,if ! image is r\nd$ & ! plate flat1 !n 9 any case ! result is only a compromise1 b to take full advantage ( ! l>g] ap]tures :5 ! field is flat1 mu* m c>e ?an has be5 usual mu/ be devot$ to ?is matt]4 ,simple uncorrect$ l5ses su* z spectacle l5ses or monocles1 suff] f ! defects t h already be5 describ$1 & are valu$ on ?is acc\nt by "s work]s because !y give blurr$ or s(t images4 ,) a small en\gh diaphragm !y w give good def9ition1 & g5]ally x may be /at$ t r$uc+ ! ap]ture less5s ! effect ( any fault t a l5s may possess4 ,to get ! be/ def9ition t a simple l5s w give1 ! plate mu/ be br\ght ne>] ! l5s aft] focuss+ by ab\t "o-fiftie? ( ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s1 s t x may be br\ght f ! be/ focus ( visual light into ! be/ focus ( ! photographically active light4 ,if ! object photograph$ is ne>] to ! l5s ?an ab\t "o hundr$ times its focal l5g?1 ! am\nt ( movem5t aft] focuss+ mu/ be increas$4 ,if f\r focal l5g?s di/ant1 ! correction is ne>ly "o-?irtie? ( ! focal l5g?1 at ?ree focal l5g?s di/ant1 ne>ly "o-tw5tie?1 & at two focal l5g?s1 ab\t a ?irte5?4 ,p9holes give an image t = all practical purposes may be said to be equally blurr$ or s(t ov] ! :ole plate4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t p9holes & _! use1 b x is n def9itely kn[n yet :e!r ! exposure %\ld be long] or %ort] ?an ! exposure requir$ :5 a l5s is us$1 all[+1 ( c\rse1 = ! smallness ( ! ap]ture4 ,! foll[+ %ort table & exposure rules f ! writ]'s ,sci5ce & ,practice ( ,photography1 w probably prove useful3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p9holes--diamet]s #a_/af #a_/bb #a_/cb #a_/de #a_/fd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,di/ance f plate = %>pe/ image 444 #fd #cb #af #h #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,all ! above figures are 9 in*es4 ,:atev] p9hole & at :atev] di/ance1 e/imate ! exposure = a l5s at f_/#af1 f_/#bb1 f_/#cb1 f_/#de1 or f_/#fd1 z ! case may be1 & multiply x by ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( in*es t ! plate is di/ant f ! p9hole4 ,b if ! di/ance is z giv5 above = any hole1 x is suffici5t to expose = z _m m9utes z ! plate is in*es di/ant f ! hole1 = a subject t w\ld require "o second ) an ap]ture ( f_/#af4 ,*apman ,jones4 ,portraiture4 ,illu/ration ,! photograph] :o may be exp]t at l&scape or ar*itectural "w1 w f9d himself at a loss :5 he essays portraiture4 ,= ap>t f ! art ( manag+ ! sitt] 7a mo/ important elem5t 9 produc+ a successful result71 he w soon f9d t ! k9d ( plate t is suitable = outdoor "w does n answ] well = portraits1 unless ! develop] is greatly modifi$1 = q a diff]5t k9d ( negative is requir$4 ,z a g5]al rule x is advisable to use v rapid plates = portrait "w2 & 9 ?is respect1 at ! pres5t day we are mu* bett] suppli$ ?an ev5 five or six ye>s ago1 & ) an extra-rapid plate x is possible to secure a fully expos$ negative 9 half a second1 9 wea!r & "u light+ t 0 q impossible t5 ye>s ago4 ,! be/ expression & pose are g5]ally secur$ :5 ! sitt] is unaw>e ( ! actual mom5t ( exposure2 & = ?is purpose a sil5t %utt] work+ inside ! cam]a is be/4 ,! sitt] %\ld nev] be ask$ to keep /ill unless1 9 gr\ps1 & :5 circum/ances necessitate a long exposure2 & n[adays an exposure ( five or six seconds is a long "o4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to put ! sitt] q at ease4 ,a head-re/ %\ld n be us$ unless absolutely necess>y1 & few photograph]s are aw>e h[ easily x c be disp5s$ )1 & fail to realize h[ /rong an objection ne>ly e sitt] has to x4 ,x is f> bett] to h an occasional plate spoilt by work+ )\t ! re/ ?an to make e sitt] uncom=table by its use4 ,9 fact "s portrait negatives are actually improv$ by a slight movem5t4 ,9 a special k9d ( light+ :5 ! face is 9 %ad[ reliev$ aga9/ a light backgr\nd1 a slight movem5t :i* produces ! effect ( diffusion ( focus greatly improves ! result4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 *oos+ ! backgr\nd ev5 :5 x is only pla9 or graduat$1 & x is well wor? expos+ ?ree or f\r plates on ! same sitt]1 9 ! same position & light+1 & ) ! same exposure1 b ) diff]5t backgr\nds1 & !n c>efully comp>+ ! result+ pr9ts4 ,ev5 if only "o backgr\nd is at h& its dep? c be v>i$ by plac+ x ne>] or f>!r f ! s\rce ( light4 ,! backgr\nd mu/ also be select$ to suit ! light+ ( ! sitt]1 z a backgr\nd ( m$ium t9t suitable = :at is call$ ord9>y light+ w\ld be q unsuitable = ,rembr&t effects1 or :]e /rong contra/s ( light & %ade are us$1 :5 "p ( ! face is 9 d>k %ad[4 ,= su* effects a d>k backgr\nd is usually be/1 z x gives lum9osity to ! %ad[ side ( ! face4 ,b su* d>k gr\nds are n suitable = ord9>y light+ :]e ! face %\ld be full ( delicate half-tone1 all ( :i* w\ld be kill$ by ! /r5g? ( ! d>k backgr\nd4 ,= ! ,rembr&t effects a mu* long] exposure is necess>y z less light is reflect$ f ! face on to ! s5sitive plate2 !y w (t5 ne$ twice or ?ree times z mu* z = ord9>y portraits4 ,:5 pictorial backgr\nds or accessories are us$ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! object ( ! photograph is to secure a portrait ( ! sitt]1 n to %[ :at a l>ge /ock ( accessories ! photograph] possesses4 ,x is be/ to use z few accessories z possible2 ,i h he>d a lady compla9 bitt]ly ( a well-kn[n photograph]1 :o hav+ pos$ h] 9 a v difficult position1 kept h] wait+ = five m9utes :ile he arrang$ a scre51 a palm1 a foot/ool1 a tig]-sk91 etc41 s t %e felt positively ill be=e ! exposure 0 made4 ,! sitt] %\ld n be kept wait+ 9 ! pose to be photograph$ any long] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,if accessories mu/ be us$ !y %\ld be simple & suitable4 ,:5 portraits h to be tak5 9 ord9>y rooms x is advisable to get a fri5d or assi/ant to exp]im5t ^u1 if possible be=eh&4 ,ev5 a few m9utes sp5t 9 /udy+ ! possibilities ( light & arrangem5t ( furniture w save a great deal ( worry :5 mak+ ! actual exposures1 & no?+ upsets n]v\s sitt]s m ?an hav+ all k9ds ( exp]im5ts & arrangem5ts made ) !m4 ,b x is sometimes well wor? wa/+ a few plates on exposures :i* ! photograph] ?9ks w be useless1 9 ord] to give ! sitt] "t to get accu/om$ to ! room2 x mu/ n be done 9 a fussy1 irritat+ way1 b r to %[ t x is n su* a v dreadful op]ation & really doesn't hurt4 ,?is plan (t5 works well ) n]v\s *ildr51 :o soon become accu/om$ to ! room & ! photograph]4 ,!re is a great deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! maxim leave y\r sitt]s alone4 ,! photograph] mu/ cultivate quick obs]vation s t he sees at once a good pose1 & secures x2 & "h aga9 quick plates are ess5tial1 z _m ( ! mo/ *>m+ poses are caught unexpect$ly4 ,x has be5 well said t ! be/ poses ! photograph] secures are ^? he obs]ves1 n ^? he creates4 ,b a spontane\s pose may n be q p]fect & a slight alt]ation may be easily made )\t di/urb+ ! re/ ( ! figure4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t a pose t takes a great deal ( arrang+ is n a success4 ,:5 tak+ portraits 9 an ord9>y room x is usual to place ! sitt] ne> ! w9d[1 s t "o side ( ! face is /rongly light$ & ! o!r 9 deep %ad[1 & !n use a :ite reflector to light up ! %ad[ side4 ,x is (t5 bett]1 :5 ! w9d[ is a l>ge "o1 to place ! sitt] f>!r back 9 ! room almo/ fac+ ! w9d[1 & put ! cam]a ne> ! middle ( ! w9d[ look+ into ! room2 a s(t] light+ w !n be secur$4 ,= outdoor portraits a %ady corn] is be/1 & if possible1 "o :]e ! side light is mu* subdu$ on "o side2 a light head-%ade may be us$ ) advantage4 ,a l>ge grey rug out ( focus makes a good backgr\nd2 a blanket is too light4 ,a portrait l5s is be/ = ! "w2 b if ! photograph] does n possess "o1 he ne$ n despair ( produc+ good "w4 ,a rapid rectil9e> l5s us$ at a l>ge ap]ture w answ] ! purpose well2 x %\ld always be us$ at full ap]ture1 p>tly = ! sake ( quickness 9 exposure1 & p>tly to prev5t accessories & p>ts ( ! dress appe>+ too %>p & compet+ 9 importance ) ! face4 ,subord9ation ( p>ts is "o ( ! ess5tials ( a picture2 & if we exam9e a good portrait we %all f9d t probably no "p ( ! photograph is q %>p except ! eyes & face4 ,o!rwise ! less important details are apt to obtrude !mselves on our notice4 ,a /op w g5]ally be necess>y1 h[ev]1 ) a portrait l5s if a full or ?ree-qu>t] l5g? is to be tak51 & x w be f\nd t heads only 7z a rule7 c be tak5 at full ap]ture4 ,j z good "w1 h[ev]1 c be done ) a rapid rectil9e> z ) a l5s specially made = portraits1 except :]e rapid exposures are to be made2 b x is necess>y to use "o ( fairly long focus4 ,a rapid rectil9e> l5s us$ = l&scape "w on a half plate w\ld be mu* too %ort 9 focus = giv+ good portraits on ! same siz$ plate1 = 9 ord] to get ! figure l>ge en\gh x is necess>y to place ! cam]a s ne> ! sitt] z to produce di/ortion4 ,= portraits on a half plate a l5s ( at lea/ n9e in*es focus %\ld be us$ & = a :ole plate n less ?an sixte5 or eighte5 in*es1 & long] if possible4 ,! sw+ back ( ! cam]a w be f\nd useful 9 portrait "w = gett+ p>ts ( ! figures into focus t are ei!r too f> beh9d or too f> 9 front ( ! plane ( ! face4 ,= in/ance1 a full-l5g? figure lean+ back 9 a *air w h ! feet out ( focus :5 ! face is %>p if ! back ( ! cam]a is v]tical1 & ?is applies ) ev5 great] =ce to gr\ps4 ,a side sw+ too is useful1 b is n absolutely necess>y4 ,ev5 9 bu/ portraits ! sw+ back is useful 9 gett+ ! %\ld]s 9 focus :5 us+ a l>ge ap]ture1 = al?\gh x is well n to h ! :ole ( ! figure 9 p]fect focus all ov]1 x is n advisable to h ! face %>p & ! re/ s out ( focus z to be blurr$4 ,! developm5t ( a portrait plate %\ld be diff]5t f t ( a l&scape1 because a diff]5t k9d ( negative is requir$4 ,a rapid plate develop$ s z to give a s(t delicate image is be/2 & a develop] conta9+ m alkali & less d5sity giv] is good1 & x may be consid]ably dilut$ ) advantage4 ,! image %\ld appe> )9 t5 seconds ( p\r+ on ! develop]1 & ! negative w g5]ally be develop$ to suffici5t d5sity 9 f two to ?ree m9utes4 ,) a good av]age rapid plate ! image %\ld %[ fairly well on ! back ( ! plate1 b ?is & ! "t ( developm5t w v>y s mu* ) diff]5t develop]s1 & ) ! ta/e ( ea* photograph] t no h>d & fa/ rule c be laid d[n4 ,develop]s t give a br[n deposit1 or t /a9 ! film w require %ort] developm5t ?an ^? ( ! new] develop+ ag5ts t give a cold black col\r to ! negative2 ano!r fact to be borne 9 m9d is t ! image =m$ by ^! latt] appe>s to lose m d5sity 9 fix+ ?an :5 pyrogallic acid is us$4 ,a p]fect portrait negative %\ld h no cle> glass %ad[s1 & no "p %\ld be s d5se z to give :ite 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t1 & "s negatives :i* give ! be/ results may h a decid$ veil$ appe>ance 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! develop] is ano!r important po9t2 9 v cold wea!r ! develop] %\ld be kept w>m1 or if 9 conc5trat$ solutions may be dilut$ ) w>m wat]4 ,9 cases ( kn[n "u-exposure ! develop] may be us$ q hot ) advantage4 ,a conv9c+ exp]im5t c be made by cutt+ an expos$ plate 9 two & develop+ "o half ) icy cold develop] & ! o!r half ) w>m4 ,! diff]5ce is really rem>kable4 ,if ! develop] has be5 us$ hot en\gh to make ! gelat9e ( ! plate feel slimy an alum ba? is necess>y1 unless ! fix+ ba? conta9s *rome alum4 ,,metol4 #a4 ,wat] #ajj p>ts or #aj ozs4 ,metol #a "p or #ej gra9s ,sodium sulphite #aj p>ts or #a oz4 #b4 ,wat] #ajj p>ts or #aj ozs4 ,potassium c>bonate #aj p>ts or #a oz4 #c4 ,potassium bromide #a "p or #a oz4 ,wat] #aj p>ts or #aj ozs4 ,= normal exposures take #c p>ts ,no4 #a & #a "p ,no4 #b2 to ea* ounce ( mix$ develop] add #dj m9ims ( ,no4 #c4 ,,pyro ,,& ,,soda4 #a4 ,pyro #a oz4 ,wat] #gj ozs4 ,nitric acid #ab drops #b4 ,sodium sulphite #aj ozs4 ,sodium c>bonate 7pure7 #h ozs4 ,wat] #gj ozs4 ,equal p>ts ( ea*1 = s(t negatives dilute ) wat]4 ,to re/ra9 = ov]-exposure use potassium1 n ammonium bromide4 ,unless an acid fix+ ba? is us$ ! negatives are r gre5 9 col\r4 ,,rod9al ,,& ,,hydrok9one4 ,a4 ,sodium sulphite #a oz4 ,wat] #bj ozs4 ,citric acid #a cry/al ,potassium bromide #a dram ,hydrok9one #b drams ,b4 ,potassium c>bonate #b ozs4 ,wat] #bj ozs4 ,rod9al #a fluid oz4 ,use #a "p ,a1 #a "p ,b1 & #a "p ( wat]4 ,! "q ( ret\*+ is a difficult "o4 ,!re is no d\bt t a c]ta9 am\nt ( x is necess>y on ne>ly all portrait negatives & ev5 on ^? ( *ildr54 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t ! great majority ( portrait negatives are ov]-ret\*$1 s mu* s t _! value bo? z portraits & pictures is ne>ly de/roy$4 ,yet a c]ta9 am\nt is necess>y ev5 = pictorial effect1 & p]haps /ill m :5 ! "q ( lik5ess is consid]$4 ,= z a rule ! unt\*$ negative is no m a true lik5ess ?an ! ov]-ret\*$ "o4 ,! tru? lies some:]e betwe5 ! two4 ,ev5 if iso*romatic plates are us$ ! little diff]5ces ( col\r 9 ! face1 & ! incipi5t wr9kles are exagg]at$ 9 an unpleasant way4 ,"u-expos$ negatives w %[ ^! defects 9 a v m>k$ mann]1 full exposure w greatly r$uce !m4 ,l>ge heavy pat*es ( %ad[ may be light5$ by coat+ ! back ( ! negative ) matt v>ni%1 & :5 x is q h>d hat*+ ^u x ) a s(t lead4 ,h>% lights may be r$uc$ by scrap+ away ! matt v>ni% ) ! po9t ( a knife4 ,9 "s cases ! matt v>ni% may be /a9$ ) a little aur9e or uran9e4 ,exagg]at$ l9es & small %ad[s mu/ be work$ ^u f ! front & a ret\*+ desk is necess>y4 ,! film ( ! negative w n take ! p5cil )\t "s prep>ation4 ,! be/ surface is obta9$ by spread+ a little ret\*+ m$ium ) ! tip ( ! f+] on ! "p to be t\*$4 ,a ?9 film ( s(t res9 is left ^u ! plate :i* takes p5cil m>ks readily4 ,a h>d lead1 ,no4 #d ,fab] or ,h>dtmu?1 %\ld be us$4 ,! loose leads us$ 9 :at are call$ ! ev]-po9t$ hold]s are mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! po9t mu/ be v long & f9e1 l a l>ge d>n+ ne$le1 & is be/ made by rubb+ ! lead on a piece ( f9e glass-pap]4 ,! p5cil mu/ be held v lightly & ! l9es t\*$ away ) %ort light /rokes1 a heavy /roke only rubs ! m$ium up4 ,! little %ad[ at ! end ( ! m\? (t5 has to be r$uc$1 (t5 at ! risk ( spoil+ ! %ape ( ! lips1 b sitt]s w insi/ ^u x be+ done1 & say ,y h made my m\? mu* too l>ge4 ,freckl$ faces are p]haps ! mo/ difficult to ret\*1 z x is well nigh impossible to remove ! black pat*es caus$ by ! freckles )\t at ! same "t de/roy+ ! modell+ ( ! face4 ,yet x mu/ be done1 = probably ! mo/ sev]e /ickl] = tru? w\ld n insi/ on ! black blot*es t freckles produce 9 a photograph4 ,a great deal c be done to improve a h>d negative z soon z x leaves ! fix+ ba?1 by apply+ a mixture ( hypo solution & a solution ( f]ricyanide 7n f]ro7 ( pota% ) a piece ( cotton wool to ! d5se p>ts4 ,! proportions = ?is r$uc+ ba? are z foll[s3--,to ea* ounce ( ! ord9>y hyposulphite ( soda fix+ ba? add a few drops ( a #aj solution ( f]ricyanide ( potassium or r$ prussiate ( pota%1 mak+ ! :ole ab\t ! col\r ( pale br&y4 ,by add+ m ( ! f]ricyanide solution ! r$uc+ action is quick]1 b !re is a great] liability to /a9 ! film4 ,! "w %\ld be done ov] a s9k ) a tap ( runn+ wat] at h&4 ,! solution %\ld be ( a deep lemon col\r 7x is almo/ impossible to give exact quantities71 & aft] a %ort application mu/ be wa%$ (f "u ! tap1 & ! negative may !n be exam9$1 & ! r$uc] appli$ aga9 & aga9 till ! desir$ r$uction is obta9$4 ,x is advisable to make a few trials on spoilt plates4 ,= if any really good "w is to be done !re w be pl5ty ( reject$ negatives4 ,probably1 ( all ! plates expos$ on portraits by fir/-rate pr(essional photograph]s1 n m ?an "o-f\r? ev] get z f> z ! pr9t+-frame4 ,moral3 ,d n be *>y ( expos+ plates1 !y are *eap en\gh n[4 ,don't feel1 ,oh6 ?is w be good en\gh4 ,i won't d ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h& don't expose c>elessly & recklessly & say1 ,x w all come "r 9 develop+4 ,good "w is n done t way4 ,use e opportunity ( see+ good "w4 ,/udy ! "w ( great portrait pa9t]s1 b don't neglect ! photograph]s4 ,g to all ! exhibitions ( pictures & photographs )9 rea*4 ,don't be satisfi$ ) :at y h done1 b make a resolve to d some?+ bett] next "t4 ,rememb]1 :at is wor? do+ at all is wor? do+ well4 ,h>old ,bak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,(f ,b\logne4 ,by ,a4 ,horsley ,h9ton4 ,pictorial ,photography4 ,illu/ration ,unlike ! subjects ( ! o!r articles 9 ?is book1 9 pictorial photography we are n br\ght to consid] "o ( ! _m processes :i* g to make up ! photographic craft1 b m]ely a special & exceptional application ( any & all means kn[n to ! photograph]4 ,! p>ticul> end to :i* ?is application is made w be expla9$ z f> z ! limits ( space w p]mit1 & "s ( ! me?ods ( su* application w be describ$4 ,beyond ?is ,i h no int5tion ( go+4 ,i d n pres5t pictorial photography z a bran* ( photography especially wor?y ( /udy--,i am n conc]n$ 9 mak+ conv]ts4 ,x is = ! photograph] :o has already =m$ a desire to give 8 att5tion to ! pictorial side ( photography & :o is seek+ help1 t ?is *apt] is design$4 ,fir/ let u come to a mutual und]/&+ z to ! t]m ,pictorial ,photography4 ,picture-mak+ by photography w\ld p]haps be a simpl] phrase1 b t to my m9d ! ^w picture-mak+ is too simil> 9 idea to boot-mak+1 lace-mak+1 etc41 all ( :i* imply a me*anical manufactur+1 :]eas a picture--a real picture--l a musical composition1 a poem or a beautiful ?\ght1 gr[s or is evolv$ r ?an made to ord]4 ,art photography w\ld be a bett] t]m1 b t 9 photography ! ^w art has be5 s (t5 c\pl$ ) ?+s ! v anti!sis ( arti/ic & might h5ce be mislead+1 moreov] ! photograph] w %[ discretion r ?an weakness if he be n too ha/y to claim = photography a position among ! arts1 & :il/ its claims to t dignity rema9 z yet 9 dispute1 we may be cont5t ) ,pictorial ,photography z a less assum+ title1 yet "o :i* w suffici5tly diff]5tiate betwe5 :at we may call ! ord9>y photographic production &---- ,well1 :at8 ,t is ! fir/ ?+ ,i h to try & expla94 ,look at ! illu/rations 9 ?is book on pages #gb1 #acf1 & #abj1 &1 mak+ due all[ance = "s loss ( quality due to reproduction by a half-tone block1 try to imag9e :at ! orig9als 7 l4 ,!n say if !y please y4 ,if y say no1 y d n c>e = !m1 !y d n appeal to y1 y d n m9d if y nev] saw any?+ ( ! k9d aga9 f ?is day h5ce=?2 v well1 d\btless !re are o!r ?+s 9 ! _w 9 :i* y c f9d pleasure1 b s f> z my pres5t subject is conc]n$1 "h y & ,i "p company4 ,^! illu/rations are m or less successful reproductions ( pictorial "w1 & if y d n l !m1 mak+ z ,i h said due all[ance = _! be+ reproduc$ & r$uc$1 !n x is c]ta9 y d n want to he> any?+ ab\t !m1 & x is n my int5tion to p]suade y1 s please pass on & make room = ^? :o d c>e = ^! ?+s & wi% to le>n all !y c conc]n+ !m1 or at mo/ /& aside & p]adv5ture "s /ray ^w dropp$ un9t5tionally may quick5 y\r int]e/ & discov] 9 y a sympa?y ( :i* y 7 previ\sly unconsci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,miss ,,lily ,,hanbury--,a ,,portrait4 ,,h>old ,,bak]4 ,ref]r+ n[ aga9 to ! illu/rations :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ else we take z fairly typical ( pictorial photographs & assum+ t "o or ! o!r1 if n all1 d please "s ( my read]s1 ,i w ask !m to endeav\r to analyse _! feel+s :5 confront+ su* productions4 ,take n[ an ord9>y comm]cial photographic view su* z "o may pur*ase f any sea-side /ation]1 & comp>e ! s5sations awak5$ by ea*4 ,9 ! case ( ! topographical view we feel "s satisfaction at be+ able to recognise a famili> spot1 or ! view rem9ds u ( "s o!r place1 or x may be qua9t build+s1 or rugg$ m\nta9s1 or miles ( foliage1 or :at n inspire curiosity or int]e/ because we "k ! photograph to be a true record ( facts1 t is to say we accept ! photograph 9 lieu ( ! actual pres5ce ( ! objects repres5t$1 & exp]i5ce ne>ly ! same feel+s z we %\ld 7 we to visit ! spot repres5t$4 ,we "k t ! wond]ful1 curi\s1 or unusual ?+s portray$ h an exi/5ce1 o!rwise we c\ld n h a photograph ( !m4 ,9 all su* cases our int]e/ & value ( ! photograph w\ld va/ly dim9i%1 7 x possible = a photograph ( ?is k9d to be made simply by ! photograph]'s h& & imag9ation )\t any orig9al at all4 ,y look at a photograph ( ?is or t sea-side place & rem>k1 ,ah1 yes1 t's de> old ,y>m\?1 _m a "t1 etc41 etc41 or else1 ,de> me1 ,i wond] :at place t is1 x's s l---- su* & su* a t[n1 or x may be y enquire ,:]e's t8 & y express or ?9k to y\rself y w\ld l to g & visit ! spot4 ,^! & k9dr$ s5sations are ^? k9dl$ by ! av]age photograph1 b !re is yet ano!r1 = y may be impell$ to exclaim1 ,h[ wond]fully cle> & bright t photograph is1 ,:at a good photograph4 ,9 ?is case y are int]e/$ purely 9 ! execution z an example ( clev] manipulation & skilful craftsman%ip4 ,n[1 comp>e su* feel+s z ^! ) ^? /irr$ by an example ( good pictorial "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place y\r e/eem = x1 if y value x at all1 is q z great :e!r y "k ! place :]e x 0 made or n4 ,if x pleases y1 t pleasure is n dep5d5t ^u ! fact t x does repres5t "s place4 ,9 ! case ( pa9t+s & draw+s z (t5 z n !y d n pret5d to repres5t any place at all1 b are pure fiction1 yet we d n value !m ! less4 ,to :at !n is ! pleasure we feel :5 look+ at a good picture due8 ,is x n t a picture /irs up1 t is1 creates pleasant or beautiful ?\ghts & ideas--by pleasant ,i d n mean necess>ily m]ry or joy\s ones1 = "s he>ts feel pr(\nd] pleasure 9 ! gr&eur ( /orm or ! maje/y ( ! m\nta9 ?an 9 ! sweet wild]ness ( fl[]y wa/es1 b notice t su* beautiful ideas are creat$ by ! picture4 ,y 7 ?9k+ ( some?+ totally diff]5t be=e y came ^u ! l&scape picture :i* in/antly made y feel ! gl[+ light1 ! /irr+ breeze1 & he> ! ru/l+ corn & noisy brook1 & yet x _c be said x is because we recognise ^! ?+s 9 ! picture t we receive ^! impressions1 at lea/ x is n ! k9d ( recognition :i* takes place :5 we see a photograph ( ,brighton ,pi] or ,haddon ,hall4 ,notice1 x is n ! exact & fai?ful portrayal ( objects t creates ! emotions in/anc$1 = if y closely obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* a good pa9t+ is done y w f9d t rude spla%es ( pa9t1 broad bru% /rokes1 & ! l /& = foliage or wat]1 or corn /alks z ! case may be1 :5 we "k t _h ! pa9t] desir$ he c\ld h produc$ 8 lik5ess ( nature ) a good deal m ( ! precise detail & fidelity to outl9es :i* photography excels 91 _h he wi%$4 ,b if ! pa9t] or o!r pictorial arti/ ne$s n to tr\ble ab\t accuracy to details to secure ! effect aim$ at he mu/ be fai?ful to g5]al facts4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 n recognis+ ?+s or hav+ no p>ticul> wi% to d s1 & feel+ consci\s t a portrayal is s utt]ly unlike any?+ 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce ( nature t we %\ld n recognise ! objects ev5 if we 7 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,to take an extreme case--our enjoym5t ( ! effect & s5tim5t ( a beautiful l&scape picture is n enhanc$ by our be+ able to recognise :e!r ! trees are oaks or elms1 b x w\ld be di/9ctly di/urb$ if ! palm trees 7 repres5t$ z gr[+ on ! slopes ( a ,wel% m\nta94 ,innum]able examples & in/ances might be giv5 to %[ t ! arti/1 :atsoev] 8 m$ium1 be x col\r or mono*rome1 may dep>t f tru?1 or may be indiff]5t to precise details1 only s f> z he avoids palpable untru?4 ,:y is ?is8 ,:5 we look at a p[]ful & impressive picture we feel at once ! s5tim5t1 our emotions are at once /irr$1 subsequ5tly we recognise objects & facts portray$1 b only :5 we beg9 to look = !m or ?9k ab\t !m2 b a gross exagg]ation or a v obvi\s error /rikes u at once be=e we beg9 to receive s5tim5ts & ideas1 & t error or exagg]ation once se5 is nev] lo/ sight (1 & :ole enjoym5t ( ! picture is hopelessly m>r$4 ,n[1 f ! =ego+ 7= want ( space ,i am aw>e t ! argum5t is incomplete1 & mu/ !re=e ask ! /ud5t to ?9k ! matt] out & grasp ! side issues by read+ betwe5 ! l9es7 we may =mulate ! broad def9ition t a picture does n dep5d = its excell5ce on ! fai?ful repres5tation ( objects1 & is n *iefly valuable on acc\nt ( our imm$iate recognition ( ?+s portray$1 yet on ! o!r h& x mu/ n let u feel t !re is obvi\s inaccuracy4 ,"h !n we h two opposite positions 9 bo? ( :i* ! m]e objects employ$ to build up ! picture are subord9at$ to ! effect or impression ( ! picture4 ,9 "o case ! spectator mu/ n be all[$ to feel t ! repres5tation is wrong1 9 ! o!r success w n directly dep5d on ! repres5tation be+ v "r1 nei!r />tl+ rightness or tru? nor ! obvi\s wrongness or untru? %\ld ?ru/ ! objects compos+ ! picture ^u ! behold]'s att5tion1 he %\ld be left free to receive ! expression or s5tim5t ( x4 ,i hope ! read] is foll[+ me 9 ?is l9e ( ?\ght closely4 ,i am aw>e t x may seem dry & un9t]e/+1 b ,i see no o!r way ( plac+ ! /ud5t 9 a prop] position at ! outset ?an by expla9+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( pictorial "w1 & ,i w make ?is introductory "p z brief z possible4 ,rev]t+ n[ to our argum5t1 ,i h 9 o!r words sugge/$ t obvi\s violation ( tru? w prev5t ! s5tim5t or effect ( ! picture f be+ p>am\nt1 & n[ ,i w submit t an excess ( accuracy to detail is equally detrim5tal to ! success ( a picture z a picture4 ,if by n[ ! read] is prep>$ to admit t ! *ief purpose ( a picture is ! feel+s1 emotions1 ideas :i* x sugge/s or creates1 & n ! facts x portrays1 he w be able to g fur!r & p]ceive t 9 a l&scape1 = in/ance1 cottages1 trees1 or :at n are introduc$1 n = _! own intr9sic int]e/ b z vehicles ( light & %ade1 :i* g to express ! picture's s5tim5ts4 ,if we /& be=e a good picture ) clos$ eyes & sudd5ly op5 !m1 our fir/ impression 7preclud+ any "q ( col\r7 is t ( masses ( light & %ade pleas+ly & h>moni\sly arrang$2 if we retreat to su* a di/ance t ! objects con/itut+ ^? lights & %ades are unrecognisable ! balance & pleas+ arrangem5t %\ld /ill be felt1 & our /hetic s5se is satisfi$1 al?\gh we d n see fully ( :at ! picture is compos$4 ,?is is ! quality :i* is t]m$ bread? & :i* is admitt$ly ( v great value4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! %ad[ masses are fill$ ) innum]able details1 & are ?us brok5 up into t9y lights & %ad[s !y no long] exi/ z broad masses ( d>k1 b if be=e retreat+ z propos$ f ! picture1 ! lights or %ad[s appe> s blank z to prompt p>ticul> inve/igation1 & ^u exam9ation we f9d detail abs5t :i* we "k mu/ h be5 pres5t1 !n we enc\nt] an in/ance ( untru? & exagg]ation :i* is obvi\s & :i* di/urbs our appreciation ( o!r f9e qualities4 ,?us we require suffici5t detail to avoid giv+ ! idea t detail is left out4 ,! del9eation ( %>p outl9es & r$undance ( detail is n wrong 9 itself1 b x is usually inexp$i5t :5 consid]$ ) respect to ! effect to be produc$1 simil>ly ! suppression ( %>p focus bo? z reg>ds outl9es & details has no arti/ic m]it ( itself except z x assi/s ! picture to impress ! behold] fir/ ) ! g5]al effect4 ,! pa9t] & photograph] />t f two opposite /&po9ts4 ,! pa9t]1 or draughtsman1 />ts ) no?+ b blank pap]1 & hav+ built up 8 picture & produc$ 8 desir$ effect he elaborates no fur!r2 ! photograph] ) 8 m or less me*anically produc$ facsimile />ts f ! opposite extreme ) a transc5d5tally elaborate image1 f :i* he w require to elim9ate all su* excess ( tru? z is likely to =ce ! m]e facts ( ! view ^u ! behold]'s att5tion4 ,photography1 s faultlessly complete 9 its del9eation1 gives u m ?an ! pictorial work] ne$s = ! expression ( an idea1 & ?is is :y ,i w\ld rem9d ! /ud5t t pictorial photography is n photography 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 b ! application ( "s ( its p[]s1 j z mu* z we ne$ & no m1 to a def9ite end4 ,z j h9t$ ! purpose ( a picture is to express ideas1 h5ce ,i w fall back on a k9d ( def9ition :i* ,i h us$ on a previ\s occasion t a picture is ! portrayal ( visible concrete ?+s = ! expression ( ab/ract ideas4 ,to give an example by way ( exposition we may look ^u a picture & be made to feel by x ! calm & lum9\s atmosph]e ( ev5+2 we feel at once ! re/fulness1 & almo/ feel ! w>m? ( ! humid air1 giv+ place to ! *ill ga!r+ mi/s ( night2 b ! same objects1 ! same tangible mat]ials1 pap]1 pigm5t1 metallic salts1 etc41 9 ano!r picture give u ! s5se ( angry turbul5t /orm or p]haps bright joy\s sun%9e frolick+ ) ! fre% breezes on ! hill-tops4 ,^! are ab/ract ideas express$ or creat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* concrete ?+s1 commonplace facts1 are portray$ & r5d]$4 ,f9ally1 let me enunciate t a v excell5t photograph may n necess>ily be a good picture1 because x may conta9 m ?an is requir$ = ! expression ( its idea1 & ! surplus w ov]:elm x2 aga91 a good pictorial photograph may be b a poor photograph1 because if we claim ! "r to apply photographic means to pictorial ends1 we may f9d x conv5i5t to leave out ! v qualities :i* ! sci5tific or te*nical exp]t consid]s mo/ preci\s4 ,& n[ ,i ?9k we may proce$ to m practical matt]s4 ,,composition ,,& ,,selection4 ,9 all matt]s f :i* ! eye expects to d]ive pleasure1 symmetry ( design seems ess5tial4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! lett]s t we write1 9 p]sonal attire1 9 ! decoration ( our homes1 9 build+s1 & practically 9 ev]y?+ :i* is n ( a purely utilit>ian "*1 a s5se ( proportion & a symmetrical disposition ( p>ts is obs]v$4 ,h5ce x is no s\rce ( surprise t 9 a picture :i* z mu* z any?+ %\ld aim at pleas+ ! eye1 design1 o!rwise ,composition1 is ) ,expression a co-ess5tial4 ,9 a purely decorative production ?is natural desire ( design is ! only ?+ to be obs]v$1 b 9 a picture :i* may be decorative1 b mu/ be some?+ m1 we h expression z well to consid]4 ,if decoration alone 7 to be reg>d$1 some?+ l fix$ rules might p]haps be tyrannically laid d[n1 b 9 a picture ! implicit obs]vance ( rules ( composition w\ld be c]ta9 to make itself se5 9 ! result1 & ! undue obtrusiv5ess ( a code ( rules w\ld be z inimical to ! supremacy ( ideas & feel+s1 z ! excessive prom95ce ( fact w\ld be1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,h5ce ! difficulty 9 prescrib+ any def9ite c\rse = ! beg9n]1 because :il/ to mo/ in/9ctive arti/ic temp]am5ts a c]ta9 k ( or feel+ = composition is natural1 s soon z ?is is r$uc$ to def9ite rule & giv5 to ano!r1 !1 z x 71 secondh& use1 is ne>ly c]ta9 to betray itself by its misapplication4 ,i w\ld ask !re=e t any sugge/ions giv5 "h on ! subject ( composition %\ld be tak5 z "o takes lessons 9 ! rudim5ts ( a language1 :i* rudim5ts we violate & =get s soon z we h become pr(ici5t en\gh to speak x4 ,su* rules 9 composition %\ld be obs]v$ only s f> z to avoid ! appe>ance ( hav+ infr+$ or ignor$ !m4 ,! rules ( composition :i* may be f\nd to apply 9 "o ( ! pictorial arts mu/ necess>ily apply equally 9 ! o!rs1 & s !re=e to pictorial photography :i* at lea/ aspires to be consid]$ an art4 ,if on a %eet ( pap] a rectangul> space is giv5 u :]e9 to draw ! lik5ess ( any?+1 ! mo/ natural c\rse to pursue w\ld be to draw t figure 9 ! c5tre or !reab\ts1 & if !n we are ask$ to add ! lik5ess ( two or ?ree m objects we %\ld naturally place ^! ne> ! fir/ object4 ,?us %\ld we compose a gr\p ( objects :i* draw ! att5tion to ! middle ( ! picture or space4 ,suppose we are ask$ to draw ! picture ( a *ur* t[] we %\ld probably comply ) ! reque/ some:at z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,next we w suppose we are ask$ to add a cottage1 "s trees1 & a pa? to ! *ur*1 we %\ld1 if possess$ ( "s s5se ( symmetry & ord]1 c\pl$ ) av]age intellig5ce1 make ! additions some:at z 9 fig4 #b4 ,x w\ld surely be an unusual ?+ to foll[ in/ead ! c\rse sugge/$ by figs4 #c & #d4 ,9 figs4 #a & #b we h in/9ctively plac$ ! prim>y object 9 or ne> ! c5tre1 & ! o!rs ne> & ar\nd x1 & ! result /rikes "o at once z be+ bett] compos$1 t is1 m symmetrical1 ?an 9 fig4 #d1 9 :i* among/ o!r ?+s "o is n sure :i* object to reg>d z ! pr9cipal "o1 & "o also feels t b = ! b\nd>ies ( ! picture left & "r we might h se5 a good deal m beyond1 :i* w\ld h add$ to ! int]e/ ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ?is we h "o ( ! fir/ rules 9 composition1 namely1 t ! pr9cipal object %\ld be ne> ! c5tre1 & ! next important ne> to1 & z x 7 support+ x1 & no object likely to attract ! eye %\ld be s ne> ! edge ( ! picture z to make u in/antly consci\s ( ! b\nd>ies & wi% to see m beyond4 ,b n[ if 9 compliance ) ! suppos$ reque/ we _h made our draw+ z 9 fig4 #e1 might x n at once be felt by ! obs]v] t we _h put ! objects 9 a c5tral position int5tionally1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t we _h all[$ our endeav\r to obs]ve ! rule j laid d[n to betray itself4 ,fig4 #b is pref]able z be+ only j suffici5tly symmetrical to avoid be+ unsymmetrical1 :i* is an example ( :at has already be5 said ab\t ! necessity ( obs]v+ rules ( composition j s f> z to escape ! appe>ance ( hav+ brok5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,if ?is rule is "r z reg>ds volunt>ily draw+ a picture1 x is equally s 9 ! case ( a photograph1 b in/ead ( delib]ately plac+ ?+s 9 su* & su* positions1 we atta9 ! same end by mov+ ! cam]a & select+ our po9t ( view s t ! objects come into ! positions desir$4 ,n[ suppose !n1 we h done ?is1 b 9 do+ x we are q unable to prev5t o!r objects com+ into ! field ( view & occupy+ undesirable places ne> ! m>g9s ( ! picture1 z = in/ance 9 fig4 #f4 ,"h we are br\ght to consid] ano!r rule or pr9ciple 9 composition1 namely1 t !re mu/ be "o & only "o *ief object 9 ! picture1 :]eas 9 fig4 #f1 ap>t f ! gate & tree on ! "o side & ! w9dmill on ! o!r attract+ att5tion to ! m>g9s ( ! picture1 ^! same objects arre/ ! att5tion q z mu* z ! *ur*1 & we feel ! eye w&]+ ab\t f "o to ! o!r & miss+ ! s5sation ( c5tralization & re/ :i* fig4 #b gives4 ,if we 7 draw+ or pa9t+ we %\ld put 9 :at we want & !n /op1 we %\ld omit or ignore :at we did n require1 b 9 photography our p[]s 9 ?is direction are limit$1 & h5ce we mu/ z f> z possible select ^? views1 & only accept su*1 z comply ) :at we feel to be "r4 ,! angle ( view includ$ by diff]5t l5ses is an auxili>y n to be neglect$1 = by sub/itut+ a n>r[] angle l5s1 t is1 "o ( long] focus1 we may cut (f or leave out undesirable objects :i* ! %ort] focus l5s might include4 ,!n aga91 :5 ! pr9t is f9i%$ we c aft] c>eful consid]ation cut (f :at w\ld h be5 bett] left out1 = x w be bett] to h a picture half ! size well compos$1 ?an d\ble ! numb] ( in*es ) a di/ract+ & unsatisfactory arrangem5t ( objects1 h5ce ) _m mo/ successful work]s x is no uncommon ?+ to take q a small portion ( a negative1 & ei!r pr9t x z x is or else enl>ge x up to ! desir$ size1 b m]e size w reckon z no?+ z comp>$ ) pleas+ composition4 ,if x is inexp$i5t to let ! pr9cipal object or gr\p ( objects occupy ! exact c5tre ( ! picture1 measur$ f left to "r1 x is equally s if ! c5tre be measur$ f top to bottom1 & h5ce we may =mulate ! rule 7to be brok5 p]haps lat] :5 we are /rong en\gh to be indep5d5t ( guid+7 t ! horizon %\ld n be all[$ to come midway betwe5 ! top & ! base ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,rememb]+ n[ t1 z set =? 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is article1 a picture %\ld appeal to our feel+s & /ir our emotions1 x may be po9t$ out t 9 mo/ ord9>y ?+s1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! arts1 ! mo/ p[]ful ?+s are ^? :i* possess "o dom9ant idea or feature1 z 9 a piece ( music ! refra9 keeps recurr+1 a prea*] takes a text1 9 a /ory !re is "o h]o1 & s =?1 & 9 po9t ( composition fig4 #g is bett] ?an fig4 #h1 al?\gh ! view is less compreh5sive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,x may n1 h[ev]1 always be easy = ! beg9n] to det]m9e :at is ! *ief object :i* %\ld occupy ! c5tral position1 or :i* object or gr\p to *oose 9 a l&scape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is br+s u to speak ( ano!r important matt]1 & t is ! "r disposition ( l9es :i* =m ! view or ! selection ( view s t ! l9es =m$ by ! compon5t p>ts %all fall 9 a desirable mann]4 ,! v>i\s objects 9 any view t5d to =m or sugge/ l9es1 ?us 9 fig4 #i ! outl9e ( ! trees1 ! bank along ! %ore1 ! cl\ds1 & ! boats sugge/ ! l9es %[n 9 ! diagram1 fig4 #aj1 :i* l9es all run ! same way1 b 9 fig4 #aa we h a simil> view 9 :i* ! l9es sugge/$ c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 & n only s1 b by _! conv]g5ce !y c>ry ! eye to a spot ne> ! c5tre1 & s make ! boat1 al?\gh n v l>ge nor conspicu\s1 ! "o & pr9cipal object 7see diagram fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,= ! sake ( tra9+ "o's p]ceptions look at any good pictures1 & 9 y\r m9d resolve !m into l9e diagrams & see h[ ^! l9es fall1 & 9 consid]+ any l&scape or o!r subject to be photograph$ make up y\r m9d z to :at l9es are sugge/$1 & !n select y\r po9t ( view s t ^! l9es balance or are symmetrical 9 arrangem5t1 & also t !y conv]ge t[>ds "s po9t well )9 ! picture1 & ne> ! c5tre ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,b 9 fig4 #ac we h a subject 9 "p well compos$1 b ! composition is spoilt because ( ! l9e =m$ by ! road & f5ce1 :i* seem to cut ! picture 9 two1 :]eas c\ld we h *os5 ! same subject f a po9t ( view giv+ su* an arrangem5t z fig4 #ad1 a diff]5ce is at once felt & a m pleas+ effect ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,l9es :i* seem to sep>ate u f ! picture & cut (f "o "p f ano!r mu/ be c>efully avoid$1 & an endeav\r to f9d some?+ :i* w1 z x 71 lead ! eye into ! picture1 %\ld be dilig5tly s\ght =1 & inde$ a subject1 h[ev] x may int]e/ u1 mu/ (t5 be ab&on$ if x lacks ^? ?+s :i* g to make pleas+ composition1 rememb]+ z we %\ld always d t 9 pictorial "w ! fact t objects are curi\s1 or int]e/+1 or pretty1 has no?+ to d ) ! case1 b t !y are only to be valu$ accord+ z !y act z m$ia = express+ pleas+ ideas1 beautiful ?\ghts & s5tim5ts1 :i* !y w n d if "s "p creates a feel+ ( unpleas+ arrangem5t or design4 ,if a sc5e does n compose well1 we %\ld z pictorial work]s feel no desire to reproduce x4 ,b y may say ,_c we (t5 by *ang+ our po9t ( view get an o!rwise ill-compos$ subject to compose well8 ,mo/ decid$ly1 t is precisely :at we %\ld d1 b x is no long] ! same subject or view4 ,& n[ let me say t x is (t5 surpris+ h[ mu* alt]ation may be made by *ang+ our position4 ,figs4 #ae & #af are toge!r an in/ance ( ?is1 ! outl9e "h giv5 be+ made f a p5cil sket* made on ! spot1 :il/ figs4 #ag & #ah are examples ( ! desirable *ange br\ght ab\t by wat*+ & wait+ = a *ange 9 ! position ( light & ! condition ( ! riv]'s tide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,:]e ! beg9n] mo/ (t5 fails is 9 tak+ ?+s z !y are )\t paus+ to consid] :e!r !y might n be improv$1 & if s 9 :at way1 & !n pati5tly se>*+ to see if su* bett] way c be f\nd4 ,pictorial success w z (t5 z n dep5d on ! ex]cise ( fa/idi\s ta/e1 :i* is satisfi$ ) no?+ b ! v be/1 & n q cont5t ev5 !n4 ,a great deal m might usefully be said ) ref]5ce to ! composition ( l9es if space w\ld p]mit1 b ?is g5]al ref]5ce may be giv5 z a sort ( summ+ up4 ,if ! disposition ( ! l9es con/itutes su* a p]fectly symmetrical design t x is at once recognis$ z symmetrical1 !n x is wrong1 because ! artifice by :i* pleas+ composition is atta9$ is betray$1 & we feel ! ?+ to be artificial4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l9es fall s z to make ! behold] consci\s ( _! pres5ce1 z1 = in/ance1 cutt+ (f a portion ( ! subject or pres5t+ a "o-sid$ appe>ance1 aga9 x is wrong4 ,9 nei!r case %\ld ! l9es or ! objects sugge/+ !m be felt at all until s\ght =1 nei!r z be+ v "r or v wrong4 ,9 art x is a maxim t ! means by :i* ! ?+ is done %\ld n proclaim itself1 & h5ce x mu/ apply to pictorial photography1 :i* is an ef=t aft] ! arti/ic4 ,a composition %\ld please )\t our q kn[+ :y1 & )\t our be+ able to see ! ma*9]y1 z x 71 by :i* our pleasurable s5sations are set 9 motion4 ,b :il/ x is conv5i5t to speak ( l9es 9 ! l&scape1 x is only a mann] ( speak+1 =1 z we "k v well1 photography1 unlike p5 draw+1 has to d ) tones1 t is1 masses ( light & %ade4 ,n[ ! g5]al rules sugge/$ z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( l9es1 apply 9 mu* ! same way if we reg>d a picture 7z we %\ld d7 z consi/+ ( masses ( light & %ade4 ,if :5 /&+ be=e a picture we close ! eyes & !n sudd5ly op5 !m1 our att5tion is c]ta9 to be drawn to ! highe/ light or ! deepe/ %ad[1 & h5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 :i*ev] ( ^! is ! /ronge/ to attract att5tion1 t %\ld be 9 or ne> ! pr9cipal object 7inde$ x w make ( itself ! pr9cipal object71 & %\ld !re=e be well remov$ f ! m>g9s ( ! picture4 ,ref] back to fig4 #h1 9 :i* ! light pat* ( sky1 ! light 9 ! wat] & ! two clu/]s ( light ru%es1 all =m compet+ po9ts ( attraction1 & if ^! are too ne> ! m>g9s1 !y rem9d u ( ^? m>g9s1 h5ce ! improvem5t 9 effect :5 ^! are cut away or left out4 ,b dispos+ ( ! highe/ light & deepe/ d>k does n f9i% ! matt]4 ,!re is a c]ta9 relative degree ( lightness & d>kness betwe5 ev]y?+ 9 nature4 ,moreov]1 col\rs h to be int]pret$ by c]ta9 degrees ( light & %ade accord+ to ! di/ance objects are away f u1 & accord+ to ! am\nt ( light fall+ on !m4 ,su* relative lightness & d>kness is call$ tone4 ,! ^w us$ 9 ?is s5se has no?+ to d ) tone z appli$ to ! col\r ( a pr9t1 :i* col\r we *ange by a process we call ton+1 & ^u ! correct r5d]+ ( relative tones s mu* ( ! effect ( a picture dep5ds1 & s mu* ( its emotional qualities4 ,g5]ally speak+1 al?\gh !re are (t5 exceptions1 ! fur!r an object is f u ! gray] x seems4 ,:ite becomes less :ite1 & d>k objects gr[ less d>k1 until 9 ! di/ance bo?1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 come almo/ to ! same tone1 & we see ! di/ance only z a gray hazy mass4 ,if = a subject we h a figure ( a woman by a /ream ( wat] & we make an "u-expos$ negative ( x1 or develop ! negative to too great a d5sity1 we %all v likely h a pr9t 9 :i* ! wat] & ! woman's apron & cap come v mu* :it] ) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! subject ?an ev] !y appe> 9 nature1 :il/ ! di/ance w v likely come too d>k4 ,"h we %[ a disreg>d = ! correct r5d]+ ( relative tones & ! effect is h>d & h>%1 unlike nature4 ,we mu/ !re=e endeav\r1 bo? 9 exposure & developm5t & pr9t+1 to pres]ve relative tones exactly z !y are 9 nature1 & con/ant /udy & obs]vation ( nature %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ord] t ! eye may be tra9$ to "k h[ ?+s come relatively 9 nature1 & s be able to decide at a glance if ! photograph is good4 ,ultimate success1 by ! way1 (t5 dep5ds less on kn[+ :at to take & h[ to take x ?an on a well-tra9$ judgm5t :i* kn[s :at is good or bad :5 we h tak5 x4 ,:il/ ! m]e l9es or =ms ( objects may imp>t "s am\nt ( feel+ & s5tim5t to a sc5e1 inasmu* z !re is re/fulness & repose 9 ! long horizontal l9es ( ! riv]-side pa/ures1 some?+ rhy?mical 9 ! s9u\s curves ( ! w9d+ /ream1 or vig\r & v>iety 9 ! irregul> =ms ( ! rugg$ cliffs & s on1 yet ! ideas & feel+s :i* ! picture w promote dep5d m on ! lights & %ades1 & ! masses contra/+ or m]g+ ea* ) ea*4 ,b ,nature does n always pres5t h]self 9 pleas+ly arrang$ masses1 & is consequ5tly at su* times commonplace & unpicturesque 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,at su* times %e w n attract ! pictorial work] any m ?an %e w :5 p]*ance ! l9es & gr\p+s are unsuitable4 ,! l&scape :i* basks "u ! full blaze ( sun1 glitt]+ ?r\gh\t e in* ) a myriad tw9kl+ lights & %>p details1 awak5s no feel+ ak9 to ^? :i* probably ev]yone feels :5 9 ! twilight ( ev5+ plane aft] plane rec$es z "o broad flat t9t beh9d ! o!r4 ,"u ! bright light ( day we may wond] at ! ri*ness & pl5ty ^u ! e>?1 we may rejoice 9 t !re are s _m curi\s & pretty ?+s to look at1 b ^! are l ! feel+s inspir$ by read+ a book on natural hi/ory1 r ?an ! emotions creat$ by ! p]usal ( a poem1 or li/5+ to sweet music4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,comp>e = a mom5t ! two photographs1 fig4 #ai & fig4 #bj4 ,! fir/ is by no means an extreme case ( ! ord9>y photograph1 & notice t al?\gh ! composition is fairly good z f> z gr\p+ goes1 !re is an abs5ce ( any quality :i* might make "o feel any?+ outside ! b>e recognition ( ! facts depict$1 b ! second1 if x be good at all1 mu/ dep5d = admiration on a c]ta9 am\nt ( s5tim5t :i* x sugge/s or creates4 ,y w notice t 9 ! fir/ !re is no s5se ( di/ance1 & al?\gh a *ur* t[]1 beh9d ! ma/s ( ! boats1 is half a mile or s away x does n possess ! tone & veil+ ( atmosph]e :i* w\ld make x appe> di/ant4 ,e "p ( ! view seems equally ne>1 or ne>ly s2 ! eye w&]s ov] ! :ole1 alight+ on details "h & !re :i* int]e/ & amuse1 yet !re is an abs5ce ( j t bread? :i* is noticeably pres5t 9 ! second example4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,n[ let x be di/9ctly und]/ood t detail1 its omission or suppression1 & its introduction or %>p del9eation1 is n a "q ( l5s focus only1 or ev5 *iefly1 b x is l>gely a "q ( light4 ,imag9e ! photograph1 fig4 #ai1 ) ! great] "p ( ! detail tak5 out s t ! quay1 ! h\ses1 ! %ore1 etc4 7 j broad masses ( light] or d>k] tone1 %\ld we n !n get a composition :i* w\ld be less di/urb+1 m compact1 m conc5trat$ 9 int]e/8 ,is n ?is ! case 9 fig4 #bj1 9 :i* detail is almo/ entirely abs5t8 ,& yet detail c\ld n h be5 tru?fully introduc$ 9 ?is photograph1 because ) ! light 9 ! position x is1 & 9 ! mi/y ev5+ air1 no detail 0 !re to reproduce2 x 0 ! fact t objects rang$ !mselves 9 masses "o aga9/ ! o!r1 leav+ room = imag9ation & creat+ ideas t det]m9$ its selection & its consequ5t portrayal4 ,9 _m cases a cle> & %>p del9eation ( details w p]haps be desirable1 n1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( %[+ detail1 b j s f> z ! production ( ! effect may require2 on ! o!r h&1 j ! full am\nt ( detail t a l5s w give is by no means always want$4 ,l5ses 7 n inv5t$ = pictorial purposes1 & !re=e !re is no reason = conclud+ t :at ! l5s gives is necess>ily "r1 = rememb] t we />t$ ) ! di/9ct und]/&+ t we 7 m]ely apply+ to a c]ta9 purpose j s mu* ( ! photographic process z we consid]$ we ne$$2 because ,i h ! means ( travell+ at sixty miles an h\r !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld n apply ! same means ( locomotion to coa*+ a p$e/rian at a t5? ( t spe$ if ,i *oose4 ,x may be said t 9 ! two photographs ref]r$ to ! comp>ison is n a fair "o1 because s mu* dep5ds on ! sky4 ,grant$ t mu* 9 ! second example does dep5d on ! sky1 :i* is an ess5tial "p ( ! picture1 & inde$ "o cause ( its v exi/5ce1 b 9 ! o!r 7fig4 #ai7 ! pres5ce ( cl\ds w\ld n improve ! pictorial faults to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,z a m]e record or portrayal ( ,old ,woodbridge ,quay1 ! abs5ce ( cl\ds is z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( its p>ticul> species1 z ! cl\ds 9 ! second "o are insep>able f its exi/5ce4 ,s1 b little m ?an half h9t+ at ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! due suppression ( unnecess>y details1 & ! elim9ation ( undesirable objects 9 ord] to obta9 bread?1 & hav+ said b little z to ! pres]vation ( correct relative values or tones1 ,i mu/ pass on4 ,e corn] ( nature's broad expanse is1 z x 71 envelop$ 9 atmosph]e1 & invisible z we are commonly 9 ! habit ( consid]+ x to be1 x affects to a great] or less degree ev]y?+ we see1 & ! visible atmosph]e is (t5 responsible = "s ( nature's mo/ beautiful & mo/ appeal+ aspects4 ,obvi\sly !n we _c af=d to leave out s important a contributory to picturesque effect1 & x is on ?is acc\nt r ?an on acc\nt ( %>p or un-%>p detail t ! "q ( /ops & l5s ap]tures comes 94 ,look at ! image ( a l&scape on a mod]ately hazy day1 z x appe>s on ! gr\nd-glass focuss+ scre5 ( y\r cam]a1 us+ ! l5s at full ap]ture--!n quickly ins]t f_/#cb1 & notice ! diff]5ce4 ,n alone h objects ne> at h& & m remote become m %>ply or m equally def9$1 b y may also notice t objects are m brilliant1 & t a s5se ( atmosph]e has be5 cut out4 ,comp>e if y w two photographs1 ! "o made respectively ) full ap]ture ( f_/#f or f_/#h & ! o!r made ) f_/#cb or f_/#de1 & provid$ t 9 ! fir/ case we h n actual blurr+ to ! ext5t ( de/roy+ =m & /ructure1 does n ! fir/ rem9d y m ( nature8 ,i d n say x is s in/ructive1 s surpris+1 s da9ty1 or ( su* exquisite f9i%1 b is x n m rem9isc5t ( ! effects we rememb] to h se5 & felt 9 nature4 ,x is n ! function ( ?is article to say to :at optical laws ?is diff]5ce is due1 & yet ! /ud5t may expect to receive some?+ by way ( practical work+ in/ructions4 ,my recomm5dation is !n to use a s+le l&scape l5s or ! s+le comb9ation ( a d\blet1 & 9 />t+ to use ! full ap]ture4 ,) ?is x may be t :5 ! =egr\nd is mod]ately %>p1 trees m remote are s ill def9$ z to appe> z a collection ( little blots & irregul> pat*es4 ,:il/ %>p detail 9 all places may n be productive ( pictorial effect1 yet ! extreme opposite w be displeas+ 9 ano!r way1 & x w be be/ to secure j s mu* def9ition & no m z %all save ! repres5tation f appe>+ to h be5 wilfully put out ( focus--once let ! de/ruction ( detail be obvi\s & we betray ! artifice by :i* we are work+1 :i* is j :at we %\ld avoid4 ,9 ! case j suppos$ !n1 we may n[ introduce ! fir/ /op1 simultane\sly rack+ ! l5s 9 a little until we get middle di/ance )\t unpleasantly obvi\s blurr+4 ,! =egr\nd may be a little out ( focus1 & 9 practice ,i f9d x is r helpful to g5]al effect if detail is sacrific$ m 9 ! =egr\nd ?an 9 ! middle di/ance4 ,?is ,i believe is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( _m1 b my feel+ is t ) a %>ply def9$ =egr\nd ! eye is attract$ & ! int]e/ s f> arre/$1 t x is difficult to travel fur!r & ent] into ! poetry & s5tim5t ( ! sc5e beyond4 ,wide-angle l5ses h a d\ble disadvantage1 %>$ 9 "p by s-call$ rapid rectil9e> d\blet l5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y flatt5 ! view1 br++ di/ant planes to appe> z ne> z ! ne>] ones1 & by includ+ a comp>atively wide angle !y br+ into ! plane ( ! =egr\nd1 objects s ne> t !y appe> out ( proportion1 & h5ce proportions are false :5 judg$ z ! obs]v] mu/ judge by ! /&>d ( visual p]spective4 ,a long-focus1 n>r[-angle l5s necessitates a cam]a :i* racks out to a consid]able l5g?1 & probably a great] ext5sion ?an any cam]a 9 ! ord9>y way c give1 w\ld be an advantage on "s occasions4 ,pass+ ref]5ce has be5 made to ! int]pretation ( col\rs 9 nature 9 _! true relative value ( black & :ite4 ,if we h a subject 9 :i* brilliant orange-col\r$ ru%es 9 autumn are se5 z gl[+ bright aga9/ a backgr\nd ( d>k blue wat]1 & ! ru%es made /ill m gold5 ( hue by ! ruddy rays ( a s9k+ sun1 a difficult case is be=e u4 ,su* a case ,i rememb] v well 9 ! s\? ( ,devon%ire1 close to :at is kn[n z ,slapton ,ley4 ,x 0 late aft]noon 9 ,novemb]1 & f ov] ! r\nd$ hills beh9d me to ! we/w>d1 ! decl9+ sun s5t w>m r$ rays on to ! belt ( fad$ re$s :i* /ret*$ out into ! expanse ( ! /ill l&-lock$ wat] ( ! ,ley--a great %eet ( fre% wat] :i* placidly lay "u ! %elt] ( ! bank ( %+le :i* alone sep>at$ x f ! ev]-re/less sea--placidly li/5+ to ! ceaseless voices ( sea music1 & at ?is p>ticul> h\r reflect+ ! sky deep blue & ( almo/ lead5 hue--j above ! bank rose ! full moon1 orange 9 t9t1 on a backgr\nd ( blue-gre5 sky--! yell[ re$s1 k9dl$ into gl[+ amb] t9ts by ! sun's rays1 flam$ out f ! deep blue wat]--yell[ ! %+le bank aga9/ ! blue wat] & gre5-blue sky1 deep] yell[ ! moon z x rose f out ! sea4 ,s gr& a s*eme ( col\r t by its side ! essays ( ! mo/ d>+ pa9t] might well seem feeble1 s exquisite a poem t ! intrusion ( ! photograph]1 analys+ ! values & tones & calculat+ 8 p[]s ( reproduction seem$ l sacrilege4 ,9 ! ma9 x 0 yell[1 orange-yell[1 & r$ /&+ out z lum9\s aga9/ ! deep blue ( wat] & only a little less blue sky4 ,x 0 gorge\s non-act9ic col\r appe>+ z light aga9/ a highly act9ic b d>k] col\r4 ,! consequ5ce ( an indiscreet exposure ) an ord9>y plate might be anticipat$ to produce d>k ru%es aga9/ a pale grey backgr\nd ( wat]1 & s probably ! v effect we 7 m9d$ to secure1 rev]s$ & dissipat$4 ,?is is an extreme case1 p]haps1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( nature ! contra/+ & bl5d+ ( adjac5t col\rs is s subtle a ?+ t ,i %\ld feel "o 7 ?r[+ away at lea/ a possible advantage by n us+ col\r-correct$ or iso*romatic plates on ne>ly e occasion1 & 9 ord] to get ! full advantage ( iso*romatic plates1 ,i %\ld consid] ! addition ( a yell[ scre5 an ess5tial4 ,! rapidity ( "o's plates1 iso*romatic or o!rwise1 mu/ be gov]n$ entirely by ! nature ( ! subject1 z also to "s degree mu/ be developm5t & subsequ5t pr9t+4 ,9 e case ,i w\ld endeav\r to get a comp>atively ?9 negative1 ) ev5 ! portions repres5t+ deepe/ %ad[s slightly veil$4 ,cle> glass %ad[s is an enormity & an outrage bo? ( sci5ce & art2 equally are solid high-lights to be %unn$4 ,) mod]n pr9t+ me?ods x ne$s mu* less ?an actual opacity 9 ! negative to produce :ite pap]1 & if ! picture requires any "p ( x at all to appe> z q :ite1 no subject w ne$ m ?an ! v smalle/ region to be s4 ,a g5]al s(tness & v subtle gradation1 ) a total abs5ce ( sp>kle & brilliancy 9 ! negative1 w yield by at lea/ mo/ processes ! mo/ sugge/ive pr9t1 be>+ 9 m9d t delicate gradations sugge/ atmosph]e1 & atmosph]e is "o ( nature's mo/ preci\s qualities4 ,:il/ pla9 salt$ pap]s s5sitiz$ ) silv] pres5t possibilities n yet suffici5tly exploit$1 yet until su* "t t some?+ m entirely satisfactory 9 all respects is giv5 u 9 silv] pap]s1 plat9otype & c>bon1 & p]haps also gum bi*romate w be ! processes mo/ suitable = our purpose4 ,p]sonally1 plat9otype has be5 ! fav\r$ m$ium1 be+1 z ,i believe1 m ductile & m am5able to v>i\s me?ods ( control ?an is g5]ally recognis$4 ,& leav+ mu* m ( importance unsaid ?an space limits admit ( my say+1 ,i mu/ leave x4 ,a4 ,horsley ,h9ton4 ,ar*itectural ,photography4 ,illu/ration ,to ! majority amateurs1 ! photograph+ ( ar*itectural subjects pres5ts consid]able1 & 9 _m cases app>5tly insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,und\bt$ly !re are difficulties to be grappl$ )1 b !y are nei!r s =midable nor s num]\s1 b t any ord9>y photograph] ) ! av]age am\nt ( common s5se c ma/] !m be he s m9d$4 ,un=tunately !re are a great _m :o take up photography z an amusem5t to :om ! slighte/ dep>ture f ! ord9>y r\t9e pres5ts a difficulty4 ,x is h[ev] to ! amateur photograph] :o desires to be able to portray ar*itecture1 be x ei!r ( our ca!drals1 *ur*es1 hi/oric mansions1 or places ( p]sonal int]e/1 & at ! same "t wi%es to be able to d ! subjects fair ju/ice1 t x is hop$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s may be ( "s s]vice4 ,to ! beg9n] tak+ up ?is or inde$ any bran* ( photography1 size is ( c\rse a great consid]ation ei!r f ! weight c>ry+ or pecuni>y po9t ( view4 ,ano!r reason is ! fact t "y photographic work]s h an idea t ! small] ! plate1 ! easi] ! work+4 ,s\nd ?\gh ?is reason+ may appe>1 nev]!less x is n entirely correct4 ,z a matt] ( fact all ?+s be+ tak5 into consid]ation ! l>g] ! plate up to #ab #aj or #ae #ab employ$ ! m rapidly w ! work] progress4 ,l>ge plates1 especially 9 ar*itectural "w1 t5d to make ! op]ator m c>eful & consci5ti\s :5 out ) ! cam]a2 & ev5 m s :5 9 ! develop+ room4 ,s mu* m c be done ) a l>ge plate ?an ) a small "o2 ! use ( a l>ge plate moreov] *ecks ! common fail+ s preval5t among amateurs ( ru%+ "w & recklessly us+ plates4 ,tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d ! :ole plate or #aj #h cam]a to ! /ud5t tak+ up ?is bran* ( our art4 ,9 select+ a cam]a pur*ase a front ext5d+ "o ) bell[s only slightly tap]+4 ,see t x has bo? ris+ & cross movem5t to ! front1 & also t ! am\nt ( movem5t 9 ea* case is a n too re/rict$ "o4 ,mak]s1 un=tunately1 d n give suffici5t att5tion to ?is matt]1 ! usual rise all[$ be+ v slight :]eas x %\ld be at lea/ equal to "o-?ird ( ! longe/ way ( ! plate2 ev5 m ?an ?is is advantage\s if x c be obta9$4 ,by ! rise ,i mean ! am\nt ( upw>d movem5t t c be obta9$1 ! l5s be+ 9 ! c5tre be=e />t+4 ,! cross-front %\ld h a movem5t ( ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! l5g? ( ! plate ea* way4 ,x may be useful to "k t a little m rise c be obta9$ by ! plac+ ( ! l5s above ! c5tre ( ! cross-front2 ref]5ce to ! photograph ( cam]a w expla9 ?is matt] m fully4 ,! sw+-back %\ld be a practical "o1 work+ f ! c5tre1 & capable ( be+ swung ei!r to or f ! l5s4 ,9 _m ( ! *eap] front ext5sion cam]as x is n possible to use ! sw+-back :5 tilt+ ! cam]a d[n1 only :5 tilt+ upw>ds4 ,! sw+-front1 al?\gh n an absolute necessity1 is und\bt$ly a movem5t possess+ great advantages1 especially :5 ! front is rais$ r high1 & "o is us+ a l5s ( limit$ cov]+ p[]4 ,?is movem5t %\ld be acquir$ if possible4 ,! cam]a %\ld possess d\ble ext5sion1 focuss+ by rackwork1 & hav+ a rev]s+ back s made t x w fit on all ways2 x is !n possible to draw ! slide %utt] out 9 any position4 ,9 select+ a tripod /& pur*ase "o ( ! k9d kn[n z ! slid+ leg v>iety1 two-fold is bett] ?an ?ree1 giv+ great] slid+ p[]4 ,! top ( /& %\ld be z l>ge z possible2 ?is is pref]able to a turntable1 z ?is piece ( workman%ip is seldom rigid aft] a little use1 & "s difficulty is exp]i5c$ :5 try+ to spread ! legs out r wide4 ,a two-fold ,a%=d /& is z good z any on ! m>ket4 ,! blocks h]e) illu/rate ! k9d ( cam]a us$ by myself1 & ) ! exception ( ! turntable1 :i* is n a great success1 x answ]s all requirem5ts4 ,9 ! select+ ( suitable l5ses a great deal w dep5d ^u ! incl9ation ( ! pur*as] & ! dep? ( 8 pocket4 ,!re is su* a great v>iety ^u ! m>ket at ! pres5t "t1 t to ! "y photograph] ! buy+ ( ! "r l5ses is some:at a difficult problem4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ,zeiss s]ies are und\bt$ly ! f9e/ obta9able & = ar*itectural "w are unrivall$1 possess+ great cov]+ p[]1 good m>g9al def9ition1 & 9 fact v f9e def9ition all ov] ! plate4 ,! l5ses ( ?is s]ies1 al?\gh q new1 h met ) great fav\r among/ ar*itectural work]s4 ,!y "w at an ap]ture ( f_/#ah1 b ,i und]/& t !y c be op5$ to f_/#af & numb]$ on ! f sy/em4 ,z reg>ds _! relative work+ capabilities !y give ab\t ! same picture at f_/#cb t ! majority ( wide-angle l5ses give at f_/#fd4 ,! ,go]z ana/igmats are also ano!r v f9e s]ies b d n give any?+ l ! cov]+ p[] ( ! la/ m5tion$1 & moreov] are ne>ly d\ble ! price4 ,_! special m]it is t "o c "w at f_/#h or f_/#aa1 & get a picture %>p up to ! edges4 ,taylor1 ,taylor ,hobson also make a good wide-angle l5s1 possess+ great cov]+ p[] & at a mod]ately l[ price4 ,) "o ( _! n9e in* l5ses ,i h cov]$ a plate #ab #aj in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ga!r ,,! ,,roses ,,:ile ,,ye ,,may1 ,,old ,,"t ,,is ,,/ill ,a-,,fly+4 ,,alex4 ,,keighley4 ,= a :ole-plate cam]a1 a useful batt]y w\ld be a #e in*es1 #g-a_/b in*es1 #i in*es & #ab in*es2 = #aj #h1 #g in*es1 #i in*es1 #aj-a_/b in*es & #ad in*es4 ,! ?ree la/ 9 ea* case are ! mo/ useful4 ,hav+ select$ ! l5ses1 ano!r v important po9t & "o n to be decid$ ha/ily is ! "q ( levels4 ,f\r are requir$1 two circul> & two ord9>y4 ,!y are plac$ z foll[s3 ,fix ! circul> levels1 "o on ! basebo>d ne> ! front ( ! cam]a1 ! o!r on ! top ( ! back "p ( cam]a4 ,! o!r two %\ld be plac$ "o on ! side ( ! back "p & ! o!r on ! back ( cam]a j "u ! rev]s+ back4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to pur*ase sl[ mov+ levels z "s "w s quickly t x is next to impossible to level ! cam]a ) !m1 & z ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! :ole bus9ess1 too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 select+ & fix+ ! "r k9d ( level4 ,illu/ration ,! focuss+ scre5 %\ld be rul$ z accompany+ diagram4 ,?is w divide ! scre5 into in* squ>es1 work+ f ! c5tre1 & w consid]ably assi/ ! photograph] 9 siz+ 8 subject up4 ,"o o!r ?+ requir$ is a set ( clamps = b9d+ ! tripod legs toge!r4 ,^! are1 ,i believe1 made by ,george ,mason1 ( ,glasg[1 b any deal] w procure !m = y4 ,! use ( ! "r k9d ( plate con/itutes a v important factor 9 ! production ( a satisfactory negative1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?is bran*4 ,ow+ to ! great] difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 develop+ extra rapid plates1 "o g5]ally sees ! sl[] v>iety recomm5d$4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c h[ev] be laid d[n4 ,to ga9 ! be/ result1 ! plate mu/ be suit$ to ! subject4 ,= in/ance1 9 a v d>k int]ior 9 :i* heavy black %ad[s pr$om9ate1 _m ( !m appe>+ mu* d>k] ?an !y really are ow+ to _! close proximity to a /rong light1 ! quick] ! plate us$ ! bett]4 ,?is t5ds to break d[n ! h>% contra/s1 & at ! same "t ! %ad[ detail is consid]ably bett] r5d]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 work+ 9 a light int]ior or "o :i* is flat ow+ possibly to ! l>ge am\nt ( light pres5t1 a sl[] plate c be us$ ) advantage1 &1 provid+ ! exposure is suffici5t ! result w be all t is wi%$ =4 ,ext]iors1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 sun%9e1 %\ld be photograph$ on a fairly quick plate4 ,sl[ plates1 al?\gh good1 d n yield ne>ly su* good negatives1 & unless v fully expos$ give excessive h>dness4 ,tak+ ?is class ( "w all r\nd1 ! quick plate is ! m useful ( ! two & is und\bt$ly ! be/ = int]ior "w1 p>ticul>ly su* int]iors z "o meets 9 our ,engli% ca!drals4 ,= all subjects possess+ /rong high-lights1 su* z w9d[s1 /a9$ or o!rwise1 rapid plates comb9$ ) a suitable back+ composition yield ! be/ results1 & ,i w\ld impress ^u ! read] ! fact t no plate %\ld ev] be plac$ 9 a d>k slide )\t be+ cov]$ at ! back ) a suitable composition = ! prev5tion ( halation4 ,illu/ration ,! value ( ?is ag5t is di/9ctly demon/rat$ by ! accompany+ illu/rations1 & ,i w\ld po9t out ! fact t ! negatives 7 bo? develop$ ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,! unback$ plate 0 s develop$ z to prev5t ! appe>ance ( halation z mu* z possible1 & x w be notic$ t all portions ( ! photograph1 o!r ?an t :]e halation has occurr$1 are ne>ly z good 9 ! unback$ z 9 ! back$ "o4 ,hav+ obta9$ all ! app>atus & mat]ials1 a v good subject to beg9 on & "o giv+ good opportunities = ! ex]cise ( ! v>i\s movem5ts connect$ ) ! cam]a1 etc41 is a g5]al view ( ! *oir 9 "s ca!dral or *ur* ne> at h&4 ,hav+ erect$ ! cam]a1 ! next ?+ is to decide ^u ! mo/ pleas+ po9t ( view4 ,speak+ f my own exp]i5ce ,i w\ld advise ! %ift+ ( ! cam]a ei!r to ! "r or left1 s t ! c5tre aisle is ?r[n slightly 9 p]spective4 ,?is t5ds to give a mu* bett] & decid$ly m pleas+ effect to ! result+ photograph4 ,( ! two sides1 mov+ to ! "r seems to be ! be/4 ,! next item is ! fix+ ( y\r gr\nd l9e1 ?is mu/ be s arrang$ t x is q cle>1 n ob/ruct$ by ! backs ( *airs1 etc41 :i* look v badly if left /&+4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h g5]ally f\nd x necess>y to move "o or two r[s ( *airs s z to make ! gr\nd l9e myself4 ,9 adju/+ ! height ( ! cam]a f ! gr\nd x is well nev] to exce$ six feet4 ,five feet to five feet six in*es is ! mo/ useful height4 ,?is w give a photograph 9 :i* ! po9t ( sight is ! same z t ( ! p]son actually view+ ! subject4 ,! plac+ ( ! cam]a on /ep ladd]s1 *airs1 or o!r supports1 s z to ov]look objects 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd is a practice to be condemn$1 giv+ results v r>ely pleas+ & always bad f ! sightse]'s po9t ( view4 ,hav+ settl$ ^u ! po9t ( view & ! l5s to be us$1 ! /ud5t %\ld !n r\ghly focus ! image4 ,notice ! am\nt ( subject on ! plate & h[ mu* rise is requir$4 ,if hav+ a cam]a su* z describ$1 ! rise is easily accompli%$ & ! cam]a c !n be truly levell$ up4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 ov] ?is z unless y h ! cam]a exactly level y _c expect a true picture4 ,! bubbles ( ! levels %\ld be exactly 9 ! c5tre1 a little bit out w n d4 ,illu/ration ,if x is f\nd t ! ris+ front fails to give ! am\nt ( subject requir$1 rec\rse mu/ be made to ! sw+s1 & x is "h t ! sw+ front triumphs ov] ! sw+ back4 ,to sw+ ! back necessitates ! %ift+ ( ! cam]a & tripod /&1 & at once ?r[s all ! levels out ( ge>4 ,!n comes re-focuss+1 etc4 ,sometimes ?is w h to be gone ?r\gh five or six times be=e ! desir$ am\nt ( sw+ has be5 a*iev$4 ,ow+ to ! re-focuss+ requir$ e "t ! cam]a is mov$ x is v difficult1 especially = ! beg9n]1 to rightly e/imate ! am\nt ( rise requir$4 ,) ! sw+ front ! desir$ am\nt ( rise is atta9$ easily & quickly1 & x c be work$ ) ! head /ill "u ! focuss+ clo?1 :i* is a great conv5i5ce4 ,at ! same "t ! basebo>d & back ( cam]a always rema9 level4 ,aft] ga9+ ! correct am\nt ( rise ! sides ( ! subject %\ld be consid]$4 ,a gold5 rule to rememb] 9 ?is class ( "w is :5 y %[ a column1 %[ ! base ( x1 & always />t ! sides ( plate ) ei!r half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( a column4 ,x looks v que] to see ! b5d ( an ar* w&]+ away out ( ! side ( ! picture )\t any app>5t support4 ,9 arrang+ ! sides x is usual to h a prepond]ance ( subject on ! opposite side to :i* ! cam]a is1 & to />t t side ) a column4 ,sometimes ! subject fails to fit ! plate nicely1 9 t case x is bett] to trim ! pr9t ?an to h un9t]e/+ features pres5t4 ,( c\rse a great deal dep5ds ^u ! p]sonal ta/e ( ! work]1 :at "o man consid]s "r ano!r w rebel aga9/2 s al?\gh ,i advocate ! use ( columns to fill ! sides ( ! plate x does n foll[ t t is ! "o & only me?od ( photograph+ ^! subjects4 ,! /ud5t hav+ c>efully gone into ^! matt]s & arrang$ ! subjects to suit 8 own satisfaction ! "q ( :at po9t to focus = arises1 & inde$ 9 v d>k int]iors ! "q ( focuss+ any?+ at all comes 94 ,a me?od ,i use myself is to r\ghly divide ! di/ance f ! cam]a to ! f>!/ object 9 half1 & !n to focus midway betwe5 ! cam]a & ! middle ( ! subject4 ,!n /op d[n ! l5s until ! mo/ di/ant object is %>p4 ,9 practice ,i h f\nd ?is rule s good t ,i c recomm5d its adoption = all subjects1 & if c>ri$ out correctly w always result 9 ! production ( crisp negatives4 ,exposure is n a v difficult ?+ to ov]come4 ,arrange ! focuss+ clo? well ov] ! head1 op5 ! l5s out to its l>ge/ ap]ture & rema9 "u ! clo? until y c see ! image di/9ctly all ov] ! plate4 ,!n )\t uncov]+ ! head proce$ to sl[ly /op d[n until y c only j see ! image all ov] ! plate4 ,n[ us+ a plate ( ! rapidity ( ,b>net extra rapid1 an exposure ( t5 m9utes w yield a satisfactory fully expos$ negative4 ,! v>y+ exposures = o!r plates & /ops are easily obta9$4 ,= in/ance y f9d ! image c j be se5 all ov] at f_/#cb & y wi% to use f_/#fd ,! exposure w be =ty m9utes4 ,aft] hav+ us$ ?is me?od = ov] sev5 ye>s1 & hav+ inv>iably f\nd x correct1 ,i c unhesitat+ly recomm5d its adoption1 & if us$ ) a little common s5se ! work] w seldom suff] f 8 plates be+ ei!r badly "u or ov]-expos$4 ,9 photograph+ side aisles1 transepts1 or long r[s ( pill>s1 ! work] is (t5 tr\bl$ by ! unnatural way 9 :i* ! floor runs up4 ,?is is m especially noticeable :5 !re are no prom95t objects 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ?is c h[ev] be ov]come by ! l[]+ ( ! cam]a to ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x is "h :]e ! slid+ legs ( ! tripod /& become ( s]vice4 ,i w\ld ask ! /ud5t always to use ! longe/ focus l5s possible1 consi/5t ) ! effect desir$4 ,! use ( extreme wide-angle l5ses has _h a disa/r\s effect ^u ! public ta/e 9 respect to ar*itectural photography due pr9cipally to ! abortions "o sees expos$ = sale 9 ! %op w9d[s ( our ca!dral cities4 ,x %\ld be seldom necess>y = ! amateur to use v wide-angle l5ses4 ,( c\rse1 :5 x is a "q ( gett+ a detail$ photograph 9 a conf9$ situation a wide-angle l5s is ( great s]vice4 ,b x is :5 y see ! :ole l5g? ( a ca!dral photograph$ on a :ole plate ) a five in* l5s t ! fault is s noticeable4 ,9 photograph+ ext]iors great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! plac+ ( ! cam]a 9 a suitable spot4 ,try & s arrange x t ! %ort side ( ! build+ does n run (f too viol5tly1 inde$1 x is (t5 mu* bett] to leave out a portion ( ! subject r ?an to cram ! :ole subject ^u ! plate4 ,g5]al views are mu* bett] if photograph$ :5 !re is a little sunlight4 ,?is gives to ! subject a %>p1 clean-cut appe>ance4 ,details on ! o!r h& are bett] if photograph$ 9 a subdu$ light & slightly ov]-expos$4 ,9 focuss+ v high subjects "s difficulty w be f\nd 9 gett+ bottom & top 9 focus at ! same "t1 especially if ! l5s be /ra9$ by ei!r alt]+ ! back or front ( ! cam]a4 ,! be/ place to focus is a little way above ! c5tre ( ! scre51 s t :5 /opp$ d[n ! bottom ( ! build+ is q %>p4 ,a slight s(tness t[>ds ! top ( ! subject is sc>cely noticeable 9 ! f9al pr9t4 ,! exposure ( ext]iors v>ies betwe5 ?ree seconds at f_/#fd to t5 m9utes1 & no correct guide c possibly be giv54 ,to ! beg9n] a ,watk9s' exposure met] w "h be ( "s s]vice4 ,if p are cont9ually pass+ & repass+ /op ! l5s d[n to f_/#fd & give z long an exposure z is possible2 ?is w z a rule completely oblit]ate !m4 ,i h f\nd t an exposure ( f t5 to tw5ty seconds entirely de/roys all trace ( mov+ objects4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ an exposure :]e !re is mu* traffic pa/ ! build+1 & p]haps p /&+ ab\t :om y _c v well ask to move1 is1 to break ! exposure z _m times z possible4 ,expose = two seconds1 !n wait until ! traffic has some:at alt]$2 !n give ano!r two seconds & s on until f9i%$4 ,by ?is means ,i h be5 able to photograph build+s 9 ! c5tre ( a cr[d$ /reet or ?or\ghf>e )\t a trace ( anybody %[+4 ,x is (t5 int]e/+ = ! /ud5t to be able to successfully tackle ! photograph+ ( draw+-room1 ball-room1 or o!r ap>tm5ts ei!r ( 8 own or fri5ds' h\ses4 ,?is "w is consid]ably m difficult ?an x seems2 & x is 9 su* subjects t ! ta/e ( ! op]ator becomes manife/4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view *os5 & also ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! furniture4 ,if a long room1 ! cam]a %\ld be plac$ at "o end at ab\t a qu>t] ( ! wid? ( room away f "o side & f ! end wall4 ,keep ! cam]a p>allel ) ! sides ( ! room & use ! slid+ front s z to obta9 m ( ! opposite side ( ! room4 ,?is w give ! ceil+ a true squ>e appe>ance & ! side ( ! ceil+ w n run (f ) an unpleas+ effect4 ,9 "s subjects x is p]haps necess>y to include "o or m w9d[s4 ,?is c ( c\rse be accompli%$ by ! aid ( back$ plates1 b x is always bett] to block ^? p>ticul> w9d[s out4 ,?is is usually done by cov]+ ! outside ) black clo? or br[n pap] or pull+ ! sun bl9ds d[n4 ,to get ! effect ( ! w9d[s y mu/ remove ! pap] or clo? at ! end ( ! exposure = a few m9utes1 ?ree m9utes be+ g5]ally suffici5t4 ,by ?is means x is possible to %[ ! l&scape z se5 f ! w9d[4 ,d n place y\r cam]a too high4 ,f\r feet to f\r feet six in*es is q suffici5t4 ,if ! cam]a is high] y look ov] ! imm$iate =egr\nd objects1 t\*+ ! gr\nd pa/ !m1 :i* is undesirable4 ,9 arrang+ ! furniture be c>eful t r\nd or oval objects are n plac$ s t !y appe> on ! edges ( ! plate :i* gives !m an exagg]at$ appe>ance4 ,9 expos+ on all su* int]iors ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d a v full exposure1 ! object be+ to flatt5 ! subject4 ,a great ?+ to /udy 9 ?is bran* ( "w is ! c>eful light+ ( y\r subject4 ,?is c be l>gely v>i$ by ! use ( ! inside bl9ds1 also by ! sun bl9ds f\nd outside _m w9d[s4 ,x is n advisable to draw ! bl9ds up to _! fulle/ ext5t4 ,by s do+ y acc5tuate y\r ca/ %ad[s ?r[n by tables1 *airs1 etc4 ,9 fact1 ! s(t] ! light 9 ! room c\pl$ ) a correspond+ exposure1 ! bett] ! result4 ,ano!r po9t to notice is t a comp>atively dull day is (t5 ! be/ = int]ior "w1 ! light be+ mu* s(t] & subdu$4 ,z a slight guide to exposure ,i w\ld sugge/ t an additional tw5ty-five p] c5t4 be add$ to t recomm5d$ = *ur* "w4 ,john ,h4 ,av]y4 ,! ,h& ,cam]a & its use4 ,illu/ration ,:at is ! be/ =m ( h& cam]a8 ,h[ (t5 ?is "q is ask$1 & yet h[ impossible to give any def9ite reply1 ! conditions ( use1 & requirem5ts ( ea* work] be+ s widely diff]5t4 ,"o1 desires a =m ( app>atus1 capable ( be+ clos$ up into ! smalle/ space1 weigh+ b ! lea/ possible numb] ( ounces1 ! necess>y movem5ts1 conf9$ to t\*+ a spr+1 or press+ a button1 & ! total co/ n to exce$ two or ?ree p\nds1 :ile o!rs d n c>e s mu* z to its possess+ ^! qualities1 if by a little increase 9 bulk1 weight1 & co/1 x is capable ( use 9 a less re/rict$ mann]1 on subjects ( wide v>iety1 & "u su* conditions ( light1 & atmosph]ic effects1 z1 :5 %utt] exposures are be+ giv51 call = ! maximum light passage to ! plate4 ,assum+ ! cam]a to be int5d$ exclusively = use )\t a tripod1 !n x becomes n a difficult matt] to po9t out its ess5tial features4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 x %\ld be *>act]iz$ by simplicity 9 con/ruction1 & e "p be easily accessible1 complicat$ movem5ts be+ r>ely f\nd necess>y1 except p]haps1 to raise ! price ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 be+ employ$ 9 ! field1 ! cam]a & its work+ p>ts ought n to ne$ ! slighte/ consid]ation1 ea* movem5t1 :e!r !y be few1 or _m1 be+ made1 )\t requir+ tr\blesome att5tion at ! mom5t :5 e ?\ght %\ld be devot$ to ! subject4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( an in/rum5t1 complete & effective = ?is class ( "w1 may be tak5 to be a good l5s capable ( cov]+ at f_/#h1 a %utt]1 "s simple means ( focuss+1 adequate f9d]s1 & ! means ( c>ry+ plates ei!r 9 "s =m ( magaz9e1 or ord9>y d>k slides4 ,ea* sy/em ( hold] = plates possesses its own di/9ctive advantages1 :i* are pref]able1 dep5d+ entirely on individual ne$s1 or ta/es4 ,"s admire "o me?od1 & "s ! o!r4 ,:5 plates are c>ri$ 9 "o ( ! _m =ms ( magaz9e :i* cam]as are n[adays fitt$ )1 x is important :5 re-*>g+ x1 t c>e be tak5 to see ea* %ea? & plate is laid true 9 its place1 z ! slighte/ irregul>ity at ?is po9t1 means c]ta9 tr\ble :5 *ang+ a plate aft] exposure1 inde$1 p]haps fifty p] c5t4 ( ! mis=tunes :i* occur :5 out at "w1 f failure to act ( ! *ang+ arrangem5ts1 are directly caus$ by c>elessness :5 lay+ ! plates 9 ! magaz9e4 ,giv5 reasonable c>e 9 ?is matt]1 almo/ any ( ! mod]n automatic *ang+ me?ods1 may be reli$ on to answ] satisfactorily4 ,:5 h[ev] ! slight additional bulk1 weight1 & x may be increase ( co/ is n object$ to1 !n !re c be no d5y+ sep>ate d>k slides possess _m & important advantages4 ,no ne$ to fe> a wa/$ day1 caus$ by "s plate /ick+1 & r5d]+ fur!r "w impossible1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a d>k-room1 :i* probably is miles away2 & aga91 "o mu/ n ov]look ! opportunity !y give ( c>ry+ plates ( diff]5t degrees ( s5sitiv5ess1 a matt] ( s]vice1 :5 subjects to be dealt ) are v>i$1 su* z1 say1 cl\ds & wat]1 l&scapes & figures4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 :5 light is fairly good1 ! ord9>y spe$ plate w be f\nd amply quick en\gh dur+ ! daytime1 & fifty p] c5t *eap] 9 price4 ,:5 op5 l&scapes are be+ tak51 dur+ summ] "t1 m$ium rapid plates g5]ally w be quick en\gh1 b _m opportunities1 = pictorial "w1 arise "u conditions ( atmosph]e & light1 9 :i* to obta9 fully expos$ negatives ) a %utt]1 dem&s a plate ( extreme s5sitiv5ess1 & if = no o!r reason ?an t !y (f] ?is opportunity ( c>ry+ a v>i$ assortm5t ( plates1 _m work]s pref] d>k slides1 to any =m ( magaz9e4 ,!re are advantages1 & disadvantages1 ) bo? sy/ems1 & x becomes simply a "q = ea* work] to consid] :i* fulfills 8 requirem5ts be/4 ,! ,l5s4--,good "w c be1 & is done1 ) *eap s+le l5ses1 b ! opportunities (f]$ are consid]ably re/rict$1 :at is ne$$1 be+ su* a l5s z may be us$ at full ap]ture ( f_/#h or f_/#f1 & w !n cov] ! plate f corn] to corn]1 %>ply4 ,?is is necess>y n only because ! act9ic quality ( light is n always ov] good1 b t mov+ subjects dem& ! %utt] %\ld be work+ ) rapidity1 sometimes inde$ ) consid]able spe$3 "u :i* conditions two factors are absolutely ess5tial1 a l>ge work+ l5s ap]ture1 & a rapid plate4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to buy ! be/ l5s y c af=d1 x m ?an pays 9 e way4 ,= #a_/d-plate "w1 a rectil9e> ( #e1 or #e-a_/b 94 focus1 work+ say at f_/#e4f1 & ) iris diaphragm1 by "o ( ! be/ mak]s1 w all[ "w be+ done "u any condition ( wea!r1 or o!r circum/ances1 :5 %utt] "w is possible4 ,f9d]s4--,ye>s ago1 ! "q ( :e!r f9d]s 7 necess>y1 or n1 9 a cam]a ( ?is k9d1 0 a matt] on :i* "s at lea/ express$ v diff]5t op9ions1 f ^? n[ held by mo/ work]s4 ,fur!r exp]i5ce has %[n t :5 c]ta9ty 9 work+ is desir$1 "s k9d ( f9d] is an absolute necessity z "p ( ! work+ me*anism4 ,x usually takes ! =m ( a small cam]a obscura1 :at is requir$ be+1 t x %\ld n be too small1 %\ld give a p]fectly disc]nible image1 & be s adju/$1 t only s mu* ( x is %[n1 z w be project$ on to ! s5sitive plate1 :5 ! exposure is made4 ,! reason ( its importance is t x enables ! subject be+ arrang$ ta/efully1 z well z ensur+ t ! :ole ( x is on ! plate4 ,:]e no attempt at pictorial "w is int5d$1 & ! important matt] is simply t ! object be+ photograph$ %\ld be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plate1 !n x is only necess>y t ! f9d] %\ld %[ z wide an angle ( vision1 or a little wid] ?an ! l5s be+ employ$ inside ! cam]a4 ,b :5 some?+ m is aim$ at1 viz43 ,ta/eful composition ov] ! :ole plate1 !n x is necess>y to block out on ! f9d] all excess ( view1 beyond :at w be receiv$ on ! s5sitive plate4 ,! ,%utt]4--,:at p>ticul> =m may be be/ is a matt] ( d\bt1 b :atev] x be1 exposure mu/ be possible )\t vibration1 x %\ld give great] exposure to ! =egr\nd ?an ! sky1 & ought to all[ ( be+ regulat$ = exposures rang+ f #a_/d? ( a second up to p]haps #a_/ajj? = ord9>y "w4 ,:]e %utt] "w has to be done1 :i* dem&s any?+ less ?an #a_/ajj? ( a second1 !n special %utt]s = ! purpose are ne$$1 b aft] hav+ us$ h& cam]as ( "o =m or ano!r = ! la/ n9e or t5 ye>s on su* classes ( subjects z are ord9>ily dealt )1 ! occasions on :i* any great] spe$ ?an #a_/cj? ( a second has be5 call$ = h be5 extremely r>e4 ,x may be said ?is w\ld n all[ ( tak+ subjects su* z a close f9i% ( a cycle race & su* l1 :i* is q true2 did occasion arise = s do+1 !n a %utt] su* z ! focal plane w\ld be employ$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b by f> ! great] am\nt ( "w done ) h& cam]as w\ld be ! bett] = receiv+ a long] exposure1 bett] because light action on ! s5sitive plate w\ld be m ?or\gh1 & f> bett] because :5 sl[ly mov+ objects1 su* z waves roll+ %orew>d1 are giv5 #a_/aj? in/ead ( #a_/ajj? ( a second1 we get less ( petrifi$ naturo1 & a m natural appe>ance 9 ! result+ photographs4 ,z a g5]al rule x is well to give ! sl[e/ exposure possible4 ,! ,focuss+ ,arrangem5ts4--,^! ne$ be only v simple1 & g5]ally are done by scale to di/ances4 ,z a rule ) ! l5s work+ at f_/#aa1 & ! scale set at #ae feet1 x w be f\nd t ! dep? ( focus is suffici5t = mo/ ord9>y "w1 & any alt]ation 9 ! focuss+ seldom necess>y1 :5 deal+ ) subjects :]e figures are includ$1 t are n requir$ to be approa*$ mu* clos] ?an ! di/ance m5tion$4 ,s f> z may be necess>y = h&-cam]a "w simply1 ! in/rum5t %\ld be )\t complications1 is bett] = hav+ a good rectil9e> l5s1 ne$s a %utt] easily adju/$ = exposures rang+ if possible1 f a #a_/d? ( a second1 up to say #a_/ajj?1 prop]ly adju/$ f9d]s1 "s means ( quickly alt]+ ! focus ( l5s1 "o or o!r me?od ( c>ry+ ! plates or films1 & = purely h&-cam]a "w1 !re is no ne$ = any o!r addition to x4 ,pass+ away f ! cam]a to its use1 "o is fac$ imm$iately ) ! fact1 t 9 spite ( ! multitude ( su* in/rum5ts n[ 9 use1 ! g5]al av]age ( results produc$ by its means are1 9 quality1 unmi/akably bel[ ^? done ) a cam]a & tripod1 nor is ! reason = ?is f> to seek4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a plate ( m$ium rapidity is g5]ally employ$1 su* an exposure giv51 z makes no s]i\s /ra9 on ! develop] us$ to br+ ! lat5t image fully out2 ! action ( light hav+ be5 ample1 & ! plate n s easily spoil$1 z "o ( high] s5sitiv5ess1 !re is n t call = su* skilful treatm5t1 z :]e light action on a highly delicate emulsion1 has be5 b brief1 & ne$s to receive c>eful h&l+1 be=e good1 well-grad$ negatives may be produc$4 ,to use a h& cam]a is ! simple/ matt] imag9able1 to prop]ly employ x ! mo/ difficult--simple1 because ( ! facility ) :i* plates may be expos$1 difficult1 because to succe$1 dem&s c>eful practice1 & a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( photographic manipulation4 ,we mu/ h le>nt to see1 & t quickly1 mu/ h ga9$ coolness & self-re/ra9t1 & p]haps n ! lea/ qualification necess>y is t ( be+ a good photograph]4 ,:e!r cont5t to produce good /raight=w>d repres5tations ( su* sc5es z come be=e y1 or m ambiti\s attempts at pictorial "w be made1 !y c bo? be done ) ! h& cam]a q z well1 nay inde$1 giv5 suffici5t te*nical skill1 & tra9$ p]ception to see ! beauty pres5t$ 9 l9e & mass1 x is by no means cle> ?is =m ( implem5t does n (f] great] facilities = successful work+1 ?an ! m complicat$ =m us$ ) a tripod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bir* ,,& ,,brack54 ,w4 ,,?omas4 ,! *oice ( subject is only b\nd$ by ! limits ( exposure1 spe$ ( plate & act9ic action ( light available4 ,! fir/ has already be5 t\*$ ^u1 :5 ! l5s1 & %utt]1 7 dealt )4 ,plates h rec5tly be5 s increas$ 9 spe$1 t x becomes necess>y to some:at modify advice1 :i* a ye> or two ago1 might h be5 p]fectly correct1 viz41 to "w ) ! fa/e/ plate procurable4 ,b !re is ?is advantage n[1 z !n1 t if "s conv5i5t =m ( act9omet] be us$ to te/ ! light1 we are able to judge at once1 :at spe$ ( plate w be necess>y to deal ) ea* subject z x arises4 ,!re are sev]al =ms available1 among/ :i*1 ! "o introduc$ by ,watk9s1 made s t x becomes a p]man5t "p ( ! cam]a1 answ]s rem>kably well1 especially z x _c be left at home1 )\t be+ notic$4 ,9 develop+ %utt]-expos$ plates1 if full exposure has be5 obta9$1 !n ! ord9>y modes ( proc$ure suffice1 s also :5 ov]-exposure occurs1 b by f> ! great] proportion ( failures "o sees 9 ?is class ( "w1 arise simply f "u-exposure4 ,!re seems s mu* *>m 9 driv+ a %utt] at its highe/ spe$1 & at ! same "t us+ ! l5s /opp$ d[n1 to secure %>p def9ition1 ! wond] is1 n t failures fl\ri%1 b t any good "w is done at all4 ,) reg>d to p>ticul> develop]s !re is only ?is to be said4 ,:atev] ag5t be employ$1 s arrange t be=e d5sity is obta9$1 all ! detail y require is fir/ br\ght out2 ?is simply means1 if pyro is be+ us$1 x is kept l[1 until ! plate is ready to be treat$ = d5sity1 !n a fur!r addition ( pyro & bromide w g5]ally suffice to rapidly f9i% (f ! "w4 ,:5 a bat* ( expos$ plates is be+ dealt )1 a mo/ c]ta9 me?od ( negative mak+1 w be f\nd 9 employ+ 9 "o di%1 ei!r "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ "o-solution develop]s3-- ,,no4 #a ,,=mula4 ,amidol #bj gra9s ,sodium sulphite #a_/b oz4 ,wat] #g ,,no4 #b ,,=mula4 ,dissolve 9 wat] #bj oz4 ,metol #ge gra9s !n add ,sodium sulphite #a-c_/d oz4 ,c>bonate ( soda 7cry/als7 #a-c_/d ,bromide ( potassium #f gra9s ,,no4 #c ,,=mula4 ,sodium sulphite #a-a_/d oz4 ,c>bonate ( potassium #a_/b ,eikonog5 #a_/d ,boil+ wat] #ab ,any ( ! above develop]s w be f\nd to rapidly br+ out all !re is 9 ! plate1 & if ov]-exposure is fe>$1 !y may all ) advantage be dilut$1 ) an equal quantity ( wat]1 9 ord] to sl[ d[n _! action4 ,9 ano!r di%1 x is advisable to h ! foll[+ re-develop]1 to imp>t d5sity to ! plates1 z !y become ready = t op]ation1 or to successfully deal ) any1 :i* are f\nd to h be5 consid]ably ov]-expos$1 & ^u :i*1 ! fir/ develop] is act+ too vigor\sly4 ,,re-,,develop]4 ,,no4 #a4 ,hydroqu9one #a_/d ounce ,sodium sulphite #b ,potassium bromide #a_/d ,boil+ wat] #ab ,,no4 #b4 ,wa%+ soda #b ounces ,sodium sulphite #b ,wat] to make #ab ,= use mix equal quantities4 ,by employ+ two diff]5t develop]s 9 ! mann] sugge/$1 x becomes a simple matt] to produce good negatives1 f plates hav+ _h all k9ds ( exposures1 "s "u1 "s ov]1 & x may be "s :i* h _h ab\t ! "r exposure2 9 ?is way "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( failure 9 ! production ( h&-cam]a pictures1 error 9 exposure & developm5t1 is m9imiz$1 if n altoge!r done away )4 ,!re are sometimes occasions :5 out ) a h& cam]a1 :5 subjects pres5t !mselves1 (f]+ exce$+ly good opportunities = secur+ pleas+ little pictures1 b :i* require "o1 or two seconds' exposure1 to r5d] !m successfully4 ,at su* times x may g5]ally be arrang$ to re/ ! cam]a on a /one1 wall1 or gate1 or to hold x press$ aga9/ a tree1 or "s o!r rigid support4 ,z an example1 ! illu/ration ( a woodside ) bir* trees1 fac+ page #acf1 may be po9t$ to4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 :5 out cycl+1 ! place & light+ on ! tree trunks1 /ruck u z pleas+1 & wor? try+ to secure a record (1 ev5 ?\gh b a h& cam]a 0 be+ c>ri$ at ! "t4 ,hav+ dism\nt$1 & f\nd a po9t f :]e x might be attempt$1 & :]e conv5i5tly grew a s+le tree1 ! l5s 0 op5$ to 7if recollection does n deceive7 f_/#aa4 ,!n ! cam]a jamm$ close to ! tree trunk1 & two seconds' exposure giv51 tak+ especial c>e t no movem5t took place4 ,! plate be+ 9 due "t c>efully develop$1 & z f> z possible contra/s kept d[n1 ! result prov$ satisfactory en\gh4 ,x c\ld m conv5i5tly h be5 photograph$1 ( c\rse1 if a cam]a & tripod _h be5 available1 b x is "o ( _m su* in/ances1 :]e1 :5 %utt] exposures only _h be5 prep>$ =1 occasions arose1 dem&+ long] exposures ?an 7 possible1 unless1 "s su* tempor>y support be press$ into use1 z 9 ?is in/ance4 ,= successful "w1 see t ! cam]a is simple1 its p>ts1 ( ! be/ y\r pocket c af=d4 ,give ! sl[e/ exposures y\r subject w all[4 ,develop = s(tly modell$ negatives fir/1 gett+ :at d5sity is requir$ aft]w>ds4 ,see t ! cam]a is held p]fectly /eady1 dur+ exposure1 & don't =get x is simply a cam]a1 & l5s1 & w require y beh9d x1 j ! same z any o!r employ$ ) a tripod1 & 9 conclusion be> always 9 m9d1 x is ! simple/ =m ( cam]a "w & ! mo/ difficult1 mak+ ! utmo/ dem&s on y\r skill1 if high-class results are to be ! outcome ( its use4 ,w4 ,?omas4 ,lant]n ,slides4 ,illu/ration ,a lant]n ,slide is a transp>5t positive on glass or o!r transp>5t support1 usually #c-a_/d in*es squ>e1 & is plac$ 9 ! lant]n 9 su* a way t by suitable illum9ation & optical arrangem5ts ! image on ! slide is made to int]cept "s ( ! light giv5 (f by ! illum9ant f a scre51 :i* )\t ! scre5 w\ld be :olly & ev5ly illum9at$ by ! light4 ,9 view+ a pap] pr9t we are really obs]v+ ! pap] by reflect$ light1 "p ( our view be+ int]cept$ by ! image =m$ ( pigm5t or r$uc$ metal2 ! am\nt ( light n be+ v great a v ?9 lay] ( pigm5t is requir$ to produce ! appe>ance ( a suffici5tly robu/ image4 ,if ! image alone or ) its vehicle be /ripp$ f a good pr9t on pap] ?is image view$ by transmitt$ light w be f\nd to be extremely fa9t1 f> too fa9t to be ( any use z a transp>5cy1 & also too ?9 to be ( any use z a lant]n slide4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at we "k z a transp>5cy1 su* z is (t5 us$ = w9d[ decoration1 back$1 p]haps1 ) gr\nd glass1 w\ld be f\nd mu* too d5se or robu/ = use z a lant]n slide4 ,9 d5sity1 !n1 a slide1 z x %all h]eaft] be call$1 comes betwe5 ! image on a pap] pr9t & t on a transp>5cy4 ,9 gradation1 or gamut ( tones1 ! slide ought to be sup]ior to ei!r ! pap] pr9t ) its almo/ absolute cle>ness ov] l>ge areas1 or ! transp>5cy ) its d5se %ad[s & its comp>atively heavy lights4 ,9 fact1 9 a good slide we h e grade ( deposit f p]fect transp>5cy to ne>ly complete opacity4 ,b ! extremes mu/ be v sp>+ly pres5t1 & ! transition f "o tone to ano!r mu/ be gradual1 all int]m$iate notes betwe5 highe/ & l[e/ %\ld be repres5t$4 ,o!r qualities g to make ! p]fect slide2 ! metallic or o!r deposit =m+ ! image mu/ be 9 ! utmo/ degree f9e1 no approa* to gra9 mu/ be p]ceptible ev5 "u ! highe/ magnification4 ,! col\r1 or tone1 mu/ be n only pleasant b appropriate4 ,! loss ( light 9 its j\rney f ! illum9ant to our eyes is enorm\s2 ! disc on ! scre5 is simply a greatly magnifi$ image ( ! light1 & "h is great loss2 add to ?is ! int]ception ( "s light by ! opacity ( ! slide1 & ! fact t mu* m is lo/ 9 reflection f ! scre51 & absorption by ! scre51 & x is easy to realize t ! image f ! scre5 rea*+ our eyes is va/ly less bright ?an t rea*+ ! eye :51 = in/ance1 we exam9e a slide 9 ! h& by transmitt$ light4 ,& loss ( light means increase ( contra/1 s t a slide :i* w\ld seem ab\t "r 9 gradation 9 ! h& w\ld be altoge!r soot-&-*alk z a scre5-image4 ,s too if we h 9 ! slide already %ut out mu* light1 by mak+ ! slide foggy1 or ov] d5se1 x is easy to see t :5 ! image rea*es our eyes f ! scre5 ?is vici\s opacity w be imm5sely increas$ 9 its mis*iev\s prop]ties4 ,! fir/ /yle ( slide gives scre5-images sometimes call$ midsumm] sn[-sc5es2 ! o!r slide is simply call$ foggy4 ,bo? mu/ be assidu\sly avoid$4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! plates prep>$ by "s processes are m likely to yield good slides1 su* z are describ$ above1 ?an plates prep>$ by o!r processes2 no "o process c claim to possess 9 itself sup]iority 9 all respects4 ,collodion1 = in/ance1 is less apt to give foggy slides1 & x is easi] to int5sify ?an gelat9e1 b x is also m prone to give h>d images4 ,collodion is at its f9e/ 9 ! =m ( collodio-bromide emulsion1 :i* gives slides rem>kable = f95ess ( gra91 = cle>ness1 & = ri*ness ( tones2 b :5 we h to copy 9 ! cam]a1 ! op]ation ) collodion emulsion is protract$1 unless we h bright daylight or a cond5s+ arrangem5t1 :i* ) l>ge negatives is (t5 out ( ! "q4 ,on ! :ole x may be tak5 t gelat9e-bromide emulsion is ! process to be recomm5d$1 n only on acc\nt ( its conv5i5ce & cel]ity1 b 9 view ( ! _m inh]5t po9ts ( excell5ce t x possesses4 ,9 any case1 want ( space w cause u to conf9e att5tion "h to t process1 & any "o ma/]+ ! use ( gelat9e-bromide slide-plates w h no?+ to fe> f competition ) o!r processes 9 all-r\nd "w4 ,! writ] has a lean+ t[>ds slide-plates z sl[ z he c procure !m1 because sl[ness almo/ always goes h& 9 h& ) f95ess ( gra9 & fre$om f fog4 ,!re is "o po9t ( importance t %\ld be not$ 9 work+ ) gelat9e = ?is purpose4 ,di/ill$ wat] %\ld be us$ if possible = all solutions4 ,tap wat]--especially h>d wat]--is apt to produce ) ! gelat9e a c]ta9 am\nt ( scum :i*1 if pres5t 9 any appreciable degree1 _c fail to affect ! quality ( ! slides2 b treatm5t ) an acid alum ba? z describ$ lat] has a v salut>y effect 9 remov+ any scum t may h =m$ dur+ ! liquid op]ations4 ,9 ! me*anics ( mak+ a slide f a negative we h only two me?ods to consid]4 ,if ! slide-image is to be ! same size z ! negative1 or a "p ( ! negative1 we pr9t by contact1 t is1 we put ! negative & ! slide-plate face to face 9 contact1 & we expose to light1 ! negative be+ next to ! light2 ?is corresponds ) mak+ a pr9t on pap]4 ,b :5 we desire to make a slide includ+ all ! subject ( a negative l>g] ?an a slide-plate1 or1 9 fact1 :5 we desire to alt] ! size ( ! image at all1 we copy ! negative 9 ! cam]a4 ,! simple/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to fix up ! negative s t x is ev5ly light$ & make a photograph ( x 9 a cam]a2 b ! adju/m5ts necess>y = su* an op]ation w\ld be f\nd awkw>d1 & s a r$uc+ cam]a ( "s k9d is g5]ally us$4 ,_m su* cam]as are on ! m>ket1 & consi/ ( devices = hold+ ! negative 9 a suitable position ) reg>d to a small cam]a furni%$ ) a l5s & a d>k slide hold+ a lant]n plate4 ,ei!r ! negative-hold] or ! cam]a %\ld h possible movem5t 9 all directions v]tical to ! optical axis ( ! :ole1 & 9 addition x is (t5 desirable to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( movem5t 9 o!r planes1 9 ord] to correct c]ta9 optical defects t are sometimes f\nd 9 negatives4 ,! writ] has = _m ye>s us$ a small cam]a ) its front /uck into ! front ( a l>ge cam]a1 "o or o!r ( ^! cam]as has e necess>y movem5t4 ,! device is figur$ "h4 ,illu/ration ,:atev] arrangem5t is us$ ! end ( ! app>atus be>+ ! negative is direct$ t[>ds a good & ev5 light2 & x is well to place ab\t two in*es 9 front ( ! negative t[>ds ! light a piece ( f9ely gr\nd glass = ord9>y negatives2 ?is glass is ) advantage omitt$ ) extra d5se negatives4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! exposure1 :e!r we are work+ by contact or 9 ! cam]a is ( ! utmo/ importance2 b x is n possible 9 an article su* z ?is to give ev5 an approximate idea ( ! exposure suitable "u any concat5ation ( conditions4 ,! be/ clue to exposure is to be f\nd 9 developm5t1 & 9 results4 ,x is necess>y to "k :at happ5s aft] normal exposure ) a giv5 develop]1 & !n if any v>iation is notic$ to alt] ! exposure4 ,if a plate develops m rapidly ?an ! normal1 x may fairly be d$uc$ t ! exposure has be5 too long2 b if we are deal+ ) a specially contra/$ negative x is bett] s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we are deal+ ) a ?9 negative1 especially if ! scale ( gradation is %ort1 we require an exposure less ?an :at w\ld "u normal conditions lead to complete developm5t 9 ! normal "t4 ,& aga9 "s plates require to be develop$ to a great] po9t ( app>5t d5sity ?an o!rs2 ?is is a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,briefly put1 !re is no royal road to good slide-mak+1 exp]i5ce is necess>y4 ,9 actually mak+ ! exposures c]ta9 po9ts mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,if we are copy+ 9 ! cam]a ) daylight z illum9ant x is v important to use ! light f ! nor?2 if we use o!r light we %all be mu* put out on mo/ occasions by awkw>d v>iations ( ! brightness4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( op]ations are r5d]$ nugatory by c>elessness 9 ?is matt]4 ,ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ work] w f9d x impossible to expose plates ) any?+ l accuracy :5 he has to deal ) direct sun%9e at "o "t1 ?9 :ite cl\ds at ano!r1 & d>k cl\ds at a ?ird4 ,& 9 mak+ exposures by contact ! beg9n] mu/ be fairly accurate 9 judg+ ! "t ( exposure & ! di/ance f ! radiant4 ,a good plan is to tie to ! gas jet a piece ( cord hav+ knots at conv5i5t int]vals1 su* z at #i1 #ab1 #ah & #bd in*es1 & 9 mak+ an exposure to use ^! knots z guides to ! di/ance2 moreov]1 ! law ( squ>es ( di/ance mu/ be rememb]$2 ! int5sity ( light v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( di/ance f radiant to receiv]1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 no optical arrangem5t is introduc$ to modify ! pa? ( ! rays4 ,consequ5tly1 = example1 if t5 seconds is f\nd to be a prop] exposure at n9e in*es f ! light1 ! correspond+ exposure at eighte5 in*es w n be tw5ty1 b =ty seconds 7#ibha4 #ahbcbd74 ,& z x is sometimes awkw>d to hold ! frame & att5d to a wat* at ! same "t1 a metronome1 tick+ seconds1 w be f\nd conv5i5t1 or a clock ) a second h& may be plac$ :]e x c be se5 dur+ ! exposure4 ,a l&scape slide )\t cl\ds1 if ! horizon is 9 ! picture1 is usually consid]$ a failure1 & has be5 dubb$ bald-head$4 ,really good work]s (t5 put cl\ds into slides by comb9ation pr9t+1 :i* 9 "s cases is comp>atively easy1 9 o!rs v difficult4 ,if we are work+ by r$uction f a good-siz$ negative1 ) a fairly ev5 horizon1 ! difficulty is n great4 ,! l&scape "p ( ! negative is fir/ expos$1 ! sky be+ mask$ if necess>y1 & a cl\d negative is !n sub/itut$ = ! l&scape negative1 a "p ( ! =m] be+ mask$ to correspond ) ! l&scape on ! latt]1 & a second exposure is made on ! same slide-plate4 ,admitt$ly 9 all cases ?is requires "s do+1 9 _m cases x is extremely difficult4 ,an easi]1 if less sportsmanlike1 me?od is to make ! cl\d slide on a sep>ate slide-plate1 & to use ! latt] z a cov]-glass = ! slide4 ,! cl\d may cov] ! :ole ( ! second slide1 & t "p ( x n requir$ may be wip$ out by means ( a r$uc+ solution1 us$ ) a bru%1 su* z ! f]ricyanide & hypo "o describ$ lat]4 ,?is me?od w be f\nd useful ev5 9 contact slide mak+1 b x also requires n only good ta/e 9 ! selection ( ! cl\d1 b "s deftness 9 manipulation2 b ! neat-h&$ beg9n] ne$ n fe> to make ! attempt4 ,,developm5t4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t judgm5t ( exposure is a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 & t results are ! be/ crit]ion2 "h foll[ "s m explicit /atem5ts on ! same matt]4 ,:atev] plate or develop] is us$1 & :atev] ! "t occupi$ 9 complete developm5t3 #a/4--,if by ! "t ! high-lights are suffici5tly /rong ! %ad[s are too d5se or block$1 ! plate has be5 "u-expos$4 #bnd4--,if by ! "t ! high-lights are suffici5tly /rong ! %ad[s h n atta9$ suffici5t d5sity1 or are veil$1 ! plate has be5 ov]-expos$4 #crd4--,if at ! same mom5t ! high-lights %[ suffici5tly & ! %ad[s are transp>5t b suffici5tly plucky1 ! plate has be5 prop]ly expos$4 #d?4--,) a normal negative ! normal exposure is ! prop] exposure2 b 7a7 a negative abnormally /rong 9 contra/s w require an abnormally long exposure2 & 7b7 a ?9 negative1 or "o ) a v %ort scale ( gradation f d5se/ to cle>e/1 w require an abnormally %ort exposure1 ) probably "s aft]-treatm5t 9 ! direction ( int5sification4 ,ambiti\s slide-mak]s g5]ally aim at w>m-ton$ slides = pictorial effect1 & rightly4 ,b slides int5d$ = sci5tific purposes are g5]ally bett] :5 cold 9 tone1 ! def9ition is usually bett]4 ,b :atev] ! aim1 a good tone ( "o k9d is pref]able to a poor "o ( ano!r k9d1 & ! beg9n] %\ld fir/ make sure ( gett+ a really good cold tone1 :i* is comp>atively easy1 & !n try 8 'pr5tice h& on w>m tones4 ,w>m tones are obta9$ by us+ greatly sup]-normal exposures & greatly re/ra9$ develop]s2 & ! dang] probably lies 9 ! fact t ! long exposures are apt to lead to fog1 & ! great re/ra9t to ov]-d5sity 9 ! %ad[s1 ! latt] especially :5 ! exposure has n be5 q long en\gh = ! develop] us$2 h]e9 probably lies ! :ole secret ( w>m slide-mak+4 ,if we aim at really w>m tones & use develop]s suit$ to su* design1 we mu/ on no acc\nt /9t ! exposure4 ,,cold ,,tone ,,develop+ ,,solutions4 ,illu/ration ,! classical solution = cold tone slides is a solution ( f]r\s oxalate 9 potassic oxalate4 ,( all develop]s x is mo/ free f fogg+ prop5sities4 ,x is made f s-call$ saturat$ solutions ( proto-sulphate ( iron & potassium oxalate4 ,?us1 into a bottle put a quantity ( iron proto-sulphate1 & p\r on ab\t ?ree times its weight ( wat] conta9+ a dram ( sulphuric acid to ea* p9t4 ,%ake well1 & keep always at ab\t #fj ,fahr42 "s ( ! iron mu/ always be visible 9 ! bottle1 if n1 m is to be add$4 ,! cry/als ( iron salt mu/ be gre5 & n ru/y 9 col\r4 ,?is is ! iron solution4 ,! oxalate solution is made by dissolv+ potassium oxalate 9 ab\t ?ree times its weight ( wat]4 ,?is also mu/ be kept at #fj ,fahr41 %ak5 occasionally1 & oxalate add$ if none is visible 9 ! bottle4 ,to make ! f]r\s oxalate solution we p\r "o "p ( ! iron solution into six p>ts ( ! oxalate1 & x is advisable to add to ea* ounce ( develop] at lea/ half a gra9 ( potassium bromide2 #e m9ims ( a #aj solution1 made by dissolv+ "o ounce ( ! bromide 9 ab\t #i ounces ( wat]1 & !n mak+ up to #aj ounces--all *emical4 ,9 ab\t f\r m9utes or less ?is ought to fully develop a prop]ly expos$ plate4 ,if ! developm5t is mu* %ort] ! slide is apt to h an unpleasant gre5i% tone1 a result t may also foll[ ! use ( an inord9ate am\nt ( bromide 9 ! develop]4 ,! develop+ solution may be made 9 quantity great] ?an is requir$ = "o plate1 & may be us$ sev]al times if a little ( ! surplus & fre% solution is add$ :5 ! quantity 9 use becomes sl[ 9 action4 ,= really f9e cold black tones ! foll[+ =mula by ,,messrs4 ,,elliott ,,son w be f\nd admirable3-- ,a ,metol #dj gra9s4 ,soda sulphite #a ounce4 ,wat] #h ounces4 ,b ,potassium c>bonate #abj gra9s4 ,ammonium bromide #bd ,potassium bromide #dh ,wat] #h ounces4 ,! develop+ solution consi/s ( equal p>ts ( ,a & ,b4 ,if ei!r ( ! above develop]s is to be us$1 ! exposure is to be kept d[n z comp>$ ) ! exposure to be foll[$ by develop]s int5d$ = v w>m tones4 ,! two develop]s :i* foll[ next1 require ab\t ! same exposure z ! two already =mulat$4 ,ortol is a r$uc+ ag5t q lately introduc$ by ,mr4 ,hauff1 ( ,feu]ba* 9 ,g]many1 & ,mr4 ,hauff's ag5ts 9 ?is c\ntry are ,messrs4 ,fu]/ ,bros41 ( ,london4 ,ortol gives ! f9e/ tones ( ! w>m black type t we h z yet come across1 x is s+ul>ly free f fogg+ prop5sity1 & ! tones d n easily deg5]ate into ! gre5s s apt to occur aft] sev]e ov]-exposure ) o!r black develop]s4 ,we sugge/ a simple =mula3-- ,a ,wat] #bj ounces4 ,metabisulphite ( potassium #ge gra9s4 ,ortol #aej gra9s4 ,b ,wat] #bj ounces4 ,soda c>bonate #c-a_/b ounces4 ,soda sulphite #b-a_/b ounces4 ,to make ! develop]1 take "o "p ( ,a1 "o ( ,b1 & "o ( wat]1 & to ea* ounce ( ! mixture add "o & a half or two gra9s ( potassium bromide4 ,! developm5t ( a prop]ly expos$ slide w take two or ?ree m9utes1 & ! result w probably be highly appreciat$4 ,! above is wor?y to /& alone z repres5t+ develop]s = w>m black tones1 b ! foll[+ works well4 7,messrs4 ,elliott ,son47 ,a ,hydroqu9one #hj gra9s4 ,soda sulphite #a ounce4 ,potassium bromide #ae gra9s4 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,b ,cau/ic soda #hj gra9s4 ,wat] #aj ozs4 ,! develop+ solution consi/s ( equal p>ts ( ,a & ,b1 & ! plate may be fully develop$ 9 ab\t two to ?ree m9utes4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t 9 ord] to obta9 really w>m r$ or r$di% tones by developm5t1 x is necess>y to give v long exposure1 & to use a develop] v mu* re/ra9$4 ,x is fur!r f\nd t c>bonate ( ammonia has a consid]able effect 9 r$d5+ ! develop$ image1 & s we n[ come to proc$ure bas$ on ^! l9es4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia is f\nd 9 comm]ce 9 ! %ape ( *unks m or less squ>e4 ,if "o ( ^! is p>$ ) a knife--unless ! sample is q fre%--! outside w be f\nd to be a s(t amorph\s p[d]1 ! inside a cle>1 v h>d cry/al2 ! cle> cry/al is 9 developm5t an accel]ator1 ?\gh a v weak "o1 ! outside sub/ance is a re/ra9]4 ,probably bo? ! inside--sesquic>bonate--& ! outside--bic>bonate--are useful1 & ! be/ plan is to make a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( ! sub/ance z obta9$ f a good *emi/--n druggi/4 ,( ?is solution "o gra9 ( ! salt is repres5t$ by t5 m9ims4 ,if n[ we take an ounce ( ,a1 & "o ( ,b ( ! la/ =mula1 & if we add to ! ounce ( ,a #c gra9s ( ammonium bromide1 & to ! ounce ( ,b #c gra9s ( ammonium c>bonate1 & if we h giv5 a prop] exposure & develop ) equal p>ts ( ! ,a & ,b modifi$ z above1 we %all get a slide ( ri* *ocolate col\r2 & if we d\ble ! proportions ( c>bonate & bromide1 & expose /ill long]1 we %all get a slide /ill ruddi] 9 tone1 ev5 to r$4 ,b !re is always dang] ( fog1 & ( clogg$ %ad[s1 & ?is mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,!re is a m c]ta9 & less dang]\s way ( gett+ h&some tones1 :i* %all be describ$ pres5tly4 ,gelat9e slides are always fix$ 9 hyposulphite ( soda1 ab\t "o "p by weight to six p>ts ( wat]2 aft] ?is !y mu/ be well wa%$1 say five m9utes "u a good rose tap1 or 9 _m *anges ( wat] 9 a di% = an h\r1 & e slide %\ld be treat$ ) a saturat$ solution ( pota% alum1 ( :i* ea* p9t %\ld conta9 a dram ( hydro*loric acid4 ,v _m1 if n mo/1 slides are all ! bett] = j a t\* ( a r$uc] su* z foll[s3--,! ord9>y hypo4 solution is weak5$ ) ab\t f\r times its measure ( wat]1 & ! plate is soak$ = a m9ute 9 ?is4 ,a few drops ( a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( potassium f]ricyanide are put into ! measure1 & ! hypo4 mix$ ) x1 & ! :ole all[$ to "w on ! plate = a %ort "t1 c>efully wat*$4 ,( c\rse a weak slide mu/ n be ?us treat$1 b x is (t5 a good plan to develop slides to su* a po9t t !y w p]mit ( ?is treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h& x is (t5 advisable to keep a slide ?9 9 developm5t1 = in/ance1 :5 ! negative wants pluck1 & int5sification is indicat$2 or :5 we wi% a good w>m tone aft] a black develop] su* z our metol =mula3 a good av]age treatm5t is z foll[s3-- ,take half an ounce ea* ( ammonium *loride & m]cury bi*loride & dissolve 9 #af ounces ( wat]1 soak ! slide 9 ?is till x is blea*$4 ,wa% well & treat ) weak liquid ammonia1 or a solution ( soda sulphite1 or ( metabisulphite ( pota%1 or fre% lime wat]4 ,?is w /r5g!n ! slide & give x 9 mo/ cases a f9e ri* col\r4 ,x is important to let ^! solutions act ?or\ghly1 & n to /op ! action half-way4 ,! writ] consid]s ?is ! be/ & safe/ way to obta9 w>m tones1 ! read] may f9d out = himself :i* ( ^! solutions produces ! tones he *iefly affects4 ,cry/al v>ni% is n wa/$ ev5 on a gelat9e slide4 ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be realiz$ t ! scre5-image is a greatly enl>g$ edition ( ! slide-image2 any small defect on ! slide is a huge "o on ! scre54 ,consequ5tly ! slide-mak] mu/ s$ul\sly cultivate cleanl9ess & manipulative c>e4 ,&rew ,pr+le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi%+ ,smacks4 ,w4 ,?omas4 ,h[ to make ,enl>gem5ts4 ,illu/ration ,enl>gem5ts may be made by daylight1 or by artificial light1 & !re are two me?ods ( produc+ !m1 namely1 by enl>g+ direct f ! negative on to a %eet ( bromide pap]2 or by fir/ mak+ a small transp>5cy1 & f t produc+ an enl>g$ negative ^u a sl[ dry plate4 ,! fir/ is ! me?od usually adopt$ by amateurs1 probably because ! necess>y op]ations are few]1 & p]haps m simple4 ,! second plan1 h[ev]1 possesses ! advantage t ! pr9ts may be made by any process1 be x c>bon1 plat9um1 or silv]1 & ?us a great v>iety ( effect obta9$4 ,! fir/ po9t h[ev] t ! read] mu/ decide is :e!r he w "w by artificial light or by daylight4 ,ea* may be said to possess c]ta9 advantages1 & ) _m ! "q resolves itself into "o ( p]sonal conv5i5ce4 ,artificial light is1 or %\ld be1 fairly con/ant 9 int5sity1 & if adopt$ !re w probably be less wa/e ( mat]ial ?r\gh miscalculation ( exposure4 ,b if ! s\rce ( light employ$ be o!r ?an a mix$ jet1 or ! arc-light1 if 9 fact x be ( l[ int5sity1 negatives ( a some:at delicate type w be requir$ 9 ord] to produce enl>gem5ts ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,if ! negatives are d5se & /rong1 illum9ants ( l[ int5sity1 l oil or gas1 d n possess suffici5t p5etration to duly regi/] ! d5s] portions ( ! negative1 & ! enl>gem5ts s made are apt to be defici5t 9 half-tone1 & h>d4 ,) well-grad$ negatives ( suitable quality1 h[ev]1 mo/ excell5t enl>gem5ts may be produc$ by artificial light4 ,:5 artificial light is us$ "w may be c>ri$ on at any "t ( day or night1 9 w9t] or summ]4 ,^? :o adopt ! daylight plan w1 ( c\rse1 be subject$ to great] re/rictions1 at any rate1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 b amateurs :o take a real int]e/ 9 ! "w w d well to adopt ! writ]'s plan1 & provide !mselves ) app>atus = ea* me?od ( work+4 ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,daylight4 ,!re are two ways ( enl>g+ by daylight4 ,! fir/ involves ! exclusion ( all act9ic light f a room except t :i* passes ?r\gh ! negative4 ,! alt]native me?od ( work+ is to employ an ord9>y enl>g+ cam]a1 su* z are made by ,middlemiss1 or ,lanca/]4 ,x is desirable1 b n necess>y1 if ! fir/ plan be adopt$1 to secure ! exclusive use ( a room4 ,"o ) a nor!rly aspect %\ld be *os51 = if sunlight falls ^u ! w9d[ %ad[s w at "s p]iod ( ! day fall ^u ! negative1 & produce unev5ly light$ enl>gem5ts4 ,an upp] room w be mo/ suitable1 &1 if ! light be a nor!rn "o1 & !re are no trees or build+s to ob/ruct ! view1 a reflector may be disp5s$ )4 ,if ext]nal objects int]v5e1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ be employ$4 ,x %\ld be fix$ outside ! w9d[-sill1 at an angle ( #de1 & %\ld be capable ( adju/m5t4 ,let x be ! full wid? ( ! w9d[1 & securely fix$ = obvi\s reasons4 ,a plate-glass mirror is effective1 b exp5sive4 ,a l>ge draw+ bo>d pa9t$ dead :ite also answ]s well1 b %\ld n be left outside expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 side view ditto ,provision = exclud+ ! light f ! room is be/ secur$ by mak+ a wood5 frame l>ge en\gh to fit closely aga9/ ! w9d[ frame4 ,^u ?is a piece ( /\t calico %\ld be tightly /ra9$ & secur$ ) tacks4 ,x %\ld !n be siz$1 & :5 dry w be z tight z a drum2 x mu/ !n be cov]$ ) two ?icknesses ( /\t br[n pap] pa/$ on4 ,! frame is %[n complete 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,n[ at ,,aa4 ,,bb4 screw two /rips ( wood1 ! di/ance ap>t mu/ be regulat$ by ! size ( ! negatives to be enl>g$4 ,! ord9>y cam]a is int5d$ to be us$ z ! enl>g+ cam]a1 & ! di/ance f ,c4 to ,c4 %\ld be j equal to ! size ( ! back portion ( ! cam]a4 ,on ! l[] rail ,,bb screw a piece ( #i 94 bo>d to =m a %elf or support ,d4 = ! enl>g+ cam]a4 ,make a frame ,e4 ( #a_/b 94 wood #a 94 deep1 ! same size z ! back ( ! cam]a1 & screw to ! %elf & top rail ,,aa4 ,n[ c>efully cut away ! br[n pap] & calico f ! inside ( ?is frame1 at ! "p m>k$ ,h4 & pa/e /rips ( br[n pap] r\nd x s z to prev5t any light pass+ except ?r\gh ! op5+ ,h4 ,a /rip ( felt %\ld be tack$ all r\nd ! l>ge frame to prev5t any light f creep+ 9 betwe5 x & ! w9d[ frame4 ,a c\ple ( turn buttons w keep x 9 position4 ,a firm table %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! w9d[ close up to ! wall to =m a support = ! enl>g+ easel4 ,n[ a little c>e mu/ be tak5 9 fitt+ up ?is portion ( ! app>atus1 & x is bett] to h some?+ m exact ?an ! propp$-up draw+ bo>d or pr9t+ frame1 :i* is sometimes recomm5d$4 ,get a c>p5t] to run out two ,v %ap$ rails z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b at ,,cc4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t ! l5g? ( ! table1 & screw$ d[n ^u x4 ,procure a *eap draw+ bo>d ab\t #ae x #ab1 & to ! "u side affix two pieces ( wood ) ,v %ap$ grooves correspond+ 9 angle to ! rails4 ,?is =ms ! base ( ! easel ,,aa4 ,make a frame #bb x #bj1 or r l>g] ?an ! bigge/ enl>gem5t t x is desir$ to produce4 ,x %\ld be con/ruct$ ( #a_/b 94 wood1 & be #b 94 deep4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b at #a ,,dddd4 ,n[ make1 or get made1 a set ( c>ri]s ,,ee1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* %\ld j fit into ! frame4 ,n>r[ fillets ( wood screw$ ea* side w af=d a rise & fall adju/m5t1 & a ?umb screw at ,g w fix ! c>ri] 9 any desir$ position4 ,to obta9 ! cross-movem5t screw ! frame ,,dddd to a piece ( in* bo>d #e 94 wide ,,hh4 ,place ?is exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! base bo>d1 & screw fillets ,,ii ( #a 94 wood to ea* side4 ,?is w af=d a cross motion1 & a ?umb screw at ,j w fix ! c>ri] frame :5 ! necess>y adju/m5t has be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 sett+ up an enl>g+ app>atus1 :e!r x be = day or artificial light1 x is absolutely ess5tial to pres]ve ! p>allelism ( its v>i\s p>ts1 o!rwise x w be impossible to produce %>p or ev5ly def9$ enl>gem5ts1 & = ?is reason ,i h describ$ some:at fully ! con/ruction ( a suitable easel4 ,i may add t x w s]ve equally well = ei!r daylight or artificial illum9ation1 & ,i /rongly advise ! read] to con/ruct1 or h con/ruct$1 an easel on ! l9es ,i h laid d[n4 ,) x ei!r direct enl>gem5ts on pap] c be produc$1 or plates may be us$ & enl>g$ negatives made4 ,! easie/ way ( hold+ ! pap] dur+ exposure is to procure two %eets ( cle> glass1 pat5t plate is mo/ suitable1 s&wi* ! bromide pap] betwe5 !m1 & secure ) two /rong b&s ( ela/ic4 ,! complete app>atus 9 position = work+ is %[n at ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! second me?od ( enl>g+ by daylight is by employ+ an ord9>y enl>g+ cam]a4 ,! same conditions z to light+1 etc41 %\ld be s\ght =1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t way ( work+ w be to tilt ! cam]a at su* an angle z t ! negative receives unob/ruct$ illum9ation f ! sky4 ,a reflector 9 ?is case w n be necess>y1 b a piece ( v f9ely gr\nd glass %\ld be plac$ ab\t an in* 9 front ( ! negative 9 ord] to s(t5 & diffuse ! light4 ,?is me?od ( work+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,artificial ,,light4 ,be=e describ+ ! actual process ( mak+ an enl>gem5t x w be well to deal ) ! alt]native me?od ( work+1 namely1 by artificial light1 z ! manipulations ( ! s5sitive mat]ial us$ are ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,practically ! mo/ satisfactory way ( work+ by ! latt] me?od is to use an enl>g+ lant]n prop]ly fitt$ ) a cond5s]4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( su* an app>atus are id5tical ) ^? :i* obta9 9 an ord9>y optical lant]n4 ,me?ods :i* disp5se ) ! use ( a cond5s] are m or less unsatisfactory1 & %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 ! space at ! disposal ( ! writ] x is n possible to give directions = ! con/ruction ( an enl>g+ lant]n1 b ^? :o may desire to make _! own1 w f9d full in/ructions & work+ draw+s 9 #f,practical ,enl>g+4 #f ,a ,iliffe ,son4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,enl>g+ lant]ns ( excell5t quality are obta9able comm]cially1 b = ! guidance ( ! un9itiat$ x may be useful to ref] a little 9 detail to "o or two important po9ts ) reg>d to _! con/ruction4 ,! cond5s] w fir/ claim att5tion4 ,! ord9>y patt]n consi/s ( two plano-convex l5ses m\nt$ z %[n 9 section at ,fig4 #e4 ,?is answ]s fairly well ) ! small] sizes1 b :5 ! diamet] ( ! cond5s] is l>ge1 a good deal ( light may be lo/4 ,! int]position ( a small m5iscus or plano-convex l5s1 9 ! mann] fir/ sugge/$ by ! late ,j4 ,traill ,taylor1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 w be f\nd a great improvem5t4 ,its prop] position w be at ! po9t :]e ! div]g5t cone ( rays proce$+ f x j cov]s ! l>ge cond5s]4 ,9 our own practice we always place a diffus+ scre5 ( v f9ely-gr\nd glass 9 front ( ! cond5s] at ,,ee ,! diamet] ( ! cond5s] is gov]n$ by ! size ( ! negatives to be enl>g$1 x mu/ be ( suffici5t size to include ! long] sides ( ! plate )9 its circumf]5ce )\t cutt+ ! corn]s4 ,if x is mu* l>g] ?an ?is1 an unnecess>y loss ( light w occur1 because only t :i* passes ?r\gh ! negative c be utiliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,illum9ant4 ,! small] & m int5se ! light1 ! ne>] we approa* to ! ideal projection illum9ant1 & ! bett] w be ! def9ition ( our enl>gem5ts4 ,! arc light mo/ ne>ly fulfils ! desir$ conditions1 & if x be available x %\ld c]ta9ly be employ$4 ,next 9 po9t ( utility comes ! limelight1 pref]ably 9 ! =m ( ! mix$ jet1 & ^? :o und]/& its manipulation are recomm5d$ to adopt x1 b ! majority ( amateurs w probably f9d x m conv5i5t to use ei!r inc&esc5t gaslight or an oil-lamp4 ,p>allel wick-lamps %\ld be avoid$ on acc\nt ( ! unequal illum9ation !y produce1 & if oil mu/ be us$ a good circul> wick burn] w be f\nd m suitable4 ,:]e h\se-gas is available ! inc&esc5t gaslight is h[ev] mu* to be pref]r$4 ,! light is p]haps n s p[]ful z t giv5 by a really good p>allel wick-lamp1 b x is f> m act9ic & p5etrat+4 ,! writ] has us$ ?is light ) great satisfaction1 & !re=e has no hesitation 9 recomm5d+ x4 ,"s work]s h be5 tr\bl$ by ! appe>ance ( an image ( ! mantle on ! scre51 b ?is c usually be got rid ( by a suitable adju/m5t ( ! l5ses & ! light1 & 9 any case by ! int]position ( a piece ( gr\nd glass betwe5 cond5s] & negative4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,! ,,l5s4 ,x is commonly /at$ t ! l5s ) :i* ! orig9al negative 0 tak5 w s]ve equally well to enl>ge x1 & 9 ! ab/ract ! /atem5t is p]haps n inaccurate4 ,b assum+ t a l5s ( a focus equal to ab\t #a-a_/d times ! base ( ! plate has be5 us$1 x w be f\nd t bett] results1 bo? 9 reg>d to def9ition & equality ( illum9ation1 w be obta9$ by sub/itut+ a l5s ( r long] focus1 = example a half-plate l5s = enl>g+ f qu>t]-plate negatives4 ,?is1 al?\gh apply+ to bo? me?ods ( work+ is p>ticul>ly desirable :5 enl>g+ by artificial light1 = an objective ( small diamet] & %ort focus _c possibly pick up or receive ! :ole ( ! cone ( rays proce$+ f ! cond5s]4 ,a ref]5ce to ,figs4 #g & #h w expla9 :y ?is is s4 ,9 ,fig4 #g we see :at happ5s :5 a l5s ( too %ort a focus is us$1 b :5 "o ( long] focus is sub/itut$1 ! :ole ( ! cone ( rays passes ?r\gh & is utiliz$ 7,fig4 #h74 ,9 select+ a l5s "o %\ld be *os5 :i* has a suffici5tly l>ge diamet] to p]mit ! apex ( ! cone ( rays f ! cond5s] to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is po9t w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) ! degree ( amplification1 & 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results optically1 ! di/ance ( ! light f ! cond5s] mu/ be c>efully adju/$ 9 e case1 & a cle>1 ev5ly light$ disc obta9$ be=e ins]t+ ! negative to be enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,) reg>d to ! type ( l5s1 "o ( ! rapid rectil9e> =m w answ] well4 ,a portrait l5s is (t5 us$ on acc\nt ( ! brilliancy ( image1 b al?\gh x answ]s well = enl>g+ portraits1 ! r\ndness ( its field makes x less suitable = l&scapes unless x is consid]ably /opp$ d[n4 ,if ! v f9e/ results z reg>ds def9ition are requir$1 !n "o ( ! n[ num]\s flat-field l5ses %\ld be us$4 ,! writ] c f practical exp]i5ce speak well ( ! ,ross-,go]z & ! ,cooke l5s4 ,! latt] is p]haps pref]able = work+ ) artificial light on acc\nt ( ! l>g] diamet] ( ! back l5s4 ,wide-angle l5ses1 on acc\nt ( _! small ap]ture & %ort focus1 are n suitable = use ) a cond5s]1 bo? = ! reasons giv51 & on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 focuss+ ow+ to ! small am\nt ( light transmitt$4 ,:5 daylight is us$1 h[ev]1 !re is less objection to _! employm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject x %\ld be not$ t 9 reg>d to pres]v+ ! p>allelism ( its p>ts ! same c>e 9 erect+ & fitt+ up ! enl>g+ lant]n mu/ be obs]v$1 z 0 insi/$ ^u 9 ! description ( ! app>atus = daylight4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to m\nt ! lant]n on a base simil> to t ^u :i* ! easel re/s1 s t bo? may move on ! same rails4 ,! easel describ$ = daylight enl>g+ w s]ve equally well = work+ by artificial light4 ,! complete app>atus is %[n at ,fig4 #i1 :i* is a reproduction f a photograph ( ! app>atus con/ruct$ & us$ by ! writ]4 ,,! ,,negative4 ,9 g5]al practice "o may f9d x necess>y at times to enl>ge f negatives ( v dissimil> types1 b !re is no reason1 :5 ! negatives are to be produc$ ) ! special object ( subsequ5tly mak+ enl>gem5ts f !m1 :y c>e %\ld n be tak5 to make !m ( a suitable "*4 ,?9 delicate negatives %\ld be enl>g$ by artificial light2 d5se1 /rong ones by daylight4 ,if ! negatives are v /rong x w be difficult to produce s(t & well-grad$ enl>gem5ts ) a weak illum9ant1 ! light n be+ suffici5tly int5se to prop]ly p5etrate ! high-lights4 ,a s(t & cle> negative1 ) good gradation1 fully expos$1 & nei!r exhibit+ pat*es ( cle> glass %ad[ devoid ( detail1 nor ( h>d imp5etrable high-light1 w be f\nd mo/ suitable4 ,fog %\ld be avoid$1 z also %\ld ! yell[ /a9 produc$ by pyro :5 improp]ly us$4 ,n t ! pyro develop] is unsuitable1 = if suffici5t sulphite is us$1 & ! quantity ( pyro kept d[n1 negatives ( v beautiful quality = enl>g+ purposes may be produc$4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid bubbles1 /a9s1 scrat*es1 or any k9d ( me*anical defects1 z su* :5 enl>g$ become pa9fully obtrusive1 & spoil ! effect ( ! be/ "w4 ,x w be f\nd a good plan to b9d ! edge ( ! negative be=e enl>g+ x ) a /rip ( lant]n slide b9d+1 s z to cov] ! cle> glass rebate m>k4 ,if ?is be omitt$ ! m>g9s ( ! enl>gem5t may become fogg$ by ! lat]al spread+ action ( ! light4 ,no h&-"w %\ld be attempt$ on ! orig9al negative1 = any su* treatm5t w become pa9fully app>5t 9 ! enl>gem5t4 ,if ret\*+ be deem$ necess>y1 x %\ld 9 ! case ( a direct enl>gem5t be execut$ ^u ! pr9t itself1 or ^u ! enl>g$ negative or pref]ably ^u ! enl>g$ transp>5cy1 :5 t me?od ( reproduction has be5 adopt$4 ,,direct ,,enl>gem5ts4 ,! foll[+ concise in/ructions = enl>g+ ^u bromide pap] w apply equally to ! daylight or artificial light me?ods ( work+4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! negative is plac$ 9 ! d>k slide ( ! cam]a1 bo? %utt]s be+ drawn fully out4 ,! cam]a is !n put ^u ! %elf close up aga9/ ! op5+ 9 ! %utt]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 any light creep+ 9 betwe5 %utt] & cam]a be+ block$ out ) ! focuss+ clo?4 ,if ! enl>g+ lant]n is us$ ! negative w be plac$ 9 ! c>ri]1 j 9 ! same way z a lant]n slide1 ) ! film side t[>ds ! enl>g+ l5s4 ,n[ ! fir/ difficulty t w be exp]i5c$ w be to get ! enl>g$ image ( ! requir$ size4 ,x w be well to cont5t ourselves at ! outset ) a mod]ate degree ( enl>gem5t1 say f #a_/d plate to #ab #aj1 & :5 pr(ici5cy is acquir$1 l>g] sizes c be attempt$4 ,at fir/ we %all probably n succe$ 9 gett+ any image at all4 ,9 adju/+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus we %all f9d ! "w easi] if we rememb] t ! ne>] we place ! l5s to ! negative ! fur!r w x be necess>y to move ! easel f ! l5s1 & ! great] w be ! enl>gem5t4 ,a useful table ( enl>gem5ts w be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ,almanac1 %[+ ! di/ance ( l5s f negative1 & negative f pap]1 = almo/ any requir$ degree ( amplification4 ,n[ x w be f\nd mu* easi] to focus ! enl>g$ image by look+ at x ?r\gh a piece ( f9ely gr\nd glass1 ?an by receiv+ x on a piece ( c>d or pap]1 & ! adoption ( ! easel plan ( focuss+ previ\sly describ$ w enable ?is to be done4 ,! gr\nd surface ( ! glass 7:i* mu/ be ( ! same ?ickness z ! piece beh9d :i* ! pap] is to be expos$7 %\ld be away f ! l5s & t[>ds ! p]son focuss+1 :5 x is plac$ 9 ! c>ri] ( ! easel1 x be+ reta9$ 9 position ) ! spr+ ,s41 ,fig4 #b4 ,focuss+ mu/ be c>efully p]=m$1 & is effect$ by slid+ ! easel to & fro ^u ! runn]s1 & :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly rubb$ ) blacklead4 ,bromide pap] is made 9 sev]al v>ieties1 su* z smoo?1 r\gh1 sn[-enamel1 cream crayon1 etc41 & is put up ei!r 9 tubes1 or pack$ flat4 ,! latt] is decid$ly ! m conv5i5t1 x be+ some:at difficult to take ! curl out ( pap] t has be5 roll$4 ,! *oice ( pap] is a matt] ( ta/e2 = l&scape "w ! r\gh pap] or ! cream crayon w p]haps be f\nd mo/ suitable4 ,= f9] "w1 & "s classes ( portraiture ! enamel w prove effective4 ,r\gh pap] is bett] = /rong broad effects1 smoo? = m delicate "w & ! r5d]+ ( f9e detail4 ,! coat$ side may be di/+ui%$ by its t5d5cy to curl inw>ds4 ,! easie/ way ( expos+ x is to procure two pieces ( pat5t plate glass ( ! same ?ickness z ! focuss+ glass1 s&wi* ! %eet ( pap] betwe5 ! two1 & secure ) /rong ela/ic b&s4 ,?is w hold x q flat dur+ exposure1 & w n di/urb ! act9ism ( ! l5s or impair ! def9ition ( ! enl>gem5t4 ,,developm5t4 ,?is "p ( ! "w ( produc+ an enl>gem5t w only be lightly dealt )1 z ! subject is fully treat$ else:]e 9 ?is volume4 ,! writ] pref]s ! f]r\s-oxalate develop] = bromide enl>gem5ts to any ( ! m rec5tly introduc$ develop]s1 b z x requires m skill & judgm5t to employ x ) complete success1 beg9n]s may f9d x bett] to use amidol or metol1 ei!r ( :i* :5 prop]ly us$ gives excell5t results4 ,hydrok9one we d n recomm5d = ?is purpose ow+ to its t5d5cy to give ru/y blacks 9 ! ev5t ( ov]-exposure1 or undue h>dness if x has be5 too %ort4 ,) amidol a pure delicate black is easily obta9able1 & x is moreov] a v simple develop] to use4 ,our own plan is to employ a weak solution & give a full exposure1 & by ^! means we f9d no difficulty 9 obta9+ good gradation & pure blacks4 ,! di% us$ = developm5t mu/ n be us$ = o!r develop]s or /a9s w probably occur4 ,al?\gh a quick appe>ance ( ! image is usually a *>act]i/ic ( amidol1 no tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ :5 ! develop] is us$ 9 ! way we advise1 = ! picture w be f\nd to develop sl[ly & regul>ly1 & gradually gr[ 9 /r5g?4 ,quick developm5t by ?is me?od w\ld be an indication ( ov]-exposure4 ,a correctly expos$ enl>gem5t %\ld take ab\t t5 m9utes to develop4 ,"o /ock solution only is necess>y4 ,x w keep indef9itely4 ,sulphite ( soda #a ounce4 ,citric acid #bj gra9s4 ,di/ill$ wat] #dj ounces4 ,potassium bromide #ae gra9s4 ,to ea* ounce ( ! above add1 j be=e us+1 ?ree gra9s ( dry amidol4 ,! exposure mu/ be accurately tim$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to give useful in=mation on ?is head1 unless su* v>y+ factors z ! rapidity ( ! pap]1 ! int5sity ( ! light1 ! ap]ture ( ! l5s1 & ! degree ( enl>gem5t are kn[n4 ,! be/ plan is to cut "o ( ! %eets ( bromide pap] into twelve /rips1 & on ^! make sev]al te/ exposures1 c>efully not+ ! duration ( ea*4 ,x is bett] 7at any rate = a beg9n]7 n to v>y ! con/itu5ts or /r5g? ( ! develop]1 b to increase or dim9i% ! exposure until a good result 9 col\r & tonality is obta9$4 ,by ent]+ full details relat+ to ! production ( a successful enl>gem5t 9 a notebook1 great exactitude 9 work+ w be obta9$1 & !re ne$ be little or no wa/e ( mat]ial :5 additional enl>gem5ts h to be made f ! same negatives at a future "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drift+ ,,/orm ,,cl\ds4 ,w4 ,,?omas4 ,a glass di%1 ?\gh exp5sive1 is v suitable = develop+1 = be+ flat-bottom$ a m9imum ( solution c be us$1 & moreov] if ! di% %\ld be dirty1 ! fact is at once app>5t4 ,! expos$ pap] %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] = a few m9utes until uni=mly wett$1 & any air-bells remov$ ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,! wat] is !n p\r$ (f1 & ! develop] appli$ 9 an ev5 wave1 s t ! :ole ( ! pap] is cov]$ uni=mly & quickly4 ,! image w appe> sl[ly1 & gradually ga9 9 detail4 ,:5 all ! detail has appe>$ x may /ill appe> lack+ 9 vig\r & contra/1 b ?is w come if suffici5t "t be all[$4 ,developm5t %\ld n be /opp$ until ! pr9t is ( ! full /r5g? requir$1 b x is n advisable to all[ x to become mu* d>k] ?an x is desir$ to appe> :5 f9i%$1 because !re is v little loss ( /r5g? 9 ! fix+ ba?4 ,if ! image fla%es out imm$iately ^u ! application ( ! develop]1 ! pap] has be5 ov]-expos$4 ,a /rong dose 7"o or two drams7 ( t5 p] c5t4 bromide add$ to ! develop] may help to save x1 b ! enl>gem5t w probably look poor & flat & ( bad col\r :5 f9i%$4 ,if ! picture appe>s v sl[ly1 & refuses to ga9 9 /r5g?1 "u-exposure is ! cause1 & two or ?ree drams ( a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( sulphite ( soda may improve matt]s1 b z a rule ! mo/ satisfactory plan w be to make ano!r exposure4 ,) reg>d to ! /r5g? ( ! develop]1 t giv5 is v suitable = negatives ( normal d5sity1 b "s pap]s may require a little m amidol1 ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ enl>gem5ts w guide ! read] 9 regulat+ ! quantity to suit ! p>ticul> pap] ) :i* he may be work+4 ,! enl>gem5t %\ld be wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( runn+ wat] f ! tap to arre/ developm5t1 & !n fix$ 93-- ,hyposulphite ( soda #d ounces4 ,wat] #bj ,a qu>t] ( an h\r %\ld be all[$ = fixation1 b x is bett] to use two ba?s1 giv+ t5 m9utes 9 ea*4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 runn+ wat] = a c\ple ( h\rs !y may be hung up by "o corn] to dry1 or p9n$ d[n to a blott+ bo>d4 ,enl>gem5ts produc$ 9 ! mann] describ$ %\ld be ( a pure engrav+ black col\r1 & if !y are m\nt$ ^u pure bo>ds ) fre%ly made ,gl5field />*1 !y %\ld prove p]man5t4 ,enl>gem5ts are frequ5tly ton$ to v>i\s %ades ( br[n & r$1 g5]ally by ! employm5t ( ! uranium-ton+ ba?4 ,al?\gh ! col\rs s obta9$ are (t5 v arti/ic & pleas+1 no reliance c be plac$ ^u ! p]man5ce ( an enl>gem5t s treat$1 & ! writ] /rongly recomm5ds t :5 w>m col\r$ pr9ts are desir$1 an enl>g$ negative %\ld be made & pr9ts made !refrom 9 c>bon1 silv]1 or sepia plat9otype4 ,,enl>g$ ,,negatives4 ,! production ( an enl>g$ negative pres5ts no difficulty t ne$ det] any c>eful work] f attempt+ ! "w4 ,no additional app>atus to t already describ$ w be requir$1 & ei!r day or artificial light may be employ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place a transp>5cy mu/ be made f ! small orig9al negative4 ,x may be made ei!r by contact or 9 ! cam]a1 pref]ably ! latt] z !n ! acme ( %>pness w be obta9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! read] is acqua9t$ ) ! c>bon process he _c d bett] ?an make a c>bon transp>5cy1 = su* are specially adapt$ = ! production ( enl>g$ negatives4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 w pref] to make ! transp>5cy on a bromide plate1 & z ?is is ! "p ( ! process :i* requires ! greate/ am\nt ( c>e1 & z 9 fact ! quality ( ! enl>g$ negative w entirely dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! small transp>5cy1 x is necess>y to deal ) ! matt] some:at 9 detail4 ,preconceiv$ ideas ( quality bas$ ^u ! appe>ance ( a good lant]n slide mu/ be put aside1 = t is n at all :at is requir$4 ,:at is want$ is a transp>5cy 9 :i* e possible detail exi/+ 9 ! negative has be5 reproduc$1 & :i* 9 comp>ison ) a lant]n slide w\ld look r flat & ov]-expos$4 ,e possible precaution %\ld be tak5 to avoid granul>ity or co>s5ess ( image1 !re=e a sl[ plate is almo/ ess5tial2 plates coat$ ) lant]n-slide emulsion are n[ obta9able1 & w be f\nd v suitable4 ,a full exposure %\ld be giv51 & a weak & well-re/ra9$ develop] employ$4 ,^! conditions t5d to ! production ( ! qualities desir$4 ,w>m col\r$ transp>5cies s produc$ g5]ally h a f9] gra9 ?an ^? develop$ to a black or cold] col\r1 b unless ! col\rs produc$ are fairly uni=m1 consid]able v>iation 9 exposure :5 mak+ ! enl>g$ negatives w be necess>y1 & = ?is reason x w\ld p]haps be bett] = ! beg9n] to aim at ! production ( good black transp>5cies possess+ ! qualities indicat$4 ,! small transp>5cy1 hav+ be5 fix$1 wa%$ & dri$1 %\ld be edg$ ) black pap] to prev5t any subsequ5t fogg+ ( ! plate1 by ! lat]al spread+ action ( ! light4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! enl>g+ app>atus1 j z 9 ! case ( a negative1 & c>efully focuss$4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be v c>efully p]=m$4 ,! writ] uses a ?9 & v %>p negative ( an ar*itectural subject to focus )1 aft]w>ds sub/itut+ ! transp>5cy :i* is to be enl>g$4 ,l&scape subjects1 consi/+ *iefly ( foliage1 are seldom critically %>p1 & x is !n difficult to secure a %>ply-focuss$ enl>gem5t4 ,! rema9d] ( ! op]ation is extremely simple4 ,9 ! place ( ! gr\nd-glass scre5 7:i* 9 ?is case %\ld h its r\gh or gr\nd side ne>e/ to ! enl>g+ l5s7 a sl[ dry plate is plac$1 back$ ) a piece ( c>dbo>d cov]$ ) black velvet to avoid reflections & possible fog4 ,! exposure %\ld be full1 & a weak develop] employ$4 ,trial exposures may be made on qu>t]-plates1 coat$ f ! same bat* ( emulsion1 :i* ! manufactur]s w will+ly supply1 if ! purpose = :i* !y are requir$ is made kn[n4 ,pyro w be f\nd ! mo/ suitable develop]1 b x %\ld conta9 a full proportion ( sulphite1 & n be too /rong4 ,exposure & developm5t %\ld be s adju/$ t by ! "t e possible detail has be5 develop$ up1 ! plate w n h become unduly d5se4 ,if exp5se has to be consid]$1 a piece ( sl[ smoo? bromide pap] may be sub/itut$ = ! l>ge dry plate 9 :i* case ! result w be an enl>g$ pap] negative4 ,= l>ge sizes1 #ae #ab & beyond1 ! latt] is a v economical me?od ( work+1 & ! negatives w be f\nd to yield mo/ arti/ic pr9ts1 & if ! op]ations h be5 c>ri$ out z describ$1 & ! prescrib$ conditions c>efully obs]v$1 ! gra9 ( ! pap] w n %[ obtrusively or unpleasantly 9 ! pr9ts4 ,an alt]native me?od ( work+1 & "o :i* admits ( a l>ge am\nt ( control ov] ! ultimate result1 is to make 9 ! fir/ place a l>ge transp>5cy ( ! full size t ! enl>g$ negative is desir$ to be4 ,all ! precautions ^u :i* /ress has be5 laid %\ld be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( plate1 develop]1 etc42 b 9 ?is case ! enl>g$ transp>5cy may be giv5 a little m vig\r & sp>kle ?an w\ld be desirable if ! o!r me?od ( reproduction 7 adopt$1 ?\gh 9 ?is ! read] mu/ be guid$ by ! p>ticul> effect :i* he may be seek+ to produce 9 8 pr9ts4 ,= ?is purpose pyro w be f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable develop]1 9 t x p]mits ( a l>ge am\nt ( control4 ,f ! l>ge transp>5cy a negative is produc$ by contact pr9t+ ei!r ^u a plate1 or ^u a piece ( bromide pap]4 ,! great advantages ( ! latt] mode ( work+ are ! facilities :i* are af=d$ = ret\*+ or work+ ^u ! l>ge transp>5cy4 ,negative ret\*+ is always a difficult op]ation to an amateur1 = he _c see ! effect ( 8 "w until he has made a pr9t2 :]eas1 9 ret\*+ a transp>5cy ! effect produc$ by ea* /roke ( ! p5cil or bru% is at once app>5t4 ,9 ! space at disposal x is n possible to describe ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* improvem5ts c be effect$4 ,fir/ !re are ! *emical aids ( local int5sification or r$uction4 ,!n mu* may be done by ! judici\s use ( a p5cil1 b ! "p to be ret\*$ mu/ fir/ be lightly rubb$ ) a little ret\*+ m$ium 9 ord] to make ! p5cil bite4 ,9 extreme cases ! back ( ! negative may be cov]$ ) tissue pap] ^u :i* a /ump & *alk may be us$ at discretion4 ,! novice mu/ n be disappo9t$ ) ! appe>ance ( 8 enl>g$ negative :5 x is f9i%$1 nor %\ld he =m an adv]se op9ion ( its pr9t+ qualities until he has made a pr9t f x4 ,confess$ly an enl>g$ negative g5]ally pres5ts a diff]5t appe>ance to "o t has be5 tak5 direct1 & may ev5 seem to lack "s ( ^? qualities t are commonly reg>d$ z ess5tial to p]fection1 b if ! f9al result1 ! picture1 comes up to our expectations1 we may surely dismiss any l+]+ d\bts z to :e!r ! enl>g$ negative con=ms to c]ta9 preconceiv$ notions ( te*nique1 & x %\ld be en\gh = u to "k 7& ! fact is incontrov]tible7 t "s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ arti/ic photographs ev] %[n owe _! exi/5ce to ?is me?od ( production4 ,john ,a4 ,hodges4 ,illu/ration3 ,walb]swick4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,blake4 ,p4,o4,p4 ,illu/ration ,! ?ree lett]s ,p4,o4,p4 are n[ s widely und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! ,gelat9o-,*loride ,pr9t+-,out class ( ,pap]s t x may be said t ,p4,o4,p4 is kn[n to _m :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! fully-writt5 "n ( ?is class ( productions4 ,also x %\ld be m5tion$ t :5 ^! pap]s are spok5 ( z gelat9o-*loride pap]s x is n to be conclud$ !refrom t *loride ( silv] is ! only silv] salt pres5t4 ,:at !y d actually conta9 is probably only kn[n to _! respective produc]s4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 x is en\gh to say t s f> z ! ord9>y consum] is conc]n$1 ! family resemblance is s /rong & *ief *>act]i/ics s g5]al t ! foll[+ directions = us+ !m may be held z g5]ally applicable to ! v>i\s well-kn[n br&s n[ on ! m>ket4 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 x w be conv5i5t to note t = ! purposes ( manipulation we may r\ghly gr\p !m into two *ief classes--viz41 ! matt 7probably f ! ,g]man ^w matt1 i4e41 dull7 & ! glaz$1 glossy or enamell$4 ,! latt] comes to u ) a highly glaz$1 i4e41 %9y smoo? surface1 ! =m] be+ slightly r\gh1 ( a surface & texture some:at l t ( v f9ely gr\nd glass4 ,c>e ( ! ,pap]4--,! pap] is s5t out ei!r 9 ! full-siz$ %eet1 measur+ ab\t #bd #ag in*es1 or 9 small] cut sizes1 suitable = ! usual #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #a_/a plate & o!r popul> dim5sions ( plates4 ,comp>$ ) album5iz$ pr9t-out pap]1 ,p4,o4,p4 is m s5sitive to light2 !re=e1 "s c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid ne$lessly expos+ x to ! influ5ce ( daylight or /rong artificial light4 ,= example1 ! pr9t+ frames %\ld be fill$ z f> away f any w9d[ z possible1 & ! pr9ts exam9$ f "t to "t ei!r by gaslight or z feeble daylight z possible4 ,9 h&l+ ! pap]--cutt+ x up1 etc4--c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid t\*+ ! s5sitive surface ) ! f+]s 9 any case4 ,! t\* ( a moi/ or hot f+] is v likely to produce a m>k or /a9 :i* is usually irremovable4 ,! pap] %\ld be protect$ f damp1 excessive heat & impure air4 ,if kept roll$ 9 a t9 tube or flat "u pressure 9 ! orig9al packages1 x w keep a consid]able "t--i4e41 long] ?an ord9>y album5iz$ pap]4 ,pr9t+ is done 9 ! usual way4 ,/rong diffus$ light reflect$ f ! sky or cl\ds usually gives a bett] pr9t ?an direct sun%9e4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 ( a ?9 flat negative--i4e41 "o ) insuffici5t contra/--good results may sometimes be obta9$ by cov]+ ! pr9t+ frame ) a %eet ( gre5 glass & pr9t+ 9 mod]ately /rong sun%9e4 ,9 hot summ] sun%9e x is z well to cov] ! gre5 glass ) a %eet ( tissue pap] or f9e-gr\nd glass4 ,c>e mu/ be always tak5 :5 pr9t+ 9 sun%9e or v hot wea!r to see t ! negative itself does n get too w>m1 or ! pap] may /ick to x4 ,9 ?is case ! pr9t is ( c\rse lo/1 & ! negative1 unless v>ni%$1 is also probably s]i\sly damag$ by silv] /a9s1 :i* are v difficult to remove4 ,pr9t+ %\ld n be c>ri$ q s f> z 9 ! case ( ord9>y album5iz$ pap] because 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations ( ton+1 etc41 n s mu* /r5g? is lo/4 ,! same c>e z reg>ds %ield+ f light1 etc41 %\ld be giv5 to ! pr9ts aft] !y leave ! pr9t+ frame4 ,!y may be proce$$ ) at once or kept = "s days be=e be+ ton$1 etc41 b if ?is is done ! pr9ts %\ld be kept "u pressure4 ,"s work]s h ?\ght t ! light action goes on1 cont9ues 9 ! pr9t aft] x is remov$ f ! pr9t+ frame4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion4 ,wa%+4--,x is important t ! fir/ wa%+ %\ld be done ) "s c>e1 or ! pr9ts may become /a9$4 ,! po9ts call+ = att5tion are 7#a7 runn+ wat] & pl5ty ( x1 7#b7 c>e to see t ! pr9ts d n /ick toge!r4 ,:at is ne$$ is t ! soluble salts %\ld be wa%$ out ( ! pap] z quickly z possible1 & t ! pr9ts be n all[$ to rema9 9 ! wat] conta9+ ^! soluble salts long] ?an is necess>y4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( runn+ wat] & pl5ty ( x4 ,! wa%+ wat] mu/ n be too cold or ! salts w n pass out ( ! pap] quickly en\gh2 & aga91 x mu/ n be too w>m or ! gelat9e w melt4 ,! be/ temp]ature is ab\t #fe ,f41 & ! limits %\ld n g beyond #fj & #gj ,f41 & pref]ably are kept )9 #fj & #fe ,f4 ,z ! pap] is usually r /\t1 x w ne$ wa%+ 9 runn+ or con/antly *ang$ wat] = ab\t t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 & 9 any case mu/ be cont9u$ until all milky appe>ance ( ! wat] ceases4 ,! pr9t at ?is /age has a r$-br[n col\r4 ,if x is n[ pass$ direct into ! fix+ ba? )\t ton+ x becomes some:at m yell[1 & :5 dry is usually a col\r some:at betwe5 yell[ o*re & si5na4 ,ton+ is usually our next op]ation1 & = ?is purpose we h a v>iety ( ton+ ba?s recomm5d$ by diff]5t work]s4 ,! sulphocyanide & gold is p]haps ! *ief fav\rite4 #a4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #aj to #ae gra9s4 ,gold *loride #a gra94 ,wat] #h to #aj ounces4 ,! prop] way to mix ?is ba? is to add ! gold to ! solution ( sulphocyanide a little at a "t4 ,! foll[+ me?od w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,z ammonium sulphocyanide is some:at deliquesc5t1 x is conv5i5t to keep x 9 solution4 ,!re=e1 "o ounce ( ! salt dissolv$ 9 tw5ty ounces ( 7di/ill$ or filt]$ ra97 wat] gives u r\ghly a /r5g? ( tw5ty-two gra9s p] ounce4 ,dissolve ! cont5ts ( a fifte5-gra9 *loride ( gold 9 fifte5 drams ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,to mix a ba?1 take ( ! sulphocyanide solution half-an ounce2 to ?is add eight ounces ( wat]4 ,n[ take "o dram ( ! gold solution & dilute ) "o ounce ( wat]4 ,!n add ?is dilute gold solution a little at a "t to ! eight ounces ( sulphocyanide solution1 & /ir well ) a glass rod4 ,x w be notic$ t z ! gold solution drops into ! sulphocyanide solution an orange-r$ precipitate is =m$1 :i* is r$issolv$ on /irr+4 ,h5ce ! gold mu/ be add$ to ! sulphocyanide1 & n vice v]sa4 #b4 ,ano!r fav\rite ba? is z foll[s3-- ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bb gra9s4 ,soda sulphite #b ,gold *loride #b ,wat] #bj to #be ounces4 ,in/ead ( weigh+ out two gra9s ( sulphite x is m conv5i5t to weigh tw5ty gra9s & dissolve 9 two-&-a-half ounces ( wat]--i4e41 at ! rate ( "o gra9 p] dram ( solution4 ,?us1 to mix ?is ba?1 take an ounce ( ! above-m5tion$ sulphocyanide solution dilute ) tw5ty ounces wat]4 ,to ?is add two drams 7#a_/d oz47 ( ! sulphite solution4 ,!n take two drams ( ! gold *loride solution & dilute ) an ounce ( wat]1 & add sl[ly ) /irr+ z be=e4 #c4 ,ano!r fav\rite ba? is3-- ,sodium *loride 7table salt7 #fj gra9s4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #ae ,gold *loride #b ,wat] #aj to #ab ounces4 ,"s ( ! adh]5ts ( ?is ba? recomm5d t ! pr9ts be only wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] = a few m9utes & !n put into ! ton+ ba?4 ,o!rs advise ! pr9ts to be imm]s$ 9 ! ton+ ba? )\t any previ\s wa%+--i4e41 /raight f ! pr9t+ frame4 #d4 ,"h1 aga91 is ano!r ba? :i* usually yields excell5t results3-- ,soda phosphate #e gra9s4 ,sodium *loride 7table salt7 #bj ,gold *loride #a gra94 ,wat] #aj ounces4 #e4 ,o!r work]s omit ! sodium *loride & increase ! phosphate & get good tones4 ,soda phosphate #bj gra9s4 ,gold *loride #a gra94 ,wat] #aj ounces4 #f4 ,o!rs1 aga91 comb9e ! phosphate & sulphocyanide ba?s ?us3-- ,sodium phosphate #aj gra9s4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #ae ,gold #a ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,! v>i\s ton+ ba?s m5tion$ above h "o drawback common to !m all 9 v>y+ degrees--viz41 t :5 once mix$ & us$ !y d n keep 9 good work+ ord] long] ?an a few h\rs4 #g4 ,! foll[+ ba? claims to h ! advantage t x w keep 9 work+ ord] = a %ort "t at any rate1 b ! disadvantage t x _c be us$ until x has be5 mix$ twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,soda acetate #fj gra9s4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bj ,gold *loride #a gra94 ,wat] #ab ounces4 ,ton+ %\ld be conduct$ 9 v weak daylight1 or :at is mu* bett]1 gas or lamplight4 ,! latt]1 be+ practically con/ant1 enables ! op]ator to judge ! relative col\r ( ! pr9ts f "t to "t4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 s t ! pr9ts d n /ick toge!r 9 ! ton+ ba?1 & pref]ably only a few1 say half-a-doz5 or s1 dealt ) at a "t1 s t ea* pr9t c be frequ5tly turn$ ov] & exam9$4 ,! *ange ( col\rs proce$s some:at sl[ly at fir/1 b :5 once x beg9s x seems to ga9 9 rapidity ( rate ( *ange1 s t a c>eful wat* mu/ be kept4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! pr9t1 aft] fix+ & dry+1 w appe> a little d>k] & m blue 7less r$7 ?an :5 wet 9 ! ton+ ba?4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ba? mu/ n be too cold or ton+ is v sl[1 nor too w>m or ! gelat9e may melt & ton+ be unev54 ,f #fj to #fe ,f4 w be f\nd a conv5i5t range4 ,! pr9ts %\ld n be t\*$ on _! pr9t$ surface m ?an c be help$4 ,! f+]s mu/ be q clean1 ! solutions uncontam9at$ ) o!r *emicals1 & a di% set ap>t = ton+ op]ations only4 ,?is di% %\ld always be wa%$ out well ) tepid or cold wat] be=e & aft] use1 & :5 put away %\ld re/ flat1 op5+ d[nw>ds1 on a %elf cov]$ ) a %eet ( clean blott+ pap]4 ,_m failures 9 ton+ are entirely due to lack ( c>e 9 details & suffici5t att5tion to cleanl9ess4 ,:5 ton+ is judg$ to be c>ri$ f> en\gh1 ! pr9ts %\ld be plac$ 9 a roomy di% conta9+ a solution ( common salt1 /r5g? "o ounce to tw5ty or ?irty ounces ( wat]1 to /op fur!r ton+4 ,fix+ is done ) a "o 9 t5 solution ( sodium ?iosulphite--i4e41 hypo4 ,?is %\ld be prep>$ ) tepid wat]1 or "s "t be=e use1 z ! dissolv+ ( hypo 9 wat] is accompani$ by a fall ( temp]ature4 ,a conv5i5t me?od is to place a c\ple ( ounces ( hypo 9 a clean p9t jug1 & add ab\t half a p9t ( fairly w>m wat] & /ir ) a glass rod until ! salt is dissolv$1 !n fill up ! jug f ! tap ) cold wat]4 ,x is highly desirable to h pl5ty ( fix+ solution1 & nev] attempt to use ! same lot twice4 ,place ea* pr9t face d[n 9 ! ba? & subm]ge by press+ on its back4 ,aga9 see t ! pr9ts d n /ick to ea* o!r1 & turn ea* pr9t two or ?ree times4 ,!y %\ld be 9 ! fix+ ba? n less ?an twelve or fifte5 m9utes1 & a few m9utes long] w d no h>m4 ,at ! end (1 say1 fifte5 m9utes1 p\r away ab\t "o half ( ! fix+ ba? & sl[ly fill up ) wat]4 ,turn ! pr9ts aga91 & !n transf] !m "o by "o to ano!r roomy di% & wa% 9 runn+ wat] = a c\ple ( h\rs1 or 9 a doz5 *anges ( wat] e five or t5 m9utes4 ,!n hang up to dry1 us+ ei!r clips or p9 a corn] to ! edge ( a wood5 %elf or long la? susp5d$ 9 a cool1 airy place4 ,alum ,ba?4--,hot wea!r consid]ably increases ! dang] ( ! gelat9e melt+4 ,to meet ?is tr\ble ! foll[+ plan has to be resort$ to3-- #h4 ,dissolve common 7pota%7 alum1 "o ounce 9 a p9t ( tepid wat]4 ,let x /& until cold & p\r (f g5tly ! cle> "p %\ld any s$im5t appe>4 ,aft] wa%+ & be=e ton+1 place ! pr9ts 9 ?is alum ba? = ab\t t5 m9utes & aga9 wa% be=e ton+ = t5 or fifte5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat]4 ,! ,comb9$ 7,ton+ & ,fix+7 ,ba?4--,! g5]al weight ( op9ion is n 9 fav\r ( comb9+ ^! two op]ations at "o "t :5 reliable results are desir$4 ,nev]!less1 !re are times :5 ?is me?od may be f\nd a conv5i5ce & yield results :i* are all t may be desir$4 ,! foll[+ ba? is a fav\rite ) "s work]s3-- #i4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #ae gra9s ,table salt #cj gra9s ,hypo #b ounces ,wat] #aj ounces ,to ?is is sl[ly add$ "o gra9 ( gold *loride 9 half an ounce ( wat]4 ,! pr9ts fir/ wa%$ = five or t5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat]1 & plac$ 9 ! comb9$ ba? & kept mov+ by be+ con/antly turn$ ov] & ov] = ab\t t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,! long] !y rema9 9 ! ba? ! m blue & less r$ w !y be :5 dri$4 ,"h is ano!r ba? :i* f9ds "s /\t support]s3-- #aj4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bj gra9s ,hypo #a ounce ,alum #cj gra9s ,wat] #aj ounces ,%ake well1 until ?or\ghly dissolv$1 !n add ,lead nitrate #bj gra9s ,aga9 %ake well & set aside to settle1 p\r (f ! cle> "p1 & add ,gold *loride #a gra9 dissolv$ 9 half an ounce ( wat]4 ,o!rs recomm5d a /ill m simple ba? z foll[s3-- #aa4 ,hypo #a ounce ,wat] #h ounces ,gold *loride #a gra9 ,x is said t ?is ba? gives bett] results if x is prep>$ a few h\rs be=e use1 e4g41 prep>$ 9 ! morn+ & us$ 9 ! ev5+4 ,mean:ile1 x %\ld be kept away f daylight1 & n 9 a v cold place4 ,dry+ & ,glaz+4--,"s work]s are ( op9ion t x is bett] to fir/ r\gh dry ! pr9ts1 e4g41 by susp5d+ by clips1 or p9n+ "o corn] to a /rip ( wood1 etc41 & !n to wet aga9 & dry on a r\gh or smoo? surface accord+ z a matt or glaz$ f9al effect is desir$4 ,if h[ev]1 ! pr9t has be5 ?r\gh ! alum ba? 7,no4 #h47 ?is prelim9>y r\gh dry+ may n be necess>y4 ,matt ,surface4--,! matt pap] :5 r\gh dri$ has a matt or slightly r\gh surface1 b x may be desir$ to acc5tuate ! effect4 ,?is may be done z foll[s3--,?or\ghly clean ) soap wat] & a nail bru% a %eet ( f9e-gr\nd glass simil> to t us$ = a focuss+ scre54 ,:5 q dry1 lightly du/ x ) f9e talc p[d] 7,fr5* *alk7 & poli% (f aga9 ) a bit ( clean rag4 ,n[ slip ?is plate r\gh side up into a di% ( cold wat]1 :i* also conta9s ! pr9t face d[nw>ds4 ,br+ ! pr9t & glass into contact "u wat]1 c>efully avoid+ any air bubbles betwe5 !m1 z ! two toge!r are n[ rais$ f ! wat]2 firmly1 ev5ly1 b lightly pass a squeegee ov] ! back ( ! pr9t n[ 9 contact ) ! glass4 ,!n lightly press a %eet ( blott+ pap] ov] ! pr9t to take up all adh]+ wat]1 & set up 9 a cool airy place to dry1 e4g41 9 a passage or betwe5 ! door & half-op5 w9d[4 ,:5 q dry1 ! pr9t w v probably ( itself come away f ! glass1 b if n1 ! f+] nail ins]t$ "u "o corn] & a g5tly backw>d pull w sep>ate x f ! glass4 ,9 place ( ! f9e gr\nd glass1 r\gh] glass ( c\rse may be employ$4 ,"s work]s also use = ! same purpose a %eet ( r\gh5$ celluloid4 ,?is is m co/ly ?an glass1 b be+ n s fragile may prove *eap] 9 ! end4 ,glaz+ ,pr9ts is done exactly 9 ! same way1 ) ! s+le diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 t we use a smoo? piece ( glass1 vulcanite1 celluloid1 pap] ma* slab1 %eet ( f]rotype metal1 etc41 etc41 9 place ( a gr\nd-matt1 or r\gh surface4 ,all ! above-nam$ sub/ances h _! p>tizans2 p]haps ! greate/ fav\rite be+ good plate glass free f scrat*es4 ,9 all cases x is important to att5d to two po9ts1 viz41 ?or\ghly clean+ ! support & wax+ x4 ,v>i\s sub/ances & mixtures h be5 recomm5d$ = giv+ a glaze1 poli% to ! glass1 etc4 ,_m work]s adh]e to ! p[d]$ talc or ,fr5* *alk already m5tion$4 ,o!rs pref] "s ( ! mixtures giv5 bel[3-- #ab4 ,bees wax #bj gra9s ,turp5t9e #a ounce #ac4 ,sp]maceti #bj gra9s ,b5zole #a ounce ,a few drops only ( ! lubricant are appli$ to ! glass plate ) a bit ( clean flannel1 & well rubb$ all ov]4 ,!n a f9al poli% is giv5 ) a clean old silk h&k]*ief1 or clean dry wa% lea!r4 ,on no acc\nt attempt to /rip ! pr9t f ! glass until ! pr9t is q dry or failure is m ?an likely to arise4 ,m\nt+4--,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! m\ntant does n give an acid reaction4 ,te/ ) litmus pap]4 ,cle>ly x is no use be+ at ! tr\ble ( produc+ a high gloss on ! pr9t if we are go+ to damp ! pr9t & s de/roy ! gloss 9 ! op]ation ( m\nt+4 ,to avoid ?is1 v>i\s plans h be5 adopt$4 7#a47 ,if a cut-out m\nt is us$ x w suffice if ! pr9t be atta*$ to ! m\nt by glue at ! edges only ( ! cut-out4 7#b47 ,ano!r me?od is to pa/e d[n on to ! back ( ! pr9t be=e x is q dry1 & :ile /ill on ! glaz+ support1 a back+ ( ?9 wat]pro( pap] specially prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is prev5ts ! moi/ure ( ! m\ntant p5etrat+ to ! pr9t4 7#c47 ,ano!r plan is to use a m\ntant :i* does n conta9 wat]4 ,! foll[+ mixtures are recomm5d$3-- #ad4 ,ma/icat$ rubb] #aj gra9s ,b5zole #a ounce ,a ?9 lay] ( ?is is appli$ by means ( a %ort1 /iff1 flat hog's hair bru% to ! back ( ! pr9t4 ,x is !n all[$ to evaporate = a m9ute or s1 & :5 tacky is appli$ to ! m\nt1 cov]$ ) a %eet ( glaz$ pap]1 & a roll] squeegee pass$ ov] ! surface4 #ae4 ,saturat$ solution ( blea*$ %ellac 9 alcohol4 ,?is mu/ be appli$ z ?9ly z possible4 #af4 ,le ,page's fi% glue appli$ to ! edges only ( ! back ( ! pr9t4 ,a f\r? me?od is to fir/ c>efully clean ! edges ( ! glass surr\nd+ ! pr9t /ill adh]+ to x4 ,!n to pa/e d[n ! m\nt to ! pr9t & let all dry4 ,!n /rip ! pr9t f ! glass n[ already m\nt$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a process n to be recomm5d$1 because requir+ a long "t = ! pr9t to dry1 z ! evaporation has to take place ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! m\nt4 ,,additional ,,proc$ures ,,) ,p4,o4,p4 ,developm5t ( ,p>tially ,pr9t$ ,pro(s4--,?is me?od ( proc$ure is sometimes a matt] ( conv5i5ce 9 dull wea!r1 etc4 ,! pr9t+ is to be c>ri$ on until "o c j see a v slight indication ( detail 9 ! high-lights4 ,x is !n wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] = ab\t t5 m9utes1 & !n put into a t5 p] c5t4 ba? ( potassium bromide1 & !re x rema9s = ano!r t5 m9utes or s4 ,9 ?is ba? "s ( ! image seems to fade away1 & g5]ally ! pr9t takes on a yell[ t+e4 ,! pr9t is next wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] = ab\t t5 m9utes1 & !n develop$ ) ortol1 metol1 or pref]ably1 hydroqu9one4 ,a consid]able v>iation 9 ! proportions ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! develop] are possible4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 "o may say t a develop] :i* gives a good black & :ite lant]n slide :5 dilut$ ) ab\t an equal quantity ( wat] w give a satisfactory pr9t4 #ag4 ,z an example ( a ?or\ghly practical develop] = ?is purpose we may give j "o example3-- ,a ,hydroqu9one #gj gra9s ,potassium metabisulphite #e ,potassium bromide #cj ,wat] #bj ounces ,b ,soda sulphite #a ounce ,cau/ic soda #fj gra9s ,wat] #bj ounces ,take equal p>ts & mix j be=e use1 wa% = at lea/ t5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat] at once aft] developm5t4 ,develop$ pr9ts may be ton$ 9 ! comb9$ ba? #i1 #aj or #aa1 or may fir/ be fix$1 !n ?or\ghly wa%$1 & !n ton$ & aga9 wa%$4 ,if good results are want$ by ! developm5t process x is important to be c>eful t ! pap] is n expos$ ev5 to weak daylight m ?an c be help$1 & n ev5 to /rong artificial light m ?an is necess>y4 ,at ! same "t x is q practicable to d ! op]ation ( ! bromide ba? & develop+ 9 fairly /rong gaslight1 i4e41 "o ne$ by no means be limit$ to ! ord9>y d>k-room light z :5 develop+ plates4 ,ano!r po9t wor? not+ is t x is q practicable to use magnesium ribbon = pr9t+4 ,= a r ?9 negative x w be p]haps f\nd suffici5t to burn ab\t a foot ( ! metal ribbon ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es f ! glass4 ,! pr9t+ frame %\ld be set up on edge 9 ! v]tical plane4 ,! /rip ( metal ribbon is held by a pair ( pli]s1 & ignit$ at ! flame ( a c&le or _s lamp4 ,! lid ( a biscuit box j 9 front ( ! frame does v well to cat* ! :ite magnesium oxide =m$ by burn+4 ,x is z well to move ! flame ( ! burn+ metal opposite v>i\s p>ts ( ! negative dur+ ! exposure4 ,x w be f\nd a com=t to we> a pair ( r d>k blue glasses dur+ ?is op]ation1 z ! bright light ( combu/ion prev5ts "o see+ any?+ ) ease = a little :ile4 ,aft] developm5t ! pr9t may be fix$ only1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x is possible to obta9 a fairly satisfactory black or br[n col\r )\t ton+1 b !re is usually a slight t5d5cy t[>ds r too mu* yell[4 ,plat9um ,ton+4--,?is me?od ( ton+ is a fav\rite ) _m work]s4 ,by x a consid]able v>iety ( col\r tones may be obta9$1 f a ri* r$ *ocolate br[n ?r\gh sepia br[n to a w>m black4 ,! foll[+ ton+ ba?s h ea* _! sev]al advocates1 & ea* work] mu/ discov] by exp]im5t ! "o t gives him ! p>ticul> br[n col\r he pref]s3-- #ah4 ,potassium *loroplat9ite #a gra94 ,wat] #a_/b ounce4 ,add dilute nitric acid 7"o "p /rong acid1 tw5ty p>ts wat]7 drop by drop until ! mixture j turns a bit ( blue litmus pap] a r$ t+e4 ,n[ take a glass rod & make ( x a mop by ty+ a small bun* ( clean cotton wool ov] "o end1 us+ = ! purpose a bit ( :ite cotton4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly wa%$ ! pr9t = at lea/ t5 m9utes 9 runn+ wat]1 lay x face up on a %eet ( glass1 & apply ! above ton+ solution ) ! cotton wool mop4 ,hav+ got a t9t or col\r ne>ly :at y want1 b all[+ = a loss ( r$ 9 fix+1 wa% (f ! ton+ solution & imm]se ! pr9t 93-- #ai4 ,wa%+ soda #a ounce4 ,wat] #aj = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & !n fix 9 ! usual way 9 a t5 p] c5t4 hypo ba?4 ,"h are "s plat9um ton+ ba?s well recomm5d$3-- #bj4 ,lactic acid #b drams4 ,wat] #ab ounces4 ,pot4 *loroplat9ite #b gra9s4 #ba4 ,citric acid #bj gra9s4 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,table salt #bj gra9s4 ,pot4 *loroplat9ite #b gra9s4 #bb4 ,phosphoric acid #c drams4 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,pot4 *loroplat9ite #b gra9s4 ,! *ief po9ts to be> 9 m9d 9 plat9um ton+ are3 7#a7 t ! pr9t mu/ h practically all ! free silv] wa%$ away be=e ton+4 ,to ?is end x is a v good plan to dip ea* pr9t = a c\ple ( m9utes or s 9 a ba? ( table salt "o ounce1 wat] t5 ounces1 & aga9 r9se "u ! tap = a m9ute or two4 7#b7 ,t ! ton+ ba? is acid1 !re=e "o mu/ ei!r neutralize ?is acidity by pass+ ?r\gh an alkal9e ba?1 su* z ,no4 #ai1 or :at p]haps is r m conv5i5t1 ?\gh n q s desirable--i4e41 us+ a fix+ ba? made di/9ctly alkal9e4 ,! foll[+ proportions are recomm5d$3-- #bc4 ,hypo #a ounce4 ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,soda sulphite #a_/b ounce4 ,wa%+ soda #a_/b ,ton+ ) ,gold & ,plat9um4--,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5t]s h tri$ to f9d out h[ to produce plat9otype-l effects ) ,p4,o4,p4 pap]s4 ,p]haps none ( !m h be5 completely successful4 ,! foll[+ proc$ure1 h[ev]1 seems to give ! ne>e/ approa* to t ideal4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ ) a slightly matt-surfac$ pap]4 ,?is %\ld be pr9t$ a %ade or two deep] ?an ! pr9t is int5d$ to appe> f9ally4 ,! pr9t is well wa%$ & !n p>tly ton$ 9 a gold ba?3-- #bd4 ,soda acetate #cj gra9s4 ,borax #be ,wat] #aj ounces4 ,gold *loride #a gra94 ,x is !n wa%$ = a m9ute or s1 & ! ton+ cont9u$ 9 ! foll[+ ba?4 #be4 ,phosphoric acid #a dram4 ,wat] #e ounces4 ,pot4 *loroplat9ite #b gra9s4 ,wa% = five m9utes & fix 9 ba? #bc4 ,int5sify+ & ,r$uc+ ,p4,o4,p4--,:5 ! negative is obta9able & pr9table x is v mu* bett]1 & altoge!r m satisfactory to make a fre% pr9t ?an to attempt to int5sify or r$uce an unsatisfactory "o4 ,nev]!less1 x sometimes happ5s t ?is c\rse is n possible1 & ! be/ has to be made f an unsatisfactory pr9t4 ,if ! pr9t is only v lightly pr9t$1 & comes /raight f ! pr9t+ frame1 x is be/ to /r5g!n x by developm5t 7see =mula #ag et seq474 ,if ! pr9t has be5 ton$ & fix$1 etc41 ! foll[+ may be tri$3-- #bf4 ,make a saturat$ solution ( m]cury bi*loride 9 cold wat]1 let x settle1 & use only ! q cle> sup]nat5t liquid4 ,imm]se ! pr9t 9 ?is = #ae m9utes1 turn+ x f "t to "t1 & see t no air bells are cl++ to ei!r side4 ,wa% ! pr9t 9 runn+ wat] = #ae m9utes at lea/1 & long] if conv5i5t4 ,!n imm]se x 9 a ba? consi/+ ( /rong ammonia "o "p1 wat] t5 or twelve p>ts4 ,aga9 wa% = five m9utes "u ! tap4 ,r$uc+ ,p4,o4,p4-- #bg4 ,hypo #abj gra9s 7#abj7 ,uranium nitrate #d ,wat] #b ounces4 ,! advocates ( ?is solution claim = x t x c be us$ ei!r be=e or aft] ton+ ) equal facility & advantage4 ,pr9ts mu/ be well wa%$ bo? be=e & aft] its use 9 any case4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is some:at risky except 9 exp]t h&s1 is z foll[s3-- #bh4 ,dissolve metal iod9e 9 alcohol to a ri* d>k port w9e col\r4 ,dilute a small quantity ) cold wat] until ! :ole is a pale %]ry col\r4 ,n[ prep>e a "o 9 t5 solution ( potassium cyanide 7,n4,b43 a p[]ful poison7 & add ?is a little at a "t until ! pale yell[ col\r ( ! iod9e solution is j dis*>g$4 ,! pr9t may be imm]s$ 9 ?is until suffici5tly r$uc$1 or x may be appli$ locally ) cotton wool mop 7z describ$ above "u plat9um ton+ =mula #ah74 ,! pr9t mu/ ( c\rse be quickly wa%$ j be=e ! desir$ degree ( r$uction has be5 produc$4 ,?is solution acts some:at quickly :5 once ! action beg9s1 & !re=e x is well to deal ) pr9ts "o at a "t4 ,,defects1 ,,etc4 ,r$-orange pat*es are usually due to t\*+ ! gelat9e surface ) dirty f+]s1 etc4 ,^! places1 be+ some:at greasy1 repel ! v>i\s fluids & cause unev5 action ( ! develop+1 ton+1 etc4 ,br[n ,/a9s are also (t5 produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y may sometimes be remov$ by ! application ( a saturat$ solution ( alum4 ,if ?is fails "o may try *loride ( lime 7blea*+ p[d]7 "o "p 9 tw5ty p>ts ( hot wat]4 ,all[ to /& until cold & apply ) cotton wool mop4 ,yell[ ,/a9s may sometimes be remov$ by a dilute solution ( potassium cyanide 7poison7 ( /r5g? "o "p cyanide 9 fifty p>ts wat]4 7,yell[ /a9s usually indicate hypo spla%es47 ,g5]al ,fog f ,age4--,?is sometimes may be consid]ably r$uc$ by giv+ ! pr9ts ! ba? (3 ,soda sulphite 7"o 9 fifte57 be=e ton+1 b well wa%+ aft] ?is ba? & be=e ton+4 ,v ,sl[ ,ton+ g5]ally po9ts to ! fact t ! ton+ ba? is too cold1 or t x has be5 spoilt by a small quantity ( hypo or develop]1 or t x does n conta9 suffici5t gold4 ,unev5 ,ton+1 i4e41 blue edges1 g5]ally po9ts to a ba? too /rong 9 gold1 or t !re are too _m pr9ts 9 ! ba? at once1 s t ! edges are gett+ m ( ! metal ?an ! c5tral p>ts1 or x may arise f pr9ts /ick+ toge!r or to ! bottom ( ! di%4 ,blue-,grey ,tones indicate too long a "t 9 ! ton+ ba?1 or a ba? too /rong 9 gold4 ,r$-,yell[ ,tones arise f j ! opposite /ate ( affairs4 ,p9k+ ( ! high-lights po9ts to ! ba? be+ too weak or becom+ work$ out4 ,d\ble ,ton+1 i4e41 ! pr9t %ew+ diff]5t col\rs1 po9ts to insuffici5t wa%+ or unev5 action ( ! ton+ ba?1 i4e41 n keep+ ! pr9ts mov+1 or too sl[ ton+1 or t ! ton+ ba? does n suit ! br& ( pap]4 ,bli/]s are usually due ei!r to us+ a hypo fix+ ba? too /rong1 or pass+ ! pr9t f "o solution to ano!r ( a m>k$ly diff]5t temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! importance ( dissolv+ ! hypo ei!r 9 tepid wat] or "s "t be=e use4 ,! be/ all-r\nd temp]ature = work+ ?is process is betwe5 ! limits ( #fj & #fe ,f4 ,t9t+ ,p4,o4,p4--,! col\rs to be us$ may be ! usual moi/ wat] col\rs by "s good mak]1 or solutions ( anil9e col\rs4 ,^! latt] may usually be dissolv$ 9 wat] & appli$ 9 ?9 wa%es4 ,! surface ( ! pr9t %\ld be rubb$ z little z possible4 ,if wat] col\rs are to be us$ x w be f\nd helpful to prep>e ! surface ( ! pr9t ) "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ prep>ations4 #bi4 ,:ite 7blea*$7 lac4 #a "p ,alcohol #ab--ae p>ts ,apply ev5ly & quickly ) a spray diffus] or ) a broad s(t bru%1 & let ! pr9t become ne>ly dry be=e apply+ ! col\rs4 #cj4 ,! :ite ( an egg 9 tw5ty ounces ( wat]4 ,%ake well1 !n add ammonia drop by drop until ! mixture j v fa9tly smells ( x4 ,filt] & bru% ov] ! surface ( ! pr9t4 ,9 mix+ ! wat] col\rs also use ?is album5 solution 9 place ( wat]4 ,advantages ( ,p4,o4,p4--,z comp>$ ) ord9>y album5iz$ silv] pap] ! ,p4,o4,p4 class has ! advantage ( giv+ m detail ) m>k$ transp>5cy 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! op]ations are m flexible & ! results are z p]man5t1 if n m s1 ?an ^? on album5 pap]4 ,! pap] keeps 9 good condition = a long] "t4 ,! negative giv+ ! be/ results ) ,p4,o4,p4 is "o hav+ delicacy r ?an vig\r1 i4e41 a long scale ( gradation ( delicate /eps is well r5d]$4 ,pr9t+ takes place quick] ) ,p4,o4,p4 ?an ) album5 pap]s4 ,! co/ ( pap] & mat]ials is mu* ab\t ! same 9 bo? in/ances4 ,notes4--,9 ! glaz$ v>iety ( pap] ! smoo? %9y surface is ! s5sitive "o1 &1 ( c\rse1 goes next ! negative 9 ! pr9t+ frame4 ,9 ! matt pap] ! s5sitive side may g5]ally be kn[n by its t5d5cy to curl inw>d1 i4e41 ! concave or holl[ side is ! pr9t+ side4 ,=mal9 may be us$ 9 place ( alum = h>d5+ ! gelat9e4 ,( ! usual #dj p] c5t4 solution ( =mal9 take "o ounce & dilute ) t5 or twelve ounces ( wat]4 ,d>k spots or specks are frequ5tly due to metallic du/ ei!r f ! f+]s or 9 ! wat]4 ,m\nts hav+ %am gold edges or bronze p[d]s %\ld be bani%$ f ! d>k-room4 ,dry pyro float+ 9 ! air may also acc\nt = spots4 ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,lamb]t1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unload+4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,morrison4 ,plat9otype ,pr9t+4 ,illu/ration ,among/ ! v>i\s pr9t+ processes 9 common use among/ photograph]s1 plat9otype is unique 9 sev]al respects4 ,pr9t+ is conduct$ by daylight 9 precisely ! same mann] z silv] pr9t+1 b ! action ( light only suffices to make ! image p>tially visible4 ,9 ?is respect1 plat9otype /&s1 z x 71 midway betwe5 :at are famili>ly t]m$ pr9t-out processes--t is1 ^? 9 :i* ! image is made completely visible by daylight1 & ^? 9 :i* ! action ( light is lat5t or invisible1 su* z bromide pap] & 9 ! c>bon process4 ,! di/9ctive "* ( ! plat9otype pr9t1 ) :i*1 probably1 ev]yone is s famili> t a plat9otype effect almo/ am\nts to a g5]ic t]m1 is n s mu* ess5tial to ! process1 b has be5 l>gely det]m9$ by ! diff]5t k9d ( pap]s & ! prep>ation ( ^? adopt$ by ! manufactur]s ( plat9otype pr9t+ pap]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! plat9otype pr9t is be=e any?+ a matt surface pr9t1 & possesses a c]ta9 k9d ( texture or surface :i* gives ! f9i%$ pr9t an appe>ance simil> to a p5cil draw+ or an engrav+2 an appe>ance l>gely assi/$ by ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( ! plat9um image1 :i* is black4 ,! inv5tion & production ( plat9otype pap] is due to ,mr4 ,willis & ! ,plat9otype ,company1 & al?\gh subsequ5tly !re h be5 bo? ,engli% & =eign imitators1 we may safely conf9e our att5tion to ^? pap]s made & suppli$ by ! ,plat9otype ,company4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! purpose ( ?is article is to furni% ! beg9n] ) simple work+ in/ructions1 r ?an to describe ! pr9ciples ( ! process1 we w at once proce$ to say h[ a plat9otype pr9t is made4 ,to beg9 )1 plat9otype pr9t+ is divid$ into cold-ba? process & hot-ba? process4 ,( ! latt] we %all speak lat] on1 b = ! pres5t1 z be+ mo/ suitable = ! amateur & beg9n]1 we w consid] ! cold-ba? me?od4 ,! reason = ?is division & ! mean+ ( ! "n w be abundantly evid5t pres5tly4 ,we fir/ ( all procure a t9 ( pap] ( ! quality m>k$ ,,aa4 ,! pap] is put up 9 t9 cyl9d]s conta9+ tw5ty-f\r pieces ( ei!r #a_/d-plate or #a_/b-plate sizes1 or less = l>g] sizes4 ,x may1 if pref]r$1 be obta9$ 9 full-size %eets #bj #bf in*es4 ,we h n[ to be> 9 m9d t ! pap] is s5sitive to daylight to a slightly great] degree ?an are ! silv] pr9t-out pap]s1 & h5ce1 :il/ h&l+ ! pap]1 plac+ x 9 ! pr9t+ frames1 or :at n1 we ne$ to be a little m c>eful z to h[ ne> ! w9d[ we br+ ! pap]4 ,at ! side ( ! room fur!/ f ! w9d[1 or ) an int]v5+ scre5 betwe5 ! pap] & ! w9d[1 or yet aga91 ) ! bl9d drawn d[n1 we %all be q safe 9 op5+ our t9 ( pap] & inspect+ x4 ,on remov+ ! lid ( ! t9 we f9d a false top or cov] h]metically seal+ x1 :i* has to be cut ?r\gh 9 ! mann] becom+ cu/om>y ) v>i\s t9n$ foods & come/ibles4 ,we !n f9d t ! pap] )9 is yell[ on "o side :i* is ! s5sitive side4 ,)9 ! roll ( pap]s at ! bottom ( ! t9 we %all f9d a h>d irregul> lump ( "s sub/ance wrapp$ r\nd ) cotton wool4 ,keep ?is 9 ! t9 & n[ note its use f ! foll[+3--,plat9otype pap] is highly susceptible to moi/ure & det]iorates "u its influ5ce4 ,! air we brea!1 & !re=e ! air enclos$ )9 ! t9 case or any o!r vessel conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure1 & ?is moi/ure w\ld be tak5 up by ! plat9otype pap] to its own detrim5t4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] or moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e or 9 ?+s we h&le1 al?\gh q unp]ceiv$ by u1 w\ld be discov]able by ! plat9um salts on ! pap]1 :i* w\ld ?us become unfit = use1 h5ce ! only way ( pres]v+ x is by plac+ 9 ! t9 conta9+ ! pap] "s *emical :i* is ev5 m susceptible to moi/ure ?an plat9otype pap]4 ,su* a body is calcium *loride1 & ?is x is :i* we f9d wrapp$ 9 cotton wool 9 ea* t9 tube ( pap]1 or to speak m accurately x is asbe/os prep>$ 9 a solution ( calcium *loride4 ,s long z t little lump rema9s dry & h>d we may be q sure t x has left no moi/ure 9 ! air ar\nd x = ! plat9otype pap]1 & x w g on dr9k+ x up until x becomes s(t5$ by saturation1 :5 x mu/ be remov$ & a fre% piece sub/itut$1 or x may be re/or$ to its =m] condition by dry+ x on a r$-hot %ovel1 ! asbe/os rema9+ unconsum$4 ,:il/ p]haps 9 aft] practice we may f9d x possible to relax our precautions aga9/ damp1 yet at ! outset ! necessity ( ! utmo/ caution be+ obs]v$ _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,out ( a v l>ge numb] ( pr9ts repres5t+ ! beg9n]'s fir/ attempts at plat9otype1 by f> ! greate/ numb] ( failures are due to damp1 & ?is1 probably1 = want ( conception ( ! dang] to :i* ! pap] is expos$4 ,rememb] !n t :]e !re is ord9>y air !re is also abundant moi/ure1 & z no t9 box ) a movable lid is air-tight1 nei!r is x moi/ure-pro(1 b 9 ! case ( our t9 ( plat9otype pap] :5 once op5$ w g on admitt+ moi/ure :i* ! calcium *loride w take up until x c take no m4 ,aft] hav+ cut ?r\gh ! inn] seal$ top ( ! t91 close up ! little hole 9 ! out] lid :]e ! cutt+ po9t is ) seal+ wax1 next cov] ! m\? ( ! tube ) a piece ( wax$ pap] or t9foil1 %ut ! lid d[n on to ?is1 & !n cov] ! junction ( ! lid ) a broad indi>ubb] b&4 ,9 ?is way damp may be prev5t$ f ga9+ access to ! inside ( ! tube to a great ext5t4 ,specially con/ruct$ tubes are made :i* close ) an air-tight /opp] & h a false bottom ) a p]=at$ p>tition 9 :i* ! calcium *loride may be kept4 ,su* a calcium-tube1 z x is call$1 if n an absolute necessity1 is a v desirable acquisition4 ,if y n[ take ! negative to be pr9t$ f & hold x ne> ! fire or a _s lamp1 x w on becom+ w>m give (f p]ceptible moi/ure1 ?us %[+ t x 0 di/9ctly damp be=e4 ,! negative1 !re=e1 %\ld be dri$ be=e be+ br\ght into contact ) ! plat9otype pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/reonsal*4 ,w4,j4 ,,w>r54 ,! wood pr9t+ frame itself1 if x has be5 us$ = pr9t+ 9 ! op5 air1 %\ld be plac$ 9 an ov5 or held ne> ! fire to ?or\ghly dry x4 ,hav+ plac$ ! negative & ! plat9otype pap] 9 ! frame 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 !re %\ld next be plac$ at ! back ( ! pap] a ?9 %eet ( wat]pro( clo?1 vulcaniz$ rubb] ( ! prop] size & ?ickness be+ sold = ! purpose2 ?is w prev5t damp f p5etrat+ to ! pap] f ! back ( ! frame4 ,! frame may n[ be clos$ & plac$ 9 ! light = pr9t+1 & ev5 hav+ tak5 all ^! elaborate precautions aga9/ damp x w\ld n be advisable to pr9t out ( doors except 9 dry wea!r1 nor %\ld ! pap] be left 9 ! frame long] ?an ne$ be1 b if x is n propos$ to f9i% ! pr9t (f at once1 x %\ld be return$ z soon z conv5i5t to ! security ( ! calcium tube4 ,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,process4 ,plat9otype pap] is ord9>ily only available = daylight pr9t+1 ?\gh ! ,plat9otype ,company h introduc$ a lamp ( special con/ruction & great p[]1 by ! use ( :i* daylight may be disp5s$ )1 & electric light1 %\ld x be available1 may be us$4 ,z has be5 already said1 plat9otype pap] is r m s5sitive to light ?an silv] pap]1 & h5ce takes proportionately less "t to pr9t4 ,! duration ( ! exposure to light con/itutes ! only real difficulty 9 plat9otype pr9t+1 & :il/ j at fir/ x may result 9 ! beg9n]'s meet+ ) mu* disappo9tm5t1 yet probably1 ) a little c>e & wat*fulness ! tr\ble w be surm\nt$1 & suffici5t exp]i5ce ga9$ to secure fairly uni=m success !reaft]1 be=e ev5 ! fir/ tube ( pap] has be5 us$4 ,! pr9t$ image %[s on ! yell[ gr\nd ( ! s5sitiz$ side z a fa9t grey1 ! d>ke/ portions assum+ an orange-grey t9t1 :il/ ! light] p>ts rema9 all b invisible4 ,a little practice w enable "o to judge ! "r dep?1 t is to say1 h[ visible ! image %\ld be be=e pr9t+ is to be /opp$1 b z a r\gh guide to comm5ce ) x may be said t pr9t+ is complete :5 ! image is ab\t half z deep z we %\ld expect x to be if x 7 a pr9t-out process4 ,z we %all h occasion to return to ! "q ( pr9t+ pres5tly1 we may n[ pass to ! next /ep 9 ! process4 ,9 tw5ty-five ounces ( hot wat] dissolve half a p\nd ( be/ neutral oxalate ( pota%1 & keep ?is 9 a /opp]$ bottle z /ock solution4 ,:at is kn[n z neutral oxalate %\ld be us$1 & 9 ord] to ensure hav+ a suitable salt x _h bett] be obta9$ f a recognis$ photographic *emi/ or deal]4 ,z ! above solution becomes cool1 a good deal ( ! oxalate w probably settle at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( solid cry/als2 ( ^! no notice ne$ be tak51 = z long z !re are undissolv$ cry/als at ! bottom ( ! bottle we "k we h a saturat$ solution4 ,we %all n[ require a di% ( porcela9 or enamell$ iron1 & if we *oose ! latt] great c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! enamel is n crack$ or bli/]$1 z x w h an injuri\s effect if ! oxalate ( pota% solution obta9 access to ! iron "u ! enamel4 ,z x w be conv5i5t to be able to alt] ! temp]ature ( ! solution :5 9 ?is di% at w1 a _s lamp or /ove or a small gas-/ove w be a useful1 if n an ess5tial addition4 ,ov] su* heat+ app>atus ! di% %\ld be support$ on an iron tripod1 or by any extemporiz$ sub/itute4 ,if a porcela9 di% be us$1 a ?9 %eet ( iron %\ld be plac$ fir/ on ! tripod /&1 & !n ?ree or f\r scraps ( iron1 l>ge common iron nails w s]ve v well1 & on ^! ! porcela9 di% is all[$ to re/ s t x does n come into direct contact ) ! iron plate4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to save ! di% f crack+1 moreov] ! iron plate becomes hot1 & reta9+ a good deal ( heat s]ves z a k9d ( accumulator :i* goes f> to ma9ta9 ! di% & ! conta9$ solution at a uni=m temp]ature = at lea/ a %ort "t4 ,ev5 bett] ?an ?is arrangem5t w be an iron di% fill$ ) clean dry s&1 ! porcela9 di% to re/ on ! s& :i* reta9s mu* heat4 ,if an enamell$ iron di% be employ$1 ^! precautions are n s necess>y1 ?\gh !y may /ill be us$ ) advantage4 ,next we %all require ano!r di% or simil> vessel into :i* we p\r a weak solution ( hydro*loric acid1 ! usual proportions be+3-- ,wat] #gj p>ts ,pure hydro*loric acid #a "p ,?is con/itutes ! :ole ( ! v simple app>atus ne$$1 & we may n[ proce$ to develop our pr9t1 :i* z already describ$ is expos$ to light 9 a pr9t+ frame 9 ! usual mann] until ! image appe>s r less ?an half-pr9t$4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t4 ,if conv5i5t x w\ld be an advantage to h ! above-m5tion$ app>atus set up close to ! w9d[ or o!r situation :]e ! pr9t+ is actually c>ri$ on 9 ord] t ea* pr9t may be develop$ & f9i%$ (f =?)12 ! reason = ?is w1 ,i ?9k1 appe> z we proce$4 ,developm5t--t is1 ! *ang+ ( ! pr9t f ! p>tially visible condition to its full degree ( int5sity--is practically in/antane\s4 ,! image does n gradually atta9 its maximum /r5g? z 9 a negative or bromide pr9t1 b does s )9 a few seconds ( its com+ into contact ) ! oxalate ( pota% solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,hav+ put into ! di% on ! tripod /& suffici5t ( ! saturat$ solution ( oxalate ( pota% to cov] ! bottom ( ! di% to ! dep? ( half an in* or an in*1 we light ! lamp or /ove & br+ ! solution up to a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,fahr5heit4 ,?is may be te/$ ) a !rmomet] or may v well be guess$ by t\*2 we m]ely require ! solution q w>m1 b n s hot z to cause ! slighte/ inconv5i5ce if ! f+]s are plac$ !re94 ,?is w be a suffici5tly accurate guide z to temp]ature4 ,9 case any du/ or scum %\ld h accumulat$ on ! surface ( ! ba?1 wipe ! surface ( ! solution ) a piece ( clean pap]1 & n[ take ! fir/ pr9t to be develop$ 9 bo? h&s1 giv+ x a decid$ curl1 or roll x r\nd into a cyl9d] s5sitive side out1 s t x naturally takes a curl$-up =m 7,fig4 #a74 ,we n[ take ! pr9t to ! di% conta9+ ! oxalate solution )\t previ\s wa%+ & )\t expos+ ! pap] to ! influ5ce ( light or moi/ure1 & l[]+ ! edge ( ! pap] held 9 ! left h&1 s5sitive side d[nw>ds1 until x t\*es ! fluid quickly & smoo?ly br+ ! re/ ( ! pr9t d[n until ! "r-h& end f9ally rea*es ! solution1 !n give x a slid+ sort ( %ake 9 ord] to set free any bubbles ( air :i* may be imprison$ "u ! pap]1 & !n on rais+ ! pap] aga9 aft] five to t5 seconds1 ! image w be f\nd to h come out to ! full degree ( visibility1 :i* ! am\nt ( exposure _h pav$ ! way =4 ,! pap] may be return$ to ! oxalate ba? = a m9ute or two long] if x be ?\ght desirable1 ?\gh only 9 ! case ( a v cold ba? is any effect produc$ on ! pr9t by ! oxalate aft] ! fir/ few seconds4 ,! pr9t is !n pass$ direct to ! hydro*loric acid ba?1 :i* %\ld be ready 9 a di% close at h&1 & ! pr9t is n[ practically f9i%$4 ,be=e plac+ ! pr9t 9 ! acid ba? x may be notic$ t ! portions ( ! pr9t n affect$ by light /ill rema9 yell[1 & ?is yell[ness ! acid ba? removes almo/ at once4 ,9 ord] to effectually remove ! yell[ surface 7:i* is ! unact$-^u s5sitive salts & h5ce ^u _! removal ! p]man5ce ( ! pr9t dep5ds7 ?ree successive applications ( ! acid ba? %\ld be resort$ to1 ! pr9ts rema9+ = #e to #aj m9utes 9 ea*1 & !n f9ally wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] = a qu>t]-(-an-h\r1 dri$ betwe5 blott+ pap] or 9 any o!r mann] pref]r$1 & ! plat9otype pr9t is f9i%$ & ready = m\nt+4 ,x %\ld be se5 f ! =ego+ g5]al outl9e ( ! process t = directness1 simplicity1 & = ! %ort "t 9 :i* a f9i%$ pr9t may be produc$ t plat9otype /&s alone among/ pr9t+ me?ods4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s po9ts ne$+ c>eful consid]ation at ea* /age ( ! pr9t's production1 & to ^! we may n[ pay att5tion4 ,,practical ,,consid]ations ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,exposure4 ,z has already be5 /at$ "r exposure con/itutes ! crux ( ! :ole process2 ?is once ma/]$ ! re/ ( ! p]=mance--developm5t1 cle>+ 9 acid & wa%+--is s simple t ! *ance ( failure is remote4 ,h5ce ! great] ne$ ( pay+ especial att5tion to ! "q ( exposure or pr9t+4 ,obvi\sly1 ! duration ( "t ( exposure _c be fix$1 n ev5 to ! ext5t x c be 9 bromide pr9t+ or any o!r me?od ( pr9t+ ) artificial light :i* may be a def9ite & p]man5t quantity4 ,! v>iable quality ( ! daylight & ! d5sity ( ! negative are bo? fluctuat+ factors 9 ! calculation & h5ce "s means may advis$ly be resort$ to = acquir+ a sort ( exposure index suitable = ea* individual negative & e v>iety ( light4 ,fir/ let x be not$ t ev5 ) v great ov]-exposure ! image w n become :olly visible1 :il/ to ! inexp]i5c$ eye b little *ange takes place 9 ! appe>ance ( ! pr9t$ image aft] ! correct exposure has be5 rea*$4 ,if !n ! pr9t has be5 ov]-expos$1 ! fact is n made evid5t until ! pr9t is subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! oxalate develop+ ba?4 ,to />t plat9otype "w tru/+ to *ance or good =tune to secure = u good results1 means t our :ole c\rse w be "o ( unc]ta9ty & fill$ ) exasp]at+ disappo9tm5ts to say no?+ ( ! am\nt ( pap] & mat]ial :i* is c]ta9 to be wa/$ 9 unsuccessful ef=ts4 ,! read] w probably h le>n$ some?+ ( ?is f 8 pa/ exp]i5ces ( negative exposure1 ! difficulties ( :i* he has by n[1 we may hope1 ov]come by c>eful & pati5t /udy1 or else if he is n ev5 n[ und]go+ ?is /age ( le>n+ he is ! victim ( endless mi/akes1 e plate expos$ is a %ot 9 ! d>k ) no c]ta9ty att5d+ any "o ( !m4 ,exposure1 h[ev]1 9 plat9otype is n s difficult a matt] z t ( a dry plate1 & ! correct exposure ) any p>ticul> negative once asc]ta9$1 e subsequ5t pr9t f ! same negative c1 by simple me*anical means1 be made ) ! c]ta9ty ( its be+ an exact facsimile ( ! o!rs4 ,,pr9t+ ,,) ,,an ,,act9omet]4 ,sev]al k9ds ( ,act9omet]s are made = sale1 ! purpose ( :i* is ei!r to indicate ! "r exposure ( a plate 9 ! cam]a or to tell ! duration ( exposure = pap]s su* z plat9otype or c>bon1 ! image on :i* is invisible1 or ne>ly s4 ,a simple1 yet ?or\ghly effici5t met] may be made z foll[s3--,cut "s f9e tissue pap] or papi] m9ral into /rips ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* wide & atta* "o to a piece ( clean glass #d-a_/d #c-a_/d ) fre% />* or o!r col\rless m\ntant4 ,^u ?is fir/ /rip & exactly ov] x place a second1 b br+ x to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! end ( ! fir/1 next place a ?ird /rip 9 l mann] a qu>t] ( an in* %ort ( ! second /rip1 & s on until "s sev5 or eight /rips h be5 fix$4 ,! comb9ation w n[ be some:at z ! foll[+ draw+ 7,fig4 #b71 ?us =m+ a tissue b& :i* at ea* qu>t]-in* is "o ?ickness m opaque4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* /rip or increas$ ?ickness1 pa9t ) opaque col\r1 black or r$1 a lett] or figure z 9 7,fig4 #c74 ,on ! back or o!r side ( ! glass to :i* ^! /rips are atta*$1 pa9t ov] or cov] ) opaque pap] all except ! space cov]$ by ! /rips4 ,n[ place ! :ole 9 an ord9>y #a_/d-plate pr9t+ frame1 ) ! pap] /rips inside1 next adju/ a piece ( silv] pap]1 album5iz$1 or gelat9e *loride precisely z ?\gh pr9t+ f a negative4 ,close ! back & we !n h a ?or\ghly effici5t act9omet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,we n[ put out our fir/ piece ( plat9otype pap] to pr9t1 & alongside x s z to receive ! exact same am\nt ( light1 we place our act9omet]4 ,! fir/ pr9t mu/ admitt$ly be guess-"w4 ,aft] an int]val ( "t1 :i* may v>y f say fifte5 m9utes to an h\r accord+ to ! am\nt ( light1 we w )draw ! frame conta9+ ! plat9otype pr9t1 & simultane\sly turn ! act9omet] ov] ) its face d[n1 ?us /opp+ its pr9t+ :il/ exam9+ ! plat9otype4 ,retir+ f ! light we exam9e ! progress ( pr9t+ precisely z 9 silv] pr9t+1 & we %all probably f9d t ! image on ! negative is n[ fa9tly visible on ! plat9otype pap]1 impress$ 9 a sort ( w>m grey col\r4 ,if ! d>ke/ portions are ( ab\t ! t9t :i* we might produce by %ad+ ) an ,h p5cil on a piece ( primrose yell[ or pale buff pap]1 we may reckon t ! pr9t has be5 suffici5tly expos$4 ,n[ ref] to ! act9omet] & see :at has tak5 place on ! silv] pap] :i* we put into x4 ,probably :ile ! plat9otype pap] has be5 rea*+ ! requir$ dep? ( pr9t+1 ! silv] pap] has also regi/]$ ! image ( ! /rips ( pap]1 & has become pr9t$ ?r\gh up to ! f\r? or fif? /ep ( ! tissue /rips1 %[+ on ea* /rip its lett] 9 :ite4 ,make a note ( ! highe/ lett] visible & proce$ to develop ! plat9otype pr9t4 ,if ^u developm5t ! pr9t is weak & grey1 lack+ dep? or int5sity 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s1 & hav+ blank & detailless :ites = ! high] tones1 we may reckon t our pr9t is "u-expos$4 ,! lett] visible !n1 ) t p>ticul> negative is n suffici5t4 ,we !n %ift ! pap] 9 ! act9omet] s z to get a fre% portion "u ! tissue /rips1 or we sub/itute a new piece4 ,we refill ! pr9t+ frame & pr9t aga9 until ! act9omet] regi/]s "o1 two1 or ?ree m /eps & lett]s1 & !n try aga94 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ case ! plat9otype pr9t ^u developm5t gives a heavy d>k pr9t1 ) ! details 9 %ad[s block$ up1 & ! high-lights grey1 ! :ole possess+ an ov]done appe>ance1 !n 9 our second attempt we %all /op pr9t+ :5 ! act9omet] records "s "o or two lett]s less4 ,b we may be m =tunate 9 our fir/ attempt1 & ! pr9t may be ab\t "r4 ,9 t case we m>k on t negative 9 "s way ! t9t or /ep or lett] 9 ! act9omet] at :i* we arre/$ action1 & h5ce=?1 no matt] ! "t ( ye>1 h\r ( ! day1 or latitude1 t negative w give a simil> pr9t if /opp$ 9 accordance ) t memor&um :i* x be>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we d n hit ! "r exposure ! fir/ "t1 we are pretty c]ta9 to d s ! second1 or at ! mo/ ! ?ird "t1 & hav+ done s1 we h n only an infallible guide = all subsequ5t pr9ts f t same negative1 b we h also "s sort ( index to base our calculations on = o!r negatives4 ,?us if we at once proce$ to pr9t f ano!r negative1 t is1 be=e any consid]able alt]ation takes place 9 ! light1 we may by comp>+ ! negatives at lea/ e/imate :at w probably be ! second negative's pr9t+ lett] or /ep on ! act9omet]4 ,soon] or lat] e negative 7especially ^? f :i* we anticipate want+ subsequ5t pr9ts7 %\ld be> ei!r on ! negative itself1 or else 9 a c>efully kept regi/] or note book its correct pr9t+ lett]4 ,al?\gh ?is may seem a r labori\s practice1 x is n s 9 reality1 & s great is its educational p[] t ,i anticipate t aft] ! fir/ doz5 or s negatives we %all almo/ disp5se ) ! act9omet] altoge!r1 hav+ by !n tra9$ ! eye to tell :5 a pr9t is f9i%$ m]ely by ! appe>ance ( ! half-visible image4 ,d n let ?is prospect1 h[ev]1 tempt ! beg9n] to disp5se ) ?is valuable help at fir/1 = to ! inexp]i5c$ eye ! appe>ance ( ! plat9otype image is v deceptive1 & hav+ "u-expos$ ! fir/ pr9t1 x w n be safe to judge ! extra pr9t+ ( ! next pr9t only by ! eye2 ! beg9n] is ne>ly c]ta9 to err1 & ! eye mu/ n be tru/$ until x has _h consid]able tra9+4 ,aft] hav+ _h "s consid]able & v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 plat9otype pr9t+1 "o feels no little regret t an op]ation :i* has become s simple _c be laid be=e a beg9n] 9 a m precise & def9ite mann]1 & ,i c only assure my read] t 9 a v little :ile :at may n[ look l a v s]i\s bus9ess1 only surm\ntable by long & s]i\s practice1 w become a sort ( intuitive faculty1 & j z "o feels aft] a little practice ! precise am\nt ( pressure :i* "o %\ld use :5 ! f+]s are plac$ on ! notes ( ! piano1 s j ! "r visible dep? ( pr9t requir$ to give a develop$ pr9t ( su* & su* int5sity comes to be a matt] ( in/9ct4 ,x may "h be /at$ t pap] :i* has be5 affect$ by damp gives a slightly less visible image ?an dry pap]4 ,b moi/ure alone )\t oxalate w effect p>tial developm5t1 & if ! "t ( exposure to light be s greatly prolong$1 t despite all precautions moi/ure obta9s access to ! pr9t dur+ exposure1 ?is may1 z x 71 />t a k9d ( local developm5t :il/ ! pap] is /ill 9 ! frame & pr9t+1 s t on look+ at ! pr9t to wat* its progress "s ( ! deep] %ad[s may h sprung q sudd5ly into a deep blacki%-grey col\r4 ,9 _m cases ?is w q spoil ! f9i%$ result1 :il/ 9 o!rs no h>m seems to be done :5 ! pr9t is ultimately develop$4 ,rememb]+ t ! high-lights & inde$ "s ( ! light] t9ts ( ! pr9t are q invisible until aft] developm5t1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to look at ! pap] only 9 decid$ly subdu$ light1 or bett] /ill1 artificial light1 because ! injury :i* is be+ done by ev5 a %ort exposure to act9ic light is n made manife/ until aft] developm5t1 & z mo/ ( u "k h[ soon a piece ( silv] pap] w discol\r 9 ev5 mod]ately fa9t daylight1 we %\ld be additionally cauti\s ) plat9otype pap] :i* is f twice to ?ree times z s5sitive to light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,developm5t4 ,to avoid confusion x w be well to repeat "h t at pres5t we are only consid]+ ! practice ( :at is kn[n z ! cold-ba? pap]4 ,?is t]m is appli$ only 9 a comp>ative s5se4 ,! old] hot-ba? process requires ! develop+ ba? to be rais$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #agj ,f41 :]eas ! be/ temp]ature = ! cold process is ab\t #gj ,f4 or ev5 less2 nev]!less1 ! cold-ba? pap] may be develop$ 9 an oxalate ba? ( #agj or ev5 hott]1 s also x may be develop$ on a solution :i* is q cold4 ,! result ( alt]+ ! temp]ature is two-fold & may be /at$ ?us3--,! cold] ! ba?1 ! cold] ! col\r1 t is1 ! blu] ! greys & blacks1 also developm5t is sl[] & takes long]1 & ! contra/s h>d]4 ,! hott] ! ba? ! w>m] or br[n] ! col\r ( ! pr9t2 ! m sudd5 ! developm5t & ! great] ! am\nt ( half-tone & consequ5t s(t] contra/s4 ,) ^! maxims 9 m9d "s am\nt ( control may be ex]cis$ ov] ! pr9ts produc$1 especially z reg>ds arre/+ developm5t at any po9t desir$ if a cold develop] be us$1 b 9 su* case ! pr9t mu/ be in/antly remov$ to & plung$ into ! acid ba?1 until :i* imm]sion developm5t cont9ues1 ev5 aft] ! pr9t has be5 remov$ f ! ba?4 ,developm5t1 z a g5]al rule1 %\ld be conduct$ 9 feeble daylight or artificial light4 ,developm5t ne$ n take place imm$iately1 b at "s subsequ5t "t1 provid$ ! pr9ts be mean:ile /or$ 9 a calcium tube & 9 e way rigor\sly protect$ f damp4 ,! proportions :i* ,i h giv5 = ! oxalate ( pota% ba? repres5t ! /&>d develop] z giv5 by ! mak]s ( ! pap] = ! hot-ba? pap]s1 & !y recomm5d t ?is be dilut$ to ab\t half /r5g? = cold-ba? pap]s4 ,p]sonally1 ,i use x at full /r5g? = ! cold process1 & see no reason = dilut+ x4 ,x may be said t su* a c\rse is calculat$ to give /rong1 vigor\s pr9ts1 = g5]ally speak+1 ! /rong] ! ba?1 ! /rong] ! contra/s ( ! pr9t4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 produc$ by alt]+ ! /r5g? ( ! ba? is n v great4 ,!re are two alt]natives to ! oxalate ( pota% develop]1 bo? possess+ c]ta91 if n v /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is kn[n z ! ,d salts4 ,^! are sold 9 t9s by ! ,plat9otype ,company1 & consi/ ( a loose admixture ( c]ta9 salts1 & h5ce x is ess5tial t ! entire cont5ts ( a half-p\nd t9 be dissolv$ at once & kept ?us z a /ock solution4 ,! proportions to be us$ are z foll[s3 ,dissolve #a_/b lb4 ( ,d salts 9 #ej ozs4 wat]1 & !n take equal portions ( ?is solution & wat]1 9 o!r words1 dilute x to half-/r5g?4 ,! ,d salts are said to give cold] col\rs & m half-tone1 b ! col\r d]iv$ f developm5t on ! fir/-nam$ oxalate ba? may be made cold] by add+ to #bj p>ts ( develop] #a "p ( a saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid1 9 l mann] slightly w>m] col\r may be obta9$ if ! oxalate ba? be made alkal9e by ! addition ( c>bonate ( pota%1 b only j en\gh %\ld be add$ to turn a r$ litmus te/ pap] blue4 ,if pr9ts develop$ on ,d salts %\ld appe> mealy or granulat$1 ! ba? %\ld be /r5g!n$ or us$ at ! full /r5g? ( ! /ock solution 7salts #a_/b lb4 to wat] #ej oz474 ,ano!r develop]1 ! effect ( :i* is to m9imize half-tone & increase ! vig\r ( ! contra/s1 & s give v brilliant & ev5 h>d blacks & :ites1 is z foll[s3 ,oxalate ( pota% #af ozs4 ,phosphate ( pota% #d ozs4 ,sulphate ( pota% #a_/b oz4 ,wat] #abj ozs4 ,?is %\ld be made ) hot wat]1 & to get ! full advantage ( its contra/-giv+ p[]s1 us$ q cold4 ,developm5t w !n probably take "o or two m9utes1 b c be arre/$ soon] :5 ! desir$ effect is atta9$4 ,x may n[ be z well to enum]ate & describe ! v>i\s k9ds ( plat9otype pap] obta9able1 & :il/ ! g5]al treatm5t ( !m all is ! same z describ$ 9 ! =ego+1 "s special recomm5dations may be made 9 ea* case4 ,! pap]s = ! ,cold-,ba? process are two call$ respectively ,,aa & ,,cc4 ,,aa is a smoo? surface pap] & is ! k9d usually employ$ = portraiture & g5]al small "w4 ,,cc is a heavi]1 /rong] pap] ) a surface simil> to /\t c>tridge or draw+ pap]4 ,= pictorial "w & = l&scapes1 also = l>ge portraits or heads ?is pap] is em95tly suitable4 ,next we h ! pap]s = ,hot-,ba? process1 to be pres5tly describ$4 ,^! are fir/ly ,a & ,c1 bo? precisely ! same 9 "* z ! ,,aa & ,,cc j ref]r$ to1 b int5d$ to be develop$ 9 a ba? at high temp]ature4 ,^! f\r k9ds ( pap] all yield a picture ( ! normal plat9otype black col\r1 ! black t5d+ to cool] or w>m] t9ts accord+ to slight modifications ( treatm5t1 b x is also possible to produce a plat9otype pr9t ( a ri* sepia br[n by us+ ! pap]s ,s & ,,rs--^! bo? 9 sub/ance & "* correspond+ ) ,,aa or ,a & ,,cc or ,c respectively4 ,?us we h a ?9 smoo? & a ?ick r\gh pap] = ea* ,cold ba?1 ,hot ba?1 & = ,sepia pr9t+4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,hot-,,ba? ,,& ,,sepia ,,pap]s4 ,) ! ,hot-,ba? pap]s p]haps ! precautions aga9/ damp %\ld be r m /r+5t ?an = ,cold-,ba? pap]s1 c]ta9ly !y may n be relax$1 & 9 ! sepia pap]s1 ,s & ,,rs1 !re seems to be ev5 great] susceptibility /ill1 b = ?is1 pr9t+ & developm5t are p]=m$ precisely z already describ$1 b ! temp]ature ( ! oxalate ba? %\ld n be less ?an #aej to #agj1 :il/ 9 "s cases x may be conv5i5t to raise x /ill high]4 ,! oxalate solution %\ld1 moreov]1 always be at full /r5g?1 namely1 #a_/b lb4 9 #be ozs4 ( wat] or !reab\ts1 a mu* m dilut$ ba? w result 9 granul> pr9ts4 ,z a g5]al rule ! col\r ( ,a & ,c pr9ts is a r br[n] black ?an _! cold-ba? equival5ts--,,aa & ,,cc--) also r s(t] contra/s4 ,developm5t takes place 9 %ort] "t ?an ) cold-ba? pap]s1 & is inde$ s in/antane\s t any control is next to impossible4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 r m dext]ity w be requir$ 9 developm5t1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! "t t "o end ( ! pr9t t\*es ! develop] & ! re/ ( ! pr9t is br\ght into contact ) x1 ! %orte/ possible "t %\ld elapse4 ,!re mu/ be no hesitation1 ! :ole surface mu/ be br\ght d[n gradually b swiftly1 & accompani$ by a slid+ movem5t 9 ord] to squeeze out or wipe out any air bubbles :i* might cl+ to ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,if ?is be n done ev5ly & cont9u\sly1 x is m ?an likely t !re w be m>ks ( unequal developm5t on ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ = ! tyro to let ! pr9t hov] ov] ! ba? be=e giv+ x its plunge 9 ! hot solution1 b 9 s do+ x %\ld be rememb]$ t he is submitt+ x to ! direct action ( ! /eam :i* ! ba? is giv+ (f1 & s expos+ x to damp4 ,:il/ ) pr9ts ( #a_/b-plate size & "u x may be suffici5t to hold ! pr9t by "o corn] & wipe x across ! surface ( ! solution1 press+ x d[n ) ! f+]s ( ! o!r h&1 ) l>g] sizes x w be well to cultivate a little trick 9 manipulation1 & ! accompany+ figure may p]haps be sugge/ive 7,fig4 #e71 9 :i* x w be se5 ! left h& is br++ "o end ( ! pr9t into contact ) ! ba?1 :il/ ! "r h& holds ! opposite end above & well back1 & ! left h& w next be mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 draw+ ! pr9t ) x along ! surface ( ! ba?1 ! "r h& foll[+ b simultane\sly l[]+ ! :ole ( ! pr9t--?us ! solution attacks ! pr9t smoo?ly & cont9u\sly1 :il/ ! air is press$ out 9 ! opposite direction4 ,in/antly ! entire pr9t is float+ on ! ba? x %\ld be mov$ ab\t a little1 z a fur!r means ( dis5gag+ any air bubbles4 ,z f> z possible1 prev5t ! develop] f fl[+ ov] ! back ( ! pr9t1 b ?is w be a f> less evil ?an n br++ ! :ole pr9t$ surface imm$iately & at "o /roke on to ! develop]4 ,! pr9t is next pass$ direct & )\t int]m$iate wa%+ into ! hydro*loric acid ba?1 z already describ$4 ,! sepia pap]s1 ,s & ,,rs1 are bo? hot-ba? pap]s1 & no special in/ructions ne$ to be giv5 z reg>ds developm5t1 except t to get ! full b5efit ( ! sepia t9t & secure a f9e ri* bright col\r1 ! ,special ,sepia ,solution prep>$ & suppli$ by ! ,plat9otype ,company %\ld be employ$ 9 ! develop]4 ,( ?is1 "o or two drams %\ld be add$ to ea* ounce ( oxalate ba?1 ei!r be=e heat+ x 9 ! di% or aft]w>ds & j be=e float+ ! pr9ts4 ,9 ! latt] case /ir ! :ole s z to get x equally mix$1 & wipe ! surface to remove any scum4 ,a good sub/itute = ! ba? z above prep>$ = sepia pr9ts may be made by add+ "o "p ( saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid to ea* t5 p>ts ( oxalate ( pota% solution4 ,! ,sepia pap]s are r m s5sitive to light ?an ! ,black pap]s1 & h5ce all op]ations %\ld be conduct$ 9 v subdu$ daylight1 a precaution ev5 ext5d+ to ! fir/ acid ba?4 ,! ba? conta9+ ! special solution %\ld be us$ = sepia pr9ts only1 & :5 done ) kept 9 a sep>ate bottle = future use1 b ! bottle mu/ be kept f ! light1 & ! s$im5t :i* w fall %\ld be left undi/urb$ at ! bottom ( ! bottle or filt]$ out1 & ! di% us$ = sepia developm5t %\ld be well wa%$ be=e us+ x = black pr9ts4 ,op9ions seem to diff] z to ! wisdom ( keep+ old develop+ ba?s1 b z f> z my own exp]i5ce goes ,i use ! oxalate solution = black pr9ts aga9 & aga91 tak+ no he$ ( its discol\r$ condition4 ,aft] develop+1 ! ba? is p\r$ into ! /ock bottle1 & s long z undissolv$ cry/als rema9 at ! bottom ( ! bottle hot wat] may be add$ f "t to "t to make up ! loss occasion$ by spill+ & wa/e1 ?us ! /ock solution is always a comb9ation ( old & fre%ly-dissolv$ oxalate1 & ,i h _h "o l>ge j> ( solution ?us 9 v frequ5t use = ov] twelve mon?s1 a gre5i%-black encru/ation gradually accumulat+ at ! bottom )\t detrim5t4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,hydro*loric ,,cle>+ ,,or ,,fix+ ,,ba?4 ,little ne$s to be said z to ! ,hydro*loric ,acid ba? into :i* ! pr9ts are pass$ imm$iately aft] developm5t4 ,! purpose ( ! acid ba? is to dissolve out ! s5sitive salts :i* h be5 unaffect$ by light & :i* are /ill light-s5sitive1 ! removal ( ^! mak+ ! pap] :ite & clean4 ,?us ! acid ba? is bo? fix+ & cle>+ 9 its action4 ,into ! fir/ acid ba? ! pr9ts w c>ry a good deal ( ! oxalate solution 9 :i* !y h be5 develop$1 & x !re=e soon becomes v mu* discol\r$1 :]e=e aft] a lapse ( ab\t five m9utes ! pr9t %\ld be remov$ to a second acid ba? ( ! same /r5g? z ! fir/ 7pure hydro*loric acid #a "p1 wat] #gj p>ts7 & aft] five or t5 m9utes into a ?ird4 ,aft] ! pr9ts 7_m may be done at ! same "t7 h be5 9 ! ?ird acid = five m9utes1 ! ba? %\ld be exam9$1 & if x is q col\rless1 t is if ! pr9ts h n discol\r$ x at all1 we may re/ satisfi$ t cle>+ & fixation are complete1 b if n1 yet ano!r acid ba? %\ld be giv54 ,:il/ five or t5 m9utes 9 ea* acid ba? is long en\gh1 probably no h>m to ! pr9t itself1 yet no good1 w foll[ a long] imm]sion4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be a dang] ( s(t5+ or rott+ ! pap]1 a dang] :i* is increas$ %\ld ! ba? be made /rong] 9 acid4 ,if a numb] ( pr9ts are be+ made1 or if num]\s di%es = acid con/itute a difficulty or inconv5i5ce1 we may modify proc$ure z foll[s3-- ,make up ! fir/ acid ba? to ab\t half ! prescrib$ /r5g?1 say hydro*loric acid "o "p to wat] #abj to #adj p>ts4 ,into ?is ea* pr9t may be flung z soon z develop$1 until ! entire bat* is ?us f> f9i%$4 ,9 ?is weak acid ba? ! pr9ts w take no h>m if left = sev]al h\rs1 :5 an acid ba? 7"o to sev5ty7 ( full /r5g? hav+ be5 prep>$1 ! fir/ weak solution may be p\r$ (f & ! fre% p\r$ on4 ,9 ?is ! pr9ts %\ld be sep>ately turn$ ov]1 s t ea* receives ?or\gh treatm5t1 :5 ! second ba? may be ?r[n away & a ?ird sub/itut$4 ,"o di% ?us s]ves = ! :ole s]ies ( acid ba?s4 ,if adopt+ ?is c\rse1 x w be saf] n to mix sepia & ord9>y black pr9ts 9 ! same fir/ acid ba?1 aft] :i*1 h[ev]1 !y may be treat$ altoge!r4 ,suffici5t wa%+ to rid ! pap] ( acid is all t is requir$ to complete op]ations2 b acid does n cl+ to ! pr9t z does hypo1 moreov]1 we h n an absorb5t gelat9e surface to deal )1 s t if pr9ts 7 dealt ) individually & wa%$ by h&1 probably a few m9utes sluic+ "u a tap w\ld suffice1 b 9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ pr9t-wa%]1 or ev5 a l>ge di%1 tw5ty m9utes to half-an-h\r %\ld be ample4 ,if any d\bt is felt1 ! la/ wa%+ wat] may be te/$ ) blue litmus pap]4 ,,modifications ,,9 ,,developm5t4 ,to imp>t a w>m] & ri*] tone to pr9ts on ,,cc 7cold-ba?7 pap]1 ! foll[+ slight modification may be resort$ to1 b x mu/ be reg>d$ m]ely z an exception = def9ite purposes1 be+ 9 violation ( ! in/ructions & rules already laid d[n4 ,x consi/s ( develop+ ,,cc pap] z ?\gh x 7 hot-ba? pap]1 us+ a ba? ( ab\t #agj ,f & submitt+ x to ! influ5ce ( damp to a slight degree4 ,?is latt] v het]odox c\rse may be effect$ by leav+ ! pap] laid out all night 9 a room :]e !re has be5 no fire to dry ! air1 or by us+ pap] :i* has be5 kept = a week or s 9 its tube )\t calcium *loride & )\t seal+ ! lid1 or yet aga91 ! pr9t may be held ov] ! /eam ( ! develop] = a few m9utes be=e develop+ x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 do+ ?is we are tak+ lib]ties ) ! process1 & if poor1 muddy pr9ts result1 we c only blame ourselves1 b z a rule ?is w n be ! case1 ! effect be+ r to imp>t a slight creamy tone to ! :ites )\t o!rwise degrad+ _! brilliance1 :il/ ! use ( a hot ba? gives ! :ole a di/9ctly br[n-black image1 :i* comb9$ ) ! cream t9t ( ! high-lights has a v lum9\s & w>m effect4 ,ano!r me?od ( developm5t :i* mu/ also be tak5 z an exceptional "o1 only to be us$ 9 special cases to atta9 special ends1 is local developm5t ) a bru%1 us+ glyc]9e z a m$ium4 ,z may h be5 se5 f ! =ego+ descriptions1 ! developm5t ( a plat9otype pr9t1 ev5 ) a cold ba?1 is s rapid t !re is n a possibility ( develop+ "o portion m ?an ano!r1 or if su* c\ld be done1 /ill x w\ld be done ) ! c]ta9ty ( leav+ a m>k :]e developm5t _h be5 /opp$4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 may be ov]come by ! use ( glyc]9e1 ! effect ( :i* is to ret>d developm5t to almo/ any degree1 & by its s(t1 viscid "* to s(t5 & bl5d ! l9e ( dem>cation :]e great] or less developm5t ceas$4 ,! me?od ( apply+ x is z foll[s3 ,on remov+ ! pr9t f ! frame x %\ld be fa/5$ to a bo>d ) p9s1 pr9t side upw>ds4 ,next p\r on to ! surface a small pool ( pure glyc]9e1 & ) ! f+] tip1 a bru% or s(t pad1 spread x ev5ly & ?9ly ov] ! pr9t4 ,x mu/ n be all[$ to rema9 on ! surface 9 irregul> pat*es ( unequal dep?1 b aft] spread+ x _h bett] be wip$ ) a fre% pad ( cotton wool1 s z to remove any sup]flu\s glyc]9e4 ,n[ h f\r small vessels at h&1 & into ,no4 #a place an ounce or two ( ! ord9>y oxalate develop+ solution1 9 ,no4 #b put equal p>ts ( oxalate solution & glyc]9e1 9 ,no4 #c "o "p oxalate solution & two p>ts glyc]9e1 & 9 ,no4 #d pure glyc]9e4 ,) a broad1 s(t hair bru% apply ! cont5ts ( ,no4 #c to ! less pr9t$ portions ( ! image & wait results4 ,^! portions w pres5tly beg9 to ga9 9 dep? & to sl[ly develop up1 n[ spread ! ,no4 #c mixture to ! re/ ( ! pr9t & apply ! cont5ts ( ,no4 #b to ! portions fir/ treat$ ) ,no4 #c4 ,! mo/ ob/9ate p>ts may be t\*$ ) ,no4 #a1 pla9 oxalate solution1 :il/ any spots :i* h come up too quickly may be promptly arre/$ f fur!r progress by ! application ( pure glyc]9e4 ,"h we h a me?od ( develop+ up any "o "p1 & re/ra9+ or entirely /opp+ any o!r4 ,i d n ?9k any good w be done by a m detail$ description ( its work+1 ev5 if !re be any?+ m to tell4 ,x is ess5tially a me?od ( developm5t 9 :i* ! individual work] w inv5t modifications & dodges = himself1 & :5 all is said = x1 x mu/ be admitt$ only z a means ( improv+ a subject :5 ord9>y proc$ure fails4 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,negative ,,= ,,plat9otype4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( plat9otype pr9t+ x 0 g5]ally insi/$ ^u t ! mo/ suitable negatives 7 su* z we %\ld describe z some:at vigor\s or plucky4 ,:e!r x is t "s alt]ation has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( ! pap] or t ta/e z reg>ds :at con/itutes a good pr9t has *ang$1 ,i _c say4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( a good _m1 a plucky negative is by no means ess5tial to ! production ( a good plat9otype pr9t4 ,! s(t1 delicate negatives1 ( :i* ! be/ pr(essional portrait negatives are a good sample1 yield ! be/ possible results1 :il/ ) ! ,,cc pap]1 negatives s ?9 & delicate z to be suitable = h>dly any o!r pr9t+ process1 give all t c be wi%$ =4 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 w dep5d on ! k9d ( pr9t desir$ & ! pap] us$1 & "h x may be rem>k$ t f a giv5 negative ! diff]5t k9ds ( plat9otype pap] give diff]5t results4 ,f a giv5 negative ! hot-ba? pap]s yield ! greate/ am\nt ( half-tone1 ! hot developm5t t5d+ to yield flatt] results4 ,next comes ! smoo?1 cold-ba? pap]1 & f9ally z yield+ ! maximum am\nt ( vig\r is ! ,,cc pap]4 ,h5ce if we make our negatives specially = our *os5 pr9t+ process1 a /rong] negative w be ne$$ = ,s1 ,,rs1 ,a & ,c ?an = ! ,,aa & ,,cc1 :il/ = ! latt] a negative di/9ctly err+ on ! side ( extreme ?9ness w be be/4 ,if a negative gives pr9ts :i* are too weak & flat = our purpose1 a great improvem5t may be effect$ by pr9t+ ?r\gh blue glass4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! pr9ts are too h>d & h>% 9 contra/1 x is advisable to pr9t ?r\gh signal gre5 glass4 ,,ton+ ,,plat9otype ,,pr9ts4 ,sev]al =mula & me?ods h be5 publi%$ f "t to "t1 ! object ( :i* is to *ange ! col\r ( ! plat9otype pr9t by subsequ5t /a9+ or ton+1 & :il/ by su* me?ods pleas+ col\rs may sometimes be obta9$1 !y possess an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty1 & mu/ n be too mu* reli$ ^u4 ,an exception 9 ?is respect mu/1 h[ev]1 be made 9 ! case ( :at is kn[n z ,packham's me?od1 ! effect ( :i* is to *ange ! black plat9otype to a sepia br[n1 or a br[n slightly t+$ ) gre54 ,! necess>y t9ctorial p[d] mu/ be obta9$ f ,mr4 ,packham or ?r\gh a deal]4 ,to prep>e ! ba? a packet ( ?is p[d] is dissolv$ by boil+ = ?ree or f\r m9utes 9 five fluid ounces ( wat]1 to :i* :5 cold add "o ounce me?ylat$ _s4 ,?is =ms ! /ock solution & w keep = a long "t if well cork$4 ,= use add ?irty or =ty m9ims ( ! /ock solution to "o p9t ( wat]1 & 9 ?is /eep ! pr9ts1 turn+ !m ov] frequ5tly4 ,ton+ may occupy sev]al h\rs4 ,to exp$ite matt]s1 ! dilute solution %\ld be made ) wat] ( #aej ,f41 & ! ba? ma9ta9$ at ?is temp]ature z 9 ! case ( hot-ba? developm5t4 ,z soon z ! desir$ t9t is secur$1 remove ! pr9ts & wa% well 9 ?ree *anges ( cold wat]4 ,pr9ts may be s treat$ at any "t aft] !y h be5 made4 ,glyc]9e develop$ pr9ts are n suitable4 ,pr9ts mu/ h be5 v ?or\ghly wa%$1 s z to free !m f e trace ( acid1 also ?or\ghly fix$ 9 acid if !y are to be ton$ by ,packham's me?od4 ,if aft] ton+ & wa%+ ! :ites ( ! pr9t appe> to h suff]$1 ! pr9ts %\ld be plac$ = five or t5 m9utes 9 ! foll[+ ba?1 :i* %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 ,ca/ille soap #dj gra9s ,bic>bonate ( soda #hj gra9s ,wat]1 hot 7#ahj ,f47 #a p9t ,?is w cle> ! :ites & int5sify ! col\r g5]ally4 ,plat9otypes may be ton$ to a r$-br[n by uranium nitrate1 or to a blu] col\r ) *loride ( gold4 ,!y may also be int5sifi$ by pyrogallic acid or hydroqu9one1 b z ! purpose ( ?is article 0 m]ely to give simple work+ in/ructions = plat9otype pr9t+ = ! beg9n]1 he may def] ! consid]ation ( su* side issues until he has become au fait 9 ! production ( a good plat9otype pr9t4 ,a4 ,horsley ,h9ton4 ,contact ,pr9t+ on ,bromide ,pap]4 ,illu/ration ,x is well to be> 9 m9d at ! outset t bromide pap] is extremely s5sitive to light1 almo/ z mu* s z is a rapid dry plate4 ,= ?is reason1 x is obvi\s t x mu/ n be c>elessly expos$ to act9ic light4 ,all manipulations except ! actual pr9t+ mu/ be conduct$ by r$ or yell[ light1 su* z is all[$ to pass ?r\gh glass ( ^! col\rs4 ,= ev5ness ( result1 x is bett] to use a lant]n ?an daylight1 because ! fluctuation 9 int5sity ( ! latt] is v mislead+ & liable to lead to failures ?r\gh ov] or "u developm5t4 ,! actual col\r ( ! light1 also1 is ( f> m importance ?an "o w\ld suppose3 ruby light t5ds to give "o ! impression t developm5t is complete long be=e t is ! actual case2 x is also some:at m difficult to h&le ! pap] satisfactorily by ?is light ?an by a good yell[4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons ,i /rongly recomm5d ! use ( yell[ light1 a ?or\ghly safe "o be+ giv5 by gas or lamplight pass+ ?r\gh "o %eet ( yell[ glass & "o ?ickness ( can>y m$ium4 ,?is light1 :ile be+ absolutely safe1 gives su* p]fect illum9ation t x is z easy to control & e/imate results z x w\ld be by ord9>y unfilt]$ gaslight4 ,if a ruby glaz$ lant]n is already 9 use = negative "w1 x c readily be prep>$ = bromide pr9t+ by m]ely remov+ ! ruby glass & sub/itut+ ! yell[ & can>y m$ium4 ,) ^! brief h9ts z to illum9ation1 let u consid] ! entire process 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,unpack+ ! ,pap]4--,! s5sitive pap] is g5]ally pack$ 9 envelopes suffici5tly opaque to protect x f ! admission ( light4 ,! packet mu/ be op5$ 9 ! d>k-room f :i* all light 7ev5 /ray /reaks b5ea? ! door7 is exclud$1 except+ only t giv5 by ! yell[ glaz$ lant]n4 ,! out] envelope be+ c>efully undone1 an inn] cov] w be f\nd & ^! wrapp]s %\ld be plac$ on a dry table :ile a %eet ( ! pap] is remov$4 ,x is a good plan to h a light-tight box 7obta9able f any deal]7 9 :i* to put ! pap] aft] unpack+ x2 ?is prev5ts loss ( "t & awkw>dness ( h&l+ 9 hav+ to replace ! pap] 9 its wrapp]s ea* "t a piece is )drawn = use4 ,:5 sev]al pr9ts f "o or m negatives are requir$1 x is an excell5t ?+ to h two ( ^! boxes1 "o = ! unexpos$ pap] & "o 9 :i* to put ! pr9ts z made until all are ready = developm5t4 ,! ,class ( ,negative4--,bromide pap] gives u a great comm& ov] results2 9 fact1 s va/ is ! control we may ex]cise t x is possible to secure good results f almo/ all classes ( negatives1 f m]e gho/s to ^? ) d5sity almo/ equal to t ( a brick wall4 ,b !re is1 ( c\rse1 a class ( negative t gives a good result ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( skill1 su* a "o is g5]ally kn[n z ( av]age d5sity1 hav+ a full scale ( gradation ) high-lights d5se1 yet n s opaque z to prev5t y see+ a w9d[ cle>ly def9$ :5 look+ t[>ds x ?r\gh ! d5se/ p>ts ( ! film1 su* z ! sky1 = in/ance4 ,ano!r way to te/ ! d5sity is to put ! negative1 film side d[n1 on "s l>ge pr9t on :ite pap]1 ! l>ge lett]s %\ld be j visible ?r\gh ! sky1 b ! small] pr9t %\ld n be readable4 ,t is ! class ( negative usually consid]$ 9 ,in/ructions = ,use1 z an av]age negative4 ,! ,s5sitive ,side ( ! ,pap]4--,a difficulty sometimes occurs 9 tell+ :i* is ! s5sitive side ( ! pap]3 ?is may be easily asc]ta9$ by ! appe>ance ( ! edge1 :i* turns slightly inw>ds t[>ds ! s5sitive side4 ,?is is q app>5t to ! s5se ( t\* z well z sight4 ,"s p moi/5 _! f+] & ?umb & squeeze ! pap] & see :i* /icks 7! s5sitive side71 b t is a dirty me?od & q unnecess>y4 ,pr9t+ f ! ,negative4--,hav+ unpack$ ! pap]1 aft] mak+ sure t all b ! yell[ 7or ruby7 light has be5 exclud$ f ! room1 we are ready to pr9t4 ,= ?is purpose1 diff]5t work]s fav\r diff]5t classes ( light3 "o pref]s gaslight1 ano!r swe>s by magnesium ribbon1 & "s ev5 pref] ! light ( day4 ,p]sonally1 ,i fav\r ord9>y gaslight pass$ ?r\gh a ,no4 #e ,bray's burn]1 because x is q rapid en\gh = all practical purposes & is p]fectly "u control & free f s]i\s v>iation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! burn] %\ld be )9 easy rea* ( ! worktable & %\ld be fitt$ ) a byepass to obviate ! necessity ( cont9ually /rik+ mat*es4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i _h my bromide pr9t+ rooms fitt$ ) an excell5t lant]n ( ?is class 9 :i* ! byepass 0 connect$ to two jets 7"o inside & ! o!r outside ! lant]n7 9 su* a way z to turn d[n ! :ite light ) ! same movem5t t rais$ ! col\r$ light1 & vice v]sa4 ,by ?is means no gas 0 wa/$ & ! simple action ( pull+ or pu%+ a lev] op]at$ ei!r light at w4 ,by plac+ ! same lev] amid%ips1 bo? jets 7 l[]$ to ! po9t ( invisibility & c\ld s rema9 = days at a "t1 yet always ready at a mom5t's notice4 ,! accompany+ sket* 7fig4 #a7 w give "s idea ( its con/ruction4 ,if ! d>k-room is small1 & space is an object1 ! s9k may be fitt$ ) a wood5 cov] & ?is may be us$ z a table = pr9t+ ! pap]1 b c>e mu/ be obs]v$ to avoid ! slighte/ moi/ure ^u x or satisfactory "w is impossible & ! negatives may be ru9$4 ,9 a l>ge room1 x is mu* bett] to h an ord9>y kit*5 table remov$ "s di/ance f ! s9k2 ) ?is & a com=table *air bromide pr9t+ is a v pleasant occupation4 ,! foll[+ sket* 7fig4 #b7 w expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ! table1 & x applies equally well to ! movable top ( ! s9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,suppos+ t "s arrangem5t ( ?is sort is devis$1 we mu/ unpack "s bromide pap] & put x 9 its box & !n put a negative ( av]age d5sity 9 an ord9>y pr9t+ frame4 ,on ! film side ( ! negative we mu/ n[ place a %eet ( bromide pap] ) its s5sitive side 9 contact1 replace ! back ( ! frame & x is ready = exposure4 ,be=e expos+ x1 make sure t bo? boxes are %ut or _! cont5ts w be ru9$ ! mom5t ! :ite light is turn$ up4 ,^u ref]5ce to ! in/ructions t accompany ea* packet ( bromide pap]1 y w obs]ve a c]ta9 numb] ( seconds' exposure is advis$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! light2 9 ! case ( ! ,b>net extra rapid pap] ! "t is giv5 z ab\t f\r seconds at a di/ance ( eighte5 in*es4 ,:5 all is ready = exposure1 place ! pr9t+ frame upright opposite ! lant]n at ! m>k indicat+ eighte5 in*es 7see fig4 #b71 note ! "t on ! seconds h& ( ! clock & ?r[ ! lev] ov] = :ite light = f\r seconds & !n rev]se x4 ,remove ! pap] & if _m are likely to be requir$ f t negative1 x w\ld be well to develop ! fir/ pr9t 9 ord] to judge z to ! accuracy ( ! exposure4 ,if ov] or "u-expos$1 ! "t mu/ be r$uc$ or l5g!n$ z requir$4 ,:5 ! be/ "t & di/ance has be5 asc]ta9$ = a c]ta9 negative1 m>k x ) a n>r[ /rip ( pap] be>+ full p>ticul>s = future guidance1 su* z3 #d sec41 #ah 941 ,no4 #e ,bray2 9 ?is way absolute correctness ( future exposures is assur$4 ,( c\rse1 if gas is n obta9able1 magnesium ribbon may be us$ in/ead4 ,9 ?is case ! negative w\ld be m>k$ #a in* 7or m7 ribbon1 #c ft4 di/ant1 z ! case may be4 ,us+ ,masks & ,discs4--,pr9ts are sometimes requir$ ) an oval 7or squ>e7 c5tre & :ite m>g9s3 ?is is effect$ by int]pos+ a black mask ( ! desir$ size & %ape 7obta9able f all deal]s7 betwe5 ! negative & ! s5sitive pap]4 ,! black pap] prev5ts ! passage ( light & leaves :ite m>g9s to ! pr9t4 ,if grey m>g9s are requir$1 a disc 7to fit ! mask7 is atta*$ to a %eet ( glass ! same size z ! negative & arrang$ s t regi/ration is easily effect$2 ! pr9t is fir/ made ) a mask & is !n plac$ 9 contact ) ! disc & pla9 glass 7! negative be+ remov$ f ! frame71 & aga9 expos$ = a second to ! light4 ,if a black bord] is requir$ ! exposure ( ! m>g9 mu/ be ext5d$ ?ree or f\r seconds4 ,vignett+4--,to vignette bromide pr9ts1 ! pr9t+ frame mu/ be cov]$ ) a piece ( c>dbo>d 9 :i* a small hole 7ab\t #a-a_/b in*es by #a in* = a cab9et head & bu/7 is pi]c$4 ,! hole mu/ be cov]$ ) a %eet ( :ite tissue pap] :i* w diffuse ! light & cause x to travel )\t h>% l9es b5ea? ! op5+1 & make ! pr9t ) p]fectly gradat$ edges4 ,x is sometimes an advantage to move ! negative :ile pr9t+ vignettes2 b x is n absolutely ess5tial if ! hole 9 ! c>dbo>d is n too l>ge & if ! c>d is remov$ "s little di/ance f ! negative4 ,if ! c>d is too close to ! negative1 ! gradation w be abrupt & ! vignette w n look well4 ,cl\d ,pr9t+4--,?is requires "s c>e 9 ord] to avoid h>%ness & %>ply def9$ l9es4 ,if ! sky ( ! negative pr9ts :ite1 ! addition ( cl\ds f ano!r negative is n difficult2 b if x is at all ?91 ! entire sky mu/ be c>efully pa9t$ out ) a deeply opaque pigm5t 9 ord] to make x q d5se & unpr9table4 ,z a bromide pr9t _c be exam9$ :ile 9 progress3 t is1 _c be se5 at all be=e developm5t1 c>eful regi/ration is desirable 9 ord] to prev5t pr9t+ ! cl\ds across ! l&scape in/ead ( above x4 ,to d ?is an opaque mask %\ld be made ?us3 ,make a pr9t f ! negative on ,p4,o4,p4 &1 )\t fix+ or ton+ x1 cut x c>efully 9 two p>ts foll[+ ! horizon l9e z ne>ly z possible1 !n expose to light1 until q black1 t "p repres5t+ ! l&scape4 ,atta* ?is to ! glass side ( ! cl\d negative 7) ! pap] side ( ! ,p4,o4,p4 9 contact7 & see t ! bottom edge & ! "r corn] ( ! pap] & glass 7view$ f ! glass side ( ! negative7 exactly co9cide4 ,to make use ( ?is arrangem5t1 y fir/ make a pr9t f ! l&scape negative1 mak+ sure t ! negative & pap] are firmly press$ aga9/ ! bottom & left-h& side ( ! pr9t+ frame :5 look+ t[>ds ! film side ( ! negative2 m>k ! regi/]$ corn] ) lead p5cil ?us ,l 9 ord] to prev5t mi/akes 9 ! second pr9t+4 ,to pr9t ! cl\ds1 y put ! negative 9 ! frame & press x well home to ! left-h& corn] & ! base ( frame 7look+ at ! film side1 ( c\rse71 & !n put ! pr9t 9 contact ) ! same precaution & replace ! back4 ,n[ take a piece ( br[n pap] ) "o edge r\ghly torn 9 %ape ( ! horizon l9e ( ! mask & cov] ! entire negative on ! glass side4 ,hold ! cov]$ frame 9 y\r h&s at a di/ance ( 7say7 f\r feet f ! gas & turn on ! :ite light4 ,directly ! light is up1 draw ! pap] sl[ly d[nw>ds until ! horizon l9e is j pass$1 & !n imm$iately beg9 to sl[ly pu% x upw>ds t[>ds ! top ( ! sky4 ,d ?is /eadily & sl[ly = 7say7 f\r to six seconds1 accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! cl\d negative4 ,) a good ?9 cl\d1 f\r seconds %\ld be q en\gh1 b y c easily settle ?is po9t on develop+ ! fir/ pr9t4 ,pr9t+ f ,d5se ,negatives4--,d5se negatives require mu* long] exposures ?an ^? ( av]age 7or ideal7 d5sity4 ,?is may (t5 be prolong$ to twice or ?ree times ! normal exposure at ! same di/ance4 ,a yell[ col\r$ negative increases ! exposure greatly1 z mu* z t5 to ?irty times ! normal frequ5tly be+ requisite to get a dec5t pr9t4 ,an ov] d5se negative t gives v h>% pr9ts by o!r pr9t+ processes c be made to yield pr9ts ( exquisite s(tness on bromide pap] by giv+ a full exposure at a %ort di/ance f ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cupbo>d ,,love4 ,t4 ,,lee ,,syms4 ,pr9t+ f ,?9 ,negatives4--,?9 negatives on ! o!r h&1 require q diff]5t treatm5t4 ,9 ord] to get plucky pr9ts f v ?9 negatives1 useless 9 o!r processes1 we mu/ give a v brief exposure at "s di/ance f ! gas2 & "h x may be well to note t remov+ ! negative to a great] di/ance f ! light is equal to decreas+ ! actual "t ( exposure & has o!r advantages 9 connection ) ?9 negatives ) :i* !ory does n seem to agree4 ,to pr9t f a v ?9 negative1 !n1 in/ead ( f\r seconds at eighte5 in*es1 let u cov] x ) a %eet ( tissue pap] & give x f\r seconds at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r feet & note ! result on developm5t4 ,if x appe>s to be ov]-expos$1 we may r$uce ! "t ( exposure to ?ree seconds at ! same di/ance & modify ! develop]1 z w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,developm5t ( ,pr9ts4--,all my rem>ks 9 ?is article apply equally to mo/ comm]cial br&s ( bromide pap]2 b x is only fair to /ate t !y are p>ticul>ly int5d$ = t made by ! firm ( manufactur]s publi%+ ?is book4 ,developm5t1 & s on1 is v simil> ) all makes ( pap]1 b mo/ ( my rec5t exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! ,b>net matt surface bromide4 ,i %all pres5tly describe ! use ( sev]al well-kn[n develop]s1 b x mu/ be well und]/ood t1 :atev] =mula is adopt$1 a prelim9>y soak+ ( ! pr9t be=e developm5t mu/ be done4 ,:5 we are ab\t to develop a numb] ( pr9ts we mu/ fir/ soak !m 9 pla9 cold wat] until q flaccid1 o!rwise ! application ( ! develop] w\ld cause ! dry pr9t to cockle & curl1 & ! developm5t w\ld n be regul>4 ,?is rule applies equally 9 ! case ( "o pr9t only z :5 a hundr$ are ready = developm5t2 a prolong$ soak+ 9 pla9 wat] hav+ no ill effect4 ,! ,iron ,develop]4--,?is is "o ( ! develop]s mo/ frequ5tly recomm5d$ = bromide "w1 b p]sonally ,i nev] advise its use 7especially by a novice7 because ! use ( ! acid cle>+ ba?1 :i* is an ess5tial "p ( ! process1 is s frequ5t a cause ( disa/] & yell[ pr9ts4 ,! ,b>net =mula is z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,potassium oxalate #a lb4 ,potassium bromide #e gra9s ,hot wat] #dh ozs4 ,b4 ,iron sulphate #a lb4 ,citric acid #d drams4 ,hot wat] #cb ozs4 ,to six ounces ( ,a1 add "o ounce ( ,b2 ?is ord] ( mix+ mu/ be obs]v$ or a d5se precipitate ( f]r\s oxalate w be =m$4 ,place "o ( ! soak$ pr9ts face 7:i* may be di/+ui%$ by its slipp]y surface7 upw>ds 9 a clean porcela9 di% & p\r ! develop] ov] x z ev5ly z possible4 ,) ?is develop]1 ! image comes up v rapidly1 s t x is n advisable to try & develop m ?an "o at a "t4 ,if ! fir/ pr9t ( a bat* appe>s to be ov]-expos$1 t is1 if x fla%es out in/antly & ! high-lights become rapidly cl\d$1 add to ea* ounce ( mix$ develop] f #aj to #cj drops ( a t5 p] c5t4 solution ( potassium bromide :i* w act z a re/ra9]1 ret>d developm5t1 & keep ! high-lights cle> :ile ! %ad[s acquire d5sity4 ,"u-expos$ pr9ts c r>ely be made to give passable results ) f]r\s oxalate4 ,! addition ( a trace ( hypo to ! develop] has be5 recomm5d$ = br++ up _! detail1 b ! result is f> f good4 ,z soon z developm5t is complete ! pr9ts mu/ n be put 9 clean wat]1 b mu/ be transf]r$ direct f ! develop] to ! foll[+ acid ba?3-- ,acetic acid #a dram ,wat] #cb ounces ,aft] an imm]sion ( "o m9ute1 ! op]ation mu/ be twice repeat$ 9 simil> ba?s t h n be5 previ\sly us$2 ?is is to remove ! iron f ! pr9t4 ,a ?or\gh wa%+ mu/ next be giv5 to remove ! acid & ! pr9t may !n be fix$ = at lea/ fifte5 m9utes 9 ,hypo #b ounces ,wat] #bj ounces ,aft] fix+ 7no matt] :at develop] has be5 us$7 ! pr9ts mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 sev]al *anges ( wat] = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,! *ief reasons aga9/ ! use ( f]r\s oxalate are lack ( control ov] developm5t & ! necess>y use ( an acid ba?4 ,unless ! acid ba? is us$1 ! pr9ts w be yell[ because ( ! iron 9 !m1 & if ! acid is n entirely remov$ be=e fix+ ! pr9ts w be yell[ ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! hypo by ! acid 9 ! pr9t :i* causes deposition ( sulphur4 ,metol ,develop]4--,) ?is1 & ! o!r develop]s ,i %all m5tion1 an acid ba? is n necess>y & s "o cause ( failure 7& extra "w7 is obviat$4 ,i h some:at am5d$ ! ,b>net =mula to meet ! ne$s ( work]s on a small scale & h also arrang$ ,a & ,b to balance ea* o!r )\t di/urb+ ! relative proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,a4 ,metol #abj gra9s ,wat] 7cold7 #bd ounces ,dissolve completely & !n add ,sodium sulphite #b-a_/b ounces ,potassium bromide #ae gra9s ,%ake until completely dissolv$ b d n apply heat4 ,b4 ,potassium c>bonate #cej gra9s ,wat] #h ounces ,= use1 mix ?ree p>ts by measure ( ,a & "o "p ( ,b4 ,) ?is develop] & a normal exposure1 ! image %\ld appe> 9 a few seconds & developm5t %\ld be complete 9 ab\t two m9utes4 ,z fa/ z ! pr9ts are develop$ !y %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ,salt #b ounces ,wat] #bj ounces to /op developm5t4 ,:5 all are develop$1 !y mu/ be r9s$ = a m9ute or two 9 clean wat] & !n fix$4 ,ov]-exposure is rem$i$ by ! addition ( potassium bromide solution 7z 9 ! case ( f]r\s oxalate72 "u-expos$ pr9ts %\ld be develop$ 9 a weak solution su* z ,a #c p>ts ,b #a "p ,wat] #d p>ts ,developm5t w take long]1 b ! weak] solution w help to br+ up ! detail )\t ! h>%ness ( ! %ad[s t w\ld be ! case if ! normal develop] 0 us$4 ,hydroqu9one & ,eikonog54--,! advantage ( comb9+ eikonog5 ) qu9ol lies 9 ! fact t "o provides :at ! o!r lacks1 ! eikonog5 t5d+ to give detail )\t d5sity & ! qu9ol 79 inexp]i5c$ h&s7 giv+ d5sity )\t detail4 ,! foll[+ =mula w be f\nd v satisfactory3-- ,a4 ,qu9ol #dj gra9s ,eikonog5 #abj ,sodium sulphite #dhj ,citric acid #bj ,wat] to #bj ounces ,dissolve ! sodium sulphite & citric acid 9 #ae ounces ( wat]1 !n add ! o!r +r$i5ts & en\gh wat] to make a total bulk ( #bj ounces4 ,b4 ,sodium c>bonate #fj gra9s ,sodium hydrate #cj ,potassium bromide #e ,wat] to #bj ounces ,= use1 mix "o "p ( ,a1 "o "p ( ,b & two p>ts ( wat]4 ,! same rem>ks z to ov] & "u-exposure apply z 9 ! case ( metol4 ,ton+ ,bromide ,pr9ts4--,! tone or col\r ( ! deposit dep5ds l>gely ^u ! accuracy ( exposure & ! develop] employ$4 ,f]r\s oxalate gives a ri* black deposit1 b to my m9d metol & ! comb9$ eiko-qu9ol give tones at lea/ z beautiful ) pretty gray half-tones4 ,b "s p pref] w>m] col\rs1 br[n & r$ = in/ance1 & "s get br[ni% blacks 7?r\gh ov]-exposure & ! use ( bromide7 :i* !y w\ld l to *ange4 ,! col\r ( ! deposit may be *ang$ 9 v>i\s ways by treat+ ! pr9t 9 ba?s ( diff]5t metals4 ,i w give a brief outl9e ( ! me?ods employ$1 leav+ read]s to modify !m to suit ea* p>ticul> case4 ,black & ,blue-black ,tone4--,br[ni% black pr9ts c be mu* improv$ aft] fix+ by imm]sion 9 a /rong ba? ( gold *loride2 ! foll[+ is ! /r5g? us$ by me3-- ,a4 ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bj gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,b4 ,gold *loride #b gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,:5 q dissolv$ add ,b v gradually to ,a1 %ak+ almo/ cont9u\sly4 ,! fix$ pr9t %\ld be wa%$ = at lea/ fifte5 m9utes be=e ton+ & %\ld !n be plac$ 9 a clean tray :ile ! ton+ ba? is p\r$ ov] x4 ,! solution mu/ be kept mov+ & ! pr9t mu/ be remov$ & wa%$ directly ! desir$ tone is rea*$4 ,prolong$ imm]sion w cause ! pr9t to acquire a deep blue tone4 ,br[n & ,r$ ,tones ) ,uranium4--,pr9ts imm]s$ 9 ! uranium ton+ ba? gradually become w>m] 9 tone1 *ang+ f black to br[n & br[ni% r$ until !y assume a deep r$ ne>ly approa*+ ! well-kn[n ,b>tollozzi *alk4 ,pr9ts to be ton$ by ?is process mu/ be ?or\ghly free f hypo or /a9s w be ! inevitable result4 ,! ton+ ba? %\ld be made up z foll[s1 & x mu/ be us$ at once z x w n keep aft] mix+ ,a & ,b3-- ,a4 ,potassium f]ricyanide #bj gra9s ,wat] #bj ounces ,glacial acetic acid #a ounce ,:5 q dissolv$ add ,b4 ,uranium nitrate #bj gra9s ,wat] #a ounce ,imm]se ! pr9t & keep ! solution 9 motion until ! desir$ col\r is produc$1 !n wa% ! pr9t = half an h\r 9 sev]al *anges ( wat] acidulat$ 7#a dram 9 #cj ounces7 ) acetic acid4 ,weak1 "u-develop$ pr9ts are mu* improv$ by ?is me?od ( ton+4 ,at ! end ( half an h\r1 if ! :ites are at all yell[ !y may be cle>$ by imm]s+ ! pr9t = a m9ute or two 9 ! foll[+ ba?3-- ,ammonium sulphocyanide #bj gra9s ,wat] #aj ounces ,aft] imm]sion1 r9se ! pr9t = five m9utes & dry4 ,int5sification4--,x sometimes happ5s 7especially :5 too little light has be5 us$ to prop]ly judge developm5t7 t "o acquires a collection ( pr9ts t1 ow+ to "u or ov]-developm5t1 are useless2 let u see h[ !y may be r5d]$ s]viceable4 ,an "u-develop$ pr9t1 ?\gh weakly look+ & wa%$ out1 simply ne$s int5sification to give x ! requisite pluck4 ,! =ego+ uranium ba? acts z an int5sifi] :ile conf]r+ a ruddy tone on ! deposit4 ,a black deposit c be obta9$ by int5sify+ ! well-wa%$ pr9t ) m]cury4 ,! pr9t mu/ fir/ be imm]s$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( m]curic *loride until ! image disappe>s2 x mu/ !n be aga9 ?or\ghly wa%$ to remove all traces ( free m]cury & may !n be r$evelop$ by fl[+ ov] x an old f]r\s-oxalate develop]4 ,if f]r\s oxalate is n at h&1 an old metol develop] may be sub/itut$1 b ! =m] is ! m reliable4 ,:5 ! image is suffici5tly int5se1 ! pr9t mu/ once m be ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,all ! ton+ & int5sify+ op]ations may be conduct$ by daylight4 ,r$uction ( ,d5sity4--,ov] d5se pr9ts c be made fit = _m purposes by means ( a r$uc] capable ( dissolv+ "p ( ! deposit4 ,! be/ = ! purpose & ! "o lea/ liable to cause /a9s is "k z ! ,belitzski's2 x is prep>$ ?us3-- ,wat] #fj ounces ,potassium f]ric oxalate #c ,sodium sulphite #c ,dissolve & add to ! r$ solution s obta9$4 ,oxalic acid #a ounce ,%ake until ! solution turns gre5 & !n imm$iately p\r (f ! solution f any cry/als rema9+ undissolv$4 ,to ?is solution add ,hyposulphite ( soda #ae ounces & %ake until dissolv$1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,! pr9t to be r$uc$ ne$ n be free f hypo1 b %\ld be r9s$ = a few m9utes aft] fix+ 7or soak$ until limp1 if previ\sly dri$7 & may !n be plac$ 9 a tray & flood$ ) ! r$uc]4 ,! tray mu/ be well rock$ & ! pr9t1 :5 suffici5tly r$uc$1 mu/ be remov$ )\t delay & rapidly wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]4 ,"s ,*eap & ,useful ,trays4--,if l>ge-siz$ pr9ts are made1 ! co/ ( suitable trays becomes a v s]i\s item4 ,! exp5se ( ^! may be r$uc$ to a m]e no?+1 )\t loss ( effectiv5ess1 by ! sub/itution ( home-made ones4 ,all t is requir$ to make a tray ( any size is a ?9 wood5 confection]y box 7or ! bottom "p ( a l>g] case7 l9$ ) ! %9y :ite m>bl$ oilclo? kn[n z ,am]ican molesk94 ,?is is fitt$ inside ! box 7! corn]s be+ turn$ "u7 & secur$ by a r[ ( tacks ar\nd ! top edge4 ,no fur!r l9+ or prep>ation is requir$ & ! tray w /& all sorts ( ill-treatm5t4 ,z = durability3 ,i _h ?ree su* trays made out ( old h]r+-boxes pick$ up at ,calg>y & l9$ ) molesk9 t _h already se5 s]vice z cov] to a wa%-h&/& & *e/ ( draw]s 9 a ,canadian bo>d+h\se4 ,= upw>ds ( a ye> ^? trays 7 us$ daily & travell$ _m hundr$s ( miles by mule & dog tra91 & 7 n worn out :5 ,i return$ home4 ,my porcela9 trays 7 sma%$ by a fall f a refractory mule1 b ! r\gh & ready make%ifts 7 a priceless boon4 ,x seems to me t by practis+ economy ( ?is k9d & 9 v>i\s simil> ways 7i4e41 :]e economy is necess>y z1 un=tunately1 x sometimes is7 ! co/ ( practis+ our pet recreation is v mat]ially r$uc$4 ,w4 ,e!lb]t ,h5ry1 ,c4,e4 ,! ,gum-,bi*romate ,process4 ,illu/ration ,pictorial photography is answ]able = ! revival ( ?is1 "o ( ! almo/ =gott5 me?ods ( pr9t+4 ,results unacceptable to bygone requirem5ts h be5 re9troduc$ ) advantage1 :]e sugge/ive individuality & arti/ic effect h be5 desir$4 ,! gum process has an unlimit$ range ( possibilities1 x w\ld be impossible to describe !m all4 ,! m9ute/ details1 or ! broade/ diffusion toge!r ) ! p[] ( work+ f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ keys ( *i>oscuro are values t c only be realiz$ :5 ! infatuation consequ5t on successfully work+ ! process is exp]i5c$4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+1 z ) ! s-call$ c>bon process1 is dep5d5t ^u ! *>act]i/ic behavi\r ( ! *romic salts :5 9 comb9ation ) organic sub/ances1 su* z gelat9e1 gums ( v>i\s k9ds1 />*1 etc4 ,:5 any ( ^! mixtures are submitt$ to ! action ( act9ic light1 !y become m or less insoluble4 ,?is prop]ty 0 p>tially discov]$ z f> back z #agih1 by ,vauquel94 ,pr(essor ,sucr[1 ,mungo ,ponton1 ,beaureg>d & o!rs advanc$ its application to photography up to ab\t #ahdj1 b x 0 n until "s t5 ye>s lat] t its great value z a photographic ag5t 0 def9itely e/abli%$4 ,hunt1 ,fox ,talbot & ,poitev91 ea* work$ indefatigably to br+ ! application ( ! *romic process to a successful issue2 b to ,poitev9 mu/ be accr$it$ ! hon\r ( be+ ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! *romat$ pigm5t or c>bon process4 ,?is br+s u up to ab\t #ahee4 ,none ( ^! inve/igators appe> to h be5 rem>kably successful1 beyond hav+ e/abli%$ def9ite1 b valuable facts ( ! *anges produc$4 ,?is want ( success may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al employm5t ( gelat9e & direct pr9t+4 ,x 0 n until ,p\ncey & o!rs1 ab\t #ahei1 employ$ gum z ! colloid m$ium1 t any great advance 0 made4 ,ab\t ?is "t an important commission ( inquiry decid$ t to ,p\ncey1 ,gami] & ,salmon1 & ,beaureg>d ! hon\r ( produc+ p]man5t pr9ts mu/ be equally cr$it$1 & accord+ly divid$ ! ,duc de ,luyue's prize betwe5 !m1 giv+ to ,poitev9 ! cr$it ( ! priority ( inv5tion4 ,p\ncey appe>s to h foll[$ up ! process ) "s consid]able success1 z "s ( 8 exi/+ examples are excell5t2 x is mu* to be regrett$ t we h n m detail$ p>ticul>s ( 8 me?ods ( work+2 b he evid5tly 0 be=e 8 "t & met ) b little enc\ragem5t4 ,to ,alfr$ ,maskell & ,m4 ,dema*y mu/ be accr$it$ ! revival ( ?is long neglect$ process1 & dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s mu* advancem5t has be5 made t[>ds p]fect+ x4 ,s]i\s work]s1 bo? at home & abroad1 are indu/ri\sly exhau/+ ! possibilities ( ! process1 & crude z "s ( ! e>li] examples ( ?is revival h be51 improvem5ts & simplicity ( work+ are giv+ u productions ( e description1 ( su* excell5t quality t x may soon be expect$ to satisfy ev5 ! cau/ic criticism t has s p]si/5tly oppos$ its re-introduction4 ,dext]ity 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( practical manipulation is necess>y be=e skilful effici5cy c be secur$1 & 9 ord] to arrive at ?is1 due consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! selection ( ! pap] ! col\r mo/ suitable to ! subject & ! effect desir$4 ,almo/ any k9d ( pap] w be f\nd workable1 if x be ( fairly good quality4 ,^? t are ?ickly coat$ ) soluble siz+ m$ia are unsuitable1 = al?\gh !y may give cle> :ites !y sometimes produce h>% pr9ts1 ! half-tones are also liable to be lo/ 9 developm5t unless v deeply pr9t$4 ,sev]al ( ! cont95tal k9ds are well adapt$ to ! process & "w 9 an excell5t mann]1 giv+ s(t & ev5 results2 ( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t = def9ition & f9e detail ! f9] gra9$ descriptions are ! be/1 b :]e diffusion is desir$ ^? ( a co>s] texture may be advantage\sly us$1 !y give a granulation t t5ds mat]ially to secure ! peculi>ities ( gradation *>act]i/ic ( ?is process4 ,a few ( ! cont95tal pap]s t w be f\nd to "w ) ease to ! beg9n]1 are z foll[s3-- ,mi*allet pap] is r co>se1 b takes ! gum coat+ easily1 x has a s]ies ( l9es runn+ 9 bo? directions1 :i* are r objectionable = "s subjects2 b x is an excell5t pap] = fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,+rs1 is also a pap] ( simil> "*1 & c be work$ ) equal facility4 ,lallane is ano!r pap] ( ! same class1 b mu* f9]4 ,allong pap] is entirely free f ! m>k+s peculi> to ^? previ\sly m5tion$4 ,?is pap] is be/ work$ on ! rev]se side1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ by exam9+ ! "n m>k$ 9 "o corn]4 ,among ! ,engli% pap]s ! ord9>y c>tridge1 ,:atman's draw+ pap]s & _m o!rs are adaptable1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^? ) a too!d or gra9$ surface are pref]able4 ,!re are two me?ods ( work+1 & results ( equal excell5ce h be5 produc$ by ei!r4 ,"s ( ! mo/ pr(ici5t work]s ( ! process adopt ! easi] "o ( coat+ ! pap]1 )\t previ\s prep>ation1 ) a mixture ( gum1 bi*romate ( potass & pigm5t4 ,o!rs adopt ! precaution ( fir/ saturat+ ! pap] ) a /rong solution ( bi*romate1 & :5 dry coat+ x ) a mixture conta9+ only gum & pigm5t4 ,exp]i5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! previ\s saturation ( ! pap]1 ?is is recomm5d$ especially = beg9n]s1 z !re are sev]al k9ds ( pap] t w n "w effici5tly by ! fir/ me?od2 b :5 skill & practical k ( ! special behavi\r ( ! mat]ials employ$ is acquir$1 ei!r me?od c be adopt$4 ,we may presume t ! advantage ( ! previ\s saturation ( ! pap] ) ! *romic salt is1 t %\ld !re be any inequality 9 its /ructural "*1 or %\ld x be unequally siz$1 ! bi*romate appe>s to act z a k9d ( resi/ to ! p5etration ( ! pigm5t1 !reby secur+ an increas$ range ( tone & a correspond+ purity ( ! :ites4 ,! process may be divid$ into ! foll[+ op]ations3-- ,saturation or s5sitiz+ ( ! pap]4 ,prep>ation ( ! gum mucilage4 ,mix+ & prep>+ ! pigm5ts4 ,coat+ ! pap]4 ,pr9t+ & exposure4 ,developm5t4 ,= work+ by ! previ\sly *romat$ pap] me?od1 ! s5sitiz+ solution is made up ( "o "p ( bi*romate ( potassium dissolv$ 9 t5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is /r5g? w n keep at all temp]atures4 ,%\ld ! salt cry/allize out1 x is necess>y to w>m a portion ( ! solution & re-dissolve ! cry/als4 ,! solution may be us$ repeat$ly1 b x w be necess>y to filt] x occasionally4 ,be=e saturation x is conv5i5t to cut ! pap] into ! mo/ useful sizes--qu>t] %eets are h&y4 ,hav+ decid$ :i* is to be ! work+ side1 m>k ! back di/9ctly4 ,into a di% ( suffici5t dep? p\r 9 ! "o 9 t5 bi*romate solution to a dep? ( ab\t "o in*1 & imm]se y\r pap] %eet by %eet1 until y h 9 x all y int5d to s5sitize4 ,z ea* %eet is plac$ 9 ! solution1 remove air bells & turn x ov] & repeat ?is precaution4 ,! "t necess>y = imm]sion is ( no importance s t ! saturation is absolute1 ab\t five m9utes be+ g5]ally suffici5t = ! ?icke/ ( pap]s4 ,by remov+ ! bottom %eet to ! top & pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole 9 ?is mann]1 turn+ ov] ea* %eet & remov+ all air bells1 ev5 saturation is secur$4 ,ea* %eet is c>efully & sl[ly remov$ f ! solution & dri$ 9 ! d>k4 ,! pap] is n[ v s5sitive to act9ic light1 :i* mu/ dur+ all future op]ations be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,aft] ! pap] is dry1 x w--if kept s--be 9 good condition = a long "t4 ,to prep>e ! gum mucilage1 take two ounces ( ,s\dan or ,turkey gum & dissolve x 9 five fluid ounces ( cold wat]1 /ra9 out ! float+ impurities ?r\gh f9e musl91 & all[ o!rs1 & f9] to subside4 ,?is mucilage w keep 9 good condition 9 a well-cork$ bottle1 = a consid]able "t4 ,m4 ,dema*y employs gum mucilage ( twice ?is d5sity4 ,pigm5ts 9 p[d] are m suitable ?an 9 any o!r =m1 if 9 cakes or pa/e4 ,! m$ium 9 :i* !y are prep>$1 does n "w k9dly ) ! gum1 & x is also difficult to accurately measure quantities4 ,no advantage is ga9$ by us+ exp5sive col\rs1 !y c all be pur*as$ at a good col\rman's1 & at a small co/4 ,lamp or any c>bon1 black1 r$ o*re1 yell[ o*re1 burnt si5na1 & raw si5na1 all "w well2 !re is "s unc]ta9ty ) ! umb]s & sepias4 ,x w be f\nd t mu* "t w be sav$ if a comb9ation ( ^! dry col\rs is made up 9 bulk1 z = in/ance--"o hundr$ & sev5ty-five gra9s ( vegetable black & "o hundr$ ( burnt si5na1 give a ri* s(t br[n col\r4 ,^! mu/ be f9ely & intimately mix$ ) ea* o!r1 :i* is conv5i5tly accompli%$ by gr9d+ ) a small pe/le & mort>2 aft] :i* ! mixture may be kept 9 a wide-m\!d bottle4 ,ano!r advantage 9 ?us keep+ comb9ations ( dry col\rs 9 bulk1 is ! absolute c]ta9ty ( repeat+ ! actual t9t :5 requir$4 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( simil> mixtures c be made4 ,( c\rse x w be und]/ood t any or all ( ! above-nam$ col\rs may be us$ s+ly4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! pigm5t ) ! mucilage is easily done on a /one slab ) a palette knife4 ,take half a fluid ounce ( ! two 9 five gum mucilage1 to :i* add ! same quantity ( wat] & ?or\ghly mix4 ,weigh out fifte5 gra9s ( ! mix$ pigm5t & place 9 a heap on ! slab1 add a few drops ( ! dilut$ mucilage1 gr9d & regr9d ! mixture until x is completely smoo?1 !n remove x to a cup1 & clean ! /one ) ano!r portion ( ! r$uc$ mucilage1 f9ally add+ ! :ole ( ! ounce1 intimately mix1 & x is !n ready = coat+ ! pap]4 ,= extra f9e "w on smoo? pap]1 & 9 fact = all classes ( "w1 ! f9e gr9d+ ( ! col\rs adds mat]ially to ext5d ! range ( gradation1 & al?\gh ! trituration may be c>ri$ out fairly well ) a palette knife1 :5 ! f9e/ possible grades are desir$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! mull] & /one4 ,mull]s are obta9able ( any arti/'s col\rman1 !y are made 9 glass1 & a conv5i5t size is ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t bru% = apply+ ! mixture ( comb9$ gum & pigm5t to ! pap]1 is ( ! description kn[n z be>'s hair1 ^! are usually set 9 t92 a flat "o ab\t two in*es wide is a useful size4 ,9 ord] to coat ! pap] ev5ly1 p9 x d[n to a draw+ bo>d by ea* corn] ) a d\ble lay] ( blott+ pap] an in* or two l>g] ?an ! pap] to be coat$4 ,! blott+ pap] w absorb ! excess ( col\r at ! m>g9s & enable y to secure an ev5 coat+ up to ! extreme edge4 ,take a fairly full bru% ( ! mixture aft] ?or\ghly incorporat+ ! col\r & spread x ev5ly ov] ! pap]1 cross+ & recross+ x ) ! bru%4 ,all[ ! mixture to lie ^u ! pap] = a second or two s t ! pap] may exp&2 n[ release ea* ( ! corn]s & p9 ! pap] d[n aga94 ,^u ! next op]ation dep5ds ! ev5ness ( ! coat+4 ,take a f\r in* wide arti/'s badg]'s hair s(t5]1 hold x v]tically & lightly by two f+]s & ! ?umb ab\t an in* & a half f ! top ( ! h&le1 & pass x rapidly ov] ! :ole surface ( ! pap] z quickly & ev5ly z possible4 ,! motion produc+ ! be/ effect is n ! usual sweep+ action1 b a s]ies ( sudd5 %ort j]ks1 difficult to describe b easily acquir$4 ,cont9ue ?is s(t5+ d[n until ! pap] has an ev5 semi-transp>5t surface )\t unev5 cl\dy spots4 ,all[ x to dry spontane\sly1 b be=e x is /or$ = future use dry x c>efully by ! fire1 b avoid ov]heat+4 ,unc]ta9ty ( result is a defect (t5 br\ght into argum5t aga9/ ?is process2 b absolute uni=mity is n difficult if /rictly accurate quantities only are employ$4 ,) con/ant /r5g? ( bi*romate & gum1 uni=m weights & comb9ation ( pigm5t1 simil>ity ( repeats are obta9$3 b ^! c only be secur$ :5 ea* %eet ( pap] is coat$ id5tically ) its fell[4 ,to get ?is ev5ness ! badg] hair s(t5] mu/ be wa%$ out & dri$ aft] coat+ ea* %eet4 ,?is is v quickly accompli%$ by an en]getic %ak+ & dry+ ^u a smoo? t[el4 ,if ! pap] has be5 coat$ prop]ly1 x has an ev5 semi-transp>5t surface slightly glassy4 ,failures (t5 occur f us+ an excess ( pigm5t & all[+ ! gum to become too ?ick 9 consequ5ce ( evaporation4 ,excess ( pigm5t gives d5se heavy %ad[s & increases ! difficulty ( pr9t+2 excess ( gum gives cle> high-lights1 t5d+ to h>dness & easy solubility endang]+ ! half-tones4 ,! pap]1 if x has be5 correctly coat$ w "w satisfactorily1 if on /eep+ a small piece ( x d[nw>ds ^u cold wat]1 ! pigm5t$ gum dissolves & drops f ! surface leav+ ! pap] ne>ly clean4 ,f t5 to fifte5 m9utes %\ld complete ?is te/4 ,! me?od ( work+ )\t previ\sly *romatiz+ ! pap] is z foll[s3--,take half a fluid ounce ( f\r-9-t5 gum mucilage & add to x an equal quantity ( saturat$ solution ( bi*romate ( potass2 to ?is1 ) all c>e z to gr9d+ & mix+1 add ! pigm5t2 coat ! pap] z be=e direct$4 ,?is me?od w be consid]ably sl[] 9 pr9t+ ?an t 9 :i* ! pap] _h be5 previ\sly saturat$ ) ! bi*romate2 nei!r are ! :ites z a rule q s cle>2 b x w possess a peculi> gra9 & s(tness n o!rwise obta9able1 :i* is mu* approv$ by "s work]s ( ! process4 ,exposure is s mu* dep5d5t on circum/ances t x is difficult to give precise directions1 be+ gov]n$ by ! d5sity ( ! negative1 ! ?ickness ( ! coat+ & ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,ev5 & n too d5se negatives are ! m suitable1 = if ! int]m$iate & high-lights are ov] d5se ! %ad[s are consid]ably ov] pr9t$ be=e ! light] p>ts c be br\ght out4 ,skill 9 developm5t c d mu* to ov]come ^! defects1 b !y may be consid]ably modifi$ by ! judici\s employm5t ( matt v>ni%1 & by o!r me?ods ( locally ret>d+ pr9t+4 ,! greate/ assi/ance 9 obta9+ uni=mity 9 pr9t+ is ! employm5t ( a reliable act9omet]1 ,wynne's pr9t met] is probably ! mo/ useful = ?is purpose1 ) ord9>y gelat9o-*loride pap] z a regi/]2 f twelve to sixte5 numb]s w be mo/ly suffici5t = an ord9>y negative1 on n too ?ickly coat$ pap]4 ,ano!r me?od ( judg+ exposure is by ! appe>ance ( ! %ad[s2 !y may frequ5tly be se5 by transmitt$ light1 & :5 well out pr9t+ may be judg$ to be correct1 b ?is is a slov5ly me?od & only approximately correct at ! be/4 ,if ! bi*romate is us$ only 9 ! pigm5t$ gum1 )\t previ\s saturation ( ! pap]1 exposure mu/ be mu* m prolong$4 ,by no o!r process is x possible to obta9 su* div]sity ( effect z by ?is2 mu* w1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! skill :i* is ex]cis$ 9 developm5t4 ,%\ld ! pr9t+ exposure h be5 fairly correct x is a simple proc$ure4 ,! pr9t is float$ face d[nw>d ^u cold wat] conta9$ 9 a deep di%2 see t all p>ts are equally act$ ^u by ! wat]1 & t no air bells exi/2 if any1 !y may be easily remov$ by g5tly rais+ ! pr9t & imm]s+ x aga9 once or twice4 ,aft] x has be5 soak+ "s five or t5 m9utes x may be exam9$2 if all is go+ well1 & ! exposure has be5 approximately correct1 ! pigm5t$ gum on ! unexpos$ m>g9s w h left ! pap]1 & possibly "s ( ! high-lights & half-tones may be mak+ an appe>ance1 if s1 ! treatm5t mu/ be ( a g5tle "*1 & ! pr9t may be safely left = "s "t long] 9 ! same position face d[nw>d2 nev] all[ x to lie ei!r 9 or out ( ! wat] face upw>ds = any long "t1 or unremovable /a9s w be develop$4 ,_m pr9ts w develop almo/ entirely )\t assi/ance1 or ) only an occasional lav+ ( wat] if all[$ to lie 9 ?is position = a long "t4 ,on ! o!r h& "s may1 ev5 :5 only slightly ov]-pr9t$1 give no indication ( developm5t4 ,:5 ?is is ! case remove ! pr9t f ! wat] & place x face upw>ds ^u a ?91 smoo? bo>d1 fix x 9 position ) "o draw+ p9 on ! extreme m>g91 !n g5tly lave cold wat] ov] x2 %\ld "s ( ! d>k] p>ts /ill resi/ ?is action1 long] soak+ w be f\nd advantage\s4 ,if !re are /ill p>ts on :i* ! col\r w n move1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! bru%1 & = ?is purpose no?+ is bett] ?an a l>ge camel's hair mop4 ,keep+ ! bru% always full ( wat]1 t\* :]e necess>y v s(tly2 d n sweep x up or d[n1 b j dab "h & !re z may be requir$1 con/antly fl[+ ov] ! surface a copi\s supply ( wat]4 ,if !re are /ill p>ts 9 ! %ad[s1 or ev5 9 ! high-lights t w n move1 a jet ( wat] f an enema syr+e or f ! h\sehold s]vice pipe is v useful4 ,z a la/ res\rce a prolong$ /eep+ 9 wat] ( v>y+ degrees ( temp]ature1 ev5 up to ! boil+ po9t1 may be resort$ to1 b ! application ( increas$ temp]ature requires judici\s managem5t4 ,:5 ! pr9t is suffici5tly develop$1 if ! creamy yell[ness ( ! *romate /a9 is n desir$1 ! pr9t mu/ be cle>$ or blea*$1 ei!r 9 a solution ( alum1 sulphite ( soda1 or hyposulphite ( soda1 /r5g? be+ immat]ial ) a c>eful aft]-wa%+4 ,if ! pr9t is only j suffici5t or only slightly ov]-pr9t$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! cle>+ ba? is n acid1 nei!r mu/ ! wa%+ be too prolong$1 b if ! pr9t is fir/ dri$ & submitt$ to light1 ?is precaution is unnecess>y4 ,always all[ ! pr9ts to dry spontane\sly4 ,x w n d to use any k9d ( pressure or blott+ pap]1 = ! surface ( ! col\r is v t5d] & delicate4 ,jas4 ,packham1 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,an ,introduction to ,c>bon ,pr9t+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! article t foll[s next w be f\nd a complete exposition ( ! c>bon process1 ) its v>i\s adaptations f ! prep>ation ( ! pap] & mat]ial =w>ds4 ,:il/ at ! pres5t "t c>bon pr9t+ is m l>gely us$ by pr(essional photograph]s1 yet its simplicity1 ! abs5ce ( *emical =mul & complications comb9$ ) ! beauty ( ! results1 makes x em95tly suitable = amateur work]s1 & h5ce x has be5 ?\ght desirable t z an introduction to ! subsequ5t article1 a brief & simple outl9e ( ! process %\ld be giv5 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n hi!rto made its acqua9tance4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n let x be und]/ood t 9 c>bon pr9t+ in/ead ( dep5d+ on light to make a visible alt]ation ( ! s5sitive salts z 9 silv] pr9t+1 we expose ! prep>$ pap] or tissue1 z x is call$1 "u a negative & secure a positive 9 insoluble gelat9e1 ! gelat9e hav+ comb9$ ) x a pigm5t1 & h5ce we get an image 9 pigm5t1 n 9 plat9um1 or silv]1 or gold1 b 9 a simple pigm5t :i* may be ( any col\r4 ,if bi*romate ( pota% is mix$ ) an organic sub/ance su* z gelat9e1 t gelat9e becomes insoluble aft] exposure to light1 & if t gelat9e c>ries ) x a pigm5t1 !n on becom+ insoluble x holds ! pigm5t ) x4 ,if n[1 pap] or o!r mat]ial be coat$ ) bi*romate1 gelat9e1 & pigm5t1 & expos$ to light "u a negative 9 ! usual way1 ! ?9 portions ( ! negative w admit ( ! light act+ on ?is coat+ & mak+ x insoluble1 :il/ ! p>ts :i* are protect$ f light1 z = in/ance ! sky or :ite objects1 w rema9 un*ang$ & soluble1 & on be+ wa%$ 9 wat] w dissolve away1 leav+ :ite pap]1 :il/ ! light-affect$ portions :i* h become insoluble rema9 9 proportion z ! light has p5etrat$ ! v>i\s d5sities ( ! negative4 ,?is !n is h[ we obta9 our pr9t4 ,= full] explanation ( ! pap] or tissue & its manufacture ! read] is ref]r$ to ! next article4 ,! beg9n] w c]ta9ly fir/ obta9 8 tissue ready made1 & he c pur*ase x ready s5sitiz$ or o!rwise4 ,! =m] w be be/ at ! outset1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x %\ld n be kept long] ?an c be help$ be=e use1 & nev] m ?an t5 to f\rte5 days at ! utmo/4 ,v>i\s %ades ( blacks1 br[ns1 & r$s are ! usual col\rs1 also grey1 gre51 & blue4 ,! tissue is r m s5sitive to light ?an silv] pap]1 & %\ld !re=e be op5$ & h&l$ 9 subdu$ light4 ,x mu/ be kept z dry z possible4 ,a r vigor\s negative is be/ = c>bon pr9t+1 "o n too /rong 9 contra/s4 ,be=e plac+ ! negative 9 ! frame1 we mu/ give x :at is t]m$ a safe edge4 ,?is is done by mak+ a n>r[ bord]1 say ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* or less1 r\nd ! negative1 ei!r on ! glass or film side1 ) opaque black v>ni%1 or x may be done by gumm+ on n>r[ /rips ( pap]1 su* z lant]n-slide b9d]s4 ,if b9d]s & n black v>ni% are us$1 !y mu/ be appli$ to ! glass side4 ,! ,c>bon pr9t+ pap] :i* w h]e9aft] be call$ ! tissue w be f\nd to pres5t an unpromis+ appe>ance1 & z ! coat+ is ! full col\r ( ! pigm5t 9 :i* ! pr9t is ev5tually to appe>1 x foll[s t ! progress ( pr9t+ w n be visible1 & a me*anical means ( gaug+ ! exposure mu/ be resort$ to4 ,an act9omet]1 simil> to t describ$ 9 ! article on ,plat9otype1 w d1 & ano!r & simpl] =m is describ$ 9 ! next article4 ,pr9t+ w occupy ab\t "o-?ird ( ! "t occupi$ by gelat9o-*loride ( silv] pap]4 ,developm5t is conduct$ 9 daylight1 b n too close to a w9d[4 ,! abs5ce ( *emical solutions has be5 sugge/$ z an advantage1 9 ?is process ! develop] be+ m]ely hot wat]4 ,x is n necess>y to h ?is laid on1 a c ( hot wat] close at h& & a kettle on ! fire or gas /ove n f> (f are all t are requir$4 ,we %all require f\r or five di%es1 "o at lea/ ( :i* %\ld be a good deal l>g] ?an ! size ( ! pr9ts we are to develop & sev]al in*es deep--a good-siz$ pie-di% or a bas9 w d4 ,developm5t m]ely consi/s ( wa%+ away ! unaffect$ & !re=e soluble coat+1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! less affect$ portions repres5t+ ! half-tones h receiv$ _! modicum ( light on ! surface1 & !re=e ! soluble "p ( ! film is und]nea? ! "p t has l a surface sk9 become insoluble4 ,?is necessitates ! pr9t$ film or tissue be+ transf]r$ to ano!r pap] or support1 s t we may develop or wa% away f ! back4 ,9 procur+ y\r c>bon tissue ord] at ! same "t a packet ( ,s+le ,transf] ,pap]1 :i* is pap] ) a ?9 coat+ ( h>d gelat9e4 ,n[ to proce$4 ,place a piece ( s+le transf] pap] into a di% ( cold wat]1 & 9 ?ree or f\r m9utes ! coat$ side w feel slimy1 !n place 9 ! same di% a piece ( ! pr9t$ tissue face upw>ds4 ,?is w probably curl up at fir/ & aft]w>ds flatt5 out aga94 ,:5 ?is has happ5$ or 9 a few m9utes aft] imm]sion br+ ! piece ( s+le transf] pap] & ! pr9t toge!r1 film to film1 s t !y may be 9 contact1 & squ>e "o ) ! o!r4 ,n[ hold+ !m by "o edge1 )draw !m toge!r by slid+ !m out ( ! di% on to a %eet ( ?ick glass1 a l>ge cutt+ glass s]ves well1 or /\t %eet ( z9c4 ,?is %\ld be support$ 9 read9ess at ! rim ( ! di%4 ,hav+ ! transf] pap] & pr9t n[ on ! glass or z9c1 hold !m firmly & ) a rubb] squeegee press !m closely into contact1 squeez+ z mu* wat] out z possible4 ,a bett] way p]haps is1 if ! di% is l>ge en\gh1 to place ! glass or z9c "u ! two pap]s :il/ 9 ! wat] & s raise !m out4 ,! squeegee+ mu/ be done ?or\ghly1 firmly1 & all ov]--sev]al /rokes be+ giv5 9 ea* direction4 ,next lift ! pap]s1 n[ 9 firm contact & /ick+ toge!r1 & place !m betwe5 blott+ pap] on :i* is a heavy weight4 ,! next pr9t may n[ be proce$$ ) & s on4 ,! pr9t %\ld be betwe5 blott+ pap] & "u pressure = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 aft] :i* x is remov$ to a di% ( hot wat]--almo/ z hot z ! h&s c com=tably be>1 say #ajj to #abj ,f4 ,aft] ly+ 9 ?is = a few mom5ts ! d>k pigm5t w be se5 to be ooz+ out f betwe5 ! two pap]s4 ,:5 ?is has begun to come pretty freely take "o corn] ( ! pr9t & pull x away f ! transf] pap]4 ,x %\ld come q easily1 & on be+ peel$ (f entirely x is ?r[n away4 ,we h n[ ! transf] pap] be>+ ! pr9t$ film rev]s$1 t is1 ! side :i* 0 previ\sly at ! bottom & next ! orig9al pap] support1 is n[ upp]mo/ & c !re=e be got at4 ,if we spla% x or lave x ) ! h&1 us+ ! hot wat]1 we %all soon see :at happ5s4 ,! smudgy mass ( pigm5t beg9s to wa% away & ! picture gradually appe>s4 ,?is con/itutes developm5t & we cont9ue work+ x ) hot wat] until ! :ole is cle> & bright1 be+ c>eful n to t\* ! film ) f+]s or any?+ b wat]1 = be+ 9 a v delicate & s(t condition x w\ld be c]ta9 to su/a9 injury4 ,! hott] ! wat] ! great] its wa%+-(f action1 & h5ce 9 cases ( ov]-exposure v hot wat] may g f> to recov] ! pr9t4 ,:5 ! desir$ result is secur$1 transf] ! pr9t to a di% ( cold wat]1 ?is in/antly t5ds to slightly h>d5 ! film by cool+ x1 & aft] two or ?ree m9utes x is pass$ into a di% ( alum & wat]1 :i* fur!r h>d5s x & also cle>s ! pr9t ( any bi*romate salts :i* may /ill rema94 ,9 ! alum ba? ! pr9t %\ld rema9 until any sign ( yell[ /a9 has disappe>$1 :5 aft] a f9al r9se ( a few m9utes 9 cold wat] to remove ! alum1 ! pr9t may be hung up to dry4 ,x w be se5 t !re is no prolong$ wa%+ z ) ^? processes 9 :i* hypo is employ$1 & ! pr9t is absolutely p]man5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! f9i%$ picture we are look+ at ! back ( ! pr9t$ film z x receiv$ ! light impressions f ! negative1 & h5ce ! image is rev]s$1 t is1 ! left is on ! "r & ! "r on ! left4 ,= l&scape & views ?is rev]s$ position w probably be ( no importance1 b if x is desir$ to h ?+s "r way r\nd--9 portraits x w be ess5tial--we mu/ ei!r "w f rev]s$ negatives1 or we mu/ aga9 transf] ! film :i* w !n con/itute a d\ble transf]4 ,we %all n[ und]/& :y previ\sly we call$ ! pap] to :i* ! film 0 transf]r$ s+le transf]4 ,inasmu* z x w be se5 t ! pr9t is n on pap]1 b consi/s ( a transf]able film ( pigm5t$ gelat9e1 x w be und]/ood t ! pap] employ$ is m]ely a support to t film1 h5ce x is cu/om>y to speak ( ! pap] z ! support1 :il/ moreov] x maybe1 & z (t5 z n is ivory1 glass1 textile fabrics1 wood1 or o!r sub/ances4 ,if n[ we wi% to aga9 transf] ! film s z to correct ! lat]al rev]sal1 we sub/itute = ! s+le transf] pap] a tempor>y support4 ,! tempor>y support :i* is to receive ! film m]ely :il/ x is be+ develop$1 & ) ! int5tion ( its be+ subsequ5tly transf]r$ aga9 to a f9al support1 may be pap] or _m o!r ?+s4 ,moreov]1 rememb]+ t ! film is ma9ly gelat9e1 x %\ld be cle> t :atev] ! nature ( ! surface ( ! tempor>y support1 ! s(t glut9\s film w take t surface j z we may make ! impression ( a seal 9 seal+-wax4 ,! normal c>bon pr9t is %9y1 due to ! gelat9e1 & s1 if z a tempor>y support we 7 to use gr\nd glass or matt opal1 ! c>bon pr9t film w\ld receive ! f9e granulat$ surface & give a matt$ pr9t z a result4 ,?is m]ely by ! way z sugge/+ an additional advantage (f]$ by ! d\ble transf] process z a set-(f aga9/ ! slight extra tr\ble4 ,if d\ble transf] is det]m9$ ^u1 & x is n int5d$ to exp]im5t ) gr\nd glass1 etc41 !n :5 pur*as+ ! c>bon tissue1 "s tempor>y support 7%eets ( pap] coat$ ) gelat9e & %ellac7 %\ld be procur$1 also "s pieces ( f9al support4 ,:atev] ! tempor>y support1 x mu/ receive an application ( wax+ solution4 ,?is also may be b\ght1 or c be made (3-- ,yell[ res9 #cf gra9s4 ,yell[ wax #ab ,e!r #b ounces4 ,melt ! wax1 add ! res91 /ir toge!r & !n add ! e!r4 ,p\r a little ( ?is mixture on to ! tempor>y support & spread ) a tuft ( cotton wool1 & rub ov] to make x ev54 ,! f9al support = d\ble transf] may be pur*as$1 & is made ready = use by soak+ = t5 m9utes 9 alum4 ,! tempor>y support1 aft] be+ wax$ & ! wax+ solution hav+ become dry1 is to take ! place ( ! s+le transf] pap] 9 e respect1 & ! film develop$ z already describ$4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ! f9al wa%+1 aft] ! alum cle>+ ba?1 x is br\ght into contact ) ! f9al support 7:i* has be5 = t5 m9utes 9 alum ba? z j describ$7 & is remov$ to ! glass or z9c plate & squeege$4 ,x is n[ hung up to dry1 & :5 q dry ! blade ( a knife %\ld be ins]t$ at "o corn] & ! tempor>y support g5tly pull$ (f4 ,su* is ! c>bon process1 nei!r difficult nor l5g?y1 & ) ?is brief outl9e to =m an introduction1 ! read] :o is a tyro w ! bett] appreciate ! full] description :i* foll[s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:il/ ! article t foll[s is m compreh5sive ?an ! beg9n] may require at fir/1 he is nev]!less advis$ to read x c>efully ?r\gh1 & "s po9ts :i* may n seem cle> at fir/ w expla9 !mselves aft] a v little exp]i5ce4 ,! ,c>bon ,process4 ,illu/ration ,be=e proce$+ to practical details ( work+1 x may be z well to realize :at a piece ( c>bon tissue is1 & :at takes place 9 ! process ( expos+ su* tissue to light4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,swan1 :o is to be reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( c>bon process z we n[ "k x1 0 ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ ! "n tissue to ! film ( pigm5t$ bi*romatiz$ gelat9e1 z at fir/ x 0 a tissue unsupport$ by pap] back+ & conta9+ pigm5t practically1 if n entirely1 c>bon4 ,! t]ms c>bon & tissue h be5 g5]ally accept$ z describ+ a pigm5t$ pap] conta9+ p]man5t col\r1 !re=e little if any misund]/&+ is caus$ by su* g5]al description4 ,! c>bon process1 l o!r k9dr$ me?ods1 is bas$ ^u ! well-kn[n h>d5+ action ( light ^u a bi*romate salt 9 comb9ation ) organic matt]4 ,:5 pap] is coat$ ) a mixture ( gelat9e pigm5t & a bi*romate salt1 dri$ "u fav\rable conditions & expos$ to light "u a negative x naturally foll[s t a positive image is produc$4 ,! negative act+ z a scre51 prev5ts any undue h>d5+ ( su* portions ( ! picture z are int5d$ to =m ! high-lights1 only slightly int]f]+ ) :at are to be ! middle t9ts1 & practically p]mitt+ full play 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! lat5t image is impr9t$ on & into ! film ( tissue comp\nd ) ! mo/ delicate portions on ! surface1 & means mu/ !re=e be adopt$ to protect ! surface dur+ ! wa%+ away ( all p>ts ( ! film n int5d$ or desir$ to =m any "p ( ! f9i%$ picture4#g ,9 ,swan's process ?is object 0 secur$ by cem5t+ ! surface ( ! pr9t$ tissue to its tempor>y support ) rubb] solution1 b aft] ,j4 ,r4 ,johnson discov]$ t ! pr9t$ tissue w\ld adh]e )\t any cem5t to any surface imp]vi\s to air & wat] simply by atmosph]ic pressure1 ! same end 0 ga9$ by soak+ ! undevelop$ pr9t 9 wat] until ab\t half saturat$1 !n br++ x into contact "u wat] ) ei!r its tempor>y or p]man5t support1 slightly squeegee+ or spong+ to remove z mu* wat] z possible )\t injury to ! pr9t2 z to air1 !re ought n to be any pres5t if c>e is tak5 to exclude x be=e lift+ f ! wat] ba?4 ,! half-soak$ tissue aft] m\nt+ absorbs e p>ticle ( wat] f betwe5 ! surfaces1 & ?us secures optical contact4 #g ,x is g5]ally ass]t$ by non-practical c>bon pr9t]s t all portions ( ! film beh9d t :i* f9ally =ms ! pr9t1 are unact$ ^u by light4 ,t is to say1 un*ang$ & q z soluble z if n pr9t$ at all4 ,! uphold]s ( su* a !ory %\ld try ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,take a piece ( tissue1 cut x ?r\gh ! c5tre1 expose "o piece1 !n m\nt bo? "u precisely simil> conditions & wa% 9 ! same w>m wat] ba?4 ,pay+ special att5tion to ! back+ pap]s1 !y w f9d ! "o unact$ ^u by light w h p>t$ ) its load ( col\r$ mat]ial 9 mu* less "t ?an ! piece t =m$ ! back+ ( ! pr9t4 ,! squeegee1 h&y tool z x is1 ought to be us$ ) great c>e1 9 no case ) any degree ( =ce1 or s]i\s injury w result1 p>ticul>ly to ! f9] k9ds ( "w1 su* z d\ble transf] pr9ts ( all k9ds1 ei!r on pap]1 ivory or opal4 ,! rubb] edge ( ! squeegee %\ld be free f not*es1 (t5 caus$ by contact ) ! %>p edges ( glass plates4 ,! not*es c be remov$ by rubb+ on a %eet ( glass pap] plac$ on a plane surface4 ,,tissue ,,mak+4 ,! tissue comp\nd consi/s ( a mixture ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3--,gelat9e1 sug>1 pigm5t & wat]4 ,! proportions are ( inf9ite v>iety accord+ to season1 ! nature ( ! pigm5t us$1 & ! purpose = :i* ! tissue is int5d$4 ,= conv5i5ce x is ! rule = tissue mak]s to prep>e :at is t]m$ /ock jelly by dissolv+1 by ! aid ( a wat] ba?1 gelat9e & sug> 9 wat]1 9 v>y+ proportions--r\ghly speak+3-- ,gelat9e #b p>ts4 ,wat] #d to #g ,sug>#h #c_/d to #a-a_/d #h ,= "s purposes 7in/ead ( sug>71 glyc]9e1 sug> ( milk1 or treacle may be sub/itut$4 ,! pigm5ts are made up into :at are t]m$ jelly col\rs1 :i* are gr\nd ei!r by h& on a slab ( glass1 m>ble or granite1 us+ a suitable mull] = ! purpose1 or :5 l>ge quantities are requir$ a pa9t mill driv5 by /eam or o!r p[] is employ$4 ,9 h& gr9d+ ! col\r is kept moi/ by syrup on greatly r$uc$ /ock jelly4 ,aft] gr9d+ by h& ! pigm5t is lift$ f ! slab ) a palette knife & /irr$ into melt$ /ock jelly4 ,:5 ! mill is us$1 ! pigm5t is mix$ ) ! jelly be=e gr9d+4 ,! proportion ( pigm5t to jelly v>ies enorm\sly accord+ to ! nature ( ! pigm5t1 & may be any?+ betwe5 #b-a_/b p] c5t4 & #be p] c5t4 ,hav+ prep>$ /ock jelly & jelly col\rs1 & all[$ bo? to set1 !y are weigh$ out 9 prop] proportions1 ! jelly be+ dissolv$ 9 a t9 vessel plac$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,! col\r1 g5]ally speak+1 is dissolv$ 9 a small proportion ( ! /ock jelly plac$ 9 ! mill & aga9 gr\nd into ! bulk ( ! jelly4 ,9 "s cases ! pigm5t is dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] & filt]$ ?r\gh cotton wool1 f9e felt or flannel4 ,aft] add+ p[d]$ recry/alliz$ bi*romate1 ! jelly comp\nd is ready = coat+ or spread+ on ! pap]4 ,! coat+ may be done by h& or ma*9e4 ,sev]al =ms ( ma*9e are 9 use1 includ+ ! fir/ =m inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,swan4 ,:5 only a small quantity is requir$1 x is ! g5]al practice to coat by h&4 ,9 h& coat+1 ! tissue comp\nd may be /ra9$ ?r\gh f9e musl9 into a flat t9 di% plac$ on a wat] ba?2 ! surface cle>$ ( air bubbles by dragg+ ov] x a /rip ( /iff pap]4 ,! %eet ( pap] to be coat$ is held 9 an upright position at ! fur!r end ( ! di% ) its bottom edge j t\*+ ! surface ( ! solution1 g5tly l[]$ until ! :ole surface ( ! %eet is 9 contact ) ! solution4 ,if ! l[]+ is prop]ly done !re w n be any default 9 contact1 b if all[$ to re/ on ! solution a few mom5ts1 ! pres5ce ( air bubbles1 if any1 w be detect$ by ! pres5ce ( little lumps on ! back ( ! pap]1 ^! may be remov$ by rais+ a corn] & t\*+ ! spots ) a f+] tip4 ,! %eet is !n rais$ ) a r sl[ & /eady motion1 all[$ to drip1 !n clipp$ to a l9e by its top corn]s & left to dry 9 a w>m dry room f :i* :ite light has be5 exclud$4 ,:5 ?is me?od ( coat+ is adopt$ x is be/ to h ! %eets ( pap] an in* long] ?an ! di%2 ! blank edge prev5ts contam9ation ( ! f+]s & di/ortion ( ! %eet caus$ by contraction 9 dry+4 ,ano!r me?od ( h&-coat+ is to roll ! %eet into a tube %ape1 plac+ ! roll on ! surface ( ! jelly comp\nd "o & a half in*es f ! top ( ! free end1 rais+ ) r sl[ & /eady motion z be=e4 ,:5 ! second me?od is *os5 an oblong & some:at deep di% w be f\nd bett] ?an ! flat %ape2 ! flat di% may be us$ if tilt$ to give great] dep? ( solution 9 a corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,! ,,f\nta94 ,j4 ,w4 ,,wade4 ,9 ! manufacture ( tissues ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid ov] or long-cont9u$ heat+ ( ! gelat9e solution4 ,ei!r a too high temp]ature or a l[] temp]ature1 long cont9u$1 de/roys ! solution by r5d]+ a consid]able portion ( x soluble 9 cold wat] & to a great degree r$uc+ its gelat9\s "*4 ,! samples ( gelat9e us$ 9 tissue mak+ are ( two k9ds1 al?\gh bo? ( good quality !y diff] 9 solubility1 9 hot wea!r a l>g] proportion ( ! h>d sample is us$1 9 cold wea!r vice v]sa4 ,,ins5sitive ,,tissues4 ,all ins5sitive tissues are made ) a s+le sample ( h>d gelat9e4 ,!y are /ock$ by deal]s & mu/ ( necessity be fit = use at any season ( ! ye>1 to say no?+ ( ^? export$ to hot climates4 ,,transf] ,,pap]s4 ,pap]s ( _m k9ds are necess>y = s+le transf] pr9ts1 ! t9t ( ! pap] mu/ bl5d & h>monize ) ! tone ( ! tissue or by contra/+ help to produce a pleas+ effect4 ,= pr9ts ( w>m tones su* z r$ *alk1 t]ra cotta & ! v>i\s t9ts ( sepia1 a yell[i% or cream-ton$ pap] =ms ! mo/ h>moni\s basis2 ! v>i\s t9ts ( black1 blue1 & purple look be/ on a slightly blui%-t9t$ pap]4 ,= in/ance1 a copy ( an old engrav+ 9 tissue1 ( ! br[n tone ( ! orig9al w\ld be utt]ly spoilt by a blue-t9t$ basis4 ,! above rem>ks apply only 9 a limit$ degree to d\ble transf] pap]s :i* 9 g5]al use are conf9$ almo/ exclusively to portraiture4 ,su* pap]s are sometimes modifi$ by t9t+ mauve1 rose1 opal1 etc41 etc4 ,su* t9ts are only 9 small dem& & are 9 all cases conf9$ to pap]s coat$ ) enamel prep>ations4 ,! be/ & mo/ durable =m ( d\ble transf] pap] is t prep>$ on f9e *emically pure pap] ) col\rless gelat9e & made insoluble by ! smalle/ possible quantity ( *rome alum1 entirely )\t :ite or t9t$ pigm5t ( any k9d4 ,! be/ v>iety ( d\ble transf] pap] only diff]s f ! f9e/ =m ( s+le transf] pap] 9 hav+ on its surface a r ?ick] & s(t] coat+ ( col\rless gelat9e4 ,all transf] pap]s1 ei!r = s+le or d\ble transf]1 may be coat$ 9 ! same way z tissue1 ) ! exception ( ^? hav+ a v r\gh surface4 ,all draw+ pap]s & 9 fact all pap]s ( v r\gh surface are prep>$ by bru%+ ov] _! surfaces sev]al coat+s ( a v ?9 solution ( gelat9e conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( *rome alum or =mal9 ?an is us$ 9 mak+ ord9>y s+le transf]s4 ,a flat camel-hair bru% is be/ = ?is =m ( coat+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid air bubbles4 ,,flexible ,,tempor>y ,,support4 ,is pap] coat$ ) a gelat9e solution 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & aft] dry+1 aga9 coat$ ) an aque\s solution ( %ellac4 ,,s5sitiz+ ,,! ,,tissue4 ,p\r ! bi*romate solution into a deep flat di% 7porcela91 ebonite1 z9c1 wood or t97 to ! dep? ( half an in* to an in*2 place a %eet ( tissue 9 x face upw>ds1 remove air-bubbles ) a camel-hair bru% or s(t sponge1 us+ z little pressure z may be2 turn ! %eet & remove bubbles =m$ on ! pap]1 turn ! %eet aga9 face upw>ds1 & pass+ bru% or sponge g5tly ov] ! surface1 keep x ev5ly wet until x is fairly limp2 remove f ! solution1 place face d[nw>ds on a p]fectly clean glass or z9c plate1 squeegee to remove excess ( solution1 blot or wipe ) a s(t clo?1 remove any solution f ! f+]s1 lift f ! plate1 h&le by edges only1 clip to a l9e1 small sizes by "o corn] only1 l>g] %eets by two corn]s1 leav+ a little slackness betwe5 ! two clips to all[ = contraction 9 dry+1 o!rwise ! %eet w be di/ort$ & difficult to press into contact ) ! negative4 ,! s5sitiz+ may be done 9 ord9>y daylight4 ,! dry+ mu/ take place 9 a room f :i* act9ic light is exclud$1 & 9 a curr5t ( w>m dry air1 free f impurities1 su* z ! products ( combu/ion f burn+ gas1 or an escape ( sew] gas1 etc41 & at a temp]ature n high] ?an #abj ,f4 ,! dry+ %\ld be done z quickly z possible1 o!rwise ! tissue's keep+ prop]ty w be greatly r$uc$1 & 9 all probability a ?9 film =m$ on ! surface1 ( insoluble gelat9e1 kn[n to pr9t]s z decompos$ t9t1 degrad+ ! high-lights1 &1 except 9 ! case ( v h>d negatives1 spoil+ ! "w4 ,x w be evid5t to anyone t ! fancy =ms ( s5sitiz+ h be5 c>efully avoid$--float+ on ! back1 float+ on ! face1 etc41 etc4 ,all ! results desir$ c be obta9$ by imm]sion4 ,if a h>d negative has to be dealt )1 a /rong] solution1 or long] soak+ 9 ! bi*romate solution1 is all t is ne$$2 = weak negatives vice v]sa4 ,note4--,9 ! dry fro/y air ( w9t]1 s5sitiz$ tissue w dry )\t heat1 & cont9ue soluble = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 (t5 z long z a mon?1 or ev5 long]4 ,9 hot wea!r x is recomm5d$ t ! solution ( recry/alliz$ bi*romate be made imm$iately be=e us+1 z 9 dissolv+ ! cry/als a consid]able r$uction ( temp]ature is produc$4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature !n be ov] #fj ,f41 ice mu/ be us$1 n 9 ! solution1 b r\ghly brok5 up & mix$ ) salt 9 an out] vessel4 ,if ice is plac$ 9 ! bi*romate ba? all[ance mu/ be made by keep+ out "p ( ! wat]4 ,! ice %\ld be encas$ 9 sev]al ?icknesses ( f9e musl9 to prev5t ! solid impurities x g5]ally conta9s gett+ into ! solution4 ,:5 recry/alliz$ bi*romate is n procurable1 a few drops ( liquid ammonia add$ to solution ( crude bi*romate is recomm5d$4 ,z bi*romate is *eap1 a fre% solution %\ld be made = ea* l>ge bat* ( tissue4 ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,negative4 ,any negative t w yield a ?or\ghly good album5 pr9t is suitable = c>bon "w4 ,! ?9n] negatives n[ made = ,p4,o4,p4 & simil> processes are less satisfactory = direct pr9ts 9 c>bon1 = enl>gem5ts & reproductions su* negatives c be made to yield mo/ satisfactory results by modify+ ! transp>5cy & ! enl>g$ or reproduc$ negative4 ,! latitude 9 ?is direction is great4 ,no matt] h[ flat ! orig9al negative may be1 if all ! grades are pres5t x c be manipulat$ 9 su* a way t ! mo/ brilliant result w be produc$4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,negative ,,= ,,pr9t+4 ,! negative is prep>$ = pr9t+ z 9 all o!r processes by remov+ all defects su* z p9holes1 /reaks1 etc4 ,= ! c>bon process ! negative requires to be fur!r provid$ ) :at is t]m$ a safe edge2 ?is is a l9e ( black v>ni%1 f "o-eigh? to half an in* 9 wid? accord+ to ! sizes ( ! negatives1 pa9t$ on its m>g91 ei!r on ! film or glass side4 ,9 ! case ( orig9al negatives masks ( opaque pap] are us$ in/ead ( ! pa9t$ edge1 ! masks hav+ op5+s cut 9 !m slightly less ?an ! size ( ! negative4 ,! purpose ( ! safe edge is to secure a m>g9 on :i* light has n act$1 z su* a m>g9 gives great] fre$om to ! op]ator 9 ! process ( developm5t by prev5t+ ! m deeply pr9t$ portions ( ! picture leav+ ! support :5 ! back+ pap] is remov$4 ,,d\ble ,,transf] ,,pr9t+4 ,x may be expla9$ 9 a few words :y an ord9>y 7non-rev]s$7 negative mu/ be pr9t$ by d\ble transf]4 ,9 all o!r sol> processes :5 ! pr9t is remov$ f or tak5 (f ! face ( ! negative1 x is turn$ ov] to view1 x !re=e foll[s t ! details on ! left side ( ! negative are f\nd on ! "r side ( ! positive pr9t2 ) ! c>bon pr9t no su* turn+ occurs1 x is m\nt$ ^u its support 9 ! same position z x lay on ! negative1 develop$ 9 t position f ! back & leav+ ! position ( objects ! same z 9 ! negative4 ,9 "s cases ?is rev]sal ( ! position ( details is unimportant4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! d\ble transf]4 ,9 all d\ble transf] processes a tempor>y support mu/ be provid$4 ,su* supports are ( two k9ds1 flexible & rigid4 ,:5 a matt-surface pr9t on pap] is requir$1 f9ely gra9$ opal glass is us$4 ,= ! enamell$ surface pat5t plate1 = int]m$iate or only slightly glaz$ surface1 a flexible support is us$4 ,flexible support yields a surface simil> to an album5 pr9t )\t special prep>ation4 ,:5 ! high] glaze ( ! d\ble-album5iz$ pr9t is desir$1 ! pr9t$ tissue is coat$ ) ?9 collodion be=e m\nt+ on ! flexible support4 ,rigid supports1 z9c or gr\nd-glass plates1 h be5 us$1 b ow+ to ! difficulty ( see+ ! details dur+ developm5t _! use is practically discont9u$4 ,flexible tempor>y support is always us$ 9 transf]r+ to canvas1 wood panel1 opal1 ivory1 etc41 etc4 ,9 ! case ( canvas1 ! d\ble transf] process has two great advantages4 ,fir/1 /a9+ is avoid$1 ! bi*romate has be5 ?or\ghly got rid ( 9 ! process ( developm5t4 ,secondly1 ! canvas is prep>$ to receive ! pr9t by a sub/ratum t all[s ! c>bon image to exp& & contract ) ! expansion or contraction ( ! canvas & n 9 opposition to x4 ,!re are also two advantages 9 adopt+ ! d\ble transf] process = ! production ( pictures on ivory4 ,! fir/1 is fre$om f bi*romate /a9s4 ,secondly1 ! ivory is n di/ort$ by wa%+ 9 hot wat]1 su* di/ortion g5]ally takes place :5 ! s+le transf] process is adopt$4 ,wood panels are prep>$ 9 a simil> way to canvas4 ,/a9s are avoid$1 & z !re is n ! expansion & contraction ( canvas to provide aga9/1 ! sub/ratum is modifi$ 9 composition & greatly r$uc$4 ,! /a9s above allud$ to are caus$ by ! *emical comb9ation ( bi*romate ) ! lead ( ! pa9t1 =m+ *romate ( lead or *rome yell[4 ,9 ! case ( opal1 opaque celluloid1 & simil> sub/ances1 no /a9+ takes place1 ! d\ble transf] is only requir$ to re/ore ! image to its prop] position4 ,,s+le ,,transf]4 ,! s+le transf] process is practically ! only me?od 9 use :5 l>ge sizes or l>ge numb]s ( pr9ts are requir$4 ,= l>ge sizes ! negatives are rev]s$ 9 ! process ( enl>gem5t4 ,= small sizes "o or m reproduc$ rev]s$ negatives are made1 ei!r 9 ! cam]a f a c>bon transp>5cy1 or by contact pr9t+ f a c>bon transp>5cy on a dry plate4 ,) reasonable c>e1 little if any loss ( quality occurs 9 reproduction4 ,z ! s+le transf] process is ! mo/ simple =m ( c>bon pr9t+1 x is g5]ally recomm5d$ to beg9n]s4 ,probably ! mo/ simple =m ( all is s+le transf] on opal4 ,! opal plate does n require any prep>ation beyond clean+4 ,nei!r soap nor grease ( any k9d mu/ be p]mitt$ to contam9ate ! surface1 o!rwise ! pr9t w fail to adh]e4 ,opal plates are clean$ by scrubb+ ) f9e gra9+ s& & wat]1 & a mull] or a small plate1 ei!r ( ord9>y or opal glass1 plac$ ^u ! wett$ s& & mov$ ov] ! surface ) a circul> motion until soil$ or discol\r$ m>k+s are gr\nd (f4 ,,! ,,act9omet]4 ,an act9omet] mu/ be us$ to gauge ! am\nt ( exposure1 z only a fa9t image1 & 9 "s tissues none at all1 is visible dur+ or aft] exposure4 ,! simple/ =m ( in/rum5t is ! be/4 ,t 9 g5]al use is kn[n z ,johnson's ,act9omet]1 a squ>e t9 box conta9+ a long /rip ( s5sitive album5 pap]1 & provid$ ) a glass lid pa9t$ to ! col\r ( pr9t$ album5 pap]1 an op5+ 9 ! pa9t 9 ! =m ( a slit ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 wid?1 f :i* ! pa9t has be5 remov$4 ,! /rip ( s5sitive pap] is made to pass betwe5 ! top ( an inn] lid & ! pa9t$ side ( ! glass lid und]nea? ! cle> slit ) ! end ( ! /rip protrud+ at "o side ( ! box4 ,on exposure to light ! s5sitive silv] pap] gradually discol\rs until x closely resembles ! col\r ( ! pa9t1 t is call$ "o t9t2 ! t9t is *ang$ by pull+ ! slip =w>d j ! wid? ( ! slit1 & s on until ! requisite numb] ( t9ts h be5 pr9t$ = ! /ronge/ or d5se/ negative 9 ! bat* expos$1 ^? negatives requir+ less exposure are turn$ d[n or remov$ :5 ! requisite numb] ( t9ts are regi/]$ 9 ea* case4 ,,exposure4 ,= d\ble transf] f opal ! mat]ials requir$ are opal plates1 s5sitive tissue1 ,fr5* *alk1 collodion1 d\ble transf] pap]1 pressure frame1 flat camel-hair bru%1 *amois lea!r4 ,be=e plac+ ! negative 9 pressure frame1 c>efully clean f bo? sides all f+] m>ks1 etc41 ) ! lea!r1 place negative 9 frame on a pap] mask1 or provid$ ) a safe edge4 ,aft] exposure to light1 remove f frame & develop on plate prep>$ z foll[s3--,rub ! :ole surface ) ,fr5* *alk on a pad ( musl91 aft]w>ds remov+ loose p>ticles by g5tle bru%+4 ,coat ) collodion made z foll[s3--,enamel collodion1 #a "p2 e!r1 #a "p2 alcohol1 #a "p4 ,filt] & coat by p\r+ a pool on c5tre ( ! plate1 &1 by tilt+ x1 =ce ! collodion to fl[ into ! top "r corn]1 !n to ! left1 !n to bottom left1 & f9ally dra9 (f at bottom "r corn]1 rock+ ! plate ! :ile4 ,! collodion mu/ be all[$ to set until x w be> ! g5tle pressure ( a f+] 9 its ?icke/ "p1 b mu/ n be p]mitt$ to dry 9 any "p be=e plung+ into clean cold wat] to remove ! solv5ts by wa%+4 ,! "t requir$ 9 wa%+ is v>iable accord+ to "t ( ye>4 ,:5 ! collodion ceases to repel wat] x is ready to receive ! pr9t$ tissue4 ,soak ! tissue = ! requisite "t1 b n s long z to become q saturat$1 br+ x into contact ) collodioniz$ side ( plate1 remove to squeegee+ bo>d1 place ov] x a piece ( wet rubb] clo?1 or a piece ( wet ?ick s+le transf] pap]1 coat$ side up1 to prev5t injury to expos$ m>g9 ( collodion & to facilitate ! smoo? passage ( squeegee ov] ! surface 9 remov+ excess ( wat]4 ,if1 on remov+ ! cov]+ f ! plate1 ! back ( tissue is f\nd to be unev5ly wet1 blot or place plate 9 a rack to dra92 9 a few m9utes develop 9 w>m wat]1 temp]ature #ij to #ajj ,f4 ,be c>eful to remove ! back+ pap] "u wat]1 & z soon z possible aft] imm]sion 9 ! w>m ba?4 ,f9i% developm5t by lav+ or p\r+ w>m wat] ov] ! pr9t f jug or o!r vessel1 until all details are br\ght out4 ,:5 wa%+ is f9i%$ ! pr9t %\ld look r light1 z 9 dry+ a decid$ increase 9 /r5g? is obta9$2 r9se slightly 9 alum solution to /op ble$+ only1 place 9 clean cold wat] to wa% out any rema9s ( bi*romate1 ?or\ghly r9se by da%+ wat] ^u ! pr9t to remove any p>ticles ( solid matt] t may h /uck to its surface2 place 9 a rack to dry1 & transf] z soon aft] dry+ z possible4 ,! transf] pap] is cut a trifle l>g] ?an ! net size ( ! pr9t1 b less ?an ! opal support2 x is soak$ 9 w>m wat] until ! surface is slimy to ! t\*1 b n s(t en\gh to break "u pressure betwe5 f+] & ?umb4 ,! s(t5$ transf] pap] is plac$ 9 clean cold wat] into :i* ! dry pr9t is plung$1 wat] da%$ ^u its surface to remove air2 ! two surfaces are br\ght into contact "u wat]1 & squeege$ into contact z 9 fir/ m\nt+ be=e developm5t4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! pr9t may be remov$ f ! opal plate by ins]t+ ! po9t ( a knife at ! edge4 ,d\ble transf] pr9ts ) enamell$ surface are produc$ precisely z above1 only sub/itut+ pat5t plate = gr\nd opal1 & by add+ a second ?ickness ( pap] to ! back ( ! f9i%$ pr9t be=e removal f its tempor>y support4 ,,d\ble ,,transf] ,,f ,,flexible ,,support4 ,! flexible tempor>y support is prep>$ by wax+4 ,! wax+ solutions are3-- ,no4 #a4 ,b5zol #a oz4 ,pure beeswax 7natural n blea*$7 #c grs4 ,no4 #b4 ,turp5t9e #a oz4 ,yell[ res9 #aj grs4 ,aft] dissolv+1 mix ! two solutions1 p\r a little ( ! mixture on f9e flannel1 rub x ov] s z to ev5ly moi/5 ! surface ( ! flexible support1 wipe (f ) a second flannel us+ only slight pressure b rubb+ briskly & ) circul> motion4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! wax$ surface %\ld be p]fectly ev5 & q free f /reaks or o!r m>k+s4 ,! wax+ %\ld be done "s consid]able "t be=e ! support is requir$ = use1 & expos$ to ! free action ( air to remove all trace ( ! solv5ts4 ,,pap] ,,pr9ts ,,) ,,ord9>y ,,or ,,slightly ,,glaz$ ,,surface4 ,aft] removal f ! pressure frame1 ! tissue is plung$ into cold wat] ) a piece ( support slightly l>g]4 ,aft] soak+ ! necess>y "t1 ! prep>$ surfaces are br\ght into contact "u wat]1 remov$ f ! ba? & plac$ ^u any ev5 plane surface1 su* z z9c1 glass1 etc41 squeege$ into contact1 blott$ or o!rwise treat$ to remove unev5 dampness1 & develop$ 9 w>m wat] z 9 d\ble transf] f rigid support1 !n slightly r9s$ 9 alum solution & wa%$ 9 clean cold wat] until all traces ( bi*romate are remov$4 ,aft] ! transf]r+ is done z be=e describ$1 only ! pr9t on flexible support mu/ be soak$ 9 wat] until q flat be=e br++ into contact ) its f9al support4 ,,pap] ,,pr9ts ,,) ,,highly ,,glaz$ ,,surface4 ,! pr9t$ tissue aft] removal f ! pressure frame is coat$ ) collodion1 = ?is coat+ all[ance mu/ be made 9 pr9t+4 ,a consid]able r$uction 9 temp]ature takes place & any moi/ure pres5t 9 ! air is cond5s$ on ! tissue1 br++ into action ! well-kn[n effect ( cont9u$ moi/ure1 i4e41 consid]ably increas+ ! dep? ( ! pr9t4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to coat ev5ly & to prev5t ! collodion runn+ 9 /reaks on ! back ( ! pr9t4 ,:5 su* /reaks or unev5ness ( any k9d are pres5t1 a correspond+ d>k l9e or l9es w be f\nd on ! face ( ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,transf] same z = pr9ts ) ord9>y surface4 ,all pr9ts f flexible support on pap] ) a highly glaz$ surface z well z ^? int5d$ = transf] to ivory or opal are coat$ ) ?9 collodion3-- ,enamel collodion #b p>ts ,e!r #d ,alcohol #d ,,d\ble ,,transf] ,,to ,,opal ,,& ,,ivory4 ,aft] developm5t ! pr9t is all[$ to dry1 & z soon aft] dry+ z possible x is transf]r$ to its f9al support1 :e!r opal or ivory1 by a solution ( gelat9e compos$ ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3-- ,gelat9e 7fairly h>d7 #a-a_/b ozs4 ,wat] #bj ,*rome alum solution 7#cj grs47 #b ,soak ! gelat9e 9 ! wat] until q limp1 dissolve by heat1 !n add ! #cj gra9 *rome alum solution2 r\ghly filt] ?r\gh two or m ?icknesses ( f9e musl9 into a flat di% on a wat] ba?4 ,aft] cutt+ ! pr9t to a size a trifle less ?an opal or ivory1 place bo? pr9t & f9al support 9 gelat9e solution1 all[ pr9t to /ret* until q flat1 !n br+ !m into contact "u solution1 squeegee & place on edge to dry4 ,:5 q dry1 remove tempor>y support by ins]t+ ! po9t ( a knife betwe5 ! surfaces at ! edge1 wa% ) b5zol or e!r to remove all traces ( ! wax+ solution4 ,! pr9t is n[ ready = ! arti/4 ,,d\ble ,,transf] ,,pr9ts ,,on ,,canvas4 ,= d\ble transf] pr9ts on canvas1 z a basis = oil pa9t+1 !re is n at ! pres5t mom5t a l>ge dem&4 ,a /rong prejudice exi/s1 & des]v$ly s1 aga9/ su* pr9ts1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago1 9 ! pr9cipal e/abli%m5t 9 :i* c>bon "w 0 done1 a process ( pr9t+ on canvas 0 9 vogue4 ,x 0 r\ghly ?is3--,a /ret*$ arti/'s canvas )\t o!r prep>ation 0 coat$ ) damm> v>ni%2 aft] dry+1 ! canvas 0 us$ 9 pretty mu* ! same way z s+le transf] pap] is n[--t is to say1 a piece ( pr9t$ tissue 0 squeege$ into contact ) its surface1 develop$ by float+ on hot wat]1 & practically 9 t crude condition plac$ 9 ! h&s ( arti/s = oil-col\r pa9t+ or f9i%+ z x is sometimes prud5tly call$4 ,! natural result foll[$--viz41 9 a dry w>m room ! canvas /ret*$1 ! film ( unmodifi$ gelat9e contract$2 h5ce cracks1 peel+1 etc41 until ! "w1 valuable or o!rwise1 0 utt]ly ru9$4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! canvas = ! reception ( ! c>bon image introduc$ by ! writ] is bas$ ^u opposite pr9ciples1 z m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ g5]al rem>ks1 & may be describ$ z foll[s3--,a yield+ & ela/ic sub/ratum ( gelat9e =ms a cru/1 s to speak1 t exp&s & contracts accord+ to ! correspond+ behavi\r ( ! canvas support4 ,ord9>y pa9t$ canvas1 su* z is us$ by arti/s1 or /rong l95 may be us$ ) special treatm5t4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pa9t$ ,,canvas4 ,! canvas is fir/ /ret*$ tightly on a draw+ bo>d1 same size z picture requir$1 ! great] "p ( pa9t remov$ by scrubb+ ) soda solution 7ei!r nail bru%1 sponge or a piece ( flannel w answ] ! purpose7 until ! surface ( ! fabric is expos$ & little ( ! pa9t rema9s beyond ! prim+4 ,aft] dry+1 ! canvas is coat$ ) ! foll[+ solution1 appli$ ) a flat camel-hair bru%4 ,sev]al coats 7?ree 9 cold1 f\r 9 w>m wea!r7 are giv51 dry+ betwe5 ea* & rubb+ ) f9e s& pap] if at all unev54 ,coat+ ,solution4 ,cook+ gelat9e 7,cox's s\p answ]s p]fectly7 #d oz4 ,sug> #b ,glyc]9e #b ,wat] #cj #cj gra9 *rome alum solution #a ,! pr9t is expos$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 develop$ on tempor>y support1 all[$ to dry & transf]r$ to ! canvas z foll[s3--,! canvas is plac$ face upw>ds1 on a level surface by pref]5ce1 on a broad bo>d ov] a l>ge tank4 ,! dry pr9t is plac$ face upw>ds 9 a flat di%1 ! w>m coat+ solution p\r$ ov] x1 air bells remov$ ) ! bru%1 ! surface ( ! canvas bru%$ ov] ) ! solution4 ,! bulk ( ! solution is !n p\r$ on ! canvas & be=e x has _h "t to run (f ! pr9t is l[]$ c>efully & quickly ^u x & squeege$ to remove excess ( solution4 ,aft] ?or\gh dry+1 ! tempor>y support is remov$1 ! surface ( ! pr9t clean$ ) b5zol or e!r or a mixture ( bo? to remove e trace ( ! wax+ comp\nd1 & m\nt$ on a /ret*] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a pr9t on canvas prep>$ z above1 is p]fectly reliable1 x w nei!r crack nor peel1 & c be us$ ) p]fect confid5ce z a basis = ! mo/ co/ly =m ( arti/ic f9i%+1 z ! c>bon image re/s ^u an ela/ic sub/ratum 9 actual contact ) ! fibr\s sub/ance ( ! canvas4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,ord9>y ,,/rong ,,l95 ,,or ,,calico4 ,proce$ precisely z = pa9t$ canvas 7( c\rse )\t scrubb+71 us+ ! same coat+ solution ) half-a-p\nd :ite pigm5t add$1 sulphate ( b>yta answ]s p]fectly4 ,s& or glass pap] mu/ be us$ pretty freely z ! surface ( ! unpa9t$ fabric wa%es up r\ghly :5 ! gelat9e coat+s are appli$4 ,,wood ,,panels4 ,wood panels are prep>$ by remov+ ! surface ( ! pa9t only ) soda solution4 ,aft] dry+1 a too? is giv5 by rubb+ ) f9e s& pap] & coat+ ) solution z "u3-- ,gelat9e 7,cox's s\p7 #c oz4 ,sug> #a ,glyc]9e #a_/b ,wat] #cj #cj gra9 *rome alum solution #c_/d ,note4--,be=e transf]r+ to ei!r k9ds ( canvas or wood panel 9 cold wea!r1 x is absolutely necess>y to ?or\ghly w>m ! f9al support1 o!rwise ! gelat9e solution w gelat9ize be=e ! excess c be remov$ f betwe5 ! surfaces4 ,,! ,,s+le ,,transf] ,,process4 ,! s+le transf] process may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3--,! s5sitive tissue is expos$ "u a negative & ! exposure gaug$ by act9omet] z = d\ble transf] pr9t+4 ,aft] removal f ! pressure frame ! pr9t$ tissue is plung$ into clean cold wat] along ) a piece ( transf] pap] ( any desir$ surface or quality1 cut a little l>g] ?an ! tissue 7to provide a m>g9 by :i* ! picture may be h&l$ )\t injury dur+ developm5t74 ,aft] soak+ ! requisite "t1 ! two prep>$ surfaces are br\ght into contact "u ! wat]1 remov$ to a squeegee+ bo>d1 plate ( glass or z9c1 & squeege$ into contact2 c>e mu/ be tak5 to use only z mu* pressure z is ne$$ to remove ! sup]flu\s wat] f betwe5 ! surfaces4 ,a sponge may be us$ in/ead ( a squeegee1 or bo? may be disp5s$ )1 if c>e is tak5 to remove e trace ( air f surfaces be=e lift+ f ! cold wat] ba?4 ,:5 nei!r squeegee or sub/itute = x is us$1 ! pr9t mu/ be h&l$ ) great] c>e1 z undue b5d+ be=e atmosph]ic pressure comes into op]ation w\ld de/roy contact4 ,! pr9t is hung up to dra91 & m "t all[$ betwe5 m\nt+ & developm5t4 ,developm5t is ! same z 9 d\ble transf]1 ) "o or two r important exceptions4 #a/4 ,! s+le transf] pr9t is develop$ ^u ! mat]ial on :i* x is to rema94 #bnd4 ,!re is no prep>ation ( ! supports1 nei!r 9 ! case ( pap] or opal4 #crd4 ,! develop$ pr9t c be soak$ = a consid]able "t 9 a saturat$ solution ( alum )\t injury1 ! alum solution greatly assi/+ 9 remov+ bi*romate4 ,,c>bon ,,transp>5cies4 ,c>bon transp>5cies1 ei!r = projection1 enl>gem5t1 or reproduction1 are pr9t$ 9 a special tissue kn[n z transp>5cy tissue1 & develop$ on glass plates prep>$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( f9e h>d gelat9e4 ,! coat+ solution is compos$ z foll[s3-- ,gelat9e #c_/d oz4 ,wat] #dj ,bi*romate pota% #a dram4 ,! glass plates are c>efully select$1 free f bells1 scrat*es1 & o!r defects2 ?or\ghly clean$1 ei!r by acid or rubb+ ) plate p[d] to remove e trace ( grease1 & !n coat$ ) ! gelat9e solution1 & plac$ 9 a rack to dry2 :5 dry1 expos$ to light to r5d] ! film some:at insoluble4 ,x is n desirable to pr9t until ! film is absolutely h>d5$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! pr9t adh]es firmly to ! plate :5 ! sub/ratum is n ov]-pr9t$4 ,a positive int5d$ = projection %\ld %[ cle> glass 9 ! highe/ lights )\t undue d5sity 9 ! %ad[s1 all details pla9ly se5--9 a ^w1 q transp>5t4 ,positives int5d$ = enl>gem5t mu/ be fully expos$--t is to say1 e detail on ! highe/ lights br\ght out1 b no m2 beyond t po9t !re is no?+ to be ga9$4 ,ov]-pr9t+ 9 ! transp>5cy t5ds to bury detail 9 ! %ad[s ( ! enl>g$ negative1 & to bl5d ! highe/ grades 9 ! high-lights1 r$uc+ ! r\ndness or modell+ ( ! picture4 ,9 ! case ( v h>d negatives int5d$ = enl>gem5t1 ! usual treatm5t is to sun ! :ole surface ( ! transp>5cy 9 ord] to secure detail 9 ! high-lights4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w conv9ce any practical pr9t] t no?+ b injury to ! f9al pr9t c result f su* treatm5t ( ! transp>5cy4 ,! high-lights are degrad$1 ! details 9 ! %ad[s fur!r buri$4 ,! bett] me?od is to make an extra special transp>5cy tissue1 = ! pr9t+ ( su* h>d negatives1 conta9+ a greatly r$uc$ proportion ( pigm5t to gelat9e4 ,su* a tissue p]mits great] dep? ( pr9t+1 reta9s all details 9 ! %ad[s & high-lights1 &1 9 fact1 enables ! enl>g] to produce a negative t w yield a ?or\ghly satisfactory pr9t4 ,,reproduc$ ,,negatives4 ,9 mak+ reproduc$ negatives f h>d orig9als1 ord9>y transp>5cy tissue w s]ve e purpose4 ,! transp>5cy is pr9t$ 9 ! usual way1 & develop$ on a prep>$ glass plate2 :5 dry a negative is pr9t$ f ! transp>5cy )\t special treatm5t & also develop$ on glass1 :5 a decid$ r$uction ( d5sity w be f\nd to h tak5 place4 ,! reproduc$ negative w possess all ! good qualities ( ! orig9al1 plus improv$ pr9t+ quality4 ,x is only 9 ! case ( extremely h>d negatives t ! extra special tissue is requir$4 ,if a p]fect reproduction ( an orig9al negative is requir$1 ! transp>5cy mu/ be pr9t$ ei!r 9 v weak light or 9 direct sunlight4 ,ei!r me?od gives a bright] image ?an t produc$ 9 ord9>y diffus$ daylight4 ,! same me?od mu/ be adopt$ 9 pr9t+ ! negative4 ,note4--,c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 direct sunlight is us$ to see t ! pressure frame & ev]y?+ 9 & ab\t x is ?or\ghly dry1 o!rwise ! tissue may /ick to ! negative1 spoil+ ! pr9t & probably ! negative also4 ,x mu/ also be not$ t two t9ts1 pr9t$ 9 direct sunlight1 al?\gh ( app>5tly ! same dep?1 mean q z mu* z ?ree su* t9ts pr9t$ 9 diffus$ light4 ,,failures ,,& ,,defects3 ,,_! ,,causes ,,& ,,cure4 ,z a rule1 failures 9 work+ ! c>bon process are caus$1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases ( failure1 by imp]fect k ( ! sub/ances & nature ( ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 ! process4 ,be=e go+ into fur!r detail1 x may be z well to po9t out t a great deal ( misund]/&+ has be5 caus$1 by writ]s on ?is subject--t may be fairly t]m$ bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d4 ,) only slight k ( ! subject !y h misl$ beg9n]s by assur+ !m t ! process is simplicity itself1 9 fact ! mo/ simple photographic pr9t+ process extant4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & to t c]ta9 po9t only1 is su* description true4 ,!re are no subtle *emical comb9ations1 no mix+ & matur+ ( ton+ or o!r solutions4 ,b--& 9 ?is case !re is great virtue 9 ! b--! greate/ c>e is n only requir$1 x is absolutely dem&$1 9 manipulation4 ,a c>bon pr9t f />t to f9i% is probably subject to m *ances ( injury ?an any o!r =m ( pr9t 9 exi/5ce4 ,:5 ?is fact has be5 fully grasp$ by ! novice1 & he has be5 ?or\ghly prep>$ = ! difficulties be=e him1 ! re/ is pla9 sail+4 ,c>e1 & c>e only2 no?+ beyond4 ,he :o wi%es to succe$ 9 c>bon "w mu/ pay inf9ite att5tion to e small matt] ( detail z f> z su* detail relates to manipulation1 o!rwise he w only succe$ 9 a*iev+ failure4 ,,frill+ ,,& ,,reticulations4 ,frilly reticulations are g5]ally caus$ by ov]-soak+ ! tissue be=e developm5t1 or fail+ to provide protection ( ! cle> portions ( ! m>g9 ( ! negative by a safe edge4 ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,pr9t4 ,spots are g5]ally caus$ by solid p>ticles ( grit or o!r impurities be+ all[$ to f9d _! way into ! wat] 9 ! process ( developm5t1 or1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 peculi> circul> spots t (t5 deface ! c>bon pr9t1 su* spots are caus$ by small fragm5ts ( tissue brok5 f ! edges 9 cutt+1 :i*1 be+ ( ! same col\r z ! prep>$ surface ( ! tissue & exce$+ly small1 (t5 escape notice4 ,!y adh]e mo/ t5aci\sly to ! surface ( ! tissue1 & if n remov$ be=e ! pr9t is m\nt$ ^u its tempor>y or f9al support1 cause ! mis*ief ref]r$ to2 be+ conf9$ betwe5 two surfaces !y _c escape1 b are dissolv$ by ! wat] us$ 9 develop+ ! pr9t1 swell & make a circul> pat*1 (t5 greatly injur+ ! picture4 ,spots ( a diff]5t "* are produc$ 9 q an opposite direction4 ,in/ead ( be+ black !y are light1 9 gr\ps ea* spot hav+ a d>k rim on ! outside4 ,!y g5]ally occur 9 "u-expos$ pr9ts1 & are =m$ by f9e p>ticles ( air imprison$ betwe5 ! coat+ ( gelat9e & ! pap] support4 ,:5 ! tissue is m\nt$ = developm5t & plac$ 9 w>m wat]1 ! f9e p>ticles ( air swell1 & n be+ able to escape f betwe5 ! surfaces1 impress !mselves into ! yield+ portions ( ! pr9t$ tissue & make ! m>ks above ref]r$ to1 unless ! pr9t+ has be5 deep en\gh to all[ ( _! removal be=e developm5t is complet$4 ,,cause ,,( ,,failures ,,9 ,,! ,,second ,,transf]4 ,o!r causes ( failure ref] p>ticul>ly to pr9ts by d\ble transf]1 ei!r to pap]1 opal1 ivory1 canvas or wood panel or any simil> surfaces4 ,su* failures are g5]ally produc$ by soap1 fat1 or any k9d ( greasy sub/ances be+ p]mitt$ to f9d _! way into ! wat] 9 :i* su* pr9ts h be5 manipulat$ previ\s to _! f9al transf]4 ,ano!r po9t %\ld be m5tion$3 ! soon] a pr9t int5d$ = second transf] is f9i%$ ! bett] ! result w be4 ,,pressure ,,m>ks4 ,pressure m>ks are caus$ by us+ damp tissue or damp pads 9 ! pressure frame4 ,x is recomm5d$ t a piece ( wat]pro( mat]ial1 su* z mack9to% clo?1 be plac$ betwe5 ! tissue & ! padd+1 & t ! pads be z smoo? & free f gra9 z possible4 ,x w be f\nd on close exam9ation t ! mottl$1 spotty appe>ance1 kn[n z pressure m>ks1 closely resemble ! texture ( ! pads beh9d ! tissue4 ,?os4 ,s4 ,skelton4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,alp9e ,photography1 #i ,outfit =1 #i ,l5s =1 #aj ,c>ry+ cam]a 91 #ab ,plates =1 #ad ,c>ry+ ,baggage =1 #ae ,outfit = ,develop+1 #af ,exposures1 #ag ,developm5t1 #ah ,=mul1 #bj ,light 7tables71 #ba1 #bb ,accel]ator1 #bd ,alum ,ba?1 ,=mula1 #da ,ab]ration1 ,sph]ical1 #fj ,*romatic1 #fa ,a/igmatism1 #fb ,aplanat ,l5s1 #fd ,a/igmat ,l5s1 #fd ,ap]ture ( ,l5s1 #fh ,angle ( ,image1 #gj ,accessories 9 ,portraiture1 #gi ,ar*itectural ,photography1 #aag ,cam]a =1 #aah ,l5ses =1 #aai ,plates =1 #abb ,act9omet] = ,plat9otype1 #bjh = ,c>bon ,process1 #bga ,b4 ,back+ ,mixtures1 #di ,backgr\nd 9 ,portraiture1 #gh ,bread? 9 ,pictorial ,"w1 #ic ,bli/]s on ,p4,o4,p1 #aid ,bromide ,pr9t+1 #bbe ,safe light =1 #bbf ,negative =1 #bbg ,bromide ,pap]1 s5sitive side (1 #bbg ,pr9t+1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bbg ,lamp =1 #bbh ,bromide ,pr9t+1 masks & discs1 #bcj ,vignett+1 #bca ,cl\d ,pr9t+1 #bca ,bromide ,pap]1 developm5t (41 #bcc ,iron develop] =1 #bcd ,metol1 #bce ,hydrok9one =1 #bcf ,eikonog5 =1 #bcf ,cle>+ ,ba?1 #bce ,fix+ ,ba?1 #bce ,bromide ,pr9ts1 ton+ ) gold1 #bcg ,ton+ ) ,uranium1 #bch ,int5sify+1 #bch ,r$uc+1 #bci ,*eap ,trays =1 #bdj ,c4 ,cam]a1 ,c>ry+ 9 ,alps1 #ab ,c>amel = ,back+1 #di ,curvature ( ,field ( ,l5s1 #fb ,cooke ,l5s1 #fe ,composition 9 ,pictorial ,"w1 #ie ,cle>+ ,ba? = ,plat9otype1 #bjc1 #bah ,cl\d ,pr9t+ on ,bromide ,pap]1 #bca ,cle>+ ,ba? = ,bromides1 #bce ,cle>+ ,ba? = ,gum-,pr9t1 #bea ,c>bon ,process1 outl9e (1 #bec ,safe ,edge =1 #bfi1 #bee ,c>bon ,process1 ,negative =1 #bee ,transf] ,pap] =1 #bff1 #bef ,tempor>y ,support1 #beh 9 ,detail1 #bfa ,squeegee =1 #bfc ,/ock ,jelly1 #bfc ,coat+ ,pap] =1 #bfd ,transf] ,pap]s =1 #bff ,flexible ,support1 #bfg ,s5sitiz+ ,tissue =1 #bfg ,dry+ ,tissue1 #bfg ,negative =1 #bfh ,reasons = ,transf]1 #bfi ,transf] to ,opal1 #bga ,act9omet]1 #bga ,exposure1 #bgb ,transf] f ,opal1 #bgb ,t'sf]4 f ,flex4 ,spt41 #bgd ,glaz$ ,surface ,pr9ts1 #bge ,transf] to ,ivory1 #bgf ,transf] to ,canvas1 #bgf ,prep>ation ( ,canvas1 #bgg ,l951 #bgh ,wood1 #bgi ,s+le ,transf]1 #bhi ,transp>5cies by1 #bhj ,reproduc$ ,negs4 by1 #bha ,failures & ,defects1 #bhb ,frill+ ( ,pr9t1 #bhc ,spots1 etc1 #bhc ,pressure ,m>ks1 #bhd ,canvas1 ,c>bon ,pr9ts on41 #bgf ,d4 ,developm5t1 #bc ,di%es =1 #be ,effect ( ,temp]ature on1 #bh ,light = ,develop+ ,room1 #bh ) ,pyro-,ammonia1 #bi ,=mul1 #cj ) ,pyro-,soda1 #cc ,=mul1 #cd ) ,ortol1 ,=mul1 #ce ) ,hydroqu9one 7,qu9ol71 #cf ,=mul1 #cf ) ,f]r\s ,oxalate1 #cf ,=mul1 #cg ,dry+ ,plates1 #da ,d>k ,room ,light1 ,te/+1 #dd ,defects ( ,negative1 #dc ,dallmey]'s ,portrait ,l5s1 #fd ,/igmatic ,l5s1 #fe ,dep? ( ,def9ition 7,focus71 #ga ,di/ortion ( ,l5s1 #gb ,developm5t ( ,portrait ,negative1 #ha ,=mul1 #hc ,detail 9 ,pictorial ,"w1 #aaj1 #ic ,developm5t 9 ,h& ,cam4 ,exps41 #acg ,=mul1 #ach ( ,lant]n slides1 #adi1 #adg ( ,enl>gem5ts1 #afh ( ,p4,o4,p1 #ahh ,plat9otype ,pap]1 #bba1 #bjd ( ,bromide ,pap]1 #bcd-f1 #bcc ( ,gum ,pr9t1 #bej ,e4 ,exposure1 ,ov]1 #bg1 #cb ,"u1 #bg1 #cb ,table ) ,p9hole1 #gf ,exposure ( ,lant]n ,slides1 #adf ,enl>gem5ts1 #aee ,light =1 #aef1 #afb ,daylight1 #aef ,app>atus =1 #aeg ,l5s1 #afd ,direct1 #afg ,developm5t (1 #afh ,enl>g$ ,negatives1 #aga ,transp>5cy =1 #agb ,exposure 9 ,c>bon ,pr9t+1 #bgb ,f4 ,fix+1 #cg ,=mula1 #ch ,frill+1 #da ,flat ,image1 #dd ,fog on ,negative1 #dd ,fog-,gre51 #de ,focal ,l5g? ( ,l5s1 #ff ,comp>ison (1 #fg ,focuss+ ,int]iors1 #abg ,f9d]s = ,h& ,cam]as1 #acd ,focuss+ ,scale = ,h& ,cam]a1 #ace ,fix+ ,ba? = ,bromide1 #bce ,frill+ ( ,c>bon ,pr9t1 #bhc ,failures 9 ,c>bon ,pr9t+1 #bhb ,flexible ,suppt4 ,c>bon ,process1 #bfg1 #bgd ,,=mul3-- ,developm5t1 ,pyro-amm4 7,abney71 #bj 7,bo?amly71 #cj ,pyro-soda 1 #cd ,ortol 1 #ce ,hydrok9one 1 #cf ,f]r\s ,oxalate 1 #cg ,fix+1 ,hypo 1 #ch ,cle>+1 ,alum 1 #da ,r$uction1 ,f]ricyanide 1 #ej ,belitzski ,r$uc] 1 #ea ,int5sification1 ,m]cury 1 #eb ,uranium 1 #ed ,developm5t1 ,metol 7,bak]71 #hc ,pyro-,soda 1 #hc ,qu9ol & ,rod9al 1 #hc ,amidol 7,?omas71 #ach ,hydrok9one 1 #ach ,eikonog5 1 #ach ,metol 7,pr+le71 #aej ,ortol 1 #aea ,hydrok9one 1 #aea ,amidol 7,hodges71 #afi ,fix+1 ,hypo 1 #aga ,p4,o4,p4 ,ton+1 ,gold 7,lamb]t71 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb ,alum ,ba? 1 #ahd ,comb9$ ,ba? 7gold7 1 #ahd 7lead7 1 #ahd 7gold7 1 #ahe ,p4,o4,p4 ,glaz+ 1 #ahf ,m\nt+ 1 #ahg ,developm5t1 ,qu9ol 1 #ahh ,ton+1 ,plat9um 1 #aij ,fix+ 1 #aia ,ton+ 7gold7 1 #aia ,r$uc+ 1 #aib ,t9t+ 1 #aid ,plat9otype ,cle>+ 7,h9ton71 #bjc ,develop+ 1 #bjb1 #bad ,ton+ 1 #bbc ,bromide ,develp+41 ,iron1 7,h5ry71 #bcd ,cle>+ 1 #bce ,fix+ 7,h5ry71 #bce ,develop+1 ,metol 1 #bce ,qu9ol ,eikonog5 1 #bcf ,ton+ 7gold7 1 #bcg ,r$uc+ 1 #bch1 #bci ,c>bon ,process ,wax+1 7,skelton71 #bei ,tissue ,jelly 1 #bfc ,wax+ 1 #bgd ,collodion 1 #bgf ,sub/ratum 1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj ,g4 ,gre5 ,fog1 #de ,cure =1 #df ,glaz+ ,p4,o4,p41 #ahe1 #ahf ,gum ,bi*romate ,process1 #bda ,pap] =1 #bdc ,outl9e ( ,process1 #bde ,gum ,solution1 #bdf ,col\rs1 #bdf ,bru%es =1 #bdg ,developm5t1 #bej ,cle>+ ,ba?1 #bea ,h4 ,hypo4--,te/ =1 #dj ,h>d ,image1 #dd ,halation1 #dh ,head-re/ 9 ,portraiture1 #gh ,h& ,cam]a1 ,photography )1 #aca ,l5s =1 #acc ,f9d]s =1 #acd ,%utt] =1 #acd ,focuss+ ,scale =1 #ace ,developm5t ( ,exposures1 #acg ,h>d5+ ,p4,o4,p41 #aie ,i4 ,int5sification ( ,negatives1 #ea ) ,m]cury =mul1 #ea ) ,uranium =mul1 #ec ,image ,=mation1 #eh ,image ,angle1 #gj ,iso*romatic ,plates = ,pict4 ,"w1 #aae ,int]ior--,focuss+1 #abg ,exposure =1 #abg ,int5sification ( ,lant]n ,slides1 #aec ( ,p4,o4,p41 #aia ,int5sify+ ,bromide ,pr9ts1 #bch ,ivory1 ,c>bon ,pr9ts on1 #bgf ,j4 ,j5a ,glass = ,l5ses1 #fd ,l4 ,lat5t ,image1 #bc ,local ,developm5t1 #bj1 #cb ,l5s1 #eg ,function ( a1 #ei ,ab]rations ( a1 #fj ,l5ses1 ,comp>ison (1 #gc ,te/+1 #gc ,l5s = ,pictorial ,"w1 #aac = ,ar*itectural ,"w1 #abj ,levels 1 #aba ,l5s = ,h& ,cam]a1 #acc ,lant]n ,slides1 #ada ,v>i\s ,processes1 #adc ,cam]a = ,mak+1 #add ,exposure (1 #adf ,developm5t1 #adg1 #adi ,w>m ,tones on1 #adh1 #aeb ,r$uc] =1 #aec ,int5sifi] =1 #aec ,l951 ,pr9ts on by ,c>bon ,process1 #bgh ,m4 ,m\nta9 ,photography see ,alp9e d4 ,monocles1 #ge ,mov+ ,objects ,ar*itectl4 ,"w1 #abi ,m\nt+ ,p4,o4,p41 #ahg ,n4 ,negative ,mak+1 #bc ,wa%+1 #ci ,dry+1 #dj ,defects ( !1 #dc too ,?91 #dc too ,d5se1 #dc ,image too ,flat1 #dd ,image too ,d5se1 #dd ,fog on1 #dd ,gre5 ,fog on1 #de ,black ,spots1 ,m>ks1 ,b&s on1 #df ,transpnt4 ,b&s1 ,spots on1 #dg ,/a9s on1 #dg to ,int5sify1 #ea to ,r$uce1 #di to ,v>ni%1 #ed = ,plat9otype1 #bbb = ,bromide ,pr9t+1 #bbg ,reprodn4 by ,c>bon ,process1 #bha = ,c>bon ,pr9t+1 #bfh1 #bee ,o4 ,optics--see ,l5ses1 #eg ,opal = ,c>bon ,pr9t1 #bgb1 #bga ,p4 ,pres]vative1 #be ,p9hole ,image1 #ge1 #eh ,portrait ,l5s1 #fd1 #fc ,plan> ,l5s ( ,zeiss1 #fe ,p9hole ,table ( ,exposures1 #ge ,portraiture1 #gg ,%utt] =1 #gg 9 ,ord9>y ,rooms1 #gi ,portraits ,out-(-,doors1 #hj ,portraiture1 ,l5ses =1 #hj ,developm5t 91 #ha ,=mul1 #hc ,pictorial ,photography1 #hg ,plates = ,ar*itectural ,"w1 #abb ,p4,o4,p41 ,pr9t-out ,pap]1 #agg ,c>e ( ! ,pap]1 #agh ,pr9t+1 #agh ,wa%+1 #agi ,ton+1 #ahj ,fix+1 #ahc ,comb9$ ,ba? =1 #ahd ,alum ,ba? =1 #ahd ,dry+1 #ahe ,glaz+1 #ahf1 #ahe ,matt ,surface1 #ahe ,m\nt+1 #ahg ,developm5t (1 #ahh ,plat9um ,ton+1 #ahi ,ton+ ) ,gold ,platnm41 #aia ,int5sify+1 #aia ,r$uc+1 #aib ,defects (1 #aic ,/a9s on1 #aie1 #aic ,bli/]s1 #aid ,t9t+1 #aid ,h>d5+1 #aie ,spots on1 #aie ,pr9t+ ,p4,o4,p41 #agh ,plat9otype ,pr9t+1 #aig ,pap] to ,pres]ve1 #aii ,outl9e ( ,process1 #bja ,developm5t1 #bbj1 #bjd ,exposure (1 #bjf1 #bjb ) ,act'met]1 #bjg ,temp]ature ( ,develmt41 #bab ,develop+ ,salts1 #bac ,pap]s1 v>i\s k9ds1 #bad ,sepia ,pap]1 #bae ,cle>+ ,ba?1 #bjc1 #bah ,devpmt4 by ,glyc4 me?od1 #bba ,negative =1 #bbb ,pr9ts ,ton+1 #bbc ,pr9t+ ,bromide ,pap]1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bbg ,pap]s = ,gum-,bi*ro4 ,process1 #bdc ,pressure ,m>ks 9 ,c>bon ,pr9ts1 #bhd ,r4 ,re/ra9] or ,ret>d]1 #bd ,r$uc]1 #bd ,r$uction ( negative1 #di ,=mul1 #ej1 #ea ,r$uction1 local1 #ej ,refraction ( ,light1 #fj ,rapid ,rectil9e>1 ,symmetrical1 ,l5s1 #fd ,rapidity ( ,l5s1 #fh ,rembr&t ,effects 9 ,portraiture1 #gi ,ret\*+ ,portrait ,negative1 #hc ,r$uc] = ,lant]n ,slides1 #aec ,r$uc+ ,p4,o4,p41 #aib ,r$uc+ ,bromide ,pr9ts1 #bci ,reticulation ( ,c>bon ,pr9ts1 #bhc ,reproduction ( ,neg4 by ,c>4 ,pro41 #bha ,s4 ,satz-,ana/igmat ,l5s1 #fe ,/igmatic ,l5s ( ,dallmey]1 #fi ,/ops1 ,value (1 #fi ,/ops1 ,comp>ative ,value1 ,table1 #gj ,spectacle ,l5s1 #ge ,selection 9 ,pictorial ,"w1 #ie ,%utt] = ,h& ,cam]a1 #acd ,/a9s on ,p4,o4,p41 #aic1 #aie ,sepia ,plat9otype1 #bae ,spots on ,c>bon ,pr9ts1 #bhc ,s+le ,transf] ,c>bon ,process1 #bhi ,safe ,edge = ,c>bon ,pr9t+1 #bee1 #bfi ,s5sitiz+ ,c>bon ,tissue1 #bfg ,t4 ,tripod on ,ice1 a caution1 #ad ,te/ = ,hypo1 #dj ,te/+ ,d>k-room ,light1 #dd ,tele-photo ,l5s1 #gj ,tru? 9 ,pictorial ,photograph1 #ia ,tone ,value1 #ajg ,ton+ ,p4,o4,p41 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aia ,t9t+ ,p4,o4,p41 #aid ,ton+ ,plat9otypes1 #bbc1 #bbd ,ton+ ,bromide ,pr9ts 7gold71 #bcg 7uranium7 #bch ,trays = ,bromide ,pr9t+1 #bdj ,transp>5cy by ,c>bon ,process1 #bhj ,t'sf]4 ,pap] = ,c>bon ,p'cess41 #bef1 #bff ,tempor>y ,support1 ,c>bon ,process1 #beh ,,tables3-- ,light1 #ba1 #bb ,/ops1#gj ,p9holes1 #ge ,v4 ,view ,f9d]1 #ac ,v>ni%+ ,negatives1 #ed ,vignett+ ,bromide ,pr9ts1 #bca ,w4 ,wa%+ ,plates aft] ,developm5t1 #ch ,wood1 ,c>bon ,pr9ts on1 #bgi ,z4 ,zeiss-,plan> ,l5s1 #fe ,l5s = ,ar*itecture1 #abj 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,end ,,( ,,"w 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adv]tisem5t 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,twelve 444 ,,p]fect ,,productions4 ,,b>net ---------- ,ord9>y ,plates ---------- ,/udio ---------- ,extra ,rapid ---------- ,rocket ---------- ,lant]n ---------- ,photo-,me*anical ---------- ,a/ronomical ---------- ,plat9o-,matt ,bromide ,pap] ---------- ,ord9>y ,bromide ,pap] ---------- ,sn[ ,enamel ,pap] ---------- ,p4,o4,p4 ---------- ,c>bon ,tissue ,price ,li/ on application4 ,manufactur$ by ,,elliott ,,son1 444 ,,b>net4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcription ,notes3 ,! orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 reta9$4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,m9or adju/m5ts to hyph5ation & o!r punctuation h be5 made )\t annotation4 ,! c>et symbol is us$ to repres5t a numb] or expression rais$ to "s p[] 7#ebbe74 ,typographical *anges to ! orig9al "w are z foll[s3 pg #aj kodak_/,kodak3 a =m ( 444 pg #ae remov$ repeat$ ^w at3 c be got at 444 pg #fb simultane\ly_/simultane\sly3 :]e !y cross 444 pg #ha two_/too3 too f> beh9d or 444 pg #ie frolic+_/frolick+3 joy\s sun%9e 444 pg #ajh ry?mical_/rhy?mical3 some?+ 444 pg #add salutory_/salut>y3 has a v 444 pg #ade concat5tion_/concat5ation3 "u any 444 pg #aec potass_/pota%3 metabisulphite ( 444 pg #aic p[]_/p[d]3 7blea*+ 444