,transcrib]'s ,note3        ,e ef=t has 
be5 made to replicate ?is text z        
fai?fully z      possible1 includ+ "s   
inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation4 ,"s         
*anges ( spell+ & punctuation h be5     
made4 ,!y are      li/$ at ! end ( !    
text4        ,italic text has be5 m>k$ )
 und]scores4          ,illu/ration      
,! ,,real ,,jesus   ( !   ,,f\r         
,,gospels     ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,atwat]      
,,m9neapolis1 ,,m9n4   #aibb            
,copyright$1 #aiba    ,j4 ,b4 ,,atwat]  
,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,all  
,,^? ,,:o1 ,,9 ,,ages ,,pa/1 ,,h        
,,suff]$ ,,or  ,,%$ ,,_! ,,blood ,,on   
,,acc\nt ,,( ,,cre$s1 ,,dogmas1         
,,!ologies1 ,,inquisitions  ,,or ,,o!r  
,,p]v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,simple1           
,,all-,,suffici5t ,,religion ,,taught   
,,by  ,,jesus3 ,,love ,,! ,,"l1 ,,?y    
,,god1 ,,) ,,all ,,?y ,,he>t1 ,,& ,,?y  
,,neighbor ,,z  ,,?yself4               
,,preface      ,! fir/ "p ( ?is "w is a 
collation ( all t is said1 & j  :at is  
said1 9 ea* ( ! f\r ,gospels1 reg>d+ ! m

 important  incid5ts ( ,jesus' life4 ,e 
/atem5t 9 ! text1 x is ?\ght1 is        
accurate1 free f p]sonal color+ or      
sect>ian bias1 & may be  v]ifi$ f !     
passages cit$4 ,aft] exam9+ v>i\s lives 
(  ,jesus1 h>monies ( ! ,gospels1 etc41 
!re seem$ to be ne$ ( su* a  "w1 :i*    
w\ld furni% simply ! facts1 & leave !   
read] to =m  8 own conclusions4         
,c]ta9 notes are app5d$ 9 elucidation ( 
or comm5t on ! text1 &  ^! may be tak5 =
 :at !y are wor?4 ,_! und]ly+ idea is1  
t ! true greatness ( ,jesus lay 9 ,8 be+
 a human ,tea*] &  n a ,div9e ,r$eem]1 &
 !re=e ! sup]natural p>ts ( !  ,gospel  
/ory are n ( vital importance4    ,! ,k+
 ,james v]sion has be5 us$1 s9ce t has  
be5 ! ,bible (  ,engli%-speak+ peoples  
up to ! pres5t c5tury1 & _!  conceptions
 ( ,jesus h be5 =m$ f x1 & n f ! revis$ 
v]sion4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two       
v]sions are probably n  mat]ial to any  
matt] h]e9 discuss$4    ,! second "p is 
an attempt to po9t out1 & comm5t on1 !  
_m &  wide div]g5ces t h gr[n up betwe5 

! prea*+s ( ,jesus &  ! practices ( ,8  
pr(ess$ foll[]s4 ,its object is n to    
criticise  ! %ort-com+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 b
 to br+ home to ! p (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates a
 realization ( ! practical effect :i* ^!
  div]g5ces h _h1 & are n[ hav+1 on     
political & economic  que/ions ( high   
import to ! pres5t & future welf>e (    
mank9d4          ,! ,,real ,,jesus ( !  
,,f\r ,,gospels          ,,"p ,i        
,,g5ealogy    ,m>k & ,john give no      
g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 except t ,he 0 ! son 
(  ,joseph & ,m>y 7,m>k ,,iii3#ca2      
,,vi3#c2 ,john ,i3#de2 ,,ii3#a2         
,,xix3#be71 & is  spok5 ( z ! son (     
,david 7,m>k ,x3#dg1 #dh2 ,,xi3#aj2     
,john ,,vii3#db74    ,mat!w gives a     
g5ealogy f ,abraham d[n to ,joseph      
7,*ap4 ,i71 &  ,luke gives "o f ,joseph 
up to ,adam 7,,iii3#b1 #bc-bh74a    ,^! 
two l9es ( ance/ry are ! same f ,abraham
 d[n to ,david4  ,!re !y div]ge into two
 sep>ate l9es4 ,mat!w has ! next 9      
desc5t ,solomon1 son ( ,david &         
,ba?%eba1 =m] wife ( ,uriah1 !  ,hittite

 7#a ,*ron4 ,,iii3#e74 ,luke has1 9     
place ( ,solomon1 8 fullblood  bro!r    
,na?an 7#a ,*ron4 ,,iii3#e74b    ,f ?is 
po9t d[n1 !re is little agreem5t betwe5 
! two l9es (  desc5t4    ,ev5 z to !    
fa!r ( ,joseph1 ,mat!w has ,jacob1 :ile 
,luke says 8  "n 0 ,heli4 ,!y agree z to
 ,joseph's gr&fa!r--,mat?an or          
,mat?at--b1 z to 8 great gr&fa!r1 ,mat!w
 has ,eleaz>1 :ile  ,luke has ,levi4    
,z to ,mat!w's l9e ( desc5t f ,solomon1 
mo/ ( 8 names w be  f\nd 9 ,i ,*ron4    
,*ap4 ,,iii1 al?\gh !re are sev]al      
diff]5ces4  ,:]e ,luke obta9$ 8 names ( 
,na?an's desc5dants1 does n  appe>4#c   
,,conception    ,mat!w & ,luke /ate t   
,jesus 0 conceiv$ ( ,m>y1 :5 a virg91   
by ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,matt4 ,*ap4 ,i1 ,luke
 ,*ap4 ,i74    ,m>k & ,john are sil5t on
 ! subject1 except z !y speak ( ,jesus  
z be+ ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y 7,m>k      
,,iii3#ca2 ,,vi3#c2 ,john ,i3#de2       
,,ii3#a2  ,,xix3#be74    ,mat!w says t  
,joseph1 aft] he 0 esp\s$ to ,m>y & 0 h]
  husb&1 b be=e !y came toge!r1 discov]$

 t %e 0 )  *ild & 0 m9d$ to put h] away 
privily4 ,b an angel ( ! ,"l  appe>$ to 
him 9 a dream1 & told him t 8 wife 0 )  
*ild  by ! ,holy ,gho/1#d & w\ld br+ =? 
a son1 & t he %\ld  call ,8 "n ,jesus4  
,mat!w adds t ?is 0 9 fulfillm5t ( an   
,old  ,te/am5t prophesy1 ,behold1 a     
virg9 %all be ) *ild & %all  br+ =? a   
son1 & !y %all call ,8 "n ,immanuel     
7,isaiah  ,,vii3#ad74e    ,luke gives ! 
"n ( ! angel1 to-wit3 ,gabriel1#f b he  
appe>s to  ,m>y in/ead ( to ,joseph4 ,he
 also appe>$ be=e ,m>y's  conception1   
in/ead ( aft]1 z 9 ,mat!w4#g ,app>5tly  
,m>y1 :ile  esp\s$ to ,joseph1 0 n yet 8
 wife1 s9ce %e asks ! angel  h[ %e %all 
conceive1 see+ t ,i "k n a man8 7,luke  
,i3#cd74h  ,x w\ld also seem t !        
appe>ance ( ! angel 0 n 9 a dream1  s9ce
 8 conv]sation ) ,m>y is relat$ z any   
ord9>y conv]sation  betwe5 two natural  
p]sons4#i      ,,pre-,,natal ,,incid5ts 
,luke gives 7,*ap4 ,i7 a q l5g?y acc\nt 
( ! conception ( ,john  ! ,bapti/1 :i*  
is v simil> to ! /ory ( ! conception (  

,samson 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,judges ,*ap4
 ,,xiii74 ,he also tells ( a  ?ree      
mon?s' visit ( ,m>y to ,elisabe?1 "m (  
,john ! ,bapti/  & ,m>y's c\s9 7,luke   
,i3#cf71 & ( ,elisabe?'s recognition (  
,m>y z  ! "m ( ,my ,"l 7,luke ,i3#dc74aj
 ,:ile ,m>y treat$ !  ann\ncem5t ( !    
angel r indiff]5tly 7,luke ,i3#ch71 %e  
n[1 on  ?is salutation ( ,elisabe?1 p\rs
 out a gr& hymn ( invocation &          
?anksgiv+ = ! bless+ t has come ^u h]   
7,luke ,i3#df-ee74    ,! ?ree o!r       
evangeli/s are sil5t z to ^! incid5ts & 
d n  m5tion any relation%ip betwe5      
,jesus & ,john4      ,,bir? ,,&         
,,*ildhood    ,m>k & ,john furni% no    
in=mation z to ! life ( ,jesus prior to 
,8 baptism by ,john4    ,bo? ,mat!w &   
,luke agree 9 giv+ ,be?lehem ( ,juda z !
 place (  ,jesus' bir?4 ,app>5tly ,mat!w
 consid]$ ,be?lehem ! !n resid5ce  (    
,joseph & ,m>y1 = he says no?+ ( _!     
pres5ce !re be+  tempor>y1 & ,joseph1 :5
 he return$ f ,egypt1 0 go+ back to     
,juda 7,be?lehem71 b1 on be+ w>n$ ( ,god

 9 a dream1 he turn$  aside into ! p>ts 
( ,galilee2 & he came & dwelt 9 a city  
call$  ,naz>e? 7,matt4 ,,ii3#bb1 #bc74  
,luke1 h[ev]1 says t ,joseph & ,m>y     
came d[n to ,be?lehem f ,naz>e? to be   
tax$ 7or enroll$71 &1  because !re 0 no 
room = !m 9 ! inn1 ,jesus1 :5 born1 0   
laid 9 a mang]4 ,mat!w does n m5tion any
 mang]1 b1 on ! o!r  h&1 ! wise m5 ( !  
,ea/ f9d ! family 9 ! h\se1 z  w\ld be  
natural if ,be?lehem 0 ,joseph's        
resid5ce 7,matt4 ,,ii3#aa74    ,mat!w   
alone tells ! /ory ( ! visit ( ! wise m5
 f ! ,ea/  7,matt4 ,,ii3#a-b74 ,he does 
n tell u ! c\ntry f :i* !y came1  nor h[
 !y le>n$ ( ! approa*+ bir? ( ,jesus1 ! 
usual deus  ex ma*9a ( ,mat!w &         
,luke--an angel 9 a dream--n be+ us$    
"h1 al?\gh he appe>s 9 w>n+ ! wise m5 n 
to see ,h]od on  _! return 7,matt4      
,,ii3#ab74    ,mat!w also relates t x 0 
reveal$ to ! wise m5 t ,jesus  0 to be  
k+ ( ! ,jews 7,matt4 ,,ii3#b74 ,b ,jesus
 nev] us$ ?is  title z apply+ to        
,himself1 &1 t ,he did use x1 0 "o ( !  

false *>ges made aga9/ ,him at ,8 trial 
7,john ,,xviii3#cc1 #cd1 #cf74    ,luke 
also has a visit to ! new born ,jesus1 b
 x is ( %eph]ds 9  ! same c\ntry1 in/ead
 ( /rang]s f ! ,ea/4 ,to ^!  %eph]ds    
appe>$1 n a />1 b fir/ "o angel & !n a  
multitude ( ! heav5ly ho/4 ,?is gives   
,luke ! opportunity to  introduce a     
beautiful hymn ( greet+ to ! new born   
,babe1 :i* is  entirely lack+ 9 ,mat!w  
7,luke ,,ii3#aj-ad74 ,! %eph]ds did _!  
homage by glorify+ & prais+ ,god1 in/ead
 ( by gifts ( gold &  frank9c5se & myrrh
 7,matt4 ,,ii3#aa74    ,mat!w is ! only 
"o ( ! evangeli/s to tell ( ! slay+ by  
,h]od ( all ! *ildr5 t 7 9 ,be?lehem & 9
 all ! coa/s  !re( f two ye>s old & "u1 
& ! flight ( ,joseph & ,m>y  to ,egypt  
7,matt4 ,,ii3#af-bc74aa    ,luke alone  
tells ( ! visit to ! temple :5 ,jesus 0 
twelve ye>s  old1 & ( ,8 meet+ !        
doctors1 bo? he>+ !m & ask+  !m que/ions
 7,luke ,,ii3#df74ab      ,,baptism ,,( 
,,jesus    ,john's baptism ( ,jesus is !
 fir/ ev5t 9 ! latt]'s life :i*  all f\r

 evangeli/s unite 9 record+4 ,! e>li]   
ev5ts relat$ by  ,mat!w & ,luke--,m>k & 
,john ei!r d n "k1 or d n believe1  or d
 n deem wor? record+4    ,john beg9s 8  
prea*+ ab\t ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #bf 7,luke    
,,iii3#a74  ,app>5tly ,jesus 0 ab\t     
?irty ye>s ( age :5 ,he 0 baptiz$       
7,luke ,,iii3#bc74 ,! f\r ,gospels      
describe at "s l5g?1 & )  sub/antial    
agreem5t1 ! prea*+ ( ,john & ! incid5ts 
( !  baptism 7,matt4 ,,iii1 ,m>k ,i1    
,luke ,,iii1 ,john ,i74    ,mat!w's     
n>rative cov]s sev5te5 v]ses1 & ,john   
recognizes ,jesus1  = he says1 ,i h ne$ 
to be baptiz$ ( ,!e1 & come/ ,?\ to  me8
 7,matt4 ,,iii3#ad74    ,x does n appe> 
t any "o b ,jesus saw ! dove desc5d+ f  
heav51 or he>d ! voice 7,matt4          
,,iii3#af-ag74    ,m>k's n>rative is !  
mo/ concise1 cov]+ elev5 v]ses1 &       
omitt+ "o or two po9ts ( ,john's prea*+ 
& 8 recognition (  ,jesus1 z giv5 9     
,mat!w 7,m>k ,i3#a-aa74 ,x does n appe> 
t ,john  knew or greet$ ,jesus 9 any    
way1 or t any "o b ,jesus saw ! dove  or

 he>d ! voice4    ,luke exp&s ! /ory to 
tw5ty-two v]ses 7,luke ,,iii3#a-bb71    
add+ "s  po9ts ( ,john's prea*+ n giv5 9
 ,mat!w or ,m>k4 ,! baptismal  c]emony  
is cond5s$ into two v]ses1 &1 z 9 ,luke1
 x does n  appe> t ,john recogniz$      
,jesus1 or t any "o b ,jesus saw !  dove
 or he>d ! voice4    ,john's acc\nt     
cov]s tw5ty-two v]ses 7,john ,i3#ae-cf71
 & diff]s  q m>k$ly f ! o!r ?ree4 ,?is  
,gospel adds a mat]ial po9t  to ,john's 
prea*+ n 9 ! o!rs 7,john ,i3#ae-ah71 &  
omits c]ta9  po9ts appe>+ 9 ! o!rs4 ,!  
actual baptism itself is n  describ$1 b 
,john speaks ( x z an ev5t t _h occurr$4
 ,he did  n recognize ,jesus on fir/    
meet+ ,him 7contr>y to ,mat!w's         
v]sion73 ,& ,i knew ,him n 7,john       
,i3#ca1 #cc74 ,b ,i saw ! _s  desc5d+ f 
heav5 l a dove & x abode ^u ,him 7,john 
,i3#cb74  ,& ,he t s5t me to baptize )  
wat]1 ! same said unto me1 ,^u  :om ?\  
%alt see ! ,_s desc5d+ & rema9+ on ,him1
 ! same  is ,he :i* baptize? ) ! ,holy  
,gho/ 7,john ,i3#cc74 ,on acc\nt (  ?is 

sign1 !re=e1 he accept$ ,jesus z ! ,lamb
 ( ,god4#ac      ,,jesus' ,,mission ,,z 
,,he ,,conceiv$ ,,x ,,dur+ ,,8          
,,life-,,"t    ,f ?is po9t on1 ! acc\nts
 ( ,jesus' movem5ts 9 ! f\r ,gospels    
are s confus+ & contradictory t ! only  
feasible plan seems to  be to foll[ "o  
,gospel to its end1 not+ simil>ities or 
diff]5ces  9 ! o!r ,gospels z !y occur 9
 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative4    ,b1 be=e />t+ 
on ?is1 x seems necess>y to grasp cle>ly
 j  :at 0 ,jesus' basic purpose 9 ?is1  
,8 life-"w4 ,probably n9e out  ( t5 ( ,8
 foll[]s ( today w\ld say t x 0 to r$eem
 mank9d  & conv]t ! _w to ,8 tea*+s4    
,n[1 ! evid5ce ( ! f\r  ,gospels is     
directly contr>y to ?is view4 ,jesus _h 
little reg>d =  ! ,g5tiles or ,hea!n1 & 
no int]e/ :atev] 9 _! conv]sion4  ,8    
ref]5ces to !m are usually d]ogatory & r
 contemptu\s  7,matt4 ,,vi3#cb2 ,x3#ah2 
,,xviii3#ag2 ,,xx3#ai2 ,m>k ,x3#cc1 #db1
 #dc2 ,luke ,,xxii3#be71  al?\gh !re are
 "o or two exceptions1 :5 ,he is        
upbraid+ ! ,jews  = _! unbelief 7,matt4 

,,viii3#aj2 ,,xi3#ba74    ,app>5tly ,he 
nev] prea*$ to ! ,g5tiles1 & 0 loa? to  
ex]cise  ,8 heal+ p[]s = _! b5efit4 ,:5 
! woman ( ,canaan bes\ght  ,him to cure 
h] daught]1 ,he at fir/ refus$ on !     
gr\nd t ,8  heal+ p[]s 7 res]v$ = !     
,jews4 ,x is n meet to take !  *ildr5's 
bread & ca/ x to dogs 7,matt4 ,,xv3#bf74
    ,9 ,8 in/ructions to ,8 apo/les &   
disciples 7,matt4 ,x2 ,m>k  ,,vi3#g-ac2 
,luke ,,ix3#a-f71 ,he does n enjo9 on !m
 to prea* to !  ,g5tiles1 b1 on !       
contr>y1 expressly prohibits !m f do+ s4
  ,g n into ! way ( ! ,g5tiles1 &1 into 
any city ( !  ,sam>itans1 ent] ye n     
7,matt4 ,x3#e2 see also ,matt4 ,x3#bc74 
,! apo/les1 z judges 9 heav51 are to h  
jurisdiction1 n ov]  ! ,g5tiles1 b only 
ov] ,jews4 ,ye1 also1 %all sit ^u twelve
  ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes (       
,israel 7,matt4 ,,xix3#bh74    ,! angel 
:o ann\nc$ ,jesus' conception to ,joseph
 said t ,he %all  save ,8 p f _! s9s--n 
! :ole _w or all nations  7,matt4       
,i3#ba74 ,s ! angel :o ann\nc$ !        

conception ( ,jesus to ,m>y  said t ,god
 %\ld give unto ,him ! ?rone ( ,8 fa!r  
,david1 &  t ,he %\ld reign ov] ! h\se (
 ,jacob =ev] 7,luke ,i3#cb1  #cc74      
,"o ( ! fir/ record$ utt]ances ( ,jesus 
is3 ,?9k n t ,i come  to de/roy ! ,law  
or ! prophets4 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b
 to  fulfill 7,matt4 ,v3#ag74 ,! conv]t$
 ,paul1 ) ! ov]-zeal t  (t5 m>ks        
conv]ts1 conceiv$ t 8 own mission 0 to  
de/roy  ! old ,jewi% law1 & work$ mo/   
successfully t[>ds t end1  ov]com+ !    
opposition ( ,pet]1 ,james1 ,john & o!r 
intimate  associates ( ,jesus 7,gal4    
,*ap4 ,,ii74 ,b ,jesus1 9 adh]+ to ! old
  ,law1 necess>ily exclud$ f ,8 s*eme ( 
r$emption all ,g5tiles &  o!rs :o did n 
practice circumcision & simil>          
obligatory rites (  ! ,jewi% fai?4      
,f9ally1 we h ,jesus' own cle> &        
positive decl>ation ( ,8  und]/&+ ( ,8  
mission4 ,i am n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep (
  ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 ,,xv3#bd74   
,z aga9/ ?is explicit /atem5t ( ,8      
position1 ! two ambigu\s  ref]5ces to "s

 future 7app>5tly aft] ,8 dea?7 prea*+ (
 ,8  ,gospel = a witness unto all       
nations1 or t x mu/ fir/ be  publi%$    
among all nations1 c h no weight 7,matt4
 ,,xxiv3#ad2 ,m>k  ,,xiii3#aj74    ,!   
evid5ce e/abli%es beyond a d\bt t !     
*>act]ization (  ,jesus by ,paul & o!rs 
:o _h nev] he>d or se5 ,him1 z an       
evangel  to ! ,g5tiles & a r$eem] (     
mank9d1 0 n only n au?oriz$  by ,jesus1 
b 0 explicitly repudiat$ by ,him4 ,8    
only mission1 z ,he  conceiv$ x1 0 to   
br+ back ! ,jews to ! true1 simple      
wor%ip (  ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac &   
,jacob4#ad    ,t ,jesus fail$ 9 ?is     
mission mu/ be admitt$4 ,at fir/ ! p    
flock$ 9 multitudes to li/5 to ,8       
prea*+4 ,?is 0 due 9 "p  to _!          
expectation ( a com+ ,messiah &1 no     
d\bt1 9 "p to !  effect ( ,john's "w4 ,b
 :at ! ,jews expect$ 0 an e>?ly  k+dom &
 a rul] :o w\ld give !m victory ov] !   
hea!n4 ,!y  _h no int]e/ :atev] 9 a     
spiritual k+dom4 ,_! disappo9tm5t  0    
bitt] :5 !y f\nd t ,jesus promis$ !m    

only a k+dom 9  heav54 ,nor 7 !y affect$
 by su* miracles z heal+ ! sick1  mak+ !
 bl9d to see1 ! lame to walk1 etc4 ,!   
miracles !y  dem&$ 7 ^? ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 :5 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s visit$  ,8   
ov]:elm+ wra? ^u ! armies ( _! enemies4 
,8 neighbors ( ,galilee 7 ! fir/ to fall
 away f ,jesus1 &  app>5tly ,he felt ?is
 defection deeply 7,comp>e ,matt4       
,,iv3#be ) ,matt4  ,,xiii3#eg1 #eh2 ,m>k
 ,i3#bh ) ,,vi3#d1 #e1 #f74 ,ev5 ,8 own 
bro!rs did n  believe 9 ,him 7,john     
,,vii3#e74    ,?is opposition to ,him   
spread 7,matt4 ,,xi3#bj2 ,,xiii3#eg71 & 
gradually  deep5$ into active animosity1
 s t ,he 0 on occasions driv5 out  (    
diff]5t places1 or 0 9 dang] ( /on+ or  
dea? 7,matt4  ,,viii3#cd2 ,luke         
,,iv3#bi2 ,john ,,vii3,i1 #ai1 #dd2     
,,viii3#ei2 ,x3#ci74    ,f9ally ! end   
came at ,j]usalem1 :5 ,8 p]sonal adh]5ts
 _h  app>5tly dw9dl$ d[n to a few       
besides ,8 apo/les4 ,j]usalem _h  always
 %[n ,him little favor1 b1 at ?is "t ( !
 ,passov]1 x 0  fill$ ) ,jews f all p>ts

 ( _! c\ntry4 ,yet1 :5 ,pilate  (f]$ to 
release ,him to ! p1 !re 0 none to ask =
 ,8  fre$om4 ,at ! v la/1 ev5 all ,8    
disciples fl$ f ,him 7,matt4            
,,xxvi3#ef74    ,"s small b&s or sects (
 ,jewi% foll[]s surviv$ ,8 dea?1 b  _!  
numb]s con/antly dim9i%$1 & all ( !m    
disappe>$ )9  a few c5turies aft] ,8    
dea?4 ,f t "t to ?is ! ,jews h          
consi/5tly1 & practically unanim\sly1   
reject$ ,jesus' tea*+s &  ,8 claims to  
be _! ,messiah4#ae      ,,jesus' ,,fa/  
,,9 ,,! ,,wild]ness    ,mat!w1 ,m>k &   
,luke say t ,jesus1 aft] ,8 baptism by  
,john1 0  l$ up1 or driv5 ( ! ,_s into !
 wild]ness1 /ay+ !re  =ty days fa/+ &   
be+ tempt$ ( ! devil 7,matt4 ,,iv3#a-aa2
 ,m>k  ,i3#ab1 #ac2 ,luke ,,iv3#a-ac74  
,m>k says t ?is 0 imm$iately aft] !     
baptism1 & cond5ses ! ev5t into two     
v]ses4 ,mat!w & ,luke give  9 detail !  
temptations ( ! devil4 ,mat!w & ,m>k    
m5tion t  ,jesus 0 m9i/]$ to by angels4 
,luke adds at ! end t ! devil  dep>t$ f 
,him = a season4#af    ,john directly   

contradicts ?is /ory ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k &   
,luke4 ,he gives  ,jesus' movem5ts      
specifically = ?ree days aft] ,8        
baptism4 ,on !  fir/ day ,he calls two (
 ,8 apo/les1 ,&rew & 8 bro!r ,simon     
,pet] 7,john ,i3#ce-db74 ,on ! second   
day ,he calls ,philip1 & "h occurs  !   
int]view ) ,na?aniel 7,john ,i3#dc-ea71 
:i* appe>s only 9 ?is  ,gospel4 ,on !   
?ird day ,jesus1 in/ead ( fa/+ 9 !      
wild]ness1  att5ds a m>riage fea/ 9     
,cana ( ,galilee1 & p]=ms :at ,john says
  0 ,8 fir/ miracle--! turn+ ( wat] into
 w9e 7,john ,,ii3#a-aa74    ,aft] ?is   
,he w5t d[n to ,cap]naum1 ,he & ,8 "m & 
,8  bre?r5 & ,8 disciples2 & !y cont9u$ 
!re n _m days  7,john ,,ii3#ab74 ,& !   
,jews' ,passov] 0 at h&1 & ,jesus w5t up
 to  ,j]usalem 7,john ,,ii3#ac74        
,,! ,,call+ ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les    ,mat!w 
says t1 aft] ! fa/+ 9 ! wild]ness & aft]
 a visit  to ,naz>e?1 ,jesus came &     
dwelt 9 ,cap]naum on ! coa/ ( ! ,sea  ( 
,galilee 7,matt4 ,,iv3#ab1ac74 ,z ,he 0 
walk+ by ! sea1 he f\nd  ,pet] & ,&rew  

fi%+1 & summon$ !m to foll[ ,him 7,matt4
  ,,iv3#ah1ai1bj74 ,go+ on f !nce ,he   
f\nd ,james & ,john fi%+ &  summon$ !m  
also 7,matt4 ,,iv3#ba-bb74 ,mat!w does n
 tell u ( !  circum/ances ( ! call+ ( ! 
o!r apo/les except ,mat!w4 ,aft]  !     
deliv]y ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & !      
p]=mance ( v>i\s  miracles1 & ,jesus _h 
come into ,cap]naum 7,matt4 ,,ix3#a2    
,,iv3#ac71ag z  ,he pass$ =? f !nce1 ,he
 saw a man nam$ ,mat!w sitt+ at !       
receipt ( cu/om2 & ,he sai? unto him1   
foll[ me1 & he arose &  foll[$ ,him     
7,matt4 ,,ix3#i74 ,mat!w speaks sev]al  
times ( !  disciples 7apo/les7#ah       
collectively1 bo? be=e & aft] !  call+ (
 ,mat!w 7,matt4 ,v3#a2 ,,viii3#bc1be2   
,,ix3#ai74 ,! names ( !  twelve are giv5
 9 ,*ap4 ,x3#a-d4    ,m>k has ! same    
acc\nt z ,mat!w ( ! call+ ( ,pet]1      
,&rew1  ,james & ,john1 b 9 place ( !   
call+ ( ,mat!w has !  foll[+3 ,& z ,he  
pass$ by he saw ,levi1 ! son (          
,alphaeus1  sitt+ at ! receipt ( cu/om1 
& said unto him1 foll[ me4 ,& he  arose 

& foll[$ ,him 7,m>k ,,ii3#ad74 ,aft] ?is
 ,m>k sev]al times  m5tions ,8 disciples
 7,m>k ,,ii3#ae1 #af1 #ah1 #bc2         
,,iii3#g1 #i71 & lat]  says t ,he orda9$
 twelve t !y might be ) ,him & t ,he    
might s5d !m =? to prea* 7,m>k          
,,iii3#ad74 ,bo? ,mat!w & ,m>k  give    
,james ! son ( ,alphaeus1 z "o ( !      
apo/les1 b n ,levi4    ,luke relates t  
,jesus f\nd ,pet]1 ) ,james & ,john1 8  
p>tn]s1 fi%+ by ! ,sea ( ,g5nes>et      
7,galilee71 & call$  !m & !y foll[$ ,him
 7,luke ,v3#a-aa74 ,he omits any m5tion 
( ,&rew  & adds two new incid5ts1 t     
,jesus taught ! p out ( !  %ip1 & t     
,pet] & ! o!rs put out _! nets & !y     
inclos$ a great multitude ( fi%es2 & _! 
net broke4    ,a little lat] ,jesus saw 
a publican1 nam$ ,levi1 sitt+ at !      
receipt  ( cu/om1 & ,he said to him1    
,foll[ me1 & he left all1 rose &  foll[$
 ,him 7,luke ,v3#bg1 #bh74    ,luke adds
 "h ! incid5t t ,levi made ,him a great 
fea/1 at :i*  publicans & o!rs sat d[n1 
& ! scribes & ,ph>isees rebuk$ !        

disciples1 say+ ,:y d y eat & dr9k )    
publicans & s9n]s8  7,luke ,v3#bg-cb74ai
    ,at "s unc]ta9 "t lat] ,jesus call$ 
unto ,him ,8 disciples1 &  ( !m ,he *ose
 twelve1 :om also ,he nam$ apo/les      
7,luke ,,vi3#ac74 ,!n  foll[ ! names1 ! 
same z 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k4    ,john's /ory 
is some:at v>iant4 ,jesus' baptism took 
place at  ,be?ab>a1 beyond ,jordan1 9 ! 
,decapolis1 & "s di/ance bo? f  ,naz>e? 
& ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,"h1 on ! next day1
 ,jesus meets ,john  & two ( ,8         
disciples 7,john ,i3#ce1 #cf74 ,"o ( ^! 
is ,&rew1 & he  br+s ,8 bro!r ,simon    
,pet] to ,jesus4 ,! two ackn[l$ge ,him z
 !  ,messiah1 & !reaft] foll[ ,him      
7,john ,i3#dj-db74 ,! foll[+ day  ,jesus
 f9ds ,philip & makes him "o ( ,8       
disciples 7,john ,i3#dc74 ,!re  is no   
fur!r m5tion ( any specific apo/les be+ 
call$ by ,jesus1  al?\gh !re are con/ant
 ref]5ces to ,8 disciples be+ ) ,him    
7,john ,,ii3#b1 #ab1 #ag2 ,,iii3#bb2    
,,iv3#h74 ,!re is no specific acc\nt ( !
  *oos+ ( ! twelve1 al?\gh ! ,gospel    

m5tions lat] t !y _h  be5 *os5 7,john   
,,vi3#fg1 #gj74    ,9 ! la/ *apt] (     
,john ,na?aniel ( ,cana is m5tion$      
app>5tly  z "o ( ! twelve apo/les 7,john
 ,,xxi3#b71 al?\gh 8 "n is n 9  ! li/s (
 ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,he 0 probably ! 
same ,na?aniel  :o appe>s e>li] 9 ?is   
,gospel 7,john ,i3#dc-ea74      ,,!     
,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ,,m\nt    ,! ,s]mon on 
! ,m\nt is ! fir/ disc\rse by ,jesus    
n>rat$ by  ,mat!w1 & is ! longe/        
connect$ disc\rse to be f\nd 9 ! f\r    
,gospels4 ,! place ( its deliv]y is n   
fix$ o!r ?an t ,he w5t  up into a       
m\nta91 b x 0 probably "s elevation ( l&
 9  ,galilee1 ne> ,cap]naum 7,matt4     
,,iv3#ac74 ,! "t ( its deliv]y is also  
n fix$1 al?\gh x mu/ h be5 %ortly aft] !
 baptism by ,john4  ,jesus _h already   
done "s prea*+ 9 ,galilee & p]=m$ "s    
miracles 7,matt4 ,,iv3#bc1 #bd71 b !    
deliv]y ( ! s]mon ante-dates  all !     
specific miracles :i* ,mat!w relates4 ,!
 disc\rse cov]s  ?ree *apt]s 7#aji      
v]ses7 ( ,mat!w's text4    ,!re is1 9 ! 

f\r ,gospels1 no o!r connect$ disc\rse  
correspond+ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1     
except 9 ,luke4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi  he gives
 a disc\rse cov]+ tw5ty-n9e v]ses ( 8   
text1 :i* are  sub/antially ! same z    
correspond+ v]ses ( ! ,s]mon on !       
,m\nt4 ,! place ( ! deliv]y ( ?is       
disc\rse is n fix$1 except  t x 0 on a  
pla9 7,luke ,,vi3#ag71 probably ne>     
,cap]naum 7,luke  ,,vii3#a74 ,! "t is n 
fix$1 except t ,luke's s]mon on ! pla9  
occurs aft] a numb] ( miracles & o!r    
ev5ts 7,luke ,,iv3#cc-dd2  ,,vi3#a-ai71 
:ile 9 ,mat!w's n>rative ! ,s]mon on !  
,m\nt occurs  be=e ^! ev5ts 7,matt4     
,,viii & foll[+74    ,"s ( ! v]ses ( ?is
 disc\rse w be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh  ,m>k 
& ,john1 b a consid]able portion ( x is 
entirely lack+4 ,=  in/ance1 !          
beatitudes d n appe> 9 ei!r ,m>k or     
,john4#bj      ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray]    ,9
 ,mat!w ! ,"l's ,pray] =ms a "p ( !     
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt  7,matt4              
,,vi3#i-ac74ba    ,accord+ to ,luke     
7,luke ,,xi3#b-d7 x 0 giv5 to !         

disciples alone1 &  n to a multitude1 z 
9 ,mat!w4 ,9 ,luke x also comes at a mu*
 lat]  date ?an ! deliv]y ( ! ,s]mon on 
! ,m\nt4 ,"o v]se is slightly  diff]5t1 
,luke hav+1 & =give u our s9s2 = we also
 =give  e "o :o is indebt$ to u1 9 place
 ( ,mat!w's & =give u  our debts z we   
=give our debtors4 ,luke also omits !   
la/ s5t5ce  9 ,mat!w's v]sion4    ,!    
,"l's ,pray] is n f\nd 9 ,m>k or        
,john4#bb      ,,! ,,fir/ ,,miracles    
,mat!w says1 9 a g5]al way1 t ,jesus    
heal$ all mann] (  sickness be=e !      
deliv]y ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,matt4   
,,iv3#bc1  #bd74 ,b ! fir/ specific     
miracles :i* he describes occurr$ aft]  
t ev5t 7,matt4 ,,viii3#a-ae74 ,! fir/ 0 
! lep]1 ! second !  c5turion's s]vant1  
afflict$ ) palsy1 & ! ?ird 0 ! "m  (    
,simon ,pet]'s wife1 :o 0 sick ( a fev]4
 ,jesus saw & t\*$  ! lep] & ,pet]'s    
wife's "m1 b ! c5turion's s]vant 0 "o  (
 ! few cases :]e ! cure 0 effect$ 9 !   
abs5ce ( !  pati5t & )\t ,jesus' see+   
him4    ,! cur+ ( ! lep] is describ$ by 

,m>k 7,i3#dj7 & by ,luke 7,v3#ab74      
,luke describes ! heal+ ( ! c5turion's  
s]vant 7,,vii3#a-aj71  diff]+ only 9 t !
 fri5ds ( ! c5turion came to ,jesus     
in/ead ( ! c5turion 9 p]son1 z 9 ,mat!w4
    ,m>k & ,luke bo? relate ! cur+ (    
,pet]'s wife's "m 7,m>k  ,i3#cj2 ,luke  
,,iv3#ch74    ,john m5tions none ( ^!   
miracles1 b1 alone ( all f\r            
evangeli/s1 n>rates ! miracle at ,cana (
 *ang+ wat] into w9e  7,john            
,,ii3#a-aj71 & says t ?is 0 ,jesus' fir/
 miracle 7,john  ,,ii3#aa74 ,he !n      
describes ! cur+ ( ! sick son ( a       
nobleman (  ,cap]naum 7,john            
,,iv3#df-ec71 & says t ?is 0 ! second   
miracle  :i* ,jesus did :5 ,he 0 come   
out ( ,juda into ,galilee1 viz3 aft]  ,8
 baptism by ,john 7,john ,,iv3#ed74 ,!  
circum/ances ( ?is miracle are  q simil>
 to ^? ( ! c5turion's s]vant describ$ by
 ,mat!w  & ,luke1 ! cure be+ effect$ 9 !
 abs5ce ( ! pati5t4    ,mat!w next gives
 ! miracle ( ! /ill+ ( ! tempe/ 7,matt4 
,,viii3#bc-bg71 :i* is also f\nd 9 ,m>k 

7,,iv3#ce-da71 & 9 ,luke                
7,,viii3#bb-be74 ,?is miracle is n f\nd 
9 ,john4    ,!n foll[s ! miracle ( driv+
 ! devils out ( ! two m5 ( !  c\ntry ( !
 ,g]ges5es1 & s5d+ !m into a h]d ( sw9e 
:i*  ran viol5tly d[n a /eep place into 
! sea & p]i%$ 9 !  wat]s 7,matt4        
,,viii3#bh-cd74    ,m>k n>rates ! same  
miracle z occurr+ 9 ! c\ntry ( !        
,gad>5es1 except !re is "o man in/ead ( 
two 7,m>k ,v3#a-bj74 ,!  suff]+s ( ?is  
man1 :o is possess$ ( an unclean _s1 are
  describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,! _s1 be+ ask$ 
= 8 "n1 says1  ,my "n is ,legion2 = we  
are _m4 ,!reupon he or !y besee* ,jesus 
n to s5d !m away out ( ! c\ntry1 b3 ,s5d
 u into ! sw9e1  t we may ent] into !m4 
,jesus gave !m leave1 & !y ent]$  into !
 sw9e 7!y 7 ab\t two ?\s&7 & ! sw9e ran 
viol5tly d[n a /eep place1 & 7 *ok$ 9 ! 
sea4    ,luke's acc\nt 7,luke           
,,viii3#bf-dj7 foll[s sub/antially t (  
,m>k4  ,!re 0 "o man 9 ! c\ntry ( !     
,gad>5es :i* _h devils a  long "t4 ,!   
devil or devils bes\ght ,jesus t ,he    

w\ld n  comm& !m to g out into ! deep1 b
 w\ld s5d !m into !  sw9e4 ,?is ,jesus  
does1 & ! sw9e run d[n a /eep place &   
are  *ok$ 9 ! sea4    ,all ?ree acc\nts 
agree t1 aft] ! miracle1 ! :ole city1 or
  ! :ole multitude ( ! c\ntry ( !       
,gad>5es r\nd ab\t1  bes\ght ,jesus to  
dep>t f !m4 ,! only reason giv5 = ?is   
action is ! /atem5t ( ,luke = !y 7 tak5 
) great fe>  7,luke ,,viii3#cg74        
,john does n m5tion ?is miracle4#bc     
,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,! ,,dead    ,!re are  
?ree miracles ( ?is class 9 ! ,gospels4 
,! fir/ 7app>5tly7 9 po9t ( "t is relat$
 by ,luke 7,luke  ,,vii3#aa-ag74bd ,!   
day aft] ! cur+ ( ! c5turion's s]vant at
  ,cap]naum 7,luke ,,vii3#a71 ,jesus w5t
 into a city call$ ,na91 ) _m  ( ,8     
disciples & mu* p 7,luke ,,vii3#aa74    
,na9 0 an inl&  city 9 ! s\!rn "p (     
,galilee1 "s di/ance f ,cap]naum &  !   
sea ( ,galilee4 ,?is is ! only "t t ?is 
city is m5tion$  9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,z   
,jesus approa*es ! city1 ! dead man is  
c>ri$ out1 foll[$ by 8 "m1 a wid[1 & mu*

 p ( !  city 7,luke ,,vii3#ab74         
,app>5tly )\t any solicitation1 ,jesus  
tells  ! dead man to arise1 & he t 0    
dead sat up & began to speak  7,luke    
,,vii3#ac1 #ad1 #ae74 ,! dead man & 8   
relatives are n o!rwise  id5tifi$ & !re 
is no ref]5ce to ?is miracle 9 any ( !  
o!r  ,gospels4    ,! next miracle ( ?is 
class is t ( ,jairus' daught]4    ,mat!w
 relates t1 :ile ,jesus 0 at ,cap]naum  
aft] ! miracle (  ! ,gad>5e sw9e 7,matt4
 ,,ix3#a1 #aj71 a c]ta9 rul] came to    
,him &  said3 ,my daught] is ev5 n[     
dead2 b come & lay ,?y h& ^u h]1  & %e  
%all live 7,matt4 ,,ix3#ah74 ,9 answ] to
 ?is reque/ ,jesus &  ,8 disciples g to 
! rul]'s h\se1 & f9d ! m9/rels & !  p   
mak+ a noise4 ,jesus says1 ,give place1 
= ! maid is n  dead b sleepe?4 ,& !y    
laugh$ ,him to scorn4 ,b :5 ! p  7 put  
=?1 ,he w5t 9 & took h] by ! h&1 & !    
maid arose  7,matt4 ,,ix3#bc1 #bd1 #be74
 ,on ! way to ! rul]'s h\se occurs !    
miracle ( ! woman ) an issue ( blood    
t\*+ ,jesus' g>m5t &  be+ cur$ 7,matt4  

,,ix3#bj1 #ba1 #bb74    ,m>k places ?is 
miracle imm$iately aft] t ( ! ,gad>5e   
sw9e1  :5 ,jesus _h pass$ ov] ! sea     
7,galilee7 unto ! o!r side  7,cap]naum71
 nigh unto ! sea 7,m>k ,v3#ba74 ,"o ( ! 
rul]s ( !  synagogue1 ,jairus by "n1    
came to ,him & told ,him1 ,my little    
daught] lie? at ! po9t ( dea? 7,m>k     
,v3#bc74 ,jesus takes ) him  only ,pet] 
& ,james & ,john1 &1 on ! way to !      
rul]'s h\se1  ^w is br\ght t ! daught]  
is dead 7,m>k ,v3#ce1 #cg74 ,jesus br+s 
! fa!r1 "m1 ,pet]1 ,james & ,john into !
 girl's room1 takes  h] by ! h& & bids  
h] arise4 ,at once %e arose & walk$1 =  
%e 0 ( ! age ( twelve ye>s 7,m>k ,v3#dj1
 #da1 #db74 ,! cur+ (  ! woman ) ! issue
 ( blood is also giv51 b at consid]able 
m l5g? ?an 9 ,mat!w 7,m>k ,v3#be-cd74   
,luke's acc\nt 7,luke ,,viii3#da-ef7 is 
sub/antially ! same z t (  ,m>k4 ,!     
daught] lay a dy+ :5 ,jairus w5t to get 
,jesus1 & ^w  ( h] dea? comes j z !     
miracle on ! woman ) an issue (  blood  
is p]=m$4 ,jesus took ! fa!r & "m &     

,pet]1 ,james  & ,john into ! h\se1 b1  
app>5tly1 exclud$ !m f ! girl's  room1  
:5 he p]=m$ ! miracle4 ,& ,he put !m all
 out1 & took  h] by ! h&1 & call$1 say+1
 ,maid1 arise 7,luke ,,viii3#ed74    ,! 
rais+ ( ,laz>us f 8 grave is told only  
by ,john 7,john  ,,xi3#a-df74 ,x occurr$
 late 9 ,jesus' prophetic c>e]1 v %ortly
  be=e ! la/ ,passov] 7,john ,,xi3#ee2  
,,xii3#a1 & foll[+74 ,jesus 0  !n at    
,be?ab>a 9 ,decapolis 7,john ,x3#dj2    
,i3#bh74 ,laz>us & 8  si/]s1 ,m>y &     
,m>?a1 7 liv+ 9 ,be?any1 9 ,juda1 q ne> 
,j]usalem1 b "s little di/ance f        
,be?ab>a4 ,jesus already knew  ! family 
& lov$ ,m>?a & h] si/] & ,laz>us4       
,laz>us  fall+ sick1 ! si/]s s5d to     
,jesus say+1 ,"l1 behold1 he :om  ,?\   
love/ is sick 7,john ,,xi3#c74 ,jesus   
does n g at once b waits  two days      
7,john ,,xi3#f74 ,app>5tly ! reason =   
?is delay is t1  in/ead ( heal+ a sick  
man1 ,he may raise a dead man f ! grave 
t ! ,son ( ,god might be glorifi$ !reby 
7,john ,,xi3#d1 #aa-ae74  ,:5 ,jesus    

came to ,be?any1 ,he f\nd t he 7,laz>us7
 _h la9 9 !  grave f\r days already     
7,john ,,xi3#ag74 ,m>?a fir/1 & !n ,m>y1
 came  out to meet ,jesus1 & express _! 
belief t1 if ,he _h be5 !re1  ,laz>us   
w\ld n h di$2 b are 9 d\bt z to 8 n[ be+
  re/or$ to life 7,john ,,xi3#bd1 #cb1  
#ci74 ,!y !n g to ! grave1 :i*  0 a cave
 & a /one lay ^u x 7,john ,,xi3#ch74    
,jesus !n cri$  ) a l\d voice1 ,laz>us1 
come =?4 ,& he t 0 dead came =?1  b\nd  
h& & foot ) grave-clo!s1 & 8 face 0 b\nd
 ab\t  ) a napk9 7,john ,,xi3#dc-dd74be 
,,! ,,loaves ,,& ,,fi%es    ,mat!w      
relates t ,jesus dep>t$ h5ce 7f         
,cap]naum1 ,matt4  ,,xiii3#ed7 by %ip   
into a des]t place ap>t 7,matt4         
,,xiv3#ac74 ,?is 0  j aft] ! behead+ (  
,john ! ,bapti/ by ,h]od 7,matt4        
,,xiv3#aj1 #aa1  #ab74 ,a great         
multitude foll[$ ,jesus1 & ,he heal$ _! 
sick  7,matt4 ,,xiv3#ad74 ,at ev5+ !    
disciples wi%$ ,jesus to s5d !          
multitude away t !y may g into !        
villages & buy !mselves  victuals       

7,matt4 ,,xiv3#ae74 ,b ,jesus said1     
,give ye !m to eat4 ,!y  _h b five      
loaves & two fi%es1 & ,jesus took ^! &  
broke !m  & ! disciples di/ribut$ !m to 
! multitude 7,matt4 ,,xiv3#af-ai74  ,&  
!y did all eat & 7 fill$2 & !y took up (
 ! fragm5ts  t rema9$ twelve baskets    
full4 ,& !y t _h eat5 7 ab\t  five ?\s& 
m51 besides wom5 & *ildr5 7,matt4       
,,xiv3#bj1 #ba74    ,m>k1 ,luke & ,john 
foll[ v closely ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1    
,luke  add+ ! detail t ! des]t place    
belong$ to ! city (  ,be?saida#bf 7,m>k 
,,vi3#cj-de2 ,luke ,,ix3#aj-ag2 ,john   
,,vi3#a-ac74    ,a simil> miracle is    
relat$ by ,mat!w & ,m>k 7,matt4         
,,xv3#bi-ci2 ,m>k  ,,viii3#a-i7 z       
occurr+ %ortly aft] ! fir/1 on a m\nta9 
ne> !  sea 7,galilee7 9 ! mid/ ( ! coa/s
 ( ,decapolis 7,m>k ,,vii3#ca74  ,!re 7 
sev5 loaves & a few small fi%es1 sev5   
baskets full (  ! brok5 food 7 left1 &  
!y t did eat 7 f\r ?\s&  m51 besides    
wom5 & *ildr5 7,mat!w71 or ab\t f\r ?\s&
  7,m>k74    ,luke & ,john d n give ?is 

miracle4      ,,o!r ,,miracles          
,besides ^? already m5tion$1 ! foll[+   
specific miracles are  f\nd 9 ,mat!w1 ! 
details ( :i* x is n necess>y to give4  
,^! are outside ( g5]al & indef9ite     
/atem5ts ( p]sons cur$  ( v>i\s         
afflictions4    7a7 ,! cur+ at ,cap]naum
 ( ! man sick ( ! palsy 7,matt4         
,,ix3#a-g74  ,see ,m>k ,,ii3#a-ab1 ,luke
 ,v3#ag-bf1 :]e ! sick man is let d[n on
 8  b$ ?r\gh ! ro(4    7b7 ,! giv+ sight
 to two bl9d m51 app>5tly at ,cap]naum  
7,matt4  ,,ix3#bg-ca74    7c7 ,re/or+ 8 
spee* to a dumb man at ! same "t & place
 7,matt4  ,,ix3#cb-cd74    7d7 ,cur+ ( !
 man ) ! )]$ h& 7,matt4 ,,xii3#aj-ac74  
,!  place ( ?is miracle is unc]ta94     
7e7 ,! case ( ! bl9d & dumb man possess$
 ( a devil 7,matt4  ,,xii3#bb1 #bc74 ,! 
circum/ances ( ?is miracle are ! same z 
9 7c74    7f7 ,! walk+ on ! wat]s       
7,matt4 ,,xiv3#bb-bc7 ne> ! l& (        
,g5nes>et 7,matt4 ,,xiv3#cd74 ,see ,m>k 
,,vi3#dg-eb2 ,john ,,vi3#af-ba4    7g7  
,! cur+ ( ! daught] ( ! ,g5tile woman   

vex$ ) a devil  7,matt4 ,,xv3#bb-bh74 ,!
 place ( ?is miracle 0 ! coa/s ( ,tyre &
  ,sidon 7,matt4 ,,xiv3#ba74    7h7 ,!  
cur+ ( ! lunatic son ( a c]ta9 man      
7,matt4 ,,xvii3#ad-ah74  ,?is occurr$ 9 
"s "p ( ,galilee n specifi$ 7,matt4     
,,xvii3#a1 #bb1  #bd74 ,see also ,m>k   
,,ix3#ag-bg2 ,luke ,,ix3#cg-db4    7i7  
,! cur+ ( ! two bl9d m5 ne> ,j]i*o      
7,matt4 ,,xx3#cj-cd74 ,see  also ,m>k   
,x3#df-eb2 ,luke ,,xviii3#ce-dc4    7j7 
,! bla/+ ( ! fig tree ne> ,be?any       
7,matt4 ,,xxi3#ah-bj74 ,see  ,m>k       
,,xi3#ab-ad1 :o expla9s ! abs5ce ( figs 
on ! tree--= !  "t ( figs 0 n yet4#bg   
,,! ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,apo/les    
,mat!w devotes an entire *apt] to ?is   
subject 7,matt4 ,x74 ,?is is !  fir/ "t 
9 ,mat!w's n>rative t ! t]m ,apo/les is 
appli$ to  ! foll[]s or disciples (     
,jesus 7,matt4 ,x3#b74 ,up to ?is po9t  
he has  m5tion$ specifically ! call+ (  
only five ( ! apo/les 7,matt4  ,,iv3#ah1
 #ba2 ,,ix3#i71 al?\gh !re are possible 
ref]5ces to o!rs  7,matt4 ,,viii3#ai1   

#ba74    ,! fir/ injunction is t !y %all
 n prea* to ! ,g5tiles or  ,sam>itans1 b
 to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel       
7,matt4 ,x3#e1  #f74    ,! only         
in/ruction z to ! subject-matt] ( _!    
prea*+s is  t !y %all say ! k+dom (     
heav5 is at h& 7,matt4 ,x3#g74    ,!y   
are told to heal ! sick1 cleanse !      
lep]s1 raise ! dead1  ca/ out devils    
7,matt4 ,x3#h74    ,!y are to provide no
 money = _! exp5ses & c>ry little raim5t
  7,matt4 ,x3#i1aj74    ,:5 !y ent] into
 a city1 !y are to seek a wor?y h\se &  
abide  !re91 &1 if a city w n receive & 
he> !m1 ,x %all be  m tol]able = ! l& ( 
,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 ! day ( judgm5t    
?an = t city 7,matt4 ,x3#aa-ae74    ,!  
rema9d] ( ! *apt] conta9s w>n+s ( !     
trials t w  befall ! apo/les on _!      
mission1 admonitions aga9/ los+ _!      
c\rage & promises ( ! rew>ds t w foll[ !
 fai?ful  p]=mance ( _! "w4 ,jesus also 
pr$icts ! family diss5sions  t w        
accompany ! gradual introduction ( ,8   
,gospel1 & 9 t  connection uses !       

expression3 ,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d  
peace  on e>?2 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b
 a sword 7,matt4 ,x3#cd74    ,! place ( 
?is /atem5t is n fix$1 nor ! "t1 except 
t x  appe>s 9 ! n>rative aft] ! ,s]mon  
on ! ,m\nt & ! rais+  ( ,jairus'        
daught]4    ,m>k tells h[ ,jesus w5t up 
into a m\nta9 & calle? unto ,him :om  he
 w\ld 7,m>k ,,iii3#ac74 ,he !n orda9$   
twelve1 t !y %\ld be  ) ,him1 & t ,he   
might s5d !m =? to prea* 7,m>k          
,,iii3#ad74  ,!n foll[ ! names ( !      
twelve apo/les1 ! call+ ( f\r (  :om    
,m>k _h already relat$ 7,m>k ,i3#af-bj74
 ,at a some:at lat] "t  he tells ( !    
s5d+ =? ( ! twelve apo/les1 b cond5ses !
  in/ructions to !m into f\r v]ses 7,m>k
 ,,vi3#g-ac74    ,luke tells t ,jesus1  
hav+ gone out into a m\nta9 to pray1    
call$  unto ,him ,8 disciples1 & ( !m   
,he *ose twelve1 :om also ,he nam$      
apo/les 7,luke ,,vi3#ac1 #ad74 ,! call+ 
( ,&rew1 ,pet]1 ,james &  ,john1 & (    
,levi 7if he 7 "o ( ! apo/les7 _h       
already be5  giv5 7,luke ,v3#a-aj1 #bg1 

#bh74 ,! in/ructions to ! apo/les appe> 
lat] 9 8 n>rative & are cond5s$ into    
?ree v]ses 7,luke  ,,ix3#a-f74    ,luke 
alone ( ! f\r evangeli/s tells t1 at a  
lat] date1 ,jesus  appo9t$ o!r sev5ty   
also to g be=e ,him & prea* 7,luke      
,x3#a74  ,to ^! sev5ty are giv5         
in/ructions simil> to ^? giv5 to !      
twelve 9 ,mat!w 7,luke ,x3#b-ab74       
,john tells ( ! call+ ( ,&rew1 ,pet] &  
,philip 7,john ,i3#dj1 #da1  #dc71 b has
 no acc\nt ( any special in/ructions    
giv5 to !  apo/les4#bh      ,,!         
,,temp]ate ,,life    ,9 rebuk+ !        
obduracy ( ! !n g5]ation ( ! ,jews1     
,jesus  illu/rates ,8 view ( "r liv+1   
viz3 temp]ance 9 all ?+s4    ,= ,john   
came nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+1 & !y say1 ,he
 ha? a  devil4 ,! ,son ( ,man came eat+ 
& dr9k+1 & !y say1 ,behold a  man       
glutton\s & a w9e bibb]1 a fri5d (      
publicans & s9n]s  7,matt4 ,,xi3#ah1    
#ai74    ,9 ! face ( ! example (        
asceticism set by ,john ! ,bapti/1      
,jesus  nei!r fa/$ ,himself1 nor did ,he

 enjo9 fa/+ on ,8 disciples  7,matt4    
,,xi3#ah1 #ai2 ,,ix3#ad2 ,m>k ,,ii3#ah2 
,luke ,v3#cc74 ,:ile ,he object$ to  !  
*>ge ( excess1 ,he bo? ate meat & drank 
w9e 9 mod]ation1 &  inculcat$ ! same    
practice on ,8 disciples4 ,& 9 ! same   
h\se  rema9 eat+ & dr9k+ su* ?+s z !y   
give 7,luke ,x3#g74 ,he mu/  h be5      
companionable 9 ,8 e-day life1 = ,he bo?
 ent]ta9$  9 ,8 own h\se 7,matt4        
,,ix3#aj2 ,m>k ,,ii3#ae71 & 0 a welcome 
gue/ at  ent]ta9m5ts giv5 9 ,8 honor4 ,&
 ,levi made ,him a great fea/ at  ,8 own
 h\se 7,luke ,v3#bi74 ,& x came to pass 
z ,he w5t into !  h\se ( "o ( ! *ief    
,ph>isees to eat bread on ! ,sabba? day 
7,luke ,,xiv3#a74 ,& ! ?ird day !re 0 a 
m>riage 9 ,cana (  ,galilee2 & ! "m (   
,jesus 0 !re2 & bo? ,jesus 0 call$  & ,8
 disciples to ! m>riage 7,john ,,ii3#a1 
#b74 ,!re !y made ,him  a supp] 7,john  
,,xii3#b74bi    ,he c\ld sympa?ize ) !  
_s ( joy & *e] appropriate to su*       
occasions1 = :5 ! w9e fail$ at ! w$d+ 9 
,cana1 ,he provid$  a fre% supply1 bett]

 ?an ! fir/ 7,john ,,ii3#c-aj74      ,,!
 ,,obs]vance ,,( ,,! ,,sabba?    ,on a  
c]ta9 ,sabba? day1 ,jesus & ,8 disciples
 7 pass+ ?r\gh  ! corn fields 7,matt4   
,,xii3#a2 ,m>k ,,ii3#bc2 ,luke ,,vi3#a74
 ,luke says t x  0 ! second ,sabba? aft]
 ! fir/1 probably call+ ! fir/  ! "o on 
:i* ,jesus prea*$ 9 ! synagogue at      
,naz>e? 7,luke  ,,iv3#af74 ,! disciples1
 be+ hungry1 began to pluck & eat ! e>s 
(  corn4 ,! ,ph>isees object t !y d t   
:i* is n lawful to d  on ! ,sabba? day4 
,jesus cites ! example ( ,david eat+ !  
%ew-bread 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 & says t if  
!y und]/ood !  mean+ ( ! say+1 ,i w h   
m]cy & n sacrifice1 !y w\ld  n h        
condemn$ ! guiltless4 ,& ,he said unto  
!m1 ,! ,sabba?  0 made = man1 & n man = 
! ,sabba?4 ,!re=e ! ,son ( ,man  is ,"l 
also ( ! ,sabba? 7,m>k ,,ii3#bg74    ,on
 ano!r ,sabba? day 7,luke ,,vi3#a1 #f71 
a man ) a )]$ h& 0 9  ! synagogue1 & !  
scribes & ,ph>isees ask$ ,jesus1 ,is x  
lawful  to heal on ! ,sabba? days8 ,t !y
 might accuse him4 ,jesus cites  ! case 

( a %eep fall+ into a pit on ! ,sabba?  
day1 & says3  ,:]e=e x is lawful to d   
well on ! ,sabba? day4 ,!reupon ,he     
re/ores ! man's h& :ole 7,matt4         
,,xii3#aj-ac74    ,9 ,m>k & ,luke1      
,jesus asks ! "q ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees
  z to :e!r x 0 lawful to d good on !   
,sabba? day4 ,b !y  held _! peace4 ,& :5
 ,he _h look$ r\nd ab\t on !m ) ang]1   
be+ griev$ = ! h>dness ( _! he>ts1 ,he  
sai? unto ! man1  /ret* =? ?9e h& 7,m>k 
,,iii3#a-e2 ,luke ,,vi3#f-aj74    ,aga9 
,jesus is tea*+ 9 ! synagogue on !      
,sabba? & cures a  woman ( a _s (       
infirmity ( eighte5 ye>s' cont9uance4 ,!
  rul] ( ! synagogue objects )          
indignation to ?is heal+ on  ! ,sabba?1 
because !re are six days 9 :i* m5 ought 
to "w4  ,jesus says3 ,?\ hypocrite1 do? 
n ea* "o ( y on ! ,sabba?  loose 8 ox or
 8 ass f ! /all1 & lead him away to     
wat]+  7,luke ,,xiii3#aa-ag74    ,ano!r 
simil> case occurr$ :5 ,jesus w5t into !
 h\se ( "o (  ! *ief ,ph>isees to eat   
bread on ! ,sabba?1 & heal$ a c]ta9  man

 :i* _h ! dropsy4 ,"h ,he cites aga9/ ! 
,ph>isees !  illu/ration ( an ass or an 
ox fall+ into a pit on ! ,sabba? day    
7,luke ,,xiv3#a-f74    ,john records two
 m cases ( cures be+ p]=m$ on ! ,sabba? 
day1  & ( ! ,ph>isees object+ to !m z   
unlawful acts 7,john ,v3#a-ag2          
,,ix3#a-ch4 ,see ,john ,,vii3#bc74cj    
,,! ,,transfiguration    ,six 7or eight7
 days aft] c]ta9 prea*+1 ,jesus take?   
,pet]1 ,james  & ,john & br+e? !m up    
into an high m\nta9 ap>t1 & 0           
transfigur$ be=e !m2 & ,8 face did %9e z
 ! sun1 & ,8  raim5t 0 :ite z ! light   
7,matt4 ,,xvii3#a1 #b74 ,moses & ,elias 
!n  appe> & talk ) ,jesus 7,matt4       
,,xvii3#c74 ,pet] proposes t !y make    
?ree tab]nacles 7,matt4 ,,xvii3#d74 ,a  
cl\d !n ov]%ad[s !m & a  voice comes out
 ( ! cl\d1 say+1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1
 9 :om ,i  am well pleas$2 he> ye ,him  
7,matt4 ,,xvii3#e74 ,! disciples are    
afraid1  fall on _! faces1 b ,jesus     
t\*es !m & tells !m to arise &  be n    
afraid 7,matt4 ,,xvii3#f1 #g74 ,:5 !y   

arise !y see no man1 except  ,jesus     
7,matt4 ,,xvii3#h74 ,z !y come d[n f !  
m\nta91 ,jesus  *>ges !m1 ,tell ! vision
 to no man1 until ! ,son ( ,man be  ris5
 aga9 f ! dead 7,matt4 ,,xvii3#i74      
,m>k foll[s closely ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1
 & adds t !  disciples kept t say+ )    
!mselves1 que/ion+ "o )  ano!r :at !    
ris+ f ! dead %\ld mean 7,m>k           
,,ix3#b-aj74ca    ,luke foll[s ! acc\nts
 ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 add+ t ! disciples  7 
heavy ) sleep1 b saw ! vision :5 !y     
awoke1 & !y  kept x close1 & told no man
 9 ^? days any ( ^? ?+s :i*  !y _h se5  
7,luke ,,ix3#bh-cf74    ,john says no?+ 
ab\t ?is vision4      ,,! ,,ev5ts       
,,prec$+ ,,jesus' ,,arre/    ,ab\t !    
middle ( 8 ,gospel1 ,mat!w says1 ,f t "t
 =?  began ,jesus to %ew unto ,8        
disciples ,8 future trial1 dea? &       
resurrection at ,j]usalem 7,matt4       
,,xvi3#ba74 ,pet]1 ) 8 fai? 9  ,jesus'  
e>?ly p[]1 began to rebuke ,him1 say+ t 
?is %\ld n  be done unto ,him 7,matt4   
,,xvi3#bb74 ,b ,jesus turn$ on him &    

said1 ,get  !e beh9d me1 ,satan2 ?\ art 
an (f5se unto me2 = ?\ savore/  n ! ?+s 
t be ( ,god1 b ^? t be ( m5 7,matt4     
,,xvi3#bc4  ,see also ,matt4 ,,xvii3#bb1
 #bc74    ,m>k & ,luke bo? give ?is     
incid5t1 al?\gh ,luke omits ! rebuke (  
,pet] 7,m>k ,,viii3#ca-cc2 ,luke        
,,ix3#bb74    ,9 all ?ree ,gospels !    
incid5t closely foll[s ,pet]'s          
decl>ation (  ,jesus z ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( !
 liv+ ,god 7,matt4 ,,xvi3#af2 ,m>k      
,,viii3#bi2 ,luke ,,ix3#bj74    ,aga91  
at a lat] date1 z ,jesus is go+ up to   
,j]usalem1 ,he pr$icts  to ,8 disciples 
! fate t is !re await+ ,him 7,matt4     
,,xx3#ag-ah2  ,m>k ,,ix3#ca1 #cb2       
,x3#cb2 ,luke ,,xviii3#ca74    ,j :5 ^! 
communications 7 made to ! disciples is 
n cle>1  b ! e>lie/ ( !m mu/ h be5 "s "t
 be=e ! la/ visit  to ,j]usalem1 s9ce !y
 prec$e mu* ( ,jesus' tea*+ & _m ( ,8   
p>ables & miracles4#cb    ,z ! la/      
,passov] approa*$1 ,jesus dep>t$ f      
,galilee & came  into ! coa/s ( ,juda   
beyond ,jordan 7,matt4 ,,xix3#a74 ,he   

cont9u$ ,8  prea*+ z ,he j\rney$1 &     
f9ally came to ,be?phage1 nigh unto     
,j]usalem 7,matt4 ,,xxi3#a74 ,f !re ,he 
s5ds two ( ,8 disciples to a  neighbor+ 
village1 & !y br+ to ,him an ass & h]   
colt 7,matt4  ,,xxi3#a-g74 ,rid+ on !   
ass 7or ! colt71 ,he makes ,8 entry into
  ,j]usalem4 ,! multitude spread _!     
g>m5ts1 & bran*es f !  trees1 9 ! way1  
cry+ out1 ,hosanna to ! son ( ,david1 & 
salute  ,him z ,jesus1 ! prophet (      
,naz>e? ( ,galilee 7,matt4              
,,xxi3#g-aa74cc  ,jesus !n w5t into !   
temple1 drove out ^? :o b\ght & sold    
!re91#cd & heal$ ! bl9d & lame 7,matt4  
,,xxi3#ab-af74    ,leav+ ,j]usalem1     
,jesus goes to ,be?any 7,matt4          
,,xxi3#ag7 to ! h\se (  ,simon ! lep]   
7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#f74 ,on ! foll[+ day ,he
 returns to  ,j]usalem1 & on ! way      
occurs ! bla/+ ( ! fig tree 7,matt4     
,,xxi3#ah-bc74 ,x w\ld seem t ,jesus mu/
 h sp5t "s "t 9  ,be?any1 prea*+ 9 ! day
 "t 9 ,j]usalem1 s9ce !re foll[ f\r  & a
 half *apt]s ( prea*+ & p>ables1 :i* 7  

deliv]$  be=e ! ,passov] 7,matt4        
,,xxi3#bc-df2 ,,xxii2 ,,xxiii2 ,,xxiv2  
,,xxv74#ce    ,:ile ,jesus 0 at ,simon's
 h\se 9 ,be?any1 sitt+ at meat1 a woman 
7:o1 x seems1 0 ,laz>us' si/] ,m>y2 see 
,john ,,xi3#b7 came 9 ) an  alaba/] box 
( v preci\s o9tm5t & p\r$ on ,8 head4 ,!
  disciples object to ?is z a useless   
wa/e1 b ,jesus rebukes !m &  comm5ds !  
woman = h] act 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#f-ac74   
,m>k foll[s closely ,mat!w's n>rative to
 ?is po9t1 except t  ,jesus rides into  
,j]usalem on a colt1 :]eon man nev] sat 
7,m>k  ,,xi3#b2 ,luke ,,xix3#cj71 &     
except t ! cleans+ ! temple ( !  money  
*ang]s is omitt$ 7,m>k ,,xi3#aa74       
,luke adds to ! acc\nts ( ,mat!w & ,m>k 
! enc\nt] )  ,zac*aeus1 & ,jesus'       
ent]ta9m5t by him 7,luke ,,xix3#a-g74   
,accord+ to  him1 x 0 ! :ole multitude (
 ! disciples :o greet$ ,jesus on  ,8    
entry into ,j]usalem 7,luke ,,xix3#cg74 
,luke omits ! ano9t+ (  ,jesus by ,m>y4 
,john omits ! cleans+ ( ! temple1 :i* he
 _h already giv5 at a  mu* e>li] date   

7,john ,,ii3#ac-ag71 & says t ,m>y      
ano9t$ ! feet  ( ,jesus & wip$ !m ) h]  
hair1 in/ead ( p\r+ ! o9tm5t  ov] ,8    
head 7,john ,,xii3#c-h74      ,,! ,,la/ 
,,supp]    ,z ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread ( 
! ,passov] approa*es1 ,jesus s5ds  ,pet]
 & ,john 7,luke ,,xxii3#h7 into         
,j]usalem to secure a room1 9 :i*  ,he &
 ,8 disciples may eat1 or kill1 !       
,passov] 7,matt4  ,,xxvi3#ag-ai74 ,!    
room is secur$1 ! ,passov] made ready1 &
 :5 !  ev5+ 0 come1 ,he sat d[n ) !     
twelve 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#bj74cf    ,:ile  
!y 7 eat+1 ,jesus tells ! twelve t "o ( 
!m %all  betray ,him1 & indicates1 9 a r
 veil$ way1 t ,judas is !  "o4 ,!y all  
ask1 ,ma/]1 is x ,i8 & ,he says to      
,judas1 ,?\ ha/  said 7,matt4           
,,xxvi3#bj-be74    ,jesus !n blesses !  
bread & ! w9e1 & gives !m to eat &  dr9k
 & says3 ,i w n dr9k h5ce=? ( ?is fruit 
( ! v9e1  until t day :5 ,i dr9k x new )
 y 9 my ,fa!r's k+dom  7,matt4          
,,xxvi3#bf-bi74    ,aft] s++ a hymn1 !y 
g to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & ,jesus w>ns   

!m ( ! approa*+ calamity4 ,all ye %all  
be (f5d$ because (  me ?is night4 ,!    
apo/les1 & especially ,pet]1 affirm t !y
  w\ld die r ?an d5y ,him4 ,jesus says  
to ,pet]3 ,v]ily ,i say unto  !e1 t ?is 
night1 be=e ! cock cr[1 ?\ %alt d5y me  
?rice  7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#cj-ce74    ,jesus
 ) ! disciples !n goes unto a place     
call$ ,ge?semane4 ,he  takes ,pet] &    
,james & ,john a little f>!r & says to  
!m1 ,my  s\l is exce$+ sorr[ful1 ev5    
unto dea?4 ,he goes ap>t f !m  & prays1 
,o my ,fa!r1 if x be possible1 let ?is  
cup pass f me2  nev]!less1 n z ,i w1 b z
 ,?\ wilt4 ,he returns to f9d !         
disciples sleep+4 ,he repeats ! pray]   
twice1 & !n says to !m1  ,behold1 ! h\r 
is at h&1 & ! ,son ( ,man is betray$    
into !  h&s ( s9n]s 7,matt4             
,,xxvi3#cf-de74    ,9 ,m>k ! two        
disciples are s5t into ! city to meet a 
man be>+  a pit*] ( wat]4 ,!y are to    
foll[ him into :atsoev] h\se he  %all g 
91 & !re secure ! gue/ *amb]4 ,?is 0    
done1 &  !y made ready ! ,passov] 7,m>k 

,,xiv3#ab-af74    ,:ile !y are eat+1    
,jesus tells !m t "o ( !m %all betray   
,him--"o ( ! twelve1 t dippe? ) me 9 !  
di%1 b does n  specify :i* "o x is4 ,!  
o!r incid5ts ( ! ev5+ foll[ 7,m>k       
,,xiv3#ag-db7 z 9 ,mat!w4    ,luke      
rec\nts ! pass+ ( ! bread & w9e1 & !    
say+ ( ,jesus  t "o ( ! twelve %\ld     
betray ,him1 )\t specify+ :i* "o  7,luke
 ,,xxii3#bb74    ,he !n relates a new   
incid5t 7t is1 at ?is fea/71 a /rife    
among  ! apo/les z to :i* %\ld be       
greate/4 ,jesus rebukes !m1 tell+  !m n 
to imitate ! ,g5tiles1 b t he t is *ief 
%\ld be z  he t s]ve? 7,luke ,,xxii3    
#bd-cj74cg    ,! pr$iction ( ,pet] ?rice
 d5y+ 8 ma/] takes a little  diff]5t =m4
 ,in/ead ( say+ to ! apo/les1 ,all ye   
%all be  (f5d$ because ( me ?is night1  
,jesus addresses ,himself to ,pet]      
alone4 ,evid5tly1 hav+ "s d\bt ( 8      
con/ancy1 ,he says3 ,simon1  ,simon1    
behold1 ,satan ha? desir$ to h y1 t he  
may sift y z  :eat4 ,b ,i h pray$ = !e1 
t ?y fai? fail n4 ,pet] !n  ass]ts1 ,"l1

 ,i am ready to g ) ,!e1 bo? into prison
 & to  dea?4 ,jesus !n pr$icts t ,pet] w
 d5y ,him ?rice be=e !  cock cr[s 7,luke
 ,,xxii3#ca-cd74    ,!re foll[s a       
passage v difficult to und]/&1 9 view ( 
!  fact t a %ort "t lat] ,jesus rebukes 
"o ( ,8 foll[]s =  cutt+ (f ! e> ( !    
high prie/'s s]vant4 ,he rem9ds ,8      
apo/les ( ! "t :5 ,he s5t !m =? )\t     
purse or scrip1 &  !y lack$ = no?+4 ,he 
!n tells !m t n[ !y %\ld take  bo? purse
 & scrip1 & he t ha? no sword1 let him  
sell 8  g>m5t & buy "o4 ,& !y said1 ,"l1
 behold1 "h are two swords4  ,& ,he said
 unto !m1 ,x is en\gh 7,luke            
,,xxii3#ce-ch74    ,! visit to ! ,m\nt (
 ,olives & ! pray] (f]$ !re is  describ$
 m briefly ?an 9 ,mat!w or ,m>k4 ,!re is
 no m5tion (  ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 b    
,luke adds t an angel f heav5  appe>$1  
/r5g!n+ ,him 7,luke ,,xxii3#ci-df74     
,john's v]sion ( ! ,la/ ,supp] is q     
diff]5t f t ( !  o!r ?ree evangeli/s4   
,he omits any description ( ! selection 
(  ! place = ! fea/4 ,he places ! supp] 

be=e ! ,passov]1  app>5tly correctly1   
in/ead ( its be+ ! celebration ( !      
,passov]1 z 9 ! o!r ?ree ,gospels 7,john
 ,,xiii3#a74 ,he omits any  m5tion ( !  
bless+ & pass+ ( ! bread & w9e4 ,he     
alone (  ! evangeli/s relates t1 aft] ! 
supp]1 ,jesus took a bas9 (  wat] & a   
t[el1 & wa%$ ! apo/les' feet1 impress+  
on !m a  lesson 9 humility 7,john       
,,xiii3#d-ag74 ,jesus says to ! apo/les 
t "o  ( !m %all betray ,him4 ,pet] &    
,john ask ,him1 ,:o is x8 ,jesus        
answ]s1 ,x is ! "o to :om ,i %all give a
 sop4 ,he !n gives !  sop to ,judas1 &  
says1 ,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly4 ,judas   
goes away  at once1 al?\gh none ( !     
apo/les 7unless ,pet] & ,john7  und]/& t
 ,he is accus$ 7,john ,,xiii3#ah-cj74   
,aft] 8 dep>ture1  ,john has ,jesus     
deliv]+ a long disc\rse1 cov]+ f\r      
*apt]s &  "p ( ano!r1 none ( :i* appe>s 
at ?is "t 9 ! o!r ?ree  ,gospels4 ,aft] 
?is is f9i%$1 ,jesus goes ) ,8 disciples
 ov] !  brook ,c$ron1 into a g>d51 b !re
 is no m5tion ( ! pray+  !re1 :i* appe>s

 9 ! o!r ,gospels 7,john ,,xviii3#a74   
,,! ,,betrayal    ,on ,tuesday or       
,w$nesday ( ?is ,passov] week ! *ief    
prie/s & !  scribes & ! eld]s ( ! p came
 toge!r unto ! palace (  ,caiaphas1 !   
high prie/1 & det]m9$ on ,jesus' dea?   
7,matt4  ,,xxvi3#c74 ,judas ,isc>iot !n 
comes to !m & promises to deliv] ,jesus 
to !m 9 consid]ation ( ?irty pieces (   
silv] 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#ad-af74  ,previ\s 
to ?is la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ,jesus _h
 pr$ict$ ,8 dea?  & betrayal1 b )\t     
indicat+ t ,8 betray] w\ld be "o (  !   
apo/les 7,matt4 ,,xvi3#ba2 ,,xx3#ah-ai74
 ,at ! la/ supp] ,jesus  indicates      
,judas z ,8 betray]1 b some:at          
equivocally1 s9ce !  o!r apo/les1 if !y 
_h und]/ood he 0 ! traitor1 w\ld        
und\bt$ly h ca/ him out ( _! society4 ,s
 f> z appe>s1 he  cont9u$ to take "p 9 !
 supp] 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#ba-be74 ,j aft]  
,jesus _h f9i%$ ,8 pray] 9 ! g>d51      
,judas comes ) a great  multitude ( !   
*ief prie/'s s]vants1 c>ry+ swords &    
/aves4 ,9  accordance ) a pre-arrang$   

plan1 ,judas kisses ,jesus1 & !reupon  !
 s]vants ( ! prie/s lay h&s on ,him &   
take ,him 7,matt4  ,,xxvi3#dg-ej74 ,"o (
 ^? ) ,jesus draws 8 sword & /rikes (f !
  e> ( "o ( ! high prie/'s s]vants4     
,jesus rebukes him1 say+1  ,= all !y t  
take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword 7,matt4
  ,,xxvi3#ea-ed74 ,!n all ! disciples   
=sook ,him & fl$ 7,matt4  ,,xxvi3#ef74  
,b ,pet] foll[$ ,him af> (f unto ! high 
prie/'s  palace1 & w5t 91 & sat ) !     
s]vants to see ! end 7,matt4            
,,xxvi3#eh74 ,!n foll[s ! fulfillm5t (  
,jesus' say+ t ,pet]  %\ld d5y ,him     
?rice be=e ! cr[+ ( ! cock 7,matt4      
,,xxvi3#fi-ge74    ,judas1 :5 he saw t  
,jesus 0 condemn$1 br\ght ! ?irty pieces
  ( silv] to ! *ief prie/ 9 ! temple1   
say+1 ,i h s9n$ 9  t ,i h betray$ !     
innoc5t blood4 ,! *ief prie/s tell him1 
,:at is t to u8 ,see ?\ to t4 ,!reupon  
,judas ca/ d[n !  money 9 ! temple1 w5t 
away & hang$ himself 7,matt4            
,,xxvii3#c-f74    ,m>k tells ( !        
conspiracy ( ! *ief prie/s & scribes1 & 

t  ,judas w5t to !m & (f]$ to betray    
,jesus4 ,!y 7 glad &  promis$ to give   
him money 7,m>k ,,xiv3#a1 #b1 #aj1 #aa74
 ,be=e ?is1 ,jesus  _h pr$ict$ ,8       
approa*+ dea? to ! apo/les1 b _h said   
no?+ ( any betrayal 7,m>k ,,ix3#ca2     
,x3#cc74 ,at ! la/ supp] ,jesus  says t 
"o ( ! twelve %all betray ,him1 b does n
 id5tify 9  any way :i* "o x is 7,m>k   
,,xiv3#ah-ba74 ,m>k !n relates1 z 9     
,mat!w1 ! kiss+ ( ,jesus by ,judas 7,m>k
 ,,xiv3#dc-de71 ! cutt+ (f  ! e> ( !    
high prie/'s s]vant 7,m>k ,,xiv3#dg71 ! 
des]tion (  ,jesus by all ! apo/les     
7,m>k ,,xiv3#ej71 ,pet]'s foll[+ ,him   
af> (f  to ! palace ( ! high prie/ 7,m>k
 ,,xiv3#ed71 & d5y+ ,him ?rice  be=e !  
cock %\ld cr[ twice 7,m>k ,,xiv3#ff-gb74
 ,:at subsequ5tly  happ5$ to ,judas1    
,m>k does n /ate4#ch    ,accord+ to     
,luke1 ! *ief prie/s & scribes _h =m$ _!
  conspiracy to kill ,jesus at a some:at
 e>li] date ?an 9 ! o!r  ,gospels 7,luke
 ,,xx3#ai74 ,!y wat*$ & s5t =? spies to 
li/5 to ,8  words & obta9 mat]ial = _!  

*>ges 7,luke ,,xx3#bj74 ,jesus _h       
already pr$ict$ ,8 suff]+ & dea? at     
,j]usalem1 b did n  m5tion ,8 betrayal  
7,luke ,,xviii3#ca-cc74 ,b ! apo/les    
und]/ood  none ( ^! ?+s2 & ?is say+ 0   
hid f !m1 nei!r knew  !y ! ?+s :i* 7    
spok5 7,luke ,,xviii3#cd74    ,z !      
prie/s & scribes are plann+ ! "t ( kill+
 ,jesus 7,luke  ,,xxii3#b71 !n ent]$    
,satan into ,judas1 & he w5t to ,jesus' 
enemies  & (f]$ to betray ,him 7,luke   
,,xxii3#c1 #d74 ,& !y 7 glad &  cov5ant$
 to give him money 7,luke ,,xxii3#e74   
,at ! supp] ,jesus says  t "o ( ^? at ! 
table %all betray ,him1 b does n        
indicate  :i* "o 7,luke ,,xxii3 #ba-bc74
 ,at ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ,judas came at ! 
head ( a multitude & drew ne> unto      
,jesus to kiss ,him4 ,b ,jesus  said    
unto him1 ,judas1 betraye/ ?\ ! ,son (  
,man ) a kiss8  7,luke ,,xxii3#dg-dh74  
,jesus !n heals ! s]vant1 ^: e> 0 cut (f
  7,luke ,,xxii3#ej1 #ea74 ,pet] foll[$ 
,him to ! h\se ( ! high prie/1  & d5i$  
,him ?rice be=e ! cock crew 7,luke      

,,xxii3#ed-fb74 ,no?+ is  said ab\t     
,judas' subsequ5t fate4    ,accord+ to  
,john1 ,jesus knew f ! beg9n+ :o %\ld   
betray ,him  & at an e>ly date told !   
apo/les1 ,h n ,i *os5 y twelve1  & "o ( 
y is a devil8 7,john ,,vi3#fd1 #gj74    
,at or be=e ! la/ supp] ! devil put x   
into ,judas' he>t to  betray 8 ,ma/]    
7,john ,,xiii3#b1 #bg74 ,jesus tells !  
apo/les t "o  ( !m %all betray ,him     
7,john ,,xiii3#ba74 ,pet] & ,john desire
 to "k  :i* "o ( !m ,he means1 & ,jesus 
tells ,john t x is ! "o to  :om ,he %all
 give a sop4 ,he !n dips a sop & gives x
 to ,judas1 )  ! rem>k1 ,:at ?\ doe/1 d 
quickly 7,john ,,xiii3#bb-bg74 ,n[1 no  
man at ! table knew = :at int5t ,he     
spoke ?is unto him 7,john  ,,xiii3#bh74 
,john alone says t ,judas imm$iately w5t
 out into ! night  7,john ,,xiii3#cj74  
,aft] ,jesus _h f9i%$ ,8 disc\rse at !  
supp]1 & gone into !  g>d51 ,judas      
appe>s ) a b& ( m5 & (fic]s f ! *ief    
prie/s & ,ph>isees 7,john ,,xviii3#a-c74
 ,jesus !n w5t =? & said  unto !m1 ,:om 

seek ye8 ,!y answ]$ ,him1 ,jesus (      
,naz>e?4 ,jesus  sai? unto !m1 ,i am he4
 ,& ,judas1 also :i* betray$ ,him1 /ood 
)  !m 7,john ,,xviii3#d1 #e74 ,simon    
,pet] !n cuts (f ! "r e> (  ,mal*us1 a  
s]vant ( ! high prie/1 & ,jesus rebukes 
him 7,john  ,,xviii3#aj1 #aa74 ,pet] &  
ano!r disciple1 :o 0 kn[n to ! high     
prie/1 foll[ ,jesus to ! palace1 & !re  
,pet] makes 8 d5ial  ?ree times be=e !  
cock cr[s 7,john ,,xviii3#ae1 #af1 #ag1 
#ah1 #be-bg74    ,! subsequ5t fate (    
,judas is n relat$4#ci      ,,! ,,trial 
,imm$iately aft] ,8 arre/1 ,jesus is    
tak5 away to ,caiaphas ! high  prie/1   
:]e ! scribes & ! eld]s 7 assembl$      
7,matt4  ,,xxvi3#eg74dj    ,! c\ncil    
seek false witnesses aga9/ ,jesus & at  
fir/ h "s  difficulty 9 f9d+ any4 ,at ! 
la/ came two false witnesses1 &  said3  
,?is fell[ said1 ,i am able to de/roy ! 
temple ( ,god1 & to  build x 9 ?ree days
 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#ei1 #fj1 #fa74         
,int]rogat$ z to ?is  *>ge1 ,jesus held 
,8 peace 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#fb1 #fc74 ,!   

high prie/ !n  adjures ,him to tell !m  
:e!r ,he is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god      
7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#fc74 ,jesus sai? unto   
him1 ,?\ ha/ said3 nev]!less ,i  say    
unto y1 ,h]eaft] %all ye see ! ,son (   
,man sitt+ on !  "r h& ( p[] & com+ 9 ! 
cl\ds ( heav5 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#fd74  ,!  
high prie/ accepts ?is z a confession ( 
blasphemy1 &1 on  appeal to ! c\ncil1 !y
 say1 ,he is guilty ( dea? 7,matt4      
,,xxvi3#fe1  #ff74 ,!y !n indulge _!    
spite aga9/ ,jesus by spitt+ 9 ,8 face  
& /rik+ ,him ) _! h&s 7,matt4           
,,xxvi3#fg1 #fh74da    ,9 ! morn+       
7,friday7 ! *ief prie/s b9d ,jesus & br+
 ,him to  ,pontius ,pilate1 ! ,roman    
gov]nor or procurator 7,matt4           
,,xxvii3#a1 #b74  ,pilate asks ,him1    
,art ,?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,& ,jesus said
 unto  him1 ,?\ saye/ 7,matt4           
,,xxvii3#aa74db ,he p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ ,8 
position ( sil5ce or non-negation aga9/ 
all ! accusations ( !  *ief prie/s1     
insomu* t ! gov]nor m>vell$ greatly     
7,matt4  ,,xxvii3#ab-ad74 ,pilate's     

wife1 hav+ be5 w>n$ 9 a dream1 s5ds ^w  
to him1 ,h ?\ no?+ to d ) t j man       
7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ai74  ,x be+ a cu/om ( 
! fea/ ( ! ,passov] t ! gov]nor %\ld    
release "o prison] to ! p1 & ,pilate1   
kn[+ t ! *ief  prie/s _h deliv]$ ,jesus 
to him out ( envy1 asks ! multitude  :om
 he %all release unto !m1 ,b>abbas or   
,jesus 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ae1 #af1  #ag1  
#bj1 #ba74 ,! multitude dem&s ! release 
( ,b>abbas1 &1 on  ,pilate's ask+ !m :at
 he %all d ) ,jesus1 !y all say unto    
him1 ,let ,him be crucifi$ 7,matt4      
,,xxvii3#bb74 ,& ! ,gov]nor said1  ,:y1 
:at evil ha? ,he done8 ,b !y cri$ out ! 
m1 say+1 ,let  ,him be crucifi$ 7,matt4 
,,xxvii3#bc74 ,pilate !n wa%$ 8 h&s be=e
  ! multitude1 say+1 ,i am innoc5t ( !  
blood ( ?is j p]son2  see ye to x4 ,!n  
answ]$ all ! p & said1 ,8 blood be on u1
  & on our *ildr5 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#bd1  
#be74 ,!reupon ,pilate releas$          
,b>abbas1 & aft] he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1   
deliv]$ ,him to be crucifi$  7,matt4    
,,xxvii3#bf74    ,9 ,m>k ! *>ges be=e ! 

,sanh$rim are ! same z 9 ,mat!w )  "s   
slight v]bal *anges 7,m>k ,,xiv3#ec-ff74
 ,to ! "q1 ,art ,?\  ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( !
 ,bless$8 ,jesus answ]s directly1 ,i am4
    ,! proce$+s be=e ,pilate are        
sub/antially ! same z 9 ,mat!w  7,m>k   
,,xv3#a-ae74    ,accord+ to ,luke1 !    
session ( ! ,sanh$rim 0 held z soon z x 
0 day1 in/ead ( 9 ! night1 imm$iately   
aft] ,jesus' arre/ 7,luke  ,,xxii3#ff74 
,! only *>ge "h is1 ,art ,?\ ! ,*ri/8   
,jesus1 aft] a  few words1 recogniz+ !  
futility ( any def5se1 says1 ,ye say t  
,i  am 7,luke ,,xxii3#ff-ga74    ,luke's
 acc\nt ( ! proce$+s be=e ,pilate is m  
detail$ ?an1  & some:at diff]5t f1 t (  
,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,! *>ge is  malici\sly   
di/ort$ s z to (f5d ! political         
susceptibilities (  ! ,romans4 ,we f\nd 
?is fell[ p]v]t+ ! nation1 & =bidd+  to 
give tribute to ,cs>1 say+ t ,he        
,himself is ,*ri/1 a ,k+  7,luke        
,,xxiii3#b74 ,pilate1 aft] que/ion+     
,jesus1 says at once1 ,i f9d  no fault 9
 ?is ,man 7,luke ,,xxiii3#d74 ,?is makes

 ! *ief prie/s !  m fi]ce1 & !y press   
aga9 _! *>ges1 m5tion+ t  ,jesus comes f
 ,galilee 7,luke ,,xxiii3#e74 ,galilee  
be+ 9 ,h]od's  jurisdiction1 & ,h]od be+
 !n 9 ,j]usalem1 ,pilate s5ds ,jesus to 
him1 probably hop+ ?us to rid himself ( 
! :ole tr\ble 7,luke  ,,xxiii3#f1 #g74dc
 ,h]od que/ions ,jesus1 :o answ]s him   
no?+1 &  !n ) 8 m5 ( w> mocks ,jesus1   
arrays ,him 9 a gorge\s robe1  & s5ds   
,him back to ,pilate 7,luke             
,,xxiii3#h-aa74 ,pilate !n calls  toge!r
 ! *ief prie/s & ! rul]s & ! p1 & tells 
!m t bo? he & ,h]od h exam9$ ,jesus1 &  
lo1 no?+ wor?y  ( dea? is done unto ,him
 7prov$ aga9/ ,him7 7,luke              
,,xxiii3#ac-ae74 ,i  w1 !re=e1 *a/ise   
,him & release ,him 7,luke ,,xxiii3#af74
 ,&  !y cri$ out all at once1 say+1     
,away ) ?is ,man1 & release unto  u     
,b>abbas 7,luke ,,xxiii3#ah74 ,twice m  
,pilate urges t ,jesus be  releas$1 b !y
 insi/ t ,he be crucifi$4 ,pilate f9ally
 yields  & gave s5t5ce t x %\ld be z !y 
requir$ 7,luke  ,,xxiii3#bj-bd74        

,nei!r ,m>k nor ,luke nor ,john m5tions 
t ,pilate publicly wa%$ 8  h&s (        
responsibility = ,jesus' s5t5ce4        
,john's acc\nt ( ! trial is v indef9ite4
 ,jesus 0 fir/ tak5 to  ,annas1#dd !    
fa!r-9-law ( ,caiaphas1 ! high prie/1 & 
,annas  s5t ,him b\nd unto ,caiaphas    
7,john ,,xviii3#ac1 #ad74 ,!re 0        
probably a  session ( ! ,sanh$rim1 ?\gh 
?is is n cle>1 & x 0 probably  at ! h\se
 ( ! high prie/ 7,john ,,xviii3#ae74 ,no
 specific *>ges  aga9/ ,jesus are       
m5tion$1 b ! high prie/ ask$ ,him ( ,8  
disciples1 & ( ,8 doctr9e 7,john        
,,xviii3#ai74 ,jesus replies t ,he  has 
spok5 op5ly1 & said no?+ 9 secret1 & t !
 prie/  %\ld ask ^? :o _h he>d ,him     
7,john ,,xviii3#ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc74 ,no 
=mal condemnation ( ,jesus is relat$1   
nor is x said :o 0 pres5t  except ! high
 prie/4    ,!n !y br+ ,jesus to ,pilate 
unto ! hall ( judgm5t1 b !y  _c ent] 91 
because x w\ld defile !m = ! eat+ ( !   
,passov] t night 7,john ,,xviii3#bh74   
,pilate !n comes out to !m &  asks :at  

accusation !y h aga9/ ,jesus 7,john     
,,xviii3#bi74 ,!y evade  ! issue by     
say+1 ,if ,he 7 n a malefactor1 we w\ld 
n h  deliv]$ ,him up to !e 7,john       
,,xviii3#cj74 ,pilate v aptly tells !m  
to take ,him & judge ,him accord+ to _! 
,law1 b !y reply1 ,x is  n lawful = u to
 put any man to dea? 7,john             
,,xviii3#ca74 ,pilate  !reupon goes back
 to ! judgm5t hall1 &1 aft] an          
exam9ation (  ,jesus1 comes out & says1 
,i f9d 9 ,him no fault at all 7,john    
,,xviii3#cc-ch74 ,he !n sugge/s t1      
accord+ to cu/om1 he release  ,jesus    
unto !m4 ,!n cri$ !y all aga91 say+1 ,n 
?is ,man1 b  ,b>abbas 7,john            
,,xviii3#ci1 #dj74    ,^u ?is ,pilate   
has ,jesus sc\rg$1 a cr[n ( ?orns put on
 ,8 head1  & a purple robe ab\t ,him1 & 
has ! soldi]s hail ,him z ,k+ (  ! ,jews
 7,john ,,xix3#a-c74 ,he once m br+s    
,jesus be=e ! p &  /ates t he f9ds no   
fault 9 ,him4#de ,! ,jews /ill insi/ t  
by  _! law ,he ought to die1 because ,he
 made ,himself ! ,son ( ,god  7,john    

,,xix3#d-g74 ,pilate goes back into !   
judgm5t hall1 & talks  fur!r ) ,jesus1  
evid5tly hop+ to f9d "s way out ( 8     
dilemma  7,john ,,xix3#h-aa74 ,& f      
!nce=? ,pilate s\ght to release ,him2 b 
! ,jews cri$ out1 say+1 ,if ?\ let ?is  
,man g1 ?\ art n  ,cs>'s fri5d 7,john   
,,xix3#ab74 ,pilate makes "o m ef=t to  
save  ,jesus1 b1 fail+1 deliv]s ,him ov]
 to be crucifi$ 7,john ,,xix3#ac-af74   
,,! ,,crucifixion    ,! soldi]s1 tak+   
,jesus1 at fir/ mock$ ,him1 putt+ on    
,him a  sc>let robe & a cr[n ( ?orns1   
spitt+ on ,him & smit+ ,him  7,matt4    
,,xxvii3#bg-cj74 ,!y !n put ,8 own      
raim5t on ,him1 & took ,him  to ! place 
( ,crucifixion1 on ! way impress+ a man 
( ,cyr5e1  ,simon by "n1 to c>ry ,8     
cross 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ca1 #cb74 ,:5 !y 
rea*$ ,golgo?a1 !y gave ,him v9eg> to   
dr9k1 mix$ ) gall1 b1  on ta/+ x1 ,jesus
 refus$ to dr9k 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#cc1    
#cd74 ,!y !n  crucifi$ ,him ) two       
?ieves1 "o on ea* h&1 & p>t$ ,8  raim5t1
 ca/+ lots 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ce1 #ch74   

,ov] ,8 head !y set up  ,8 accusation   
writt53 ,?is is ,jesus1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews 
7,matt4  ,,xxvii3#cg74 ,! pass]s-by & ! 
*ief prie/s & ! two ?ieves  mock$ &     
revil$ ,him on acc\nt ( ,8 prophecies & 
,8 failure to  save ,himself 7,matt4    
,,xxvii3#ci-dd74 ,! ,crucifixion 0      
app>5tly at !  six? h\r1 & d>kness 0 ov]
 ! l& until ! n9? h\r 7,matt4           
,,xxvii3#de74 ,jesus !n cri$ out 9 a l\d
 voice1 ,eli1 ,eli1 lama  saba*?ani     
7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#df74 ,"s ( !m :o /ood  
!re ?\ght t  ,he call$ = ,elias2 "o ( !m
 took a sponge fill$ ) v9eg> &  gave x  
to ,him to dr9k 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#dg1    
#dh74 ,jesus1 :5 ,he _h cri$  aga9 ) a  
l\d voice1 yield$ up ! gho/ 7,matt4     
,,xxvii3#ej74 ,!n  0 ! veil ( ! temple  
r5t 9 twa91 & ! e>? did quake &  ! rocks
 r5t 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ea74 ,graves 7    
op5$1 & bodies ( !  sa9ts :i* slept     
arose1 & came out ( ! graves aft] ,8    
resurrection1 & appe>$ to _m 9 ! holy   
city 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#eb1  #ec74 ,:5 !  
c5turion & ! soldi]s saw ^! ?+s done1 !y

  fe>$ greatly1 say+1 ,truly ?is 0 !    
,son ( ,god 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ed74  ,!re 
7 _m wom5 f ,galilee1 behold+ af> (f1   
includ+ ,m>y  ,magdal5e1 ,m>y1 ,jesus'  
aunt1 & also ! "m ( ! apo/les ,james  & 
,john 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ee1 #ef74 ,:5 !  
ev5 0 come ,joseph1 a ri*  man (        
,arima?a1 takes ,jesus' body1 ,pilate1  
at 8 reque/ hav+  deliv]$ x to him1     
wraps x 9 a clean l95 clo?1 & lays x 9  
8 own new tomb1 hewn out 9 ! rock4 ,he  
rolls a great /one to !  door ( !       
sepul*re & dep>ts 7,matt4               
,,xxvii3#eg-fj74 ,on ! foll[+  day !    
*ief prie/s come to ,pilate & tell him (
 ,jesus' prophecy1  t aft] ?ree days ,he
 w\ld arise aga94 ,!y express _! fe>s  t
 ! disciples may /eal ! body & claim t  
,he 0 ris5 f  ! dead4 ,pilate gives !m a
 wat*1 & !y w5t1 & made !  sepul*re     
sure1 seal+ ! /one & sett+ a wat*       
7,matt4  ,,xvii3#fb-ff74df    ,m>k      
foll[s closely ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1     
except he says t !y  (f]$ ,jesus w9e    
m+l$ ) myrrh to dr9k1#dg in/ead ( v9eg> 

& gall 7,m>k ,,xv3#bc74 ,m>k omits !    
sup]natural happ5+s at !  dea? ( ,jesus1
 except t ! veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa9
  7,m>k ,,xv3#ch74    ,he also omits any
 acc\nt ( ! seal+ ( ! sepul*re1 or !    
sett+ ( a wat* ov] x 7,m>k ,,xv3#df1    
#dg74    ,luke omits ! ill-treatm5t (   
,jesus by ! soldi]s be=e />t+ on  _! m>*
 7,luke ,,xxiii3#be1 #bf74 ,& !re foll[$
 ,him a great company  ( p1 & ( wom51   
:i* also bewail$ & lam5t$ ,him 7,luke   
,,xxiii3#bg74 ,jesus deliv]s a %ort     
address to ! wom51 :i* does n  appe> 9 !
 o!r ,gospels 7,luke ,,xxiii3#bh-ca74   
,!y br+ ,him to  ,calv>y & crucify ,him 
& ! two malefactors 7,luke ,,xxiii3#cc74
 ,!n  said ,jesus1 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y
 "k n :at !y d 7,luke  ,,xxiii3#cd74 ,! 
sup]scription ov] ,him 0 writt5 9 lett]s
 ( ,greek1  ,lat9 & ,hebrew 7,luke      
,,xxiii3#ch74 ,luke alone relates t1 :5 
"o (  ! malefactors rail$ at ,jesus1 !  
o!r rebuk$ ,him1 & ask$  ,jesus to      
rememb] him1 :5 ,he %\ld come into ,8   
k+dom2 ,jesus says  to him3 ,today %alt 

?\ be ) me 9 p>adise 7,luke             
,,xxiii3#ci-dc74  ,! sun 0 d>k5$ & !    
veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 ! mid/  7,luke  
,,xxiii3#dd1 #de74 ,! c5turion          
ackn[l$ges ,jesus to be a righte\s  man1
 & all ! p t came toge!r to t sight     
smote _!  brea/s 7,luke ,,xxiii3#dg1    
#dh71 & all ,8 acqua9tance & ! wom5  t  
foll[$ ,him f ,galilee /ood af> (f1     
behold+ ^! ?+s  7,luke ,,xiii3#di74     
,joseph ( ,arima?a obta9s ,jesus' body f
 ,pilate1 &  lays x 9 a new sepul*re1   
hewn 9 /one 7,luke ,,xxiii3#ej-ec71 & ! 
wom5 also1 :i* came ) ,him f ,galilee1  
foll[$ aft] & beheld  ! sepul*re1 & h[  
,8 body 0 laid4 ,& !y return$ & prep>$  
spices & o9tm5ts 7,luke ,,xxiii3#ee1    
#ef74 ,no m5tion is made ( any  gu>d ov]
 ! sepul*re4    ,john does n m5tion !   
ill-treatm5t ( ,jesus by ! soldi]s1 nor 
any ,simon ( ,cyr5e4 ,accord+ to him1   
,jesus ,himself c>ri$ ,8 cross  7,john  
,,xix3#ag74dh    ,! title on ! cross1   
writt5 9 ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,hebrew1 0     
,jesus  ( ,naz>e?1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews4#di  

,! *ief prie/s object$ to  ,pilate ab\t 
?is 7probably consid]+ x an insult to _!
 nation71  b ,pilate refus$ to *ange x  
7,john ,,xix3#ai-bb74    ,john says t   
,jesus' "m1 ,8 aunt1 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! 
disciple  :om ,he lov$1 /ood by ! cross4
 ,jesus recomm5ds ,8 "m to ?is          
disciple's c>e1 & f t h\r t disciple    
took h] unto 8 own  home 7,john         
,,xix3#be-bg74ej    ,! v9eg> 0 !n giv5  
,jesus to dr9k1 &1 at ! reque/ ( !      
,jews1 ! soldi]s broke ! legs ( ! two :o
 7 crucifi$ )  ,jesus1 b !y brake n ,8  
legs1 because ,he 0 dead already4 ,"o  (
 ! soldi]s pi]c$ ,8 side ) a spe>1 came 
!re out blood &  wat] 7,john            
,,xix3#bh-cg74ea    ,john does n m5tion 
any sup]natural occurr5ces at ! "t (    
,jesus'  dea?1 ,joseph ( ,arima?a obta9s
 ,jesus' body secretly f ,pilate1  &1 ) 
! aid ( ,nicodemus1 w\nd ! body 9 l95 ) 
spices--,a  mixture ( myrrh & aloes1    
ab\t an hundr$ p\nd weight--z !  mann] (
 ! ,jews is to bury 7,john              
,,xix3#ch-dj74 ,n[1 9 ! place  :]e ,he 0

 crucifi$ !re 0 a g>d52 & 9 ! g>d5 a new
  sepul*re1 :]e9 0 nev] man yet laid4   
,!re laid !y ,jesus  !re=e because ( !  
,jews' prep>ation day2 = ! sepul*re 0   
nigh at h& 7,john ,,xix3#da1 #db74 ,no  
m5tion is made ( ! att5dance (  ! wom51 
or ( any gu>d be+ plac$ ab\t ! sepul*re4
      ,,! ,,resurrection    ,ab\t dawn  
on ,sunday morn+1 ! two ,m>ys came to ! 
sepul*re 7,matt4  ,,xxviii3#a74 ,!      
soldi]s set to wat* ! tomb are !re also 
7,matt4  ,,xxviii3#d74 ,!re is a great  
e>?quake1 = ! angel ( ! ,"l  desc5d$ f  
heav51 & came1 & roll$ back ! /one f !  
door1 & sat ^u x 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#b74  
,8 c\nt5ance 0 l  lightn+1 & 8 raim5t   
:ite z sn[ 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#c74 ,!     
angel  tells ! wom5 t ,jesus is ris51 & 
bids !m g quickly & tell  ,8 disciples t
 ,he is ris5 f ! dead2 &1 behold1 ,he   
goe?  be=e y into ,galilee2 !re %all ye 
see ,him 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#f1 #g74  ,z !
 wom5 7 on _! way to tell ?is to !      
disciples1 ,jesus met  !m1 say+1 ,all   
hail4 ,& !y came & held ,him by ! feet1 

&  wor%ipp$ ,him 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#i74  
,jesus says to !m to be n afraid1  & to 
tell ,8 bre?r5 t ,he w meet !m 9        
,galilee 7,matt4  ,,xxviii3#aj74 ,"s ( !
 wat* g into ! city & tell ! *ief       
prie/s :at has happ5$ 7,matt4           
,,xxviii3#aa74 ,! *ief prie/s give !    
soldi]s l>ge money to say1 ,8 disciples 
came by night & /ole  ,him away :ile we 
slept 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#ab1 #ac74 ,!    
soldi]s did z !y  7 taught1 & ?is say+  
is commonly report$ among ! ,jews until 
?is day 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#ae74 ,!n !    
elev5 disciples w5t away into  ,galilee1
 into a m\nta9 :]e ,jesus _h appo9t$ !m4
 ,& :5 !y  saw ,him1 !y wor%ipp$ ,him1 b
 "s d\bt$ 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#af1 #ag74   
,jesus !n tells !m to tea* & baptize all
 nations 7,matt4  ,,xxviii3#aj74eb      
,accord+ to ,m>k1 ! two ,m>ys & ,salome 
come to ! tomb e>ly  ,sunday morn+ at ! 
ris+ ( ! sun 7,m>k ,,xvi3#a74 ,!re 0 no 
wat* !re1 & ! /one 0 roll$ away f ! door
 ( !  sepul*re 7,m>k ,,xvi3#b1 #c74 ,!y 
g into ! sepul*re & f9d !re a  "y man1  

sitt+ on ! "r side1 clo!d 9 a long1 :ite
 g>m5t  7,m>k ,,xvi3#e74 ,! "y man says 
to !m t ,jesus is ris51 & t  !y %\ld g &
 tell ! disciples & ,pet]3 ,he goe? be=e
 y  into ,galilee1 :]e !y %\ld see ,him 
7,m>k ,,xvi3#f1 #g74 ,! wom5  fl$       
quickly f ! tomb1 nei!r said !y any?+ to
 any man2 =  !y 7 afraid 7,m>k          
,,xvi3#h74 ,!n1 at "s "t & place n      
specifi$1 ,jesus appe>s to ,m>y         
,magdal5e 7,m>k ,,xvi3#i74 ,%e tells (  
?is appe>ance to !m t _h be5 ) ,him1 z  
!y m\rn$ &  wept1 b !y believe? n 7,m>k 
,,xvi3#aj1 #aa74 ,aft] t ,he appe>$  9  
ano!r =m unto two ( !m1 z !y walk$1 &   
w5t into !  c\ntry4 ,& !y w5t & told x  
unto ! residue3 ,nei!r believ$  !y !n   
7,m>k ,,xvi3#ab1 #ac74 ,aft]w>d1 at a "t
 & place n  specifi$1 ,jesus appe>s to !
 elev5 z !y sat at meat1 &  upbraid$ !m 
= _! unbelief & h>dness ( he>t 9 n      
believ+ ! acc\nts ( ,8 previ\s          
appe>ances to ,m>y & ! two  disciples   
7,m>k4 ,,xvi3#ad74 ,he !n deliv]s a %ort
 exhortation to g  into all ! _w & prea*

 ! ,gospel to e creature1 tell+ (  !    
signs t %\ld foll[ belief1 & ! puni%m5t 
t %\ld  foll[ unbelief 7,m>k ,,xvi3#ae1 
#ah74 ,s !n1 aft] ! ,"l _h spok5  unto  
!m1 ,he 0 receiv$ up into heav51 & sat  
on ! "r h& (  ,god 7,m>k ,,xvi3#ai74ec  
,luke relates t ! two ,m>ys1 ,joanna &  
o!r wom5 w5t to !  tomb on ,sunday1 v   
e>ly 9 ! morn+ 7,luke ,,xxiv3#a1 #aj74  
,!re is  no wat* & ! /one is roll$ away 
7,luke ,,xxiv3#b74 ,!y ent] !  sepul*re1
 f9d ! body ( ,jesus gone1 &1 z !y /&   
!re mu*  p]plex$1 behold1 two m5 /ood by
 !m 9 %9+ g>m5ts 7,luke  ,,xxiv3#c1 #d74
 ,!y 7 afraid1 b ! two m5 tell !m t     
,jesus is  ris51 z ,he _h pr$ict$1 & z  
!y n[ rememb] 7,luke ,,xxiv3#e1 #f1 #g1 
#h74 ,! wom5 !n return & tell all ^! ?+s
 unto ! elev5 &  to all ! re/1 b _!     
words seem to !m z idle tales1 & !y     
believ$ !m n 7,luke ,,xxiv3#i1 #aa74    
,pet] !n goes to ! sepul*re1  f9ds ! l95
 clo!s laid by !mselves1 b app>5tly sees
  no?+ ( ! two m5 7,luke ,,xxiv3#ab74   
,on ! same day ,cleopas#ed & ano!r      

disciple g to a village call$  ,emmaus1 
ab\t ?ree score furlongs f ,j]usalem    
7,luke ,,xxiv3#ac1 #ah74    ,z !y are   
proce$+ on _! way1 ,jesus1 9 ! guise ( a
 /rang]1  jo9s !m4 ,q a long conv]sation
 foll[s1 ! disciples tell+  ,jesus ! ?+s
 t _h happ5$ to ,him1 & ,he exp\nd+ !   
,scriptures to !m4 ,x is ev5+ :5 !y rea*
 ! village1 & ,jesus  made z ?\gh ,he   
w\ld g fur!r4 ,b ! two disciples induce 
,him  to t>ry ) !m 7,luke               
,,xxiv3#ae-bi71 & x came to pass z ,he  
sat at  meat ) !m1 ,he took bread1 &    
bless$ x1 & brake1 & gave to  !m4 ,& _! 
eyes 7 op5$ & !y knew ,him2 & ,he vani%$
 out  ( _! sight 7,luke ,,xxiv3#cj1     
#ca74    ,! two return to ,j]usalem &1  
f9d+ ! elev5 !re1 say to !m1  ,! ,"l is 
ris5 inde$1 & ha? appe>$ to ,simon      
7,luke ,,xxiv3#cb1  #cc1 #cd74 ,!y !n   
tell ! disciples :at happ5$ to !m on !  
way  7,luke ,,xxiv3#ce74 ,z !y ?us      
spoke1 ,jesus ,himself /ood 9 ! mid/ (  
!m 7,luke ,,xxiv3#cf74 ,! disciples are 
t]rifi$1 & suppos$ t  !y _h se5 a _s    

7,luke ,,xxiv3#cg74 ,jesus !n tells !m  
to see &  h&le ,8 h&s & feet1 & prove t 
,he is real fle% & bones &  n a _s4 ,b  
!y yet believ$ n = joy1 & wond]$4 ,to   
f9ally conv9ce !m ,he eats be=e !m a    
piece ( broil$ fi% &  "s honeycomb      
7,luke ,,xxiv3#ch-dc74 ,he !n deliv]s a 
%ort disc\rse to  !m1 tell+ t ^! ?+s h  
happ5$ to ,him t ! ,law &  ! prophets   
might be fulfill$ 7,luke ,,xxiv3#dd-di74
 ,!y !n w5t out to  ,be?any & ,he bless$
 !m1 & :ile ,he bless$1 ,he 0 p>t$ f  !m
 & c>ri$ up into heav5 7,luke           
,,xxiv3#ej1 #ea74    ,john says t ,m>y  
,magdal5e came along to ! sepul*re &    
f\nd !  /one roll$ away 7,john ,,xx3#a74
 ,%e !n summons ,pet] & ,john1 :o  ent] 
& f9d ! grave clo!s ly+ ar\nd1 b no     
body4 ,!y !n  w5t away aga9 unto _! own 
home4 ,x is add$1 ,= z yet !y  knew n ! 
,scripture1 t ,he mu/ rise aga9 f ! dead
 7,john  ,,xx3#b-aj74 ,m>y rema9s weep+1
 &1 look+ aga9 into ! sepul*re1  sees   
two angels 9 :ite !re 7,john ,,xx3#aa1  
#ab74 ,!y ask h]1 ,:y  weepe/ ?\8 & %e  

says1 ,because !y h tak5 away my ,"l &  
,i  "k n :]e !y h laid ,him 7,john      
,,xx3#ac74 ,%e !n turns & sees  ,jesus  
/&+1 b supposes ,him to be ! g>d5]4 ,%e 
asks ,him to  tell h] :]e !y h laid     
,jesus1 & ,i w take ,him away1 %e  says 
7,john ,,xx3#ad1 #ae74 ,jesus !n calls  
h] by "n1 & %e app>5tly  recognizes ,him
 & calls ,him ,ma/] 7,john ,,xx3#af74   
,jesus !n tells h]1  ,g unto my bre?r5 &
 say unto !m1 ,i asc5d unto my ,fa!r &  
y\r  ,fa!r1 & to my ,god & y\r ,god     
7,john ,,xx3#ag74 ,m>y !n reports  ^!   
?+s to ! disciples1 b ,john does n say  
:e!r !y  believ$ h]1 or1 z ,m>k & ,luke 
say1 !y disbeliev$ h] 7,john  ,,xx3#ah74
 ,on ?is same ,sunday ev5+1 :5 ! elev51 
except ,?omas1 are  toge!r secretly =   
fe> ( ! ,jews1 ,jesus came to !m & %[$  
!m ,8 h&s & side4 ,!n foll[s a %ort     
disc\rse f ,jesus to  ,8 disciples      
7,john ,,xx3#bj-bc74 ,:5 ,?omas he>s (  
?is appe>ance1 he  expresses 8          
disbelief1 unless he c put 8 f+]s into !
 pr9t (  ! nails1 & ?ru/ 8 h& into ,8   

side 7,john ,,xx3#bd1 #be74 ,eight  days
 lat] ,jesus appe>s aga9 to ,8          
disciples1 :5 ,?omas is pres5t1  & tells
 ! latt] to make 8 v]ifications4 ,?omas 
says unto ,him1  ,my ,"l & my ,god4     
,jesus !n comm5ds ^? :o h n se51 &  yet 
h believ$ 7,john ,,xx3#bf-bi74          
,john's ,gospel app>5tly at "o "t end$  
at ?is po9t 7,john ,,xx3#cj1  #ca71 b   
,*apt] ,,xxi 0 subsequ5tly add$4 ,"h !re
 is relat$ a  ?ird appe>ance ( ,jesus1  
?is "t to six ( ! apo/les &  ,na?aniel (
 ,cana 7,john ,,xxi3#a1 #b74 ,?is       
occurr$ at ! sea ( ,tib]ias1  & !re 0 a 
miracul\s draught ( fi%es 7see ,luke    
,v3#d1 #e1 #f71 & a  h9t ( ,pet] walk+  
on ! wat] 7see ,matt4 ,,xiv3#bh-ca74 ,at
 fir/ !  disciples knew n t x 0 ,jesus1 
&1 ev5 aft] ,john tells ,pet]  t x is ! 
,"l1 !y seem to be "u "s re/ra9t1 & none
 (  ! disciples dur/ ask ,him1 ,:o art  
?\1 kn[+ t x 0 !  ,"l 7,john            
,,xxi3#c-ab74 ,aft] !y _h d9$1 !re ensu$
 "s  conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ,pet]1 
& lat] ) ,john1 out ( :i*  came ! say+ t

 ! latt] %\ld n die 7,john              
,,xxi3#ae-bc74    ,9 nei!r ( ^!         
appe>ances is !re any acc\nt ( ,jesus   
asc5d+  up into heav51 or ( ,8 in/ruct+ 
! disciples to prea* ,8 ,gospel  to all 
nations4#ee          ,,"p ,,ii          
,,mod]n ,,*ri/ianity    ,) ! dea? (     
,jesus1 di$ also ,8 dream ( conv]t+ !   
,jews to  ,8 religi\s ideas4 ,a few     
scatt]$ b&s ( foll[]s--,naz>ites or     
,ebionites--surviv$ ,him4 ,b !y exi/$   
only 9 a moribund condition1  ex]t$ no  
influ5ce ov] ! nation1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a 
few  c5turies1 disappe>$ f hi/ory4 ,!   
,jews z a p reject$1 &  h always        
reject$1 bo? ,jesus z a ,messiah & ,8   
tea*+s z _!  religion4 ,if ! ,jews _h !n
 be5 an indep5d5t nation1 liv+ 9  _!    
haughty isolation f o!r peoples1 ! p[] &
 hatr$ ( !  ,ph>isees w\ld probably h   
/amp$ out ! la/ remnants ( ,jesus'      
foll[]s1 & ,he w\ld h surviv$ only z a  
"n 9 hi/ory4 ,b !  disciples 7or        
apo/les7 f\nd "u ! ,roman rule          
protection = _!  tea*+1 & ready access  

to ! ,g5tile communities1 n only 9      
,pale/9e1 b ?r\gh\t all ! coa/s ( !     
,m$it]ranean4 ,among  ^! communities    
,jesus' ,gospel f\nd a quick & ready    
acceptance1 &1  )9 two or ?ree c5turies 
aft] ,8 dea?1 x _h become a mighty  liv+
 =ce 9 ! evolution ( mank9d4 ,9 ! reign 
( ,con/ant9e1  ,*ri/ianity became !     
dom9ant religion 9 ! ,roman empire1 & x 
rapidly br\ght "u its influ5ce ! ,nor!rn
 ,b>b>ians1 :o1 9  _! turn1 7 to be !   
conqu]ors ( ?is empire4    ,z           
,*ri/ianity grew & spread & became m    
p[]ful1 x lo/ almo/  all resemblance to 
! religion ( "r liv+1 :i* ,jesus _h     
taught & practic$4 ,! spiritual &       
temporal p[]s 7 once m  re-unit$1       
dogmas1 cre$s1 !ological disquisitions  
multipli$1 until  ! fair body (         
religion1 reveal$ 9 almo/ nak$ purity by
 !  prophets1 is once m hidd5 "u a new  
accumulation ( dogmas & (  ritual       
practices ( :i* ! primitive ,naz>5e knew
 no?+2 & :i*  ,he w\ld probably h reg>d$
 z blasphem\s if ,he c\ld h be5  made to

 und]/& !m4    ,z1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 !
 ages roll on1 poly!ism comes back  "u !
 disguise ( m>iolatry & ! adoration (   
sa9ts2 image  wor%ip becomes z rampant z
 9 old ,egypt2 adoration ( relics takes 
! place ( ! old feti*-wor%ip2 ! virtues 
( ! ephod pale  be=e ^? ( holy coats &  
h&k]*iefs2 %r9es & calv>ies make  up = !
 loss ( ! ark & ( ! high places2 & ev5 !
 lu/ral  wat] ( paganism is replac$ by  
holy wat] at ! por*es ( !  temples4 ,a  
t\*+ c]emony--! common meal orig9ally   
eat5 9 pi\s  memory ( a lov$ tea*]--0   
metamorphos$ into a fle%-&-blood        
sacrifice1 suppos$ to possess exactly t 
r$eem+ virtue :i* !  prophets d5i$ to ! 
fle%-&-blood sacrifices ( _! day2 :ile  
! m9ute obs]vance ( ritual 0 rais$ to a 
degree ( punctili\s  ref9em5t :i*       
,levitical legislators might envy4 ,& ) 
! gr[?  ( ?is !ology1 grew its          
inevitable concomitant1 ! belief 9 evil 
spirits1 9 possession1 9 sorc]y1 9 *>ms 
& om5s1 until !  ,*ri/ians ( ! twelf?   
c5tury aft] our era 7 sunk 9 m  debas$ &

 brutal sup]/itions ?an are record$ ( ! 
,israelites 9  ! twelf? c5tury be=e x4  
7,"s ,controv]t$ ,que/ions1 ,huxley1 p4 
#aei47    ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5?        
c5turies1 ! lead]s ( !  ,re=mation & !  
,new ,le>n+ began _! rel5tless w>f>e ^u 
!  exi/+ =malism & sup]/ition1 & f two  
diff]5t po9ts (  attack4 ,aft] c5turies 
( bloody w>s1 ,prote/antism succe$$ 9   
displac+ ,ca?olicism z ! dom9ant        
religion ov] a l>ge "p (  ,nor!rn       
,europe4 ,roman ,ca?olicism /ill rema9$ 
dom9ant 9 ,s\!rn  ,europe1 & ,greek     
,ca?olicism 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 !      
mean:ile1 to  ! et]nal disgrace ( ! !n  
,*ri/5dom1 ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet  _h     
e/abli%$ 8 religion 9 "s ( ! faire/     
portions (  ,s\!a/]n ,europe4 ,if !     
,*ri/ian nations ( ! fifte5? c5tury  _h 
exp5d$ on ! practical cause ( keep+     
,mohamm$anism out (  ,europe "o ti! ( ! 
en]gy & sacrifice t !y did exp5d on !   
unpractical dream ( recov]+ ! ,holy     
,sepul*re1 ,europe w\ld h  be5 sp>$ !   
endless h]itage ( evil t has foll[$ !   

introduction ( ! unspeakable ,turk into 
,european politics4 ,b mutual           
jeal\sies1 prejudices1 petty ambitions1 
diss5tions & discords  p]mitt$ ?is      
calamity to occur1 ! end ( :i* x seems  
is n yet4    ,z ! ,re=m$ *ur*es became  
e/abli%$ 9 p[]1 ea* "o develop$  its own
 =malism1 diff]5t f1 b no m 9 consonance
 )1  ,jesus' simple religion1 ?an t ( ! 
,ca?olics4 ,z dogmatic  !ologians1      
,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,knox & ,jona?an ,edw>ds 
7 little  improvem5t ov] ,loyola1       
,augu/9e & ,ju/94 ,pr$e/9ation1         
=e-ord9ation1 *ange ( he>t1 infant      
damnation1 et]nal puni%m5t1  !          
,?irty-n9e ,articles1 ! ,augsburg       
,confession1 w\ld h be5 z  un9telligible
 to ,jesus1 & w\ld h met z summ>y       
condemnation at  ,8 h&s1 z ! qu>rels    
betwe5 ! homoi-ousians & !              
homo-ousians1 :i* r5t ! ,*ri/ian _w 9 ! 
?ird c5tury aft]  ,8 dea?4    ,b a m    
=midable *ampion _h ent]$ ! li/s aga9/  
dogmatic  !ology & 9 favor ( ! cre$less 
religion ( ,jesus4 ,! inv5tion  ( pr9t+1

 ! gr[? ( sci5ce1 ! diffusion (         
education1 & !  developm5t ( a _w-wide  
comm]ce 7 all work+ t[>ds !  eradication
 ( sup]/ition1 ! break+ d[n ( national &
 racial  & religi\s antipa?ies &        
prejudices1 ! cultivation ( relations1  
fir/ ( bus9ess1 & !n ( mutual reg>d &   
fri5d%ip betwe5 !  peoples ( diff]5t    
c\ntries1 ! con/ant amelioration ( !    
r\ghness1 h>%ness & cruelty ( e>li]     
times1 ! enc\ragem5t (  c\rtesy1        
consid]ation = o!rs & *>ity t[>ds all   
m54 ,all  ^! =ces 7 mak+ = ,jesus' ideal
 ( a common humanity1 :]e  ! asp]ities (
 diff]5t religi\s cre$s w\ld cease to   
tr\ble1 &  ea* man might love 8 neighbor
 z himself4 ,a trem5d\s victory _h  be5 
won :5 ! "t came1 t an ,or?odox ,ca?olic
 w\ld admit t  8 righte\s-liv+          
,prote/ant neighbor might inh]it heav5 z
 surely  z himself4    ,! optimi/ ( !   
e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury might h hugg$    
himself ) complac5cy ov] ! rapid        
progress :i* ! ,gospel (  ,jesus 0 mak+ 
9 m\ld+ mank9d t[>ds a realization ( ,8 

ideals4 ,!n came ! cataclysm ( #aiad4 ,!
 lead+ nations (  ,europe--all ,*ri/ian 
except ! ,turks--plung$ into ! bloodie/ 
w>  ( hi/ory1 & on ! mo/ petty (        
pretexts--! political  adm9i/ration ( an
 insignificant ,balkan /ate4 ,! ,gospel 
( ,jesus1 z  an effici5t =ce re/ra9+ ^! 
nations f w>1 0 z ?\gh x  _h nev] exi/$4
 ,9 ! communications betwe5 ,engl&1     
,france1 ,russia  & ,g]many1 prelim9>y  
to ! w> & o/5sibly seek+ to av]t w>1    
did any "o /atesman urge ! argum5t t !  
law ( ,jesus =bade  ?is w>8 ,n a s+le   
syllable1 &1 = ! suffici5t reason1 t    
ea* "o knew t x w\ld fall on deaf e>s & 
w\ld be laugh$ at z  old wom5's talk4 ,s
 f> z ! effici5cy ( su* argum5ts 0      
conc]n$1 !y might z well h be5 us$      
betwe5 ! ,p]sians &  ,egyptians be=e    
,jesus 0 born4    ,!n1 :5 w> broke out1 
came ! supreme irony ( ea* nation cr[d+ 
its *ur*es to pray = ! assi/ance ( !    
meek & g5tle ,jesus 9  slaught]+ its    
enemies4 ,lat]1 ! victori\s nations     
cr[d$ _!  *ur*es to ?ank ,jesus t ,he _h

 made !m successful 9 _!  helli%        
bus9ess4    ,!re are "s :o c quiet _!   
consci5ces by %ift+ !  responsibility = 
! incalculable mis]y ( ?is brutal1      
b>b>\s  conflict f ! s9s & evil         
ambitions ( man to ! %\ld]s ( !         
,almighty4 ,) ^? hold+ ?is 7to ! writ]7 
blasphem\s doctr9e1  argum5t is useless4
 ,b to ! ord9>y1 s9c]e & c&id foll[] (  
,jesus1 does n ! occurr5ce ( ?is w> give
 occasion to pause &  ?9k--z x 71 to    
take an acc\nt ( 8 /ock-9-trade8 ,:y did
 !  mighty =ces ( ,*ri/ianity fail to "w
 ) any practical effect at  ?is1 _!     
supreme te/--! prev5tion ( w>8 ,:at     
promise has !  future to prev5t !       
recurr5ce ( su* evils8 ,h[ f> has mod]n 
,*ri/ianity kept undefil$ ! pure        
religion ( ! ,great ,naz>5e8    ,^! are 
all que/ions dem&+ at ?is "t ! s]i\s    
consid]ation  ( e ?9k+ man1 pr(ess$     
,*ri/ian or n4      ,,! ,,et]nal        
,,conflict    ,! ,gospel ( ,jesus       
proclaim$ ! highe/ e?ical ideal t _h yet
  appe>$ on e>?4 ,b1 z a work+          

rule-(-conduct = practical1  ev]yday    
life1 x conta9$ an ess5tial weakness4 ,)
 its acceptance  by "o nation aft]      
ano!r1 x became an effici5t =ce1 work+ )
  o!r =ces 9 ! evolution ( mank9d4 ,b "h
 x came 9 direct  conflict ) ! =ces (   
nature1 :i*1 work+ ?r\gh c\ntless  ages1
 _h made man :at he !n 04 ,! ultimate   
goal ( man's  /ruggles & aspirations "u 
! ,gospel ( ,jesus 0 self-abnegation1   
non-resi/ance1 ! protection ( ! weak by 
! /rong4 ,! ultimate  goal ( nature's   
=ces 0 self-ass]tion1 battle1 ! cru%+   
out (  ! weak by ! /rong4 ,! /ruggle =  
exi/5ce & ! survival (  ! fitte/ _h no  
place 9 _! op]ation = ! doctr9es (      
turn+ ! o!r *eek1 & lov+ ?y neighbor z  
?yself4 ,! two  71 & always w be1 z     
incompatible z fire & wat]4    ,:5 !    
,g]mans1 "s fifty ye>s ago1 began dream+
 (1 & plann+  =1 a _w empire1 "s ( _!   
philosoph]s cle>ly recogniz$1 &  op5ly  
proclaim$1 ! ess5tial antipa?y betwe5 ! 
=ces (  ,*ri/ianity1 work+ t[>ds ,jesus'
 ideal1 & ! =ces ( nature1  work+ t[>ds 

! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,9 ord] to       
realize h]  dream1 x 0 necess>y =       
,g]many to treat ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z  
! pip+ ( "s idle s+] ( an empty day4    
,on ! assumption t ! manife/ de/9y ( !  
,g]mans 0 to be  _w-conqu]ors1 ^!       
philosoph]s argu$1 ) unassailable logic1
  t ! nation _h made a vital mi/ake 9   
ab&on+ ! hea!n gods  = ! ,jesus (       
,*ri/ianity4 ,_w-conque/ dem&s ( its    
aspirant  m]ciless sev]ity1 ev5 to !    
enslavem5t or annihilation ( any        
un(f5d+ p1 :i* ! necessity ( w> consid]s
 to be  imp$+ its progress4 ,9 s f> z ! 
individual imbibes1 & is  affect$ by1 ! 
ideals ( ,jesus1 j s f> is 8 effici5cy z
 a  unit ( ! conqu]+ nation impair$4    
,_w-conqu]ors c tol]ate  no consci5ti\s 
objectors 9 _! ranks4 ,logically _! gods
 %\ld  be ! gods ( ! old ,valhalla1     
,valor1 ,glory1 ,victory4 ,_! prie/s    
%\ld prea* w> & hate1 n peace & love4   
,) a c\rage & consi/5cy t left no?+     
unsaid1 ^! ,g]man  writ]s tore 9 twa9 ! 
veil ( hypocrisy ) :i* ,*ri/ian nations 

cov] up _! w>s1 & _! s*emes (           
colonization1 b5evol5t  assimilation1   
etc4 ,!y %[$ =? ! nak$ tru? t ,jesus'   
ideal  & nature's goal = man are !      
antipodes ( ea* o!r1 at lea/ z  reg>ds  
diff]5t nations /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r =     
supreme p[]4  ,9 o!r words1 ! =ces (    
,*ri/ianity are work+ 9 "o direction1  &
 ! =ces ( nature 9 ano!r4    ,z ) !     
,nation1 s ) ! ,individual4    ,jesus   
7/at+ ,8 ideal /&>d1 x mu/ be rememb]$7 
says3 ,g &  sell t ?\ ha/ & give to !   
poor 7,matt4 ,,xix3#ba74    ,nature     
says3 ,n s4 ,if y _h done ?is 9 !       
beg9n+1 y w\ld  n[ h no?+ ) :i* to help 
! poor4 ,if y d x n[1 y w  simply be    
add+ y\rself & y\r family to increase ! 
numb] ( !  poor4    ,jesus says3 ,take  
no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat2   
nei!r  = ! body1 :at ye %all put on     
7,luke ,,xii3#bb74    ,nature says3     
,take ?\ght = ! morr[ & provide = !     
future (  y\rself & y\r family2 practice
 economy1 frugality1 ?rift2 see to x  t 
! cont+5cy ( sickness1 or ! com+ ( old  

age1 does n  br+ y & ^? dep5d5t on y    
into ! ranks ( ! poor1 seek+  aid f     
o!rs4    ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two goals  
is z %>ply def9$ 9 ! case (  !          
individual z 9 ! case ( ! nation4    ,f 
?is x does n foll[ t nature's =ces d n  
make =  altruism4 ,z ! family1 ! tribe  
or clan1 ! race1 & ! nation are         
successively evolv$1 ! scope (          
self-int]e/ wid5s & ! means  necess>y to
 atta9 its ends become less             
individuali/ic & m  humanit>ian4 ,z     
,fag9 impresses on ,noah ,claypole1 ev5 
9 a b& (  ?ieves1 ! numb] "o ( ,noah mu/
 also include ! numb] "o ( !  o!r memb]s
 ( ! gang4 ,9 a mod]n community1 :e!r   
,*ri/ian or  hea!n1 ! successful bus9ess
 or pr(essional man mu/ necess>ily      
practice1 to a great] or less degree1 ! 
same virtues inculcat$ by  ,jesus2      
o!rwise he makes himself an outca/--an  
,i%maelite--aga9/  :om e man's h& is    
turn$4    ,hone/y is ! be/ policy ( !   
utilit>ian leads to ! same  results z ! 
,gospel maxim to deal ju/ly ) all m54   

,also ! gr[? ( a _w-wide comm]ce1 ) !   
accompany+ spread  ( int]national law1  
develops con/antly a _s ( int]national  
morality4 ,a nation today1 plann+ a w>1 
mu/ look beyond ! "q  ( h[ its c\rse w  
affect ! self-int]e/ ( o!r nations4 ,if 
x  has wisdom 9 its c\ncils1 x mu/ also 
reckon ) ?is _s (  int]national         
morality4 ,if its cause be too palpably 
unju/1 or !  means x adopts to secure   
victory be too b>b>\s1 x may %ock ?is   
int]national morality1 & br+ ^u itself  
unexpect$ enemies1 :o  may balk its be/ 
laid plans4 ,! possibility ( su*        
cont+5cies  aris+ w h f> m weight ?an   
any argum5t bas$ on !  tea*+ ( ,jesus4  
,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,compromise    ,9  
,physics a body act$ on by two div]g5t  
=ces takes a c\rse :i*  is ! resultant (
 7a compromise betwe57 ! two diff]5t    
=ces4 ,s1  if ,*ri/ianity is to survive 
z an effici5t =ce 9 man's evolution1    
compromises mu/ be made betwe5 ! ideals 
( ,jesus & ! natural  =ces express$ 9 ! 
t]ms ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & !  survival

 ( ! fitte/4 ,x is possible t ! day may 
come1 :5 all  nations ( our planet may  
be conv]t$1 to put into practical       
op]ation  9 int]national affairs !      
ideals ( ,jesus4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( !  _w  
dur+ #aiad %[s t little1 if any1        
progress has be5 made 9  t direction    
s9ce ! ,crucifixion4 ,suppose ! ,*ri/ian
 nations (  ,europe & ,am]ica %\ld      
ann\nce today ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1
  dismantle _! fleets & dismiss _!      
armies1 h[ long w\ld x be  be=e !       
,moslems1 or ! yell[ hordes ( ,asia1    
w\ld enslave !m  & ext]m9ate all        
,*ri/ian religion & civilization8       
,=tunately1  su* a result is un?9kable1 
& ! ,*ri/ian nations w1 until "s  unkn[n
 "t 9 ! future1 cont9ue _! compromise ) 
,jesus'  ideals4 ,! unspeakable ,turk w 
cont9ue to und]/& t1 if he  massacres "s
 ,*ri/ian villages1 ! o!r *eek w n be   
turn$ to  him1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a       
righte\s retribution ( bayonet & %ell  w
 be met$ out to him4    ,a sup]ficial   
glance at hi/ory illu/rates ! necessity 

( national  compromise4    ,if ,moses _h
 prea*$1 & ! ,jews _h put 9 practice1 ! 
doctr9e (  non-resi/ance1 !y w\ld soon h
 be5 ext]m9at$ by _!  ,phili/9e         
neighbors1 & ! ,jesus t 0 w\ld nev] h   
be54    ,if ! tribes ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians
 9 ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s (  our era _h put   
into practical effect ! ,s]mon on !     
,m\nt1 z soon  z !y accept$ ,*ri/ianity1
 !re w\ld h be5 no ,anglo-,saxon  ,engl&
 & ,unit$ ,/ates1 z !y are today4    ,if
 ,f]d9& & ,isabella _h n reli$ on _!    
e>?ly weapons1 ,spa9  w\ld probably h   
be5 ,moslem to ?is day4    ,if !        
,*ri/ian p[]s _h n w>r$ aga9/ ! ,turks 9
 !  sixte5? c5tury1 ! great] "p (       
,europe w\ld h b[$ ! knee  to ,mahomet1 
& ! ,mosque w\ld h sup]s$$ ! ,*ur* z !  
au?oriz$ place ( wor%ip4    ,if our     
colonial ance/ors _h obey$ ! injunction1
 ,r5d] to ,cs>  ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 !re 
w\ld h be5 no ,am]ican  ,revolution4    
,if ! consci5ti\s objectors _h sway$ !  
c\ncils ( ! ,nor? 9  #ahfa1 we w\ld n[ h
 a divid$ c\ntry1 ) slav]y firmly       

e/abli%$ 9 "o-half ( x4    ,z ) !       
nation1 s ) ! individual1 a compromise  
betwe5 ,jesus'  ideals & ! =ces ( nature
 is a necessity1 at lea/ until evolution
  has produc$ "s fundam5tal *ange 9     
human nature4    ,x is relat$ t :5 ! "m 
& bre?r5 ( ,jesus s\ght to speak  )     
,him1 ,he repudiat$ _! special claims ( 
relation%ip on ,him1 &  said3 ,= :osoev]
 %all d ! w ( my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav51  
! same is my bro!r1 & si/] & "m 7,matt4 
,,xii3#ej2 ,m>k  ,,iii3#ca2 ,luke       
,,viii3#ai74    ,9 ano!r place ,he says3
 ,he t love? fa!r or "m m ?an me  is n  
wor?y ( me2 & he t love? son or daught] 
m ?an me is  n wor?y ( me 7,matt4       
,x3#cg74    ,if any man come to me1 &   
hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1  & *ildr51 
& bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea1 & 8 own life    
also1 he  _c be my disciple 7,luke      
,,xiv3#bf74    ,& e "o t ha? =sak5      
h\ses1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or  fa!r1 or
 "m1 or wife1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = my   
"n's sake1  %all receive a hundr$fold1 &
 %all inh]it ev]la/+ life 7,matt4       

,,xix3#bi74    ,& ,he said unto ano!r1  
,foll[ me4 ,b he said1 ,"l1 suff] me    
fir/  to g & bury my fa!r4    ,jesus    
said unto him1 let ! dead bury _! dead2 
b g ?\ &  prea* ! k+dom ( ,god 7,luke   
,,ix3#ei1 #fj74    ,n[1 no sane man w\ld
 advocate t doctr9es su* z ^! %\ld be   
put into g5]al1 practical op]ation "u ! 
pres5t con/itution (  human nature4 ,_! 
practice w\ld make ( man a selfi%       
ascetic1 w\ld  dis9tegrate ! family into
 its individual units1 l animals :5 !   
bre$+ season is pa/1 w\ld disc\rage     
human progress &  developm5t1 & w\ld    
ev5tually lead to ! degradation or      
ext9ction  ( any society :i* attempt$ to
 consi/5tly en=ce !m4 ,( c\rse  !       
individual man or woman may abjure      
family ties altoge!r1 )\t  s]i\s loss to
 ! community & ev5 p]haps ) "s ga91 j z 
! drones h a function to p]=m 9 a       
community ( bees4 ,b !  univ]sal        
adoption ( ?is practice by a human      
community w\ld mean its  spe$y dea?4 ,) 
^? :o w\ld reg>d ?is z a desirable      

outcome (  ,jesus' tea*+s1 we h no      
argum5t4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no dang] (  
su* a condition ( affairs com+ to  pass4
 ,= untold ages be=e ^! utt]ances (     
,jesus1 nature _h be5  develop+ ! family
 affections 9 man4 ,x _h made ! family !
  fundam5tal unit ( ! tribe1 ! clan1 !  
race1 ! nation4 ,^!  family affections1 
s plant$ by nature 9 man1 mu/1 9 society
 z a  :ole1 ov]ride ! e?ical idea ( a   
g5]al philan?ropy1 z embodi$  9 ^!      
utt]ances ( ,jesus4 ,! normal man has   
always1 & does n[1  rank ! duties to 8  
family z p>am\nt ov] ^? ( g5]al         
philan?ropy4    ,man w cont9ue to m>ry &
 h *ildr5 9 ! future1 z he has 9  ! pa/4
 ,he w cont9ue to reg>d 8 obligations to
 8 family z  sup]ior & prior to ^? he   
owes to mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,he w feel  )9  
himself ! urge1 n m]ely to satisfy ! ne$
 ( ! day1 b  also to provide = ! future4
 ,he w look =w>d to ! education  &      
outfitt+ ( 8 *ildr54 ,he w gu>d aga9/ ! 
cont+5cies  ( sickness & ! probabilities
 ( old age com+ ^u himself &  ^? dep5d5t

 on him4 ,he w engage ) all 8 en]gy 9 ! 
/ruggle ) 8 fell[ m5 = ! acquisition (  
prop]ty4 ,he w  practice indu/ry1 ?rift 
& economy1 & take e fair means to pu%  8
 own bus9ess at ! exp5se ( 8            
competitors4    ,b 9 all ?is1 ev5 all[+ 
t he has reasonably practic$ !  virtues 
( g5]osity1 *>ity & philan?ropy1 !re is 
no disguis+  ! pla91 nak$ tru? t is all 
! "t mak+ compromises ) !  ideals (     
,jesus4 ,8 actions simply d n squ>e ) ! 
maxims3 ,give  all ?y goods to ! poor2  
take no ?\ght = ! morr[2 e "o :o  does !
 w ( ,god is ! same to y z y\r bro!r &  
si/] &  "m2 resi/ n evil1 b :osoev] %all
 smite !e on ?y "r  *eek1 turn to him ! 
o!r also2 :osoev] %all compel !e to g a 
mile1 g ) him twa92 give to e man t     
aske? ( !e1 & (  him t take? away ?y    
goods1 ask !m n aga92 love y\r enemies1 
bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate 
y2 lay n up =  y\rselves treasures ^u   
e>?2 take no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we  
eat8 ,or1 ,:at %all we dr9k8 ,or1       
,:]e)al %all we be clo!d8 ,he  t love?  

fa!r or "m m ?an me is n wor?y ( me4    
,x is difficult to conceive h[1 at !    
pres5t /age ( man's  evolution1 any     
community ( consid]able size1 ev5 if we 
assume all  ext]nal ho/ile int]f]5ce    
elim9at$1 c\ld put ^! ideals into       
practical effect )\t disa/]4 ,z we "k   
man1 he has become :at he  is only ?r\gh
 /rife & conte/1 ?r\gh ! survival ( !   
/rong1  ! indu/ri\s1 ! provid5t ov] !   
weak1 ! lazy1 ! improvid5t4  ,if !      
/ruggle = exi/5ce is elim9at$1 is !re n 
e reason  to expect t progress w be     
arre/$1 & ! nation's civilization  w    
decay & f9ally disappe>1 z has be5 !    
case s _m times 9  ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! _w8 
,! desire = ! acquisition ( private     
prop]ty & ! lu/ = p[] h be5 ! two       
dom9ant motives  impell+ m5 to raise    
!mselves f a /age ( b>b>ism to a /age  (
 civilization4 ,:at motives c be        
sub/itut$ = ^? t w  h ! same compell+1  
driv+ =ce8 ,x is only by long c5turies (
  h>d fight+ ) mat]ial weapons t ! p[]s 
( good h s f>  subdu$ ! p[]s ( evil z to

 e/abli% our pres5t /&>d (              
humanit>ianism4 ,b if ! good are to be  
conf9$ to ! weapon (  moral suasion1 h[ 
long w x be until ! p[]s ( evil are 9   
full  control8    ,b1 fur!r1 ev5 if we  
assume t all evil-do]s are conv]t$ f  ! 
error ( _! ways1 ! economic problem = a 
community work+  "u ^! ideals seems     
insoluble4 ,ev5 "u ! gr9d+ necessities  
( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! t5d5cy ( human 
populations to  increase beyond _! means
 ( subsi/5ce is an indisputable fact1 z 
soon z !y develop a civilization :]e    
peace & security ( private  prop]ty are 
measurably assur$1 & especially :]e     
manufactur+  c5t]s ) l>ge indu/rial     
populations are e/abli%$4 ,! _m  anci5t 
civilizations t h aris51 fl\ri%$ &      
decay$ atte/  ! tru? ( ?is fact4 ,9 !   
sev5te5? c5tury ,engl& 0  confront$ ) ! 
problem ( inadequate means ( subsi/5ce1 
& met  x by spread+ ov] ! :ole globe4   
,:at ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli%  p w\ld h be5 
if !y _h be5 conf9$ to _! native isl&1  
w\ld af=d an int]e/+ subject = ab/ract  

philosophical  speculation4 ,?us f>1 !  
va/ undevelop$ t]ritories ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates h furni%$ an outlet = its surplus
 population4 ,b ! "t  may n be f> di/ant
 :5 ! problem ( subsi/5ce may be a s]i\s
  "o ) u4 ,9 mod]n times1 ne>ly all !   
great nations h be5  /ruggl+ = !        
acquisition ( new t]ritories z an outlet
 = _!  exp&+ populations4 ,g]many's     
economic ne$s 7 und\bt$ly "o (  !       
/ronge/ motives urg+ h] onw>d 9 h]      
fateful dream ( _w  empire4 ,france     
attempts to meet ! difficulty by        
volunt>y1 individual  action 9 limit+ ! 
bir? rate4 ,?is rem$y w always be       
resort$  to 9 highly civiliz$ nations1 z
 ! pressure ( population on  subsi/5ce  
becomes m sev]e4 ,b ! decrease (        
population means  ! arre/ ( gr[? &      
progress 9 ! national organism1 &       
ev5tual  decad5ce4    ,?us d>k & unc]ta9
 is ! economic outlook = nations :]e !  
competitive /ruggle = exi/5ce is 9 full 
sway1 :]e !  acquisition & accumulation 
( private prop]ty are fo/]$ &  enc\rag$1

 :]e ?rift1 indu/ry & sav+ are rank$ z  
c>d9al  virtues1 & :]e prop] provision =
 oneself & "o's family is ev5  en=c$ by 
law aga9/ ! indol5t & %iftless4 ,:at mu/
 be !  economic future ( a community f  
:i* ^! inc5tives &  re/ra9ts are bani%$1
 & :]e sympa?y = ! un=tunate & !        
crim9al1 reg>dless ( m]it or des]t1 is  
to be ! gov]n+  pr9ciple8    ,x foll[s1 
!n1 fir/1 t ! nation1 9 its int]national
  relations1 mu/ compromise ) ! ideals (
 ,jesus 9 ord] to pres]ve  its national 
exi/5ce1 & to safegu>d ,*ri/ianity aga9/
 !  attacks ( its ext]nal foes2 &       
second1 t ! individual1 9 8  daily life1
 mu/ compromise ) ^! ideals to pres]ve !
 well-be+  & cont9uity ( ! family & to  
ensure ! progress ( mank9d 9  happ9ess1 
morality & mat]ial prosp]ity4           
,,compromise ,,is ,,ju/ifiable    ,!    
,crucifixion 0 b a few ye>s old :5 ^?   
two old enemies :om  ,jesus _h f\ght s  
p]si/5tly--cre$s & c]emonies--began to  
be  active among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,"r  
!ological ?9k+ began to  ass]t its      

supremacy ov] ! "r practical liv+1      
taught by ,jesus  z ! fir/ ess5tial ( ,8
 pr(ess$ foll[]s4 ,! outside ( !  cup 0 
be+ c>efully poli%$ up1 al?\gh ! inside 
might be  unclean4 ,paul1 :o _h nev] _h 
any p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,jesus1  0 !    
protagoni/ ( ?is retrograde movem5t4    
,zeal\s1 en]getic1 a  ready writ] & a   
subtile dialectician1 8 num]\s epi/les  
furni%$  an ars5al ( weapons = all      
future controv]sial !ologians4 ,8       
arrogance 9 def9+ ! t5ets ( ! rapidly   
gr[+ ,g5tile ,*ur*  0 n "o :it abat$ by 
! fact t he _h nev] be5 9 p]sonal       
contact ) ,jesus1 & t 9 8 views he 0    
oppos$ to ^? :o  _h be5 ! mo/ intimate  
associates ( ,jesus dur+ 8 entire       
prophetic c>e]4 ,q e>ly 9 8 m9i/ration1 
,paul has a bitt]  qu>rel ) ,pet]1      
,james1 ,cephas1 ,john 7! pill>s7 & o!r 
disciples ( ,jesus ov] "s "q (          
circumcision1 & has no  hesitation 9    
tell+ ,pet] 7! rock ( ! new ,*ur*7 to 8 
face  t he 0 to be blam$ = 8 views      
7,galatians ,,ii3#aa et seq474    ,x is 

n too mu* to say t he took ! fair1 smil+
 *ild (  religion1 z left by ,jesus1 &  
trans=m$ x into a mis%ap5 dw>f1  ) twi/$
 & contort$ limbs1 & ^u its face a fr[n 
( almo/  malevol5t au/]ity4    ,:5 "r   
!ological ?9k+ became e/abli%$ z !      
prim>y  ess5tial ( a ,*ri/ian1 &        
especially :5 ,*ri/ianity acquir$       
temporal p[]1 x 0 inevitable t !re %\ld 
be extract$ f  ,paul's militant writ+s t
 mo/ abom9able doctr9e ( ,no compromise 
) evil4 ,9 company ) dogmatic di/9ctions
 ( or?odoxy &  het]odoxy1 x has inflict$
 its full quota ( mis]y & suff]+ ^u  !  
human race4 ,x =m$ ! ju/ification ( !   
cruelties ( !  ,inquisition1 ! religi\s 
p]secutions & w>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !  
conv]sion ( savages by fire & sword1 !  
ext]m9ation ( s-call$  wit*es1 & ! burn+
 at ! /ake ( c\ntless advanc$ ?9k]s 9   
sci5ce & religion1 & o!r s-call$        
h]etics4    ,probably ! unrecord$ suff]+
 :i* ! advocates ( ?is doctr9e  h       
inflict$ 9 ! dome/ic & social sph]e w\ld
 equal t :i*  is writt5 9 political     

hi/ory4 ,! possession (1 & disposition  
to  put into practical op]ation1 ?is    
dogma presupposes sublime egoism1  c\pl$
 ) a n>r[ness ( m9d easily runn+ into   
extreme bigotry4  ,= ! slighte/ /udy (  
hi/ory w %[ t ! error & evil (  "o age  
becomes ! tru? & good ( a succe$+ age4  
,b !  non-compromis] ignores any        
consid]ation ( t sort4 ,if he has       
decid$ t ?is & t are evil1 !y mu/       
necess>ily be evil  )\t argum5t or      
appeal4 ,he is ! legitimate desc5dant ( 
! old  inquisitors1 &1 if he _h !       
temporal p[]1 w\ld today en=ce 8  ideas 
z ru?lessly ?r\gh\t ! nation z !y did 9 
! ,middle  ,ages4 ,conf9$ to ! n>r[]    
limits ( ! dome/ic & social circle1  he 
plays ! autocrat s f> z he c4 ,)\t      
sympa?y or tol]ation  = diff]+ op9ions &
 ta/es1 z husb&1 fa!r1 prie/1 (fic]1  or
 citiz51 ! non-compromis] seeks to fit e
 "o to 8 own  n>r[ ,procru/ean b$4      
,closely alli$ to ! non-compromis]s are 
! sacro-sancts1 or ^?  :o w\ld be holi] 
?an ,jesus4    ,?is class is well       

illu/rat$ 9 an incid5t tak5 f a rec5t   
novel4  ,! h]o9e consults h] m>ri$ si/] 
ab\t ! h]o9e's contemplat$  m>riage ) a 
man :o has divorc$ 8 wife on ! gr\nd (  
h]  adult]y4 ,! si/] decl>es t su* a    
m>riage w\ld be no bett]  ?an           
pro/itution4 ,b he is legally divorc$   
says ! h]o9e4 ,yes1  accord+ to man's   
law1 b n accord+ to ,god's law1 says !  
si/]4 ,n[1 consid]+ t divorce 0 p]mitt$ 
"u ,god's law1 z  record$ 9 ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 t ,mat!w twice cle>ly &       
explicitly  /ates t ,jesus sanction$    
divorce on ! gr\nd ( adult]y1 & t  ,john
 m5tions no condemnation ( divorce by   
,jesus1 x w\ld seem t  !re 0 at lea/ a  
fair d\bt z to :e!r ! h]o9e's propos$   
m>riage 0 contr>y to ,god's law4 ,b !   
si/]1 l o!r  sacro-sancts &             
non-compromis]s1 arrogates to h]self    
infallibility 9  int]pret+ ! div9e w1 & 
w n admit argum5t z to h]  possible     
inaccuracy4    ,o!r examples are ^? :o  
w\ld fe> to contam9ate _! hol9ess by    
foll[+ _! ,ma/]'s example 9 eat+ &      

associat+ )  publicans & s9n]s 7,matt4  
,,ix3#aj72 :o w\ld %udd] at be+ ano9t$  
by a pro/itute 7,luke ,,vii3#cg72 :o    
w\ld ?9k ! ,sabba? desecrat$ by         
pleasant walks 9 ! fields1 or by fea/+ &
 joy\s meet+s )  "o's fri5ds 7,matt4    
,,xii3#a2 ,luke ,,xiv3#a71 & :o 9 g5]al 
insi/ on  ! obs]vance ( religi\s rites &
 symbols1 simil> to ^? :i*  ,jesus      
condemn$ 9 ! ,ph>isees4    ,"o ( !      
,,xxxix ,articles ( ! ,prote/ant        
,episcopal ,*ur* takes  a slap at ^!    
sacro-sancts 7,book ( ,common ,pray]s1  
,article  ,,xiv74 ,x condemns1 z m>ks ( 
arrogancy & impiety1 works (            
sup]]ogation--t is1 works ov] & above   
,god's comm&m5ts4  ,und\bt$ly ! mean+ "h
 is1 n to condemn excess 9 acts ( m]cy  
& *>ity1 b excess 9 ! same acts (       
c]emonial wor%ip :i*  ,jesus condemn$ 9 
! ,ph>isees3 ,long pray]s1 /&+ 9 !      
synagogues 7*ur*es71 in/ead ( 9 _!      
closet2 public fa/+  ) a sad c\nt5ance1 
s t !y disfigure _! faces1 in/ead  (    
ano9t+ _! heads & wa%+ _! faces t !y    

appe> n  unto m5 to fa/1 mak+ broad _!  
phylact]ies & giv+  o/5tati\sly _! ti! (
 m9t & anise & cumm9 7,matt4 ,,vi3#a-g1 
#af1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,xxiii3#d-g1 #bc74    ,!
 dogma ( non-compromise f9ds no support 
9 ! tea*+ &  practice ( ,jesus4 ,he     
pictur$ ! highe/ ideals = mank9d4 ,b ,he
  0 no bigot 9 dem&+ t fallible human   
be+s %\ld live up to  ^! ideals on pa9 (
 damnation4 ,) ,8 wond]ful tol]ance &   
broadm9d$ sympa?y1 ,he recogniz$ t !    
happ9ess & progress (  ! human race1 9  
its pres5t /ate ( evolution1 necessitat$
 c]ta9  compromises ) evil4 ,z betwe5   
two evils1 *oose ! less1 w\ld be  mu*   
ne>] ,8 position ?an no compromise )    
evil4 ,a %ort /udy  ( "s ( ! episodes ( 
,8 life w place ?is beyond dispute4     
,jesus und\bt$ly consid]$ t ri*es 7 an  
evil 7,matt4 ,,xix3#bc1 #bd2            
,,xiii3#bb2 ,m>k ,x3#bc1 #bd2 ,luke     
,,xviii3#bd1 #be74 ,he kn[s !           
deceitfulness  ( ri*es1 & t !           
temptations att5d+ ! possession ( weal? 
d n ord9>ily make = righte\sness4 ,he   

advises t "o %\ld lay  up treasure 9    
heav5 r ?an on e>? 7,matt4 ,,vi3#ai1    
#bj2 ,luke  ,,xii3#cc74    ,ri*es1 !n1  
be+ an evil1 ! non-compromis] %\ld      
logically reg>d  ! ri* man z a p]si/5t  
evil-do]4 ,he %\ld con/antly d5\nce  8  
evil ways1 z ^? ( any o!r malefactor4   
,he %\ld refuse him  8 public           
association & fri5d%ip1 s9ce !reby he   
w\ld be gild+  8 misconduct ) ! gold ( 8
 own sanctity4 ,if a prie/1 he %\ld     
*>ge 8 congregation to ab/a9 f ^? habits
 ( ?rift &  economy :i* w result 9 br++ 
^u !m ?is evil ( weal?4    ,b ,jesus 0  
too sane & broad-m9d$ n to see t !      
happ9ess (  mank9d dem&$ a compromise ) 
?is evil4 ,:ile w>n+ aga9/ !            
temptations ( ri*es1 ,he prea*$ pov]ty1 
n z a necessity to  salvation1 b z an   
ideal1 to be atta9$ & practic$ by b a   
few4    ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! "y man )     
great possessions1 ,jesus1  accord+ to  
,mat!w prefaces ,8 c\nsel to sell 8     
goods & give to  ! poor ) ! significant 
condition1 if ?\ wilt be p]fect  7,matt4

 ,,xix3#ba74 ,to ! same effect are !    
acc\nts ( ,m>k & ,luke4  ,"o ?+ ?\      
lacke/1 viz41 9 ord] to be p]fect 7,m>k 
,x3#ba2 ,luke  ,,xviii3#bb74 ,evid5tly  
,jesus took ! concrete case ( ! "y man  
to  impress on ,8 he>]s "o ( ,8         
ideals--! high /&>d ,he set =  ^? :o    
aspir$ to be ,8 imm$iate foll[]s & !    
m9i/]s ( ,8  ,^w4 ,9 ,8 in/ructions to !
 twelve & ! sev5ty1 ,he laid d[n  rules 
( conduct :i* practically elim9at$ !    
acquisition or  possession ( weal?      
7,matt4 ,x3#b1 #i1 #aj2 ,m>k ,,vi3#h1   
#i2 ,luke ,,ix3 #c2 ,x3#d74  ,b ,he set 
no su* sev]e /&>d = ! rank & file ( ,8  
foll[]s1 nor did ,he )hold ,8 favor &   
c\nt5ance f !  possessors ( ri*es1 z    
?\gh !y 7 evil do]s4    ,ne>ly all !    
p]sons nam$ 9 ! ,gospels z intimate     
fri5ds &  associates ( ,jesus 7outside (
 ! apo/les7 71 app>5tly1 m or  less     
prom95t1 & belong$ at lea/ to !         
well-to-d class4 ,joseph (  ,arima?a1 a 
disciple ( ,jesus1 & "o wait+ = ! ,k+dom
 (  ,god1 & :o plac$ ,8 body 9 !        

sepul*re1 0 a ri* man 7,matt4           
,,xxvii3#eg2 ,luke ,,xxiii3#ej1 #ea74   
,nicodemus1 :o assi/$ ,joseph 9 !       
burial1 br\ght a hundr$ p\nd weight (   
myrrh & aloes indicat+  t he 0 n a poor 
man 7,john ,,xix3#ci74 ,accord+ to ,john
 he 0 !  man :o came to ,jesus by night 
& 0 a rul] ( ! ,jews 7,john  ,,iii3#a1  
#b2 ,,vii3#ej74 ,laz>us1 :om ,jesus lov$
 & ) ^: family ,he  0 v intimate 7,john 
,,xi3#e2 ,luke ,x3#ch71 c\ld n h be5 a  
poor  man1 s9ce 8 si/] ano9t$ ,jesus )  
an o9tm5t v preci\s  & wor? m ?an ?ree  
hundr$ p5ce 7,m>k ,,xiv3#c1 #d1 #e74    
,on "o occasion ,jesus invites ,himself 
to visit 9 ! h\se (  ,zac*aeus1 :o 0    
*ief among ! publicans1 ri*1 & a s9n]   
7,luke ,,xix3#a-g74 ,levi1 ! publican1  
gives a great fea/ = ,jesus1  :i* ,he   
approves by ,8 pres5ce 7,luke ,v3#bi74  
,on ano!r occasion ,he  goes to ! h\se (
 "o ( ! *ief ,ph>isees to eat bread on !
  ,sabba? day 7,luke ,,xiv3#a74         
,sev]al times ,he comm5ds ! qualities ( 
?rift & economy 7,matt4  ,,xxv3#ba1 #bc2

 ,luke ,,xii3#db-dd2 ,matt4 ,,xxv3#c1   
#d2 ,,xxiv3#de1 #df2 ,luke ,,xix3#ag1   
#ai74 ,he con/antly extols *>ity--!     
g5]\s giv+ to ! poor--z  "o ( ! *ief    
virtues1 b ! practice ( ?is virtue on a 
consid]able scale necess>ily implies !  
prior accumulation ( ri*es4    ,!       
evid5ce ( ! f\r ,gospels proves t       
,jesus1 )\t hesitation1  compromis$ ) ! 
evil ( ri*es4 ,he prais$ volunt>y pov]ty
 z an  ideal = ^? :o 7 suppos+ !mselves 
to be already p]fect1  &1 p]haps1 dem&$ 
x ( ,8 apo/les & ^? :o assum$ to be  !  
m9i/]s ( ,8 ,^w4 ,b ,he impos$ no su*   
h>d & fa/ rule =  ! rank & file ( ,8    
foll[]s4 ,he did n g ab\t fanatically   
d5\nc+ ! ri* m5 z evil-do]s &           
malefactors4 ,on ! contr>y1  ,he made !m
 ,8 fri5ds1 s+l$ !m out = special m>ks (
 ,8  favor & reg>d1 ?\gh con/antly urg+ 
on !m ! deceitfulness (  ri*es & !      
necessity ( g5]\s giv+ to ! poor4 ,8    
fri5d%ip  = ,m>y1 ! si/] ( ,laz>us1 0 s 
great t 9 h] case ,he ev5  condon$ ! use
 ( ! preci\s o9tm5t = a purpose :i* ,he 

mu/  h reg>d$ z sup]flu\s1 in/ead ( its 
be+ giv5 to ! poor  7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#f2  
,m>k ,,xiv3#c2 ,john ,,xii3#c74    ,o!r 
in/ances illu/rate ! read9ess ( ,jesus  
to compromise )  evil--to *oose ! less (
 two evils--:5 ! conditions ( practical 
human life dem&$ x4 ,a notable in/ance (
 ?is 0 9 ! matt] (  pay+ tribute to !   
,romans4 ,und\bt$ly ,jesus1 l all ! o!r 
,jews1 reg>d$ ! imposition on !m (      
,roman sov]eignty z an  inju/ice--z a v 
great evil4 ,b1 "u exi/+ conditions1    
resi/ance to ! ,roman p[] 0 hopeless4 ,a
 refusal to pay tribute by  ! ,jews w\ld
 h br\ght on !m imprisonm5t1 dea? &     
c\ntless  suff]+s1 &1 if p]si/$ 91 w\ld 
h result$ 9 ! enslavem5t  or ext]m9ation
 ( ! race4 ,9 putt+ to ,jesus ! "q3 ,is 
x  lawful to give tribute unto ,cs> or  
n8 ! ,ph>isees ?\ght !y  _h fram$ a     
dilemma f :i* ,he c\ld n escape4 ,if ,he
 _h be5 a  fanatical non-compromis]1 ,he
 c\ld only h answ]$ ! "q 9  ! negative4 
,! ,ph>isees w\ld !n h d5\nc$ ,him to ! 
,romans1  & !reby compass$ ,8 imm$iate  

dea? be=e ,8 mission 0  complet$4    ,8 
answ]1 ,r5d] !re=e unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i*  
are ,cs>'s1  & unto ,god ! ?+s t are    
,god's--is pregnant ) mean+ to all      
religi\s bigots & fanatics if !y c\ld   
only op5 _! m9ds to its  significance4  
,?is e>? is n a heav51 & _c be made "o s
 long  z human be+s are fallible &      
imp]fect4 ,concessions & compromises    
mu/ be con/antly made betwe5 ! mat]ial  
necessities ( ! body &  ! e?ical ideals 
( ! _s4 ,! economic ideal ( ! greate/   
good to ! greate/ numb] c no m be ignor$
 by ! !ologian (  today 9 =mulat+ rules 
( conduct = humanity1 ?an x 0 by ,jesus 
9 ,8 "t4 ,h[ev] wrong & unju/ 9 !ory x 0
 = ! ,jews to  be subject to an ali5    
race1 /ill 9 practice ! ,roman rule 0   
reasonably mild & humane4 ,z betwe5     
resi/ance & ob$i5ce to ?is  rule1 !     
latt] 0 mu* ! less evil4 ,consequ5tly1  
,jesus wisely &  sanely compromis$ ) ?is
 evil & bo? paid tribute ,himself       
7,matt4  ,,xvii3#bd-bg71 & advis$ ,8    
disciples to d likewise 7,matt4         

,,xxii3#ba2  ,m>k ,,xii3#ag2 ,luke      
,,xx3#be74    ,aga91 c>ry+ out ! same   
idea ( compromis+ ) ! exi/+  evils (    
gov]nm5t1 ,jesus comm&s ,8 disciples to 
obs]ve & d  :atsoev] is bidd5 by !      
scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o sit 9 ,moses'   
seat1 at ! same "t w>n+ !m n to imitate 
or foll[ !  ,ph>isees' works 7,matt4    
,,xxiii3#b1 #c74    ,und\bt$ly ,jesus   
consid]$ x an evil to set a man at      
v>iance  aga9/ 8 fa!r1 & ! daught] aga9/
 h] "m1 & !  daught]-9-law aga9/ h]     
"m-9-law 7,matt4 ,x3#ce74 ,he c\ld      
=esee t ?is evil w\ld result f ! prea*+ 
( ,8 ,gospel4  ,b bett] ?is evil1 ev51  
if x s5t a sword on e>?1 ?an !  great]  
evil t ,8 ,gospel %\ld n be prea*$4     
,un*a/ity 9 a woman is surely a mo/     
griev\s evil4 ,to !  non-compromis]1 !  
sc>let woman is a symbol ( ! l[e/ dep? (
  vice1 & no condemnation is too sev]e =
 h]4 ,b1 on two occasions1  ,jesus      
dismiss$ ! err+ woman ) ,8 =giv5ess     
7,john ,,viii3#aa2  ,luke ,,vii3#dg74   
,9 fact1 ! two utt]ances ( ,jesus--he t 

is )\t s9 among y1  let him fir/ ca/ a  
/one at h] 7,john ,,viii3#g71 & :y      
beholde/  ?\ ! mote t is 9 ?y bro!r's   
eye1 b consid]e/ n ! beam  t is 9 ?9e   
own eye 7,matt4 ,,vii3#b7--;cut at ! v  
root ( !  non-compromis]'s position4 ,=1
 9 c>ry+ on 8 crusade aga9/ 8  pet      
evil-do]s1 x w\ld be fatal to be oblig$ 
to /op to answ]  objections t he may n  
be infallible 9 decid+ :at is evil1 &  t
 he may himself h habits consid]$ by    
o!rs z evil z ! "o  he is d5\nc+4 ,=    
in/ance1 _m a prom95t non-compromis]    
among  ! cl]gy is liv+ 9 comp>ative     
ease1 if n luxury4 ,:5 he reads  ! /&>d 
( liv+ set by ,jesus = ! m9i/]s ( ,8 ,^w
 7,matt4  ,x3#i2 ,m>k ,,vi3#h2 ,luke    
,,ix3#c2 ,x3#d2 ,,xxii3#ce71 he mu/     
admit t he is e  day compromis+ ) !     
ideals ( ,jesus--) ! evil ( ri*es4      
,compromise is ! rule ( human life4 ,ea*
 individual1 z he tries to  foll[ !     
,socratic advice1 "k ?yself1 f9ds t mo/ 
( 8  actions are a compromise betwe5 8  
good impulses & 8 evil  impulses4 ,few  

m5 are a ,dr4 ,jekyll dur+ ! day & a    
,mr4 ,hyde dur+  ! night4 ,mo/ m5 are   
p>tly ,jekyls & p>tly ,hydes all ! "t4  
,z  ! individual makes 8 way 9 bus9ess &
 society1 he le>ns m &  m e day1 if he  
has common s5se1 ! wisdom & advisability
 (  compromise4 ,he t is always b5t on  
hav+ 8 own way w usually  f9d t 8 way   
does n g f>1 & results 9 unhapp9ess =   
himself & o!rs4 ,happy m>riages are     
f\nd$ on a compromise (  individual     
ta/es1 habits & op9ions4 ,p>5ts w9 &    
reta9 !  affection ( _! *ildr51 n by    
impos+ on !m _! own  inflexible laws (  
"r & wrong1 b by modify+ ^! laws to meet
  ! diff]5t ta/es1 habits & op9ions ( ! 
*ildr54 ,success 9  bus9ess1 9 law1 9   
politics1 is usually associat$ ) !      
faculty (  mak+ reasonable compromises4 
,! wise/ legislation is usually a       
compromise betwe5 conflict+ int]e/s &   
op9ions4    ,x is n too mu* to say t    
compromise is ! corn] /one ( e  mod]n   
democratic society4 ,x is a necess>y    
consequ5ce ( ! rule (  ! majority1 s9ce 

! majority ( today may be ! m9ority (   
tomorr[4 ,to f9d a society ( 8 ta/e1 !  
non-compromis] %\ld  seek "s negro tribe
 9 d>ke/ ,africa1 :]e ! wit*-doctors    
p]mit  no deviations f ! prescrib$      
!ological cult4 ,or1 9 matt]s           
political1 he might f9d mu* to admire 9 
! adm9i/rative sy/em (  ,l\is !         
,x,i,vth1 ) 8 fam\s aphorism1 ,l',etat1 
,c'e/ ,moi4    ,9 int]national affairs e
 treaty ( peace1 unless its t]ms are    
dictat$ by a /rong p[] to a weak "o1 is 
a compromise betwe5 !  oppos+ views ( "r
 & wrong held by ! p>ties4 ,logically1 !
  non-compromis] %\ld be g5]ally oppos$ 
to treaties1 z involv+  necess>ily "s   
sacrifice ( 8 pr9ciples ( "r to ! dem&s 
(  ! o!r p>ty4 ,9 ! p]iod f #ahdd to    
#ahdf1 we n>r[ly escap$  w> ) ,engl& 9 !
 dispute ov] ! b\nd>y betwe5 ourselves &
  ,canada1 because a /rong ,j+o1        
non-compromis+ p>ty />t$ !  popul> cry (
 ,fifty-,f\r ,=ty or ,fight4 ,?is class 
( ?9k]s w\ld  und\bt$ly h oppos$ !      
celebrat$ compromises ( ,h5ry ,clay1    

:i*1 :atev] might h be5 said aga9/ !m at
 ! "t1 h1 9  ! light ( hi/ory1 !        
incalculable m]it ( hav+ po/pon$ !      
inevitable conflict betwe5 ! ,nor? & !  
,s\?1 until ! =m]  _h s gr[n 9          
population & res\rces t x c\ld pres]ve !
  unity ( ! nation4 ,consid]+ ! h>d1 &  
sometimes d\btful  /ruggle1 :i* ! ,nor? 
w5t ?r\gh 9 w9n+ victory 9 !  sixties1  
!re c be little d\bt t ! result w\ld h  
be5 two  divid$ nations if ! issues     
betwe5 ! two sections _h be5  submitt$  
to ! arbitram5t ( arms 9 #ahbj1 9 #ahcb1
 or ev5 9 #ahej4    ,z ! intol]ance ( ! 
non-compromis]s w lead "s ( !m to       
oppose treaties ( peace1 s ! same       
quality 9 o!rs w lead !m  to make       
nuisances ( !mselves 9 w>4    ,dur+ !   
,great ,w>1 ! nations1 especially ,engl&
 & ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 _h consid]able     
tr\ble ) ! consci5ti\s objector1 :o  is 
really a non-compromis] "u a diff]5t "n4
 ,suppos+ him to be  hone/ 9 8 op9ions  
7z "s ( !m 771 ! logic ( 8 position  0  
unansw]able f ! view-po9t ( !           

non-compromis]4 ,w> is  unque/ionably a 
great evil1 & mo/ obnoxi\s to ! doctr9es
 ( !  ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,if !re is to  
be no compromise ) evil1 !n a  ,*ri/ian 
magi/rate has no w>rant to compel !     
consci5ti\s objector  to g out &        
slaught]1 or give 8 help1 directly or   
indirectly1  t[>ds ! slaught] ( 8 fell[ 
,*ri/ians4    ,! true answ] to ?is      
argum5t is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s1 al?\gh !   
magi/rates1 !mselves infect$ ) ?is      
p]nici\s1 non-compromise  doctr9e1 did n
 always make x4    ,9 ?is fallible1     
imp]fect human life1 x is (t5 necess>y  
to  compromise ) evil--t is1 z betwe5   
two evils1 to *oose ! less4  ,jesus bo? 
prea*$ & practic$ ! doctr9e ( *oos+ !   
less  evil1 ev5 9 ! extreme case ( w>4  
,= ,he urg$ ! spread+ ( ,8  ,gospel1    
al?\gh ,he =esaw t x w\ld divide fa!r f 
son &  br+ fire & a sword ^u e>? 7,matt4
 ,x3#cd2 ,m>k ,,xiii3#h2 ,luke          
,,xii3#di74 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ?is w>1 !   
va/ majority ( ! nation  has decid$ t x 
is a less evil to g to w> ?an to be     

enslav$ by  ,g]many4 ,s1 w> x is to be4 
,b x is unju/--an evil ( ! greate/      
magnitude--t a few individuals %\ld reap
 all ! b5efits (  pres]v+ ! nation f    
,g]man slav]y1 )\t be>+ !  correspond+  
burd5s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! consci5ti\s     
objectors mu/  ei!r submit to ! decision
 ( ! majority or seek "s o!r  c\ntry1   
foll[+ ! example ( ! ,puritans1         
,hugu5ots & o!r  consci5ti\s objectors (
 pa/ times4    ,x is app>5t t if ! door 
is once op5$ to all[ p to %irk  ! civil 
duties impos$ ^u !m by ! society 9 :i*  
!y live1  ! exemption _c be limit$ to ! 
case ( w> alone on ! gr\nd  ( _!        
consci5ti\s convictions4 ,9 ! ,supreme  
,c\rt records  ( "o ( our ,/ates        
7possibly 9 sev]al71 !re w be f\nd  a   
case :]e a man & woman 7app>5tly        
respectable & g5]ally  law-abid+        
citiz5s7 suff]$ a crim9al conviction1   
because !y _h  consci5ti\s objections to
 legaliz+ _! union by a conv5tional     
m>riage c]emony4 ,x is easy to imag9e a 
man hav+ consci5ti\s  objections to jury

 duty--! condemn+ m5 to dea? or         
imprisonm5t1 or  ! transf]r+ ( prop]ty f
 "o to ano!r on acc\nt ( !              
te*nicalities ( ! law4 ,or1 :y %\ld a   
man n h consci5ti\s  objections to pay+ 
8 taxes if !y are to be us$1 9 "p at    
lea/1  = a purpose :i* he consid]s evil8
 ,evid5tly ! field = evasion  is a l>ge 
"o1 & ! only protection = society is to 
rigidly insi/  t ! consci5ti\s objector1
 :e!r ! case 9 h& be w> or  some?+ else1
 ei!r submit himself to ! w ( ! majority
 or  seek "s o!r c\ntry m cong5ial to 8 
peculi> ideas4    ,at ! risk (          
repetition1 we w collect aga9 "s ( !    
utt]ances  ( ,jesus :i* seem            
irreconcilable ) ! n>r[1 intol]ant ideas
 (  ! non-compromis]s & ! sacro-sancts3 
,judge n1 t ye be n  judg$2 he t is )\t 
s9 among y1 let him fir/ ca/ a /one at  
h]2 h[ wilt ?\ say to ?y bro!r1 let me  
pull ! mote out ( ?9e  eye1 &1 behold1 a
 beam is 9 ?9e own eye2 bless$ are !    
m]ciful1  = !y %all obta9 m]cy2 bless$  
are ! peacemak]s1 = !y %all  be call$ ! 

*ildr5 ( ,god2 :osoev]1 !re=e1 %all     
humble  himself z ?is little *ild1 !    
same is greate/ 9 ! k+dom (  heav52 joy 
%all be 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] t rep5te?1 m
 ?an  ov] n9ety & n9e j p]sons1 :i* ne$ 
no rep5tance2 on ^!  two comm&m5ts hang 
all ! law & ! prophets1 viz41 ,love !   
,"l  ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 s\l & m9d1 &
 love ?y neighbor z  ?yself4            
,,hypocrisy ,,or ,,tru?    ,hypocrisy   
did n die ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,to an obs]v] (
 mod]n life1  x might seem z if x has z 
rank & luxuriant gr[? today z 9 !  "t ( 
,jesus4 ,! mod]n ,*ri/ian mu/ app>5tly  
keep up !  hypocrisy t he is always     
foll[+ ,jesus1 :51 z a matt] ( fact1  he
 is e day mak+ compromises ) ,jesus'    
ideals1 9 "s in/ances  deviat+ widely f 
,8 tea*+s1 &1 9 o!rs1 go+ diametrically 
aga9/ !m4 ,! "q is1 if1 9 ^! po9ts (    
div]g5ce1 x is  n bett] to speak ! pla9 
tru? ?an to indulge 9 ! hypocrisy (     
foll[+ ,jesus4 ,= in/ance1 take ! case (
 divorce laws4 ,jesus  explicitly       
condemn$ all divorces1 except possibly  

on ! gr\nd (  adult]y4 ,8 language is s 
def9ite1 repeat$ 9 all ?ree ( !         
,synoptics1 t no quibbl+ ov] words or   
casui/ry ( logic c escape  ! result4    
,consequ5tly1 :5 a ,*ri/ian /ate        
au?orizes divorce =  des]tion1 cruelty1 
drunk5ness1 etc41 x is n foll[+ ,jesus1 
b  go+ directly contr>y to ,8 laws4 ,9  
?is matt] ! ,roman ,ca?olics  are !     
or?odox ,*ri/ians & mo/ ( ! ,prote/ants 
are het]odox4    ,! po9t "h made has    
no?+ to d ) ! exp$i5cy ( ^!  divorce    
laws4 ,! conditions ( human life h s    
va/ly *ang$--x is  q possible t ,jesus1 
speak+ today1 might lay d[n mu* less    
/r+5t rules on ?is subject ?an ,he did  
two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!  important fact is
 t we h "h an und5iable in/ance (       
,*ri/ians1 n only mak+ a compromise ) ! 
ackn[l$g$ evil (  divorce1 b also       
completely ignor+ ! views ( ,jesus 9    
mak+ !  compromise4 ,^? :o condone1 or  
tacitly approve1 ^! divorce laws  7z d !
 great majority ( ! ,prote/ants 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates7  %\ld c]ta9ly be sl[1 9 !

 matt] ( o!r evils1 to urge no          
compromise ) evil1 or br+ =w>d "s       
utt]ances ( ,jesus z !  f9al argum5t on 
! subject4 ,let !m fir/ consid] ! beam 9
 _!  own eye4    ,x w\ld probably       
surprise ! pr(ess$ foll[] ( ,jesus 9    
pres5t  times to realize 9 j h[ _m      
matt]s he is n1 9 fact1 foll[+  ,jesus4 
,x may be well to enum]ate a few ( ^!   
important matt]s4  ,?is is n done 9 a _s
 ( criticiz+ ! weakness &  %ortcom+s (  
,*ri/ians1 b because "s ( ! que/ions    
involv$  vitally affect ! pres5t &      
future welf>e ( society4 ,9 !           
discussion ( ^! que/ions ! "n & au?ority
 ( ,jesus are  frequ5tly invok$1 & v    
ju/ly s4 ,=1 ev5 ^? :o d n  conc$e ,8   
p>5tage by ! ,holy ,gho/1 admire & rev]e
 ,him z !  ,greate/ ,tea*]4 ,8 ^w or    
example on "o side ( a "q is n  lightly 
to be disreg>d$4 ,b1 if x is f\nd t1 9  
"s matt]s1  ! foll[]s ( ,jesus d        
compromise )1 div]ge f1 or directly     
contradict ,jesus' tea*+s1 !n ! ultimate
 qu]y1 becomes1 n  :e!r ,jesus said yes 

or no to ! "q 9 h&1 b1 conc$+  t ,he    
said yes or no1 ,is !re suffici5t       
ju/ification = dep>t+  f ,8 tea*+ 9 ?is 
matt]1 z has be5 done 9 o!r important   
matt]s8 ,)\t notic+ individual          
%ort-com+s1 s9s ( omission1  etc41 :i*  
may be left to ! individual consci5ce & 
its ,god1 we  w take up only que/ions ( 
wide import1 affect+ ! pres5t &  future 
welf>e ( societies & nations4 ,nor w we 
ent] into !  field ( !ological          
disputation ov] conflict+ or ambigu\s   
texts1  b w cite no in/ance :]e ,jesus  
has n made ,8 position s cle>  t !re c  
be no dispute ov] x4    ,! foll[+ are   
in/ances :]e mod]n ,*ri/ian communities 
compromise )1 div]ge f1 or g directly   
opposite to ! tea*+s  ( ,jesus4    7a7  
,w>s betwe5 two ,*ri/ian nations :]e ea*
 invokes ! assi/ance  ( ,jesus 9 !      
slaught]+ ( its enemies1 & ! victor     
?anks ,jesus  = its success 9 !         
blood-?ir/y game4    7b7 ,! sub/itution 
( ! fir/ day ( ! week = ! sev5?1 z  !   
,sabba? day4    7c7 ,divorces 7at lea/ =

 any cause except adult]y74    7d7      
,public pray]s & long pray]s4    7e7    
,public fa/+4    7f7 ,sunday ,blue      
,laws4    7g7 ,prohibition z aga9/      
,temp]ance4    7h7 ,cre$s1 articles (   
religion1 pomp & c]emony 9 *ur* s]vices1
  & o!r obs]vances1 :i* ,jesus includ$ 9
 ! ^w sacrifice1 z  oppos$ to m]cy4     
7a7 ,,w>    ,x is unnecess>y to wa/e    
words 9 prov+ t w> 7at lea/ betwe5  two 
,*ri/ian nations7 is utt]ly             
irreconcilable ) ! ,s]mon on !  ,m\nt4  
,b1 z has be5 %[n1 x may1 9 any giv5    
case1 be ! less (  two evils1 & !re=e1  
ju/ifiable1 z a compromise4 ,z to a     
def5sive w> aga9/ a ,moslem1 ,ori5tal or
 o!r infidel invasion1  :i* seeks to    
uproot ! ,*ri/ian fai? & subjugate a    
,*ri/ian  nation1 ,jesus has app>5tly   
giv5 ,8 sanction to su* a w> 7,matt4    
,x3#cd1 #ce1 #cf2 ,luke ,,xii3#ea1 #eb1 
#ec74 ,x might1 p]haps1 ev5 be argu$  t 
?is sanction cov]$ an (f5sive w>1 !     
purpose ( :i* 0 to  e/abli% ,*ri/ianity 
among an infidel p4    ,b1 beyond ?is1  

"s w>s mu/ be ju/ifiable1 z ! less ( two
  evils1 "u ,jesus' sane practice (     
compromis+ ) evil4 ,if !  indep5d5ce 7! 
life7 ( a nation is attack$1 !re is no  
w>rant 9  ! f\r ,gospels = suppos+ t    
,jesus w\ld advise a policy (  passive  
non-resi/ance4 ,j z :5 ! life ( !       
individual1 or !  life or honor ( 8 "m1 
si/]1 or daught] are ?reat5$ by "s  bea/
 9 human =m1 he is ju/ifi$ 9 resi/ance1 
al?\gh ! tak+  ( human life results4 ,a 
/&>d ( e?ics c\nt5anc+ su* a  surr5d] ( 
! prim>y in/9cts ( self-pres]vation     
might be suit$  to a race ( sp9eless    
inv]tebrates1 b c\ld nev] be accept$ by 
human be+s1 :o are ! evolution>y product
 ( c\ntless ages ( a  /ruggle = exi/5ce4
    ,b1 conc$+ t "s w>s may be          
ju/ifiable1 ! g5]al rule holds  good t  
w>s are un-,*ri/ian4 ,! exception mu/ be
 e/abli%$  beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,z 
betwe5 two ,*ri/ian nations1 !  "o      
attack$ c usually plead self-def5se 9 at
 lea/ p>tial  ju/ification1 b !         
aggressor mu/ always h a difficult case 

to  ma9ta9 be=e ! judgm5t seat ( ,jesus4
    ,look+ back ov] ! w>s ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 !re are few t  w\ld /& ! acid   
te/ ( ,jesus' judgm5t4    ,! w> ( !     
,revolution 0 due1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to 
! fact  t !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( prom95t  
m5 9 ! colonies  det]m9$ on indep5d5ce  
at any co/4 ,if w> 0 a necess>y means to
  atta9 t end1 ^! lead]s 7 = w>1 )\t    
%illy-%ally+  ov] ! moral ju/ification =
 ! conflict4 ,! m5 ( t  g5]ation 7 r    
fond ( attitud9iz+1 & 7 prone to ! use  
( high-s\nd+ phrases l no taxation )\t  
repres5tation1  give me lib]ty or give  
me dea?1 etc4 ,! ,decl>ation (          
,indep5d5ce  />ts out ) "o ( ^?         
phrases--,all m5 are creat$ equal1 &    
end[$ ) inali5able ,rights to ,life1    
,lib]ty & ! pursuit (  ,happ9ess4 ,?is 0
 at t "t su* a palpable untru? &        
hypocrisy1  t "o wond]s if our =efa!rs  
_h no s5se ( humor4 ,( c\rse1 to  be    
true1 ! s5t5ce %\ld h be5 add$1 except  
c]ta9 p]sons (  ,african desc5t1 :om we 
hold & propose to hold z slaves4#ef     

,/ripp+ ! grievances ( ! coloni/s ( _!  
heat$ &  declamatory rhetoric1 _! real  
suff]+s "u ! misrule ( ,great  ,brita9 7
 f> less ?an ^? ( ! ,jews "u ! ,romans1 
:5  ,jesus said1 ,r5d] unto ,cs> ! ?+s t
 are ,cs>'s4 ,_m ( !  =emo/ /atesm5 9   
,engl& support$ ! ju/ness ( ! coloni/s' 
claims1 & mo/ ( ! obnoxi\s taxes 7      
repeal$ be=e !  ,decl>ation (           
,indep5d5ce4 ,) "t & pati5ce !          
difficulties  betwe5 ! two c\ntries c\ld
 probably h be5 adju/$ )\t w>1  z 0 !   
case ) ,canada1 except = ! und]ly+      
desire ( !  ,am]icans = indep5d5ce4     
,to avoid misund]/&+1 x %\ld be add$1 t1
 be=e ! b> (  ,nature--"u ! laws ( !    
/ruggle = exi/5ce & survival ( !        
fitte/--! colonies 7 fully ju/ifi$ 9    
tak+ up arms :5 !y  did4 ,! pighead$    
ob/9acy ( ,george ,,iii 9 insi/+ on 8   
pr]ogatives1 & ! bl9d /upidity ( 8      
m9i/]s 9 urg+  measures ( little value  
to ,engl&1 b irritat+ to ! colonies1    
w\nd+ _! pride & mak+ !m appreh5sive (  
future1 m  s]i\s encroa*m5ts on _!      

lib]ties1 furni%$ ample w>rant =  ceas+ 
long] to turn ! o!r *eek4    ,fur!rmore1
 be=e ,nature's =um1 ! plea t ! end     
ju/ifies !  means1 is always ( controll+
 =ce4 ,hi/ory proves t !  indep5d5ce ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates 0 sure to come soon] or  
lat]1 &  t x 0 bett] = bo? c\ntries & = 
! _w t ! two  nations %\ld be "u sep>ate
 gov]nm5ts1 & ea* "w out its own  de/9y4
    ,! w> ( #ahab 01 be=e ! b> ( ,jesus1
 )\t any excuse1 &1  l ! ,crimean w>1 0 
futile ( results4 ,! ma9 que/ions at    
issue  betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 
& ab\t :i* ! w> />t$1  7 n ev5 m5tion$ 9
 ! f9al treaty ( peace4 ,! ,am]ican     
grievances 7 real en\gh1 b a v mod]ate  
ex]cise ( ,*ri/ian  =be>ance on ,engl&'s
 "p w\ld h avoid$ any necessity ( w>4   
,^! grievances1 bad z !y 71 _h be5      
endur$ by ! ,unit$  ,/ates = "s twelve  
ye>s1 & a delay ( "s two ye>s m w\ld  h 
br\ght a natural end to !m ) ! fall (   
,napoleon4 ,?is w>  %\ld nev] h occurr$ 
betwe5 two ,*ri/ian peoples1 & is       
unju/ifi$ by any good results t foll[$ f

 x4    ,! w> ) ,mexico 9 #ahdh 0 simply 
an aggressive1 l&-grabb+1  politicians' 
w>1 & w always be a blot on !           
,*ri/ianity ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! l&s (
 :i* ,mexico 0 robb$ 7 ( c\rse (  great 
mat]ial value to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b !   
less said ab\t !  ju/ness ( _!          
acquisition ! bett]4    ,! "q ( ! ,civil
 ,w> is complicat$ by ! moral issue ( ! 
abolition ( slav]y1 und]ly+ ! political 
issue ( ! "r ( !  ,s\? to sec$e1 :i* 0 !
 o/5sible cause ( ! w>4 ,slav]y 9  !    
,unit$ ,/ates 0 an evil1 bo? e?ically & 
economically1 &1 z  its abolition 0 a   
result ( ! w>1 t w> is ju/ifiable bo? 9 
! c\rt ( ,jesus & 9 t ( ,nature4 ,b t   
result 0 an  incid5t ( ! w>1 & ! ,nor?  
w\ld nev] h tak5 up arms on !  simple   
issue ( =c+ ! abolition ( slav]y on !   
,s\?4    ,on ! o/5sible1 political issue
 :i* />t$ ! w>--! "r (  ! ,s\? to sec$e 
f ! ,union--!re is room = mu* diff]5ce (
  op9ion4 ,despite ! te*nical & labor$  
con/itutional argum5ts (  ,von ,hol/ &  
o!rs1 x is r difficult to und]/& :y1 if 

!  ,s\? believ$ t its happ9ess &        
prosp]ity 7 be+ imp]il$ by  a fur!r     
cont9uance ( its union ) ! ,nor?1 x _h n
 ! same  "r to break t union 9 #ahfa z !
 colonies _h ! "r to break  _! union )  
,engl& 9 #aggf4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w>1  
!re 7  _m 9 ! ,nor?1 beside ,horace     
,greeley & ,vall&+ham1 :o ?\ght  x      
morally wrong to compel ! ,s\? by =ce to
 rema9 9 a union t  _h become hateful to
 x4    ,a great writ] on ,am]ican hi/ory
 7,sumn]7 has said t :5ev] "s           
geographical section ( our c\ntry       
becomes saturat$ ) ! idea t  its mat]ial
 int]e/s are be+ sacrific$ to ! int]e/s 
( o!r  p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & x sees no hope
 ( r$ress1 x w beg9 to  talk secession4 
,x 0 true ( ,new ,engl& at ! "t ( !     
,h>t=d  ,conv5tion4 ,x 0 true ( ! ,s\? 9
 #ahbj1 #ahca & #ahfj4 ,x 0 true  ( !   
,pacific ,/ates %ortly aft] ! ,civil    
,w>1 :5 !y fe>$ t  ,congress w\ld n pass
 _! desir$ ,*9ese ,exclusion ,acts4     
,x w\ld be difficult to ju/ify ! ,spani%
 ,w> ( #ahih1 9 ! c\rt  ( ,jesus4 ,x 0  

mo/ly ! "w ( ! newspap]s & politicians4 
,n9e-t5?s ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7     
ignorant (  suff]+ great grievances f   
,spa91 until ! ,j+o j\rnals  demon/rat$ 
! fact to !m4 ,x is safe to say t ?is w>
 w\ld  nev] h occurr$ if ,spa9 _h be5 a 
great naval p[] l ,g]many  or ,great    
,brita94 ,! same ass]tion may be made ( 
! w> aga9/  ,mexico 9 #ahdh4 ,9 /udy+ ! 
,j+o _s :i* enc\rages w>s1 x  w usually 
be f\nd t ! /r5g? ( ?is _s v>ies 9 !    
inv]se ratio to ! suppos$ w>-/r5g? ( !  
o!r p>ty to !  fight4 ,nations are mu* l
 s*ool boys 9 ?is respect4 ,x is q      
probable t ! w> ( #ahab w\ld n h be5    
br\ght on1 except  = ! mi/ak5 idea (    
,h5ry ,clay & 8 hot-head$ foll[]s f  !  
,we/ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld easily      
ov]run ,canada1 & dictate  peace to     
,engl& 9 ,halifax4    ,our p>ticipation 
9 ! ,great ,w> ( #aiad 0 =c$ ^u u1 & 0  
amply ju/ifiable1 bo? 9 ! c\rt ( ,jesus 
& 9 t ( ,nature4  ,:5 ,g]many sunk our  
%ips on ! high seas1 x /ruck at our     
indep5d5ce z a nation1 z vitally z ?\gh 

x _h invad$ & seiz$  a "p ( our         
t]ritory4 ,on ?is issue we _h wag$ w> ) 
,engl& 9  #ahab1 & ) ! ,alg]9e pirates 9
 #ahae4 ,to h yield$ ?is po9t  to       
,g]many w\ld h be5 ! fir/ /ep t[>d      
int]national slav]y4    ,b ! w> itself 0
 utt]ly unju/ifiable4 ,! fact t x c\ld  
occur ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s aft] ! dea? (   
,jesus1 only illu/rates h[  little      
actual progress ! tea*+s ( ,jesus       
inculcat+ peace _h made  aga9/ ! =ces ( 
nature urg+ nations into conflict ) ea* 
o!r4    ,to ! imp>tial /ud5t ( our      
hi/ory1 x mu/ be app>5t t !  ,s]mon on !
 ,m\nt1 s f> z prev5t+ w>s1 has be5     
practically a  dead lett]4 ,!           
condemnation ( w> has be5 sup]ficial &  
ins9c]e--no?+ bett] ?an simple          
hypocrisy4 ,x has be5 a s]vice  ( ! lip 
& n ( ! he>t4 ,! outside ( ! cup has be5
 kept  clean ) a great p>ade ( noble    
humanit>ian s5tim5ts1 b !  inside has   
be5 full ( corruption4    ,except among 
"s num]ically small bodies l ! ,quak]s &
 a few  o!rs1 !re has nev] be5 any /rong

 liv+1 effective public  s5tim5t 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates condemn+ w>s z unrighte\s1
 save z a  la/ extremity4 ,?is is well  
illu/rat$ by our two disputes )  ,engl& 
ov] ! ,ma9e & ,oregon b\nd>ies4 ,^!     
b\nd>y disputes  7 mo/ intricate &      
complicat$1 ! evid5ce 0 unc]ta9 &       
conflict+1 no "q ( pr9ciple 0 involv$1 &
 !y 7  em95tly matt]s to be settl$ by   
negotiation1 mutual compromise1 or      
arbitration4 ,b 9 ea* case ! ,j+o clamor
 = w> spread ov] !  :ole c\ntry4 ,polk's
 campaign cry 9 #ahdd 01 ,fifty-,f\r    
,=ty or  ,fight4 ,b !re 0 no organiz$1  
effective opposition on ! gr\nd  t ?is  
w> w\ld be unrighte\s & un-,*ri/ian4 ,if
 ,engl& _h be5  z weak z ,mexico1 or if 
,tyl] & ,polk _h be5 fire-eat]s1 l      
,&rew ,jackson1 we w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 h 
_h w> 9 ea* case1  al?\gh !re c\ld h be5
 no ju/ification = x 9 ! c\rt (  ,jesus4
    ,e w>1 :e!r "r or wrong1 has be5 n  
m]ely condon$1 b  fully approv$ by ! va/
 majority ( ! religi\s p ( our  c\ntry4 
,success 9 w> has be5 ! be/ /epp+ /one  

to !  ,presid5cy1 z is %[n by ! in/ances
 ( ,jackson1 ,h>rison1 ,taylor  &       
,grant4 ,!re is no record ( any ,j+o    
/atesman be+ puni%$ by  8 con/itu5ts =  
precipitat+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into        
unnecess>y  & unrighte\s w>s1 & !       
supreme hypocrisy ( all is1 t1 9  e w>1 
:e!r morally ju/ifiable or n1 ! foll[]s 
( ,jesus  cr[d ! *ur*es to pray = ,8    
assi/ance1 & to ?ank ,him =  victory :5 
won1 z ?\gh ,he 7 sanction+ ^!          
infractions ( ,8  ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4    
,! late ,presid5t ,roosevelt has        
express$ 8 views on our w>s1 & he  may  
c]ta9ly be tak5 z fairly repres5tative (
 a l>ge portion (  ! ,am]ican p4 ,he 0 a
 dev\t ,*ri/ian1 b s+ul>ly free f       
hypocrisy4 ,he 0 giv5 to speak9' out 9  
meet9'1 on occasions )  a frankness t 0 
emb>rass+ to 8 foll[]s1 & ev5 lat] to   
himself4#eg    ,9 8 life ( ,?omas ,h4   
,b5ton1 ,am]ican ,/atesm5 ,s]ies1 page  
#bfa1 he  says1 9 treat+ ( ?is b\nd>y   
dispute ) ,canada3    ,! matt] 0 sure to
 be decid$ 9 favor ( ! /ronge/2 &1 say  

:at we w ab\t ! ju/ice & "r ( ! v>i\s   
claims1 !  hone/ tru? is1 t ! comp>ative
 might ( ! diff]5t nations1  & n !      
comp>ative righte\sness ( _! sev]al     
causes1 0 !  det]m9+ factor 9 !         
settlem5t4 ,mexico lo/ h] nor!rn        
prov9ces  by no law ( "r1 b simply by ! 
law ( ! longe/ sword--! same  law t gave
 ,india to ,engl&4#eh    ,on page #bfb  
he says3 ,x w\ld be untrue to say t     
,nations h n at  times prov$ !mselves   
capable ( act+ ) great dis9t]e/$ness  & 
g5]osity t[>ds o!r peoples2 b su*       
conduct is n v  common at ! be/1 &      
al?\gh x (t5 may be desirable1 x        
c]ta9ly is n always s4 ,if ! matt] 9    
dispute is ( great  importance1 & if !re
 is a d\bt z to :i* side is "r1 !n  !   
/ronge/ p>ty to ! controv]sy is pretty  
sure to give itself !  b5efit ( t d\bt2 
& int]national morality w h to take     
trem5d\s /rides 9 advance be=e ?is      
ceases to be ! case4#ei    ,on page #bfh
 he says3 ,no foot ( soil to :i* we _h  
any title#fj 9  ! ,nor?we/ %\ld h be5   

giv5 up2 we 7 ! p :o c\ld  use x be/1 & 
we ought to h tak5 x all4 ,! prize 0    
well  wor? w9n+1 & w\ld w>rant a good   
deal ( risk be+ run4    ,on page #bhi1 9
 speak+ ( ! f9al compromise & settlem5t 
( !  ,oregon b\nd>y dispute1 he says3   
,yet z !re 0 no p>ticul> reason  :y we  
%\ld %[ any g5]osity 9 our diplomatic   
deal+s )  ,engl&1 x may well be que/ion$
 :e!r x w\ld n h be5 bett]  to h left   
?+s z !y 7 until we c\ld h tak5 all4    
,w>s  are1 ( c\rse1 z a rule to be      
avoid$1 b !y are f> bett] ?an  c]ta9    
k9ds ( peace4 ,e w> 9 :i* we h be5      
engag$1 except  ! "o ) ,mexico1 has be5 
ju/ifiable 9 its orig91 & ea* "o1  )\t  
any exception :atev]1 has left u bett]  
(f1 tak+ bo?  moral#fa & mat]ial        
consid]ations into acc\nt1 ?an we %\ld h
  be5 if we _h n wag$ x4    ,^!         
citations1 reflect+1 z !y und\bt$ly d1  
preval5t ,am]ican  s5tim5t 9 ! pa/ &    
pres5t1 e/abli% ! utt] hypocrisy ( any  
claim t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt has _h any  
practical1 effective  p[] 9 det]m9+ !   

actions ( our nation conc]n+ w>s1 :e!r  
ju/ifiable or n4      7b7 ,,sunday ,,&  
,,! ,,sabba?    ,x is unc]ta9 j :5      
,sunday 7! fir/ day ( ! week7 began to  
be  g5]ally obs]v$ among ,*ri/ians z a  
holy day4 ,! e>ly ,g5tile  conv]ts 7    
naturally av]se to all ,jewi% rites &   
c]emonies1  includ+ circumcision1       
,sabba?-day obs]vances1 etc4 ,x w\ld    
seem  t1 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t1 m or less (  
!m held ! position t  all days ( ! week 
7 alike1 & no "o ( !m especially holy   
7,romans ,,xiv3#e1 #f2 ,col4 ,,ii3#af1  
#ag74 ,b at lea/ two or ?ree c5turies   
_h elaps$ aft] ,jesus' dea?1 be=e       
,sunday 0 e/abli%$ z a day  holy to !   
,"l1 & began to h attribut$ to x !      
sanctity )  :i* ! ,jews surr\nd$ _!     
,mosaic ,sabba?4    ,jesus nev]         
sanction$ ! obs]vance ( ! fir/ day ( !  
week z a  holy day4 ,no text c be cit$ f
 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or ! f\r  ,gospels1 t 
gives ev5 color ( au?ority to ?is       
obs]vance4 ,sunday  is a purely human   
in/itution1 e/abli%$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ! 

fir/ five c5turies1 to suit _! own      
conv5i5ce1 or satisfy _!  anti-,jewi%   
prejudices4 ,z a ,biblical fe/ival1 x is
 no m sacr$  ?an ,monday or ,tuesday1 or
 any o!r day4    ,?is matt] is n comm5t$
 on because ( its practical importance1 
s9ce x w\ld n[ be inadvisable to *ange  
our legal day ( re/ to  correspond ) !  
,biblical ,sabba?4 ,b x af=ds a fair    
illu/ration  ( ! preval5t cant &        
hypocrisy ( ! day4 ,h[ frequ5tly d !    
mod]n ,ph>isees d5\nce ! man1 :o1 =     
in/ance1 goes fi%+ or  hunt+ on ,sunday1
 in/ead ( go+ to *ur*1 z a contemn] (   
,jesus1  a violator ( ,god's holy laws1 
etc41 :5 9 fact !y h n !  slighte/      
au?ority f ,jesus to d s4 ,w\ld x n be  
well = !m  to consid] ! beam 9 _! own   
eye8 ,on ?is po9t1 ! ,sev5?-day         
,bapti/s & o!rs l !m are ! consi/5t     
foll[]s ( ,jesus1 &  n ! ,roman         
,ca?olics & ! great bulk ( !            
,prote/ants4      7c7 ,,! ,,hypocrisy   
,,( ,,divorce    ,"u ! ,mosaic law a    
husb&1 dissatisfi$ ) 8 wife1 c\ld write 

h] a bill ( a divorcem5t if he _h f\nd  
"s uncleanness 9 h]  7,deut4 ,,xxiv3#a2 
,matt4 ,,xix3#g74    ,accord+ to ,mat!w1
 ,jesus condemn$ divorce except = !     
cause (  =nication 7,matt4 ,v3#cb2      
,,xix3#i74    ,accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 
,he condemn$ divorce = any cause 7,m>k  
,x3#aa2 ,luke ,,xvi3#ah74    ,all !     
,/ates ( our ,union1 except ,new ,york &
 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1  au?orize divorce on o!r 
gr\nds ?an adult]y4 ,9 ,new ,york       
divorces  are grant$ only on ! gr\nd (  
adult]y1 & 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a no  divorces  
are grant$4 7,_w's ,almanac1 #aibj1 pp4 
#cfi-cga47    ,9 #aiaf1 !re 7 #a1jdj1ggh
 m>riages & #aab1jcf divorces 9 !       
,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* ab\t #aa p] c5t 7  
on ! gr\nd (  unfai?ful4 7,_w's         
,almanac1 #aibj1 pp4 #aea-aeb47    ,b ! 
m>riages ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 ab\t #a-g
 ( our population  7,_w's ,almanac1 p4  
#dhd71 %\ld fairly be exclud$1 s9ce     
divorce is  practically non-exi/5t among
 !m4 ,?is w\ld leave #hij1jjj m>riages  
to #aab1jjj divorces4    ,!re 0 !n1 9   

#aiaf1 some?+ m ?an "o divorce to e t5  
m>riages among our total population1 or1
 exclud+ ,roman ,ca?olics1  some?+ m ?an
 "o divorce to e eight m>riages4    ,9 !
 face ( ^! figures1 x mu/ be conc$$ t   
?is prohibition  ( ,jesus has become    
practically a dead lett] among !        
,prote/ant  ,*ri/ians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
    ,to ! innoc5t p>ty to a divorce1    
little1 if any1 /igma atta*es  ei!r 9   
bus9ess1 social or religi\s circles1 &  
no?+ b a  tempor>y condemnation is      
visit$ on ! guilty p>ty4 ,! pla9 tru?   
is1 t divorce has become a matt] (      
ev]yday life1 regrettable b  n s9ful1 & 
t1 on ?is po9t1 ! foll[]s ( ,jesus      
7except+  ! ,roman ,ca?olics7 h simply  
sub/itut$ _! ideas ( "r &  wrong = ,84  
,x %\ld be add$ aga91 to avoid          
misund]/&+1 t x is n !  int5tion h]eby  
to condemn our pres5t divorce laws4 ,on 
! contr>y1  x is q probable t1 if ,jesus
 7 legislat+ = ! complex  societies (   
today1 in/ead ( = ! comp>atively simpl] 
civilization ( ,8 day1 ,he w\ld         

mat]ially modify ,8 /r+5t views  on     
divorce1 9 a sane concession to !       
weakness & frailty ( human  nature4     
,c]ta9ly1 to "o :o has se5 _m ill-mat$  
c\ples seek+  relief 9 ! divorce c\rts1 
& subsequ5tly mak+ happy m>riages1  to !
 mutual b5efit ( !mselves1 _! *ildr51 _!
 fri5ds &  society 9 g5]al1 divorce laws
 _c seem all evil4 ,! *ildr51 if  !re   
are any1 are ! ma9 factor to be         
consid]$1 & no conditions  ( life are   
likely to be mu* worse = !m ?an to be   
br\ght up by  two mutually unlov+1      
unsympa!tic p>5ts1 &1 z usually happ5s1 
9 an atmosph]e ( cont9ual bick]+ &      
qu>rel+4      7d7 ,,! ,,hypocrisy ,,(   
,,pray]    ,?is subject has already be5 
treat$ "u ,note #bb1 supra1 page #bc1  &
 x has be5 %[n t ,jesus cle>ly condemn$ 
public pray]s1 long  pray]s & frequ5t   
pray]s 7,matt4 ,,vi3 #e1 #h74    ,!     
evils ( ! pray]-habit 7z a public       
c]emony7 are _m &  obvi\s4    7#a7 ,x is
 a useless wa/e ( "t & en]gy t _h bett] 
be exp5d$  on works ( m]cy4 ,god already

 kn[s :at ?+s we ne$1 & w grant  !m1 if 
advisable1 )\t pray] 7,matt4 ,,vi3#h74  
,= in/ance1 h[ mu*  "t has be5 sp5t by !
 human race 9 pray+ = ?+s :i*  subsequ5t
 ev5ts prov$ 71 or w\ld h be51 injuri\s 
in/ead (  b5eficial8 ,h[ _m !re are1 :o1
 9 look+ back ov] _! lives1  c see t !  
realization ( "o ( _! 7at ! "t7 de>e/   
wi%es turn$ out lat] to be ! mo/        
un=tunate ?+ t ev]  happ5$ to !m4       
7#b7 ,x enc\rages ! =mation ( a l[ &    
unwor?y conception ( ,god  z a be+ to be
 propitiat$ & placat$1 l ! deities (    
b>b>\s  peoples4 ,ins5sibly ! idea gr[s 
t ! m frequ5t & ! m  zeal\s ! pray]s1 ! 
m likely !y are to be grant$4 ,an       
in/ance  ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! cu/om />t$ 
dur+ ! ,great ,w> (  e "o on ! /reets & 
ev]y:]e1 pray+ exactly at noon = !      
success ( our armies4 ,! idea und]ly+   
?is 0 app>5tly t (  a long pull1 a /rong
 pull1 & a pull all toge!r1 al?\gh !    
latt] requirem5t 0 h>dly fulfill$1 s9ce 
! pray]s 9 ,new ,york  7 sev]al h\rs old
 be=e ^? 9 ,san ,francisco 7 begun4     

,no?+  c\ld be imag9$ mu* m inconsi/5t )
 ,jesus' regulations on !  subject (    
pray]4    ,fur!rmore1 ! pray]-habit     
begets a sick5+ tone ( s]vility 9  !    
wor%ipp]1 c\pl$ ) ! ascription to !     
,deity ( an equally  sick5+ love (      
adulation4 ,9 _m pray] meet+s ! speak]s 
seem  to vie ) ea* o!r 9 seek+ t]ms (   
humility & self abasem5t  = !mselves    
7mis]able worms be+ r a favorite7 & !   
mo/  exagg]at$ titles ( honor = !       
,deity4 ,"o w\ld ?9k !y 7 a  lot (      
grovell+ slaves1 pro/rat+ !mselves be=e 
! ?rone (  "s b>b>ic despot4 ,take ! ,te
 ,deum1 :i* is a pray] 9 ! =m  ( a hymn4
 ,c x be suppos$ t ! fulsome adulation )
 :i* x  is fill$ c be pleas+ to ! ,god (
 ! univ]se8 ,& yet1 :y is x  sung1      
except on t supposition8 ,:at respect   
w\ld we h = an  e>?ly fa!r :o delight$ 9
 hav+ 8 *ildr5 assemble e  morn+1 & *ant
 _! praises ( 8 goodness1 8 excell5ce1 8
  p[]1 etc48 ,& yet %\ld n ! ideal ( !  
heav5ly ,fa!r be  high] ?an t ( ! e>?ly 
fa!r8    7#c7 ,! pray]-habit t5ds to    

emasculate ! moral /r5g? ( its          
devotees4 ,x is mu* easi] to pray to    
,god = help &1 s to speak1  %ift !      
responsibility on ,him1 ?an to "w out   
"o's own tr\bles by  "o-self4 ,!re is an
 old say+--,pray1 b ) ?y h& on ! pl\gh4 
,too mu* pray+ t5ds t[>ds neglect ( !   
pl\gh1 or1 to use  ,cromwell's phrase1 !
 keep+ "o's p[d] dry4    7#d7 ,ano!r    
evil is t x t5ds to enc\rage a          
self-righte\sness on  ! "p ( its        
devotees 7,luke ,,xviii3#aa74 ,:5 pray] 
is reg>d$ z a  duty1 ! sequel to a      
pray]-meet+ is a feel+ ( satisfaction 9 
duty well p]=m$4 ,god has n only be5    
well pleas$ by a display (  humility on 
! "p ( ,8 wor%ipp]s1 b has also be5     
intellig5tly  advis$ on a v>iety (      
subjects1 ab\t :i* ,he may h be5 9      
unc]ta9ty4    ,comp>e ! pray] meet+ (   
today ) "o accord+ to ,jesus'  precepts4
 ,!re w\ld be no long pray]s 7,matt4    
,,xxiii3#ad2 ,luke ,,xx3#dg74  ,! meet+ 
w\ld op5 ) ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,!n1 z ea* "o
 ?\ght  ov] 8 v>i\s s9s ( omission &    

commission1 & rep5t$ ( !m1  he w\ld     
arise & say1 ,god be m]ciful to me1 a   
s9n] 7,luke  ,,xviii3#ac74 ,! peace &   
sil5t m$itation ( su* a ga!r+ w\ld  t5d 
to produce ! humble & contrite he>t1 :i*
 is ! (f]+  pleas+ to ,god4    7#e7 ,b !
 wor/ evil1 z po9t$ out by ,jesus1 is t 
( sub/itut+  a false /&>d (             
righte\sness1 words = acts1 sacrifice = 
m]cy  7,matt4 ,,xii3#g74 ,:5 pray]s are 
reg>d$ z a duty & _! p]=mance  a        
m]itori\s act1 _! devotees are q apt to 
become l !  ,ph>isees1 :o paid ti! (    
m9t1 anise & cumm91 b neglect$  judgm5t1
 m]cy & fai? 7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#bc74    ,!
 av]age1 easy-go+ ,*ri/ian c )\t        
difficulty squ>e 8  acc\nt ) ,god ?r\gh 
num]\s pray]s1 or ev5 re/ easy 9 8      
consci5ce ) a slight balance 9 8 favor4 
,b x mu/ be  almo/ impossible = !       
believ] 91 & fai?ful adh]5t (1          
pray]-meet+s to rise to ! sublime       
conception ( ! ,almighty1  voic$ n only 
by ,jesus1 b by ! lat] prophets ( ! ,old
  ,te/am5t4    ,br+ no m va9 oblations  

7pray]s or fa/+73 inc5se 7pray]s &      
fa/+7 is an abom9ation to me4 ,! new    
moons & ,sabba?s 7c]emonial  *ur*       
s]vices71 ! call+ ( assemblies          
7pray]-meet+s71 ,i _c  away )2 x is     
iniquity1 ev5 ! solemn meet+4 ,y\r new  
moons &  y\r appo9t$ fea/s1 my s\l      
hate?2 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am   
we>y to be> !m4    ,le>n to d well2 seek
 judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge !   
fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[ 7,isaiah       
,i3#ac1 #ad1 #ag74    ,& :at do? ! ,"l  
require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly & love  m]cy1
 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god 7,micah     
,,vi3#h74      7e7 ,,! ,,hypocrisy ,,(  
,,fa/+    ,?is subject also1 has already
 be5 discuss$ "u note #bj1 supra1  b =  
conv5i5ce1 ref]5ce is aga9 made to !    
passages 9 :i*  ,jesus condemns public  
fa/+1 or fa/+ z a c]emony 7,matt4       
,,vi3#af1  #ag1 #ah2 ,matt4 ,,ix3#ad2   
,m>k ,,ii3#ah2 ,luke ,v3#cc2 ,luke      
,x3#g74    ,ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* has be5    
said "u ! la/ subhead conc]n+  public   
pray]s applies ) equal =ce to c]emonial 

fa/+1 & ne$  n be repeat$ "h4      7f7  
,,sunday ,,blue ,,laws    ,assum+ !re is
 to be ascrib$ to ! mod]n ,sunday ! same
 sanctity  z a holy day t %\ld be       
accord$ to ! ,sabba? :i* ,jesus  obs]v$1
 ,8 views on ! prop] obs]vance ( ! day  
are summ$ up 9  ! "o s5t5ce3 ,! ,sabba? 
0 made = man & n man = !  ,sabba? 7,m>k 
,,ii3#bg74    ,! basic idea ( ! old     
,puritan ,sunday 0 ! direct opposite ( t
  ( ,jesus4 ,foll[+ ! old ,mosaic law1  
:i* ,jesus combatt$1 !  ,puritans plann$
 _! celebration ( ! day = ! honor &     
glory  ( ,god1 & n = ! b5efit ( man4    
,conceiv+ ?is ,god1 n z a  lov+ ,fa!r1 b
 z a /]n1 au/]e ,judge1 :o1 accord+ to  
,jona?an  ,edw>ds1 _h res]v$ ! bulk (   
mank9d = burn+1 :o dem&$  sacrifice & n 
m]cy1 & 0 !re=e to be propitiat$ &      
placat$1 ! ,puritan m9i/]s succe$$1 :ile
 !y _h ! p[]1 9  impos+ on _!           
congregations a mo/ atroci\s trave/y ( !
 ,sabba?  ( ,jesus4 ,religi\s s]vices 7 
pil$ up l ,pelion on ,ossa1 &  e movem5t
 ( ! day 0 m>k$ by gloom & au/]ity4 ,no 

wond]  t ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison said (
 ! obs]vance ( ,sunday at a mu*  lat]   
date3 ,! ,sabba?1 z n[ recogniz$ &      
en=c$1 is "o ( !  ma9 pill>s (          
prie/-craft & sup]/ition1 & ! /ronghold 
(  m]ely c]emonial religion4    ,jesus  
did n object to ! ,jewi% obs]vance ( !  
,sabba? on !  gr\nd t x 0 too lax 7to   
use a mod]n t]m71 b on j !  opposite    
gr\nd--t c]ta9 ( _! re/rictions on man's
 fre$om (  action on t day 7 unnecess>y4
 ,b ! ,sabba? ( t "t1 z  ! ,jews        
celebrat$ x1 & z1 f all ! acc\nts 9 !   
f\r  ,gospels1 ,jesus celebrat$ x1 0 a  
day ( joy\s re/ & recreation1  & 9 no   
s5se a day ( spiritual mac]ation4    ,! 
same "* ( *e]fulness1 ( happy re/ f !   
toil &  turmoil ( ! _w's bus9ess2 (     
quiet & peaceful return unto "o's  self2
 ( joy\s communion ) fri5ds & k9dr$ ov] 
good *e]--9  %ort1 ( m5tal & bodily     
relaxation & recreation t /r5g!ns1      
braces1 pacifies1 & make? ! he>t glad1  
:ile ! sublime ideas  :i* x symbolizes  
are recall$ to ! memory at e /ep & turn 

seems to h prevail$ at all times d[n to 
our own1 among ! ,jews4    ,suffice x to
 reit]ate t 9 e class1 e age & e  v>iety
 ( ,jews1 f fir/ to la/1 ! ,sabba? has  
be5 absolutely a  day ( joy & happ9ess1 
nay1 ( danc+1 ( s++1 ( eat+ &  dr9k+1 & 
( luxury4    ,int]national ,cyclopdia1  
,sabba?1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #heg4    ,?is  
is ! k9d ( a ,sabba? :i* ! ,gospels     
picture ,jesus z  celebrat+1 att5d+     
fea/s 9 ! h\ses ( ,8 fri5ds1 walk+ 9  ! 
fields ) ,8 disciples1 or meet+ ) !m 9  
public places1  & heal+ ! sick :5       
occasion (f]$ 7,matt4 ,,xii3#a2 ,m>k    
,,ii3#bc2  ,luke ,,vi3#a2 ,luke         
,,xiv3#a2 ,john ,v3#a1 #b1 #i2 ,,ix3#a1 
#ad74    ,h>d z x may be = ,anglo-,saxon
 prejudice to admit1 yet x seems to be  
true1 t ! ,spani% ,sunday--mass 9 !     
morn+ & a bull-fight 9  ! aft]noon--is  
ne>] ?an ! ,puritan ,sunday to ,jesus'  
ideas ( !  prop] obs]vance ( ! day1     
al?\gh ,he w\ld probably approve1 z     
little z we d1 t p>ticul> =m ( amusem5t4
    ,!re is at ! pres5t "t a /rong &    

p]haps gr[+ t5d5cy  t[>ds enact+ ,sunday
 ,blue ,laws4 ,by ?is is meant          
legislation  re/rict+ man's fre$om (    
action on t day1 :i* is bas$1 n on  any 
b5efit to ! individual or society1 b on 
! old ,mosaic idea (  ! suppos$ sanctity
 ( ! day--t x is holy to ! ,"l & ,he  w 
be pleas$ by a c]emonial obs]vance ( x1 
diff]5t f o!r  days4    ,ins(> z !      
pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,jesus urge ! enactm5t
 ( su*  ,blue ,laws1 x seems cle> t !y  
are n foll[+ ,jesus1 b go+  contr>y to  
,8 precept & example4      7g7          
,,temp]ance vs4 ,,prohibition    ,!re c 
be no possible d\bt z to ! position (   
,jesus on ?is  "q4    ,at ! outset ( ,8 
prophetic c>e]1 ,he drew ! l9e %>ply    
betwe5  ,himself & ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ?is
 matt]4    ,john drank no w9e & practic$
 fa/+4    ,jesus drank w9e & condemn$   
c]emonial fa/+4    ,ea* by ^w & example 
inculcat$ ^! diff]5t ideas on 8         
respective foll[]s 7,matt4 ,,xi3#ah1    
#ai2 ,luke ,v3#cc74fb    ,at ! m>riage 9
 ,cana1 ,he furni%es w9e = ! gue/s :5 ! 

supply runs out 7,john ,,ii3#a1 #b74 ,9 
,8 in/ructions to ,8 apo/les ,he  tells 
!m to eat & dr9k su* ?+s z are set be=e 
!m 7,luke  ,x3#g74 ,he uses w9e 9 !     
celebration ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & promises 
,8 apo/les to dr9k ) !m ( ! fruit ( !   
v9e 9 heav5  7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#bi2 ,m>k   
,,xiv3#be2 ,luke ,,xxii3#ah1 #cj74      
,:5 ,mahomet appe>$1 he foll[$ ! example
 ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 &  prohibit$ ! dr9k+
 ( w9e4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 on two po9ts ! l9e  
has always be5 %>ply drawn betwe5 !     
,gospel ( ,jesus & t (  ,mahomet4 ,!    
or?odox ,*ri/ian c\ld eat pork & dr9k   
w9e1 :ile !  or?odox ,mohamm$an c\ld d  
nei!r4    ,! majority ( pr(ess$         
,*ri/ians h presumably support$ !  rec5t
 prohibition legislation 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,9 s do+1 !y  are n foll[+      
,jesus1 b go+ directly contr>y to ,8    
precept &  example4 ,!y are 9 effect    
say+ t1 on ?is po9t1 ,mahomet knew      
bett] ?an ,jesus :at 0 = ! be/ good ( ! 
human race4      7h7 ,,sacrifice vs4    
,,m]cy    ,"u ! t]m sacrifice1 ,jesus   

includ$ all c]emonial religi\s  wor%ip1 
& tri$ con/antly to impress on ,8       
foll[]s t ?is 0  n ! (f]+ pleas+ to     
,god1 b1 r1 de$s ( m]cy 7,matt4         
,,ix3#ac2 ,,xxiii3#bc74    ,realiz+ h[  
/rong is ! t5d5cy 9 human nature to     
impute to itself  righte\sness on acc\nt
 ( its ti!s ( m9t & anise & cumm91  ,he 
c>ri$ ,8 condemnation ( c]emonies into !
 smalle/ details4  ,?is is well         
illu/rat$ by ,8 enjo9+ ,8 apo/les n to  
wa%  be=e eat+ 7,matt4 ,,xv3#a1 #b &    
#bj2 ,luke ,,xi3#cg1 #ch74 ,z ,he /ates1
 ,8  objection 0 n to wa%+ 9 itself1 b  
because ! ,ph>isees _h  made a religi\s 
c]emony ( x4    ,simplicity is ! m>k$   
*>act]i/ic ( all ,jesus' acts (         
devotion4  ,:ile x 0 ,8 cu/om to prea* 9
 ! synagogue on ! ,sabba? day1  yet1 s  
f> z appe>s 9 ! f\r ,gospels1 ,mat!w's  
,s]mon on !  ,m\nt1 ,luke's ,s]mon on ! 
,pla91 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & mo/ ( ,jesus'  
important disc\rses 7 deliv]$1 n 9 !    
synagogue & on !  ,sabba? day1 b :]ev]  
"t & place suit$ ,8 conv5i5ce--f a  %ip1

 on a m\nta91 on a pla91 9 ,8 own h\se1 
etc4 7,matt4 ,v3#a2 ,x3#a2  ,,xii3#b2   
,,xviii3#a2 ,,xxiii3#a2 ,,xxiv3#c2 ,m>k 
,,iv3#a2 ,x3#a2 ,luke ,v3#c2 ,,vi3#ag2  
,x3#a2  ,,xi3#a2 ,,xii3#a2 ,john        
,,iii3#b2 ,,ix3#dj2 ,,xii3#bb1 #bc2     
,,xiv2 ,,xv2 ,,xvi2 ,,xvii74    ,to     
demon/rate h[ f> mod]n ,*ri/ianity has  
travel$ f ! ideas  ( ,jesus1 x is only  
necess>y to att5d "s c]emonial s]vice 9 
an  ,episcopalian or ,ca?olic ,ca!dral1 
or "s protract$ pray] meet+ (  "o ( !   
,evangelical d5om9ations4    ,out ( !   
fruitful field ( ,paul9e !ology1 !re    
sprang1 ev5 )9  a few c5turies aft] !   
,crucifixion1 a pl5tiful crop ( ! dire/ 
evils t h ev] afflict$ mank9d--cre$s &  
def9itions (  belief4 ,=tunately1       
disputati\s !ologians are n[ limit$ to !
  weapons ( p5 & ink1 b 9 ! ,middle     
,ages oceans ( blood 7  spilt ov] ^!    
religi\s qu>rels4    ,if we c\ld suppose
 ! ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai?1 or !   
,?irty-n9e ,articles1 or ! ,augsburg    
,confession to be submitt$ to  ,jesus = 

,8 approval1 x is easy to imag9e !      
sub/ance ( ,8  answ]3 ,i don't "k :at   
all ?is /uff means4 ,i d n und]/&  y\r  
t]ms--pre-de/9ation1 =e-ord9ation1      
trans-sub/antiation1  infant damnation1 
etc4 ,!re is no?+ "h t ,i ev] prea*$4 ,i
  h giv5 y a simple /&>d ( righte\sness1
 :i* e "o c  und]/& & foll[1 viz41 "r   
liv+4 ,h y =gott5 my say+1  t 'all ! law
 & ! prophets 7 conta9$ 9 ! two         
comm&m5ts to ',love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all 
?y he>t1' & to 'love  ?y neighbor z     
?yself' 7,matt4 ,,xxii3#cg-dj74 ,^!     
cre$s ( y\rs may  be true1 or p>tly     
true1 or :olly false4 ,b ! important    
fact =  y to rememb] is1 t !y are       
unnecess>y to salvation--are            
non-ess5tials4 ,if ?is sort ( logoma*y  
pleases y z an intellectual  ex]cise1   
well & good1 if x goes no fur!r4 ,b1    
bew>e t1 9  foll[+ ?is ignis fatuus1 y d
 n neglect ! only "o ma9  ess5tial to   
,god's favor--'to d ju/ly & to love     
m]cy1 & to walk  humbly ) ?y ,god4'     
,,conclusion    ,! ,great ,w> has br\ght

 ab\t a wondr\s upheaval 9 ! society (  
! _w4 ,ne>ly e phase ( m5tal & physical 
activity 9 man is  9 a process (        
trans=mation4 ,gov]nm5t1 religion1      
labor1 pleasure1  bus9ess1 f9ance1      
int]national relations--all are on a    
%ift+ basis1  seek+ readju/m5t to new   
ideas & new conditions4 ,to cl+ to      
worn-out conceptions ( life--to worn-out
 ideas & phrases is m]e  folly4 ,^! new 
problems c only be met & settl$ ) a     
tabula  rasa4 ,we mu/ wipe out ! old    
prejudices1 ! old accept$ canons1  &    
above all ! old hypocrisies & cant4     
,if ,*ri/ianity is to be a liv+1        
effici5t =ce 9 ! com+  readju/m5t1 x mu/
 cleanse itself ( "s ( ^! old b>nacles (
  hypocrisy n[ cl++ to x4 ,n t hypocrisy
 w be less preval5t  "u ! new regime ?an
 "u ! old4 ,human nature w rema9        
ess5tially ! same1 b x w dem& new =ms ( 
hypocrisy4 ,!  speci\s1 %all[ reason+ ( 
! *>latan1 ! fulsome adulation &        
extravagant promises ( ! demagogue1 &   
o!r =ms ( humbugg]y  w /ill attract _!  

?\s&s4 ,pati5t m]it w /ill suff] its  _m
 spurns f ! unwor?y4 ,b ! foll[]s (     
,jesus1 if !y w  ?r[ ov]bo>d _! useless 
ecclesia/ical & !ological lumb]1 &      
return to ! simple tea*+s & example ( ! 
,great ,tea*]1 are  sure to w94    ,!   
fir/ & mo/ important matt] is to get rid
 ( ! hypocrisy (  w>4 ,w> is ! mo/      
direful m5ace to ! happ9ess & prosp]ity 
(  mank9d &1 not)/&+ ! bitt] lessons ( !
 ,great ,w>1 little  progress has be5   
made t[>ds av]t+ x 9 ! future4    ,& no 
p]man5t progress 9 t direction w be made
 until !  ,*ri/ian peoples ( ! _w       
reject1 root & bran*1 su* views (       
national w>s z are express$ by ! late   
,presid5t ,roosevelt 9 !  quotations f 8
 works already giv5 7see 7a7 ,w>1       
supra74 ,!  und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is w>   
philosophy is ! same z t ( !  mod]n     
,g]mans1 ,treits*ke1 ,nietzs*e &        
,b]nh>di1 except t !y  express !mselves 
) m brutal frankness4 ,x 0 prea*$ long  
ago  by ,ma*iavelli1 ,francis ,bacon1   
,hobbes1 ,ei*te1 ,hegel & o!rs4 ,x is  9

 sub/ance t ! ,/ate1 al?\gh all its     
compon5t units are  s9c]e foll[]s (     
,jesus1 %\ld n be gov]n$ by any moral   
laws 9  its deal+s ) o!r ,/ates4 ,!     
,/ate c d no wrong4 ,x %\ld  pursue its 
ends ) utt]1 call\s selfi%ness1 & its   
only law is  t might makes "r4          
,presid5t ,roosevelt has be5 quot$1     
because1 9 8 views1 he  unque/ionably   
voic$ ! s5tim5ts ( ! great majority (   
pa/ &  pres5t ,am]icans4 ,if ?is be     
true1 %\ld we n look = ! beam 9  our own
 eye1 be=e we criticize ,g]many = />t+ !
 ,great ,w>8 ,%e  0 simply apply+ ! law 
t might makes "r1 except t %e           
und]e/imat$ ! might ( ! enemies %e 0    
array+ aga9/  h]self4 ,if %e _h be5     
successful 7z %e probably w\ld h be5    
except = ! unexpect$ valor &            
self-sacrifice ( ! ,belgians71  w\ld %e 
h be5 any worse s9n] 7b>r+ "s b>b>\s    
details (  h] w>f>e7 ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ) its condonation & approval (  !      
,mexican & ,spani% w>s8 ,bo? ( ^! 7 w>s 
( aggression  aga9/ weak] nations1 & !  

,mexican w>1 at lea/1 is admitt$ on  all
 h&s to h be5 morally unju/ifiable1 ev5 
by su* /alw>t  ,am]icans z ,presid5t    
,roosevelt4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 a 
di/+ui%$ admiral ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy
 is report$ to h  said3 ,our c\ntry6 ,9 
h] int]c\rse ) =eign nations may %e     
always be 9 ! "r2 b our c\ntry1 "r or   
wrong4 ,n[1 ?is is a  high-s\nd+ phrase 
& is a great refuge = ,j+o politicians  
:5  !y h precipitat$ ! c\ntry into an   
unrighte\s w>4 ,b be=e  ! b> ( ,jesus x 
is ! v]ie/ clap-trap4 ,! s9c]e foll[] ( 
,jesus %\ld insi/ t we be sure we are "r
 9 ! fir/ in/ance1  &1 if x is discov]$ 
t we h be5 misl$ into a by-way ( wrong  
& inju/ice1 t we get back at once to !  
/raight & n>r[ way  ( "r & ju/ice4      
,our *ur*es mu/ d5\nce ^! ,rooseveltian 
doctr9es e>ly & late1  z a p]v]sion (   
,jesus' laws4 ,!y mu/ insi/ t opposition
 to w>s  becomes a s]vice ( ! he>t & n (
 ! lip4 ,!y mu/ m\ld u  into a nation ( 
s9c]e consci5ti\s objectors1 condemn+   
all w>s  z un-,*ri/ian1 judg+ e         

aggressive w> z prima facie             
unju/ifiable1 & insi/+ t ! advocates (  
any w> prove !  ju/ness ( _! cause      
beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,let our      
politicians  & lead]s und]/& t if !y    
plunge u into an unju/ w>1 !y  are to be
 puni%$1 & n rew>d$ by ! ,presid5cy1 z 0
 ,roosevelt  aft] ! ,spani% w>1 &       
,taylor aft] ! ,mexican w>4 ,h[ _m ( our
  w>s w\ld h lack$ advocates1 if !y _h  
be5 oblig$ to plead  _! cause "u !      
pr9ciples ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt8    ,z  
long z ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are animat$
 by1 & _!  conduct bas$ on1 ! w>        
philosophy ( ,roosevelt1 x is h>d to see
 h[  any ,league ( ,nations c\ld be     
any?+ b a f>ce--a m]e scrap (  pap]4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 if all ! ,*ri/ian nations 7  
s9c]e1  ard5t consci5ti\s objectors1 w>s
 w\ld be avoid$ )\t ! ne$  ( any ,league
 ( ,nations4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian p ( ,g]many 
_h be5  consci5ti\s objectors 9 ?is     
s5se1 !re w\ld n h be5 a  ,great ,w>4 ,b
 un=tunately !y 7 ( a diff]5t fai?1 &   
accord+ to ,g]man writ]s /ill cl+ to t  

fai?1 aft] all _!  bitt] exp]i5ces4     
7,g]many s9ce ! ,revolution4 ,yale      
,review1 ,jan41  #aiba74 ,nor may we    
flatt] ourselves t we are free f ! same 
views4 ,= in/ance1 !re is app>5tly1 at !
 pres5t "t 7z !re  0 be=e ! ,spani% w>7 
a ,j+o junto ( politicians & newspap]s  
:o seize e opportunity to /ir up        
prejudice & ho/ility aga9/  ,japan1     
al?\gh x has always act$ t[>ds u z a    
peace-lov+1  neighborly nation4 ,if x 7 
z vuln]able to our attack z ,mexico or  
,spa91 ^! ,hotspurs might q likely drag 
u into a w>1 b !  unc]ta9ty ( ! conte/ 9
 ?is case mu/ give !m pause4    ,ano!r  
field = *ur* action is 9 work+ t[>ds    
mak+ ,sunday l  ! ,sabba? ( ,jesus'     
"t--a day ( joy\s relaxation &          
recreation1  b always rememb]+ t de$s ( 
m]cy & ! promotion ( !  happ9ess ( o!rs1
 are to feature ! day1 z ! (f]+         
acceptable  to ,god4 ,"o ( ! m>k$       
features ( ! "t is ! gr[+ _s (  unre/ & 
discont5t among ! mass ( ! p4 ,?is _s ( 
unre/ manife/s itself1 9 "p1 by an      

increas+ appetite =  amusem5t4 ,:ile ?is
 outlet = p's uneas9ess may p]haps n be 
( ! highe/1 x is mu* pref]able to o!rs1 
to :i* _!  discont5t might turn4 ,!     
*ur*es %\ld recognize ?is pres5t ne$  ( 
man1 realize ! tru? ( ,jesus say+ t !   
,sabba? 0 made =  man1 oppose all new   
,sunday ,blue ,laws1 & seek ! repeal (  
^? n[  exi/+4 ,in/ead ( putt+ ! ban ( ! 
*ur* on all ,sunday  amusem5ts1 x %\ld  
enc\rage su* h>mless recreations z x c  
well  sanction "u ! example ( ,jesus4   
,!re %\ld be meet+s 9 !  *ur*es1 z 9 !  
synagogue 9 ,jesus' "t1 b z an incid5t1 
&  n ! *ief end1 ( ! day4    ,9 ! matt] 
( temp]ance vs4 prohibition1 a great    
,*ri/ian nation  has1 = ! fir/ "t 9     
hi/ory1 rec5tly inaugurat$ ! exp]im5t  (
 a g5]al prohibition law4 ,:at ! results
 ( ?is policy may be1  rema9s an unc]ta9
 "q = ! future to decide4 ,c]ta9 x is  t
 ! ,anglo-,saxon race has rea*$ its     
pres5t /age ( progress &  civilization  
"u a regime ( practically unre/rict$ use
 ( alcoholic  dr9ks4 ,( ! em95t names 9 

its hi/ory--9 gov]nm5t1 w>1  lit]ature1 
arts1 sci5ces1 indu/rial "w &           
inv5tion--!  p]c5tage ( ^? :o all _!    
lives h be5 consi/5t ab/a9]s  f liquor  
mu/ be exce$+ly small4 ,! prohibitioni/ 
w say t  all ?is progress has be5 made 9
 spite ( ! evils ( dr9k4 ,b t  c only be
 prov$ by g5]ations ( exp]i5ce "u       
prohibition laws4  ,! o!r hypo!sis is1  
prima facie1 equally t5able1 t ?is      
progress has be5 due 9 "p to ! /imulus  
:i* ! temp]ate use (  liquor und\bt$ly  
does1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 give to !     
physical &  m5tal activity ( man4 ,!    
?irte5 c5turies ( exp]i5ce ( !  foll[]s 
( ,mahomet demon/rate t prohibition does
 n ( itself  produce great m51 or g5]al 
virtue1 progress or prosp]ity4          
,!oretically ! success ( prohibition is 
h&icapp$ by ! fact t  x is oppos$ to !  
evolution>y processes ( nature4 ,! basic
 idea (  prohibition is to improve man  
by remov+ ! cause ( evil4 ,= no "o  c   
d5y t excess ( dr9k+ is an evil1 j z is 
excess (  eat+1 ( fa/+1 ( pray]1 or any 

o!r =m ( human activity4 ,ev5  excess ( 
*>ity may be an evil1 if x results 9    
impov]i%+ "o's  family4 ,b nature works 
on ! contr>y idea4 ,x develops its      
highe/  types by expos+ !m to evil1 &   
tea*+ !m to conqu] x4 ,take  ! matt] (  
climate1 = in/ance4 ,a priori "o might h
 reason$  t a mild1 equable climate1 l t
 ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 :]e  ! means (   
subsi/5ce are easily obta9$1 w\ld be !  
be/ = !  human race4 ,x c\ld plausibly  
be argu$ t man w\ld h m "t  & en]gy = 8 
intellectual developm5t if he 7 n       
absorb$ 9 a  cont9u\s1 labori\s /ruggle 
= 8 physical exi/5ce4 ,b  exp]i5ce has  
%[n t j ?is conte/ ) ! extremes ( heat  
& cold--?is cont9ual battle = subsi/5ce 
"u uncong5ial  conditions--has produc$ n
 only ! mo/ effici5t work]s 9 mat]ial   
progress1 b also ! highe/ types (       
intellectual developm5t4  ,:e!r !       
prohibition !ory ( wrapp+ m5 9 lamb's   
wool1 in/ead  ( putt+ !m out to fight ! 
battle ( life1 w n produce m  evil ?an  
good1 is at lea/ unc]ta94 ,x may be t1  

aft] "s "t  ( exp]im5t+1 m5 may come    
back to ! idea t ,jesus 0 "r 9  ?9k+ t  
temp]ance is bett] = ! human race ?an   
prohibition4    ,fur!rmore1 prohibition1
 besides be+ oppos$ bo? to ! laws (     
,jesus & ! laws ( nature1 has ! ess5tial
 weakness1 z a rem$y  = intemp]ance1 t x
 attacks ! means or r "o ( ! means1  (  
intemp]ance1 & n ! cause--! causa       
effici5s1 z !  logicians w\ld say4 ,!   
,anglo-,saxons h = c5turies be5         
meat-eat]s & liquor-dr9k]s4 ,:at end !y 
w\ld h atta9$ on a  diet ( vegetables & 
cold wat]1 we c only guess1 b all sci5ce
 is  wrong if x w\ld n h be5 "s end q   
diff]5t4 ,n[1 ?is  appetite =           
/imulants--! gr[? ( c5turies--is n to be
  eradicat$ by prohibit+ ! use (        
alcoholic dr9ks1 any m ?an !  appetite =
 =nication c be eradicat$ by !          
suppression ( h\ses  ( pro/itution4 ,9  
spite ( all ! prohibition laws 9 ! _w1 !
  appetite = /imulants w cont9ue to exi/
 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon race1  & w seek its  
gratification 9 "o way1 if n 9 ano!r4   

,:e!r  ^! sub/itutes may n be worse 9 ! 
end ?an alcohol1 rema9s to  be se54     
,suppose1 = in/ance1 t accu/om$         
liquor-dr9k]s %\ld  n[ sub/itute1 z _!  
/imulant1 l>ge quantities ( /rong tea or
  c(fee1 or1 possibly1 "s conc5trat$    
product ( "o or ! o!r (  ^? plants4     
,probably n9e-t5?s ( our m$ical         
au?orities w\ld  agree t ! *ange w\ld   
be1 g5]ally speak+1 und\bt$ly = !       
worse4    ,x is to be obs]v$ t nev] 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates has !re be5  made any     
g5]al sy/ematic ef=t t[>ds temp]ance1   
su* z is n[  be+ made t[>ds prohibition4
 ,no great] hypocrisy has ev] be5  work$
 (f on ! ,am]ican p ?an t "u ! "n (     
,temp]ance4 ,societies h label$ !mselves
 ) t "n1 orators  & prom95t lead]s h    
p>ad$ "u t "n1 :51 9  fact1 x 0 a m]e   
subt]fuge1 & ! be>]s ( x 7 really       
prohibitioni/s4 ,probably no "o :o has  
ev] work$ = real temp]ance  measures 9  
any ( our l>ge cities b w\ld te/ify t 8 
"w has  be5 s]i\sly hamp]$ by ! entire  
lack ( int]e/1 if n by !  actual        

ho/ility1 ( ^! s-call$ temp]ance re=m]s 
& societies4  ,9 fact1 _m ( !m w\ld make
 no scruple 9 op5ly av[+ t !y  7 oppos$ 
to any practical temp]ance measure1     
because x w\ld  ret>d ! com+            
prohibition4 ,) ! he>ty support ( !     
prohibitioni/s1 !re is no reason today  
:y sci5tific temp]ance  measures %\ld n 
be put 9 =ce ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t 
w\ld d away ) at lea/ sev5ty-five p] c5t
 ( ! evils (  drunk5ness4    ,our pres5t
 ,f$]al prohibition law is /ill on      
trial4 ,x nev] w\ld  h be5 enact$ unless
 we _h be5 precipitat$ into ! ,great    
,w>4 ,x  has nev] be5 submitt$ to a     
plebiscite ( ! p4 ,9 "o respect1  x has 
done mu* evil 9 increas+ ! unre/ &      
discont5t ( a l>ge  "p ( our population1
 :o reg>d malt liquors z comp>atively   
innocu\s1 & z necess>y to _! com=t &    
heal?1 & :o reg>d  ! deprivation ( !m z 
an invasion ( _! p]sonal lib]ty4 ,:5    
,rome 0 ?reat5$1 z we are n[1 by a ris+ 
tide ( unre/ &  discont5t1 ! rul]s ( t  
day advis$ panem et circ5ses--food  &   

amusem5t4 ,_m ( ! ?9k]s ( today neglect 
?is sage1 old  maxim 9 depriv+ ! p ( _! 
be]1 9 urg+ m /r+5t  ,sunday ,blue      
,laws1 &1 g5]ally1 9 re/rict+ or        
prohibit+ popul>  amusem5ts1 on "o      
pretext or ! o!r4 ,9 read+ "s ( !       
propos$  re/rictions on m9ors1 "o       
sometimes wond]s h[ x is suppos$ t      
/alw>t1 "y lads f sixte5 to tw5ty-"o are
 to sp5d _!  ev5+s4 ,!y mo/ assur$ly w n
 sp5d !m at home read+ !  ,bible4    ,9 
! future consid]ation ( temp]ance vs4   
prohibition1 x w be  well = ! foll[]s ( 
,jesus to weigh maturely ,8 position on 
!  "q4 ,8 precept & example are n       
lightly to be disreg>d$1  especially    
:]e1 z "h1 !y h>monize ) ! laws (       
nature1  in/ead (1 z 9 ! case ( w>1 be+ 
oppos$ to !m4 ,if all  hypocrisy 7      
elim9at$1 & ! non-compromis]s &         
sacro-sancts  kept out ( ! discussion1  
!re is no reason :y ! oppos+ =ces  (    
temp]ance & prohibition c\ld n arrive at
 a compromise1 :i*  w\ld r$uce ! evil ( 
drunk5ness to a m9imum1 &1 at ! same    

"t1 n rob life ( ! joy & good *e] t     
comes f a temp]ate  enjoym5t ( ! fruit (
 ! v9e4 ,if x is to be a "p ( !  heav5ly
 life 7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#bi2 ,m>k          
,,xiv3#be2 ,luke ,,xxii3#cj71 let x be  
also  a "p ( ! e>?ly life4    ,9 !      
matt]s ( pray]1 fa/+ & c]emonial wor%ip1
 ! *ur*es  mu/ make radical *anges 9 _! 
practice1 if !y are to w9 back  _!      
influ5ce ov] ! masses ( ! p--an influ5ce
 :i*1 x is  g5]ally admitt$1 has be5 on 
! wane dur+ ! pa/ few decades4  ,!      
contra/ is altoge!r too gl>+ betwe5 !   
simple =m (  wor%ip1 practic$ & prea*$  
by ,jesus1 & t ( mo/ ( our mod]n        
religi\s d5om9ations4 ,! luxury ( mod]n 
liv+ is a favorite  subject ( invective 
by essayi/s & philosophical writ]s4 ,b x
 is  little wond] t ! layman runs to ?is
 extreme1 :5 he has be=e  him ! example 
set by _m ( ! successors ( ,jesus'      
apo/les--popes1  bi%ops1 c>d9als1 m9i/]s
 ( weal?y p>i%es1 etc4 ,&1 9 say+  ?is1 
! fact is n ov]look$ t _m m9i/]s ( !    
,gospel are  wor?y1 self-d5y+1          

consci5ti\s foll[]s ( ,jesus 9 ^!       
matt]s1  b ! exceptions are too num]\s4 
,! conduct ( a class is usually  judg$  
by t ( its mo/ prom95t repres5tatives4  
,z to cre$s1 !ological disputes &       
sect>ian diff]5ces1 ! common  p are m & 
m act+ on ! l9es ( ,pope's c\plet3      
,= modes ( fai? let graceless zealots   
fight2      ,8 c't be wrong1 ^: life is 
9 ! "r4      ,9 fai? & hope ! _w w      
disagree2      ,b all mank9d's conc]n is
 *>ity4               ,aft] ! dea? (    
,mr4 ,atwat] x develop$ t he _h in/ruct$
       ! ,tru/ ,company hav+ 8 affairs 9
 *>ge to make money gifts       to ab\t 
"o hundr$ ( 8 fri5ds4         ,a few (  
^? s rememb]$ h publi%$ ! accompany+    
book       = di/ribution among ,mr4     
,atwat]'s intimate acqua9tances4 ,!     
text is t ( a pamphlet :i* he publi%$ j 
be=e 8       dea?4         ,inside ?is  
leaflet are reproduc$ copies ( a lett]  
to ! ,tru/       ,company reg>d+ ! gifts
 & a memor&um1 f\nd 9 8 desk1 z       to
 ! disposition ( 8 rema9s4              

,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4   ,sept4 #a_/ae      
,m9neapolis ,tru/ ,company1   #aae ,s\? 
,fif? ,/reet1   ,city4    ,de> ,sirs3-- 
,9 di/ribut+ ! prop]ty :i* w come to y  
"u my w1 ,i  wi% y to ex]cise a         
reasonable discretion1 s9ce conditions  
may be  q diff]5t at ! "t ( my dea? f   
:at !y are n[4 ,i v  likely h ov]look$  
"s ( my old fri5ds :o %\ld be rememb]$1 
& 9 su* case ,i %\ld wi% y to make !    
matt] "r z ?\gh  !y 7 includ$ 9 my li/4 
,9 case ,i %\ld die aft] sickness ( "s  
duration1 ! p :o  h tak5 c>e ( me 9 ?is 
sickness %\ld be also rememb]$4    ,9   
case !re %\ld be any defici5cy ( prop]ty
 to fill ^!  beque/s1 ,i %\ld pref] t ! 
defici5cy %\ld be tak5 out ( !  l>g]    
am\nts to fri5ds :o d n really ne$ !    
money1 r !n  to r$uce all ( ! beque/s   
pro rata4 ,"u pres5t conditions !re     
%\ld be a surplus ( sev]al ?\s& doll>s4 
,?is y might hold =  "s "t & if any ( my
 fri5ds came to actual want1 y c\ld use 
x  = _! b5efit or1 if n us$ = t purpose1
 y c\ld give x to  "s hospital or       

asylum4    ,if y deem x advisable1 y may
 make explanation t ! v>y+  am\nts ( ^! 
legacies are n to be tak5 z indicat+ !  
degree  ( my reg>d = recipi5ts1 s9ce ,i 
h consid]$ to a consid]able  ext5t !    
f9ancial condition ( my fri5ds4 ,to "s (
 !m any am\nt  ( money ,i c\ld leave    
w\ld be ( no acc\nt pecuni>ily1 :ile 9  
case  ( o!rs x might be ( "s real help2 
,i h also giv5 my girl  fri5ds l>gely ! 
advantage 9 am\nts4    ,i w keep a      
duplicate ( ?is li/1 :i* w be among my  
pap]s1 &  may make *anges 9 x f "t to   
"t1 :i* w be ( ! same  effect z ?\gh    
communicat$ to y4     ,y\rs v truly1    
,john ,b4 ,atwat]4          ,,memor&um  
,i wi% my rema9s to be cremat$ z quietly
 z possible1 & d n c>e  to h a m9i/]    
hold any s]vices4 ,:ile ,i believe 9    
,god !  ,inf9ite n ourselves :i* is     
et]nal ,i d n believe 9 any ( !         
man-made ,gods & ,cre$s :i* n[ exi/ &   
:i* 9 my op9ion h  entirely p]v]t$ !    
simple gospel taught by ,*ri/4 ,z ,i h  
no ne>  relatives to be pa9$ by ! abs5ce

 ( conv5tional c]emonies1 ,i  might z   
well be consi/5t to ! end4 ,i h no      
p>ticul> use =  fl[]s at a fun]al1 &    
w\ld pref]1 if my fri5ds feel x necess>y
  to express _! regret 9 a tangible =m1 
t !y w\ld s5d *ecks  to "s ,hospital or 
,asylum 9 my memory = ! am\nt !y w\ld   
o!rwise sp5d on fl[]s4                  
,,footnotes3      #a ,r5an says t !     
family ( ,david _h1 z x seems1 be5 long 
ext9ct be=e ,joseph's bir?4 ,life (     
,jesus1 ,*ap4 ,,xv4    #b ,! fir/ v]se (
 ,luke's ,gospel says t _m _h writt5    
ab\t  ,jesus' life be=e him4 ,if1 z     
seems probable1 he _h ,mat!w's  n>rative
 be=e him :5 he wrote 8 ,gospel1 x is an
 int]e/+  qu]y :y he reject$ 9 8 l9e (  
ance/ry ,solomon--! mo/  glori\s ( !    
,jewi% rul]s--9 favor ( ! obscure &     
comp>atively unkn[n ,na?an4    #c ,x is 
some:at curi\s t ,mat!w & ,luke1 :o are 
! only two  evangeli/s to attribute a   
div9e ance/ry to ,jesus 7see head+      
,conception71 are ! only two to give a  
g5ealogy ( ,joseph4 ,f  _! po9t ( view1 

x 0 entirely immat]ial :e!r ,joseph 0 a 
desc5dant ( ,david or n4 ,an attempt to 
trace ,m>y's l9eage back to  ,david w\ld
 h _h "s mat]iality4    ,on ! o!r h&1 x 
w\ld seem t ,m>k & ,john1 :o ignore !   
pat]nity ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 w\ld h deem$ x
 ( high importance to  e/abli%1 if      
possible1 "o ( ^! g5ealogies4 ,all      
,jewry at ?is "t  0 teem+ ) expectation 
( ! com+ ( a ,messiah1 & _!  prophets _h
 m>k$ ,him out z "o ( ! l9eage ( ,david 
7,psalms  ,,cxxxii3#b2 ,j]4 ,,xxiii3#d2 
,john ,,vii3#db74 ,no /rong] argum5t    
c\ld h  be5 f\nd to w9 ! favor ( ! ,jews
 to ,jesus ?an ! l9k+ ( ,8  "n ) ,david4
    ,9 ,cadman's ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels1  
page #ci1 ! au?or makes an  +5i\s       
attempt to h>monize ^! two l9es (       
ance/ry--!  sup]-natural & ! ,davidian4 
,?is he does by mak+ ,luke's g5ealogy   
"o ( ,m>y1 in/ead ( ,joseph4 ,by ?is    
means ! sup]-natural  fa!rhood ( ,jesus 
is sav$ &1 at ! same "t ,he c claim1    
?r\gh  ,8 "m1 a desc5t f ,david4    ,!  
ma9 tr\ble ) ?is !ory is t ,cadman is   

oblig$ to make ,heli  ! fa!r ( ,m>y1 :5 
,luke expressly says t ,heli 0 ! fa!r ( 
,joseph 7,luke ,,iii3#bc74 ,at ano!r    
place1 ,luke speaks ( ,joseph1 n  ,m>y1 
z be+ ( ! h\se ( ,david 7,luke ,,ii3#d74
    #d ,!re 0 no ,god--! ,holy          
,gho/--kn[n to ! ,jews1 & ,joseph  c\ld 
n h und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! t]m )\t "s     
explanation4    #e ,x is to be not$ t   
,mat!w does n expla9 :y ! angel  *ang$ !
 "n 9 ! prophecy--,immanuel--to t (     
,jesus4    #f ,app>5tly ! ,angel mu/ h  
told ,m>y ,8 "n4    #g ,cadman1 9 ! "w  
already ref]r$ to1 page #cg1 h>monizes  
^!  two v>iant acc\nts ( ! angelic      
ann\ncem5ts by giv+ ,mat!w's  v]sion 9 8
 text1 & simply ref]r+ to ,luke's acc\nt
 9 a note4    #h ,f ,luke's n>rative x  
does n appe> t ,joseph _h any d\bts  z  
to ,jesus be+ 8 *ild1 or1 if he did1 h[ 
^! d\bts 7  remov$4    #i ,! /ory ( !   
miracul\s conception ( ,jesus w\ld be   
?r[n out  ( any imp>tial c\rt ^u !      
evid5ce ( ! f\r ,gospels alone4    7a7  
,! two n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,luke       

contradict ea* o!r on  sev]al important 
details1 z is %[n above4 ,?is discr$its 
ea* (  !m z a reliable1 accurate        
au?ority on ?is po9t4    7b7 ,?is /ory  
is entirely omitt$ f ! n>ratives ( our  
two  fir/-h& au?orities--,m>k & ,john4  
,n[1 x is un?9kable t ! au?ors ( ^! two 
,gospels1 if !y  knew ( ?is /ory &      
believ$ x to be true1 w\ld n h record$  
s important a fact 9 ! life ( ,jesus4   
,consequ5tly1 !y ei!r did n "k ( ! /ory 
or1 kn[+ x1 did  n believe x to be true4
    ,ei!r hypo!sis is equally fatal to !
 cr$it ( ! /ory4    ,if !y1 writ+ %ortly
 aft] ,jesus' dea? &1 presumably1       
inve/igat+ all s\rces ( in=mation ab\t  
,8 prophetic  c>e]--probably p]sonally  
int]view+ ^? p]sons !n liv+ :o  _h se51 
he>d & kn[n ,jesus mo/ intimately--_h   
he>d no?+ (  ?is /ory1 !n x mu/ h be5   
su* an obscure leg5d1 buri$ 9 !  inn]   
consci\sness ( s few p1 z to be unwor?y 
( s]i\s  consid]ation z a fact ( hi/ory4
    ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! writ]s knew ( !
 /ory1 b1 aft]  inve/igation ( !        

abundant s\rces ( in=mation at _! comm&1
  reject$ x z untrue1 :at w>rant h      
subsequ5t hi/orians1 n  possess+ _!     
special means ( in=mation1 to claim t _!
  decision 0 wrong8    7c7 ,! /ory (    
,jesus' sup]natural pat]nity is mo/     
effectually  discr$it$ by ! fact t no   
su* claim on ,8 behalf 0 advanc$  by1   
nor 0 ! /ory kn[n to1 ^? ne>e/ to ,him  
dur+ ,8  lifetime4    ,8 ne>e/ fri5ds & 
neighbors1 :o _h be5 9 daily int]c\rse  
) ,him at ,naz>e? = ?irty ye>s1 _h no   
suspicion ( su* a claim  be+ made on ,8 
behalf1 ev5 "s "t aft] ,he _h begun 8   
prea*+4    ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]'s son8 ,is
 n ,8 "m call$ ,m>y8 ,& ,8  bre?r5      
,james & ,joseph & ,simon & ,judas8     
7,matt4 ,,xiii3#ee2 ,m>k  ,,vi3#c47     
7,see also ,matt4 ,,xii3#dg47    ,/ill  
lat]1 ! multitudes :o came to he> ,him  
knew no?+ ( su* a  claim4    ,is n ?is  
,jesus1 ! son ( ,joseph1 ^: fa!r & "m we
 "k8  7,john ,,vi3#db74    ,luke himself
 says t ,jesus 0 suppos$ to be ! son (  
,joseph  7,luke ,,iii3#bc74    ,!re is1 

9 fact1 no evid5ce 9 ! f\r ,gospels to  
%[ t1 dur+  ,jesus' lifetime1 !re 01 at 
any "t or place or by any p]son1 a      
public claim made t ,he 0 n z mu* ! son 
( ,joseph1 9 !  natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 z
 ,he 0 ! son ( ,m>y4    7d7 ,jesus 9 ,8 
lifetime nev] d5i$ ! pat]nity ( ,joseph4
    ,on "o occasion1 9 ! synagogue at   
,naz>e?1 :5 ,he _h be5  prea*+ & ! p    
wond]$ at ,8 graci\s words1 !y said1    
,is n ?is ,joseph's son8 ,& ,he said    
unto !m1 among o!r ?+s1  ,no prophet is 
accept$ 9 8 own c\ntry 7,luke ,,iv3#bb1 
#bc74 ,t is1  ! p 7 loa? to accept      
,jesus' tea*+s because ( ,8 l[ly  bir?4 
,b ,jesus1 in/ead ( claim+ a div9e      
p>5tage1 impli$ly  affirms ! fa!rhood ( 
,joseph4    ,on ano!r occasion ,he is   
*all5g$ z to ,8 pat]nity1 & does n  d5y 
t ,he is ! son ( ,joseph 7,john         
,,vi3#db74    ,if ,he _h believ$ t !    
,holy ,gho/ 0 ,8 fa!r1 !n ^! two        
utt]ances w\ld h be5 a suppressio v]i--!
 equival5t ( a  falsehood--( :i* we _c  
?9k ,him guilty4    ,:ile ,jesus nev]   

applies to ,himself ! title ( ,son (    
,david1 yet  ,8 claim to ?is l9eage mu/ 
h be5 widely circulat$1 s9ce ,he is     
giv5 ?is title n only by ! ,jews 7,matt4
 ,,ix3#bg2 ,,xii3#bc2 ,,xx3#cj2         
,,xxi3#i1 #ae2 ,m>k ,x3#dg2 ,,xi3#aj2   
,luke ,i3#cb2 ,,xviii3#ch71 b also by ! 
,g5tiles 7,matt4 ,,xv3#bb74 ,8 sil5ce & 
failure to object1 :5 s  address$1      
c]ta9ly con/itutes a tacit approval (   
?is description (  ,himself4 ,b ,he c\ld
 only be a desc5dant ( ,david by reason 
( !  fact t ,joseph 0 ,8 fa!r4          
,und\bt$ly ,mat!w & ,luke ins]t$  9 _!  
n>ratives ^! two g5ealogies ( ,joseph to
 prove a direct  desc5t ( ,jesus f      
,david ?r\gh ! pat]nity ( ,joseph4 ,!   
,cadman  !ory ( trac+ a desc5t f ,david 
?r\gh ,m>y 0 n kn[n to !  evangeli/s    
7,matt4 ,i3#af2 ,luke ,,ii3#d74    ,9 ,8
 meet+s ) 8 family1 :ile ,he seems r    
cool &  indiff]5t to !m1 !re is no      
intimation t ,8 relation%ip to  !m is n 
! ord9>y "o ( son & bro!r 7,matt4       
,,xii3#dg2 ,m>k  ,,iii3#ca2 ,luke       

,,viii3#ai1 #bj2 ,,xi3#bh2 ,john        
,,ii3#a1 #ab74    ,jesus nev] ref]s to !
 ,holy ,gho/ z ,8 fa!r1 &1 on f\r       
occasions only1 calls ,himself ! ,son ( 
,god 7,john ,,iii3#af-ah2 ,v3#bj2       
,,ix3#ce2 ,,xi3#d74 ,none ( ! ev5ts 9   
connection ) :i* ! t]m is  us$ by ,john1
 are relat$ 9 ei!r ( ! ?ree o!r         
,gospels4 ,b ?is  t]m w\ld convey to ,8 
he>]s no o!r significance ?an t )  :i*  
!y 7 famili> f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :]e x is
 appli$ to  be+s inf]ior to ,god 7,g54  
,,vi3#b2 ,job ,i3#f2 ,,ii3#a2           
,,xxxviii3#g2 ,ps4  ,,lxxxii3#f2 #b     
,sam4 ,,vii3#ad74 ,b ?is is v f> f !    
attribute  ascrib$ to ,jesus ?r\gh !    
miracul\s conception1 ( be+ ! equal  (1 
or "o )1 ,god4 ,jesus ,himself ref]s to 
o!rs z be+ !  *ildr5 ( ,god 7,luke      
,,xx3#cf2 ,matt4 ,v3#de71 & ,he speaks  
con/antly (  ,god be+ ! ,fa!r ( ,8 he>]s
 7,matt4 ,v3#af1 #de2 ,,vi3#a1 #f1 #ad2 
,,xviii3#ad et passim74 ,app>5tly ,he   
makes no di/9ction betwe5 ?is  fa!rhood1
 z relat$ to o!rs1 & z relat$ to        

,himself4 ,=  in/ance1 ,he tells ,m>y to
 g to ,8 disciples & say unto !m1 ,i    
asc5d unto my ,fa!r1 & y\r ,fa!r & to my
 ,god & y\r ,god  7,john ,,xx3#ag74     
,jesus' favorite appellation = ,himself 
is ! ,son ( ,man4 ,he uses  ?is "n      
con/antly ?r\gh\t ! f\r ,gospels1 &     
uni=mly1 except  9 ! f\r in/ances cit$ f
 ,john4 ,9 speak+ ( ! mo/ solemn  &     
important ev5ts ( ,8 c>e]1 ,he pref]s   
?is "n to ! ,son (  ,god1 or any o!r4 ,(
 him1 also1 %all ! ,son ( ,man be a%am$1
  :5 ,he come? 9 ! glory ( ,8 ,fa!r ) ! 
holy angels 7,m>k  ,,viii3#ch2          
,,xiii3#bf2 ,luke ,,ix3#bf74 ,9 passages
 l ^!1 x seems  necess>y to elim9ate !  
words ( man1 if !y are to h>monize )  ! 
!ory ( ! pat]nity ( ! ,holy ,gho/4      
,aga91 on ,8 trial1 :5  ! high prie/    
adjures ,him3 ,tell u :e!r ,?\ be !     
,*ri/1 !  ,son ( ,god1 ,jesus foll[s ,8 
usual noncommittal answ]1 ,?\ ha/  said1
 ) ! /atem5t3 ,h]eaft] %all ye see !    
,son ( ,man  sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 &  
com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5  7,matt4         

,,xxvi3#fd2 ,luke ,,xxii3#fi2 ,m>k      
,,xiv3#fb2 ,john ,,viii3#bh2 ,,xii3#bc1 
#cd1  #ce74    7e7 ,f9ally1 to close all
 argum5t on ?is po9t1 !re are ! _m      
express /atem5ts ( ,jesus to ! effect t 
,he 0 n ! same z1  or ! equal (1 ,god   
7,matt4 ,,xix3#ag2 ,,xx3#bc2 ,m>k       
,x3#ah1 #dj2 ,luke ,,xviii3#ai2  ,john  
,,xiv3#bh2 ,,xvii3#c74    #aj ,evid5tly 
,elisabe? nev] told ,john ( ?is visit ( 
,m>y1 s9ce  ,john says ( 8 fir/ meet+ ) 
,jesus t ,i knew ,him n1 until  he saw !
 ,_s desc5d+ f heav5 l a dove1 & x abode
 ^u  ,him 7,john ,i3#ca-cc2 see also    
,matt4 ,,xi3#c2 ,luke ,,vii3#ai74    #aa
 ,un=tunate z x may be to lose !        
beautiful /ory ( ! bir?  at ,be?lehem1 )
 its poetic imag]y ( ! mang]1 ! visit ( 
!  wise m51 & ! greet+ ( ! %eph]ds1 !   
evid5ce ( ! f\r  ,gospels proves its    
untru? ev5 m /rongly ?an ! /ory ( !     
miracul\s conception4    7a7 ,!         
contradictory details appe>+ 9 ! two    
n>ratives discr$it  ea* z a reliable    
au?ority4    ,mat!w has ,jesus born 9 a 

h\se1 greet$ by wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1  & go+
 to ,egypt imm$iately aft] ,8 bir?1 &   
rema9+ !re  until aft] ,h]od's dea?4    
,luke has ,him born 9 a mang]1 greet$ by
 %eph]ds1 rema9+ 9  ,be?lehem = sev]al  
weeks1 !n go+ to ,j]usalem1 & f !re     
return+ into ,galilee1 to _! own city   
,naz>e? 7,luke ,,ii3#ci74 ,8  p>5ts c\ld
 n h be5 9 ,egypt1 avoid+ ! wra? (      
,h]od1  because !y w5t to ,j]usalem e   
ye> at ! fea/ ( ! ,passov]  7,luke      
,,ii3#da74    ,h]od's massacre ( !      
innoc5ts is1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n to ,luke1  
because1 accord+ to him1 no flight ( !  
holy family to ,egypt ev]  took place4  
,?is massacre is n m5tion$ 9 ! f\r      
,gospels1 except  9 ?is ,*apt] ( ,mat!w1
 nor is x record$ by any pr(ane hi/orian
  ( t "t1 l ,josephus4 ,ev5 suppos+ t   
,h]od--a ,roman tetr>*  & n an indep5d5t
 despot--w\ld h d>$ a :olesale slaught] 
(  ,roman subjects )\t express au?ority 
f ,augu/us ,cs>1 yet s  t]rible an ev5t 
w\ld h left an indelible impression on !
 ,jewi%  p4 ,if x _h occurr$1 connect$ z

 x 0 ) ! bir? ( ,jesus1  x is incr$ible 
t ! o!r evangeli/s %\ld h omitt$ all    
m5tion ( x1 z well z ,josephus1 :o      
records ! o!r cruelties (  ,h]od4       
,be?lehem 0 "s six miles s\? (          
,j]usalem1 & ,naz>e? "s sixty  or sev5ty
 miles nor? ( ,j]usalem4 ,mat!w does n  
expla9 :y ,joseph  & ,m>y %\ld h be5 9  
,be?lehem at ?is "t1 especially 9 view  
( h] !n approa*+ conf9em5t4 ,9 fact1 !  
inf]5ce f  ,mat!w's n>rative w\ld be1 t 
!y 7 resid5ts ( ,be?lehem at  ?is "t4 ,b
 ! unv>y+ te/imony ( all ! ,gospels1    
except 9  ?is "o passage1 is t ,galilee 
0 ! native c\ntry ( bo? ,joseph  & ,m>y1
 & t _! home1 aft] h] m>riage1 0 at     
,naz>e?4 ,luke  /ates ?is explicitly    
7,luke ,i3#bf71 & ,mat!w himself1 9 e   
o!r  passage b ?is1 speaks ( ,jesus z   
com+ f ,naz>e?1 & ass]ts  t ,galilee 0 8
 own c\ntry 7,matt4 ,,xiii3#ed2         
,,xxi3#aa2 ,,xxvi3#ga74    ,luke1 :o    
recognizes ,naz>e? z ! native city (    
,joseph1 expla9s 8  pres5ce 9 ,be?lehem 
on ! !ory t he1 be+ ( ! h\se (  ,david1 

came to ,be?lehem to be enroll$ "u !    
c5sus tak5 by  ,quir9ius1 pursuant to a 
decree ( ,cs> ,augu/us 7,luke ,,ii3#a74 
,b !  au?orities g5]ally agree t ?is    
c5sus did n ext5d to !  tetr>*ies1 l    
,juda1 & t x 0 tak5 at lea/ t5 ye>s aft]
  ! bir? ( ,jesus 7,r5an1 ,life (       
,jesus1 ,*ap4 ,,ii74 ,besides1 x is     
tax+ "o's cr$ulity to ! utmo/ to suppose
 t ! ,roman (fic]s  w\ld h all[$ a      
citiz5 ( ,naz>e? to enroll himself 9 an 
insignificant village1 m ?an sixty miles
 di/ant1 on ! gr\nd t  "s problematical 
ance/or _h be5 ano9t$ ) oil 9 t place a 
?\s& ye>s be=e 7#a ,sam4 ,,xvi3#ac74    
,z to ! contradictory acc\nts ( ,mat!w &
 ,luke conc]n+ ,jesus'  movem5ts        
imm$iately aft] ,8 bir?1 ,cadman 9 8    
,h>mony ( !  ,gospels pp4 #d1 #de1 #dh1 
h>monizes !m by pr9t+ ea* ( !m  )\t     
comm5t1 z ?\gh bo? c\ld be true4    7b7 
,! sil5ce ( ,m>k & ,john z to ! bir? at 
,be?lehem is ev5  m significant ?an 9 ! 
matt] ( ! miracul\s conception4    ,!re 
7 two po9ts mo/ ess5tial = ,jesus & ,8  

foll[]s to  e/abli% 9 ord] to conv9ce ! 
,jews t ,he 0 truly _! expect$          
,messiah3 7#a7 t ,he 0 ( ! h\se (       
,david2 7#b7 t ,he came  f ,be?lehem4   
,! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies 7 explicit  
on ^! two po9ts 7,j]4  ,,xxiii3#e2      
,micah ,v3#b2 ,ps4 ,,cxxxii3#aa74       
,?is 0 ! g5]al expectancy among ! ,jews 
at ! "t ( ,jesus'  bir? 7,matt4 ,,ii3#e1
 #f2 ,,xxii3#db2 ,luke ,i3#cb74    ,ha? 
n ! ,scripture said t ,*ri/ come? ( !   
se$ ( ,david1  & out ( ! t[n (          
,be?lehem1 :]e ,david 08 7,john         
,,vii3#db74    ,) su* importance atta*+ 
to a bir? at ,be?lehem1 ! argum5t is    
irresi/ible t ,m>k & ,john1 9 n m5tion+ 
x1 ei!r did n  "k ( ! /ory1 or1 kn[+ x1 
did n believe x to be true4 ,ei!r       
hypo!sis is equally fatal to !          
cr$ibility ( ! /ory4    ,x is fur!r to  
be not$ t1 :ile ! claim ( ,jesus'       
pat]nity by  ! ,holy ,gho/1 if publicly 
ass]t$1 might h /irr$ up "s sc&al  among
 ! good p ( ,naz>e?1 x c\ld n h be5     
absolutely  disprov$4 ,b1 at ! "t !     

,gospels 7 writt51 x 0  comp>atively    
easy to absolutely prove :e!r ,jesus 0  
born at  ,naz>e? or at ,be?lehem1 m ?an 
sixty miles di/ant4    7c7 ,! claim 0   
nev] publicly made t ,he 0 born at      
,be?lehem1  not)/&+ ! great support :i* 
t fact1 if true1 w\ld h  giv5 to ,8     
cause4 ,to ,8 fri5ds & neighbors ( ?irty
 ye>s'  /&+ at ,naz>e?1 & to !          
multitudes 9 g5]al1 ,he 0 kn[n  only z  
,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7,m>k ,,vi3#a-d2 ,matt4
 ,,xxi3#aa2 ,,xxvi3#ga2 ,m>k  ,,xiv3#fg1
 #gj2 ,luke ,,iv3#af1 #bb2 ,,xxii3#ei2  
,,xxiii3#f2 ,john ,,vii3#da1 #db2       
,,xviii3#e1  #g1 #h2 ,,xx3#ai74    7d7  
,nei!r ,jesus nor ,8 apo/les ev] put =? 
?is claim1 ev5 :5  ! objection 0 made t 
,he c\ld n be ! ,messiah1 because ,he   
came  f ,naz>e?4    ,! evid5ce on ?is   
po9t is1 ( c\rse1 mo/ly negative1       
consi/+ 9  an entire abs5ce 9 ! f\r     
,gospels ( any ref]5ce to ,8 bir? at    
,be?lehem1 except ! fir/ acc\nt giv5 9  
,mat!w & ,luke4  ,!reaft] x is z ?\gh x 
_h nev] occurr$1 = any?+ t !  ,gospels h

 to say ab\t x4    ,b 9 two or ?ree     
in/ances ! "q 0 directly rais$4         
,philip1 "o ( ! apo/les1 f9ds ,na?aniel 
& says to him3 ,we h  f\nd ,him1 ( :om  
,moses1 9 ! law & ! prophets1 did write1
 ,jesus  ( ,naz>e?1 ! son ( ,joseph4    
,na?aniel's reply is3 ,c !re any good ?+
 come out ( ,naz>e?8    ,! only answ]   
:i* ,philip makes is3 ,come & see 7,john
 ,i3#de1 #df74    ,on ano!r occasion1   
,jesus' prea*+ s impress$ ,8 he>]s t _m 
( !m said3 ,( a tru? ?is is ! ,prophet4 
,o!rs said1 ,?is is !  ,*ri/4 ,b "s     
said1 ,%all ,*ri/ come out ( ,galilee8  
,ha? n !  ,scripture said t ,*ri/ come? 
( ! se$ ( ,david1 & out ( !  t[n (      
,be?lehem1 :]e ,david 08 7,john         
,,vii3#dj1 #da1 #db74    ,9 bo? ^!      
in/ances ! obvi\s answ] to ! objection  
made w\ld  h be51 t ,jesus 0 born at    
,be?lehem1 if t _h be5 a fact4    ,aga91
 on ! ev5+ ( ,8 arre/1 ,jesus twice     
affirms t ,he is  ,jesus ( ,naz>e?      
7,john ,,xviii3#e1 #h74 ,x w\ld seem t1 
9 t  solemn mom5t ( approa*+ dea?1      

,jesus w\ld h ass]t$ ,8  ,messianic     
claim to a bir? at ,be?lehem1 if x _h   
be5 a fact4 7,see  also ,m>k ,,xvi3#f2  
,luke ,,xxiii3#f1 #g2 ,,xxiv3#ai2 ,john 
,,xix3#ai74    #ab ,luke says t ,joseph 
& ,m>y 7 amaz$1 &1 :5 he told  !m t ,he 
mu/ be ab\t ,8 ,fa!r's bus9ess1 !y      
und]/ood n  ! say+ :i* ,he spoke unto !m
 7,luke ,,ii3#ej74 ,app>5tly _!  k ( ,8 
miracul\s conception1 & all ! pr$ictions
 (  angels1 wise m51 %eph]ds1 ,simeon1  
,anna & ,elisabe? _h produc$  little1 if
 any1 effect on _! m9ds4    #ac ,x is an
 int]e/+ qu]y :y all f\r evangeli/s give
 su* full  & precise details ( ?is      
c]emony4 ,nei!r ,john nor ,jesus seems  
to  h atta*$ mu* importance to x4 ,only 
a %ort "t aft] x  occurr$1 ,john _h     
=gott5 x1 =1 :ile 9 prison 7,matt4      
,,xi3#b2 ,m>k  ,,vi3#ag71 he s5t "s ( 8 
disciples to inquire ( ,jesus1 ,art ,?\ 
,he  t %\ld come or d we look = ano!r8  
7,matt4 ,,xi3#b-f2 ,luke  ,,vii3#ai-bc74
    ,jesus nev] m5tions ,8 baptism or ,8
 !n recognition by ,john1 z  giv+ cr$5ce

 to ,8 claims1 al?\gh ,he speaks ( him &
 8 mission  z ,8 =]unn] 7,matt4         
,,xi3#g-ac2 ,luke ,,vii3#bd-bi74 ,:5 ,he
 appeals to  ,john z a witness to ! tru?
 ( ,8 messianic claims1 ,he does n  ref]
 to ?is baptismal c]emony1 b relies on  
,john's /atem5ts to  mess5g]s s5t to    
,him 7,john ,v3#cb1 #cc2 ,,iii3#be-cf74 
,baptism1 z x develop$ into a religi\s  
rite aft] ,jesus' dea?--!  fir/ /ep     
t[>ds admission into ! memb]%ip ( a     
*ur*--0  unkn[n to ! ,jews & to ,jesus  
,himself 7,kitto's ,cyclopdia ( ,bib4   
,lit41 pp4 #bhb-bij74    ,john seems to 
h giv5 x a tempor>y popul>ity1 b its    
practice  among ! ,jews ceas$ ) 8 dea?4 
,jesus %[$ z little int]e/ 9  x z 9 o!r 
rites & c]emonies4 ,only "o ( ! ,gospels
 m5tions  baptism by ,jesus' disciples1 
& t allusion is v indef9ite 7,john      
,,iii3#bb2 ,,iv3#a74 ,b x is explicitly 
add$ ?\gh ,jesus ,himself baptiz$  n    
7,john ,,iv3#b74    ,! /ronge/ evid5ce  
on ?is po9t is ,jesus' failure to enjo9 
!  practice ( ?is rite on ,8 foll[]s4   

,?ree ( ! ,gospels give q  fully ,jesus'
 in/ructions to ! apo/les & disciples on
 s5d+ !m  out 9 ! _w to prea*1 & n "o ^w
 is said ab\t baptism  7,matt4 ,x2 ,m>k 
,,vi3#g-ac2 ,luke ,,ix3#a-f74           
,probably ! evangeli/s felt ! ne$ 7m ?an
 ,jesus ,himself7 (  =tify+ ! latt]'s   
cause ) ! gis ( ,john's popul>ity4 ,at  
?is "t ! ,jews 7 fill$ ) expectations ( 
! com+ ( "s  rul] 7,elias1 ,*ri/1 !     
,messiah1 he :o %all come1 etc471 :o    
%\ld e/abli% an e>?ly k+dom & give !m   
victory ov] !  hea!n4 ,john's prea*+    
appeal$ to ?is feel+ & won to him great 
numb]s ( adh]5ts1 :o rema9$ fai?ful to  
him ev5 9 prison 7,matt4  ,,iii3#e2     
,,xiv3#e2 ,m>k ,i3#e2 ,,xi3#cb2 ,luke   
,,iii3#c74 ,to id5tify ,jesus ) ?is     
expectant "o1 ( :om ,john prea*$1 0 to  
w9 at once to ,jesus' cause  all (      
,john's great foll[+4    #ad ,x is to be
 not$ t ! ,epi/le ( ,james is direct$ to
 !  twelve tribes :i* are scatt]$ abroad
 7,james ,i3#a71 & conta9s no  allusion 
:atev] to ! ,g5tiles4 ,!re is "s dispute

 :e!r !  au?or ( ?is epi/le1 :o 0 bi%op 
( ,j]usalem = _m ye>s1 0  ! bro!r or    
c\s9-g]man ( ,jesus1 or ! bro!r ( ,john1
 !  belov$ disciple4 ,!re is no d\bt1   
h[ev]1 t he 0 an intimate  associate (  
,jesus dur+ ,8 life-"t1 &1 presumably1 a
 mu* m  accurate au?ority on ,8 views   
?an ,paul or o!rs :o _h nev] se5  ,jesus
 or he>d ,him speak4    #ae ,!re may be 
urg$1 aga9/ ?is view ( ,jesus'          
conception ( ,8  mission1 c]ta9 passages
 occurr+ 9 ! diff]5t acc\nts ( !        
resurrection4    ,mat!w relates t1 on ! 
appe>ance ( ,jesus on a m\nta9 9        
,galilee to ! elev5 apo/les1 :]e "s     
d\bt$ :e!r x 7  ,he or n1 ,jesus said1  
,g ye1 !re=e1 & tea* all nations1       
baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1
 & ( !  ,holy ,gho/ 7,matt4             
,,xxviii3#ai74    ,m>k relates t1 on    
,jesus' appe>ance 9 ,j]usalem unto !    
elev5  z !y sat at meat1 ,he said3 ,g ye
 into all ! _w1 & prea* !  ,gospel to e 
creature4 ,he t believe? & is baptiz$1  
%all be  sav$2 b he t believe? n %all be

 damn$ 7,m>k ,,xvi3#ad1 #ae1 #af74      
,luke relates t1 :5 ,jesus appe>$ 9     
,j]usalem to ! elev51 ,he  told !m t    
,*ri/ 0 to suff] & rise ! ?ird day t    
rep5tance & remission ( s9s %\ld be     
prea*$ 9 ,8 "n among  all nations1      
beg9n+ at ,j]usalem 7,luke ,,xxiv3#dg74 
,accord+ to ,john1 :o is by _m reg>d$ ! 
mo/ reliable au?ority  on ! ev5ts (     
,passion ,week1 & :o describes !        
appe>ances (  ,jesus bo? at ,j]usalem & 
on ! sea-%ore 9 ,galilee1 ,jesus said   
no?+ indicat+ any *ange 9 ,8 views ab\t 
prea*+ to !  ,g5tiles or ! importance ( 
baptism4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he ?ree times  
says to ,pet]1 ,fe$ my lambs or ,fe$ my 
%eep 7,john ,,xxi3#ae1 #af1 #ag74  ,b ,8
 %eep 7 ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 )
 :om  alone ,8 mission lay 7,matt4      
,,xv3#bd74    ,! gl>+ contradictions on 
?is po9t betwe5 ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke    
make _! evid5ce ( little weight z aga9/ 
! cle> & explicit  utt]ances ( ,jesus1  
:i* ^! same evangeli/s h record$ 9 !    
e>li] "p ( _! ,gospels4 ,no two ( !m    

agree z to j :at 0  said1 or :5 x 0     
said4 ,! use by ,mat!w ( ! lat] =mula ( 
baptism--9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son & !   
,holy ,gho/--:i*  app>5tly 0 nev] us$ by
 ,john ! ,bapti/ or ,jesus' disciples1  
m>ks  8 passage ) ! /ronge/ suspicion4  
,! acc\nt ( ,john is ! only "o consi/5t 
) ! previ\s hi/ory  ( ,jesus1 & x is m  
?an probable t ^! passages f ,mat!w1    
,m>k & ,luke 7 int]polat$ ?r\gh !       
influ5ce ( ,paul & 8  foll[]s4    #af   
,^! solit>y retreats = fa/+1 pray] &    
m$itation to a  des]t1 wild]ness or     
m\nta9 are common occurr5ces 9 ! lives (
  religi\s tea*]s1 prophets1 sa9ts1     
etc41 ( ! ,ori5t4 ,!y seem1  h[ev]1     
some:at =eign to ! "* ( ,jesus 7,luke   
,,vii3#cc1 #cd2  ,matt4 ,,ix3#ad74 ,?is 
is ! only =mal fa/+ by ,jesus m5tion$ 9 
!  f\r ,gospels4 ,sev]al times x is     
relat$ t ,he w5t up into a m\nt1  b ,he 
ei!r did n g alone1 or ,he sp5t only a  
%ort "t1--a day or  a night4    ,9 its  
location--a m\nta9--& its duration--=ty 
days--?is fa/  foll[s ! ,old ,te/am5t   

prec$5ts ( ,moses1 on ,m\nt ,s9ai       
7,exod4  ,,xxxiv3#bh71 & ! prophet      
,elijah on ,m\nt ,horeb 7,i ,k+s        
,,xix3#h74    ,! r !atrical adjunct ( ! 
devil & 8 temptations may fall  9 ! same
 category1 z ,mat!w's massacre ( !      
innoc5ts & !  flight to ,egypt4 ,x gives
 opportunity1 h[ev]1 to br+ 9 sev]al    
quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t4    ,x mu/ 
be rememb]$ t1 z ,jesus prea*$ only to !
 ,jews1 s !  ,gospels 7except possibly  
,john71 7 writt5 ) ! purpose (  conv9c+ 
! ,jews ( ! tru? ( ,jesus' claims to be 
_! ,messiah4  ,! m _! au?ors c\ld       
connect ,him ) ! say+s &  pr$ictions ( !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 ! /rong] _! case4 ,h5ce1
 )  ne>ly e incid5t ( ,jesus' life1 !y  
cite "s appropriate text (  ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 usually ) ! addition1 t x     
might be  fulfill$ or z x 0 spok5 by !  
prophet4 ,9 _! zeal1 x is  possible t1 9
 "s cases1 an incid5t 0 f\nd to fit a   
text1  r ?an a text to fit an incid5t4  
#ag ,app>5tly1 aft] ,jesus left ,naz>e?1
 ,he became domicil$ at  ,cap]naum 7,m>k

 ,,ii3#a1ae2 ,matt4 ,,ix3#a74    #ah ,! 
f\r ,gospels use ! t]m disciples )\t mu*
 di/9ction1  z mean+ ei!r ! apo/les or !
 imm$iate1 p]sonal adh]5ts (  ,jesus = !
 "t be+4    #ai ,accord+ to ,m>k ?is    
fea/ 0 9 ,jesus' h\se 7,m>k ,,ii3#ae2   
see  ,matt4 ,,ix3#aj74    #bj ,?is fir/ 
disc\rse ( ,jesus /&s unequal$ 9        
religi\s  writ+s = its cle>ness1        
simplicity & fre$om f dogmatic  !ology4 
,to appreciate ?is1 x is only necess>y  
to cite "s passages  f ,john's ,gospel1 
:i* 9 comp>ison seem my/ic1 turgid &    
ambigu\s 7,john ,i3#a-ad2 ,,iii3#aa-bc2 
,,iv3#ej-ei74 ,!re is sc>cely a  s5t5ce 
9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt susceptible ( a   
d\ble mean+1 or  :i* a man ( ord9>y     
education _c und]/& )\t ! aid ( a  le>n$
 exegesis4 ,yet h[ h>d x is = ! poor    
human foll[]s (  ,jesus to rise to its  
gr& simplicity4 ,take1 = in/ance1 !     
subject  ( fa/+4 ,x seems almo/         
impossible = ! ,*ri/ian1 ( anci5t or    
mod]n times1 to escape f ! idea t1 9    
mortify+ ! fle%1 he  is do+ some?+      

pleas+ to ,god4 ,john ! ,bapti/ bo? fa/$
 &  enjo9$ fa/+ on 8 disciples4 ,b      
,jesus nei!r fa/$ ,himself1 nor  enjo9$ 
fa/+ on ,8 disciples 7,matt4 ,,ix3#ad2  
,m>k ,,ii3#ah2 ,luke ,v3#cc2  ,matt4    
,,iii3#d2 ,luke ,,vii3#cc-cd74 ,) ,8    
sane view ( life1 free ( all            
fanaticism1 ,he "h1 z always1 inculcat$ 
temp]ance1 condemn+ !  excess (         
asceticism1 z mu* z ! excess (          
ov]9dulg5ce 9 eat+  & dr9k+4 ,:ile ,he  
does n prohibit fa/+1 ,he1 9 v pla9     
language *ecks ! en?usiasm ( ,8         
disciples to make ! public  practice (  
fa/+ a m>k ( hol9ess4    ,moreov]1 :5 ye
 fa/1 be n z ! hypocrites ( a sad       
c\nt5ance1  = !y disfigure _! faces t !y
 may appe> to fa/4    ,b ?\1 :5 ?\      
fa/e/1 ano9t ?9e head & wa% ?y face4 ,t 
?\ appe> n unto m5 to fa/1 b unto ?y    
,fa!r :i* is 9  secret 7,matt4 ,,vi3#af1
 #ag1 #ah74    ,?is seems s cle> t he :o
 runs may read1 & h[ ! ,roman  ,ca?olic 
& ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur*es make x  
squ>e ) _!  public celebration ( ! ,l5t5

 fa/1 = in/ance1 is h>d to  und]/&4 ,!  
,fa/ ,day ( ,new ,engl& w\ld seem to    
come directly  "u ,jesus' condemnation4 
#ba ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is probably    
compos$ ( a numb] (  utt]ances at       
diff]5t times & places1 :i* h be5       
compil$ &  put toge!r 9 "o disc\rse by !
 au?or ( ?is ,gospel4    #bb ,!         
promulgation ( ! ,"l's ,pray] is "o ( ! 
mo/  significant ev5ts ( ,jesus'        
prophetic c>e]4 ,x illu/rates bo? ,8    
conception ( ,god1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ,8
 dislike ( all c]emonial  wor%ip4    ,! 
p]si/5t weakness ( e religion is to     
gradually =get1 or  ignore1 ! spiritual 
unity ( its supreme div9ity ) 8 human   
foll[]s4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! conception 
( ! ,deity by !  fir/ great tea*]1 he   
soon comes to be reg>d$ z a ,be+ ap>t1 l
  ! deifi$ mon>*s ( anci5t times1 & z "o
 :o c be pleas$1 or  8 wra? av]t$1 by   
(f]+s & sacrifices4 ,practically all    
religions hav+ _! beg9n+ f b>b>\s races 
are f\nd$ on  sacrifices ( animals1 &   
usually ( human be+s4 ,ev5 fairly well  

civiliz$ nations are n (f5d$ by leg5ds  
describ+ human  sacrifices z be+ welcome
 to ,god4 ,examples ( ?is are ,abraham &
  ,isaac among ! ,jews1 ,iphig5ia at    
,aulis among ! ,greeks1 & ,curtius      
among ! ,romans4 ,! c]emonies att5d+ !  
r5dition ( ^!  (f]+s & sacrifices =m (t5
 ! mo/ important "p ( !  religion1 z is 
illu/rat$ by ! innum]able m9ute         
regulations  conta9$ 9 ! ,mosaic books (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t4    ,b ,jesus'         
conception ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r 0         
ess5tially unique 9  ev] realiz+ !      
spiritual unity exi/+ betwe5 ! ,fa!r 9  
heav5  & ,8 ,son ,jesus & ,8 o!r *ildr5 
on e>?4 ,m>k ! diff]5ce  betwe5 ,moses &
 ,jesus 9 ! matt] ( div9e               
communications4 ,moses'  messages to !  
,jews are ! results ( direct & sep>ate  
int]views  ) ! ,almighty4 ,he sees ,him 
9 ! bu%1 or 9 ! fire1 & he>s  ,him f !  
cl\ds4 ,b all ?is is unnecess>y )       
,jesus4 ,he & !  ,fa!r are "o1 & :5 ,he 
speaks1 ! ,fa!r speaks ?r\gh ,him4 ,9  !
 beautiful words ( ,r5an3    ,jesus _h  

no visions2 ,god did n speak to ,him z  
to "o outside (  ,himself2 ,god 0 9     
,him2 ,he felt ,himself ) ,god1 & ,he   
drew f ,8  he>t all ,he said ( ,8 ,fa!r4
 ,he liv$ 9 ! bosom ( ,god by  con/ant  
communication ) ,him2 he saw ,him n1 b  
he und]/ood ,him1  )\t ne$ ( ! ?und] & !
 burn+ bu% ( ,moses1 ( !  reveal+       
tempe/s ( ,job1 ( ! oracle ( ! old      
,greek sages1 ( !  famili> g5ius (      
,socrates1 or ( ! angel ,gabriel (      
,mahomet4 ,!  imag9ation & !            
halluc9ation ( a ,/4 ,!resa1 = example1 
are  useless "h4 ,! intoxication ( !    
,s\fi1 proclaim+ himself  id5tical )    
,god1 is also q ano!r ?+4 ,jesus nev]   
once gave  utt]ance to ! sacrilegi\s    
idea t ,he 0 ,god4 ,he believ$ ,himself 
to be 9 direct communication ) ,god2 ,he
 believ$ ,himself to be !  ,son ( ,god4 
,! highe/ consci\sness ( ,god :i* has   
exi/$ 9 !  bosom ( humanity 0 t (       
,jesus4    ,) ?is conception ( ,god1 !  
idea ( (f]+s or sacrifices to  please or
 placate ,him becomes un?9kable4 ,all   

,he asks ( ,8 e>?ly  *ildr5 is t !y lead
 a ,god-l life4    ,human nature1 h[ev]1
 seems too weak to free itself f ?is    
sup]/ition ( a ,supreme ,be+ to be      
pleas$ & ,8 wra? av]t$4  ,b1 z a nation 
becomes m civiliz$ & spiritualiz$1 !    
manife/ation ( ?is sup]/ition takes on  
diff]5t =ms4 ,! smok+  alt>s ) _! liv+  
victims disappe>1 &1 9 a measure1 !     
mat]ial (f]+s ( %ields & o!r weapons1   
*>iots1 gold &  silv] vessels1 jewels1  
etc4 ,b _! place is tak5 by rites &     
c]emonies1 ( :i* pray] is always =emo/4 
,! pilgrimages1 votive  (f]+s1 masses1  
adoration ( holy places1 long pray]s    
7especially  = victory ov] our enemies71
 elaborate *ur* c]emonials1 public      
fa/+s1 erection ( exp5sive *ur*es to !  
glory ( ,god1 legacies  to pi\s uses1   
etc41 ( ! pres5t day are ! legitimate   
successors  ( ! fat ?ighs ( ! ,greeks1 &
 ! ,%ew-bread ( !  ,jews--(f]+s to w9 ! 
favor ( a possibly (f5d$ or indiff]5t   
,deity4 ,we laugh at ! pray]-mill ( !   
,h9dus1 b ! idea is !  same z procur+   

bett] treatm5t = y\r dep>t$ s\l by      
pur*as+  ! p]=mance ( long masses1 if y 
h suffici5t weal?4    ,at ! "t ( ,jesus 
! ,jewi% religion1 z m\ld$ by !         
,ph>isees1  0 dom9at$ by ! _s ( =malism4
 ,att5dance at ! synagogue1  public     
pray]s & fa/+1 obs]vance ( m9ute        
,sabbatical & o!r  regulations1 7 made (
 m importance ?an visit+ ! sick1  help+ 
! poor1 succor+ ! wid[ & orphan1 etc4 ,b
 ! ess5ce  ( ,jesus' religion 0 ! liv+ (
 an e-day godlike life1 n !  adh]5ce to 
c]ta9 cre$s or dogmas1 or ! p]=mance (  
rites &  c]emonies4 ,9 ?is =malism ,he  
recogniz$ ,8 mo/ dang]\s enemy4 ,x  0 a 
deep-root$ evil & h>d to eradicate4 ,"o 
( its inh]5t  dang]s is ! easy cloak x  
l5ds to hypocrisy1 &1 l ! poor1 !       
,pecksniffs we w always h ) u4          
,consequ5tly we f9d ,jesus e>ly & late  
inveigh+ aga9/ ! long  pray]s ( !       
,ph>isees & hea!n1 & ! bitt]e/ t]m ,he c
  apply to ! ,ph>isees is ye hypocrites4
 ,:5 ,he comes to in/ruct ,8  disciples 
on ! subject ( pray]1 x is q probable t 

,he w\ld  h int]dict$ x altoge!r1 except
 = t sane temp]ance :i*  0 s fundam5tal 
an elem5t ( ,8 "*4 ,he recogniz$ !      
ess5tial uselessness ( pray] address$ to
 an all-good & all-wise  ,fa!r1 s9ce ,he
 kn[s :at is be/ = ea* p]son )\t be+    
in/ruct$1 & f ,8 great goodness w d :at 
is be/ = ea*  p]son )\t be+ ask$4    ,= 
y\r ,fa!r kn[e? :at ?+s ye h ne$ ( be=e 
ye ask ,him  7,matt4 ,,vi3#h74    ,jesus
 !re=e c>efully enjo9s on ,8 disciples t
 !y %all n  pray 9 ! synagogue1 b :5 ?\ 
praye/1 ent] into ?y closet1  & :5 ?\   
ha/ %ut ?y door1 pray to ! ,fa!r :i* is 
9 secret  7,matt4 ,,vi3#e1 #f74 ,he also
 cautions !m aga9/ long pray]s--use n   
va9 repetitions z ! hea!n d 7,matt4     
,,vi3#g74    ,he !n gives !m a %ort1    
simple pray]1 z a model = _! ef=ts4     
,on ?is po9t ( pray] ,jesus makes       
,himself cle> beyond any possibility  ( 
misund]/&+1 z 9 ! case ( fa/+1 & )      
app>5tly z  little effect on ! mod]n    
,*ri/ian4 ,! v t]m pray]-meet+  w\ld be 
ana!ma to ,jesus1 &1 if ,he 7 entic$    

into "o ( ^!  meet+s1 ,he w\ld assur$ly 
?9k ,he 0 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 old  enemies1 ! 
,ph>isees4    #bc ,! ,gad>5e sw9e 7 !   
subject ( a once fam\s controv]sy       
betwe5 ,huxley & ,glad/one 7,huxley4 ,"s
 ,controv]t$ ,que/ions4  ,*aps4 ,,xiv1  
,,xv74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! wordy battle !re  
occurs a  delici\s bit ( humor :i* is   
wor? pres]v+4 ,huxley />ts out by  say+ 
t1 = himself1 he does n believe !       
miracle ev] occurr$1  & !n adds t he    
%\ld consid] t ! wanton de/ruction (    
o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemeanor ( evil 
example4 ,glad/one  comm5ts on ?is t1   
aft] eighte5 c5turies ( wor%ip ( ,jesus1
 x  has be5 res]v$ to a sci5tific       
inquir] to discov] t ,he 0 n  bett] ?an 
a law-break] & an evil-do]4 ,huxley     
objects to ?is  accusation1 because1 z  
he expressly said he did n believe      
,jesus ev]  s5t any devils into any     
sw9e1 he c h>dly be guilty ( *>g+       
,jesus ) ?is evil-do+4 ,9 8 foll[+      
article ,glad/one /ates  ,huxley's      
position1 does n )draw 8 accusation1 b1 

9 a mann] (  apology1 says3 ,! diff]5ce1
 f 8 po9t ( view1 is probably  mat]ial1 
& ,i !re=e regret t ,i ov]look$ x4      
#bd ,?is miracle occurs 9 ,luke be=e !  
heal+ ( ,jairus' daught]  7,luke        
,,viii3#da74    #be ,! acc\nt ( ,luke's 
miracle is s vague z to be v            
unsatisfactory4 ,! dead man is unnam$ & 
unkn[n1 nei!r 8  dwell+ nor any ( 8     
relatives are id5tifi$1 no "o solicits  
,jesus  to p]=m ! miracle1 b ! bi] is   
met casually on ! /reet or  c\ntry road1
 & none ( ! witnesses are nam$1 z 9 !   
case (  ,jairus' daught]4 ,! n>rator (  
su* an unprec$5t$ ev5t1 z !  rais+ ( "o 
f ! dead1 ought at lea/ to furni% "s    
means (  id5tify+ ! resurrect$ p]son4 ,x
 is small wond] t ,mat!w1  ,m>k & ,john 
"k no?+ ( ?is miracle4    ,a d\bt+      
,?omas might expla9 all ?ree ( ^!       
resurrection  miracles on ! hypo!sis (  
unexp]t diagnosis ( dea?1 a trance1 a   
cataleptic fit1 or o!r =m ( susp5d$     
animation4 ,?is w\ld n be  possible 9 ! 
case ( ,laz>us1 if he _h be5 buri$ 9 !  

gr\nd  )\t ! provision ( "s means (     
respiration4 ,b he 0 laid 9 a  cave     
cov]$ only by a /one1 s t ample means ( 
respiration are n  exclud$4    ,b 9 !   
case ( ,laz>us1 ! mo/ unexpla9able matt]
 is ! sil5ce  ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke on 
! subject ( ?is miracle4 ,laz>us &  8   
two si/]s 7 well kn[n to ,jesus & ,8    
disciples1 & !  si/]s are m5tion$ by all
 ?ree ( ! evangeli/s4 ,%ortly aft] !    
miracle1 ,jesus comes to ,be?any & !re  
!y made ,him a supp] 7,john  ,,xii3#b71 
& ,laz>us sat at ! table & ,m>?a s]v$4  
,!n took ,m>y  a p\nd ( o9tm5t ( spik5>d
 v co/ly & ano9t$ ! feet (  ,jesus &    
wip$ ,8 feet ) h] hair 7,john ,,xii3#c74
 ,! disciples 7  app>5tly pres5t1       
because ,judas ,isc>iot objects to !    
wa/e ( !  o9tm5t 7,john ,,xii3#d1 #e1   
#f74 ,bo? ,mat!w & ,m>k relate ?is ev5t 
z  occurr+ 9 ,be?any at ! h\se ( ,simon 
! lep]1 except t !  o9tm5t is p\r$ ov]  
,jesus' head1 & nei!r ! "n ( ,m>y or (  
,judas ,isc>iot is m5tion$ 7,matt4      
,,xxvi3#f-ac2 ,m>k ,,xiv3#c-i74 ,luke   

speaks  ( bo? ,m>?a & ,m>y on ! occasion
 :5 ,jesus rebukes ,m>?a =  be+ tr\bl$  
ab\t _m ?+s 7,luke ,x3#ch74 ,! rais+ (  
,laz>us  f ! dead 0 n kept secret b 0   
nois$ abroad1 & 0 kn[n  to _m ( ! ,jews 
9 ,j]usalem & to ! *ief prie/s 7,john   
,,xi3#de1  #df2 ,,xii3#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ag1
 #ah74    ,consid]+ ! notoriety ( ?is   
miracle1 ! intimacy exi/+ betwe5        
,laz>us' family & ,jesus & ,8 disciples1
 ! relation by all !  evangeli/s ( o!r  
incid5ts 9 ,jesus' life 9 :i* ,m>?a &   
,m>y  appe>1 x is h>d to und]/& :y      
,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke h n a  ^w to say ( 
?is1 ! mo/ m>vel\s ( all ( ,jesus' de$s4
    #bf ,be?saida is on ! same 7we/7    
side ( ! sea ( ,galilee z  ,cap]naum1 & 
b a %ort di/ance f x1 b ?is des]t place 
0  app>5tly across ! sea1 ne> ! l& ( !  
,g]ges5es 7,john ,,vi3#a1  #ag2 ,matt4  
,,xiv3#bb2 ,m>k ,,vi3#cb74 ,"s claim t  
!re 0 ano!r  ,be?saida on ! ea/ side ( !
 sea ( ,galilee4    #bg ,x may seem     
/range t ^! num]\s miracles _h s little 
effect 9 w9n+ p]man5t adh]5ts to ,jesus'

 cause4 ,! ,jews at ?is  "t 71 f all    
acc\nts1 9 a /ate ( religi\s f]m5tation1
  expect+ ! imm$iate com+ ( a ,messiah1 
look+ = ! signs &  port5ts ( t com+1    
ready & will+ to welcome any miracul\s  
happ5+s z pro( t _! hopes 7 ab\t to be  
realiz$4 ,yet ,john  ! ,bapti/1 :o did  
no miracles 7,john ,x3#da71 _h app>5tly 
at ! "t  ( 8 dea? a /rong] foll[+ ?an   
,jesus at ! "t ( ,8 dea?4  7,comp>e     
,matt4 ,,xiv3#e2 ,m>k ,,xi3#cb2 ,luke   
,,xx3#f1 ) ,matt4 ,,xiii3#eg2           
,,xxvii3#bb2 ,john ,,vii3#a2 ,,viii3#ei2
 ,x3#ci2 ,,xi3#ec47    ,! e>li] miracles
 attract$ l>ge cr[ds1 b ! evid5ce is    
abundant t1 lat]1 ! miracles lo/ _!     
effect1 & 9 "s cases1  ev5 ar\s$        
animosity4 ,?us ,mat!w says t ,jesus1 9 
! beg9n+  ( ,8 prophetic c>e]1 w5t ab\t 
all ,galilee1 tea*+ &  prea*+ & heal+   
all mann] ( sickness & all mann] (      
disease  among ! p4 ,& !re foll[$ ,him  
great multitudes ( p  f ,galilee & f    
,decapolis & f ,j]usalem & f ,juda &  f 
beyond ,jordan 7,matt4 ,,iv3#bc1 #bd1   

#be4 ,see ,m>k ,,iii3#g1 #h74 ,b1 9     
,*ap4 ,,xiii3#ec-eh1 he relates h[      
,jesus1 com+ into ,8 own c\ntry at  a   
lat] date & prea*+ !re1 ! p 7 (f5d$ 9   
,him4  ,b ,jesus said unto !m1 ,a       
prophet is n )\t honor1 save 9 8  own   
c\ntry & 9 8 own h\se4 ,& ,he did n _m  
mighty works !re  because ( _! unbelief4
 ,m>k says1 ,& ,he c\ld !re d no  mighty
 "w1 save t ,he laid ,8 h&s ^u a few    
sick folk & heal$  !m4 ,& ,he m>vell$   
because ( _! unbelief 7,m>k ,,vi3#e1    
#f74    ,luke tells h[1 aft] ,he _h     
prea*$ 9 ! synagogue 9 ,8 home t[n  (   
,naz>e?1 all !y 9 ! synagogue1 :5 !y    
he>d ^! ?+s1  7 fill$ ) wra?1 & rose up 
& ?ru/ ,him out ( ! city1 &  l$ ,him    
unto ! br[ ( ! hill1 :]eon _! city 0    
built1 t  !y might ca/ ,him d[n headlong
 7,luke ,,iv3#bh1 #bi74    ,imm$iately  
aft] ,jesus _h heal$ ! man1 or two m51 9
 ! c\ntry  ( ! ,g]ges5es1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k &
 ,luke agree t ! :ole city1  or ! :ole  
multitude ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es r\nd  
ab\t1  bes\ght ,him to dep>t out ( _!   

coa/s 7,matt4 ,,viii3#cd2 ,m>k ,v3#ag2  
,luke ,,viii3#cg74    ,aft] ,jesus _h   
prea*$ 9 ,j]usalem & p]=m$ at lea/ "o   
miracle  !re 7,john ,v3#e-i71 ! p 7 s   
inc5s$ aga9/ ,him t ,he  w\ld n walk 9  
,jewry 7,juda71 because ! ,jews s\ght to
 kill ,him  7,john ,,vii3#a74    ,lat]  
,he w5t secretly into ,juda on !        
occasion ( ! fea/ ( !  tab]nacles 7,john
 ,,vii3#b1 #aj71 & ! p took up /ones to 
ca/ at  ,him1 b ,jesus hid ,himself &   
w5t out ( ! temple1 go+ ?r\gh !  mid/ ( 
!m & s pass$ by 7,john ,,viii3#ei74     
,aga91 :5 ,he _h  re/or$ sight to a bl9d
 man1 !y revil$ ?is man & ca/ him out   
7,john ,,ix3#g1 #cd74    ,aga91 :5      
,jesus 0 at ,j]usalem at ! fea/ ( !     
d$ication 7,john  ,x3#bb71 ! ,jews took 
up /ones aga9 to /one ,him4 ,!re=e !y   
s\ght aga9 to take ,him2 b ,he escap$   
out ( _! h&s 7,john ,x3#ca1  #ci74    ,z
 reg>ds ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead1 !   
,jews1 in/ead (  be+ favorably affect$  
by t /up5d\s miracle1 7 app>5tly  inc5s$
 by x4 ,!y plott$ to put bo? ,laz>us &  

,jesus to dea?  7,john ,,xii3#aj71 &    
,jesus !re=e walk$ no m op5ly among !   
,jews2 b w5t !nce unto a c\ntry ne> to !
 wild]ness1 into a city  call$ ,ephraim 
7,john ,,xi3#ed74    ,f9ally1 ,jesus    
,himself be>s witness bo? to ,8 belief t
 miracles  7 pro( ( ,8 messianic claims1
 & t ,8 miracles _h fail$ to  give !    
support to ,8 cause :i* ,he _h expect$4 
,9 "o ( ,8 mo/  bitt] utt]ances1 ,he    
d5\nces ! cities ( ,galilee1 because !y 
w\ld n believe 9 ,him not)/&+ ! _m      
mighty works :i*  ,he _h p]=m$ 9 _!     
mid/4    ,woe unto !e1 ,*oraz94 ,woe    
unto !e1 ,be?saida4    ,b ,i say unto y1
 x %all be m tol]able = ,tyre & ,sidon  
at  ! day ( judgm5t ?an = y4    ,& ?\1  
,cap]naum1 :i* art exalt$ unto heav51   
%alt be br\ght  d[n to hell4    ,b ,i   
say unto y1 t x %all be m tol]able =    
,tyre & ,sidon  at ! day ( judgm5t1 ?an 
= y 7,matt4 ,,xi3#bj-bd2 ,luke          
,x3#ac-ae74    ,9 m temp]ate language   
,he bewails ! coldness & ho/ility (     
,j]usalem4    ,h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y

 *ildr5 toge!r ev5 z a h5  ga!re? h]    
*ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n8 7,matt4  
,,xxiii3#cg2 ,luke ,,xiii3#cd4 ,see also
 ,luke ,,xix3#da1 #db2 ,luke ,,xi3#ca1  
#cb74    ,! reason :y ,jesus' miracles  
produc$ no la/+ effect on ! ,jews  has  
already be5 indicat$4 ,!y expect$ _!    
,messiah to %[ !m  miracles z pro( ( 8  
claims4 ,b ?is ,messiah mu/ be "o ( _!  
own creation prea*+ ! doctr9es :i* !y   
wi%$ him to prea*4  ,all ! miracles 9 ! 
_w w\ld n h conv9c$ !m t ,jesus  0 !    
true ,messiah1 s long z ,he (f]$ !m only
 a heav5ly  k+dom4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,he 
_h promis$ !m an e>?ly k+dom1  !y w\ld h
 acclaim$ ^! same miracles :i* ,he did1 
z  indubitable pro(s ( ,8 ,messiah%ip4  
,9 ?is respect !y diff] n  at all f _m  
mod]n pr(ess$ foll[]s ( ,jesus4 ,!y     
foll[ su*  p>ts ( ,8 tea*+ z happ5 to   
suit _! own ideas or prejudices1  &     
calmly ignore o!r p>ts1 equally explicit
 & b9d+1 :i* d  n fit 9 ) _! s*eme (    
life4 7,see ,hypocrisy or ,tru?1 infra47
    ,! miracles &1 ev5 m1 ! app>5t fai? 

( ,jesus 9 _!  evid5ti>y value1 =m s]i\s
 /umbl+ blocks 9 ! way ( ^? :o  rev]e   
,jesus z ! greate/ ,son ( ,man--unequal$
 9 ! simplicity  & unselfi%ness ( ,8 "* 
& 9 ! sublimity ( ,8  tea*+--b free f ! 
tawdry t9sel ( sup]naturalism1 :i* is  !
 usual /ock-9-trade ( lead]s ( religi\s 
sects4 ,mohamm$anism  seems to be ! only
 great religion :i* has resi/$ !        
temptation to  ascribe to its f\nd]1    
ei!r div9e p>5tage or ! p[] to p]=m     
sup]natural acts4    ,! attribution to  
,jesus ( ! ,holy ,gho/ z ,8 fa!r ne$    
cause no  difficulty1 by reason ( !     
facts set out "u sub-head ,conception1  
supra4    ,b z reg>ds ! miracles1 x is  
true t few ( !m h mu*  sci5tific value z
 evid5ce ( ! int]v5tion ( sup]natural   
p[]s  9 _! occurr5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ,mat!w
 records n9ete5 specific  miracles1 (   
:i* only "o is atte/$ to by all ! ?ree  
o!r  evangeli/s1 five are atte/$ to by  
"o beside himself1 twelve by two1  & "o 
by himself alone4 ,( ! n9ete51 five are 
ev5ts--/ill+ !  tempe/--walk+ on !      

wat]s1 two fe$+ ! multitude1 & "o !     
bla/+ ( ! un=tunate fig tree1 :i* did n 
be> fruit out (  season4 ,( ! rema9+    
f\rte51 "o is a lunatic1 "o has a )]$   
h&1 "o is dumb1 "o is a lep]1 two h     
palsy1 ?ree are bl9d1 "o  has fev]1 "o  
an issue ( blood1 two are possess$ (    
devils1 & !  ailm5t ( ,jairus' daught]  
is n specifi$4 ,)\t exam9+ ea* 9        
detail1 x may be said g5]ally t ^!      
acc\nts are v indef9ite  z to exact     
times & places1 names ( p]sons cur$1 or 
by fri5ds or  relatives1 & o!r details1 
by :i* ! /ory might be v]ifi$4 ,f  !    
insuffici5t data furni%$1 x w\ld1 =     
in/ance1 h be5  almo/ impossible = a    
p]son1 />t+ to inve/igate ^! miracles   
imm$iately aft] ,jesus' dea? to h ass]t$
 t any p>ticul>  miracle did n occur1   
al?\gh he c\ld n f9d a s+le witness to  
any ( !m4 ,ev5 ! names ( ! disciples    
pres5t are giv5 only 9 a  few in/ances4 
,x is also to be regrett$ t practically 
all ( !  p]sonal cures1 z is ! case ) m 
mod]n miracle work]s1 fall  )9 t class (

 afflictions :]e ignorance1 sugge/ion1  
simulation1 consci\s or unconsci\s1     
etc41 c s easily confuse !  result4 ,if 
"s ( ^! latt]-day heal]s w\ld only g to 
an old  soldi]s' home & supply "s miss+ 
arms & legs1 ! d\bt+  ,?omases w\ld be m
 ready to conc$e _! possession (        
sup]natural p[]s4    ,b1 not)/&+ all    
?is1 ! f\r ,gospels are s p]meat$ )  ^! 
miracul\s do+s t x w\ld be almo/ d5y+ !m
 any  cr$ibility at all1 to claim t     
,jesus & ,8 apo/les did n believe  t ,he
 p]=m$ miracles1 & t ^! miracles 7 pro( 
( ,8  claim to ! ,messiah%ip4 ,x c only 
be said t ,jesus1 great z ,he  01 c\ld n
 entirely escape ! influ5ce ( ! times 9 
:i* ,he  liv$4    #bh ,"h aga9 ,jesus   
makes cle> ,8 antipa?y to *ur*ly        
c]emonies  & ph>isaical =malism4 ,no    
c]emony m>ks ! jo9+ ( ,8  disciples4 ,he
 says to !m1 ,foll[ me1 & !y leave      
ev]y?+ &  foll[ ,him4 ,no m is necess>y 
to make !m memb]s ( ,8 b&4 ,s1  no rite1
 no c]emony m>ks ! *oos+ or appo9t+ ( ! 
twelve  apo/les1 or bi%ops1 z !y w\ld n[

 be call$4 ,!re is no lay+ on  ( h&s1 no
 =mal induction or in/allation into     
(fice1 no clo?+  !m 9 peculi> ve/m5ts1  
or sac]dotal robes1 or o!r visible      
insignia ( _! (fice or rank4 ,nor are !y
 giv5 any au?ority or  pre-em95ce ov] _!
 fell[ disciples4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m    
=eign to ,jesus' ideas ?an ! e/abli%m5t 
( a prie/ly hi]>*y4  ,! in/ructions z to
 _! prea*+ are ( ! simple/--! k+dom  (  
heav5 is at h&4 ,no cre$s1 no !ological 
dogmas are to be  impress$ on _! he>]s4 
,b ! necessity ( _! do+ good            
works--heal+ ! sick1 etc4--is emphasiz$4
 ,) ,jesus works always  7 ( m value ?an
 words4 ,! admonition to travel simply1 
)\t  money or extra raim5t1 & to dep5d  
on ! hospitality ( ! p  among :om !y    
came1 rem9ds u ( ! practice ( ! it9]ant 
mission>ies ( fronti] days 9 our own    
c\ntry4    ,mat!w's acc\nt is ! only "o 
conta9+ ! v]se3 ,?9k n t  ,i am come to 
s5d peace on e>?4 ,i come n to s5d peace
 b a sword  7,matt4 ,x3#cd74 ,?is has   
(t5 be5 cit$1 w>p$ f its context1 z     

mean+ t ,jesus sanction$ w> z a means ( 
spread+ ,8 religion4  ,b no?+ is m      
contr>y to ! :ole _s ( ,8 tea*+ &  _m   
express utt]ances4 ,:5 ,8 disciples w\ld
 h ,him call d[n  fire f heav5 to       
consume ^? :o w\ld n receive ,him1 ,he  
rebuk$  !m & said3 ,= ! ,son ( ,man is n
 come to de/roy m5's lives1  b to save  
!m 7,luke ,,ix3#ef74 ,9 ?is *apt] f     
,mat!w1 ,jesus is  pr$ict+ t ! spread ( 
,8 ,gospel w set individual aga9/       
individual 7ev5 9 ! same family71 &     
f9ally nation aga9/ nation1  & t1 ow+ to
 ! weakness ( human nature1 ?is w\ld    
lead to  individual conte/s & to        
national conte/s4 ,results well ju/ifi$ 
,8  prophecy4 ,s long z ! ,*ri/ians 7 9 
! m9ority1 !y prea*$1  &1 to "s ext5t1  
practic$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,s]mon on !     
,m\nt4  ,b :5 !y became ! majority1 !   
sword & tor* & ! fires (  ! ,inquisition
 7 _! favorite argum5ts 9 conv]t+       
recalcitrant  hea!n4    #bi ,mod]ation 0
 ! keynote ( ,jesus' "*4 ,excess 9 any  
direction 0 contr>y to ,8 pr9ciples4 ,he

 _h no sympa?y ) ei!r  ! zealot or !    
ascetic4 ,he condemn$ z well ! fa/] & ! 
prohibitioni/ z ! glutton & ! w9e-bibb]4
 ,he 0 mo/  democratic 9 ,8 daily       
int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,he d9$ "o day )      
publicans & s9n]s1 & ! next ) a         
,ph>isee1 not)/&+ ,8  bitt] antagonism  
to ! ,ph>isees z a sect 7,luke ,,xi3#cg2
 ,,xiv3#a74 ,?is  mod]ation %[s itself 9
 ! *>ity ( ,8 judgm5ts ( o!rs1 z 9  !   
case ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y 7,john    
,,viii3#c-aa71 ! p>able (  ! ,prodigal  
,son 7,luke ,,xv3#aa74 ,judge n t ye be 
n judg$ 7,matt4  ,,vii3#a7 & else:]e4   
,:5 ,he is ask$ to "n ! fir/ great      
comm&m5t1 ,he does n *oose any ( ! t5   
/r+5t provisions (  ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b  
expresses ,8 ideas 9 ! mild] =ms3 ,to   
love  ,god1 & to love ?y neighbor z     
?yself 7,matt4 ,,xxii3#cf-dj2 ,m>k      
,,xii3#bh-ca74    #cj ,! prophets ( !   
,old ,te/am5t _h long be=e ! bir? (     
,jesus inveigh$ aga9/ ! disposition     
among ! ,jews to magnify acts  (        
wor%ip--religi\s rites & c]emonies--z   

pleas+ to ,god &  indicative ( hol9ess 9
 ! p>ticipant4    ,to :at purpose is !  
multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto         
me8--sai? !  ,"l4 ,i am full ( ! burnt  
(f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$  bea/s2 & ,i 
delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or (    
lambs1 or (  he goats4    ,br+ no m va9 
oblations2 inc5se is an abom9ation unto 
me2 !  new moons & ,sabba?s1 ! call+ (  
assemblies2 ,i _c away )2  x is         
iniquity1 ev5 ! solemn meet+4 ,y\r new  
moons & y\r  appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?2
 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am  we>y to
 be> !m4    ,le>n to d well2 seek       
judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge !    
fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[ 7,isaiah       
,i3#aa-ag74    ,w ! ,"l be pleas$ )     
?\s&s ( rams1 or ) t5 ?\s&s  ( riv]s (  
oil8 ,%all ,i give my fir/-born = my    
transgression1 !  fruit ( my body = ! s9
 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1  :at 
is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b
 to d ju/ly1  & to love m]cy & to walk  
humbly ) ?y ,god 7,micah ,,vi3#g1 #h74  
,= ,i desir$ m]cy & n sacrifice2 & ! k (

 ,god m  ?an burnt (f]+s 7,hosea        
,,vi3#f74    ,b ! ,jews _h n he$$ !     
admonitions ( _! prophets1 &1 9  ! "t ( 
,jesus1 _! religion1 "u ! dom9at+       
influ5ce (  ^? zeal\s laym5--! scribes &
 ,ph>isees--_h become p]meat$  ) !      
dry-rot ( =malism4 ,pray]s1 fa/+s1 rites
 & c]emonies  _h become all important1 l
 ! burnt (f]+s ( bullocks1 !  blood (   
bullocks1 ! inc5se & va9 oblations (    
e>li] days4  ,woe unto y1 scribes &     
,ph>isees1 hypocrites1 = ye pay ti! (   
m9t & anise & cumm9 & h omitt$ !        
weighti] matt]s ( !  law1 judgm5t1 m]cy 
& fai? 7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#bc74 ,_!        
conception (  ! ,"l 0 t ( ! ,mosaic     
times--a jeal\s ,deity to be placat$ by 
sacrifices1 & ^: favor 0 to be won by   
ext]nal wor%ip1 & n  by inw>d purity (  
he>t4 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 
hypocrites1 = ye make clean ! outside ( 
! cup & ( ! platt]1  b )9 !y are full ( 
extortion & excess4 ,?\ bl9d ,ph>isee1  
cleanse fir/ t :i* is )9 ! cup & platt]1
 t ! outside  ( !m may be clean also    

7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#be1 #bf74    ,! simple1
 unc]emonial religion :i* ,jesus taught1
 a liv+ =ce  animat+ ea* act ( "o's     
daily life1 n\ri%$ by secret pray]s 9   
"o's *amb]1 manife/+ itself by          
unobtrusive acts ( m]cy1 n by  public   
pray]s1 fa/+s & religi\s s]vices1 0 !   
direct  antipodes ( ! c]emonial =malism 
!n dom9ant among ! ,jews4  ,jesus e>ly  
recogniz$ ?is antagonism1 & lo/ no      
opportunity to  combat ?is1 ! greate/   
ob/acle to ! spread+ ( ,8 ideas4 ,he c  
use no words too bitt] 9 d5\nc+ ^? :om  
,he consid]s !  corrupt]s ( ! true      
wor%ip ( ,god 7,matt4 ,,xxiii2 ,m>k     
,,xii3#ch-dj2 ,luke  ,,xx3#df1 #dg2     
,,xi3#db-dd74 ,to p]sons deeply imbu$ ) 
religi\s feel+1  hypocrisy is ! c>d9al  
s94 ,ye hypocrites is ,8 con/ant t]m (  
reproa* = ! scribes & ,ph>isees4    ,n[1
 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? 0 ! key/one 9 !
 ar* (  =malism :i* ! ,ph>isees _h      
erect$4 ,!y _h fill$ ! day )  religi\s  
c]emonies4 ,!y _h surr\nd$ x ) m9ute    
re/rictions  & prohibitions1 s t ev5 !  

heal+ ( ! sick on t day 0  consid]$ by  
!m unlawful4 ,probably _! objection to !
 disciples  pick+ & eat+ corn 0 n bas$ s
 mu* on t fact1 z on !  iniquity (      
,jesus & ,8 disciples tak+ a pleasant   
walk ?r\gh !  fields & c\ntry on !      
,sabba?4 ,z ,macaulay said ( !          
,puritans1  !y hat$ be> bait+1 n s mu*  
because x gave pa9 to ! be>1  z because 
x gave pleasure to ! spectators4    ,?is
 ,sabba? 0 to ,jesus a trave/y on ! true
 wor%ip ( ,8 ,fa!r1  & met ,8 in/ant &  
repeat$ condemnation4 ,he int5tionally &
  op5ly violat$ its laws1 & *all5g$ !   
,ph>isees to def5d _!  position4 ,z 9 ! 
case ( pray]1 ,he aga9 def9$ ,8 ,fa!r's 
attitude z c>+ no?+ = ^! outw>d         
obs]vances4 ,i w h  m]cy & n sacrifice  
7,matt4 ,,xii3#g74 ,! weighty matt]s ( !
 law  are judgm5t1 m]cy & fai? 7,matt4  
,,xxiii3#bc74 ,9 ! expressive  language 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,8 s\l hate? _!       
,sabba?s &  appo9t$ fea/s & solemn      
assemblies4 ,!y 7 a tr\ble to ,him &    
,he 0 we>y to be> !m4 ,:5 ye make _m    

pray]s1 ,i w n  he> 7,isaiah ,i3#ac1    
#ad1 #ae74 ,jesus sums up ,8 conception 
( ! ,sabba?  9 "o ( ,8 pregnant s5t5ces1
 ! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 & n  man = !   
,sabba? 7,m>k ,,ii3#bg2 ,luke ,,vi3#e74 
,if ,jesus 7 on e>? today1 ,he w\ld make
 our ,sunday a day ( *e]ful  re/4       
,*ildr5 w\ld rejoice 9 x1 le>n to love  
x1 in/ead ( its  be+ to !m 7m =m]ly ?an 
n[7 a day ( p5ance & gloom1 )  _! =c$   
att5dance on a di/a/eful ,sunday s*ool1 
to /udy cre$s  & cate*isms1 n suit$ to  
_! immature ye>s4 ,att5dance at  *ur*   
w\ld be a matt] ( m9or importance1 to be
 det]m9$ by ea*  "o = himself4 ,! desire
 to wor%ip c\ld be satisfi$ )\t ^!      
public assemblies1 = :]e two or ?ree are
 ga!r$ toge!r 9 my  "n1 !re am ,i 9 !   
mid/ ( !m 7,matt4 ,,xviii3#bj74    ,b ! 
significant delib]ation ( ! day1 ! only 
"o important  be=e ,god1 w\ld be ! m>k+ 
x out z ! day especially = !  do+ ( de$s
 ( m]cy4 ,mu* m righte\s 9 ! sight ( !  
,"l  w\ld be ! man :o _h sp5t ! day 9   
hunt+1 fi%+ or o!r  innoc5t recreation1 

b yet _h "o good de$ to 8 cr$it1 ?an he 
:o _h sp5t ! :ole day 9 religi\s        
ex]cises1 & giv5 8 ti!  ( m9t & anise & 
cumm91 b _h n help$1 or com=t$1 or made 
happi] a s+le fell[ human be+4 ,jesus   
w\ld say ) ! poet3        ,c\nt t day   
lo/1 ^: l[ desc5d+ sun      ,views f ?y 
h&1 no wor?y action done4    #ca ,jesus 
_h already told ! disciples ( ,8        
approa*+ dea? &  resurrection 7,matt4   
,,xvi3#ba1 #bb2 ,m>k ,,viii3#ca2 ,luke  
,,ix3#bb74    #cb ,jesus probably spoke 
to ,8 disciples 9 ! veil$ language s    
(t5 us$ by ,him1 s9ce x is cle> t ,8    
disciples1 d[n to !  la/ days 9         
,j]usalem1 _h n accept$ ! idea ( ,8     
imm$iate  bodily dea?4    ,b !y und]/ood
 n t say+ & 7 afraid to ask ,him 7,m>k  
,,ix3#cb74    ,& !y und]/ood none ( ^!  
?+s2 & ?is say+ 0 hid f  !m1 nei!r knew 
!y ! ?+s t 7 spok5 7,luke ,,xviii3#cd2  
see  ,matt4 ,,xxiv3#c74    ,x is        
probable t up to ! h\r ( ! ,crucifixion 
_m ( !  disciples /ill clung to ! hope t
 ,jesus w\ld ex]t ,8 miracul\s  p[]s to 

conf\nd ,8 enemies & e/abli% an e>?ly   
k+dom4    ,!y ?\ght t ! k+dom ( ,god    
%\ld imm$iately appe> 7,luke            
,,xix3#aa74    ,!y qu>rel$ among        
!mselves z to :o %\ld h prec$5ce 9 ?is  
k+dom4    ,& !re 0 also a /rife among   
!m1 :i* ( !m %\ld be  acc\nt$ ! greate/ 
7,luke ,,xxii3#bd74    #cc ,none ( ^!   
multitudes seem to h be5 on h& a few    
days lat]  to ask ,jesus' release f     
,pilate 7,matt4 ,,xxvii3#ae1 #ag1 #bb1  
#bc74    #cd ,?is cleans+ ( ! temple is 
relat$ by ,john z "o ( ,jesus'  fir/    
acts1 imm$iately aft] ! m>riage 9 ,cana 
7,john ,,ii3#ad-ag74    #ce ,!re is a   
m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! late/ utt]ances 
(  ,jesus & ,8 fir/ prea*+ 9 ! ,s]mon on
 ! ,m\nt4 ,!n ,he 0  en?usia/ic1 fill$ )
 ! hope ( conv]t+ ! ,jews1 &  e/abli%+  
,8 ,fa!r's spiritual k+dom on e>?4 ,n[  
,he is  disappo9t$1 realiz+ t ,8 dea? is
 ne>1 t ,8 religi\s  tea*+s h be5       
reject$ by practically all ( ,8 p1 & t  
,he w leave beh9d ,him a m]e h&ful (    
foll[]s1 few1 if any1 (  :om yet und]/& 

! true mean+ ( ,8 religion4 ,! _s ( !   
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is love = "o ano!r1   
k9dness active 9  e-day life1 *>ity =   
o!rs' %ortcom+s1 l5i5cy 9 judg+  &      
puni%+ (f5d]s4 ,b ,8 lat] say+s ab\nd 9 
bitt] c5sure  ( ! ,ph>isees & o!rs :o h 
?w>t$ ,8 "w1 ( d5unciation  ( all       
evil-do]s1 ( promises ( rew>d to ,8     
foll[]s1 & (  pr$ictions ( sev]e        
puni%m5t = ^? :o reject ,8 tea*+s4      
,?us 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ,he says3    
,bless$ are ! m]ciful2 = !y %all obta9  
m]cy 7,matt4 ,v3#g74    ,bless$ are !   
peace-mak]s2 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5
 (  ,god 7,matt4 ,v3#i74    ,!re=e1 if  
?\ br+ ?y gift to ! alt>1 & !re         
rememb]e/  t ?y bro!r ha? ought aga9/   
!e2 leave !re ?y gift be=e  ! alt> & g  
?y way2 fir/ be reconcil$ ) ?y bro!r1 & 
!n  come & (f] ?y gift 7,matt4 ,v3#bc1  
#bd74    ,agree ) ?9e adv]s>y quickly1  
:ile ?\ art 9 ! way ) him  7,matt4      
,v3#be74    ,b ,i say unto y1 t ye resi/
 n evil2 b :osoev] %all smite  !e on ?y 
"r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also 7,matt4 

,v3#ci74    ,b ,i say unto y1 love y\r  
enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d  good to 
!m t hate y 7,matt4 ,v3#dd74    ,b if ye
 =give n m5 _! trespasses1 nei!r w y\r  
,fa!r  =give y\r trespasses 7,matt4     
,,vi3#ae74    ,b seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( 
,god & ,8 righte\sness2 & all  ^! ?+s   
%all be add$ unto y 7,matt4 ,,vi3#cc74  
,judge n1 t ye be n judg$ 7,matt4       
,,vii3#a74    ,?\ hypocrite1 fir/ ca/   
out ! beam out ( ?9e own eye2 & !n  %alt
 ?\ see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote ( ?y   
bro!r's eye 7,matt4  ,,vii3#e74         
,!re=e1 all ?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5   
%\ld d to y1 d  ye ev5 s to !m2 = ?is is
 ! ,law & ! prophets  7,matt3,,vii3#ab74
    ,z to ^? :o he>d ,8 say+s & did !m  
n1 ,he speaks no  /rong] condemnation   
?an to comp>e !m to ! fooli% man :o     
built  8 h\se on ! s& 7,matt4           
,,vii3#bd-bg74    ,comp>e ) ^! ! foll[+ 
exc]pts f ,8 lat] prea*+s3    ,v]ily ,i 
say unto y t ! publicans & ! h>lots g   
into !  k+dom ( ,god be=e y 7,matt4     
,,xxi3#ca74    ,& :osoev] %all fall on  

?is /one %all be brok52 b on  :omsoev] x
 %all fall1 x w gr9d him to p[d] 7,matt4
 ,,xxi3#dd74    ,!n said ! k+ to !      
s]vants1 ,b9d him h& & foot1 & take  him
 away1 & ca/ him into out] d>kness2 !re 
%all be weep+ &  gna%+ ( tee?4 ,= _m are
 call$1 b few are *os5 7,matt4          
,,xxii3#ac1ad74    ,b woe unto y1       
scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites 7,matt4 
,,xxiii3#ac1  #ad1 #ae74    ,ye fools & 
bl9d 7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#ag1 #bc1 #bd74    
,ye are l unto :it$ sepul*res1 :i* inde$
 appe> beautiful  outw>d1 b are )9 full 
( dead m5's bones1 & ( all  uncleanness 
7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#bg74    ,ye s]p5ts1 ye 
g5]ation ( vip]s1 h[ c ye escape !      
damnation  ( hell8 7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#cc74
    ,t ^u y may come all ! righte\s     
blood %$ ^u ! e>?  7,matt4 ,,xxiii3#ce74
    ,& woe unto !m t are ) *ild1 & to !m
 t give suck 9  ^? days 7,matt4         
,,xxiv3#ai74    ,!n %all two be 9 !     
field2 ! "o %all be tak51 & ! o!r  left 
7,matt4 ,,xxiv3#dj74    ,& %all cut him 
asund] & appo9t him 8 portion ) !       

hypocrites2 !re %all be weep+ & gna%+ ( 
tee? 7,matt4  ,,xxiv3#ea74    ,& ca/ ye 
! unpr(itable s]vant into out] d>kness2 
!re %all  be weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?       
7,matt4 ,,xxv3#cj74    ,dep>t f me1 ye  
curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 prep>$ = !    
devil & 8 angels 7,matt4 ,,xxv3#da74    
#cf ,x is impossible = "o n v]s$ 9 !    
subtleties ( ,jewi%  religi\s c]emonies 
to und]/& ! ref]5ces 9 ! f\r ,gospels to
  ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread & ( !         
,passov]4 ,!y d n seem to  correspond ) 
! some:at intricate ritual giv5 9 ! ,old
 ,te/am5t  7,ex4 ,,xii3#a-bj74 ,if !    
,crucifixion occurr$ 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #cc1
 z !  au?orities g5]ally agree1 !n !    
fea/ ( ! ,passov] began on !  ev5+ (    
,friday1 ! day aft] ?is supp] & ! day ( 
!  ,crucifixion4 ,?is agrees ) ,john's  
/atem5ts 7,john ,,xiii3#a2 ,,xviii3#bh2 
,,xix3#ad-ca74 ,b ! o!r ?ree ,gospels   
speak ( ! supp] on ,?ursday1  z be+ !   
eat+ ( ! ,passov]4    #cg ,?is /rife is 
also giv5 by ,luke z ( an e>li] date    
7,luke  ,,ix3#df74 7,see also ,matt4    

,,xviii3#a2 ,m>k ,,ix3#cd2 ,m>k ,x3#ce2 
,matt4 ,,xx3#bd74    #ch ,m>k tells ( a 
c]ta9 "y man :o foll[$ ,jesus1 until he 
0 driv5 away by ! soldi]s 7,m>k         
,,xiv3#ea1 #eb74 ,he is n id5tifi$1  &  
app>5tly appe>s only at ?is place 9 !   
f\r ,gospels4    #ci ,! motive ( ,judas 
9 ?is transaction seems de/9$ to rema9  
an  unsettl$ controv]sy4 ,0 he simply a 
traitor1 seek+ to sell 8 ,"l  & ,ma/] = 
a price8 ,or 0 he a religi\s zealot1    
try+ to =ce  ,jesus' h&8 ,x has be5     
already not$ t ! apo/les1 ev5 at ?is    
late date1 7 expect+ ! imm$iate com+ (  
,jesus' k+dom on  e>? & ! in/allation ( 
!mselves into ! *ief (fices ( t  k+dom  
7,luke ,,xix3#aa2 ,,xxii3#bd74 ,did     
,judas1 9 8 supreme confid5ce 9  8      
,ma/]'s sup]natural p[]s1 feel conv9c$  
t1 if once a conte/  7 precipitat$      
betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,jesus1 ! latt]    
w\ld  ex]t ^? p[]s & utt]ly conf\nd ,8  
enemies8    ,! mo/ inexplicable ?+ 9 !  
:ole transaction is its utt]  futility1 
bo? on ! side ( ,judas & ( ! ,ph>isees  

also4 ,on o!r  visits to ,j]usalem1     
,jesus _h kept ,8 movem5ts m or less    
secret  7,john ,,viii3#ei2 ,,xi3#ed74 ,b
 on ?is la/ visit !re 0 n !  slighte/   
attempt at concealm5t4 ,8 entry into    
,j]usalem 0 att5d$  by a great          
multitude1 %\t+ & acclaim+ ,him 7,matt4 
,,xxi3#a-aj2 ,m>k  ,,xi3#a-aj2 ,luke    
,,xix3#cj-dj74 ,8 cleans+ ( ! temple 0  
an op5 &  public act 7,matt4            
,,xxi3#ab-ad2 ,m>k ,,xi3#ae2 ,luke      
,,xix3#de1 #df74 ,e day ,he  taught     
op5ly 9 ! temple 7,luke ,,xix3#dg2      
,,xxii3#ec74 ,! *ief prie/s1  eld]s &   
,ph>isees 7 pres5t at ,8 tea*+s & argu$ 
) ,him  7,matt4 ,,xxi3#bc2 ,m>k         
,,xi3#bg2 ,luke ,,xx3#a74 ,!y _h already
 employ$ spies  to foll[ ,jesus 9 ,8    
prea*+ & note any s$iti\s or h]etical   
utt]ances 7,luke ,,xx3#bj74 ,e night    
,jesus & ,8 twelve apo/les w5t  out to  
,be?any1 com+ back to ,j]usalem 9 !     
morn+1 & !  movem5ts ( s num]\s a       
company c\ld n h be5 conceal$ 7,matt4   
,,xxi3#ag1 #ah1 #bj74 ,jesus mu/ h be5  

well-kn[n 9 ,be?any1 bo?  because ( ,8  
long fri5d%ip ) ! family ( ,laz>us1 &   
because  ( ! miracle ( rais+ ,laz>us f !
 dead 7,john ,,xi3#de2 ,,xii3#i74  ,:ile
 9 ,be?any1 ,jesus & ! apo/les 7        
ent]ta9$ publicly at a  supp] 9 ,simon's
 h\se 7,john ,,xii3#b2 ,matt4           
,,xxvi3#f74 ,s f> z an  id5tification ( 
,jesus 0 conc]n$1 or any assi/ance 9    
mak+ ,8  arre/1 ,judas' s]vices 7       
entirely useless to ! ,ph>isees1 &  !re 
0 no occasion = sp5d+ money on him4 ,!  
mo/ conclusive  evid5ce on ?is po9t is t
 ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,all ?ree ( !       
synoptics agree t ,jesus prote/$ aga9/ a
 multitude ) _!  swords & /aves com+ out
 to take ,him 9 ! night-"t1 z ?\gh ,he  
7 a ?ief or a fugitive f ju/ice4 ,z ,he 
says1 ,i sat daily )  y tea*+ 9 !       
temple1 & ye laid no hold on me 7,matt4 
,,xxvi3#ee2  ,m>k ,,xiv3#di2 ,luke      
,,xxii3#ec74 ,accord+ to ,john1 :o is   
consid]$ !  mo/ accurate ( ! evangeli/s 
on ! ev5ts ( ?is la/ week1 ,judas  did n
 kiss ,jesus or make any o!r            

id5tification ( ,him4 ,on !  approa* ( !
 b&1 ,jesus comes =? & says1 ,:om seek  
ye8 ,!y  answ]$ ,him1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 
,jesus sai? unto !m1 ,i am he4 ,&       
,judas also1 :i* betray$ ,him1 /ood ) !m
 7,john ,,xviii3#e74 ,!  ,ph>isees seem 
to h _h "s tr\ble 9 procur+ ! pro( (    
,jesus'  h]etical say+s 7,matt4         
,,xxii3#ae-af2 ,m>k ,,xii3#ac2 ,luke    
,,xi3#ed2 ,luke  ,,xx3#bj2 ,matt4       
,,xxvi3#fj74 ,if ,judas _h (f]$ to      
furni% ?is evid5ce1  ! b>ga9 ) !        
,ph>isees w\ld be und]/&able4    ,z to !
 pecuni>y side ( ! transaction1 ,mat!w  
is ! only "o :o  /ates t a b>ga9 0 made 
= a def9ite sum ( money4 ,accord+ to  ! 
acc\nt ( ,m>k & ,luke1 ,judas volunte]$ 
8 s]vices1 & !  ,ph>isees promis$ to    
give him money4 ,john does n m5tion any 
money  paid or to be paid1 al?\gh he is 
especially bitt] aga9/ ,judas 7,john    
,,vi3#fd1 #gj1 #ga2 ,,xii3#f2 ,,xiii3#b1
 #bg74 ,n[1 ,judas 0 ! treasur] ( !     
apo/les' company & c>ri$ ! bag 7,john   
,,xiii3#bi2 ,,xii3#f74 ,if av>ice  7 8  

motive1 x w\ld seem /range t he w\ld    
give up ?is po/  & ! possibilities (    
peculation :i* x (f]$1 = ! small sum  ( 
money he w\ld get f ! ,ph>isees4        
,moreov]1 ! fact t1 imm$iately aft] !   
conviction ( ,jesus1  ,judas t5d]$ back 
! money to ! ,ph>isees1 &1 :5 !y refus$ 
x1 ca/ x d[n 9 ! temple1 & w5t out &    
hang$ himself1 t5ds  /rongly to support 
! !ory t he 0 a misguid$ zealot 7,matt4 
,,xxvii3#c-f74    ,aga9/ ?is is !       
unanim\s evid5ce ( ! ,gospels t he 0 !  
betray] ( ,jesus1 & t ,jesus recogniz$ &
 br&$ him z su*4    #dj ,?is ga!r+ 0    
presumably ! ,sanh$rim1 ! high c\ncil ( 
! ,jews4 ,x _h jurisdiction to try &    
s5t5ce ,jews *>g$ )  h]esy--corruptors1 
blasphem]s ( ! temple1 de/roy]s ( ! true
  wor%ip1 etc4 ,x c\ld n1 h[ev]1 execute
 a s5t5ce ( dea? 7,john  ,,xviii3#ca74  
,9 su* cases x 0 necess>y t ! s5t5ce be 
confirm$  by ! ,roman tetr>*1           
procurator1 or o!r gov]nor ( ! c\ntry1 &
  ! execution ( ! s5t5ce be c>ri$ out by
 ,roman soldi]s4    #da ,?is 0 a trial =

 h]$oxy "u ! ,jewi% law ^u two  *>ges1  
"o = blasphemy ( ! temple1 ! o!r =      
blasphemy (  ,god4 ,ei!r1 if prov$1 w\ld
 w>rant a s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! fir/ 0  v   
ne> ! tru?4 ,! *>ge 01 ,i am able to    
de/roy ! temple (  ,god1 & to build x 9 
?ree days4 ,jesus' exact words 71       
,de/roy  ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w 
raise x up 7,john ,,ii3#ai74 ,!  ,jews  
did n und]/& ,8 hidd5 mean+ t ,he meant 
! dea? (  ,8 body & its resurrection 9  
?ree days 7,john ,,ii3#bj1 #ba74 ,! o!r 
*>ge 0 9 "o s5se true1 = ,jesus _h spok5
 ( ,himself z !  ,son ( ,god4 ,b ,he _h 
n us$ ^! words 9 ! s5se attribut$ to    
,him by ! ,ph>isees1 t ,he 0 himself    
,god1 or ! equal ( ,god4 ,b1  c\pl$ ) ,8
 failure to d5y ^! *>ges1 !y =m$ a      
suffici5t  legal basis1 "u ! ,jewi% law1
 = ,8 conviction & s5t5ce4    #db ,!    
high prie/ evid5tly %ift$ 8 gr\nd (     
attack :5 he  br\ght ,jesus be=e        
,pilate4 ,! ma9 *>ge "h aga9/ ,jesus 0 t
  ,he _h claim$ to be k+ ( ! ,jews1     
some?+ t _h n appe>$  9 ! proce$+ be=e !

 ,sanh$rim4 ,?is 0 m ( a political  ?an 
a h]etical crime1 & "o m likely to ar\se
 ! suspicion &  ho/ility ( ! ,romans4   
,jesus 0 entirely innoc5t ( ?is crime1 =
  ,he _h nev] claim$ = ,himself an e>?ly
 k+dom4 ,?is1 & !  *>ges ( h]esy1 :i*   
probably 7 also pres5t$1 did n make mu* 
impression on ,pilate4 ,he evid5tly did 
n ?9k t ,jesus _h done  any?+ des]v+ a  
s5t5ce ( dea?1 & probably reg>d$ ! :ole 
matt] z "o ( ^? vexati\s religi\s       
qu>rels among ! ,jewi%  sect>ies :i* 7  
con/antly aris+ to tr\ble ! ,roman      
gov]nors  ( ,jewry1 & 9 :i* !y _h no    
int]e/ or sympa?y ) ei!r side  ( !      
controv]sy4 ,b he f\nd himself 9 a      
difficult position4 ,?is  dem& = ,jesus'
 s5t5ce 0 back$ by all ( (ficial        
,jewi%dom1 &  !y pres5t$ ,8 legal       
condemnation by ! ,sanh$rim4 ,:ile      
,pilate 0  n absolutely b\nd to approve 
?is s5t5ce ( ! ,sanh$rim1 yet 8  refusal
 to d s w\ld deeply (f5d ! lead]s ( !   
,jewi% p  & q possibly involve him 9    
s]i\s tr\ble ) ! au?orities  at ,rome4  

,seek+ a way out ( ?is dilemma1 he      
be?\ght himself ( !  cu/om ( free+ a    
prison] at ! fea/ ( ! ,passov]4 ,he tri$
 to  induce ! multitude to dem& !       
release ( ,jesus1 &1 if !re _h  be5 any 
diff]5ce 9 op9ion1 w\ld und\bt$ly h     
decl>$ ! vote  9 favor ( ,jesus4 ,b ! p 
7 unanim\s 9 _! dem& = !  release (     
,b>abbas4 ,!n1 only1 he cons5t$ to      
confirm ,jesus'  s5t5ce1 & attempt$     
publicly to %ift ! moral responsibility 
=  8 act to ! ,jewi% populace4    #dc   
,!re seems to be "s "q z to :e!r        
,antipas 0 n  gov]nor at ?is "t1 in/ead 
( ,h]od 7,matt4 ,,ii3#ai74    #dd ,?is  
,annas 7or ,hanan7 is suppos$ by "s     
au?orities to be !  p[] beh9d ! ?rone1 !
 *ief in/igator ( ! proce$+s  aga9/     
,jesus4    #de ,pilate evid5tly inflict$
 ?is puni%m5t--mild] ?an dea?--9  ! hope
 t x w\ld pacify ! ,jews1 & !y w\ld     
p]mit him to let  ,jesus escape !       
extreme p5alty ( crucifixion4    #df ,f 
?is n>rative x w\ld seem t1 = "o night1 
!  sepul*re 0 unseal$ & ungu>d$4    #dg 

,x seems t x 0 a cu/om to give crim9als 
?is dr9k 9 ord]  to1 9 a measure1 /upefy
 !m & less5 ! pa9s ( ! crucifixion4     
#dh ,?is 0 probably ! usual cu/om1      
unless ! crim9al 0 too  weak to be> !   
burd54    #di ,no two ( ^!              
sup]scriptions on ! cross exactly agree4
    #ej ,none ( ! o!r ,gospels m5tion   
,jesus' "m or any ( !  apo/les z be+    
pres5t at ! ,crucifixion1 & all agree t 
!  wom5 /ood af> (f4    #ea ,^! 7       
precautions1 probably usual1 to ensure t
 !  crim9als 7 really dead4    #eb ,^!  
in/ructions are contr>y to ^? giv5 to ,8
 disciples 9  ,8 life-"t4 ,he told !m   
expressly n to g to ! ,g5tiles 7,matt4  
,x3#e7 & said no?+ ab\t _! baptiz+ ei!r 
,jews or ,g5tiles4 ,no  "t or def9ite   
place is assign$ = ?is la/ appe>ance (  
,jesus4    #ec ,m>k does n tell ( any   
appe>ance ( ,jesus to ! apo/les 9       
,galilee4    #ed ,! "n ,cleopas does n  
appe> 9 ! li/ ( ! twelve apo/les        
7,matt4 ,x3#b-d74    #ee ,! /ory ( !    
resurrection & asc5sion w\ld h ev5 less 

*ance ( acceptance by an imp>tial       
tribunal1 ?an t ( !  miracul\s          
conception1 or ( ! bir? at ,be?lehem4 ,!
 acc\nts 9 !  f\r ,gospels1 toge!r ) t 9
 ! ,acts1 are su* a hopeless mass  (    
confusion & contradiction t sc>cely a   
s+le fact c be  extricat$1 on :i* !y all
 agree4    ,z to ! "t1 ! place1 & !     
witnesses ( ! asc5sion1 !y are  entirely
 at v>iance4    ,jesus _h1 9 ,8         
lifetime1 fix$ ,galilee z ! place (     
meet+ ,8  apo/les aft] ,8 ris+ f ! dead 
7,matt4 ,,xxvi3#cb2 ,m>k ,,xiv3#bh74 ,s 
! angel1 or ! "y man1 at ! tomb tells ! 
wom5 t ,jesus  has gone into ,galilee1  
:]e ,8 disciples %\ld see ,him1 z ,he   
said  unto y 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#g2 ,m>k  
,,xvi3#g74    ,n[1 ,mat!w's acc\nt is ! 
only "o ( ! five orig9als :i* says      
any?+ ab\t ,jesus appe>+ to ,8 disciples
 9 ,galilee4 ,&1  accord+ to ,mat!w1 ?is
 0 ! only "t & place t ,he did  appe> to
 any "o1 except ! two ,m>ys 7,matt4     
,,xxviii3#i1 #aj71 & _!  /atem5ts 7 n   
believ$ by ! apo/les 7,m>k ,,xvi3#aa2   

,luke  ,,xxiv3#aa74    ,accord+ to      
,mat!w1 at a "t n specifi$1 ,jesus      
appe>$ to !  elev5 on a m\nta9 9        
,galilee 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#af71 & :5 !y 
saw  ,him1 !y wor%ipp$ ,him2 b "s d\bt$ 
7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#ag74 ,n[1  f ?is x is 
app>5t3 fir/1 t ,jesus did n appe> 9 ,8 
natural1 e>?ly =m1 = !n ! elev5 w\ld at 
once h recogniz$  ,8 id5tity2 &1 second1
 t we h no means ( tell+ j h[  _m ( !   
elev5 w\ld h te/ifi$ to ?is be+ an      
appe>ance (  ! true ,jesus1 s9ce "s     
d\bt$4    ,john's orig9al ,gospel       
w>rants appe>ances ( ,jesus1 fir/1 to   
,m>y  ,magdal5e1 ! o!r ,m>y n be+ ) h]  
7,john ,,xx3#ae1 #af1 #ag72  second1 an 
appe>ance on ,sunday ev5+ to ! apo/les1 
except ,?omas  7,john ,,xx3#ai72 ?ird1  
an appe>ance eight days lat] to all !   
elev5  apo/les 7,john ,,xx3#bf74 ,no?+  
is said ab\t any asc5sion4    ,john's   
,*apt] ,,xxi1 :i*1 z has be5 said1      
appe>s cle>ly to h  be5 a lat] addition 
to ! orig9al ,gospel1 relates an        
appe>ance (  ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 :i* is  

mat]ially diff]5t f t ( ,mat!w4  ,!     
appe>ance is n on a m\nta91 b on ! %ores
 ( ! sea (  ,tib]ias1 &1 in/ead ( !     
elev5 apo/les be+ pres5t1 !re 71  at    
mo/1 only sev51 includ+ ,na?aniel (     
,cana 7,john ,,xxi3#b74 ,all (  !m h    
consid]able tr\ble 9 recogniz+ ,jesus   
7,john ,,xxi3#d1 #ab74  ,no?+ is said by
 ,jesus ab\t baptiz+1 or prea*+ to1 !   
,g5tiles1  b1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus tells
 ,pet] to fe$ my %eep1 or my  lambs     
7,john ,,xxi3#ae1 #af1 #ag74 ,no?+ is   
said ab\t any asc5sion (  ,jesus into   
heav54    ,! ,gospels ( ,m>k & ,luke1 ! 
orig9al ,gospel ( ,john1 & ! ,acts1  all
 agree 9 fix+ ! aft]-dea? appe>ances &  
asc5sion ( ,jesus  9 ,j]usalem or its   
neighborhood 7,luke ,,xxiv3#ej2 ,acts   
,i3#ab74 ,app>5tly  ! apo/les rema9$ =  
"s "t 9 ,j]usalem aft] ! ,crucifixion   
7possibly = =ty days1 ,acts ,i3#c2      
,,ii3#a71 until !y sep>at$ &  w5t =? &  
prea*$ ev]y:]e 7,m>k ,,xvi3#bj74 ,9 !   
,acts x is  said t ,jesus comm&$ !m to  
rema9 9 ,j]usalem1 until ! gift  ( !    

,holy ,gho/ %\ld be s5t to !m 7,acts    
,i3#d74    ,x is evid5t1 9 all ^!       
acc\nts1 t ! apo/les _h nev]  und]/ood1 
or _h entirely =gott51 ! pr$ictions (   
,jesus 9 ,8  lifetime t ,he w\ld rise f 
! dead 7,matt4 ,,xvi3#ba2 ,,xvii3#bc2   
,,xx3#ai2  ,m>k ,,viii3#ca2 ,,ix3#ca2   
,x3#cd2 ,luke ,,ix3#bb2 ,,xviii3#cc74   
,!y 7 n  expect+ any resurrection4 ,!y 7
 n wait+ at ! tomb = x to  occur1 &1 by 
! unanim\s te/imony ( all ! writ]s1 !y  
%[$  ! greate/ surprise & incr$ulity at 
! fir/ reports ( ,jesus'  appe>ance     
alive 7,matt4 ,,xxviii3#ag2 ,m>k        
,,xvi3#aa1 #ac2 ,luke ,,xxiv3#aa1 #af1  
#cg1 #da2 ,john ,,xx3#i1 #ad1 #be74     
,fur!rmore1 x is also evid5t t ,jesus1 9
 ^! appe>ances1 mu/  h assum$ "s =m or  
%ape diff]5t f ,8 natural e>?ly body4   
,o!rwise ,8 intimate fri5ds & associates
 c\ld n h be5 9  su* unc]ta9ty ab\t     
recogniz+ ,8 id5tity4    ,?us ,mat!w    
says t :5 ,he appe>$ to ! elev5 "s      
d\bt$4  ,b if ,he _h appe>$ 9 ,8 natural
 =m1 h[ c\ld any ( !  apo/les h d\bt$ z 

to :e!r ! app>ition 0 ,he or "s o!r     
p]son8    ,accord+ to ,m>k1 ! apo/les   
que/ion$ ! accuracy ( ! report by  ,m>y 
& ! two disciples t !y _h se5 ,jesus    
7,m>k ,,xvi3#ac1 #ad74    ,luke relates 
t ,jesus sp5t a consid]able portion ( "o
 day ) two  ( ! disciples1 & jo9$ !m at 
_! ev5+ meal4 ,b !y did  n recognize    
,him until ,he bless$ "s bread1 brake x1
 & gave to  !m1 & !n ,he vani%$ out ( _!
 sight 7,luke ,,xxiv3#ac-ca74 ,on  ,8   
fir/ appe>ance 9 ! mid/ ( ! apo/les1 !y 
7 t]rifi$  & affright$1 & suppos$ t !y  
_h se5 a _s4 ,ev5 aft] ,he  %[$ !m ,8   
h&s & feet1 _! d\bts 7 n dissipat$1 &1  
al?\gh ,he ate a piece ( fi% & "s honey 
comb1 x is n  explicitly /at$ t ?is     
remov$ all _! unc]ta9ty 7,luke          
,,xxiv3#cf-dc74    ,accord+ to ,john1   
,m>y ,magdal5e1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ )    
,jesus 9  ,8 lifetime1 :5 %e saw ?is    
app>ition1 knew n t x 0  ,jesus4 ,%e    
spoke to ,him1 suppos+ ,him to be !     
g>d5]4 ,he gives  h] a message to ,8    
disciples1 & x is impli$ 9 ! n>rative t 

%e !n recognizes ,him z ,jesus1 al?\gh x
 is n expla9$ h[ ?is  *ange came ab\t   
7,john ,,xx3#ad-ag74 ,on ,8 appe>ance to
 ! apo/les1 ,he  %[s !m ,8 h&s & feet1 z
 ?\gh t 7 necess>y to confirm  _!       
recognition ( ,8 id5tity4 ,?omas1       
app>5tly1 w n tru/ to  ! /ory ( ! o!r   
apo/les2 nor ev5 to ! p]sonal appe>ance 
(  ,jesus1 until he has put 8 f+]s into 
! pr9ts on ,jesus' h&s &  feet 7,john   
,,xx3#ai-bh74 ,if ,jesus _h worn ,8     
e>?ly =m ^! pr9ts1  :i* ! apo/les _h    
nev] be=e se51 c\ld n h aid$ 9 ,8       
id5tification4    ,! acc\nt 9 ,john1    
,*ap4 ,,xxi1 %[s t ! sev5 assembl$ at ! 
sea ( ,tib]ias did n at fir/ recognize  
,jesus1 al?\gh "o ( !m  0 ,?omas1 :o _h 
already id5tifi$ ,him 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b ! 
disciples knew n t x 0 ,jesus 7,john    
,,xxi3#d74 ,a little lat] x is  said3 ,&
 none ( ! disciples dur/ ask ,him1 ,:o  
art ,?\8 ,kn[+  t x 0 ! ,"l 7,john      
,,xxi3#ab74 ,no explanation is giv5 z to
 h[  ?is k f9ally came to !m4    ,out ( 
?is welt] ( confusion & contradictions1 

x is impossible to  select any "o       
coh]5t1 au?oritative /ory4 ,) equal     
w>rant (  au?ority x may be ass]t$ t ,he
 appe>$ to ! apo/les only 9  ,galilee   
7,matt47 or nev] 9 ,galilee1 b only 9   
,j]usalem 7,m>k1 ,luke1  ,acts72 t      
,jesus' fir/ appe>ance 0 to ! two ,m>ys 
7,mat!w71 or  0 to ,m>y ,magdal5e alone 
7,m>k1 ,john71 or t ,he did n appe> to  
!m at all1 b two m5 9 %9+ g>m5ts gave !m
 ! message to  ! apo/les 7,luke72 t ,he 
made a special appe>ance to two ( !     
apo/les 7,m>k1 ,luke71 or t ,he did n   
make ?is appe>ance 7,mat!w1  ,john72 t  
,he nev] appe>$ to ! apo/les b once 79  
,galilee  accord+ to ,mat!w1 9          
,j]usalem1 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke71 or 
t  ,he appe>$ to !m twice 9 ,j]usalem   
7,john ,,xx7 & once 9 ,galilee  7,john  
,,xxi71 or t ,he 0 ) ! apo/les 9        
,j]usalem = =ty  days1 app>5tly 9       
frequ5t communication ) !m 7,acts ,i74  
,z to ! asc5sion1 x ei!r occurr$ at "s  
indef9ite "t on "s  unid5tifi$ m\nta9 9 
,galilee & c\ld be te/ifi$ to by !      

unspecifi$ numb] ( ! elev5 :o did n d\bt
 7,matt472 or x  7impli$ly7 occurr$ at  
"s indef9ite "t on "s unspecifi$ %ore  (
 ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 9 ,galilee1 & 0      
witness$ only by ! sev5  7,john ,,xxi72 
or x occurr$ 9 ,j]usalem at "s          
unspecifi$ "t or  place1 &1 s f> z      
appe>s1 9 ! pres5ce ( no "o 7,m>k       
,,xvi3#ai72  or x occurr$ at ,be?any at 
"s indef9ite "t 9 ! pres5ce (  "s       
unspecifi$ numb] ( ,8 disciples 7,luke  
,,xxiv3#ej1 #ea72 or x  occurr$ at lea/ 
=ty days aft] ! ,crucifixion on ! m\nt  
call$  ,olivet1 :i* is f ,j]usalem a    
,sabba? day's j\rney1 9 !  pres5ce (    
p]sons :o are only id5tifi$ z !y 7,acts 
,i72 or1 s  f> z ! ,gospel ( ,john is   
conc]n$1 ev5 includ+ ,*apt] ,,xxi1 x    
c\ld fairly be claim$ t ,he did n "k (  
any specific asc5sion4    ,:ile ! exact 
date ( ! writ+ ( ! f\r ,gospels & ( !   
,acts  _c be det]m9$1 yet1 9 any ev5t1  
!y mu/ h be5 compos$  :5 !re 7 _m liv+  
witnesses to ! ev5ts ( ,jesus' life4 ,if
  su* a /up5d\s miracle z ! asc5sion _h 

occurr$ %ortly aft]  ,jesus' dea?1 x is 
inexplicable t ^! hi/orians %\ld n h    
%[n "s practical unanimity z to ! "t1   
place & witnesses (  ! ev5t4    #ef ,!  
attitude ( slave-hold]s t[>ds fre$om 9 !
 ab/ract 0  grotesque 9 its lack (      
logic2 b ! attitude ( _m o!r classes  ( 
m51 bo? abroad & home1 t[>ds x 0 equally
 full ( a grimly  unconsci\s humor4 ,!  
s\!rn plant]s1 :o l\dly sympa?iz$ )     
,kossu? & ! ,hung>ians1 7 entirely      
unconsci\s t _! tyranny  ov] _! own     
black bondsm5 made _! attacks ^u        
,au/ria's  despotism absurd4            
,roosevelt's ,life ( ,b5ton1 ,am]ican   
,/atesm5  ,s]ies1 p4 #bge4    #eg       
,comp>e 8 sev]e criticism ( ! abolition 
revolt f ! ,:ig  p>ty 9 #ahdd ) 8 own   
revolt f ! ,republican p>ty 9 #aiab4    
,life ( ,b5ton1 ,am]ican ,/atesm5       
,s]ies1 page #bia4    #eh ,if ?is _h be5
 writt5 aft] ! ,spani% w>1 he might1 )  
equal logic1 h said ! same ?+ ( ,porto  
,rico & ! ,philipp9es4    #ei ,x w\ld be
 int]e/+ if ,presid5t ,roosevelt _h cit$

 "s  int]national controv]sies 9 :i* "o 
nation did n claim t !  matt] 9 dispute 
0 ( great importance & t !re 0 no d\bt  
z to :i* side 0 "r4    #fj ,f ! context 
he evid5tly means "h any %ad[ or pret5se
 (  title4    #fa ,if1 z ,mr4 ,roosevelt
 conc$es1 ! w> ) ,mexico 0              
unju/ifiable1 x is r difficult to und]/&
 h[ ! morals (  ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
c\ld h be5 improv$ by !  consci\sness t 
!y _h unju/ly slaught]$ _m ?\s&s (      
innoc5t ,mexicans & robb$ !m ( imm5se   
areas ( _! l&s4    #fb ,x is app>5t t   
,mat!w uses ! ^w dr9k+ 9 ! s5se  ( dr9k+
 w9e1 & und\bt$ly ,luke uses ! ^w dr9k 9
 !  same s5se4 ,9 all1 or ne>ly all1    
in/ances 9 ! f\r ,gospels :]e  ^! words 
are us$ 9 connection ) eat+ or fa/+1 !y 
ref] to  ! dr9k+ ( w9e4 ,z to ! words   
w9e1 or fruit ( ! v9e1  :5 us$ 9 !      
,gospels1 mean+ "s unf]m5t$ liquid1 !   
undeviat+ practice ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian    
*ur*es 9 celebrat+ !  ,holy ,communion )
 actual w9e1 /amps ?is claim z too      
absurd to  m]it discussion4 ,und\bt$ly  

,pet]1 ,james1 ,john1 ,paul & ! o!r     
f\nd]s ( ! infant *ur*es knew & foll[$ !
 example ( ,jesus  9 prescrib+ w9e z a  
"p ( ?is solemn c]emony4 ,if ! univ]sal 
tradition ( ! *ur* is n to be believ$ on
 ?is po9t1 ( :at  value is x on any o!r8
 ,x w\ld be z s5sible to claim t !re    
has nev] be5 any diff]5ce betwe5        
,moslems & ,*ri/ians 9 ! use  ( w9e1    
because1 9 tru?1 ! or?odox ,*ri/ian 0   
nev] au?oriz$  to use any?+ b "s        
unf]m5t$ dr9k t a ,moslem might also h  
us$4              ,transcrib]'s notes3  
,! foll[+ is a li/ ( *anges made to !   
orig9al4      ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al  
l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4            
,joseph1 n ,m>y1 z be+ af ! h\se (      
,david 7,luke ,,ii3#d74      ,joseph1 n 
,m>y1 z be+ ( ! h\se ( ,david 7,luke    
,,ii3#d74        l ,judaea1 & t x 0 tak5
 at lea/ t5 ye>s aft]      l ,juda1 & t 
x 0 tak5 at lea/ t5 ye>s aft]        #ab
 ,luke says t ,joseph & ,m>y 7 amaz$1 &1
      #ab ,luke says t ,joseph & ,m>y 7 
amaz$1 &1        & came into ! coa/s (  

,judaea beyond ,jordan 7,matt4          
,,xix3#a74      & came into ! coa/s (   
,juda beyond ,jordan 7,matt4 ,,xix3#a74 
7,matt4 ,,xxi3#bc-df2 ,,xxii6 ,,xxiii2  
,,xxiv2 ,,xxv74      7,matt4            
,,xxi3#bc-df2 ,,xxii2 ,,xxiii2 ,,xxiv2  
,,xxv74        ! *ildr5 ( ,god2 :osov]1 
!re=e1 %all humble himself      ! *ildr5
 ( ,god2 :osoev]1 !re=e1 %all humble    
himself        sacrifice = m]cy 7,matt4 
,,xii3#g47 ,:5 pray]s are reg>d$        
sacrifice = m]cy 7,matt4 ,,xii3#g74 ,:5 
pray]s are reg>d$        ,int]national  
,cyclopa$ia1 ,sabba?1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4   
#heg4      ,int]national ,cyclopdia1    
,sabba?1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #heg4        ( 
t day advis$ panem et circ5ses--food &  
amusem5t      ( t day advis$ panem et   
circ5ses--food & amusem5t4